file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #eegeg-;h4htm or #eegeg-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #eegeg_/pg#eegeg-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#eege g_/eegeg-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/art(pap]m ak+#jjwatt ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold face 7bold74 ,text enclos$ by d\ble plus signs is und]l9$ 7und]l9$74 ,! #c-/> a/]ism symbol is d5ot$ by 9999994 ,! "r-po9t+ f+] symbol is d5ot$ by 4 ,a c>at "* is us$ to d5ote sup]scription4 ,a s+le "* foll[+ ! c>at is sup]script$ 7examples3 ,b#b1 ,a#d74 ,basic fractions are display$ z etc2 o!r fractions are %[n 9 ! =m a_/b1 = example #g_/af or #a_/abe4 ,"s m9or *anges are not$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,pap]-,,mak+ 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,works ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,j ready4 ,f\r? ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,soap-,,mak+3 ,a ,practical ,h&book ( ! ,manufacture ( ,h>d & ,s(t ,soaps1 ,toilet ,soaps1 c4 ,includ+ _m ,new ,processes1 & a ,*apt] on ! ,recov]y ( ,glyc]9e f ,wa/e ,leys4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,really an excell5t example ( a te*nical manual1 ent]+ z x does1 ?or\ghly & exhau/ively1 bo? into ! !ory & practice ( soap manufacture4 ,! book is well & hone/ly done1 & des]ves ! consid]able circulation ) :i* x w d\btless meet4--,k4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #is4 clo?4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,lea!r ,,manufacture3 ,be+ a ,practical ,h&book1 9 :i* ! ,op]ations ( ,tann+1 ,curry+1 & ,lea!r ,dress+ are fully ,describ$1 & ! ,pr9ciples ( ,tann+ ,expla9$1 & _m ,rec5t ,processes ,introduc$4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,a s\nd1 compreh5sive treatise on tann+ & its accessories4444 ,! book is an em95tly valuable production4--,*emical ,review4 ,j ,publi%$4 ,?ird ,edition1 revis$ & mu* enl>g$4 #fjj pp41 cr[n #hvo1 #is4 clo?4 ,,electro-,,deposition3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,electrolysis ( ,gold1 ,silv]1 ,copp]1 ,nickel1 & o!r ,metals & ,alloys4 ,) descriptions ( ,voltaic ,batt]ies1 ,magneto & ,dynamo-,electric ,ma*9es1 ,!rmopiles1 & ( ! ,mat]ials & ,processes us$ 9 e ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,art1 & sev]al ,*apt]s on ,,electro-,,metallurgy4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,em95tly a book = ! practical work] 9 electro-deposition4 ,x conta9s m9ute & practical descriptions ( me?ods1 processes & mat]ials1 z actually pursu$ & us$ 9 ! work%op4 ,mr4 ,watt's book recomm5ds itself to all int]e/$ 9 its subjects4--,eng9e]4 ,j ,publi%$4 ,n9? ,edition1 enl>g$ & revis$1 #abmo1 #ds4 clo?4 ,,electro-,,metallurgy3 ,practically ,treat$4 ,n9? ,edition1 ,enl>g$ & ,revis$1 ) ,additional ,matt] & ,illu/rations1 includ+ ! mo/ rec5t ,processes4 ,f ?is book bo? amateur & artisan may le>n ev]y?+ necess>y = ! successful prosecution ( electro-plat+4--,iron4 ,,crosby ,,lockwood ,,son1 #g1 ,/ation]s' ,hall ,c\rt1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,pap]-,,mak+ ,a ,practical ,h&book ( ! ,manufacture ( ,pap] f ,rags1 ,esp>to1 ,/raw1 & ,o!r ,fibr\s ,mat]ials1 ,includ+ ! ,manufacture ( ,pulp f ,wood ,fibre ,) a ,description ( ! ,ma*9]y & ,appliances us$ ,to ,:i* ,are ,add$ ,details ( ,processes = ,recov]+ ,soda f ,wa/e ,liquors by ,,alex&] ,,watt ,au?or ( ,! ,art ( ,soap-,mak+1 ,lea!r ,manufacture1 ,electro-,metallurgy1 ,electro-,deposition1 etc41 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,capio ,lum5 7,publi%]'s colophon7 ,london ,crosby ,lockwood & ,son #g1 ,/ation]s' ,hall ,c\rt1 ,ludgate ,hill #ahij ,all rights res]v$ ,london3 ,pr9t$ ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,virtue & ,co41 ,limit$4 ,city ,road4 ,,preface4 ,9 ! pres5t volume1 :ile describ+ ! v>i\s op]ations involv$ 9 ! manufacture ( pap]1 ! ,au?or has endeav\r$ to r5d] ! "w s]viceable z a book ( ref]5ce 9 respect to ! processes & improvem5ts :i* h f "t to "t be5 introduc$1 & _m ( :i* h be5 m or less practically appli$ ei!r at home or abroad4 ,! recov]y ( soda f wa/e liquors has be5 fully dealt )1 & ! details ( sev]al appli$ processes expla9$4 ,special att5tion has also be5 direct$ to "s ( ! m important me?ods ( produc+ pulp f wood fibre1 s9ce x is highly probable t f ?is inexhau/ible s\rce ! pap]-mak] w ultimately d]ive mu* ( ! cellulose us$ 9 8 manufacture4 ,inde$ x may be deem$ equally probable1 :5 ! processes = dis9tegrat+ wood fibre1 s l>gely appli$ 9 ,am]ica & on ! ,cont95t1 become bett] und]/ood 9 ?is c\ntry1 t _! adoption "h w become m ext5sive ?an has hi!rto be5 ! case4 ,to r5d] ! "w m readily und]/ood alike by ! practical op]ator & ! /ud5t1 c>e has be5 tak5 to avoid1 z f> z possible1 ! introduction ( unexpla9$ te*nicalities2 at ! same "t x has be5 ! writ]'s aim to furni% ! read] ) a v>iety ( in=mation :i*1 x is hop$1 w prove bo? useful & in/ructive4 ,x is ) mu* pleasure t ! ,au?or t5d]s 8 s9c]e ?anks to ,mr4 ,sydney ,spald+1 ( ! ,horton ,kirby ,mills1 ,s\? ,d>5?1 = 8 k9d c\rtesy 9 conduct+ him ?r\gh ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! mill1 & = expla9+ to him ! op]ations p]=m$ !re94 ,to ,mr4 ,frank ,lloyd he also ackn[l$ges 8 indebt$ness = ! g5]\s read9ess ) :i* he accompani$ him ov] ! ,daily ,*ronicle ,mill at ,sitt+b\rne1 & = ! pa9s he took to supply in=mation z to c]ta9 details at ! ,au?or's reque/4 ,8 be/ ?anks are also due to ^? manufactur]s ( pap]-mak+ ma*9]y :o suppli$ him ) _m ( ! blocks :i* illu/rate ! pages ( ! book4 ,,balham1 ,,surrey1 ,janu>y1 #ahij4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,cellulose4 ,,page ,cellulose--,action ( ,acids on ,cellulose--,physical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,cellulose--,micrographic ,exam9ation ( ,vegetable ,fibres-- ,det]m9ation ( ,cellulose--,recognition ( ,vegetable ,fibres by ! ,microscope #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,mat]ials ,,us$ ,,9 ,,pap]-,,mak+4 ,raw ,mat]ials--,rags--,dis9fect+ ,ma*9e--,/raw--,esp>to ,grass-- ,wood--,bamboo--,pap] ,mulb]ry #i ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,rags4 ,prelim9>y ,op]ations--,sort+--,cutt+--,b]trams' ,rag-cutt+ ,ma*9e--,nuttall's ,rag-cutt]--,will[+--,b]trams' ,will[ & ,du/]--,du/+--,bryan ,donk9's ,du/] or ,will[--,donk9's ,devil #ai ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,rags 7cont9u$74 ,boil+ ,rags--,b]trams' ,rag-boil]--,donk9's ,rag-boil]--,wa%+ & ,break+--,b]trams' ,rag-eng9e--,b5tley & ,jackson's ,rag-eng9e--,dra9+--,t]rance's ,dra9] #bi ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,esp>to4 ,prelim9>y ,treatm5t--,pick+--,will[+ ,esp>to--,boil+ ,esp>to--,s9clair's ,esp>to ,boil]--,roeckn]'s ,boil]--,mall>y's ,process--,c>bonell's ,process--,wa%+ ,boil$ ,esp>to--,"y's ,process--,blea*+ ! ,esp>to #dj ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,wood4 ,i4 ,,*emical ,,processes--,watt & ,burgess's ,process--,s9clair's ,process--,keegan's ,process--,am]ican ,wood-pulp ,sy/em--,auss$at's ,process--,acid ,treatm5t ( ,wood--,pictet & ,brlaz's ,process-- ,b>re & ,blondel's ,process--,pon*>ac's ,process--,"y & ,pettigrew's ,process--,fridet & ,matussire's ,process #ec ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,wood 7cont9u$74 ,sulphite ,processes--,francke's ,process--,ekman's ,process--,dr4 ,mits*]li*'s ,process--,ritt] & ,kelln]'s ,boil]-- ,p>t+ton's ,process--,blitz's ,process--,m',d\gall's ,boil] = ,acid ,processes--,graham's ,process--,objections to ! ,acid or ,sulphite ,processes--,sulphite ,fibre & ,res9--,adamson's ,process--,sulphide4 ,processes--,,ii4 ,,me*anical ,,processes-- ,voelt]'s ,process = prep>+ ,wood-pulp--,?une's ,process #fh ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,fibres4 ,treatm5t ( ,/raw--,b5tley & ,jackson's ,boil]--,boil+ ! ,/raw--,b]trams' ,edge-runn]--,m4 ,a4 ,c4 ,melli]'s ,process-- ,manilla1 ,jute1 c4--,wa/e ,pap]--,boil+ ,wa/e ,pap]--,ryan's ,process = ,treat+ ,wa/e ,pap] #hj ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,blea*+4 ,blea*+ ,op]ations--,s\r ,blea*+--,blea*+ ) ,*loride ( ,lime--,donk9's ,blea* ,mix]--,blea*+ ) ,*lor9e ,gas 7,glas]'s ,process7--,electrolytic ,blea*+ 7,c4 ,watt's ,process7-- ,h]mite's ,process--,&reoli's ,process--,?ompson's ,process-- ,lunge's ,process--,z9c ,blea* ,liquor--,alum ,blea* ,liquor--,new ,me?od ( ,blea*+ #hi ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,beat+ ,,or ,,ref9+4 ,beat+--,mr4 ,dunb>'s ,obs]vations on ,beat+--,mr4 ,arnot on ,beat+ ,eng9es--,mr4 ,wyatt on ,am]ican ,ref9+ ,eng9es--,! ,beat+ ,eng9e--,=bes' ,beat+ ,eng9e--,umph]/on's ,beat+ ,eng9e--,op]ation ( ,beat+--,te/ = ,*lor9e--,bl5d+ #aja ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,load+4--,,siz+4--,,col\r+4 ,load+--,siz+--,fr5* ,me?od ( prep>+ ,eng9e ,size--,z9c ,soaps 9 ,siz+--,col\r+--,animal or ,tub ,siz+--,prep>ation ( ,animal ,size--,am]ican ,me?od ( ,siz+--,ma*9e ,siz+-- ,d\ble-siz$ ,pap]--,mr4 ,wyatt's ,rem>ks on ,siz+ #aad ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,mak+ ,,pap] ,,by ,,h&4 ,! ,vat & ,m\ld--,mak+ ! ,pap]--,siz+ & ,f9i%+ #abi ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,mak+ ,,pap] ,,by ,,ma*9]y4 ,! ,f\rdr9i] ,ma*9e--,b]trams' ,l>ge ,pap] ,ma*9e--,/uff ,*e/s--,/ra9]s--,revolv+ ,/ra9] & ,knott]-- ,self-cleans+ ,/ra9]--,roeckn]'s ,pulp ,/ra9]s--,! ,ma*9e ,wire & its ,accessories--,conical ,pulp-,sav]--,! ,d&y-,roll--,wat]-,m>k+--,de la ,rue's ,improvem5ts 9 ,wat]-,m>ks--,suction ,boxes--,c\* ,rolls--,press ,rolls-- ,dry+ ,cyl9d]s--,smoo?+ ,rolls--,s+le ,cyl9d] ,ma*9es #acc ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,cal5d]+1 ,,cutt+1 ,,& ,,f9i%+4 ,web-,glaz+--,glaz+ ,cal5d] ,damp+ ,rolls--,f9i%+--,plate ,glaz+--,donk9's ,glaz+ ,press--,mr4 ,wyatt on ,am]ican ,sup]-,cal5d]+--,mr4 ,arnot on ,f9i%+--,cutt+--,revolv+ ,knife ,cutt]--,b]trams' ,s+le-%eet ,cutt]--,pack+ ! f9i%$ ,pap]--,sizes ( ,pap] #aed ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,col\r$ ,,pap]s4 ,col\r$ ,pap]s--,col\r+ ,matt]s us$ 9 ,pap]-mak+--,am]ican ,comb9ations = ,col\r+--,mix+ ,col\r+ ,mat]ials ) ,pulp--,col\r+ ,pap] = ,artificial ,fl[]s--,/a9s = ,glaz$ ,pap]s--,/a9s = ,morocco ,pap]s--,/a9s = ,sat9 ,pap]s #afe ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,miscellane\s ,,pap]s4 ,wat]pro( ,pap]--,sc(f]n & ,tidcombe's ,process--,dr4 ,wright's ,process = prep>+ ,cupro-,ammonium--,j\glet's ,process-- ,wat]pro( ,composition = ,pap]--,t\gh5+ ,pap]--,morfit's ,process--,transp>5t ,pap]--,trac+ ,pap]--,v>ni%$ ,pap]-- ,oil$ ,pap]--,li?ographic ,pap]--,cork ,pap]--,new ,japanese ,pap]--,blott+ ,pap]--,p>*m5t ,pap]--,mill & ,c>dbo>d-- ,mak+ ,pap] or ,c>dbo>d ) two ,faces by ord9>y ,ma*9e--,te/ ,pap]s #agd ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,ma*9]y ,,us$ ,,9 ,,pap]-,,mak+4 ,b5tley & ,jackson's ,drum-,wa%]--,dry+ ,cyl9d]s--,self-act+ ,dry ,felt ,regulator--,pap] ,cutt+ ,ma*9e--,s+le-web ,w9d+ ,ma*9e--,cool+ & ,damp+ ,rolls--,rev]s+ or ,plate-glaz+ ,cal5d]--,plate-plan+ ,ma*9e--,roll-b> ,plan+ ,ma*9e--,wa%+ ,cyl9d] = ,rag ,eng9e--,blea* ,pump-- ,?ree-roll ,smoo?+ ,presses--,back-wat] ,pump--,web-glaz+ ,cal5d]--,reel+ ,ma*9e--,web-ripp+ ,ma*9e--,roeckn]'s ,cl>ifi]--,m>%all's ,p]fect+ ,eng9e #ahd ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,recov]y ,,( ,,soda ,,f ,,sp5t ,,liquors4 ,recov]y ( ,soda--,evaporat+ ,app>atus--,roeckn]'s ,evaporator-- ,porion's ,evaporator--,y>yan's ,evaporator--,am]ican ,sy/em ( ,soda ,recov]y #bjd ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,real ,,value ,,or ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,comm]cial ,,sodas1 ,,*loride ,,( ,,lime1 ,,etc4 ,exam9ation ( ,comm]cial ,sodas--,mohr's ,alkalimet]--,prep>ation ( ! ,te/ ,acid--,sampl+ ,alkalies--,! ,assay--,e/imation ( ,*lor9e 9 ,blea*+ ,p[d]--,fres5ius' ,me?od--,gay-,lussac's ,me?od--,! ,te/ ,liquor--,te/+ ! ,sample--,e/imation ( ,alum9a 9 ,alum ,cake1 c4 #bba ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,useful ,,notes ,,& ,,tables4 ,prep>ation ( ,lakes--,brazil-wood ,lake--,co*9eal ,lake--,lac ,lake--,madd] ,lake--,orange ,lake--,yell[ ,lake--,artificial ,ultram>9e--,twaddell's ,hydromet]--,imitation ,manilla f ,wood-pulp--,te/+ ,ultram>9es--,/r5g? ( ,pap] #bce ,,tables4--,dalton's ,table %[+ ! ,proportion ( ,dry ,soda 9 ,leys ( diff]5t ,d5sities--,table ( ,/r5g? ( ,cau/ic ,soda ,solutions at #ei ,f4 #aej ,c4 7,tnn]man7--,table %[+ ! ,specific ,gravity correspond+ ) ! ,degrees ( ,baum's ,hydromet]--,table ( ,boil+ ,po9ts ( ,alkal9e ,leys--,table %[+ ! ,quantity ( ,cau/ic ,soda 9 ,leys ( diff]5t ,d5sities--,table %[+ ! ,quantity ( ,blea*+ ,liquid at #f ,twaddell 7specific gravity #ajcj7 requir$ to be add$ to ,weak] ,liquor to raise x to ! giv5 ,/r5g?s--,comp>ative ,fr5* & ,engli% ,!rmomet] ,scales--,weights & ,measures ( ! ,metrical ,sy/em--,table ( ,fr5* ,weights & ,measures #bda ,,li/ ,,( ,,works ,,relat+ ,,to ,,pap] ,,manufacture #bdf ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,pap]-,,mak+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,cellulose4 ,cellulose4--,action ( ,acids on ,cellulose4--,physical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,cellulose4--,micrographic ,exam9ation ( ,vegetable ,fibres4--,det]m9ation ( ,cellulose4--,recognition ( ,vegetable ,fibres by ! ,microscope4 ,cellulose4--,vegetable fibre1 :5 depriv$ ( all incru/+ or cem5t+ matt]s ( a res9\s or gummy nature1 pres5ts to u ! true fibre1 or cellulose1 :i* con/itutes ! ess5tial basis ( all manufactur$ pap]4 ,f9e l95 & cotton are almo/ pure cellulose1 f ! fact t ! associat$ vegetable sub/ances h be5 remov$ by ! treatm5t ! fibres 7 subject$ to 9 ! process ( _! manufacture2 pure :ite1 unsiz$1 & unload$ pap] may also be consid]$ z pure cellulose f ! same cause4 ,view$ z a *emical sub/ance1 cellulose is :ite1 transluc5t1 & some:at heavi] ?an wat]4 ,x is ta/eless1 inodor\s1 absolutely innutriti\s1 & is insoluble 9 wat]1 alcohol1 & oils4 ,dilute acids & alkalies1 ev5 :5 hot1 sc>cely affect x4 ,by prolong$ boil+ 9 dilute acids1 h[ev]1 cellulose und]goes a gradual *ange1 be+ conv]t$ into hydro-cellulose4 ,x is also affect$ by boil+ wat] alone1 especially "u high pressure1 if boil$ = a l5g!n$ p]iod4 ,)\t go+ deeply into ! *emical prop]ties ( cellulose1 :i* w\ld be m int]e/+ to ! *emi/ ?an to ! pap] manufactur]1 a few data respect+ ! action ( c]ta9 *emical sub/ances ^u cellulose w1 x is hop$1 be f\nd useful f a practical po9t ( view1 especially at ! pres5t day1 :5 s _m new me?ods ( treat+ vegetable fibres are be+ introduc$4 ,action ( ,acids on ,cellulose4--,:5 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid is add$ v gradually to ab\t half its weight ( l95 rags cut into small %r$s1 or /rips ( unsiz$ pap]1 & conta9$ 9 a glass vessel1 ) con/ant /irr+1 ! fibres gradually swell up & disappe>1 )\t ! evolution ( any gas1 & a t5aci\s mucilage is =m$ :i* is entirely soluble 9 wat]4 ,if1 aft] a few h\rs1 ! mixture be dilut$ ) wat]1 ! acid neutralis$ ) *alk1 & aft] filtration1 any excess ( lime ?r[n d[n by cauti\sly add+ a solution ( oxalic acid1 ! liquid yields1 aft] a second filtration & ! addition ( alcohol 9 consid]able excess1 a gummy mass :i* possesses all ! *>act]s ( dextr94 ,if in/ead ( at once saturat+ ! dilut$ acid ) *alk1 we boil x = f\r or five h\rs1 ! dextr9 is entirely conv]t$ into grape sug> 7glucose71 :i*1 by ! addition ( *alk & filtration1 z be=e1 & evaporation at a g5tle heat to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup1 w1 aft] repose = a few days1 furni% a concrete mass ( cry/allis$ sug>4 ,cotton1 l951 or unsiz$ pap]1 ?us treat$1 yield fully _! own weight ( gum & "o-six? ( _! weight ( grape sug>4 ,pure cellulose is readily attack$ by1 & soon becomes dissolv$ 91 a solution ( oxide ( copp] 9 ammonia 7cuprammonium71 & may aga9 be precipitat$ 9 col\rless flakes by ! addition ( an excess ( hydro*loric acid1 & aft]w>ds filt]+ & wa%+ ! precipitate4 ,conc5trat$ boil+ hydro*loric acid conv]ts cellulose into a f9e p[d]1 )\t1 h[ev]1 alt]+ its composition1 :ile /rong nitric acid =ms nitro-sub/itution products ( v>i\s degrees1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! acid employ$4 ,*lor9e gas pass$ into wat] 9 :i* cellulose is susp5d$ rapidly oxidises & de/roys x1 & ! same effect takes place :5 hypo*lorites1 su* z hypo*lorite ( calcium1 or blea*+ liquors1 are g5tly treat$ ) x4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 ! cellulose itself :i* we want ! blea*+ liquor to op]ate ^u1 b only ! col\r+ matt]s associat$ ) x1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to secure t ! action int5d$ = ! extrane\s sub/ances alone does n ext5d to ! fibre itself4 ,cau/ic pota% affects b slightly cellulose 9 ! =m 9 :i* we h to d x1 b 9 c]ta9 less compact conditions ^! ag5ts decompose or de/roy x4--,arnot4#a ,physical ,*>act]i/ics ( ,cellulose4--,! physical condition ( cellulose1 says ,mr4 ,arnot1 aft] x has be5 fre$ f extrane\s matt]s by boil+1 blea*+1 & wa%+1 is ( great importance to ! manufactur]4 ,"s fibres are %ort1 h>d1 & ( poli%$ ext]ior1 :ile o!rs are long1 flexible1 & b>b$1 ! =m]1 x is sc>cely necess>y to say1 yield+ b indiff]5t pap]s1 easily brok5 & torn1 :ile ! pap]s produc$ f ! latt] class ( fibres are possess$ ( a great degree ( /r5g? & flexibility4 ,fibres f /raw1 & f _m v>ieties ( wood1 may be tak5 z repres5tatives ( ! =m] class1 ^? f hemp & flax af=d+ good illu/rations ( ! latt]4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 betwe5 ^! extremes all degrees & comb9ations ( ! v>i\s *>act]i/ics indicat$4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t h>d1 acicul>#b fibres d n felt well1 !re be+ no int]tw9+ or adhesion ( ! v>i\s p>ticles1 & ! pap] produc$ is friable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 long1 flexible1 ela/ic fibres1 ev5 ?\gh comp>atively smoo? 9 _! ext]ior1 int]tw9e readily1 & felt into a /rong t\gh %eet4444 ,cotton fibre is long & tubul>1 & has ?is peculi>ity1 t :5 dry ! tubes collapse & twi/ on _! axes1 ?is prop]ty greatly assi/+ ! adhesion ( ! p>ticles 9 ! process ( pap]-mak+4 ,9 ! process ( dye+ cotton1 ! col\r+ matt] is absorb$ into ! tubes1 & is1 z w be readily appreciat$1 difficult ( removal !refrom4 ,pap]s made exclusively ( cotton fibre are /rong & flexible1 b h a c]ta9 spong9ess ab\t !m :i* pap]s made f l95 d n possess4 ,l95--! cellulose ( ! flax-plant--be=e x rea*es ! h&s ( ! pap]-mak] has be5 subject$ to c]ta9 processes ( /eep+ or rett+1 & also subsequ5t boil+s & blea*+s1 by :i* ! extrane\s matt]s h be5 remov$1 & x !re=e requires b little *emical treatm5t at 8 h&s4 ,l95 fibre1 ,arnot fur!r obs]ves1 is l cotton1 tubul>1 b ! walls ( ! tubes are some:at ?ick]1 & are jo9t$ or not*$ l a cane or ru%2 ! not*es assi/ greatly 9 ! adhesion ( ! fibres "o to ano!r4 ,?is fibre possesses ! o!r valuable prop]ties ( l5g?1 /r5g?1 & flexibility1 & ! latt] prop]ty is increas$ :5 ! walls ( ! tubes are cru%$ toge!r "u ! action ( ! beat+-eng9e4 ,f ?is fibre a v /rong1 compactly felt$ pap] is made2 inde$1 no bett] mat]ial ?an ?is c be _h = ! production ( a fir/-class pap]4 ,ropes1 co>se bags1 & su*like are made f hemp1 ! cellulose or fibre ( :i* is n unlike t ( flax1 only x is ( a /rong]1 co>s] nature4 ,manilla#c yields ! /ronge/ ( all fibres4 ,jute1 :i* is ! fibre or inside b>k ( an ,indian plant 7,cor*orus capsul>is71 yields a /rong fibre1 b is v difficult to blea* :ite4 ,esp>to fibre holds an int]m$iate place betwe5 ! fibres j describ$ & ^? ( wood & /raw4444 ,! fibre ( /raw is %ort1 po9t$1 & poli%$1 & _c ( itself make a /rong pap]4 ,! nature ( wood fibre dep5ds1 z may readily be suppos$1 ^u ! nature ( ! wood itself4 ,yell[ p9e1 = example1 yields a fibre long1 s(t1 & flexible1 9 fact v l cotton2 :ile oak & _m o!r woods yield %ort circul> fibres :i*1 unless p]fectly free f extrane\s matt]s1 possess no flexibility1 & 9 any case are n ela/ic4 ,micrographic ,exam9ation ( ,vegetable ,fibres4--,! importance ( ! microscope 9 ! exam9ation ( ! v>i\s fibres t are employ$ 9 pap] manufacture w be readily evid5t f ! delicate nature ( ! cellulose to be obta9$ !refrom4#d ,among/ o!rs ,m4 ,gir>d has det]m9$1 by ?is me?od ( exam9ation1 ! qualities :i* fibres ought to possess to suit ! requirem5ts ( ! manufactur]4 ,he /ates t absolute l5g? is n ( mu* importance1 b t ! fibre %\ld be sl5d] & ela/ic1 & possess ! prop]ty ( turn+ ^u itself ) facility4 ,t5acity is ( b second>y importance1 = :5 pap] is torn ! fibres sc>cely ev] break4 ,! pr9cipal fibres employ$ 9 pap]-mak+ are divid$ into ! foll[+ classes3-- #a4 ,r\nd1 ribb$ fibres1 z hemp & flax4 #b4 ,smoo?1 or feebly-ribb$ fibres1 z esp>to1 jute1 phormium 7,new ,zeal& flax71 dw>f palm1 hop1 & sug>-cane4 #c4 ,fibro-cellul> sub/ances1 z ! pulp obta9$ f ! /raw ( :eat & rye by ! action ( cau/ic ley4 #d4 ,flat fibres1 z cotton1 & ^? obta9$ by ! action ( cau/ic ley ^u wood4 #e4 ,imp]fect sub/ances1 z ! pulp obta9$ f sawdu/4 ,9 ?is class may also be includ$ ! fibre ( ! s-call$ me*anical wood pulp4 ,det]m9ation ( ,cellulose4 ,= ! det]m9ation ( cellulose 9 wood & o!r vegetable fibres to be us$ 9 pap]-mak+ ,mll] recomm5ds ! foll[+ processes3#e #e grammes weight ( ! f9ely-divid$ sub/ance is boil$ f\r or five times 9 wat]1 us+ #ajj cubic c5timtres#f ea* "t4 ,! residue is !n dri$ at #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,fahr471 weigh$1 & exhau/$ ) a mixture ( equal measures ( b5z9e & /rong alcohol1 to remove fat1 wax1 res91 c4 ,! residue is aga9 dri$ & boil$ sev]al times 9 wat]1 to e #ajj c4c4 ( :i* #a c4c4 ( /rong ammonia has be5 add$4 ,?is treatm5t removes col\r+ matt] & pect\s#g sub/ances4 ,! residue is fur!r bruis$ 9 a mort> if necess>y1 & is !n treat$ 9 a clos$ bottle ) #bej c4c4 ( wat]1 & #bj c4c4 ( brom9e wat] conta9+ #d c4c4 ( brom9e to ! litre4#h ,9 ! case ( ! pur] b>k-fibres1 su* z flax & hemp1 ! yell[ col\r ( ! liquid only sl[ly disappe>s1 b ) /raw & woods decolorisation occurs 9 a few m9utes1 & :5 ?is takes place m brom9e wat] is add$1 ?is be+ repeat$ until ! yell[ col\r rema9s1 & brom9e c be detect$ 9 ! liquid aft] twelve h\rs4 ,! liquid is !n filt]$1 & ! residue wa%$ ) wat] & heat$ to boil+ ) a litre ( wat] conta9+ #e c4c4 ( /rong ammonia4 ,! liquid & tissue are usually col\r$ br[n by ?is treatm5t4 ,! undissolv$ matt] is filt]$ (f1 wa%$1 & aga9 treat$ ) brom9e wat]4 ,:5 ! action seems complete ! residue is aga9 heat$ ) ammoniacal wat]4 ,?is second treatm5t is suffici5t ) ! pur] fibres1 b ! op]ation mu/ be repeat$ z (t5 z ! residue imp>ts a br[ni% t9t to ! alkal9e liquid4 ,! cellulose is ?us obta9$ z a pure :ite body2 x is wa%$ ) wat]1 & !n ) boil+ alcohol1 aft] :i* x may be dri$ at #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,fahr47 & weigh$4 ,recognition ( ,vegetable ,fibres by ! ,microscope4--,f ,mr4 ,all5's admirable & useful "w on ,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis#i we make ! foll[+ extracts1 b mu/ ref] ! read] to ! "w nam$ = full] in=mation ^u ?is important consid]ation ( ! subject4 ,9 exam9+ fibres "u ! microscope1 x is recomm5d$ t ! tissues %\ld be cut up ) %>p scissors1 plac$ on a glass slide1 moi/5$ ) wat]1 & cov]$ ) a piece ( ?9 glass4 ,"u ^! conditions3-- ,filam5ts ( ,cotton appe> z transp>5t tubes1 flatt5$ & twi/$ r\nd _! axes1 & tap]+ (f to a clos$ po9t at ea* end4 ,a section ( ! filam5t some:at resembles ! figure #h1 ! tube1 orig9ally cyl9drical1 hav+ collaps$ mo/ 9 ! middle1 =m+ semi-tubes on ea* side1 :i* give ! fibre1 :5 view$ 9 c]ta9 lights1 ! appe>ance ( a flat ribbon1 ) ! hem ( ! bord] at ea* edge4 ,! twi/$1 or corkscrew =m ( ! dri$ filam5t ( cotton di/+ui%es x f all o!r vegetable fibres1 & is *>act]i/ic ( ! matur$ pod1 ,m4 ,bau] hav+ f\nd t ! fibres ( ! unripe se$ are simply untwi/$ cyl9drical tubes1 :i* nev] twi/ aft]w>ds if sep>at$ f ! plant4 ,! matur$ fibres always collapse 9 ! middle z describ$1 & und]go no *ange 9 ?is respect :5 pass+ ?r\gh all ! v>i\s op]ations to :i* cotton is subject1 f sp9n+ to its conv]sion into pulp = pap]-mak+4 ,l951 or ,flax ,fibre1 "u ! microscope1 appe>s z holl[ tubes1 op5 at bo? ends1 ! fibres be+ smoo?1 & ! inn] tube v n>r[1 & jo9ts1 or septa1#aj appe> at int]vals1 b are n furni%$ ) hairy app5dages z is ! case ) hemp4 ,:5 flax fibre is imm]s$ 9 a boil+ solution ( equal p>ts ( cau/ic pota% & wat] = ab\t a m9ute1 !n remov$ & press$ betwe5 folds ( filt]-pap]1 x assumes a d>k yell[ col\r1 :il/ cotton "u ! same treatm5t rema9s :ite or becomes v bright yell[4 ,:5 flax1 or a tissue made f x1 is imm]s$ 9 oil1 & !n well press$ to remove excess ( ! liquid1 x rema9s transluc5t1 :ile cotton1 "u ! same conditions1 becomes opaque4 ,new ,zeal& ,flax 7,phormium t5ax7 may be di/+ui%$ f ord9>y flax or hemp by a r$di% col\r produc$ on imm]s+ x fir/ 9 a /rong *lor9e wat]1 & !n 9 ammonia4 ,9 ma*9e-dress$ ,new ,zeal& flax ! bundles are transluc5t & irregul>ly cov]$ ) tissue2 spiral fibres c be detect$ 9 ! bundles1 b less num]\s ?an 9 ,sizal4 ,9 ,maori-prep>$ phormium ! bundles are almo/ :olly free f tissue1 :ile !re are no spiral fibres4 ,hemp ,fibre resembles flax1 & exhibits small hairy app5dages at ! jo9ts4 ,9 ,manilla hemp ! bundles are oval1 ne>ly opaque1 & surr\nd$ by a consid]able quantity ( dri$-up cellul> tissue compos$ ( rectangul> cells4 ,! bundles are smoo?1 v few deta*$ ultimate fibres are se51 & no spiral tissue4 ,sizal1 or ,sisal ,hemp 7,agave ,am]icana71 =ms oval fibr\s bundles surr\nd$ by cellul> tissue1 a few smoo? ultimate fibres project+ f ! bundles2 is m transluc5t ?an ,manilla1 & a l>ge quantity ( spiral fibres are mix$ up 9 ! bundles4 ,jute ,fibre appe>s "u ! microscope z bundles ( t5drils1 ea* be+ a cyl9d]1 ) irregul> ?ick5$ walls4 ,! bundles (f] a smoo? cyl9drical surface1 to :i* ! silky lu/re ( jute is due1 & :i* is mu* increas$ by blea*+4 ,by ! action ( hypo*lorite ( soda ! bundles ( fibres c be dis9tegrat$1 s t ! s+le fibres c be readily di/+ui%$ "u ! microscope4 ,jute is col\r$ a deep] yell[ by sulphate ( anil9e ?an is any o!r fibre4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,mat]ials ,,us$ ,,9 ,,pap]-,,mak+4 ,raw ,mat]ials4--,rags4--,dis9fect+ ,ma*9e4--,/raw4--,esp>to ,grass4--,wood4--,bamboo4--,pap] ,mulb]ry4 ,9 =m] days ! only mat]ials employ$ = ! manufacture ( pap] 7 l95 & cotton rags1 flax & hemp wa/e1 & "s few o!r fibre-yield+ mat]ials4 ,! r$uction ( ! excise duty1 h[ev]1 f #c;d4 to #a;d4 p] lb41 :i* took effect 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,h] ,maje/y's reign--namely1 9 #ahcg--;creat$ a greatly increas$ dem& = pap]1 & caus$ mu* anxiety among/ manufactur]s le/ ! supply ( rags %\ld prove inadequate to _! requirem5ts4 ,aga91 9 ! ye> #ahfa ! excise duty 0 totally aboli%$1 f :i* p]iod an enorm\sly increas$ dem& = pap]1 & consequ5tly pap] mat]ial1 0 creat$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( a va/ numb] ( daily & weekly pap]s & j\rnals 9 all p>ts ( ! k+dom1 besides repr9ts ( /&>d & o!r works 9 a *eap =m1 ! copyright ( :i* _h expir$4 ,x is n too mu* to say1 t unless o!r mat]ials ?an ^? employ$ be=e ! repeal ( ! pap] duty _h be5 discov]$1 ! abolition ( ! impo/ w\ld h prov$ b ( little s]vice to ! public at l>ge4 ,b5efic5t ,nature1 h[ev]1 has gradually1 b surely & amply1 suppli$ our ne$s ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( man's re/less activity & p]sev]ance4 ,! foll[+ li/ comprises _m ( ! sub/ances f :i* cellulose1 or vegetable fibre1 c be sep>at$ = ! purposes ( pap]-mak+ ) advantage2 b ! vegetable k+dom furni%es 9 addition a va/ numb] ( plants & vegetables :i* may also be us$ ) ! same object4 ,we h se5 volum9\s li/s ( fibre-yield+ mat]ials :i* h be5 sugge/$ z suitable = pap]-mak+1 b s9ce ! great] portion ( !m are nev] likely to be appli$ to su* a purpose1 we consid] ! "t wa/$ 9 propos+ !m4 ,x is true t ! /alks ( ! cabbage tribe1 = example1 w\ld be available = ! sake ( _! fibre1 b we %\ld imag9e t no gr[] ( ord9>y intellig5ce w\ld deprive 8 gr\nd ( ! n\ri%m5t su* wa/e is capable ( return+ to ! soil1 by its employm5t z manure1 to furni% a mat]ial = pap]-mak+4 ,aga91 we h se5 blackb]ries1 & ev5 ! poll5 767 ( plants includ$ 9 a li/ ( pap] mat]ials1 b =tunately ! manufactur] is nev] likely to be r$uc$ to su* extremities z to be compell$ to use mat]ials ( ?is nature4 ,raw ,mat]ials4 ,cotton rags4 ,cotton wool4 ,cotton wa/e4 ,cotton-se$ wa/e4 ,l95 rags4 ,l95 wa/e4 ,hemp wa/e4 ,manilla hemp4 ,flax wa/e1 etc4 ,jute wa/e1 etc4 ,*9a grass4 ,bamboo cane4 ,rattan cane4 ,banana fibre4 ,/raw ( :eat1 etc4 ,ru%es ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,new ,zeal& flax4 ,maize /ems1 husks1 etc4 ,esp>to grass4 ,re$s4 ,woods ( v>i\s k9ds1 especially :ite non-res9\s woods1 z popl>1 will[1 etc4 ,wood %av+s1 sawdu/1 & *ips4 ,b>ks ( v>i\s trees1 especially ( ! pap] mulb]ry4 ,peat4 ,twigs ( common broom & hea!r4 ,mu/>d /ems aft] ?re%+4 ,buck:eat /raw4 ,tobacco /alks4 ,beetroot refuse f sug> works4 ,megass1 or cane tra%--refuse ( ! sug> cane aft] ! juice has be5 extract$4 ,f]n leaves4 ,tan wa/e4 ,dy]s' wood wa/e4 ,old bagg+4 ,old ba/ matt+4 ,hop-b9es4 ,bean /alks4 ,old canvas4 ,old rope4 ,gunny bags4 ,wa/e pap]4 ,b9d]s' clipp+s1 etc4 ,old nett+4 ,sailclo?4 ,sea grass 7,zo/]a m>9a74 ,fibr\s wa/e result+ f ph>maceutical prep>ations4 ,potato /alks4 ,/able manure4 ,silk cocoon wa/e4 ,oakum4 ,flax t[4 ,rag bagg+4 ,lea!r wa/e4 ,t>paul94 ,etc41 etc4 ,rags4--,l95 & cotton rags are import$ into ,great ,brita9 f almo/ all ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 & ev5 f ! di/ant /ates ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,briti% ,s\? ,africa1 & ,au/ralasia4 ,! great] proportion1 h[ev]1 come f ,g]many4 ,! rags collect$ 9 ,engl& *iefly pass ?r\gh ! h&s ( :olesale m]*ants e/abli%$ 9 ,london1 ,liv]pool1 ,man*e/]1 & ,bri/ol1 & ^! are sort$ to a c]ta9 ext5t be=e !y are s5t to ! pap]-mills4 ,by ?is r\gh sort+1 :i* does n include ei!r cleans+ or dis9fect+1 c]ta9 k9ds ( rags :i* w\ld be useless to ! pap]-mak] are sep>at$ & sold z manure4 ,wooll5 rags are n usually mix$ ) cotton rags1 b are g5]ally kept ap>t to be conv]t$ into %oddy4 ,! importance ( dis9fect+ rags be=e !y pass ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! workpeople employ$ at ! pap]-mills _c be ov]-e/imat$1 & x is ! duty ( e ,gov]nm5t to see t ?is is effectually c>ri$ out1 n only at su* times :5 *ol]a & o!r epidemics are kn[n to be rife 9 c]ta9 c\ntries f :i* rags may be import$1 b at all times1 s9ce !re is no great] s\rce ( dang] to ! heal? ( communities ?an 9 ! diffusion ( old l95 & cotton g>m5ts1 or pieces1 :i* are l>gely contribut$ by ! dwell]s 9 ! slums ( cr[d$ cities4 ,respect+ ! dis9fect+ ( rags1 ,davis#aa ?us expla9s ! precautions tak5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to gu>d aga9/ ! dang]s ( infection f rags com+ f =eign or o!r s\rces4 ,:5 *ol]a1 or o!r infecti\s or contagi\s diseases exi/ 9 =eign c\ntries1 or 9 portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! heal? (fic]s 9 *>ge ( ! v>i\s qu>ant9es 9 ?is c\ntry require t rags f c\ntries & di/ricts 9 :i* su* diseases are preval5t %all be ?or\ghly dis9fect$ be=e !y are all[$ to pass _! /ations4 ,rags %ipp$ to ,london1 ,hull1 ,liv]pool1 ,italian1 or o!r ports1 & re-%ipp$ f su* ports to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are usually subject$ to ! same rule z if %ipp$ direct f ! ports ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* su* diseases prevail4 ,x is usually requisite t ! dis9fection %all be made at ! /oreh\se 9 ! port ( %ipm5t1 by boil+ ! rags sev]al h\rs "u a prop] degree ( pressure1 or 9 a tightly-clos$ vessel1 or dis9fect$ ) sulphur\s acid1 :i* is evolv$ by burn+ at lea/ two p\nds ( roll sulphur to e t5 cubic feet ( room space1 ! ap>tm5t be+ kept clos$ = sev]al h\rs aft] ! rags are ?us treat$4 ,dis9fection by boil+ ! rags is usually consid]$ to be ! be/ me?od4 ,9 ! case ( rags import$ f ,india1 ,egypt1 ,spa91 & o!r =eign c\ntries :]e *ol]a is liable to become epidemic1 x is especially desirable t "s effici5t1 rapid1 & ?or\gh process ( dis9fect+ %\ld be devis$4 ,9 ord] to meet ! qu>ant9e requirem5ts1 x mu/ be ?or\gh & c]ta9 9 its action1 & 9 ord] t ! lives ( ! workm5 & ( o!rs 9 ! vic9ity may n be endang]$ by ! lib]at+ ( active disease-g]ms1 or exposure ( decay+ & delet]i\s matt]s1 & t ! delay1 tr\ble1 & exposure ( unbal+ & rebal+ may be avoid$1 x mu/ be capable ( use ^u ! rags :ile 9 ! bale1 & ( do+ its "w rapidly :5 s us$4 ,dis9fect+ ,ma*9e4--,to facilitate ! dis9fect+ ( rags :ile 9 ! bale1 ,messrs4 ,p>k] & ,blackman devis$ a ma*9e1 = :i* !y obta9$ a pat5t 9 #ahhd1 f :i* ! foll[+ ab/ract is tak54 ,=m]ly rags & o!r fibr\s mat]ials 7 dis9fect$ by be+ subject$ to g]m-de/roy+ gases or liquids 9 enclos$ *amb]s1 b 9 ord] to r5d] ! dis9fect+ process effectual1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to treat ! mat]ial 9 a loose or sep>at$ /ate1 no successful me?od hav+ be5 adopt$ = dis9fect+ ! mat]ials :ile 9 ! bale4 ,?is unbal+ & loos5+ or spread+ ( ! undis9fect$ mat]ial is absolutely unsafe & dang]\s to ! workm51 or to ^? 9 ! vic9ity1 because ( ! consequ5t sett+ free ( ! disease g]ms1 & ! expos+ ( any decay+ or delet]i\s matt]s :i* may be held 9 ! mat]ial :ile x is compress$ 9 ! bale4 ,! unbal+ & necess>y rebal+ ( ! mat]ial = transportation also involves mu* tr\ble & exp5se & loss ( "t4 ,l>ge & cumbr\s app>atus is also necess>y to treat l>ge quantities ( mat]ial loos5$ or op5$ out z h]et(ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,x is specially necess>y t rags com+ f ,egypt & o!r =eign c\ntries %\ld be ?or\ghly dis9fect$ by "s rapid & effectual means1 :i*1 :ile n endang]+ ! heal? ( workm5 employ$ 9 ?is some:at haz>d\s task1 w fully meet all qu>ant9e requirem5ts4 ,! app>atus devis$ by ,messrs4 ,p>k] & ,blackman1#ab an abridg$ description ( :i* is giv5 bel[1 w probably accompli% ?is mu*-desir$ object4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #a1 ,a is ! dis9fect+ *amb]4 ,at "o end is an op5+ ,a#a1 & a door ,b1 h+$ at its l[] edge & adapt$ to be swung up1 s z to close ! op5+ tightly4 ,= support+ & c>ry+ ! bale ,c ( mat]ial to be plac$ 9 ! *amb] is a c>riage ,c#a1 consi/+ ( a plat=m support$ ^u :eels or ca/ors c c4 ,:ile ! c>riage is :olly )9 ! *amb] ,a1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ^! :eels re/ ^u ! false bottom ,b#b2 :5 ! c>riage is roll$ back & out ( ! *amb]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 !y roll ^u ! upp] face ( door ,b swung d[n4 ,! c>riage is provid$ ) a clamp+ device ,d to hold ! bale firmly & immovably4 ,to cause ! c>riage to move into & out ( ! *amb]1 ! inv5tors provide ^u ! "u side ( ! plat=m a fix$ sleeve ,e1 int]iorly ?read$ to fit ! screw ,e#a1 j\rnall$ at "o end ne> ! op5+ 9 ! *amb] end 9 a /ation>y block ,e#b fix$ ^u ! false bottom ,b#b4 ,f ?is end ! screw ext5ds along "u ! c>riage ?r\gh ! screw sleeve & to ! o!r end ( ! *amb]4 ,a coll> e#b on ! screw be>s aga9/ ! inn] end ( ?is j\rnal-be>+1 & ^u ! end ( ! %ank e be>+ aga9/ ! o!r end ( ! j\rnal is fix$ a p9ion ,f1 :i* is to be driv5 9 ei!r direction z desir$4 ,above ?is j\rnal-be>+ is a s]ies ( simil> be>+s 7five be+ %[n71 ,g ,g1 pass+ ?r\gh ! wall ( ! *amb]4 ,( ^! ! middle "o is 9 a l9e ) ! c5tre ( ! bale1 support$ & held on ! c>riage4 ,! o!rs are arrang$ at ! corn]s ( a squ>e4 ,j\rnall$ 9 ^! be>+s are ! holl[ %anks ,h ,h ( ! holl[ screws ,i ,i po9t$ at ,i#a ,i#a4 ,ea* screw is p]=at$1 i i1 betwe5 ! ?reads i#a i#a f ! fix$ coll> ,k ,k4 ,^u ! tubul> %anks ,h ,h ( ! screws are fix$ ! ge>-:eels ,l ,l4 ,at a %ort di/ance f ! end ( ! *amb]1 ,a is ! holl[ *amb] or receptacle ,m1 into :i* is to be =c$ ! dis9fectant liquid or gas4 ,! tubul> %anks ,h ,h ( ! screws project ?r\gh ! wall ,m1 pass+ ?r\gh /uff+-boxes m m1 & _! bores communicate ) ! int]ior ( ! *amb]1 ! %ank ( ! middle screw be+ cont9u$ ?r\gh ! opposite wall & a /uff+-box1 its solid or project+ end be+ provid$ ) two fix$ pulleys1 ,n ,n1 & a loose pulley ,o4 ,:5 a gase\s dis9fectant is us$1 x c be =c$ by any desir$ means ?r\gh ! pipe ,s into ! *amb]4 ,:]e a liquid dis9fectant is us$1 an elevat$ tank ,r conta9+ ! fluid may be us$4 ,z mo/ fibr\s mat]ials1 & especially rags1 are bal$ s z to be 9 lay]s1 x is pref]able s to place ! bale ^u ! c>riage t ! p]=at$ screws may p5etrate ! mat]ial at "r angles to ! lay]s by :i* ! gas or liquid issu+ ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! screws passes 9 all directions ?r\gh\t ! mass )9 ! bale4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( *amb] ,a are p]=at$ %elves ,v ,v1 ^u :i*1 if desir$1 ! mat]ial c be spread out & subject$ to dis9fect+ gas or vap\r4 ,on ! top ( ! *amb] is a tank ,w ne>ly fill$ ) dis9fect+ liquid4 ,a passage ,w#a ext5ds f upp] "p ( ! *amb] up into ! tank above ! level ( ! liquid !re91 & is !n c>ri$ at its end d[n bel[ ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,at its o!r end ! tank is provid$ at its top ) a dis*>ge op5+ ,x & a suitable pipe ,x#a1 =m+ a cont9uation ( ! op5+2 by ?is means all f\l & delet]i\s vap\rs or gases pass+ out ( ! clos$ *amb] ,a ?r\gh ! passage ,w mu/ pass ?r\gh ! dis9fect+ liquid 9 ! tank be=e escap+ ?r\gh ! op5+ ,x & /ack ,x#a into ! air1 & are ?us r5d]$ h>mless4 ,:5 a suffici5t am\nt ( ! dis9fectant has be5 =c$ into & ?r\gh ! bale1 ! dis9fectant is turn$ (f1 & cold dry air c be =c$ ?r\gh *amb] ,m1 & out ?r\gh ! nozzles & bale1 :]eby ! mat]ial )9 ! bale becomes cool$ & dri$1 & all ! f\l air f ! *amb] ,a driv5 out1 s t x may be op5$ & ent]$ ) safety4 ,any suitable dis9fectant may be us$ ) ?is app>atus1 z1 = example1 sulphur\s acid1 9 gas or solution1 sup]heat$ /eam1 c>bolic acid1 or any solution or vap\r conta9+ *lor9e4 ,/raw4--,v l>ge quantities ( ?is mat]ial are us$ 9 ! manufacture ( pap]1 b m especially = newspap]s1 ! /raw f :eat & oats be+ mo/ly employ$4 ,al?\gh ! p]c5tage ( cellulose 9 /raw is ab\t equal to t ( esp>to1 ! sev]e treatm5t x requires to effectually remove ! silici\s coat+ by :i* ! fibre is protect$1 & to r5d] ! knots am5able to ! action ( ! blea*1 greatly r$uces ! yield ( f9i%$ pulp4 ,_m processes h be5 introduc$ = ! treatm5t ( /raw = pap]-mak+1 b ! mo/ successful ( !m appe> to be modifications ( a process introduc$ 9 #ahec by ,,mm4 ,c\pi] & ,melli]4 ,esp>to ,grass4--,?is important fibr\s mat]ial is l>gely import$ f ,alg]ia1 ,spa91 & o!r c\ntries1 & con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ valuable fibre-yield+ mat]ials ) :i* ! manufactur] has to deal4 ,"s idea ( ! am\nt ( esp>to & o!r fibres :i* f9d _! way to our %ores may be glean$ f ! fact t :ile ! import ( cotton & l95 rags 9 ! ye> #ahhd 0 #cf1bcc tons1 ( ! value ( #dhg1hff1 t ( esp>to & o!r fibres am\nt$ to #ahd1jje tons1 ( ! value ( #a1abe1eec4 ,wood4--,z a pap]-mak+ mat]ial1 ! fibre obta9$ f v>i\s k9ds ( wood n[ holds an important position1 s9ce ! s\rces ( supply are practically inexhau/ible4 ,! fir/ practical process = manufactur+ pulp f wood fibre 0 p]fect$ & introduc$ by ! au?or's fa!r1 ! late ,mr4 ,*>les ,watt1 :o1 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,h4 ,burgess1 obta9$ a pat5t = ! inv5tion on ,augu/ #ai?1 #ahec4 ,! process 0 aft]w>ds publicly exhibit$ at a small works on ! ,reg5t's ,canal1 :5 ! ,e>l ( ,d]by 7!n ,"l ,/anley71 _m sci5tific m5 & repres5tatives ( ! press1 7 pres5t1 & express$ !mselves well satisfi$ ) its success4 ,specim5s ( ! wood pap]1 includ+ a copy ( ! ,weekly ,times pr9t$ !reon1 7 exhibit$1 z also "s wat]-col\r draw+s :i* _h be5 produc$ ^u pap] made f wood pulp4 ,fail+ to get ! process tak5 up 9 ,engl&1 an ,am]ican pat5t 0 appli$ = & obta9$ 9 #ahed1 :i* 0 subsequ5tly pur*as$2 b ) ! exception ( an in/alm5t1 ! pur*ase-money 0 nev] paid to ! inv5tor6 ,?us ! process got into o!r h&s1 ! orig9al inv5tor alone be+ unb5efit$ by x4 ,x has be5 repeat$ly /at$1#ac no d\bt unwitt+ly1 t a p]son nam$ ,h\ghton fir/ introduc$ ! wood pap] process into ?is c\ntry2 b consid]+ t 8 pat5t 0 n obta9$ until #aheg1 or f\r ye>s aft] ! process above ref]r$ to 0 pat5t$ & publicly exhibit$ 9 ,engl&1 x w be se5 t ! /atem5t is absolutely )\t f\ndation4 ,! fir/ k ,mr4 ,h\ghton receiv$ conc]n+ wood z a pap]-mak+ mat]ial 0 f ! au?or's fa!r1 & he 7,mr4 ,h\ghton71 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,burgess1 introduc$ ! ,watt & ,burgess process into ,am]ica 9 ! ye> #ahed4 ,^! are ! facts4 ,bamboo 7,bambusa vulg>is74--,! leaves & fre%-cut /ems ( ?is plant are us$ = pap] mat]ial1 b require to pass ?r\gh a prelim9>y process ( cru%+1 :i* is effect$ by suitable rolls1 ! second s]ies ( cru%+ rolls be+ groov$ or *annell$ to split or divide ! mat]ial1 aft] :i* ! /ems are cut to suitable l5g?s = boil+4 ,pap] ,mulb]ry 7,br\ssonetia papyrif]a74--,! inn] b>k ( ?is tree1 & also "s o!r ba/s1 h long be5 us$ by ! ,japanese & ,*9ese 9 ! manufacture ( pap] ( great /r5g?1 b ( extreme delicacy4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,rags4 ,prelim9>y ,op]ations4--,sort+4--,cutt+4--,b]trams' ,rag-cutt+ ,ma*9e4--,nuttall's ,rag-cutt]4--,will[+4--,b]trams' ,will[ & ,du/]4--,du/+4--,bryan ,donk9's ,du/] or ,will[4--,donk9's ,devil4 ,prelim9>y ,op]ations4--,be=e ! rags are submitt$ to ! v>i\s processes :i* con/itute ! art ( pap]-mak+1 !y are subject$ to c]ta9 prelim9>y op]ations to free !m f dirty matt]s1 du/1 & ev5 s&1 :i* is sometimes fraudul5tly introduc$ into rags to increase _! weight4 ,?is prelim9>y treatm5t may be classifi$ "u ! foll[+ heads1 namely3--,sort+2 ,cutt+2 ,will[+2 ,du/+4 ,sort+4--,! rags be+ remov$ f ! bags or bales 9 :i* !y are pack$1 require fir/ to be sort$ accord+ to ! nature & quality ( ! fabrics ( :i* !y are compos$2 ?us l951 cotton1 hemp1 wool1 c41 mu/ be c>efully sep>at$ f ea* o!r2 ! ?ickness ( ! sub/ance1 its condition z to ! we> x has und]gone1 & ! col\r ( ! mat]ial1 all ^! consid]ations are tak5 into acc\nt by ! wom5 & girls :o are employ$ 9 ! op]ation ( sort+4 ,! f9] qualities are set aside = writ+-pap]1 inf]ior sorts be+ us$ sep>ately1 or mix$1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! manufactur]4 ,blue rags are g5]ally sep>at$ f ! re/ & kept = ! manufacture ( blue pap]1 b mo/ ( ! o!r col\r$ rags require blea*+4 ,9 sort+ rags1 a good deal ( judgm5t & skill are requir$ to avoid mix+ ! bett] qualities ) ^? ( an inf]ior class1 :i* w\ld occasion loss 9 ! manufacture4 ,x is also important t ^? ( inf]ior col\r %\ld n be mix$ ) ! f9] qualities1 :i* w\ld be liable to affect ! col\r & det]iorate ! quality ( ! pap]4 ,pap] manufactur]s g5]ally classify ! rags obta9$ f home s\rces1 t is1 f diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 "u ! foll[+ heads3-- ,,home ,,rags4 ,new cutt+s4 ,l95 pieces4 ,cotton pieces4 ,f9es 7:ites74 ,sup]f9es 7:ites74 ,out%ots 7:ites74 ,seconds 7:ites74 ,?irds 7:ites74 ,col\rs or pr9ts4 ,blues4 ,gunny1 clean4 ,gunny1 dirty4 ,rope 7:ite74 ,rope 7h>d74 ,rope1 bagg+1 etc4 ,=eign rags are di/+ui%$ z bel[3-- ,,belgian ,,rags4 ,:ite l95s4 ,mix$ f9es 7l95s & cottons74 ,grey l95s4 ,/rong l95s4 ,extra f9e l95s4 ,blue l95s4 ,sup]f9e :ite cottons4 ,out%ot cottons4 ,seconds4 ,half jute & l954 ,light pr9ts4 ,mix$ pr9ts4 ,blue cottons4 ,fu/ians4 ,black calicoes4 ,:ite hemp1 /r+s1 & rope4 ,t>r$ hemp1 /r+s1 & rope4 ,jute sp9n]s' wa/e4 ,jute wa/e4 ,new4 ,:ite l95s4 ,grey l95s4 ,blue l95s4 ,unblea*$ cottons4 ,:ite l95s & cottons4 ,pr9t cutt+s 7free f black74 ,blacks4 ,fu/ians4 ,,fr5* ,,rags4 ,fr5* l95s4 ,:ite cotton4 ,knitt$ cotton4 ,blue cotton4 ,col\r$ cotton4 ,black cotton4 ,m>seilles :ites4 ,light pr9ts4 ,mix$ pr9ts4 ,new :ite cutt+s4 ,,g]man ,,rags4 ,s4 ,p4 ,f4 ,f4 ,f4 ,s4 ,p4 ,f4 ,f4 ,f4 ,f4 ,g4 ,l4 ,x4 ,f4 ,l4 ,f4 ,r4 blue4 ,c4 ,s4 ,p4 ,f4 ,f4 ,f4 ,c4 ,f4 ,b4 blue4 ,c4 ,f4 ,x4 col\r$4 ,,trie/e4 ,p4 ,p4 :ite l95 7fir/74 ,p4 :ite l95 7second74 ,s4 f9e greys4 ,x4 col\r$ cottons4 ,,leghorn4 ,p4 ,l4 l95s4 ,p4 ,c4 cottons4 ,s4 ,c4 ,t4 ,c4 ,,turkey ,,& ,,beyr\t4 ,bright r$s4 ,,alex&ria4 ,:ites4 ,blues4 ,col\rs4 ,,baltic ,,& ,,russian4 ,s4 ,p4 ,f4 ,f4 ,s4 ,p4 ,f4 ,l4 ,f4 ,b4 ,f4 ,g4 ,f4 ,f4 ,b4 ,g4 ,l4 ,f4 ,x4 ,wooll5 rags are only us$ to a v mod]ate ext5t 9 blott+ & filt]+ pap]s & also 9 co>se pap]s & wrapp]s4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to blea* wooll5 rags1 b ! sev]ity ( ! treatm5t requir$ inv>iably end$ 9 a de/ruction ( ! fibr\s sub/ances m+l$ ) !m4 ,x is cu/om>y to dispose ( su* mat]ial = re-mak+ into common clo?s1 & = %oddy4 ,rags collect$ 9 l>ge cities1 9 consequ5ce ( ! frequ5t blea*+s !y h be5 subject$ to1 are consid]ably weak5$ 9 fibre1 te>+ easily1 & are !re=e subject to loss 9 process ( manufacture into pulp4 ,c\ntry rags1 be+ co>s] & grey] because less blea*$1 are /rong] 9 fibre & give a bett] body to ! pap]4 ,9 sampl+ rags x is necess>y to take precautions aga9/ ! fraudul5t tricks ( ! trade1 :i* are (t5 resort$ to to *eat ! manufactur]4 ,samples %\ld be tak5 f ! int]ior ( ! bags or bales1 to asc]ta9 if ! mat]ial 9 ! int]ior is equal 9 quality ) t at ! outside--t is to say1 t ! quality is fairly av]ag$ ?r\gh\t4 ,x may also be f\nd t ! rags h be5 purposely wett$ to increase _! weight4 ,if su* is f\nd to be ! case1 a few h&fuls %\ld be weigh$1 & !n dri$ 9 a w>m room1 & aft]w>ds re-weigh$1 :5 if ! loss exce$s #e to #g p] c5t4 x may be assum$ t ! rags h be5 fraudul5tly wett$4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! m]*ants 9 ! pr9cipal t[ns transact _! bus9ess hon\rably & are !re=e reliable4 ,! sort+ is g5]ally p]=m$ by wom51 :o n only sep>ate ! v>i\s qualities ( ! rags1 :i* !y place 9 sep>ate receptacles1 b also remove all buttons1 hooks & eyes1 india-rubb]1 p9s & ne$les1 c41 & loos5 all seams1 hems & knots4 ,! rags are next c>efully look$ ov] by wom5 call$ ov]-haul]s1 or ov]-look]s1 ^: duty x is to see t ! previ\s op]ations h be5 fully c>ri$ out 9 all respects4 ,usually !re is "o ov]-haul] to e eight or t5 cutt]s4 ,cutt+4--,9 "s mills x is pref]r$ to h ! rags cut into pieces f #b to #d in*es squ>e1 b ! actual size is n consid]$ ( mu* importance4 ,! *ief object is to h !m 9 su* a condition t !y may be ?or\ghly cleans$ 9 subsequ5t op]ations1 & able to float ?r\gh\t ! wat] 9 ! rag-eng9e1 )\t twi/+ r\nd ! roll]4 ,if ! rag pieces are small] ?an is requir$ to effect ?is x t5ds to create a loss ( fibre 9 ! op]ations ( will[+ & du/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,! process ( cutt+ is p]=m$ by h& or by ma*9]y4 ,:5 ! rags are cut by h&1 ! op]ation1 :i* is accompli%$ by wom51 is conduct$ z foll[s3--,! cutt] takes h] place 9 front ( an oblong box1 z 9 ,fig4 #c1 cov]$ ) co>se wire nett+1 conta9+ ?ree ?reads p] in*1 ?r\gh :i* du/1 c41 passes to a receptacle b5ea?2 9 ! c5tre is fix$1 9 a slant+ position1 a l>ge-blad$ knife ( peculi> =m1 ) its back t[>ds ! op]ator1 :o is surr\nd$ by a numb] ( boxes1 correspond+ ) ! numb] ( ! diff]5t qualities ( rags2 ^! are l9$ at ! bottom ) co>se wire gauze4 ,9 ! op]ation ( cutt+1 if any =eign sub/ances1 su* z buttons1 hooks1 c41 :i* may h escap$ ! sort]s are f\nd1 ^! are at once remov$4 ,! rags z !y are cut are put into baskets to be convey$ to ! rag-eng9e room4 ,9 "s mills rags are cut by ma*9]y1 b h& cutt+ is usually adopt$ = ! bett] k9ds ( pap]1 z x is obvi\s t ! ma*9e w\ld n be able to reject1 z is ! case 9 h& cutt+1 unpick$ seams & o!r irregul>ities :i* may h escap$ obs]vation by ! sort]s & ov]haul]s4 ,ma*9e cutt+ is1 !re=e1 g5]ally adopt$ = ! mat]ials :i* are to be us$ = ! co>s] pap]s4 ,!re are sev]al rag-cutt+ ma*9es 9 use1 ( :i* "o or two examples are giv5 bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,b]trams' ,rag-,cutt+ ,ma*9e4--,! engrav+1 ,fig4 #d1 repres5ts a ma*9e manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,b]trams1 ,limit$1 ( ,/4 ,ka!r9e's ,works1 ,ed9burgh1 to ^: c\rtesy we are indebt$ = ?is & o!r illu/rations ( _! ma*9]y1 :i* h be5 reproduc$ 9 outl9e f _! illu/rat$ catalogue4 ,! ma*9e1 :i* is suitable ei!r = rags or ropes1 has ?ree revolv+ knives1 & "o dead knife1 :i* is r5d]$ rev]sible to f\r edges1 & has self-act+ fe$ ge>1 side frames1 drum1 & o!r connections ( sub/antial con/ruction2 x is wood cov]$1 & furni%$ ) %eet-iron deliv]y sp\t4 ,! mat]ial passes into ! ma*9e along ! table at a1 :]e x passes betwe5 ! dead knife c & ! knives b fix$ to ! revolv+ drum d4 ,! cut rags fall into a receptacle b5ea? ! drum4 ,nuttall's ,rag ,cutt]4--,ano!r type ( rag cutt]1 & :i* is also suitable = cutt+ bagg+1 sailclo?1 t>paul91 ,manilla & o!r fibres1 is ,nuttall's ,rag ,cutt]1 a draw+ ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,?is ma*9e is manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,b5tley & ,jackson1 ( ,bury1 ne> ,man*e/]1 & is g5]ally kn[n z ! ,guillot9e ,rag ,cutt]1 f ! pr9ciple ( its action1 :i* is t ( *opp+ ! mat]ial4 ,! ma*9e is adopt$ at _m mills1 & a l>ge-siz$ ma*9e has rec5tly be5 put d[n at ! ,daily ,telegraph mills1 ,d>t=d4 ,a m$ium-siz$ ma*9e w cut ab\t "o ton ( rags 9 an h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,will[+4--,9 "s mills ! cut rags are convey$ to a ma*9e call$ ! will[1 :i* 9 "o =m ( ma*9e consi/s ( two ca/-iron cyl9d]s1 #b feet 9 diamet] & #c feet wide1 provid$ ) num]\s iron tee?1 :i* project ab\t #d in*es4 ,^! cyl9d]s are plac$ "o beh9d ! o!r1 & b5ea? !m is a semi-circul> screw1 & above !m a cov] ( ! same =m4 ,?is cov] is also furni%$ ) tee?1 & is s adju/$ t ! tee? 9 ! cyl9d]s pass ^? 9 ! cov] at a di/ance ( to ( an in*4 ,9 front are a pair ( roll]s & revolv+ apron1 :i* c>ry ! rags into ! cyl9d]s1 :i* rotate rapidly2 & ! rags1 :i* are ?r[n by ! fir/ into ! second cyl9d]1 are all[$ to rema9 9 !m = ab\t #bj seconds1 :5 a slid+ door1 :i* rises ?ree times p] m9ute1 all[s ! rags to be dis*>g$ into a du/]4 ,ea* "t ! slid+ door op5s ! revolv+ apron moves =w>d & re*>ges ! will[ ) a fre% supply4 ,! rags1 aft] be+ beat5 & teaz$ 9 ! will[1 are consid]ably loos5$ 9 texture1 & a good deal ( du/ & gritty matt]s fall ?r\gh ! scre5 b5ea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #f repres5ts a comb9$ will[ & du/]1 specially useful = wa/e rags & jute1 b may be us$ = all fibres1 manufactur$ by ,b]trams1 ,limit$1 ! ma9 features ( :i* are ?us describ$3--,!re are two drums1 :i* h malleable-iron cross-b>s & tee?1 & malleable-iron h>p motion bel[ = escape ( du/4 ,! framework ( ! will[ is ( ca/ iron1 & ! sides are fill$ 9 ) ca/-iron panel doors1 ! top be+ cov]$ 9 ) %eet iron4 ,! ge> is arrang$ s t ! will[ w deliv] to ! du/] or o!rwise by self-act+ motion cont9u\sly or int]mitt5tly4 ,! fe$ to ! will[ c also be made cont9u\s or int]mitt5t4 ,! drums1 framework1 panels1 & cas+ be+ made ( iron1 ! *ance ( fire f ! friction ( its work+ is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! du/]1 z a rule1 is #ab feet long1 ab\t #e feet 9 diamet]1 & has eight longitud9al b>s ( ca/ iron fitt$ betwe5 ! front & end revolv+ r+s4 ,^! b>s are fitt$ ) malleable-iron spikes1 pit*$ & s arrang$ t ! rags or fibres are deliv]$ at ! exit end automatically4 ,! outside ( ! du/] c be l9$ ) wire-clo?1 p]=at$ z9c1 iron1 etc4 ,x is driv5 by outside %afts & friction ge>1 s t !re is no int]nal %aft to int]f]e ) ! deliv]y ( ! fibres4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,du/+4--,9 ,fig4 #g is %[n a rag-du/+ ma*9e1 manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,bryan ,donk9 & ,co41 ( ,b]mondsey1 ,london4 ,! cyl9d] ( ?is ma*9e1 :i* is conical 9 =m1 to enable ! rags to travel f "o end to ! o!r1 :5ce !y are eject$1 revolves1 z also does a second cyl9d] ( a skeleton =m1 b 9 ! opposite direction4 ,ea* cyl9d] is fitt$ ) knives1 or spikes--^? ( ! out] cyl9d] project+ t[>ds ! c5tre2 ! knives ( ! c5tre cyl9d] be+ atta*$ to its ext]ior surface3 :5 ! ma*9e is 9 motion ! two sets ( blades pass ea* o!r s t :5 ! rags come betwe5 !m ! action is t ( scissors4 ,:5 ! rags are eject$ at ! end ( ! cyl9d]1 !y pass into ano!r cyl9d] ( wire1 ?r\gh :i* ! du/ falls & leaves !m 9 a fairly clean condition1 :5 !y are l[]$ ?r\gh a trap-door to ! boil+ room bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,donk9's ,devil4--,= remov+ ! du/ & dirt f co>se & v dirty rags1 oakum1 rope1 etc41 ! pres5ce ( :i* w\ld s]i\sly injure ! quality ( ! pap]1 a /ill m p[]ful ma*9e has be5 introduc$1 call$ ! devil1 :i* is con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple z ! will[1 b revolves at a l[] spe$4 ,! revolv+ axle ( ?is ma*9e is conical1 & is provid$ ) tee?1 arrang$ 9 a spiral =m4 ,! case 9 :i* x rotates is f$ cont9u\sly1 in/ead ( int]mitt5tly2 & al?\gh x facilitates ! subsequ5t treatm5t ( ! fibre1 x is said to be wa/eful1 :ile also consum+ a consid]able am\nt ( p[]4 ,a ma*9e1 or devil1 = clean+ rags or half /uff is manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,donk9 & ,co41 a repres5tation ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,rags 7cont9u$74 ,boil+ ,rags4--,b]trams' ,rag ,boil]4--,donk9's ,rag ,boil]4-- ,wa%+ & ,break+4--,b]trams' ,rag ,eng9e4--,b5tley & ,jackson's ,rag ,eng9e4--,dra9+4--,torrance's ,dra9]4 ,boil+ ,rags4--,to remove greasy matt]s1 & also to dissolve out ! cem5t+ sub/ances f ! /ems ( flax & %ell ( ! cotton1 ! rags are next boil$ 9 a solution ( cau/ic soda1 cau/ic lime1 or a mixture ( c>bonate ( soda & lime4 ,! boil+ has also ! effect ( loos5+ ! dirt conta9$ 9 ! rags1 :]eby ! col\r ( ! mat]ial is greatly improv$1 :ile at ! same "t x is r5d]$ m susceptible to ! action ( ! blea*+ ag5t4 ,/rong l95 rags w sometimes lose f "o-?ird to "o-fif? ( _! weight by ! process ( boil+4 ,! vessels = boil+ rags are ( v>i\s con/ruction1 & h be5 ! subject ( num]\s +5i\s pat5ts4 ,^! boil]s are ei!r cyl9drical or sph]ical1 & are also /ation>y or rot>y--! latt] =m be+ devis$ = ! purpose ( keep+ ! cau/ic alkali solution freely diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! mass ( fibre dur+ ! boil+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,b]trams' ,rag ,boil]4--,an illu/ration ( a sph]ical boil]1 z manufactur$ by ,b]trams1 ,limit$1 ( ,ed9burgh1 is giv5 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,! %ell ( ?is boil] is made f malleable iron1 is #h feet 9 diamet] & #i feet deep4 ,! boil] is con/ruct$ on :at is t]m$ ! vomit+ pr9ciple1 by :i* a free circulation ( ! alkal9e liquor is con/antly ma9ta9$4 ,^! boil]s are made to )/& any pressure ( /eam1 b ! size giv5 is usually work$ at f #ce to #de lbs4 pressure1 & c>ries ab\t #cj cwt4 ( dry esp>to4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,donk9's ,rag ,boil]4--,! sph]ical boil] ( ,messrs4 ,bryan ,donk9 & ,co4 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,be+ ( a sph]ical =m1 x is twice z /rong z a cyl9drical boil] ( ! same diamet] & ?ickness4 ,! plates us$ are1 not)/&+1 ( ! usual sub/ance1 ?us r5d]+ x p]fectly safe1 durable1 & suitable = high-pressure /eam4 ,! sph]ical %ape also all[s ! rags to fall out by !mselves :5 ! boil] is revolv+ ) ! cov] (f4 ,)9 ! boil] are /ra9]s to c>ry (f ! dirt1 & lift]s to agitate ! rags dur+ ! process ( ei!r boil+ or wa%+4 ,to avoid cem5t1 or ev5 lead jo9ts1 ! gudgeons & ! boil] are turn$ true 9 ! la! to fit ea* o!r1 ! jo9ts be+ simply made ) r$ lead4 ,^! boil]s are usually ab\t #h feet 9 diamet]1 & are capable ( boil+ f #bj cwt4 to #be cwt4 ( rags4 ,! idea ( giv+ motion to ! boil]1 s z to insure a p]fect mixture ( ! rags & ! cau/ic liquor1 is ( ,am]ican orig91 & 0 fir/ introduc$ into ?is c\ntry by ,messrs4 ,bryan ,donk9 & ,co4 ,x is usual to fix ! boil] s t x c be f$ ) rags ?r\gh a trap 9 ! floor above1 :ile ! boil] is 9 a v]tical position & ! lid remov$4 ,! trunnions are holl[1 to admit ! introduction ( /eam1 alkal9e ley1 or wat]1 & its rot>y motion1 :i* is ab\t ?ree times 9 two m9utes1 is giv5 by ! ge>+ on ! left ( ! illu/ration4 ,! alkalies us$ = boil+ rags are ei!r cau/ic soda1 soda a%1 slak$ lime1 made into a cream & sift$1 or a mixture ( slak$ lime & c>bonate ( soda4 ,a description ( ! prep>ation ( cau/ic soda ley w be f\nd 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y at mo/ ( ! l>g] pap]-mills to pur*ase _! cau/ic soda direct f ! alkali manufactur]s1 :o supply x 9 a solid =m enclos$ 9 iron drums1 h]metically clos$1 :i* are brok5 & ! cont5ts remov$ & dissolv$ :5 requir$ = use4 ,z to ! /r5g? ( cau/ic soda liquor to be us$ = boil+ rags1 ?is is regulat$ accord+ to ! nature & condition ( ! mat]ial1 & ! quality ( ! pap] x is int5d$ = 7see p4 #cd74 ,= ! f9e/ pap]s ! cau/ic soda %\ld be p]fectly pure1 & z !re are v>i\s grades ( ?is *emical sub/ance sold by ! alkali mak]s1 only ! pur] qualities are us$ = ! bett] k9ds ( pap]4 ,! proportion ( cau/ic soda p] cwt4 ( rags v>ies to ! ext5t ( f #e to #aj p] c5t4 ( ! =m] to ea* cwt4 ( ! latt]1 ! co>s] mat]ials1 ( c\rse1 requir+ m alkali ?an ^? ( f9] quality4 ,9 cases :]e rags are boil$ 9 an op5 boil]--z 0 =m]ly ! case--a mu* l>g] proportion ( cau/ic soda w\ld be requir$ ?an :5 ! boil+ is conduct$ "u high pressures1 z is n[ v g5]ally ! cu/om4 ,9 boil+ ! f9] qualities ( rags1 less pressure ( /eam is requir$ ?an = ! co>s] qualities1 & ! heat be+ proportionately l[]1 !re is less de/ruction ( ! fibre4 ,"s pap]-mak]s pref] to boil ! rags ) cau/ic lime only1 9 :i* case ! lime1 aft] be+ slak$ 9 ! usual way1 is mix$ ) wat] until x atta9s a milky consi/5ce1 :5 x is pass$ ?r\gh a sieve to sep>ate any solid p>ticles :i* may be pres5t4 ,ab\t ! same p]c5tage ( lime may be us$ z 9 ! =m] case4 ,:5 a mixture ( lime & c>bonate ( soda is us$1 a me?od mu* adopt$ on ! ,cont95t1 ! lime %\ld be well scre5$ f lumps be=e be+ mix$ ) ! soda4 ,! usual me?od ( prep>+ ?is mixture is z foll[s3--,a wood5 tank1 #ae feet long1 #e feet wide1 & #d feet deep is divid$ into ?ree comp>tm5ts1 ea* ( :i* has a false bottom p]=at$ ) -in* holes to keep back lumps1 /ones1 pieces ( coal1 etc41 :i* frequ5tly ab\nd 9 ! lime4 ,! fre% lime is put into ! fir/ comp>tm5t1 :]e x is slak$ ) wat] 9 ! usual way2 ! result+ p[d] is !n put into ! next comp>tm5t toge!r ) suffici5t wat]1 :]e x is agitat$ until conv]t$ into :at is te*nically t]m$ milk ( lime4 ,9 ! p>tition :i* sep>ates ! second f ! ?ird division is a movable sluice1 ?r\gh :i* ! milk ( lime fl[s into ! ?ird comp>tm5t2 9 ?is is fitt$ a revolv+ drum1 simil> to ! drum-wa%] ( ! break+-eng9e1 ?r\gh :i* ! milk ( lime :i* fl[s f ! sluice becomes /ra9$1 & is lift$ 9 ! same way z wat] is lift$ by ! drum-wa%] ( ! break+-eng9e1 & is !nce dis*>g$ ?r\gh a pipe into ! rag boil]s2 an additional /ra9+ c be effect$ by plac+ a f9e wire /ra9] ov] ! m\? ( ?is pipe lead+ to ! boil]1 :i* w prev5t objectionable p>ticles f ent]+ ! boil]4 ,ea* comp>tm5t is provid$ ) a l>ge wa/e pipe1 ?r\gh :i*1 by ! aid ( a suffici5t supply ( wat]1 all impurities :i* h be5 reject$ by ! drum are c>ri$ away4 ,! soda solution is prep>$ by dissolv+ ! requir$ proportion 9 wat]1 & ! result+ liquor1 aft] c>eful /ra9+1 is introduc$ into ! boil] to :i* ! *>ge ( rags has be5 giv52 ! head ( ! boil] is !n fix$ 9 its position & /eam turn$ on1 until a pressure ( ab\t #bj to #cj lbs4 to ! squ>e in* is atta9$1 & ! boil+ kept up = two to six h\rs1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! rags4 ,by ! ,cont95tal sy/em ( boil+ rags1 = ,no4 #a /uffs1 #baf lbs4 ( lime & #aad lbs41 ( #dh p] c5t41 soda a% are us$ = e #d1jjj lbs4 ( rags2 = ,nos4 #c & #e /uffs1 #cbd lbs4 ( lime & #aeb lbs4 ( soda a% are us$2 & = ,no4 #d /uff #cgh lbs4 ( lime & #aij lbs4 ( soda a%1 & ! boil+ 9 ea* case is kept up = twelve h\rs1 "u a pressure ( #cj lbs41 ! op]ation be+ conduct$ 9 boil]s :i* revolve horizontally4 ,9 boil+ ! f9e/ qualities ( rags1 x is consid]$ pref]able to boil ) lime alone1 :i* is believ$ to be less injuri\s to delicate fibres ?an cau/ic soda4 ,dunb>#ad gives ! foll[+ proportions ( #gj p] c5t4 cau/ic soda p] cwt4 ( rags3-- ,s4 ,p4 ,f4 ,f4 ,f4 is boil$ ) lime alone1 !n wa%$ 9 ! boil]1 & aga9 boil$ ) #b p] c5t4 ( soda a%4 ,s4 ,p4 ,f4 ,f4 is boil$ ) #ab lbs4 ( 7#gj7 cau/ic soda p] cwt4 ,s4 ,p4 ,f #ad ,f9es #g ,seconds #f ,l4 ,f4 ,x4 #bj ,c4 ,l4 ,f4 ,x4 #bg ,c4 ,c4 ,l4 ,f4 ,x4 #cj ,f4 ,f4 #ae ,^! are all boil$ at a pressure ( f #bj to #be lbs4 = #aj h\rs1 9 /ation>y boil]s )\t vomit1 & also 9 boil]s revolv+ horizontally4 ,9 "s mills1 :]e ! be/ qualities ( pap] are made1 iron boil]s are object$ to1 z small p>ticles ( oxide ( iron are apt to become dislodg$ f ! int]ior ( ! boil]1 & produce discol\ration ( ! pap]4 ,9 su* cases wood5 vats1 ) me*anical /irr]s1 are employ$2 sometimes a jacket$ boil] is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aa & #ab4 ,wa%+ & ,break+4--,! removal ( ! dirty wat] result+ f ! boil+ is effect$ 9 ! wa%+ & break+ eng9e1 or rag eng9e1 z x is commonly call$1 :i* is con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple z ! beat+ eng9e1 b is provid$ ) an extra drum1 call$ ! drum-wa%]1 :i*1 be+ cov]$ ) wire gauze1 all[s ! wa%+ wat]s to escape )\t p]mitt+ ! fibr\s /uff to pass ?r\gh4 ,! rag eng9e1 hav+ be5 inv5t$ by a ,dut*man1 acquir$1 & /ill reta9s1 ! "n ( ! ,holl&]1 & al?\gh x has be5 consid]ably improv$ ^u1 its pr9ciple is /ill reta9$ 9 ! mod]n eng9es1 ( :i* !re are _m diff]5t =ms4 ,! ord9>y rag eng9e1 ,figs4 #aa & #ab1 consi/s ( a ca/-iron tr\gh ,a1 ab\t #aj feet long1 #d feet wide1 & #b feet deep1 & r\nd$ at ! ends1 & is firmly bolt$ to a wood5 f\ndation4 ,x is provid$ ) a p>tition t]m$ ! midfea!r ,b1 ( su* a l5g? z to h ! tr\gh ( uni=m wid? r\nd x4 ,a cyl9d]1 or roll1 ,c1 furni%$ ) a s]ies ( /eel knives1 rotates 9 "o ( ! divisions =m$ by ! midfea!r1 & ! floor ( ! tr\gh 9 ?is division is incl9$ 9 su* a mann] z to cause ! pulp1 z x travels1 to pass "u ! roll4 ,b5ea? ! roll is ! b$-plate1 :i* is fitt$ ) a s]ies ( /eel knives c c simil> to ^? on ! ext]ior ( ! roll4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! knives ( ! roll & ! b$-plate is regulat$ by levell+ screws1 :i* are s adju/$ t bo? ends ( ! roll are rais$ at ! same "t1 :i* is a great improvem5t ^u ! old] types ( break+ eng9es 9 :i* only "o end ( ! roll 0 rais$1 :]eby ! knives became unequally worn4 ,by ! pres5t me?od ( regulat+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! respective sets ( knives1 any requir$ degree ( f95ess c be giv5 to ! fibr\s sub/ances treat$4 ,! roll is g5]ally caus$ to rotate at a spe$ ( ab\t #bcj revolutions p] m9ute1 caus+ ! wat] & rags to circulate 9 ! eng9e & to be con/antly "u ! action ( ! knives4 ,9 ! o!r division ,f ,f ( ! tr\gh is ! drum-wa%] ,h1 :i*1 be+ cov]$ ) f9e gauze wire1 all[s ! wat] to ent]1 b keeps back ! fibr\s mat]ial4 ,! ends ( ! drum are =m$ ( two discs ( wood1 g5]ally mahogany1 ^u :i* ! co>se gauze is fa/5$ z a back+1 & ?is is cov]$ ) ! f9e wire gauze4 ,! int]ior ( ! drum is sometimes furni%$ ) a s]ies ( buckets1 :i* conduct ! wat] to a tr\gh 9 ! axis ( ! drum1 by :i* x is l$ away4 ,?is is also accompli%$ by divid+ ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d] into comp>tm5ts by means ( a p>tition4 ,! drum-wa%] is s arrang$ t x c be :olly rais$ out ( ! tr\gh1 :i* is necess>y 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! op]ation1 :5 ! removal ( ! liquid is n requir$2 or x c be p>tially rais$1 or o!rwise1 accord+ to requirem5t4 ,! floor ( ! comp>tm5t conta9+ ! roll ,c is incl9$ at ,d1 s z to cause ! pulp to pass directly "u ! roll1 & at ,d is ! backfall1 ov] :i* ! pulp travels to ! opposite side ( ! midfea!r4 ,9 work+ ! rag eng9e1 x is fir/ p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 & !n set 9 motion2 ! boil$ /uff is !n gradually put 91 & a con/ant supply ( clean wat] is run 9 f a ci/]n provid$ ) means ( prev5t+ s& or o!r impurities f f9d+ _! way into ! eng9e4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! wat] %\ld be abundant & ( good quality1 m especially z ! mat]ial 7rags7 is mo/ly requir$ = mak+ ! f9] qualities ( pap]4 ,9 ?is respect ! c\nty ( ,k5t & a few o!r localities on ! *alk =mation are consid]$ specially suitable = ?is p>ticul> manufacture4 ,) respect to ! driv+ ( ! eng9es1 ?is 0 =m]ly effect$ by :at is call$ too!d ge>+1 b cog-:eels 7 aft]w>ds replac$ by iron spur-:eel ge>+1 :i* enabl$ manufactur]s to drive f\r or m eng9es f "o s\rce ( p[]1 by cont9u+ ! l9e ( %aft+ & spur-:eels2 b ev5 ) small rolls ! we> & te> on ?is sy/em 0 consid]able1 :ile x 0 q inadequate to ! driv+ ( a numb] ( l>ge rolls ( #cj in*es 9 diamet]1 su* z are n[ us$4 ,! introduction ( belt-ge>+1 by ,messrs4 ,g4 & ,w4 ,b]tram1 prov$ to be a great improvem5t on ! old] sy/em1 & x is f\nd t ! rags are brok5 n only m uni=mly1 b 9 less "t1 z ! rolls "w m /eadily on ! plates ?an ) any sy/em ( :eel-ge>+1 :ile ! v>i\s work+ p>ts ( ! eng9e la/ long] ?an :5 subject$ to ! vibrat+ action ( :eel-ge>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,b]trams' ,rag ,eng9e4--,?is eng9e1 ( :i* a draw+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac1 may be us$ ei!r z a wa%+ & break+ eng9e1 pot*]1 or beat]4 ,x is provid$ ) d\ble lift+ ge>1 & has all sweeps1 curves1 & angles ( ! mo/ improv$ design to save lodgm5ts & ensure /eady & ?or\gh travell+ ( ! pulp4 ,! drum-wa%] is %[n lift$ by rack & p9ion & worm ge>1 & empties d[n ! midfea!r direct to m\?piece4 ,! empty+ c be done by sp\t & pipe1 or by a *amb] ca/ on ! eng9e1 d[n back or front side1 z well z ?r\gh ! midfea!r2 b x is n advisable t x %\ld be empti$ d[n ! midfea!r if ! rag eng9e is to be us$ z a beat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,b5tley & ,jackson's ,rag ,eng9e4--,?is =m ( eng9e is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! tr\gh is ( ca/-iron1 & made :ole1 & ! eng9e c be obta9$ ( any requir$ dim5sions4 ,! tr\gh is provid$ ) a s&-well1 ca/-iron grate1 & cock 9 front ( ! roll1 & a s&-well1 ca/-iron grate1 & brass valve on ! back ( ! midfea!r1 a brass let-(f valve & a brass wa/e-wat] valve4 ,! bottom ( ! tr\gh is di%$1 to prev5t ! /uff f lodg+4 ,!re are two movable bridge trees1 fitt$ ) p$e/als & brass /eps1 & wr\ght-iron lift+ l9ks & screws1 worm-:eels1 worms1 cross-%aft & h&-:eel = simultane\sly lift+ ! roll on bo? sides4 ,! roll is cov]$ by a poli%$ pit*-p9e cov]4 ,! drum-wa%] may h ei!r iron or wood5 ends1 has /rong copp] brackets1 & is cov]$ ) brass back+ & cov]+ wires1 m\nt$ on a wr\ght-iron %aft1 & c>ri$ by ca/-iron /&s1 fitt$ ) improv$ lift+ ge>1 driv+-:eels1 & pulley4 ,:5 ! eng9e is set 9 motion by ! revolv+ %aft or sp9dle1 ! comb9$ action ( ! knives ( ! roll & b$-plate causes ! rags1 :i* circulate 9 ! wat]1 to be gradually cut into small fragm5ts1 & ! op]ation is kept up until ! rags are conv]t$ into :at is te*nically t]m$ half-/uff4 ,:ile ?is process is go+ on1 fre% wat] is con/antly suppli$ by a pipe at ! end ( ! wa%+-eng9e2 & :5 x is f\nd t no?+ b cle> wat] escapes f ! drum-wa%]1 ?is is rais$1 & ! sp9dle be>+ ! roll is l[]$1 s z to br+ ! respective knives clos] toge!r1 to enable !m to cut ! r$uc$ mat]ial /ill f9]4 ,dra9+4--,:5 ! mat]ial is suffici5tly brok51 z x is t]m$1 ! eng9e is !n empti$ by means ( its valves1 & ! cont5ts run into l>ge vats or dra9]s1 furni%$ ) p]=at$ z9c floors1 9 :i* x is all[$ to dra9 ?or\ghly2 & 9 ord] to remove ! wat] m effectually1 ! pulp is aft]w>ds press$1 ei!r by an extractor or a c5trifugal dra9]1 :i* dries x suffici5tly = gas-blea*+1 or = treatm5t 9 ! pot*] or poa*]4 ,?is is a l>g] eng9e ?an ! wa%]1 & in/ead ( ! cyl9d] & b>s1 has a holl[ drum :i* c>ries on its p]iph]y a numb] ( ca/-iron paddles1 :i* ?or\ghly agitate ! pulp1 & ?us r5d] x m susceptible ( be+ freely & uni=mly act$ ^u by ! blea*+ ag5t4 ,! drum-wa%] ( ?is eng9e %\ld h a f9] wire ?an is us$ = ! break]4 ,torrance's ,dra9]4--,?is ma*9e1 :i* has be5 ext5sively us$1 is manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,j4 ,b]tram & ,son1 ( ,ed9burgh4 ,x consi/s ( a p]=at$ cyl9drical box1 enclos$ 9 a fix$ case1 :i* revolves at ab\t two hundr$ & fifty revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! ma*9e is capable ( treat+ ab\t #d cwt4 ( pulp p] h\r4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,esp>to4 ,prelim9>y ,treatm5t4--,pick+4--,will[+ ,esp>to4--,boil+ ,esp>to4--,s9clair's ,esp>to ,boil]4--,roeckn]'s ,boil]4--,mall>y's ,process4--,c>bonell's ,process4--,wa%+ ,boil$ ,esp>to4--,"y's ,process4--,blea*+ ! ,esp>to4 ,prelim9>y ,treatm5t3 ,pick+4--,esp>to is import$ 9 bales or trusses1 tightly compress$ by hydraulic presses1 & b\nd ) twi/$ b&s ( ! same mat]ial1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z hay1 except t :i* comes f ,tripoli1 :i* is b\nd ) iron b&s4 ,! b&s be+ cut1 ! loos5$ mat]ial is !n spread out ^u tables1 p>tly cov]$ ) iron1 or galvanis$-iron1 nett+1 to all[ e>?y matt] or s& to pass ?r\gh to a receptacle b5ea?4 ,"h x is c>efully pick$ by wom5 & girls1 :o remove all roots1 o!r k9ds ( grass1 we$s1 & hea!r4 ,! mat]ial ?us cleans$ f impurities is transf]r$ to ! boil+-room4 ,?is c>eful prelim9>y treatm5t has be5 f\nd necess>y1 s9ce pieces ( root & o!r vegetable matt]s :i* may be pres5t are liable to resi/ ! action ( ! blea*+ liquor to a great] ext5t ?an ! grass itself1 & !re=e produce specks1 or %eave z !y are t]m$ at ! mill1 9 ! manufactur$ pap]4 ,at "s mills1 h[ev]1 z at ! ,horton ,kirby ,mills ( ,messrs4 ,spald+ & ,hodge1 at ,s\? ,d>5?1 = example1 ! clean+ ( esp>to is admirably effect$ by means ( a will[1 or esp>to-clean]1 con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,masson1 ,scott1 & ,b]tram1 :i* entirely sup]s$es ! sy/em ( h&-pick+4 ,hav+ rec5tly visit$ ! mill ref]r$ to1 we 7 enabl$1 ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,sydney ,spald+1 to witness ! action ( ?is will[1 :i* appe>$ to p]=m its functions ) p]fect uni=mity1 & to clean ! grass mo/ effectually4 ,! rationale ( ! op]ation ( will[+ esp>to may be ?us describ$3-- ,will[+ ,esp>to4--,a bale ( ! grass is unb\nd at a %ort di/ance f ! ma*9e1 & ! grass1 :i* is 9 ! =m ( small bundles or %eaves1 ti$ ) b&s ( ! same mat]ial1 is ?r[n by a woman on to a table or plat=m plac$ by ! side ( ! will[1 & a second woman1 /&+ ne> ! hopp] ( ! ma*9e1 takes ! bundles1 a few at a "t1 & drops !m into ! hopp]4 ,! ma*9e be+ 9 motion1 9 a few mom5ts ! grass1 fre$ f its b&s & dirty matt]s1 appe>s 9 a p]fectly loose condition at ! wid] end ( ! drum1 & passes upw>d along a travell+-table to a room above1 9 ! floor ( :i* are ! man-holes ( a s]ies ( esp>to boil]s4 ,dur+ ! passage ( ! loos5$ fibre1 wom5 /&+ on /eps or plat=ms at ! sides ( ! travell+-table are enabl$ to exam9e ! mat]ial1 & to remove any objectionable matt]s t may be pres5t4 ,b5ea? ! drum ( ! ma*9e is a pipe1 ?r\gh :i* ! du/ & dirty matt]s are drawn away by means ( a fan4 ,boil+ ,esp>to4--,9 ! boil+-room at ! mill ref]r$ to is a s]ies ( v]tical /ation>y boil]s1 ea* ab\t tw5ty feet high1 & capable ( hold+ ab\t ?ree tons ( grass4 ,! man-holes ( ^! boil]s pass ?r\gh ! floor ( a room above1 be+ ne>ly level ) x1 into :i* ! clean$ esp>to is convey$1 z describ$1 by ! travell+-table ( ! will[+ ma*9e4 ,9 ?is room is a s]ies ( comp>tm5ts 9 :i* ! will[$ esp>to is /or$ until requir$ = boil+1 :5 x is f$ into ! boil]s by means ( two-prong$ =ks provid$ = ! purpose4 ,! boil] be+ p>tially *>g$ ) cau/ic ley at #ad ,twad41 ! esp>to is introduc$1 & /eam also1 by :i* ! esp>to becomes s(t5$1 & ?us a l>g] quantity ( ! fibre c be *>g$ into ! vessel4 ,:5 ! full *>ge ( ley & esp>to h be5 introduc$ ! head ( ! boil] is securely fix$ by means ( its bolts1 & /eam !n turn$ on until a pressure ( ab\t #bj lbs4 to ! squ>e in* has be5 rea*$1 :i* pressure is kept up = ab\t ?ree h\rs1 :5 ! /eam is %ut (f & ! bl[-(f tap op5$4 ,:5 ! /eam is bl[n (f1 ! sp5t liquor is run (f1 & hot wat] !n run into ! boil]1 /eam aga9 turn$ on1 & ! boil+ kept up = ab\t tw5ty m9utes to half an h\r1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! /eam is %ut (f & ! bl[-pipe op5$4 ,z soon z ! /eam has bl[n (f1 ! wa%+ wat] is run (f by ! bottom pipe1 & ! grass all[$ to dra9 z ?or\ghly z possible4 ,a door at ! l[] end ( ! boil] is !n op5$1 & ! grass empti$ into trucks & convey$ to ! wa%+-eng9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,s9clair's ,esp>to ,boil]4--,ano!r =m ( boil]1 kn[n z ,s9clair's boil]1 ( ! v]tical cyl9drical type1 is %[n 9 ,figs4 #ae & #af4 ,x is con/ruct$ on :at is t]m$ ! vomit+ pr9ciple1 b )\t ! c5tral vomit+-pipes g5]ally us$1 & is fitt$ ) "o or m vomit+-pipes close to ! side1 two diametrically opposite pipes be+ us$ by pref]5ce4 ,/eam jet pipes1 ) upw>dly-direct$ nozzles1 are fitt$ into ! vomit+-pipes at po9ts a little above ! b5ds1 betwe5 ! v]tical & horizontal p>ts4 ,! liquid or ley ?r[n up ! vomit+-pipes by ! action ( ! /eam is deliv]$ f ! upp] ends ( ! pipes ov] a diaphragm or plate fix$ ne> ! top ( ! boil]1 & ! liquid is reta9$ at a c]ta9 dep? on ! diaphragm by a numb] ( small tubes fix$ 9 x1 & ! liquid becomes well heat$ by ! /eam be=e ov]fl[+ d[n ! tubes1 :i* tubes also s]ve to di/ribute x uni=mly ov] ! fibr\s mat]ials 9 ! boil]4 ,a cas+ is =m$ at ! bottom ( ! boil]1 & 9 "s cases ext5d$ m or less up ! sides1 & is suppli$ ) /eam1 :i* %\ld be sup]heat$1 or ( high pressure4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ! heat 9 ! boil] is ma9ta9$ )\t ! excessive cond5sation ( /eam & consequ5t dilution & weak5+ ( ! liquors :i* occurs 9 ord9>y boil]s4 ,figs4 #ae & #af are horizontal & v]tical sections ( "o =m ( ?is boil]4 ,! boil] is made ) a v]tical cyl9drical %ell1 #a2 ) a flat top1 #b2 & flat bottom1 #c2 & !re is an inn] or second bottom1 #d2 ! space betwe5 x & ! bottom1 #c1 be+ = /eam to assi/ 9 heat+ ! cont5ts ( ! boil]4 ,at a little di/ance above ! inn] bottom1 #d1 !re is ! usual p]=at$ horizontal diaphragm1 #e1 d[n ?r\gh :i* ! liquid or ley dra9s f ! fibre4 ,two diametrically opposite v]tical vomit+-pipes1 #f1 are =m$ by ! atta*m5t ( curv$ plates to ! cyl9drical %ell1 #a1 & ^! vomit+-pipes1 #f1 h _! upp] ends above a horizontal diaphragm1 #g1 atta*$ by /ays to ! boil] top1 #b4 ,?is diaphragm is p]=at$1 & %ort tubes1 #h1 are fix$ 9 ! p]=ations s z to project upw>ds1 by :i* arrangem5t ! liquid1 ris+ up ! vomit+-pipes1 #f1 lies on ! diaphragm to ! dep? ( ! tubes1 #h1 & ov]fl[s d[n ?r\gh !m all equally1 s z to be uni=mly di/ribut$ ov] ! mat]ials 9 ! boil]4 ,/eam jet nozzles1 #i1 are fitt$ 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ! vomit+-pipes1 be+ suppli$ ) /eam by pipes1 #aj1 f "o ( :i* a bran*1 #aa1 supplies /eam to ! d\ble bottom1 #c1 #d4 ,! /eam jets cause ! liquid to be drawn f "u ! p]=at$ diaphragm1 #e1 & ?r[n up ! pipes1 #f1 :]eby a con/ant circulation ( ! liquid ?r\gh ! fibre is ma9ta9$4 ,! liquors are drawn (f by ! pipe1 #ae4 ,9 ano!r =m ( boil] ,mr4 ,s9clair employs vomit-pipes =m$ ( ?9 /eel plates rivet$ to opposite sides ( ! boil]1 & ! liquid :i* dra9s ?r\gh ! p]=at$ d\ble bottom is =c$ upw>d ?r\gh ! vomit-pipes to ! p]=at$ plates above1 ?r\gh :i* x di/ributes ov] ! mat]ial 9 f9e jets4 ,! boil] is capable ( hold+ f #b to #c tons ( esp>to1 & "u a pressure ( f #dj to #ej lbs4 ! boil+ occupies ab\t two h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,roeckn]'s ,boil]4--,?is boil]1 ( :i* an illu/ration ( two 9 s]ies is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ag1 has be5 ext5sively adopt$ by pap] manufactur]s4 ,x w be notic$ t ! vomit-pipe ,a is plac$ outside ! boil]1 & ! /eam ent]s at ! cock ,b1 =c+ ! liquor up ! vomit-pipe ,a & di/ribut+ x ov] ! esp>to4 ,a pipe ,c is us$ = heat+ ! liquor by means ( wa/e /eam at ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation4 ,! grass is f$ into ! boil] at ! op5+ ,d4 ,at ,e ,e are gauges = %[+ ! height ( ! liquor 9 ! boil]1 ,f ,f ,f are pipes = ! supply ( /eam1 /rong ley1 & wat]1 & ! door ,g is = ! dis*>ge ( ! boil$ grass4 ,ea* boil] is capable ( hold+ #c tons ( esp>to1 & ! boil+ is complet$ 9 ab\t two & a half h\rs1 at a pressure ( f #ce to #dj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,x is said t ! boil] effects a sav+ bo? 9 "t & ! am\nt ( soda us$4 ,mall>y's ,process4--,by ?is process ! inv5tor says t he obta9s ! fibre 9 great] l5g?1 & gets rid ( ! gummy & res9\s matt]s 9 a m economical way ?an by ! pres5t sy/em4 ,! mat]ials us$ =m a species ( soap1 ) :i* & ) ! addition ( wat]1 ! esp>to is boil$4 ,to c>ry out 8 process1 he places 9 a boil] a suitable quantity ( wat]1 to :i* cau/ic soda1 or a ley ( ! requir$ /r5g? to suit ! nature ( ! fibre1 is add$2 magnesite1 or c>bonate ( magnesia1 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( ! fibr\s mat]ial1 or a solution ( sulphate ( magnesia1 is !n add$ & mix$ ) ! ley4 ,he next adds an improv$ saponace\s comp\nd to produce ! requir$ result1 & :5 ! boil+ is complet$1 ! /uff is treat$ z ord9>y /ock1 to be appli$ = pap]-mak+ or o!r uses4 ,! proportions are z foll[s3--#b gallons ( petroleum or its products1 #a gallon ( mu/>d oil1 #aj to #ae lbs4 ( cau/ic soda1 & #a p] c5t4 ( boracic acid4 ,^! are plac$ 9 a copp] & heat$ = #a to #b h\rs1 until prop]ly saponifi$4 ,f #c to #f gallons ( ! saponace\s comp\nd are add$ to ! ley & magnesite1 previ\sly plac$ 9 ! boil] ) ! fibre1 & ! boil+ is kept up = ! usual l5g? ( "t1 :5 ! fibre w be f\nd beautifully s(t1 & ! great] portion ( ! gum1 silica1 & res9\s matt]s remov$1 or s s(t5$ z to be no h9drance to ! p]fect sep>ation ( ! fibres1 :il/ ! /r5g?1 silk9ess1 & s(tness are pres]v$ 9 all _! natural integrity4 ,consid]+ t cau/ic soda ley ( ! requir$ /r5g? =ms an ess5tial "p ( ?is process1 we %\ld imag9e t ! auxili>ies m5tion$ w\ld sc>cely be necess>y4 ,c>bonell's ,process4--,9 ?is process1 devis$ by ,m4 ,c>bonell1 ( ,p>is1 #bjj lbs4 ( raw esp>to are plac$ 9 a wood5 vat furni%$ ) a p]=at$ /eam-pipe1 #bj lbs4 ( soda & #cj lbs4 ( quicklime be+ mix$ ) x3 ! vat is !n suppli$ ) cold wat] until ! esp>to is completely cov]$4 ,/eam is !n turn$ on1 & ! mat]ials boil$ = #d h\rs4 ,! sp5t liquor is !n dra9$ (f1 & ! esp>to submitt$ to hydraulic pressure4 ,x is aft]w>ds wa%$ & brok5 9 a rag eng9e1 & 9 ab\t #ae m9utes is r$uc$ to half-/uff4 #bj lbs4 ( *loride ( lime dissolv$ 9 wat] are !n introduc$1 & ! cyl9d] kept 9 motion z usual4 ,9 ano!r vessel1 l9$ ) lead1 #a lb4 ( sulphuric acid is dissolv$ 9 #c lbs4 ( wat]1 & ?is gradually add$ to ! pulp1 :i* imm$iately assumes a r$di% col\r2 b 9 ! c\rse ( ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r x becomes p]fectly :ite1 :5 ! pulp is ready = ! pap]-mak]4 ,9 ! boil+ ( esp>to1 sev]al important po9ts h to be consid]$4 ,! k9d ( esp>to to be treat$ is ! fir/ consid]ation1 s9ce ?is grass diff]s mat]ially 9 "* 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries f :i* x is import$4 ,spani% esp>to is consid]$ ! be/ = pap]-mak+1 z x is /rong] 9 fibre & yields a :it] pulp ?an o!r v>ieties4 ,( ! ,african esp>tos !re are sev]al v>ieties1 :i* are kn[n respectively z ,oran1 ,tripoli1 ,sfax1 ,gabes1 & ,susa4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/-nam$ 7,alg]ian esp>to7 is held 9 highe/ e/imation among/ pap]-mak]s1 s9ce x m closely resembles ,spani% esp>to ?an ! o!r v>ieties1 ?\gh n s h>d & /iff z ! latt]4 ,^! grasses usually h a l5g? ( ab\t #aj to #ab in*es4 ,tripoli esp>to has an entirely diff]5t gr[?1 be+ sometimes z long z #b or #c feet1 & proportionately /\t]1 & is also s(t] ?an ,oran esp>to1 :i* is n s h>d z ! ,spani% v>iety4 ,tripoli esp>to does n yield a /rong pap] by itself1 b 9 conjunction ) ,oran esp>to gives m fav\rable results4 ,sfax & ,gabes esp>tos h a clos] resemblance to ,oran ?an ,tripoli1 b are n s /rong z ,oran1 be+ gre5 & spongy1 & n s dry z ! latt] v>iety4 ,susa esp>to ( good quality is said to equal ,oran1 b n to yield s high a p]c5tage ( fibre4 ,! next important consid]ation is to det]m9e ! p]c5tage ( cau/ic alkali :i* %\ld be us$ p] hundr$weight ( ! p>ticul> v>iety ( esp>to to be treat$1 & we _c d bett] ?an give ! foll[+ proportions recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,dunb>4 ,f9e ,spani% #ah to #bj lbs4 ( #gj p] c5t4 cau/ic soda p] cwt4 ,m$ium ,spani% #af to #ah ,f9e ,oran #ah ,m$ium ,oran #af to #ag ,susa #ah ,tripoli #ai to #bj ,sfax #bj to #ba ,mr4 ,dunb> says t ! above figures insure a fir/-class boil1 ) ! /eam pressure ( #be lbs4 & n exce$+ #cj lbs41 b are liable to alt]ation accord+ to circum/ances--su* z ! =m ( boil]s1 quality ( ! wat] = boil+ purposes1 & /eam facilities1 :i* ought at all times to be /eady & uni=m to get ! absolute regul>ity requir$4 ,respect+ ! /r5g? ( cau/ic ley us$ = boil+ esp>to1 z indicat$ by ,twaddell's hydromet]1 ?is appe>s to range f #g to #ae1 "s pref]r+ to boil ) /rong] liquors ?an o!rs4 ,! "t occupi$ 9 boil+ also v>ies at diff]5t mills1 & dep5ds greatly ^u ! "* ( ! boil] us$4 ,we are in=m$ t a ,s9clair boil] w turn out1 on an av]age1 ?ree boils 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 includ+ fill+1 boil+1 dis*>g+1 c41 ! boil+ occupy+ ab\t f\r h\rs = ea* bat* ( grass4 ,! boil+ be+ complet$1 ! liquor is run (f into tanks1 to be aft]w>ds treat$ = ! recov]y ( ! soda1 & ! esp>to is !n subject$ to a second boil+ ) wat] only = ab\t #bj m9utes4 ,! liquor f ! second boil+ is sometimes ?r[n away1 ev5 :5 ! soda f ! fir/ liquor is recov]$2 b a m economical me?od is to use ?is liquor1 9 lieu ( wat]1 /r5g!n$ ) soda = a fir/ boil+2 or to mix x ) ! fir/ liquors & evaporate ! :ole toge!r4 ,! second boil+ be+ f9i%$1 ! /eam is turn$ (f1 & wat] !n run 9 & /eam aga9 turn$ on = a %ort "t1 & ! wat] !n run (f & ! esp>to all[$ to dra9 ?or\ghly4 ,! boil$ grass is !n dis*>g$ into trucks :i* convey x to ! wa%+ eng9es4 ,! liquor result+ f ! boil+ ( esp>to1 :i* is ( a d>k br[n col\r1 conta9s ne>ly all ! soda orig9ally us$1 b x also conta9s silici\s1 res9\s1 & o!r vegetable matt]s :i* x has dissolv$ out ( ! grass1 ! silica tak+ ! =m ( silicate ( soda4 ,! esp>to liquor1 :i* 0 =m]ly all[$ to run to wa/e1 pollut+ our riv]s to a s]i\s ext5t1 is n[ treat$ by sev]al +5i\s me?ods = ! recov]y ( ! soda ) consid]able advantage alike to ! manufactur] & ! public4 ,! process consi/s ess5tially 9 boil+ d[n ! liquor to dryness1 & inc9]at+ ! residue4 ,dur+ ! process ( inc9]ation ! c>bonace\s matt] extract$ f ! grass is conv]t$ into c>bonic acid1 :i*1 comb9+ ) ! soda1 reconv]ts x into c>bonate ( soda1 :i* is aft]w>ds cau/icis$ ) lime 9 ! usual way1 & ! cau/ic soda ?us obta9$ is aga9 us$ 9 ! boil+ ( esp>to4 ,al?\gh "o or o!r ( ! recov]y processes is adopt$ at a good _m ( our pap]-mills1 ! recov]y ( ! soda is by no means univ]sal z yet1 b ! "t w d\btless soon arrive :5 ! economical advantages ( ! process w be fully recognis$4 ,inde$1 we "k x to be ! fact t "s manufactur]s are wat*+1 ) ke5 int]e/1 ! progress ( "s ( ! new] sy/ems ( soda recov]y1 ) ! full int5tion ev5tually ( adopt+ "o or o!r ( !m4 ,wa%+ ,boil$ ,esp>to4--,?is op]ation is usually p]=m$ 9 eng9es simil> to ^? us$ 9 wa%+ rags1 b 9 "s mills ! boil$ grass is wa%$ 9 a s]ies ( tanks1 s arrang$ t wat] fl[s 9 at "o end ( ! s]ies1 !nce pass+ 9 succession ?r\gh ea* bat* ( grass 9 ! o!r tanks1 & f9ally issues at ! f>!