,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,f9e ,,art ,,by ,g4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,hegel ,,translat$1 ,,) ,,notes1 ,,by ,f4 ,p4 ,b4 ,,osma/on1 ,b4,a4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,& ,,g5ius ,,( ,,t9toret1 ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,poetry1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,works ,,vol4 ,,iv ,,london ,g4 ,,bell ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 #aibj ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,,iv ,,subsection ,,iii ,,! ,,romantic ,,arts--cont9u$ ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,poetry ,introduction ,summ>y & contra/ betwe5 poetry & ! o!r p>ticul> arts4 ,its relation to ! o!r two romantic arts4 ,abs5ce ( all ext]nal s5su\s pres5ce4 ,poetry appeals to imag9ative vision4 ,n s direct z s5se-p]ception4 ,advantage ov] pa9t+ ?r\gh its ability to display facts 9 _! hi/orical succession or natural process4 ,f> pr(\nd] & m ext5d$ embrace ( _w ( idea ?an 9 music2 due to its great] p[] ( def9ition 9 spee* & its use ( tone m]ely z a subord9ate in/rum5t4 ,! cont5t ( poetry is ! ideal envisagem5t ( imag9ative cont5t itself4 ,ev]y?+ made intelligible by language may =m "p ( cont5t1 subject to ! condition t x is poetical4 ,analysis ( :at ?is condition implies4 ,! imag9ation ( arti/ mu/ be ,contributive2 di/9ction f m]e prose consci\sness & ?9k+4 ,9 its entire indep5d5ce ( ! mat]ial ( s5se x may be def9$ z ! univ]sal art4 ,! mat]ial is ! imag9ation1 & z su* conjo9t ) all ! arts4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n ! only art op5 to philosophical review on ?is gr\nd4 ,x m>ks1 h[ev]1 ! comm5cem5t ( ! dis9tegration ( ,art1 its bridge ( passage to ! notion ( religion & philosophical ?\ght ,subdivision ( subject-matt] ,i4 ,poetical composition z di/+ui%$ f t ( ,prose #a4 ,! poetical & prosaic composition 7a7 ,! _w ( natural or prosaic fact relatively exclud$4 ,prim>ily :at x deals ) is ! inf9ite doma9 ( ,_s & ! en]gies ( its life 7b7 ,di/9ction betwe5 poetical & prosaic conception #ba 77 ,poetical ant]ior to ! prosaic =m ( arti/ic spee*4 ,x is ! orig9al imag9ative grasp ( tru?4 ,dates f fir/ ef=t ( man at self-expression4 ,endeav\rs to make t expression ( a high] virtue ?an m]e prose 77 ,! k9d ( prose life f :i* poetry is sep>ate po/ulates a diff]5t k9d ( conception & spee*4 ,! f9ite categories ( ! und]/&+ applicable to ! =m]4 ,! ideal rationale ( fact is aim$ at by poetry4 ,its aff9ity ) & di/9ction f pure ?\ght 77 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! relation ( poetic conception to prosaic 9 e>ly times & m mod]n1 :]e ! prosaic =m ( life has become /]eotyp$ 9 a def9ite sy/em 7c7 ,! nature ( ! diff]5tiation ( poetical activity 9 diff]5t ages & nations 77 ,x has no p>ticul> epo* ( unique celebration4 ,x embraces ! collective ,_s ( man4 ,x is condition$ by ! outlook ( v>i\s nations & epo*s 77 ,"s ( ^! h clos] aff9ity ) its ess5tial _s1 e4g41 ! ,ori5tal 9 comp>ison ) ! ,we/]n nations1 if we exclude ,greece 77 ,mod]n int]e/ 9 ,hell5ic & c]ta9 portions ( ,ori5tal poetry #b4 ,! ,art-product ( poetry & prose 7a7 ,! arti/ic composition ( poetry g5]ally 77 ,x mu/ possess intr9sic unity4 ,! action mu/ be conceiv$ z t ( p>ticul> m5 or wom54 ,!re mu/ be vital coalesc5ce ( *>act]s1 ev5ts1 & actions4 ,unity 9 ! nature ( a process & a diff]5tiation ( p>ts :i* coalesce !re9 77 ,nature ( ?is organic diff]5tiation & syn!sis4 ,t5d5cy ( ,art to p>ticul>ization4 ,delight 9 detail4 ,nature ( its treatm5t ( su* detail4 ,result1 a secure self-subsi/5cy 77 ,sub/antive unity pres]v$4 ,display ( p>ticul> features1 despite all opposition1 mu/ comb9e 9 a union ( my/]i\s accord4 ,! unity is ess5tial & organic4 ,x is ! s\l ( ! entirety4 ,p>allel 9 musical tri*ord4 ,v>i$ type ( arti/ic =m 9 ! ,epic1 ! ,drama1 & ! ,lyric 7b7 ,hi/ory & oratory comp>$ ) ! poetical product 77 ,! arts ( hi/ory & oratory come into close/ aff9ity ) poetical composition4 ,hi/ory implies great ends1 _c re/ cont5t ) m]e *ronicles4 ,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1 ,x5ophon1 & ,tacitus4 ,products ( ! art ( language1 b n entirely free art4 ,! nature ( ! hi/orical cont5t prohibits ?is4 ,! prosaic elem5t 9 ! hi/orical age & ! hi/orical treatm5t def9$ 77 ,oratory appe>s to be clos] to ! fre$om ( ,art4 ,! orator appeals to ! :ole man4 ,x is direct$ to ! enunciation ( pr9ciples4 ,x is none ! less almo/ :olly relative to ! rule ( practical utility4 ,religi\s oratory4 ,x is 9 ! s]vice ( a collat]al purpose 7c7 ,! free poetical "w ( ,art 77 ,! attitude ( ! poet 9 8 "w1 to cont+5t & insignificant fact & local conditions1 actions1 ev5ts1 etc4 77 ,! end ( ,art n practical z 9 oratory4 ,nor is x to edification4 ,poems d'occasion 77 ,x is an ess5tially inf9ite 7self-r\nd$7 organism4 ,p]meat$ ) a pr9ciple ( unity4 ,indep5d5t ( any "o p>ticul> condition ( ,life or ,nature #c4 ,! creative impulse ( ! ,poet 7a7 ,less "u re/riction 9 respect to 8 m$ium4 ,! problem propos$ 9 "o respect m easy1 & 9 ano!r m difficult ?an t ( ! o!r arts4 ,te*nical control ( ! m$ium :i* is easi] makes ! dem& = imag9ative p5etration ! great] 7b7 ,be+ op]ative 9 ! realm ( imag9ative idea itself poetry has to gu>d aga9/ encroa*+ ^u ! sph]es ( religion1 philosophy1 & ! ord9>y consci\sness z su* #ec 7c7 ,to a great] ext5t ?an 9 ! o!r arts ! poet has transfus$ ! ext]nal mode ( envisagem5t1 :i* he creates1 ) ! vitality ( s\l-life4 ,mohamm$an poetry4 ,! creative en]gy mu/ be absolutely free f all re/rictions impos$ by ! mat]ial h&l$ ,,ii4 ,! ,expression ( ,poetry #a4 ,! poetical ,conception 7a7 ,poetical conception 9 its orig9s ,9 its orig9 n consci\sly di/9ct f ! prosaic or sci5tific consci\sness4 ,9 g5]al t]ms ! poetic imag9ation is pla/ic4 ,illu/ration ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! concrete poetical image & ! ab/ract concept 7b7 ,di/9ction betwe5 poetic mode ( conception & t ( prose4 ,language ( poetical metaphor & imag]y less accurate ?an ! def9ition ( prosaic fact 7c7 ,exceptional difficulties :i* confront ! poet ( a _w :]e ! di/9ction betwe5 ord9>y prose life & imag9ation is emphasis$4 ,artificial appe>ance ( 8 creations4 ,difficulty ( reta9+ spontane\s simplicity & fre%ness #b4 ,v]bal ,expression 7a7 ,poetical spee* g5]ally ,ano!r mode ( spee* necessitat$ by ! fact t ! _w ( poetry & art 9 g5]al %\ld n be id5tical ) t ( ord9>y life1 or t ( sci5ce & religion #fe 7b7 ,! means by :i* ?is is realiz$ 77 ,p>ticul> words & expressions only prop] to poetry4 ,entitl$ to borr[ f language =ms obsolete 9 ord9>y spee*4 ,! inv5tion ex]cis$ 9 creat+ novel modes ( utt]ance 77 ,! relative ord] ( words admits ( *ange2 h[ ! lic5ce 9 ?is respect may be abus$ & deg5]ate into rhetoric & declamation 77 ,! p]iods ( poetical con/ruction compos$ 9 accordance ) ! ideality ( ! s\l-exp]i5ce embodi$ 7c7 ,di/9ctions 9 ! use ( ^! means 77 ,poetry 9 ! age :]e poetry is ! "o reveal] ( spiritual tru?4 ,=ce ( creative p[] & simplicity ( diction mo/ obvi\s features4 ,creation ( a poetic diction by ,dante 77 ,di/9ction f above 9 an age :]e prose diction already elaborat$4 ,expression ( poetry becomes m elaborate & ev5tually m self-consci\s & rhetorical4 ,! poetry ( ,rome4 ,! satire4 ,spani% poetry 77 ,! nature ( g5u9e poetical expression4 ,spontaneity above all ess5tial #c4 ,v]sification4 ,only a sup]ficial view w\ld bani% x4 ,x is impli$ 9 ! dem& t ! m$ium %\ld be elaborat$ by ,art & t ! realm ent]$ %\ld be o!r ?an e-day life 7a7 ,rhy?mical ,v]sification 7t is1 )\t rhyme7 77 ,made by "t-duration & ! movem5t4 ,/>t+ po9t 9 ! natural l5g? & %ortness ( syllables4 ,! di/9ctions ( ! s\nd ( words 9 consonants & v[els contribute ! basis ( ?is4 ,description & illu/ration4 ,poetry regulates ! accid5tal int]*ange ( v>i\s syllables & words4 ,"t-duration4 ,nature ( dactyl1 anapae/1 etc4 ,x fur!r regulates ! p>ticul> "t-relations 9 a s]ies ( v]se-l9es4 ,! iambic metre1 etc4 ,problem ( "t-beats 9 ! metre ( ! anci5ts4 ,no necessity z 9 music = ab/ract "t-beat 77 ,! acc5t & caesura4 ,e "t-relation has its p>ticul> acc5t4 ,p>ticul> feet ought n ) ab/ract precision to be id5tical ) beg9n+ & conclusion ( s+le words4 ,! caesura *ecks ! monotony ( measure4 ,fur!r indep5d5t v]bal acc5t4 ,fundam5tal influ5ce on ! measure ( ! poetical idea4 ,also a def9ite type ( cont5t corresponds ) ! entire "* ( a p>ticul> v]se-measure4 ,! use ( hexamet]1 elegiacs1 & iambics 9 ?is respect 77 ,rhy?mical v]sification embraces ! actual musical s\nd ( syllables & words4 ,! /em-syllable 9 ! ,greek & ,lat9 languages4 ,aspects ( ! ,g]man language 9 ?is respect4 ,9 mod]n languages ! elem5t ( rhy?m less room = display4 ,?is 9 itself necessitates ! alt]native ( rhyme z a resi/ant aga9/ ! too exclusive ass]tion ( ideal cont5t 7b7 ,rhyme 77 ,rhyme a necess>y feature ( romantic poetry4 ,clos] approximation to music4 ,reaction aga9/ ! /r+5t "* ( ,roman poetry4 ,s\rce ( rhyme 9 ,g]manic languages 77 ,diff]5ce betwe5 two sy/ems4 ,rhy?mical v]sification supreme 9 ,hell5ic poetry4 ,mo/ important *ange effect$ t ( ! validity ( ! national quantity 9 ! old] sy/em4 ,?is replac$ by ! intr9sic mean+ ( syllables & words4 ,fr5* & ,italian poetry an extreme example ( ! collapse ( ! =m] sy/em4 ,! necessity ( rhyme & its "* analys$ 77 ,! types ( mod]n romantic poetry4 ,its allit]ation1 assonance1 & ord9>y rhyme4 ,sc&9avian poetry4 ,n necess>y = assonant words to come only at conclusion ( l9e4 ,rhyme is ! fulfilm5t ( allit]ation & assonance4 ,pre-em95tly ! =m ( lyric poetry4 ,examples 7c7 ,! union ( rhy?m & rhyme 77 ,attempt made 9 mod]n times to return to ! natural quantity ( syllables4 ,n g5]ally successful4 ,ov]:elm+ importance 9 mod]n v]se ( intelligible significance & ! acc5t ?us ass]t$ 77 ,n possible to reta9 ! pla/ic consi/5cy ( ! metrical m$ium z secur$ by classical poetry4 ,mod]n languages d n possess ! /able quantitative basis 77 ,! comb9ation equival5t to ! absorption by mod]n v]sification ( ! old] sy/em4 ,! significance ( ! id5tical repetition ( ! same "t-measure4 ,mod]n imitation ( sapphics & alcaics bas$ on a contradiction ,,iii4 ,! ,sev]al ,g5]ic ,types ( ,poetry ,introduction & ,division ( ,subject ,a4 ,epic ,poetry #a4 ,g5]al "* ( ,epic poetry 7a7 ,epigrams & ,gnomes 7b7 ,philosophical didactic poems1 ,cosmogonies & ,!ogonies 7c7 ,! g5u9e ,epopaea 77 ,! saga1 ! bible ( a folk4 ,n e national bible c rank z ,epos4 ,greeks possess no anci5t religi\s books resembl+ ,h9doo lit]ature 77 ,n necess>ily compos$ 9 ! h]oic "t itself4 ,hom]4 ,views express$ :i* belong to e>li] times 77 ,position ( ! epic poet4 ,8 "w a free creation4 ,he mu/ feel at home 9 ! _w he depicts4 ,objective indep5d5ce ( composition4 ,! "w ( "o arti/ #b4 ,p>ticul> ,*>act]i/ics ( true ,epos 7a7 ,! g5]al ,_w-condition ( ! ,epos 77 ,a positive social /ate conjo9$ to primitive simplicity4 ,intuitive s5se ( "r ! support ( moral ord]4 ,vital human association ) nature & p>ticul> objects possess$4 ,h]oic condition1 e4g41 t ( free individuality4 ,examples4 ,expresses entire horizon ( national condition 77 ,! mirror mu/ be ( "o p>ticul> p4 ,! ,hell5ic _s 9 ,hom]4 ,a =eign locale n necess>ily prejudicial to arti/ic effect4 ,! remot5ess to pres5t ideas ( ! ,niebelung5 ,li$ 77 ,ma9 ev5t ( poem mu/ be a delib]ately conceiv$ purpose4 ,x mu/ imply collisions4 ,! bellig]5t condition mo/ p]t95t4 ,! ,odyssey n only an exception4 ,c\rage ! fundam5tal int]e/4 ,ju/ification ( su* attitude 7b7 ,! individual ,epic action 77 ,mu/ be "o ( individual vitality4 ,mu/ appropriate =m ( an ev5t1 & ! happ5+ ( su*4 ,analysis4 ,problem ( an absolute ,epos4 ,m]e biography n mo/ complete subject-matt]4 ,! ,div9e ,com$y only p>tially an exception 77 ,"q ( human p]sonality impli$4 ,epic "* mu/ be a totality4 ,a*illes1 ! ,cid1 & o!r h]oes1 discuss$4 ,circum/ances z active z p]sons4 ,illu/rations 77 ,! =m "u :i* ! intr9sic significance ( ! occurr5ce proclaims itself1 :e!r z ideal ,necessity or disclos$ spiritual =ces4 ,de/9y4 ,:at x def9es4 ,g5]al tone ( sadness 9 ! ,epic4 ,diff]5t modes ( appe>ance4 ,poems ( ,ossian1 & o!rs4 ,loss ( orig9al fre%ness 9 ,lat9 poetry4 ,virgil 7c7 ,! ,epos z unifi$ totality 77 ,! unity ( ! assum$ g5]al backgr\nd & ! individuals !re94 ,humanity display$ 9 its entire collective relation ( all int]e/s & occupations4 ,! individual ev5t4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey 77 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! epic mode ( disclosure & t ( ! ,lyric or drama4 ,great] ext5sion ( range4 ,9 ! epic "w "* may give way to ext]nal condition4 ,objective nature ( its exposition4 ,motivisation ( drama & ! ,epic entirely diff]5t4 ,examples f ,hom] & mod]n poetry 77 ,nature ( unity ( ,epos4 ,?\gh n ( mo/ importance ess5tial to arti/ic result4 ,insi/5ce ^u fundam5tal unity ( ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,epic unity )9 a national :ole4 ,di/9ction f dramatic action4 ,! ,idyll4 ,! novel z ! ,epopaea ( mod]n society #c4 ,! hi/orical developm5t ( epic ,poetry 7a7 ,! ,ori5tal ,epos 77 ,epos ( ,h9doos & ,p]sians4 ,! s5se ( ! unity ( ! ,"o ,sub/ance 77 ,contra/ betwe5 ,h9doo & ,p]sian ,epos4 ,! ,ramajana & ,maha-,bh>ata 77 ,hebrew ,epic poetry 7b7 ,epic poetry ( ,greece & ,rome 77 ,ess5tial unity ( ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,! ne plus ultra ( atta9m5t4 ,! cyclic poets 77 ,roman ,epos _c comp>e 9 quality ) ! ,greek prototype 7c7 ,! ,romantic ,epos4 ,! poems ( ,ossian4 ,! ,edda4 ,national "* ( epic poems ( ,middle ,ages4 ,! ,cid4 ,! peculi> nature ( ,dante's ,div9e ,com$y4 ,! poems relat+ to ,*>lemagne1 ,k+ ,ar?ur1 etc4 ,! revolt aga9/ ,*ivalry 9 ,ario/o & ,c]vantes4 ,! ,lysiad ( ,camo5s4 ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/ & ,klop/ock's ,messias ,b4 ,lyric ,poetry #a4 ,g5]al "* ( lyric poetry 7a7 ,! cont5t ( lyric poetry 77 ,n m]ely translation ( cont5t f imm$iacy ( exp]i5ce4 ,creation ( object purifi$ f ! incid5tal mood4 ,deliv]ance ?us effect$4 ,self-expression n ! developm5t ( objective action4 ,we h ! univ]sal z su*4 ,! entire sph]e ( human belief1 religion1 art1 & to "s ext5t sci5tific ?\ght compris$ z !y fall into a p]sonal view ( ! _w 77 ,aspect ( p>ticul>ity4 ,! ,eum5ides *orus 9 ! ,cranes ( ,ibicus4 ,! ,elegy & ,epi/le 77 ,emphasis ?r\gh\t on p]sonal feel+4 ,p>allel ) g5re pa9t+4 ,cont+5cy ( cont5t4 ,gr[? ( :ole 9 temp]am5t 7b7 ,! =m ( ! same 77 ,unity diff]5t f t ( ,epos4 ,my/]i\s intimacy ( p]sonal mood4 ,approximates to ,epos 9 h]oic songs1 ballads1 & romances4 ,! ,greek ,an?ology 77 ,poems d'occasion4 ,p]sonal aspect4 ,p9d>ic ,odes4 ,goe!4 ,individual s\l suppli$ focus ( unity r ?an positive reality 77 ,po9t ( dep>ture an ext]nal occurr5ce ei!r 9 p]sonal exp]i5ce or t ( o!rs4 ,elem5t ( n>rative z 9 songs ( ,anacreon 7c7 ,! ext]nal culture condition ( ! ,lyric4 77 ,diff]5t f t ( ,epic4 ,n limit$ to "o p>ticul> epo*1 b exceptionally display$ 9 mod]n times4 ,folk-songs & ! lyric poem 77 ,possesses a p[] ( free expansion into all k9ds ( subject-matt]1 a free recognition ( imag9ative conception no less ?an arti/ic activity 77 ,! philosophical lyric poem4 ,a false & a g5u9e /yle comp>$4 ,s*ill]'s poetry #b4 ,p>ticul> aspects ( ! ,lyric 7a7 ,! lyric poet 77 ,! poet himself supplies ! pr9ciple ( comb9ation4 ,he is ! focus ( unity #bad 77 ,spontaneity ( result4 ,s+s because he _c help x4 ,8 object himself4 ,self-respect4 ,p9d> & ,klop/ock 77 ,creative 9 deal+ ) p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,goe! a f9e example 7b7 ,! lyric "w ( art 77 ,! unity ( ! ,lyric4 ,spr+s f memory or vivid association ( poet4 ,! =mal unity ( self-consci\s life4 ,mood mu/ be def9$ 9 its concret5ess1 n t5d too mu* to g5]alization 77 ,nature ( ! progressive disclosure ( cont5t4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,lyric is assimilation4 ,poems limit$ to local description4 ,ma9ly a def9ition ( emotional =ces made vital 9 objects z se5 by ! inw>d eye4 ,episodes p]missible4 ,passionate int5sity 9 its fre$om 77 ,ext]nal =m ( ! ,lyric4 ,v>iety ( metres4 ,v>i$ use ( caesura4 ,/rophes :i* admit ( mu* alt]nation1 bo? z to l5g? ( l9e1 & _! rhy?mic /ructure4 ,musical s\nd ( words & syllables4 ,free use ( assonance1 allit]ation & rhyme1 especially ! div]sifi$ use ( la/-m5tion$4 ,association ) musical accompanim5t 7c7 ,types ( ! g5u9e ,lyric 77 ,hymns1 di?yrambs1 paeans & psalms4 ,p]sonal religi\s emotion4 ,greek treatm5t ( *orus4 ,psalms ( ,old ,te/am5t 77 ,p]sonal life ( poet ! subject-matt]4 ,n s mu* ! subject z ! en?usiasm or p]sonal note4 ,p9d>ic ,odes4 ,horace4 ,klop/ock 77 ,! song z su*4 ,a field ( blossom ev] />t+ anew4 ,! ,ori5tal & ,we/]n type4 ,anacreon4 ,prote/ant hymns4 ,sonnet1 elegy1 epi/le1 etc4 ,di?yrambic emotion ( ,s*ill] #bcj #c4 ,hi/orical evolution ( ! ,lyric 7a7 ,ori5tal lyrical poetry ,vital absorption 9 ! object4 ,objective "* z comp>$ ) pure romantic4 ,hymns ( exaltation4 ,metaphor1 image1 & simile p>ticul>ly fav\r$4 ,pres5t 9 ,*9ese1 ,h9doo1 ,hebrew1 ,arab & ,p]sian poetry 7b7 ,! ,lyric ( ! ,greeks & ,romans ,g5]al "* t ( classic individuality4 ,image & metaphor n s l>gely us$4 ,emphasizes ma9ly on ! s5su\s v]bal quantity 9 ! rhy?m ( its movem5t4 ,! dance n unfrequ5tly atta*$4 ,po9t ( dep>ture hymns4 ,elegiac measure4 ,! lyric ( ! *orus4 ,p9d>4 ,roman lyric less orig9al 7c7 ,romantic ,lyric4 ,9 c]ta9 nations epic mat]ial treat$ z lyrical n>rative4 ,lyric composition ( mod]n nations /ill pagan4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian ,middle ,ages4 ,t bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( ,prote/antism4 ,klop/ock & 8 influ5ce ,c4 ,dramatic ,poetry #a4 ,! ,drama z a poetic "w ( art 7a7 ,! pr9ciple ( dramatic poetry 77 ,dep5ds on conditions ( collision1 human passion1 & *>act]s4 ,leads to action & resolution 77 ,m$iation betwe5 epic & lyric poetry4 ,has to br+ be=e vision action or ev5t1 b x is self-consci\s p]sonality :i* is ! vital =ce4 ,dramatic action mu/ submit to a process ( developm5t4 ,has to exhibit n s mu* lyrical emotion z situation4 ,action ! execut$ w recogniz$ z su* 9 its ultimate purpose4 ,! ext]nal _w only borr[$ 9 s f> z x is b\nd to ?is purpose4 ,m conc5trat$ ?an ! ,epic4 ,action s treat$ t x inevitably meets ) opposition4 ,nature ( ! div9e =ces op]ative4 ,! ,drama prop\nds ! vital en]gy ( a pr9ciple ( ,necessity 77 ,! nature ( ! dem& on ! dramatic poet 9 respect to ! div9e en]gy4 ,! drama is ! resolution ( ! "o-sid$ aspect ( ^! p[]s1 ! self-/ability :]e( is disclos$ 9 dramatic "* 7b7 ,dramatic ,composition 77 ,! unity z contra/$ ) ! ,epos & ! ,lyric4 ,unity ( place1 "t1 & action4 ,fir/ no support to f ,ari/otle4 ,nature ( dem& ^u ! imag9ation relative to fact ( direct vision4 ,unity ( action alone inv>iable4 ,romantic drama less consi/5t ?an classical4 ,examples f ,%akespe>e 77 ,mode ( dn\em5t4 ,embrace ( mat]ial 9 ,epos m ext5sive4 ,mean betwe5 t & lyrical poetry4 ,true dramatic progression1 a cont9u\s movem5t onw>ds to cata/rophe4 ,possesses a beg9n+1 middle & end4 ,ari/otle4 ,significance ( acts & _! numb]4 ,9 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man drama g5]ally five 77 ,nature ( means1 e4g41 dramatic diction1 etc4 ,reali/ic mode ( expression z contra/$ ) "o conv5tional to ! !atre4 ,mu/ nei!r be too =mal nor too unpoli%$ or colloquial4 ,*oral int]lude1 monologue1 & dialogue4 ,v]se-measure ma9ly iambic 7c7 ,! relation ( ! dramatic composition to ! ,public 77 ,di/9ct ,public to cat] = & "u obligation to x4 ,fa%ion ( ,g]man writ]s to scorn ! ,public4 ,mi/ak5 view4 ,h[ f> possible to reproduce =eign or anci5t drama 77 ,dramatis p]sonae mu/ be vital n m]ely p]sonifi$ int]e/s4 ,real emphasis on ! collision involv$4 ,goe!'s ,iphig5eia 77 ,attitude ( poet himself4 ,! impression ( ! :ole z ! product ( "o orig9al creative =ce mo/ important4 ,necessity t ! dramatic poet ma/] ! et]nal & ess5tial f\ndation ( human "* & action4 ,wor/ case :]e he seeks to flatt] a popul> prejudice4 ,ref]5ce to contempor>y ev5t4 ,ari/ophanes4 ,didactic matt] only admissible 9 s f> z x is no b> to ! fre$om ( ! entire arti/ic product #b4 ,! ext]nal ,te*nique ( a dramatic ,composition 7a7 ,! read+ or recitation ( a dramatic "w 77 ,true s5su\s m$ium ( drama ! human voice4 ,mod]n plays (t5 impracticable 9 ! !atre4 ,contra/ ( ,greek drama 9 ?is respect 77 ,plays writt5 = p]usal only4 ,!atrical reproduction a real te/ ( dramatic vitality4 ,"q :e!r dramatic works %\ld be pr9t$ 77 ,p]usal no suffici5t te/ ( ! act+ possibilities ( a drama4 ,recitation subject to ! s]i\s re/riction t x is ! expression ( "o voice only 7b7 ,! art ( ! ,actor 77 ,among ! ,greeks act+ affiliat$ to sculpture4 ,anci5ts add$ music to declamation4 ,means ( int]pretation 9 motion ( ! body4 ,! dance4 ,pla/ic "* ( ,greek p]=mance 77 ,spee* us$ solely z spiritual expression 9 mod]n act+4 ,coalesc5ce ( actor's p]sonality ) 8 rle4 ,facial expression4 ,increase p>ticul>isation 9 mod]n "*4 ,illu/rations4 ,increase ( difficulties4 ,mod]n actor an arti/ 7c7 ,! !atrical art :i* is m indep5d5t ( ,poetry 77 ,plays writt5 = ! display ( ! p>ticul> tal5t ( actors4 ,! ,italian comm$ia dell' arte4 ,fr5* attitude to audi5ce 77 ,mod]n op]a4 ,luxuri\s display ( sc5ic accessories4 ,s*ill]'s ,maid ( ,orleans4 ,moz>t's ,magic ,flute 77 ,! ,ballet4 ,! prop] subord9ation ( ! dance #c4 ,types ( dramatic poetry & ! *ief phases ( _! hi/orical developm5t 7a7 ,! pr9ciple ( ,trag$y1 ,com$y1 & ! ,play 77 ,! pr9ciple z associat$ ) trag$y 9 its ess5tial & primitive =m4 ,! cont5t ( tragic action suppli$ by spiritual =ces :i* c>ry ) !m _! own ju/ification1 e4g41 love ( husb&1 wife1 p>5ts1 or *ildr51 patriotism1 social life1 etc4 ,! sub/ance 9 :i* ! greatness & /ability ( ! tragic h]o consi/s4 ,!me ( primitive trag$y g5]ally ! godlike 9 its mundane "*4 ,=ces realiz$ z ! det]m9ate aim ( human pa?os4 ,a collision 9 :i* bo? aspects are ju/ifi$ f "o po9t ( view4 ,tragic resolution ( division4 ,mean+ ( ,ari/otle's dictum t trag$y excites & purifies fe> & pity4 ,s5se ( reconciliation #bie 77 ,9 ,trag$y :at is et]nally sub/antive is v9dicat$ "u a mode ( reconciliation4 ,9 ,com$y ! purely p]sonal exp]i5ce reta9s ! ma/]y ?r\gh\t4 ,nature ( social basis ( com$y4 ,! comic4 ,! conception ( x 9 ,molire & ,ari/ophanes4 ,requires a resolution ev5 m /rongly ?an trag$y 77 ,! ,satyric drama4 ,plautus4 ,! mod]n dramatic play4 ,illu/rations f classical drama4 ,b\nd>y l9es fluctuate m ?an 9 ! case ( g5u9e trag$y & com$y4 ,t5d5cy to pass f poetic =m altoge!r4 ,!atrical pieces exhibit$ = m]e display ( hi/rionic tal5t or psy*ological analysis1 or z a m]e social relaxation 7b7 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 anci5t & mod]n ,drama 77 ,no g5u9e ,ori5tal dramatic art4 ,pr9ciple ( individual fre$om4 ,orig9s among ,h9doos & ,*9ese 77 ,true beg9n+ among ! ,hell5es4 ,! univ]sal & sub/antive cont5t ( ! end1 :i* individuals seek to a*ieve4 ,exceptional plot & intrigue & v>i$ display ( individual "* n emphasiz$ 77 ,9 mod]n drama x is r ! de/9y ( "s p>ticul> "* "u exceptional circum/ances :i* =ms ! subject-matt]4 ,int]e/ direct$ n s mu* to e?ical v9dication & de/9y z to ! isolation ( ! individual & 8 conditions4 ,crime z a motive n exclud$4 ,=mal greatness ( "* dem&$4 ,v>iety ( *>act]ization1 & maze ( plot & intrigue4 ,9 trag$y fur!r ! p>am\nt pres5ce ( a m exalt$ ord] ( ! _w1--:e!r conceiv$ z ,provid5ce or ,fatality1--accept$ 7c7 ,! concrete developm5t ( dramatic poetry & its types 77 ,greek drama4 ,roman drama an att5uat$ reflection4 ,survey limit$ to s*ylus1 ,sophocles1 & ,ari/ophanes4 ,backgr\nd ( anci5t trag$y ! h]oic condition4 ,analysis ( modes "u :i* e?ical cont5t ( human action ass]t$4 ,! unsev]$ consci\sness ( ! godlike & ! combat+ human action1 pres5t$ "u ! =m ( *orus & h]oic figures4 ,significance ( *orus4 ,opposition betwe5 social obligation & private s5se ( duty4 ,antigone4 ,mod]n conception ( guilt & innoc5ce no place 9 ,greek trag$y 9 /rict s5se4 ,f9al end reconciliation ( =ces ( human action4 ,su* a dn\em5t n m]ely an e?ical issue4 ,contra/ betwe5 su* & ! ,ju/ice ( ! ,greek ,epos4 ,illu/rations4 ,antigone4 dipus4 ,ore/es4 ,conception ( old classical ,com$y4 ,! laught] ( ! ,olympian gods made pres5t 9 man4 ,ari/ophanes 77 ,mod]n dramatic art 7i7 ,! ends :i* ought to come into ! process ( ! action z ! cont5t ( ! *>act]s4 ,borr[$ f ! concrete _w ( religi\s & social life4 ,n h[ev]1 ! p>ticul> e?ical =ces z ( individuals :i* ass]t !m1 e4g41 ,*ri/1 ! sa9ts1 k+s1 vassals1 & memb]s ( rul+ families4 ,features ( ! private life accept$ n )9 scope ( anci5t drama4 ,p]sonal love1 hon\r1 etc4 make an exclusive appeal4 ,fau/4 ,wall5/e94 ,g5]ally x is ! inn] exp]i5ce ( s\l-life :i* dem&s satisfaction4 ,comp>ison ( problem ( ,hamlet ) t ( ! ,*oephorae4 7ii7 ,nature ( *>act]s & collisions4 ,conflict abides ess5tially 9 ! "* itself4 ,ab/ract *>act]ization ( ,fr5* & ,italian poetry1 also ,spani%4 ,9 contra/ to ?is t ( ! ,engli%1 & above all ,%akespe>e4 ,goe! & ,s*ill]4 ,vacillation ( "*4 ,k+ ,le>4 7iii7 ,nature ( tragic issue4 ,ju/ice ( m ab/ract nature ?an 9 anci5t trag$y4 ,! issue z ! effect ( mis=tune4 ,romeo & ,juliet1 a k9d ( unhappy bless$ness 9 mis=tune4 ,social plays ! l9k betwe5 trag$y & com$y4 ,z a rule ! triumph ( ord9>y morality celebrat$4 ,mod]n com$y4 ,"q :e!r folly is ridicul\s only to o!rs1 or to ! comic "* also4 ,! second type ma9ly t ( ,ari/ophanes1 ! fir/ t ( ,molire4 ,inv5tion ( ! intrigue or intricate plot4 ,comp>ison ( ,%akespe>e's com$y ) t ( ,ari/ophanes ,f9al ,summ>y & ,conclusion ,,?ird ,,"p ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,! ,,p>ticul> ,,arts ,,subsection ,,iii ,,! ,,romantic ,,arts 7,,cont9u$7 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,f9e ,,art ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,poetry ,,introduction ,i ,! temple ( classical ar*itecture dem&s a god1 :o resides !re94 ,sculpture exhibits ! same 9 pla/ic beauty1 & conf]s =ms on ! mat]ial x employs = ?is purpose1 :i* d n 9 _! nature rema9 ext]nal to :at is spiritual1 b are ! =m itself imman5t 9 ! def9$ cont5t4 ,! corporeality1 h[ev]1 & s5su\sness1 no less ?an ! ideal univ]sality ( ! sculptur$ figure1 are oppos$ on ! "o h& to subjective ideality1 & 9 "p to ! p>ticul>ity ( ! individual1 9 ^: elem5t ! cont5t ( ! religi\s1 no less ?an also ! worldly life1 mu/ secure reality by virtue ( a novel =m ( art4 ,?is mode ( expression1 :i* is ( subjective import1 & at ! same "t p>ticul>iz$ 9 its *>act]ization1 ! art ( pa9t+ itself contributes "u ! pr9ciple ( ! pla/ic arts4 ,9 o!r words x subord9ates ! reali/ic expression ( =m to ! m ideal pres5tm5t ( col\r1 & makes ! expression ( ! ideality ( s\l ! c5tral po9t#a ( ! pres5tm5t4 ,! univ]sal sph]e1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ^! arts are motiv$1 ! "o 9 ! ideal ( symbolism1 ! o!r 9 ! pla/ic ideal1 ! ?ird 9 ! romantic type1 is ! s5su\s or ext]nal =m ( _s & natural objects4 ,! spiritual cont5t possesses1 h[ev]1 z ess5tially app]t95t to ! ideality ( consci\sness1 a det]m9ate exi/5ce :i* is = ?is ideality at ! same "t =eign to ! m$ium itself ( ! ext]nal appe>ance & envisagem5t pres5t$ to x by mat]ial =m4 ,f ?is =eign elem5t x is fur!r necess>y t x removes its conceptions 9 ord] to place !m 9 a realm :i*1 9 respect to mat]ial no less ?an ! mode ( expression1 is indep5d5tly ( an ideal or subjective "*4 ,?is 0 ! =w>d /ep :i* we saw music make1 9 s f> z x embodi$ pure ideality & subjective emotion 9 ! configurations ( ess5tially resonant s\nd r ?an 9 visible =ms4 ,x1 h[ev]1 pass$ by ?is v means into a fur!r extreme1 t is1 an ideal mode ( conc5tration n fully explicit1 ^: cont5t 9 musical tones itself only f\nd symbolic expression4 ,= tone tak5 by itself is )\t cont5t1 & has its def9ition 9 ! num]ical relations1 s t :at is qualitative 9 ! spiritual cont5t no d\bt g5]ally corresponds to ^! quantitative relations :i* are express$ 9 ess5tial diff]5ces1 oppositions1 & m$iation1 b 9 its qualitative det]m9acy is n entirely able to receive its impression 9 musical tone4 ,if ?is aspect is n :olly to fail ! art ( music mu/1 by reason ( its onesid$ness1 summon to its assi/ance ! m def9ite articulation ( language1 & requires = its m secure atta*m5t to p>ticul>ity & ! *>act]i/ic expression ( ! cont5t a text1 )\t :i* x is unable to complete fully ! ideality :i* is p\r$ =? by means ( musical tones4 ,by virtue ( ?is expression ( ideas & emotions1 ! ab/ract ideality ( music receives a cle>] & m secure exposition4 ,at ! same "t :at we h "h unfold$ by its means is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 n ! po9t ( view ( idea & ! arti/ic mode adapt$ to its expression1 b m]ely ! emotional life z x accompanies ! same2 also 9 "p we f9d t "h1 too1 music entirely dive/s itself ( fusion ) ! v]bal text 9 ord] to develop its own movem5t )\t re/ra9t 9 ! _w ( tone simply4 ,= ?is reason ! realm ( idea1 :i* is unable to rema9 "u ,i su* a m purely ab/ract mode ( ideal int5sity1 & seeks a configuration 9 a _w :i* embraces its "o homog5e\s & concrete reality1 breaks away on its "p likewise f ! bond ( music1 & 9 ! exclusive art ( poetry discov]s ! adequate realization x dem&s4 ,poetry1 9 o!r words ! art ( human spee*1 is ! ?ird or f9al /ep1 ! totality1 :i* unites & embraces 9 a yet high] sph]e1 9 ! sph]e ( ! v life ( ,_s itself#b1 ! two extremes ( ! pla/ic arts & music4 ,= on ! "o h& poetry conta9s j z music does ! pr9ciple :i* appreh5ds an ideal cont5t 9 its ideality1 ! pr9ciple :i* 9 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 & pa9t+ is lo/1 or at mo/ incompletely ass]t$4 ,& on ! o!r h& x expatiates itself1 "u ! modes ( ideal conception1 intuition1 & feel+ simply1 9 an objective _w1 :i* does n entirely de/roy ! def9$ =ms ( sculpture & pa9t+1 & is capable ( unfold+ all ! conditions ( an ev5t1 a succession or int]*ange ( emotional /ates1 passions1 conceptions1 & ! exclusive c\rse ( human action ) m complet5ess ?an any o!r art4 #b4 ,b 9 a /ill m intimate way ! art ( poetry con/itutes a ?ird or f9al t]m 9 its relation to pa9t+ & music reg>d$ z ! romantic arts4 7a7 ,"o reason ( ?is is t its pr9ciple is t g5]ally ( an intellig5ce :i* has no?+ fur!r to d ) gross matt] z su*1 seek+1 z is ! case ) ar*itecture1 to trans=m x ?r\gh symbolism to an environm5t relat$ analogically to spiritual life1 or z 9 ! case ( sculpture 9 ord] to implant ^u mat]ial sub/ance ! natural =m cong5ial to su* life "u ! spatial condition ( its expression4 ,:at ! end is n[ is to express imm$iately = m9d ! manife/ations ( ,_s ) all its ideas ( imag9ation & art1 )\t sett+ =? _! ext]nal & visible bodily pres5ce4 ,& a fur!r reason consi/s 9 ?is1 t poetry is able to grasp 9 ! =m ( ideality itself & ) a f> great] weal? ?an is possible = music or pa9t+1 n m]ely ! inn]mo/ actuality ( consci\s life1 b also :at is p>ticul> & individual 9 ext]nal exi/5ce1 & equally able to contra/ su* facts 9 ! complete div]sity ( _! specific traits & accid5tal peculi>ities4 7b7 ,! art ( poetry is1 h[ev]1 z totality1 also aga91 f ano!r po9t ( view1 ess5tially to be di/+ui%$ f ! above-m5tion$ arts ^: fundam5tal qualities x ?us 9 a measure comb9es4 77 ,9 ?is respect1 if we comp>e x ) pa9t+1 ! latt] art is ?r\gh\t at an advantage1 :]e x is ( importance to br+ be=e our s5ses a cont5t "u ! condition ( its ext]nal appe>ance4 ,x is true no d\bt t poetry is able by v>i\s means to envisualize objects precisely 9 ! way t = ! imag9ation g5]ally ! pr9ciple ( objectification is made real to our intuitive s5se4 ,b 9 s f> z conceptive p[]1 9 ! elem5t ( :i* poetry pre-em95tly moves1 is ( a spiritual nature & implies ! pres5ce ( ! univ]sality ( ?\ght1 x is incapable ( atta9+ ! def9ition ( s5su\s p]ception4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! v>i$ traits :i* poetry br+s toge!r1 9 ord] to make ! concrete =m ( a cont5t visible1 d n fall z ) pa9t+ into "o & ! same totality1 :i* is set be=e u :olly z a simultane\s appe>ance ( all its details1 b !y break ap>t1 inasmu* z ! imag9ation c only give u ! complexity x conta9s "u ! =m ( succession4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 only a defect f ! s5su\s po9t ( view1 a defect :i* reason is able 9 its own way to rectify4 ,t is to say1 inasmu* z human spee*1 ev5 9 ! case :]e x endeav\rs to summon be=e our sight a concrete object1 is n conc]n$ ) ! s5su\s appreh5sion ( an imm$iate ext]nal object1 b always ) ! ideal relation1 ! m5tal intuition1 = ?is reason ! p>ticul> *>act]i/ics1 albeit !y are set be=e u 9 a s]ies1 are nev]!less fus$ toge!r 9 ! elem5t ( "o ess5tially homog5e\s _s1 :i* is able to qualify ! effect ( succession1 to br+ ! v>i$ array into "o picture1 & to secure & enjoy ?is picture 9 imag9ative contemplation4 ,moreov]1 ?is defici5cy ( s5su\s realization & objective def9ition1 :5 we contra/ poetry ) pa9t+1 br+s z a contr>y result ! possibility ( an incalculable sup]fluity ( mat]ial4 ,= inasmu* z ! poetic art 9 pa9t+ re/ricts itself to a det]m9ate space1 & ev5 m to a di/9ct mom5t 9 a situation or action1 = ?is reason x is prev5t$ f portray+ an object 9 its entire ideal pr(undity no less ?an 9 ! ext5sion ( its temporal developm5t4 ,b :at is true is ?r\gh\t concrete 9 ! s5se t x comprises )9 its embrace a unity ( ess5tial det]m9ations4 ,9 its ph5om5al appe>ance1 h[ev]1 ^! are n m]ely unfold$ z a co-exi/5t spatial ph5om5on b 9 a temporal s]ies z a hi/ory1 ^: c\rse pa9t+ is only able to pres5t 9 a relatively inadequate mann]4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( e /alk1 e tree1 ea* has 9 ?is s5se its hi/ory1 a *ange1 sequ5ce1 & exclusive :ole ( v>i$ conditions4 ,& ?is is ev5 m true ( ! sph]e ( _s1 :i* c only be exhau/ively portray$ z v]itable _s 9 ph5om5al guise :5 x is set be=e our imag9ation z su* a process4 77 ,we h already se5 t poetry possesses = its ext]nal m$ium t ( tone 9 common ) music4 ,! :olly ext]nal1 or1 z we might say 9 ! false s5se ( ! expression1 ! objective mat]ial 9 ! progressive s]ies ( ! p>ticul> arts f9ally vani%es 9 ! subjective m$ium ( s\nd1 :i* is dive/$ ( all visibility1 & :i* suff]s an ideal cont5t only to be appreh5d$ by a consci\s /ate indep5d5t ( sight4#c ,= music1 h[ev]1 ! configuration ( musical tone z su* is ! ess5tial end4 ,= al?\gh ! s\l 9 ! c\rse & movem5t ( melody & its h>monic relations pres5ts :at is ideal 9 objects1 or its own ideal cont5t1 to ! emotional life2 yet ! ideality ?us pres5t$ is n pure ideality1 b ! human s\l int]wov5 9 ! close/ way ) ! musical tone z its expression1 & ! configuration ( su* musical expression :i* conf]s on music its true "*4 ,s mu* is ?is ! case t music receives its indep5d5t position z an art j 9 proportion z ! animation giv5 by x to ! emotional life is m emphasiz$ 9 ! _w ( pure music ?an 9 t ( man's ord9>y spiritual activity4#d ,b = ?is v reason x is only to a relative degree capable ( reproduc+ ! v>iety ( spiritual ideas & intuitions1 ! entire ext5sion ( ! ideal weal? ( consci\s life3 x rema9s re/rict$ to ! m ab/ract univ]sality ( all t x grasps z cont5t1 & ! m indef9ite manife/ations ( our emotion4 ,9 ! l degree1 !n1 t m9d 7,gei/7 elaborates ! m ab/ract univ]sality 9 a concrete :ole ( idea1 ends1 actions1 & ev5ts1 & no less contributes to its con=mation ! p>ticul>iz+ p]ception1 x n only =sakes ! subjective life ( m]e emotion & builds up t life into an unfold$ realm ( objective reality 9 ?is case1 too1 )9 ! ideal _w ( ! imag9ation itself1 x is compell$1 by virtue ( ! nature ( su* trans=mation1 to =sake ! attempt to express ! new realm ?us secur$ solely & exclusively by means ( tone relations4 ,precisely z ! m$ium ( sculpture is too poor to express ! m ample cont5t t x is ! function ( ! art ( pa9t+ to call into life1 s too ! conditions ( musical tone & melodic expression are unable to realize fully ! imag9ative pictures ( ! poet4 ,= ^! 9 "p possess ! ideas m accurately def9$ to consci\sness &1 9 "p1 ! =m ( ext]nal appe>ance impress$ on ! inn] s5se ( p]ceptive reason4 ,_s consequ5tly )draws its cont5t f musical tone z su*1 & decl>es itself ?r\gh words1 :i* x is true d n entirely =sake ! elem5t ( s\nd1 b s9k to ! purely ext]nal sign ( ! communication4 ,9 o!r words1 by means ( ?is repletion ) spiritual ideas1 musical tone becomes ! voice ( articulate words2 language1 9 its turn1 is div]t$ f an end 9 itself to a means ( ideal expression :i* has lo/ its indep5d5t self-subsi/ancy4 ,?is con/itutes 9 fact :at we h already e/abli%$ z ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 music & poetry4 ,! cont5t ( ! art ( spee* is ! collective art ( ! _w ( ideas elaborat$ by ! imag9ation1 ! spiritual :i* rema9s at home 9 its vision1 :i* rema9s 9 ?is ideal realm1 &1 ev5 9 its movem5t t[>d an objective _w1 is only consci\s ( ! same z a symbol t diff]s f its own consci\s cont5t4 ,9 music art reproduces ! p5etration ( ,_s 9 a s5su\sly app>5t & pres5t =m4 ,9 poetry x ev5 =sakes ! elem5t ( musical tone & articulation oppos$ to x1 at lea/ to ! ext5t t ?is musical tone is no long] reclo!d 9 fully adequate ext]nality & ! exclusive expression ( t cont5t4 ,! ideal no d\bt is express$1 b x fails to discov] its real exi/5ce 9 ! s5su\s m$ium ( tone1 despite ! fact t x is ( a m ideal "*2 ?is x discov]s exclusively 9 its own ess5tial cont5t1 by virtue ( :i* x expresses ! cont5t ( m9d z x is realiz$ 9 ! ideality ( ! imag9ation simply z su*4 7c7 ,9 ! ?ird place1 & f9ally1 if we consid] ! specific "* ( poetry relatively to ?is di/9ction betwe5 music & pa9t+1 & we may include ) x ! o!r pla/ic arts1 we %all f9d ! same simply to consi/ 9 ! subord9ation ( ! mode "u :i* all poetical cont5t is envisag$ & configur$ by ! m$ium ( s5se4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 tone1 z x does 9 ! art ( music1 or = t matt]1 col\r z 9 t ( pa9t+1 no long] ess5tially recov]s & expresses ! entire cont5t1 9 t case ! musical treatm5t ( ! composition "u its aspects ( "t1 no less ?an ^? ( h>mony & melody1 drops away2 we h left u m]ely ! g5]aliz$ configuration ( ! "t-measure ( syllables & words1 to :i* we may add rhy?m1 euphony1 & ! l4 ,& fur!r1 x is to be not$ t we h ?is1 n 9 ! s5se ( a g5u9e m$ium = ! cont5t1 b r z a mode ( ext]nality :i* is accid5tal1 & :i* only receives an arti/ic =m1 because art _c p]mit any mode ( its ext]nal manife/ation :atev] to be entirely a "q ( accid5tal caprice4 77 ,9 connection ) ?is )drawal ( ! spiritual cont5t f ! s5su\s m$ium we are at once met ) ! "q :at x is !n :i*1 "u su* a view1 con/itutes ! actual ext]nality or objectivity 9 poetry1 t ( tone be+ ?us exclud$4 ,! answ] to ?is is simple4 ,x is ! ideal envisagem5t & imag9ative cont5t itself4 ,we h "h spiritual =ms sub/itut$ = s5su\s1 & supply a configurative mat]ial1 su* z we met ) be=e 9 m>ble1 bronze1 col\r1 or musical tones4 ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ gu>d ourselves f su* an inadequate /atem5t ( ! facts z t ideas & imag]y are no?+ m or less ?an ! cont5t ( poetry4 ,?is is unque/ionably true 9 a s5se1 z we %all demon/rate m closely lat] on4 ,despite ?is1 h[ev]1 we are equally ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ t idea1 imag]y1 emotion1 & ! l are specific modes1 "u :i* e cont5t 9 poetry is subsum$ & manife/$2 & consequ5tly1 t is1 ow+ to ! fact t ! s5su\s aspect ( ! communication rema9s ?r\gh\t a purely accid5tal "o#e--;x is ^! =ms :i* supply ! real mat]ial :i* ! poet has to elaborate arti/ically4 ,no d\bt ! fact1 ! cont5t1 mu/ 9 poetry1 z 9 o!r arts1 receive its due objectification = _s2 objectivity 9 ?is s5se1 h[ev]1 is ! ex*ange ( :at 0 previ\sly an ext]nal reality = "o t is ideal2 "o :i* receives an exi/5ce exclusively 9 consci\s life itself1 z some?+ conceiv$ or imag9$ exclusively by m9d4 ,m9d is "h on its own gr\nd objective to itself1 & x suff]s ! m$ium ( spee* m]ely z a means1 t is to say1 p>tly z "o ( communication1 & p>tly z "o ( imm$iate ext]nality1 f :i*1 z f ! pure symbol m]ely1 x is )drawn ?r\gh\t f itself into itself4 ,= ?is reason1 9 ! case ( g5u9e poetry1 x is ( no consequ5ce :e!r a poetical "w be read 9 private or li/5$ to2 & = ! same reason x c also1 )\t ess5tial depreciation ( its value1 be translat$ into o!r tongues1 be transf]r$ f v]sification into prose1 & !reby transmitt$ 9 tonal relations ( an entirely diff]5t "*4#f 77 ,9 ! second place ! "q pres5ts itself z to ! nature ( ! object = :i* ! ideal concept is employ$ 9 poetry4 ,we answ] t x is ?us us$ relatively to ess5tial tru? 9 ev]y?+ ( int]e/ to ,_s2 n m]ely1 t is1 relatively to :at is sub/antive 9 ! same 9 ! univ]sality ( its symbolic significance or classical diff]5tiation1 b equally to all t is at ! same "t specific & p>ticul>1 9 %ort1 to practically ev]y?+ 9 & ) :i* m9d is 9 any way int]e/$ & conc]n$4 ,! art ( language1 consequ5tly1 bo? 9 respect to its cont5t & ! mode "u :i* t cont5t is made explicit1 possesses a field ( immeasurable compass1 :olly incomp>able ) t ( ! o!r arts4 ,e cont5t1 e sort ( spiritual or natural fact1 ev5t1 hi/ory1 de$1 action1 all conditions1 :e!r ideal or ext]nal1 fall )9 ! doma9 & configurative p[]s ( poetry4 77 ,mat]ial ( ?is mo/ v>i$ "* is n1 h[ev]1 made poetical m]ely by reason ( ! fact t x is 9 a g5]al way ! cont5t ( idea4 ,ord9>y consci\sness is able to elaborate precisely ! same cont5t 9 ! field ( ideas1 & to p>ticul>ize concepts )\t creat+ any poetical result4 ,we recogniz$ ?is fact :5 we call$ ! concept ( m9d m]ely ! mat]ial or m$ium1 :i* only receives a =m adapt$ = poetry1 9 s f> z x p>takes ( a novel configuration by virtue ( art4 ,9 precisely ! same way m]e col\r & tone 9 _! imm$iacy are n z su* ! col\r or tone ( a pa9t] or a musician4 ,we may 9 a g5]al way describe ! di/9ction by /at+ t x is n ! idea z su*1 b ! imag9ation ( ! arti/ :i* creates a poetical cont5t1 "u conditions1 t is1 9 :i* ! imag9ation grasps ! same cont5t 9 su* a way t x is itself !re) associat$ 9 language1 words & _! m beautiful conjunction z human spee*1 j z 9 ! o!r arts we f9d x pres5t 9 ! ar*itectonic =m2 ! pla/ic ( sculpture1 t adapt$ to pa9t+1 or musical tones & h>mony4 ,a fur!r necess>y limitation ( ! art's appe>ance is ?is t ! cont5t mu/1 on ! "o h&1 n be embrac$ 9 relations applicable to m]e ?9k+1 :e!r t ( sci5ce or speculative philosophy1 nor fur!r 9 ! =m ( in>ticulate emotion1 or ) a cl>ity & self-suffici5cy :i* appeals exclusively to ! organs ( s5se2#f nei!r1 9 ano!r direction1 mu/ x suff] ! idea to pass entirely into :at we may 9 g5]al t]ms describe z ! cont+5cy1 divisions1 & relativity ( f9ite reality4 ,! imag9ation ( ! poet 9 ?is respect mu/ ma9ta9 a middle c\rse betwe5 ! ab/ract univ]sality ( pure ?9k+ & ! concrete corporeality ( mat]ial objects1 9 s f> z we are acqua9t$ ) ! latt] 9 ! productions ( ! pla/ic arts4 ,fur!rmore su* an art mu/ g5]ally con=m to ! requirem5ts we h1 9 an e>ly section ( ?is "w1 insi/$ z ess5tial to e art-product4 ,9 o!r words1 ! art itself mu/ f9d 9 its cont5t ! adequate object ( its appe>ance1 mu/ elaborate ev]y?+1 :i* x embraces1 s f> z ! int]e/ appeals to ! intellig5ce simply1#g z an ess5tially indep5d5t & self-exclusive _w4 ,only 9 s f> z x does ?is is ! dem& ( art satisfi$1 & ! cont5t !re( becomes1 by virtue ( ! specific mode ( its manife/ation1 an organic :ole1 :i* 9 its p>ts pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a limit$ association & ideal syn!sis1 :ile at ! same "t1 z contra/$ ) ! _w ( accid5tal subord9ations1 its consi/5cy is "o ( ess5tial fre$om1 a :ole made explicit ?r\gh itself4 #c4 ,! la/ po9t to :i* we mu/ 9 conclusion draw att5tion 9 respect to ?is di/9ction betwe5 poetry & ! o!r arts is connect$ ) ! diff]5t mode "u :i* ! imag9ation ( ! poet sub/antiates its ideas 9 ! objective m$ium ( its exposition4 ,! arts hi!rto consid]$ 7 entirely s]i\s 9 _! atta*m5t to ! mat]ial ( s5se1 a m$ium 9 :i* !y !mselves 7 op]ative1 9 s f> z !y m]ely be/[$ on _! cont5t a =m1 :i* c\ld be ?r\gh\t accept$ & elaborat$ by means ( conglom]ations ( mat]ial sub/ance1 :e!r bronze1 m>ble1 or wood1 or ! m$ia ( col\r & tones4#h ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 no d\bt1 poetry also has to meet a condition some:at simil>4 ,t is to say1 9 poetical composition we mu/ n ov]look ! fact t its results h to be intelligible to m9d by means ( ! communication ( human spee*4 ,b we %all f9d none ! less t ! situation 9 ! two cases is ess5tially alt]$4 7a7 ,o!rwise express$1 by reason ( ! importance p]ta9+ to ! mat]ial aspect 9 ! pla/ic arts & music1 we f9d t1 z a result ( ! def9$ re/rictions ( ?is mat]ial1 only a limit$ numb] ( conceptions c be fully reproduc$ 9 a p>ticul>iz$ =m ( reality su* z /one1 col\r1 & tone3 ! cont5t !re=e & ! possibilities ( arti/ic composition are n>r[$ )9 v def9able limits4 ,x 0 on acc\nt ( ?is fact t we 7 able to associate closely & exclusively e "o ( ^! specific arts ) "o p>ticul> =m ( arti/ic creation pre-em95tly adapt$ to x4 ,9 ?is way ! =m ( symbolism 0 appropriate to ar*itecture1 ! classical to sculpture1 & ! romantic to pa9t+ & music4 ,x is no d\bt true t ! p>ticul> arts 9 bo? directions f & t[>d _! prop] doma9 t5d$ to pass ov] into ! o!r =ms4 ,we took acc\nt ( ?is fact :5 we f\nd x possible to ref] to a classic & romantic /yle ( ar*itecture1 a symbolical & ,*ri/ian type ( sculpture1 & ev5 us$ ! t]m classic 9 connection ) pa9t+ & music4 ,dep>tures su* z ^! f ! prevail+ type 71 h[ev]1 m]ely exp]im5tal essays :i* prep>$ ! way 9 subord9ation to a new type r ?an its culm9at+ ef=t2 or !y %[$ u h[ "o art t5d$ to pass beyond its true limits 9 seek+ to grasp a cont5t or a relation to its mat]ial ( a type t only a fur!r art developm5t c\ld adequately elaborate4 ,g5]ally speak+1 we h se5 t ar*itecture has lea/ res\rce 9 ! expression ( its cont5t2 9 sculpture !re is already an increase ( possibility1 :i* is fur!r ext5d$ to its wide/ range#i by pa9t+ & music4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is t 9 proportion z ! ideality & p>ticul>ization "u all its aspects by ! ext]nal m$ium is made m explicit ! v>iety ( ! cont5t & ( ! =ms x receives also increases4 ,poetry1 on ! o!r h&1 ca/s itself free ( all subord9ation to ! mat]ial ( s5se1 at lea/ to ?is ext5t1 t 9 ! def9ition ( ext]nal or objective expression no reason :atev] rema9s :y x %\ld re/rict itself to specific cont5t or any limitation to its p[] ( composition & reproduction4 ,x is !re=e exclusively unit$ to no specific art type2 r we may def9e x z ! univ]sal art1 :i* is capable ( reclo?+ & express+ "u e conceivable mode e cont5t t c possibly ent] into or proce$ f ! imag9ation ( man4 ,& x c d ?is because its mat]ial is no?+ m or less ?an ! imag9ation itself1 :i* is ! univ]sal root & gr\nd ( all ! p>ticul> arts & _! specific types4 ,we h already1 9 ano!r connection1 :5 conclud+ our discussion ( ! p>ticul> arti/ic types1 come across :at 0 practically ! same ?+4 ,:at we s\ght =1 !n1 9 our conclusion 0 t art 9 "o ( its types %\ld make itself indep5d5t ( t mode ( repres5tation prop]ly call$ specific1 rema9+ !reby pr$om9ant above ! entire sph]e 9 :i* su* a totality ( p>ticul>ization is reproduc$4 ,an elaboration s compreh5sive is among all ! p>ticul> arts by ! v nature ( ! case only possible to poetry4 ,its realization is effect$ ?r\gh ! developm5t ( poetical creation 9 "p by means ( ! actual recon/itution ( e p>ticul> type1 & p>tly by ! lib]ation ( ! mode ( conception & its cont5t f ! b\nd>ies fix$ = x 9 ! ess5tially exclusive types ( conception1 ^: "* we h sev]ally def9$ z symbolical1 classical1 & romantic4 7b7 ,! above consid]ations w fur!r s]ve to ju/ify ! position1 :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( our inquiry1 reg>d$ z ! developm5t ( a philosophy1 we previ\sly assign$ to ! art ( poetry4 ,9 o!r words by reason ( ! fact t poetry is1 to a degree q impossible to any o!r mode ( arti/ic production1 conc]n$ ) ! univ]sal simply z su* 9 ,art1 we might appe> to h "s reason = insi/+ t x m>ks ! comm5cem5t ( an inve/igation 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w philosophical1 & only f su* a />t+ po9t c we ent] into ! sph]e ( p>ticul>ization1 9 :i* we f9d ! s]ies ( ! o!r arts z limit$ & det]m9$ by _! specific s5su\s m$ium4 ,look+ back1 h[ev]1 at ! result arriv$ at 9 our inve/igation ( ! p>ticul> art types we %all f9d t ! c\rse ( philosophical evolution consi/$1 fir/1 9 an increas$ p5etration ( ! ideal cont5t1 &1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 9 ! demon/ration t orig9ally ,art sets =? 9 ! se>*1 !n 9 ! discov]y ( & f9ally ) an advance beyond t cont5t compatible ) its p[]s4 ,?is notion ( ! beautiful & ,art mu/ en=ce itself 9 ! arts !mselves4 ,! />t+-po9t ( our inquiry1 !re=e1 0 ar*itecture1 9 :i* we f\nd m]ely an impulse t[>d ! complete repres5tation ( :at p]ta9s to ,_s 9 a mat]ial m$ium4 ,?is is s mu* ! case t x is only ?r\gh sculpture t art fir/ atta9s to a g5u9e int]fusion ( ideality ) ! m$ium2 & fur!r t only 9 ! arts ( pa9t+ & music d we rea* ! /age :]e1 by virtue ( ! ideal & subjective "* ( _! cont5t1 we f9d ! p]fect$ fusion effect$ no less "u ! aspect ( conception ?an t ( practical execution 9 ! m$ium accept$4 ,?is process culm9ates mo/ decisively 9 poetry1 by virtue ( ! fact t ! v nature ( its objective realization c only be appreh5d$ z an ef=t to draw ap>t f & cancel ! mat]ial ( s5se r ?an "o ( reproduction :i* does n z yet v5ture to clo! itself & move 9 ! objective m$ium ( s5se-p]ception4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to make ?is lib]ation intelligible 9 philosophical t]ms x is ( importance t we h already dispos$ ( ! "q :at x is f :i* art und]takes to lib]ate itself4 ,?is "q /&s 9 close relation to ! fact t poetry is ess5tially capable ( embrac+ ! entirety ( intelligible cont5t & arti/ic modes ( expression4 ,we may add fur!r t we h view$ ?is z ! acceptance ( a totality1 :i* c only be int]pret$ philosophically z ! abrogation ( limitation 9 p>ticul>ity4 ,our previ\s consid]ation ( :at we mean by ?