file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #eegeg-;h4htm or #eegeg-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#eegeg_/pg#eegeg-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#ee geg_/eegeg-;h4zip7 ,images of the original pages are available through ,internet ,archive4 ,see https3_/_/archive4org_/details_/artofpap ermaking#jjwatt ,transcriber's note3 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7italics74 ,text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face 7bold74 ,text enclosed by double plus signs is underlined 7underlined74 ,the #c-star asterism symbol is denoted by 9999994 ,the right-pointing finger symbol is denoted by 4 ,a carat character is used to denote superscription4 ,a single character following the carat is superscripted 7examples3 ,b#b1 ,a#d74 ,basic fractions are displayed as etc2 other fractions are shown in the form a_/b1 for example #g_/af or #a_/abe4 ,some minor changes are noted at the end of the book4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,paper-,,making 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,works ,,by ,,the ,,same ,,author4 ,just ready4 ,fourth ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,crown #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,soap-,,making3 ,a ,practical ,handbook of the ,manufacture of ,hard and ,soft ,soaps1 ,toilet ,soaps1 c4 ,including many ,new ,processes1 and a ,chapter on the ,recovery of ,glycerine from ,waste ,leys4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,really an excellent example of a technical manual1 entering as it does1 thoroughly and exhaustively1 both into the theory and practice of soap manufacture4 ,the book is well and honestly done1 and deserves the considerable circulation with which it will doubtless meet4--,knowledge4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #is4 cloth4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,leather ,,manufacture3 ,being a ,practical ,handbook1 in which the ,operations of ,tanning1 ,currying1 and ,leather ,dressing are fully ,described1 and the ,principles of ,tanning ,explained1 and many ,recent ,processes ,introduced4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,a sound1 comprehensive treatise on tanning and its accessories4444 ,the book is an eminently valuable production4--,chemical ,review4 ,just ,published4 ,third ,edition1 revised and much enlarged4 #fjj pp41 crown #hvo1 #is4 cloth4 ,,electro-,,deposition3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,electrolysis of ,gold1 ,silver1 ,copper1 ,nickel1 and other ,metals and ,alloys4 ,with descriptions of ,voltaic ,batteries1 ,magneto and ,dynamo-,electric ,machines1 ,thermopiles1 and of the ,materials and ,processes used in every ,department of the ,art1 and several ,chapters on ,,electro-,,metallurgy4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,eminently a book for the practical worker in electro-deposition4 ,it contains minute and practical descriptions of methods1 processes and materials1 as actually pursued and used in the workshop4 ,mr4 ,watt's book recommends itself to all interested in its subjects4--,engineer4 ,just ,published4 ,ninth ,edition1 enlarged and revised1 #abmo1 #ds4 cloth4 ,,electro-,,metallurgy3 ,practically ,treated4 ,ninth ,edition1 ,enlarged and ,revised1 with ,additional ,matter and ,illustrations1 including the most recent ,processes4 ,from this book both amateur and artisan may learn everything necessary for the successful prosecution of electro-plating4--,iron4 ,,crosby ,,lockwood ,,son1 #g1 ,stationers' ,hall ,court1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,paper-,,making ,a ,practical ,handbook of the ,manufacture of ,paper from ,rags1 ,esparto1 ,straw1 and ,other ,fibrous ,materials1 ,including the ,manufacture of ,pulp from ,wood ,fibre ,with a ,description of the ,machinery and ,appliances used ,to ,which ,are ,added ,details of ,processes for ,recovering ,soda from ,waste ,liquors by ,,alexander ,,watt ,author of ,the ,art of ,soap-,making1 ,leather ,manufacture1 ,electro-,metallurgy1 ,electro-,deposition1 etc41 etc4 ,illustration3 ,capio ,lumen 7,publisher's colophon7 ,london ,crosby ,lockwood and ,son #g1 ,stationers' ,hall ,court1 ,ludgate ,hill #ahij ,all rights reserved ,london3 ,printed ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,virtue and ,co41 ,limited4 ,city ,road4 ,,preface4 ,in the present volume1 while describing the various operations involved in the manufacture of paper1 the ,author has endeavoured to render the work serviceable as a book of reference in respect to the processes and improvements which have from time to time been introduced1 and many of which have been more or less practically applied either at home or abroad4 ,the recovery of soda from waste liquors has been fully dealt with1 and the details of several applied processes explained4 ,special attention has also been directed to some of the more important methods of producing pulp from wood fibre1 since it is highly probable that from this inexhaustible source the paper-maker will ultimately derive much of the cellulose used in his manufacture4 ,indeed it may be deemed equally probable1 when the processes for disintegrating wood fibre1 so largely applied in ,america and on the ,continent1 become better understood in this country1 that their adoption here will become more extensive than has hitherto been the case4 ,to render the work more readily understood alike by the practical operator and the student1 care has been taken to avoid1 as far as possible1 the introduction of unexplained technicalities2 at the same time it has been the writer's aim to furnish the reader with a variety of information which1 it is hoped1 will prove both useful and instructive4 ,it is with much pleasure that the ,author tenders his sincere thanks to ,mr4 ,sydney ,spalding1 of the ,horton ,kirby ,mills1 ,south ,darenth1 for his kind courtesy in conducting him through the various departments of the mill1 and for explaining to him the operations performed therein4 ,to ,mr4 ,frank ,lloyd he also acknowledges his indebtedness for the generous readiness with which he accompanied him over the ,daily ,chronicle ,mill at ,sittingbourne1 and for the pains he took to supply information as to certain details at the ,author's request4 ,his best thanks are also due to those manufacturers of paper-making machinery who supplied him with many of the blocks which illustrate the pages of the book4 ,,balham1 ,,surrey1 ,january1 #ahij4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,cellulose4 ,,page ,cellulose--,action of ,acids on ,cellulose--,physical ,characteristics of ,cellulose--,micrographic ,examination of ,vegetable ,fibres-- ,determination of ,cellulose--,recognition of ,vegetable ,fibres by the ,microscope #a ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,materials ,,used ,,in ,,paper-,,making4 ,raw ,materials--,rags--,disinfecting ,machine--,straw--,esparto ,grass-- ,wood--,bamboo--,paper ,mulberry #i ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,rags4 ,preliminary ,operations--,sorting--,cutting--,bertra ms' ,rag-cutting ,machine--,nuttall's ,rag-cutter--,willowing--,bertrams' ,willow and ,duster--,dusting--,bryan ,donkin's ,duster or ,willow--,donkin's ,devil #ai ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,rags 7continued74 ,boiling ,rags--,bertrams' ,rag-boiler--,donkin's ,rag-boiler--,washing and ,breaking--,bertrams' ,rag-engine--,bentley and ,jackson's ,rag-engine--,draining--,terrance's ,drainer #bi ,,chapter ,v4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,esparto4 ,preliminary ,treatment--,picking--,willowing ,esparto--,boiling ,esparto--,sinclair's ,esparto ,boiler--,roeckner's ,boiler--,mallary's ,process--,carbonell's ,process--,washing ,boiled ,esparto--,young's ,process--,bleaching the ,esparto #dj ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,wood4 ,i4 ,,chemical ,,processes--,watt and ,burgess's ,process--,sinclair's ,process--,keegan's ,process--,american ,wood-pulp ,system--,aussedat's ,process--,acid ,treatment of ,wood--,pictet and ,brlaz's ,process-- ,barre and ,blondel's ,process--,poncharac's ,process--,young and ,pettigrew's ,process--,fridet and ,matussire's ,process #ec ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,wood 7continued74 ,sulphite ,processes--,francke's ,process--,ekman's ,process--,dr4 ,mitscherlich's ,process--,ritter and ,kellner's ,boiler-- ,partington's ,process--,blitz's ,process--,m',dougall's ,boiler for ,acid ,processes--,graham's ,process--,objections to the ,acid or ,sulphite ,processes--,sulphite ,fibre and ,resin--,adamson's ,process--,sulphide4 ,processes--,,ii4 ,,mechanical ,,processes-- ,voelter's ,process for preparing ,wood-pulp--,thune's ,process #fh ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,various ,,fibres4 ,treatment of ,straw--,bentley and ,jackson's ,boiler--,boiling the ,straw--,bertrams' ,edge-runner--,m4 ,a4 ,c4 ,mellier's ,process-- ,manilla1 ,jute1 c4--,waste ,paper--,boiling ,waste ,paper--,ryan's ,process for ,treating ,waste ,paper #hj ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,bleaching4 ,bleaching ,operations--,sour ,bleaching--,bleaching with ,chloride of ,lime--,donkin's ,bleach ,mixer--,bleaching with ,chlorine ,gas 7,glaser's ,process7--,electrolytic ,bleaching 7,c4 ,watt's ,process7-- ,hermite's ,process--,andreoli's ,process--,thompson's ,process-- ,lunge's ,process--,zinc ,bleach ,liquor--,alum ,bleach ,liquor--,new ,method of ,bleaching #hi ,,chapter ,x4 ,,beating ,,or ,,refining4 ,beating--,mr4 ,dunbar's ,observations on ,beating--,mr4 ,arnot on ,beating ,engines--,mr4 ,wyatt on ,american ,refining ,engines--,the ,beating ,engine--,forbes' ,beating ,engine--,umpherston's ,beating ,engine--,operation of ,beating--,test for ,chlorine--,blending #aja ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,loading4--,,sizing4--,,colouring4 ,loading--,sizing--,french ,method of preparing ,engine ,size--,zinc ,soaps in ,sizing--,colouring--,animal or ,tub ,sizing--,preparation of ,animal ,size--,american ,method of ,sizing--,machine ,sizing-- ,double-sized ,paper--,mr4 ,wyatt's ,remarks on ,sizing #aad ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,making ,,paper ,,by ,,hand4 ,the ,vat and ,mould--,making the ,paper--,sizing and ,finishing #abi ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,making ,,paper ,,by ,,machinery4 ,the ,fourdrinier ,machine--,bertrams' ,large ,paper ,machine--,stuff ,chests--,strainers--,revolving ,strainer and ,knotter-- ,self-cleansing ,strainer--,roeckner's ,pulp ,strainers--,the ,machine ,wire and its ,accessories--,conical ,pulp-,saver--,the ,dandy-,roll--,water-,marking--,de la ,rue's ,improvements in ,water-,marks--,suction ,boxes--,couch ,rolls--,press ,rolls-- ,drying ,cylinders--,smoothing ,rolls--,single ,cylinder ,machines #acc ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,calendering1 ,,cutting1 ,,and ,,finishing4 ,web-,glazing--,glazing ,calender ,damping ,rolls--,finishing--,plate ,glazing--,donkin's ,glazing ,press--,mr4 ,wyatt on ,american ,super-,calendering--,mr4 ,arnot on ,finishing--,cutting--,revolving ,knife ,cutter--,bertrams' ,single-sheet ,cutter--,packing the finished ,paper--,sizes of ,paper #aed ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,coloured ,,papers4 ,coloured ,papers--,colouring ,matters used in ,paper-making--,american ,combinations for ,colouring--,mixing ,colouring ,materials with ,pulp--,colouring ,paper for ,artificial ,flowers--,stains for ,glazed ,papers--,stains for ,morocco ,papers--,stains for ,satin ,papers #afe ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,miscellaneous ,,papers4 ,waterproof ,paper--,scoffern and ,tidcombe's ,process--,dr4 ,wright's ,process for preparing ,cupro-,ammonium--,jouglet's ,process-- ,waterproof ,composition for ,paper--,toughening ,paper--,morfit's ,process--,transparent ,paper--,tracing ,paper--,varnished ,paper-- ,oiled ,paper--,lithographic ,paper--,cork ,paper--,new ,japanese ,paper--,blotting ,paper--,parchment ,paper--,mill and ,cardboard-- ,making ,paper or ,cardboard with two ,faces by ordinary ,machine--,test ,papers #agd ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,machinery ,,used ,,in ,,paper-,,making4 ,bentley and ,jackson's ,drum-,washer--,drying ,cylinders--,self-acting ,dry ,felt ,regulator--,paper ,cutting ,machine--,single-web ,winding ,machine--,cooling and ,damping ,rolls--,reversing or ,plate-glazing ,calender--,plate-planing ,machine--,roll-bar ,planing ,machine--,washing ,cylinder for ,rag ,engine--,bleach ,pump-- ,three-roll ,smoothing ,presses--,back-water ,pump--,web-glazing ,calender--,reeling ,machine--,web-ripping ,machine--,roeckner's ,clarifier--,marshall's ,perfecting ,engine #ahd ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,recovery ,,of ,,soda ,,from ,,spent ,,liquors4 ,recovery of ,soda--,evaporating ,apparatus--,roeckner's ,evaporator-- ,porion's ,evaporator--,yaryan's ,evaporator--,american ,system of ,soda ,recovery #bjd ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,determining ,,the ,,real ,,value ,,or ,,percentage ,,of ,,commercial ,,sodas1 ,,chloride ,,of ,,lime1 ,,etc4 ,examination of ,commercial ,sodas--,mohr's ,alkalimeter--,preparation of the ,test ,acid--,sampling ,alkalies--,the ,assay--,estimation of ,chlorine in ,bleaching ,powder--,fresenius' ,method--,gay-,lussac's ,method--,the ,test ,liquor--,testing the ,sample--,estimation of ,alumina in ,alum ,cake1 c4 #bba ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,useful ,,notes ,,and ,,tables4 ,preparation of ,lakes--,brazil-wood ,lake--,cochineal ,lake--,lac ,lake--,madder ,lake--,orange ,lake--,yellow ,lake--,artificial ,ultramarine--,twaddell's ,hydrometer--,imitation ,manilla from ,wood-pulp--,testing ,ultramarines--,strength of ,paper #bce ,,tables4--,dalton's ,table showing the ,proportion of ,dry ,soda in ,leys of different ,densities--,table of ,strength of ,caustic ,soda ,solutions at #ei ,f4 #aej ,c4 7,tnnerman7--,table showing the ,specific ,gravity corresponding with the ,degrees of ,baum's ,hydrometer--,table of ,boiling ,points of ,alkaline ,leys--,table showing the ,quantity of ,caustic ,soda in ,leys of different ,densities--,table showing the ,quantity of ,bleaching ,liquid at #f ,twaddell 7specific gravity #ajcj7 required to be added to ,weaker ,liquor to raise it to the given ,strengths--,comparative ,french and ,english ,thermometer ,scales--,weights and ,measures of the ,metrical ,system--,table of ,french ,weights and ,measures #bda ,,list ,,of ,,works ,,relating ,,to ,,paper ,,manufacture #bdf ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,paper-,,making4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,cellulose4 ,cellulose4--,action of ,acids on ,cellulose4--,physical ,characteristics of ,cellulose4--,micrographic ,examination of ,vegetable ,fibres4--,determination of ,cellulose4--,recognition of ,vegetable ,fibres by the ,microscope4 ,cellulose4--,vegetable fibre1 when deprived of all incrusting or cementing matters of a resinous or gummy nature1 presents to us the true fibre1 or cellulose1 which constitutes the essential basis of all manufactured paper4 ,fine linen and cotton are almost pure cellulose1 from the fact that the associated vegetable substances have been removed by the treatment the fibres were subjected to in the process of their manufacture2 pure white1 unsized1 and unloaded paper may also be considered as pure cellulose from the same cause4 ,viewed as a chemical substance1 cellulose is white1 translucent1 and somewhat heavier than water4 ,it is tasteless1 inodorous1 absolutely innutritious1 and is insoluble in water1 alcohol1 and oils4 ,dilute acids and alkalies1 even when hot1 scarcely affect it4 ,by prolonged boiling in dilute acids1 however1 cellulose undergoes a gradual change1 being converted into hydro-cellulose4 ,it is also affected by boiling water alone1 especially under high pressure1 if boiled for a lengthened period4 ,without going deeply into the chemical properties of cellulose1 which would be more interesting to the chemist than to the paper manufacturer1 a few data respecting the action of certain chemical substances upon cellulose will1 it is hoped1 be found useful from a practical point of view1 especially at the present day1 when so many new methods of treating vegetable fibres are being introduced4 ,action of ,acids on ,cellulose4--,when concentrated sulphuric acid is added very gradually to about half its weight of linen rags cut into small shreds1 or strips of unsized paper1 and contained in a glass vessel1 with constant stirring1 the fibres gradually swell up and disappear1 without the evolution of any gas1 and a tenacious mucilage is formed which is entirely soluble in water4 ,if1 after a few hours1 the mixture be diluted with water1 the acid neutralised with chalk1 and after filtration1 any excess of lime thrown down by cautiously adding a solution of oxalic acid1 the liquid yields1 after a second filtration and the addition of alcohol in considerable excess1 a gummy mass which possesses all the characters of dextrin4 ,if instead of at once saturating the diluted acid with chalk1 we boil it for four or five hours1 the dextrin is entirely converted into grape sugar 7glucose71 which1 by the addition of chalk and filtration1 as before1 and evaporation at a gentle heat to the consistence of a syrup1 will1 after repose for a few days1 furnish a concrete mass of crystallised sugar4 ,cotton1 linen1 or unsized paper1 thus treated1 yield fully their own weight of gum and one-sixth of their weight of grape sugar4 ,pure cellulose is readily attacked by1 and soon becomes dissolved in1 a solution of oxide of copper in ammonia 7cuprammonium71 and may again be precipitated in colourless flakes by the addition of an excess of hydrochloric acid1 and afterwards filtering and washing the precipitate4 ,concentrated boiling hydrochloric acid converts cellulose into a fine powder1 without1 however1 altering its composition1 while strong nitric acid forms nitro-substitution products of various degrees1 according to the strength of the acid employed4 ,chlorine gas passed into water in which cellulose is suspended rapidly oxidises and destroys it1 and the same effect takes place when hypochlorites1 such as hypochlorite of calcium1 or bleaching liquors1 are gently treated with it4 ,it is not1 therefore1 the cellulose itself which we want the bleaching liquor to operate upon1 but only the colouring matters associated with it1 and care must be taken to secure that the action intended for the extraneous substances alone does not extend to the fibre itself4 ,caustic potash affects but slightly cellulose in the form in which we have to do it1 but in certain less compact conditions these agents decompose or destroy it4--,arnot4#a ,physical ,characteristics of ,cellulose4--,the physical condition of cellulose1 says ,mr4 ,arnot1 after it has been freed from extraneous matters by boiling1 bleaching1 and washing1 is of great importance to the manufacturer4 ,some fibres are short1 hard1 and of polished exterior1 while others are long1 flexible1 and barbed1 the former1 it is scarcely necessary to say1 yielding but indifferent papers1 easily broken and torn1 while the papers produced from the latter class of fibres are possessed of a great degree of strength and flexibility4 ,fibres from straw1 and from many varieties of wood1 may be taken as representatives of the former class1 those from hemp and flax affording good illustrations of the latter4 ,there are1 of course1 between these extremes all degrees and combinations of the various characteristics indicated4 ,it will be readily understood that hard1 acicular#b fibres do not felt well1 there being no intertwining or adhesion of the various particles1 and the paper produced is friable4 ,on the other hand1 long1 flexible1 elastic fibres1 even though comparatively smooth in their exterior1 intertwine readily1 and felt into a strong tough sheet4444 ,cotton fibre is long and tubular1 and has this peculiarity1 that when dry the tubes collapse and twist on their axes1 this property greatly assisting the adhesion of the particles in the process of paper-making4 ,in the process of dyeing cotton1 the colouring matter is absorbed into the tubes1 and is1 as will be readily appreciated1 difficult of removal therefrom4 ,papers made exclusively of cotton fibre are strong and flexible1 but have a certain sponginess about them which papers made from linen do not possess4 ,linen--the cellulose of the flax-plant--before it reaches the hands of the paper-maker has been subjected to certain processes of steeping or retting1 and also subsequent boilings and bleachings1 by which the extraneous matters have been removed1 and it therefore requires but little chemical treatment at his hands4 ,linen fibre1 ,arnot further observes1 is like cotton1 tubular1 but the walls of the tubes are somewhat thicker1 and are jointed or notched like a cane or rush2 the notches assist greatly in the adhesion of the fibres one to another4 ,this fibre possesses the other valuable properties of length1 strength1 and flexibility1 and the latter property is increased when the walls of the tubes are crushed together under the action of the beating-engine4 ,from this fibre a very strong1 compactly felted paper is made2 indeed1 no better material than this can be had for the production of a first-class paper4 ,ropes1 coarse bags1 and suchlike are made from hemp1 the cellulose or fibre of which is not unlike that of flax1 only it is of a stronger1 coarser nature4 ,manilla#c yields the strongest of all fibres4 ,jute1 which is the fibre or inside bark of an ,indian plant 7,corchorus capsularis71 yields a strong fibre1 but is very difficult to bleach white4 ,esparto fibre holds an intermediate place between the fibres just described and those of wood and straw4444 ,the fibre of straw is short1 pointed1 and polished1 and cannot of itself make a strong paper4 ,the nature of wood fibre depends1 as may readily be supposed1 upon the nature of the wood itself4 ,yellow pine1 for example1 yields a fibre long1 soft1 and flexible1 in fact very like cotton2 while oak and many other woods yield short circular fibres which1 unless perfectly free from extraneous matters1 possess no flexibility1 and in any case are not elastic4 ,micrographic ,examination of ,vegetable ,fibres4--,the importance of the microscope in the examination of the various fibres that are employed in paper manufacture will be readily evident from the delicate nature of the cellulose to be obtained therefrom4#d ,amongst others ,m4 ,girard has determined1 by this method of examination1 the qualities which fibres ought to possess to suit the requirements of the manufacturer4 ,he states that absolute length is not of much importance1 but that the fibre should be slender and elastic1 and possess the property of turning upon itself with facility4 ,tenacity is of but secondary importance1 for when paper is torn the fibres scarcely ever break4 ,the principal fibres employed in paper-making are divided into the following classes3-- #a4 ,round1 ribbed fibres1 as hemp and flax4 #b4 ,smooth1 or feebly-ribbed fibres1 as esparto1 jute1 phormium 7,new ,zealand flax71 dwarf palm1 hop1 and sugar-cane4 #c4 ,fibro-cellular substances1 as the pulp obtained from the straw of wheat and rye by the action of caustic ley4 #d4 ,flat fibres1 as cotton1 and those obtained by the action of caustic ley upon wood4 #e4 ,imperfect substances1 as the pulp obtained from sawdust4 ,in this class may also be included the fibre of the so-called mechanical wood pulp4 ,determination of ,cellulose4 ,for the determination of cellulose in wood and other vegetable fibres to be used in paper-making ,mller recommends the following processes3#e #e grammes weight of the finely-divided substance is boiled four or five times in water1 using #ajj cubic centimtres#f each time4 ,the residue is then dried at #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,fahr471 weighed1 and exhausted with a mixture of equal measures of benzine and strong alcohol1 to remove fat1 wax1 resin1 c4 ,the residue is again dried and boiled several times in water1 to every #ajj c4c4 of which #a c4c4 of strong ammonia has been added4 ,this treatment removes colouring matter and pectous#g substances4 ,the residue is further bruised in a mortar if necessary1 and is then treated in a closed bottle with #bej c4c4 of water1 and #bj c4c4 of bromine water containing #d c4c4 of bromine to the litre4#h ,in the case of the purer bark-fibres1 such as flax and hemp1 the yellow colour of the liquid only slowly disappears1 but with straw and woods decolorisation occurs in a few minutes1 and when this takes place more bromine water is added1 this being repeated until the yellow colour remains1 and bromine can be detected in the liquid after twelve hours4 ,the liquid is then filtered1 and the residue washed with water and heated to boiling with a litre of water containing #e c4c4 of strong ammonia4 ,the liquid and tissue are usually coloured brown by this treatment4 ,the undissolved matter is filtered off1 washed1 and again treated with bromine water4 ,when the action seems complete the residue is again heated with ammoniacal water4 ,this second treatment is sufficient with the purer fibres1 but the operation must be repeated as often as the residue imparts a brownish tint to the alkaline liquid4 ,the cellulose is thus obtained as a pure white body2 it is washed with water1 and then with boiling alcohol1 after which it may be dried at #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,fahr47 and weighed4 ,recognition of ,vegetable ,fibres by the ,microscope4--,from ,mr4 ,allen's admirable and useful work on ,commercial ,organic ,analysis#i we make the following extracts1 but must refer the reader to the work named for fuller information upon this important consideration of the subject4 ,in examining fibres under the microscope1 it is recommended that the tissues should be cut up with sharp scissors1 placed on a glass slide1 moistened with water1 and covered with a piece of thin glass4 ,under these conditions3-- ,filaments of ,cotton appear as transparent tubes1 flattened and twisted round their axes1 and tapering off to a closed point at each end4 ,a section of the filament somewhat resembles the figure #h1 the tube1 originally cylindrical1 having collapsed most in the middle1 forming semi-tubes on each side1 which give the fibre1 when viewed in certain lights1 the appearance of a flat ribbon1 with the hem of the border at each edge4 ,the twisted1 or corkscrew form of the dried filament of cotton distinguishes it from all other vegetable fibres1 and is characteristic of the matured pod1 ,m4 ,bauer having found that the fibres of the unripe seed are simply untwisted cylindrical tubes1 which never twist afterwards if separated from the plant4 ,the matured fibres always collapse in the middle as described1 and undergo no change in this respect when passing through all the various operations to which cotton is subject1 from spinning to its conversion into pulp for paper-making4 ,linen1 or ,flax ,fibre1 under the microscope1 appears as hollow tubes1 open at both ends1 the fibres being smooth1 and the inner tube very narrow1 and joints1 or septa1#aj appear at intervals1 but are not furnished with hairy appendages as is the case with hemp4 ,when flax fibre is immersed in a boiling solution of equal parts of caustic potash and water for about a minute1 then removed and pressed between folds of filter-paper1 it assumes a dark yellow colour1 whilst cotton under the same treatment remains white or becomes very bright yellow4 ,when flax1 or a tissue made from it1 is immersed in oil1 and then well pressed to remove excess of the liquid1 it remains translucent1 while cotton1 under the same conditions1 becomes opaque4 ,new ,zealand ,flax 7,phormium tenax7 may be distinguished from ordinary flax or hemp by a reddish colour produced on immersing it first in a strong chlorine water1 and then in ammonia4 ,in machine-dressed ,new ,zealand flax the bundles are translucent and irregularly covered with tissue2 spiral fibres can be detected in the bundles1 but less numerous than in ,sizal4 ,in ,maori-prepared phormium the bundles are almost wholly free from tissue1 while there are no spiral fibres4 ,hemp ,fibre resembles flax1 and exhibits small hairy appendages at the joints4 ,in ,manilla hemp the bundles are oval1 nearly opaque1 and surrounded by a considerable quantity of dried-up cellular tissue composed of rectangular cells4 ,the bundles are smooth1 very few detached ultimate fibres are seen1 and no spiral tissue4 ,sizal1 or ,sisal ,hemp 7,agave ,americana71 forms oval fibrous bundles surrounded by cellular tissue1 a few smooth ultimate fibres projecting from the bundles2 is more translucent than ,manilla1 and a large quantity of spiral fibres are mixed up in the bundles4 ,jute ,fibre appears under the microscope as bundles of tendrils1 each being a cylinder1 with irregular thickened walls4 ,the bundles offer a smooth cylindrical surface1 to which the silky lustre of jute is due1 and which is much increased by bleaching4 ,by the action of hypochlorite of soda the bundles of fibres can be disintegrated1 so that the single fibres can be readily distinguished under the microscope4 ,jute is coloured a deeper yellow by sulphate of aniline than is any other fibre4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,materials ,,used ,,in ,,paper-,,making4 ,raw ,materials4--,rags4--,disinfecting ,machine4--,straw4--,esparto ,grass4--,wood4--,bamboo4--,paper ,mulberry4 ,in former days the only materials employed for the manufacture of paper were linen and cotton rags1 flax and hemp waste1 and some few other fibre-yielding materials4 ,the reduction of the excise duty1 however1 from #c;d4 to #a;d4 per lb41 which took effect in the first year of ,her ,majesty's reign--namely1 in #ahcg--;created a greatly increased demand for paper1 and caused much anxiety amongst manufacturers lest the supply of rags should prove inadequate to their requirements4 ,again1 in the year #ahfa the excise duty was totally abolished1 from which period an enormously increased demand for paper1 and consequently paper material1 was created by the establishment of a vast number of daily and weekly papers and journals in all parts of the kingdom1 besides reprints of standard and other works in a cheap form1 the copyright of which had expired4 ,it is not too much to say1 that unless other materials than those employed before the repeal of the paper duty had been discovered1 the abolition of the impost would have proved but of little service to the public at large4 ,beneficent ,nature1 however1 has gradually1 but surely and amply1 supplied our needs through the instrumentality of man's restless activity and perseverance4 ,the following list comprises many of the substances from which cellulose1 or vegetable fibre1 can be separated for the purposes of paper-making with advantage2 but the vegetable kingdom furnishes in addition a vast number of plants and vegetables which may also be used with the same object4 ,we have seen voluminous lists of fibre-yielding materials which have been suggested as suitable for paper-making1 but since the greater portion of them are never likely to be applied to such a purpose1 we consider the time wasted in proposing them4 ,it is true that the stalks of the cabbage tribe1 for example1 would be available for the sake of their fibre1 but we should imagine that no grower of ordinary intelligence would deprive his ground of the nourishment such waste is capable of returning to the soil1 by its employment as manure1 to furnish a material for paper-making4 ,again1 we have seen blackberries1 and even the pollen 767 of plants included in a list of paper materials1 but fortunately the manufacturer is never likely to be reduced to such extremities as to be compelled to use materials of this nature4 ,raw ,materials4 ,cotton rags4 ,cotton wool4 ,cotton waste4 ,cotton-seed waste4 ,linen rags4 ,linen waste4 ,hemp waste4 ,manilla hemp4 ,flax waste1 etc4 ,jute waste1 etc4 ,china grass4 ,bamboo cane4 ,rattan cane4 ,banana fibre4 ,straw of wheat1 etc4 ,rushes of various kinds4 ,new ,zealand flax4 ,maize stems1 husks1 etc4 ,esparto grass4 ,reeds4 ,woods of various kinds1 especially white non-resinous woods1 as poplar1 willow1 etc4 ,wood shavings1 sawdust1 and chips4 ,barks of various trees1 especially of the paper mulberry4 ,peat4 ,twigs of common broom and heather4 ,mustard stems after threshing4 ,buckwheat straw4 ,tobacco stalks4 ,beetroot refuse from sugar works4 ,megass1 or cane trash--refuse of the sugar cane after the juice has been extracted4 ,fern leaves4 ,tan waste4 ,dyers' wood waste4 ,old bagging4 ,old bast matting4 ,hop-bines4 ,bean stalks4 ,old canvas4 ,old rope4 ,gunny bags4 ,waste paper4 ,binders' clippings1 etc4 ,old netting4 ,sailcloth4 ,sea grass 7,zostera marina74 ,fibrous waste resulting from pharmaceutical preparations4 ,potato stalks4 ,stable manure4 ,silk cocoon waste4 ,oakum4 ,flax tow4 ,rag bagging4 ,leather waste4 ,tarpaulin4 ,etc41 etc4 ,rags4--,linen and cotton rags are imported into ,great ,britain from almost all the countries of ,europe1 and even from the distant states of ,south ,america1 ,british ,south ,africa1 and ,australasia4 ,the greater proportion1 however1 come from ,germany4 ,the rags collected in ,england chiefly pass through the hands of wholesale merchants established in ,london1 ,liverpool1 ,manchester1 and ,bristol1 and these are sorted to a certain extent before they are sent to the paper-mills4 ,by this rough sorting1 which does not include either cleansing or disinfecting1 certain kinds of rags which would be useless to the paper-maker are separated and sold as manure4 ,woollen rags are not usually mixed with cotton rags1 but are generally kept apart to be converted into shoddy4 ,the importance of disinfecting rags before they pass through the hands of the workpeople employed at the paper-mills cannot be over-estimated1 and it is the duty of every ,government to see that this is effectually carried out1 not only at such times when cholera and other epidemics are known to be rife in certain countries from which rags may be imported1 but at all times1 since there is no greater source of danger to the health of communities than in the diffusion of old linen and cotton garments1 or pieces1 which are largely contributed by the dwellers in the slums of crowded cities4 ,respecting the disinfecting of rags1 ,davis#aa thus explains the precautions taken in the ,united ,states to guard against the dangers of infection from rags coming from foreign or other sources4 ,when cholera1 or other infectious or contagious diseases exist in foreign countries1 or in portions of the ,united ,states1 the health officers in charge of the various quarantines in this country require that rags from countries and districts in which such diseases are prevalent shall be thoroughly disinfected before they are allowed to pass their stations4 ,rags shipped to ,london1 ,hull1 ,liverpool1 ,italian1 or other ports1 and re-shipped from such ports to the ,united ,states1 are usually subjected to the same rule as if shipped direct from the ports of the country in which such diseases prevail4 ,it is usually requisite that the disinfection shall be made at the storehouse in the port of shipment1 by boiling the rags several hours under a proper degree of pressure1 or in a tightly-closed vessel1 or disinfected with sulphurous acid1 which is evolved by burning at least two pounds of roll sulphur to every ten cubic feet of room space1 the apartment being kept closed for several hours after the rags are thus treated4 ,disinfection by boiling the rags is usually considered to be the best method4 ,in the case of rags imported from ,india1 ,egypt1 ,spain1 and other foreign countries where cholera is liable to become epidemic1 it is especially desirable that some efficient1 rapid1 and thorough process of disinfecting should be devised4 ,in order to meet the quarantine requirements1 it must be thorough and certain in its action1 and in order that the lives of the workmen and of others in the vicinity may not be endangered by the liberating of active disease-germs1 or exposure of decaying and deleterious matters1 and that the delay1 trouble1 and exposure of unbaling and rebaling may be avoided1 it must be capable of use upon the rags while in the bale1 and of doing its work rapidly when so used4 ,disinfecting ,machine4--,to facilitate the disinfecting of rags while in the bale1 ,messrs4 ,parker and ,blackman devised a machine1 for which they obtained a patent in #ahhd1 from which the following abstract is taken4 ,formerly rags and other fibrous materials were disinfected by being subjected to germ-destroying gases or liquids in enclosed chambers1 but in order to render the disinfecting process effectual1 it was found necessary to treat the material in a loose or separated state1 no successful method having been adopted for disinfecting the materials while in the bale4 ,this unbaling and loosening or spreading of the undisinfected material is absolutely unsafe and dangerous to the workmen1 or to those in the vicinity1 because of the consequent setting free of the disease germs1 and the exposing of any decaying or deleterious matters which may be held in the material while it is compressed in the bale4 ,the unbaling and necessary rebaling of the material for transportation also involves much trouble and expense and loss of time4 ,large and cumbrous apparatus is also necessary to treat large quantities of material loosened or opened out as heretofore4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,it is specially necessary that rags coming from ,egypt and other foreign countries should be thoroughly disinfected by some rapid and effectual means1 which1 while not endangering the health of workmen employed in this somewhat hazardous task1 will fully meet all quarantine requirements4 ,the apparatus devised by ,messrs4 ,parker and ,blackman1#ab an abridged description of which is given below1 will probably accomplish this much-desired object4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,in the illustration1 ,fig4 #a1 ,a is the disinfecting chamber4 ,at one end is an opening ,a#a1 and a door ,b1 hinged at its lower edge and adapted to be swung up1 so as to close the opening tightly4 ,for supporting and carrying the bale ,c of material to be placed in the chamber is a carriage ,c#a1 consisting of a platform supported upon wheels or castors c c4 ,while the carriage is wholly within the chamber ,a1 as shown in ,fig4 #b1 these wheels rest upon the false bottom ,b#b2 when the carriage is rolled back and out of the chamber1 as shown in ,fig4 #a1 they roll upon the upper face of door ,b swung down4 ,the carriage is provided with a clamping device ,d to hold the bale firmly and immovably4 ,to cause the carriage to move into and out of the chamber1 the inventors provide upon the under side of the platform a fixed sleeve ,e1 interiorly threaded to fit the screw ,e#a1 journalled at one end near the opening in the chamber end in a stationary block ,e#b fixed upon the false bottom ,b#b4 ,from this end the screw extends along under the carriage through the screw sleeve and to the other end of the chamber4 ,a collar e#b on the screw bears against the inner end of this journal-bearing1 and upon the end of the shank e bearing against the other end of the journal is fixed a pinion ,f1 which is to be driven in either direction as desired4 ,above this journal-bearing is a series of similar bearings 7five being shown71 ,g ,g1 passing through the wall of the chamber4 ,of these the middle one is in a line with the centre of the bale1 supported and held on the carriage4 ,the others are arranged at the corners of a square4 ,journalled in these bearings are the hollow shanks ,h ,h of the hollow screws ,i ,i pointed at ,i#a ,i#a4 ,each screw is perforated1 i i1 between the threads i#a i#a from the fixed collar ,k ,k4 ,upon the tubular shanks ,h ,h of the screws are fixed the gear-wheels ,l ,l4 ,at a short distance from the end of the chamber1 ,a is the hollow chamber or receptacle ,m1 into which is to be forced the disinfectant liquid or gas4 ,the tubular shanks ,h ,h of the screws project through the wall ,m1 passing through stuffing-boxes m m1 and their bores communicate with the interior of the chamber1 the shank of the middle screw being continued through the opposite wall and a stuffing-box1 its solid or projecting end being provided with two fixed pulleys1 ,n ,n1 and a loose pulley ,o4 ,when a gaseous disinfectant is used1 it can be forced by any desired means through the pipe ,s into the chamber4 ,where a liquid disinfectant is used1 an elevated tank ,r containing the fluid may be used4 ,as most fibrous materials1 and especially rags1 are baled so as to be in layers1 it is preferable so to place the bale upon the carriage that the perforated screws may penetrate the material at right angles to the layers by which the gas or liquid issuing through the holes in the screws passes in all directions throughout the mass within the bale4 ,in the upper part of chamber ,a are perforated shelves ,v ,v1 upon which1 if desired1 the material can be spread out and subjected to disinfecting gas or vapour4 ,on the top of the chamber is a tank ,w nearly filled with disinfecting liquid4 ,a passage ,w#a extends from upper part of the chamber up into the tank above the level of the liquid therein1 and is then carried at its end down below the surface of the liquid4 ,at its other end the tank is provided at its top with a discharge opening ,x and a suitable pipe ,x#a1 forming a continuation of the opening2 by this means all foul and deleterious vapours or gases passing out of the closed chamber ,a through the passage ,w must pass through the disinfecting liquid in the tank before escaping through the opening ,x and stack ,x#a into the air1 and are thus rendered harmless4 ,when a sufficient amount of the disinfectant has been forced into and through the bale1 the disinfectant is turned off1 and cold dry air can be forced through chamber ,m1 and out through the nozzles and bale1 whereby the material within the bale becomes cooled and dried1 and all the foul air from the chamber ,a driven out1 so that it may be opened and entered with safety4 ,any suitable disinfectant may be used with this apparatus1 as1 for example1 sulphurous acid1 in gas or solution1 superheated steam1 carbolic acid1 or any solution or vapour containing chlorine4 ,straw4--,very large quantities of this material are used in the manufacture of paper1 but more especially for newspapers1 the straw from wheat and oats being mostly employed4 ,although the percentage of cellulose in straw is about equal to that of esparto1 the severe treatment it requires to effectually remove the silicious coating by which the fibre is protected1 and to render the knots amenable to the action of the bleach1 greatly reduces the yield of finished pulp4 ,many processes have been introduced for the treatment of straw for paper-making1 but the most successful of them appear to be modifications of a process introduced in #ahec by ,,mm4 ,coupier and ,mellier4 ,esparto ,grass4--,this important fibrous material is largely imported from ,algeria1 ,spain1 and other countries1 and constitutes one of the most valuable fibre-yielding materials with which the manufacturer has to deal4 ,some idea of the amount of esparto and other fibres which find their way to our shores may be gleaned from the fact that while the import of cotton and linen rags in the year #ahhd was #cf1bcc tons1 of the value of #dhg1hff1 that of esparto and other fibres amounted to #ahd1jje tons1 of the value of #a1abe1eec4 ,wood4--,as a paper-making material1 the fibre obtained from various kinds of wood now holds an important position1 since the sources of supply are practically inexhaustible4 ,the first practical process for manufacturing pulp from wood fibre was perfected and introduced by the author's father1 the late ,mr4 ,charles ,watt1 who1 in conjunction with ,mr4 ,h4 ,burgess1 obtained a patent for the invention on ,august #aith1 #ahec4 ,the process was afterwards publicly exhibited at a small works on the ,regent's ,canal1 when the ,earl of ,derby 7then ,lord ,stanley71 many scientific men and representatives of the press1 were present1 and expressed themselves well satisfied with its success4 ,specimens of the wood paper1 including a copy of the ,weekly ,times printed thereon1 were exhibited1 as also some water-colour drawings which had been produced upon paper made from wood pulp4 ,failing to get the process taken up in ,england1 an ,american patent was applied for and obtained in #ahed1 which was subsequently purchased2 but with the exception of an instalment1 the purchase-money was never paid to the inventor6 ,thus the process got into other hands1 the original inventor alone being unbenefited by it4 ,it has been repeatedly stated1#ac no doubt unwittingly1 that a person named ,houghton first introduced the wood paper process into this country2 but considering that his patent was not obtained until #aheg1 or four years after the process above referred to was patented and publicly exhibited in ,england1 it will be seen that the statement is absolutely without foundation4 ,the first knowledge ,mr4 ,houghton received concerning wood as a paper-making material was from the author's father1 and he 7,mr4 ,houghton71 in conjunction with ,mr4 ,burgess1 introduced the ,watt and ,burgess process into ,america in the year #ahed4 ,these are the facts4 ,bamboo 7,bambusa vulgaris74--,the leaves and fresh-cut stems of this plant are used for paper material1 but require to pass through a preliminary process of crushing1 which is effected by suitable rolls1 the second series of crushing rolls being grooved or channelled to split or divide the material1 after which the stems are cut to suitable lengths for boiling4 ,paper ,mulberry 7,broussonetia papyrifera74--,the inner bark of this tree1 and also some other basts1 have long been used by the ,japanese and ,chinese in the manufacture of paper of great strength1 but of extreme delicacy4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,rags4 ,preliminary ,operations4--,sorting4--,cutting4--,ber trams' ,rag-cutting ,machine4--,nuttall's ,rag-cutter4--,willowing4--,bertrams' ,willow and ,duster4--,dusting4--,bryan ,donkin's ,duster or ,willow4--,donkin's ,devil4 ,preliminary ,operations4--,before the rags are submitted to the various processes which constitute the art of paper-making1 they are subjected to certain preliminary operations to free them from dirty matters1 dust1 and even sand1 which is sometimes fraudulently introduced into rags to increase their weight4 ,this preliminary treatment may be classified under the following heads1 namely3--,sorting2 ,cutting2 ,willowing2 ,dusting4 ,sorting4--,the rags being removed from the bags or bales in which they are packed1 require first to be sorted according to the nature and quality of the fabrics of which they are composed2 thus linen1 cotton1 hemp1 wool1 c41 must be carefully separated from each other2 the thickness of the substance1 its condition as to the wear it has undergone1 and the colour of the material1 all these considerations are taken into account by the women and girls who are employed in the operation of sorting4 ,the finer qualities are set aside for writing-paper1 inferior sorts being used separately1 or mixed1 according to the requirements of the manufacturer4 ,blue rags are generally separated from the rest and kept for the manufacture of blue paper1 but most of the other coloured rags require bleaching4 ,in sorting rags1 a good deal of judgment and skill are required to avoid mixing the better qualities with those of an inferior class1 which would occasion loss in the manufacture4 ,it is also important that those of inferior colour should not be mixed with the finer qualities1 which would be liable to affect the colour and deteriorate the quality of the paper4 ,paper manufacturers generally classify the rags obtained from home sources1 that is1 from different parts of the ,united ,kingdom1 under the following heads3-- ,,home ,,rags4 ,new cuttings4 ,linen pieces4 ,cotton pieces4 ,fines 7whites74 ,superfines 7whites74 ,outshots 7whites74 ,seconds 7whites74 ,thirds 7whites74 ,colours or prints4 ,blues4 ,gunny1 clean4 ,gunny1 dirty4 ,rope 7white74 ,rope 7hard74 ,rope1 bagging1 etc4 ,foreign rags are distinguished as below3-- ,,belgian ,,rags4 ,white linens4 ,mixed fines 7linens and cottons74 ,grey linens4 ,strong linens4 ,extra fine linens4 ,blue linens4 ,superfine white cottons4 ,outshot cottons4 ,seconds4 ,half jute and linen4 ,light prints4 ,mixed prints4 ,blue cottons4 ,fustians4 ,black calicoes4 ,white hemp1 strings1 and rope4 ,tarred hemp1 strings1 and rope4 ,jute spinners' waste4 ,jute waste4 ,new4 ,white linens4 ,grey linens4 ,blue linens4 ,unbleached cottons4 ,white linens and cottons4 ,print cuttings 7free from black74 ,blacks4 ,fustians4 ,,french ,,rags4 ,french linens4 ,white cotton4 ,knitted cotton4 ,blue cotton4 ,coloured cotton4 ,black cotton4 ,marseilles whites4 ,light prints4 ,mixed prints4 ,new white cuttings4 ,,german ,,rags4 ,s4 ,p4 ,f4 ,f4 ,f4 ,s4 ,p4 ,f4 ,f4 ,f4 ,f4 ,g4 ,l4 ,x4 ,f4 ,l4 ,f4 ,r4 blue4 ,c4 ,s4 ,p4 ,f4 ,f4 ,f4 ,c4 ,f4 ,b4 blue4 ,c4 ,f4 ,x4 coloured4 ,,trieste4 ,p4 ,p4 white linen 7first74 ,p4 white linen 7second74 ,s4 fine greys4 ,x4 coloured cottons4 ,,leghorn4 ,p4 ,l4 linens4 ,p4 ,c4 cottons4 ,s4 ,c4 ,t4 ,c4 ,,turkey ,,and ,,beyrout4 ,bright reds4 ,,alexandria4 ,whites4 ,blues4 ,colours4 ,,baltic ,,and ,,russian4 ,s4 ,p4 ,f4 ,f4 ,s4 ,p4 ,f4 ,l4 ,f4 ,b4 ,f4 ,g4 ,f4 ,f4 ,b4 ,g4 ,l4 ,f4 ,x4 ,woollen rags are only used to a very moderate extent in blotting and filtering papers and also in coarse papers and wrappers4 ,many attempts have been made to bleach woollen rags1 but the severity of the treatment required invariably ended in a destruction of the fibrous substances mingled with them4 ,it is customary to dispose of such material for re-making into common cloths1 and for shoddy4 ,rags collected in large cities1 in consequence of the frequent bleachings they have been subjected to1 are considerably weakened in fibre1 tearing easily1 and are therefore subject to loss in process of manufacture into pulp4 ,country rags1 being coarser and greyer because less bleached1 are stronger in fibre and give a better body to the paper4 ,in sampling rags it is necessary to take precautions against the fraudulent tricks of the trade1 which are often resorted to to cheat the manufacturer4 ,samples should be taken from the interior of the bags or bales1 to ascertain if the material in the interior is equal in quality with that at the outside--that is to say1 that the quality is fairly averaged throughout4 ,it may also be found that the rags have been purposely wetted to increase their weight4 ,if such is found to be the case1 a few handfuls should be weighed1 and then dried in a warm room1 and afterwards re-weighed1 when if the loss exceeds #e to #g per cent4 it may be assumed that the rags have been fraudulently wetted4 ,it is generally found1 however1 that the merchants in the principal towns transact their business honourably and are therefore reliable4 ,the sorting is generally performed by women1 who not only separate the various qualities of the rags1 which they place in separate receptacles1 but also remove all buttons1 hooks and eyes1 india-rubber1 pins and needles1 c41 and loosen all seams1 hems and knots4 ,the rags are next carefully looked over by women called over-haulers1 or over-lookers1 whose duty it is to see that the previous operations have been fully carried out in all respects4 ,usually there is one over-hauler to every eight or ten cutters4 ,cutting4--,in some mills it is preferred to have the rags cut into pieces from #b to #d inches square1 but the actual size is not considered of much importance4 ,the chief object is to have them in such a condition that they may be thoroughly cleansed in subsequent operations1 and able to float throughout the water in the rag-engine1 without twisting round the roller4 ,if the rag pieces are smaller than is required to effect this it tends to create a loss of fibre in the operations of willowing and dusting4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,the process of cutting is performed by hand or by machinery4 ,when the rags are cut by hand1 the operation1 which is accomplished by women1 is conducted as follows3--,the cutter takes her place in front of an oblong box1 as in ,fig4 #c1 covered with coarse wire netting1 containing three threads per inch1 through which dust1 c41 passes to a receptacle beneath2 in the centre is fixed1 in a slanting position1 a large-bladed knife of peculiar form1 with its back towards the operator1 who is surrounded by a number of boxes1 corresponding with the number of the different qualities of rags2 these are lined at the bottom with coarse wire gauze4 ,in the operation of cutting1 if any foreign substances1 such as buttons1 hooks1 c41 which may have escaped the sorters are found1 these are at once removed4 ,the rags as they are cut are put into baskets to be conveyed to the rag-engine room4 ,in some mills rags are cut by machinery1 but hand cutting is usually adopted for the better kinds of paper1 as it is obvious that the machine would not be able to reject1 as is the case in hand cutting1 unpicked seams and other irregularities which may have escaped observation by the sorters and overhaulers4 ,machine cutting is1 therefore1 generally adopted for the materials which are to be used for the coarser papers4 ,there are several rag-cutting machines in use1 of which one or two examples are given below4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,bertrams' ,rag-,cutting ,machine4--,the engraving1 ,fig4 #d1 represents a machine manufactured by ,messrs4 ,bertrams1 ,limited1 of ,st4 ,katherine's ,works1 ,edinburgh1 to whose courtesy we are indebted for this and other illustrations of their machinery1 which have been reproduced in outline from their illustrated catalogue4 ,the machine1 which is suitable either for rags or ropes1 has three revolving knives1 and one dead knife1 which is rendered reversible to four edges1 and has self-acting feed gear1 side frames1 drum1 and other connections of substantial construction2 it is wood covered1 and furnished with sheet-iron delivery spout4 ,the material passes into the machine along the table at a1 where it passes between the dead knife c and the knives b fixed to the revolving drum d4 ,the cut rags fall into a receptacle beneath the drum4 ,nuttall's ,rag ,cutter4--,another type of rag cutter1 and which is also suitable for cutting bagging1 sailcloth1 tarpaulin1 ,manilla and other fibres1 is ,nuttall's ,rag ,cutter1 a drawing of which is shown in ,fig4 #e4 ,this machine is manufactured by ,messrs4 ,bentley and ,jackson1 of ,bury1 near ,manchester1 and is generally known as the ,guillotine ,rag ,cutter1 from the principle of its action1 which is that of chopping the material4 ,the machine is adopted at many mills1 and a large-sized machine has recently been put down at the ,daily ,telegraph mills1 ,dartford4 ,a medium-sized machine will cut about one ton of rags in an hour4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,willowing4--,in some mills the cut rags are conveyed to a machine called the willow1 which in one form of machine consists of two cast-iron cylinders1 #b feet in diameter and #c feet wide1 provided with numerous iron teeth1 which project about #d inches4 ,these cylinders are placed one behind the other1 and beneath them is a semi-circular screw1 and above them a cover of the same form4 ,this cover is also furnished with teeth1 and is so adjusted that the teeth in the cylinders pass those in the cover at a distance of to of an inch4 ,in front are a pair of rollers and revolving apron1 which carry the rags into the cylinders1 which rotate rapidly2 and the rags1 which are thrown by the first into the second cylinder1 are allowed to remain in them for about #bj seconds1 when a sliding door1 which rises three times per minute1 allows the rags to be discharged into a duster4 ,each time the sliding door opens the revolving apron moves forward and recharges the willow with a fresh supply4 ,the rags1 after being beaten and teazed in the willow1 are considerably loosened in texture1 and a good deal of dust and gritty matters fall through the screen beneath4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #f represents a combined willow and duster1 specially useful for waste rags and jute1 but may be used for all fibres1 manufactured by ,bertrams1 ,limited1 the main features of which are thus described3--,there are two drums1 which have malleable-iron cross-bars and teeth1 and malleable-iron harp motion below for escape of dust4 ,the framework of the willow is of cast iron1 and the sides are filled in with cast-iron panel doors1 the top being covered in with sheet iron4 ,the gear is arranged so that the willow will deliver to the duster or otherwise by self-acting motion continuously or intermittently4 ,the feed to the willow can also be made continuous or intermittent4 ,the drums1 framework1 panels1 and casing being made of iron1 the chance of fire from the friction of its working is reduced to a minimum4 ,the duster1 as a rule1 is #ab feet long1 about #e feet in diameter1 and has eight longitudinal bars of cast iron fitted between the front and end revolving rings4 ,these bars are fitted with malleable-iron spikes1 pitched and so arranged that the rags or fibres are delivered at the exit end automatically4 ,the outside of the duster can be lined with wire-cloth1 perforated zinc1 iron1 etc4 ,it is driven by outside shafts and friction gear1 so that there is no internal shaft to interfere with the delivery of the fibres4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,dusting4--,in ,fig4 #g is shown a rag-dusting machine1 manufactured by ,messrs4 ,bryan ,donkin and ,co41 of ,bermondsey1 ,london4 ,the cylinder of this machine1 which is conical in form1 to enable the rags to travel from one end to the other1 whence they are ejected1 revolves1 as also does a second cylinder of a skeleton form1 but in the opposite direction4 ,each cylinder is fitted with knives1 or spikes--those of the outer cylinder projecting towards the centre2 the knives of the centre cylinder being attached to its exterior surface3 when the machine is in motion the two sets of blades pass each other so that when the rags come between them the action is that of scissors4 ,when the rags are ejected at the end of the cylinder1 they pass into another cylinder of wire1 through which the dust falls and leaves them in a fairly clean condition1 when they are lowered through a trap-door to the boiling room below4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,donkin's ,devil4--,for removing the dust and dirt from coarse and very dirty rags1 oakum1 rope1 etc41 the presence of which would seriously injure the quality of the paper1 a still more powerful machine has been introduced1 called the devil1 which is constructed on the same principle as the willow1 but revolves at a lower speed4 ,the revolving axle of this machine is conical1 and is provided with teeth1 arranged in a spiral form4 ,the case in which it rotates is fed continuously1 instead of intermittently2 and although it facilitates the subsequent treatment of the fibre1 it is said to be wasteful1 while also consuming a considerable amount of power4 ,a machine1 or devil1 for cleaning rags or half stuff is manufactured by ,messrs4 ,donkin and ,co41 a representation of which is shown in ,fig4 #h4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,rags 7continued74 ,boiling ,rags4--,bertrams' ,rag ,boiler4--,donkin's ,rag ,boiler4-- ,washing and ,breaking4--,bertrams' ,rag ,engine4--,bentley and ,jackson's ,rag ,engine4--,draining4--,torrance's ,drainer4 ,boiling ,rags4--,to remove greasy matters1 and also to dissolve out the cementing substances from the stems of flax and shell of the cotton1 the rags are next boiled in a solution of caustic soda1 caustic lime1 or a mixture of carbonate of soda and lime4 ,the boiling has also the effect of loosening the dirt contained in the rags1 whereby the colour of the material is greatly improved1 while at the same time it is rendered more susceptible to the action of the bleaching agent4 ,strong linen rags will sometimes lose from one-third to one-fifth of their weight by the process of boiling4 ,the vessels for boiling rags are of various construction1 and have been the subject of numerous ingenious patents4 ,these boilers are either cylindrical or spherical1 and are also stationary or rotary--the latter form being devised for the purpose of keeping the caustic alkali solution freely diffused throughout the mass of fibre during the boiling4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,bertrams' ,rag ,boiler4--,an illustration of a spherical boiler1 as manufactured by ,bertrams1 ,limited1 of ,edinburgh1 is given in ,fig4 #i4 ,the shell of this boiler is made from malleable iron1 is #h feet in diameter and #i feet deep4 ,the boiler is constructed on what is termed the vomiting principle1 by which a free circulation of the alkaline liquor is constantly maintained4 ,these boilers are made to withstand any pressure of steam1 but the size given is usually worked at from #ce to #de lbs4 pressure1 and carries about #cj cwt4 of dry esparto4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,donkin's ,rag ,boiler4--,the spherical boiler of ,messrs4 ,bryan ,donkin and ,co4 is shown in ,fig4 #aj4 ,being of a spherical form1 it is twice as strong as a cylindrical boiler of the same diameter and thickness4 ,the plates used are1 notwithstanding1 of the usual substance1 thus rendering it perfectly safe1 durable1 and suitable for high-pressure steam4 ,the spherical shape also allows the rags to fall out by themselves when the boiler is revolving with the cover off4 ,within the boiler are strainers to carry off the dirt1 and lifters to agitate the rags during the process of either boiling or washing4 ,to avoid cement1 or even lead joints1 the gudgeons and the boiler are turned true in the lathe to fit each other1 the joints being simply made with red lead4 ,these boilers are usually about #h feet in diameter1 and are capable of boiling from #bj cwt4 to #be cwt4 of rags4 ,the idea of giving motion to the boiler1 so as to insure a perfect mixture of the rags and the caustic liquor1 is of ,american origin1 and was first introduced into this country by ,messrs4 ,bryan ,donkin and ,co4 ,it is usual to fix the boiler so that it can be fed with rags through a trap in the floor above1 while the boiler is in a vertical position and the lid removed4 ,the trunnions are hollow1 to admit the introduction of steam1 alkaline ley1 or water1 and its rotary motion1 which is about three times in two minutes1 is given by the gearing on the left of the illustration4 ,the alkalies used for boiling rags are either caustic soda1 soda ash1 slaked lime1 made into a cream and sifted1 or a mixture of slaked lime and carbonate of soda4 ,a description of the preparation of caustic soda ley will be found in another chapter4 ,it has been customary at most of the larger paper-mills to purchase their caustic soda direct from the alkali manufacturers1 who supply it in a solid form enclosed in iron drums1 hermetically closed1 which are broken and the contents removed and dissolved when required for use4 ,as to the strength of caustic soda liquor to be used for boiling rags1 this is regulated according to the nature and condition of the material1 and the quality of the paper it is intended for 7see p4 #cd74 ,for the finest papers the caustic soda should be perfectly pure1 and as there are various grades of this chemical substance sold by the alkali makers1 only the purer qualities are used for the better kinds of paper4 ,the proportion of caustic soda per cwt4 of rags varies to the extent of from #e to #aj per cent4 of the former to each cwt4 of the latter1 the coarser materials1 of course1 requiring more alkali than those of finer quality4 ,in cases where rags are boiled in an open boiler--as was formerly the case--a much larger proportion of caustic soda would be required than when the boiling is conducted under high pressures1 as is now very generally the custom4 ,in boiling the finer qualities of rags1 less pressure of steam is required than for the coarser qualities1 and the heat being proportionately lower1 there is less destruction of the fibre4 ,some paper-makers prefer to boil the rags with caustic lime only1 in which case the lime1 after being slaked in the usual way1 is mixed with water until it attains a milky consistence1 when it is passed through a sieve to separate any solid particles which may be present4 ,about the same percentage of lime may be used as in the former case4 ,when a mixture of lime and carbonate of soda is used1 a method much adopted on the ,continent1 the lime should be well screened from lumps before being mixed with the soda4 ,the usual method of preparing this mixture is as follows3--,a wooden tank1 #ae feet long1 #e feet wide1 and #d feet deep is divided into three compartments1 each of which has a false bottom perforated with -inch holes to keep back lumps1 stones1 pieces of coal1 etc41 which frequently abound in the lime4 ,the fresh lime is put into the first compartment1 where it is slaked with water in the usual way2 the resulting powder is then put into the next compartment together with sufficient water1 where it is agitated until converted into what is technically termed milk of lime4 ,in the partition which separates the second from the third division is a movable sluice1 through which the milk of lime flows into the third compartment2 in this is fitted a revolving drum1 similar to the drum-washer of the breaking-engine1 through which the milk of lime which flows from the sluice becomes strained1 and is lifted in the same way as water is lifted by the drum-washer of the breaking-engine1 and is thence discharged through a pipe into the rag boilers2 an additional straining can be effected by placing a fine wire strainer over the mouth of this pipe leading to the boiler1 which will prevent objectionable particles from entering the boiler4 ,each compartment is provided with a large waste pipe1 through which1 by the aid of a sufficient supply of water1 all impurities which have been rejected by the drum are carried away4 ,the soda solution is prepared by dissolving the required proportion in water1 and the resulting liquor1 after careful straining1 is introduced into the boiler to which the charge of rags has been given2 the head of the boiler is then fixed in its position and steam turned on1 until a pressure of about #bj to #cj lbs4 to the square inch is attained1 and the boiling kept up for two to six hours1 according to the quality of the rags4 ,by the ,continental system of boiling rags1 for ,no4 #a stuffs1 #baf lbs4 of lime and #aad lbs41 of #dh per cent41 soda ash are used for every #d1jjj lbs4 of rags2 for ,nos4 #c and #e stuffs1 #cbd lbs4 of lime and #aeb lbs4 of soda ash are used2 and for ,no4 #d stuff #cgh lbs4 of lime and #aij lbs4 of soda ash1 and the boiling in each case is kept up for twelve hours1 under a pressure of #cj lbs41 the operation being conducted in boilers which revolve horizontally4 ,in boiling the finest qualities of rags1 it is considered preferable to boil with lime alone1 which is believed to be less injurious to delicate fibres than caustic soda4 ,dunbar#ad gives the following proportions of #gj per cent4 caustic soda per cwt4 of rags3-- ,s4 ,p4 ,f4 ,f4 ,f4 is boiled with lime alone1 then washed in the boiler1 and again boiled with #b per cent4 of soda ash4 ,s4 ,p4 ,f4 ,f4 is boiled with #ab lbs4 of 7#gj7 caustic soda per cwt4 ,s4 ,p4 ,f #ad ,fines #g ,seconds #f ,l4 ,f4 ,x4 #bj ,c4 ,l4 ,f4 ,x4 #bg ,c4 ,c4 ,l4 ,f4 ,x4 #cj ,f4 ,f4 #ae ,these are all boiled at a pressure of from #bj to #be lbs4 for #aj hours1 in stationary boilers without vomit1 and also in boilers revolving horizontally4 ,in some mills1 where the best qualities of paper are made1 iron boilers are objected to1 as small particles of oxide of iron are apt to become dislodged from the interior of the boiler1 and produce discolouration of the paper4 ,in such cases wooden vats1 with mechanical stirrers1 are employed2 sometimes a jacketed boiler is used4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #aa and #ab4 ,washing and ,breaking4--,the removal of the dirty water resulting from the boiling is effected in the washing and breaking engine1 or rag engine1 as it is commonly called1 which is constructed on the same principle as the beating engine1 but is provided with an extra drum1 called the drum-washer1 which1 being covered with wire gauze1 allows the washing waters to escape without permitting the fibrous stuff to pass through4 ,the rag engine1 having been invented by a ,dutchman1 acquired1 and still retains1 the name of the ,hollander1 and although it has been considerably improved upon1 its principle is still retained in the modern engines1 of which there are many different forms4 ,the ordinary rag engine1 ,figs4 #aa and #ab1 consists of a cast-iron trough ,a1 about #aj feet long1 #d feet wide1 and #b feet deep1 and rounded at the ends1 and is firmly bolted to a wooden foundation4 ,it is provided with a partition termed the midfeather ,b1 of such a length as to have the trough of uniform width round it4 ,a cylinder1 or roll1 ,c1 furnished with a series of steel knives1 rotates in one of the divisions formed by the midfeather1 and the floor of the trough in this division is inclined in such a manner as to cause the pulp1 as it travels1 to pass under the roll4 ,beneath the roll is the bed-plate1 which is fitted with a series of steel knives c c similar to those on the exterior of the roll4 ,the distance between the knives of the roll and the bed-plate is regulated by levelling screws1 which are so adjusted that both ends of the roll are raised at the same time1 which is a great improvement upon the older types of breaking engines in which only one end of the roll was raised1 whereby the knives became unequally worn4 ,by the present method of regulating the distance between the respective sets of knives1 any required degree of fineness can be given to the fibrous substances treated4 ,the roll is generally caused to rotate at a speed of about #bcj revolutions per minute1 causing the water and rags to circulate in the engine and to be constantly under the action of the knives4 ,in the other division ,f ,f of the trough is the drum-washer ,h1 which1 being covered with fine gauze wire1 allows the water to enter1 but keeps back the fibrous material4 ,the ends of the drum are formed of two discs of wood1 generally mahogany1 upon which the coarse gauze is fastened as a backing1 and this is covered with the fine wire gauze4 ,the interior of the drum is sometimes furnished with a series of buckets1 which conduct the water to a trough in the axis of the drum1 by which it is led away4 ,this is also accomplished by dividing the interior of the cylinder into compartments by means of a partition4 ,the drum-washer is so arranged that it can be wholly raised out of the trough1 which is necessary in certain parts of the operation1 when the removal of the liquid is not required2 or it can be partially raised1 or otherwise1 according to requirement4 ,the floor of the compartment containing the roll ,c is inclined at ,d1 so as to cause the pulp to pass directly under the roll1 and at ,d is the backfall1 over which the pulp travels to the opposite side of the midfeather4 ,in working the rag engine1 it is first partly filled with water1 and then set in motion2 the boiled stuff is then gradually put in1 and a constant supply of clean water is run in from a cistern provided with means of preventing sand or other impurities from finding their way into the engine4 ,it is of the utmost importance that the water should be abundant and of good quality1 more especially as the material 7rags7 is mostly required for making the finer qualities of paper4 ,in this respect the county of ,kent and a few other localities on the chalk formation are considered specially suitable for this particular manufacture4 ,with respect to the driving of the engines1 this was formerly effected by what is called toothed gearing1 but cog-wheels were afterwards replaced by iron spur-wheel gearing1 which enabled manufacturers to drive four or more engines from one source of power1 by continuing the line of shafting and spur-wheels2 but even with small rolls the wear and tear on this system was considerable1 while it was quite inadequate to the driving of a number of large rolls of #cj inches in diameter1 such as are now used4 ,the introduction of belt-gearing1 by ,messrs4 ,g4 and ,w4 ,bertram1 proved to be a great improvement on the older system1 and it is found that the rags are broken not only more uniformly1 but in less time1 as the rolls work more steadily on the plates than with any system of wheel-gearing1 while the various working parts of the engine last longer than when subjected to the vibrating action of wheel-gearing4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,bertrams' ,rag ,engine4--,this engine1 of which a drawing is shown in ,fig4 #ac1 may be used either as a washing and breaking engine1 potcher1 or beater4 ,it is provided with double lifting gear1 and has all sweeps1 curves1 and angles of the most improved design to save lodgments and ensure steady and thorough travelling of the pulp4 ,the drum-washer is shown lifted by rack and pinion and worm gear1 and empties down the midfeather direct to mouthpiece4 ,the emptying can be done by spout and pipe1 or by a chamber cast on the engine1 down back or front side1 as well as through the midfeather2 but it is not advisable that it should be emptied down the midfeather if the rag engine is to be used as a beater4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,bentley and ,jackson's ,rag ,engine4--,this form of engine is shown in ,fig4 #ad4 ,the trough is of cast-iron1 and made whole1 and the engine can be obtained of any required dimensions4 ,the trough is provided with a sand-well1 cast-iron grate1 and cock in front of the roll1 and a sand-well1 cast-iron grate1 and brass valve on the back of the midfeather1 a brass let-off valve and a brass waste-water valve4 ,the bottom of the trough is dished1 to prevent the stuff from lodging4 ,there are two movable bridge trees1 fitted with pedestals and brass steps1 and wrought-iron lifting links and screws1 worm-wheels1 worms1 cross-shaft and hand-wheel for simultaneously lifting the roll on both sides4 ,the roll is covered by a polished pitch-pine cover4 ,the drum-washer may have either iron or wooden ends1 has strong copper brackets1 and is covered with brass backing and covering wires1 mounted on a wrought-iron shaft1 and carried by cast-iron stands1 fitted with improved lifting gear1 driving-wheels1 and pulley4 ,when the engine is set in motion by the revolving shaft or spindle1 the combined action of the knives of the roll and bed-plate causes the rags1 which circulate in the water1 to be gradually cut into small fragments1 and the operation is kept up until the rags are converted into what is technically termed half-stuff4 ,while this process is going on1 fresh water is constantly supplied by a pipe at the end of the washing-engine2 and when it is found that nothing but clear water escapes from the drum-washer1 this is raised1 and the spindle bearing the roll is lowered1 so as to bring the respective knives closer together1 to enable them to cut the reduced material still finer4 ,draining4--,when the material is sufficiently broken1 as it is termed1 the engine is then emptied by means of its valves1 and the contents run into large vats or drainers1 furnished with perforated zinc floors1 in which it is allowed to drain thoroughly2 and in order to remove the water more effectually1 the pulp is afterwards pressed1 either by an extractor or a centrifugal drainer1 which dries it sufficiently for gas-bleaching1 or for treatment in the potcher or poacher4 ,this is a larger engine than the washer1 and instead of the cylinder and bars1 has a hollow drum which carries on its periphery a number of cast-iron paddles1 which thoroughly agitate the pulp1 and thus render it more susceptible of being freely and uniformly acted upon by the bleaching agent4 ,the drum-washer of this engine should have a finer wire than is used for the breaker4 ,torrance's ,drainer4--,this machine1 which has been extensively used1 is manufactured by ,messrs4 ,j4 ,bertram and ,son1 of ,edinburgh4 ,it consists of a perforated cylindrical box1 enclosed in a fixed case1 which revolves at about two hundred and fifty revolutions per minute4 ,the machine is capable of treating about #d cwt4 of pulp per hour4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,esparto4 ,preliminary ,treatment4--,picking4--,willowing ,esparto4--,boiling ,esparto4--,sinclair's ,esparto ,boiler4--,roeckner's ,boiler4--,mallary's ,process4--,carbonell's ,process4--,washing ,boiled ,esparto4--,young's ,process4--,bleaching the ,esparto4 ,preliminary ,treatment3 ,picking4--,esparto is imported in bales or trusses1 tightly compressed by hydraulic presses1 and bound with twisted bands of the same material1 much in the same manner as hay1 except that which comes from ,tripoli1 which is bound with iron bands4 ,the bands being cut1 the loosened material is then spread out upon tables1 partly covered with iron1 or galvanised-iron1 netting1 to allow earthy matter or sand to pass through to a receptacle beneath4 ,here it is carefully picked by women and girls1 who remove all roots1 other kinds of grass1 weeds1 and heather4 ,the material thus cleansed from impurities is transferred to the boiling-room4 ,this careful preliminary treatment has been found necessary1 since pieces of root and other vegetable matters which may be present are liable to resist the action of the bleaching liquor to a greater extent than the grass itself1 and therefore produce specks1 or sheave as they are termed at the mill1 in the manufactured paper4 ,at some mills1 however1 as at the ,horton ,kirby ,mills of ,messrs4 ,spalding and ,hodge1 at ,south ,darenth1 for example1 the cleaning of esparto is admirably effected by means of a willow1 or esparto-cleaner1 constructed by ,messrs4 ,masson1 ,scott1 and ,bertram1 which entirely supersedes the system of hand-picking4 ,having recently visited the mill referred to1 we were enabled1 through the courtesy of ,mr4 ,sydney ,spalding1 to witness the action of this willow1 which appeared to perform its functions with perfect uniformity1 and to clean the grass most effectually4 ,the rationale of the operation of willowing esparto may be thus described3-- ,willowing ,esparto4--,a bale of the grass is unbound at a short distance from the machine1 and the grass1 which is in the form of small bundles or sheaves1 tied with bands of the same material1 is thrown by a woman on to a table or platform placed by the side of the willow1 and a second woman1 standing near the hopper of the machine1 takes the bundles1 a few at a time1 and drops them into the hopper4 ,the machine being in motion1 in a few moments the grass1 freed from its bands and dirty matters1 appears in a perfectly loose condition at the wider end of the drum1 and passes upward along a travelling-table to a room above1 in the floor of which are the man-holes of a series of esparto boilers4 ,during the passage of the loosened fibre1 women standing on steps or platforms at the sides of the travelling-table are enabled to examine the material1 and to remove any objectionable matters that may be present4 ,beneath the drum of the machine is a pipe1 through which the dust and dirty matters are drawn away by means of a fan4 ,boiling ,esparto4--,in the boiling-room at the mill referred to is a series of vertical stationary boilers1 each about twenty feet high1 and capable of holding about three tons of grass4 ,the man-holes of these boilers pass through the floor of a room above1 being nearly level with it1 into which the cleaned esparto is conveyed1 as described1 by the travelling-table of the willowing machine4 ,in this room is a series of compartments in which the willowed esparto is stored until required for boiling1 when it is fed into the boilers by means of two-pronged forks provided for the purpose4 ,the boiler being partially charged with caustic ley at #ad ,twad41 the esparto is introduced1 and steam also1 by which the esparto becomes softened1 and thus a larger quantity of the fibre can be charged into the vessel4 ,when the full charge of ley and esparto have been introduced the head of the boiler is securely fixed by means of its bolts1 and steam then turned on until a pressure of about #bj lbs4 to the square inch has been reached1 which pressure is kept up for about three hours1 when the steam is shut off and the blow-off tap opened4 ,when the steam is blown off1 the spent liquor is run off1 and hot water then run into the boiler1 steam again turned on1 and the boiling kept up for about twenty minutes to half an hour1 at the end of which time the steam is shut off and the blow-pipe opened4 ,as soon as the steam has blown off1 the washing water is run off by the bottom pipe1 and the grass allowed to drain as thoroughly as possible4 ,a door at the lower end of the boiler is then opened1 and the grass emptied into trucks and conveyed to the washing-engines4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,sinclair's ,esparto ,boiler4--,another form of boiler1 known as ,sinclair's boiler1 of the vertical cylindrical type1 is shown in ,figs4 #ae and #af4 ,it is constructed on what is termed the vomiting principle1 but without the central vomiting-pipes generally used1 and is fitted with one or more vomiting-pipes close to the side1 two diametrically opposite pipes being used by preference4 ,steam jet pipes1 with upwardly-directed nozzles1 are fitted into the vomiting-pipes at points a little above the bends1 between the vertical and horizontal parts4 ,the liquid or ley thrown up the vomiting-pipes by the action of the steam is delivered from the upper ends of the pipes over a diaphragm or plate fixed near the top of the boiler1 and the liquid is retained at a certain depth on the diaphragm by a number of small tubes fixed in it1 and the liquid becomes well heated by the steam before overflowing down the tubes1 which tubes also serve to distribute it uniformly over the fibrous materials in the boiler4 ,a casing is formed at the bottom of the boiler1 and in some cases extended more or less up the sides1 and is supplied with steam1 which should be superheated1 or of high pressure4 ,with this arrangement the heat in the boiler is maintained without the excessive condensation of steam and consequent dilution and weakening of the liquors which occurs in ordinary boilers4 ,figs4 #ae and #af are horizontal and vertical sections of one form of this boiler4 ,the boiler is made with a vertical cylindrical shell1 #a2 with a flat top1 #b2 and flat bottom1 #c2 and there is an inner or second bottom1 #d2 the space between it and the bottom1 #c1 being for steam to assist in heating the contents of the boiler4 ,at a little distance above the inner bottom1 #d1 there is the usual perforated horizontal diaphragm1 #e1 down through which the liquid or ley drains from the fibre4 ,two diametrically opposite vertical vomiting-pipes1 #f1 are formed by the attachment of curved plates to the cylindrical shell1 #a1 and these vomiting-pipes1 #f1 have their upper ends above a horizontal diaphragm1 #g1 attached by stays to the boiler top1 #b4 ,this diaphragm is perforated1 and short tubes1 #h1 are fixed in the perforations so as to project upwards1 by which arrangement the liquid1 rising up the vomiting-pipes1 #f1 lies on the diaphragm to the depth of the tubes1 #h1 and overflows down through them all equally1 so as to be uniformly distributed over the materials in the boiler4 ,steam jet nozzles1 #i1 are fitted in the lower parts of the vomiting-pipes1 being supplied with steam by pipes1 #aj1 from one of which a branch1 #aa1 supplies steam to the double bottom1 #c1 #d4 ,the steam jets cause the liquid to be drawn from under the perforated diaphragm1 #e1 and thrown up the pipes1 #f1 whereby a constant circulation of the liquid through the fibre is maintained4 ,the liquors are drawn off by the pipe1 #ae4 ,in another form of boiler ,mr4 ,sinclair employs vomit-pipes formed of thin steel plates riveted to opposite sides of the boiler1 and the liquid which drains through the perforated double bottom is forced upward through the vomit-pipes to the perforated plates above1 through which it distributes over the material in fine jets4 ,the boiler is capable of holding from #b to #c tons of esparto1 and under a pressure of from #dj to #ej lbs4 the boiling occupies about two hours4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,roeckner's ,boiler4--,this boiler1 of which an illustration of two in series is given in ,fig4 #ag1 has been extensively adopted by paper manufacturers4 ,it will be noticed that the vomit-pipe ,a is placed outside the boiler1 and the steam enters at the cock ,b1 forcing the liquor up the vomit-pipe ,a and distributing it over the esparto4 ,a pipe ,c is used for heating the liquor by means of waste steam at the commencement of the operation4 ,the grass is fed into the boiler at the opening ,d4 ,at ,e ,e are gauges for showing the height of the liquor in the boiler1 ,f ,f ,f are pipes for the supply of steam1 strong ley1 and water1 and the door ,g is for the discharge of the boiled grass4 ,each boiler is capable of holding #c tons of esparto1 and the boiling is completed in about two and a half hours1 at a pressure of from #ce to #dj lbs4 per square inch4 ,it is said that the boiler effects a saving both in time and the amount of soda used4 ,mallary's ,process4--,by this process the inventor says that he obtains the fibre in greater length1 and gets rid of the gummy and resinous matters in a more economical way than by the present system4 ,the materials used form a species of soap1 with which and with the addition of water1 the esparto is boiled4 ,to carry out his process1 he places in a boiler a suitable quantity of water1 to which caustic soda1 or a ley of the required strength to suit the nature of the fibre1 is added2 magnesite1 or carbonate of magnesia1 in the proportion of about #b per cent4 of the fibrous material1 or a solution of sulphate of magnesia1 is then added and mixed with the ley4 ,he next adds an improved saponaceous compound to produce the required result1 and when the boiling is completed1 the stuff is treated as ordinary stock1 to be applied for paper-making or other uses4 ,the proportions are as follows3--#b gallons of petroleum or its products1 #a gallon of mustard oil1 #aj to #ae lbs4 of caustic soda1 and #a per cent4 of boracic acid4 ,these are placed in a copper and heated for #a to #b hours1 until properly saponified4 ,from #c to #f gallons of the saponaceous compound are added to the ley and magnesite1 previously placed in the boiler with the fibre1 and the boiling is kept up for the usual length of time1 when the fibre will be found beautifully soft1 and the greater portion of the gum1 silica1 and resinous matters removed1 or so softened as to be no hindrance to the perfect separation of the fibres1 whilst the strength1 silkiness1 and softness are preserved in all their natural integrity4 ,considering that caustic soda ley of the required strength forms an essential part of this process1 we should imagine that the auxiliaries mentioned would scarcely be necessary4 ,carbonell's ,process4--,in this process1 devised by ,m4 ,carbonell1 of ,paris1 #bjj lbs4 of raw esparto are placed in a wooden vat furnished with a perforated steam-pipe1 #bj lbs4 of soda and #cj lbs4 of quicklime being mixed with it3 the vat is then supplied with cold water until the esparto is completely covered4 ,steam is then turned on1 and the materials boiled for #d hours4 ,the spent liquor is then drained off1 and the esparto submitted to hydraulic pressure4 ,it is afterwards washed and broken in a rag engine1 and in about #ae minutes is reduced to half-stuff4 #bj lbs4 of chloride of lime dissolved in water are then introduced1 and the cylinder kept in motion as usual4 ,in another vessel1 lined with lead1 #a lb4 of sulphuric acid is dissolved in #c lbs4 of water1 and this gradually added to the pulp1 which immediately assumes a reddish colour2 but in the course of about three quarters of an hour it becomes perfectly white1 when the pulp is ready for the paper-maker4 ,in the boiling of esparto1 several important points have to be considered4 ,the kind of esparto to be treated is the first consideration1 since this grass differs materially in character in the different countries from which it is imported4 ,spanish esparto is considered the best for paper-making1 as it is stronger in fibre and yields a whiter pulp than other varieties4 ,of the ,african espartos there are several varieties1 which are known respectively as ,oran1 ,tripoli1 ,sfax1 ,gabes1 and ,susa4 ,of these1 the first-named 7,algerian esparto7 is held in highest estimation amongst paper-makers1 since it more closely resembles ,spanish esparto than the other varieties1 though not so hard and stiff as the latter4 ,these grasses usually have a length of about #aj to #ab inches4 ,tripoli esparto has an entirely different growth1 being sometimes as long as #b or #c feet1 and proportionately stouter1 and is also softer than ,oran esparto1 which is not so hard as the ,spanish variety4 ,tripoli esparto does not yield a strong paper by itself1 but in conjunction with ,oran esparto gives more favourable results4 ,sfax and ,gabes espartos have a closer resemblance to ,oran than ,tripoli1 but are not so strong as ,oran1 being green and spongy1 and not so dry as the latter variety4 ,susa esparto of good quality is said to equal ,oran1 but not to yield so high a percentage of fibre4 ,the next important consideration is to determine the percentage of caustic alkali which should be used per hundredweight of the particular variety of esparto to be treated1 and we cannot do better than give the following proportions recommended by ,mr4 ,dunbar4 ,fine ,spanish #ah to #bj lbs4 of #gj per cent4 caustic soda per cwt4 ,medium ,spanish #af to #ah ,fine ,oran #ah ,medium ,oran #af to #ag ,susa #ah ,tripoli #ai to #bj ,sfax #bj to #ba ,mr4 ,dunbar says that the above figures insure a first-class boil1 with the steam pressure of #be lbs4 and not exceeding #cj lbs41 but are liable to alteration according to circumstances--such as the form of boilers1 quality of the water for boiling purposes1 and steam facilities1 which ought at all times to be steady and uniform to get the absolute regularity required4 ,respecting the strength of caustic ley used for boiling esparto1 as indicated by ,twaddell's hydrometer1 this appears to range from #g to #ae1 some preferring to boil with stronger liquors than others4 ,the time occupied in boiling also varies at different mills1 and depends greatly upon the character of the boiler used4 ,we are informed that a ,sinclair boiler will turn out1 on an average1 three boils in twenty-four hours1 including filling1 boiling1 discharging1 c41 the boiling occupying about four hours for each batch of grass4 ,the boiling being completed1 the liquor is run off into tanks1 to be afterwards treated for the recovery of the soda1 and the esparto is then subjected to a second boiling with water only for about #bj minutes4 ,the liquor from the second boiling is sometimes thrown away1 even when the soda from the first liquor is recovered2 but a more economical method is to use this liquor1 in lieu of water1 strengthened with soda for a first boiling2 or to mix it with the first liquors and evaporate the whole together4 ,the second boiling being finished1 the steam is turned off1 and water then run in and steam again turned on for a short time1 and the water then run off and the esparto allowed to drain thoroughly4 ,the boiled grass is then discharged into trucks which convey it to the washing engines4 ,the liquor resulting from the boiling of esparto1 which is of a dark brown colour1 contains nearly all the soda originally used1 but it also contains silicious1 resinous1 and other vegetable