/ end ( ! s]ies z a v conc5trat$ liquor4 ,by ?is arrangem5t !re is great economy ( wat]1 :ile at ! same "t no loss ( fibre occurs4 ,! conc5trat$ wa%+ liquors ?us obta9$ may be evaporat$1 & ! alkali recov]$1 :i* w\ld be an und\bt$ sav+1 s9ce ^! liquors obta9$ 9 ! ord9>y way by wa%+ 9 ! boil]s are g5]ally run (f z wa/e4 ,! eng9es us$ = wa%+ esp>to & conv]t+ x into half-/uff are g5]ally ( l>ge size1 & capable ( treat+ a ton ( boil$ esp>to4 ,9 ?is eng9e1 h[ev]1 !re is no b$-plate1 z ! action ( ! roll alone is suffici5t to r$uce ! boil$ & s(t5$ esp>to to half-/uff4 ,a drum-wa%] is also furni%$ to ! eng9e1 :i* c>ries (f ! dirty wa%+ wat]1 :ile an equival5t proportion ( clean wat] is kept con/antly runn+ into ! eng9e f an elb[$ pipe at its end4 ,9 *>g+ ! wa%+-eng9e1 x is fir/ ab\t ?ree p>ts fill$ ) wat]1 :5 ! wa%+ cyl9d] is l[]$1 & ! esp>to is !n put 91 c>e be+ tak5 n to introduce m ( ! mat]ial ?an w "w freely "u ! action ( ! roll2 if ! mass be too /iff1 portions ( ! mat]ial may be imp]fectly wa%$4 ,:ile ! wa%+ is 9 progress1 ! workman1 arm$ ) a wood5 paddle1 con/antly /irs ! esp>to1 cle>+ x away f ! sides ( ! eng9e1 s t none ( ! mat]ial may escape a p]fect wa%+4 ,at ! bottom ( ! eng9e is a s&-trap1 cov]$ ) p]=at$ z9c1 ?r\gh :i* any s& or o!r solid p>ticles :i* may be pres5t escape4 ,:5 ! wa%+ is complete1 ! fre% wat] supply is %ut (f1 & ! drum-wa%] all[$ to run until en\gh wat] has be5 remov$ to make room = ! blea*+ liquor4 ,"y's ,process4--,by ?is process ! boil$ & /ra9$ esp>to is pass$ ?r\gh ela/ic cov]$ roll]s1 s adju/$ z to split up & squeeze out ! dissolv$ matt]s or liquid f ! fibres1 ?us leav+ !m clean & op5 = ! access ( ! blea*+ liquor4 ,blea*+ ! ,esp>to4--,x is usual to blea* esp>to 9 ! wa%+ eng9e1 = :i* purpose a tank ( blea*+ liquor ( ! requir$ /r5g? 7ab\t #f ,t4 = ,spani%7 is plac$ close to ! eng9e1 :i* is provid$ ) a pipe lead+ to ! eng9e & ano!r pipe proce$+ f ! tank 9 :i* ! blea*+ liquor is /or$4 ,! supply tank is furni%$ inside ) a gauge1 divid$ into in*es--ea* in* repres5t+ s _m gallons ( liquor--by means ( :i* ! workman is enabl$ to regulate ! quantity ( blea*+ liquor he is in/ruct$ by ! manag] or =eman to introduce into ! eng9e4 ,ab\t half an h\r aft] ! blea* has become well incorporat$ ) ! fibre1 sulphuric acid 9 ! proportion ( six ounces ( ! acid 7:i* mu/ be well dilut$ ) wat]7 to ea* hundr$weight ( ! fibre4 ,! dilute acid %\ld be add$ gradually1 & ! proportions giv5 mu/ n be exce$$4 ,! blea*+ be+ complet$1 ! half-/uff is next treat$ 9 a ma*9e t]m$ ! presse-pte1 :i* n only cleanses ! mat]ial f s& & dirt1 b also sep>ates all knots & o!r imp]fections f ! fibre 9 a mo/ effectual & economical mann]4 ,inde$1 we 7 mu* /ruck ) ! excell5t work+ ( ?is ma*9e at ,messrs4 ,spald+ & ,hodge's mill1 at ,s\? ,d>5?1 & ! rem>kably f9e quality ( ! f9i%$ pulp obta9$ ?r\gh its ag5cy4 ,! presse-pte 0 =m]ly us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( pulp f /raw1 b its advantages 9 ! treatm5t ( esp>to are n[ fully recognis$4 ,! app>atus & me?od ( work+ x may be ?us briefly describ$3-- ,! ma*9e is on ! pr9ciple ( ! wet end ( a pap] ma*9e1 & consi/s ( sev]al /one *e/s = hold+ ! blea*$ half-/uff1 9 :i* are fitt$ agitators to keep ! /uff 9 suitable condition4 ,f ^! *e/s ! /uff is pump$ into a mix+ box1 & f !nce ov] a s]ies ( s& traps made ( wood1 & ) slips ( wood fix$ 9 ! bottom1 9 :i* any s& pres5t is reta9$4 ,! /uff !n passes into a s]ies ( /ra9]s1 :i*1 :ile all[+ ! clean fibre to pass ?r\gh1 reta9 all impurities1 su* z knots1 c41 & ! clean /uff is all[$ to fl[ on to ! wire-clo? 9 su* a quantity z to =m a ?ick web ( pulp4 ,a great] portion ( ! wat] escapes ?r\gh ! wire-clo?1 b a fur!r portion is remov$ by ! passage ( ! pulp across two vacuum boxes1 connect$ ) f\r p[]ful vacuum pumps1 :i* r5d]s ! half-/uff suffici5tly dry to h&le2 b to r5d] x /ill m s1 x n[ passes betwe5 c\* rolls1 & is ei!r run into webs1 or1 z is sometimes ! case1 x is dis*>g$ into boxes1 ! web ( pulp ?us treat$ be+ ab\t an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,wood4 ,*emical ,processes4--,watt & ,burgess's ,process4--,s9clair's ,process4--,keegan's ,process4--,am]ican ,wood ,pulp ,sy/em4--,auss$at's ,process4--,acid ,treatm5t ( ,wood4--,pictet & ,brlaz's ,process4--,b>re & ,blondel's ,process4--,pon*>ac's ,process4--,"y & ,pettigrew's ,process4--,fridet & ,matussire's ,process4 ,! advantages ( wood fibre z a pap] mat]ial h be5 fully recognis$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 _m ,cont95tal c\ntries1 b m especially 9 ,norway1 ,sw$51 & ,g]many1 f :5ce l>ge quantities ( wood pulp are import$ into ?is c\ntry4 ,!re is no d\bt t our home manufactur]s h rec5tly paid mu* att5tion to ?is mat]ial1 & x is highly probable t wood1 z an inexhau/ible s\rce ( useful fibre1 w at no di/ant date hold a =emo/ rank4 ,inde$1 ! v num]\s processes :i* h be5 pat5t$ s9ce ! ,watt process 0 fir/ made kn[n1 indicate t f ?is unlimit$ s\rce ( fibre ! requirem5ts ( ! pap]-mak] may be to a l>ge ext5t satisfi$1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t ! processes = r$uc+ ! v>i\s suitable woods to ! condition ( pulp c be economically & satisfactorily effect$4 ,! great att5tion :i* ?is mat]ial has receiv$ at ! h&s ( ! exp]im5tali/ & *emi/--! t]ms n be+ always synonym\s--%[s t ! field is consid]$ an important "o1 z inde$ x is1 & if successfully explor$ w1 x is to be hop$1 yield comm5surate advantages bo? to inv5tors & ! trade4 ,! object ( ! num]\s inv5tors :o h devis$ processes = ! dis9tegration ( wood fibre--t is1 ! sep>ation ( cellulose f ! int]cellul> matt]s 9 :i* ! fibres are envelop$--has necess>ily be5 to dissolve out ! latt] )\t injury to ! cellulose itself1 b x may be said t z yet ! object has n be5 fully atta9$ by ei!r ( ! processes :i* h be5 introduc$4 ,to remove ! cellul> matt] f ! true fibre or cellulose1 )\t degrad+ or sacrific+ a portion ( ! latt]1 is by no means easy ( accompli%m5t :5 practis$ on an ext5sive scale1 & _m processes :i* pres5t app>5t advantages 9 "o direction are (t5 f\nd to exhibit contr>y results 9 ano!r4 ,! field1 h[ev]1 is /ill an op5 "o1 & human +5uity may yet discov] me?ods ( sep>at+ wood fibre f its surr\nd+ tissues 9 a /ill m p]fect mann] ?an hi!rto4 ,! v>i\s processes = treat+ wood = ! extraction ( its fibre h be5 classifi$ into3 7#a7 *emical processes2 & 7#b7 me*anical processes4 ,we w give prec$5ce to ! =m] 9 describ+ ! v>i\s wood pulp processes1 s9ce ! pulp produc$ by ! latt]1 al?\gh ext5sively us$1 is *iefly employ$1 9 comb9ation ) o!r pulps1 = common k9ds ( pap]4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is "p ( our subject ,davis says3--,exp]i5ce has dictat$ c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 "s ( ! details ( ^? e>li] me?ods1 by :i* s-call$ '*emical wood pulp' is manufactur$ v l>gely on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe4444 ,x is possible to obta9 a pulp ( good quality1 suitable = "s classes ( pap]1 by boil+ ! *ipp$ wood 9 cau/ic soda1 b :5 x is desir$ to use ! pulp s prep>$ = pap]s hav+ a p]fectly :ite col\r x has be5 demon/rat$ 9 practice t ! action ( ! cau/ic soda solution at ! high temp]ature :i* is requir$ develops results to a c]ta9 degree 9 weak5+ & br[n+ ! fibres1 & dur+ ! pa/ five ye>s mu* lab\r has be5 exp5d$ 9 ! endeav\r to ov]come ! objections nam$4 ,! outcome ( ^! ef=ts has be5 a numb] ( pat5ts1 hav+ = _! object to prev5t oxidation & subsequ5t weak5+ ( ! fibres4 ,9 sev]al ( ^! pat5ts1 to :i* we %all ref] h]eaft]1 bisulphite ( lime is employ$ z ! ag5t to prev5t oxidation & consequ5t degradation ( ! fibres1 & 9 o!r processes bisulphite ( magnesia has be5 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,davis fur!r rem>ks3 ,al?\gh a common pr9ciple runs ?r\gh all ^! me?ods ( prep>+ cellulose f wood1 !y diff] 9 detail1 z 9 ! con/ruction ( ! dige/]s employ$1 me?ods ( treat+ ! wood /ock be=e boil+ x 9 ! sulphur\s acid solution1 & also z reg>ds pressure1 bl[+ (f ! sulphur\s acid gas1 etc41 b all ^! processes pres5t a /rik+ simil>ity to ! me?od pat5t$ by ,tilghmann 9 #ahfg4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! action ( cau/ic soda1 "u high pressures1 is highly injuri\s bo? to ! col\r & /r5g? ( ! fibres1 & any process t w *eck ?is de/ructive action 9 a ?or\ghly practical way w effect an important desid]atum4 ,i4 ,*emical ,processes3 ,watt & ,burgess's ,process4--,?is process1 :i*1 ) "s modifications1 is ext5sively work$ 9 ,am]ica1 consi/s 9 boil+ wood %av+s1 or o!r simil> vegetable matt]1 9 cau/ic soda ley1 & !n wa%+ to remove ! alkali2 ! wood is next treat$ ) *lor9e gas1 or an oxyg5e\s comp\nd ( *lor9e1 9 a suitable vessel1 & x is aft]w>ds wa%$ to free x f ! hydro*loric acid =m$4 ,x is n[ treat$ ) a small quantity ( cau/ic soda 9 solution1 :i* in/antly conv]ts x into pulp1 :i* only requires to be wa%$ & blea*$1 & beat5 = an h\r & a half 9 ! beat+ eng9e1 :5 ! pulp is ready = ! ma*9e4 ,! wood-pap] process z c>ri$ out 9 ,am]ica has be5 describ$ by ,h(mann1 f ^: "w#ae we h abridg$ ! foll[+3-- ,! wood1 mo/ly popl>1 is br\ght to ! works 9 #e-;feet l5g?s4 ,! b>k hav+ be5 /ripp$ (f by h&1 x is cut into -in* slices by a cutt] :i* consi/s ( f\r /eel knives1 f #h to #aj in*es wide by #ab to #ae in*es long1 :i* are fa/5$ 9 a slightly incl9$ position to a solid ca/-iron disc ( ab\t #e to #g feet diamet]1 :i* revolves at a high spe$1 *opp+ ! wood--:i* is f$ to ! blades ?r\gh a tr\gh--into ?9 slices across ! gra94 ,! tr\gh mu/ be l>ge en\gh to receive ! logs1 usually #aj or #ab in*es ?ick1 & x is set at su* an angle t ! logs may slide d[n t[>ds ! revolv+ cutt]s2 ?is slant+ position only assi/s ! movem5t ( ! logs1 :ile a pi/on1 :i* is propell$ by a rack1 pu%es !m /eadily =w>d until !y are entirely cut up4 ,! pi/on1 or pu%]1 !n returns to its orig9al position1 fre% wood is put into ! tr\gh1 & ! op]ation repeat$4 ,9 ?is way _m tons ( wood c be *opp$ up by "o ( ^! cutt]s 9 a day4 ,! slic$ wood is convey$ by trucks to an elevator by :i* x is hoi/$ up two /oreys to a floor f :i* ! boil]s are fill$4 ,! boil]s are upright cyl9d]s1 ab\t #e feet 9 diamet] & #af feet high1 ) semi-sph]ical ends1 provid$ inside ) /raight p]=at$ diaphragms1 betwe5 :i* ! *ips f "o cord ( wood are conf9$4 ,a solution ( cau/ic soda1 at #ab ,b41 is introduc$ ) ! *ips1 & fires are />t$ 9 a furnace und]nea?4 ,at o!r works ! boil]s are heat$ by /eam circulat+ ?r\gh a jacket :i* cov]s ! bottom & sides ( ! boil]4 ,! boil+ is cont9u$ = ab\t six h\rs1 :5 ! dige/ion is complete1 & ! cont5ts ( ! boil]s are empti$ ) viol5ce1 "u ! pressure ( at lea/ #fe lbs4 ( /eam1 :i* _h be5 ma9ta9$ inside4 ,a l>ge slide valve is atta*$ to ! side ( ea* boil] = ?is purpose close to ! p]=at$ diaphragm1 & connect$ by a capaci\s pipe ) a %eet-iron cyl9d] ( ab\t #ab feet diamet] & #aj feet high1 :i* receives ! cont5ts--pulp1 liquor1 & /eam4 ,! object ( ^! l>ge *amb]s--"o ( :i* s]ves = two boil]s--is to break ! =ce ( ! dis*>g+ mass4 ,! /eam passes ?r\gh a pipe on ! top ( ea*1 & f !nce ?r\gh a wat] res]voir1 :ile ! liquid conta9+ ! pulp fl[s ?r\gh a side op5+ & %ort pipe into movable boxes1 or dra9]s1 m\nt$ on :eels1 & ea* capable ( hold+ ! cont5ts ( "o boil]2 ^! boxes are pu%$ along a tramway up to ! collect+ *amb]s1 :]e ! pulp is receiv$4 ,9 a build+ #acb feet long & #ge feet wide1 t5 dige/+ boil]s are arrang$ 9 "o /raight l9e1 & p>allel ) ! boil]s runs ! ma9 l9e ( rails1 side tracks ext5d+ f x to ea* ( ! *amb]s1 & a turn-table is suppli$ at e junction4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! dra9] waggons c be pu%$ f ! side tracks on to ! ma9 l9e1 :i* leads to ! wa%+-eng9es 9 an adjo9+ room4 ,a sy/em ( dra9age is e/abli%$ bel[ ! tramways1 by :i* all ! liquid :i* dra9s f ! waggons is c>ri$ away & collect$ = treatm5t by evaporation2 ^! c>ri]s rema9 on ! side tracks until ! pulp is ready = ! wa%+-eng9e4 ,:5 ! great] portion ( ! liquor has dra9$ (f1 w>m wat] is spr9kl$ ov] ! pulp f a hose = ! purpose ( extract+ all ! liquid :i* is suffici5tly conc5trat$ to repay ! co/ ( evaporation--! mo/ advantage\s me?od ( recov]+ ! soda4 ,! cont5ts ( ! waggons--f ! same numb] ( boil]s--are !n plac$ 9 two wa%+-eng9es1 ea* capable ( hold+ #a1jjj lbs4 ( pulp4 ,aft] be+ suffici5tly work$ 9 ^! eng9es ! pulp is transf]r$ to two /uff-*e/s1 & f !nce convey$ by pumps to two wet-ma*9es4 ,! scre5s 7/ra9]s7 ( ! wet-ma*9es reta9 all impurities d]iv$ f knots1 b>k1 & o!r s\rces1 & ! pulp1 or half-/uff1 obta9$ is p]fectly clean & ( a light grey col\r4 ,! pulp is blea*$ ) solution ( blea*+ p[d] l rags1 !n empti$ into dra9]s & all[$ to rema9 !re9 ) ! liquid = tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs1 or long en\gh to r5d] ! use ( vitriol 9 ! blea*+ unnecess>y4 ,! portion ( ! :ite pulp :i* is to be work$ up into pap] 9 ! adjo9+ mill is tak5 f ! dra9]s into boxes runn+ on tramways 9 ! moi/ /ate1 b all ! pulp :i* has to be %ipp$ to a di/ance is made into rolls on a l>ge cyl9d] pap]-ma*9e ) _m dry]s4 ,! object be+ m]ely to dry ! pulp1 a v heavy web c be obta9$1 s9ce ! wat] leaves ?is pulp v freely4 ,! wood pulp ?us obta9$ is p]fectly clean1 ( a s(t1 :ite spongy fibre1 & a great] portion ( x is mix$ ) a small proportion ( rag pulp & work$ into book & f9e pr9t+ pap]s4 ,sometimes ! wood pulp is us$ alone or mix$ ) :ite pap] %av+s = book pap]4 ,! fibres are r defici5t 9 /r5g?1 b z a mat]ial = blott+ pap] !y are said to be unsurpass$1 :ile ! wood pap] is mu* lik$ by pr9t]s4 ,! wood f popl>1 :i* is g5]ally pref]r$1 furni%es a v :ite fibre1 & is easily dige/$1 b s9ce ! fibres are %ort x is sometimes f\nd advantage\s to mix !m ) long] fibres1 z ^? ( ! spruce or p9e1 al?\gh ! latt] wood requires a mu* m sev]e treatm5t 9 boil+ ) alkali ?an ! =m]4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is process ! foll[+ rem>ks appe>$ 9 ,! ,*emi/1#af #ahee3--,! process occupies only a few h\rs2 9 fact1 a piece ( wood may be conv]t$ into pap] & pr9t$ ^u )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,an int]e/+ v]ification ( ?is 0 publi%$ a few ye>s s9ce 9 an ,am]ican pap]1 ! ,s\!rn ,trade ,gazette1 ( ,k5tucky1 :i* runs z foll[s3--,at a wood-pulp mill at ,augu/a1 ,ga41 a tree 0 cut d[n 9 ! =e/ at six o'clock ,a4,m41 0 made into pulp1 & !n into pap]1 at six o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 & di/ribut$ among/ ! p z a newspap] by six o'clock ! next morn+4 ,f a tree to a newspap]1 be+ read by ?\s&s1 9 ! brief r\nd ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs6 ,! wood-pap] process ref]r$ to has giv5 rise to _m subsequ5t modifications1 "s ( :i* we w briefly describe4 ,s9clair's ,process4--,! wood is fir/ cut into pieces ab\t #a in* broad1 ? in* ?ick1 & f #b to #c in*es long4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 a boil] & a solution ( cau/ic soda1 9 ! proportions ( #fjj gallons to #aj cwts4 ( dry wood1 is p\r$ ov] x4 ,! boil] hav+ be5 securely clos$1 ! heat is rais$ till a pressure ( #ahj to #bjj lbs4 on ! squ>e in* is obta9$1 :5 ! fire is )drawn & ! boil] all[$ to cool1 aft] :i* ! ley is bl[n (f1 ! top door remov$1 & ! cont5ts scald$4 ,! dis*>ge door is n[ op5$ & ! pulp transf]r$ to a poa*+-eng9e to be wa%$ ) pure wat]1 :5 ! res91 c41 are easily remov$ & ! clean fibres obta9$1 :i*1 x is said1 are long] & firm] ?an ^? obta9$ by o!r me?ods4 ,keegan's ,process4--,by ?is me?od s(t deal or p9e is sawn up into pieces f #f to #ab in*es long & in* ?ick1 x be+ pref]able t all ! pieces %\ld be ( an equal size1 b ! small] !y are ! m rapid1 ( c\rse1 w be ! op]ation4 ,! pieces ( timb] are plac$ 9 a cyl9drical boil]1 turn+ ^u a horizontal axis :ile ! dige/ion is progress+4 ,9 a second boil] is prep>$ a solution ( cau/ic soda ( ab\t #bj ,b4 7specific gravity #aafa71 :i* is introduc$ ?r\gh a pipe into ! fir/ boil]1 ?is be+ aft]w>ds h]metically clos$1 & ! soda is =c$ into ! pores ( ! wood by means ( a pump4 ,:5 ! wood is n m ?an half an in* 9 ?ickness a pressure ( #ej lbs4 on ! squ>e in* is suffici5t1 & ! injection ( ! cau/ic soda solution is complet$ 9 half an h\r4 ,! sup]abundant liquor is pump$ back into ! second boil] = ! next op]ation4 ,! excess ( liquor hav+ be5 remov$ f ! wood z /at$1 /eam is introduc$ betwe5 ! d\ble sides ( ! fir/ boil]1 & ! temp]ature ( ! wood rais$ f #aej to #aij ,c4 7#ccd to #dch ,f474 ,! wood is next wa%$ 9 ! usual way until ! liquor runs (f p]fectly limpid1 & ! half-/uff ?us produc$ may be conv]t$ into pulp ei!r be=e or aft] blea*+1 accord+ to ! quality & col\r ( ! pap] to be produc$4 ,am]ican ,wood-,pulp ,sy/em4--,ano!r me?od ( c>ry+ out ! wood-pulp process has rec5tly be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,congdon1 ,ph4,b41#ag f :i* we extract ! foll[+3--,popl>1 p9e1 spruce1 & occasionally bir*1 are us$ 9 ! manufacture ( *emical fibre4 ,p9e & spruce give a long] & t\gh] fibre ?an popl> & bir*1 b are some:at h>d] to treat1 requir+ m soda & blea*4 ,/icks ( popl>1 fre$ f b>k1 & cleans$ f incru/+ matt] & dirt1 are r$uc$ to *ips by a special ma*9e hav+ a heavy iron revolv+ disc set ) knives1 & are !n bl[n by means ( a ,/urtevant bl[] into l>ge /ove *amb]s aft] pass+ ov] a set ( sieves hav+ #a-;in* = ! co>se & #a-;in* me% = ! f9e sieves1 f :5ce !y pass to ! dige/]s1 :i* are upright boil]s #g by #bg feet1 ) a manhole at ! top = *>g+ ! *ips & liquor1 & a bl[-valve at ! bottom = ! exit ( ! boil$ wood4 ,a /eam-pipe ent]s at ! bottom1 b5ea? a p]=at$ diaphragm1 & keeps ! liquor 9 p]fect circulation dur+ ! boil+ ( ! wood by means ( a /eam-ejector ( special con/ruction4 ,boil+4--,! av]age *>ge ( wood = ea* dige/] is #dcc cords1#ah giv+ an av]age yield ( #d1adj lbs4 ( f9i%$ fibre p] dige/]4 ,a *>ge ( #c1djj gallons ( cau/ic soda solution ( #aa ,b4 is giv5 to ea* dige/] *>g$ ) *ips1 & ! manhead is !n plac$ 9 position & /eam turn$ on4 ,*>g+ ! dige/] occupies f ?irty to =ty-five m9utes1 & /eam is introduc$ until ! gauge indicates a pressure ( #aaj lbs41 :i* occupies ab\t ?ree h\rs4 ,?is pressure is kept up = sev5 h\rs1 :5 x is r$uc$ by all[+ ! /eam to escape into a l>ge iron tank :i* acts z a sep>at+ *amb] = ! sp5t liquor x c>ries1 ! /eam ent]+ 9 at "o end & pass+ out at ! o!r ?r\gh a l>ge pipe1 ! liquor rema9+ 9 ! tank4 ,! /eam is all[$ to escape until ! pressure is r$uc$ to #de lbs41 :5 ! dige/] is bl[n4 ,! bl[-cap be+ remov$1 ! bl[-valve is rais$ & ! cont5ts ( ! dige/] are dis*>g$ into a pan ( iron cov]$ ) a suitable hood4 ,! cont5ts /rike aga9/ a da%-plate plac$ midway 9 ! pan1 :i* ?or\ghly sep>ates ! fibres ( ! wood4 ,! "t occupi$ 9 ! =ego+ op]ations is f elev5 to elev5 & a half h\rs4 ,x takes f n9e to t5 h\rs to free ! pans f alkali1 :5 !y are remov$ to wa%+-tanks ) p]=at$ metal bottoms1 :]e ! mat]ial receives a f9al wa%+ be=e be+ blea*$4 ,wa%+4--,ea* ( ! ?ree dige/]s has a pan into :i* its cont5ts are dis*>g$1 & !re are also f\r iron tanks us$ = hold+ ! liquors ( v>i\s /r5g?s obta9$ f ! cleans+ ( ! pulp & a fif? tank is kept z ! sep>at+-tank be=e m5tion$4 ,:5 ! dige/] is bl[n1 ! pulp is levell$ d[n ) a %ovel1 & ! liquor f ! sep>at+-tank is all[$ to fl[ into x4 ,! cont5ts ( ! next /ronge/ pan are pump$ ^u x1 :ile at ! same "t ! /ronge/ /ore tank fl[s into ?is pan4 ,?is fl[+ f ! tank to ! pan1 pump+ f "h to ! pan j bl[n1 & f !re to ! evaporators1 is kept up until ! liquor is n weak] ?an #f ,b4 hot 7#acj ,f474 ,! second pan is n[ d[n to #d ,b4 hot1 & ! process ( pump+ back is comm5c$4 ,! two weake/ tanks are put ^u ?is pan & pump$ out ( ! bottom ( x into ! two tanks 9 :i* are kept ! /ronge/ liquors4 ,! two weak tanks h be5 fill$ 9 ! process ( complet+ ! cleans+ ( ! ?ird pan 7! weake/7 on :i* wat] 0 pump$ until ! la/ weak tank /ood at only ,b4 ,?is pan1 n[ clean$1 is hos$ & pump$ ov] to ! wa%+ tanks4 ,a fre% bl[ is n[ made 9 ?is pan1 & ! same treatm5t kept up z ) ! fir/ pan4 ,! =ego+ sy/em is ?us illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,congdon3-- ,pan ,a4--,j bl[n4 ,b4--,p>tly clean$4 ,c4--,almo/ clean$4 ,tank #a4--c ,b4 hot4 #b4--b #c4--a #d4-- ,sep>at+ tank1 /rong4 ,a is levell$ d[n2 cont5ts ( sep>at+-tank all[$ to fl[ ^u x2 ,b is pump$ on to ,a2 at ! same "t liquor f ! two /rong /ore tanks is put on x 7,b71 & ?is cont9u$ to be s5t f ,a to ! evaporator until x is n[ weak] ?an #d ,b4 hot2 ! process ( pump+ back is !n comm5c$4 ,! two weake/ are all[$ 9 succession to fl[ on to x1 & ! liquor purifi$ f ! bottom ( ,b into ! two /rong tanks1 fill+ ,no4 #a1 ! /rong]1 be=e ,no4 #b4 ,! weake/ are fill$ 9 ! process ( complet+ ! cleans+ ( ,c1 on :i* wat] is pump$ until ! la/ tank f x te/s only ,b4 ,c is n[ hos$ & pump$ ov] to ! wa%+ tanks4 ,a fre% dige/] is bl[n 9 ,c1 & ! process repeat$ z ) ,a4 ,! above sy/em has be5 modifi$ by hav+ an extra pan into :i* ! liquor f ! la/ pan bl[n 7aft] s5d+ to ! evaporators until d[n to #f hot1 & br++ d[n to #d hot1 by ! /or$ liquor7 is pump$4 ,:5 ! /r5g? is r$uc$ to #d ! pump+ is /opp$4 ,! liquor f ?is pan is put 9 ! next pan bl[n1 aft] ! liquor f ! sep>at+-tank has be5 put ^u x1 :]eby an economy 9 "t is effect$4 ,! pulp1 aft] be+ p>tially clean$ 9 ! pans1 /ill conta9s an appreciable quantity ( soda4 ,x is hos$ ov] to ! wa%+-tanks & receives a f9al wa%+ ) hot wat]4 ,:5 ! pulp is ?or\ghly free f alkali1 & ! wat] fl[+ f "u ! tank is col\rless1 ! cont5ts are hos$ d[n by hot wat] into ! blea*+-tanks4 ,! sup]flu\s wat] is remov$ by revolv+ wa%]s1 & ab\t #a1jjj gallons ( a solution ( *loride ( lime at #d ,b4 are !n introduc$1 & ! cont5ts agitat$ z usual4 ,! blea*+ occupies ab\t six or sev5 h\rs1 :5 ! pulp is pump$ into dra9+ tanks1 :]e x is left to dra9 d[n h>d1 ! sp5t blea* fl[+ away4 ,! /ock is !n hos$ & pump$ into a wa%+-tank1 :]e x acquires ! prop] consi/5cy = ! ma*9e4 ,f "h x is pump$ into ! /uff *e/1 :5ce x goes ov] a set ( scre5s & on to ! ma*9e1 f :i* ! f9i%$ fibre is run (f on sp9dles4 ,! rolls are made ( a conv5i5t size to h&le1 av]ag+ ab\t #ajj lbs4 ea*4 ,! fibre is dri$ on ! ma*9e by pass+ ov] a s]ies ( iron cyl9d]s heat$ by /eam4 ,! f9i%$ product is a heavy :ite %eet1 some:at resembl+ blott+ pap]4 ,! :ole ( ! =ego+ op]ations are /at$ to occupy =ty-five h\rs4 ,auss$at's ,process4--,by ?is me?od ! wood is dis9tegrat$ by ! action ( jets ( vap\r4 ,9 "o end ( a cyl9drical high-pressure boil]1 ab\t #d feet 9 diamet] & #aj feet high1 is fix$ a false bottom1 :]eby ! wood plac$ ^u x may be remov$ f ! liquor result+ f /eam cond5s$ 9 ! *amb]1 ! :ole be+ m\nt$ on lat]al be>+s :i* s]ve = ! introduction ( ! vap\r1 & ! wood is f$ ?r\gh a manhole at ! upp] end ( ! boil]4 ,taps are fix$ at ! upp] & l[] ends = ! liquid & uncond5s$ vap\r4 ,! wood hav+ be5 plac$ 9 ! boil]1 ! jet is gradually turn$ on 9 su* a way t at ! end ( ?ree or f\r h\rs ! temp]ature becomes ab\t #aej ,c41 ! pressure be+ ab\t five atmosph]es1 :i* po9t is ma9ta9$ = an h\r4 ,z ! slighte/ contact betwe5 ! wood & ! cond5s$ wat] w\ld at once discol\r ! =m]1 x is ess5tial t ! liquid be remov$ f "t to "t by "o ( ! outlets provid$ = ! purpose4 ,! treatm5t above describ$ is said to be suitable = all k9ds ( wood1 & al?\gh x is ! usual practice to introduce x 9 logs ab\t a y>d long1 any wa/e wood1 z *ips1 %av+s1 etc41 may be us$4 ,x is pref]able1 ?\gh n necess>y1 to remove ! b>k1 b all rott5 wood may be left1 z x becomes remov$ 9 ! cond5s$ wat]4 ,! logs1 aft] ! above treatm5t1 by :i* ! fibre is dis9tegrat$ & ! sap & all matt]s ( a gummy or res9\s nature are remov$1 are aft]w>ds cut up by any suitable means into discs ( ab\t an in*1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! fibre requir$4 ,^! are !n introduc$ into a break]1 9 :i* !y become conv]t$ into half-/uff1 :i*1 aft] be+ mix$ ) a suitable quantity ( wat] is pass$ ?r\gh mills provid$ ) conical /ones1 9 :i* x becomes r$uc$ to :ole-/uff4 ,! pulp ?us prep>$ is pr9cipally us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! be/ k9ds ( c>dbo>d1 b m p>ticul>ly su* z is us$ by arti/s1 s9ce its light br[ni% %ade is said to improve ! tone ( ! col\rs4 ,b\rdillat says t 9 ! above process ! vap\r has a *emical z well z a me*anical action1 = 9 addition to ! vap\r trav]s+ ! cellul> tissues ( ! wood & dissolv+ a consid]able portion ( ! cell-con/itu5ts1 acetic acid is lib]at$ by ! heat1 :i* assi/s ! vap\r 9 its action on ! int]nal sub/ance ( ! wood4 ,acid ,treatm5t ( ,wood4--,a s]ies ( processes h be5 introduc$ f "t to "t1 ! object ( :i* is to effect ! dis9tegration ( wood fibre by ! action ( acids4 ,! fir/ ( ^! acid processes 0 devis$ by ,tilghmann 9 #ahff1 9 :i* he employ$ a solution ( sulphur\s acid2 ! process does n appe> to h be5 successful1 h[ev]1 & 0 subsequ5tly ab&on$1 ! same inv5tor hav+ f\nd t c]ta9 acid sulphites c\ld be us$ m advantage\sly4 ,o!r processes h s9ce be5 introduc$1 9 :i* wood is treat$ 9 a direct way by ! action ( /rong oxidis+ acids1 z nitric & nitro-hydro*loric acids1 by :i* ! int]cellul> matt]s ( ! wood become dissolv$ & ! cellulose left 9 a fibr\s condition4 ,pictet & ,brlaz's ,process4--,by ?is process wood is subject$ to ! action ( a vacuum1 & also to t ( a sup]saturat$ solution ( sulphur\s acid at a temp]ature n exce$+ #bab ,f4 ,9 c>ry+ out ! process a solution ( sulphur\s acid is us$1 consi/+ (1 say f to lb4 avoirdupois ( sulphur\s acid to ea* qu>t ( wat]1 & employ$ "u a pressure ( f ?ree to six atmosph]es at #bab ,f4 ,"u ^! conditions ! cem5t+ sub/ances ( ! wood reta9 _! *emical "* )\t a trace ( decomposition ( a nature to %[ c>bonisation1 :ile ! liquor completely p]meates ! wood & dissolves out all ! cem5t+ con/itu5ts t envelop ! fibres4 ,9 c>ry+ out ! process practically1 ! wood is fir/ cut into small pieces z usual & *>g$ into a dige/] ( su* /r5g? z w resi/ ! necess>y pressure1 ! int]ior ( :i* mu/ be l9$ ) lead4 ,wat] is !n admitt$ into ! vessel & aft]w>ds sulphur\s acid1 f a suitable receiv] 9 :i* x is /or$ 9 a liquid =m until ! proportion ( acid has rea*$ t be=e nam$1 t is1 f #ajj to #aej qu>ts ( ! acid to #a1jjj qu>ts ( wat]4 ,! volume ( ! ba? w be det]m9$ by ! absorb+ capacity ( ! wood1 & is pref]ably s regulat$ z n to mat]ially exce$ t capacity4 ,9 practice x is pref]able to =m a p>tial vacuum 9 ! dige/]1 by :i* ! pores ( ! wood are op5$1 :5 x w be 9 a condition to m readily absorb ! solution & !reby accel]ate ! process ( dis9tegration4 ,:5 dis9tegration is effect$1 :i* g5]ally occurs 9 f twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! wood "u treatm5t1 ! liquor1 :i* is usually n q sp5t 9 "o op]ation1 is transf]r$ to ano!r dige/]1 a suffici5t quantity ( wat] & acid be+ add$ to complete ! *>ge4 ,9 ord] to remove ! liquor absorb$ by ! wood1 ! latt] is compress$1 ! dige/] be+ connect$ ) a gas-receiv]1 into :i* ! free gas escapes & 9 :i* x is collect$ = use aga9 9 subsequ5t op]ations4 ,! ba? is heat$ & kept at a temp]ature ( f #agg to #aid ,f4 by means ( a coil 9 ! dige/] suppli$ ) /eam f a suitable g5]ator4 ,! wood1 aft] dis9tegration1 und]goes ! usual treatm5t to conv]t x into pap] pulp1 & may ?us be readily blea*$ by means ( *loride ( lime4 ,! unalt]$ by-products conta9$ 9 ! ba? may be recov]$ & treat$ = use 9 ! arts by well-kn[n me?ods4 ,b>re & ,blondel's ,process consi/s 9 dige/+ ! wood = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 #ej p] c5t4 nitric acid1 us$ cold1 by :i* x is conv]t$ into a s(t fibr\s mass4 ,?is is next boil$ = "s h\rs 9 wat] & aft]w>ds 9 a solution ( c>bonate ( soda2 x is !n blea*$ 9 ! usual way4 ,pon*>ac's ,process4--,9 ?is process cold nitro-hydro*loric acid 7aqua regia7 is employ$ = dis9tegrat+ wood 9 ! proportions ( #id p>ts ( ! latt] to #f p>ts ( nitric acid1 ! mixture be+ made 9 e>!n vessels capable ( hold+ #age gallons4 ,! wood is all[$ to soak 9 ! acid mixture = six to twelve h\rs4 #acb lbs4 ( aqua regia are requir$ = #bbj lbs4 ( wood4 ,:5 x is desir$ to op]ate ) a hot liquid1 #f p>ts ( hydro*loric acid1 #d p>ts ( nitric acid1 & #bdj p>ts ( wat] are us$ 9 granite tubs provid$ ) a d\ble bottom1 & x is heat$ by /eam = twelve h\rs & !n wa%$ & cru%$4 ,"y & ,pettigrew's ,process4--,^! inv5tors use ei!r nitric or nitr\s acids1 & ! acid fumes :i* are lib]at$ are cond5s$ & reconv]t$ into nitric acid4 ,fridet & ,matussire's ,process4--,?is process1 :i* 0 pat5t$ 9 ,france 9 #ahfe1 consi/s 9 treat+ wood ) nitro-hydro*loric acid1 = :i* purpose a mixture ( #e to #dj p] c5t4 ( nitric acid & #fj to #ie p] c5t4 ( hydro*loric acid is us$1 :i* de/roys all ! ligne\s or int]cellul> matt] )\t attack+ ! cellulose4 ,aft] ! wood 7or /raw7 has be5 /eep$ 9 ! acid mixture1 ! sup]fluity is drawn (f1 & ! rema9+ solid portion is gr\nd "u v]tically revolv+ mill/ones4 ,! br[ni%-col\r$ pulp ?us obta9$ is aft]w>ds wa%$ & blea*$ 9 ! usual way4 ,x is q true t cellulose c be obta9$ f wood & o!r vegetable sub/ances by treatm5t ) nitric acid alone1 or ) a mixture ( nitric & hydro*loric acids1 b x w be readily se5 t ! employm5t ( su* l>ge quantities ( ^! acids z w\ld be requir$ to effect ! object 9 view on a practical scale1 w\ld be fraught ) incalculable difficulties1 among/ :i* may be m5tion$ ! insup]able difficulty ( obta9+ vessels t w\ld resi/ ! p[]ful corrosive action ( ! acids4 ,moreov]1 s9ce nitric acid =ms ) cellulose an explosive sub/ance 7xyloid97 ( ! gun cotton s]ies1 ! risk involv$ 9 ! dry+ ( ! cellulose obta9$ w\ld be q suffici5t to =bid ! use ( processes ( ?is nature4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,wood 7cont9u$74 ,sulphite ,processes4--,francke's ,process4--,ekman's ,process4--,dr4 ,mits*]li*'s ,process4--,ritt] & ,kelln]'s ,boil]4--,p>t+ton's ,process4--,blitz's ,process4--,mc,dougall's ,boil] = ,acid ,processes4--,graham's ,process4--,objections to ! ,acid or ,sulphite ,processes4--,sulphite ,fibre & ,res94--,adamson's ,process4--,sulphide ,processes4--,me*anical ,processes4--,voelt]'s ,process4--,?une's ,process4 ,sulphite ,processes4--,an important & successful me?od ( treat+ wood has be5 f\nd 9 employ+ sulphur\s acid1 comb9$ 9 c]ta9 proportions ) soda1 lime1 or magnesia1 :]eby a bisulphite ( ! alkal9e or e>?y base is obta9$4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal attributes ( ^! ag5ts is t 9 boil+ wood at high pressures oxidation & consequ5t br[n+ ( ! fibres is prev5t$4 ,( ^! sulphite1 or m prop]ly bisulphite1 processes1 sev]al ( ^? ref]r$ to bel[ h be5 v ext5sively adopt$1 & va/ quantities ( s-call$ sulphite pulp are import$ into ?is c\ntry f ,norway1 ,g]many1 ,sc&9avia1 c41 ! product f ! latt] s\rce be+ consid]$ specially suit$ = ! ,engli% m>ket4 ,"s ( ^! processes are also be+ work$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b m p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,p>t+ton1 ,mc,dougall1 & ,ekman4 ,francke's ,process4--,9 ?is process1 :i* is kn[n z ! bisulphite process1 ! active ag5t employ$ = ! dis9tegration ( wood is an acid sulphite ( an alkal9e or e>?y base1 z soda or potassa1 lime1 c41 b x is sc>cely necess>y to say t ! process has s9ce be5 modifi$ by o!rs4 ,! inv5tion is applicable to ! treatm5t ( wood1 esp>to1 /raw1 etc41 & may be ?us briefly describ$3--,a solv5t is fir/ prep>$1 :i* is an acid sulphite ( an alkali or e>?1 t is1 a solution ( su* sulphite ) an excess ( sulphur\s acid4 ,z ! *eape/ & mo/ accessible base ! inv5tor pref]s lime4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t a solution ( sulphite ( lime1 comb9$ ) free sulphur\s acid1 w\ld1 at a high temp]ature1 dissolve ! int]cellul> portions ( vegetable fibres1 leav+ ! fibres 9 a suitable condition = pap] manufacture2 b ,mr4 ,francke claims to h det]m9$ ! conditions "u :i* ?is c be effect$ ) rapidity1 & 9 su* a way z to pres]ve ! /r5g? ( ! fibres1 & to h obta9$ a practical me?od ( prep>+ pulp by 8 process4 ,= 8 purpose he employs a mod]ately /rong solution ( ! solv5t at a high temp]ature1 ) g5tle b con/ant agitation4 ,! acid sulphite is produc$ by ?is process at small co/ & at a temp]ature ne>ly high en\gh = use 9 ! foll[+ way3--,a t[] or column is *>g$ ) fragm5ts ( lime/one1 :i* are kept wett$ ) a %[] ( wat]2 fumes ( sulphur\s acid1 produc$ by burn+ sulphur1 or by roa/+ pyrites1 etc41 are !n pass$ ?r\gh ! t[]4 ,! liquid :i* collects at ! bottom ( ! t[] is ! desir$ solv5t1 :i* %\ld h a /r5g? ( #d to #e ,b4 ,x is n ess5tial t ! lime/one %\ld be pure1 z magnesian lime/one1 etc41 w answ] equally well4 ,! soluble alkalies1 z soda & potassa1 may also be us$ :5 _! great] co/ is n an objection4 ,b = ^! alkalies ! treatm5t is modifi$1 z foll[s3--,! t[] is *>g$ ) in]t por\s mat]ial1 su* z coke1 bricks1 etc41 & ^! are kept wett$ by a %[] ( cau/ic alkali at #a to #b ,b41 :ile ! sulphur\s acid fumes are pass$ ?r\gh ! t[]4 ,9 l mann] c>bonate ( soda or potassa may be us$1 b 9 ?is case ! solution %[]$ on ! por\s mat]ial %\ld be /rong] ?an t ( ! cau/ic alkali1 s t x may conta9 approximately ! same am\nt ( real alkali4 ,:i*ev] alkal9e base be employ$1 ! liquid collect$ at ! bottom ( ! t[] %\ld h a /r5g? ( #d to #e ,b42 ?is be+ ! acid sulphite ( ! base is us$ z ! solv5t employ$ = ! manufacture ( pulp4 ,:5 wood is to be treat$1 x is fre$ z mu* z possible f res9\s knots by bor+ & cutt+ !m out1 & is !n cut--by pref]5ce obliquely--into *ips ( a to ( an in* ?ick4 ,esp>to1 /raw1 & analog\s fibres are cut into fragm5ts4 ,! fibr\s mat]ial & solv5t are *>g$ into a dige/] heat$ by /eam at a pressure ( f\r or five atmosph]es1 & consequ5tly capable ( rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! cont5ts to ab\t #cjj ,f4 ,z agitation greatly promotes ! pulp+ ( ! mat]ials1 ,mr4 ,francke employs a revolv+ cyl9drical boil]1 :i* is all[$ to revolve :ile ! *>ge is "u treatm5t4 ,ekman's ,process4--,9 ?is process1 :i* 9 "s respects be>s a resemblance to ! prec$+1 native c>bonate ( magnesia 7magnesite7 is fir/ calc9$ to conv]t x into magnesia2 x is !n plac$ 9 t[]s l9$ ) lead1 & sulphur\s acid gas1 obta9$ by ! burn+ ( sulphur 9 suitable furnaces1 is pass$ ?r\gh ! mass1 a /ream ( wat] be+ all[$ to trickle d[n f ! top ( ! t[]s4 ,! supply ( gas is s regulat$ t a cont9ual =mation ( a solution ( bisulphite ( magnesium1 ( an uni=m /r5g?1 is obta9$2 great c>e1 h[ev]1 is necess>y to avoid excess & consequ5t loss ( sulphur\s acid by its conv]sion into sulphuric acid4 ,9 boil+1 ! fragm5ts ( wood1 previ\sly cru%$ by heavy roll]s1 are plac$ 9 a jacket$1 lead-l9$1 cyl9drical boil]1 susp5d$ on trunnions1 s t x c be inv]t$ to remove ! *>ge4 ,! pressure 9 ! out] jacket is #gj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 & t )9 ! boil] is #ij lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,! boil+ occupies twelve h\rs4 ,?is process has be5 ext5sively work$ by ! ,b]gvik & ,ala ,company1 ( ,sw$51 = _m ye>s ) great success1 & we und]/& t ! company has be5 turn$ ov] to an ,engli% company--! ,b]gvik ,company1 ,limit$4 ,! ,il=d ,mill & ,nor?fleet ,works h be5 l>gely suppli$ ) sulphite pulp f ! ,sw$i% works4 ,"o great drawback to ! bisulphite processes is t ! boil+ _c be effect$ 9 iron boil]s unless ^! be l9$ ) "s mat]ial :i* w protect ! iron f ! de/ructive action ( ! bisulphite1 :i*1 be+ an acid salt1 w\ld ex]t m action ^u ! iron ?an ^u ! fibre itself1 & ! solution ( iron ?us =m$ w\ld inevitably prove injuri\s to ! col\r ( ! fibre4 ,9 sev]al ( ! sy/ems adopt$ iron boil]s l9$ ) lead h be5 us$1 b ! heavy co/ ( ?is mat]ial & its liability to exp& unequally ) ! iron1 especially at ! high temp]atures :i* ! solv5t necess>ily atta9s "u pressure1 causes ! lead to sep>ate f ! iron1 :ile x is apt to bulge out 9 places1 & ?us becomes liable to crack & all[ ! acid liquor to f9d its way to ! int]ior ( ! iron boil] :i* x 0 de/9$ to protect4 ,to ov]come ?is objection to ! simple lead l9+1 ,dr4 ,mits*]li* pat5t$ a process :i* has be5 ext5sively adopt$ 9 ,g]many1 & is n[ be+ c>ri$ out by sev]al companies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,?is process is briefly describ$ bel[4 ,dr4 ,mits*]li*'s ,process4--,! dige/] employ$ 9 ?is process is l9$ ) ?9 %eet lead1 :i* is cem5t$ to ! inn] surface ( ! boil] by a cem5t compos$ ( common t> & pit*1 & ! lead l9+ is !n fac$ ) glaz$ porcela9 bricks4 ,9 ?is process a weak] bisulphite ( lime is us$ ?an 9 ,francke's1 & ! "t ( boil+ is consequ5tly consid]ably prolong$4 ,ritt] & ,kelln] h propos$ to unite ! inn] surface ( ! boil] to its lead l9+ by int]pos+ a s(t metal alloy1 fusible at a temp]ature l[] ?an t ( ei!r metal1 & x is claim$ t ! iron & lead are ?us securely unit$1 :ile ! alloy be+ fusible "u ! normal work+ temp]ature ( ! dige/]1 ! lead l9+ c slide freely on a boil] %ell4 ,p>t+ton's ,process4--,?is process1 :i* has be5 = "s "t at "w at ,b>r[1 & = ! fur!r developm5t ( :i* a private company1 entitl$ ! ,hull ,*emical ,wood ,pulp ,company1 ,limit$1 has be5 =m$1 consi/s 9 ! employm5t ( sulphite ( lime z ! dis9tegrat+ ag5t4 ,! process consi/s 9 pass+ gase\s sulphur\s acid--=m$ by burn+ sulphur 9 a retort1 into :i* is =c$ a curr5t ( air at a pressure ( #e lbs4 to ! squ>e in*--?r\gh a s]ies ( ?ree vessels1 connect$ by pipes1 ! vessels be+ *>g$ ) milk ( lime4 ,! fir/ two ( ^! vessels are clos$ air-tight1 & ! gas is !n introduc$1 :ile ! ?ird vessel rema9s op52 f ?is latt] a cont9u\s /ream ( nitrog5 escapes1 due to ! removal ( ! oxyg5 by ! burn+ sulphur f ! air pass$ into ! retort4 ,?is process is said to be a v economical "o1 s f> z relates to ! co/ ( mat]ials us$4 ,blitz's ,process4--,?is process consi/s ( employ+ a mixture compos$ ( bisulphite ( soda #b p>ts1 cau/ic soda #a "p2 & vanadate ( ammonia #a gramme1 9 hydro*loric acid #d grammes to e #f kilogrammes ( ! bisulphite4 ,! wood1 aft] be+ cut up 9 ! ord9>y way1 is submitt$ to ! action ( ! above mixture1 "u a pressure ( ?ree or f\r atmosph]es1 = f f\r to eight h\rs1 & ! pulp is !n gr\nd2 x is said to possess "s ( ! qualities ( rag pulp & to look mu* l x4 ,mc,dougall's ,boil] = ,acid ,processes4--,?is inv5tion is int5d$ to obviate ! difficulties :i* arise 9 us+ lead-l9$ boil]s1 ow+ to ! unequal expansion & contraction ( ! lead & ! iron on _! be+ alt]nately heat$ by /eam & cool$1 on ! dis*>ge ( ea* successive bat* ( pulp4 ,?is inv5tion consi/s 9 con/ruct+ ! boil]s ) an int]m$iate pack+ ( felt1 or o!r compressible & ela/ic mat]ial1 s t :5 ! int]ior lead5 vessel is heat$1 & !reby enl>g$ & press$ outw>ds by ! /eam1 ! compressible & ela/ic pack+ yields to ! pressure & expansion4 ,also 9 ! cool+ ( ! vessels ! pack+ responds to ! contraction1 & approximates to its orig9al bulk & pressure betwe5 ! two vessels1 & s prev5ts ! rupture or te>+ ( ! lead & consequ5t leakage & o!r inconv5i5ces4 ,ano!r "p ( ?is inv5tion consi/s 9 ! con/ruction ( ! out] iron or /eel vessel 9 flang$ sections1 :i* are fitt$ to incase ! int]ior lead5 vessel ) a space betwe5 ! two vessels1 into :i* ! compressible & ela/ic mat]ials are pack$4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ^! vessels ! iron or /eel flang$ sections are plac$ on to ! lead5 vessel & pack$ ) ! compressible & ela/ic l9+ 9 succession4 ,z ea* section is pack$ x is screw$ close up to ! adjo9+ section by ! screw bolts1 fitt$ into correspond+ holes 9 ! flanges ( ! contigu\s section until complet$4 ,?is me?od ( con/ruction secures economy by ! ret5tion ( ! heat1 :i* is effect$ by ! pack+ betwe5 ! two vessels4 ,! mat]ials us$ = ! pack+ are ca\t*\c1 felt1 flocks1 asbe/os1 etc41 & a space ( ab\t two in*es betwe5 ! vessels is pref]r$1 into :i* ! pack+ is fill$4 ,graham's ,process4--,?is process consi/s 9 boil+ fibr\s sub/ances 9 a solution ( sulphur\s acid1 or a sulphite or bisulphite ( soda1 pota%1 magnesia1 or lime1 or o!r suitable base & wat]4 ,! boil+ is pref]able conduct$ 9 a clos$ boil]1 l9$ ) lead1 to protect x f ! action ( ! *emical sub/ances us$1 & is fitt$ ) a valve :i* c be op5$ to all[ ! gases & volatile hydroc>bons conta9$ 9 & ar\nd ! fibres to escape4 ,! me?od ( c>ry+ out ! process has be5 ?us describ$3--,9 c>ry+ out ! process !re is a con/ant loss ( sulphur\s acid gas go+ on1 & consequ5tly a cont9ual weak5+ ( ! solution employ$1 to avoid :i* x is pref]able to employ monosulphite ( pota%1 soda1 magnesia1 lime1 or o!r suitable base1 & wat]4 ,ei!r ( ^! sub/ances1 or a suitable comb9ation ( !m1 & wat] are plac$ 9 ! boil] ) ! fibr\s sub/ances to be treat$1 & ! temp]ature rais$ to ! boil+ po9t4 ,aft] ! hydroc>bons1 air1 & gases natural to ! fibr\s sub/ances h be5 driv5 out by ! heat & all[$ to escape1 sulphur\s acid1 9 its gase\s or liquid /ate1 or 9 comb9ation ) ei!r ( ! bases ref]r$ to1 is pump$ or inject$ into ! boil]4 ,!re is ?us =m+ 9 ! clos$ boil] a solution conta9+ an excess ( sulphur\s acid above t requir$ to =m1 9 comb9ation ) ! base1 a monosulphite4 ,! op]ation ( inject+ sulphur\s acids1 or ! sulphites1 may be repeat$ f "t to "t dur+ ! boil+1 s z to fully ma9ta91 & if necess>y increase1 ! /r5g? & effici5cy ( ! *emical solution4 ,x is said t by ?is process a sav+ ( ! *emicals employ$ is effect$1 z little or no sulphur\s acid gas is lo/ dur+ ! "t ! gase\s hydroc>bons1 air1 & o!r gase\s matt]s are be+ expell$ f ! fibr\s mat]ials4 ,if an op5 vessel is us$ in/ead ( a clos$ boil]1 x w be necess>y to keep ! solution at a fairly uni=m /r5g?1 & if necess>y to increase ! /r5g?1 b ! result w be sub/antially ! same2 b z x is evid5t t1 :5 us+ an op5 boil]1 ! excess ( sulphur\s acid suppli$ dur+ ! boil+ w be con/antly driv5 (f z gas1 x mu/ be replac$ by fur!r injections1 :ile ! acid fumes may be convey$ away & cond5s$1 s z to be available = fur!r use4 ,:5 ! fibr\s sub/ances are boil$ z above1 ) ! addition ( pota%1 soda1 etc41 dur+ ! boil+1 ! result w be equally b5eficial4 ,! inv5tor pref]s to inject ! sulphur\s acid or its comb9ations into ! boil] at ! bottom1 & to cause x to come 9 contact ) ! solution !re9 be=e rea*+ ! fibr\s mat]ials4 ,= ?is purpose !re is =m$ a k9d ( *amb] b5ea? ! boil]1 b sep>at$ f x by a p]=at$ disc or diaphragm ( lead or o!r suitable mat]ial n act$ ^u by ! solution1 s z to all[ ! latt] to fill ! *amb]1 to :i* is connect$ a pipe1 ?r\gh :i* ! sulphur\s acid or solutions ( ! sulphites is =c$ by any suitable app>atus4 ,objections to ! ,acid or ,bisulphite ,processes4--,:ile ! v>i\s me?ods ( boil+ wood 9 cau/ic soda at high temp]atures are well kn[n to be op5 to s]i\s objections1 ! acid treatm5t ( wood also pres5ts _m disadvantages1 :i* x is to be hop$ may be yet ov]come4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is1 ,davis makes ! foll[+ obs]vations3--,9 ! acid treatm5t ( wood = ! purpose ( conv]t+ ! fibres into pulp = use 9 pap] manufacture1 ! g5]al practice has be5 to use alkal9e solutions ( soda1 comb9$ 9 v>i\s proportions ) c]ta9 acids1 su*1 = in/ance1 z sulphur\s acid1 hydro*loric acid1 etc4 ,^! solutions h be5 heat$ 9 dige/+ vessels1 & ! high temp]ature result+ f ?is process ( heat+ develop+ a pressure ( f six to sev5 atmosph]es1 ! wood be+ dis9tegrat$ by ! action ( ! boil+ solutions1 ! gum1 res9\s con/itu5ts1 & o!r incru/at+ or cem5t+ sub/ances t b9d ! fibres toge!r are decompos$1 de/roy$1 or dissolv$1 :ile pure cellulose1 :i* con/itutes ! ess5tial elem5t ( ! ligne\s fibres1 is sep>at$ !refrom4 ,to ?is end high temp]atures _h to be employ$1 o!rwise ! dis9tegration 0 f\nd to be only p>tial1 ! wood rema9+ 9 a condition unfit = fur!r treatm5t4 ,! high temp]ature n unfrequ5tly conv]ts a l>ge proportion ( ! res9\s & gummy con/itu5ts ( ! wood into t> & pit*--t is to say1 c>bonace\s bodies t p5etrate into ! fibre & r5d] its blea*+ difficult1 labori\s1 & co/ly1 :ile ! frequ5t wa%+ & lixiviation necess>y to blea* su* products s]i\sly affect ! /r5g? ( ! fibre & its :it5ess1 & also mat]ially r$uce ! p]c5tage ( ! product1 9 "s in/ances to ! ext5t ( #ah p] c5t4 ,^! difficulties & detrim5tal results mat]ially enhance ! co/ ( production1 :ile ! fibre itself suff]s consid]ably 9 /r5g? f ! repeat$ action ( ! *loride ( lime4444 ,! difficulties are *iefly due to ! c>bonisation ( c]ta9 con/itu5t p>ts ( ! fibres "u temp]atures exce$+ #bab ,f41 su* c>bonis$ matt]s be+ insoluble & incapable ( be+ blea*$1 & z !y p]meate ! fibre1 _c be entirely remov$4 ,to ov]come ^! difficulties1 ! wood %\ld be *emically treat$ at a temp]ature suffici5tly l[ to ensure t ! decomposition ( ! connect+ sub/ances ( ! fibres w rema9 *emically comb9$ ) ! o!r elem5ts1 su* z hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog51 9 ord] to obta9 an increas$ product ( sup]ior quality & r5d] ! process m economical4 ,sulphite ,fibre & ,res94--,a ,g]man manufactur] s5t ! foll[+ communication to ! ,papi] ,zeitung1 :i* may be int]e/+ to ! us]s ( sulphite pulp3--,9 mak+ dis9tegrat+ cellulose by ! soda or sulphite process1 ! object 9 boil+ is to loos5 ! incru/+ p>ticles 9 ! wood1 res9 includ$1 & to lib]ate ! fibres4 ,! res9 is dissolv$ bo? 9 ! soda & sulphite processes1 b 9 ! =m] x is at ! same "t saponifi$1 & is consequ5tly v easily wa%$ out4 ,9 ! case ( sulphite fibre1 h[ev]1 ! res9 atta*es itself by its own adhesiv5ess to ! fibres1 b c also be remov$ by z hot wa%+ z possible1 & add+ a little hydro*loric acid1 :i* produces a v great effect4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 sulphite fibre loses 9 :it5ess by ?or\gh wa%+1 & assumes a r$di%-grey %ade4 ,z ! pap] manufactur] insi/s ^u :ite fibre1 ! manufactur] ( sulphite fibre n only (t5 omits wa%+1 b adds "s sulphite solution 7bisulphite ( lime74 ,?is n only enables him to give 8 cu/om]s :ite fibre1 b he also sells a quantity ( ! incru/+ p>ticles & sulphite residuum z cellulose4 ,s long z ! manufactur] looks m to :ite ?an to well-wa%$ cellulose1 or does n wa% x well be=e work+ up ! fibre1 ^! annoyances _c be avoid$4 ,n only ?is1 b o!r disadvantages w be add$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 z ! action ( ! sulphur\s acid 9 ! pulp w h v injuri\s consequ5ces on metals--& on ! fibre itself8 especially iron--com+ 9 contact ) x4 ,?is %\ld be ! m avoid$1 z ! :it5ess ( ! unwa%$ cellulose is ( v %ort duration4 ,! pap] made f x soon turns yell[ & becomes brittle4 ,well-wa%$ sulphite fibre1 on ! o!r h&--provid$ no mi/akes h be5 made 9 ! boil+ process--makes a /rong1 grippy pap]1 :i* c )/& bo? air & sunlight4 ,i h made no special /udies z to res91 b believe t p9e & fir act diff]5tly1 especially ) solv5ts4 ,adamson's ,process4--,mr4 ,w4 ,adamson1 ( ,philadelphia1 obta9$ a pat5t 9 #ahga = ! use ( hydroc>bons 9 ! treatm5t ( wood4 ,8 process consi/$ 9 treat+ ! wood ) b5z9e 9 clos$ vessels1 "u a pressure ( #e to #aj lbs41 accord+ to ! nature ( ! wood4 ,8 dige/] consi/$ ( an upright cyl9d]1 9 :i* ! wood-%av+s 7 plac$ betwe5 two p]=at$ diaphragms4 ,! mass 0 heat$ b5ea? ! l[] diaphragm by a coil ?r\gh :i* /eam 0 pass$4 ,! vap\rs :i* 7 giv5 (f 7 all[$ to escape ?r\gh a pipe on ! top ( ! dige/]1 to :i* 0 connect$ a coil imm]s$ 9 a vessel ( cold wat]1 & ! cond5s$ liquid !n return$ to ! l[] "p ( ! dige/]4 ,! rema9+ portion ( ! b5z9e 9 ! dige/]1 :i* 0 /ill liquid b saturat$ ) ! extract$ matt]s1 0 drawn (f ?r\gh a faucet at ! bottom4 ,b5z9e be+ a v *eap article 9 ,am]ica1 a simil> process 0 recomm5d$ 9 ano!r pat5t by ! same au?or = extraction ( pit* & t> f rags t>paul91 ropes1 c481 & = remov+ oil f rags & cotton wa/e4 ,sulphide ,processes4--,_m attempts 7 made ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 & 9 subsequ5t ye>s1 to employ ! soluble sulphides z a sub/itute = cau/ic soda 9 boil+ wood & o!r fibres1 b ^! processes d n appe> to h be5 v successful4 ,lat] improvem5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( boil]s or dige/]s1 h[ev]1 seem to h induc$ fur!r exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction1 & we und]/& t sev]al sulphide processes are be+ work$ on ! ,cont95t1 ! processes ( ,,mm4 ,dahl & ,blitz be+ among/ !m4 ,"o ( ! suppos$ advantages ( ^! sulphides ov] cau/ic soda is t by evaporation & calc9ation ( ! liquors1 or leys1 by :i* ! organic matt]s become de/roy$1 ! orig9al product w\ld be recov]$1 :i* m]ely requires to be dissolv$ out = fur!r use4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al important objections to ! use ( sulphides 9 ?is way1 among/ :i* may be m5tion$ ! delet]i\s vap\rs :i* !y emit2 & ?is alone w\ld d\btless prev5t _! employm5t--at all ev5ts 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,ii4 ,me*anical ,processes4--,besides ! v>i\s *emical me?ods ( sep>at+ cellulose f woody fibres1 be=e describ$1 c]ta9 processes h be5 devis$ = r$uc+ wood to ! condition ( pulp directly by me*anical means )\t ! aid ( any *emical sub/ance :atsoev]4 ,9 ?is direction ,he9ri* ,voelt]1 ( ,wurtemburg1 appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ to introduce a really practical process = ! conv]sion ( wood into pulp = pap]-mak+1 al?\gh1 z f> back z #agef1 ,dr4 ,s*aeff]1 ( ,bav>ia1 propos$ to make pap] f sawdu/ & %av+s me*anically =m$ into pulp3 ! process 0 n successful1 h[ev]1 ) ! ma*9]y !n at 8 comm&4 ,voelt]'s ,process = ,prep>+ ,me*anical ,wood ,pulp4--,9 #ahfj-fe & #ahgc ,voelt] obta9$ pat5ts 9 ?is c\ntry = 8 me?ods ( treat+ wood me*anically1 & ! process may be ?us briefly describ$3--,blocks ( wood1 aft] ! knots h be5 cut out by suitable tools1 are press$ aga9/ a revolv+ gr9d/one1 :i* r$uces ! mat]ial to a m or less f9e condition1 b n 9 a p[d]y =m1 & ! dis9tegrat$ fibre is caus$ to press aga9/ a wire scre51 :i* all[s ! f9] p>ticles to pass ?r\gh1 reta9+ ! co>s] p>ticles = fur!r treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag;,a4--,voelt]'s ,wood-pulp+ ,ma*9e4 ,to face page #gh4 ,! app>atus employ$1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag;,a1 consi/s ( a pulp+ app>atus ,a1 ) vat ,k1 9 :i* ! revolv+ /one ,s is plac$2 ! blocks ( wood are held aga9/ ! /one at p p1 & wat] is introduc$ at ,g1 & ! revolv+ /one c>ries ! pulp aga9/ ! scre5 ,e1 :i* admits ! passage ( ! f9] p>ticles ( ! wood1 :ile ! co>s] p>ticles are l$ by ! tr\gh ,f to ! fir/ ref9+ cyl9d] ,b1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh an oscillat+ basket1 :i* reta9s ! co>s] p>ticles4 ,f !nce x is l$ ?r\gh a di/ribut+ app>atus & hopp] ,c1 to be uni=mly suppli$ to ! ref9+ cyl9d] ,d1 ^! cyl9d]s be+ ( ! ord9>y con/ruction1 &1 z usual1 cov]$ ) f9e gauze wire sieves4 ,! gr\nd mat]ial :i* fails to pass ?r\gh ! sieves is transf]r$ by an elevator to ! mill/ones ,e1 :i* are ( ord9>y con/ruction1 & aft] leav+ ^! unites ) ! f9] fibres :i* pass ?r\gh ,e1 ! :ole n[ ent]+ a mix+ res]voir ,f1 :5ce x is ?r[n on to ! cyl9d] ,g1 & ! pulp :i* passes into ?is is di/ribut$ on to a simil> cyl9d] ,h1 ! cont5ts ( :i* !n passes ?r\gh ! la/ cyl9d] ,i1 :i* is diff]5tly con/ruct$ to ! o!rs1 inasmu* z its l[] "p is surr\nd$ by an imp]vi\s lea!r jacket1 s t ! pulp asc5ds 9 ord] to ent] x4 ,! dis9tegrat$ fibres t are reta9$ by ! wires ( ! cyl9d]s pass into ! ref9]s1 :i* consi/ ( a pair ( horizontal cyl9d]s ( s&/one1 "o ( :i* 7! upp] "o7 only revolves1 & by ! action ( ^! ! co>s] fibres become fur!r r$uc$1 ! f9] p>ticles1 z be=e1 pass+ ?r\gh ! wire gauze ( ! cyl9d]s1 ! op]ation be+ repeat$ 9 ! same ord] until ! :ole ( ! fibres h pass$ ?r\gh ! sieves4 ,?une's ,process4--,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,?une1 ( ,*ri/iana1 ,u4,s4,a41 has rec5tly pat5t$ an app>atus = dis9tegrat+ wood1 :i* consi/s ( a gr9d+ app>atus connect$ to a turb9e4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t ! gr9d/one1 fix$ on a %aft1 is work$ by a turb9e1 & ! wood1 :i* is us$ 9 small blocks1 is press$ aga9/ ! /one by means ( a s]ies ( hydraulic presses4 ,! f9e pulp is aft]w>ds made into ?ick %eets by means ( a bo>d-ma*9e1 ! pulp1 mix$ ) wat]1 pass+ d[n a %oot into a vat b5ea?1 9 :i* is a revolv+ cyl9d] cov]$ ) wire-clo?1 :i* 9 its revolution c>ries ) x a c]ta9 quantity ( pulp 9 a cont9u\s %eet2 ?is is tak5 on to an endless travell+ belt by means ( a small c\*-roll1 & passes on to a pair ( rolls1 r\nd ! upp] "o ( :i* ! %eet becomes w\nd1 & is remov$ :5 suffici5tly ?ick4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,fibres4 ,treatm5t ( ,/raw4--,b5tley & ,jackson's ,boil]4--,boil+ ! ,/raw4--,b]trams' ,edge-runn]4--,m4 ,a4 ,c4 ,melli]'s ,process4--,manilla1 ,jute1 etc4--,wa/e ,pap]4--,boil+ ,wa/e ,pap]4--,ryan's ,process = ,treat+ ,wa/e ,pap]4 ,treatm5t ( ,/raw4--,z a pap]-mak+ mat]ial1 ! employm5t ( /raw is ( v e>ly date1 a pat5t = produc+ pap] f /raw hav+ be5 tak5 out by ,mat?ias ,koops z f> back z #ahja4 ,! mat]ial1 h[ev]1 0 us$ 9 its unblea*$ /ate1 & =m$ a v ugly pap]4 ,:ite pap] 0 n obta9$ f /raw until #ahda1 b no really practical me?od ( treat+ ?is mat]ial 0 devis$ until ab\t t5 ye>s lat]1 9 ,france1 :5 ,,mm4 ,c\pi] & ,melli] introduc$ a process :i*1 ) subsequ5t modifications1 has be5 ext5sively adopt$4 ,a great advance 9 ! manufacture ( pap] f /raw has s9ce be5 effect$ by ! introduction ( v>i\s boil]s1 specially con/ruct$ = boil+ ! mat]ial at high pressures1 & = keep+ ! alkal9e liquors freely circulat$ among/ ! fibre dur+ ! progress ( ! boil+4 ,^! boil]s are ( diff]5t =ms--be+ ei!r cyl9drical or sph]ical--& are pref]ably ( ! revolv+ type1 :i* causes ! cau/ic ley employ$ 9 ! boil+ to become uni=mly mix$ ) ! fibre4 ,sometimes ! vomit+ boil]s describ$ else:]e are us$ by pap]-mak]s 9 pref]5ce to ^? ref]r$ to4 ,b5tley & ,jackson's ,boil]4--,?is boil]1 a repres5tation ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 is #g feet 9 diamet]1 #ah feet long on ! cyl9drical surface1 ) hemisph]ical ends ( ,m>t9-,siem5s /eel plate #g_/af in* ?ick 9 ! %ell1 & in* ?ick 9 ! ends4 ,x is d\ble rivet$ 9 ! longitud9al seams1 has two manholes #c #b1 =g$ out ( solid /eel plate4 ,inside are two p]=at$ lift+ plates or %elves1 ea* #a foot wide1 in* ?ick1 ! full l5g? ( ! %ell1 & secur$ to ! ends by /rong angle-irons2 x is support$ on two turn$ ca/-iron trunnions4 ,^! boil]s are te/$ by hydraulic pressure to #abj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! v>ieties ( /raw g5]ally us$ = pap]-mak+ 9 ?is c\ntry are :eat & oats1 ?\gh rye & b>ley /raws are also us$1 b 9 a less] degree4 ,! treatm5t ( /raw diff]s greatly at diff]5t mills1 "s mak]s us+ /rong liquors & boil+ at a l[] pressure1 :ile o!rs pref] to use less cau/ic soda & boil at a high] pressure4 ,!re c be little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! high temp]atures result+ f boil+ at v high /eam pressure mu/ det]iorate ! fibre consid]ably1 caus+ subsequ5t loss ( fibre 9 ! processes ( wa%+ & blea*+4 ,boil+ ! ,/raw4--,! /raw is fir/ cut into %ort l5g?s ( "o or two in*es by means ( a *aff-cutt]1 or by a ma*9e simil> to a rag-cutt]1 & ! cut mat]ial is !n driv5 by an air-bla/ ?r\gh a wood5 tube into a *amb] hav+ co>se wire-gauze sides3 a second *amb] surr\nds ?is1 9 :i* ! du/ f ! /raw collects z x passes ?r\gh ! wire gauze4 ,! w9n[$ /raw1 fre$ f du/ & dirt1 is !n convey$ 9 sacks to ! boil]s4 ,9 *>g+ ! boil]s1 a c]ta9 quantity ( ley is fir/ introduc$1 & /eam also1 & ! cut /raw !n add$1 :i* soon becomes s(t5$1 & s9ks to ! bottom ( ! boil]1 :5 fur!r quantities ( ! mat]ial are add$1 until ! full *>ge has be5 giv54 ,! requisite proportion ( ley & wat] is !n run 9 & ! head ( ! boil] secur$ 9 its place4 ,/eam is n[ turn$ on1 until a pressure ( #bj to #dj lbs41 or ev5 m1 has be5 rea*$1 :5 ! boil+ is kept up = #c to #h h\rs1 accord+ to ! pressure us$ & ! /r5g? ( ! alkal9e liquor1 :i* v>ies f #i to #af ,tw4 ,f #aj to #bj lbs4 ( cau/ic soda p] cwt4 ( /raw are g5]ally requir$ to boil ! mat]ial ?or\ghly4 ,! boil+ be+ complete1 /eam is turn$ (f1 & :5 ! boil] has some:at cool$1 ! mat]ial1 :i* is 9 ! =m ( a pulp1 is dis*>g$ by ! pipes b5ea? into a l>ge tank or /ra9]1 ! bottom ( :i* is fitt$ ) a s]ies ( plates hav+ long n>r[ op5+s or slits1 ?r\gh :i* ! liquor dra9s4 ,! pulp is !n wa%$ ) wat]1 & aga9 all[$ to dra9 ?or\ghly1 aft] :i* x is dug out & transf]r$ to ! pot*] to be aga9 wa%$ & blea*$4 ,at "s mills ! /raw is boil$ :ole & n subject$ to any prelim9>y cutt+ ,9 su* cases ! boil$ /raw1 n be+ s fully pulp$ z :5 cut into %ort l5g?s1 is empti$ f ! boil] ?r\gh ! manholes us$ = *>g+ ! mat]ial into ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,b]trams' ,edge-runn]4--,= ! purpose ( cru%+ ! knots ( ! /raw1 & o!r h>d p>ticles d]iv$ f we$s1 etc41 a ma*9e t]m$ ! koll]-gang or edge-runn] is sometimes employ$4 ,?is ma*9e1 :i* is manufactur$ by ,b]trams1 ,limit$1 & ( :i* an illu/ration is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ai1 consi/s ( two l>ge mill/ones1 made f h>d r$ granite1 ! surfaces ( :i* are sometimes groov$ ) ,v-%ap$ equidi/ant grooves4 ,^! /ones are work$ by a horizontal sp9dle1 & are caus$ to revolve v rapidly 9 an iron bas91 9 :i* ! wa%$ pulp is plac$1 & by ?is means ! knots & h>d] portions ( ! fibre n fully act$ ^u by ! cau/ic alkali1 become s r$uc$ z to be m readily accessible to ! action ( ! blea*1 & ?us a v sup]ior /raw pulp is produc$4 ,9 us+ ?is ma*9e 9 ! way indicat$1 ! wa%$ pulp is mix$ 9 a *e/ provid$ ) agitators1 ) wat]1 is !n pump$ into a second *e/ above x1 f :5ce x fl[s into ! bas9 %[n 9 ! engrav+1 :ile ! /ones are revolv+4 ,m4 ,a4 ,c4 ,melli]'s ,process4--,by ?is me?od ! /raw is fir/ cut into small l5g?s z usual2 x is !n /eep$ = a few h\rs 9 hot wat]1 & aft]w>ds plac$ by pref]5ce 9 a jacket$ boil]1 ! object be+ to heat ! mat]ials )\t weak5+ ! ley by ! direct introduction ( /eam into ! body ( ! mat]ial4 ,! boil] is to be heat$ to a pressure ( #gj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 or to a temp]ature ( ab\t #caj ,f41 by :i* means1 x is said1 a consid]able sav+ ( alkali is effect$1 z also "t & fuel1 z comp>$ ) ! ord9>y practice ( boil+4 ,! alkal9e ley :i* ,m4 ,melli] pref]s to use is f #b to #c ,b41 or ( ! specific gravity ( f #ajac to #ajbj1 & 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #gj gallons ( su* solution to ea* cwt4 ( /raw4 ,! boil] %\ld revolve v sl[ly1 mak+ ab\t #a or #b revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! boil+ occupies ab\t #c h\rs1 at ! pressure nam$1 :5 ! /eam is turn$ (f & cold wat] pass$ ?r\gh ! jacket ( ! boil]1 :i* assi/s 9 cool+ ! pulp1 ! wat] ?us us$ be+ aft]w>ds employ$ 9 wa%+ ! pulp4 ,! pulp is !n ?or\ghly wa%$ until ! la/ wat] runs (f q cle>1 :5 x is next /eep$ = ab\t an h\r 9 hot wat] acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! fibre4 ,! pulp is !n wa%$ ) cold wat]1 :5 x is ready = blea*+ 9 ! usual way4 ,manilla1 ,jute1 etc4--,previ\s to boil+ ^! fibres x is usual to cut !m into %ort pieces by a ma*9e su* z is us$ = cutt+ /raw1 aft] :i* !y are clean$ 9 a will[+ & du/+ ma*9e4 ,! boil+ is !n conduct$ 9 ! same way z = esp>to4 ,manilla fibre is n s mu* us$ 9 ?is c\ntry z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e its employm5t =ms an important feature 9 ! manufacture ( c]ta9 k9ds ( pap]4 ,"s idea ( ! ext5t to :i* x is us$ by ! pap]-mak]s ( ,am]ica may be glean$ f ! foll[+ /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,wyatt3--,ano!r l>ge & important bran* ( ! ,am]ican pap] trade are ! mills runn+ on news & ,manilla pap]4 ,_m ( ^! mills turn out a va/ quantity ( pap]1 runn+ up to two hundr$ tons p] week1 besides mak+ _! own gr\nd wood pulp4 ,! ,am]ican news is compos$ ma9ly ( gr\nd wood pulp1 ) an admixture ( ab\t #ae to #be p] c5t4 ( sulphite wood or jute fibre1 & n mu* load+1 & ! ma*9es are run at high spe$4 ,:at is t]m$ ,manilla pap] is v l>gely us$ 9 ! ,/ates1 & mu* m s ?an ) u = common writ+s1 envelopes1 & wrapp+ pap]s4 ,! pap] is compos$ ( ,manilla1 jute fibre1 old pap]s1 etc41 & is highly f9i%$ at ! ma*9e4 ,i 0 told ( "o mill belong+ to a l>ge company runn+ altoge!r six mills on news & ,manilla1 turn+ out1 ) "o #if-;in* ma*9e & beat] capacity ( #a1hjj lbs41 & "o ,jordan1 #aj to #ab tons ( #b1jjj lbs41 ( ,manilla pap] p] day at an av]age spe$ ( #bjj feet p] m9ute4 ,jute is seldom r$uc$ to ! condition ( a f9e :ite pulp s9ce ! treatm5t necess>y to obta9 t condition w\ld result 9 a weak fibre2 x is usual1 !re=e1 to only p>tially r$uce ! mat]ial1 :5 a /rong fibre is obta9$1 :i*1 lack+ 9 :it5ess1 is us$ = co>se pap]s4 ,?is also applies to ,adamsonia1 or ,baobab1 ano!r description ( ba/ obta9$ f ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa4 ,^! fibres are *iefly us$ = pap]s :i* require /r5g? r ?an :it5ess ( col\r1 su* z wrapp+ pap]s1 c4 ,broke pap] is a t]m appli$ to pap] :i* has be5 imp]fectly =m$ on ! pap] ma*9e or damag$ :ile pass+ ov] ! dry+ cyl9d]s4 ,imp]fect %eets :5 !y are n sold z retree1 & clean wa/e pap]1 also come "u ?is designation & are re-conv]t$ into pulp aft] und]go+ ! treatm5t describ$ bel[4 ,wa/e ,pap]4--,9 treat+ wa/e pap] = conv]sion into pulp = pap]-mak+1 x is d\btless advisable to sep>ate1 z f> z c be done economically1 pap]s :i* h be5 writt5 ^u ) common ink1 z old lett]s1 docum5ts1 c41 f pr9t$ pap]s1 s9ce ! latt] require a m sev]e treatm5t ?an ! =m]4 ,:ile simple boil+ 9 wat] conta9+ a little soda-a% w dis*>ge ord9>y writ+ ink1 pr9t]'s ink c only be extract$ by us+ r /rong solutions ( soda-a% or cau/ic soda2 & ev5 ) ?is treatm5t x c only be r5d]$ s]viceable = an inf]ior pap]1 ow+ to ! grey col\r ( ! result+ pulp1 due to ! c>bon ( ! pr9t]'s ink1 ^u :i* ! alkali has no solv5t effect4 ,boil+ ,wa/e ,pap]4--,?is is sometimes effect$ 9 iron vats1 ab\t #h feet deep & #h feet 9 diamet] at ! bottom1 & ab\t #f in*es wid] at ! top4 ,at ! bottom ( ea* vat is a false bottom1 closely p]=at$ ) small holes4 ,/eam is introduc$ by a pipe bel[ ! false bottom1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! p]=ations & ?us becomes uni=mly di/ribut$ to all p>ts ( ! vat4 ,to facilitate ! empty+ ( ! vats1 ! false bottoms h connect$ to !m ?ree or f\r iron rods1 to ! tops ( :i* iron *a9s are hook$1 & by ?is means ! false bottom1 c>ry+ ! mass ( boil$ pap] c be rais$ by a /eam hoi/+ eng9e or crane & deposit$ :]e desir$4 ,:5 ! boil+ is comm5c$1 ! vat %\ld fir/ be ab\t "o-f\r? fill$ ) a solution ( soda-a%1 & ! /eam !n turn$ on4 ,:5 ! liquor boils1 ! pap]s hav+ be5 previ\sly du/$1 are introduc$ gradually1 & well di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! liquor2 if !y are ?r[n into ! vat 9 l>ge quantities at a "t1 & especially if !y are 9 a compact /ate1 ! portions 9 contact may n be rea*$ by ! liquor1 & an imp]fect boil+ w be ! result4 ,to ensure a uni=m di/ribution ( ! boil+ liquor ov] ! surface ( ! mat]ial1 an iron pipe ext5ds f ! c5tre ( ! false bottom to ne>ly ! top ( ! vat1 & ?is pipe is cov]$ ) a hood1 :i* causes ! soda liquor to be ev5ly spread ov] ! :ole mass4 ,! vats are ei!r cas$ ) wood or coat$ ) asbe/os to prev5t ! escape ( heat1 & ! vessel is cov]$ ) a flat iron cov]1 :i* is g5]ally 9 two halves4 ,! /eam ent]s ! tubs at ! side1 bel[ ! false bottom1 & ! exhau/$ liquor is drawn (f ?r\gh a valve connect$ to ! bottom ( ! vat4 ,9 "s mills ! liquor is n drawn (f aft] ea* boil+1 b ! boil$ pap] is hoi/$ f ! vat z be=e describ$1 & ! liquor /r5g!n$ by ! addition ( f #aj to #bj lbs4 ( soda-a% = ea* #ajj lbs4 ( ! pap] to be next boil$4 ,pap] t is ?ickly coat$ ) pr9t+ ink requires an extra dose ( soda-a%4 ,! boil+ is cont9u$ = twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs accord+ to ! nature & condition ( ! wa/e pap] "u treatm5t4 ,wa/e pap]s are frequ5tly boil$1 aft] du/+1 9 revolv+ boil]s1 9 a solution ( soda-a% or cau/ic soda1 b x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t "s portions ( ! mat]ial become s agglom]at$ or half pulp$ dur+ ! boil+ t ! alkali fails to rea* all ! ink1 & z ?is _c be remov$ by ! aft] processes ( wa%+ & break+1 x rema9s 9 ! body ( ! pulp & necess>ily =ms a con/itu5t "p ( ! pap] to be produc$ f x4 ,! mass1 :5 dis*>g$ f ! boil] & dra9$ is !n convey$ to ! wa%+-eng9e1 9 :i* x becomes brok5 & fre$ f alkali & s mu* ( ! ink z may h be5 dissolv$ or loos5$1 & x is aft]w>ds treat$ 9 ! beat] & mix$ ) v>y+ portions ( o!r pap] /ock1 accord+ to ! quality ( pap] to be produc$4 ,9 "s mills ! boil$ wa/e pap] is dis9tegrat$ aft] boil+1 by means ( ! edge-runn] 7,fig4 #ai74 ,ryan's ,process = ,treat+ ,wa/e ,pap]4--,! foll[+ process = treat+ wa/e pap] s z to produce a fir/-class clean pap] !refrom1 0 pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,ryan1 ( ,ohio4 ,! wa/e pap] is fir/ pass$ ?r\gh a du/] 9 ! usual way1 all ?ick old books be+ previ\sly torn ap>t to sep>ate ! leaves4 ,! pap]s are !n boil$ 9 a hot alkal9e liquor )\t pulp+ !m1 :]eby ! alkali acts on ! surfaces ( ! pap]s1 & dissolves (f1 c>ry+ away all ! ink into ! liquor4 ,! pap]s1 :i* are /ill 9 %eet =m1 are !n dra9$ z free z conv5i5t f ! alkal9e liquor1 & are next wa%$ 9 ! wa%+-eng9e1 :i* leaves ! mat]ial p]fectly clean4 ,x is !n pulp$ 9 ! beat+-eng9e2 & x is claim$ t x c be =m$ into fir/-class pap] )\t ! addition ( any new or exp5sive pap] /ock4 ,! details ( ! process are ?us giv5 by ! pat5tee3 ,into a buck+-keir put a soda-a% solution hav+ a d5sity ( #e ,b41 at #afj ,f41 put 9 ! /ock1 & %[] = eight h\rs at a temp]ature ( #afj ,f41 )\t pulp+ ! pap]1 !n lift & dra91 & cleanse well 9 ! wa%+-eng9e2 !n pulp & =m into pap]4 ,z ! dra9+ w always be imp]fect1 ea* *>ge remov$ w c>ry away "s ( ! soda-a% solution1 & leave ! rema9d] ( impair$ /r5g?4 ,aft] ea* dra9age add wat] to make up = loss 9 quantity ( ! solution1 & add en\gh soda-a% solution at a d5sity ( #ac ,b41 to br+ all ! liquor up to #e ,b4 at #afj ,f4 ,9 ab\t eighte5 work+ days ! liquor w h accumulat$ consid]able ink & o!r matt]4 ,!n bl[ "o half ( ! liquor1 & re/ore ! quantity = prop] work+4 ,none ( ! soda-a% solution is wa/$1 except su* z falls to dra9 & :at is bl[n out z la/ m5tion$4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is process e c>e mu/ be tak5 to gu>d aga9/ pulp+ be=e ! alkali is wa%$ out4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,blea*+4 ,blea*+ ,op]ation4--,s\r ,blea*+4--,blea*+ ) ,*loride ( ,lime4--,donk9's ,blea* ,mix]4--,blea*+ ) ,*lor9e ,gas 7,glas]'s ,process74--,electrolytic ,blea*+ 7,c4 ,watt's ,process74--,h]mite's ,process4--,&reoli's ,process4--,?ompson's ,process4--,lunge's ,process4--,z9c ,blea* ,liquor4--,alum ,blea* ,liquor4--,new ,me?od ( ,blea*+4 ,blea*+ ,op]ation4--,! half-/uff treat$ 9 ! break+-eng9e is run into ! pot*]1 & ! wat] x conta9s is lift$ out z f> z practicable by ! wa%]2 ! sp5t liquor f ! presses or dra9]s is !n run 9 9 lieu ( wat]1 & z mu* fre% blea*+ liquor z may be requir$ is !n measur$ 91 & 9 f two to six h\rs ! pulp becomes p]fectly :ite4 ,h[ev] well manag$ a mill may be1 says ,mr4 ,arnot1 x is sc>cely possible to avoid hav+ a small residue ( unus$ *lor9e 9 ! liquid :i* dra9s f ! blea*+ /uff4 ,! rule1 !re=e1 is to use ?is liquor 9 ! way above indicat$1 by :i* ! unexhau/$ *lor9e1 op]at+ ^u fre% half-/uff1 becomes available1 & is1 !re=e1 n wa/$4 ,t z little ( ?is residual *lor9e z possible may rema9 9 ! /uff1 ,mr4 ,arnot fur!r obs]ves1 :5 put into ! beat+-eng9e1 p[]ful hydraulic presses are employ$ to compress ! /uff & squeeze out ! liquid4 ,^! presses %\ld be l>ge en\gh to conta9 easily ! :ole cont5ts ( a poa*+-eng9e1 & ( unexceptional workman%ip4 ,! p]=at$ l9+ especially %\ld be c>efully prep>$ & prop]ly secur$4 ,i h se5 mu* tr\ble f neglig5t workman%ip 9 ?is respect4 ,rec5tly ,i exam9$ a numb] ( samples ( press dra9+s1 & f\nd ! unexhau/$ *lor9e to v>y v mu*--f a few gra9s ( blea*+ p[d] p] gallon to ab\t "o ounce4 ,sometimes x is ! practice to p>tly fill ! pot*] ) wat]1 & ! eng9e be+ set 9 motion1 ! half-/uff is gradually introduc$ until ! full *>ge has be5 giv51 & ! /uff is !n wa%$ = "s "t1 aft] :i* ! drum-wa%] is rais$1 & ! blea*+ liquor !n run 91 c>e be+ tak5 t ! necess>y quantity is n exce$$1 o!rwise ! fibre w suff] injury f ! *emical action ( ! blea*+ ag5t4 ,:5 vitriol is employ$ to lib]ate ! hypo*lor\s acid1 ! vitriol1 previ\sly dilut$ ) wat]1 %\ld be plac$ 9 a small lead-l9$ tank 9 su* a position t ! acid liquor may sl[ly trickle into ! eng9e at ! rate ( #a lb4 ( sulphuric acid 9 tw5ty m9utes4 ,z soon z ! blea*+ is complete ! /uff is empti$ into l>ge /one *e/s1 ea* ( :i* w hold ! cont5ts ( two eng9es4 ,on ! bottom ( ^! *e/s are p]=at$ z9c dra9]s1 :ile a simil> dra9] runs up ! back ( ea* *e/4 ,! blea*$ /uff is all[$ to rema9 z long z may be conv5i5t 9 ^! *e/s1 aft] :i* x is remov$ to ! beat+ or ref9+ eng9es4 ,9 "s mills ! blea*+ is effect$ 9 ! break+-eng9e1 :ile at o!r mills ! op]ation is p]=m$ 9 ! beat+-eng9e4 ,9 blea*+ x is consid]$ to be m advantage\s to employ mod]ately /rong liquors r ?an weak] ones1 inasmu* z ! object is effect$ 9 less "t ?an :5 weak] liquors are employ$4 ,an extreme 9 ! opposite direction1 h[ev]1 mu/ be avoid$1 s9ce a v /rong blea* w inevitably cause injury to ! fibre4 ,sometimes ! pot*]s are fitt$ ) /eam-pipes1 9 ord] t ! dilut$ blea*+ liquor may be heat$1 if requir$1 to facilitate ! op]ation4 ,if ! temp]ature be rais$ too high1 h[ev]1 ! effect ^u ! fibre w be at lea/ z injuri\s z if too /rong a blea* 7 employ$4 ,x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t 9 ei!r case1 aft] ! pulp has be5 blea*$ & ! liquor all[$ to run (f1 ! mass has to rema9 "s "t--ev5 if press$ to remove z mu* ( ! liquor z possible--9 direct contact ) ! products result+ f ! decomposition1 & probably "s undecompos$ hypo*lorite also1 :i* w cont9ue _! *emical action ^u ! fibre until remov$ by wa%+1 or neutralis$ by "o or o!r ( ! ag5ts employ$ = ! purpose4 ,s\r ,blea*+4--,:5 ! blea*+ liquor1 aft] act+ ^u ! half-/uff = "s "t1 has become p>tially exhau/$1 dilute sulphuric acid--ab\t "o "p acid to fifte5 p>ts ( wat]--is add$1 :i*1 by lib]at+ hypo*lor\s acid1 ha/5s ! blea*+ consid]ably1 & :5 ! *emical action result+ f ?is treatm5t is ne>ly complete1 ! sp5t liquor is all[$ to dra9 away1 & fre% blea*+ liquor is introduc$1 ! /r5g? be+ regulat$ by ! progress made 9 ! fir/ case1 :i* w dep5d ^u ! "* ( ! fibre treat$4 ,9 ! second application ( ! blea* no acid is us$4 ,:5 sulphuric acid is add$ to ! blea*+ liquor1 z above1 ! process is t]m$ s\r blea*+4 ,sometimes hydro*loric acid is us$ = ?is purpose1 b 9 ei!r case x is necess>y to avoid employ+ ! acid 9 too conc5trat$ a /ate1 or 9 too great a quantity1 o!rwise free *lor9e w be lib]at$1 :i*1 besides be+ injuri\s to ! heal? ( ! workm5 & ! surr\nd+ ma*9]y1 also involves loss1 :ile ! col\r & /r5g? ( ! fibre itself w also be impair$4 ,9 "s mills ! blea*+ is effect$ 9 ! beat+-eng9e1 ! blea*+ liquor be+ pump$ 9 :ile ! ma*9e is 9 motion4 ,respect+ ! "t :i* ! blea*+ op]ation %\ld occupy1 !re appe>s to be "s diff]5ce ( op9ion1 or1 at all ev5ts1 ! practice seems to v>y 9 diff]5t mills1 b !re is1 no d\bt1 an advantage1 s f> z ultimate yield is conc]n$1 9 mod]ately sl[ blea*+ at a mod]ate temp]ature1 inasmu* z !re is less risk ( *emical action ^u ! cellulose itself ?an :5 /rong liquors are us$1 at a high] temp]ature1 ) a view to ha/5 ! op]ation & economise ! blea*+ p[d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,blea*+ ) ,*loride ( ,lime 7,prep>ation ( ! ,blea*+ ,liquor74--,*loride ( lime1 or hypo*lorite ( lime1 commonly call$ blea*+ p[d]1 :5 well prep>$1 conta9s f #cb to #ce p] c5t4 ( active *lor9e4 ,be+ readily decompos$ by ! air1 & also by heat1 ?is sub/ance %\ld always be /or$ 9 a cool & dry place until requir$ = use4 ,a solution ( blea*+ p[d] is g5]ally prep>$ 9 l>ge tanks l9$ ) lead1 :i* are provid$ ) agitators or /irr]s1 s t ! p[d]1 :5 add$ to ! wat]1 may be freely diffus$1 & its active mat]ial dissolv$ 9 ! liquid4 ,a ma*9e1 or blea*-mix]1 manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,bryan ,donk9 & ,co41 ( ,b]mondsey1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj1 :i* is s con/ruct$ t ! /rong blea* liquor does n de/roy x4 ,! device = agitat+ ! cont5ts ( ! tank expla9s ! pr9ciple ( ! ma*9e4 ,to prep>e ! blea*+ liquor1 ab\t lb4 ( *loride ( lime to ea* gallon ( wat] is us$1 :i* yields a liquor at ab\t #f ,t4 ,:5 ! requir$ quantity ( blea*+ p[d] & wat] h be5 introduc$ into ! mix] & suffici5tly agitat$1 ! vessel is all[$ to re/ until ! residue1 :i* *iefly consi/s ( free lime & its c>bonate1 has subsid$1 :5 ! cle> liquor may be run (f = use4 ,:5 all ! cle> liquor has be5 drawn (f ! residue %\ld be wa%$ ) wat]1 & aft] aga9 settl+1 ! wa%+ wat] run (f1 & fre% wat] add$1 ^! wa%+s be+ repeat$ z (t5 z necess>y to remove ! la/ traces ( ! blea*1 z x is te*nically call$4 ,! wa%+ wat]s may be us$ 9 lieu ( wat] 9 ! prep>ation ( fre% blea*+ liquors4 ,9 "s mills ! blea*+ p[d] is mix$ ) f #b to #c times its weight ( wat]2 ! mixture is !n well agitat$ & ! residue aft]w>ds all[$ to settle1 ! cle> solution be+ aft]w>ds drawn (f & ! residue !n wa%$ z be=e4 ,9 ei!r case ! residual matt] is aft]w>ds well dra9$ & !n ca/ aside4 ,! blea*+ liquor is /or$ 9 l>ge tanks ready = use1 f :i* x is )drawn z requir$ by means ( a syphon or o!rwise4 ,blea*+ ) ,*lor9e ,gas 7,glas]'s ,process74--,?is me?od ( blea*+ is n s mu* adopt$ 9 ,engl& z =m]ly1 b has f\nd mu* fav\r 9 ,g]many2 inde$1 )9 ! pa/ few ye>s1 namely1 9 ,m>* #crd1 #ahhj1 a process 0 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,c>l ,glas] = treat+ /raw1 9 :i*1 aft] boil+ ) cau/ic soda z usual1 ! pulp is blea*$ by ! action ( *lor9e gas4 ,! /raw1 aft] be+ sep>at$ f we$s by a slight or sup]ficial pick+1 is cut into pieces ( f to ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! cut /raw is !n plac$ 9 a rot>y boil] = ab\t f\r h\rs1 at a pressure ( ab\t #d to #d atmosph]es1 9 a solution compos$ ( #bi lbs4 ( cau/ic soda at #ga1 & #dh lbs4 ( calc9$ soda at #ij1 r5d]$ cau/ic1 = e #bbj lbs4 ( /raw4 ,aft] boil+1 ! dirty ley is drawn (f1 & ! boil$ /raw subject$ to two wa%+s ) wat]4 ,x is !n convey$ to ! wa%+-eng9e1 :]e x is wa%$ = an h\r2 ! drum ( ! ma*9e %\ld h a sieve or sift]1 ! ap]tures ( :i* are ab\t #fj to ! squ>e in*4 ,! wa%$ /raw is next dri$ by c5trifugal =ce 9 a hydro-extractor1 until x conta9s ab\t #gj p] c5t4 ( wat]1 :i* is necess>y = ! action ( ! *lor9e gas4 ,to effect ?is1 s z to obta9 n v solid or close cakes ( /raw1 ! holes ( ! wire ( ! hydro-extractor %\ld n be m ?an #ej to ! squ>e in*4 ,! cakes ( /raw ?us =m$ are !n expos$ to ! action ( *lor9e 9 lead5 *amb]s ( ! ord9>y k9d1 9 :i* !y are plac$ 9 lay]s ^u hurdles1 or ^u %elves4 ,if ! *lor9e is produc$ by hydro*loric acid1 = e #bbj lbs4 ( unboil$ /raw1 #ea lbs4 ( ! acid at #bj ,b41 & a correspond+ quantity ( #gj p] c5t4 p]oxide ( manganese are us$4 ,aft] ! blea*+ op]ation1 ! acid =m$ is remov$ by wa%+ 9 a wa%+-eng9e4 ,if a complete r$uction ( ! fibres has n be5 effect$ by ! blea*+1 ?is may be complet$ by ! aid ( well-kn[n ma*9es1 & ei!r be=e or subsequ5t to ! aft]-blea*+ !re is us$ = #bbj lbs4 ( /raw ab\t #d lbs4 ( *loride ( lime1 at #ce p] c5t48 ,! pat5tee !n gives ! foll[+ explanation3--,z p9e wood or fir is *emically fre$ f its col\r+ pr9ciple & trans=m$ into fibres z well z cellulose1 ! object ( ! int5se action ( ! *lor9e is to de/roy ! mucilage ( ! /raw1 z well z ! incru/+ matt]s :i* h n be5 de/roy$ by ! boil+ ) cau/ic soda1 & consequ5tly to /rip or expose & op5 ! fibres4 ,x w be readily se5 t ?is process be>s a close resemblance to ,mr4 ,c4 ,watt's wood-pulp process4 ,electrolytic ,blea*+ 7,c4 ,watt1 jun4's1 ,process74--,at ! pres5t "t1 :5 ! means ( obta9+ ! electric curr5t = practical purposes 9 ! arts h s f> exce$$ t :i* w\ld h be5 deem$ probable "s =ty ye>s s9ce1 we f9d t _m +5i\s processes1 :i* 7 f\nd to be unpractical at t "t f ! want ( *eap electrical p[]1 h s9ce reappe>$ 9 ! =m ( pat5t$ inv5tions1 :i* w\ld seem to possess e m]it--b orig9ality4 ,s long ago z ,septemb] #be?1 #ahea1 ! au?or's bro!r1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,watt1 obta9$ a pat5t =1 among/ o!r claims1 decompos+ *lorides ( sodium & potassium1 & ( ! metals ( ! alkal9e e>?s into hypo*lorites by electricity4 ,x may be well to make a few extracts "h f 8 specification 9 ord] t "s ( ! subsequ5t pat5ts1 to :i* we %all ref]1 may be trac$ to :at may1 p]haps1 be consid]$ _! true orig94 ,9 ! specification 9 "q1 ! inv5tor says3--,! ?ird "p ( my inv5tion consi/s ( a mode ( conv]t+ *lorides ( potassium & sodium1 & ( ! metals ( ! alkal9e e>?s1 into hypo*lorites & *lorates1 by means ( a succession ( decompositions 9 ! solution ( ! salt op]at$ ^u1 :5 induc$ by ! ag5cy ( electricity4444 ,electricity fir/ decomposes ! *loride1 ! *lor9e be+ elim9at$ at "o ( ! electrodes1 & ! alkal9e or e>?y metallic base at ! o!r electrode4444 ,! lib]at$ *lor9e w1 :5 x is set free1 comb9e ) a portion ( alkali or alkal9e e>? 9 ! solution1 & a hypo*lorite w be =m$4 ,! hypo*lorite ?us =m$ w1 by ! cont9u$ action ( heat1 be resolv$ p>tly into a *lorate ( ! alkali or alkal9e e>?1 & p>tly into a *loride ( ! metallic base1 & ! *loride w aga9 be subject$ to decomposition1 & a hypo*lorite =m$4444 ,if ,i desire to produce a hypo*lorite ( ! alkali or e>?1 ,i m]ely keep ! vessel w>m 444 & cont9ue ! process until z mu* ( ! sal9e matt] has be5 conv]t$ into a hypo*lorite z may be requir$ = ! purpose to :i* ! solution is to be appli$4 ,?is mode ( =m+ a hypo*lorite ( ! alkalies & alkal9e e>?s may be us$ = prep>+ a ba? = ! purpose ( blea*+ v>i\s k9ds ( goods1 & ! ba? may be /r5g!n$ recup]at$ f "t to "t by ! action ( ! electric curr5t4 ,?us x w be se5 t ?is specification cle>ly describ$ a process by :i* ! *lorides ( sodium & potassium1 & ( ! metals ( ! alkal9e e>?s 7*loride ( magnesium1 = example71 may be conv]t$ into hypo*lorites by electrolysis1 & ! hypo*lorite solution obta9$ us$ = ! purposes ( blea*+4 ,x w\ld appe> difficult to conceive h[ any subsequ5t pat5t = accompli%+ ! same ?+1 & us+ ess5tially ! same means1 c claim orig9ality 9 ! face ( su* prior publication z 0 effect$ by ! usual ,blue-book1 :i* any p]son c buy = eightp5ce4 ,h]mite's ,process4--,! foll[+ description ( ?is process has be5 furni%$ by ! eng9e]s engag$ 9 connection ) ! process to ! ,pap] ,trade ,review3--,briefly describ$1 ! ,h]mite process consi/s 9 manufactur+ a solution ( high blea*+ p[] by electrolys+ an aque\s solution ( magnesium *loride4 ,! salt is decompos$ by ! curr5t at ! same "t z ! wat]4 ,! nasc5t *lor9e1 lib]at$ f ! magnesium *loride1 & ! nasc5t oxyg51 lib]at$ f ! wat]1 unite at ! positive pole1 & produce an un/able oxyg5 comp\nd ( *lor9e ( v high blea*+ p[]4 ,! hydrog5 & magnesium g to ! negative pole2 ?is la/ decomposes ! wat] & =ms magnesium oxide1 :il/ ! hydrog5 is dis5gag$4 ,if 9 ?is liquid col\r$ vegetable fibre is introduc$1 ! oxyg5 comp\nd acts on ! col\r+ matt]1 oxidis+ x4 ,*lor9e comb9es ) ! hydrog5 to =m hydro*loric acid1 :i* f9d+ itself 9 ! pres5ce ( magnesium 9 ! liquid comb9es ) x1 & =ms ! initial *loride ( magnesium4 ,&reoli's ,process4--,?is process consi/s1 av[$ly1 9 blea*+ pulps by means ( hypo*lorite ( sodium1 produc$ by electrolytical decomposition ( a solution ( *loride ( sodium4 ,9 c>ry+ out 8 process1 ,m4 ,&reoli uses z an electrolyte conc5trat$ or non-conc5trat$ sea-wat]1 or a solution ( *loride ( sodium1 ! specific gravity ( :i* v>ies accord+ to ! quality & nature ( ! mat]ials to be treat$4 ,g5]ally ! solution to be electrolys$ works bett] ) a d5sity ( #h to #ab ,b41 b al?\gh salt is *eap1 & ! solution :5 exhau/$ may be reg5]at$ by pass+ an electric curr5t1 ,i always endeav\r to h :5 possible 7sic7 a weak solution1 & ) "s k9ds ( pulp an electrolyte hav+ ! d5sity ( sea-wat] 7#c ,b47 is suffici5tly /rong to blea*4 ,! =ego+ are ! only electrolytic processes = blea*+ fibres t ne$ record+1 & we fancy !re w be little difficulty 9 trac+ ! resemblance betwe5 ! two latt] & ! process ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,watt4 ,?ompson's ,process4--,?is process1 = :i* a pat5t 0 obta9$ on ,febru>y #crd1 #ahhc1 may be ?us briefly describ$3--,9 blea*+ l95 fabrics ! mat]ial is boil$ = ab\t ?ree h\rs 9 a solution ( cyanide ( potassium or sodium--ab\t half an ounce ( ! salt to ea* gallon ( wat]--to remove ! res9\s matt] f ! fibre1 s t ! cellulose may be expos$ to ! action ( ! blea*4 ,! fabric is !n wa%$1 & aga9 boil$ = ?ree h\rs m 9 a simil> solution1 & aft] be+ aga9 wa%$ is ready = blea*+4 ,) cotton ! prelim9>y boil+ is n necess>y1 unless ! mat]ial is greasy1 9 :i* case a solution ( half ! /r5g? & two h\rs' boil+ is suffici5t4 ,9 ord9>y cases cotton is n boil$ at all1 b is simply wa%$ 9 cold wat] & squeez$4 ,9 blea*+1 all vegetable fibres are treat$ 9 ! same way1 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9 po9t ( "t4 ,! cotton or l951 aft] be+ treat$ z describ$1 is !n pil$ some:at loosely 9 an air-tight vessel1 #i lbs4 ( clo? to ! cubic foot ( space be+ consid]$ suffici5t4 ,! vessel is !n fill$ ) a weak solution ( blea*+ liquor1 consi/+ ( ab\t "o ounce ( dry blea*+ p[d] to ea* gallon ( wat]4 ,aft] ! vessel has be5 fill$1 ! liquor is imm$iately run out1 & is replac$ by an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid1 :i* quickly lib]ates ! *lor9e on ! fibre1 & ?us decomposes ! wat]1 unit+ ) ! hydrog5 & lib]at+ ! oxyg51 ! result ( :i*1 is to blea* ! fibre or fabric4 ,9 ab\t an h\r ! :ole ( ! blea*+ liquor 9 ! fibre w h be5 ?us decompos$1 & ?is op]ation mu/ be repeat$ until ! mat]ial is ( ! prop] :it5ess to be )drawn f ! action ( ! *lor9e4 ,! mat]ial is !n wa%$ & squeez$4 ,*lor9e1 h[ev]1 always leaves ^! mat]ials ( a yell[i% :ite4 ,to remove ?is t9t1 ! mat]ial is pass$ ?r\gh a solution ( oxalic acid--ab\t #b oz4 to ! gallon--squeez$ z x passes out ( ?is solution1 & !n pass$ ?r\gh ano!r solution made by dissolv+ gra9 ( trie?yl rose anil9e to ! gallon ( wat]1 or #bj gra9s ( indigo1 z may be pref]r$4 ,to ?is solution oxalic acid is add$ until x becomes ( an opaque b bright turquoise blue4 ,! mat]ial1 aft] wa%+1 is !n :ite4 ,! pat5t describes & illu/rates ! app>atus to be us$ 9 conjunction ) c]ta9 p>ts ( exi/+ app>atus us$ 9 blea*+4 ,lunge's ,process4--,9 ?is process acetic acid is us$ 9 place ( hydro*loric or sulphuric acids1 etc41 to set free ! *lor9e or hypo*lor\s acid1 9 ! ord9>y me?od ( blea*+ ) hypo*lorite ( lime1 or blea*+ p[d]1 :i*1 ! inv5tor says1 comb9es all ! advantages ( ! mat]ials =m]ly employ$1 )\t any ( _! drawbacks4444 ,! price is no imp$im5t1 = a m9imal quantity is suffici5t1 ! same be+ reg5]at$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,at fir/ acetic acid & *loride ( lime decompose into calcium acetate & free hypo*lor\s acid4 ,9 ! blea*+ process ! latt] yields its oxyg51 hydro*loric acid be+ =m$4 ,! latt] in/antly acts ^u ! calcium acetate2 calcium *loride is =m$ & acetic acid is reg5]at$1 :i* decomposes a fre% quantity ( *loride ( lime1 & s =?4 ,consequ5tly ! smalle/ quantity ( acetic acid suffices = splitt+ up any am\nt ( *loride ( lime4444 ,! hydro*loric acid =m$ is nev] pres5t 9 ! free /ate1 z x in/antly acts ^u ! calcium acetate4 ,?is is v important1 s9ce hydro*loric acid weak5s ! fibre by prolong$ contact1 :il/ acetic acid is q h>mless4 ,s9ce !re are no insoluble calcium salts pres5t1 ! op]ation ( 's\r+' aft] blea*+ is q unnecess>y2 ?is n m]ely saves ! exp5se ( acid1 & ( ! subsequ5t wa%+ ( ! fabrics1 b x also avoids ! dang]1 especially pres5t 9 ! case ( /\t fabrics1 ( leav+ "s ( ! acid 9 ! /uff1 :i* conc5trates on dry+ & weak5s ! fibre2 x may also prove injuri\s 9 subsequ5t dye+ op]ations4 ,b 9 ! new process no free acid is pres5t except acetic acid1 :i* has no action ^u fibre1 ev5 9 its conc5trat$ /ate & at a high temp]ature4 ,! acetic acid may be employ$ 9 v>i\s ways1 includ+ ! foll[+3--,a small quantity ( ! acid may be add$ f ! fir/ to ! blea*+ liquor2 or ! fabric1 aft] be+ treat$ 9 ! ord9>y way ) a solution ( ! blea*+ p[d]1 may be /eep$1 )\t previ\s wa%+1 9 wat] conta9+ a little acetic acid2 or ! fabric may be /eep$ 9 wat] acidulat$ ) acetic acid1 & blea*+ liquor aft]w>ds run 9 sl[ly & gradually1 ) cont9u\s agitation 9 ! usual way4 ,9 ! case ( h>d wat]1 or ( impure blea*+ liquors1 a good deal ( ! acetic acid w\ld be consum$ 9 neutralis+ ! lime2 9 ?is case1 "s hydro*loric or sulphuric acid may be add$1 b only suffici5t = ! purpose1 s t no acid b hypo*lor\s or acetic acid exi/s 9 ! free /ate4 ,! process is applicable to ! blea*+ ( vegetable fibres1 :e!r spun or 9 ! unspun /ate1 & = blea*+ pap] pulp made f rags1 wood1 /raw1 esp>to1 etc4 ,besides acetic acid1 any o!r weak organic acid ( an analog\s nature may be us$4 ,z9c ,blea* ,liquor4--,/rong acids are (t5 objectionable = lib]at+ *lor9e f blea*+ p[d]1 & especially 9 blea*+ "s classes ( pap] pulp4 ,if a solution ( sulphate ( z9c be add$ to "o ( blea*+ p[d]1 sulphate ( lime is precipitat$1 & ! z9c hypo*lorite =m$ at once splits up into z9c oxide & a solution ( free hypo*lor\s acid4 ,*loride ( z9c acts simil>ly2 = a saturat$ solution ( z9c 9 hydro*loric acid decomposes z mu* blea*+ p[d] z half its weight ( conc5trat$ oil ( vitriol4--,v>r5trapp4 ,consequ5tly z9c salts c be employ$ 9 place ( sulphuric acid1 & ?us blea* ! pap] pulp v quickly4 ,:5 ?is mixture is employ$ 9 blea*+ pulp1 ! precipitat$ sulphate ( lime result+ f ! reaction & also ! oxide ( z9c =m$1 rema9 9 ! pulp1 & s]ve z load+ mat]ials4 ,alum ,blea* ,liquor4--,orioli#ai recomm5d$ = use1 9 pap]-mills especially1 a blea* liquor made by decompos+ equival5t quantities ( a solution ( *loride ( lime & sulphate ( alum9a1 =m]ly kn[n z ,wilson's ,blea* ,liquor4 ,sulphate ( lime is precipitat$1 & hypo*lorite ( alum9ium rema9s 9 solution2 ?is be+ a v un/able salt c be appli$ = blea*+ )\t ! addition ( an acid1 splitt+ up into alum9ium *loride & active oxyg54 ,consequ5tly ! liquid always rema9s neutral1 & ! difficulty caus$ by ! ob/9ate ret5tion ( free acid 9 ! fibre1 by :i* x is /rongly act$ ^u 9 dry+1 9 ?is case does n exi/4 ,! alum9ium *loride also acts z an antiseptic1 s t ! pap] /ock may be kept = _m mon?s )\t und]go+ f]m5tation or o!r decomposition4 ,! solution is all[$ to act = ab\t t5 m9utes 9 ! eng9e4--,lunge4 ,new ,me?od ( ,blea*+4--,"y's ,p>aff9 ,oil ,company h rec5tly introduc$ :at !y t]m an int]m$iate oil = pap]-mak+1 to be us$ ) alkali 9 ! boil+ ( rags & esp>to1 = ! purpose ( increas+ ! blea*+ p[] ( ! p[d]1 & produc+ a s(t] pulp1 at ! same "t hav+ no smell4 ,sev]al well-kn[n pap]-mak]s h tri$1 & speak fav\rably ( x4 ,! quantity ( oil to be add$ to ! cau/ic v>ies = diff]5t /ock1 b may be said to av]age ab\t #a gallon p] ton4#bj ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,beat+ ,,or ,,ref9+4 ,beat+4--,mr4 ,dunb>'s ,obs]vations on ,beat+4--,mr4 ,arnot on ,beat+ ,eng9es4--,mr4 ,wyatt on ,am]ican ,ref9+-,eng9es4--,! ,beat+ ,eng9e4--,=bes' ,beat+-,eng9e4--,umph]/on's ,beat+ ,eng9e4--,op]ation ( ,beat+4--,te/ = ,*lor9e4--,bl5d+4 ,beat+4--,"o ( ! mo/ important op]ations 9 ! manufacture ( fir/-class pap] is t ( beat+1 by :i* ! half-/uff becomes r$uc$ to a f9e /ate ( division1 & ! fibres :i*1 9 ! condition ( half-/uff1 are m or less loosely held toge!r 9 a clott$ /ate1 become sep>at$1 & are ?us put into a condition 9 :i* !y w int]tw9e ) ea* o!r1 or felt1 z x is t]m$1 :5 submitt$ to ! vibratory motion ( ! wire-clo? ( ! pap] ma*9e4 ,! beat+-eng9e1 or beat]1 z x is commonly call$1 mu* resembles 9 con/ruction ! wa%+- & break+-eng9e1 b s9ce x is requir$ to /ill fur!r r$uce ! pulp to a condition suitable = pap]-mak+1 ! knives ( ?is eng9e are m num]\s & are made to revolve m rapidly4 ,9 ?is eng9e ! half-/uff is cleans$ f blea*1 hydro*loric or sulphuric acid--:i*ev] acid may h be5 us$ 9 ! blea*+--*loride ( calcium1 & ! v>i\s products result+ f ! decomposition ( ! *loride ( lime4 ,9 ?is eng9e1 also1 ! load+1 siz+1 & col\r+ mat]ials are work$ up ) ! pulp1 & ! /uff fully prep>$ = its f9al transf] direct to ! pap]-ma*9e4 ,be=e describ+ ! v>i\s =ms ( beat+-eng9es :i* h be5 f "t to "t introduc$1 includ+ "s ( ! mo/ rec5t types1 to :i* special att5tion w be drawn1 we purpose quot+ "s obs]vations ( well-kn[n exp]ts 9 pap] manufacture :i* w be read ) int]e/1 s9ce !y fully expla9 ! importance t atta*es to ! prop] manipulation ( ! beat+-eng9e = ! production ( pap] ( high quality4 ,mr4 ,dunb>'s ,obs]vations on ,beat+4--,!re is no op]ation ( ! pap]-mill t requires m c>eful att5tion & exp]i5c$ judgm5t ?an t ( beat+1 or ref9+1 to br+ ! pulp to ! f9e/ possible condition = pap]-mak+2 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 ,mr4 ,dunb> urges1 none b ?or\ghly effici5t m5 %\ld be employ$1 = x is "h t ! pap] is really made--t is1 ! quality ( ! pap] produc$ at ! pap]-ma*9e w be 9 proportion to ! treatm5t ! mat]ial has receiv$2 & if ! half-/uff s5t to ! beat+-eng9es is n subject$ to judici\s manipulation & c>eful prep>ation = ! special pap] to be made1 all future doctor+ w prove unsatisfactory4 ,mr4 ,arnot on ,beat+ ,eng9es4--,on ?is subject ,mr4 ,arnot says3--,^u ! managem5t ( ! beat+-eng9e ! "* ( ! pap] produc$ l>gely dep5ds4 ,:at is want$ is n a m9c+ or gr9d+ ( ! fibre1 b a draw+ out or sep>ation ( ! fibres "o f ano!r2 9 fact1 ! "n ( ! ma*9e indicates pretty accurately ! nature ( ! action requir$--beat+4 ,long1 f9e fibres c only be produc$ obta9$ by keep+ ! roll slightly up (f ! b$-plate1 & giv+ x "t to d ! "w4 ,%>p action betwe5 ! roll & ! b$-plate w1 no d\bt1 make spe$y "w ( ! fibre1 b ! result w be %ort p>ticles ( fibre only1 :i* w n int]lace to make a /rong felt4 ,inde$1 ! action ,i ref] to w r$uce ! long1 /rong fibre ( l95 to little bett] ?an t ( wood or /raw4 ,practice & c>eful obs]vation c alone make a good beat]-man1 & = ! f9] classes ( pap] none b c>eful1 exp]i5c$ m5 %\ld be entru/$ ) ! managem5t ( ! beat+-eng9e4 ,sometimes ! op]ation is conduct$ 9 two successive eng9es1 ! fir/ be+ call$ ! int]m$iate beat]1 b ,i h hi!rto fail$ to see :]e9 ! advantage ( ?is sy/em lies4 ,! "t usually occupi$ 9 beat+ esp>to = pr9t+-pap] is ab\t f\r h\rs1 :ile = rags ! "t may v>y f f\r to twelve h\rs1 or ev5 m4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! rags !mselves1 & ! purposes to :i* !y are to be appli$4 ,mr4 ,wyatt on ,am]ican ,ref9+-,eng9es4--,ref]r+ to ! eng9es adopt$ 9 ,am]ica1 ,mr4 ,wyatt says3--,!re are v>i\s modifications ( ! orig9al ,jordan1 ! pr9cipal ones be+ ! ,m>%all1 ,jeff]s1 & improv$ ,jordan2 b ,i ga!r$ t exp]i5ce proves ! ,jordan type to be ! mo/ practical & effici5t 9 ! end1 & is "o ( ! mo/ g5]ally us$4 ,"o ,jordan is requir$ = ea* ma*9e1 ref9+ all ! /uff suppli$ to x4 ,! roll1 or plug1 runs f #cej to #djj revolutions p] m9ute1 ! horse-p[] consum$ v>y+ f #be to #dj horse-p[] accord+ to ! "w done1 & an eng9e w d up to #a1jjj lbs4 ( pulp p] h\r4 ,! "t sav$ 9 ! beat+-eng9e by ! use ( ! ,jordan is j ab\t "o-?ird ( :at w\ld o!rwise be necess>y1 t is to say1 pulp requir+ o!rwise six h\rs beat+ only takes f\r h\rs if f9i%$ 9 ! ,jordan4 ,! half-beat5 pulp is empti$ into a /uff-*e/1 & ! ,jordan is furni%$ ) a small /uff-pump & s]vice-box1 j z at ! pap]-ma*9e :at ! ,jordan does n take fl[s back aga9 into ! *e/3 ! pulp f ! ,jordan is run into ! ord9>y ma*9e /uff-*e/s4 ,! f9i%$ pulp c be tak5 f ! ,jordan at ?ree diff]5t levels f ! circumf]5ce ( ! roll1 or plug4 ,if ! pulp is want$ 'free1' x is drawn f ! bottom ( ! eng9e2 if want$ 'wet1' or well greas$1 x is drawn f ! top2 & if m$ium f ! c5tre4 ,! ,beat+-,eng9e4--,! ord9>y =m ( beat] consi/s ( a ca/-iron tr\gh #ac feet #f in*es long #f feet #f in*es wide1 & ! bottom is di%-%ap$1 s z to prev5t ! pulp f lodg+1 :i* w\ld inevitably be ! case if ! bottom 7 flat1 z ! pulp w\ld be apt to lodge 9 ! angles =m$ by ! junction ( ! bottom ) ! v]tical walls ( ! tr\gh4 ,! iron tr\gh is fitt$ ) a ca/-iron roll1 #c feet #f in*es #c feet #f in*es1 :i* is provid$ ) #fi roll-b>s1 or knives1 arrang$ 9 #bc gr\ps ( #c b>s ea*2 ?is roll is susp5d$ ^u a malleable iron %aft #e in*es 9 diamet]1 re/+ ^u side lev]s2 suitable ge>+ is atta*$ by :i* ! roll c be lift$ or l[]$ at w1 ! action be+ uni=mly equal on bo? sides1 by :i* ! knives ( ! roll are kept uni=m ) ^? ( ! b$-plate b5ea?4 ,! b$-plate1 furni%$ ) #bj /eel knives1 ( ! same l5g? z ! roll1 is plac$ imm$iately b5ea? ! roll4 ,:5 ! knives ( ! b$-plate are /raight !y are fitt$ into ! plate-box at an angle1 b 9 "s cases !y are b5t at a slight angle1 :5 !y are t]m$ elb[ plates4 ,!re h be51 h[ev]1 _m improvem5ts 9 ! beat+-eng9e introduc$ ( late ye>s1 "s ( :i* are ( consid]able importance1 & to "s ( ^! we w n[ direct att5tion4 ,al?