+s t are "o-sid$ w\ld be involv$ 9 su* an exposition1 ! self-exclusive "* ( su* "o-sid$ness be+ cancell$ by su* a totality4 ,x is only ?r\gh ! c\rse ( su* an exposition t we c effectively demon/rate t poetry is ! specific art 9 :i* a po9t is rea*$ :i* m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! dis9tegration ( art itself1 a po9t at :i* ! philosophical consci\sness discov]s its bridge ( passage to ! notion ( religion z su*1 z also to ! prose ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,! b\nd>y l9es ( ! realm ( beauty are1 z we h already se51 on ! "o h& ! prose ( f9ite condition & our ord9>y consci\s life1 />t+ f :i* ,art makes its ef=t 9 ! direction ( tru?1 &1 on ! o!r1 ( ! l(ti] sph]es ( religion & sci5ce1 f :i* x passes ov] into a compreh5sion ( ! ,absolute till m emancipate f all mat]ial association4 7c7 ,despite !re=e ! complet5ess ) :i* ! art ( poetry reproduces1 "u a mode ( objectification t is mo/ ideal1 ! entire totality ( ,beauty1 nev]!less intellig5ce is able to discov] ev5 "h too 9 ?is f9al doma9 ( art a residue ( defect4 ,we may = ?is purpose )9 our art-sy/em directly contra/ ! poetic art ) t ( ar*itecture4 ,9 o!r words ar*itecture 0 /ill unable to subord9ate ! ext]nal mat]ial to ! ideal cont5t suffici5tly to clo! ! same 9 a =m adequate to m9d2 poetry on ! o!r h& c>ries ! process ( negat+ its s5su\s m$ium s f> t in/ead ( trans=m+ t :i* /&s 9 opposition to gross spatial matt]1 namely tone1 z ar*itecture does ) its mat]ial into a significant symbol1 x r r$uces x to a m]e sign ( no significance4 ,b by do+ s x de/roys ! fusion ( spiritual ideality ) ext]nal exi/5ce1 s ?or\ghly t to ?is ext5t x ceases to be compatible ) ! orig9al notion ( ,art4 ,9 o!r words x comes dang]\sly ne> to bidd+ goodbye to ! region ( s5se altoge!r1 rema9+ :olly absorb$ 9 t ( ideality4 ,! fair mean betwe5 ^! extremes ( ar*itecture & poetry is secur$ by sculpture1 pa9t+1 & music4 ,e "o ( ^! arts n m]ely /ill reproduces ! spiritual cont5t completely 9 a m$ium borr[$ f ! objective _w1 b also leaves u ) t :i* lies op5 to our s5ses1 no less ?an our intellig5ce4 ,= al?\gh pa9t+ & music1 reg>d$ z romantic arts1 atta* !mselves to a m$ium already m ideal1 !y d none ! less supply ! imm$iacy ( objective exi/5ce1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 ?is increase ( ideality1 %[s indications ( disappe>ance1 :ile aga9 f ! opposite po9t ( view !y prove !mselves1 ?r\gh _! m$ia ( col\r & tone1 m pr(use 9 fulness ( p>ticul>ization & manifold configuration ?an is requir$ f ! mat]ial ( sculpture4 ,no d\bt ! art ( poetry 9 its turn also endeav\rs1 z a set-(f to ?is defect1 to place ! objective _w be=e u ) a bread? & v>iety :i* ev5 pa9t+1 at lea/ 9 a s+le composition1 fails to secure3 none ! less ?is compreh5siv5ess rema9s ?r\gh\t m]ely a realization conf9$ to consci\sness itself2 &1 if x s happ5s t poetry1 9 response to a dem& = m mat]ial arti/ic realization1 attempts to increase ! impression on our s5ses1 x is only able to d ?is by ei!r borr[+ ^! effects f music & pa9t+1 9 ord] to secure arti/ic means o!rwise =eign to x2 or x is =c$1 if x seeks reta9 its g5u9e "*1 to employ ^! si/] arts only "u a subord9ate relation ( s]vice1 :ile ! ma9 /ress is laid on ! ideas ( consci\s life1 ! imag9ation :i* appeals to ! imag9ation1 ) :i* x is above all conc]n$4 ,?is w suffice = discussion ( ! g5]al relation "u :i* poetry is plac$ to ! o!r arts4 ,we %all n[ proce$ to a clos] exam9ation ( ! art ( poetry itself1 & ) a view to ?is propose to co-ord9ate ! same z foll[s4 ,we h already se5 t 9 poetry x is ! ideal concept itself f :i* we d]ive cont5t no less ?an m$ium4 ,by reason1 h[ev]1 ( ! fact t we already f9d outside ,art's doma9 ! _w ( idea to be ! mo/ obvi\s mode ( consci\s life1 x is above ev]y?+ else important to di/+ui% ! conception ( poetry f t ( prose4 ,! art ( poetry1 h[ev]1 is n complete 9 ?is ideal _w ( ! imag9ation alone4 ,x is necess>y t x %\ld clo! ! same 9 expressive language4 ,x has !re=e a tw(old task confront+ x4 ,on ! "o h& x is call$ ^u s to arrange ?is _w ( con/ruct$ idea t x may admit ( complete translation into spee*3 on ! o!r x mu/ take c>e n to leave ?is m$ium ( language 9 ! =m appropriat$ by ord9>y consci\s life4 ,9 o!r words su* mu/ be treat$ poetically 9 ord] t ! expression ( art may be di/+ui%able 9 ! selection ( words no less ?an _! position1 & ev5 _! s\nd f t ( ord9>y prose4 ,fur!rmore1 on acc\nt ( ! fact t1 ?\gh poetry avails itself ( language z a means ( expression1 x secures by f> ! mo/ unqualifi$ fre$om f ^? conditions & re/rictions impos$ on ! o!r arts by virtue ( ! p>ticul>ization ( _! mat]ial1 x is possible = a poetical composition 9 a pre-em95t degree to elaborate e "o ( ! v>i\s modes ( expression1 o!rwise adopt$ unaffect$ by ! onesid$ness incid5tal to _! application to a p>ticul> art4 ,! subdivision ( su* modes ( expression 9 all _! v>iety is consequ5tly by f> ! mo/ complete 9 ! works ( poetry4 ,! fur!r c\rse ( our inve/igation may n[ be epitomiz$ z foll[s3 ,fir/1 we h to elucidate :at is 9 g5]al t]ms poetical1 & ! poetical composition 9 p>ticul>4 ,secondly1 poetry w be exam9$ z a means ( expression4 ,?irdly1 we %all deal ) ! subdivision ( ! art into ,epic1 ,lyric1 & ,dramatic poetry4 ,footnote #a3 ,mittelpunkt4 ,we %\ld r say ! unify+ significance ( ! creation4 ,footnote #b3 ,x w\ld be p]haps bett] to translate gei/ig5 ,inn]li*keit ) ! words ! self-consci\s life ( ! human reason4 ,?is is develop$ & expla9$1 h[ev]1 9 ! next p>agraph4 ,footnote #c3 ,hegel expresses ?is z mak+ ! inn] or ideal cont5t p]ceptible to ! ideal faculty1 t is1 prima facie1 consci\sness1 or at lea/ t s5se :i* is ne>e/ relat$ to x1 viz41 he>+4 ,footnote #d3 ,by /att des ,gei/ig5 ,hegel cle>ly contra/s pure music ) music relat$ z accompanim5t to human spee* 9 song4 ,footnote #e3 ,lit41 "o t m]ely plays by ! way4 ,footnote #f3 ,su* a /atem5t is obvi\sly "o :i* w\ld be /rongly resi/$4 ,! /ress laid "h on ! purely ideal cont5t z contra/$ ) ! beauty ( rhy?m & modal arrangem5t w\ld c]ta9ly sugge/ t ,hegel 0 defici5t 9 a s5se = ! musical possibilities ( language ,i presume he does use gebund5 9 ! s5se ( v]se4 ,footnote #g3 ,hegel's expression is 9 re9 !oretis*5 ,int]esse4 ,footnote #h3 ,! m$ium ( music is n ( c\rse /rictly on all f\rs ) ! o!rs4 ,footnote #i3 ,t is "u ! limits ( ^! f\r arts4 ,i ,,poetical ,,composition ,,z ,,di/+ui%$ ,,f ,,t ,,( ,,prose ,we f9d x difficult to recall a s+le writ] among all :o h writt5 on ! subject ( poetry :o has n evad$ ! attempt to describe :at is poetical z su*1 let alone a cle> def9ition4 ,& 9 fact if any "o beg9s a discussion ^u poetry1 reg>d$ z an art1 )\t previ\sly hav+ inve/igat$ ! nature ( ! cont5t & mode ( conception appropriate to ,art 9 its mo/ g5]al t]ms1 he w f9d x an extremely difficult matt] to det]m9e :]e we mu/ look = t 9 :i* ! ess5tial "* ( poetry consi/s4 ,to an exceptional degree is ?is failure to tackle ?is problem visible 9 ^? cases :]e a writ] takes z 8 po9t ( dep>ture ! actual execution 9 p>ticul> works ( art1 & seeks to e/abli%1 by means ( ?is connoisseur%ip1 "s g5]al pr9ciple :i* he may apply z relevant to e sort & k9d ( composition4 ,9 ?is way works ( ! mo/ het]og5e\s "* come to rank z g5u9e poetry4 ,if we once />t f su* assumptions1 & !n proce$ to ! inquiry by virtue ( :at productions ( ?is nature c be reasonably class$ toge!r z poems we are at once confront$ ) ! difficulty ,i h above adv]t$ to4 ,happily our own position "h is n t ( ^! inquir]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place we h by no mann] ( means arriv$ at ! g5]al notion ( our subject-matt] ?r\gh an exam9ation ( any p>ticul> examples ( its display2 we h on ! contr>y s\ght to evolve ! actual con/itution ( ! same by a ref]5ce to ! fundam5tal notion4#a ,agreeably ) ?is x is n "p ( our dem& t ev]y?+ 9 ord9>y p>lance reg>d$ z poetry %\ld 9 our pres5t inquiry fall into ! g5]al notion we h accept$4 ,at lea/ ?is is c]ta9ly n s 9 s f> z ! decision :e!r any p>ticul> "w is or is n poetical is only d$ucible f ! notion itself4 ,fur!rmore x is unnecess>y n[ to exp\nd m fully :at we und]/& by ! notion ( poetry4 ,to d ?is we %\ld simply h to repeat aga9 ! c\rse ( our inquiry into ! nature ( ,beauty & ! ,ideal z develop$ 9 g5]al t]ms 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is "w4 ,! intr9sic "* ( :at is poetical /&s 9 g5]al agreem5t ) ! g5]ic notion ( arti/ic beauty & ! art-product4 ,t is to say1 ! imag9ation ( ! poet is n1 z is ! case ) ! pla/ic arts & music by reason ( ! nature ( ! mat]ia1 ?r\gh :i* !y are reproductive1 con/ra9$ 9 its creative activity 9 _m directions1 & =c$ to accept _m o!rs ( a onesid$ or v p>tial complet5ess2 x is on ! contr>y m]ely subs]vi5t to ! ess5tial requirem5ts & g5]al pr9ciple ( an ideal & arti/ic pres5tation4 ,f ! _m diff]5t po9ts ( view applicable to our pres5t purpose1 ,i w attempt to emphasize m]ely ^? ( mo/ importance1 z = example1 fir/s t :i* relates to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! mode ( composition employ$ respectively by poetry & prose2 secondly1 t :i* contra/s a poetical "w z complet$ ) "o ( prose2 &1 f9ally1 ,i propose to add a few obs]vations relative to ! subjective faculty :i* creates1 or1 %all we say1 ! poet himself4 ,i4 ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,poetry ,,& ,,prose 7a7 ,9 s f> z ! cont5t appropriate to poetical composition is conc]n$ we may1 relatively speak+ at any rate1 exclude ! ext]nal _w ( natural fact4 ,x is spiritual int]e/s r ?an ! sun1 m\nta9s1 l&scape1 or ! bodily human =m1 & ! l1 :i* are its prop] subject-matt]4 ,=1 al?\gh x naturally embraces ! elem5t ( s5su\s impression & p]ception1 x rema9s none ! less1 ev5 9 ?is respect1 an activity ( m9d4 ,its ma9 object is an intuition ( ideality1 to :i* x /&s z spiritual activity 9 clos] relation & aff9ity ?an is possible = ext]nal objects1 z pres5t$ 9 _! concrete sub/ance to ! s5ses4 ,! _w ( ,nature !re=e only ent]s into ! cont5t ( poetry 9 s f> z m9d discov]s !re9 a /imulus or a mat]ial ^u :i* to ex]cise its own en]gy2 z1 = example1 :]e x is reg>d$ z ! environm5t ( man1 m]ely possess+ ess5tial wor? 9 its relation to ! ideality ( consci\s life1 :i* moreov] c put =w>d no claim to be itself ! indep5d5t object ( poetry4 ,! object1 9 %ort1 :i* fully corresponds to its appeal is ! inf9ite realm ( ,_s4 ,= ! m$ium ( language1 ! mo/ pla/ic m$ium possess$ imm$iately by consci\s life1 & ! "o mo/ compet5t to grasp its int]e/s & movem5ts 9 _! ideal vitality1 precisely z is ! case ) ! mat]ial ( ! o!r arts1 su* z /one1 col\r1 & tone1 mu/ necess>ily & above all be employ$ to express t :i* x is mo/ qualifi$ to express4 ,x is consequ5tly ! pre-em95t task ( poetry to br+ be=e our vision ! en]gies ( ! life ( ,_s1 all t surges to & fro 9 human passion & emotion1 or passes 9 tranquillity across ! m9d1 t is ! all-embrac+ realm ( human idea1 action1 exploit1 fatality1 ! affairs ( ?is _w & ! div9e ,provid5ce4 ,x has be5 ! mo/ univ]sal & cosmopolitan in/ructor ( ! human race & is s /ill4 ,in/ruction & le>n+ are toge!r ! k & exp]i5ce ( :at is4 ,/>s1 animals & plants are ignorant ( _! law--x does n come into _! exp]i5ce2 b man only !n exi/s con=mably to ! pr9ciple ( 8 be+ :5 he kn[s :at he is & by :at he is surr\nd$4 ,he mu/ recognize ! p[]s by :i* he is driv5 or influ5c$2 & x is j su* a k :i* poetry1 9 its orig9al & vital#b =m1 supplies4 7b7 ,x is1 h[ev]1 also a cont5t ( ! same "* :i* belongs to man's ord9>y consci\s life4 ,?is too in/ructs him 9 g5]al laws1 z su* at lea/ are int]pret$ by ! motley cr[d ( human life1 9 _! di/9ction1 coord9ation1 & significance4 ,! "q !re=e arises1 z previ\sly obs]v$1 z to ! nature ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! mode ( conception sev]ally adopt$ by prose & poetry1 a simil>ity 9 ! cont5t ( ea* be+ assum$ z possible4 77 ,poetry is ( great] antiquity ?an spee* modell$ 9 ! arti/ic =m ( elaborate prose4 ,x is ! orig9al imag9ative grasp ( tru?s a =m ( k1 :i* fails z yet to sep>ate ! univ]sal f its liv+ exi/5ce 9 ! p>ticul> object1 :i* does n z yet contra/ law l& ph5om5a1 object & means1 or relate ! "o to ! o!r 9 subord9ation to ! process ( human reason1 b compreh5ds ! "o exclusively 9 ! o!r & by virtue ( ! o!r4 ,= ?is reason x does n m]ely1 "u ! mode ( imag]y1 express a cont5t already ess5tially appreh5d$ 9 its univ]sality2 on ! contr>y x l+]s1 con=mably to its unm$iat$ notion1 9 ! unity ( concrete life itself1 :i* has n z yet effect$ su* a sep>ation or su* an association ( m]e relation%ip4 77 ,"u ! above =ms ( envisualization1 poetry posits all t x compreh5ds z an exclusive & consequ5tly indep5d5t totality1 :i*1 despite its capacity = a ri* cont5t & an ext5sive range ( condition1 individuals1 actions1 ev5ts1 emotions & ideas ( e k9d1 nev]!less is =c$ to exhibit ! same 9 all _! wide complexity z an ess5tially self-det]m9$ :ole1 z display$ & motiv$ by ! unity1 ^: individual expression ?is or t fact 9 its s+ul>ity actually is4 ,& consequ5tly ! univ]sal or rational pr9ciple is n express$ 9 poetry 9 its ab/ract univ]sality1 or 9 ! complexus :i* lies op5 to philosophical exposition or "u ! relation ( its v>i$ aspects appreh5d$ by sci5ce1 b on ! contr>y z a vital union1 9 its ph5om5al pres5ce1 possess$ ) s\l & self-det]m9$ ?r\gh\t2 & x is fur!r express$ 9 su* a way t ! all-embrac+ unity1 ! real s\l ( its vitality1 is only suff]$ to be op]ative 9 my/]i\s guise f )9 outw>ds4 77 ,! "* ( ?is mode ( appreh5d+1 reclo?+ & express+ fact is ?r\gh\t "o ( con/ruction4 ,x is n ! fact itself & its contemplative#c exi/5ce1 b recon/ruction & spee* :i* are ! object ( poetry4 ,its entrance on ! sc5e dates f ! fir/ ef=ts ( man at self-expression4 ,:at is express$ is simply made use ( to satisfy ?is desire4 ,! in/ant man1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 practical activities & imp]ative duties1 seeks to summ>ize ?is effect = m9d & to communicate himself to o!rs1 !n we h "s k9d ( arti/ic expression1 "s accord ) :at is poetical4 ,to m5tion "o f a ho/ ( examples1 !re is t di/i* :i* we read 9 ,h]odotus ref]r+ to ! sla9 h]oes ( ,!rmopylae4 ,z = its cont5t x is simply ! fact1 ! b>e ann\ncem5t t f\r ?\s& ,peloponesians on a c]ta9 spot f\ght ! battle ) ?ree hundr$ myriads4 ,! ma9 int]e/ is1 h[ev]1 ! composition ( an inscription :i* communicates to contempor>y life & po/]ity ! hi/orical fact1 & is !re exclusively to d s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! expression ( ?is fact is poetical2 x te/ifies to itself z a de$ 7 7 :i* leaves ! cont5t 9 its simplicity1 b expresses ! same ) a def9ite purpose4 ,! language1 9 :i* ! idea is embodi$1 is to t ext5t ( su* increas$ value t an attempt is made to di/+ui% x f ord9>y spee*2 we h a di/i* 9 lieu ( a s5t5ce4 77 ,= ?is reason1 ev5 f ! po9t ( view ( language1 poetry makes an ef=t to keep its doma9 s+ul> & di/9ct f ord9>y p>lance1 & to accompli% ?is elevates its expression to a high] virtue ?an t ( m]ely articulate expression4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 n only 9 ?is p>ticul> respect1 b = ! purposes ( our pres5t inquiry g5]ally1 make an ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 a primitive poetry1 :i* arises previ\s to ! creation ( ord9>y artificial prose1 & t mode ( poetical composition & spee* ! developm5t ( :i* is effect$ :]e already ! conditions ( our ev]yday life & prosaic expression exi/4 ,! fir/ is poetical )\t int5tion1 9 idea no less ?an spee*2 ! latt]1 on ! contr>y1 is fully consci\s ( ! sph]e1 f :i* its task is to deta* itself1 9 ord] t x may e/abli% itself on ! free basis ( art4 ,x is consequ5tly q aw>e ( ! di/9ction & contra/ impli$ 9 its self-creation to ! _w ( prose4 77 ,secondly1 ! k9d ( prose life1 f :i* poetry has to sep>ate itself1 po/ulates an entirely diff]5t nature ( conception & spee*4 77 ,9 o!r words1 look$ at f "o po9t ( view1 su* a consci\sness reg>ds ! wide expanse ( reality accord+ to t association ( cause & effect1 object & means1 & all o!r categories ( ! mode ( reflection :i* deals ) f9ite conditions & ! objective _w g5]ally1 t is1 ! limit$ categories ( sci5ce or ! und]/&+4 ,x is a feature ( su* ?\ght t e p>ticul> trait %\ld at "o mom5t appe> ) a false subsi/5cy1 at ano!r %\ld be plac$ 9 ! position ( b>e relation to some?+ else1 t z su* x %\ld be s appreh5d$ 9 its relativity & dep5d5ce t no unity ( a free nature :atev] is possible1 no unity1 t is1 :i* rema9s ess5tially ?r\gh\t1 & 9 all its bran*es & sep>ate filam5ts1 a complete & free totality1 no unity1 9 %ort1 :]e we f9d t ! individual aspects are simply ! appropriate explication & ph5om5al pres5ce ( "o cont5t :i* con/itutes ! po9t ( focus1 ! s\l t unites all toge!r1 & :i* also f9ds its vital pr9ciple 9 ?is all-p]vad+ c5tre ( animation4 ,r ! type ( conception we above ref] to z t ( sci5ce goes no fur!r ?an ! discov]y ( p>ticul> laws 9 ph5om5a1 & p]si/s = ?is reason 9 ! sep>ation1 or b>e relation1 ( ! p>ticul> exi/5ce ) its g5]al law1 ! laws !mselves "u ?is view t5d+ to h>d5 f ea* o!r 9 _! isolate s+ul>ity2 t _! relation is1 9 fact1 conceiv$ exclusively "u ext]nal & f9ite conditions4 77 ,&1 fur!rmore1 man's ord9>y consci\sness has no?+ to d ) :at we call ! ideal pr9ciple ( association1 ! ess5tial core ( facts1 _! bases1 causes1 ends1 & s =?4 ,x re/s satisfi$ ) ! acceptance ( ! m]e fact t some?+ exi/s or happ5s z di/9ct f some?+ else2 or1 9 o!r words1 ) its insignificant cont+5cy4 ,x is no d\bt true t ! unity ( life is n1 9 su* a case1 delib]ately cancell$ by any express sep>ation2 t unity1 ,i mean1 9 :i* ! intuition ( ! poet arre/s ! ideal rationale ( ! fact1 its expression & det]m9ate exi/5ce4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 is abs5t "h1 is j t fla% ( insight into ?is core ( reason & significance1 :i* becomes consequ5tly = our intellig5ce a ?+ ess5tially vacant1 possess+ no fur!r claim on our m9ds to a rational int]e/4 ,! compreh5sion ( a rational cosmos2 & its relations is ex*ang$ !n & !re = a m]e flux & contiguity ( indiff]5ce1 :i* x is true may possess a l>ge expanse ( ext]nal animation1 b :i* none ! less suff]s ! pr(\nd] impulse ( reason#d to rema9 unsatisfi$4 ,true vision1 no less ?an s\l-life 9 its full vig\r1 c only obta9 satisfaction1 :]e su* are made aw>e 9 ph5om5a1 ?r\gh feel+ no less ?an contemplation1 ( ! reality 9 its ess5ce & tru? :i* is compatible ) su* a _w4 ,! life :i* is a m]e ext]nal %[ is defunct to our deep] s5se1 if all t is ideal & intr9sically ri* 9 significance fails to %9e ?r\gh z ! v s\l !re(4 77 ,^! defects1 ?irdly1 9 ! conceptions ( sci5ce & our ord9>y consci\s life speculative ?\ght effaces4 ,x /&s1 !re=e1 9 "o respect 9 aff9ity ) ! imag9ation ( ! poet4 ,! cognizance ( reason#e is n solely1 or ev5 ma9ly1 conc]n$ ) cont+5t s+ul>ity1 nor does x ov]look 9 ! ph5om5al _w ! ess5ce ( ! same4 ,x does n re/ satisfi$ ) ! diff]5tiations & ext]nal relations prop] to ! conceptions & d$uctions ( ! und]/&+2 x unites !m 9 a free totality1 :i* 9 ! appreh5sion ( our f9ite faculty 9 "p fails to pres]ve its self-consi/5cy1 & 9 "p is posit$ 9 a relation t possesses no syn!tic unity4 ,pure ?\ght1 h[ev]1 c h b "o result1 namely ?\ghts4 ,x evaporates ! mode ( reality 9 t ( ! pure notion4 ,& al?\gh x grasps & compreh5ds actual ?+s 9 _! ess5tial sep>ation & _! actual exi/5ce1 x does also nev]!less translate ?is p>ticul>ity into ! ideal elem5t ( ! univ]sal1 9 :i* alone ?\ght is at home ) itself4 ,consequ5tly !re arises1 9 contra/ to ! _w ( ph5om5a1 a _w t is new 9 ?is s5se1 t ?\gh ! tru? ( ! ,real is pres5t1 x is n display$ 9 reality itself z ! p[] itself :i* gives x =m & ! v]itable s\l !re(4 ,?9k+ is simply a reconciliation ( tru? ) reality 9 ,?\ght4 ,! creations & recon/ruction1 h[ev]1 ( ! poet is a reconciliation "u ! mode ( ph5om5al reality itself1 albeit su* a real appe>ance is m]ely ideally conceiv$4 77 ,we h1 !re=e1 two di/9ct sph]es ( consci\sness1 t ( poetry & prose4 ,9 =m] times1 9 :i* !re is nei!r pres5t a delib]ate outlook on ! _w elaborat$1 9 respect to its religi\s belief & its g5]al k1 "u ! co-ord9at$ =m ( sci5tific ideas & cognition1 nor an actual _w ( human condition regulat$ con=mably to su* a /&>d1 poetry is confront$ ) a light] task4 ,prose is n 9 su* a case oppos$ to x z an ess5tially indep5d5t field ( ideal & ext]nal exi/5ce1 :i* x has fir/ to ov]come4 ,its problem is = ! mo/ "p simply limit$ to deep5+ all t is significant or transp>5t 9 ! =ms ( ord9>y consci\sness4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! prose ( life has already appropriat$ )9 its mode ( vision ! entire cont5t ( consci\s life1 sett+ its seal on all & e "p ( x1 ! art ( poetry is =c$ to und]take ! task ( melt+ all d[n aga9 & re-co9+ ! same anew4 ,9 e direction x f9ds itself involv$ 9 difficulties by ! unresponsive nature ( prosaic exi/5ce4 ,x has1 9 %ort1 n only to wre/ itself f ! adh]5ce ( ord9>y consci\sness to all t is indiff]5t & cont+5t1 & to raise ! sci5tific appreh5sion ( ! cosmos ( fact to ! level ( reason's pr(\nd] p5etration1 or to translate speculative ?\ght into t]ms ( ! imag9ation1 giv+ a body to ! same 9 ! sph]e ( intellig5ce itself2 x has fur!r to conv]t 9 _m ways ! mode ( expression common to ! ord9>y consci\sness into t appropriate to poetry2 &1 despite ( all delib]ate int5tion en=c$ by su* a contra/ & su* a process1 to make x appe> z ?\gh all su* purpose 0 abs5t1 pres]v+ ! orig9al fre$om ess5tial to all art4 7c7 ,we h n[ summ>iz$ 9 its mo/ g5]al t]ms t 9 :i* ! cont5t ( poetry consi/s4 ,we h fur!r di/+ui%$ ! =m ( poetry f t ( prose4 ,9 conclusion1 x is ( importance to draw att5tion to ! p>ticul>ization :i* ! art ( poetry1 to a degree unatta9$ by ! o!r arts1 ^: developm5t is n ne>ly s ri* 9 results1 admits (4 ,we f9d1 no d\bt1 ar*itecture illu/rat$ 9 ! arts ( v v>i$ peoples1 & cont9u\s ?r\gh _m c5turies4 ,b ( sculpture1 at lea/1 x is true t x rea*es its culm9at+ po9t 9 ! anci5t _w ( ,greece & ,rome1 j z pa9t+ & music h done m rec5tly 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,! art ( poetry celebrates its epo*s ( brilliancy & bloom among all nations & 9 all ages almo/ t pres5t any real arti/ic activity at all4 ,x embraces ! collective ,_s ( mank9d1 & x is diff]5tiat$ ?r\gh e k9d ( v>iation4 77 ,fur!rmore1 inasmu* z poetry does n accept ! univ]sal 9 sci5tific ab/raction f its object1 b seeks to repres5t :at is rational "u ! mode ( individuality1#f ! specific traits ( national "* are ess5tial to its gr[?2 ! cont5t & ! p>ticul> mode ( its pres5tation are 9 fact condition$ by ! nature ( ^! & ! g5]al outlook 9 ea* case4 ,we f9d x consequ5tly adapt+ itself to e v>iety ( =m & peculi>ity4 ,x matt]s n :at ! poetry may be1 :e!r ,ori5tal1 ,italian1 ,spani%1 ,engli%1 ,roman1 ,hell5ic1 or ,g]man1 ea* & all diff] totally 9 _! _s1 emotional impulse1 g5]al outlook & expression4 ,a simil> di/9ctive v>iety ass]ts itself 9 p>ticul> epo*s z !y are fav\rable to ! art ( poetry or ! rev]se4 ,! results secur$1 = example1 by our ,g]man poetry 7 impossible 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 or ! times ( ! ?irty ye>s' w>4 ,! p>ticul> motives1 :i* 9 our own day excite ! greate/ int]e/1 are insep>able f ! entire evolution ( contempor>y life4 ,& 9 ! same way e age has its own wid] or m re/rict$1 m exalt$ & lib]al1 or m depress$ phase ( emotional life1 9 %ort its specific outlook on ! _w1 :i* x is ! express aim ( poetry to br+ home to ! arti/ic consci\sness 9 ! mo/ intelligible & complete mann]1 inasmu* z language is ! "o m$ium capable ( express+ ! human _s :]ev] & 9 :atev] =m x may be manife/$4 77 ,among ^! national *>act]i/ics1 or views & op9ions peculi> to p>ticul> epo*s1 "s h clos] aff9ity ) ! poetic impulse ?an o!rs4 ,! ,ori5tal consci\sness is1 = example1 9 g5]al m poetic ?an ! ,we/]n m9d1 if we exclude ,greece4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! pr9ciple pr$om9ant is always t ( coh]5ce1 solidity1 unity1 sub/ance4 ,an outlook ( ?is nature is intr9sically mo/ p5etrative1 ev5 ?\gh x may fail to rea* ! fre$om ( ! ,ideal4 ,our ,we/]n po9t ( view1 especially t ( mod]n life1 is bas$ on ! endless break+ up & division ( its b\ndless mat]ial into fragm5ts1 9 virtue ( :i* process1 ! extreme emphasis laid "h on p>ticul> facts1 :at is m]ely f9ite becomes sub/antive = ! imag9ation1 & despite ( ?is mu/ be once m subsum$ "u ! conv]se action ( relativity4 ,= ! ,ori5tal no?+ p]si/s z really sub/antive1 b ev]y?+ appe>s z cont+5t1 discov]+ its supreme focus1 /ability & f9al ju/ification 9 ! ,"o1 ! ,absolute1 to :i* x is ref]r$4 77 ,by means ( ?is div]sity ( national traits & ! evolution>y process ( ! c5turies we f9d t :at is %>$ by all mank9d alike1 no less ?an all t claims to be arti/ic1 is drawn z a common elem5t )9 ! rea* ( o!r nations & epo*s1 intelligible & enjoyable to ! same4 ,x is 9 ?is tw(old connection t ( late ye>s to an exceptional degree ,hell5ic poetry has r\s$ ! admiration & imitation ( mo/ div]se nationalities4 ,& ?is is s because 9 ! cont5t ( x no less ?an 9 ! arti/ic =m x receives ! simply human is disclos$ ) mo/ beauty4 ,! lit]ature ( ,india itself1 h[ev]1 despite all ! difficulties att5dant on an outlook & arti/ic expression s ali5 to our own1 is n :olly outside our sympa?y2 & ! boa/ is no empty "o t 9 our mod]n era pre-em95tly a ke5 s5se = all t art & ! human _s embraces 9 e direction has begun to unfold itself4 ,7 we 9 our pres5t inve/igation ( ?is impulse t[>d individualization1 pursu$ s p]si/5tly by poetry1 "u ! aspects we h already describ$1 to re/rict ! same to a g5]al treatm5t ( ! art ( poetry1 su* a g5]alization1 h[ev] e/abli%$1 c\ld n fail to be ab/ract & devoid ( cont5t4 ,x is !re=e ( fir/ importance1 if our object be to consid] poetry ( a really g5u9e type1 t we include 9 our survey ! =ms ( ! creative _s z pres5t$ 9 _! national =m1 ! unique product ( "o age2 & fur!r we mu/ n ov]look ! individuality :i* creates1 ! s\l ( ! poet4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! ma9 po9ts ( view to :i* ,i w\ld draw att5tion by way ( a g5]al introduction to poetical creation & conception4 #b4 ,,! ,,art-,,product ,,( ,,poetry ,,& ,,prose ,poetry is n1 h[ev]1 exhau/$ by ! imag9ative idea alone3 x mu/ necess>ily proce$ to make itself articulate & complete 9 ! poetical "w ( art4 ,su* an object ( /udy op5s a l>ge field ( inve/igation4 ,we may conv5i5tly arrange & classify ! c\rse ( our discussion z foll[s3 ,fir/1 we %all endeav\r to po9t out :at is ( mo/ importance relatively to ! poetical composition g5]ally4 ,secondly1 we %all di/+ui% x f ! pr9cipal types ( prose composition1 9 s f> z ! same are compatible ) arti/ic treatm5t4 ,we %all !n1 f9ally be 9 a position to d$uce ) "s complet5ess ! notion ( ! free art-product4 7a7 ,9 respect to ! poetical "w ( art "u its g5]ic aspect all t is necess>y is once m to en=ce our previ\s cont5tion t x mu/1 no less ?an any o!r production ( an unfett]$ imag9ation1 receive ! =m & indep5d5ce ( an organic :ole4 ,?is dem& c only receive satisfaction z foll[s3 77 ,9 ! fir/ place t :i* con/itutes a homog5e\s cont5t1 :e!r x be a def9ite object ( action & ev5t1 or a specific emotion & passion1 mu/ be=e ev]y?+ else possess intr9sic unity4 77 ,all else mu/ be posit$ "u relation to ?is bond ( unity1 & !reby comb9e to =m a freeh& concrete coh]5ce ( all p>ts4 ,?is is only possible "u ! condition1 t ! cont5t select$ is n conceiv$ z ab/ract univ]sal1 b z ! action & emotion ( m51 z ! object & passion :i* are actually pres5t 9 ! m9d1 s\l1 & volition ( def9ite individuals1 aris+ z su* f ! di/9ctive basis ( an individual nature 9 ea* case4 77 ,! univ]sal1 :i* is to receive repres5tation1 & ! individuals1 9 ^: "* ev5ts & actions ! manife/ation ( poetry is ass]t$ mu/ n consequ5tly fall into fragm5ts1 or be s relat$ t ! individuals are m]ely ( s]vice z an ab/ract univ]sal2 bo? aspects mu/ comb9e 9 vital coalesc5ce4 ,9 ! ,iliad1 = example1 ! conte/ ( ,greeks & ,trojans1 & ! victory ( ! =m] is insep>ably b\nd up ) ! wra? ( ,a*illes1 :i* = ?is reason becomes ! common focus weld+ all toge!r4 ,no d\bt we also f9d poetical works 9 :i* ! fundam5tal cont5t is p>tly m ab/ract 9 its g5]alization1 & also p>tly is execut$ 9 a way t expresses a univ]sal ( m significance4 ,dante's great epic poem is an illu/ration1 :i* n only embraces ! _w div9e ?r\gh\t1 b displays individuals ( ! mo/ v>i$ "* 9 _! relation to ! puni%m5ts ( hell1 purgatory & ! bless$ness ( ,p>adise4 ,b ev5 "h we f9d no entirely ab/ract sep>ation1 ( ! two po9ts ( view1 no m]e relation ( s]vice betwe5 ! p>ticul> objects4 ,= 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w ! focus ( consci\s life is n conceiv$ z no?+ m ?an an accid5t ( ,godhead1 b z ess5tial & inf9ite cause or end itself1 s t "h ! univ]sal purpose1 t is ! div9e ju/ice 9 condemnation & salvation c v]ily appe> z imman5t fact1 ! et]nal int]e/ & be+ ( ! individual himself4 ,9 ?is div9e _w ! individual is ?r\gh\t ( pre-em95t importance4 ,9 t ( ! ,/ate he c ( c\rse be sacrific$ 9 ord] to save ! univ]sal1 t is ! ,/ate4 ,9 8 relation to ,god1 h[ev]1 & 9 ! k+dom ( ,god he is ess5tially & exclusively ! end4 77 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 ?irdly1 conceive ! univ]sal1 :i* supplies ! cont5t ( human emotion & action z self-subsi/5t1 intr9sically complete :]e x is1 & con/itut+ z su* 9 itself a def9itive & exclusive _w4 ,:51 = in/ance1 9 our contempor>y life m5tion is made ( any (fic]1 (ficial1 g5]al1 pr(essor1 & s =?1 & we try to imag9e :at k9d ( action su* a man or p]sonality is likely to attempt or c>ry out "u 8 own p>ticul> conditions ( environm5t1 we place be=e ourselves simply a cont5t ( int]e/ & activity1 :i* 9 "p is n itself a r\nd$ & self-sub/antive :ole1 b "o :i* /&s 9 inf9itely manifold ext]nal connections1 relations & conditions1 9 "p also1 if we reg>d x z ab/ract totality1 "o :i* c receive ! =m ( a univ]sal concept 9 its sep>ation f ! individuality ( !1 9 o!r respects1 entire p]sonality1 z = in/ance t ( p]sonal obligation4 ,conv]sely we may h no d\bt a cont5t ( /]l+ "*1 mak+1 t is to say1 an ess5tially indep5d5t :ole1 :i*1 despite ( ?is1 & )\t fur!r developm5t & advance1 is complete 9 "o s5t5ce4 ,x is really impossible to say :e!r a cont5t ( ?is nature belongs m prop]ly to poetry or prose4 ,! gr& affirmation ( ! old ,te/am5t1 ,god said ,let _! be ,light & !re 0 ,light1 is at once 9 its p5etration1 no less ?an ! precision ( its embrace1#g z mu* ess5tially sublime poetry z x is ord9>y prose4 ,( a simil> nature is ! comm&1 ,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god1 ?\ %alt h no o!r gods b me2 or t1 ,hon\r ?y fa!r & ?y "m4 ,! gold5 epigrams ( a ,py?agoras & ! wise say+s ( ,solomon are ( ! same type4 ,phrases1 s ri* 9 cont5t z ! above1 h _! orig9 9 a _w :]e ! di/9ction betwe5 poetry & prose is z yet abs5t4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 h>dly affirm ( su* t !y are a poetical "w ( art1 ev5 ?\gh _m su* phrases may be comb9$ toge!r4 ,! indep5d5ce & r\nd+ (f ( a g5u9e poetical "w mu/ be assum$ at ! same "t to be ( ! nature ( a process1 & a diff]5tiation ( p>ts3 we assume x !re=e to be a unity1 ! true "* ( :i* is only made explicit by emphatic insi/5ce ^u its div]sity4 ,?is process1 absolutely ess5tial 9 ! pla/ic arts1 reg>d$ at lea/ accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( _! =m1 is also m g5]ally ( ! greate/ mom5t 9 a poetical composition4 77 ,?is introduces u1 !n1 to a second feature ( ! "w ( art1 namely1 ! organic diff]5tiation ( its sev]al p>ts1 ess5tial to x n m]ely t x may be pres5t$ z an organic unity1 b t ! elaboration ( all x implies may be r5d]$ complete4 77 ,! mo/ obvi\s reason ( ?is necessity is ref]able to ! fact t ,art 9 g5]al t5ds in/9ctively to p>ticul>ization4 ,! effect ( ! sci5tific faculty is t :at is p>ticul> & s+ul> fails to receive its complete v9dication4 ,& ?is is s n m]ely because ! und]/&+ appreh5ds ! manifold1 z su* !oretic faculty1 />t+ f its pr9ciples ( g5]alization1 caus+ ! p>ticul> fact !reby to evaporate 9 its ab/ract d$uctions & categories2 b also because x makes ?is manifold subs]ve ends ( purely practical import4 ,sev]e adh]5ce to t purely relative value1 :i* /rictly belongs to ! nature ( ! process1 appe>s to ! und]/&+ z useless & t$i\s4 ,to ! conception & composition ( poetry on ! contr>y e "p1 e phase 9 ! result mu/ rema9 ( ess5tial int]e/ & vital4 ,x dallies !re=e ) delight 9 detail1 depicts ! same ) en?usiasm1 & treats e "p z an indep5d5t :ole4 ,h[ev] great1 !re=e1 9 addition ! cont5t may be ( a poetical "w 9 its c5tral int]e/1 ! organic complet5ess is equally ass]t$ 9 subord9ate detail1 precisely z 9 ! human organism e memb]1 e f+] is r\nd$ ) exquisite delicacy 9 its unifi$ complet5ess1 & z a rule1 we f9d 9 ,nature t e p>ticul> exi/5ce is enclos$ )9 a p]fect _w ( its own4 ,! advance ( poetry is !re=e m sl[ ?an t compatible ) ! judgm5ts & conclusions ( ! und]/&+1 :]e we f9d t1 :e!r reg>d$ !oretically z sci5ce or ) ref]5ce to practical conduct & action1 ! ma9 /ress is on ! f9al result1 ?is r ?an on ! pa? by :i* x is rea*$4 ,z = ! degree 9 :i* poetry approa*es realization 9 its t5d]ness = su* detail we h already po9t$ out t x is n its vocation to describe ) excessive diffus5ess :at is ext]ior 9 ! =m ( its s5su\s appe>ance4 ,if x !re=e und]takes ext5sive descriptions )\t mak+ !m reflect at ! same "t ! claims & int]e/s ( s\l-life x becomes heavy & t$i\s4 ,above all x mu/ take c>e n to ent] into delib]ate rivalry ) ! actual detail1 9 its exact complet5ess1 pres5t$ by natural fact itself4 ,ev5 pa9t+ 9 ?is respect %\ld aim at circumspection & re/riction4 ,we h !re=e "h & 9 ! case ( poetry a tw(old po9t ( view to consid]4 ,on ! "o h& we mu/ rememb] t ! impression is on our m5tal vision2 & on ! o!r ! art c only place be=e ! m9d ! object1 :i* 9 ,nature we c survey & compreh5d 9 a s+le glance 9 a s]ies ( sep>ate traits4 ,= ?is reason x is important t poetry does n c>ry its elaboration ( detail s f>1 t ! vision ( ! :ole 9 its entirety becomes inevitably di/urb$1 confus$1 or lo/4 ,x is obvi\s !re=e t difficulties ( an exceptional nature h to be ov]come :5 ! attempt is made to place an action or ev5t ( v>i$ nature be=e our vision1 & :]e 9 actual life su* happ5 9 a s+le mom5t ( "t1 & 9 close connection ) su* imm$iacy1 = all x c d is to pres5t ! same 9 a cont9u\s s]ies4 ,z respects ?is difficulty1 no less ?an ! g5]al way 9 :i* poetry1 z already describ$1 approa*es ! detail ( ,nature1 we f9d ! dem& ( ! sev]al g5]ic types ( ! art diff]s v consid]ably4 ,epic poetry1 = in/ance1 atta*es itself to ! p>ticul>ity ( ! ext]nal _w ) an emphasis totally diff]5t f t ( dramatic poetry1 ) its rapidity ( =w>d movem5t1 or f t ( lyrical poetry ) its exclusive insi/5ce on ! ideally significant4 77 ,x is ?r\gh an elaboration ( ?is k9d t ! sev]al p>ts ( a composition secure subsi/5cy4 ,no d\bt ?is appe>s to /& 9 direct contradiction to ! unity :i* we e/abli%$ z a prim>y condition3 z a matt] ( fact ! opposition is m]ely app>5t4 ,?is indep5d5ce %\ld n1 t is to say1 ass]t itself 9 su* a way t ! sev]al p>ts are plac$ 9 absolute sep>ation f ea* o!r3 x mu/ on ! contr>y only be c>ri$ s f> t ! sev]al aspects & memb]s ( ! :ole are cle>ly se5 on _! own acc\nt to be ass]t$ 9 ! vital =m peculi> to ea*1 & to /& on _! own free basis ( indep5d5ce4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ?is individualiz$ life is abs5t f ! sev]al p>ts1 ! composition becomes1 precisely z ,art g5]ally c only inve/ ! univ]sal ) det]m9ate exi/5ce "u ! =m ( actual p>ticul>ity1 cold & defunct4 77 ,despite ( ?is self-subsi/5cy1 h[ev]1 ^! sev]al p>ts mu/ rema9 likewise 9 conjunction to ! ext5t t ! "o fundam5tal motive or purpose1 made explicit & manife/ 9 & ?r\gh !m1 mu/ decl>e itself z ! unity :i* p]vades ! :ole1 & 9 :i* ! p>ts coalesce & to :i* !y return4 ,?is is ! condition ( art1 & pre-em95tly s ( poetry1 :]e x falls %ort ( its noble/ rea*1 ^u :i* x mo/ readily is wreck$1 & ! "w ( art decl9es f ! realm ( a free imag9ation into t ( m]e prose4 ,to put x 9 ano!r way1 ! connexion into :i* ! p>ts fall mu/ n m]ely be "o ( f9al cause & effect4 ,= 9 ! relation ( teleology ! end is ! univ]sal z ess5tially presuppos$ & will$1 :i* x is true succe$s 9 mak+ ! sev]al aspects tally ) ! process1 yet employs !m none ! less z means & to ?is ext5t robs !m ( all really free /ability & !reby ( e sort ( vitality4 ,9 su* a case ! p>ts m]ely fall "u a relation ( purpose to "o end1 :i* is ass]t$ imp]i\sly to ! disadvantage ( all else1 & :i* accepts ! same 9 ab/raction z subs]vi5t & subord9ate to itself4 ,! fre$om & beauty ( art contradict flatly ?is s]vile relation ( ! ab/ract faculty ( sci5ce4 77 ,on ^! gr\nds ! unity1 ass]t$ 9 ! sev]al p>ts ( ! composition1 mu/ be ( ano!r "*4 ,! def9ition ( ?is may be /at$ "u two aspects ( conception1 z foll[s4 77 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! vital pres5ce we h already ref]r$ to z peculi> to e "p sep>ately mu/ be ma9ta9$4 ,if we direct our att5tion1 h[ev]1 to t :i* 9 fact ju/ifies ! introduction ( any detail :atev] into ! composition1 we f9d ! po9t ( dep>ture to be "o fundam5tal idea :i* ! same z a :ole is und]tak5 to manife/ or int]pret4 ,consequ5tly ev]y?+ def9$ & p>ticul> mu/ ann\nce t z ! s\rce ( its own specific appe>ance4 ,9 o!r words1 ! cont5t ( a poetical "w mu/ n be itself intr9sically ab/ract1 b concrete1 "o t by reason ( its own weal? conducts u to a ri* unravelm5t ( its v>i$ aspects4 ,& :5 ?is v>iety1 ev5 assum+ t 9 its realization x falls to e appe>ance into pla9 contradictions1 yet is z a matt] ( fact root$ 9 ! ess5tially unifi$ cont5t we h adv]t$ to1 9 t case we may affirm t by necessity ! cont5t itself1 9 a =m agreeable to its notion & be+1 comprises :at is fundam5tally an exclusive & h>moni\s totality ( p>ticul> *>act]i/ics1 :i* x possesses z its own1 & 9 ! cont9u\s expatiation ( :i* :at x is 9 its real significance is 9 tru? r5d]$ explicit4 ,x is only ^! sev]al p>ts1 :i* orig9ally belong to ! cont5t1 & :i* consequ5tly %\ld be c>ri$ into ! composition "u ! mode ( actual & ess5tially s\nd & vital exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is respect1 !re=e1 despite all appe>ance ! display ( p>ticul> *>act]i/ics pres5t ( opposition to o!rs1 !y are ?r\gh\t comb9$ 9 a union ( my/]i\s accord1 root$ 9 its own nature4 77 ,secondly1 s9ce ! composition is pres5t$ "u ! =m ( natural ph5om5a1 ! unity mu/1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! vital appe>ance ( su* reality1 only be ! ideal bond1 :i* to all appe>ance )\t int5tion holds toge!r ! p>ts & includes !m 9 an organic :ole4 ,x is j ?is animat+ union ( organic life :i* alone is able to br+ into be+ true poetry z contra/$ ) ! express$ int5tion ( pla9 prose4 ,t is to say :5ev] p>ticul>ity exclusively appe>s z means to a def9ite end1 x does n possess & _c conceivably possess an indep5d5t & unique vitality ( its own2 :at x does te/ify to1 on ! contr>y1 is t x exi/s = ! sake ( some?+ else1 t is ! end propos$4 ,purpose ( ?is type decl>es its sov]eignty ov] ! objective facts ?r\gh :i* x is fulfill$4 ,an arti/ic composition %\ld1 h[ev]1 conf] ^u all t is p>ticul> )9 x1 all 9 ! expatiation ( :i* x displays cont9u\sly ! c5tral & fundam5tal cont5t select$1 ! appe>ance ( an unfett]$ /ability4 ,?is is absolutely necess>y1 because :at we "h comprise "u ! t]m p>ticul>ity is j t cont5t itself "u ! mode ( ! reality :i* corresponds ) x4 ,we may !re=e recall to our m9ds ! analog\s task ( speculative ?\ght1 :i* 9 ! same way has on ! "o side to develop ! p>ticul> to ! po9t ( self-subsi/5cy or fre$om f t :i* is at fir/ an indef9ite univ]sality2 & likewise1 too1 x is call$ on to demon/rate h[ )9 ?is totality ( :at is p>ticul>1 9 :i* t & t only is divulg$ :i* ess5tially reposes 9 ! univ]sal1 ! unity is on ?is v acc\nt once m ass]t$1 & inde$ !n & only !n is truly concrete unity1 e/abli%$ ?r\gh its own diff]5ces & _! m$iation4 ,speculative philosophy is ?us1 9 ! same way1 ?r\gh ! me?od ( dialectic above adv]t$ to1 responsible = works :i* resemble 9 ?is respect ^? ( poetry1 conta9+1 t is1 by virtue ( ! cont5t1 an ess5tial id5tity ( self-seclusiv5ess & a revelation ( diff]5tiat$ mat]ial 9 accord ) x4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 despite ?is simil>ity betwe5 ^! two activities1 & ap>t f ! obvi\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! evolution ( pure ?9k+ & creative art1 draw att5tion to a fur!r ess5tial di/9ction4 ,! d$uction ( philosophy no d\bt v9dicates ! necessity & actuality ( p>ticul>ity1 b none ! less1 9 virtue ( ! dialectic process 9 :i* ?is aspect ( reality is ass]t$1 x is expressly demon/rat$ ( ?is p>ticul>ity & all ( x1 t x = ! fir/ "t discov]s its tru? & its /ability 9 ! concrete unity4#h ,poetry1 on ! contr>y1 does n proce$ to any su* express demon/ration4 ,! concordant unity mu/ no d\bt be completely v9dicat$ 9 e "o ( its creations1 & be op]ative !re 9 all _! manifold detail z ! s\l & vital core ( ! :ole2 b ?is pres5ce rema9s = ,art an ideal bond :i* is impli$ r ?an expressly posit$1 precisely z ! s\l is imm$iately made vital 9 all ! bodily memb]s1 )\t robb+ ! same ( ! appe>ance ( an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,we h ! same tru? illu/rat$ by col\r & tone4 ,yell[1 blue1 gre5 & r$ are diff]5t col\rs :i* admit ( ! mo/ absolute contra/2 b none ! less1 on acc\nt ( ! fact t z col\r !y all ess5tially belong to "o totality1 !y ma9ta9 a h>mony ?r\gh\t2 & x is n1 moreov]1 necess>y t ?is union z su* %\ld be expressly decl>$ 9 !m4 ,9 a simil> way ! dom9ant1 ! ?ird & ! fif? rema9 indep5d5t z tones1 & yet = all t give u ! h>mony ( ! tri*ord2 or1 r1 we %\ld put x t !y only produce ?is h>mony s long z ea* tone is p]mitt$ to ass]t its own ess5tially free & *>act]i/ic s\nd4 77 ,9 connection ) ?is organic unity & articulate syn!sis ( a poetical composition we h fur!r to consid] ess5tial features ( di/9ction :i* are due to ! p>ticul> arti/ic =m appropriate to ! composition "u review1 no less ?an ! p>ticul> type ( poetry 9 :i* we discov] ! specific "* ( its work+ out4 ,poetry1 = example1 ( symbolic art is unable1 ow+ to ! m ab/ract & indef9ite traits :i* con/itute its ess5tial & significant cont5t1 to atta9 to a fully organic fusion 9 ! degree ( transp>5cy possible to ! works ( ! classical art-=m4 ,9 symbolism g5]ally1 z we h already e/abli%$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is enquiry1 ! conjunction ( g5]al significance & ! actual ph5om5on1 9 association ) :i* ,art embodies its cont5t1 is ( a less coh]5t "*3 z a result ( ?is we f9d t :at is p>ticul> 9 "o direction pres]ves a great] consi/5cy2 9 ano!r1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,sublime1 only s f> ass]ts ?is quality 9 ord]1 ?r\gh ! negation ?us impli$1 to r5d] m intelligible ! "o supreme p[] & sub/ance1 or m]ely to advance ! process to a condition ( my/]i\s association ( p>ticul>1 b at ! same "t het]og5e\s no less ?an relat$ traits & aspects ( natural & spiritual facts4 ,conv]sely1 9 ! romantic type1 :]e9 ! ideality ( tru? reveals itself 9 ess5tial privacy to s\l-life only1 we f9d a wid] field = ! display ( ! detail ( rational reality 9 its self-subsi/5cy2 9 ?is latt] case ! conjunction ( all p>ts & _! union mu/ necess>ily be pres5t1 b ! nature ( _! elaboration c nei!r be s cle> or secure z 9 ! products ( classical art4 ,9 a simil> way ! ,epic gives u a m ext5sive picture ( ! ext]nal _w2 x ev5 l+]s by ! way 9 episodical ev5ts & de$s1 :]eby ! unity ( ! :ole1 ow+ to ?is increas$ isolation ( ! p>ts1 appe>s to suff] dim9ution4 ,! drama1 9 contra/ to ?is1 requires a m /r5u\s conjunction1 albeit1 ev5 9 ! drama1 we f9d t romantic poetry p]mits ! introduction ( a type ( v>iety 9 ! nature ( episode & an elaborate analysis ( *>act]i/ic traits 9 its pres5tation ( s\l-life no less ?an t ( ext]nal fact4 ,lyric poetry1 z x *anges con=mably to ! fluctuation ( its types1 adapts itself to a mode ( pres5tm5t ( ! greate/ v>iety3 at "o "t x is b>e n>ration2 at ano!r ! exclusive expression ( emotion or contemplation2 at ano!r x re/ricts its vision1 9 m tranquil advance1 to ! c5tral unity :i* comb9es2 at ano!r x %ifts hi!r & ?i!r 9 unre/ra9$ passion ?r\gh a range ( ideas & emotions app>5tly de/itute ( any unity at all4 ,?is1 !n1 mu/ suffice u on ! g5]al "q ( a poetical composition4 7b7 ,9 ord] n[1--?is is our second ma9 head 9 ! pres5t discussion1--to exam9e m closely ! di/9ction :i* obta9s betwe5 ! organic poem z above consid]$ & ! prose composition1 we propose to direct att5tion to ^? specific types ( prose :i*1 despite _! obvi\s limitations1 d none ! less come into close/ aff9ity ) art4 ,su* are1 )\t "q1 ! arts ( hi/ory & oratory4 77 ,z reg>ds hi/ory1 !re c be no d\bt t we f9d ample opportunity "h = "o aspect ( g5u9e arti/ic activity4 77 ,! evolution ( human life 9 religion & civil society1 ! ev5ts & de/9ies ( ! mo/ fam\s individuals & peoples1 :o h giv5 emphasis to life 9 ei!r field by _! activity1 all ?is presupposes great ends 9 ! compilation ( su* a "w1 or ! complete failure ( :at x implies4 ,! hi/orical relation ( subjects & a cont5t su* z ^! admits ( real di/9ction1 ?or\ghness & int]e/3 & h[ev] mu* our hi/orian mu/ endeav\r to reproduce actual hi/orical fact1 x is none ! less incumb5t ^u him to br+ be=e our imag9ative vision ?is motley cont5t ( ev5ts & *>act]s1 to create anew & make vivid ! same to our intellig5ce ) 8 own g5ius4#i ,9 ! creation ( su* a memorial he mu/1 moreov]1 n re/ satisfi$ ) ! b>e lett] ( p>ticul> fact2 he mu/ br+ ?is mat]ial into a co-ord9at$ & con/ructive :ole2 he mu/ collectively conceive & embrace s+le traits1 occurr5ces & actions "u ! unify+ concept2 ) ! result t on ! "o h& we h fla%$ be=e u a cle> picture ( nationality1 epo* ( "t1 ext]nal condition & ! spiritual greatness or weakness ( ! individuals conc]n$ 9 ! v life & *>act]ization :i* belong$ to !m2 & on ! o!r t ! bond ( association1 9 :i* ! v>i\s p>ts ( our picture /& to ! ideal hi/orical significance ( a p or an ev5t1 is ass]t$ f su* )\t exception4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t we1 ev5 9 our own day1 speak ( ! art ( ,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1 ,x5ophon1 ,tacitus1 & a few o!rs1 & _c cease to admire _! n>ratives z classical products ( ! art ( human language4 77 ,x is nev]!less true t ev5 ^! f9e examples ( hi/orical composition d n belong to free ,art4 ,we may add t we %\ld h no poetry ev5 ?\gh we 7 to assume ) su* works ! ext]nal =m ( poetry1 ! measure or rhyme ( v]se & s =?4 ,x is n exclusively ! mann] 9 :i* hi/ory is writt51 b ! nature ( its cont5t1 :i* makes x prose4 ,let u look at ?is r m closely4 ,g5u9e hi/ory1 bo? 9 respect to aim & p]=mance1 only beg9s at ! po9t :]e ! h]oic age1 :i* 9 its orig9ation x is ! "p ( poetry & art to v9dicate1 ceases1 = ! reason t we h "h ! mom5t :5 ! di/9ct outl9es & prose ( life1 9 its actual conditions1 no less ?an ! way !y are conceiv$ & repres5t$1 come into be+4 ,h]odotus does n = in/ance describe ! ,greek exp$ition to ,troy1 b ! ,p]sian w>s1 & takes pa9s1 9 a v>iety ( ways1 ) t$i\s rese>* & c>eful reflection1 to base ! n>rative propos$ on g5u9e k4 ,! ,h9doos1 inde$ we may say ! ,ori5tals g5]ally1 ) almo/ ! s+le exception ( ! ,*9ese1 d n possess ?is in/9ct ( prose suffici5tly to produce a g5u9e hi/ory4 ,!y inv>iably digress ei!r into an int]pretation & recon/ruction ( facts ( a purely religi\s "*1 or su* z are fanta/ic inv5tions4 ,! elem5t ( prose !n native to ! hi/orical age ( any folk may be briefly describ$ z foll[s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 ord] t we may h hi/ory we mu/ presuppose a common life1 :e!r we consid] ! same on its religi\s side1 or t ( a polity1 ) its law1 in/itutions1 & ! l1 e/abli%$ on _! own acc\nt1 & possess+ orig9ally or 9 _! subsequ5t modification a validity z laws or conditions ( g5]al application4 ,x is out ( su* a common life1 secondly1 t we m>k ! bir? ( def9ite activities = ! pres]vation or *ange ( ! same1 :i* may be ( univ]sal import1 & 9 fact con/itute ! end or motive ( _! cont9uance1 & to complete & c>ry into effect :i* we h to presuppose individuals fitt$ = su* a task4 ,^! individuals are great & em95t 9 s f> z !y %[ !mselves1 ?r\gh _! effective p]sonality1 9 co-op]ation ) ! common end1 :i* und]lies ! ideal notion ( ! conditions :i* confront !m3 !y are little :5 !y fail to rise 9 /ature to ! dem& ?us made on _! en]gy3 !y are deprav$ :51 in/ead ( fac+ z combatants ( ! practical ne$s ( ! times1#aj !y are cont5t m]ely to give free re9 to an individual =ce :i* is1 ) its impli$ caprice1 =eign to all su* common ends4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 any ( su* conditions obta9 we d n h ei!r a g5u9e cont5t or a condition ( ! _w su* z we e/abli%$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( our inquiry z ess5tial to ! art ( poetry4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( p]sonal greatness ! sub/antive aim ( its devotion is to a l>ge or less ext5t some?