matters which it has dissolved out of the grass1 the silica taking the form of silicate of soda4 ,the esparto liquor1 which was formerly allowed to run to waste1 polluting our rivers to a serious extent1 is now treated by several ingenious methods for the recovery of the soda with considerable advantage alike to the manufacturer and the public4 ,the process consists essentially in boiling down the liquor to dryness1 and incinerating the residue4 ,during the process of incineration the carbonaceous matter extracted from the grass is converted into carbonic acid1 which1 combining with the soda1 reconverts it into carbonate of soda1 which is afterwards causticised with lime in the usual way1 and the caustic soda thus obtained is again used in the boiling of esparto4 ,although one or other of the recovery processes is adopted at a good many of our paper-mills1 the recovery of the soda is by no means universal as yet1 but the time will doubtless soon arrive when the economical advantages of the process will be fully recognised4 ,indeed1 we know it to be the fact that some manufacturers are watching1 with keen interest1 the progress of some of the newer systems of soda recovery1 with the full intention eventually of adopting one or other of them4 ,washing ,boiled ,esparto4--,this operation is usually performed in engines similar to those used in washing rags1 but in some mills the boiled grass is washed in a series of tanks1 so arranged that water flows in at one end of the series1 thence passing in succession through each batch of grass in the other tanks1 and finally issues at the farthest end of the series as a very concentrated liquor4 ,by this arrangement there is great economy of water1 while at the same time no loss of fibre occurs4 ,the concentrated washing liquors thus obtained may be evaporated1 and the alkali recovered1 which would be an undoubted saving1 since these liquors obtained in the ordinary way by washing in the boilers are generally run off as waste4 ,the engines used for washing esparto and converting it into half-stuff are generally of large size1 and capable of treating a ton of boiled esparto4 ,in this engine1 however1 there is no bed-plate1 as the action of the roll alone is sufficient to reduce the boiled and softened esparto to half-stuff4 ,a drum-washer is also furnished to the engine1 which carries off the dirty washing water1 while an equivalent proportion of clean water is kept constantly running into the engine from an elbowed pipe at its end4 ,in charging the washing-engine1 it is first about three parts filled with water1 when the washing cylinder is lowered1 and the esparto is then put in1 care being taken not to introduce more of the material than will work freely under the action of the roll2 if the mass be too stiff1 portions of the material may be imperfectly washed4 ,while the washing is in progress1 the workman1 armed with a wooden paddle1 constantly stirs the esparto1 clearing it away from the sides of the engine1 so that none of the material may escape a perfect washing4 ,at the bottom of the engine is a sand-trap1 covered with perforated zinc1 through which any sand or other solid particles which may be present escape4 ,when the washing is complete1 the fresh water supply is shut off1 and the drum-washer allowed to run until enough water has been removed to make room for the bleaching liquor4 ,young's ,process4--,by this process the boiled and strained esparto is passed through elastic covered rollers1 so adjusted as to split up and squeeze out the dissolved matters or liquid from the fibres1 thus leaving them clean and open for the access of the bleaching liquor4 ,bleaching the ,esparto4--,it is usual to bleach esparto in the washing engine1 for which purpose a tank of bleaching liquor of the required strength 7about #f ,t4 for ,spanish7 is placed close to the engine1 which is provided with a pipe leading to the engine and another pipe proceeding from the tank in which the bleaching liquor is stored4 ,the supply tank is furnished inside with a gauge1 divided into inches--each inch representing so many gallons of liquor--by means of which the workman is enabled to regulate the quantity of bleaching liquor he is instructed by the manager or foreman to introduce into the engine4 ,about half an hour after the bleach has become well incorporated with the fibre1 sulphuric acid in the proportion of six ounces of the acid 7which must be well diluted with water7 to each hundredweight of the fibre4 ,the dilute acid should be added gradually1 and the proportions given must not be exceeded4 ,the bleaching being completed1 the half-stuff is next treated in a machine termed the presse-pte1 which not only cleanses the material from sand and dirt1 but also separates all knots and other imperfections from the fibre in a most effectual and economical manner4 ,indeed1 we were much struck with the excellent working of this machine at ,messrs4 ,spalding and ,hodge's mill1 at ,south ,darenth1 and the remarkably fine quality of the finished pulp obtained through its agency4 ,the presse-pte was formerly used in the preparation of pulp from straw1 but its advantages in the treatment of esparto are now fully recognised4 ,the apparatus and method of working it may be thus briefly described3-- ,the machine is on the principle of the wet end of a paper machine1 and consists of several stone chests for holding the bleached half-stuff1 in which are fitted agitators to keep the stuff in suitable condition4 ,from these chests the stuff is pumped into a mixing box1 and from thence over a series of sand traps made of wood1 and with slips of wood fixed in the bottom1 in which any sand present is retained4 ,the stuff then passes into a series of strainers1 which1 while allowing the clean fibre to pass through1 retain all impurities1 such as knots1 c41 and the clean stuff is allowed to flow on to the wire-cloth in such a quantity as to form a thick web of pulp4 ,a greater portion of the water escapes through the wire-cloth1 but a further portion is removed by the passage of the pulp across two vacuum boxes1 connected with four powerful vacuum pumps1 which renders the half-stuff sufficiently dry to handle2 but to render it still more so1 it now passes between couch rolls1 and is either run into webs1 or1 as is sometimes the case1 it is discharged into boxes1 the web of pulp thus treated being about an inch in thickness4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,wood4 ,chemical ,processes4--,watt and ,burgess's ,process4--,sinclair's ,process4--,keegan's ,process4--,american ,wood ,pulp ,system4--,aussedat's ,process4--,acid ,treatment of ,wood4--,pictet and ,brlaz's ,process4--,barre and ,blondel's ,process4--,poncharac's ,process4--,young and ,pettigrew's ,process4--,fridet and ,matussire's ,process4 ,the advantages of wood fibre as a paper material have been fully recognised in the ,united ,states and in many ,continental countries1 but more especially in ,norway1 ,sweden1 and ,germany1 from whence large quantities of wood pulp are imported into this country4 ,there is no doubt that our home manufacturers have recently paid much attention to this material1 and it is highly probable that wood1 as an inexhaustible source of useful fibre1 will at no distant date hold a foremost rank4 ,indeed1 the very numerous processes which have been patented since the ,watt process was first made known1 indicate that from this unlimited source of fibre the requirements of the paper-maker may be to a large extent satisfied1 provided1 of course1 that the processes for reducing the various suitable woods to the condition of pulp can be economically and satisfactorily effected4 ,the great attention which this material has received at the hands of the experimentalist and chemist--the terms not being always synonymous--shows that the field is considered an important one1 as indeed it is1 and if successfully explored will1 it is to be hoped1 yield commensurate advantages both to inventors and the trade4 ,the object of the numerous inventors who have devised processes for the disintegration of wood fibre--that is1 the separation of cellulose from the intercellular matters in which the fibres are enveloped--has necessarily been to dissolve out the latter without injury to the cellulose itself1 but it may be said that as yet the object has not been fully attained by either of the processes which have been introduced4 ,to remove the cellular matter from the true fibre or cellulose1 without degrading or sacrificing a portion of the latter1 is by no means easy of accomplishment when practised on an extensive scale1 and many processes which present apparent advantages in one direction are often found to exhibit contrary results in another4 ,the field1 however1 is still an open one1 and human ingenuity may yet discover methods of separating wood fibre from its surrounding tissues in a still more perfect manner than hitherto4 ,the various processes for treating wood for the extraction of its fibre have been classified into3 7#a7 chemical processes2 and 7#b7 mechanical processes4 ,we will give precedence to the former in describing the various wood pulp processes1 since the pulp produced by the latter1 although extensively used1 is chiefly employed1 in combination with other pulps1 for common kinds of paper4 ,in reference to this part of our subject ,davis says3--,experience has dictated certain improvements in some of the details of those earlier methods1 by which so-called 'chemical wood pulp' is manufactured very largely on the ,continent of ,europe4444 ,it is possible to obtain a pulp of good quality1 suitable for some classes of paper1 by boiling the chipped wood in caustic soda1 but when it is desired to use the pulp so prepared for papers having a perfectly white colour it has been demonstrated in practice that the action of the caustic soda solution at the high temperature which is required develops results to a certain degree in weakening and browning the fibres1 and during the past five years much labour has been expended in the endeavour to overcome the objections named4 ,the outcome of these efforts has been a number of patents1 having for their object to prevent oxidation and subsequent weakening of the fibres4 ,in several of these patents1 to which we shall refer hereafter1 bisulphite of lime is employed as the agent to prevent oxidation and consequent degradation of the fibres1 and in other processes bisulphite of magnesia has been used for the same purpose4 ,davis further remarks3 ,although a common principle runs through all these methods of preparing cellulose from wood1 they differ in detail1 as in the construction of the digesters employed1 methods of treating the wood stock before boiling it in the sulphurous acid solution1 and also as regards pressure1 blowing off the sulphurous acid gas1 etc41 but all these processes present a striking similarity to the method patented by ,tilghmann in #ahfg4 ,there can be no doubt that the action of caustic soda1 under high pressures1 is highly injurious both to the colour and strength of the fibres1 and any process that will check this destructive action in a thoroughly practical way will effect an important desideratum4 ,i4 ,chemical ,processes3 ,watt and ,burgess's ,process4--,this process1 which1 with some modifications1 is extensively worked in ,america1 consists in boiling wood shavings1 or other similar vegetable matter1 in caustic soda ley1 and then washing to remove the alkali2 the wood is next treated with chlorine gas1 or an oxygeneous compound of chlorine1 in a suitable vessel1 and it is afterwards washed to free it from the hydrochloric acid formed4 ,it is now treated with a small quantity of caustic soda in solution1 which instantly converts it into pulp1 which only requires to be washed and bleached1 and beaten for an hour and a half in the beating engine1 when the pulp is ready for the machine4 ,the wood-paper process as carried out in ,america has been described by ,hofmann1 from whose work#ae we have abridged the following3-- ,the wood1 mostly poplar1 is brought to the works in #e-;feet lengths4 ,the bark having been stripped off by hand1 it is cut into -inch slices by a cutter which consists of four steel knives1 from #h to #aj inches wide by #ab to #ae inches long1 which are fastened in a slightly inclined position to a solid cast-iron disc of about #e to #g feet diameter1 which revolves at a high speed1 chopping the wood--which is fed to the blades through a trough--into thin slices across the grain4 ,the trough must be large enough to receive the logs1 usually #aj or #ab inches thick1 and it is set at such an angle that the logs may slide down towards the revolving cutters2 this slanting position only assists the movement of the logs1 while a piston1 which is propelled by a rack1 pushes them steadily forward until they are entirely cut up4 ,the piston1 or pusher1 then returns to its original position1 fresh wood is put into the trough1 and the operation repeated4 ,in this way many tons of wood can be chopped up by one of these cutters in a day4 ,the sliced wood is conveyed by trucks to an elevator by which it is hoisted up two storeys to a floor from which the boilers are filled4 ,the boilers are upright cylinders1 about #e feet in diameter and #af feet high1 with semi-spherical ends1 provided inside with straight perforated diaphragms1 between which the chips from one cord of wood are confined4 ,a solution of caustic soda1 at #ab ,b41 is introduced with the chips1 and fires are started in a furnace underneath4 ,at other works the boilers are heated by steam circulating through a jacket which covers the bottom and sides of the boiler4 ,the boiling is continued for about six hours1 when the digestion is complete1 and the contents of the boilers are emptied with violence1 under the pressure of at least #fe lbs4 of steam1 which had been maintained inside4 ,a large slide valve is attached to the side of each boiler for this purpose close to the perforated diaphragm1 and connected by a capacious pipe with a sheet-iron cylinder of about #ab feet diameter and #aj feet high1 which receives the contents--pulp1 liquor1 and steam4 ,the object of these large chambers--one of which serves for two boilers--is to break the force of the discharging mass4 ,the steam passes through a pipe on the top of each1 and from thence through a water reservoir1 while the liquid containing the pulp flows through a side opening and short pipe into movable boxes1 or drainers1 mounted on wheels1 and each capable of holding the contents of one boiler2 these boxes are pushed along a tramway up to the collecting chambers1 where the pulp is received4 ,in a building #acb feet long and #ge feet wide1 ten digesting boilers are arranged in one straight line1 and parallel with the boilers runs the main line of rails1 side tracks extending from it to each of the chambers1 and a turn-table is supplied at every junction4 ,by this arrangement the drainer waggons can be pushed from the side tracks on to the main line1 which leads to the washing-engines in an adjoining room4 ,a system of drainage is established below the tramways1 by which all the liquid which drains from the waggons is carried away and collected for treatment by evaporation2 these carriers remain on the side tracks until the pulp is ready for the washing-engine4 ,when the greater portion of the liquor has drained off1 warm water is sprinkled over the pulp from a hose for the purpose of extracting all the liquid which is sufficiently concentrated to repay the cost of evaporation--the most advantageous method of recovering the soda4 ,the contents of the waggons--from the same number of boilers--are then placed in two washing-engines1 each capable of holding #a1jjj lbs4 of pulp4 ,after being sufficiently worked in these engines the pulp is transferred to two stuff-chests1 and from thence conveyed by pumps to two wet-machines4 ,the screens 7strainers7 of the wet-machines retain all impurities derived from knots1 bark1 and other sources1 and the pulp1 or half-stuff1 obtained is perfectly clean and of a light grey colour4 ,the pulp is bleached with solution of bleaching powder like rags1 then emptied into drainers and allowed to remain therein with the liquid for twenty-four to forty-eight hours1 or long enough to render the use of vitriol in the bleaching unnecessary4 ,the portion of the white pulp which is to be worked up into paper in the adjoining mill is taken from the drainers into boxes running on tramways in the moist state1 but all the pulp which has to be shipped to a distance is made into rolls on a large cylinder paper-machine with many dryers4 ,the object being merely to dry the pulp1 a very heavy web can be obtained1 since the water leaves this pulp very freely4 ,the wood pulp thus obtained is perfectly clean1 of a soft1 white spongy fibre1 and a greater portion of it is mixed with a small proportion of rag pulp and worked into book and fine printing papers4 ,sometimes the wood pulp is used alone or mixed with white paper shavings for book paper4 ,the fibres are rather deficient in strength1 but as a material for blotting paper they are said to be unsurpassed1 while the wood paper is much liked by printers4 ,the wood from poplar1 which is generally preferred1 furnishes a very white fibre1 and is easily digested1 but since the fibres are short it is sometimes found advantageous to mix them with longer fibres1 as those of the spruce or pine1 although the latter wood requires a much more severe treatment in boiling with alkali than the former4 ,in reference to this process the following remarks appeared in ,the ,chemist1#af #ahee3--,the process occupies only a few hours2 in fact1 a piece of wood may be converted into paper and printed upon within twenty-four hours4 ,an interesting verification of this was published a few years since in an ,american paper1 the ,southern ,trade ,gazette1 of ,kentucky1 which runs as follows3--,at a wood-pulp mill at ,augusta1 ,ga41 a tree was cut down in the forest at six o'clock ,a4,m41 was made into pulp1 and then into paper1 at six o'clock in the evening1 and distributed amongst the people as a newspaper by six o'clock the next morning4 ,from a tree to a newspaper1 being read by thousands1 in the brief round of twenty-four hours6 ,the wood-paper process referred to has given rise to many subsequent modifications1 some of which we will briefly describe4 ,sinclair's ,process4--,the wood is first cut into pieces about #a inch broad1 th inch thick1 and from #b to #c inches long4 ,it is then placed in a boiler and a solution of caustic soda1 in the proportions of #fjj gallons to #aj cwts4 of dry wood1 is poured over it4 ,the boiler having been securely closed1 the heat is raised till a pressure of #ahj to #bjj lbs4 on the square inch is obtained1 when the fire is withdrawn and the boiler allowed to cool1 after which the ley is blown off1 the top door removed1 and the contents scalded4 ,the discharge door is now opened and the pulp transferred to a poaching-engine to be washed with pure water1 when the resin1 c41 are easily removed and the clean fibres obtained1 which1 it is said1 are longer and firmer than those obtained by other methods4 ,keegan's ,process4--,by this method soft deal or pine is sawn up into pieces from #f to #ab inches long and inch thick1 it being preferable that all the pieces should be of an equal size1 but the smaller they are the more rapid1 of course1 will be the operation4 ,the pieces of timber are placed in a cylindrical boiler1 turning upon a horizontal axis while the digestion is progressing4 ,in a second boiler is prepared a solution of caustic soda of about #bj ,b4 7specific gravity #aafa71 which is introduced through a pipe into the first boiler1 this being afterwards hermetically closed1 and the soda is forced into the pores of the wood by means of a pump4 ,when the wood is not more than half an inch in thickness a pressure of #ej lbs4 on the square inch is sufficient1 and the injection of the caustic soda solution is completed in half an hour4 ,the superabundant liquor is pumped back into the second boiler for the next operation4 ,the excess of liquor having been removed from the wood as stated1 steam is introduced between the double sides of the first boiler1 and the temperature of the wood raised from #aej to #aij ,c4 7#ccd to #dch ,f474 ,the wood is next washed in the usual way until the liquor runs off perfectly limpid1 and the half-stuff thus produced may be converted into pulp either before or after bleaching1 according to the quality and colour of the paper to be produced4 ,american ,wood-,pulp ,system4--,another method of carrying out the wood-pulp process has recently been described by ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,congdon1 ,ph4,b41#ag from which we extract the following3--,poplar1 pine1 spruce1 and occasionally birch1 are used in the manufacture of chemical fibre4 ,pine and spruce give a longer and tougher fibre than poplar and birch1 but are somewhat harder to treat1 requiring more soda and bleach4 ,sticks of poplar1 freed from bark1 and cleansed from incrusting matter and dirt1 are reduced to chips by a special machine having a heavy iron revolving disc set with knives1 and are then blown by means of a ,sturtevant blower into large stove chambers after passing over a set of sieves having #a-;inch for the coarse and #a-;inch mesh for the fine sieves1 from whence they pass to the digesters1 which are upright boilers #g by #bg feet1 with a manhole at the top for charging the chips and liquor1 and a blow-valve at the bottom for the exit of the boiled wood4 ,a steam-pipe enters at the bottom1 beneath a perforated diaphragm1 and keeps the liquor in perfect circulation during the boiling of the wood by means of a steam-ejector of special construction4 ,boiling4--,the average charge of wood for each digester is #dcc cords1#ah giving an average yield of #d1adj lbs4 of finished fibre per digester4 ,a charge of #c1djj gallons of caustic soda solution of #aa ,b4 is given to each digester charged with chips1 and the manhead is then placed in position and steam turned on4 ,charging the digester occupies from thirty to forty-five minutes1 and steam is introduced until the gauge indicates a pressure of #aaj lbs41 which occupies about three hours4 ,this pressure is kept up for seven hours1 when it is reduced by allowing the steam to escape into a large iron tank which acts as a separating chamber for the spent liquor it carries1 the steam entering in at one end and passing out at the other through a large pipe1 the liquor remaining in the tank4 ,the steam is allowed to escape until the pressure is reduced to #de lbs41 when the digester is blown4 ,the blow-cap being removed1 the blow-valve is raised and the contents of the digester are discharged into a pan of iron covered with a suitable hood4 ,the contents strike against a dash-plate placed midway in the pan1 which thoroughly separates the fibres of the wood4 ,the time occupied in the foregoing operations is from eleven to eleven and a half hours4 ,it takes from nine to ten hours to free the pans from alkali1 when they are removed to washing-tanks with perforated metal bottoms1 where the material receives a final washing before being bleached4 ,washing4--,each of the three digesters has a pan into which its contents are discharged1 and there are also four iron tanks used for holding the liquors of various strengths obtained from the cleansing of the pulp and a fifth tank is kept as the separating-tank before mentioned4 ,when the digester is blown1 the pulp is levelled down with a shovel1 and the liquor from the separating-tank is allowed to flow into it4 ,the contents of the next strongest pan are pumped upon it1 while at the same time the strongest store tank flows into this pan4 ,this flowing from the tank to the pan1 pumping from here to the pan just blown1 and from there to the evaporators1 is kept up until the liquor is not weaker than #f ,b4 hot 7#acj ,f474 ,the second pan is now down to #d ,b4 hot1 and the process of pumping back is commenced4 ,the two weakest tanks are put upon this pan and pumped out of the bottom of it into the two tanks in which are kept the strongest liquors4 ,the two weak tanks have been filled in the process of completing the cleansing of the third pan 7the weakest7 on which water was pumped until the last weak tank stood at only ,b4 ,this pan1 now cleaned1 is hosed and pumped over to the washing tanks4 ,a fresh blow is now made in this pan1 and the same treatment kept up as with the first pan4 ,the foregoing system is thus illustrated by ,mr4 ,congdon3-- ,pan ,a4--,just blown4 ,b4--,partly cleaned4 ,c4--,almost cleaned4 ,tank #a4--c ,b4 hot4 #b4--b #c4--a #d4-- ,separating tank1 strong4 ,a is levelled down2 contents of separating-tank allowed to flow upon it2 ,b is pumped on to ,a2 at the same time liquor from the two strong store tanks is put on it 7,b71 and this continued to be sent from ,a to the evaporator until it is now weaker than #d ,b4 hot2 the process of pumping back is then commenced4 ,the two weakest are allowed in succession to flow on to it1 and the liquor purified from the bottom of ,b into the two strong tanks1 filling ,no4 #a1 the stronger1 before ,no4 #b4 ,the weakest are filled in the process of completing the cleansing of ,c1 on which water is pumped until the last tank from it tests only ,b4 ,c is now hosed and pumped over to the washing tanks4 ,a fresh digester is blown in ,c1 and the process repeated as with ,a4 ,the above system has been modified by having an extra pan into which the liquor from the last pan blown 7after sending to the evaporators until down to #f hot1 and bringing down to #d hot1 by the stored liquor7 is pumped4 ,when the strength is reduced to #d the pumping is stopped4 ,the liquor from this pan is put in the next pan blown1 after the liquor from the separating-tank has been put upon it1 whereby an economy in time is effected4 ,the pulp1 after being partially cleaned in the pans1 still contains an appreciable quantity of soda4 ,it is hosed over to the washing-tanks and receives a final washing with hot water4 ,when the pulp is thoroughly free from alkali1 and the water flowing from under the tank is colourless1 the contents are hosed down by hot water into the bleaching-tanks4 ,the superfluous water is removed by revolving washers1 and about #a1jjj gallons of a solution of chloride of lime at #d ,b4 are then introduced1 and the contents agitated as usual4 ,the bleaching occupies about six or seven hours1 when the pulp is pumped into draining tanks1 where it is left to drain down hard1 the spent bleach flowing away4 ,the stock is then hosed and pumped into a washing-tank1 where it acquires the proper consistency for the machine4 ,from here it is pumped into the stuff chest1 whence it goes over a set of screens and on to the machine1 from which the finished fibre is run off on spindles4 ,the rolls are made of a convenient size to handle1 averaging about #ajj lbs4 each4 ,the fibre is dried on the machine by passing over a series of iron cylinders heated by steam4 ,the finished product is a heavy white sheet1 somewhat resembling blotting paper4 ,the whole of the foregoing operations are stated to occupy forty-five hours4 ,aussedat's ,process4--,by this method the wood is disintegrated by the action of jets of vapour4 ,in one end of a cylindrical high-pressure boiler1 about #d feet in diameter and #aj feet high1 is fixed a false bottom1 whereby the wood placed upon it may be removed from the liquor resulting from steam condensed in the chamber1 the whole being mounted on lateral bearings which serve for the introduction of the vapour1 and the wood is fed through a manhole at the upper end of the boiler4 ,taps are fixed at the upper and lower ends for the liquid and uncondensed vapour4 ,the wood having been placed in the boiler1 the jet is gradually turned on in such a way that at the end of three or four hours the temperature becomes about #aej ,c41 the pressure being about five atmospheres1 which point is maintained for an hour4 ,as the slightest contact between the wood and the condensed water would at once discolour the former1 it is essential that the liquid be removed from time to time by one of the outlets provided for the purpose4 ,the treatment above described is said to be suitable for all kinds of wood1 and although it is the usual practice to introduce it in logs about a yard long1 any waste wood1 as chips1 shavings1 etc41 may be used4 ,it is preferable1 though not necessary1 to remove the bark1 but all rotten wood may be left1 as it becomes removed in the condensed water4 ,the logs1 after the above treatment1 by which the fibre is disintegrated and the sap and all matters of a gummy or resinous nature are removed1 are afterwards cut up by any suitable means into discs of about an inch1 according to the nature of the fibre required4 ,these are then introduced into a breaker1 in which they become converted into half-stuff1 which1 after being mixed with a suitable quantity of water is passed through mills provided with conical stones1 in which it becomes reduced to whole-stuff4 ,the pulp thus prepared is principally used in the manufacture of the best kinds of cardboard1 but more particularly such as is used by artists1 since its light brownish shade is said to improve the tone of the colours4 ,bourdillat says that in the above process the vapour has a chemical as well as a mechanical action1 for in addition to the vapour traversing the cellular tissues of the wood and dissolving a considerable portion of the cell-constituents1 acetic acid is liberated by the heat1 which assists the vapour in its action on the internal substance of the wood4 ,acid ,treatment of ,wood4--,a series of processes have been introduced from time to time1 the object of which is to effect the disintegration of wood fibre by the action of acids4 ,the first of these acid processes was devised by ,tilghmann in #ahff1 in which he employed a solution of sulphurous acid2 the process does not appear to have been successful1 however1 and was subsequently abandoned1 the same inventor having found that certain acid sulphites could be used more advantageously4 ,other processes have since been introduced1 in which wood is treated in a direct way by the action of strong oxidising acids1 as nitric and nitro-hydrochloric acids1 by which the intercellular matters of the wood become dissolved and the cellulose left in a fibrous condition4 ,pictet and ,brlaz's ,process4--,by this process wood is subjected to the action of a vacuum1 and also to that of a supersaturated solution of sulphurous acid at a temperature not exceeding #bab ,f4 ,in carrying out the process a solution of sulphurous acid is used1 consisting of1 say from to lb4 avoirdupois of sulphurous acid to each quart of water1 and employed under a pressure of from three to six atmospheres at #bab ,f4 ,under these conditions the cementing substances of the wood retain their chemical character without a trace of decomposition of a nature to show carbonisation1 while the liquor completely permeates the wood and dissolves out all the cementing constituents that envelop the fibres4 ,in carrying out the process practically1 the wood is first cut into small pieces as usual and charged into a digester of such strength as will resist the necessary pressure1 the interior of which must be lined with lead4 ,water is then admitted into the vessel and afterwards sulphurous acid1 from a suitable receiver in which it is stored in a liquid form until the proportion of acid has reached that before named1 that is1 from #ajj to #aej quarts of the acid to #a1jjj quarts of water4 ,the volume of the bath will be determined by the absorbing capacity of the wood1 and is preferably so regulated as not to materially exceed that capacity4 ,in practice it is preferable to form a partial vacuum in the digester1 by which the pores of the wood are opened1 when it will be in a condition to more readily absorb the solution and thereby accelerate the process of disintegration4 ,when disintegration is effected1 which generally occurs in from twelve to twenty-four hours1 according to the nature of the wood under treatment1 the liquor1 which is usually not quite spent in one operation1 is transferred to another digester1 a sufficient quantity of water and acid being added to complete the charge4 ,in order to remove the liquor absorbed by the wood1 the latter is compressed1 the digester being connected with a gas-receiver1 into which the free gas escapes and in which it is collected for use again in subsequent operations4 ,the bath is heated and kept at a temperature of from #agg to #aid ,f4 by means of a coil in the digester supplied with steam from a suitable generator4 ,the wood1 after disintegration1 undergoes the usual treatment to convert it into paper pulp1 and may thus be readily bleached by means of chloride of lime4 ,the unaltered by-products contained in the bath may be recovered and treated for use in the arts by well-known methods4 ,barre and ,blondel's ,process consists in digesting the wood for twenty-four hours in #ej per cent4 nitric acid1 used cold1 by which it is converted into a soft fibrous mass4 ,this is next boiled for some hours in water and afterwards in a solution of carbonate of soda2 it is then bleached in the usual way4 ,poncharac's ,process4--,in this process cold nitro-hydrochloric acid 7aqua regia7 is employed for disintegrating wood in the proportions of #id parts of the latter to #f parts of nitric acid1 the mixture being made in earthen vessels capable of holding #age gallons4 ,the wood is allowed to soak in the acid mixture for six to twelve hours4 #acb lbs4 of aqua regia are required for #bbj lbs4 of wood4 ,when it is desired to operate with a hot liquid1 #f parts of hydrochloric acid1 #d parts of nitric acid1 and #bdj parts of water are used in granite tubs provided with a double bottom1 and it is heated by steam for twelve hours and then washed and crushed4 ,young and ,pettigrew's ,process4--,these inventors use either nitric or nitrous acids1 and the acid fumes which are liberated are condensed and reconverted into nitric acid4 ,fridet and ,matussire's ,process4--,this process1 which was patented in ,france in #ahfe1 consists in treating wood with nitro-hydrochloric acid1 for which purpose a mixture of #e to #dj per cent4 of nitric acid and #fj to #ie per cent4 of hydrochloric acid is used1 which destroys all the ligneous or intercellular matter without attacking the cellulose4 ,after the wood 7or straw7 has been steeped in the acid mixture1 the superfluity is drawn off1 and the remaining solid portion is ground under vertically revolving millstones4 ,the brownish-coloured pulp thus obtained is afterwards washed and bleached in the usual way4 ,it is quite true that cellulose can be obtained from wood and other vegetable substances by treatment with nitric acid alone1 or with a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids1 but it will be readily seen that the employment of such large quantities of these acids as would be required to effect the object in view on a practical scale1 would be fraught with incalculable difficulties1 amongst which may be mentioned the insuperable difficulty of obtaining vessels that would resist the powerful corrosive action of the acids4 ,moreover1 since nitric acid forms with cellulose an explosive substance 7xyloidin7 of the gun cotton series1 the risk involved in the drying of the cellulose obtained would be quite sufficient to forbid the use of processes of this nature4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,wood 7continued74 ,sulphite ,processes4--,francke's ,process4--,ekman's ,process4--,dr4 ,mitscherlich's ,process4--,ritter and ,kellner's ,boiler4--,partington's ,process4--,blitz's ,process4--,mc,dougall's ,boiler for ,acid ,processes4--,graham's ,process4--,objections to the ,acid or ,sulphite ,processes4--,sulphite ,fibre and ,resin4--,adamson's ,process4--,sulphide ,processes4--,mechanical ,processes4--,voelter's ,process4--,thune's ,process4 ,sulphite ,processes4--,an important and successful method of treating wood has been found in employing sulphurous acid1 combined in certain proportions with soda1 lime1 or magnesia1 whereby a bisulphite of the alkaline or earthy base is obtained4 ,one of the principal attributes of these agents is that in boiling wood at high pressures oxidation and consequent browning of the fibres is prevented4 ,of these sulphite1 or more properly bisulphite1 processes1 several of those referred to below have been very extensively adopted1 and vast quantities of so-called sulphite pulp are imported into this country from ,norway1 ,germany1 ,scandinavia1 c41 the product from the latter source being considered specially suited for the ,english market4 ,some of these processes are also being worked in this country1 but more particularly those of ,partington1 ,mc,dougall1 and ,ekman4 ,francke's ,process4--,in this process1 which is known as the bisulphite process1 the active agent employed for the disintegration of wood is an acid sulphite of an alkaline or earthy base1 as soda or potassa1 lime1 c41 but it is scarcely necessary to say that the process has since been modified by others4 ,the invention is applicable to the treatment of wood1 esparto1 straw1 etc41 and may be thus briefly described3--,a solvent is first prepared1 which is an acid sulphite of an alkali or earth1 that is1 a solution of such sulphite with an excess of sulphurous acid4 ,as the cheapest and most accessible base the inventor prefers lime4 ,it has long been known that a solution of sulphite of lime1 combined with free sulphurous acid1 would1 at a high temperature1 dissolve the intercellular portions of vegetable fibres1 leaving the fibres in a suitable condition for paper manufacture2 but ,mr4 ,francke claims to have determined the conditions under which this can be effected with rapidity1 and in such a way as to preserve the strength of the fibres1 and to have obtained a practical method of preparing pulp by his process4 ,for his purpose he employs a moderately strong solution of the solvent at a high temperature1 with gentle but constant agitation4 ,the acid sulphite is produced by this process at small cost and at a temperature nearly high enough for use in the following way3--,a tower or column is charged with fragments of limestone1 which are kept wetted with a shower of water2 fumes of sulphurous acid1 produced by burning sulphur1 or by roasting pyrites1 etc41 are then passed through the tower4 ,the liquid which collects at the bottom of the tower is the desired solvent1 which should have a strength of #d to #e ,b4 ,it is not essential that the limestone should be pure1 as magnesian limestone1 etc41 will answer equally well4 ,the soluble alkalies1 as soda and potassa1 may also be used when their greater cost is not an objection4 ,but for these alkalies the treatment is modified1 as follows3--,the tower is charged with inert porous material1 such as coke1 bricks1 etc41 and these are kept wetted by a shower of caustic alkali at #a to #b ,b41 while the sulphurous acid fumes are passed through the tower4 ,in like manner carbonate of soda or potassa may be used1 but in this case the solution showered on the porous material should be stronger than that of the caustic alkali1 so that it may contain approximately the same amount of real alkali4 ,whichever alkaline base be employed1 the liquid collected at the bottom of the tower should have a strength of #d to #e ,b42 this being the acid sulphite of the base is used as the solvent employed for the manufacture of pulp4 ,when wood is to be treated1 it is freed as much as possible from resinous knots by boring and cutting them out1 and is then cut--by preference obliquely--into chips of a to of an inch thick4 ,esparto1 straw1 and analogous fibres are cut into fragments4 ,the fibrous material and solvent are charged into a digester heated by steam at a pressure of four or five atmospheres1 and consequently capable of raising the temperature of the contents to about #cjj ,f4 ,as agitation greatly promotes the pulping of the materials1 ,mr4 ,francke employs a revolving cylindrical boiler1 which is allowed to revolve while the charge is under treatment4 ,ekman's ,process4--,in this process1 which in some respects bears a resemblance to the preceding1 native carbonate of magnesia 7magnesite7 is first calcined to convert it into magnesia2 it is then placed in towers lined with lead1 and sulphurous acid gas1 obtained by the burning of sulphur in suitable furnaces1 is passed through the mass1 a stream of water being allowed to trickle down from the top of the towers4 ,the supply of gas is so regulated that a continual formation of a solution of bisulphite of magnesium1 of an uniform strength1 is obtained2 great care1 however1 is necessary to avoid excess and consequent loss of sulphurous acid by its conversion into sulphuric acid4 ,in boiling1 the fragments of wood1 previously crushed by heavy rollers1 are placed in a jacketed1 lead-lined1 cylindrical boiler1 suspended on trunnions1 so that it can be inverted to remove the charge4 ,the pressure in the outer jacket is #gj lbs4 per square inch1 and that within the boiler is #ij lbs4 per square inch4 ,the boiling occupies twelve hours4 ,this process has been extensively worked by the ,bergvik and ,ala ,company1 of ,sweden1 for many years with great success1 and we understand that the company has been turned over to an ,english company--the ,bergvik ,company1 ,limited4 ,the ,ilford ,mill and ,northfleet ,works have been largely supplied with sulphite pulp from the ,swedish works4 ,one great drawback to the bisulphite processes is that the boiling cannot be effected in iron boilers unless these be lined with some material which will protect the iron from the destructive action of the bisulphite1 which1 being an acid salt1 would exert more action upon the iron than upon the fibre itself1 and the solution of iron thus formed would inevitably prove injurious to the colour of the fibre4 ,in several of the systems adopted iron boilers lined with lead have been used1 but the heavy cost of this material and its liability to expand unequally with the iron1 especially at the high temperatures which the solvent necessarily attains under pressure1 causes the lead to separate from the iron1 while it is apt to bulge out in places1 and thus becomes liable to crack and allow the acid liquor to find its way to the interior of the iron boiler which it was destined to protect4 ,to overcome this objection to the simple lead lining1 ,dr4 ,mitscherlich patented a process which has been extensively adopted in ,germany1 and is now being carried out by several companies in different parts of ,america4 ,this process is briefly described below4 ,dr4 ,mitscherlich's ,process4--,the digester employed in this process is lined with thin sheet lead1 which is cemented to the inner surface of the boiler by a cement composed of common tar and pitch1 and the lead lining is then faced with glazed porcelain bricks4 ,in this process a weaker bisulphite of lime is used than in ,francke's1 and the time of boiling is consequently considerably prolonged4 ,ritter and ,kellner have proposed to unite the inner surface of the boiler to its lead lining by interposing a soft metal alloy1 fusible at a temperature lower than that of either metal1 and it is claimed that the iron and lead are thus securely united1 while the alloy being fusible under the normal working temperature of the digester1 the lead lining can slide freely on a boiler shell4 ,partington's ,process4--,this process1 which has been for some time at work at ,barrow1 and for the further development of which a private company1 entitled the ,hull ,chemical ,wood ,pulp ,company1 ,limited1 has been formed1 consists in the employment of sulphite of lime as the disintegrating agent4 ,the process consists in passing gaseous sulphurous acid--formed by burning sulphur in a retort1 into which is forced a current of air at a pressure of #e lbs4 to the square inch--through a series of three vessels1 connected by pipes1 the vessels being charged with milk of lime4 ,the first two of these vessels are closed air-tight1 and the gas is then introduced1 while the third vessel remains open2 from this latter a continuous stream of nitrogen escapes1 due to the removal of the oxygen by the burning sulphur from the air passed into the retort4 ,this process is said to be a very economical one1 so far as relates to the cost of materials used4 ,blitz's ,process4--,this process consists of employing a mixture composed of bisulphite of soda #b parts1 caustic soda #a part2 and vanadate of ammonia #a gramme1 in hydrochloric acid #d grammes to every #f kilogrammes of the bisulphite4 ,the wood1 after being cut up in the ordinary way1 is submitted to the action of the above mixture1 under a pressure of three or four atmospheres1 for from four to eight hours1 and the pulp is then ground2 it is said to possess some of the qualities of rag pulp and to look much like it4 ,mc,dougall's ,boiler for ,acid ,processes4--,this invention is intended to obviate the difficulties which arise in using lead-lined boilers1 owing to the unequal expansion and contraction of the lead and the iron on their being alternately heated by steam and cooled1 on the discharge of each successive batch of pulp4 ,this invention consists in constructing the boilers with an intermediate packing of felt1 or other compressible and elastic material1 so that when the interior leaden vessel is heated1 and thereby enlarged and pressed outwards by the steam1 the compressible and elastic packing yields to the pressure and expansion4 ,also in the cooling of the vessels the packing responds to the contraction1 and approximates to its original bulk and pressure between the two vessels1 and so prevents the rupture or tearing of the lead and consequent leakage and other inconveniences4 ,another part of this invention consists in the construction of the outer iron or steel vessel in flanged sections1 which are fitted to incase the interior leaden vessel with a space between the two vessels1 into which the compressible and elastic materials are packed4 ,in the construction of these vessels the iron or steel flanged sections are placed on to the leaden vessel and packed with the compressible and elastic lining in succession4 ,as each section is packed it is screwed close up to the adjoining section by the screw bolts1 fitted into corresponding holes in the flanges of the contiguous section until completed4 ,this method of construction secures economy by the retention of the heat1 which is effected by the packing between the two vessels4 ,the materials used for the packing are caoutchouc1 felt1 flocks1 asbestos1 etc41 and a space of about two inches between the vessels is preferred1 into which the packing is filled4 ,graham's ,process4--,this process consists in boiling fibrous substances in a solution of sulphurous acid1 or a sulphite or bisulphite of soda1 potash1 magnesia1 or lime1 or other suitable base and water4 ,the boiling is preferable conducted in a closed boiler1 lined with lead1 to protect it from the action of the chemical substances used1 and is fitted with a valve which can be opened to allow the gases and volatile hydrocarbons contained in and around the fibres to escape4 ,the method of carrying out the process has been thus described3--,in carrying out the process there is a constant loss of sulphurous acid gas going on1 and consequently a continual weakening of the solution employed1 to avoid which it is preferable to employ monosulphite of potash1 soda1 magnesia1 lime1 or other suitable base1 and water4 ,either of these substances1 or a suitable combination of them1 and water are placed in the boiler with the fibrous substances to be treated1 and the temperature raised to the boiling point4 ,after the hydrocarbons1 air1 and gases natural to the fibrous substances have been driven out by the heat and allowed to escape1 sulphurous acid1 in its gaseous or liquid state1 or in combination with either of the bases referred to1 is pumped or injected into the boiler4 ,there is thus forming in the closed boiler a solution containing an excess of sulphurous acid above that required to form1 in combination with the base1 a monosulphite4 ,the operation of injecting sulphurous acids1 or the sulphites1 may be repeated from time to time during the boiling1 so as to fully maintain1 and if necessary increase1 the strength and efficiency of the chemical solution4 ,it is said that by this process a saving of the chemicals employed is effected1 as little or no sulphurous acid gas is lost during the time the gaseous hydrocarbons1 air1 and other gaseous matters are being expelled from the fibrous materials4 ,if an open vessel is used instead of a closed boiler1 it will be necessary to keep the solution at a fairly uniform strength1 and if necessary to increase the strength1 but the result will be substantially the same2 but as it is evident that1 when using an open boiler1 the excess of sulphurous acid supplied during the boiling will be constantly driven off as gas1 it must be replaced by further injections1 while the acid fumes may be conveyed away and condensed1 so as to be available for further use4 ,when the fibrous substances are boiled as above1 with the addition of potash1 soda1 etc41 during the boiling1 the result will be equally beneficial4 ,the inventor prefers to inject the sulphurous acid or its combinations into the boiler at the bottom1 and to cause it to come in contact with the solution therein before reaching the fibrous materials4 ,for this purpose there is formed a kind of chamber beneath the boiler1 but separated from it by a perforated disc or diaphragm of lead or other suitable material not acted upon by the solution1 so as to allow the latter to fill the chamber1 to which is connected a pipe1 through which the sulphurous acid or solutions of the sulphites is forced by any suitable apparatus4 ,objections to the ,acid or ,bisulphite ,processes4--,while the various methods of boiling wood in caustic soda at high temperatures are well known to be open to serious objections1 the acid treatment of wood also presents many disadvantages1 which it is to be hoped may be yet overcome4 ,in reference to this1 ,davis makes the following observations3--,in the acid treatment of wood for the purpose of converting the fibres into pulp for use in paper manufacture1 the general practice has been to use alkaline solutions of soda1 combined in various proportions with certain acids1 such1 for instance1 as sulphurous acid1 hydrochloric acid1 etc4 ,these solutions have been heated in digesting vessels1 and the high temperature resulting from this process of heating developing a pressure of from six to seven atmospheres1 the wood being disintegrated by the action of the boiling solutions1 the gum1 resinous constituents1 and other incrustating or cementing substances that bind the fibres together are decomposed1 destroyed1 or dissolved1 while pure cellulose1 which constitutes the essential element of the ligneous fibres1 is separated therefrom4 ,to this end high temperatures had to be employed1 otherwise the disintegration was found to be only partial1 the wood remaining in a condition unfit for further treatment4 ,the high temperature not unfrequently converts a large proportion of the resinous and gummy constituents of the wood into tar and pitch--that is to say1 carbonaceous bodies that penetrate into the fibre and render its bleaching difficult1 laborious1 and costly1 while the frequent washing and lixiviation necessary to bleach such products seriously affect the strength of the fibre and its whiteness1 and also materially reduce the percentage of the product1 in some instances to the extent of #ah per cent4 ,these difficulties and detrimental results materially enhance the cost of production1 while the fibre itself suffers considerably in strength from the repeated action of the chloride of lime4444 ,the difficulties are chiefly due to the carbonisation of certain constituent parts of the fibres under temperatures exceeding #bab ,f41 such carbonised matters being insoluble and incapable of being bleached1 and as they permeate the fibre1 cannot be entirely removed4 ,to overcome these difficulties1 the wood should be chemically treated at a temperature sufficiently low to ensure that the decomposition of the connecting substances of the fibres will remain chemically combined with the other elements1 such as hydrogen1 oxygen1 and nitrogen1 in order to obtain an increased product of superior quality and render the process more economical4 ,sulphite ,fibre and ,resin4--,a ,german manufacturer sent the following communication to the ,papier ,zeitung1 which may be interesting to the users of sulphite pulp3--,in making disintegrating cellulose by the soda or sulphite process1 the object in boiling is to loosen the incrusting particles in the wood1 resin included1 and to liberate the fibres4 ,the resin is dissolved both in the soda and sulphite processes1 but in the former it is at the same time saponified1 and is consequently very easily washed out4 ,in the case of sulphite fibre1 however1 the resin attaches itself by its own adhesiveness to the fibres1 but can also be removed by as hot washing as possible1 and adding a little hydrochloric acid1 which produces a very great effect4 ,at the same time1 however1 sulphite fibre loses in whiteness by thorough washing1 and assumes a reddish-grey shade4 ,as the paper manufacturer insists upon white fibre1 the manufacturer of sulphite fibre not only often omits washing1 but adds some sulphite solution 7bisulphite of lime74 ,this not only enables him to give his customers white fibre1 but he also sells a quantity of the incrusting particles and sulphite residuum as cellulose4 ,so long as the manufacturer looks more to white than to well-washed cellulose1 or does not wash it well before working up the fibre1 these annoyances cannot be avoided4 ,not only this1 but other disadvantages will be added in the course of time1 as the action of the sulphurous acid in the pulp will have very injurious consequences on metals--and on the fibre itself8 especially iron--coming in contact with it4 ,this should be the more avoided1 as the whiteness of the unwashed cellulose is of very short duration4 ,the paper made from it soon turns yellow and becomes brittle4 ,well-washed sulphite fibre1 on the other hand--provided no mistakes have been made in the boiling process--makes a strong1 grippy paper1 which can withstand both air and sunlight4 ,i have made no special studies as to resin1 but believe that pine and fir act differently1 especially with solvents4 ,adamson's ,process4--,mr4 ,w4 ,adamson1 of ,philadelphia1 obtained a patent in #ahga for the use of hydrocarbons in the treatment of wood4 ,his process consisted in treating the wood with benzine in closed vessels1 under a pressure of #e to #aj lbs41 according to the nature of the wood4 ,his digester consisted of an upright cylinder1 in which the wood-shavings were placed between two perforated diaphragms4 ,the mass was heated beneath the lower diaphragm by a coil through which steam was passed4 ,the vapours which were given off were allowed to escape through a pipe on the top of the digester1 to which was connected a coil immersed in a vessel of cold water1 and the condensed liquid then returned to the lower part of the digester4 ,the remaining portion of the benzine in the digester1 which was still liquid but saturated with the extracted matters1 was drawn off through a faucet at the bottom4 ,benzine being a very cheap article in ,america1 a similar process was recommended in another patent by the same author for extraction of pitch and tar from rags tarpaulin1 ropes1 c481 and for removing oil from rags and cotton waste4 ,sulphide ,processes4--,many attempts were made about thirty years ago1 and in subsequent years1 to employ the soluble sulphides as a substitute for caustic soda in boiling wood and other fibres1 but these processes do not appear to have been very successful4 ,later improvements in the construction of boilers or digesters1 however1 seem to have induced further experiments in this direction1 and we understand that several sulphide processes are being worked on the ,continent1 the processes of ,,mm4 ,dahl and ,blitz being amongst them4 ,one of the supposed advantages of these sulphides over caustic soda is that by evaporation and calcination of the liquors1 or leys1 by which the organic matters become destroyed1 the original product would be recovered1 which merely requires to be dissolved out for further use4 ,there are1 however1 several important objections to the use of sulphides in this way1 amongst which may be mentioned the deleterious vapours which they emit2 and this alone would doubtless prevent their employment--at all events in this country4 ,,ii4 ,mechanical ,processes4--,besides the various chemical methods of separating cellulose from woody fibres1 before described1 certain processes have been devised for reducing wood to the condition of pulp directly by mechanical means without the aid of any chemical substance whatsoever4 ,in this direction ,heinrich ,voelter1 of ,wurtemburg1 appears to have been the first to introduce a really practical process for the conversion of wood into pulp for paper-making1 although1 as far back as #agef1 ,dr4 ,schaeffer1 of ,bavaria1 proposed to make paper from sawdust and shavings mechanically formed into pulp3 the process was not successful1 however1 with the machinery then at his command4 ,voelter's ,process for ,preparing ,mechanical ,wood ,pulp4--,in #ahfj-fe and #ahgc ,voelter obtained patents in this country for his methods of treating wood mechanically1 and the process may be thus briefly described3--,blocks of wood1 after the knots have been cut out by suitable tools1 are pressed against a revolving grindstone1 which reduces the material to a more or less fine condition1 but not in a powdery form1 and the disintegrated fibre is caused to press against a wire screen1 which allows the finer particles to pass through1 retaining the coarser particles for further treatment4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag;,a4--,voelter's ,wood-pulping ,machine4 ,to face page #gh4 ,the apparatus employed1 which is shown in ,fig4 #ag;,a1 consists of a pulping apparatus ,a1 with vat ,k1 in which the revolving stone ,s is placed2 the blocks of wood are held against the stone at p p1 and water is introduced at ,g1 and the revolving stone carries the pulp against the screen ,e1 which admits the passage of the finer particles of the wood1 while the coarser particles are led by the trough ,f to the first refining cylinder ,b1 after passing through an oscillating basket1 which retains the coarser particles4 ,from thence it is led through a distributing apparatus and hopper ,c1 to be uniformly supplied to the refining cylinder ,d1 these cylinders being of the ordinary construction1 and1 as usual1 covered with fine gauze wire sieves4 ,the ground material which fails to pass through the sieves is transferred by an elevator to the millstones ,e1 which are of ordinary construction1 and after leaving these unites with the finer fibres which pass through ,e1 the whole now entering a mixing reservoir ,f1 whence it is thrown on to the cylinder ,g1 and the pulp which passes into this is distributed on to a similar cylinder ,h1 the contents of which then passes through the last cylinder ,i1 which is differently constructed to the others1 inasmuch as its lower part is surrounded by an impervious leather jacket1 so that the pulp ascends in order to enter it4 ,the disintegrated fibres that are retained by the wires of the cylinders pass into the refiners1 which consist of a pair of horizontal cylinders of sandstone1 one of which 7the upper one7 only revolves1 and by the action of these the coarser fibres become further reduced1 the finer particles1 as before1 passing through the wire gauze of the cylinders1 the operation being repeated in the same order until the whole of the fibres have passed through the sieves4 ,thune's ,process4--,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,thune1 of ,christiana1 ,u4,s4,a41 has recently patented an apparatus for disintegrating wood1 which consists of a grinding apparatus connected to a turbine4 ,in this arrangement the grindstone1 fixed on a shaft1 is worked by a turbine1 and the wood1 which is used in small blocks1 is pressed against the stone by means of a series of hydraulic presses4 ,the fine pulp is afterwards made into thick sheets by means of a board-machine1 the pulp1 mixed with water1 passing down a shoot into a vat beneath1 in which is a revolving cylinder covered with wire-cloth1 which in its revolution carries with it a certain quantity of pulp in a continuous sheet2 this is taken on to an endless travelling belt by means of a small couch-roll1 and passes on to a pair of rolls1 round the upper one of which the sheet becomes wound1 and is removed when sufficiently thick4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,various ,,fibres4 ,treatment of ,straw4--,bentley and ,jackson's ,boiler4--,boiling the ,straw4--,bertrams' ,edge-runner4--,m4 ,a4 ,c4 ,mellier's ,process4--,manilla1 ,jute1 etc4--,waste ,paper4--,boiling ,waste ,paper4--,ryan's ,process for ,treating ,waste ,paper4 ,treatment of ,straw4--,as a paper-making material1 the employment of straw is of very early date1 a patent for producing paper from straw having been taken out by ,matthias ,koops as far back as #ahja4 ,the material1 however1 was used in its unbleached state1 and formed a very ugly paper4 ,white paper was not obtained from straw until #ahda1 but no really practical method of treating this material was devised until about ten years later1 in ,france1 when ,,mm4 ,coupier and ,mellier introduced a process which1 with subsequent modifications1 has been extensively adopted4 ,a great advance in the manufacture of paper from straw has since been effected by the introduction of various boilers1 specially constructed for boiling the material at high pressures1 and for keeping the alkaline liquors freely circulated amongst the fibre during the progress of the boiling4 ,these boilers are of different forms--being either cylindrical or spherical--and are preferably of the revolving type1 which causes the caustic ley employed in the boiling to become uniformly mixed with the fibre4 ,sometimes the vomiting boilers described elsewhere are used by paper-makers in preference to those referred to4 ,bentley and ,jackson's ,boiler4--,this boiler1 a representation of which is shown in ,fig4 #ah1 is #g feet in diameter1 #ah feet long on the cylindrical surface1 with hemispherical ends of ,martin-,siemens steel plate #g_/af inch thick in the shell1 and inch thick in the ends4 ,it is double riveted in the longitudinal seams1 has two manholes #c #b1 forged out of solid steel plate4 ,inside are two perforated lifting plates or shelves1 each #a foot wide1 inch thick1 the full length of the shell1 and secured to the ends by strong angle-irons2 it is supported on two turned cast-iron trunnions4 ,these boilers are tested by hydraulic pressure to #abj lbs4 per square inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,the varieties of straw generally used for paper-making in this country are wheat and oats1 though rye and barley straws are also used1 but in a lesser degree4 ,the treatment of straw differs greatly at different mills1 some makers using strong liquors and boiling at a lower pressure1 while others prefer to use less caustic soda and boil at a higher pressure4 ,there can be little doubt1 however1 that the high temperatures resulting from boiling at very high steam pressure must deteriorate the fibre considerably1 causing subsequent loss of fibre in the processes of washing and bleaching4 ,boiling the ,straw4--,the straw is first cut into short lengths of one or two inches by means of a chaff-cutter1 or by a machine similar to a rag-cutter1 and the cut material is then driven by an air-blast through a wooden tube into a chamber having coarse wire-gauze sides3 a second chamber surrounds this1 in which the dust from the straw collects as it passes through the wire gauze4 ,the winnowed straw1 freed from dust and dirt1 is then conveyed in sacks to the boilers4 ,in charging the boilers1 a certain quantity of ley is first introduced1 and steam also1 and the cut straw then added1 which soon becomes softened1 and sinks to the bottom of the boiler1 when further quantities of the material are added1 until the full charge has been given4 ,the requisite proportion of ley and water is then run in and the head of the boiler secured in its place4 ,steam is now turned on1 until a pressure of #bj to #dj lbs41 or even more1 has been reached1 when the boiling is kept up for #c to #h hours1 according to the pressure used and the strength of the alkaline liquor1 which varies from #i to #af ,tw4 ,from #aj to #bj lbs4 of caustic soda per cwt4 of straw are generally required to boil the material thoroughly4 ,the boiling being complete1 steam is turned off1 and when the boiler has somewhat cooled1 the material1 which is in the form of a pulp1 is discharged by the pipes beneath into a large tank or strainer1 the bottom of which is fitted with a series of plates having long narrow openings or slits1 through which the liquor drains4 ,the pulp is then washed with water1 and again allowed to drain thoroughly1 after which it is dug out and transferred to the potcher to be again washed and bleached4 ,at some mills the straw is boiled whole and not subjected to any preliminary cutting ,in such cases the boiled straw1 not being so fully pulped as when cut into short lengths1 is emptied from the boiler through the manholes used for charging the material into the boiler4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,bertrams' ,edge-runner4--,for the purpose of crushing the knots of the straw1 and other hard particles derived from weeds1 etc41 a machine termed the koller-gang or edge-runner is sometimes employed4 ,this machine1 which is manufactured by ,bertrams1 ,limited1 and of which an illustration is given in ,fig4 #ai1 consists of two large millstones1 made from hard red granite1 the surfaces of which are sometimes grooved with ,v-shaped equidistant grooves4 ,these stones are worked by a horizontal spindle1 and are caused to revolve very rapidly in an iron basin1 in which the washed pulp is placed1 and by this means the knots and harder portions of the fibre not fully acted upon by the caustic alkali1 become so reduced as to be more readily accessible to the action of the bleach1 and thus a very superior straw pulp is produced4 ,in using this machine in the way indicated1 the washed pulp is mixed in a chest provided with agitators1 with water1 is then pumped into a second chest above it1 from whence it flows into the basin shown in the engraving1 while the stones are revolving4 ,m4 ,a4 ,c4 ,mellier's ,process4--,by this method the straw is first cut into small lengths as usual2 it is then steeped for a few hours in hot water1 and afterwards placed by preference in a jacketed boiler1 the object being to heat the materials without weakening the ley by the direct introduction of steam into the body of the material4 ,the boiler is to be heated to a pressure of #gj lbs4 to the square inch1 or to a temperature of about #caj ,f41 by which means1 it is said1 a considerable saving of alkali is effected1 as also time and fuel1 as compared with the ordinary practice of boiling4 ,the alkaline ley which ,m4 ,mellier prefers to use is from #b to #c ,b41 or of the specific gravity of from #ajac to #ajbj1 and in the proportion of about #gj gallons of such solution to each cwt4 of straw4 ,the boiler should revolve very slowly1 making about #a or #b revolutions per minute4 ,the boiling occupies about #c hours1 at the pressure named1 when the steam is turned off and cold water passed through the jacket of the boiler1 which assists in cooling the pulp1 the water thus used being afterwards employed in washing the pulp4 ,the pulp is then thoroughly washed until the last water runs off quite clear1 when it is next steeped for about an hour in hot water acidulated with sulphuric acid1 in the proportion of about #b per cent4 of the weight of the fibre4 ,the pulp is then washed with cold water1 when it is ready for bleaching in the usual way4 ,manilla1 ,jute1 etc4--,previous to boiling these fibres it is usual to cut them into short pieces by a machine such as is used for cutting straw1 after which they are cleaned in a willowing and dusting machine4 ,the boiling is then conducted in the same way as for esparto4 ,manilla fibre is not so much used in this country as in the ,united ,states1 where its employment forms an important feature in the manufacture of certain kinds of paper4 ,some idea of the extent to which it is used by the paper-makers of ,america may be gleaned from the following statement of ,mr4 ,wyatt3--,another large and important branch of the ,american paper trade are the mills running on news and ,manilla paper4 ,many of these mills turn out a vast quantity of paper1 running up to two hundred tons per week1 besides making their own ground wood pulp4 ,the ,american news is composed mainly of ground wood pulp1 with an admixture of about #ae to #be per cent4 of sulphite wood or jute fibre1 and not much loading1 and the machines are run at high speed4 ,what is termed ,manilla paper is very largely used in the ,states1 and much more so than with us for common writings1 envelopes1 and wrapping papers4 ,the paper is composed of ,manilla1 jute fibre1 old papers1 etc41 and is highly finished at the machine4 ,i was told of one mill belonging to a large company running altogether six mills on news and ,manilla1 turning out1 with one #if-;inch machine and beater capacity of #a1hjj lbs41 and one ,jordan1 #aj to #ab tons of #b1jjj lbs41 of ,manilla paper per day at an average speed of #bjj feet per minute4 ,jute is seldom reduced to the condition of a fine white pulp since the treatment necessary to obtain that condition would result in a weak fibre2 it is usual1 therefore1 to only partially reduce the material1 when a strong fibre is obtained1 which1 lacking in whiteness1 is used for coarse papers4 ,this also applies to ,adamsonia1 or ,baobab1 another description of bast obtained from the ,west ,coast of ,africa4 ,these fibres are chiefly used for papers which require strength rather than whiteness of colour1 such as wrapping papers1 c4 ,broke paper is a term applied to paper which has been imperfectly formed on the paper machine or damaged while passing over the drying cylinders4 ,imperfect sheets when they are not sold as retree1 and clean waste paper1 also come under this designation and are re-converted into pulp after undergoing the treatment described below4 ,waste ,paper4--,in treating waste paper for conversion into pulp for paper-making1 it is doubtless advisable to separate1 as far as can be done economically1 papers which have been written upon with common ink1 as old letters1 documents1 c41 from printed papers1 since the latter require a more severe treatment than the former4 ,while simple boiling in water containing a little soda-ash will discharge ordinary writing ink1 printer's ink can only be extracted by using rather strong solutions of soda-ash or caustic soda2 and even with this treatment it can only be rendered serviceable for an inferior paper1 owing to the grey colour of the resulting pulp1 due to the carbon of the printer's ink1 upon which the alkali has no solvent effect4 ,boiling ,waste ,paper4--,this is sometimes effected in iron vats1 about #h feet deep and #h feet in diameter at the bottom1 and about #f inches wider at the top4 ,at the bottom of each vat is a false bottom1 closely perforated with small holes4 ,steam is introduced by a pipe below the false bottom1 which passes through the perforations and thus becomes uniformly distributed to all parts of the vat4 ,to facilitate the emptying of the vats1 the false bottoms have connected to them three or four iron rods1 to the tops of which iron chains are hooked1 and by this means the false bottom1 carrying the mass of boiled paper can be raised by a steam hoisting engine or crane and deposited where desired4 ,when the boiling is commenced1 the vat should first be about one-fourth filled with a solution of soda-ash1 and the steam then turned on4 ,when the liquor boils1 the papers having been previously dusted1 are introduced gradually1 and well distributed through the liquor2 if they are thrown into the vat in large quantities at a time1 and especially if they are in a compact state1 the portions in contact may not be reached by the liquor1 and an imperfect boiling will be the result4 ,to ensure a uniform distribution of the boiling liquor over the surface of the material1 an iron pipe extends from the centre of the false bottom to nearly the top of the vat1 and this pipe is covered with a hood1 which causes the soda liquor to be evenly spread over the whole mass4 ,the vats are either cased with wood or coated with asbestos to prevent the escape of heat1 and the vessel is covered with a flat iron cover1 which is generally in two halves4 ,the steam enters the tubs at the side1 below the false bottom1 and the exhausted liquor is drawn off through a valve connected to the bottom of the vat4 ,in some mills the liquor is not drawn off after each boiling1 but the boiled paper is hoisted from the vat as before described1 and the liquor strengthened by the addition of from #aj to #bj lbs4 of soda-ash for each #ajj lbs4 of the paper to be next boiled4 ,paper that is thickly coated with printing ink requires an extra dose of soda-ash4 ,the boiling is continued for twelve to twenty-four hours according to the nature and condition of the waste paper under treatment4 ,waste papers are frequently boiled1 after dusting1 in revolving boilers1 in a solution of soda-ash or caustic soda1 but it not unfrequently happens that some portions of the material become so agglomerated or half pulped during the boiling that the alkali fails to reach all the ink1 and as this cannot be removed by the after processes of washing and breaking1 it remains in the body of the pulp and necessarily forms a constituent part of the paper to be produced from it4 ,the mass1 when discharged from the boiler and drained is then conveyed to the washing-engine1 in which it becomes broken and freed from alkali and so much of the ink as may have been dissolved or loosened1 and it is afterwards treated in the beater and mixed with varying portions of other paper stock1 according to the quality of paper to be produced4 ,in some mills the boiled waste paper is disintegrated after boiling1 by means of the edge-runner 7,fig4 #ai74 ,ryan's ,process for ,treating ,waste ,paper4--,the following process for treating waste paper so as to produce a first-class clean paper therefrom1 was patented by ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,ryan1 of ,ohio4 ,the waste paper is first passed through a duster in the usual way1 all thick old books being previously torn apart to separate the leaves4 ,the papers are then boiled in a hot alkaline liquor without pulping them1 whereby the alkali acts on the surfaces of the papers1 and dissolves off1 carrying away all the ink into the liquor4 ,the papers1 which are still in sheet form1 are then drained as free as convenient from the alkaline liquor1 and are next washed in the washing-engine1 which leaves the material perfectly clean4 ,it is then pulped in the beating-engine2 and it is claimed that it can be formed into first-class paper without the addition of any new or expensive paper stock4 ,the details of the process are thus given by the patentee3 ,into a bucking-keir put a soda-ash solution having a density of #e ,b41 at #afj ,f41 put in the stock1 and shower for eight hours at a temperature of #afj ,f41 without pulping the paper1 then lift and drain1 and cleanse well in the washing-engine2 then pulp and form into paper4 ,as the draining will always be imperfect1 each charge removed will carry away some of the soda-ash solution1 and leave the remainder of impaired strength4 ,after each drainage add water to make up for loss in quantity of the solution1 and add enough soda-ash solution at a density of #ac ,b41 to bring all the liquor up to #e ,b4 at #afj ,f4 ,in about eighteen working days the liquor will have accumulated considerable ink and other matter4 ,then blow one half of the liquor1 and restore the quantity for proper working4 ,none of the soda-ash solution is wasted1 except such as falls to drain and what is blown out as last mentioned4 ,in carrying out this process every care must be taken to guard against pulping before the alkali is washed out4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,bleaching4 ,bleaching ,operation4--,sour ,bleaching4--,bleaching with ,chloride of ,lime4--,donkin's ,bleach ,mixer4--,bleaching with ,chlorine ,gas 7,glaser's ,process74--,electrolytic ,bleaching 7,c4 ,watt's ,process74--,hermite's ,process4--,andreoli's ,process4--,thompson's ,process4--,lunge's ,process4--,zinc ,bleach ,liquor4--,alum ,bleach ,liquor4--,new ,method of ,bleaching4 ,bleaching ,operation4--,the half-stuff treated in the breaking-engine is run into the potcher1 and the water it contains is lifted out as far as practicable by the washer2 the spent liquor from the presses or drainers is then run in in lieu of water1 and as much fresh bleaching liquor as may be required is then measured in1 and in from two to six hours the pulp becomes perfectly white4 ,however well managed a mill may be1 says ,mr4 ,arnot1 it is scarcely possible to avoid having a small residue of unused chlorine in the liquid which drains from the bleaching stuff4 ,the rule1 therefore1 is to use this liquor in the way above indicated1 by which the unexhausted chlorine1 operating upon fresh half-stuff1 becomes available1 and is1 therefore1 not wasted4 ,that as little of this residual chlorine as possible may remain in the stuff1 ,mr4 ,arnot further observes1 when put into the beating-engine1 powerful hydraulic presses are employed to compress the stuff and squeeze out the liquid4 ,these presses should be large enough to contain easily the whole contents of a poaching-engine1 and of unexceptional workmanship4 ,the perforated lining especially should be carefully prepared and properly secured4 ,i have seen much trouble from negligent workmanship in this respect4 ,recently ,i examined a number of samples of press drainings1 and found the unexhausted chlorine to vary very much--from a few grains of bleaching powder per gallon to about one ounce4 ,sometimes it is the practice to partly fill the potcher with water1 and the engine being set in motion1 the half-stuff is gradually introduced until the full charge has been given1 and the stuff is then washed for some time1 after which the drum-washer is raised1 and the bleaching liquor then run in1 care being taken that the necessary quantity is not exceeded1 otherwise the fibre will suffer injury from the chemical action of the bleaching agent4 ,when vitriol is employed to liberate the hypochlorous acid1 the vitriol1 previously diluted with water1 should be placed in a small lead-lined tank in such a position that the acid liquor may slowly trickle into the engine at the rate of #a lb4 of sulphuric acid in twenty minutes4 ,as soon as the bleaching is complete the stuff is emptied into large stone chests1 each of which will hold the contents of two engines4 ,on the bottom of these chests are perforated zinc drainers1 while a similar drainer runs up the back of each chest4 ,the bleached stuff is allowed to remain as long as may be convenient in these chests1 after which it is removed to the beating or refining engines4 ,in some mills the bleaching is effected in the breaking-engine1 while at other mills the operation is performed in the beating-engine4 ,in bleaching it is considered to be more advantageous to employ moderately strong liquors rather than weaker ones1 inasmuch as the object is effected in less time than when weaker liquors are employed4 ,an extreme in the opposite direction1 however1 must be avoided1 since a very strong bleach will inevitably cause injury to the fibre4 ,sometimes the potchers are fitted with steam-pipes1 in order that the diluted bleaching liquor may be heated1 if required1 to facilitate the operation4 ,if the temperature be raised too high1 however1 the effect upon the fibre will be at least as injurious as if too strong a bleach were employed4 ,it must also be borne in mind that in either case1 after the pulp has been bleached and the liquor allowed to run off1 the mass has to remain some time--even if pressed to remove as much of the liquor as possible--in direct contact with the products resulting from the decomposition1 and probably some undecomposed hypochlorite also1 which will continue their chemical action upon the fibre until removed by washing1 or neutralised by one or other of the agents employed for the purpose4 ,sour ,bleaching4--,when the bleaching liquor1 after acting upon the half-stuff for some time1 has become partially exhausted1 dilute sulphuric acid--about one part acid to fifteen parts of water--is added1 which1 by liberating hypochlorous acid1 hastens the bleaching considerably1 and when the chemical action resulting from this treatment is nearly complete1 the spent liquor is allowed to drain away1 and fresh bleaching liquor is introduced1 the strength being regulated by the progress made in the first case1 which will depend upon the character of the fibre treated4 ,in the second application of the bleach no acid is used4 ,when sulphuric acid is added to the bleaching liquor1 as above1 the process is termed sour bleaching4 ,sometimes hydrochloric acid is used for this purpose1 but in either case it is necessary to avoid employing the acid in too concentrated a state1 or in too great a quantity1 otherwise free chlorine will be liberated1 which1 besides being injurious to the health of the workmen and the surrounding machinery1 also involves loss1 while the colour and strength of the fibre itself will also be impaired4 ,in some mills the bleaching is effected in the beating-engine1 the bleaching liquor being pumped in while the machine is in motion4 ,respecting the time which the bleaching operation should occupy1 there appears to be some difference of opinion1 or1 at all events1 the practice seems to vary in different mills1 but there is1 no doubt1 an advantage1 so far as ultimate yield is concerned1 in moderately slow bleaching at a moderate temperature1 inasmuch as there is less risk of chemical action upon the cellulose itself than when strong liquors are used1 at a higher temperature1 with a view to hasten the operation and economise the bleaching powder4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,bleaching with ,chloride of ,lime 7,preparation of the ,bleaching ,liquor74--,chloride of lime1 or hypochlorite of lime1 commonly called bleaching powder1 when well prepared1 contains from #cb to #ce per cent4 of active chlorine4 ,being readily decomposed by the air1 and also by heat1 this substance should always be stored in a cool and dry place until required for use4 ,a solution of bleaching powder is generally prepared in large tanks lined with lead1 which are provided with agitators or stirrers1 so that the powder1 when added to the water1 may be freely diffused1 and its active material dissolved in the liquid4 ,a machine1 or bleach-mixer1 manufactured by ,messrs4 ,bryan ,donkin and ,co41 of ,bermondsey1 is shown in ,fig4 #bj1 which is so constructed that the strong bleach liquor does not destroy it4 ,the device for agitating the contents of the tank explains the principle of the machine4 ,to prepare the bleaching liquor1 about lb4 of chloride of lime to each gallon of water is used1 which yields a liquor at about #f ,t4 ,when the required quantity of bleaching powder and water have been introduced into the mixer and sufficiently agitated1 the vessel is allowed to rest until the residue1 which chiefly consists of free lime and its carbonate1 has subsided1 when the clear liquor may be run off for use4 ,when all the clear liquor has been drawn off the residue should be washed with water1 and after again settling1 the washing water run off1 and fresh water added1 these washings being repeated as often as necessary to remove the last traces of the bleach1 as it is technically called4 ,the washing waters may be used in lieu of water in the preparation of fresh bleaching liquors4 ,in some mills the bleaching powder is mixed with from #b to #c times its weight of water2 the mixture is then well agitated and the residue afterwards allowed to settle1 the clear solution being afterwards drawn off and the residue then washed as before4 ,in either case the residual matter is afterwards well drained and then cast aside4 ,the bleaching liquor is stored in large tanks ready for use1 from which it is withdrawn as required by means of a syphon or otherwise4 ,bleaching with ,chlorine ,gas 7,glaser's ,process74--,this method of bleaching is not so much adopted in ,england as formerly1 but has found much favour in ,germany2 indeed1 within the past few years1 namely1 in ,march #crd1 #ahhj1 a process was introduced by ,mr4 ,f4 ,carl ,glaser for treating straw1 in which1 after boiling with caustic soda as usual1 the pulp is bleached by the action of chlorine gas4 ,the straw1 after being separated from weeds by a slight or superficial picking1 is cut into pieces of from to of an inch in length4 ,the cut straw is then placed in a rotary boiler for about four hours1 at a pressure of about #d to #d atmospheres1 in a solution composed of #bi lbs4 of caustic soda at #ga1 and #dh lbs4 of calcined soda at #ij1 rendered caustic1 for every #bbj lbs4 of straw4 ,after boiling1 the dirty ley is drawn off1 and the boiled straw subjected to two washings with water4 ,it is then conveyed to the washing-engine1 where it is washed for an hour2 the drum of the machine should have a sieve or sifter1 the apertures of which are about #fj to the square inch4 ,the washed straw is next dried by centrifugal force in a hydro-extractor1 until it contains about #gj per cent4 of water1 which is necessary for the action of the chlorine gas4 ,to effect this1 so as to obtain not very solid or close cakes of straw1 the holes of the wire of the hydro-extractor should not be more than #ej to the square inch4 ,the cakes of straw thus formed are then exposed to the action of chlorine in leaden chambers of the ordinary kind1 in which they are placed in layers upon hurdles1 or upon shelves4 ,if the chlorine is produced by hydrochloric acid1 for every #bbj lbs4 of unboiled straw1 #ea lbs4 of the acid at #bj ,b41 and a corresponding quantity of #gj per cent4 peroxide of manganese are used4 ,after the bleaching operation1 the acid formed is removed by washing in a washing-engine4 ,if a complete reduction of the fibres has not been effected by the bleaching1 this may be completed by the aid of well-known machines1 and either before or subsequent to the after-bleaching there is used for #bbj lbs4 of straw about #d lbs4 of chloride of lime1 at #ce per cent48 ,the patentee then gives the following explanation3--,as pine wood or fir is chemically freed from its colouring principle and transformed into fibres as well as cellulose1 the object of the intense action of the chlorine is to destroy the mucilage of the straw1 as well as the incrusting matters which have not been destroyed by the boiling with caustic soda1 and consequently to strip or expose and open the fibres4 ,it will be readily seen that this process bears a close resemblance to ,mr4 ,c4 ,watt's wood-pulp process4 ,electrolytic ,bleaching 7,c4 ,watt1 jun4's1 ,process74--,at the present time1 when the means of obtaining the electric current for practical purposes in the arts have so far exceeded that which would have been deemed probable some forty years since1 we find that many ingenious processes1 which were found to be unpractical at that time from the want of cheap electrical power1 have since reappeared in the form of patented inventions1 which would seem to possess every merit--but originality4 ,so long ago as ,september #beth1 #ahea1 the author's brother1 ,mr4 ,charles ,watt1 obtained a patent for1 amongst other claims1 decomposing chlorides of sodium and potassium1 and of the metals of the alkaline earths into hypochlorites by electricity4 ,it may be well to make a few extracts here from his specification in order that some of the subsequent patents1 to which we shall refer1 may be traced to what may1 perhaps1 be considered their true origin4 ,in the specification in question1 the inventor says3--,the third part of my invention consists of a mode of converting chlorides of potassium and sodium1 and of the metals of the alkaline earths1 into hypochlorites and chlorates1 by means of a succession of decompositions in the solution of the salt operated upon1 when induced by the agency of electricity4444 ,electricity first decomposes the chloride1 the chlorine being eliminated at one of the electrodes1 and the alkaline or earthy metallic base at the other electrode4444 ,the liberated chlorine will1 when it is set free1 combine with a portion of alkali or alkaline earth in the solution1 and a hypochlorite will be formed4 ,the hypochlorite thus formed will1 by the continued action of heat1 be resolved partly into a chlorate of the alkali or alkaline earth1 and partly into a chloride of the metallic base1 and the chloride will again be subjected to decomposition1 and a hypochlorite formed4444 ,if ,i desire to produce a hypochlorite of the alkali or earth1 ,i merely keep the vessel warm 444 and continue the process until as much of the saline matter has been converted into a hypochlorite as may be required for the purpose to which the solution is to be applied4 ,this mode of forming a hypochlorite of the alkalies and alkaline earths may be used for preparing a bath for the purpose of bleaching various kinds of goods1 and the bath may be strengthened recuperated from time to time by the action of the electric current4 ,thus it will be seen that this specification clearly described a process by which the chlorides of sodium and potassium1 and of the metals of the alkaline earths 7chloride of magnesium1 for example71 may be converted into hypochlorites by electrolysis1 and the hypochlorite solution obtained used for the purposes of bleaching4 ,it would appear difficult to conceive how any subsequent patent for accomplishing the same thing1 and using essentially the same means1 can claim originality in the face of such prior publication as was effected by the usual ,blue-book1 which any person can buy for eightpence4 ,hermite's ,process4--,the following description of this process has been furnished by the engineers engaged in connection with the process to the ,paper ,trade ,review3--,briefly described1 the ,hermite process consists in manufacturing a solution of high bleaching power by electrolysing an aqueous solution of magnesium chloride4 ,the salt is decomposed by the current at the same time as the water4 ,the nascent chlorine1 liberated from the magnesium chloride1 and the nascent oxygen1 liberated from the water1 unite at the positive pole1 and produce an unstable oxygen compound of chlorine of very high bleaching power4 ,the hydrogen and magnesium go to the negative pole2 this last decomposes the water and forms magnesium oxide1 whilst the hydrogen is disengaged4 ,if in this liquid coloured vegetable fibre is introduced1 the oxygen compound acts on the colouring matter1 oxidising it4 ,chlorine combines with the hydrogen to form hydrochloric acid1 which finding itself in the presence of magnesium in the liquid combines with it1 and forms the initial chloride of magnesium4 ,andreoli's ,process4--,this process consists1 avowedly1 in bleaching pulps by means of hypochlorite of sodium1 produced by electrolytical decomposition of a solution of chloride of sodium4 ,in carrying out his process1 ,m4 ,andreoli uses as an electrolyte concentrated or non-concentrated sea-water1 or a solution of chloride of sodium1 the specific gravity of which varies according to the quality and nature of the materials to be treated4 ,generally the solution to be electrolysed works better with a density of #h to #ab ,b41 but although salt is cheap1 and the solution when exhausted may be regenerated by passing an electric current1 ,i always endeavour to