\gh our own manufactur]s h introduc$ improvem5ts 9 beat]s :i* h be5 fully recognis$ by ! trade1 ! ,am]ican eng9e]s h n be5 beh9dh& 9 devis+ modifications :i* appe> to h "s important advantages4 ,! ,jordan beat]1 :i* has be5 ext5sively adopt$ 9 ! ,/ates1 consi/s ( a roll 9 ! =m ( a truncat$ cone1 furni%$ ) knives 9 ! usual way2 ?is revolves 9 a box ( a simil> =m1 fitt$ ) knives 9 ! direction ( its l5g?1 b at slightly diff]5t angles4 ,9 ?is eng9e ! /uff ent]s at ! n>r[ end ?r\gh a box hav+ an arrangem5t :i* regulates its fl[1 & ! pulp is dis*>g$ by sev]al op5+s 9 ! cov] at ! wid] end4 ,9 an eng9e inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,k+sl& !re is a circul> *amb] furni%$ ) knives cov]+ its sides2 betwe5 ?is is a circul> plate1 also fitt$ ) knives1 :i* revolves4 ,! /uff ent]s ?r\gh a pipe 9 ! c5tre ( "o ( ! sides ( ! *amb]1 & fl[s out ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! opposite side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,=bes' ,beat+ ,eng9e4--,?is eng9e1 an illu/ration ( :i* is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ba1 is manufactur$ by ,b]trams1 ,limit$1 ( ,/4 ,ka!r9e's ,works1 ,ed9burgh4 ,! eng9e has ?ree *amb]s1 two rolls1 & a mix+ :eel2 ! rolls1 only "o ( :i* is uncov]$ 9 ! engrav+1 are fix$ 9 ! out] *annels1 & ! mix+ :eel is plac$ 9 ! middle *annel4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! pulp fl[s alt]nately into ! two out] *annels1 & aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! rolls aga9 x ent]s ! c5tre *annel at ! opposite end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,umph]/on's ,beat+ ,eng9e4--,?is eng9e1 = :i* a pat5t 0 grant$ 9 #ahhj1 has be5 successfully adopt$ at ! ,daily ,*ronicle & o!r mills1 & pres5ts sev]al important advantages1 "o ( ! *ief be+ t x occupies mu* less gr\nd space ?an ord9>y beat+-eng9es4 ,inde$1 we h he>d x rem>k$ ( ?is eng9e t x w d d\ble ! am\nt ( "w 9 ! same gr\nd space z ! ord9>y eng9e1 & ?is1 9 "s mills1 w\ld be a decid$ advantage4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is beat]1 a draw+ ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb1 is ?us describ$ by ! pat5tee3--,9 ! common & almo/ univ]sal =m ( eng9es us$ = prep>+ pulp = pap]-mak+1 ! pulp travels horizontally 9 a tr\gh ) semi-circul> ends1 & /raight sides1 p>tly divid$ longitud9ally by a p>tition call$ ! midfea!r1 ar\nd :i* ! pulp fl[s f ! back ( ! roll to its front1 :]e x passes "u ! roll & ov] ! bottom work+-plate1 & is aga9 deliv]$ ov] ! back fall to pass aga9 r\nd ! midfea!r to ! front ( ! roll4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! repeat$ revolutions "p ( ! pulp ne> ! circumf]5ce ( ! tub has mu* f>!r to travel ?an ! "p ne> ! midfea!r1 & consequ5tly is n s (t5 op]at$ ^u1 & ! pulp is ?us unequally treat$4 ,z an improvem5t ^u ?is =m ( tub1 ,i make x s t ! pulp passes f ! back ( ! roll to its front ?r\gh a longitud9al passage "u ! back fall1 ! pulp ?us mov+ z ?r\gh an inv]t$ syphon1 ! sup]9cumb5t weight ( ! semi-fluid pulp1 z deliv]$ ov] ! back fall ( ! roll1 press+ x along ?is passage & upw>ds1 to ent] aga9 9 front ( ! roll4 ,! roll ,a1 bottom plate ,b1 & ! =m ( ! back fall ,c1 are simil> to ^? ( ord9>y eng9es1 b ! tr\gh is =m$ ) ! passage ,d "u ! bottom plate ,b1 s t ! semi-fluid cont5ts ( ! eng9e1 9 travell+ f ! back fall ,c to ! front ( ! roll ,a1 pass by means ( ! passage ,d "u ! bottom plate ,b 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[s1 ! sup]9cumb5t weight ( ! semi-fluid pulp1 z x is deliv]$ ov] ! back fall ,c at ! back ( ! roll ,a1 press+ x along ! "u passage ,d & upw>ds to ! front ( ! roll ,a4 ,! position ( a drum-wa%] is %[n at ,e1 & at ,f is se5 a section ( ! cross %aft = rais+ or l[]+ bo? ends ( ! roll ,a simultane\sly2 ,g is ! roll cov]1 :i* may be ( any usual =m4 ,by ?is inv5tion ! semi-fluid pulp is act$ ^u 9 a m effective mann]1 & its p>ticles are also m equally treat$ ?an has hi!rto be5 ! case4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! beat+-eng9es are usually driv5 f a sep>ate eng9e1 b ,messrs4 ,b]trams h introduc$ a sy/em ( direct driv+ = ^! eng9es by :i*1 x is said1 !re is a consid]able sav+ 9 p[]4 ,! accompany+ engrav+s1 ,figs4 #bc & #bd1 %[ a s]ies ( eight beat]s1 ea* c>ry+ #cjj lbs4 ( pulp1 driv5 by "o ( _! comp\nd direct-driv+ /eam-eng9es1 & n[ be+ work$ at ! ,=? ,pap] ,mills4 ,op]ation ( ,beat+4--,hav+ ref]r$ to "s ( ! m important improvem5ts connect$ ) ! beat+-eng9es1 we w proce$ to expla9 ! op]ation ( beat+ z briefly z possible4 ,! blea*$ half-/uff is remov$ f ! tray ( ! press 9 cak$ masses1 & 9 ?is condition is convey$ 9 trucks or boxes to ! beat+-eng9e4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be att5d$ to is ! removal ( ! la/ traces ( *lor9e f ! pulp1 :i*1 if n effectually done1 w\ld cause injury to ! size1 & also corrode ! /ra9] plates & wire-gauze ( ! pap]-ma*9e4 ,x is possible to wa% out ! *lor9e by an abundant application ( pure wat]1 b ?is me?od ( remov+ ! *lor9e is v t$i\s & occupies a long "t1 :ile x also involves ! use ( enorm\s quantities ( wat]--a s]i\s consid]ation 9 "s mills2 to ?is may be add$ ! /ill m important fact t by ! me?od ( wa%+ out ! *lor9e a consid]able loss ( fibre takes place4 ,! plan mo/ usually adopt$ is to neutralise ! *lor9e left 9 ! pulp by ! application ( suitable *emical ag5ts1 :]eby ! *lor9e is r5d]$ in]t4 ,^! ag5ts1 te*nically t]m$ anti*lors1 are sometimes object$ to1 h[ev]1 al?\gh !y are 9 !mselves practically h>mless s f> z _! action ^u cellulose is conc]n$4 ,mr4 ,arnot1 :o has consid]$ ?is subject v ?or\ghly1 says3--,i d n ?9k !re is mu* 9 ?is objection1 z ^? ag5ts t are soluble pass ?r\gh ! wire ( ! ma*9e almo/ completely1 :ile ^? t are insoluble are 9 ! f9e/ possible /ate ( division & pe>ly :ite4 ,! *emical ag5t mo/ l>gely us$ is hyposulphite ( soda1 b hyposulphite ( lime is also employ$1 & ^? ag5ts1 kn[n by ! "n ( 'anti*lor1' are put into ! eng9e 9 su* a quantity z w ensure ! neutralisation ( ! :ole ( ! *lor9e4 ,! products ( ! reaction1 :5 ! soda salts are us$1 are *loride ( sodium 7common salt7 & sulphate ( soda 7,glaub]'s salt71 &1 :5 ! lime salt is us$1 *loride ( calcium & sulphate ( lime1 ! latt] id5tical ) ! pe>l h>d5+ s well kn[n z a load+ ag5t4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t little or no h>m c possibly occur ei!r to ! fibre or ! metal "w ( ! ma*9e by ! employm5t ( ! neutralis+ ag5ts nam$1 & :5 x is borne 9 m9d t ! simple wa%+ ( ! pulp w\ld occupy ! beat+-eng9e = a l5g!n$ p]iod & exhau/ a consid]able quantity ( wat]--:i*1 z we h said1 w\ld 9 "s mills be a s]i\s matt]--! adoption ( ! neutralis+ me?od w\ld und\bt$ly h ! pref]5ce4 ,! eng9e1 be+ p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 is set 9 motion1 & ! blea*$ half-/uff introduc$ 9 small quantities at a "t1 ea* portion be+ all[$ to become ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! wat] be=e ! next bat* is add$4 ,! *>g+ ( ! beat] ) half-/uff is kept up until ! mass becomes s ?ick t x w only j move 9 ! tr\gh "u ! action ( ! revolv+ roll4 ,if ! beat] is ( ! old] type1 portions ( ! pulp are liable to lodge 9 corn]s1 to remove :i* ! beat]-man uses a wood5 paddle1 ) :i* tool he also pu%es ! sl[ly mov+ pulp 9 ! direction ( ! roll1 especially :5 ! /iff mass appe>s to move too sl[ly4 ,at ?is /age ! neutralisation ( ! *lor9e 9 ! pulp is effect$1 :i* is done by add+ a solution ( hyposulphite ( soda1 a little at a "t1 until ! liquor ceases to r$d5 blue litmus pap]1 /rips ( :i* %\ld be dipp$ into ! pulp e few m9utes until ! pap] p]si/5tly reta9s its blue col\r4 ,?is op]ation %\ld be conduct$ ) great c>e1 s z to exactly neutralise ! traces ( *lor9e )\t add+ an excess ( ! hyposulphite ( soda4 ,besides ?is salt1 o!r sub/ances are us$ z anti*lors1 z1 = example1 hyposulphite ( lime1 :i* is prep>$ by boil+ milk ( lime 7slack$ lime made into a ?9 mixture ) wat]7 & fl\r ( sulphur 9 an iron vessel until ! latt] is dissolv$1 :51 aft] cool+ & settl+1 ! result+ solution1 :i* is ( an orange-yell[ col\r1 is ready = use4 ,"o great objection to ! use ( hyposulphite ( lime1 h[ev]1 is t :5 decompos$ by ! *loride ( lime rema9+ 9 ! pulp sulphur is set free1 :i*1 m+l+ ) pulp1 w imp>t to x a yell[ t9t2 besides ?is1 9 pass+ ov] ! dry+ cyl9d]s ( ! ma*9e ! sulphur pres5t 9 ! pap] may attract oxyg5 f ! air1 conv]t+ x into sulphuric acid1 :i* mu/ inevitably prove injuri\s to ! manufactur$ pap]4 ,sulphite ( soda has also be5 us$ z an anti*lor1 & is said to be pref]able to hyposulphite ( soda1#ba inasmu* z ! latt] salt is liable to decompose ) ! lib]ation ( free acid1 :i* is n ! case ) ! sulphite ( soda4 ,te/ = ,*lor9e4--,in/ead ( rely+ solely ^u ! litmus pap] te/ :5 apply+ ! anti*lor1 ! foll[+ te/ = *lor9e may also be us$ ) advantage3--,take #b dra*ms 7#abj gra9s7 ( :ite />*1 & make x into a pa/e ) a little cold wat]2 !n p\r ov] x ab\t half a p9t ( boil+ wat]1 /irr+ briskly2 to ?is add #a dra*m ( iodide ( potassium1 & /ir until dissolv$ & well incorporat$ ) ! />* solution4 ,! mixture is !n to be all[$ to cool1 :5 x is ready = use4 ,a few drops ( ?is mixture dropp$ ^u a small sample ( ! pulp w indicate if any *lor9e be pres5t by ! spot assum+ a blue col\r2 if su* be n ! case1 ! pulp may be consid]$ free f *lor9e4 ,dur+ ! beat+1 ! roll1 :i* %\ld make n less ?an #bbj revolutions p] m9ute1 is l[]$1 a little at a "t1 s t ! cutt+ edges ( ! b>s & plate may be br\ght toge!r gradually & equally until ! pulp is r$uc$ to ! desir$ condition4 ,! pulp is made long or %ort accord+ to ! quality ( pap] to be produc$2 news pap]s1 :i* require /r5g?1 are made ( long-fibr$ pulp1 :ile writ+ pap]1 or pap] ( f9e texture1 is made ( %ort] pulp4 ,! /uff %\ld be :at is call$ mell[$ 9 ! eng9e1 :i* is effect$ by a judici\s work+ ( ! roll1 n l[]+ x sudd5ly b gradually1 & n mu* at "o "t1 on ! plate1 until ! pulp atta9s ! f95ess requir$4 ,?is is g5]ally arriv$ at 9 ab\t ?ree & a half to f\r h\rs1 ?\gh sometimes ! beat+ ( pulp f rags is cont9u$ = m ?an d\ble t "t4 ,x %\ld be add$ t if ! cutt+ edges ( ! roll & plate are br\ght toge!r sudd5ly & too closely1 ! fibre w be cut1 & z a consequ5ce ! pap] produc$ w be t5d]4 ,esp>to1 :i*1 9 ! process ( boil+ becomes r$uc$ to su* a s(t condition t ! fibres may be readily sep>at$ by ! f+]s1 does n require su* excessive beat+ z rags2 inde$1 ! p]fect dis9tegration ( ! fibres ( esp>to is practically accompli%$ 9 ab\t half ! "t occupi$ by rags1 & (t5 mu* less1 b ?is ( c\rse dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! esp>to itself & ^u ! ?or\ghness ( ! boil+4 ,wood pulps also require b mod]ate beat+1 s9ce ! process ( dis9tegration is g5]ally pretty effectually accompli%$ by ! processes to :i* ! raw mat]ial is subject$ 9 ! c\rse ( manufacture into half-/uff1 :i* is ! condition 9 :i* ?is pap] mat]ial is furni%$ to ! manufactur]4 ,bl5d+4--,to produce pap]s ( ! diff]5t qualities requir$ by ! trade1 a sy/em ( bl5d+ is adopt$1 :i* may be effect$--7#a7 by mix+ ! mat]ials 9 ! raw /ate1 or ! rags1 previ\s to boil+2 & 7#b7 bl5d+ ! half-/uff 9 ! beat+-eng9e4 ,! latt] me?od1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally pref]r$4 ,sometimes1 also1 pulps ( diff]5t "* are beat5 sep>ately & !n mix$ 9 ! /uff-*e/s1 :]e !y are mix$ z ?or\ghly z possible be=e pass+ on to ! ma*9e1 b ?is me?od w\ld be less likely to ensure a p]fect mixture ( ! respective pulps ?an w\ld be effect$ ) prop] c>e 9 ! beat]4 ,! proportions ( ! sev]al mat]ials to be bl5d$ is also a matt] ( important consid]ation4 ,9 bl5d+ esp>to ) rag /uff1 if ! =m] be 9 excess x becomes r$uc$ to ! prop] condition be=e ! latt] is suffici5tly f9e1 :i* causes ! rag fibre to appe> 9 knots & ?reads 9 ! manufactur$ pap]4 ,b if ! rag /uff be all[$ to pr$om9ate1 ! beat+ is conduct$ z ?\gh no esp>to 7 pres5t1 by :i*1 :ile ! rag /uff becomes r$uc$ to ! prop] l5g? ( fibre1 ! esp>to1 :i* is /ill fur!r r$uc$1 9 m+l+ ) ! long] fibre ( ! rags =ms :at is call$ a close pap]4 ,mr4 ,dunb>1 9 8 useful little "w1 ,! ,practical ,pap]-mak]1 furni%es a s]ies ( receipts = bl5d+ = high-class pap]s1 z also ! proportions ( col\r+ matt] to be us$1 :i* ! read] w d well to consult4 ,= news pap]s1 esp>to & /raw pulps are g5]ally us$1 9 v>y+ proportions accord+ to ! nature & quality ( ! esp>to2 ^! proportions h to be regulat$ accord+ to ! judgm5t ( ! pap]-mak]1 & v>y greatly at diff]5t mills4 ,a l>ge quantity ( sulphite & o!r wood pulps are also us$1 ^? com+ f ,sc&9avia & ,g]many be+ especially suit$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! ,engli% manufactur]4 ,me*anical wood pulp is also us$ 9 a mod]ate degree--sometimes up to #ae p] c5t41 9 "s ,engli% mills1 b x is said t 9 ,g]many ?is pap] /ock is sometimes us$ to ! ext5t ( #ij p] c5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,load+4--,,siz+4--,,col\r+4 ,load+4--,siz+4--,fr5* ,me?od ( ,prep>+ ,eng9e ,size4--,z9c ,soaps 9 ,siz+4--,col\r+4--,animal or ,tub-,siz+4--,prep>ation ( ,animal ,size4--,am]ican ,me?od ( ,siz+4--,ma*9e-,siz+4--,d\ble-siz$ ,pap]4--,mr4 ,wyatt's ,rem>ks on ,siz+4 ,load+4--,! v f9e/ qualities ( pap] are usually made )\t ! addition ( any load+1 z x is call$1 b = mo/ o!r pap]s m or less load+ mat]ial is add$1 accord+ to ! quality ( pap] to be produc$4 ,! load+ mat]ial us$ = ord9>y qualities is kaol91 or *9a clay1 & = ! bett] qualities sulphate ( lime or pe>l h>d5+1 z x is t]m$ 9 ! trade4 ,*9a clay1 z x occurs 9 comm]ce1 is 9 ! =m ( s(t lumps & p[d]1 is ne>ly :ite1 & :5 rubb$ betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb %\ld pres5t no h>d p>ticles ( gritty matt]4 ,to prep>e x = mix+ ) ! pulp x is fir/ work$ up into a ?9 cream ) wat]1 :i* is usually done 9 a vessel furni%$ ) an agitat+ arrangem5t by :i* ! clay becomes intimately mix$ ) ! wat]4 ,! cream is !n /ra9$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve to sep>ate any impurities pres5t1 & is !n all[$ to fl[ into ! beat+-eng9e conta9+ ! /uff :ile 9 motion1 by :i* x soon becomes m+l$ ) ! pulp4 ,! proportion ( *9a clay or o!r load+ mat]ial :i* is to be introduc$ into ! pulp dep5ds ^u ! quality ( ! fibre & ! requirem5ts ( ! manufactur]1 "s mak]s us+ less ( ! mat]ial ?an o!rs4 ,f #c p] c5t4 to #aj or #ae p] c5t4 appe>s to be ab\t ! extreme range = employ+ ! mat]ial z a necess>y +r$i5t1 9 ! production ( v>i\s classes ( pap]1 above :i* figures ! addition ( load+ mat]ial may be consid]$ z an adult]ation4 ,sometimes ne>ly twice ! l>ge/ am\nt nam$ is employ$1 no d\bt to meet ! exig5ces ( ke5 competition--f =eign s\rces especially4 ,"o effect ( ! load+1 :e!r x be *9a clay or sulphate ( lime1 is to close ! pores ( ! pap]1 :]eby a smoo!r surface is obta9$1 :ile at ! same "t1 if ! mat]ial has be5 us$ 9 proportions suit$ to ! quality ( ! fibre1 & n 9 immod]ate excess1 a /rong] pap] is produc$4 ,a species ( asbe/os t]m$ agalite has be5 introduc$ z a load+ mat]ial1 & s9ce x has a fibr\s texture1 x bl5ds ) ! fibres ( ! pulp1 =m+1 z x 71 a vegeto-m9]al pap]4 ,x is /at$ t z mu* z #ij p] c5t4 ( ! agalite us$ 9 ! beat+-eng9e ent]s into ! manufactur$ pap]1 :ile n mu* m ?an half ! *9a clay us$ is held by ! pulp4 ,siz+4--,eng9e siz+1 z x is t]m$1 consi/s 9 add+ c]ta9 +r$i5ts to ! pulp :ile 9 ! beat+-eng9e4 ,! mat]ials g5]ally us$ are alum & res9 soap1 9 proportions suitable to ! pap] to be produc$4 ,res9 soap is =m$ by boil+ ord9>y res9 9 a jacket$ pan su* z is us$ by soapmak]s = prep>+ small quantities ( fancy or o!r soaps1 ) a solution ( soda cry/als 9 ! foll[+ proportions3 ,res91 #af lbs42 soda cry/als dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #h lbs42 & ! boil+ is kept up = ab\t two h\rs1 or until a soap is produc$ :i* is p]fectly soluble 9 wat]4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ ?is soap z conduct$ at ! soapworks has be5 describ$ 9 ! au?or's "w on soap-mak+1#bb p4 #fd1 f :i* ! foll[+ ab/ract is tak53 ,put into a pan capable ( hold+ ab\t #ab gallons1 #b gallons ( fre% cau/ic soda ley at #cj ,b4 ,apply g5tle heat1 & :5 ! ley beg9s to boil ?r[ 91 e few m9utes1 9 small quantities at a "t1 f9ely p[d]$ & sift$ res9 until #cg lbs4 h be5 introduc$4 ,! mixture mu/ be well /irr$ ! :ole "t to prev5t ! res9 f 'clogg+' & adh]+ to ! pan4 ,x is important to mod]ate ! heat1 z ! res9 soap has a great t5d5cy to exp& & an excess ( heat w\ld cause x to boil ov]4 ,! heat1 h[ev]1 mu/ be kept to ne> ! boil+ po9t1 o!rwise ! mass w become ?ick & ( a v d>k col\r4 ,:5 kept at ne> ! boil+ po9t x is always cle> & its col\r ( a r$di% yell[4 ,if1 dur+ ! boil+1 ! res9 soap rises & ?reat5s to ov]fl[1 ! heat mu/ be *eck$ by ?r[+ 9 a little cold wat]1 only us+ suffici5t to effect ?is object4 ,x is absolutely necess>y to /ir ! mass cont9ually1 o!rwise ! res9 w agglom]ate 9 masses & ?us prev5t ! alkali f act+ freely ^u x4 ,! boil+ takes ab\t two h\rs1 :5 ! soap is run into an iron frame & all[$ to cool4 ,x is v important t ! res9 us$ is fre$ f p>ticles ( wood1 /raw1 etc41 = :i* purpose x %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a tol]ably f9e sieve4 ,respect+ ! prep>ation ( res9 soap1 ,davis says3--,! proportion ( res9 us$ to ea* p\nd ( soda a% v>ies 9 diff]5t mills1 #c1 #d1 or ev5 #e lbs4 ( res9 be+ us$ to ea* p\nd ( soda a%4 ,! proportion ( res91 soda a%1 & wat]1 c be be/ det]m9$ by practical exp]i5ce1 z no prescription c\ld be devis$ :i* w\ld be suitable to e case4 ,m4 d',arcet1 :o modifi$ ! proportions recomm5d$ by ,m4 ,bracconot1 recomm5ds = ! prep>ation ( res9 soap-- ,p[d]$ res9 #dhj p>ts4 ,soda cry/als at #hj 7,fr5*1 alkalimet]7 #bbb ,wat] #ajj ,!oretically speak+1 only #bde p>ts ( alum w\ld be requir$ to precipitate ! res92 b ! wat]s1 :i* are almo/ always calc>e\s1 neutralise "p ( ! alum4 ,cry/als ( soda are mu* m exp5sive ?an soda a%1 b on acc\nt ( _! great] purity !y are sometimes pref]r$ to ! latt]4 ,at ! pres5t day ! res9 soap is pref]ably made by dissolv+ ord9>y res9 ) a solution ( c>bonate ( soda "u boil+ heat 9 a /eam-jacket$ boil]1 ! class ( pap] to be made gov]n+ ! quantity ( res9 to be employ$4 ,! boil+ usually requires f two to eight h\rs1 accord+ to ! relative proportions ( soda a% & res9 us$--! great] ! proportion ( soda us$ ! less "t is requir$ = boil+--! process be+ complet$ :5 a sample ( ! soap =m$ is completely soluble 9 wat]4444 ,ab\t #c lbs4 ( res9 to #a lb4 ( soda is ! usual proportion4 ,! res9 soap is cool$ aft] boil+ by runn+ x into iron tanks1 :]e x is all[$ to settle1 ! soap =m+ a d5se syrup-l mass1 & ! col\r+ matt]s & o!r admixtures ( ! res9 ris+ to ! top are easily remov$4 ,x is important to run (f ! "m liquor 7ley7 conta9+ ! excess ( alkali1 = :5 ! soap is us$ x consumes ! alum to neutralise x4 ,:5 ! impurities & ley h be5 remov$ ! soap is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & if1 f imp]fect boil+1 a portion ( ! res9 is f\nd n to h be5 saponifi$1 a small quantity ( a /rong solution ( soda cry/als is add$ to ! wat] us$ = dissolv+ ! soap4 ,:]e />* is us$ = /iff5+ purposes1 ! soap is mix$ ) a quantity ( />* pa/e 9 ! proportion ( #a "p ( />* to #a "p ( res9 soap4 ,"s manufactur]s1 ,mr4 ,davis /ates1 mix ! />* pa/e ) ! kaol9 9 lieu ( mix+ x ) ! res9 soap4 ,9 ei!r case ! mat]ials %\ld be ?or\ghly /ra9$ be=e be+ add$ to ! pulp4 ,f #c to #d lbs4 ( ! mixture ( res9 soap & />* pa/e to ea* #ajj lbs4 ( dry pulp are ab\t ! proportions 9 :i* ! size is g5]ally us$1 b ! quantity add$ to ! pulp 9 ! beat] dep5ds ^u :e!r ! pap] is to be s(t-siz$ or h>d-siz$4 ,siz+ is *iefly appli$ to pap]s :i* are to be writt5 ^u ) ord9>y inks1 & also1 ) a few exceptions1 to pr9t+ pap]s1 ! object be+ to close ! pores ( ! pap] & r5d] x non-absorb5t1 by :i* ! spread+ or runn+ ( ! ink is effectually prev5t$4 ,:ile ! f9e/ l9es may be writt5 ^u a well-siz$ pap] 7z ord9>y writ+ pap]1 = example7 )\t spread+ 9 ! lea/ degree1 a simil> /roke ( ! p5 ^u blott+ pap]1 tissue1 or unsiz$ pr9t+ pap] w\ld spread 9 all directions1 ow+ to ! highly absorptive prop]ty ( ! cellulose4 ,! siz+ ( ! pulp is conduct$ z foll[s3--,aft] ! load+ mat]ial has be5 introduc$ & well mix$1 ! res9 soap1 previ\sly dissolv$ 9 wat]1 a little c>bonate ( soda be+ sometimes add$1 is mix$ ) a pa/e ( />* prep>$ by dissolv+ />* 9 boil+ wat]1 & ! mixture ( soap & />* is !n pass$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve to keep back any p>ticles or lumps t may be pres5t4 ,! proportion ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 siz+ v>y at ! diff]5t mills1 ea* manufactur] hav+ =mul ( 8 own2 ab\t #a "p ( res9 size to #c ( />* pa/e1 &1 say1 f #i to #ab lbs4 ( ! mixture1 may be us$ = #cjj lbs4 ( pulp2 &1 if pref]r$1 ! respective +r$i5ts may be put into ! eng9e sep>ately1 a me?od adopt$ at "s mills4 ,"s manufactur]s ( ! f9e/ pap]s1 in/ead ( dissolv+ ! />* 9 hot wat]1 make x into a ?9 pa/e ) cold wat]1 9 :i* condition x is introduc$ into ! pulp1 ! object be+ to imp>t to ! pap] a p>ticul> feel+ to ! t\* :i* is n obta9able by o!r means4 ,! mixture ( res9 size & />* pa/e1 ) or )\t ! addition ( wat]1 is add$ to ! pulp 9 ! beat]1 9 :i* ! pulp is circulat+1 & ! eng9e all[$ to run until ! mat]ials are well incorporat$ 9 ! pulp4 ,at ?is /age a solution ( alum 7ab\t #bh to #cj lbs4 = #cjj lbs4 ( pulp71 or ( sulphate ( alum9a1#bc is introduc$1 :i* causes ! res9 soap to become sep>at$1 ! sulphuric acid ( ! alum unit+ ) ! alkali ( ! soap & sett+ ! res9 & alum9a free 9 ! =m ( m9ute p>ticles2 ! res9 9 ! subsequ5t dry+ on ! cal5d]s becomes fus$1 z x 71 & ?us cem5ts ! fibres & alum9a toge!r1 at ! same "t r5d]+ !m non-absorb5t & improv$ 9 :it5ess by ! precipitat$ alum9a4 ,sometimes ord9>y soap is add$ to ! res9 soap1 :i* is said to imp>t a high] f9i% to ! pap] 9 ! op]ation ( cal5d]+4 ,! s-call$ conc5trat$ alum1 :i* conta9s a high] p]c5tage ( sulphate ( alum9a ?an ! cry/allis$ alum1 is consid]$ ! mo/ economical 9 use1 be+ proportionately *eap]1 & ! v>iety kn[n z pe>l alum is specially recomm5d$4 ,alum9\s cake is ano!r prep>ation :i* has f\nd fav\r 9 _m mills1 b s9ce x sometimes conta9s a l>ge excess ( free sulphuric acid x requires to be us$ ) caution1 s9ce ?is acid1 al?\gh x w bright5 ! col\r ( "s anil9e dyes1 w dis*>ge ! col\r f o!rs1 :ile at ! same "t x may injuri\sly affect ! brass-wire clo?s ( ! pap] ma*9e4 ,! alum solution %\ld be prep>$ 9 a lead-l9$ tank1 fitt$ ) a /eam pipe = heat+ ! cont5ts :5 requir$4 ,! proportions ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 siz+ diff] consid]ably 9 diff]5t mills1 b ! foll[+ may be tak5 z an av]age = common writ+ & pr9t+ pap]s3-- ,p] #ajj p>ts ( dri$ pulp #aj to #ab p>ts ( res94 #bj #cj />*4 #aj #ab alum4 ,to ! siz+ solution is g5]ally add$ f #cj to #ej p>ts ( kaol94 ,:5 a col\r is pres5t on :i* alum w\ld h a prejudicial effect ?is is usually replac$ by ab\t "o-?ird ( its weight ( sulphate ( z9c4 ,_m m9]al sub/ances h f "t to "t be5 add$ to pap] /ock1 pr9cipally to increase its weight1 & 9 #aheh ,%oll took out a pat5t = add+ c>bonate ( lime1 a sub/ance :i*1 h[ev]1 _h long be5 fraudul5tly us$ 9 ord] to increase ! weight1 b he f\nd x to h ! prop]ty ( fix+ ! ink 9 ! pores ( ! pap]1 ?us r5d]+ x immovable4 ,! only useful addition is kaol91 or "s simil> alum9\s comp\nd1 z x atta*es itself to ! fibre1 &1 :ile giv+ ! requir$ opacity & a good surface1 takes bo? pr9t+ & writ+ ink well1 & has ! advantage1 f a manufactur]'s po9t ( view1 ( increas+ ! weight4 ,x has be5 propos$ t small quantities ( glyc]9e be add$ to ! pulp1 9 ord] to give ! pap] great] flexibility1 & especially to give copy+-pap] ! quality ( tak+ up col\r readily4#bd ,fr5* ,me?od ( ,prep>+ ,eng9e ,size4--,?irte5 pails ( wat] are boil$ 9 a copp]-jacket$ pan capable ( hold+ ab\t #aej gallons2 #ij lbs4 ( soda cry/als are !n introduc$ & all[$ to dissolve1 :5 #bjj lbs4 ( f9ely-p[d]$ res9 are gradually introduc$1 ) con/ant /irr+1 & ! boil+ is su/a9$ = ab\t two h\rs aft] ! la/ portion ( res9 has be5 add$4 ,a fur!r addition ( wat] is n[ made by putt+ 9 five pails ( cold wat]1 & ! wat] is !n boil$ = an h\r & a half long]4 ,! res9 soap is !n transf]r$ to /ock-*e/s1 9 :i* x is all[$ to rema9 = t5 days or long]1 fre% bat*es be+ prep>$ 9 rotation1 to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! mill4 ,to det]m9e :e!r an excess ( res9 soap or ( alum has be5 add$ to ! pulp1 r$ & blue litmus pap]s %\ld be employ$1 ! =m] turn+ blue if an excess ( res9 soap be pres5t1 & ! latt] r$ :5 alum or sulphate ( alum9a is 9 excess4 ,= uncol\r$ pap]s ! alum9\s mat]ial %\ld be add$ until ! pulp becomes fa9tly acid1 :i* w be indicat$ by ! blue litmus pap] turn+ slightly r$ :5 imm]s$ 9 ! pulp4 ,besides res9 soap1 v>i\s sub/ances h be5 propos$ z siz+ mat]ials1 includ+ wax dissolv$ 9 a /rong solution ( cau/ic soda & precipitat$ ) alum1 b ! co/ w\ld be an objection to ! use ( ?is mat]ial except = ! highe/ classes ( pap]4 ,x is /at$ t #ab lbs4 ( gum tragacan? to ea* #ejj lbs4 ( res9 has be5 us$ 9 prep>+ "s k9ds ( eng9e-siz$ pap]s1 & is said to imp>t to !m an appe>ance equal to t ( tub-siz$ pap]s4 ,z9c ,soaps 9 ,siz+4--,accord+ to a p>agraph 9 ! ,pap]mak]s' ,mon?ly ,j\rnal1 a some:at novel me?od ( siz+ is employ$ 9 ,g]many1 :i* consi/s 9 ! precipitation 9 ! /ock ( z9c soaps4 ,cottonse$ oil soap or ,ca/ille soap is work$ up 9 ! eng9e ) ! /uff1 & aft] x has become well mix$ ) ! pulp a solution ( sulphate ( z9c is add$1 :i* results 9 ! =mation ( a :ite & heavy z9c soap1 :i* is insoluble1 & adh]es well to ! fibres4 ,! weight & :it5ess ( ! z9c soap are ! ma9 po9ts 9 fav\r ( ?is me?od1 :i* is said to yield good results4 ,col\r+4--,! pulp1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! v>i\s processes describ$1 al?\gh app>5tly :ite1 inv>iably pres5ts a yell[ t+e :5 conv]t$ into pap]4 ,to obviate ?is x is usual to kill ! yell[ t9t by add+ to ! pulp small quantities ( blue & p9k col\r+ matt]s4 ,! blue col\rs g5]ally us$ are ultram>9e1 smalts1 & v>i\s anil9e blues1 & ! p9ks are usually prep>$ f co*9eal1 ei!r 9 a liquid =m or z lakes 7comp\nds ( co*9eal & alum9a7 or anil9e dyes1 ! =m] be+ pref]able1 z x is n injuri\sly affect$ by ! alum us$ 9 siz+4 ,! ultram>9e %\ld be ( good quality1 o!rwise x w become decompos$1 & its col\r+ prop]ty de/roy$ by ! action ( ! alum1 b m especially s if ! alum conta9s an excess ( free acid4 ,smalts blue1 :i* is a k9d ( col\r$ glass1 is n affect$ by acids4 ,9 prep>+ ! col\r+ matt]s = mix+ ) ! pulp !y mu/ fir/ be mix$ ) wat]1 & ! liquid %\ld !n be /ra9$1 to keep back any solid p>ticles t may be pres5t 9 ! mat]ial4 ,anil9e blues %\ld be dissolv$ 9 hot wat]1 or alcohol1 & !n dilut$4 ,samples ( ! pulp are exam9$ f "t to "t until ! desir$ effect is produc$1 :i* ! practis$ eye ( ! beat]-man c readily det]m9e4 ,animal or ,tub-siz+4--,ano!r process ( siz+1 t]m$ animal-siz+1 tub-siz+1 or surface-siz+1 is also adopt$ 9 ! manufacture ( c]ta9 classes ( pap]1 & is ei!r accompli%$ by h& or on ! ma*9e4 ,! =m] me?od hav+ be5 else:]e describ$ 7p4 #acb7 we w n[ describe ! op]ation ( siz+ on ! ma*9e1 to :i* ! t]m tub-siz+ is also appli$4 ,! size employ$1 :i* is prep>$ f :at are call$ glue pieces1 or clipp+s ( lim$ & unhair$ sk9s ( animals1 requires to be z col\rless z possible1 9 ord] t ! col\r ( ! pap] may n be injuri\sly affect$ by x4 ,prep>ation ( ,animal ,size4--,?is op]ation is g5]ally conduct$ at ! mill1 ! mat]ials f :i* ! size is produc$ be+ ! cutt+s or p>+s ( animal sk9s & hides1 or pelts1 :i* h und]gone ! processes ( lim+ & unhair+ prep>atory to be+ tann$4 ,! cutt+s1 or pates1 commonly call$ glue pieces1 are fir/ soak$ 9 a mixture ( lime & wat]1 plac$ 9 l>ge tubs = sev]al days1 aft] :i* !y are put into a wood5 cyl9d]1 or drum1 five or six feet 9 diamet]1 & ab\t t5 feet 9 l5g?1 :i* revolves ^u a horizontal %aft1 :i*1 be+ holl[1 admits ! passage ( wat] to ! int]ior ( ! drum4 ,! drum is p]=at$1 & revolves 9 a l>ge tank1 :ile a cont9u\s /ream ( wat] is all[$ to pass ?r\gh x1 & ! dirty wat] escapes ?r\gh ! p]=ations 9 ! drum4 ,:5 ! cutt+s are suffici5tly cleans$ 9 ?is way1 !y are transf]r$ to an iron copp]1 furni%$ ) a false bottom & /eam-pipe1 or a jacket$ pan4 ,! cutt+s are next cov]$ ) wat]2 /eam is !n turn$ on1 & ! liquid br\ght to a temp]ature bel[ boil+ po9t1 or say1 ab\t #ahj to #aij ,f41 x be+ v important t ! liquid %\ld n actually boil4 ,?is op]ation is c>efully kept up = twelve to sixte5 h\rs1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! cutt+s1 by :i* "t all ! mat]ial except+ any membran\s or fatty matt]s t may be pres5t1 w h become dissolv$ & a solution ( gelat9e obta9$4 ,! liquor is !n all[$ to settle = a %ort "t to all[ fatty matt]s to rise to ! surface & membran\s sub/ances to deposit1 & ! fatty matt]s mu/ aft]w>ds be c>efully remov$ by skimm+4 ,! liquor %\ld next be /ra9$ to sep>ate any float+ p>ticles ( a membran\s "*4 ,sometimes ! gelat9e solution is cl>ifi$ by add+ a small quantity ( p[d]$ lime1 :i* is ?or\ghly mix$ by /irr+1 aft] :i* x is all[$ to re/4 ,:5 x is f\nd t ! impurities & lime deposit too sl[ly1 a little weak sulphuric acid is add$1 :i*1 =m+ an insoluble sulphate ( lime1 ! solid matt]s quickly subside1 leav+ ! liquor q cle>4 ,! solution is next filt]$ ?r\gh felt1 & is aft]w>ds treat$ ) a solution ( alum1 :i* at fir/ causes ! liquid to ?ick5 & become ne>ly solid1 b x becomes fluid aga91 h[ev]1 on ! addition ( m alum solution4 ,:5 ?is condition is f9ally atta9$1 ! liquid is ready = use 9 ! process ( siz+4 ,! addition ( ! alum 7:i* %\ld n conta9 any free acid7 to ! gelat9e greatly improves its siz+ prop]ty1 besides pres]v+ x f decomposition4 ,! treatm5t ( ! glue pieces = ! purpose ( obta9+ gelat9e solutions is fully describ$ 9 ! au?or's "w on ,lea!r ,manufacture1 p4 #dja4be ,am]ican ,me?od ( ,siz+4--,ano!r me?od ( prep>+ size1 & :i* is adopt$ 9 ,am]ica1 is ! foll[+3--,9 l>ge pap] mills ! size is g5]ally prep>$ 9 a room devot$ to ! purpose1 & is commonly situat$ ne> ! ma*9e4 ,! f9e/ grades ( light hide & sk9 clipp+s are us$ = ,no4 #a lett] pap]s1 b less co/ly /ock is employ$ = ! l[] grades ( animal-siz$ pap]s4 ,to pres]ve ! glue pieces ! tann]s & taw]s mac]ate ! clipp+s 9 milk ( lime & aft]w>ds dry !m4 ,z ! clipp+s require to be fre$ f ! lime1 ! fir/ treatm5t !y receive at ! pap]-mill is to put !m 9 l>ge wood5 tubs p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 9 :i* !y are all[$ to soak = sev]al days4 ,!y are aft]w>ds m p]fectly cleans$ by means ( a drum-wa%]1 su* z we h be=e describ$4 ,fre% hide & sk9 clipp+s1 t is1 ^? :i* h n be5 lim$ & dri$ at ! tann]ies1 & :i* are occasionally pur*as$ by ! pap] manufactur]s1 require to be us$ z soon z possible aft] !y arrive at ! mill z !y readily decompose1 & are plac$ 9 tubs p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 9 :i* #b p] c5t4 by weight ( cau/ic lime has be5 dissolv$4 ,! pieces1 if f calfsk9s1 are all[$ to rema9 9 ! lime ba? = t5 to fifte5 days1 clipp+s ( %eepsk9s fifte5 to tw5ty days1 & trimm+s f heavy hides1 z ox1 etc41 tw5ty-five to ?irty days1 ! milk ( lime be+ r5ew$ once or twice a week1 & ! mat]ial well /irr$ f "t to "t4 ,! glue-/ock1 z x is sometimes t]m$1 is aft]w>ds ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 ! drum-wa%]1 & :5 ?is op]ation is complete ! mat]ial is spread out 9 ! y>d to dra91 & :5 suffici5tly dri$ is ready = boil+1 or may be /or$ until requir$ = use4 ,to prep>e size f ! mat]ial treat$ z describ$1 x is plac$ 9 a boil] ( ca/ or wr\ght-iron or copp]1 furni%$ ) a p]=at$ false bottom1 & capable ( hold+ f #ajj to #djj lbs4 ( ! raw mat]ial1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! mill4 ,sev]al su* boil]s may be plac$ close to ea* o!r4 ,at ! bottom ( ! boil] is a /op-cock = draw+ (f ! gelat9e solution :5 requir$4 ,:5 ! requisite *>ge ( glue-/ock has be5 introduc$ into ! boil]1 wat] is p\r$ ov] x & /eam turn$ on1 :i* passes ?r\gh a pipe fix$ b5ea? ! false bottom1 & c>e is tak5 t ! temp]ature ( ! cont5ts ( ! boil] %\ld n exce$ #bjj ,f41 :i* heat is kept up = t5 to eighte5 h\rs1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! mat]ials treat$4 ,! gelat9e solution is drawn (f f ! boil] z x is =m$1 into wood5 tubs1 & at ! same "t c>efully /ra9$ to remove membran\s matt]s & su*like impurities4 ,sev]al boil+s are made f ! same bat* ( glue-/ock1 & all ! solutions are aft]w>ds mix$ toge!r 9 ! receiv+ tubs1 & a solution ( alum is add$ 9 su* proportions z to be recognis$ by ta/+ ! liquor4 ,"o object 9 add+ ! alum be+ to prev5t ! gelat9e f decompos+1 m ( ?is sub/ance %\ld be add$ 9 w>m ?an 9 cold wea!r4 ,:5 ! solutions are cool !y are ready = use1 & ! gelat9e is remov$ f ! receiv+ tubs & dissolv$ 9 a sep>ate tub z requir$ = use1 ! dissolv+ tub be+ provid$ ) a /eam-pipe4 ,! proportion ( wat]--:i* %\ld only be lukew>m--us$ 9 dissolv+ ! gelat9e v>ies f a qu>t] to half ! bulk ( ! latt]1 ! nature ( ! fibre & ?ickness ( ! pap] regulat+ ! proportion ( wat] to gelat9e1 ! /r5g? ( ! size liquors be+ great] = ?9 pap]s & weak fibres ?an = ?ick pap]s & /rong fibres4 ,! op]ation ( siz+ is consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ difficult & unc]ta9 ) :i* ! pap]-mak] has to deal1 s9ce ! mat]ial 7gelat9e7 is greatly influ5c$ by ! conditions ( ! atmosph]e1 bo? z reg>ds its temp]ature & humidity1 :ile ! temp]ature ( ! liquid size itself has also an important influ5ce on ! success ( ! op]ation4 ,! condition ( ! pap]1 aga91 also affects ! result1 = if x be highly por\s x w probably be weak1 & consequ5tly !re may be consid]able wa/e dur+ ! process ( siz+ f ! necess>y h&l+ x is subject$ to2 moreov]1 %\ld ! pap] h be5 blu$ ) ultram>9e1 a /rongly (f5sive od\r is (t5 imp>t$ to x2 ?is1 h[ev]1 may be obviat$ by employ+ fre% size & dry+ ! pap] z completely z possible4 ,!re are two sy/ems ( animal-siz+ employ$ at ! mill1 namely1 h&-siz+ & ma*9e-siz+1 :i* is also call$ tub-siz+1 ! =m] be+ appli$ to pap]s ( ! f9e/ quality4 ,pap]s t h be5 made by ! ma*9e1 aft] be+ cut into %eets1 are h&-siz$1 z describ$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,ma*9e-,siz+4--,! l[]-pric$ pap]s1 to be ma*9e-siz$1 are fir/ p>tly dri$ ov] a few cyl9d]s1 aft] :i* ! pap] passes ?r\gh a tank conta9+ liquid size1 f :5ce x passes betwe5 two roll]s1 :i* squeeze out ! sup]flu\s size2 x is !n w\nd on to a reel on :i* x rema9s "s "t to enable ! size to ?or\ghly p]meate ! pap]1 aft] :i* x is w\nd on to ano!r reel1 & f !nce x passes ov] a s]ies ( wood5 drums or cyl9d]s1 ea* ( :i* is furni%$ ) a revolv+ fan2 by ?is means ! pap] becomes dri$ sl[ly1 :]eby a m p]fect siz+ ( ! mat]ial is effect$4 ,d\ble-,siz$ ,pap]4--,?is t]m is appli$ to pap] :i*1 aft] be+ siz$ 9 ! eng9e 9 ! usual way1 is aft]w>ds surface siz$1 z x is call$1 ) animal size 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,respect+ ! dry+ ( pap] aft] x has be5 tub-siz$ !re seems to be "s diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :e!r x is be/ to hang x 9 a l(t to dry or to dry x ov] ! cyl9d]s ( a dry+ ma*9e4 ,^u ?is po9t ! ,new ,york ,pap] ,trade ,j\rnal makes ! foll[+ rem>ks3--,:5 ! pap] is pass$ ?r\gh ! size-tub1 x is aga9 wet2 ! fibres exp&1 & _! hold on ea* o!r is relax$4 ,n[ x mu/ make a diff]5ce to ! subsequ5t /r5g? & quality ( ?is pap] :e!r x be hung up 9 a l(t to dry or run ov] a dry+ ma*9e4 ,if x is hung 9 ! l(t no /ra9 is put ^u x & ! fibres are at lib]ty to %r9k1 or sl[ly contract1 9 all directions2 :]eas if x is run ov] a dry+ ma*9e1 consi/+ ( f #ej to #ajj reels1 ! longitud9al /ra9 prev5ts ! fibres f %r9k+ & reassum+ _! normal position 9 t direction4 ,attempts h be5 made to obviate ?is defect by regulat+ ! spe$ ( ea* section ( ! ma*9e 9 su* a mann] z to all[ = ! %r9k+1 b ?is only rem$ies ! evil by prev5t+ ! pap] f break+ z x travels ov] ! ma*9e4 ,ev]y?+ else be+ equal1 x w\ld seem t l(t-dri$ pap] mu/ be sup]ior to t dri$ ov] ! dry+ ma*9e4 ,our home manufactur]s endorse ?is view1 inasmu* z !y cont9ue to pref] ! sy/em ( l(t-dry+ to ! less exp5sive ma*9e me?ods4 ,mr4 ,wyatt's ,rem>ks on ,siz+4--,mr4 ,james ,w4 ,wyatt1 9 a pap] on ! ,art ( ,pap]-mak+1#bf makes ! foll[+ obs]vations on eng9e-siz+ & animal-siz+ :i* w be read ) int]e/3--,eng9e-siz+ r5d]s ! pap] fully z non-absorb5t z animal size4 ,! latt] p5etrates ! %eets only slightly & =ms a coat+ or sk9 on ea* surface1 :]eas ! eng9e size surr\nds ea* fibre & impregnates ! :ole mass4 ,surface-siz+1 h[ev]1 produces a /rong]1 firm] %eet1 & is smoo!r = ! p5 to travel ov]2 ! manufactur] also gets ! b5efit 9 ! price ( ! pap] ( ! additional weight ( ! size1 am\nt+ to #g p] c5t4 on ! av]age4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ! animal size is mo/ly a sk9 on ! surface1 if ! coat+ be brok5 any:]e by ! use ( a knife 9 scrat*+1 ! pap] w only imp]fectly resi/ ink 9 t place1 a great disadvantage = acc\nt & (fice-books & l$g]s4 ,eng9e-siz$ pap] is mu* *eap] to produce ?an animal siz$1 & is !re=e us$ pr9cipally = ! l[] qualities ( writ+s & = almo/ all k9ds ( pr9t+s :]e firmness & smoo?ness is n s mu* a desid]atum4 ,mo/ tub-siz$ pap]s h a c]ta9 portion ( eng9e size mix$ ) ! pulp4 ,?is n only ensures ! ?or\gh siz+ ( ! %eet1 b also is a measure ( economy 9 r$uc+ ! absorb+ p[] ( ! pap] = ! animal size4 ,pap]s = l$g]s & (fice-"w are be/ giv5 an extra proportion ( eng9e size to ensure _! ink-resi/+ prop]ties1 & !y are also siz$ by h& 9 animal size & l(t dri$4 ,! foll[+ r\gh e/imate ( ! comp>ative co/ 9 mat]ials & wages ( eng9e-siz+ & animal-siz+ pap] may be ( int]e/3 ,eng9e-siz+1 p] #bj1jjj lbs43-- s4 d4 ,mat]ials #e #b #j ,wages #j #ab #f ---------- d4 ,total #e #ad #f ,co/ p] lb4 #jjfh ,animal-siz+1 p] #bj1jjj lbs43-- s4 d4 ,mat]ials #cf #j #j ,wages #d #aj #j ----------- ,total #dj #aj #j ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,mak+ ,,pap] ,,by ,,h&4 ,! ,vat & ,m\ld4--,mak+ ! ,pap]4--,siz+ & ,f9i%+4 ,"u ! old sy/em ( mak+ pap] by h&1 ! rags 7 r$uc$ to a f9e /ate ( division by a process ( rett+1 or sl[ putrefaction4 ,! rags 7 fir/ wa%$ 9 wat]1 & !n pil$ 9 heaps1 9 :i* condition !y 7 all[$ to rema9 until !y became t5d]1 t is1 readily pull$ asund] by ! f+]s4 ,dur+ ! decomposition ! rags n unfrequ5tly became rott5 9 "s portions ( ! heaps1 ?us involv+ consid]able loss ( fibre4 ,! rags 7 next plac$ 9 a /rong *e/1 9 :i* iron-%od /amp+ rods 7 fitt$1 & ^! by _! cont9u$ action gradually r$uc$ !m to a pulp4 ,! /amp]s 7 ev5tually sup]s$$ by ! beat+-eng9e1 ! inv5tion ( a ,dut*man1 :i* receiv$ & /ill reta9s ! "n ( ! ,holl&]4 ,o!r ma*9es1 z ! du/]1 wa%+ & break+ eng9es1 & ! beat+ eng9e1 h entirely tak5 ! place ( ! old] sy/em1 :i* requir$ ! "w ( =ty pairs ( /amps = tw5ty-f\r h\rs to produce "o hundr$weight ( pap]4 ,! ,vat & ,m\ld4--,! pulp be+ prep>$1 is convey$ f ! beat]s to ! work+ vat1 :]e x is dilut$ ) wat]4 ,! vat is a wood5 or /one vessel ab\t #e feet squ>e & #d feet deep1 be+ some:at wid] at ! top ?an at ! bottom4 ,a /eam-pipe is suppli$ to ! vat1 s t ! pulp & wat] may be heat$ to a conv5i5t temp]ature = work+1 & an agitator is also furni%$ to keep ! pulp & wat] uni=mly mix$4 ,! m\ld 9 :i* ! pulp is rais$ f ! vat to =m a %eet ( pap]1 consi/s ( a wood5 frame1 neatly jo9$ at ! corn]s1 ) wood5 b>s runn+ across1 ab\t #a in* ap>t1 & flu% ) ! top edge ( ! frame4 ,across ^! aga91 9 ! l5g? ( ! frame1 wires are laid1 ab\t fifte5 or tw5ty 9 an in*1 :i* are plac$ p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,a s]ies ( /rong] wires are laid along ! cross-b>s1 to :i* ! o!r wires are fa/5$2 ^! give to :at is t]m$ laid pap]1 ! ribb$ or wat]-m>k$ l9es noticeable 9 h&-made pap]4 ,^u ! m\ld is fitt$ a movable frame1 call$ ! deckle or deckel1 :i* mu/ fit v neatly or ! edges ( ! pap] w be r\gh4 ,! m\ld & deckle =m toge!r a k9d ( %all[ tray ( wire4 ,sometimes ! m\ld is divid$ by n>r[ ribs ( wood1 s t two or f\r %eets ( pap] may be made 9 "o op]ation4 ,connect$ ) ! vat is a slant+ bo>d1 call$ ! bridge1 ) copp] fillets atta*$ l5g?wise ^u x1 s t ! m\ld may slide easily along ! bridge4 ,mak+ ! ,pap]4--,:5 prep>+ = "w1 ! vat-man /&s on "o side ( ! vat1 & has on 8 left h& a small] bo>d1 "o end ( :i* is fa/5$ to ! bridge1 :ile ! o!r re/s on ! side ( ! vat4 ,an assi/ant1 call$ ! c\*]1 is at h&1 ^: duty x is to h&le ! frames or m\lds conta9+ ! pulp aft] !y h pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! vat-man or mak]4 ,! latt] n[ takes 9 8 h& a m\ld1 & lays x ^u ! deckle2 he !n dips ! m\ld1 ) its deckle 9 its prop] place1 into ! vat ( agitat$ pulp1 & lifts up z mu* ( ! pulp z w =m a %eet ( pap]4 ,?is1 z w be readily se51 requires ! greate/ dext]ity1 s9ce ! workman has no?+ b 8 s5se ( feel+ to guide him4 ,x is said1 h[ev]1 t practice gives him su* a nicety ( feel+ 9 ?is respect t he c make %eet aft] %eet ( ! l>ge/-siz$ draw+ pap]s ) a diff]5ce 9 weight ( n m ?an "o or two gra9s 9 any two ( !m4 ,great skill is also requir$ to hold ! m\ld 9 a p]fectly horizontal position1 o!rwise dur+ ! felt+ & settl+ ( ! pulp ! %eet ( pap] w\ld be ?ick] on "o "p ?an ano!r4 ,! m\ld be+ held l5g?wise1 t is1 ) ! long p>allel wires runn+ f "r to left h&1 he gives ! m\ld a g5tle %ake f 8 *e/ =w>d & back aga91 :i* is call$ ! =e-"r %ake2 ?is %ake takes place across ! wires1 n 9 ! direction ( _! l5g?4 ,he next gives a %ake f "r to left1 & back aga91 ! respective movem5ts ?us propell+ ! pulp 9 f\r directions4 ,! vat-man n[ pu%es ! m\ld along ! small bo>d on 8 left1 & removes ! deckle1 :i* he connects to ano!r m\ld & proce$s to =m ano!r %eet ( pap]1 & s on4 ,! c\*]1 tak+ ! fir/ m\ld 9 h&1 turns x upside d[n ^u a piece ( wooll5 felt-clo?1 !n remov+ ! m\ld1 he takes ano!r piece ( felt & lays x ov] ! %eet & returns ! m\ld by pu%+ x along ! bridge to ! vat-man1 :5 he receives 9 return a second m\ld to be treat$ z be=e4 ,9 ! above way felts & pap] are laid alt]nately until a pile ( six or eight quires is produc$1 :i* is aft]w>ds submitt$ to pressure 9 a v p[]ful press4 ,:5 suffici5tly compress$1 ! ma*9e is relax$1 & ! felts are !n drawn out1 on ! opposite side1 by an op]ative1 call$ a lay]1 :o places ! felts "o by "o ^u a bo>d1 & ! %eets ( pap] ^u ano!r bo>d4 ,! c\*] !n uses ! felts aga9 = fur!r op]ations4 ,two m5 & a boy only are employ$ 9 ?is "p ( ! "w4 ,9 ! ev5+ all ! pap] made dur+ ! day is put into ano!r press1 & subject$ to mod]ate pressure to oblit]ate ! felt m>ks & expel a fur!r portion ( ! wat]4 ,on ! foll[+ day ! pap] is all sep>at$1 :i* is call$ p>t+1 aga9 press$1 & is !n transf]r$ to ! dry+-l(t4 ,! dry+ is effect$ by susp5d+ ! %eets ( pap] ^u a s]ies ( ropes1 atta*$ to wood5 supports2 ropes ( c[-hair are us$ = ! purpose1 z ?is mat]ial does n /a9 ! pap]4 ,siz+ & ,f9i%+4--,:5 ! pap] is dry1 x is tak5 d[n & laid c>efully 9 heaps ready = siz+1 :i* is ! next op]ation to :i* ! pap] is subject$4 ,! prep>ation ( ! size f animal sk9s1 etc41 is describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,:5 prep>+ to size ! pap]1 ! workman takes sev]al quires ( ! pap]1 & c>efully spreads ! %eets out 9 ! liquid size1 :i* is plac$ 9 a l>ge tub1 tak+ c>e t ea* %eet is uni=mly moi/5$ be=e introduc+ ! next4 ,! sup]flu\s size is aft]w>ds press$ out1 & ! pap] !n p>t$ into sep>ate %eets1 :i* are aga9 subject$ to pressure1 & f9ally transf]r$ to ! dry+-room1 :]e !y are all[$ to dry sl[ly4 ,:5 dry1 ! pap] is convey$ to ! f9i%+-h\se1 to be aga9 press$ & look$ ov] by wom51 :o1 be+ furni%$ ) small knives1 pick out knots & o!r imp]fections & sep>ate ! p]fect f ! imp]fect %eets4 ,! pap] is n[ aga9 press$1 & !n h&$ to ! f9i%]1 to be c\nt$ into reams & pack$1 ! reams be+ aft]w>ds press$ & f9ally ti$ up & convey$ to ! w>eh\se = sale4 ,:5 ! pap] is requir$ to be hot-press$1 ?is is done by plac+ ea* %eet ( pap] alt]nately betwe5 two smoo!d %eets ( pa/ebo>d1 & betwe5 ea* gr\p ( fifty pa/ebo>ds is plac$ a hot plate ( iron1 & ! pile !n submitt$ to heavy pressure1 :]eby ! surface ( writ+ pap] acquires a f9e1 smoo? surface4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,mak+ ,,pap] ,,by ,,ma*9]y4 ,! ,f\rdr9i] ,ma*9e4--,b]trams' ,l>ge ,pap] ,ma*9e4--,/uff ,*e/s4--,/ra9]s4--,revolv+ ,/ra9] & ,knott]4--,self-cleans+ ,/ra9]4--,roeckn]'s ,pulp ,/ra9]s4--,! ,ma*9e ,wire & its ,accessories4--,conical ,pulp ,sav]4--,! ,d&y ,roll4--,wat] ,m>k+4--,de la ,rue's ,improvem5ts 9 ,wat]-m>ks4--,suction ,boxes4--,c\* ,rolls4-- ,press ,rolls4--,dry+ ,cyl9d]s4--,smoo?+ ,rolls4--,s+le ,cyl9d] ,ma*9e4 ,! ,f\rdr9i] ,ma*9e4--,x is j n9ety ye>s s9ce ,l\is ,rob]t1 a ,fr5*man1 devis$ a ma*9e = mak+ a cont9u\s web ( pap] on an endless wire-clo?1 to :i* rot>y motion 0 appli$1 ?us produc+ a %eet ( pap] ( indef9ite l5g?4 ,! idea 0 subsequ5tly improv$ ^u by ,messrs4 ,f\rdr9i]1 :o adopt$ & improv$ ^u ,m4 ,rob]t's ma*9e1 & ) ! valuable aid ( ,mr4 ,bryan ,donk91 a "y & gift$ ma*9i/1 9 ! employ ( ,mr4 ,hall1 eng9e]1 ( ,d>t=d1 con/ruct$ a self-act+ ma*9e1 or work+ model1 9 #ahjc1 :i*1 f its effectiv5ess & g5]al excell5cy ( workman%ip1 creat$ at ! "t a pr(\nd s5sation4 ,?is ma*9e 0 erect$ at ,frogmore1 ,h]t=d%ire2 & 9 #ahjd a second ma*9e 0 made & put up at ,two-,wat]s1 ,h]ts1 :i* 0 completely successful1 & ! manufacture ( cont9u\s pap] became "o ( ! mo/ useful & important inv5tions ( ! age4 ,f t p]iod ! ,f\rdr9i]1 ) "s important improvem5ts introduc$ by ,mr4 ,donk91 gradually1 b surely1 became e/abli%$ z an absolutely indisp5sable ma*9e 9 e pap]-mill all ov] ! _w4 ,al?\gh ! ma*9e has be5 /ill fur!r improv$ f "t to "t1 ^? ( rec5t con/ruction diff] b little 9 pr9ciple f ! orig9al ma*9e4 ,an illu/ration ( ! ma*9e is %[n 9 ,fig4 #be1 ! detail$ p>ts ( :i* are express$ on ! engrav+4 ,b]trams' ,l>ge ,pap] ,ma*9e4--,! pr9cipal aim 9 ! con/ruction ( ! pap]-mak+ ma*9e has be5 to imitate1 & 9 "s p>ticul>s to improve1 ! op]ations involv$ 9 ! art ( mak+ pap] by h&1 b ap>t f ! great] wid? & l5g? ( pap] :i* c be produc$ by ! ma*9e1 ! increas$ rapidity ( its p[]s ( production are s great t "o ma*9e c turn out z mu* pap] 9 ?ree m9utes z c\ld be accompli%$ by ! old] sy/em 9 z _m weeks4 ,! draw+ repres5ts ! mod]n pap]-ma*9e z manufactur$ by ,b]trams1 ,limit$1 :o suppli$ "o ( ^! ma*9es to ,mr4 ,edw>d ,lloyd1 = ! ,daily ,*ronicle ,mill1 at ,sitt+b\rne1 :i* runs a wire #dj feet long by #abf in*es wide1 ?is be+1 we believe1 ! l>ge/ & wide/ pap]-ma*9e 9 ! _w4 ,x is provid$ ) #bj cyl9d]s1 *ill$ cal5d]s1 d\ble-drum reel+ motion1 ) slitt+ appliance = prep>+ webs to g direct to ! pr9t]'s (fice )\t ! assi/ance ( a re-reel+ ma*9e1 & is driv5 by a pair ( c\pl$ cond5s+ /eam-eng9es4 ,on our rec5t visit to ,mr4 ,lloyd's mill we 7 mu* /ruck ) ! excell5t work+ ( ?is spl5did ma*9e4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 z w be se51 !re are two sets ( dry+ cyl9d]s1 :ile small cyl9d]s1 or felt dry+-rolls1 f #af to #bd in*es 9 diamet]1 are introduc$ to ! felts ( ! cyl9d]s1 be=e ! smoo?+-rolls1 :i* dis*>ge ! moi/ure ) :i* ! felts are impregnat$ f ! damp pap]1 :]eby a consid]able sav+ 9 felts is effect$4 ,messrs4 ,b]tram /ate t ! highe/ spe$ yet atta9$ has be5 by _! own ma*9]y1 & is #bgj feet ( pap] p] m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,! progress ( ! pulp aft] x leaves ! beat+-eng9es = conv]sion into pap] may be describ$ z foll[s3--,! valve at ! bottom ( ! beat+-eng9e is op5$1 :5 ! pulp fl[s ?r\gh a pipe into ! /uff-*e/s1 :i* are g5]ally situat$ bel[ ! level ( ! eng9es4 ,! beat]s are !n r9s$ ) clean wat] to remove any pulp t may /ill cl+ to !m1 ! r9s+ wat] pass+ also into ! /uff-*e/s4 ,/uff-*e/s4--,^! are l>ge vessels ( a cyl9drical =m1 s t ! pulp may h no corn]s to lodge 91 & are g5]ally made ( wood1 ?\gh sometimes !y are made ( ca/-iron plates bolt$ toge!r4 ,! *e/s are ( v>i\s dim5sions1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! mill1 be+ usually ab\t #ab feet 9 diamet] & #f feet deep1 hav+ a capacity = #a1jjj to #a1bjj lbs4 ( /uff4 ,to keep ! pulp well mix$ 9 ! /uff-*e/1 ( :i* two are usually employ$ = ea* ma*9e1 a v]tical %aft1 c>ry+ two horizontal arms1 ea* ext5d+ ne>ly across ! int]ior ( ! *e/1 are provid$1 :i* are only all[$ to revolve at a mod]ate spe$1 t is1 ab\t two or ?ree revolutions p] m9ute1 o!rwise ! pulp w\ld be liable to "w up into knots1 & ?us =m a defective pap]4 ,motion be+ giv5 to ! %aft1 ! rotat+ arms keep ! pulp & wat] uni=mly mix$1 at ! same "t prev5t+ ! pulp f s9k+ to ! bottom ( ! /uff-*e/4 ,! pulp is next transf]r$ to a regulat+ box1 or supply box1 by means ( a pump call$ ! /uff-pump4 ,! regulat+-box1 :i* has ! effect ( keep+ a regul> supply ( pulp 9 ! ma*9e1 is provid$ ) two ov]fl[ pipes1 :i* c>ry back to ! /uff-*e/s any sup]flu\s pulp t may h ent]$ !m1 by :i* ! /uff 9 ! regulat+-box is kept at a uni=m level1 :ile ! ma*9e is suppli$ ) a regul> & uni=m quantity ( ! dilut$ pulp4 ,! /uff-pump conveys ! pulp ?r\gh a valve 9 ! bottom ( ! regulat+-box 9 a great] quantity ?an is actually requir$1 ! sup]fluity return+ to ! /uff-*e/s by ! ov]fl[ pipes2 ?us ! supply-box1 be+ always kept full1 furni%es a regul> & uni=m supply ( pulp to ! s&-tables1 or s&-traps z !y are sometimes call$4 ,s&-tables are l>ge wood5 tr\ghs1 v>y+ 9 size at diff]5t mills1 b ,mr4 ,dunb> gives ! foll[+ proportions = a fir/-class s&-trap2 namely1 #ad feet long by #h feet wide1 & #h in*es deep4 ,! bottom ( ! trap is cov]$ ) felt1 sometimes old fir/-press felt be+ us$1 & is divid$ into sev]al comp>tm5ts by ?9 b>s ( lead or iron1 or /rips ( wood1 :i* keep ! felt 9 position1 & also reta9 any p>ticles ( s& or o!r heavy solid matt] t may be accid5tally pres5t 9 ! pulp4 ,= ! purpose ( dilut+ ! pulp = ! ma*9e1 !re is1 atta*$ to ! inlet ( ! s&-traps1 a box ) two supply-taps1 "o = ! deliv]y ( pulp1 & ! o!r = wat]2 & ^! be+ turn$ on1 ! pulp & wat] fl[ ov] ! s&-traps1 & ! dilut$ pulp !n falls into ! /ra9]s1 :i*1 :ile all[+ ! f9e pulp to pass freely1 keep back all lumps ( twi/$ fibre1 & p>ticles ( unboil$ fibre1 :i* latt]1 if n remov$1 w\ld appe> z specks on ! surface ( ! f9i%$ pap]4 ,! ,/ra9]s are =m$ ( brass or bronze plates1 9 :i* are cut a v l>ge numb] ( n>r[ slits1 :i* gradually wid5 d[nw>d1 s z to prev5t ! pulp f lodg+4 ,ea* plate has ab\t #eaj slits1 & sev]al plates1 connect$ toge!r by bolts1 con/itutes ! complete /ra9]4 ,:5 9 use1 ! /ra9] receives a jogg+ motion1 :i* is communicat$ to x by means ( small rat*et :eels key$ on %afts pass+ b5ea? ! ma*9e2 ?is causes ! fibres to pass m freely ?r\gh ! slits4 ,!re are _m diff]5t =ms ( /ra9]s1 :i* h be5 ! subject ( num]\s pat5ts4 ,x w be suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to give "o or two examples ( improv$ /ra9]s :i* h be5 m rec5tly adopt$ by manufactur]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,revolv+ ,/ra9] & ,knott]4--,! revolv+ /ra9]1 :i* 0 inv5t$ by ! late s5ior p>tn] 9 ! firm ( ,messrs4 ,g4 & ,w4 ,b]tram 7n[ ,b]trams1 ,limit$71 has s9ce be5 ext5sively adopt$1 & ! pres5t firm h introduc$ a pat5t knott] 9 conjunction ) ! app>atus1 ! complete arrangem5t ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,! /&>d size = ^! revolv+ /ra9]s is #g feet long by #ah in*es wide on ea* side ( ! f\r surfaces4 ,! vats are ( ca/ iron1 & ! app>atus is suppli$ ) driv+ ge>1 bell[s1 regulat+ boxes & sp\ts1 z necess>y4 ,! firm also supply ^! /ra9]s ) ,:ite's pat5t discs1 & ,ann&ale & ,watson's arrangem5t4 ,a ,a are two revolv+ /ra9]s1 z appli$ to ! pap]-ma*9e1 %[+ ge>+ = /ra9]s & bell[s4 ,b is ! pat5t knott] z us$ = two /ra9]s4 ,c is ! c\nt]-%aft ov]head4 ,d ,d is ! back %aft ( ! ma*9e1 & ,e ,e ! wire ( ! pap]-ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,self-cleans+ ,/ra9]4--,! same firm also introduc$ ?is =m ( /ra9]1 an illu/ration ( :i* is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,! action ( ! /ra9] is describ$ z foll[s3-- ,! pulp fl[s on to ! /ra9] at ,a1 & passes away ?r\gh ! pipes ,b ,b4 ,at ,c is a valve = ! dis*>ge ( wa/e pulp4 ,! /ra9] plates h an incl9ation ( ab\t #a in* 9 ! direction ( _! l5g?1 & 9 ^? :i* are ne>e/ to ,a1 :]e ! pulp ent]s1 ! slits are wid]1 ! knots be+ pu%$ =w>d by ! en]gy ( ! fl[4 ,! vacuum pumps1 ,d ,d1 are work$ f ! %aft ,e4 ,! tubes ,f ,f are = supply+ wat] to ! plates1 by :i* ! co>s] p>ticles ( ! pulp are pu%$ =w>d1 & ! slits are ?us kept clean4 ,! /ra9] w pass f #ah to #bj tons ( ! f9e/ pap] p] week4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,roeckn]'s ,pulp ,/ra9]s4--,?is inv5tion consi/s 9 con/ruct+ boxes1 ) "o or bo? ends op51 =m+ ! /ra9]s1 fix$1 or to slide 9 or out1 s z to be readily clean$4 ,"o or m fans are fitt$ 9 ^! boxes1 & are put 9 motion f ! outside1 s z to cause :at is call$ suction ?r\gh ! /ra9]s4 ,"o or a numb] ( su* boxes are fix$ into a vat1 ! op5 ends dis*>g+ ! pulp :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! /ra9]s to ! pap]-ma*9e1 & c be s arrang$ t all ! fans are work$ on "o %aft4 ,! vat may be divid$ into comp>tm5ts1 s t ! /uff fl[s f "o to ! o!r4 ,in/ead ( boxes1 ! /ra9]s may be =m$ ( tubes1 9 :i* suitable slits or p]=ations h be5 provid$4 ,! tubes w be p]fectly clos$ at "o end1 & ! /ra9$ pulp1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh !m1 w be deliv]$ to ! pap]-ma*9e f _! op5 ends1 :i* may fit into a r+1 s t :5 clean+ is requir$ !y may be easily lift$ out or 94 ,! suction is provid$ inside ^! tubes by ! fans1 :i* are oscillat$ by suitable ge> f ! outside ( ! vat4 ,! /ra9]s may1 in/ead ( be+ /ation>y1 be atta*$ to ! fans & oscillate ) !m1 9 :i* case ! op5 ends w\ld h to be atta*$ to ! vat by an indi>ubb] or clo? r+1 or ! /ra9]s may oscillate :il/ ! fans are /ation>y4 ,any numb] ( ^! /ra9]s may be fix$ into vats1 dispos$ v]tically or o!rwise4 ,9 ! vat ,a1 ,fig4 #bh1 :i* receives ! pulp to be /ra9$1 are sev]al tubes1 p p p1 ) "o end op51 hav+ slits 9 !m simil> to /ra9] plates4 ,inside ( ^! are two1 ?ree1 or m plates1 f f f1 ,fig4 #bi1 runn+ ! full l5g? ( ! tube fix$ to ! %afts1 s s s1 & to ! sides ( ! tubes1 :i* s]ve z fans1 besides giv+ /r5g? to ! tubes4 ,! %afts s s s are c>ri$ 9 be>+s at ea* end1 & h ea* "o end project+ ?r\gh1 ^u :i* are key$ lev]s1 h h h1 :i*1 be+ connect$ to a rod r1 work$ by an ecc5tric1 e1 at ! end1 gives an oscillat+ motion to ! tubes & fans4 ,any numb] ( tubes may be 9 ! vat1 & may ei!r "w sep>ately or divid$4 ,) sev]al tubes x is pref]able to h !m arrang$ z %[n 9 ! draw+ by division plate d1 s t ! accumulat$ knots1 c41 may fl[ f9ally into ! end comp>tm5t 7:i* w =m an auxili>y /ra9]71 & may be mix$ ) m wat]1 s t ! f9e pulp /ill conta9$ 9 ! /uff c fl[ away ?r\gh ! slits & ! knots1 c41 be tak5 out :5 necess>y4 ,! tubes %\ld be plac$ s f> ap>t t a workman c get 8 h& betwe54 ,! clos$ ends "w free 9 ! /uff1 :ile ! op5 ends run ?r\gh indi>ubb] %eet or o!r mat]ial1 fitt$ s well to ! tube t ! fibre c only get ?r\gh ! slits ( ! tube to fl[ on to ! pap]-ma*9e ?r\gh ! *annel at side by ! sluice v4 ,! arr[s indicate ! direction ( ! fl[ ( pulp4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,mr4 ,dunb> says1 ! /ra9+ p[] necess>y to pass & clean pulp 9 an effici5t mann] = #be tons ( f9i%$ pap] p] week is two revolv+ /ra9]s1 consi/+ ( f\r r[s ( plates1 or #g feet by #ah in*es ( /ra9+ surface on ea* ( ! f\r sides1 ! plates be+ cut ,no4 #b ,watson's gauge4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! /ra9]s ! pulp %\ld be absolutely free f knots or objectionable p>ticles ( any k9d1 & 9 a prop] condition = conv]sion into pap]4 ,! ,ma*9e ,wire & its ,accessories4--,on leav+ ! /ra9]s ! pulp passes into a vat1 9 :i* is a horizontal agitator1 :i* causes ! pulp & wat] to become well mix$1 & ready to fl[ on to ! endless wire-clo? ( ! ma*9e4 ,! wire-clo? is made ( exce$+ly f9e wire1 ! me%es rang+ f #fj ?reads & upw>ds to ! in*1 !re be+ sometimes z _m z #a1ijj holes p] squ>e in*1 b ! me%es usually employ$ run f #b1jjj to #f1jjj p] squ>e in*4 ,! ends ( ! clo? are unit$ by be+ sewn ) v f9e wire4 ,! wid? ( ! wire-clo? v>ies consid]ably1 ! greate/ wid? be+1 we believe1 t suppli$ = ! l>ge ma*9e at ,mr4 ,edw>d ,lloyd's mill at ,sitt+b\rne1 :i* is #abf in*es4 ,! l5g? ( ! wire-clo? is g5]ally f #ce to #dj feet1 ! latt] be+ consid]$ pref]able4 ,b5ea? ! wire is plac$ a %all[ box call$ ! save-all1 :i* receives ! wat] z x fl[s ?r\gh ! wire clo? f ! pulp4 ,9 ord] to effect a fur!r sav+ ( pulp :i* escapes ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! wire-clo?1 a ma*9e call$ a pulp-sav] is us$ at "s mills1 ?r\gh :i* ! backwat]1 z x leaves ! box or save-all ref]r$ to1 is pass$4 ,! wire-clo? is support$ by a s]ies ( brass tube rolls1 :i* are s plac$ z to r5d] ! lay] ( pulp on ! wire absolutely uni=m1 by :i* a regul> ?ickness ( ! f9i%$ pap] is ensur$4 ,! wire is atta*$ to a malleable iron frame1 hav+ a sole-plate ( ca/ iron1 & c>ries a brass or copp] brea/-roll1 #ah in*es 9 diamet]1 a guide-roll #g in*es 9 diamet]1 & f\r brass or copp] rolls #e in*es 9 diamet] "u ! wire1 ) %afts ext5d+ ?r\gh ! rolls1 & furni%$ ) brass bu%es & brackets1 & a self-act+ guide ^u ! #g-;in* guide-roll4 ,! tube-rolls or c>ry+ tubes are c>ri$ ^u brass be>+s4 ,atta*$ to ! sole-plate ( ! wire fram+ are ?ree ca/-iron /&s on ea* side = support+ ! save-all b5ea? ! wire4 ,to regulate ! wid? ( ! pap] !re is on ! top ( ! wire a set ( brass deckles1 c>ri$ on a brass frame pass+ ov] ! fir/ suction box1 ( :i* !re are two1 & support$ on ! wire frame by iron /uds fix$ 9 ! frame4 ,at ea* end ( ! deckle-frame is a pulley = c>ry+ ! deckle-/rap1 ) ?ree simil> pulleys = exp&+ x4 ,! deckle-frame is furni%$ ) two endless /raps ( india-rubb]1 ^! /raps keep+ ! pulp to ! wid? requir$ = =m+ l$ges at ! sides ( ! web4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! ,conical ,pulp-sav]1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca1 0 inv5t$ by ! late ,mr4 ,george ,b]tram & ,mr4 ,paisley1 & is manufactur$ by ,b]trams1 ,limit$4 ,its use is to extract fibres f ! wa%+ wat] be=e go+ into ! riv] or o!rwise4 ,= ! wat] f ! drum-wa%]1 wa%+ & beat+ eng9es1 & = ! wat] f ! pap]-mak+ ma*9e1 save-all1 c41 x has prov$ itself ( great utility4 ,x is simple 9 con/ruction1 small 9 co/1 takes up little room1 & is easily repair$4 ,:5 plac$ to receive ! wa%+s f ! beat]s or pap]-ma*9e1 ! pulp sav$1 if kept clean1 c always be re-us$4 ,a is a conical drum :i* is cov]$ ) wire-clo?1 & x is made to revolve sl[ly by suitable ge>+4 ,! wat] ent]s by ! pipe ,b1 :i* is p]=at$1 z %[n1 & passes ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! gauze1 :ile ! pulp gradually f9ds its way to ! wid] end ( ! drum1 :]e x escapes into ! box ,c1 & c be convey$ aga9 to ! beat+-eng9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,! ,d&y-roll4--,:5 x is requir$ to produce a design or "n1 t]m$ a wat]-m>k1 ^u ! pap]1 ?is is done by means ( a roll call$ ! d&y-roll1 :i* consi/s ( a skeleton roll cov]$ ) wire-clo?1 ^u :i* ! design is work$ by means ( v f9e wire4 ,if ! pap] is requir$ to be alike on bo? sides1 )\t any specific patt]n or "n ^u x1 ! roll is simply cov]$ ) wire-clo?1 ! impressions f :i* ^u ! moi/ pulp correspond ) ^? ( ! ma*9e-wire on ! "u surface4 ,by ?is means pap] kn[n z wove pap] is produc$4 ,a d&y-roll ( ?is "* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,laid pap]1 z x is t]m$1 is di/+ui%$ by a d&y-roll hav+ a s]ies ( equidi/ant transv]se wires on ! upp] surface ( ! wire cyl9d]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc1 ! effect ( :i* is to produce p>allel l9es on ! pap]1 caus$ by ! pulp be+ ?9n] :]e ! moi/ pap] is impress$ by ! rais$ wires1 :i* r5d]s ! l9es m transp>5t ?an ! re/ ( ! pap]4 ,! d&y-roll1 :i* is usually ab\t #g in*es 9 diamet]1 corresponds 9 l5g? to ! wid? ( wire on :i* x re/s1 & is plac$ ov] ! wire-clo? betwe5 ! suction-boxes4 ,! j\rnals ( ! roll turn 9 slits 9 two v]tical /&s1 "o beh9d ! ma*9e frame & ! o!r 9 front ( x4 ,! roll1 h[ev]1 re/s ) its :ole weight on ! wire1 & revolves by ! progressive motion ( ! wire4 ,! /&s :i* support ! roll prev5t x f be+ influ5c$ by ! lat]al motion ( ! wire4 ,by ?us runn+ ov] ! surface ( ! pulp :5 ! wire is 9 motion1 ?is roll presses out a consid]able quantity ( wat]1 at ! same "t r5d]+ ! pap] clos] & f9] 9 texture4 ,d&y-rolls ( v>i\s l5g?s1 & be>+ diff]5t designs or patt]ns1 are kept at ! pap]-mills1 & great c>e is ex]cis$ to pres]ve !m f injury4 ,wat]-,m>k+4--,dr4 ,ure describes ! foll[+ processes = produc+ a design = a l9e wat]-m>k3--#a4 ,! design is engrav$ on "s yield+ surface 9 ! same way z on a copp]-plate1 & aft]w>ds1 by imm]s+ ! plate 9 a solution ( copp] sulphate1 & produc+ an electrotype 9 ! usual way1 by :i* all ! int]/ices become s fill$ up z to give a ca/+ ( pure copp]4 ,?is ca/+1 on be+ remov$ f ! sulphate ba?1 is ready = atta*+ to ! wire gauze ( ! d&y-roll4 #b4 ,! design is fir/ engrav$ on a /eel die1 ! p>ts requir$ to give ! greate/ effect be+ cut deepe/2 ! die1 aft] be+ h>d5$1 is =c$ by a /eam hamm] into "s yield+ mat]ial1 su* z copp]1 & all ( ?is metal :i* rema9s above ! pla9 surface ( ! /eel is subsequ5tly remov$ by suitable means2 ! portion repres5t+ ! design be+ left unt\*$ w\ld !n be atta*$ to ! wire-gauze z be=e4 ,light & %ade c be communicat$ to ! m>k by a modification ( ! above process1 = :i* purpose an electrotype ( ! rais$ surface ( a design is fir/ tak51 & aft]w>ds a second electrotype f ?is latt]1 :i* consequ5tly w be id5tical ) ! orig9al surface4 ,^! two are !n m\nt$ on lead or gutta-p]*a1 & employ$ z dies to give impression to f9e copp]-wire gauze1 :i* is !n employ$ z a m\ld4 ,?us absolute uni=mity1 su* z c\ld n be atta9$ by ! old sy/em ( /it*+ wires toge!r1 is n[ atta9$ 9 bank-notes by ! adoption ( ! above me?od4 ,x may be m5tion$ t :5 ! m\lds 7 =m$ by /it*+ ! f9e wires toge!r to =m a design1 no less ?an #a1jef wires1 ) #fg1ehd twi/s1 & involv+ "s hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( /it*es1 7 requir$ to =m a pair ( #e note m\lds1 & x 0 obvi\sly impossible t ! designs %\ld rema9 absolutely id5tical4 ,sometimes wat]-m>ks are produc$ by depress+ ! surface ( ! d&y-roll 9 ! =m ( a design1 :i* causes ! pap] to be ?ick] :]e ! design is ?an 9 ! re/ ( ! %eet ( pap]4 ,?is modification 0 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,de la ,rue4 ,de ,la ,rue's ,improvem5ts 9 ,wat]-m>ks4--,by "o me?od1 pat5t$ 9 #ahfi1 d&y-rolls1 hav+ a surface ( emboss$ wire-gauze1 are us$2 ! ind5tations 9 ! gauze are inw>ds1 caus+ a ?ick5+ ( ! pap] :]e !y are br\ght 9 contact ) x4 ,^! ?ick5+s correspond 9 =m to ! configuration ( ! design or wat]-m>k4 ,! inv5tor has also affix$ wire to ! surface ( su* d&y-rolls s z to =m projections1 9 ord] to ?9 ! pap] :]e ! projections come 9 contact ) x1 by :i* means light l9es are obta9$ 9 ! wat]-m>k1 /r5g!n+ ! effect ( ! ?ick5$ opaque design4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,by ano!r pat5t1 dat$ ,may1 #ahhd1 ,no4 #hcdh1 ! inv5tor =ms ! surface ( ! d&y-roll ( wire-gauze emboss$ 9 su* a mann] t p>ts ( ! surface ( ! gauze1 correspond+ to ! configuration ( ! design ( ! wat]-m>k1 are rais$1 & project out f ! g5]al surface1 & o!r p>ts correspond+ to ! l9e %ad+ ( ! design are depress$ bel[ ! level ( ! g5]al surface4 ,! accompany+ draw+1 ,fig4 #cd1 %[s diagrammatically1 & greatly enl>g$1 a section ( a portion ( ! surface ( a d&y-roll made 9 accordance ) ?is inv5tion4 a repres5ts ! section ( a ridge or projection rais$ on ! surface ( ! gauze2 b repres5ts ! section ( a groove or depression 9 ! wire-gauze1 :i*1 ) o!r simil> grooves1 s]ves to produce an opaque %ad+ to ! design4 c is an auxili>y ridge or projection1 s]v+ to def9e ! %ad+ l9e1 & to int5sify x by driv+ ! pulp into ! groove or depression b4 ,fur!r effects may be obta9$ by atta*+ wires to ! d&y-roll1 ei!r 9 ! usual way1 :]e ! surface is unemboss$1 or ^u ! rais$ p>ts a1 :i* give ! configuration to ! wat]-m>k4 ,9 place ( =m+ ! ridges or projections a1 :i* produce ! configuration ( ! wat]-m>k1 by rais+ portions ( ! wire-gauze above ! g5]al surface1 !y may be =m$ by sew+ on suitably %ap$ slips ( wire-gauze1 or ( %eet metal p]=at$ all ov] ) f9e holes1 on to ! surface ( ! gauze :i* is emboss$ ) ! grooves b1 b x is mu* to be pref]r$ t bo? ! ridges a & ! grooves b %\ld be produc$ by emboss+ ! gauze4 ,wat]-m>ks may also be produc$ by plac+ %eets ( f9i%$ pap] 9 contact ) plates ( copp] or z9c1 be>+ a design 9 relief1 & submitt+ !m to heavy pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,suction-,boxes4--,^! boxes1 :i* are fitt$ "u ! wire1 are made ( wood1 & are op5 at ! top1 ! edges be+ l9$ ) vulcanite4 ,! ends ( ! boxes are movable1 s t !y may be adju/$ to suit ! wid? ( ! pap] requir$2 !y are also provid$ ) air-cocks = regulat+ ! vacuum1 :i* is obta9$ by means ( two sets ( vacuum pumps1 hav+ ?ree #f-;in* b>rels to ea* set3 a vacuum pump ( ?is =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,z ! wire travels ov] ^! boxes1 ! action ( ! pumps draws ! wire ^u !m ) suffici5t pressure to r5d] !m air-tight2 by ?is means a l>ge portion ( ! wat] :i* ! pulp /ill reta9s at ?is po9t becomes extract$1 !reby giv+ to x su* a degree ( consi/5cy t x c /& ! pressure ( ! c\*-rolls )\t injury4 ,! backwat] extract$ by ! suction-boxes1 z also t collect$ 9 ! save-all1 is add$ to a fre% supply ( pulp be=e x fl[s on to ! s&-tables4 ,c\*-,rolls4--,at ! extreme end ( ! wire-clo? f ! brea/-roll1 & inside ! wire1 is ! "u c\*-roll1 f :i* ! wire receives its motion4 ,?is roll1 :i* is ( brass1 is usually ab\t #ad in*es 9 diamet]1 is c>ri$ ^u a ca/-iron fram+ ) brass be>+s1 & is gr\nd to a work+ jo9t ) ! top roll1 :i* is also ( brass1 & #bj in*es 9 diamet]4 ,bo? ^! rolls are cov]$ ) a seamless coat+ ( wooll5 felt4 ,! upp] roll re/s ^u ! l[] "o1 & ! wire-clo?1 & ! web ( pap] ^u x1 pass betwe5 ! rolls1 receiv+ g5tle pressure1 by :i* ! pap] becomes depriv$ ( m wat]1 r5d]+ x /ill m compact4 ,x is at ?is /age t ! web ( pap] leaves ! wire-clo?1 & passes on to a cont9u\sly revolv+ & endless web ( wooll5 felt1 t]m$ ! wet felt1 f ! moi/ condition ( ! pap]4 ,?is felt1 :i* is c>ri$ on wood5 roll]s1 is ab\t #bj feet long1 & is manufactur$ ) consid]able c>e4 ,! ,press-,rolls4--,! pap] n[ passes on to ! fir/ press-rolls1 :i* deprive x ( a /ill fur!r quantity ( wat]1 & put x 9 a condition to be> g5tle h&l+ )\t injury4 ,! upp] roll is fitt$ ) a contrivance t]m$ ! doctor1 :i* keeps ! roll clean by remov+ fragm5ts ( pap] t may h become atta*$ to x4 ,! doctor is furni%$ ) a knife :i* passes along ! entire l5g? ( ! roll1 press+ aga9/ x f end to end4 ,^! rolls are g5]ally ( iron1 jacket$ ) brass1 ! "u "o be+ #ad in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! top roll #af in*es4 ,sometimes ?is roll is made ( f9e-gra9$ ca/-iron4 ,:5 ! roll is ( iron ! doctor blade is /eel2 b :5 ?is roll is brass ! knife is ( ! same mat]ial4 ,! "u surface ( ! pap]1 :i* has be5 9 contact ) ! felt1 & necess>ily be+ 9 a moi/ condition1 receives m or less an impression f ! felt ov] :i* x travell$1 :ile ! upp] surface1 on ! o!r h&1 w h be5 r5d]$ smoo? by ! pressure ( ! top roll ( ! fir/ press4 ,to modify ?is1 & to r5d] bo? surfaces ( ! pap] z ne>ly uni=m z possible1 ! pap] passes ?r\gh ano!r set ( rolls1 t]m$ ! second press-rolls1 9 :i* ! pap] becomes rev]s$1 :i* is effect$ by caus+ x to ent] at ! back ( ! rolls1 :i* rotate 9 a rev]se direction to ^? ( ! fir/ press1 by :i* ! "u or wire side ( ! pap] comes 9 contact ) ! top roll ( ! press4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! und]side ( ! pap] is r5d]$ equally smoo? ) ! upp] surface4 ,! second set ( press-rolls is provid$ ) an endless felt ( its own1 :i* is usually bo? /rong] & ?ick] ?an t us$ 9 connection ) ! fir/ press-rolls4 ,9 "s mills ea* set ( press-rolls is provid$ ) a doctor1 to prev5t ! web ( pap] f adh]+ to ! metal4 ,sometimes ! doctor knives are made f vulcanite1 a mat]ial :i* w\ld seem specially suit$ = a purpose ( ?is k9d4 ,f ?is po9t ! pap] passes to ! fir/ set ( dry+ cyl9d]s4 ,! ,dry+ ,cyl9d]s4--,! inv5tion ( ! /eam dry+ cyl9d] is due to ,mr4 ,t4 ,b4 ,crompton1 :o1 9 ! ye> #ahba1 obta9$ a pat5t = ?is useful addition to ! pap]-ma*9e4 ,s9ce t p]iod1 h[ev]1 ! sy/em ( dry+ ! pap] by /eam-heat has be5 br\ght to a high /ate ( p]fection2 n only ?is1 b ! numb] ( cyl9d]s has gradually increas$1 :ile ! heat to :i* !y are rais$ has proportionately decreas$1 & z a consequ5ce ! size1 :i* is injuri\sly affect$ by rapid dry+1 is gradually depriv$ ( its moi/ure1 & ?us r5d]s ! pap] clos] & /rong]1 :ile at ! same "t a v rapid spe$ c be ma9ta9$4 ,! dry+ cyl9d]s 9 ! ma*9e %[n 9 ! engrav+ are #d feet 9 diamet] & #ab 9 numb]1 be+ arrang$ 9 two gr\ps ( #h & #d cyl9d]s respectively1 & 9 ! aggregate pres5t a v l>ge dry+ surface1 x be+ v important t ! op]ation %\ld be effect$ gradually1 m especially at its e>li] /ages4 ,!re is a passage betwe5 ! second press-roll & ! cyl9d]s1 ?r\gh :i* ! ma*9e-m5 c pass f "o side ( ! ma*9e to ! o!r4 ,! fir/ two or ?ree ( ! fir/ section ( cyl9d]s are only mod]ately heat$1 & hav+ no felt on !m1 all[ ! moi/ure f ! pap] to escape freely4 ,! next five cyl9d]s1 h[ev]1 are provid$ ) felts1 :i* press ! pap] aga9/ ! heat$ surfaces1 by :i* x becomes smoo? & flatt5$1 ?us putt+ x into a prop] condition = pass+ betwe5 ! smoo?+-rolls4 ,! cyl9d]s are heat$ by /eam1 & are g5]ally ( decreas+ diamet]1 to all[ = ! %r9k+ ( ! pap] dur+ ! dry+4 ,smoo?+-,rolls4--,^! consi/ ( highly poli%$ ca/-iron rolls1 heat$ by /eam4 ,! pap] be+ 9 a some:at moi/ condition :5 x passes ?r\gh ^! rolls1 !y h ! effect ( produc+ a f9e smoo? surface4 ,! pap] next passes ov] ! la/ f\r dry+ cyl9d]s1 all be+ provid$ ) felts1 to keep ! pap] closely press$ aga9/ _! heat+ surfaces1 by :i* ! rema9+ moi/ure becomes expell$ & ! pap] r5d]$ p]fectly dry4 ,! pap] n[ passes ?r\gh ! cal5d] rolls1 & is !n w\nd on to reels at ! extreme end ( ! ma*9]y4 ,! op]ation ( cal5d]+ w be treat$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,s+le ,cyl9d] ,ma*9e4--,= ! manufacture ( ?9 pap]s1 z also = pap]s :i* are requir$ to be glaz$ on "o side only1 a s+le cyl9d] ma*9e1 call$ ! ,yankee ma*9e1 has be5 introduc$1 a repres5tation ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf4 ,x is con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple z ! l>g] ,f\rdr9i] ma*9e up to ! c\*+-rolls1 :5 ! pap] leaves ! wire-clo? & passes on to an endless felt runn+ r\nd ! top c\*-roll1 & passes f !nce to a l>ge dry+ cyl9d]1 :i* is ab\t #aj feet 9 diamet] & heat$ by /eam1 ! surface ( :i* is highly poli%$1 giv+ to ! surface ( ! pap] 9 contact ) x a high gloss4 ,!re is atta*$ to ! ma*9e an arrangem5t = wa%+ ! felt = ! purpose ( cool+ & op5+ x out aft] pass+ ?r\gh a cold press-roll & ! hot dry+ cyl9d]4 ,?is ma*9e1 z manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,b5tley & ,jackson1 = cap1 skip1 & ?9 pap]s1 consi/s ( a rock+ frame1 & wr\ght-iron side b>s1 fitt$ ) brass be>+s1 ! necess>y brass & copp] tube-rolls1 c\*-rolls1 ) driv+ %aft1 /&s & pulley2 self-act+ wire guide1 brass deckle sides & pulleys1 brass slice1 vacuum boxes1 pipes & cocks2 wet felt frame1 ) ! necess>y wat] pipes & cocks1 & c>riages to c>ry ! c\*-rolls & felt-rolls2 ! necess>y wet felt-rolls & a felt wa%+ app>atus2 "o bottom press-roll c>ri$ by brass /eps1 & fitt$ ) comp\nd lev]s & weight2 "o l>ge ca/-iron dry+ cyl9d] ab\t #aj feet 9 diamet]1 & fitt$ ) a c5tral %aft1 /eam admission & wat] deliv]y nozzles1 two wat] lift]s & pipes1 a manhole & vacuum valve1 a l>ge spur driv+ :eel1 spur p9ion1 driv+ %aft & pulley2 massive ca/-iron framework1 ) p$e/als to c>ry ! cyl9d]2 trav]s+ /eel doctor & frames2 copp] lead+ roll & c>riages1 a pair ( reel+ /&s fitt$ ) brass /eps1 friction pulleys & plates1 regulat+ screws1 etc42 a wood5 plat=m & iron gu>d rail1 all c>ri$ by /rong ca/-iron fram+2 ! necess>y pulp & backwat] pumps1 %ake1 knott]1 /uff *e/s1 s]vice ci/]n1 pipes & valves1 %aft+1 p$e/als1 *ange :eels1 pulleys1 c4 ,^! ma*9es c be obta9$ ( any desir$ wid?4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,cal5d]+1 ,,cutt+1 ,,& ,,f9i%+4 ,web-glaz+4--,glaz+ ,cal5d]4--,damp+-,rolls4--,f9i%+4-- ,plate ,glaz+4--,donk9's ,glaz+ ,press4--,mr4 ,wyatt on ,am]ican ,sup]-cal5d]+4--,mr4 ,arnot on ,f9i%+4--,cutt+4--,revolv+ ,knife ,cutt]4--,b]trams' ,s+le-%eet ,cutt]4--,pack+ ! ,f9i%$ ,pap]4--,sizes ( ,pap]4 ,to imp>t a high] gloss1 or1 z x is te*nically t]m$ glaze1 to pap] aft] x leaves ! ma*9e1 x has to be subject$ to fur!r cal5d]+1 :i* is accompli%$ ei!r 9 ! web1 or 9 %eets1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,web-,glaz+4--,glaz+ ,cal5d]4--,:5 pap] has to be glaz$ 9 ! web1 x is pass$ betwe5 a s]ies ( rolls1 :i* are con/ruct$ ^u sev]al diff]5t sy/ems4 ,9 "o =m ( ?is ma*9e ! rolls are alt]nately ( f9ely poli%$ iron1 & compress$ pap]1 or cotton1 ! iron rolls be+ bor$ holl[ to admit ( _! be+ connect$ to /eam pipes1 = heat+ !m :5 necess>y4 ,9 ?is ma*9e !re are eight rolls1 ! c5tre pair be+ bo? pap] rolls1 :i* h an effect equival5t to rev]s+ ! pap]1 by :i* bo? sides are made alike4 ,ano!r =m ( glaz+ cal5d]1 ( ,am]ican orig91 b :i* has be5 improv$ ^u by our own eng9e]s1 consi/s ( a /ack ( rolls made f *ill$ iron1 ! surfaces ( :i* are gr\nd & f9i%$ ) exquisite precision ^u a sy/em adopt$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,a repres5tation ( ?is cal5d] z manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,b5tley & ,jackson is giv5 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,su* rolls z require heat+ are bor$ ?r\gh1 & _! ends fitt$ ) brass junctions & cocks1 to regulate ! admission ( /eam4 ,! /&>ds are ( ca/ iron1 plan$ & fitt$ ) phosphor bronze be>+s2 ! be>+s to c>ry ! top roll ( ! /ack are furni%$ ) wr\ght-iron screws & h& :eels1 & wr\ght-iron lift+ l9ks c be atta*$ to raise "o or m ( ! rolls1 accord+ to ! f9i% requir$ on ! pap]4 ,comp\nd lev]s are also suppli$1 to regulate & adju/ ! pressure on ! ends ( ! rolls4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,damp+ ,rolls4--,an important improvem5t 9 connection ) ! cal5d]+ ( pap] 0 introduc$ by ,messrs4 ,g4 & ,w4 ,b]tram a few ye>s s9ce1 by :i* a high] f9i% is giv5 to ! pap] ?an _h previ\sly be5 atta9able4 ,?is consi/s ( a damp+ app>atus ,a 7,fig4 #ch7 :i* is plac$ betwe5 ! la/ dry+ cyl9d]s ,b ( ! ma*9e & ! glaz+ cal5d]s ,c4 ,! damp+-rolls consi/ ( two brass or copp] rolls1 ab\t #ad in*es 9 diamet]1 ?r\gh :i* a con/ant /ream ( cold wat] is pass$1 :ile a l9e ( /eam jets1 issu$ f f9ely-p]=at$ pipes1 plays ov] ! face ( ! rolls4 ,! cold wat] )9 ! rolls cond5ses ! /eam1 !reby imp>t+ a uni=m moi/ure to ! "u surface ( ! pap]1 :i* enables x to take a bett] surface :5 pass+ ?r\gh ! glaz+ rolls4 ,! /eam-pipes c be regulat$ s z to give any am\nt ( dampness requir$ by adju/+ ! /eam cocks accord+ly4 ,by ref]5ce to ! engrav+1 x w be obs]v$ f ! disposition ( ! rolls t ! web ( pap] is rev]s$1 ?us equalis+ ! moi/ure on bo? sides1 by :i* ! pap]-mak] is enabl$ to produce an ev5ly-f9i%$ pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,! *ill$-iron glaz+-rolls1 z orig9ally introduc$1 7 fitt$ up 9 /acks ( sev51 & sometimes z _m z n9e rolls1 b x 0 f\nd 9 practice t s l>ge a numb] ( rolls gave unsatisfactory results2 ! heavy pressure1 act+ on ! pap] imm$iately aft] leav+ ! dry+ cyl9d]s1 _h ! effect ( cru%+ ! pap]1 giv+ x a ?9 feel4 ,x is n[ consid]$ pref]able to use cal5d]s hav+ n m ?an f\r1 or at mo/ five rolls4 ,an arrangem5t ( ?is description1 manufactur$ by ,b]trams1 is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,! sy/em recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,dunb> is to employ ?ree sets ( rolls1 dispos$ z foll[s3--,fir/1 a set ( ?ree rolls2 second1 a set to consi/ ( f\r rolls1 & a /ack ( five to give ! f9i%+ or dry surface4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ( cal5d]s1 & ! assi/ance ( ! damp+ app>atus1 any desir$ surface c be got by v>y+ & regulat+ ! dry+ ( ! pap]1 :i* any c>eful ma*9e-man c d ) ord9>y att5tion4 ,f9i%+4--,to give a /ill high] f9i% to ! pap]1 x is subject$ to :at is t]m$ friction-glaz+1 :i* consi/s 9 pass+ x ?r\gh a /ack ( rolls1 =m$ alt]nately ( small iron rolls & l>g] pap] ones1 ! iron rolls revolv+ at a mu* high] spe$ ?an ! pap]-rolls4 ,! effect ( ?is f9al glaz+ op]ation gives ! pap] a v f9e surface4 ,plate-,glaz+4--,donk9's ,glaz+ ,press4--,?is t]m1 :i* is also call$ sup]-cal5d]+1 is appli$ to a me?od ( glaz+ h&-made pap]1 & is also adopt$ = ! bett] qualities ( ma*9e-made pap]4 ,x consi/s 9 plac+ %eets ( pap] betwe5 highly poli%$ plates ( ei!r copp] or z9c1 ! latt] be+ m g5]ally us$4 ,! metal plates1 ) ! %eets ( pap] plac$ alt]nately betwe5 !m1 are made up into packs or h&fuls 7! op]ation be+ usually p]=m$ by wom571 & ^! are pass$ betwe5 two p[]ful rolls1 giv+ a pressure ( f tw5ty to ?irty tons1 & ea* pack1 consi/+ ( ab\t =ty plates & z _m %eets1 is pass$ ?r\gh ! rolls sev]al times1 ! pressure be+ regulat$ by means ( screws or lev]s & weights act+ on ! ends ( ! top roll4 ,a ma*9e = glaz+ pap] 9 packs1 manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,bryan ,donk9 & ,co41 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,"s descriptions ( pap]1 z antique & old /yle1 = example1 are surfac$ ) good c>dbo>d in/ead ( copp] or z9c plates4 ,z soon z ! h&ful has pass$ ?r\gh ! roll]s1 ! motion ( ! ma*9e is rev]s$1 by :i* means ! pack is made to pass =w>ds & backw>ds repeat$ly1 accord+ to ! ext5t ( gloss or smoo?ness requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,mr4 ,wyatt on ,am]ican ,sup]-cal5d]+4--,mr4 ,wyatt1 on a rec5t visit to ,am]ica1 _h _m opportunities ( witness+ ! sy/ems ( manufacture adopt$ !re1 & subsequ5tly deliv]$ an int]e/+ address to ! memb]s ( ! ,pap]-,mak]s' ,club1#bg 9 :i* he ackn[l$g$ ! sup]iority ( ! high-class pr9t+ pap]s = book-"w1 :i* has s (t5 be5 ! subject ( recognition 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,inde$1 if we comp>e ! surface ( ! pap] us$ ev5 = ord9>y te*nical j\rnals 9 ,am]ica & t g5]ally adopt$ = our own p]iodicals ( a simil> class1 we are con/ra9$ to admit t ! diff]5ce is 9 fav\r ( our transatlantic competitors4 ,9 ! manufacture ( high-class sup]-cal5d]$ pr9t+ pap]s1 ,mr4 ,wyatt obs]ves1 = f9e book-"w1 or z !y call !m book pap]s1 ! ,am]icans c]ta9ly excel4 ,:e!r ?is be due to ! k9d ( raw mat]ial us$1 to ! almo/ univ]sal use ( ! ref9+-eng9e1 :i* r5d]s ! pulp v s(t & mell[1 or to ! /ate ( p]fection to :i* !y h br\ght ! art ( sup]-cal5d]+1 or p]haps due to all ?ree1 ,i c\ld n exactly det]m9e4 ,! mat]ial g5]ally us$ = ?is class ( pap] is popl> *emical fibre & wa/e pap] to ! ext5t ( #ej p] c5t41 & ev5 up to #ge & #hj p] c5t4 ( ! total fibre1 ! balance be+ rags1 or1 9 *eap] qualities1 sulphite wood pulp2 ! /uff is all mix$ toge!r 9 l>ge beat]s1 hold+ f #hjj lbs4 up to #a1ejj lbs4 ( pulp1 :]e x is ab\t half beat51 & !n f9i%$ 9 "o or o!r =m ( ref9+-eng9e4 ,! ,am]icans h1 ,i ?9k1 m ?or\ghly /udi$ ! "q ( sup]-cal5d]+ pap] ?an we1 & 9 ?is respect get bett] results & bett] "w4 ,! pap] is mo/ly slit & trimm$ on ! pap]-ma*9e1 & reel$ up 9 f two to f\r wid?s by an +5i\s contrivance call$ ! ,mann+-w9d]1 :i* automatically keeps ! t5sion con/ant on ea* ( ! reels1 :atev] ! diamet]1 & is sup]-cal5d]$ 9 n>r[ wid?s on small cal5d]s4 ,^! cal5d]s are f #cf in*es to #db in*es wide1 & consi/ ( a /ack ( #i to #aa rolls1 alt]nately *ill$ iron1 & cotton or pap]2 ! pap] is pass$ ?r\gh ! rolls two or ?ree times1 nev] less ?an twice1 "u great pressure appli$ by h&-screws4 ,! p[] requir$ is v high1 be+ f #dj to #ej h4p4 = ea* cal5d]1 & ! spe$ f #dej feet up to #fjj feet p] m9ute4 ,! pap] is n usually damp$ be=e cal5d]+1 b is left r "u-dri$ f ! ma*9e2 nei!r is /eam heat us$ 9 ! rolls1 :i* get v w>m1 ow+ to ! high spe$ at :i* !y run4 ,! rolls are driv5 entirely by /raps1 ! arrangem5ts = ! fa/ & sl[ spe$ & = reel+ on & (f ! pap] be+ well design$ & work$ out2 ! ma9 /rap1 runn+ at high spe$1 runs on a loose pulley on ! %aft ( ! bottom roll1 by means ( a p[]ful friction clut*2 ?is pulley c be made a tight "o4 ,on ?is same bottom %aft is key$ a multiple ,v-%ap$ groov$ friction pulley4 ,ano!r1 & indep5d5t %aft1 driv5 f ! ma9 %aft by a cross$ belt1 has a small groov$ pulley key$ on x1 :i* c be ?r[n 9 & out ( ge> ) ! l>ge groov$ pulley4 ,/rap-driv+ is ?us secur$ ?r\gh\t1 & ! spe$ c be increas$ gradually )\t j]ks1 f ! />t+ up to ! fa/e/ spe$ by work+ ! lev]s1 ge>+ ! friction clut* & pulleys sl[ly4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! high f9i% ( ,am]ican pap]s1 we are dispos$ to attribute ?is ma9ly to ! nature ( ! *ief raw mat]ial us$--wood fibre4 ,9 ! ye> #ahed1 :5 specim5s ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,watt's wood-fibre pap] 7 fir/ pr9t$ ^u1 ! rem>kable gloss ( ! wood pap] attract$ mu* att5tion1 & x 0 notic$ t ! impression ( ! ink appe>$ to be well on ! surface ( ! pap]1 & n1 z 0 (t5 ! case ) ord9>y pr9t+ pap]s ( ! "t1 p>tially absorb$ by ! pap] itself4 ,mr4 ,wyatt /ates t popl> *emical fibre & wa/e pap] to ! ext5t ( #ej p] c5t41 & ev5 up to #ge & #hj p] c5t41 are us$1 ! balance be+ rags2 n[ s9ce ! wa/e pap] 9 all probability w\ld be compos$ l>gely ( wood fibre1 & z1 9 ! *eap] qualities1 sulphite wood pulp is us$ 9 lieu ( rags1 x w be fair to assume t ! *ief basis ( ! highly-f9i%$ pap]s = :i* ! ,am]icans are ju/ly fam\s is wood fibre1 & we believe t !re is no o!r v>iety ( cellulose :i* is s susceptible ( produc+ a naturally glossy pap] z t :i* is obta9$ f wood by ! soda process4 ,mr4 ,arnot on ,f9i%+4--,mr4 ,arnot makes ! foll[+ obs]vations respect+ ! f9i%+ ( pap]3--,! pap] may be slit into wid?s1 suitable = wet cal5d]s1 or may be cut up into %eets1 & glaz$ by ! plate or bo>d cal5d]s4 ,! =m] me?od ( surfac+ or f9i%+ has come ext5sively into use 9 rec5t times1 ! lab\r involv$ be+ mu* less ?an 9 ! old] me?od ( f9i%+ 9 %eets4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ! plate cal5d]s are kept at "w ^u ! high] classes ( goods1 x be+ possible to give almo/ any degree ( surface to good pap] by t means4 ,!re is little d\bt1 too1 t ! pap] glaz$ by ! plate rolls reta9s its orig9al s(tness to a great] degree ?an t pass$ ?r\gh web cal5d]s4 ,9 ! latt] x is expos$ 9 "o ?ickness to great pressure1 & is ?9n$ 9 consequ5ce2 :]eas1 :5 ! %eets are made up into piles1 along ) copp] or z9c plates1 !