+ giv51 presuppos$1 & en=c$ ^u x1 & to t ext5t ! unity ( individuality is exclud$1 :]e9 ! univ]sal1 t is ! entire p]sonality %\ld be selfid5tical1 an end exclusively = itself1 an indep5d5t :ole 9 %ort4 ,= h[ev] mu* ^! individuals discov] _! aims 9 _! own res\rces1 x is = all t n ! fre$om or lack ( x 9 _! s\ls & intellig5ce1 9 o!r words ! vital manife/ation ( _! p]sonality1 b ! accompli%$ end1 & its result z op]ative ^u ! actual _w already !re1 & ess5tially indep5d5t ( su* individuality1 :i* con/itutes ! object ( hi/ory4 ,&1 moreov]1 f a fur!r po9t ( view we f9d manife/$ 9 ! hi/orical condition ! play ( cont+5cy1 t brea* betwe5 :at is implicitly sub/antive & ! relativity ( p>ticul> ev5ts & occurr5ces1 no less ?an ( ! specific subjectivity ( *>act]s display$ 9 _! p]sonal passions1 op9ions & =tunes1 :i* 9 ?is prosaic mode ( life pres5t f> m ecc5tricity & v>iation ?an d ! wond]s ( poetry1 :i* ?r\gh all div]sity mu/ rema9 con/ant to :at is valid 9 all times & places4 ,& f9ally1 9 respect to ! actual execution ( affairs )9 ! cognisance ( hi/ory we f9d "h aga9 ! introduction ( a prosaic elem5t1 if we contra/ x ) ! impulse ( g5u9e poetry1 p>tly 9 ! division ass]t$ by p]sonal idiosyncracy f a consci\sness ( laws1 pr9ciples1 maxims & s =?1 :i* is !reby necess>ily absorb$ 9 ! univ]sal condition or fact2 & 9 "p also ! realization ( ! ends propos$ involve mu* prep>ation & arrangem5t1 ! means to effect :i* ext5d f>1 & embrace _m necess>y or subs]vi5t relations1 :i* h to be readju/$ & adapt$1 9 ord] to c>ry out ! c\rse propos$1 ) intellig5ce1 prud5ce & prosaic circumspection4 ,! "w 9 %ort _c be und]tak5 (fh&1 b only to a l>ge ext5t aft] ext5sive introduction4 ,! result ( ?is is t ! p>ticul> acts ( execution1 :i*1 x is "h assum$1 come into effect = ! "o ma9 purpose1 are (t5 ei!r :olly cont+5t 9 respect to _! cont5t1 & rema9 )\t ideal union1 or are ass]t$ "u ! =m ( a practical utility regulat$ by a m9d dom9at$ by ! aims propos$2 9 o!r words1 !y d n proce$ unm$iat$ f ! core ( free & indep5d5t life itself4#aa 77 ,! hi/orian !n has no "r to expunge ^! prosaic *>act]i/ics ( 8 cont5t1 or to conv]t !m into o!rs m poetical2 8 n>rative mu/ embrace :at lies actually be=e him & 9 ! %ape he f9ds x )\t amplification1#ab or at lea/ poetical trans=mation4 ,h[ev] mu*1 !re=e1 x may become a "p ( 8 lab\rs to make ! ideal significance & _s ( an epo*1 a p1 or ! p>ticul> ev5t depict$1 ! ideal focus & bond :i* holds all toge!r 9 "o coh]5t :ole1 he is n entitl$ to make ei!r ! conditions pres5t$ him1 ! *>act]s or ev5ts1 :olly subord9ate to su* a purpose1 ?\gh he may d\btless remove f 8 survey :at is :olly cont+5t & )\t s]i\s significance2 he mu/1 9 %ort1 p]mit !m to appe> 9 all _! objective cont+5cy1 dep5d5ce & my/]i\s caprice4 ,no d\bt 9 biography ! full animation ( p]sonality & an indep5d5t unity is conceivably possible1 because 9 su* a "w ! individual1 no less ?an all :i* proce$s f him & is op]ative 9 m\ld+ su* a figure1 is ?r\gh\t ! focus ( ! composition4 ,a hi/orical "* is1 h[ev]1 exclusively "o ( two oppos$ extremes4 ,= al?\gh we d$uce a unity ( subject f ! same1 none ! less f ano!r po9t ( view v>i\s ev5ts & transactions obtrude1 :i* 9 "p are )\t any ess5tial ideal connection1 & 9 "p come into contact ) su* individuality )\t any free co-op]ation on ! "p ( ! same1 & to ?is ext5t involve ! same )9 ! cont+5cy ( su* an ext]nal condition4 ,s1 = example1 ,alex&] is )\t "q a p]sonality1 pre-em95t above all o!rs ( 8 epo*1 & "o :i*1 9 virtue ( its unique =ces1 fall+ z !y d 9 accord ) contempor>y _w conditions1 becomes engag$ 9 ! ,p]sian invasion4 ,! cont95t ( ,asia none ! less1 :i* ,alex&] vanqui%es1 is 9 ! caprici\s v>iety ( its nationalities a :ole unit$ by no necess>y bond4#ac ,hi/orical ev5ts pass be=e him z ! b>e panorama ( purely objective ph5om5a4 ,&1 f9ally1 if ! hi/orian adds to 8 survey 8 private reflections z a philosoph]1 attempt+ !reby to grasp ! absolute gr\nds = su* ev5ts1 ris+ to ! sph]e ( t div9e be+1 be=e :i* all t is cont+5t vani%es & a l(ti] mode ( necessity is unveil$1 he is none ! less deb>r$1 9 ref]5ce to ! actual con=mation ( ev5ts1 f t exclusive "r ( poetry1 namely1 to accept ?is sub/antive resolution z ! fact ( mo/ importance4 ,to poetry alone is ! lib]ty p]mitt$ to dispose )\t re/riction ( ! mat]ial submitt$ 9 su* a way t x becomes1 ev5 reg>d$ on ! side ( ext]nal condition1 con=mable ) ideal tru?4 77 ,secondly1 oratory appe>s to h a clos] aff9ity ) ! fre$om ( art4 77 ,= al?\gh ! orator avails himself ( ! opportunity = & cont5t ( 8 ef=t out ( actual life & def9ite circum/ances & op9ions1 all t he utt]s rema9s none ! less1 9 ! fir/ place1 subject to 8 free *oice4 ,8 p]sonal aims & views are imman5t !re91 9 virtue ( :i* he c make ! same a complete & liv+ expression ( 8 p]sonality4 ,&1 secondly1 ! developm5t ( ! subject ( 8 oration & ! mode ( deliv]y dep5ds entirely on himself1 s t ! impression he makes is z ?\gh we receiv$ 9 8 spee* a :olly indep5d5t expression ( m9d4 ,&1 f9ally1 x is 8 vocation n m]ely to address himself to ! tra9$ or ord9>y intellig5ce ( 8 he>]s1 b to "w ^u _! entire humanity1 _! emotions1 no less ?an _! judgm5t4 ,! sub/ance ( :at he has to say & 9 :i* he /rives to awake int]e/1 is n m]ely ! ab/ract aspect ( x1 nor is x ?is aspect ( 8 ma9 purpose1 9 ! fulfilm5t ( :i* he invites co-op]ation1 b r = ! mo/ "p also a def9ite & v real ?+4 ,= ?is reason ! sub/ance ( ! orator's address1 :ile embrac+ :at is ess5tially sub/antive 9 its "*1 ought equally to grasp 8 g5]al pr9ciple "u ! =m ( its specific manife/ation1 & r5d] ! same intelligible to consci\s life 9 ! full concrete s5se ( ! t]m4 ,! orator !n mu/ n m]ely satisfy our und]/&+ ) ! cog5cy ( 8 d$uctions & conclusions1 b has x 9 8 p[] to address ! s\l itself1 to r\se human passion & c>ry x captive1 to absorb ! :ole att5tion1 & by su* means1 ?r\gh all ! av5ues ( _s1 to ravi% & conv9ce 8 audi5ce4 77 ,despite1 h[ev]1 su* consid]ations1 look$ at rightly we f9d t x is j 9 ! arts ( oratory t ?is app>5t fre$om is almo/ :olly subord9ate to ! rule ( practical utility4 ,9 o!r words :at conf]s ^u public speak+ its unique motive =ce is n impli$ 9 ! p>ticul> purpose1 to promote :i* ! spee* is made2 we mu/ ref] x to ! g5]al pr9ciple1 ! laws1 rules1 axioms :i* ! p>ticul> case sugge/s1 & :i* are already ess5tially pres5t 9 ?is =m ( univ]sality1 p>tly1 z actual laws ( ! ,/ate1 p>tly too z e?ical1 juri/ic or religi\s maxims1 emotions1 dogmas1 & s =?4 ,! p>ticul> circum/ance & end1 :i* we f9d "h z ! po9t ( dep>ture1 & ?is univ]sal are 9 e respect sep>ate f ea* o!r1 & ?is sep>ation is ! relation ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t4 ,no d\bt ! orator int5ds to make ^! two aspects unite3 :at1 h[ev]1 9 poetry1 9 s f> z poetry is really pres5t1 atte/s z already f ! fir/ accompli%$1 is pres5t 9 oratory m]ely z ! p]sonal aim ( ! orator1 ! fulfilm5t ( :i* lies outside ! spee* itself altoge!r4 ,! only alt]native we h left u is a process ( subsumation1 :]eby ! ph5om5on1 ! actual & def9$ ?+1 "h ! concrete case or end1 is n unravell$ 9 imm$iate unity ) ! univ]sal z su*1 & freely f its own sub/ance1 b only receives validity by virtue ( its dep5d5ce ^u g5]al pr9ciples & 9 its relation to legislative acts1 morality1 cu/oms1 & ! l1 :i* on _! own acc\nt possess indep5d5t /ability4 ,x is n ! spontane\s life ( ! fact 9 its concrete manife/ation1 b ! prosaic division betwe5 notion & reality1 a m]e relation ( bo? to ea* o!r & a m]e dem& = _! union1 :i* con/itutes ! fundam5tal type "u consid]ation4 ,su* a process ( ?\ght is frequ5tly adopt$ by ! religi\s tea*]4 ,= him religi\s doctr9es1 9 _! wide/ connotation1 & ! pr9ciples ( morality or ( philosophy1 political or o!rwise1 :i* foll[ 9 _! tra91 are 9 fact precisely ! object :]eto he c ref] cases ( e conceivable v>iety2 & !y are ?is = ! reason t ^! doctr9es h to be accept$1 believ$ & recogniz$ by ! religi\s consci\sness z ess5tially & 9 _! own wor? ! sub/ance ( all p>ticul> appe>ance4 ,no d\bt ! prea*] may at ! same "t appeal to our he>t1 may suff] ! div9e laws to unveil f ! dep? ( s\l-life z _! s\rce1 & face to face ) 8 audi5ce may ref] !m to su* a s\rce4 ,b x is n 9 _! absolutely individual guise t he mu/ necess>ily pres5t & ass]t !m2 on ! contr>y1 he mu/ br+ effective univ]sality to consci\sness "u precisely ?is =m ( comm&s1 promises & maxims ( fai?4 ,! oratory ( c\rts ( law is ev5 a bett] illu/ration4 ,"h we f9d 9 addition ! tw(old po9t ( view1 t :ile on ! "o h& all turns mo/ obvi\sly on ! p>ticul> case1 yet conv]sely ! subsumation ( ?is case to g5]al consid]ations & laws is equally a necessity4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ aspect1 we may rem>k t ! elem5t ( prose is already impli$ 9 ! en=c$ inve/igation ( ! actual facts & ! collocation & able recon/ruction ( all s+ul> circum/ances & accid5ts2 a process su* z ?is at once op5s our eyes to ! pov]ty involv$ 9 ?is inve/igation ( ! tru? ( su* a legal case1 no less ?an ! t$i\s +5uity engag$ 9 its display1 if we contra/ x at lea/ ) ! free creations ( poetry4 ,we h 9 fact to c>ry our analysis ( ! concrete facts to a yet fur!r po9t4 ,su* mu/ n m]ely be trac$ 9 a s]ies t does ju/ice to all features1 b e "o ( su* features1 no less ?an ! :ole case1 h to be ref]r$ back to ! /atute accept$ f ! fir/ z ( indep5d5t validity4 ,at ! same "t1 ev5 9 ?is prosaic affair1 we /ill h consid]able scope = an impression on ! he>t & emotions4 ,= x is possible s to pres5t ! rightness or wrongness ( ! case "u discussion to ! imag9ation t we are no long] b\nd to acquiesce 9 ! b>e k ( ! facts & a g5]al conviction2 on ! contr>y1 ! case 9 its entirety is capable ( becom+1 by virtue ( ! /yle adopt$ 9 its exposition1 s m>k$ ) ! *>act]i/ics ( p]sonality to ev]yone :o he>s x1 t no "o c fail to discov] !re a p]sonal int]e/ z ( some?+ :i* conc]ns himself4 ,secondly1 9 ! oratorical art1 arti/ic deliv]y & elaboration is n t :i* con/itutes ! ultimate & highe/ int]e/ ( ! speak]2 he possesses 9 addition & beyond 8 art an ult]ior aim1 t ! entire =m & work+ out ( 8 disc\rse %\ld r be us$ exclusively z ! mo/ effective means to promote an int]e/ :i* is outside4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! audi5ce too h to be influ5c$ n on _! own indep5d5t acc\nt1 b ! ef=t is r to excite emotion & conviction exclusively z a means t[>d ! atta9m5t ( ! purpose1 ! fulfilm5t :]e( ! orator has propos$ f ! fir/4 ,! mode ( pres5tation1 !re=e1 ceases to be an end = itself ev5 to ! li/5]2 its claim becomes exclusively t ( a means to "s p>ticul> conviction1 or an inc5tive to def9ite conclusions or activities4 ,= ^! reasons f ?is po9t ( view also ! art loses its fre$om ( =m2 x becomes a means to a purpose1 to a fur!r dem&#ad1 :i*1 ?is is a ?ird po9t1 9 relation to ! consequ5ce1 is n satisfi$ 9 ! actual spee* itself & its arti/ic h&l+4 ,! composition ( poetry on ! contr>y has no o!r object ?an ! manife/ation & enjoym5t ( beauty4 ,end & accompli%m5t reposes "h imm$iately & ess5tially 9 ! indep5d5t "w1 :i* = t reason is complete2 arti/ic activity is no means to an ess5tially ult]ior result1 b an end :i* at once is r\nd$ 9 itself by virtue ( its own execution4 ,9 oratory art receives m]ely a position ( s]vice to some?+ collat]al2 ! g5u9e end is !re=e n z su* consonant ) art1 b ( a practical "*1 t is to say1 in/ruction1 edification1 judgm5t ( legal matt]s or political affairs1 & !re) a ref]5ce to "s matt] :i* has fir/ to happ51 or to a decision n yet c>ri$ out1 b :i*1 h[ev]1 are 9 nei!r case t]m9at$ or complet$ ?r\gh ! resultant effect ( ! art 9 "q1 b c only be s 9 v>i\s ways aft] a contact ) q o!r activities4 ,a spee* 9 fact may (t5 conclude ) a dissonance1 :i* ! he>] has fir/ to resolve z judge1 & only !n is able to act agreeably ) su* a v]dict4 ,j z1 = example1 ! oratory ( ! pulpit />ts f ! po9t ( ! unconv]t$ s\l1 & 9 ! result makes ! he>] pass judgm5t ov] 8 own self & 8 s\l's condition4 ,9 su* a case religi\s conv]sion is ! object ( ! prea*]2 b :e!r su* a conv]sion foll[s z a result ( all ! edification & excell5ce ( 8 eloqu5t exhortations1 & ?us ! end propos$ is c>ri$ out1 is a po9t ( view :i* ! s]mon itself _c deal )2 x mu/ be p]=ce relegat$ to subsequ5t conditions4 77 ,9 all ^! directions ! notion ( eloqu5ce w fall r "u ! ma9 pr9ciple ( utility ?an ma9ta9 itself )9 ! free & organiz$ :ole ( ! poetical art-product4 ,9 %ort ! orator mu/ necess>ily & above all make x 8 m>k to subord9ate ! :ole1 no less ?an ! p>ts1 to t purpose 9 8 m9d1 f :i* 8 ef=t proce$s1 a process 9 :i* ! self-consi/5t indep5d5ce ( 8 exposition disappe>s1 & 9 lieu ( :i* we mu/ assume a relation ( s]vice to a def9ite end t ceases to be ( arti/ic significance4 ,& above all1 inasmu* z ! object 9 view is "o ( practical influ5ce ^u human life1 he mu/ keep ?r\gh\t be=e 8 m9d ! nature ( ! place 9 :i* he speaks1 ! degree ( education1 ! receptive p[]s1 &1 9 %ort1 ! g5]al atmosph]e ( 8 audi5ce1 t he may n fall %ort ( ! practical success desir$ ?r\gh an inability to meet ! local conditions ( ! mom5t1 & ! idiosyncrasies ( 8 audi5ce4 ,by reason ( ?is v atta*m5t to ext]nal conditions x is impossible t ei!r ! entirety ( 8 address or its p>ts c any long] orig9ate 9 a free arti/ic activity#ae2 x w con/antly t5d 9 its detail$ elaboration to appropriate utilit>ian po9ts ( association1 & be dom9at$ by conceptions ( cause & effect1 & o!r categories m prop] to sci5ce4 7c7 ,&1 ?irdly1 we may1 z fl[+ f ! above di/9ction betwe5 :at is really poetical & ! creations ( ! hi/orian & ! orator1 e/abli% ! foll[+ po9ts p]t95t to ! poetical composition itself4 77 ,we f\nd t 9 hi/ory ! elem5t ( prose consi/$ above all 9 ?is t h[ev] mu* ! cont5t !re( c\ld be ideally sub/antive & possess$ ( a d[nright p5etrative p[]1 ! actual =m ( ! same 01 h[ev]1 inv>iably accompani$ ) _m conditions ( relative validity1 mass$ toge!r ) mu* t 0 cont+5t1 & f9ally (t5 ref]able to caprice simply z its gr\nd1 aspects ( imm$iate objective fact :i* ! hi/orian 0 n entitl$ to translate into ! t]ms ( a reality ( pr(\nd] grasp4 77 ,! ef=t ( su* a transfiguration is 9 fact a fundam5tal desid]atum ( ! poetical art :5 x1 s f> z its mat]ial is conc]n$1 /eps into ! ar5a ( hi/ory4 ,x is its bus9ess 9 %ort 9 su* a case to discov] ! m]e ideal core & significance ( an ev5t1 action1 or a national type1 a fam\s hi/orical p]sonality1 & z decisively to bru% aside aspects ( cont+5cy1 ev]y?+ 9 fact purely incid5tal or indiff]5t1 :i* plays r\nd su* types or individuals1 & /&s to !m 9 a purely relative connection4 ,x has !n to e/abli%1 9 ! place ( ! circum/ances & traits x rejects1 o!rs :i* reveal ! ideal ess5ce ( ! facts 9 _! cl>ity1 to ! int5t t 9 ?is transfigur$ pres5ce su* %all s discov] concrete tru? 9 its fulness t ! reason1 :i* has hi!rto la9 conceal$1 ?\gh impli$ 9 !m1 %all n[ = ! fir/ "t ass]t itself z evolv$ & decl>$ 9 complete realization4 ,by ?is means alone poetry is able 9 ! propos$ "w to make its cont5t coalesce 9 ! secure unity ( a c5tre1 able z su* to r\nd & unfold itself 9 a :ole4 ,& ?is is possible because x n only is op]ative z a m effective bond betwe5 ! p>ts1 b also because1 )\t compromis+ ! unity ( ! :ole1 all its v>i$ p>ticul>ity is suff]$ to ass]t its claim to an indep5d5t impression4 77 ,poetry may 9 ?is respect make a yet fur!r advance1 :51 x accepts z its ma9 cont5t1 9 lieu ( ! mat]ial & significance ( ! hi/orical fact1 "s fundam5tal idea1 "s human collision 9 g5]al associat$ ) x 9 a close or m remote aff9ity1 & employs ! hi/orical factum & p]sonages1 ev]y?+ local 9 %ort1 m]ely 9 ! guise or g>m5t ( individualization4 ,! difficulty to be enc\nt]$ "h is tw(old3 ei!r ! hi/orically asc]ta9$ data1 :5 appropriat$ by ! composition1 may fall out ( l9e ) ! fundam5tal idea2 or1 conv]sely1 x may be t ! poet 9 "s measure reta9s ^! data1 b also too 9 ess5tial features m\lds !m con=mably to 8 purposes1 & by do+ ?is "w fails to h>monize ! elem5t ( /ability ) t ( orig9al design :i* 7 bo? ess5tial to our conception ( ! poetical product4 ,to dispel su* an opposition & to reass]t ! accordant note able to d ?is is a difficult matt]2 x is none ! less necess>y1 = objective reality has itself too an unque/ionable title to :at is ess5tial 9 ! "* ( its appe>ance4 77 ,we may ext5d ! rea* ( poetry yet fur!r & we %all /ill f9d t ! dem& to be met is ! same4 ,9 o!r words1 all t ! art ( poetry repres5ts 9 ext]nal local condition1 *>act]ization1 actions1 passions1 situations1 conflicts1 ev5ts1 & human de/9y1 all ?is mat]ial is borr[$1 f> m s 9 fact ?an is g5]ally cr$it$1 f ! facts ( life itself4 ,?is be+ s1 poetry "h too is on ! hi/orical ar5a2 &1 consequ5tly1 its deviations or v>iations ( su* data mu/1 9 ?is field also1 f9d _! po9t ( dep>ture 9 ! rational core ( ! facts 9 "q & ! dem& ( ! art to discov] = ?is ideal ess5ce a =m t exhibits x ) greate/ adequacy & life4 ,& ?is mu/ n be s\ght = 9 ! pov]ty ( a sup]ficial k1 an inability to p5etrate :at is really vital 9 fact1 or 9 ! moods ( caprice & ) ! crav+ aft] ! qua9t or p]v]se +5uities ( a spuri\s orig9ality4 77 ,& fur!r1 z already /at$1 oratory is alli$ to prose on acc\nt ( ! practical end :i* is !reby propos$1 &1 to c>ry out :i*1 x is =c$ to admit to ! full ! claims ( utility4 77 ,9 ?is respect poetry mu/ take c>e to deta* itself f any end ( ?is k9d outside ,art's doma91 & ! claim ( arti/ic enjoym5t simply2 t x may n fall into ! sph]e ( prose4 ,= if any purpose ( ?is sort is made to appe> ( ess5tial importance1 z "p ( ! entire conception & pres5tation1 ! composition at once desc5ds f t l(ti] region1 9 ^: free atmosph]e x floats on its own acc\nt & on no o!r1 & is drawn into t ( relation m]ely4 ,z a result ( ?is we h ei!r a brea* made betwe5 ! fundam5tal aim ( art & ! ends ( ult]ior int5dm5ts2 or art is us$ z a means simply1 contradicts its sub/antive notion1 & becomes ! m5ial ( utility4 ,! edify+ effusions ( _m *ur* hymns are ( ?is "*4 ,p>ticul> ideas are simply admitt$ on religi\s gr\nds1 & receive a /yle ( composition :i* is ali5 to ! beauty ( poetry4 ,&1 speak+ g5]ally1 poetry1 simply z poetry1 has no "r to edify 9 a religi\s s5se1 or at lea/ exclusively 9 ?is s5se4 ,if x does s we are c>ri$ into a region1 :i* no d\bt possesses relation%ip ) bo? poetry & art1 b is = all t di/9ct f x4 ,we may say ! same ( tea*+ g5]ally1 e?ical in/ruction1 political treatises1 or writ+s ( all k9ds writt5 = our mom5t>y recreation & enjoym5t4 ,all ^! are objects1 to ^: atta9m5t ! art ( poetry is1 or c be m ?an any o!r1 contributory4 ,b su* contributions mu/ n ent] into ! purpose1 if ! _s ( ! "w is to ass]t itself freely 9 its own "*4 ,9 ! poetical ef=t x is only :at is really poetic1 elim9at$ f all t is =eign to ?is quality1 :i* mu/ rema9 p>am\nt z ! end propos$ & accompli%$4 ,& 9 fact su* ult]ior aims z ! above c be c>ri$ out f> m appropriately by q o!r means4 77 ,! art ( poetry1 h[ev]1 f ! conv]se po9t ( view1 %\ld /rive to ass]t no absolute & isolat$ position2 x ought1 z a "p ( life itself1 to ent] freely into life4 ,already 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is inquiry we f\nd h[ _m po9ts ( contact !re 7 betwe5 art & ord9>y exi/5ce1 ^: cont5t & ph5om5al appe>ance are repeat$ 9 its cont5t & =m4 ,9 poetry ?is vital relation to actual exi/5ce & its specific circum/ances1 private or public ev5ts1 appe>s ) mo/ obvi\s v>iety 9 ! s-call$ poems d'occasion4 ,) a broad] int]pretation ( ! expression we may def9e z su* mo/ poetic compositions2 9 ! m n>r[ & correct mean+ ( ! t]m1 h[ev]1 we %\ld re/rict x to ^? productions ^: orig9 is traceable to a s+le ev5t ( pres5t "t1 :i* x is ! express aim ( ! poet to emphasize1 adorn1 & celebrate4 ,9 ?is weav+ toge!r ( ! actual ?reads ( life1 h[ev]1 poetry t5ds once m to decl9e to a position ( dep5d5ce2 x is !re=e by no means unusual = writ]s on ae/hetic to atta* a purely subord9ate value to poetry ( ?is class 9 g5]al1 al?\gh z to a "p ( x1 notably 9 ! case ( ! lyric1 we f9d "h ! mo/ fam\s compositions4 77 ,! "q consequ5tly arises by virtue ( :at poetry may be enabl$ to /ill ma9ta9 its indep5d5ce ev5 9 ! conflict above describ$4 ,! answ] is simple4 ,x mu/ reg>d & ass]t ! occasional facts x borr[s f life n z its ess5tial aim1 :ile x is itself m]ely accept$ z a means4 ,r ! rev]se process is ! "r "o1 :i* absorbs ! mat]ial ( su* reality )9 its own sub/ance1 & in=ms & elaborates ! same con=mably to ! claims ( an unfett]$ imag9ation4 ,9 o!r words poetry has no?+ to d ) ! accid5tal or incid5tal fact z su*4 ,?is mat]ial supplies ! ext]nal opportunity1 t is ! /imulus :i* prompts ! poet to draw ^u 8 own pr(\nd] p5etration & m transp>5t mode ( pres5tm5t3 by ?is means he creates f 8 own res\rces1 z some?+ newborn1 t :i*1 )\t su* m$iation1 w\ld h1 9 ! pla9 & blunt p>ticul> case1 :olly fail$ to impress u ) ! free _s he communicates4 77 ,9 conclusion !n we may affirm t e g5u9e "w ( poetry is an ess5tially inf9ite organism4#af ,9 cont5t ri*1 x unfolds ?is cont5t "u a mode ( appe>ance :i* is adapt$ to x4 ,x is p]meat$ ) a pr9ciple ( unity1 b n "o ref]able to ! =m ( utility1 :i* subord9ates ! p>ticul> to itself 9 an ab/ract relation1 b r "o t absorbs ! same 9 ! s+ul>ity relevant to "o id5tical & entirely vital self-consi/5cy1 9 :i* ! :ole1 )\t any visible int5tion1 is sph]$ )9 "o r\nd$ & ess5tially self-enclos$ complet5ess4 ,x is inde$ replete ) ! mat]ia ( ! visible _w1 b is n on t acc\nt plac$1 ei!r 9 relation to its cont5t or det]m9ate exi/5ce1 "u a condition ( dep5d5ce to any "o circle ( life4 ,r x freely creates out ( its own pl5itude1 /riv+ to clo! ! ideal notion ( its mat]ial 9 its g5u9e manife/ation z tru?1 & to br+ ! _w ( ext]nal fact into reconcil$ accord ) its own mo/ ideal sub/ance4 #c4 ,,! ,,creative ,,impulse ,,( ,,! ,,poet#ag ,i h already discuss$ at consid]able l5g?1 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is "w1 ! tal5t & g5ius1 ! en?usiasm & orig9ality ( ! arti/4 ,i w consequ5tly m]ely t\* ^u "o or two po9ts 9 ! pres5t ref]5ce to ! art ( poetry :i* appe> ( importance1 if we contra/ ?is activity z effective "h ) t op]ative 9 ! pla/ic arts & music4 7a7 ,! ar*itect1 sculptor1 pa9t] & musician h to deal ) an entirely concrete & s5su\s mat]ial1 9 & ?r\gh :i* ea* has to elaborate 8 creations4 ,! limitations ( ?is mat]ial condition ! specific =m t ! type ( ! conception no less ?an ! mode ( arti/ic execution assume4 ,! m fix$ & pr$et]m9$ ! g5]al l9es ( 8 def9ition are ^u :i* ! arti/ has to conc5trate himself1 ! m specializ$ becomes ! tal5t requir$ = ! ass]tion ( ! same 9 any "o & no o!r mode ( pres5tm5t2 & we may add 9 ! p[]s ( te*nical execution :i* accompany x4 ,! tal5ts adapt$ to ! poetic art1 reg>d+ ! same f ! po9t ( view ( an ideal envisagem5t 9 a specific mat]ia1 is subord9at$ 9 a less degree to su* conditions2 x is consequ5tly m op5 to univ]sal practice1 & 9 ?is respect m indep5d5t4 ,! ne$ "h at lea/ is m]ely t ( a gift = imag9ative creation4 ,its limitation is conf9$ m]ely to ?is1 namely1 t = ! reason t ?is art is express$ 9 language1 x has to gu>d itself on ! "o h& f delib]ate rivalry ) ext]nal objects 9 _! s5su\s complet5ess1 9 ! =m1 t is1 :]e we f9d ! pla/ic arti/ appreh5ds 8 subject-matt] 9 its ext]nal configuration3 &1 f a fur!r po9t ( view1 x is unable to re/ 9 ! unspok5 ideality1 ! emotional tones ( :i* con/itute ! realm ( music4 ,9 ^! respects ! problem propos$ to ! poet1 if we contra/ him ) arti/s 9 o!r arts1 is at once m facile & m difficult ,x is m easy1 because1 al?\gh ! poet1 9 ! poetical elaboration ( spee*1 mu/ possess a tra9$ tal5t1 he is sp>$ ! relatively m manifold task ( triumph ov] te*nical difficulties necess>y 9 ! o!r arts4 ,x is m difficult because1 j 9 proportion z poetry is less able to complete ! objective envisagem5t1 x is compell$ to seek "s comp5sation = ?is loss on ! side ( s5se 9 ! g5u9e core ( ,art's own ideality1 9 ! dep? ( imag9ation & a really arti/ic mode ( conception4 7b7 ,= ?is reason ! poet is1 9 ! second place1 con/ra9$ to p5etrate into all ! weal? ( ! spiritual cont5t1 & to lay b>e to ! vision ( m9d :at is conceal$ 9 its dep?s4 ,= h[ev] mu* 9 ! o!r arts1 too1 ! ideal mu/ %9e =? ?r\gh its corporeal manife/ation1 & does s 9 life itself %9e =?1 yet ! m$ium ( spee* rema9s t mo/ op5 to intellig5ce1 & ! means mo/ adequate to its revelation4 ,x is ! "o m$ium able to grasp & decl>e ev]y?+ :atev] t fl[s ?r\gh or is pres5t 9 consci\sness1 :e!r reg>d$ 9 its asc5t or pr(undity4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ! poet f9ds himself confront$ ) difficulties :i* ! o!r arts are n call$ ^u to ov]come or satisfy to ! l degree4 ,9 o!r words1 = ! v reason t poetry is actually op]ative 9 ! _w ( idea or imag9ation itself1 & is n conc]n$ ) fa%ion+ = its images an objective exi/5ce indep5d5t ( su* ideality1 x is plac$ 9 an elem5t or sph]e 9 :i* ! religi\s1 sci5tific & ev]yday consci\sness are active2 x mu/ !re=e take c>e to make no excursion into ! doma9 or mode ( conception prop] to any ( ^!1 or to get mix$ up ) !m4 ,no d\bt 9 ! case ( e art we f9d po9ts ( contact ) o!r arts4 ,arti/ic creation ( e k9d proce$s f "o m9d or _s1 :i* compreh5ds 9 itself all sph]es ( self-consci\s life4 ,b ) ! o!r arts ! di/9ction ( conception 9 ea* case is 9 its mode complete1 = ! reason t ?is1 9 its ideal creation1 p]si/s ?r\gh\t 9 p]man5t relation to ! execution ( its images 9 a def9ite s5su\s mat]ial1 & consequ5tly is absolutely di/9ct1 no less f ! =ms ( ! religi\s consci\sness1 ?an x is f ! ?9k+ ( sci5ce & ! intellig5ce ( ord9>y life4 ,poetry1 on ! contr>y1 avails itself1 9 its mann] ( objective communication1 ( ! v means adopt$ 9 ^! sph]es ( m5tal activity1 t is to say1 human spee*2 x f9ds itself1 consequ5tly1 o!rwise plac$ ?an are ! pla/ic arts & music1 :i* occupy a diff]5t field ( conception & expression4 7c7 ,?irdly1 we h ! f9al dem& made ^u ! poet = ! mo/ pr(\nd & manifold transfusion ( ! subject-matt] ( 8 creations ) ! animat+ s\l ( life1 because x is 8 art :i* is capable ( absorb+ mo/ pr(\ndly ! entire fulness ( ! spiritual cont5t4 ,! pla/ic arti/1 9 a simil> way1 mu/ apply himself to a transfusion ( ideal expression 9 ! ext]nal =m ( ar*itectonic1 pla/ic & ! =ms peculi> to pa9t+4 ,! musician mu/ likewise rivet 8 att5tion on ! inn] s\l conc5trat$ 9 emotion & passion & _! outp\r+ 9 melodic expression4 ,9 bo? cases ! arti/ mu/ be /eep$ 9 ! mo/ ideal int5tion & sub/ance ( 8 cont5t4 ,b ! sph]e ( ! poet's creative activity ext5ds yet fur!r1 = ! reason t he has n m]ely to elaborate an ideal _w ( s\l-life & ! self-consci\s m9d4 ,he has1 9 addition1 to discov] = ?is ideal realm an ext]nal mode ( envisagem5t fitt$ !reto1 a mode by virtue ( :i* t ideal totality %9es ?r\gh 9 m irresi/ible p]fection ?an is possible 9 ! case ( o!r arts4 ,x is incumb5t ^u him to "k human exi/5ce1 bo? z s\l-life & objective life1 to receive into 8 inmo/ be+ ! full bread? ( ! _w & its %[s1 & to h felt ?r\gh x !re1 p5etrat$1 enl>g$1 deep5$ & reveal$ to himself all x implies4 ,only aft] t1 & 9 ord] t he may f9d x 9 8 p[] to create1 z f 8 own spiritual exp]i5ce outw>ds1 a free :ole1--ay1 ev5 9 ! case :]e he re/ricts 8 ef=t to a comp>atively n>r[ & p>ticul> range1--he mu/ h lib]at$ himself f all emb>rassm5t ) 8 subject-matt]1 :e!r ( a te*nical#ah "* or o!rwise1 able 9 %ort to survey ! ideal & ext]nal aspects !re( ) ! same free glance4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( in/9ctive creative vig\r#ai we may 9 ?is respect pre-em95tly praise ! ,mahom$an poets ( ! ,ea/4 ,! />t+-po9t 9 su* compositions is a fre$om :i*1 ev5 9 ! mom5t ( passion1 rema9s alo( f su* passion1 & 9 all ! v>iety ( its int]e/s reta9s exclusively ?r\gh\t ! "o sub/ance z its v]itable core1 9 contra/ to :i* ev]y?+ else appe>s small & transitory1 & no?+ ( f9ality is left ei!r to passion or lu/4 ,?is is a philosophical outlook1 a relation ( _s to ! facts ( ! _w1 :i* comes m readily to age ?an y\?4 ,= 9 old age no d\bt ! int]e/s ( life are /ill pres5t2 b !y are n !re ) ! urg5cy ( y\?ful passion1 b r 9 ! guise ( %ad[s1 & to ?is ext5t are m readily con=mable to ideal relations su* z ,art dem&s4 ,9 opposition to ! ord9>y view t y\? ) its w>m? & vig\r is ! faire/ season = poetic creation1 we may r1 at lea/ f ?is po9t ( view1 ma9ta9 j ! opposite1 t ! ripe/ season belongs to ! autumn ( old age1 provid$ t x is able to pres]ve its en]gies ( outlook & emotion4 ,x is only to a bl9d old man1 ,hom]1 t we ascribe ^? miracul\s poems :i* h come d[n to u "u t "n4 ,& we may also affirm ( our ,goe! t only 9 old age1 aft] he _h fully succe$$ 9 lib]at+ 8 g5ius f all re/rict+ limitations ( s5se1 t he gave u 8 mo/ exalt$ creations4#bj ,footnote #a3 ,t is1 ! ess5tial notion 7,begriff7 ( ,art g5]ally4 ,footnote #b3 ,sub/antiell51 i4e41 ! =m t mo/ corresponds to its ess5ce4 ,footnote #c3 ,!oretis*4 ,hegel d\btless has ! ,greek ^w 9 8 m9d4 ,x is a ,bildung = ! m9d r ?an ) a view to action4 ,x assumes contemplation r ?an volition4 ,footnote #d3 ,x is n q cle> :e!r ,hegel means by ,b$rfniss ! ne$ ( spiritual life1 or ! pr(\nd] dem& ( reality4 ,x might /& = ei!r4 ,footnote #e3 ,t is1 ! ,v]nnft4 ,footnote #f3 ,das individualisirte ,v]nnftige1 i4e41 reason z realiz$ 9 concrete p]sonality4 ,footnote #g3 ,9 se9] ,g$ieg5heit und s*lag5d5 ,fassung4 ,g$ieg5heit "h ?or\gh grasp4 ,s*lag5d5 may possibly mean arre/+ "* ( ! conception r ?an def9ite1 precise4 ,footnote #h3 ,t is1 ! notion4 ,footnote #i3 ,by aus dem ,gei/e x is q possible t !re is no ref]5ce to individual g5ius4 ,9 t case ! translation w\ld be 9 t]ms ( human intellig5ce1 i4e41 f ! res\rces ( human reason4 ,footnote #aj3 ,?is seems to be ! mean+ ( die ,sa*e d] ,zeit4 ,footnote #aa3 ,lit41 ,!y d n come =? f self-sub/antive & imm$iately free vitality 7,leb5digkeit74 ,leb5digkeit is "h ! ideal & creative =ce or bond ( s\l-life z above describ$4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! ,g]man ^w w\ld imply "h an int]pretation ( symbolic or at lea/ ideal significance4 ,footnote #ac3 ,?is ,i presume is ! g5]al mean+ ( ! s5t5ce3 ,asi5 ab]1 das er besiegt1 i/ 9 d] vielfa*5 ,willkhr se9] ,e9zeln5 ,vlk]s*aft5 nur e9 zuflliges ,ganzes4 ,footnote #ad3 ,e9 ,soll54 ,footnote #ae3 ,x is possible t too mu* /ress is laid on ?is l9e ( diff]5ce4 ,! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 oratory & poetry is t ( =m4 ,at lea/ x c h>dly be d5i$ t ! p[] ( ! orator to meet ! dem&s ( local conditions is a vital feature ( 8 art1 t 9 ?is respect a ,demo/h5es is great] ?an ,burke4 ,x is surely a mi/ake to assume t su* limitations 9 !mselves or necess>ily are an ob/acle to creative g5ius4 ,x is r ! sign ( supreme oratorical p[] t x c m\ld !m & comm& !m 9 conjunction ) its m maje/ic _s4 ,9 ?is lies an ess5tial "p ( ! art itself1 j z a sculptor or a pa9t]1 su* z ,t9toret 9 ! ,s4 ,rocco ,scuola1 dom9ates ! defects ( local condition4 ,footnote #af3 ,inf9ite1 t is1 n 9 ! temporal s5se1 b z a complete & self-realiz$ :ole4 ,footnote #ag3 ,hegel calls x ! poetis+ subjectivity2 t is1 ! p]sonal activity ess5tial to poetic composition4 ,footnote #ah3 ,practis*54 ,footnote #ai3 ,?is appe>s to be ! mean+ ( des ,naturells4 ,footnote #bj3 ,?is is p]haps less true ( ,goe! ?an x is ( ei!r ,milton or ,%akespe>e4 ,x is possible t ,hegel ?\ght m highly ( ! second "p ( ,fau/ z art ?an d ! majority ( mod]n critics4 ,b ! tru? is !re1 if subject to a good deal ( qualification 9 respect to c]ta9 aspects ( poetry4 ,z ,m]$i? says3 ,v]ily n[ is our season ( se$1 ,n[ 9 our ,autumn4 ,& ,m]$i? 0 n "o to d less ?an ju/ice to ! sup]b ,dream ( imag9ative y\?4 ,,ii ,,! ,,expression ,,( ,,poetry ,! field ( vision :i* fir/ w occupy our att5tion1 b ! b\ndless expanse ( :i* we c only trav]se ) a few g5]al obs]vations1 is t :i* conc]ns ! poetic g5]ally1 ! cont5t no less ?an ! mode ( conception & organic association adapt$ to ! poetic "w ( art4 ,?is backgr\nd w help to emphasize ! second aspect ( our subject1 :i* is poetic expression m /rictly1 ! idea 9 ! ideal objectivity ( ! ^w appropriat$ by x z symbol ( ! image1 & ! melodi\s vehicle ( its spee*4 ,we may inf] ! nature ( ! relation betwe5 poetic expression g5]ally & ! mode ( pres5tm5t prop] to ! o!r arts f our previ\s exam9ation ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! poetic art4 ,language & ! s\nds ( words are nei!r a symbol ( spiritual conceptions1 nor an adequate mode ( project+ ideality "u ! condition ( spatial objectivity 9 ! s5se applicable to ! corporeal =ms ( sculpture & pa9t+1 nor yet an intonation 9 musical s\nd ( ! entire s\l4 ,!y are an ab/ract sign simply4 ,z ! vehicle ( ! poetic image or conception1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y t ?is side also1 9 !ory no less ?an delib]ate elaboration1 appe> z di/9ct f ! k9d ( expression appropriate to prose4 ,we may = ?is purpose emphasize ) m detail ?ree ma9 po9ts ( di/9ction4 ,our fir/ po9t is ?is1 t al?\gh poetic expression is ?r\gh\t exclusively embodi$ 9 articulate words1 & app>5tly z su* is simply relat$ to human spee*1 yet 9 s f> z ! words !mselves are m]ely ab/ract signs repres5tative ( ideas1 ! true s\rce ( poetic spee* is n to be discov]$ 9 ! selection ( p>ticul> words1 & 9 ! mann] !y are associat$ 9 s5t5ces & elaborat$ phrases1 nor 9 h>moni\s rhy?m1 rhyme & s =?1 b 9 ! type ( conception employ$4 ,we h1 9 %ort1 to look = our po9t ( dep>ture = ! con/ructive use ( expression 9 ! *oice ( ! idea or image1 f9d our fir/ & =emo/ "q w be :at k9d ( conception w give u an expression suitable to poetry4 ,secondly1 h[ev]1 x rema9s ! fact t ! imag9ative idea ess5tially p]t95t to poetry is exclusively made objective 9 language4 ,we h consequ5tly to inve/igate ! expression ( spee* accord+ to its purely v]bal aspect1 9 ! light ( :i* poetic words are di/+ui%able f ^? ( prose1 poetic phrases f ^? ( our ord9>y life & prosaic ?\ght1 ab/ract+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! m]e s\nd ( !m to our s5se ( he>+4 ,f9ally1 we h to recognize ! fact t poetry is a mode ( articulate spee*1 ! s\nd+ ^w1 :i* 9 its temporal duration no less ?an its actual s\nd1 mu/ receive a def9ite configuration1 "o t implies ! pres5ce ( "t-measure1 rhy?m1 melodi\s s\nd & rhyme4 ,i4 ,,! ,,poetic ,,concept ,,or ,,idea ,:at 9 ! pla/ic arts ! s5su\s visible =m express$ by means ( /one & col\r is1 or :at 9 ! realm ( music animat+ /ra9s ( h>mony & melody are1 ?is--we mu/ repeat$ly insi/ on ! fact--c only be1 9 respect to poetic expression--! idea or image itself4 ,! =ce ( ! poet's creation c5tres consequ5tly1 9 ! fact t ! art m\lds a cont5t 9 an ideal m$ium1 & )\t br++ be=e u ! actual =ms ( ext]nal ,nature & ! progressions ( musical s\nd2 by do+ s1 !re=e1 x translates ! objective pres5ce accept$ by ! o!r arts into an ideal =m1 :i* ,_s or intellig5ce expresses = ! imag9ation "u ! mode :i* is & mu/ rema9 t ( our consci\s life4 ,a di/9ction ( ?is v "* 0 already insi/$ on :5 we _h occasion previ\sly to e/abli% a di/9ction betwe5 ! e>lie/ type1 ( poetry & its lat] modes ( recon/ruction f ! data ( prose4 7a7 ,imag9ative poetry 9 its orig9 is n z yet a consci\sly di/9ct =m f ^? extremes ( ord9>y consci\s life1 "o ( :i* br+s ev]y?+ to vision "u ! mode ( imm$iate & !re) cont+5t s+ul>ity1 )\t grasp+ ! ideal ess5ce impli$ !re91 & ! manife/ation ( ! same2 :ile ! o!r1 9 "o direction1 diff]5tiates concrete exi/5ce into its v>i\s *>act]i/ics1 mak+ use ( ab/ract g5]alization1 & 9 ano!r avails itself ( ! sci5tific faculty z ! correlat+ & connect+ focus ( su* ab/ractions4 ,! idea is only poetical 9 s f> z x holds ^! extremes 9 unviolable m$iation1 & !reby is able to ma9ta9 a position ( g5u9e /ability midway betwe5 ! vision ( ord9>y consci\sness & t ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,9 g5]al t]ms we may def9e ! poetic imag9ation z pla/ic#a 9 s f> z x br+s be=e our vision concrete reality r ?an ! ab/ract g5]alization1 & 9 ! place ( cont+5t exi/5ce an appe>ance ( su* a k9d t we recognize :at is sub/antive imm$iately 9 x by virtue ( its embodim5t itself & its individuality1 & z insep>able f x1 & by virtue ( ?is are able to grasp ! concrete conception-( ! fact 9 "q no less ?an its det]m9ate exi/5ce z "o & ! same vital :ole repos+ 9 ! ideal m$ium ( ! imag9ation4 ,9 ?is respect we f9d a fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 t :]e( ! pla/ic or con/ructive idea is ! s\rce & all t is o!rwise made vivid to u ?r\gh o!r means ( expression4 ,! same tru? w appe> to u1 if we analyse :at we mean1 by m]e read+4 ,we und]/& :at ! lett]s mean1 :i* are indicative po9ts = articulate utt]ance1 by ! m]e act ( sight1 & )\t be+ fur!r oblig$ to li/5 to _! s\nd4 ,only ! illit]ate read] w f9d x necess>y to speak al\d ! sep>ate words t he may und]/& _! s5se4 ,b 9 ! case ( poetry j :at seems to be "h ! m>k ( /upidity is an indication ( beauty & excell5ce4 ,poetry is n satisfi$ ) an ab/ract ef=t ( appreh5sion1 nor does x br+ objects be=e u z we f9d !m 9 ! =m ( reflection & 9 ! unimag9ative g5]alization ( our memory4 ,x helps u to approa* ! ess5tial notion 9 its positive exi/5ce1 ! g5]ic z clo!d 9 its specific individuality4 ,9 ! view ( ord9>y common s5se ,i und]/& by language1 bo? 9 its impression on my he>+ or sight1 ! mean+ 9 its imm$iacy1 9 o!r words1 )\t receiv+ its image be=e ! m9d4 ,! phrases1 = in/ance1 ! sun1 or 9 ! morn+1 possess ea* ( !m no d\bt a di/9ct s5se2 b nei!r ! ,dawn or ! ,sun are !mselves made pres5t to our vision4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! poet says3 ,:5 n[ ! dawn+ ,eos so>$ heav5w>ds ) rosy f+]s1 "h )\t "q we h ! concrete fact br\ght home to u4 ,! poetical expression adds1 h[ev]1 yet m1 = x associates ) ! object recogniz$ a vision ( ! same1 or we %\ld r say ! purely ab/ract relation ( k vani%es1 & ! real def9ition takes its place4 ,9 ! same way take ! phrase1 ,alex&] conqu]$ ! ,p]sian empire4 ,"h1 no d\bt1 s f> z cont5t is conc]n$1 we h a concrete conception2 ! _m-sid$ def9ition ( x1 h[ev]1 express$ "h 9 ! ^w victory1 is conc5trat$ 9 a featureless & pure ab/raction1 :i* fails to image be=e u any?+ ( ! appe>ance & reality ( ! exploit accompli%$ by ,alex&]4 ,?is tru? applies to e k9d ( simil> expression4 ,we recognize ! b>e fact2 b x rema9s pale & dun1 & f ! po9t ( view ( individual exi/5ce undet]m9$ & ab/ract4 ,! poetic conception consequ5tly embraces ! fulness ( ! objective ph5om5on z x ess5tially exi/s1 & is able to elaborate ! same unit$ ) ! ess5tial ideality ( ! fact 9 a creative totality4 ,:at foll[s z a prim>y result ( ?is is t x is ( int]e/ to ! imag9ation to l+] ne> ! ext]nal *>act]i/ics ( ! fact1 to ! ext5t at lea/ t x seeks to express ! same 9 its positive reality1 deems ?is z ess5tially wor?y ( contemplation & insi/s on ?is v attitude4 ,poetry is consequ5tly 9 its mann] ( expression descriptive ,description is1 h[ev]1 n ! "r ^w = x4 ,we are1 9 fact1 accu/om$ to accept z descriptive1 & 9 contra/ to ! ab/ract def9ition1 9 :i* a cont5t is o!rwise br\ght home to our intellig5ce1 mu* t ! poet passes by1 s t f ! po9t ( view ( ord9>y spee* poetic composition c only appe> z a r\ndab\t way & a useless sup]fluity4 ,! poet mu/1 h[ev]1 manage to br+ 8 imag9ation to be> ^u ! explication ( ! actual ph5om5on he is attempt+ to depict ) a vital int]e/4#b ,9 ?is way1 = in/ance1 ,hom] adds a descriptive epi!t to e h]o4 ,s ,a*illes is ! swift-foot$1 ! ,a*aeans bright-greav$1 ,hector z ( ! glanc+ helm1 ,agamemnon ! "l ( peoples1 & s =?4 ,! "n is no d\bt descriptive ( a p]sonality1 b ! "n alone br+s no?+ fur!r to our vision4 ,to h "s di/9ct idea ( ?is we require fur!r attributes4 ,we h 9 fact simil> epi!ts atta*$ by ,hom] to o!r objects1 :i* are ess5tial to our vision ( ! epic1 su* z sea1 %ips1 sword & o!rs1 epi!ts :i* seize & place be=e u an ess5tial quality ( ! p>ticul> object1 depict+ x m precisely1 & :i* enable u to appreh5d ! fact 9 its concrete appe>ance4 ,secondly1 we mu/ di/+ui% su* recon/ruction ( actual facts f def9ition :olly imag9$4 ,?is (f]s a fur!r po9t ( view = discussion4 ,! real image m]ely places be=e u ! fact 9 ! reality x possesses4 ,! expression ( ! poet's imag9ation1 on ! contr>y1 does n re/rict itself to ! object 9 its imm$iate appe>ance2 x proce$s to depict some?+ ov] & above ?is1 by means ( :i* ! significance ( ! =m] picture is made cle> to our m9d4 ,metaphors1 illu/rations1 similes become 9 ?is way an ess5tial feature ( poetic creation4 ,we h !reby a k9d ( veil atta*$ to ! cont5t1 :i* conc]ns u1 & :i*1 by its diff]5ce f x1 s]ves 9 "p z an embelli%m5t1 & 9 "p z a fur!r unfold+ ( x1 ?\gh x necess>ily fails to be complete1 = ! reason t x only applies to a specific aspect ( ?is cont5t4 ,! passage 9 :i* ,hom] comp>es ,ajax1 on 8 refus+ to fly1 to an ob/9ate ass is an illu/ration4 ,to a pre-em95t degree ori5tal poetry possesses ?is spl5d\r & weal? 9 pictorial comp>isons4 ,!re are two ma9 reasons ( ?is4 ,fir/1 its symbolic po9t ( view makes su* a se>* = aspects ( aff9ity inevitable1 & 9 ! univ]sality ( its c5tres ( significance x (f]s a l>ge field ( concrete ph5om5a capable ( comp>ison2 secondly1 on acc\nt ( ! sublimity ( its pr$om9ant outlook !re is a t5d5cy to apply ! entire v>iety ( all t is mo/ brilliant & glori\s 9 its motley %[ to ! embelli%m5t ( ! ,"o ,supreme1 :i* is held be=e ! m9d z ! sole ,"o to be exalt$4 ,?is object ( ! imag9ation1 moreov]1 is n to be appreh5d$ z m]ely ! "w ( fanciful caprice or comp>ison1 possess+ z su* no?+ 9 x ess5tially actual & pres5t4 ,on ! contr>y ! transmutation ( all p>ticul> exi/5ce into fur!r exi/5ce 9 ?is c5tral idea grasp$ & clo!d by ! imag9ation is r to be und]/ood z equival5t to ! ass]tion t !re is no?+ else ess5tially pres5t1 no?+ t o!rwise c put =w>d a claim to sub/antive reality4 ,! belief 9 ! _w z we appreh5d x ) ! vision ( ord9>y common s5se is conv]t$ into a belief 9 ! imag9ation1 = :i* ! only _w t v]ily exi/s is t :i* ! poetic consci\sness has creat$4 ,conv]sely we h ! romantic imag9ation1 :i* is ready en\gh to express itself 9 metaphor1 because 9 its vision :at is ext]nal is = ! ess5tially seclud$ life ( ! s\l only accept$ z some?+ incid5tal1 some?+ t is unable adequately to express its own reality4 ,to reclo! ?is consequ5tly unreal ext]nality ) pr(\nd emotion1 ) all ! fulness ( detail envision$1 or ) ! play ( hum\r ^u ! conjunction ( su* opposites is an impulse1 :i* con/ra9s & *>ms romantic poetry to ev] novel discov]ies4 ,! object ( importance "h is n s mu* to make ! fact cle> & di/9ct to ! vision2 on ! contr>y ! metaphorical employm5t ( ^! outly+ ph5om5a is itself ! aim propos$4 ,! emotion ( ! poet conc5trates itself z ! c5tre1 :i* ! environm5t enri*es ) its weal?2 x absorbs ?is z "p ( itself1 adapts x ) g5ius & wit to its adornm5t1 /eeps x 9 its own life1 & f9ds 9 ?is movem5t to & fro1 ?is elaboration & self-reflection ( its creation its own s\rce ( delight4 7b7 ,secondly1 we h ! contra/ pres5t betwe5 ! poetic mode ( conception & t ( prose4 ,! ?+ ( importance 9 ! latt] case is n t :i* is imag$1 b ! significance z su* :i* con/itutes ! cont5t4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ! latt] t ! idea or image becomes a m]e means to br+ ! cont5t be=e ! m9d4 ,! composition ( prose is !re=e nei!r compell$ to place ! m detail$ reality ( its objects be=e our vision1 nor to summon be=e u1 z is ! case ) ! metaphorical mode ( expression previ\sly describ$1 ano!r idea :i* c>ries u beyond ! imm$iate object to be express$4 ,no d\bt x is also necess>y 9 prose to indicate 9 firm & di/9ct outl9es ! positive appe>ance ( objects2 b ?is is s n on acc\nt ( _! figurative "*1#c b to meet a specific & practical purpose4 ,g5]ally speak+ we may !re=e affirm accuracy to be f "o po9t ( view ! rul+ pr9ciple ( prose composition1 & f ano!r a cle> def9ition & intelligibility ( /atem5t4 ,9 contra/ to ?is ! language ( metaphor & imag]y is 9 g5]al & relatively less cle> & m inaccurate4 ,= 9 t mode ( direct expression1 su* z we h pres5t$ by our fir/ =m ( ! poetic conception1 ! fact 9 its simplicity is c>ri$ away f our imm$iate appreh5sion ( x z a m]e object into ! actual _w ( concrete fact1 & we h to recognize x z a "p ( ?is1 :ile 9 t second & m oblique =m "s ph5om5on ( aff9ity m]ely & "o ev5 alo( f ! ess5tial significance ( our subject is made pres5t to u4 ,we d n1 !re=e1 wond] t prosaic comm5tators ( our poets h no easy task :5 !y seek to sep>ate1 by means ( _! sci5tific analyses1 ! image f ! significance1 to extract _! ab/ract cont5t f ! vital =m1 & !reby exp\nd poetic modes ( composition to ! prosaic m9d4 ,9 poetry ?is accuracy1 ?is rig\r 9 unfold+ ! cont5t z we f9d x 9 its simplicity1 is n alone ! ess5tial pr9ciple4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?\gh prose is =c$ to conf9e its ideas on p>allel l9es ( almo/ ma!matical precision ) ! nature ( its cont5t1 poetry introduces u to a diff]5t sph]e altoge!r1 t is1 ! visible appe>ance ( ! cont5t itself1 or o!r natural ph5om5a relat$ to x4 ,= x is j ?is objective reality :i* 9 poetry ought to appe>1 & :ile unque/ionably f "o po9t ( view reveal+ t cont5t1 yet at ! same "t f ano!r x has to lib]ate itself f ! purely ab/ract cont5t1 x be+ ess5tially an object ( ! art to direct att5tion to its actual exi/5ce 9 ! visible _w1 & to ar\se ! int]e/ ( m9d 9 ! =ms ( life itself4 7c7 ,if ^! ?ree ess5tial requirem5ts ( poetry are condition$ by an age1 9 :i* ! accuracy ( ! prosaic m9d is become ! ord9>y type ( consci\s life1 ! art1 s f> z its figurative *>act]i/ics are conc]n$1 is plac$ 9 a m difficult position4 ,t is to say1 9 su* an epo* ! type ( p5etration ex]cis$ by consci\s life is g5]ally a sep>ation ( emotion & ! ord9>y outlook f sci5tific ?\ght1 :i* ei!r conv]ts ! ideal & ext]nal mat]ial ( feel+ & p]ception into a /imulus ( k & volition simply1 or into a pla/ic m$ium subs]vi5t to obs]vation & action4 ,9 su* a sph]e poetry calls = en]gies ( m def9ite purpose 9 ord] t x may free itself f ! ab/raction ( ! prevail+ m5tal attitude & ent] into ! _w ( concrete life4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 su* a goal is realiz$1 n only d we f9d t ?is brea* betwe5 ?9k+1 :i* makes = g5]alization1 & p]ception & feel+1 :i* grasp ! p>ticul>1 vani%es1 b ^! la/-m5tion$ modes ( consci\s life are1 toge!r ) _! subject-matt] & cont5t1 at ! same "t fre$ f _! exclusive relation ( s]vice2 & ! process culm9ates 9 a victori\s reconciliation ( su* modes ) :at is ess5tial univ]sality4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z bo? ! modes ( poetic & prosaic ?