have when possible 7sic7 a weak solution1 and with some kinds of pulp an electrolyte having the density of sea-water 7#c ,b47 is sufficiently strong to bleach4 ,the foregoing are the only electrolytic processes for bleaching fibres that need recording1 and we fancy there will be little difficulty in tracing the resemblance between the two latter and the process of ,mr4 ,c4 ,watt4 ,thompson's ,process4--,this process1 for which a patent was obtained on ,february #crd1 #ahhc1 may be thus briefly described3--,in bleaching linen fabrics the material is boiled for about three hours in a solution of cyanide of potassium or sodium--about half an ounce of the salt to each gallon of water--to remove the resinous matter from the fibre1 so that the cellulose may be exposed to the action of the bleach4 ,the fabric is then washed1 and again boiled for three hours more in a similar solution1 and after being again washed is ready for bleaching4 ,with cotton the preliminary boiling is not necessary1 unless the material is greasy1 in which case a solution of half the strength and two hours' boiling is sufficient4 ,in ordinary cases cotton is not boiled at all1 but is simply washed in cold water and squeezed4 ,in bleaching1 all vegetable fibres are treated in the same way1 the only difference being in point of time4 ,the cotton or linen1 after being treated as described1 is then piled somewhat loosely in an air-tight vessel1 #i lbs4 of cloth to the cubic foot of space being considered sufficient4 ,the vessel is then filled with a weak solution of bleaching liquor1 consisting of about one ounce of dry bleaching powder to each gallon of water4 ,after the vessel has been filled1 the liquor is immediately run out1 and is replaced by an atmosphere of carbonic acid1 which quickly liberates the chlorine on the fibre1 and thus decomposes the water1 uniting with the hydrogen and liberating the oxygen1 the result of which1 is to bleach the fibre or fabric4 ,in about an hour the whole of the bleaching liquor in the fibre will have been thus decomposed1 and this operation must be repeated until the material is of the proper whiteness to be withdrawn from the action of the chlorine4 ,the material is then washed and squeezed4 ,chlorine1 however1 always leaves these materials of a yellowish white4 ,to remove this tint1 the material is passed through a solution of oxalic acid--about #b oz4 to the gallon--squeezed as it passes out of this solution1 and then passed through another solution made by dissolving grain of triethyl rose aniline to the gallon of water1 or #bj grains of indigo1 as may be preferred4 ,to this solution oxalic acid is added until it becomes of an opaque but bright turquoise blue4 ,the material1 after washing1 is then white4 ,the patent describes and illustrates the apparatus to be used in conjunction with certain parts of existing apparatus used in bleaching4 ,lunge's ,process4--,in this process acetic acid is used in place of hydrochloric or sulphuric acids1 etc41 to set free the chlorine or hypochlorous acid1 in the ordinary method of bleaching with hypochlorite of lime1 or bleaching powder1 which1 the inventor says1 combines all the advantages of the materials formerly employed1 without any of their drawbacks4444 ,the price is no impediment1 for a minimal quantity is sufficient1 the same being regenerated over and over again4 ,at first acetic acid and chloride of lime decompose into calcium acetate and free hypochlorous acid4 ,in the bleaching process the latter yields its oxygen1 hydrochloric acid being formed4 ,the latter instantly acts upon the calcium acetate2 calcium chloride is formed and acetic acid is regenerated1 which decomposes a fresh quantity of chloride of lime1 and so forth4 ,consequently the smallest quantity of acetic acid suffices for splitting up any amount of chloride of lime4444 ,the hydrochloric acid formed is never present in the free state1 as it instantly acts upon the calcium acetate4 ,this is very important1 since hydrochloric acid weakens the fibre by prolonged contact1 whilst acetic acid is quite harmless4 ,since there are no insoluble calcium salts present1 the operation of 'souring' after bleaching is quite unnecessary2 this not merely saves the expense of acid1 and of the subsequent washing of the fabrics1 but it also avoids the danger1 especially present in the case of stout fabrics1 of leaving some of the acid in the stuff1 which concentrates on drying and weakens the fibre2 it may also prove injurious in subsequent dyeing operations4 ,but in the new process no free acid is present except acetic acid1 which has no action upon fibre1 even in its concentrated state and at a high temperature4 ,the acetic acid may be employed in various ways1 including the following3--,a small quantity of the acid may be added from the first to the bleaching liquor2 or the fabric1 after being treated in the ordinary way with a solution of the bleaching powder1 may be steeped1 without previous washing1 in water containing a little acetic acid2 or the fabric may be steeped in water acidulated with acetic acid1 and bleaching liquor afterwards run in slowly and gradually1 with continuous agitation in the usual way4 ,in the case of hard water1 or of impure bleaching liquors1 a good deal of the acetic acid would be consumed in neutralising the lime2 in this case1 some hydrochloric or sulphuric acid may be added1 but only sufficient for the purpose1 so that no acid but hypochlorous or acetic acid exists in the free state4 ,the process is applicable to the bleaching of vegetable fibres1 whether spun or in the unspun state1 and for bleaching paper pulp made from rags1 wood1 straw1 esparto1 etc4 ,besides acetic acid1 any other weak organic acid of an analogous nature may be used4 ,zinc ,bleach ,liquor4--,strong acids are often objectionable for liberating chlorine from bleaching powder1 and especially in bleaching some classes of paper pulp4 ,if a solution of sulphate of zinc be added to one of bleaching powder1 sulphate of lime is precipitated1 and the zinc hypochlorite formed at once splits up into zinc oxide and a solution of free hypochlorous acid4 ,chloride of zinc acts similarly2 for a saturated solution of zinc in hydrochloric acid decomposes as much bleaching powder as half its weight of concentrated oil of vitriol4--,varrentrapp4 ,consequently zinc salts can be employed in place of sulphuric acid1 and thus bleach the paper pulp very quickly4 ,when this mixture is employed in bleaching pulp1 the precipitated sulphate of lime resulting from the reaction and also the oxide of zinc formed1 remain in the pulp1 and serve as loading materials4 ,alum ,bleach ,liquor4--,orioli#ai recommended for use1 in paper-mills especially1 a bleach liquor made by decomposing equivalent quantities of a solution of chloride of lime and sulphate of alumina1 formerly known as ,wilson's ,bleach ,liquor4 ,sulphate of lime is precipitated1 and hypochlorite of aluminium remains in solution2 this being a very unstable salt can be applied for bleaching without the addition of an acid1 splitting up into aluminium chloride and active oxygen4 ,consequently the liquid always remains neutral1 and the difficulty caused by the obstinate retention of free acid in the fibre1 by which it is strongly acted upon in drying1 in this case does not exist4 ,the aluminium chloride also acts as an antiseptic1 so that the paper stock may be kept for many months without undergoing fermentation or other decomposition4 ,the solution is allowed to act for about ten minutes in the engine4--,lunge4 ,new ,method of ,bleaching4--,young's ,paraffin ,oil ,company have recently introduced what they term an intermediate oil for paper-making1 to be used with alkali in the boiling of rags and esparto1 for the purpose of increasing the bleaching power of the powder1 and producing a softer pulp1 at the same time having no smell4 ,several well-known paper-makers have tried1 and speak favourably of it4 ,the quantity of oil to be added to the caustic varies for different stock1 but may be said to average about #a gallon per ton4#bj ,,chapter ,x4 ,,beating ,,or ,,refining4 ,beating4--,mr4 ,dunbar's ,observations on ,beating4--,mr4 ,arnot on ,beating ,engines4--,mr4 ,wyatt on ,american ,refining-,engines4--,the ,beating ,engine4--,forbes' ,beating-,engine4--,umpherston's ,beating ,engine4--,operation of ,beating4--,test for ,chlorine4--,blending4 ,beating4--,one of the most important operations in the manufacture of first-class paper is that of beating1 by which the half-stuff becomes reduced to a fine state of division1 and the fibres which1 in the condition of half-stuff1 are more or less loosely held together in a clotted state1 become separated1 and are thus put into a condition in which they will intertwine with each other1 or felt1 as it is termed1 when submitted to the vibratory motion of the wire-cloth of the paper machine4 ,the beating-engine1 or beater1 as it is commonly called1 much resembles in construction the washing- and breaking-engine1 but since it is required to still further reduce the pulp to a condition suitable for paper-making1 the knives of this engine are more numerous and are made to revolve more rapidly4 ,in this engine the half-stuff is cleansed from bleach1 hydrochloric or sulphuric acid--whichever acid may have been used in the bleaching--chloride of calcium1 and the various products resulting from the decomposition of the chloride of lime4 ,in this engine1 also1 the loading1 sizing1 and colouring materials are worked up with the pulp1 and the stuff fully prepared for its final transfer direct to the paper-machine4 ,before describing the various forms of beating-engines which have been from time to time introduced1 including some of the most recent types1 to which special attention will be drawn1 we purpose quoting some observations of well-known experts in paper manufacture which will be read with interest1 since they fully explain the importance that attaches to the proper manipulation of the beating-engine for the production of paper of high quality4 ,mr4 ,dunbar's ,observations on ,beating4--,there is no operation of the paper-mill that requires more careful attention and experienced judgment than that of beating1 or refining1 to bring the pulp to the finest possible condition for paper-making2 in this department1 ,mr4 ,dunbar urges1 none but thoroughly efficient men should be employed1 for it is here that the paper is really made--that is1 the quality of the paper produced at the paper-machine will be in proportion to the treatment the material has received2 and if the half-stuff sent to the beating-engines is not subjected to judicious manipulation and careful preparation for the special paper to be made1 all future doctoring will prove unsatisfactory4 ,mr4 ,arnot on ,beating ,engines4--,on this subject ,mr4 ,arnot says3--,upon the management of the beating-engine the character of the paper produced largely depends4 ,what is wanted is not a mincing or grinding of the fibre1 but a drawing out or separation of the fibres one from another2 in fact1 the name of the machine indicates pretty accurately the nature of the action required--beating4 ,long1 fine fibres can only be produced obtained by keeping the roll slightly up off the bed-plate1 and giving it time to do the work4 ,sharp action between the roll and the bed-plate will1 no doubt1 make speedy work of the fibre1 but the result will be short particles of fibre only1 which will not interlace to make a strong felt4 ,indeed1 the action ,i refer to will reduce the long1 strong fibre of linen to little better than that of wood or straw4 ,practice and careful observation can alone make a good beater-man1 and for the finer classes of paper none but careful1 experienced men should be entrusted with the management of the beating-engine4 ,sometimes the operation is conducted in two successive engines1 the first being called the intermediate beater1 but ,i have hitherto failed to see wherein the advantage of this system lies4 ,the time usually occupied in beating esparto for printing-paper is about four hours1 while for rags the time may vary from four to twelve hours1 or even more4 ,this1 however1 depends upon the nature of the rags themselves1 and the purposes to which they are to be applied4 ,mr4 ,wyatt on ,american ,refining-,engines4--,referring to the engines adopted in ,america1 ,mr4 ,wyatt says3--,there are various modifications of the original ,jordan1 the principal ones being the ,marshall1 ,jeffers1 and improved ,jordan2 but ,i gathered that experience proves the ,jordan type to be the most practical and efficient in the end1 and is one of the most generally used4 ,one ,jordan is required for each machine1 refining all the stuff supplied to it4 ,the roll1 or plug1 runs from #cej to #djj revolutions per minute1 the horse-power consumed varying from #be to #dj horse-power according to the work done1 and an engine will do up to #a1jjj lbs4 of pulp per hour4 ,the time saved in the beating-engine by the use of the ,jordan is just about one-third of what would otherwise be necessary1 that is to say1 pulp requiring otherwise six hours beating only takes four hours if finished in the ,jordan4 ,the half-beaten pulp is emptied into a stuff-chest1 and the ,jordan is furnished with a small stuff-pump and service-box1 just as at the paper-machine what the ,jordan does not take flows back again into the chest3 the pulp from the ,jordan is run into the ordinary machine stuff-chests4 ,the finished pulp can be taken from the ,jordan at three different levels from the circumference of the roll1 or plug4 ,if the pulp is wanted 'free1' it is drawn from the bottom of the engine2 if wanted 'wet1' or well greased1 it is drawn from the top2 and if medium from the centre4 ,the ,beating-,engine4--,the ordinary form of beater consists of a cast-iron trough #ac feet #f inches long #f feet #f inches wide1 and the bottom is dish-shaped1 so as to prevent the pulp from lodging1 which would inevitably be the case if the bottom were flat1 as the pulp would be apt to lodge in the angles formed by the junction of the bottom with the vertical walls of the trough4 ,the iron trough is fitted with a cast-iron roll1 #c feet #f inches #c feet #f inches1 which is provided with #fi roll-bars1 or knives1 arranged in #bc groups of #c bars each2 this roll is suspended upon a malleable iron shaft #e inches in diameter1 resting upon side levers2 suitable gearing is attached by which the roll can be lifted or lowered at will1 the action being uniformly equal on both sides1 by which the knives of the roll are kept uniform with those of the bed-plate beneath4 ,the bed-plate1 furnished with #bj steel knives1 of the same length as the roll1 is placed immediately beneath the roll4 ,when the knives of the bed-plate are straight they are fitted into the plate-box at an angle1 but in some cases they are bent at a slight angle1 when they are termed elbow plates4 ,there have been1 however1 many improvements in the beating-engine introduced of late years1 some of which are of considerable importance1 and to some of these we will now direct attention4 ,although our own manufacturers have introduced improvements in beaters which have been fully recognised by the trade1 the ,american engineers have not been behindhand in devising modifications which appear to have some important advantages4 ,the ,jordan beater1 which has been extensively adopted in the ,states1 consists of a roll in the form of a truncated cone1 furnished with knives in the usual way2 this revolves in a box of a similar form1 fitted with knives in the direction of its length1 but at slightly different angles4 ,in this engine the stuff enters at the narrow end through a box having an arrangement which regulates its flow1 and the pulp is discharged by several openings in the cover at the wider end4 ,in an engine invented by ,mr4 ,kingsland there is a circular chamber furnished with knives covering its sides2 between this is a circular plate1 also fitted with knives1 which revolves4 ,the stuff enters through a pipe in the centre of one of the sides of the chamber1 and flows out through an opening in the opposite side4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,forbes' ,beating ,engine4--,this engine1 an illustration of which is given in ,fig4 #ba1 is manufactured by ,bertrams1 ,limited1 of ,st4 ,katherine's ,works1 ,edinburgh4 ,the engine has three chambers1 two rolls1 and a mixing wheel2 the rolls1 only one of which is uncovered in the engraving1 are fixed in the outer channels1 and the mixing wheel is placed in the middle channel4 ,by this arrangement the pulp flows alternately into the two outer channels1 and after passing through the rolls again it enters the centre channel at the opposite end4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,umpherston's ,beating ,engine4--,this engine1 for which a patent was granted in #ahhj1 has been successfully adopted at the ,daily ,chronicle and other mills1 and presents several important advantages1 one of the chief being that it occupies much less ground space than ordinary beating-engines4 ,indeed1 we have heard it remarked of this engine that it will do double the amount of work in the same ground space as the ordinary engine1 and this1 in some mills1 would be a decided advantage4 ,the construction of this beater1 a drawing of which is shown in ,fig4 #bb1 is thus described by the patentee3--,in the common and almost universal form of engines used for preparing pulp for paper-making1 the pulp travels horizontally in a trough with semi-circular ends1 and straight sides1 partly divided longitudinally by a partition called the midfeather1 around which the pulp flows from the back of the roll to its front1 where it passes under the roll and over the bottom working-plate1 and is again delivered over the back fall to pass again round the midfeather to the front of the roll4 ,in the course of these repeated revolutions part of the pulp near the circumference of the tub has much farther to travel than the part near the midfeather1 and consequently is not so often operated upon1 and the pulp is thus unequally treated4 ,as an improvement upon this form of tub1 ,i make it so that the pulp passes from the back of the roll to its front through a longitudinal passage under the back fall1 the pulp thus moving as through an inverted syphon1 the superincumbent weight of the semi-fluid pulp1 as delivered over the back fall of the roll1 pressing it along this passage and upwards1 to enter again in front of the roll4 ,the roll ,a1 bottom plate ,b1 and the form of the back fall ,c1 are similar to those of ordinary engines1 but the trough is formed with the passage ,d under the bottom plate ,b1 so that the semi-fluid contents of the engine1 in travelling from the back fall ,c to the front of the roll ,a1 pass by means of the passage ,d under the bottom plate ,b in the direction indicated by the arrows1 the superincumbent weight of the semi-fluid pulp1 as it is delivered over the back fall ,c at the back of the roll ,a1 pressing it along the under passage ,d and upwards to the front of the roll ,a4 ,the position of a drum-washer is shown at ,e1 and at ,f is seen a section of the cross shaft for raising or lowering both ends of the roll ,a simultaneously2 ,g is the roll cover1 which may be of any usual form4 ,by this invention the semi-fluid pulp is acted upon in a more effective manner1 and its particles are also more equally treated than has hitherto been the case4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,the beating-engines are usually driven from a separate engine1 but ,messrs4 ,bertrams have introduced a system of direct driving for these engines by which1 it is said1 there is a considerable saving in power4 ,the accompanying engravings1 ,figs4 #bc and #bd1 show a series of eight beaters1 each carrying #cjj lbs4 of pulp1 driven by one of their compound direct-driving steam-engines1 and now being worked at the ,forth ,paper ,mills4 ,operation of ,beating4--,having referred to some of the more important improvements connected with the beating-engines1 we will proceed to explain the operation of beating as briefly as possible4 ,the bleached half-stuff is removed from the tray of the press in caked masses1 and in this condition is conveyed in trucks or boxes to the beating-engine4 ,the first thing to be attended to is the removal of the last traces of chlorine from the pulp1 which1 if not effectually done1 would cause injury to the size1 and also corrode the strainer plates and wire-gauze of the paper-machine4 ,it is possible to wash out the chlorine by an abundant application of pure water1 but this method of removing the chlorine is very tedious and occupies a long time1 while it also involves the use of enormous quantities of water--a serious consideration in some mills2 to this may be added the still more important fact that by the method of washing out the chlorine a considerable loss of fibre takes place4 ,the plan most usually adopted is to neutralise the chlorine left in the pulp by the application of suitable chemical agents1 whereby the chlorine is rendered inert4 ,these agents1 technically termed antichlors1 are sometimes objected to1 however1 although they are in themselves practically harmless so far as their action upon cellulose is concerned4 ,mr4 ,arnot1 who has considered this subject very thoroughly1 says3--,i do not think there is much in this objection1 as those agents that are soluble pass through the wire of the machine almost completely1 while those that are insoluble are in the finest possible state of division and pearly white4 ,the chemical agent most largely used is hyposulphite of soda1 but hyposulphite of lime is also employed1 and those agents1 known by the name of 'antichlor1' are put into the engine in such a quantity as will ensure the neutralisation of the whole of the chlorine4 ,the products of the reaction1 when the soda salts are used1 are chloride of sodium 7common salt7 and sulphate of soda 7,glauber's salt71 and1 when the lime salt is used1 chloride of calcium and sulphate of lime1 the latter identical with the pearl hardening so well known as a loading agent4 ,from this it will be seen that little or no harm can possibly occur either to the fibre or the metal work of the machine by the employment of the neutralising agents named1 and when it is borne in mind that the simple washing of the pulp would occupy the beating-engine for a lengthened period and exhaust a considerable quantity of water--which1 as we have said1 would in some mills be a serious matter--the adoption of the neutralising method would undoubtedly have the preference4 ,the engine1 being partly filled with water1 is set in motion1 and the bleached half-stuff introduced in small quantities at a time1 each portion being allowed to become thoroughly mixed with the water before the next batch is added4 ,the charging of the beater with half-stuff is kept up until the mass becomes so thick that it will only just move in the trough under the action of the revolving roll4 ,if the beater is of the older type1 portions of the pulp are liable to lodge in corners1 to remove which the beater-man uses a wooden paddle1 with which tool he also pushes the slowly moving pulp in the direction of the roll1 especially when the stiff mass appears to move too slowly4 ,at this stage the neutralisation of the chlorine in the pulp is effected1 which is done by adding a solution of hyposulphite of soda1 a little at a time1 until the liquor ceases to redden blue litmus paper1 strips of which should be dipped into the pulp every few minutes until the paper persistently retains its blue colour4 ,this operation should be conducted with great care1 so as to exactly neutralise the traces of chlorine without adding an excess of the hyposulphite of soda4 ,besides this salt1 other substances are used as antichlors1 as1 for example1 hyposulphite of lime1 which is prepared by boiling milk of lime 7slacked lime made into a thin mixture with water7 and flour of sulphur in an iron vessel until the latter is dissolved1 when1 after cooling and settling1 the resulting solution1 which is of an orange-yellow colour1 is ready for use4 ,one great objection to the use of hyposulphite of lime1 however1 is that when decomposed by the chloride of lime remaining in the pulp sulphur is set free1 which1 mingling with pulp1 will impart to it a yellow tint2 besides this1 in passing over the drying cylinders of the machine the sulphur present in the paper may attract oxygen from the air1 converting it into sulphuric acid1 which must inevitably prove injurious to the manufactured paper4 ,sulphite of soda has also been used as an antichlor1 and is said to be preferable to hyposulphite of soda1#ba inasmuch as the latter salt is liable to decompose with the liberation of free acid1 which is not the case with the sulphite of soda4 ,test for ,chlorine4--,instead of relying solely upon the litmus paper test when applying the antichlor1 the following test for chlorine may also be used with advantage3--,take #b drachms 7#abj grains7 of white starch1 and make it into a paste with a little cold water2 then pour over it about half a pint of boiling water1 stirring briskly2 to this add #a drachm of iodide of potassium1 and stir until dissolved and well incorporated with the starch solution4 ,the mixture is then to be allowed to cool1 when it is ready for use4 ,a few drops of this mixture dropped upon a small sample of the pulp will indicate if any chlorine be present by the spot assuming a blue colour2 if such be not the case1 the pulp may be considered free from chlorine4 ,during the beating1 the roll1 which should make not less than #bbj revolutions per minute1 is lowered1 a little at a time1 so that the cutting edges of the bars and plate may be brought together gradually and equally until the pulp is reduced to the desired condition4 ,the pulp is made long or short according to the quality of paper to be produced2 news papers1 which require strength1 are made of long-fibred pulp1 while writing paper1 or paper of fine texture1 is made of shorter pulp4 ,the stuff should be what is called mellowed in the engine1 which is effected by a judicious working of the roll1 not lowering it suddenly but gradually1 and not much at one time1 on the plate1 until the pulp attains the fineness required4 ,this is generally arrived at in about three and a half to four hours1 though sometimes the beating of pulp from rags is continued for more than double that time4 ,it should be added that if the cutting edges of the roll and plate are brought together suddenly and too closely1 the fibre will be cut1 and as a consequence the paper produced will be tender4 ,esparto1 which1 in the process of boiling becomes reduced to such a soft condition that the fibres may be readily separated by the fingers1 does not require such excessive beating as rags2 indeed1 the perfect disintegration of the fibres of esparto is practically accomplished in about half the time occupied by rags1 and often much less1 but this of course depends upon the nature of the esparto itself and upon the thoroughness of the boiling4 ,wood pulps also require but moderate beating1 since the process of disintegration is generally pretty effectually accomplished by the processes to which the raw material is subjected in the course of manufacture into half-stuff1 which is the condition in which this paper material is furnished to the manufacturer4 ,blending4--,to produce papers of the different qualities required by the trade1 a system of blending is adopted1 which may be effected--7#a7 by mixing the materials in the raw state1 or the rags1 previous to boiling2 and 7#b7 blending the half-stuff in the beating-engine4 ,the latter method1 however1 is generally preferred4 ,sometimes1 also1 pulps of different character are beaten separately and then mixed in the stuff-chests1 where they are mixed as thoroughly as possible before passing on to the machine1 but this method would be less likely to ensure a perfect mixture of the respective pulps than would be effected with proper care in the beater4 ,the proportions of the several materials to be blended is also a matter of important consideration4 ,in blending esparto with rag stuff1 if the former be in excess it becomes reduced to the proper condition before the latter is sufficiently fine1 which causes the rag fibre to appear in knots and threads in the manufactured paper4 ,but if the rag stuff be allowed to predominate1 the beating is conducted as though no esparto were present1 by which1 while the rag stuff becomes reduced to the proper length of fibre1 the esparto1 which is still further reduced1 in mingling with the longer fibre of the rags forms what is called a close paper4 ,mr4 ,dunbar1 in his useful little work1 ,the ,practical ,paper-maker1 furnishes a series of receipts for blending for high-class papers1 as also the proportions of colouring matter to be used1 which the reader will do well to consult4 ,for news papers1 esparto and straw pulps are generally used1 in varying proportions according to the nature and quality of the esparto2 these proportions have to be regulated according to the judgment of the paper-maker1 and vary greatly at different mills4 ,a large quantity of sulphite and other wood pulps are also used1 those coming from ,scandinavia and ,germany being especially suited to the requirements of the ,english manufacturer4 ,mechanical wood pulp is also used in a moderate degree--sometimes up to #ae per cent41 in some ,english mills1 but it is said that in ,germany this paper stock is sometimes used to the extent of #ij per cent4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,loading4--,,sizing4--,,colouring4 ,loading4--,sizing4--,french ,method of ,preparing ,engine ,size4--,zinc ,soaps in ,sizing4--,colouring4--,animal or ,tub-,sizing4--,preparation of ,animal ,size4--,american ,method of ,sizing4--,machine-,sizing4--,double-siz ed ,paper4--,mr4 ,wyatt's ,remarks on ,sizing4 ,loading4--,the very finest qualities of paper are usually made without the addition of any loading1 as it is called1 but for most other papers more or less loading material is added1 according to the quality of paper to be produced4 ,the loading material used for ordinary qualities is kaolin1 or china clay1 and for the better qualities sulphate of lime or pearl hardening1 as it is termed in the trade4 ,china clay1 as it occurs in commerce1 is in the form of soft lumps and powder1 is nearly white1 and when rubbed between the finger and thumb should present no hard particles of gritty matter4 ,to prepare it for mixing with the pulp it is first worked up into a thin cream with water1 which is usually done in a vessel furnished with an agitating arrangement by which the clay becomes intimately mixed with the water4 ,the cream is then strained through a fine sieve to separate any impurities present1 and is then allowed to flow into the beating-engine containing the stuff while in motion1 by which it soon becomes mingled with the pulp4 ,the proportion of china clay or other loading material which is to be introduced into the pulp depends upon the quality of the fibre and the requirements of the manufacturer1 some makers using less of the material than others4 ,from #c per cent4 to #aj or #ae per cent4 appears to be about the extreme range for employing the material as a necessary ingredient1 in the production of various classes of paper1 above which figures the addition of loading material may be considered as an adulteration4 ,sometimes nearly twice the largest amount named is employed1 no doubt to meet the exigences of keen competition--from foreign sources especially4 ,one effect of the loading1 whether it be china clay or sulphate of lime1 is to close the pores of the paper1 whereby a smoother surface is obtained1 while at the same time1 if the material has been used in proportions suited to the quality of the fibre1 and not in immoderate excess1 a stronger paper is produced4 ,a species of asbestos termed agalite has been introduced as a loading material1 and since it has a fibrous texture1 it blends with the fibres of the pulp1 forming1 as it were1 a vegeto-mineral paper4 ,it is stated that as much as #ij per cent4 of the agalite used in the beating-engine enters into the manufactured paper1 while not much more than half the china clay used is held by the pulp4 ,sizing4--,engine sizing1 as it is termed1 consists in adding certain ingredients to the pulp while in the beating-engine4 ,the materials generally used are alum and resin soap1 in proportions suitable to the paper to be produced4 ,resin soap is formed by boiling ordinary resin in a jacketed pan such as is used by soapmakers for preparing small quantities of fancy or other soaps1 with a solution of soda crystals in the following proportions3 ,resin1 #af lbs42 soda crystals dissolved in water1 #h lbs42 and the boiling is kept up for about two hours1 or until a soap is produced which is perfectly soluble in water4 ,the method of preparing this soap as conducted at the soapworks has been described in the author's work on soap-making1#bb p4 #fd1 from which the following abstract is taken3 ,put into a pan capable of holding about #ab gallons1 #b gallons of fresh caustic soda ley at #cj ,b4 ,apply gentle heat1 and when the ley begins to boil throw in1 every few minutes1 in small quantities at a time1 finely powdered and sifted resin until #cg lbs4 have been introduced4 ,the mixture must be well stirred the whole time to prevent the resin from 'clogging' and adhering to the pan4 ,it is important to moderate the heat1 as the resin soap has a great tendency to expand and an excess of heat would cause it to boil over4 ,the heat1 however1 must be kept to near the boiling point1 otherwise the mass will become thick and of a very dark colour4 ,when kept at near the boiling point it is always clear and its colour of a reddish yellow4 ,if1 during the boiling1 the resin soap rises and threatens to overflow1 the heat must be checked by throwing in a little cold water1 only using sufficient to effect this object4 ,it is absolutely necessary to stir the mass continually1 otherwise the resin will agglomerate in masses and thus prevent the alkali from acting freely upon it4 ,the boiling takes about two hours1 when the soap is run into an iron frame and allowed to cool4 ,it is very important that the resin used is freed from particles of wood1 straw1 etc41 for which purpose it should be passed through a tolerably fine sieve4 ,respecting the preparation of resin soap1 ,davis says3--,the proportion of resin used to each pound of soda ash varies in different mills1 #c1 #d1 or even #e lbs4 of resin being used to each pound of soda ash4 ,the proportion of resin1 soda ash1 and water1 can be best determined by practical experience1 as no prescription could be devised which would be suitable to every case4 ,m4 d',arcet1 who modified the proportions recommended by ,m4 ,bracconot1 recommends for the preparation of resin soap-- ,powdered resin #dhj parts4 ,soda crystals at #hj 7,french1 alkalimeter7 #bbb ,water #ajj ,theoretically speaking1 only #bde parts of alum would be required to precipitate the resin2 but the waters1 which are almost always calcareous1 neutralise part of the alum4 ,crystals of soda are much more expensive than soda ash1 but on account of their greater purity they are sometimes preferred to the latter4 ,at the present day the resin soap is preferably made by dissolving ordinary resin with a solution of carbonate of soda under boiling heat in a steam-jacketed boiler1 the class of paper to be made governing the quantity of resin to be employed4 ,the boiling usually requires from two to eight hours1 according to the relative proportions of soda ash and resin used--the greater the proportion of soda used the less time is required for boiling--the process being completed when a sample of the soap formed is completely soluble in water4444 ,about #c lbs4 of resin to #a lb4 of soda is the usual proportion4 ,the resin soap is cooled after boiling by running it into iron tanks1 where it is allowed to settle1 the soap forming a dense syrup-like mass1 and the colouring matters and other admixtures of the resin rising to the top are easily removed4 ,it is important to run off the mother liquor 7ley7 containing the excess of alkali1 for when the soap is used it consumes the alum to neutralise it4 ,when the impurities and ley have been removed the soap is dissolved in water1 and if1 from imperfect boiling1 a portion of the resin is found not to have been saponified1 a small quantity of a strong solution of soda crystals is added to the water used for dissolving the soap4 ,where starch is used for stiffening purposes1 the soap is mixed with a quantity of starch paste in the proportion of #a part of starch to #a part of resin soap4 ,some manufacturers1 ,mr4 ,davis states1 mix the starch paste with the kaolin in lieu of mixing it with the resin soap4 ,in either case the materials should be thoroughly strained before being added to the pulp4 ,from #c to #d lbs4 of the mixture of resin soap and starch paste to each #ajj lbs4 of dry pulp are about the proportions in which the size is generally used1 but the quantity added to the pulp in the beater depends upon whether the paper is to be soft-sized or hard-sized4 ,sizing is chiefly applied to papers which are to be written upon with ordinary inks1 and also1 with a few exceptions1 to printing papers1 the object being to close the pores of the paper and render it non-absorbent1 by which the spreading or running of the ink is effectually prevented4 ,while the finest lines may be written upon a well-sized paper 7as ordinary writing paper1 for example7 without spreading in the least degree1 a similar stroke of the pen upon blotting paper1 tissue1 or unsized printing paper would spread in all directions1 owing to the highly absorptive property of the cellulose4 ,the sizing of the pulp is conducted as follows3--,after the loading material has been introduced and well mixed1 the resin soap1 previously dissolved in water1 a little carbonate of soda being sometimes added1 is mixed with a paste of starch prepared by dissolving starch in boiling water1 and the mixture of soap and starch is then passed through a fine sieve to keep back any particles or lumps that may be present4 ,the proportion of the materials used in sizing vary at the different mills1 each manufacturer having formul of his own2 about #a part of resin size to #c of starch paste1 and1 say1 from #i to #ab lbs4 of the mixture1 may be used for #cjj lbs4 of pulp2 and1 if preferred1 the respective ingredients may be put into the engine separately1 a method adopted at some mills4 ,some manufacturers of the finest papers1 instead of dissolving the starch in hot water1 make it into a thin paste with cold water1 in which condition it is introduced into the pulp1 the object being to impart to the paper a particular feeling to the touch which is not obtainable by other means4 ,the mixture of resin size and starch paste1 with or without the addition of water1 is added to the pulp in the beater1 in which the pulp is circulating1 and the engine allowed to run until the materials are well incorporated in the pulp4 ,at this stage a solution of alum 7about #bh to #cj lbs4 for #cjj lbs4 of pulp71 or of sulphate of alumina1#bc is introduced1 which causes the resin soap to become separated1 the sulphuric acid of the alum uniting with the alkali of the soap and setting the resin and alumina free in the form of minute particles2 the resin in the subsequent drying on the calenders becomes fused1 as it were1 and thus cements the fibres and alumina together1 at the same time rendering them non-absorbent and improved in whiteness by the precipitated alumina4 ,sometimes ordinary soap is added to the resin soap1 which is said to impart a higher finish to the paper in the operation of calendering4 ,the so-called concentrated alum1 which contains a higher percentage of sulphate of alumina than the crystallised alum1 is considered the most economical in use1 being proportionately cheaper1 and the variety known as pearl alum is specially recommended4 ,aluminous cake is another preparation which has found favour in many mills1 but since it sometimes contains a large excess of free sulphuric acid it requires to be used with caution1 since this acid1 although it will brighten the colour of some aniline dyes1 will discharge the colour from others1 while at the same time it may injuriously affect the brass-wire cloths of the paper machine4 ,the alum solution should be prepared in a lead-lined tank1 fitted with a steam pipe for heating the contents when required4 ,the proportions of the materials used in sizing differ considerably in different mills1 but the following may be taken as an average for common writing and printing papers3-- ,per #ajj parts of dried pulp #aj to #ab parts of resin4 #bj #cj starch4 #aj #ab alum4 ,to the sizing solution is generally added from #cj to #ej parts of kaolin4 ,when a colour is present on which alum would have a prejudicial effect this is usually replaced by about one-third of its weight of sulphate of zinc4 ,many mineral substances have from time to time been added to paper stock1 principally to increase its weight1 and in #aheh ,sholl took out a patent for adding carbonate of lime1 a substance which1 however1 had long been fraudulently used in order to increase the weight1 but he found it to have the property of fixing the ink in the pores of the paper1 thus rendering it immovable4 ,the only useful addition is kaolin1 or some similar aluminous compound1 as it attaches itself to the fibre1 and1 while giving the required opacity and a good surface1 takes both printing and writing ink well1 and has the advantage1 from a manufacturer's point of view1 of increasing the weight4 ,it has been proposed that small quantities of glycerine be added to the pulp1 in order to give the paper greater flexibility1 and especially to give copying-paper the quality of taking up colour readily4#bd ,french ,method of ,preparing ,engine ,size4--,thirteen pails of water are boiled in a copper-jacketed pan capable of holding about #aej gallons2 #ij lbs4 of soda crystals are then introduced and allowed to dissolve1 when #bjj lbs4 of finely-powdered resin are gradually introduced1 with constant stirring1 and the boiling is sustained for about two hours after the last portion of resin has been added4 ,a further addition of water is now made by putting in five pails of cold water1 and the water is then boiled for an hour and a half longer4 ,the resin soap is then transferred to stock-chests1 in which it is allowed to remain for ten days or longer1 fresh batches being prepared in rotation1 to meet the requirements of the mill4 ,to determine whether an excess of resin soap or of alum has been added to the pulp1 red and blue litmus papers should be employed1 the former turning blue if an excess of resin soap be present1 and the latter red when alum or sulphate of alumina is in excess4 ,for uncoloured papers the aluminous material should be added until the pulp becomes faintly acid1 which will be indicated by the blue litmus paper turning slightly red when immersed in the pulp4 ,besides resin soap1 various substances have been proposed as sizing materials1 including wax dissolved in a strong solution of caustic soda and precipitated with alum1 but the cost would be an objection to the use of this material except for the highest classes of paper4 ,it is stated that #ab lbs4 of gum tragacanth to each #ejj lbs4 of resin has been used in preparing some kinds of engine-sized papers1 and is said to impart to them an appearance equal to that of tub-sized papers4 ,zinc ,soaps in ,sizing4--,according to a paragraph in the ,papermakers' ,monthly ,journal1 a somewhat novel method of sizing is employed in ,germany1 which consists in the precipitation in the stock of zinc soaps4 ,cottonseed oil soap or ,castille soap is worked up in the engine with the stuff1 and after it has become well mixed with the pulp a solution of sulphate of zinc is added1 which results in the formation of a white and heavy zinc soap1 which is insoluble1 and adheres well to the fibres4 ,the weight and whiteness of the zinc soap are the main points in favour of this method1 which is said to yield good results4 ,colouring4--,the pulp1 after passing through the various processes described1 although apparently white1 invariably presents a yellow tinge when converted into paper4 ,to obviate this it is usual to kill the yellow tint by adding to the pulp small quantities of blue and pink colouring matters4 ,the blue colours generally used are ultramarine1 smalts1 and various aniline blues1 and the pinks are usually prepared from cochineal1 either in a liquid form or as lakes 7compounds of cochineal and alumina7 or aniline dyes1 the former being preferable1 as it is not injuriously affected by the alum used in sizing4 ,the ultramarine should be of good quality1 otherwise it will become decomposed1 and its colouring property destroyed by the action of the alum1 but more especially so if the alum contains an excess of free acid4 ,smalts blue1 which is a kind of coloured glass1 is not affected by acids4 ,in preparing the colouring matters for mixing with the pulp they must first be mixed with water1 and the liquid should then be strained1 to keep back any solid particles that may be present in the material4 ,aniline blues should be dissolved in hot water1 or alcohol1 and then diluted4 ,samples of the pulp are examined from time to time until the desired effect is produced1 which the practised eye of the beater-man can readily determine4 ,animal or ,tub-sizing4--,another process of sizing1 termed animal-sizing1 tub-sizing1 or surface-sizing1 is also adopted in the manufacture of certain classes of paper1 and is either accomplished by hand or on the machine4 ,the former method having been elsewhere described 7p4 #acb7 we will now describe the operation of sizing on the machine1 to which the term tub-sizing is also applied4 ,the size employed1 which is prepared from what are called glue pieces1 or clippings of limed and unhaired skins of animals1 requires to be as colourless as possible1 in order that the colour of the paper may not be injuriously affected by it4 ,preparation of ,animal ,size4--,this operation is generally conducted at the mill1 the materials from which the size is produced being the cuttings or parings of animal skins and hides1 or pelts1 which have undergone the processes of liming and unhairing preparatory to being tanned4 ,the cuttings1 or pates1 commonly called glue pieces1 are first soaked in a mixture of lime and water1 placed in large tubs for several days1 after which they are put into a wooden cylinder1 or drum1 five or six feet in diameter1 and about ten feet in length1 which revolves upon a horizontal shaft1 which1 being hollow1 admits the passage of water to the interior of the drum4 ,the drum is perforated1 and revolves in a large tank1 while a continuous stream of water is allowed to pass through it1 and the dirty water escapes through the perforations in the drum4 ,when the cuttings are sufficiently cleansed in this way1 they are transferred to an iron copper1 furnished with a false bottom and steam-pipe1 or a jacketed pan4 ,the cuttings are next covered with water2 steam is then turned on1 and the liquid brought to a temperature below boiling point1 or say1 about #ahj to #aij ,f41 it being very important that the liquid should not actually boil4 ,this operation is carefully kept up for twelve to sixteen hours1 according to the nature of the cuttings1 by which time all the material excepting any membranous or fatty matters that may be present1 will have become dissolved and a solution of gelatine obtained4 ,the liquor is then allowed to settle for a short time to allow fatty matters to rise to the surface and membranous substances to deposit1 and the fatty matters must afterwards be carefully removed by skimming4 ,the liquor should next be strained to separate any floating particles of a membranous character4 ,sometimes the gelatine solution is clarified by adding a small quantity of powdered lime1 which is thoroughly mixed by stirring1 after which it is allowed to rest4 ,when it is found that the impurities and lime deposit too slowly1 a little weak sulphuric acid is added1 which1 forming an insoluble sulphate of lime1 the solid matters quickly subside1 leaving the liquor quite clear4 ,the solution is next filtered through felt1 and is afterwards treated with a solution of alum1 which at first causes the liquid to thicken and become nearly solid1 but it becomes fluid again1 however1 on the addition of more alum solution4 ,when this condition is finally attained1 the liquid is ready for use in the process of sizing4 ,the addition of the alum 7which should not contain any free acid7 to the gelatine greatly improves its sizing property1 besides preserving it from decomposition4 ,the treatment of the glue pieces for the purpose of obtaining gelatine solutions is fully described in the author's work on ,leather ,manufacture1 p4 #dja4be ,american ,method of ,sizing4--,another method of preparing size1 and which is adopted in ,america1 is the following3--,in large paper mills the size is generally prepared in a room devoted to the purpose1 and is commonly situated near the machine4 ,the finest grades of light hide and skin clippings are used for ,no4 #a letter papers1 but less costly stock is employed for the lower grades of animal-sized papers4 ,to preserve the glue pieces the tanners and tawers macerate the clippings in milk of lime and afterwards dry them4 ,as the clippings require to be freed from the lime1 the first treatment they receive at the paper-mill is to put them in large wooden tubs partly filled with water1 in which they are allowed to soak for several days4 ,they are afterwards more perfectly cleansed by means of a drum-washer1 such as we have before described4 ,fresh hide and skin clippings1 that is1 those which have not been limed and dried at the tanneries1 and which are occasionally purchased by the paper manufacturers1 require to be used as soon as possible after they arrive at the mill as they readily decompose1 and are placed in tubs partly filled with water1 in which #b per cent4 by weight of caustic lime has been dissolved4 ,the pieces1 if from calfskins1 are allowed to remain in the lime bath for ten to fifteen days1 clippings of sheepskins fifteen to twenty days1 and trimmings from heavy hides1 as ox1 etc41 twenty-five to thirty days1 the milk of lime being renewed once or twice a week1 and the material well stirred from time to time4 ,the glue-stock1 as it is sometimes termed1 is afterwards thoroughly washed in the drum-washer1 and when this operation is complete the material is spread out in the yard to drain1 and when sufficiently dried is ready for boiling1 or may be stored until required for use4 ,to prepare size from the material treated as described1 it is placed in a boiler of cast or wrought-iron or copper1 furnished with a perforated false bottom1 and capable of holding from #ajj to #djj lbs4 of the raw material1 according to the requirements of the mill4 ,several such boilers may be placed close to each other4 ,at the bottom of the boiler is a stop-cock for drawing off the gelatine solution when required4 ,when the requisite charge of glue-stock has been introduced into the boiler1 water is poured over it and steam turned on1 which passes through a pipe fixed beneath the false bottom1 and care is taken that the temperature of the contents of the boiler should not exceed #bjj ,f41 which heat is kept up for ten to eighteen hours1 according to the nature of the materials treated4 ,the gelatine solution is drawn off from the boiler as it is formed1 into wooden tubs1 and at the same time carefully strained to remove membranous matters and suchlike impurities4 ,several boilings are made from the same batch of glue-stock1 and all the solutions are afterwards mixed together in the receiving tubs1 and a solution of alum is added in such proportions as to be recognised by tasting the liquor4 ,one object in adding the alum being to prevent the gelatine from decomposing1 more of this substance should be added in warm than in cold weather4 ,when the solutions are cool they are ready for use1 and the gelatine is removed from the receiving tubs and dissolved in a separate tub as required for use1 the dissolving tub being provided with a steam-pipe4 ,the proportion of water--which should only be lukewarm--used in dissolving the gelatine varies from a quarter to half the bulk of the latter1 the nature of the fibre and thickness of the paper regulating the proportion of water to gelatine1 the strength of the size liquors being greater for thin papers and weak fibres than for thick papers and strong fibres4 ,the operation of sizing is considered one of the most difficult and uncertain with which the paper-maker has to deal1 since the material 7gelatine7 is greatly influenced by the conditions of the atmosphere1 both as regards its temperature and humidity1 while the temperature of the liquid size itself has also an important influence on the success of the operation4 ,the condition of the paper1 again1 also affects the result1 for if it be highly porous it will probably be weak1 and consequently there may be considerable waste during the process of sizing from the necessary handling it is subjected to2 moreover1 should the paper have been blued with ultramarine1 a strongly offensive odour is often imparted to it2 this1 however1 may be obviated by employing fresh size and drying the paper as completely as possible4 ,there are two systems of animal-sizing employed at the mill1 namely1 hand-sizing and machine-sizing1 which is also called tub-sizing1 the former being applied to papers of the finest quality4 ,papers that have been made by the machine1 after being cut into sheets1 are hand-sized1 as described in the next chapter4 ,machine-,sizing4--,the lower-priced papers1 to be machine-sized1 are first partly dried over a few cylinders1 after which the paper passes through a tank containing liquid size1 from whence it passes between two rollers1 which squeeze out the superfluous size2 it is then wound on to a reel on which it remains some time to enable the size to thoroughly permeate the paper1 after which it is wound on to another reel1 and from thence it passes over a series of wooden drums or cylinders1 each of which is furnished with a revolving fan2 by this means the paper becomes dried slowly1 whereby a more perfect sizing of the material is effected4 ,double-,sized ,paper4--,this term is applied to paper which1 after being sized in the engine in the usual way1 is afterwards surface sized1 as it is called1 with animal size in the manner described4 ,respecting the drying of paper after it has been tub-sized there seems to be some difference of opinion as to whether it is best to hang it in a loft to dry or to dry it over the cylinders of a drying machine4 ,upon this point the ,new ,york ,paper ,trade ,journal makes the following remarks3--,when the paper is passed through the size-tub1 it is again wet2 the fibres expand1 and their hold on each other is relaxed4 ,now it must make a difference to the subsequent strength and quality of this paper whether it be hung up in a loft to dry or run over a drying machine4 ,if it is hung in the loft no strain is put upon it and the fibres are at liberty to shrink1 or slowly contract1 in all directions2 whereas if it is run over a drying machine1 consisting of from #ej to #ajj reels1 the longitudinal strain prevents the fibres from shrinking and reassuming their normal position in that direction4 ,attempts have been made to obviate this defect by regulating the speed of each section of the machine in such a manner as to allow for the shrinking1 but this only remedies the evil by preventing the paper from breaking as it travels over the machine4 ,everything else being equal1 it would seem that loft-dried paper must be superior to that dried over the drying machine4 ,our home manufacturers endorse this view1 inasmuch as they continue to prefer the system of loft-drying to the less expensive machine methods4 ,mr4 ,wyatt's ,remarks on ,sizing4--,mr4 ,james ,w4 ,wyatt1 in a paper on the ,art of ,paper-making1#bf makes the following observations on engine-sizing and animal-sizing which will be read with interest3--,engine-sizing renders the paper fully as non-absorbent as animal size4 ,the latter penetrates the sheets only slightly and forms a coating or skin on each surface1 whereas the engine size surrounds each fibre and impregnates the whole mass4 ,surface-sizing1 however1 produces a stronger1 firmer sheet1 and is smoother for the pen to travel over2 the manufacturer also gets the benefit in the price of the paper of the additional weight of the size1 amounting to #g per cent4 on the average4 ,on the other hand1 as the animal size is mostly a skin on the surface1 if the coating be broken anywhere by the use of a knife in scratching1 the paper will only imperfectly resist ink in that place1 a great disadvantage for account and office-books and ledgers4 ,engine-sized paper is much cheaper to produce than animal sized1 and is therefore used principally for the lower qualities of writings and for almost all kinds of printings where firmness and smoothness is not so much a desideratum4 ,most tub-sized papers have a certain portion of engine size mixed with the pulp4 ,this not only ensures the thorough sizing of the sheet1 but also is a measure of economy in reducing the absorbing power of the paper for the animal size4 ,papers for ledgers and office-work are best given an extra proportion of engine size to ensure their ink-resisting properties1 and they are also sized by hand in animal size and loft dried4 ,the following rough estimate of the comparative cost in materials and wages of engine-sizing and animal-sizing paper may be of interest3 ,engine-sizing1 per #bj1jjj lbs43-- s4 d4 ,materials #e #b #j ,wages #j #ab #f ---------- d4 ,total #e #ad #f ,cost per lb4 #jjfh ,animal-sizing1 per #bj1jjj lbs43-- s4 d4 ,materials #cf #j #j ,wages #d #aj #j ----------- ,total #dj #aj #j ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,making ,,paper ,,by ,,hand4 ,the ,vat and ,mould4--,making the ,paper4--,sizing and ,finishing4 ,under the old system of making paper by hand1 the rags were reduced to a fine state of division by a process of retting1 or slow putrefaction4 ,the rags were first washed in water1 and then piled in heaps1 in which condition they were allowed to remain until they became tender1 that is1 readily pulled asunder by the fingers4 ,during the decomposition the rags not unfrequently became rotten in some portions of the heaps1 thus involving considerable loss of fibre4 ,the rags were next placed in a strong chest1 in which iron-shod stamping rods were fitted1 and these by their continued action gradually reduced them to a pulp4 ,the stampers were eventually superseded by the beating-engine1 the invention of a ,dutchman1 which received and still retains the name of the ,hollander4 ,other machines1 as the duster1 washing and breaking engines1 and the beating engine1 have entirely taken the place of the older system1 which required the work of forty pairs of stamps for twenty-four hours to produce one hundredweight of paper4 ,the ,vat and ,mould4--,the pulp being prepared1 is conveyed from the beaters to the working vat1 where it is diluted with water4 ,the vat is a wooden or stone vessel about #e feet square and #d feet deep1 being somewhat wider at the top than at the bottom4 ,a steam-pipe is supplied to the vat1 so that the pulp and water may be heated to a convenient temperature for working1 and an agitator is also furnished to keep the pulp and water uniformly mixed4 ,the mould in which the pulp is raised from the vat to form a sheet of paper1 consists of a wooden frame1 neatly joined at the corners1 with wooden bars running across1 about #a inch apart1 and flush with the top edge of the frame4 ,across these again1 in the length of the frame1 wires are laid1 about fifteen or twenty in an inch1 which are placed parallel to each other4 ,a series of stronger wires are laid along the cross-bars1 to which the other wires are fastened2 these give to what is termed laid paper1 the ribbed or water-marked lines noticeable in hand-made paper4 ,upon the mould is fitted a movable frame1 called the deckle or deckel1 which must fit very neatly or the edges of the paper will be rough4 ,the mould and deckle form together a kind of shallow tray of wire4 ,sometimes the mould is divided by narrow ribs of wood1 so that two or four sheets of paper may be made in one operation4 ,connected with the vat is a slanting board1 called the bridge1 with copper fillets attached lengthwise upon it1 so that the mould may slide easily along the bridge4 ,making the ,paper4--,when preparing for work1 the vat-man stands on one side of the vat1 and has on his left hand a smaller board1 one end of which is fastened to the bridge1 while the other rests on the side of the vat4 ,an assistant1 called the coucher1 is at hand1 whose duty it is to handle the frames or moulds containing the pulp after they have passed through the hands of the vat-man or maker4 ,the latter now takes in his hand a mould1 and lays it upon the deckle2 he then dips the mould1 with its deckle in its proper place1 into the vat of agitated pulp1 and lifts up as much of the pulp as will form a sheet of paper4 ,this1 as will be readily seen1 requires the greatest dexterity1 since the workman has nothing but his sense of feeling to guide him4 ,it is said1 however1 that practice gives him such a nicety of feeling in this respect that he can make sheet after sheet of the largest-sized drawing papers with a difference in weight of not more than one or two grains in any two of them4 ,great skill is also required to hold the mould in a perfectly horizontal position1 otherwise during the felting and settling of the pulp the sheet of paper would be thicker on one part than another4 ,the mould being held lengthwise1 that is1 with the long parallel wires running from right to left hand1 he gives the mould a gentle shake from his chest forward and back again1 which is called the fore-right shake2 this shake takes place across the wires1 not in the direction of their length4 ,he next gives a shake from right to left1 and back again1 the respective movements thus propelling the pulp in four directions4 ,the vat-man now pushes the mould along the small board on his left1 and removes the deckle1 which he connects to another mould and proceeds to form another sheet of paper1 and so on4 ,the coucher1 taking the first mould in hand1 turns it upside down upon a piece of woollen felt-cloth1 then removing the mould1 he takes another piece of felt and lays it over the sheet and returns the mould by pushing it along the bridge to the vat-man1 when he receives in return a second mould to be treated as before4 ,in the above way felts and paper are laid alternately until a pile of six or eight quires is produced1 which is afterwards submitted to pressure in a very powerful press4 ,when sufficiently compressed1 the machine is relaxed1 and the felts are then drawn out1 on the opposite side1 by an operative1 called a layer1 who places the felts one by one upon a board1 and the sheets of paper upon another board4 ,the coucher then uses the felts again for further operations4 ,two men and a boy only are employed in this part of the work4 ,in the evening all the paper made during the day is put into another press1 and subjected to moderate pressure to obliterate the felt marks and expel a further portion of the water4 ,on the following day the paper is all separated1 which is called parting1 again pressed1 and is then transferred to the drying-loft4 ,the drying is effected by suspending the sheets of paper upon a series of ropes1 attached to wooden supports2 ropes of cow-hair are used for the purpose1 as this material does not stain the paper4 ,sizing and ,finishing4--,when the paper is dry1 it is taken down and laid carefully in heaps ready for sizing1 which is the next operation to which the paper is subjected4 ,the preparation of the size from animal skins1 etc41 is described in ,chapter ,,xi4 ,when preparing to size the paper1 the workman takes several quires of the paper1 and carefully spreads the sheets out in the liquid size1 which is placed in a large tub1 taking care that each sheet is uniformly moistened before introducing the next4 ,the superfluous size is afterwards pressed out1 and the paper then parted into separate sheets1 which are again subjected to pressure1 and finally transferred to the drying-room1 where they are allowed to dry slowly4 ,when dry1 the paper is conveyed to the finishing-house1 to be again pressed and looked over by women1 who1 being furnished with small knives1 pick out knots and other imperfections and separate the perfect from the imperfect sheets4 ,the paper is now again pressed1 and then handed to the finisher1 to be counted into reams and packed1 the reams being afterwards pressed and finally tied up and conveyed to the warehouse for sale4 ,when the paper is required to be hot-pressed1 this is done by placing each sheet of paper alternately between two smoothed sheets of pasteboard1 and between each group of fifty pasteboards is placed a hot plate of iron1 and the pile then submitted to heavy pressure1 whereby the surface of writing paper acquires a fine1 smooth surface4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,making ,,paper ,,by ,,machinery4 ,the ,fourdrinier ,machine4--,bertrams' ,large ,paper ,machine4--,stuff ,chests4--,strainers4--,revolving ,strainer and ,knotter4--,self-cleansing ,strainer4--,roeckner's ,pulp ,strainers4--,the ,machine ,wire and its ,accessories4--,conical ,pulp ,saver4--,the ,dandy ,roll4--,water ,marking4--,de la ,rue's ,improvements in ,water-marks4--,suction ,boxes4--,couch ,rolls4-- ,press ,rolls4--,drying ,cylinders4--,smoothing ,rolls4--,single ,cylinder ,machine4 ,the ,fourdrinier ,machine4--,it is just ninety years since ,louis ,robert1 a ,frenchman1 devised a machine for making a continuous web of paper on an endless wire-cloth1 to which rotary motion was applied1 thus producing a sheet of paper of indefinite length4 ,the idea was subsequently improved upon by ,messrs4 ,fourdrinier1 who adopted and improved upon ,m4 ,robert's machine1 and with the valuable aid of ,mr4 ,bryan ,donkin1 a young and gifted machinist1 in the employ of ,mr4 ,hall1 engineer1 of ,dartford1 constructed a self-acting machine1 or working model1 in #ahjc1 which1 from its effectiveness and general excellency of workmanship1 created at the time a profound sensation4 ,this machine was erected at ,frogmore1 ,hertfordshire2 and in #ahjd a second machine was made and put up at ,two-,waters1 ,herts1 which was completely successful1 and the manufacture of continuous paper became one of the most useful and important inventions of the age4 ,from that period the ,fourdrinier1 with some important improvements introduced by ,mr4 ,donkin1 gradually1 but surely1 became established as an absolutely indispensable machine in every paper-mill all over the world4 ,although the machine has been still further improved from time to time1 those of recent construction differ but little in principle from the original machine4 ,an illustration of the machine is shown in ,fig4 #be1 the detailed parts of which are expressed on the engraving4 ,bertrams' ,large ,paper ,machine4--,the principal aim in the construction of the paper-making machine has been to imitate1 and in some particulars to improve1 the operations involved in the art of making paper by hand1 but apart from the greater width and length of paper which can be produced by the machine1 the increased rapidity of its powers of production are so great that one machine can turn out as much paper in three minutes as could be accomplished by the older system in as many weeks4 ,the drawing represents the modern paper-machine as manufactured by ,bertrams1 ,limited1 who supplied one of these machines to ,mr4 ,edward ,lloyd1 for the ,daily ,chronicle ,mill1 at ,sittingbourne1 which runs a wire #dj feet long by #abf inches wide1 this being1 we believe1 the largest and widest paper-machine in the world4 ,it is provided with #bj cylinders1 chilled calenders1 double-drum reeling motion1 with slitting appliance for preparing webs to go direct to the printer's office without the assistance of a re-reeling machine1 and is driven by a pair of coupled condensing steam-engines4 ,on our recent visit to ,mr4 ,lloyd's mill we were much struck with the excellent working of this splendid machine4 ,in the illustration1 as will be seen1 there are two sets of drying cylinders1 while small cylinders1 or felt drying-rolls1 from #af to #bd inches in diameter1 are introduced to the felts of the cylinders1 before the smoothing-rolls1 which discharge the moisture with which the felts are impregnated from the damp paper1 whereby a considerable saving in felts is effected4 ,messrs4 ,bertram state that the highest speed yet attained has been by their own machinery1 and is #bgj feet of paper per minute4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,the progress of the pulp after it leaves the beating-engines for conversion into paper may be described as follows3--,the valve at the bottom of the beating-engine is opened1 when the pulp flows through a pipe into the stuff-chests1 which are generally situated below the level of the engines4 ,the beaters are then rinsed with clean water to remove any pulp that may still cling to them1 the rinsing water passing also into the stuff-chests4 ,stuff-chests4--,these are large vessels of a cylindrical form1 so that the pulp may have no corners to lodge in1 and are generally made of wood1 though sometimes they are made of cast-iron plates bolted together4 ,the chests are of various dimensions1 according to the requirements of the mill1 being usually about #ab feet in diameter and #f feet deep1 having a capacity for #a1jjj to #a1bjj lbs4 of stuff4 ,to keep the pulp well mixed in the stuff-chest1 of which two are usually employed for each machine1 a vertical shaft1 carrying two horizontal arms1 each extending nearly across the interior of the chest1 are provided1 which are only allowed to revolve at a moderate speed1 that is1 about two or three revolutions per minute1 otherwise the pulp would be liable to work up into knots1 and thus form a defective paper4 ,motion being given to the shaft1 the rotating arms keep the pulp and water uniformly mixed1 at the same time preventing the pulp from sinking to the bottom of the stuff-chest4 ,the pulp is next transferred to a regulating box1 or supply box1 by means of a pump called the stuff-pump4 ,the regulating-box1 which has the effect of keeping a regular supply of pulp in the machine1 is provided with two overflow pipes1 which carry back to the stuff-chests any superfluous pulp that may have entered them1 by which the stuff in the regulating-box is kept at a uniform level1 while the machine is supplied with a regular and uniform quantity of the diluted pulp4 ,the stuff-pump conveys the pulp through a valve in the bottom of the regulating-box in a greater quantity than is actually required1 the superfluity returning to the stuff-chests by the overflow pipes2 thus the supply-box1 being always kept full1 furnishes a regular and uniform supply of pulp to the sand-tables1 or sand-traps as they are sometimes called4 ,sand-tables are large wooden troughs1 varying in size at different mills1 but ,mr4 ,dunbar gives the following proportions for a first-class sand-trap2 namely1 #ad feet long by #h feet wide1 and #h inches deep4 ,the bottom of the trap is covered with felt1 sometimes old first-press felt being used1 and is divided into several compartments by thin bars of lead or iron1 or strips of wood1 which keep the felt in position1 and also retain any particles of sand or other heavy solid matter that may be accidentally present in the pulp4 ,for the purpose of diluting the pulp for the machine1 there is1 attached to the inlet of the sand-traps1 a box with two supply-taps1 one for the delivery of pulp1 and the other for water2 and these being turned on1 the pulp and water flow over the sand-traps1 and the diluted pulp then falls into the strainers1 which1 while allowing the fine pulp to pass freely1 keep back all lumps of twisted fibre1 and particles of unboiled fibre1 which latter1 if not removed1 would appear as specks on the surface of the finished paper4 ,the ,strainers are formed of brass or bronze plates1 in which are cut a very large number of narrow slits1 which gradually widen downward1 so as to prevent the pulp from lodging4 ,each plate has about #eaj slits1 and several plates1 connected together by bolts1 constitutes the complete strainer4 ,when in use1 the strainer receives a jogging motion1 which is communicated to it by means of small ratchet wheels keyed on shafts passing beneath the machine2 this causes the fibres to pass more freely through the slits4 ,there are many different forms of strainers1 which have been the subject of numerous patents4 ,it will be sufficient1 however1 to give one or two examples of improved strainers which have been more recently adopted by manufacturers4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,revolving ,strainer and ,knotter4--,the revolving strainer1 which was invented by the late senior partner in the firm of ,messrs4 ,g4 and ,w4 ,bertram 7now ,bertrams1 ,limited71 has since been extensively adopted1 and the present firm have introduced a patent knotter in conjunction with the apparatus1 the complete arrangement of which is shown in ,fig4 #bf4 ,the standard size for these revolving strainers is #g feet long by #ah inches wide on each side of the four surfaces4 ,the vats are of cast iron1 and the apparatus is supplied with driving gear1 bellows1 regulating boxes and spouts1 as necessary4 ,the firm also supply these strainers with ,white's patent discs1 and ,annandale and ,watson's arrangement4 ,a ,a are two revolving strainers1 as applied to the paper-machine1 showing gearing for strainers and bellows4 ,b is the patent knotter as used for two strainers4 ,c is the counter-shaft overhead4 ,d ,d is the back shaft of the machine1 and ,e ,e the wire of the paper-machine4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,self-cleansing ,strainer4--,the same firm also introduced this form of strainer1 an illustration of which is given in ,fig4 #bg4 ,the action of the strainer is described as follows3-- ,the pulp flows on to the strainer at ,a1 and passes away through the pipes ,b ,b4 ,at ,c is a valve for the discharge of waste pulp4 ,the strainer plates have an inclination of about #a inch in the direction of their length1 and in those which are nearest to ,a1 where the pulp enters1 the slits are wider1 the knots being pushed forward by the energy of the flow4 ,the vacuum pumps1 ,d ,d1 are worked from the shaft ,e4 ,the tubes ,f ,f are for supplying water to the plates1 by which the coarser particles of the pulp are pushed forward1 and the slits are thus kept clean4 ,the strainer will pass from #ah to #bj tons of the finest paper per week4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,roeckner's ,pulp ,strainers4--,this invention consists in constructing boxes1 with one or both ends open1 forming the strainers1 fixed1 or to slide in or out1 so as to be readily cleaned4 ,one or more fans are fitted in these boxes1 and are put in motion from the outside1 so as to cause what is called suction through the strainers4 ,one or a number of such boxes are fixed into a vat1 the open ends discharging the pulp which has passed through the strainers to the paper-machine1 and can be so arranged that all the fans are worked on one shaft4 ,the vat may be divided into compartments1 so that the stuff flows from one to the other4 ,instead of boxes1 the strainers may be formed of tubes1 in which suitable slits or perforations have been provided4 ,the tubes will be perfectly closed at one end1 and the strained pulp1 after passing through them1 will be delivered to the paper-machine from their open ends1 which may fit into a ring1 so that when cleaning is required they may be easily lifted out or in4 ,the suction is provided inside these tubes by the fans1 which are oscillated by suitable gear from the outside of the vat4 ,the strainers may1 instead of being stationary1 be attached to the fans and oscillate with them1 in which case the open ends would have to be attached to the vat by an indiarubber or cloth ring1 or the strainers may oscillate whilst the fans are stationary4 ,any number of these strainers may be fixed into vats1 disposed vertically or otherwise4 ,in the vat ,a1 ,fig4 #bh1 which receives the pulp to be strained1 are several tubes1 p p p1 with one end open1 having slits in them similar to strainer plates4 ,inside of these are two1 three1 or more plates1 f f f1 ,fig4 #bi1 running the full length of the tube fixed to the shafts1 s s s1 and to the sides of the tubes1 which serve as fans1 besides giving strength to the tubes4 ,the shafts s s s are carried in bearings at each end1 and have each one end projecting through1 upon which are keyed levers1 h h h1 which1 being connected to a rod r1 worked by an eccentric1 e1 at the end1 gives an oscillating motion to the tubes and fans4 ,any number of tubes may be in the vat1 and may either work separately or divided4 ,with several tubes it is preferable to have them arranged as shown in the drawing by division plate d1 so that the accumulated knots1 c41 may flow finally into the end compartment 7which will form an auxiliary strainer71 and may be mixed with more water1 so that the fine pulp still contained in the stuff can flow away through the slits and the knots1 c41 be taken out when necessary4 ,the tubes should be placed so far apart that a workman can get his hand between4 ,the closed ends work free in the stuff1 while the open ends run through indiarubber sheet or other material1 fitted so well to the tube that the fibre can only get through the slits of the tube to flow on to the paper-machine through the channel at side by the sluice v4 ,the arrows indicate the direction of the flow of pulp4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,mr4 ,dunbar says1 the straining power necessary to pass and clean pulp in an efficient manner for #be tons of finished paper per week is two revolving strainers1 consisting of four rows of plates1 or #g feet by #ah inches of straining surface on each of the four sides1 the plates being cut ,no4 #b ,watson's gauge4 ,after passing through the strainers the pulp should be absolutely free from knots or objectionable particles of any kind1 and in a proper condition for conversion into paper4 ,the ,machine ,wire and its ,accessories4--,on leaving the strainers the pulp passes into a vat1 in which is a horizontal agitator1 which causes the pulp and water to become well mixed1 and ready to flow on to the endless wire-cloth of the machine4 ,the wire-cloth is made of exceedingly fine wire1 the meshes ranging from #fj threads and upwards to the inch1 there being sometimes as many as #a1ijj holes per square inch1 but the meshes usually employed run from #b1jjj to #f1jjj per square inch4 ,the ends of the cloth are united by being sewn with very fine wire4 ,the width of the wire-cloth varies considerably1 the greatest width being1 we believe1 that supplied for the large machine at ,mr4 ,edward ,lloyd's mill at ,sittingbourne1 which is #abf inches4 ,the length of the wire-cloth is generally from #ce to #dj feet1 the latter being considered preferable4 ,beneath the wire is placed a shallow box called the save-all1 which receives the water as it flows through the wire cloth from the pulp4 ,in order to effect a further saving of pulp which escapes through the meshes of the wire-cloth1 a machine called a pulp-saver is used at some mills1 through which the backwater1 as it leaves the box or save-all referred to1 is passed4 ,the wire-cloth is supported by a series of brass tube rolls1 which are so placed as to render the layer of pulp on the wire absolutely uniform1 by which a regular thickness of the finished paper is ensured4 ,the wire is attached to a malleable iron frame1 having a sole-plate of cast iron1 and carries a brass or copper breast-roll1 #ah inches in diameter1 a guide-roll #g inches in diameter1 and four brass or copper rolls #e inches in diameter under the wire1 with shafts extending through the rolls1 and furnished with brass bushes and brackets1 and a self-acting guide upon the #g-;inch guide-roll4 ,the tube-rolls or carrying tubes are carried upon brass bearings4 ,attached to the sole-plate of the wire framing are three cast-iron stands on each side for supporting the save-all beneath the wire4 ,to regulate the width of the paper there is on the top of the wire a set of brass deckles1 carried on a brass frame passing over the first suction box1 of which there are two1 and supported on the wire frame by iron studs fixed in the frame4 ,at each end of the deckle-frame is a pulley for carrying the deckle-strap1 with three similar pulleys for expanding it4 ,the deckle-frame is furnished with two endless straps of india-rubber1 these straps keeping the pulp to the width required for forming ledges at the sides of the web4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,the ,conical ,pulp-saver1 which is shown in ,fig4 #ca1 was invented by the late ,mr4 ,george ,bertram and ,mr4 ,paisley1 and is manufactured by ,bertrams1 ,limited4 ,its use is to extract fibres from the washing water before going into the river or otherwise4 ,for the water from the drum-washer1 washing and beating engines1 and for the water from the paper-making machine1 save-all1 c41 it has proved itself of great utility4 ,it is simple in construction1 small in cost1 takes up little room1 and is easily repaired4 ,when placed to receive the washings from the beaters or paper-machine1 the pulp saved1 if kept clean1 can always be re-used4 ,a is a conical drum which is covered with wire-cloth1 and it is made to revolve slowly by suitable gearing4 ,the water enters by the pipe ,b1 which is perforated1 as shown1 and passes through the meshes of the gauze1 while the pulp gradually finds its way to the wider end of the drum1 where it escapes into the box ,c1 and can be conveyed again to the beating-engines4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,the ,dandy-roll4--,when it is required to produce a design or name1 termed a water-mark1 upon the paper1 this is done by means of a roll called the dandy-roll1 which consists of a skeleton roll covered with wire-cloth1 upon which the design is worked by means of very fine wire4 ,if the paper is required to be alike on both sides1 without any specific pattern or name upon it1 the roll is simply covered with wire-cloth1 the impressions from which upon the moist pulp correspond with those of the machine-wire on the under surface4 ,by this means paper known as wove paper is produced4 ,a dandy-roll of this character is shown in ,fig4 #cb4 ,laid paper1 as it is termed1 is distinguished by a dandy-roll having a series of equidistant transverse wires on the upper surface of the wire cylinder1 as shown in ,fig4 #cc1 the effect of which is to produce parallel lines on the paper1 caused by the pulp being thinner where the moist paper is impressed by the raised wires1 which renders the lines more transparent than the rest of the paper4 ,the dandy-roll1 which is usually about #g inches in diameter1 corresponds in length to the width of wire on which it rests1 and is placed over the wire-cloth between the suction-boxes4 ,the journals of the roll turn in slits in two vertical stands1 one behind the machine frame and the other in front of it4 ,the roll1 however1 rests with its whole weight on the wire1 and revolves by the progressive motion of the wire4 ,the stands which support the roll prevent it from being influenced by the lateral motion of the wire4 ,by thus running over the surface of the pulp when the wire is in motion1 this roll presses out a considerable quantity of water1 at the same time rendering the paper closer and finer in texture4 ,dandy-rolls of various lengths1 and bearing different designs or patterns1 are kept at the paper-mills1 and great care is exercised to preserve them from injury4 ,water-,marking4--,dr4 ,ure describes the following processes for producing a design for a line water-mark3--#a4 ,the design is engraved on some yielding surface in the same way as on a copper-plate1 and afterwards1 by immersing the plate in a solution of copper sulphate1 and producing an electrotype in the usual way1 by which all the interstices become so filled up as to give a casting of pure copper4 ,this casting1 on being removed from the sulphate bath1 is ready for attaching to the wire gauze of the dandy-roll4 #b4 ,the design is first engraved on a steel die1 the parts required to give the greatest effect being cut deepest2 the die1 after being hardened1 is forced by a steam hammer into some yielding material1 such as copper1 and all of this metal which remains above the plain surface of the steel is subsequently removed by suitable means2 the portion representing the design being left untouched would then be attached to the wire-gauze as before4 ,light and shade can be communicated to the mark by a modification of the above process1 for which purpose an electrotype of the raised surface of a design is first taken1 and afterwards a second electrotype from this latter1 which consequently will be identical with the original surface4 ,these two are then mounted on lead or gutta-percha1 and employed as dies to give impression to fine copper-wire gauze1 which is then employed as a mould4 ,thus absolute uniformity1 such as could not be attained by the old system of stitching wires together1 is now attained in bank-notes by the adoption of the above method4 ,it may be mentioned that when the moulds were formed by stitching the fine wires together to form a design1 no less than #a1jef wires1 with #fg1ehd twists1 and involving some hundreds of thousands of stitches1 were required to form a pair of #e note moulds1 and it was obviously impossible that the designs should remain absolutely identical4 ,sometimes water-marks are produced by depressing the surface of the dandy-roll in the form of a design1 which causes the paper to be thicker where the design is than in the rest of the sheet of paper4 ,this modification was invented by ,dr4 ,de la ,rue4 ,de ,la ,rue's ,improvements in ,water-marks4--,by one method1 patented in #ahfi1 dandy-rolls1 having a surface of embossed wire-gauze1 are used2 the indentations in the gauze are inwards1 causing a thickening of the paper where they are brought in contact with it4 ,these thickenings correspond in form to the configuration of the design or water-mark4 ,the inventor has also affixed wire to the surface of such dandy-rolls so as to form projections1 in order to thin the paper where the projections come in contact with it1 by which means light lines are obtained in the water-mark1 strengthening the effect of the thickened opaque design4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,by another patent1 dated ,may1 #ahhd1 ,no4 #hcdh1 the inventor forms the surface of the dandy-roll of wire-gauze embossed in such a manner that parts of the surface of the gauze1 corresponding to the configuration of the design of the water-mark1 are raised1 and project out from the general surface1 and other parts corresponding to the line shading of the design are depressed below the level of the general surface4 ,the accompanying drawing1 ,fig4 #cd1 shows diagrammatically1 and greatly enlarged1 a section of a portion of the surface of a dandy-roll made in accordance with this invention4 a represents the section of a ridge or projection raised on the surface of the gauze2 b represents the section of a groove or depression in the wire-gauze1 which1 with other similar grooves1 serves to produce an opaque shading to the design4 c is an auxiliary ridge or projection1 serving to define the shading line1 and to intensify it by driving the pulp into the groove or depression b4 ,further effects may be obtained by attaching wires to the dandy-roll1 either in the usual way1 where the surface is unembossed1 or upon the raised parts a1 which give the configuration to the water-mark4 ,in place of forming the ridges or projections a1 which produce the configuration of the water-mark1 by raising portions of the wire-gauze above the general surface1 they may be formed by sewing on suitably shaped slips of wire-gauze1 or of sheet metal perforated all over with fine holes1 on to the surface of the gauze which is embossed with the grooves b1 but it is much to be preferred that both the ridges a and the grooves b should be produced by embossing the gauze4 ,water-marks may also be produced by placing sheets of finished paper in contact with plates of copper or zinc1 bearing a design in relief1 and submitting them to heavy pressure4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,suction-,boxes4--,these boxes1 which are fitted under the wire1 are made of wood1 and are open at the top1 the edges being lined with vulcanite4 ,the ends of the boxes are movable1 so that they may be adjusted to suit the width of the paper required2 they are also provided with air-cocks for regulating the vacuum1 which is obtained by means of two sets of vacuum pumps1 having three #f-;inch barrels to each set3 a vacuum pump of this form is shown in ,fig4 #ce4 ,as the wire travels over these boxes1 the action of the pumps draws the wire upon them with sufficient pressure to render them air-tight2 by this means a large portion of the water which the pulp still retains at this point becomes extracted1 thereby giving to it such a degree of consistency that it can stand the pressure of the couch-rolls without injury4 ,the backwater extracted by the suction-boxes1 as also that collected in the save-all1 is added to a fresh supply of pulp before it flows on to the sand-tables4 ,couch-,rolls4--,at the extreme end of the wire-cloth from the breast-roll1 and inside the wire1 is the under couch-roll1 from which the wire receives its motion4 ,this roll1 which is of brass1 is usually about #ad inches in diameter1 is carried upon a cast-iron framing with brass bearings1 and is ground to a working joint with the top roll1 which is also of brass1 and #bj inches in diameter4 ,both these rolls are covered with a seamless coating of woollen felt4 ,the upper roll rests upon the lower one1 and the wire-cloth1 and the web of paper upon it1 pass between the rolls1 receiving gentle pressure1 by which the paper becomes deprived of more water1 rendering it still more compact4 ,it is at this stage that the web of paper leaves the wire-cloth1 and passes on to a continuously revolving and endless web of woollen felt1 termed the wet felt1 from the moist condition of the paper4 ,this felt1 which is carried on wooden rollers1 is about #bj feet long1 and is manufactured with considerable care4 ,the ,press-,rolls4--,the paper now passes on to the first press-rolls1 which deprive it of a still further quantity of water1 and put it in a condition to bear gentle handling without injury4 ,the upper roll is fitted with a contrivance termed the doctor1 which keeps the roll clean by removing fragments of paper that may have become attached to it4 ,the doctor is furnished with a knife which passes along the entire length of the roll1 pressing against it from end to end4 ,these rolls are generally of iron1 jacketed with brass1 the under one being #ad inches in diameter1 and the top roll #af inches4 ,sometimes this roll is made of fine-grained cast-iron4 ,when the roll is of iron the doctor blade is steel2 but when this roll is brass the knife is of the same material4 ,the under surface of the paper1 which has been in contact with the felt1 and necessarily being in a moist condition1 receives more or less an impression from the felt over which it travelled1 while the upper surface1 on the other hand1 will have been rendered smooth by the pressure of the top roll of the first press4 ,to modify this1 and to render both surfaces of the paper as nearly uniform as possible1 the paper passes through another set of rolls1 termed the second press-rolls1 in which the paper becomes reversed1 which is effected by causing it to enter at the back of the rolls1 which rotate in a reverse direction to those of the first press1 by which