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( spr+ or ela/icity 9 ! treatm5t :i* l>gely c\nt]acts ! cru%+ action ( ! rolls4 ,! web cal5d]s consi/ ( a s]ies ( roll]s erect$ 9 a v]tical frame1 & betwe5 ^! ! pap] w9ds1 beg9n+ at ! top & com+ d[nw>ds1 s t ! pressure gradually increases z ! pap] moves on its j\rney4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! "u rolls h to be> ! weight ( ! upp] ones1 & t consequ5tly ! pressure on ! pap] w be great] ! l[] d[n x desc5ds4 ,_m ( ! roll]s !mselves are n[ made ( pap]1 & z ^! possess a slight degree ( ela/icity1 & take a high poli%1 !y are alt]nat$ ) iron roll]s ) good effect4 ,! pap]-rolls are made by slid+ an imm5se numb] ( circul> %eets1 p]=at$ 9 ! c5tre1 on to an iron core or %aft1 press+ ^! close toge!r by hydraulic action1 & trimm+ !m (f on ! la!4 ,! plate or broad cal5d]s consi/ only ( two roll]s1 ! upp] "o heavily weight$1 pref]ably by comp\nd lev]s4 ,betwe5 ^! roll]s ! %eets ( pap]1 alt]nat$ ) plates ( copp] or z9c1 & made up into bundles ab\t an in* 9 ?ickness1 are pass$ backw>ds & =w>ds1 ! reciprocat+ action be+ produc$ by ! movem5t ( a lev] 9 ! h& ( an att5dant4 ,! metal & pap] %eets ( diff]5t bundles may be int]*ang$1 & ! process repeat$ ) ! effect ( increas+ ! beauty & equality ( ! f9i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,cutt+4--,revolv+ ,knife4--,:5 pap] is to be us$ 9 a cont9u\s pr9t+-ma*9e1 or1 z is (t5 ! case1 has to be export$ 9 ! web1 x is suppli$ 9 rolls2 o!rwise x is cut into %eets be=e leav+ ! mill4 ,! =m ( cutt] g5]ally us$ is :at is t]m$ ! revolv+ knife-cutt]1 an illu/ration ( :i*1 z manufactur$ by ,b]trams1 ,limit$1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,at ,a is %[n a s]ies ( webs1 ! pap] f :i* is drawn =w>d by ! rolls1 ,b1 & is !n slit into suitable wid?s1 & ! m>g9 at ! same "t p>$ by circul> knives1 "o ( :i* is %[n at ,c4 ,x !n passes ?r\gh a pair ( lead+-rolls1 aft] :i* x comes 9 contact ) a knife1 ,d1 atta*$ to a revolv+ drum1 ,e1 press+ aga9/ a dead knife n %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,! %eets1 z !y are ?us cut1 drop ^u a travell+ felt or apron1 ,f1 f :i* !y are lift$ & plac$ 9 piles1 by boys or girls /&+ on ea* side ( ! felt4 ,^! ma*9es w cut eight webs at "o "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,b]trams' ,s+le-%eet ,cutt]4--,9 cases :]e x is necess>y t ! %eets %\ld be cut ) great uni=mity1 z 9 ! case ( pap] be>+ a wat]-m>k1 9 :i* x is requisite t ! design %\ld appe> exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ! %eet1 ! ord9>y cutt] is n f\nd to be suffici5tly reliable2 a ma*9e t]m$ a s+le-%eet cutt] is !re=e us$ = ?is purpose1 ( :i* an illu/ration is %[n 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,! pap] is l$ direct f ! pap]-ma*9e1 or f a reel frame1 to ! draw+-9 rolls1 ,a2 aft] :i* x passes ?r\gh ! circul> slitt+-knives1 ,b2 f "h x is l$ by ! roll] ,c to a l>ge wood-cov]$ drum1 ,d1 & at ! front ( ?is drum ! %eets are cut by ! cross-cutt+ knives1 ,e4 ,!re are two ca/-iron tap]$ cones1 ) belt guide = adju/+ ! spe$2 a fly-:eel to promote /ead9ess 9 work+2 a s]ies ( wr\ght-iron lev]s1 cranks1 ecc5trics1 %afts1 etc41 = accurately regulat+ ! travel ( pap] & ! cut ( ! horizontal knives2 a small pa/+ table is also fitt$ across ! ma*9e = m5d+ brok5 %eets4 ,pack+ ! ,f9i%$ ,pap]4--,! pap]1 aft] x leaves ! cutt+-ma*9e1 is convey$ to ! f9i%+-h\se1 :]e x is c>efully exam9$ by wom51 :o ca/ aside all defective or damag$ %eets1 :i*1 "u ! trade names ( imp]fections or retree1 are sometimes dispos$ (1 at a l[] rate1 to ! cu/om] = :om ! ord] is execut$4 ,9 ! w>eh\se ^! imp]fections are m>k$ ) a capital ,r on ! wrapp]1 or two crosses1 ?us ,x ,x4 ,if ! pap] is brok51 x is sometimes m>k$ ,b ,x ,x2 x is n g5]ally ! cu/om1 h[ev]1 to sell imp]fections1 b to return !m to ! beat]-man1 to be re-conv]t$ into pulp4 ,! p]fect %eets are !n c\nt$1 & pack$ up 9 reams consi/+ ( #dhj to #eaf %eets4 ,sizes ( ,pap]4--,! v>i\s sizes ( pap] are kn[n 9 ! /ation]y trade "u diff]5t designations1 z demy1 cr[n1 d\ble cr[n1 royal1 imp]ial1 etc4 ,z pap] is g5]ally pur*as$ accord+ to weight1 ! v>i\s weights p] ream are also di/+ui%$ ) ! size ( ! pap]1 z #af lb4 demy1 #bb lb4 d\ble cr[n1 & s on4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! sizes ( "s ( ! writ+ & pr9t+ pap]s 9 common use3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,"n4 ,writ+ ,pr9t+ ,pap]s4 ,pap]s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,foolscap #ag #ac #ag #ac ,small po/ 7or po/7 #ah #ae #ah #ae ,cr[n #bj #ae ,d\ble cr[n #cj #bj ,demy #bb #ag ,royal #be #bj ,imp]ial #cj #bb ,d\ble demy #ce #bb ,d\ble royal #dj #be ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,col\r$ ,,pap]s4 ,col\r$ ,pap]s4--,col\r+ ,matt]s us$ 9 ,pap]-,mak+4-- ,am]ican ,comb9ations = ,col\r+4--,mix+ ,col\r+ ,mat]ials ) ,pulp4--,col\r+ ,pap] = ,artificial ,fl[]s4--,/a9s = ,glaz$ ,pap]s4--,/a9s = ,morocco ,pap]s4--,/a9s = ,sat9 ,pap]s4 ,col\r$ ,pap]s4--,!re are sev]al me?ods by :i* any desir$ %ade ( col\r may be imp>t$ to pap]1 :i* are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,by bl5d+ ) ! pulp 9 ! beat+-eng9e "s insoluble sub/ance1 su* z smalts blue--a k9d ( glass col\r$ by oxide ( cobalt--ultram>9e1 yell[ o*re1 etc4 #b4 ,by add+ a col\r$ liquid1 :i* simply dyes or /a9s ! fibre4 #c4 ,by us+ rags :i* are already col\r$1 9 proportions to give ! requir$ %ade1 9 :i* case ( c\rse ! process ( blea*+ mu/ be omitt$4 #d4 ,by employ+ two sub/ances1 z yell[ prussiate ( pota% 7f]rocyanide ( potassium7 & a p]salt ( iron1 = example1 :i*1 :5 comb9$1 yield ! requisite blue t9t--,prussian blue4 ,by ?is latt] me?od ! buff %ade giv5 to :at is t]m$ ton$ pap] is effect$1 by us+ a solution ( copp]as 7sulphate ( iron7 & an alkal9e solution1 or by us+ a solution ( p]nitrate ( iron4 ,9 exp]im5t+ 9 ?is direction we h f\nd t a mixture ( solutions ( sulphate ( iron & bi*romate ( potassa produce an agreeable & p]man5t buff t9t4 ,! solutions may be add$ to ! pulp alt]nately1 or may be fir/ mix$ & !n at once put into ! beat]4 ,f #b to #c ozs4 ( ea* salt = ea* gallon ( wat] may be us$ if ! solutions are to be mix$ be=e us+2 b :5 appli$ sep>ately ! solutions may be us$ 9 a m conc5trat$ condition4 ,col\r+ ,matt]s us$ 9 ,pap]-,mak+4--,! foll[+ sub/ances1 us$ ei!r alone or mix$ 9 suitable proportions1 are employ$ 9 col\r+ pulp = pap]-mak+3-- ,smalts blue4 ,prussian blue4 ,indigo blue4 ,anil9e blues4 ,anil9e r$s1 includ+ eos9e4 ,co*9eal1 = p9k1 etc4 ,brazil wood1 :i* imp>ts ei!r a f9e r$ or orange-br[n col\r1 accord+ to ! treatm5t x has und]gone4 ,logwood1 = violet col\rs4 ,*rome yell[ & orange *rome4 ,orange m9]al4 ,copp]as1 = mix+ ) o!r sub/ances4 ,v5etian r$4 ,yell[ o*re4 ,qu]citron1 or oak-b>k4 ,nutgalls4 ,lamp black4 ,blue4--,! co>s] k9d ( pap] us$ = pack+ is prep>$ f rags blu$ ) indigo1 :i*1 :5 r$uc$ to pulp1 are n subject$ to ! process ( blea*+4 ,! f9] k9ds ( pap] are blu$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b ! *ief mat]ial us$ is :at is kn[n z artificial ultram>9e1 ( :i* !re are _m qualities 9 ! m>ket1 to :i* ref]5ce is made 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,prussian blue is also us$1 b ?is is usually produc$ directly 9 ! beat+-eng9e by add+ 9 solution1 #ie p>ts ( sulphate ( iron & #ajj p>ts ( f]rocyanide ( potassium 7yell[ prussiate ( pota%74 ,smalts blue1 :i* 0 =m]ly mu* us$ be=e ! introduction ( artificial ultram>9e1 is /ill pref]r$ = high-class$ pap]s z ! col\r is m p]man5t4 ,to obta9 smalts 9 an exce$+ly f9e /ate ( division ! be/ plan is to gr9d ! col\r 9 a little wat]1 & !n to sep>ate ! f9e/ p>ticle by ! process ( elutriation1 t is1 by diffus+ ! r$uc$ mass ?r\gh a l>ge volume ( wat]1 & aft] all[+ ! l>g] p>ticles to subside1 p\r+ (f ! liquor 9 :i* ! f9] p>ticles are susp5d$1 to a sep>ate vessel1 9 :i* !y are all[$ to subside4 ,if ?is op]ation is c>efully conduct$ ! smalts may be obta9$ 9 an exce$+ly f9e /ate ( division1 & we h f\nd t 9 ?is /ate ! col\r bl5ds well ) ! pulp1 & has little or no disposition to s9k ?r\gh x1 b produces a uni=m col\r+ ?r\gh\t4 ,am]ican ,comb9ations = ,col\r+4--,h(mann gives ! foll[+ examples ( ! comb9ation ( col\rs :i* h be5 adopt$ by ,am]ican manufactur]s3-- ,yell[ ,gold ,envelope ( f9e quality is made (-- ,bi*romate ( pota% #aj lbs4 ,nitrate ( lead #ah ,orange m9]al #ef ,por\s alum #cj ea* sub/ance be+ sep>ately dissolv$ & add$ to #djj lbs4 ( pulp4 ,orange-r$ ,gold ,envelope3-- ,bi*romate ( pota% #g lbs4 ,nitrate ( lead #aj ,orange m9]al #fj ,por\s alum #bj ,^! sub/ances are dissolv$ sep>ately & add$ to #djj lbs4 ( pulp4 ,buff ,envelope ( f9e deep %ade is made f-- ,bi*romate ( pota% #c lbs4 ,nitrate ( lead #e ,orange m9]al #aj ,am]ican o*re #bj ,por\s alum #cj ,"s half-/uff ( r$ jute bagg+4 ,= #djj lbs4 ( pulp4 ,tea-,col\r is made f a decoction ( qu]citron b>k1 ! liquid be+ p\r$ into ! eng9e1 & #b lbs4 ( copp]as 9 solution are add$ = e gallon ( ! b>k extract4 ,a little ultram>9e may be us$ to bright5 ! col\r4 ,drab4--,v5etian r$1 well wa%$1 add$ to a pulp ( tea-col\r made z above w give a f9e drab4 ,br[n is compos$ ( sev]al col\rs1 or a v f9e d>k gre5 tea-col\r br[n1 conta9+ tea1 buff1 drab1 & ink-grey1 may be made (-- ,qu]citron b>k liquid #ae gals4 ,bic>bonate ( soda #b lbs4 ,v5etian r$ #d ,extract ( nutgalls #b ,copp]as #ah ,por\s alum #cj ,! above proportions are = #djj lbs4 ( pulp4 ,! l>ge proportion ( alum prescrib$ 9 all ! above examples s]ves z a mordant1 & also1 ) ! addition ( res9 soap1 = siz+4 ,all ! above mixtures %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a ,no4 #fj wire-clo? into ! beat+-eng9e4 ,mix+ ,col\r+ ,mat]ials ) ,pulp4--,x w be readily und]/ood t :5 pap] is siz$ 9 ! pulp1 z ,mr4 ,h(mann po9ts out1 ! res9\s alum9a surr\nds ! fibres & prev5ts ! col\r+ mat]ials f p5etrat+ !m4 ,9 su* cases ! col\r+ mat]ials are only loosely held1 & a portion mu/ !re=e be lo/ 9 ! ma*9e4 ,if add$ to ! pulp be=e x is siz$ !y become ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! fibres1 & ) !m envelop$ by ! size4 ,! pulp %\ld always be col\r$ be=e x is siz$1 except 9 cases :]e ! alum or res9 soap w\ld injure ! col\rs1 or be injur$ by !m4 ,:ile ! pulp is be+ siz$ & col\r$1 ! f9i%+ t\* is giv5 by ! eng9e-man1 :o exam9es x & empties x into ! /uff-*e/4 ,col\r+ ,pap] = ,artificial ,fl[]s4--,davis gives ! foll[+ recipes = col\r+ "o ream ( pap] ( m$ium weight & size1 sap col\rs only be+ us$1 & pr9cipally ^? conta9+ mu* col\r+ matt]4 ,! gum arabic giv5 9 ! recipes is dissolv$ 9 ! sap-liquor4 ,blue 7d>k7 #a4--,mix #a gallon ( t9cture ( ,b]l9 blue ) #b ozs4 ea* ( wax soap & gum tragacan?4 #b4 ,mix gallon ( t9cture ( ,b]l9 blue ) #b ozs4 ( wax soap1 & #d ozs4 ( gum tragacan?4 ,crimson4--,mix #a gallon ( liquor ( ,brazil wood comp\nd$ ) borax1 #b ozs4 wax soap & #h ozs4 ( gum arabic4 ,gre54--#a4 ,take gallon ( liquor ( sap-gre5#bh1 #d ozs4 ( indigo rubb$ up f9e1 #a oz4 ( wax soap1 & #d ozs4 ( gum arabic4 #b4 gallon ( sap-gre5 liquor1 #d ozs4 ( di/ill$ v]digris1 #a oz4 ( wax soap1 & #d ozs4 ( gum arabic4 ,yell[ 7gold574--,mix #f ozs4 ( gamboge ) #b ozs4 ( wax soap4 ,yell[ 7lemon74--#a4 ,comp\nd #a gallon ( juice ( ,p]sian b]ries ) #b ozs4 ( wax soap & #h ozs4 ( gum arabic4 #b4 ,add to #a gallon ( qu]citron liquor1 comp\nd$ ) solution ( t91 #b ozs4 ( wax soap1 & #h ozs4 ( gum arabic4 ,yell[ 7pale74--,mix #a gallon ( fu/ic1 #b ozs4 ( wax soap1 & #h ozs4 gum arabic4 ,yell[ 7gre574--,comp\nd #a gallon ( sap-gre5 liquor ) #b ozs4 ea* ( di/ill$ v]digris & wax soap1 & #h ozs4 ( gum arabic4 ,r$ 7d>k74--#a gallon ( ,brazil-wood liquor1 #b ozs4 ( wax soap1 & #h ozs4 ( gum arabic4 ,rose ,col\r4--,mix #a gallon ( co*9eal liquor ) #b ozs4 ( wax soap1 & #h ozs4 ( gum arabic4 ,sc>let4--#a4 ,mix #a gallon ( ,brazil wood liquor comp\nd$ ) alum & a solution ( copp]1 ) #b ozs4 ( wax soap1 & #h ozs4 ( gum arabic4 #b4 ,mix #a gallon ( co*9eal liquor comp\nd$ ) citrate ( t91 ) #b ozs4 ( wax soap1 & #h ozs4 ( gum arabic4 ,/a9s = ,glaz$ ,pap]s4--,ow+ to ! *eapness ( ^! pap]s glue is us$ 9 lieu ( ! m exp5sive gums2 #a lb4 ( glue dissolv$ 9 #a gallon ( wat]2 ! proportions ( col\r+ mat]ials are giv5 = #a ream ( pap] ( m$ium weight & size4 ,black4--#a4 ,dissolve #a lb4 ( glue 9 #a gallon ( wat]2 triturate ?is ) lampblack 7#a lb47 previ\sly rubb$ up 9 rye :iskey2 ,frank=t black1 #b lbs42 ,p>is blue1 #b ozs42 wax soap1 #a oz42 !n add liquor ( logwood1 #a lb4 #b4 #a gallon ( liquor ( logwood comp\nd$ ) sulphate ( iron1 #a oz4 ( wax soap1 & #d ozs4 ( gum arabic4 ,blue 7azure74--#a gallon ( glue liquor1 z be=e1 mix$ ) #a lb4 ,b]l9 blue1 #b lbs4 p[d]$ *alk1 #b ozs4 ( light m9]al blue1 & #b ozs4 ( wax soap4 ,blue 7d>k74--,mix ) #a gallon ( glue liquor1 #d lbs4 ( p[d]$ *alk1 #d ozs4 ( ,p>is blue1 & #b ozs4 ( wax soap4 ,blue 7pale74--#a4 ,mix gallon ( t9cture ( ,b]l9 blue & #a oz4 ( wax soap ) #c ozs4 ( solution ( gum tragacan?4 #b4 ,take #a gallon ( glue liquor & mix ) #d lbs4 ( p[d]$ *alk & #b ozs4 ea* ( ,p>is blue & wax soap4 ,br[n 7d>k74--#a4 #a gallon ( glue liquor1 mix$ ) #f lbs4 ea* ( colco?> 7jewell]s' r\ge7 & ,engli% p9k1 #a lb4 ( p[d]$ *alk1 & #b ozs4 ( wax soap4 #b4 ,dissolve #a oz4 ( wax soap & #d ozs4 ( gum arabic 9 gallon ( good ,brazil-wood liquor1 & add a l quantity ( t9cture ( gallnuts4 ,gre5 7copp]74--,mix 9 #a gallon ( glue liquor #d lbs4 ( ,engli% v]digris1 #a lb4 ( p[d]$ *alk1 & #d ozs4 ( wax soap4 ,gre5 7pale74--,mix ) #a gallon ( glue liquor #a lb4 ( ,brem5 blue1 #h ozs4 ( :it+1 #a oz4 ( pale *rome yell[1 & #b ozs4 ( wax soap4 ,lemon ,col\r4--,mix 9 #a gallon ( glue liquor #ac ozs4 ( lemon *rome1 #b lbs4 ( p[d]$ *alk1 & #b ozs4 ( wax soap4 ,orange-,yell[4--,mix 9 #a gallon ( glue liquor #b lbs4 ( lemon *rome1 #a lb4 ( ,turki% m9ium1 #b lbs4 ( :ite lead1 & #b ozs4 ( wax soap4 ,r$ 7*]ry74--,mix 9 #a gallon ( glue liquor #h lbs4 ( ,turkey r$1 previ\sly mix$ up ) gallon ( ,brazil-wood liquor1 & #b ozs4 ( wax soap4 ,r$ 7d>k74--,mix gallon ( ,brazil-wood liquor ) wax soap #a oz41 & gum arabic #d ozs4 ,r$ 7pale74--,to #a gallon ( glue liquor is to be add$ #h lbs4 ( ,turkey r$ previ\sly rubb$ up ) #b ozs4 ( wax soap4 ,violet4--#d ozs4 ( gum arabic1 & #a oz4 ( wax soap are to be mix$ ) gallon ( good logwood liquor4 ,:5 ! gum is dissolv$1 mix ) x en\gh pota% to =m a mordant4 ,/a9s = ,morocco ,pap]s4--,= #a ream ( pap] ( m$ium size & weight ! foll[+ recipes are recomm5d$3-- ,black4--#h ozs4 ( good p>*m5t %av+s are dissolv$ 9 #a gallon ( wat]2 into ?is liquid is to be /irr$ lampblack1 #a lb41 ,frank=t black1 #c lbs41 & ,p>is blue1 #a oz4 ,blue 7d>k74--,dissolve p>*m5t %av+s1 z be=e1 & mix 9 #h lbs4 ( :ite lead & #d lbs4 ( ,p>is blue4 ,blue 7light74--,dissolve p>*m5t %av+s1 z be=e1 & mix 9 #h lbs4 ( :ite lead & #b ozs4 ( ,p>is blue4 ,gre5 7d>k74--,dissolve #ac ozs4 ( p>*m5t %av+s 9 #b gallons ( wat]1 & mix 9 #aj lbs4 ( ,s*we9fur? gre54 ,gre5 7pale74--,prep>e solution ( p>*m5t z 9 ! la/1 & mix ) #h lbs4 ( ,s*we9fur? gre5 & #a lb4 ( f9e ,p>is blue4 ,orange-,yell[4--#h ozs4 ( p>*m5t %av+s are to be dissolv$ 9 #a gallon ( wat]1 & !n mix$ ) #a lb4 ( lemon *rome1 #h ozs4 ( orange *rome1 & #a lb4 ( :ite lead4 ,r$ 7d>k74--,to ! same quantity ( p>*m5t liquor z ! la/ is to be add$ #g lbs4 ( f9e c9nab>1 & #a lb4 ( ,turkey r$4 ,r$ 7pale74--,to ! same quantity ( p>*m5t liquor add #h ozs4 ( ,turkey r$4 ,violet 7light74--,to #a gallon ( p>*m5t liquor add #d lbs4 ( :ite lead1 #ac ozs4 ( light m9]al blue1 & #h ozs4 ( sc>let lake4 ,violet 7d>k74--,to #a gallon ( p>*m5t liquor add #c lbs4 ( :ite lead1 #a lb4 ( pale m9]al blue1 & #h ozs4 ( sc>let lake4 ,yell[ 7pale74--,to #a gallon ( p>*m5t liquor add #b lbs4 ( light *rome yell[ & #h ozs4 ( :ite lead4 ,/a9s = ,sat9 ,pap]s4--,= ea* ream ( pap] ( m$ium weight & size ! foll[+ recipes are giv53-- ,blue 7azure74--#ac ozs4 ( p>*m5t are dissolv$ 9 #b gallons ( wat] & mix$ ) #c lbs4 ( ,brem5 blue1 #a lb4 ( ,engli% m9]al blue1 & #d ozs4 ( wax soap4 ,blue 7light74--#h ozs4 ( p>*m5t are to be dissolv$ 9 #a gallon ( wat]1 & to be mix$ ) light *rome yell[1 #ac ozs42 colco?>1 #f ozs42 ,frank=t black1 #b ozs42 p[d]$ *alk #c lbs41 & wax soap1 #c ozs4 ,br[n 7r$di%74--#a gallon ( p>*m5t liquor z ! la/1 to :i* is add$ yell[ o*re1 #a lb42 light *rome yell[1 #d ozs42 :ite lead1 #a lb42 r$ o*re1 #a oz41 & wax soap1 #c ozs4 ,br[n 7light74--#a gallon ( p>*m5t liquor1 z be=e1 to :i* is add$ #ac ozs4 ( light *rome yell[1 #f ozs4 ( colco?>1 #b ozs4 ( ,frank=t black1 #c lbs4 ( p[d]$ *alk1 & #c ozs4 ( wax soap4 ,grey 7light74--#a gallon ( p>*m5t liquor is mix$ ) #d lbs4 ( p[d]$ *alk1 #h ozs4 ( ,frank=t black1 #a oz4 ( ,p>is blue1 & #c ozs4 ( wax soap4 ,grey 7blui%74--,to ! above quantity ( p>*m5t liquor add #d lbs4 ( p[d]$ *alk1 #a lb4 ( light m9]al blue1 #d ozs4 ( ,engli% gre51 #a oz4 ( ,frank=t black1 & #c ozs4 ( wax soap4 ,gre5 7br[ni%74--,to ! same quantity ( p>*m5t liquor add ,s*we9fur? gre51 #a lb42 m9]al gre51 #h ozs42 burnt umb] & ,engli% p9k1 ( ea* #d ozs42 :it+1 #a lb41 & wax soap1 #c ozs4 ,gre5 7light74--,to ! same quantity ( p>*m5t liquor add ,engli% gre5 & p[d]$ *alk1 ( ea* #b lbs41 & #c ozs4 ( wax soap4 ,lemon ,col\r4--,to ! same quantity ( p>*m5t liquor add lemon *rome1 #a lb42 :ite lead #a lb41 & wax soap1 #c ozs4 ,orange-,yell[4--,p>*m5t liquor z be=e1 #a gallon1 to :i* is add$ lemon *rome1 #d lbs42 ,turkey r$1 #h ozs42 :ite lead1 #a lb41 & wax soap1 #c ozs4 ,rose ,col\r4--#a gallon ( p>*m5t liquor z be=e1 to :i* is add$ gallon ( rose col\r prep>$ f ,brazil wood & *alk1 & #f lbs4 ( wax soap4 ,violet 7light74--#a gallon ( p>*m5t liquor z above1 mix$ ) light m9]al blue & sc>let lake1 ( ea* #a lb42 :ite lead1 #a lb41 & wax soap1 #c ozs4 ,:ite4--,to #a gallons ( p>*m5t liquor is add$ f9e ,kremnitz :ite1 #h lbs41 ,brem5 blue1 #d ozs41 & wax soap1 #c ozs4 ,silv] ,:ite4--#a gallon ( p>*m5t liquor mix$ ) ,kremnitz :ite1 #h lbs41 ,frank=t black1 #h ozs41 & wax soap1 #c ozs4 ,pale ,yell[4--#a gallon ( p>*m5t liquor1 to :i* is add$ #d lbs4 ( light *rome yell[1 #a lb4 ( p[d]$ *alk1 & #c ozs4 ( wax soap4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,miscellane\s ,,pap]s4 ,wat]pro( ,pap]4--,sc(f]n & ,tidcombe's process4--,dr4 ,wright's process = prep>+ ,cupro-,ammonium4--,j\glet's process4-- ,wat]pro( ,composition = ,pap]4--,t\gh5+ ,pap]4--,morfit's process4--,transp>5t ,pap]4--,trac+ ,pap]4--,v>ni%$ ,pap]4-- ,oil$ ,pap]4--,li?ographic ,pap]4--,cork ,pap]4--,new ,japanese ,pap]4--,blott+ ,pap]4--,p>*m5t ,pap]4--,te/ ,pap]s4 ,wat]pro( ,pap]4--,sc(f]n & ,tidcombe's ,process4--,9 ?is process1 = :i* a pat5t 0 grant$ 9 #ahge1 ! well-kn[n solubility ( cellulose 9 cupro-ammonium is tak5 advantage (1 = ! purpose ( produc+ wat]pro( pap] by de/roy+ its absorptive prop]ties4 ,aft] ! pap] is made & dri$ 9 ! usual way by ! pap]-mak+ ma*9e1 x is l$ ?r\gh a ba? ( cupro-ammonium1 hav+ a roll or roll]s !re91 or 9 connection !re)1 ei!r on reels on :i* ! pap] is reel$1 or f ! cont9u\s web ( pap] itself directly f ! ma*9e1 & f ?is ba? x is l$ ov] a table ( wire-clo?1 or india-rubb]1 or ov] a s]ies ( roll]s =m+ a table1 "u :i* /eam-pipes are plac$ = ! purpose ( sett+1 or p>tially dry+1 ! web2 x is !n l$ ov] suitable reels 9 a hot-air *amb] to season or f9i% ! treat$ pap]1 :i* is !n cut z ! pap] runs1 by ! ord9>y cutt+ ma*9e1 into ! requir$ %eets4 ,! *amb] 9 :i* ! pap] is treat$ is v5tilat$ z foll[s3--,ov] ! ba? & hot-air *amb] is ano!r *amb] hav+ op5+s lead+ into ! hot-air *amb]1 & at ^! op5+s a /eam-bla/1 or fan-bla/1 is appli$1 :i* v5tilates ! *amb] 9 :i* ! pap] is heat$1 & drives ! ammonia into contact ) ei!r sulphur\s or hydro*loric acid1 & by ?is means ! ammonia is recov]$ 9 a solid =m :i* w\ld o!rwise be wa/$4 ,! inv5tors also incorporate hydrat$ oxide ( copp] ) pap] pulp1 s t aft] x is made into pap] x has only to be subject$ to ! action ( ammonia1 z ord9>ily done1 or to ! action ( gase\s ammonia m+l$ ) /eam4 ,br[n pap]s are /r5g!n$ & glaz$ by pass+ !m ?r\gh a ba? ( pulp conta9+ cupro-ammonium1 ei!r ) or )\t pit*1 t>1 or o!r res9\s matt]s4 ,x is well kn[n t by pass+ pap] ?r\gh a cupro-ammonium ba? x is surface dissolv$ & glaz$ by its own mat]ial1 & if x be desir$ to unite two or m %eets toge!r ?is is ! mo/ economical way ( conduct+ ! op]ation2 b if x be desir$ to /r5g!n & glaze a s+le ?ickness ( pap] or millbo>d1 x is consid]$ undesirable to make ! glaze by dissolv+ a portion ( ! pap] itself4 ,9 ?is case ! inv5tors pass ! web or %eet ( pap] ?r\gh a ba?1 n ( cupro-ammonium simply1 b ( cupro-ammonium 9 :i* ligne\s mat]ial is already dissolv$2 & :5 ! glaz+ ( br[n pap] is to be effect$1 !y pref] to =tify ! ba? ) t>1 pit*1 m>9e glue1 or o!r res9\s mat]ials4 ,by ?is process1 panels & tiles may be manufactur$ f millbo>d1 or ?ick %eets ( ligne\s mat]ial made f pulp already incorporat$ ) hydrat$ oxide ( copp]4 ,! panels1 etc41 are pass$1 by means ( an endless web1 ?r\gh a ba? ( ammoniacal solution1 or ! vap\r ( ammonia & /eam1 & ! tiles or panels may be surface-glaz$ by expos+ !m :ile moi/ to ! action ( fluo-silicic acid gas1 by :i* silica is deposit$ 9 ! mat]ial & on its surface4 ,dr4 ,wright's ,process = prep>+ ,cupro-ammonium4--,?is process1 :i* has be5 adopt$ at ! ,willesd5 ,pap] ,mills1 may be ?us briefly describ$3--,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! process1 metallic copp]1 9 small lumps1 solid metal1 or clipp+s1 etc41 is cov]$ ) a solution ( ammonia 9 wat]1 or ) a weak solution ( cupro-ammonium hydrate1 conta9+ an am\nt ( free ammonia 9 solution dep5d5t ^u ! /r5g? ( ! copp] solution ultimately requir$2 a curr5t ( air is !n caus$ to pass ?r\gh ! :ole by means ( an air-pump1 9 su* a mann] t ! bubbles ( air pass ov] & among/ ! fragm5ts ( metallic copp]1 :i*1 if 9 small p>ticles1 may be advantage\sly kept 9 susp5sion by any conv5i5t agitator4 ,9 a few h\rs ! liquid becomes saturat$ ) z mu* copp] z x c dissolve1 ! rate ( solution v>y+ ) ! =m ( ! vessel conta9+ ! mat]ials1 ! /r5g? ( ! ammoniacal fluid1 & ! rate ( ! passage ( ! /ream ( air4 ,to c>ry ?is process into effect1 metallic copp] 9 fragm5ts ( conv5i5t size is loosely pil$ inside a v]tical tube or t[]1 & wat] is all[$ to trickle f a pipe ov] ! copp] s z to keep its surface moi/4 ,at ! base ( ! t[] a curr5t ( air1 mix$ ) ammonia gas1 is caus$ to pass into ! t[]1 s z to asc5d upw>ds1 meet+ ! desc5d+ wat] z x trickles ov] ! copp]4 ,"u ^! conditions ! copp] becomes oxidis$1 & ! wat] dissolves fir/ly ! ammonia gas1 &1 secondly1 ! oxide ( copp] =m$1 s t ! liquor :i* passes out at ! base ( ! t[] is a solution ( cupro-ammonium hydrate1 ! /r5g? ( :i* dep5ds on ! proportions subsi/+ betwe5 ! bulk ( ! mass ( copp]1 ! quantity ( wat] trickl+ ov] x1 & ! am\nt ( air & ammonia gas suppli$ 9 a giv5 "t4 ,z an example ( ! me?od ( c>ry+ out ! above process1 ! inv5tor proce$s z foll[s3--,he con/ructs a v]tical iron t[] :i* may be t5 in*es 9 int]nal diamet] & t5 feet 9 height1 & ?is is fill$ ) scraps ( %eet copp]4 ,on ?is wat] is all[$ to trickle1 :il/ at ! base ( ! t[] a mixture ( air & gase\s ammonia is all[$ to pass upw>ds ?r\gh ! t[]1 by :i* a solution ( cupro-ammonium is =m$1 :i* is all[$ to trickle out at ! base ( ! t[] into a tank4 ,x has be5 f\nd advantage\s to use a s]ies ( t[]s1 all[+ ! air & ammonia gas t pass out at ! top ( ! fir/ t[] to ent] at ! bottom ( ! second t[]1 & s on successively ?r\gh\t ! s]ies4 ,! weak] solutions produc$ 9 ! lat] t[]s ( ! s]ies are us$ in/ead ( wat] 9 ! e>li] t[]s1 s t practically all ! ammonia gas orig9ally us$ is obta9$ 9 ! =m ( cupro-ammonium hydrate solution1 issu+ f ! fir/ t[] ( ! s]ies4 ,! cupro-ammonium process1 z c>ri$ on at ! ,willesd5 ,mills1 is appli$ to ropes1 nett+1 etc41 by imm]s+ !m 9 a solution ( cupro-ammonium1 :i*1 :5 !y are subsequ5tly dri$1 gives !m a v>ni%$ appe>ance1 :ile at ! same "t1 ! fibres hav+ become cem5t$ toge!r by ! action ( ! cupro-ammonium1 _! /r5g? is increas$4 ,by ! same process pap]1 canvas1 & o!r manufactur$ articles are r5d]$ wat]pro(4 ,a conc5trat$ solution ( cupro-ammonium may also be us$ = secur+ envelopes1 :]eby ! adhesion ( ! surfaces ( ! pap] is r5d]$ p]fect1 & ! only means ( op5+ ! envelope is by cutt+ or te>+ ! pap]4 ,j\glet's ,process4--,?is process1 :i* ) modifications has be5 adopt$ by o!rs1 is bas$ on ! solv5t action on cellulose ( a solution ( oxide ( copp] 9 ammonia4 ,a quantity ( ?is solution is plac$ 9 a tank1 & ! pap] rapidly pass$ ov] & 9 contact ) ! surface ( ! liquid1 by means ( suitable roll]s 9 motion4 ,! pap] is aft]w>ds press$ betwe5 a pair ( rolls & dri$ by ! ord9>y dry+ cyl9d]s4 ,! brief contact ( ! pap] ) ! liquid occasions j suffici5t action on ! cellulose to h ! effect ( an imp]meable v>ni%4 ,wat]pro( ,composition = ,pap]4--,! foll[+ composition = r5d]+ pap] wat]pro( = ro(+ & floor+ purposes has be5 pat5t$ 9 ,am]ica4#bi ,by pref]5ce good1 h>d manilla pap] is select$1 & a composition ( ! foll[+ +r$i5ts is appli$ ) a bru%1 or by means ( roll]s3--,glue1 #b lbs41 is dissolv$ 9 #c gallons ( crude petroleum1 ( ab\t ! d5sity ( #cc ,b4 at #fj ,f42 #ce gallons ( res9 oil1 & ab\t half a p9t ( oil ( eucalyptus1 :i* w h ! effect ( de/roy+ ! objectionable od\r ( ! res9 oil4 ,to ?is mixture is fur!r add$ ab\t #d gallons ( any ord9>y dri]4 ,! above +r$i5ts are to be ?or\ghly mix$ by agitation1 & ! composition bru%$ ov] ! pap] 9 a room heat$ to ab\t #hj ,f41 & all[$ to dry4 ,x is said t pap] ?us coat$ w exclude w9d1 cold1 dampness1 & du/4 ,t\gh5+ ,pap]4--,morfit's ,process4--,! object ( ! foll[+ process is to produce a pap] t\gh5$ 9 a degree & quality di/9ctively f any o!r 9 ! m>ket1 & is applicable to all k9ds ( pap]1 b m p>ticul>ly to ^? made ) inf]ior grades ( pulp = pr9t+ newspap]s1 & = wrapp+ pap]s4 ,! means employ$ are ! seawe$s :i* =m glut9\s liquors ) wat]1 su* z ,c>rage51 or ,iri% moss1 ,ag>-ag>1 & ! l4 ,any ( su* seawe$s may be employ$1 ei!r sep>ately or mix$ ) ano!r ( its k9d1 accord+ to ! judgm5t ( ! op]ator & ! sort ( pap] to be manufactur$1 b "s seawe$s are sup]ior to o!rs = ?is purpose4 ,! raw seawe$ is fir/ wa%$1 & !n boil$ ) wat] until all ! soluble matt] has be5 extract$1 & ! result+ liquor is !n /ra9$4 ,! hot /ra9$ liquor =ms ! ba? 9 :i* %eets ( pap] or pulp are to be treat$4 ,if desir$1 res9 soap & alum9\s cake may be add$ to ! glut9\s liquor1 b ^! s]ve r to size & make ! pap] ru/le ?an increase its t\ghness4 ,if ! pap] is to be treat$ 9 ! =m ( %eets or web1 x is to be pass$1 z x leaves ! wire-clo? 9 :i* x is =m$1 ?r\gh a hot solution ( ! seawe$ alone1 or mix$ ) res9\s soap & alum9\s cake1 & dri$ by means ( suitable ma*9]y4 ,to apply x to ! pulp1 ! latt] is to be diffus$ 9 ! hot liquor1 & ! %eets or web made !refrom 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! prop] proportions ( seawe$1 res9\s soap1 & alum9\s cake w v>y ) ! k9d ( pulp & %eets "u treatm5t1 & mu/ be adju/$ z ! judgm5t ( ! op]ator det]m9es be/ = ea* op]ation4 ,transp>5t ,pap]4--,!re are sev]al me?ods ( r5d]+ pap] transp>5t1 among/ :i* ! foll[+ has be5 recomm5d$3-- ,boil$ & blea*$ l9se$ oil #abj p>ts4 ,lead turn+s #f ,oxide ( z9c #cj ,v5ice turp5t9e #c ,! above +r$i5ts are plac$ 9 an iron or o!r suitable vessel1 9 :i* !y are ?or\ghly mix$1 & ! :ole !n boil$ = ab\t eight h\rs4 ,! mixture is !n all[$ to cool1 :5 x is aga9 well /irr$ & ! foll[+ sub/ances add$3--,:ite copal1 #cj p>ts2 gum s&>ac1 #b p>ts1 ^! +r$i5ts be+ well incorporat$ by /irr+4 ,trac+ ,pap]4--,%eets ( smoo? unsiz$ pap] are laid flat on a table1 & !n c>efully coat$ on "o side only ) a v>ni% compos$ ( ,canada balsam & oil ( turp5t9e4 ,! bru% us$ = ?is purpose mu/ be a clean sa% tool1 & :5 ! fir/ %eet has be5 v>ni%$ 9 ?is way x is to be hung across a l9e to dry4 ,! op]ation is !n to be appli$ to fre% %eets 9 succession until ! requir$ quantity ( pap] has be5 treat$4 ,9 ! ev5t ( "o coat+ ( ! v>ni% n r5d]+ ! pap] suffici5tly transp>5t1 a second coat+ may be appli$ :5 ! fir/ coat+ has become q dry4 ,v>ni%$ ,pap]4--,:5 x is desir$ to v>ni% ! surface ( pap]1 c>d-"w1 pa/ebo>d1 etc41 x mu/ fir/ be r5d]$ non-absorb5t ) two or ?ree coat+s ( size1 :i* w also prev5t ! v>ni% f act+ ^u any col\r or design :i* may be impress$ ^u ! pap]4 ,! size may be made by dissolv+ is+lass 9 boil+ wat]1 or by boil+ clean p>*m5t cutt+s 9 wat] until a cle> solution is =m$1 :i*1 aft] /ra9+1 is ready = use4 ,if necess>y1 = v delicate purposes1 ! size ?us prep>$ may be cl>ifi$ ) a little :ite ( egg4 ,! size %\ld be appli$1 z 9 ! =m] case1 ) a clean sa% tool1 b ! t\* %\ld be light1 especially = ! fir/ coat+1 le/ ! inks or col\rs %\ld run or become ble>$4 ,:5 dry1 ! v>ni% may be appli$ 9 ! usual way4 ,oil$ ,pap]4--,%eets ( pap] are bru%$ ov] ) boil$ l9se$ oil1 & !n hung up to dry4 ,pap] ?us prep>$ is wat]pro(1 & has be5 us$ z a sub/itute = bladd] & gut sk9s = cov]+ jam pots1 etc41 b ! introduction ( p>*m5t pap] has almo/ entirely sup]s$$ x4 ,li?ographic ,pap]4--,?is pap]1 :i* is writt5 ^u ) li?ographic ink1 may be prep>$ by ei!r ( ! foll[+ =mul3--#a4 ,take />*1 #f ozs42 gum arabic1 #b ozs42 alum1 #a oz4 ,make a /rong solution ( ea* sep>ately 9 hot wat]1 !n mix ! :ole & /ra9 ! liquor ?r\gh gauze4 ,x mu/ be appli$ to "o side ( ! pap] :ile /ill w>m by means ( a s(t bru% or sponge2 a second or ?ird coat+ may be giv5 z ! prec$+ "o becomes dry4 ,! pap] is f9ally press$ to r5d] x smoo?4 #b4 ,! pap] mu/ fir/ receive ?ree coats ( ?9 size1 "o coat ( good :ite />*1 & "o coat ( a weak solution ( gamboge 9 wat]4 ,! +r$i5ts are to be appli$ cold ) a sponge1 & ea* coat all[$ to dry be=e ! next is appli$4 ,cork ,pap]4--,a pap] "u ?is title 0 pat5t$ 9 ,am]ica by ,messrs4 ,h4 ,felt & ,co42 x is prep>$ by coat+ "o side ( a ?ick1 s(t1 & flexible pap] ) a mixture compos$ ( glue1 #bj2 gelat9e1 #a2 & molasses1 #c p>ts1 & cov]+ ) f9ely-p[d]$ cork1 :i* is aft]w>ds lightly roll$ 94 ,! pap] ?us prep>$ is said to be us$ = pack+ bottles4 ,new ,japanese ,pap]4--,accord+ to ! ,bullet9 du ,muse ,comm]cial1 a native ( ,japan has rec5tly inv5t$ a new process by :i* pap] may be made f seawe$4 ,! pap] ?us made is said to be v /rong1 almo/ unte>able1 & is suffici5tly transp>5t to admit ( its be+ us$ z a sub/itute = w9d[ glass2 x takes all col\rs well1 & 9 _m respects resembles old w9d[ glass4--,bo>d ( ,trade ,j\rnal4 ,blott+ ,pap]4--,?is pap]1 requir+ to be v absorb5t1 is n siz$1 b is prep>$ ) />* alone1 :i*1 :ile hold+ ! fibres toge!r1 does n affect ! absorb5t prop]ty ( ! pap]4 ,dunb> gives a recipe = mak+ blott+ pap] :i* has be5 f\nd successful1 & f :i* we make a few extracts4 ,9 select+ mat]ials = blott+1 ( high-class1 cotton rags ( ! weake/ & t5d]e/ description procurable %\ld be *os54 ,boil !m ) #d lbs4 ( cau/ic soda to ! cwt4--t is1 if y h no facilities = boil+ !m 9 lime alone4 ,:5 furni%$ to ! break+-eng9e1 wa% ! rags ?or\ghly be=e lett+ d[n ! roll2 :5 ?is is done1 r$uce !m to half-/uff1 & z soon z possible convey !m to ! pot*]4 ,:5 up to ! desir$ col\r1 dra9 imm$iately4 ,! break]-plate %\ld be %>p = blott+s1 & ! beat]-roll & plate also 9 good ord]1 & ! /uff beat5 sm>tly = n m ?an an h\r & a half 9 ! eng9e4 ,= p9k blott+s furni% two-?irds :ite cottons & "o-?ird ( ,turkey r$s if !y c be got1 or dye ) co*9eal to desir$ %ade2 empty d[n to ! ma*9e be=e />t+1 & see t ! vacuum pumps are 9 good condition4 ,remove weights f c\*-roll1 & if !re are lift+ screws raise ! top c\*-roll a little4 ,take %ake-belt (f1 z ! %ake w n be requir$4 ,press light ) fir/ press1 & h ! top roll ( ! second press cov]$ ) an ord9>y jacket simil> to c\*-roll jacket4 ,dry h>d1 & pass ?r\gh "o cal5d] ) weights (f1 & roll z light z possible1 j en\gh to smoo? slightly4 ,p>*m5t ,pap]4--,?is pap]1 :i* is ext5sively us$ = cov]+ j>s & pots = pickles & jams1 is prep>$1 accord+ to ! process ( ,p\m>de & ,figui]1 z foll[s3--,:ite unsiz$ pap] is dipp$ = half a m9ute 9 /rong sulphuric acid1 specific gravity #ahdb1 & aft]w>ds 9 wat] conta9+ a little ammonia4 ,by ,ga9e's process 7#aheg7 unsiz$ pap] is plung$ = a few seconds into sulphuric acid dilut$ ) half to a qu>t] ( its bulk ( wat] 7! acid be+ add$ to ! wat]71 & ! solution all[$ to cool until ( ! same temp]ature z ! air4 ,! pap] is aft]w>ds wa%$ ) weak ammonia4 ,?is process1 :i* has be5 ext5sively work$ by ,messrs4 ,de la ,rue & ,co41 produces a f> bett] mat]ial ?an ! =ego+4 ,mill & ,c>d-bo>d4--,9 ! manufacture ( bo>ds refuse mat]ials ( all k9ds t occur 9 ! pap]-mill may be us$1 & ^! are sort$ accord+ to ! quality ( bo>ds = :i* !y are be/ suit$4 ,aft] be+ well beat5 ! result+ mass is mix$ ) suitable proportions ( rag pulp1 kaol91 *alk1 :ite clays1 c4 ,!re are f\r pr9cipal processes by :i* bo>ds are manufactur$1 namely1 #a4 ,by sup]pos+ sev]al %eets ( pap] & caus+ !m to unite by a siz+ mat]ial4 #b4 ,by sup]pos+ sev]al wet leaves at ! "t ( c\*+4 #c4 ,by m\lds provid$ ) ?ick deckles4 #d4 ,by special ma*9es simil> to ^? us$ = mak+ cont9u\s webs ( pap]1 b )\t a dry+ cyl9d]1 ! %eets be+ dri$ 9 ! op5 air or 9 a heat$ room4 ,! ?ird me?od is only adopt$ = bo>ds ( mod]ate ?ickness1 z an excess ( pulp w\ld r5d] ! dra9+ difficult4 ,mak+ ,pap] or ,c>dbo>d ) two ,faces by ,ord9>y ,ma*9e4--,by ?is process1 rec5tly pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,diana1 all k9ds ( ?9 or ?ick pap] or c>dbo>d are manufactur$ ) two diff]5t faces by means ( ! ord9>y pap]-ma*9e1 hav+ a s+le flat table ) a s+le wire-gauze web1 )\t requir+ a second metallic web4 ,= ?is purpose ! two pulps are prep>$ sep>ately1 & "o is caus$ to pass on to ! web 9 an almo/ liquid condition2 ?is is all[$ to dra9 (f suffici5tly1 & ! second pulp 7also 9 a liquid condition7 is !n pass$ uni=mly ^u ! :ole surface ( ! previ\s lay]4 ,! wat] dra9s (f f ?is lay] ?r\gh ! fir/ lay]1 & ! pap] or c>dbo>d is ?us directly =m$ ) two diff]5t faces1 ! subsequ5t op]ations be+ z ord9>ily employ$ 9 pap]-mak+4 ,! space betwe5 two ( ! suction cases employ$ = draw+ (f ! wat] 9 ! pulp is a suitable po9t = ! di/ribution ( ! dilut$ second pulp1 :i* is almo/ liquid4 ,te/ ,pap]s4--,^! pap]s1 :i* are ext5sively us$ bo? 9 ! laboratory & ! factory1 = det]m9+ ! pres5ce ( acids or alkalies 9 v>i\s liquids1 may be prep>$ z foll[s3--,litmus pap]1 = detect+ ! pres5ce ( acids1 is prep>$ by fir/ mak+ an infusion ( litmus4 ,r$uce to a pa/e ) a pe/le & mort> #a oz4 ( litmus1 add+ a little boil+ wat]2 !n add m boil+ wat]--f #c to #d ozs4 9 all--& put ! mixture into a flask & boil = a few m9utes2 f9ally1 add m boil+ wat] to make up half a p9t1 & :5 cold filt] ! liquor4 ,to prep>e ! te/ pap]1 a suffici5t quantity ( ! liquid be+ p\r$ into a flat di%1 pieces ( unsiz$ pap] are /eep$ 9 ! blue liquid1 s t all surfaces may be ?or\ghly wett$2 ! pap] is !n to be hung up by "o corn] to dra91 & aft]w>ds dri$4 ,z _m %eets ( pap] z may be requir$ %\ld be treat$ 9 ?is way1 & ! %eets aft]w>ds cut up into conv5i5t /rips = use4 ,r$ litmus pap]1 = detect+ slight traces ( alkali 9 liquids1 may be prep>$ by dipp+ a glass rod1 previ\sly dipp$ into a v dilute solution ( sulphuric acid1 into "o-half ( ! above infusion1 repeat+ ! op]ation cauti\sly until ! liquid turns f blue to a slightly r$ t9t4 ,unsiz$ pap] :5 dipp$ 9 ?is w acquire a r$di% col\r :i* is v s5sitive to ! action ( weak alkal9e liquors1 & ! vap\r ( ammonia re/ores ! blue col\r in/antly4 ,turm]ic pap] is prep>$ by dipp+ unsiz$ pap] 9 a decoction ( turm]ic--ab\t #b ozs4 to ! p9t4 ,pap] /eep$ 9 ?is solution & dri$ acquires a yell[ col\r1 :i* turns br[n 9 alkal9e solutions4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,ma*9]y ,,us$ ,,9 ,,pap]-,,mak+4 ,b5tley & ,jackson's ,drum ,wa%]4--,dry+ ,cyl9d]4--,self-,act+ ,dry ,felt ,regulator4--,pap] ,cutt+ ,ma*9e4--,s+le ,web ,w9d+ ,ma*9e4--,cool+ & ,damp+ ,rolls4--,rev]s+ or ,plate ,glaz+ ,cal5d]4--,plate ,plan+ ,ma*9e4--,roll ,b> ,plan+ ,ma*9e4--,wa%+ ,cyl9d] = ,rag ,eng9e4--,blea* ,pump4--,?ree-roll ,smoo?+ ,presses4--,back-wat] ,pump4--,web ,glaz+ ,cal5d]4--,reel+ ,ma*9e4--,web ,ripp+ ,ma*9e4-- ,roeckn]'s ,cl>ifi]4--,m>%all's ,p]fect+ ,eng9e4 ,ap>t f ! me*anical contrivances :i* are ref]r$ to 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ?is "w1 9 :i* _! application is expla9$1 x w be necess>y to direct att5tion to c]ta9 ma*9es & appliances :i* are adopt$ at "s ( ! m advanc$ pap]-mills 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,am]ica2 b s9ce ! v>i\s mak]s ( pap]-mak]s' ma*9]y are con/antly introduc+ improvem5ts to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! manufactur]1 we mu/ ref] ! read] to ^! firms = full] in=mation ?an c be giv5 9 ! limit$ scope ( ?is treatise4 ,_m ( ! improvem5ts 9 pap]-mak+ ma*9]y consi/ 9 modifications--sometimes ( a v important nature--9 ! con/ruction ( c]ta9 p>ts ( a ma*9e1 :]eby ! effici5cy ( ! ma*9e z a :ole is 9 "s cases consid]ably augm5t$4 ,)\t (f]+ any critical rem>ks ^u ! m]its ( ! respective improvem5ts :i* h be5 introduc$1 x w be suffici5t to direct att5tion to ! manufactur]'s own description ( ! pr9cipal features ( ! special me*anical contrivance :i* he produces = ! use ( ! pap]-mak]4 ,x may also be said t innum]able pat5ts h be5 obta9$ = v>i\s improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y1 or p>ts ( ma*9es1 eng9es1 etc41 :i* c readily be ref]r$ to at ! ,libr>y ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice1 or any ( ! public libr>ies ?r\gh\t ! ,k+dom4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,b5tley & ,jackson's ,drum-,wa%]4--,?is drum-wa%]1 = use 9 ! rag-eng9e1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,x has ca/-iron ends1 /rong copp] buckets1 %aft1 /&s1 lift+-ge>1 & driv+-:eel1 b in/ead ( ! drum be+ cov]$ ) ! ord9>y /rong brass back+-wire1 x is cov]$ ) _! improv$ honey-comb back+-plates1 ov] :i* ! f9e wire is wrapp$ z usual4 ,! honey-comb back+ consi/s ( t\gh roll$ brass or copp] plates1 curv$ to suit ! diamet] ( ! drum1 & secur$ to its ends by cross-b>s4 ,x is practicably inde/ructible1 /r5g!ns ! drum1 & by ma9ta9+ its cyl9drical =m1 adds consid]ably to ! durability ( ! f9e cov]+-wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,dry+ ,cyl9d]s4--,^! cyl9d]s1 by ! same firm1 = :i* pat5ts 7 obta9$ 9 #ahgb & #ahhg1 are made ) concave & convex ends1 ! latt] type be+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,! cyl9d] body is made ( h>d ca/-iron1 turn$ & poli%$ on outside surface4 ,! ends & trunnions are ( t\gh ca/ iron1 turn$ to fit into _! places1 & !re secur$ by bolts & nuts by a pat5t$ me?od1 :]eby no bolts 7except+ = ! manhole7 are put ?r\gh ! metal1 an unbrok5 surface is pres]v$1 & ! annoyance ( leakage ?r\gh ! bolt-holes is avoid$4 ,a manhole & cov] is fitt$ to all cyl9d]s #c feet 9 diamet] & upw>ds1 & a wat]-lift] & pipe to remove ! cond5s$ /eam4 ,! trunnions are bor$ to receive nozzles or junctions = admitt+ /eam1 & ! :ole1 :5 complet$1 is c>efully balanc$ & te/$ by /eam pressure to #ce lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,! firm /ate t !y h made cyl9d]s f #b to #aj feet 9 diamet] by ?is sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,self-act+ ,dry ,felt ,regulator4--,?is contrivance1 :i* is manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,b5tley & ,jackson1 is repres5t$ 9 front & side elevation 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,a is ! fram+ ( ! pap]-ma*9e1 ,b ! felt-roll]s1 ,c ! dry felt2 ,d is a slide c>ry+ "o end ( ! felt guide-roll] ,b2 ,c is a %aft across ! ma*9e1 ) a pulley ,f1 two-key$ on "o end1 & a bevel p9ion two-key$ on ! o!r end4 ,! pulley ,f & p9ion ,h are key$ toge!r1 & run loose ^u ! %aft ,g2 ,i is a bevel-:eel1 ge>+ into ! p9ions ,h & #b4 ,! :eel ,i is connect$ by a sp9dle & a pair ( bevel-:eels to a screw ,e1 :i* works ?r\gh a ?read$ bu%4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is at "w1 if ! felt ,c %\ld run on "o side1 x w pass betwe5 ! pulley ,f & ! guide-roll] ,b1 caus+ ! pulley to revolve1 & turn+ ! screw ,e 9 ! ?read$ bu%1 !reby mov+ ! slide fix+ ,d & ! guide-roll] ,b1 :i* causes ! felt to run back4 ,%\ld ! felt run to ! o!r side1 x w run 9 contact ) ! pulley ,f #b1 & ?us rev]se ! motion ( ! guide-roll] ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,pap]-cutt+ ,ma*9e4--,?is ma*9e 7,fig4 #df71 :i* is manufactur$ by ! same firm1 is con/ruct$ to cut f "o to eight webs simultane\sly1 9 %eets ( any requir$ l5g?1 f #h to #fj in*es4 ,x is built on ! ,v]ny pr9ciple1 & its op]ation is z foll[s3--,! webs ( pap] f ! reel-rolls are c>ri$ by an endless felt1 & ! pap] is drawn (f ! rolls by travell+ ca/-iron gripp] beams1 :i* firmly grasp ! felt & ! webs ( pap] to be cut1 ! travel ( ! beams be+ equal to ! l5g? ( ! %eet ( pap] to be cut4 ,:5 ! requir$ l5g? ( ! %eet is drawn f ! rolls1 a ca/-iron clamp1 plac$ close to ! dead cross-cut knife1 desc5ds & firmly holds ! pap] until ! movable cross-cut knife has cut (f ! %eets1 :i* fall on a second endless felt1 & are plac$ by ! cat*]s 9 ! usual mann]4 ,z soon z ! %eets are cut1 ! clamp is releas$1 & ! travell+-gripp]s are aga9 ready to seize ! pap] & repeat ! op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,s+le ,web ,w9d+ ,ma*9e4--,?is ma*9e 7,fig4 #dg7 is con/ruct$ = prep>+ webs ( pap] = cont9u\s pr9t+-presses4 ,! roll ( pap] to be prep>$ is c>ri$ by brass be>+s hav+ v]tical & horizontal screw adju/m5ts atta*$ to /&>ds m\nt$ on a slide1 & movable by a screw transv]sely on ! ma*9e to accommodate ! deckle edges4 ,! pap] web is tak5 ?r\gh a pair ( iron draw-rolls1 c>ri$ by brass be>+s1 fitt$ 9 ca/-iron /&s2 !re are two pairs ( ripp+-knives ) bosses1 spr+s1 & coll>s1 m\nt$ on turn$ wr\ght-iron %afts runn+ 9 brass be>+s c>ri$ by ca/-iron /&s2 a wr\ght-iron lead+-roll & c>ry+ brackets fitt$ ) brass bu%es2 a copp] measur+ roll c\nt]1 ge>$ to indicate up to #aj1jjj y>ds1 ) dis5gag+ app>atus to cease measur+ :5 ! pap] breaks2 a friction-drum #b feet 9 diamet]1 made ( wood1 m\nt$ on ca/-iron r+s1 & a wr\ght-iron %aft1 all c>efully turn$ & balanc$2 two ca/-iron swivell+ arms1 ) brass slid+ be>+s to c>ry ! m&rel on :i* ! prep>$ web is to be w\nd1 ) screws1 /ruts1 :eels & %aft to regulate ! angul> pressure ( ! roll ( pap] aga9/ ! wood drum1 accord+ to its weight & ! quantity ( pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,cool+ & ,damp+ ,rolls4--,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #dh7 repres5ts an app>atus1 con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,b5tley & ,jackson1 = cool+ & damp+ pap] aft] leav+ ! dry+ cyl9d]s & be=e pass+ ?r\gh ! cal5d]s4 ,x consi/s ( two brass rolls bor$ & fitt$ ) ca/-iron ends1 brass nozzles1 & regulat+ taps1 ?r\gh :i* ! rolls are suppli$ ) a con/ant fl[ ( wat]4 ,! rolls are c>ri$ by ca/-iron /&>ds1 fitt$ ) brass /eps & ca/-iron caps4 ,jets ( /eam are bl[n on ea* ( ! rolls f a p]=at$ copp] pipe runn+ p>allel )1 & at a little di/ance f1 ! body ( ! roll4 ,! /eam is cond5s$ on ! cold surfaces ( ! brass rolls1 & absorb$ by ! web ( pap]1 :i* passes ar\nd & 9 contact ) _! surfaces1 & is consequ5tly damp$ on bo? sides4 ,! p]=at$ /eam-pipes are enclos$ by copp] hoods1 to prev5t ! /eam f spread+1 & ! supply ( /eam is regulat$ by ord9>y brass valves or cocks4 ,! rolls are ge>$ toge!r by a pair ( spur-:eels1 & driv5 by a pulley ( suitable diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,rev]s+ or ,plate-glaz+ ,cal5d]4--,?is ma*9e1 :i* is %[n 9 ,figs4 #di & #ej1 is also made by ! firm ref]r$ to1 & consi/s ( two hamm]$ iron rolls1 ea* ab\t twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 ( any suitable l5g?1 c>efully turn$ & c>ri$ by /rong ca/-iron /&>ds1 fitt$ ) bell-metal /eps4 ,! top roll is provid$ ) sett+-d[n blocks & brasses1 comp\nd lev]s & weights to regulate ! pressure requir$4 ,! two rolls are ge>$ toge!r by /rong %r\d$ :eels1 & driv5 by a /rong ca/-iron spur-:eel & p9ion1 a driv+-%aft1 fa/ & loose pulleys1 c>ri$ by ca/-iron /&s & p$e/als fitt$ ) brass /eps4 ,! ma*9e is fitt$ ) two metal fe$-tables1 & a self-act+ app>atus = return+ ! %eets to ! rolls1 & a h&le-lev]1 slide-b>1 & /rap-=ks = />t+ & rev]s+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,plate-plan+ ,ma*9e4--,?is ma*9e1 :i* is manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,bryan ,donk9 & ,co41 ( ,b]mondsey1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,by its aid ! plates ( rag-eng9es c be %>p5$ )\t be+ tak5 to pieces4 ,! slide ( ! ma*9e is made exactly l ! roll-b> plan+ ma*9e 7see bel[71 & is s arrang$ t x c easily be tak5 (f & us$ = %>p5+ roll-b>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,roll-,e> ,plan+ ,ma*9e4--,9 ! accompany+ engrav+ 7,fig4 #eb7 is %[n an app>atus fitt$ to a rag-eng9e = %>p5+ rag-eng9e roll-b>s1 & x w be se5 t by means ( x ! op]ation c be p]=m$ )\t remov+ ! roll f its usual position4 ,! edges ( ! b>s are fir/ plan$ by a tool suppli$ by ! manufactur]s to r5d] ! :ole cyl9drical be=e %>p5+ !m2 ! bevell$ sides are !n plan$ by suitable tools1 two ( :i* accompany ! app>atus4 ,?is me?od ( %>p5+ r5d]s ! b>s uni=m 9 %ape1 ! roll is kept 9 bett] work+ ord]1 & x c be dress$ 9 consid]ably less "t1 & at less exp5se1 ?an c be done by *ipp+ by h&4 ,wa%+-,cyl9d] = ,rag-,eng9e4--,! illu/ration at ,fig4 #ec repres5ts ! ma*9e z manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,bryan ,donk9 & ,co4 ,x is s made t ! wat] is deliv]$ on ! driv+ side ( ! rag-eng9e1 ?us avoid+ any tr\gh across ! eng9e1 & admitt+ ( ! midfea!r be+ ?91 z is usual 9 ca/-iron eng9es4 ,x is all self-conta9$1 & ! driv+ app>atus is :olly on ! outside ( ! eng9e4 ,! rais+ & l[]+ are effect$ by a worm & worm-:eel1 s t ! cyl9d] w /op at any po9t requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,blea* ,pump4--,9 ! accompany+ engrav+ 7,fig4 #ed7 is %[n a pump1 manufactur$ by ,bryan ,donk9 & ,co41 :i* is arrang$ expressly = ! purpose ( pump+ up blea*-liquor4 ,ea* pump is all self-conta9$1 & m]ely requires a drum & /rap to drive x4 ,! live & dead rigg]s ^u ! pump all[ x to be />t$ & /opp$ at pleasure4 ,9 all pap]-mills1 say ! manufactur]s1 ! blea*-liquor %\ld be us$ ov] & ov] aga91 n only to save blea*1 :i* am\nts to a consid]able sum 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 b also to keep ! pap] clean4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,?ree-,roll ,smoo?+-,presses4--,! engrav+ 7,fig4 #ee7 %[s a damp smoo?+-press1 ) rolls = smoo?+ ! pap] betwe5 ! two sections ( dry+ cyl9d]s ( a pap]-ma*9e4 ,! mak]s are ,messrs4 ,bryan ,donk9 & ,co4 ,a ?ree-roll smoo?+ press1 = smoo?+ ! pap] at ! end ( a pap]-ma*9e1 also by ! same mak]s1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,back-wat] ,pump4--,! engrav+ 7,fig4 #eg7 %[s a pair ( back or size-wat] pumps1 manufactur$ by ,b]trams1 ,limit$4 ,! b>rels are ( ca/-iron1 l9$ ) copp]4 ,! suction & dis*>ge valves are ea* conta9$ 9 a *amb] ) cov]s1 s t e valve c\ld be easily got at by simply releas+ ! cov]4 ,! valve-seats are ( brass1 ) brass gu>ds & rubb] clacks4 ,! plung]s are ( brass1 ) cup-lea!rs4 ,all is fitt$ up on a ca/-iron sole-plate1 ) tall /&>ds1 disc-cranks1 & driv+-pulley betwe5 frames4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,web-glaz+ ,cal5d]4--,fig4 #eh repres5ts ,b]trams' web-glaz+ cal5d]1 ) /eam-eng9e atta*$4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! ma*9e 9 front elevation4 ,! /eam-eng9e is specially design$ = ?is class ( "w1 hav+ two cyl9d]s #aj in*es 9 diamet] by #af in*es /roke1 fitt$ on a d\ble-hood$ sole-plate1 ) d\ble-?r[ crank-%aft1 fly-:eel1 two ecc5trics1 wr\ght-iron pi/on-rods1 connect+-rods & valve-rods1 /eam & exhau/ bran* pipes ) "o inlet valve1 lubricators1 & ! cyl9d]s cas$ ) teak legg+ & brass hoops4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,reel+ ,ma*9e4--,"o =m ( reel+ ma*9e manufactur$ by ,b]trams1 ,limit$1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ei1 & is us$ = slitt+ & re-reel+ webs ( pap]1 especially :]e l>ge webs are requisite = web-cal5d]+1 web-pr9t+1 & su*like4 ,! reel ( pap] f ! pap]-ma*9e is plac$ on a slid+-c>riage arrangem5t1 ! brackets ( :i* are plan$ & fitt$ to a plan$ sole1 ) w$ge or dove-tail corn]s1 & controll$ by screws1 h&-:eel1 etc41 s t ! reel c quickly & easily be mov$ =w>d or backw>d to suit any unequal reel+ t may h tak5 place on ! pap] or ! ma*9e4 ,a hot ca/-iron is provid$ = m5d+ breaks 9 ! web1 & a measur+-roll & c\nt] is also appli$4 ,! ma*9e has an important application ( draw+-9 or regulat+ rolls ( ca/ iron1 ) arrangem5t ( exp&+ pulley = regulat+ ! t5sion on ! pap]4 ,slitt+-knives1 regulat+1 danc+1 or lead+-rolls1 ( ca/ iron1 etc41 are appli$ = sep>at+ ! edges & guid+ ! webs aft] !y are slit4 ,! reel+ is p]=m$ by a #c-;feet diamet] drum1 cross-%afts1 & arms1 to :i* regulat+ heads are fitt$1 s t sev]al webs c be run up at "o op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,web-,ripp+ ,ma*9e4--,?is ma*9e1 :i* is manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,b5tley & ,jackson1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fj1 & is con/ruct$ to divide webs ( pap] into two or m wid?s4 ,x consi/s ( two brass be>+s on ca/-iron /&>ds1 ) screw adju/m5ts1 a break-pulley & friction-regulator1 all m\nt$ on ca/-iron slides1 movable transv]sely by means ( a screw1 ge>$-:eels1 %aft & h&-:eel2 a wood guide-roll1 ab\t #g in*es diamet]1 ) wr\ght-iron c5tres1 c>ri$ by brass be>+s ) screw adju/m5t2 ?ree skeleton drums1 ea* #b feet 9 diamet]1 on wr\ght-iron %afts1 c>ri$ by brass be>+s1 & driv5 by spur-:eels & p9ions2 two wr\ght-iron lead+-rolls1 ) brass be>+s & ca/-iron /&s2 a pair ( /rong wr\ght-iron ripp] %afts ) circul> /eel knives1 bosses1 spr+s1 & coll>s2 ca/-iron /&s & brass be>+s1 spur-:eels & driv+-pulley2 two 7or m7 *angeable wood drums #a foot #f in*es 9 diamet]1 ea* ) wr\ght-iron %aft & cat*-box1 c>ri$ by brackets fitt$ ) brass /eps = easily *ang+1 driv5 by wr\ght-iron %afts ) p$e/als & friction-pulleys1 #b feet 9 diamet]1 ) regulat+ screws & lock-nuts1 all c>ri$ by /rong ca/-iron fram+ & /&>ds1 & driv5 by a wr\ght-iron driv+-%aft1 ) fa/ & loose driv+-pulleys1 /rap-=k & lev]s = />t+ & /opp+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,roeckn]'s ,cl>ifi]4--,9 ?is app>atus1 ( :i* an illu/ration is giv5 9 ,fig4 #fa1 ,mr4 ,roeckn] has tak5 advantage ( ! fact t if a column ( liquid is asc5d+ v sl[ly & quietly )9 a vessel1 x w n be able to c>ry up ) x ! solid p>ticles :i* x conta9s1 :i* w gradually fall back & s9k to ! bottom "u ! action ( gravity1 )\t ev] rea*+ ! top ( ! vessel1 provid$ ?is be ( suffici5t height4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! app>atus on a small scale2 ! liquor to be cl>ifi$ is run into a well or res]voir b2 into ?is dip a wr\ght-iron cyl9d] c1 :i* is op5 at ! l[] end1 b h]metically clos$ at ! top by means ( ! cas+ d4 ,f ?is cas+ air c be )drawn ?r\gh a pipe1 h1 by means ( an air-pump i4 ,z soon z ?is is done ! liquid w beg9 to asc5d ! cyl9d] c1 & if ! height ( ?is is bel[ t to :i* ! wat] w rise at ! atmosph]ic pressure 7say #be feet71 ! liquid w asc5d until x fills ! cyl9d] & ! cas+4 ,into ! pocket at ! side ( ! cas+ !re dips a pipe g1 :i* passes out ?r\gh ! opposite side ( ! cas+1 desc5ds bel[ ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! tank1 & ends 9 a dis*>ge-cock4 ,:5 ?is cock is op5$1 ! cyl9d] c & ! pipe g =m betwe5 !m a syphon1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ! desc5d+ leg is ( v small diamet] comp>$ ) ! asc5d+ leg4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! liquid w rise 9 ! cyl9d] c v sl[ly4 ,! s$im5t x conta9s w s9k back & collect 9 ! bottom ( ! tank b1 & cle> wat] w fl[ out at ! outlet4 ,a sludge-cock at ! bottom ( ! tank all[s ! solid matt] to be drawn (f at int]vals & convey$ to any conv5i5t place = dry+1 etc4#cj ,= draw+ cle> wat] f a riv]1 ! cl>ifi] w\ld simply be plac$ 9 ! riv]1 dipp+ #b or #c in*es into x bel[ ! l[e/ wat]-level4 ,! cle> wat] w !n be drawn ?r\gh ! cl>ifi]1 :ile ! heavi] matt]s w fall d[n & be c>ri$ away by ! riv] curr5t4 ,x is /at$ t ?is has prov$ a great advantage to a pap]-mill :i* us$ a riv]1 & _h1 prior to its use1 be5 mu* tr\bl$ ?r\gh ! dirt be+ pump$ ) ! wat]4 ,! cl>ifi] to receive ! wa/e f pap]-ma*9]y1 or f wa%+s 9 ! eng9es1 c be plac$ 9 any conv5i5t corn]1 & by its action ! wat] c be re-us$1 & ! o!rwise lo/ fibres collect$1 )\t its action ev] be+ /opp$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,m>%all's ,p]fect+ ,eng9e4--,?is eng9e1 a longitud9al section ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fb1 has be5 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry by ,messrs4 ,b5tley & ,jackson1 & is describ$ 9 ,indu/ries#ca z foll[s3--,! ma*9e1 :i* is ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,m>%all1 ( ,turn]'s ,falls1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a41 is us$ 9 "o ( ! processes ( pap] manufacture1 & has = its purpose ! m effectual draw+ ( ! pulp fibre1 ! cle>ance ( knots f ! pulp previ\s to its deliv]y on to ! pap]-mak+ ma*9e1 & ! sav+ ( "t 9 ! treatm5t ( ! mat]ial4 ,z w be se5 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #fb71 ! ma*9e consi/s ess5tially ( a ca/-iron conical cas+1 bor$1 & fitt$ ) ab\t two hundr$ elb[$ /eel knives1 ,g1 plac$ 9 sections4 ,at ! l>ge end ( ?is conical cas+ is plac$ a movable disc1 also fitt$ ) ab\t two hundr$ & t5 /eel knives1 ,f1 & capable ( adju/m5t by means ( a screw1 worm1 worm-:eel1 & h&-:eel1 ,e4 ,! revolv+ cone & disc are ( ca/ iron1 fitt$ ) /raight /eel knives firmly key$ ^u a hamm]$ iron %aft1 & c>efully balanc$ to prev5t vibration4 ,! knives ( ! revolv+ cone & disc are br\ght into contact ) ! /ation>y knives by means ( ! h&-:eel1 ,e1 & ! disc-knives c be indep5d5tly adju/$ by means ( ! h&-:eel ,c1 :i* actuates a screw on ! conical cas+ by means ( ! worm & worm-:eel %[n4 ,! ma*9e is driv5 by means ( a pulley ,a1 & ! :ole ma*9e is m\nt$ on a ca/-iron base-plate4 ,! pulp mat]ial ent]s ! eng9e 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[1 ,b1 at ! small end ( ! cone1 & is by ! rot>y & c5trifugal action ( ! revolv+ cone1 propell$ to its l>ge end1 & dur+ its passage is r$uc$ to a f9e pulp by ! action ( ! knives4 ,x !n passes ?r\gh ! knives1 ,f1 ( ! /ation>y & rotat+ discs1 by :i* ! fibres are fur!r cru%$ or split up1 all knots or /r+s rubb$ out1 & ! pulp effectually cle>$ previ\s to its exit ?r\gh ! passage ,d4 ,we are in=m$ t ! ma*9e is capable ( treat+ f #ijj lbs4 to #a1bjj lbs4 ( pulp p] h\r4 ,! p[] requir$ to drive x is e/imat$ at f #dj i4h4p4 to #ej i4h4p4 :5 mak+ #cjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is dep5d5t on ! am\nt ( friction caus$ betwe5 ! surfaces ( ! fix$ & revolv+ knives4 ,! fl[ space occupi$ is #ab;ft4 #f;94 9 l5g?1 & #d;ft4 9 wid?4 ,! p]fect+ ma*9e1 9 its complete =m1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,recov]y ,,( ,,soda ,,f ,,sp5t ,,liquors4 ,recov]y ( ,soda4--,evaporat+ ,app>atus4--,roeckn]'s ,evaporator4--,porion's ,evaporator--,am]ican ,sy/em ( ,soda ,recov]y4--,y>yan ,evaporator4 ,recov]y ( ,soda4--,probably "o ( ! mo/ important improvem5ts 9 mod]n pap]-mak+1 at lea/ f an economical po9t ( view1 is ! process ( recov]+ "o ( ! mo/ co/ly1 & at ! same "t mo/ ext5sively us$1 mat]ials employ$ 9 ! manufacture--soda4 ,:ile n a great _m ye>s s9ce 7& 9 "s mills is /ill ! case ev5 n[71 x 0 cu/om>y to all[ ! sp5t soda liquors result+ f ! boil+ ( v>i\s fibres to run into ! ne>e/ riv]s1 ?us n only wa/+ a valuable product1 b also pollut+ ! /reams into :i* !y 7 all[$ to fl[1 means are n[ adopt$ by :i* a consid]able proportion ( ! soda is recov]$ & r5d]$ available = fur!r use4 ,! means by :i* ?is is effect$ are v>i\s1 b all h = _! object ! expulsion ( ! wat] & ! de/ruction ( ! organic matt]s dissolv$ out ( ! fibr\s sub/ances 9 ! process ( boil+ ) cau/ic soda solutions4 ,"o ( ! ma9 objects ( ! v>i\s me?ods ( recov]+ ! soda f sp5t liquors is to utilise1 z f> z practicable1 all ! heat t is g5]at$ f ! fuel us$1 :]eby ! process ( evaporation may be effect$ 9 ! mo/ economical way possible4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! mo/ successful me?ods are bas$ is t ! flame & heat pass ov] & "u a s]ies ( evaporat+ pans1 & ?r\gh side flues1 by :i* "t ! heat has become ?or\ghly utilis$ & exhau/$4 ,:5 all ! wat] has be5 expell$1 ! result+ dry mass is ignit$ & all[$ to burn out1 :5 ! black a% t rema9s1 :i* is c>bonate ( soda1 is aft]w>ds dissolv$ out1 & ! alkal9e liquor cau/icis$ ) lime 9 ! usual mann]4 ,accord+ to ,dunb>1 #h cwt4 ( recov]$ a% & #d cwt4 ( good lime w produce #ijj gallons ( cau/ic ley at #aa ,tw4 ,! liquor is !n pump$ into settl+ tanks1 f :i* x is deliv]$ to ! boil]s :5 requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,evaporat+ ,app>atus4--,an ord9>y =m ( evaporator = ! recov]y ( ! soda is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fd4 ,x consi/s ( a *amb] ,a1 ( ! nature ( a rev]b]atory furnace1 l9$ ) fire-brick1 ! bottom ( :i* is slightly holl[$4 ,above ?is is a tank ,b conta9+ ! liquor1 :i* is run d[n into ! *amb] z requir$ by means ( a pipe ,c1 provid$ ) a tap4 ,at "o end ( ! *amb] is a furnace ,d1 ! flame ( :i* passes ?r\gh ! *amb] & ov] ! surface ( ! liquor ly+ ^u ! floor1 heat+ ! *amb]1 evaporat+1 & at la/ inc9]at+1 its cont5ts1 & at ! same "t w>m+ ! liquor 9 ! tank above1 & evaporat+ "s ( its wat]4 ,! products ( ! combu/ion 9 ! furnace1 & ( evaporation1 pass by ! flue into a *imney1 & escape !nce into ! air4 ,!re is a door ,e 9 ! side ( ! furnace ne> ! level ( ! floor ( ! *amb]1 & ?is is op5$ f "t to "t to enable ! workm5 to /ir & move ab\t ! cont5ts ( ! *amb]1 & f9ally1 :5 ! process is suffici5tly advanc$1 to draw out ! residue4 ,! fir/ effect produc$ is ! r$uction ( ! liquor to ! consi/5ce ( t>4 ,lat] on1 a :ite cru/1 :i* is ! inc9]at$ mat]ial1 =ms on ! surface1 & is drawn on "o side by ! workm51 s z to all[ ( fre% cru/ be+ =m$4 ,:5 all ! *>ge has become solid x is drawn4 ,! *>ge is usually )drawn be=e ! conv]sion into c>bonate is complet$2 x is !n rak$ out into b>r[s & plac$ 9 a heap1 g5]ally 9 a %$ or *amb]1 op5 on "o side1 b sometimes 9 a clos$ brick-*amb] or d51 :]e ! combu/ion cont9ues = sev]al weeks4 ,! result is ! fusion ( ! mat]ial into a grey rocky sub/ance1 :i* consi/s *iefly ( c>bonate & silicate ( soda4 ,v>i\s modifications ( ! esp>to evaporator & calc9] h1 h[ev]1 be5 introduc$ s9ce ! recov]y ( soda has become m g5]al1 & are 9 use at v>i\s works1 all hav+ = _! ma9 object ! economis+ ( fuel & ! utilis+ ( ! wa/e heat ( ! fire1 :i* 9 ! old-fa%ion$ calc9] goes up ! *imney & is lo/4 ,! lead+ pr9ciple1 ( all ( !m is to use ! wa/e heat 9 conc5trat+ ! liquor prep>atory to its be+ run into ! "p :]e ! calc9ation is to be effect$4 ,?is is done by s ext5d+ & wid5+ out ! flue z to cause ! heat$ air & flame1 aft] !y h p]=m$ _! function 9 ! calc9ation1 to pass ov] or "u _! lay]s ( liquor1 ly+ ^u %elves or floors 9 su* a way t ! liquor %all become m & m conc5trat$ z x approa*es ! calc9] by successive /eps or gradations4#cb--;,dr4 ,ball>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,roeckn]'s ,evaporator4--,?is app>atus1 an illu/ration ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fe1 is ?us describ$ by ,dr4 ,ball>d1 m$ical (fic] ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 :o 0 specially appo9t$ by ! bo>d to inve/igate ! effluvium nuisances :i* arise 9 connection ) c]ta9 manufactur+ indu/ries4 ,9 ?is app>atus !re is above ! calc9+ floor a s]ies ( %elves or %all[ pans1 alt]nat+ 9 su* a mann] t ! liquor fl[+ f ! tank above into ! upp]mo/ ( !m1 fl[s1 aft] a p>tial evaporation1 ov] ! edge ( ! %elf into ! %elf or %all[ pan next bel[1 & 9 ?is way f %elf to %elf1 /ill becom+ m & m conc5trat$ until x rea*es ! f9al floor1 ov] :i* ! flame f ! actual fire plays1 & :]e ! fir/ "p ( ! calc9ation is effect$4 ,! heat$ air1 9 pass+ to ! *imney1 passes ov] ea* ( ^! %elves 9 succession1 heat+ !m & conc5trat+ ! liquor ^u !m4 ,!re is betwe5 ! l[] %elves an arrangem5t = caus+ ! liquor to pass f ! upp] to ! l[] by means ( a pipe1 in/ead ( its runn+ ov] ! edge4 ,at ! top ( all is a cov]$ tank1 :]e ! temp]ature ( ! liquor is rais$ be=e x is run into ! evaporator4 ,9 ord] to promote ! heat+ ( ! liquor 9 ?is tank1 ! l[] "p ( ! tank is made to communicate by side pipes ) tubes pass+ across ! evaporator ne> ! fire1 z1 = in/ance1 at ! bridge & at ! fur!r end ( ! calc9+ floor4 ,9 ?is way a circulation ( liquor is set up :i* s]ves to heat ! liquor 9 ! tank m effectually4 ,a pipe f ! top ( ! tank leads to ! *imney-%aft1 conduct+ any vap\rs into x4 ,z ! inc9]at$ cru/ =ms x is rak$ on "o side1 & :5 suffici5t ( x has accumulat$ x is drawn to an op5+ 7provid$ ) a damp]7 at ! side or end ( ! floor1 & dis*>g$ d[n ?is op5+ into a brick *amb] bel[1 :i* is inclos$ by iron doors1 & f :i* a flue conducts ! vap\rs t arise dur+ ! f9al fusion ?r\gh ! fire 9 su* a way z to consume !m4 ,by rec5t improvem5ts ,mr4 ,roeckn] has con/ruct$ an app>atus = cond5s+ & r5d]+ in(f5sive ! vap\rs elim9at$ f ! liquor dur+ its evaporation on ! successive %elves ( 8 evaporator4 ,porion's ,evaporator4--,?is evaporator & inc9]at+ furnace mu* resembles 9 pr9ciple an ord9>y rev]b]atory furnace1 except t x is provid$ ) paddle agitators1 :i* project ! liquid upw>ds1 caus+ x to desc5d 9 a spray1 ?us increas+ ! surface ( ! liquid com+ 9 contact ) ! hot air & curr5t ( smoke trav]s+ ! furnace4 ,by ?is me?od ! exp5se ( fuel is greatly r$uc$4 ,! residue is 9 a /ate ( ignition :5 x is )drawn f ! furnace1 & is pil$ 9 heaps s t x may burn sl[ly4 ,:5 ! combu/ion is complete1 ! result+ calc9$ mass is treat$ ) wat]1 & ! c>bonate ( soda =m$ is aft]w>ds cau/icis$ 9 ! usual way4 ,ab\t two-?irds ( ! soda is ?us recov]$4 ,! ,y>yan ,evaporator4--,mr4 ,hom] ,t4 ,y>yan1 ( ,tol$o1 ,ohio1 ,u4,s4,a41 has introduc$ "s important improvem5ts 9 evaporat+ app>atus1 :i* h be5 fully recognis$ 9 ,am]ica1 & appe> to h be5 att5d$ ) success4 ,! pr9ciple involv$ is t ( multiple effects1 9 :i* ! evaporation takes place :ile ! liquid is fl[+ ?r\gh heat$ coils ( pipe or conduits1 & 9 :i* ! vap\r is sep>at$ f ! liquid 9 a *amb]1 at ! dis*>ge end ( ! coils1 & is conduct$ to ! heat+ cyl9d] surr\nd+ ! evaporat+ coils ( ! next effect1 f ! fir/ to ! la/ effect4 ,! objects ( ! inv5tion are3 7#a7 to provide ext5d$ vaporis+ coils or conduits & increas$ heat+ surface = ea* liquid fe$ supply 9 ! heat+ cyl9d]s1 & provide improv$ means = fe$+ ! liquid1 :]eby ea* set or coil ( vaporis+ tubes w receive a positive & uni=m supply ( liquid )\t dang] ( ! fe$ ducts be+ clogg$ by extrane\s matt]2 7#b7 to positively control ! am\nt ( liquid f$ by ! pump to ! evaporat+ coils1 & make x m uni=m ?an h]et(ore1 reg>dless ( ! spe$ ( ! pump2 7#c7 to provide improv$ sep>at+ *amb]s at ! dis*>ge ends ( ! vaporis+ coils s z to bett] free liquid & solid p>ticles f ! vap\rs2 7#d7 to provide = ! successful treatm5t ( ! mo/ fro?y liquids by caus+ ! vap\rs c>ry+ solid & liquid p>ticles to pass ?r\gh cat*-all *amb]s1 :]e !y are arre/$ & precipitat$ & !n return$ to ! evaporat+ coils2 7#e7 to secure a m positive fl[ & circulation ( liquid f ! evaporat+ cyl9d] ( "o effect to ano!r1 "u ! influ5ce ( a bett] vacuum ?an h]et(ore 9 multiple-effect vacuum evaporat+ app>atus2 7#f7 to provide = transf]r+ a bett] conc5trat$ liquid into ! sep>at+ *amb] conta9+ cool] conc5trat$ liquid 9 direct connection ) ! cond5s] & vacuum pump1 s z to equalise ! temp]ature ( ! two liquids1 & !n draw (f bo? by "o tail pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,fig4 #gj4 ,fig4 #ga4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,fig4 #gc4 ,fig4 #gd4 ,! pres5t inv5tion comprises a s]ies ( important improvem5ts on an app>atus describ$ by ,mr4 ,y>yan 9 a =m] ,engli% pat5t1 ,no4 #ad1afb 7#ahhf71 & cov]s a numb] ( important modifications 9 con/ruction1 :]eby improv$ results are secur$4 ,x is only necess>y1 !re=e1 to give ! details ( ! new pat5t1 ,no4 #bac 7#ahhh71 s9ce x embodies ! late/ improvem5ts :i* practical work+ ( ! app>atus has sugge/$4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! accompany+ illu/rations ! foll[+ details are giv53 ,fig4 #ff repres5ts a side elevation ( ! app>atus2 ,fig4 #fg1 ! front elevation2 ,fig4 #fh1 a top plan view2 ,fig4 #fi1 a v]tical section ( a cyl9d] %[+ ! evaporat+ coils & sep>at+ *amb]2 ,fig4 #gj is a horizontal section2 & ,fig4 #ga1 a v]tical section ( ! sep>at+ *amb] %[n 9 ,fig4 #fi1 bo? on r$uc$ scale2 ,fig4 #gb is a brok5 section ( ! cyl9d]s = %[+ ! connections ( ! liquid pipe f ! fir/ to ! ?ird effect evaporator2 ,fig4 #gc is a re> end view ( a cyl9d] ) manifold1 ! fe$ pump & a sectional view ( ! fe$ box & supply devices2 ,fig4 #gd repres5ts a sectional view1 on enl>g$ scale1 ( ! manifold & a fe$ duct2 ,fig4 #ge is an inside view ( a return b5d-head2 ,fig4 #gf an inside view ( a section ( ! head2 ,fig4 #gg1 a v]tical cross section !re( on enl>g$ scale1 & %[+ ! p>titions =m+ cells = connect+ ! ends ( ! evaporat+ tubes2 ,fig4 #gh is a v]tical longitud9al section ( a cat*-all *amb]2 ,fig4 #gi1 a cross section !re(2 ,fig4 #hj is a v]tical longitud9al section ( new =m ( sep>at+ *amb]2 & ,fig4 #ha repres5ts a side view & ,fig4 #hb an end view ( ! cyl9d]s = %[+ ! pipe connection betwe5 ! sep>at+ *amb]s ( ! ?ird & f\r? effect evaporators4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,fig4 #gf4 ,fig4 #gg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,fig4 #gi4 ,fig4 #hj4 ,! evaporat+ cyl9d]s are m\nt$ ^u a framework ,y1 support$ ^u columns ,x ,x1 or o!r suitable supports4 ,! app>atus is %[n arrang$ z quadruple effect1 ) f\r connect$ cyl9d]s1 b multiple effect app>atus may be con/ruct$ ) an increas$ numb] ( cyl9d]s up to t5 or twelve4 ,! heat+ cyl9d]s ,b#a ,b#b ,b#c ,b#d1 conta9+ ! evaporat+ tubes or coils1 are pref]ably arrang$ 9 ! same horizontal plane1 & are provid$ at ! dis*>ge ends ( ! evaporat+ coils ) sep>at+ *amb]s1 ,a#a ,a#b ,a#c ,a#d1 ( enl>g$ diamet]1 & at ! supply ends ( ! coils ) ! coils ) return b5d ends1 ,c#a ,c#b ,c#c ,c#d4 ,f ea* sep>at+ *amb]1 ,a#a1 ,a#b1 valve pipe ,d#a ,d#b ,d#c leads into ! %ell ( ! next heat+ cyl9d]1 z ,b#b1 ,b#c1 ,b#d1 & vap\r pipe ,d#d leads f ! la/ sep>ator ,a#d to ! cond5s] ,h1 & ! vacuum pump ,h#a4 ,a cyl9drical cat*-all *amb] ,e#a1 ,e#b1 ,e#c1 ,e#d1 is connect$ 9 ea* vap\r pipe betwe5 ea* sep>ator & ea* successive heat+ cyl9d]1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ff1 #fg1 & #fh1 & 9 detail 9 ,fig4 #ge4 ,gauge glass & liquid receiv+ *amb]s1 ,g#a1 ,g#b1 ,g#c1 ,g#d1 connect ) ! bottom ( ea* sep>at+ *amb] = receiv+ ! liquid z x is sep>at$ f ! vap\r1 & a gauge glass g is appli$ to ea* ( su* *amb]s4 ,liquid dis*>ge & transf] pipes t1 t#a1 hav+ valves h1 h#a1 z be/ %[n 9 ,figs4 #ff1 #fh1 & #gb1 lead respectively f *amb]s ,g#a1 ,g#b1 ( ! fir/ & second effect to ! manifold fe$ pipes lead+ into ! cyl9d]s ,b#c1 ,b#d1 ( ! ?ird & f\r? effect = ! purpose h]eaft] describ$4 ,! ma9 /eam supply pipe ,f1 hav+ a safety valve f & /op valve f#a1 ,figs4 #ff1 #fg1 & #fh1 connects ) ! heat+ cyl9d] ,b#a ( ! fir/ effect4 ,! evaporat+ tubes #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 are exp&$ or o!rwise secur$ 9 ! tube %eets d & e at opposite ends ( ! cyl9d]s1 & are prop]ly connect$ at ! ends 9 sets ( five to =m coils4 ,! out] re> return-b5d head ,c#a ,c#b1 etc41 are provid$ on _! insides ) num]\s %ort int]sect+ p>tition plates c1 =m+ s+le & d\ble cells1 prop]ly arrang$ = connect+ ! evaporat+ tubes 9 sets ( five1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ge1 #gf1 #gg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,fig4 #hb4 ,! heads are pi]c$ ) holes c = connect+ ! liquid supply pipes ,m ( ! manifolds ,l4 ,! inn] return-b5d head ,t 9 ! sep>at+ *amb]s are =m$ l heads ,c#a ,c#b1 etc41 ) int]sect+ p>tition plates x1 & are provid$ ) dis*>ge op5+s t = e fif? tube1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fi4 ,tube %eet d is made ( consid]ably l>g] diamet] ?an cyl9d]s ,b#a ,b#b1 etc41 & acts z a vibrat+ diaphragm1 to accommodate ! expansion & contraction ( ! tubes4 ,! sep>at+ *amb]s may be con/ruct$ ) da% plates b b1 two or m 9 numb]1 hav+ op5+s g g alt]nately ^u opposite sides = ! passage ( vap\r1 & op5+ a at ! bottom = ! passage ( liquid1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hj4 ,"h a tube %eet z is provid$ ne> ! op5+s ( ! evaporat+ tubes1 & 9 su* %eet are set num]\s small horizontal tubes n1 :i* dis*>ge aga9/ a v]tical arre/+ plate b set ne> _! op5 ends4 ,wat] & solid matt] are impell$ aga9/ ! plate & !reby arre/$ & caus$ to fl[ d[n to ! bottom ( ! *amb]4 ,! liquid fe$ app>atus consi/s ( a supply tank ,k1 /&-pipe ,j1 fe$ box ,k#a1 d\ble pump ,i1 manifold ,l1 & connect+ pipes & valves4 ,! liquid to be evaporat$ fl[s f tank ,k1 ?r\gh pipe k1 to /&-pipe ,j & box ,k#a1 ! fl[ be+ con/ant & uni=m1 & ( ! desir$ quantity1 by means ( a valve k hav+ a lev] h&le r :i* is connect$ by a cord or *a9 pass+ ov] a pulley j ) float q 9 /&-pipe ,j4 ,! valve op5+ 9 pipe k be+ prop]ly adju/$ by means ( ! float1 etc41 ! liquid is admitt$ to ! /&-pipe ,j :ile ! column ( liquid is automatically ma9ta9$ at any desir$ height & pressure reg>dless ( ! quantity 9 ! supply tank1 by means ( ! float q1 :i*1 z x rises1 t5ds to close valve k1 & z x falls1 to op5 ! valve4 ,f ! bottom ( ! /&-pipe ,j1 nozzle j dis*>ges a con/ant & uni=m /ream ( liquid into fe$ box ,k#a4 ,! suction pipe ,i ( pump ,i ext5ds into box ,k#a1 :]e x t]m9ates 9 a turn$-d[n nozzle provid$ ) valve i hav+ a lev] h&le & float z4 ,z a giv5 am\nt ( liquid is con/antly runn+ into ! box1 %\ld ! pump run too fa/ ! float l[]s1 p>tially clos+ ! valve & less5+ ! am\nt ( liquid drawn at ea* /roke ( ! pump1 & prev5t+ air f be+ drawn 91 s9ce ! end ( ! suction pipe is always seal$ by ! liquid4 ,! liquid is =c$ by pump ,i into ! manifolds ,l1 f :i* x fl[s ?r\gh ! contract$ ducts l into ! enl>g$ fe$ pipes m1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #gc & #gd4 ,ducts l are ( ab\t "o-half in* diamet]1 & ! upp] & l[] sections !re( are connect$ by a union c\pl+1 "o portion ( :i* l has a r$uc] ) op5+ "o-qu>t] in* diamet]1 m or less1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( liquid x is desir$ to fe$4 ,! cat*-all *amb]s ,e#a ,e#b1 etc41 ,figs4 #ff1 #gh1 & #gi1 are provid$ ea* at its inlet end e1 ) tube %eet o ext5d+ across its diamet] a %ort di/ance 9 front ( ! op5+ ( vap\r pipe ,d#a1 & 9 su* %eet are fix$ num]\s longitud9al tubes p ext5d+ to ne> ! opposite head e1 s t vap\rs c>ry+ wat]y or solid p>ticles are impell$ aga9/ ! head & arre/$4 ,liquid & solid matt]1 arre/$ 9 ! cat*-all *amb]s1 fl[ ?r\gh pipes v v v d[n into ! fluid transf] pipe t t 7,figs4 #fg1 #fh1 & #gb71 & !nce into ! evaporat+ coils & ?r\gh pipe v directly to ! tail pump ,w1 ,fig4 #fg4 ,by use ( ! cat*-all *amb]s ! mo/ fro?y liquids c he readily & economically manag$4 ,a liquid transf] pipe s1 hav+ a valve h1 leads directly f receiv+ *amb] ,g#c ( ! ?ird effect to ! sep>at+ *amb] ,a#d ( ! f\r? effect1 ! lat5t heat be+ c>ri$ (f 9 ! vap\rs drawn by ! vacuum pump ,h#a into ! *amb] ,h1 & ! f9i%$ liquid ( bo? effects is drawn (f ?r\gh pipe w by "o & ! same tail pipe pump ,w4 ,! wat] ( cond5sation accumulat+ 9 ! heat+ cyl9d]s ,b#a ,b#b1 etc41 is transf]r$ f "o to ! o!r ?r\gh connect+ pipes u u u hav+ valves y1 %[n 9 ,figs4 #ff1 #fg1 & #fh2 & f9ally f cyl9d] ,b#d ?r\gh pipe u directly into cond5s] ,h4 ,! specification ( ! pat5t1 :i* ^? int]e/$ w d well to consult1 next describes ! op]ation ( ! app>atus4 ,am]ican ,sy/em ( ,soda ,recov]y4--,mr4 ,congdon gives an exhau/ive description#cc ( ! me?od ( recov]+ soda 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f ^: int]e/+ pap] we extract ! foll[+3--,! sp5t liquors are deliv]$ to ! ,y>yan evaporator f ! pans at a d5sity ( #f to #g ,b4 at #acj ,f4 ,"h !y are conc5trat$ to #cd to #db at #adj ,f4 ,at ?is d5sity !y are f$ into furnaces ( a rev]b]atory type1 :]e !y are burnt to a *]ry-r$ heat2 & ! a% !n rak$ out4 ,?is a%1 :i* av]ages #ej p] c5t4 ( soda1 is weigh$ 9 iron b>r[s on suitable scales1 & :eel$ into ! lea*+-room = lixiviation4 ,! sy/em ( lea*+1 z x is t]m$ 9 ! ,/ates1 is conduct$ z foll[s3--,iron tanks are us$1 ) suitable pip+1 t all[s pump+ f "o tank to ano!r1 & also to pump f any "o ( !m up to ! cau/icis+ tanks 9 ! alkali-room4 ,!re is also a wat]-l9e by :i* wat] may be pump$ into any ( ! tanks1 & !re is a sp\t us$ 9 wa%+ away ! black a% sludge4 ,! lea*+-tanks h false bottoms ( #b;94 by #b;94 /uff1 plac$ crosswise1 ov] :i* is a lay] ( gravel1 on :i* lies a lay] ( /raw1 by :i* ! liquor is filt]$4 ,! gravel is remov$ e few days1 & ! /raw ) e *>ge4 ,:5 "o ( ! tanks is fill$ ) black a%1 x is wet d[n ) ! /or$ liquor 7! /ronge/ ( ! /or$ weak liquors71 & also ) ! /ronge/ weak liquors f ! tanks1 & ) weak liquors obta9$ f ^! tanks by pump+ wat] ^u !m & keep+ !m full4 ,?is is all pump$ up to ! cau/icis+-tank until ! /r5g? is r$uc$ to #b or #a ,b4 ,! rema9+ liquor is !n dra9$ into a tank kn[n z ! cle>-liquor tank1 ow+ to !re be+ no black a% 9 x4 ,! liquor f ! next weake/ pan is !n pump$ ^u ! pan conta9+ ! black a%1 & ! next weake/ liquor pump$ ^u ?is4 ,! weak] pans are !n 9 succession pump$ ^u ! /rong]1 & ! wat] pump$ ^u ^!1 & ?us a v p]fect wa%+ is obta9$4 ,! sludge left beh9d is no?+ b *>coal1 ) a slight trace ( c>bonate ( soda4 ,mr4 ,congdon illu/rates ! above sy/em ?us4 ,! tanks /& z foll[s3-- ,no4 #a4 ,cle> liquor1 #a to #b ,b4 7/ronge/74 ,no4 #b4 ,black a% sludge 7weak] ?an ,no4 #c74 ,no4 #c4 ,black a%1 aft] s5d+ up to cau/icis+-tank 7/ronge/ sludge74 ,no4 #d4 ,fre% black a%4 ,no4 #e4 ,weak] ?an ,no4 #b 7sludge only74 ,no4 #f4 ,weak] ?an ,no4 #e 7sludge & weake/ liquor74 ,! me?od ( proc$ure is z foll[s3-- ,liquor f ,no4 #c dra9$ into ,no4 #a 7n[ full74 ,no4 #f pump$ on to ,no4 #b 7,no4 #f sludge ?r[n away74 ,liquor f ,no4 #b dra9$ ^u ,no4 #c4 ,wat] put on ,no4 #e4 ,no4 #e pump$ ^u ,no4 #b 7,no4 #e sludge ?r[n away74 ,! black a% is treat$ ?us3-- ,no4 #d1 full ( black a%1 is wet d[n ) ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c1 & pump$ up to ! cau/icis+-tank4 ,wat] is pump$ out to ,nos4 #b & #c1 & !n dra9$ ^u ,no4 #d1 ! liquor /ill be+ pump$ up f ,no4 #d :ile ! wat] is be+ pump$ ^u ,nos4 #b & #c1 :i* are kept full4 ,?is is cont9u$ until ! liquor te/s only #b to #a ,b4 ,no4 #d is n[ dra9$ ^u ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #c pump$ ^u ,no4 #d1 & ?is dra9$ into ,no4 #a 7n[ full74 ,no4 #c pump$ ^u ,no4 #e4 ,wat] pump$ ^u ,no4 #b 7,no4 #b ! next to be ?r[n away74 ,no4 #e is by ?is "t full ( fre% black a%1 & ! same process is c>ri$ out ) ,no4 #d4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,real ,,value ,,or ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,comm]cial ,,sodas1 ,,*loride ,,( ,,lime1 ,,etc4 ,exam9ation ( ,comm]cial ,sodas4--,mohr's ,alkalimet]4--,prep>ation ( ! ,te/ ,acid4--,sampl+ ,alkalies4--,! ,assay4--,e/imation ( ,*lor9e 9 ,blea*+ ,p[d]4--,fres5ius' ,me?od4--,gay-,lussac's ,me?od4--,! ,te/ ,liquor4--,te/+ ! ,sample4--,e/imation ( ,alum9a 9 ,alum ,cake1 etc4 ,9 a manufacture su* z pap]-mak+1 :i* involves ! consumption ( enorm\s quantities ( mat]ials ( v>iable quality1 z soda a%1 cau/ic soda1 & blea*+ p[d]1 = example1 x w be readily se5 t "s means %\ld be at ! comm& ( ! consum] :o does n avail himself ( ! s]vices ( a practical *emi/ at 8 works1 by :i* he c asc]ta9 ! actual value ( ! v>i\s sub/ances he uses4 ,an art :i*1 up to a c]ta9 po9t 9 its progress1 is ma9ly a *emical op]ation1 x w\ld und\bt$ly be m safely & economically conduct$ :5 sup]vis$ by p]sons well acqua9t$ ) *emical pr9ciples & reactions1 & less dep5d5t ^u individual judgm5t1 ?an is1 p]haps1 too frequ5tly ! case4 ,"u su* sup]vision m p]fect uni=mity ( results--a consid]ation ( ! greate/ importance 9 a manufacture ( ?is k9d--w\ld be ensur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,fig4 #hd4 ,fig4 #he4 ,exam9ation ( ,comm]cial ,sodas4--,! me?ods ( det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( real alkali 9 ! comm]cial products :i* h receiv$ ! "n ( ,alkalimetry are =tunately ( a simple "*1 & su* z a p]son ( ord9>y intellig5ce & skill c readily manipulate & r5d] ?or\ghly reliable by ex]t+ ! necess>y c>e4 ,he mu/1 h[ev]1 be provid$ ) a few indisp5sable appliances1 :i* w be describ$1 & ) ^! he %\ld make sev]al trials ^u v>i\s samples until he f9ds t 8 results are uni=m & 8 manipulation easy & reliable4 ,he w require a *emical balance1#cd capable ( weigh+ to ! t5? ( a gra92 a few glass beak]s 7,fig4 #hc7 ( v>i\s sizes1 capable ( hold+ f f\r to eight or t5 ounces ( fluid2 sev]al glass /irr]s2 a bottle ( litmus solution1 made by dissolv+ litmus 9 hot wat]2 books ( litmus & turm]ic pap]s2 & sev]al glass flasks 7,fig4 #hd7 ( v>i\s sizes1 capable ( hold+ f f\r to eight ounces4 ,besides ^! accessories1 c]ta9 measur+ in/rum5ts1 t]m$ alkalimet]s or burettes1 are employ$1 ( :i* ei!r ( ! two foll[+ may be employ$4 ,^! in/rum5ts are ( glass1 & hold up to #j or z]o exactly #a1jjj gra9s4 ,! scale is graduat$ 9 a hundr$ divisions1 :i* are aga9 subdivid$ into t5?s4 ,b9k's burette is %[n 9 ,fig4 #he1 & ,mohr's burette 9 ,fig4 #hf4 ,! latt]1 be+ provid$ ) a /&1 enables ! op]ator to add ! te/ liquor--)1 :i* ! burette is *>g$--drop by drop1 :5 ! alkal9e solution to be te/$ is ne> ! po9t ( saturation1 )\t engag+ ! h&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,fig4 #hg4 ,mohr's ,alkalimet]4--,?is useful in/rum5t 7,fig4 #hf7 & ! me?od ( us+ x is ?us describ$ by ,mohr3--,i h succe$$ 9 sub/itut+ = exp5sive glass /op-cocks an arrangem5t :i* may be con/ruct$ by any p]son ) ease1 :i* rema9s absolutely air & wat]-tight = an indef9ite p]iod1 :i* may be op5$ & regulat$ at w by ! pressure ( ! f+]s1 & :i* co/s almo/ no?+4 ,x consi/s ( a small piece ( vulcaniz$ indi>ubb] tube1 :i* is clos$ by a clamp ( brass wire 7,fig4 #hg74 ,! ends ( ?is clamp1 :i* ,i call a pressure-cock1 are b5t lat]ally at "r angles 9 opposite directions & furni%$ ) knobs1 s t :5 bo? ends are press$ ! clamp is op5$1 & a s+le drop or a cont9u\s curr5t ( liquid may be all[$ to escape at pleasure4 ,! measur+-tube is a /raight glass cyl9d]1 z uni=m z possible1 graduat$ to #jb or #ja cubic c5timtres1 & some:at contract$ at its l[] end1 s z to fit into ! indi>ubb] tube4 ,a small piece ( glass tube ins]t$ bel[ ! pressure-cock =ms ! sp\t4 ,! pressure-cock has ! advantage ( n leak+1 = x closes itself :5 ! pressure ( ! f+]s is remov$4 ,! measure1 furni%$ ) ! pressure-cock1 is fa/5$ ^u an appropriate /&1 :i* c be plac$ at any requir$ height4 ,:5 us$1 x is fill$ above ! z]o po9t ) te/ liquor1 ! cock op5$ = an in/ant1 s z to let ! air escape f ! sp\t1 & ! level ( ! solution is !n adju/$4 ,?is is done by br++ ! eye level ) ! z]o po9t1 & apply+ a g5tle pressure to ! cock until ! liquid has sunk s l[ t ! inf]ior curve ( ! liquid t\*es ! graduation l ! circle ( a tang5t2 ! cock is !n clos$1 & at ! same mom5t ! liquid rema9s at z]o1 & cont9ues to d s = weeks if evaporation is prev5t$4 ,! te/-measure be+ normally fill$1 ! exp]im5t may be comm5c$2 ?is is done sitt+1 :ile ! fill+ ( ! measure is done /&+4 ,! weigh$ sample ( alkali is fir/ plac$ 9 a beak]-glass1 & ! te/-liquor is all[$ to fl[ into x by g5tly press+ ! cock4 ,bo? h&s are set at lib]ty1 = :5 ! pressure-cock is releas$ x closes ( itself4 ,! volumetric#ce op]ation may be int]rupt$ at pleasure1 9 ord] to heat ! liquid1 %ake x1 or d :atev] else may be requir$4 ,! quantity ( liquid us$ may be read (f at any mom5t1 & 9 repeat+ an exp]im5t1 ! limit ( ! quantity us$ be=e may be approa*$ s ne> t ! fur!r addition ( liquid may be made drop by drop4 ,! te/-acid to be us$ volumetrically--t is1 ) ! alkalimet]1 has a specific gravity ( #ajcb at #fj ,f41 & #a1jjj gra9s by measure conta9 exactly #dj gra9s ( real or anhydr\s 7t is1 )\t wat]7 sulphuric acid4 ,! *emical pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! process ( alkali-te/+ may be ?us briefly /at$3--,accord+ to ! laws ( *emical comb9ation def9$ by ! atomic !ory ( ,dalton1 all sub/ances comb9e 9 def9ite proportions or equival5ts2 ?us1 #a "p by weight ( hydrog5 comb9es ) #h p>ts by weight ( oxyg5 to =m wat]4 ,! equival5t numb] ( hydrog51 !re=e1 is #a1 & ( oxyg5 #h1 & t ( wat] #i4 ,aga91 #c equival5ts ( oxyg5 comb9e ) #a equival5t ( sulphur 7#af7 to =m sulphuric acid2 ?us1 sulphur #af1 oxyg5 #bd1 equals anhydr\s sulphuric acid #dj2 !re=e #dj is ! equival5t or comb9+ numb] ( ?is acid1 & x _c be made to unite ) alkalies or o!r bases 9 any o!r proportion4 ,= example1 #dj gra9s by weight ( pure sulphuric acid w neutralise exactly #ec gra9s ( dri$ c>bonate ( soda1 #ca gra9s ( pure anhydr\s soda1 or #dj gra9s ( hydrate ( soda 7cau/ic soda74 ,?is be+ s1 x is only necess>y to h exactly #dj gra9s ( real sulphuric acid 9 #a1jjj gra9s ( wat] to =m a te/-acid1 :i*1 :5 employ$ to neutralise an alkal9e solution1 w %[1 by ! proportion ( dilute acid us$ to saturate ! alkali1 ! absolute p]c5tage pres5t 9 ! sample4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,te/-,acid or ,/&>d ,solution4--,z !re is "s tr\ble involv$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! te/-liquor1 x is advisable to prep>e a suffici5t quantity at a "t to la/ = _m op]ations4 ,x may be readily made by mix+ #a "p ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid ) #aa or #ab p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]1 ! mixture be+ made 9 :at is t]m$ a ,w9*e/] bottle1 :i* holds r m ?an half a gallon1 & is provid$ ) a glass /opp]4 ,! acid solution mu/ be adju/$ or br\ght to ! prop] /r5g? aft] x has cool$ d[n to #fj ,f42 & x %\ld be fa9tly t+$ ) litmus1 :i* w give x a p9ki% hue4 ,! acid1 to be ( ! prop] /r5g?1 %\ld exactly neutralise #ec gra9s ( pure c>bonate ( soda1 previ\sly calc9$ at a r$ heat1 or #ca gra9s ( pure anhydr\s soda4 ,to prep>e ! anhydr\s c>bonate ( soda1 a few cry/als ( c>bonate ( soda are plac$ 9 a ,b]l9 porcela9 crucible1 & ?is mu/ be heat$ ov] a _s-lamp or ,buns5 burn]4 ,:5 all ! wat] ( cry/allisation has become expell$1 ! calc9ation is cont9u$ until ! mass is at a bright r$ heat1 :5 ! vessel may be all[$ to cool4 #ec gra9s ( ! calc9$ c>bonate are n[ to be c>efully weigh$1 & next dissolv$ 9 a glass beak]1 9 ab\t #b ounces ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! alkalimet] is n[ to be *>g$ ) ! te/-acid to ! level ( z]o1 & 7if ,mohr's burette be us$7 ! beak] conta9+ ! alkal9e solution is to be plac$ ^u ! /& imm$iately b5ea? ! exit-tube4 ,n[ press ! knobs ( ! pressure-cock1 & all[ a portion ( ! liquor to fl[ into ! beak]4 ,:5 ! eff]vesc5ce :i* imm$iately sets up subsides1 make fur!r additions ( ! te/-liquor f "t to "t1 until ! eff]vesc5ce becomes sluggi%1 at :i* p]iod ! acid mu/ be add$ ) great] caution4 ,:5 ! solution approa*es saturation x acquires a purpli% t9t 7due to ! litmus ) :i* ! acid is t+$71 :i* x reta9s until ! po9t ( saturation is rea*$1 :5 x sudd5ly *anges to a p9k col\r4 ,aft] ea* addition ( ! acid ! solution %\ld be /irr$ ) a ?9 & clean glass rod2 & be=e ! f9al *ange f purple to p9k1 ! end ( ! glass rod %\ld be appli$ to a /rip ( blue litmus pap]1 :51 if ! moi/5$ spot t\*$ assumes a r$ col\r1 ! saturation is complete2 if1 on ! contr>y1 ! pap] is un*ang$1 or has a violet or r$di% hue1 add ! te/-liquor1 "o or two drops at a "t1 ) cont9u$ /irr+1 until a drop ( ! solution appli$ ) a glass rod r$d5s litmus pap]1 :5 ! saturation is f9i%$4 ,if any te/-liquor rema9 9 ! burette1 ?is indicates t !re is excess ( acid 9 ! te/-liquor2 consequ5tly m di/ill$ wat] mu/ be add$ to ! bulk1 ! burette empti$ & refill$ ) ! r$uc$ liquor1 & ano!r #ec gra9s ( anhydr\s c>bonate ( soda treat$ z be=e1 until #a1jjj gra9s ( ! acid liquor exactly neutralise ! solution4 ,%\ld ! :ole cont5ts ( ! burette 9 ! fir/ trial be us$ be=e saturation is complete1 a little m sulphuric acid mu/ be put into ! ,w9*e/] or te/-acid bottle1 & a #ec-;gra9 solution ( c>bonate ( soda treat$ z be=e4 ,a v little practice w enable ! op]ator to adju/ 8 te/-liquor ) p]fect accuracy2 &1 to prev5t mi/akes1 ! bottle %\ld be labell$ ,te/-acid1 & always be kept clos$ by its /opp]4 ,sampl+ ,alkalies4--,soda-a% ( comm]ce is usually pack$ 9 wood5 casks1 & 9 ord] to obta9 a fair av]age sample f a l>ge numb] ( ^! casks1 :i* may repres5t "o consignm5t1 x is important to take small samples1 z ne> ! c5tre ( ea* cask z possible1 f z _m ( ! casks z "t w p]mit4 ,ea* sample1 z drawn f ! cask1 %\ld be at once plac$ 9 a r wide-m\!d bottle furni%$ ) a well-fitt+ cork4 ,ea* sample %\ld be numb]$ & m>k$ ) ! br& :i* di/+ui%es ! cask f :i* x 0 tak54 ,! duty ( sampl+ %\ld be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a p]son ( kn[n integrity & intellig5ce4 ,:5 ab\t to te/ a sample ( soda-a%1 ! cont5ts ( ! bottle %\ld fir/ be empti$ ^u a %eet ( dry pap]1 & ! l>g] lumps !n cru%$ to r$uce ! :ole to a co>se p[d]1 & ?is mu/ be done z quickly z possible to prev5t absorption ( moi/ure f ! atmosph]e4 #ajj gra9s ( ! alkali mu/ n[ be accurately weigh$ & put into a glass flask 7,fig4 #hd71 & ! rema9d] ( ! alkali return$ to ! bottle & ! vessel securely cork$4 ,ab\t half an ounce ( di/ill$ wat] is !n to be put into ! flask & g5tle heat appli$1 ) an occasional %ak+1 until ! alkali is all dissolv$4 ,! flask is !n to be set aside = a few m9utes1 until any insoluble matt] pres5t has subsid$1 :5 ! cle> liquor is to be c>efully p\r$ into a beak] glass2 ! s$im5t mu/ be wa%$ sev]al times ) small quantities ( di/ill$ wat]1 & ! wa%+s add$ to ! solution 9 ! beak]4 ,?is wa%+ is ( great importance & mu/ be p]=m$ sev]al times1 or until ! la/ wa%+ liquor produces no effect ^u yell[ turm]ic pap]1 :i* ev5 slight traces ( alkali w turn a br[n col\r4 ,s long z ?is br[n t9t is giv5 to ! turm]ic pap] ! pres5ce ( alkali is assur$1 & ! wa%+ mu/ be cont9u$4 ,x is important1 aft] ea* wa%+1 to p\r (f ! la/ drop ( ! liquor above ! s$im5t1 by :i* ! op]ation is m effectual1 & is effect$ ) less wat] ?an :5 ?is precaution is n obs]v$4 ,9 ord] to ensure p]fect accuracy 9 ! result1 e p>ticle ( ! wa%+s mu/ be add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! beak]-glass 9 :i* ! assay is to be made4 ,! ,assay4--,! alkalimet] is fir/ to be fill$ ) ! te/-acid exactly to ! l9e #j or z]o ( ! scale z describ$1 & ! beak] conta9+ ! solution to be te/$ !n plac$ imm$iately b5ea? ! dropp+ tube ( ! in/rum5t2 a ?9 glass rod %\ld be plac$ 9 ! beak] z a /irr]4 ,! acid liquor is !n all[$ to fl[ gradually into ! alkal9e solution 7:i* %\ld be repeat$ly /irr$ ) ! glass rod71 by press+ ! knobs ( ! pressure-cock1 until ! solution assumes a purple t9t1 :i* x w reta9 until ! exact po9t ( saturation has be5 arriv$ at1 :51 z be=e /at$1 x w sudd5ly *ange to a p9k col\r4 ,be=e ! latt] /age is rea*$ ! beak] %\ld be plac$ ov] a _s lamp or ,buns5 burn]1 & ! liquid heat$ to expel ! c>bonic acid :i* is evolv$1 & p>tly absorb$ by ! solution dur+ ! process ( saturation4 ,:5 ! neutralisation is complete1 ! alkalimet] is all[$ to repose = a few mom5ts1 s t ! acid liquor may dra9 f ! int]ior ( ! glass tube into ! bulk ( ! fluid1 & ! quantity ( te/-acid us$ is !n det]m9$ by read+ (f ! numb] ( divisions ( ! alkalimet] t h be5 exhau/$1 e "o ( :i* repres5ts #a_/ajj? "p1 or #a p] c5t4 ( alkali1 :5ev] ! equival5t weight is tak5 = assay4 ,e #a_/aj? "p ( an alkalimet] division repres5ts #a_/aj? ( #a p] c5t41 & ! result is ?us obta9$ )\t ! necessity ( any calculation4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! equival5t or comb9+ proportions ( soda ) #dj gra9s ( real 7t is1 anhydr\s7 sulphuric acid3-- ,are equival5t to #dj gra9s ( sulphuric acid #ca gra9s soda 7anhydr\s74 #a1jjj gra9s ( dilute #dj gra9s hydrate ( soda 7pure sulphuric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajcc7 cau/ic soda74 #a1jjj gra9s ( dilute #ec gra9s c>bonate ( soda sulphuric acid 7wat]-gra9 7anhydr\s74 measure7 sp4 gr4 #ajcb #adc gra9s cry/alliz$ c>bonate ( soda4 ,mr4 ,arnot recomm5ds ! foll[+ me?od = alkali te/+3 ,! sample1 :i* %\ld be a fair av]age ( ! drum or cask f :i* x is drawn1 %\ld1 9 ! case ( cau/ic soda1 be quickly cru%$ into small fragm5ts1 & return$ to ! /opp]$ bottle 9 :i* x 0 collect$ = te/+4 ,x ne$ n be f9ely gr\nd1 &1 inde$1 %\ld n be1 z x v readily attracts moi/ure f ! air4 ,! cont5ts ( ! drum are usually pretty uni=m1 & ! cru%+ recomm5d$ w give ! op]ator a sample q fit to "w ^u4 ,samples ( soda-a% & soda cry/als w1 ( c\rse1 be fairly repres5tative ( ! casks f :i* !y are drawn4 ,"o hundr$ gra9s ( ! prep>$ sample mu/ be weigh$ out ^u a wat*-glass or slip ( glaz$ pap]1 & transf]r$ to a porcela9 bas91 ) at lea/ half a p9t ( boil+ wat]4 ,! wat*-glass is pref]able = cau/ic soda1 & ! weigh+ 9 ! case ( t ag5t mu/ be done exp$iti\sly4 ,:ile ! sample is dissolv+ ! burette w be *>g$ ) ! /&>d acid4 ,to ! soda solution a few drops ( solution ( litmus1 suffici5t to col\r x di/9ctly1 w be add$4 ,! acid w !n be run into ! blue soda liquor2 at fir/1 )9 reasonable limits1 ?is may be done rapidly1 b t[>ds ! close ( ! op]ation ! acid mu/ be add$ cauti\sly1 & ! solution kept well /irr$4 ,9 ! case ( cau/ic1 :5 ! blue has di/9ctly *ang$ to r$1 ! op]ation may be consid]$ complet$1 & ! measures may be read (f ! burette2 & ?is is1 )\t calculation1 ! result requir$4 ,:5 ! soda 9 ! sample is a c>bonate1 ! blue col\r ( ! litmus w be *ang$ to p9k be=e all ! soda is neutralis$1 ow+ to a portion ( ! lib]at$ c>bonic acid rema9+ 9 ! solution2 ?is mu/ be elim9at$ by plac+ ! bas9 ov] a ,buns5 burn] & boil+ ! solution4 ,! blue col\r w ?us be re/or$1 & m acid mu/ be add$1 repeat+ ! boil+ f "t to "t1 until ! r$ col\r becomes p]man5t4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to filt] ! soda solution be=e te/+2 ?is applies specially to recov]$ soda1 &1 al?