\ght & g5]al outlook are unit$ 9 "o & ! same consci\s life1 we f9d 9 x indications ( tr\ble & d]angem5t1 ev5 possibly an actual conflict betwe5 ! two1 "o :i*1 z ! poetry ( our times te/ifies1 only g5ius ( ! highe/ ord] is able successfully to deal )4 ,add$ to ?is !re are o!r collat]al h9drances1 :i* ,i only propose to def9e n[1 & t briefly1 9 _! relation to ! figurative aspect already discuss$4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! prosaic intellig5ce takes ! place ( t creative imag9ation :i* previ\sly obta9$1 !n & 9 t case ! rejuv5esc5ce ( ! poetic faculty1 bo? 9 all t is associat$ ) ! positive expression ( facts & :at is metaphorical1 readily (f]s ! semblance ( artificiality1 :i* ev5 :]e x falls %ort ( actual purpose1 is only ) great difficulty reconcil$ ) t directness ( imm$iate tru? :i* is dem&$4 ,mu* 9 fact :i* 0 /ill fre% 9 =m] times1 ?r\gh repeat$ usage1 & ! habits ?us orig9at$1 has itself become gradually a cu/om & a "p ( prosaic life4 ,moreov]1 :]e poetry /rives aft] novelties 9 its composition1 we (t5 f9d t1 despite ( itself1 9 its figurative expressions & descriptions1 ev5 :]e x escapes ! *>ge ( exagg]ation & an excess ( su* mat]ial1 x none ! less leaves an impression ( artificiality1 ov] nicety1 a /ra9+ aft] :at is piquant & select1 "w incompatible ) a simple & heal?y outlook & /ate ( feel+4 ,su* "w t5ds to reg>d objects 9 an artificial light & reckons on m]e effect4 ,consequ5tly x w n p]mit _! natural light+ & col\r4 ,defects ( ?is nature are /ill m obvi\s 9 cases :]e1 z a rule1 ! metaphorical type ( imag9ative composition is ex*ang$#d = ! m direct1 & our poet is driv5 to outbid ! =ces ( prose2 &1 9 ord] to ass]t an orig9ality1 plunges into ! subtleties ( or ! fi%+ = effects :i* h /ill "s appe>ance ( fre%ness4 #b4 ,,v]bal ,,expression ,inasmu* z ! poetic imag9ation is di/9ct 9 its op]ation f t ( all o!r arti/s 9 virtue ( ! fact t x necess>ily clo!s its images 9 words1 & communicates ! same ?r\gh human spee*1 x becomes imp]ative t ?r\gh\t ?is process x %\ld endeav\r to co-ord9ate all its ideas1 9 ! =m :i* ) mo/ complet5ess w disclose !m1 ?r\gh ! means articulate spee* ?us places at its disposal4 ,&1 9 %ort1 we may affirm t ! poetic cont5t only assumes ! =m ( poetry 9 its re/rict$ s5se aft] x has be5 actually embodi$ & r\nd$ (f 9 ! vehicle ( words4 ,?is lit]>y aspect ( ! art ( poetry w\ld readily supply u ) a b\ndless field ( discursive obs]vation & logical argum5t1 :i* ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 pass ov] 9 ord] t ,i may res]ve space = m weighty problems :i* lie be=e u4 ,i m]ely propose1 !re=e1 to t\* v briefly on a few fundam5tal po9ts4 7a7 ,human art %\ld 9 all its associations place u on a gr\nd q o!r ?an t we confront 9 ord9>y life1 or inde$ 9 our religi\s consci\sness1 active life1 or ! speculations ( philosophy4 ,?is is possible on ! side ( lit]>y or v]bal expression only 9 s f> z ano!r mode ( spee* is adopt$ ?an t obta9+ 9 ^? o!r sph]es4 ,art has !re=e n only1 f "o po9t ( view1 to avoid t 9 its in/rum5t ( expression :i* w fail to rise above ! trivialities ( ord9>y spee* & ord9>y prose1 b x mu/1 fur!rmore1 avoid fall+ into ! tone & mann] ( religi\s edification & philosophical rese>*4 ,above all x mu/ keep alo( f ! precise analyses & me?ods ( ! sci5tific faculty1 ! categories ( pure ?9k+ z we f9d ^! illu/rat$ 9 ! logical =ms ( judgm5t & d$uction4 ,^! at once remove art f ! imag9ative realm to ano!r region altoge!r4 ,b 9 all ^! respects x /ill rema9s a difficult matt] to det]m9e ! l9es ( b\nd>y on :i* we may actually affirm t poetry ends & prose beg9s4 ,& 9 fact we may admit absolute precision & confid5ce ( /atem5t to be impossible f ! nature ( ! case4 7b7 ,if we pass n[ to a discussion ( ! p>ticul> means :i* poetic-spee* c appropriate z in/rum5tal to its task ! foll[+ po9ts appe> to me pregnant & sugge/ive4 77 ,fir/1 we f9d p>ticul> words & exclamations#e t are obvi\sly peculi> to poetry1 :e!r !y be us$ to ennoble x1 or to introduce ! vulg>ity & excess ( com$y4 ,we f9d a simil> novelty 9 ! specific collocation ( v>i\s words or turns ( expression4 ,9 su* a field poetry is no d\bt entitl$ on ! "o h& to borr[ f an obsolete nom5clature1 obsolete at lea/ 9 ev]yday spee*1 & on ! o!r to decl>e itself z pre-em95tly an innovator1 m\ld+ novel modes ( spee*4 ,su* a field1 provid$ only ! vital g5ius ( ! language is pres]v$1 supplies mat]ial = a/oni%+ boldness ( inv5tion4 77 ,secondly1 we h ! problem ( v]bal ord]4 ,x is "h t we meet ) ^? s-call$ figures ( spee*1 9 s f> z1 we %\ld add1 ! same h ref]5ce to v]bal embodim5t z su*4 ,! use ( ^!1 h[ev]1 easily deg5]ates into rhetoric & declamation 9 ! bad s5se ( ^! t]ms2 ! vitality ( individual "* is de/roy$ :]e we f9d t su* =ms sub/itute a fix$ & artificial mode ( expression = ! g5u9e impulse ( feel+ or passion1 & !reby (f] ! v opposite to ! p]sonal1 laconic & brok5 utt]ance requir$1 ! utt]ance ^: emotional dep? is incapable ( say+ mu*1 & = ?is reason1 9 romantic poetry especially1 is ( great effect z a pres5tm5t ( suppress$#f /ates ( s\l4 ,b g5]ally speak+ we may admit t ! relative ord] ( words is an in/rum5t ( ! ext]nal =m ( poetry ( q extraord9>y res\rce4 77 ,?irdly1 we h /ill to draw att5tion to ! con/ruction ( p]iods1#g :i* ess5tially embrace all ! o!r aspects ( composition & :i*1 by means ( ei!r _! simple or m involv$ c\rse1 _! re/less dislocations & di/ortions1 or _! quick onw>d motion1 _! accel]ation & _! flood contribute s mat]ially to ! reflection ( su* s\l exp]i5ce4 ,&1 9 %ort1 x is ess5tial t ! ext]nal pres5tm5t 9 spee* %\ld mirror & assume a "* simil> to ! ideality ( su* exp]i5ce 9 all its v>iety4 7c7 ,9 ! application ( ! means ( spee* above consid]$ x w be useful to di/+ui% once m ! sev]al /ages ( poetic ?\ght to :i* !y correspond & to :i* we drew att5tion :5 we consid]$ ! nature ( poetic conception or composition4 77 ,poetic diction c1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 appe> ) real vitality among a p & at an epo* :5 ! g5]al spee* is n z yet p]fect$1 b 9 fact only by virtue ( its poetry receives its real developm5t4 ,at su* a "t ! utt]ance ( ! poet1 z g5]ally expressive ( s\l-life1 is f ! fir/ a real novelty1 :i* /irs admiration on its own acc\nt by reveal+ 9 its spee* :at rema9$ previ\sly unveil$4 ,?is new creation appe>s z ! m>vel ( a gift & p]sonal p[]4 ,! weight ( cu/om has n z yet fall5 ^u x4 ,x enables t :i* is buri$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! human he>t = ! fir/ "t to freely unfold itself be=e ! amazem5t ( m54 ,"u su* conditions x is ! native =ce ( ! expression1 ! creation ( ! fact ( spee*1 n s mu* ! v>i$ & craftful elaboration ( ! same1 :i* is ! ma9 po9t4 ,diction "h rema9s exce$+ly simple4 ,9 su* e>ly times x is inde$ impossible t we %\ld h ei!r mu* flu5cy ( idea or any v>i$ v]satility ( expression4 ,! subject-matt] ( su* poetry is depict$ ) an artless directness1 :i* has n yet atta9$ ! delicate nuances1 transitions1 m$iatory matt] & o!r advantages ( a lat] arti/ic culture4 ,9 su* an age ! poet is 9 fact ! fir/ p]son to give an utt]ance to ! national voice1 to express ideas 9 spee*1 & !reby to enc\rage ! imag9ation itself4 ,spee* is1 if we may s express x1 n yet insep>able f ord9>y life1 & poetry c /ill freely1 ) an effect ( fre%ness1 avail itself ( all t 9 lat] times1 z ! spee* ( common life1 gradually is sev]$ f art4 ,9 ?is respect1 = example1 ,hom]'s type ( expression is to ! mod]n man b>ely di/+ui%able f ord9>y spee*4 ,= e idea we h ! direct ^w#h2 metaphorical expressions are comp>atively r>e2 & al?\gh ! poem is compos$ ) a close att5tion to detail1 ! spee* itself rema9s v simple inde$4 ,9 a simil> way ,dante 0 able to create = 8 own nation a vital =m ( poetic expression1 & ass]t$ 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r respects1 ! dauntless en]gy ( 8 creative g5ius4 77 ,:51 h[ev]--?is is a fur!r po9t--! circle ( ideas enl>ges ) ! appe>ance ( me?odical modes ( ?\ght ! ways 9 :i* idea is associat$ ) idea increase1 & 9 ?is v process ! ability to use x increases also1 & ! expression ( spee* is elaborat$ 9 all ! flu5cy ( :i* x is capable4 ,:5 ?is is s ! position ( poetry on ! side ( v]bal expression is :olly *ang$4 ,9 o!r words1 we h n[ a nation possess+ ! fully develop$ prose spee* ( ev]yday life1 & poetic expression mu/ n[1 9 ord] to reta9 its int]e/1 sw]ve aside f ord9>y p>lance1 & receive a resurrection "u ! re-m\ld+ en]gy ( g5ius4#i ,9 our daily life ! cont+5cy ( ! mom5t is ! motive ( spee*4 ,9 ! creation ( a "w ( art1 h[ev]1 we mu/ h delib]ate circumspection#aj 9 ! place ( in/antane\s feel+2 ev5 ! _s ( en?usiasm mu/ be judici\sly re/ra9$4 ,! creation ( g5ius %\ld be p]mitt$ to unfold itself f ! arti/ic repose1#aa & become in=m$ "u ! prevail+ temp] ( an intellig5ce#ab t surveys ! :ole ) cl>ity4 ,9 =m] times ?is _s ( conc5tration & tranquillity is to be inf]r$ f ! fact & utt]ance ( poetry itself4 ,9 a m rec5t age1 on ! contr>y1 ! nature ( ! composition & execution has itself to en=ce ! di/9ction :i* obta9s betwe5 ! expression ( poetry & prose4 ,9 ?is respect poems :i* belong to epo*s 9 :i* we f9d already an elaborat$ prose diction diff] ess5tially f ^? ( times & peoples 9 :i* ! art orig9ates4 ,! executive tal5t ( a poet c be c>ri$ s f> 9 ?is direction t ! elaboration ( =mal expression becomes ! ma9 ?+1 & ! aim is less direct$ to ideal tru? ?an to =mal con/ruction1 a poli%$ elegance & m]e effect ( ! composition "u its lit]>y aspect4 ,we h !n a situation1 9 :i*1 z already obs]v$1 rhetoric & declamation are elaborat$ 9 a mann] de/ructive to ! ideal vitality ( ! poetic _s4 ,! =mative intellig5ce ass]ts itself "u ! pr9ciple ( purposiv5ess1 & a selfconsci\sly regulat$ art di/urbs t m g5u9e effect1 :i* ought to pres5t ! appe>ance ( +5u\s op5ness & simplicity4 ,entire nations h1 ) ! r>e/ exceptions1 fail$ to produce any type ( poetic creation o!r ?an ?is rhetorical "o4 ,! ,lat9 language1 ev5 9 ,cic]o1 /ill pres]ves a g5u9e r+ ( navet & naturalness4 ,) ! ,lat9 poets1 h[ev]1 su* z ,virgil1 ,horace & ! re/1 we already feel t ,art is to a real ext5t no?+ b artifice1 elaboration ( effect on its own acc\nt4 ,we recognize a prosaic cont5t1 :i* is m]ely set (f ) an ext]nal embelli%m5t4 ,we f9d a poet :o1 9 ! abs5ce ( orig9al g5ius1 endeav\rs to discov]1 9 ! sph]e ( lit]>y v]satility & rhetoric effects1 "s comp5sation = t :i* 9 g5u9e p[] & effect ( creation & composition he fails to possess4 ,france too1 9 ! s-call$ classical p]iod ( its lit]ature1 has produc$ poetry v simil>1 a poetical /yle to :i* didactic poems & satires are s+ul>ly appropriate4 ,rhetorical figures ( spee* 9 all _! v>iety are "h 9 _! rightful place4 ,! exposition rema9s = all t1 z a :ole1 prosaic2 & ! lit]>y expression is at its be/ ri* 9 image & embelli%m5t1 mu* 9 ! /yle ( ,h]d]'s or ,s*ill]'s diction4 ,^! la/-m5tion$ writ]s1 h[ev]1 avail$ !mselves ( ?is /yle ( lit]>y expression ma9ly 9 ! int]e/s ( prose composition2 & by ! weight9ess ( _! reflections & ! happy use ( su* a /yle knew h[ to w9 bo? a critical ass5t & a he>ty approval4 ,! ,spani% poets also are n :olly free f ! o/5tation insep>able f ! too self-consci\s diction ( art4 ,&1 z a g5]al rule1 ,s\!rn nations1 su* z ! ,spani>ds & ! ,italians1 & previ\sly to !m ! ,mohamm$an ,arabs & ,p]sians1 are conspicu\s = a weal? & t$i\s prolixity ( image & simile4 ,) ! anci5ts1 m especially 9 ! case ( ,hom]1 ! fl[ ( expression is *>act]iz$ by smoo?ness & tranquillity4 ,) ! nations above m5tion$1 on ! contr>y1 we h a vision ( life gu%+ =?#ac 9 a flood :i*1 ev5 :]e ! emotions are 9 o!r respects at re/1 is ev] int5t ^u expatiation1 & ow+ to ?is expressly volitional ef=t ( ! w is dom9at$ by an intellig5ce :i* at "o "t is visible 9 abrupt p>5!ses1 at ano!r 9 subtle g5]alization1 at ano!r 9 ! playful conjunction ( its sallies ( wit & hum\r4 77 ,g5u9e poetic expression 9 %ort is z f> remov$ f all rhetorical declamation z above describ$ z x is f all o/5tation & witty conceits ( diction1 9 s f> at lea/ z su* defects d injury to ! ideal tru? ( ,nature1 & ! claims ( ! cont5t are =gott5 9 ! v]bal =m & expression ( ! composition4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible1 despite ( ?is1 t ! au?or's free enjoym5t 9 8 "w decl>e itself ) real beauty4 ,9 a ^w t aspect ( ! composition we def9e z =mal diction ought n to be treat$ on its own & indep5d5t acc\nt alone1 or z an aspect ( fir/ & ev5 exclusive importance4 ,&1 g5]ally speak+1 9 ?is analysis ( ! composition ( poetry "u its =mative aspect1 we repeat t :at is ! product ( c>eful ?\ght mu/ n lose ! appe>ance ( g5u9e spontaneity3 ev]y?+ %\ld impress u z ?\gh x _h ( itself blossom$ f ! ideal g]m or he>t ( ! subject-matt]4 #c4 ,,v]sification ,our ?ird & f9al aspect ( poetic expression is necessitat$ by ! fact t ! imag9ation ( ! poet does n m]ely inve/ ideas 9 words1 b does s 9 ! =m ( ! utt]$ spee*2 & by do+ s he consequ5tly ent]s ! doma9 :]e9 our s5ses are made aw>e ( ! actual s\nds & music ( spee*4 ,we are ?us introduc$ to v]sification4 ,v]sifi$ prose may give u v]ses1 b t is n necess>ily poetry4 ,we h a p>allel case 9 ! m]ely poetic expression ( a composition 9 o!r respects prosaic ) its result ( poetic prose simply4 ,yet = all t metre or rhyme is an ess5tial dem& ( poetry1 br++1 z x 71 a p]fume ( its own to ! s5ses2 nay1 x is ev5 m ess5tial ?an a ri*ly imag9ative & s-call$ beautiful diction4 ,& 9 tru? ! arti/ic elaboration ( ?is s5su\s m$ium#ad unfolds to u--x is ! v dem& ( ! art itself--ano!r realm1 ano!r field1 :i* we only really ent] aft] hav+ left beh9d u ! prose ( ord9>y life1 :e!r view$ z action or z lit]>y composition4 ,! poet is !reby compell$ to move 9 a lit]>y atmosph]e outside ! b\nd>y ( ev]yday spee*1 & to %ape 8 compositions ) an exclusive reg>d to ! rules & requirem5ts ( ,art4 ,x is !re=e only a sup]ficial !ory :i* w\ld bani% all v]sification on ! gr\nd t x contradicts natural expression4 ,x is true t ,less+1 9 8 ho/ility to ! false pa?os ( ! ,fr5* ,alex&r9e metre1 attempt$1 m p>ticul>ly 9 trag$y1 to introduce a =m ( prose spee* z mo/ appropriate4 ,bo? ,s*ill] & ,goe! h1 9 ! m /ormy works ( _! y\?1 & "u ! natural impulse ( compositions c>ry+ a great] surfeit ( cont5t1 adopt$ ! same pr9ciple4 ,b ,less+ himself1 9 8 ,na?an1 f9ally returns once m to ! iambic4 ,& 9 ! same way ) 8 ,don ,c>los ,s*ill] des]t$ ! old pa?4 ,goe! too 0 s little satisfi$ ) ! e>li] prosaic treatm5t ( 8 ,iphig5eia & ,tasso1 t he transf]r$ !m to art's m prop] doma91 rem\ld+ !m bo? f ! po9t ( view ( expression & prosody 9 t pur] =m1 :]e9 ^! compositions cont9ue & w cont9ue to excite our admiration4 ,no d\bt ! artificiality ( ! v]se measure or ! recurr5t e*oes ( rhyme has ! appe>ance ( an unyield+#ae bond betwe5 spiritual ideas & ! s5su\s m$ium1 m rigor\s inde$ ?an col\r 9 pa9t+4 ,ext]nal objects & ! human =m are col\r$ 9 ,nature1 & ! col\rless is an arbitr>y ab/raction4 ,! idea1 on ! contr>y1 9 association ) ! s\nds ( human spee*1 :i* are employ$ 9 ! :olly caprici\s symbols ( _! utt]ance1 possess only a di/ant or no ideal ?read ( connection at all4 ,?is be+ s1 ! exact+ dem& ( ! prosodical rules w v readily appe> z a fett] to ! imag9ation1 9 virtue ( :i* x is no long] possible = ! poet to communicate 8 ideas 9 ! precise =m 9 :i* !y float ^u 8 phantasy4 ,! inf]5ce is natural t al?\gh ! /ream ( rhy?m & ! music ( rhyme ex]cises ^u u z an unque/ionable fasc9ation1 x is nev]!less n unfrequ5tly & too mu* s ! dem& ( ?is v *>m to our s5ses t ! f9e/ poetic feel+ & idea %\ld be sacrific$4 ,b ! objection = all t w n hold wat]4 ,9 o!r words x is n true t v]sification is simply an ob/ruction to spontane\s movem5t4 ,a g5u9e arti/ic tal5t ?r\gh\t moves 9 its s5su\s mat]ial z 9 its native elem5t1 :i* s f> f be+ oppressive or a h9drance acts z a /imulus & a support4 ,& 9 fact we f9d t all really great poets move ) fre$om & confid5ce 9 ! measure1 rhy?m or rhyme !y h creat$2 & x is only :5 !y are translat$ t our arti/ic s5se is frequ5tly pa9$ or %ock$ at ! attempt to retrace _! rhy?m & melody4 ,moreov] x is "p ( ! lib]ality ( ! art t ! v circum/ances ( ! re/ra9t1 involv+ mu* *ange1 conc5tration or expansion ( ! ideas express$1 %\ld sugge/ to our poet new ?\ghts1 incid5ts & creations1 :i*1 ap>t f su* difficulties1 _h nev] cross$ 8 m9d4 ,b 9 tru? q ap>t f ?is relative advantage ?is s5su\s & det]m9ate =m ( be+--9 ! case ( poetry ! melodi\s *a9 ( words--is once = all ess5tial to art4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t ! result %\ld n rema9 9 ! =mless & undef9$ /ream t we h 9 ! imm$iate cont+5cy ( ord9>y conv]sation4 ,x mu/ appe> 9 ! vital design & elaboration ( art4 ,& al?\gh ?is =m no d\bt 9 ! music ( poetry may s\nd too z a purely ext]nal in/rum5t1 x has nev]!less to be treat$ z an end on its own acc\nt1 & z su* z an ess5tially h>moni\s self-def9$ :ole4 ,?is att5tion1 :i* is due to ! m$ium ( s5se1 contributes1 z 9 ,art univ]sally1 & 9 ! int]e/ ( s]i\sness1#af yet ano!r po9t ( view :]e we f9d ?is v au/]ity vani%es2 bo? poet & li/5] feel x no m4 ,!y are lift$ into a region ( exhil>at+ *>m & grace4 ,9 pa9t+ & sculpture ! arti/ is giv5 ! =m 9 its mat]ial & spatial limitations = ! portrayal & col\r+ ( human limbs1 rocks1 trees1 cl\ds & fl[]s4 ,9 ar*itecture also ! requirem5ts & objects ( ! build+s propos$ dictate m or less ! def9$ %ape giv5 to walls1 t[]s & ro(s4 ,9 ! same-way music already possesses /able def9ition 9 ! fundam5tal laws ( h>mony4 ,9 ! art ( poetry1 h[ev]1 ! s\nd ( language to our aural s5se is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 unbridl$2#ag ! poet has consequ5tly to regulate su* abs5ce ( rule )9 objective limits1 & to outl9e a m /able conture1 a m def9ite framework ( s\nd = 8 conceptions1 _! /ructure & _! objective beauty4 ,j z 9 musical declamation ! rhy?m & melody %\ld accept & adapt itself to ! nature ( ! cont5t1 v]sification is also a k9d ( music1 :i*1 at its own di/ance1 is capable ( ess5tially re-e*o+ ! my/]i\s1 b none ! less def9ite1 c\rse & "* ( ! ideas4 ,agreeably ) ?is ! v]se-measure ought to reflect ! g5]al tone &1 z x 71 ! spiritual p]fume ( an entire poem1 & x is by no means a "q ( no consequ5ce :e!r ! ext]nal =m is "o ( iambics1 tro*aics1 /anzas1 alcaics or any o!r metre4 ,9 ! heads ( discussion we propose to foll[ ( mo/ importance are two sy/ems1 ^: di/9ction f ea* o!r we %all endeav\r to expla94 ,! fir/ is rhy?mical v]sification1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! actual l5g? or %ortness ( ! v]bal syllables1 :e!r we reg>d su* 9 ! association ( v>i$ figures ( spee*1 or "u ! relation ( _! "t-movem5t4 ,! second is t :i* is responsible = tonal quality z su*1 n m]ely 9 ! case ( isolat$ lett]s1 consonants or v[els1 b also 9 t ( entire syllables & words1 ! configuration ( :i* is 9 "p regulat$ by ! laws ( ! uni=m repetition ( id5tical or simil> s\nds1 & 9 "p by ^? ( symmetrical *ange4 ,x is to ?is sy/em t we ref] ! allit]ation1 assonance & rhyme4 ,bo? sy/ems /& 9 intimate connection ) ! prosody ( spee*4 ,?is is s :e!r su* sy/ems are r bas$ ?r\gh\t on ! actual l5g? or %ortness ( syllables1 or on ! acc5t :i* ! m9d requires1#ah z atta*$ to ! obvi\s importance ( su* syllables4 ,&1 f9ally1 we h also to unite toge!r ?is g5]al rhy?mical movem5t ) ! music ( ! indep5d5t =mal /ructure z rhyme4#ai ,& 9 ?is ef=t1 inasmu* z ! repeat$ e*o ( ! rhyme /rikes ! e> ) a m>k$ emphasis1 :i* ass]ts itself pr$om9antly ov] ! purely temporal condition ( duration & advance1 ! rhy?mical aspect w1 9 su* a conjunction1 t5d to fall back1 & arre/ our att5tion ) less =ce4 7a7 ,rhy?mical ,v]sification4 ,9 discuss+ ! rhy?mical sy/em :i* is )\t rhyme ! foll[+ po9ts are ( ! mo/ importance3 ,fir/1 we h ! firm & fa/ "t-measure ( syllables 9 _! pla9 di/9ction ( long & %orty z well z _! manifold association ) def9ite conditions & metres ( poetry4 ,secondly1 we h ! animation ( rhy?m 9 acc5t1 caesura & opposition betwe5 ! v]se acc5t & t ( sep>ate words4 ,?irdly1 !re is ! aspect ( euphoni\s s\nds :i*1 )9 ?is movem5t1 is =?com+ f ! s\nd ( ! words1 )\t any fur!r conc5tration 9 rhyme4 7a7 ,= t rhy?mical movem5t :i* ! "t duration & ! movem5t itself makes ( fir/ importance r ?an ! melodic s\nd z su* & s+l$ 9 its isolat$ effect1 77 we f9d our />t+ po9t 9 ! natural l5g? & %ortness ( syllables to ! obvi\s di/9ctions ( :i* ! s\nd ( ! actual words1 ! expression ( _! lett]s1 9 consonants & v[els1 contribute ! ess5tial basis4 ,pre-em95tly long by nature are ! diph?ongs ai1 oi1 ae1 & ! re/1 = ! reason t ess5tially--:atev] our mod]n s*oolma/] may say to ! contr>y--!y are !mselves a tw(old1 concrete tone1 :i* comb9es1 mu* z gre5 does among ! col\rs4 ,! long-s\nd+ v[els are equally s4 ,z a ?ird pr9ciple1 :i* obta9s already 9 ,sanscrit1 no less ?an ! ,greek & ,lat9 languages1 we h associat$ ) !m peculi> conditions ( position4 ,9 o!r words1 if two or m consonants are plac$ betwe5 two v[els ! relation con/itutes :at is unque/ionably a difficult transition 9 spee*4 ,! organ ( articulate utt]ance requires a long] p]iod to pass ov] ! consonants2 ?is necessitates a pause :i*1 despite ( ! pres5ce ( ! %ort v[el1 makes ! syllable s\nd 9 its rhy?m long1 ?\gh x is n actually l5g!n$4 ,if ,i speak ! words = example--m5tem nec secus--! movem5t f ! "o v[el to ! o!r 9 m5tem & nec is nei!r z simple or easy z 9 secus4 ,m mod]n languages d n reta9 ?is la/ di/9ction ) su* /r+5cy1 b r give effect1 9 ! matt] ( long & %ort acc5t1 to o!r crit]ia4 ,b = all t syllables :i* are treat$ z %ort1 despite ( ! position ref]r$ to1 at lea/ w n unfrequ5tly create a h>% impression1 because !y ob/ruct ! quick] movem5t our e> dem&s4 ,9 contradi/9ction to ! long quantity we h 9 diph?ongs1 long v[els & l5g? creat$ by position1 we h ! v[els :i* are by nature %ort1 t is1 ^? :i* are %ort1 or :i* are n plac$ 9 words1 :]e "o ( !m & ano!r imm$iately foll[+ are sep>at$ by two or m consonants4 77 ,= ! reason1 !n1 t words1 p>tly on _! own acc\nt1 z ( sev]al syllables1 include a numb] ( long & %ort beats1 & 9 "p1 al?\gh ( "o syllable1 are nev]!less associat$ ) o!r words1 we h !reby to />t ) a def9ite1 b accid5tal int]*ange ( v>i\s syllables & words )\t any /able measure4 ,to regulate ?is accid5tal relation is j ! function ( poetry1 precisely z x 0 t ( music to def9e ) accuracy ! unregulat$ duration ( p>ticul> tones by means ( ! unity ( "t-measure4 ,poetry !re=e e/abli%es specific comb9ations ( long & %ort syllables z ! law1 by virtue ( :i*1 "u ! aspect ( "t-duration1 x has to arrange ! s]ies ( syllables4 ,:at we !re=e get 9 ! fir/ in/ance are ! diff]5t successions ( "t4 ,! simple/ is ! mutual relation ( pure equality1 z1 = example1 we f9d x 9 ! dactyl & anapae/1 9 :i* ! two %ort syllables may coalesce accord+ to def9ite rule 9 two long syllables 7! spondee74 ,secondly1 a long syllable may be plac$ next "o %ort2 9 t case we h a pr(\nd] di/9ction ( d]ivation1 ?\gh "u its simple/ =m4 ,su* are ! iambus & ! tro*ee4 ,we f9d a m complicat$ comb9ation1 :5 a %ort syllable is int]pos$ betwe5 two long ones1 or "o %ort prec$es two long1 z 9 ! cretic & bac*ius4 77 ,su* isolat$ "t-relations w\ld1 h[ev]1 op5 ! door to unregulat$ cont+5cy if !y 7 p]mitt$ to foll[ "o ano!r anyh[ 9 _! motley diff]5ces4 ,9 fact ! entire aim ( su* regulation w\ld vani% "u su* conditions1 9 o!r words ! regulat$ s]ies ( long & %ort syllables4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view we %\ld :olly fail to secure a def9ite beg9n+1 conclusion1 & c5tral position1 s t ! caprice :i* "h once aga9 ass]t$ itself w\ld entirely contradict t :i* we previ\sly e/abli%$1 :5 consid]+ musical "t-measure & beat1 z to ! relation 9 :i* ! p]cipi5t ego /ood to ! duration ( tones4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ego requires a comb9ation on its own acc\nt1#bj a return out ( ! cont9u\s =w>d movem5t 9 "t2 & only seizes on ! same 9 virtue ( def9ite unities ( "t & _!1 z su*1 emphasiz$ comm5cem5t1#ba regulat$ 9 _! entire s]ies & t]m9ations4 ,?is is ! reason :y1 9 ! ?ird place1 poetry also sets out ! p>ticul> "t-relations 9 a s]ies ( v]se-l9es1#bb :i* 9 respect to ! type & numb] ( _! feet1 no less ?an 9 t ( _! comm5cem5t1 progress1 & conclusion1 are subject to rule4 ,! iambic trimet]1 = in/ance1 consi/s ( six iambic feet1 ( :i* any two con/itute an iambic dipody4 ,! hexamet] consi/s ( six dactyls1 :i* aga91 9 c]ta9 positions1 may coalesce 9 spondees4 ,moreov]1 z x is no objection to su* l9es ( v]se-writ+ t !y are repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! same or practically "u ! same mode1 we f9d 9 respect to ! entire s]ies1 on ! "o h&1 a lack ( def9ition s f> z ! "o f9al conclusion is conc]n$1 & on ! o!r a monotony1 :i* creates p]ceptibly a s5se ( defici5cy 9 ! ideal aspect ( _! manifold composition4 ,9 ord] to mitigate su* defects poetry makes a f9al advance 9 its creation ( ! /rophe & its v>i$ organization1 m p>ticul>ly ) a view to lyric expression4 ,z an illu/ration we h ! elegiac measure ( ! ,greeks2 !re is also ! alcaic & sapphic /rophe1 n to m5tion ! modes ( lyric art elaborat$ by ,p9d> & ! fam\s ,greek dramati/s 9 _! *oric effusions or int]ludes4 ,h[ev] mu*1 9 _! relation to "t-measure1 music & poetry p>take ( simil> conditions1 we ought n1 !re=e1 to fail to draw att5tion to _! dissimil>ity4 ,! mo/ important feature ( ?is is t ( ! beat4 ,! "q :e!r !re is any real repetition measurable 9 "t-beats ( id5tical l5g? 9 ! metre ( ! anci5ts has be5 ! subject ( /r5u\s controv]sy4 ,g5]ally speak+ ,i ?9k x may be affirm$ t poetry1 :i* uses language 9 its words z a m]e means ( communication1 is unable1 9 respect to ! "t-l5g? ( its utt]ances1 to subord9ate ! same to an absolutely fix$ measure ( its movem5t 9 ! ab/ract =m t is pres5t 9 ! "t-beat ( music4 ,9 music tone is simply s\nd1 )\t pause z su*1 & x ess5tially requires a /ability su* z we f9d 9 ! "t-beat4 ,human spee* does n require su* security1 = "o reason because x already possesses some?+ fix$ & sub/antive 9 ! idea1 & = ano!r because x is n ?us :olly committ$ to ! objective m$ium ( s\nd or resonance2 r ?is v ideality ( consci\s life is ! m$ium 9 :i* x consi/s z art4 ,= ?is reason poetry 9 fact discov]s ! m sub/antive means ( def9+ its arre/1 cont9uance1 pause or delay imm$iately 9 ! ideas & emotions :i* x cle>ly enunciates 9 language4 ,music1 too1 9 its recitatives1 m>ks ! beg9n+ ( a simil> process ( sep>ation f ! immutable equality ( ! "t-beat4 ,x foll[s f ?is t1 if poetical metre 7 :olly subjugate to ! regul>ity ( ! "t-beat1 ! di/9ction betwe5 music & poetry1 9 ?is sph]e at lea/1 w\ld vani% altoge!r1 & ! elem5t ( "t w\ld receive a m pr$om9ant significance ?an is compatible ) ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( poetry4 ,support$ by su* a conclusion we may !re=e insi/ t1 ?\gh a "t-measure is ( imp]ative value 9 poetry1 !re is no su* necessity = ! ab/ract "t-beat2 mean+ & signification#bc ( ! actual words mu/ "h rema9 ! relatively speak+ m controll+ =ce4 ,if we exam9e 9 ?is respect m closely ! p>ticul> v]se-measures ( ! anci5ts ! hexamet] w no d\bt appe> mo/ ne>ly atta*$ to a =w>d movem5t compatible ) ! /r+5cy ( ! "t-beat4 ,! eld] ,voss 9 fact assum$ ?is1 ?\gh1 z a matt] ( fact1 su* an assumption is already exclud$ by ! catalexis ( ! la/ foot4 ,:5 9 addition to ?is ,voss proce$$ to place ! "t-measure ( ! alcaic & sapphic /rophes on a simil> basis ( ab/ract equality1 we c only reg>d su* a !ory z a wilful caprice :i* does viol5ce to ! poetry4 ,! cont5tion ?r\gh\t is app>5tly due to ! habit ( treat+ our ,g]man iambic 9 id5tical l5g?s ( syllable measure & "t-measure4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! beauty ( ! iambic trimet] ( ! anci5ts consi/$ above all 9 ?is1 t x 0 n compos$ ( six iambic feet ( id5tical l5g?s ( "t2 b q ! contr>y 9 ord] t1 9 ! fir/ position ( e dipody1 spondees1 or1 9 _! resolution1 also dactyls & anapae/s 7 p]missible2 &1 by reason ( ?is1 ! monoton\s repetition ( ! same "t-measure1 & !reby all t is consi/5t ) ! "t-beat1 vani%es4 ,we may add t ! possibility ( *ange is yet m obvi\s 9 lyric /rophes1 s t if we wi% to e/abli% su* a !sis at all x mu/ be on ! priori pr9ciple1 t ! "t-beat is ess5tially necess>y4 ,z a d$uction f ! pla9 facts we see no?+ ( ! k9d4 77 ,) ! introduction ( ! acc5t & ! caesura we h = ! fir/ "t ! animation ( ! "t-measure2 we may p>allel ) ?is t rhy?m 9 music1 :i* we h discuss$ z ! "t-beat4 77 ,9 %ort 9 poetry also e def9ite "t relation has1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 its p>ticul> acc5t2 9 o!r words1 regul>ly def9$ int]vals are ass]t$1 :i* attract o!rs & only 9 ?is way are r\nd$ (f 9 a :ole4 ,ow+ to ?is fact mu* play is giv5 to ! manifold possibilities ( ! value ( syllables4 ,on ! "o h& g5]ally long syllables appe> emphasiz$ 9 _! contra/ to %ort1 s t n[1 if ! ictus falls ^u !m1 _! significance is d\bl$ z aga9/ ! %ort]1 & 9 fact /& out !mselves z di/9ct f long syllables n ?us acc5t$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 x may also happ5 t %ort] syllables receive ! ictus or acc5t1 s t a simil> emphasis is creat$ to ! "o describ$ 9 ! conv]se case4 ,above all1 z already obs]v$1 ! beg9n+ & t]m9ation ( ! p>ticul> feet ought n ) ab/ract precision to be id5tical ) ! beg9n+ & conclusion ( s+le words4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! rea* =w>d#bd ( ! ess5tially exclusive ^w ov] ! t]m9ation ( ! foot ( ! l9e affects ! connection ( ! o!rwise disp>ate rhy?ms4 ,secondly1 :5 ! v]se acc5t falls on ! f9al s\nd ( a ^w c>ri$ =w>d z above describ$1 we get on acc\nt ( ?is 9 addition a di/9ct int]val ( "t1 ! conclusion ( a ^w hav+ already come to a pause 9 some?+ else1 s t x is 9 fact ?is pause1 :i*1 9 virtue ( ! acc5t unit$ ) x1 is expressly made p]ceptible z a segm5t ( "t 9 ! o!rwise unbrok5 curr5t4 ,caesuras ( ?is sort are inevitable ) e k9d ( v]se4 ,= al?\gh ! di/9ct acc5t already conf]s on p>ticul> feet a m intimate & ess5tial di/9ction1 & !reby a c]ta9 v>iety1 ?is sort ( animation1 especially 9 ! case ( v]ses1 9 :i* ! same feet repeat ea* o!r )\t a break1 z1 = example1 9 our iambic1 rema9 = all t 9 a measure entirely ab/ract & monoton\s1 & fur!rmore all[ ! p>ticul> feet to fall ap>t )\t a common bond4 ,x is ?is gray monotony :i* ! caesura *ecks1 introduc+ a connection & m g5u9e animation )9 :at 0 o!rwise1 ) its undiff]5tiat$ regul>ity1 ! halt+ fl[ ( v]se1 a life :i*1 by virtue ( ! v>i\s positions 9 :i* ! caesura may ass]t itself1 is itself z manifold z is possible agreeably ) ! condition t its regulat$ def9ition is held free f any approa* to lawless caprice4 ,a ?ird acc5t is fur!rmore atta*$ to ! v]se acc5t & caesura1 :i* ! words 9 o!r respects & indep5d5tly possess1 ap>t f _! metrical employm5t4 ,by ?is means ! mode & degree 9 :i* ! p>ticul> syllables are emphasiz$ or ! rev]se increases 9 its v>iety4 ,?is v]bal acc5t may1 on ! "o h&1 no d\bt appe> 9 conjunction ) ! acc5t ( ! v]se & ! caesura2 &1 if ?is is ! case1 ! /r5g? ( ! acc5ts respectively is increas$4 ,b f ano!r po9t ( view x may /& indep5d5tly ( !m on syllables :i* d n receive any fur!r emphasis1 & :i* we may say1 9 s f> z !y moreov] require an acc5tuation to br+ out _! p>ticul> significance z v]bal syllables1 ass]t an effect c\nt] to ! v]se rhy?m1 an effect :i* conf]s on ! :ole a novel & unique vitality4 ,to appreciate ! beauty ( rhy?m 9 all ! above aspects is = our mod]n e>s a v difficult matt]1 because 9 mod]n languages ! elem5ts :i* comb9e to produce4 ?is k9d ( metrical effect are no long] 9 "s measure pres5t 9 ! %>p & secure insi/5ce !y possess$ = ! anci5t _w2 r we h o!r means sub/itut$ = !m1 9 ord] to satisfy o!r dem&s ( arti/ic ta/e4 77 ,b ov] & above all ?is1 p>am\nt ov] all valid claims ( syllables & words )9 _! metrical position1 !re is1 secondly1 ! wor? ( t significance we ga!r f ! l9e or v]se z poetical idea4 ,x is 9 relation to ?is1 :i* ! language implies1 t its o!r metrical effects are ei!r emphasiz$ or1 comp>atively speak+1 are re/ra9$ z void ( significance2 & x is by ?is means alone t ! f9e/ p]fume ( spiritual vitality is in/ill$ ?r\gh ! poetry4 ,b not)/&+ ?is fact1 su* poetical effect is n to be c>ri$ s f> t x directly contradicts 9 ?is respect ! rules ( metrical rhy?m4 77 ,moreov]1 a def9ite type ( cont5t corresponds ) ! entire "* ( a p>ticul> v]se measure1 p>ticul>ly f ! po9t ( view ( rhy?mical movem5t1 & above all t p>ticul> k9d impli$ 9 ! movem5t ( our feel+s4 ,?us1 = example1 ! hexamet]1 9 ! tranquil wave ( its =w>d /ream1 is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ! ev5 fl[ ( epic n>ration4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 x is m 9 ! nature ( ! /rophe 9 its association ) ! p5tamet] & its symmetrically consi/5t caesura1 x is1 9 its none ! less g5]ally simple regul>ity1 fitt$ to express elegiac emotion4 ,! iambic aga9 moves =w>d ) rapidity1 & z su* is peculi>ly suitable to dramatic dialogue4 ,! anapae/ indicates ! cle>-slipp+ m>* ( joyful exultation4 ,o!r *>act]i/ics may readily be associat$ ) o!r modes ( v]se-measure4 77 ,?irdly1 ?is prov9ce ( rhy?mical v]sification is n conf9$ to ! m]e configuration & vivication ( "t-int]vals2 x embraces ! actual musical s\nd ( syllables & words4 ,9 respect to su* s\nd1 h[ev]1 ! classic languages1 9 :i* rhy?m is reta9$1 z above describ$1 z an ess5tial feature1 (f] a real contra/ to o!r m rec5t ones m conspicu\sly adapt$ to rhyme4 77 ,9 ! ,greek & ,lat9 languages1 = example1 ! /em syllable is modifi$1 by virtue ( its modes ( inflexion1 ?r\gh an abundance ( v>i\sly ton$ syllables1 :i* ( c\rse possess an indep5d5t mean+1 b only z a modification ( su* syllable2 ?is consequ5tly1 x is true1 ass]ts its =ce z ! sub/antive significance ( t v>i\sly exp&$ s\nd1 b x does n1 s f> z its s\nd is conc]n$1 /& =? z su* 9 pre-em95t & unique asc5dancy4 ,:5 we he>1 = example1 ! ^w amav]unt1 ?ree syllables are atta*$ to ! ^w1 & ! acc5t is already sub/antially diff]5tiat$ ?r\gh\t ! numb] & ext5sion ( ^! syllables 9 direct relation to ! /em syllable1 ev5 assum+ no naturally long ones _h be5 includ$1 by :i* means ! fundam5tal significance & ! emphasis ( acc5t are sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,9 su* a case consequ5tly1 & 9 s f> z ! acc5tuation is n id5tical ) ! ma9 syllable1 b falls on ano!r1 :i* m]ely expresses an incid5tal significance1 ! e> c f ?is basis at once li/5 to ! s\nd ( ! diff]5t syllables & foll[ _! movem5t1 reta9+1 z x does1 p]fect lib]ty to att5d to t prosody peculi> to ! ^w or phrase1 & f9d+ itself !n invit$ to incorporate )9 its rhy?m ^! naturally long & %ort syllables4 77 ,! case ( our mod]n ,g]man language is :olly diff]5t4 ,t :i* 9 ! ,greek & ,lat9 languages is express$1 z above describ$1 by means ( ! prefix & suffix1 & o!r modifications1 is 9 m mod]n languages = ! mo/ "p resolv$ 9 v]bs ( ! /em syllable2 ! result ( ?is is t ! inflexion syllables t h be5 9 ! =m] case unfold$ 9 "o & ! same ^w1 ) collat]al mean+s ( a v>i$ "*1 are n[ split up & isolat$ 9 sep>ate words4 ,z illu/rations ( ?is we h ! con/ant employm5t ( _m subsidi>y words d5ot+ "t1 ! indep5d5t indication ( ! optative by means ( di/9ct v]bs1 ! sep>ation ( pron\ns1 & o!r examples4 ,by su* means1 on ! "o h&1 ! ^w --:i* 9 ! previ\s case adduc$ 0 exp&$ 9 all ! v>iety ( tone :i* atta*$ to its _m syllables1 "u :i* e acc5t ( ! root1 t is ! root idea1 0 cancell$--p]si/s z a simple totality conc5trat$ 9 itself1 )\t appe>+ z a s]ies ( tones1 :i* be+1 z !y are1 m]e modifications1 d n1 by virtue ( _! specific s5se1 ass]t an influ5ce ) su* a /r5g? t ! e> is unable to att5d to _! indep5d5t tonal quality & its temporal movem5t4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 on acc\nt ( ?is conc5tration ! ma9 significance is moreov] ( su* a =ce t x attracts ! fall ( ! acc5t ^u itself exclusively2 & j because ! emphasis is ?us fa/5$ ^u ! fundam5tal s5se ?is v coalesc5ce does n suff] ! quantity ( ! o!r syllables1 :e!r long or %ort ones1 to appe>2 !y are simply ov]:elm$4 ,! roots ( ! majority ( words are unque/ionably z a g5]al rule %ort1 compact1#be ( "o or two syllables4 ,if ?us1 z is = in/ance pre-em95tly ! case ) our "m tongue1 ^! root-/ems appropriate almo/ inv>iably ! acc5t to !mselves1 su* an acc5t is to an ov]:elm+ degree "o ( ! s5se1 significance'1 n a def9ition1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! m$ium--t is1 ! utt]ance z s\nd--w\ld be free1 or c\ld ass]t ! relation ( ! l5g?1 %ortness1 or acc5tuation ( syllables indep5d5tly ( ! intelligible cont5t ( ! words4 ,consequ5tly a rhy?mical configuration ( "t-movem5t & emphasis lib]at$ f ! /em syllable & its mean+ c "h no long] be ma9ta9$4 ,we h m]ely left u1 9 contradi/9ction to ! =m] he>+ ( ! ample s\nd & duration ( su* long & %ort beats 9 _! v>i$ juxtaposition1 a g5]al impression ( s\nd1#bf :i* is appreh5d$4 entirely alo( f ! acc5t$ fundam5tal syllable ) its weight ( significance4 ,&1 inde$1 ap>t f ?is1 z we h se51 ! ramification ( ! /em into syllables z modifi$ into p>ticul> words is also an indep5d5t process4 ,su* words receive !reby an indep5d5t wor?1 &1 :ile pres]v+ _! own significance1 !y make u at ! same "t he> ! id5tical coalesc5ce ( mean+ & acc5t1 :i* we h obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ! /em or root ^w ar\nd :i* !y are rang$4 ,we are !re=e =c$ to re/rict our att5tion to ! s5se ( e ^w2 &1 in/ead ( be+ occupi$ ) ! natural l5g? & %ortness ( syllables & _! s5su\s#bg acc5tuation1 are only able to he> ! acc5t ass]t$ by ! ma9 & sub/antive mean+4 77 ,9 su* mod]n languages ! elem5t ( rhy?m has little room = its display1 or at lea/ ! s\l has little fre$om left to expatiate )9 x1 because1 z obs]v$1 "t & ! equable /ream ( syllabic s\nd z emitt$ f its movem5t is sup]s$$#bh by a m ideal relation--t is to say1 by ! s5se & mean+ ( ! words1 & !reby ! =ce ( ! m indep5d5t configuration ( rhy?m is suppress$4 ,we may 9 ?is connection comp>e ! pr9ciple ( rhy?mical v]sification ) ! pla/ic arts4 ,we f9d 9 bo? t ! ideal significance is n z yet ass]t$ 9 its indep5d5ce1 nor does ! =m] expressly def9e ! l5g? & acc5t ( syllables1 b r ! mean+ ( ! words is :olly bl5d$ ) ! s5su\s m$ium ( ! inh]5t "t duration & s\nd1 ) a result t does complete ju/ice to ! claim ( su* ext]nality1 :olly absorb$ 9 ! ideal =m & movem5t ( ! same4 ,if1 h[ev]1 su* a pr9ciple is r5\nc$1 & yet despite ( ?is1 b 9 accordance ) ! necess>y dem& ( art1 ! s5su\s m$ium is p]mitt$ to reta9 a c]ta9 =ce ( resi/ance z aga9/ ! exclusive ass]tion ( ideal cont5t1#bi 9 ord] to ?is end to div]t ! e>'s att5tion1--9 ! case t is1 :]e :at we may call ! pla/ic mom5t ( t m anci5t mode ( syllabic quantity1 z x is on its own acc\nt1 & ! tonal quality insep>able f ! g5]al rhy?m r ?an indep5d5tly ass]t$ --:5 ?is1 z ,i say1 has be5 de/roy$1 !n we h no o!r means#cj at h& save ! express & arti/ically configurat$ s\nd ( articulate spee* simply1 & reta9$ z su* 9 its isolation4 ,& ?is leads u to our second ma9 type ( v]sification--9 o!r words1 rhyme4 7b7 ,rhyme ,f an objective /&po9t x is possible to seek to expla9 ! ne$ ( a novel treatm5t ( language f ! det]ioration into :i* ! classical languages fell ?r\gh _! contact ) =eign relations4 ,su* a developm5t1 h[ev]1 lies 9 ! nature ( ! facts !mselves4 ,! e>lie/ example ( con=mity ) ! ideality ( its cont5t attempt$ by poetry is to be trac$ 9 ! l5g? & %ortness ( syllables 9 indep5d5ce f _! significance1 = ! mutual relations ( :i*1 caesurae & s =?1 art elaborates its rules1 rules :i* x is true g5]ally co9cide ) ! "* ( ! cont5t 9 its broad outl9es1 b :i* none ! less1 9 matt]s ( individual detail1 d n suff] ei!r ! l5g? or %ortness ( a syllable1 nor its acc5t1 to dep5d exclusively on ! intelligible significance mak+ su* a =mal aspect subord9ate1 to ! po9t ( entire deta*m5t1 to ! same4#ca ,! m ideal1 h[ev]1 & spiritual ! repres5t$ idea becomes1 ! m x t5ds to deta* itself f ?is objective aspect1 :i* increas+ly fails to pres5t su* ideality 9 pla/ic guise1 & f9ally rea*es a po9t ( self-conc5tration 9 :i* !1 s to speak1 corporeal elem5t ( spee* is 9 a measure :olly wip$ away1 & = ! re/ m]ely ass]ts t :]e9 ! intelligible significance is repos$ z necess>y to its communication2 all else is only admitt$1 by way ( by-play1 z insignificant4 ,n[ romantic art1 9 respect to ! entire type ( its conception & pres5tation1 effects a simil> passage ov] to ?is conc5trat$ syn!sis ( ideality1 :5 x sets out 9 se>* = ! mat]ial :i* corresponds to ?is subjective cont5t 9 audible s\nd4#cb ,foll[+ ^! l9es romantic poetry also1 inasmu* z x g5]ally lays mo/ /ress on ! ideal tones#cc ( feel+1 becomes absorb$ 9 its preoccupation#cd ) ! di/9ct & indep5d5t r+ & tones ( lett]s1 syllables1 & words2 p]fect+ su* a process to its f9al satisfaction1 z x le>ns1 ei!r 9 _! association ) ideality1 or 9 _! connection ) ! ar*itectonically intelligible p5etration#ce ( su* music1 to sep>ate su* syllabic & o!r v]bal s\nds or to relate or int]lace !m "o ) ano!r4 ,f ?is po9t ( view we may affirm t x is n simply by way ( accid5t t rhyme is elaborat$ 9 romantic poetry4 ,x is a necess>y feature ( x4 ,! requirem5t ( s\l-life1 to discov] itself aga91 is !reby m fully ass]t$1 & f9ds a real s\rce ( satisfaction 9 ! id5tity ( ! rhyme1 :i* decl>es an indiff]5ce#cf to ! unyield+ laws ( ! "t-measure1 &1 by virtue ( its recurr5ce ( simil> s\nds1 gives exclusive effect to an ef=t :i* conducts ! consci\s self back to itself4 ,x is by ?is means t v]sification is made to approa* m closely ! musical art z su*1 t is1 ! vivid tones ( s\l-life itself1 & is1 f ?is po9t ( view1 lib]at$ f !1 relatively speak+1 gross mat]ial ( human spee*1 9 o!r words f :at we h ref]r$ to z ! natural measure ( quantity4 ,) reg>d to po9ts ( special int]e/ 9 ?is subject1 ,i w conf9e myself to ! foll[+ g5]al obs]vations3 ,fir/1 ^u ! orig9 ( rhyme4 ,secondly1 ^u a few m def9ite features by :i* we may di/+ui% ! sph]e ( rhyme f t ( rhy?m 9 v]se4 ,?irdly1 ^u ! types "u :i* we may classify rhyme g5]ally4 77 ,we h already se5 t rhyme belongs 9 its =m to ! art ( romantic poetry1 :i* requires su* a m pron\nc$ emphasis ( its configurat$ syllabic s\nd posit$ ?us on its own acc\nt4 ,& x is ?us effect$ to ! ext5t t ! ideal activity ( volition#cg discov]s its own pres5ce by ?is means 9 ! objective m$ium ( tone4 ,:]e su* a ne$ is ass]t$ we h a mode ( spee* 9 "p meet+ absolutely ! conditions ( =m ,i outl9$ above :5 discuss+ ! necessity ( rhyme2 & 9 addition x makes use ( ! old =ms ( language at h&1 ! ,lat9 = example1 :i*1 ?\gh ( o!r con/itution & ma9ly applicable to rhy?mical v]sification1 x employs agreeably to ! "* ( ! new pr9ciple1 or recon/ructs ! same s f> into a new language t ! elem5t ( rhy?m disappe>s1 & rhyme becomes1 z 9 ! ,italian & ,fr5* languages1 ! matt] ( all importance4 77 ,9 ?is respect we f9d ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom t rhyme is introduc$ into ,lat9 v]sification at a v e>ly date ) mu* insi/5ce1 al?\gh1 z obs]v$1 x re/$ on o!r pr9ciples4 ,^! pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 are r adapt$ f ! ,greek language2 &1 s f> f te/ify+ to ! fact t !y orig9at$ f ! ,lat9 spee* itself1 r prove1 "u ! modifi$ "* !y possess1 a t5d5cy :i* itself approa*es ! romantic type4 ,9 o!r words1 ! poetry ( ,rome1 on ! "o h& & 9 its e>lie/ days1 discov]$ its s\rce n 9 ! natural l5g? & %ortness ( syllables1 b r measur$ ! value ( syllables relatively to _! acc5t2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is x 0 only ?r\gh a m accurate k & imitation ( ,greek poetry t ! prosodical pr9ciple ( ?is 0 receiv$ & foll[$4 ,&1 moreov]1 ! ,romans r5d]$ m obdurate ! flexible1 joy\s s5su\sness ( ,greek metres1 m p>ticul>ly by _! use ( m insi/5t pauses at ! caesura1 z we f9d su* n only 9 ! hexamet]1 b also 9 ! alcaic & sapphic metres1 h>d5+ ! effect ?us to a /ructure ( m /r+5t outl9e & m sev]e regul>ity4 ,& inde$1 ap>t f ?is1 ev5 9 ! full bloom ( ,lat9 lit]ature1 & f _! poets ( f9e/ culture1 we h already pl5ty ( rhymes4 ,?us f ,horace1 9 8 ,ars poetica 7v]ses #ii-ajj71 we get ! foll[+3 ,non satis e/1 pul*ra esse poemata3 dulcia sunto1 ,et quocunque vol5t1 animum auditoris agunto4 ,?\gh ! poet 0 probably q unconsci\s ( ! fact1 x is none ! less a /range co9cid5ce t1 9 ! v passage 9 :i* ,horace en=ces ! obligation t poems %\ld be dulcia1 we discov] a rhyme4 ,simil> rhymes occur 9 ,ovid ) /ill m frequ5cy4 ,ev5 assum+ su* to be accid5tal1 ! fact rema9s t !y appe> to h be5 n (f5sive to ,roman e>s1 & might consequ5tly be p]mitt$1 al?\gh z isolat$ exceptions1 to slip into ! composition4 ,yet ! pr(\nd] significance ( romantic rhyme is abs5t f su* playful exceptions4 ,! =m] does n ass]t ! recurr5t s\nd m]ely z s\nd1 b ! ideal cont5t or mean+ impli$ 9 x4 ,& x is precisely ?is :i* con/itutes ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 mod]n rhyme & ! v anci5t rhyme ( ! ,h9doos4 ,z = ! classical languages1 x 0 aft] ! invasion ( b>b>ism1 & on acc\nt ( ! de/ruction ( acc5tuation & ! ass]tion ( t uniquely p]sonal note ( emotion ref]able to ,*ri/ianity1 t ! rhy?mical sy/em ( v]se pass$ into t ( rhyme4 ,?us1 9 8 hymn to ! ,holy ,_s1 ,ambrosius entirely regulates ! v]sification accord+ to ! acc5t ( ! mean+ express$1 & breaks into rhyme4 ,! fir/ "w ( ,/4 ,augu/9e aga9/ ! ,donati/s is 9 ! same way a rhym$ song2 & also ! s-call$ ,leon9e v]sicles1 z expressly rhym$ hexamet]s & p5tamet]s1 are easily di/+ui%able f ! accid5tal exceptions ( rhyme previ\sly notic$4 ,^! & o!r examples l !m m>k ! po9t ( dep>ture ( rhyme f ! m anci5t rhy?mical sy/em4 77 ,c]ta9 writ]s h no d\bt attempt$ to trace ! orig9 ( ! new pr9ciple ( v]sification 9 ,arabian lit]ature4 ,! arti/ic education1 h[ev]1 ( ! fam\s poets ( ! ,ea/ is ( lat] date ?an ! appe>ance ( rhyme 9 we/]n ,*ri/5dom2 & any ,mohamm$an art ( a m e>ly "t ex]cis$ no real influ5ce on ! ,we/4 ,we %\ld1 h[ev]1 add t we f9d f ! fir/ 9 ,arabian poetry ess5tial aff9ities ) ! romantic pr9ciple1 9 :i* ! knights ( ,europe1 at ! "t ( ! crusades1 v readily made !mselves at home2 & consequ5tly x is n difficult to und]/& h[1 9 ! aff9ity ( spiritual t5d5cies#ch :i* !y %>$1 & 9 :i* ! poetry ( ,ea/]n ,mohamm$anism no less ?an ,we/]n ,*ri/ianity f9ds its s\rce1 ?\gh remov$ 9 ! _w f ea* o!r1 we meet = ! fir/ "t & on its own indep5d5t foot+ a novel type ( v]se writ+4 77 ,a ?ird s\rce1 to :i* aga91 indep5d5tly ( ei!r ! influ5ce ( ! classic languages or ! ,arabic1 we may trace ! orig9s ( rhyme & all t x implies1 are ! ,g]manic languages1 z we f9d !m 9 _! e>lie/ ,sc&9avian developm5t4 ,z illu/ration ( ?is we h ! songs ( ! anci5t ,edda1 :i*1 ?\gh only 9 m rec5t times1 collect$ & edit$1 unque/ionably date f a =m] age4 ,9 ^!1 z we %all see lat] on1 x is n1 x is true1 ! g5u9e rhyme-s\nd :i* is elaborat$ 9 its p]fection1 b r an effective emphasis ^u p>ticul> s\nds ( language1 & a regul>ity def9$ by rule1 ) a def9ite repetition ( bo? aspects4 77 ,yet m important ?an ! "q ( orig9 is ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 ! new sy/em & ! old4 ,i h already adv]t$ to ! fundam5tal feature ( importance "h2 x only rema9s to e/abli% x m n>r[ly4 ,rhy?mical v]sification atta9$ its mo/ beautiful & ri*e/ developm5t 9 ! field ( ,hell5ic poetry1 9 :i* we may discov] ! mo/ em95t features ( ! type :]ev] x obta9s4 ,briefly !y are z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ! s\nd1 z su*1 ( lett]s1 syllables1 or words does n "h con/itute its mat]ial1 b r ! syllabic s\nd 9 its temporal duration1 s t att5tion mu/ nei!r exclusively be direct$ to p>ticul> syllables or words1 nor to ! purely qualitative simil>ity or id5tity ( _! s\nd4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! s\nd /ill rema9s 9 insep>able union ) ! /atic "t-measure ( its specific duration2 & 9 ! =w>d movem5t ( bo? ! e> has to foll[ ! value ( e sep>ate syllable no less ?an ! pr9ciple :i* obta9s 9 ! rhy?mical progression ( all equally toge!r4 ,secondly1 ! measure ( long & %ort syllables1 no less ?an t ( rhy?mical rise & fall1 & v>i$ animation d]iv$ f m delib]ate caesurae & mom5ts ( pause1 dep5ds ^u ! natural elem5t ( ! language1 )\t p]mitt+ any introduction ( t type ( acc5tuation1 by virtue ( :i* ! actual mean+ ( ! ^w leaves its impress on a syllable or a ^w4 ,! v]sification ass]ts itself 9 its collocation ( feet1 its v]se acc5t1 its caesurae1 & s =? 9 ?is respect z fully indep5d5t z ! language itself1 :i* also1 outside ! doma9 ( poetry1 already accepts acc5tuation f ! natural quantity ( syllables & _! relations ( juxtaposition1 & n f ! significance ( ! root-syllable4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ?irdly1 we h z ! vital emphasis ( c]ta9 syllables1 fir/1 ! v]se acc5t & rhy?m1 &1 secondly1 all o!r acc5tuation1 bo? ( :i* aspects1 9 _! tw(old contribution to ! v>i$ "* ( ! :ole1 pass 9 & out ( "o ano!r )\t any mutual d]angem5t or suppression2 & 9 l mann] respectively !y satisfy ! claim ( ! poetical imag9ation 9 fully admitt+ ! expressiv5ess due1 by virtue ( ! nature ( _! position & movem5t1 to words :i*1 9 respect to _! intelligible mean+1 are ( a great] importance ?an o!rs4 77 ,! fir/ alt]ation1 !n1 effect$ by rhym$ v]se 9 ! previ\s sy/em is ?is indisputable validity ( natural quantity1#ci ,if1 !re=e1 any "t-measure at all is p]mitt$ to rema91 x is compell$ to seek = a basis = su* quantitative pause or accel]ation1 :i* x refuses any long] to f9d 9 ! natural quantity1 ( syllables1 9 "s o!r prov9ce4 ,& ?is1 z we h se51 c be no o!r ?an ! intr9sic mean+ ( syllables & words4 ,x is ?is significance :i* 9 ! f9al in/ance det]m9es ! quantitative measure ( syllables1 s long z su* is /ill reg>d$ z ess5tial at all1 & by do+ s transf]s ! crit]ium f ! purely objective m$ium#dj & its natural /ructure to ! ideal subject-matt]4 77 ,a fur!r result foll[s f ?is ( yet m importance4 ,z ,i h already po9t$ out1 ?is collocation ( ! emphasis on ! significant /em-syllable dissipates t o!r indep5d5t diffusion ( x 9 manifold =ms ( inflexion1 :i* our rhy?mical sy/em is n yet =c$ to treat z negligible1 9 contra/ to ! /em1 because x d$uces nei!r ! natural quantity ( syllables nor ! acc5t :i* x ass]ts f ! intelligible significance4 ,9 ! case1 h[ev]1 :]e su* an explication1#da ) its co-ord9ation 9 v]se-feet accord+ to ! quantity ( syllables 9 _! natural /ability1 falls away ! entire sy/em !re) necess>ily collapses1 :i* reposes on ! "t-measure & its laws4 ,( ?is type1 = example1 is ,fr5* & ,italian poetry1 ! metre & rhy?m ( :i* are absolutely non-exi/5t z und]/ood by ! anci5ts4 ,! entire "q is "h m]ely "o ( a def9ite numb] ( syllables4 77 ,= su* a loss !re is only "o possible comp5sation--t ( rhyme4 ,9 o!r words1 if--?is is "o aspect--x is no long] "t-duration :i* receives objective expression1 by means ( :i* ! s\nd ( syllables fl[s on freely 9 ! ev5 movem5t t intr9sically belongs to !m2 if1 fur!rmore1 ! intelligible significance dom9ates ov] ! /em-syllables1 & coalesces ) ! same )\t fur!r organic expatiation into a det]m9ate unity1 we h no s5su\s m$ium1 su* z is able to ma9ta9 itself indep5d5tly ( ! "t-measure1 no less ?an ?is acc5tuation ( ! /em-syllables1 f9ally left to u o!r ?an j ?is syllabic s\nd4 ,su* a s\nd1 h[ev]1 if x is to secure an indep5d5t att5tion1 mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 be ( a f> m insi/5t k9d ?an ! int]*ange ( diff]5t tones1 su* z we met ) 9 ! old] v]se metres2 & its ass]tion mu/ be ( a f> m ov]:elm+ "* ?an ! /ress ( syllables c lay claim to 9 ord9>y spee*4 ,:at we n[ require has n only to comp5sate u = ! loss ( ! articulate "t-measure1 b x fur!r und]takes to reass]t ! s5su\s m$ium 9 its opposition to t unqualifi$ pr$om9ance ( ! acc5tuat$ significance4 ,= :5 once ! conceptive cont5t has ess5tially atta9$ ! ideality & p5etration ( m9d1#db = :i* ! s5su\s aspect ( spee* is ( no importance1 ! v]bal s\nd mu/ en=ce itself /ill m positively & co>sely z di/9ct f ?is ideality 9 ord] to arre/ our att5tion at all4 ,9 contra/1 !re=e1 to ! g5tle movem5ts ( rhy?mical euphony1 rhyme is a crude exp$i5t1#dc :i* requires an e> by no means ei!r s tra9$ or s5sitive z t presuppos$ by ,greek v]se4 ,secondly1 ?