the under or wire side of the paper comes in contact with the top roll of the press4 ,by this arrangement the underside of the paper is rendered equally smooth with the upper surface4 ,the second set of press-rolls is provided with an endless felt of its own1 which is usually both stronger and thicker than that used in connection with the first press-rolls4 ,in some mills each set of press-rolls is provided with a doctor1 to prevent the web of paper from adhering to the metal4 ,sometimes the doctor knives are made from vulcanite1 a material which would seem specially suited for a purpose of this kind4 ,from this point the paper passes to the first set of drying cylinders4 ,the ,drying ,cylinders4--,the invention of the steam drying cylinder is due to ,mr4 ,t4 ,b4 ,crompton1 who1 in the year #ahba1 obtained a patent for this useful addition to the paper-machine4 ,since that period1 however1 the system of drying the paper by steam-heat has been brought to a high state of perfection2 not only this1 but the number of cylinders has gradually increased1 while the heat to which they are raised has proportionately decreased1 and as a consequence the size1 which is injuriously affected by rapid drying1 is gradually deprived of its moisture1 and thus renders the paper closer and stronger1 while at the same time a very rapid speed can be maintained4 ,the drying cylinders in the machine shown in the engraving are #d feet in diameter and #ab in number1 being arranged in two groups of #h and #d cylinders respectively1 and in the aggregate present a very large drying surface1 it being very important that the operation should be effected gradually1 more especially at its earlier stages4 ,there is a passage between the second press-roll and the cylinders1 through which the machine-men can pass from one side of the machine to the other4 ,the first two or three of the first section of cylinders are only moderately heated1 and having no felt on them1 allow the moisture from the paper to escape freely4 ,the next five cylinders1 however1 are provided with felts1 which press the paper against the heated surfaces1 by which it becomes smooth and flattened1 thus putting it into a proper condition for passing between the smoothing-rolls4 ,the cylinders are heated by steam1 and are generally of decreasing diameter1 to allow for the shrinking of the paper during the drying4 ,smoothing-,rolls4--,these consist of highly polished cast-iron rolls1 heated by steam4 ,the paper being in a somewhat moist condition when it passes through these rolls1 they have the effect of producing a fine smooth surface4 ,the paper next passes over the last four drying cylinders1 all being provided with felts1 to keep the paper closely pressed against their heating surfaces1 by which the remaining moisture becomes expelled and the paper rendered perfectly dry4 ,the paper now passes through the calender rolls1 and is then wound on to reels at the extreme end of the machinery4 ,the operation of calendering will be treated in the next chapter4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,single ,cylinder ,machine4--,for the manufacture of thin papers1 as also for papers which are required to be glazed on one side only1 a single cylinder machine1 called the ,yankee machine1 has been introduced1 a representation of which is shown in ,fig4 #cf4 ,it is constructed on the same principle as the larger ,fourdrinier machine up to the couching-rolls1 when the paper leaves the wire-cloth and passes on to an endless felt running round the top couch-roll1 and passes from thence to a large drying cylinder1 which is about #aj feet in diameter and heated by steam1 the surface of which is highly polished1 giving to the surface of the paper in contact with it a high gloss4 ,there is attached to the machine an arrangement for washing the felt for the purpose of cooling and opening it out after passing through a cold press-roll and the hot drying cylinder4 ,this machine1 as manufactured by ,messrs4 ,bentley and ,jackson1 for cap1 skip1 and thin papers1 consists of a rocking frame1 and wrought-iron side bars1 fitted with brass bearings1 the necessary brass and copper tube-rolls1 couch-rolls1 with driving shaft1 stands and pulley2 self-acting wire guide1 brass deckle sides and pulleys1 brass slice1 vacuum boxes1 pipes and cocks2 wet felt frame1 with the necessary water pipes and cocks1 and carriages to carry the couch-rolls and felt-rolls2 the necessary wet felt-rolls and a felt washing apparatus2 one bottom press-roll carried by brass steps1 and fitted with compound levers and weight2 one large cast-iron drying cylinder about #aj feet in diameter1 and fitted with a central shaft1 steam admission and water delivery nozzles1 two water lifters and pipes1 a manhole and vacuum valve1 a large spur driving wheel1 spur pinion1 driving shaft and pulley2 massive cast-iron framework1 with pedestals to carry the cylinder2 traversing steel doctor and frames2 copper leading roll and carriages1 a pair of reeling stands fitted with brass steps1 friction pulleys and plates1 regulating screws1 etc42 a wooden platform and iron guard rail1 all carried by strong cast-iron framing2 the necessary pulp and backwater pumps1 shake1 knotter1 stuff chests1 service cistern1 pipes and valves1 shafting1 pedestals1 change wheels1 pulleys1 c4 ,these machines can be obtained of any desired width4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,calendering1 ,,cutting1 ,,and ,,finishing4 ,web-glazing4--,glazing ,calender4--,damping-,rolls4--,finishing 4-- ,plate ,glazing4--,donkin's ,glazing ,press4--,mr4 ,wyatt on ,american ,super-calendering4--,mr4 ,arnot on ,finishing4--,cutting4--,revolving ,knife ,cutter4--,bertrams' ,single-sheet ,cutter4--,packing the ,finished ,paper4--,sizes of ,paper4 ,to impart a higher gloss1 or1 as it is technically termed glaze1 to paper after it leaves the machine1 it has to be subjected to further calendering1 which is accomplished either in the web1 or in sheets1 according to the quality of the paper4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,web-,glazing4--,glazing ,calender4--,when paper has to be glazed in the web1 it is passed between a series of rolls1 which are constructed upon several different systems4 ,in one form of this machine the rolls are alternately of finely polished iron1 and compressed paper1 or cotton1 the iron rolls being bored hollow to admit of their being connected to steam pipes1 for heating them when necessary4 ,in this machine there are eight rolls1 the centre pair being both paper rolls1 which have an effect equivalent to reversing the paper1 by which both sides are made alike4 ,another form of glazing calender1 of ,american origin1 but which has been improved upon by our own engineers1 consists of a stack of rolls made from chilled iron1 the surfaces of which are ground and finished with exquisite precision upon a system adopted in ,america4 ,a representation of this calender as manufactured by ,messrs4 ,bentley and ,jackson is given in ,fig4 #cg4 ,such rolls as require heating are bored through1 and their ends fitted with brass junctions and cocks1 to regulate the admission of steam4 ,the standards are of cast iron1 planed and fitted with phosphor bronze bearings2 the bearings to carry the top roll of the stack are furnished with wrought-iron screws and hand wheels1 and wrought-iron lifting links can be attached to raise one or more of the rolls1 according to the finish required on the paper4 ,compound levers are also supplied1 to regulate and adjust the pressure on the ends of the rolls4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,damping ,rolls4--,an important improvement in connection with the calendering of paper was introduced by ,messrs4 ,g4 and ,w4 ,bertram a few years since1 by which a higher finish is given to the paper than had previously been attainable4 ,this consists of a damping apparatus ,a 7,fig4 #ch7 which is placed between the last drying cylinders ,b of the machine and the glazing calenders ,c4 ,the damping-rolls consist of two brass or copper rolls1 about #ad inches in diameter1 through which a constant stream of cold water is passed1 while a line of steam jets1 issued from finely-perforated pipes1 plays over the face of the rolls4 ,the cold water within the rolls condenses the steam1 thereby imparting a uniform moisture to the under surface of the paper1 which enables it to take a better surface when passing through the glazing rolls4 ,the steam-pipes can be regulated so as to give any amount of dampness required by adjusting the steam cocks accordingly4 ,by reference to the engraving1 it will be observed from the disposition of the rolls that the web of paper is reversed1 thus equalising the moisture on both sides1 by which the paper-maker is enabled to produce an evenly-finished paper4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,the chilled-iron glazing-rolls1 as originally introduced1 were fitted up in stacks of seven1 and sometimes as many as nine rolls1 but it was found in practice that so large a number of rolls gave unsatisfactory results2 the heavy pressure1 acting on the paper immediately after leaving the drying cylinders1 had the effect of crushing the paper1 giving it a thin feel4 ,it is now considered preferable to use calenders having not more than four1 or at most five rolls4 ,an arrangement of this description1 manufactured by ,bertrams1 is represented in ,fig4 #ci4 ,the system recommended by ,mr4 ,dunbar is to employ three sets of rolls1 disposed as follows3--,first1 a set of three rolls2 second1 a set to consist of four rolls1 and a stack of five to give the finishing or dry surface4 ,with this arrangement of calenders1 and the assistance of the damping apparatus1 any desired surface can be got by varying and regulating the drying of the paper1 which any careful machine-man can do with ordinary attention4 ,finishing4--,to give a still higher finish to the paper1 it is subjected to what is termed friction-glazing1 which consists in passing it through a stack of rolls1 formed alternately of small iron rolls and larger paper ones1 the iron rolls revolving at a much higher speed than the paper-rolls4 ,the effect of this final glazing operation gives the paper a very fine surface4 ,plate-,glazing4--,donkin's ,glazing ,press4--,this term1 which is also called super-calendering1 is applied to a method of glazing hand-made paper1 and is also adopted for the better qualities of machine-made paper4 ,it consists in placing sheets of paper between highly polished plates of either copper or zinc1 the latter being more generally used4 ,the metal plates1 with the sheets of paper placed alternately between them1 are made up into packs or handfuls 7the operation being usually performed by women71 and these are passed between two powerful rolls1 giving a pressure of from twenty to thirty tons1 and each pack1 consisting of about forty plates and as many sheets1 is passed through the rolls several times1 the pressure being regulated by means of screws or levers and weights acting on the ends of the top roll4 ,a machine for glazing paper in packs1 manufactured by ,messrs4 ,bryan ,donkin and ,co41 is shown in ,fig4 #dj4 ,some descriptions of paper1 as antique and old style1 for example1 are surfaced with good cardboard instead of copper or zinc plates4 ,as soon as the handful has passed through the rollers1 the motion of the machine is reversed1 by which means the pack is made to pass forwards and backwards repeatedly1 according to the extent of gloss or smoothness required4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,mr4 ,wyatt on ,american ,super-calendering4--,mr4 ,wyatt1 on a recent visit to ,america1 had many opportunities of witnessing the systems of manufacture adopted there1 and subsequently delivered an interesting address to the members of the ,paper-,makers' ,club1#bg in which he acknowledged the superiority of the high-class printing papers for book-work1 which has so often been the subject of recognition in this country4 ,indeed1 if we compare the surface of the paper used even for ordinary technical journals in ,america and that generally adopted for our own periodicals of a similar class1 we are constrained to admit that the difference is in favour of our transatlantic competitors4 ,in the manufacture of high-class super-calendered printing papers1 ,mr4 ,wyatt observes1 for fine book-work1 or as they call them book papers1 the ,americans certainly excel4 ,whether this be due to the kind of raw material used1 to the almost universal use of the refining-engine1 which renders the pulp very soft and mellow1 or to the state of perfection to which they have brought the art of super-calendering1 or perhaps due to all three1 ,i could not exactly determine4 ,the material generally used for this class of paper is poplar chemical fibre and waste paper to the extent of #ej per cent41 and even up to #ge and #hj per cent4 of the total fibre1 the balance being rags1 or1 in cheaper qualities1 sulphite wood pulp2 the stuff is all mixed together in large beaters1 holding from #hjj lbs4 up to #a1ejj lbs4 of pulp1 where it is about half beaten1 and then finished in one or other form of refining-engine4 ,the ,americans have1 ,i think1 more thoroughly studied the question of super-calendering paper than we1 and in this respect get better results and better work4 ,the paper is mostly slit and trimmed on the paper-machine1 and reeled up in from two to four widths by an ingenious contrivance called the ,manning-winder1 which automatically keeps the tension constant on each of the reels1 whatever the diameter1 and is super-calendered in narrow widths on small calenders4 ,these calenders are from #cf inches to #db inches wide1 and consist of a stack of #i to #aa rolls1 alternately chilled iron1 and cotton or paper2 the paper is passed through the rolls two or three times1 never less than twice1 under great pressure applied by hand-screws4 ,the power required is very high1 being from #dj to #ej h4p4 for each calender1 and the speed from #dej feet up to #fjj feet per minute4 ,the paper is not usually damped before calendering1 but is left rather under-dried from the machine2 neither is steam heat used in the rolls1 which get very warm1 owing to the high speed at which they run4 ,the rolls are driven entirely by straps1 the arrangements for the fast and slow speed and for reeling on and off the paper being well designed and worked out2 the main strap1 running at high speed1 runs on a loose pulley on the shaft of the bottom roll1 by means of a powerful friction clutch2 this pulley can be made a tight one4 ,on this same bottom shaft is keyed a multiple ,v-shaped grooved friction pulley4 ,another1 and independent shaft1 driven from the main shaft by a crossed belt1 has a small grooved pulley keyed on it1 which can be thrown in and out of gear with the large grooved pulley4 ,strap-driving is thus secured throughout1 and the speed can be increased gradually without jerks1 from the starting up to the fastest speed by working the levers1 gearing the friction clutch and pulleys slowly4 ,in reference to the high finish of ,american papers1 we are disposed to attribute this mainly to the nature of the chief raw material used--wood fibre4 ,in the year #ahed1 when specimens of ,mr4 ,charles ,watt's wood-fibre paper were first printed upon1 the remarkable gloss of the wood paper attracted much attention1 and it was noticed that the impression of the ink appeared to be well on the surface of the paper1 and not1 as was often the case with ordinary printing papers of the time1 partially absorbed by the paper itself4 ,mr4 ,wyatt states that poplar chemical fibre and waste paper to the extent of #ej per cent41 and even up to #ge and #hj per cent41 are used1 the balance being rags2 now since the waste paper in all probability would be composed largely of wood fibre1 and as1 in the cheaper qualities1 sulphite wood pulp is used in lieu of rags1 it will be fair to assume that the chief basis of the highly-finished papers for which the ,americans are justly famous is wood fibre1 and we believe that there is no other variety of cellulose which is so susceptible of producing a naturally glossy paper as that which is obtained from wood by the soda process4 ,mr4 ,arnot on ,finishing4--,mr4 ,arnot makes the following observations respecting the finishing of paper3--,the paper may be slit into widths1 suitable for wet calenders1 or may be cut up into sheets1 and glazed by the plate or board calenders4 ,the former method of surfacing or finishing has come extensively into use in recent times1 the labour involved being much less than in the older method of finishing in sheets4 ,still1 however1 the plate calenders are kept at work upon the higher classes of goods1 it being possible to give almost any degree of surface to good paper by that means4 ,there is little doubt1 too1 that the paper glazed by the plate rolls retains its original softness to a greater degree than that passed through web calenders4 ,in the latter it is exposed in one thickness to great pressure1 and is thinned in consequence2 whereas1 when the sheets are made up into piles1 along with copper or zinc plates1 there is a certain amount of spring or elasticity in the treatment which largely counteracts the crushing action of the rolls4 ,the web calenders consist of a series of rollers erected in a vertical frame1 and between these the paper winds1 beginning at the top and coming downwards1 so that the pressure gradually increases as the paper moves on its journey4 ,it will be observed that the under rolls have to bear the weight of the upper ones1 and that consequently the pressure on the paper will be greater the lower down it descends4 ,many of the rollers themselves are now made of paper1 and as these possess a slight degree of elasticity1 and take a high polish1 they are alternated with iron rollers with good effect4 ,the paper-rolls are made by sliding an immense number of circular sheets1 perforated in the centre1 on to an iron core or shaft1 pressing these close together by hydraulic action1 and trimming them off on the lathe4 ,the plate or broad calenders consist only of two rollers1 the upper one heavily weighted1 preferably by compound levers4 ,between these rollers the sheets of paper1 alternated with plates of copper or zinc1 and made up into bundles about an inch in thickness1 are passed backwards and forwards1 the reciprocating action being produced by the movement of a lever in the hand of an attendant4 ,the metal and paper sheets of different bundles may be interchanged1 and the process repeated with the effect of increasing the beauty and equality of the finish4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,cutting4--,revolving ,knife4--,when paper is to be used in a continuous printing-machine1 or1 as is often the case1 has to be exported in the web1 it is supplied in rolls2 otherwise it is cut into sheets before leaving the mill4 ,the form of cutter generally used is what is termed the revolving knife-cutter1 an illustration of which1 as manufactured by ,bertrams1 ,limited1 is shown in ,fig4 #da4 ,at ,a is shown a series of webs1 the paper from which is drawn forward by the rolls1 ,b1 and is then slit into suitable widths1 and the margin at the same time pared by circular knives1 one of which is shown at ,c4 ,it then passes through a pair of leading-rolls1 after which it comes in contact with a knife1 ,d1 attached to a revolving drum1 ,e1 pressing against a dead knife not shown in the engraving4 ,the sheets1 as they are thus cut1 drop upon a travelling felt or apron1 ,f1 from which they are lifted and placed in piles1 by boys or girls standing on each side of the felt4 ,these machines will cut eight webs at one time4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,bertrams' ,single-sheet ,cutter4--,in cases where it is necessary that the sheets should be cut with great uniformity1 as in the case of paper bearing a water-mark1 in which it is requisite that the design should appear exactly in the centre of the sheet1 the ordinary cutter is not found to be sufficiently reliable2 a machine termed a single-sheet cutter is therefore used for this purpose1 of which an illustration is shown in ,fig4 #db4 ,the paper is led direct from the paper-machine1 or from a reel frame1 to the drawing-in rolls1 ,a2 after which it passes through the circular slitting-knives1 ,b2 from here it is led by the roller ,c to a large wood-covered drum1 ,d1 and at the front of this drum the sheets are cut by the cross-cutting knives1 ,e4 ,there are two cast-iron tapered cones1 with belt guide for adjusting the speed2 a fly-wheel to promote steadiness in working2 a series of wrought-iron levers1 cranks1 eccentrics1 shafts1 etc41 for accurately regulating the travel of paper and the cut of the horizontal knives2 a small pasting table is also fitted across the machine for mending broken sheets4 ,packing the ,finished ,paper4--,the paper1 after it leaves the cutting-machine1 is conveyed to the finishing-house1 where it is carefully examined by women1 who cast aside all defective or damaged sheets1 which1 under the trade names of imperfections or retree1 are sometimes disposed of1 at a lower rate1 to the customer for whom the order is executed4 ,in the warehouse these imperfections are marked with a capital ,r on the wrapper1 or two crosses1 thus ,x ,x4 ,if the paper is broken1 it is sometimes marked ,b ,x ,x2 it is not generally the custom1 however1 to sell imperfections1 but to return them to the beater-man1 to be re-converted into pulp4 ,the perfect sheets are then counted1 and packed up in reams consisting of #dhj to #eaf sheets4 ,sizes of ,paper4--,the various sizes of paper are known in the stationery trade under different designations1 as demy1 crown1 double crown1 royal1 imperial1 etc4 ,as paper is generally purchased according to weight1 the various weights per ream are also distinguished with the size of the paper1 as #af lb4 demy1 #bb lb4 double crown1 and so on4 ,the following table shows the sizes of some of the writing and printing papers in common use3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,name4 ,writing ,printing ,papers4 ,papers4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,inches4 ,inches4 ,foolscap #ag #ac #ag #ac ,small post 7or post7 #ah #ae #ah #ae ,crown #bj #ae ,double crown #cj #bj ,demy #bb #ag ,royal #be #bj ,imperial #cj #bb ,double demy #ce #bb ,double royal #dj #be ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,coloured ,,papers4 ,coloured ,papers4--,colouring ,matters used in ,paper-,making4-- ,american ,combinations for ,colouring4--,mixing ,colouring ,materials with ,pulp4--,colouring ,paper for ,artificial ,flowers4--,stains for ,glazed ,papers4--,stains for ,morocco ,papers4--,stains for ,satin ,papers4 ,coloured ,papers4--,there are several methods by which any desired shade of colour may be imparted to paper1 which are as follows3-- #a4 ,by blending with the pulp in the beating-engine some insoluble substance1 such as smalts blue--a kind of glass coloured by oxide of cobalt--ultramarine1 yellow ochre1 etc4 #b4 ,by adding a coloured liquid1 which simply dyes or stains the fibre4 #c4 ,by using rags which are already coloured1 in proportions to give the required shade1 in which case of course the process of bleaching must be omitted4 #d4 ,by employing two substances1 as yellow prussiate of potash 7ferrocyanide of potassium7 and a persalt of iron1 for example1 which1 when combined1 yield the requisite blue tint--,prussian blue4 ,by this latter method the buff shade given to what is termed toned paper is effected1 by using a solution of copperas 7sulphate of iron7 and an alkaline solution1 or by using a solution of pernitrate of iron4 ,in experimenting in this direction we have found that a mixture of solutions of sulphate of iron and bichromate of potassa produce an agreeable and permanent buff tint4 ,the solutions may be added to the pulp alternately1 or may be first mixed and then at once put into the beater4 ,from #b to #c ozs4 of each salt for each gallon of water may be used if the solutions are to be mixed before using2 but when applied separately the solutions may be used in a more concentrated condition4 ,colouring ,matters used in ,paper-,making4--,the following substances1 used either alone or mixed in suitable proportions1 are employed in colouring pulp for paper-making3-- ,smalts blue4 ,prussian blue4 ,indigo blue4 ,aniline blues4 ,aniline reds1 including eosine4 ,cochineal1 for pink1 etc4 ,brazil wood1 which imparts either a fine red or orange-brown colour1 according to the treatment it has undergone4 ,logwood1 for violet colours4 ,chrome yellow and orange chrome4 ,orange mineral4 ,copperas1 for mixing with other substances4 ,venetian red4 ,yellow ochre4 ,quercitron1 or oak-bark4 ,nutgalls4 ,lamp black4 ,blue4--,the coarser kind of paper used for packing is prepared from rags blued with indigo1 which1 when reduced to pulp1 are not subjected to the process of bleaching4 ,the finer kinds of paper are blued in various ways1 but the chief material used is what is known as artificial ultramarine1 of which there are many qualities in the market1 to which reference is made in another chapter4 ,prussian blue is also used1 but this is usually produced directly in the beating-engine by adding in solution1 #ie parts of sulphate of iron and #ajj parts of ferrocyanide of potassium 7yellow prussiate of potash74 ,smalts blue1 which was formerly much used before the introduction of artificial ultramarine1 is still preferred for high-classed papers as the colour is more permanent4 ,to obtain smalts in an exceedingly fine state of division the best plan is to grind the colour in a little water1 and then to separate the finest particle by the process of elutriation1 that is1 by diffusing the reduced mass through a large volume of water1 and after allowing the larger particles to subside1 pouring off the liquor in which the finer particles are suspended1 to a separate vessel1 in which they are allowed to subside4 ,if this operation is carefully conducted the smalts may be obtained in an exceedingly fine state of division1 and we have found that in this state the colour blends well with the pulp1 and has little or no disposition to sink through it1 but produces a uniform colouring throughout4 ,american ,combinations for ,colouring4--,hofmann gives the following examples of the combination of colours which have been adopted by ,american manufacturers3-- ,yellow ,gold ,envelope of fine quality is made of-- ,bichromate of potash #aj lbs4 ,nitrate of lead #ah ,orange mineral #ef ,porous alum #cj each substance being separately dissolved and added to #djj lbs4 of pulp4 ,orange-red ,gold ,envelope3-- ,bichromate of potash #g lbs4 ,nitrate of lead #aj ,orange mineral #fj ,porous alum #bj ,these substances are dissolved separately and added to #djj lbs4 of pulp4 ,buff ,envelope of fine deep shade is made from-- ,bichromate of potash #c lbs4 ,nitrate of lead #e ,orange mineral #aj ,american ochre #bj ,porous alum #cj ,some half-stuff of red jute bagging4 ,for #djj lbs4 of pulp4 ,tea-,colour is made from a decoction of quercitron bark1 the liquid being poured into the engine1 and #b lbs4 of copperas in solution are added for every gallon of the bark extract4 ,a little ultramarine may be used to brighten the colour4 ,drab4--,venetian red1 well washed1 added to a pulp of tea-colour made as above will give a fine drab4 ,brown is composed of several colours1 or a very fine dark green tea-colour brown1 containing tea1 buff1 drab1 and ink-grey1 may be made of-- ,quercitron bark liquid #ae gals4 ,bicarbonate of soda #b lbs4 ,venetian red #d ,extract of nutgalls #b ,copperas #ah ,porous alum #cj ,the above proportions are for #djj lbs4 of pulp4 ,the large proportion of alum prescribed in all the above examples serves as a mordant1 and also1 with the addition of resin soap1 for sizing4 ,all the above mixtures should be passed through a ,no4 #fj wire-cloth into the beating-engine4 ,mixing ,colouring ,materials with ,pulp4--,it will be readily understood that when paper is sized in the pulp1 as ,mr4 ,hofmann points out1 the resinous alumina surrounds the fibres and prevents the colouring materials from penetrating them4 ,in such cases the colouring materials are only loosely held1 and a portion must therefore be lost in the machine4 ,if added to the pulp before it is sized they become thoroughly mixed with the fibres1 and with them enveloped by the size4 ,the pulp should always be coloured before it is sized1 except in cases where the alum or resin soap would injure the colours1 or be injured by them4 ,while the pulp is being sized and coloured1 the finishing touch is given by the engine-man1 who examines it and empties it into the stuff-chest4 ,colouring ,paper for ,artificial ,flowers4--,davis gives the following recipes for colouring one ream of paper of medium weight and size1 sap colours only being used1 and principally those containing much colouring matter4 ,the gum arabic given in the recipes is dissolved in the sap-liquor4 ,blue 7dark7 #a4--,mix #a gallon of tincture of ,berlin blue with #b ozs4 each of wax soap and gum tragacanth4 #b4 ,mix gallon of tincture of ,berlin blue with #b ozs4 of wax soap1 and #d ozs4 of gum tragacanth4 ,crimson4--,mix #a gallon of liquor of ,brazil wood compounded with borax1 #b ozs4 wax soap and #h ozs4 of gum arabic4 ,green4--#a4 ,take gallon of liquor of sap-green#bh1 #d ozs4 of indigo rubbed up fine1 #a oz4 of wax soap1 and #d ozs4 of gum arabic4 #b4 gallon of sap-green liquor1 #d ozs4 of distilled verdigris1 #a oz4 of wax soap1 and #d ozs4 of gum arabic4 ,yellow 7golden74--,mix #f ozs4 of gamboge with #b ozs4 of wax soap4 ,yellow 7lemon74--#a4 ,compound #a gallon of juice of ,persian berries with #b ozs4 of wax soap and #h ozs4 of gum arabic4 #b4 ,add to #a gallon of quercitron liquor1 compounded with solution of tin1 #b ozs4 of wax soap1 and #h ozs4 of gum arabic4 ,yellow 7pale74--,mix #a gallon of fustic1 #b ozs4 of wax soap1 and #h ozs4 gum arabic4 ,yellow 7green74--,compound #a gallon of sap-green liquor with #b ozs4 each of distilled verdigris and wax soap1 and #h ozs4 of gum arabic4 ,red 7dark74--#a gallon of ,brazil-wood liquor1 #b ozs4 of wax soap1 and #h ozs4 of gum arabic4 ,rose ,colour4--,mix #a gallon of cochineal liquor with #b ozs4 of wax soap1 and #h ozs4 of gum arabic4 ,scarlet4--#a4 ,mix #a gallon of ,brazil wood liquor compounded with alum and a solution of copper1 with #b ozs4 of wax soap1 and #h ozs4 of gum arabic4 #b4 ,mix #a gallon of cochineal liquor compounded with citrate of tin1 with #b ozs4 of wax soap1 and #h ozs4 of gum arabic4 ,stains for ,glazed ,papers4--,owing to the cheapness of these papers glue is used in lieu of the more expensive gums2 #a lb4 of glue dissolved in #a gallon of water2 the proportions of colouring materials are given for #a ream of paper of medium weight and size4 ,black4--#a4 ,dissolve #a lb4 of glue in #a gallon of water2 triturate this with lampblack 7#a lb47 previously rubbed up in rye whiskey2 ,frankfort black1 #b lbs42 ,paris blue1 #b ozs42 wax soap1 #a oz42 then add liquor of logwood1 #a lb4 #b4 #a gallon of liquor of logwood compounded with sulphate of iron1 #a oz4 of wax soap1 and #d ozs4 of gum arabic4 ,blue 7azure74--#a gallon of glue liquor1 as before1 mixed with #a lb4 ,berlin blue1 #b lbs4 powdered chalk1 #b ozs4 of light mineral blue1 and #b ozs4 of wax soap4 ,blue 7dark74--,mix with #a gallon of glue liquor1 #d lbs4 of powdered chalk1 #d ozs4 of ,paris blue1 and #b ozs4 of wax soap4 ,blue 7pale74--#a4 ,mix gallon of tincture of ,berlin blue and #a oz4 of wax soap with #c ozs4 of solution of gum tragacanth4 #b4 ,take #a gallon of glue liquor and mix with #d lbs4 of powdered chalk and #b ozs4 each of ,paris blue and wax soap4 ,brown 7dark74--#a4 #a gallon of glue liquor1 mixed with #f lbs4 each of colcothar 7jewellers' rouge7 and ,english pink1 #a lb4 of powdered chalk1 and #b ozs4 of wax soap4 #b4 ,dissolve #a oz4 of wax soap and #d ozs4 of gum arabic in gallon of good ,brazil-wood liquor1 and add a like quantity of tincture of gallnuts4 ,green 7copper74--,mix in #a gallon of glue liquor #d lbs4 of ,english verdigris1 #a lb4 of powdered chalk1 and #d ozs4 of wax soap4 ,green 7pale74--,mix with #a gallon of glue liquor #a lb4 of ,bremen blue1 #h ozs4 of whiting1 #a oz4 of pale chrome yellow1 and #b ozs4 of wax soap4 ,lemon ,colour4--,mix in #a gallon of glue liquor #ac ozs4 of lemon chrome1 #b lbs4 of powdered chalk1 and #b ozs4 of wax soap4 ,orange-,yellow4--,mix in #a gallon of glue liquor #b lbs4 of lemon chrome1 #a lb4 of ,turkish minium1 #b lbs4 of white lead1 and #b ozs4 of wax soap4 ,red 7cherry74--,mix in #a gallon of glue liquor #h lbs4 of ,turkey red1 previously mixed up with gallon of ,brazil-wood liquor1 and #b ozs4 of wax soap4 ,red 7dark74--,mix gallon of ,brazil-wood liquor with wax soap #a oz41 and gum arabic #d ozs4 ,red 7pale74--,to #a gallon of glue liquor is to be added #h lbs4 of ,turkey red previously rubbed up with #b ozs4 of wax soap4 ,violet4--#d ozs4 of gum arabic1 and #a oz4 of wax soap are to be mixed with gallon of good logwood liquor4 ,when the gum is dissolved1 mix with it enough potash to form a mordant4 ,stains for ,morocco ,papers4--,for #a ream of paper of medium size and weight the following recipes are recommended3-- ,black4--#h ozs4 of good parchment shavings are dissolved in #a gallon of water2 into this liquid is to be stirred lampblack1 #a lb41 ,frankfort black1 #c lbs41 and ,paris blue1 #a oz4 ,blue 7dark74--,dissolve parchment shavings1 as before1 and mix in #h lbs4 of white lead and #d lbs4 of ,paris blue4 ,blue 7light74--,dissolve parchment shavings1 as before1 and mix in #h lbs4 of white lead and #b ozs4 of ,paris blue4 ,green 7dark74--,dissolve #ac ozs4 of parchment shavings in #b gallons of water1 and mix in #aj lbs4 of ,schweinfurth green4 ,green 7pale74--,prepare solution of parchment as in the last1 and mix with #h lbs4 of ,schweinfurth green and #a lb4 of fine ,paris blue4 ,orange-,yellow4--#h ozs4 of parchment shavings are to be dissolved in #a gallon of water1 and then mixed with #a lb4 of lemon chrome1 #h ozs4 of orange chrome1 and #a lb4 of white lead4 ,red 7dark74--,to the same quantity of parchment liquor as the last is to be added #g lbs4 of fine cinnabar1 and #a lb4 of ,turkey red4 ,red 7pale74--,to the same quantity of parchment liquor add #h ozs4 of ,turkey red4 ,violet 7light74--,to #a gallon of parchment liquor add #d lbs4 of white lead1 #ac ozs4 of light mineral blue1 and #h ozs4 of scarlet lake4 ,violet 7dark74--,to #a gallon of parchment liquor add #c lbs4 of white lead1 #a lb4 of pale mineral blue1 and #h ozs4 of scarlet lake4 ,yellow 7pale74--,to #a gallon of parchment liquor add #b lbs4 of light chrome yellow and #h ozs4 of white lead4 ,stains for ,satin ,papers4--,for each ream of paper of medium weight and size the following recipes are given3-- ,blue 7azure74--#ac ozs4 of parchment are dissolved in #b gallons of water and mixed with #c lbs4 of ,bremen blue1 #a lb4 of ,english mineral blue1 and #d ozs4 of wax soap4 ,blue 7light74--#h ozs4 of parchment are to be dissolved in #a gallon of water1 and to be mixed with light chrome yellow1 #ac ozs42 colcothar1 #f ozs42 ,frankfort black1 #b ozs42 powdered chalk #c lbs41 and wax soap1 #c ozs4 ,brown 7reddish74--#a gallon of parchment liquor as the last1 to which is added yellow ochre1 #a lb42 light chrome yellow1 #d ozs42 white lead1 #a lb42 red ochre1 #a oz41 and wax soap1 #c ozs4 ,brown 7light74--#a gallon of parchment liquor1 as before1 to which is added #ac ozs4 of light chrome yellow1 #f ozs4 of colcothar1 #b ozs4 of ,frankfort black1 #c lbs4 of powdered chalk1 and #c ozs4 of wax soap4 ,grey 7light74--#a gallon of parchment liquor is mixed with #d lbs4 of powdered chalk1 #h ozs4 of ,frankfort black1 #a oz4 of ,paris blue1 and #c ozs4 of wax soap4 ,grey 7bluish74--,to the above quantity of parchment liquor add #d lbs4 of powdered chalk1 #a lb4 of light mineral blue1 #d ozs4 of ,english green1 #a oz4 of ,frankfort black1 and #c ozs4 of wax soap4 ,green 7brownish74--,to the same quantity of parchment liquor add ,schweinfurth green1 #a lb42 mineral green1 #h ozs42 burnt umber and ,english pink1 of each #d ozs42 whiting1 #a lb41 and wax soap1 #c ozs4 ,green 7light74--,to the same quantity of parchment liquor add ,english green and powdered chalk1 of each #b lbs41 and #c ozs4 of wax soap4 ,lemon ,colour4--,to the same quantity of parchment liquor add lemon chrome1 #a lb42 white lead #a lb41 and wax soap1 #c ozs4 ,orange-,yellow4--,parchment liquor as before1 #a gallon1 to which is added lemon chrome1 #d lbs42 ,turkey red1 #h ozs42 white lead1 #a lb41 and wax soap1 #c ozs4 ,rose ,colour4--#a gallon of parchment liquor as before1 to which is added gallon of rose colour prepared from ,brazil wood and chalk1 and #f lbs4 of wax soap4 ,violet 7light74--#a gallon of parchment liquor as above1 mixed with light mineral blue and scarlet lake1 of each #a lb42 white lead1 #a lb41 and wax soap1 #c ozs4 ,white4--,to #a gallons of parchment liquor is added fine ,kremnitz white1 #h lbs41 ,bremen blue1 #d ozs41 and wax soap1 #c ozs4 ,silver ,white4--#a gallon of parchment liquor mixed with ,kremnitz white1 #h lbs41 ,frankfort black1 #h ozs41 and wax soap1 #c ozs4 ,pale ,yellow4--#a gallon of parchment liquor1 to which is added #d lbs4 of light chrome yellow1 #a lb4 of powdered chalk1 and #c ozs4 of wax soap4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,miscellaneous ,,papers4 ,waterproof ,paper4--,scoffern and ,tidcombe's process4--,dr4 ,wright's process for preparing ,cupro-,ammonium4--,jouglet's process4-- ,waterproof ,composition for ,paper4--,toughening ,paper4--,morfit's process4--,transparent ,paper4--,tracing ,paper4--,varnished ,paper4-- ,oiled ,paper4--,lithographic ,paper4--,cork ,paper4--,new ,japanese ,paper4--,blotting ,paper4--,parchment ,paper4--,test ,papers4 ,waterproof ,paper4--,scoffern and ,tidcombe's ,process4--,in this process1 for which a patent was granted in #ahge1 the well-known solubility of cellulose in cupro-ammonium is taken advantage of1 for the purpose of producing waterproof paper by destroying its absorptive properties4 ,after the paper is made and dried in the usual way by the paper-making machine1 it is led through a bath of cupro-ammonium1 having a roll or rollers therein1 or in connection therewith1 either on reels on which the paper is reeled1 or from the continuous web of paper itself directly from the machine1 and from this bath it is led over a table of wire-cloth1 or india-rubber1 or over a series of rollers forming a table1 under which steam-pipes are placed for the purpose of setting1 or partially drying1 the web2 it is then led over suitable reels in a hot-air chamber to season or finish the treated paper1 which is then cut as the paper runs1 by the ordinary cutting machine1 into the required sheets4 ,the chamber in which the paper is treated is ventilated as follows3--,over the bath and hot-air chamber is another chamber having openings leading into the hot-air chamber1 and at these openings a steam-blast1 or fan-blast1 is applied1 which ventilates the chamber in which the paper is heated1 and drives the ammonia into contact with either sulphurous or hydrochloric acid1 and by this means the ammonia is recovered in a solid form which would otherwise be wasted4 ,the inventors also incorporate hydrated oxide of copper with paper pulp1 so that after it is made into paper it has only to be subjected to the action of ammonia1 as ordinarily done1 or to the action of gaseous ammonia mingled with steam4 ,brown papers are strengthened and glazed by passing them through a bath of pulp containing cupro-ammonium1 either with or without pitch1 tar1 or other resinous matters4 ,it is well known that by passing paper through a cupro-ammonium bath it is surface dissolved and glazed by its own material1 and if it be desired to unite two or more sheets together this is the most economical way of conducting the operation2 but if it be desired to strengthen and glaze a single thickness of paper or millboard1 it is considered undesirable to make the glaze by dissolving a portion of the paper itself4 ,in this case the inventors pass the web or sheet of paper through a bath1 not of cupro-ammonium simply1 but of cupro-ammonium in which ligneous material is already dissolved2 and when the glazing of brown paper is to be effected1 they prefer to fortify the bath with tar1 pitch1 marine glue1 or other resinous materials4 ,by this process1 panels and tiles may be manufactured from millboard1 or thick sheets of ligneous material made from pulp already incorporated with hydrated oxide of copper4 ,the panels1 etc41 are passed1 by means of an endless web1 through a bath of ammoniacal solution1 or the vapour of ammonia and steam1 and the tiles or panels may be surface-glazed by exposing them while moist to the action of fluo-silicic acid gas1 by which silica is deposited in the material and on its surface4 ,dr4 ,wright's ,process for preparing ,cupro-ammonium4--,this process1 which has been adopted at the ,willesden ,paper ,mills1 may be thus briefly described3--,in the first part of the process1 metallic copper1 in small lumps1 solid metal1 or clippings1 etc41 is covered with a solution of ammonia in water1 or with a weak solution of cupro-ammonium hydrate1 containing an amount of free ammonia in solution dependent upon the strength of the copper solution ultimately required2 a current of air is then caused to pass through the whole by means of an air-pump1 in such a manner that the bubbles of air pass over and amongst the fragments of metallic copper1 which1 if in small particles1 may be advantageously kept in suspension by any convenient agitator4 ,in a few hours the liquid becomes saturated with as much copper as it can dissolve1 the rate of solution varying with the form of the vessel containing the materials1 the strength of the ammoniacal fluid1 and the rate of the passage of the stream of air4 ,to carry this process into effect1 metallic copper in fragments of convenient size is loosely piled inside a vertical tube or tower1 and water is allowed to trickle from a pipe over the copper so as to keep its surface moist4 ,at the base of the tower a current of air1 mixed with ammonia gas1 is caused to pass into the tower1 so as to ascend upwards1 meeting the descending water as it trickles over the copper4 ,under these conditions the copper becomes oxidised1 and the water dissolves firstly the ammonia gas1 and1 secondly1 the oxide of copper formed1 so that the liquor which passes out at the base of the tower is a solution of cupro-ammonium hydrate1 the strength of which depends on the proportions subsisting between the bulk of the mass of copper1 the quantity of water trickling over it1 and the amount of air and ammonia gas supplied in a given time4 ,as an example of the method of carrying out the above process1 the inventor proceeds as follows3--,he constructs a vertical iron tower which may be ten inches in internal diameter and ten feet in height1 and this is filled with scraps of sheet copper4 ,on this water is allowed to trickle1 whilst at the base of the tower a mixture of air and gaseous ammonia is allowed to pass upwards through the tower1 by which a solution of cupro-ammonium is formed1 which is allowed to trickle out at the base of the tower into a tank4 ,it has been found advantageous to use a series of towers1 allowing the air and ammonia gas that pass out at the top of the first tower to enter at the bottom of the second tower1 and so on successively throughout the series4 ,the weaker solutions produced in the later towers of the series are used instead of water in the earlier towers1 so that practically all the ammonia gas originally used is obtained in the form of cupro-ammonium hydrate solution1 issuing from the first tower of the series4 ,the cupro-ammonium process1 as carried on at the ,willesden ,mills1 is applied to ropes1 netting1 etc41 by immersing them in a solution of cupro-ammonium1 which1 when they are subsequently dried1 gives them a varnished appearance1 while at the same time1 the fibres having become cemented together by the action of the cupro-ammonium1 their strength is increased4 ,by the same process paper1 canvas1 and other manufactured articles are rendered waterproof4 ,a concentrated solution of cupro-ammonium may also be used for securing envelopes1 whereby the adhesion of the surfaces of the paper is rendered perfect1 and the only means of opening the envelope is by cutting or tearing the paper4 ,jouglet's ,process4--,this process1 which with modifications has been adopted by others1 is based on the solvent action on cellulose of a solution of oxide of copper in ammonia4 ,a quantity of this solution is placed in a tank1 and the paper rapidly passed over and in contact with the surface of the liquid1 by means of suitable rollers in motion4 ,the paper is afterwards pressed between a pair of rolls and dried by the ordinary drying cylinders4 ,the brief contact of the paper with the liquid occasions just sufficient action on the cellulose to have the effect of an impermeable varnish4 ,waterproof ,composition for ,paper4--,the following composition for rendering paper waterproof for roofing and flooring purposes has been patented in ,america4#bi ,by preference good1 hard manilla paper is selected1 and a composition of the following ingredients is applied with a brush1 or by means of rollers3--,glue1 #b lbs41 is dissolved in #c gallons of crude petroleum1 of about the density of #cc ,b4 at #fj ,f42 #ce gallons of resin oil1 and about half a pint of oil of eucalyptus1 which will have the effect of destroying the objectionable odour of the resin oil4 ,to this mixture is further added about #d gallons of any ordinary drier4 ,the above ingredients are to be thoroughly mixed by agitation1 and the composition brushed over the paper in a room heated to about #hj ,f41 and allowed to dry4 ,it is said that paper thus coated will exclude wind1 cold1 dampness1 and dust4 ,toughening ,paper4--,morfit's ,process4--,the object of the following process is to produce a paper toughened in a degree and quality distinctively from any other in the market1 and is applicable to all kinds of paper1 but more particularly to those made with inferior grades of pulp for printing newspapers1 and for wrapping papers4 ,the means employed are the seaweeds which form glutinous liquors with water1 such as ,carrageen1 or ,irish moss1 ,agar-agar1 and the like4 ,any of such seaweeds may be employed1 either separately or mixed with another of its kind1 according to the judgment of the operator and the sort of paper to be manufactured1 but some seaweeds are superior to others for this purpose4 ,the raw seaweed is first washed1 and then boiled with water until all the soluble matter has been extracted1 and the resulting liquor is then strained4 ,the hot strained liquor forms the bath in which sheets of paper or pulp are to be treated4 ,if desired1 resin soap and aluminous cake may be added to the glutinous liquor1 but these serve rather to size and make the paper rustle than increase its toughness4 ,if the paper is to be treated in the form of sheets or web1 it is to be passed1 as it leaves the wire-cloth in which it is formed1 through a hot solution of the seaweed alone1 or mixed with resinous soap and aluminous cake1 and dried by means of suitable machinery4 ,to apply it to the pulp1 the latter is to be diffused in the hot liquor1 and the sheets or web made therefrom in the usual manner4 ,the proper proportions of seaweed1 resinous soap1 and aluminous cake will vary with the kind of pulp and sheets under treatment1 and must be adjusted as the judgment of the operator determines best for each operation4 ,transparent ,paper4--,there are several methods of rendering paper transparent1 amongst which the following has been recommended3-- ,boiled and bleached linseed oil #abj parts4 ,lead turnings #f ,oxide of zinc #cj ,venice turpentine #c ,the above ingredients are placed in an iron or other suitable vessel1 in which they are thoroughly mixed1 and the whole then boiled for about eight hours4 ,the mixture is then allowed to cool1 when it is again well stirred and the following substances added3--,white copal1 #cj parts2 gum sandarac1 #b parts1 these ingredients being well incorporated by stirring4 ,tracing ,paper4--,sheets of smooth unsized paper are laid flat on a table1 and then carefully coated on one side only with a varnish composed of ,canada balsam and oil of turpentine4 ,the brush used for this purpose must be a clean sash tool1 and when the first sheet has been varnished in this way it is to be hung across a line to dry4 ,the operation is then to be applied to fresh sheets in succession until the required quantity of paper has been treated4 ,in the event of one coating of the varnish not rendering the paper sufficiently transparent1 a second coating may be applied when the first coating has become quite dry4 ,varnished ,paper4--,when it is desired to varnish the surface of paper1 card-work1 pasteboard1 etc41 it must first be rendered non-absorbent with two or three coatings of size1 which will also prevent the varnish from acting upon any colour or design which may be impressed upon the paper4 ,the size may be made by dissolving isinglass in boiling water1 or by boiling clean parchment cuttings in water until a clear solution is formed1 which1 after straining1 is ready for use4 ,if necessary1 for very delicate purposes1 the size thus prepared may be clarified with a little white of egg4 ,the size should be applied1 as in the former case1 with a clean sash tool1 but the touch should be light1 especially for the first coating1 lest the inks or colours should run or become bleared4 ,when dry1 the varnish may be applied in the usual way4 ,oiled ,paper4--,sheets of paper are brushed over with boiled linseed oil1 and then hung up to dry4 ,paper thus prepared is waterproof1 and has been used as a substitute for bladder and gut skins for covering jam pots1 etc41 but the introduction of parchment paper has almost entirely superseded it4 ,lithographic ,paper4--,this paper1 which is written upon with lithographic ink1 may be prepared by either of the following formul3--#a4 ,take starch1 #f ozs42 gum arabic1 #b ozs42 alum1 #a oz4 ,make a strong solution of each separately in hot water1 then mix the whole and strain the liquor through gauze4 ,it must be applied to one side of the paper while still warm by means of a soft brush or sponge2 a second or third coating may be given as the preceding one becomes dry4 ,the paper is finally pressed to render it smooth4 #b4 ,the paper must first receive three coats of thin size1 one coat of good white starch1 and one coat of a weak solution of gamboge in water4 ,the ingredients are to be applied cold with a sponge1 and each coat allowed to dry before the next is applied4 ,cork ,paper4--,a paper under this title was patented in ,america by ,messrs4 ,h4 ,felt and ,co42 it is prepared by coating one side of a thick1 soft1 and flexible paper with a mixture composed of glue1 #bj2 gelatine1 #a2 and molasses1 #c parts1 and covering with finely-powdered cork1 which is afterwards lightly rolled in4 ,the paper thus prepared is said to be used for packing bottles4 ,new ,japanese ,paper4--,according to the ,bulletin du ,muse ,commercial1 a native of ,japan has recently invented a new process by which paper may be made from seaweed4 ,the paper thus made is said to be very strong1 almost untearable1 and is sufficiently transparent to admit of its being used as a substitute for window glass2 it takes all colours well1 and in many respects resembles old window glass4--,board of ,trade ,journal4 ,blotting ,paper4--,this paper1 requiring to be very absorbent1 is not sized1 but is prepared with starch alone1 which1 while holding the fibres together1 does not affect the absorbent property of the paper4 ,dunbar gives a recipe for making blotting paper which has been found successful1 and from which we make a few extracts4 ,in selecting materials for blotting1 of high-class1 cotton rags of the weakest and tenderest description procurable should be chosen4 ,boil them with #d lbs4 of caustic soda to the cwt4--that is1 if you have no facilities for boiling them in lime alone4 ,when furnished to the breaking-engine1 wash the rags thoroughly before letting down the roll2 when this is done1 reduce them to half-stuff1 and as soon as possible convey them to the potcher4 ,when up to the desired colour1 drain immediately4 ,the breaker-plate should be sharp for blottings1 and the beater-roll and plate also in good order1 and the stuff beaten smartly for not more than an hour and a half in the engine4 ,for pink blottings furnish two-thirds white cottons and one-third of ,turkey reds if they can be got1 or dye with cochineal to desired shade2 empty down to the machine before starting1 and see that the vacuum pumps are in good condition4 ,remove weights from couch-roll1 and if there are lifting screws raise the top couch-roll a little4 ,take shake-belt off1 as the shake will not be required4 ,press light with first press1 and have the top roll of the second press covered with an ordinary jacket similar to couch-roll jacket4 ,dry hard1 and pass through one calender with weights off1 and roll as light as possible1 just enough to smooth slightly4 ,parchment ,paper4--,this paper1 which is extensively used for covering jars and pots for pickles and jams1 is prepared1 according to the process of ,poumarde and ,figuier1 as follows3--,white unsized paper is dipped for half a minute in strong sulphuric acid1 specific gravity #ahdb1 and afterwards in water containing a little ammonia4 ,by ,gaine's process 7#aheg7 unsized paper is plunged for a few seconds into sulphuric acid diluted with half to a quarter of its bulk of water 7the acid being added to the water71 and the solution allowed to cool until of the same temperature as the air4 ,the paper is afterwards washed with weak ammonia4 ,this process1 which has been extensively worked by ,messrs4 ,de la ,rue and ,co41 produces a far better material than the foregoing4 ,mill and ,card-board4--,in the manufacture of boards refuse materials of all kinds that occur in the paper-mill may be used1 and these are sorted according to the quality of boards for which they are best suited4 ,after being well beaten the resulting mass is mixed with suitable proportions of rag pulp1 kaolin1 chalk1 white clays1 c4 ,there are four principal processes by which boards are manufactured1 namely1 #a4 ,by superposing several sheets of paper and causing them to unite by a sizing material4 #b4 ,by superposing several wet leaves at the time of couching4 #c4 ,by moulds provided with thick deckles4 #d4 ,by special machines similar to those used for making continuous webs of paper1 but without a drying cylinder1 the sheets being dried in the open air or in a heated room4 ,the third method is only adopted for boards of moderate thickness1 as an excess of pulp would render the draining difficult4 ,making ,paper or ,cardboard with two ,faces by ,ordinary ,machine4--,by this process1 recently patented by ,mr4 ,a4 ,diana1 all kinds of thin or thick paper or cardboard are manufactured with two different faces by means of the ordinary paper-machine1 having a single flat table with a single wire-gauze web1 without requiring a second metallic web4 ,for this purpose the two pulps are prepared separately1 and one is caused to pass on to the web in an almost liquid condition2 this is allowed to drain off sufficiently1 and the second pulp 7also in a liquid condition7 is then passed uniformly upon the whole surface of the previous layer4 ,the water drains off from this layer through the first layer1 and the paper or cardboard is thus directly formed with two different faces1 the subsequent operations being as ordinarily employed in paper-making4 ,the space between two of the suction cases employed for drawing off the water in the pulp is a suitable point for the distribution of the diluted second pulp1 which is almost liquid4 ,test ,papers4--,these papers1 which are extensively used both in the laboratory and the factory1 for determining the presence of acids or alkalies in various liquids1 may be prepared as follows3--,litmus paper1 for detecting the presence of acids1 is prepared by first making an infusion of litmus4 ,reduce to a paste with a pestle and mortar #a oz4 of litmus1 adding a little boiling water2 then add more boiling water--from #c to #d ozs4 in all--and put the mixture into a flask and boil for a few minutes2 finally1 add more boiling water to make up half a pint1 and when cold filter the liquor4 ,to prepare the test paper1 a sufficient quantity of the liquid being poured into a flat dish1 pieces of unsized paper are steeped in the blue liquid1 so that all surfaces may be thoroughly wetted2 the paper is then to be hung up by one corner to drain1 and afterwards dried4 ,as many sheets of paper as may be required should be treated in this way1 and the sheets afterwards cut up into convenient strips for use4 ,red litmus paper1 for detecting slight traces of alkali in liquids1 may be prepared by dipping a glass rod1 previously dipped into a very dilute solution of sulphuric acid1 into one-half of the above infusion1 repeating the operation cautiously until the liquid turns from blue to a slightly red tint4 ,unsized paper when dipped in this will acquire a reddish colour which is very sensitive to the action of weak alkaline liquors1 and the vapour of ammonia restores the blue colour instantly4 ,turmeric paper is prepared by dipping unsized paper in a decoction of turmeric--about #b ozs4 to the pint4 ,paper steeped in this solution and dried acquires a yellow colour1 which turns brown in alkaline solutions4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,machinery ,,used ,,in ,,paper-,,making4 ,bentley and ,jackson's ,drum ,washer4--,drying ,cylinder4--,self-,acting ,dry ,felt ,regulator4--,paper ,cutting ,machine4--,single ,web ,winding ,machine4--,cooling and ,damping ,rolls4--,reversing or ,plate ,glazing ,calender4--,plate ,planing ,machine4--,roll ,bar ,planing ,machine4--,washing ,cylinder for ,rag ,engine4--,bleach ,pump4--,three-roll ,smoothing ,presses4--,back-water ,pump4--,web ,glazing ,calender4--,reeling ,machine4--,web ,ripping ,machine4-- ,roeckner's ,clarifier4--,marshall's ,perfecting ,engine4 ,apart from the mechanical contrivances which are referred to in various parts of this work1 in which their application is explained1 it will be necessary to direct attention to certain machines and appliances which are adopted at some of the more advanced paper-mills in this country and in ,america2 but since the various makers of paper-makers' machinery are constantly introducing improvements to meet the requirements of the manufacturer1 we must refer the reader to these firms for fuller information than can be given in the limited scope of this treatise4 ,many of the improvements in paper-making machinery consist in modifications--sometimes of a very important nature--in the construction of certain parts of a machine1 whereby the efficiency of the machine as a whole is in some cases considerably augmented4 ,without offering any critical remarks upon the merits of the respective improvements which have been introduced1 it will be sufficient to direct attention to the manufacturer's own description of the principal features of the special mechanical contrivance which he produces for the use of the paper-maker4 ,it may also be said that innumerable patents have been obtained for various improvements in machinery1 or parts of machines1 engines1 etc41 which can readily be referred to at the ,library of the ,patent ,office1 or any of the public libraries throughout the ,kingdom4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,bentley and ,jackson's ,drum-,washer4--,this drum-washer1 for use in the rag-engine1 is shown in ,fig4 #dc4 ,it has cast-iron ends1 strong copper buckets1 shaft1 stands1 lifting-gear1 and driving-wheel1 but instead of the drum being covered with the ordinary strong brass backing-wire1 it is covered with their improved honey-comb backing-plates1 over which the fine wire is wrapped as usual4 ,the honey-comb backing consists of tough rolled brass or copper plates1 curved to suit the diameter of the drum1 and secured to its ends by cross-bars4 ,it is practicably indestructible1 strengthens the drum1 and by maintaining its cylindrical form1 adds considerably to the durability of the fine covering-wire4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,drying ,cylinders4--,these cylinders1 by the same firm1 for which patents were obtained in #ahgb and #ahhg1 are made with concave and convex ends1 the latter type being shown in ,fig4 #dd4 ,the cylinder body is made of hard cast-iron1 turned and polished on outside surface4 ,the ends and trunnions are of tough cast iron1 turned to fit into their places1 and there secured by bolts and nuts by a patented method1 whereby no bolts 7excepting for the manhole7 are put through the metal1 an unbroken surface is preserved1 and the annoyance of leakage through the bolt-holes is avoided4 ,a manhole and cover is fitted to all cylinders #c feet in diameter and upwards1 and a water-lifter and pipe to remove the condensed steam4 ,the trunnions are bored to receive nozzles or junctions for admitting steam1 and the whole1 when completed1 is carefully balanced and tested by steam pressure to #ce lbs4 per square inch4 ,the firm state that they have made cylinders from #b to #aj feet in diameter by this system4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,self-acting ,dry ,felt ,regulator4--,this contrivance1 which is manufactured by ,messrs4 ,bentley and ,jackson1 is represented in front and side elevation in ,fig4 #de4 ,a is the framing of the paper-machine1 ,b the felt-rollers1 ,c the dry felt2 ,d is a slide carrying one end of the felt guide-roller ,b2 ,c is a shaft across the machine1 with a pulley ,f1 two-keyed on one end1 and a bevel pinion two-keyed on the other end4 ,the pulley ,f and pinion ,h are keyed together1 and run loose upon the shaft ,g2 ,i is a bevel-wheel1 gearing into the pinions ,h and #b4 ,the wheel ,i is connected by a spindle and a pair of bevel-wheels to a screw ,e1 which works through a threaded bush4 ,when the machine is at work1 if the felt ,c should run on one side1 it will pass between the pulley ,f and the guide-roller ,b1 causing the pulley to revolve1 and turning the screw ,e in the threaded bush1 thereby moving the slide fixing ,d and the guide-roller ,b1 which causes the felt to run back4 ,should the felt run to the other side1 it will run in contact with the pulley ,f #b1 and thus reverse the motion of the guide-roller ,b4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,paper-cutting ,machine4--,this machine 7,fig4 #df71 which is manufactured by the same firm1 is constructed to cut from one to eight webs simultaneously1 in sheets of any required length1 from #h to #fj inches4 ,it is built on the ,verny principle1 and its operation is as follows3--,the webs of paper from the reel-rolls are carried by an endless felt1 and the paper is drawn off the rolls by travelling cast-iron gripper beams1 which firmly grasp the felt and the webs of paper to be cut1 the travel of the beams being equal to the length of the sheet of paper to be cut4 ,when the required length of the sheet is drawn from the rolls1 a cast-iron clamp1 placed close to the dead cross-cut knife1 descends and firmly holds the paper until the movable cross-cut knife has cut off the sheets1 which fall on a second endless felt1 and are placed by the catchers in the usual manner4 ,as soon as the sheets are cut1 the clamp is released1 and the travelling-grippers are again ready to seize the paper and repeat the operation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,single ,web ,winding ,machine4--,this machine 7,fig4 #dg7 is constructed for preparing webs of paper for continuous printing-presses4 ,the roll of paper to be prepared is carried by brass bearings having vertical and horizontal screw adjustments attached to standards mounted on a slide1 and movable by a screw transversely on the machine to accommodate the deckle edges4 ,the paper web is taken through a pair of iron draw-rolls1 carried by brass bearings1 fitted in cast-iron stands2 there are two pairs of ripping-knives with bosses1 springs1 and collars1 mounted on turned wrought-iron shafts running in brass bearings carried by cast-iron stands2 a wrought-iron leading-roll and carrying brackets fitted with brass bushes2 a copper measuring roll counter1 geared to indicate up to #aj1jjj yards1 with disengaging apparatus to cease measuring when the paper breaks2 a friction-drum #b feet in diameter1 made of wood1 mounted on cast-iron rings1 and a wrought-iron shaft1 all carefully turned and balanced2 two cast-iron swivelling arms1 with brass sliding bearings to carry the mandrel on which the prepared web is to be wound1 with screws1 struts1 wheels and shaft to regulate the angular pressure of the roll of paper against the wood drum1 according to its weight and the quantity of paper4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,cooling and ,damping ,rolls4--,the illustration 7,fig4 #dh7 represents an apparatus1 constructed by ,messrs4 ,bentley and ,jackson1 for cooling and damping paper after leaving the drying cylinders and before passing through the calenders4 ,it consists of two brass rolls bored and fitted with cast-iron ends1 brass nozzles1 and regulating taps1 through which the rolls are supplied with a constant flow of water4 ,the rolls are carried by cast-iron standards1 fitted with brass steps and cast-iron caps4 ,jets of steam are blown on each of the rolls from a perforated copper pipe running parallel with1 and at a little distance from1 the body of the roll4 ,the steam is condensed on the cold surfaces of the brass rolls1 and absorbed by the web of paper1 which passes around and in contact with their surfaces1 and is consequently damped on both sides4 ,the perforated steam-pipes are enclosed by copper hoods1 to prevent the steam from spreading1 and the supply of steam is regulated by ordinary brass valves or cocks4 ,the rolls are geared together by a pair of spur-wheels1 and driven by a pulley of suitable diameter4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,reversing or ,plate-glazing ,calender4--,this machine1 which is shown in ,figs4 #di and #ej1 is also made by the firm referred to1 and consists of two hammered iron rolls1 each about twelve inches in diameter1 of any suitable length1 carefully turned and carried by strong cast-iron standards1 fitted with bell-metal steps4 ,the top roll is provided with setting-down blocks and brasses1 compound levers and weights to regulate the pressure required4 ,the two rolls are geared together by strong shrouded wheels1 and driven by a strong cast-iron spur-wheel and pinion1 a driving-shaft1 fast and loose pulleys1 carried by cast-iron stands and pedestals fitted with brass steps4 ,the machine is fitted with two metal feed-tables1 and a self-acting apparatus for returning the sheets to the rolls1 and a handle-lever1 slide-bar1 and strap-forks for starting and reversing4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,plate-planing ,machine4--,this machine1 which is manufactured by ,messrs4 ,bryan ,donkin and ,co41 of ,bermondsey1 is shown in ,fig4 #ea4 ,by its aid the plates of rag-engines can be sharpened without being taken to pieces4 ,the slide of the machine is made exactly like the roll-bar planing machine 7see below71 and is so arranged that it can easily be taken off and used for sharpening roll-bars4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,roll-,ear ,planing ,machine4--,in the accompanying engraving 7,fig4 #eb7 is shown an apparatus fitted to a rag-engine for sharpening rag-engine roll-bars1 and it will be seen that by means of it the operation can be performed without removing the roll from its usual position4 ,the edges of the bars are first planed by a tool supplied by the manufacturers to render the whole cylindrical before sharpening them2 the bevelled sides are then planed by suitable tools1 two of which accompany the apparatus4 ,this method of sharpening renders the bars uniform in shape1 the roll is kept in better working order1 and it can be dressed in considerably less time1 and at less expense1 than can be done by chipping by hand4 ,washing-,cylinder for ,rag-,engine4--,the illustration at ,fig4 #ec represents the machine as manufactured by ,messrs4 ,bryan ,donkin and ,co4 ,it is so made that the water is delivered on the driving side of the rag-engine1 thus avoiding any trough across the engine1 and admitting of the midfeather being thin1 as is usual in cast-iron engines4 ,it is all self-contained1 and the driving apparatus is wholly on the outside of the engine4 ,the raising and lowering are effected by a worm and worm-wheel1 so that the cylinder will stop at any point required4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,bleach ,pump4--,in the accompanying engraving 7,fig4 #ed7 is shown a pump1 manufactured by ,bryan ,donkin and ,co41 which is arranged expressly for the purpose of pumping up bleach-liquor4 ,each pump is all self-contained1 and merely requires a drum and strap to drive it4 ,the live and dead riggers upon the pump allow it to be started and stopped at pleasure4 ,in all paper-mills1 say the manufacturers1 the bleach-liquor should be used over and over again1 not only to save bleach1 which amounts to a considerable sum in the course of a year1 but also to keep the paper clean4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,three-,roll ,smoothing-,presses4--,the engraving 7,fig4 #ee7 shows a damp smoothing-press1 with rolls for smoothing the paper between the two sections of drying cylinders of a paper-machine4 ,the makers are ,messrs4 ,bryan ,donkin and ,co4 ,a three-roll smoothing press1 for smoothing the paper at the end of a paper-machine1 also by the same makers1 is shown in ,fig4 #ef4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,back-water ,pump4--,the engraving 7,fig4 #eg7 shows a pair of back or size-water pumps1 manufactured by ,bertrams1 ,limited4 ,the barrels are of cast-iron1 lined with copper4 ,the suction and discharge valves are each contained in a chamber with covers1 so that every valve could be easily got at by simply releasing the cover4 ,the valve-seats are of brass1 with brass guards and rubber clacks4 ,the plungers are of brass1 with cup-leathers4 ,all is fitted up on a cast-iron sole-plate1 with tall standards1 disc-cranks1 and driving-pulley between frames4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,web-glazing ,calender4--,fig4 #eh represents ,bertrams' web-glazing calender1 with steam-engine attached4 ,the illustration shows the machine in front elevation4 ,the steam-engine is specially designed for this class of work1 having two cylinders #aj inches in diameter by #af inches stroke1 fitted on a double-hooded sole-plate1 with double-throw crank-shaft1 fly-wheel1 two eccentrics1 wrought-iron piston-rods1 connecting-rods and valve-rods1 steam and exhaust branch pipes with one inlet valve1 lubricators1 and the cylinders cased with teak legging and brass hoops4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,reeling ,machine4--,one form of reeling machine manufactured by ,bertrams1 ,limited1 is shown in ,fig4 #ei1 and is used for slitting and re-reeling webs of paper1 especially where large webs are requisite for web-calendering1 web-printing1 and suchlike4 ,the reel of paper from the paper-machine is placed on a sliding-carriage arrangement1 the brackets of which are planed and fitted to a planed sole1 with wedge or dove-tail corners1 and controlled by screws1 hand-wheel1 etc41 so that the reel can quickly and easily be moved forward or backward to suit any unequal reeling that may have taken place on the paper or the machine4 ,a hot cast-iron is provided for mending breaks in the web1 and a measuring-roll and counter is also applied4 ,the machine has an important application of drawing-in or regulating rolls of cast iron1 with arrangement of expanding pulley for regulating the tension on the paper4 ,slitting-knives1 regulating1 dancing1 or leading-rolls1 of cast iron1 etc41 are applied for separating the edges and guiding the webs after they are slit4 ,the reeling is performed by a #c-;feet diameter drum1 cross-shafts1 and arms1 to which regulating heads are fitted1 so that several webs can be run up at one operation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,web-,ripping ,machine4--,this machine1 which is manufactured by ,messrs4 ,bentley and ,jackson1 is shown in ,fig4 #fj1 and is constructed to divide webs of paper into two or more widths4 ,it consists of two brass bearings on cast-iron standards1 with screw adjustments1 a break-pulley and friction-regulator1 all mounted on cast-iron slides1 movable transversely by means of a screw1 geared-wheels1 shaft and hand-wheel2 a wood guide-roll1 about #g inches diameter1 with wrought-iron centres1 carried by brass bearings with screw adjustment2 three skeleton drums1 each #b feet in diameter1 on wrought-iron shafts1 carried by brass bearings1 and driven by spur-wheels and pinions2 two wrought-iron leading-rolls1 with brass bearings and cast-iron stands2 a pair of strong wrought-iron ripper shafts with circular steel knives1 bosses1 springs1 and collars2 cast-iron stands and brass bearings1 spur-wheels and driving-pulley2 two 7or more7 changeable wood drums #a foot #f inches in diameter1 each with wrought-iron shaft and catch-box1 carried by brackets fitted with brass steps for easily changing1 driven by wrought-iron shafts with pedestals and friction-pulleys1 #b feet in diameter1 with regulating screws and lock-nuts1 all carried by strong cast-iron framing and standards1 and driven by a wrought-iron driving-shaft1 with fast and loose driving-pulleys1 strap-fork and levers for starting and stopping4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,roeckner's ,clarifier4--,in this apparatus1 of which an illustration is given in ,fig4 #fa1 ,mr4 ,roeckner has taken advantage of the fact that if a column of liquid is ascending very slowly and quietly within a vessel1 it will not be able to carry up with it the solid particles which it contains1 which will gradually fall back and sink to the bottom under the action of gravity1 without ever reaching the top of the vessel1 provided this be of sufficient height4 ,the illustration shows the arrangement of the apparatus on a small scale2 the liquor to be clarified is run into a well or reservoir b2 into this dip a wrought-iron cylinder c1 which is open at the lower end1 but hermetically closed at the top by means of the casing d4 ,from this casing air can be withdrawn through a pipe1 h1 by means of an air-pump i4 ,as soon as this is done the liquid will begin to ascend the cylinder c1 and if the height of this is below that to which the water will rise at the atmospheric pressure 7say #be feet71 the liquid will ascend until it fills the cylinder and the casing4 ,into the pocket at the side of the casing there dips a pipe g1 which passes out through the opposite side of the casing1 descends below the level of the water in the tank1 and ends in a discharge-cock4 ,when this cock is opened1 the cylinder c and the pipe g form between them a syphon1 of which1 however1 the descending leg is of very small diameter compared with the ascending leg4 ,in consequence1 the liquid will rise in the cylinder c very slowly4 ,the sediment it contains will sink back and collect in the bottom of the tank b1 and clear water will flow out at the outlet4 ,a sludge-cock at the bottom of the tank allows the solid matter to be drawn off at intervals and conveyed to any convenient place for drying1 etc4#cj ,for drawing clear water from a river1 the clarifier would simply be placed in the river1 dipping #b or #c inches into it below the lowest water-level4 ,the clear water will then be drawn through the clarifier1 while the heavier matters will fall down and be carried away by the river current4 ,it is stated that this has proved a great advantage to a paper-mill which used a river1 and had1 prior to its use1 been much troubled through the dirt being pumped with the water4 ,the clarifier to receive the waste from paper-machinery1 or from washings in the engines1 can be placed in any convenient corner1 and by its action the water can be re-used1 and the otherwise lost fibres collected1 without its action ever being stopped4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,marshall's ,perfecting ,engine4--,this engine1 a longitudinal section of which is shown in ,fig4 #fb1 has been introduced into this country by ,messrs4 ,bentley and ,jackson1 and is described in ,industries#ca as follows3--,the machine1 which is the invention of ,mr4 ,f4 ,marshall1 of ,turner's ,falls1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a41 is used in one of the processes of paper manufacture1 and has for its purpose the more effectual drawing of the pulp fibre1 the clearance of knots from the pulp previous to its delivery on to the paper-making machine1 and the saving of time in the treatment of the material4 ,as will be seen in the illustration 7,fig4 #fb71 the machine consists essentially of a cast-iron conical casing1 bored1 and fitted with about two hundred elbowed steel knives1 ,g1 placed in sections4 ,at the large end of this conical casing is placed a movable disc1 also fitted with about two hundred and ten steel knives1 ,f1 and capable of adjustment by means of a screw1 worm1 worm-wheel1 and hand-wheel1 ,e4 ,the revolving cone and disc are of cast iron1 fitted with straight steel knives firmly keyed upon a hammered iron shaft1 and carefully balanced to prevent vibration4 ,the knives of the revolving cone and disc are brought into contact with the stationary knives by means of the hand-wheel1 ,e1 and the disc-knives can be independently adjusted by means of the hand-wheel ,c1 which actuates a screw on the conical casing by means of the worm and worm-wheel shown4 ,the machine is driven by means of a pulley ,a1 and the whole machine is mounted on a cast-iron base-plate4 ,the pulp material enters the engine in the direction indicated by the arrow1 ,b1 at the small end of the cone1 and is by the rotary and centrifugal action of the revolving cone1 propelled to its large end1 and during its passage is reduced to a fine pulp by the action of the knives4 ,it then passes through the knives1 ,f1 of the stationary and rotating discs1 by which the fibres are further crushed or split up1 all knots or strings rubbed out1 and the pulp effectually cleared previous to its exit through the passage ,d4 ,we are informed that the machine is capable of treating from #ijj lbs4 to #a1bjj lbs4 of pulp per hour4 ,the power required to drive it is estimated at from #dj i4h4p4 to #ej i4h4p4 when making #cjj revolutions per minute4 ,this1 however1 is dependent on the amount of friction caused between the surfaces of the fixed and revolving knives4 ,the flow space occupied is #ab;ft4 #f;in4 in length1 and #d;ft4 in width4 ,the perfecting machine1 in its complete form1 is shown in ,fig4 #fc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,recovery ,,of ,,soda ,,from ,,spent ,,liquors4 ,recovery of ,soda4--,evaporating ,apparatus4--,roeckner's ,evaporator4--,porion's ,evaporator--,american ,system of ,soda ,recovery4--,yaryan ,evaporator4 ,recovery of ,soda4--,probably one of the most important improvements in modern paper-making1 at least from an economical point of view1 is the process of recovering one of the most costly1 and at the same time most extensively used1 materials employed in the manufacture--soda4 ,while not a great many years since 7and in some mills is still the case even now71 it was customary to allow the spent soda liquors resulting from the boiling of various fibres to run into the nearest rivers1 thus not only wasting a valuable product1 but also polluting the streams into which they were allowed to flow1 means are now adopted by which a considerable proportion of the soda is recovered and rendered available for further use4 ,the means by which this is effected are various1 but all have for their object the expulsion of the water and the destruction of the organic matters dissolved out of the fibrous substances in the process of boiling with caustic soda solutions4 ,one of the main objects of the various methods of recovering the soda from spent liquors is to utilise1 as far as practicable1 all the heat that is generated from the fuel used1 whereby the process of evaporation may be effected in the most economical way possible4 ,the principle upon which the most successful methods are based is that the flame and heat pass over and under a series of evaporating pans1 and through side flues1 by which time the heat has become thoroughly utilised and exhausted4 ,when all the water has been expelled1 the resulting dry mass is ignited and allowed to burn out1 when the black ash that remains1 which is carbonate of soda1 is afterwards dissolved out1 and the alkaline liquor causticised with lime in the usual manner4 ,according to ,dunbar1 #h cwt4 of recovered ash and #d cwt4 of good lime will produce #ijj gallons of caustic ley at #aa ,tw4 ,the liquor is then pumped into settling tanks1 from which it is delivered to the boilers when required4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,evaporating ,apparatus4--,an ordinary form of evaporator for the recovery of the soda is shown in ,fig4 #fd4 ,it consists of a chamber ,a1 of the nature of a reverberatory furnace1 lined with fire-brick1 the bottom of which is slightly hollowed4 ,above this is a tank ,b containing the liquor1 which is run down into the chamber as required by means of a pipe ,c1 provided with a tap4 ,at one end of the chamber is a furnace ,d1 the flame of which passes through the chamber and over the surface of the liquor lying upon the floor1 heating the chamber1 evaporating1 and at last incinerating1 its contents1 and at the same time warming the liquor in the tank above1 and evaporating some of its water4 ,the products of the combustion in the furnace1 and of evaporation1 pass by the flue into a chimney1 and escape thence into the air4 ,there is a door ,e in the side of the furnace near the level of the floor of the chamber1 and this is opened from time to time to enable the workmen to stir and move about the contents of the chamber1 and finally1 when the process is sufficiently advanced1 to draw out the residue4 ,the first effect produced is the reduction of the liquor to the consistence of tar4 ,later on1 a white crust1 which is the incinerated material1 forms on the surface1 and is drawn on one side by the workmen1 so as to allow of fresh crust being formed4 ,when all the charge has become solid it is drawn4 ,the charge is usually withdrawn before the conversion into carbonate is completed2 it is then raked out into barrows and placed in a heap1 generally in a shed or chamber1 open on one side1 but sometimes in a closed brick-chamber or den1 where the combustion continues for several weeks4 ,the result is the fusion of the material into a grey rocky substance1 which consists chiefly of carbonate and silicate of soda4 ,various modifications of the esparto evaporator and calciner have1 however1 been introduced since the recovery of soda has become more general1 and are in use at various works1 all having for their main object the economising of fuel and the utilising of the waste heat of the fire1 which in the old-fashioned calciner goes up the chimney and is lost4 ,the leading principle1 of all of them is to use the waste heat in concentrating the liquor preparatory to its being run into the part where the calcination is to be effected4 ,this is done by so extending and widening out the flue as to cause the heated air and flame1 after they have performed their function in the calcination1 to pass over or under their layers of liquor1 lying upon shelves or floors in such a way that the liquor shall become more and more concentrated as it approaches the calciner by successive steps or gradations4#cb--;,dr4 ,ballard4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,roeckner's ,evaporator4--,this apparatus1 an illustration of which is shown in ,fig4 #fe1 is thus described by ,dr4 ,ballard1 medical officer of the ,local ,government ,board1 who was specially appointed by the board to investigate the effluvium nuisances which arise in connection with certain manufacturing industries4 ,in this apparatus there is above the calcining floor a series of shelves or shallow pans1 alternating in such a manner that the liquor flowing from the tank above into the uppermost of them1 flows1 after a partial evaporation1 over the edge of the shelf into the shelf or shallow pan next below1 and in this way from shelf to shelf1 still becoming more and more concentrated until it reaches the final floor1 over which the flame from the actual fire plays1 and where the first part of the calcination is effected4 ,the heated air1 in passing to the chimney1 passes over each of these shelves in succession1 heating them and concentrating the liquor upon them4 ,there is between the lower shelves an arrangement for causing the liquor to pass from the upper to the lower by means of a pipe1 instead of its running over the edge4 ,at the top of all is a covered tank1 where the temperature of the liquor is raised before it is run into the evaporator4 ,in order to promote the heating of the liquor in this tank1 the lower part of the tank is made to communicate by side pipes with tubes passing across the evaporator near the fire1 as1 for instance1 at the bridge and at the further end of the calcining floor4 ,in this way a circulation of liquor is set up which serves to heat the liquor in the tank more effectually4 ,a pipe from the top of the tank leads to the chimney-shaft1 conducting any vapours into it4 ,as the incinerated crust forms it is raked on one side1 and when sufficient of it has accumulated it is drawn to an opening 7provided with a damper7 at the side or end of the floor1 and discharged down this opening into a brick chamber below1 which is inclosed by iron doors1 and from which a flue conducts the vapours that arise during the final fusion through the fire in such a way as to consume them4 ,by recent improvements ,mr4 ,roeckner has constructed an apparatus for condensing and rendering inoffensive the vapours eliminated from the liquor during its evaporation on the successive shelves of his evaporator4 ,porion's ,evaporator4--,this evaporator and incinerating furnace much resembles in principle an ordinary reverberatory furnace1 except that it is provided with paddle agitators1 which project the liquid upwards1 causing it to descend in a spray1 thus increasing the surface of the liquid coming in contact with the hot air and current of smoke traversing the furnace4 ,by this method the expense of fuel is greatly reduced4 ,the residue is in a state of ignition when it is withdrawn from the furnace1 and is piled in heaps so that it may burn slowly4 ,when the combustion is complete1 the resulting calcined mass is treated with water1 and the carbonate of soda formed is afterwards causticised in the usual way4 ,about two-thirds of the soda is thus recovered4 ,the ,yaryan ,evaporator4--,mr4 ,homer ,t4 ,yaryan1 of ,toledo1 ,ohio1 ,u4,s4,a41 has introduced some important improvements in evaporating apparatus1 which have been fully recognised in ,america1 and appear to have been attended with success4 ,the principle involved is that of multiple effects1 in which the evaporation takes place while the liquid is flowing through heated coils of pipe or conduits1 and in which the vapour is separated from the liquid in a chamber1 at the discharge end of the coils1 and is conducted to the heating cylinder surrounding the evaporating coils of the next effect1 from the first to the last effect4 ,the objects of the invention are3 7#a7 to provide extended vaporising coils or conduits and increased heating surface for each liquid feed supply in the heating cylinders1 and provide improved means for feeding the liquid1 whereby each set or coil of vaporising tubes will receive a positive and uniform supply of liquid without danger of the feed ducts being clogged by extraneous matter2 7#b7 to positively control the amount of liquid fed by the pump to the evaporating coils1 and make it more uniform than heretofore1 regardless of the speed of the pump2 7#c7 to provide improved separating chambers at the discharge ends of the vaporising coils so as to better free liquid and solid particles from the vapours2 7#d7 to provide for the successful treatment of the most frothy liquids by causing the vapours carrying solid and liquid particles to pass through catch-all chambers1 where they are arrested and precipitated and then returned to the evaporating coils2 7#e7 to secure a more positive flow and circulation of liquid from the evaporating cylinder of one effect to another1 under the influence of a better vacuum than heretofore in multiple-effect vacuum evaporating apparatus2 7#f7 to provide for transferring a better concentrated liquid into the separating chamber containing cooler concentrated liquid in direct connection with the condenser and vacuum pump1 so as to equalise the temperature of the two liquids1 and then draw off both by one tail pump4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,fig4 #gj4 ,fig4 #ga4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,fig4 #gc4 ,fig4 #gd4 ,the present invention comprises a series of important improvements on an apparatus described by ,mr4 ,yaryan in a former ,english patent1 ,no4 #ad1afb 7#ahhf71 and covers a number of important modifications in construction1 whereby improved results are secured4 ,it is only necessary1 therefore1 to give the details of the new patent1 ,no4 #bac 7#ahhh71 since it embodies the latest improvements which practical working of the apparatus has suggested4 ,in reference to the accompanying illustrations the following details are given3 ,fig4 #ff represents a side elevation of the apparatus2 ,fig4 #fg1 the front elevation2 ,fig4 #fh1 a top plan view2 ,fig4 #fi1 a vertical section of a cylinder showing the evaporating coils and separating chamber2 ,fig4 #gj is a horizontal section2 and ,fig4 #ga1 a vertical section of the separating chamber shown in ,fig4 #fi1 both on reduced scale2 ,fig4 #gb is a broken section of the cylinders for showing the connections of the liquid pipe from the first to the third effect evaporator2 ,fig4 #gc is a rear end view of a cylinder with manifold1 the feed pump and a sectional view of the feed box and supply devices2 ,fig4 #gd represents a sectional view1 on enlarged scale1 of the manifold and a feed duct2 ,fig4 #ge is an inside view of a return bend-head2 ,fig4 #gf an inside view of a section of the head2 ,fig4 #gg1 a vertical cross section thereof on enlarged scale1 and showing the partitions forming cells for connecting the ends of the evaporating tubes2 ,fig4 #gh is a vertical longitudinal section of a catch-all chamber2 ,fig4 #gi1 a cross section thereof2 ,fig4 #hj is a vertical longitudinal section of new form of separating chamber2 and ,fig4 #ha represents a side view and ,fig4 #hb an end view of the cylinders for showing the pipe connection between the separating chambers of the third and fourth effect evaporators4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,fig4 #gf4 ,fig4 #gg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,fig4 #gi4 ,fig4 #hj4 ,the evaporating cylinders are mounted upon a framework ,y1 supported upon columns ,x ,x1 or other suitable supports4 ,the apparatus is shown arranged as quadruple effect1 with four connected cylinders1 but multiple effect apparatus may be constructed with an increased number of cylinders up to ten or twelve4 ,the heating cylinders ,b#a ,b#b ,b#c ,b#d1 containing the evaporating tubes or coils1 are preferably arranged in the same horizontal plane1 and are provided at the discharge ends of the evaporating coils with separating chambers1 ,a#a ,a#b ,a#c ,a#d1 of enlarged diameter1 and at the supply ends of the coils with the coils with return bend ends1 ,c#a ,c#b ,c#c ,c#d4 ,from each separating chamber1 ,a#a1 ,a#b1 valve pipe ,d#a ,d#b ,d#c leads into the shell of the next heating cylinder1 as ,b#b1 ,b#c1 ,b#d1 and vapour pipe ,d#d leads from the last separator ,a#d to the condenser ,h1 and the vacuum pump ,h#a4 ,a