\gh 9 a less degree1 to soda-a%4 ,:5 ! soda solution is filt]$1 x w be necess>y to ?or\ghly wa% out ! liquor absorb$ by ! filt]+ pap]1 ! wa%+s be+ add$ to ! bulk ( ! liquor z be=e4 ,! be/ plan is to all[ ! soda solution to /& = "s "t until all ! s$im5t has deposit$1 & !n to p\r (f z mu* ( ! liquor z possible1 & !n to wa% ! s$im5t into a v small filt]1 9 :i* x w receive fur!r wa%+1 until no trace ( alkali c be detect$ 9 ! la/ wa% wat]4 ,e/imation ( ,*lor9e 9 ,blea*+ ,p[d]4--,x is desirable t ! manag] or =eman ( a pap]-mill %\ld h at 8 comm& "s ready means by :i* he may te/ ! p]c5tage ( *lor9e 9 samples ( blea*+ p[d]1 or *loride ( lime1 deliv]$ at ! mill1 n alone to enable him to det]m9e ! proportions to be us$ 9 mak+ up 8 blea*+ liquors1 b also to ensure 8 employ]s aga9/ possible loss 9 case ( inf]ior qualities be+ deliv]$ at ! mill4 ,blea*+ p[d]s be+ pur*as$ accord+ to p]c5tage1 x is absolutely necess>y t ! pur*as] %\ld h ?is det]m9$ to 8 own satisfaction be=e ei!r us+ or pay+ = ! mat]ial4 ,good *loride ( lime %\ld conta9 #ce p] c5t4 ( available *lor9e1 b ! p[d] %\ld n be accept$ :i* conta9s less ?an #cb p] c5t4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( e/imat+ ! p]c5tage ( *lor9e 9 blea*+ p[d]1 :i* is compos$ ( hypo*lorite ( lime1 *loride ( calcium1 & hydrate ( lime1 ! latt] sub/ances be+ ( no s]vice 9 ! blea*+ process4 ,accord+ to ,fres5ius1 9 fre%ly prep>$ & p]fectly normal *loride ( lime1 ! quantities ( hypo*lorite ( lime & *loride ( calcium pres5t /& to ea* o!r 9 ! proportion ( _! equival5ts4 ,:5 su* *loride ( lime is br\ght into contact ) dilute sulphuric acid1 ! :ole ( ! *lor9e x conta9s is lib]at$ 9 ! elem5t>y =m4 ,on keep+ *loride ( lime1 h[ev]1 ! proportion betwe5 hypo*lorite ( lime & *loride ( calcium gradually *anges3 ! =m] decreases1 ! latt] increases4 ,h5ce f ?is cause alone1 to say no?+ ( orig9al diff]5ce1 ! comm]cial article is n ( uni=m quality1 & on treatm5t ) acid gives sometimes m1 & sometimes less1 *lor9e4 ,z ! value ( blea*+ p[d] dep5ds entirely ^u ! am\nt ( *lor9e set free on treatm5t ) acids1 *emi/s h devis$ v simple me?ods ( det]m9+ ! available am\nt ( *lor9e 9 any giv5 sample1 ^! me?ods hav+ receiv$ ! "n ( *lorimetry4 ,! me?od ( ,fres5ius is g5]ally consid]$ bo? practicable & reliable4 ,fres5ius' ,me?od ( prep>+ ! solution ( blea*+ p[d] to be te/$ is z foll[s3--,c>efully weigh out #aj gra9s ( ! sample1 & f9ely triturate x 9 a mort> ) a little cold wat]1 gradually add+ m wat]2 next all[ ! liquor to settle1 !n p\r ! liquid into a litre flask1 & triturate ! residue aga9 ) a little wat]1 & r9se ! cont5ts ( ! mort> c>efully into ! flask1 :i* %\ld !n be fill$ ) wat] up to ! graduat$ m>k4 ,n[ %ake ! milky fluid & proce$ to exam9e x :ile 9 ! turbid /ate2 & ea* "t1 be=e measur+ (f a fre% portion1 ! vessel mu/ be aga9 %ak5 to prev5t ! mat]ial f deposit+4 ,! results obta9$ ) ! solution 9 its turbid condition are consid]$ m accurate & reliable ?an :5 ! cle> liquid alone is treat$1 ev5 ?\gh ! deposit be frequ5tly wa%$4 ,?is may be prov$1 ,fres5ius says1 by mak+ two sep>ate exp]im5ts1 "o ) ! decant$ cle> liquor1 & ano!r ) ! residu>y turbid mixture4 ,9 an exp]im5t made 9 8 own laboratory ! decant$ cle> fluid gives #bbf ( *lor9e1 ! residu>y mixture #bej1 & ! uni=mly mix$ turbid solution #bde4 ,"o cubic c5timtre ( ! solution ( *loride ( lime s prep>$ corresponds to #jja gramme ( *loride ( lime4 ,gay-,lussac's ,me?od4--,?is me?od1 :i* is kn[n z ! ars5i\s acid process1 has be5 mu* adopt$ = ! det]m9ation ( *lor9e 9 blea*+ p[d]s1 & is conduct$ z foll[s3-- ,! ,te/-liquor4--,?is is prep>$ by dissolv+ #ajj gra9s ( pure ars5i\s acid 9 ab\t #d ounces ( pure hydro*loric acid1 & ! solution is to be dilut$ ) wat] until1 on be+ p\r$ into a graduat$ #aj1jjj gra9s measure-glass1 x occupies ! volume ( #gjj gra9s measure m>k$ on ! scale4 ,ea* #a1jjj gra9s measure ( ?is liquid n[ conta9s #adbi gra9s ( ars5i\s acid1 correspond+ to #aj gra9s ( *lor9e1 or #a_/aj gra9 ( *lor9e = e division or degree ( ! scale ( ! *lorimet]1 = :i* purpose a ,mohr's burette ( ! above capacity may be us$1 or a graduat$ tube ( ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #he may be employ$4 ,te/+ ! ,sample4--#ajj gra9s ( ! *loride ( lime to be te/$ are next dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & p\r$ into a tube graduat$ up to #b1jjj gra9s measure4 ,! :ole mu/ be well %ak5 9 ord] to obta9 a uni=mly turbid solution1 & half ( x 7#a1jjj gra9s measure7 transf]r$ to a graduat$ *lorimet]1 :i* is1 !re=e1 ?us fill$ up to #j1 or ! z]o ( ! scale1 & conta9s exactly #ej gra9s ( ! *loride ( lime "u exam9ation1 :il/ ea* degree or division ( ! scale conta9s only gra94 #a1jjj gra9s measure ( ! ars5i\s acid te/-liquor are n[ p\r$ into a glass beak]1 & a few drops ( a solution ( sulphate ( indigo add$1 9 ord] to imp>t a fa9t1 b di/9ct1 blue col\r to x2 ! glass is !n to be %ak5 s z to give a circul> movem5t to ! liquid1 & :il/ x is :irl+ r\nd ! *loride ( lime solution f ! *lorimet] is gradually & cauti\sly add$ until ! blue t+e giv5 to ! ars5i\s acid te/-liquor is de/roy$1 c>e be+ tak5 to /ir ! mixture well ) a glass rod dur+ ! :ole process1 & to /op z soon z ! decoloration is complete4 ,we w assume t 9 ord] to de/roy ! blue col\r ( #a1jjj gra9s measure ( ! ars5i\s acid te/-liquor #ij divisions or degrees ( ! *loride ( lime solution h be5 employ$4 ,^! #ij divisions1 !re=e1 conta9$ ! #aj gra9s ( *lor9e requir$ to de/roy ! col\r ( ! te/ solution2 & s9ce ea* division repres5ts gra9 ( *loride ( lime1 #de gra9s ( *loride ( lime 7#aj gra9s ( *lor9e7 7 pres5t 9 ! #ij divisions s employ$1 f :i* ! p]c5tage /r5g? may be asc]ta9$3-- ,= #de 3 #aj 33 #ajj 3 #bbbb4 ,! *loride ( lime exam9$1 !re=e1 conta9$ #bb p] c5t4 7ne>ly7 ( *lor9e4 ,?is me?od is extremely simple & tru/wor?y :5 prop]ly employ$1 b to ensure accuracy c]ta9 precautions mu/ be adopt$4 ,in/ead ( p\r+ ! te/ liquor into ! solution ( ! sample 7z 9 alkalimetry71 ! solution ( ! sample mu/ be p\r$ into ! te/-liquor4 ,if ! contr>y plan 7 adopt$ ! hydro*loric acid ( ! te/-liquor w\ld lib]ate *lor9e gas s fa/ t mu* w\ld be lo/1 & ! result r5d]$ incorrect4 ,by p\r+1 on ! contr>y1 ! *loride ( lime solution into ! ars5i\s acid solution ! *lor9e is dis5gag$ 9 small portions at a "t1 & meets ) an abundance ( ars5i\s acid to react on4 ,! mixture ( *loride ( lime %\ld also be employ$ turbid4 ,e/imation ( ,alum9a 9 ,alum ,cake1 etc4--,mr4 ,r[l& ,williams1 ,f4,c4,s41 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,*emical ,society 9 ,june1 #ahhh1 describes a me?od ( e/imat+ ! alum9a 9 alums1 alum cakes1 & sulphate ( alum9a1 by :i* he obta9$ m accurate results ?an are obta9$ by ! ord9>y ammonia me?od ( e/imation4 ,aft] po9t+ out sev]al objections to ! me?od ( precipitat+ ! alum9a by ammonia1 he proce$s3--,!re is ano!r me?od = ! e/imation ( alum9a :i* is n s well kn[n z ! above4 ,?is is by means ( sodium ?iosulphate4 ,hav+ _h a v ext5sive & successful exp]i5ce ( ?is process1 ,i c recomm5d x ) confid5ce4 ,consid]able practice is1 h[ev]1 necess>y 9 ord] to secure good results1 z c]ta9 conditions mu/ be c>efully att5d$ to1 o!rwise ! precipitation w be incomplete4 ,! e/imation is made 9 a mod]ately dilute solution4 ,9 ! case ( alum cake & sulphate ( alum9a ,i dissolve #djj gra9s 9 wat]1 filt]1 dilute to #aj1jjj gra9s4 ,i use #a1jjj gra9s ( ?is solution 7equal to #dj gra9s ( ! sample7 = e/imat+ ! alum9a4 ,if any free acid is pres5t x is neutralis$ by a few drops ( c>bonate ( soda solution1 & ! :ole dilut$ to ab\t #h ounces measure4 ,a l>ge quantity ( cry/alliz$ ?iosulphate ( soda is !n add$1 & ! liquid boil$ = at lea/ half-an-h\r1 con/antly replac+ ! wat] lo/ by evaporation4 ,by ! end ( t "t all ! alum9a w be precipitat$ 9 a f9ely-divid$ =m1 along ) m or less free sulphur4 ,! precipitate is !n filt]$ (f & wa%$ well ) boil+ wat]4 ,! filtration & wa%+ take place v rapidly1 & may g5]ally be accompli%$ 9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 ?is be+ a great sav+ ( "t 9 comp>ison ) ! long & t$i\s wa%+ by decantation1 :i* is necess>y 9 ! case ( gelat9\s alum9a4 ,be=e filtration1 x is advisable to add a drop or two ( c>bonate ( soda solution1 le/ ! liquid %\ld h become slightly acid dur+ boil+4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,useful ,,notes ,,& ,,tables4 ,prep>ation ( ,lakes4--,brazil-wood ,lake4--,co*9eal ,lake4--,lac ,lake4--,madd] ,lake4--,orange ,lake4--,yell[ ,lake4--,artificial ,ultram>9e4--,twaddell's ,hydromet]4--,dalton's ,table %[+ ! proportion ( ,dry ,soda 9 ,leys ( ,diff]5t ,d5sities4--,table ( ,/r5g? ( ,cau/ic ,soda ,solutions at #ei ,f4--,table %[+ ! ,specific ,gravity correspond+ ) ! degrees ( ,baum's ,hydromet]4--,table ( ,boil+ ,po9ts ( ,alkal9e ,leys4--,table %[+ ! ,quantity ( ,cau/ic ,soda 9 ,leys ( ,diff]5t ,d5sities4--,table %[+ ! ,quantity ( ,blea*+ ,liquid at #f ,twaddell requir$ to be add$ to ,weak] ,liquor to raise x to ! giv5 ,/r5g?4--,comp>ative ,fr5* & ,engli% ,!rmomet] ,scales4--,weights & ,measures ( ! ,metrical ,sy/em4--,table ( ,fr5* ,weights & ,measures4--,li/ ( ,works relat+ to ,pap] ,manufacture4 ,prep>ation ( ,lakes4--,^! are prep>$ by ei!r ( ! foll[+ processes3--#a4 ,by add+ a solution ( alum1 ei!r alone or p>tly saturat$ ) c>bonate ( potassa1 to a filt]$ infusion or decoction ( ! col\r+ sub/ance1 & aft] agitation precipitat+ ! mixture ) a solution ( c>bonate ( pota% 7salt ( t>t>74 #b4 ,by precipitat+ a decoction or infusion ( ! col\r+ sub/ance made ) a weak alkal9e ley1 by add+ a solution ( alum4 #c4 ,by agitat+ rec5tly precipitat$ alum9a ) a solution ( ! col\r+ matt]1 prep>$ z be=e1 until ! liquid is ne>ly discol\r$1 or ! alum9a acquires a suffici5tly d>k t9t4 ,! fir/ me?od is usually employ$ = acidu\s solutions ( col\r+ matt]1 or = ^? ^: t9t is injur$ by alkalies2 ! second = ^? t are bright5$1 or at lea/ un9jur$1 by alkalies2 ! ?ird1 ^? col\r+ matt]s t h a great aff9ity = gelat9\s alum9a1 & readily comb9e ) x by m]e agitation4 ,by att5tion to ^! g5]al rules1 lakes may be prep>$ f almo/ all animal & vegetable col\r+ sub/ances t yield _! col\r to wat]1 _m ( :i* w be f\nd to possess great beauty & p]man5ce4 ,! precise process adapt$ to ea* p>ticul> sub/ance may be easily asc]ta9$ by tak+ a few drops ( its infusion or decoction1 & obs]v+ ! effects ( alkalies & acids on ! col\r4 ,! quantity ( alum or ( alum9a employ$ %\ld be ne>ly suffici5t to decol\r ! dye-liquor1 & ! quantity ( c>bonate ( potassa %\ld be s proportion$ to ! alum z to exactly precipitate ! alum9a1 )\t leav+ free or c>bonat$ alkali 9 ! liquid4 ,! fir/ portion ( ! precipitate has ! deepe/ col\r1 & ! %ade gradually becomes pal] z ! op]ation proce$s4 ,a beautiful tone ( violet1 r$1 & ev5 purple may be communicat$ to ! col\r+ matt] ( co*9eal by ! addition ( p]*loride ( t92 ! addition ( ars5iate ( potassa 7neutral ars5ical salt7 9 l mann] gives %ades :i* may be s\ght = 9 va9 ) alum or alum9a4 ,aft] ! lake is precipitat$ x mu/ be c>efully collect$1 wa%$ ) cold di/ill$ wat]1 or ! pure/ ra9-wat]1 until x ceases to give out col\r4 ,brazil-wood ,lake4--#a4 ,take ( gr\nd ,brazil wood #a lb41 wat] #d gallons2 dige/ = #bd h\rs1 !n boil = #cj or #dj m9utes1 & add ( alum #a lb41 dissolv$ 9 a little wat]2 mix1 decant1 /ra91 & add ( solution ( t9 lb42 aga9 mix well & filt]2 to ! cle> liquid add1 cauti\sly1 a solution ( salt ( t>t> or c>bonate ( soda1 z long z a deep-col\r$ precipitate =ms1 c>efully avoid+ excess4 #b4 ,add wa%$ & rec5tly precipitat$ alum9a to a /rong & filt]$ decoction ( ,brazil wood4 ,inf]ior to ! la/4 ,co*9eal ,lake4--#a4 ,co*9eal 79 co>se p[d]7 #a oz42 wat] & rectifi$ _s1 ( ea*1 #b ozs42 dige/ = a week2 filt] & precipitate ! t9cture ) a few drops ( solution ( t91 add$ e #b h\rs1 until ! :ole ( ! col\r+ matt] is ?r[n d[n2 la/ly1 wa% ! precipitate 9 di/ill$ wat] & dry x2 v f9e4 #b4 ,dige/ p[d]$ co*9eal 9 ammonia wat] = a week1 dilute ! solution ) a little wat]1 & add ! liquid to a solution ( alum1 z long z a precipitate falls1 :i* is ! lake4 ,equal to ! la/4 #c4 ,co>sely p[d]$ co*9eal #a lb41 wat] #b gallons2 boil #a h\r1 decant1 /ra91 add a solution ( salt ( t>t>1 #a lb41 & precipitate ) a solution ( alum4 ,by add+ ! alum fir/1 & precipitat+ ! lake ) ! alkali1 ! col\r w be slightly v>i$4 ,all ! above are sold z c>m9at$ or ,flor5ce lake1 to :i* !y are (t5 sup]ior4 ,lac ,lake4--,boil fre% /ick-lac 9 a solution ( c>bonate ( soda1 filt] ! solution1 precipitate ) a solution ( alum1 & proce$ z be=e4 ,a f9e r$4 ,madd] ,lake4--#a4 ,take ( ,dut* grappe or crop madd] #b oz41 tie x 9 a clo?1 beat x well 9 a p9t ( wat] 9 a /one mort>1 & repeat ! process ) fre% wat] 7ab\t #e p9ts7 until x ceases to yield col\r2 next boil ! mix$ liquor 9 an e>!n vessel1 p\r x into a l>ge bas91 & add ( alum #a oz41 previ\sly dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 /ir well1 & :ile /irr+1 p\r 9 gradually ( a /rong solution ( c>bonate ( potassa 7salt ( t>t>7 #a oz43 let ! :ole /& until cold1 !n p\r (f ! sup]natant liquor1 dra91 agitate ! residue ) boil+ wat]1 #a qu>t 79 sep>ate portions71 decant1 dra91 & dry4 ,product1 oz4 ,! ,society ( ,arts vot$ _! gold m$al to ! au?or ( ! above =mula4 #b4 ,add a little solution ( acetate ( lead to a decoction ( madd]1 to ?r[ d[n ! br[n col\r+ matt]1 filt]1 add a solution ( t9 or alum1 precipitate ) a solution ( c>bonate ( soda or ( potassa1 & o!rwise proce$ z be=e4 #c4 ,gr\nd madd]1 #b lbs42 wat]1 #a gallon2 mac]ate ) agitation = #aj m9utes1 /ra9 (f ! wat]1 & press ! rema9d] q dry2 repeat ! process a second & a ?ird "t2 !n add to ! mix$ liquors1 alum1 lb41 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #c qu>ts2 & heat 9 a wat]-ba? = #c or #d h\rs1 add+ wat] z x evaporates3 next filt]1 fir/ ?r\gh flannel1 & :5 suffici5tly cold1 ?r\gh pap]2 !n add a solution ( c>bonate ( potassa z long z a precipitate falls1 :i* mu/ be wa%$ until ! wat] comes (f col\rless1 & la/ly1 dry4 ,if ! alkali be add$ 9 #c successive doses1 #c diff]5t lakes w be obta9$1 successively dim9i%+ 9 beauty4 ,orange ,lake4--,take ( ! be/ ,spani% annotta #d ozs42 pe>la%1 lb42 wat]1 #a gallon2 boil x = half an h\r1 /ra91 precipitate ) alum1 #a lb41 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #a gallon1 obs]v+ n to add ! latt] solution :5 x ceases to produce an eff]vesc5ce or a precipitate4 ,! addition ( "s solution ( t9 turns ?is lake a lemon yell[2 acids r$d5 x4 ,yell[ ,lake4--#a4 ,boil ,fr5* b]ries1 qu]citron b>k1 or turm]ic1 #a lb41 & salt ( t>t>1 #a oz41 9 wat]1 #a gallon1 until r$uc$ to "o half2 !n /ra9 ! decoction & precipitate ) a solution ( alum4 #b4 ,boil #a lb4 ( ! dye-/uff ) alum1 lb42 wat]1 #a gallon1 z be=e1 & precipitate ! decoction ) a solution ( c>bonate ( pota%4 ,artificial ,ultram>9e4--,?is is obta9$ by sev]al processes1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are examples3--#a4 ,take kaol91 #cg p>ts2 sulphate ( soda1 #ae2 c>bonate ( soda1 #bb2 sulphur1 #ah2 & *>coal1 #h p>ts2 mix ^! intimately1 & heat 9 l>ge cov]$ crucibles = tw5ty-f\r to ?irty h\rs4 ,! result+ product is !n to be aga9 heat$ 9 ca/-iron boxes at a mod]ate temp]ature1 until ! requir$ t9t is obta9$2 x is f9ally pulv]is$1 wa%$ 9 a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 & ! float+ p>ticles all[$ to subside 9 a sep>ate vessel2 ! deposit$ col\r is n[ collect$ & dri$4 #b4 ,expose to a l[ r$ heat1 9 a cov]$ crucible z long z fumes are giv5 (f1 a mixture compos$ (3 kaol91 #b p>ts2 anhydr\s c>bonate ( soda & sulphur1 ( ea* #c p>ts4 ,"s p]sons use "o-?ird less c>bonate ( soda4 ,twaddell's ,hydromet]1 :i* is mu* employ$ = asc]ta9+ ! /r5g? ( soda & *loride ( lime solutions1 etc41 is s graduat$ & weight$ t ! #j or z]o m>k is equal to #a1jjj1 or ! specific gravity ( di/ill$ wat] at ! temp]ature ( #fj ,f41 & ea* degree on ! scale is equal to #jje2 s t by multiply+ ?is numb] by ! numb] ( degrees m>k$ on ! scale1 & add+ #a1 ! real specific gravity is obta9$4 ,?us #aj ,twaddell indicates a specific gravity ( #ajej1 or #aje1 & s on4 ,imitation ,manilla ,pulp f ,wood4--,mr4 ,george ,e4 ,m>%all1 ( ,turn]'s ,falls1 ,mass41 pat5t$ a process "s ye>s back by :i* wood1 "u ! action ( hot wat]1 & "u a heavy pressure1 acquires ! *>act]i/ic col\r ( manilla4 ,! wood1 hav+ be5 cut z usual1 is plac$ 9 a clos$ vessel or tank capable ( resi/+ high pressure1 if necess>y1 ( #dej lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 ! mat]ial be+ closely pack$4 ,at ! bottom ( ?is tank is an op5+ ) a valve1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat]1 previ\sly heat$ to a po9t above boil+1 & bel[ #bhj1 is =c$ by a hydraulic press to su* an ext5t z to saturate & to completely p]meate ! wood1 & to s(t5 & drive out ( ! pores ! gum1 res9s1 & acids2 & if ! temp]ature is kept suffici5tly hot1 x gives ! pulp ! desir$ col\r belong+ to a f9ely-made manilla pap]4 ,?is may be aid$ some:at by ! introduction ( a small quantity ( "s alkal9e sub/ance to act on ! acids4 ,! wat] may be heat$ 9 a coil outside1 & =c$ into ! tank by a hydraulic press4 ,! wat] ?us heat$ & =c$ 9 leaves ! wood or ! pulp 9 ! mo/ desirable condition = "w & = col\r4 ,pulp made f wood treat$ bel[ ! boil+ po9t w be :ite2 b ?is process is said to secure ! desir$ manilla col\r by rais+ ! temp]ature to #bdj or #bej = a light pulp1 & z high z #bhj = a d>k pulp4 ,no pressure is requir$ f ! /eam above ?ree atmosph]es1 b ! press may give f #dej to #ejj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 & practice has %[n t ! great] ! pressure ! m spe$y is ! op]ation on ! wood4#cf ,te/+ ,ultram>9es4--,! sample ( ultram>9e %\ld be exam9$ z to its p[] ( resi/+ ! action ( alum solutions1 :i* may readily be done by ! me?od sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,dunb>3--,dissolve ! same am\nt ( ea* sample 9 wat]1 & mix 9 ?is wat] ab\t lb4 ( pulp4 ,:5 ?or\ghly mix$1 & ea* lot ( pulp is well & ev5ly col\r$1 add "o glassful ( ! ord9>y mill alum liquor1 ei!r f pure alum1 or alum9\s cake to ea*1 los+ no "t ov] ! op]ation4 ,/ir ea* well & cont9u\sly ) a glass rod1 & note ! glasses c>efully z to ! l5g? ( "t ea* sample keeps its col\r4 ,to asc]ta9 ! /a9+ p[]1 s call$1 ( ! ultram>9e1 & at ! same "t ! tone1 or t9t1 :i* x w imp>t :5 mix$ ) pulp1 #be gra9s ( ea* sample %\ld be mix$ ) #ajj ( kaol9 or sulphate ( lime 7pe>l h>d5+7 & ! sev]al mixtures !n work$ up into a pa/e ) a little wat] by means ( a spatula1 :5 ! diff]5ces 9 ! /a9+ p[] ( ! respective samples w at once become app>5t if ei!r be ( inf]ior quality4 ,to make ! te/ m complete1 a l am\nt ( comm]cially pure ultram>9e %\ld be mix$ ) #ajj gra9s ( kaol9 = ! purpose ( comp>ison4 ,9 ?is way a ready judgm5t may be =m$ z to ! quality ( ! sample "u exam9ation4 ,/r5g? ( ,pap]4--,! comp>ative /r5g? ( samples ( pap] may he det]m9$ by cutt+ /rips an in* 9 wid? f ea* sample1 & susp5d+ ^! f a rigid iron b>4 ,weights are !n cauti\sly atta*$ to ea* until ! sample breaks1 :5 ! diff]5ce 9 ! weights su/a9$ by ! respective samples be=e ! break+ po9t is rea*$ w det]m9e ! comp>ative /r5g? ( ! samples te/$4 ,mr4 ,p>k9son1 ( ,/4 ,george's ,road1 ,pre/on1 furni%es a simple contrivance = det]m9+ ! break+ po9ts ( pap]1 & s comp>+ _! value4 ,,tables4 ,i4--,,dalton',s ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,proportion ,,( ,,dry ,,soda ,,9 ,,leys ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,d5sities4 ,specific ,dry ,soda gravity ( p] c5t4 ,boil+ solution4 by weight4 po9ts4 #ahe #fcf #fjj #agb #ech #djj #afc #dff #cjj #aef #dab #bhj #aej #cfh #bfe #adg #cdj #bee #add #caj #bdh #adj #bij #bdb #acf #bfj #bce #acb #bcj #bbh #abi #aij #bbd #abc #afj #bbj #aah #acj #bag #aab #ij #bad #ajf #dg #bac ,,ii4--,,table ,,( ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,cau/ic ,,soda ,,solutions ,,at #ei ,f4 #aej ,c4 7,t,,nn]man74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,specific ,gravity ,degrees ,p] c5t4 ( ,equival5t p] c5t4 7,wat] #a1jjj74 ,twaddell4 ,soda4 ( #fj p] c5t4 ,cau/ic ,soda4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ajjdj #jhj #jcjb #jejc #ajjha #afb #jfja #ajja #ajafc #cbf #abji #bjae #ajbdf #dib #ahac #cjba #ajccj #ffj #bdah #djcj #ajdad #hbh #cjbb #ejcg #ajejj #ajjj #cfbf #fjdc #ajehg #aagd #dbca #gjea #ajfge #acej #dhce #hjei #ajgfd #aebh #eddj #ijfg #ajhee #agaj #fjdd #ajjgc #ajidh #ahif #ffdh #aajhj #aajdb #bjhd #gbec #abjij #aaacg #bbgd #gheg #acjie #aabcc #bdff #hdfb #adajc #aaccj #bffj #ijff #aeaaj #aadbh #bhef #ifgj #afaag #aaebh #cjef #ajbge #agabe #aafcj #cbfj #ajhgi #ahaca #aagcd #cdfh #aadhd #aiadj #aahda #cfhb #abjhh #bjadg #aaidh #chif #abfib #baaec #abjeh #daaf #acbig #bbafa #abagh #dcef #acija #bcagj #abbhj #defj #adejf #bdagg #abcib #dghd #aeaaj #beagj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,iii4--,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,specific ,,gravity ,,correspond+ ,,) ,,! ,,degrees ,,( ,,baum',s ,,hydromet]4 ,liquids d5s] ?an ,wat]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,degrees4 ,specific ,degrees4 ,specific ,degrees4 ,specific ,gravity4 ,gravity4 ,gravity4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #j #ajjjj #bf #abjfc #eb #aebjj #a #ajjff #bg #abafj #ec #aecec #b #ajacc #bh #abbeh #ed #aeeaj #c #ajbja #bi #abceh #ee #aefga #d #ajbgj #cj #abdei #ef #aehcc #e #ajcdj #ca #abefb #eg #afjjj #f #ajdaa #cb #abffg #eh #afagj #g #ajdhc #cc #abggc #ei #afcdd #h #ajeef #cd #abhha #fj #afebb #i #ajfcj #ce #abiib #fa #afgje #aj #ajgjd #cf #acajc #fb #afhhi #aa #ajghj #cg #acbag #fc #agjgi #ab #ajheg #ch #acccc #fd #agbgc #ac #ajice #ci #acdea #fe #agdga #ad #aajad #dj #acega #ff #agfgd #ae #aajie #da #acfid #fg #aghhb #af #aaagf #db #achah #fh #ahjie #ag #aabei #dc #acide #fi #ahcac #ah #aacdc #dd #adjgd #gj #ahecg #ai #aadbh #de #adbjf #ga #ahgfe #bj #aaeae #df #adcci #gb #aijjj #ba #aafjc #dg #addgf #gc #aibda #bb #aafib #dh #adfae #gd #aidhg #bc #aaghc #di #adgeh #ge #aigdj #bd #aahge #ej #adijb #gf #bjjjj #be #aaifh #ea #adiea ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,iv4--,,table ,,( ,,boil+ ,,po9ts ,,( ,,alkal9e ,,leys4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,alkal9e ,specific ,p]c5tage ( ,boils at ,ley4 ,gravity4 ,alkali4 degrees ,fahr5heit4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,soda #aah #ac #bag ,pota% #abc #aie #bbj ,soda #abc #af #bbj ,pota% #abh #bcd #bbd ,soda #abi #ai #bbd ,soda #acb #bc #bbh ,pota% #acc #bfc #bbi ,soda #acf #bf #bce ,soda #adj #bi #bdb ,pota% #adb #cdd #bdf ,soda #adg #cd #bee ,pota% #add #cfh #bee ,soda #ae #cfh #bfe ,pota% #aeb #dbi #bgf ,pota% #af #dfg #bij ,soda #afc #dff #cjj ,pota% #afh #eab #cbi ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,v4--,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,quantity ,,( ,,cau/ic ,,soda ,,9 ,,leys ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,d5sities 7,,wat] #a1jjj74 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,specific ,soda ,specific ,soda gravity4 p] c5t4 gravity4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- -- #ajj #jjj #abb #bjff #ajb #bjg #abd #bbeh #ajd #djb #abf #bddg #ajf #ehi #abh #bfcc #ajh #gfi #acj #bhaf #aaj #idc #acb #biif #aab #aaaj #acd #cafg #aad #abha #ace #cbdj #aaf #adgc #acf #ccjh #aah #afgc #ach #cdda #abj #ahga ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,vi4--,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,quantity ,,( ,,blea*+ ,,liquid ,,at #f ,,twaddell 7,,specific ,,gravity #ajcj7 ,,requir$ ,,to ,,be ,,add$ ,,to ,,weak] ,,liquor ,,to ,,raise ,,x ,,to ,,! ,,giv5 ,,/r5g?s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,/r5g? ( ,requir$ ,proportions ,requir$4 ,sample 9 #a_/ab4 ,/r5g?4 --------------------------- ,giv5 ,sample4,liquor at #f4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- p>ts4 "p4 ,wat] #h_/ab #h #a #a #i #a #b #aa #a #c #ac #a #d #ag #a #e #bc #a #f #ce #a #g #ga #a ,wat] #f_/ab #aa #a #a #ac #a #b #ag #a #c #bc #a #d #ce #a #e #ga #a ,wat] #d_/ab #ag #a #a #bc #a #b #ce #a #c #ga #a ,wat] #c_/ab #bc #a #a #ce #a #b #ga #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,vii4--,,comp>ative ,,fr5* ,,& ,,engli% ,,!rmomet] ,,scales4 ,fr5* or ,c5tigrade4 ,engli% or ,fahr5heit4 #j ,c5t4 or ,c4 equals #cb ,fahr4 or ,f4 #e #da #aj #ej #ae #ei #bj #fh #be #gg #cj #hf #ce #ie #dj #ajd #de #aac #ej #abb #ee #aca #fj #adj #fe #adi #gj #aeh #ge #afg #hj #agf #he #ahe #ij #aid #ie #bjc #ajj 7,wat] boils7 #bab 7,wat] boils7 #bjj #cib #cjj #egb #cef 7,m]cury boils7 #ffb 7,m]cury boils7 ,,viii4--,,weights ,,& ,,measures ,,( ,,! ,,metrical ,,sy/em4 7,f ! ,briti% ,ph>macopia47 ,,weights4 #a ,milligramme ! ?\s&? "p ( "o gramme1 or #jjja gramme4 #a ,c5tigramme ! hundr$? #jja #a ,dcigramme ! t5? #ja #a ,gramme weight ( a cubic c5timtre ( wat] at #d ,c4 #aj #a ,dcagramme t5 grammes #ajj #a ,hectogramme "o hundr$ grammes #ajjj #a ,kilogramme "o ?\s& grammes #a1jjjj ,,measures ,,( ,,capacity4 #a ,millilitre #a cubic c5timtre1 or ! measure ( #a gramme ( wat]4 #a ,c5tilitre #aj #aj #a ,dcilitre #ajj #ajj #a ,litre #a1jjj #a1jjj ,,measures ,,( ,,l5g?4 #a ,millimtre ! ?\s&? "p ( "o mtre1 or #jjja mtre4 #a ,c5timtre ! hundr$? #jja #a ,dcimtre ! t5? #ja #a ,mtre ! t5-million? "p ( a qu>t] ( ! m]idian ( ! e>?4 ,,ix4--,,table ,,( ,,fr5* ,,weights ,,& ,,measures4 ,kilogramme1 #a1jjj grammes1 equals #b lbs4 #c ozs4 ne>ly4 ,gramme 7! unit7 equals #aedcb gra9s4 ,,fr5* ,,measure ,,( ,,volume4 #a ,litre 7! unit7 equals #cd fluid ozs4 ne>ly4 ,,long ,,measure4 ,mtre 7! unit7 equals #cicga in*es4 ,dcimtre 7#aj? ( a mtre7 #cicga ,c5timtre 7#ajj? ( a mtre7 #jcicg ,millimtre 7#a1jjj? ( a mtre7 #jjcic ,,li/ ,,( ,,works ,,relat+ ,,to ,,pap] ,,manufacture4 ,practical ,rem>ks on ,mod]n ,pap]4 ,j4 ,murray4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahbi4 ,manuel du ,fabricant des ,papi]s4 ,l4 ,s4 ,le ,norm&4 ,p>is1 #ahcd4 ,l',indu/rie de la ,papetrie4 ,g4 ,plan*e4 ,p>is1 #ahec4 ,die ,fabrikation des ,papi]s4 ,l4 ,mll]4 ,b]l91 #ahee4 ,manufacture ( ,pap] & ,bo>ds4 ,a4 ,proteaux4 ,philadelphia1 #ahff4 ,manufacture ( ,pap]4 ,c4 ,h(mann4 ,philadelphia1 #ahgc4 ,pflanz5fasir4 ,hugo ,mll]4 ,leipzig1 #ahgc4 ,bamboo ,consid]$ z a ,pap]-mak+ ,mat]ial4 ,london1 #ahge4 ,etudes sur les ,fibres ,vgtales4 ,vtill>t4 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 ,te*nology ( ! ,pap] ,trade 7,cantor ,lectures74 ,arnot4 ,j\rnal ,society ( ,arts1 #ahgg4 ,! ,practical ,pap]-mak]4 ,j4 ,dunb>4 ,london1 #ahha4 ,=e/ry & ,=e/ ,products4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhd4 ,a ,treatise on ,pap]4 ,r4 ,p>k9son4 ,pre/on1 #ahhf4 ,manufacture ( ,pap]4 ,c4 ,t4 ,davis4 ,philadelphia1 #ahhg4 ,manufacture ( ,pap]4 ,toml9son4 ,text ,book ( ,pap]-mak+4 ,c4 ,f4 ,cross & ,e4 ,j4 ,bevan4 ,articles on pap]-mak+ w also be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ encyclopdias1 j\rnals1 etc3-- ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 vol4 xvii42 ,encyclopdia ,metropolitana1 #ahde2 ,toml9son's ,cyclopdia2 ,new ,am]ican ,cyclopdia2 ,briti% ,manufactur+ ,indu/ries2 ,engli% ,cyclopdia2 ,encyclopdia ,am]icana2 ,p5ny ,cyclopdia2 ,pap] ,mak]s' ,mon?ly ,j\rnal2 ,pap] ,mak]s' ,circul>2 ,pap] ,trade ,j\rnal2 ,am]ican ,pap] ,trade ,j\rnal4 ,,index4 ,acetic acid1 #fd1 #ih ,acid1 ars5i\s1 process1 #bca or bisulphite processes1 objections to1 #gd boracic1 #df c>bonic1 #ig fluo-silicic1 #age hydro*loric1 #ee1 #bcb hypo*lor\s1 #ih nitric1 #ff nitr\s1 #ff nitro-hydro*loric1 #fd oxalic1 #ih processes1 ,mc,dougall's boil] =1 #gb sulphuric1 #dg1 #ii anhydr\s1 #bbe sulphur\s1 #ee1 #age te/1 #bbd te/1 prep>ation (1 #bbe treatm5t ( wood1 #fd ,acids1 action (1 on cellulose1 #b ,acicul> fibres1 #c ,action ( acids on cellulose1 #b ,adamsonia1 #he ,adamson's process1 #gg ,african esp>to1 #dg ,agalite1 #aae ,ag>-ag>1 #agh ,agave ,am]icana1 #h ,alex&ria rags1 #ba ,alg]ian esp>to1 #dg ,alkali1 cau/ic1 #dh te/+1 #bbd ,alkalimet]1 ,mohr's1 #bbc ,alkalimet]s1 #bbb ,alkalimetry1 #bba ,alkal9e leys1 boil+ po9ts (1 #bdc ,alkalis1 sampl+1 #bbg ,alum1 #aaf ,alum1 blea* liquor1 #ajj cake1 e/imation ( alum9a 91 #bcc conc5trat$1 #aai cry/allis$1 #aai liquor1 #bdj pe>l1 #aai por\s1 #afg ,alum9a1 e/imation (1 9 alum1 c41 #bcc sulphate (1 #ajj ,alum9ium1 *loride (1 #ajj hypo*lorite (1 #ajj ,alum9\s cake1 #aai ,am]ican comb9ations = col\r+1 #afg me?od ( siz+1 #abc o*re1 #afg ref9+ eng9es1 ,mr4 ,wyatt on1 #ajc sy/em ( soda recov]y1 #bah wood pulp1 #fj ,ammonia1 #bcc ,ammoniacal wat]1 #f ,&reoli's electrolytic blea*+ process1 #if ,anhydr\s soda1 #bbe sulphuric acid1 #bbe ,anil9e blues1 #aff r$s1 #aff sulphate (1 #h trie?yl rose1 #ih ,animal size1 prep>ation (1 #abj1 #abb siz$ pap]s1 #abc or tub-siz+1 #abb ,annotta1 ,spani%1 #bch ,anti*lor1 #aji ,antique pap]1 #aeg ,app>atus1 dis9tegrat+1 #gb evaporat+1 #bje ,aqua regia1 #ff ,arnot1 ,mr41 on beat+-eng9es1 #ajb on f9i%+1 #afj ,arnot's me?od ( alkali te/+1 #bbi ,artificial fl[]s1 col\r+ pap] =1 #afh ultram>9e1 #bch ,ars5i\s acid process1 #bca ,asbe/os1 #gc1 #aae ,a%1 black1 #bai ,auss$at's process1 #fc ,azure blue1 #agj ,back-wat] pump1 ,b]trams'1 #aie ,bagg+1 old1 #aj ,balsam1 ,canada1 #agi ,baltic rags1 #ba ,bamboo cane1 #aj1 #ah ,bambusa vulg>is1 #ah ,banana fibre1 #aj ,bank-notes1 wat]-m>k+1 #adg ,baobab1 #he ,b>k fibres1 #f oak1 #aff pap] mulb]ry1 #aj ,b>re & ,blondel's process1 #ff ,ba/ bagg+1 #aj ,baum's hydromet]1 #bdb ,beak]s1 #bbb1 #bbd ,beat]1 #cg ,jordan1 #ajc1 #ajd ,k+sl&1 #ajd ,beat+1 #aja ,dunb>'s obs]vations on1 #ajb eng9e1 #ajc ,b]trams'1 #aje ,=bes'1 #aje ,umph]/on's1 #aje eng9es1 ,arnot on1 #ajb op]ations (1 #ajg or ref9+1 #aja ,belgian rags1 #bj ,b5tley & ,jackson's boil]1 #hj cool+ & damp+ rolls1 #ahi drum-wa%]1 #ahe dry felt self-act+ regulator1 #ahf glaz+ cal5d]1 #aee rag-cutt]1 #bd eng9e1 #ch s+le-cyl9d] ma*9e1 #aec web-ripp+ ma*9e1 #aih ,b5z9e1 #e1 #gg ,b]l9 blue1 #afh ,b]trams' back-wat] pump1 #aie beat+-eng9e1 #aje conical pulp-sav]1 #add damp+-rolls1 #aee edge-runn]1 #hb esp>to-clean]1 #dj l>ge pap] ma*9e1 #acd rag boil]1 #bi cutt+-ma*9e1 #bc eng9e1 #cg revolv+ /ra9] & knott]1 #acg revolv+ knife-cutt]1 #afb reel+ ma*9e1 #aig s+le-%eet cutt]1 #afb web-glaz+ cal5d]1 #aif will[+ & du/+ ma*9e1 #bf ,beetroot refuse1 #aj ,beyr\t rags1 #ba ,bi*romate ( potassa1 #afe ,b9d]s' clipp+s1 #aj ,bir*1 #fj ,bisulphite ( lime1 #ga magnesium1 #gj process1 ,blitz's1 #gb ,francke's1 #fh ,graham's1 #gc ,mits*]li*'s1 #ga objections to1 #gd ,black a%1 #bai calicoes1 #bj cotton1 #bj ,frank=t1 #aga lamp1 #aff ,blacks1 #bj ,blea*1 #ic liquor1 alum1 #ajj ,wilson's1 #ajj z9c1 #ii mix]1 #ib pump1 ,donk9's1 #aic ,blea*+1 #hi ag5t1 #ij ) *loride ( lime1 #ib *lor9e gas1 ,glas]'s process1 #ic ,c4 ,watt1 jun4's1 electrolytic process1 #id electrolytic1 ,&reoli's process1 #if ,h]mite's process1 #if esp>to1 #ej liquid1 table %[+ quantity to be us$1 #bdd liquor1 #ej1 #ia prep>ation (1 #ib ,blea*+ liquors1 #c ,lunge's process (1 #ih new me?od (1 #ajj op]ations1 #hi p[d]1 #ib e/imation ( *lor9e 91 #bcj ,fres5ius' me?od1 #bca ,gay-,lussac's me?od1 #bca ,blea*+1 s\r1 #ia ,?ompson's process1 #ig ,"y's me?od1 #ajj ,bl5d+1 #aab ,blitz's process1 #gb ,blott+-pap]s1 #ba1 #aha ,blue1 #aff azure1 #agj ,b]l91 #afh ,brem51 #agj cottons1 #bj d>k1 #agj indigo1 #aff l95s1 #bj m9]al1 #aga pale1 #agj pap]1 #ai ,p>is1 #afi ,prussian1 #afe rags1 #ai smalts1 #afe ,blues1 #bj anil9e1 #aff ,boil]1 ,b5tley & ,jackson's1 #hj ,roeckn]'s1 #de ,boil+1 ,am]ican1 #fj esp>to1 #da rags1 #bi /raw1 #ha wa/e pap]1 #hf ,boracic acid1 #df ,borax1 #afi ,boxes1 suction1 #adh ,brazil wood1 #aff lake1 #bcf ,break+ half-/uff1 #ci po9ts ( pap]1 me?od ( det]m9+1 #bdj ,break+ & wa%+1 #cd ,brea/-roll1 #adi ,brem5 blue1 #agj ,broke pap]1 #he ,brom9e1 #f wat]1 #f ,broom1 #aj ,br\ssonetia papyrif]a1 #ah ,br[n1 #afg br[n1 d>k1 #agj r$di%1 #agb ,buck+-keir1 #hh ,buck:eat /raw1 #aj ,buff envelope1 #afg ,buns5 burn]1 #bbe ,burettes1 #bbb ,calc9$ soda1 #ic ,calc9]1 #bjf ,calcium1 acetate (1 #ih *loride (1 #aji1 #bcj hypo*lorite (1 #c salts1 #ii ,cal5d]1 glaz+1 #aed ,cal5d]+1 #aed sup]1 ,mr4 ,wyatt on1 #aeh ,calicoes1 black1 #bj ,canada balsam1 #agi ,cane1 bamboo1 #aj rattan1 #aj ,ca\t*\c1 #gc ,c>bonate ( lime1 #aai magnesia1 #df potassa1 #bce1 #bcf soda1 #ca ,c>bonell's esp>to process1 #df ,c>bonic acid1 #ig ,c>bonisation1 #ge ,c>dbo>d1 #ahb ) two faces by ord9>y ma*9]y1 #ahb "w1 #agi ,c>m9at$ lake1 #bcg ,c>rage5 moss1 #agh ,c>ry+ tubes1 #adc ,ca/ile soap1 #aba ,cau/ic alkali1 #dh pota%1 #c1 #g soda1 #ca ley1 #ca table %[+ quantities (1 9 leys ( diff]5t d5sities1 #bdc ,cau/icis+ soda1 #cb1 #bje tanks1 #bah ,cellulose1 #a action ( acids on1 #b det]m9ation (1 #e ( flax1 #d physical *>act]i/ics (1 #c :ite1 #gf ,*emical comb9ation1 #bbd processes1 #ee wood pulp1 #ed ,*ill$-iron glaz+-rolls1 #aef ,*9a clay1 #aad grass1 #aj ,*loride ( alum9ium1 #ajj calcium1 #aja1 #bcj lime1 #dg1 #bcj blea*+ )1 #ib te/+ samples (1 #bcb magnesium1 #if potassium1 #ie sodium1 #ie1 #aji z9c1 #ii ,*lorimet]1 #bcb ,*lorimetry1 #bca ,*lor9e1 #b1 #ij1 #bcb gas1 blea*+ )1 #ic 9 blea*+ p[d]1 e/imation (1 #bcj te/ =1 #aaj ,*rome1 lemon1 #agj orange1 #aff yell[1 #aff ,c9nab>1 #aga ,citrate ( t91 #afi ,cl>ifi]1 ,roeckn]'s1 #aii ,clay1 ,*9a1 #aad ,clogg+1 #aaf ,close pap]1 #aab ,cobalt1 oxide (1 #afe ,co*9eal1 #aba1 #aff lake1 #bcf ,colco?>1 #agj ,col\r$ cotton1 #bj pap]s1 #afe ,col\r+1 #aba ,am]ican comb9ations =1 #afg mat]ials1 mix+1 ) pulp1 #afh matt]s us$ 9 pap] mak+1 #aff pap] = artificial fl[]s1 #afh ,comm]cial sodas1 exam9ation (1 #bba ,comp>ative co/ ( animal & eng9e siz+1 e/imate (1 #abh ,fr5* & ,engli% !rmomet] scales1 #bdd ,composition = wat]pro( pap]1 #agg ,conc5trat$ alum1 #aai ,conical pulp-sav]1 #add ,cool+ & damp+ rolls1 ,b5tley & ,jackson's1 #ahi ,copal1 :ite1 #agi ,copp]1 gre51 #agj hydrat$ oxide (1 #age sulphate1 #adf ,copp]as1 #afe ,copy+-pap]1 #abj ,cor*orus capsul>is1 #d ,cork1 #ahj pap]1 #ahj ,co/ ( animal & eng9e siz+1 comp>ative e/imate (1 #abh ,cotton fibre1 #c filam5ts (1 #g pieces1 #bj rags1 #aj se$ wa/e1 #aj oil soap1 #aba sup]f9e :ites1 #bj wa/e1 #aj wool1 #aj ,cottons1 blue1 #bj out%ot1 #bj unblea*$1 #bj ,c\*]1 #acj ,c\*-rolls1 #adi ,c\pi] & ,melli]'s process1 #hj1 #hd ,crop madd]1 #bcg ,cry/allis$ alum1 #aai ,cupro-ammonium1 #b1 #agd ,wright's process ( prep>+1 #age ,cutt+1 #bb1 #afa ma*9e1 #bc ,v]ny's1 #ahg ,cutt]1 s+le-%eet1 #afb ,cutt]s1 #bb ,cyl9d]1 dry+1 #ahe ma*9e1 s+le1 #aeb wa%+1 #aic ,cyl9d]s1 dry+1 #aea ,dalton's table %[+ proportion ( dry soda 9 leys ( diff]5t d5sities1 #bda ,damp+-rolls1 ,b]trams'1 #aee ,d&y-roll1 #add ,deckle1 #acj frame1 #adc /rap1 #adc ,de la ,rue's improvem5ts 9 wat]-m>ks1 #adg ,det]m9ation ( cellulose1 #e ,det]m9+ ! real value or p]c5tage ( comm]cial sodas1 *loride ( lime1 c41 #bba ,devil1 ,donk9's1 #bg ,dextr91 #b ,diana's process = mak+ pap] or c>dbo>d ) two faces by ord9>y ma*9]y1 #ahb ,dige/]1 #fe ,dis9fect+ ma*9e1 #ab ,dis9tegrat+ app>atus1 #gi ,doctor1 !1 #aej ,donk9's blea*-mix]1 #ib pump1 #aic glaz+ ma*9e1 #aeg press1 #aeg plate-plan+ ma*9e1 #aia rag boil]1 #cj du/+ ma*9e1 #bf wa%+ cyl9d] = rag-eng9e1 #aic ,d\ble cr[n1 #afd demy1 #afd royal1 #afd ,d\ble-siz$ pap]1 #abf ,drab1 #afg ,dra9]s1 #ci ,dra9+1 #ci ,dr4 ,mits*]li*'s process1 #ga ,drum-wa%]1 #cd ,b5tley & ,jackson's1 #ahe ,dry-felt regulator1 self-act+1 #ahf ,dry+ cyl9d]1 #ahe cyl9d]s1 #aea ,dunb>'s me?od ( treat+ esp>to1 #dh obs]vations on beat+1 #ajb ,du/]1 #bf ,du/+1 #bf ,dut* grappe madd]1 #bcg ,dy]s' wood wa/e1 #aj ,edge-runn]1 ,b]trams'1 #hb ,ekman's process1 #gj ,ela/ic fibres1 #c pack+1 #gb ,electrolytic blea*+ process1 ,&reoli's1 #if ,h]mite's1 #if ,c4 ,watt's1 #id ,electrotypes = wat]-m>k+1 #adf ,eng9e1 beat+1 #ajc ,b]trams'1 #aje ,=bes'1 #aje ,umph]/on's1 #aje ,m>%all's p]fect+1 #bja size1 ,fr5* me?od ( prep>+1 #abj siz+1 #aae ,eng9es1 beat+1 ,mr4 ,arnot on1 #ajb ref9+1 ,am]ican1 ,mr4 ,wyatt on1 #ajc ,engli% gre51 #agb p9k1 #agb ,envelope1 buff1 #afg orange-r$ gold1 #afg yell[ gold1 #afg ,eos9e1 #aff ,equival5ts1 *emical1 #bbd ,esp>to1 ,african1 #dg ,alg]ian1 #dg blea*+1 #ej boil]1 ,s9clair's1 #db1 #dc boil+1 #da clean]1 ,b]trams'1 #dj ,dunb>'s treatm5t (1 #dh fibre1 #d ,gabes1 #dg grass1 #aj1 #af ,mall>y's process =1 #df ,oran1 #dg pick+1 #dj prelim9>y treatm5t (1 #dj ,c>bonell's process =1 #df ,sfax1 #dg ,spani%1 #dg ,susa1 #dg ,tripoli1 #dg wa%+ boil$1 #di will[+1 #da ,"y's process = boil+1 #ej ,e/imation ( alum9a 9 alum cake1 c41 #bcc ( *lor9e 9 blea*+ p[d]1 #bcj ( comm]cial sodas1 #bba ,eucalyptus1 oil (1 #agh ,evaporat+ app>atus1 #bje ,evaporator1 esp>to1 #bjf ,porion's1 #bjh ,roeckn]'s1 #bjf ,y>yan's1 #bjh ,evaporators1 ,am]ican1 #fa1 #bjh ,exam9ation ( comm]cial sodas1 #bba ,feebly-ribb$1 or smoo? fibres1 #e ,felt1 #gb1 #aja ,felt+1 #aca ,f]n leaves1 #aj ,f]rocyanide ( potassium1 #afe ,fibre1 banana1 #aj cotton1 #c esp>to1 #d flax1 #g hemp1 #h jute1 #d1 #h l951 #d ,manilla1 #d sulphite1 & res91 #gf yell[ p9e1 #d ,fibres1 acicul>1 #c b>k1 #f ela/ic1 #c r\nd-ribb$1 #e smoo?1 or feebly-ribb$1 #e spiral1 #h /raw1 #d v>i\s1 treatm5t (1 #hj vegetable1 micrographic exam9ation (1 #e vegetable1 recognition (1 by ! microscope1 #f ,fibr\s wa/e1 #aa ,f9i%$ pap]1 pack+ !1 #afc ,f9i%+1 #aeg ,arnot on1 #afj h\se1 #afc & siz+1 #acb ,fir/ press-roll1 #aej ,flask1 #bbg ,flax1 cellulose (1 #d fibre1 or l951 #g ,new ,zeal&1 #h1 #aj t[1 #aa wa/e1 #aj ,flocks1 #gc ,flor5ce lake1 #bcg ,foolscap1 #afd ,=bes' beat+-eng9e1 #aje ,=eign rags1 #bj ,f\rdr9i] ma*9e1 #acc ,francke's bisulphite process1 #fh ,frank=t black1 #afi ,fr5* & ,engli% !rmomet] scales1 comp>ative1 #bdd measure ( volume1 #bde rags1 #bj weights & measures1 table (1 #bde ,fres5ius' me?od ( e/imat+ blea*+ p[d]1 #bca ,friction-glaz+1 #aeg ,fridet & ,matussire's process1 #ff ,furnace1 inc9]at+1 #bjh ,fu/ians1 #bj ,fu/ic1 #afi ,gabes esp>to1 #dg ,ga9e's process = mak+ p>*m5t pap]1 #ahb ,gamboge1 #afi ,gas1 *lor9e1 blea*+ )1 #ic receiv]1 #fe ,gay-,lussac's me?od ( e/imat+ blea*+ p[d]1 #bca ,g]man rags1 #ba ,glas]'s process = blea*+ ) *lor9e gas1 #ic ,glaub]'s salt1 #aji ,glaz+ cal5d]1 #aed press1 ,donk9's1 #aeg rolls1 *ill$-iron1 #aef web1 #aed ,glucose1 #b ,glue pieces1 #abb /ock1 #abd ,glyc]91 #abj ,graham's process1 #gc ,grass1 ,*9a1 #aj esp>to1 #aj1 #af sea1 #aa ,gre51 copp]1 #agj ,engli%1 #agb pale1 #agj ,s*we9fur?1 #aga ,grey l95s1 #bj ,gr\nd madd]1 #bcg wood pulp1 #he ,guillot9e rag-cutt]1 #bd ,gum arabic1 #afi s&>ac1 #agi tragacan?1 #afh ,gunny1 #bj bags1 #aj ,gutta-p]*a1 #adg ,half jute & l951 #bj /uff1 #ci1 #aja break+1 #ci ,hemp fibre1 #h ,manilla1 #d1 #aj sizal1 #h t>r$1 #bj wa/e1 #aj :ite1 #bj ,h]mite's electrolytic blea*+ process1 #if ,high-pressure boil]1 #fc ,holl&]1 or rag-eng9e1 #cd1 #abi ,home rags1 #bj ,hop-b9es1 #aj ,hydrate ( soda1 #bbe ,hydrat$ oxide ( copp]1 #age ,hydro-cellulose1 #a ,hydro*loric acid1 #ee1 #bcb ,hydro-extractor1 #id ,hydromet]1 ,baum's1 #bdb ,twaddell's1 #bch ,hypo*lorite ( alum9ium1 #ajj calcium1 #c lime1 #ib1 #ih1 #bcj soda1 #h sodium1 #if ,hypo*lor\s acid1 #ih ,hyposulphite ( soda1 #aaj ,iodide ( potassium1 #aaa ,imitation ,manilla pulp f wood1 #bci ,imp]ial1 #afd ,inc9]at+ furnace1 #bjh ,indi>ubb]1 vulcanis$1 #bbc ,indigo1 #ih1 #aff sulphate (1 #bcb ,ink1 li?ographic1 #ahj ,introduction ( wood pulp1 #ag ,iri% moss1 #agh ,iron1 oxide (1 #cd ,iron1 p]nitrate (1 #afe sulphate (1 #agj ,is+lass1 #agi ,japanese pap]1 new1 #ahj ,jordan's beat+ eng9e1 #ajc1 #ajd ,j\glet's process = wat]pro( pap]1 #agg ,jute fibre1 #d1 #h ,manilla1 c41 #hd sp9n]s' wa/e1 #bj wa/e1 #aj1 #bj ,kaol91 #aad1 #ahb ,keegan's process1 #ei ,kill+ ! col\r1 #aba ,k+sl& beat+-eng9e1 #ajd ,knife1 revolv+1 #afa ,knott] & /ra9]1 revolv+1 #acg ,koll]gang1 or edge-runn]1 #hb ,lac lake1 #bcg ,laid pap]1 #acj ,lake1 ,brazil-wood1 #bcf c>m9at$1 #bcg co*9eal1 #bcf ,flor5ce1 #bcg lac1 #bcg madd]1 #bcg orange1 #bch sc>let1 #aga ,lakes1 prep>ation (1 #bce ,lamp-black1 #aff1 #afi ,lea*+1 #bah tanks1 #bah ,lead1 nitrate (1 #afg :ite1 #aga ,lea!r wa/e1 #aa ,leghorn rags1 #ba ,lemon *rome1 #agj ,leys1 alkal9e1 boil+ po9t (1 #bdc ( diff]5t d5sities1 table %[+ quantities ( cau/ic soda 91 #bdc ,lime1 bisulphite (1 #ga c>bonate (1 #aai *loride (1 #bc1 #dg1 #aaj blea*+ )1 #ib te/+1 #bcb hypo*lorite (1 #ib1 #ih1 #bcj milk (1 #cc1 #gb1 #aaj sulphate (1 #ajj ,lim$ sk9s1 #abb ,l951 #d fibre1 #d or flax fibre1 #g pieces1 #bj rags1 #aj wa/e1 #aj ,l95s1 blue1 #bj extra f9e1 #bj grey1 #bj /rong1 #bj :ite1 #bj ,liquor1 blea*+1 prep>ation (1 #ib ,liquors1 blea*+1 #c sp5t1 recov]y ( soda f1 #bah ,li?ographic ink1 #ahj pap]1 #ahj ,litmus pap]1 #ahc ,lixiviation1 #ge ,load+1 #aad ,logwood1 #aff ,long measure1 ,fr5*1 #bdf ,lunge's blea*+ process1 #i ,ma*9e1 ,b5tley & ,jackson's p]fect+1 #bja web-ripp+1 #aih ,b]trams' l>ge pap]1 #ac rag-cutt+1 #bc reel+1 #aig web-glaz+1 #aif will[+ & du/+1 #bf dis9fect+1 #ab ,donk9's plate-plan+1 #aia rag-du/+1 #bc ,f\rdr9i]1 #acc rag-cutt+1 #bc roll-b> plan+1 #aia s+le-cyl9d]1 #aeb web-w9d+1 #ahh siz+1 #abf ,v]ny's pap]-cutt+1 #ahg wire & its accessories1 #adb ,yankee1 #aeb ,ma*9]y1 mak+ pap] by1 #acc us$ 9 pap]-mak+1 #ahd ,ma*9es1 wet1 #eg ,madd]1 ,dut*1 #bcg gr\nd1 #bcg lake1 #bcg ,magnesia1 c>bonate (1 #df sulphate (1 #df ,magnesian lime/one1 #fi ,magnesite1 #df1 #gj ,magnesium1 bisulphite (1 #gj *loride (1 #if ,maize husks & /ems1 #aj ,mak+ ! pap]1 #acj pap] or c>dbo>d ) two faces by ord9>y ma*9]y1 #ahb pap] by h&1 #abi ma*9]y1 #acc ,mall>y's process = esp>to1 #df ,manganese1 p]oxide (1 #id ,manilla fibre1 #d hemp1 #d1 #aj jute1 c41 #hd pap]1 #he ,manilla1 imitation1 f wood pulp1 #bci ,mann+ w9d]1 #aei ,maori-prep>$ phormium1 #h ,mat]ials1 raw1 #aj us$ 9 pap]-mak+1 #i ,m>k+1 wat]1 #adf ,m>%all's p]fect+ eng9e1 #bja ,mc,dougall's boil] = acid processes1 #gb ,me*anical processes1 #gh wood pulp1 #aac ,voelt]'s process ( prep>+1 #gh ,megass1 or cane tra%1 #aj ,melli]'s process1 #hd ,me?od ( siz+1 ,am]ican1 #abc ,metrical sy/em1 weights & measures (1 #bde ,micrographic exam9ation ( vegetable fibres1 #e ,microscope1 recognition ( vegetable fibres by1 #f ,midfea!r1 #ce ,milk ( lime1 #cc1 #gb1 #aaj ,millbo>d1 #age1 #ahb ,m9c+ ! fibre1 #ajb ,m9]al blue1 #aga orange1 #aff ,miscellane\s pap]s1 #agd ,mix$ f9es1 #bj pr9ts1 #bj ,mix+ col\r+ mat]ials ) pulp1 #afh ,mohr's alkalimet]1 #bbc ,molasses1 #ahj ,morfit's process = t\gh5+ pap]1 #agh ,morocco pap]s1 /a9s =1 #aga ,mucilage1 #id ,mu/>d oil1 #df /ems1 #aj ,nasc5t *lor9e1 #if ,nett+1 old1 #aa ,new ,japanese pap]1 #ahj me?od ( blea*+1 #ajj ,new rags1 #bj ,new ,zeal& flax1 #h1 #aj ,nitric acid1 #ff ,nitro-hydro*loric acid1 #fd ,nitr\s acid1 #ff ,notes & tables1 #bce ,nutgalls1 #aff ,nuttall's rag-cutt]1 #bd ,oak-b>k1 #aff ,oakum1 #aa ,objections to ! acid or bisulphite process1 #gd ,o*re1 ,am]ican1 #afg yell[1 #afe1 #aff ,oil1 boil$1 #agi cotton-se$1 soap1 #aba ( eucalyptus1 #agh l9se$1 #agi mu/>d1 #df res91 #agh ( turp5t9e1 #agi ( vitriol1 #ajj ,oil$ pap]1 #ahj ,old bagg+1 #aj ba/ bagg+1 #aj canvas1 #aj nett+1 #aa rope1 #aj /yle1 #aeg ,op]ation ( beat+1 #ajg ,oran esp>to1 #dg ,orange *rome1 #aff lake1 #bch m9]al1 #aff r$ gold envelope1 #afg yell[1 #aga ,organic acid1 #ii ,out%ot cottons1 #bj ,out%ots 7:ites71 #bj ,ov]haul]s1 #bb ,oxalic acid1 #ih ,oxide ( cobalt1 #afe iron1 #cd z9c1 #ii ,pack+ ! f9i%$ pap]1 #afc ,pale blue1 #agj ,panels1 millbo>d1 #age ,pa/ebo>d1 #agi ,pap]1 animal-siz$1 #abc antique1 #aeg blott+1 #ba1 #aha blue1 #ai break+ po9ts (1 me?od ( det]m9+1 #bdj broke1 #he or c>dbo>d ) two faces made by ord9>y ma*9]y1 #ahb col\r+1 = artificial fl[]s1 #afh copy+1 #abj cork1 #ahj cutt+ ma*9e1 ,v]ny's1 #ahg d\ble siz$1 #abf h&-made1 #abi new ,japanese1 #ahj ma*9e1 ,b]trams' l>ge1 #acd ,f\rdr9i]'s1 #acc ,yankee1 #aeb mak+ by h&1 #abi by ma*9]y1 #acc ma*9]y us$ 91 #ahd mat]ials us$ 91 #i manilla1 #he imitation manilla1 f wood1 #bci ,morfit's process = t\gh5+1 #agh mulb]ry1 #ah b>k1 #aj oil$1 #ahj old /yle1 #aeg p>*m5t1 #aha %av+s1 #eh sizes (1 #afd /r5g? (1 #bdj ,p>k9son's contrivance = det]m9+1 #bdj ton$1 #afe t\gh5+1 #agh trac+1 #agi transp>5t1 #agi turm]ic1 #ahc v>ni%$1 #agi vegeto-m9]al1 #aae wa/e1 #he boil+1 #hf ,ryan's process = treat+1 #hg wat]-m>k$1 #acj wat]pro(1 #agd ,j\glet's process1 #agg = w9d[s1 #aha col\r$1 #afe miscellane\s1 #agd ,morocco1 /a9s =1 #aga pr9t+1 #afd sat91 /a9s =1 #agb te/1 #ahc wrapp+1 #agh writ+1 #afd ,p>*m5t liquor1 #aga pap]1 #aha %av+s1 #aga ,p>is blue1 #afi ,p>k] & ,blackman's dis9fect+ ma*9e1 #ab ,p>t+1 #aca ,p>t+ton's process1 #ga ,pe>l alum1 #aai ,pe>la%1 #bch ,pe>l h>d5+1 #aad ,peat1 #aj ,pect91 #f ,pectose1 #f ,p]*loride ( t91 #bcf ,p]fect+ eng9e1 ,m>%all's1 #bja ,p]nitrate ( iron1 #afe ,p]oxide ( manganese1 #id ,petroleum1 #agh ,phormium t5ax1 #h ,physical *>act]i/ics ( cellulose1 #c ,pick+ esp>to1 #dj ,pictet & ,brlaz's process1 #fd ,pieces1 cotton1 #bj l951 #bj ,p9k1 #aff ,engli%1 #agb ,plate-glaz+1 #aeg cal5d]1 rev]s+1 #aia plan+ ma*9e1 #aij ,popl>1 #aj1 #fj ,porion's evaporator1 #bjh ,por\s alum1 #afg ,pota%1 #gd c>bonate (1 #bce cau/ic1 #c1 #g yell[ prussiate (1 #afe ,potassa1 c>bonate (1 #bce ,potassium1 *loride (1 #ie iodide (1 #aaa f]rocyanide (1 #afe ,pot*]1 #cg ,p\*]1 #ci ,p\m>de & ,figui]'s process = p>*m5t pap]1 #aha ,prelim9>y op]ations1 #ai treatm5t ( esp>to1 #dj ,prep>ation ( animal size1 #abb blea*+ liquor1 #ib lakes1 #bce te/ acid1 #bbe ,press1 glaz+1 ,donk9's1 #aeg ,press-rolls1 #aej ,presse-pte1 #ea ,pr9t+-pap]1 #ajc pap]s1 #afd ,pr9ts1 light1 #bj mix$1 #bj ,process1 ,adamson's1 #gg ,am]ican wood pulp1 #fj ,&reoli's electrolytic blea*+1 #if ars5i\s acid1 #bca ,auss$at's1 #fc ,b>re & ,blondel's1 #ff ,blitz's1 #gb ,c>bonell's esp>to1 #df ,c\pi] & ,melli]'s1 #hj ,c4 ,watt's electrolytic blea*+1 #id ,diana's1 = mak+ pap] ) two faces by ord9>y ma*9]y1 #ahb ,dr4 ,mits*]li*'s1 #ga ,eckman's1 #gj ,francke's bisulphite1 #fh ,fridet & ,matussire's1 #ff ,ga9e's1 = mak+ p>*m5t pap]1 #ahb ,graham's1 #gc ,h]mite's electrolytic blea*+1 #if ,j\glet's1 = prep>+ wat]pro( pap]1 #agg ,keegan's1 #ei ,lunge's blea*+1 #ih ,mall>y's esp>to1 #df ,melli]'s1 #hd ,morfit's1 #agh ,p>t+ton's1 #ga ,pictet & ,brlaz's1 #fd ,p\m>de & ,figui]'s1 #aha rett+1 #abi ,ritt] & ,kelln]'s1 #ga ,ryan's1 #hg ,sc(f]n & ,tidcombe's1 #agd ,s9clair's1 #eh ,?ompson's1 #ig ,?une's1 #gi ,voelt]'s1 #gh ,watt & ,burgess's1 #ee ,wright's1 #age ,"y's1 #ej ,"y & ,pettigrew's1 #ff ,processes1 acid or bisulphite1 objections to1 #gd ,mc,dougall's boil] =1 #gb *emical1 #ee me*anical1 #gh sulphide1 #gg sulphite1 #fh ,prussian blue1 #afe ,prussiate ( pota%1 #afe ,pulp1 gr\nd wood1 #he long-fibr$1 #aaa me*anical wood1 #aac mix+ col\r+ matt] )1 #afh rag1 #gb ,pulp sav]1 #adc conical1 #add /ra9]s1 #acg ,b]trams' revolv+1 #acg ,roeckn]'s1 #adj ,pulp1 sulphite1 #fh1 #afj wood1 ,am]ican1 #fj fir/ introduc$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,watt1 #ag imitation ,manilla f1 #bci ,pump1 vacuum1 #adi ,qu]citron1 #aff ,rag bagg+1 #aa boil]1 ,b]trams'1 #bi ,donk9's1 #cj cutt]1 ,nuttall's1 #bd cutt+-ma*9e1 ,b]trams'1 #bc ,donk9's1 #bf eng9e1 #cd ,b5tley & ,jackson's1 #ch ,b]trams'1 #cg pulp1 #gb ,rags1 #aa ,alex&ria1 #ba ,baltic1 #ba ,belgian1 #bj ,beyr\t1 #ba blue1 #ai boil+1 #bi cotton1 #aj c\ntry1 #ba dis9fect+1 #ab =eign1 #bj ,fr5*1 #bj ,g]man1 #ba home1 #bj ,leghorn1 #ba l951 #aj new1 #bj ,russian1 #ba sort+1 #ai treatm5t (1 #ai ,trie/e1 #ba ,turkey1 #ba wooll51 #ba ,rattan cane1 #aj ,raw mat]ials1 #aj ,recognition ( vegetable fibres by ! microscope1 #f ,recov]y ( soda1 ,am]ican sy/em1 #bah f sp5t liquor1 #bjd ,r$1 *]ry1 #agj d>k1 #agj litmus pap]1 #ahc o*re1 #agb pale1 #aga ,turkey1 #agj ,v5etian1 #aff ,r$s1 anil9e1 #aff ,re$s1 #aj ,reel+ ma*9e1 ,b]trams'1 #aig ,ref9+ or beat+1 #aja eng9e1 #aei ,jordan's1 #ajc eng9es1 ,am]ican1 ,mr4 ,wyatt on1 #ajc ,regulat+ box1 #acf ,res91 #f1 #aae oil1 #agh size1 #aah soap1 #aaf ,res9\s soaps1 #agi ,retree1 #he1 #afd ,rett+1 #d process (1 #abi ,rev]s+ or plate-glaz+ cal5d]1 #aij ,revolv+ knife1 #afa cutt]1 #afb /ra9] & knott]1 #acg ,rhamnus ca?>ticus1 #afi ,ritt] & ,kelln]'s process1 #ga ,roeckn]'s boil]1 #de cl>ifi]1 #aii evaporator1 #bjf pulp /ra9]s1 #adj ,roll-b> plan+ ma*9e1 #aia ,rolls1 c\*1 #adi press1 #aej smoo?+1 #aea1 #aeb ,rope1 #bj bagg+1 #bj h>d1 #bj t>r$1 #bj :ite1 #bj ,r\nd-ribb$ fibres1 #e ,royal1 #afd ,russian rags1 #ba ,ryan's process = treat+ wa/e pap]1 #hg ,sailclo?1 #aa ,salt ( t>t>1 #bce ,sampl+ alkalies1 #bbg ,s&>ac1 gum1 #agi ,s&-table1 #acf tables1 #adi trap1 #ej1 #acf ,sap gre51 #afi ,sat9 pap]s1 /a9s =1 #agb ,save-all1 #adc ,sawdu/1 #aj ,sc>let lake1 #aga ,s*we9fur? gre51 #aga ,sc(f]n & ,tidcombe's process = wat]pro( pap]1 #agd ,sea grass1 #aa ,seawe$s1 #agh ,second press-roll1 #aej ,seconds rags1 #bj ,seconds1 :ites1 #bj ,self-act+ dry felt regulator1 #ahf cleans+ /ra9]1 #aci ,sep>at+ tank1 #fa ,sett+1 #agd ,settl+ ( ! pulp1 #aca ,sfax esp>to1 #dg ,%av+s1 pap]1 #eh p>*m5t1 #aga wood1 #aj1 #ee ,%oddy1 #aa ,silk cocoon wa/e1 #aa ,silv] :ite1 #agc ,s9clair's esp>to boil]1 #db1 #dc process1 #eh ,s+le-cyl9d] ma*9e1 #aeb ,s+le-%eet cutt]1 #afb web-w9d+ ma*9e1 #ahh ,sizal1 or sisal hemp1 #h ,size1 animal1 prep>ation (1 #abb eng9e1 ,fr5* me?od ( prep>+1 #abj res91 #aah ,sizes ( pap]1 #afd ,siz+1 #aae ,am]ican me?od (1 #abc & f9i%+1 #acb ma*9e1 #abf tub or animal1 #abb ,mr4 ,wyatt's rem>ks on1 #abg z9c soaps 91 #aba ,skip1 #aec ,small po/1 #afd ,smalts blue1 #aba1 #afe ,smoo?+ presses1 ?ree-roll1 #aid rolls1 #aea1 #aeb ,soap1 ,ca/ile1 #aba cotton-se$ oil1 #aba res91 #aaf ,soaps1 z9c1 9 siz+1 #aba ,soda1 anhydr\s1 #bbe a%1 #ca1 #bbg calc9$1 #ic c>bonate1 #ca cau/ic1 #ca table %[+ ! quantities ( leys ( diff]5t d5sities1 #bdc dry1 ,dalton's table1 %[+ ! proportion (1 9 leys ( diff]5t d5sities1 #bda hydrate (1 #bbe hypo*lorite (1 #h hyposulphite (1 #aaj ley1 cau/ic1 #ca recov]y (1 #ajd recov]y (1 ,am]ican sy/em (1 #bah solutions1 cau/ic1 table %[+ /r5g? (1 #bda sulphite (1 #aaj ?iosulphite (1 #aaj1 #bcc ,sodas1 comm]cial1 exam9ation (1 #bba ,sodium1 *loride (1 #ie1 #aji hypo*lorite (1 #if ?iosulphite (1 #bcc ,sort+ rags1 #ai1 #bb ,s\r blea*+1 #ia ,s\r+1 #ii ,spani% annotta1 #bch esp>to1 #dg ,sp5t liquors1 recov]y ( soda f1 #bjd liquors1 #bah ,spiral fibres1 #h ,spruce1 #fj ,/able manure1 #aa ,/a9+ p[] ( ultram>9es1 #bdj ,/a9s = ,morocco pap]s1 #aga sat9 pap]s1 #agb ,/&>d te/-acid solution1 #bbe ,/>* pa/e1 #aag ,/ra9] & knott]1 ,b]trams' revolv+1 #acg self-cleans+1 #aci ,/ra9]s1 #eg1 #acg ,roeckn]'s pulp1 #adj ,/raw1 #af boil+1 #ha buck:eat1 #aj fibres1 #d :eat1 #aj ,/r5g? ( pap]1 det]m9ation (1 #bdj ,/r+s1 #bj ,/rong l95s1 #bj ,/uff-*e/s1 #eg1 #aab1 #acf pump1 #acf ,/urtevant bl[]1 #fj ,suction boxes1 #adh ,sulphate ( alum9a1 #ajj anil9e1 #h copp]1 #adf indigo1 #bcb iron1 #agj lime1 #ajj magnesia1 #df z9c1 #ii1 #aai ,sulphide processes1 #gg ,sulphite fibre1 #gf & res91 #gf processes1 #fh pulp1 #fh ( soda1 #aaj wood pulp1 #afj ,sulphur1 #gb1 #bbe ,sulphuric acid1 #dg1 #ia1 #ii anhydr\s1 #bbe ,sulphur\s acid1 #age gas1 #ee ,sup]-cal5d]+1 #aeg ,am]ican1 ,mr4 ,wyatt on1 #aeg ,sup]f9e :ite cotton1 #bj ,sup]f9es1 :ite1 #bj ,supply-box1 #acf ,surface-siz+1 #abb ,susa esp>to1 #dg ,table ( boil+ po9ts ( alkal9e leys1 #bdc ,fr5* & ,engli% !rmomet] scales1 #bdd ,fr5* weights & measures1 #bde %[+ proportion ( dry soda 9 leys ( diff]5t d5sities1 #bda %[+ ! quantity ( blea*+ liquid to be us$1 #bdd %[+ ! quantity ( blea* liquor requir$ to be add$ to weak] liquors1 #bdd %[+ ! quantity ( cau/ic sodas 9 leys ( diff]5t d5sities1 #bdc %[+ ! specific gravity correspond+ ) ! degrees ( ,baum's hydromet]1 #bdb ( /r5g? ( cau/ic soda solutions1 #bda ( weights & measures ( ! metrical sy/em1 #bde ,tables & notes1 #bce s&1 #adi ,tan wa/e1 #aj ,t>paul91 #aa1 #gg ,t>r$ hemp1 #bj rope1 #bj /r+1 #bj ,t>t>1 salts (1 #bce ,tea col\r1 #afg ,te/ acid1 prep>ation (1 #bbd1 #bbe = *lor9e1 #aaj liquor1 #bcb pap]s1 #ahc ,te/+ *loride ( lime1 #bcb ultram>9es1 #bci ,!rmomet] scales1 comp>ative ,fr5* & ,engli%1 #bdd ,?iosulphite ( soda1 #aaj sodium1 #bcc ,?irds1 :ites1 #bj ,?ompson's blea*+ process1 #ig ,?ree-roll smoo?+ process1 #aid ,?une's process1 #gi ,tiles1 pap]1 #age ,t91 citrate (1 #afi p]*loride (1 #bcf ,tobacco /alks1 #aj ,ton$ pap]1 #afe ,torrance's dra9]1 #ci ,t\gh5+ pap]1 #agh ,trac+ pap]1 #agi ,tragacan?1 gum1 #afh ,transp>5t pap]1 #agi ,treatm5t ( esp>to1 #dj rags1 #ai1 #bi v>i\s fibres1 #hj wood1 #ec1 #fh ,trie?yl rose anil9e1 #ih ,tripoli esp>to1 #dg ,tub-siz+1 #abb ,turm]ic pap]1 #ahc ,turki% m9ium1 #agj ,turkey rags1 #ba r$1 #agj ,turp5t9e1 oil (1 #agi ,v5ice1 #agi ,twaddell's hydromet]1 #bch ,ultram>9e1 #aba1 #afe artificial1 prep>ation (1 #bch ,ultram>9es1 /a9+ p[] (1 #bdj te/+1 #bci ,umph]/on's beat+-eng9e1 #aje ,unblea*$ cottons1 #bj ,vacuum pumps1 #adi ,vanadate ( ammonia1 #gb ,v>i\s fibres1 treatm5t (1 #hj ,v>ni%$ pap]1 #agi ,v>r5trapp's z9c blea* liquor1 #ajj ,vat = h& pap]-mak+1 #abi ,vegetable fibres1 micrographic exam9ation (1 #e ,vegetable fibres1 recognition (1 by ! microscope1 #f ,vegeto-m9]al pap]1 #aae ,v5etian r$1 #aff ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #agi ,v]digris1 #afi ,v]ny's pap]-cutt+ ma*9e1 #ahg ,violet1 #aga d>k1 #agb light1 #aga ,vitriol1 oil (1 #eg1 #ij1 #ajf ,voelt]'s process = prep>+ me*anical wood pulp1 #gh ,volumetric assay+1 #bbd ,vulcanis$ india-rubb]1 #bbc ,vulcanite1 #adh ,wa%+1 ,am]ican1 #fa boil$ esp>to1 #di & break+1 #cd eng9e1 #cg cyl9d] = rag-eng9e1 #aic ,wa/e1 cotton1 #aj cotton-se$1 #aj flax1 #aj hemp1 #aj jute1 #aj l951 #aj liquors1 recov]y ( soda f1 #bjd pap]1 #aj1 #he boil+1 #hf ,ryan's process =1 #hg tan1 #aj ,wat]-m>k$ pap]1 #acj ,wat]-m>k+1 #adf ,wat]-m>ks1 ,de la ,rue's improvem5ts 91 #adg ,wat]pro( composition = pap]1 #agg pap]1 #agd = floor+1 #agg ,j\glet's process1 #agg = ro(+1 #agg ,watt & ,burgess's wood-pap] process1 #ee ,watt's electrolytic blea*+ process1 #id ,wax1 #f1 #abj soap1 #afi ,web-glaz+1 #aed cal5d]1 ,b]trams'1 #aif ,web-ripp+ ma*9e1 #aih ,weights & measures1 ,fr5* table (1 #bde ,weights & measures ( ! metrical sy/em1 #bde ,wet ma*9es1 #eg ,:ite cellulose1 #gf copal1 #agi hemp1 #bj lead1 #aga l95s1 #bj ,will[ & du/]1 ,b]trams'1 #be ,masson1 ,scott1 & ,co4's1 #dj ,will[+1 #bd esp>to1 #da ,wilson's blea* liquor1 #ajj ,w9d+ ma*9e1 s+le-web1 #ahh ,wood1 acid treatm5t (1 #fd fibre1 #ec pap]1 ,watt's pat5t =1 #ag pulp1 ,am]ican me?od ( prep>+1 #fj pulp1 *emical1 #ed me*anical1 #aac %av+s1 #aj1 #ee1 #gg pulp1 sulphite1 #afj treatm5t (1 #ec1 #fh pulp1 ,voelt]'s me*anical process = prep>+1 #gh wa/e1 dy]s'1 #aj ,wooll5 rags1 #ba ,wrapp+ pap]s1 #agh ,wright's process = prep>+ cupro-ammonium1 #age ,writ+ pap]s1 #afd ,wyatt1 ,mr41 on ,am]ican ref9+ eng9es1 #ajc on ,am]ican sup]-cal5d]+1 #aeg ,wyatt1 ,mr41 on siz+1 #abg ,xyloid91 #fg ,yankee ma*9e1 #aeb ,y>yan evaporator1 #bjh ,yell[ *rome1 #aff gold envelope1 #afg lake1 #bch o*re1 #afe1 #aff pale1 #agb1 #agc p9e fibre1 #d ,"y's me?od ( blea*+1 #ajj ,"y & ,pettigrew's process1 #ff ,"y's process = clean+ esp>to1 #ej ,z9c blea* liquor1 #ii *loride (1 #ii oxide (1 #ii1 #ajj salts1 #ajj soaps 9 siz+1 #aba sulphate (1 #ii1 #aai ,zo/]a m>9a1 #aa ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,virtue ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$1 ,,city ,,road1 ,,london ,,footnotes3 #a ,cantor ,lectures1 ,j\rnal ( ,society ( ,arts1 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #gd4 #b ,ne$le-%ap$1 sl5d] & %>p-po9t$4 #c ,manilla hemp4 #d ,= ?is purpose1 a microscope hav+ a magnify+ p[] ( #abj to #aej diamet]s w be f\nd effici5t4 #e ,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis4 ,by ,a4 ,h4 ,all51 ,f4,c4,s41 vol4 i4 p4 #caf4 #f ,= ,table ( ,fr5* ,measures see end ( ?is "w4 #g ,pect\s1 p]ta9+ to or consi/+ ( pectose or pect94 ,pectose is a sub/ance conta9$ 9 ! pulp ( unripe fle%y fruit1 also 9 fle%y roots & o!r vegetable organs4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat]1 b "u ! influ5ce ( acids is trans=m$ into pect94 #h ,a litre equals #cd fluid ounces ne>ly4 #i ,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis4 ,by ,a4 ,h4 ,all51 ,f4,c4,s41 vol4 i4 #aj ,septa1 plural ( septum1 a p>tition1 z ! p>titions ( an orange1 = example4 #aa ,manufacture ( ,pap]4 ,by ,c4 ,t4 ,davis1 ,philadelphia1 #ahhg4 #ab ,pat5t dat$ #af? ,decemb]1 #ahhd1 ,no4 #eci4 #ac ,=e/ry & ,=e/ ,products1 p4 #eja1 & ,cross & ,bevan's ,text ,book ( ,pap]-mak+1 p4 #fe4 #ad ,practical ,pap] ,mak]1 by ,james ,dunb>4 ,mack5zie & ,/orrie1 ,lei?1 #ahhg4 #ae ,practical ,treatise on ! ,manufacture ( ,pap]4 ,by ,c>l ,h(mann1 ,philadelphia1 #ahgc4 #af ,! ,*emi/4 ,edit$ by ,*>les & ,john ,watt1 p4 #eeb2 #ahee4 #ag ,s*ool ( ,m9es ,qu>t]ly1 a ,j\rnal ( ,appli$ ,sci5ce4 ,jan41 #ahhi4 #ah ,! cord is a pile conta9+ #abh cubic feet1 or a pile #h feet long1 #d feet high1 & #d feet broad4 #ai ,wagn]'s ,jahresb4 #ahfj1 p4 #ahh4 #bj ,pap]-,mak]s ,mon?ly ,j\rnal1 ,m>* #ae?1 #ahhi4 #ba ,sometimes also call$ ?iosulphite ( soda4 #bb ,! ,art ( ,soap-mak+4 ,by ,alex&] ,watt4 ,london1 ,crosby ,lockwood & ,son1 #d? edition1 #ahij4 #bc ,sometimes call$ conc5trat$ alum1 pe>l alum1 etc4 #bd ,muspratt's ,*emi/ry ,appli$ to ! ,arts4 #be ,art ( ,lea!r ,manufacture4 ,by ,alex&] ,watt4 ,crosby ,lockwood & ,son1 #ahhe4 #bf ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 vol4 lxxix4 p4 #bde4 #bg ,pap]-,mak]s' ,mon?ly ,j\rnal1 ,april #ae?1 #ahhi4 #bh ,! b]ries ( ,rhamnus ca?>ticus made into a decoction by boil+4 #bi ,pap] ,trade ,j\rnal1 ,new ,york1 ,april #bj?1 #ahhi4 #cj ,sanit>y ,_w1 ,m>* #bi?1 #ahhd4 #ca ,indu/ries1 ,janu>y #be?1 #ahhi4 #cb ,sev5? ,annual ,report ( ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 #ahgg-h4 #cc ,s*ool ( ,m9es ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,appli$ ,sci5ce1 ,janu>y1 #ahhi1 ,new ,york4 #cd ,^! balances may be obta9$ f ,mr4 ,o]tl+1 ,coppice ,r[1 ,london1 or ( any philosophical in/rum5t mak]4 #ce ,!re are two pr9cipal me?ods ( analys+ or assay+ alkalies by means ( ! te/-acid1 namely1 volumetric1 or by volume1 & gravimetric1 or by weight1 9 :i* a specific gravity bottle1 capable ( hold+ exactly #a1jjj gra9s ( di/ill$ wat]1 is us$4 #cf ,new ,york ,pap] ,trade ,j\rnal1 #ahgh4 99 99 99 99 99 #g1 ,,/ation]s' ,,hall ,,c\rt1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,may1 #ahid4 ,a ,,catalogue ,,( ,,books ,,includ+ ,,new ,,& ,,/&>d ,,works ,,9 ,,eng9e]+3 ,,civil1 ,,me*anical1 ,,& ,,m>9e2 ,,electricity ,,& ,,electrical ,,eng9e]+2 ,,m9+1 ,,metallurgy2 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,build+1 ,,indu/rial ,,& ,,decorative ,,arts2 ,,sci5ce1 ,,trade ,,& ,,manufactures2 ,,agriculture1 ,,f>m+1 ,,g>d5+2 ,,auctione]+1 ,,valu+ ,,& ,,e/ate ,,ag5cy2 ,,law ,,& ,,miscellane\s4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,crosby ,,lockwood ,,son4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+1 etc4 ,d4 ,k4 ,cl>k's ,pocket-,book = ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,,! ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]',s ,,pocket-,,book ,,( ,,tables1 ,,=mul1 ,,rules ,,& ,,data4 ,a ,h&y ,book ( ,ref]5ce = ,daily ,use 9 ,eng9e]+ ,practice4 ,by ,d4 ,,k9ne> ,,cl>k1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4 ,e41 ,au?or ( ,railway ,ma*9]y1 ,tramways1 c4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,small #hvo1 #gjj pages1 #is4 b\nd 9 flexible lea!r cov]s1 ) r\nd$ corn]s & gilt edges4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,ma!matical ,,tables4--,,measurem5t ,,( ,,surfaces ,,& ,,solids4--,,engli% ,,weights ,,& ,,measures4--,,fr5* ,,metric ,,weights ,,& ,,measures4--,,=eign ,,weights ,,& ,,measures4--,,moneys4--,,specific ,,gravity1 ,,weight ,,& ,,volume--,,manufactur$ ,,metals4--,,/eel ,,pipes4--,,bolts ,,& ,,nuts4--,,sundry ,,articles ,,9 ,,wr\ght ,,& ,,ca/ ,,iron1 ,,copp]1 ,,brass1 ,,lead1 ,,t91 ,,z9c4--,,/r5g? ,,( ,,mat]ials4--,,/r5g? ,,( ,,timb]4--,,/r5g? ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron4--,,/r5g? ,,( ,,wr\ght ,,iron4--,,/r5g? ,,( ,,/eel4--,,t5sile ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,copp]1 ,,lead1 ,,etc4--,,resi/ance ,,( ,,/ones ,,& ,,o!r ,,build+ ,,mat]ials4--,,rivet$ ,,jo9ts ,,9 ,,boil] ,,plates4--,,boil] ,,%ells--,,wire ,,ropes ,,& ,,hemp ,,ropes4--,,*a9s ,,& ,,*a9 ,,cables4--,,fram+4--,,h>dness ,,( ,,metals1 ,,alloys ,,& ,,/ones4--,,lab\r ,,( ,,animals4--,,me*anical ,,pr9ciples4--,,gravity ,,& ,,fall ,,( ,,bodies4--,,accel]at+ ,,& ,,ret>d+ ,,=ces4--,,mill ,,ge>+1 ,,%aft+1 ,,etc4--,,transmission ,,( ,,motive ,,p[]4--,,heat4--,,combu/ion3 ,,fuels4--,,w>m+1 ,,v5tilation1 ,,cook+ ,,/oves4--,,/eam4--,,/eam ,,eng9es ,,& ,,boil]s4--,,railways4--,,tramways4--,,/ eam ,,%ips4--,,pump+ ,,/eam ,,eng9es ,,& ,,pumps4--,,coal ,,gas1 ,,gas ,,eng9es1 ,,etc4--,,air ,,9 ,,motion4--,,compress$ ,,air4--,,hot ,,air ,,eng9es4--,,wat] ,,p[]4--,,spe$ ,,( ,,cutt+ ,,tools4--,,col\rs4--,,electrical ,,eng9e]+4 999999 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,mr4 ,cl>k manife/s :at is an innate p]ception ( :at is likely to be useful 9 a pocket-book1 & he is really unrivall$ 9 ! art ( cond5sation4 ,v frequ5tly we f9d ! in=mation on a giv5 subject is suppli$ by giv+ a summ>y description ( an exp]im5t1 & a /atem5t ( ! results obta9$4 ,!re is a v excell5t /eam table1 occupy+ five &-a-half pages2 & !re are rules giv5 = sev]al calculations1 :i* rules _c be f\nd 9 o!r pocket-books1 z1 = example1 t on page #dig1 = gett+ at ! quantity ( wat] 9 ! %ape ( prim+ 9 any kn[n weight ( /eam4 ,x is v difficult to hit ^u any me*anical eng9e]+ subject conc]n+ :i* ?is "w supplies no in=mation1 & ! excell5t index at ! end adds to its utility4 ,9 "o ^w1 x is an exce$+ly h&y & effici5t tool1 possess$ ( :i* ! eng9e] w be sav$ _m a we>isome calculation1 or yet m we>isome hunt ?r\gh v>i\s text-books & treatises1 &1 z su*1 we c he>tily recomm5d x to our read]s1 :o mu/ n run away ) ! idea t ,mr4 ,cl>k's ,pocket-book is only ,moleswor? 9 ano!r =m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ea* conta9s :at is n to be f\nd 9 ! o!r2 & ,mr4 ,cl>k takes m room & deals at m l5g? ) _m subjects ?an ,moleswor? possibly c\ld4--,! ,eng9e]4 ,x w\ld be f\nd difficult to compress m matt] )9 a simil> compass1 or produce a book ( #fej pages :i* %\ld be m compact or conv5i5t = pocket ref]5ce4444 ,w be appreciat$ by me*anical eng9e]s ( all classes4--,practical ,eng9e]4 ,j ! k9d ( "w t practical m5 require to h ne> to !m4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,,mr4 ,,hutton',s ,,practical ,,h&books4 ,h&book = ,works' ,manag]s4 ,,! ,,works' ,,manag]',s ,,h&book ,,( ,,mod]n ,,rules1 ,,tables1 ,,& ,,data4 ,= ,eng9e]s1 ,millwrights1 & ,boil] ,mak]s2 ,tool ,mak]s1 ,ma*9i/s1 & ,metal ,work]s2 ,iron & ,brass ,f\nd]s1 c4 ,by ,w4 ,s4 ,,hutton1 ,civil & ,me*anical ,eng9e]1 ,au?or ( ,! ,practical ,eng9e]'s ,h&book4 ,f\r? ,edition1 c>efully ,revis$ & p>tly ,re-writt54 ,9 ,"o h&some ,volume1 m$ium #hvo1 price #aes4 /rongly b\nd4 ,! ,au?or hav+ compil$ ,rules & ,data = 8 own use 9 a great v>iety ( mod]n eng9e]+ "w1 & hav+ f\nd 8 notes extremely useful1 decid$ to publi% !m--revis$ to date--believ+ t a practical "w1 suit$ to ! ,,daily ,,requirem5ts ,,( ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]s1 w\ld be fav\rably receiv$4 ,9 ! ,f\r? ,edition ! ,fir/ ,section has be5 re-writt5 & improv$ by ! addition ( num]\s ,illu/rations & new matt] relat+ to ,,/eam ,,eng9es & ,,gas ,,eng9es4 ,! ,second ,section has be5 enl>g$ & ,illu/rat$1 & ?r\gh\t ! book a great numb] ( em5dations & alt]ations h be5 made1 ) ! object ( r5d]+ ! book m g5]ally useful4 999999 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,! au?or treats e subject f ! po9t ( view ( "o :o has collect$ work%op notes = application 9 work%op practice1 r ?an f ! !oretical or lit]>y aspect4 ,! volume conta9s a great deal ( t k9d ( in=mation :i* is ga9$ only by practical exp]i5ce1 & is seldom writt5 9 books4--,eng9e]4 ,! volume is an exce$+ly useful "o1 brimful ) eng9e]s' notes1 memor&a1 & rules1 & well wor?y ( be+ on e me*anical eng9e]'s book%elf4--,me*anical ,_w4 ,! in=mation is precisely t likely to be requir$ 9 practice4444 ,! "w =ms a desirable addition to ! libr>y n only ( ! works' manag]1 b ( anyone connect$ ) g5]al eng9e]+4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,a =midable mass ( facts & figures1 readily accessible ?r\gh an elaborate index4444 ,su* a volume w be f\nd absolutely necess>y z a book ( ref]5ce 9 all sorts ( 'works' connect$ ) ! metal trades4--,ryl&'s ,iron ,trades ,circul>4 ,brimful ( useful in=mation1 /at$ 9 a concise =m1 ,mr4 ,hutton's books h met a press+ want among eng9e]s4 ,! book mu/ prove extremely useful to e practical man possess+ a copy4--,practical ,eng9e]4 ,new ,manual = ,practical ,eng9e]s4 ,,! ,,practical ,,eng9e]',s ,,h&-,,book4 ,compris+ a ,treatise on ,mod]n ,eng9es & ,boil]s3 ,m>9e1 ,locomotive & ,/ation>y4 ,& conta9+ a l>ge collection ( ,rules & ,practical ,data relat+ to rec5t ,practice 9 ,design+ & ,con/ruct+ all k9ds ( ,eng9es1 ,boil]s1 & o!r ,eng9e]+ "w4 ,! :ole con/itut+ a compreh5sive ,key to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade & o!r ,exam9ations = ,c]tificates ( ,compet5cy 9 ,mod]n ,me*anical ,eng9e]+4 ,by ,,walt] ,s4 ,,hutton1 ,civil & ,me*anical ,eng9e]1 ,au?or ( ,! ,works' ,manag]'s ,h&book = ,eng9e]s1 c4 ,) upw>ds ( #cgj ,illu/rations4 ,f\r? ,edition1 ,revis$1 ) ,additions4 ,m$ium #hvo1 ne>ly #ejj pp41 price #ahs4 ,/rongly b\nd4 ,?is "w is design$ z a companion to ! ,au?or's ,,works' ,,manag]',s ,,h&-,,book4 ,x possesses _m new & orig9al features1 & conta9s1 l its pr$ecessor1 a quantity ( matt] n orig9ally int5d$ = publication1 b collect$ by ! au?or = 8 own use 9 ! con/ruction ( a great v>iety ( ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+ ,,"w4 ,! in=mation is giv5 9 a cond5s$ & concise =m1 & is illu/rat$ by upw>ds ( #cgj ,woodcuts2 & comprises a quantity ( tabulat$ matt] ( great value to all engag$ 9 design+1 con/ruct+1 or e/imat+ = ,,eng9es1 ,,boil]s1 & ,,o!r ,,eng9e]+ ,,"w4 999999 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,we h kept x at h& = sev]al weeks1 ref]r+ to x z occasion arose1 & we h n on a s+le occasion consult$ its pages )\t f9d+ ! in=mation ( :i* we 7 9 que/4--,a!num4 ,a ?or\ghly good practical h&book1 :i* no eng9e] c g ?r\gh )\t le>n+ some?+ t w be ( s]vice to him4--,m>9e ,eng9e]4 ,an excell5t book ( ref]5ce = eng9e]s1 & a valuable text-book = /ud5ts ( eng9e]+4--,scotsman4 ,?is valuable manual embodies ! results & exp]i5ce ( ! lead+ au?orities on me*anical eng9e]+4--,build+ ,news4 ,! au?or has collect$ toge!r a surpris+ quantity ( rules & practical data1 & has %[n mu* judgm5t 9 ! selections he has made4444 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is book is "o ( ! mo/ useful ( its k9d publi%$1 & w be a v popul> comp5dium4--,eng9e]4 ,a mass ( in=mation1 set d[n 9 simple language1 & 9 su* a =m t x c be easily ref]r$ to at any "t4 ,! matt] is uni=mly good & well *os5 & is greatly elucidat$ by ! illu/rations4 ,! book w f9d its way on to mo/ eng9e]s' %elves1 :]e x w rank z "o ( ! mo/ useful books ( ref]5ce4--,practical ,eng9e]4 ,full ( useful in=mation & %\ld be f\nd on ! (fice %elf ( all practical eng9e]s4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,practical ,treatise on ,mod]n ,/eam-,boil]s4 ,,/eam-,,boil] ,,con/ruction4 ,a ,practical ,h&book = ,eng9e]s1 ,boil]-,mak]s1 & ,/eam ,us]s4 ,conta9+ a l>ge ,collection ( ,rules & ,data relat+ to ,rec5t ,practice 9 ! ,design1 ,con/ruction1 & ,work+ ( all ,k9ds ( ,/ation>y1 ,locomotive1 & ,m>9e ,/eam-,boil]s4 ,by ,,walt] ,s4 ,,hutton1 ,civil & ,me*anical ,eng9e]1 ,au?or ( ,! ,works' ,manag]'s ,h&book1 ,! ,practical ,eng9e]'s ,h&book1 c4 ,) upw>ds ( #cjj ,illu/rations4 ,second ,edition4 ,m$ium #hvo1 #ahs4 clo?4 ,?is "w is issu$ 9 cont9uation ( ! ,s]ies ( ,h&books writt5 by ! ,au?or1 viz3--,,! ,,works' ,,manag]',s ,,h&book & ,,! ,,practical ,,eng9e]',s ,,h&book1 :i* are s highly appreciat$ by ,eng9e]s = ! practical nature ( _! in=mation2 & is consequ5tly writt5 9 ! same /yle z ^? works4 ,! ,au?or believes t ! conc5tration1 9 a conv5i5t =m = easy ref]5ce1 ( su* a l>ge am\nt ( ?or\ghly practical in=mation on ,/eam-,boil]s1 w be ( consid]able s]vice to ^? = :om x is int5d$1 & he tru/s ! book may be deem$ wor?y ( z fav\rable a reception z has be5 accord$ to its pr$ecessors4 999999 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,e detail1 bo? 9 boil] design & managem5t1 is cle>ly laid be=e ! read]4 ,! volume %[s t boil] con/ruction has be5 r$uc$ to ! condition ( "o ( ! mo/ exact sci5ces2 & su* a book is ( ! utmo/ value to ! f9 de sicle ,eng9e] & ,works' ,manag]4--,m>9e ,eng9e]4 ,!re has long be5 room = a mod]n h&book on /eam boil]s2 !re is n t room n[1 because ,mr4 ,hutton has fill$ x4 ,x is a ?or\ghly practical book = ^? :o are occupi$ 9 ! con/ruction1 design1 selection1 or use ( boil]s4--,eng9e]4 ,! book is ( s important & compreh5sive a "* t x mu/ f9d its way into ! libr>ies ( ev]yone int]e/$ 9 boil] us+ or boil] manufacture if !y wi% to be ?or\ghly in=m$4 ,we /rongly recomm5d ! book = ! intr9sic value ( its cont5ts4--,ma*9]y ,m>ket4 ,! value ( ?is book c h>dly be ov]-e/imat$4 ,! au?or's rules1 =mul1 c41 are all v fre%1 & x is impossible to turn to ! "w & n f9d :at y want4 ,no practical eng9e] %\ld be )\t x4--,colli]y ,gu>dian4 ,hutton's ,mod]nis$ ,templeton4 ,,! ,,practical ,,me*anics' ,,work%op ,,companion4 ,compris+ a great v>iety ( ! mo/ useful ,rules & ,=mul 9 ,me*anical ,sci5ce1 ) num]\s ,tables ( ,practical ,data & ,calculat$ ,results = ,facilitat+ ,me*anical ,op]ations4 ,by ,,william ,,templeton1 ,au?or ( ,! ,eng9e]'s ,practical ,assi/ant1 c4 c4 ,sixte5? ,edition1 ,revis$1 ,mod]nis$1 & consid]ably ,enl>g$ by ,,walt] ,s4 ,,hutton1 ,c4,e41 ,au?or ( ,! ,works' ,manag]'s ,h&book1 ,! ,practical ,eng9e]'s ,h&book1 c4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 ne>ly #ejj pp41 ) #h ,plates & upw>ds ( #bej ,illu/rative ,diagrams1 #fs41 /rongly b\nd = work%op or pocket we> & te>4 999999 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,9 ,its mod]nis$ =m ,hutton's ',templeton' %\ld h a wide sale1 = x conta9s mu* valuable in=mation :i* ! me*anic w (t5 f9d ( use1 & n a few tables & notes :i* he might look = 9 va9 9 o!r works4 ,?is mod]nis$ edition w be appreciat$ by all :o h le>n$ to value ! orig9al editions ( ',templeton'4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,x has met ) great success 9 ! eng9e]+ work%op1 z we c te/ify2 & !re are a great _m m5 :o1 9 a great measure1 owe _! rise 9 life to ?is little book4--,build+ ,news4 ,?is famili> text-book--well kn[n to all me*anics & eng9e]s--is ( ess5tial s]vice to ! e-day requirem5ts ( eng9e]s1 millwrights1 & ! v>i\s trades connect$ ) eng9e]+ & build+4 ,! new mod]nis$ edition is wor? its weight 9 gold4--,build+ ,news4 7,second ,notice47 ,?is well-kn[n & l>gely-us$ book conta9s in=mation1 br\ght up to date1 ( ! sort s useful to ! =eman & draughtsman4 ,s mu* fre% in=mation has be5 introduc$ z to con/itute x practically a new book4 ,x w be l>gely us$ 9 ! (fice & work%op4--,me*anical ,_w4 ,! publi%]s wisely entru/$ ! task ( revision ( ?is popul>1 valuable1 & useful book to ,mr4 ,hutton1 ?an :om a m compet5t man !y c\ld n h f\nd4--,iron4 ,templeton's ,eng9e]'s & ,ma*9i/'s ,assi/ant4 ,,! ,,eng9e]',s1 ,,millwright',s1 & ,,ma*9i/',s ,,practical ,,assi/ant4 ,a collection ( ,useful ,tables1 ,rules & ,data4 ,by ,,william ,,templeton4 #g? ,edition1 ) ,additions4 #ahmo1 #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 999999 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,occupies a =emo/ place among books ( ?is k9d4 ,a m suitable pres5t to an appr5tice to any ( ! me*anical trades c\ld n possibly be made4--,build+ ,news4 ,a des]v$ly popul> "w4 ,x %\ld be 9 ! 'draw]' ( e me*anic4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,foley's ,(fice ,ref]5ce ,book = ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,,! ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]',s ,,ref]5ce ,,book1 = ,ma*9e & ,boil] ,con/ruction4 ,9 ,two ,p>ts4 ,"p ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,eng9e]+ ,,data4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,,boil] ,,con/ruction4 ,) #ea ,plates & num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,by ,,nelson ,,foley1 ,m4,i4,n4,a4 ,folio1 #e #es4 half-b\nd4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,measures4--,,circumf]5ces ,,& ,,areas1 ,c41 ,,squ>es1 ,,cubes1 ,,f\r? ,,p[]s4--,,squ>e ,,& ,,cube ,,roots4--,,surface ,,( ,,tubes--,,reciprocals4--,,log>i?ms4--,, m5suration4--,,specific ,,gravities ,,& ,,weights4--,,"w ,,& ,,p[]4--,,heat4--,,combu/ion4--,,expansi on ,,& ,,contraction4--,,expansion ,,( ,,gases4--,,/eam4--,,/atic ,,=ces4--,,gravitation ,,& ,,attraction4--,,motion ,,& ,,computation ,,( ,,result+ ,,=ces4--,,accumulat$ ,,"w4--,,c5tre ,,& ,,radius ,,( ,,gyration4--,,mom5t ,,( ,,in]tia4--,,c5tre ,,( ,,oscillation4--,,electricity4--,,/r5g? ,,( ,,mat]ials4--,,ela/icity4--,,te/ ,,%eets ,,( ,,metals4--,,friction4--,,transmission ,,( ,,p[]4--,,fl[ ,,( ,,liquids4--,,fl[ ,,( ,,gases4--,,air ,,pumps1 ,,surface ,,cond5s]s1 ,c4--,,spe$ ,,( ,,/eam%ips4--,,propell]s4--,,cutt+ ,,tools4--,,flanges4--,,copp] ,,%eets ,,& ,,tubes4--,,screws1 ,,nuts1 ,,bolt ,,heads1 ,c4--,,v>i\s ,,recipes ,,& ,,miscellane\s ,,matt]4 ,,) ,,diagrams ,,= ,,valve-,,ge>1 ,,belt+ ,,& ,,ropes1 ,,dis*>ge ,,& ,,suction ,,pipes1 ,,screw ,,propell]s1 ,,& ,,copp] ,,pipes4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,treat+ ,,(1 ,,p[] ,,( ,,boil]s4--,,useful ,,ratios4--,,notes ,,on ,,con/ruction4--,,cyl9drical ,,boil] ,,%ells4--,,circul> ,,furnaces4--,,flat ,,plates--,,/ays4--,,gird]s4--,,screws4- -,,hydraulic ,,te/s4--,,rivet+4--,,boil] ,,sett+1 ,,*imneys1 ,,& ,,m\nt+s4--,,fuels1 ,c4--,,examples ,,( ,,boil]s ,,& ,,spe$s ,,( ,,/eam%ips4--,,nom9al ,,& ,,normal ,,horse ,,p[]4 ,,) ,,diagrams ,,= ,,all ,,boil] ,,calculations ,,& ,,draw+s ,,( ,,_m ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,boil]s4 999999 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,?is appe>s to be a "w = :i* !re %\ld be a l>ge dem& on ! "p ( me*anical eng9e]s4 ,x is no easy matt] to compile a book ( ?is class1 & ! lab\r involv$ is enorm\s1 p>ticul>ly :5--z ! au?or in=ms u--! majority ( ! tables & diagrams h be5 specially prep>$ = ! "w4 ,! diagrams are exceptionally well execut$1 & g5]ally con/ruct$ on ! me?od adopt$ 9 a previ\s "w by ! same au?or4444 ,! tables are v num]\s1 & deal ) a great] v>iety ( subjects ?an w g5]ally be f\nd 9 a "w ( ?is k9d2 !y h evid5tly be5 compil$ ) great c>e & are unusually complete4 ,all ! in=mation giv5 appe>s to be well up to date4444 ,x w\ld be q impossible )9 ! limits at our disposal to ev5 enum]ate all ! subjects treat$2 x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be m5tion$ t ! au?or does n conf9e himself to a m]e bald /atem5t ( =mul & laws1 b 9 v _m in/ances %[s succ9ctly h[ ^! are d]iv$4444 ,! latt] "p ( ! book is devot$ to diagrams relat+ to ,boil] ,con/ruction1 & to n9ete5 beautifully-execut$ plates ( work+ draw+s ( boil]s & _! details4 ,z samples ( h[ su* draw+s %\ld be got out1 !y may be cordially recomm5d$ to ! att5tion ( all "y1 & ev5 "s eld]ly1 eng9e]s4444 ,altoge!r ! book is "o :i* e me*anical eng9e] may1 ) advantage to himself add to 8 libr>y4--,indu/ries4 ,mr4 ,foley is well fitt$ to compile su* a "w4444 ,! diagrams are a great feature ( ! "w4444 ,reg>d+ ! :ole "w1 x may be v fairly /at$ t ,mr4 ,foley has produc$ a volume :i* w und\bt$ly fulfil ! desire ( ! au?or & become indisp5sable to all me*anical eng9e]s4--,m>9e ,eng9e]4 ,we h c>efully exam9$ ?is "w1 & pron\nce x a mo/ excell5t ref]5ce book = ! use ( m>9e eng9e]s4--,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,society ( ,naval ,eng9e]s4 ,a v]itable monum5t ( indu/ry on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,foley1 :o has succe$$ 9 produc+ :at is simply invaluable to ! eng9e]+ pr(ession4--,/eam%ip4 ,coal & ,spe$ ,tables4 ,a ,,pocket ,,book ,,( ,,coal ,,& ,,spe$ ,,tables1 = ,eng9e]s & ,/eam-us]s4 ,by ,,nelson ,,foley1 ,au?or ( ,! ,me*anical ,eng9e]'s ,ref]5ce ,book4 ,pocket-size1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,^! tables are design$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( e-day use2 !y are ( suffici5t scope = mo/ practical purposes1 & may be comm5d$ to eng9e]s & us]s ( /eam4--,iron4 ,?is pocket-book well m]its ! att5tion ( ! practical eng9e]4 ,mr4 ,foley has compil$ a v useful set ( tables1 ! in=mation conta9$ 9 :i* is frequ5tly requir$ by eng9e]s1 coal consum]s & us]s ( /eam4--,iron & ,coal ,trades ,review4 ,/eam ,eng9e4 ,,text-,,book ,,on ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 ,) a ,supplem5t on ,gas ,eng9es1 & ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,on ,,heat ,,eng9es4 ,by ,t4 ,m4 ,,goodeve1 ,m4,a41 ,b>ri/]-at-,law1 ,pr(essor ( ,me*anics at ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,london2 ,au?or ( ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anics1 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,me*anism1 c4 ,twelf? ,edition1 ,enl>g$4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 clo?4 ,pr(essor ,goodeve has giv5 u a treatise on ! /eam eng9e :i* w be> comp>ison ) any?