\gh x is true t rhyme does n "h ass]t itself s mu* z di/9ct f ! mean+ ( ! /em-syllables simply z x does f ! entire ideal cont5t1 yet x does at ! same "t s f> assi/ ! natural v]bal s\nd z to w9 = x a relatively secure /ability4 ,b ?is object c only be atta9$ if ! s\nd#dd ( p>ticul> words affirms itself 9 exclusive di/9ction f ! resonance ( o!r words1 & ?us secures an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 by virtue ( :i* isolation x satisfies ! claims ( ! =mative aspect ( ! v]bal m$ium 9 =ceful beats ( s\nd4 ,rhyme is !re=e1 at lea/ 9 its contra/ to ! ev5ly transfus$ movem5t ( rhy?mic euphony1 a deta*$ exhibition ( exclusive tonal expression4 ,?irdly1 we f\nd t x 0 ! ideality ( ! consci\s self :i*1 by virtue ( its ef=t ( ideal syn!sis1 came into its own1 & discov]$ its p]sonal satisfaction 9 su* recurr5ces ( s\nd4 ,if1 !n1 ! means us$ 9 ! old] type ( v]sification1 ) its copi\s v>iety ( /ructure1 disappe>1 !re only rema9s1 if we look at poetry1 "u ! aspect ( its m$ium1 to support ?is pr9ciple ( self-recov]y1 ! m =mal repetition ( :olly id5tical or simil> s\nds1 :]eby aga9 we are able to unite "u an intelligible s*eme#de ! ass]tion & relation ( closely associat$ mean+s 9 ! rhyme-s\nds ( expressive words4 ,! metre ( rhy?mical v]se we may reg>d z a v>i\sly articulate int]relation ( manifold syllabic quantities4 ,rhyme1 on ! contr>y1 is f "o po9t ( view m mat]ial2#df yet1 on ! o!r h&1 is itself m ab/ractly plac$ )9 ?is m$ium4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ! m]e recollection ( m9d & ! e> ( ! recurr5ce ( id5tical or relat$ s\nds & significations--a recurr5ce 9 :i* ! poet is consci\s ( 8 own activity1 recognizes1 & is pleas$ to recognize1 himself !re9 z bo? ag5t & p>ticipant4 77 ,f9ally1 on ! "q ( ! p>ticul> types "u :i* we may classify ?is m mod]n sy/em ( romantic poetry1 ,i only propose to adv]t briefly to :at appe>s to me ( mo/ importance 9 respect to allit]ation1 assonance1 & ord9>y rhyme4 77 ,! fir/1 or at lea/ ! mo/ ?or\gh1 example ( allit]ation is t we f9d elaborat$ 9 ! e>lie/ ,sc&9avian poetry1 :]e x supplies ! fundam5tal basis1 :]eas assonance & ! t]m9al rhyme1 albeit ^! two aspects play a by no means unimportant "p1 are1 h[ev]1 only pres5t 9 c]ta9 p>ticul> k9ds ( su* poetry4 ,! pr9ciple ( allit]ative rhyme1 lett] rhyme1 is rhyme 9 its mo/ incomplete =m1 because x does n require ! recurr5ce ( ! entire syllable1 b only t ( "o id5tical lett]1 & prim>ily ! initial lett] only4 ,ow+ to ! weakness ( ?is type ( recurr5t s\nd x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 !re=e necess>y t only su* words %\ld be us$ 9 its s]vice1 :i* already indep5d5tly possess an express acc5t on _! fir/ syllable2 &1 secondly1 ^! words mu/ n be remote f "o ano!r1 if ! id5tity ( _! comm5cem5t is to make a real impression on ! e>4 ,= ! re/1 allit]ative lett]s may be a v[el1 no less ?an a d\ble or s+le consonant2 b x is prim>ily consonants :i* are ( mo/ importance 9 ! s*eme4 ,bas$ on su* conditions1 we f9d 9 ,icel&ic poetry#dg ! fundam5tal rule t all allit]ative rhymes require acc5tuat$#dh syllables1 ^: initial lett]s mu/ n 9 ! same l9es occur 9 o!r sub/antives :i* h ! acc5t on ! fir/ syllable2 &1 along ) ?is1 ( ! ?ree words1 ! initial lett]s ( :i* con/itute ! rhyme1 two mu/ be f\nd 9 ! fir/ l9e1 & ! ?ird1 :i* supplies ! dom9ant allit]ation1 mu/ be plac$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! second l9e4 ,we may add fur!r t1 9 virtue ( ! ab/ract "* ( ?is id5tical s\nd ( initial lett]s1 words are g5]ally made allit]ative proportionally to ! importance ( _! signification4 ,we f9d1 !re=e1 t "h1 too1 ! relation ( acc5t$ s\nd to ! mean+ ( words is n entirely abs5t4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 pursue ?is subject into m detail4 77 ,secondly1 assonance has no?+ to d ) initial lett]s1 b makes a ne>] approa* to rhyme 9 s f> z x is a recurr5ce 9 id5tical s\nd ( ! same lett]s 9 ! middle or at ! t]m9ation ( diff]5t words4 ,x is n necess>y1 ( c\rse1 t ^! assonant words %\ld 9 all cases come at ! conclusion ( a l9e2 !y may fall into o!r places4 ,ma9ly1 h[ev]1 x is ! conclud+ syllables ( l9es :i* come into ?is mutual relation ( assonance1 z contra/$ ) allit]ation :i* is effective r at ! l9e's comm5cem5t4 ,9 its ri*e/ elaboration we may associate ?is assonance ( language ) ! ,romance nations1 m especially ! ,spani%1 ^: full-ton$ language is peculi>ly adapt$ to ?is recurr5ce ( ! same v[els4 ,z a rule1 no d\bt assonance is "h re/rict$ to v[els4 ,b ! language fur!r p]mits ( o!r v>iety ( assonance1 n only t ( v[els1 b also t ( id5tical consonants & consonants 9 association ) "o v[el4 77 ,t :i*1 z above describ$1 allit]ation & assonance are only able to e/abli% ) incomplet5ess is abundantly fulfill$ by rhyme4 ,9 x1 & expressly to ! exclusion ( initial lett]s1 we h ass]t$ ! :olly equable s\nd ( entire v]b /ems1#di :i* are1 by virtue ( ?is equability1 br\ght into an express relation ) _! tonal utt]ance4 ,we h no m]e "q n[ ( ! numb] ( ! syllables4 ,words ( "o syllable1 no less ?an o!rs ( two or m1 may be rhym$4 ,by ?is means we n only get ! mascul9e rhyme1 :i* is re/rict$ to words ( "o syllable1 b also ! fem99e rhyme1 :i* embraces words ( two syllables1 z also ! s-call$ glid+ rhyme1 :i* rea*es to ?ree or ev5 m syllables4 ,x is 9 p>ticul> ! languages ( ,nor!rn ,europe :i* incl9e to ! fir/ type1 ,s\!rn languages to ! second1 su* z ! ,italian & ,spani%4 ,! ,g]man & ,fr5* languages w\ld appe> to lie betwe5 ^! two extremes4 ,rhymes ( m ?an ?ree syllables are r>ely to be met ) 9 any language4 ,! position ( ! rhyme is at ! conclusion ( ! l9es1 9 :i* ! rhym+ ^w1 al?\gh !re is c]ta9ly no reason t x %\ld ev] conc5trate 9 itself ! ideal expressiv5ess ( ! significance1 nev]!less does attract att5tion to itself s f> z ! v]bal s\nd is conc]n$2 &1 fur!rmore1 x makes ! diff]5t v]ses or /anzas foll[ "o ano!r ei!r 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( a :olly ab/ract recurr5ce ( ! same rhyme1 or by unit+1 sep>at+1 & mutually relat+ !m 9 a m elaborate mode ( regulat$ *ange1 & v>i\sly symmetrical int]weav+ ( diff]5t rhymes ) correspond5t relations1 sometimes m ne>1 at o!rs m remote1 ( e degree ( complexity4 ,9 su* a process ! p>ticul> rhymes w at "o po9t />e u 9 ! face at once1 or !y w appe> to h a game ( hide-& seek2 s t 9 ?is way our e>1 z x li/5s1 w at "o "t receive in/ant satisfaction1 at ano!r x w only f9d x aft] consid]able delay1 :]e9 ! expectation w1 z x 71 be coquett$ )1 deceiv$1 & kept on ! /ret*1 until ! assur$ end f po9t to po9t ( arti/ically arrang$ recurr5ce is rea*$1 & ) x ! he>]'s approval4 ,among ! v>i\s types ( ! poetic art x is pre-em95tly lyric poetry1 :i*1 by virtue ( its ideality & p]sonal quality ( expression1 mo/ readily avails itself ( rhyme1 & !reby conv]ts language itself into a music ( emotion & melodic symmetry1 a symmetry n m]ely ( "t-measure & rhy?mical movem5t1 b ( ! k9d ( resonance :i* f9ds a responsive e*o 9 ! inn] life itself4 ,to promote ?is1 !re=e1 ! art elaborates 9 its use ( rhyme a m simple or complex sy/em ( /rophes1 e "o ( :i* is "p ( "o organic :ole4 ,examples ( su* an int]play ( melodic s\nd1 :e!r /eep$ 9 emotion or ri* 9 +5uity1 are ! sonnet1 canzonet1 triolet1 & madrigal4 ,epic poetry1 on ! contr>y1 s long z x does n m+le lyrical subject-matt] ) its m native "*1 pres]ves a m equable advance 9 its con/ruction1 :i* does n easily adapt itself to ! /rophe4 ,we h an obvi\s illu/ration ( ?is 9 ! triplet /anzas ( ,dante's ,div9e ,com$y1 z contra/$ ) ! lyrical canzonets & sonnets ( ! same poet4 ,h[ev]1 ,i mu/ n p]mit myself to g fur!r into detail4 7c7 ,n[ t we h 9 ! above inve/igation sep>at$ rhy?mical v]sification f rhyme1 & contra/$ ! same1 we may n[ proce$1 ?irdly1 to ask ourselves :e!r a comb9ation ( ! two is n also intelligible1 &1 inde$1 actually employ$4 ,! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 m rec5t languages w r5d] exceptional & important aid to ! solution2 9 o!r words1 we _c d5y to ^! ei!r a p>tial reass]tion ( our =m] rhy?mical sy/em1 or1 9 c]ta9 respects1 an association ( ! same ) rhyme4 ,we w1 = example1 conf9e our att5tion to our "m tongue1 &1 9 ref]5ce to ! fir/-m5tion$ aspect1 x w be suffici5t to recall ,klop/ock1 :o w\ld h z little ( rhyme z possible2 :o n m]ely 9 epic1 b also 9 lyrical poetry1 set himself to imitate ! anci5ts ) ! greate/ en?usiasm & p]si/5cy4 ,voss & o!rs h foll[$ 9 8 /eps1 ev] /riv+ to en=ce ) increas$ /rictness pr9ciples ^u :i* to base ?is rhy?mical treatm5t ( our language4 ,goe!1 on ! contr>y1 nev] felt q himself 9 8 classical syllabic measures4 ,he asks himself1 n )\t reason3 ,/ehn uns diese weit5 ,falt5 ,zu ,gesi*te1 wie d5 ,alt58#ej 77 ,i w 9 ?is connection m]ely reit]ate :at ,i already h obs]v$ ^u ! di/9ction :i* exi/s betwe5 anci5t & m mod]n languages4 ,rhy?mical v]sification is bas$ ^u ! natural quantity ( syllables1 possess+ !re9 an ess5tially /able crit]ion1 :i* ! ideal expression c nei!r limit1 alt]1 or weak54 ,su* a natural measure is1 h[ev]1 abhorr5t to m rec5t languages2 9 ^! x is only ! v]bal acc5t ( ! ideal significance1 :i* makes "o syllable long 9 its contra/ to o!rs1 :i* are defective 9 su* significance4 ,su* a pr9ciple ( acc5tuation1 h[ev]1 does n supply any audible comp5sation = ! abs5ce ( ! natural quantity1 or r x adds to ! actual unc]ta9ty ( su* a measure4 ,= ! m /rongly emphasiz$ significance ( a ^w c at ! same "t make ano!r %ort1 despite ! fact t1 tak5 by itself1 x possesses a v]bal acc5t1 s t ! crit]ion accept$ is :olly "o ( mutual relation4 ,du lieb/1 c1 = in/ance1 accord+ to ! /ress ( ! emphasis :i* is ?r[n1 accord+ to ! s5se int5d$1 ei!r on bo? words1 or "o or ! o!r1 be a spondee1 iambus or tro*ee4 ,no d\bt ! attempt has be5 made1 ev5 9 our own tongue1 to return to ! natural quantity ( syllables1 & to create rules ) ?is int5t2 b 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ov]:elm+ importance t ! intelligible significance & ! acc5t x ass]ts has secur$ su* a ref]5ce to !ory is q impracticable4 ,& 9 tru? ?is agrees ) ! /ate ( ! facts4 ,if ! natural measure is really to con/itute ! ess5tial basis1 ! language ought n z yet to h become su* an in/rum5t ( s\l expression z x is ( necessity 9 our own times4 ,once all[1 h[ev]1 t x has already 9 its c\rse ( developm5t ?us secur$ su* a ma/]y ( ! intelligible purport ov] ! s5su\s or native mat]ial1 & x foll[s t ! fundam5tal te/ = ! value ( syllables is n to be d$uc$ f ! objective quantity itself1 b r f t :]e( words are !mselves indicative z means4 ,! emotional impulse ( a free intellig5ce refuses to all[ ! temporal activity ( language1 z su*1 to e/abli% itself 9 ! indep5d5t =m ( its native & objective reality4 77 ,su* a conclusion1 h[ev]1 does n necess>ily imply t we are =c$ to ou/ altoge!r f our ,g]man language ! rhymeless rhy?mical treatm5t ( ! syllabic measure2 x m]ely 9 ess5tial respects po9ts to ?is1 t x is n possible1 con=mably ) ! "* ( ! /ructure ( our mod]n spee*1 to reta9 ! pla/ic consi/5cy ( ! metrical m$ium z x 0 secur$ by ! anci5t _w4 ,we mu/ consequ5tly seek = & elaborate "s fur!r elem5t 9 poetical composition by way ( comp5sation1 :i* on its own indep5d5t acc\nt is ( a m ideal#ea "* ?an ! /able natural quantity ( syllables4 ,su* an elem5t is ! acc5t ( ! v]se1 no less ?an ! caesura1 :i* z n[ con/itut$1 in/ead ( mov+ indep5d5tly ( ! v]bal acc5t1 coalesce ) ! same1 & !reby receive a m significant1 albeit a m ab/ract ass]tion1 9 virtue ( ! fact t ! v>iety ( t previ\s ?reefold acc5tuation1 :i* we discov]$ 9 ! rhy?mical type ( classical poetry1 on acc\nt ( ?is v coalesc5ce necess>ily disappe>s4 ,x1 h[ev]1 equally foll[s z a result t we only reta9 ! p[] ) conspicu\s success to imitate ! rhy?mic movem5t ( su* poetry :]e its impression on our e> is mo/ emphatic4 ,we no long] possess1 t is to say1 ! /able quantitative basis = its m subtle di/9ctions & manifold connections1 & ! m crude mode ( acc5tuation1 :i* we d possess 9 its place1 to emphasize our measure1 is intr9sically no suffici5t sub/itute4 77 ,to /ate1 !n1 f9ally1 :at ?is actual association ( ! rhy?mical mode ( v]se ) rhyme is1 we may g s f> z to affirm t x is ! absorption1 al?\gh to a limit$ ext5t1 by ! m mod]n =m ( v]sification ( ! m anci5t "o4 77 ,! pr$om9ant di/9ction ( ! natural syllabic quantity by means ( ! v]bal acc5t is 9 fact n an entirely satisfactory pr9ciple ( ! m]e m$ium4 ,x does n arre/ ! e>'s att5tion1 ev5 on ! side ( s5se simply1 s f> z to make x appe>1 absolutely & ev]y:]e unnecess>y1 :]e ! ideal aspect ( ! poetical cont5t is p>am\nt1 to summon ! complem5t>y assi/ance ( ! s\nd & response ( syllables & words4 77 ,x is1 h[ev]1 at ! same "t necess>y 9 ! int]e/ ( metre t an equally /rong contra/+ =ce %\ld be set up to t ( ! rhyme s\nd4 ,9 s f>1 h[ev]1 z x is n ! di/9ction ( syllables 9 _! natural quantity & its v>iety1 :i* has to be co-ord9at$ & made pr$om9ant1 we h1 9 respect1 to ?is temporal relation1 no o!r exp$i5t left b ! id5tical repetition ( ! same "t-measure2 9 ?is ! elem5t ( acc5t$ beat w t5d to ass]t itself 9 a f> m emphatic degree1 ?an is compatible ) ! rhy?mical sy/em4 ,z an illu/ration we h our ,g]man rhym$ iambics & tro*aics1 9 ! recitation ( :i* f> m beat /ress is admitt$ ?an is prop] to ! scansion ( ! unrhym$ iambics ( ! anci5ts1 al?\gh ! caesura pause is capable ( br++ into emphatic relief isolat$ words ^: acc5t is ma9ly ref]able to _! mean+1 & is capable ( fur!r mak+ all t rema9s dep5d5t ^u !m a resi/+ effect to ! ab/ract equality ( ! v]se1 & by s do+ introduces a v>i$ animation4 ,& z 9 su* a p>ticul> case1 s we may ass]t g5]ally1 ! "t-beat _c be ( actual s]vice 9 poetry ) ! =ce t is requir$ ( x 9 mo/ musical compositions4 77 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 we may affirm x z a g5]al rule t rhyme %\ld be associat$ m]ely ) su* v]se metres1 :i*1 by virtue ( _! simple *anges ( ! syllabic quantity & _! cont9u\s recurr5ce ( simil> v]se feet1 d n on _! own indep5d5t acc\nt give suffici5tly effective modality to ! elem5t ( s5su\s m$ium 9 mod]n languages :i* admit at all ( rhy?mical treatm5t1 yet ! application ( rhyme to ! m pr(use syllabic metres imitat$ f classical models1 z1 = in/ance1 to borr[ "o example only1 ! alcaic & sapphic /rophe1 w n m]ely appe> sup]flu\s1 b ev5 an unresolv$ contradiction4 ,bo? sy/ems repose on oppos$ pr9ciples1 & ! attempt to unite !m 9 ! way sugge/$1 c only involve u 9 a l opposition1 :i* c produce no?+ b a contradiction we are unable to m$iate1 & :i* is !re=e unt5able4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t we ought only to make use ( rhyme 9 cases :]e ! pr9ciple ( ! old] v]sification m]ely makes itself effective 9 m remote implication1 & ?r\gh a transitional process ess5tially d$ucible f ! sy/em ( rhyme4 ,! above1 !n1 are ! po9ts :i* we h s\ght to e/abli% z1 9 a broad s5se1 ( mo/ vital conc]n to poetical expression 9 its contradi/9ction f prose4 ,footnote #a3 ,bildli*1 "h n s mu* creative z simply pla/ic or con/ructive4 ,footnote #b3 ,vorliebe4 ,8 int]e/ mu/ be already c5tr$ 9 x4 ,footnote #c3 ,bildli*keit1 i4e41 _! claims z images ( some?+ else4 ,footnote #d3 ,v]taus*t4 ,i h translat$ ex*ang$1 b ,hegel may mean mi/ak5 =4 ,footnote #e3 ,x is n v cle> :at ,hegel means by ! ^w ,bezei*nung54 ,turns ( expression1 :i* fir/ occurr$ to me1 appe>s to be cov]$ by ,flexions=m5 l[] d[n4 ,footnote #f3 ,g$rung554 ,! idea is suppression into a compact mass--a cl\d unable to bur/ save 9 occasional fla%es4 ,footnote #g3 ,i presume ,hegel ref]s "h to ! syn!tic arrangem5t ( g5u9e p>agraphs r ?an phrases1 composition g5]ally4 ,footnote #h3 ,das eig5tli*e ,wort4 ,! ^w1 t is1 :i* expresses ! fact 9 its imm$iacy4 ,footnote #i3 ,m lit]ally1 be+ rem\ld$ ) ! life & weal? ( ,_s4 ,footnote #aj3 ,besonn5heit1 i4e41 real ?\ght-fullness4 ,footnote #aa3 ,d] kn/l]is*5 ,ruhe4 ,! p]sonal pr$ilection ( ,hegel = classic art "h once m ass]ts itself4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! ,g]man ^w is ,s9n51 b ,i ?9k1 ?\gh ! emotional s5se is p>tly impli$1 ! ma9 emphasis is on a presid+ m9d--or r a wide-vision$ g5ius4 ,footnote #ac3 ,e9e sprudelnde ,ans*auung4 ,a view ( ?+s t bubbles =? l a f\nta94 ,footnote #ad3 ,t is1 ! m$ium ( lit]>y =m4 ,footnote #ae3 ,e9 h>tes ,b&4 ,! idea is n s mu* difficult z unyield+1 unmalleable4 ,footnote #af3 ,zum ,ern/e des ,inhalts4 ,t is1 ! e>ne/ness ( a product ( m9d z su*4 ,hegel seems to contra/ ) ?is ! spontaneity ( an art :i*1 z inspir$ by g5ius1 comes to u ) ! fre%ness ( ,nature h]self1 take ,%akespe>e's songs = example4 ,footnote #ag3 ,ungebund54 ,t is1 x is cont+5t4 ,footnote #ah3 ,hegel calls ?is ! ,v]/&esacc5t1 & speaks ( ?is importance 7,b$eutsamkeit7 z a product ( ! syllables4 ,footnote #ai3 ,i presume ! words das fr si* ge/altete ,kl+5 ref] to rhyme4 ,footnote #bj3 ,e9e ,sammlung 9 si*1 t is1 an indep5d5t collection or aggregate4 ,footnote #ba3 ,anheb5 may possibly mean appe>ance 9 ! def9$ s]ies g5]ally4 ,footnote #bb3 ,by ,v]s5 ,hegel means r l9es ?an a numb] ( !m4 ,footnote #bc3 ,! dative appe>s to be a mispr9t4 ,! passage %\ld be read d] & die1 in/ead ( dem & d]4 ,footnote #bd3 ,i am n q sure :at ,hegel ref]s to 9 :at he describes z das ,h9b]greif5 des ,wortes4 ,i presume he means :at are kn[n z weak end+s to a l9e4 ,footnote #be3 ,g$rung54 ,i suppose ?is is ! mean+4 ,! entire passage is a difficult "o to foll[4 ,footnote #bf3 ,e9 allgeme9es ,hr54 ,footnote #bg3 ,t is1 ! acc5t ( ! syllables z a m]e m$ium ( utt]$ spee*4 ,footnote #bh3 ,lit41 has its flank turn$1 b]flgelt4 ,footnote #bi3 ,die blosse ,v]gei/igung4 ,footnote #cj3 ,no o!r means to div]t ! e>s att5tion4 ,! s5t5ce is r involv$1 & ,i h n se5 my way to simplify x4 ,footnote #ca3 ,ab/ract unt]worf54 ,hegel app>5tly means ab/ract z deta*$ f ! natural m$ium ( language--becom+ !reby ! ab/ract symbol ( idea exclusively4 ,footnote #cb3 ,z 9 musical art4 ,footnote #cc3 ,seel5-ton51 i4e41 ! wave & fl[ ( ! emotional life itself4 ,footnote #cd3 ,9 das ,spiel54 ,hegel repeats 8 use ( ! expression above1 beih] ,spiel51 lit41 ! play+ ) n z a toy b z some?+ s]i\s4 ,footnote #ce3 ,i suppose ?is is ! mean+ "h ( ,%>fs9n1 b subtlety may be includ$4 ,footnote #cf3 ,indiff]5t1 t is1 z ass]t+ ! creative fre$om ( ! poet1 he c select 8 own rhymes z he wills4 ,hegel1 h[ev]1 seems r to miss ! ess5tial spontaneity ( really good blank v]se4 ,footnote #cg3 ,s ,i translate die inn]e ,subjectivitt1 b x may ref] p]haps to ! entire creative p]sonality4 ,footnote #ch3 ,t is1 ,i presume1 _! relation to romantic art4 ,footnote #ci3 ,t is1 ! prim>y feature *ang$ is t ( ! validity ( natural quantity4 ,footnote #dj3 ,dem uss]5 ,daseyn4 ,t is1 ( language4 ,footnote #da3 ,entfaltung4 ,su* an explication ( rhy?mical euphony z ! previ\s sy/em discloses4 ,footnote #db3 ,gei/es4 ,all t p]ta9s to consci\s life4 ,footnote #dc3 ,lit41 a blunt or co>se s\nd1 e9 plumpes ,kl+54 ,footnote #dd3 ,ton5 implies s\nd no less ?an acc5t4 ,i h r5d]$ x 9 v>i\s ways4 ,footnote #de3 ,von ,seit5 des ,gei/es4 ,p]haps r z aspects ( ! poet's intellig5ce--t is1 ) ref]5ce to ! self-ass]tion above expla9$4 ,footnote #df3 ,m ne>ly relat$ to ! natural m$ium ( language4 ,footnote #dg3 ,die ,v]slehre d] ,islnd] v4 ,rask1 v]d4 von ,mohnike1 ,b]l91 #ahcj1 pp4 #ad-ag4 ,footnote #dh3;,betonte1 see above note on ,ton54 ,footnote #di3 ,/mme1 ! /em ( v]bs1 r ?an ! root ( sub/antives1 :i* w\ld be m correctly /ammwort4 ,footnote #ej3 ,d we mod]ns face broad rea*es su* z ^!1 z did ! anci5ts8 ,falt51 folds1 expatiation ( subject-matt]4 ,i presume1 ?\gh ,i d n recall ! context1 t ! allusion is ma9ly to elegiacs4 ,footnote #ea3 ,i4e41 m relat$ to active intellig5ce4 ,,iii ,,! ,,sev]al ,,g5]ic ,,types ,,( ,,poetry ,! two fundam5tal aspects1 accord+ to :i* we h hi!rto exam9$ ! poetical art 71 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 t ( poetical significance or cont5t 9 ! broade/ s5se1 ! nature ( ! outlook ( a poetical composition & ! creative activity ( ! poet2 secondly1 poetical expression1 n m]ely respectively to ! ideas :i* h to be embodi$ 9 words1 b also to ! modes "u :i* !y are express$ & ! "* ( v]sification4 ,i4 ,:at we1 above all1 9 ^! respects endeav\r$ to en=ce consi/$ 9 ?is1 t poetry has to embrace ! ideality ( consci\s life z its cont5t2 yet1 9 its arti/ic elaboration ( ! same1 x _c re/ satisfi$ ) ! objective =m ( direct p]ception z o!r pla/ic arts2 nor c x accept z its =m ! emotional ideality :i* alone rev]b]ates ?r\gh our s\l-life1 nor yet t ( ?9k+ & ! relations ( reflective ?\ght4 ,x has to ma9ta9 a m$iate position betwe5 ! extremes ( imm$iate objectivity & ! inn] life ( feel+ & ?\ght4 ,?is int]m$iate sph]e ( conception ov]laps bo? sides4 ,f ?\ght x borr[s ! aspect ( ideal univ]sality1 :i* b9ds toge!r ! imm$iate p>ticul>ity ( ! s5ses 9 m def9itive simplicity2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 its mode ( envisagem5t %>es ) pla/ic art ! haphaz>d#a juxtaposition ( objects 9 space4 ,! poetic imag9ation1 moreov]1 is ess5tially di/9ct f ?9k+ 9 t x p]mits1 "u ! mode ( s5su\s appreh5sion f :i* x />ts1 p>ticul> ideas to rema9 9 an unrelat$ s]ies or contiguity2 pure ?9k+1 on ! o!r h&1 dem&s & promotes ! reciprocal dep5d5ce ( det]m9ate concepts on ea* o!r1 an int]/ructure ( relations1 consequ5tial or conclusive judgm5ts1 & s =?4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! poetical imag9ation 9 its art-products r5d]s necess>y an ideal unity ( all p>ticul>ity1 su* integration may easily meet ) ob/ruction by virtue ( ! above-m5tion$ diffus5ess#b :i* ! nature ( its cont5t =bids x :olly to es*ew2 & x is j ?is :i* puts x 9 ! p[] ( poetry to embody & pres5t a cont5t 9 organic & vital int]-connection ( successive aspects & divisions1 yet impress$ at ! same "t ) ! app>5t indep5d5ce ( ^!4 ,& by ?is means x is possible = poetry to ext5d ! select$ cont5t at "o "t r 9 ! direction ( ab/ract ?\ght1 at ano!r r "u ! condition ( ! ph5om5al _w1 & consequ5tly to include )9 its survey ! mo/ sublime ?\ghts ( speculative philosophy1 no less ?an ! ext]nal objects ( ,nature1 always provid$ t ! =m] are n put =w>d 9 ! logical =ms ( ratioc9ation & sci5tific d$uction1 or ! latt] z void ( all vital or o!r significance4 ,! function1 9 %ort1 ( poetry is to pres5t a complete _w1 ^: ideal or ess5tial cont5t mu/ be spread be=e u "u ! ext]nal guise ( human actions1 ev5ts1 & o!r manife/ations ( s\l2life1 ) all ! weal? & directness compatible ) su* art4 #b4 ,?is explication1 h[ev]1 does n receive its s5su\s embodim5t 9 /one1 wood1 or col\r1 b exclusively 9 language1 ^: v]sification1 acc5tuation1 & ! re/ are 9 fact ! trapp+s#c ( spee*1 by means ( :i* ! ideal cont5t secures an ext]nal =m4 ,if we ask ourselves n[1 to put ! ?+ some:at crudely1 :]e we are to look = ! mat]ial consi/5cy ( ?is mode ( expression1 we mu/ reply t language is n ess5tially on all f\rs ) a "w#d ( pla/ic art1 indep5d5t1 t is1 ( ! arti/ic creator1 b x is ! life ( our humanity itself ! individual speak] alone :o is ! vehicle ( ! s5su\s pres5ce & actuality ( a poetical "w4 ,! compositions ( poetry mu/ be recit$1 sung1 act$1 reproduc$1 9 %ort1 by liv+ p1 j z ! compositions ( music are s reproduc$4 ,we are no d\bt accu/om$ to read epic & lyric poetry1 & only to he> drama recit$ & to see ! same accompani$ by ge/ure4 ,poetry1 h[ev]1 is ess5tially & accord+ to its notion1 sonor\s expression1 & we may1 9 p>ticul>1 n disp5se ) ?is1 if a complete exposition ( ! art is our aim1 = ! reason t x is ! aspect & ! only aspect1 "u :i* x comes into g5u9e contact ) objective exi/5ce4 ,! pr9t$ or writt5 lett] is1 no d\bt1 also 9 a s5se objectively pres5t1 b x is m]ely z ! indiff]5t symbol ( s\nds & words4 ,we no d\bt h 9 a previ\s passage reg>d$ words z ! purely ext]nal means :i* give u ! signification ( ideas4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 ov]look ! fact t poetry1 at any rate1 s in=ms ! temporal elem5t & s\nd ( ^! signs1 z to ennoble !m 9 a m$ium suffus$ ) ! ideal vitality ( t1 :]e(1 9 _! ab/ractness1 !y are ! symbols4 ,! pr9t+ press m]ely makes visible to our eyes ?is =m ( animation "u a mode :i*1 tak5 by itself1 is ess5tially indiff]5t & no long] coalesc5t ) ! ideal cont5t2 x consigns x1 9 its alt]$ =m ( visibility1 to ! elem5t ( "t-duration & ! s\nd ( ord9>y spee*1#e in/ead ( giv+ u 9 fact ! acc5t$ ^w & its det]m9ate "t-duration4 ,:5 we1 !re=e1 cont5t ourselves ) m]e read+ we d s p>tly ow+ to ! ease ) :i* we c ?us picture to ourselves :at is real z actually utt]$ 9 spee*1 p>tly because ( ! und5iable fact t poetry alone among ! arts1 9 aspects ( fundam5tal importance1 is already completely at home 9 ! life ( _s1 & nei!r ! impression ( x on our s5se ( sight or he>+ give u ! root ( ! matt]4 ,yet = all t1 precisely by virtue ( ?is ideality1 poetry1 z art1 ought n :olly to dive/ itself ( ?is aspect ( objective expression1 if at lea/ x is anxi\s to avoid an incomplet5ess simil> to t 9 :i*1 = in/ance1 ! m]e outl9$ draw+ attempts to reproduce ! picture ( fam\s col\ri/s4 #c4 ,z an arti/ically organic :ole ref]r$ no long] to a specific type ( exclusive execution on acc\nt ( ! onesid$ "* ( its m$ium1 ! art ( poetry accepts 9 a g5]al way = its det]m9ate =m v>i\s types ( art-production1 & x is consequ5tly necess>y to borr[ ! crit]ia ( our classification ( su* poetical types or species f ! g5]al notion ( arti/ic production4#f 7,a7 ,9 ?is respect x is1 fir/1 & f "o po9t ( view1 ! =m ( objective reality1 :]e9 poetry reproduces ! evolv$ cont5t ( consci\s life 9 ! ideal image1 & !re)al ess5tially repeats ! pr9ciple ( pla/ic art1 :i* makes ! imm$iate object ( fact visible4 ,^! pla/ic figures ( ! imag9ation poetry fur!rmore unveils z det]m9$ 9 ! activities ( human & div9e be+s1 s t e ?+1 :i* takes place1 issues 9 "p f e?ically self-subsi/5t human or div9e =ces1 & 9 "p also1 by virtue ( ob/ructive ag5cies1 meets ) a reaction1 & ?us1 9 its ext]nal =m ( manife/ation1 becomes an ev5t1 9 :i* ! facts 9 "q disclose !mselves 9 free indep5d5ce1 & ! poet retires into ! backgr\nd4 ,to grasp su* ev5ts 9 a consequ5tial :ole is ! task ( ,epic poetry1 inasmu* z its aim is j to decl>e poetically1 & 9 ! =m ( ! actual facts1 ei!r an ess5tially complete action1 or ! p]sonalities1 f :i* ! same proce$s 9 its sub/antive wor? or its ev5tful complexity amid ! m$ley ( ext]nal accid5ce4 ,& by s do+ x repres5ts ! objective fact itself 9 its objectivity4 ,&1 moreov]1 ! m9/rel does n recite ?is positive _w be=e consci\s s5se & feel+ 9 a way t w\ld seem to ann\nce x z 8 p]sonal phantasy1 & 8 own he>t's passion2 r ?is recit] or rhapsodi/ recites x by he>t1 9 a me*anical sort ( way1 & 9 a metre :i*1 :ile x repeats some?+ ( ?is monotony ) its uni=mity ( /ructure1 rolls onw>d 9 a tranquil & /eady /ream4 ,:at1 9 %ort1 ! m9/rel n>rates mu/ appe> z a "p ( real life1 :i*1 9 respect to cont5t no less ?an pres5tation1 /&s 9 absolute indep5d5ce alo( f himself1 ! n>rator2 he is ?r\gh\t1 9 relation t is to ! facts ( 8 tale no less ?an ! mann] 9 :i* he unfolds !m1 n p]mitt$ :olly to id5tify 8 own p]sonality ) _! sub/ance4 7,b7 ,9 direct contra/ to epic poetry we h our second type1 t namely ( lyrical poetry4 ,its cont5t is t )9 ourselves1 ! ideal _w1 ! contemplative or emotional life ( s\l1 :i* in/ead ( foll[+ up actions1 rema9s at home ) itself 9 its own ideal realm1 &1 consequ5tly1 is able to accept self-expression z its unique & inde$ f9al end4 ,"h we h1 !re=e1 no sub/antive totality1 self-evolv$ z ext]nal fact or ev5t1 b ! express outlook1 emotion & obs]vation ( ! individual's self-introspective life %>es 9 :at is sub/antive & actual !re9 z its own1 z its passion1 mood or reflection2 we h "h ! bir? ( its own lo9s4 ,su* a fulfilm5t & ideal process is n adequately realiz$ 9 a me*anical deliv]y su* z we saw 0 conc$$ z appropriate to epic poetry4 ,on ! contr>y ! s+] mu/ give utt]ance to ! ideas & views ( lyrical art z ?\gh !y 7 ! expression ( 8 own s\l1 8 own emotions4 ,& inasmu* z x is ?is inn]mo/ _w1 :i* ! deliv]y has to animate1 ! expression ( x w above all lean to ! musical features ( poetical reproduction2 :e!r p]mitt$ z an embelli%m5t or a necessity we %all "h meet ) ! v>i$ modulation ( ! voice1 ei!r 9 recitation or song1 & ! accompanim5t ( musical in/rum5ts4 7,c7 ,our ?ird & f9al mode ( poetical composition unites ! two previ\s ones 9 a new totality4 ,9 ?is we n only discov] an objective exposition1 b also c trace its s\rce 9 ! ideal life ( p>ticul> p2 :at is objective "h is !re=e portray$ z app]t95t to ! consci\s life ( individuals4#g ,to put ! case conv]sely1 ! consci\s life ( individuals is on ! "o h& unfold$ z x passes ov] into actual life exp]i5ce1 & on ! o!r z involv$ 9 ! fatality ( ev5ts1 :i* br+s ab\t passion 9 causal & necess>y connection ) ! individual's own action4 ,we h "h1 !re=e1 z 9 ,epic poetry1 an action exp&$ to our view 9 its conflicts & issues2 spiritual =ces come to expression & battle2 ! elem5t ( cont+5cy is ev]y:]e involv$1 & human activity is ei!r br\ght into contact ) ! en]gy ( an omnipot5t de/9y1 or a directive & _w-rul+ ,provid5ce4 ,human action1 h[ev]1 does n "h only pass be=e our vision 9 ! objective =m ( its actual occurr5ce1 z an ev5t ( ! ,pa/ resuscitat$ by ! n>rative alone2 on ! contr>y1 x is made to appe> z actually realiz$ 9 ! p>ticul> volition1 morality or immorality ( ! specific *>act]s depict$1 :i* !reby become c5tral 9 ! pr9ciple ( lyric poetry4 ,add to ?is1 h[ev]1 t su* individuals are n m]ely disclos$ 9 _! inn] exp]i5ce z su*2 !y also decl>e !mselves 9 ! execution ( passion direct$ to ends2 :]eby !y (f] a crit]ion--9 ! way t epic poetry ass]ts :at is sub/antive 9 its positive reality#h = ! evaluation ( ^? passions & ! aims :i* are direct$ to ! objective conditions & rational laws ( ! concrete _w2 & x is1 moreov]1 by ?is v te/ ( ! wor? & conditions1 "u :i* su* individuals cont9ue 9 _! resolve to abide1 t _! de/9y is discov]$ by implication4 ,?is objective pres5ce1 :i* proce$s f ! p]sonality itself1 no less ?an ?is p]sonal exp]i5ce1#i :i* is reproduc$ 9 its active realization & all t decl>es its wor? 9 ! _w1 is ,_s 9 its own liv+ totality2 x is ?is :i*1 z action1 supplies bo? =m & cont5t to dramatic poetry4 ,moreov]1 inasmu* z ?is concrete :ole is itself no less ess5tially consci\s life ?an x is1 "u ! aspect ( its ext]nal realization1 also a self-manife/ation1 q ap>t f all "q ( local or o!r arti/ic means ( realization1 we are b\nd1 9 respect to ?is repres5tation ( actual facts1 to meet ! claim ( g5u9e poetry t we %\ld h ! entire p]sonality ( ! individual envisag$2 only z su* ! liv+ man himself is actually t :i* is express$4 ,= ?\gh1 on ! "o h&1 9 ! drama1 z 9 lyric poetry1 a "* ought to express ! cont5t ( its own s\l-life z a v]itable possession1 yet1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 x ass]ts itself1 :51 9 its entire p]sonality x is confront$ ) o!r p]sonalities1 z effective 9 its practical exi/5ce1 & comes !reby into active contact ) ! _w ar\nd x1 by means ( :i* x atta*es itself imm$iately to an active disposition1#aj :i*1 q z truly z articulate spee*1 is an expression ( ! s\l-life1 & requires its arti/ic treatm5t4 ,already we f9d 9 lyrical poetry "s close approa* to ! apportionm5t ( v>i\s emotions among diff]5t individual speak]s1 & ! di/ribution ( its subject-matt] 9 acts or sc5es4 ,9 ! drama1 !n1 subjective emotion passes on likewise to ! expression ( action2 &1 by s do+1 r5d]s necess>y ! manife/ation to our s5ses ( ! play ( ge/ure :i* conc5trates ! univ]sality ( language 9 a clos] relation ) ! expression ( p]sonality1#aa & by means ( position1 demean\r1 ge/iculation & o!r ways is individualiz$ & complet$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is aspect ( deportm5t is c>ri$ =w>d by arti/ic means to a degree ( expression1 t x c disp5se ) spee*1 we h ! art ( pantomime1 :i* resolves ! rhy?mical movem5t ( poetry 9 a h>moni\s & picturesque motion ( limbs1 & 9 ?is1 s to speak1 pla/ic music ( bodily position & movem5t gives animat$ life 9 ! dance to ! tranquil & cold figures ( sculpture1 t x may ess5tially unite by su* means music & ! pla/ic art4 ,footnote #a3 ,glei*gltige1 t is1 ! impressions ( s5se are receiv$ f )\t1 f a manifold indiff]5t to ourselves4 ,footnote #b3 ,lo%eit4 ,a ^w co9$ by ,hegel to d5ote ?is relation ( poetry to ext]nal objects 9 _! indep5d5ce4 ,footnote #c3 ,die ,gebehrd51 lit41 ge/ures1 9 :i* s5se x is us$ 9 a subsequ5t passage4 ,footnote #d3 ,we %\ld r h expect$ ! mat]ial ( pla/ic art4 ,! contra/ is r betwe5 ! nature ( ! m$ium 9 ea* case ?an ! f9i%$ product4 ,s f> z ! latt] is conc]n$ ! musical composition is z dep5d5t1 ev5 m dep5d5t = its pres5tm5t on human activity z poetical composition4 ,footnote #e3 ,des ,kl+5s uns]es ,gewohnheit4 ,x is n q cle> :at ! mean+ is "h4 ,! mean+ may be z 9 ! int]pretation above4 ,b x is r difficult to see h[1 s f> z m]e pr9t goes1 we c be consci\s ( actual s\nd at all1 unless x is int5d$ "h to include at lea/ ! act ( read+2 an alt]native int]pretation w\ld be ! habitual v]bal acc5t1 b we %\ld 9 t case h r expect$ ! sub/antive ,na*drucks = ,kl+5s4 ,footnote #f3 ,hegel means ( c\rse t z t notion /&s midway betwe5 ! objectivity ( s5se-p]ception & ! concept ( ?\ght1 s too ?is classification w be bas$ on ! attitude ( ! art ei!r to ! p]sonal life1 or ! objects ( s5se1 z ! "o aspect is m /rongly repres5t$ or ! o!r4 ,footnote #g3 ,dem ,subject4 ,t is1 ,i und]/&1 ! individual subject g5]ally1 n m]ely ! consci\s life ( ! poet or ! s+]4 ,footnote #h3 ,9 se9] ,g$ieg5heit1 i4e41 z concrete4 ,footnote #i3 ,dies ,subjektive4 ,! realization ( self 9 ! _w is "p ( t _w reg>d$ z a rational & self-consci\s process1 ,_s4 ,footnote #aj3 ,si* die ,gebehrde ans*lies/1 i4e4 a practical attitude to ! _w1 involv+ ge/ure & o!r actions4 ,footnote #aa3 ,hegel's expression is ! p]sonality ( expression1 i4e41 ! p]sonal aspect ( expression4 ,a4 ,,epic ,,poetry ,! ,epos1 ^w1 saga1 /ates simply :at ! fact is :i* is translat$ into ! ^w4 ,x acquires an ess5tially self-consi/5t cont5t 9 ord] to express ! fact t x is & h[ x is4 ,:at we h "h br\ght be=e consci\sness is ! object reg>d$ z object 9 its relations & circum/ances1 9 _! full compass & developm5t1 ! object1 9 %ort1 9 its det]m9ate exi/5ce4 ,we propose to treat our subject-matt] z foll[s3 ,fir/1 we %all attempt to describe ! g5]al "* ( :at is ,epical3 ,secondly1 we %all proce$ to "s p>ticul> features1 :i* 9 respect to ! real ,epos are ( exceptional importance3 ,?irdly1 we %all enum]ate by "n c]ta9 specific me?ods ( treatm5t1 :i* h be5 actually 9 use 9 p>ticul> epic compositions )9 ! hi/orical elaboration ( ! type4 ,i4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,epic ,,type 7a7 ,! mo/ simple1 b nev]!less 9 its ab/ract conc5tration1 /ill "o-sid$ & incomplete mode ( epic exposition consi/s 9 ! ass]tion ( t :i* is ess5tially fundam5tal & necess>y among ! facts ( ! concrete _w & ! weal? ( mutable ph5om5a1 & 9 ! expression ( su* on _! own acc\nt1 z focuss$ 9 epic phraseology4 77 ,we may beg9 our consid]ation ( ! type ) ! epigram i1 9 s f> z x really rema9s an epigram1 t is an inscription on columns1 effects1 monum5ts1 gifts & s =?1 & at ! same "t po9ts ) an ideal f+] to some?+ else1 & by do+ s expla9s ?r\gh words1 inscrib$ on an object1 some:at o!rwise pla/ic1 local1 some?+ pres5t outside ! words express$4 ,9 su* an example ! epigram /ates simply :at a def9ite fact is4 ,! individual does n z yet express 8 concrete self2 he atta*es a concise int]pretation to ! object1 ! locality1 :i* he has imm$iate p]ception ( & :i* claims 8 int]e/$ att5tion1 an int]pretation :i* goes to ! he>t ( ! fact 9 "q4 77 ,a yet fur!r advance may be discov]$ 9 ! case :]e ! tw(old aspect ( ! object 9 its ext]nal reality & ! fact ( inscription disappe>s1 9 s f>1 t is1 z poetry1 )\t any actual repres5tation on ! object1 expresses its idea ( ! fact4 ,to ?is class belong ! gnomes ( ! anci5ts1 e?ical say+s1 :i* conc5trate 9 concise language t :i* is m =ceable ?an mat]ial objects1 m p]man5t & univ]sal ?an ! monum5t ( "s def9ite action1 m p]durable ?an votive (f]+s1 columns1 & temples4 ,su* are duties 9 human exi/5ce1 ! wisdom ( life1 ! vision ( t :i* con/itutes 9 action & k ! firm f\ndations & /able bonds = human k9d4 ,! epic "* ( su* modes ( conception consi/s 9 ?is1 t su* maxims d n decl>e !mselves z exclusively p]sonal emotion & reflection1 & also1 9 ! matt] ( _! impression1 are q z little direct$ ) ! object ev5 ( affect+ our emotions1 b r ) ! purpose to emphasize :at is ( /]l+ validity1 :e!r z ! object ( human obligation or ! s5se ( hon\r & propriety4 ,! anci5t ,greek elegiacs h 9 "s measure ?is epic tone4 ,we h /ill extant a few v]ses ( ,solon ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh ! transition "h into a hortatory tone & /yle is easily made4 ,su* include exhortations or w>n+s ) ref]5ce to ! common social life1 its laws & morality4 ,we may also m5tion ! gold say+s1 :i* tradition ascribes to ,py?agoras4 ,yet all su* are ( a hybrid nature1 & ref]able to ?is1 t ?\gh 9 g5]al we may associate ) !m ! tone ( our di/9ct type1 yet1 ow+ to ! incomplet5ess ( ! object1 x is n fully realiz$1 b r !re is a di/9ct t5d5cy to involve ) x t ( ano!r poetical type1 9 ! pres5t case ! lyrical4 77 ,su* dicta may1 h[ev]1 ?irdly1 z already sugge/$1 by be+ dive/$ ( ?is fragm5t>y & self-exclusive isolation1 g to =m a l>g] :ole1 be r\nd$ (f1 t is1 9 a totality1 :i* is altoge!r ( ! ,epic type2 we h "h nei!r a purely lyrical frame ( m9d nor a dramatic action1 b a specific & v]itable sph]e ( ! liv+ _w ^: ess5tial nature1 z emphasiz$ 9 its g5]al *>act]i/ics1 no less ?an z situat$ to p>ticul> aspects1 po9ts ( view1 occurr5ces or obligations1 supplies u ) an integrat+ unity & a g5u9e focal c5tre4 ,9 complete agreem5t ) ?is type ( epical cont5t1 :i* displays :at is ( p]man5t & univ]sal import along )1 z a rule1 a di/9ct e?ical purpose ( admoni%m5t1 in/ruction or exhortation to an1 9 all ess5tials1 e?ically /able life1 compositions ( ?is k9d receive a didactic flav\r4 ,nev]!less1 by reason ( ! novelty ( _! wise say+s1 ! fre%ness ( _! g5]al outlook & ! +5u\sness ( _! obs]vation we mu/ keep !m q di/9ct f m rec5t didactic poetry4 ,!y :olly ju/ify1 inasmu* z !y give ! necess>y play to matt] entirely descriptive1 ! conclusion t ^! two aspects tak5 toge!r1 in/ruction & description1 are directly d$uc$ z ! sub/antive summ>y ( facts :i* h be5 ?r\gh\t exp]i5c$4 ,z an obvi\s illu/ration ,i w m]ely m5tion ! ,works & ,days ( ,hesiod1 ! tea*+ & descriptive p[] ( :i*1 9 its primitive /yle & z a poetical composition1 ex]cises a fasc9ation ^u u :olly diff]5t f ! pleasure we exp]i5ce 9 ! cold] elegance1 ! sci5tific or sy/ematic conclusions ( ,virgil's poems on agriculture4 7b7 ,! above describ$ modes ( epigram1 gnome1 & didactive poem accept _! specific prov9ces ( ,nature or human life z _! subject-matt]1 :ile endeav\r+ to fix att5tion 9 concise language1 ) m or less limitation ( survey1 on t :i* is ( p]man5t wor? & ess5tial tru? 9 ?is or t object1 condition1 or activity2 & ev5 "u ! /ill m re/rict$ condition :i* ! art ( poetry imposes on su* a task ! practical result ^u human ef=t is /ill ma9ta9$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a fur!r or second type ( su* compositions1 :i* is1 on ! "o h&1 pr(\nd] 9 its p5etration1 &1 on ! o!r1 lays less /ress on in/ruction & re=m4 ,su* are ! cosmogonies & !ogonies1 no less ?an ^? mo/ anci5t works ( philosophy1 :i* are /ill unable entirely to lib]ate !mselves f ! poetical =m4 77 ,9 ?is way ! exposition ( ! ,eleatic philosophy 9 ! poems ( ,x5ophanes & ,p>m5ides /ill rema9s poetic 9 =m2 & ?is is exceptionally s 9 ! introduction prefac$ by ! latt] to 8 "w4 ,! cont5t is "h ! ,"o1 :i*1 9 its contra/ to ! ,becom+ or ! already ,become1 all p>ticul> ph5om5a 9 %ort1 is et]nal & imp]i%able4 ,no p>ticul>ity is p]mitt$ to br+ cont5t to ! human _s1 :i* /rives aft] tru?1 &1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 is cognizant ( ! same 9 its mo/ ab/ract unity & concret5ess4 ,expatiat+ 9 ! greatness ( ?is object1 & wre/l+ ) ! might ( ! same1 ! impulse ( s\l incl9es in/9ctively to ! lyrical expression1 al?\gh ! entire explication ( ! tru?s into :i* ! writ]'s ?\ght "h p5etrates c>ries on its face a :olly practical & !reby epic "*4 77 ,x is1 secondly1 ! becom+ ( objective ?+s1 9 p>ticul> natural objects1 ! press & conflict ( activities op]ative 9 ,nature1 :i* supplies ! matt] ( ! cosmogonies1 & impels ! poetic imag9ation to disclose 9 ! /ill m concrete & opul5t mode ( actions & ev5ts real ev5tuality4 ,& ! way ?is faculty does ?is is by clo?+ ! =ces ( ,nature 9 relatively m or less p]sonifi$ or figurative images plac$ 9 di/9ct /ages1 & ?r\gh ! symbolical =m ( human ev5ts & actions4 ,su* a type ( epic cont5t & exposition pre-em95tly belongs to ,ori5tal ,nature-religions2 & above all among !m ! poetry ( ,india is to an excessive degree prolific 9 ! inv5tion & portrayal ( su* modes ( conception1 frequ5tly ( an unbridl$ & extravagant type1 conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! _w & ! p[]s t are active !re94 77 ,we f9d1 ?irdly1 simil> *>act]i/ics 9 !ogonies4 ,su* occupy _! true position ma9ly 9 s f> z1 on ! "o h&1 ! _m p>ticul> gods are n suff]$ exclusively to possess ! life ( ,nature z ! m ess5tial cont5t ( _! p[] & creation1 nor1 conv]sely1 is x "o god t creates ! _w out ( ?\ght & _s1 & :o1 9 ! jeal\s mood ( mono!ism1 w tol]ate no o!r gods beside himself4 ,?is fair mean is alone exemplifi$ 9 ! religi\s outlook ( ! ,greeks4 ,x discov]s an imp]i%able subject-matt] = !ogony-build+ 9 ! =ceful emancipation ( ! family ( ,zeus f ! lawlessness ( primitive natural =ces1 no less ?an 9 ! conflict wag$ aga9/ !m4 ,x is a process & a /rife :i* we may inde$ affirm gives u ! hi/orical orig9s ( ! immortal gods ( poetry itself4 ,! fam\s example ( su* an epic mode ( conception we possess 9 ! !ogony kn[n to u "u ! "n ( ,hesiod4 ,9 ?is composition ! entire c\rse ( ev5t is ?r\gh\t w$d$ to ! =m ( human occurr5ces2 x becomes less & less symbolical j to ! ext5t t ! gods1 :o are summon$ to a spiritual dom9ion1 are !mselves lib]at$ ?r\gh an intellig5t & e?ical individuality adequate to _! ess5tial nature1 & consequ5tly are rightfully claim$ & depict$ z act+ l human be+s4 ,:at is1 h[ev]1 /ill abs5t f ?is type ( ,epic composition is1 9 ! fir/ place1 a g5u9ely complete result#a z poetry4 ,! acts & ev5ts1 :i* are )9 ! scope ( ! survey ( su* poems1 are no d\bt an ess5tially necess>y succession ( occurr5ce1 b !y are n an individual action :i* issues z f a c5tre1 :]e9 x discov]s its unity & indep5d5ce4 ,f a fur!r po9t ( view ! cont5t ( su* poetry does n1 & 9 virtue ( its "* _c1 pres5t to u an ess5tially complete :ole4 ,x does1 & = ! above reason mu/1 exclude ! real activities ( mank9d1 :i* are indisp5sable z ! truly concrete mat]ial = ! active display ( ! ,div9e =ces4 ,epic poetry1 !re=e1 is b\nd to free itself f su* defects1 if x is to receive its mo/ p]fect expression4 7c7 ,?is actually does take place 9 t sph]e :i* we may designate ! true ,epopa4 ,9 ! types hi!rto discuss$1 :i* z a rule are :olly pass$ ov]1 :at we call ! epic tone is unmi/akably pres5t1 b ! cont5t is n z yet poetical 9 ! concrete s5se4 ,p>ticul> e?ical maxims & philosophemata /ill p]si/ z "p ( ! mat]ial4 ,:at is1 h[ev]1 poetical 9 ! full s5se is concrete ideality 9 individual guise2 & ! epos1 inasmu* z x makes :at actually exi/s its object1 accepts z su* ! happ5+ ( a def9ite action1 :i*1 9 ! full compass ( its circum/ances & relations mu/ be br\ght ) cl>ity to our vision z an ev5t enri*$ by its fur!r association ) ! organically complete _w ( a nation & an age4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! collective _w-outlook & objective pres5ce ( a national _s1 display$ z an actual ev5t 9 ! =m ( its self-manife/ation1 con/itutes1 & no?+ %ort ( ?is does s1 ! cont5t & =m ( ! true epic poem4 ,z "o aspect ( su* a totality we h ! religi\s consci\sness 9 e degree ( pr(undity atta9$ by ! human _s2 x fur!rmore embraces ! p>ticul> concrete life1 :e!r political or dome/ic1 n exclud+ all ! detail ( ext]nal exi/5ce1 & ! means by :i* human necessities are satisfi$4 ,all su* mat]ial ! epos makes ( vital acc\nt z a gr[? 9 close contact ) individuals2 & = ?is reason1 t = poetry ! univ]sal & sub/antive is only realiz$ 9 ! liv+ pres5ce ( _s life4 ,su* a compreh5sive _w1 toge!r ) ! human *>act]ization x embraces1 mu/ !n pass be=e u z real 9 a tranquil /ream1 )\t any undue ha/e1 ei!r z positive hi/ory or dramatic action1 t[>ds its aim & conclusion4 ,we mu/ !reby be p]mitt$ to l+] r\nd isolat$ facts1 to p5etrate into ! diff]5t pictures ( its movem5t & to enjoy !m 9 all _! detail4 ,& by ?is means ! entire panorama receives 9 its objective mode ( realization ! =m ( an ext]nal s]ies ( ev5ts1 ! basis & limitations ( :i* mu/ be impli$ 9 ! ess5tial ideality ( ! p>ticul> epic cont5t1 & ( :i* ! positive ass]tion is alone abs5t4 ,if1 consequ5tly1 ! epic poem is1 9 its l9ks ( connection1 m diffuse1 &1 by virtue ( ! relatively great] indep5d5ce ( portions ( x1 incl9$ to suff] f lack ( coh]5cy1 we mu/ n all[ ourselves ! impression t x c\ld ev] h be5 actually sung ?r\gh\t 9 ?is mann]4 ,r x is an imp]ative 9 its case1 z 9 t ( any o!r arti/ic production1 t x %\ld be f9i%$ (f 9 an ess5tially organic :ole1 :i*1 h[ev]1 moves =w>d 9 app>5t tranquillity1 9 ord] t ! p>ticul> fact & ! images ( actual life x conta9s may engage our int]e/4 77 ,su* a primitive :ole is ! epic composition1 :e!r kn[n z ! saga1 ! book1 or ! bible ( a p4 ,we may add e great & important nation c claim to h su* primitive books1 9 :i* we f9d a mirror ( ! orig9al _s ( a folk4 ,to ?is ext5t ^! memorials are no?+ less ?an ! real f\ndations ( ! national consci\sness2 & x w\ld be ( pr(\nd int]e/ to make a collection ( su* epic bibles4 ,su* a s]ies ( ,epopees1 h[ev] mu* !y fell %ort ( arti/ic compositions 9 ! mod]n s5se1 w\ld at lea/ pres5t to u a gall]y ( ! g5ius ( nations4 ,at ! same "t x is d\btless ! fact t x is n e national bible :i* c claim ! poetic =m ( ! epopa2 nor d all nations :i* h embodi$ _! mo/ sacr$ memorials1 :e!r 9 relation to religion or secul> life1 9 ! =m ( compreh5sive compositions ( ! epic type1 possess religi\s books4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t1 = example1 conta9s no d\bt mu* epic n>rative & g5u9e hi/ory1 no less ?an incid5tal poetic compositions2 b despite ( ?is ! :ole is n a "w ( art4 ,9 a simil> way ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z also ! ,koran1 are ma9ly limit$ to a religi\s subject-matt]1 />t+ f :i* ! life ( ! _w at l>ge is to "s ext5t & 9 lat] times a consequ5ce4 ,conv]sely1 ?\gh ! ,hell5es h a poetic bible 9 ! poems ( ,hom]1 !y are )\t anci5t religi\s books 9 ! s5se ! ,h9doos & ! ,p>sees possess su*4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 we meet ) ! primitive epopoea1 we mu/ ess5tially di/+ui% betwe5 primitive poetic books & ! m rec5t classic compositions ( a nation1 :i* d n any long] (f] u a mirror ( ! national _s 9 all its compass b d no m ?an reflect x p>tially & 9 p>ticul> directions4 ,! dramatic poetry ( ! ,h9doos1 = example1 or ! trag$ies ( ,sophocles pres5t no su* exhau/ive picture z we f9d 9 ! ,ramajana & ! ,maha-,bh>ata1 or ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey4 77 ,& insomu* z 9 ! g5u9e ,epos ! nave national consci\sness is express$ = ! fir/ "t 9 poetic guise1 ! real epic poem w appe> = ! mo/ "p 9 t midway /age 9 :i*1 ?\gh no d\bt a p is ar\s$ f its /upidity1 & its life is to t ext5t ess5tially /r5g!n$ to ! po9t ( reproduc+ its own _w & ( feel+ itself at home !re91 yet1 = all t1 ev]y?