cylindrical catch-all chamber ,e#a1 ,e#b1 ,e#c1 ,e#d1 is connected in each vapour pipe between each separator and each successive heating cylinder1 as shown in ,figs4 #ff1 #fg1 and #fh1 and in detail in ,fig4 #ge4 ,gauge glass and liquid receiving chambers1 ,g#a1 ,g#b1 ,g#c1 ,g#d1 connect with the bottom of each separating chamber for receiving the liquid as it is separated from the vapour1 and a gauge glass g is applied to each of such chambers4 ,liquid discharge and transfer pipes t1 t#a1 having valves h1 h#a1 as best shown in ,figs4 #ff1 #fh1 and #gb1 lead respectively from chambers ,g#a1 ,g#b1 of the first and second effect to the manifold feed pipes leading into the cylinders ,b#c1 ,b#d1 of the third and fourth effect for the purpose hereafter described4 ,the main steam supply pipe ,f1 having a safety valve f and stop valve f#a1 ,figs4 #ff1 #fg1 and #fh1 connects with the heating cylinder ,b#a of the first effect4 ,the evaporating tubes #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 are expanded or otherwise secured in the tube sheets d and e at opposite ends of the cylinders1 and are properly connected at the ends in sets of five to form coils4 ,the outer rear return-bend head ,c#a ,c#b1 etc41 are provided on their insides with numerous short intersecting partition plates c1 forming single and double cells1 properly arranged for connecting the evaporating tubes in sets of five1 as shown in ,figs4 #ge1 #gf1 #gg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,fig4 #hb4 ,the heads are pierced with holes c for connecting the liquid supply pipes ,m of the manifolds ,l4 ,the inner return-bend head ,t in the separating chambers are formed like heads ,c#a ,c#b1 etc41 with intersecting partition plates x1 and are provided with discharge openings t for every fifth tube1 as shown in ,fig4 #fi4 ,tube sheet d is made of considerably larger diameter than cylinders ,b#a ,b#b1 etc41 and acts as a vibrating diaphragm1 to accommodate the expansion and contraction of the tubes4 ,the separating chambers may be constructed with dash plates b b1 two or more in number1 having openings g g alternately upon opposite sides for the passage of vapour1 and opening a at the bottom for the passage of liquid1 as shown in ,fig4 #hj4 ,here a tube sheet z is provided near the openings of the evaporating tubes1 and in such sheet are set numerous small horizontal tubes n1 which discharge against a vertical arresting plate b set near their open ends4 ,water and solid matter are impelled against the plate and thereby arrested and caused to flow down to the bottom of the chamber4 ,the liquid feed apparatus consists of a supply tank ,k1 stand-pipe ,j1 feed box ,k#a1 double pump ,i1 manifold ,l1 and connecting pipes and valves4 ,the liquid to be evaporated flows from tank ,k1 through pipe k1 to stand-pipe ,j and box ,k#a1 the flow being constant and uniform1 and of the desired quantity1 by means of a valve k having a lever handle r which is connected by a cord or chain passing over a pulley j with float q in stand-pipe ,j4 ,the valve opening in pipe k being properly adjusted by means of the float1 etc41 the liquid is admitted to the stand-pipe ,j while the column of liquid is automatically maintained at any desired height and pressure regardless of the quantity in the supply tank1 by means of the float q1 which1 as it rises1 tends to close valve k1 and as it falls1 to open the valve4 ,from the bottom of the stand-pipe ,j1 nozzle j discharges a constant and uniform stream of liquid into feed box ,k#a4 ,the suction pipe ,i of pump ,i extends into box ,k#a1 where it terminates in a turned-down nozzle provided with valve i having a lever handle and float z4 ,as a given amount of liquid is constantly running into the box1 should the pump run too fast the float lowers1 partially closing the valve and lessening the amount of liquid drawn at each stroke of the pump1 and preventing air from being drawn in1 since the end of the suction pipe is always sealed by the liquid4 ,the liquid is forced by pump ,i into the manifolds ,l1 from which it flows through the contracted ducts l into the enlarged feed pipes m1 as shown in ,figs4 #gc and #gd4 ,ducts l are of about one-half inch diameter1 and the upper and lower sections thereof are connected by a union coupling1 one portion of which l has a reducer with opening one-quarter inch diameter1 more or less1 according to the amount of liquid it is desired to feed4 ,the catch-all chambers ,e#a ,e#b1 etc41 ,figs4 #ff1 #gh1 and #gi1 are provided each at its inlet end e1 with tube sheet o extending across its diameter a short distance in front of the opening of vapour pipe ,d#a1 and in such sheet are fixed numerous longitudinal tubes p extending to near the opposite head e1 so that vapours carrying watery or solid particles are impelled against the head and arrested4 ,liquid and solid matter1 arrested in the catch-all chambers1 flow through pipes v v v down into the fluid transfer pipe t t 7,figs4 #fg1 #fh1 and #gb71 and thence into the evaporating coils and through pipe v directly to the tail pump ,w1 ,fig4 #fg4 ,by use of the catch-all chambers the most frothy liquids can he readily and economically managed4 ,a liquid transfer pipe s1 having a valve h1 leads directly from receiving chamber ,g#c of the third effect to the separating chamber ,a#d of the fourth effect1 the latent heat being carried off in the vapours drawn by the vacuum pump ,h#a into the chamber ,h1 and the finished liquid of both effects is drawn off through pipe w by one and the same tail pipe pump ,w4 ,the water of condensation accumulating in the heating cylinders ,b#a ,b#b1 etc41 is transferred from one to the other through connecting pipes u u u having valves y1 shown in ,figs4 #ff1 #fg1 and #fh2 and finally from cylinder ,b#d through pipe u directly into condenser ,h4 ,the specification of the patent1 which those interested will do well to consult1 next describes the operation of the apparatus4 ,american ,system of ,soda ,recovery4--,mr4 ,congdon gives an exhaustive description#cc of the method of recovering soda in the ,united ,states1 from whose interesting paper we extract the following3--,the spent liquors are delivered to the ,yaryan evaporator from the pans at a density of #f to #g ,b4 at #acj ,f4 ,here they are concentrated to #cd to #db at #adj ,f4 ,at this density they are fed into furnaces of a reverberatory type1 where they are burnt to a cherry-red heat2 and the ash then raked out4 ,this ash1 which averages #ej per cent4 of soda1 is weighed in iron barrows on suitable scales1 and wheeled into the leaching-room for lixiviation4 ,the system of leaching1 as it is termed in the ,states1 is conducted as follows3--,iron tanks are used1 with suitable piping1 that allows pumping from one tank to another1 and also to pump from any one of them up to the causticising tanks in the alkali-room4 ,there is also a water-line by which water may be pumped into any of the tanks1 and there is a spout used in washing away the black ash sludge4 ,the leaching-tanks have false bottoms of #b;in4 by #b;in4 stuff1 placed crosswise1 over which is a layer of gravel1 on which lies a layer of straw1 by which the liquor is filtered4 ,the gravel is removed every few days1 and the straw with every charge4 ,when one of the tanks is filled with black ash1 it is wet down with the stored liquor 7the strongest of the stored weak liquors71 and also with the strongest weak liquors from the tanks1 and with weak liquors obtained from these tanks by pumping water upon them and keeping them full4 ,this is all pumped up to the causticising-tank until the strength is reduced to #b or #a ,b4 ,the remaining liquor is then drained into a tank known as the clear-liquor tank1 owing to there being no black ash in it4 ,the liquor from the next weakest pan is then pumped upon the pan containing the black ash1 and the next weakest liquor pumped upon this4 ,the weaker pans are then in succession pumped upon the stronger1 and the water pumped upon these1 and thus a very perfect washing is obtained4 ,the sludge left behind is nothing but charcoal1 with a slight trace of carbonate of soda4 ,mr4 ,congdon illustrates the above system thus4 ,the tanks stand as follows3-- ,no4 #a4 ,clear liquor1 #a to #b ,b4 7strongest74 ,no4 #b4 ,black ash sludge 7weaker than ,no4 #c74 ,no4 #c4 ,black ash1 after sending up to causticising-tank 7strongest sludge74 ,no4 #d4 ,fresh black ash4 ,no4 #e4 ,weaker than ,no4 #b 7sludge only74 ,no4 #f4 ,weaker than ,no4 #e 7sludge and weakest liquor74 ,the method of procedure is as follows3-- ,liquor from ,no4 #c drained into ,no4 #a 7now full74 ,no4 #f pumped on to ,no4 #b 7,no4 #f sludge thrown away74 ,liquor from ,no4 #b drained upon ,no4 #c4 ,water put on ,no4 #e4 ,no4 #e pumped upon ,no4 #b 7,no4 #e sludge thrown away74 ,the black ash is treated thus3-- ,no4 #d1 full of black ash1 is wet down with ,nos4 #a1 #b1 and #c1 and pumped up to the causticising-tank4 ,water is pumped out to ,nos4 #b and #c1 and then drained upon ,no4 #d1 the liquor still being pumped up from ,no4 #d while the water is being pumped upon ,nos4 #b and #c1 which are kept full4 ,this is continued until the liquor tests only #b to #a ,b4 ,no4 #d is now drained upon ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #c pumped upon ,no4 #d1 and this drained into ,no4 #a 7now full74 ,no4 #c pumped upon ,no4 #e4 ,water pumped upon ,no4 #b 7,no4 #b the next to be thrown away74 ,no4 #e is by this time full of fresh black ash1 and the same process is carried out with ,no4 #d4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,determining ,,the ,,real ,,value ,,or ,,percentage ,,of ,,commercial ,,sodas1 ,,chloride ,,of ,,lime1 ,,etc4 ,examination of ,commercial ,sodas4--,mohr's ,alkalimeter4--,preparation of the ,test ,acid4--,sampling ,alkalies4--,the ,assay4--,estimation of ,chlorine in ,bleaching ,powder4--,fresenius' ,method4--,gay-,lussac's ,method4--,the ,test ,liquor4--,testing the ,sample4--,estimation of ,alumina in ,alum ,cake1 etc4 ,in a manufacture such as paper-making1 which involves the consumption of enormous quantities of materials of variable quality1 as soda ash1 caustic soda1 and bleaching powder1 for example1 it will be readily seen that some means should be at the command of the consumer who does not avail himself of the services of a practical chemist at his works1 by which he can ascertain the actual value of the various substances he uses4 ,an art which1 up to a certain point in its progress1 is mainly a chemical operation1 it would undoubtedly be more safely and economically conducted when supervised by persons well acquainted with chemical principles and reactions1 and less dependent upon individual judgment1 than is1 perhaps1 too frequently the case4 ,under such supervision more perfect uniformity of results--a consideration of the greatest importance in a manufacture of this kind--would be ensured4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,fig4 #hd4 ,fig4 #he4 ,examination of ,commercial ,sodas4--,the methods of determining the percentage of real alkali in the commercial products which have received the name of ,alkalimetry are fortunately of a simple character1 and such as a person of ordinary intelligence and skill can readily manipulate and render thoroughly reliable by exerting the necessary care4 ,he must1 however1 be provided with a few indispensable appliances1 which will be described1 and with these he should make several trials upon various samples until he finds that his results are uniform and his manipulation easy and reliable4 ,he will require a chemical balance1#cd capable of weighing to the tenth of a grain2 a few glass beakers 7,fig4 #hc7 of various sizes1 capable of holding from four to eight or ten ounces of fluid2 several glass stirrers2 a bottle of litmus solution1 made by dissolving litmus in hot water2 books of litmus and turmeric papers2 and several glass flasks 7,fig4 #hd7 of various sizes1 capable of holding from four to eight ounces4 ,besides these accessories1 certain measuring instruments1 termed alkalimeters or burettes1 are employed1 of which either of the two following may be employed4 ,these instruments are of glass1 and hold up to #j or zero exactly #a1jjj grains4 ,the scale is graduated in a hundred divisions1 which are again subdivided into tenths4 ,bink's burette is shown in ,fig4 #he1 and ,mohr's burette in ,fig4 #hf4 ,the latter1 being provided with a stand1 enables the operator to add the test liquor--with1 which the burette is charged--drop by drop1 when the alkaline solution to be tested is near the point of saturation1 without engaging the hands4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,fig4 #hg4 ,mohr's ,alkalimeter4--,this useful instrument 7,fig4 #hf7 and the method of using it is thus described by ,mohr3--,i have succeeded in substituting for expensive glass stop-cocks an arrangement which may be constructed by any person with ease1 which remains absolutely air and water-tight for an indefinite period1 which may be opened and regulated at will by the pressure of the fingers1 and which costs almost nothing4 ,it consists of a small piece of vulcanized indiarubber tube1 which is closed by a clamp of brass wire 7,fig4 #hg74 ,the ends of this clamp1 which ,i call a pressure-cock1 are bent laterally at right angles in opposite directions and furnished with knobs1 so that when both ends are pressed the clamp is opened1 and a single drop or a continuous current of liquid may be allowed to escape at pleasure4 ,the measuring-tube is a straight glass cylinder1 as uniform as possible1 graduated to #jb or #ja cubic centimtres1 and somewhat contracted at its lower end1 so as to fit into the indiarubber tube4 ,a small piece of glass tube inserted below the pressure-cock forms the spout4 ,the pressure-cock has the advantage of not leaking1 for it closes itself when the pressure of the fingers is removed4 ,the measure1 furnished with the pressure-cock1 is fastened upon an appropriate stand1 which can be placed at any required height4 ,when used1 it is filled above the zero point with test liquor1 the cock opened for an instant1 so as to let the air escape from the spout1 and the level of the solution is then adjusted4 ,this is done by bringing the eye level with the zero point1 and applying a gentle pressure to the cock until the liquid has sunk so low that the inferior curve of the liquid touches the graduation like the circle of a tangent2 the cock is then closed1 and at the same moment the liquid remains at zero1 and continues to do so for weeks if evaporation is prevented4 ,the test-measure being normally filled1 the experiment may be commenced2 this is done sitting1 while the filling of the measure is done standing4 ,the weighed sample of alkali is first placed in a beaker-glass1 and the test-liquor is allowed to flow into it by gently pressing the cock4 ,both hands are set at liberty1 for when the pressure-cock is released it closes of itself4 ,the volumetric#ce operation may be interrupted at pleasure1 in order to heat the liquid1 shake it1 or do whatever else may be required4 ,the quantity of liquid used may be read off at any moment1 and in repeating an experiment1 the limit of the quantity used before may be approached so near that the further addition of liquid may be made drop by drop4 ,the test-acid to be used volumetrically--that is1 with the alkalimeter1 has a specific gravity of #ajcb at #fj ,f41 and #a1jjj grains by measure contain exactly #dj grains of real or anhydrous 7that is1 without water7 sulphuric acid4 ,the chemical principles involved in the process of alkali-testing may be thus briefly stated3--,according to the laws of chemical combination defined by the atomic theory of ,dalton1 all substances combine in definite proportions or equivalents2 thus1 #a part by weight of hydrogen combines with #h parts by weight of oxygen to form water4 ,the equivalent number of hydrogen1 therefore1 is #a1 and of oxygen #h1 and that of water #i4 ,again1 #c equivalents of oxygen combine with #a equivalent of sulphur 7#af7 to form sulphuric acid2 thus1 sulphur #af1 oxygen #bd1 equals anhydrous sulphuric acid #dj2 therefore #dj is the equivalent or combining number of this acid1 and it cannot be made to unite with alkalies or other bases in any other proportion4 ,for example1 #dj grains by weight of pure sulphuric acid will neutralise exactly #ec grains of dried carbonate of soda1 #ca grains of pure anhydrous soda1 or #dj grains of hydrate of soda 7caustic soda74 ,this being so1 it is only necessary to have exactly #dj grains of real sulphuric acid in #a1jjj grains of water to form a test-acid1 which1 when employed to neutralise an alkaline solution1 will show1 by the proportion of dilute acid used to saturate the alkali1 the absolute percentage present in the sample4 ,preparation of the ,test-,acid or ,standard ,solution4--,as there is some trouble involved in the preparation of the test-liquor1 it is advisable to prepare a sufficient quantity at a time to last for many operations4 ,it may be readily made by mixing #a part of concentrated sulphuric acid with #aa or #ab parts of distilled water1 the mixture being made in what is termed a ,winchester bottle1 which holds rather more than half a gallon1 and is provided with a glass stopper4 ,the acid solution must be adjusted or brought to the proper strength after it has cooled down to #fj ,f42 and it should be faintly tinged with litmus1 which will give it a pinkish hue4 ,the acid1 to be of the proper strength1 should exactly neutralise #ec grains of pure carbonate of soda1 previously calcined at a red heat1 or #ca grains of pure anhydrous soda4 ,to prepare the anhydrous carbonate of soda1 a few crystals of carbonate of soda are placed in a ,berlin porcelain crucible1 and this must be heated over a spirit-lamp or ,bunsen burner4 ,when all the water of crystallisation has become expelled1 the calcination is continued until the mass is at a bright red heat1 when the vessel may be allowed to cool4 #ec grains of the calcined carbonate are now to be carefully weighed1 and next dissolved in a glass beaker1 in about #b ounces of distilled water4 ,the alkalimeter is now to be charged with the test-acid to the level of zero1 and 7if ,mohr's burette be used7 the beaker containing the alkaline solution is to be placed upon the stand immediately beneath the exit-tube4 ,now press the knobs of the pressure-cock1 and allow a portion of the liquor to flow into the beaker4 ,when the effervescence which immediately sets up subsides1 make further additions of the test-liquor from time to time1 until the effervescence becomes sluggish1 at which period the acid must be added with greater caution4 ,when the solution approaches saturation it acquires a purplish tint 7due to the litmus with which the acid is tinged71 which it retains until the point of saturation is reached1 when it suddenly changes to a pink colour4 ,after each addition of the acid the solution should be stirred with a thin and clean glass rod2 and before the final change from purple to pink1 the end of the glass rod should be applied to a strip of blue litmus paper1 when1 if the moistened spot touched assumes a red colour1 the saturation is complete2 if1 on the contrary1 the paper is unchanged1 or has a violet or reddish hue1 add the test-liquor1 one or two drops at a time1 with continued stirring1 until a drop of the solution applied with a glass rod reddens litmus paper1 when the saturation is finished4 ,if any test-liquor remain in the burette1 this indicates that there is excess of acid in the test-liquor2 consequently more distilled water must be added to the bulk1 the burette emptied and refilled with the reduced liquor1 and another #ec grains of anhydrous carbonate of soda treated as before1 until #a1jjj grains of the acid liquor exactly neutralise the solution4 ,should the whole contents of the burette in the first trial be used before saturation is complete1 a little more sulphuric acid must be put into the ,winchester or test-acid bottle1 and a #ec-;grain solution of carbonate of soda treated as before4 ,a very little practice will enable the operator to adjust his test-liquor with perfect accuracy2 and1 to prevent mistakes1 the bottle should be labelled ,test-acid1 and always be kept closed by its stopper4 ,sampling ,alkalies4--,soda-ash of commerce is usually packed in wooden casks1 and in order to obtain a fair average sample from a large number of these casks1 which may represent one consignment1 it is important to take small samples1 as near the centre of each cask as possible1 from as many of the casks as time will permit4 ,each sample1 as drawn from the cask1 should be at once placed in a rather wide-mouthed bottle furnished with a well-fitting cork4 ,each sample should be numbered and marked with the brand which distinguishes the cask from which it was taken4 ,the duty of sampling should be placed in the hands of a person of known integrity and intelligence4 ,when about to test a sample of soda-ash1 the contents of the bottle should first be emptied upon a sheet of dry paper1 and the larger lumps then crushed to reduce the whole to a coarse powder1 and this must be done as quickly as possible to prevent absorption of moisture from the atmosphere4 #ajj grains of the alkali must now be accurately weighed and put into a glass flask 7,fig4 #hd71 and the remainder of the alkali returned to the bottle and the vessel securely corked4 ,about half an ounce of distilled water is then to be put into the flask and gentle heat applied1 with an occasional shaking1 until the alkali is all dissolved4 ,the flask is then to be set aside for a few minutes1 until any insoluble matter present has subsided1 when the clear liquor is to be carefully poured into a beaker glass2 the sediment must be washed several times with small quantities of distilled water1 and the washings added to the solution in the beaker4 ,this washing is of great importance and must be performed several times1 or until the last washing liquor produces no effect upon yellow turmeric paper1 which even slight traces of alkali will turn a brown colour4 ,so long as this brown tint is given to the turmeric paper the presence of alkali is assured1 and the washing must be continued4 ,it is important1 after each washing1 to pour off the last drop of the liquor above the sediment1 by which the operation is more effectual1 and is effected with less water than when this precaution is not observed4 ,in order to ensure perfect accuracy in the result1 every particle of the washings must be added to the contents of the beaker-glass in which the assay is to be made4 ,the ,assay4--,the alkalimeter is first to be filled with the test-acid exactly to the line #j or zero of the scale as described1 and the beaker containing the solution to be tested then placed immediately beneath the dropping tube of the instrument2 a thin glass rod should be placed in the beaker as a stirrer4 ,the acid liquor is then allowed to flow gradually into the alkaline solution 7which should be repeatedly stirred with the glass rod71 by pressing the knobs of the pressure-cock1 until the solution assumes a purple tint1 which it will retain until the exact point of saturation has been arrived at1 when1 as before stated1 it will suddenly change to a pink colour4 ,before the latter stage is reached the beaker should be placed over a spirit lamp or ,bunsen burner1 and the liquid heated to expel the carbonic acid which is evolved1 and partly absorbed by the solution during the process of saturation4 ,when the neutralisation is complete1 the alkalimeter is allowed to repose for a few moments1 so that the acid liquor may drain from the interior of the glass tube into the bulk of the fluid1 and the quantity of test-acid used is then determined by reading off the number of divisions of the alkalimeter that have been exhausted1 every one of which represents #a_/ajjth part1 or #a per cent4 of alkali1 whenever the equivalent weight is taken for assay4 ,every #a_/ajth part of an alkalimeter division represents #a_/ajth of #a per cent41 and the result is thus obtained without the necessity of any calculation4 ,the following table shows the equivalent or combining proportions of soda with #dj grains of real 7that is1 anhydrous7 sulphuric acid3-- ,are equivalent to #dj grains of sulphuric acid #ca grains soda 7anhydrous74 #a1jjj grains of dilute #dj grains hydrate of soda 7pure sulphuric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajcc7 caustic soda74 #a1jjj grains of dilute #ec grains carbonate of soda sulphuric acid 7water-grain 7anhydrous74 measure7 sp4 gr4 #ajcb #adc grains crystallized carbonate of soda4 ,mr4 ,arnot recommends the following method for alkali testing3 ,the sample1 which should be a fair average of the drum or cask from which it is drawn1 should1 in the case of caustic soda1 be quickly crushed into small fragments1 and returned to the stoppered bottle in which it was collected for testing4 ,it need not be finely ground1 and1 indeed1 should not be1 as it very readily attracts moisture from the air4 ,the contents of the drum are usually pretty uniform1 and the crushing recommended will give the operator a sample quite fit to work upon4 ,samples of soda-ash and soda crystals will1 of course1 be fairly representative of the casks from which they are drawn4 ,one hundred grains of the prepared sample must be weighed out upon a watch-glass or slip of glazed paper1 and transferred to a porcelain basin1 with at least half a pint of boiling water4 ,the watch-glass is preferable for caustic soda1 and the weighing in the case of that agent must be done expeditiously4 ,while the sample is dissolving the burette will be charged with the standard acid4 ,to the soda solution a few drops of solution of litmus1 sufficient to colour it distinctly1 will be added4 ,the acid will then be run into the blue soda liquor2 at first1 within reasonable limits1 this may be done rapidly1 but towards the close of the operation the acid must be added cautiously1 and the solution kept well stirred4 ,in the case of caustic1 when the blue has distinctly changed to red1 the operation may be considered completed1 and the measures may be read off the burette2 and this is1 without calculation1 the result required4 ,when the soda in the sample is a carbonate1 the blue colour of the litmus will be changed to pink before all the soda is neutralised1 owing to a portion of the liberated carbonic acid remaining in the solution2 this must be eliminated by placing the basin over a ,bunsen burner and boiling the solution4 ,the blue colour will thus be restored1 and more acid must be added1 repeating the boiling from time to time1 until the red colour becomes permanent4 ,it is sometimes necessary to filter the soda solution before testing2 this applies specially to recovered soda1 and1 although in a less degree1 to soda-ash4 ,when the soda solution is filtered1 it will be necessary to thoroughly wash out the liquor absorbed by the filtering paper1 the washings being added to the bulk of the liquor as before4 ,the best plan is to allow the soda solution to stand for some time until all the sediment has deposited1 and then to pour off as much of the liquor as possible1 and then to wash the sediment into a very small filter1 in which it will receive further washing1 until no trace of alkali can be detected in the last wash water4 ,estimation of ,chlorine in ,bleaching ,powder4--,it is desirable that the manager or foreman of a paper-mill should have at his command some ready means by which he may test the percentage of chlorine in samples of bleaching powder1 or chloride of lime1 delivered at the mill1 not alone to enable him to determine the proportions to be used in making up his bleaching liquors1 but also to ensure his employers against possible loss in case of inferior qualities being delivered at the mill4 ,bleaching powders being purchased according to percentage1 it is absolutely necessary that the purchaser should have this determined to his own satisfaction before either using or paying for the material4 ,good chloride of lime should contain #ce per cent4 of available chlorine1 but the powder should not be accepted which contains less than #cb per cent4 ,there are several methods of estimating the percentage of chlorine in bleaching powder1 which is composed of hypochlorite of lime1 chloride of calcium1 and hydrate of lime1 the latter substances being of no service in the bleaching process4 ,according to ,fresenius1 in freshly prepared and perfectly normal chloride of lime1 the quantities of hypochlorite of lime and chloride of calcium present stand to each other in the proportion of their equivalents4 ,when such chloride of lime is brought into contact with dilute sulphuric acid1 the whole of the chlorine it contains is liberated in the elementary form4 ,on keeping chloride of lime1 however1 the proportion between hypochlorite of lime and chloride of calcium gradually changes3 the former decreases1 the latter increases4 ,hence from this cause alone1 to say nothing of original difference1 the commercial article is not of uniform quality1 and on treatment with acid gives sometimes more1 and sometimes less1 chlorine4 ,as the value of bleaching powder depends entirely upon the amount of chlorine set free on treatment with acids1 chemists have devised very simple methods of determining the available amount of chlorine in any given sample1 these methods having received the name of chlorimetry4 ,the method of ,fresenius is generally considered both practicable and reliable4 ,fresenius' ,method of preparing the solution of bleaching powder to be tested is as follows3--,carefully weigh out #aj grains of the sample1 and finely triturate it in a mortar with a little cold water1 gradually adding more water2 next allow the liquor to settle1 then pour the liquid into a litre flask1 and triturate the residue again with a little water1 and rinse the contents of the mortar carefully into the flask1 which should then be filled with water up to the graduated mark4 ,now shake the milky fluid and proceed to examine it while in the turbid state2 and each time1 before measuring off a fresh portion1 the vessel must be again shaken to prevent the material from depositing4 ,the results obtained with the solution in its turbid condition are considered more accurate and reliable than when the clear liquid alone is treated1 even though the deposit be frequently washed4 ,this may be proved1 ,fresenius says1 by making two separate experiments1 one with the decanted clear liquor1 and another with the residuary turbid mixture4 ,in an experiment made in his own laboratory the decanted clear fluid gives #bbf of chlorine1 the residuary mixture #bej1 and the uniformly mixed turbid solution #bde4 ,one cubic centimtre of the solution of chloride of lime so prepared corresponds to #jja gramme of chloride of lime4 ,gay-,lussac's ,method4--,this method1 which is known as the arsenious acid process1 has been much adopted for the determination of chlorine in bleaching powders1 and is conducted as follows3-- ,the ,test-liquor4--,this is prepared by dissolving #ajj grains of pure arsenious acid in about #d ounces of pure hydrochloric acid1 and the solution is to be diluted with water until1 on being poured into a graduated #aj1jjj grains measure-glass1 it occupies the volume of #gjj grains measure marked on the scale4 ,each #a1jjj grains measure of this liquid now contains #adbi grains of arsenious acid1 corresponding to #aj grains of chlorine1 or #a_/aj grain of chlorine for every division or degree of the scale of the chlorimeter1 for which purpose a ,mohr's burette of the above capacity may be used1 or a graduated tube of the form shown in ,fig4 #he may be employed4 ,testing the ,sample4--#ajj grains of the chloride of lime to be tested are next dissolved in water1 and poured into a tube graduated up to #b1jjj grains measure4 ,the whole must be well shaken in order to obtain a uniformly turbid solution1 and half of it 7#a1jjj grains measure7 transferred to a graduated chlorimeter1 which is1 therefore1 thus filled up to #j1 or the zero of the scale1 and contains exactly #ej grains of the chloride of lime under examination1 whilst each degree or division of the scale contains only grain4 #a1jjj grains measure of the arsenious acid test-liquor are now poured into a glass beaker1 and a few drops of a solution of sulphate of indigo added1 in order to impart a faint1 but distinct1 blue colour to it2 the glass is then to be shaken so as to give a circular movement to the liquid1 and whilst it is whirling round the chloride of lime solution from the chlorimeter is gradually and cautiously added until the blue tinge given to the arsenious acid test-liquor is destroyed1 care being taken to stir the mixture well with a glass rod during the whole process1 and to stop as soon as the decoloration is complete4 ,we will assume that in order to destroy the blue colour of #a1jjj grains measure of the arsenious acid test-liquor #ij divisions or degrees of the chloride of lime solution have been employed4 ,these #ij divisions1 therefore1 contained the #aj grains of chlorine required to destroy the colour of the test solution2 and since each division represents grain of chloride of lime1 #de grains of chloride of lime 7#aj grains of chlorine7 were present in the #ij divisions so employed1 from which the percentage strength may be ascertained3-- ,for #de 3 #aj 33 #ajj 3 #bbbb4 ,the chloride of lime examined1 therefore1 contained #bb per cent4 7nearly7 of chlorine4 ,this method is extremely simple and trustworthy when properly employed1 but to ensure accuracy certain precautions must be adopted4 ,instead of pouring the test liquor into the solution of the sample 7as in alkalimetry71 the solution of the sample must be poured into the test-liquor4 ,if the contrary plan were adopted the hydrochloric acid of the test-liquor would liberate chlorine gas so fast that much would be lost1 and the result rendered incorrect4 ,by pouring1 on the contrary1 the chloride of lime solution into the arsenious acid solution the chlorine is disengaged in small portions at a time1 and meets with an abundance of arsenious acid to react on4 ,the mixture of chloride of lime should also be employed turbid4 ,estimation of ,alumina in ,alum ,cake1 etc4--,mr4 ,rowland ,williams1 ,f4,c4,s41 in a paper read before the ,chemical ,society in ,june1 #ahhh1 describes a method of estimating the alumina in alums1 alum cakes1 and sulphate of alumina1 by which he obtained more accurate results than are obtained by the ordinary ammonia method of estimation4 ,after pointing out several objections to the method of precipitating the alumina by ammonia1 he proceeds3--,there is another method for the estimation of alumina which is not so well known as the above4 ,this is by means of sodium thiosulphate4 ,having had a very extensive and successful experience of this process1 ,i can recommend it with confidence4 ,considerable practice is1 however1 necessary in order to secure good results1 as certain conditions must be carefully attended to1 otherwise the precipitation will be incomplete4 ,the estimation is made in a moderately dilute solution4 ,in the case of alum cake and sulphate of alumina ,i dissolve #djj grains in water1 filter1 dilute to #aj1jjj grains4 ,i use #a1jjj grains of this solution 7equal to #dj grains of the sample7 for estimating the alumina4 ,if any free acid is present it is neutralised by a few drops of carbonate of soda solution1 and the whole diluted to about #h ounces measure4 ,a large quantity of crystallized thiosulphate of soda is then added1 and the liquid boiled for at least half-an-hour1 constantly replacing the water lost by evaporation4 ,by the end of that time all the alumina will be precipitated in a finely-divided form1 along with more or less free sulphur4 ,the precipitate is then filtered off and washed well with boiling water4 ,the filtration and washing take place very rapidly1 and may generally be accomplished in about twenty minutes1 this being a great saving of time in comparison with the long and tedious washing by decantation1 which is necessary in the case of gelatinous alumina4 ,before filtration1 it is advisable to add a drop or two of carbonate of soda solution1 lest the liquid should have become slightly acid during boiling4 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,useful ,,notes ,,and ,,tables4 ,preparation of ,lakes4--,brazil-wood ,lake4--,cochineal ,lake4--,lac ,lake4--,madder ,lake4--,orange ,lake4--,yellow ,lake4--,artificial ,ultramarine4--,twaddell's ,hydrometer4--,dalton's ,table showing the proportion of ,dry ,soda in ,leys of ,different ,densities4--,table of ,strength of ,caustic ,soda ,solutions at #ei ,f4--,table showing the ,specific ,gravity corresponding with the degrees of ,baum's ,hydrometer4--,table of ,boiling ,points of ,alkaline ,leys4--,table showing the ,quantity of ,caustic ,soda in ,leys of ,different ,densities4--,table showing the ,quantity of ,bleaching ,liquid at #f ,twaddell required to be added to ,weaker ,liquor to raise it to the given ,strength4--,comparative ,french and ,english ,thermometer ,scales4--,weights and ,measures of the ,metrical ,system4--,table of ,french ,weights and ,measures4--,list of ,works relating to ,paper ,manufacture4 ,preparation of ,lakes4--,these are prepared by either of the following processes3--#a4 ,by adding a solution of alum1 either alone or partly saturated with carbonate of potassa1 to a filtered infusion or decoction of the colouring substance1 and after agitation precipitating the mixture with a solution of carbonate of potash 7salt of tartar74 #b4 ,by precipitating a decoction or infusion of the colouring substance made with a weak alkaline ley1 by adding a solution of alum4 #c4 ,by agitating recently precipitated alumina with a solution of the colouring matter1 prepared as before1 until the liquid is nearly discoloured1 or the alumina acquires a sufficiently dark tint4 ,the first method is usually employed for aciduous solutions of colouring matter1 or for those whose tint is injured by alkalies2 the second for those that are brightened1 or at least uninjured1 by alkalies2 the third1 those colouring matters that have a great affinity for gelatinous alumina1 and readily combine with it by mere agitation4 ,by attention to these general rules1 lakes may be prepared from almost all animal and vegetable colouring substances that yield their colour to water1 many of which will be found to possess great beauty and permanence4 ,the precise process adapted to each particular substance may be easily ascertained by taking a few drops of its infusion or decoction1 and observing the effects of alkalies and acids on the colour4 ,the quantity of alum or of alumina employed should be nearly sufficient to decolour the dye-liquor1 and the quantity of carbonate of potassa should be so proportioned to the alum as to exactly precipitate the alumina1 without leaving free or carbonated alkali in the liquid4 ,the first portion of the precipitate has the deepest colour1 and the shade gradually becomes paler as the operation proceeds4 ,a beautiful tone of violet1 red1 and even purple may be communicated to the colouring matter of cochineal by the addition of perchloride of tin2 the addition of arseniate of potassa 7neutral arsenical salt7 in like manner gives shades which may be sought for in vain with alum or alumina4 ,after the lake is precipitated it must be carefully collected1 washed with cold distilled water1 or the purest rain-water1 until it ceases to give out colour4 ,brazil-wood ,lake4--#a4 ,take of ground ,brazil wood #a lb41 water #d gallons2 digest for #bd hours1 then boil for #cj or #dj minutes1 and add of alum #a lb41 dissolved in a little water2 mix1 decant1 strain1 and add of solution of tin lb42 again mix well and filter2 to the clear liquid add1 cautiously1 a solution of salt of tartar or carbonate of soda1 as long as a deep-coloured precipitate forms1 carefully avoiding excess4 #b4 ,add washed and recently precipitated alumina to a strong and filtered decoction of ,brazil wood4 ,inferior to the last4 ,cochineal ,lake4--#a4 ,cochineal 7in coarse powder7 #a oz42 water and rectified spirit1 of each1 #b ozs42 digest for a week2 filter and precipitate the tincture with a few drops of solution of tin1 added every #b hours1 until the whole of the colouring matter is thrown down2 lastly1 wash the precipitate in distilled water and dry it2 very fine4 #b4 ,digest powdered cochineal in ammonia water for a week1 dilute the solution with a little water1 and add the liquid to a solution of alum1 as long as a precipitate falls1 which is the lake4 ,equal to the last4 #c4 ,coarsely powdered cochineal #a lb41 water #b gallons2 boil #a hour1 decant1 strain1 add a solution of salt of tartar1 #a lb41 and precipitate with a solution of alum4 ,by adding the alum first1 and precipitating the lake with the alkali1 the colour will be slightly varied4 ,all the above are sold as carminated or ,florence lake1 to which they are often superior4 ,lac ,lake4--,boil fresh stick-lac in a solution of carbonate of soda1 filter the solution1 precipitate with a solution of alum1 and proceed as before4 ,a fine red4 ,madder ,lake4--#a4 ,take of ,dutch grappe or crop madder #b oz41 tie it in a cloth1 beat it well in a pint of water in a stone mortar1 and repeat the process with fresh water 7about #e pints7 until it ceases to yield colour2 next boil the mixed liquor in an earthen vessel1 pour it into a large basin1 and add of alum #a oz41 previously dissolved in boiling water1 #a pint2 stir well1 and while stirring1 pour in gradually of a strong solution of carbonate of potassa 7salt of tartar7 #a oz43 let the whole stand until cold1 then pour off the supernatant liquor1 drain1 agitate the residue with boiling water1 #a quart 7in separate portions71 decant1 drain1 and dry4 ,product1 oz4 ,the ,society of ,arts voted their gold medal to the author of the above formula4 #b4 ,add a little solution of acetate of lead to a decoction of madder1 to throw down the brown colouring matter1 filter1 add a solution of tin or alum1 precipitate with a solution of carbonate of soda or of potassa1 and otherwise proceed as before4 #c4 ,ground madder1 #b lbs42 water1 #a gallon2 macerate with agitation for #aj minutes1 strain off the water1 and press the remainder quite dry2 repeat the process a second and a third time2 then add to the mixed liquors1 alum1 lb41 dissolved in water1 #c quarts2 and heat in a water-bath for #c or #d hours1 adding water as it evaporates3 next filter1 first through flannel1 and when sufficiently cold1 through paper2 then add a solution of carbonate of potassa as long as a precipitate falls1 which must be washed until the water comes off colourless1 and lastly1 dry4 ,if the alkali be added in #c successive doses1 #c different lakes will be obtained1 successively diminishing in beauty4 ,orange ,lake4--,take of the best ,spanish annotta #d ozs42 pearlash1 lb42 water1 #a gallon2 boil it for half an hour1 strain1 precipitate with alum1 #a lb41 dissolved in water1 #a gallon1 observing not to add the latter solution when it ceases to produce an effervescence or a precipitate4 ,the addition of some solution of tin turns this lake a lemon yellow2 acids redden it4 ,yellow ,lake4--#a4 ,boil ,french berries1 quercitron bark1 or turmeric1 #a lb41 and salt of tartar1 #a oz41 in water1 #a gallon1 until reduced to one half2 then strain the decoction and precipitate with a solution of alum4 #b4 ,boil #a lb4 of the dye-stuff with alum1 lb42 water1 #a gallon1 as before1 and precipitate the decoction with a solution of carbonate of potash4 ,artificial ,ultramarine4--,this is obtained by several processes1 of which the following are examples3--#a4 ,take kaolin1 #cg parts2 sulphate of soda1 #ae2 carbonate of soda1 #bb2 sulphur1 #ah2 and charcoal1 #h parts2 mix these intimately1 and heat in large covered crucibles for twenty-four to thirty hours4 ,the resulting product is then to be again heated in cast-iron boxes at a moderate temperature1 until the required tint is obtained2 it is finally pulverised1 washed in a large quantity of water1 and the floating particles allowed to subside in a separate vessel2 the deposited colour is now collected and dried4 #b4 ,expose to a low red heat1 in a covered crucible as long as fumes are given off1 a mixture composed of3 kaolin1 #b parts2 anhydrous carbonate of soda and sulphur1 of each #c parts4 ,some persons use one-third less carbonate of soda4 ,twaddell's ,hydrometer1 which is much employed for ascertaining the strength of soda and chloride of lime solutions1 etc41 is so graduated and weighted that the #j or zero mark is equal to #a1jjj1 or the specific gravity of distilled water at the temperature of #fj ,f41 and each degree on the scale is equal to #jje2 so that by multiplying this number by the number of degrees marked on the scale1 and adding #a1 the real specific gravity is obtained4 ,thus #aj ,twaddell indicates a specific gravity of #ajej1 or #aje1 and so on4 ,imitation ,manilla ,pulp from ,wood4--,mr4 ,george ,e4 ,marshall1 of ,turner's ,falls1 ,mass41 patented a process some years back by which wood1 under the action of hot water1 and under a heavy pressure1 acquires the characteristic colour of manilla4 ,the wood1 having been cut as usual1 is placed in a closed vessel or tank capable of resisting high pressure1 if necessary1 of #dej lbs4 to the square inch1 the material being closely packed4 ,at the bottom of this tank is an opening with a valve1 through which the water1 previously heated to a point above boiling1 and below #bhj1 is forced by a hydraulic press to such an extent as to saturate and to completely permeate the wood1 and to soften and drive out of the pores the gum1 resins1 and acids2 and if the temperature is kept sufficiently hot1 it gives the pulp the desired colour belonging to a finely-made manilla paper4 ,this may be aided somewhat by the introduction of a small quantity of some alkaline substance to act on the acids4 ,the water may be heated in a coil outside1 and forced into the tank by a hydraulic press4 ,the water thus heated and forced in leaves the wood or the pulp in the most desirable condition for work and for colour4 ,pulp made from wood treated below the boiling point will be white2 but this process is said to secure the desired manilla colour by raising the temperature to #bdj or #bej for a light pulp1 and as high as #bhj for a dark pulp4 ,no pressure is required from the steam above three atmospheres1 but the press may give from #dej to #ejj lbs4 to the square inch1 and practice has shown that the greater the pressure the more speedy is the operation on the wood4#cf ,testing ,ultramarines4--,the sample of ultramarine should be examined as to its power of resisting the action of alum solutions1 which may readily be done by the method suggested by ,mr4 ,dunbar3--,dissolve the same amount of each sample in water1 and mix in this water about lb4 of pulp4 ,when thoroughly mixed1 and each lot of pulp is well and evenly coloured1 add one glassful of the ordinary mill alum liquor1 either from pure alum1 or aluminous cake to each1 losing no time over the operation4 ,stir each well and continuously with a glass rod1 and note the glasses carefully as to the length of time each sample keeps its colour4 ,to ascertain the staining power1 so called1 of the ultramarine1 and at the same time the tone1 or tint1 which it will impart when mixed with pulp1 #be grains of each sample should be mixed with #ajj of kaolin or sulphate of lime 7pearl hardening7 and the several mixtures then worked up into a paste with a little water by means of a spatula1 when the differences in the staining power of the respective samples will at once become apparent if either be of inferior quality4 ,to make the test more complete1 a like amount of commercially pure ultramarine should be mixed with #ajj grains of kaolin for the purpose of comparison4 ,in this way a ready judgment may be formed as to the quality of the sample under examination4 ,strength of ,paper4--,the comparative strength of samples of paper may he determined by cutting strips an inch in width from each sample1 and suspending these from a rigid iron bar4 ,weights are then cautiously attached to each until the sample breaks1 when the difference in the weights sustained by the respective samples before the breaking point is reached will determine the comparative strength of the samples tested4 ,mr4 ,parkinson1 of ,st4 ,george's ,road1 ,preston1 furnishes a simple contrivance for determining the breaking points of paper1 and so comparing their value4 ,,tables4 ,i4--,,dalton',s ,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,proportion ,,of ,,dry ,,soda ,,in ,,leys ,,of ,,different ,,densities4 ,specific ,dry ,soda gravity of per cent4 ,boiling solution4 by weight4 points4 #ahe #fcf #fjj #agb #ech #djj #afc #dff #cjj #aef #dab #bhj #aej #cfh #bfe #adg #cdj #bee #add #caj #bdh #adj #bij #bdb #acf #bfj #bce #acb #bcj #bbh #abi #aij #bbd #abc #afj #bbj #aah #acj #bag #aab #ij #bad #ajf #dg #bac ,,ii4--,,table ,,of ,,strength ,,of ,,caustic ,,soda ,,solutions ,,at #ei ,f4 #aej ,c4 7,t,,nnerman74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,specific ,gravity ,degrees ,per cent4 of ,equivalent per cent4 7,water #a1jjj74 ,twaddell4 ,soda4 of #fj per cent4 ,caustic ,soda4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ajjdj #jhj #jcjb #jejc #ajjha #afb #jfja #ajja #ajafc #cbf #abji #bjae #ajbdf #dib #ahac #cjba #ajccj #ffj #bdah #djcj #ajdad #hbh #cjbb #ejcg #ajejj #ajjj #cfbf #fjdc #ajehg #aagd #dbca #gjea #ajfge #acej #dhce #hjei #ajgfd #aebh #eddj #ijfg #ajhee #agaj #fjdd #ajjgc #ajidh #ahif #ffdh #aajhj #aajdb #bjhd #gbec #abjij #aaacg #bbgd #gheg #acjie #aabcc #bdff #hdfb #adajc #aaccj #bffj #ijff #aeaaj #aadbh #bhef #ifgj #afaag #aaebh #cjef #ajbge #agabe #aafcj #cbfj #ajhgi #ahaca #aagcd #cdfh #aadhd #aiadj #aahda #cfhb #abjhh #bjadg #aaidh #chif #abfib #baaec #abjeh #daaf #acbig #bbafa #abagh #dcef #acija #bcagj #abbhj #defj #adejf #bdagg #abcib #dghd #aeaaj #beagj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,iii4--,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,specific ,,gravity ,,corresponding ,,with ,,the ,,degrees ,,of ,,baum',s ,,hydrometer4 ,liquids denser than ,water4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,degrees4 ,specific ,degrees4 ,specific ,degrees4 ,specific ,gravity4 ,gravity4 ,gravity4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #j #ajjjj #bf #abjfc #eb #aebjj #a #ajjff #bg #abafj #ec #aecec #b #ajacc #bh #abbeh #ed #aeeaj #c #ajbja #bi #abceh #ee #aefga #d #ajbgj #cj #abdei #ef #aehcc #e #ajcdj #ca #abefb #eg #afjjj #f #ajdaa #cb #abffg #eh #afagj #g #ajdhc #cc #abggc #ei #afcdd #h #ajeef #cd #abhha #fj #afebb #i #ajfcj #ce #abiib #fa #afgje #aj #ajgjd #cf #acajc #fb #afhhi #aa #ajghj #cg #acbag #fc #agjgi #ab #ajheg #ch #acccc #fd #agbgc #ac #ajice #ci #acdea #fe #agdga #ad #aajad #dj #acega #ff #agfgd #ae #aajie #da #acfid #fg #aghhb #af #aaagf #db #achah #fh #ahjie #ag #aabei #dc #acide #fi #ahcac #ah #aacdc #dd #adjgd #gj #ahecg #ai #aadbh #de #adbjf #ga #ahgfe #bj #aaeae #df #adcci #gb #aijjj #ba #aafjc #dg #addgf #gc #aibda #bb #aafib #dh #adfae #gd #aidhg #bc #aaghc #di #adgeh #ge #aigdj #bd #aahge #ej #adijb #gf #bjjjj #be #aaifh #ea #adiea ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,iv4--,,table ,,of ,,boiling ,,points ,,of ,,alkaline ,,leys4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,alkaline ,specific ,percentage of ,boils at ,ley4 ,gravity4 ,alkali4 degrees ,fahrenheit4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,soda #aah #ac #bag ,potash #abc #aie #bbj ,soda #abc #af #bbj ,potash #abh #bcd #bbd ,soda #abi #ai #bbd ,soda #acb #bc #bbh ,potash #acc #bfc #bbi ,soda #acf #bf #bce ,soda #adj #bi #bdb ,potash #adb #cdd #bdf ,soda #adg #cd #bee ,potash #add #cfh #bee ,soda #ae #cfh #bfe ,potash #aeb #dbi #bgf ,potash #af #dfg #bij ,soda #afc #dff #cjj ,potash #afh #eab #cbi ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,v4--,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,quantity ,,of ,,caustic ,,soda ,,in ,,leys ,,of ,,different ,,densities 7,,water #a1jjj74 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,specific ,soda ,specific ,soda gravity4 per cent4 gravity4 per cent4 ---------------------------------------- -- #ajj #jjj #abb #bjff #ajb #bjg #abd #bbeh #ajd #djb #abf #bddg #ajf #ehi #abh #bfcc #ajh #gfi #acj #bhaf #aaj #idc #acb #biif #aab #aaaj #acd #cafg #aad #abha #ace #cbdj #aaf #adgc #acf #ccjh #aah #afgc #ach #cdda #abj #ahga ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,vi4--,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,quantity ,,of ,,bleaching ,,liquid ,,at #f ,,twaddell 7,,specific ,,gravity #ajcj7 ,,required ,,to ,,be ,,added ,,to ,,weaker ,,liquor ,,to ,,raise ,,it ,,to ,,the ,,given ,,strengths4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,strength of ,required ,proportions ,required4 ,sample in #a_/ab4 ,strength4 --------------------------- ,given ,sample4,liquor at #f4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- parts4 part4 ,water #h_/ab #h #a #a #i #a #b #aa #a #c #ac #a #d #ag #a #e #bc #a #f #ce #a #g #ga #a ,water #f_/ab #aa #a #a #ac #a #b #ag #a #c #bc #a #d #ce #a #e #ga #a ,water #d_/ab #ag #a #a #bc #a #b #ce #a #c #ga #a ,water #c_/ab #bc #a #a #ce #a #b #ga #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,vii4--,,comparative ,,french ,,and ,,english ,,thermometer ,,scales4 ,french or ,centigrade4 ,english or ,fahrenheit4 #j ,cent4 or ,c4 equals #cb ,fahr4 or ,f4 #e #da #aj #ej #ae #ei #bj #fh #be #gg #cj #hf #ce #ie #dj #ajd #de #aac #ej #abb #ee #aca #fj #adj #fe #adi #gj #aeh #ge #afg #hj #agf #he #ahe #ij #aid #ie #bjc #ajj 7,water boils7 #bab 7,water boils7 #bjj #cib #cjj #egb #cef 7,mercury boils7 #ffb 7,mercury boils7 ,,viii4--,,weights ,,and ,,measures ,,of ,,the ,,metrical ,,system4 7,from the ,british ,pharmacopia47 ,,weights4 #a ,milligramme the thousandth part of one gramme1 or #jjja gramme4 #a ,centigramme the hundredth #jja #a ,dcigramme the tenth #ja #a ,gramme weight of a cubic centimtre of water at #d ,c4 #aj #a ,dcagramme ten grammes #ajj #a ,hectogramme one hundred grammes #ajjj #a ,kilogramme one thousand grammes #a1jjjj ,,measures ,,of ,,capacity4 #a ,millilitre #a cubic centimtre1 or the measure of #a gramme of water4 #a ,centilitre #aj #aj #a ,dcilitre #ajj #ajj #a ,litre #a1jjj #a1jjj ,,measures ,,of ,,length4 #a ,millimtre the thousandth part of one mtre1 or #jjja mtre4 #a ,centimtre the hundredth #jja #a ,dcimtre the tenth #ja #a ,mtre the ten-millionth part of a quarter of the meridian of the earth4 ,,ix4--,,table ,,of ,,french ,,weights ,,and ,,measures4 ,kilogramme1 #a1jjj grammes1 equals #b lbs4 #c ozs4 nearly4 ,gramme 7the unit7 equals #aedcb grains4 ,,french ,,measure ,,of ,,volume4 #a ,litre 7the unit7 equals #cd fluid ozs4 nearly4 ,,long ,,measure4 ,mtre 7the unit7 equals #cicga inches4 ,dcimtre 7#ajth of a mtre7 #cicga ,centimtre 7#ajjth of a mtre7 #jcicg ,millimtre 7#a1jjjth of a mtre7 #jjcic ,,list ,,of ,,works ,,relating ,,to ,,paper ,,manufacture4 ,practical ,remarks on ,modern ,paper4 ,j4 ,murray4 ,edinburgh1 #ahbi4 ,manuel du ,fabricant des ,papiers4 ,l4 ,s4 ,le ,normand4 ,paris1 #ahcd4 ,l',industrie de la ,papetrie4 ,g4 ,planche4 ,paris1 #ahec4 ,die ,fabrikation des ,papiers4 ,l4 ,mller4 ,berlin1 #ahee4 ,manufacture of ,paper and ,boards4 ,a4 ,proteaux4 ,philadelphia1 #ahff4 ,manufacture of ,paper4 ,c4 ,hofmann4 ,philadelphia1 #ahgc4 ,pflanzenfasir4 ,hugo ,mller4 ,leipzig1 #ahgc4 ,bamboo ,considered as a ,paper-making ,material4 ,london1 #ahge4 ,etudes sur les ,fibres ,vgtales4 ,vtillart4 ,paris1 #ahgf4 ,technology of the ,paper ,trade 7,cantor ,lectures74 ,arnot4 ,journal ,society of ,arts1 #ahgg4 ,the ,practical ,paper-maker4 ,j4 ,dunbar4 ,london1 #ahha4 ,forestry and ,forest ,products4 ,edinburgh1 #ahhd4 ,a ,treatise on ,paper4 ,r4 ,parkinson4 ,preston1 #ahhf4 ,manufacture of ,paper4 ,c4 ,t4 ,davis4 ,philadelphia1 #ahhg4 ,manufacture of ,paper4 ,tomlinson4 ,text ,book of ,paper-making4 ,c4 ,f4 ,cross and ,e4 ,j4 ,bevan4 ,articles on paper-making will also be found in the following encyclopdias1 journals1 etc3-- ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 vol4 xvii42 ,encyclopdia ,metropolitana1 #ahde2 ,tomlinson's ,cyclopdia2 ,new ,american ,cyclopdia2 ,british ,manufacturing ,industries2 ,english ,cyclopdia2 ,encyclopdia ,americana2 ,penny ,cyclopdia2 ,paper ,makers' ,monthly ,journal2 ,paper ,makers' ,circular2 ,paper ,trade ,journal2 ,american ,paper ,trade ,journal4 ,,index4 ,acetic acid1 #fd1 #ih ,acid1 arsenious1 process1 #bca or bisulphite processes1 objections to1 #gd boracic1 #df carbonic1 #ig fluo-silicic1 #age hydrochloric1 #ee1 #bcb hypochlorous1 #ih nitric1 #ff nitrous1 #ff nitro-hydrochloric1 #fd oxalic1 #ih processes1 ,mc,dougall's boiler for1 #gb sulphuric1 #dg1 #ii anhydrous1 #bbe sulphurous1 #ee1 #age test1 #bbd test1 preparation of1 #bbe treatment of wood1 #fd ,acids1 action of1 on cellulose1 #b ,acicular fibres1 #c ,action of acids on cellulose1 #b ,adamsonia1 #he ,adamson's process1 #gg ,african esparto1 #dg ,agalite1 #aae ,agar-agar1 #agh ,agave ,americana1 #h ,alexandria rags1 #ba ,algerian esparto1 #dg ,alkali1 caustic1 #dh testing1 #bbd ,alkalimeter1 ,mohr's1 #bbc ,alkalimeters1 #bbb ,alkalimetry1 #bba ,alkaline leys1 boiling points of1 #bdc ,alkalis1 sampling1 #bbg ,alum1 #aaf ,alum1 bleach liquor1 #ajj cake1 estimation of alumina in1 #bcc concentrated1 #aai crystallised1 #aai liquor1 #bdj pearl1 #aai porous1 #afg ,alumina1 estimation of1 in alum1 c41 #bcc sulphate of1 #ajj ,aluminium1 chloride of1 #ajj hypochlorite of1 #ajj ,aluminous cake1 #aai ,american combinations for colouring1 #afg method of sizing1 #abc ochre1 #afg refining engines1 ,mr4 ,wyatt on1 #ajc system of soda recovery1 #bah wood pulp1 #fj ,ammonia1 #bcc ,ammoniacal water1 #f ,andreoli's electrolytic bleaching process1 #if ,anhydrous soda1 #bbe sulphuric acid1 #bbe ,aniline blues1 #aff reds1 #aff sulphate of1 #h triethyl rose1 #ih ,animal size1 preparation of1 #abj1 #abb sized papers1 #abc or tub-sizing1 #abb ,annotta1 ,spanish1 #bch ,antichlor1 #aji ,antique paper1 #aeg ,apparatus1 disintegrating1 #gb evaporating1 #bje ,aqua regia1 #ff ,arnot1 ,mr41 on beating-engines1 #ajb on finishing1 #afj ,arnot's method of alkali testing1 #bbi ,artificial flowers1 colouring paper for1 #afh ultramarine1 #bch ,arsenious acid process1 #bca ,asbestos1 #gc1 #aae ,ash1 black1 #bai ,aussedat's process1 #fc ,azure blue1 #agj ,back-water pump1 ,bertrams'1 #aie ,bagging1 old1 #aj ,balsam1 ,canada1 #agi ,baltic rags1 #ba ,bamboo cane1 #aj1 #ah ,bambusa vulgaris1 #ah ,banana fibre1 #aj ,bank-notes1 water-marking1 #adg ,baobab1 #he ,bark fibres1 #f oak1 #aff paper mulberry1 #aj ,barre and ,blondel's process1 #ff ,bast bagging1 #aj ,baum's hydrometer1 #bdb ,beakers1 #bbb1 #bbd ,beater1 #cg ,jordan1 #ajc1 #ajd ,kingsland1 #ajd ,beating1 #aja ,dunbar's observations on1 #ajb engine1 #ajc ,bertrams'1 #aje ,forbes'1 #aje ,umpherston's1 #aje engines1 ,arnot on1 #ajb operations of1 #ajg or refining1 #aja ,belgian rags1 #bj ,bentley and ,jackson's boiler1 #hj cooling and damping rolls1 #ahi drum-washer1 #ahe dry felt self-acting regulator1 #ahf glazing calender1 #aee rag-cutter1 #bd engine1 #ch single-cylinder machine1 #aec web-ripping machine1 #aih ,benzine1 #e1 #gg ,berlin blue1 #afh ,bertrams' back-water pump1 #aie beating-engine1 #aje conical pulp-saver1 #add damping-rolls1 #aee edge-runner1 #hb esparto-cleaner1 #dj large paper machine1 #acd rag boiler1 #bi cutting-machine1 #bc engine1 #cg revolving strainer and knotter1 #acg revolving knife-cutter1 #afb reeling machine1 #aig single-sheet cutter1 #afb web-glazing calender1 #aif willowing and dusting machine1 #bf ,beetroot refuse1 #aj ,beyrout rags1 #ba ,bichromate of potassa1 #afe ,binders' clippings1 #aj ,birch1 #fj ,bisulphite of lime1 #ga magnesium1 #gj process1 ,blitz's1 #gb ,francke's1 #fh ,graham's1 #gc ,mitscherlich's1 #ga objections to1 #gd ,black ash1 #bai calicoes1 #bj cotton1 #bj ,frankfort1 #aga lamp1 #aff ,blacks1 #bj ,bleach1 #ic liquor1 alum1 #ajj ,wilson's1 #ajj zinc1 #ii mixer1 #ib pump1 ,donkin's1 #aic ,bleaching1 #hi agent1 #ij with chloride of lime1 #ib chlorine gas1 ,glaser's process1 #ic ,c4 ,watt1 jun4's1 electrolytic process1 #id electrolytic1 ,andreoli's process1 #if ,hermite's process1 #if esparto1 #ej liquid1 table showing quantity to be used1 #bdd liquor1 #ej1 #ia preparation of1 #ib ,bleaching liquors1 #c ,lunge's process of1 #ih new method of1 #ajj operations1 #hi powder1 #ib estimation of chlorine in1 #bcj ,fresenius' method1 #bca ,gay-,lussac's method1 #bca ,bleaching1 sour1 #ia ,thompson's process1 #ig ,young's method1 #ajj ,blending1 #aab ,blitz's process1 #gb ,blotting-papers1 #ba1 #aha ,blue1 #aff azure1 #agj ,berlin1 #afh ,bremen1 #agj cottons1 #bj dark1 #agj indigo1 #aff linens1 #bj mineral1 #aga pale1 #agj paper1 #ai ,paris1 #afi ,prussian1 #afe rags1 #ai smalts1 #afe ,blues1 #bj aniline1 #aff ,boiler1 ,bentley and ,jackson's1 #hj ,roeckner's1 #de ,boiling1 ,american1 #fj esparto1 #da rags1 #bi straw1 #ha waste paper1 #hf ,boracic acid1 #df ,borax1 #afi ,boxes1 suction1 #adh ,brazil wood1 #aff lake1 #bcf ,breaking half-stuff1 #ci points of paper1 method of determining1 #bdj ,breaking and washing1 #cd ,breast-roll1 #adi ,bremen blue1 #agj ,broke paper1 #he ,bromine1 #f water1 #f ,broom1 #aj ,broussonetia papyrifera1 #ah ,brown1 #afg brown1 dark1 #agj reddish1 #agb ,bucking-keir1 #hh ,buckwheat straw1 #aj ,buff envelope1 #afg ,bunsen burner1 #bbe ,burettes1 #bbb ,calcined soda1 #ic ,calciner1 #bjf ,calcium1 acetate of1 #ih chloride of1 #aji1 #bcj hypochlorite of1 #c salts1 #ii ,calender1 glazing1 #aed ,calendering1 #aed super1 ,mr4 ,wyatt on1 #aeh ,calicoes1 black1 #bj ,canada balsam1 #agi ,cane1 bamboo1 #aj rattan1 #aj ,caoutchouc1 #gc ,carbonate of lime1 #aai magnesia1 #df potassa1 #bce1 #bcf soda1 #ca ,carbonell's esparto process1 #df ,carbonic acid1 #ig ,carbonisation1 #ge ,cardboard1 #ahb with two faces by ordinary machinery1 #ahb work1 #agi ,carminated lake1 #bcg ,carrageen moss1 #agh ,carrying tubes1 #adc ,castile soap1 #aba ,caustic alkali1 #dh potash1 #c1 #g soda1 #ca ley1 #ca table showing quantities of1 in leys of different densities1 #bdc ,causticising soda1 #cb1 #bje tanks1 #bah ,cellulose1 #a action of acids on1 #b determination of1 #e of flax1 #d physical characteristics of1 #c white1 #gf ,chemical combination1 #bbd processes1 #ee wood pulp1 #ed ,chilled-iron glazing-rolls1 #aef ,china clay1 #aad grass1 #aj ,chloride of aluminium1 #ajj calcium1 #aja1 #bcj lime1 #dg1 #bcj bleaching with1 #ib testing samples of1 #bcb magnesium1 #if potassium1 #ie sodium1 #ie1 #aji zinc1 #ii 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#aba1 #afe ,smoothing presses1 three-roll1 #aid rolls1 #aea1 #aeb ,soap1 ,castile1 #aba cotton-seed oil1 #aba resin1 #aaf ,soaps1 zinc1 in sizing1 #aba ,soda1 anhydrous1 #bbe ash1 #ca1 #bbg calcined1 #ic carbonate1 #ca caustic1 #ca table showing the quantities of leys of different densities1 #bdc dry1 ,dalton's table1 showing the proportion of1 in leys of different densities1 #bda hydrate of1 #bbe hypochlorite of1 #h hyposulphite of1 #aaj ley1 caustic1 #ca recovery of1 #ajd recovery of1 ,american system of1 #bah solutions1 caustic1 table showing strength of1 #bda sulphite of1 #aaj thiosulphite of1 #aaj1 #bcc ,sodas1 commercial1 examination of1 #bba ,sodium1 chloride of1 #ie1 #aji hypochlorite of1 #if thiosulphite of1 #bcc ,sorting rags1 #ai1 #bb ,sour bleaching1 #ia ,souring1 #ii ,spanish annotta1 #bch esparto1 #dg ,spent liquors1 recovery of soda from1 #bjd liquors1 #bah ,spiral fibres1 #h ,spruce1 #fj ,stable manure1 #aa ,staining power of ultramarines1 #bdj ,stains for ,morocco papers1 #aga satin papers1 #agb ,standard test-acid solution1 #bbe ,starch paste1 #aag ,strainer and knotter1 ,bertrams' revolving1 #acg self-cleansing1 #aci ,strainers1 #eg1 #acg ,roeckner's pulp1 #adj ,straw1 #af boiling1 #ha buckwheat1 #aj fibres1 #d wheat1 #aj ,strength of paper1 determination of1 #bdj ,strings1 #bj ,strong linens1 #bj ,stuff-chests1 #eg1 #aab1 #acf pump1 #acf ,sturtevant blower1 #fj ,suction boxes1 #adh ,sulphate of alumina1 #ajj aniline1 #h copper1 #adf indigo1 #bcb iron1 #agj lime1 #ajj magnesia1 #df zinc1 #ii1 #aai ,sulphide processes1 #gg ,sulphite fibre1 #gf and resin1 #gf processes1 #fh pulp1 #fh of soda1 #aaj wood pulp1 #afj ,sulphur1 #gb1 #bbe ,sulphuric acid1 #dg1 #ia1 #ii anhydrous1 #bbe ,sulphurous acid1 #age gas1 #ee ,super-calendering1 #aeg ,american1 ,mr4 ,wyatt on1 #aeg ,superfine white cotton1 #bj ,superfines1 white1 #bj ,supply-box1 #acf ,surface-sizing1 #abb ,susa esparto1 #dg ,table of boiling points of alkaline leys1 #bdc ,french and ,english thermometer scales1 #bdd ,french weights and measures1 #bde showing proportion of dry soda in leys of different densities1 #bda showing the quantity of bleaching liquid to be used1 #bdd showing the quantity of bleach liquor required to be added to weaker liquors1 #bdd showing the quantity of caustic sodas in leys of different densities1 #bdc showing the specific gravity corresponding with the degrees of ,baum's hydrometer1 #bdb of strength of caustic soda solutions1 #bda of weights and measures of the metrical system1 #bde ,tables and notes1 #bce sand1 #adi ,tan waste1 #aj ,tarpaulin1 #aa1 #gg ,tarred hemp1 #bj rope1 #bj string1 #bj ,tartar1 salts of1 #bce ,tea colour1 #afg ,test acid1 preparation of1 #bbd1 #bbe for chlorine1 #aaj liquor1 #bcb papers1 #ahc ,testing chloride of lime1 #bcb ultramarines1 #bci ,thermometer scales1 comparative ,french and ,english1 #bdd ,thiosulphite of soda1 #aaj sodium1 #bcc ,thirds1 whites1 #bj ,thompson's bleaching process1 #ig ,three-roll smoothing process1 #aid ,thune's process1 #gi ,tiles1 paper1 #age ,tin1 citrate of1 #afi perchloride of1 #bcf ,tobacco stalks1 #aj ,toned paper1 #afe ,torrance's drainer1 #ci ,toughening paper1 #agh ,tracing paper1 #agi ,tragacanth1 gum1 #afh ,transparent paper1 #agi ,treatment of esparto1 #dj rags1 #ai1 #bi various fibres1 #hj wood1 #ec1 #fh ,triethyl rose aniline1 #ih ,tripoli esparto1 #dg ,tub-sizing1 #abb ,turmeric paper1 #ahc ,turkish minium1 #agj ,turkey rags1 #ba red1 #agj ,turpentine1 oil of1 #agi ,venice1 #agi ,twaddell's hydrometer1 #bch ,ultramarine1 #aba1 #afe artificial1 preparation of1 #bch ,ultramarines1 staining power of1 #bdj testing1 #bci ,umpherston's beating-engine1 #aje ,unbleached cottons1 #bj ,vacuum pumps1 #adi ,vanadate of ammonia1 #gb ,various fibres1 treatment of1 #hj ,varnished paper1 #agi ,varrentrapp's zinc bleach liquor1 #ajj ,vat for hand paper-making1 #abi ,vegetable fibres1 micrographic examination of1 #e ,vegetable fibres1 recognition of1 by the microscope1 #f ,vegeto-mineral paper1 #aae ,venetian red1 #aff ,venice turpentine1 #agi ,verdigris1 #afi ,verny's paper-cutting machine1 #ahg ,violet1 #aga dark1 #agb light1 #aga ,vitriol1 oil of1 #eg1 #ij1 #ajf ,voelter's process for preparing mechanical wood pulp1 #gh ,volumetric assaying1 #bbd ,vulcanised india-rubber1 #bbc ,vulcanite1 #adh ,washing1 ,american1 #fa boiled esparto1 #di and breaking1 #cd engine1 #cg cylinder for rag-engine1 #aic ,waste1 cotton1 #aj cotton-seed1 #aj flax1 #aj hemp1 #aj jute1 #aj linen1 #aj liquors1 recovery of soda from1 #bjd paper1 #aj1 #he boiling1 #hf ,ryan's process for1 #hg tan1 #aj ,water-marked paper1 #acj ,water-marking1 #adf ,water-marks1 ,de la ,rue's improvements in1 #adg ,waterproof composition for paper1 #agg paper1 #agd for flooring1 #agg ,jouglet's process1 #agg for roofing1 #agg ,watt and ,burgess's wood-paper process1 #ee ,watt's electrolytic bleaching process1 #id ,wax1 #f1 #abj soap1 #afi ,web-glazing1 #aed calender1 ,bertrams'1 #aif ,web-ripping machine1 #aih ,weights and measures1 ,french table of1 #bde ,weights and measures of the metrical system1 #bde ,wet machines1 #eg ,white cellulose1 #gf copal1 #agi hemp1 #bj lead1 #aga linens1 #bj ,willow and duster1 ,bertrams'1 #be ,masson1 ,scott1 and ,co4's1 #dj ,willowing1 #bd esparto1 #da ,wilson's bleach liquor1 #ajj ,winding machine1 single-web1 #ahh ,wood1 acid treatment of1 #fd fibre1 #ec paper1 ,watt's patent for1 #ag pulp1 ,american method of preparing1 #fj pulp1 chemical1 #ed mechanical1 #aac shavings1 #aj1 #ee1 #gg pulp1 sulphite1 #afj treatment of1 #ec1 #fh pulp1 ,voelter's mechanical process for preparing1 #gh waste1 dyers'1 #aj ,woollen rags1 #ba ,wrapping papers1 #agh ,wright's process for preparing cupro-ammonium1 #age ,writing papers1 #afd ,wyatt1 ,mr41 on ,american refining engines1 #ajc on ,american super-calendering1 #aeg ,wyatt1 ,mr41 on sizing1 #abg ,xyloidin1 #fg ,yankee machine1 #aeb ,yaryan evaporator1 #bjh ,yellow chrome1 #aff gold envelope1 #afg lake1 #bch ochre1 #afe1 #aff pale1 #agb1 #agc pine fibre1 #d ,young's method of bleaching1 #ajj ,young and ,pettigrew's process1 #ff ,young's process for cleaning esparto1 #ej ,zinc bleach liquor1 #ii chloride of1 #ii oxide of1 #ii1 #ajj salts1 #ajj soaps in sizing1 #aba sulphate of1 #ii1 #aai ,zostera marina1 #aa ,,printed ,,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,virtue ,,and ,,co41 ,,limited1 ,,city ,,road1 ,,london ,,footnotes3 #a ,cantor ,lectures1 ,journal of ,society of ,arts1 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #gd4 #b ,needle-shaped1 slender and sharp-pointed4 #c ,manilla hemp4 #d ,for this purpose1 a microscope having a magnifying power of #abj to #aej diameters will be found efficient4 #e ,commercial ,organic ,analysis4 ,by ,a4 ,h4 ,allen1 ,f4,c4,s41 vol4 i4 p4 #caf4 #f ,for ,table of ,french ,measures see end of this work4 #g ,pectous1 pertaining to or consisting of pectose or pectin4 ,pectose is a substance contained in the pulp of unripe fleshy fruit1 also in fleshy roots and other vegetable organs4 ,it is insoluble in water1 but under the influence of acids is transformed into pectin4 #h ,a litre equals #cd fluid ounces nearly4 #i ,commercial ,organic ,analysis4 ,by ,a4 ,h4 ,allen1 ,f4,c4,s41 vol4 i4 #aj ,septa1 plural of septum1 a partition1 as the partitions of an orange1 for example4 #aa ,manufacture of ,paper4 ,by ,c4 ,t4 ,davis1 ,philadelphia1 #ahhg4 #ab ,patent dated #afth ,december1 #ahhd1 ,no4 #eci4 #ac ,forestry and ,forest ,products1 p4 #eja1 and ,cross and ,bevan's ,text ,book of ,paper-making1 p4 #fe4 #ad ,practical ,paper ,maker1 by ,james ,dunbar4 ,mackenzie and ,storrie1 ,leith1 #ahhg4 #ae ,practical ,treatise on the ,manufacture of ,paper4 ,by ,carl ,hofmann1 ,philadelphia1 #ahgc4 #af ,the ,chemist4 ,edited by ,charles and ,john ,watt1 p4 #eeb2 #ahee4 #ag ,school of ,mines ,quarterly1 a ,journal of ,applied ,science4 ,jan41 #ahhi4 #ah ,the cord is a pile containing #abh cubic feet1 or a pile #h feet long1 #d feet high1 and #d feet broad4 #ai ,wagner's ,jahresb4 #ahfj1 p4 #ahh4 #bj ,paper-,makers ,monthly ,journal1 ,march #aeth1 #ahhi4 #ba ,sometimes also called thiosulphite of soda4 #bb ,the ,art of ,soap-making4 ,by ,alexander ,watt4 ,london1 ,crosby ,lockwood and ,son1 #dth edition1 #ahij4 #bc ,sometimes called concentrated alum1 pearl alum1 etc4 #bd ,muspratt's ,chemistry ,applied to the ,arts4 #be ,art of ,leather ,manufacture4 ,by ,alexander ,watt4 ,crosby ,lockwood and ,son1 #ahhe4 #bf ,proceedings of the ,society of ,civil ,engineers1 vol4 lxxix4 p4 #bde4 #bg ,paper-,makers' ,monthly ,journal1 ,april #aeth1 #ahhi4 #bh ,the berries of ,rhamnus catharticus made into a decoction by boiling4 #bi ,paper ,trade ,journal1 ,new ,york1 ,april #bjth1 #ahhi4 #cj ,sanitary ,world1 ,march #bith1 #ahhd4 #ca ,industries1 ,january #beth1 #ahhi4 #cb ,seventh ,annual ,report of ,local ,government ,board1 #ahgg-h4 #cc ,school of ,mines ,quarterly ,journal of ,applied ,science1 ,january1 #ahhi1 ,new ,york4 #cd ,these balances may be obtained from ,mr4 ,oertling1 ,coppice ,row1 ,london1 or of any philosophical instrument maker4 #ce ,there are two principal methods of analysing or assaying alkalies by means of the test-acid1 namely1 volumetric1 or by volume1 and gravimetric1 or by weight1 in which a specific gravity bottle1 capable of holding exactly #a1jjj grains of distilled water1 is used4 #cf ,new ,york ,paper ,trade ,journal1 #ahgh4 99 99 99 99 99 #g1 ,,stationers' ,,hall ,,court1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,may1 #ahid4 ,a ,,catalogue ,,of ,,books ,,including ,,new ,,and ,,standard ,,works ,,in ,,engineering3 ,,civil1 ,,mechanical1 ,,and ,,marine2 ,,electricity ,,and ,,electrical ,,engineering2 ,,mining1 ,,metallurgy2 ,,architecture1 ,,building1 ,,industrial ,,and ,,decorative ,,arts2 ,,science1 ,,trade ,,and ,,manufactures2 ,,agriculture1 ,,farming1 ,,gardening2 ,,auctioneering1 ,,valuing ,,and ,,estate ,,agency2 ,,law ,,and ,,miscellaneous4 ,,published ,,by ,,crosby ,,lockwood ,,son4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mechanical ,,engineering1 etc4 ,d4 ,k4 ,clark's ,pocket-,book for ,mechanical ,engineers4 ,,the ,,mechanical ,,engineer',s ,,pocket-,,book ,,of ,,tables1 ,,formul1 ,,rules ,,and ,,data4 ,a ,handy ,book of ,reference for ,daily ,use in ,engineering ,practice4 ,by ,d4 ,,kinnear ,,clark1 ,m4 ,inst4 ,c4 ,e41 ,author of ,railway ,machinery1 ,tramways1 c4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,small #hvo1 #gjj pages1 #is4 bound in flexible leather covers1 with rounded corners and gilt edges4 ,,summary ,,of ,,contents4 ,,mathematical ,,tables4--,,measurement ,,of ,,surfaces ,,and ,,solids4--,,english ,,weights ,,and ,,measures4--,,french ,,metric ,,weights ,,and ,,measures4--,,foreign ,,weights ,,and ,,measures4--,,moneys4--,,specific ,,gravity1 ,,weight ,,and ,,volume--,,manufactured ,,metals4--,,steel ,,pipes4--,,bolts ,,and ,,nuts4--,,sundry ,,articles ,,in ,,wrought ,,and ,,cast ,,iron1 ,,copper1 ,,brass1 ,,lead1 ,,tin1 ,,zinc4--,,strength ,,of ,,materials4--,,strength ,,of ,,timber4--,,strength ,,of ,,cast ,,iron4--,,strength ,,of ,,wrought ,,iron4--,,strength ,,of ,,steel4--,,tensile ,,strength ,,of ,,copper1 ,,lead1 ,,etc4--,,resistance ,,of ,,stones ,,and ,,other ,,building ,,materials4--,,riveted ,,joints ,,in ,,boiler ,,plates4--,,boiler ,,shells--,,wire ,,ropes ,,and ,,hemp ,,ropes4--,,chains ,,and ,,chain ,,cables4--,,framing4--,,hardness ,,of ,,metals1 ,,alloys ,,and ,,stones4--,,labour ,,of ,,animals4--,,mechanical ,,principles4--,,gravity ,,and ,,fall ,,of ,,bodies4--,,accelerating ,,and ,,retarding ,,forces4--,,mill ,,gearing1 ,,shafting1 ,,etc4--,,transmission ,,of ,,motive ,,power4--,,heat4--,,combustion3 ,,fuels4--,,warming1 ,,ventilation1 ,,cooking ,,stoves4--,,steam4--,,steam ,,engines ,,and ,,boilers4--,,railways4--,,tramways4--,, steam ,,ships4--,,pumping ,,steam ,,engines ,,and ,,pumps4--,,coal ,,gas1 ,,gas ,,engines1 ,,etc4--,,air ,,in ,,motion4--,,compressed ,,air4--,,hot ,,air ,,engines4--,,water ,,power4--,,speed ,,of ,,cutting ,,tools4--,,colours4--,,electrical ,,engineering4 999999 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,mr4 ,clark manifests what is an innate perception of what is likely to be useful in a pocket-book1 and he is really unrivalled in the art of condensation4 ,very frequently we find the information on a given subject is supplied by giving a summary description of an experiment1 and a statement of the results obtained4 ,there is a very excellent steam table1 occupying five and-a-half pages2 and there are rules given for several calculations1 which rules cannot be found in other pocket-books1 as1 for example1 that on page #dig1 for getting at the quantity of water in the shape of priming in any known weight of steam4 ,it is very difficult to hit upon any mechanical engineering subject concerning which this work supplies no information1 and the excellent index at the end adds to its utility4 ,in one word1 it is an exceedingly handy and efficient tool1 possessed of which the engineer will be saved many a wearisome calculation1 or yet more wearisome hunt through various text-books and treatises1 and1 as such1 we can heartily recommend it to our readers1 who must not run away with the idea that ,mr4 ,clark's ,pocket-book is only ,molesworth in another form4 ,on the contrary1 each contains what is not to be found in the other2 and ,mr4 ,clark takes more room and deals at more length with many subjects than ,molesworth possibly could4--,the ,engineer4 ,it would be found difficult to compress more matter within a similar compass1 or produce a book of #fej pages which should be more compact or convenient for pocket reference4444 ,will be appreciated by mechanical engineers of all classes4--,practical ,engineer4 ,just the kind of work that practical men require to have near to them4--,english ,mechanic4 ,,mr4 ,,hutton',s ,,practical ,,handbooks4 ,handbook for ,works' ,managers4 ,,the ,,works' ,,manager',s ,,handbook ,,of ,,modern ,,rules1 ,,tables1 ,,and ,,data4 ,for ,engineers1 ,millwrights1 and ,boiler ,makers2 ,tool ,makers1 ,machinists1 and ,metal ,workers2 ,iron and ,brass ,founders1 c4 ,by ,w4 ,s4 ,,hutton1 ,civil and ,mechanical ,engineer1 ,author of ,the ,practical ,engineer's ,handbook4 ,fourth ,edition1 carefully ,revised and partly ,re-written4 ,in ,one handsome ,volume1 medium #hvo1 price #aes4 strongly bound4 ,the ,author having compiled ,rules and ,data for his own use in a great variety of modern engineering work1 and having found his notes extremely useful1 decided to publish them--revised to date--believing that a practical work1 suited to the ,,daily ,,requirements ,,of ,,modern ,,engineers1 would be favourably received4 ,in the ,fourth ,edition the ,first ,section has been re-written and improved by the addition of numerous ,illustrations and new matter relating to ,,steam ,,engines and ,,gas ,,engines4 ,the ,second ,section has been enlarged and ,illustrated1 and throughout the book a great number of emendations and alterations have been made1 with the object of rendering the book more generally useful4 999999 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,the author treats every subject from the point of view of one who has collected workshop notes for application in workshop practice1 rather than from the theoretical or literary aspect4 ,the volume contains a great deal of that kind of information which is gained only by practical experience1 and is seldom written in books4--,engineer4 ,the volume is an exceedingly useful one1 brimful with engineers' notes1 memoranda1 and rules1 and well worthy of being on every mechanical engineer's bookshelf4--,mechanical ,world4 ,the information is precisely that likely to be required in practice4444 ,the work forms a desirable addition to the library not only of the works' manager1 but of anyone connected with general engineering4--,mining ,journal4 ,a formidable mass of facts and figures1 readily accessible through an elaborate index4444 ,such a volume will be found absolutely necessary as a book of reference in all sorts of 'works' connected with the metal trades4--,ryland's ,iron ,trades ,circular4 ,brimful of useful information1 stated in a concise form1 ,mr4 ,hutton's books have met a pressing want among engineers4 ,the book must prove extremely useful to every practical man possessing a copy4--,practical ,engineer4 ,new ,manual for ,practical ,engineers4 ,,the ,,practical ,,engineer',s ,,hand-,,book4 ,comprising a ,treatise on ,modern ,engines and ,boilers3 ,marine1 ,locomotive and ,stationary4 ,and containing a large collection of ,rules and ,practical ,data relating to recent ,practice in ,designing and ,constructing all kinds of ,engines1 ,boilers1 and other ,engineering work4 ,the whole constituting a comprehensive ,key to the ,board of ,trade and other ,examinations for ,certificates of ,competency in ,modern ,mechanical ,engineering4 ,by ,,walter ,s4 ,,hutton1 ,civil and ,mechanical ,engineer1 ,author of ,the ,works' ,manager's ,handbook for ,engineers1 c4 ,with upwards of #cgj ,illustrations4 ,fourth ,edition1 ,revised1 with ,additions4 ,medium #hvo1 nearly #ejj pp41 price #ahs4 ,strongly bound4 ,this work is designed as a companion to the ,author's ,,works' ,,manager',s ,,hand-,,book4 ,it possesses many new and original features1 and contains1 like its predecessor1 a quantity of matter not originally intended for publication1 but collected by the author for his own use in the construction of a great variety of ,,modern ,,engineering ,,work4 ,the information is given in a condensed and concise form1 and is illustrated by upwards of #cgj ,woodcuts2 and comprises a quantity of tabulated matter of great value to all engaged in designing1 constructing1 or estimating for ,,engines1 ,,boilers1 and ,,other ,,engineering ,,work4 999999 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,we have kept it at hand for several weeks1 referring to it as occasion arose1 and we have not on a single occasion consulted its pages without finding the information of which we were in quest4--,athenum4 ,a thoroughly good practical handbook1 which no engineer can go through without learning something that will be of service to him4--,marine ,engineer4 ,an excellent book of reference for engineers1 and a valuable text-book for students of engineering4--,scotsman4 ,this valuable manual embodies the results and experience of the leading authorities on mechanical engineering4--,building ,news4 ,the author has collected together a surprising quantity of rules and practical data1 and has shown much judgment in the selections he has made4444 ,there is no doubt that this book is one of the most useful of its kind published1 and will be a very popular compendium4--,engineer4 ,a mass of information1 set down in simple language1 and in such a form that it can be easily referred to at any time4 ,the matter is uniformly good and well chosen and is greatly elucidated by the illustrations4 ,the book will find its way on to most engineers' shelves1 where it will rank as one of the most useful books of reference4--,practical ,engineer4 ,full of useful information and should be found on the office shelf of all practical engineers4--,english ,mechanic4 ,practical ,treatise on ,modern ,steam-,boilers4 ,,steam-,,boiler ,,construction4 ,a ,practical ,handbook for ,engineers1 ,boiler-,makers1 and ,steam ,users4 ,containing a large ,collection of ,rules and ,data relating to ,recent ,practice in the ,design1 ,construction1 and ,working of all ,kinds of ,stationary1 ,locomotive1 and ,marine ,steam-,boilers4 ,by ,,walter ,s4 ,,hutton1 ,civil and ,mechanical ,engineer1 ,author of ,the ,works' ,manager's ,handbook1 ,the ,practical ,engineer's ,handbook1 c4 ,with upwards of #cjj ,illustrations4 ,second ,edition4 ,medium #hvo1 #ahs4 cloth4 ,this work is issued in continuation of the ,series of ,handbooks written by the ,author1 viz3--,,the ,,works' ,,manager',s ,,handbook and ,,the ,,practical ,,engineer',s ,,handbook1 which are so highly appreciated by ,engineers for the practical nature of their information2 and is consequently written in the same style as those works4 ,the ,author believes that the concentration1 in a convenient form for easy reference1 of such a large amount of thoroughly practical information on ,steam-,boilers1 will be of considerable service to those for whom it is intended1 and he trusts the book may be deemed worthy of as favourable a reception as has been accorded to its predecessors4 999999 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,every detail1 both in boiler design and management1 is clearly laid before the reader4 ,the volume shows that boiler construction has been reduced to the condition of one of the most exact sciences2 and such a book is of the utmost value to the fin de sicle ,engineer and ,works' ,manager4--,marine ,engineer4 ,there has long been room for a modern handbook on steam boilers2 there is not that room now1 because ,mr4 ,hutton has filled it4 ,it is a thoroughly practical book for those who are occupied in the construction1 design1 selection1 or use of boilers4--,engineer4 ,the book is of so important and comprehensive a character that it must find its way into the libraries of everyone interested in boiler using or boiler manufacture if they wish to be thoroughly informed4 ,we strongly recommend the book for the intrinsic value of its contents4--,machinery ,market4 ,the value of this book can hardly be over-estimated4 ,the author's rules1 formul1 c41 are all very fresh1 and it is impossible to turn to the work and not find what you want4 ,no practical engineer should be without it4--,colliery ,guardian4 ,hutton's ,modernised ,templeton4 ,,the ,,practical ,,mechanics' ,,workshop ,,companion4 ,comprising a great variety of the most useful ,rules and ,formul in ,mechanical ,science1 with numerous ,tables of ,practical ,data and ,calculated ,results for ,facilitating ,mechanical ,operations4 ,by ,,william ,,templeton1 ,author of ,the ,engineer's ,practical ,assistant1 c4 c4 ,sixteenth ,edition1 ,revised1 ,modernised1 and considerably ,enlarged by ,,walter ,s4 ,,hutton1 ,c4,e41 ,author of ,the ,works' ,manager's ,handbook1 ,the ,practical ,engineer's ,handbook1 c4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 nearly #ejj pp41 with #h ,plates and upwards of #bej ,illustrative ,diagrams1 #fs41 strongly bound for workshop or pocket wear and tear4 999999 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,in ,its modernised form ,hutton's ',templeton' should have a wide sale1 for it contains much valuable information which the mechanic will often find of use1 and not a few tables and notes which he might look for in vain in other works4 ,this modernised edition will be appreciated by all who have learned to value the original editions of ',templeton'4--,english ,mechanic4 ,it has met with great success in the engineering workshop1 as we can testify2 and there are a great many men who1 in a great measure1 owe their rise in life to this little book4--,building ,news4 ,this familiar text-book--well known to all mechanics and engineers--is of essential service to the every-day requirements of engineers1 millwrights1 and the various trades connected with engineering and building4 ,the new modernised edition is worth its weight in gold4--,building ,news4 7,second ,notice47 ,this well-known and largely-used book contains information1 brought up to date1 of the sort so useful to the foreman and draughtsman4 ,so much fresh information has been introduced as to constitute it practically a new book4 ,it will be largely used in the office and workshop4--,mechanical ,world4 ,the publishers wisely entrusted the task of revision of this popular1 valuable1 and useful book to ,mr4 ,hutton1 than whom a more competent man they could not have found4--,iron4 ,templeton's ,engineer's and ,machinist's ,assistant4 ,,the ,,engineer',s1 ,,millwright',s1 and ,,machinist',s ,,practical ,,assistant4 ,a collection of ,useful ,tables1 ,rules and ,data4 ,by ,,william ,,templeton4 #gth ,edition1 with ,additions4 #ahmo1 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 999999 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,occupies a foremost place among books of this kind4 ,a more suitable present to an apprentice to any of the mechanical trades could not possibly be made4--,building ,news4 ,a deservedly popular work4 ,it should be in the 'drawer' of every mechanic4--,english ,mechanic4 ,foley's ,office ,reference ,book for ,mechanical ,engineers4 ,,the ,,mechanical ,,engineer',s ,,reference ,,book1 for ,machine and ,boiler ,construction4 ,in ,two ,parts4 ,part ,i4 ,,general ,,engineering ,,data4 ,part ,,ii4 ,,boiler ,,construction4 ,with #ea ,plates and numerous ,illustrations4 ,by ,,nelson ,,foley1 ,m4,i4,n4,a4 ,folio1 #e #es4 half-bound4 ,,summary ,,of ,,contents4 ,,part ,i4 ,,measures4--,,circumferences ,,and ,,areas1 ,c41 ,,squares1 ,,cubes1 ,,fourth ,,powers4--,,square ,,and ,,cube ,,roots4--,,surface ,,of ,,tubes--,,reciprocals4--,,logarithms4-- ,,mensuration4--,,specific ,,gravities ,,and ,,weights4--,,work ,,and ,,power4--,,heat4--,,combustion4--,,expa nsion ,,and ,,contraction4--,,expansion ,,of ,,gases4--,,steam4--,,static ,,forces4--,,gravitation ,,and ,,attraction4--,,motion ,,and ,,computation ,,of ,,resulting ,,forces4--,,accumulated ,,work4--,,centre ,,and ,,radius ,,of ,,gyration4--,,moment ,,of ,,inertia4--,,centre ,,of ,,oscillation4--,,electricity4--,,streng th ,,of ,,materials4--,,elasticity4--,,test ,,sheets ,,of ,,metals4--,,friction4--,,transmission ,,of ,,power4--,,flow ,,of ,,liquids4--,,flow ,,of ,,gases4--,,air ,,pumps1 ,,surface ,,condensers1 ,c4--,,speed ,,of ,,steamships4--,,propellers4--,,cutting ,,tools4--,,flanges4--,,copper ,,sheets ,,and ,,tubes4--,,screws1 ,,nuts1 ,,bolt ,,heads1 ,c4--,,various ,,recipes ,,and ,,miscellaneous ,,matter4 ,,with ,,diagrams ,,for ,,valve-,,gear1 ,,belting ,,and ,,ropes1 ,,discharge ,,and ,,suction ,,pipes1 ,,screw ,,propellers1 ,,and ,,copper ,,pipes4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,treating ,,of1 ,,power ,,of ,,boilers4--,,useful ,,ratios4--,,notes ,,on ,,construction4--,,cylindrical ,,boiler ,,shells4--,,circular ,,furnaces4--,,flat ,,plates--,,stays4--,,girders4--,,screws 4--,,hydraulic ,,tests4--,,riveting4--,,boiler ,,setting1 ,,chimneys1 ,,and ,,mountings4--,,fuels1 ,c4--,,examples ,,of ,,boilers ,,and ,,speeds ,,of ,,steamships4--,,nominal ,,and ,,normal ,,horse ,,power4 ,,with ,,diagrams ,,for ,,all ,,boiler ,,calculations ,,and ,,drawings ,,of ,,many ,,varieties ,,of ,,boilers4 999999 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,this appears to be a work for which there should be a large demand on the part of mechanical engineers4 ,it is no easy matter to compile a book of this class1 and the labour involved is enormous1 particularly when--as the author informs us--the majority of the tables and diagrams have been specially prepared for the work4 ,the diagrams are exceptionally well executed1 and generally constructed on the method adopted in a previous work by the same author4444 ,the tables are very numerous1 and deal with a greater variety of subjects than will generally be found in a work of this kind2 they have evidently been compiled with great care and are unusually complete4 ,all the information given appears to be well up to date4444 ,it would be quite impossible within the limits at our disposal to even enumerate all the subjects treated2 it should1 however1 be mentioned that the author does not confine himself to a mere bald statement of formul and laws1 but in very many instances shows succinctly how these are derived4444 ,the latter part of the book is devoted to diagrams relating to ,boiler ,construction1 and to nineteen beautifully-executed plates of working drawings of boilers and their details4 ,as samples of how such drawings should be got out1 they may be cordially recommended to the attention of all young1 and even some elderly1 engineers4444 ,altogether the book is one which every mechanical engineer may1 with advantage to himself add to his library4--,industries4 ,mr4 ,foley is well fitted to compile such a work4444 ,the diagrams are a great feature of the work4444 ,regarding the whole work1 it may be very fairly stated that ,mr4 ,foley has produced a volume which will undoubtedly fulfil the desire of the author and become indispensable to all mechanical engineers4--,marine ,engineer4 ,we have carefully examined this work1 and pronounce it a most excellent reference book for the use of marine engineers4--,journal of ,american ,society of ,naval ,engineers4 ,a veritable monument of industry on the part of ,mr4 ,foley1 who has succeeded in producing what is simply invaluable to the engineering profession4--,steamship4 ,coal and ,speed ,tables4 ,a ,,pocket ,,book ,,of ,,coal ,,and ,,speed ,,tables1 for ,engineers and ,steam-users4 ,by ,,nelson ,,foley1 ,author of ,the ,mechanical ,engineer's ,reference ,book4 ,pocket-size1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,these tables are designed to meet the requirements of every-day use2 they are of sufficient scope for most practical purposes1 and may be commended to engineers and users of steam4--,iron4 ,this pocket-book well merits the attention of the practical engineer4 ,mr4 ,foley has compiled a very useful set of tables1 the information contained in which is frequently required by engineers1 coal consumers and users of steam4--,iron and ,coal ,trades ,review4 ,steam ,engine4 ,,text-,,book ,,on ,,the ,,steam ,,engine4 ,with a ,supplement on ,gas ,engines1 and ,,part ,,ii4 ,,on ,,heat ,,engines4 ,by ,t4 ,m4 ,,goodeve1 ,m4,a41 ,barrister-at-,law1 ,professor of ,mechanics at the ,royal ,college of ,science1 ,london2 ,author of ,the ,principles of ,mechanics1 ,the ,elements of ,mechanism1 c4 ,twelfth ,edition1 ,enlarged4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #fs4 cloth4 ,professor ,goodeve has given us a treatise on the steam engine which will bear comparison with anything written by ,huxley or ,maxwell1 and we can award it no higher praise4--,engineer4 ,mr4 ,goodeve's text-book is a work of which every young engineer should possess himself4--,mining ,journal4 ,gas ,engines4 ,,on ,,gas-,,engines4 ,with ,appendix describing a ,recent ,engine with ,tube ,igniter4 ,by ,t4 ,m4 ,,goodeve1 ,m4,a4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,like all ,mr4 ,goodeve's writings1 the present is no exception in point of general excellence4 ,it is a valuable little volume4--,mechanical ,world4 ,steam ,engine ,design4 ,a ,,handbook ,,on ,,the ,,steam ,,engine1 with especial ,reference to ,small and ,medium-sized ,engines4 ,for the ,use of ,engine-,makers1 ,mechanical ,draughtsmen1 ,engineering ,students and ,users of ,steam ,power4 ,by ,,herman ,,haeder1 ,c4,e4 ,english ,edition1 ,re-edited by the ,author from the ,second ,german ,edition1 and ,translated1 with considerable ,additions and ,alterations1 by ,h4 ,h4 ,p4 ,,powles1 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,with nearly #a1ajj ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #is4 cloth4 ,a perfect encyclopdia of the steam engine and its details1 and one which must take a permanent place in ,english drawing-offices and workshops4--,a ,foreman ,pattern-maker4 ,this is an excellent book1 and should be in the hands of all who are interested in the construction and design of medium sized stationary engines4444 ,a careful study of its contents and the arrangement of the sections leads to the conclusion that there is probably no other book like it in this country4 ,the volume aims at showing the results of practical experience1 and it certainly may claim a complete achievement of this idea4--,nature4 ,there can be no question as to its value4 ,we cordially commend it to all concerned in the design and construction of the steam engine4--,mechanical ,world4 ,steam ,boilers4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,steam ,,boilers3 ,their ,strength1 ,construction1 and ,economical ,working4 ,by ,,robert ,,wilson1 ,c4,e4 ,fifth ,edition4 #abmo1 #fs4 cloth4 ,the best treatise that has ever been published on steam boilers4--,engineer4 ,the author shows himself perfect master of his subject1 and we heartily recommend all employing steam power to possess themselves of the work4--,ryland's ,iron ,trade ,circular4 ,boiler ,chimneys4 ,,boiler ,,and ,,factory ,,chimneys3 ,their ,draught-,power and ,stability4 ,with a ,chapter on ,lightning ,conductors4 ,by ,,robert ,,wilson1 ,a4,i4,c4,e41 ,author of ,a ,treatise on ,steam ,boilers1 c4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,a valuable contribution to the literature of scientific building4--,the ,builder4 ,boiler ,making4 ,,the ,,boiler-,,maker',s ,,ready ,,reckoner ,,assistant4 ,with ,examples of ,practical ,geometry and ,templating1 for the ,use of ,platers1 ,smiths and ,riveters4 ,by ,,john ,,courtney1 ,edited by ,d4 ,k4 ,,clark1 ,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,third ,edition1 #dhj pp41 with #adj ,illusts4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #gs4 half-bound4 ,no workman or apprentice should be without this book4--,iron ,trade ,circular4 ,locomotive ,engine ,development4 ,,the ,,locomotive ,,engine ,,and ,,its ,,development4 ,a ,popular ,treatise on the ,gradual ,improvements made in ,railway ,engines between #ahjc and #ahic4 ,by ,,clement ,e4 ,,stretton1 ,c4,e41 ,author of ,safe ,railway ,working1 c4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised and much ,enlarged4 ,with #ie ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,students of railway history and all who are interested in the evolution of the modern locomotive will find much to attract and entertain in this volume4--,the ,times4 ,the author of this work is well known to the railway world1 and no one probably has a better knowledge of the history and development of the locomotive4 ,the volume before us should be of value to all connected with the railway system of this country4--,nature4 ,fire ,engineering4 ,,fires1 ,,fire-,,engines1 ,,and ,,fire-,,brigades4 ,with a ,history of ,fire-,engines1 their ,construction1 ,use1 and ,management2 ,remarks on ,fire-,proof ,buildings1 and the ,preservation of ,life from ,fire2 ,statistics of the ,fire ,appliances in ,english ,towns2 ,foreign ,fire ,systems ,hints on ,fire-,brigades1 c4 c4 ,by ,,charles ,f4 ,t4 ,,young1 ,c4,e4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 #edd pp41 demy #hvo1 #a #ds4 cloth4 ,to those interested in the subject of fires and fire apparatus1 we most heartily commend this book4 ,it is the only ,english work we now have upon the subject4--,engineering4 ,it displays much evidence of careful research2 and ,mr4 ,young has put his facts neatly together4 ,his acquaintance with the practical details of the construction of steam fire engines1 old and new1 and the conditions with which it is necessary they should comply1 is accurate and full4--,engineer4 ,estimating for ,engineering ,work1 c4 ,,engineering ,,estimates1 ,,costs ,,and ,,accounts3 ,a ,guide to ,commercial ,engineering4 ,with numerous ,examples of ,estimates and ,costs of ,millwright ,work1 ,miscellaneous ,productions1 ,steam ,engines and ,steam ,boilers2 and a ,section on the ,preparation of ,costs ,accounts4 ,by ,a ,,general ,,manager4 ,demy #hvo1 #abs4 cloth4 ,this is an excellent and very useful book1 covering subject-matter in constant requisition in every factory and workshop4444 ,the book is invaluable1 not only to the young engineer1 but also to the estimate department of every works4--,,builder4 ,we accord the work unqualified praise4 ,the information is given in a plain1 straightforward manner1 and bears throughout evidence of the intimate practical acquaintance of the author with every phase of commercial engineering4--,,mechanical ,,world4 ,engineering ,construction4 ,,pattern-,,making3 ,a ,practical ,treatise1 embracing the ,main ,types of ,engineering ,construction1 and including ,gearing1 both ,hand and ,machine made1 ,engine ,work1 ,sheaves and ,pulleys1 ,pipes and ,columns1 ,screws1 ,machine ,parts1 ,pumps and ,cocks1 the ,moulding of ,patterns in ,loam and ,greensand1 c41 together with the methods of ,estimating the weight of ,castings2 to which is added an ,appendix of ,tables for ,workshop ,reference4 ,by ,a ,,foreman ,,pattern ,,maker4 ,second ,edition1 thoroughly ,revised and much ,enlarged4 ,with upwards of #dej ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,a well-written technical guide1 evidently written by a man who understands and has practised what he has written about4444 ,we cordially recommend it to engineering students1 young journeymen1 and others desirous of being initiated into the mysteries of pattern-making4--,builder4 ,more than #dej illustrations help to explain the text1 which is1 however1 always clear and explicit1 thus rendering the work an excellent vade mecum for the apprentice who desires to become master of his trade4--,english ,mechanic4 ,dictionary of ,mechanical ,engineering ,terms4 ,,lockwood',s ,,dictionary ,,of ,,terms ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,practice ,,of ,,mechanical ,,engineering1 embracing those current in the ,drawing ,office1 ,pattern ,shop1 ,foundry1 ,fitting1 ,turning1 ,smith's and ,boiler ,shops1 c4 c4 ,comprising upwards of #f1jjj ,definitions4 ,edited by ,a ,,foreman ,,pattern-,,maker1 ,author of ,pattern ,making4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised1 with ,additions4 ,crown #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,just the sort of handy dictionary required by the various trades engaged in mechanical engineering4 ,the practical engineering pupil will find the book of great value in his studies1 and every foreman engineer and mechanic should have a copy4--,building ,news4 ,not merely a dictionary1 but1 to a certain extent1 also a most valuable guide4 ,it strikes us as a happy idea to combine with a definition of the phrase useful information on the subject of which it treats4--,machinery ,market4 ,mill ,gearing4 ,,toothed ,,gearing3 ,a ,practical ,handbook for ,offices and ,workshops4 ,by ,a ,,foreman ,,pattern ,,maker1 ,author of ,pattern ,making1 ,lockwood's ,dictionary of ,mechanical ,engineering ,terms1 c4 ,with #ahd ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #fs4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,,summary ,,of ,,contents4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,,principles4--,,ii4 ,,formation ,,of ,,tooth ,,profiles4--,,iii4 ,,proportions ,,of ,,teeth4--,,iv4 ,,methods ,,of ,,making ,,tooth ,,forms4--,v4 ,,involute ,,teeth4--,,vi4 ,,some ,,special ,,tooth ,,forms4--,,vii4 ,,bevel ,,wheels4--,,viii4 ,,screw ,,gears4--,,ix4 ,,worm ,,gears4--,x4 ,,helical ,,wheels4--,,xi4 ,,skew ,,bevels4--,,xii4 ,,variable ,,and ,,other ,,gears4--,,xiii4 ,,diametrical ,,pitch4--,,xiv4 ,,the ,,odontograph4--,,xv4 ,,pattern ,,gears4--,,xvi4 ,,machine ,,moulding ,,gears4--,,xvii4 ,,machine ,,cut ,,gears4--,,xviii4 ,,proportion ,,of ,,wheels4 ,we must give the book our unqualified praise for its thoroughness of treatment1 and we can heartily recommend it to all interested as the most practical book on the subject yet written4--,mechanical ,world4 ,stone-working ,machinery4 ,,stone-,,working ,,machinery1 and the ,rapid and ,economical ,conversion of ,stone4 ,with ,hints on the ,arrangement and ,management of ,stone ,works4 ,by ,m4 ,,powis ,,bale1 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,with ,illusts4 ,crown #hvo1 #is4 ,the book should be in the hands of every mason or student of stone-work4--,colliery ,guardian4 ,a capital handbook for all who manipulate stone for building or ornamental purposes4--,machinery ,market4 ,pump ,construction and ,management4 ,,pumps ,,and ,,pumping3 ,a ,handbook for ,pump ,users4 ,being ,notes on ,selection1 ,construction and ,management4 ,by ,m4 ,,powis ,,bale1 ,m4,i4,m4,e41 ,author of ,woodworking ,machinery1 ,saw ,mills1 c4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,the matter is set forth as concisely as possible4 ,in fact1 condensation rather than diffuseness has been the author's aim throughout2 yet he does not seem to have omitted anything likely to be of use4--,journal of ,gas ,lighting4 ,thoroughly practical and simply and clearly written4--,glasgow ,herald4 ,milling ,machinery1 etc4 ,,milling ,,machines ,,and ,,processes3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,shaping ,metals by ,rotary ,cutters1 including ,information on ,making and ,grinding the ,cutters4 ,by ,,paul ,n4 ,,hasluck1 ,author of ,lathe-work1 ,handybooks for ,handicrafts1 c4 ,with upwards of #cjj ,engravings1 including numerous ,drawings by the ,author4 ,large crown #hvo1 #ceb pages1 #abs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,a new departure in engineering literature4444 ,we can recommend this work to all interested in milling machines2 it is what it professes to be--a practical treatise4--,engineer4 ,a capital and reliable book1 which will no doubt be of considerable service1 both to those who are already acquainted with the process as well as to those who contemplate its adoption4--,industries4 ,turning4 ,,lathe-,,work3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,tools1 ,appliances1 and ,processes employed in the ,art of ,turning4 ,by ,,paul ,n4 ,,hasluck4 ,fourth ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #es4 cloth4 ,written by a man who knows1 not only how work ought to be done1 but who also knows how to do it1 and how to convey his knowledge to others4 ,to all turners this book would be valuable4--,engineering4 ,we can safely recommend the work to young engineers4 ,to the amateur it will simply be invaluable4 ,to the student it will convey a great deal of useful information4--,engineer4 ,screw-,cutting4 ,,screw ,,threads3 ,and ,methods of ,producing ,them4 ,with ,numerous ,tables1 and complete directions for using ,screw-,cutting ,lathes4 ,by ,,paul ,n4 ,,hasluck1 ,author of ,lathe-,work1 c4 ,with ,seventy-four ,illustrations4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,waistcoat-pocket size1 #as4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,full of useful information1 hints and practical criticism4 ,taps1 dies and screwing-tools generally are illustrated and their action described4--,mechanical ,world4 ,it is a complete compendium of all the details of the screw-cutting lathe2 in fact a multum in parvo on all the subjects it treats upon4--,carpenter and ,builder4 ,smith's ,tables for ,mechanics1 etc4 ,,tables1 ,,memoranda1 ,,and ,,calculated ,,results1 ,,for ,,mechanics1 ,,engineers1 ,,architects1 ,,builders1 etc4 ,selected and ,arranged by ,,francis ,,smith4 ,fifth ,edition1 thoroughly ,revised and ,enlarged1 with a ,new ,section of ,,electrical ,,tables1 ,,formul1 and ,,memoranda4 ,waistcoat-pocket size1 #as4 #f;d4 limp leather4 ,it would1 perhaps1 be as difficult to make a small pocket-book selection of notes and formul to suit ,,all engineers as it would be to make a universal medicine2 but ,mr4 ,smith's waistcoat-pocket collection may be looked upon as a successful attempt4--,engineer4 ,the best example we have ever seen of #bgj pages of useful matter packed into the dimensions of a card-case4--,building ,news4 ,a veritable pocket treasury of knowledge4--,iron4 ,french-,english ,glossary for ,engineers1 etc4 ,a ,,pocket ,,glossary of ,,technical ,,terms3 ,,english-,,french1 ,,french-,,english2 with ,tables suitable for the ,architectural1 ,engineering1 ,manufacturing and ,nautical ,professions4 ,by ,,john ,,james ,,fletcher1 ,engineer and ,surveyor4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged1 #bjj pp4 ,waistcoat-pocket size1 #as4 #f;d4 limp leather4 ,it is a very great advantage for readers and correspondents in ,france and ,england to have so large a number of the words relating to engineering and manufacturers collected in a ,liliputian volume4 ,the little book will be useful both to students and travellers4--,architect4 ,the glossary of terms is very complete1 and many of the tables are new and well arranged4 ,we cordially commend the book4--,mechanical ,world4 ,year-,book of ,engineering ,formule1 c4 ,,the ,,engineer',s ,,year-,,book ,,for #ahid4 ,comprising ,formul1 ,rules1 ,tables1 ,data and ,memoranda in ,civil1 ,mechanical1 ,electrical1 ,marine and ,mine ,engineering4 ,by ,h4 ,r4 ,,kempe1 ,a4,m4 ,inst4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,e4,e41 ,technical ,officer of the ,engineer-in-,chief's ,office4 ,general ,post ,office1 ,london1 ,author of ,a ,handbook of ,electrical ,testing1 ,the ,electrical ,engineer's ,pocket-,book1 c4 ,with #gjj ,illustrations1 specially ,engraved for the work4 ,crown #hvo1 #fjj pages1 #hs4 leather4 ,just published4 ,represents an enormous quantity of work1 and forms a desirable book of reference4--,the ,engineer4 ,the book is distinctly in advance of most similar publications in this country4--,engineering4 ,this valuable and well-designed book of reference meets the demands of all descriptions of engineers4--,saturday ,review4 ,teems with up-to-date information in every branch of engineering and construction4--,building ,news4 ,the needs of the engineering profession could hardly be supplied in a more admirable1 complete and convenient form4 ,to say that it more than sustains all comparisons is praise of the highest sort1 and that may justly be said of it4--,mining ,journal4 ,there is certainly room for the new comer1 which supplies explanations and directions1 as well as formul and tables4 ,it deserves to become one of the most successful of the technical annuals4--,architect4 ,brings together with great skill all the technical information which an engineer has to use day by day4 ,it is in every way admirably equipped1 and is sure to prove successful4--,scotsman4 ,the up-to-dateness of ,mr4 ,kempe's compilation is a quality that will not be lost on the busy people for whom the work is intended4--,glasgow ,herald4 ,portable ,engines4 ,,the ,,portable ,,engine2 ,,its ,,construction ,,and ,,management4 ,a ,practical ,manual for ,owners and ,users of ,steam ,engines generally4 ,by ,,william ,,dyson ,,wansbrough4 ,with #ij ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,this is a work of value to those who use steam machinery4444 ,should be read by everyone who has a steam engine1 on a farm or elsewhere4--,mark ,lane ,express4 ,we cordially commend this work to buyers and owners of steam engines1 and to those who have to do with their construction or use4--,timber ,trades ,journal4 ,such a general knowledge of the steam engine as ,mr4 ,wansbrough furnishes to the reader should be acquired by all intelligent owners and others who use the steam engine4--,building ,news4 ,an excellent text-book of this useful form of engine4 ',the ,hints to ,purchasers' contain a good deal of commonsense and practical wisdom4--,english ,mechanic4 ,iron and ,steel4 ,,iron ,,and ,,steel3 ,a ,work for the ,forge1 ,foundry1 ,factory1 and ,office4 ,containing ready1 useful1 and trustworthy ,information for ,iron-masters and their ,stock-takers2 ,managers of ,bar1 ,rail1 ,plate1 and ,sheet ,rolling ,mills3 ,iron and ,metal ,founders2 ,iron ,ship and ,bridge ,builders2 ,mechanical1 ,mining1 and ,consulting ,engineers2 ,architects1 ,contractors1 ,builders1 and ,professional ,draughtsmen4 ,by ,,charles ,,hoare1 ,author of ,the ,slide ,rule1 c4 ,eighth ,edition1 ,revised throughout and considerably ,enlarged4 #cbmo4 #fs4 leather4 ,for comprehensiveness the book has not its equal4--,iron4 ,one of the best of the pocket books4--,english ,mechanic4 ,we cordially recommend this book to those engaged in considering the details of all kinds of iron and steel works4--,naval ,science4 ,elementary ,mechanics4 ,,condensed ,,mechanics4 ,a ,selection of ,formul1 ,rules1 ,tables1 and ,data for the ,use of ,engineering ,students1 ,science ,classes1 c4 ,in ,accordance with the ,requirements of the ,science and ,art ,department4 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,crawford ,,hughes1 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,the book is well fitted for those who are either confronted with practical problems in their work1 or are preparing for examination and wish to refresh their knowledge by going through their formul again4--,marine ,engineer4 ,it is well arranged1 and meets the wants of those for whom it is intended4--,railway ,news4 ,steam4 ,,the ,,safe ,,use ,,of ,,steam4 ,containing ,rules for ,unprofessional ,steam-users4 ,by an ,,engineer4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,sewed1 #f;d4 ,if steam-users would but learn this little book by heart1 boiler explosions would become sensations by their rarity4--,english ,mechanic4 ,warming4 ,,heating ,,by ,,hot ,,water3 with ,information and ,suggestions on the best ,methods of ,heating ,public1 ,private and ,horticultural ,buildings4 ,by ,,walter ,,jones4 ,second ,edition4 ,with #if ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,we confidently recommend all interested in heating by hot water to secure a copy of this valuable little treatise4--,the ,plumber and ,decorator4 ,,the ,,popular ,,works ,,of ,,michael ,,reynolds 7,,the ,,engine ,,driver',s ,,friend74 ,locomotive-,engine ,driving4 ,,locomotive-,,engine ,,driving3 ,a ,practical ,manual for ,engineers in charge of ,locomotive ,engines4 ,by ,,michael ,,reynolds1 ,member of the ,society of ,engineers1 formerly ,locomotive ,inspector ,l4 ,b4 and ,s4 ,c4 ,r4 ,ninth ,edition4 ,including a ,,key ,,to ,,the ,,locomotive ,,engine4 ,with ,illustrations and ,portrait of ,author4 ,crown #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,mr4 ,reynolds has supplied a want1 and has supplied it well4 ,we can confidently recommend the book1 not only to the practical driver1 but to everyone who takes an interest in the performance of locomotive engines4--,the ,engineer4 ,mr4 ,reynolds has opened a new chapter in the literature of the day4 ,this admirable practical treatise1 of the practical utility of which we have to speak in terms of warm commendation4--,athenum4 ,evidently the work of one who knows his subject thoroughly4--,railway ,service ,gazette4 ,were the cautions and rules given in the book to become part of the every-day working of our engine-drivers1 we might have fewer distressing accidents to deplore4--,scotsman4 ,stationary ,engine ,driving4 ,,stationary ,,engine ,,driving3 ,a ,practical ,manual for ,engineers in charge of ,stationary ,engines4 ,by ,,michael ,,reynolds4 ,fifth ,edition1 ,enlarged4 ,with ,plates and ,woodcuts4 ,crown #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,the author is thoroughly acquainted with his subjects1 and his advice on the various points treated is clear and practical4444 ,he has produced a manual which is an exceedingly useful one for the class for whom it is specially intended4--,engineering4 ,our author leaves no stone unturned4 ,he is determined that his readers shall not only know something about the stationary engine1 but all about it4--,engineer4 ,an engineman who has mastered the contents of ,mr4,reynolds's book will require but little actual experience with boilers and engines before he can be trusted to look after them4--,english ,mechanic4 ,the ,engineer1 ,fireman1 and ,engine-,boy4 ,,the ,,model ,,locomotive ,,engineer1 ,,fireman1 and ,,engine-,,boy4 ,comprising a ,historical ,notice of the ,pioneer ,locomotive ,engines and their ,inventors4 ,by ,,michael ,,reynolds4 ,with numerous ,illustrations and a fine ,portrait of ,george ,stephenson4 ,crown #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,from the technical knowledge of the author it will appeal to the railway man of to-day more forcibly than anything written by ,dr4 ,smiles4444 ,the volume contains information of a technical kind1 and facts that every driver should be familiar with4--,english ,mechanic4 ,we should be glad to see this book in the possession of everyone in the kingdom who has ever laid1 or is to lay1 hands on a locomotive engine4--,iron4 ,continuous ,railway ,brakes4 ,,continuous ,,railway ,,brakes3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on the several ,systems in ,use in the ,united ,kingdom2 their ,construction and ,performance4 ,with copious ,illustrations and numerous ,tables4 ,by ,,michael ,,reynolds4 ,large crown #hvo1 #is4 cloth4 ,a popular explanation of the different brakes4 ,it will be of great assistance in forming public opinion1 and will be studied with benefit by those who take an interest in the brake4--,english ,mechanic4 ,written with sufficient technical detail to enable the principle and relative connection of the various parts of each particular brake to be readily grasped4--,mechanical ,world4 ,engine-,driving ,life4 ,,engine-,,driving ,,life3 ,stirring ,adventures and ,incidents in the ,lives of ,locomotive-,engine ,drivers4 ,by ,,michael ,,reynolds4 ,third and ,cheaper ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,from first to last perfectly fascinating4 ,wilkie ,collins's most thrilling conceptions are thrown into the shade by true incidents1 endless in their variety1 related in every page4--,north ,british ,mail4 ,anyone who wishes to get a real insight into railway life cannot do better than read ',engine-,driving ,life' for himself2 and if he once take it up he will find that the author's enthusiasm and real love of the engine-driving profession will carry him on till he has read every page4--,saturday ,review4 ,pocket ,companion for ,enginemen4 ,,the ,,engineman',s ,,pocket ,,companion ,,and ,,practical ,,educator ,,for ,,enginemen1 ,,boiler ,,attendants1 ,,and ,,mechanics4 ,by ,,michael ,,reynolds4 ,with ,forty-five ,illustrations and numerous ,diagrams4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised4 ,royal #ahmo1 #cs4 #f;d41 strongly bound for pocket wear4 ,this admirable work is well suited to accomplish its object1 being the honest workmanship of a competent engineer4--,glasgow ,herald4 ,a most meritorious work1 giving in a succinct and practical form all the information an engine-minder desirous of mastering the scientific principles of his daily calling would require4--,the ,miller4 ,a boon to those who are striving to become efficient mechanics4--,daily ,chronicle4 ,,civil ,,engineering1 ,,surveying1 etc4 ,,mr4 ,,humber',s ,,valuable ,,engineering ,,books4 ,the ,water ,supply of ,cities and ,towns4 ,a ,,comprehensive ,,treatise on the ,,water-,,supply ,,of ,,cities ,,and ,,towns4 ,by ,,william ,,humber1 ,a-,m4,inst4,c4,e41 and ,m4 ,inst4 ,m4,e41 ,author of ,cast and ,wrought ,iron ,bridge ,construction1 c4 c4 ,illustrated with #ej ,double ,plates1 #a ,single ,plate1 ,coloured ,frontispiece1 and upwards of #bej ,woodcuts1 and containing #djj pages of ,text4 ,imp4 #dto1 #f #fs4 elegantly and substantially half-bound in morocco4 ,list of ,contents4 ,i4 ,historical ,sketch of some of the means that have been adopted for the ,supply of ,water to ,cities and ,towns4--,,ii4 ,water and the ,foreign ,matter usually associated with it4--,,iii4 ,rainfall and ,evaporation4--,,iv4 ,springs and the water-bearing formations of various districts4--,v4 ,measurement and ,estimation of the flow of ,water4--,,vi4 ,on the ,selection of the ,source of ,supply4--,,vii4 ,wells4--,,viii4 ,reservoirs4--,,ix4 ,the ,purification of ,water4--,x4 ,pumps4--,,xi4 ,pumping ,machinery4--,,xii4 ,conduits4--,,xiii4 ,distribution of ,water4--,,xiv4 ,meters1 ,service ,pipes1 and ,house ,fittings4--,,xv4 ,the ,law and ,economy of ,water ,works4--,,xvi4 ,constant and ,intermittent ,supply4--,,xvii4 ,description of ,plates4--,appendices1 giving ,tables of ,rates of ,supply1 ,velocities1 c4 c41 together with ,specifications of several ,works illustrated1 among which will be found3 ,aberdeen1 ,bideford1 ,canterbury1 ,dundee4 ,halifax1 ,lambeth1 ,rotherham1 ,dublin1 and others4 ,the most systematic and valuable work upon water supply hitherto produced in ,english1 or in any other language4444 ,mr4 ,humber's work is characterised almost throughout by an exhaustiveness much more distinctive of ,french and ,german than of ,english technical treatises4--,engineer4 ,we can congratulate ,mr4 ,humber on having been able to give so large an amount of ,information on a subject so important as the water supply of cities and towns4 ,the plates1 fifty in number1 are mostly drawings of executed works1 and alone would have commanded the attention of every engineer whose practice may lie in this branch of the profession4--,builder4 ,cast and ,wrought ,iron ,bridge ,construction4 ,a ,,complete ,,and ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,cast ,,and ,,wrought ,,iron ,,bridge ,,construction1 including ,iron ,foundations4 ,in ,three ,parts--,theoretical1 ,practical1 and ,descriptive4 ,by ,,william ,,humber1 ,a4,m4,inst4,c4,e41 and ,m4,inst4,m4,e4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised and much improved1 with #aae ,double ,plates 7#bj of which now first appear in this edition71 and numerous ,additions to the ,text4 ,in ,two ,vols41 imp4 #dto1 #f #afs4 #f;d4 half-bound in morocco4 ,a very valuable contribution to the standard literature of civil engineering4 ,in addition to elevations1 plans and sections1 large scale details are given which very much enhance the instructive worth of those illustrations4--,civil ,engineer and ,architect's ,journal4 ,mr4 ,humber's stately volumes1 lately issued--in which the most important bridges erected during the last five years1 under the direction of the late ,mr4 ,brunel1 ,sir ,w4 ,cubitt1 ,mr4 ,hawkshaw1 ,mr4 ,page1 ,mr4 ,fowler1 ,mr4 ,hemans1 and others among our most eminent engineers1 are drawn and specified in great detail4--,engineer4 ,strains1 ,calculation of4 ,a ,,handy ,,book ,,for ,,the ,,calculation ,,of ,,strains ,,in ,,girders ,,and ,,similar ,,structures1 ,,and ,,their ,,strength4 ,consisting of ,formul and ,corresponding ,diagrams1 with numerous details for ,practical ,application1 c4 ,by ,,william ,,humber1 ,a-,m4,inst4,c4,e41 c4 ,fifth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 nearly #ajj ,woodcuts and #c ,plates1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,the formulae are neatly expressed1 and the diagrams good4--,athenum4 ,we heartily commend this really handy book to our engineer and architect readers4--,english ,mechanic4 ,barlow's ,strength of ,materials1 enlarged by ,humber4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,strength ,,of ,,materials3 with ,rules for ,application in ,architecture1 the ,construction of ,suspension ,bridges1 ,railways1 c4 ,by ,,peter ,,barlow1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,a ,new ,edition1 ,revised by his ,sons1 ,p4 ,w4 ,,barlow1 ,f4,r4,s41 and ,w4 ,h4 ,,barlow1 ,f4,r4,s42 to which are added1 ,experiments by ,,hodgkinson1 ,,fairbairn1 and ,,kirkaldy2 and ,formul for ,calculating ,girders1 c4 ,arranged and ,edited by ,,wm4 ,,humber1 ,a-,m4,inst4,c4,e4 ,demy #hvo1 #djj pp41 with #ai large ,plates and numerous ,woodcuts1 #ahs4 cloth4 ,valuable alike to the student1 tyro1 and the experienced practitioner1 it will always rank future1 as it has hitherto done1 as the standard treatise on that particular subject4--,engineer4 ,there is no greater authority than ,barlow4--,building ,news4 ,as a scientific work of the first class1 it deserves a foremost place on the bookshelves of every civil engineer and practical mechanic4--,english ,mechanic4 ,,mr4 ,,humber',s ,,great ,,work ,,on ,,modern ,,engineering4 ,complete in ,four ,volumes1 imperial #dto1 price #ab #abs41 half-morocco4 ,each ,volume sold separately as follows3-- ,a ,,record ,,of ,,the ,,progress ,,of ,,modern ,,engineering4 ,,first ,,series4 ,comprising ,civil1 ,mechanical1 ,marine1 ,hydraulic1 ,railway1 ,bridge1 and other ,engineering ,works1 c4 ,by ,,william ,,humber1 ,a-,m4,inst4,c4,e41 c4 ,imp4 #dto1 with #cf ,double ,plates1 drawn to a large scale1 ,photographic ,portrait of ,john ,hawkshaw1 ,c4,e41 ,f4,r4,s41 c41 and copious descriptive ,letterpress1 ,specifications1 c41 #c #cs4 half-morocco4 ,list of the ,plates and ,diagrams4 ,victoria ,station and ,roof1 ,l4 ,b4 ,s4 ,c4 ,r4 7#c plates72 ,southport ,pier 7#b plates72 ,victoria ,station and ,roof1 ,l4 ,c4 ,d4 and ,g4 ,w4 ,r4 7#f plates72 ,roof of ,cremorne ,music ,hall2 ,bridge over ,g4 ,n4 ,railway2 ,roof of ,station1 ,dutch ,rhenish ,rail 7#b plates72 ,bridge over the ,thames1 ,west ,london ,extension ,railway 7#e plates72 ,armour ,plates3 ,suspension ,bridge1 ,thames 7#d plates72 ,the ,allen ,engine2 ,suspension ,bridge1 ,avon 7#c plates72 ,underground ,railway 7#c plates74 ,handsomely lithographed and printed4 ,it will find favour with many who desire to preserve in a permanent form copies of the plans and specifications prepared for the guidance of the contractors for many important engineering works4--,engineer4 ,,humber',s ,,progress ,,of ,,modern ,,engineering4 ,,second ,,series4 ,imp4 #dto1 with #cf ,double ,plates1 ,photographic ,portrait of ,robert ,stephenson1 ,c4,e41 ,m4,p41 ,f4,r4,s41 c41 and copious descriptive ,letterpress1 ,specifications1 c41 #c #cs4 half-morocco4 ,list of the ,plates and ,diagrams4 ,birkenhead ,docks1 ,low ,water ,basin 7#ae plates72 ,charing ,cross ,station ,roof1 ,c4 ,c4 ,railway 7#c plates72 ,digswell ,viaduct1 ,great ,northern ,railway2 ,robbery ,wood ,viaduct1 ,great ,northern ,railway2 ,iron ,permanent ,way2 ,clydach ,viaduct1 ,merthyr1 ,tredegar1 and ,abergavenny ,railway2 ,ebbw ,viaduct1 ,merthyr1 ,tredegar1 and ,abergavenny ,railway2 ,college ,wood ,viaduct1 ,cornwall ,railway2 ,dublin ,winter ,palace ,roof 7#c plates72 ,bridge over the ,thames1 ,l4 ,c4 ,d4 ,railway 7#f plates72 ,albert ,harbour1 ,greenock 7#d plates74 ,mr4 ,humber has done the profession good and true service1 by the fine collection of examples he has here brought before the profession and the public4--,practical ,mechanic's ,journal4 ,,humber',s ,,progress ,,of ,,modern ,,engineering4 ,,third ,,series4 ,imp4 #dto1 with #dj ,double ,plates1 ,photographic ,portrait of ,j4 ,r4 ,m',clean1 late ,pres4 ,inst4 ,c4,e41 and copious descriptive ,letterpress1 ,specifications1 c41 #c #cs4 half-morocco4 ,list of the ,plates and ,diagrams4 ,,main ,,drainage1 ,,metropolis4--,north ,side4--,map showing ,interception of ,sewers2 ,middle ,level ,sewer 7#b plates72 ,outfall ,sewer1 ,bridge over ,river ,lea 7#c plates72 ,outfall ,sewer1 ,bridge over ,marsh ,lane1 ,north ,woolwich ,railway1 and ,bow and ,barking ,railway ,junction2 ,outfall ,sewer1 ,bridge over ,bow and ,barking ,railway 7#c plates72 ,outfall ,sewer1 ,bridge over ,east ,london ,waterworks' ,feeder 7#b plates72 ,outfall ,sewer1 ,reservoir 7#b plates72 ,outfall ,sewer1 ,tumbling ,bay and ,outlet2 ,outfall ,sewer1 ,penstocks4 ,south ,side4--,outfall ,sewer1 ,bermondsey ,branch 7#b plates72 ,outfall ,sewer1 ,reservoir and ,outlet 7#d plates72 ,outfall ,sewer1 ,filth ,hoist2 ,sections of ,sewers 7,north and ,south ,sides74 ,,thames ,,embankment4--,section of ,river ,wall2 ,steamboat ,pier1 ,westminster 7#b plates72 ,landing ,stairs between ,charing ,cross and ,waterloo ,bridges2 ,york ,gate 7#b plates72 ,overflow and ,outlet at ,savoy ,street ,sewer 7#c plates72 ,steamboat ,pier1 ,waterloo ,bridge 7#c plates72 ,junction of ,sewers1 ,plans and ,sections2 ,gullies1 ,plans and ,sections2 ,rolling ,stock2 ,granite and ,iron ,forts4 ,the drawings have a constantly increasing value1 and whoever desires to possess clear representations of the two great works carried out by our ,metropolitan ,board will obtain ,mr4 ,humber's volume4--,engineer4 ,,humber',s ,,progress ,,of ,,modern ,,engineering4 ,,fourth ,,series4 ,imp4 #dto1 with #cf ,double ,plates1 ,photographic ,portrait of ,john ,fowler1 late ,pres4 ,inst4 ,c4,e41 and copious descriptive ,letterpress1 ,specifications1 c41 #c #cs4 half-morocco4 ,list of the ,plates and ,diagrams4 ,abbey ,mills ,pumping ,station1 ,main ,drainage1 ,metropolis 7#d plates72 ,barrow ,docks 7#e plates72 ,manquis ,viaduct1 ,santiago and ,valparaiso ,railway 7#b plates72 ,adams ,locomotive1 ,st4 ,helen's ,canal ,railway 7#b plates72 ,cannon ,street ,station ,roof1 ,charing ,cross ,railway 7#c plates72 ,road ,bridge over the ,river ,moka 7#b plates72 ,telegraphic ,apparatus for ,mesopotamia2 ,viaduct over the ,river ,wye1 ,midland ,railway 7#c plates72 ,st4 ,germans ,viaduct1 ,cornwall ,railway 7#b plates72 ,wrought-,iron ,cylinder for ,diving ,bell2 ,millwall ,docks 7#f plates72 ,milroy's ,patent ,excavator2 ,metropolitan ,district ,railway 7#f plates72 ,harbours1 ,ports1 and ,breakwaters 7#c plates74 ,we gladly welcome another year's issue of this valuable publication from the able pen of ,mr4 ,humber4 ,the accuracy and general excellence of this work are well known1 while its usefulness in giving the measurements and details of some of the latest examples of engineering1 as carried out by the most eminent men in the profession1 cannot be too highly prized4--,artisan4 ,statics1 ,graphic and ,analytic4 ,,graphic ,,and ,,analytic ,,statics1 in their ,practical ,application to the ,treatment of ,stresses in ,roofs1 ,solid ,girders1 ,lattice1 ,bowstring and ,suspension ,bridges1 ,braced ,iron ,arches and ,piers1 and other ,frameworks4 ,by ,r4 ,,hudson ,,graham1 ,c4,e4 ,containing ,diagrams and ,plates to ,scale4 ,with numerous ,examples1 many taken from existing ,structures4 ,specially arranged for ,class-work in ,colleges and ,universities4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 #hvo1 #afs4 cloth4 ,mr4 ,graham's book will find a place wherever graphic and analytic statics are used or studied4--,engineer4 ,the work is excellent from a practical point of view1 and has evidently been prepared with much care4 ,the directions for working are ample1 and are illustrated by an abundance of well-selected examples4 ,it is an excellent text-book for the practical draughtsman4--,athenum4 ,practical ,mathematics4 ,,mathematics ,,for ,,practical ,,men3 ,being a ,commonplace ,book of ,pure and ,mixed ,mathematics4 ,designed chiefly for the use of ,civil ,engineers1 ,architects and ,surveyors4 ,by ,,olinthus ,,gregory1 ,l4,l4,d41 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,enlarged by ,,henry ,,law1 ,c4,e4 #dth ,edition1 carefully ,revised by ,j4 ,r4 ,,young1 formerly ,professor of ,mathematics1 ,belfast ,college4 ,with #ac ,plates4 #hvo1 #a #as4 cloth4 ,the engineer or architect will here find ready to his hand rules for solving nearly every mathematical difficulty that may arise in his practice4 ,the rules are in all cases explained by means of examples1 in which every step of the process is clearly worked out4--,builder4 ,one of the most serviceable books for practical mechanics4444 ,it is an instructive book for the student1 and a text-book for him who1 having once mastered the subjects it treats of1 needs occasionally to refresh his memory upon them4--,building ,news4 ,hydraulic ,tables4 ,,hydraulic ,,tables1 ,,co-,,efficients1 and ,,formul for finding the ,discharge of ,water from ,orifices1 ,notches1 ,weirs1 ,pipes1 and ,rivers4 ,with ,new ,formul1 ,tables1 and ,general ,information on ,rainfall1 ,catchment-,basins1 ,drainage1 ,sewerage1 ,water ,supply for ,towns and ,mill ,power4 ,by ,,john ,,neville1 ,civil ,engineer1 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 ,third ,ed41 carefully ,revised1 with considerable ,additions4 ,numerous ,illusts4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #ads4 cloth4 ,alike valuable to students and engineers in practice2 its study will prevent the annoyance of avoidable failures1 and assist them to select the readiest means of successfully carrying out any given work connected with hydraulic engineering4--,mining ,journal4 ,it is1 of all ,english books on the subject1 the one nearest to completeness4444 ,from the good arrangement of the matter1 the clear explanations1 and abundance of formul1 the carefully calculated tables1 and1 above all1 the thorough acquaintance with both theory and construction1 which is displayed from first to last1 the book will be found to be an acquisition4--,architect4 ,hydraulics4 ,,hydraulic ,,manual4 ,consisting of ,working ,tables and ,explanatory ,text4 ,intended as a ,guide in ,hydraulic ,calculations and ,field ,operations4 ,by ,,lowis ,d',a4 ,,jackson1 ,author of ,aid to ,survey ,practice1 ,modern ,metrology1 c4 ,fourth ,edition1 ,enlarged4 ,large cr4 #hvo1 #afs4 cl4 ,the author has had a wide experience in hydraulic engineering and has been a careful observer of the facts which have come under his notice1 and from the great mass of material at his command he has constructed a manual which may be accepted as a trustworthy guide to this branch of the engineer's profession4 ,we can heartily recommend this volume to all who desire to be acquainted with the latest development of this important subject4--,engineering4 ,the standard-work in this department of mechanics4--,scotsman4 ,the most useful feature of this work is its freedom from what is superannuated1 and its thorough adoption of recent experiments2 the text is1 in fact1 in great part a short account of the great modern experiments4--,nature4 ,drainage4 ,,on ,,the ,,drainage ,,of ,,lands1 ,,towns1 ,,and ,,buildings4 ,by ,g4 ,d4 ,,dempsey1 ,c4,e41 ,author of ,the ,practical ,railway ,engineer1 c4 ,revised1 with large ,additions on ,,recent ,,practice ,,in ,,drainage ,,engineering1 by ,d4 ,,kinnear ,,clark1 ,m4,inst4,c4,e4 ,author of ,tramways3 ,their ,construction and ,working1 ,a ,manual of ,rules1 ,tables1 and ,data for ,mechanical ,engineers1 c4 ,second ,edition1 ,corrected4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #es4 cloth4 ,the new matter added to ,mr4 ,dempsey's excellent work is characterised by the comprehensive grasp and accuracy of detail for which the name of ,mr4 ,d4 ,k4 ,clark is a sufficient voucher4--,athenum4 ,as a work on recent practice in drainage engineering1 the book is to be commended to all who are making that branch of engineering science their special study4--,iron4 ,a comprehensive manual on drainage engineering1 and a useful introduction to the student4--,building ,news4 ,water ,storage1 ,conveyance1 and ,utilisation4 ,,water ,,engineering3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,measurement1 ,storage1 ,conveyance1 and ,utilisation of ,water for the ,supply of ,towns1 for ,mill ,power1 and for other ,purposes4 ,by ,,charles ,,slagg1 ,water and ,drainage ,engineer1 ,a4,m4,inst4,c4,e41 ,author of ,sanitary ,work in the ,smaller ,towns1 and in ,villages1 c4 ,with numerous ,illusts4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,as a small practical treatise on the water supply of towns1 and on some applications of water-power1 the work is in many respects excellent4--,engineering4 ,the author has collated the results deduced from the experiments of the most eminent authorities1 and has presented them in a compact and practical form1 accompanied by very clear and detailed explanations4444 ,the application of water as a motive power is treated very carefully and exhaustively4--,builder4 ,for anyone who desires to begin the study of hydraulics with a consideration of the practical applications of the science there is no better guide4--,architect4 ,river ,engineering4 ,,river ,,bars3 ,the ,causes of their ,formation1 and their ,treatment by ,induced ,tidal ,scour2 with a ,description of the ,successful ,reduction by this ,method of the ,bar at ,dublin4 ,by ,i4 ,j4 ,,mann1 ,assist4 ,eng4 to the ,dublin ,port and ,docks ,board4 ,royal #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,we recommend all interested in harbour works--and1 indeed1 those concerned in the improvements of rivers generally--to read ,mr4 ,mann's interesting work on the treatment of river bars4--,engineer4 ,trusses4 ,,trusses ,,of ,,wood ,,and ,,iron4 ,practical ,applications of ,science in ,determining the ,stresses1 ,breaking ,weights1 ,safe ,loads1 ,scantlings1 and ,details of ,construction1 with ,complete ,working ,drawings4 ,by ,,william ,,griffiths1 ,surveyor1 ,assistant ,master1 ,tranmere ,school of ,science and ,art4 ,oblong #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,this handy little book enters so minutely into every detail connected with the construction of roof trusses1 that no student need be ignorant of these matters4--,practical ,engineer4 ,railway ,working4 ,,safe ,,railway ,,working4 ,a ,treatise on ,railway ,accidents3 ,their ,cause and ,prevention2 with a ,description of ,modern ,appliances and ,systems4 ,by ,,clement ,e4 ,,stretton1 ,c4,e41 ,vice-,president and ,consulting ,engineer1 ,amalgamated ,society of ,railway ,servants4 ,with ,illustrations and ,coloured ,plates4 ,third ,edition1 ,enlarged4 ,crown #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,a book for the engineer1 the directors1 the managers2 and1 in short1 all who wish for information on railway matters will find a perfect encyclopdia in ',safe ,railway ,working4'--,railway ,review4 ,we commend the remarks on railway signalling to all railway managers1 especially where a uniform code and practice is advocated4--,herepath's ,railway ,journal4 ,the author may be congratulated on having collected1 in a very convenient form1 much valuable information on the principal questions affecting the safe working of railways4--,railway ,engineer4 ,oblique ,bridges4 ,a ,,practical ,,and ,,theoretical ,,essay ,,on ,,oblique ,,bridges4 ,with #ac large ,plates4 ,by the late ,,george ,,watson ,,buck1 ,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,third ,edition1 revised by his ,son1 ,j4 ,h4 ,,watson ,,buck1 ,m4,i4,c4,e42 and with the addition of ,description to ,diagrams for ,facilitating the ,construction of ,oblique ,bridges1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,,barlow1 ,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,royal #hvo1 #abs4 cloth4 ,the standard text-book for all engineers regarding skew arches is ,mr4 ,buck's treatise1 and it would be impossible to consult a better4--,engineer4 ,mr4 ,buck's treatise is recognised as a standard text-book1 and his treatment has divested the subject of many of the intricacies supposed to belong to it4 ,as a guide to the engineer and architect1 on a confessedly difficult subject1 ,mr4 ,buck's work is unsurpassed4--,building ,news4 ,tunnel ,shafts4 ,,the ,,construction ,,of ,,large ,,tunnel ,,shafts3 ,a ,practical and ,theoretical ,essay4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,watson ,,buck1 ,m4,inst4,c4,e41 ,resident ,engineer1 ,london and ,north-,western ,railway4 ,illustrated with ,folding ,plates4 ,royal #hvo1 #abs4 cloth4 ,many of the methods given are of extreme practical value to the mason2 and the observations on the form of arch1 the rules for ordering the stone1 and the construction of the templates will be found of considerable use4 ,we commend the book to the engineering profession4--,building ,news4 ,will be regarded by civil engineers as of the utmost value1 and calculated to save much time and obviate many mistakes4--,colliery ,guardian4 ,student's ,text-,book on ,surveying4 ,,practical ,,surveying3 ,a ,text-,book for ,students preparing for ,examination or for ,survey-work in the ,colonies4 ,by ,,george ,w4 ,,usill1 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,author of ,the ,statistics of the ,water ,supply of ,great ,britain4 ,with ,four ,lithographic ,plates and upwards of #ccj ,illustrations4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,including ,tables of ,natural ,sines1 ,tangents1 ,secants1 c4 ,crown #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth2 or1 on ,,thin ,,paper1 bound in limp leather1 gilt edges1 rounded corners1 for pocket use1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,the best forms of instruments are described as to their construction1 uses and modes of employment1 and there are innumerable hints on work and equipment such as the author1 in his experience as surveyor1 draughtsman1 and teacher1 has found necessary1 and which the student in his inexperience will find most serviceable4--,engineer4 ,the latest treatise in the ,english language on surveying1 and we have no hesitation in saying that the student will find it a better guide than any of its predecessors4444 ,deserves to be recognised as the first book which should be put in the hands of a pupil of ,civil ,engineering1 and every gentleman of education who sets out for the ,colonies would find it well to have a copy4--,architect4 ,survey ,practice4 ,,aid ,,to ,,survey ,,practice1 for ,reference in ,surveying1 ,levelling1 and ,setting-out2 and in ,route ,surveys of ,travellers by ,land and ,sea4 ,with ,tables1 ,illustrations1 and ,records4 ,by ,,lowis ,d',a4 ,,jackson1 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,author of ,hydraulic ,manual1 ,modern ,metrology1 c4 ,second ,edition1 ,enlarged4 ,large crown #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,a valuable vade-mecum for the surveyor4 ,we can recommend this book as containing an admirable supplement to the teaching of the accomplished surveyor4--,athenum4 ,as a text-book we should advise all surveyors to place it in their libraries1 and study well the matured instructions afforded in its pages4--,colliery ,guardian4 ,the author brings to his work a fortunate union of theory and practical experience which1 aided by a clear and lucid style of writing1 renders the book a very useful one4--,builder4 ,surveying1 ,land and ,marine4 ,,land ,,and ,,marine ,,surveying1 in ,reference to the ,preparation of ,plans for ,roads and ,railways2 ,canals1 ,rivers1 ,towns' ,water ,supplies2 ,docks and ,harbours4 ,with ,description and ,use of ,surveying ,instruments4 ,by ,w4 ,d4 ,,haskoll1 ,c4,e41 ,author of ,bridge and ,viaduct ,construction1 c4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised1 with ,additions4 ,large cr4 #hvo1 #is4 cl4 ,this book must prove of great value to the student4 ,we have no hesitation in recommending it1 feeling assured that it will more than repay a careful study4--,mechanical ,world4 ,a most useful and well arranged book4 ,we can strongly recommend it as a carefully-written and valuable text-book4 ,it enjoys a well-deserved repute among surveyors4--,builder4 ,this volume cannot fail to prove of the utmost practical utility4 ,it may be safely recommended to all students who aspire to become clean and expert surveyors4--,mining ,journal4 ,field-,book for ,engineers4 ,,the ,,engineer',s1 ,,mining ,,surveyor',s1 ,,and ,,contractor',s ,,field-,,book4 ,consisting of a ,series of ,tables1 with ,rules1 ,explanations of ,systems1 and use of ,theodolite for ,traverse ,surveying and ,plotting the ,work with minute accuracy by means of ,straight ,edge and ,set ,square only2 ,levelling with the ,theodolite1 ,casting-out and ,reducing ,levels to ,datum1 and ,plotting ,sections in the ordinary manner2 setting-out ,curves with the ,theodolite by ,tangential ,angles and ,multiples1 with ,right and ,left-hand ,readings of the ,instrument3 ,setting-out ,curves without ,theodolite1 on the ,system of ,tangential ,angles by sets of ,tangents and ,offsets2 and ,earthwork ,tables to #hj feet deep1 calculated for every #f inches in depth4 ,by ,w4 ,d4 ,,haskoll1 ,c4,e4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #abs4 cloth4 ,the book is very handy2 the separate tables of sines and tangents to every minute will make it useful for many other purposes1 the genuine traverse tables existing all the same4--,athenum4 ,every person engaged in engineering field operations will estimate the importance of such a work and the amount of valuable time which will be saved by reference to a set of reliable tables prepared with the accuracy and fulness of those given in this volume4--,railway ,news4 ,levelling4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,principles ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,levelling4 ,showing its ,application to purposes of ,railway and ,civil ,engineering1 in the ,construction of ,roads2 with ,mr4 ,,telford',s ,rules for the same4 ,by ,,frederick ,w4 ,,simms1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,m4,inst4,c4,e4 ,seventh ,edition1 with the addition of ,law's ,practical ,examples for ,setting-out ,railway ,curves1 and ,,trautwine',s ,field ,practice of ,laying-out ,circular ,curves4 ,with #g ,plates and numerous ,woodcuts4 #hvo1 #hs4 #f;d4 cloth4 999999 ,,trautwine on ,curves may be had separate1 #es4 ,the text-book on levelling in most of our engineering schools and colleges4--,engineer4 ,the publishers have rendered a substantial service to the profession1 especially to the younger members1 by bringing out the present edition of ,mr4 ,simms's useful work4--,engineering4 ,trigonometrical ,surveying4 ,,an ,,outline ,,of ,,the ,,method ,,of ,,conducting ,a ,,trigonometrical ,,survey1 for the ,formation of ,geographical and ,topographical ,maps and ,plans1 ,military ,reconnaissance1 ,levelling1 c41 with ,useful ,problems1 ,formul1 and ,tables4 ,by ,lieut4-,general ,,frome1 ,r4,e4 ,fourth ,edition1 ,revised and partly ,re-written by ,major-,general ,sir ,,charles ,,warren1 ,g4,c4,m4,g41 ,r4,e4 ,with #ai ,plates and #aae ,woodcuts4 ,royal #hvo1 #afs4 cloth4 ,the simple fact that a fourth edition has been called for is the best testimony to its merits4 ,no words of praise from us can strengthen the position so well and so steadily maintained by this work4 ,sir ,charles ,warren has revised the entire work1 and made such additions as were necessary to bring every portion of the contents up to the present date4--,broad ,arrow4 ,field ,fortification4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,field ,,fortification1 ,,the ,,attack ,,of ,,fortresses1 ,,military ,,mining1 ,,and ,,reconnoitring4 ,by ,colonel ,i4 ,s4 ,,macaulay1 late ,professor of ,fortification in the ,r4,m4,a41 ,woolwich4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 with separate ,atlas of #ab ,plates1 #abs4 cloth4 ,tunnelling4 ,,practical ,,tunnelling4 ,explaining in detail the ,setting-out of the works1 ,shaft-sinking and ,heading-driving1 ,ranging the ,lines and ,levelling underground1 ,sub-,excavating1 ,timbering1 and the ,construction of the ,brickwork of ,tunnels1 with the amount of ,labour required for1 and the ,cost of1 the various portions of the work4 ,by ,,frederick ,w4 ,,simms1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,m4,inst4,c4,e4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised and ,extended by ,d4 ,,kinnear ,,clark1 ,m4,inst4,c4,e4 ,imperial #hvo1 with #ba ,folding ,plates and numerous ,wood ,engravings1 #cjs4 cloth4 ,the estimation in which ,mr4 ,simms's book on tunnelling has been held for over thirty years cannot be more truly expressed than in the words of the late ,prof4 ,rankine3--',the best source of information on the subject of tunnels is ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,simms's work on ,practical ,tunnelling4'--,architect4 ,it has been regarded from the first as a text-book of the subject4444 ,mr4 ,clark has added immensely to the value of the book4--,engineer4 ,tramways and their ,working4 ,,tramways3 ,,their ,,construction ,,and ,,working4 ,embracing a ,comprehensive ,history of the ,system2 with an exhaustive ,analysis of the various ,modes of ,traction1 including ,horse-,power1 ,steam1 ,cable ,traction1 ,electric ,traction1 c42 a ,description of the ,varieties of ,rolling ,stock2 and ample ,details of ,cost and ,working ,expenses4 ,new ,edition1 ,thoroughly ,revised1 and ,including the ,progress recently made in ,tramway ,construction1 c4 c4 ,by ,d4 ,,kinnear ,,clark1 ,m4,inst4,c4,e4 ,with numerous ,illustrations and ,folding ,plates4 ,in ,one ,volume1 #hvo1 #gjj pages1 price about #bes4 ,nearly ready4 ,all interested in tramways must refer to it1 as all railway engineers have turned to the author's work ',railway ,machinery4'--,engineer4 ,an exhaustive and practical work on tramways1 in which the history of this kind of locomotion1 and a description and cost of the various modes of laying tramways1 are to be found4--,building ,news4 ,the best form of rails1 the best mode of construction1 and the best mechanical appliances are so fairly indicated in the work under review1 that any engineer about to construct a tramway will be enabled at once to obtain the practical information which will be of most service to him4--,athenum4 ,curves1 ,tables for ,setting-out4 ,,tables ,,of ,,tangential ,,angles ,,and ,,multiples for ,setting-out ,curves from #e to #bjj ,radius4 ,by ,,alexander ,,beazeley1 ,m4,inst4,c4,e4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,printed on #dh ,cards1 and sold in a cloth box1 waistcoat-pocket size1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,each table is printed on a small card1 which1 being placed on the theodolite1 leaves the hands free to manipulate the instrument--no small advantage as regards the rapidity of work4--,engineer4 ,very handy2 a man may know that all his day's work must fall on two of these cards1 which he puts into his own card-case1 and leaves the rest behind4--,athenum4 ,earthwork4 ,,earthwork ,,tables4 ,showing the ,contents in ,cubic ,yards of ,embankments1 ,cuttings1 c41 of ,heights or ,depths up to an average of #hj feet4 ,by ,,joseph ,,broadbent1 ,c4,e41 and ,,francis ,,campin1 ,c4,e4 ,crown #hvo1 #es4 cloth4 ,the way in which accuracy is attained1 by a simple division of each cross section into three elements1 two in which are constant and one variable1 is ingenious4--,athenum4 ,heat1 ,expansion by4 ,,expansion ,,of ,,structures ,,by ,,heat4 ,by ,,john ,,keily1 ,c4,e41 late of the ,indian ,public ,works and ,victorian ,railway ,departments4 ,crown #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,,summary ,,of ,,contents4 ,section ,i4 ,,formulas ,,and ,,data4 ,section ,,ii4 ,,metal ,,bars4 ,section ,,iii4 ,,simple ,,frames4 ,section ,,iv4 ,,complex ,,frames ,,and ,,plates4 ,section ,v4 ,,thermal ,,conductivity4 ,section ,,vi4 ,,mechanical ,,force ,,of ,,heat4 ,section ,,vii4 ,,work ,,of ,,expansion ,,and ,,contraction4 ,section ,,viii4 ,,suspension ,,bridges4 ,section ,,ix4 ,,masonry ,,structures4 ,the aim the author has set before him1 viz41 to show the effects of heat upon metallic and other structures1 is a laudable one1 for this is a branch of physics upon which the engineer or architect can find but little reliable and comprehensive data in books4--,builder4 ,whoever is concerned to know the effect of changes of temperature on such structures as suspension bridges and the like1 could not do better than consult ,mr4 ,keily's valuable and handy exposition of the geometrical principles involved in these changes4--,scotsman4 ,earthwork1 ,measurement of4 ,a ,,manual ,,on ,,earthwork4 ,by ,,alex4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,graham1 ,c4,e4 ,with numerous ,diagrams4 ,second ,edition4 #ahmo1 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,a great amount of practical information1 very admirably arranged1 and available for rough estimates1 as well as for the more exact calculations required in the engineer's and contractor's offices4--,artizan4 ,strains in ,ironwork4 ,,the ,,strains ,,on ,,structures ,,of ,,ironwork3 with ,practical ,remarks on ,iron ,construction4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,sheilds1 ,m4,inst4,c4,e4 ,second ,edition1 with #e ,plates4 ,royal #hvo1 #es4 cloth4 ,the student cannot find a better little book on this subject4--,engineer4 ,cast ,iron and other ,metals1 ,strength of4 ,a ,,practical ,,essay ,,on ,,the ,,strength ,,of ,,cast ,,iron ,,and ,,other ,,metals4 ,by ,,thomas ,,tredgold1 ,c4,e4 ,fifth ,edition1 including ,hodgkinson's ,experimental ,researches4 #hvo1 #abs4 cloth4 ,oblique ,arches4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,construction ,,of ,,oblique ,,arches4 ,by ,,john ,,hart4 ,third ,edition1 with ,plates4 ,imperial #hvo1 #hs4 cloth4 ,girders1 ,strength of4 ,,graphic ,,table ,,for ,,facilitating ,,the ,,computation ,,of ,,the ,,weights ,,of ,,wrought ,,iron ,,and ,,steel ,,girders1 etc41 for ,parliamentary and other ,estimates4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,watson ,,buck1 ,m4,inst4,c4,e4 ,on a ,sheet1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,water ,supply and ,water-,works4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,water ,,supply ,,of ,,towns ,,and ,,the ,,construction ,,of ,,water-,,works4 ,by ,w4 ,k4 ,,burton1 ,a4,m4,inst4,c ,e41 ,professor of ,sanitary ,engineering in the ,imperial ,university1 ,tokyo1 ,japan1 and ,consulting ,engineer to the ,tokyo ,water-,works4 ,with an ,appendix on ,water-,works in ,countries subject to ,earthquakes1 by ,,john ,,milne1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,professor of ,mining in the ,imperial ,university of ,japan4 ,with numerous ,plates and ,illusts4 ,in the press4 ,,marine ,,engineering1 ,,shipbuilding1 ,,navigation1 etc4 ,pocket-,book for ,naval ,architects and ,shipbuilders4 ,,the ,,naval ,,architect',s ,,and ,,shipbuilder',s ,,pocket-,,book of ,formul1 ,rules1 and ,tables1 and ,,marine ,,engineer',s ,,and ,,surveyor',s ,handy ,book of ,reference4 ,by ,,clement ,,mackrow1 ,member of the ,institution of ,naval ,architects1 ,naval ,draughtsman4 ,fifth ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged to #gjj pages1 with upwards of #cjj ,illustrations4 ,fcap41 #abs4 #f;d4 strongly bound in leather4 ,,summary ,,of ,,contents4 ,,signs ,,and ,,symbols1 ,,decimal ,,fractions4--,,trigonometry4--,,practic al ,,geometry4--,,mensuration4--,,centres ,,and ,,moments ,,of ,,figures4--,,moments ,,of ,,inertia ,,and ,,radii ,,of ,,gyration4--,,algebraical ,,expressions ,,for ,,simpson',s ,,rules4--,,mechanical ,,principles4--,,centre ,,of ,,gravity4--,,laws ,,of ,,motion4--,,displacement1 ,,centre ,,of ,,buoyancy4--,,centre ,,of ,,gravity ,,of ,,ship',s ,,hull4--,,stability ,,curves ,,and ,,metacentres4--,,sea ,,and ,,shallow-,,water ,,waves4--,,rolling ,,of ,,ships4--,,propulsion ,,and ,,resistance ,,of ,,vessels4--,,speed ,,trials4--,,sailing1 ,,centre ,,of ,,effort4--,,distances ,,down ,,rivers1 ,,coast ,,lines4--,,steering ,,and ,,rudders ,,of ,,vessels4--,,launching ,,calculations ,,and ,,velocities4--,,weight ,,of ,,material ,,and ,,gear4--,,gun ,,particulars ,,and ,,weight4--,,standard ,,gauges4--,,riveted ,,joints ,,and ,,riveting4--,,strength ,,and ,,tests ,,of ,,materials4--,,binding ,,and ,,shearing ,,stresses1 ,,etc4--,,strength ,,of ,,shafting1 ,,pillars1 ,,wheels1 ,,etc4--,,hydraulic ,,data1 ,,etc4--,,conic ,,sections1 ,,catenarian ,,curves4--,,mechanical ,,powers1 ,,work4--,,board ,,of ,,trade ,,regulations ,,for ,,boilers ,,and ,,engines4--,,board ,,of ,,trade ,,regulations ,,for ,,ships4--,,lloyd',s ,,rules ,,for ,,boilers4--,,lloyd',s ,,weight ,,of ,,chains4--,,lloyd',s ,,scantlings ,,for ,,ships4--,,data ,,of ,,engines ,,and ,,vessels4--,,ships' ,,fittings ,,and ,,tests4--,,seasoning ,,preserving ,,timber4--,,measurement ,,of ,,timber4--,,alloys1 ,,paints1 ,,varnishes4--,,data ,,for ,,stowage4--,,admiralty ,,transport ,,regulations4--,,rules ,,for ,,horsepower1 ,,screw ,,propellers1 ,,etc4--,,percentages ,,for ,,butt ,,straps1 ,,etc4--,,particulars ,,of ,,yachts4--,,masting ,,and ,,rigging ,,vessels4--,,distances ,,of ,,foreign ,,ports4--,,tonnage ,,tables4--,,vocabulary ,,of ,,french ,,and ,,english ,,terms4--,,english ,,weights ,,and ,,measures4--,,foreign ,,weights ,,and ,,measures4--,,decimal ,,equivalents4--,,foreign ,,money4--,,discount ,,and ,,wage ,,tables4--,,useful ,,numbers ,,and ,,ready ,,reckoners--,,tables ,,of ,,circular ,,measures4--,,tables ,,of ,,areas ,,of ,,and ,,circumferences ,,of ,,circles4--,,tables ,,of ,,areas ,,of ,,segments ,,of ,,circles4--,,tables ,,of ,,squares ,,and ,,cubes ,,and ,,roots ,,of ,,numbers4--,,tables ,,of ,,logarithms ,,of ,,numbers4--,,tables ,,of ,,hyperbolic ,,logarithms4--,,tables ,,of ,,natural ,,sines1 ,,tangents1 ,,etc4--,,tables ,,of ,,logarithmic ,,sines1 ,,tangents1 ,,etc4 ,in these days of advanced knowledge a work like this is of the greatest value4 ,it contains a vast amount of information4 ,we unhesitatingly say that it is the most valuable compilation for its specific purpose that has ever been printed4 ,no naval architect1 engineer1 surveyor1 or seaman1 wood or iron shipbuilder1 can afford to be without this work4--,nautical ,magazine4 ,should be used by all who are engaged in the construction or designs of vessels4444 ,will be found to contain the most useful tables and formul required by shipbuilders1 carefully collected from the best authorities1 and put together in a popular and simple form4--,engineer4 ,the professional shipbuilder has now1 in a convenient and accessible form1 reliable data for solving many of the numerous problems that present themselves in the course of his work4--,iron4 ,there is no doubt that a pocket-book of this description must be a necessity in the shipbuilding trade4444 ,the volume contains a mass of useful information clearly expressed and presented in a handy form4--,marine ,engineer4 ,marine ,engineering4 ,,marine ,,engines ,,and ,,steam ,,vessels 7,a ,treatise on74 ,by ,,robert ,,murray1 ,c4,e4 ,eighth ,edition1 thoroughly ,revised1 with considerable ,additions by the ,author and by ,,george ,,carlisle1 ,c4,e41 ,senior ,surveyor to the ,board of ,trade at ,liverpool4 #abmo1 #es4 cloth boards4 ,well adapted to give the young steamship engineer or marine engine and boiler maker a general introduction into his practical work4--,mechanical ,world4 ,we feel sure that this thoroughly revised edition will continue to be as popular in the future as it has been in the past1 as1 for its size1 it contains more useful information than any similar treatise4--,industries4 ,as a compendious and useful guide to engineers of our mercantile and royal naval services1 we should say it cannot be surpassed4--,building ,news4 ,the information given is both sound and sensible1 and well qualified to direct young sea-going hands on the straight road to the extra chief's certificate4444 ,most useful to surveyors1 inspectors1 draughtsmen1 and young engineers4--,glasgow ,herald4 ,pocket-,book for ,marine ,engineers4 ,a ,,pocket-,,book ,,of ,,useful ,,tables ,,and ,,formul ,,for ,,marine ,,engineers4 ,by ,,frank ,,proctor1 ,a4,i4,n4,a1 ,third ,edition4 ,royal #cbmo1 leather1 gilt edges1 with strap1 #ds4 ,we recommend it to our readers as going far to supply a long-felt want4--,naval ,science4 ,a most useful companion to all marine engineers4--,united ,service ,gazette4 ,introduction to ,marine ,engineering4 ,,elementary ,,engineering3 ,a ,manual for ,young ,marine ,engineers and ,apprentices4 ,in the ,form of ,questions and ,answers on ,metals1 ,alloys1 ,strength of ,materials1 ,construction and ,management of ,marine ,engines and ,boilers1 ,geometry1 c4 c4 ,with an ,appendix of ,useful ,tables4 ,by ,,john ,,sherren ,,brewer1 ,government ,marine ,surveyor1 ,hong-,kong4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised4 ,small crown #hvo1 #bs4 cloth4 ,contains much valuable information for the class for whom it is intended1 especially in the chapters on the management of boilers and engines4--,nautical ,magazine4 ,a useful introduction to the more elaborate text-books4--,scotsman4 ,to a student who has the requisite desire and resolve to attain a thorough knowledge1 ,mr4 ,brewer offers decidedly useful help4--,athenum4 ,navigation4 ,,practical ,,navigation4 ,consisting of ,,the ,,sailor',s ,,sea-,,book1 by ,,james ,,greenwood and ,w4 ,h4 ,,rosser2 together with the requisite ,mathematical and ,nautical ,tables for the ,working of the ,problems1 by ,,henry ,,law1 ,c4,e41 and ,professor ,j4 ,r4 ,,young4 ,illustrated4 #abmo1 #gs4 strongly half-bound4 ,drawing for ,marine ,engineers4 ,,lockie',s ,,marine ,,engineer',s ,,drawing-,,book4 ,adapted to the ,requirements of the ,board of ,trade ,examinations4 ,by ,,john ,,lockie1 ,c4,e4 ,with #bb ,plates1 ,drawn to ,scale4 ,royal #cvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,the student who learns from these drawings will have nothing to unlearn4--,engineer4 ,the examples chosen are essentially practical1 and are such as should prove of service to engineers generally1 while admirably fulfilling their specific purpose4--,mechanical ,world4 ,sailmaking4 ,,the ,,art ,,and ,,science ,,of ,,sailmaking4 ,by ,,samuel ,b4 ,,sadler4 ,practical ,sailmaker1 late in the employment of ,messrs4 ,ratsey and ,lapthorne1 of ,cowes and ,gosport4 ,with ,plates and other ,illustrations4 ,small #dto1 #abs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,,summary ,,of ,,contents4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,,the ,,materials ,,used ,,and ,,their ,,relation ,,to ,,sails4--,,ii4 ,,on ,,the ,,centre ,,of ,,effort4--,,iii4 ,,on ,,measuring4--,,iv4 ,,on ,,drawing4--,v4 ,,on ,,the ,,number ,,of ,,cloths ,,required4--,,vi4 ,,on ,,allowances4--,,vii4 ,,calculation ,,of ,,gores4--,,viii4 ,,on ,,cutting ,,out4--,,ix4 ,,on ,,roping4--,x4 ,,on ,,diagonal-,,cut ,,sails4--,,xi4 ,,concluding ,,remarks4 ,this work is very ably written1 and is illustrated by diagrams and carefully worked calculations4 ,the work should be in the hands of every sailmaker1 whether employer or employed1 as it cannot fail to assist them in the pursuit of their important avocations4--,isle of ,wight ,herald4 ,this extremely practical work gives a complete education in all the branches of the manufacture1 cutting out1 roping1 seaming1 and goring4 ,it is copiously illustrated1 and will form a first-rate text-book and guide4--,portsmouth ,times4 ,the author of this work has rendered a distinct service to all interested in the art of sailmaking4 ,the subject of which he treats is a congenial one4 ,mr4 ,sadler is a practical sailmaker1 and has devoted years of careful observation and study to the subject2 and the results of the experience thus gained he has set forth in the volume before us4--,steamship4 ,chain ,cables4 ,,chain ,,cables ,,and ,,chains4 ,comprising ,sizes and ,curves of ,links1 ,studs1 c41 ,iron for ,cables and ,chains1 ,chain ,cable and ,chain ,making1 ,forming and ,welding ,links1 ,strength of ,cables and ,chains1 ,certificates for ,cables1 ,marking ,cables1 ,prices of ,chain ,cables and ,chains1 ,historical ,notes1 ,acts of ,parliament1 ,statutory ,tests1 ,charges for ,testing1 ,list of ,manufacturers of ,cables1 c4 c4 ,by ,,thomas ,w4 ,,traill1 ,f4,e4,r4,n41 ,m4 ,inst4 ,c4,e41 ,engineer ,surveyor in ,chief1 ,board of ,trade1 ,inspector of ,chain ,cable and ,anchor ,proving ,establishments1 and ,general ,superintendent1 ,lloyd's ,committee on ,proving ,establishments4 ,with numerous ,tables1 ,illustrations and ,lithographic ,drawings4 ,folio1 #b #bs4 cloth1 bevelled boards4 ,it contains a vast amount of valuable ,information4 ,nothing seems to be wanting to make it a complete and standard work of reference on the subject4--,nautical ,magazine4 ,,mining ,,and ,,metallurgy4 ,mining ,machinery4 ,,machinery ,,for ,,metalliferous ,,mines3 ,a ,practical ,treatise for ,mining ,engineers1 ,metallurgists1 and ,managers of ,mines4 ,by ,e4 ,,henry ,,davies1 ,m4,e41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,crown #hvo1 #ehj pp41 with upwards of #cjj ,illustrations1 #abs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,mr4 ,davies1 in this handsome volume1 has done the advanced student and the manager of mines good service4 ,almost every kind of machinery in actual use is carefully described1 and the woodcuts and plates are good4--,athenum4 ,from cover to cover the work exhibits all the same characteristics which excite the confidence and attract the attention of the student as he peruses the first page4 ,the work may safely be recommended4 ,by its publication the literature connected with the industry will be enriched1 and the reputation of its author enhanced4--,mining ,journal4 ,mr4 ,davies has endeavoured to bring before his readers the best of everything in modern mining appliances4 ,his work carries internal evidence of the author's impartiality1 and this constitutes one of the great merits of the book4 ,throughout his work the criticisms are based on his own or other reliable experience4--,iron and ,steel ,trades' ,journal4 ,the work deals with nearly every class of machinery or apparatus likely to be met with or required in connection with metalliferous mining1 and is one which we have every confidence in recommending4--,practical ,engineer4 ,metalliferous ,minerals and ,mining4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,metalliferous ,,minerals ,,and ,,mining4 ,by ,d4 ,c4 ,,davies1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,mining ,engineer1 c41 ,author of ,a ,treatise on ,slate and ,slate ,quarrying4 ,fifth ,edition1 thoroughly ,revised and much ,enlarged1 by his ,son1 ,e4 ,,henry ,,davies1 ,m4,e41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,with about #aej ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,neither the practical miner nor the general reader interested in mines can have a better book for his companion and his guide4--,mining ,journal4 ,we are doing our readers a service in calling their attention to this valuable work4--,mining ,world4 ,a book that will not only be useful to the geologist1 the practical miner1 and the metallurgist1 but also very interesting to the general public4--,iron4 ,as a history of the present state of mining throughout the world this book has a real value1 end it supplies an actual want4--,athenum4 ,earthy ,minerals and ,mining4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,earthy ,,other ,,minerals ,,and ,,mining4 ,by ,d4 ,c4 ,,davies1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,author of ,metalliferous ,minerals1 c4 ,third ,edition1 revised and ,enlarged1 by his ,son1 ,e4 ,,henry ,,davies1 ,m4,e41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,with about #ajj ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,we do not remember to have met with any ,english work on mining matters that contains the same amount of information packed in equally convenient form4--,academy4 ,we should be inclined to rank it as among the very best of the handy technical and trades manuals which have recently appeared4--,british ,quarterly ,review4 ,metalliferous ,mining in the ,united ,kingdom4 ,,british ,,mining3 ,a ,treatise on the ,history1,discovery1 ,practical ,development1 and ,future ,prospects of ,metalliferous ,mines in the ,united ,kingdom4 ,by ,,robert ,,hunt1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,editor of ,ure's ,dictionary of ,arts1 ,manufactures1 and ,mines1 c4 ,upwards of #iej pp41 with #bcj ,illustrations4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised4 ,super-royal #hvo1 #b #bs4 cloth4 ,one of the most valuable works of reference of modern times4 ,mr4 ,hunt1 as ,keeper of ,mining ,records of the ,united ,kingdom1 has had opportunities for such a task not enjoyed by anyone else1 and has evidently made the most of them4444 ,the language and style adopted are good1 and the treatment of the various subjects laborious1 conscientious1 and scientific4--,engineering4 ,the book is1 in fact1 a treasure-house of statistical information on mining subjects1 and we know of no other work embodying so great a mass of matter of this kind4 ,were this the only merit of ,mr4 ,hunt's volume1 it would be sufficient to render it indispensable in the library of everyone interested in the development of the mining and metallurgical industries of this ,country4--,athenum4 ,a mass of ,information not elsewhere available1 and of the greatest value to those who may be interested in our great mineral industries4--,engineer4 ,underground ,pumping ,machinery4 ,,mine ,,drainage4 ,being a ,complete and ,practical ,treatise on ,direct-,acting ,underground ,steam ,pumping ,machinery1 with a ,description of a large number of the best known ,engines1 their ,general ,utility and the ,special ,sphere of their ,action1 the ,mode of their ,application1 and their merits compared with other forms of ,pumping ,machinery4 ,by ,,stephen ,,michell4 #hvo1 #aes4 cloth4 ,will be highly esteemed by colliery owners and lessees1 mining engineers1 and students generally who require to be acquainted with the best means of securing the drainage of mines4 ,it is a most valuable work1 and stands almost alone in the literature of steam pumping machinery4--,colliery ,guardian4 ,much valuable ,information is given1 so that the book is thoroughly worthy of an extensive circulation amongst practical men and purchasers of machinery4'--,mining ,journal4 ,prospecting for ,gold and other ,metals4 ,,the ,,prospector',s ,,handbook3 ,a ,guide for the ,prospector and ,traveller in ,search of ,metal-,bearing or other ,valuable ,minerals4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,anderson1 ,m4,a4 7,camb471 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,author of ,fiji and ,new ,caledonia4 ,fifth ,edition1 thoroughly ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,small crown #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,will supply a much felt want1 especially among ,colonists1 in whose way are so often thrown many mineralogical specimens the value of which it is difficult to determine4--,engineer4 ,how to find commercial minerals1 and how to identify them when they are found1 are the leading points to which attention is directed4 ,the author has managed to pack as much practical detail into his pages as would supply material for a book three times its size4--,mining ,journal4 ,mining ,notes and ,formul4 ,,notes ,,and ,,formul ,,for ,,mining ,,students4 ,by ,,john ,,herman ,,merivale1 ,m4,a41 ,certificated ,colliery ,manager1 ,professor of ,mining in the ,durham ,college of ,science1 ,newcastle-upon-,tyne4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,small crown #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,invaluable to anyone who is working up for an examination on mining subjects4--,iron and ,coal ,trades ,review4 ,the author has done his work in an exceedingly creditable manner1 and has produced a book that will be of service to students1 and those who are practically engaged in mining operations4--,engineer4 ,handybook for ,miners4 ,,the ,,miner',s ,,handbook3 ,a ,handybook of ,reference on the ,subjects of ,mineral ,deposits1 ,mining ,operations1 ,ore ,dressing1 c4 ,for the ,use of ,students and others interested in ,mining matters4 ,compiled by ,,john ,,milne1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,professor of ,mining in the ,imperial ,university of ,japan4 ,square #ahmo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,professor ,milne's handbook is sure to be received with favour by all connected with mining1 and will be extremely popular among students4--,athenum4 ,miners' and ,metallurgists' ,pocket-,book4 ,a ,,pocket-,,book ,,for ,,miners ,,and ,,metallurgists4 ,comprising ,rules1 ,formul1 ,tables1 and ,notes1 for ,use in ,field and ,office ,work4 ,by ,f4 ,,danvers ,,power1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,m4,e4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #is4 leather1 gilt edges4 ,this excellent book is an admirable example of its kind1 and ought to find a large sale amongst ,english-speaking prospectors and mining engineers4--,engineering4 ,miners and metallurgists will find in this work a useful vade-mecum containing a mass of rules1 formul1 tables1 and various other information1 the necessity for reference to which occurs in4 their daily duties4--,iron4 ,mineral ,surveying and ,valuing4 ,,the ,,mineral ,,surveyor ,,and ,,valuer',s ,,complete ,,guide1 comprising a ,treatise on ,improved ,mining ,surveying and the ,valuation of ,mining ,properties1 with ,new ,traverse ,tables4 ,by ,,wm4 ,,lintern4 ,third ,edition1 ,enlarged4 #abmo1 #ds4 cloth4 ,mr4 ,lintern's book forms a valuable and thoroughly trustworthy guide4--,iron and ,coal ,trades ,review4 ,asbestos and its ,uses4 ,,asbestos3 ,its ,properties1 ,occurrence1 and ,uses4 ,with some ,account of the ,mines of ,italy and ,canada4 ,by ,,robert ,h4 ,,jones4 ,with ,eight ,collotype ,plates and other ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,an interesting and invaluable work4--,colliery ,guardian4 ,explosives4 ,a ,,handbook ,,on ,,modern ,,explosives4 ,being a ,practical ,treatise on the ,manufacture and ,application of ,dynamite1 ,gun-,cotton1 ,nitro-,glycerine1 and other ,explosive ,compounds4 ,including the ,manufacture of ,collodion-,cotton4 ,by ,m4 ,,eissler1 ,mining ,engineer and ,metallurgical ,chemist1 ,author of ,the ,metallurgy of ,gold1 ,the ,metallurgy of ,silver1 c4 ,with about #ajj ,illusts4 ,crown #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,useful not only to the miner1 but also to officers of both services to whom blasting and the use of explosives generally may at any time become a necessary auxiliary4--,nature4 ,a veritable mine of information on the subject of explosives employed for military1 mining1 and blasting purposes4--,army and ,navy ,gazette4 ,colliery ,management4 ,,the ,,colliery ,,manager',s ,,handbook3 ,a ,comprehensive ,treatise on the ,laying-out and ,working of ,collieries1 ,designed as a ,book of ,reference for ,colliery ,managers1 and for the ,use of ,coal-,mining ,students preparing for ,first-class ,certificates4 ,by ,,caleb ,,pamely1 ,mining ,engineer and ,surveyor2 ,member of the ,north of ,england ,institute of ,mining and ,mechanical ,engineers2 and ,member of the ,south ,wales ,institute of ,mining ,engineers4 ,with nearly #ejj ,plans1 ,diagrams1 and other ,illustrations4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised1 with ,additions4 ,medium #hvo1 about #gjj pages4 ,price #a #es4 strongly bound4 ,,summary ,,of ,,contents4 ,,geology4--,,search ,,for ,,coal4--,,mineral ,,leases ,,and ,,other ,,holdings4--,,shaft ,,sinking4--,,fitting ,,up ,,the ,,shaft ,,and ,,surface ,,arrangements4--,,steam ,,boilers ,,and ,,their ,,fittings4--,,timbering ,,and ,,walling4--,,narrow ,,work ,,and ,,methods ,,of ,,working4--,,underground ,,conveyance4--,,drainage4--,,the ,,gases ,,met ,,with ,,in ,,mines2 ,,ventilation4--,,on ,,the ,,friction ,,of ,,air ,,in ,,mines4--,,the ,,priestman ,,oil ,,engine2 ,,petroleum ,,and ,,natural ,,gas4--,,surveying ,,and ,,planning4--,,safety ,,lamps ,,and ,,fire-,,damp ,,detectors4--,,sundry ,,and ,,incidental ,,operations ,,and ,,appliances4--,,colliery ,,explosions4--,,miscellaneous ,,questions ,,answers4 ,appendix3 ,,summary ,,of ,,report ,,of ,h4,m4 ,,commissioners ,,on ,,accidents ,,in ,,mines4 999999 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,mr4 ,pamely has not only given us a comprehensive reference book of a very high order1 suitable to the requirements of mining-engineers and colliery managers1 but at the same time has provided mining students with a class-book that is as interesting as it is instructive4--,colliery ,manager4 ,mr4 ,pamely's work is eminently suited to the purpose for which it is intended--being clear1 interesting1 exhaustive1 rich in detail1 and up to date1 giving descriptions of the very latest machines in every department4444 ,a mining engineer could scarcely go wrong who followed this work4--,colliery ,guardian4 ,this is the most complete 'all round' work on coal-mining published in the ,english language4444 ,no library of coal-mining books is complete without it4--,colliery ,engineer 7,scranton1 ,pa41 ,u4,s4,a474 ,mr4 ,pamely's work is in all respects worthy of our admiration4 ,no person in any responsible position connected with mines should be without a copy4--,westminster ,review4 ,coal and ,iron4 ,,the ,,coal ,,and ,,iron ,,industries ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,kingdom4 ,comprising a ,description of the ,coal ,fields1 and of the ,principal ,seams of ,coal1 with ,returns of their ,produce and its ,distribution1 and ,analyses of ,special ,varieties4 ,also an ,account of the occurrence of ,iron ,ores in ,veins or ,seams2 ,analyses of each ,variety2 and a ,history of the ,rise and ,progress of ,pig ,iron ,manufacture4 ,by ,,richard ,,meade1 ,assistant ,keeper of ,mining ,records4 ,with ,maps4 #hvo1 #a #hs4 cloth4 ,the book is one which must find a place on the shelves of all interested in coal and iron production1 and in the iron1 steel and other metallurgical industries4--,engineer4 ,of this book we may unreservedly say that it is the best of its class which we have ever met4444 ,a book of reference which no one engaged in the iron or coal trades should omit from his library4--,iron and ,coal ,trades ,review4 ,coal ,mining4 ,,coal ,,and ,,coal ,,mining3 ,a ,rudimentary ,treatise on4 ,by the late ,sir ,,warington ,w4 ,,smyth1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 c41 ,chief ,inspector of the ,mines of the ,crown4 ,seventh ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 #abmo1 #ds4 cloth boards4 ,as an outline is given of every known coal-field in this and other countries1 as well as of the principal methods of working1 the book will doubtless interest a very large number of readers4--,mining ,journal4 ,subterraneous ,surveying4 ,,subterraneous ,,surveying1 ,elementary and ,practical ,treatise on1 with and without the ,magnetic ,needle4 ,by ,,thomas ,,fenwick1 ,surveyor of ,mines1 and ,,thomas ,,baker1 ,c4,e4 ,illust4 #abmo1 #cs4 cloth boards4 ,granite ,quarrying4 ,,granites ,,and ,,our ,,granite ,,industries4 ,by ,,george ,f4 ,,harris1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,membre de la ,socit ,belge de ,gologie1 ,lecturer on ,economic ,geology at the ,birkbeck ,institution1 c4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,a clearly and well-written manual on the granite industry4--,scotsman4 ,an interesting work1 which will be deservedly esteemed4--,colliery ,guardian4 ,an exceedingly interesting and valuable monograph on a subject which has hitherto received unaccountably little attention in the shape of systematic literary treatment4--,scottish ,leader4 ,gold1 ,metallurgy of4 ,,the ,,metallurgy ,,of ,,gold3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,metallurgical ,treatment of ,gold-bearing ,ores4 ,including the ,processes of ,concentration and ,chlorination1 and the ,assaying1 ,melting1 and ,refining of ,gold4 ,by ,m4 ,,eissler1 ,mining ,engineer and ,metallurgical ,chemist1 formerly ,assistant ,assayer of the ,u4 ,s4 ,mint1 ,san ,francisco4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised and greatly ,enlarged4 ,with #ahg ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,this book thoroughly deserves its title of a ',practical ,treatise4' ,the whole process of gold milling1 from the breaking of the quartz to the assay of the bullion1 is described in clear and orderly narrative and with much1 but not too much1 fulness of detail4--,saturday ,review4 ,the work is a storehouse of information and valuable data1 and we strongly recommend it to all professional men engaged in the gold-mining industry4--,mining ,journal4 ,silver1 ,metallurgy of4 ,,the ,,metallurgy ,,of ,,silver3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,amalgamation1 ,roasting1 and ,lixiviation of ,silver ,ores4 ,including the ,assaying1 ,melting and ,refining1 of ,silver ,bullion4 ,by ,m4 ,,eissler1 ,author of ,the ,metallurgy of ,gold1 c4 ,second ,edition1 ,enlarged4 ,with #aej ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,a practical treatise1 and a technical work which we are convinced will supply a long-felt want amongst practical men1 and at the same time be of value to students and others indirectly connected with the industries4--,mining ,journal4 ,from first to last the book is thoroughly sound and reliable4--,colliery ,guardian4 ,for chemists1 practical miners1 assayers1 and investors alike1 we do not know of any work on the subject so handy and yet so comprehensive4--,glasgow ,herald4 ,lead1 ,metallurgy of4 ,,the ,,metallurgy ,,of ,,argentiferous ,,lead3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,smelting of ,silver-,lead ,ores and the ,refining of ,lead ,bullion4 ,including ,reports on various ,smelting ,establishments and ,descriptions of ,modern ,smelting ,furnaces and ,plants in ,europe and ,america4 ,by ,m4 ,,eissler1 ,m4,e41 ,author of ,the ,metallurgy of ,gold1 c4 ,crown #hvo1 #djj pp41 with #ahc ,illustrations1 #abs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,the numerous metallurgical processes1 which are fully and extensively treated of1 embrace all the stages experienced in the passage of the lead from the various natural states to its issue from the refinery as an article of commerce4--,practical ,engineer4 ,the present volume fully maintains the reputation of the author4 ,those who wish to obtain a thorough insight into the present state of this industry cannot do better than read this volume1 and all mining engineers cannot fail to find many useful hints and suggestions in it4--,industries4 ,it is most carefully written and illustrated with capital drawings and diagrams4 ,in fact1 it is the work of an expert for experts1 by whom it will be prized as an indispensable text-book4--,bristol ,mercury4 ,iron1 ,metallurgy of4 ,,metallurgy ,,of ,,iron4 ,containing ,history of ,iron ,manufacture1 ,methods of ,assay1 and ,analyses of ,iron ,ores1 ,processes of ,manufacture of ,iron and ,steel1 c4 ,by ,h4 ,,bauerman1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,a4,r4,s4,m4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,sixth ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 #abmo1 #es4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,carefully written1 it has the merit of brevity and conciseness1 as to less important points1 while all material matters are very fully and thoroughly entered into4--,standard4 ,iron ,mining4 ,,the ,,iron ,,ores ,,of ,,great ,,britain ,,and ,,ireland3 ,their ,mode of ,occurrence1 ,age1 and ,origin1 and the ,methods of ,searching for and ,working them1 with a ,notice of some of the ,iron ,ores of ,spain4 ,by ,j4 ,d4 ,,kendall1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,mining ,engineer4 ,with ,plates and ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #afs4 cloth4 ,the author has a thorough practical knowledge of his subject1 and has supplemented a careful study of the available literature by unpublished information derived from his own observations4 ,the result is a very useful volume which cannot fail to be of value to all interested in the iron industry of the country4--,industries4 ,constitutes a systematic and careful account of our present knowledge of the origin and occurrence of the iron ores of ,great ,britain1 and embraces a description of the means employed in reaching and working these ores4--,iron4 ,mr4 ,kendall is a great authority on this subject and writes from personal observation4--,colliery ,guardian4 ,mr4 ,kendall's book is thoroughly well done4 ,in it there are the outlines of the history of ore mining in every centre and there is everything that we want to know as to the character of the ores of each district1 their commercial value and the cost of working them4--,iron and ,steel ,trades ,journal4 ,,electricity1 ,,electrical ,,engineering1 etc4 ,electrical ,engineering4 ,,the ,,electrical ,,engineer',s ,,pocket-,,book ,,of ,,modern ,,rules1 ,,formul1 ,,tables1 ,,and ,,data4 ,by ,h4 ,r4 ,,kempe1 ,m4,inst4,e4,e41 ,a4,m4,inst4,c4,e41 ,technical ,officer1 ,postal ,telegraphs1 ,author of ,a ,handbook of ,electrical ,testing1 c4 ,second ,edition1 thoroughly ,revised1 with ,additions4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,royal #cbmo1 oblong1 #es4 leather4 ,there is very little in the shape of formul or data which the electrician is likely to want in a hurry which cannot be found in its pages4--,practical ,engineer4 ,a very useful book of reference for daily use in practical electrical engineering and its various applications to the industries of the present day4--,iron4 ,it is the best book of its kind4--,electrical ,engineer4 ,well arranged and compact4 ,the ',electrical ,engineer's ,pocket-,book' is a good one4--,electrician4 ,strongly recommended to those engaged in the various electrical industries4--,electrical ,review4 ,electric ,lighting4 ,,electric ,,light ,,fitting3 ,a ,handbook for ,working ,electrical ,engineers1 embodying ,practical ,notes on ,installation ,management4 ,by ,,john ,w4 ,,urquhart1 ,electrician1 ,author of ,electric ,light1 c4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised1 with ,additional ,chapters4 ,crown #hvo1 #es4 cloth4 ,this volume deals with what may be termed the mechanics of electric lighting1 and is addressed to men who are already engaged in the work or are training for it4 ,the work traverses a great deal of ground1 and may be read as a sequel to the same author's useful work on ',electric ,light4'--,electrician4 ,this is an attempt to state in the simplest language the precautions which should be adopted in installing the electric light1 and to give information1 for the guidance of those who have to run the plant when installed4 ,the book is well worth the perusal of the workmen for whom it is written4--,electrical ,review4 ,we have read this book with a good deal of pleasure4 ,we believe that the book will be of use to practical workmen1 who will not be alarmed by finding mathematical formul which they are unable to understand4--,electrical ,plant4 ,eminently practical and useful4444 ,ought to be in the hands of everyone in charge of an electric light plant4--,electrical ,engineer4 ,mr4 ,urquhart has succeeded in producing a really capital book1 which we have no hesitation in recommending to the notice of working electricians and electrical engineers4--,mechanical ,world4 ,electric ,light4 ,,electric ,,light3 ,its ,production and ,use4 ,embodying ,plain ,directions for the ,treatment of ,dynamo-,electric ,machines1 ,batteries1 ,accumulators1 and ,electric ,lamps4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,urquhart1 ,c4,e41 ,author of ,electric ,light ,fitting1 ,electroplating1 c4 ,fifth ,edition1 carefully ,revised1 with ,large ,additions and #ade ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,the whole ground of electric lighting is more or less covered and explained in a very clear and concise manner4--,electrical ,review4 ,contains a good deal of very interesting information1 especially in the parts where the author gives dimensions and working costs4--,electrical ,engineer4 ,a miniature vade-mecum of the salient facts connected with the science of electric lighting4--,electrician4 ,you cannot for your purpose have a better book than ',electric ,light1' by ,urquhart4--,engineer4 ,the book is by far the best that we have yet met with on the subject4--,athenum4 ,construction of ,dynamos4 ,,dynamo ,,construction3 ,a ,practical ,handbook for the ,use of ,engineer ,constructors and ,electricians-in-,charge4 ,embracing ,framework ,building1 ,field ,magnet and ,armature ,winding and ,grouping1 ,compounding1 c4 ,with ,examples of leading ,english1 ,american1 and ,continental ,dynamos and ,motors4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,urquhart1 ,author of ,electric ,light1 ,electric ,light ,fitting1 c4 ,with upwards of #ajj ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,mr4 ,urquhart's book is the first one which deals with these matters in such a way that the engineering student can understand them4 ,the book is very readable1 and the author leads his readers up to difficult subjects by reasonably simple tests4--,engineering ,review4 ,the author deals with his subject in a style so popular as to make his volume a handbook of great practical value to engineer contractors and electricians in charge of lighting installations4--,scotsman4 ',dynamo ,construction' more than sustains the high character of the author's previous publications4 ,it is sure to be widely read by the large and rapidly-increasing number of practical electricians4--,glasgow ,herald4 ,a book for which a demand has long existed4--,mechanical ,world4 ,a ,new ,dictionary of ,electricity4 ,,the ,,standard ,,electrical ,,dictionary4 ,a ,popular ,dictionary of ,words and ,terms ,used in the ,practice of ,electrical ,engineering4 ,containing upwards of #c1jjj ,definitions4 ,by ,t4 ,o',,connor ,,sloane1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d41 ,author of ,the ,arithmetic of ,electricity1 c4 ,crown #hvo1 #fcj pp41 #cej ,illustrations1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,the work has many attractive features in it1 and is beyond doubt1 a well put together and useful publication4 ,the amount of ground covered may be gathered from the fact that in the index about #e1jjj references will be found4 ,the inclusion of such comparatively modern words as 'impedence1' 'reluctance1' c41 shows that the author has desired to be up to date1 and indeed there are other indications of carefulness of compilation4 ,the work is one which does the author great credit and it should prove of great value1 especially to students4--,electrical ,review4 ,we have found the book very complete and reliable1 and can1 therefore1 commend it heartily4--,mechanical ,world4 ,very complete and contains a large amount of useful information4--,industries4 ,an encyclopdia of electrical science in the compass of a dictionary4 ,the information given is sound and clear4 ,the book is well printed1 well illustrated1 and well up to date1 and may be confidently recommended4--,builder4 ,we hail the appearance of this little work as one which will meet a want that has been keenly felt for some time4444 ,the author is to be congratulated on the excellent manner in which he has accomplished his task4--,practical ,engineer4 ,the volume is excellently printed and illustrated1 and should form part of the library of every one who is directly or indirectly connected with electrical matters4--,hardware ,trade ,journal4 ,electric ,lighting of ,ships4 ,,electric ,,ship-,,lighting3 ,a ,handbook on the ,practical ,fitting and ,running of ,ship's ,electrical ,plant4 ,for the ,use of ,shipowners and ,builders1 ,marine ,electricians1 and ,sea-going ,engineers-in-,charge4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,urquhart1 ,c4,e41 ,author of ,electric ,light1 c4 ,with #hh ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,the subject of ship electric lighting is one of vast importance in these days1 and ,mr4 ,urquhart is to be highly complimented for placing such a valuable work at the service of the practical marine electrician4--,the ,steamship4 ,distinctly a book which of its kind stands almost alone1 and for which there should be a demand4--,electrical ,review4 ,electric ,lighting4 ,,the ,,elementary ,,principles ,,of ,,electric ,,lighting4 ,by ,,alan ,a4 ,,campbell ,,swinton1 ,associate ,i4,e4,e4 ,third ,edition1 ,enlarged and ,revised4 ,with #af ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,anyone who desires a short and thoroughly clear exposition of the elementary principles of electric lighting cannot do better than read this little work4--,bradford ,observer4 ,dynamic ,electricity4 ,,the ,,elements ,,of ,,dynamic ,,electricity ,,and ,,magnetism4 ,by ,,philip ,,atkinson1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d41 ,author of ,elements of ,static ,electricity1 ,the ,elements of ,electric ,lighting1 c4 c4 ,crown #hvo1 #dag pp41 with #abj ,illustrations1 #ajs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,electric ,motors1 c4 ,,the ,,electric ,,transformation ,,of ,,power and its ,application by the ,electric ,motor1 including ,electric ,railway ,construction4 ,by ,p4 ,,atkinson1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d41 ,author of ,the ,elements of ,electric ,lighting1 c4 ,with #if ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,dynamo ,construction4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,dynamo3 ,a ,practical ,treatise for ,amateurs4 ,containing numerous ,illustrations and ,detailed ,instructions for ,constructing a ,small ,dynamo1 to ,produce the ,electric ,light4 ,by ,,alfred ,,crofts4 ,fourth ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 cloth4 ,the instructions given in this unpretentious little book are sufficiently clear and explicit to enable any amateur mechanic possessed of average skill and the usual tools to be found in an amateur's workshop1 to build a practical dynamo machine4--,electrician4 ,text ,book of ,electricity4 ,,the ,,student',s ,,text-,,book ,,of ,,electricity4 ,by ,,henry ,m4 ,,noad1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,new ,edition1 carefully ,revised4 ,with ,introduction and ,additional ,chapters1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,,preece1 ,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,crown #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,electricity4 ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,electricity3 ,including ,galvanism1 ,magnetism1 ,dia-,magnetism1 ,electro-,dynamics4 ,by ,,henry ,m4 ,,noad1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,fourth ,edition 7#ahei74 #hvo1 #a #ds4 cloth4 ,,architecture1 ,,building1 etc4 ,building ,construction4 ,,practical ,,building ,,construction3 ,a ,handbook for ,students ,preparing for ,examinations1 and a ,book of ,reference for ,persons ,engaged in ,building4 ,by ,,john ,,parnell ,,allen1 ,surveyor1 ,lecturer on ,building ,construction at the ,durham ,college of ,science1 ,newcastle-on-,tyne4 ,medium #hvo1 #dej pages1 with #a1jjj ,illustrations4 #abs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,this volume is one of the most complete expositions of building construction we have seen4 ,it contains all that is necessary to prepare students for the various examinations in building construction4--,building ,news4 ,the author depends nearly as much on his diagrams as on his type4 ,the pages suggest the hand of a man of experience in building operations--and the volume must be a blessing to many teachers as well as to students4--,the ,architect4 ,this volume promises to be the recognised handbook in all advanced classes where building construction is taught from a practical point of view4 ,we strongly commend the book to the notice of all teachers of building construction4--,technical ,world4 ,the work is sure to prove a formidable rival to great and small competitors alike1 and bids fair to take a permanent place as a favourite students' text-book4 ,the large number of illustrations deserve particular mention for the great merit they possess for purposes of reference1 in exactly corresponding to convenient scales4--,jour4 ,inst4 ,brit4 ,archts4 ,concrete4 ,,concrete3 ,,its ,,nature ,,and ,,uses4 ,a ,book for ,architects1 ,builders1 ,contractors1 and ,clerks of ,works4 ,by ,,george ,l4 ,,sutcliffe1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 #cej pages1 with numerous ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,the author treats a difficult subject in a lucid manner4 ,the manual fills a long-felt gap4 ,it is careful and exhaustive2 equally useful as a student's guide and a architect's book of reference4--,journal of ,royal ,institution of ,british ,architects4 ,there is room for this new book1 which will probably be for some time the standard work on the subject for a builder's purpose4--,glasgow ,herald4 ,a thoroughly useful and comprehensive work4--,british ,architect4 ,mechanics for ,architects4 ,,the ,,mechanics ,,of ,,architecture3 ,a ,treatise on ,applied ,mechanics1 especially ,adapted to the ,use of ,architects4 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,,tarn1 ,m4,a41 ,author of ,the ,science of ,building1 c4 ,second ,edition1 ,enlarged4 ,illust4 with #abe ,diagrams4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,the book is a very useful and helpful manual of architectural mechanics1 and really contains sufficient to enable a careful and painstaking student to grasp the principles bearing upon the majority of building problems4444 ,mr4 ,tarn has added1 by this volume1 to the debt of gratitude which is owing to him by architectural students for the many valuable works which he has produced for their use4--,the ,builder4 ,the mechanics in the volume are really mechanics1 and are harmoniously wrought in with the distinctive professional manner proper to the subject4 ,the diagrams and type are commendably clear4--,the ,schoolmaster4 ,the ,new ,builder's ,price ,book1 #ahid4 ,,lockwood',s ,,builder',s ,,price ,,book ,,for #ahid4 ,a ,comprehensive ,handbook of the ,latest ,prices and ,data for ,builders1 ,architects1 ,engineers1 and ,contractors4 ,re-constructed1 ,re-written1 and ,greatly ,enlarged4 ,by ,,francis ,t4 ,w4 ,,miller4 #gjj closely-printed pages1 crown #hvo1 #ds4 cloth4 ,this book is a very useful one1 and should find a place in every ,english office connected with the building and engineering professions4--,industries4 ,an excellent book of reference4--,architect4 ,in its new and revised form this ,price ,book is what a work of this kind should be--comprehensive1 reliable1 well arranged1 legible1 and well bound4--,british ,architect4 ,designing ,buildings4 ,,the ,,design ,,of ,,buildings3 ,being ,elementary ,notes on the ,planning1 ,sanitation and ,ornamentive ,formation of ,structures1 based on ,modern ,practice4 ,illustrated with ,nine ,folding ,plates4 ,by ,w4 ,,woodley1 ,assistant ,master1 ,metropolitan ,drawing ,classes1 c4 ,demy #hvo1 #fs4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,sir ,wm4 ,chambers's ,treatise on ,civil ,architecture4 ,,the ,,decorative ,,part ,,of ,,civil ,,architecture4 ,by ,sir ,,william ,,chambers1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,with ,portrait1 ,illustrations1 ,notes1 and an ,examination of ,grecian ,architecture1 by ,,joseph ,,gwilt1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,revised and ,edited by ,w4 ,h4 ,,leeds4 #ff ,plates1 #dto1 #bas4 cloth4 ,villa ,architecture4 ,a ,,handy ,,book ,,of ,,villa ,,architecture3 ,being a ,series of ,designs for ,villa ,residences in various ,styles4 ,with ,outline ,specifications and ,estimates4 ,by ,c4 ,,wickes1 ,architect1 ,author of ,the ,spires and ,towers of ,england1 c4 #fa ,plates1 #dto1 #a #aas4 #f;d4 half-morocco4 ,the whole of the designs bear evidence of their being the work of an artistic architect1 and they will prove very valuable and suggestive4--,building ,news4 ,text-,book for ,architects4 ,,the ,,architect',s ,,guide3 ,being a ,text-,book of ,useful ,information for ,architects1 ,engineers1 ,surveyors1 ,contractors1 ,clerks of ,works1 c4 c4 ,by ,,frederick ,,rogers1 ,architect4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,as a text-book of useful information for architects1 engineers1 surveyors1 c41 it would be hard to find a handier or more complete little volume4--,standard4 ,taylor and ,cresy's ,rome4 ,,the ,,architectural ,,antiquities ,,of ,,rome4 ,by the late ,g4 ,l4 ,,taylor1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 and ,,edward ,,cresy1 ,esq4 ,new ,edition1 thoroughly ,revised by the ,rev4 ,,alexander ,,taylor1 ,m4,a4 7son of the late ,g4 ,l4 ,taylor1 ,esq471 ,fellow of ,queen's ,college1 ,oxford1 and ,chaplain of ,gray's ,inn4 ,large folio1 with #acj ,plates1 #c #cs4 half-bound4 ,taylor and ,cresy's work has from its first publication been ranked among those professional books which cannot be bettered4--,architect4 ,linear ,perspective4 ,,architectural ,,perspective3 ,the whole ,course and ,operations of the ,draughtsman in ,drawing a ,large ,house in ,linear ,perspective4 ,illustrated by #ci ,folding ,plates4 ,by ,f4 ,o4 ,,ferguson4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 boards4 ,it is the most intelligible of the treatises on this ill-treated subject that ,i have met with4--,e4 ,,ingress ,,bell1 ,esq41 in the ,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,journal4 ,architectural ,drawing4 ,,practical ,,rules ,,on ,,drawing1 for the ,operative ,builder and ,young ,student in ,architecture4 ,by ,,george ,,pyne4 ,with #ad ,plates1 #dto1 #gs4 #f;d4 boards4 ,vitruvius' ,architecture4 ,,the ,,architecture of ,,marcus ,,vitruvius ,,pollio4 ,translated by ,,joseph ,,gwilt1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,new ,edition1 ,revised by the ,translator4 ,with #bc ,plates4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #es4 cloth4 ,designing1 ,measuring1 and ,valuing4 ,,the ,,student',s ,,guide to the ,,practice of ,,measuring ,,and ,,valuing ,,artificers' ,,work4 ,containing ,directions for taking ,dimensions1 ,abstracting the same1 and bringing the ,quantities into ,bill1 with ,tables of ,constants for ,valuation of ,labour1 and for the ,calculation of ,areas and ,solidities4 ,originally edited by ,,edward ,,dobson1 ,architect4 ,with ,additions by ,e4 ,,wyndham ,,tarn1 ,m4,a4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,with #h ,plates and #fc ,woodcuts4 ,crown #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,this edition will be found the most complete treatise on the principles of measuring and valuing artificers' work that has yet been published4--,building ,news4 ,pocket ,estimator and ,technical ,guide4 ,,the ,,pocket ,,technical ,,guide1 ,,measurer1 ,,and ,,estimator ,,for ,,builders ,,and ,,surveyors4 ,containing ,technical ,directions for ,measuring ,work in all the ,building ,trades1 ,complete ,specifications for ,houses1 ,roads1 and ,drains1 and an easy ,method of ,estimating the parts of a ,building collectively4 ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,,beaton4 ,sixth ,edit4 ,waistcoat-pocket size1 #as4 #f;d4 leather1 gilt edges4 ,no builder1 architect1 surveyor1 or valuer should be without his ',beaton4'--,building ,news4 ,donaldson on ,specifications4 ,,the ,,handbook ,,of ,,specifications2 or1 ,practical ,guide to the ,architect1 ,engineer1 ,surveyor1 and ,builder1 in drawing up ,specifications and ,contracts for ,works and ,constructions4 ,illustrated by ,precedents of ,buildings actually executed by eminent ,architects and ,engineers4 ,by ,professor ,t4 ,l4 ,,donaldson1 ,p4,r4,i4,b4,a41 c4 ,new ,edition4 #hvo1 with upwards of #a1jjj pages of ,text1 and #cc ,plates4 #a #aas4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,valuable as a record1 and more valuable still as a book of precedents4444 ,suffice it to say that ,donaldson's ',handbook of ,specifications' must be bought by all architects4--,builder4 ,bartholomew and ,rogers' ,specifications4 ,,specifications ,,for ,,practical ,,architecture4 ,a ,guide to the ,architect1 ,engineer1 ,surveyor1 and ,builder4 ,with an ,essay on the ,structure and ,science of ,modern ,buildings4 ,upon the ,basis of the ,work by ,,alfred ,,bartholomew1 thoroughly ,revised1 ,corrected1 and greatly added to by ,,frederick ,,rogers1 ,architect4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised1 with ,additions4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,medium #hvo1 #aes4 cloth4 ,the collection of specifications prepared by ,mr4 ,rogers on the basis of ,bartholomew's work is too well known to need any recommendation from us4 ,it is one of the books with which every young architect must be equipped4--,architect4 ,construction4 ,,the ,,science ,,of ,,building3 ,an ,elementary ,treatise on the ,principles of ,construction4 ,by ,e4 ,,wyndham ,,tarn1 ,m4,a41 ,architect4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,with #ei ,engravings4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #ds4 cl4 ,a very valuable book1 which we strongly recommend to all students4--,builder4 ,house ,building and ,repairing4 ,,the ,,house-,,owner',s ,,estimator2 or1 ,what will it ,cost to ,build1 ,alter1 or ,repair8 ,a ,price ,book for ,unprofessional ,people1 as well as the ,architectural ,surveyor and ,builder4 ,by ,,james ,d4 ,,simon4 ,edited by ,,francis ,t4 ,w4 ,,miller1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,in two years it will repay its cost a hundred times over4--,field4 ,cottages and ,villas4 ,,country ,,and ,,suburban ,,cottages ,,and ,,villas3 ,how to ,plan and ,build ,them4 ,containing #cc ,plates1 with ,introduction1 ,general ,explanations1 and ,description of each ,plate4 ,by ,,james ,w4 ,,bogue1 ,architect1 ,author of ,domestic ,architecture1 c4 #dto1 #ajs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,building2 ,civil and ,ecclesiastical4 ,a ,,book ,,on ,,building1 ,civil and ,ecclesiastical1 including ,church ,restoration2 with the ,theory of ,domes and the ,great ,pyramid1 c4 ,by ,sir ,,edmund ,,beckett1 ,bart41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #es4 cloth4 ,a book which is always amusing and nearly always instructive4--,times4 ,sanitary ,houses1 etc4 ,,the ,,sanitary ,,arrangements ,,of ,,dwelling-,,houses4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,wallis ,,tayler1 ,a4,m4 ,inst4 ,c4,e4 ,crown #hvo1 with numerous ,illustrations4 ,price about #cs4 cloth4 ,nearly ready4 ,ventilation of ,buildings4 ,,ventilation4 ,a ,text ,book to the ,practice of the ,art of ,ventilating ,buildings4 ,by ,w4 ,p4 ,,buchan1 ,r4,p4 #abmo1 #ds4 cloth4 ,contains a great amount of useful practical information1 as thoroughly interesting as it is technically reliable4--,british ,architect4 ,the ,art of ,plumbing4 ,,plumbing4 ,a ,text ,book to the ,practice of the ,art or ,craft of the ,plumber4 ,by ,,william ,,paton ,,buchan1 ,r4,p4 ,sixth ,edition1 ,enlarged4 #abmo1 #ds4 cloth4 ,a text-book which may be safely put in the hands of every young plumber4--,builder4 ,geometry for the ,architect1 ,engineer1 etc4 ,,practical ,,geometry1 for the ,architect1 ,engineer1 and ,mechanic4 ,giving ,rules for the ,delineation and ,application of various ,geometrical ,lines1 ,figures and ,curves4 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,,tarn1 ,m4,a41 ,architect4 #hvo1 #is4 cloth4 ,no book with the same objects in view has ever been published in which the clearness of the rules laid down and the illustrative diagrams have been so satisfactory4--,scotsman4 ,the ,science of ,geometry4 ,,the ,,geometry ,,of ,,compasses2 or1 ,problems ,resolved by the mere ,description of ,circles1 and the use of ,coloured ,diagrams and ,symbols4 ,by ,,oliver ,,byrne4 ,coloured ,plates4 ,crown #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,,carpentry1 ,,timber1 etc4 ,tredgold's ,carpentry1 ,revised ,enlarged by ,tarn4 ,,the ,,elementary ,,principles ,,of ,,carpentry4 ,a ,treatise on the ,pressure and ,equilibrium of ,timber ,framing1 the ,resistance of ,timber1 and the ,construction of ,floors1 ,arches1 ,bridges1 ,roofs1 ,uniting ,iron and ,stone with ,timber1 c4 ,to which is added an ,essay on the ,nature and ,properties of ,timber1 c41 with ,descriptions of the kinds of ,wood used in ,building2 also numerous ,tables of the ,scantlings of ,timber for different purposes1 the ,specific ,gravities of ,materials1 c4 ,by ,,thomas ,,tredgold1 ,c4,e4 ,with an ,appendix of ,specimens of ,various ,roofs of ,iron and ,stone1 ,illustrated4 ,seventh ,edition1 thoroughly revised and considerably enlarged by ,e4 ,,wyndham ,,tarn1 ,m4,a41 ,author of ,the ,science of ,building1 c4 ,with #fa ,plates1 ,portrait of the ,author1 and several ,woodcuts4 ,in ,one large ,vol41 #dto1 price #a #es4 cloth4 ,ought to be in every architect's and every builder's library4--,builder4 ,a work whose monumental excellence must commend it wherever skilful carpentry is concerned4 ,the author's principles are rather confirmed than impaired by time4 ,the additional plates are of great intrinsic value4--,building ,news4 ,woodworking ,machinery4 ,,woodworking ,,machinery3 ,its ,rise1 ,progress1 and ,construction4 ,with ,hints on the ,management of ,saw ,mills and the ,economical ,conversion of ,timber4 ,illustrated with ,examples of ,recent ,designs by leading ,english1 ,french1 and ,american ,engineers4 ,by ,m4 ,,powis ,,bale1 ,a4,m4,inst4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised1 with large ,additions4 ,large crown #hvo1 #ddj pp41 #is4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,mr4 ,bale is evidently an expert on the subject and he has collected so much information that his book is all-sufficient for builders and others engaged in the conversion of timber4--,architect4 ,the most comprehensive compendium of wood-working machinery we have seen4 ,the author is a thorough master of his subject4--,building ,news4 ,saw ,mills4 ,,saw ,,mills3 ,their ,arrangement and ,management1 and the ,economical ,conversion of ,timber4 7,a ,companion ,volume to ,woodworking ,machinery47 ,by ,m4 ,,powis ,,bale4 ,crown #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,the administration of a large sawing establishment is discussed1 and the subject examined from a financial standpoint4 ,hence the size1 shape1 order1 and disposition of saw-mills and the like are gone into in detail1 and the course of the timber is traced from its reception to its delivery in its converted state4 ,we could not desire a more complete or practical treatise4--,builder4 ,nicholson's ,carpentry4 ,,the ,,carpenter',s ,,new ,,guide2 or1 ,book of ,lines for ,carpenters2 comprising all the ,elementary ,principles essential for acquiring a knowledge of ,carpentry4 ,founded on the late ,,peter ,,nicholson',s ,standard ,work4 ,new ,edition1 ,revised by ,a4 ,,ashpitel1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,with ,practical ,rules on ,drawing1 by ,g4 ,,pyne4 ,with #gd ,plates1 #dto1 #a #as4 cloth4 ,handrailing and ,stairbuilding4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,handrailing3 ,showing ,new and ,simple ,methods for ,finding the ,pitch of the ,plank1 ,drawing the ,moulds1 ,bevelling1 ,jointing-up1 and ,squaring the ,wreath4 ,by ,,george ,,collings4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged1 to which is added ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,stairbuilding4 #abmo1 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth limp4 ,will be found of practical utility in the execution of this difficult branch of joinery4--,builder4 ,almost every difficult phase of this somewhat intricate branch of joinery is elucidated by the aid of plates and explanatory letterpress4--,furniture ,gazette4 ,circular ,work4 ,,circular ,,work ,,in ,,carpentry ,,and ,,joinery3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,circular ,work of ,single and ,double ,curvature4 ,by ,,george ,,collings4 ,with ,diagrams4 ,second ,edit1 #abmo1 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth limp4 ,an excellent example of what a book of this kind should be4 ,cheap in price1 clear in definition and practical in the examples selected4--,builder4 ,handrailing4 ,,handrailing ,,complete ,,in ,,eight ,,lessons4 ,on the ,square-,cut ,system4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,goldthorp1 ,teacher of ,geometry and ,building ,construction at the ,halifax ,mechanic's ,institute4 ,with ,eight ,plates and over #aej ,practical ,exercises4 #dto1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,likely to be of considerable value to joiners and others who take a pride in good work4 ,we heartily commend it to teachers and students4--,timber ,trades ,journal4 ,timber ,merchant's ,companion4 ,,the ,,timber ,,merchant',s ,,and ,,builder',s ,,companion4 ,containing ,new and ,copious ,tables of the ,reduced ,weight and ,measurement of ,deals and ,battens1 of all sizes1 from ,one to a ,thousand ,pieces1 and the relative ,price that each size bears per ,lineal ,foot to any given ,price per ,petersburg ,standard ,hundred2 the ,price per ,cube ,foot of ,square ,timber to any given ,price per ,load of #ej ,feet2 the proportionate ,value of ,deals and ,battens by the ,standard1 to ,square ,timber by the ,load of #ej ,feet2 the readiest mode of ascertaining the ,price of ,scantling per ,lineal ,foot of any size1 to any given ,figure per ,cube ,foot1 c4 c4 ,by ,,william ,,dowsing4 ,fourth ,edition1 ,revised and ,corrected4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #cs4 cl4 ,everything is as concise and clear as it can possibly be made4 ,there can be no doubt that every timber merchant and builder ought to possess it4--,hull ,advertiser4 ,we are glad to see a fourth edition of these admirable tables1 which for correctness and simplicity of arrangement leave nothing to be desired4--,timber ,trades ,journal4 ,practical ,timber ,merchant4 ,,the ,,practical ,,timber ,,merchant4 ,being a ,guide for the use of ,building ,contractors1 ,surveyors1 ,builders1 c41 comprising useful ,tables for all purposes connected with the ,timber ,trade1 ,marks of ,wood1 ,essay on the ,strength of ,timber1 ,remarks on the ,growth of ,timber1 c4 ,by ,w4 ,,richardson4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,this handy manual contains much valuable information for the use of timber merchants1 builders1 foresters1 and all others connected with the growth1 sale1 and manufacture of timber4--,journal of ,forestry4 ,timber ,freight ,book4 ,,the ,,timber ,,merchant',s1 ,,saw ,,miller',s1 ,,and ,,importer',s ,,freight ,,book ,,and ,,assistant4 ,comprising ,rules1 ,tables1 and ,memoranda relating to the ,timber ,trade4 ,by ,,william ,,richardson1 ,timber ,broker2 together with a ,chapter on ,,speeds ,,of ,,saw ,,mill ,,machinery1 by ,m4 ,,powis ,,bale1 ,m4,i4,m4,e41 c4 #abmo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cl4 boards4 ,a very useful manual of rules1 tables1 and memoranda relating to the timber trade4 ,we recommend it as a compendium of calculation to all timber measurers and merchants1 and as supplying a real want in the trade4--,building ,news4 ,packing-,case ,makers1 ,tables for4 ,,packing-,,case ,,tables2 showing the number of ,superficial ,feet in ,boxes or ,packing-,cases1 from six inches square and upwards4 ,by ,w4 ,,richardson1 ,timber ,broker4 ,third ,edition4 ,oblong #dto1 #cs4 #f;d4 cl4 ,invaluable labour-saving tables4--,ironmonger4 ,will save much labour and calculation4--,grocer4 ,superficial ,measurement4 ,,the ,,tradesman',s ,,guide ,,to ,,superficial ,,measurement4 ,tables calculated from #a to #bjj inches in length1 by #a to #ajh inches in breadth4 ,for the use of ,architects1 ,surveyors1 ,engineers1 ,timber ,merchants1 ,builders1 c4 ,by ,,james ,,hawkings4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,fcap41 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,a useful collection of tables to facilitate rapid calculation of surfaces4 ,the exact area of any surface of which the limits have been ascertained can be instantly determined4 ,the book will be found of the greatest utility to all engaged in building operations4--,scotsman4 ,these tables will be found of great assistance to all who require to make calculations in superficial measurement4--,english ,mechanic4 ,forestry4 ,,the ,,elements ,,of ,,forestry4 ,designed to afford ,information concerning the ,planting and ,care of ,forest ,trees for ,ornament or ,profit1 with ,suggestions upon the ,creation and ,care of ,woodlands4 ,by ,f4 ,b4 ,,hough4 ,large crown #hvo1 #ajs4 cloth4 ,timber ,importer's ,guide4 ,,the ,,timber ,,importer',s1 ,,timber ,,merchant',s1 ,,and ,,builder',s ,,standard ,,guide4 ,by ,,richard ,e4 ,,grandy4 ,comprising an ,analysis of ,deal ,standards1 ,home and ,foreign1 with ,comparative ,values and ,tabular ,arrangements for fixing ,net ,landed ,cost on ,baltic and ,north ,american ,deals1 including all intermediate ,expenses1 ,freight1 ,insurance1 c4 c4 ,together with copious ,information for the ,retailer and ,builder4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised4 #abmo1 #bs4 cloth limp4 ,everything it pretends to be3 built up gradually1 it leads one from a forest to a treenail1 and throws in1 as a makeweight1 a host of material concerning bricks1 columns1 cisterns1 c4--,english ,mechanic4 ,,decorative ,,arts1 etc4 ,woods and ,marbles 7,imitation of74 ,,school ,,of ,,painting ,,for ,,the ,,imitation ,,of ,,woods ,,and ,,marbles1 as ,taught and ,practised by ,a4 ,r4 ,,van ,,der ,,burg and ,p4 ,,van ,,der ,,burg1 ,directors of the ,rotterdam ,painting ,institution4 ,royal folio1 #ah by #ab in41 ,illustrated with #bd full-size ,coloured ,plates2 also #ab plain ,plates1 comprising #aed ,figures4 ,second and ,cheaper ,edition4 ,price #a #aas4 #f;d4 ,list of ,plates4 #a4 ,various ,tools required for ,wood ,painting--#b1 #c4 ,walnut3 ,preliminary ,stages of ,graining and ,finished ,specimen--#d4 ,tools used for ,marble ,painting and ,method of ,manipulation--#e1 #f4 ,st4 ,remi ,marble3 ,earlier ,operations and ,finished ,specimen--#g4 ,methods of ,sketching different ,grains1 ,knots1 c4--#h1 #i4 ,ash3 ,preliminary ,stages and ,finished ,specimen--#aj4 ,methods of ,sketching ,marble ,grains--#aa1 #ab4 ,breche ,marble3 ,preliminary ,stages of ,working and ,finished ,specimen--#ac4 ,maple3 ,methods of ,producing the different ,grains--#ad1 #ae4 ,bird's-eye ,maple3 ,preliminary ,stages and ,finished ,specimen--#af4 ,methods of ,sketching the different ,species of ,white ,marble--#ag1 #ah4 ,white ,marble3 ,preliminary ,stages of ,process and ,finished ,specimen--#ai4 ,mahogany3 ,specimens of various ,grains and ,methods of ,manipulation--#bj1 #ba4 ,mahogany3 ,earlier ,stages and ,finished ,specimen--#bb1 #bc1 #bd4 ,sienna ,marble3 ,varieties of ,grain1 ,preliminary ,stages and ,finished ,specimen--#be1 #bf1 #bg4 ,juniper ,wood3 ,methods of producing ,grain1 c43 ,preliminary ,stages and ,finished ,specimen--#bh1 #bi1 #cj4 ,vert de ,mer ,marble3 ,varieties of ,grain and ,methods of ,working ,unfinished and ,finished ,specimens--#ca1 #cb1 #cc4 ,oak3 ,varieties of ,grain1 ,tools ,employed1 and ,methods of ,manipulation1 ,preliminary ,stages and ,finished ,specimen--#cd1 #ce1 #cf4 ,waulsort ,marble3 ,varieties of ,grain1 ,unfinished and ,finished ,specimens4 ,those who desire to attain skill in the art of painting woods and marbles will find advantage in consulting this book4444 ,some of the ,working ,men's ,clubs should give their young men the opportunity to study it4--,builder4 ,a comprehensive guide to the art4 ,the explanations of the processes1 the manipulation and management of the colours1 and the beautifully executed plates will not be the least valuable to the student who aims at making his work a faithful transcript of nature4--,building ,news4 ,wall ,paper4 ,,wall ,,paper ,,decoration4 ,by ,,arthur ,,seymour ,,jennings1 ,author of ,practical ,paper ,hanging4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,demy #hvo4 ,in preparation4 ,house ,decoration4 ,,elementary ,,decoration4 ,a ,guide to the ,simpler ,forms of ,everyday ,art4 ,together with ,,practical ,,house ,,decoration4 ,by ,,james ,w4 ,,facey4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,in ,one ,vol41 #es4 strongly half-bound4 ,house ,painting1 ,graining1 etc4 ,,house ,,painting1 ,,graining1 ,,marbling1 ,,and ,,sign ,,writing1 ,a ,practical ,manual of4 ,by ,,ellis ,a4 ,,davidson4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,with ,coloured ,plates and ,wood ,engravings4 #abmo1 #fs4 cloth boards4 ,a mass of information1 of use to the amateur and of value to the practical man4--,english ,mechanic4 ,decorators1 ,receipts for4 ,,the ,,decorator',s ,,assistant3 ,a ,modern ,guide to ,decorative ,artists and ,amateurs1 ,painters1 ,writers1 ,gilders1 c4 ,containing upwards of #fjj ,receipts1 ,rules and ,instructions2 with a variety of ,information for ,general ,work connected with every ,class of ,interior and ,exterior ,decorations1 c4 ,fifth ,edition1 ,revised4 #aeb pp41 crown #hvo1 #as4 in wrapper4 ,full of receipts of value to decorators1 painters1 gilders4 c4 ,the book contains the gist of larger treatises on colour and technical processes4 ,it would be difficult to meet with a work so full of varied information on the painter's art4--,building ,news4 ,moyr ,smith on ,interior ,decoration4 ,,ornamental ,,interiors1 ,,ancient ,,and ,,modern4 ,by ,j4 ,,moyr ,,smith4 ,super-royal #hvo1 with #cb full-page ,plates and numerous smaller ,illustrations1 handsomely bound in cloth1 gilt top1 price #ahs4 ,the book is well illustrated and handsomely got up1 and contains some true criticism and a good many good examples of decorative treatment4--,the ,builder4 ,british and ,foreign ,marbles4 ,,marble ,,decoration and the ,terminology of ,british and ,foreign ,marbles4 ,a ,handbook for ,students4 ,by ,,george ,h4 ,,blagrove1 ,author of ,shoring and its ,application1 c4 ,with #bh ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,this most useful and much wanted handbook should be in the hands of every architect and builder4--,building ,world4 ,a carefully and usefully written treatise2 the work is essentially practical4--,scotsman4 ,marble ,working1 etc4 ,,marble ,,and ,,marble ,,workers3 ,a ,handbook for ,architects1 ,artists1 ,masons1 and ,students4 ,by ,,arthur ,,lee1 ,author of ,a ,visit to ,carrara1 ,the ,working of ,marble1 c4 ,small crown #hvo1 #bs4 cloth4 ,a really valuable addition to the technical literature of architects and masons4--,building ,news4 ,,delamotte',s ,,works ,,on ,,illumination ,,and ,,alphabets4 ,a ,,primer ,,of ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,illumination1 for the ,use of ,beginners3 with a ,rudimentary ,treatise on the ,art1 ,practical ,directions for its ,exercise1 and ,examples taken from ,illuminated ,,mss41 printed in ,gold and ,colours4 ,by ,f4 ,,delamotte4 ,new and ,cheaper ,edition4 ,small #dto1 #fs4 ornamental boards4 ,the examples of ancient ,,mss4 recommended to the student1 which1 with much good sense1 the author chooses from collections accessible to all1 are selected with judgment and knowledge1 as well as taste4--,athenum4 ,,ornamental ,,alphabets1 ,ancient and ,medival1 from the ,eighth ,century1 with ,numerals2 including ,gothic1 ,church-,text1 large and small1 ,german1 ,italian1 ,arabesque1 ,initials for ,illumination1 ,monograms1 ,crosses1 c4 c41 for the use of ,architectural and ,engineering ,draughtsmen1 ,missal ,painters1 ,masons1 ,decorative ,painters1 ,lithographers1 ,engravers1 ,carvers1 c4 c4 ,collected and ,engraved by ,f4 ,,delamotte1 and printed in ,colours4 ,new and ,cheaper ,edition4 ,royal #hvo1 oblong1 #bs4 #f;d4 ornamental boards4 ,for those who insert enamelled sentences round gilded chalices1 who blazon shop legends over shop-doors1 who letter church walls with pithy sentences from the ,decalogue1 this book will be useful4--,athenum4 ,,examples ,,of ,,modern ,,alphabets1 ,plain and ,ornamental2 including ,german1 ,old ,english1 ,saxon1 ,italic1 ,perspective1 ,greek1 ,hebrew1 ,court ,hand1 ,engrossing1 ,tuscan1 ,riband1 ,gothic1 ,rustic1 and ,arabesque2 with several ,original ,designs1 and an ,analysis of the ,roman and ,old ,english ,alphabets1 large and small1 and ,numerals1 for the use of ,draughtsmen1 ,surveyors1 ,masons1 ,decorative ,painters1 ,lithographers1 ,engravers1 ,carvers1 c4 ,collected and ,engraved by ,f4 ,,delamotte1 and printed in ,colours4 ,new and ,cheaper ,edition4 ,royal #hvo1 oblong1 #bs4 #f;d4 ornamental boards4 ,there is comprised in it every possible shape into which the letters of the alphabet and numerals can be formed1 and the talent which has been expended in the conception of the various plain and ornamental letters is wonderful4--,standard4 ,,medi,,val ,,alphabets ,,and ,,initials ,,for ,,illuminators4 ,by ,f4 ,g4 ,,delamotte4 ,containing #ba ,plates and ,illuminated ,title1 printed in ,gold and ,colours4 ,with an ,introduction by ,j4 ,,willis ,,brooks4 ,fourth and ,cheaper ,edition4 ,small #dto1 #ds4 ornamental boards4 ,a volume in which the letters of the alphabet come forth glorified in gilding and all the colours of the prism interwoven and intertwined and intermingled4--,sun4 ,,the ,,embroiderer',s ,,book ,,of ,,design4 ,containing ,initials1 ,emblems1 ,cyphers1 ,monograms1 ,ornamental ,borders1 ,ecclesiastical ,devices1 ,medival and ,modern ,alphabets1 and ,national ,emblems4 ,collected by ,f4 ,,delamotte1 and printed in ,colours4 ,oblong royal #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ornamental wrapper4 ,the book will be of great assistance to ladies and young children who are endowed with the art of plying the needle in this most ornamental and useful pretty work4--,east ,anglian ,times4 ,wood ,carving4 ,,instructions ,,in ,,wood-,,carving1 for ,amateurs3 with ,hints on ,design4 ,by ,a ,,lady4 ,with ,ten ,plates4 ,new and ,cheaper ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 in emblematic wrapper4 ,the handicraft of the wood-carver1 so well as a book can impart it1 may be learnt from ',a ,lady's' publication4--,athenum4 ,,natural ,,science1 etc4 ,the ,heavens and their ,origin4 ,,the ,,visible ,,universe3 ,chapters on the ,origin and ,construction of the ,heavens4 ,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,gore1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,author of ,star ,groups1 c4 ,illustrated by #f ,stellar ,photographs and #ab ,plates4 ,demy #hvo1 #afs4 cloth1 gilt top4 ,a valuable and lucid summary of recent astronomical theory1 rendered more valuable and attractive by a series of stellar photographs and other illustrations4--,the ,times4 ,in presenting a clear and concise account of the present state of our knowledge1 ,mr4 ,gore has made a valuable addition to the literature of the subject4--,nature4 ,one of the finest works on astronomical science that has recently appeared in our language4 ,in spirit and in method it is scientific from cover to cover1 but the style is so clear and attractive that it will be as acceptable and as readable to those who make no scientific pretensions as to those who devote themselves specially to matters astronomical4--,leeds ,mercury4 ,as interesting as a novel1 and instructive withal2 the text being made still more luminous by stellar photographs and other illustrations4444 ,a most valuable book4--,manchester ,examiner4 ,the ,constellations4 ,,star ,,groups3 ,a ,student's ,guide to the ,constellations4 ,by ,j4 ,,ellard ,,gore1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 c41 ,author of ,the ,visible ,universe1 ,the ,scenery of the ,heavens4 ,with #cj ,maps4 ,small #dto1 #es4 cloth1 silvered4 ,a knowledge of the principal constellations visible in our latitudes may be easily acquired from the thirty maps and accompanying text contained in this work4--,nature4 ,the volume contains thirty maps showing stars of the sixth magnitude--the usual naked-eye limit--and each is accompanied by a brief commentary1 adapted to facilitate recognition and bring to notice objects of special interest4 ,for the purpose of a preliminary survey of the midnight pomp of the heavens1 nothing could be better than a set of delineations averaging scarcely twenty square inches in area1 and including nothing that cannot at once be identified4--,saturday ,review4 ,a very compact and handy guide to the constellations4--,athenum4 ,astronomical ,terms4 ,,an ,,astronomical ,,glossary2 or1 ,dictionary of ,terms used in ,astronomy4 ,with ,tables of ,data and ,lists of ,remarkable and ,interesting ,celestial ,objects4 ,by ,j4 ,,ellard ,,gore1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,author of ,the ,visible ,universe1 c4 ,small crown #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,a very useful little work for beginners in astronomy1 and not to be despised by more advanced students4--,the ,times4 ,a very handy book 444 the utility of which is much increased by its valuable tables of astronomical data4--,the ,athenum4 ,astronomers of all kinds will be glad to have it for reference4--,guardian4 ,the ,microscope4 ,,the ,,microscope3 ,its ,construction and ,management1 including ,technique1 ,photo-micrography1 and the ,past and ,future of the ,microscope4 ,by ,dr4 ,,henri ,,van ,,heurck1 ,director of the ,antwerp ,botannical ,gardens4 ,english ,edition1 ,re-,edited and ,augmented by the ,author from the ,fourth ,french ,edition1 and ,translated by ,,wynne ,e4 ,,baxter1 ,f4,r4,m4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 c4 ,about #djj pages1 with ,three ,plates and upwards of #bej ,woodcuts4 ,imp4 #hvo1 #ahs4 cloth gilt4 ,a translation of a well-known work1 at once popular and comprehensive4--,times4 ,the translation is as felicitious as it is accurate4--,nature4 ,astronomy4 ,,astronomy4 ,by the late ,rev4 ,,robert ,,main1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised1 by ,,wm4 ,,thynne ,,lynn1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 formerly of the ,royal ,observatory1 ,greenwich1 #abmo1 #bs4 cloth limp4 ,a sound and simple treatise1 and a capital book for beginners4--,knowledge4 ,accurately brought down to the requirements of the present time4--,educational ,times4 ,recent and ,fossil ,shells4 ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,the ,,mollusca3 ,being a ,treatise on ,recent and ,fossil ,shells4 ,by ,s4 ,p4 ,,woodward1 ,a4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 late ,assistant ,palontologist in the ,british ,museum4 ,with an ,appendix on ,recent and ,fossil ,conchological ,discoveries1 by ,,ralph ,,tate1 ,a4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,illustrated by ,a4 ,n4 ,,waterhouse and ,,joseph ,,wilson ,,lowry4 ,with #bc ,plates and upwards of #cjj ,woodcuts4 ,reprint of ,fourth ,ed41 #ahhj4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cl4 ,a most valuable storehouse of conchological and geological information4--,science ,gossip4 ,geology and ,genesis4 ,,the ,,twin ,,records ,,of ,,creation2 or1 ,geology and ,genesis3 their ,perfect ,harmony and ,wonderful ,concord4 ,by ,,george ,w4 ,,victor ,,le ,,vaux4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #es4 cloth4 ,a valuable contribution to the evidences of ,revelation1 and disposes very conclusively of the arguments of those who would set ,god's ,works against ,god's ,word4 ,no real difficulty is shirked and no sophistry is left unexposed4--,the ,rock4 ,,dr4 ,,lardner',s ,,course ,,of ,,natural ,,philosophy4 ,,the ,,handbook ,,of ,,mechanics4 ,enlarged and almost ,rewritten by ,,benjamin ,,loewy1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,with #cgh ,illustrations4 ,post #hvo1 #fs4 cloth4 ,the perspicuity of the original has been retained1 and chapters which had become obsolete have been replaced by others of more modern character4 ,the explanations throughout are studiously popular1 and care has been taken to show the application of the various branches of physics to the industrial arts1 and to the practical business of life4--,mining ,journal4 ,mr4 ,loewy has carefully revised the book1 and brought it up to modern requirements4--,nature4 ,natural philosophy has had few exponents more able or better skilled in the art of popularising the subject than ,dr4 ,lardner2 and ,mr4 ,loewy is doing good service in fitting this treatise1 and the others of the series1 for use at the present time4--,scotsman4 ,,the ,,handbook ,,of ,,hydrostatics ,,and ,,pneumatics4 ,new ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged1 by ,,benjamin ,,loewy1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,with #bcf ,illustrations4 ,post #hvo1 #es4 cloth4 ,for those 'who desire to attain an accurate knowledge of physical science without the profound methods of mathematical investigation1' this work is not merely intended1 but well adapted4--,chemical ,news4 ,the volume before us has been carefully edited1 augmented to nearly twice the bulk of the former edition1 and all the most recent matter has been added4444 ,it is a valuable text-book4--,nature4 ,candidates for pass examinations will find it1 we think1 specially suited to their requirements4--,english ,mechanic4 ,,the ,,handbook ,,of ,,heat4 ,edited and almost entirely ,rewritten by ,,benjamin ,,loewy1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 c4 #aag ,illusts4 ,post #hvo1 #fs4 cloth4 ,the style is always clear and precise1 and conveys instruction without leaving any cloudiness or lurking doubts behind4--,engineering4 ,a most exhaustive book on the subject on which it treats1 and is so arranged that it can be understood by all who desire to attain an accurate knowledge of physical science4444 ,mr4 ,loewy has included all the latest discoveries in the varied laws and effects of heat4--,standard4 ,a complete and handy text-book for the use of students and general readers4--,english ,mechanic4 ,,the ,,handbook ,,of ,,optics4 ,by ,,dionysius ,,lardner1 ,d4,c4,l41 formerly ,professor of ,natural ,philosophy and ,astronomy in ,university ,college1 ,london4 ,new ,edition4 ,edited by ,t4 ,,olver ,,harding1 ,b4,a4 ,lond41 of ,university ,college1 ,london4 ,with #bih ,illustrations4 ,small #hvo1 #ddh pages1 #es4 cloth4 ,written by one of the ablest ,english scientific writers1 beautifully and elaborately illustrated4--,mechanic's ,magazine4 ,,the ,,handbook ,,of ,,electricity1 ,,magnetism1 ,,and ,,acoustics4 ,by ,dr4 ,,lardner4 ,ninth ,thousand4 ,edit4 by ,,george ,,carey ,,foster1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,with #djj ,illustrations4 ,small #hvo1 #es4 cloth4 ,the book could not have been entrusted to anyone better calculated to preserve the terse and lucid style of ,lardner1 while correcting his errors and bringing up his work to the present state of scientific knowledge4--,popular ,science ,review4 ,,the ,,handbook ,,of ,,astronomy4 ,forming a ,companion to the ,handbook of ,natural ,philosophy4 ,by ,,dionysius ,,lardner1 ,d4,c4,l41 formerly ,professor of ,natural ,philosophy and ,astronomy in ,university ,college1 ,london4 ,fourth ,edition1 ,revised and ,edited by ,,edwin ,,dunkin1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,royal ,observatory1 ,greenwich4 ,with #ch ,plates and upwards of #ajj ,woodcuts4 ,in ,one ,vol41 small #hvo1 #eej pages1 #is4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,probably no other book contains the same amount of information in so compendious and well-arranged a form--certainly none at the price at which this is offered to the public4--,athenum4 ,we can do no other than pronounce this work a most valuable manual of astronomy1 and we strongly recommend it to all who wish to acquire a general--but at the same time correct--acquaintance with this sublime science4--,quarterly ,journal of ,science4 ,one of the most deservedly popular books on the subject4444 ,we would recommend not only the student of the elementary principles of the science1 but he who aims at mastering the higher and mathematical branches of astronomy1 not to be without this work beside him4--,practical ,magazine4 ,geology4 ,,rudimentary ,,treatise ,,on ,,geology1 ,,physical ,,and ,,historical4 ,consisting of ,physical ,geology1 which sets forth the leading ,principles of the ,science2 and ,historical ,geology1 which treats of the ,mineral and ,organic ,conditions of the ,earth at each successive epoch1 especial reference being made to the ,british ,series of ,rocks4 ,by ,,ralph ,,tate1 ,a4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 c4 ,with #bej ,illustrations4 #abmo1 #es4 cl4 bds4 ,the fulness of the matter has elevated the book into a manual4 ,its information is exhaustive and well arranged4--,school ,board ,chronicle4 ,,dr4 ,,lardner',s ,,museum ,,of ,,science ,,and ,,art4 ,,the ,,museum ,,of ,,science ,,and ,,art4 ,edited by ,,dionysius ,,lardner1 ,d4,c4,l41 formerly ,professor of ,natural ,philosophy and ,astronomy in ,university ,college1 ,london4 ,with upwards of #a1bjj ,engravings on ,wood4 ,in #f ,double ,volumes1 #a #as4 in a new and elegant cloth binding2 or handsomely bound in half-morocco1 #cas4 #f;d4 999999 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,this series1 besides affording popular but sound instruction on scientific subjects1 with which the humblest man in the country ought to be acquainted1 also undertakes that teaching of ',common ,things' which every well-wisher of his kind is anxious to promote4 ,many thousand copies of this serviceable publication have been printed1 in the belief and hope that the desire for instruction and improvement widely prevails2 and we have no fear that such enlightened faith will meet with disappointment4--,times4 ,a cheap and interesting publication1 alike informing and attractive4 ,the papers combine subjects of importance and great scientific knowledge1 considerable inductive powers1 and a popular style of treatment4--,spectator4 ,the ',museum of ,science and ,art' is the most valuable contribution that has ever been made to the ,scientific ,instruction of every class of society4--,sir ,,david ,,brewster1 in the ,north ,british ,review4 ,whether we consider the liberality and beauty of the illustrations1 the charm of the writing1 or the durable interest of the matter1 we must express our belief that there is hardly to be found among the new books one that would be welcomed by people of so many ages and classes as a valuable present4--,examiner4 999999 ,separate books formed from the above1 suitable for ,workmen's ,libraries1 ,science ,classes1 etc4 ,common ,things ,explained4 ,containing ,air1 ,earth1 ,fire1 ,water1 ,time1 ,man1 the ,eye1 ,locomotion1 ,colour1 ,clocks and ,watches1 c4 #bcc ,illustrations1 cloth gilt1 #es4 ,the ,microscope4 ,containing ,optical ,images1 ,magnifying ,glasses1 ,origin and ,description of the ,microscope1 ,microscopic ,objects1 the ,solar ,microscope1 ,microscopic ,drawing and ,engraving1 c4 #adg ,illustrations1 cloth gilt1 #bs4 ,popular ,geology4 ,containing ,earthquakes and ,volcanoes1 the ,crust of the ,earth1 c4 #bja ,illustrations1 cloth gilt1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,popular ,physics4 ,containing ,magnitude and ,minuteness1 the ,atmosphere1 ,meteoric ,stones1 ,popular ,fallacies1 ,weather ,prognostics1 the ,thermometer1 the ,barometer1 ,sound1 c4 #he ,illustrations1 cloth gilt1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,steam1 and its ,uses4 ,including the ,steam ,engine1 the ,locomotive1 and ,steam ,navigation4 #hi ,illustrations1 cloth gilt1 #bs4 ,popular ,astronomy4 ,containing ,how to observe the ,heavens--,the ,earth1 ,sun1 ,moon1 ,planets1 ,light1 ,comets1 ,eclipses1 ,astronomical ,influences1 c4 #ahb ,illustrations1 cloth gilt1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,the ,bee and ,white ,ants3 ,their ,manners and ,habits4 ,with ,illustrations of ,animal ,instinct and ,intelligence4 #ace ,illustrations1 cloth gilt1 #bs4 ,the ,electric ,telegraph ,popularised4 ,to render intelligible to all who can ,read1 irrespective of any previous ,scientific ,acquirements1 the various forms of ,telegraphy in ,actual ,operation4 #ajj ,illustrations1 cloth gilt1 #as4 #f;d4 ,dr4 ,lardner's ,school ,handbooks4 ,,natural ,,philosophy ,,for ,,schools4 ,by ,dr4 ,,lardner4 #cbh ,illustrations4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,one ,vol41 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,a very convenient class-book for junior students in private schools4 ,it is intended to convey in clear and precise terms1 general notions of all the principal divisions of ,physical ,science4--,british ,quarterly ,review4 ,,animal ,,physiology ,,for ,,schools4 ,by ,dr4 ,,lardner4 ,with #aij ,illustrations4 ,second ,edition4 ,one ,vol41 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,clearly written1 well arranged1 and excellently illustrated4--,gardener's ,chronicle4 ,lardner and ,bright on the ,electric ,telegraph4 ,,the ,,electric ,,telegraph4 ,by ,dr4 ,,lardner4 ,revised and ,re-written by ,e4 ,b4 ,,bright1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 #adj ,illustrations4 ,small #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,one of the most readable books extant on the ,electric ,telegraph4--,english ,mechanic4 ,,chemical ,,manufactures1 ,,chemistry4 ,chemistry for ,engineers1 etc4 ,,engineering ,,chemistry2 ,a ,practical ,treatise for the ,use of ,analytical ,chemists1 ,engineers1 ,iron ,masters1 ,iron ,founders1 ,students1 and others4 ,comprising ,methods of ,analysis and ,valuation of the ,principal ,materials used in ,engineering ,work1 with numerous ,analyses1 ,examples1 and ,suggestions4 ,by ,h4 ,,joshua ,,phillips1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 formerly ,analytical and ,consulting ,chemist to the ,great ,eastern ,railway4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,crown #hvo1 #djj pp41 with ,illustrations1 #ajs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,in this work the author has rendered no small service to a numerous body of practical men4444 ,the analytical methods may be pronounced most satisfactory1 being as accurate as the despatch required of engineering chemists permits4--,chemical ,news4 ,those in search of a handy treatise on the subject of analytical chemistry as applied to the every-day requirements of workshop practice will find this volume of great assistance4--,iron4 ,the first attempt to bring forward a ,chemistry specially written for the use of engineers1 and we have no hesitation whatever in saying that it should at once be in the possession of every railway engineer4--,the ,railway ,engineer4 ,the book will be very useful to those who require a handy and concise resume of approved methods of analysing and valuing metals1 oils1 fuels1 c4 ,it is1 in fact1 a work for chemists1 a guide to the routine of the engineering laboratory4444 ,the book is full of good things4 ,as a handbook of technical analysis1 it is very welcome4--,builder4 ,considering the extensive ground which such a subject as ,engineering ,chemistry covers1 the work is complete1 and recommends itself to both the practising analyist and the analytical student4--,chemical ,trade ,journal4 ,the analytical methods given are1 as a whole1 such as are likely to give rapid and trustworthy results in experienced hands4 ,there is much excellent descriptive matter in the work1 the chapter on ',oils and ,lubrication' being specially noticeable in this respect4--,engineer4 ,alkali ,trade1 ,manufacture of ,sulphuric ,acid1 etc4 ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,the ,,alkali ,,trade1 including the ,manufacture of ,sulphuric ,acid1 ,sulphate of ,soda1 and ,bleaching ,powder4 ,by ,,john ,,lomas1 ,alkali ,manufacturer1 ,newcastle-upon-,tyne and ,london4 ,with #bcb ,illustrations and ,working ,drawings1 and containing #cij pages of ,text4 ,second ,edition1 with ,additions4 ,super-royal #hvo1 #a #ajs4 cloth4 ,this book is written by a manufacturer for manufacturers4 ,the working details of the most approved forms of apparatus are given1 and these are accompanied by no less than #bcb wood engravings1 all of which may be used for the purposes of construction4 ,every step in the manufacture is very fully described in this manual1 and each improvement explained4--,athenum4 ,we find not merely a sound and luminous explanation of the chemical principles of the trade1 but a notice of numerous matters which have a most important bearing on the successful conduct of alkali works1 but which are generally overlooked by even experienced technological authors4--,chemical ,review4 ,the ,blowpipe4 ,,the ,,blowpipe ,,in ,,chemistry1 ,,mineralogy1 ,,and ,,geology4 ,containing all known ,methods of ,anhydrous ,analysis1 many ,working ,examples1 and ,instructions for ,making ,apparatus4 ,by ,lieut4-,colonel ,w4 ,a4 ,,ross1 ,r4,a41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,with #abj ,illustrations4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,crown #hvo1 #es4 cloth4 ,the student who goes through the course of experimentation here laid down will gain a better insight into inorganic chemistry and mineralogy than if he had 'got up' any of the best text-books1 and passed any number of examinations in their contents4--,chemical ,news4 ,commercial ,chemical ,analysis4 ,,the ,,commercial ,,handbook ,,of ,,chemical ,,analysis2 or1 ,practical ,instructions for the determination of the ,intrinsic or ,commercial ,value of ,substances used in ,manufactures1 in ,trades1 and in the ,arts4 ,by ,a4 ,,normandy1 ,editor of ,rose's ,treatise on ,chemical ,analysis4 ,new ,edition1 to a great extent ,re-written by ,,henry ,m4 ,,noad1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,we strongly recommend this book to our readers as a guide1 alike indispensable to the housewife as to the pharmaceutical practitioner4--,medical ,times4 ,essential to the analysts appointed under the new ,act4 ,the most recent results are given and the work is well edited and carefully written4--,nature4 ,dye-,wares and ,colours4 ,,the ,,manual ,,of ,,colours ,,and ,,dye-,,wares3 ,their ,properties1 ,applications1 ,valuations1 ,impurities1 and ,sophistications4 ,for the use of ,dyers1 ,printers1 ,drysalters1 ,brokers1 c4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,slater4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised and greatly ,enlarged4 ,crown #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,a complete encyclopdia of the materia tinctoria4 ,the information given respecting each article is full and precise1 and the methods of determining the value of articles such as these1 so liable to sophistication1 are given with clearness1 and are practical as well as valuable4--,chemist and ,druggist4 ,there is no other work which covers precisely the same ground4 ,to students preparing for examinations in dyeing and printing it will prove exceedingly useful4--,chemical ,news4 ,modern ,brewing and ,malting4 ,a ,,handybook ,,for ,,brewers3 ,being a ,practical ,guide to the ,art of ,brewing and ,malting4 ,embracing the ,conclusions of ,modern ,research which bear upon the ,practice of ,brewing4 ,by ,,herbert ,,edwards ,,wright1 ,m4,a41 ,author of ,a ,handbook for ,young ,brewers4 ,crown #hvo1 #ecj pp41 #abs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,may be consulted with advantage by the student who is preparing himself for examinational tests1 while the scientific brewer will find in it a resume of all the most important discoveries of modern times4 ,the work is written throughout in a clear and concise manner1 and the author takes great care to discriminate between vague theories and well-established facts4--,brewers' ,journal4 ,we have great pleasure in recommending this handybook1 and have no hesitation in saying that it is one of the best--if not the best--which has yet been written on the subject of beer-brewing in this country1 and it should have a place on the shelves of every brewer's library4--,the ,brewer's ,guardian4 ,although the requirements of the student are primarily considered1 an acquaintance of half-an-hour's duration cannot fail to impress the practical brewer with the sense of having found a trustworthy guide and practical counsellor in brewery matters4--,chemical ,trade ,journal4 ,analysis and ,valuation of ,fuels4 ,,fuels3 ,,solid1 ,,liquid1 ,,and ,,gaseous1 ,their ,analysis and ,valuation4 ,for the ,use of ,chemists and ,engineers4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,,phillips1 ,f4,c4,s41 formerly ,analytical and ,consulting ,chemist to the ,great ,eastern ,railway4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,crown #hvo1 #es4 cloth4 ,ought to have its place in the laboratory of every metallurgical establishment1 and wherever fuel is used on a large scale4--,chemical ,news4 ,cannot fail to be of wide interest1 especially at the present time4--,railway ,news4 ,pigments4 ,,the ,,artist',s ,,manual ,,of ,,pigments4 ,showing their ,composition1 ,conditions of ,permanency1 ,non-,permanency1 and ,adulterations2 ,effects in ,combination with ,each ,other and with ,vehicles2 and the most ,reliable ,tests of ,purity ,together with the ,science and ,art ,department's ,examination ,questions on ,painting4 ,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,standage4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,this work is indeed multum-in-parvo1 and we can1 with good conscience1 recommend it to all who come in contact with pigments1 whether as makers1 dealers or users4--,chemical ,review4 ,gauging4 ,tables and ,rules for ,revenue ,officers1 ,brewers1 etc4 ,a ,,pocket ,,book ,,of ,,mensuration ,,and ,,gauging3 ,containing ,tables1 ,rules and ,memoranda for ,revenue ,officers1 ,brewers1 ,spirit ,merchants1 c4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,mant 7,inland ,revenue74 ,second ,edition1 ,revised4 #ahmo1 #ds4 leather4 ,this handy and useful book is adapted to the requirements of the ,inland ,revenue ,department1 and will be a favourite book of reference4 ,the range of subjects is comprehensive1 and the arrangement simple and clear4--,civilian4 ,should be in the hands of every practical brewer4--,brewers' ,journal4 ,,industrial ,,arts1 ,,trades1 ,,and ,,manufactures4 ,cotton ,spinning4 ,,cotton ,,manufacture3 ,a ,practical ,manual4 ,embracing the various operations of ,cotton ,manufacture1 ,dyeing1 c4 ,for the ,use of ,operatives1 ,overlookers1 and ,manufacturers4 ,by ,,john ,,lister1 ,technical ,instructor1 ,pendleton4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,demy #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,flour ,manufacture1 ,milling1 etc4 ,,flour ,,manufacture3 ,a ,treatise on ,milling ,science and ,practice4 ,by ,,friedrich ,,kick1 ,imperial ,regierungsrath1 ,professor of ,mechanical ,technology in the ,imperial ,german ,polytechnic ,institute1 ,prague4 ,translated from the ,second ,enlarged and ,revised ,edition with ,supplement4 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,p4 ,,powles1 ,assoc4 ,memb4 ,institution of ,civil ,engineers4 ,nearly #djj pp4 ,illustrated with #bh ,folding ,plates1 and #afg ,woodcuts4 ,royal #hvo1 #bes4 cloth4 ,this valuable work is1 and will remain1 the standard authority on the science of milling4444 ,the miller who has read and digested this work will have laid the foundation1 so to speak1 of a successful career2 he will have acquired a number of general principles which he can proceed to apply4 ,in this handsome volume we at last have the accepted text-book of modern milling in good1 sound ,english1 which has little1 if any1 trace of the ,german idiom4--,the ,miller4 ,the appearance of this celebrated work in ,english is very opportune1 and ,british millers will1 we are sure1 not be slow in availing themselves of its pages4--,millers' ,gazette4 ,agglutinants4 ,,cements1 ,,pastes1 ,,glues ,,and ,,gums3 ,a ,practical ,guide to the ,manufacture and ,application of the various ,agglutinants required in the ,building1 ,metal-,working1 ,wood-,working and ,leather-,working ,trades1 and for ,workshop1 ,laboratory or ,office ,use4 ,with upwards of #ijj ,recipes and ,formul4 ,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,standage1 ,chemist4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,we have pleasure in speaking favourably of this volume4 ,so far as we have had experience1 which is not inconsiderable1 this manual is trustworthy4--,athenum4 ,as a revelation of what are considered trade secrets1 this book will arouse an amount of curiosity among the large number of industries it touches4--,daily ,chronicle4 ,in this goodly collection of receipts it would be strange if a cement for any purpose cannot be found4--,oil and ,colourman's ,journal4 ,soap-making4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,soap-,,making3 ,a ,practical ,handbook of the ,manufacture of ,hard and ,soft ,soaps1 ,toilet ,soaps1 etc4 ,including many ,new ,processes1 and a ,chapter on the ,recovery of ,glycerine from ,waste ,leys4 ,by ,,alexander ,,watt4 ,fourth ,edition1 ,enlarged4 ,crown #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,the work will prove very useful1 not merely to the technological student1 but to the practical soap-boiler who wishes to understand the theory of his art4--,chemical ,news4 ,a thoroughly practical treatise on an art which has almost no literature in our language4 ,we congratulate the author on the success of his endeavour to fill a void in ,english technical literature4--,nature4 ,paper ,making4 ,,practical ,,paper-,,making3 ,a ,manual for ,paper-makers and ,owners and ,managers of ,paper-,mills4 ,with ,tables1 ,calculations1 c4 ,by ,g4 ,,clapperton1 ,paper-maker4 ,with ,illustrations of ,fibres from ,micro-,photographs4 ,crown #hvo1 #es4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,the author caters for the requirements of responsible mill hands1 apprentices1 c41 whilst his manual will be found of great service to students of technology1 as well as to veteran paper makers and mill owners4 ,the illustrations form an excellent feature4--,paper ,trade ,review4 ,we recommend everybody interested in the trade to get a copy of this thoroughly practical book4--,paper ,making4 ,paper ,making4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,paper ,,making3 ,a ,practical ,handbook of the ,manufacture of ,paper from ,rags1 ,esparto1 ,straw1 and other ,fibrous ,materials4 ,including the ,manufacture of ,pulp from ,wood ,fibre1 with a ,description of the ,machinery and ,appliances used4 ,to which are added ,details of ,processes for ,recovering ,soda from ,waste ,liquors4 ,by ,,alexander ,,watt1 ,author of ,the ,art of ,soap-,making ,with ,illusts4 ,crown #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,it may be regarded as the standard work on the subject4 ,the book is full of valuable information4 ,the ',art of ,paper-making1' is in every respect a model of a text-book1 either for a technical class or for the private student4--,paper and ,printing ,trades journal4 ,leather ,manufacture4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,leather ,,manufacture4 ,being a ,practical ,handbook1 in which the ,operations of ,tanning1 ,currying1 and ,leather ,dressing are fully ,described1 and the ,principles of ,tanning ,explained1 and many ,recent ,processes ,introduced2 as also the ,methods for the ,estimation of ,tannin1 and a ,description of the ,arts of ,glue ,boiling1 ,gut ,dressing1 c4 ,by ,,alexander ,,watt1 ,author of ,soap-,making1 c4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #is4 cloth4 ,a sound1 comprehensive treatise on tanning and its accessories4 ,it is an eminently valuable production1 which redounds to the credit of both author and publishers4--,chemical ,review4 ,boot and ,shoe ,making4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,boot ,,and ,,shoe-,,making4 ,a ,practical ,handbook1 including ,measurement1 ,last-,fitting1 ,cutting-,out1 ,closing1 and ,making1 with a ,description of the most approved ,machinery employed4 ,by ,,john ,b4 ,,leno1 late ,editor of ,st4 ,crispin1 and ,the ,boot and ,shoe-,maker4 #abmo1 #bs4 cloth limp4 ,this excellent treatise is by far the best work ever written4 ,the chapter on clicking1 which shows how waste may be prevented1 will save fifty times the price of the book4--,scottish ,leather ,trader4 ,dentistry ,construction4 ,,mechanical ,,dentistry3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,construction of the various kinds of ,artificial ,dentures4 ,comprising also ,useful ,formul1 ,tables1 and ,receipts for ,gold ,plate1 ,clasps1 ,solders1 c4 c4 ,by ,,charles ,,hunter4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,we can strongly recommend ,mr4 ,hunter's treatise to all students preparing for the profession of dentistry1 as well as to every mechanical dentist4--,dublin ,journal of ,medical ,science4 ,wood ,engraving4 ,,wood ,,engraving3 ,a ,practical and ,easy ,introduction to the ,study of the ,art4 ,by ,,william ,,norman ,,brown4 ,second ,edition4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 #abmo1 #as4 #f;d4 cloth limp4 ,the book is clear and complete1 and will be useful to anyone wanting to understand the first elements of the beautiful art of wood engraving4--,graphic4 ,horology4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,modern ,,horology1 in ,theory and ,practice4 ,translated from the ,french of ,,claudius ,,saunier1 ex-,director of the ,school of ,horology at ,maon1 by ,,julien ,,tripplin1 ,f4,r ,a4,s41 ,besanon ,watch ,manufacturer1 and ,,edward ,,rigg1 ,m4,a41 ,assayer in the ,royal ,mint4 ,with #gh ,woodcuts and #bb ,coloured ,copper ,plates4 ,second ,edition4 ,super-royal #hvo1 #b #bs4 cloth2 #b #ajs4 half-calf4 ,there is no horological work in the ,english language at all to be compared to this production of ,m4 ,saunier's for clearness and completeness4 ,it is alike good as a guide for the student and as a reference for the experienced horolegist and skilled workman4--,horological ,journal4 ,the latest1 the most complete1 and the most reliable of those literary productions to which continental watchmakers are indebted for the mechanical superiority over their ,english brethren--in fact1 the ,book of ,books1 is ,m4 ,saunier's ',treatise4'--,watchmaker1 ,jeweller and ,silversmith4 ,watchmaking4 ,,the ,,watchmaker',s ,,handbook4 ,intended as a ,workshop ,companion for those engaged in ,watchmaking and the ,allied ,mechanical ,arts4 ,translated from the ,french of ,,claudius ,,saunier1 and considerably enlarged by ,,julien ,,tripplin1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,vice-,president of the ,horological ,institute1 and ,,edward ,,rigg1 ,m4,a41 ,assayer in the ,royal ,mint4 ,with numerous ,woodcuts and #ad ,copper ,plates4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #is4 cloth4 ,each part is truly a treatise in itself4 ,the arrangement is good and the language is clear and concise4 ,it is an admirable guide for the young watchmaker4--,engineering4 ,it is impossible to speak too highly of its excellence4 ,it fulfils every requirement in a handbook intended for the use of a workman4 ,should be found in every workshop4--,watch and ,clockmaker4 ,this book contains an immense number of practical details bearing on the daily occupation of a watchmaker4--,watchmaker and ,metalworker 7,chicago74 ,watches and ,timekeepers4 ,a ,,history ,,of ,,watches ,,and ,,other ,,timekeepers4 ,by ,,james ,f4 ,,kendal1 ,m4,b4,h4,inst4 #as4 #f;d4 boards2 or #bs4 #f;d4 cloth gilt4 ,mr4 ,kendal's book1 for its size1 is the best which has yet appeared on this subject in the ,english language4--,industries4 ,open the book where you may1 there is interesting matter in it concerning the ingenious devices of the ancient or modern horologer4 ,the subject is treated in a liberal and entertaining spirit1 as might be expected of a historian who is a master of the craft4--,saturday ,review4 ,electrolysis of ,gold1 ,silver1 ,copper1 etc4 ,,electro-,,deposition3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,electrolysis of ,gold1 ,silver1 ,copper1 ,nickel1 and other ,metals and ,alloys4 ,with descriptions of ,voltaic ,batteries1 ,magneto and ,dynamo-,electric ,machines1 ,thermopiles1 and of the ,materials and ,processes used in every ,department of the ,art1 and several ,chapters on ,electro-,metallurgy4 ,by ,,alexander ,,watt1 ,author of ,electro-,metallurgy1 c4 ,third ,edition1,revised4 ,crown #hvo1 #is4 cloth4 ,eminently a book for the practical worker in electro-deposition4 ,it contains practical descriptions of methods1 processes and materials as actually pursued and used in the workshop4--,,engineer4 ,electro-,metallurgy4 ,,electro-,,metallurgy3 ,practically ,treated4 ,by ,,alexander ,,watt1 ,author of ,electro-,deposition1 c4 ,ninth ,edition1 including the most recent ,processes4 #abmo1 #ds4 cloth boards4 ,from this book both amateur and artisan may learn everything necessary for the successful prosecution of electroplating4--,iron4 ,working in ,gold4 ,,the ,,jeweller',s ,,assistant ,,in ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,working ,,in ,,gold3 ,a ,practical ,treatise for ,masters and ,workmen1 ,compiled from the ,experience of ,thirty ,years' ,workshop ,practice4 ,by ,,george ,e4 ,,gee1 ,author of ,the ,goldsmith's ,handbook1 c4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,this manual of technical education is apparently destined to be a valuable auxiliary to a handicraft which is certainty capable of great improvement4--,the ,times4 ,very useful in the workshop1 as the knowledge is practical1 having been acquired by long experience1 and all the recipes and directions are guaranteed to be successful4--,jeweller and ,metalworker4 ,electroplating4 ,,electroplating3 ,a ,practical ,handbook on the ,deposition of ,copper1 ,silver1 ,nickel1 ,gold1 ,aluminium1 ,brass1 ,platinum1 c4 c4 ,with ,descriptions of the ,chemicals1 ,materials1 ,batteries1 and ,dynamo ,machines used in the ,art4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,urquhart1 ,c4,e41 ,author of ,electric ,light1 c4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised1 with ,additions4 ,numerous ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #es4 cloth4 ,an excellent practical manual4--,engineering4 ,an excellent work1 giving the newest information4--,horological ,journal4 ,electrotyping4 ,,electrotyping3 ,the ,reproduction and ,multiplication of ,printing ,surfaces and ,works of ,art by the ,electro-deposition of ,metals4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,urquhart1 ,c4,e4 ,crown #hvo1 #es4 cloth4 ,the book is thoroughly practical4 ,the reader is1 therefore1 conducted through the leading laws of electricity1 then through the metals used by electrotypers1 the apparatus1 and the depositing processes1 up to the final preparation of the work4--,art ,journal4 ,goldsmiths' ,work4 ,,the ,,goldsmith',s ,,handbook4 ,by ,,george ,e4 ,,gee1 ,jeweller1 c4 ,third ,edition1 considerably ,enlarged1 #abmo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cl4 bds4 ,a good1 sound educator1 and will be generally accepted as an authority4--,horological ,journal4 ,silversmiths' ,work4 ,,the ,,silversmith',s ,,handbook4 ,by ,,george ,e4 ,,gee1 ,jeweller1 c4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised1 with numerous ,illustrations4 #abmo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth boards4 ,the chief merit of the work is its practical character4444 ,the workers in the trade will speedily discover its merits when they sit down to study it4--,english ,mechanic4 999999 ,the above two-works together1 strongly half-bound1 price #gs4 ,bread and ,biscuit ,baking4 ,,the ,,bread ,,and ,,biscuit ,,baker',s ,,and ,,sugar-,,boiler',s ,,assistant4 ,including a large variety of ,modern ,recipes4 ,with ,remarks on the ,art of ,bread-making4 ,by ,,robert ,,wells1 ,practical ,baker4 ,second ,edition1 with ,additional ,recipes4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 cloth4 ,a large number of wrinkles for the ordinary cook1 as well as the baker4--,saturday ,review4 ,confectionery for ,hotels and ,restaurants4 ,,the ,,pastrycook ,,and ,,confectioner',s ,,guide4 ,for ,hotels1 ,restaurants and the ,trade in general1 adapted also for ,family ,use4 ,by ,,robert ,,wells1 ,author of ,the ,bread and ,biscuit ,baker's and ,sugar-,boiler's ,assistant4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 cloth4 ,we cannot speak too highly of this really excellent work4 ,in these days of keen competition our readers cannot do better than purchase this book4--,bakers' ,times4 ,ornamental ,confectionery4 ,,ornamental ,,confectionery3 ,a ,guide for ,bakers4 ,confectioners and ,pastrycooks2 including a variety of ,modern ,recipes1 and ,remarks on ,decorative and ,coloured ,work4 ,with #abi ,original ,designs4 ,by ,,robert ,,wells1 ,practical ,baker1 ,author of ,the ,bread and ,biscuit ,baker's and ,sugar-,boiler's ,assistant1 c4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth gilt1 #es4 ,a valuable work1 practical1 and should be in the hands of every baker and confectioner4 ,the illustrative designs are alone worth treble the amount charged for the whole work4--,bakers' ,times4 ,flour ,confectionery4 ,,the ,,modern ,,flour ,,confectioner4 ,wholesale and ,retail4 ,containing a large ,collection of ,recipes for ,cheap ,cakes1 ,biscuits1 c4 ,with ,remarks on the ,ingredients used in their ,manufacture4 ,to which are added ,recipes for ,dainties for the ,working ,man's ,table4 ,by ,r4 ,,wells1 ,author of ,the ,bread and ,biscuit ,baker1 c4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 cl4 ,the work is of a decidedly practical character1 and in every recipe regard is had to economical working4--,north ,british ,daily ,mail4 ,laundry ,work4 ,,laundry ,,management4 ,a ,handbook for ,use in ,private and ,public ,laundries1 ,including ,descriptive ,accounts of ,modern ,machinery and ,appliances for ,laundry ,work4 ,by the ,,editor of ,the ,laundry ,journal4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,this book should certainly occupy an honoured place on the shelves of all housekeepers who wish to keep themselves au courant of the newest appliances and methods4--,the ,queen4 ,,handybooks ,,for ,,handicrafts4 ,by ,,paul ,n4 ,,hasluck1 ,,editor ,,of ,,work 7,,new ,,series72 ,,author ,,of ,,lathework1 ,,milling ,,machines1 c4 ,crown #hvo1 #add pages1 cloth1 price #as4 each4 ,these ,,handybooks have been written to supply information for ,,workmen1 ,,students1 and ,,amateurs in the several ,handicrafts1 on the actual ,,practice of the ,,workshop1 and are intended to convey in plain language ,,technical ,,knowledge of the several ,,crafts4 ,in describing the processes employed1 and the manipulation of material1 workshop terms are used2 workshop practice is fully explained2 and the text is freely illustrated with drawings of modern tools1 appliances1 and processes4 ,,the ,,metal ,,turner',s ,,handybook4 ,a ,practical ,manual for ,workers at the ,foot-,lathe4 ,with over #ajj ,illustrations4 ,price #as4 ,the book will be of service alike to the amateur and the artisan turner4 ,it displays thorough knowledge of the subject4--,scotsman4 ,,the ,,wood ,,turner',s ,,handybook4 ,a ,practical ,manual for ,workers at the ,lathe4 ,with over #ajj ,illustrations4 ,price #as4 ,we recommend the book to young turners and amateurs4 ,a multitude of workmen have hitherto sought in vain for a manual of this special industry4--,mechanical ,world4 ,,the ,,watch ,,jobber',s ,,handybook4 ,a ,practical ,manual on ,cleaning1 ,repairing1 and ,adjusting4 ,with upwards of #ajj ,illustrations4 ,price #as4 ,we strongly advise all young persons connected with the watch trade to acquire and study this inexpensive work4--,clerkenwell ,chronicle4 ,,the ,,pattern ,,maker',s ,,handybook4 ,a ,practical ,manual on the ,construction of ,patterns for ,founders4 ,with upwards of #ajj ,illustrations4 ,price #as4 ,a most valuable1 if not indispensable1 manual for the pattern maker4--,knowledge4 ,,the ,,mechanic',s ,,workshop ,,handybook4 ,a ,practical ,manual on ,mechanical ,manipulation4 ,embracing ,information on various ,handicraft ,processes1 with ,useful ,notes and ,miscellaneous ,memoranda4 ,comprising about #bjj ,subjects4 ,price #as4 ,a very clever and useful book1 which should be found in every workshop2 and it should certainly find a place in all technical schools4--,saturday ,review4 ,,the ,,model ,,engineer',s ,,handybook4 ,a ,practical ,manual on the ,construction of ,model ,steam ,engines4 ,with upwards of #ajj ,illustrations4 ,price #as4 ,mr4 ,hasluck has produced a very good little book4--,builder4 ,,the ,,clock ,,jobber',s ,,handybook4 ,a ,practical ,manual on ,cleaning1 ,repairing1 and ,adjusting4 ,with upwards of #ajj ,illustrations4 ,price #as4 ,it is of inestimable service to those commencing the trade4--,coventry ,standard4 ,,the ,,cabinet ,,worker',s ,,handybook3 ,a ,practical ,manual on the ,tools1 ,materials1 ,appliances1 and ,processes employed in ,cabinet ,work4 ,with upwards of #ajj ,illustrations4 ,price #as4 ,mr4 ,hasluck's thoroughgoing little ,handybook is amongst the most practical guides we have seen for beginners in cabinet-work4--,saturday ,review4 ,,the ,,woodworker',s ,,handybook ,,of ,,manual ,,instruction4 ,embracing ,information on the ,tools1 ,materials1 ,appliances and ,processes employed in ,woodworking4 ,with #ajd ,illustrations4 ,price #as4 ,just published4 ,,the ,,metalworker',s ,,handybook4 ,with upwards of #ajj ,illustrations4 ,in preparation4 999999 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,written by a man who knows1 not only how work ought to be done1 but how to do it1 and how to convey his knowledge to others4--,engineering4 ,mr4 ,hasluck writes admirably1 and gives complete instructions4--,engineer4 ,mr4 ,hasluck combines the experience of a practical teacher with the manipulative skill and scientific knowledge of processes of the trained mechanician1 and the manuals are marvels of what can be produced at a popular price4--,schoolmaster4 ,helpful to workmen of all ages and degrees of experience4--,daily ,chronicle4 ,practical1 sensible1 and remarkably cheap4--,journal of ,education4 ,concise1 clear and practical4--,saturday ,review4 ,,commerce1 ,,counting-,,house ,,work1 ,,tables1 etc4 ,commercial ,education4 ,,lessons ,,in ,,commerce4 ,by ,professor ,r4 ,,gambaro1 of the ,royal ,high ,commercial ,school at ,genoa4 ,edited and ,revised by ,,james ,,gault1 ,professor of ,commerce and ,commercial ,law in ,king's ,college1 ,london4 ,crown #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,the publishers of this work have rendered considerable service to the cause of commercial education by the opportune production of this volume4444 ,the work is peculiarly acceptable to ,english readers and an admirable addition to existing class-books4 ,in a phrase1 we think the work attains its object in furnishing a brief account of those laws and customs of ,british trade with which the commercial man interested therein should be familiar4--,chamber of ,commerce ,journal4 ,an invaluable guide in the hands of those who are preparing for a commercial career4--,counting ,house4 ,foreign ,commercial ,correspondence4 ,,the ,,foreign ,,commercial ,,correspondent3 ,being ,aids to ,commercial ,correspondence in ,five ,languages--,english1 ,french1 ,german1 ,italian1 and ,spanish4 ,by ,,conrad ,e4 ,,baker4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,whoever wishes to correspond in all the languages mentioned by ,mr4 ,baker cannot do better than study this work1 the materials of which are excellent and conveniently arranged4 ,they consist not of entire specimen letters but--what are far more useful--short passages1 sentences1 or phrases expressing the same general idea in various forms4--,athenum4 ,a careful examination has convinced us that it is unusually complete1 well arranged1 and reliable4 ,the book is a thoroughly good one4--,schoolmaster4 ,accounts for ,manufacturers4 ,,factory ,,accounts3 ,their ,principles and ,practice4 ,a ,handbook for ,accountants and ,manufacturers1 with ,appendices on the ,nomenclature of ,machine ,details2 the ,income ,tax ,acts2 the ,rating of ,factories2 ,fire and ,boiler ,insurance2 the ,factory and ,workshop ,acts1 c41 including also a ,glossary of ,terms and a large number of ,specimen ,rulings4 ,by ,,emile ,,garcke and ,j4 ,m4 ,,fells4 ,fourth ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,demy #hvo1 #bej pages1 #fs4 strongly bound4 ,a very interesting description of the requirements of ,factory ,accounts4444 ,the principle of assimilating the ,factory ,accounts to the general commercial books is one which we thoroughly agree with4--,accountants' ,journal4 ,characterised by extreme thoroughness4 ,there are few owners of factories who would not derive great benefit from the perusal of this most admirable work4--,local ,government ,chronicle4 ,intuitive ,calculations4 ,,the ,,compendious ,,calculator2 or1 ,easy and ,concise ,methods of ,performing the various ,arithmetical ,operations required in ,commercial and ,business ,transactions1 together with ,useful ,tables4 ,by ,,daniel ,o',,gorman4 ,corrected and ,extended by ,professor ,j4 ,r4 ,,young4 ,twenty-seventh ,edition1 ,revised by ,c4 ,,norris4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth limp2 or1 #cs4 #f;d4 strongly half-bound in leather4 ,it would be difficult to exaggerate the usefulness of a book like this to everyone engaged in commerce or manufacturing industry4 ,it is crammed full of rules and formul for shortening and employing calculations4--,knowledge4 ,modern ,metrical ,units and ,systems4 ,,modern ,,metrology3 ,a ,manual of the ,metrical ,units and ,systems of the ,present ,century4 ,with an ,appendix containing a proposed ,english ,system4 ,by ,,lowis ,d',a4 ,,jackson1 ,a4,m4,inst4,c4,e41 ,author of ,aid to ,survey ,practice1 c4 ,large crown #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,we recommend the work to all interested in the practical reform of our weights and measures4--,nature4 ,the ,metric ,system and the ,british ,standards4 ,a ,,series ,,of ,,metric ,,tables1 in which the ,british ,standard ,measures and ,weights are compared with those of the ,metric ,system at present in ,use on the ,continent4 ,by ,c4 ,h4 ,,dowling1 ,c4,e4 #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 strongly bound4 ,mr4 ,dowling's ,tables are well put together as a ready-reckoner for the conversion of one system into the other4--,athenum4 ,iron and ,metal ,trades' ,calculator4 ,,the ,,iron ,,and ,,metal ,,trades' ,,companion4 ,for expeditiously ascertaining the ,value of any ,goods bought or sold by ,weight1 from #as4 per cwt4 to #aabs4 per cwt41 and from one farthing per pound to one shilling per pound4 ,by ,,thomas ,,downie4 #cif pp41 #is4 leather4 ,a most useful set of tables2 nothing like them before existed4--,building ,news4 ,although specially adapted to the iron and metal trades1 the tables will be found useful in every other business in which merchandise is bought and sold by weight4--,railway ,news4 ,chadwick's ,calculator for ,numbers and ,weights ,combined4 ,,the ,,number1 ,,weight1 ,,and ,,fractional ,,calculator4 ,containing upwards of #bej1jjj ,separate ,calculations1 showing at a glance the value at #dbb different rates1 ranging from #a_/abeth of a ,penny to #bjs4 each1 or per cwt41 and #bj per ton1 of any number of articles consecutively1 from #a to #dgj4--;,any number of cwts41 qrs41 and lbs41 from #a cwt4 to #dgj cwts4--,any number of tons1 cwts41 qrs41 and lbs41 from #a to #a1jjj tons4 ,by ,,william ,,chadwick1 ,public ,accountant4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised and ,improved4 #hvo1 #ahs41 strongly bound for ,office wear and tear4 ,is adapted for the use of ,accountants and ,auditors1 ,railway ,companies1 ,canal ,companies1 ,shippers1 ,shipping ,agents1 ,general ,carriers1 etc4 ,ironfounders1 ,brassfounders1 ,metal ,merchants1 ,iron ,manufacturers1 ,ironmongers1 ,engineers1 ,machinists1 ,boiler ,makers4 ,millwrights1 ,roofing1 ,bridge and ,girder ,makers1 ,colliery ,proprietors1 etc4 ,timber ,merchants1 ,builders1 ,contractors1 ,architects1 ,surveyors1 ,auctioneers1 ,valuers1 ,brokers1 ,mill ,owners and ,manufacturers1 ,mill ,furnishers1 ,merchants1 and ,general ,wholesale ,tradesmen4 ,also for the ,apportionment of ,mileage ,charges for ,railway ,traffic4 999999 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,it is as easy of reference for any answer or any number of answers as a dictionary1 and the references are even more quickly made4 ,for making up accounts or estimates the book must prove invaluable to all who have any considerable quantity of calculations involving price and measure in any combination to do4--,engineer4 ,the most complete and practical ready reckoner which it has been our fortune yet to see4 ,it is difficult to imagine a trade or occupation in which it could not be of the greatest use1 either in saving human labour or in checking work4 ,the publishers have placed within the reach of every commercial man an invaluable and unfailing assistant4--,the ,miller4 ,the most perfect work of the kind yet prepared4--,glasgow ,herald4 ,harben's ,comprehensive ,weight ,calculator4 ,,the ,,weight ,,calculator4 ,being a ,series of ,tables upon a ,new and ,comprehensive ,plan1 exhibiting at ,one ,reference the exact ,value of any ,weight from #a lb4 to #ae tons1 at #cjj ,progressive ,rates1 from #a;d4 to #afhs4 per cwt41 and containing #ahf1jjj ,direct ,answers1 which1 with their ,combinations1 consisting of a single addition 7mostly to be performed at sight71 will afford an aggregate of #aj1bff1jjj ,answers2 the whole being calculated and designed to ensure correctness and promote despatch4 ,by ,,henry ,,harben1 ,accountant4 ,fourth ,edition1 carefully ,corrected4 ,royal #hvo1 #a #es4 strongly half-bound4 ,a practical and useful work of reference for men of business generally2 it is the best of the kind we have seen4--,ironmonger4 ,of priceless value to business men4 ,it is a necessary book in all mercantile offices4--,sheffield ,independent4 ,harben's ,comprehensive ,discount ,guide4 ,,the ,,discount ,,guide4 ,comprising several ,series of ,tables for the use of ,merchants1 ,manufacturers1 ,ironmongers1 and others1 by which may be ascertained the exact ,profit arising from any mode of using ,discounts1 either in the ,purchase or ,sale of ,goods1 and the method of either ,altering a ,rate of ,discount or ,advancing a ,price1 so as to produce1 by one operation1 a sum that will realise any required profit after allowing one or more ,discounts3 to which are added ,tables of ,profit or ,advance from #a to #ij per cent41 ,tables of ,discount from #a to #ih per cent41 and ,tables of ,commission1 c41 from to #aj per cent4 ,by ,,henry ,,harben1 ,accountant1 ,author of ,the ,weight ,calculator4 ,new ,edition1 carefully ,revised and ,corrected4 ,demy #hvo1 #edd pp41 #a #es4 half-bound4 ,a book such as this can only be appreciated by business men to whom the saving of time means saving of money4 ,we have the high authority of ,professor ,j4 ,r4 ,young that the tables throughout the work are constructed upon strictly accurate principles4 ,the work is a model of typographical clearness1 and must prove of great value to merchants1 manufacturers1 and general traders4--,british ,trade ,journal4 ,iron ,shipbuilders' and ,merchants' ,weight ,tables4 ,,iron-,,plate ,,weight ,,tables3 ,for ,iron ,shipbuilders1 ,engineers1 and ,iron ,merchants4 ,containing the ,calculated ,weights of upwards of #aej1jjj different sizes of ,iron ,plates1 from #a foot by #f in4 by in4 to #aj feet by #e feet by #a in4 ,worked out on the basis of #dj lbs4 to the square foot of ,iron of #a inch in thickness4 ,carefully compiled and thoroughly ,revised by ,h4 ,,burlinson and ,w4 ,h4 ,,simpson4 ,oblong #dto1 #bes4 half-bound4 ,this work will be found of great utility4 ,the authors have had much practical experience of what is wanting in making estimates3 and the use of the book will save much time in making elaborate calculations4--,english ,mechanic4 ,,agriculture1 ,,farming1 ,,gardening1 etc4 ,dr4 ,fream's ,new ,edition of ,the ,standard ,treatise on ,agriculture4 ,,the ,,complete ,,grazier1 and ,,farmer',s and ,,cattle-,,breeder',s ,,assistant3 ,a ,compendium of ,husbandry4 ,originally ,written by ,,william ,,youatt4 ,thirteenth ,edition1 entirely ,re-written1 considerably ,enlarged1 and brought up to the ,present ,requirements of ,agricultural ,practice1 by ,,william ,,fream1 ,,ll4,d41 ,steven ,lecturer in the ,university of ,edinburgh1 ,author of ,the ,elements of ,agriculture1 c4 ,royal #hvo1 #a1ajj pp41 with over #dej ,illustrations4 #a #aas4 #f;d4 strongly and handsomely bound4 ,,extract ,,from ,,publishers' ,,advertisement4 ,a treatise that made its original appearance in the first decade of the century1 and that enters upon its ,thirteenth ,edition before the century has run its course1 has undoubtedly established its position as a work of permanent value4444 ,the phenomenal progress of the last dozen years in the ,practice and ,science of ,farming has rendered it necessary1 however1 that the volume should be re-written1 444 and for this undertaking the publishers were fortunate enough to secure the services of ,dr4 ,,fream1 whose high attainments in all matters pertaining to agriculture have been so emphatically recognised by the highest professional and official authorities4 ,in carrying out his editorial duties1 ,dr4 ,,fream has been favoured with valuable contributions by ,prof4 ,j4 ,,wortley ,,axe1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,,brown1 ,dr4 ,,bernard ,,dyer1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,,malden1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,rew1 ,prof4 ,,sheldon1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,,sinclair1 ,mr4 ,,sanders ,,spencer1 and others4 ,as regards the illustrations of the work1 no pains have been spared to make them as representative and characteristic as possible1 so as to be practically useful to the ,farmer and ,grazier4 ,,summary ,,of ,,contents4 ,,book ,i4 ,,on ,,the ,,varieties1 ,,breeding1 ,,rearing1 ,,fattening1 ,,and ,,management ,,of ,,cattle4 ,,book ,,ii4 ,,on ,,the ,,economy ,,and ,,management ,,of ,,the ,,dairy4 ,,book ,,iii4 ,,on ,,the ,,breeding1 ,,rearing1 ,,and ,,management ,,of ,,horses4 ,,book ,,iv4 ,,on ,,the ,,breeding1 ,,rearing1 ,,and ,,fattening ,,of ,,sheep4 ,,book ,v4 ,,on ,,the ,,breeding1 ,,rearing1 ,,and ,,fattening ,,of ,,swine4 ,,book ,,vi4 ,,on ,,the ,,diseases ,,of ,,live ,,stock4 ,,book ,,vii4 ,,on ,,the ,,breeding1 ,,rearing1 ,,and ,,management ,,of ,,poultry4 ,,book ,,viii4 ,,on ,,farm ,,offices ,,and ,,implements ,,of ,,husbandry4 ,,book ,,ix4 ,,on ,,the ,,culture ,,and ,,management ,,of ,,grass ,,lands4 ,,book ,x4 ,,on ,,the ,,cultivation ,,and ,,application ,,of ,,grasses1 ,,pulse1 ,,and ,,roots4 ,,book ,,xi4 ,,on ,,manures ,,and ,,their ,,application ,,to ,,grass ,,land,,crops4 ,,book ,,xii4 ,,monthly ,,calendars ,,of ,,farmwork4 999999 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press ,,on ,,the ,,new ,,edition4 ,dr4 ,fream is to be congratulated on the successful attempt he has made to give us a work which will at once become the standard classic of the farm practice of the country4 ,we believe that it will be found that it has no compeer among the many works at present in existence4444 ,the illustrations are admirable1 while the frontispiece1 which represents the well-known bull1 ,new ,year's ,gift1 bred by the ,queen1 is a work of art4--,the ,times4 ,the book must be recognised as occupying the proud position of the most exhaustive work of reference in the ,english language on the subject with which it deals4--,athenum4 ,the most comprehensive guide to modern farm practice that exists in the ,english language to-day4444 ,the book is one that ought to be on every farm and in the library of every landowner4--,mark ,lane ,express4 ,in point of exhaustiveness and accuracy the work will certainly hold a pre-eminent and unique position among books dealing with scientific agricultural practice4 ,it is1 in fact1 an agricultural library of itself4--,north ,british ,agriculturist4 ,a compendium of authoratative and well-ordered knowledge on every conceivable branch of the work of the live stock farmer2 probably without an equal in this or any other country4--,yorkshire ,post4 ,the best and brightest guide to the practice of husbandry1 one that has no superior--no equal we might truly say--among the agricultural literature now before the public4444 ,in every section in which we have tested it1 the work has been found thoroughly up to date4--,bell's ,weekly ,messenger4 ,british ,farm ,live ,stock4 ,,farm ,,live ,,stock ,,of ,,great ,,britain4 ,by ,,robert ,,wallace1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 c41 ,professor of ,agriculture and ,rural ,economy in the ,university of ,edinburgh4 ,third ,edition1 thoroughly ,revised and considerably ,enlarged4 ,with over #abj ,phototypes of ,prize ,stock4 ,demy #hvo1 #chd pp41 with #gi ,plates and ,maps1 #abs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,a really complete work on the history1 breeds1 and management of the farm stock of ,great ,britain1 and one which is likely to find its way to the shelves of every country gentleman's library4--,the ,times4 ,the latest edition of ',farm ,live ,stock of ,great ,britain' is a production to be proud of1 and its issue not the least of the services which its author has rendered to agricultural science4--,scottish ,farmer4 ,the book is very attractive 444 and we can scarcely imagine the existence of a farmer who would not like to have a copy of this beautiful work4--,mark ,lane ,express4 ,a work which will long be regarded as a standard authority whenever a concise history and description of the breeds of live stock in the ,british ,isles is required4--,bell's ,weekly ,messenger4 ,dairy ,farming4 ,,british ,,dairying4 ,a ,handy ,volume on the ,work of the ,dairy-,farm4 ,for the ,use of ,technical ,instruction ,classes1 ,students in ,agricultural ,colleges1 and the ,working ,dairy-,farmer4 ,by ,prof4 ,j4 ,p4 ,,sheldon1 late ,special ,commissioner of the ,canadian ,government1 ,author of ,dairy ,farming1 c4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,may be confidently recommended as a useful text-book on dairy farming4--,agricultural ,gazette4 ,probably the best half-crown manual on dairy work that has yet been produced4--,north ,british ,agriculturist4 ,it is the soundest little work we have yet seen on the subject4--,the ,times4 ,dairy ,manual4 ,,milk1 ,,cheese ,,and ,,butter3 ,their ,composition1 ,character and the ,processes of their ,production4 ,a ,practical ,manual for ,students and ,dairy ,farmers4 ,by ,,john ,,oliver1 late ,principal of the ,western ,dairy ,institute1 ,berkeley4 ,crown #hvo1 #chj pages1 with ,coloured ,test ,sheets and numerous ,illustrations1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,agricultural ,facts and ,figures4 ,,note-,,book ,,of ,,agricultural ,,facts ,,and ,,figures ,,for ,,farmers ,,and ,,farm ,,students4 ,by ,,primrose ,,mcconnell1 ,b4,sc4 ,fifth ,edition4 ,royal #cbmo1 roan1 gilt edges1 with band1 #ds4 ,literally teems with information1 and we can cordially recommend it to all connected with agriculture4--,north ,british ,agriculturist4 ,small ,farming4 ,,systematic ,,small ,,farming2 or1 ,the ,lessons of my ,farm4 ,being an ,introduction to ,modern ,farm ,practice for ,small ,farmers4 ,by ,,robert ,,scott ,,burn1 ,author of ,outlines of ,modern ,farming1 c4 ,with numerous ,illustrations1 crown #hvo1 #fs4 cloth4 ,this is the completest book of its class we have seen1 and one which every amateur farmer will read with pleasure and accept as a guide4--,field4 ,modern ,farming4 ,,outlines ,,of ,,modern ,,farming4 ,by ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 ,soils1 ,manures1 and ,crops--,farming and ,farming ,economy--,cattle1 ,sheep1 and ,horses--,management of ,dairy1 ,pigs1 and ,poultry--,utilisation of ,town-,sewage1 ,irrigation1 c4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,in ,one ,vol41 #a1bej pp41 half-bound1 profusely ,illustrated1 #abs4 ,the aim of the author has been to make his work at once comprehensive and trustworthy1 and he has succeeded to a degree which entitles him to much credit4--,morning ,advertiser4 ,agricultural ,engineering4 ,,farm ,,engineering1 ,,the ,,complete ,,text-,,book ,,of4 ,comprising ,draining and ,embanking2 ,irrigation and ,water ,supply2 ,farm ,roads1 ,fences1 and ,gates2 ,farm ,buildings2 ,barn ,implements and ,machines2 ,field ,implements and ,machines2 ,agricultural ,surveying1 c4 ,by ,prof4 ,,john ,,scott1 ,in ,one ,vol41 #a1aej pages1 half-bound1 with over #fjj ,illustrations1 #abs4 ,written with great care1 as well as with knowledge and ability4 ,the author has done his work well2 we have found him a very trustworthy guide wherever we have tested his statements4 ,the volume will be of great value to agricultural students4--,mark ,lane ,express4 ,agricultural ,text-,book4 ,,the ,,fields ,,of ,,great ,,britain3 ,a ,text-,book of ,agriculture1 adapted to the ,syllabus of the ,science and ,art ,department4 ,for ,elementary and ,advanced ,students4 ,by ,,hugh ,,clements 7,board of ,trade74 ,second ,edition1 ,revised1 with ,additions4 #ahmo1 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,a most comprehensive volume1 giving a mass of information4--,agricultural ,economist4 ,it is a long time since we have seen a book which has pleased us more1 or which contains such a vast and useful fund of knowledge4--,educational ,times4 ,tables for ,farmers1 etc4 ,,tables1 ,,memoranda1 ,,and ,,calculated ,,results for ,farmers1 ,graziers1 ,agricultural ,students1 ,surveyors1 ,land ,agents1 ,auctioneers1 etc4 ,with a ,new ,system of ,farm ,book-keeping4 ,selected and ,arranged by ,,sidney ,,francis4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised4 #bgb pp41 waistcoat-pocket size1 #as4 #f;d4 limp leather4 ,weighing less than #a oz41 and occupying no more space than a match box1 it contains a mass of facts and calculations which has never before1 in such handy form1 been obtainable4 ,every operation on the farm is dealt with4 ,the work may be taken as thoroughly accurate1 the whole of the tables having been revised by ,dr4 ,fream4 ,we cordially recommend it4--,bell's ,weekly ,messenger4 ,the ,management of ,bees4 ,,bees ,,for ,,pleasure ,,and ,,profit3 ,a ,guide to the ,manipulation of ,bees1 the ,production of ,honey1 and the ,general ,management of the ,apiary4 ,by ,g4 ,,gordon ,,samson4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #as4 cloth4 ,the intending bee-keeper will find exactly the kind of information required to enable him to make a successful start with his hives4 ,the author is a thoroughly competent teacher1 and his book may be commended4--,morning ,post4 ,farm and ,estate ,book-keeping4 ,,book-,,keeping ,,for ,,farmers ,,estate ,,owners4 ,a ,practical ,treatise1 presenting1 in ,three ,plans1 a ,system adapted for all ,classes of ,farms4 ,by ,,johnson ,m4 ,,woodman1 ,chartered ,accountant4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised4 ,crown #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth boards2 or #bs4 #f;d4 cloth limp4 ,the volume is a capital study of a most important subject4--,agricultural ,gazette4 ,the young farmer1 land agent1 and surveyor will find ,mr4 ,woodman's treatise more than repay its cost and study4--,building ,news4 ,farm ,account ,book4 ,,woodman',s ,,yearly ,,farm ,,account ,,book4 ,giving a ,weekly ,labour ,account and ,diary1 and showing the ,income and ,expenditure under each ,department of ,crops1 ,live ,stock1 ,dairy1 c4 c4 ,with ,valuation1 ,profit and ,loss ,account1 and ,balance ,sheet at the end of the ,year4 ,by ,,johnson ,m4 ,,woodman1 ,chartered ,accountant1 ,author of ,book-keeping for ,farmers4 ,folio1 #gs4 #f;d4 half-bound4 ,contains every requisite form for keeping farm accounts readily and accurately4--,agriculture4 ,early ,fruits1 ,flowers1 and ,vegetables4 ,,the ,,forcing ,,garden2 or1 ,how to ,grow ,early ,fruits1 ,flowers1 and ,vegetables4 ,with ,plans and ,estimates for ,building ,glasshouses1 ,pits1 and ,frames4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,by ,,samuel ,,wood4 ,crown #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,a good book1 and fairly fills a place that was in some degree vacant4 ,the book is written with great care1 and contains a great deal of valuable teaching4--,gardeners' ,magazine4 ,good ,gardening4 ,a ,,plain ,,guide ,,to ,,good ,,gardening2 or1 ,how to ,grow ,vegetables1 ,fruits1 and ,flowers4 ,by ,s4 ,,wood4 ,fourth ,edition1 with considerable ,additions1 c41 and numerous ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cl4 ,a very good book1 and one to be highly recommended as a practical guide4 ,the practical directions are excellent4--,athenum4 ,may be recommended to young gardeners1 cottagers1 and specially to amateurs1 for the plain1 simple1 and trustworthy information it gives on common matters too often neglected4--,gardeners' ,chronicle4 ,gainful ,gardening4 ,,multum-,,in-,,parvo ,,gardening2 or1 ,how to make ,one ,acre of ,land produce #fbj a-year by the ,cultivation of ,fruits and ,vegetables2 also1 ,how to ,grow ,flowers in ,three ,glass ,houses1 so as to realise #agf per annum clear ,profit4 ,by ,,samuel ,,wood1 ,author of ,good ,gardening1 c4 ,fifth and ,cheaper ,edition1 ,revised1 with ,additions4 ,crown #hvo1 #as4 sewed4 ,we are bound to recommend it as not only suited to the case of the amateur and gentleman's gardener1 but to the market grower4--,gardeners' ,magazine4 ,gardening for ,ladies4 ,,the ,,ladies' ,,multum-,,in-,,parvo ,,flower ,,garden1 and ,amateurs' ,complete ,guide4 ,with ,illusts4 ,by ,s4 ,,wood4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cl4 ,this volume contains a good deal of sound common sense instruction4--,florist4 ,full of shrewd hints and useful instructions1 based on a lifetime of experience4--,scotsman4 ,receipts for ,gardeners4 ,,garden ,,receipts4 ,edited by ,,charles ,w4 ,,quin4 #abmo1 #as4 #f;d4 cloth limp4 ,a useful and handy book1 containing a good deal of valuable information4--,athenum4 ,market ,gardening4 ,,market ,,and ,,kitchen ,,gardening4 ,by ,contributors to ,the ,garden4 ,compiled by ,c4 ,w4 ,,shaw1 late ,editor of ,gardening ,illustrated4 #abmo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth boards4 ,the most valuable compendium of kitchen and market-garden work published4--,farmer4 ,cottage ,gardening4 ,,cottage ,,gardening2 or1 ,flowers1 ,fruits1 and ,vegetables for ,small ,gardens4 ,by ,e4 ,,hobday4 #abmo1 #as4 #f;d4 cloth limp4 ,contains much useful information at a small charge4--,glasgow ,herald4 ,,auctioneering1 ,,valuing1 ,,land ,,surveying ,,estate ,,agency1 etc4 ,auctioneer's ,assistant4 ,,the ,,appraiser1 ,,auctioneer1 ,,broker1 ,,house ,,and ,,estate ,,agent ,,and ,,valuer',s ,,pocket ,,assistant1 for the ,valuation for ,purchase1 ,sale1 or ,renewal of ,leases1 ,annuities and ,reversions1 and of property generally2 with ,prices for ,inventories1 c4 ,by ,,john ,,wheeler1 ,valuer1 c4 ,sixth ,edition1 ,re-written and greatly extended by ,c4 ,,norris1 ,surveyor1 ,valuer1 c4 ,royal #cbmo1 #es4 cloth4 ,a neat and concise book of reference1 containing an admirable and clearly-arranged list of prices for inventories1 and a very practical guide to determine the value of furniture1 c4--,standard4 ,contains a large quantity of varied and useful information as to the valuation for purchase1 sale1 or renewal of leases1 annuities and reversions1 and of property generally1 with prices for inventories1 and a guide to determine the value of interior fittings and other effects4--,builder4 ,auctioneering4 ,,auctioneers3 ,,their ,,duties ,,and ,,liabilities4 ,a ,manual of ,instruction and ,counsel for the ,young ,auctioneer4 ,by ,,robert ,,squibbs1 ,auctioneer4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised and partly ,re-written4 ,demy #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 cloth4 999999 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,the standard text-book on the topics of which it treats4--,athenum4 ,the work is one of general excellent character1 and gives much information in a compendious and satisfactory form4--,builder4 ,may be recommended as giving a great deal of information on the law relating to auctioneers1 in a very readable form4--,law ,journal4 ,auctioneers may be congratulated on having so pleasing a writer to minister to their special needs4--,solicitors' ,journal4 ,every auctioneer ought to possess a copy of this excellent work4--,ironmonger4 ,of great value to the profession4444 ,we readily welcome this book from the fact that it treats the subject in a manner somewhat new to the profession4--,estates ,gazette4 ,inwood's ,estate ,tables4 ,,tables ,,for ,,the ,,purchasing ,,of ,,estates1 ,freehold1 ,copyhold1 or ,leasehold2 ,annuities1 ,advowsons1 etc41 and for the ,renewing of ,leases held under ,cathedral ,churches1 ,colleges1 or other ,corporate bodies1 for ,terms of ,years certain1 and for ,lives3 also for ,valuing ,reversionary ,estates1 ,deferred ,annuities1 ,next ,presentations1 c42 together with ,,smart',s ,five ,tables of ,compound ,interest1 and an ,extension of the same to ,lower and ,intermediate ,rates4 ,by ,w4 ,,inwood4 #bdth ,edition1 with considerable ,additions1 and new and valuable ,tables of ,logarithms for the more ,difficult ,computations of the ,interest of ,money1 ,discount1 ,annuities1 c41 by ,m4 ,,fedor ,,thoman1 of the ,socit ,crdit ,mobilier of ,paris4 ,crown #hvo1 #hs4 cloth4 ,those interested in the purchase and sale of estates1 and in the adjustment of compensation cases1 as well as in transactions in annuities1 life insurances1 c41 will find the present edition of eminent service4--,engineering4 ',inwood's ,tables' still maintain a most enviable reputation4 ,the new issue has been enriched by large additional contributions by ,m4 ,fedor ,thoman1 whose carefully arranged ,tables cannot fail to be of the utmost utility4--,mining ,journal4 ,agricultural ,valuer's ,assistant4 ,,the ,,agricultural ,,valuer',s ,,assistant4 ,a ,practical ,handbook on the ,valuation of ,landed ,estates2 including ,rules and ,data for ,measuring and ,estimating the ,contents1 ,weights1 and ,values of ,agricultural ,produce and ,timber1 and the ,values of ,feeding ,stuffs1 ,manures1 and ,labour2 with ,forms of ,tenant-,right-,valuations1 ,lists of ,local ,agricultural ,customs1 ,scales of ,compensation under the ,agricultural ,holdings ,act1 c4 c4 ,by ,,tom ,,bright1 ,agricultural ,surveyor4 ,second ,edition1 much ,enlarged4 ,crown #hvo1 #es4 cloth4 ,full of tables and examples in connection with the valuation of tenant-right1 estates1 labour1 contents1 and weights of timber1 and farm produce of all kinds4--,agricultural ,gazette4 ,an eminently practical handbook1 full of practical tables and data of undoubted interest and value to surveyors and auctioneers in preparing valuations of all kinds4--,farmer4 ,plantations and ,underwoods4 ,,pole ,,plantations ,,and ,,underwoods3 ,a ,practical ,handbook on ,estimating the ,cost of ,forming1 ,renovating1 ,improving1 and ,grubbing ,plantations and ,underwoods1 their ,valuation for ,purposes of ,transfer1 ,rental1 ,sale1 or ,assessment4 ,by ,,tom ,,bright1 ,author of ,the ,agricultural ,valuer's ,assistant1 c4 ,crown #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,to valuers1 foresters and agents it will be a welcome aid4--,north ,british ,agriculturist4 ,well calculated to assist the valuer in the discharge of his duties1 and of undoubted interest and use both to surveyors and auctioneers in preparing valuations of all kinds4--,kent ,herald4 ,hudson's ,land ,valuer's ,pocket-,book4 ,,the ,,land ,,valuer',s ,,best ,,assistant3 ,being ,tables on a very much ,improved ,plan1 for ,calculating the ,value of ,estates4 ,with ,tables for reducing ,scotch1 ,irish1 and ,provincial ,customary ,acres to ,statute ,measure1 c4 ,by ,r4 ,,hudson1 ,c4,e4 ,new ,edition4 ,royal #cbmo1 leather1 elastic band1 #ds4 ,of incalculable value to the country gentleman and professional man4--,farmers' ,journal4 ,ewart's ,land ,improver's ,pocket-,book4 ,,the ,,land ,,improver',s ,,pocket-,,book ,,of ,,formul1 ,,tables1 and ,,memoranda required in any ,computation relating to the ,permanent ,improvement of ,landed ,property4 ,by ,,john ,,ewart1 ,land ,surveyor and ,agricultural ,engineer4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised4 ,royal #cbmo1 oblong1 leather1 gilt edges1 with elastic band1 #ds4 ,a compendious and handy little volume4--,spectator4 ,complete ,agricultural ,surveyor's ,pocket-,book4 ,,the ,,land ,,valuer',s ,,and ,,land ,,improver',s ,,complete ,,pocket-,,book4 ,being of the above ,two ,works bound together4 ,leather1 with strap1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,house ,property4 ,,handbook ,,of ,,house ,,property4 ,a ,popular and ,practical ,guide to the ,purchase1 ,mortgage1 ,tenancy1 and ,compulsory ,sale of ,houses and ,land1 including the ,law of ,dilapidations and ,fixtures2 with ,examples of all kinds of ,valuations1 ,useful ,information on ,building1 and ,suggestive ,elucidations of ,fine ,art4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,,tarbuck1 ,architect and ,surveyor4 ,fifth ,edition1 ,enlarged4 #abmo1 #es4 cloth4 ,the advice is thoroughly practical4--,law ,journal4 ,for all who have dealings with house property1 this is an indispensable guide4--,decoration4 ,carefully brought up to date1 and much improved by the addition of a division on fine art4444 ,a well-written and thoughtful work4--,land ,agent's ,record4 ,,law ,,and ,,miscellaneous4 ,private ,bill ,legislation and ,provisional ,orders4 ,,handbook ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,solicitors ,,and ,,engineers ,engaged in ,promoting ,private ,acts of ,parliament and ,provisional ,orders1 for the ,authorization of ,railways1 ,tramways1 ,works for the ,supply of ,gas and ,water1 and other undertakings of a like character4 ,by ,l4 ,,livingston ,,macassey1 of the ,middle ,temple1 ,barrister-at-,law1 ,m4,inst4,c4,e42 ,author of ,hints on ,water ,supply4 ,demy #hvo1 #iej pp41 #bes4 cl4 ,the author's double experience as an engineer and barrister has enabled him to approach the subject alike from an engineering and legal point of view4--,local ,government ,chronicle4 ,law of ,patents4 ,,patents ,,for ,,inventions1 ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,procure ,,them4 ,compiled for the ,use of ,inventors1 ,patentees and others4 ,by ,g4 ,g4 ,m4 ,,hardingham1 ,assoc4,mem4,inst4,c4,e41 c4 ,demy #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,labour ,disputes4 ,,industrial ,,conciliation ,,and ,,arbitration3 ,an ,historical ,sketch1 with ,practical ,suggestions for the ,settlement of ,labour ,disputes4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,jeans1 ,author of ,railway ,problems1 ,england's ,supremacy1 c4 ,crown #hvo1 #bjj pp41 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,just published4 ,pocket-,book for ,sanitary ,officials4 ,,the ,,health ,,officer',s ,,pocket-,,book3 ,a ,guide to ,sanitary ,practice and ,law4 ,for ,medical ,officers of ,health1 ,sanitary ,inspectors1 ,members of ,sanitary ,authorities1 c4 ,by ,,edward ,f4 ,,willoughby1 ,m4,d4 7,lond471 c41 ,author of ,hygiene and ,public ,health4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth1 red edges1 rounded corners4 ,just published4 ,a mine of condensed information of a pertinent and useful kind on the various subjects of which it treats4 ,the matter seems to have been carefully compiled and arranged for facility of reference1 and it is well illustrated by diagrams and woodcuts4 ,the different subjects are succinctly but fully and scientifically dealt with4--,the ,lancet4 ,ought to be welcome to those for whose use it is designed1 since it practically boils down a reference library into a pocket volume4444 ,it combines1 with an uncommon degree of efficiency1 the qualities of accuracy1 conciseness and comprehensiveness4--,scotsman4 ,an excellent publication1 dealing with the scientific1 technical and legal matters connected with the duties of medical officers of health and sanitary inspectors4 ,the work is replete with information4--,local ,government ,journal4 ,a ,complete ,epitome of the ,laws of this ,country4 ,,every ,,man',s ,,own ,,lawyer3 ,a ,handy-,book of the ,principles of ,law and ,equity4 ,by ,a ,,barrister4 ,thirty-first ,edition1 carefully ,revised1 and including the ,legislation of #ahic4 ,comprising 7amongst other ,acts7 the ,voluntary ,conveyances ,act1 #ahic2 the ,married ,women's ,property ,act1 #ahic2 the ,trustee ,act1 #ahic2 the ,savings ,bank ,act1 #ahic2 the ,barbed ,wire ,act1 #ahic2 the ,industrial and ,provident ,societies ,act1 #ahic2 the ,hours of ,labour of ,railway ,servants ,act1 #ahic2 the ,fertiliser and ,feeding ,stuffs ,act1 #ahic1 c41 as well as the ,betting and ,loans 7,infants7 ,act1 #ahib2 the ,gaming ,act1 #ahib2 the ,shop ,hours ,act1 #ahib2 the ,conveyancing and ,real ,property ,act1 #ahib2 the ,small ,holdings ,act1 #ahib2 and many other new ,acts4 ,crown #hvo1 #gjj pp41 price #fs4 #h;d4 7saved at every consultation671 strongly bound in cloth4 ,just published4 999999 ,the ,book will be found to comprise 7amongst other matter7-- ,,the ,,rights ,,and ,,wrongs ,,of ,,individuals--,,landlord ,,and ,,tenant--,,vendors ,,and ,,purchasers--,,partners ,,and ,,agents--,,companies ,,and ,,associations--,,masters1 ,,servants1 ,,and ,,workmen--,,leases ,,and ,,mortgages--,,libel ,,and ,,slander--,,contracts ,,and ,,agreements--,,bonds ,,and ,,bills ,,of ,,sale--,,cheques1 ,,bills1 ,,and ,,notes--,,railway ,,and ,,shipping ,,law--,,bankruptcy ,,and ,,insurance--,,borrowers1 ,,lenders1 ,,and ,,sureties--,,criminal ,,law--,,parliamentary ,,elections--,,county ,,councils--,,municipal ,,corporations--,,parish ,,law1 ,,church-,,wardens1 ,,etc4--,,public ,,health ,,and ,,nuisances--,,copyright ,,and ,,patents--,,trade ,,marks ,,and ,,designs--,,husband ,,and ,,wife1 ,,divorce1 ,,etc4--,,trustees ,,and ,,executors--,,guardian ,,and ,,ward1 ,,infants1 ,,etc4--,,game ,,laws ,,and ,,sporting--,,horses1 ,,horse ,,dealing1 ,,and ,,dogs--,,inn-,,keepers1 ,,licensing1 ,,etc4--,,forms ,,of ,,wills1 ,,agreements ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,the object of this work is to enable those who consult it to help themselves to the law2 and thereby to dispense1 as far as possible1 with professional assistance and advice4 ,there are many wrongs and grievances which persons submit to from time to time through not knowing how or where to apply for redress2 and many persons have as great a dread of a lawyer's office as of a lion's den4 ,with this book at hand it is believed that many a ,,six-,,and-,,eightpence may be saved2 many a wrong redressed2 many a right reclaimed2 many a law suit avoided2 and many an evil abated4 ,the work has established itself as the standard legal adviser of all classes1 and has also made a reputation for itself as a useful book of reference for lawyers residing at a distance from law libraries1 who are glad to have at hand a work embodying recent decisions and enactments4 999999 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,it is a complete code of ,english ,law1 written in plain language1 which all can understand4444 ,should be in the hands of every business man1 and all who wish to abolish lawyers' bills4--,weekly ,times4 ,a useful and concise epitome of the law1 compiled with considerable care4--,law ,magazine4 ,a complete digest of the most useful facts which constitute ,english law4--,globe4 ,this excellent handbook4444 ,admirably done1 admirably arranged1 and admirably cheap4--,leeds ,mercury4 ,a concise1 cheap and complete epitome of the ,english law4 ,so plainly written that he who runs may read1 and he who reads may understand4--,figaro4 ,a dictionary of legal facts well put together4 ,the book is a very useful one4--,spectator4 ,a work which has long been wanted1 which is thoroughly well done1 and which we most cordially recommend4--,sunday ,times4 ,the latest edition of this popular book ought to be in every business establishment1 and on every library table4--,sheffield ,post4 ,a complete epitome of the law2 thoroughly intelligible to non-professional readers4--,bell's ,life4 ,legal ,guide for ,pawnbrokers4 ,,the ,,pawnbrokers'1 ,,factors' ,,and ,,merchants' ,,guide ,,to ,,the ,,law ,,of ,,loans ,,and ,,pledges4 ,with the ,statutes and a ,digest of ,cases4 ,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,folkard1 ,esq41 ,barrister-at-,law4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,the ,law of ,contracts4 ,,labour ,,contracts3 ,a ,popular ,handbook on the ,law of ,contracts for ,works and ,services4 ,by ,,david ,,gibbons4 ,fourth ,edition1 ,appendix of ,statutes by ,t4 ,f4 ,,uttley1 ,solicitor4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,the ,factory ,acts4 ,,summary ,,of ,,the ,,factory ,,and ,,workshop ,,acts 7#ahgh-ahia74 ,for the ,use of ,manufacturers and ,managers4 ,by ,,emile ,,garcke and ,j4 ,m4 ,,fells4 7,reprinted from ,,factory ,,accounts47 ,crown #hvo1 #f;d4 sewed4 ,,ogden1 ,,smale ,,and ,,co4 ,,limited1 ,,printers1 ,,great ,,saffron ,,hill1 ,e4,c4 ,weale's ,rudimentary ,series4 ,illustration3 7,obverse side of the medal7 ,,london1 #ahfb4 ,,the ,,prize ,,medal ,was awarded to the ,publishers of ,,weale',s ,,series4 ,illustration3 7,reverse side of the medal7 ,a ,,new ,,list ,,of ,,weale',s ,,series ,,rudimentary ,,scientific1 ,,educational1 ,,and ,,classical4 ,comprising nearly ,three ,hundred and ,fifty distinct works in almost every department of ,science1 ,art1 and ,education1 recommended to the notice of ,engineers1 ,architects1 ,builders1 ,artisans1 and ,students generally1 as well as to those interested in ,workmen's ,libraries1 ,literary and ,scientific ,institutions1 ,colleges1 ,schools1 ,science ,classes1 c41 c4 ,,weale',s ,,series includes ,text-,books on almost every branch of ,science and ,industry1 comprising such subjects as ,agriculture1 ,architecture and ,building1 ,civil ,engineering1 ,fine ,arts1 ,mechanics and ,mechanical ,engineering1 ,physical and ,chemical ,science1 and many miscellaneous ,treatises4 ,the whole are constantly undergoing revision1 and new editions1 brought up to the latest discoveries in scientific research1 are constantly issued4 ,the prices at which they are sold are as low as their excellence is assured4--,american ,literary ,gazette4 ,amongst the literature of technical education1 ,,weale',s ,,series has ever enjoyed a high reputation1 and the additions being made by ,messrs4 ,,crosby ,,lockwood ,,son render the series more complete1 and bring the information upon the several subjects down to the present time4--,mining ,journal4 ,it is not too much to say that no books have ever proved more popular with1 or more useful to1 young engineers and others than the excellent treatises comprised in ,,weale',s ,,series4--,engineer4 ,the excellence of ,,weale',s ,,series is now so well appreciated1 that it would be wasting our space to enlarge upon their general usefulness and value4--,builder4 ,the volumes of ,,weale',s ,,series form one of the best collections of elementary technical books in any language4--,architect4 ,,weale',s ,,series has become a standard as well as an unrivalled collection of treatises in all branches of art and science4--,public ,opinion4 ,illustration3 7,obverse side of the medal7 ,,philadelphia1 #ahgf4 ,,the ,,prize ,,medal ,was awarded to the ,publishers for ,books3 ,rudimentary1 ,scientific1 ,,weale',s ,,series1 ,,etc4 ,illustration3 7,reverse side of the medal7 ,,crosby ,,lockwood ,,son1 #g1 ,,stationers' ,,hall ,,court1 ,,ludgate ,,hill1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,weale',s ,,rudimentary ,,scientific ,,series4 ,illustration3 ,capio ,lumen 999999 ,the volumes of this ,series are freely ,illustrated with ,woodcuts1 or otherwise1 where requisite4 ,throughout the following ,list it must be understood that the books are bound in limp cloth1 unless otherwise stated2 but the volumes marked with a may also be had strongly bound in cloth boards for #f;d4 extra4 ,n4,b4--,in ordering from this ,list it is recommended1 as a means of facilitating business and obviating error1 to quote the numbers affixed to the volumes1 as well as the titles and prices4 ,,civil ,,engineering1 ,,surveying1 ,,etc4 ,no4 #ca4 ,,wells ,,and ,,well-,,sinking4 ,by ,,john ,,geo4 ,,swindell1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a41 and ,g4 ,r4 ,,burnell1 ,c4,e4 ,revised ,edition4 ,with a ,new ,appendix on the ,qualities of ,water4 ,illustrated4 #bs4 #ce4 ,,the ,,blasting ,,and ,,quarrying ,,of ,,stone1 for ,building and other ,purposes4 ,by ,gen4 ,sir ,j4 ,,burgoyne1 ,bart4 #as4 #f;d4 #dc4 ,,tubular1 ,,and ,,other ,,iron ,,girder ,,bridges1 particularly describing the ,britannia and ,conway ,tubular ,bridges4 ,by ,g4 ,,drysdale ,,dempsey1 ,c4,e4 ,fourth ,edition4 #bs4 #dd4 ,,foundations ,,and ,,concrete ,,works1 with ,practical ,remarks on ,footings1 ,sand1 ,concrete1 ,bton1 ,pile-driving1 ,caissons1 and ,cofferdams1 c4 ,by ,e4 ,,dobson4 ,seventh ,edition1 #as4 #f;d4 #fj4 ,,land ,,and ,,engineering ,,surveying4 ,by ,t4 ,,baker1 ,c4,e4 ,fifteenth ,edition1 revised by ,professor ,j4 ,r4 ,,young4 #bs4 #hj994 ,,embanking ,,lands ,,from ,,the ,,sea4 ,with examples and ,particulars of actual ,embankments1 c4 ,by ,j4 ,,wiggins1 ,f4,g4,s4 #bs4 #ha4 ,,water ,,works1 for the ,supply of ,cities and ,towns4 ,with a ,description of the ,principal ,geological ,formations of ,england as influencing ,supplies of ,water1 c4 ,by ,s4 ,,hughes1 ,c4,e4 ,new ,edition4 #ds4 #aah4 ,,civil ,,engineering ,,in ,,north ,,america1 a ,sketch of4 ,by ,,david ,,stevenson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 c4 ,plates and ,diagrams4 #cs4 #afg4 ,,iron ,,bridges1 ,,girders1 ,,roofs1 ,,and ,,other ,,works4 ,by ,,francis ,,campin1 ,c4,e4 #bs4 #f;d4 #aig4 ,,roads ,,and ,,streets4 ,by ,h4 ,,law1 ,c4,e41 revised and enlarged by ,d4 ,k4 ,,clark1 ,c4,e41 including pavements of ,stone1 ,wood1 ,asphalte1 c4 #ds4 #f;d4 #bjc4 ,,sanitary ,,work ,,in ,,the ,,smaller ,,towns ,,and ,,in ,,villages4 ,by ,c4 ,,slagg1 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,revised ,edition4 #cs4 #bab4 ,,gas-,,works1 ,,their ,,construction ,,and ,,arrangement2 and the ,manufacture and ,distribution of ,coal ,gas4 ,originally written by ,,samuel ,,hughes1 ,c4,e4 ,re-written and enlarged by ,,william ,,richards1 ,c4,e4 ,eighth ,edition1 with important additions4 #es4 #f;d4 #bac4 ,,pioneer ,,engineering4 ,a ,treatise on the ,engineering ,operations connected with the ,settlement of ,waste ,lands in ,new ,countries4 ,by ,,edward ,,dobson1 ,assoc4 ,inst4 ,c4,e4 #ds4 #f;d4 #baf4 ,,materials ,,and ,,construction2 ,a ,theoretical and ,practical ,treatise on the ,strains1 ,designing1 and ,erection of ,works of ,construction4 ,by ,,francis ,,campin1 ,c4,e4 ,second ,edition1 revised4 #cs4 #bai4 ,,civil ,,engineering4 ,by ,,henry ,,law1 ,m4,inst4 ,c4,e4 ,including ,,hydraulic ,,engineering by ,,geo4 ,r4 ,,burnell1 ,m4,inst4 ,c4,e4 ,seventh ,edition1 revised1 with large additions by ,d4 ,,kinnear ,,clark1 ,m4,inst4 ,c4,e4 #fs4 #f;d41 ,cloth boards1 #gs4 #f;d4 #bfh4 ,,the ,,drainage ,,of ,,lands1 ,,towns1 ,,buildings4 ,by ,g4 ,d4 ,,dempsey1 ,c4,e4 ,revised1 with large ,additions on ,recent ,practice in ,drainage ,engineering1 by ,d4 ,,kinnear ,,clark1 ,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,second ,edition1 ,corrected4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,mechanical ,,engineering1 ,,etc4 #cc4 ,,cranes1 the ,construction of1 and other ,machinery for ,raising ,heavy ,bodies4 ,by ,,joseph ,,glynn1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,illustrated4 #as4 #f;d4 #cd4 ,,the ,,steam ,,engine4 ,by ,dr4 ,,lardner4 ,illustrated4 #as4 #f;d4 #ei4 ,,steam ,,boilers3 their ,construction and ,management4 ,by ,r4 ,,armstrong1 ,c4,e4 ,illustrated4 #as4 #f;d4 #hb4 ,,the ,,power ,,of ,,water1 as applied to drive ,flour ,mills1 and to give motion to ,turbines1 c4 ,by ,,joseph ,,glynn1 ,f4,r4,s4 #bs4 #ih4 ,,practical ,,mechanism1 the ,elements of2 and ,machine ,tools4 ,by ,t4 ,,baker1 ,c4,e4 ,with ,additions by ,j4 ,,nasmyth1 ,c4,e4 #bs4 #f;d4 #aci4 ,,the ,,steam ,,engine1 a ,treatise on the ,mathematical ,theory of1 with ,rules and ,examples for ,practical ,men4 ,by ,t4 ,,baker1 ,c4,e4 #as4 #f;d4 #afd4 ,,modern ,,workshop ,,practice1 as applied to ,steam ,engines1 ,bridges1 ,ship-building1 c4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,,winton4 ,new ,edition4 #cs4 #f;d4 #afe4 ,,iron ,,and ,,heat1 exhibiting the ,principles concerned in the ,construction of ,iron ,beams1 ,pillars1 and ,girders4 ,by ,j4 ,,armour4 #bs4 #f;d4 #aff4 ,,power ,,in ,,motion3 ,horse-,power1 ,toothed-,wheel ,gearing1 ,long and ,short ,driving ,bands1 and ,angular ,forces4 ,by ,j4 ,,armour1 #bs4 #aga4 ,,the ,,workman',s ,,manual ,,of ,,engineering ,,drawing4 ,by ,j4 ,,maxton4 #gth ,edn4 ,with #g ,plates and #cej ,cuts4 #cs4 #f;d4 #aij4 ,,steam ,,and ,,the ,,steam ,,engine1 ,stationary and ,portable4 ,by ,j4 ,,sewell and ,d4 ,k4 ,,clark1 ,c4,e4 #cs4 #f;d4 #bjj4 ,,fuel1 its ,combustion and ,economy4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,williams4 ,with ,recent ,practice in the ,combustion and ,economy of ,fuel--,coal1 ,coke1 ,wood1 ,peat1 ,petroleum1 c4--by ,d4 ,k4 ,,clark1 ,m4,i4,c4,e4 #cs4 #f;d4 #bjb4 ,,locomotive ,,engines4 ,by ,g4 ,d4 ,,dempsey1 ,c4,e42 with large additions by ,d4 ,,kinnear ,,clark1 ,m4,i4,c4,e4 #cs4 #baa4 ,,the ,,boilermaker',s ,,assistant in ,drawing1 ,templating1 and ,calculating ,boiler and ,tank ,work4 ,by ,,john ,,courtney1 ,practical ,boiler ,maker4 ,edited by ,d4 ,k4 ,,clark1 ,c4,e4 #ajj ,illustrations4 #bs4 #bag4 ,,sewing ,,machinery3 ,its ,construction1 ,history1 c41 with full ,technical ,directions for ,adjusting1 c4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,urquhart1 ,c4,e4 #bs4 #bbc4 ,,mechanical ,,engineering4 ,comprising ,metallurgy1 ,moulding1 ,casting1 ,forging1 ,tools1 ,workshop ,machinery1 ,manufacture of the ,steam ,engine1 c4 ,by ,,francis ,,campin1 ,c4,e4 ,second ,edition4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bcf4 ,,details ,,of ,,machinery4 ,comprising ,instructions for the ,execution of various ,works in ,iron4 ,by ,,francis ,,campin1 ,c4,e4 #cs4 #bcg4 ,,the ,,smithy ,,and ,,forge2 including the ,farrier's ,art and ,coach ,smithing4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,crane4 ,illustrated4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bch4 ,,the ,,sheet-,,metal ,,worker',s ,,guide2 a ,practical ,hand-book for ,tinsmiths1 ,coppersmiths1 ,zincworkers1 c4 ,with #id ,diagrams and ,working ,patterns4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,crane4 ,second ,edition1 revised4 #as4 #f;d4 #bea4 ,,steam ,,and ,,machinery ,,management3 with ,hints on ,construction and ,selection4 ,by ,m4 ,,powis ,,bale1 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bed4 ,,the ,,boilermaker',s ,,ready-,,reckoner4 ,by ,j4 ,,courtney4 ,edited by ,d4 ,k4 ,,clark1 ,c4,e4 #ds4 999999 ,nos4 #baa and #bed in ,one ,vol41 half-bound1 entitled ,,the ,,boilermaker',s ,,ready-,,reckoner ,,and ,,assistant4 ,by ,j4 ,courtney and ,d4 ,k4 ,,clark4 #gs4 #bee4 ,,locomotive ,,engine-,,driving4 ,a ,practical ,manual for ,engineers in charge of ,locomotive ,engines4 ,by ,,michael ,,reynolds1 ,m4,s4,e4 ,eighth ,edition4 #cs4 #f;d41 limp2 #ds4 #f;d4 cloth boards4 #bef4 ,,stationary ,,engine-,,driving4 ,a ,practical ,manual for ,engineers in charge of ,stationary ,engines4 ,by ,,michael ,,reynolds1 ,m4,s4,e4 ,fourth ,edition4 #cs4 #f;d4 limp2 #ds4 #f;d4 cloth boards4 #bfj4 ,,iron ,,bridges ,,of ,,moderate ,,span3 their ,construction and ,erection4 ,by ,,hamilton ,w4 ,,pendred1 ,c4,e4 #bs4 ,,mining1 ,,metallurgy1 ,,etc4 #d4 ,,mineralogy1 ,rudiments of2 a concise ,view of the ,general ,properties of ,minerals4 ,by ,a4 ,,ramsay1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 c4 ,third ,edition1 revised and enlarged4 ,illustrated4 #cs4 #f;d4 #aag4 ,,subterraneous ,,surveying1 with and without the ,magnetic ,needle4 ,by ,t4 ,,fenwick and ,t4 ,,baker1 ,c4,e4 ,illustrated4 #bs4 #f;d4 #ace4 ,,electro-,,metallurgy2 ,practically ,treated4 ,by ,,alexander ,,watt4 ,ninth ,edition1 enlarged and revised1 with additional ,illustrations1 and including the most recent ,processes4 #cs4 #f;d4 #agb4 ,,mining ,,tools1 ,manual of4 ,for the ,use of ,mine ,managers1 ,agents1 ,students1 c4 ,by ,,william ,,morgans4 #bs4 #f;d4 #agb994 ,,mining ,,tools1 ,,atlas of ,engravings to ,illustrate the above1 containing #bce ,illustrations1 drawn to ,scale4 #dto4 #ds4 #f;d4 #agf4 ,,metallurgy ,,of ,,iron4 ,containing ,history of ,iron ,manufacture1 ,methods of ,assay1 and ,analyses of ,iron ,ores1 ,processes of ,manufacture of ,iron and ,steel1 c4 ,by ,h4 ,,bauerman1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,sixth ,edition1 revised and enlarged4 #es4 #ahj4 ,,coal ,,and ,,coal ,,mining4 ,by the late ,sir ,,warington ,w4 ,,smyth1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,seventh ,edition1 revised4 #cs4 #f;d4 #aie4 ,,the ,,mineral ,,surveyor ,,and ,,valuer',s ,,complete ,,guide4 ,by ,w4 ,,lintern1 ,m4,e4 ,third ,edition1 including ,magnetic and ,angular ,surveying4 ,with ,four ,plates4 #cs4 #f;d4 #bad4 ,,slate ,,and ,,slate ,,quarrying1 ,scientific1 ,practical1 and ,commercial4 ,by ,d4 ,c4 ,,davies1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,mining ,engineer1 c4 #cs4 #bfd4 ,a ,,first ,,book ,,of ,,mining ,,and ,,quarrying1 with the ,sciences connected therewith1 for ,primary ,schools and ,self ,instruction4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,collins1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,second ,edition1 with additions4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,architecture1 ,,building1 ,,etc4 #af4 ,,architecture--,,orders--,the ,orders and their sthetic ,principles4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,leeds4 ,illustrated4 #as4 #f;d4 #ag4 ,,architecture--,,styles--,the ,history and ,description of the ,styles of ,architecture of ,various ,countries1 from the ,earliest to the ,present ,period4 ,by ,t4 ,,talbot ,,bury1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a41 c4 ,illustrated4 #bs4 999999 ,,orders ,,and ,,styles ,,of ,,architecture1 in ,one ,vol41 #cs4 #f;d4 #ah4 ,,architecture--,,design--,the ,principles of ,design in ,architecture1 as deducible from ,nature and exemplified in the ,works of the ,greek and ,gothic ,architects4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,,garbett1 ,architect4 ,illustrated4 #bs4 #f;d4 999999 ,the three preceding ,works1 in ,one handsome ,vol41 half-bound1 entitled ,,modern ,,architecture1 price #fs4 #bb4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,building1 ,rudiments of4 ,general ,principles of ,construction1 ,materials used in ,building1 ,strength and ,use of ,materials1 ,working ,drawings1 ,specifications1 and ,estimates4 ,by ,e4 ,,dobson1 #bs4 #be4 ,,masonry ,,and ,,stonecutting3 ,rudimentary ,treatise on the ,principles of ,masonic ,projection and their application to ,construction4 ,by ,,edward ,,dobson1 ,m4,r4,i4,b4,a41 c4 #bs4 #f;d4 #db4 ,,cottage ,,building4 ,by ,c4 ,,bruce ,,allen1 ,architect4 ,eleventh ,edition1 revised and enlarged4 ,with a ,chapter on ,economic ,cottages for ,allotments1 by ,,edward ,e4 ,,allen1 ,c4,e4 #bs4 #de4 ,,limes1 ,,cements1 ,,mortars1 ,,concretes1 ,,mastics1 ,,plastering1 c4 ,by ,g4 ,r4 ,,burnell1 ,c4,e4 ,fourteenth ,edition4 #as4 #f;d4 #eg4 ,,warming ,,and ,,ventilation4 ,an ,exposition of the ,general ,principles as applied to ,domestic and ,public ,buildings1 ,mines1 ,lighthouses1 ,ships1 c4 ,by ,c4 ,,tomlinson1 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,illustrated4 #cs4 #aaa4 ,,arches1 ,,piers1 ,,buttresses1 c43 ,experimental ,essays on the ,principles of ,construction4 ,by ,w4 ,,bland4 ,illustrated4 #as4 #f;d4 #aaf4 ,,the ,,acoustics ,,of ,,public ,,buildings2 or1 ,the ,principles of the ,science of ,sound applied to the purposes of the ,architect and ,builder4 ,by ,t4 ,,roger ,,smith1 ,m4,r4,i4,b4,a41 ,architect4 ,illustrated4 #as4 #f;d4 #abg4 ,,architectural ,,modelling ,,in ,,paper1 the ,art of4 ,by ,t4 ,a4 ,,richardson1 ,architect4 ,illustrated4 #as4 #f;d4 #abh4 ,,vitruvius--,,the ,,architecture ,,of ,,marcus ,,vitruvius ,,pollo4 ,in ,ten ,books4 ,translated from the ,latin by ,,joseph ,,gwilt1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,with #bc ,plates4 #es4 #acj4 ,,grecian ,,architecture1 ,an ,inquiry into the ,principles of ,beauty in2 with an ,historical ,view of the ,rise and ,progress of the ,art in ,greece4 ,by the ,,earl ,,of ,,aberdeen4 #as4 999999 ,the two preceding ,works in ,one handsome ,vol41 half bound1 entitled ,,ancient ,,architecture1 price #fs4 #acb4 ,,the ,,erection ,,of ,,dwelling-,,houses4 ,illustrated by a ,perspective ,view1 ,plans1 ,elevations1 and ,sections of a pair of ,semi-detached ,villas1 with the ,specification1 ,quantities1 and ,estimates1 c4 ,by ,s4 ,h4 ,,brooks4 ,new ,edition1 with ,plates4 #bs4 #f;d4 #aef4 ,,quantities ,,measurements in ,bricklayers'1 ,masons'1 ,plasterers'1 ,plumbers'1 ,painters'1 ,paperhangers'1 ,gilders'1 ,smiths'1 ,carpenters' and ,joiners' ,work4 ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,,beaton1 ,surveyor4 ,ninth ,edition4 #as4 #f;d4 #age4 ,,lockwood',s ,,builder',s ,,price ,,book ,,for #ahic4 ,a ,comprehensive ,handbook of the ,latest ,prices and ,data for ,builders1 ,architects1 ,engineers1 and ,contractors4 ,re-constructed1 ,re-written1 and further ,enlarged4 ,by ,,francis ,t4 ,w4 ,,miller1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 #gjj pages4 #cs4 #f;d42 cloth boards1 #ds4 ,just ,published4 #ahb4 ,,carpentry ,,and ,,joinery--,,the ,,elementary ,,principles ,,of ,,carpentry4 ,chiefly composed from the ,standard ,work of ,,thomas ,,tredgold1 ,c4,e4 ,with a ,,treatise ,,on ,,joinery by ,e4 ,,wyndham ,,tarn1 ,m4,a4 ,fifth ,edition1 ,revised4 #cs4 #f;d4 #ahb994 ,,carpentry ,,and ,,joinery4 ,,atlas of #ce ,plates to accompany the above4 ,with ,descriptive ,letterpress4 #dto4 #fs4 #ahe4 ,,the ,,complete ,,measurer2 the ,measurement of ,boards1 ,glass1 c42 ,unequal-sided1 ,square-sided1 ,octagonal-sided1 ,round ,timber and ,stone1 and ,standing ,timber1 c4 ,by ,,richard ,,horton4 ,fifth ,edition4 #ds42 strongly bound in leather1 #es4 #ahg4 ,,hints ,,to ,,young ,,architects4 ,by ,g4 ,,wightwick4 ,new ,edition4 ,by ,g4 ,h4 ,,guillaume4 ,illustrated4 #cs4 #f;d4 #ahh4 ,,house ,,painting1 ,,graining1 ,,marbling1 ,,and ,,sign ,,writing3 with a ,course of ,elementary ,drawing for ,house-,painters1 ,sign-,writers1 c41 and a ,collection of ,useful ,receipts4 ,by ,,ellis ,a4 ,,davidson4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,with ,coloured ,plates4 #es4 cloth limp2 #fs4 cloth boards4 #ahi4 ,,the ,,rudiments ,,of ,,practical ,,bricklaying4 ,in ,six ,sections3 ,general ,principles2 ,arch ,drawing1 ,cutting1 and ,setting2 ,pointing2 ,paving1 ,tiling1 ,materials2 ,slating and ,plastering2 ,practical ,geometry1 ,mensuration1 c4 ,by ,,adam ,,hammond4 ,seventh ,edition4 #as4 #f;d4 #aia4 ,,plumbing4 ,a ,text-,book to the ,practice of the ,art or ,craft of the ,plumber4 ,with ,chapters upon ,house ,drainage and ,ventilation4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,with #chj ,illustrations4 ,by ,w4 ,p4 ,,buchan4 #cs4 #f;d4 #aib4 ,,the ,,timber ,,importer',s1 ,,timber ,,merchant',s1 and ,,builder',s ,,standard ,,guide4 ,by ,r4 ,e4 ,,grandy4 #bs4 #bjf4 ,a ,,book ,,on ,,building1 ,civil and ,ecclesiastical1 including ,,church ,,restoration4 ,with the ,theory of ,domes and the ,great ,pyramid1 c4 ,by ,sir ,,edmund ,,beckett1 ,bart41 ,,ll4,d41 ,q4,c41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 #ds4 #f;d4 #bbf4 ,,the ,,joints ,,made ,,and ,,used ,,by ,,builders in the ,construction of various kinds of ,engineering and ,architectural ,works4 ,by ,,wyvill ,j4 ,,christy1 ,architect4 ,with upwards of #afj ,engravings on ,wood4 #cs4 #bbh4 ,,the ,,construction ,,of ,,roofs ,,of ,,wood ,,and ,,iron4 ,by ,e4 ,,wyndham ,,tarn1 ,m4,a41 ,architect4 ,second ,edition1 revised4 #as4 #f;d4 #bbi4 ,,elementary ,,decoration3 as applied to the ,interior and ,exterior ,decoration of ,dwelling-,houses1 c4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,facey4 #bs4 #beg4 ,,practical ,,house ,,decoration4 ,a ,guide to the ,art of ,ornamental ,painting4 ,by ,,james ,w4 ,,facey4 #bs4 #f;d4 999999 ,the two preceding ,works1 in ,one handsome ,vol41 half-bound1 entitled ,,house ,,decoration1 ,,elementary ,,and ,,practical1 price #es4 #bcj4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,handrailing4 ,showing ,new and ,simple ,methods4 ,by ,g4 ,,collings4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised1 including ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,stairbuilding4 ,plates4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bdg4 ,,building ,,estates3 a ,rudimentary ,treatise on the ,development1 ,sale1 ,purchase1 and ,general ,management of ,building ,land4 ,by ,,fowler ,,maitland1 ,surveyor4 ,second ,edition1 revised4 #bs4 #bdh4 ,,portland ,,cement ,,for ,,users4 ,by ,,henry ,,faija1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,inst4 ,c4,e4 ,third ,edition1 corrected4 ,illustrated4 #bs4 #beb4 ,,brickwork3 a ,practical ,treatise1 embodying the ,general and ,higher ,principles of ,bricklaying1 ,cutting and ,setting1 c4 ,by ,f4 ,,walker4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 #as4 #f;d4 #bc4 ,,the ,,practical ,,brick ,,and ,,tile ,,book4 ,comprising3 #ahi4 #bfe4 ,,brick ,,and ,,tile ,,making1 by ,e4 ,,dobson1 ,a4,i4,c4,e42 ,,practical ,,bricklaying by ,a4 ,,hammond2 ,,brickcutting ,,and ,,setting1 by ,a4 ,,hammond4 #ecd pp4 with #bgj ,illustrations4 #fs4 ,strongly half-bound4 #bec4 ,,the ,,timber ,,merchant',s1 ,,saw-,,miller',s1 ,,and ,,importer',s ,,freight-,,book ,,and ,,assistant4 ,by ,,wm4 ,,richardson4 ,with ,additions by ,m4 ,,powis ,,bale1 ,a4,m4,inst4,c4,e4 #cs4 #beh4 ,,circular ,,work ,,in ,,carpentry ,,and ,,joinery4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,circular ,work of ,single and ,double ,curvature4 ,by ,,george ,,collings4 ,second ,edition1 #bs4 #f;d4 #bei4 ,,gas ,,fitting3 ,a ,practical ,handbook treating of every ,description of ,gas ,laying and ,fitting4 ,by ,,john ,,black4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bfa4 ,,shoring ,,and ,,its ,,application3 ,a ,handbook for the ,use of ,students4 ,by ,,george ,h4 ,,blagrove4 #as4 #f;d4 #bfe4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,practical ,,brick ,,cutting ,,setting4 ,by ,,adam ,,hammond4 ,with #ij ,engravings4 #as4 #f;d4 #bfg4 ,,the ,,science ,,of ,,building3 ,an ,elementary ,treatise on the ,principles of ,construction4 ,by ,e4 ,,wyndham ,,tarn1 ,m4,a4 ,lond4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 #cs4 #f;d4 #bga4 ,,ventilation3 a ,text-book to the ,practice of the ,art of ,ventilating ,buildings4 ,by ,w4 ,p4 ,,buchan1 ,r4,p41 ,sanitary ,engineer1 ,author of ,plumbing1 c4 #cs4 #f;d4 #bgb4 ,,roof ,,carpentry2 ,practical ,lessons in the ,framing of ,wood ,roofs4 ,for the ,use of ,working ,carpenters4 ,by ,,geo4 ,,collings1 ,author of ,handrailing and ,stairbuilding1 c4 #bs4 ,just published4 #bgc4 ,,the ,,practical ,,plasterer3 ,a ,compendium of ,plain and ,ornamental ,plaster ,work4 ,by ,,wilfred ,,kemp4 #bs4 ,just published4 ,,shipbuilding1 ,,navigation1 ,,etc4 #ea4 ,,naval ,,architecture4 ,an ,exposition of the ,elementary ,principles4 ,by ,j4 ,,peake4 ,fifth ,edition1 with ,plates4 #cs4 #f;d4 #ec994 ,,ships ,,for ,,ocean ,,river ,,service1 ,elementary and ,practical ,principles of the ,construction of4 ,by ,h4 ,a4 ,,sommerfeldt4 #as4 #f;d4 #ec99994 ,,an ,,atlas ,,of ,,engravings to ,illustrate the above4 ,twelve large folding plates4 ,royal #dto1 cloth4 #gs4 #f;d4 #ed4 ,,masting1 ,,mast-,,making1 ,,and ,,rigging ,,of ,,ships4 ,also ,tables of ,spars1 ,rigging1 ,blocks2 ,chain1 ,wire1 and ,hemp ,ropes1 c41 relative to every class of vessels4 ,by ,,robert ,,kipping1 ,n4,a4 #bs4 #ed994 ,,iron ,,ship-,,building4 ,with ,practical ,examples and ,details4 ,by ,,john ,,grantham1 ,c4,e4 ,fifth ,edition4 #ds4 #ee4 ,,the ,,sailor',s ,,sea ,,book3 a ,rudimentary ,treatise on ,navigation4 ,by ,,james ,,greenwood1 ,b4,a4 ,with numerous ,woodcuts and ,coloured ,plates4 ,new and enlarged edition4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,rosser4 #bs4 #f;d4 #hj4 ,,marine ,,engines ,,and ,,steam ,,vessels4 ,by ,,robert ,,murray1 ,c4,e4 ,eighth ,edition1 thoroughly ,revised1 with ,additions by the ,author and by ,,george ,,carlisle1 ,c4,e4 #ds4 #f;d4 limp2 #es4 cloth boards4 #hc;bis4 ,,the ,,forms ,,of ,,ships ,,and ,,boats4 ,by ,w4 ,,bland4 ,eighth ,edition1 ,revised1 with numerous ,illustrations and ,models1 #as4 #f;d4 #ii4 ,,navigation ,,and ,,nautical ,,astronomy1 in ,theory and ,practice4 ,by ,prof4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,young4 ,new ,edition4 #bs4 #f;d4 #ajf4 ,,ships' ,,anchors1 a ,treatise on4 ,by ,g4 ,,cotsell1 ,n4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 #adi4 ,,sails ,,and ,,sail-,,making4 ,with ,draughting1 and the ,centre of ,effort of the ,sails2 ,weights and ,sizes of ,ropes3 ,masting1 ,rigging1 and ,sails of ,steam ,vessels1 c4 #abth ,edition4 ,by ,r4 ,,kipping4 ,n4,a4 #bs4 #f;d4 #aee4 ,,engineer',s ,,guide ,,to ,,the ,,royal ,,mercantile ,,navies4 ,by a ,,practical ,,engineer4 ,revised by ,d4 ,f4 ,m',,carthy4 #cs4 #ee #bjd4 ,,practical ,,navigation4 ,consisting of ,the ,sailor's ,sea-,book4 ,by ,,james ,,greenwood and ,w4 ,h4 ,,rosser4 ,together with the requisite ,mathematical and ,nautical ,tables for the ,working of the ,problems4 ,by ,h4 ,,law1 ,c4,e41 and ,prof4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,young4 #gs4 ,half-bound4 ,,agriculture1 ,,gardening1 ,,etc4 #fa994 ,a ,,complete ,,ready ,,reckoner ,,for ,,the ,,admeasurement ,,of ,,land1 c4 ,by ,a4 ,,arman4 ,third ,edition1 revised and extended by ,c4 ,,norris1 ,surveyor1 ,valuer1 c4 #bs4 #aca4 ,,miller',s1 ,,corn ,,merchant',s1 ,,and ,,farmer',s ,,ready ,,reckoner4 ,second ,edition1 with a ,price ,list of ,modern ,flour-,mill ,machinery1 by ,w4 ,s4 ,,hutton1 ,c4,e4 #bs4 #adj4 ,,soils1 ,,manures1 ,,and ,,crops4 7,vol4 #a4 ,,outlines ,,of ,,modern ,,farming47 ,by ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 ,woodcuts4 #bs4 #ada4 ,,farming ,,farming ,,economy1 ,notes1 ,historical and ,practical1 on4 7,vol4 #b4 ,,outlines ,,of ,,modern ,,farming47 ,by ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 #cs4 #adb4 ,,stock2 ,,cattle1 ,,sheep1 ,,and ,,horses4 7,vol4 #c4 ,,outlines ,,of ,,modern ,,farming47 ,by ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 ,woodcuts4 #bs4 #f;d4 #ade4 ,,dairy1 ,,pigs1 ,,and ,,poultry1 ,management of the4 ,by ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 7,vol4 #d4 ,,outlines ,,of ,,modern ,,farming47 #bs4 #adf4 ,,utilization ,,of ,,sewage1 ,,irrigation1 ,,and ,,reclamation ,,of ,,waste ,,land4 7,vol4 #e4 ,,outlines ,,of ,,modern ,,farming47 ,by ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 ,woodcuts4 #bs4 #f;d4 999999 ,nos4 #adj-a-b-e-f1 in ,one ,vol41 handsomely half-bound1 entitled ,,outlines ,,of ,,modern ,,farming4 ,by ,,robert ,,scott ,,burn4 ,price #abs4 #agg4 ,,fruit ,,trees1 ,the ,scientific and ,profitable ,culture of4 ,from the ,french of ,,du ,,breuil4 ,revised by ,,geo4 ,,glenny4 #ahg ,woodcuts4 #cs4 #f;d4 #aih4 ,,sheep2 ,,the ,,history1 ,,structure1 ,,economy1 ,,and ,,diseases ,,of4 ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,,spooner1 ,m4,r4,v4,c41 c4 ,fifth ,edition1 enlarged1 including ,specimens of ,new and ,improved ,breeds4 #cs4 #f;d4 #bja4 ,,kitchen ,,gardening ,,made ,,easy4 ,by ,,george ,m4 ,f4 ,,glenny4 ,illustrated1 #as4 #f;d4 #bjg4 ,,outlines ,,of ,,farm ,,management1 and the ,organization of ,farm ,labour4 ,by ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bjh4 ,,outlines ,,of ,,landed ,,estates ,,management4 ,by ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 #bs4 #f;d4 999999 ,nos4 #bjg #bjh in ,one ,vol41 handsomely half-bound1 entitled ,,outlines ,,of ,,landed ,,estates ,,and ,,farm ,,management4 ,by ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 ,price #fs4 #bji4 ,,the ,,tree ,,planter ,,and ,,plant ,,propagator4 ,a ,practical ,manual on the ,propagation of ,forest ,trees1 ,fruit ,trees1 ,flowering ,shrubs1 ,flowering ,plants1 c4 ,by ,,samuel ,,wood4 #bs4 #baj4 ,,the ,,tree ,,pruner4 ,a ,practical ,manual on the ,pruning of ,fruit ,trees1 including also their ,training and ,renovation2 also the ,pruning of ,shrubs1 ,climbers1 and ,flowering ,plants4 ,by ,,samuel ,,wood4 #as4 #f;d4 999999 ,nos4 #bji #baj in ,one ,vol41 handsomely half-bound1 entitled ,,the ,,tree ,,planter1 ,,propagator1 ,,and ,,pruner4 ,by ,,samuel ,,wood4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 #bah4 ,,the ,,hay ,,and ,,straw ,,measurer3 ,being ,new ,tables for the ,use of ,auctioneers1 ,valuers1 ,farmers1 ,hay and ,straw ,dealers1 c4 ,by ,,john ,,steele4 ,fifth ,edition4 #bs4 #bbb4 ,,suburban ,,farming4 ,the ,laying-out and ,cultivation of ,farms1 adapted to the ,produce of ,milk1 ,butter1 and ,cheese1 ,eggs1 ,poultry1 and ,pigs4 ,by ,prof4 ,,john ,,donaldson and ,r4 ,,scott ,,burn4 #cs4 #f;d4 #bca4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,grafting ,,and ,,budding4 ,by ,,charles ,,baltet4 ,with ,illustrations4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bcb4 ,,cottage ,,gardening2 or1 ,flowers1 ,fruits1 and ,vegetables for ,small ,gardens4 ,by ,e4 ,,hobday1 #as4 #f;d4 #bcc4 ,,garden ,,receipts4 ,edited by ,,charles ,w4 ,,quin4 #as4 #f;d4 #bcd4 ,,market ,,and ,,kitchen ,,gardening4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,shaw1 late ,editor of ,gardening ,illustrated4 #cs4 #bci4 ,,draining ,,and ,,embanking4 ,a ,practical ,treatise1 embodying the most recent experience in the ,application of ,improved ,methods4 ,by ,,john ,,scott1 late ,professor of ,agriculture and ,rural ,economy at the ,royal ,agricultural ,college1 ,cirencester4 ,with #fh ,illustrations1 #as4 #f;d4 #bdj4 ,,irrigation ,,and ,,water ,,supply4 ,a ,treatise on ,water ,meadows1 ,sewage ,irrigation1 and ,warping2 the ,construction of ,wells1 ,ponds1 and ,reservoirs1 c4 ,by ,prof4 ,,john ,,scott4 ,with #cd ,illus4 #as4 #f;d4 #bda4 ,,farm ,,roads1 ,,fences1 ,,and ,,gates4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,roads1 ,tramways1 and ,waterways of the ,farm2 the ,principles of ,enclosures2 and the different kinds of ,fences1 ,gates1 and ,stiles4 ,by ,professor ,,john ,,scott4 ,with #ge ,illustrations1 #as4 #f;d4 #bdb4 ,,farm ,,buildings4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,buildings necessary for various kinds of ,farms1 their ,arrangement and ,construction1 with ,plans and ,estimates4 ,by ,prof4 ,,john ,,scott4 ,with #aje ,illus4 #bs4 #bdc4 ,,barn ,,implements ,,and ,,machines4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,application of ,power to the ,operations of ,agriculture2 and on various ,machines used in the ,threshing-barn1 in the ,stock-yard1 and in the ,dairy1 c4 ,by ,prof4 ,j4 ,,scott4 ,with #abc ,illustrations4 #bs4 #bdd4 ,,field ,,implements ,,and ,,machines4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,varieties now in use1 with ,principles and ,details of ,construction1 their ,points of ,excellence1 and ,management4 ,by ,professor ,,john ,,scott4 ,with #ach ,illustrations4 #bs4 #bde4 ,,agricultural ,,surveying4 ,a ,practical ,treatise or ,land ,surveying1 ,levelling1 and ,setting-out2 and on ,measuring and ,estimating ,quantities1 ,weights1 and ,values of ,materials1 ,produce1 ,stock1 c4 ,by ,prof4 ,,john ,,scott4 ,with #fb ,illustrations1 #as4 #f;d4 999999 ,nos4 #bci to #bde in ,one ,vol41 handsomely half-bound1 entitled ,,the ,,complete ,,text-,,book ,,of ,,farm ,,engineering4 ,by ,professor ,,john ,,scott4 ,price #abs4 #bej4 ,,meat ,,production4 ,a ,manual for ,producers1 ,distributors1 c4 ,by ,,john ,,ewart4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bff4 ,,book-,,keeping ,,for ,,farmers ,,estate ,,owners4 ,by ,j4 ,m4 ,,woodman1 ,chartered ,accountant4 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth limp2 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth boards4 ,,mathematics1 ,,arithmetic1 ,,etc4 #cb4 ,,mathematical ,,instruments1 a ,treatise on2 ,their ,construction1 ,adjustment1 ,testing1 and ,use concisely ,explained4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,heather1 ,m4,a4 ,fourteenth ,edition1 revised1 with additions1 by ,a4 ,t4 ,,walmisley1 ,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,fellow of the ,surveyors' ,institution4 ,original ,edition1 in #a vol41 ,illustrated4 #bs4 999999 ,in ordering the above1 be careful to say1 ,original ,edition 7,no4 #cb71 to distinguish it from the ,enlarged ,edition in #c vols4 7,nos4 #afh-i-gj47 #gf4 ,,descriptive ,,geometry1 an ,elementary ,treatise on2 with a ,theory of ,shadows and of ,perspective1 extracted from the ,french of ,g4 ,,monge4 ,to which is added1 a description of the ,principles and ,practice of ,isometrical ,projection4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,heather1 ,m4,a4 ,with #ad ,plates4 #bs4 #agh4 ,,practical ,,plane ,,geometry3 giving the ,simplest ,modes of ,constructing ,figures contained in one ,plane and ,geometrical ,construction of the ,ground4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,heather1 ,m4,a4 ,with #bae ,woodcuts4 #bs4 #hc4 ,,commercial ,,book-,,keeping4 ,with ,commercial ,phrases and ,forms in ,english1 ,french1 ,italian1 and ,german4 ,by ,,james ,,haddon1 ,m4,a41 ,arithmetical ,master of ,king's ,college ,school1 ,london1 #as4 #f;d4 #hd4 ,,arithmetic1 a ,rudimentary ,treatise on3 with full ,explanations of its ,theoretical ,principles1 and numerous ,examples for ,practice4 ,by ,professor ,j4 ,r4 ,,young4 ,eleventh ,edition1 #as4 #f;d4 #hd994 ,a ,,key to the above1 containing ,solutions in full to the ,exercises1 together with ,comments1 ,explanations1 and ,improved ,processes1 for the ,use of ,teachers and ,unassisted ,learners4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,young1 #as4 #f;d4 #he4 ,,equational ,,arithmetic1 applied to ,questions of ,interest1 ,annuities1 ,life ,assurance1 and ,general ,commerce2 with various ,tables by which all ,calculations may be greatly facilitated4 ,by ,w4 ,,hipsley4 #bs4 #hf4 ,,algebra1 the ,elements of4 ,by ,,james ,,haddon1 ,m4,a4 ,with ,appendix1 containing miscellaneous ,investigations1 and a ,collection of ,problems in various parts of ,algebra4 #bs4 #hf994 ,a ,,key ,,and ,,companion to the above ,book1 forming an extensive repository of ,solved ,examples and ,problems in ,illustration of the various ,expedients necessary in ,algebraical ,operations4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,young1 #as4 #f;d4 #hh4 #hi4 ,,euclid1 ,,the ,,elements ,,of3 with many additional ,propositions and ,explanatory ,notes3 to which is prefixed1 an ,introductory ,essay on ,logic4 ,by ,,henry ,,law1 ,c4,e4 #bs4 #f;d4 999999 ,sold also separately1 viz43-- #hh4 ,,euclid1 ,the ,first ,three ,books4 ,by ,,henry ,,law1 ,c4,e4 #as4 #f;d4 #hi4 ,,euclid1 ,books #d1 #e1 #f1 #aa1 #ab4 ,by ,,henry ,,law1 ,c4,e4 #as4 #f;d4 #ij4 ,,analytical ,,geometry ,,and ,,conic ,,sections1 ,by ,,james ,,hann4 ,a ,new ,edition1 by ,professor ,j4 ,r4 ,,young4 #bs4 #ia4 ,,plane ,,trigonometry1 the ,elements of4 ,by ,,james ,,hann1 formerly ,mathematical ,master of ,king's ,college1 ,london1 #as4 #f;d4 #ib4 ,,spherical ,,trigonometry1 the ,elements of4 ,by ,,james ,,hann4 ,revised by ,,charles ,h4 ,,dowling1 ,c4,e4 #as4 999999 ,or with ,the ,elements of ,plane ,trigonometry1 in ,one ,volume1 #bs4 #f;d4 #ic4 ,,mensuration ,,and ,,measuring4 ,with the ,mensuration and ,levelling of ,land for the ,purposes of ,modern ,engineering4 ,by ,t4 ,,baker1 ,c4,e4 ,new ,edition by ,e4 ,,nugent1 ,c4,e4 ,illustrated4 #as4 #f;d4 #aja4 ,,differential ,,calculus1 ,elements of the4 ,by ,w4 ,s4 ,b4 ,,woolhouse1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 c4 #as4 #f;d4 #ajb4 ,,integral ,,calculus1 ,rudimentary ,treatise on the4 ,by ,,homersham ,,cox1 ,b4,a4 ,illustrated4 #as4 #acf4 ,,arithmetic1 ,rudimentary1 for the ,use of ,schools and ,self-,instruction4 ,by ,,james ,,haddon1 ,m4,a4 ,revised by ,a4 ,,arman1 #as4 #f;d4 #acg4 ,a ,,key ,,to ,,haddon',s ,,rudimentary ,,arithmetic4 ,by ,a4 ,,arman1 #as4 #f;d4 #afh4 ,,drawing ,,and ,,measuring ,,instruments4 ,including--,i4 ,instruments employed in ,geometrical and ,mechanical ,drawing1 and in the ,construction1 ,copying1 and ,measurement of ,maps and ,plans4 ,,ii4 ,instruments used for the purposes of ,accurate ,measurement1 and for ,arithmetical ,computations4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,heather1 ,m4,a4 ,illustrated4 #as4 #f;d4 #afi4 ,,optical ,,instruments4 ,including 7more especially7 ,telescopes1 ,microscopes1 and ,apparatus for producing copies of ,maps and ,plans by ,photography4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,heather1 ,m4,a4 ,illustrated4 #as4 #f;d4 #agj4 ,,surveying ,,and ,,astronomical ,,instruments4 ,including--,i4 ,instruments ,used for ,determining the ,geometrical ,features of a portion of ,ground4 ,,ii4 ,instruments ,employed in ,astronomical ,observations4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,heather1 ,m4,a4 ,illustrated4 #as4 #f;d4 999999 ,the above three volumes form an enlargement of the ,author's original work ,mathematical ,instruments4 7,see ,no4 #cb in the ,series47 #afh4 #afi4 #agj4 ,,mathematical ,,instruments4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,heather1 ,m4,a4 ,enlarged ,edition1 for the most part entirely re-written4 ,the #c ,parts as above1 in ,one thick ,volume4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 #ds4 #f;d4 #aeh4 ,,the ,,slide ,,rule1 ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,use ,,it2 containing full1 easy1 and simple ,instructions to perform all ,business ,calculations with unexampled rapidity and accuracy4 ,by ,,charles ,,hoare1 ,c4,e4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,with a ,slide ,rule in tuck of cover4 #bs4 #f;d4 #aif4 ,,theory ,,of ,,compound ,,interest ,,and ,,annuities2 with ,tables of ,logarithms for the more ,difficult ,computations of ,interest1 ,discount1 ,annuities1 c4 ,by ,f,,dor ,,thoman4 ,fourth ,edition4 #ds4 #aii4 ,,the ,,compendious ,,calculator2 or1 ,easy and ,concise ,methods of ,performing the various ,arithmetical ,operations required in ,commercial and ,business ,transactions2 together with ,useful ,tables4 ,by ,d4 ,o',,gorman4 ,twenty-seventh ,edition1 carefully revised by ,c4 ,,norris4 #bs #f;d41 cloth limp2 #cs4 #f;d41 strongly half-bound in leather4 #bjd4 ,,mathematical ,,tables1 for ,trigonometrical1 ,astronomical1 and ,nautical ,calculations2 to which is prefixed a ,treatise on ,logarithms4 ,by ,,henry ,,law1 ,c4,e4 ,together with a ,series of ,tables for ,navigation and ,nautical ,astronomy4 ,by ,prof4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,young4 ,new ,edition4 #ds4 #bjd994 ,,logarithms4 ,with ,mathematical ,tables for ,trigonometrical1 ,astronomical1 and ,nautical ,calculations4 ,by ,,henry ,,law1 ,m4,inst4,c4,e4 ,new and ,revised ,edition4 7,forming part of the above ,work74 #cs4 #bba4 ,,measures1 ,,weights1 ,,and ,,moneys ,,of ,,all ,,nations1 and an ,analysis of the ,christian1 ,hebrew1 and ,mahometan ,calendars4 ,by ,w4 ,s4 ,b4 ,,woolhouse1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,f4,s4,s4 ,seventh ,edition1 #bs4 #f;d4 #bbg4 ,,mathematics ,,as ,,applied ,,to ,,the ,,constructive ,,arts4 ,illustrating the various processes of ,mathematical ,investigation1 by means of ,arithmetical and ,simple ,algebraical ,equations and ,practical ,examples4 ,by ,,francis ,,campin4 ,c4,e4 ,second ,edition4 #cs4 ,,physical ,,science1 ,,natural ,,philosophy1 ,,etc4 #a4 ,,chemistry4 ,by ,professor ,,george ,,fownes1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,with an ,appendix on the ,application of ,chemistry to ,agriculture1 #as4 #b4 ,,natural ,,philosophy1 ,introduction to the ,study of4 ,by ,c4 ,,tomlinson4 ,woodcuts4 #as4 #f;d4 #f4 ,,mechanics1 ,rudimentary ,treatise on4 ,by ,,charles ,,tomlinson4 ,illustrated4 #as4 #f;d4 #g4 ,,electricity2 showing the ,general ,principles of ,electrical ,science1 and the purposes to which it has been applied4 ,by ,sir ,w4 ,,snow ,,harris1 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,with ,additions by ,r4 ,,sabine1 ,c4,e41 ,f4,s4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 #g994 ,,galvanism4 ,by ,sir ,w4 ,,snow ,,harris4 ,new ,edition by ,,robert ,,sabine1 ,c4,e41 ,f4,s4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 #h4 ,,magnetism2 being a concise ,exposition of the ,general ,principles of ,magnetical ,science4 ,by ,sir ,w4 ,,snow ,,harris4 ,new ,edition1 revised by ,h4 ,m4 ,,noad1 ,ph4,d4 ,with #afe ,woodcuts4 #cs4 #f;d4 #aa4 ,,the ,,electric ,,telegraph2 its ,history and ,progress2 with ,descriptions of some of the ,apparatus4 ,by ,r4 ,,sabine1 ,c4,e41 ,f4,s4,a4 #cs4 #ab4 ,,pneumatics1 including ,acoustics and the ,phenomena of ,wind ,currents1 for the ,use of ,beginners4 ,by ,,charles ,,tomlinson1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,fourth ,edition1 enlarged4 ,illustrated4 #as4 #f;d4 #gb4 ,,manual ,,of ,,the ,,mollusca2 a ,treatise on ,recent and ,fossil ,shells4 ,by ,dr4 ,s4 ,p4 ,,woodward1 ,a4,l4,s4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,with ,plates and #cjj ,woodcuts4 #gs4 #f;d41 cloth4 #if4 ,,astronomy4 ,by the late ,rev4 ,,robert ,,main1 ,m4,a4 ,third ,edition1 by ,,william ,,thynne ,,lynn1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 #bs4 #ig4 ,,statics ,,and ,,dynamics1 the ,principles and ,practice of2 embracing also a clear development of ,hydrostatics1 ,hydrodynamics1 and ,central ,forces4 ,by ,t4 ,,baker1 ,c4,e4 ,fourth ,edition4 #as4 #f;d4 #agc4 ,,physical ,,geology1 partly based on ,major-,general ,,portlock',s ,rudiments of ,geology4 ,by ,,ralph ,,tate1 ,a4,l4,s41 c4 ,woodcuts4 #bs4 #agd4 ,,historical ,,geology1 partly based on ,major-,general ,,portlock',s ,rudiments4 ,by ,,ralph ,,tate1 ,a4,l4,s41 c4 ,woodcuts4 #bs4 #f;d4 #agc #agd4 ,,rudimentary ,,treatise ,,on ,,geology1 ,physical and ,historical4 ,partly based on ,major-,general ,portlock's ,rudiments of ,geology4 ,by ,,ralph ,,tate1 ,a4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 c4 ,in ,one ,volume4 #ds4 #f;d4 #ahc #ahd4 ,,animal ,,physics1 ,handbook of4 ,by ,dr4 ,,lardner1 ,d4,c4,l41 formerly ,professor of ,natural ,philosophy and ,astronomy in ,university ,college1 ,lond4 ,with #ebj ,illustrations4 ,in ,one ,vol4 #gs4 #f;d41 cloth boards4 999999 ,sold also in ,two ,parts1 as follows3-- #ahc4 ,animal ,physics4 ,by ,dr4 ,,lardner4 ,part ,i41 ,chapters ,i4--,,vii4 #ds4 #ahd4 ,animal ,physics4 ,by ,dr4 ,,lardner4 ,part ,,ii41 ,chapters ,,viii4--,,xviii4 #cs4 #bfi4 ,,light3 an ,introduction to the ,science of ,optics for the ,use of ,students of ,architecture1 ,engineering1 and other ,applied ,sciences4 ,by ,e4 ,,wyndham ,,tarn1 ,m4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 ,just published4 ,,fine ,,arts4 #bj4 ,,perspective ,,for ,,beginners4 ,adapted to ,young ,students and ,amateurs in ,architecture1 ,painting1 c4 ,by ,,george ,,pyne4 #bs4 #dj4 ,,glass ,,staining1 ,,and ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,painting ,,on ,,glass4 ,from the ,german of ,dr4 ,,gessert and ,,emanuel ,,otto ,,fromberg4 ,with an ,appendix on ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,enamelling4 #bs4 #f;d4 #fi4 ,,music1 ,a ,rudimentary and ,practical ,treatise on4 ,with numerous ,examples4 ,by ,,charles ,,child ,,spencer4 #bs4 #f;d4 #ga4 ,,pianoforte1 ,the ,art of ,playing the4 ,with numerous ,exercises ,lessons from the ,best ,masters4 ,by ,,charles ,,child ,,spencer4 #as4 #f;d4 #fi-ga4 ,,music ,,the ,,pianoforte4 ,in one vol4 ,half-bound1 #es4 #aha4 ,,painting ,,popularly ,,explained1 including ,fresco1 ,oil1 ,mosaic1 ,water ,colour1 ,water-,glass1 ,tempera1 ,encaustic1 ,miniature1 ,painting on ,ivory1 ,vellum1 ,pottery1 ,enamel1 ,glass1 c4 ,with ,historical ,sketches of the ,progress of the ,art by ,,thomas ,,john ,,gullick1 assisted by ,,john ,,timbs1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,sixth ,edition1 revised and enlarged4 #es4 #ahf4 ,a ,,grammar ,,of ,,colouring1 applied to ,decorative ,painting and the ,arts4 ,by ,,george ,,field4 ,new ,edition1 enlarged and adapted to the ,use of the ,ornamental ,painter and ,designer4 ,by ,,ellis ,a4 ,,davidson4 ,with two new ,coloured ,diagrams1 c4 #cs4 #bdf4 ,a ,,dictionary ,,of ,,painters1 ,,and ,,handbook ,,for ,,picture ,,amateurs2 including ,methods of ,painting1 ,cleaning1 ,relining and ,restoring1 ,schools of ,painting1 c4 ,with ,notes on the ,copyists and ,imitators of each ,master4 ,by ,,philippe ,,daryl4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,industrial ,,and ,,useful ,,arts4 #bc4 ,,bricks ,,and ,,tiles1 ,rudimentary ,treatise on the ,manufacture of4 ,by ,e4 ,,dobson1 ,m4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,illustrated1 #cs4 #fg4 ,,clocks1 ,,watches1 ,,and ,,bells1 a ,rudimentary ,treatise on4 ,by ,sir ,,edmund ,,beckett1 ,,ll4,d41 ,q4,c4 ,seventh ,edition1 revised and enlarged4 #ds4 #f;d4 limp2 #es4 #f;d4 cloth boards4 #hc99994 ,,construction ,,of ,,door ,,locks4 ,compiled from the ,papers of ,a4 ,c4 ,,hobbs1 and ,edited by ,,charles ,,tomlinson4 ,f4,r4,s4 #bs4 #f;d4 #afb4 ,,the ,,brass ,,founder',s ,,manual2 ,instructions for ,modelling1 ,pattern-,making1 ,moulding1 ,turning1 ,filing1 ,burnishing1 ,bronzing1 c4 ,with copious ,receipts1 c4 ,by ,,walter ,,graham4 #bs4 #bje4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,letter ,,painting ,,made ,,easy4 ,by ,j4,g4 ,,badenoch4 ,illustrated with #ab full-page ,engravings of ,examples1 #as4 #f;d4 #bae4 ,,the ,,goldsmith',s ,,handbook1 containing full ,instructions for the ,alloying and ,working of ,gold4 ,by ,,george ,e4 ,,gee1 #cs4 #bbe4 ,,the ,,silversmith',s ,,handbook1 containing full ,instructions for the ,alloying and ,working of ,silver4 ,by ,,george ,e4 ,,gee4 #cs4 999999 ,the two preceding ,works1 in ,one handsome ,vol41 half-bound1 entitled ,,the ,,goldsmith',s ,,silversmith',s ,,complete ,,handbook1 #gs4 #bdi4 ,,the ,,hall-,,marking ,,of ,,jewellery ,,practically ,,considered4 ,by ,,george ,e4 ,,gee4 #cs4 #bbd4 ,,coach ,,building1 ,a ,practical ,treatise1 ,historical and ,descriptive4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,burgess4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bce4 ,,practical ,,organ ,,building4 ,by ,w4 ,e4 ,,dickson1 ,m4,a41 ,precentor of ,ely ,cathedral4 ,illustrated4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bfb4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,boot ,,and ,,shoemaking4 ,by ,,john ,,bedford ,,leno4 ,numerous ,illustrations4 ,third ,edition4 #bs4 #bfc4 ,,mechanical ,,dentistry3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,construction of the ,various ,kinds of ,artificial ,dentures1 with ,formul1 ,tables1 ,receipts1 c4 ,by ,,charles ,,hunter4 ,third ,edition4 #cs4 #bgj4 ,,wood ,,engraving3 ,a ,practical and ,easy ,introduction to the ,study of the ,art4 ,by ,w4 ,n4 ,,brown1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,miscellaneous ,,volumes4 #cf4 ,a ,,dictionary ,,of ,,terms used in ,,architecture1 ,,building1 ,,engineering1 ,,mining1 ,,metallurgy1 ,,arch,,ology1 the ,,fine ,,arts1 c4 ,by ,,john ,,weale4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,revised by ,,robert ,,hunt1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,illustrated4 #es4 limp2 #fs4 cloth boards4 #ej4 ,,labour ,,contracts4 ,a ,popular ,handbook on the ,law of ,contracts for ,works and ,services4 ,by ,,david ,,gibbons4 ,fourth ,edition1 ,revised1 with ,appendix of ,statutes by ,t4 ,f4 ,,uttley1 ,solicitor1 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth4 #aab4 ,,manual ,,of ,,domestic ,,medicine4 ,by ,r4 ,,gooding1 ,b4,a41 ,m4,d4 ,a ,family ,guide in all ,cases of ,accident and ,emergency4 #bs4 #aab994 ,,management ,,of ,,health4 ,a ,manual of ,home and ,personal ,hygiene4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,james ,,baird1 ,b4,a4 #as4 #aej4 ,,logic1 ,pure and ,applied4 ,by ,s4 ,h4 ,,emmens4 #as4 #f;d4 #aec4 ,,selections ,,from ,,locke',s ,,essays ,,on ,,the ,,human ,,understanding4 ,with ,notes by ,s4 ,h4 ,,emmens4 #bs4 #aed4 ,,general ,,hints ,,to ,,emigrants4 #bs4 #aeg4 ,,the ,,emigrant',s ,,guide ,,to ,,natal4 ,by ,r4 ,,mann4 #bs4 #aic4 ,,handbook ,,of ,,field ,,fortification4 ,by ,major ,w4 ,w4 ,,knollys1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,with #afc ,woodcuts4 #cs4 #aid4 ,,the ,,house ,,manager3 ,being a ,guide to ,housekeeping1 ,practical ,cookery1 ,pickling and ,preserving1 ,household ,work1 ,dairy ,management1 c4 ,by ,,an ,,old ,,housekeeper4 #cs4 #f;d4 #aid1 #aab #aab994 ,,house ,,book 7,the74 ,comprising3--,i4 ,,the ,,house ,,manager4 ,by an ,,old ,,housekeeper4 ,,ii4 ,,domestic ,,medicine4 ,by ,r4 ,,gooding1 ,m4,d4 ,,iii4 ,,management ,,of ,,health4 ,by ,j4 ,,baird4 ,in ,one ,vol41 half-bound1 #fs4 ,the indicates that these vols may be had strongly bound at #f;d4 extra4 ,,educational ,,and ,,classical ,,series4 ,,history4 #a4 ,england1 ,outlines of the ,history of2 more especially with reference to the ,origin and ,progress of the ,english ,constitution4 ,by ,,william ,,douglas ,,hamilton1 ,f4,s4,a41 of ,her ,majesty's ,public ,record ,office4 #dth ,edition1 revised4 #es42 cloth boards1 #fs4 #e4 ,greece1 ,outlines of the ,history of2 in connection with the ,rise of the ,arts and ,civilization in ,europe4 ,by ,w4 ,,douglas ,,hamilton1 of ,university ,college1 ,london1 and ,,edward ,,levien1 ,m4,a41 of ,balliol ,college1 ,oxford4 #bs4 #f;d42 cloth boards1 #cs4 #f;d4 #g4 ,rome1 ,outlines of the ,history of3 from the ,earliest ,period to the ,christian ,era and the ,commencement of the ,decline of the ,empire4 ,by ,,edward ,,levien1 of ,balliol ,college1 ,oxford4 ,map1 #bs4 #f;d42 cl4 bds4 #cs4 #f;d4 #i4 ,chronology of ,history1 ,art1 ,literature1 and ,progress1 from the ,creation of the ,world to the ,present ,time4 ,the ,continuation by ,w4 ,d4 ,,hamilton1 ,f4,s4,a4 #cs42 cloth boards1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,english ,,language ,,and ,,miscellaneous4 #aa4 ,grammar of the ,english ,tongue1 ,spoken and ,written4 ,with an ,introduction to the ,study of ,comparative ,philology4 ,by ,,hyde ,,clarke1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,fifth ,edition1 #as4 #f;d4 #ab4 ,dictionary of the ,english ,language1 as ,spoken and ,written4 ,containing above #ajj1jjj ,words4 ,by ,,hyde ,,clarke1 ,d4,c4,l4 #cs4 #f;d42 cloth boards1 #ds4 #f;d42 complete with the ,,grammar1 cloth bds41 #es4 #f;d4 #dh4 ,composition and ,punctuation1 familiarly ,explained for those who have neglected the ,study of ,grammar4 ,by ,,justin ,,brenan4 #ahth ,edition1 #as4 #f;d4 #di4 ,derivative ,spelling-,book3 ,giving the ,origin of ,every ,word from the ,greek1 ,latin1 ,saxon1 ,german1 ,teutonic1 ,dutch1 ,french1 ,spanish1 and other ,languages2 with their present ,acceptation and ,pronunciation4 ,by ,j4 ,,rowbotham1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,improved ,edition1 #as4 #f;d4 #ea4 ,the ,art of ,extempore ,speaking3 ,hints for the ,pulpit1 the ,senate1 and the ,bar4 ,by ,m4 ,,bautain1 ,vicar-,general and ,professor at the ,sorbonne4 ,translated from the ,french4 #hth ,edition1 carefully corrected4 #bs4 #f;d4 #ec4 ,places and ,facts in ,political and ,physical ,geography1 for ,candidates in ,examinations4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,edgar ,,rand1 ,b4,a4 #as4 #ed4 ,analytical ,chemistry1 ,qualitative and ,quantitative1 a ,course of4 ,to which is prefixed1 a ,brief ,treatise upon ,modern ,chemical ,nomenclature and ,notation4 ,by ,,wm4 ,w4 ,,pink and ,,george ,e4 ,,webster4 #bs4 ,,the ,,school ,,managers' ,,series ,,of ,,reading ,,books1 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,grant1 ,rector of ,hitcham1 and ,honorary ,canon of ,ely2 formerly ,h4,m4 ,inspector of ,schools4 ,,introductory ,,primer1 #c;d4 s4 d4 ,,first ,,standard #j #f ,,second #j #aj ,,third #a #j ,,fourth ,,standard #a #b ,,fifth #a #f ,,sixth #a #f ,,lessons ,,from ,,the ,,bible4 ,part #a4 ,old ,testament1 #as4 ,,lessons ,,from ,,the ,,bible4 ,part ,,ii4 ,new ,testament1 to which is added ,,the ,,geography ,,of ,,the ,,bible1 for very young ,children4 ,by ,rev4 ,c4 ,,thornton ,,forster1 #as4 #b;d4 999999 ,or the ,two ,parts in ,one ,volume4 #bs4 ,,french4 #bd4 ,french ,grammar4 ,with ,complete and ,concise ,rules on the ,genders of ,french ,nouns4 ,by ,g4 ,l4 ,,strauss1 ,ph4,d4 #as4 #f;d4 #be4 ,french-,english ,dictionary4 ,comprising a large number of ,new ,terms used in ,engineering1 ,mining1 c4 ,by ,,alfred ,,elwes4 #as4 #f;d4 #bf4 ,english-,french ,dictionary4 ,by ,,alfred ,,elwes4 #bs4 #be1 #bf4 ,french ,dictionary 7as above74 ,complete1 in ,one ,vol41 #cs42 cloth boards1 #cs4 #f;d4 999999 ,or with the ,,grammar1 cloth boards1 #ds4 #f;d4 #dg4 ,french and ,english ,phrase ,book3 containing ,introductory ,lessons1 with ,translations1 several ,vocabularies of ,words1 a ,collection of suitable ,phrases1 and ,easy ,familiar ,dialogues1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,german4 #ci4 ,german ,grammar4 ,adapted for ,english ,students1 from ,heyse's ,theoretical and ,practical ,grammar1 by ,dr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,,strauss1 #as4 #f;d4 #dj4 ,german ,reader3 ,a ,series of ,extracts1 carefully culled from the most approved ,authors of ,germany2 with ,notes1 ,philological and ,explanatory4 ,by ,g4 ,l4 ,,strauss1 ,ph4,d4 #as4 #da-dc4 ,german ,triglot ,dictionary4 ,by ,n4 ,e4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,hamilton4 ,in ,three ,parts4 ,part ,i4 ,german-,french-,english4 ,part ,,ii4 ,english-,german-,french4 ,part ,,iii4 ,french-,german-,english4 #cs41 or cloth boards1 #ds4 #da-dc #ci4 ,german ,triglot ,dictionary 7as above71 together with ,german ,grammar 7,no4 #ci71 in ,one ,volume1 cloth boards1 #es4 ,,italian4 #bg4 ,italian ,grammar1 arranged in ,twenty ,lessons1 with a ,course of ,exercises4 ,by ,,alfred ,,elwes4 #as4 #f;d4 #bh4 ,italian ,triglot ,dictionary1 wherein the ,genders of all the ,italian and ,french ,nouns are carefully noted down4 ,by ,,alfred ,,elwes4 ,vol4 #a4 ,italian-,english-,french4 #bs4 #f;d4 #cj4 ,italian ,triglot ,dictionary4 ,by ,a4 ,,elwes4 ,vol4 #b4 ,english-,french-,italian4 #bs4 #f;d4 #cb4 ,italian ,triglot ,dictionary4 ,by ,,alfred ,,elwes4 ,vol4 #c4 ,french-,italian-,english4 #bs4 #f;d4 #bh1 #cj1 #cb4 ,italian ,triglot ,dictionary 7as above74 ,in ,one ,vol41 #gs4 #f;d4 ,cloth boards4 ,,spanish ,,and ,,portuguese4 #cd4 ,spanish ,grammar1 in a ,simple and ,practical ,form4 ,with a ,course of ,exercises4 ,by ,,alfred ,,elwes4 #as4 #f;d4 #ce4 ,spanish-,english and ,english-,spanish ,dictionary4 ,including a large number of ,technical ,terms used in ,mining1 ,engineering1 c4 with the proper ,accents and the ,gender of every ,noun4 ,by ,,alfred ,,elwes #ds42 cloth boards1 #es4 999999 ,or with the ,,grammar1 cloth boards1 #fs4 #ee4 ,portuguese ,grammar1 in a ,simple and ,practical ,form4 ,with a ,course of ,exercises4 ,by ,,alfred ,,elwes4 #as4 #f;d4 #ef4 ,portuguese-,english and ,english-,portuguese ,dictionary4 ,including a large number of ,technical ,terms used in ,mining1 ,engineering1 c41 with the proper ,accents and the ,gender of every ,noun4 ,by ,,alfred ,,elwes4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised1 #es42 cloth boards1 #fs4 999999 ,or with the ,,grammar1 cloth boards1 #gs4 ,,hebrew4 #df994 ,hebrew ,grammar4 ,by ,dr4 ,,bresslau4 #as4 #f;d4 #dd4 ,hebrew and ,english ,dictionary1 ,biblical and ,rabbinical2 containing the ,hebrew and ,chaldee ,roots of the ,old ,testament ,post-,rabbinical ,writings4 ,by ,dr4 ,,bresslau4 #fs4 #df4 ,english and ,hebrew ,dictionary4 ,by ,dr4 ,,bresslau4 #cs4 #dd1 #df4 #df994 ,hebrew ,dictionary 7as above71 in ,two ,vols41 complete1 with the ,,grammar1 cloth boards1 #abs4 ,,latin4 #ai4 ,latin ,grammar4 ,containing the ,inflections and ,elementary ,principles of ,translation and ,construction4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,thomas ,,goodwin1 ,m4,a41 ,head ,master of the ,greenwich ,proprietary ,school4 #as4 #f;d4 #bj4 ,latin-,english ,dictionary4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,thomas ,,goodwin1 ,m4,a4 #bs4 #bb4 ,english-,latin ,dictionary2 together with an ,appendix of ,french and ,italian ,words which have their origin from the ,latin4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,thomas ,,goodwin1 ,m4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 #bj1 #bb4 ,latin ,dictionary 7as above74 ,complete in ,one ,vol41 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth boards1 #ds4 #f;d4 999999 ,or with the ,,grammar1 cloth boards1 #es4 #f;d4 ,,latin ,,classics4 ,with ,explanatory ,notes in ,english4 #a4 ,latin ,delectus4 ,containing ,extracts from ,classical ,authors1 with ,genealogical ,vocabularies and ,explanatory ,notes1 by ,h4 ,,young4 #as4 #f;d4 #b4 ,csaris ,commentarii de ,bello ,gallico4 ,notes1 and a ,geographical ,register for the ,use of ,schools1 by ,h4 ,,young4 #bs4 #c4 ,cornelius ,nepos4 ,with ,notes4 ,by ,h4 ,,young4 #as4 #d4 ,virgilii ,maronis ,bucolica et ,georgica4 ,with ,notes on the ,bucolics by ,w4 ,,rushton1 ,m4,a41 and on the ,georgics by ,h4 ,,young4 #as4 #f;d4 #e4 ,virgilii ,maronis neis4 ,with ,notes1 ,critical and ,explanatory1 by ,h4 ,,young4 ,new ,edition1 revised and improved4 ,with copious ,additional ,notes by ,rev4 ,t4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,leary1 ,d4,c4,l41 formerly ,scholar of ,brasenose ,college1 ,oxford4 #cs4 #e99 ---- ,part #a ,books i4--vi41 #as4 #f;d4 #e9999 ---- ,part #b4 ,books vii4-xii41 #bs4 #f4 ,horace2 ,odes1 ,epode1 and ,carmen ,sculare4 ,notes by ,h4 ,,young4 #as4 #f;d4 #g4 ,horace2 ,satires1 ,epistles1 and ,ars ,poetica4 ,notes by ,w4 ,,brownrigg ,,smith1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #as4 #f;d4 #h4 ,sallustii ,crispi ,catalina et ,bellum ,jugurthinum4 ,notes1 ,critical and ,explanatory1 by ,w4 ,m4 ,,donne1 ,b4,a41 ,trin4 ,coll41 ,cam4 #as4 #f;d4 #i4 ,terentii ,andria et ,heautontimorumenos4 ,with ,notes1 ,critical and ,explanatory1 by the ,rev4 ,,james ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 #aj4 ,terentii ,adelphi1 ,hecyra1 ,phormio4 ,edited1 with ,notes1 ,critical and ,explanatory1 by the ,rev4 ,,james ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 #bs4 #aa4 ,terentii ,eunuchus1 ,comdia4 ,notes1 by ,rev4 ,j4 ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 #ab4 ,ciceronis ,oratio pro ,sexto ,roscio ,amerino4 ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 ,analysis1 and ,notes1 ,explanatory and ,critical1 by the ,rev4 ,,james ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 #ac4 ,ciceronis ,orationes in ,catilinam1 ,verrem1 et pro ,archia4 ,with ,introduction1 ,analysis1 and ,notes1 ,explanatory and ,critical1 by ,rev4 ,t4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,leary1 ,d4,c4,l4 formerly ,scholar of ,brasenose ,college1 ,oxford4 #as4 #f;d4 #ad4 ,ciceronis ,cato ,major1 ,llius1 ,brutus1 sive de ,senectute1 de ,amicitia1 de ,claris ,oratoribus ,dialogi4 ,with ,notes by ,w4 ,,brownrigg ,,smith1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #bs4 #af4 ,livy3 ,history of ,rome4 ,notes by ,h4 ,,young and ,w4 ,b4 ,,smith1 ,m4,a4 ,part #a4 ,books i41 ii41 #as4 #f;d4 #af994 ---- ,part #b4 ,books iii41 iv41 v41 #as4 #f;d4 #ag4 ---- ,part #c4 ,books xxi41 xxii41 #as4 #f;d4 #ai4 ,latin ,verse ,selections1 from ,catullus1 ,tibullus1 ,propertius1 and ,ovid4 ,notes by ,w4 ,b4 ,,donne1 ,m4,a41 ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 #bs4 #bj4 ,latin ,prose ,selections1 from ,varro1 ,columella1 ,vitruvius1 ,seneca1 ,quintilian1 ,florus1 ,velleius ,paterculus1 ,valerius ,maximus ,suetonius1 ,apuleius1 c4 ,notes by ,w4 ,b4 ,,donne1 ,m4,a4 #bs4 #ba4 ,juvenalis ,satir4 ,with ,prolegomena and ,notes by ,t4 ,h4 ,s4 ,,escott1 ,b4,a1 ,lecturer on ,logic at ,king's ,college1 ,london4 #bs4 ,,greek4 #ad4 ,greek ,grammar1 in accordance with the ,principles and ,philological ,researches of the most eminent ,scholars of our own day4 ,by ,,hans ,,claude ,,hamilton4 #as4 #f;d4 #ae1 #ag4 ,greek ,lexicon4 ,containing all the ,words in ,general ,use1 with their ,significations1 ,inflections1 and ,doubtful ,quantities4 ,by ,,henry ,r4 ,,hamilton4 ,vol4 #a4 ,greek-,english1 #bs4 #f;d42 ,vol4 #b4 ,english-,greek1 #bs4 ,or the ,two ,vols4 in ,one1 #ds4 #f;d42 cloth boards1 #es4 #ad1 #ae4 #ag4 ,greek ,lexicon 7as above74 ,complete1 with the ,,grammar1 in ,one ,vol41 cloth boards1 #fs4 ,,greek ,,classics4 ,with ,explanatory ,notes in ,english4 #a4 ,greek ,delectus4 ,containing ,extracts from ,classical ,authors1 with ,genealogical ,vocabularies and ,explanatory ,notes1 by ,h4 ,,young4 ,new ,edition1 with an improved and enlarged ,supplementary ,vocabulary1 by ,,john ,,hutchison1 ,m4,a41 of the ,high ,school1 ,glasgow4 #as4 #f;d4 #b1 #c4 ,xenophon's ,anabasis2 or1 ,the ,retreat of the ,ten ,thousand4 ,notes and a ,geographical ,register1 by ,h4 ,,young4 ,part #a4 ,books i4 to iii41 #as4 ,part #b4 ,books iv4 to vii41 #as4 #d4 ,lucian's ,select ,dialogues4 ,the ,text carefully revised1 with ,grammatical and ,explanatory ,notes1 by ,h4 ,,young4 #as4 #f;d4 #e-ab4 ,homer1 ,the ,works of4 ,according to the ,text of ,,baeumlein4 ,with ,notes1 ,critical and ,explanatory1 drawn from the best and latest ,authorities1 with ,preliminary ,observations and ,appendices1 by ,t4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,leary1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,,the ,,iliad3 ,part #a4 ,books i4 to vi41 #as4 #f;d4 ,part #b4 ,books vii4 to xii41 #as4#f;d4 ,part #c4 ,books xiii4 to xviii41 #as4 #f;d4 ,part #d4 ,books xix4 to xxiv41 #as4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,odyssey3 ,part #a4 ,books i4 to vi41 #as4 #f;d ,part #b4 ,books vii4 to xii41 #as4 #f;d4 ,part #c4 ,books xiii4 to xviii41 #as4 #f;d4 ,part #d4 ,books xix4 to xxiv41 and ,hymns1 #bs4 #ac4 ,plato's ,dialogues3 ,the ,apology of ,socrates1 the ,crito1 and the ,phdo4 ,from the ,text of ,c4 ,f4 ,,hermann4 ,edited with ,notes1 ,critical and ,explanatory1 by the ,rev4 ,,james ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 #bs4 #ad-ag4 ,herodotus1 ,the ,history of1 chiefly after the ,text of ,,gaisford4 ,with ,preliminary ,observations and ,appendices1 and ,notes1 ,critical and ,explanatory1 by ,t4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,leary1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,part #a4 ,books i41 ii4 7,the ,clio and ,euterpe71 #bs4 ,part #b4 ,books iii41 iv4 7,the ,thalia and ,melpomene71 #bs4 ,part #c4 ,books v4-vii4 7,the ,terpsichore1 ,erato1 and ,polymnia71 #bs4 ,part #d4 ,books viii41 ix4 7,the ,urania and ,calliope7 and ,index1 #as4 #f;d4 #ah4 ,sophocles3 dipus ,tyrannus4 ,notes by ,h4 ,,young4 #as4 #bj4 ,sophocles3 ,antigone4 ,from the ,text of ,,dindorf4 ,notes1 ,critical and ,explanatory1 by the ,rev4 ,,john ,,milner1 ,b4,a4 #bs4 #bc4 ,euripides3 ,hecuba and ,medea4 ,chiefly from the ,text of ,,dindorf4 ,with ,notes1 ,critical and ,explanatory1 by ,w4 ,,brownrigg ,,smith1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #as4 #f;d4 #bf4 ,euripides3 ,alcestis4 ,chiefly from the ,text of ,,dindorf4 ,with ,notes1 ,critical and ,explanatory1 by ,,john ,,milner1 ,b4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 #cj4 schylus3 ,prometheus ,vinctus3 ,the ,prometheus ,bound4 ,from the ,text of ,,dindorf4 ,edited1 with ,english ,notes1 ,critical and ,explanatory1 by the ,rev4 ,,james ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 #as4 #cb4 schylus3 ,septem ,contra ,thebes3 ,the ,seven against ,thebes4 ,from the ,text of ,,dindorf4 ,edited1 with ,english ,notes1 ,critical and ,explanatory1 by the ,rev4 ,,james ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 #as4 #dj4 ,aristophanes3 ,acharnians4 ,chiefly from the ,text of ,c4 ,h4 ,,weise4 ,with ,notes1 by ,c4 ,s4 ,t4 ,,townshend1 ,m4,a4 #as4 #f;d4 #da4 ,thucydides3 ,history of the ,peloponnesian ,war4 ,notes by ,h4 ,,young4 ,book #a4 #as4 #f;d4 #db4 ,xenophon's ,panegyric on ,agesilaus4 ,notes and ,introduction by ,,ll4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,jewitt4 #as4 #f;d4 #dc4 ,demosthenes4 ,the ,oration on the ,crown and the ,philippics4 ,with ,english ,notes4 ,by ,rev4 ,t4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,leary1 ,d4,c4,l41 formerly ,scholar of ,brasenose ,college1 ,oxford4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,london3 ,,crosby ,,lockwood ,,and ,,son1 #g1 ,,stationers' ,,hall ,,court1 ,,ludgate ,,hill1 ,e4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 ,obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources4 ,two unpaired double quotation marks could not be corrected4 ,except for those changes noted below1 all misspellings in the text1 and inconsistent or archaic usage1 have been retained4 ,for example1 ,brazil wood1 ,brazil-wood2 paper mills1 paper-mills2 india-rubber1 indiarubber2 inodorous2 pectous2 decoction2 silicious2 inclosed4 ,pg #cd1 in the first row of the table1 to save space '#gj per cent4' replaced by '#gj'4 ,pg #hj1 ',process for reating' replaced by ',process for ,treating'4 ,pg #bjh1 'the chimey-shaft' replaced by 'the chimney-shaft'4 ,pg #bjh1 'cylinders urrounding' replaced by 'cylinder surrounding'4 ,pg #bbi1 'may done rapidly' replaced by 'may be done rapidly'4 ,footnote #cd1 'intsrument maker' replaced by 'instrument maker'4 ,publisher's ,book ,catalogs3 ,obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected4 ,other minor errors and misspellings have been left unchanged4 ,sometimes only the first line of a book title was italicized in the original text2 the full title has been italicized in this etext4 ,the footer on each page of the second ,catalog has been removed1 except for the final page which has both the even- and odd-page footer4