+ writt5 by ,huxley or ,maxwell1 & we c aw>d x no high] praise4--,eng9e]4 ,mr4 ,goodeve's text-book is a "w ( :i* e "y eng9e] %\ld possess himself4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,gas ,eng9es4 ,,on ,,gas-,,eng9es4 ,) ,app5dix describ+ a ,rec5t ,eng9e ) ,tube ,ignit]4 ,by ,t4 ,m4 ,,goodeve1 ,m4,a4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 ,l all ,mr4 ,goodeve's writ+s1 ! pres5t is no exception 9 po9t ( g5]al excell5ce4 ,x is a valuable little volume4--,me*anical ,_w4 ,/eam ,eng9e ,design4 ,a ,,h&book ,,on ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e1 ) especial ,ref]5ce to ,small & ,m$ium-siz$ ,eng9es4 ,= ! ,use ( ,eng9e-,mak]s1 ,me*anical ,draughtsm51 ,eng9e]+ ,/ud5ts & ,us]s ( ,/eam ,p[]4 ,by ,,h]man ,,ha$]1 ,c4,e4 ,engli% ,edition1 ,re-edit$ by ! ,au?or f ! ,second ,g]man ,edition1 & ,translat$1 ) consid]able ,additions & ,alt]ations1 by ,h4 ,h4 ,p4 ,,p[les1 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,) ne>ly #a1ajj ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #is4 clo?4 ,a p]fect encyclopdia ( ! /eam eng9e & its details1 & "o :i* mu/ take a p]man5t place 9 ,engli% draw+-(fices & work%ops4--,a ,=eman ,patt]n-mak]4 ,?is is an excell5t book1 & %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! con/ruction & design ( m$ium siz$ /ation>y eng9es4444 ,a c>eful /udy ( its cont5ts & ! arrangem5t ( ! sections leads to ! conclusion t !re is probably no o!r book l x 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! volume aims at %[+ ! results ( practical exp]i5ce1 & x c]ta9ly may claim a complete a*ievem5t ( ?is idea4--,nature4 ,!re c be no "q z to its value4 ,we cordially comm5d x to all conc]n$ 9 ! design & con/ruction ( ! /eam eng9e4--,me*anical ,_w4 ,/eam ,boil]s4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,/eam ,,boil]s3 ,_! ,/r5g?1 ,con/ruction1 & ,economical ,work+4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,wilson1 ,c4,e4 ,fif? ,edition4 #abmo1 #fs4 clo?4 ,! be/ treatise t has ev] be5 publi%$ on /eam boil]s4--,eng9e]4 ,! au?or %[s himself p]fect ma/] ( 8 subject1 & we he>tily recomm5d all employ+ /eam p[] to possess !mselves ( ! "w4--,ryl&'s ,iron ,trade ,circul>4 ,boil] ,*imneys4 ,,boil] ,,& ,,factory ,,*imneys3 ,_! ,draught-,p[] & ,/ability4 ,) a ,*apt] on ,lightn+ ,conductors4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,wilson1 ,a4,i4,c4,e41 ,au?or ( ,a ,treatise on ,/eam ,boil]s1 c4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,a valuable contribution to ! lit]ature ( sci5tific build+4--,! ,build]4 ,boil] ,mak+4 ,,! ,,boil]-,,mak]',s ,,ready ,,reckon] ,,assi/ant4 ,) ,examples ( ,practical ,geometry & ,templat+1 = ! ,use ( ,plat]s1 ,smi?s & ,rivet]s4 ,by ,,john ,,c\rtney1 ,edit$ by ,d4 ,k4 ,,cl>k1 ,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,?ird ,edition1 #dhj pp41 ) #adj ,illu/s4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #gs4 half-b\nd4 ,no workman or appr5tice %\ld be )\t ?is book4--,iron ,trade ,circul>4 ,locomotive ,eng9e ,developm5t4 ,,! ,,locomotive ,,eng9e ,,& ,,its ,,developm5t4 ,a ,popul> ,treatise on ! ,gradual ,improvem5ts made 9 ,railway ,eng9es betwe5 #ahjc & #ahic4 ,by ,,clem5t ,e4 ,,/retton1 ,c4,e41 ,au?or ( ,safe ,railway ,work+1 c4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & mu* ,enl>g$4 ,) #ie ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 ,/ud5ts ( railway hi/ory & all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! evolution ( ! mod]n locomotive w f9d mu* to attract & ent]ta9 9 ?is volume4--,! ,times4 ,! au?or ( ?is "w is well kn[n to ! railway _w1 & no "o probably has a bett] k ( ! hi/ory & developm5t ( ! locomotive4 ,! volume be=e u %\ld be ( value to all connect$ ) ! railway sy/em ( ?is c\ntry4--,nature4 ,fire ,eng9e]+4 ,,fires1 ,,fire-,,eng9es1 ,,& ,,fire-,,brigades4 ,) a ,hi/ory ( ,fire-,eng9es1 _! ,con/ruction1 ,use1 & ,managem5t2 ,rem>ks on ,fire-,pro( ,build+s1 & ! ,pres]vation ( ,life f ,fire2 ,/ati/ics ( ! ,fire ,appliances 9 ,engli% ,t[ns2 ,=eign ,fire ,sy/ems ,h9ts on ,fire-,brigades1 c4 c4 ,by ,,*>les ,f4 ,t4 ,,"y1 ,c4,e4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #edd pp41 demy #hvo1 #a #ds4 clo?4 ,to ^? int]e/$ 9 ! subject ( fires & fire app>atus1 we mo/ he>tily comm5d ?is book4 ,x is ! only ,engli% "w we n[ h ^u ! subject4--,eng9e]+4 ,x displays mu* evid5ce ( c>eful rese>*2 & ,mr4 ,"y has put 8 facts neatly toge!r4 ,8 acqua9tance ) ! practical details ( ! con/ruction ( /eam fire eng9es1 old & new1 & ! conditions ) :i* x is necess>y !y %\ld comply1 is accurate & full4--,eng9e]4 ,e/imat+ = ,eng9e]+ ,"w1 c4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,e/imates1 ,,co/s ,,& ,,acc\nts3 ,a ,guide to ,comm]cial ,eng9e]+4 ,) num]\s ,examples ( ,e/imates & ,co/s ( ,millwright ,"w1 ,miscellane\s ,productions1 ,/eam ,eng9es & ,/eam ,boil]s2 & a ,section on ! ,prep>ation ( ,co/s ,acc\nts4 ,by ,a ,,g5]al ,,manag]4 ,demy #hvo1 #abs4 clo?4 ,?is is an excell5t & v useful book1 cov]+ subject-matt] 9 con/ant requisition 9 e factory & work%op4444 ,! book is invaluable1 n only to ! "y eng9e]1 b also to ! e/imate dep>tm5t ( e works4--,,build]4 ,we accord ! "w unqualifi$ praise4 ,! in=mation is giv5 9 a pla91 /raight=w>d mann]1 & be>s ?r\gh\t evid5ce ( ! intimate practical acqua9tance ( ! au?or ) e phase ( comm]cial eng9e]+4--,,me*anical ,,_w4 ,eng9e]+ ,con/ruction4 ,,patt]n-,,mak+3 ,a ,practical ,treatise1 embrac+ ! ,ma9 ,types ( ,eng9e]+ ,con/ruction1 & includ+ ,ge>+1 bo? ,h& & ,ma*9e made1 ,eng9e ,"w1 ,%eaves & ,pulleys1 ,pipes & ,columns1 ,screws1 ,ma*9e ,p>ts1 ,pumps & ,cocks1 ! ,m\ld+ ( ,patt]ns 9 ,loam & ,gre5s&1 c41 toge!r ) ! me?ods ( ,e/imat+ ! weight ( ,ca/+s2 to :i* is add$ an ,app5dix ( ,tables = ,work%op ,ref]5ce4 ,by ,a ,,=eman ,,patt]n ,,mak]4 ,second ,edition1 ?or\ghly ,revis$ & mu* ,enl>g$4 ,) upw>ds ( #dej ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 ,a well-writt5 te*nical guide1 evid5tly writt5 by a man :o und]/&s & has practis$ :at he has writt5 ab\t4444 ,we cordially recomm5d x to eng9e]+ /ud5ts1 "y j\rneym51 & o!rs desir\s ( be+ initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( patt]n-mak+4--,build]4 ,m ?an #dej illu/rations help to expla9 ! text1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 always cle> & explicit1 ?us r5d]+ ! "w an excell5t vade mecum = ! appr5tice :o desires to become ma/] ( 8 trade4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,diction>y ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ ,t]ms4 ,,lockwood',s ,,diction>y ,,( ,,t]ms ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+1 embrac+ ^? curr5t 9 ! ,draw+ ,(fice1 ,patt]n ,%op1 ,f\ndry1 ,fitt+1 ,turn+1 ,smi?'s & ,boil] ,%ops1 c4 c4 ,compris+ upw>ds ( #f1jjj ,def9itions4 ,edit$ by ,a ,,=eman ,,patt]n-,,mak]1 ,au?or ( ,patt]n ,mak+4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$1 ) ,additions4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,j ! sort ( h&y diction>y requir$ by ! v>i\s trades engag$ 9 me*anical eng9e]+4 ,! practical eng9e]+ pupil w f9d ! book ( great value 9 8 /udies1 & e =eman eng9e] & me*anic %\ld h a copy4--,build+ ,news4 ,n m]ely a diction>y1 b1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 also a mo/ valuable guide4 ,x /rikes u z a happy idea to comb9e ) a def9ition ( ! phrase useful in=mation on ! subject ( :i* x treats4--,ma*9]y ,m>ket4 ,mill ,ge>+4 ,,too!d ,,ge>+3 ,a ,practical ,h&book = ,(fices & ,work%ops4 ,by ,a ,,=eman ,,patt]n ,,mak]1 ,au?or ( ,patt]n ,mak+1 ,lockwood's ,diction>y ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ ,t]ms1 c4 ,) #ahd ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,pr9ciples4--,,ii4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,too? ,,pr(iles4--,,iii4 ,,proportions ,,( ,,tee?4--,,iv4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,mak+ ,,too? ,,=ms4--,v4 ,,involute ,,tee?4--,,vi4 ,,"s ,,special ,,too? ,,=ms4--,,vii4 ,,bevel ,,:eels4--,,viii4 ,,screw ,,ge>s4--,,ix4 ,,worm ,,ge>s4--,x4 ,,helical ,,:eels4--,,xi4 ,,skew ,,bevels4--,,xii4 ,,v>iable ,,& ,,o!r ,,ge>s4--,,xiii4 ,,diametrical ,,pit*4--,,xiv4 ,,! ,,odontograph4--,,xv4 ,,patt]n ,,ge>s4--,,xvi4 ,,ma*9e ,,m\ld+ ,,ge>s4--,,xvii4 ,,ma*9e ,,cut ,,ge>s4--,,xviii4 ,,proportion ,,( ,,:eels4 ,we mu/ give ! book our unqualifi$ praise = its ?or\ghness ( treatm5t1 & we c he>tily recomm5d x to all int]e/$ z ! mo/ practical book on ! subject yet writt54--,me*anical ,_w4 ,/one-work+ ,ma*9]y4 ,,/one-,,work+ ,,ma*9]y1 & ! ,rapid & ,economical ,conv]sion ( ,/one4 ,) ,h9ts on ! ,arrangem5t & ,managem5t ( ,/one ,works4 ,by ,m4 ,,p[is ,,bale1 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,) ,illu/s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #is4 ,! book %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e mason or /ud5t ( /one-"w4--,colli]y ,gu>dian4 ,a capital h&book = all :o manipulate /one = build+ or ornam5tal purposes4--,ma*9]y ,m>ket4 ,pump ,con/ruction & ,managem5t4 ,,pumps ,,& ,,pump+3 ,a ,h&book = ,pump ,us]s4 ,be+ ,notes on ,selection1 ,con/ruction & ,managem5t4 ,by ,m4 ,,p[is ,,bale1 ,m4,i4,m4,e41 ,au?or ( ,woodwork+ ,ma*9]y1 ,saw ,mills1 c4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,! matt] is set =? z concisely z possible4 ,9 fact1 cond5sation r ?an diffus5ess has be5 ! au?or's aim ?r\gh\t2 yet he does n seem to h omitt$ any?+ likely to be ( use4--,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+4 ,?or\ghly practical & simply & cle>ly writt54--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,mill+ ,ma*9]y1 etc4 ,,mill+ ,,ma*9es ,,& ,,processes3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,%ap+ ,metals by ,rot>y ,cutt]s1 includ+ ,in=mation on ,mak+ & ,gr9d+ ! ,cutt]s4 ,by ,,paul ,n4 ,,hasluck1 ,au?or ( ,la!-"w1 ,h&ybooks = ,h&icrafts1 c4 ,) upw>ds ( #cjj ,engrav+s1 includ+ num]\s ,draw+s by ! ,au?or4 ,l>ge cr[n #hvo1 #ceb pages1 #abs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,a new dep>ture 9 eng9e]+ lit]ature4444 ,we c recomm5d ?is "w to all int]e/$ 9 mill+ ma*9es2 x is :at x pr(esses to be--a practical treatise4--,eng9e]4 ,a capital & reliable book1 :i* w no d\bt be ( consid]able s]vice1 bo? to ^? :o are already acqua9t$ ) ! process z well z to ^? :o contemplate its adoption4--,indu/ries4 ,turn+4 ,,la!-,,"w3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,tools1 ,appliances1 & ,processes employ$ 9 ! ,art ( ,turn+4 ,by ,,paul ,n4 ,,hasluck4 ,f\r? ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #es4 clo?4 ,writt5 by a man :o kn[s1 n only h[ "w ought to be done1 b :o also kn[s h[ to d x1 & h[ to convey 8 k to o!rs4 ,to all turn]s ?is book w\ld be valuable4--,eng9e]+4 ,we c safely recomm5d ! "w to "y eng9e]s4 ,to ! amateur x w simply be invaluable4 ,to ! /ud5t x w convey a great deal ( useful in=mation4--,eng9e]4 ,screw-,cutt+4 ,,screw ,,?reads3 ,& ,me?ods ( ,produc+ ,!m4 ,) ,num]\s ,tables1 & complete directions = us+ ,screw-,cutt+ ,la!s4 ,by ,,paul ,n4 ,,hasluck1 ,au?or ( ,la!-,"w1 c4 ,) ,sev5ty-f\r ,illu/rations4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,wai/coat-pocket size1 #as4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,full ( useful in=mation1 h9ts & practical criticism4 ,taps1 dies & screw+-tools g5]ally are illu/rat$ & _! action describ$4--,me*anical ,_w4 ,x is a complete comp5dium ( all ! details ( ! screw-cutt+ la!2 9 fact a multum 9 p>vo on all ! subjects x treats ^u4--,c>p5t] & ,build]4 ,smi?'s ,tables = ,me*anics1 etc4 ,,tables1 ,,memor&a1 ,,& ,,calculat$ ,,results1 ,,= ,,me*anics1 ,,eng9e]s1 ,,ar*itects1 ,,build]s1 etc4 ,select$ & ,arrang$ by ,,francis ,,smi?4 ,fif? ,edition1 ?or\ghly ,revis$ & ,enl>g$1 ) a ,new ,section ( ,,electrical ,,tables1 ,,=mul1 & ,,memor&a4 ,wai/coat-pocket size1 #as4 #f;d4 limp lea!r4 ,x w\ld1 p]haps1 be z difficult to make a small pocket-book selection ( notes & =mul to suit ,,all eng9e]s z x w\ld be to make a univ]sal m$ic9e2 b ,mr4 ,smi?'s wai/coat-pocket collection may be look$ ^u z a successful attempt4--,eng9e]4 ,! be/ example we h ev] se5 ( #bgj pages ( useful matt] pack$ into ! dim5sions ( a c>d-case4--,build+ ,news4 ,a v]itable pocket treasury ( k4--,iron4 ,fr5*-,engli% ,gloss>y = ,eng9e]s1 etc4 ,a ,,pocket ,,gloss>y ( ,,te*nical ,,t]ms3 ,,engli%-,,fr5*1 ,,fr5*-,,engli%2 ) ,tables suitable = ! ,ar*itectural1 ,eng9e]+1 ,manufactur+ & ,nautical ,pr(essions4 ,by ,,john ,,james ,,flet*]1 ,eng9e] & ,surveyor4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$1 #bjj pp4 ,wai/coat-pocket size1 #as4 #f;d4 limp lea!r4 ,x is a v great advantage = read]s & correspond5ts 9 ,france & ,engl& to h s l>ge a numb] ( ! words relat+ to eng9e]+ & manufactur]s collect$ 9 a ,liliputian volume4 ,! little book w be useful bo? to /ud5ts & travell]s4--,ar*itect4 ,! gloss>y ( t]ms is v complete1 & _m ( ! tables are new & well arrang$4 ,we cordially comm5d ! book4--,me*anical ,_w4 ,ye>-,book ( ,eng9e]+ ,=mule1 c4 ,,! ,,eng9e]',s ,,ye>-,,book ,,= #ahid4 ,compris+ ,=mul1 ,rules1 ,tables1 ,data & ,memor&a 9 ,civil1 ,me*anical1 ,electrical1 ,m>9e & ,m9e ,eng9e]+4 ,by ,h4 ,r4 ,,kempe1 ,a4,m4 ,in/4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,e4,e41 ,te*nical ,(fic] ( ! ,eng9e]-9-,*ief's ,(fice4 ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice1 ,london1 ,au?or ( ,a ,h&book ( ,electrical ,te/+1 ,! ,electrical ,eng9e]'s ,pocket-,book1 c4 ,) #gjj ,illu/rations1 specially ,engrav$ = ! "w4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fjj pages1 #hs4 lea!r4 ,j publi%$4 ,repres5ts an enorm\s quantity ( "w1 & =ms a desirable book ( ref]5ce4--,! ,eng9e]4 ,! book is di/9ctly 9 advance ( mo/ simil> publications 9 ?is c\ntry4--,eng9e]+4 ,?is valuable & well-design$ book ( ref]5ce meets ! dem&s ( all descriptions ( eng9e]s4--,saturday ,review4 ,teems ) up-to-date in=mation 9 e bran* ( eng9e]+ & con/ruction4--,build+ ,news4 ,! ne$s ( ! eng9e]+ pr(ession c\ld h>dly be suppli$ 9 a m admirable1 complete & conv5i5t =m4 ,to say t x m ?an su/a9s all comp>isons is praise ( ! highe/ sort1 & t may ju/ly be said ( x4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,!re is c]ta9ly room = ! new com]1 :i* supplies explanations & directions1 z well z =mul & tables4 ,x des]ves to become "o ( ! mo/ successful ( ! te*nical annuals4--,ar*itect4 ,br+s toge!r ) great skill all ! te*nical in=mation :i* an eng9e] has to use day by day4 ,x is 9 e way admirably equipp$1 & is sure to prove successful4--,scotsman4 ,! up-to-dat5ess ( ,mr4 ,kempe's compilation is a quality t w n be lo/ on ! busy p = :om ! "w is int5d$4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,portable ,eng9es4 ,,! ,,portable ,,eng9e2 ,,its ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,managem5t4 ,a ,practical ,manual = ,own]s & ,us]s ( ,/eam ,eng9es g5]ally4 ,by ,,william ,,dyson ,,wansbr\gh4 ,) #ij ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,?is is a "w ( value to ^? :o use /eam ma*9]y4444 ,%\ld be read by ev]yone :o has a /eam eng9e1 on a f>m or else:]e4--,m>k ,lane ,express4 ,we cordially comm5d ?is "w to buy]s & own]s ( /eam eng9es1 & to ^? :o h to d ) _! con/ruction or use4--,timb] ,trades ,j\rnal4 ,su* a g5]al k ( ! /eam eng9e z ,mr4 ,wansbr\gh furni%es to ! read] %\ld be acquir$ by all intellig5t own]s & o!rs :o use ! /eam eng9e4--,build+ ,news4 ,an excell5t text-book ( ?is useful =m ( eng9e4 ',! ,h9ts to ,pur*as]s' conta9 a good deal ( commons5se & practical wisdom4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,iron & ,/eel4 ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel3 ,a ,"w = ! ,=ge1 ,f\ndry1 ,factory1 & ,(fice4 ,conta9+ ready1 useful1 & tru/wor?y ,in=mation = ,iron-ma/]s & _! ,/ock-tak]s2 ,manag]s ( ,b>1 ,rail1 ,plate1 & ,%eet ,roll+ ,mills3 ,iron & ,metal ,f\nd]s2 ,iron ,%ip & ,bridge ,build]s2 ,me*anical1 ,m9+1 & ,consult+ ,eng9e]s2 ,ar*itects1 ,contractors1 ,build]s1 & ,pr(essional ,draughtsm54 ,by ,,*>les ,,ho>e1 ,au?or ( ,! ,slide ,rule1 c4 ,eigh? ,edition1 ,revis$ ?r\gh\t & consid]ably ,enl>g$4 #cbmo4 #fs4 lea!r4 ,= compreh5siv5ess ! book has n its equal4--,iron4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ! pocket books4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,we cordially recomm5d ?is book to ^? engag$ 9 consid]+ ! details ( all k9ds ( iron & /eel works4--,naval ,sci5ce4 ,elem5t>y ,me*anics4 ,,cond5s$ ,,me*anics4 ,a ,selection ( ,=mul1 ,rules1 ,tables1 & ,data = ! ,use ( ,eng9e]+ ,/ud5ts1 ,sci5ce ,classes1 c4 ,9 ,accordance ) ! ,requirem5ts ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t4 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,craw=d ,,hughes1 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,! book is well fitt$ = ^? :o are ei!r confront$ ) practical problems 9 _! "w1 or are prep>+ = exam9ation & wi% to refre% _! k by go+ ?r\gh _! =mul aga94--,m>9e ,eng9e]4 ,x is well arrang$1 & meets ! wants ( ^? = :om x is int5d$4--,railway ,news4 ,/eam4 ,,! ,,safe ,,use ,,( ,,/eam4 ,conta9+ ,rules = ,unpr(essional ,/eam-us]s4 ,by an ,,eng9e]4 ,six? ,edition4 ,sew$1 #f;d4 ,if /eam-us]s w\ld b le>n ?is little book by he>t1 boil] explosions w\ld become s5sations by _! r>ity4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,w>m+4 ,,heat+ ,,by ,,hot ,,wat]3 ) ,in=mation & ,sugge/ions on ! be/ ,me?ods ( ,heat+ ,public1 ,private & ,horticultural ,build+s4 ,by ,,walt] ,,jones4 ,second ,edition4 ,) #if ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,we confid5tly recomm5d all int]e/$ 9 heat+ by hot wat] to secure a copy ( ?is valuable little treatise4--,! ,plumb] & ,decorator4 ,,! ,,popul> ,,works ,,( ,,mi*ael ,,reynolds 7,,! ,,eng9e ,,driv]',s ,,fri5d74 ,locomotive-,eng9e ,driv+4 ,,locomotive-,,eng9e ,,driv+3 ,a ,practical ,manual = ,eng9e]s 9 *>ge ( ,locomotive ,eng9es4 ,by ,,mi*ael ,,reynolds1 ,memb] ( ! ,society ( ,eng9e]s1 =m]ly ,locomotive ,inspector ,l4 ,b4 & ,s4 ,c4 ,r4 ,n9? ,edition4 ,includ+ a ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,locomotive ,,eng9e4 ,) ,illu/rations & ,portrait ( ,au?or4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,mr4 ,reynolds has suppli$ a want1 & has suppli$ x well4 ,we c confid5tly recomm5d ! book1 n only to ! practical driv]1 b to ev]yone :o takes an int]e/ 9 ! p]=mance ( locomotive eng9es4--,! ,eng9e]4 ,mr4 ,reynolds has op5$ a new *apt] 9 ! lit]ature ( ! day4 ,?is admirable practical treatise1 ( ! practical utility ( :i* we h to speak 9 t]ms ( w>m comm5dation4--,a!num4 ,evid5tly ! "w ( "o :o kn[s 8 subject ?or\ghly4--,railway ,s]vice ,gazette4 ,7 ! cautions & rules giv5 9 ! book to become "p ( ! e-day work+ ( our eng9e-driv]s1 we might h few] di/ress+ accid5ts to deplore4--,scotsman4 ,/ation>y ,eng9e ,driv+4 ,,/ation>y ,,eng9e ,,driv+3 ,a ,practical ,manual = ,eng9e]s 9 *>ge ( ,/ation>y ,eng9es4 ,by ,,mi*ael ,,reynolds4 ,fif? ,edition1 ,enl>g$4 ,) ,plates & ,woodcuts4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,! au?or is ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) 8 subjects1 & 8 advice on ! v>i\s po9ts treat$ is cle> & practical4444 ,he has produc$ a manual :i* is an exce$+ly useful "o = ! class = :om x is specially int5d$4--,eng9e]+4 ,our au?or leaves no /one unturn$4 ,he is det]m9$ t 8 read]s %all n only "k some?+ ab\t ! /ation>y eng9e1 b all ab\t x4--,eng9e]4 ,an eng9eman :o has ma/]$ ! cont5ts ( ,mr4,reynolds's book w require b little actual exp]i5ce ) boil]s & eng9es be=e he c be tru/$ to look aft] !m4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,! ,eng9e]1 ,fireman1 & ,eng9e-,boy4 ,,! ,,model ,,locomotive ,,eng9e]1 ,,fireman1 & ,,eng9e-,,boy4 ,compris+ a ,hi/orical ,notice ( ! ,pione] ,locomotive ,eng9es & _! ,inv5tors4 ,by ,,mi*ael ,,reynolds4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations & a f9e ,portrait ( ,george ,/eph5son4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,f ! te*nical k ( ! au?or x w appeal to ! railway man ( to-day m =cibly ?an any?+ writt5 by ,dr4 ,smiles4444 ,! volume conta9s in=mation ( a te*nical k9d1 & facts t e driv] %\ld be famili> )4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,we %\ld be glad to see ?is book 9 ! possession ( ev]yone 9 ! k+dom :o has ev] laid1 or is to lay1 h&s on a locomotive eng9e4--,iron4 ,cont9u\s ,railway ,brakes4 ,,cont9u\s ,,railway ,,brakes3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! sev]al ,sy/ems 9 ,use 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom2 _! ,con/ruction & ,p]=mance4 ,) copi\s ,illu/rations & num]\s ,tables4 ,by ,,mi*ael ,,reynolds4 ,l>ge cr[n #hvo1 #is4 clo?4 ,a popul> explanation ( ! diff]5t brakes4 ,x w be ( great assi/ance 9 =m+ public op9ion1 & w be /udi$ ) b5efit by ^? :o take an int]e/ 9 ! brake4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,writt5 ) suffici5t te*nical detail to enable ! pr9ciple & relative connection ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ea* p>ticul> brake to be readily grasp$4--,me*anical ,_w4 ,eng9e-,driv+ ,life4 ,,eng9e-,,driv+ ,,life3 ,/irr+ ,adv5tures & ,incid5ts 9 ! ,lives ( ,locomotive-,eng9e ,driv]s4 ,by ,,mi*ael ,,reynolds4 ,?ird & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 ,f fir/ to la/ p]fectly fasc9at+4 ,wilkie ,coll9s's mo/ ?rill+ conceptions are ?r[n into ! %ade by true incid5ts1 endless 9 _! v>iety1 relat$ 9 e page4--,nor? ,briti% ,mail4 ,anyone :o wi%es to get a real insight into railway life _c d bett] ?an read ',eng9e-,driv+ ,life' = himself2 & if he once take x up he w f9d t ! au?or's en?usiasm & real love ( ! eng9e-driv+ pr(ession w c>ry him on till he has read e page4--,saturday ,review4 ,pocket ,companion = ,eng9em54 ,,! ,,eng9eman',s ,,pocket ,,companion ,,& ,,practical ,,educator ,,= ,,eng9em51 ,,boil] ,,att5dants1 ,,& ,,me*anics4 ,by ,,mi*ael ,,reynolds4 ,) ,=ty-five ,illu/rations & num]\s ,diagrams4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,royal #ahmo1 #cs4 #f;d41 /rongly b\nd = pocket we>4 ,?is admirable "w is well suit$ to accompli% its object1 be+ ! hone/ workman%ip ( a compet5t eng9e]4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,a mo/ m]itori\s "w1 giv+ 9 a succ9ct & practical =m all ! in=mation an eng9e-m9d] desir\s ( ma/]+ ! sci5tific pr9ciples ( 8 daily call+ w\ld require4--,! ,mill]4 ,a boon to ^? :o are /riv+ to become effici5t me*anics4--,daily ,*ronicle4 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+1 ,,survey+1 etc4 ,,mr4 ,,humb]',s ,,valuable ,,eng9e]+ ,,books4 ,! ,wat] ,supply ( ,cities & ,t[ns4 ,a ,,compreh5sive ,,treatise on ! ,,wat]-,,supply ,,( ,,cities ,,& ,,t[ns4 ,by ,,william ,,humb]1 ,a-,m4,in/4,c4,e41 & ,m4 ,in/4 ,m4,e41 ,au?or ( ,ca/ & ,wr\ght ,iron ,bridge ,con/ruction1 c4 c4 ,illu/rat$ ) #ej ,d\ble ,plates1 #a ,s+le ,plate1 ,col\r$ ,frontispiece1 & upw>ds ( #bej ,woodcuts1 & conta9+ #djj pages ( ,text4 ,imp4 #dto1 #f #fs4 elegantly & sub/antially half-b\nd 9 morocco4 ,li/ ( ,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,hi/orical ,sket* ( "s ( ! means t h be5 adopt$ = ! ,supply ( ,wat] to ,cities & ,t[ns4--,,ii4 ,wat] & ! ,=eign ,matt] usually associat$ ) x4--,,iii4 ,ra9fall & ,evaporation4--,,iv4 ,spr+s & ! wat]-be>+ =mations ( v>i\s di/ricts4--,v4 ,measurem5t & ,e/imation ( ! fl[ ( ,wat]4--,,vi4 ,on ! ,selection ( ! ,s\rce ( ,supply4--,,vii4 ,wells4--,,viii4 ,res]voirs4--,,ix4 ,! ,purification ( ,wat]4--,x4 ,pumps4--,,xi4 ,pump+ ,ma*9]y4--,,xii4 ,conduits4--,,xiii4 ,di/ribution ( ,wat]4--,,xiv4 ,met]s1 ,s]vice ,pipes1 & ,h\se ,fitt+s4--,,xv4 ,! ,law & ,economy ( ,wat] ,works4--,,xvi4 ,con/ant & ,int]mitt5t ,supply4--,,xvii4 ,description ( ,plates4--,app5dices1 giv+ ,tables ( ,rates ( ,supply1 ,velocities1 c4 c41 toge!r ) ,specifications ( sev]al ,works illu/rat$1 among :i* w be f\nd3 ,ab]de51 ,bide=d1 ,cant]bury1 ,dundee4 ,halifax1 ,lambe?1 ,ro!rham1 ,dubl91 & o!rs4 ,! mo/ sy/ematic & valuable "w ^u wat] supply hi!rto produc$ 9 ,engli%1 or 9 any o!r language4444 ,mr4 ,humb]'s "w is *>act]is$ almo/ ?r\gh\t by an exhau/iv5ess mu* m di/9ctive ( ,fr5* & ,g]man ?an ( ,engli% te*nical treatises4--,eng9e]4 ,we c congratulate ,mr4 ,humb] on hav+ be5 able to give s l>ge an am\nt ( ,in=mation on a subject s important z ! wat] supply ( cities & t[ns4 ,! plates1 fifty 9 numb]1 are mo/ly draw+s ( execut$ works1 & alone w\ld h comm&$ ! att5tion ( e eng9e] ^: practice may lie 9 ?is bran* ( ! pr(ession4--,build]4 ,ca/ & ,wr\ght ,iron ,bridge ,con/ruction4 ,a ,,complete ,,& ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,ca/ ,,& ,,wr\ght ,,iron ,,bridge ,,con/ruction1 includ+ ,iron ,f\ndations4 ,9 ,?ree ,p>ts--,!oretical1 ,practical1 & ,descriptive4 ,by ,,william ,,humb]1 ,a4,m4,in/4,c4,e41 & ,m4,in/4,m4,e4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ & mu* improv$1 ) #aae ,d\ble ,plates 7#bj ( :i* n[ fir/ appe> 9 ?is edition71 & num]\s ,additions to ! ,text4 ,9 ,two ,vols41 imp4 #dto1 #f #afs4 #f;d4 half-b\nd 9 morocco4 ,a v valuable contribution to ! /&>d lit]ature ( civil eng9e]+4 ,9 addition to elevations1 plans & sections1 l>ge scale details are giv5 :i* v mu* enhance ! in/ructive wor? ( ^? illu/rations4--,civil ,eng9e] & ,ar*itect's ,j\rnal4 ,mr4 ,humb]'s /ately volumes1 lately issu$--9 :i* ! mo/ important bridges erect$ dur+ ! la/ five ye>s1 "u ! direction ( ! late ,mr4 ,brunel1 ,sir ,w4 ,cubitt1 ,mr4 ,hawk%aw1 ,mr4 ,page1 ,mr4 ,f[l]1 ,mr4 ,hemans1 & o!rs among our mo/ em95t eng9e]s1 are drawn & specifi$ 9 great detail4--,eng9e]4 ,/ra9s1 ,calculation (4 ,a ,,h&y ,,book ,,= ,,! ,,calculation ,,( ,,/ra9s ,,9 ,,gird]s ,,& ,,simil> ,,/ructures1 ,,& ,,_! ,,/r5g?4 ,consi/+ ( ,=mul & ,correspond+ ,diagrams1 ) num]\s details = ,practical ,application1 c4 ,by ,,william ,,humb]1 ,a-,m4,in/4,c4,e41 c4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ne>ly #ajj ,woodcuts & #c ,plates1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,! =mulae are neatly express$1 & ! diagrams good4--,a!num4 ,we he>tily comm5d ?is really h&y book to our eng9e] & ar*itect read]s4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,b>l['s ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials1 enl>g$ by ,humb]4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,mat]ials3 ) ,rules = ,application 9 ,ar*itecture1 ! ,con/ruction ( ,susp5sion ,bridges1 ,railways1 c4 ,by ,,pet] ,,b>l[1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,a ,new ,edition1 ,revis$ by 8 ,sons1 ,p4 ,w4 ,,b>l[1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,w4 ,h4 ,,b>l[1 ,f4,r4,s42 to :i* are add$1 ,exp]im5ts by ,,hodgk9son1 ,,fairbairn1 & ,,kirkaldy2 & ,=mul = ,calculat+ ,gird]s1 c4 ,arrang$ & ,edit$ by ,,wm4 ,,humb]1 ,a-,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,demy #hvo1 #djj pp41 ) #ai l>ge ,plates & num]\s ,woodcuts1 #ahs4 clo?4 ,valuable alike to ! /ud5t1 tyro1 & ! exp]i5c$ practition]1 x w always rank future1 z x has hi!rto done1 z ! /&>d treatise on t p>ticul> subject4--,eng9e]4 ,!re is no great] au?ority ?an ,b>l[4--,build+ ,news4 ,z a sci5tific "w ( ! fir/ class1 x des]ves a =emo/ place on ! book%elves ( e civil eng9e] & practical me*anic4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,,mr4 ,,humb]',s ,,great ,,"w ,,on ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+4 ,complete 9 ,f\r ,volumes1 imp]ial #dto1 price #ab #abs41 half-morocco4 ,ea* ,volume sold sep>ately z foll[s3-- ,a ,,record ,,( ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+4 ,,fir/ ,,s]ies4 ,compris+ ,civil1 ,me*anical1 ,m>9e1 ,hydraulic1 ,railway1 ,bridge1 & o!r ,eng9e]+ ,works1 c4 ,by ,,william ,,humb]1 ,a-,m4,in/4,c4,e41 c4 ,imp4 #dto1 ) #cf ,d\ble ,plates1 drawn to a l>ge scale1 ,photographic ,portrait ( ,john ,hawk%aw1 ,c4,e41 ,f4,r4,s41 c41 & copi\s descriptive ,lett]press1 ,specifications1 c41 #c #cs4 half-morocco4 ,li/ ( ! ,plates & ,diagrams4 ,victoria ,/ation & ,ro(1 ,l4 ,b4 ,s4 ,c4 ,r4 7#c plates72 ,s\?port ,pi] 7#b plates72 ,victoria ,/ation & ,ro(1 ,l4 ,c4 ,d4 & ,g4 ,w4 ,r4 7#f plates72 ,ro( ( ,cremorne ,music ,hall2 ,bridge ov] ,g4 ,n4 ,railway2 ,ro( ( ,/ation1 ,dut* ,rh5i% ,rail 7#b plates72 ,bridge ov] ! ,?ames1 ,we/ ,london ,ext5sion ,railway 7#e plates72 ,arm\r ,plates3 ,susp5sion ,bridge1 ,?ames 7#d plates72 ,! ,all5 ,eng9e2 ,susp5sion ,bridge1 ,avon 7#c plates72 ,und]gr\nd ,railway 7#c plates74 ,h&somely li?ograph$ & pr9t$4 ,x w f9d fav\r ) _m :o desire to pres]ve 9 a p]man5t =m copies ( ! plans & specifications prep>$ = ! guidance ( ! contractors = _m important eng9e]+ works4--,eng9e]4 ,,humb]',s ,,progress ,,( ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+4 ,,second ,,s]ies4 ,imp4 #dto1 ) #cf ,d\ble ,plates1 ,photographic ,portrait ( ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 ,c4,e41 ,m4,p41 ,f4,r4,s41 c41 & copi\s descriptive ,lett]press1 ,specifications1 c41 #c #cs4 half-morocco4 ,li/ ( ! ,plates & ,diagrams4 ,birk5head ,docks1 ,l[ ,wat] ,bas9 7#ae plates72 ,*>+ ,cross ,/ation ,ro(1 ,c4 ,c4 ,railway 7#c plates72 ,digswell ,viaduct1 ,great ,nor!rn ,railway2 ,robb]y ,wood ,viaduct1 ,great ,nor!rn ,railway2 ,iron ,p]man5t ,way2 ,clyda* ,viaduct1 ,m]?yr1 ,tr$eg>1 & ,ab]gav5ny ,railway2 ,ebbw ,viaduct1 ,m]?yr1 ,tr$eg>1 & ,ab]gav5ny ,railway2 ,college ,wood ,viaduct1 ,cornwall ,railway2 ,dubl9 ,w9t] ,palace ,ro( 7#c plates72 ,bridge ov] ! ,?ames1 ,l4 ,c4 ,d4 ,railway 7#f plates72 ,alb]t ,h>b\r1 ,gre5ock 7#d plates74 ,mr4 ,humb] has done ! pr(ession good & true s]vice1 by ! f9e collection ( examples he has "h br\ght be=e ! pr(ession & ! public4--,practical ,me*anic's ,j\rnal4 ,,humb]',s ,,progress ,,( ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+4 ,,?ird ,,s]ies4 ,imp4 #dto1 ) #dj ,d\ble ,plates1 ,photographic ,portrait ( ,j4 ,r4 ,m',clean1 late ,pres4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 & copi\s descriptive ,lett]press1 ,specifications1 c41 #c #cs4 half-morocco4 ,li/ ( ! ,plates & ,diagrams4 ,,ma9 ,,dra9age1 ,,metropolis4--,nor? ,side4--,map %[+ ,int]ception ( ,sew]s2 ,middle ,level ,sew] 7#b plates72 ,outfall ,sew]1 ,bridge ov] ,riv] ,lea 7#c plates72 ,outfall ,sew]1 ,bridge ov] ,m>% ,lane1 ,nor? ,woolwi* ,railway1 & ,b[ & ,b>k+ ,railway ,junction2 ,outfall ,sew]1 ,bridge ov] ,b[ & ,b>k+ ,railway 7#c plates72 ,outfall ,sew]1 ,bridge ov] ,ea/ ,london ,wat]works' ,fe$] 7#b plates72 ,outfall ,sew]1 ,res]voir 7#b plates72 ,outfall ,sew]1 ,tumbl+ ,bay & ,outlet2 ,outfall ,sew]1 ,p5/ocks4 ,s\? ,side4--,outfall ,sew]1 ,b]mondsey ,bran* 7#b plates72 ,outfall ,sew]1 ,res]voir & ,outlet 7#d plates72 ,outfall ,sew]1 ,fil? ,hoi/2 ,sections ( ,sew]s 7,nor? & ,s\? ,sides74 ,,?ames ,,embankm5t4--,section ( ,riv] ,wall2 ,/eamboat ,pi]1 ,we/m9/] 7#b plates72 ,l&+ ,/airs betwe5 ,*>+ ,cross & ,wat]loo ,bridges2 ,york ,gate 7#b plates72 ,ov]fl[ & ,outlet at ,savoy ,/reet ,sew] 7#c plates72 ,/eamboat ,pi]1 ,wat]loo ,bridge 7#c plates72 ,junction ( ,sew]s1 ,plans & ,sections2 ,gullies1 ,plans & ,sections2 ,roll+ ,/ock2 ,granite & ,iron ,=ts4 ,! draw+s h a con/antly increas+ value1 & :oev] desires to possess cle> repres5tations ( ! two great works c>ri$ out by our ,metropolitan ,bo>d w obta9 ,mr4 ,humb]'s volume4--,eng9e]4 ,,humb]',s ,,progress ,,( ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+4 ,,f\r? ,,s]ies4 ,imp4 #dto1 ) #cf ,d\ble ,plates1 ,photographic ,portrait ( ,john ,f[l]1 late ,pres4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 & copi\s descriptive ,lett]press1 ,specifications1 c41 #c #cs4 half-morocco4 ,li/ ( ! ,plates & ,diagrams4 ,abbey ,mills ,pump+ ,/ation1 ,ma9 ,dra9age1 ,metropolis 7#d plates72 ,b>r[ ,docks 7#e plates72 ,manquis ,viaduct1 ,santiago & ,valp>aiso ,railway 7#b plates72 ,adams ,locomotive1 ,/4 ,hel5's ,canal ,railway 7#b plates72 ,cannon ,/reet ,/ation ,ro(1 ,*>+ ,cross ,railway 7#c plates72 ,road ,bridge ov] ! ,riv] ,moka 7#b plates72 ,telegraphic ,app>atus = ,mesopotamia2 ,viaduct ov] ! ,riv] ,wye1 ,midl& ,railway 7#c plates72 ,/4 ,g]mans ,viaduct1 ,cornwall ,railway 7#b plates72 ,wr\ght-,iron ,cyl9d] = ,div+ ,bell2 ,millwall ,docks 7#f plates72 ,milroy's ,pat5t ,excavator2 ,metropolitan ,di/rict ,railway 7#f plates72 ,h>b\rs1 ,ports1 & ,breakwat]s 7#c plates74 ,we gladly welcome ano!r ye>'s issue ( ?is valuable publication f ! able p5 ( ,mr4 ,humb]4 ,! accuracy & g5]al excell5ce ( ?is "w are well kn[n1 :ile its usefulness 9 giv+ ! measurem5ts & details ( "s ( ! late/ examples ( eng9e]+1 z c>ri$ out by ! mo/ em95t m5 9 ! pr(ession1 _c be too highly priz$4--,artisan4 ,/atics1 ,graphic & ,analytic4 ,,graphic ,,& ,,analytic ,,/atics1 9 _! ,practical ,application to ! ,treatm5t ( ,/resses 9 ,ro(s1 ,solid ,gird]s1 ,lattice1 ,b[/r+ & ,susp5sion ,bridges1 ,brac$ ,iron ,ar*es & ,pi]s1 & o!r ,frameworks4 ,by ,r4 ,,hudson ,,graham1 ,c4,e4 ,conta9+ ,diagrams & ,plates to ,scale4 ,) num]\s ,examples1 _m tak5 f exi/+ ,/ructures4 ,specially arrang$ = ,class-"w 9 ,colleges & ,univ]sities4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 #hvo1 #afs4 clo?4 ,mr4 ,graham's book w f9d a place :]ev] graphic & analytic /atics are us$ or /udi$4--,eng9e]4 ,! "w is excell5t f a practical po9t ( view1 & has evid5tly be5 prep>$ ) mu* c>e4 ,! directions = work+ are ample1 & are illu/rat$ by an abundance ( well-select$ examples4 ,x is an excell5t text-book = ! practical draughtsman4--,a!num4 ,practical ,ma!matics4 ,,ma!matics ,,= ,,practical ,,m53 ,be+ a ,commonplace ,book ( ,pure & ,mix$ ,ma!matics4 ,design$ *iefly = ! use ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,ar*itects & ,surveyors4 ,by ,,ol9?us ,,gregory1 ,l4,l4,d41 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,enl>g$ by ,,h5ry ,,law1 ,c4,e4 #d? ,edition1 c>efully ,revis$ by ,j4 ,r4 ,,"y1 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics1 ,belfa/ ,college4 ,) #ac ,plates4 #hvo1 #a #as4 clo?4 ,! eng9e] or ar*itect w "h f9d ready to 8 h& rules = solv+ ne>ly e ma!matical difficulty t may arise 9 8 practice4 ,! rules are 9 all cases expla9$ by means ( examples1 9 :i* e /ep ( ! process is cle>ly work$ out4--,build]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]viceable books = practical me*anics4444 ,x is an in/ructive book = ! /ud5t1 & a text-book = him :o1 hav+ once ma/]$ ! subjects x treats (1 ne$s occasionally to refre% 8 memory ^u !m4--,build+ ,news4 ,hydraulic ,tables4 ,,hydraulic ,,tables1 ,,co-,,effici5ts1 & ,,=mul = f9d+ ! ,dis*>ge ( ,wat] f ,orifices1 ,not*es1 ,weirs1 ,pipes1 & ,riv]s4 ,) ,new ,=mul1 ,tables1 & ,g5]al ,in=mation on ,ra9fall1 ,cat*m5t-,bas9s1 ,dra9age1 ,sew]age1 ,wat] ,supply = ,t[ns & ,mill ,p[]4 ,by ,,john ,,neville1 ,civil ,eng9e]1 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 ,?ird ,ed41 c>efully ,revis$1 ) consid]able ,additions4 ,num]\s ,illu/s4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #ads4 clo?4 ,alike valuable to /ud5ts & eng9e]s 9 practice2 its /udy w prev5t ! annoyance ( avoidable failures1 & assi/ !m to select ! readie/ means ( successfully c>ry+ out any giv5 "w connect$ ) hydraulic eng9e]+4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,x is1 ( all ,engli% books on ! subject1 ! "o ne>e/ to complet5ess4444 ,f ! good arrangem5t ( ! matt]1 ! cle> explanations1 & abundance ( =mul1 ! c>efully calculat$ tables1 &1 above all1 ! ?or\gh acqua9tance ) bo? !ory & con/ruction1 :i* is display$ f fir/ to la/1 ! book w be f\nd to be an acquisition4--,ar*itect4 ,hydraulics4 ,,hydraulic ,,manual4 ,consi/+ ( ,work+ ,tables & ,explanatory ,text4 ,int5d$ z a ,guide 9 ,hydraulic ,calculations & ,field ,op]ations4 ,by ,,l[is ,d',a4 ,,jackson1 ,au?or ( ,aid to ,survey ,practice1 ,mod]n ,metrology1 c4 ,f\r? ,edition1 ,enl>g$4 ,l>ge cr4 #hvo1 #afs4 cl4 ,! au?or has _h a wide exp]i5ce 9 hydraulic eng9e]+ & has be5 a c>eful obs]v] ( ! facts :i* h come "u 8 notice1 & f ! great mass ( mat]ial at 8 comm& he has con/ruct$ a manual :i* may be accept$ z a tru/wor?y guide to ?is bran* ( ! eng9e]'s pr(ession4 ,we c he>tily recomm5d ?is volume to all :o desire to be acqua9t$ ) ! late/ developm5t ( ?is important subject4--,eng9e]+4 ,! /&>d-"w 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( me*anics4--,scotsman4 ,! mo/ useful feature ( ?is "w is its fre$om f :at is sup]annuat$1 & its ?or\gh adoption ( rec5t exp]im5ts2 ! text is1 9 fact1 9 great "p a %ort acc\nt ( ! great mod]n exp]im5ts4--,nature4 ,dra9age4 ,,on ,,! ,,dra9age ,,( ,,l&s1 ,,t[ns1 ,,& ,,build+s4 ,by ,g4 ,d4 ,,dempsey1 ,c4,e41 ,au?or ( ,! ,practical ,railway ,eng9e]1 c4 ,revis$1 ) l>ge ,additions on ,,rec5t ,,practice ,,9 ,,dra9age ,,eng9e]+1 by ,d4 ,,k9ne> ,,cl>k1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,au?or ( ,tramways3 ,_! ,con/ruction & ,work+1 ,a ,manual ( ,rules1 ,tables1 & ,data = ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 c4 ,second ,edition1 ,correct$4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #es4 clo?4 ,! new matt] add$ to ,mr4 ,dempsey's excell5t "w is *>act]is$ by ! compreh5sive grasp & accuracy ( detail = :i* ! "n ( ,mr4 ,d4 ,k4 ,cl>k is a suffici5t v\*]4--,a!num4 ,z a "w on rec5t practice 9 dra9age eng9e]+1 ! book is to be comm5d$ to all :o are mak+ t bran* ( eng9e]+ sci5ce _! special /udy4--,iron4 ,a compreh5sive manual on dra9age eng9e]+1 & a useful introduction to ! /ud5t4--,build+ ,news4 ,wat] ,/orage1 ,conveyance1 & ,utilisation4 ,,wat] ,,eng9e]+3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,measurem5t1 ,/orage1 ,conveyance1 & ,utilisation ( ,wat] = ! ,supply ( ,t[ns1 = ,mill ,p[]1 & = o!r ,purposes4 ,by ,,*>les ,,slagg1 ,wat] & ,dra9age ,eng9e]1 ,a4,m4,in/4,c4,e41 ,au?or ( ,sanit>y ,"w 9 ! ,small] ,t[ns1 & 9 ,villages1 c4 ,) num]\s ,illu/s4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,z a small practical treatise on ! wat] supply ( t[ns1 & on "s applications ( wat]-p[]1 ! "w is 9 _m respects excell5t4--,eng9e]+4 ,! au?or has collat$ ! results d$uc$ f ! exp]im5ts ( ! mo/ em95t au?orities1 & has pres5t$ !m 9 a compact & practical =m1 accompani$ by v cle> & detail$ explanations4444 ,! application ( wat] z a motive p[] is treat$ v c>efully & exhau/ively4--,build]4 ,= anyone :o desires to beg9 ! /udy ( hydraulics ) a consid]ation ( ! practical applications ( ! sci5ce !re is no bett] guide4--,ar*itect4 ,riv] ,eng9e]+4 ,,riv] ,,b>s3 ,! ,causes ( _! ,=mation1 & _! ,treatm5t by ,induc$ ,tidal ,sc\r2 ) a ,description ( ! ,successful ,r$uction by ?is ,me?od ( ! ,b> at ,dubl94 ,by ,i4 ,j4 ,,mann1 ,assi/4 ,eng4 to ! ,dubl9 ,port & ,docks ,bo>d4 ,royal #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,we recomm5d all int]e/$ 9 h>b\r works--&1 inde$1 ^? conc]n$ 9 ! improvem5ts ( riv]s g5]ally--to read ,mr4 ,mann's int]e/+ "w on ! treatm5t ( riv] b>s4--,eng9e]4 ,trusses4 ,,trusses ,,( ,,wood ,,& ,,iron4 ,practical ,applications ( ,sci5ce 9 ,det]m9+ ! ,/resses1 ,break+ ,weights1 ,safe ,loads1 ,scantl+s1 & ,details ( ,con/ruction1 ) ,complete ,work+ ,draw+s4 ,by ,,william ,,griffi?s1 ,surveyor1 ,assi/ant ,ma/]1 ,tranm]e ,s*ool ( ,sci5ce & ,art4 ,oblong #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,?is h&y little book ent]s s m9utely into e detail connect$ ) ! con/ruction ( ro( trusses1 t no /ud5t ne$ be ignorant ( ^! matt]s4--,practical ,eng9e]4 ,railway ,work+4 ,,safe ,,railway ,,work+4 ,a ,treatise on ,railway ,accid5ts3 ,_! ,cause & ,prev5tion2 ) a ,description ( ,mod]n ,appliances & ,sy/ems4 ,by ,,clem5t ,e4 ,,/retton1 ,c4,e41 ,vice-,presid5t & ,consult+ ,eng9e]1 ,amalgamat$ ,society ( ,railway ,s]vants4 ,) ,illu/rations & ,col\r$ ,plates4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,enl>g$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,a book = ! eng9e]1 ! directors1 ! manag]s2 &1 9 %ort1 all :o wi% = in=mation on railway matt]s w f9d a p]fect encyclopdia 9 ',safe ,railway ,work+4'--,railway ,review4 ,we comm5d ! rem>ks on railway signall+ to all railway manag]s1 especially :]e a uni=m code & practice is advocat$4--,h]epa?'s ,railway ,j\rnal4 ,! au?or may be congratulat$ on hav+ collect$1 9 a v conv5i5t =m1 mu* valuable in=mation on ! pr9cipal que/ions affect+ ! safe work+ ( railways4--,railway ,eng9e]4 ,oblique ,bridges4 ,a ,,practical ,,& ,,!oretical ,,essay ,,on ,,oblique ,,bridges4 ,) #ac l>ge ,plates4 ,by ! late ,,george ,,watson ,,buck1 ,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,?ird ,edition1 revis$ by 8 ,son1 ,j4 ,h4 ,,watson ,,buck1 ,m4,i4,c4,e42 & ) ! addition ( ,description to ,diagrams = ,facilitat+ ! ,con/ruction ( ,oblique ,bridges1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,,b>l[1 ,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,royal #hvo1 #abs4 clo?4 ,! /&>d text-book = all eng9e]s reg>d+ skew ar*es is ,mr4 ,buck's treatise1 & x w\ld be impossible to consult a bett]4--,eng9e]4 ,mr4 ,buck's treatise is recognis$ z a /&>d text-book1 & 8 treatm5t has dive/$ ! subject ( _m ( ! intricacies suppos$ to belong to x4 ,z a guide to ! eng9e] & ar*itect1 on a confess$ly difficult subject1 ,mr4 ,buck's "w is unsurpass$4--,build+ ,news4 ,tunnel ,%afts4 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,l>ge ,,tunnel ,,%afts3 ,a ,practical & ,!oretical ,essay4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,watson ,,buck1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e41 ,resid5t ,eng9e]1 ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,fold+ ,plates4 ,royal #hvo1 #abs4 clo?4 ,_m ( ! me?ods giv5 are ( extreme practical value to ! mason2 & ! obs]vations on ! =m ( ar*1 ! rules = ord]+ ! /one1 & ! con/ruction ( ! templates w be f\nd ( consid]able use4 ,we comm5d ! book to ! eng9e]+ pr(ession4--,build+ ,news4 ,w be reg>d$ by civil eng9e]s z ( ! utmo/ value1 & calculat$ to save mu* "t & obviate _m mi/akes4--,colli]y ,gu>dian4 ,/ud5t's ,text-,book on ,survey+4 ,,practical ,,survey+3 ,a ,text-,book = ,/ud5ts prep>+ = ,exam9ation or = ,survey-"w 9 ! ,colonies4 ,by ,,george ,w4 ,,usill1 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,au?or ( ,! ,/ati/ics ( ! ,wat] ,supply ( ,great ,brita94 ,) ,f\r ,li?ographic ,plates & upw>ds ( #ccj ,illu/rations4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,includ+ ,tables ( ,natural ,s9es1 ,tang5ts1 ,secants1 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?2 or1 on ,,?9 ,,pap]1 b\nd 9 limp lea!r1 gilt edges1 r\nd$ corn]s1 = pocket use1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,! be/ =ms ( in/rum5ts are describ$ z to _! con/ruction1 uses & modes ( employm5t1 & !re are innum]able h9ts on "w & equipm5t su* z ! au?or1 9 8 exp]i5ce z surveyor1 draughtsman1 & tea*]1 has f\nd necess>y1 & :i* ! /ud5t 9 8 inexp]i5ce w f9d mo/ s]viceable4--,eng9e]4 ,! late/ treatise 9 ! ,engli% language on survey+1 & we h no hesitation 9 say+ t ! /ud5t w f9d x a bett] guide ?an any ( its pr$ecessors4444 ,des]ves to be recognis$ z ! fir/ book :i* %\ld be put 9 ! h&s ( a pupil ( ,civil ,eng9e]+1 & e g5tleman ( education :o sets out = ! ,colonies w\ld f9d x well to h a copy4--,ar*itect4 ,survey ,practice4 ,,aid ,,to ,,survey ,,practice1 = ,ref]5ce 9 ,survey+1 ,levell+1 & ,sett+-out2 & 9 ,r\te ,surveys ( ,travell]s by ,l& & ,sea4 ,) ,tables1 ,illu/rations1 & ,records4 ,by ,,l[is ,d',a4 ,,jackson1 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,au?or ( ,hydraulic ,manual1 ,mod]n ,metrology1 c4 ,second ,edition1 ,enl>g$4 ,l>ge cr[n #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,a valuable vade-mecum = ! surveyor4 ,we c recomm5d ?is book z conta9+ an admirable supplem5t to ! tea*+ ( ! accompli%$ surveyor4--,a!num4 ,z a text-book we %\ld advise all surveyors to place x 9 _! libr>ies1 & /udy well ! matur$ in/ructions af=d$ 9 its pages4--,colli]y ,gu>dian4 ,! au?or br+s to 8 "w a =tunate union ( !ory & practical exp]i5ce :i*1 aid$ by a cle> & lucid /yle ( writ+1 r5d]s ! book a v useful "o4--,build]4 ,survey+1 ,l& & ,m>9e4 ,,l& ,,& ,,m>9e ,,survey+1 9 ,ref]5ce to ! ,prep>ation ( ,plans = ,roads & ,railways2 ,canals1 ,riv]s1 ,t[ns' ,wat] ,supplies2 ,docks & ,h>b\rs4 ,) ,description & ,use ( ,survey+ ,in/rum5ts4 ,by ,w4 ,d4 ,,haskoll1 ,c4,e41 ,au?or ( ,bridge & ,viaduct ,con/ruction1 c4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$1 ) ,additions4 ,l>ge cr4 #hvo1 #is4 cl4 ,?is book mu/ prove ( great value to ! /ud5t4 ,we h no hesitation 9 recomm5d+ x1 feel+ assur$ t x w m ?an repay a c>eful /udy4--,me*anical ,_w4 ,a mo/ useful & well arrang$ book4 ,we c /rongly recomm5d x z a c>efully-writt5 & valuable text-book4 ,x enjoys a well-des]v$ repute among surveyors4--,build]4 ,?is volume _c fail to prove ( ! utmo/ practical utility4 ,x may be safely recomm5d$ to all /ud5ts :o aspire to become clean & exp]t surveyors4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,field-,book = ,eng9e]s4 ,,! ,,eng9e]',s1 ,,m9+ ,,surveyor',s1 ,,& ,,contractor',s ,,field-,,book4 ,consi/+ ( a ,s]ies ( ,tables1 ) ,rules1 ,explanations ( ,sy/ems1 & use ( ,!odolite = ,trav]se ,survey+ & ,plott+ ! ,"w ) m9ute accuracy by means ( ,/raight ,edge & ,set ,squ>e only2 ,levell+ ) ! ,!odolite1 ,ca/+-out & ,r$uc+ ,levels to ,datum1 & ,plott+ ,sections 9 ! ord9>y mann]2 sett+-out ,curves ) ! ,!odolite by ,tang5tial ,angles & ,multiples1 ) ,"r & ,left-h& ,read+s ( ! ,in/rum5t3 ,sett+-out ,curves )\t ,!odolite1 on ! ,sy/em ( ,tang5tial ,angles by sets ( ,tang5ts & ,(fsets2 & ,e>?work ,tables to #hj feet deep1 calculat$ = e #f in*es 9 dep?4 ,by ,w4 ,d4 ,,haskoll1 ,c4,e4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #abs4 clo?4 ,! book is v h&y2 ! sep>ate tables ( s9es & tang5ts to e m9ute w make x useful = _m o!r purposes1 ! g5u9e trav]se tables exi/+ all ! same4--,a!num4 ,e p]son engag$ 9 eng9e]+ field op]ations w e/imate ! importance ( su* a "w & ! am\nt ( valuable "t :i* w be sav$ by ref]5ce to a set ( reliable tables prep>$ ) ! accuracy & fulness ( ^? giv5 9 ?is volume4--,railway ,news4 ,levell+4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,levell+4 ,%[+ its ,application to purposes ( ,railway & ,civil ,eng9e]+1 9 ! ,con/ruction ( ,roads2 ) ,mr4 ,,tel=d',s ,rules = ! same4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,simms1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,sev5? ,edition1 ) ! addition ( ,law's ,practical ,examples = ,sett+-out ,railway ,curves1 & ,,trautw9e',s ,field ,practice ( ,lay+-out ,circul> ,curves4 ,) #g ,plates & num]\s ,woodcuts4 #hvo1 #hs4 #f;d4 clo?4 999999 ,,trautw9e on ,curves may be _h sep>ate1 #es4 ,! text-book on levell+ 9 mo/ ( our eng9e]+ s*ools & colleges4--,eng9e]4 ,! publi%]s h r5d]$ a sub/antial s]vice to ! pr(ession1 especially to ! y\ng] memb]s1 by br++ out ! pres5t edition ( ,mr4 ,simms's useful "w4--,eng9e]+4 ,trigonometrical ,survey+4 ,,an ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,conduct+ ,a ,,trigonometrical ,,survey1 = ! ,=mation ( ,geographical & ,topographical ,maps & ,plans1 ,milit>y ,reconnaissance1 ,levell+1 c41 ) ,useful ,problems1 ,=mul1 & ,tables4 ,by ,lieut4-,g5]al ,,frome1 ,r4,e4 ,f\r? ,edition1 ,revis$ & p>tly ,re-writt5 by ,major-,g5]al ,sir ,,*>les ,,w>r51 ,g4,c4,m4,g41 ,r4,e4 ,) #ai ,plates & #aae ,woodcuts4 ,royal #hvo1 #afs4 clo?4 ,! simple fact t a f\r? edition has be5 call$ = is ! be/ te/imony to its m]its4 ,no words ( praise f u c /r5g!n ! position s well & s /eadily ma9ta9$ by ?is "w4 ,sir ,*>les ,w>r5 has revis$ ! entire "w1 & made su* additions z 7 necess>y to br+ e portion ( ! cont5ts up to ! pres5t date4--,broad ,arr[4 ,field ,=tification4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,field ,,=tification1 ,,! ,,attack ,,( ,,=tresses1 ,,milit>y ,,m9+1 ,,& ,,reconnoitr+4 ,by ,colonel ,i4 ,s4 ,,macaulay1 late ,pr(essor ( ,=tification 9 ! ,r4,m4,a41 ,woolwi*4 ,six? ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) sep>ate ,atlas ( #ab ,plates1 #abs4 clo?4 ,tunnell+4 ,,practical ,,tunnell+4 ,expla9+ 9 detail ! ,sett+-out ( ! works1 ,%aft-s9k+ & ,head+-driv+1 ,rang+ ! ,l9es & ,levell+ und]gr\nd1 ,sub-,excavat+1 ,timb]+1 & ! ,con/ruction ( ! ,brickwork ( ,tunnels1 ) ! am\nt ( ,lab\r requir$ =1 & ! ,co/ (1 ! v>i\s portions ( ! "w4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,simms1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,ext5d$ by ,d4 ,,k9ne> ,,cl>k1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,imp]ial #hvo1 ) #ba ,fold+ ,plates & num]\s ,wood ,engrav+s1 #cjs4 clo?4 ,! e/imation 9 :i* ,mr4 ,simms's book on tunnell+ has be5 held = ov] ?irty ye>s _c be m truly express$ ?an 9 ! words ( ! late ,pr(4 ,rank9e3--',! be/ s\rce ( in=mation on ! subject ( tunnels is ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,simms's "w on ,practical ,tunnell+4'--,ar*itect4 ,x has be5 reg>d$ f ! fir/ z a text-book ( ! subject4444 ,mr4 ,cl>k has add$ imm5sely to ! value ( ! book4--,eng9e]4 ,tramways & _! ,work+4 ,,tramways3 ,,_! ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,work+4 ,embrac+ a ,compreh5sive ,hi/ory ( ! ,sy/em2 ) an exhau/ive ,analysis ( ! v>i\s ,modes ( ,traction1 includ+ ,horse-,p[]1 ,/eam1 ,cable ,traction1 ,electric ,traction1 c42 a ,description ( ! ,v>ieties ( ,roll+ ,/ock2 & ample ,details ( ,co/ & ,work+ ,exp5ses4 ,new ,edition1 ,?or\ghly ,revis$1 & ,includ+ ! ,progress rec5tly made 9 ,tramway ,con/ruction1 c4 c4 ,by ,d4 ,,k9ne> ,,cl>k1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations & ,fold+ ,plates4 ,9 ,"o ,volume1 #hvo1 #gjj pages1 price ab\t #bes4 ,ne>ly ready4 ,all int]e/$ 9 tramways mu/ ref] to x1 z all railway eng9e]s h turn$ to ! au?or's "w ',railway ,ma*9]y4'--,eng9e]4 ,an exhau/ive & practical "w on tramways1 9 :i* ! hi/ory ( ?is k9d ( locomotion1 & a description & co/ ( ! v>i\s modes ( lay+ tramways1 are to be f\nd4--,build+ ,news4 ,! be/ =m ( rails1 ! be/ mode ( con/ruction1 & ! be/ me*anical appliances are s fairly indicat$ 9 ! "w "u review1 t any eng9e] ab\t to con/ruct a tramway w be enabl$ at once to obta9 ! practical in=mation :i* w be ( mo/ s]vice to him4--,a!num4 ,curves1 ,tables = ,sett+-out4 ,,tables ,,( ,,tang5tial ,,angles ,,& ,,multiples = ,sett+-out ,curves f #e to #bjj ,radius4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,beazeley1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,pr9t$ on #dh ,c>ds1 & sold 9 a clo? box1 wai/coat-pocket size1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,ea* table is pr9t$ on a small c>d1 :i*1 be+ plac$ on ! !odolite1 leaves ! h&s free to manipulate ! in/rum5t--no small advantage z reg>ds ! rapidity ( "w4--,eng9e]4 ,v h&y2 a man may "k t all 8 day's "w mu/ fall on two ( ^! c>ds1 :i* he puts into 8 own c>d-case1 & leaves ! re/ beh9d4--,a!num4 ,e>?work4 ,,e>?work ,,tables4 ,%[+ ! ,cont5ts 9 ,cubic ,y>ds ( ,embankm5ts1 ,cutt+s1 c41 ( ,heights or ,dep?s up to an av]age ( #hj feet4 ,by ,,joseph ,,broadb5t1 ,c4,e41 & ,,francis ,,camp91 ,c4,e4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 clo?4 ,! way 9 :i* accuracy is atta9$1 by a simple division ( ea* cross section into ?ree elem5ts1 two 9 :i* are con/ant & "o v>iable1 is +5i\s4--,a!num4 ,heat1 ,expansion by4 ,,expansion ,,( ,,/ructures ,,by ,,heat4 ,by ,,john ,,keily1 ,c4,e41 late ( ! ,indian ,public ,works & ,victorian ,railway ,dep>tm5ts4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,section ,i4 ,,=mulas ,,& ,,data4 ,section ,,ii4 ,,metal ,,b>s4 ,section ,,iii4 ,,simple ,,frames4 ,section ,,iv4 ,,complex ,,frames ,,& ,,plates4 ,section ,v4 ,,!rmal ,,conductivity4 ,section ,,vi4 ,,me*anical ,,=ce ,,( ,,heat4 ,section ,,vii4 ,,"w ,,( ,,expansion ,,& ,,contraction4 ,section ,,viii4 ,,susp5sion ,,bridges4 ,section ,,ix4 ,,masonry ,,/ructures4 ,! aim ! au?or has set be=e him1 viz41 to %[ ! effects ( heat ^u metallic & o!r /ructures1 is a laudable "o1 = ?is is a bran* ( physics ^u :i* ! eng9e] or ar*itect c f9d b little reliable & compreh5sive data 9 books4--,build]4 ,:oev] is conc]n$ to "k ! effect ( *anges ( temp]ature on su* /ructures z susp5sion bridges & ! l1 c\ld n d bett] ?an consult ,mr4 ,keily's valuable & h&y exposition ( ! geometrical pr9ciples involv$ 9 ^! *anges4--,scotsman4 ,e>?work1 ,measurem5t (4 ,a ,,manual ,,on ,,e>?work4 ,by ,,alex4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,graham1 ,c4,e4 ,) num]\s ,diagrams4 ,second ,edition4 #ahmo1 #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,a great am\nt ( practical in=mation1 v admirably arrang$1 & available = r\gh e/imates1 z well z = ! m exact calculations requir$ 9 ! eng9e]'s & contractor's (fices4--,artizan4 ,/ra9s 9 ,ironwork4 ,,! ,,/ra9s ,,on ,,/ructures ,,( ,,ironwork3 ) ,practical ,rem>ks on ,iron ,con/ruction4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,%eilds1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,second ,edition1 ) #e ,plates4 ,royal #hvo1 #es4 clo?4 ,! /ud5t _c f9d a bett] little book on ?is subject4--,eng9e]4 ,ca/ ,iron & o!r ,metals1 ,/r5g? (4 ,a ,,practical ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron ,,& ,,o!r ,,metals4 ,by ,,?omas ,,tr$gold1 ,c4,e4 ,fif? ,edition1 includ+ ,hodgk9son's ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es4 #hvo1 #abs4 clo?4 ,oblique ,ar*es4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,oblique ,,ar*es4 ,by ,,john ,,h>t4 ,?ird ,edition1 ) ,plates4 ,imp]ial #hvo1 #hs4 clo?4 ,gird]s1 ,/r5g? (4 ,,graphic ,,table ,,= ,,facilitat+ ,,! ,,computation ,,( ,,! ,,weights ,,( ,,wr\ght ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel ,,gird]s1 etc41 = ,p>liam5t>y & o!r ,e/imates4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,watson ,,buck1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,on a ,%eet1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,wat] ,supply & ,wat]-,works4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,wat] ,,supply ,,( ,,t[ns ,,& ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,wat]-,,works4 ,by ,w4 ,k4 ,,burton1 ,a4,m4,in/4,c ,e41 ,pr(essor ( ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity1 ,tokyo1 ,japan1 & ,consult+ ,eng9e] to ! ,tokyo ,wat]-,works4 ,) an ,app5dix on ,wat]-,works 9 ,c\ntries subject to ,e>?quakes1 by ,,john ,,milne1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,m9+ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity ( ,japan4 ,) num]\s ,plates & ,illu/s4 ,9 ! press4 ,,m>9e ,,eng9e]+1 ,,%ipbuild+1 ,,navigation1 etc4 ,pocket-,book = ,naval ,ar*itects & ,%ipbuild]s4 ,,! ,,naval ,,ar*itect',s ,,& ,,%ipbuild]',s ,,pocket-,,book ( ,=mul1 ,rules1 & ,tables1 & ,,m>9e ,,eng9e]',s ,,& ,,surveyor',s ,h&y ,book ( ,ref]5ce4 ,by ,,clem5t ,,mackr[1 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itution ( ,naval ,ar*itects1 ,naval ,draughtsman4 ,fif? ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ to #gjj pages1 ) upw>ds ( #cjj ,illu/rations4 ,fcap41 #abs4 #f;d4 /rongly b\nd 9 lea!r4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,signs ,,& ,,symbols1 ,,decimal ,,fractions4--,,trigonometry4--,,practic al ,,geometry4--,,m5suration4--,,c5tres ,,& ,,mom5ts ,,( ,,figures4--,,mom5ts ,,( ,,in]tia ,,& ,,radii ,,( ,,gyration4--,,algebraical ,,expressions ,,= ,,simpson',s ,,rules4--,,me*anical ,,pr9ciples4--,,c5tre ,,( ,,gravity4--,,laws ,,( ,,motion4--,,displacem5t1 ,,c5tre ,,( ,,buoyancy4--,,c5tre ,,( ,,gravity ,,( ,,%ip',s ,,hull4--,,/ability ,,curves ,,& ,,metac5tres4--,,sea ,,& ,,%all[-,,wat] ,,waves4--,,roll+ ,,( ,,%ips4--,,propulsion ,,& ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,vessels4--,,spe$ ,,trials4--,,sail+1 ,,c5tre ,,( ,,ef=t4--,,di/ances ,,d[n ,,riv]s1 ,,coa/ ,,l9es4--,,/e]+ ,,& ,,rudd]s ,,( ,,vessels4--,,laun*+ ,,calculations ,,& ,,velocities4--,,weight ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,& ,,ge>4--,,gun ,,p>ticul>s ,,& ,,weight4--,,/&>d ,,gauges4--,,rivet$ ,,jo9ts ,,& ,,rivet+4--,,/r5g? ,,& ,,te/s ,,( ,,mat]ials4--,,b9d+ ,,& ,,%e>+ ,,/resses1 ,,etc4--,,/r5g? ,,( ,,%aft+1 ,,pill>s1 ,,:eels1 ,,etc4--,,hydraulic ,,data1 ,,etc4--,,conic ,,sections1 ,,cat5>ian ,,curves4--,,me*anical ,,p[]s1 ,,"w4--,,bo>d ,,( ,,trade ,,regulations ,,= ,,boil]s ,,& ,,eng9es4--,,bo>d ,,( ,,trade ,,regulations ,,= ,,%ips4--,,lloyd',s ,,rules ,,= ,,boil]s4--,,lloyd',s ,,weight ,,( ,,*a9s4--,,lloyd',s ,,scantl+s ,,= ,,%ips4--,,data ,,( ,,eng9es ,,& ,,vessels4--,,%ips' ,,fitt+s ,,& ,,te/s4--,,season+ ,,pres]v+ ,,timb]4--,,measurem5t ,,( ,,timb]4--,,alloys1 ,,pa9ts1 ,,v>ni%es4--,,data ,,= ,,/[age4--,,admiralty ,,transport ,,regulations4--,,rules ,,= ,,horsep[]1 ,,screw ,,propell]s1 ,,etc4--,,p]c5tages ,,= ,,butt ,,/raps1 ,,etc4--,,p>ticul>s ,,( ,,ya*ts4--,,ma/+ ,,& ,,rigg+ ,,vessels4--,,di/ances ,,( ,,=eign ,,ports4--,,tonnage ,,tables4--,,vocabul>y ,,( ,,fr5* ,,& ,,engli% ,,t]ms4--,,engli% ,,weights ,,& ,,measures4--,,=eign ,,weights ,,& ,,measures4--,,decimal ,,equival5ts4--,,=eign ,,money4--,,disc\nt ,,& ,,wage ,,tables4--,,useful ,,numb]s ,,& ,,ready ,,reckon]s--,,tables ,,( ,,circul> ,,measures4--,,tables ,,( ,,areas ,,( ,,& ,,circumf]5ces ,,( ,,circles4--,,tables ,,( ,,areas ,,( ,,segm5ts ,,( ,,circles4--,,tables ,,( ,,squ>es ,,& ,,cubes ,,& ,,roots ,,( ,,numb]s4--,,tables ,,( ,,log>i?ms ,,( ,,numb]s4--,,tables ,,( ,,hyp]bolic ,,log>i?ms4--,,tables ,,( ,,natural ,,s9es1 ,,tang5ts1 ,,etc4--,,tables ,,( ,,log>i?mic ,,s9es1 ,,tang5ts1 ,,etc4 ,9 ^! days ( advanc$ k a "w l ?is is ( ! greate/ value4 ,x conta9s a va/ am\nt ( in=mation4 ,we unhesitat+ly say t x is ! mo/ valuable compilation = its specific purpose t has ev] be5 pr9t$4 ,no naval ar*itect1 eng9e]1 surveyor1 or seaman1 wood or iron %ipbuild]1 c af=d to be )\t ?is "w4--,nautical ,magaz9e4 ,%\ld be us$ by all :o are engag$ 9 ! con/ruction or designs ( vessels4444 ,w be f\nd to conta9 ! mo/ useful tables & =mul requir$ by %ipbuild]s1 c>efully collect$ f ! be/ au?orities1 & put toge!r 9 a popul> & simple =m4--,eng9e]4 ,! pr(essional %ipbuild] has n[1 9 a conv5i5t & accessible =m1 reliable data = solv+ _m ( ! num]\s problems t pres5t !mselves 9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w4--,iron4 ,!re is no d\bt t a pocket-book ( ?is description mu/ be a necessity 9 ! %ipbuild+ trade4444 ,! volume conta9s a mass ( useful in=mation cle>ly express$ & pres5t$ 9 a h&y =m4--,m>9e ,eng9e]4 ,m>9e ,eng9e]+4 ,,m>9e ,,eng9es ,,& ,,/eam ,,vessels 7,a ,treatise on74 ,by ,,rob]t ,,murray1 ,c4,e4 ,eigh? ,edition1 ?or\ghly ,revis$1 ) consid]able ,additions by ! ,au?or & by ,,george ,,c>lisle1 ,c4,e41 ,s5ior ,surveyor to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade at ,liv]pool4 #abmo1 #es4 clo? bo>ds4 ,well adapt$ to give ! "y /eam%ip eng9e] or m>9e eng9e & boil] mak] a g5]al introduction into 8 practical "w4--,me*anical ,_w4 ,we feel sure t ?is ?or\ghly revis$ edition w cont9ue to be z popul> 9 ! future z x has be5 9 ! pa/1 z1 = its size1 x conta9s m useful in=mation ?an any simil> treatise4--,indu/ries4 ,z a comp5di\s & useful guide to eng9e]s ( our m]cantile & royal naval s]vices1 we %\ld say x _c be surpass$4--,build+ ,news4 ,! in=mation giv5 is bo? s\nd & s5sible1 & well qualifi$ to direct "y sea-go+ h&s on ! /raight road to ! extra *ief's c]tificate4444 ,mo/ useful to surveyors1 inspectors1 draughtsm51 & "y eng9e]s4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,pocket-,book = ,m>9e ,eng9e]s4 ,a ,,pocket-,,book ,,( ,,useful ,,tables ,,& ,,=mul ,,= ,,m>9e ,,eng9e]s4 ,by ,,frank ,,proctor1 ,a4,i4,n4,a1 ,?ird ,edition4 ,royal #cbmo1 lea!r1 gilt edges1 ) /rap1 #ds4 ,we recomm5d x to our read]s z go+ f> to supply a long-felt want4--,naval ,sci5ce4 ,a mo/ useful companion to all m>9e eng9e]s4--,unit$ ,s]vice ,gazette4 ,introduction to ,m>9e ,eng9e]+4 ,,elem5t>y ,,eng9e]+3 ,a ,manual = ,"y ,m>9e ,eng9e]s & ,appr5tices4 ,9 ! ,=m ( ,que/ions & ,answ]s on ,metals1 ,alloys1 ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials1 ,con/ruction & ,managem5t ( ,m>9e ,eng9es & ,boil]s1 ,geometry1 c4 c4 ,) an ,app5dix ( ,useful ,tables4 ,by ,,john ,,%]r5 ,,brew]1 ,gov]nm5t ,m>9e ,surveyor1 ,hong-,kong4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,small cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 clo?4 ,conta9s mu* valuable in=mation = ! class = :om x is int5d$1 especially 9 ! *apt]s on ! managem5t ( boil]s & eng9es4--,nautical ,magaz9e4 ,a useful introduction to ! m elaborate text-books4--,scotsman4 ,to a /ud5t :o has ! requisite desire & resolve to atta9 a ?or\gh k1 ,mr4 ,brew] (f]s decid$ly useful help4--,a!num4 ,navigation4 ,,practical ,,navigation4 ,consi/+ ( ,,! ,,sailor',s ,,sea-,,book1 by ,,james ,,gre5wood & ,w4 ,h4 ,,ross]2 toge!r ) ! requisite ,ma!matical & ,nautical ,tables = ! ,work+ ( ! ,problems1 by ,,h5ry ,,law1 ,c4,e41 & ,pr(essor ,j4 ,r4 ,,"y4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo1 #gs4 /rongly half-b\nd4 ,draw+ = ,m>9e ,eng9e]s4 ,,lockie',s ,,m>9e ,,eng9e]',s ,,draw+-,,book4 ,adapt$ to ! ,requirem5ts ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade ,exam9ations4 ,by ,,john ,,lockie1 ,c4,e4 ,) #bb ,plates1 ,drawn to ,scale4 ,royal #cvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,! /ud5t :o le>ns f ^! draw+s w h no?+ to unle>n4--,eng9e]4 ,! examples *os5 are ess5tially practical1 & are su* z %\ld prove ( s]vice to eng9e]s g5]ally1 :ile admirably fulfill+ _! specific purpose4--,me*anical ,_w4 ,sailmak+4 ,,! ,,art ,,& ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,sailmak+4 ,by ,,samuel ,b4 ,,sadl]4 ,practical ,sailmak]1 late 9 ! employm5t ( ,messrs4 ,ratsey & ,lap?orne1 ( ,c[es & ,gosport4 ,) ,plates & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,small #dto1 #abs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,! ,,mat]ials ,,us$ ,,& ,,_! ,,relation ,,to ,,sails4--,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,c5tre ,,( ,,ef=t4--,,iii4 ,,on ,,measur+4--,,iv4 ,,on ,,draw+4--,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,clo?s ,,requir$4--,,vi4 ,,on ,,all[ances4--,,vii4 ,,calculation ,,( ,,gores4--,,viii4 ,,on ,,cutt+ ,,out4--,,ix4 ,,on ,,rop+4--,x4 ,,on ,,diagonal-,,cut ,,sails4--,,xi4 ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks4 ,?is "w is v ably writt51 & is illu/rat$ by diagrams & c>efully work$ calculations4 ,! "w %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e sailmak]1 :e!r employ] or employ$1 z x _c fail to assi/ !m 9 ! pursuit ( _! important avocations4--,isle ( ,wight ,h]ald4 ,?is extremely practical "w gives a complete education 9 all ! bran*es ( ! manufacture1 cutt+ out1 rop+1 seam+1 & gor+4 ,x is copi\sly illu/rat$1 & w =m a fir/-rate text-book & guide4--,portsm\? ,times4 ,! au?or ( ?is "w has r5d]$ a di/9ct s]vice to all int]e/$ 9 ! art ( sailmak+4 ,! subject ( :i* he treats is a cong5ial "o4 ,mr4 ,sadl] is a practical sailmak]1 & has devot$ ye>s ( c>eful obs]vation & /udy to ! subject2 & ! results ( ! exp]i5ce ?us ga9$ he has set =? 9 ! volume be=e u4--,/eam%ip4 ,*a9 ,cables4 ,,*a9 ,,cables ,,& ,,*a9s4 ,compris+ ,sizes & ,curves ( ,l9ks1 ,/uds1 c41 ,iron = ,cables & ,*a9s1 ,*a9 ,cable & ,*a9 ,mak+1 ,=m+ & ,weld+ ,l9ks1 ,/r5g? ( ,cables & ,*a9s1 ,c]tificates = ,cables1 ,m>k+ ,cables1 ,prices ( ,*a9 ,cables & ,*a9s1 ,hi/orical ,notes1 ,acts ( ,p>liam5t1 ,/atutory ,te/s1 ,*>ges = ,te/+1 ,li/ ( ,manufactur]s ( ,cables1 c4 c4 ,by ,,?omas ,w4 ,,traill1 ,f4,e4,r4,n41 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,eng9e] ,surveyor 9 ,*ief1 ,bo>d ( ,trade1 ,inspector ( ,*a9 ,cable & ,an*or ,prov+ ,e/abli%m5ts1 & ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,lloyd's ,committee on ,prov+ ,e/abli%m5ts4 ,) num]\s ,tables1 ,illu/rations & ,li?ographic ,draw+s4 ,folio1 #b #bs4 clo?1 bevell$ bo>ds4 ,x conta9s a va/ am\nt ( valuable ,in=mation4 ,no?+ seems to be want+ to make x a complete & /&>d "w ( ref]5ce on ! subject4--,nautical ,magaz9e4 ,,m9+ ,,& ,,metallurgy4 ,m9+ ,ma*9]y4 ,,ma*9]y ,,= ,,metallif]\s ,,m9es3 ,a ,practical ,treatise = ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 ,metallurgi/s1 & ,manag]s ( ,m9es4 ,by ,e4 ,,h5ry ,,davies1 ,m4,e41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ehj pp41 ) upw>ds ( #cjj ,illu/rations1 #abs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 ,mr4 ,davies1 9 ?is h&some volume1 has done ! advanc$ /ud5t & ! manag] ( m9es good s]vice4 ,almo/ e k9d ( ma*9]y 9 actual use is c>efully describ$1 & ! woodcuts & plates are good4--,a!num4 ,f cov] to cov] ! "w exhibits all ! same *>act]i/ics :i* excite ! confid5ce & attract ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t z he p]uses ! fir/ page4 ,! "w may safely be recomm5d$4 ,by its publication ! lit]ature connect$ ) ! indu/ry w be enri*$1 & ! reputation ( its au?or enhanc$4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,mr4 ,davies has endeav\r$ to br+ be=e 8 read]s ! be/ ( ev]y?+ 9 mod]n m9+ appliances4 ,8 "w c>ries int]nal evid5ce ( ! au?or's imp>tiality1 & ?is con/itutes "o ( ! great m]its ( ! book4 ,?r\gh\t 8 "w ! criticisms are bas$ on 8 own or o!r reliable exp]i5ce4--,iron & ,/eel ,trades' ,j\rnal4 ,! "w deals ) ne>ly e class ( ma*9]y or app>atus likely to be met ) or requir$ 9 connection ) metallif]\s m9+1 & is "o :i* we h e confid5ce 9 recomm5d+4--,practical ,eng9e]4 ,metallif]\s ,m9]als & ,m9+4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,metallif]\s ,,m9]als ,,& ,,m9+4 ,by ,d4 ,c4 ,,davies1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,m9+ ,eng9e]1 c41 ,au?or ( ,a ,treatise on ,slate & ,slate ,qu>ry+4 ,fif? ,edition1 ?or\ghly ,revis$ & mu* ,enl>g$1 by 8 ,son1 ,e4 ,,h5ry ,,davies1 ,m4,e41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,) ab\t #aej ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,nei!r ! practical m9] nor ! g5]al read] int]e/$ 9 m9es c h a bett] book = 8 companion & 8 guide4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,we are do+ our read]s a s]vice 9 call+ _! att5tion to ?is valuable "w4--,m9+ ,_w4 ,a book t w n only be useful to ! geologi/1 ! practical m9]1 & ! metallurgi/1 b also v int]e/+ to ! g5]al public4--,iron4 ,z a hi/ory ( ! pres5t /ate ( m9+ ?r\gh\t ! _w ?is book has a real value1 end x supplies an actual want4--,a!num4 ,e>?y ,m9]als & ,m9+4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,e>?y ,,o!r ,,m9]als ,,& ,,m9+4 ,by ,d4 ,c4 ,,davies1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,au?or ( ,metallif]\s ,m9]als1 c4 ,?ird ,edition1 revis$ & ,enl>g$1 by 8 ,son1 ,e4 ,,h5ry ,,davies1 ,m4,e41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,) ab\t #ajj ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,we d n rememb] to h met ) any ,engli% "w on m9+ matt]s t conta9s ! same am\nt ( in=mation pack$ 9 equally conv5i5t =m4--,academy4 ,we %\ld be incl9$ to rank x z among ! v be/ ( ! h&y te*nical & trades manuals :i* h rec5tly appe>$4--,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,metallif]\s ,m9+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,,briti% ,,m9+3 ,a ,treatise on ! ,hi/ory1,discov]y1 ,practical ,developm5t1 & ,future ,prospects ( ,metallif]\s ,m9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,hunt1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,editor ( ,ure's ,diction>y ( ,arts1 ,manufactures1 & ,m9es1 c4 ,upw>ds ( #iej pp41 ) #bcj ,illu/rations4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 #b #bs4 clo?4 ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable works ( ref]5ce ( mod]n times4 ,mr4 ,hunt1 z ,keep] ( ,m9+ ,records ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 has _h opportunities = su* a task n enjoy$ by anyone else1 & has evid5tly made ! mo/ ( !m4444 ,! language & /yle adopt$ are good1 & ! treatm5t ( ! v>i\s subjects labori\s1 consci5ti\s1 & sci5tific4--,eng9e]+4 ,! book is1 9 fact1 a treasure-h\se ( /ati/ical in=mation on m9+ subjects1 & we "k ( no o!r "w embody+ s great a mass ( matt] ( ?is k9d4 ,7 ?is ! only m]it ( ,mr4 ,hunt's volume1 x w\ld be suffici5t to r5d] x indisp5sable 9 ! libr>y ( ev]yone int]e/$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! m9+ & metallurgical indu/ries ( ?is ,c\ntry4--,a!num4 ,a mass ( ,in=mation n else:]e available1 & ( ! greate/ value to ^? :o may be int]e/$ 9 our great m9]al indu/ries4--,eng9e]4 ,und]gr\nd ,pump+ ,ma*9]y4 ,,m9e ,,dra9age4 ,be+ a ,complete & ,practical ,treatise on ,direct-,act+ ,und]gr\nd ,/eam ,pump+ ,ma*9]y1 ) a ,description ( a l>ge numb] ( ! be/ kn[n ,eng9es1 _! ,g5]al ,utility & ! ,special ,sph]e ( _! ,action1 ! ,mode ( _! ,application1 & _! m]its comp>$ ) o!r =ms ( ,pump+ ,ma*9]y4 ,by ,,/eph5 ,,mi*ell4 #hvo1 #aes4 clo?4 ,w be highly e/eem$ by colli]y own]s & lessees1 m9+ eng9e]s1 & /ud5ts g5]ally :o require to be acqua9t$ ) ! be/ means ( secur+ ! dra9age ( m9es4 ,x is a mo/ valuable "w1 & /&s almo/ alone 9 ! lit]ature ( /eam pump+ ma*9]y4--,colli]y ,gu>dian4 ,mu* valuable ,in=mation is giv51 s t ! book is ?or\ghly wor?y ( an ext5sive circulation among/ practical m5 & pur*as]s ( ma*9]y4'--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,prospect+ = ,gold & o!r ,metals4 ,,! ,,prospector',s ,,h&book3 ,a ,guide = ! ,prospector & ,travell] 9 ,se>* ( ,metal-,be>+ or o!r ,valuable ,m9]als4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,&]son1 ,m4,a4 7,camb471 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,au?or ( ,fiji & ,new ,cal$onia4 ,fif? ,edition1 ?or\ghly ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,small cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,w supply a mu* felt want1 especially among ,coloni/s1 9 ^: way are s (t5 ?r[n _m m9]alogical specim5s ! value ( :i* x is difficult to det]m9e4--,eng9e]4 ,h[ to f9d comm]cial m9]als1 & h[ to id5tify !m :5 !y are f\nd1 are ! lead+ po9ts to :i* att5tion is direct$4 ,! au?or has manag$ to pack z mu* practical detail into 8 pages z w\ld supply mat]ial = a book ?ree times its size4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,m9+ ,notes & ,=mul4 ,,notes ,,& ,,=mul ,,= ,,m9+ ,,/ud5ts4 ,by ,,john ,,h]man ,,m]ivale1 ,m4,a41 ,c]tificat$ ,colli]y ,manag]1 ,pr(essor ( ,m9+ 9 ! ,durham ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,newca/le-^u-,tyne4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,small cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,invaluable to anyone :o is work+ up = an exam9ation on m9+ subjects4--,iron & ,coal ,trades ,review4 ,! au?or has done 8 "w 9 an exce$+ly cr$itable mann]1 & has produc$ a book t w be ( s]vice to /ud5ts1 & ^? :o are practically engag$ 9 m9+ op]ations4--,eng9e]4 ,h&ybook = ,m9]s4 ,,! ,,m9]',s ,,h&book3 ,a ,h&ybook ( ,ref]5ce on ! ,subjects ( ,m9]al ,deposits1 ,m9+ ,op]ations1 ,ore ,dress+1 c4 ,= ! ,use ( ,/ud5ts & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ,m9+ matt]s4 ,compil$ by ,,john ,,milne1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,m9+ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity ( ,japan4 ,squ>e #ahmo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 ,pr(essor ,milne's h&book is sure to be receiv$ ) fav\r by all connect$ ) m9+1 & w be extremely popul> among /ud5ts4--,a!num4 ,m9]s' & ,metallurgi/s' ,pocket-,book4 ,a ,,pocket-,,book ,,= ,,m9]s ,,& ,,metallurgi/s4 ,compris+ ,rules1 ,=mul1 ,tables1 & ,notes1 = ,use 9 ,field & ,(fice ,"w4 ,by ,f4 ,,danv]s ,,p[]1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,m4,e4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #is4 lea!r1 gilt edges4 ,?is excell5t book is an admirable example ( its k9d1 & ought to f9d a l>ge sale among/ ,engli%-speak+ prospectors & m9+ eng9e]s4--,eng9e]+4 ,m9]s & metallurgi/s w f9d 9 ?is "w a useful vade-mecum conta9+ a mass ( rules1 =mul1 tables1 & v>i\s o!r in=mation1 ! necessity = ref]5ce to :i* occurs 94 _! daily duties4--,iron4 ,m9]al ,survey+ & ,valu+4 ,,! ,,m9]al ,,surveyor ,,& ,,valu]',s ,,complete ,,guide1 compris+ a ,treatise on ,improv$ ,m9+ ,survey+ & ! ,valuation ( ,m9+ ,prop]ties1 ) ,new ,trav]se ,tables4 ,by ,,wm4 ,,l9t]n4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,enl>g$4 #abmo1 #ds4 clo?4 ,mr4 ,l9t]n's book =ms a valuable & ?or\ghly tru/wor?y guide4--,iron & ,coal ,trades ,review4 ,asbe/os & its ,uses4 ,,asbe/os3 ,its ,prop]ties1 ,occurr5ce1 & ,uses4 ,) "s ,acc\nt ( ! ,m9es ( ,italy & ,canada4 ,by ,,rob]t ,h4 ,,jones4 ,) ,eight ,collotype ,plates & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,an int]e/+ & invaluable "w4--,colli]y ,gu>dian4 ,explosives4 ,a ,,h&book ,,on ,,mod]n ,,explosives4 ,be+ a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,manufacture & ,application ( ,dynamite1 ,gun-,cotton1 ,nitro-,glyc]9e1 & o!r ,explosive ,comp\nds4 ,includ+ ! ,manufacture ( ,collodion-,cotton4 ,by ,m4 ,,eissl]1 ,m9+ ,eng9e] & ,metallurgical ,*emi/1 ,au?or ( ,! ,metallurgy ( ,gold1 ,! ,metallurgy ( ,silv]1 c4 ,) ab\t #ajj ,illu/s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,useful n only to ! m9]1 b also to (fic]s ( bo? s]vices to :om bla/+ & ! use ( explosives g5]ally may at any "t become a necess>y auxili>y4--,nature4 ,a v]itable m9e ( in=mation on ! subject ( explosives employ$ = milit>y1 m9+1 & bla/+ purposes4--,army & ,navy ,gazette4 ,colli]y ,managem5t4 ,,! ,,colli]y ,,manag]',s ,,h&book3 ,a ,compreh5sive ,treatise on ! ,lay+-out & ,work+ ( ,colli]ies1 ,design$ z a ,book ( ,ref]5ce = ,colli]y ,manag]s1 & = ! ,use ( ,coal-,m9+ ,/ud5ts prep>+ = ,fir/-class ,c]tificates4 ,by ,,caleb ,,pamely1 ,m9+ ,eng9e] & ,surveyor2 ,memb] ( ! ,nor? ( ,engl& ,in/itute ( ,m9+ & ,me*anical ,eng9e]s2 & ,memb] ( ! ,s\? ,wales ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s4 ,) ne>ly #ejj ,plans1 ,diagrams1 & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$1 ) ,additions4 ,m$ium #hvo1 ab\t #gjj pages4 ,price #a #es4 /rongly b\nd4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,geology4--,,se>* ,,= ,,coal4--,,m9]al ,,leases ,,& ,,o!r ,,hold+s4--,,%aft ,,s9k+4--,,fitt+ ,,up ,,! ,,%aft ,,& ,,surface ,,arrangem5ts4--,,/eam ,,boil]s ,,& ,,_! ,,fitt+s4--,,timb]+ ,,& ,,wall+4--,,n>r[ ,,"w ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,work+4--,,und]gr\nd ,,conveyance4--,,dra9age4--,,! ,,gases ,,met ,,) ,,9 ,,m9es2 ,,v5tilation4--,,on ,,! ,,friction ,,( ,,air ,,9 ,,m9es4--,,! ,,prie/man ,,oil ,,eng9e2 ,,petroleum ,,& ,,natural ,,gas4--,,survey+ ,,& ,,plann+4--,,safety ,,lamps ,,& ,,fire-,,damp ,,detectors4--,,sundry ,,& ,,incid5tal ,,op]ations ,,& ,,appliances4--,,colli]y ,,explosions4--,,miscellane\s ,,que/ions ,,answ]s4 ,app5dix3 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,report ,,( ,h4,m4 ,,commission]s ,,on ,,accid5ts ,,9 ,,m9es4 999999 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,mr4 ,pamely has n only giv5 u a compreh5sive ref]5ce book ( a v high ord]1 suitable to ! requirem5ts ( m9+-eng9e]s & colli]y manag]s1 b at ! same "t has provid$ m9+ /ud5ts ) a class-book t is z int]e/+ z x is in/ructive4--,colli]y ,manag]4 ,mr4 ,pamely's "w is em95tly suit$ to ! purpose = :i* x is int5d$--be+ cle>1 int]e/+1 exhau/ive1 ri* 9 detail1 & up to date1 giv+ descriptions ( ! v late/ ma*9es 9 e dep>tm5t4444 ,a m9+ eng9e] c\ld sc>cely g wrong :o foll[$ ?is "w4--,colli]y ,gu>dian4 ,?is is ! mo/ complete 'all r\nd' "w on coal-m9+ publi%$ 9 ! ,engli% language4444 ,no libr>y ( coal-m9+ books is complete )\t x4--,colli]y ,eng9e] 7,scranton1 ,pa41 ,u4,s4,a474 ,mr4 ,pamely's "w is 9 all respects wor?y ( our admiration4 ,no p]son 9 any responsible position connect$ ) m9es %\ld be )\t a copy4--,we/m9/] ,review4 ,coal & ,iron4 ,,! ,,coal ,,& ,,iron ,,indu/ries ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom4 ,compris+ a ,description ( ! ,coal ,fields1 & ( ! ,pr9cipal ,seams ( ,coal1 ) ,returns ( _! ,produce & its ,di/ribution1 & ,analyses ( ,special ,v>ieties4 ,also an ,acc\nt ( ! occurr5ce ( ,iron ,ores 9 ,ve9s or ,seams2 ,analyses ( ea* ,v>iety2 & a ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise & ,progress ( ,pig ,iron ,manufacture4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,meade1 ,assi/ant ,keep] ( ,m9+ ,records4 ,) ,maps4 #hvo1 #a #hs4 clo?4 ,! book is "o :i* mu/ f9d a place on ! %elves ( all int]e/$ 9 coal & iron production1 & 9 ! iron1 /eel & o!r metallurgical indu/ries4--,eng9e]4 ,( ?is book we may unres]v$ly say t x is ! be/ ( its class :i* we h ev] met4444 ,a book ( ref]5ce :i* no "o engag$ 9 ! iron or coal trades %\ld omit f 8 libr>y4--,iron & ,coal ,trades ,review4 ,coal ,m9+4 ,,coal ,,& ,,coal ,,m9+3 ,a ,rudim5t>y ,treatise on4 ,by ! late ,sir ,,w>+ton ,w4 ,,smy?1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 c41 ,*ief ,inspector ( ! ,m9es ( ! ,cr[n4 ,sev5? ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 #ds4 clo? bo>ds4 ,z an outl9e is giv5 ( e kn[n coal-field 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries1 z well z ( ! pr9cipal me?ods ( work+1 ! book w d\btless int]e/ a v l>ge numb] ( read]s4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,subt]rane\s ,survey+4 ,,subt]rane\s ,,survey+1 ,elem5t>y & ,practical ,treatise on1 ) & )\t ! ,magnetic ,ne$le4 ,by ,,?omas ,,f5wick1 ,surveyor ( ,m9es1 & ,,?omas ,,bak]1 ,c4,e4 ,illu/4 #abmo1 #cs4 clo? bo>ds4 ,granite ,qu>ry+4 ,,granites ,,& ,,our ,,granite ,,indu/ries4 ,by ,,george ,f4 ,,h>ris1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,membre de la ,socit ,belge de ,gologie1 ,lectur] on ,economic ,geology at ! ,birkbeck ,in/itution1 c4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,a cle>ly & well-writt5 manual on ! granite indu/ry4--,scotsman4 ,an int]e/+ "w1 :i* w be des]v$ly e/eem$4--,colli]y ,gu>dian4 ,an exce$+ly int]e/+ & valuable monograph on a subject :i* has hi!rto receiv$ unacc\ntably little att5tion 9 ! %ape ( sy/ematic lit]>y treatm5t4--,scotti% ,lead]4 ,gold1 ,metallurgy (4 ,,! ,,metallurgy ,,( ,,gold3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,metallurgical ,treatm5t ( ,gold-be>+ ,ores4 ,includ+ ! ,processes ( ,conc5tration & ,*lor9ation1 & ! ,assay+1 ,melt+1 & ,ref9+ ( ,gold4 ,by ,m4 ,,eissl]1 ,m9+ ,eng9e] & ,metallurgical ,*emi/1 =m]ly ,assi/ant ,assay] ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,m9t1 ,san ,francisco4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ & greatly ,enl>g$4 ,) #ahg ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,?is book ?or\ghly des]ves its title ( a ',practical ,treatise4' ,! :ole process ( gold mill+1 f ! break+ ( ! qu>tz to ! assay ( ! bullion1 is describ$ 9 cle> & ord]ly n>rative & ) mu*1 b n too mu*1 fulness ( detail4--,saturday ,review4 ,! "w is a /oreh\se ( in=mation & valuable data1 & we /rongly recomm5d x to all pr(essional m5 engag$ 9 ! gold-m9+ indu/ry4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,silv]1 ,metallurgy (4 ,,! ,,metallurgy ,,( ,,silv]3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,amalgamation1 ,roa/+1 & ,lixiviation ( ,silv] ,ores4 ,includ+ ! ,assay+1 ,melt+ & ,ref9+1 ( ,silv] ,bullion4 ,by ,m4 ,,eissl]1 ,au?or ( ,! ,metallurgy ( ,gold1 c4 ,second ,edition1 ,enl>g$4 ,) #aej ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,a practical treatise1 & a te*nical "w :i* we are conv9c$ w supply a long-felt want among/ practical m51 & at ! same "t be ( value to /ud5ts & o!rs indirectly connect$ ) ! indu/ries4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,f fir/ to la/ ! book is ?or\ghly s\nd & reliable4--,colli]y ,gu>dian4 ,= *emi/s1 practical m9]s1 assay]s1 & inve/ors alike1 we d n "k ( any "w on ! subject s h&y & yet s compreh5sive4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,lead1 ,metallurgy (4 ,,! ,,metallurgy ,,( ,,arg5tif]\s ,,lead3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,smelt+ ( ,silv]-,lead ,ores & ! ,ref9+ ( ,lead ,bullion4 ,includ+ ,reports on v>i\s ,smelt+ ,e/abli%m5ts & ,descriptions ( ,mod]n ,smelt+ ,furnaces & ,plants 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,by ,m4 ,,eissl]1 ,m4,e41 ,au?or ( ,! ,metallurgy ( ,gold1 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #djj pp41 ) #ahc ,illu/rations1 #abs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,! num]\s metallurgical processes1 :i* are fully & ext5sively treat$ (1 embrace all ! /ages exp]i5c$ 9 ! passage ( ! lead f ! v>i\s natural /ates to its issue f ! ref9]y z an article ( comm]ce4--,practical ,eng9e]4 ,! pres5t volume fully ma9ta9s ! reputation ( ! au?or4 ,^? :o wi% to obta9 a ?or\gh insight into ! pres5t /ate ( ?is indu/ry _c d bett] ?an read ?is volume1 & all m9+ eng9e]s _c fail to f9d _m useful h9ts & sugge/ions 9 x4--,indu/ries4 ,x is mo/ c>efully writt5 & illu/rat$ ) capital draw+s & diagrams4 ,9 fact1 x is ! "w ( an exp]t = exp]ts1 by :om x w be priz$ z an indisp5sable text-book4--,bri/ol ,m]cury4 ,iron1 ,metallurgy (4 ,,metallurgy ,,( ,,iron4 ,conta9+ ,hi/ory ( ,iron ,manufacture1 ,me?ods ( ,assay1 & ,analyses ( ,iron ,ores1 ,processes ( ,manufacture ( ,iron & ,/eel1 c4 ,by ,h4 ,,bau]man1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,a4,r4,s4,m4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,six? ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 #abmo1 #es4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,c>efully writt51 x has ! m]it ( brevity & concis5ess1 z to less important po9ts1 :ile all mat]ial matt]s are v fully & ?or\ghly ent]$ into4--,/&>d4 ,iron ,m9+4 ,,! ,,iron ,,ores ,,( ,,great ,,brita9 ,,& ,,irel&3 ,_! ,mode ( ,occurr5ce1 ,age1 & ,orig91 & ! ,me?ods ( ,se>*+ = & ,work+ !m1 ) a ,notice ( "s ( ! ,iron ,ores ( ,spa94 ,by ,j4 ,d4 ,,k5dall1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,m9+ ,eng9e]4 ,) ,plates & ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #afs4 clo?4 ,! au?or has a ?or\gh practical k ( 8 subject1 & has supplem5t$ a c>eful /udy ( ! available lit]ature by unpubli%$ in=mation d]iv$ f 8 own obs]vations4 ,! result is a v useful volume :i* _c fail to be ( value to all int]e/$ 9 ! iron indu/ry ( ! c\ntry4--,indu/ries4 ,con/itutes a sy/ematic & c>eful acc\nt ( our pres5t k ( ! orig9 & occurr5ce ( ! iron ores ( ,great ,brita91 & embraces a description ( ! means employ$ 9 rea*+ & work+ ^! ores4--,iron4 ,mr4 ,k5dall is a great au?ority on ?is subject & writes f p]sonal obs]vation4--,colli]y ,gu>dian4 ,mr4 ,k5dall's book is ?or\ghly well done4 ,9 x !re are ! outl9es ( ! hi/ory ( ore m9+ 9 e c5tre & !re is ev]y?+ t we want to "k z to ! "* ( ! ores ( ea* di/rict1 _! comm]cial value & ! co/ ( work+ !m4--,iron & ,/eel ,trades ,j\rnal4 ,,electricity1 ,,electrical ,,eng9e]+1 etc4 ,electrical ,eng9e]+4 ,,! ,,electrical ,,eng9e]',s ,,pocket-,,book ,,( ,,mod]n ,,rules1 ,,=mul1 ,,tables1 ,,& ,,data4 ,by ,h4 ,r4 ,,kempe1 ,m4,in/4,e4,e41 ,a4,m4,in/4,c4,e41 ,te*nical ,(fic]1 ,po/al ,telegraphs1 ,au?or ( ,a ,h&book ( ,electrical ,te/+1 c4 ,second ,edition1 ?or\ghly ,revis$1 ) ,additions4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,royal #cbmo1 oblong1 #es4 lea!r4 ,!re is v little 9 ! %ape ( =mul or data :i* ! electrician is likely to want 9 a hurry :i* _c be f\nd 9 its pages4--,practical ,eng9e]4 ,a v useful book ( ref]5ce = daily use 9 practical electrical eng9e]+ & its v>i\s applications to ! indu/ries ( ! pres5t day4--,iron4 ,x is ! be/ book ( its k9d4--,electrical ,eng9e]4 ,well arrang$ & compact4 ,! ',electrical ,eng9e]'s ,pocket-,book' is a good "o4--,electrician4 ,/rongly recomm5d$ to ^? engag$ 9 ! v>i\s electrical indu/ries4--,electrical ,review4 ,electric ,light+4 ,,electric ,,light ,,fitt+3 ,a ,h&book = ,work+ ,electrical ,eng9e]s1 embody+ ,practical ,notes on ,in/allation ,managem5t4 ,by ,,john ,w4 ,,urquh>t1 ,electrician1 ,au?or ( ,electric ,light1 c4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$1 ) ,additional ,*apt]s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 clo?4 ,?is volume deals ) :at may be t]m$ ! me*anics ( electric light+1 & is address$ to m5 :o are already engag$ 9 ! "w or are tra9+ = x4 ,! "w trav]ses a great deal ( gr\nd1 & may be read z a sequel to ! same au?or's useful "w on ',electric ,light4'--,electrician4 ,?is is an attempt to /ate 9 ! simple/ language ! precautions :i* %\ld be adopt$ 9 in/all+ ! electric light1 & to give in=mation1 = ! guidance ( ^? :o h to run ! plant :5 in/all$4 ,! book is well wor? ! p]usal ( ! workm5 = :om x is writt54--,electrical ,review4 ,we h read ?is book ) a good deal ( pleasure4 ,we believe t ! book w be ( use to practical workm51 :o w n be al>m$ by f9d+ ma!matical =mul :i* !y are unable to und]/&4--,electrical ,plant4 ,em95tly practical & useful4444 ,ought to be 9 ! h&s ( ev]yone 9 *>ge ( an electric light plant4--,electrical ,eng9e]4 ,mr4 ,urquh>t has succe$$ 9 produc+ a really capital book1 :i* we h no hesitation 9 recomm5d+ to ! notice ( work+ electricians & electrical eng9e]s4--,me*anical ,_w4 ,electric ,light4 ,,electric ,,light3 ,its ,production & ,use4 ,embody+ ,pla9 ,directions = ! ,treatm5t ( ,dynamo-,electric ,ma*9es1 ,batt]ies1 ,accumulators1 & ,electric ,lamps4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,urquh>t1 ,c4,e41 ,au?or ( ,electric ,light ,fitt+1 ,electroplat+1 c4 ,fif? ,edition1 c>efully ,revis$1 ) ,l>ge ,additions & #ade ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,! :ole gr\nd ( electric light+ is m or less cov]$ & expla9$ 9 a v cle> & concise mann]4--,electrical ,review4 ,conta9s a good deal ( v int]e/+ in=mation1 especially 9 ! p>ts :]e ! au?or gives dim5sions & work+ co/s4--,electrical ,eng9e]4 ,a m9iature vade-mecum ( ! sali5t facts connect$ ) ! sci5ce ( electric light+4--,electrician4 ,y _c = y\r purpose h a bett] book ?an ',electric ,light1' by ,urquh>t4--,eng9e]4 ,! book is by f> ! be/ t we h yet met ) on ! subject4--,a!num4 ,con/ruction ( ,dynamos4 ,,dynamo ,,con/ruction3 ,a ,practical ,h&book = ! ,use ( ,eng9e] ,con/ructors & ,electricians-9-,*>ge4 ,embrac+ ,framework ,build+1 ,field ,magnet & ,armature ,w9d+ & ,gr\p+1 ,comp\nd+1 c4 ,) ,examples ( lead+ ,engli%1 ,am]ican1 & ,cont95tal ,dynamos & ,motors4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,urquh>t1 ,au?or ( ,electric ,light1 ,electric ,light ,fitt+1 c4 ,) upw>ds ( #ajj ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,mr4 ,urquh>t's book is ! fir/ "o :i* deals ) ^! matt]s 9 su* a way t ! eng9e]+ /ud5t c und]/& !m4 ,! book is v readable1 & ! au?or leads 8 read]s up to difficult subjects by reasonably simple te/s4--,eng9e]+ ,review4 ,! au?or deals ) 8 subject 9 a /yle s popul> z to make 8 volume a h&book ( great practical value to eng9e] contractors & electricians 9 *>ge ( light+ in/allations4--,scotsman4 ',dynamo ,con/ruction' m ?an su/a9s ! high "* ( ! au?or's previ\s publications4 ,x is sure to be widely read by ! l>ge & rapidly-increas+ numb] ( practical electricians4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,a book = :i* a dem& has long exi/$4--,me*anical ,_w4 ,a ,new ,diction>y ( ,electricity4 ,,! ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,diction>y4 ,a ,popul> ,diction>y ( ,words & ,t]ms ,us$ 9 ! ,practice ( ,electrical ,eng9e]+4 ,conta9+ upw>ds ( #c1jjj ,def9itions4 ,by ,t4 ,o',,connor ,,sloane1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d41 ,au?or ( ,! ,ari?metic ( ,electricity1 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fcj pp41 #cej ,illu/rations1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 ,! "w has _m attractive features 9 x1 & is beyond d\bt1 a well put toge!r & useful publication4 ,! am\nt ( gr\nd cov]$ may be ga!r$ f ! fact t 9 ! index ab\t #e1jjj ref]5ces w be f\nd4 ,! inclusion ( su* comp>atively mod]n words z 'imp$5ce1' 'reluctance1' c41 %[s t ! au?or has desir$ to be up to date1 & inde$ !re are o!r indications ( c>efulness ( compilation4 ,! "w is "o :i* does ! au?or great cr$it & x %\ld prove ( great value1 especially to /ud5ts4--,electrical ,review4 ,we h f\nd ! book v complete & reliable1 & c1 !re=e1 comm5d x he>tily4--,me*anical ,_w4 ,v complete & conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( useful in=mation4--,indu/ries4 ,an encyclopdia ( electrical sci5ce 9 ! compass ( a diction>y4 ,! in=mation giv5 is s\nd & cle>4 ,! book is well pr9t$1 well illu/rat$1 & well up to date1 & may be confid5tly recomm5d$4--,build]4 ,we hail ! appe>ance ( ?is little "w z "o :i* w meet a want t has be5 ke5ly felt = "s "t4444 ,! au?or is to be congratulat$ on ! excell5t mann] 9 :i* he has accompli%$ 8 task4--,practical ,eng9e]4 ,! volume is excell5tly pr9t$ & illu/rat$1 & %\ld =m "p ( ! libr>y ( e "o :o is directly or indirectly connect$ ) electrical matt]s4--,h>dw>e ,trade ,j\rnal4 ,electric ,light+ ( ,%ips4 ,,electric ,,%ip-,,light+3 ,a ,h&book on ! ,practical ,fitt+ & ,runn+ ( ,%ip's ,electrical ,plant4 ,= ! ,use ( ,%ip[n]s & ,build]s1 ,m>9e ,electricians1 & ,sea-go+ ,eng9e]s-9-,*>ge4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,urquh>t1 ,c4,e41 ,au?or ( ,electric ,light1 c4 ,) #hh ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,! subject ( %ip electric light+ is "o ( va/ importance 9 ^! days1 & ,mr4 ,urquh>t is to be highly complim5t$ = plac+ su* a valuable "w at ! s]vice ( ! practical m>9e electrician4--,! ,/eam%ip4 ,di/9ctly a book :i* ( its k9d /&s almo/ alone1 & = :i* !re %\ld be a dem&4--,electrical ,review4 ,electric ,light+4 ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,electric ,,light+4 ,by ,,alan ,a4 ,,campbell ,,sw9ton1 ,associate ,i4,e4,e4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,enl>g$ & ,revis$4 ,) #af ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,anyone :o desires a %ort & ?or\ghly cle> exposition ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( electric light+ _c d bett] ?an read ?is little "w4--,brad=d ,obs]v]4 ,dynamic ,electricity4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,dynamic ,,electricity ,,& ,,magnetism4 ,by ,,philip ,,atk9son1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d41 ,au?or ( ,elem5ts ( ,/atic ,electricity1 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,electric ,light+1 c4 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #dag pp41 ) #abj ,illu/rations1 #ajs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,electric ,motors1 c4 ,,! ,,electric ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,p[] & its ,application by ! ,electric ,motor1 includ+ ,electric ,railway ,con/ruction4 ,by ,p4 ,,atk9son1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d41 ,au?or ( ,! ,elem5ts ( ,electric ,light+1 c4 ,) #if ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,dynamo ,con/ruction4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,dynamo3 ,a ,practical ,treatise = ,amateurs4 ,conta9+ num]\s ,illu/rations & ,detail$ ,in/ructions = ,con/ruct+ a ,small ,dynamo1 to ,produce ! ,electric ,light4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,cr(ts4 ,f\r? ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 clo?4 ,! in/ructions giv5 9 ?is unpret5ti\s little book are suffici5tly cle> & explicit to enable any amateur me*anic possess$ ( av]age skill & ! usual tools to be f\nd 9 an amateur's work%op1 to build a practical dynamo ma*9e4--,electrician4 ,text ,book ( ,electricity4 ,,! ,,/ud5t',s ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,electricity4 ,by ,,h5ry ,m4 ,,noad1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,new ,edition1 c>efully ,revis$4 ,) ,introduction & ,additional ,*apt]s1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,,preece1 ,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,electricity4 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,electricity3 ,includ+ ,galvanism1 ,magnetism1 ,dia-,magnetism1 ,electro-,dynamics4 ,by ,,h5ry ,m4 ,,noad1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,f\r? ,edition 7#ahei74 #hvo1 #a #ds4 clo?4 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,build+1 etc4 ,build+ ,con/ruction4 ,,practical ,,build+ ,,con/ruction3 ,a ,h&book = ,/ud5ts ,prep>+ = ,exam9ations1 & a ,book ( ,ref]5ce = ,p]sons ,engag$ 9 ,build+4 ,by ,,john ,,p>nell ,,all51 ,surveyor1 ,lectur] on ,build+ ,con/ruction at ! ,durham ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,newca/le-on-,tyne4 ,m$ium #hvo1 #dej pages1 ) #a1jjj ,illu/rations4 #abs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 ,?is volume is "o ( ! mo/ complete expositions ( build+ con/ruction we h se54 ,x conta9s all t is necess>y to prep>e /ud5ts = ! v>i\s exam9ations 9 build+ con/ruction4--,build+ ,news4 ,! au?or dep5ds ne>ly z mu* on 8 diagrams z on 8 type4 ,! pages sugge/ ! h& ( a man ( exp]i5ce 9 build+ op]ations--& ! volume mu/ be a bless+ to _m tea*]s z well z to /ud5ts4--,! ,ar*itect4 ,?is volume promises to be ! recognis$ h&book 9 all advanc$ classes :]e build+ con/ruction is taught f a practical po9t ( view4 ,we /rongly comm5d ! book to ! notice ( all tea*]s ( build+ con/ruction4--,te*nical ,_w4 ,! "w is sure to prove a =midable rival to great & small competitors alike1 & bids fair to take a p]man5t place z a fav\rite /ud5ts' text-book4 ,! l>ge numb] ( illu/rations des]ve p>ticul> m5tion = ! great m]it !y possess = purposes ( ref]5ce1 9 exactly correspond+ to conv5i5t scales4--,j\r4 ,in/4 ,brit4 ,ar*ts4 ,concrete4 ,,concrete3 ,,its ,,nature ,,& ,,uses4 ,a ,book = ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 ,contractors1 & ,cl]ks ( ,works4 ,by ,,george ,l4 ,,sutcliffe1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 #cej pages1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 ,! au?or treats a difficult subject 9 a lucid mann]4 ,! manual fills a long-felt gap4 ,x is c>eful & exhau/ive2 equally useful z a /ud5t's guide & a ar*itect's book ( ref]5ce4--,j\rnal ( ,royal ,in/itution ( ,briti% ,ar*itects4 ,!re is room = ?is new book1 :i* w probably be = "s "t ! /&>d "w on ! subject = a build]'s purpose4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,a ?or\ghly useful & compreh5sive "w4--,briti% ,ar*itect4 ,me*anics = ,ar*itects4 ,,! ,,me*anics ,,( ,,ar*itecture3 ,a ,treatise on ,appli$ ,me*anics1 especially ,adapt$ to ! ,use ( ,ar*itects4 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,,t>n1 ,m4,a41 ,au?or ( ,! ,sci5ce ( ,build+1 c4 ,second ,edition1 ,enl>g$4 ,illu/4 ) #abe ,diagrams4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 ,! book is a v useful & helpful manual ( ar*itectural me*anics1 & really conta9s suffici5t to enable a c>eful & pa9/ak+ /ud5t to grasp ! pr9ciples be>+ ^u ! majority ( build+ problems4444 ,mr4 ,t>n has add$1 by ?is volume1 to ! debt ( gratitude :i* is ow+ to him by ar*itectural /ud5ts = ! _m valuable works :i* he has produc$ = _! use4--,! ,build]4 ,! me*anics 9 ! volume are really me*anics1 & are h>moni\sly wr\ght 9 ) ! di/9ctive pr(essional mann] prop] to ! subject4 ,! diagrams & type are comm5dably cle>4--,! ,s*oolma/]4 ,! ,new ,build]'s ,price ,book1 #ahid4 ,,lockwood',s ,,build]',s ,,price ,,book ,,= #ahid4 ,a ,compreh5sive ,h&book ( ! ,late/ ,prices & ,data = ,build]s1 ,ar*itects1 ,eng9e]s1 & ,contractors4 ,re-con/ruct$1 ,re-writt51 & ,greatly ,enl>g$4 ,by ,,francis ,t4 ,w4 ,,mill]4 #gjj closely-pr9t$ pages1 cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 clo?4 ,?is book is a v useful "o1 & %\ld f9d a place 9 e ,engli% (fice connect$ ) ! build+ & eng9e]+ pr(essions4--,indu/ries4 ,an excell5t book ( ref]5ce4--,ar*itect4 ,9 its new & revis$ =m ?is ,price ,book is :at a "w ( ?is k9d %\ld be--compreh5sive1 reliable1 well arrang$1 legible1 & well b\nd4--,briti% ,ar*itect4 ,design+ ,build+s4 ,,! ,,design ,,( ,,build+s3 ,be+ ,elem5t>y ,notes on ! ,plann+1 ,sanitation & ,ornam5tive ,=mation ( ,/ructures1 bas$ on ,mod]n ,practice4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,n9e ,fold+ ,plates4 ,by ,w4 ,,woodley1 ,assi/ant ,ma/]1 ,metropolitan ,draw+ ,classes1 c4 ,demy #hvo1 #fs4 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 ,sir ,wm4 ,*amb]s's ,treatise on ,civil ,ar*itecture4 ,,! ,,decorative ,,"p ,,( ,,civil ,,ar*itecture4 ,by ,sir ,,william ,,*amb]s1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) ,portrait1 ,illu/rations1 ,notes1 & an ,exam9ation ( ,grecian ,ar*itecture1 by ,,joseph ,,gwilt1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,revis$ & ,edit$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,,le$s4 #ff ,plates1 #dto1 #bas4 clo?4 ,villa ,ar*itecture4 ,a ,,h&y ,,book ,,( ,,villa ,,ar*itecture3 ,be+ a ,s]ies ( ,designs = ,villa ,resid5ces 9 v>i\s ,/yles4 ,) ,outl9e ,specifications & ,e/imates4 ,by ,c4 ,,wickes1 ,ar*itect1 ,au?or ( ,! ,spires & ,t[]s ( ,engl&1 c4 #fa ,plates1 #dto1 #a #aas4 #f;d4 half-morocco4 ,! :ole ( ! designs be> evid5ce ( _! be+ ! "w ( an arti/ic ar*itect1 & !y w prove v valuable & sugge/ive4--,build+ ,news4 ,text-,book = ,ar*itects4 ,,! ,,ar*itect',s ,,guide3 ,be+ a ,text-,book ( ,useful ,in=mation = ,ar*itects1 ,eng9e]s1 ,surveyors1 ,contractors1 ,cl]ks ( ,works1 c4 c4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,,rog]s1 ,ar*itect4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,z a text-book ( useful in=mation = ar*itects1 eng9e]s1 surveyors1 c41 x w\ld be h>d to f9d a h&i] or m complete little volume4--,/&>d4 ,taylor & ,cresy's ,rome4 ,,! ,,ar*itectural ,,antiquities ,,( ,,rome4 ,by ! late ,g4 ,l4 ,,taylor1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 & ,,edw>d ,,cresy1 ,esq4 ,new ,edition1 ?or\ghly ,revis$ by ! ,rev4 ,,alex&] ,,taylor1 ,m4,a4 7son ( ! late ,g4 ,l4 ,taylor1 ,esq471 ,fell[ ( ,que5's ,college1 ,ox=d1 & ,*apla9 ( ,gray's ,inn4 ,l>ge folio1 ) #acj ,plates1 #c #cs4 half-b\nd4 ,taylor & ,cresy's "w has f its fir/ publication be5 rank$ among ^? pr(essional books :i* _c be bett]$4--,ar*itect4 ,l9e> ,p]spective4 ,,ar*itectural ,,p]spective3 ,! :ole ,c\rse & ,op]ations ( ! ,draughtsman 9 ,draw+ a ,l>ge ,h\se 9 ,l9e> ,p]spective4 ,illu/rat$ by #ci ,fold+ ,plates4 ,by ,f4 ,o4 ,,f]guson4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 bo>ds4 ,x is ! mo/ intelligible ( ! treatises on ?is ill-treat$ subject t ,i h met )4--,e4 ,,+ress ,,bell1 ,esq41 9 ! ,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,j\rnal4 ,ar*itectural ,draw+4 ,,practical ,,rules ,,on ,,draw+1 = ! ,op]ative ,build] & ,"y ,/ud5t 9 ,ar*itecture4 ,by ,,george ,,pyne4 ,) #ad ,plates1 #dto1 #gs4 #f;d4 bo>ds4 ,vitruvius' ,ar*itecture4 ,,! ,,ar*itecture ( ,,m>cus ,,vitruvius ,,pollio4 ,translat$ by ,,joseph ,,gwilt1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,new ,edition1 ,revis$ by ! ,translator4 ,) #bc ,plates4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #es4 clo?4 ,design+1 ,measur+1 & ,valu+4 ,,! ,,/ud5t',s ,,guide to ! ,,practice ( ,,measur+ ,,& ,,valu+ ,,artific]s' ,,"w4 ,conta9+ ,directions = tak+ ,dim5sions1 ,ab/ract+ ! same1 & br++ ! ,quantities into ,bill1 ) ,tables ( ,con/ants = ,valuation ( ,lab\r1 & = ! ,calculation ( ,areas & ,solidities4 ,orig9ally edit$ by ,,edw>d ,,dobson1 ,ar*itect4 ,) ,additions by ,e4 ,,wyndham ,,t>n1 ,m4,a4 ,six? ,edition4 ,) #h ,plates & #fc ,woodcuts4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,?is edition w be f\nd ! mo/ complete treatise on ! pr9ciples ( measur+ & valu+ artific]s' "w t has yet be5 publi%$4--,build+ ,news4 ,pocket ,e/imator & ,te*nical ,guide4 ,,! ,,pocket ,,te*nical ,,guide1 ,,measur]1 ,,& ,,e/imator ,,= ,,build]s ,,& ,,surveyors4 ,conta9+ ,te*nical ,directions = ,measur+ ,"w 9 all ! ,build+ ,trades1 ,complete ,specifications = ,h\ses1 ,roads1 & ,dra9s1 & an easy ,me?od ( ,e/imat+ ! p>ts ( a ,build+ collectively4 ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,,beaton4 ,six? ,edit4 ,wai/coat-pocket size1 #as4 #f;d4 lea!r1 gilt edges4 ,no build]1 ar*itect1 surveyor1 or valu] %\ld be )\t 8 ',beaton4'--,build+ ,news4 ,donaldson on ,specifications4 ,,! ,,h&book ,,( ,,specifications2 or1 ,practical ,guide to ! ,ar*itect1 ,eng9e]1 ,surveyor1 & ,build]1 9 draw+ up ,specifications & ,contracts = ,works & ,con/ructions4 ,illu/rat$ by ,prec$5ts ( ,build+s actually execut$ by em95t ,ar*itects & ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,pr(essor ,t4 ,l4 ,,donaldson1 ,p4,r4,i4,b4,a41 c4 ,new ,edition4 #hvo1 ) upw>ds ( #a1jjj pages ( ,text1 & #cc ,plates4 #a #aas4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,valuable z a record1 & m valuable /ill z a book ( prec$5ts4444 ,suffice x to say t ,donaldson's ',h&book ( ,specifications' mu/ be b\ght by all ar*itects4--,build]4 ,b>?olomew & ,rog]s' ,specifications4 ,,specifications ,,= ,,practical ,,ar*itecture4 ,a ,guide to ! ,ar*itect1 ,eng9e]1 ,surveyor1 & ,build]4 ,) an ,essay on ! ,/ructure & ,sci5ce ( ,mod]n ,build+s4 ,^u ! ,basis ( ! ,"w by ,,alfr$ ,,b>?olomew1 ?or\ghly ,revis$1 ,correct$1 & greatly add$ to by ,,fr$]ick ,,rog]s1 ,ar*itect4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$1 ) ,additions4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,m$ium #hvo1 #aes4 clo?4 ,! collection ( specifications prep>$ by ,mr4 ,rog]s on ! basis ( ,b>?olomew's "w is too well kn[n to ne$ any recomm5dation f u4 ,x is "o ( ! books ) :i* e "y ar*itect mu/ be equipp$4--,ar*itect4 ,con/ruction4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,build+3 ,an ,elem5t>y ,treatise on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,con/ruction4 ,by ,e4 ,,wyndham ,,t>n1 ,m4,a41 ,ar*itect4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,) #ei ,engrav+s4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #ds4 cl4 ,a v valuable book1 :i* we /rongly recomm5d to all /ud5ts4--,build]4 ,h\se ,build+ & ,repair+4 ,,! ,,h\se-,,own]',s ,,e/imator2 or1 ,:at w x ,co/ to ,build1 ,alt]1 or ,repair8 ,a ,price ,book = ,unpr(essional ,p1 z well z ! ,ar*itectural ,surveyor & ,build]4 ,by ,,james ,d4 ,,simon4 ,edit$ by ,,francis ,t4 ,w4 ,,mill]1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,9 two ye>s x w repay its co/ a hundr$ times ov]4--,field4 ,cottages & ,villas4 ,,c\ntry ,,& ,,suburban ,,cottages ,,& ,,villas3 ,h[ to ,plan & ,build ,!m4 ,conta9+ #cc ,plates1 ) ,introduction1 ,g5]al ,explanations1 & ,description ( ea* ,plate4 ,by ,,james ,w4 ,,bogue1 ,ar*itect1 ,au?or ( ,dome/ic ,ar*itecture1 c4 #dto1 #ajs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,build+2 ,civil & ,ecclesia/ical4 ,a ,,book ,,on ,,build+1 ,civil & ,ecclesia/ical1 includ+ ,*ur* ,re/oration2 ) ! ,!ory ( ,domes & ! ,great ,pyramid1 c4 ,by ,sir ,,edmund ,,beckett1 ,b>t41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #es4 clo?4 ,a book :i* is always amus+ & ne>ly always in/ructive4--,times4 ,sanit>y ,h\ses1 etc4 ,,! ,,sanit>y ,,arrangem5ts ,,( ,,dwell+-,,h\ses4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,wallis ,,tayl]1 ,a4,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,price ab\t #cs4 clo?4 ,ne>ly ready4 ,v5tilation ( ,build+s4 ,,v5tilation4 ,a ,text ,book to ! ,practice ( ! ,art ( ,v5tilat+ ,build+s4 ,by ,w4 ,p4 ,,bu*an1 ,r4,p4 #abmo1 #ds4 clo?4 ,conta9s a great am\nt ( useful practical in=mation1 z ?or\ghly int]e/+ z x is te*nically reliable4--,briti% ,ar*itect4 ,! ,art ( ,plumb+4 ,,plumb+4 ,a ,text ,book to ! ,practice ( ! ,art or ,craft ( ! ,plumb]4 ,by ,,william ,,paton ,,bu*an1 ,r4,p4 ,six? ,edition1 ,enl>g$4 #abmo1 #ds4 clo?4 ,a text-book :i* may be safely put 9 ! h&s ( e "y plumb]4--,build]4 ,geometry = ! ,ar*itect1 ,eng9e]1 etc4 ,,practical ,,geometry1 = ! ,ar*itect1 ,eng9e]1 & ,me*anic4 ,giv+ ,rules = ! ,del9eation & ,application ( v>i\s ,geometrical ,l9es1 ,figures & ,curves4 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,,t>n1 ,m4,a41 ,ar*itect4 #hvo1 #is4 clo?4 ,no book ) ! same objects 9 view has ev] be5 publi%$ 9 :i* ! cle>ness ( ! rules laid d[n & ! illu/rative diagrams h be5 s satisfactory4--,scotsman4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,geometry4 ,,! ,,geometry ,,( ,,compasses2 or1 ,problems ,resolv$ by ! m]e ,description ( ,circles1 & ! use ( ,col\r$ ,diagrams & ,symbols4 ,by ,,oliv] ,,byrne4 ,col\r$ ,plates4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,,c>p5try1 ,,timb]1 etc4 ,tr$gold's ,c>p5try1 ,revis$ ,enl>g$ by ,t>n4 ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,c>p5try4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,pressure & ,equilibrium ( ,timb] ,fram+1 ! ,resi/ance ( ,timb]1 & ! ,con/ruction ( ,floors1 ,ar*es1 ,bridges1 ,ro(s1 ,unit+ ,iron & ,/one ) ,timb]1 c4 ,to :i* is add$ an ,essay on ! ,nature & ,prop]ties ( ,timb]1 c41 ) ,descriptions ( ! k9ds ( ,wood us$ 9 ,build+2 also num]\s ,tables ( ! ,scantl+s ( ,timb] = diff]5t purposes1 ! ,specific ,gravities ( ,mat]ials1 c4 ,by ,,?omas ,,tr$gold1 ,c4,e4 ,) an ,app5dix ( ,specim5s ( ,v>i\s ,ro(s ( ,iron & ,/one1 ,illu/rat$4 ,sev5? ,edition1 ?or\ghly revis$ & consid]ably enl>g$ by ,e4 ,,wyndham ,,t>n1 ,m4,a41 ,au?or ( ,! ,sci5ce ( ,build+1 c4 ,) #fa ,plates1 ,portrait ( ! ,au?or1 & sev]al ,woodcuts4 ,9 ,"o l>ge ,vol41 #dto1 price #a #es4 clo?4 ,ought to be 9 e ar*itect's & e build]'s libr>y4--,build]4 ,a "w ^: monum5tal excell5ce mu/ comm5d x :]ev] skilful c>p5try is conc]n$4 ,! au?or's pr9ciples are r confirm$ ?an impair$ by "t4 ,! additional plates are ( great intr9sic value4--,build+ ,news4 ,woodwork+ ,ma*9]y4 ,,woodwork+ ,,ma*9]y3 ,its ,rise1 ,progress1 & ,con/ruction4 ,) ,h9ts on ! ,managem5t ( ,saw ,mills & ! ,economical ,conv]sion ( ,timb]4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,examples ( ,rec5t ,designs by lead+ ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,am]ican ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,m4 ,,p[is ,,bale1 ,a4,m4,in/4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$1 ) l>ge ,additions4 ,l>ge cr[n #hvo1 #ddj pp41 #is4 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 ,mr4 ,bale is evid5tly an exp]t on ! subject & he has collect$ s mu* in=mation t 8 book is all-suffici5t = build]s & o!rs engag$ 9 ! conv]sion ( timb]4--,ar*itect4 ,! mo/ compreh5sive comp5dium ( wood-work+ ma*9]y we h se54 ,! au?or is a ?or\gh ma/] ( 8 subject4--,build+ ,news4 ,saw ,mills4 ,,saw ,,mills3 ,_! ,arrangem5t & ,managem5t1 & ! ,economical ,conv]sion ( ,timb]4 7,a ,companion ,volume to ,woodwork+ ,ma*9]y47 ,by ,m4 ,,p[is ,,bale4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,! adm9i/ration ( a l>ge saw+ e/abli%m5t is discuss$1 & ! subject exam9$ f a f9ancial /&po9t4 ,h5ce ! size1 %ape1 ord]1 & disposition ( saw-mills & ! l are gone into 9 detail1 & ! c\rse ( ! timb] is trac$ f its reception to its deliv]y 9 its conv]t$ /ate4 ,we c\ld n desire a m complete or practical treatise4--,build]4 ,ni*olson's ,c>p5try4 ,,! ,,c>p5t]',s ,,new ,,guide2 or1 ,book ( ,l9es = ,c>p5t]s2 compris+ all ! ,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples ess5tial = acquir+ a k ( ,c>p5try4 ,f\nd$ on ! late ,,pet] ,,ni*olson',s ,/&>d ,"w4 ,new ,edition1 ,revis$ by ,a4 ,,a%pitel1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,) ,practical ,rules on ,draw+1 by ,g4 ,,pyne4 ,) #gd ,plates1 #dto1 #a #as4 clo?4 ,h&rail+ & ,/airbuild+4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,h&rail+3 ,%[+ ,new & ,simple ,me?ods = ,f9d+ ! ,pit* ( ! ,plank1 ,draw+ ! ,m\lds1 ,bevell+1 ,jo9t+-up1 & ,squ>+ ! ,wrea?4 ,by ,,george ,,coll+s4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$1 to :i* is add$ ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,/airbuild+4 #abmo1 #bs4 #f;d4 clo? limp4 ,w be f\nd ( practical utility 9 ! execution ( ?is difficult bran* ( jo9]y4--,build]4 ,almo/ e difficult phase ( ?is some:at intricate bran* ( jo9]y is elucidat$ by ! aid ( plates & explanatory lett]press4--,furniture ,gazette4 ,circul> ,"w4 ,,circul> ,,"w ,,9 ,,c>p5try ,,& ,,jo9]y3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,circul> ,"w ( ,s+le & ,d\ble ,curvature4 ,by ,,george ,,coll+s4 ,) ,diagrams4 ,second ,edit1 #abmo1 #bs4 #f;d4 clo? limp4 ,an excell5t example ( :at a book ( ?is k9d %\ld be4 ,*eap 9 price1 cle> 9 def9ition & practical 9 ! examples select$4--,build]4 ,h&rail+4 ,,h&rail+ ,,complete ,,9 ,,eight ,,lessons4 ,on ! ,squ>e-,cut ,sy/em4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,gold?orp1 ,tea*] ( ,geometry & ,build+ ,con/ruction at ! ,halifax ,me*anic's ,in/itute4 ,) ,eight ,plates & ov] #aej ,practical ,ex]cises4 #dto1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,likely to be ( consid]able value to jo9]s & o!rs :o take a pride 9 good "w4 ,we he>tily comm5d x to tea*]s & /ud5ts4--,timb] ,trades ,j\rnal4 ,timb] ,m]*ant's ,companion4 ,,! ,,timb] ,,m]*ant',s ,,& ,,build]',s ,,companion4 ,conta9+ ,new & ,copi\s ,tables ( ! ,r$uc$ ,weight & ,measurem5t ( ,deals & ,batt5s1 ( all sizes1 f ,"o to a ,?\s& ,pieces1 & ! relative ,price t ea* size be>s p] ,l9eal ,foot to any giv5 ,price p] ,pet]sburg ,/&>d ,hundr$2 ! ,price p] ,cube ,foot ( ,squ>e ,timb] to any giv5 ,price p] ,load ( #ej ,feet2 ! proportionate ,value ( ,deals & ,batt5s by ! ,/&>d1 to ,squ>e ,timb] by ! ,load ( #ej ,feet2 ! readie/ mode ( asc]ta9+ ! ,price ( ,scantl+ p] ,l9eal ,foot ( any size1 to any giv5 ,figure p] ,cube ,foot1 c4 c4 ,by ,,william ,,d[s+4 ,f\r? ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,correct$4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #cs4 cl4 ,ev]y?+ is z concise & cle> z x c possibly be made4 ,!re c be no d\bt t e timb] m]*ant & build] ought to possess x4--,hull ,adv]tis]4 ,we are glad to see a f\r? edition ( ^! admirable tables1 :i* = correctness & simplicity ( arrangem5t leave no?+ to be desir$4--,timb] ,trades ,j\rnal4 ,practical ,timb] ,m]*ant4 ,,! ,,practical ,,timb] ,,m]*ant4 ,be+ a ,guide = ! use ( ,build+ ,contractors1 ,surveyors1 ,build]s1 c41 compris+ useful ,tables = all purposes connect$ ) ! ,timb] ,trade1 ,m>ks ( ,wood1 ,essay on ! ,/r5g? ( ,timb]1 ,rem>ks on ! ,gr[? ( ,timb]1 c4 ,by ,w4 ,,ri*>dson4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,?is h&y manual conta9s mu* valuable in=mation = ! use ( timb] m]*ants1 build]s1 =e/]s1 & all o!rs connect$ ) ! gr[?1 sale1 & manufacture ( timb]4--,j\rnal ( ,=e/ry4 ,timb] ,freight ,book4 ,,! ,,timb] ,,m]*ant',s1 ,,saw ,,mill]',s1 ,,& ,,import]',s ,,freight ,,book ,,& ,,assi/ant4 ,compris+ ,rules1 ,tables1 & ,memor&a relat+ to ! ,timb] ,trade4 ,by ,,william ,,ri*>dson1 ,timb] ,brok]2 toge!r ) a ,*apt] on ,,spe$s ,,( ,,saw ,,mill ,,ma*9]y1 by ,m4 ,,p[is ,,bale1 ,m4,i4,m4,e41 c4 #abmo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cl4 bo>ds4 ,a v useful manual ( rules1 tables1 & memor&a relat+ to ! timb] trade4 ,we recomm5d x z a comp5dium ( calculation to all timb] measur]s & m]*ants1 & z supply+ a real want 9 ! trade4--,build+ ,news4 ,pack+-,case ,mak]s1 ,tables =4 ,,pack+-,,case ,,tables2 %[+ ! numb] ( ,sup]ficial ,feet 9 ,boxes or ,pack+-,cases1 f six in*es squ>e & upw>ds4 ,by ,w4 ,,ri*>dson1 ,timb] ,brok]4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,oblong #dto1 #cs4 #f;d4 cl4 ,invaluable lab\r-sav+ tables4--,ironmong]4 ,w save mu* lab\r & calculation4--,groc]4 ,sup]ficial ,measurem5t4 ,,! ,,tradesman',s ,,guide ,,to ,,sup]ficial ,,measurem5t4 ,tables calculat$ f #a to #bjj in*es 9 l5g?1 by #a to #ajh in*es 9 bread?4 ,= ! use ( ,ar*itects1 ,surveyors1 ,eng9e]s1 ,timb] ,m]*ants1 ,build]s1 c4 ,by ,,james ,,hawk+s4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,fcap41 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,a useful collection ( tables to facilitate rapid calculation ( surfaces4 ,! exact area ( any surface ( :i* ! limits h be5 asc]ta9$ c be in/antly det]m9$4 ,! book w be f\nd ( ! greate/ utility to all engag$ 9 build+ op]ations4--,scotsman4 ,^! tables w be f\nd ( great assi/ance to all :o require to make calculations 9 sup]ficial measurem5t4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,=e/ry4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,=e/ry4 ,design$ to af=d ,in=mation conc]n+ ! ,plant+ & ,c>e ( ,=e/ ,trees = ,ornam5t or ,pr(it1 ) ,sugge/ions ^u ! ,creation & ,c>e ( ,woodl&s4 ,by ,f4 ,b4 ,,h\gh4 ,l>ge cr[n #hvo1 #ajs4 clo?4 ,timb] ,import]'s ,guide4 ,,! ,,timb] ,,import]',s1 ,,timb] ,,m]*ant',s1 ,,& ,,build]',s ,,/&>d ,,guide4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,e4 ,,gr&y4 ,compris+ an ,analysis ( ,deal ,/&>ds1 ,home & ,=eign1 ) ,comp>ative ,values & ,tabul> ,arrangem5ts = fix+ ,net ,l&$ ,co/ on ,baltic & ,nor? ,am]ican ,deals1 includ+ all int]m$iate ,exp5ses1 ,freight1 ,insurance1 c4 c4 ,toge!r ) copi\s ,in=mation = ! ,retail] & ,build]4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$4 #abmo1 #bs4 clo? limp4 ,ev]y?+ x pret5ds to be3 built up gradually1 x leads "o f a =e/ to a tre5ail1 & ?r[s 91 z a makeweight1 a ho/ ( mat]ial conc]n+ bricks1 columns1 ci/]ns1 c4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,,decorative ,,arts1 etc4 ,woods & ,m>bles 7,imitation (74 ,,s*ool ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,,= ,,! ,,imitation ,,( ,,woods ,,& ,,m>bles1 z ,taught & ,practis$ by ,a4 ,r4 ,,van ,,d] ,,burg & ,p4 ,,van ,,d] ,,burg1 ,directors ( ! ,rott]dam ,pa9t+ ,in/itution4 ,royal folio1 #ah by #ab 941 ,illu/rat$ ) #bd full-size ,col\r$ ,plates2 also #ab pla9 ,plates1 compris+ #aed ,figures4 ,second & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,price #a #aas4 #f;d4 ,li/ ( ,plates4 #a4 ,v>i\s ,tools requir$ = ,wood ,pa9t+--#b1 #c4 ,walnut3 ,prelim9>y ,/ages ( ,gra9+ & ,f9i%$ ,specim5--#d4 ,tools us$ = ,m>ble ,pa9t+ & ,me?od ( ,manipulation--#e1 #f4 ,/4 ,remi ,m>ble3 ,e>li] ,op]ations & ,f9i%$ ,specim5--#g4 ,me?ods ( ,sket*+ diff]5t ,gra9s1 ,knots1 c4--#h1 #i4 ,a%3 ,prelim9>y ,/ages & ,f9i%$ ,specim5--#aj4 ,me?ods ( ,sket*+ ,m>ble ,gra9s--#aa1 #ab4 ,bre*e ,m>ble3 ,prelim9>y ,/ages ( ,work+ & ,f9i%$ ,specim5--#ac4 ,maple3 ,me?ods ( ,produc+ ! diff]5t ,gra9s--#ad1 #ae4 ,bird's-eye ,maple3 ,prelim9>y ,/ages & ,f9i%$ ,specim5--#af4 ,me?ods ( ,sket*+ ! diff]5t ,species ( ,:ite ,m>ble--#ag1 #ah4 ,:ite ,m>ble3 ,prelim9>y ,/ages ( ,process & ,f9i%$ ,specim5--#ai4 ,mahogany3 ,specim5s ( v>i\s ,gra9s & ,me?ods ( ,manipulation--#bj1 #ba4 ,mahogany3 ,e>li] ,/ages & ,f9i%$ ,specim5--#bb1 #bc1 #bd4 ,si5na ,m>ble3 ,v>ieties ( ,gra91 ,prelim9>y ,/ages & ,f9i%$ ,specim5--#be1 #bf1 #bg4 ,junip] ,wood3 ,me?ods ( produc+ ,gra91 c43 ,prelim9>y ,/ages & ,f9i%$ ,specim5--#bh1 #bi1 #cj4 ,v]t de ,m] ,m>ble3 ,v>ieties ( ,gra9 & ,me?ods ( ,work+ ,unf9i%$ & ,f9i%$ ,specim5s--#ca1 #cb1 #cc4 ,oak3 ,v>ieties ( ,gra91 ,tools ,employ$1 & ,me?ods ( ,manipulation1 ,prelim9>y ,/ages & ,f9i%$ ,specim5--#cd1 #ce1 #cf4 ,waulsort ,m>ble3 ,v>ieties ( ,gra91 ,unf9i%$ & ,f9i%$ ,specim5s4 ,^? :o desire to atta9 skill 9 ! art ( pa9t+ woods & m>bles w f9d advantage 9 consult+ ?is book4444 ,"s ( ! ,work+ ,m5's ,clubs %\ld give _! "y m5 ! opportunity to /udy x4--,build]4 ,a compreh5sive guide to ! art4 ,! explanations ( ! processes1 ! manipulation & managem5t ( ! col\rs1 & ! beautifully execut$ plates w n be ! lea/ valuable to ! /ud5t :o aims at mak+ 8 "w a fai?ful transcript ( nature4--,build+ ,news4 ,wall ,pap]4 ,,wall ,,pap] ,,decoration4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,seym\r ,,j5n+s1 ,au?or ( ,practical ,pap] ,hang+4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,h\se ,decoration4 ,,elem5t>y ,,decoration4 ,a ,guide to ! ,simpl] ,=ms ( ,ev]yday ,art4 ,toge!r ) ,,practical ,,h\se ,,decoration4 ,by ,,james ,w4 ,,facey4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,9 ,"o ,vol41 #es4 /rongly half-b\nd4 ,h\se ,pa9t+1 ,gra9+1 etc4 ,,h\se ,,pa9t+1 ,,gra9+1 ,,m>bl+1 ,,& ,,sign ,,writ+1 ,a ,practical ,manual (4 ,by ,,ellis ,a4 ,,davidson4 ,six? ,edition4 ,) ,col\r$ ,plates & ,wood ,engrav+s4 #abmo1 #fs4 clo? bo>ds4 ,a mass ( in=mation1 ( use to ! amateur & ( value to ! practical man4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,decorators1 ,receipts =4 ,,! ,,decorator',s ,,assi/ant3 ,a ,mod]n ,guide to ,decorative ,arti/s & ,amateurs1 ,pa9t]s1 ,writ]s1 ,gild]s1 c4 ,conta9+ upw>ds ( #fjj ,receipts1 ,rules & ,in/ructions2 ) a v>iety ( ,in=mation = ,g5]al ,"w connect$ ) e ,class ( ,int]ior & ,ext]ior ,decorations1 c4 ,fif? ,edition1 ,revis$4 #aeb pp41 cr[n #hvo1 #as4 9 wrapp]4 ,full ( receipts ( value to decorators1 pa9t]s1 gild]s4 c4 ,! book conta9s ! gi/ ( l>g] treatises on col\r & te*nical processes4 ,x w\ld be difficult to meet ) a "w s full ( v>i$ in=mation on ! pa9t]'s art4--,build+ ,news4 ,moyr ,smi? on ,int]ior ,decoration4 ,,ornam5tal ,,int]iors1 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n4 ,by ,j4 ,,moyr ,,smi?4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 ) #cb full-page ,plates & num]\s small] ,illu/rations1 h&somely b\nd 9 clo?1 gilt top1 price #ahs4 ,! book is well illu/rat$ & h&somely got up1 & conta9s "s true criticism & a good _m good examples ( decorative treatm5t4--,! ,build]4 ,briti% & ,=eign ,m>bles4 ,,m>ble ,,decoration & ! ,t]m9ology ( ,briti% & ,=eign ,m>bles4 ,a ,h&book = ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,,george ,h4 ,,blagrove1 ,au?or ( ,%or+ & its ,application1 c4 ,) #bh ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,?is mo/ useful & mu* want$ h&book %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e ar*itect & build]4--,build+ ,_w4 ,a c>efully & usefully writt5 treatise2 ! "w is ess5tially practical4--,scotsman4 ,m>ble ,work+1 etc4 ,,m>ble ,,& ,,m>ble ,,work]s3 ,a ,h&book = ,ar*itects1 ,arti/s1 ,masons1 & ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,lee1 ,au?or ( ,a ,visit to ,c>r>a1 ,! ,work+ ( ,m>ble1 c4 ,small cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 clo?4 ,a really valuable addition to ! te*nical lit]ature ( ar*itects & masons4--,build+ ,news4 ,,delamotte',s ,,works ,,on ,,illum9ation ,,& ,,alphabets4 ,a ,,prim] ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,illum9ation1 = ! ,use ( ,beg9n]s3 ) a ,rudim5t>y ,treatise on ! ,art1 ,practical ,directions = its ,ex]cise1 & ,examples tak5 f ,illum9at$ ,,mss41 pr9t$ 9 ,gold & ,col\rs4 ,by ,f4 ,,delamotte4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,small #dto1 #fs4 ornam5tal bo>ds4 ,! examples ( anci5t ,,mss4 recomm5d$ to ! /ud5t1 :i*1 ) mu* good s5se1 ! au?or *ooses f collections accessible to all1 are select$ ) judgm5t & k1 z well z ta/e4--,a!num4 ,,ornam5tal ,,alphabets1 ,anci5t & ,m$ival1 f ! ,eigh? ,c5tury1 ) ,num]als2 includ+ ,go?ic1 ,*ur*-,text1 l>ge & small1 ,g]man1 ,italian1 ,arabesque1 ,initials = ,illum9ation1 ,monograms1 ,crosses1 c4 c41 = ! use ( ,ar*itectural & ,eng9e]+ ,draughtsm51 ,missal ,pa9t]s1 ,masons1 ,decorative ,pa9t]s1 ,li?ograph]s1 ,engrav]s1 ,c>v]s1 c4 c4 ,collect$ & ,engrav$ by ,f4 ,,delamotte1 & pr9t$ 9 ,col\rs4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,royal #hvo1 oblong1 #bs4 #f;d4 ornam5tal bo>ds4 ,= ^? :o ins]t enamell$ s5t5ces r\nd gild$ *alices1 :o blazon %op leg5ds ov] %op-doors1 :o lett] *ur* walls ) pi?y s5t5ces f ! ,decalogue1 ?is book w be useful4--,a!num4 ,,examples ,,( ,,mod]n ,,alphabets1 ,pla9 & ,ornam5tal2 includ+ ,g]man1 ,old ,engli%1 ,saxon1 ,italic1 ,p]spective1 ,greek1 ,hebrew1 ,c\rt ,h&1 ,engross+1 ,tuscan1 ,rib&1 ,go?ic1 ,ru/ic1 & ,arabesque2 ) sev]al ,orig9al ,designs1 & an ,analysis ( ! ,roman & ,old ,engli% ,alphabets1 l>ge & small1 & ,num]als1 = ! use ( ,draughtsm51 ,surveyors1 ,masons1 ,decorative ,pa9t]s1 ,li?ograph]s1 ,engrav]s1 ,c>v]s1 c4 ,collect$ & ,engrav$ by ,f4 ,,delamotte1 & pr9t$ 9 ,col\rs4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,royal #hvo1 oblong1 #bs4 #f;d4 ornam5tal bo>ds4 ,!re is compris$ 9 x e possible %ape into :i* ! lett]s ( ! alphabet & num]als c be =m$1 & ! tal5t :i* has be5 exp5d$ 9 ! conception ( ! v>i\s pla9 & ornam5tal lett]s is wond]ful4--,/&>d4 ,,m$i,,val ,,alphabets ,,& ,,initials ,,= ,,illum9ators4 ,by ,f4 ,g4 ,,delamotte4 ,conta9+ #ba ,plates & ,illum9at$ ,title1 pr9t$ 9 ,gold & ,col\rs4 ,) an ,introduction by ,j4 ,,willis ,,brooks4 ,f\r? & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,small #dto1 #ds4 ornam5tal bo>ds4 ,a volume 9 :i* ! lett]s ( ! alphabet come =? glorifi$ 9 gild+ & all ! col\rs ( ! prism int]wov5 & int]tw9$ & int]m+l$4--,sun4 ,,! ,,embroid]]',s ,,book ,,( ,,design4 ,conta9+ ,initials1 ,emblems1 ,cyph]s1 ,monograms1 ,ornam5tal ,bord]s1 ,ecclesia/ical ,devices1 ,m$ival & ,mod]n ,alphabets1 & ,national ,emblems4 ,collect$ by ,f4 ,,delamotte1 & pr9t$ 9 ,col\rs4 ,oblong royal #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ornam5tal wrapp]4 ,! book w be ( great assi/ance to ladies & "y *ildr5 :o are end[$ ) ! art ( ply+ ! ne$le 9 ?is mo/ ornam5tal & useful pretty "w4--,ea/ ,anglian ,times4 ,wood ,c>v+4 ,,in/ructions ,,9 ,,wood-,,c>v+1 = ,amateurs3 ) ,h9ts on ,design4 ,by ,a ,,lady4 ,) ,t5 ,plates4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 9 emblematic wrapp]4 ,! h&icraft ( ! wood-c>v]1 s well z a book c imp>t x1 may be le>nt f ',a ,lady's' publication4--,a!num4 ,,natural ,,sci5ce1 etc4 ,! ,heav5s & _! ,orig94 ,,! ,,visible ,,univ]se3 ,*apt]s on ! ,orig9 & ,con/ruction ( ! ,heav5s4 ,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,gore1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,au?or ( ,/> ,gr\ps1 c4 ,illu/rat$ by #f ,/ell> ,photographs & #ab ,plates4 ,demy #hvo1 #afs4 clo?1 gilt top4 ,a valuable & lucid summ>y ( rec5t a/ronomical !ory1 r5d]$ m valuable & attractive by a s]ies ( /ell> photographs & o!r illu/rations4--,! ,times4 ,9 pres5t+ a cle> & concise acc\nt ( ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 ,mr4 ,gore has made a valuable addition to ! lit]ature ( ! subject4--,nature4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ works on a/ronomical sci5ce t has rec5tly appe>$ 9 our language4 ,9 _s & 9 me?od x is sci5tific f cov] to cov]1 b ! /yle is s cle> & attractive t x w be z acceptable & z readable to ^? :o make no sci5tific pret5sions z to ^? :o devote !mselves specially to matt]s a/ronomical4--,le$s ,m]cury4 ,z int]e/+ z a novel1 & in/ructive )al2 ! text be+ made /ill m lum9\s by /ell> photographs & o!r illu/rations4444 ,a mo/ valuable book4--,man*e/] ,exam9]4 ,! ,con/ellations4 ,,/> ,,gr\ps3 ,a ,/ud5t's ,guide to ! ,con/ellations4 ,by ,j4 ,,ell>d ,,gore1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 c41 ,au?or ( ,! ,visible ,univ]se1 ,! ,sc5]y ( ! ,heav5s4 ,) #cj ,maps4 ,small #dto1 #es4 clo?1 silv]$4 ,a k ( ! pr9cipal con/ellations visible 9 our latitudes may be easily acquir$ f ! ?irty maps & accompany+ text conta9$ 9 ?is "w4--,nature4 ,! volume conta9s ?irty maps %[+ />s ( ! six? magnitude--! usual nak$-eye limit--& ea* is accompani$ by a brief comm5t>y1 adapt$ to facilitate recognition & br+ to notice objects ( special int]e/4 ,= ! purpose ( a prelim9>y survey ( ! midnight pomp ( ! heav5s1 no?+ c\ld be bett] ?an a set ( del9eations av]ag+ sc>cely tw5ty squ>e in*es 9 area1 & includ+ no?+ t _c at once be id5tifi$4--,saturday ,review4 ,a v compact & h&y guide to ! con/ellations4--,a!num4 ,a/ronomical ,t]ms4 ,,an ,,a/ronomical ,,gloss>y2 or1 ,diction>y ( ,t]ms us$ 9 ,a/ronomy4 ,) ,tables ( ,data & ,li/s ( ,rem>kable & ,int]e/+ ,cele/ial ,objects4 ,by ,j4 ,,ell>d ,,gore1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,au?or ( ,! ,visible ,univ]se1 c4 ,small cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,a v useful little "w = beg9n]s 9 a/ronomy1 & n to be despis$ by m advanc$ /ud5ts4--,! ,times4 ,a v h&y book 444 ! utility ( :i* is mu* increas$ by its valuable tables ( a/ronomical data4--,! ,a!num4 ,a/ronom]s ( all k9ds w be glad to h x = ref]5ce4--,gu>dian4 ,! ,microscope4 ,,! ,,microscope3 ,its ,con/ruction & ,managem5t1 includ+ ,te*nique1 ,photo-micrography1 & ! ,pa/ & ,future ( ! ,microscope4 ,by ,dr4 ,,h5ri ,,van ,,heurck1 ,director ( ! ,antw]p ,botannical ,g>d5s4 ,engli% ,edition1 ,re-,edit$ & ,augm5t$ by ! ,au?or f ! ,f\r? ,fr5* ,edition1 & ,translat$ by ,,wynne ,e4 ,,baxt]1 ,f4,r4,m4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 c4 ,ab\t #djj pages1 ) ,?ree ,plates & upw>ds ( #bej ,woodcuts4 ,imp4 #hvo1 #ahs4 clo? gilt4 ,a translation ( a well-kn[n "w1 at once popul> & compreh5sive4--,times4 ,! translation is z feliciti\s z x is accurate4--,nature4 ,a/ronomy4 ,,a/ronomy4 ,by ! late ,rev4 ,,rob]t ,,ma91 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$1 by ,,wm4 ,,?ynne ,,lynn1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 =m]ly ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*1 #abmo1 #bs4 clo? limp4 ,a s\nd & simple treatise1 & a capital book = beg9n]s4--,k4 ,accurately br\ght d[n to ! requirem5ts ( ! pres5t "t4--,educational ,times4 ,rec5t & ,fossil ,%ells4 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,mollusca3 ,be+ a ,treatise on ,rec5t & ,fossil ,%ells4 ,by ,s4 ,p4 ,,woodw>d1 ,a4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 late ,assi/ant ,palontologi/ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,) an ,app5dix on ,rec5t & ,fossil ,con*ological ,discov]ies1 by ,,ralph ,,tate1 ,a4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,illu/rat$ by ,a4 ,n4 ,,wat]h\se & ,,joseph ,,wilson ,,l[ry4 ,) #bc ,plates & upw>ds ( #cjj ,woodcuts4 ,repr9t ( ,f\r? ,ed41 #ahhj4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cl4 ,a mo/ valuable /oreh\se ( con*ological & geological in=mation4--,sci5ce ,gossip4 ,geology & ,g5esis4 ,,! ,,tw9 ,,records ,,( ,,creation2 or1 ,geology & ,g5esis3 _! ,p]fect ,h>mony & ,wond]ful ,concord4 ,by ,,george ,w4 ,,victor ,,le ,,vaux4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #es4 clo?4 ,a valuable contribution to ! evid5ces ( ,revelation1 & disposes v conclusively ( ! argum5ts ( ^? :o w\ld set ,god's ,works aga9/ ,god's ,^w4 ,no real difficulty is %irk$ & no sophi/ry is left unexpos$4--,! ,rock4 ,,dr4 ,,l>dn]',s ,,c\rse ,,( ,,natural ,,philosophy4 ,,! ,,h&book ,,( ,,me*anics4 ,enl>g$ & almo/ ,rewritt5 by ,,b5jam9 ,,loewy1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,) #cgh ,illu/rations4 ,po/ #hvo1 #fs4 clo?4 ,! p]spicuity ( ! orig9al has be5 reta9$1 & *apt]s :i* _h become obsolete h be5 replac$ by o!rs ( m mod]n "*4 ,! explanations ?r\gh\t are /udi\sly popul>1 & c>e has be5 tak5 to %[ ! application ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( physics to ! indu/rial arts1 & to ! practical bus9ess ( life4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,mr4 ,loewy has c>efully revis$ ! book1 & br\ght x up to mod]n requirem5ts4--,nature4 ,natural philosophy has _h few expon5ts m able or bett] skill$ 9 ! art ( popul>is+ ! subject ?an ,dr4 ,l>dn]2 & ,mr4 ,loewy is do+ good s]vice 9 fitt+ ?is treatise1 & ! o!rs ( ! s]ies1 = use at ! pres5t "t4--,scotsman4 ,,! ,,h&book ,,( ,,hydro/atics ,,& ,,pneumatics4 ,new ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$1 by ,,b5jam9 ,,loewy1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,) #bcf ,illu/rations4 ,po/ #hvo1 #es4 clo?4 ,= ^? ':o desire to atta9 an accurate k ( physical sci5ce )\t ! pr(\nd me?ods ( ma!matical inve/igation1' ?is "w is n m]ely int5d$1 b well adapt$4--,*emical ,news4 ,! volume be=e u has be5 c>efully edit$1 augm5t$ to ne>ly twice ! bulk ( ! =m] edition1 & all ! mo/ rec5t matt] has be5 add$4444 ,x is a valuable text-book4--,nature4 ,c&idates = pass exam9ations w f9d x1 we ?9k1 specially suit$ to _! requirem5ts4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,,! ,,h&book ,,( ,,heat4 ,edit$ & almo/ entirely ,rewritt5 by ,,b5jam9 ,,loewy1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 c4 #aag ,illu/s4 ,po/ #hvo1 #fs4 clo?4 ,! /yle is always cle> & precise1 & conveys in/ruction )\t leav+ any cl\d9ess or lurk+ d\bts beh9d4--,eng9e]+4 ,a mo/ exhau/ive book on ! subject on :i* x treats1 & is s arrang$ t x c be und]/ood by all :o desire to atta9 an accurate k ( physical sci5ce4444 ,mr4 ,loewy has includ$ all ! late/ discov]ies 9 ! v>i$ laws & effects ( heat4--,/&>d4 ,a complete & h&y text-book = ! use ( /ud5ts & g5]al read]s4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,,! ,,h&book ,,( ,,optics4 ,by ,,dionysius ,,l>dn]1 ,d4,c4,l41 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy & ,a/ronomy 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,new ,edition4 ,edit$ by ,t4 ,,olv] ,,h>d+1 ,b4,a4 ,lond41 ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,) #bih ,illu/rations4 ,small #hvo1 #ddh pages1 #es4 clo?4 ,writt5 by "o ( ! able/ ,engli% sci5tific writ]s1 beautifully & elaborately illu/rat$4--,me*anic's ,magaz9e4 ,,! ,,h&book ,,( ,,electricity1 ,,magnetism1 ,,& ,,ac\/ics4 ,by ,dr4 ,,l>dn]4 ,n9? ,?\s&4 ,edit4 by ,,george ,,c>ey ,,fo/]1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,) #djj ,illu/rations4 ,small #hvo1 #es4 clo?4 ,! book c\ld n h be5 entru/$ to anyone bett] calculat$ to pres]ve ! t]se & lucid /yle ( ,l>dn]1 :ile correct+ 8 errors & br++ up 8 "w to ! pres5t /ate ( sci5tific k4--,popul> ,sci5ce ,review4 ,,! ,,h&book ,,( ,,a/ronomy4 ,=m+ a ,companion to ! ,h&book ( ,natural ,philosophy4 ,by ,,dionysius ,,l>dn]1 ,d4,c4,l41 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy & ,a/ronomy 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,f\r? ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,edit$ by ,,edw9 ,,dunk91 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*4 ,) #ch ,plates & upw>ds ( #ajj ,woodcuts4 ,9 ,"o ,vol41 small #hvo1 #eej pages1 #is4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,probably no o!r book conta9s ! same am\nt ( in=mation 9 s comp5di\s & well-arrang$ a =m--c]ta9ly none at ! price at :i* ?is is (f]$ to ! public4--,a!num4 ,we c d no o!r ?an pron\nce ?is "w a mo/ valuable manual ( a/ronomy1 & we /rongly recomm5d x to all :o wi% to acquire a g5]al--b at ! same "t correct--acqua9tance ) ?is sublime sci5ce4--,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4 ,"o ( ! mo/ des]v$ly popul> books on ! subject4444 ,we w\ld recomm5d n only ! /ud5t ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce1 b he :o aims at ma/]+ ! high] & ma!matical bran*es ( a/ronomy1 n to be )\t ?is "w beside him4--,practical ,magaz9e4 ,geology4 ,,rudim5t>y ,,treatise ,,on ,,geology1 ,,physical ,,& ,,hi/orical4 ,consi/+ ( ,physical ,geology1 :i* sets =? ! lead+ ,pr9ciples ( ! ,sci5ce2 & ,hi/orical ,geology1 :i* treats ( ! ,m9]al & ,organic ,conditions ( ! ,e>? at ea* successive epo*1 especial ref]5ce be+ made to ! ,briti% ,s]ies ( ,rocks4 ,by ,,ralph ,,tate1 ,a4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 c4 ,) #bej ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 #es4 cl4 bds4 ,! fulness ( ! matt] has elevat$ ! book into a manual4 ,its in=mation is exhau/ive & well arrang$4--,s*ool ,bo>d ,*ronicle4 ,,dr4 ,,l>dn]',s ,,museum ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,art4 ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,art4 ,edit$ by ,,dionysius ,,l>dn]1 ,d4,c4,l41 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy & ,a/ronomy 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,) upw>ds ( #a1bjj ,engrav+s on ,wood4 ,9 #f ,d\ble ,volumes1 #a #as4 9 a new & elegant clo? b9d+2 or h&somely b\nd 9 half-morocco1 #cas4 #f;d4 999999 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,?is s]ies1 besides af=d+ popul> b s\nd in/ruction on sci5tific subjects1 ) :i* ! humble/ man 9 ! c\ntry ought to be acqua9t$1 also und]takes t tea*+ ( ',common ,?+s' :i* e well-wi%] ( 8 k9d is anxi\s to promote4 ,_m ?\s& copies ( ?is s]viceable publication h be5 pr9t$1 9 ! belief & hope t ! desire = in/ruction & improvem5t widely prevails2 & we h no fe> t su* enlight5$ fai? w meet ) disappo9tm5t4--,times4 ,a *eap & int]e/+ publication1 alike in=m+ & attractive4 ,! pap]s comb9e subjects ( importance & great sci5tific k1 consid]able inductive p[]s1 & a popul> /yle ( treatm5t4--,spectator4 ,! ',museum ( ,sci5ce & ,art' is ! mo/ valuable contribution t has ev] be5 made to ! ,sci5tific ,in/ruction ( e class ( society4--,sir ,,david ,,brew/]1 9 ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review4 ,:e!r we consid] ! lib]ality & beauty ( ! illu/rations1 ! *>m ( ! writ+1 or ! durable int]e/ ( ! matt]1 we mu/ express our belief t !re is h>dly to be f\nd among ! new books "o t w\ld be welcom$ by p ( s _m ages & classes z a valuable pres5t4--,exam9]4 999999 ,sep>ate books =m$ f ! above1 suitable = ,workm5's ,libr>ies1 ,sci5ce ,classes1 etc4 ,common ,?+s ,expla9$4 ,conta9+ ,air1 ,e>?1 ,fire1 ,wat]1 ,"t1 ,man1 ! ,eye1 ,locomotion1 ,col\r1 ,clocks & ,wat*es1 c4 #bcc ,illu/rations1 clo? gilt1 #es4 ,! ,microscope4 ,conta9+ ,optical ,images1 ,magnify+ ,glasses1 ,orig9 & ,description ( ! ,microscope1 ,microscopic ,objects1 ! ,sol> ,microscope1 ,microscopic ,draw+ & ,engrav+1 c4 #adg ,illu/rations1 clo? gilt1 #bs4 ,popul> ,geology4 ,conta9+ ,e>?quakes & ,volcanoes1 ! ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 c4 #bja ,illu/rations1 clo? gilt1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,popul> ,physics4 ,conta9+ ,magnitude & ,m9ut5ess1 ! ,atmosph]e1 ,meteoric ,/ones1 ,popul> ,fallacies1 ,wea!r ,progno/ics1 ! ,!rmomet]1 ! ,b>omet]1 ,s\nd1 c4 #he ,illu/rations1 clo? gilt1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,/eam1 & its ,uses4 ,includ+ ! ,/eam ,eng9e1 ! ,locomotive1 & ,/eam ,navigation4 #hi ,illu/rations1 clo? gilt1 #bs4 ,popul> ,a/ronomy4 ,conta9+ ,h[ to obs]ve ! ,heav5s--,! ,e>?1 ,sun1 ,moon1 ,planets1 ,light1 ,comets1 ,eclipses1 ,a/ronomical ,influ5ces1 c4 #ahb ,illu/rations1 clo? gilt1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,! ,bee & ,:ite ,ants3 ,_! ,mann]s & ,habits4 ,) ,illu/rations ( ,animal ,in/9ct & ,intellig5ce4 #ace ,illu/rations1 clo? gilt1 #bs4 ,! ,electric ,telegraph ,popul>is$4 ,to r5d] intelligible to all :o c ,read1 irrespective ( any previ\s ,sci5tific ,acquirem5ts1 ! v>i\s =ms ( ,telegraphy 9 ,actual ,op]ation4 #ajj ,illu/rations1 clo? gilt1 #as4 #f;d4 ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s ,s*ool ,h&books4 ,,natural ,,philosophy ,,= ,,s*ools4 ,by ,dr4 ,,l>dn]4 #cbh ,illu/rations4 ,six? ,edition4 ,"o ,vol41 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,a v conv5i5t class-book = junior /ud5ts 9 private s*ools4 ,x is int5d$ to convey 9 cle> & precise t]ms1 g5]al notions ( all ! pr9cipal divisions ( ,physical ,sci5ce4--,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,,animal ,,physiology ,,= ,,s*ools4 ,by ,dr4 ,,l>dn]4 ,) #aij ,illu/rations4 ,second ,edition4 ,"o ,vol41 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,cle>ly writt51 well arrang$1 & excell5tly illu/rat$4--,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle4 ,l>dn] & ,bright on ! ,electric ,telegraph4 ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph4 ,by ,dr4 ,,l>dn]4 ,revis$ & ,re-writt5 by ,e4 ,b4 ,,bright1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 #adj ,illu/rations4 ,small #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,"o ( ! mo/ readable books extant on ! ,electric ,telegraph4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,,*emical ,,manufactures1 ,,*emi/ry4 ,*emi/ry = ,eng9e]s1 etc4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,*emi/ry2 ,a ,practical ,treatise = ! ,use ( ,analytical ,*emi/s1 ,eng9e]s1 ,iron ,ma/]s1 ,iron ,f\nd]s1 ,/ud5ts1 & o!rs4 ,compris+ ,me?ods ( ,analysis & ,valuation ( ! ,pr9cipal ,mat]ials us$ 9 ,eng9e]+ ,"w1 ) num]\s ,analyses1 ,examples1 & ,sugge/ions4 ,by ,h4 ,,jo%ua ,,phillips1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 =m]ly ,analytical & ,consult+ ,*emi/ to ! ,great ,ea/]n ,railway4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #djj pp41 ) ,illu/rations1 #ajs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 ,9 ?is "w ! au?or has r5d]$ no small s]vice to a num]\s body ( practical m54444 ,! analytical me?ods may be pron\nc$ mo/ satisfactory1 be+ z accurate z ! despat* requir$ ( eng9e]+ *emi/s p]mits4--,*emical ,news4 ,^? 9 se>* ( a h&y treatise on ! subject ( analytical *emi/ry z appli$ to ! e-day requirem5ts ( work%op practice w f9d ?is volume ( great assi/ance4--,iron4 ,! fir/ attempt to br+ =w>d a ,*emi/ry specially writt5 = ! use ( eng9e]s1 & we h no hesitation :atev] 9 say+ t x %\ld at once be 9 ! possession ( e railway eng9e]4--,! ,railway ,eng9e]4 ,! book w be v useful to ^? :o require a h&y & concise resume ( approv$ me?ods ( analys+ & valu+ metals1 oils1 fuels1 c4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a "w = *emi/s1 a guide to ! r\t9e ( ! eng9e]+ laboratory4444 ,! book is full ( good ?+s4 ,z a h&book ( te*nical analysis1 x is v welcome4--,build]4 ,consid]+ ! ext5sive gr\nd :i* su* a subject z ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry cov]s1 ! "w is complete1 & recomm5ds itself to bo? ! practis+ analyi/ & ! analytical /ud5t4--,*emical ,trade ,j\rnal4 ,! analytical me?ods giv5 are1 z a :ole1 su* z are likely to give rapid & tru/wor?y results 9 exp]i5c$ h&s4 ,!re is mu* excell5t descriptive matt] 9 ! "w1 ! *apt] on ',oils & ,lubrication' be+ specially noticeable 9 ?is respect4--,eng9e]4 ,alkali ,trade1 ,manufacture ( ,sulphuric ,acid1 etc4 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,alkali ,,trade1 includ+ ! ,manufacture ( ,sulphuric ,acid1 ,sulphate ( ,soda1 & ,blea*+ ,p[d]4 ,by ,,john ,,lomas1 ,alkali ,manufactur]1 ,newca/le-^u-,tyne & ,london4 ,) #bcb ,illu/rations & ,work+ ,draw+s1 & conta9+ #cij pages ( ,text4 ,second ,edition1 ) ,additions4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 #a #ajs4 clo?4 ,?is book is writt5 by a manufactur] = manufactur]s4 ,! work+ details ( ! mo/ approv$ =ms ( app>atus are giv51 & ^! are accompani$ by no less ?an #bcb wood engrav+s1 all ( :i* may be us$ = ! purposes ( con/ruction4 ,e /ep 9 ! manufacture is v fully describ$ 9 ?is manual1 & ea* improvem5t expla9$4--,a!num4 ,we f9d n m]ely a s\nd & lum9\s explanation ( ! *emical pr9ciples ( ! trade1 b a notice ( num]\s matt]s :i* h a mo/ important be>+ on ! successful conduct ( alkali works1 b :i* are g5]ally ov]look$ by ev5 exp]i5c$ te*nological au?ors4--,*emical ,review4 ,! ,bl[pipe4 ,,! ,,bl[pipe ,,9 ,,*emi/ry1 ,,m9]alogy1 ,,& ,,geology4 ,conta9+ all kn[n ,me?ods ( ,anhydr\s ,analysis1 _m ,work+ ,examples1 & ,in/ructions = ,mak+ ,app>atus4 ,by ,lieut4-,colonel ,w4 ,a4 ,,ross1 ,r4,a41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,) #abj ,illu/rations4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 clo?4 ,! /ud5t :o goes ?r\gh ! c\rse ( exp]im5tation "h laid d[n w ga9 a bett] insight into inorganic *emi/ry & m9]alogy ?an if he _h 'got up' any ( ! be/ text-books1 & pass$ any numb] ( exam9ations 9 _! cont5ts4--,*emical ,news4 ,comm]cial ,*emical ,analysis4 ,,! ,,comm]cial ,,h&book ,,( ,,*emical ,,analysis2 or1 ,practical ,in/ructions = ! det]m9ation ( ! ,intr9sic or ,comm]cial ,value ( ,sub/ances us$ 9 ,manufactures1 9 ,trades1 & 9 ! ,arts4 ,by ,a4 ,,norm&y1 ,editor ( ,rose's ,treatise on ,*emical ,analysis4 ,new ,edition1 to a great ext5t ,re-writt5 by ,,h5ry ,m4 ,,noad1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,we /rongly recomm5d ?is book to our read]s z a guide1 alike indisp5sable to ! h\sewife z to ! ph>maceutical practition]4--,m$ical ,times4 ,ess5tial to ! analy/s appo9t$ "u ! new ,act4 ,! mo/ rec5t results are giv5 & ! "w is well edit$ & c>efully writt54--,nature4 ,dye-,w>es & ,col\rs4 ,,! ,,manual ,,( ,,col\rs ,,& ,,dye-,,w>es3 ,_! ,prop]ties1 ,applications1 ,valuations1 ,impurities1 & ,sophi/ications4 ,= ! use ( ,dy]s1 ,pr9t]s1 ,drysalt]s1 ,brok]s1 c4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,slat]4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & greatly ,enl>g$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,a complete encyclopdia ( ! mat]ia t9ctoria4 ,! in=mation giv5 respect+ ea* article is full & precise1 & ! me?ods ( det]m9+ ! value ( articles su* z ^!1 s liable to sophi/ication1 are giv5 ) cle>ness1 & are practical z well z valuable4--,*emi/ & ,druggi/4 ,!re is no o!r "w :i* cov]s precisely ! same gr\nd4 ,to /ud5ts prep>+ = exam9ations 9 dye+ & pr9t+ x w prove exce$+ly useful4--,*emical ,news4 ,mod]n ,brew+ & ,malt+4 ,a ,,h&ybook ,,= ,,brew]s3 ,be+ a ,practical ,guide to ! ,art ( ,brew+ & ,malt+4 ,embrac+ ! ,conclusions ( ,mod]n ,rese>* :i* be> ^u ! ,practice ( ,brew+4 ,by ,,h]b]t ,,edw>ds ,,wright1 ,m4,a41 ,au?or ( ,a ,h&book = ,"y ,brew]s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ecj pp41 #abs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,may be consult$ ) advantage by ! /ud5t :o is prep>+ himself = exam9ational te/s1 :ile ! sci5tific brew] w f9d 9 x a resume ( all ! mo/ important discov]ies ( mod]n times4 ,! "w is writt5 ?r\gh\t 9 a cle> & concise mann]1 & ! au?or takes great c>e to discrim9ate betwe5 vague !ories & well-e/abli%$ facts4--,brew]s' ,j\rnal4 ,we h great pleasure 9 recomm5d+ ?is h&ybook1 & h no hesitation 9 say+ t x is "o ( ! be/--if n ! be/--:i* has yet be5 writt5 on ! subject ( be]-brew+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & x %\ld h a place on ! %elves ( e brew]'s libr>y4--,! ,brew]'s ,gu>dian4 ,al?\gh ! requirem5ts ( ! /ud5t are prim>ily consid]$1 an acqua9tance ( half-an-h\r's duration _c fail to impress ! practical brew] ) ! s5se ( hav+ f\nd a tru/wor?y guide & practical c\nsellor 9 brew]y matt]s4--,*emical ,trade ,j\rnal4 ,analysis & ,valuation ( ,fuels4 ,,fuels3 ,,solid1 ,,liquid1 ,,& ,,gase\s1 ,_! ,analysis & ,valuation4 ,= ! ,use ( ,*emi/s & ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,,phillips1 ,f4,c4,s41 =m]ly ,analytical & ,consult+ ,*emi/ to ! ,great ,ea/]n ,railway4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 clo?4 ,ought to h its place 9 ! laboratory ( e metallurgical e/abli%m5t1 & :]ev] fuel is us$ on a l>ge scale4--,*emical ,news4 ,_c fail to be ( wide int]e/1 especially at ! pres5t "t4--,railway ,news4 ,pigm5ts4 ,,! ,,arti/',s ,,manual ,,( ,,pigm5ts4 ,%[+ _! ,composition1 ,conditions ( ,p]man5cy1 ,non-,p]man5cy1 & ,adult]ations2 ,effects 9 ,comb9ation ) ,ea* ,o!r & ) ,vehicles2 & ! mo/ ,reliable ,te/s ( ,purity ,toge!r ) ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t's ,exam9ation ,que/ions on ,pa9t+4 ,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,/&age4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,?is "w is inde$ multum-9-p>vo1 & we c1 ) good consci5ce1 recomm5d x to all :o come 9 contact ) pigm5ts1 :e!r z mak]s1 deal]s or us]s4--,*emical ,review4 ,gaug+4 ,tables & ,rules = ,rev5ue ,(fic]s1 ,brew]s1 etc4 ,a ,,pocket ,,book ,,( ,,m5suration ,,& ,,gaug+3 ,conta9+ ,tables1 ,rules & ,memor&a = ,rev5ue ,(fic]s1 ,brew]s1 ,_s ,m]*ants1 c4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,mant 7,inl& ,rev5ue74 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$4 #ahmo1 #ds4 lea!r4 ,?is h&y & useful book is adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! ,inl& ,rev5ue ,dep>tm5t1 & w be a fav\rite book ( ref]5ce4 ,! range ( subjects is compreh5sive1 & ! arrangem5t simple & cle>4--,civilian4 ,%\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e practical brew]4--,brew]s' ,j\rnal4 ,,indu/rial ,,arts1 ,,trades1 ,,& ,,manufactures4 ,cotton ,sp9n+4 ,,cotton ,,manufacture3 ,a ,practical ,manual4 ,embrac+ ! v>i\s op]ations ( ,cotton ,manufacture1 ,dye+1 c4 ,= ! ,use ( ,op]atives1 ,ov]look]s1 & ,manufactur]s4 ,by ,,john ,,li/]1 ,te*nical ,in/ructor1 ,p5dleton4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 ,fl\r ,manufacture1 ,mill+1 etc4 ,,fl\r ,,manufacture3 ,a ,treatise on ,mill+ ,sci5ce & ,practice4 ,by ,,fri$ri* ,,kick1 ,imp]ial ,regi]ungsra?1 ,pr(essor ( ,me*anical ,te*nology 9 ! ,imp]ial ,g]man ,polyte*nic ,in/itute1 ,prague4 ,translat$ f ! ,second ,enl>g$ & ,revis$ ,edition ) ,supplem5t4 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,p4 ,,p[les1 ,assoc4 ,memb4 ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,ne>ly #djj pp4 ,illu/rat$ ) #bh ,fold+ ,plates1 & #afg ,woodcuts4 ,royal #hvo1 #bes4 clo?4 ,?is valuable "w is1 & w rema91 ! /&>d au?ority on ! sci5ce ( mill+4444 ,! mill] :o has read & dige/$ ?is "w w h laid ! f\ndation1 s to speak1 ( a successful c>e]2 he w h acquir$ a numb] ( g5]al pr9ciples :i* he c proce$ to apply4 ,9 ?is h&some volume we at la/ h ! accept$ text-book ( mod]n mill+ 9 good1 s\nd ,engli%1 :i* has little1 if any1 trace ( ! ,g]man idiom4--,! ,mill]4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is celebrat$ "w 9 ,engli% is v opportune1 & ,briti% mill]s w1 we are sure1 n be sl[ 9 avail+ !mselves ( its pages4--,mill]s' ,gazette4 ,agglut9ants4 ,,cem5ts1 ,,pa/es1 ,,glues ,,& ,,gums3 ,a ,practical ,guide to ! ,manufacture & ,application ( ! v>i\s ,agglut9ants requir$ 9 ! ,build+1 ,metal-,work+1 ,wood-,work+ & ,lea!r-,work+ ,trades1 & = ,work%op1 ,laboratory or ,(fice ,use4 ,) upw>ds ( #ijj ,recipes & ,=mul4 ,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,/&age1 ,*emi/4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 ,we h pleasure 9 speak+ fav\rably ( ?is volume4 ,s f> z we h _h exp]i5ce1 :i* is n inconsid]able1 ?is manual is tru/wor?y4--,a!num4 ,z a revelation ( :at are consid]$ trade secrets1 ?is book w ar\se an am\nt ( curiosity among ! l>ge numb] ( indu/ries x t\*es4--,daily ,*ronicle4 ,9 ?is goodly collection ( receipts x w\ld be /range if a cem5t = any purpose _c be f\nd4--,oil & ,col\rman's ,j\rnal4 ,soap-mak+4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,soap-,,mak+3 ,a ,practical ,h&book ( ! ,manufacture ( ,h>d & ,s(t ,soaps1 ,toilet ,soaps1 etc4 ,includ+ _m ,new ,processes1 & a ,*apt] on ! ,recov]y ( ,glyc]9e f ,wa/e ,leys4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,watt4 ,f\r? ,edition1 ,enl>g$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,! "w w prove v useful1 n m]ely to ! te*nological /ud5t1 b to ! practical soap-boil] :o wi%es to und]/& ! !ory ( 8 art4--,*emical ,news4 ,a ?or\ghly practical treatise on an art :i* has almo/ no lit]ature 9 our language4 ,we congratulate ! au?or on ! success ( 8 endeav\r to fill a void 9 ,engli% te*nical lit]ature4--,nature4 ,pap] ,mak+4 ,,practical ,,pap]-,,mak+3 ,a ,manual = ,pap]-mak]s & ,own]s & ,manag]s ( ,pap]-,mills4 ,) ,tables1 ,calculations1 c4 ,by ,g4 ,,clapp]ton1 ,pap]-mak]4 ,) ,illu/rations ( ,fibres f ,micro-,photographs4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 ,! au?or cat]s = ! requirem5ts ( responsible mill h&s1 appr5tices1 c41 :il/ 8 manual w be f\nd ( great s]vice to /ud5ts ( te*nology1 z well z to vet]an pap] mak]s & mill own]s4 ,! illu/rations =m an excell5t feature4--,pap] ,trade ,review4 ,we recomm5d ev]ybody int]e/$ 9 ! trade to get a copy ( ?is ?or\ghly practical book4--,pap] ,mak+4 ,pap] ,mak+4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,pap] ,,mak+3 ,a ,practical ,h&book ( ! ,manufacture ( ,pap] f ,rags1 ,esp>to1 ,/raw1 & o!r ,fibr\s ,mat]ials4 ,includ+ ! ,manufacture ( ,pulp f ,wood ,fibre1 ) a ,description ( ! ,ma*9]y & ,appliances us$4 ,to :i* are add$ ,details ( ,processes = ,recov]+ ,soda f ,wa/e ,liquors4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,watt1 ,au?or ( ,! ,art ( ,soap-,mak+ ,) ,illu/s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,x may be reg>d$ z ! /&>d "w on ! subject4 ,! book is full ( valuable in=mation4 ,! ',art ( ,pap]-mak+1' is 9 e respect a model ( a text-book1 ei!r = a te*nical class or = ! private /ud5t4--,pap] & ,pr9t+ ,trades j\rnal4 ,lea!r ,manufacture4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,lea!r ,,manufacture4 ,be+ a ,practical ,h&book1 9 :i* ! ,op]ations ( ,tann+1 ,curry+1 & ,lea!r ,dress+ are fully ,describ$1 & ! ,pr9ciples ( ,tann+ ,expla9$1 & _m ,rec5t ,processes ,introduc$2 z also ! ,me?ods = ! ,e/imation ( ,tann91 & a ,description ( ! ,arts ( ,glue ,boil+1 ,gut ,dress+1 c4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,watt1 ,au?or ( ,soap-,mak+1 c4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #is4 clo?4 ,a s\nd1 compreh5sive treatise on tann+ & its accessories4 ,x is an em95tly valuable production1 :i* r$\nds to ! cr$it ( bo? au?or & publi%]s4--,*emical ,review4 ,boot & ,%oe ,mak+4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,boot ,,& ,,%oe-,,mak+4 ,a ,practical ,h&book1 includ+ ,measurem5t1 ,la/-,fitt+1 ,cutt+-,out1 ,clos+1 & ,mak+1 ) a ,description ( ! mo/ approv$ ,ma*9]y employ$4 ,by ,,john ,b4 ,,l5o1 late ,editor ( ,/4 ,crisp91 & ,! ,boot & ,%oe-,mak]4 #abmo1 #bs4 clo? limp4 ,?is excell5t treatise is by f> ! be/ "w ev] writt54 ,! *apt] on click+1 :i* %[s h[ wa/e may be prev5t$1 w save fifty times ! price ( ! book4--,scotti% ,lea!r ,trad]4 ,d5ti/ry ,con/ruction4 ,,me*anical ,,d5ti/ry3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,con/ruction ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( ,artificial ,d5tures4 ,compris+ also ,useful ,=mul1 ,tables1 & ,receipts = ,gold ,plate1 ,clasps1 ,sold]s1 c4 c4 ,by ,,*>les ,,hunt]4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,we c /rongly recomm5d ,mr4 ,hunt]'s treatise to all /ud5ts prep>+ = ! pr(ession ( d5ti/ry1 z well z to e me*anical d5ti/4--,dubl9 ,j\rnal ( ,m$ical ,sci5ce4 ,wood ,engrav+4 ,,wood ,,engrav+3 ,a ,practical & ,easy ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,art4 ,by ,,william ,,norman ,,br[n4 ,second ,edition4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 #as4 #f;d4 clo? limp4 ,! book is cle> & complete1 & w be useful to anyone want+ to und]/& ! fir/ elem5ts ( ! beautiful art ( wood engrav+4--,graphic4 ,horology4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,mod]n ,,horology1 9 ,!ory & ,practice4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,,claudius ,,sauni]1 ex-,director ( ! ,s*ool ( ,horology at ,maon1 by ,,juli5 ,,trippl91 ,f4,r ,a4,s41 ,besanon ,wat* ,manufactur]1 & ,,edw>d ,,rigg1 ,m4,a41 ,assay] 9 ! ,royal ,m9t4 ,) #gh ,woodcuts & #bb ,col\r$ ,copp] ,plates4 ,second ,edition4 ,sup]-royal #hvo1 #b #bs4 clo?2 #b #ajs4 half-calf4 ,!re is no horological "w 9 ! ,engli% language at all to be comp>$ to ?is production ( ,m4 ,sauni]'s = cle>ness & complet5ess4 ,x is alike good z a guide = ! /ud5t & z a ref]5ce = ! exp]i5c$ horolegi/ & skill$ workman4--,horological ,j\rnal4 ,! late/1 ! mo/ complete1 & ! mo/ reliable ( ^? lit]>y productions to :i* cont95tal wat*mak]s are indebt$ = ! me*anical sup]iority ov] _! ,engli% bre?r5--9 fact1 ! ,book ( ,books1 is ,m4 ,sauni]'s ',treatise4'--,wat*mak]1 ,jewell] & ,silv]smi?4 ,wat*mak+4 ,,! ,,wat*mak]',s ,,h&book4 ,int5d$ z a ,work%op ,companion = ^? engag$ 9 ,wat*mak+ & ! ,alli$ ,me*anical ,arts4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,,claudius ,,sauni]1 & consid]ably enl>g$ by ,,juli5 ,,trippl91 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,horological ,in/itute1 & ,,edw>d ,,rigg1 ,m4,a41 ,assay] 9 ! ,royal ,m9t4 ,) num]\s ,woodcuts & #ad ,copp] ,plates4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #is4 clo?4 ,ea* "p is truly a treatise 9 itself4 ,! arrangem5t is good & ! language is cle> & concise4 ,x is an admirable guide = ! "y wat*mak]4--,eng9e]+4 ,x is impossible to speak too highly ( its excell5ce4 ,x fulfils e requirem5t 9 a h&book int5d$ = ! use ( a workman4 ,%\ld be f\nd 9 e work%op4--,wat* & ,clockmak]4 ,?is book conta9s an imm5se numb] ( practical details be>+ on ! daily occupation ( a wat*mak]4--,wat*mak] & ,metalwork] 7,*icago74 ,wat*es & ,timekeep]s4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,wat*es ,,& ,,o!r ,,timekeep]s4 ,by ,,james ,f4 ,,k5dal1 ,m4,b4,h4,in/4 #as4 #f;d4 bo>ds2 or #bs4 #f;d4 clo? gilt4 ,mr4 ,k5dal's book1 = its size1 is ! be/ :i* has yet appe>$ on ?is subject 9 ! ,engli% language4--,indu/ries4 ,op5 ! book :]e y may1 !re is int]e/+ matt] 9 x conc]n+ ! +5i\s devices ( ! anci5t or mod]n horolog]4 ,! subject is treat$ 9 a lib]al & ent]ta9+ _s1 z might be expect$ ( a hi/orian :o is a ma/] ( ! craft4--,saturday ,review4 ,electrolysis ( ,gold1 ,silv]1 ,copp]1 etc4 ,,electro-,,deposition3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,electrolysis ( ,gold1 ,silv]1 ,copp]1 ,nickel1 & o!r ,metals & ,alloys4 ,) descriptions ( ,voltaic ,batt]ies1 ,magneto & ,dynamo-,electric ,ma*9es1 ,!rmopiles1 & ( ! ,mat]ials & ,processes us$ 9 e ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,art1 & sev]al ,*apt]s on ,electro-,metallurgy4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,watt1 ,au?or ( ,electro-,metallurgy1 c4 ,?ird ,edition1,revis$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #is4 clo?4 ,em95tly a book = ! practical work] 9 electro-deposition4 ,x conta9s practical descriptions ( me?ods1 processes & mat]ials z actually pursu$ & us$ 9 ! work%op4--,,eng9e]4 ,electro-,metallurgy4 ,,electro-,,metallurgy3 ,practically ,treat$4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,watt1 ,au?or ( ,electro-,deposition1 c4 ,n9? ,edition1 includ+ ! mo/ rec5t ,processes4 #abmo1 #ds4 clo? bo>ds4 ,f ?is book bo? amateur & artisan may le>n ev]y?+ necess>y = ! successful prosecution ( electroplat+4--,iron4 ,work+ 9 ,gold4 ,,! ,,jewell]',s ,,assi/ant ,,9 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,work+ ,,9 ,,gold3 ,a ,practical ,treatise = ,ma/]s & ,workm51 ,compil$ f ! ,exp]i5ce ( ,?irty ,ye>s' ,work%op ,practice4 ,by ,,george ,e4 ,,gee1 ,au?or ( ,! ,goldsmi?'s ,h&book1 c4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,?is manual ( te*nical education is app>5tly de/9$ to be a valuable auxili>y to a h&icraft :i* is c]ta9ty capable ( great improvem5t4--,! ,times4 ,v useful 9 ! work%op1 z ! k is practical1 hav+ be5 acquir$ by long exp]i5ce1 & all ! recipes & directions are gu>ante$ to be successful4--,jewell] & ,metalwork]4 ,electroplat+4 ,,electroplat+3 ,a ,practical ,h&book on ! ,deposition ( ,copp]1 ,silv]1 ,nickel1 ,gold1 ,alum9ium1 ,brass1 ,plat9um1 c4 c4 ,) ,descriptions ( ! ,*emicals1 ,mat]ials1 ,batt]ies1 & ,dynamo ,ma*9es us$ 9 ! ,art4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,urquh>t1 ,c4,e41 ,au?or ( ,electric ,light1 c4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$1 ) ,additions4 ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 clo?4 ,an excell5t practical manual4--,eng9e]+4 ,an excell5t "w1 giv+ ! newe/ in=mation4--,horological ,j\rnal4 ,electrotyp+4 ,,electrotyp+3 ,! ,reproduction & ,multiplication ( ,pr9t+ ,surfaces & ,works ( ,art by ! ,electro-deposition ( ,metals4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,urquh>t1 ,c4,e4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 clo?4 ,! book is ?or\ghly practical4 ,! read] is1 !re=e1 conduct$ ?r\gh ! lead+ laws ( electricity1 !n ?r\gh ! metals us$ by electrotyp]s1 ! app>atus1 & ! deposit+ processes1 up to ! f9al prep>ation ( ! "w4--,art ,j\rnal4 ,goldsmi?s' ,"w4 ,,! ,,goldsmi?',s ,,h&book4 ,by ,,george ,e4 ,,gee1 ,jewell]1 c4 ,?ird ,edition1 consid]ably ,enl>g$1 #abmo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cl4 bds4 ,a good1 s\nd educator1 & w be g5]ally accept$ z an au?ority4--,horological ,j\rnal4 ,silv]smi?s' ,"w4 ,,! ,,silv]smi?',s ,,h&book4 ,by ,,george ,e4 ,,gee1 ,jewell]1 c4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo? bo>ds4 ,! *ief m]it ( ! "w is its practical "*4444 ,! work]s 9 ! trade w spe$ily discov] its m]its :5 !y sit d[n to /udy x4--,engli% ,me*anic4 999999 ,! above two-works toge!r1 /rongly half-b\nd1 price #gs4 ,bread & ,biscuit ,bak+4 ,,! ,,bread ,,& ,,biscuit ,,bak]',s ,,& ,,sug>-,,boil]',s ,,assi/ant4 ,includ+ a l>ge v>iety ( ,mod]n ,recipes4 ,) ,rem>ks on ! ,art ( ,bread-mak+4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,wells1 ,practical ,bak]4 ,second ,edition1 ) ,additional ,recipes4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 clo?4 ,a l>ge numb] ( wr9kles = ! ord9>y cook1 z well z ! bak]4--,saturday ,review4 ,confection]y = ,hotels & ,re/aurants4 ,,! ,,pa/rycook ,,& ,,confection]',s ,,guide4 ,= ,hotels1 ,re/aurants & ! ,trade 9 g5]al1 adapt$ also = ,family ,use4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,wells1 ,au?or ( ,! ,bread & ,biscuit ,bak]'s & ,sug>-,boil]'s ,assi/ant4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 clo?4 ,we _c speak too highly ( ?is really excell5t "w4 ,9 ^! days ( ke5 competition our read]s _c d bett] ?an pur*ase ?is book4--,bak]s' ,times4 ,ornam5tal ,confection]y4 ,,ornam5tal ,,confection]y3 ,a ,guide = ,bak]s4 ,confection]s & ,pa/rycooks2 includ+ a v>iety ( ,mod]n ,recipes1 & ,rem>ks on ,decorative & ,col\r$ ,"w4 ,) #abi ,orig9al ,designs4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,wells1 ,practical ,bak]1 ,au?or ( ,! ,bread & ,biscuit ,bak]'s & ,sug>-,boil]'s ,assi/ant1 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? gilt1 #es4 ,a valuable "w1 practical1 & %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e bak] & confection]4 ,! illu/rative designs are alone wor? treble ! am\nt *>g$ = ! :ole "w4--,bak]s' ,times4 ,fl\r ,confection]y4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,fl\r ,,confection]4 ,:olesale & ,retail4 ,conta9+ a l>ge ,collection ( ,recipes = ,*eap ,cakes1 ,biscuits1 c4 ,) ,rem>ks on ! ,+r$i5ts us$ 9 _! ,manufacture4 ,to :i* are add$ ,recipes = ,da9ties = ! ,work+ ,man's ,table4 ,by ,r4 ,,wells1 ,au?or ( ,! ,bread & ,biscuit ,bak]1 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 cl4 ,! "w is ( a decid$ly practical "*1 & 9 e recipe reg>d is _h to economical work+4--,nor? ,briti% ,daily ,mail4 ,laundry ,"w4 ,,laundry ,,managem5t4 ,a ,h&book = ,use 9 ,private & ,public ,laundries1 ,includ+ ,descriptive ,acc\nts ( ,mod]n ,ma*9]y & ,appliances = ,laundry ,"w4 ,by ! ,,editor ( ,! ,laundry ,j\rnal4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,?is book %\ld c]ta9ly occupy an hon\r$ place on ! %elves ( all h\sekeep]s :o wi% to keep !mselves au c\rant ( ! newe/ appliances & me?ods4--,! ,que54 ,,h&ybooks ,,= ,,h&icrafts4 ,by ,,paul ,n4 ,,hasluck1 ,,editor ,,( ,,"w 7,,new ,,s]ies72 ,,au?or ,,( ,,la!work1 ,,mill+ ,,ma*9es1 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #add pages1 clo?1 price #as4 ea*4 ,^! ,,h&ybooks h be5 writt5 to supply in=mation = ,,workm51 ,,/ud5ts1 & ,,amateurs 9 ! sev]al ,h&icrafts1 on ! actual ,,practice ( ! ,,work%op1 & are int5d$ to convey 9 pla9 language ,,te*nical ,,k ( ! sev]al ,,crafts4 ,9 describ+ ! processes employ$1 & ! manipulation ( mat]ial1 work%op t]ms are us$2 work%op practice is fully expla9$2 & ! text is freely illu/rat$ ) draw+s ( mod]n tools1 appliances1 & processes4 ,,! ,,metal ,,turn]',s ,,h&ybook4 ,a ,practical ,manual = ,work]s at ! ,foot-,la!4 ,) ov] #ajj ,illu/rations4 ,price #as4 ,! book w be ( s]vice alike to ! amateur & ! artisan turn]4 ,x displays ?or\gh k ( ! subject4--,scotsman4 ,,! ,,wood ,,turn]',s ,,h&ybook4 ,a ,practical ,manual = ,work]s at ! ,la!4 ,) ov] #ajj ,illu/rations4 ,price #as4 ,we recomm5d ! book to "y turn]s & amateurs4 ,a multitude ( workm5 h hi!rto s\ght 9 va9 = a manual ( ?is special indu/ry4--,me*anical ,_w4 ,,! ,,wat* ,,jobb]',s ,,h&ybook4 ,a ,practical ,manual on ,clean+1 ,repair+1 & ,adju/+4 ,) upw>ds ( #ajj ,illu/rations4 ,price #as4 ,we /rongly advise all "y p]sons connect$ ) ! wat* trade to acquire & /udy ?is inexp5sive "w4--,cl]k5well ,*ronicle4 ,,! ,,patt]n ,,mak]',s ,,h&ybook4 ,a ,practical ,manual on ! ,con/ruction ( ,patt]ns = ,f\nd]s4 ,) upw>ds ( #ajj ,illu/rations4 ,price #as4 ,a mo/ valuable1 if n indisp5sable1 manual = ! patt]n mak]4--,k4 ,,! ,,me*anic',s ,,work%op ,,h&ybook4 ,a ,practical ,manual on ,me*anical ,manipulation4 ,embrac+ ,in=mation on v>i\s ,h&icraft ,processes1 ) ,useful ,notes & ,miscellane\s ,memor&a4 ,compris+ ab\t #bjj ,subjects4 ,price #as4 ,a v clev] & useful book1 :i* %\ld be f\nd 9 e work%op2 & x %\ld c]ta9ly f9d a place 9 all te*nical s*ools4--,saturday ,review4 ,,! ,,model ,,eng9e]',s ,,h&ybook4 ,a ,practical ,manual on ! ,con/ruction ( ,model ,/eam ,eng9es4 ,) upw>ds ( #ajj ,illu/rations4 ,price #as4 ,mr4 ,hasluck has produc$ a v good little book4--,build]4 ,,! ,,clock ,,jobb]',s ,,h&ybook4 ,a ,practical ,manual on ,clean+1 ,repair+1 & ,adju/+4 ,) upw>ds ( #ajj ,illu/rations4 ,price #as4 ,x is ( ine/imable s]vice to ^? comm5c+ ! trade4--,cov5try ,/&>d4 ,,! ,,cab9et ,,work]',s ,,h&ybook3 ,a ,practical ,manual on ! ,tools1 ,mat]ials1 ,appliances1 & ,processes employ$ 9 ,cab9et ,"w4 ,) upw>ds ( #ajj ,illu/rations4 ,price #as4 ,mr4 ,hasluck's ?or\ghgo+ little ,h&ybook is among/ ! mo/ practical guides we h se5 = beg9n]s 9 cab9et-"w4--,saturday ,review4 ,,! ,,woodwork]',s ,,h&ybook ,,( ,,manual ,,in/ruction4 ,embrac+ ,in=mation on ! ,tools1 ,mat]ials1 ,appliances & ,processes employ$ 9 ,woodwork+4 ,) #ajd ,illu/rations4 ,price #as4 ,j publi%$4 ,,! ,,metalwork]',s ,,h&ybook4 ,) upw>ds ( #ajj ,illu/rations4 ,9 prep>ation4 999999 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,writt5 by a man :o kn[s1 n only h[ "w ought to be done1 b h[ to d x1 & h[ to convey 8 k to o!rs4--,eng9e]+4 ,mr4 ,hasluck writes admirably1 & gives complete in/ructions4--,eng9e]4 ,mr4 ,hasluck comb9es ! exp]i5ce ( a practical tea*] ) ! manipulative skill & sci5tific k ( processes ( ! tra9$ me*anician1 & ! manuals are m>vels ( :at c be produc$ at a popul> price4--,s*oolma/]4 ,helpful to workm5 ( all ages & degrees ( exp]i5ce4--,daily ,*ronicle4 ,practical1 s5sible1 & rem>kably *eap4--,j\rnal ( ,education4 ,concise1 cle> & practical4--,saturday ,review4 ,,comm]ce1 ,,c\nt+-,,h\se ,,"w1 ,,tables1 etc4 ,comm]cial ,education4 ,,lessons ,,9 ,,comm]ce4 ,by ,pr(essor ,r4 ,,gamb>o1 ( ! ,royal ,high ,comm]cial ,s*ool at ,g5oa4 ,edit$ & ,revis$ by ,,james ,,gault1 ,pr(essor ( ,comm]ce & ,comm]cial ,law 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,! publi%]s ( ?is "w h r5d]$ consid]able s]vice to ! cause ( comm]cial education by ! opportune production ( ?is volume4444 ,! "w is peculi>ly acceptable to ,engli% read]s & an admirable addition to exi/+ class-books4 ,9 a phrase1 we ?9k ! "w atta9s its object 9 furni%+ a brief acc\nt ( ^? laws & cu/oms ( ,briti% trade ) :i* ! comm]cial man int]e/$ !re9 %\ld be famili>4--,*amb] ( ,comm]ce ,j\rnal4 ,an invaluable guide 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o are prep>+ = a comm]cial c>e]4--,c\nt+ ,h\se4 ,=eign ,comm]cial ,correspond5ce4 ,,! ,,=eign ,,comm]cial ,,correspond5t3 ,be+ ,aids to ,comm]cial ,correspond5ce 9 ,five ,languages--,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,italian1 & ,spani%4 ,by ,,conrad ,e4 ,,bak]4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,:oev] wi%es to correspond 9 all ! languages m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,bak] _c d bett] ?an /udy ?is "w1 ! mat]ials ( :i* are excell5t & conv5i5tly arrang$4 ,!y consi/ n ( entire specim5 lett]s b--:at are f> m useful--%ort passages1 s5t5ces1 or phrases express+ ! same g5]al idea 9 v>i\s =ms4--,a!num4 ,a c>eful exam9ation has conv9c$ u t x is unusually complete1 well arrang$1 & reliable4 ,! book is a ?or\ghly good "o4--,s*oolma/]4 ,acc\nts = ,manufactur]s4 ,,factory ,,acc\nts3 ,_! ,pr9ciples & ,practice4 ,a ,h&book = ,acc\ntants & ,manufactur]s1 ) ,app5dices on ! ,nom5clature ( ,ma*9e ,details2 ! ,income ,tax ,acts2 ! ,rat+ ( ,factories2 ,fire & ,boil] ,insurance2 ! ,factory & ,work%op ,acts1 c41 includ+ also a ,gloss>y ( ,t]ms & a l>ge numb] ( ,specim5 ,rul+s4 ,by ,,emile ,,g>cke & ,j4 ,m4 ,,fells4 ,f\r? ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,demy #hvo1 #bej pages1 #fs4 /rongly b\nd4 ,a v int]e/+ description ( ! requirem5ts ( ,factory ,acc\nts4444 ,! pr9ciple ( assimilat+ ! ,factory ,acc\nts to ! g5]al comm]cial books is "o :i* we ?or\ghly agree )4--,acc\ntants' ,j\rnal4 ,*>act]is$ by extreme ?or\ghness4 ,!re are few own]s ( factories :o w\ld n d]ive great b5efit f ! p]usal ( ?is mo/ admirable "w4--,local ,gov]nm5t ,*ronicle4 ,intuitive ,calculations4 ,,! ,,comp5di\s ,,calculator2 or1 ,easy & ,concise ,me?ods ( ,p]=m+ ! v>i\s ,ari?metical ,op]ations requir$ 9 ,comm]cial & ,bus9ess ,transactions1 toge!r ) ,useful ,tables4 ,by ,,daniel ,o',,gorman4 ,correct$ & ,ext5d$ by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,r4 ,,"y4 ,tw5ty-sev5? ,edition1 ,revis$ by ,c4 ,,norris4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 clo? limp2 or1 #cs4 #f;d4 /rongly half-b\nd 9 lea!r4 ,x w\ld be difficult to exagg]ate ! usefulness ( a book l ?is to ev]yone engag$ 9 comm]ce or manufactur+ indu/ry4 ,x is cramm$ full ( rules & =mul = %ort5+ & employ+ calculations4--,k4 ,mod]n ,metrical ,units & ,sy/ems4 ,,mod]n ,,metrology3 ,a ,manual ( ! ,metrical ,units & ,sy/ems ( ! ,pres5t ,c5tury4 ,) an ,app5dix conta9+ a propos$ ,engli% ,sy/em4 ,by ,,l[is ,d',a4 ,,jackson1 ,a4,m4,in/4,c4,e41 ,au?or ( ,aid to ,survey ,practice1 c4 ,l>ge cr[n #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,we recomm5d ! "w to all int]e/$ 9 ! practical re=m ( our weights & measures4--,nature4 ,! ,metric ,sy/em & ! ,briti% ,/&>ds4 ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,metric ,,tables1 9 :i* ! ,briti% ,/&>d ,measures & ,weights are comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,metric ,sy/em at pres5t 9 ,use on ! ,cont95t4 ,by ,c4 ,h4 ,,d[l+1 ,c4,e4 #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 /rongly b\nd4 ,mr4 ,d[l+'s ,tables are well put toge!r z a ready-reckon] = ! conv]sion ( "o sy/em into ! o!r4--,a!num4 ,iron & ,metal ,trades' ,calculator4 ,,! ,,iron ,,& ,,metal ,,trades' ,,companion4 ,= exp$iti\sly asc]ta9+ ! ,value ( any ,goods b\ght or sold by ,weight1 f #as4 p] cwt4 to #aabs4 p] cwt41 & f "o f>?+ p] p\nd to "o %ill+ p] p\nd4 ,by ,,?omas ,,d[nie4 #cif pp41 #is4 lea!r4 ,a mo/ useful set ( tables2 no?+ l !m be=e exi/$4--,build+ ,news4 ,al?