+ :i* at a lat] /age becomes fix$ religi\s dogma or civic law & e?ical rule1 /ill rema9s 9 ! flu5cy ( life z m]e op9ion1 insep>able f ! individual z su*4 ,& along ) ?is volition & feel+ are n z yet held di/9ct f "o ano!r4 77 ,x is only aft] ! sep>ation ( ! individual's p]sonal self f ! concrete national :ole1 ) its conditions1 modes ( op9ion1 exploits & de/9y2 x is only1 fur!r1 aft] ! division 9 man himself betwe5 8 emotion & volition1 t ! lyric & dramatic types ( poetry 9 turn replace ! epic type & atta9 _! ri*e/ developm5t4 ,?is consummation is only rea*$ 9 ! lat] life-exp]i5ce ( a p1 9 :i* ! g5]al l9es laid d[n by m5 = ! due regulation ( _! affairs are no long] insep>able f ! s5tim5ts & op9ions ( ! nation z a :ole1 b already h secur$ an indep5d5t /ructure z a co-ord9at$ sy/em ( jurisprud5ce & law1 z a prosaic disposition ( positive facts1 z a political con/itution1 z a body ( e?ical or o!r precepts2 & be+ s1 individuals are n[ confront$ ) mat]ial obligations r z a necess>y =ce ext]nal to !mselves ?an "o :i* _! own inn] life ass]ts1 & :i* x compels !m to sub/antiate z its fulfilm5t4 ,z oppos$ to su* an already actual & indep5d5t sy/em1 ! individual life w seek 9 "p to f9d expression 9 an equally indep5d5t _w & gr[? ( p]sonal vision1 reflection & emotion1 :i* are n c>ri$ fur!r into ! sph]e ( action1 & w fur!r give lyrical utt]ance to its selfabsorption1 its pre-occupation ) ! cont5t ( su* a s\l-exp]i5ce4 ,&1 9 "p also1 x w make its active passion ( ma9 importance1 & w seek to ass]t itself indep5d5tly 9 action1 9 s f> z x is able to dive/ ext]nal conditions1 ! ev5t & its concomitants ( any claim to truly epic self-subsi/5cy4 ,x is j ?is increase to ! /r5g? & /ability ( individual "* & aims 9 _! relation to action :i* op5s ! way to dramatic poetry4 ,to return1 h[ev]1 to ! epic1 we repeat t x is ! above-m5tion$ unity ( feel+ & action :i* x dem&s1 t unity betwe5 ! self-fulfill$ object ( ! p]sonal life & ! ext]nal accid5t & ev5t2 a unity :i*1 z obs]v$1 is only pres5t )\t blemi% z x fir/ appe>s 9 ! e>lie/ p]iods ( ! national life or ! national poetry4 77 ,at ! same "t1 we mu/ n yield ourselves1 !re=e1 to ! impression t a p 9 its h]oical "t simply z su*1 & z ! home ( its epos1 !re & !n 0 9 possession ( art1 or c\ld necess>ily depict its life 9 ! mirror ( poetry4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 an ess5tially poetical nationality 9 its actual _w-pres5ce is "o ?+2 ! art ( poetry reg>d$ z ! imag9ative consci\sness ( poetical mat]ial1 & ! arti/ic pres5tm5t ( su* a _w is q ano!r4 ,! felt want to express oneself z idea 9 t]ms ( ! latt]1 ! tra9$ k ( art1 are lat] acquisitions ?an ! life & _s itself1 :i* discov]s itself 9 all simplicity at home 9 its unres]v$ly poetical exi/5ce4 ,hom] & ! poems "u 8 "n are c5turies lat] ?an ! ,trojan w>1 :i* is to myself q z mu* an hi/orical fact z ! p]sonality ( ,hom]4 ,9 ! same way we may affirm ( ,ossian1 always assum+ t ! poems ascrib$ to him are really 81 t he celebrates an h]oic pa/1 ! sunset spl5d\r ( :i* inspires him to recall & reclo! ! same 9 poetical =m4 77 ,despite1 h[ev]1 su* a sep>ation1 "s intimate bond ( association mu/ exi/ betwe5 ! poet & 8 subject-matt]4 ,! poet mu/ /ill /& on ev5 t]ms ) ! conditions1 ! g5]al po9t ( vision1 ! beliefs :i* he depicts4 ,all he %\ld f9d x necess>y to d is to atta* to ^! ! poetic consci\sness & ! art capable ( portray+ !m2 9 o!r respects !y are /ill ess5tial factors 9 8 own life4 ,if su* an aff9ity z t above describ$ is abs5t 9 our poet's epic creation1 8 poem mu/ infallibly conta9 disp>ate & irreconcilable features4 ,= bo? ^! aspects--namely1 ! cont5t1 ! epic _w1 :i* x is ! int5tion to portray1 & ! _w ( ! poet's consci\s life & imag9ation1 :i* is 9 o!r respects indep5d5t ( ! above--are ( spiritual d]ivation2 !y ea* ( !m possess intr9sically a def9ite pr9ciple1 9 :i* p>ticul> traits ( *>act]ization are involv$4 ,if1 !n1 ! p]sonal life ( ! arti/ is ess5tially ( a diff]5t ord] to t by virtue ( :i* ! hi/orical & national life depict$ came into actual be+1 we mu/ necess>ily become consci\s ( a cleft 9 ! arti/ic result :i* w di/urb & injure its effect4 ,we %all h1 9 %ort1 sc5es plac$ be=e u ( a previ\s condition ( hi/ory1 comb9$ ) modes ( ?\ght1 op9ions1 & views m p]t95t to o!r p]iods2 &1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! configuration ( primitive beliefs w1 9 its contact ) ! m develop$ reflection ( a lat] "t1 lose ! w>m? ( conviction1 become1 9 %ort1 a m]e sup]/ition1 an empty embelli%m5t ( ! m]e poetical in/rum5tation1 f :i* all ! vitality ( its actual life has vani%$4 77 ,& ?is br+s u to ! g5]al "q :at position ! poet himself ( g5u9e epic poetry really ought to take up4 77 ,n[1 h[ev] mu* ! ,epos ought also to be positive 9 ! s5se t x is ! objective pres5tm5t ( a _w bas$ ^u its own f\ndations1 & realiz$ 9 virtue ( its own necess>y laws1 a _w1 moreov]1 ) :i* ! p]sonal outlook ( ! poet mu/ rema9 9 a connection t enables him to id5tify himself :olly ) x2 yet x is equally true t 8 arti/ic product1 :i* reproduces ?is _w1 is ?r\gh\t ! free creation ( himself4 ,9 ?is connection we %all d well to recall t f9e expression ( ,h]odotus3 ,hom] & ,hesiod h creat$ ! gods ( ! ,hell5ic race4 ,&1 9 tru?1 ?is free & audaci\s _s ( creation1 :i* ,h]odotus atta*es to ! abovem5tion$ poets1 already is "s te/imony to ! fact t al?\gh ! ,epopa belongs to ! e>ly age ( a nation1 x is n its function to depict ! mo/ primitive condition ( all4 ,9 o!r words1 e nation possesses 9 its e>lie/ orig9s m or less an ali5 culture ( "s k9d1 is confront$ ) a religi\s cult ( =eign importation to :i* x submits1 or :i* x reg>ds z sacrosanct4 ,&1 inde$1 we f9d t ! m9/relsy1 ! sup]/ition1 ! b>b>\s elem5ts 9 human life1 no less ?an ! mo/ exalt$ h _! s\rce j 9 ?is1 t in/ead ( be+ entirely at home ) !mselves1 !y are exp]i5c$ z some?+ alo( f !mselves1 t is n ! natural product ( _! own national & individual consci\sness4 ,9 ?is way1 = example1 ! ,h9doos mu/ c]ta9ly1 long be=e ! date ( _! great ,epopees1 h exp]i5c$ _m an important revolution ( religi\s beliefs & secul> condition4 ,! ,greeks no less1 z previ\sly rem>k$1 _h to trans=m mu* mat]ial ( an ,egyptian1 ,phrygian1 & ,asiatic desc5t4 ,! ,romans1 9 _! turn1 7 confront$ ) mu* ( a ,greek orig92 & ! b>b>ians1 9 ! p]iod ( national invasion1 ) ,*ri/ian or ,roman antec$5ts1 & s on4 ,n until ! poet is able ) a free h& to ca/ f him su* a yoke1 is able to take /ock ( :at he really possesses1 is consci\s ( 8 own wor?1 & we are !reby releas$ f all p]turb$ /ate ( m5tal vision1 w ! dawn break ( a g5u9e epic creation4 ,9 contra/ to su* an outlook we h ! age & ! society modifi$ by a cult ab/ract 9 its orig91 ) its elaborate dogmas1 e/abli%$ political & moral maxims1 all ( :i* take u away f ! concrete life at home ) itself4 ,! _w ( ! truly epic poet ma9ta9s its opposition to su* conditions4 ,n m]ely 9 respect to univ]sal =ces1 passions1 & aims :i* are op]ative 9 ! s\l-life ( individuals1 b also 9 su* a poet's attitude to all ext]nal facts1 be 8 creation nev] s indep5d5t1 he is entirely z "o 9 8 own prov9ce4 ,9 j ?is way ,hom] is at home 9 all t he s+s to u ( 8 _w1 & :]e we are consci\s ( su* intimacy 9 ano!r we are infect$ ) a l feel+1 = we are "h face to face ) tru?1 ) t _s :i* lives 9 its _w1 & discov]s !re9 its true be+2 & x does u good to feel ?is1 inasmu* z ! poet is himself pres5t !re9 he>t & s\l4 ,su* a _w may1 inde$1 belong to a less advanc$ /age ( evolution & culture ?an our own2 b at lea/ x does rema9 fai?ful to t ( a poetry & beauty :i* is op5 to all1 s t we ess5tially recognize & und]/& "h ev]y?+ :i* our high] life1 our humanity 9 its fundam5tal dem&s1 :e!r x be ! hon\r1 ! op9ions1 ! emotions1 ! exhortation1 or ! exploits ( ea* & e h]o2 & we are able to enjoy su* *>act]s1 9 all ! detail ( _! portraiture1 z !mselves unit$ to su* a life & ! ri*ness ( its actual pres5ce4 77 ,b on acc\nt ( ! emphasis ^u ! objective indep5d5ce ( ?is :ole1 x is a fur!r necess>y contra/ t ! poet fall into ! backgr\nd & become lo/ 9 8 subject4 ,:at is to appe> is ! creation1 n ! poet2 & yet )al1 t :i* ! poem expresses belongs to him4 ,he has imag9$ all 9 8 m9d's eye2 he has implant$ !re 8 s\l1 8 g5ius4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 is n expressly ass]t$4 ,s we f9d1 = in/ance1 t at "o "t a ,cal*as w give ! outl9e ( ev5ts2 at ano!r1 a ,ne/or4 ,yet1 = all t1 su* int]pretative matt] is ! gift ( ! poet himself4 ,nay1 actual *anges 9 ! s\l-life ( 8 h]oes he expla9s 9 objective fa%ion z an entrance ( gods ^u ! sc5e1 z 9 ! case :]e ,a!ne appe>s be=e ,a*illes 9 8 rage1 c\nsell+ self-re/ra9t4 ,& inasmu* z ! ,epos does n disclose ! s\l-life ( ! creator1 save indirectly1 b ! positive facts ( ext]nal life1 ! subjective aspect ( 8 creations mu/ completely fall into ! backgr\nd1 no less ?an ! creator himself vani% beh9d ! _w he unfolds to our vision4 ,f ?is po9t ( view a great epic /yle makes ! "w appe> to be itself its own m9/rel4 ,x seems to pass be=e u self-begott51 a "w ( indep5d5t bir?4 77 ,moreov]1 ! epic poem1 if a true "w ( art1 is ! exclusive creation ( "o arti/4 ,h[ev] mu* an epic may express ! affairs ( ! entire nation1 x rema9s ! fact t x is ! individual :o is ! poet1 n ! nation z a :ole4 ,! _s ( an age1 ( a p1 is no d\bt ! ess5tial op]ative cause2 b realization is only secur$ 9 ! "w ( art z conceiv$ by ! con/ructive g5ius ( a p>ticul> poet1 :o br+s be=e our vision & reproduces ?is univ]sal _s & its cont5t z 8 own exp]i5ce & 8 own product4 ,poetical composition is a real spiritual bir?1 & _s or intellig5ce only exi/ z ?is or t actual & individual consci\s & self-consci\s life4 ,:5 we h already an arti/ic creation 9 a p>ticul> /yle1#b we h no d\bt some?+ to />t f2 & o!rs are !n able to copy ) m or less success some?+ l x1 j z we h to li/5 n[adays to "s scores ( poems writt5 9 ! ,goe!sque mann]4 ,to cont9ue to s+ _m compositions 9 ! same k9d ( key1 h[ev]1 w nev] create ! unifi$ creation1 :i* is ?r\gh\t ! "w ( "o inspir+ g5ius4 ,?is is a po9t ( real importance n only 9 our attitude to ! ,hom]ic poems1 b also ! ,niebelung5 ,li$4 ,= ! la/-m5tion$ "w we are unable to det]m9e an au?or ) any hi/orical c]ta9ty2 & z = ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 ! op9ion ( "s critics is notori\s t ! ,hom] ( tradition--t is1 ! sole au?or ( ^! books--nev] exi/$ at all4 ,!y are ! production 9 diff]5t p>ts ( v>i\s au?ors1 p>ts :i* h f9ally be5 pat*$ toge!r 9 ! two l>g] works we possess4 ,) reg>d to su* a !ory ! "q ( mo/ importance is :e!r ei!r or bo? ( ^! extant works con/itute an indep5d5t organic :ole 9 ! epic s5se1 or1 z is ! view fa%ionable n[adays1 !y possess no inevitable beg9n+ or conclusion1 b r might be cont9u$ on pres5t l9es = ev]4 ,we may1 ( c\rse1 admit t ! unity ( ! ,hom]ic poems is1 z "p ( _! ess5tial =m1 less compact ?an t we associate ) ! t]se conc5tration ( a dramatic "w4 ,inasmu* z e sep>ate portion may be & may appe> z relatively indep5d5t1 !y give free play to _m int]polations & abrupt transitions2 b1 despite ( ?is1 !y d unque/ionably con/itute ?r\gh\t a true1 ideally organic1 & epic totality4 ,su* a :ole c only be ! composition ( "o au?or4 ,?is notion ( a conglom]ate )\t ess5tial unity1 ( a m]e pat*+ toge!r ( v>i\s rhapsodies compos$ 9 a simil> /ra91 is a wild sort ( idea oppos$ to all arti/ic canons4 ,( c\rse1 if su* a view m]ely am\nts to ?is1 t ! poet1 9 8 b>e individuality1 vani%es 9 8 creation1 x is ! highe/ =m ( praise4 ,?is is m]ely a /atem5t t we are unable to recognize any positive traces ( :olly p]sonal op9ions & feel+4 ,s mu* is c]ta9ly true ( ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,:at we h be=e u1 & we h only ?is1 is ! positive fact1 ! objective outlook ( a p4 ,b ! song ( a p requires a voice1 a voice :i* c s+ =? ! cont5ts ( he>t & s\l1 z h>ve/$ f ! national gran>y2 & an ess5tially self-integrat$ "w ( art calls = yet m ?an ?is f ! unique g5ius ( its creator4 #b4 ,,p>ticul> ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,g5u9e ,,epos ,we h previ\sly 9 our consid]ation ( ! g5]al "* ( epic poetry briefly drawn att5tion to c]ta9 incomplete types1 :i*1 al?\gh ( an epical /ra91 are n epopees 9 _! complet5ess4 ,!y1 9 %ort1 nei!r repres5t a national condition1 nor a concrete ev5t1 )9 ! b\nd>ies ( su* a sph]e4 ,x is ^! latt] features1 :i* 7 !n exclud$1 :i* (f] u = ! fir/ "t a cont5t :olly equal to ! p]fect$ ,epos1 ^: fundam5tal traits & conditions are ?us /at$4 ,hav+ recall$ ^! po9ts x becomes necess>y n[ to inve/igate m closely :at x is we require by way ( complet+ our notion ( ! epic "w ( art4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 on ! ?re%old ( ?is enquiry confront$ ) ! difficulty t we h little or no?+ to say on features ( specific int]e/1 if we conf9e our att5tion to g5]alities2 ,ave mu/ rivet our att5tion on hi/orical evid5ce1 & ^? v>i$ epic & national compositions1 works :i* on acc\nt ( ! extraord9>y div]sity ( ! times & peoples to :i* !y ref] d n make u v hopeful ( secur+ ei!r a def9ite or a congru\s result4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 "s comp5sation 9 ! fact1 t f among all ! _m epic bibles ( ! pa/ we c place our f+] on "o at lea/1 9 :i* we h ! cle>e/ evid5ce ( all :i* x is possible to e/abli% z ! true & fundam5tal "* ( ! g5u9e epos4 ,su* are ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,^!1 !n1 above all1 w be ! s\rce f :i* ,i %all borr[ ! *>act]i/ics1 :i*1 9 my view1 ess5tially det]m9e ! nature ( su* poetry1 :e!r f ! po9t ( view ( fact or !ory4 ,we propose to summ>ize our enquiry "u ! foll[+ heads3 ,fir/1 we h to deal ) ! "q1 ( :at /ructure ! g5]al _w condition ought to be1 on ! basis ( :i* ! epic ev5t is p]mitt$ to receive an adequate reproduction4 ,secondly1 we %all inve/igate ! quality ( ?is specific type ( hi/orical ev5t itself4 ,la/ly1 we %all direct att5tion to ! =m 9 :i* ^! two aspects ( our subject-matt] coalesce & are complet$ 9 ! unity ( a s+le "w ( art1 t is1 9 ! epic poem4 7a7 ,! ,g5]al ,_w-condition ( ! ,epic ,poem ,we h already1 :5 ,ave />t$ on ?is subject1 se5 t x is n a s+le isolat$ action :i* is accompli%$ 9 ! true epic ev5t2 ! subject ( ! n>rative is n1 9 %ort1 a :olly accid5tal occurr5ce1 b an action :i* is dove-tail$ into ! entire complexus ( a p>ticul> age & national circum/ances1 :i* 9 consequ5ce c only be plac$ be=e u ) success z a con/itu5t "p ( an ext5sive _w1 dem&+ z x does ! reflection ( su* a _w 9 its entirety4 ,9 respect to ! actual poetical cont5t ( ?is backgr\nd ,i %all be brief1 inasmu* z ,i h already indicat$ ! fundam5tal po9ts ( int]e/ :51 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is "w1 ,i discuss$ ! g5]al _w-condition :i* ! ideal action presuppos$4 ,9 ! pres5t context !re=e ,i %all re/rict myself to ! "q :at is ( mo/ importance to ! ,epos simply4 77 ,t :i* is mo/ adapt$1 z ! all-embrac+ condition ( human society1 to =m ! backgr\nd ( ! ,epos consi/s 9 ?is1 t x already possesses = p>ticul> individuals ! =m ( a positive condition actually pres5t1 & yet cont9ues ) !m 9 close/ association ) ! simplicity ( primitive life4 ,= if ! h]oes :o are plac$ z ! cr[n+ fact ( all1 are fir/ to f\nd a collective condition ! det]m9ation ( :at is or ought to come into exi/5ce falls into ! m p]sonal sph]e ( "* to a great] ext5t ?an is compatible ) ! nature ( ! ,epos1 & !re) all appe>ance ( ! same z objective reality is impossible4 77 ,! relations ( e?ical life1 ! aggregate ( ! family1 ( ! p reg>d$ z a complete nation1 n m]ely ) a view to w>1 b also 9 _! peaceful security1 mu/ h become a positive fact 9 _! evolution2 yet along ) ?is _! organization _c z yet h assum$ ! settl$ =m ( co-ord9ate regulations1 obligations1 & laws indep5d5t 9 _! validity ( ! direct p]sonal & private activities ( individuals1 & possessive ( ! p[] to ma9ta9 !mselves aga9/ su* p>ticul> wills4 ,r x is ! intuitive s5se ( "r & fairness1 ! moral habit1 ! temp]am5t1 ! p]sonality1 :i* supply ! support1 z !y are ! s\rce1 ( su* a social ord]2 we h1 9 %ort1 no !oretic intellig5ce 9 its precipitat$ =m ( prosaic reality able to e/abli% & secure su* a resi/ance to ! he>t1 ! op9ions & passions ( individuals4 ,we may dismiss ! ?\ght t a community ) a fully organiz$ con/itution & an elaborate sy/em ( law1 judicial c\rts1 gov]nm5t (ficials & police1 w\ld supply ! environm5t ( a really epic action4#c ,! conditions ( positive morality mu/1 no d\bt1 be pres5t 9 ! g5]al w & conduct1 b ! in/rum5ts ( its realization c only be ! action & p]sonality ( individuals1 & a det]m9ate mode ( its exi/5ce1 ( univ]sal application & indep5d5t /ability1 is necess>ily abs5t4 ,we f9d1 9 %ort1 9 ! ,epos no d\bt ! sub/antive reciprocity ( objective life & action1 b we f9d no less a fre$om 9 ?is _w ( life & action1 :i* has all ! appe>ance ( orig9at+ exclusively f ! isolat$ volition ( individuals4 77 ,! same consid]ations apply to ! relation ( ! individual to ! natural environm5t1 f :i* he borr[s ! means to satisfy 8 wants1 no less ?an discov]s ! be/ way to d s4 ,9 ?is respect1 too1 ,i w\ld ref] ! read] back to :at ,i h obs]v$ at great] l5g?1 :5 discuss+ ! ext]nal def9ition ( ! ,ideal4 ,:at mank9d requires 9 its ext]nal life1 h\se & f>m1 t5t1 settle1 b$1 sword1 lance1 ! %ip1 9 :i* he crosses ! sea1 ! *>iot1 :i* be>s him into battle1 8 s\p1 8 roa/ ( meat1 & dr9k--n "o ( ^! ?+s ne$ p]=ce become to him a lifeless in/rum5t2 he ought /ill to communicate to ! same some?+ ( 8 entire life & sub/ance1 8 ess5tial self1 & !reby leave ! /amp ( 8 own human individuality1 by 8 active association on t :i* is o!rwise :olly ext]nal4 ,our pres5t life ) its ma*9]y & factory-made products1 no less ?an ! k9d ( way we seek to satisfy g5]ally ! ne$s ( our ext]nal life1 is 9 ?is respect q z mu* z t ( our political organization1 :olly unfit to =m ! backgr\nd :i* ! ,epos 9 its primitive guise dem&s4 ,= j z ! sci5tific faculty ) its g5]alizations1 its imp]i\s conclusions1 deliv]$ indep5d5tly ( all p]sonal views1 c nev] h ass]t$ its claim "u ! _w-condition ( ! poetic type we are consid]+1 s1 too1 we may assume t man did n yet appe> dive/$ ( 8 vital connection ) ,nature1 & ! fre% & vigor\s comrade%ip1 :e!r z fri5ds or oppon5ts1 :i* is !re9 impli$4 77 ,su* is ! _w-condition :i*1 9 a previ\s passage1 & 9 contra/ to ! idyllic1 ,i h call$ ! h]oic4 ,we f9d x depict$ 9 ,hom] ) ! noble/ poetry1 & ) all ! weal? ( entirely human *>act]ization4 ,we h no m "h1 :e!r 9 dome/ic or public life1 a b>b>\s /ate ( ?+s1 ?an we h ! :olly conv5tional prose ( a regulat$ family & political organization2 :at we d f9d is t primitive mean ( poetry mu* z ,i h already describ$ x4 ,a fundam5tal feature 9 su* a condition is unque/ionably ! free individuality ( all ! pr9cipal p]sonages4 ,9 ! ,iliad1 = example1 ,agamemnon is1 no d\bt1 a k+ ( k+s--all o!r *iefta9s are subject to 8 sceptre--b 8 sup]iority is no m]ely =mal mutual relation ( comm& & submission ( ! "l1 t is1 to 8 vassals4 ,on ! contr>y1 mu* circumspection is requir$ ( him2 he mu/ be %rewd en\gh to "k :]e he ought to give way1 = ea* p>ticul> *iefta9 is indep5d5t ev5 z himself2 !y are n m]ely gov]nors or g5]als summon$ by him4 ,!y h assembl$ ar\nd him ( _! own free w1 or are induc$ to foll[ 8 lead 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,he mu/ take c\nsel ) !m2 & if !y disagree ) 8 judgm5t !y are at lib]ty1 z ,a*illes did1 to rema9 alo( f ! battle4 ,x is ?is fre$om ( acceptance1 no less ?an ?is free "r to ass]t disapproval1 :i* secures ! absolute indep5d5ce ( su* individuality1 & atta*es its poetical atmosph]e to e situation4 ,we f9d mu* ! same ?+ 9 ! poetry ( ,ossian1 z also 9 ! relation ( ! ,cid to ! pr9ces1 :om ?is poetical h]o ( romantic & national *ivalry s]ves z vassal4 ,9 ,ario/o & ,tasso ?is free relation is /ill unimpair$2 & inde$ 9 ,ario/o ! individual h]oes set =? 9 practically unqualifi$ indep5d5ce on _! own pa? ( adv5ture4 ,& ! mass ( ! folk /& 9 mu* ! same relation to _! lead]s z t ( ! sep>ate *iefta9s to ,agamemnon4 ,^! too foll[ volunt>ily4 ,!re is /ill no p>am\nt legal obligation by :i* !y are con/ra9$4 ,hon\r1 rev]5ce1 humility 9 ! pres5ce ( m5 m mighty ?an !mselves1 ev] able to en=ce t might1 ! impos+ pres5ce ( ! h]oic "* 9 %ort & all x implies1 su* are ! ess5tial gr\nds ( _! ob$i5ce4 ,! ord] ( dome/ic life is ma9ta9$ 9 a simil> way4 ,x is n en=c$ z an accept$ rule ( s]vice1 b z dep5d5t on p]sonal incl9ation or e?ical habit4 ,all is made to appe> z ?\gh x _h gr[n up spontane\sly4 ,hom]1 = example1 tells u ( ! ,greeks1 :5 n>rat+ "o ( _! battles ) ! ,trojans1 t !y _h lo/ _m valiant fight]s1 b n s _m z ! ,trojans2 & ! reason giv5 is t !y 7 always m9dful to w>d (f f "o ano!r ! extreme ( necessity4 ,9 o!r words1 !y assi/$ ea* o!r4 ,& if we1 9 our own days1 _h occasion to def9e ! diff]5ce betwe5 a well-discipl9$ & an unciviliz$ army we c\ld n express x m directly ?an by lay+ /ress on ?is v coh]5ce & _s ( cam]ad]ie1 ?is unity en=c$ by all 9 a felt association1 :i* di/+ui%$ ! =m]4 ,b>b>ians are simply human mobs1 9 :i* no individual c rely on 8 neighb\r4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 9 our mod]n example1 be+ z x is ! f9al result ( a /r+5t & t$i\s milit>y discipl9e1 r appe>s z ! ex]cise & comm& ( an e/abli%$ regime1 9 ,hom]'s case is /ill an e?ical habit ass]t$ ( its own accord1 spr++ f ! vital /r5g? ( ! individual 9 8 private capacity4 ,we may expla9 9 a simil> way ,hom]'s great v>iety 9 8 descriptions ( ,nature & ext]nal condition4 ,9 ! prose romances ( our own day we d n f9d mu* /ress laid on ! natural aspects ( ?+s4 ,hom]1 on ! contr>y1 gives u e detail 9 8 portrayal ( a /aff1 sceptre1 b$/ead1 arm\r1 clo?+1 doorpo/2 he does n ev5 omit to m5tion ! h+es on :i* ! door turns4 ,su* ?+s appe> to u :olly outside our att5tion & insignificant2 or r we may say t x is ! t5d5cy ( our education to affect an extremely sev]e sup]iority to a :ole numb] ( objects1 matt]s1 & expressions1 & we delib]ately classify 9 _! claim to our notice su* ?+s z v>i\s k9ds ( dress1 furniture1 implem5ts1 & s on4 ,add to ?is ! fact t 9 our day all ! means suppli$ or prep>$ = ! satisfaction ( our wants are s split up into e k9d ( ma*9]y product f "w-%op & factory1 we come to reg>d ! m$ley ( supply z some?+ b5ea? u1 nei!r des]v+ enum]ation or respectful att5tion4 ,! h]oic exi/5ce is1 on ! contr>y1 confront$ ) a primitive simplicity ( objects & inv5tions2 x readily l+]s on _! description4 ,all ^! possessions are1 9 %ort1 reg>d$ z ( "o /&>d ( value1 z *attels or in/rum5ts 9 :i* man /ill discov]s evid5ce ( 8 craftsman%ip1 8 positive weal? & int]e/ :]e( he may be ju/ly pr\d4 ,8 entire life is n ab/ract$ f su* mat]ial ?+s1 nor exclusively occupi$ ) a purely intellectual sph]e4 ,to slaught] ox5 & prep>e _! fle% = ! table1 to p\r out w9e & ?+s ( t sort are "p ( ! h]oic life1 c>ri$ out ) purpose & delight2 ) u a meal1 if x is n to be a v commonplace affair1 mu/ n m]ely c>ry ) x some?+ ( ! cul9>y art1 b is incomplete )\t really good conv]sation4 ,hom]'s detail$ descriptions 9 ^! matt]s mu/ n !re=e be look$ ^u z a purely poetical embelli%m5t ( ?+s ( little mom5t2 su* a copi\s att5tion is no?+ m or less ?an ! actual _s ( ! m5 & circum/ances depict$4 ,we f9d j ! same prolixity ( spee* on ext]nal ?+s 9 ! case ( our own peasants2 & = t matt] d n ! d&ies ( our own day dilate )\t limit ^u _! /ables1 horses1 top-boots1 spurs1 pants1 & ! l4 ,9 contra/ to a life ( pr(\nd] intellectual int]e/ su* ?+s w d\btless appe> some:at jejune4 ,su* a _w ought n m]ely to embrace ! limit$ univ]sality ( ! p>ticul> ev5t1 :i* occurs on ! def9ite backgr\nd presuppos$2 x mu/ coalesce 9 its expansion ) ! entire horizon ( ! national vision4 ,we h a supremely f9e example ( ?is 9 ! ,odyssey1 :i* n only br+s u into contact ) ! dome/ic life ( ! ,greek *iefta9s1 _! s]vants & subord9ates1 b also unfolds ! ri*e/ v>iety ) its tales ( ! _m op9ions ( =eign peoples1 ! haz>ds ( sea-life1 ! dwell+s ( di/ant l&s1 & s =?4 ,b 9 ! ,iliad also1 ?\gh ! nature ( its subject re/ricts to "s ext5t ! horizon ( our vision1 & n unnaturally on its battle-fields has comp>atively little to tell u ( m tranquil sc5es1 ,hom]1 at lea/1 has on ! %ield ( ,a*illes manag$ 9 a wond]ful way to give u a view ( ! entire compass ( t]re/rial exi/5ce1 no less ?an human life1 9 m>riages1 judicial affairs1 agriculture1 ! might ( armies1 ! private w>s ( cities1 & mu* else4 ,& ^! descriptions we '%all d well n to reg>d z a :olly incid5tal feature ( ! poem4 ,9 contra/ to su* a treatm5t ! poems we id5tify ) ! "n ( ,ossian introduce u to a _w t is too limit$ & indef9ite4 ,x has = ?is v reason r a lyrical "*2 & z = ,dante we may say t 8 angels & devils inhabit no truly positive _w op5 to our detail$ approa*2 x exi/s solely z in/rum5tal to ! f9al fruition or due puni%m5t ( mank9d4 ,& above all 9 ! ,nibelung5li$ ! abs5ce is complete ( any def9ite realization ( a visible _w or environm5t1 s t ! n>rative t5ds 9 ?is respect to assume ! /ra9 or tone ( ! m]e ballads+]4 ,! n>rative is1 no d\bt1 diffusive en\gh2 b x is all mu* z if "s j\rneyman _h pick$ x up fir/ z gossip1 & !n retail$ x z su* aft]w>ds4 ,we are n br\ght to close qu>t]s ) ! facts1 b are m]ely made aw>e ( ! impot5ce & t$i\s ef=t ( ! poet4 ,?is we>isome expanse ( poetical debility becomes ( c\rse ev5 m pron\nc$ 9 ! ,book ( ,h]oes1 until f9ally ! :ole bus9ess is h&$ ov] to ! true poetical j\rneyman1 9 o!r words1 ! ,ma/] s+]s4 77 ,fur!rmore1 = ! reason t ! ,epos has to embody 9 art a specific _w1 9 all its sep>ate *>act]i/ics c>efully def9$1 "o1 9 %ort1 = ?is reason itself ess5tially individual1 ! mirror ( su* a _w mu/ be t ( a "o p>ticul> p4 77 ,9 ?is respect all truly primitive ,epopees pres5t to our view a national _s 9 ! e?ical /ructure ( its family life1 its public dispositions 9 times ( peace or w>1 its wants1 arts1 usages1 & int]e/s--9 a ^w1 a picture ( ! relative type & /age ( ! national consci\sness4 ,:at ! epic poem rev]es m ?an any?+ else1 obs]ves mo/ n>r[ly1 t :i*1 z previ\sly not$1 x expatiates ^u1 is ! p[] to let our inw>d eye see z 9 a mirror ! individual g5ius ( nations4 ,we h pres5t$ u1 z ! result ( su* a gall]y1 ! _w-hi/ory itself1 & :at is m1 we h x 9 its beautiful1 free1 & emphasiz$ vitality1 manife/ation1 & de$4 ,f no s\rce1 ei!r s impregnate ) life or simplicity1 c we1 = example1 bett] und]/& ! ,hell5ic _s & ,greek hi/ory1 or at lea/ grasp ! pr9ciple ( t cont5t1 :i* ?is p embodi$1 & :i* x br\ght ) x :5 x fir/ set =? to engage 9 ! conflict ( its :olly au!ntic hi/ory1 ?an f ?is ( ! poet ,hom]4 77 ,n[ ! national sub/ance 9 its realization is ( a tw(old nature4 ,fir/1 we h an entirely positive _w ( specializ$ usage or cu/om peculi> to ! nation 9 "q1 a def9ite p]iod ( hi/ory1 a def9ite environm5t1 :e!r geographical 9 its /reams1 hills & =e/s1 or 9 its climatic situation4 ,secondly1 we h t ideal sub/ance ( its spiritual life1 :e!r 9 ! religi\s sph]e1 ! family or ! community g5]ally4 ,if ?us an ,epos ( ! primitive type is1 "u ! conditions already indicat$1 to be & rema9 a p]man5tly effective bible1 ! nation's ,book1 9 t case t :i* is positive 9 ! reality ( ! ,pa/ c only claim su* a cont9u\sly vital int]e/ 9 s f> z ! *>act]i/ic features accept$ are plac$ 9 an ideal connection ) ! actually sub/antive aspects & t5d5cies ( ! national life4 ,o!rwise :at claims to be ( positive value w be entirely cont+5t & a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,native geographical conditions1 = in/ance1 ent] into ! conception ( nationality4 ,b if !y d n conf] on a folk its specific "*1 ! addition ( o!r natural environm5t1 provid$ t does n contradict national "*1 is n 9 c]ta9 cases prejudicial to ! effect1 b may ev5 prove attractive to ! imag9ation4 ,no d\bt ! s5sitive exp]i5ce ( y\? is int]wov5 ) ! imm$iate pres5ce ( its native hills & /reams2 b :]e ! deep] bonds ( ! entire spiritual outlook are abs5t1 su* an association assumes a m or less ext]nal "*4 ,&1 ap>t f ?is1 :]e we h1 z 9 ! ,iliad1 a w>like exp$ition1 x is impossible to pres]ve ! locale ( ! fa!rl&4 ,9 su* a case ! sc5]y ( a =eign l& 9 itself fasc9ates & attracts4 ,! endur+ vitality ( an ,epos is1 h[ev]1 m s]i\sly impair$1 :]e1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 ! spiritual consci\sness & life has s entirely *ang$ t ! l9ks betwe5 ! m rec5t ,pa/ & ! orig9al po9t ( dep>ture already adv]t$ to are completely sev]$4 ,?is is actually ! case ) ! poet ,klop/ock 9 ano!r prov9ce ( poetry1 :]e he attempts to e/abli% a national religion1 &1 9 ord] to d s1 gives u 8 ,h]mann & ,?usnelda4 ,we may affirm ! same k9d ( defect ( ! ,nibelung5li$4 ,! ,burgundians1 ! rev5ge ( ,*riemhilda1 ! exploits ( ,siegfri$1 ! entire social condition1 ! fat$ d[nfall ( an entire race & _m l facts--all ?is is no long] vitally held toge!r ) ! dome/ic1 civil1 & judicial life1 ! in/itutions & con/itutions ( ! pres5t day4 ,! biography ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ) its ,j]usalem1 ,be?lehem1 & ,roman jurisdiction1 ev5 ! ,trojan w> itself1 come home to ourselves f> m ne>ly ?an ! ev5ts ( ! ,niebelung52 ! latt] are = pres5t consci\sness a /ate ( ?+s :olly gone = ev]1 swept away once & = all ) a besom4 ,to attempt to compose ( su* some?+ ( national significance1 to say no?+ ( a national bible1 betok5s ! extreme limit ( folly & sup]ficiality4 ,9 times :5 x 0 ra%ly#d assum$ t ! flame ( y\?ful en?usiasm _h fla%$ up anew1 su* a conceit 0 tak5 z a pro( ( ! s]e leaf ( an age once m become *ildlike 9 ! approa* ( dea?2 & x refre%$ itself ) a pa/ t 0 dead1 & deem$ x possible to associate o!rs ) a simil> refre%m5t & r5ew$ pres5ce4 77 ,if1 h[ev]1 a national ,epos is to secure 9 addition ! p]man5t int]e/ ( =eign nations ! _w :i* x depicts mu/ n m]ely be ( a p>ticul> nationality1 b ( a type t is1 9 ?is specific folk1 its h]oism & exploits1 equally impress$ ) ! /amp ( our common humanity4 ,9 ! poems ( ,hom]1 = example1 ! sup]b directness ) :i* he deals ) matt]s ( div9e or e?ical import1 ! nobility ( ! *>act]s & ( ev]y?+ liv+ !re9 embrac$1 ! pictorial quality ( _! pres5tm5t to ! read]1 all ?is insures an undy+ tru? = succe$+ ages4 ,9 ?is respect we f9d a rem>kable contra/ 9 ! creation ( diff]5t peoples4 ,we _c d5y1 = in/ance1 t ! ,ramajana reflects ) ! ess5tial directness ( life ! national _s ( ! ,h9doos1 m p>ticul>ly f ! religi\s po9t ( view2 b ! "* ( ! entire ,h9doo race is s ov]p[]+ly ( a unique type1 t ! ess5tial features ( our common humanity are unable to ass]t !mselves ?r\gh ! veil ( ?is national idiosyncracy4 ,a rem>kable contra/ to ?is is ! way 9 :i* ! entire ,*ri/ian _w1 f ! e>lie/ times1 has f\nd itself at home 9 ^? epic passages ( ,old ,te/am5t n>rative1 above all 9 ! pictures ( ! patri>*al /ate1 & able to repicture = itself to ! life ! ev5ts portray$ ov] & ov] aga9 ) ! greate/ enjoym5t4 ,! te/imony ( ,goe! is unequivocal4 ,"h 0 ! "o focal c5tre1 he assures u1 on :i*1 9 8 "y days1 amid mu* t he le>n$ ( a miscellane\s & unconnect$ "*1 8 intellect no less ?an feel+ conc5trat$ itself4 ,ev5 9 lat] life he /ill rem>ks ^u !m t aft] all our w&]+s ?r\gh ! ,ea/ we always return$ 9 ! end to ^! writ+s z ! mo/ invigorat+ spr+ ( wat]s3 "h & !re !y might be tr\bl$2 n unfrequ5tly !y hid !mselves 9 ! e>?2 b x 0 only to rise up aga9 pure & fre% z ev]4 77 ,f9ally1 ! g5]al condition ( a p>ticul> p mu/ n 9 ?is tranquil univ]sality ( its individual "* :olly ou/ :at is m directly ! object ( ! ,epos1 9 o!r words1 be describ$ ) no ref]5ce to t4 ,x ought only to appe> z ! f\ndation1 ^u :i* an ev5t ?r\gh\t its entire process is transact$1 "o :i* is 9 contact ) all aspects ( ! national life1 & "o :i* illu/rates ! same z x proce$s4 ,su* an ev5tuality mu/ n be a purely ext]nal incid5t2 x mu/ imply a delib]ately conceiv$ purpose execut$ by equally delib]ate ef=t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^! two aspects1 namely1 ! g5]al condition & ! p>ticul> action1 d n coalesce1 !n ! ev5t 9 "q mu/ seek its ju/ification 9 ! p>ticul> circum/ances1 ! causal conditions :i* dom9ate its movem5t4 ,t is practically to say ! _w ( ,epos :i* is reproduc$ mu/ be conceiv$ "u a specific situation :i* is s concrete t ! def9ite objects :i* x is ! function ( ! epic n>rative to realize1 are necess>ily made explicit by x4 ,we h already1 :5 discuss+ ! ideal action1#e po9t$ out on g5]al l9es t ?is realization presupposes situations & circum/ances :i* br+ ab\t collisions1 actions t d injury & consequ5tly necess>y reactions4 ,! p>ticul> situation1 !re=e1 9 :i* ! epic _w-condition ( a nation is made actual to u1 mu/ ( itself be ess5tially "o imply+ su* collisions4 ,9 ?is respect1 !re=e1 epic poetry ent]s ! field already occupi$ by dramatic poetry2 & we may f9d x conv5i5t at once to det]m9e 9 :at respects ! collisions ( ^! two types ( poetry diff]4 77 ,"u ! broade/ review ( ?is "q we may say t ! conflict ( ! bellig]5t condition is t :i* supplies ! ,epos ) its mo/ p]t95t situation4 ,9 w> x is obvi\sly ! entire nation :i* is set 9 activity1 & :i*1 z a :ole plac$ "u simil> conditions1 is mov$ & /imulat$ 9 a novel way1 9 s f> at lea/ z x possesses any claim1 z su* a :ole1 to p>ticipate 9 x4 ,we may admit t ! above conclusion /&s 9 app>5t contradiction n m]ely ) ,hom]'s ,odyssey1 b also ! subject-matt] ( _m poems t are epic 9 an o!rwise intelligible s5se4 ,x f9ds1 h[ev]1 ample corroboration 9 ! majority ( ! mo/ fam\s ,epopees4 ,moreov]1 ! collision ( op]ations 9 ! ev5ts ( :i* ! ,odyssey in=ms u1 d]ives "p ( its s\rce f ! ,trojan w>2 & ev5 "u ! aspect ( dome/ic life 9 ,i?aca1 no less ?an t ( ! home-return+ ,odysseus1 al?\gh ! n>rative is no actual acc\nt ( conflicts betwe5 ,greeks & ,trojans1 yet x deals ) facts :i* are ! imm$iate consequ5ce ( t w>4 ,nay1 x is itself w> "u a new aspect1 = _m *iefta9s are =c$ to reconqu] _! homes1 :i* aft] _! t5 ye>s' abs5ce !y f9d "u :olly alt]$ conditions4 ,we h practically b "o example ( ! religi\s ,epos1 ,dante's ,div9e ,com$y4 ,ev5 "h1 too1 ! fundam5tal collision is d$ucible f t orig9al ,fall ( ! evil angels f heav51 :i* br+s 9 its tra9 & )9 ! sph]e ( human exp]i5ce ! ev] active ext]nal & ideal conflict betwe5 ! ,div9e ,fa!r & ! conduct ( m51 :e!r ho/ile or well-pleas+ to ,him1 a conflict et]nally p]petuat$ 9 condemnation1 purification1 & bless$ness1 or 9 o!r words1 hell1 purgatory1 & p>adise4 ,also1 too1 9 ! ,messias x is ! =m] w> aga9/ ! ,son ( ,god :i* supplies ! focal c5tre4 ,at ! same "t ! mo/ vital & truly p]t95t examples are ^? :i* actually describe ! bellig]5t /ate4 ,we h already drawn att5tion to su* 9 ! ,ramajana1 &1 mo/ in/ructive ( all1 9 ! ,iliad2 fur!r examples are ! fam\s poems ( ,ossian1 ,tasso1 ,ario/o1 & ,camo5s4 ,9 w> c\rage is & rema9s ! fundam5tal int]e/2 & w>like c\rage is a /ate ( ! s\l & an activity1 :i* is nei!r s suitable = lyrical expression nor = dramatic action1 b is pre-em95tly adapt$ to ! descriptive p[] ( ! ,epos4 ,9 dramatic poetry x is r ! ideal /r5g? or weakness ( spiritual life1 ! e?ically ju/ifi$ or repreh5sible pa?os :i* is ! ma9 ?+3 9 ! ,epos1 on ! contr>y1 x is r ! native *>act]i/ics ( a p]sonality4 ,= ?is reason1 :]e x is national exploits :i* are und]tak51 brav]y is 9 its "r place2 x is 9 fact n an e?ical /ate1#f 9 :i* ! w is det]m9$ ?r\gh its own initiative z an intellig5t consci\sness & volition4 ,x r dep5ds on natural temp]am5t1 unites 9 direct equilibrium1 z by fusion1 ) ! sph]e ( self-consci\s life1 &1 9 ord] to br+ into effect practical ends1 :i* c be m fitly express$ 9 epic description ?an "u ! conceptions ( lyrical emotion & reflection4 ,& ^! conclusions ) reg>d to brav]y 9 w> apply ) equal =ce to ! exploits ( w> & _! consequ5ces4 ,! activities ( p]sonal volition & ! accid5ts ( ! ext]nal ev5t supply ! two scales ( ! balance4 ,! b>e ev5t1 ) its :olly mat]ial ob/ructions1 is exclud$ f ! drama1 inasmu* z "h :at is exclusively ext]nal is n p]mitt$ to reta9 an indep5d5t "r1 b is causally relat$ to ! aim & ideal purposes ( individuals1 s t z to all cont+5t matt]1 if by any *ance x appe>s to arise & to det]m9e ! result1 we are none ! less compell$ to look = ! real op]ative cause & ju/ification !re( 9 ! spiritual nature ( human "* & its objects1 no less ?an 9 t ( its collisions & _! necess>y resolution4 77 ,a basis ( ! epic action su* z ?is ( active ho/ilities is obvi\sly ! s\rce ( a v v>i$ subject-matt]4 ,we may h plac$ be=e ! imag9ation a ho/ ( int]e/+ actions & ev5ts1 9 :i* brav]y 9 action supplies ! lead+ rle1 & ! claim ( ext]nal =ces1 :e!r ass]t$ 9 circum/ance or incid5t1 is ma9ta9$ unimpair$4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ n ov]look a respect 9 :i* ! possibilities ( epic n>ration is ess5tially re/rict$4 ,x is only w>s wag$ betwe5 "o =eign nation & ano!r :i* p>take ( a truly epic "*4 ,9 contra/ to ?is conflicts betwe5 dyna/ies1 civil w>s & social revolution1 are m suit$ to dramatic exposition4 ,& 9 fact ,ari/otle long ago#g advises ! tragic poet to select subject-matt] :i* is conc]n$ ) ! conflicts ( bro!r aga9/ bro!r4 ,( ?is type is ! w> ( ! ,sev5 aga9/ ,!bes4 ,x is ,!bes' own son :o /orms ! city2 & its def5d] is ! actual bro!r ( ! aggressor4 ,ho/ility ( ?is type is some?+ m ?an t ( a m]e foe2 its significance is b\nd up ) ! individuality ( ! oppos$ bro!rs4 ,we h simil> examples ) e k9d ( v>iety 9 ,%akespe>e's hi/orical trag$ies4 ,9 ^!1 almo/ )\t exception1 agreem5t betwe5 p>ticul> individuals is :at might be legitimately look$ =1 & x is only ! private motives ( individual passion & a p]sonality absorb$ 9 its own aims & satisfaction :i* br+ ab\t collisions & w>s4 ,z an example ( an action ( ?is k9d treat$ 9 ! epic mann]1 & !re=e defectively1 ,i w m5tion ! ,ph>salia ( ,lucan4 ,h[ev] indisputably important ! conflict+ aims 9 ?is poem may appe> to be1 yet = all t ! oppos+ p>ties are "h too closely relat$ on ! common gr\nd ( "o fa!rl&3 _! conflict1 consequ5tly1 in/ead ( be+ a w> betwe5 two national entities1 is no?+ m ?an a /rife ( p>ties1 ei!r ( :i*1 by ! v fact t x splits asund] ! sub/antive national unity1 po9ts 9 "o direction1 namely1 t ( tragic guilt & demoralization4 ,held to ?is ! objective facts are n plac$ be=e u 9 _! cle>ness & simplicity1 b are inweav$ ) "o ano!r 9 a confus$ mann]4 ,! same objections are equally p]t95t to ,voltaire's ,h5riad4 ,9 contra/ to ?is ! ho/ility ( =eign nations is some?+ sub/antive4 ,e nation con/itutes a totality ess5tially di/9ct f & 9 opposition to t ( ano!r4 ,:5 ^! come into conflict we d n feel t any positive e?ical connection is %att]$1 no?+ at lea/ ( ess5tial value to ei!r is violat$1#h no necess>y :ole brok5 into fragm5ts4 ,r x is a conflict wag$ 9 ord] to ma9ta9 su* a totality unimpair$ & to ju/ify its claim to be s4 ,ho/ility !re=e ( ?is type is suit$ 9 e way to ! ess5tial "* ( epic poetry4 77 ,n e w>1 h[ev]1 wag$ "u ord9>y conditions betwe5 two ho/ile nations is necess>ily on t acc\nt ( an epic "*4 ,we mu/ h a fur!r condition satisfi$1 namely1 ! ju/ification on broad hi/orical gr\nds = ! bellicose attitude ?us adopt$4 ,only :5 we h ?is d we obta9 a picture ( an ent]prise at once novel & m exalt$1 :i* does n pres5t ! appe>ance ( some?+ ap>t f univ]sal hi/ory1 ! purely caprici\s subjugation ( "o /ate by ano!r1 b is absolutely & ess5tially root$ 9 a pr(\nd] pr9ciple ( necessity1 h[ev] mu* at ! same "t ! m sup]ficial & obvi\s motive ( ! und]tak+ may assume f "o po9t ( view ! aspect ( delib]ate wrong1#i & f ! o!r t ( a private rev5ge4 ,we h some?+ analog\s to su* a situation 9 ! ,ramajana4 ,b ! supreme example is t ( ! ,iliad1 :]e ! ,greeks invade an ,asiatic p1 & 9 do+ s fight out z x 7 ! preludic conflict ( a trem5d\s opposition1 ! w>s ( :i* practically con/itute ! turn+ po9t ( ,greek hi/ory z we see x on ! /age ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,( ! same type is ! /ruggle ( ! ,cid aga9/ ! ,moors1 or 9 ,tasso & ,ario/o ! battles ( ! ,*ri/ians aga9/ ! ,s>ac5s1 or 9 ,camo5s ! /rife ( ! ,portuguese aga9/ ! ,indians4 ,& inde$ we may ass]t t 9 all ! greate/ ,epopees we f9d nations :i* diff] f ea* o!r 9 moral cu/oms1 religion1 & language1 9 a ^w1 9 all t conc]ns _! spiritual & ext]nal life1 br\ght into collision2 & we are ready to contemplate su* )\t any revulsion on acc\nt ( ! triumph we f9d ass]t$ !re ( a nobl] pr9ciple ( _w-evolution ov] a less exalt$1 a victory assur$ by a brav]y t is simply annihilat+4 ,if any "o %\ld1 9 ?is s5se1 & 9 emulation ( pa/ ,epopees1 :i* h s\ght to depict ! triumph ( ! ,we/ ov] ! ,ea/1 ( ! ,european pr9ciple ( mod]ation1 ( ! individually articulate & truly organic type ( beauty ov] ,asiatic spl5d\r1 ov] ! magnific5ce ( a patri>*al unity1 :i* does n attempt to secure su* organic complet5ess1 or is at lea/ m]ely held toge!r by ab/ract & sup]ficial conjunctions1 if su*1 ,i say1 %\ld aspire to write ! ,epopee ( ! future1 he w be necess>ily re/rict$ to ! portrayal ( ! victory ( "s future & int5sely vital rationality ( ! ,am]ican nation ov] ! prison-h\se ( ! _s :i* = ev] pursues its monoton\s task ( self-adju/m5t & p>ticul>ization4#aj ,9 ! ,europe ( our day e nation f9ds itself condition$#aa by its neighb\r1 & _c v5ture on its own acc\nt to wage any w> ) ano!r ,european nation4 ,if we lift our eyes beyond ,europe1 !re c be only "o direction1 ,am]ica4 7b7 ,! ,individual ,epic ,action ,x is on su* an ess5tially limit$ f\ndation !n ( conflict betwe5 entire nationalities t ! epic ev5t is realiz$1 ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( :i* we h n[ to det]m9e4 ,we may summ>ize ! =m we propose our inve/igation %\ld take z foll[s3 ,fir/1 :at actually takes place consi/s ess5tially 9 ?is t ! object ( ! epic action ought necess>ily to be ( individual vitality & def9ition1 h[ev] mu* x may re/ on a basis ( ! mo/ g5]al ext5sion4 ,secondly1 = ! reason t x is only ( individuals t we c pr$icate actions we h ! problem to solve ( ! g5]al nature ( ! epic "* or p]sonality4 ,?irdly1 9 ! epic ev5tuality ! =m ( objectivity is n exclusively t ( ext]nal appe>ance3 x consi/s q z mu* 9 ! significance ( all t is itself intr9sically necess>y to & sub/antive 9 ! exposition4 ,we h consequ5tly to det]m9e ! =m 9 :i* ?is intr9sic significance ( ! occurr5ce proclaims itself z effective1 ei!r 9 "p z ! ideal necessity :i* is !re9 conceal$1 or z ! disclos$ direction#ab ( et]nal & provid5tial =ces4 77 ,we h po/ulat$ z a necess>y backgr\nd ( ?is epic _w an ent]prise ( national significance1 9 :i* ! entire compass ( a national _s c express itself 9 ! bloom & fre%ness ( its h]oic condition4 ,f ?is fundam5tal sub/ratum 9 its simplicity we n[ fur!r assume ! app>ition ( a p>ticul> end1 9 ! realization ( :i* all o!r aspects ( ! national "*1 :e!r 9 belief or action1 c be repres5t$ to our vision4 ,! orig9al po/ulate is 9 fact b\nd up 9 ! close/ way ) su* an all-embrac+ actuality4 77 ,?is purpos$ object1 :i* is infus$ ) ! vital pr9ciple ( individuality on ! l9es ( :i*1 reg>d$ 9 its p>ticul>iz$ cont5t1 ! entire process moves =w>d1 mu/ fur!r1 z already asc]ta9$1 appropriate to itself 9 ! ,epos ! =m ( an ev5t4 ,x w be !re=e above all important to recall at once ! specific "* ( ! mode1 "u :i* human volition & action g5]ally comb9e 9 :at we designate z ! ev5t4 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 action & adv5ture are ! outcome ( consci\s life1 ! cont5t ( :i* is n only ideally express$ 9 emotions1 reflections1 & ?\ghts1 b also q z mu* 9 a practical way4 ,we may reg>d su* realization f two di/9ct po9ts ( view4 ,fir/1 we h ! ideal sub/ance ( ! end presuppos$ & purpos$1 ! g5]al "* ( :i* ! individual mu/ recognize1 w1 calculate & accept4 ,secondly1 !re is ! ext]nal reality ( ! spiritual or human & ! natural environm5t1 )9 :i* he is only able to act1 & ! accid5tal features ( :i* at "o "t ob/ruct & at ano!r assi/ 8 pa?2 s t ei!r 9 ! "o case he is c>ri$ =w>d by virtue ( ?is fav\r to a successful issue1 or1 if 9 ! o!r he is n prep>$ :olly to give way to su* opposition1 he f9ds x necess>y to ov]come !m ) 8 individual en]gy4 ,if n[ ! _w cov]$ by ?is volitional p[] is conceiv$ z ! indivisible unity ( ^! two aspects1 ) ! result t ! "r ( ass]tion by bo? is equally ass]t$1 9 t case :at is mo/ p]t95t to consci\s life likewise ent]s into ! =mal /ructure ( ! ev5t1 ! =m1 t is1 :i* conf]s on all human action ! configuration ( ev5ts1 9 s f> z ! consci\s or subjective w1 ) its purposes1 motives ( passion1 pr9ciples & aims1 c no long] appe> ! fact ( mo/ importance4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 9 human action ev]y?+ is ref]r$ back to human p]sonality1 p]sonal obligation1 op9ion & int5tion4 ,9 ! case ( ! ev5t1 on ! contr>y1 ! ext]nal con/itution ( ?+s is p]mitt$ to ass]t its inviolable claim4 ,"h x is objective reality itself1 :i* con/itutes ei!r ! =m assum$ by ! :ole1 or f ano!r po9t ( view a fundam5tal "p ( ! cont5t4 ,9 agreem5t ) su* a view ,i h already /at$ t x is ! function ( epic poetry to demon/rate ! happ5+ ( an action1 & !reby n only to e/abli% ! ext]nal disposition ( ! execution ( ends1 b also to meet z readily ! claims ( ext]nal condition1 natural occurr5ces1 & all else ( a cont+5t "*1 :i*1 9 action tak5 simply z su*1 ! ideal elem5t ( consci\s life claims exclusively z its prov9ce4 77 ,) reg>d to ! p>ticul> end1 ! c>ry+ out ( :i* ! ,epos unfolds "u ! mode ( ! ev5t1 x foll[s f our previ\s conclusions t x mu/ be no m]e m5tal ab/raction1 b on ! contr>y ( :olly concrete def9ition4 ,at ! same "t1 inasmu* z x is realiz$ )9 ! sub/antive actuality ( ! national unity1 su* a process mu/ exclude ! notion ( m]ely caprici\s activity4 ,! political /ate z su*--! fa!rl&1 let u say--or ! hi/ory ( a ,/ate & c\ntry1 are ess5tially some?+ univ]sal1 :i*1 reg>d$ 9 ! light ( su* univ]sality1 does n appe> "u ! mode ( a subjectively individual exi/5ce1 or1 9 o!r words1 9 insep>able & exclusive coalition ) "o def9ite liv+ individual4 ,= ?is reason ! hi/ory ( a c\ntry1 ! developm5t ( its political life1 its con/itution & de/9y may also no d\bt be n>rat$ z ev5t2 if1 h[ev]1 ! facts ?us describ$ are n plac$ be=e u z ! concrete de$1 ! consci\s aim1 ! passion1 ! suff]+ & accompli%m5t ( p>ticul> h]oes1 ^: individuality supplies ! =m & cont5t ( ! realization 9 all its p>ts1 ! ev5t m]ely assumes ! rigid =m ( its indep5d5t =w>d movem5t 9 ! prosaic hi/ory ( a p or an empire4 ,9 ?is respect no d\bt ! mo/ exalt$ action ( ,_s w\ld be ! hi/ory ( ! _w itself4 ,we c conceive x possible t our poet might 9 ?is s5se und]take to elaborate 9 :at we may call ! absolute ,epos ?is univ]sal a*ievem5t on ! battlefield ( ! univ]sal _s1 ^: h]o w\ld be ! _s ( man1 ! humanus1 :o is drawn up & exalt$ f ! cl\d$ levels#ac ( consci\s exi/5ce into ! cle>] region ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,b 9 virtue ( ! v fact ( its univ]sality a subject-matt] ( ?is k9d w\ld s be q unfitt$ = arti/ic treatm5t4 ,x w\ld n adapt itself suffici5tly to individualization4 ,= on ! "o h& we fail altoge!r to f9d 9 su* a subject a cle>ly fix$ backgr\nd & _w-condition1 n m]ely 9 relation to ext]nal locale1 b also 9 t ( morality & cu/om4 ,9 o!r words1 ! only basis = all we c\ld possibly presuppose w\ld be ! univ]sal ,_w-,_s or intellig5ce1 :om we are unable to br+ visibly be=e u z a p>ticul> condition1 & :o is possess$ ( ! entire ,e>? z 8 local environm5t4 ,& 9 l mann] too ! "o end fulfill$ 9 su* an ,epos c\ld only be ! end propos$ by ! ,_w-,_s himself1#ad :o c only be appreh5d$ & explicitly disclos$ 9 8 true significance ?r\gh ! processes ( ?\ght4 ,if he is1 h[ev]1 to be repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( poetry1 or1 at lea/1 if ! :ole is to receive its prop] mean+ & coalesc5ce f su* a s\rce1 x is necess>y t 8 pres5ce %\ld be express$ z t :i* acts indep5d5tly f its own res\rces4 ,?is c\ld only be possible = poetry1 9 s f> z ! ideal ,taskma/] ( hi/ory1 ! et]nal & absolute ,idea1 :i* is realiz$ 9 humanity1 ei!r 0 envision$ z a directive1 active1 p]fect+ individual p]son1 or 0 m]ely made effective "u ! conceal+ veil ( an ev]-op]ative ,necessity4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 h[ev]1 ! inf9ity ( su* a cont5t mu/ %att] ! necess>ily limit$ arti/ic vessel ( det]m9ate individuality1 or1 z ! only way ( avoid+ su* a defect1 mu/ assume ! inadequate =m ( a dispassionate allegory ( g5]al reflections ov] ! de/9ation ( ! human race & its education1 ov] ! f9al purpose ( mank9d1 its moral consummation1 or ov] :atev] result ! end ( ?is ,_w-hi/ory might e/abli%4 ,9 ! alt]native case x is ! g5ius ( ! v>i\s peoples :i* has 9 ea* example to be pres5t$ 79 ! h]oic figure7 9 ! conflict+ exi/5ce ( :om hi/ory exp&s & moves =w>d 9 progressive evolution4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! g5ius ( nations is really to appe> 9 poetical =m ?is c be c>ri$ out 9 only "o way1 namely1 by plac+ be=e u ! actual _w-hi/orical figures z op]ative ?r\gh _! de$s4 ,we %\ld1 h[ev]1 !n m]ely h a s]ies ( p>ticul> *>act]s1 :i* em]g$ & aga9 disappe>$ 9 a :olly ext]nal succession1 ! objects ( :i* lack$ individual unity & connection2 & ?is w\ld be s = ! reason t ! controll+ ,_w-,_s1 "u our conception ( x1 z ! ideal ess5ce & de/9y1 c\ld n1 9 ! case suppos$1 be set =? z itself an active individual & ! culm9at+ ag5t 9 ! process4 ,& if1 fur!r1 anyone 0 desir\s ( appropriat+ ! spirits ( diff]5t nationalities 9 _! univ]sality1 & ( display+ !m z ag5ts 9 su* a sub/antive =m1 we %\ld /ill only h a simil> s]ies1 ! individuals :]e(1 ap>t f ! fact t !y w\ld m]ely possess an appe>ance ( positive exi/5ce simil> to ,h9doo inc>nations1 w\ld1 9 ! fictiti\s =m ( ! imag9ation !y receiv$ pale into no?+ness :5 contra/$ ) ! tru? ( ! ,_w-,_s z realiz$ 9 actual hi/ory4 77 ,we may consequ5tly lay x d[n z a g5]al pr9ciple t ! p>ticul> epic ev5t is only able to secure a vital =m 9 poetry :5 x is unit$ 9 ! close/ /ate ( fusion ) "o individual4 ,precisely z x is "o poet :o ?9ks out & executes ! :ole1 s too "o individual mu/ cr[n ! edifice1 ) :om ! ev5t is associat$ & 9 connection ) ^: s+le id5tity x is cont9u$ & complet$4 ,we mu/ po9t out1 h[ev]1 t "h too we are limit$ by ess5tial conditions4 ,= j z 9 our previ\s discussion x 0 ! _w-hi/ory1 s too n[1 f ! conv]se po9t ( view1 x is possible t ! biographical treatm5t 9 a poetic composition ( a def9ite life-hi/ory may appe> to supply ! mo/ complete & adequate subject-matt] ( ! ,epos4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,no d\bt 9 biography ! individual is "o & ! same ?r\gh\t2 b ! ev5ts1 ?r\gh :i* ! life-developm5t proce$s1 may entirely fall ap>t1 & only reta9 ! subject ( ! same 9 a :olly =mal & accid5tal bond ( relation4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,epos is ess5tially homog5e\s1 ! ev5t also1 9 ! =m ( :i* ! cont5t ( ! poem is disclos$1 mu/ itself possess intr9sic unity4 ,bo? aspects1 9 %ort1 ! unity ( ! individual & t ( ! objective ev5t1 z x is evolv$1 mu/ coalesce & be unit$4 ,9 ! life & exploits ( ! ,cid x is unque/ionably true t on ! field ( ! ,fa!rl& x is only "o great p]sonality :i* )\t int]mission rema9s true to himself1 & 9 8 developm5t1 *ivalry & end con/itutes ! int]e/4 ,8 de$s pass be=e him1 mu* z if he 7 ! sculptur$ god2 & f9ally all is gone & vani%$ = u1 no less ?an = himself4#ae ,b ! poems ( ! ,cid are also z rhym$ *ronicles no g5u9e example ( ! ,epos2 &1 9 _! lat] =m ( romances1 !y are1 z _! specific type necessitates1 m]ely isolat$ situations split (f f ?is national h]o's life1 :i* d n necess>ily coalesce 9 ! unity ( a p>ticul> ev5t4 ,! f9e/ examples1 h[ev]1 ( ! obs]vance ( ! above rule are to be met ) 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 :]e ,a*illes & ,odysseus are respectively ! prom95t figures4 ,! ,ramajana1 too1 resembles ^! poems 9 ?is respect4 ,dante's ,div9e ,com$y is an illu/ration1 b 9 q a unique way4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ! ,epic poet himself ) ^: s+le p]sonality1 9 8 w&]+s ?r\gh hell1 purgatory1 & p>adise1 all & ev]y?+ is s associat$ t he is able to rec\nt ! picture ( 8 imag9ation z a p]sonal exp]i5ce1 & is consequ5tly entitl$ to int]weave ) ! g5]al sub/ance ( 8 composition 8 private emotions & reflections to a l>g] ext5t ?an is possible = o!r epic poets4 77 ,h[ev] mu* !n1 speak+ g5]ally1 epic poetry in=ms u ( actual fact & its occurr5ce1 & !reby makes ! objective _w its cont5t & =m1 yet on ! o!r h&1 inasmu* z :at happ5s is an action1 :i* passes 9 successive views be=e u1 x is r1 & = ?is reason1 to individuals1 & _! de$ & suff]+ t ! ma9 emphasis is atta*$4 ,= x is only individuals1 be !y gods or m51 :o c v]itably act2 & j 9 proportion z !y are int]wov5 9 ! vividness ( life ) su* a panorama1 to t ext5t !y are entitl$ to attract ! ma9 int]e/ to ! fulness ( _! exposition4 ,f ?is po9t ( view epic poetry /&s on level t]ms ) lyric no less ?an dramatic poetry4 ,x is !re=e ( "s importance t we attempt to def9e m closely :at ! specific features are :i* di/+ui% ! portrayal ( p]sonality 9 ! epic composition4 77 ,n[1 fir/1 :at is ess5tial to ! objective aspect ( an epic "*--,i am speak+ ma9ly ( ! lead+ p]sonages--is t !y %\ld be !mselves ess5tially a totality ( su* traits1 9 o!r words complete m51 & !reby display 9 !mselves all aspects ( emotional life1 or to put x bett]1 %\ld repres5t 9 a typical way1 national op9ion & its active pursuits4 ,9 ?is respect ,i h already 9 ! fir/ "p drawn att5tion to ! h]oic *>act]s ( ,hom]2 &1 9 p>ticul>1 to ! v>iety ( g5u9ely human & truly national qualities :i* ,a*illes unites 9 himself s vitally1 ! h]o ( ! ,odyssey supply+ an admirable companion picture4 ,! ,cid is simil>ly pres5t$ u ) mu* v>iety ( *>act]ization & situation1 z son1 h]o1 lov]1 husb&1 fa!r1 h\sehold]1 & 9 8 relations to k+1 fri5ds1 & foes4 ,o!r ,epopees ( ! ,middle ,ages are a great contra/1 f> m ab/ract 9 _! type ( p]sonification1 p>ticul>ly s :]e _! h]oes m]ely *ampion ! cause ( *ivalry z su*1 & are remov$ f ! sph]e ( ! true & actual life ( ! nation4 ,x is !n ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( ! exposition ( epic p]sonality t x %\ld unfold itself z su* a totality 9 ! mo/ div]se sc5es & situations4 ,! *>act]s ( trag$y & com$y may no d\bt also possess a simil> weal? ( ideality2 = ! reason1 h[ev]1 t 9 _! case ! %>p contra/ betwe5 a pa?os t is nev] o!r ?an "o-sid$ & a passion oppos$ to x is )9 v def9able limits & ends ! ?+ ( mo/ importance1 su* a v>i$ "* is 9 "p1 :]e x is n entirely sup]flu\s1 at lea/ m 9 ! nature ( a prodigality :i* is incid5tal1 & 9 "p is also1 z a rule1 ov]p[]$ by ! "o passion1 its motives & e?ical consid]ations1 & ?us =c$ by ! type ( pres5tation into ! backgr\nd4 ,9 ! :ole ( ! epic composition1 on ! contr>y1 all aspects ass]t an equal "r to ass]t !mselves1 & exp& ) fre$om & bread?4 ,t !y %\ld d s is inde$ fundam5tal to ! pr9ciple ( epic composition2 & f a fur!r po9t ( view ! p]sonality "h1 9 virtue ( ! entire _w-condition he presupposes1 possesses a "r to be1 & to make all t valid :]e9 8 exi/5ce is realiz$1 & = ! good reason t he lives 9 an age to :i* precisely ?is objective be+1 ?is imm$iate individuality is appropriate4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 = in/ance1 q possible = u1 ) reg>d to ! wra? ( ,a*illes1 to po9t out1 z moral reflection may sugge/1 ! injury & loss :i* t wra? entail$1 & !refrom to conclude t ! sup]iority & greatness ( ,a*illes is v appreciably remov$ f any approa* to ideal p]fection1 :e!r z h]o or man1 hav+ no p[] app>5tly on a s+le occasion to mod]ate 8 ang] or ex]cise self-re/ra9t4 ,b = all t we d wrong 9 blam+ ,a*illes4 ,& ?is is n because we may ov]look ! wra? 9 virtue ( 8 o!r great qualities4 ,a*illes is1 9 o!r words1 simply no?+ m or less ?an ?is portrait4 ,s f> z ,epic poetry is conc]n$1 t is ! end ( ! matt]4 ,! same obs]vations apply to 8 ambition & 8 love ( glory4 ,! ma9 ju/ification ( ^! great *>act]s is ! en]gy ( _! a*ievem5t2 !y c>ry1 9 fact1 a univ]sal pr9ciple 9 _! p>ticul>ity4 ,conv]sely1 ord9>y morality t5ds to depreciate its native p]sonality1 & hold 9 res]ve ! res\rces ( its life-=ce1 & discov]s its ess5tial be+ 9 ?is attitude4 ,:at an a/oni%+ self-e/eem1 = in/ance1 an ,alex&] ass]t$ ov] 8 fri5ds & ! life ( ,i "k n h[ _m ?\s&s4 ,self-rev5ge1 ev5 traits ( brutality1 te/ify to an en]gy ( ! same type 9 h]oic times2 & ev5 9 ?is respect ,a*illes1 9 8 rle ( epic h]o1 has little to le>n4 77 ,& x is j on acc\nt ( ?is fact t su* preem95t figures are complete individuals1 :o h 9 respl5d5t degree all t conc5trat$ 9 !m :i* o!rwise is diffus$ & sep>ate 9 ! national "*1 & !reby are ?r\gh\t great1 free1 & humanly beautiful *>act]s t !y are rightly set 9 ! *ief place2 & we f9d t ! ev5t ( mo/ significance is inviolably l9k$ ) su* individuality4 ,! nation is1 z x 71 focuss$ z a s+le liv+ s\l 9 !m1 & z su* !y fight out its ma9 ent]prise1 & suff] ! haz>ds ( its result+ exp]i5ce4 ,9 ?is respect ,gottfri$ von ,b\illon1 9 ,tasso's ,j]usalem ,lib]at$1 is no su* ov]p[]+ figure z ,a*illes1 ?is typical y\?ful bloom & p]fection ( ! entire ,grecian ho/2 nor is he ev5 an ,odysseus1 al?\gh he is select$ z ! wise/1 brave/1 & mo/ j ( lead]s to comm& ! entire army4 ,! ,a*ans are unable to w9 a victory if ,a*illes /&s alo( f ! conte/2 x is he alone :o1 by means ( 8 triumph ov] ,hector1 c>ries victory into ,troy itself2 & 9 ! return home ( ,odysseus we f9d a mirror ( ! return ( all ! ,greeks f ,troy1 only ) ! diff]5ce t x is j 9 t :i* x is 8 de/9y to endure we h plac$ exhau/ively be=e our vision ! entire compass ( ! suff]+s1 life exp]i5ce1 & conditions :i* are impli$ 9 ! :ole subject-matt]4 ,! *>act]s ( ! drama1 on ! o!r h&1 are n s repres5t$ z 9 !mselves ! absolute cr[n+ po9t ( all ! re/1 :i* becomes objective 9 & ?r\gh !m4 ,!y r are set =? indep5d5tly & = !mselves 9 _! purpose1 :i* !y accept z ! outcome ( _! "*1 or z ! result ( def9ite pr9ciples :i* h gr[n up 9 conjunction ) _! m isolate p]sonality4 77 ,!re is a ?ird di/+ui%+ feature 9 epic *>act]ization due to ! fact t ! ,epos does n portray an action simply z action1 b an ev5t4 ,9 drama ! matt] ( importance is t ! individual manife/s himself z op]ative = 8 specific purpose1 & is expressly repres5t$ 9 su* activity & its consequ5ces4 ,?is undeviat+ consid]ation = ! realization ( a di/9ct purpose is abs5t 9 ! ,epic4 ,no d\bt 9 ?is case1 too1 h]oes h desires & aims1 b ! ma9 ?+ "h is all t !y may happ5 to exp]i5ce :ile fulfill+ x1 n ! nature ( _! conduct 9 ! c>ry+ x out4 ,! circum/ances are j z active z !mselves1 frequ5tly m active4 ,! return to ,i?aca1 = example1 is ! actual project ( ,odysseus4 ,! ,odyssey1 h[ev]1 does n m]ely display ?is "* 9 ! active execution ( 8 pr$et]m9$ end1 b exp&s its acc\nt into all ! v>iety ( occurr5ce :i* he happ5s to exp]i5ce 9 8 w&]+s1 :at he suff]s1 :at ob/ructions meet him 9 ! way1 :at dang]s he has to ov]come1 & all1 9 fact1 t moves him4 ,& ?is v>i$ exp]i5ce is n1 z w\ld be necess>y 9 ! drama1 a direct result ( 8 action1 b is 9 great measure r incid5tal to 8 j\rney1 9 ! ma9 ev5 indep5d5t ( ! concurr5t action ( ! h]o4 ,aft] 8 adv5tures ) ! ,lotophagi1 ,polyphemus1 & ! ,lae/rygones1 ! godlike ,circe deta9s him = a full ye>4 ,fur!r1 aft] he has visit$ ! l[] _w & suff]$ %ipwreck1 he dallies ) ,calypso1 until he falls into home-sickness1 we>ies ( ! damsel1 & />es ) te>ful eyes ov] ! solit>y sea4 ,!reupon x is ,calypso h]self :o f9ally provides him ) ! means :]e) he builds 8 boat1 :o provides him ) food1 w9e & raim5t1 & takes h] "r anxi\s & k9dly f>ewell ( him4 ,f9ally1 aft] 8 soj\rn among ! ,phacians1 he is c>ri$ 9 sleep--he kn[s n h[--to ! %ores ( 8 isl&4 ,to c>ry out a purpos$ end 9 ?is sort ( way w\ld n be possible = dramatic poetry4 ,aga91 9 ! ,iliad1 ! wra? ( ,a*illes1 :i*1 along ) all else t results f ?is compell+ =ce1 con/itutes ! specific object ( ! n>rative1 is ?r\gh\t n an end1 b r an emotional /ate4 ,:5 ,a*illes is insult$ he rages4 ,9 ?is condition1 s f> f do+ any?+ truly dramatic1 he )draws ap>t1 does no?+ ) ,patroclus by ! %ips on ! sea%ore1 sull5ly angry t he is n hon\r$ by ! "l ( ! folk4 ,!n foll[ ! consequ5ces ( 8 retirem5t1 & only at la/1 :5 8 fri5d has be5 sla9 by ,hector1 d we f9d ,a*illes once m plunge into ! conflict4 ,9 ano!r way1 aga91 is ! end prescrib$ to neas1 :i* he has to c>ry out1 :]e ,virgil rec\nts all ! ev5ts z ! result ( :i* its realization is 9 su* v>i$ ways po/pon$4 77 ,we h j "o fur!r important feature to m5tion 9 respect to ! =m ( ! ev5t 9 ! ,epos4 ,i h already obs]v$ t 9 ! drama ! consci\s w1 & t :i* ! same dem&s & wills1 is ess5tially ! det]m9+ factor1 & con/itutes ! p]man5t f\ndation ( ! entire pres5tation4 ,all t is c>ri$ out appe>s ?r\gh\t z posit$ already by ! p]sonal "* & its aims2 & ! ma9 int]e/ above all turns ^u ! ju/ification or its abs5ce ( :at is done )9 ! situations presuppos$ & ! conflicts !y br+ ab\t4 ,if consequ5tly x s happ5s also t 9 ! drama ! ext]nal conditions are !mselves active1 !y nev]!less only reta9 _! validity by virtue ( t :i* consci\s feel+ & volition makes ( !m1 & ! ways & means "u :i* "* reacts ^u !m4 ,9 ! ,epos1 h[ev]1 ! circum/ances & ext]nal accid5ts are effective on level t]ms ) ! p]sonal w itself4 ,all t man accompli%es passes be=e u precisely z any o!r ev5t ( ! _w outside him1 s t ! human exploit is 9 ?is case likewise & equally condition$1 & mu/ be %[n to be c>ri$ =w>d by ! developm5t ( su* an environm5t4 ,! individual1 9 %ort1 9 epic poetry does n m]ely act freely ( himself & indep5d5tly4 ,he is plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( an assemblage ( facts1 ^: end & actuality 9 its wide correlation ) an ess5tially unifi$ _w ( consci\s life or objective exi/5ce supplies ! irremovable f\ndation ( ! life ( ea* sep>ate individual4 ,?is typical sy/em is1 9 fact1 pr$om9ant 9 ! ,epos ?r\gh all its cont5t1 :e!r 9 t ( passion1 det]m9$ result1 or g5]al a*ievem5t4 ,x is true t at fir/ sight we might expect t1 on acc\nt ( an equal cog5cy be+ accord$ to ext]nal condition 9 its indep5d5t ev5tualities1 we %\ld f9d indisputable opportunity giv5 = e %ade ( cont+5cy4 ,& yet we h se5 t x is ! function ( ! ,epos to pres5t :at is truly objective--:at is1 9 %ort1 ess5tially sub/antive exi/5ce4 ,! solution ( ?is contradiction is to be f\nd 9 ?is1 t ! pr9ciple ( necessity is involv$ 9 ! ev5ts1 :e!r tak5 9 detail or g5]ally4 77 ,9 ?is connection we may affirm ( ! ,epos--n1 h[ev]1 z is g5]ally assum$ ( ! drama--t ,de/9y is a pr$om9ant =ce4 ,no d\bt ! dramatic "* by ! k9d ( end accept$1 :i* he endeav\rs to c>ry out despite all ob/ruction "u ! circum/ances giv5 & recogniz$1 makes ( himself 8 ,de/9y2 b 9 ! ,epos1 on ! contr>y1 x is made = him1 & ?is =ce ( circum/ances1 :i* /amp _! p>ticul> =m on ! de$1 apportions to ea* individual 8 lot1 det]m9es ! result ( 8 actions--is1 9 %ort1 ! g5u9e control ( ,de/9y4 ,:at happ5s is app]t95t to itself4 ,x is s1 & only ?us2 x is ! fiat ( necessity4 ,9 lyric poetry we are consci\s ( emotion1 reflection1 ! p]sonal int]e/1 & ye>n+4 ,! drama conv]ts ! ideal claim ( human action into an objective pres5ce4 ,! pres5tation ( epic poetry1 on ! o!r h&1 moves1 z x 71 )9 ! elem5t itself ( ess5tially necess>y exi/5ce4 ,!re=e1 ! individual has no *oice b to foll[ ?is p>ticul> sub/antive condition2 &1 9 its process ( be+1 to adapt himself to x or n1 & !n to suff] z he is able & is =c$ to suff]4 ,de/9y1 9 %ort1 def9es :at is & inevitably mu/ be1 & 9 ! result success1 misadv5ture1 life1 & dea? are pla/ic precisely 9 ! s5se t individuals are pla/ic4 ,:at does actually unfold be=e u is a condition ( univ]sal expanse1 9 :i* ! actions & de/9ies ( mank9d appe> z some?+ isolat$ & evanesc5t4 ,?is fatality is ! great ju/ice1 & is n tragic 9 ! dramatic s5se ( ! t]m1 9 :i* ! individual appe>s judg$ z a p]sonality1 b 9 ! epic s5se 9 :i* judgm5t is pass$ on man 9 all t conc]ns him4#af ,! tragic ,nemesis consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! greatness ( 8 conc]ns is too great = ! individual conc]n$4 ,consequ5tly a c]ta9 tone ( sadness#ag prevails ov] ! :ole4 ,:at is mo/ glori\s is se5 v e>ly to pass away4 ,9 ! fulness ( 8 life ,a*illes m\rns ov] 8 dea?2 & at ! conclusion ( ! ,odyssey we view him & ,agamemnon z spirits t h pass$ away z %ades1 ) ! consci\sness t !y are %ades4 ,troy1 too1 falls2 old ,priam is sla9 h>d by ! alt> ( ! home2 wom5 & maid5s become slaves4 neas1 9 ob$i5ce to ! div9e comm&1 dep>ts to f\nd a new k+dom 9 ,latium1 & ! victori\s h]oes only return aft] manifold suff]+ to ! happ9ess or bitt]ness t awaits !m at home4 77 ,?is necessity ( ev5ts may1 h[ev]1 be repres5t$ 9 v diff]5t ways4 ,! mo/ obvi\s & lea/ elaborate is ! b>e exhibition ( su* ev5ts )\t any fur!r explanation ( ! poet ( a necess>y elem5t exi/+ 9 ! p>ticul> occurr5ces & _! g5]al consequ5ce by 8 addition ( a controll+ _w ( gods disclos$ 9 ! decision1 int]f]5ce1 & co-op]ation ( et]nal p[]s4 ,9 su* a case we mu/1 h[ev]1 h ! feel+ br\ght home f ! entire atmosph]e ( ! exposition1 t 9 ! rec\nt$ ev5ts & great life-de/9ies ( s+le individuals & entire families or races1 we are n m]ely confront$ ) :at is mutable & cont+5t 9 human exi/5ce1 b ) de/9ies :i* h an ess5tial f\ndation1 ^: necessity rema9s1 h[ev]1 ! obscure op]ation ( a p[] :i* is n plac$ be=e u poetically z su* a p[] 9 its div9e controll+ en]gy to ! po9t ( def9$ individualization & 9 its explicit activity4 ,! ,niebelung5li$ reta9s ?is g5]al tone /rongly1 albeit x does n ascribe ! direction ( ! blood-/a9$ f9al result ( all committ$ de$ ei!r to ,*ri/ian ,provid5ce or ! pagan _w ( gods4 ,= 9 reg>d to ,*ri/5dom1 we m]ely he> ( *ur*go+ & mass4 ,we h1 inde$1 ! rem>k ( ! bi%op ( ,spejevs to ! beautiful ,ute1 :5 ! h]oes )draw into k+ ,etzel's c\ntry3 ,please ,god1 ,he w keep !m !re6 ,we h also no d\bt dreams ( w>n+1 ! prophecy ( ! ,danube maid5s to ,hag51 & o!r examples ( a simil> k9d1 b no really conclusive witness to ! control & int]f]5ce ( gods4 ,?is leaves an impression on ?is poetry z ( a some?+ unriddl$1 unyield+1 a m\rnfulness t is at ! same "t objective1 & consequ5tly :olly epic 9 its tone4 ,x is a great contra/ to ! poems ( ,ossian1 9 :i* 9 ! same way no gods appe>1 yet 9 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d lam5tation ov] ! dea? & d[nfall ( ! entire h]oic /ock pres5t$ "u ! =m ( ! private sorr[ ( ! dismay$ m9/rel1 & z ! ye>n+ ( a woe-begone recollection4 ,ess5tially di/9ct f ! above type ( conception is ! complete int]lacem5t ( all human de/9y & natural ev5t ) ! resolution1 volition & action ( a _m-sid$ _w ( gods su* z we f9d 9 ! great ,h9doo ,epopees1 & 9 ,hom]1 ,virgil1 & o!rs4 ,i h already expressly drawn att5tion to ! v>i$ poetic int]pretation :i* ! poet himself supplies ( ev5ts1 :i* are app>5tly accid5tal1 ?r\gh 8 assumption ( ! co-op]ation & app>ition ( gods1 & attempt$ to en=ce ! same by p>ticul> examples f ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey4 ,"h we may obs]ve t ! condition ( mo/ importance to ! poetry 9 "q is t 9 ?is reciprocal action ( gods & m5 ! relative indep5d5ce ( bo? aspects is ma9ta9$1 s t nei!r ! gods fall into lifeless ab/ractions1 nor ! human individuals become purely subs]vi5t vassals4 ,h[ su* a dang] is to be avoid$ ,i h already discuss$ at l5g? 9 a previ\s passage4 ,! ,h9doo ,epos is 9 ?is respect unable to =ce its way fully to ! truly ideal relation betwe5 gods & mank9d2 on su* a /age ( imag9ative symbolism ! human aspect /ill rema9s alo( 9 its free & beautiful actuality1 & ! activity ( individuals 9 "p appe>s z ! inc>nation ( gods1 & 9 "p1 z some?+ ( m incid5tal m]it1 vani%es1 or is depict$ "u ! guise ( ascetic exaltation to ! condition & p[] ( gods4 ,conv]sely ! v>i\sly p]sonifi$ p[]s1 passions1 g5ii1 angels1 & s =?1 t we meet ) 9 ,*ri/5dom possess = ! mo/ "p too little individual indep5d5ce1 & consequ5tly t5d only to affect u 9 a cold & ab/ract sort ( way4 ,! case is mu* ! same 9 ,mohamm$anism4 ,?r\gh ! deification ( ,nature & ! _w ( mank9d1 ?r\gh ! conception ( a prosaic co-ord9ation ( reality1 x is h>dly possible to avoid ! dang]1 m p>ticul>ly :]e we ent] a region ( fairyl&1 :]e9 a miracul\s int]pretation is giv5 to t :i* is ess5tially cont+5t & indiff]5t 9 ext]nal circum/ances1 :i* are !mselves only pres5t z a simple occasion = human action & z ! ordeal ( individual "*1 )\t possess+ !re) an ideal consi/5cy & f\ndation4 ,by reason ( ?is no d\bt ! inf9itely ext5sible connection ( cause & effect is brok51 & ! _m sections 9 ?is prosaic concat5ation ( circum/ances1 :i* _c be ?r\gh\t made cle>ly di/9ct1 are br\ght all ( a sudd5 into "o union4 ,if1 h[ev]1 su* a result is secur$ )\t ! pr9ciple ( necessity & ideal reasonabl5ess1 su* a mode ( elucidation1 z1 = example1 frequ5tly 9 ,! ,?\s& & "o ,nights1 appe>s z little m ?an ! sport ( an imag9ation1 :i* endeav\rs to unfold z causality possible & actual1 by means ( su* inv5tions1 :at is o!rwise incr$ible4 ,! faire/ mean1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ?is respect is t reta9$ by ,greek poetry1 inasmu* z x is able to be/[ bo? on gods & m5 a reciprocally inde/ructible p[] & fre$om ( indep5d5t individuality4 ,& su* is h>moni\s ) its fundam5tal /&po9t4 77 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! epic conception ( x1 a po9t ( view relative to ! collective _w ( gods1 :i* ,i h already ref]r$ to above 9 ano!r connection4 ,?is is ! contra/ :i* ! primitive ,epopee pres5ts to ! artificial composition ( lat] times4 ,?is diff]5ce is v pron\nc$ if we comp>e ,hom] & ,virgil4 ,! level ( education1 f :i* ! ,hom]ic poems orig9at$1 /ill cont9ues 9 a fair h>mony ) ! poetic subject-matt]4 ,) ,virgil1 on ! contr>y1 we are rem9d$ by e s+le hexamet] t ! g5]al outlook ( ! poet is totally diff]5t f ! _w1 :i* x is 8 endeav\r to depict2 & ! gods m p>ticul>ly h lo/ ! fre%ness ( _! orig9al vitality4 ,in/ead ( be+ liv+ p]sons 9 _! own selves1 actual witnesses to u ( _! exi/5ce1 !y h r ! appe>ance ( be+ m]e creations ( ! poet & ext]nal in/rum5ts1 :i* x is nei!r possible = ! poet or 8 audi5ce to take q s]i\sly1 al?\gh !re is an op5 pret5ce made t !y h be5 tak5 ?us s]i\sly4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,virgilian ,epic we feel ourselves 9 ! atmosph]e ( ord9>y life2 ! old tradition1 ! saga1 ! fairyl& ( poetry ent]s ) prosaic di/9ctness into ! frame ( our common-s5se faculties4 ,:at we h 9 ! neid is v mu* :at we f9d 9 ! ,roman hi/ory ( ,livy1 :]e anci5t k+s & consuls make spee*es1 precisely z an orator made 8 spee* 9 ! ,agora ( ,rome1 or ! s*ool ( ! rhetoricians 9 ! days ( ,livy himself4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 9 :at is really reta9$ f tradition1 z an example ( primitive spee*1 su* z ! fable ( ,m55ius ,agrippa#ah ab\t ! functions ( ! belly1 we f9d a contra/ :i* is almo/ repulsive4 ,9 ,hom]1 h[ev]1 ! gods are waft$ 9 a magical light betwe5 poetry & reality3 !y are n p]mitt$ to approa* ! imag9ation s ne>ly1 t ! app>ition ( !m confronts u ) all ! detail ( ord9>y life2 nor are !y left s undef9$1 t !y lose all appe>ance ( vital reality z we look at !m4 ,all t !y d is readily expla9$ by ! s\l-life & activities ( m52 & t :i* supports our fai? 9 !m is ! sub/ance & cont5t ^u :i* !y ess5tially repose4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! poet1 too1 is ?or\ghly 9 e>ne/ ) 8 creations1 ?\gh he treats ) irony _! =m & ext]nal reality4 ,9 agreem5t ) ?is x appe>s t ! anci5ts !mselves believ$ 9 ?is ext]nal =m m]ely z works ( art1 :i* receive _! confirmation & significance z a gift ( ! poet4 ,?is light-he>t$ & human fre%ness ( pres5tm5t1 9 virtue ( :i* ! gods appe> human & natural1 is "o ( ! pre-em95t qualities ( ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,! div9e figures ( ,virgil float be=e our vision z s _m inv5t$ wond]s1 z memb]s ( an artificial sy/em4 ,virgil has n :olly escap$ ! *>ge ( m]e trave/y1 despite 8 e>ne/ness2 nay1 ?is e>ne/ mi5 ( 8 is r ! cause ( x1 & ,blumau]'s ,m]cury ) 8 boots & spurs & rid+-:ip is n )\t its ju/ification4 ,!re is no necessity = any "o else to make ! ,hom]ic gods ridicul\s4 ,8 own picture ( !m makes !m q ridicul\s en\gh4 ,nay1 9 8 own /ory ! gods !mselves h _! laugh ov] ! lame ,hephe/us1 & ov] ! cunn+ net 9 :i* ,m>s lies 9 company ) ,v5us1 to say no?+ ( ! box on ! e> t ,v5us gets1 & ! h[l ( ,m>s z he collapses4 ,by means ( ^! t\*es ( natural lu/9ess & gaiety ! poet at once lib]ates u f ! ext]nal =m :i* he set up1 & en=ces all ! m emphatically our common human nature1 :i* he values1 & :i* suff]s1 h[ev]1 ! necess>y & sub/antive p[] involv$ !re91 & ! fai? 9 ! same1 to rema94 ,b "o or two m examples ( simil> detail4 ,! tragic episode ( ,dido is s entirely to ! mod]n col\r1 t x 0 able to inspire a ,tasso ) emulation1 nay1 ev5 9 "p to a lit]al translation4 ,ev5 n[adays ! ,fr5* are mov$ to some?+ l ec/asy ov] x4 ,& yet h[ totally diff]5t 9 _! human navet1 simplicity & tru? are ! ,hom]ic n>ratives ( ,circe & ,calypso4 ,! contra/ is ! same 9 ,hom]'s acc\nt ( ! desc5t ( ,odysseus into ,hades4 ,?is obscure & twilight l retreat ( ! %ades is %[n u ?r\gh a dusky cl\d1 9 an int]m+l+ ( imag9ation & reality1 :i* takes hold ( u ) a/oni%+ =ce4 ,hom] does n suff] 8 h]o to desc5d into any ,und]world ready to h&4 ,odysseus himself digs a pit1 & p\rs !re9 ! blood ( a ram he has kill$2 he summons ! %ades1 :i* are !n "u con/ra9t to circle r\nd him1 & bids "s ( !m dr9k fre% blood t !y may address him1 & give him news1 & drives away o!rs ) ! sword z !y ?rong r\nd him 9 _! ?ir/ = life4 ,ev]y?+ t happ5s "h is b\nd up ) ! life ( ! h]o1 ^: g5]al demean\r is ! rev]se ( ! humble attitude ( neas & ,dante4 ,9 ,virgil's acc\nt neas desc5ds 9 ! ord9>y way2 & ! flight ( /eps1 ,c]b]us1 ,tantalus1 & all ! re/ leaves u ) ! impression ( a def9itely organiz$ family e/abli%m5t1 q to ! patt]n ( an or?odox comp5dium ( my?ology4 ,) yet m =ce w ?is artificial compte ( ! poet appe> z su* r ?an a "w t spr+s naturally f ! subject :]e we are already cognisant ( ! sub/ance ( ! tale t is told u 9 its fre% & primitive =m1 or z actual hi/ory4 ,examples ( ?is are ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/1 ! ,noa*id ( ,bodm]1 ,klop/ock's ,messias1 ,voltaire's ,h5riade1 & o!rs4 ,9 all ^! poems we _c fail to detect a real cleft betwe5 ! cont5t & ! reflection ( ! poet :i* modifies 8 description ( ! ev5ts1 *>act]s & circum/ances4 ,9 ,milton's case1 = example1 we f9d emotions & obs]vations obvi\sly ! gr[? ( an imag9ation & e?ical ideas insep>able f 8 own age4 ,9 ! same way ) ,klop/ock we h ,god ! ,fa!r1 ! hi/ory ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 patri>*s & angels comb9$ ) our ,g]man education ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ! ideas ( ,wlffian metaphysic4 ,?is tw(old aspect ass]ts itself 9 e l9e4 ,no d\bt 9 ^! cases ! cont5t itself (f]s _m difficulties4 ,= ,god ! ,fa!r1 ! heav5 ( ! angels1 & ! angelic ho/ are f> less adapt$ to ! individualization ( a free imag9ation ?an are ! ,hom]ic gods1 :i*1 9 a mann] simil> to ! 9 "p fanta/ic creations 9 ,ario/o1 9 _! ext]nal mode ( appe>ance1 & s f> z !y d n epitomize#ai human action1 b r indep5d5tly confront ea* o!r z individuals1 d ( !mselves sugge/ ! gibe ov] su* a pres5tm5t4#bj ,moreov] ,klop/ock1 s f> z a religi\s outlook is conc]n$1 introduces u to a _w devoid ( f\ndation1 :i* he cr[ds ) ! brilliant effects ( a r exhau/+ imag9ation1 & compels u to take ev]y?+ z s]i\sly z he means x himself4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly un=tunate 9 ! case ( 8 angels & devils4 ,su* creations only really h sub/ance & c be br\ght home to u 9 _! individuality 9 s f> z ! mat]ial ( _! actions1 z ) ! ,hom]ic gods1 is root$ 9 ! spiritual exp]i5ce ( humanity1 or 9 a reality already kn[n to u1 z 9 cases :]e !y claim importance z be+ ! gu>dian spirits or angels ( m5 or cities1 b :o1 ap>t f su* a concrete significance1 ass]t :at is j s mu* ! m m]ely ! vacancy ( imag9ation 9 proportion z a s]i\s actuality is ascrib$ to !m4 ,abbadona1 = in/ance1 ! rep5tant devil1#ba possesses nei!r a truly allegorical mean+--= 9 ! ab/ract notion ( devil !re c be no inconsi/5cy ( guilt :i* c be conv]t$ into virtue--nor is su* a figure "o t is ess5tially & truly concrete4 ,if ,abbadona 7 a man1 a conv]sion to ,god w\ld no d\bt be reasonable2 b :]e we h evil reg>d$ z some?+ indep5d5tly sub/antive1 :i* is n an individual human evil1 su* a conv]sion is m]ely a triviality ( s5tim5tal emotion4 ,x is 9 fact a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ,klop/ock's inv5tion t x creates su* unreal p]sonages1 conditions & ev5ts1 :i* h no?+ 9 common ) ! actual _w & its poetical cont5t4 ,& he f>es no bett] 9 ! ma*9]y ( 8 judicial condemnation ( riot\s liv+ 9 high places1 lea/ ( all 9 ! contra/ he pres5ts to ,dante1 :o condemns ! fam\s p]sonalities ( 8 "t to hell ) a p[] ( detail$ realization ( ano!r type altoge!r4 ,equally de/itute ( real cont5t z poetry is ! joy ( ! resurrection among ! assembl$ spirits ( ,adam1 ,noah1 ,%em1 ,japhet1 & ! re/1 z depict$ by ,klop/ock1 :o1 9 ! #aa? canto ( ! ,messias1 at ! comm& ( ,gabriel1 once m revisit _! graves4 ,reason & rational gr\nd are alike abs5t "h4 ,! s\ls h liv$ 9 ! ,div9e ,pres5ce2 !y n[ behold ! ,e>?1 b !y ent] into no r5ew$ relation ) x4 ,we may presume t !y c\ld n d bett] ?an appe> to m52 b ( ?is !re is n a s+le example4 ,no d\bt we f9d "h beautiful emotions1 ende>+ situations2 & above all ! mom5t 9 :i* ! s\l is once m unit$ to a body is depict$ 9 a way t arre/s u2 b ! cont5t rema9s none ! less an inv5tion t possesses no real claim to cr$ibility4 ,9 contra/ to su* ab/ract ideas ! blood-dr9k+ ( ! phantoms 9 ,hom]1 _! reanimation 9 memory & spee*1 possess = u inf9itely m ! tru? & realization ( ideal poetry4 ,& ?\gh f ! po9t ( view ( imag9ative res\rce ^! pictures ( ,klop/ock are decorative en\gh1 :at is mo/ ess5tial 9 !m is ?r\gh\t ! lyrical rhetoric ( angels1 :o appe> m]ely z in/rum5ts ( s]vice1 or ( patri>*s & o!r ,biblical figures ^: spee*es & h>angues h little 9 h>mony ) _! hi/orical *>act]s z we h receiv$ ! same f tradition4 ,m>s1 ,apollo1 ,w>1 ,k1 & s =?--p[]s ( ?is k9d are nei!r 9 respect to _! cont5t :olly inv5tions1 z ! angels are1 nor are !y simply hi/orical p]sons borr[$ f hi/orical s\rces1 z are ! patri>*s2 !y are on ! contr>y p]man5t =ces1 ^: =m & mode ( appe>ance is alone ! poet's creation4 ,9 ! ,messias1 h[ev]1 admitt+ its excell5ce 9 c]ta9 directions--its purity ( feel+1 ! brilliancy ( its phantasy--yet x _c be d5i$ t by reason ( ! v type ( su* a phantasy we h "h v1 v mu* inde$ t is holl[1 )\t def9ite sub/ance1 & utiliz$ simply z ma*9]y = some?+ else1 all ( :i*1 comb9$ ) ! abs5ce ( cont9uity 9 ! cont5t & its mode ( conception1 has ev5 already cov]$ ! entire poem ) oblivion4 ,?+s only live & rema9 gre51 :i*1 ess5tially vital 9 !mselves1 unfold to u orig9al life & activity 9 _! pri/9e m\ld4 ,= ?is reason we mu/ hold fa/ to ! primitive ,epopees1 & keep alo(1 n only f modes ( conception :i* are antagoni/ic to ! actual pres5ce :i* is v9dicat$ 9 su*1 b also & above all f false ae/hetic !ory & pr$ilection1 at lea/ if we are really anxi\s to enjoy & /udy ! orig9al _w-outlook ( nations1 t great & spiritual#bb natural hi/ory4 ,we h e reason to congratulate rec5t times1 & our ,g]man nation 9 p>ticul>1 t x is n[ on ! road to ! atta9m5t ( ?is object2 t x has1 9 %ort1 brok5 ?r\gh ! =m] obtus5ess1 ( ord9>y me?ods ( ?9k+1 & by its lib]ation ( ! m9d f re/rict$ views made x m receptive to ideas ( ! _w :i* x is imp]ative t we z individuals ent] into1 & :i* alone are able to re/ore to u1 to ! full ext5t ( _! claim1 ! resurrect$ spirits ( nations1 ^: ideal significance & de$ ?us appe> /ruck into life 9 ^! _! own ,epopees4 7c7 ,! ,epos z ,unifi$ ,totality ,hi!rto1 9 consid]+ ! necess>y qualifications ( a g5u9e ,epos1 we h on ! "o h& discuss$ ! g5]al _w-environm5t & f a fur!r po9t ( view ! nature ( ! p>ticul>iz$ ev5t transact$ on su* a backgr\nd by individuals ei!r act+ "u ! direction ( gods or subject to de/9y4 ,^! two fundam5tal aspects h yet fur!r to coalesce 9 "o & ! same epic totality4 ,9 respect to ?is ,i w m]ely conf9e ! read]'s att5tion to ! foll[+ po9ts ( int]e/3 ,9 ! fir/ place we propose to consid] ! collective aggregate ( objects1 a satisfactory exposition ( :i* is necess>y to disclose ! connection betwe5 ! p>ticul> action & ! sub/antive gr\nd ref]r$ to4 ,secondly1 we h to exam9e ! nature ( ! diff]5ce :i* obta9s betwe5 ! epic mode ( disclosure & t ( lyric or dramatic poetry4 ,?irdly1 we h to deal ) ! unity 9 :i* an epic composition is r\nd$ (f despite all its bread? ( ext5sion4 77 ,! cont5t ( ! ,epos1 z already obs]v$1 is ! entirety ( a _w 9 :i* an individual action is ev5tuat$4 ,9 su* a _w ! greate/ v>iety ( objects appe> necess>ily app]t95t to ! g5]al views1 de$s1 & conditions ( su* a _w4 77 ,lyrical poetry is1 no d\bt1 involv$ 9 def9ite situations1 )9 :i* ! subject ( ! lyric is p]mitt$ to import a great v>iety ( cont5t into its emotion & reflection4 ,9 ?is type ( poetry1 h[ev]1 x is ?r\gh\t ! =m ( consci\s life itself :i* *>act]izes su* cont5t2 & = ?is reason excludes ! outlook on ! objective _w 9 all its bread? ( ext5sion4 ,conv]sely ! dramatic composition pres5ts u *>act]s & ! c>ry+ out ( ! action itself ) all ! animat$ appe>ance ( life1 s t "h1 too1 ! portrayal ( local accessories1 ! ext]nal =m ( ! active p]sonages & all t happ5s1 9 ! nature ( ! case t5ds to disappe>4 ,z a rule1 :at we h to express is ! s\l-motive & purpose r ?an its ext5sive relations ) ! surr\nd+ _w ( objects1 or a description ( individuals 9 _! positive appe>ance z "p ( !m4 ,9 ! ,epos1 h[ev]1 q ap>t f ! national actuality 9 ! wide/ s5se1 ^u :i* ! action is bas$1 we mu/ f9d room = ! ideal or s\l aspect no less ?an ! ext]nal or _w aspect4 ,we h 9 ?is type1 !re=e1 "u review & 9 coalesc5ce ! entire totality ( all t we may reckon z compris$ 9 ! poetic pres5tation ( our human exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is cont5t we mu/ n m]ely include on ! "o side ! natural environm5t 9 ! s5se ( ?is or t specific locality 9 :i* ! action takes place1 b also ! m univ]sal objective outlook su* z ,i h already po9t$ out is a feature we f9d illu/rat$ 9 ! ,odyssey1 enabl+ u to und]/& h[ ! ,greeks 9 ! times ( ,hom] reg>d$ ! %ape ( ! ,e>?1 ! configuration ( ! seas1 & simil> geographical facts4 ,at ! same "t ^! natural aspects are n ! object ( mo/ importance 9 ! poem2 !y are m]ely ! f\ndation2 !re is1 9 %ort1 ! fur!r & m ess5tial aspect ( ! composition unfold$ 9 ! exi/5ce1 activities1 & co-op]ation ( ! entire _w ( div9ities2 & betwe5 ^! two extremes we h humanity simply z su* 9 its collective relation to dome/ic1 public1 peaceful1 & w>like situations1 e?ical habit1 cu/oms1 *>act]s & ev5ts4 ,&1 moreov]1 ?r\gh\t we h to assume 9 bo? directions1 :e!r t is f ! po9t ( view ( ! individual ev5t1 or ! g5]al condition1 ! all-embrac+ national & o!r actual complexus4 ,f9ally1 if we consid] ! nature ( ?is intelligible cont5t x is n m]ely an ext]nal vnem5t t is pres5t$ u1 b 9 conjunction ) su* we mu/ h1 too1 plac$ be=e u ! ideal _w ( emotion1 ! aims & purposes ( m9d1 all t may contribute to ju/ify or condemn a delib]ate l9e ( conduct4 ,9 %ort1 ! real subject-matt] ( lyric & dramatic poetry is n :olly exclud$1 al?\gh 9 ! epic type ^! aspects m]ely are valid z subord9ate features2 !y d n1 z 9 ! =m] cases1 con/itute ! ess5tial =m ( ! exposition1 nor d !y deprive ! ,epos ( its di/9ctive "*4 ,we may consequ5tly affirm t ! di/9ctive note ( ! ,epic is abs5t1 :5 lyric expression det]m9es bo? tone & col\r1 z is ! case1 = example1 9 ,ossian1 or :5 passages are emphasiz$ 9 :i* ! execution ( ! poet is made z consummate z possible1 z is to "s ext5t ! case ) ,tasso1 & to a /ill m m>k$ degree *>act]i/ic ( ,milton & ,klop/ock4 ,emotions & reflections ought r1 no less ?an ! portrayal ( objective fact1 to be transmitt$ z some?+ done1 already spok5 & ?\ght1 & n int]rupt ! tranquil c\rse ( ! ,epic n>rative4 ,! incoh]5t exclamation ( emotion1 ! direct outcry ( ! s\l ma9ly int5t ) its utt]ance ^u self-revelation1 is out ( place 9 su* poetry4 ,x w = ! same reason & z /rongly ab/a9 f an imitation ( ! animation ( dramatic dialogue1 9 :i* individuals c>ry on a conv]sation z ?\gh face to face ) ea* o!r1 :]e ! aspect ( mo/ importance ?r\gh\t is ! contra/ pres5t$ by diff]5t types ( "* 9 _! int]*ange ( spee* z !y /rive to conv9ce1 comm&1 impose ^u1 or passionately unravel _! motives to "o ano!r4 77 ,&1 secondly1 ! ,epos has n m]ely to br+ be=e our vision ! manifold cont5t above describ$ 9 its actually indep5d5t & subsi/5t objective =m1 b also ! =m 9 :i* x ess5tially becomes ! ,epos is1 z ,i h m ?an once already describ$ x1 an individual ev5t4 ,if ?is ess5tially limit$ action is to rema9 unit$ ) all o!r mat]ial introduc$1 ?is additional accretion ( fact1 mu/ ?r\gh\t be br\ght into def9ite relation ) ! c\rse ( ! individual ev5t1 t is to say1 x mu/ n fall outside x z indep5d5t4 ,we c\ld n f9d a m p]fect illu/ration ( ?is int]weav+ ( all ?reads ?an t ( ! ,odyssey4 ,! dome/ic arrangem5ts ( ! ,greeks1 = in/ance1 no less ?an ! ideas we get ( =eign & b>b>\s folk & c\ntries1 or ( ! realm ( ! %ades1 & mu* else1 are s closely int]wov5 ) ! p]sonal w&]+s ( ! home-return+ ,odysseus & ! =tunes ( ,telema*us on 8 j\rney aft] 8 fa!r1 t n "o ( ^! aspects ( ! tale is held 9 a loose & indep5d5t position ap>t f ! ma9 ev5t1 or1 z ) ! *orus ( trag$y1 :i* does n usually ent] into ! action & m]ely deals ) g5]aliz$ reflections1 is able to relapse inactive into retrospection1 b co-op]ates 9 ! actual progress ( ! ev5t4 ,9 a simil> mann] ,nature also & ! _w ( gods = ! fir/ "t receives1 n s mu* on _! own acc\nt z 9 _! relation to ! p>ticul> ev5ts1 :i* x is ! function ( ! godlike to direct1 an individual repres5tation & "o ( ri* vitality4 ,only :5 su* a condition is fulfill$1 or1 9 o!r words1 :5 ! n>rative ?r\gh\t in=ms u ( ! progressive movem5t ( ! ev5t1 :i* ! poet has select$ z ! unify+ mat]ial ( 8 composition1 c x nev] appe> z a m]e portrayal ( indep5d5t objects4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p>ticul> ev5t = its "p %\ld n be involv$ 9 & absorb ! sub/antive national basis & totality ^u :i* x moves =w>d to su* a degree1 t ^! are !mselves dive/$ ( all indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & fall by necessity into a relation simply ( s]vice4 ,9 ?is respect ! exp$ition ( ,alex&] aga9/ ! ,ea/ w\ld n supply satisfactory subject-matt] = ! true ,epopee4 ,an h]oic exploit ( ?is k9d n m]ely 9 respect to ! orig9al resolve1 b also to its mann] ( execution1 dep5ds s entirely on ?is "o s+le individual1 8 p]sonality & "* is s exclusively t :i* supports x1 t we lose altoge!r ! indep5d5t exi/5ce & self-ass]tion ( ! national basis1 ! ho/ & its lead]s1 :i* we h %[n to be a necess>y condition4 ,alex&]'s army is 8 p1 :olly b\nd up ) him & 8 comm&3 x foll[s him r 9 ! relation ( vassalage ?an t ( free w4 ,9 contra/ to ?is ! true vitality ( ! epic consi/s 9 ?is1 t bo? ^! fundam5tal aspects1 ! p>ticul> action ) its individual ag5ts & ! g5]al _w-condition1 :ile no d\bt cont9u+ "u a m$iat$ relation1 yet 9 ?is relation ( reciprocity no less pres]ve _! necess>y indep5d5ce & !reby en=ce !mselves z "o exi/+ :ole1 at ! same "t secur+ & possess+ an indep5d5t entity4 77 ,9 a previ\s passage we laid x d[n g5]ally t 9 ord] to h an individual action ! sub/antive basis ( epic poetry mu/ (f] ! opportunity ( collisions1 & fur!rmore obs]v$1 t ! g5]al f\ndation mu/ n appe> z :olly indep5d5t b "u ! =m ( a specific ev5t2 we may n[ add t x is 9 ?is individual vnem5t t we mu/ seek ! po9t ( dep>ture = ! entire epic poem4 ,?is is pre-em95tly ( importance = ! situations connect$ ) its comm5cem5t4 ,"h1 too1 we may take ! ,iliad & ,odyssey = models4 ,9 ! fir/ ! ,trojan w> is plac$ be=e u z ! g5]al backgr\nd ( contempor>y life1 b only s f> z x comprises ! p>ticul> ev5ts connect$ ) ! wra? ( ,a*illes4 ,& = ?is reason ! poem comm5ces )\t any possible confusion ) situations :i* excite ! passion ( ! pr9cipal h]o aga9/ ,agamemnon4 ,9 ! ,odyssey !re are two classes ( subject-matt] :i* det]m9e ! cont5t ( its op5+1 t is to say1 ! w&]+s ( ,odysseus & ! dome/ic complications at ,i?aca4 ,hom] br+s !m toge!r by giv+ u briefly in=mation conc]n+ ,odysseus on 8 home-j\rney to ! effect t he is deta9$ by ,calypso1 & !n at once passes to ! sorr[s ( ,p5elope & ! voyage ( ,telema*us4 ,we are1 consequ5tly1 able to review at "o glance :at ob/acle /&s 9 way ( ! return1 & :at is consequ5tly r5d]$ necess>y = ^? left beh9d at home4 77 ,! advance1 !n1 ( ! epic poem f a comm5cem5t su* z ?is is totally diff]5t f t ( lyric or dramatic poetry4 77 ,9 ! fir/ place we %\ld draw att5tion to ! possibilities ( ext5sion )9 ! range ( ! ,epos4 ,^! are q z mu* due to ! =m z !y are to ! cont5t4 ,we h already se5 :at a v>iety ( objects may be compris$ 9 ! _w ( ! ,epic z fully elaborat$1 n m]ely 9 its ideal capacities1 motives1 & aim1 b also 9 respect to its objective situation & environm5t4 ,inasmu* z all ^! aspects assume an objective =m1 an appe>ance ( reality1 ea* "o ( !m takes to itself a =m ( ess5tially indep5d5t ideality & ext]nality1 9 :i* ! epic poet1 ei!r 9 8 exposition or description1 is p]mitt$ freely to l+]1 & to disclose 9 its positive appe>ance4 ,! lyric1 on ! contr>y1 conc5trates all t x lays hold ( )9 ! ideal realm ( ! emotions1 or ref9es x away 9 ! g5]aliz$ vision ( reflection4 ,9 ! objective _w x is ! imm$iate complex 9 juxtaposition1 or ! v>i$ weal? ( manifold *>act]i/ics1 :i* is pres5t$ u4 ,9 ?is respect we f9d t 9 no o!r type ( poetry is ! claim to introduce episodical matt]1 ev5 to ! po9t ( to all appe>ance absolute indep5d5ce1 m indisputable ?an 9 ! ,epos4 ,! delight1 h[ev]1 9 actual fact = its own sake & 9 its natural =m mu/1 z already obs]v$1 n be c>ri$ s f> z to import into ! poem circum/ances & facts :i* h no real connection ) ! important action4 ,su* episodes mu/ ass]t !mselves z effective 9 ! advance ( su* action1 :e!r z ev5ts :i* are ob/ructive to its c\rse1 or assi/ant 9 _! m$iation4 ,yet1 despite ( ?is1 ! p>ticul> portions ( ! epic poem w be some:at loosely b\nd toge!r4 ,?is is a necess>y result ( ! mode ( its objectivity4 ,= 9 :at is objective m$iation p]si/s z ! ideal ess5ce2 :at 9 contra/ to ?is confronts ! ext]nal aspect is ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( p>ticul> aspects4 ,?is defect 9 ! direction ( a /r+5t unity & ! emphasiz$ relation ( specific portions ( ! epic poem1 :i*1 accord+ to its primitive =m1 possesses moreov] a primitive p]iod ( orig9ation1 has ?is result1 t x l5ds itself m readily ?an lyric or dramatic compositions to subsequ5t additions & cont9uations2 &1 fur!r1 x is enabl$ to appropriate "u its m rec5t & embrac+ :ole ev5 examples ( ! saga :i* h already receiv$ arti/ic expression ( a def9ite1 if n s exalt$ "*4 77,secondly1 if we look at ! way 9 :i* epic poetry may be ju/ifi$ 9 its motivisation ( ! progress & c\rse ( ev5ts1 we %all f9d t x ought n ei!r exclusively to take ! gr\nd ( :at happ5s f ! individual mood1 nor yet f :at is purely p]sonal "*4 ,9 o!r words1 x %\ld n encroa* ^u :at is ! prop] sph]e ( ! lyric & drama2 x mu/1 9 ?is respect too1 adh]e to ! =m ( objectivity :i* con/itutes ! fundam5tal epic type4 ,we h1 9 fact1 se5 m ?an once previ\sly t ext]nal conditions 7 ( no less importance1 = an exposition t takes ! =m ( n>rative1 ?an /ates ( s\l :i* reveal$ "*4 ,9 ! ,epos "* & ! necess>y rational condition coalesce completely on t]ms ( equality1 & ! epic "* may !re=e give way to ext]nal conditions1 )\t impair+ 8 poetic individuality1 may be1 9 %ort1 9 8 action1 ! result ( relations 9 su* a way t ^! appe> z ! pr$om9ant factor r ?an ! exclusively effective "* z we f9d x 9 ! drama4 ,we f9d 9 ! ,odyssey t ! progress ( ev5ts is almo/ entirely motiv$ 9 ?is way4 ,we f9d ! same ?+ 9 ! adv5tures ( ,ario/o & o!r ,epopees1 :]e ! mat]ial ( ! song is borr[$ f ! ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! div9e comm&1 too1 :i* induces neas to f\nd ,rome1 no less ?an ! v>i$ episodes :i* ext5d its embrace ov] a wide field1 w\ld involve a type ( motivisation :olly uncong5ial to ! drama4 ,a fur!r illu/ration ( ?is is ,tasso's ,j]usalem ,deliv]$1 9 :i*1 q ap>t f ! brave antagonism ( ! ,s>ac5s1 _m a natural ev5t is oppos$ to ! object ( ! ,*ri/ian ho/4 ,su* examples might be indef9itely multipli$ f almo/ all ! m fam\s ,epopees4 ,&1 inde$1 x is precisely mat]ial ( ?is k9d1 9 :i* an exposition ( ?is type is possible & necess>y1 t ! epic poet ought to select4 ,! same ?+ is effect$ :]e x is b\nd to appe> z ! result ( ! actual decision ( individuals4 ,"h1 too1 we h nei!r to ass]t nor to express t :i* ! "* 9 ! dramatic s5se ( ! t]m--t is1 accord+ to 8 aim & ! individual passion :i* uniquely animates him--makes ( ! circum/ances & relations1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 8 p]sonality aga9/ ?is ext]nal resi/ance no less ?an aga9/ o!r individuals4 ,r ! epic "* excludes ?is action view$ simply 9 ref]5ce to its p]sonal "*1 j z x excludes ! tumult ( purely subjective /ates & feel+s4 ,in/ead ( ?is x cleaves fa/1 on ! "o h&1 to ! circum/ances & _! reality2 & on ! o!r t1 :]eby its movem5t is effect$1 mu/ necess>ily r5d] explicit all t is ess5tially valid1 univ]sal1 & e?ical4 ,9 ,hom]1 z 9 no o!r writ]1 we %all f9d inexhau/ible mat]ial = p]t95t ?\ght on ?is head4 ,! lam5t ( ,hecuba ov] ,hector1 = in/ance1 or ( ,a*illes ov] ! dea? ( ,patroclus--episodes :i*1 s f> z cont5t is conc]n$1 w\ld l5d !mselves admirably to lyric treatm5t--are 9 ,hom] held ?r\gh\t )9 ! epic temp]4 ,& to q z little ext5t d we f9d ?is poet h&le 9 dramatic /yle situations :i* w\ld prim>ily adapt !mselves to dramatic exposition1 su* z ! conflict betwe5 ,agamemnon & ,a*illes 9 ! c\ncil ( ! *iefs1 or ! p>t+ ( ,hector & ,&roma*e4 ,only to glance at ! la/-m5tion$ sc5e1 ?is belongs unque/ionably to "o ( ! f9e/ conceivable ef=ts ( epic poetry4 ,ev5 9 ,s*ill]'s dialogue betwe5 ,amalia & ,c>l 9 ,! ,robb]s1 :]e ! same subject ought to be treat$ 9 ! lyric ve9 ?r\gh\t1 we di/9ctly he> an epic rev]b]ation f ! ,iliad4 ,h[ consummately epic 9 its effect1 h[ev]1 is ,hom]'s description 9 ! six? book ( ! ,iliad ( ! way 9 :i* ,hector va9ly seeks = ,&roma*e at home1 !n at la/ meets h] on ! way to ! ,scan gate1 h[ %e hurries t[>d him1 & :5 close to him1 z he looks ) a peaceful smile on 8 little boy ly+ on ! arm ( 8 nurse1 exclaims3 ,amaz+ man1 ?y c\rage w de/roy !e1 & ?\ compassione/ nei!r ?y infant boy nor me1 hapless wight1 :o w soon be wid[$ ( !e4 ,ay1 = soon ! ,a*aeans w slay !e1 /orm+ aga9/ !e toge!r4 ,& if ,i lose !e x 7 bett] = myself to pass b5ea? ! e>?4 ,no o!r com=t is left = me1 b only sorr[1 if ?\ art /rick5 by fate6 ,nei!r h ,i my fa!r any m1 nor yet my lady "m4 ,aft] :i* %e n>rates at l5g? all ! /ory ab\t h] fa!r & ! dea? ( h] sev5 bro!rs1 all ( :om ,a*illes _h sla91 also ! captivity1 ransom1 & decease ( h] "m4 ,!n at l5g? %e turns ) e>ne/ plea to ,hector1 :o is h5ce=w>d to h] fa!r & "m1 bro!rs1 & sp\se 9 ! bloom ( life1 & implores him to rema9 on ! walls1 & n to make 8 son an orphan & 8 wife a wid[4 ,hector replies 9 mu* ! same _s3 ,all ?is is also a c>e to me1 wife2 b ,i fe> too mu* ! ,trojans1 if ,i avoid ! battle "h1 l a c[>d2 ! eddy1 too1 ( ! mom5t worries me n1 :o am wont to be ev] dauntless1 & to fight 9 ! =emo/ ranks ( ! ,trojans1 protect+ ! high fame ( my fa!r & m9e own4 ,ay1 well inde$ ,i wot1 bo? 9 m9d & s\l1 t ! day w come 9 :i* sacr$ ,troy %all fall1 z also ,priam & ! folk ( ! k+ cunn+ ) ! spe>4 ,b ,i sorr[ n s mu* = ! ,trojans1 nor yet = ,hecuba h]self & ,priam1 nor ! bro!rs ( my fle%1 :o %all fall b5ea? ! foe1 z = !e1 :5 "s bronze-greav$ ,a*an %all be> !e away1 robb+ !e ( ?y day ( fre$om1 & ?\ %alt sp9 f ! flax ( ano!r 9 ,argos1 or we>ily draw wat]1 lo? inde$1 b ! might ( necessity w be ^u !e2 & ,i d\bt n !re w be someone :o w say1 z he sees !e weep+3 ',see yond] ,hector's wife1 ! brave/ ( all :o f\ght among ! ,trojans :5 ! fight 0 ov] ,ilium4' ,?us p]*ance %all someone speak2 & woe w come ^u !e1 t ?\ ha/ no long] su* a husb&1 to f5d !e f su* s]fdom4 ,z = myself1 may ! e>? cov] me1 or ev] ,i he> ?y bitt] cry & ?y c>ry+ (f4 ,all t ,hector says "h is full ( feel+1 pa!tic en\gh1 yet n m]ely express$ 9 a lyrical or dramatic mann]1 b 9 ! epic ve91 inasmu* z ! picture :i* he outl9es ( suff]+1 & :i* br+s pa9 to himself1 9 ! fir/ place depicts circum/antially objective conditions z su*1 & 9 ! second place because all t affects & moves him does n appe> z p]sonal volition1 or individual resolve1 b r z a necessity :i* is n at ! same "t 8 own aim & w4 ,( mu* ! same epic effect are ! pleas ) :i* ! vanqui%$ plead1 z !y may on v>i\s gr\nds1 = _! life ) _! victors2 = a movem5t ( ! s\l1 :i* proce$s m]ely f circum/ances1 & only attempts to affect u ?r\gh ! causative effect ( objective relations & situations1 is n dramatic1 al?\gh mod]n trag$ians f "t to "t also make use ( su* a type ( effect4 ,! sc5e1 = example1 9 ,s*ill]'s ,maid ( ,orleans1 on ! battle-field betwe5 ! ,engli% knight ,montgom]y & ,joan1#bc is1 z o!rs h already ju/ly obs]v$1 r epic ?an dramatic4 ,9 ! mom5t ( dang] all c\rage =sakes ! knight2 yet1 = all t1 :5 press$ by ! fi]ce ,talbot1 :o puni%es c[>dice ) dea?1 & ! ,maid1 :o conqu]s ev5 ! brave/1 he is unable to h rec\rse to flight1 & exclaims3 ,o1 wr i* nimm] b] ,me] hieh] ges*ifft1 ,i* unglcksel'g]6 ,eitl] ,wahn be?rte mi*1 ,wohlfeil5 ,ruhm zu su*5 9 dem ,frank5krieg1 ,und jetzo fhrt mi* das v]d]bli*e ,ges*ick ,9 diese blut'ge ,mords*la*t4 ,wr i* weit von hi] ,daheim no* an d] ,sav]n' bluh5dem ,ge/ad ,im si*]n ,vat]hause1 we die ,mutt] mir4 ,9 ,gram zurckblieb und die z>te ssse ,braut4#bd ,expressions su* z ^! are unmanly1 & make ! figure ( ?is knight nei!r fit = ! g5u9e ,epos nor ! tragic drama1 are 9 fact r sugge/ive ( com$y4 ,& :5 ,joan1 aft] exclaim+1 ,du bi/ des ,todes6 ,e9e britt's*e ,mutt] zeugte di*6#be advances t[>ds him1 he ?r[s away sword & %ield & pleads at h] feet = 8 life4 ,! reasons he gives at l5g? 9 ord] to ar\se h] sympa?y3 8 def5celessness2 ! weal? ( 8 fa!r1 :o w\ld ransom him ) gold2 ! g5tl5ess ( ! sex to :i* ,joan belongs z maid2 ! love ( 8 sweet bride1 :o waits = 8 return home 9 te>s2 ! grief ( ! p>5ts :om he has left at home2 ! griev\s fate ( dea? unwept = 9 a =eign l&--all ^! motives are !mselves1 9 "o aspect ( !m1 ess5tially objective conditions1 effective & ( value z su*1 & on ! o!r h&1 ! tranquil exposition ( !m is itself 9 ! epic ve94 ,9 ! same way ! poet motives ! condition1 t ,joan mu/ he>k5 to him1 ?r\gh ! ext]nal circum/ance ( ! def5celessness ( ! plead]1 al?