\gh specially adapt$ to ! iron & metal trades1 ! tables w be f\nd useful 9 e o!r bus9ess 9 :i* m]*&ise is b\ght & sold by weight4--,railway ,news4 ,*adwick's ,calculator = ,numb]s & ,weights ,comb9$4 ,,! ,,numb]1 ,,weight1 ,,& ,,fractional ,,calculator4 ,conta9+ upw>ds ( #bej1jjj ,sep>ate ,calculations1 %[+ at a glance ! value at #dbb diff]5t rates1 rang+ f #a_/abe? ( a ,p5ny to #bjs4 ea*1 or p] cwt41 & #bj p] ton1 ( any numb] ( articles consecutively1 f #a to #dgj4--;,any numb] ( cwts41 qrs41 & lbs41 f #a cwt4 to #dgj cwts4--,any numb] ( tons1 cwts41 qrs41 & lbs41 f #a to #a1jjj tons4 ,by ,,william ,,*adwick1 ,public ,acc\ntant4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,improv$4 #hvo1 #ahs41 /rongly b\nd = ,(fice we> & te>4 ,is adapt$ = ! use ( ,acc\ntants & ,auditors1 ,railway ,companies1 ,canal ,companies1 ,%ipp]s1 ,%ipp+ ,ag5ts1 ,g5]al ,c>ri]s1 etc4 ,ironf\nd]s1 ,brassf\nd]s1 ,metal ,m]*ants1 ,iron ,manufactur]s1 ,ironmong]s1 ,eng9e]s1 ,ma*9i/s1 ,boil] ,mak]s4 ,millwrights1 ,ro(+1 ,bridge & ,gird] ,mak]s1 ,colli]y ,proprietors1 etc4 ,timb] ,m]*ants1 ,build]s1 ,contractors1 ,ar*itects1 ,surveyors1 ,auctione]s1 ,valu]s1 ,brok]s1 ,mill ,own]s & ,manufactur]s1 ,mill ,furni%]s1 ,m]*ants1 & ,g5]al ,:olesale ,tradesm54 ,also = ! ,apportionm5t ( ,mileage ,*>ges = ,railway ,traffic4 999999 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,x is z easy ( ref]5ce = any answ] or any numb] ( answ]s z a diction>y1 & ! ref]5ces are ev5 m quickly made4 ,= mak+ up acc\nts or e/imates ! book mu/ prove invaluable to all :o h any consid]able quantity ( calculations involv+ price & measure 9 any comb9ation to d4--,eng9e]4 ,! mo/ complete & practical ready reckon] :i* x has be5 our =tune yet to see4 ,x is difficult to imag9e a trade or occupation 9 :i* x c\ld n be ( ! greate/ use1 ei!r 9 sav+ human lab\r or 9 *eck+ "w4 ,! publi%]s h plac$ )9 ! rea* ( e comm]cial man an invaluable & unfail+ assi/ant4--,! ,mill]4 ,! mo/ p]fect "w ( ! k9d yet prep>$4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,h>b5's ,compreh5sive ,weight ,calculator4 ,,! ,,weight ,,calculator4 ,be+ a ,s]ies ( ,tables ^u a ,new & ,compreh5sive ,plan1 exhibit+ at ,"o ,ref]5ce ! exact ,value ( any ,weight f #a lb4 to #ae tons1 at #cjj ,progressive ,rates1 f #a;d4 to #afhs4 p] cwt41 & conta9+ #ahf1jjj ,direct ,answ]s1 :i*1 ) _! ,comb9ations1 consi/+ ( a s+le addition 7mo/ly to be p]=m$ at sight71 w af=d an aggregate ( #aj1bff1jjj ,answ]s2 ! :ole be+ calculat$ & design$ to ensure correctness & promote despat*4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,h>b51 ,acc\ntant4 ,f\r? ,edition1 c>efully ,correct$4 ,royal #hvo1 #a #es4 /rongly half-b\nd4 ,a practical & useful "w ( ref]5ce = m5 ( bus9ess g5]ally2 x is ! be/ ( ! k9d we h se54--,ironmong]4 ,( priceless value to bus9ess m54 ,x is a necess>y book 9 all m]cantile (fices4--,%effield ,indep5d5t4 ,h>b5's ,compreh5sive ,disc\nt ,guide4 ,,! ,,disc\nt ,,guide4 ,compris+ sev]al ,s]ies ( ,tables = ! use ( ,m]*ants1 ,manufactur]s1 ,ironmong]s1 & o!rs1 by :i* may be asc]ta9$ ! exact ,pr(it aris+ f any mode ( us+ ,disc\nts1 ei!r 9 ! ,pur*ase or ,sale ( ,goods1 & ! me?od ( ei!r ,alt]+ a ,rate ( ,disc\nt or ,advanc+ a ,price1 s z to produce1 by "o op]ation1 a sum t w realise any requir$ pr(it aft] all[+ "o or m ,disc\nts3 to :i* are add$ ,tables ( ,pr(it or ,advance f #a to #ij p] c5t41 ,tables ( ,disc\nt f #a to #ih p] c5t41 & ,tables ( ,commission1 c41 f to #aj p] c5t4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,h>b51 ,acc\ntant1 ,au?or ( ,! ,weight ,calculator4 ,new ,edition1 c>efully ,revis$ & ,correct$4 ,demy #hvo1 #edd pp41 #a #es4 half-b\nd4 ,a book su* z ?is c only be appreciat$ by bus9ess m5 to :om ! sav+ ( "t means sav+ ( money4 ,we h ! high au?ority ( ,pr(essor ,j4 ,r4 ,"y t ! tables ?r\gh\t ! "w are con/ruct$ ^u /rictly accurate pr9ciples4 ,! "w is a model ( typographical cle>ness1 & mu/ prove ( great value to m]*ants1 manufactur]s1 & g5]al trad]s4--,briti% ,trade ,j\rnal4 ,iron ,%ipbuild]s' & ,m]*ants' ,weight ,tables4 ,,iron-,,plate ,,weight ,,tables3 ,= ,iron ,%ipbuild]s1 ,eng9e]s1 & ,iron ,m]*ants4 ,conta9+ ! ,calculat$ ,weights ( upw>ds ( #aej1jjj diff]5t sizes ( ,iron ,plates1 f #a foot by #f 94 by 94 to #aj feet by #e feet by #a 94 ,work$ out on ! basis ( #dj lbs4 to ! squ>e foot ( ,iron ( #a in* 9 ?ickness4 ,c>efully compil$ & ?or\ghly ,revis$ by ,h4 ,,burl9son & ,w4 ,h4 ,,simpson4 ,oblong #dto1 #bes4 half-b\nd4 ,?is "w w be f\nd ( great utility4 ,! au?ors h _h mu* practical exp]i5ce ( :at is want+ 9 mak+ e/imates3 & ! use ( ! book w save mu* "t 9 mak+ elaborate calculations4--,engli% ,me*anic4 ,,agriculture1 ,,f>m+1 ,,g>d5+1 etc4 ,dr4 ,fream's ,new ,edition ( ,! ,/&>d ,treatise on ,agriculture4 ,,! ,,complete ,,grazi]1 & ,,f>m]',s & ,,cattle-,,bre$]',s ,,assi/ant3 ,a ,comp5dium ( ,husb&ry4 ,orig9ally ,writt5 by ,,william ,,y\att4 ,?irte5? ,edition1 entirely ,re-writt51 consid]ably ,enl>g$1 & br\ght up to ! ,pres5t ,requirem5ts ( ,agricultural ,practice1 by ,,william ,,fream1 ,,ll4,d41 ,/ev5 ,lectur] 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 ,au?or ( ,! ,elem5ts ( ,agriculture1 c4 ,royal #hvo1 #a1ajj pp41 ) ov] #dej ,illu/rations4 #a #aas4 #f;d4 /rongly & h&somely b\nd4 ,,extract ,,f ,,publi%]s' ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,a treatise t made its orig9al appe>ance 9 ! fir/ decade ( ! c5tury1 & t ent]s ^u its ,?irte5? ,edition be=e ! c5tury has run its c\rse1 has und\bt$ly e/abli%$ its position z a "w ( p]man5t value4444 ,! ph5om5al progress ( ! la/ doz5 ye>s 9 ! ,practice & ,sci5ce ( ,f>m+ has r5d]$ x necess>y1 h[ev]1 t ! volume %\ld be re-writt51 444 & = ?is und]tak+ ! publi%]s 7 =tunate en\gh to secure ! s]vices ( ,dr4 ,,fream1 ^: high atta9m5ts 9 all matt]s p]ta9+ to agriculture h be5 s emphatically recognis$ by ! highe/ pr(essional & (ficial au?orities4 ,9 c>ry+ out 8 editorial duties1 ,dr4 ,,fream has be5 fav\r$ ) valuable contributions by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,,wortley ,,axe1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,,br[n1 ,dr4 ,,b]n>d ,,dy]1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,,mald51 ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,rew1 ,pr(4 ,,%eldon1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,,s9clair1 ,mr4 ,,s&]s ,,sp5c]1 & o!rs4 ,z reg>ds ! illu/rations ( ! "w1 no pa9s h be5 sp>$ to make !m z repres5tative & *>act]i/ic z possible1 s z to be practically useful to ! ,f>m] & ,grazi]4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,book ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,v>ieties1 ,,bre$+1 ,,re>+1 ,,fatt5+1 ,,& ,,managem5t ,,( ,,cattle4 ,,book ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,economy ,,& ,,managem5t ,,( ,,! ,,dairy4 ,,book ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,bre$+1 ,,re>+1 ,,& ,,managem5t ,,( ,,horses4 ,,book ,,iv4 ,,on ,,! ,,bre$+1 ,,re>+1 ,,& ,,fatt5+ ,,( ,,%eep4 ,,book ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,bre$+1 ,,re>+1 ,,& ,,fatt5+ ,,( ,,sw9e4 ,,book ,,vi4 ,,on ,,! ,,diseases ,,( ,,live ,,/ock4 ,,book ,,vii4 ,,on ,,! ,,bre$+1 ,,re>+1 ,,& ,,managem5t ,,( ,,p\ltry4 ,,book ,,viii4 ,,on ,,f>m ,,(fices ,,& ,,implem5ts ,,( ,,husb&ry4 ,,book ,,ix4 ,,on ,,! ,,culture ,,& ,,managem5t ,,( ,,grass ,,l&s4 ,,book ,x4 ,,on ,,! ,,cultivation ,,& ,,application ,,( ,,grasses1 ,,pulse1 ,,& ,,roots4 ,,book ,,xi4 ,,on ,,manures ,,& ,,_! ,,application ,,to ,,grass ,,l&,,crops4 ,,book ,,xii4 ,,mon?ly ,,cal5d>s ,,( ,,f>mwork4 999999 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press ,,on ,,! ,,new ,,edition4 ,dr4 ,fream is to be congratulat$ on ! successful attempt he has made to give u a "w :i* w at once become ! /&>d classic ( ! f>m practice ( ! c\ntry4 ,we believe t x w be f\nd t x has no compe] among ! _m works at pres5t 9 exi/5ce4444 ,! illu/rations are admirable1 :ile ! frontispiece1 :i* repres5ts ! well-kn[n bull1 ,new ,ye>'s ,gift1 br$ by ! ,que51 is a "w ( art4--,! ,times4 ,! book mu/ be recognis$ z occupy+ ! pr\d position ( ! mo/ exhau/ive "w ( ref]5ce 9 ! ,engli% language on ! subject ) :i* x deals4--,a!num4 ,! mo/ compreh5sive guide to mod]n f>m practice t exi/s 9 ! ,engli% language to-day4444 ,! book is "o t ought to be on e f>m & 9 ! libr>y ( e l&[n]4--,m>k ,lane ,express4 ,9 po9t ( exhau/iv5ess & accuracy ! "w w c]ta9ly hold a pre-em95t & unique position among books deal+ ) sci5tific agricultural practice4 ,x is1 9 fact1 an agricultural libr>y ( itself4--,nor? ,briti% ,agriculturi/4 ,a comp5dium ( au?oratative & well-ord]$ k on e conceivable bran* ( ! "w ( ! live /ock f>m]2 probably )\t an equal 9 ?is or any o!r c\ntry4--,york%ire ,po/4 ,! be/ & brighte/ guide to ! practice ( husb&ry1 "o t has no sup]ior--no equal we might truly say--among ! agricultural lit]ature n[ be=e ! public4444 ,9 e section 9 :i* we h te/$ x1 ! "w has be5 f\nd ?or\ghly up to date4--,bell's ,weekly ,mess5g]4 ,briti% ,f>m ,live ,/ock4 ,,f>m ,,live ,,/ock ,,( ,,great ,,brita94 ,by ,,rob]t ,,wallace1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 c41 ,pr(essor ( ,agriculture & ,rural ,economy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,?ird ,edition1 ?or\ghly ,revis$ & consid]ably ,enl>g$4 ,) ov] #abj ,phototypes ( ,prize ,/ock4 ,demy #hvo1 #chd pp41 ) #gi ,plates & ,maps1 #abs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,a really complete "w on ! hi/ory1 bre$s1 & managem5t ( ! f>m /ock ( ,great ,brita91 & "o :i* is likely to f9d its way to ! %elves ( e c\ntry g5tleman's libr>y4--,! ,times4 ,! late/ edition ( ',f>m ,live ,/ock ( ,great ,brita9' is a production to be pr\d (1 & its issue n ! lea/ ( ! s]vices :i* its au?or has r5d]$ to agricultural sci5ce4--,scotti% ,f>m]4 ,! book is v attractive 444 & we c sc>cely imag9e ! exi/5ce ( a f>m] :o w\ld n l to h a copy ( ?is beautiful "w4--,m>k ,lane ,express4 ,a "w :i* w long be reg>d$ z a /&>d au?ority :5ev] a concise hi/ory & description ( ! bre$s ( live /ock 9 ! ,briti% ,isles is requir$4--,bell's ,weekly ,mess5g]4 ,dairy ,f>m+4 ,,briti% ,,dairy+4 ,a ,h&y ,volume on ! ,"w ( ! ,dairy-,f>m4 ,= ! ,use ( ,te*nical ,in/ruction ,classes1 ,/ud5ts 9 ,agricultural ,colleges1 & ! ,work+ ,dairy-,f>m]4 ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,p4 ,,%eldon1 late ,special ,commission] ( ! ,canadian ,gov]nm5t1 ,au?or ( ,dairy ,f>m+1 c4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,may be confid5tly recomm5d$ z a useful text-book on dairy f>m+4--,agricultural ,gazette4 ,probably ! be/ half-cr[n manual on dairy "w t has yet be5 produc$4--,nor? ,briti% ,agriculturi/4 ,x is ! s\nde/ little "w we h yet se5 on ! subject4--,! ,times4 ,dairy ,manual4 ,,milk1 ,,*eese ,,& ,,butt]3 ,_! ,composition1 ,"* & ! ,processes ( _! ,production4 ,a ,practical ,manual = ,/ud5ts & ,dairy ,f>m]s4 ,by ,,john ,,oliv]1 late ,pr9cipal ( ! ,we/]n ,dairy ,in/itute1 ,b]keley4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #chj pages1 ) ,col\r$ ,te/ ,%eets & num]\s ,illu/rations1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 ,agricultural ,facts & ,figures4 ,,note-,,book ,,( ,,agricultural ,,facts ,,& ,,figures ,,= ,,f>m]s ,,& ,,f>m ,,/ud5ts4 ,by ,,primrose ,,mcconnell1 ,b4,sc4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,royal #cbmo1 roan1 gilt edges1 ) b&1 #ds4 ,lit]ally teems ) in=mation1 & we c cordially recomm5d x to all connect$ ) agriculture4--,nor? ,briti% ,agriculturi/4 ,small ,f>m+4 ,,sy/ematic ,,small ,,f>m+2 or1 ,! ,lessons ( my ,f>m4 ,be+ an ,introduction to ,mod]n ,f>m ,practice = ,small ,f>m]s4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,scott ,,burn1 ,au?or ( ,outl9es ( ,mod]n ,f>m+1 c4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations1 cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 clo?4 ,?is is ! complete/ book ( its class we h se51 & "o :i* e amateur f>m] w read ) pleasure & accept z a guide4--,field4 ,mod]n ,f>m+4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,mod]n ,,f>m+4 ,by ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 ,soils1 ,manures1 & ,crops--,f>m+ & ,f>m+ ,economy--,cattle1 ,%eep1 & ,horses--,managem5t ( ,dairy1 ,pigs1 & ,p\ltry--,utilisation ( ,t[n-,sewage1 ,irrigation1 c4 ,six? ,edition4 ,9 ,"o ,vol41 #a1bej pp41 half-b\nd1 pr(usely ,illu/rat$1 #abs4 ,! aim ( ! au?or has be5 to make 8 "w at once compreh5sive & tru/wor?y1 & he has succe$$ to a degree :i* entitles him to mu* cr$it4--,morn+ ,adv]tis]4 ,agricultural ,eng9e]+4 ,,f>m ,,eng9e]+1 ,,! ,,complete ,,text-,,book ,,(4 ,compris+ ,dra9+ & ,embank+2 ,irrigation & ,wat] ,supply2 ,f>m ,roads1 ,f5ces1 & ,gates2 ,f>m ,build+s2 ,b>n ,implem5ts & ,ma*9es2 ,field ,implem5ts & ,ma*9es2 ,agricultural ,survey+1 c4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,john ,,scott1 ,9 ,"o ,vol41 #a1aej pages1 half-b\nd1 ) ov] #fjj ,illu/rations1 #abs4 ,writt5 ) great c>e1 z well z ) k & ability4 ,! au?or has done 8 "w well2 we h f\nd him a v tru/wor?y guide :]ev] we h te/$ 8 /atem5ts4 ,! volume w be ( great value to agricultural /ud5ts4--,m>k ,lane ,express4 ,agricultural ,text-,book4 ,,! ,,fields ,,( ,,great ,,brita93 ,a ,text-,book ( ,agriculture1 adapt$ to ! ,syllabus ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t4 ,= ,elem5t>y & ,advanc$ ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,,hugh ,,clem5ts 7,bo>d ( ,trade74 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$1 ) ,additions4 #ahmo1 #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,a mo/ compreh5sive volume1 giv+ a mass ( in=mation4--,agricultural ,economi/4 ,x is a long "t s9ce we h se5 a book :i* has pleas$ u m1 or :i* conta9s su* a va/ & useful fund ( k4--,educational ,times4 ,tables = ,f>m]s1 etc4 ,,tables1 ,,memor&a1 ,,& ,,calculat$ ,,results = ,f>m]s1 ,grazi]s1 ,agricultural ,/ud5ts1 ,surveyors1 ,l& ,ag5ts1 ,auctione]s1 etc4 ,) a ,new ,sy/em ( ,f>m ,book-keep+4 ,select$ & ,arrang$ by ,,sidney ,,francis4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$4 #bgb pp41 wai/coat-pocket size1 #as4 #f;d4 limp lea!r4 ,weigh+ less ?an #a oz41 & occupy+ no m space ?an a mat* box1 x conta9s a mass ( facts & calculations :i* has nev] be=e1 9 su* h&y =m1 be5 obta9able4 ,e op]ation on ! f>m is dealt )4 ,! "w may be tak5 z ?or\ghly accurate1 ! :ole ( ! tables hav+ be5 revis$ by ,dr4 ,fream4 ,we cordially recomm5d x4--,bell's ,weekly ,mess5g]4 ,! ,managem5t ( ,bees4 ,,bees ,,= ,,pleasure ,,& ,,pr(it3 ,a ,guide to ! ,manipulation ( ,bees1 ! ,production ( ,honey1 & ! ,g5]al ,managem5t ( ! ,api>y4 ,by ,g4 ,,gordon ,,samson4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 clo?4 ,! int5d+ bee-keep] w f9d exactly ! k9d ( in=mation requir$ to enable him to make a successful />t ) 8 hives4 ,! au?or is a ?or\ghly compet5t tea*]1 & 8 book may be comm5d$4--,morn+ ,po/4 ,f>m & ,e/ate ,book-keep+4 ,,book-,,keep+ ,,= ,,f>m]s ,,e/ate ,,own]s4 ,a ,practical ,treatise1 pres5t+1 9 ,?ree ,plans1 a ,sy/em adapt$ = all ,classes ( ,f>ms4 ,by ,,johnson ,m4 ,,woodman1 ,*>t]$ ,acc\ntant4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo? bo>ds2 or #bs4 #f;d4 clo? limp4 ,! volume is a capital /udy ( a mo/ important subject4--,agricultural ,gazette4 ,! "y f>m]1 l& ag5t1 & surveyor w f9d ,mr4 ,woodman's treatise m ?an repay its co/ & /udy4--,build+ ,news4 ,f>m ,acc\nt ,book4 ,,woodman',s ,,ye>ly ,,f>m ,,acc\nt ,,book4 ,giv+ a ,weekly ,lab\r ,acc\nt & ,di>y1 & %[+ ! ,income & ,exp5diture "u ea* ,dep>tm5t ( ,crops1 ,live ,/ock1 ,dairy1 c4 c4 ,) ,valuation1 ,pr(it & ,loss ,acc\nt1 & ,balance ,%eet at ! end ( ! ,ye>4 ,by ,,johnson ,m4 ,,woodman1 ,*>t]$ ,acc\ntant1 ,au?or ( ,book-keep+ = ,f>m]s4 ,folio1 #gs4 #f;d4 half-b\nd4 ,conta9s e requisite =m = keep+ f>m acc\nts readily & accurately4--,agriculture4 ,e>ly ,fruits1 ,fl[]s1 & ,vegetables4 ,,! ,,=c+ ,,g>d52 or1 ,h[ to ,gr[ ,e>ly ,fruits1 ,fl[]s1 & ,vegetables4 ,) ,plans & ,e/imates = ,build+ ,glas%\ses1 ,pits1 & ,frames4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,by ,,samuel ,,wood4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,a good book1 & fairly fills a place t 0 9 "s degree vacant4 ,! book is writt5 ) great c>e1 & conta9s a great deal ( valuable tea*+4--,g>d5]s' ,magaz9e4 ,good ,g>d5+4 ,a ,,pla9 ,,guide ,,to ,,good ,,g>d5+2 or1 ,h[ to ,gr[ ,vegetables1 ,fruits1 & ,fl[]s4 ,by ,s4 ,,wood4 ,f\r? ,edition1 ) consid]able ,additions1 c41 & num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cl4 ,a v good book1 & "o to be highly recomm5d$ z a practical guide4 ,! practical directions are excell5t4--,a!num4 ,may be recomm5d$ to "y g>d5]s1 cottag]s1 & specially to amateurs1 = ! pla91 simple1 & tru/wor?y in=mation x gives on common matt]s too (t5 neglect$4--,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle4 ,ga9ful ,g>d5+4 ,,multum-,,9-,,p>vo ,,g>d5+2 or1 ,h[ to make ,"o ,acre ( ,l& produce #fbj a-ye> by ! ,cultivation ( ,fruits & ,vegetables2 also1 ,h[ to ,gr[ ,fl[]s 9 ,?ree ,glass ,h\ses1 s z to realise #agf p] annum cle> ,pr(it4 ,by ,,samuel ,,wood1 ,au?or ( ,good ,g>d5+1 c4 ,fif? & ,*eap] ,edition1 ,revis$1 ) ,additions4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 sew$4 ,we are b\nd to recomm5d x z n only suit$ to ! case ( ! amateur & g5tleman's g>d5]1 b to ! m>ket gr[]4--,g>d5]s' ,magaz9e4 ,g>d5+ = ,ladies4 ,,! ,,ladies' ,,multum-,,9-,,p>vo ,,fl[] ,,g>d51 & ,amateurs' ,complete ,guide4 ,) ,illu/s4 ,by ,s4 ,,wood4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cl4 ,?is volume conta9s a good deal ( s\nd common s5se in/ruction4--,flori/4 ,full ( %rewd h9ts & useful in/ructions1 bas$ on a lifetime ( exp]i5ce4--,scotsman4 ,receipts = ,g>d5]s4 ,,g>d5 ,,receipts4 ,edit$ by ,,*>les ,w4 ,,qu94 #abmo1 #as4 #f;d4 clo? limp4 ,a useful & h&y book1 conta9+ a good deal ( valuable in=mation4--,a!num4 ,m>ket ,g>d5+4 ,,m>ket ,,& ,,kit*5 ,,g>d5+4 ,by ,contributors to ,! ,g>d54 ,compil$ by ,c4 ,w4 ,,%aw1 late ,editor ( ,g>d5+ ,illu/rat$4 #abmo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo? bo>ds4 ,! mo/ valuable comp5dium ( kit*5 & m>ket-g>d5 "w publi%$4--,f>m]4 ,cottage ,g>d5+4 ,,cottage ,,g>d5+2 or1 ,fl[]s1 ,fruits1 & ,vegetables = ,small ,g>d5s4 ,by ,e4 ,,hobday4 #abmo1 #as4 #f;d4 clo? limp4 ,conta9s mu* useful in=mation at a small *>ge4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,,auctione]+1 ,,valu+1 ,,l& ,,survey+ ,,e/ate ,,ag5cy1 etc4 ,auctione]'s ,assi/ant4 ,,! ,,apprais]1 ,,auctione]1 ,,brok]1 ,,h\se ,,& ,,e/ate ,,ag5t ,,& ,,valu]',s ,,pocket ,,assi/ant1 = ! ,valuation = ,pur*ase1 ,sale1 or ,r5ewal ( ,leases1 ,annuities & ,rev]sions1 & ( prop]ty g5]ally2 ) ,prices = ,inv5tories1 c4 ,by ,,john ,,:eel]1 ,valu]1 c4 ,six? ,edition1 ,re-writt5 & greatly ext5d$ by ,c4 ,,norris1 ,surveyor1 ,valu]1 c4 ,royal #cbmo1 #es4 clo?4 ,a neat & concise book ( ref]5ce1 conta9+ an admirable & cle>ly-arrang$ li/ ( prices = inv5tories1 & a v practical guide to det]m9e ! value ( furniture1 c4--,/&>d4 ,conta9s a l>ge quantity ( v>i$ & useful in=mation z to ! valuation = pur*ase1 sale1 or r5ewal ( leases1 annuities & rev]sions1 & ( prop]ty g5]ally1 ) prices = inv5tories1 & a guide to det]m9e ! value ( int]ior fitt+s & o!r effects4--,build]4 ,auctione]+4 ,,auctione]s3 ,,_! ,,duties ,,& ,,liabilities4 ,a ,manual ( ,in/ruction & ,c\nsel = ! ,"y ,auctione]4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,squibbs1 ,auctione]4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & p>tly ,re-writt54 ,demy #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 clo?4 999999 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,! /&>d text-book on ! topics ( :i* x treats4--,a!num4 ,! "w is "o ( g5]al excell5t "*1 & gives mu* in=mation 9 a comp5di\s & satisfactory =m4--,build]4 ,may be recomm5d$ z giv+ a great deal ( in=mation on ! law relat+ to auctione]s1 9 a v readable =m4--,law ,j\rnal4 ,auctione]s may be congratulat$ on hav+ s pleas+ a writ] to m9i/] to _! special ne$s4--,solicitors' ,j\rnal4 ,e auctione] ought to possess a copy ( ?is excell5t "w4--,ironmong]4 ,( great value to ! pr(ession4444 ,we readily welcome ?is book f ! fact t x treats ! subject 9 a mann] some:at new to ! pr(ession4--,e/ates ,gazette4 ,inwood's ,e/ate ,tables4 ,,tables ,,= ,,! ,,pur*as+ ,,( ,,e/ates1 ,freehold1 ,copyhold1 or ,leasehold2 ,annuities1 ,adv[sons1 etc41 & = ! ,r5ew+ ( ,leases held "u ,ca!dral ,*ur*es1 ,colleges1 or o!r ,corporate bodies1 = ,t]ms ( ,ye>s c]ta91 & = ,lives3 also = ,valu+ ,rev]sion>y ,e/ates1 ,def]r$ ,annuities1 ,next ,pres5tations1 c42 toge!r ) ,,sm>t',s ,five ,tables ( ,comp\nd ,int]e/1 & an ,ext5sion ( ! same to ,l[] & ,int]m$iate ,rates4 ,by ,w4 ,,inwood4 #bd? ,edition1 ) consid]able ,additions1 & new & valuable ,tables ( ,log>i?ms = ! m ,difficult ,computations ( ! ,int]e/ ( ,money1 ,disc\nt1 ,annuities1 c41 by ,m4 ,,f$or ,,?oman1 ( ! ,socit ,crdit ,mobili] ( ,p>is4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #hs4 clo?4 ,^? int]e/$ 9 ! pur*ase & sale ( e/ates1 & 9 ! adju/m5t ( comp5sation cases1 z well z 9 transactions 9 annuities1 life insurances1 c41 w f9d ! pres5t edition ( em95t s]vice4--,eng9e]+4 ',inwood's ,tables' /ill ma9ta9 a mo/ enviable reputation4 ,! new issue has be5 enri*$ by l>ge additional contributions by ,m4 ,f$or ,?oman1 ^: c>efully arrang$ ,tables _c fail to be ( ! utmo/ utility4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,agricultural ,valu]'s ,assi/ant4 ,,! ,,agricultural ,,valu]',s ,,assi/ant4 ,a ,practical ,h&book on ! ,valuation ( ,l&$ ,e/ates2 includ+ ,rules & ,data = ,measur+ & ,e/imat+ ! ,cont5ts1 ,weights1 & ,values ( ,agricultural ,produce & ,timb]1 & ! ,values ( ,fe$+ ,/uffs1 ,manures1 & ,lab\r2 ) ,=ms ( ,t5ant-,"r-,valuations1 ,li/s ( ,local ,agricultural ,cu/oms1 ,scales ( ,comp5sation "u ! ,agricultural ,hold+s ,act1 c4 c4 ,by ,,tom ,,bright1 ,agricultural ,surveyor4 ,second ,edition1 mu* ,enl>g$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 clo?4 ,full ( tables & examples 9 connection ) ! valuation ( t5ant-"r1 e/ates1 lab\r1 cont5ts1 & weights ( timb]1 & f>m produce ( all k9ds4--,agricultural ,gazette4 ,an em95tly practical h&book1 full ( practical tables & data ( und\bt$ int]e/ & value to surveyors & auctione]s 9 prep>+ valuations ( all k9ds4--,f>m]4 ,plantations & ,und]woods4 ,,pole ,,plantations ,,& ,,und]woods3 ,a ,practical ,h&book on ,e/imat+ ! ,co/ ( ,=m+1 ,r5ovat+1 ,improv+1 & ,grubb+ ,plantations & ,und]woods1 _! ,valuation = ,purposes ( ,transf]1 ,r5tal1 ,sale1 or ,assessm5t4 ,by ,,tom ,,bright1 ,au?or ( ,! ,agricultural ,valu]'s ,assi/ant1 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,to valu]s1 =e/]s & ag5ts x w be a welcome aid4--,nor? ,briti% ,agriculturi/4 ,well calculat$ to assi/ ! valu] 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 duties1 & ( und\bt$ int]e/ & use bo? to surveyors & auctione]s 9 prep>+ valuations ( all k9ds4--,k5t ,h]ald4 ,hudson's ,l& ,valu]'s ,pocket-,book4 ,,! ,,l& ,,valu]',s ,,be/ ,,assi/ant3 ,be+ ,tables on a v mu* ,improv$ ,plan1 = ,calculat+ ! ,value ( ,e/ates4 ,) ,tables = r$uc+ ,scot*1 ,iri%1 & ,prov9cial ,cu/om>y ,acres to ,/atute ,measure1 c4 ,by ,r4 ,,hudson1 ,c4,e4 ,new ,edition4 ,royal #cbmo1 lea!r1 ela/ic b&1 #ds4 ,( incalculable value to ! c\ntry g5tleman & pr(essional man4--,f>m]s' ,j\rnal4 ,ew>t's ,l& ,improv]'s ,pocket-,book4 ,,! ,,l& ,,improv]',s ,,pocket-,,book ,,( ,,=mul1 ,,tables1 & ,,memor&a requir$ 9 any ,computation relat+ to ! ,p]man5t ,improvem5t ( ,l&$ ,prop]ty4 ,by ,,john ,,ew>t1 ,l& ,surveyor & ,agricultural ,eng9e]4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,royal #cbmo1 oblong1 lea!r1 gilt edges1 ) ela/ic b&1 #ds4 ,a comp5di\s & h&y little volume4--,spectator4 ,complete ,agricultural ,surveyor's ,pocket-,book4 ,,! ,,l& ,,valu]',s ,,& ,,l& ,,improv]',s ,,complete ,,pocket-,,book4 ,be+ ( ! above ,two ,works b\nd toge!r4 ,lea!r1 ) /rap1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,h\se ,prop]ty4 ,,h&book ,,( ,,h\se ,,prop]ty4 ,a ,popul> & ,practical ,guide to ! ,pur*ase1 ,mortgage1 ,t5ancy1 & ,compulsory ,sale ( ,h\ses & ,l&1 includ+ ! ,law ( ,dilapidations & ,fixtures2 ) ,examples ( all k9ds ( ,valuations1 ,useful ,in=mation on ,build+1 & ,sugge/ive ,elucidations ( ,f9e ,art4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,,t>buck1 ,ar*itect & ,surveyor4 ,fif? ,edition1 ,enl>g$4 #abmo1 #es4 clo?4 ,! advice is ?or\ghly practical4--,law ,j\rnal4 ,= all :o h deal+s ) h\se prop]ty1 ?is is an indisp5sable guide4--,decoration4 ,c>efully br\ght up to date1 & mu* improv$ by ! addition ( a division on f9e art4444 ,a well-writt5 & ?\ghtful "w4--,l& ,ag5t's ,record4 ,,law ,,& ,,miscellane\s4 ,private ,bill ,legislation & ,provisional ,ord]s4 ,,h&book ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,solicitors ,,& ,,eng9e]s ,engag$ 9 ,promot+ ,private ,acts ( ,p>liam5t & ,provisional ,ord]s1 = ! ,au?orization ( ,railways1 ,tramways1 ,works = ! ,supply ( ,gas & ,wat]1 & o!r und]tak+s ( a l "*4 ,by ,l4 ,,liv+/on ,,macassey1 ( ! ,middle ,temple1 ,b>ri/]-at-,law1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e42 ,au?or ( ,h9ts on ,wat] ,supply4 ,demy #hvo1 #iej pp41 #bes4 cl4 ,! au?or's d\ble exp]i5ce z an eng9e] & b>ri/] has enabl$ him to approa* ! subject alike f an eng9e]+ & legal po9t ( view4--,local ,gov]nm5t ,*ronicle4 ,law ( ,pat5ts4 ,,pat5ts ,,= ,,inv5tions1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,procure ,,!m4 ,compil$ = ! ,use ( ,inv5tors1 ,pat5tees & o!rs4 ,by ,g4 ,g4 ,m4 ,,h>d+ham1 ,assoc4,mem4,in/4,c4,e41 c4 ,demy #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,lab\r ,disputes4 ,,indu/rial ,,conciliation ,,& ,,arbitration3 ,an ,hi/orical ,sket*1 ) ,practical ,sugge/ions = ! ,settlem5t ( ,lab\r ,disputes4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,jeans1 ,au?or ( ,railway ,problems1 ,engl&'s ,supremacy1 c4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bjj pp41 #bs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 ,pocket-,book = ,sanit>y ,(ficials4 ,,! ,,heal? ,,(fic]',s ,,pocket-,,book3 ,a ,guide to ,sanit>y ,practice & ,law4 ,= ,m$ical ,(fic]s ( ,heal?1 ,sanit>y ,inspectors1 ,memb]s ( ,sanit>y ,au?orities1 c4 ,by ,,edw>d ,f4 ,,will\ghby1 ,m4,d4 7,lond471 c41 ,au?or ( ,hygi5e & ,public ,heal?4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 clo?1 r$ edges1 r\nd$ corn]s4 ,j publi%$4 ,a m9e ( cond5s$ in=mation ( a p]t95t & useful k9d on ! v>i\s subjects ( :i* x treats4 ,! matt] seems to h be5 c>efully compil$ & arrang$ = facility ( ref]5ce1 & x is well illu/rat$ by diagrams & woodcuts4 ,! diff]5t subjects are succ9ctly b fully & sci5tifically dealt )4--,! ,lancet4 ,ought to be welcome to ^? = ^: use x is design$1 s9ce x practically boils d[n a ref]5ce libr>y into a pocket volume4444 ,x comb9es1 ) an uncommon degree ( effici5cy1 ! qualities ( accuracy1 concis5ess & compreh5siv5ess4--,scotsman4 ,an excell5t publication1 deal+ ) ! sci5tific1 te*nical & legal matt]s connect$ ) ! duties ( m$ical (fic]s ( heal? & sanit>y inspectors4 ,! "w is replete ) in=mation4--,local ,gov]nm5t ,j\rnal4 ,a ,complete ,epitome ( ! ,laws ( ?is ,c\ntry4 ,,e ,,man',s ,,own ,,lawy]3 ,a ,h&y-,book ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,law & ,equity4 ,by ,a ,,b>ri/]4 ,?irty-fir/ ,edition1 c>efully ,revis$1 & includ+ ! ,legislation ( #ahic4 ,compris+ 7among/ o!r ,acts7 ! ,volunt>y ,conveyances ,act1 #ahic2 ! ,m>ri$ ,wom5's ,prop]ty ,act1 #ahic2 ! ,tru/ee ,act1 #ahic2 ! ,sav+s ,bank ,act1 #ahic2 ! ,b>b$ ,wire ,act1 #ahic2 ! ,indu/rial & ,provid5t ,societies ,act1 #ahic2 ! ,h\rs ( ,lab\r ( ,railway ,s]vants ,act1 #ahic2 ! ,f]tilis] & ,fe$+ ,/uffs ,act1 #ahic1 c41 z well z ! ,bett+ & ,loans 7,infants7 ,act1 #ahib2 ! ,gam+ ,act1 #ahib2 ! ,%op ,h\rs ,act1 #ahib2 ! ,conveyanc+ & ,real ,prop]ty ,act1 #ahib2 ! ,small ,hold+s ,act1 #ahib2 & _m o!r new ,acts4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gjj pp41 price #fs4 #h;d4 7sav$ at e consultation671 /rongly b\nd 9 clo?4 ,j publi%$4 999999 ,! ,book w be f\nd to comprise 7among/ o!r matt]7-- ,,! ,,rights ,,& ,,wrongs ,,( ,,individuals--,,l&lord ,,& ,,t5ant--,,v5dors ,,& ,,pur*as]s--,,p>tn]s ,,& ,,ag5ts--,,companies ,,& ,,associations--,,ma/]s1 ,,s]vants1 ,,& ,,workm5--,,leases ,,& ,,mortgages--,,libel ,,& ,,sl&]--,,contracts ,,& ,,agreem5ts--,,bonds ,,& ,,bills ,,( ,,sale--,,*eques1 ,,bills1 ,,& ,,notes--,,railway ,,& ,,%ipp+ ,,law--,,bankruptcy ,,& ,,insurance--,,borr[]s1 ,,l5d]s1 ,,& ,,sureties--,,crim9al ,,law--,,p>liam5t>y ,,elections--,,c\nty ,,c\ncils--,,municipal ,,corporations--,,p>i% ,,law1 ,,*ur*-,,w>d5s1 ,,etc4--,,public ,,heal? ,,& ,,nuisances--,,copyright ,,& ,,pat5ts--,,trade ,,m>ks ,,& ,,designs--,,husb& ,,& ,,wife1 ,,divorce1 ,,etc4--,,tru/ees ,,& ,,executors--,,gu>dian ,,& ,,w>d1 ,,infants1 ,,etc4--,,game ,,laws ,,& ,,sport+--,,horses1 ,,horse ,,deal+1 ,,& ,,dogs--,,inn-,,keep]s1 ,,lic5s+1 ,,etc4--,,=ms ,,( ,,wills1 ,,agreem5ts ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,! object ( ?is "w is to enable ^? :o consult x to help !mselves to ! law2 & !reby to disp5se1 z f> z possible1 ) pr(essional assi/ance & advice4 ,!re are _m wrongs & grievances :i* p]sons submit to f "t to "t ?r\gh n kn[+ h[ or :]e to apply = r$ress2 & _m p]sons h z great a dread ( a lawy]'s (fice z ( a lion's d54 ,) ?is book at h& x is believ$ t _m a ,,six-,,&-,,eightp5ce may be sav$2 _m a wrong r$ress$2 _m a "r reclaim$2 _m a law suit avoid$2 & _m an evil abat$4 ,! "w has e/abli%$ itself z ! /&>d legal advis] ( all classes1 & has also made a reputation = itself z a useful book ( ref]5ce = lawy]s resid+ at a di/ance f law libr>ies1 :o are glad to h at h& a "w embody+ rec5t decisions & enactm5ts4 999999 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,x is a complete code ( ,engli% ,law1 writt5 9 pla9 language1 :i* all c und]/&4444 ,%\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e bus9ess man1 & all :o wi% to aboli% lawy]s' bills4--,weekly ,times4 ,a useful & concise epitome ( ! law1 compil$ ) consid]able c>e4--,law ,magaz9e4 ,a complete dige/ ( ! mo/ useful facts :i* con/itute ,engli% law4--,globe4 ,?is excell5t h&book4444 ,admirably done1 admirably arrang$1 & admirably *eap4--,le$s ,m]cury4 ,a concise1 *eap & complete epitome ( ! ,engli% law4 ,s pla9ly writt5 t he :o runs may read1 & he :o reads may und]/&4--,fig>o4 ,a diction>y ( legal facts well put toge!r4 ,! book is a v useful "o4--,spectator4 ,a "w :i* has long be5 want$1 :i* is ?or\ghly well done1 & :i* we mo/ cordially recomm5d4--,sunday ,times4 ,! late/ edition ( ?is popul> book ought to be 9 e bus9ess e/abli%m5t1 & on e libr>y table4--,%effield ,po/4 ,a complete epitome ( ! law2 ?or\ghly intelligible to non-pr(essional read]s4--,bell's ,life4 ,legal ,guide = ,pawnbrok]s4 ,,! ,,pawnbrok]s'1 ,,factors' ,,& ,,m]*ants' ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,loans ,,& ,,pl$ges4 ,) ! ,/atutes & a ,dige/ ( ,cases4 ,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,folk>d1 ,esq41 ,b>ri/]-at-,law4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,! ,law ( ,contracts4 ,,lab\r ,,contracts3 ,a ,popul> ,h&book on ! ,law ( ,contracts = ,works & ,s]vices4 ,by ,,david ,,gibbons4 ,f\r? ,edition1 ,app5dix ( ,/atutes by ,t4 ,f4 ,,uttley1 ,solicitor4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 ,! ,factory ,acts4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,factory ,,& ,,work%op ,,acts 7#ahgh-ahia74 ,= ! ,use ( ,manufactur]s & ,manag]s4 ,by ,,emile ,,g>cke & ,j4 ,m4 ,,fells4 7,repr9t$ f ,,factory ,,acc\nts47 ,cr[n #hvo1 #f;d4 sew$4 ,,ogd51 ,,smale ,,& ,,co4 ,,limit$1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,great ,,saffron ,,hill1 ,e4,c4 ,weale's ,rudim5t>y ,s]ies4 ,illu/ration3 7,obv]se side ( ! m$al7 ,,london1 #ahfb4 ,,! ,,prize ,,m$al ,0 aw>d$ to ! ,publi%]s ( ,,weale',s ,,s]ies4 ,illu/ration3 7,rev]se side ( ! m$al7 ,a ,,new ,,li/ ,,( ,,weale',s ,,s]ies ,,rudim5t>y ,,sci5tific1 ,,educational1 ,,& ,,classical4 ,compris+ ne>ly ,?ree ,hundr$ & ,fifty di/9ct works 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,art1 & ,education1 recomm5d$ to ! notice ( ,eng9e]s1 ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 ,artisans1 & ,/ud5ts g5]ally1 z well z to ^? int]e/$ 9 ,workm5's ,libr>ies1 ,lit]>y & ,sci5tific ,in/itutions1 ,colleges1 ,s*ools1 ,sci5ce ,classes1 c41 c4 ,,weale',s ,,s]ies includes ,text-,books on almo/ e bran* ( ,sci5ce & ,indu/ry1 compris+ su* subjects z ,agriculture1 ,ar*itecture & ,build+1 ,civil ,eng9e]+1 ,f9e ,arts1 ,me*anics & ,me*anical ,eng9e]+1 ,physical & ,*emical ,sci5ce1 & _m miscellane\s ,treatises4 ,! :ole are con/antly und]go+ revision1 & new editions1 br\ght up to ! late/ discov]ies 9 sci5tific rese>*1 are con/antly issu$4 ,! prices at :i* !y are sold are z l[ z _! excell5ce is assur$4--,am]ican ,lit]>y ,gazette4 ,among/ ! lit]ature ( te*nical education1 ,,weale',s ,,s]ies has ev] enjoy$ a high reputation1 & ! additions be+ made by ,messrs4 ,,crosby ,,lockwood ,,son r5d] ! s]ies m complete1 & br+ ! in=mation ^u ! sev]al subjects d[n to ! pres5t "t4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,x is n too mu* to say t no books h ev] prov$ m popul> )1 or m useful to1 "y eng9e]s & o!rs ?an ! excell5t treatises compris$ 9 ,,weale',s ,,s]ies4--,eng9e]4 ,! excell5ce ( ,,weale',s ,,s]ies is n[ s well appreciat$1 t x w\ld be wa/+ our space to enl>ge ^u _! g5]al usefulness & value4--,build]4 ,! volumes ( ,,weale',s ,,s]ies =m "o ( ! be/ collections ( elem5t>y te*nical books 9 any language4--,ar*itect4 ,,weale',s ,,s]ies has become a /&>d z well z an unrivall$ collection ( treatises 9 all bran*es ( art & sci5ce4--,public ,op9ion4 ,illu/ration3 7,obv]se side ( ! m$al7 ,,philadelphia1 #ahgf4 ,,! ,,prize ,,m$al ,0 aw>d$ to ! ,publi%]s = ,books3 ,rudim5t>y1 ,sci5tific1 ,,weale',s ,,s]ies1 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration3 7,rev]se side ( ! m$al7 ,,crosby ,,lockwood ,,son1 #g1 ,,/ation]s' ,,hall ,,c\rt1 ,,ludgate ,,hill1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,weale',s ,,rudim5t>y ,,sci5tific ,,s]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,capio ,lum5 999999 ,! volumes ( ?is ,s]ies are freely ,illu/rat$ ) ,woodcuts1 or o!rwise1 :]e requisite4 ,?r\gh\t ! foll[+ ,li/ x mu/ be und]/ood t ! books are b\nd 9 limp clo?1 unless o!rwise /at$2 b ! volumes m>k$ ) a may also be _h /rongly b\nd 9 clo? bo>ds = #f;d4 extra4 ,n4,b4--,9 ord]+ f ?is ,li/ x is recomm5d$1 z a means ( facilitat+ bus9ess & obviat+ error1 to quote ! numb]s affix$ to ! volumes1 z well z ! titles & prices4 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+1 ,,survey+1 ,,etc4 ,no4 #ca4 ,,wells ,,& ,,well-,,s9k+4 ,by ,,john ,,geo4 ,,sw9dell1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a41 & ,g4 ,r4 ,,burnell1 ,c4,e4 ,revis$ ,edition4 ,) a ,new ,app5dix on ! ,qualities ( ,wat]4 ,illu/rat$4 #bs4 #ce4 ,,! ,,bla/+ ,,& ,,qu>ry+ ,,( ,,/one1 = ,build+ & o!r ,purposes4 ,by ,g54 ,sir ,j4 ,,burgoyne1 ,b>t4 #as4 #f;d4 #dc4 ,,tubul>1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,iron ,,gird] ,,bridges1 p>ticul>ly describ+ ! ,britannia & ,conway ,tubul> ,bridges4 ,by ,g4 ,,drysdale ,,dempsey1 ,c4,e4 ,f\r? ,edition4 #bs4 #dd4 ,,f\ndations ,,& ,,concrete ,,works1 ) ,practical ,rem>ks on ,foot+s1 ,s&1 ,concrete1 ,bton1 ,pile-driv+1 ,caissons1 & ,c(f]dams1 c4 ,by ,e4 ,,dobson4 ,sev5? ,edition1 #as4 #f;d4 #fj4 ,,l& ,,& ,,eng9e]+ ,,survey+4 ,by ,t4 ,,bak]1 ,c4,e4 ,fifte5? ,edition1 revis$ by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,r4 ,,"y4 #bs4 #hj994 ,,embank+ ,,l&s ,,f ,,! ,,sea4 ,) examples & ,p>ticul>s ( actual ,embankm5ts1 c4 ,by ,j4 ,,wigg9s1 ,f4,g4,s4 #bs4 #ha4 ,,wat] ,,works1 = ! ,supply ( ,cities & ,t[ns4 ,) a ,description ( ! ,pr9cipal ,geological ,=mations ( ,engl& z influ5c+ ,supplies ( ,wat]1 c4 ,by ,s4 ,,hughes1 ,c4,e4 ,new ,edition4 #ds4 #aah4 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+ ,,9 ,,nor? ,,am]ica1 a ,sket* (4 ,by ,,david ,,/ev5son1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 c4 ,plates & ,diagrams4 #cs4 #afg4 ,,iron ,,bridges1 ,,gird]s1 ,,ro(s1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,works4 ,by ,,francis ,,camp91 ,c4,e4 #bs4 #f;d4 #aig4 ,,roads ,,& ,,/reets4 ,by ,h4 ,,law1 ,c4,e41 revis$ & enl>g$ by ,d4 ,k4 ,,cl>k1 ,c4,e41 includ+ pavem5ts ( ,/one1 ,wood1 ,asphalte1 c4 #ds4 #f;d4 #bjc4 ,,sanit>y ,,"w ,,9 ,,! ,,small] ,,t[ns ,,& ,,9 ,,villages4 ,by ,c4 ,,slagg1 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,revis$ ,edition4 #cs4 #bab4 ,,gas-,,works1 ,,_! ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,arrangem5t2 & ! ,manufacture & ,di/ribution ( ,coal ,gas4 ,orig9ally writt5 by ,,samuel ,,hughes1 ,c4,e4 ,re-writt5 & enl>g$ by ,,william ,,ri*>ds1 ,c4,e4 ,eigh? ,edition1 ) important additions4 #es4 #f;d4 #bac4 ,,pione] ,,eng9e]+4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,eng9e]+ ,op]ations connect$ ) ! ,settlem5t ( ,wa/e ,l&s 9 ,new ,c\ntries4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,dobson1 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 #ds4 #f;d4 #baf4 ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,con/ruction2 ,a ,!oretical & ,practical ,treatise on ! ,/ra9s1 ,design+1 & ,erection ( ,works ( ,con/ruction4 ,by ,,francis ,,camp91 ,c4,e4 ,second ,edition1 revis$4 #cs4 #bai4 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,law1 ,m4,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,includ+ ,,hydraulic ,,eng9e]+ by ,,geo4 ,r4 ,,burnell1 ,m4,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,sev5? ,edition1 revis$1 ) l>ge additions by ,d4 ,,k9ne> ,,cl>k1 ,m4,in/4 ,c4,e4 #fs4 #f;d41 ,clo? bo>ds1 #gs4 #f;d4 #bfh4 ,,! ,,dra9age ,,( ,,l&s1 ,,t[ns1 ,,build+s4 ,by ,g4 ,d4 ,,dempsey1 ,c4,e4 ,revis$1 ) l>ge ,additions on ,rec5t ,practice 9 ,dra9age ,eng9e]+1 by ,d4 ,,k9ne> ,,cl>k1 ,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,second ,edition1 ,correct$4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+1 ,,etc4 #cc4 ,,cranes1 ! ,con/ruction (1 & o!r ,ma*9]y = ,rais+ ,heavy ,bodies4 ,by ,,joseph ,,glynn1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,illu/rat$4 #as4 #f;d4 #cd4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 ,by ,dr4 ,,l>dn]4 ,illu/rat$4 #as4 #f;d4 #ei4 ,,/eam ,,boil]s3 _! ,con/ruction & ,managem5t4 ,by ,r4 ,,arm/rong1 ,c4,e4 ,illu/rat$4 #as4 #f;d4 #hb4 ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,wat]1 z appli$ to drive ,fl\r ,mills1 & to give motion to ,turb9es1 c4 ,by ,,joseph ,,glynn1 ,f4,r4,s4 #bs4 #ih4 ,,practical ,,me*anism1 ! ,elem5ts (2 & ,ma*9e ,tools4 ,by ,t4 ,,bak]1 ,c4,e4 ,) ,additions by ,j4 ,,nasmy?1 ,c4,e4 #bs4 #f;d4 #aci4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e1 a ,treatise on ! ,ma!matical ,!ory (1 ) ,rules & ,examples = ,practical ,m54 ,by ,t4 ,,bak]1 ,c4,e4 #as4 #f;d4 #afd4 ,,mod]n ,,work%op ,,practice1 z appli$ to ,/eam ,eng9es1 ,bridges1 ,%ip-build+1 c4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,w9ton4 ,new ,edition4 #cs4 #f;d4 #afe4 ,,iron ,,& ,,heat1 exhibit+ ! ,pr9ciples conc]n$ 9 ! ,con/ruction ( ,iron ,beams1 ,pill>s1 & ,gird]s4 ,by ,j4 ,,arm\r4 #bs4 #f;d4 #aff4 ,,p[] ,,9 ,,motion3 ,horse-,p[]1 ,too!d-,:eel ,ge>+1 ,long & ,%ort ,driv+ ,b&s1 & ,angul> ,=ces4 ,by ,j4 ,,arm\r1 #bs4 #aga4 ,,! ,,workman',s ,,manual ,,( ,,eng9e]+ ,,draw+4 ,by ,j4 ,,maxton4 #g? ,edn4 ,) #g ,plates & #cej ,cuts4 #cs4 #f;d4 #aij4 ,,/eam ,,& ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e1 ,/ation>y & ,portable4 ,by ,j4 ,,sewell & ,d4 ,k4 ,,cl>k1 ,c4,e4 #cs4 #f;d4 #bjj4 ,,fuel1 its ,combu/ion & ,economy4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,williams4 ,) ,rec5t ,practice 9 ! ,combu/ion & ,economy ( ,fuel--,coal1 ,coke1 ,wood1 ,peat1 ,petroleum1 c4--by ,d4 ,k4 ,,cl>k1 ,m4,i4,c4,e4 #cs4 #f;d4 #bjb4 ,,locomotive ,,eng9es4 ,by ,g4 ,d4 ,,dempsey1 ,c4,e42 ) l>ge additions by ,d4 ,,k9ne> ,,cl>k1 ,m4,i4,c4,e4 #cs4 #baa4 ,,! ,,boil]mak]',s ,,assi/ant 9 ,draw+1 ,templat+1 & ,calculat+ ,boil] & ,tank ,"w4 ,by ,,john ,,c\rtney1 ,practical ,boil] ,mak]4 ,edit$ by ,d4 ,k4 ,,cl>k1 ,c4,e4 #ajj ,illu/rations4 #bs4 #bag4 ,,sew+ ,,ma*9]y3 ,its ,con/ruction1 ,hi/ory1 c41 ) full ,te*nical ,directions = ,adju/+1 c4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,urquh>t1 ,c4,e4 #bs4 #bbc4 ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+4 ,compris+ ,metallurgy1 ,m\ld+1 ,ca/+1 ,=g+1 ,tools1 ,work%op ,ma*9]y1 ,manufacture ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e1 c4 ,by ,,francis ,,camp91 ,c4,e4 ,second ,edition4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bcf4 ,,details ,,( ,,ma*9]y4 ,compris+ ,in/ructions = ! ,execution ( v>i\s ,works 9 ,iron4 ,by ,,francis ,,camp91 ,c4,e4 #cs4 #bcg4 ,,! ,,smi?y ,,& ,,=ge2 includ+ ! ,f>ri]'s ,art & ,coa* ,smi?+4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,crane4 ,illu/rat$4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bch4 ,,! ,,%eet-,,metal ,,work]',s ,,guide2 a ,practical ,h&-book = ,t9smi?s1 ,copp]smi?s1 ,z9cwork]s1 c4 ,) #id ,diagrams & ,work+ ,patt]ns4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,crane4 ,second ,edition1 revis$4 #as4 #f;d4 #bea4 ,,/eam ,,& ,,ma*9]y ,,managem5t3 ) ,h9ts on ,con/ruction & ,selection4 ,by ,m4 ,,p[is ,,bale1 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bed4 ,,! ,,boil]mak]',s ,,ready-,,reckon]4 ,by ,j4 ,,c\rtney4 ,edit$ by ,d4 ,k4 ,,cl>k1 ,c4,e4 #ds4 999999 ,nos4 #baa & #bed 9 ,"o ,vol41 half-b\nd1 entitl$ ,,! ,,boil]mak]',s ,,ready-,,reckon] ,,& ,,assi/ant4 ,by ,j4 ,c\rtney & ,d4 ,k4 ,,cl>k4 #gs4 #bee4 ,,locomotive ,,eng9e-,,driv+4 ,a ,practical ,manual = ,eng9e]s 9 *>ge ( ,locomotive ,eng9es4 ,by ,,mi*ael ,,reynolds1 ,m4,s4,e4 ,eigh? ,edition4 #cs4 #f;d41 limp2 #ds4 #f;d4 clo? bo>ds4 #bef4 ,,/ation>y ,,eng9e-,,driv+4 ,a ,practical ,manual = ,eng9e]s 9 *>ge ( ,/ation>y ,eng9es4 ,by ,,mi*ael ,,reynolds1 ,m4,s4,e4 ,f\r? ,edition4 #cs4 #f;d4 limp2 #ds4 #f;d4 clo? bo>ds4 #bfj4 ,,iron ,,bridges ,,( ,,mod]ate ,,span3 _! ,con/ruction & ,erection4 ,by ,,hamilton ,w4 ,,p5dr$1 ,c4,e4 #bs4 ,,m9+1 ,,metallurgy1 ,,etc4 #d4 ,,m9]alogy1 ,rudim5ts (2 a concise ,view ( ! ,g5]al ,prop]ties ( ,m9]als4 ,by ,a4 ,,ramsay1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 c4 ,?ird ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 ,illu/rat$4 #cs4 #f;d4 #aag4 ,,subt]rane\s ,,survey+1 ) & )\t ! ,magnetic ,ne$le4 ,by ,t4 ,,f5wick & ,t4 ,,bak]1 ,c4,e4 ,illu/rat$4 #bs4 #f;d4 #ace4 ,,electro-,,metallurgy2 ,practically ,treat$4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,watt4 ,n9? ,edition1 enl>g$ & revis$1 ) additional ,illu/rations1 & includ+ ! mo/ rec5t ,processes4 #cs4 #f;d4 #agb4 ,,m9+ ,,tools1 ,manual (4 ,= ! ,use ( ,m9e ,manag]s1 ,ag5ts1 ,/ud5ts1 c4 ,by ,,william ,,morgans4 #bs4 #f;d4 #agb994 ,,m9+ ,,tools1 ,,atlas ( ,engrav+s to ,illu/rate ! above1 conta9+ #bce ,illu/rations1 drawn to ,scale4 #dto4 #ds4 #f;d4 #agf4 ,,metallurgy ,,( ,,iron4 ,conta9+ ,hi/ory ( ,iron ,manufacture1 ,me?ods ( ,assay1 & ,analyses ( ,iron ,ores1 ,processes ( ,manufacture ( ,iron & ,/eel1 c4 ,by ,h4 ,,bau]man1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,six? ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #es4 #ahj4 ,,coal ,,& ,,coal ,,m9+4 ,by ! late ,sir ,,w>+ton ,w4 ,,smy?1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,sev5? ,edition1 revis$4 #cs4 #f;d4 #aie4 ,,! ,,m9]al ,,surveyor ,,& ,,valu]',s ,,complete ,,guide4 ,by ,w4 ,,l9t]n1 ,m4,e4 ,?ird ,edition1 includ+ ,magnetic & ,angul> ,survey+4 ,) ,f\r ,plates4 #cs4 #f;d4 #bad4 ,,slate ,,& ,,slate ,,qu>ry+1 ,sci5tific1 ,practical1 & ,comm]cial4 ,by ,d4 ,c4 ,,davies1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,m9+ ,eng9e]1 c4 #cs4 #bfd4 ,a ,,fir/ ,,book ,,( ,,m9+ ,,& ,,qu>ry+1 ) ! ,sci5ces connect$ !re)1 = ,prim>y ,s*ools & ,self ,in/ruction4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,coll9s1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,second ,edition1 ) additions4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,build+1 ,,etc4 #af4 ,,ar*itecture--,,ord]s--,! ,ord]s & _! /hetic ,pr9ciples4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,le$s4 ,illu/rat$4 #as4 #f;d4 #ag4 ,,ar*itecture--,,/yles--,! ,hi/ory & ,description ( ! ,/yles ( ,ar*itecture ( ,v>i\s ,c\ntries1 f ! ,e>lie/ to ! ,pres5t ,p]iod4 ,by ,t4 ,,talbot ,,bury1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 c4 ,illu/rat$4 #bs4 999999 ,,ord]s ,,& ,,/yles ,,( ,,ar*itecture1 9 ,"o ,vol41 #cs4 #f;d4 #ah4 ,,ar*itecture--,,design--,! ,pr9ciples ( ,design 9 ,ar*itecture1 z d$ucible f ,nature & exemplifi$ 9 ! ,works ( ! ,greek & ,go?ic ,ar*itects4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,,g>bett1 ,ar*itect4 ,illu/rat$4 #bs4 #f;d4 999999 ,! ?ree prec$+ ,works1 9 ,"o h&some ,vol41 half-b\nd1 entitl$ ,,mod]n ,,ar*itecture1 price #fs4 #bb4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,build+1 ,rudim5ts (4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,con/ruction1 ,mat]ials us$ 9 ,build+1 ,/r5g? & ,use ( ,mat]ials1 ,work+ ,draw+s1 ,specifications1 & ,e/imates4 ,by ,e4 ,,dobson1 #bs4 #be4 ,,masonry ,,& ,,/onecutt+3 ,rudim5t>y ,treatise on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,masonic ,projection & _! application to ,con/ruction4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,dobson1 ,m4,r4,i4,b4,a41 c4 #bs4 #f;d4 #db4 ,,cottage ,,build+4 ,by ,c4 ,,bruce ,,all51 ,ar*itect4 ,elev5? ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 ,) a ,*apt] on ,economic ,cottages = ,allotm5ts1 by ,,edw>d ,e4 ,,all51 ,c4,e4 #bs4 #de4 ,,limes1 ,,cem5ts1 ,,mort>s1 ,,concretes1 ,,ma/ics1 ,,pla/]+1 c4 ,by ,g4 ,r4 ,,burnell1 ,c4,e4 ,f\rte5? ,edition4 #as4 #f;d4 #eg4 ,,w>m+ ,,& ,,v5tilation4 ,an ,exposition ( ! ,g5]al ,pr9ciples z appli$ to ,dome/ic & ,public ,build+s1 ,m9es1 ,ligh?\ses1 ,%ips1 c4 ,by ,c4 ,,toml9son1 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,illu/rat$4 #cs4 #aaa4 ,,ar*es1 ,,pi]s1 ,,buttresses1 c43 ,exp]im5tal ,essays on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,con/ruction4 ,by ,w4 ,,bl&4 ,illu/rat$4 #as4 #f;d4 #aaf4 ,,! ,,ac\/ics ,,( ,,public ,,build+s2 or1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,s\nd appli$ to ! purposes ( ! ,ar*itect & ,build]4 ,by ,t4 ,,rog] ,,smi?1 ,m4,r4,i4,b4,a41 ,ar*itect4 ,illu/rat$4 #as4 #f;d4 #abg4 ,,ar*itectural ,,modell+ ,,9 ,,pap]1 ! ,art (4 ,by ,t4 ,a4 ,,ri*>dson1 ,ar*itect4 ,illu/rat$4 #as4 #f;d4 #abh4 ,,vitruvius--,,! ,,ar*itecture ,,( ,,m>cus ,,vitruvius ,,pollo4 ,9 ,t5 ,books4 ,translat$ f ! ,lat9 by ,,joseph ,,gwilt1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,) #bc ,plates4 #es4 #acj4 ,,grecian ,,ar*itecture1 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,pr9ciples ( ,beauty 92 ) an ,hi/orical ,view ( ! ,rise & ,progress ( ! ,art 9 ,greece4 ,by ! ,,e>l ,,( ,,ab]de54 #as4 999999 ,! two prec$+ ,works 9 ,"o h&some ,vol41 half b\nd1 entitl$ ,,anci5t ,,ar*itecture1 price #fs4 #acb4 ,,! ,,erection ,,( ,,dwell+-,,h\ses4 ,illu/rat$ by a ,p]spective ,view1 ,plans1 ,elevations1 & ,sections ( a pair ( ,semi-deta*$ ,villas1 ) ! ,specification1 ,quantities1 & ,e/imates1 c4 ,by ,s4 ,h4 ,,brooks4 ,new ,edition1 ) ,plates4 #bs4 #f;d4 #aef4 ,,quantities ,,measurem5ts 9 ,bricklay]s'1 ,masons'1 ,pla/]]s'1 ,plumb]s'1 ,pa9t]s'1 ,pap]hang]s'1 ,gild]s'1 ,smi?s'1 ,c>p5t]s' & ,jo9]s' ,"w4 ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,,beaton1 ,surveyor4 ,n9? ,edition4 #as4 #f;d4 #age4 ,,lockwood',s ,,build]',s ,,price ,,book ,,= #ahic4 ,a ,compreh5sive ,h&book ( ! ,late/ ,prices & ,data = ,build]s1 ,ar*itects1 ,eng9e]s1 & ,contractors4 ,re-con/ruct$1 ,re-writt51 & fur!r ,enl>g$4 ,by ,,francis ,t4 ,w4 ,,mill]1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 #gjj pages4 #cs4 #f;d42 clo? bo>ds1 #ds4 ,j ,publi%$4 #ahb4 ,,c>p5try ,,& ,,jo9]y--,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,c>p5try4 ,*iefly compos$ f ! ,/&>d ,"w ( ,,?omas ,,tr$gold1 ,c4,e4 ,) a ,,treatise ,,on ,,jo9]y by ,e4 ,,wyndham ,,t>n1 ,m4,a4 ,fif? ,edition1 ,revis$4 #cs4 #f;d4 #ahb994 ,,c>p5try ,,& ,,jo9]y4 ,,atlas ( #ce ,plates to accompany ! above4 ,) ,descriptive ,lett]press4 #dto4 #fs4 #ahe4 ,,! ,,complete ,,measur]2 ! ,measurem5t ( ,bo>ds1 ,glass1 c42 ,unequal-sid$1 ,squ>e-sid$1 ,octagonal-sid$1 ,r\nd ,timb] & ,/one1 & ,/&+ ,timb]1 c4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,horton4 ,fif? ,edition4 #ds42 /rongly b\nd 9 lea!r1 #es4 #ahg4 ,,h9ts ,,to ,,"y ,,ar*itects4 ,by ,g4 ,,wightwick4 ,new ,edition4 ,by ,g4 ,h4 ,,guillaume4 ,illu/rat$4 #cs4 #f;d4 #ahh4 ,,h\se ,,pa9t+1 ,,gra9+1 ,,m>bl+1 ,,& ,,sign ,,writ+3 ) a ,c\rse ( ,elem5t>y ,draw+ = ,h\se-,pa9t]s1 ,sign-,writ]s1 c41 & a ,collection ( ,useful ,receipts4 ,by ,,ellis ,a4 ,,davidson4 ,six? ,edition4 ,) ,col\r$ ,plates4 #es4 clo? limp2 #fs4 clo? bo>ds4 #ahi4 ,,! ,,rudim5ts ,,( ,,practical ,,bricklay+4 ,9 ,six ,sections3 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples2 ,ar* ,draw+1 ,cutt+1 & ,sett+2 ,po9t+2 ,pav+1 ,til+1 ,mat]ials2 ,slat+ & ,pla/]+2 ,practical ,geometry1 ,m5suration1 c4 ,by ,,adam ,,hammond4 ,sev5? ,edition4 #as4 #f;d4 #aia4 ,,plumb+4 ,a ,text-,book to ! ,practice ( ! ,art or ,craft ( ! ,plumb]4 ,) ,*apt]s ^u ,h\se ,dra9age & ,v5tilation4 ,six? ,edition4 ,) #chj ,illu/rations4 ,by ,w4 ,p4 ,,bu*an4 #cs4 #f;d4 #aib4 ,,! ,,timb] ,,import]',s1 ,,timb] ,,m]*ant',s1 & ,,build]',s ,,/&>d ,,guide4 ,by ,r4 ,e4 ,,gr&y4 #bs4 #bjf4 ,a ,,book ,,on ,,build+1 ,civil & ,ecclesia/ical1 includ+ ,,*ur* ,,re/oration4 ,) ! ,!ory ( ,domes & ! ,great ,pyramid1 c4 ,by ,sir ,,edmund ,,beckett1 ,b>t41 ,,ll4,d41 ,q4,c41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 #ds4 #f;d4 #bbf4 ,,! ,,jo9ts ,,made ,,& ,,us$ ,,by ,,build]s 9 ! ,con/ruction ( v>i\s k9ds ( ,eng9e]+ & ,ar*itectural ,works4 ,by ,,wyvill ,j4 ,,*ri/y1 ,ar*itect4 ,) upw>ds ( #afj ,engrav+s on ,wood4 #cs4 #bbh4 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,ro(s ,,( ,,wood ,,& ,,iron4 ,by ,e4 ,,wyndham ,,t>n1 ,m4,a41 ,ar*itect4 ,second ,edition1 revis$4 #as4 #f;d4 #bbi4 ,,elem5t>y ,,decoration3 z appli$ to ! ,int]ior & ,ext]ior ,decoration ( ,dwell+-,h\ses1 c4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,facey4 #bs4 #beg4 ,,practical ,,h\se ,,decoration4 ,a ,guide to ! ,art ( ,ornam5tal ,pa9t+4 ,by ,,james ,w4 ,,facey4 #bs4 #f;d4 999999 ,! two prec$+ ,works1 9 ,"o h&some ,vol41 half-b\nd1 entitl$ ,,h\se ,,decoration1 ,,elem5t>y ,,& ,,practical1 price #es4 #bcj4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,h&rail+4 ,%[+ ,new & ,simple ,me?ods4 ,by ,g4 ,,coll+s4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$1 includ+ ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,/airbuild+4 ,plates4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bdg4 ,,build+ ,,e/ates3 a ,rudim5t>y ,treatise on ! ,developm5t1 ,sale1 ,pur*ase1 & ,g5]al ,managem5t ( ,build+ ,l&4 ,by ,,f[l] ,,maitl&1 ,surveyor4 ,second ,edition1 revis$4 #bs4 #bdh4 ,,portl& ,,cem5t ,,= ,,us]s4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,faija1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,?ird ,edition1 correct$4 ,illu/rat$4 #bs4 #beb4 ,,brickwork3 a ,practical ,treatise1 embody+ ! ,g5]al & ,high] ,pr9ciples ( ,bricklay+1 ,cutt+ & ,sett+1 c4 ,by ,f4 ,,walk]4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 #as4 #f;d4 #bc4 ,,! ,,practical ,,brick ,,& ,,tile ,,book4 ,compris+3 #ahi4 #bfe4 ,,brick ,,& ,,tile ,,mak+1 by ,e4 ,,dobson1 ,a4,i4,c4,e42 ,,practical ,,bricklay+ by ,a4 ,,hammond2 ,,brickcutt+ ,,& ,,sett+1 by ,a4 ,,hammond4 #ecd pp4 ) #bgj ,illu/rations4 #fs4 ,/rongly half-b\nd4 #bec4 ,,! ,,timb] ,,m]*ant',s1 ,,saw-,,mill]',s1 ,,& ,,import]',s ,,freight-,,book ,,& ,,assi/ant4 ,by ,,wm4 ,,ri*>dson4 ,) ,additions by ,m4 ,,p[is ,,bale1 ,a4,m4,in/4,c4,e4 #cs4 #beh4 ,,circul> ,,"w ,,9 ,,c>p5try ,,& ,,jo9]y4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,circul> ,"w ( ,s+le & ,d\ble ,curvature4 ,by ,,george ,,coll+s4 ,second ,edition1 #bs4 #f;d4 #bei4 ,,gas ,,fitt+3 ,a ,practical ,h&book treat+ ( e ,description ( ,gas ,lay+ & ,fitt+4 ,by ,,john ,,black4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bfa4 ,,%or+ ,,& ,,its ,,application3 ,a ,h&book = ! ,use ( ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,,george ,h4 ,,blagrove4 #as4 #f;d4 #bfe4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,practical ,,brick ,,cutt+ ,,sett+4 ,by ,,adam ,,hammond4 ,) #ij ,engrav+s4 #as4 #f;d4 #bfg4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,build+3 ,an ,elem5t>y ,treatise on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,con/ruction4 ,by ,e4 ,,wyndham ,,t>n1 ,m4,a4 ,lond4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 #cs4 #f;d4 #bga4 ,,v5tilation3 a ,text-book to ! ,practice ( ! ,art ( ,v5tilat+ ,build+s4 ,by ,w4 ,p4 ,,bu*an1 ,r4,p41 ,sanit>y ,eng9e]1 ,au?or ( ,plumb+1 c4 #cs4 #f;d4 #bgb4 ,,ro( ,,c>p5try2 ,practical ,lessons 9 ! ,fram+ ( ,wood ,ro(s4 ,= ! ,use ( ,work+ ,c>p5t]s4 ,by ,,geo4 ,,coll+s1 ,au?or ( ,h&rail+ & ,/airbuild+1 c4 #bs4 ,j publi%$4 #bgc4 ,,! ,,practical ,,pla/]]3 ,a ,comp5dium ( ,pla9 & ,ornam5tal ,pla/] ,"w4 ,by ,,wilfr$ ,,kemp4 #bs4 ,j publi%$4 ,,%ipbuild+1 ,,navigation1 ,,etc4 #ea4 ,,naval ,,ar*itecture4 ,an ,exposition ( ! ,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples4 ,by ,j4 ,,peake4 ,fif? ,edition1 ) ,plates4 #cs4 #f;d4 #ec994 ,,%ips ,,= ,,ocean ,,riv] ,,s]vice1 ,elem5t>y & ,practical ,pr9ciples ( ! ,con/ruction (4 ,by ,h4 ,a4 ,,somm]feldt4 #as4 #f;d4 #ec99994 ,,an ,,atlas ,,( ,,engrav+s to ,illu/rate ! above4 ,twelve l>ge fold+ plates4 ,royal #dto1 clo?4 #gs4 #f;d4 #ed4 ,,ma/+1 ,,ma/-,,mak+1 ,,& ,,rigg+ ,,( ,,%ips4 ,also ,tables ( ,sp>s1 ,rigg+1 ,blocks2 ,*a91 ,wire1 & ,hemp ,ropes1 c41 relative to e class ( vessels4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,kipp+1 ,n4,a4 #bs4 #ed994 ,,iron ,,%ip-,,build+4 ,) ,practical ,examples & ,details4 ,by ,,john ,,gran?am1 ,c4,e4 ,fif? ,edition4 #ds4 #ee4 ,,! ,,sailor',s ,,sea ,,book3 a ,rudim5t>y ,treatise on ,navigation4 ,by ,,james ,,gre5wood1 ,b4,a4 ,) num]\s ,woodcuts & ,col\r$ ,plates4 ,new & enl>g$ edition4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,ross]4 #bs4 #f;d4 #hj4 ,,m>9e ,,eng9es ,,& ,,/eam ,,vessels4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,murray1 ,c4,e4 ,eigh? ,edition1 ?or\ghly ,revis$1 ) ,additions by ! ,au?or & by ,,george ,,c>lisle1 ,c4,e4 #ds4 #f;d4 limp2 #es4 clo? bo>ds4 #hc;bis4 ,,! ,,=ms ,,( ,,%ips ,,& ,,boats4 ,by ,w4 ,,bl&4 ,eigh? ,edition1 ,revis$1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations & ,models1 #as4 #f;d4 #ii4 ,,navigation ,,& ,,nautical ,,a/ronomy1 9 ,!ory & ,practice4 ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,"y4 ,new ,edition4 #bs4 #f;d4 #ajf4 ,,%ips' ,,an*ors1 a ,treatise on4 ,by ,g4 ,,cotsell1 ,n4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 #adi4 ,,sails ,,& ,,sail-,,mak+4 ,) ,draught+1 & ! ,c5tre ( ,ef=t ( ! ,sails2 ,weights & ,sizes ( ,ropes3 ,ma/+1 ,rigg+1 & ,sails ( ,/eam ,vessels1 c4 #ab? ,edition4 ,by ,r4 ,,kipp+4 ,n4,a4 #bs4 #f;d4 #aee4 ,,eng9e]',s ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,royal ,,m]cantile ,,navies4 ,by a ,,practical ,,eng9e]4 ,revis$ by ,d4 ,f4 ,m',,c>?y4 #cs4 #ee #bjd4 ,,practical ,,navigation4 ,consi/+ ( ,! ,sailor's ,sea-,book4 ,by ,,james ,,gre5wood & ,w4 ,h4 ,,ross]4 ,toge!r ) ! requisite ,ma!matical & ,nautical ,tables = ! ,work+ ( ! ,problems4 ,by ,h4 ,,law1 ,c4,e41 & ,pr(4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,"y4 #gs4 ,half-b\nd4 ,,agriculture1 ,,g>d5+1 ,,etc4 #fa994 ,a ,,complete ,,ready ,,reckon] ,,= ,,! ,,admeasurem5t ,,( ,,l&1 c4 ,by ,a4 ,,arman4 ,?ird ,edition1 revis$ & ext5d$ by ,c4 ,,norris1 ,surveyor1 ,valu]1 c4 #bs4 #aca4 ,,mill]',s1 ,,corn ,,m]*ant',s1 ,,& ,,f>m]',s ,,ready ,,reckon]4 ,second ,edition1 ) a ,price ,li/ ( ,mod]n ,fl\r-,mill ,ma*9]y1 by ,w4 ,s4 ,,hutton1 ,c4,e4 #bs4 #adj4 ,,soils1 ,,manures1 ,,& ,,crops4 7,vol4 #a4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,mod]n ,,f>m+47 ,by ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 ,woodcuts4 #bs4 #ada4 ,,f>m+ ,,f>m+ ,,economy1 ,notes1 ,hi/orical & ,practical1 on4 7,vol4 #b4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,mod]n ,,f>m+47 ,by ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 #cs4 #adb4 ,,/ock2 ,,cattle1 ,,%eep1 ,,& ,,horses4 7,vol4 #c4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,mod]n ,,f>m+47 ,by ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 ,woodcuts4 #bs4 #f;d4 #ade4 ,,dairy1 ,,pigs1 ,,& ,,p\ltry1 ,managem5t ( !4 ,by ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 7,vol4 #d4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,mod]n ,,f>m+47 #bs4 #adf4 ,,utilization ,,( ,,sewage1 ,,irrigation1 ,,& ,,reclamation ,,( ,,wa/e ,,l&4 7,vol4 #e4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,mod]n ,,f>m+47 ,by ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 ,woodcuts4 #bs4 #f;d4 999999 ,nos4 #adj-a-b-e-f1 9 ,"o ,vol41 h&somely half-b\nd1 entitl$ ,,outl9es ,,( ,,mod]n ,,f>m+4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,scott ,,burn4 ,price #abs4 #agg4 ,,fruit ,,trees1 ,! ,sci5tific & ,pr(itable ,culture (4 ,f ! ,fr5* ( ,,du ,,breuil4 ,revis$ by ,,geo4 ,,gl5ny4 #ahg ,woodcuts4 #cs4 #f;d4 #aih4 ,,%eep2 ,,! ,,hi/ory1 ,,/ructure1 ,,economy1 ,,& ,,diseases ,,(4 ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,,spoon]1 ,m4,r4,v4,c41 c4 ,fif? ,edition1 enl>g$1 includ+ ,specim5s ( ,new & ,improv$ ,bre$s4 #cs4 #f;d4 #bja4 ,,kit*5 ,,g>d5+ ,,made ,,easy4 ,by ,,george ,m4 ,f4 ,,gl5ny4 ,illu/rat$1 #as4 #f;d4 #bjg4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,f>m ,,managem5t1 & ! ,organization ( ,f>m ,lab\r4 ,by ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bjh4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,l&$ ,,e/ates ,,managem5t4 ,by ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 #bs4 #f;d4 999999 ,nos4 #bjg #bjh 9 ,"o ,vol41 h&somely half-b\nd1 entitl$ ,,outl9es ,,( ,,l&$ ,,e/ates ,,& ,,f>m ,,managem5t4 ,by ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 ,price #fs4 #bji4 ,,! ,,tree ,,plant] ,,& ,,plant ,,propagator4 ,a ,practical ,manual on ! ,propagation ( ,=e/ ,trees1 ,fruit ,trees1 ,fl[]+ ,%rubs1 ,fl[]+ ,plants1 c4 ,by ,,samuel ,,wood4 #bs4 #baj4 ,,! ,,tree ,,prun]4 ,a ,practical ,manual on ! ,prun+ ( ,fruit ,trees1 includ+ also _! ,tra9+ & ,r5ovation2 also ! ,prun+ ( ,%rubs1 ,climb]s1 & ,fl[]+ ,plants4 ,by ,,samuel ,,wood4 #as4 #f;d4 999999 ,nos4 #bji #baj 9 ,"o ,vol41 h&somely half-b\nd1 entitl$ ,,! ,,tree ,,plant]1 ,,propagator1 ,,& ,,prun]4 ,by ,,samuel ,,wood4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 #bah4 ,,! ,,hay ,,& ,,/raw ,,measur]3 ,be+ ,new ,tables = ! ,use ( ,auctione]s1 ,valu]s1 ,f>m]s1 ,hay & ,/raw ,deal]s1 c4 ,by ,,john ,,/eele4 ,fif? ,edition4 #bs4 #bbb4 ,,suburban ,,f>m+4 ,! ,lay+-out & ,cultivation ( ,f>ms1 adapt$ to ! ,produce ( ,milk1 ,butt]1 & ,*eese1 ,eggs1 ,p\ltry1 & ,pigs4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,john ,,donaldson & ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 #cs4 #f;d4 #bca4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,graft+ ,,& ,,budd+4 ,by ,,*>les ,,baltet4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bcb4 ,,cottage ,,g>d5+2 or1 ,fl[]s1 ,fruits1 & ,vegetables = ,small ,g>d5s4 ,by ,e4 ,,hobday1 #as4 #f;d4 #bcc4 ,,g>d5 ,,receipts4 ,edit$ by ,,*>les ,w4 ,,qu94 #as4 #f;d4 #bcd4 ,,m>ket ,,& ,,kit*5 ,,g>d5+4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,%aw1 late ,editor ( ,g>d5+ ,illu/rat$4 #cs4 #bci4 ,,dra9+ ,,& ,,embank+4 ,a ,practical ,treatise1 embody+ ! mo/ rec5t exp]i5ce 9 ! ,application ( ,improv$ ,me?ods4 ,by ,,john ,,scott1 late ,pr(essor ( ,agriculture & ,rural ,economy at ! ,royal ,agricultural ,college1 ,cir5ce/]4 ,) #fh ,illu/rations1 #as4 #f;d4 #bdj4 ,,irrigation ,,& ,,wat] ,,supply4 ,a ,treatise on ,wat] ,mead[s1 ,sewage ,irrigation1 & ,w>p+2 ! ,con/ruction ( ,wells1 ,ponds1 & ,res]voirs1 c4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,john ,,scott4 ,) #cd ,illus4 #as4 #f;d4 #bda4 ,,f>m ,,roads1 ,,f5ces1 ,,& ,,gates4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,roads1 ,tramways1 & ,wat]ways ( ! ,f>m2 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,enclosures2 & ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,f5ces1 ,gates1 & ,/iles4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,john ,,scott4 ,) #ge ,illu/rations1 #as4 #f;d4 #bdb4 ,,f>m ,,build+s4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,build+s necess>y = v>i\s k9ds ( ,f>ms1 _! ,arrangem5t & ,con/ruction1 ) ,plans & ,e/imates4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,john ,,scott4 ,) #aje ,illus4 #bs4 #bdc4 ,,b>n ,,implem5ts ,,& ,,ma*9es4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,application ( ,p[] to ! ,op]ations ( ,agriculture2 & on v>i\s ,ma*9es us$ 9 ! ,?re%+-b>n1 9 ! ,/ock-y>d1 & 9 ! ,dairy1 c4 ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,,scott4 ,) #abc ,illu/rations4 #bs4 #bdd4 ,,field ,,implem5ts ,,& ,,ma*9es4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,v>ieties n[ 9 use1 ) ,pr9ciples & ,details ( ,con/ruction1 _! ,po9ts ( ,excell5ce1 & ,managem5t4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,john ,,scott4 ,) #ach ,illu/rations4 #bs4 #bde4 ,,agricultural ,,survey+4 ,a ,practical ,treatise or ,l& ,survey+1 ,levell+1 & ,sett+-out2 & on ,measur+ & ,e/imat+ ,quantities1 ,weights1 & ,values ( ,mat]ials1 ,produce1 ,/ock1 c4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,john ,,scott4 ,) #fb ,illu/rations1 #as4 #f;d4 999999 ,nos4 #bci to #bde 9 ,"o ,vol41 h&somely half-b\nd1 entitl$ ,,! ,,complete ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,f>m ,,eng9e]+4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,john ,,scott4 ,price #abs4 #bej4 ,,meat ,,production4 ,a ,manual = ,produc]s1 ,di/ributors1 c4 ,by ,,john ,,ew>t4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bff4 ,,book-,,keep+ ,,= ,,f>m]s ,,e/ate ,,own]s4 ,by ,j4 ,m4 ,,woodman1 ,*>t]$ ,acc\ntant4 #bs4 #f;d4 clo? limp2 #cs4 #f;d4 clo? bo>ds4 ,,ma!matics1 ,,ari?metic1 ,,etc4 #cb4 ,,ma!matical ,,in/rum5ts1 a ,treatise on2 ,_! ,con/ruction1 ,adju/m5t1 ,te/+1 & ,use concisely ,expla9$4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,hea!r1 ,m4,a4 ,f\rte5? ,edition1 revis$1 ) additions1 by ,a4 ,t4 ,,walmisley1 ,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,fell[ ( ! ,surveyors' ,in/itution4 ,orig9al ,edition1 9 #a vol41 ,illu/rat$4 #bs4 999999 ,9 ord]+ ! above1 be c>eful to say1 ,orig9al ,edition 7,no4 #cb71 to di/+ui% x f ! ,enl>g$ ,edition 9 #c vols4 7,nos4 #afh-i-gj47 #gf4 ,,descriptive ,,geometry1 an ,elem5t>y ,treatise on2 ) a ,!ory ( ,%ad[s & ( ,p]spective1 extract$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,g4 ,,monge4 ,to :i* is add$1 a description ( ! ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,isometrical ,projection4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,hea!r1 ,m4,a4 ,) #ad ,plates4 #bs4 #agh4 ,,practical ,,plane ,,geometry3 giv+ ! ,simple/ ,modes ( ,con/ruct+ ,figures conta9$ 9 "o ,plane & ,geometrical ,con/ruction ( ! ,gr\nd4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,hea!r1 ,m4,a4 ,) #bae ,woodcuts4 #bs4 #hc4 ,,comm]cial ,,book-,,keep+4 ,) ,comm]cial ,phrases & ,=ms 9 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 & ,g]man4 ,by ,,james ,,haddon1 ,m4,a41 ,ari?metical ,ma/] ( ,k+'s ,college ,s*ool1 ,london1 #as4 #f;d4 #hd4 ,,ari?metic1 a ,rudim5t>y ,treatise on3 ) full ,explanations ( its ,!oretical ,pr9ciples1 & num]\s ,examples = ,practice4 ,by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,r4 ,,"y4 ,elev5? ,edition1 #as4 #f;d4 #hd994 ,a ,,key to ! above1 conta9+ ,solutions 9 full to ! ,ex]cises1 toge!r ) ,comm5ts1 ,explanations1 & ,improv$ ,processes1 = ! ,use ( ,tea*]s & ,unassi/$ ,le>n]s4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,"y1 #as4 #f;d4 #he4 ,,equational ,,ari?metic1 appli$ to ,que/ions ( ,int]e/1 ,annuities1 ,life ,assurance1 & ,g5]al ,comm]ce2 ) v>i\s ,tables by :i* all ,calculations may be greatly facilitat$4 ,by ,w4 ,,hipsley4 #bs4 #hf4 ,,algebra1 ! ,elem5ts (4 ,by ,,james ,,haddon1 ,m4,a4 ,) ,app5dix1 conta9+ miscellane\s ,inve/igations1 & a ,collection ( ,problems 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,algebra4 #bs4 #hf994 ,a ,,key ,,& ,,companion to ! above ,book1 =m+ an ext5sive repository ( ,solv$ ,examples & ,problems 9 ,illu/ration ( ! v>i\s ,exp$i5ts necess>y 9 ,algebraical ,op]ations4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,"y1 #as4 #f;d4 #hh4 #hi4 ,,euclid1 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,(3 ) _m additional ,propositions & ,explanatory ,notes3 to :i* is prefix$1 an ,introductory ,essay on ,logic4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,law1 ,c4,e4 #bs4 #f;d4 999999 ,sold also sep>ately1 viz43-- #hh4 ,,euclid1 ,! ,fir/ ,?ree ,books4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,law1 ,c4,e4 #as4 #f;d4 #hi4 ,,euclid1 ,books #d1 #e1 #f1 #aa1 #ab4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,law1 ,c4,e4 #as4 #f;d4 #ij4 ,,analytical ,,geometry ,,& ,,conic ,,sections1 ,by ,,james ,,hann4 ,a ,new ,edition1 by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,r4 ,,"y4 #bs4 #ia4 ,,plane ,,trigonometry1 ! ,elem5ts (4 ,by ,,james ,,hann1 =m]ly ,ma!matical ,ma/] ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 #as4 #f;d4 #ib4 ,,sph]ical ,,trigonometry1 ! ,elem5ts (4 ,by ,,james ,,hann4 ,revis$ by ,,*>les ,h4 ,,d[l+1 ,c4,e4 #as4 999999 ,or ) ,! ,elem5ts ( ,plane ,trigonometry1 9 ,"o ,volume1 #bs4 #f;d4 #ic4 ,,m5suration ,,& ,,measur+4 ,) ! ,m5suration & ,levell+ ( ,l& = ! ,purposes ( ,mod]n ,eng9e]+4 ,by ,t4 ,,bak]1 ,c4,e4 ,new ,edition by ,e4 ,,nug5t1 ,c4,e4 ,illu/rat$4 #as4 #f;d4 #aja4 ,,diff]5tial ,,calculus1 ,elem5ts ( !4 ,by ,w4 ,s4 ,b4 ,,woolh\se1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 c4 #as4 #f;d4 #ajb4 ,,integral ,,calculus1 ,rudim5t>y ,treatise on !4 ,by ,,hom]%am ,,cox1 ,b4,a4 ,illu/rat$4 #as4 #acf4 ,,ari?metic1 ,rudim5t>y1 = ! ,use ( ,s*ools & ,self-,in/ruction4 ,by ,,james ,,haddon1 ,m4,a4 ,revis$ by ,a4 ,,arman1 #as4 #f;d4 #acg4 ,a ,,key ,,to ,,haddon',s ,,rudim5t>y ,,ari?metic4 ,by ,a4 ,,arman1 #as4 #f;d4 #afh4 ,,draw+ ,,& ,,measur+ ,,in/rum5ts4 ,includ+--,i4 ,in/rum5ts employ$ 9 ,geometrical & ,me*anical ,draw+1 & 9 ! ,con/ruction1 ,copy+1 & ,measurem5t ( ,maps & ,plans4 ,,ii4 ,in/rum5ts us$ = ! purposes ( ,accurate ,measurem5t1 & = ,ari?metical ,computations4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,hea!r1 ,m4,a4 ,illu/rat$4 #as4 #f;d4 #afi4 ,,optical ,,in/rum5ts4 ,includ+ 7m especially7 ,telescopes1 ,microscopes1 & ,app>atus = produc+ copies ( ,maps & ,plans by ,photography4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,hea!r1 ,m4,a4 ,illu/rat$4 #as4 #f;d4 #agj4 ,,survey+ ,,& ,,a/ronomical ,,in/rum5ts4 ,includ+--,i4 ,in/rum5ts ,us$ = ,det]m9+ ! ,geometrical ,features ( a portion ( ,gr\nd4 ,,ii4 ,in/rum5ts ,employ$ 9 ,a/ronomical ,obs]vations4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,hea!r1 ,m4,a4 ,illu/rat$4 #as4 #f;d4 999999 ,! above ?ree volumes =m an enl>gem5t ( ! ,au?or's orig9al "w ,ma!matical ,in/rum5ts4 7,see ,no4 #cb 9 ! ,s]ies47 #afh4 #afi4 #agj4 ,,ma!matical ,,in/rum5ts4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,hea!r1 ,m4,a4 ,enl>g$ ,edition1 = ! mo/ "p entirely re-writt54 ,! #c ,p>ts z above1 9 ,"o ?ick ,volume4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #ds4 #f;d4 #aeh4 ,,! ,,slide ,,rule1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,x2 conta9+ full1 easy1 & simple ,in/ructions to p]=m all ,bus9ess ,calculations ) unexampl$ rapidity & accuracy4 ,by ,,*>les ,,ho>e1 ,c4,e4 ,six? ,edition4 ,) a ,slide ,rule 9 tuck ( cov]4 #bs4 #f;d4 #aif4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,comp\nd ,,int]e/ ,,& ,,annuities2 ) ,tables ( ,log>i?ms = ! m ,difficult ,computations ( ,int]e/1 ,disc\nt1 ,annuities1 c4 ,by ,f,,dor ,,?oman4 ,f\r? ,edition4 #ds4 #aii4 ,,! ,,comp5di\s ,,calculator2 or1 ,easy & ,concise ,me?ods ( ,p]=m+ ! v>i\s ,ari?metical ,op]ations requir$ 9 ,comm]cial & ,bus9ess ,transactions2 toge!r ) ,useful ,tables4 ,by ,d4 ,o',,gorman4 ,tw5ty-sev5? ,edition1 c>efully revis$ by ,c4 ,,norris4 #bs #f;d41 clo? limp2 #cs4 #f;d41 /rongly half-b\nd 9 lea!r4 #bjd4 ,,ma!matical ,,tables1 = ,trigonometrical1 ,a/ronomical1 & ,nautical ,calculations2 to :i* is prefix$ a ,treatise on ,log>i?ms4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,law1 ,c4,e4 ,toge!r ) a ,s]ies ( ,tables = ,navigation & ,nautical ,a/ronomy4 ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,"y4 ,new ,edition4 #ds4 #bjd994 ,,log>i?ms4 ,) ,ma!matical ,tables = ,trigonometrical1 ,a/ronomical1 & ,nautical ,calculations4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,law1 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,new & ,revis$ ,edition4 7,=m+ "p ( ! above ,"w74 #cs4 #bba4 ,,measures1 ,,weights1 ,,& ,,moneys ,,( ,,all ,,nations1 & an ,analysis ( ! ,*ri/ian1 ,hebrew1 & ,mahometan ,cal5d>s4 ,by ,w4 ,s4 ,b4 ,,woolh\se1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,f4,s4,s4 ,sev5? ,edition1 #bs4 #f;d4 #bbg4 ,,ma!matics ,,z ,,appli$ ,,to ,,! ,,con/ructive ,,arts4 ,illu/rat+ ! v>i\s processes ( ,ma!matical ,inve/igation1 by means ( ,ari?metical & ,simple ,algebraical ,equations & ,practical ,examples4 ,by ,,francis ,,camp94 ,c4,e4 ,second ,edition4 #cs4 ,,physical ,,sci5ce1 ,,natural ,,philosophy1 ,,etc4 #a4 ,,*emi/ry4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,george ,,f[nes1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) an ,app5dix on ! ,application ( ,*emi/ry to ,agriculture1 #as4 #b4 ,,natural ,,philosophy1 ,introduction to ! ,/udy (4 ,by ,c4 ,,toml9son4 ,woodcuts4 #as4 #f;d4 #f4 ,,me*anics1 ,rudim5t>y ,treatise on4 ,by ,,*>les ,,toml9son4 ,illu/rat$4 #as4 #f;d4 #g4 ,,electricity2 %[+ ! ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,electrical ,sci5ce1 & ! purposes to :i* x has be5 appli$4 ,by ,sir ,w4 ,,sn[ ,,h>ris1 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,) ,additions by ,r4 ,,sab9e1 ,c4,e41 ,f4,s4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 #g994 ,,galvanism4 ,by ,sir ,w4 ,,sn[ ,,h>ris4 ,new ,edition by ,,rob]t ,,sab9e1 ,c4,e41 ,f4,s4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 #h4 ,,magnetism2 be+ a concise ,exposition ( ! ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,magnetical ,sci5ce4 ,by ,sir ,w4 ,,sn[ ,,h>ris4 ,new ,edition1 revis$ by ,h4 ,m4 ,,noad1 ,ph4,d4 ,) #afe ,woodcuts4 #cs4 #f;d4 #aa4 ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph2 its ,hi/ory & ,progress2 ) ,descriptions ( "s ( ! ,app>atus4 ,by ,r4 ,,sab9e1 ,c4,e41 ,f4,s4,a4 #cs4 #ab4 ,,pneumatics1 includ+ ,ac\/ics & ! ,ph5om5a ( ,w9d ,curr5ts1 = ! ,use ( ,beg9n]s4 ,by ,,*>les ,,toml9son1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,f\r? ,edition1 enl>g$4 ,illu/rat$4 #as4 #f;d4 #gb4 ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,mollusca2 a ,treatise on ,rec5t & ,fossil ,%ells4 ,by ,dr4 ,s4 ,p4 ,,woodw>d1 ,a4,l4,s4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,) ,plates & #cjj ,woodcuts4 #gs4 #f;d41 clo?4 #if4 ,,a/ronomy4 ,by ! late ,rev4 ,,rob]t ,,ma91 ,m4,a4 ,?ird ,edition1 by ,,william ,,?ynne ,,lynn1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 #bs4 #ig4 ,,/atics ,,& ,,dynamics1 ! ,pr9ciples & ,practice (2 embrac+ also a cle> developm5t ( ,hydro/atics1 ,hydrodynamics1 & ,c5tral ,=ces4 ,by ,t4 ,,bak]1 ,c4,e4 ,f\r? ,edition4 #as4 #f;d4 #agc4 ,,physical ,,geology1 p>tly bas$ on ,major-,g5]al ,,portlock',s ,rudim5ts ( ,geology4 ,by ,,ralph ,,tate1 ,a4,l4,s41 c4 ,woodcuts4 #bs4 #agd4 ,,hi/orical ,,geology1 p>tly bas$ on ,major-,g5]al ,,portlock',s ,rudim5ts4 ,by ,,ralph ,,tate1 ,a4,l4,s41 c4 ,woodcuts4 #bs4 #f;d4 #agc #agd4 ,,rudim5t>y ,,treatise ,,on ,,geology1 ,physical & ,hi/orical4 ,p>tly bas$ on ,major-,g5]al ,portlock's ,rudim5ts ( ,geology4 ,by ,,ralph ,,tate1 ,a4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 c4 ,9 ,"o ,volume4 #ds4 #f;d4 #ahc #ahd4 ,,animal ,,physics1 ,h&book (4 ,by ,dr4 ,,l>dn]1 ,d4,c4,l41 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy & ,a/ronomy 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,lond4 ,) #ebj ,illu/rations4 ,9 ,"o ,vol4 #gs4 #f;d41 clo? bo>ds4 999999 ,sold also 9 ,two ,p>ts1 z foll[s3-- #ahc4 ,animal ,physics4 ,by ,dr4 ,,l>dn]4 ,"p ,i41 ,*apt]s ,i4--,,vii4 #ds4 #ahd4 ,animal ,physics4 ,by ,dr4 ,,l>dn]4 ,"p ,,ii41 ,*apt]s ,,viii4--,,xviii4 #cs4 #bfi4 ,,light3 an ,introduction to ! ,sci5ce ( ,optics = ! ,use ( ,/ud5ts ( ,ar*itecture1 ,eng9e]+1 & o!r ,appli$ ,sci5ces4 ,by ,e4 ,,wyndham ,,t>n1 ,m4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 ,j publi%$4 ,,f9e ,,arts4 #bj4 ,,p]spective ,,= ,,beg9n]s4 ,adapt$ to ,"y ,/ud5ts & ,amateurs 9 ,ar*itecture1 ,pa9t+1 c4 ,by ,,george ,,pyne4 #bs4 #dj4 ,,glass ,,/a9+1 ,,& ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,,on ,,glass4 ,f ! ,g]man ( ,dr4 ,,gess]t & ,,emanuel ,,otto ,,fromb]g4 ,) an ,app5dix on ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,enamell+4 #bs4 #f;d4 #fi4 ,,music1 ,a ,rudim5t>y & ,practical ,treatise on4 ,) num]\s ,examples4 ,by ,,*>les ,,*ild ,,sp5c]4 #bs4 #f;d4 #ga4 ,,pian(orte1 ,! ,art ( ,play+ !4 ,) num]\s ,ex]cises ,lessons f ! ,be/ ,ma/]s4 ,by ,,*>les ,,*ild ,,sp5c]4 #as4 #f;d4 #fi-ga4 ,,music ,,! ,,pian(orte4 ,9 "o vol4 ,half-b\nd1 #es4 #aha4 ,,pa9t+ ,,popul>ly ,,expla9$1 includ+ ,fresco1 ,oil1 ,mosaic1 ,wat] ,col\r1 ,wat]-,glass1 ,temp]a1 ,encau/ic1 ,m9iature1 ,pa9t+ on ,ivory1 ,vellum1 ,pott]y1 ,enamel1 ,glass1 c4 ,) ,hi/orical ,sket*es ( ! ,progress ( ! ,art by ,,?omas ,,john ,,gullick1 assi/$ by ,,john ,,timbs1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,six? ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #es4 #ahf4 ,a ,,gramm> ,,( ,,col\r+1 appli$ to ,decorative ,pa9t+ & ! ,arts4 ,by ,,george ,,field4 ,new ,edition1 enl>g$ & adapt$ to ! ,use ( ! ,ornam5tal ,pa9t] & ,design]4 ,by ,,ellis ,a4 ,,davidson4 ,) two new ,col\r$ ,diagrams1 c4 #cs4 #bdf4 ,a ,,diction>y ,,( ,,pa9t]s1 ,,& ,,h&book ,,= ,,picture ,,amateurs2 includ+ ,me?ods ( ,pa9t+1 ,clean+1 ,rel9+ & ,re/or+1 ,s*ools ( ,pa9t+1 c4 ,) ,notes on ! ,copyi/s & ,imitators ( ea* ,ma/]4 ,by ,,philippe ,,d>yl4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,indu/rial ,,& ,,useful ,,arts4 #bc4 ,,bricks ,,& ,,tiles1 ,rudim5t>y ,treatise on ! ,manufacture (4 ,by ,e4 ,,dobson1 ,m4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,illu/rat$1 #cs4 #fg4 ,,clocks1 ,,wat*es1 ,,& ,,bells1 a ,rudim5t>y ,treatise on4 ,by ,sir ,,edmund ,,beckett1 ,,ll4,d41 ,q4,c4 ,sev5? ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #ds4 #f;d4 limp2 #es4 #f;d4 clo? bo>ds4 #hc99994 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,door ,,locks4 ,compil$ f ! ,pap]s ( ,a4 ,c4 ,,hobbs1 & ,edit$ by ,,*>les ,,toml9son4 ,f4,r4,s4 #bs4 #f;d4 #afb4 ,,! ,,brass ,,f\nd]',s ,,manual2 ,in/ructions = ,modell+1 ,patt]n-,mak+1 ,m\ld+1 ,turn+1 ,fil+1 ,burni%+1 ,bronz+1 c4 ,) copi\s ,receipts1 c4 ,by ,,walt] ,,graham4 #bs4 #bje4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,lett] ,,pa9t+ ,,made ,,easy4 ,by ,j4,g4 ,,bad5o*4 ,illu/rat$ ) #ab full-page ,engrav+s ( ,examples1 #as4 #f;d4 #bae4 ,,! ,,goldsmi?',s ,,h&book1 conta9+ full ,in/ructions = ! ,alloy+ & ,work+ ( ,gold4 ,by ,,george ,e4 ,,gee1 #cs4 #bbe4 ,,! ,,silv]smi?',s ,,h&book1 conta9+ full ,in/ructions = ! ,alloy+ & ,work+ ( ,silv]4 ,by ,,george ,e4 ,,gee4 #cs4 999999 ,! two prec$+ ,works1 9 ,"o h&some ,vol41 half-b\nd1 entitl$ ,,! ,,goldsmi?',s ,,silv]smi?',s ,,complete ,,h&book1 #gs4 #bdi4 ,,! ,,hall-,,m>k+ ,,( ,,jewell]y ,,practically ,,consid]$4 ,by ,,george ,e4 ,,gee4 #cs4 #bbd4 ,,coa* ,,build+1 ,a ,practical ,treatise1 ,hi/orical & ,descriptive4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,burgess4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bce4 ,,practical ,,organ ,,build+4 ,by ,w4 ,e4 ,,dickson1 ,m4,a41 ,prec5tor ( ,ely ,ca!dral4 ,illu/rat$4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bfb4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,boot ,,& ,,%oemak+4 ,by ,,john ,,b$=d ,,l5o4 ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,?ird ,edition4 #bs4 #bfc4 ,,me*anical ,,d5ti/ry3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,con/ruction ( ! ,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,artificial ,d5tures1 ) ,=mul1 ,tables1 ,receipts1 c4 ,by ,,*>les ,,hunt]4 ,?ird ,edition4 #cs4 #bgj4 ,,wood ,,engrav+3 ,a ,practical & ,easy ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,art4 ,by ,w4 ,n4 ,,br[n1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,miscellane\s ,,volumes4 #cf4 ,a ,,diction>y ,,( ,,t]ms us$ 9 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,build+1 ,,eng9e]+1 ,,m9+1 ,,metallurgy1 ,,ar*,,ology1 ! ,,f9e ,,arts1 c4 ,by ,,john ,,weale4 ,six? ,edition4 ,revis$ by ,,rob]t ,,hunt1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,illu/rat$4 #es4 limp2 #fs4 clo? bo>ds4 #ej4 ,,lab\r ,,contracts4 ,a ,popul> ,h&book on ! ,law ( ,contracts = ,works & ,s]vices4 ,by ,,david ,,gibbons4 ,f\r? ,edition1 ,revis$1 ) ,app5dix ( ,/atutes by ,t4 ,f4 ,,uttley1 ,solicitor1 #cs4 #f;d4 clo?4 #aab4 ,,manual ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,m$ic9e4 ,by ,r4 ,,good+1 ,b4,a41 ,m4,d4 ,a ,family ,guide 9 all ,cases ( ,accid5t & ,em]g5cy4 #bs4 #aab994 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,heal?4 ,a ,manual ( ,home & ,p]sonal ,hygi5e4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,james ,,baird1 ,b4,a4 #as4 #aej4 ,,logic1 ,pure & ,appli$4 ,by ,s4 ,h4 ,,emm5s4 #as4 #f;d4 #aec4 ,,selections ,,f ,,locke',s ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,human ,,und]/&+4 ,) ,notes by ,s4 ,h4 ,,emm5s4 #bs4 #aed4 ,,g5]al ,,h9ts ,,to ,,emigrants4 #bs4 #aeg4 ,,! ,,emigrant',s ,,guide ,,to ,,natal4 ,by ,r4 ,,mann4 #bs4 #aic4 ,,h&book ,,( ,,field ,,=tification4 ,by ,major ,w4 ,w4 ,,knollys1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) #afc ,woodcuts4 #cs4 #aid4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,manag]3 ,be+ a ,guide to ,h\sekeep+1 ,practical ,cook]y1 ,pickl+ & ,pres]v+1 ,h\sehold ,"w1 ,dairy ,managem5t1 c4 ,by ,,an ,,old ,,h\sekeep]4 #cs4 #f;d4 #aid1 #aab #aab994 ,,h\se ,,book 7,!74 ,compris+3--,i4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,manag]4 ,by an ,,old ,,h\sekeep]4 ,,ii4 ,,dome/ic ,,m$ic9e4 ,by ,r4 ,,good+1 ,m4,d4 ,,iii4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,heal?4 ,by ,j4 ,,baird4 ,9 ,"o ,vol41 half-b\nd1 #fs4 ,! indicates t ^! vols may be _h /rongly b\nd at #f;d4 extra4 ,,educational ,,& ,,classical ,,s]ies4 ,,hi/ory4 #a4 ,engl&1 ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory (2 m especially ) ref]5ce to ! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ! ,engli% ,con/itution4 ,by ,,william ,,d\glas ,,hamilton1 ,f4,s4,a41 ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,public ,record ,(fice4 #d? ,edition1 revis$4 #es42 clo? bo>ds1 #fs4 #e4 ,greece1 ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory (2 9 connection ) ! ,rise ( ! ,arts & ,civilization 9 ,europe4 ,by ,w4 ,,d\glas ,,hamilton1 ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 & ,,edw>d ,,levi51 ,m4,a41 ( ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 #bs4 #f;d42 clo? bo>ds1 #cs4 #f;d4 #g4 ,rome1 ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory (3 f ! ,e>lie/ ,p]iod to ! ,*ri/ian ,era & ! ,comm5cem5t ( ! ,decl9e ( ! ,empire4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,levi51 ( ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,map1 #bs4 #f;d42 cl4 bds4 #cs4 #f;d4 #i4 ,*ronology ( ,hi/ory1 ,art1 ,lit]ature1 & ,progress1 f ! ,creation ( ! ,_w to ! ,pres5t ,"t4 ,! ,cont9uation by ,w4 ,d4 ,,hamilton1 ,f4,s4,a4 #cs42 clo? bo>ds1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,engli% ,,language ,,& ,,miscellane\s4 #aa4 ,gramm> ( ! ,engli% ,tongue1 ,spok5 & ,writt54 ,) an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,comp>ative ,philology4 ,by ,,hyde ,,cl>ke1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,fif? ,edition1 #as4 #f;d4 #ab4 ,diction>y ( ! ,engli% ,language1 z ,spok5 & ,writt54 ,conta9+ above #ajj1jjj ,words4 ,by ,,hyde ,,cl>ke1 ,d4,c4,l4 #cs4 #f;d42 clo? bo>ds1 #ds4 #f;d42 complete ) ! ,,gramm>1 clo? bds41 #es4 #f;d4 #dh4 ,composition & ,punctuation1 famili>ly ,expla9$ = ^? :o h neglect$ ! ,/udy ( ,gramm>4 ,by ,,ju/9 ,,br5an4 #ah? ,edition1 #as4 #f;d4 #di4 ,d]ivative ,spell+-,book3 ,giv+ ! ,orig9 ( ,e ,^w f ! ,greek1 ,lat91 ,saxon1 ,g]man1 ,teutonic1 ,dut*1 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 & o!r ,languages2 ) _! pres5t ,acceptation & ,pronunciation4 ,by ,j4 ,,r[bo?am1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,improv$ ,edition1 #as4 #f;d4 #ea4 ,! ,art ( ,extempore ,speak+3 ,h9ts = ! ,pulpit1 ! ,s5ate1 & ! ,b>4 ,by ,m4 ,,bauta91 ,vic>-,g5]al & ,pr(essor at ! ,sorbonne4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*4 #h? ,edition1 c>efully correct$4 #bs4 #f;d4 #ec4 ,places & ,facts 9 ,political & ,physical ,geography1 = ,c&idates 9 ,exam9ations4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,edg> ,,r&1 ,b4,a4 #as4 #ed4 ,analytical ,*emi/ry1 ,qualitative & ,quantitative1 a ,c\rse (4 ,to :i* is prefix$1 a ,brief ,treatise ^u ,mod]n ,*emical ,nom5clature & ,notation4 ,by ,,wm4 ,w4 ,,p9k & ,,george ,e4 ,,web/]4 #bs4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,manag]s' ,,s]ies ,,( ,,read+ ,,books1 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,grant1 ,rector ( ,hit*am1 & ,honor>y ,canon ( ,ely2 =m]ly ,h4,m4 ,inspector ( ,s*ools4 ,,introductory ,,prim]1 #c;d4 s4 d4 ,,fir/ ,,/&>d #j #f ,,second #j #aj ,,?ird #a #j ,,f\r? ,,/&>d #a #b ,,fif? #a #f ,,six? #a #f ,,lessons ,,f ,,! ,,bible4 ,"p #a4 ,old ,te/am5t1 #as4 ,,lessons ,,f ,,! ,,bible4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,new ,te/am5t1 to :i* is add$ ,,! ,,geography ,,( ,,! ,,bible1 = v "y ,*ildr54 ,by ,rev4 ,c4 ,,?ornton ,,=/]1 #as4 #b;d4 999999 ,or ! ,two ,p>ts 9 ,"o ,volume4 #bs4 ,,fr5*4 #bd4 ,fr5* ,gramm>4 ,) ,complete & ,concise ,rules on ! ,g5d]s ( ,fr5* ,n\ns4 ,by ,g4 ,l4 ,,/rauss1 ,ph4,d4 #as4 #f;d4 #be4 ,fr5*-,engli% ,diction>y4 ,compris+ a l>ge numb] ( ,new ,t]ms us$ 9 ,eng9e]+1 ,m9+1 c4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,elwes4 #as4 #f;d4 #bf4 ,engli%-,fr5* ,diction>y4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,elwes4 #bs4 #be1 #bf4 ,fr5* ,diction>y 7z above74 ,complete1 9 ,"o ,vol41 #cs42 clo? bo>ds1 #cs4 #f;d4 999999 ,or ) ! ,,gramm>1 clo? bo>ds1 #ds4 #f;d4 #dg4 ,fr5* & ,engli% ,phrase ,book3 conta9+ ,introductory ,lessons1 ) ,translations1 sev]al ,vocabul>ies ( ,words1 a ,collection ( suitable ,phrases1 & ,easy ,famili> ,dialogues1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,g]man4 #ci4 ,g]man ,gramm>4 ,adapt$ = ,engli% ,/ud5ts1 f ,heyse's ,!oretical & ,practical ,gramm>1 by ,dr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,,/rauss1 #as4 #f;d4 #dj4 ,g]man ,read]3 ,a ,s]ies ( ,extracts1 c>efully cull$ f ! mo/ approv$ ,au?ors ( ,g]many2 ) ,notes1 ,philological & ,explanatory4 ,by ,g4 ,l4 ,,/rauss1 ,ph4,d4 #as4 #da-dc4 ,g]man ,triglot ,diction>y4 ,by ,n4 ,e4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,hamilton4 ,9 ,?ree ,p>ts4 ,"p ,i4 ,g]man-,fr5*-,engli%4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,engli%-,g]man-,fr5*4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,fr5*-,g]man-,engli%4 #cs41 or clo? bo>ds1 #ds4 #da-dc #ci4 ,g]man ,triglot ,diction>y 7z above71 toge!r ) ,g]man ,gramm> 7,no4 #ci71 9 ,"o ,volume1 clo? bo>ds1 #es4 ,,italian4 #bg4 ,italian ,gramm>1 arrang$ 9 ,tw5ty ,lessons1 ) a ,c\rse ( ,ex]cises4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,elwes4 #as4 #f;d4 #bh4 ,italian ,triglot ,diction>y1 :]e9 ! ,g5d]s ( all ! ,italian & ,fr5* ,n\ns are c>efully not$ d[n4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,elwes4 ,vol4 #a4 ,italian-,engli%-,fr5*4 #bs4 #f;d4 #cj4 ,italian ,triglot ,diction>y4 ,by ,a4 ,,elwes4 ,vol4 #b4 ,engli%-,fr5*-,italian4 #bs4 #f;d4 #cb4 ,italian ,triglot ,diction>y4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,elwes4 ,vol4 #c4 ,fr5*-,italian-,engli%4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bh1 #cj1 #cb4 ,italian ,triglot ,diction>y 7z above74 ,9 ,"o ,vol41 #gs4 #f;d4 ,clo? bo>ds4 ,,spani% ,,& ,,portuguese4 #cd4 ,spani% ,gramm>1 9 a ,simple & ,practical ,=m4 ,) a ,c\rse ( ,ex]cises4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,elwes4 #as4 #f;d4 #ce4 ,spani%-,engli% & ,engli%-,spani% ,diction>y4 ,includ+ a l>ge numb] ( ,te*nical ,t]ms us$ 9 ,m9+1 ,eng9e]+1 c4 ) ! prop] ,acc5ts & ! ,g5d] ( e ,n\n4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,elwes #ds42 clo? bo>ds1 #es4 999999 ,or ) ! ,,gramm>1 clo? bo>ds1 #fs4 #ee4 ,portuguese ,gramm>1 9 a ,simple & ,practical ,=m4 ,) a ,c\rse ( ,ex]cises4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,elwes4 #as4 #f;d4 #ef4 ,portuguese-,engli% & ,engli%-,portuguese ,diction>y4 ,includ+ a l>ge numb] ( ,te*nical ,t]ms us$ 9 ,m9+1 ,eng9e]+1 c41 ) ! prop] ,acc5ts & ! ,g5d] ( e ,n\n4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,elwes4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$1 #es42 clo? bo>ds1 #fs4 999999 ,or ) ! ,,gramm>1 clo? bo>ds1 #gs4 ,,hebrew4 #df994 ,hebrew ,gramm>4 ,by ,dr4 ,,bresslau4 #as4 #f;d4 #dd4 ,hebrew & ,engli% ,diction>y1 ,biblical & ,rabb9ical2 conta9+ ! ,hebrew & ,*aldee ,roots ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,po/-,rabb9ical ,writ+s4 ,by ,dr4 ,,bresslau4 #fs4 #df4 ,engli% & ,hebrew ,diction>y4 ,by ,dr4 ,,bresslau4 #cs4 #dd1 #df4 #df994 ,hebrew ,diction>y 7z above71 9 ,two ,vols41 complete1 ) ! ,,gramm>1 clo? bo>ds1 #abs4 ,,lat94 #ai4 ,lat9 ,gramm>4 ,conta9+ ! ,inflections & ,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples ( ,translation & ,con/ruction4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,?omas ,,goodw91 ,m4,a41 ,head ,ma/] ( ! ,gre5wi* ,propriet>y ,s*ool4 #as4 #f;d4 #bj4 ,lat9-,engli% ,diction>y4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,?omas ,,goodw91 ,m4,a4 #bs4 #bb4 ,engli%-,lat9 ,diction>y2 toge!r ) an ,app5dix ( ,fr5* & ,italian ,words :i* h _! orig9 f ! ,lat94 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,?omas ,,goodw91 ,m4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 #bj1 #bb4 ,lat9 ,diction>y 7z above74 ,complete 9 ,"o ,vol41 #cs4 #f;d4 clo? bo>ds1 #ds4 #f;d4 999999 ,or ) ! ,,gramm>1 clo? bo>ds1 #es4 #f;d4 ,,lat9 ,,classics4 ,) ,explanatory ,notes 9 ,engli%4 #a4 ,lat9 ,delectus4 ,conta9+ ,extracts f ,classical ,au?ors1 ) ,g5ealogical ,vocabul>ies & ,explanatory ,notes1 by ,h4 ,,"y4 #as4 #f;d4 #b4 ,cs>is ,comm5t>ii de ,bello ,gallico4 ,notes1 & a ,geographical ,regi/] = ! ,use ( ,s*ools1 by ,h4 ,,"y4 #bs4 #c4 ,cornelius ,nepos4 ,) ,notes4 ,by ,h4 ,,"y4 #as4 #d4 ,virgilii ,m>onis ,bucolica et ,georgica4 ,) ,notes on ! ,bucolics by ,w4 ,,ru%ton1 ,m4,a41 & on ! ,georgics by ,h4 ,,"y4 #as4 #f;d4 #e4 ,virgilii ,m>onis neis4 ,) ,notes1 ,critical & ,explanatory1 by ,h4 ,,"y4 ,new ,edition1 revis$ & improv$4 ,) copi\s ,additional ,notes by ,rev4 ,t4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,le>y1 ,d4,c4,l41 =m]ly ,s*ol> ( ,bras5ose ,college1 ,ox=d4 #cs4 #e99 ---- ,"p #a ,books i4--vi41 #as4 #f;d4 #e9999 ---- ,"p #b4 ,books vii4-xii41 #bs4 #f4 ,horace2 ,odes1 ,epode1 & ,c>m5 ,scul>e4 ,notes by ,h4 ,,"y4 #as4 #f;d4 #g4 ,horace2 ,satires1 ,epi/les1 & ,ars ,poetica4 ,notes by ,w4 ,,br[nrigg ,,smi?1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #as4 #f;d4 #h4 ,sallu/ii ,crispi ,catal9a et ,bellum ,jugur?9um4 ,notes1 ,critical & ,explanatory1 by ,w4 ,m4 ,,donne1 ,b4,a41 ,tr94 ,coll41 ,cam4 #as4 #f;d4 #i4 ,t]5tii ,&ria et ,heautontimorum5os4 ,) ,notes1 ,critical & ,explanatory1 by ! ,rev4 ,,james ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 #aj4 ,t]5tii ,adelphi1 ,hecyra1 ,phormio4 ,edit$1 ) ,notes1 ,critical & ,explanatory1 by ! ,rev4 ,,james ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 #bs4 #aa4 ,t]5tii ,eunu*us1 ,comdia4 ,notes1 by ,rev4 ,j4 ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 #ab4 ,cic]onis ,oratio pro ,sexto ,roscio ,am]9o4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction1 ,analysis1 & ,notes1 ,explanatory & ,critical1 by ! ,rev4 ,,james ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 #ac4 ,cic]onis ,orationes 9 ,catil9am1 ,v]rem1 et pro ,ar*ia4 ,) ,introduction1 ,analysis1 & ,notes1 ,explanatory & ,critical1 by ,rev4 ,t4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,le>y1 ,d4,c4,l4 =m]ly ,s*ol> ( ,bras5ose ,college1 ,ox=d4 #as4 #f;d4 #ad4 ,cic]onis ,cato ,major1 ,llius1 ,brutus1 sive de ,s5ectute1 de ,amicitia1 de ,cl>is ,oratoribus ,dialogi4 ,) ,notes by ,w4 ,,br[nrigg ,,smi?1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #bs4 #af4 ,livy3 ,hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,notes by ,h4 ,,"y & ,w4 ,b4 ,,smi?1 ,m4,a4 ,"p #a4 ,books i41 ii41 #as4 #f;d4 #af994 ---- ,"p #b4 ,books iii41 iv41 v41 #as4 #f;d4 #ag4 ---- ,"p #c4 ,books xxi41 xxii41 #as4 #f;d4 #ai4 ,lat9 ,v]se ,selections1 f ,catullus1 ,tibullus1 ,prop]tius1 & ,ovid4 ,notes by ,w4 ,b4 ,,donne1 ,m4,a41 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 #bs4 #bj4 ,lat9 ,prose ,selections1 f ,v>ro1 ,columella1 ,vitruvius1 ,s5eca1 ,qu9tilian1 ,florus1 ,velleius ,pat]culus1 ,val]ius ,maximus ,suetonius1 ,apuleius1 c4 ,notes by ,w4 ,b4 ,,donne1 ,m4,a4 #bs4 #ba4 ,juv5alis ,satir4 ,) ,prolegom5a & ,notes by ,t4 ,h4 ,s4 ,,escott1 ,b4,a1 ,lectur] on ,logic at ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 #bs4 ,,greek4 #ad4 ,greek ,gramm>1 9 accordance ) ! ,pr9ciples & ,philological ,rese>*es ( ! mo/ em95t ,s*ol>s ( our own day4 ,by ,,hans ,,claude ,,hamilton4 #as4 #f;d4 #ae1 #ag4 ,greek ,lexicon4 ,conta9+ all ! ,words 9 ,g5]al ,use1 ) _! ,significations1 ,inflections1 & ,d\btful ,quantities4 ,by ,,h5ry ,r4 ,,hamilton4 ,vol4 #a4 ,greek-,engli%1 #bs4 #f;d42 ,vol4 #b4 ,engli%-,greek1 #bs4 ,or ! ,two ,vols4 9 ,"o1 #ds4 #f;d42 clo? bo>ds1 #es4 #ad1 #ae4 #ag4 ,greek ,lexicon 7z above74 ,complete1 ) ! ,,gramm>1 9 ,"o ,vol41 clo? bo>ds1 #fs4 ,,greek ,,classics4 ,) ,explanatory ,notes 9 ,engli%4 #a4 ,greek ,delectus4 ,conta9+ ,extracts f ,classical ,au?ors1 ) ,g5ealogical ,vocabul>ies & ,explanatory ,notes1 by ,h4 ,,"y4 ,new ,edition1 ) an improv$ & enl>g$ ,supplem5t>y ,vocabul>y1 by ,,john ,,hut*ison1 ,m4,a41 ( ! ,high ,s*ool1 ,glasg[4 #as4 #f;d4 #b1 #c4 ,x5ophon's ,anabasis2 or1 ,! ,retreat ( ! ,t5 ,?\s&4 ,notes & a ,geographical ,regi/]1 by ,h4 ,,"y4 ,"p #a4 ,books i4 to iii41 #as4 ,"p #b4 ,books iv4 to vii41 #as4 #d4 ,lucian's ,select ,dialogues4 ,! ,text c>efully revis$1 ) ,grammatical & ,explanatory ,notes1 by ,h4 ,,"y4 #as4 #f;d4 #e-ab4 ,hom]1 ,! ,works (4 ,accord+ to ! ,text ( ,,baeumle94 ,) ,notes1 ,critical & ,explanatory1 drawn f ! be/ & late/ ,au?orities1 ) ,prelim9>y ,obs]vations & ,app5dices1 by ,t4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,le>y1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,,! ,,iliad3 ,"p #a4 ,books i4 to vi41 #as4 #f;d4 ,"p #b4 ,books vii4 to xii41 #as4#f;d4 ,"p #c4 ,books xiii4 to xviii41 #as4 #f;d4 ,"p #d4 ,books xix4 to xxiv41 #as4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,odyssey3 ,"p #a4 ,books i4 to vi41 #as4 #f;d ,"p #b4 ,books vii4 to xii41 #as4 #f;d4 ,"p #c4 ,books xiii4 to xviii41 #as4 #f;d4 ,"p #d4 ,books xix4 to xxiv41 & ,hymns1 #bs4 #ac4 ,plato's ,dialogues3 ,! ,apology ( ,socrates1 ! ,crito1 & ! ,phd4 ,f ! ,text ( ,c4 ,f4 ,,h]mann4 ,edit$ ) ,notes1 ,critical & ,explanatory1 by ! ,rev4 ,,james ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 #bs4 #ad-ag4 ,h]odotus1 ,! ,hi/ory (1 *iefly aft] ! ,text ( ,,gais=d4 ,) ,prelim9>y ,obs]vations & ,app5dices1 & ,notes1 ,critical & ,explanatory1 by ,t4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,le>y1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,"p #a4 ,books i41 ii4 7,! ,clio & ,eut]pe71 #bs4 ,"p #b4 ,books iii41 iv4 7,! ,?alia & ,melpom5e71 #bs4 ,"p #c4 ,books v4-vii4 7,! ,t]psi*ore1 ,erato1 & ,polymnia71 #bs4 ,"p #d4 ,books viii41 ix4 7,! ,urania & ,calliope7 & ,index1 #as4 #f;d4 #ah4 ,sophocles3 dipus ,tyrannus4 ,notes by ,h4 ,,"y4 #as4 #bj4 ,sophocles3 ,antigone4 ,f ! ,text ( ,,d9dorf4 ,notes1 ,critical & ,explanatory1 by ! ,rev4 ,,john ,,miln]1 ,b4,a4 #bs4 #bc4 ,euripides3 ,hecuba & ,m$ea4 ,*iefly f ! ,text ( ,,d9dorf4 ,) ,notes1 ,critical & ,explanatory1 by ,w4 ,,br[nrigg ,,smi?1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #as4 #f;d4 #bf4 ,euripides3 ,alce/is4 ,*iefly f ! ,text ( ,,d9dorf4 ,) ,notes1 ,critical & ,explanatory1 by ,,john ,,miln]1 ,b4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 #cj4 s*ylus3 ,prome!us ,v9ctus3 ,! ,prome!us ,b\nd4 ,f ! ,text ( ,,d9dorf4 ,edit$1 ) ,engli% ,notes1 ,critical & ,explanatory1 by ! ,rev4 ,,james ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 #as4 #cb4 s*ylus3 ,septem ,contra ,!bes3 ,! ,sev5 aga9/ ,!bes4 ,f ! ,text ( ,,d9dorf4 ,edit$1 ) ,engli% ,notes1 ,critical & ,explanatory1 by ! ,rev4 ,,james ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 #as4 #dj4 ,ari/ophanes3 ,a*>nians4 ,*iefly f ! ,text ( ,c4 ,h4 ,,weise4 ,) ,notes1 by ,c4 ,s4 ,t4 ,,t[n%5d1 ,m4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 #da4 ,?ucydides3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>4 ,notes by ,h4 ,,"y4 ,book #a4 #as4 #f;d4 #db4 ,x5ophon's ,panegyric on ,agesilaus4 ,notes & ,introduction by ,,ll4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,jewitt4 #as4 #f;d4 #dc4 ,demo/h5es4 ,! ,oration on ! ,cr[n & ! ,philippics4 ,) ,engli% ,notes4 ,by ,rev4 ,t4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,le>y1 ,d4,c4,l41 =m]ly ,s*ol> ( ,bras5ose ,college1 ,ox=d4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,london3 ,,crosby ,,lockwood ,,& ,,son1 #g1 ,,/ation]s' ,,hall ,,c\rt1 ,,ludgate ,,hill1 ,e4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,two unpair$ d\ble quotation m>ks c\ld n be correct$4 ,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 all misspell+s 9 ! text1 & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4 ,= example1 ,brazil wood1 ,brazil-wood2 pap] mills1 pap]-mills2 india-rubb]1 indi>ubb]2 inodor\s2 pect\s2 decoction2 silici\s2 inclos$4 ,pg #cd1 9 ! fir/ r[ ( ! table1 to save space '#gj p] c5t4' replac$ by '#gj'4 ,pg #hj1 ',process = reat+' replac$ by ',process = ,treat+'4 ,pg #bjh1 '! *imey-%aft' replac$ by '! *imney-%aft'4 ,pg #bjh1 'cyl9d]s urr\nd+' replac$ by 'cyl9d] surr\nd+'4 ,pg #bbi1 'may done rapidly' replac$ by 'may be done rapidly'4 ,footnote #cd1 'intsrum5t mak]' replac$ by 'in/rum5t mak]'4 ,publi%]'s ,book ,catalogs3 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$4 ,o!r m9or errors & misspell+s h be5 left un*ang$4 ,sometimes only ! fir/ l9e ( a book title 0 italiciz$ 9 ! orig9al text2 ! full title has be5 italiciz$ 9 ?is etext4 ,! foot] on ea* page ( ! second ,catalog has be5 remov$1 except = ! f9al page :i* has bo? ! ev5- & odd-page foot]4