\gh f ! dramatic po9t ( view %e ought )\t delay & at ! b>e sight to h sla9 him1 be+ z %e 0 ! rel5tless foe ( all ,engli%m51 & 9 fact expresses su* de/ructive hatr$ ) e res\rce ( rhetoric1 ju/ify+ h] action by ! /atem5t t %e is b\nd ) mo/ fe>ful v[ to ! _s-_w4 ,mit dem ,s*w]t zu tdt5 alles ,leb5de1 das ihr ,d] ,s*la*t5 ,gott v]hngnissvoll entgeg5s*ickt4#bf ,if ! po9t ( importance to ! maid 7 m]ely t ,montgom]y ought n to die def5celess1 he possess$ app>5tly an excell5t means 9 8 grasp ( reta9+ 8 life2 9 o!r words he _h m]ely to refuse to take up 8 weapons4 ,?is view is support$ by ! fact t ,joan has already li/5$ to him s long4 ,yet :5 %e dem&s t he %\ld fight = 8 life ) h]1 ( mortal fle% l himself1 he aga9 takes up 8 sword & falls by h] h&4 ,su* a developm5t ( ! sc5e _h be5 m 9 keep+ ) ! drama _h x disp5s$ ) all ?is v>i$ epic exposition4 77 ,9 g5]al1 !n1 we may *>act]ize ! type 9 :i* we h ! poetic passage ( epic ev5ts set be=e u 9 ! foll[+ way1 namely1 t ! epic pres5tation does n m]ely l+] ov] ! picture ( objective reality & ideal conditions1 b ov] & above ?is provides ob/acles to a f9al solution4 ,?is n only applies to its relation to ! wide field ( ext]nal condition1 to :i* ! m imm$iate vision en=ces u1 b also 9 respect to ! culm9at+ movem5t ( ! action1 m especially 9 its contra/ to dramatic poetry4 ,= ?is reason above all x div]ts u f ! execution ( ! fundam5tal purpose1 ! connect$ c\rse ( ^: evolv$ conflict a dramatic poet ought nev] to lose sight (1 into mu* digressive matt]2 &1 moreov]1 by ?is means avails itself ( ! opportunity1 to br+ be=e our vision ! complex unity ( a _w ( circum/ances1 :i* o!rwise c\ld n h be5 express$ 9 spee*4 ,we h an illu/ration ( su* an ob/acle 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,iliad4 ,hom] "h at once tells u ab\t ! fatal sickness1 :i* ,apollo _h spread ?r\gh\t ! ,greek camp1 & connects ) x ! /rife betwe5 ,a*illes & ,agamemnon4 ,?is wra? is ! second imp$im5t4 ,ev5 m obvi\sly 9 ! ,odyssey is e adv5ture t ,odysseus has to pass ?r\gh1 a delay to 8 home return4 ,m p>ticul>ly1 h[ev]1 ! di/9ct episode s]ves to int]rupt ! unimpair$ progression ( ! /ory1 & is to a great ext5t an ob/acle to ?is4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 is ! %ipwreck ( neas1 8 love = ,dido1 ! appe>ance ( ,armida 9 ,tasso1 & we may add z a rule ! _m indep5d5t love affairs ( p>ticul> h]oes 9 ! romantic ,epos1 :i*1 9 ! poetry ( ,ario/o1 accumulate & int]lace ) su* pr(usion1 t ! conflict betwe5 ,*ri/ian & ,s>ac5 is !reby entirely hidd54 ,9 ! ,div9e ,com$y ( ,dante we d n f9d su* def9ite examples ( ob/ruction to ! plot or n>rative4 ,9 ?is case we mu/ associate ! sl[ advance ( ! ,epic d5\em5t p>tly ) ! g5]ally paus+ mann] ( ! description1 & 9 "p ) ! _m little episodical hi/ories & conv]sations ) p>ticul> *>act]s1 :e!r damn$ or o!rwise1 ab\t :om ! poet p]mits himself m detail$ in=mation4 ,9 ?is connection x is above all ?+s necess>y t imp$im5ts ( ?is description1 :i* int]f]e ) ! fl[ ( n>rative to its f9al end1 %\ld n be pres5t$ z ?\gh !y 7 m]ely means direct$ to objects ( an objective "*4 ,= inasmu* z already ! g5]al condition1 on ! basis ( :i* ! movem5t ( ! epic _w is c>ri$ =w>d1 is only truly poetical :]e x appe>s z a self-con/ruct$ gr[?1 s too its entire c\rse1 ei!r 9 virtue ( circum/ances or ! inh]5t de/9y1 mu/ also appe> self-orig9at$ )\t our be+ able to detect !reby ! p]sonal views ( ! poet2 & ?is is all ! m s because1 9 ! =m ( its objectivity--n m]ely "u its aspects ( ph5om5al reality1 b also 9 respect to ! sub/antive "* ( its cont5t--x claims = ! :ole no less ?an its divisible cont5t t x is a positive gr[?1 spontane\s 9 its orig9 & indep5d5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a directive _w ( gods is its apex1 controll+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 x is ev5 m necess>y t ! poet himself %\ld possess a lively & vivid fai? 9 !m1 because 9 t case x is g5]ally ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ^! t ob/ructions su* z we h ref]r$ to are ass]t$2 consequ5tly :]e ^! div9e =ces are treat$ m]ely z "s lifeless me*anism1 x is inevitable t ev]y?+ = :i* !y are responsible mu/ equally become s 9 a poetic composition :i* is artificial ev5 9 int5tion4 77 ,hav+ ?us briefly adv]t$ to ! totality ( objects1 :i* ! ,epos is able to unfold by int]weav+ a p>ticul> ev5t ) a univ]sal national _w-condition1 &1 fur!r1 hav+ discuss$ ! mann] 9 :i* ! c\rse ( ev5ts is develop$1 we h n[1 ?irdly1 & 9 conclusion1 to exam9e ! problem z to ! nature ( ! unity & r\nd+ (f ( an epic composition4 77 ,?is is a po9t all ! m important = ! reason t 9 our own day p are ready to take up ! view t we may end an ,epic z we l1 or cont9ue x j z caprici\sly4 ,al?\gh ?is is ! op9ion ( m5 ( tal5t & le>n+--x is 9 fact ! cont5tion ( ,f4 ,n4 ,wolff--x rema9s none ! less a crude & illit]ate view4 ,x 9 fact am\nts to no?+ less ?an exclud+ f ! f9e/ e?ic compositions any g5u9e "* ( arti/ic composition4 ,= x is only 9 virtue ( ! fact t an ,epos depicts an ess5tially exclusive1 & !reby1 = ! firs "t indep5d5t _w1 t x is at all a "w ( f9e art 9 contra/ to :at is1 9 "p1 ! diffuse1 &1 9 "p1 ! f9ite1 s]ies ( indep5d5t sections1 causes1 effects1 & o!r modes ( self-causative reality4 ,"o c1 ( c\rse1 s f> admit t = ! g5u9e & primitive ,epos ! :olly ae/hetic review ( ! design & organization ( ! p>ts1 ( ! position & completion ( ! episodes1 ( ! k9d ( similes employ$1 & s =?1 ?is is n ! po9t ( mo/ importance1 inasmu* z "h1 m ?an 9 lyrical poetry ( a lat] date1 & its artificial elaboration ( ! drama1 ! g5]al _w-outlook1 ! fai? 9 div9e be+s1 &1 9 a ^w1 :at is mo/ ess5tial 9 su* national ,bibles1 mu/ be express$ z ! aspect ( mo/ weight4 ,nev]!less1 ^! great national books1 su* z are ! ,ramajana1 ! ,iliad1 & ! ,odyssey1 & ev5 ! ,song ( ! ,nibel+s1 ought n to lose t quality :i* alone1 9 respect to bo? _! beauty & _! art1 c end[ !m ) ! wor? & fre$om ( arti/ic works1 ! quality1 t is1 :]eby !y br+ be=e our vision a complete sph]e ( action4 ,:at we h simply to d1 !re=e1 is to discov] ! appropriate =m ( ?is exclusive unity4 77 ,! t]m ,unity1 if employ$ 9 ?is g5]al s5se1 has become a v commonplace "o ev5 = trag$y1 "o capable ( mu* misuse4 ,= e ev5t1 9 its causes & effects1 creates an inf9ite *a91 :i*1 9 ! direction ( ! pa/ no less ?an ! future1 & 9 a way t is 9 bo? directions incalculable1 leads to a fur!r s]ies ( p>ticul> circum/ances & actions1 x be+ impossible to det]m9e all t may =m "p ( ! circum/ances & detail 9 o!r respects1 or ! mode ( _! coalesc5ce4 ,if we m]ely conf9e our att5tion to ?is s]ies1 no d\bt an ,epos may be ext5d$ backw>ds & =w>ds indef9itely2 &1 ov] & above ?is su* always (f]s opportunity = digression4 ,b x is j su* a s]ies z ?is :i* makes ! composition prosaic4 ,to adduce an example ! ,greek cyclic poets h celebrat$ ! entire cyclus ( ! ,trojan w>1 & 9 do+ s cont9ue at ! po9t :]e ,hom] /ops1 ) a beg9n+1 too1 f ! egg ( ,l$a4 ,b x is precisely on acc\nt ( ?is t !y deg5]ate into prose1 if we contra/ !m ) ,hom]'s compositions4 ,j z little--,i h already drawn att5tion to ?is--c an individual z su* surr5d] ! c5tral focus ( 8 unity1 inasmu* z x is f ?is t ! mo/ v>i$ ev5ts issue1 & are able to effect a union 9 ! same1 ?\gh !y may be entirely )\t connection reg>d$ simply z ev5ts4 ,we h consequ5tly to seek = ano!r type ( unity4 ,9 ?is respect we mu/ briefly det]m9e ! di/9ction betwe5 a m]e ev5t1 & a def9ite action1 :i* accepts ! =m ( ev5t 9 ! epic n>rative4 ,we may def9e a m]e ev5t z ! ext]nal aspect & realization ( e human action1 )\t involv+ ) x ! execution ( a p>ticul> end2 or1 9 g5]al t]ms1 we may call x e ext]nal modification 9 ! =m & appe>ance ( :at actually exi/s4 ,:5 anyone is /ruck by lightn+1 t is a m]e ev5t1 an ext]nal occurr5ce4 ,m is impli$ 9 ! sack ( a ho/ile city2 we h "h ! fulfilm5t ( a pr$et]m9ate purpose4 ,an ess5tially di/9ct object ( ?is k9d1 su* z ! lib]ation ( ! ,holy ,l& f ! yoke ( ! ,s>ac5s & hea!n1 or bett] /ill ! satisfaction ( a specific impulse1 su* z ! wra? ( ,a*illes1 mu/1 "u ! mode ( ! epic ev5tuality1 con/itute ! syn!tic unity ( ! ,epopaea2 & by ?is ,i mean t ! poetic n>rative mu/ re/rict itself to t :i* is uniquely ! effect ( ?is conceiv$ purpose or specific impulse1 & 9 ?is co-op]ation be r\nd$ (f 9 an ess5tially exclusive unity4 ,action & execution ( ?is type is1 h[ev]1 only possible to human ag5cy2 s t1 z ! culm9at+ po9t ( our composition1 we mu/ h 9 progressive conjunction ) purpose & impulse a human p]sonality4 ,fur!rmore1 if ! action & satisfaction ( ! entire h]oic "*1 f :i* bo? purpose & impulse proce$1 are m]ely ! result ( :olly def9ite situations & motives1 :i* are dissipat$ z we look back 9 an ext5sive complexity ( relation1 & if1 fur!r1 ! execution ( ! purpose1 z we look =w>d1 c>ries ) x a v>iety ( result1 !n 9 t case on ! "o h& no d\bt a l>ge numb] ( presuppositions w be involv$ ) su* a specific action1 & on ! o!r h& we %all h _m effects ( reaction1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w n be plac$ 9 any m intimate poetic connection ) j ?is det]m9ate "* ( ! end "u exposition4 ,9 ?is s5se1 = in/ance1 ! wra? ( ,a*illes has z little connection ) ! rape ( ,hel5 or ! judgm5t ( ,p>is1 al?\gh ! "o fact is presuppos$ 9 ! o!r1 z x has ) ! actual sack ( ,troy4 ,:51 !re=e1 x is cont5d$ t ! ,iliad nei!r possesses a necess>y beg9n+1 nor an appropriate conclusion1 su* a v]dict is due to an inability to see di/9ctly t x is ! wra? ( ,a*illes :i* is ! ma9 subject ( ! ,iliad1 & :i* consequ5tly %\ld supply ! focus-po9t ( unity4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 we =m a /able conception ( ! h]oic figure ( ,a*illes1 & assume t ?is1 z ass]t$ 9 ! wra? ar\s$ 9 him by ,agamemnon1 is ! connect+ ?read ( ! :ole1 we %all be unable to conceive ei!r a beg9n+ or t]m9ation ( great] beauty4 ,x is1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 ! direct motive ( ?is ang]1 :i* =ms ! poem's comm5cem5t2 ! consequ5ces ( ! same are compris$ 9 all t foll[s4 ,aga9/ ?is critics h attempt$ to en=ce ! view t 9 su* a case ! la/ cantos are irrelevant1 & might j z well be omitt$4 ,su* an op9ion1 if we look at ! poem itself1 is unt5able4 ,= j z ! dally+ ( ,a*illes himself by ! %ips & 8 ab/95ce f ! conflict are purely ! result ( 8 indignant wra?1 & are 9 ?is inactivity b\nd up closely ) ! almo/ imm$iate success ( ! ,trojans ov] ! ,grecian ho/1 no less ?an ) ! fight & dea? ( ,patroclus1 s1 too1 ! lam5t & rev5ge ( ! noble ,a*illes & 8 victory ov] ,hector is closely l9k$ ) ?is fall ( 8 brave fri5d4 ,if 9 ! previ\s op9ion x is impli$ t dea? is ! end ( ev]y?+1 & aft] t we may z well pack & be (f1 su* a view m]ely indicates extreme crudity ( imag9ative conception4 ,) ! idea ( dea? x is m]ely ,nature t is br\ght to a /&/ill2 man is n s1 nor yet are ! obligations ( 8 e?ical life & habit1#bg ) _! claim ( hon\rable recognition = ! fall5 h]o4 ,9 ?is s5se ! sports t =m "p ( ! fun]al rites ( ,patroclus1 ! he>tr5d+ pleas ( ,priam1 ! reconciliation ( ,a*illes1 :o returns ! fa!r ! corpse ( 8 son1 9 ord] t 9 ?is case1 too1 hon\r to ! dead may n be abs5t1 ea* & all are connect$ ) ! previ\s ev5ts1 & contribute to ! supreme & satisfy+ beauty ( ! n>rative's conclusion4 77 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z we h attempt$ above to make a specifically individual action1 :i* issues 9 accordance ) a delib]ate purpose or h]oic impulses1 con=m to ! type ( an epic :ole 9 :i* focal po9ts are asc]ta9able t b9d x toge!r & r\nd (f its complet5ess1 ! view is at lea/ possible t we h made ! unity ( ! ,epos too ne>ly id5tical ) t ( ! drama4 ,= 9 ! drama also x is "o p>ticul> l9e ( action issu+ f self-conceiv$ purpose & "* ) its conflict :i* con/itutes ! focal c5tre4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 n to involve ^! two types ( poetry1 ! epos1 t is1 & ! drama1 9 confusion1 ?\gh ! confusion m]ely appe> to be su*1 ,i w yet aga9 draw ! read]'s att5tion emphatically to my previ\s explanation ( ! di/9ction betwe5 human action & ev5t4 ,& q ap>t f ?is ! epic int]e/ is n simply conf9$ to ^? *>act]s1 objects1 & situations :i* h _! gr\nd 9 ! p>ticul> action z su*1 ^: progress is ! subject ( ! epic n>rative1 b ?is action possesses ! fur!r /imulus to its oppos$ factors & _! resolution1 & 9 fact is direct$ ?r\gh\t its c\rse & exclusively )9 a national & collective :ole1 or sub/antive cont5t1 :i* claims on its own acc\nt to ass]t a v>iety ( *>act]s1 conditions1 & ev5ts4 ,9 ?is respect ! f9al consummation ( ! ,epos does n m]ely consi/ 9 ! p>ticul> cont5t ( ! pr$om9ant action select$1 b q z mu* 9 ! entire syn!sis ( ! g5]al _w-survey ^: objective reality x und]takes to depict2 9 fact1 ! epic unity is only !n fully complete :5 ! p>ticul> action1 f "o po9t ( view no d\bt1 9 its indep5d5t "*1 b also f ano!r1 reg>d$ 9 its progression z ! ess5tially r\nd$ _w )9 ! sph]e ( :i* x moves1 is plac$ be=e u z "o indissoluble totality2 & bo? ( ^! sph]es1 or aspects ( "o sph]e1 repose toge!r 9 ! m$iat+ fulness & unimpair$ unity ( v life4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! mo/ ess5tial *>act]i/ics we f9d x possible1 )9 ! limits accept$1 to draw att5tion to 9 respect to ! g5u9e ,epos4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible to apply ! same =m ( objectivity to o!r subject-matt]1 ^: cont5t does n c>ry ) x ! true significance ( g5u9e objectivity4 ,x is v possible t a !ori/ 9 ,art w feel emb>rassm5t :51 ) su* modes ( spee* be=e him1 he is ask$ to make a classification adapt$ to all poems )\t di/9ction2 & we mu/ n =get t "u ! g5]ic t]m ( poem ^! hybrid =ms h also to be reckon$4 ,9 any really j classification1 h[ev]1 we ought only to include t :i* only con=ms ) a def9ition ( ! g5]ic notion4#bh ,all t is1 on ! contr>y1 incomplete 9 cont5t or =m1 or bo?1 precisely = ! reason t x is n z x ought to be1 is only subsum$ defectively "u ! notion1 or 9 o!r words "u ! def9ition1 :i* gives u ! ?+ z x ought to be1 & 9 tru? actually is4 ,i only propose1 !re=e1 9 conclusion & by way ( supplem5t1 to add a few obs]vations ^u su* subord9ate & collat]al bran*es ( ! true epic composition4 ,to ?is class ( poetry above all ! idyll belongs 9 ! mod]n s5se ( t t]m1 viz41 t 9 :i* poetry /&s alo( f ! pr(\nd] int]e/s ( spiritual & e?ical life1 & depicts mank9d 9 its innoc5ce4 ,innoc5t life 9 ?is s5se am\nts to little m ?an an ignorance ( ev]y?+ except eat+ & dr9k+4 ,we may add t :at we eat & dr9k "h is extremely simple1 x is goat's milk m]ely1 or %eep's milk1 or at ! mo/ c['s milk1 roots1 acorns1 vegetables1 & *eese made f milk4 ,i %\ld say t bread is no long] 9 ! truly idyllic sph]e2 we mu/1 h[ev]1 all[ to x fle%-eat+2 = x is h>dly possible t our idyllic %eph]ds & %eph]desses c\ld h wi%$ to sacrifice _! h]ds exclusively to ! gods4 ,_! occupation w consi/ 9 look+ ! :ole day long aft] _! belov$ h]ds ) _! fai?ful h\nd1 9 provid+ _! food & dr9k1 & along ) ?is giv+ v5t1 ) z mu* s5tim5tal feel+ z possible1 to e k9d ( mood :i* does n di/urb ?is condition ( repose & cont5tm5t4 ,9 a ^w1 !y are satisfi$ ) _! peculi> piety & g5tl5ess1 pip+ away on _! re$ or oat-pipes1 w>bl+ to ea* o!r1 & above all mak+ love ) ! greate/ t5d]ness & innoc5ce4 ,! ,greeks1 on ! contr>y1 possess$ 9 _! pla/ic repres5tations a m jubilant _w1 ) its att5dants ( ,bac*us1 ,satyrs & ,fauns1 :o1 9 _! h>mless s]vice ( a god1 /imulat$ animal life & human joviality ) a vivacity & tru? totally diff]5t f ! above pret5ti\s innoc5ce1 piety1 & empt9ess4 ,we may also recognize ! same ess5tially animat$ outlook on ! _w z illu/rat$ 9 lively pictures ( national condition1 9 ! ,greek ,bucolic poets su* z ,!ocritus2 ?is is s :e!r our poet l+]s ov] actual situations ( ! life ( fi%]-folk1 or %eph]ds1 or ext5ds ! mode 9 :i* he expresses ?is1 or simil> sph]es ( life1 to a yet wid] circle1 ei!r depict+ su* /ates 9 an epic =m1 or treat+ !m 9 lyric =m & t ( ! objective drama4 ,virgil already s+s to u ) less w>m? 9 8 ,eclogues4 ,mo/ t$i\s ( all1 h[ev]1 is ,gessn]1 s t$i\s t ,i suppose no "o reads him n[adays4 ,we c only wond] t ! ,fr5* ev] _h s mu* ta/e = him t !y ev5 rank$ him highe/ among ,g]man poets4 ,_! morbid s5sibility on ! "o h&1 :i* evades ! tumult & *anges ( life1 :ile ye>n+ also = "s k9d ( movem5t1 & on ! o!r ! abs5ce ( all true int]e/ 9 su* poetry1 s t ! o!rwise di/urb+ influ5ces ( our culture 7 n repres5t$--bo? ( ^! factors1 no d\bt1 contribut$ to ?is pref]5ce4 ,we may reckon z a fur!r class ( ?is hybrid type ( ,epic ^? poems :i* are half description & half lyrics1 a fav\rite type ) ! ,engli%1 & "o :i* = ! mo/ "p accepts = its subject-matt] ,nature1 ! ,seasons1 & simil> subjects4 ,we may also associate ) ?is type ! v>i\s didactic poems conc]n$ ) physical sci5ce1 a/ronomy1 m$ic9e1 *ess1 fi%+1 & hunt+--9 %ort1 ! art :i* loves to elaborate 9 a poetic =m :at is really ! cont5t ( prose1 an art :i* has be5 cultivat$ ) mu* tal5t 9 lat] ,greek poetry1 & aft] t by ! ,romans1 &1 9 our "t1 pre-em95tly by ! ,fr5*4 ,su* poetry1 despite its g5]al epic temp]1 w v readily pass ov] into ! lyric treatm5t4 ,! romances & ballads1 :i* we f9d bo? 9 ! ,middle ,ages & mod]n times1 are no d\bt poetry ( a k9d1 ?\gh x is impossible to def9e accurately _! type2 s f> z _! cont5t is conc]n$ !y are 9 "p epic4 ,if we look at ! =m ( _! composition1 h[ev]1 !y are = ! mo/ "p lyrical1 s t we h p]=ce to reckon !m f diff]5t po9ts ( view to diff]5t types4 ,! romantic novel1 t ,epopaea ( mod]n society1 op5s a diff]5t field altoge!r4 ,9 ?is we possess1 on ! "o h&1 9 all its complet5ess & v>iety1 an epic prodigality ( int]e/s1 conditions1 *>act]s1 & liv+ relations1 ! ext5sive backgr\nd 9 fact ( an entire _w4 ,we h also ! epic exposition ( ev5ts4 ,:at fails u "h is ! primitive _w-condition z poetically conceiv$1 :i* is ! s\rce ( ! g5u9e ,epos4 ,! romance or novel 9 ! mod]n s5se pre-supposes a basis ( reality already organiz$ 9 its prosaic =m1 ^u :i* x !n attempts1 9 its own sph]e1 s f> z ?is is possible f su* a g5]al po9t ( view1 bo? 9 its treatm5t ( ! vital "* ( ev5ts & ! life ( individuals & _! de/9y1 to make good once m ! bani%$ claims ( poetical vision4 ,= ?is reason "o ( ! mo/ common collisions 9 ! novel1 & "o mo/ suitable to x1 is ! conflict betwe5 ! poetry ( ! he>t & ! prose ( ext]nal conditions antagoni/ic to x1 includ+ ) su* ! cont+5cy su* imply4 ,?is is a conflict :i* may be resolv$ on ! l9es ( trag$y or com$y1 or f9ds its settlem5t 9 ! tw(old conclusion1 fir/1 t ! *>act]s :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance cont5d ) ! ord9>y c\rse ( life are taught to recognize 9 x :at is ! g5u9e he>t ( ?+s1 becom+ !reby reconcil$ to _! conditions & ready to coop]ate ) !m2 &1 secondly1 t !y le>n h[ to bru% away ! purely prosaic aspect ( all t !y d & accompli%1 & !reby replace ! prose :i* !y h f\nd !re ) a reality alli$ & cong5ial to beauty & art4 ,9 s f> z ! =m ( ! exposition is conc]n$1 ! g5u9e romance pre-supposes1 precisely z ! ,epos does1 ! syn!siz$ purvey ( ! _w & life z "o :ole1 ! manifold cont5ts ( :i* are manife/$ )9 ! rea* ( ! individual ev5t :i* supplies ! focal c5tre ( ! entire complexus4 ,9 8 attitude to detail1 h[ev]1 ! poet mu/ "h p]mit himself a fre] play bo? ( conception & execution1 & all ! m s because he is "h less able to avoid ! prose ( actual life 9 8 descriptions1 ?\gh ?is fre$om %\ld n make him any m incl9$ to dwell exclusively 9 su* an atmosph]e ( prose & ord9>y occurr5ce4 #c4 ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,developm5t ,,( ,,epic ,,poetry ,9 look+ back ^u ! c\rse ( our previ\s consid]ation ( ! o!r arts1 we f9d t we review$ ! diff]5t /ages ( ! art ( build+ ?r\gh\t 9 _! hi/orical developm5t z successively 9 symbolic1 classic1 & romantic ar*itecture4 ,9 ! case ( sculpture1 on ! contr>y1 we accept$ ! ,greek type1 by virtue ( its complete id5tity ) ! notion ( ?is classic art1 z ! real focal c5tre1 f :i* we proce$$ to develop ! specific *>act]i/ics ( importance1 s t "h we did n f9d x necess>y to ext5d s f> z 9 ! previ\s case ! range ( our hi/orical survey4 ,?is contra/ is fur!r illu/rat$ 9 our treatm5t ( ! romantic art-"* ( pa9t+1 :i*1 h[ev]1#bi n m]ely 9 respect to ! fundam5tal notion ( its cont5t1 b also 9 t ( ! mode ( its pres5tation1 embraces an equally wide & important range ( developm5t 9 diff]5t nations & ?r\gh diff]5t s*ools1 s t 9 ?is case x 0 necess>y to make our ref]5ce to hi/ory m ext5sive & v>i$4 ,! nature ( ! art ( music invit$ u to hi/orical comp>isons ( ! same k9d4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z ,i h nei!r obta9$ access to ! =eign lit]ature deal+ ) ! hi/ory ( ?is art1 nor c claim p]sonally to possess ! adequate k1 ,i h be5 =c$ to re/rict myself to ! m]e outl9es ( :at is requir$ incid5tally4 ,) reg>d to our imm$iate subject1 t is1 epic poetry1 ! c\rse ( our enquiry w be v mu* t foll[$ 9 ! case ( sculpture4 ,9 o!r words1 ?\gh ! mode ( exposition bran*es (f 9 sev]al direct or collat]al divisions1 & embraces _m hi/orical p]iods & peoples1 yet we h already recogniz$ 9 ! ,epos ( ,greek lit]ature ! g5u9e type ( x 9 its consummate =m & mo/ arti/ic mode ( realization4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is t 9 g5]al ! ,epos possesses ! close/ aff9ity ) ! pla/ic ( sculpture & its objective pres5ce2 &1 n m]ely 9 respect to its sub/antive cont5t1 b equally s 9 ! =m ( its pres5tation z t ( ph5om5al reality4 ,x is !re=e by no means simply an accid5t t we f9d epic poetry1 no less ?an ! art ( sculpture1 ass]t itself pre-em95tly among ! ,greeks 9 its orig9al & unsurpass$ p]fection4 ,/ages ( developm5t1 no d\bt1 are to be met ) on ei!r side ( ?is culm9at+ po9t1 /ages :i* are nei!r intr9sically subord9ate or insignificant1 b are necess>y conditions ( ! art's gr[?1 inasmu* z all nations are ess5tially )9 ! sph]e ( poetic creation1 & x is above all ! ,epos :i* br+s be=e u ! he>t & core ( ! national life4 ,& = ?is reason1 ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! ,epic is ( great] importance ?an 0 ! case ) sculpture4 ,we may !n classify ! entire compass ( epic poetry1 or1 to express ourselves m accurately1 ( ! ,epopaea1 9 ?ree fundam5tal /ages2 & ^!1 speak+ g5]ally1 con/itute ! c\rse ( ! art's evolution4 ,fir/s we h ! ,ori5tal ,epos1 :i* makes ! symbolic type its focal c5tre4 ,secondly1 !re is ! classical ,epos ( ! ,greeks1 ) its imitation 9 ,roman au?ors4 ,f9ally1 we h ! abundant & _m-sid$ unfold+ ( epic-romantic poetry among ,*ri/ian peoples2 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 ! fir/ in/ance appe>s 9 ,teutonic paganism2 & aga91 f ano!r po9t ( view1 t is q ap>t f :at we may /yle ! *ivalr\s poetry ( ! ,middle ,ages1 we f9d ! old classic _w active 9 ano!r prov9ce ( life z in/rum5tal to ! purification ( lit]>y ta/e or /yle1 or /ill m directly utiliz$ z a model1 until f9ally ! mod]n romance replaces ! ,epos altoge!r4 ,we may n[ proce$ to "s review ( s+le epic compositions3 9 ?is x w only be possible to emphasize :at is ( mo/ importance2 &1 g5]ally speak+1 ,i c only pret5d to give a rapid outl9e ( ?is field 9 ! space at my disposal4 7a7 ,9 ! case ( ,ori5tal peoples ! art ( poetry is1 z we h already obs]v$1 g5]ally ( a m primitive type1 inasmu* z x rema9s m closely relat$ to :at we may /yle ! ess5tial#cj mode ( envisagem5t1 & ! diffusion ( ! individual consci\sness 9 ! sublime ,unity ( ! ,"o4 ,& because ( ?is1 z a fur!r aspect1 & relatively to ! specific divisions ( poetic composition1 x is unable to "w out individual p]sonality 9 ! self-subsi/5cy ( det]m9ate *>act]ization1 ) its aims & collisions1 an elaboration :i* is ( fir/ importance 9 ! composition ( g5u9e dramatic poetry4 ,! mo/ ess5tial result !re=e we meet ) "h is limit$--if we exclude f att5tion an ende>+1 sweet-sc5t$1 & delicate type ( lyric1 or "o t uplifts itself to ! "o unutt]able ,god--to poems1 :i* are to be c\nt$ ( ! epic m\ld4 ,nev]!less x is only among ! ,h9doos & ! ,p]sians t we come across ! g5u9e ,epopaea2 b "h at lea/ we d meet x 9 colossal proportions4 77 ,! ,*9ese1 on ! contr>y1 possess no national ,epos4 ,! prosaic basis ( _! imag9ative vision1 :i* ev5 to ! e>lie/ orig9s ( hi/ory (f]s ! jejune =m ( a prosaically organiz$ hi/orical reality1 opposes f ! fir/ to ?is ! mo/ noble type ( epic composition an insup]able ob/ruction4 ,! religi\s conceptions ( ?is p1 little adapt$ z !y are to arti/ic configuration1 contribute to ! same result4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 at a lat] date & z "s comp5sation1 = _! elaboration is mo/ pr(use1 little n>ratives1 & romances spun out to great l5g?1 :i* a/\nd u by ! vividness 9 :i* situations are realiz$1 ! accuracy ) :i* private & public relations are depict$1 ! v>iety1 f9e bre$+1 or r ,i %\ld say frequ5tly ! fasc9at+ t5d]ness !y display1 m p>ticul>ly 9 _! female *>act]s1 & 9 %ort by ! art 9 e respect :i* succe$s 9 mak+ works s consummate4 77 ,a _w ( great contra/ to ! above pres5ts itself 9 ! ,h9doo ,epopaea4 ,we f9d already 9 ! mo/ primitive compositions1 if we may =m an op9ion f ! little made kn[n to ! g5]al public up to ! pres5t "t f ! ,v$a1 mo/ fruitful g]ms = a my?ology fitt$ to epic exposition2 & ^!1 associat$ ) ! h]oic exploits ( m5 _m c5turies be=e ,*ri/--= *ronological accuracy is /ill impossible--are elaborat$ into g5u9e ,epopaea1 works1 h[ev]1 :i* are /ill compos$ 9 "p f ! :olly religi\s po9t ( view1 & 9 "p f t ( unfett]$ poetry & art4 ,pre-em95tly d ! two mo/ fam\s ( ^! poems1 namely ! ,ramajana & ! ,maha-,bh>ata1 place be=e u ! entire _w-outlook ( ! ,h9doo race 9 all its spl5d\r & glory1 its confusion1 fanta/ical absurdity & dissolution1 & )al1 f ! rev]se po9t ( view1 9 ! exub]ant lovel9ess & ! "h & !re f9e traits ( he>t & emotion1 :i* *>act]ize ! pr(use vegetation ( its spiritual gr[?4 ,my?ical exploits ( m5 are exp&$ into ! actions ( inc>nate gods1 ^: de$ hov]s vaguely betwe5 ! div9e & human nature1 & ! det]m9ate outl9es ( p]sonality & exploit are dissolv$ 9 an inf9itude ( ext5sion4 ,! sub/antive bases ( ! :ole are ( a type su* z our ,we/]n _w-outlook1 assum+ t x does n *oose to surr5d] ! high] claims ( fre$om & morality1 is nei!r able to f9d itself truly at home 9 or to sympa?ize )4 ,! unity ( ! p>ticul> p>ts is ( an extremely un/able k9d2 & lay]s ^u lay]s ( episodical matt]1 consi/+ ( tales ( ! gods1 n>ratives ( ascetic p5ances1 & ! p[]s !y create1 t$i\sly long expositions ( philosophical doctr9es & sy/ems1 s entirely impair ! collective unity t we are =c$ to reg>d _m ( !m z lat] accretions4 ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 ! _s f :i* ^! /up5d\s poems h orig9at$ be>s con/ant witness to an imag9ation1 :i* is n only ant]ior to all prosaic culture1 b z a rule is :olly incompatible ) ! faculty ( ord9>y common s5se1 & is capable 9 fact ( end[+ ! fundam5tal t5d5cies ( ?is national consci\sness1 9 its ess5tially unique & collective conception ( ! univ]se1 ) an orig9al arti/ic =m4 ,! lat] ,epics1 on ! contr>y1 :i* are call$ ,puranas1 9 ! m re/rict$ s5se ( ! t]m1 t is1 poems ( ! ,pa/1 appe> r to be compil$ 9 ! prosaic & dull /yle simil> to t adopt$ by po/-,hom]ic cyclic poets1 & pursue _! d[nw>d c\rse at great l5g? f ! creation ( ! gods & ! univ]se to ! g5ealogies ( human h]oes & pr9ces4 ,f9ally ! epic c>e ( ! old my?s dissolves into vap\r & artificial elegance ( a purely ext]nal poetic =m & diction1 :ile on ! "o h& ! phantasy1 :i* exhau/$ itself 9 a dreamy wond]l&1 becomes ! wisdom ( fables ^: mo/ important function is to in/ruct u 9 morality & worldly wisdom4 77 ,we may comp>e side by side 9 a ?ird division ( epic ,ori5tal poetry t respectively belong+ to ,hebrews1 ,arabs1 & ,p]sians4 77 ,! sublimity ( ! ,jewi% imag9ation no d\bt 9 its conception ( ! ,creation1 9 ! hi/ories ( ! ,patri>*s1 ! w&]+ 9 ! wild]ness1 ! conque/ ( ,canaan1 & 9 ! fur!r hi/orical c\rse ( national ev5t1 full z su* a vision is ( /]l+ cont5t & natural tru?1 possesses _m elem5ts ( primitive epic poetry2 ! religi\s int]e/ is "h1 h[ev]1 s pr$om9ant1 t1 in/ead ( be+ g5u9e ,epopaea1 !y m]ely approximate ei!r to religi\s my?s 9 ! guise ( poetry1 or to religi\s n>ratives :i* are :olly didactic4 77 ,! ,arabs h always possess$ a poetic nature1 & f v e>ly days we f9d g5u9e poets among !m4 ,ev5 _! h]oic songs ( lyric n>rative1 /yl$ ! moallakat1 :i* 9 "p orig9ate 9 ! c5tury imm$iately previ\s to ,mahomet1 depict ei!r ) a few bold & deta*$ /rokes & vehem5t o/5tation1 or at o!r times ) m tranquil self-possession1 or a melt+ s(tness1 ! orig9al conditions ( ! /ill pagan ,arabs4 ,"h we f9d ! hon\r ( ! clan1 ! passion ( rev5ge1 ! rights ( hospitality1 love1 delight 9 adv5ture1 b5evol5ce1 sorr[1 & ye>n+1 9 undim9i%$ /r5g?1 & 9 traits :i* rem9d u ( ! romantic "* ( ,spani% *ivalry4 ,"h1 too1 we meet ) 9 ! ,ea/ = ! fir/ "t a real poetry1 )\t fanta/ic elem5ts1 or prose1 )\t my?ology1 )\t gods1 demons1 fairies1 g5ii1 & ev]y?+ else ( ! k9d common to ! ,ea/1 b r ) solid & self-suffici5t *>act]s &1 h[ev] unique & m>vell\s 9 ! play ( its images & similes1 yet = all t humanly real & self-conta9$4 ,we h ! vision ( a simil> pagan _w also set be=e u by a lat] age 9 ! collect$ poems ( ,hamasa1 z also 9 ! n yet edit$ ,divans ( ! ,hudsilites4 ,aft] ! ext5sive & successful conque/s ( ! ,mohamm$an ,arabs ?is primitive h]oic "* gradually disappe>s2 &1 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies1 ! prov9ce ( ,epic poetry is replac$ 9 "p by ! in/ructive fable & ! witty prov]b1 9 "p by ! fairy-l n>ratives1 ( :i* ! ,?\s& & ,"o ,nights is an example1 or 9 ^? tales ( adv5tures :i* ,rck]t1 ?r\gh a translation :i* reproduces = u ! equally witty & arti/ically elaborate ,macam5 ( ! ,h>iri 9 _! metre1 rhymes1 & articulate mean+1 has unveil$ 9 a mann] des]v+ ?\ghtful att5tion4 77 ,9 "s contra/ to ?is ! effloresc5ce ( ,p]sian poetry falls 9 ! p]iod ( t recon/ruct$ culture effect$ by ! *ange ( language & nationality "u ! influ5ce ( ,mohamm$anism4 ,we1 h[ev]1 come across1 9 ! v fir/ op5+ ( ?is lonely spr+time1 an epic poem :i*1 at lea/ 9 its mat]ial1 takes u back to ! remote/ ,pa/ ( anci5t ,p]sian saga & my?1 & c>ries =w>d its n>rative ?r\gh ! h]oic age "r d[n to ! la/ days ( ! ,sussanides4 ,?is compreh5sive "w is ! ,%ahnameh ( ,firdusi1 ! son ( ! g>d5] ( ,tus1 a "w ! orig9s ( :i* are traceable to ! ,ba/anameh4#ca ,we are1 h[ev]1 unable to call ev5 ?is poem a g5u9e ,epopaea1 because x does n make any specific & individual l9e ( action its focal c5tre4 ,on acc\nt ( ! lapse ( c5turies we lose our hold ( ! co/ume appropriate to an age or a locality1 & 9 p>ticul> ! mo/ anci5t my?ical figures & gloomy intricate traditions hov] 9 a _w ( ! phantasy1 among ! indef9ite outl9es ( :i* we are (t5 at a loss to "k :e!r we are face to face ) p]sons or entire clans2 & !n aga9 we are (t5 sudd5ly confront$ ) really hi/orical *>act]s4 ,z a ,mohamm$an ! poet 0 no d\bt able to h&le 8 subject-matt] m freely2 b x is j 9 ?is type ( fre$om t we fail to meet ) ! /ability 9 def9ite *>act]ization1 z x 0 pres5t 9 ! design ( ! primitive h]oic songs2 &1 on acc\nt ( ! great gulf :i* sep>ates him f t long-buri$ _w ( saga1 ! fre%ness & brea? ( its imm$iate life vani%1 ?\gh absolutely necess>y to ! national ,epos4 ,9 its fur!r c\rse ! epic art ( ! ,p]sians exp&s into ,love-epopees ( excessive s(tness & sweetness1 z an au?or ( :i* ,risami is pre-em95tly di/+ui%$4 ,x fur!r makes use ( its ri* /ores ( life-exp]i5ce 9 ! int]e/ ( ! tea*]4 ,9 ?is sph]e ! f>-travell$ ,saadi 0 ma/]4 ,f9ally1 x plunges into t pan!i/ic ,my/icism1 :i* ,ds*elal$d9 ,rumi recomm5ds & tea*es 9 tales & leg5d>y n>rative4 ,i mu/1 ,i fe>1 re/rict myself to ! above sket*4 7b7 ,9 ! poetry ( ,greece & ,rome we f9d ourselves = ! fir/ "t 9 ! g5u9e sph]e ( epic art4 77 ,among ^! above all are includ$ ( c\rse ! ,hom]ic poems1 :i* we h already not$ z ! culm9at+ po9t ( all4 77 ,ei!r ( ^! poems1 despite all t may be advanc$ to ! contr>y1 is ess5tially self-complete1 s def9ite & s5sitive to its con/ruction z a :ole1 t 9 my own op9ion ! v view :i* reg>ds ! pres5t =m ( bo? z m]ely t 9 :i* !y 7 sung & h&$ d[n to po/]ity by rhapsodi/s1 simply am\nts to little m ?an ! j eulogy ( su* works 9 virtue ( ! fact t !y are1 ) reg>d to ! entire atmosph]e ( _! cont5t1 national & reali/ic1 & ev5 9 _! p>ticul> p>ts are s consummately f9i%$1 t all & ea* ( !m may be tak5 z a :ole 9 itself4 ,:]eas 9 ! ,ea/ :at is sub/antive#cb & univ]sal 9 ! poet's survey /ill impairs ! individuality ( "*1 & its aims & exploits by its symbolism or delib]ate in/ruction1 & !reby injures ! def9ite articulation & unity ( ! :ole4 ,"h = ! fir/ "t 9 ^! poems#ccwe f9d a _w beautifully susp5d$ z x 7 betwe5 ! g5]al life-conditions ( morality 9 family1 /ate & religi\s belief1 & ! individuality ( di/9ctive "*1 & 9 ?is fair balance betwe5 ! claims ( _s & ,nature1 int5tional action & objective ev5t1 betwe5 a national basis ( ent]prise & p>ticul> aims & de$s1 ev5 ?\gh individual h]oes appe> z ! pr$om9ant feature 9 _! free & animat$ movem5t1 yet ?is too is s m$iat$ by ! di/9ctiv5ess ( ! aims propos$ & ! sev]e pres5ce ( de/9y1 t ! entire exposition c only rema9 ev5 = ourselves ! ne plus ultra ( all atta9m5t t we c ei!r enjoy or admire 9 epic composition4 ,= we f9d no difficulty "h 9 recogniz+ ! real significance ( ev5 ! gods :o )/& or assi/ ^! primitive mascul9e h]oes 9 _! brav]y1 _! /raight=w>d & noble actions3 nor c we fail to return ! m]ry smiles ( an art :i* depicts !m z we see !m "h 9 all ! navet ( _! v human1 if also godlike imp]sonations4 77 ,! cyclic poets ( an age subsequ5t to ! ,hom]ic poems dep>t m & m f ?is g5u9e type ( epic poetry4 ,on ! "o h& ! t5d5cy "h is to break up ! complet5ess ( ! national _w-survey into its petty prov9ces & aspects2 & f ano!r po9t ( view1 in/ead ( reta9+ a firm grasp ( ! poetic unity & di/9ctive "* ( an individual action1 to insi/ m exclusively on ! complet5ess ( ev5ts z an hi/orical s]ies1 or on ! unity ( ! p]sonality1 & by s do+ to assimilate epic poetry ) ! already emphasiz$ hi/orical impulse ( ! logograph]s 9 _! hi/orical compilations4 77 ,f9ally ,epic poetry ( a /ill lat] date aft] ! "t ( ,alex&] ei!r turns aside to ! m limit$ prov9ce ( bucolic poetry1 or introduces m le>n+ & artifice ?an is compatible ) ! truly poetic ,epopaea be+ at la/ :olly didactic1 a type :i* increas+ly suff]s to escape e ve/ige ( ! primitive fre%ness1 simplicity & animation4 77 ,?is *>act]i/ic1 ) :i* ! ,epos ( ! ,greeks t]m9ates1 is f ! fir/ pr$om9ant among ! ,romans4 ,an epic ,bible1 su* z are ! ,hom]ic poems1 we %all !re=e seek = "h 9 va91 h[ev] mu* critics h attempt$1 ev5 q rec5tly1 to resolve ! mo/ anci5t ,roman hi/ory into national ,epopaea4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 f ! e>lie/ times1 along ) g5u9e epic art1 ( :i* our f9e/ extant example "h is ! neid1 ! hi/orical ,epos & ! didactic poem supplies u ) a pro( t x is ! ,romans :o are ma9ly responsible = ! elaboration ( t prov9ce ( poetry :i* is already half prose2 j z also x 0 9 _! h&s t ! satire receiv$ its mo/ p]fect =m1 be+ also t mo/ cong5ial to _! "*4 7c7 ,= ?is reason epic poetry c\ld only be infus$ ) a fre% brea? & _s ?r\gh a *ange 9 its outlook on ! _w & 9 its religi\s belief1 & ?r\gh ! actions & de/9ies ( new nationalities4 ,?is is :at we h 9 ! case ( ! ,g]mans1 n only z we see !m 9 _! primitive paganism1 b also aft] _! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity4 ,x may be fur!r illu/rat$ by ! ,romance nations & all ! m /rongly1 9 proportion z _! subdivision into gr\ps is m complete1 & ! pr9ciple ( ! ,*ri/ian view ( life & reality is unfold$ 9 all its v>i\s phases4 ,yet x is precisely ?is _m-sid$ expansion & subdivision :i* oppose to a brief survey great difficulties4 ,i w consequ5tly only draw att5tion to & emphasize fundam5tal t5d5cies4 77 ,9 our fir/ gr\p we may reckon ! residue ( g5u9e poetry1 :i* lat] nationalities h /ill reta9$ f an age previ\s to ,*ri/ianity1 = ! mo/ "p by means ( oral tradition1 & consequ5tly n :olly unimpair$4 ,we may include above all among ^! ! poems :i* are usually ascrib$ to ,ossian4 ,al?\gh ,engli% critics ( repute1 su* z ,johnson & ,%aw1 h be5 bl9d en\gh to publi% !m z ! sole composition ( ,macph]son1 x is none ! less :olly impossible t a poet ( our own "t c\ld create f 8 own res\rces alone su* anci5t social conditions & ev5ts2 consequ5tly we mu/ presuppose "h previ\s poems z ! f\ndation ( su* a "w1 al?\gh too 9 _! entire atmosph]e1 & ! mode ( conception & feel+ express$ 9 !m1 _m *anges m 9 accord ) our mod]n life may h be5 introduc$ 9 ! c\rse ( s _m c5turies4 ,x is true _! actual date is n e/abli%$2 !y may1 h[ev]1 v well h reta9$ a vital =m 9 ! m\? ( ! folk = "o ?\s& or ev5 fifte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,tak+ !m z a :ole _! =m appe>s to be pr$om9antly lyric4 ,ossian is "h pres5t$ z ! old m9/rel & h]o1 :o has lo/ 8 sight1 & suff]s 9 a retrospect ( lam5t1 ! days ( glory to rise be=e him4 ,yet al?\gh 8 songs orig9ate 9 woe & m\rn+ !y nev]!less are 9 !mselves fundam5tally epic2 = ev5 ^! lam5tations ref] to :at has be51 & depict ?is _w :i* has n[ j vani%$1 ) its h]oes1 its love-adv5tur]s1 its exploits1 its exp$itions av] sea & l&1 its *ance ( arms1 its de/9y & its d[nfall1 9 j ! same epic & reali/ic way--al?\gh brok5 "h & !re ) lyrics--z we f9d 9 ,hom] ! h]oes ,a*illes1 ,odysseus1 or ,diom$e1 talk+ ( _! exploits1 exp$itions1 & mis*ances4 ,yet ! developm5t ( spiritual emotion1 & inde$ ( ! entire national exi/5ce1 despite ! fact t "h he>t & s5tim5t h a m exact+ rle to play1 is n c>ri$ s f> z 9 ,hom]'s case4 ,mo/ ( all we miss ! assur$ pla/ic =m ( 8 *>act]ization & ! daylight cl>ity ( 8 pres5tm5t4 ,we are1 9 %ort1 s f> z locale is conc]n$1 exil$ 9 ! tempe/u\s mi/s ( ! ,nor?1 ) its gloomy sky & heavy cl\ds1 ^u :i* ! spirits ride or appe> to h]oes1 raim5t$ 9 _! =m4 ,we may add t x is only q rec5tly t o!r ,gaelic m9/rels ( old5 "t h be5 discov]$1 r connect$1 s ,wallis in=ms u1 ) ,engl& ?an ,scotl& or ,irel&1 m9/relsy hav+ be5 = a long "t cont9u\s 9 t c\ntry1 :i* already mu/ h possess$ a consid]able lit]ature4 ,9 ^! poems we h among o!r ?+s ref]5ce to emigrations to ,am]ica4 ,m5tion is also made ( ,caes>2 b ! reason "h giv5 = 8 invasion is a private passion = "s k+'s daught]1 :om he saw 9 ,gaul & foll[$ to ,engl&4 ,z a /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( _! =m triads are wor?y ( att5tion1 :i* comb9e 9 ?ree organic p>ts ?ree ev5ts ( simil> "*1 ?\gh dat+ f diff]5t p]iods ( "t4 ,f9ally1 & m fam\s ?an ^! poems1 are on ! "o h& ! h]oic songs ( ! m anci5t ,edda1 & on ! o!r ! my?s ) :i* = ! fir/ "t 9 ?is cycle ( song along ) ! n>rative ( human de/9ies we also come across v>i\s hi/ories conc]n+ ! orig91 exploits1 & d[nfall ( ! gods4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 confess ,i h be5 unable to acquire a ta/e = ! empty exub]ance ( ^! orig9s ( a natural philosophy ( symbolism1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are fur!r atta*$ to ! appe>ance ( p>ticul> human =m & physiognomy1 su* z ,?or ) 8 hamm]1 ! ,w]ewolf1 ! wild mead-c>\sals1 & 9 a ^w1 ! savag]y & tr\bl$ confusion ( su* a my?ology4 ,we mu/ admit1 ( c\rse1 t all t intimately conc]ns ?is folk ( ! ,nor? lies ne>] to ourselves ?an1 say1 ! poetry ( ! ,p]sians & ,mohamm$anism2 b to press ^u ! educat$ man among u su* an admission to ! po9t t x has /ill at ?is "t ( day a claim ^u 8 sympa?y1 & inde$ ought to pass = u z some?+ national--su* an assumption1 ?\gh (t5 v5tur$1 means n m]ely to ov]rate conceptions1 :i* are to a great ext5t mis%ap5 & b>b>\s1 b also to :olly misund]/& ! significance & _s ( our own times4 77 ,if we1 secondly1 ca/ a glance ov] ! poetry ( ! ,*ri/ian ,middle ,ages1 :at we ought 9 ! fir/ in/ance & above all to consid] are ^? works :i* h1 )\t m direct & p5etrat+ influ5ce ( ! old lit]ature & culture1 sprung up f ! fre% _s ( ! ,middle ,ages & consolidat$ ,ca?olicism4 ,"h we f9d ! mo/ multifold elem5ts ready to supply ! mat]ial & /imulus ( epic poetry4 77 ,we may 9 ! fir/ place draw ret5tion to t truly epic subject-matt] :i* comprises 9 its cont5t int]e/s1 exploits1 & *>act]s ( ! p]iod m5tion$ ( a :olly national "*4 ,among ^! ! ,cid is pre-em95tly wor?y ( our notice4 ,! significance ( ?is blossom ( national h]oism 9 ! ,middle ,ages to ! ,spani%1 ?is is set be=e u 9 epic guise 9 ! poem ,cid1 & !n at a lat] date ) m attractive excell5ce 9 a succession ( n>rative romances1 :i* ,h]d] fir/ br\ght to ! notice ( ,g]many4 ,we h "h a /r+ ( pe>ls1 e s+le picture entirely complete 9 itself1 & yet all s admirably 9 tune ) ea* o!r t !y make a consi/5t :ole2 ?\gh ?r\gh\t compos$ 9 ! _s ( *ivalry1 yet at ! same "t ,spani% & national2 em95tly ri* 9 ! cont5t ( _! v>i$ int]e/s1 :e!r ^! conc]n love1 m>riage1 hon\r1 or ! ma/]y ( k+s 9 w>s wag$ betwe5 ,*ri/ians & ,moors4 ,all ?is mat]ial is voic$ 9 s epic & pla/ic a /yle1 we h set be=e u ! p]t95t fact s simply 9 ! purity ( its exalt$ cont5t1 & )al ) su* a weal? ( ! noble/ pictures ( human life display$ 9 a panorama ( ! mo/ glori\s exploit1 & all ?is b\nd toge!r 9 a wrea? s fair & fasc9at+1 t we mod]ns may comp>e x ) ! mo/ beautiful creations ( ! anci5t _w4#cd ,z a matt] ( fact x is z impossible to comp>e ! ,nibelung5li$1 z x is ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 ) ?is _w ( romance1 :i*1 h[ev] dissev]$ 9 fragm5ts x maybe1 is none ! less epic 9 its fundam5tal type4 ,= al?\gh 9 ! =m] preci\s & truly ,g]man "w we h no lack ( a national & sub/antive cont5t1 9 respect to family1 matrimonial affection1 duty ( vassalage1 loyalty ( s]vice1 h]oism1 &1 9 a ^w1 g5u9e m>r[ & sub/ance1 yet ! entire collision1 despite all its epic bread? ( vision1 is r "o ( a dramatic type1 ?an truly epic1 & ! exposition1 ) all its detail1 nei!r t5ds t[>ds ! individualization ( its abundance1 nor to a pres5tm5t t is :olly lifelike2 & f a fur!r po9t ( view x is frequ5tly squ&]$ 9 pure h>%ness1 savag]y & f]ocity1 s t ! *>act]s1 al?\gh we f9d !m compactly brac$ & robu/ 9 action1 yet 9 _! ab/ract rugg$ness r resemble co>se images ( wood1 ?an are comp>able to ! humanely evolv$1 g5ial individuality ( ! ,hom]ic h]oes & wom54 77 ,a second fundam5tal s\rce ( su* lit]ature is to be trac$ 9 ! religi\s poems ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* take z _! subject ! life ( ,*ri/1 or ^? ( ! ,madonna1 ! ,apo/les1 ! sa9ts & m>tyrs & ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,! mo/ ess5tially complete & ri* composition1 h[ev]1 ! g5u9e art-,epic ( ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ! greate/ subject-matt] & ! greate/ poem is 9 ?is sph]e ,dante's ,div9e ,com$y4 ,x is true t we _c call ev5 ?is sev]ely1 r ,i %\ld sy/ematically organiz$ poem1 an ,epopaea 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m4 ,= we h n "h "o progressive action1 individual & exclusive1 on ! broad basis ( ! entire poem3 :at1 h[ev]1 we d get 9 a conspicu\s degree 9 ?is ,epos is ! mo/ secure articulation & consummate f9i%4 ,in/ead ( a p>ticul> ev5t x has = its subject-matt] ! et]nal ev5t1 ! absolute end1 ! ,div9e ,love 9 its imp]i%able ev5tuality1 & 9 its unalt]able circles' ( relation to ! object4 ,possess+ fur!r ,hell1 ,purgatory1 & ,p>adise = its locality1 x plunges ! liv+ _w ( human action & suff]+ or1 m closely1 t ( individual acts & de/9ies 9 ?is *angeless exi/5ce4 ,ev]y?+ s+le & p>ticul> 9 human int]e/s & aims "h vani%es be=e ! absolute greatness ( ! purpose & end ( all ?+s2 at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 :at is o!rwise mo/ p]i%able & evanesc5t 9 ! liv+ _w receives "h a completely epic =m objectively bas$ on its own inn]mo/ life1 & adjudg$ 9 its wor? & unwor? by ! supreme notion ( all1 t is ,god4 ,= z individuals 7 9 _! life & suff]+1 _! op9ions & accompli%m5t on ,e>?1 s are !y "h set be=e u = ev] consolidat$1 z x 71 into images ( bronze4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! poem embraces ! totality ( ! mo/ objective life1 t is1 ! et]nal condition ( ,hell1 ( ,purification1 & ( ,p>adise2 & x is on ^! inde/ructible f\ndations t ! *>act]s ( ! actual _w move 9 _! p>ticul> p]sonalities1 or r !y h already mov$1 & are h5ce=w>d r5d]$ moveless1 toge!r ) _! action & be+1 9 ! ev]la/+ righte\sness1 & are !mselves et]nal4 ,! ,hom]ic h]oes inde$ endure 9 our memories ?r\gh ! song ( ! ,muse4 ,^! *>act]s ass]t _! condition on _! own acc\nt1 & 9 ! cause ( _! own individuality3 !y d n s mu* exi/ 9 our imag9ation2 !y are !mselves ess5tially et]nal4 ,! p]petuation ?r\gh ! ,mnemosyne ( ! poet has "h ! objective =ce ( ! v judgm5ts ( ,god1 9 ^: ,"n ! mo/ dauntless _s ( 8 "t has damn$ or beatifi$ ! entire pres5t & pa/4 ,! exposition also mu/ p]=ce foll[ ! above "* ( an object1 :i* is receiv$ r ?an giv54 ,x c only be a w&]+ ?r\gh a _w t is = ev] det]m9$2 :i*1 al?\gh x is discov]$1 organiz$1 & peopl$ ) ! fre$om ( ! imag9ation :]e) ,hesiod & ,hom] creat$ _! gods1 nev]!less und]takes to give u a picture & a report ( :at has actually happ5$1 an acc\nt full ( en]getic movem5t1 yet pla/ic 9 ! rigidity ( its pa9s2 ri* 9 ! fla%es ( its horror1 yet mitigat$ pitifully 9 ,hell ?r\gh ,dante's own sympa?y2 m graci\s 9 purgatory1 b none ! less fully & completely elaborat$2 &1 f9ally1 transluc5t z light 9 ,p>adise1 & = ev] )\t mat]ia =m 9 ! et]nal e!r ( ?\ght4 ,! anci5t _w no d\bt pe]s into ?is _w ( ! ,ca?olic poet1 b only z ! guid+ /> & companion ( human wisdom & culture2 =1 :]e x is a "q ( doctr9e & dogma1 x is ! s*ola/icism ( ,*ri/ian !ology & love :i* speaks4 77 ,a ?ird fundam5tal subject-matt]1 :i* arre/s ! int]e/ ( ! poetry ( ! ,middle ,ages1 is t ( *ivalry4 ,?is int]e/ is n m]ely limit$ to its worldly & romantic association ) love-adv5ture & tilt+ mat*es1 b is occupi$ ) religi\s objects 9 virtue ( ! my/icism ( ,*ri/ian knigh?ood4 ,! actions & ev5ts ( su* compositions h no relation to national int]e/s2 !y are matt]s effect$ by individuals1 :i* only conc]n ! p]sonal ag5t z su*2 !y are g5]ally simil> to :at ,i h describ$ 9 my previ\s ref]5ce to romantic *ivalry4 ,individuals are consequ5tly plac$ 9 a position ( complete fre$om & indep5d5ce4 ,a novel =m ( h]oism is !reby creat$ )9 a social environm5t t is n z yet /]eotyp$ to ! prosaic mode & temp]2 a h]oism1 h[ev]1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( int]e/s :i* 9 "p are due to religi\s phantasy1 & 9 "p--t is f ! worldly po9t ( view--are :olly p]sonal & imag9>y1 es*ews t sub/antive ,real1 ^u ! basis ( :i* ! ,greek h]oes are unit$1 or z units cont5d1 are victori\s or are vanqui%$4 ,despite all ! v>i$ epic compositions1 :i* su* a c\rse z ! above occasions1 ! adv5tur\s "* ( ! situations1 conflicts & plots r t5ds1 on ! "o h&1 9 ! direction ( a treatm5t usually met ) 9 romances1 :]e ! v>i\s examples ( adv5ture are loosely int]wov5 9 no m /r+5t bond ( unity1 & on ! o!r to t :i*1 :ile %>+ ! g5]al features ( su* works1 is n evolv$ on ! backgr\nd ( a consi/5tly organiz$ civic ord] & a truly prosaic condition ( g5]al life4 ,moreov] ! imag9ation is n cont5t ) ! m]e inv5tion ( knightly *>act]s & adv5tures outside ! pale ( ! ord9>y _w ( ?+s2 x fur!rmore associates ! exploits ( ! same ) important leg5d>y c5tres ( int]e/1 pre-em95t hi/orical p]sonages1 decisive conflicts ( ! age1 & receives by do+ s1 if we view its broad] l9es1 at lea/ a f\ndation su* z we f\nd indisp5sable to epic creation4 ,su* a basis1 h[ev]1 we %all f9d is z a rule comm+l$ ) fanta/ic elem5ts1 & is unable to secure ! cl>ity ( objective vision 9 its elaboration1 :i* above all di/+ui%es ! ,hom]ic ,epos4 ,add to ?is ! fact t on acc\nt ( ! v simil> treatm5t accord$ to ! same subject-matt] by ,fr5*m51 ,engli%m51 ,g]mans1 & to "s ext5t ev5 ,spani>ds1 we fail to f9d "h relatively at lea/1 & if we contra/ x ) t ( ! ,h9doo1 ,p]sian1 ,greek1 & ,celt1 ! ess5tially national temp]1 :i* 9 ! la/-m5tion$ cases con/itutes 9 its security ! epic core ( ! cont5t & its execution4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 excuse myself "h f ent]+ fur!r into ! detail ( ?is aspect1 ei!r by way ( illu/ration or critical judgm5t4 ,x w be suffici5t if ,i m]ely draw att5tion to ! l>g] circle1 )9 :i* ! mo/ important ( ^! ,epopaea ( knight-errantry are to be met ) if we e/imate !m relatively to _! subject-matt]4 ,z a lead+ figure 9 ?is respect we h fir/ ,*>les ! ,great ) 8 pe]s 9 ! conflict f\ght aga9/ ,s>ac5s & pagans4 ,9 ?is ,franki% circle ( leg5d feudal *ivalry =ms a backgr\nd ( prime importance1 & bran*es (f into poems ( e description1 ^: mo/ significant mat]ial is conc]n$ ) ! exploits ( "o ( ! twelve h]oes1 su* z ,rol& or ,dool91 ( ,ma9tz & o!rs4 ,m p>ticul>ly 9 ,france dur+ ! reign ( ,philip ,augu/us _m ( su* ,epopees 7 compos$4 ,we h a fur!r g>l& ( leg5d ) an ,engli% s\rce1 "o :i* aims at reproduc+ ! exploits ( ,k+ ,ar?ur & ! ,r\nd ,table4 ,leg5d>y tale1 ! *ivalry ( ,normans & ,engli%m51 s]vice to woman1 ! fealty ( ! vassal1 are all "h involv$ toge!r 9 melan*oly or fanta/ic comb9ation ) ,*ri/ian my/icism4 ,! se>* = ! ,holy ,grail1 t *alice conta9+ ! sacr$ blood ( ,*ri/1 is1 inde$1 "o ma9 object ( all knightly exploit1 & e description ( fanta/ic adv5ture orig9ates 9 ?is s\rce1 until1 f9ally1 ! entire company takes flight to ,abyss9ia4 ,! above two subjects ( leg5d>y /ory are work$ out ) mo/ complet5ess 9 ,nor!rn ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,g]many4 ,& z a la/ illu/ration we h a ?ird circle ( *ivalr\s poetry1 compos$ ) yet m caprice & less sub/antive cont5t1 :i* ev] t5ds to emphasize knightly h]oism to an excess ) ideas ( fairyl& & fable2 ?is r po9ts to ,portugal or ,spa9 z its orig9al nurs]y4 ,9 ?is ! family ( ! ,amadi are accept$ z pr9cipal h]oes4 ,! great allegorical poems1 s mu* belov$ ma9ly 9 ,nor!rn ,france 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 are m ne>ly prose compositions 9 _! ab/ract type4 ,i w only m5tion "o example ( ^!1 t is1 ! fam\s ,roman de la ,rose4 ,we may comp>e or r contra/ su* ) ! _m anecdotes & /ill l5g?i] n>ratives1 ! s-call$ fabliaux & contes1 :i* r borr[ _! subject-matt] f contempor>y life1 tales ( knights1 prie/s1 citiz5s1 & above all am\rs1 lawful & ! rev]se1 retail$ to u sometimes 9 ! comic ve91 at o!rs 9 ! tragic1 n[ 9 prose1 & aga9 9 v]se4 ,su* 0 ! type ( writ+ :i* ! cle> intellect & tra9$ culture ( a ,boccaccio c>ri$ to its p]fection4 ,!re is a f9al class ( su* compositions1 :i*1 turn+ to ! anci5ts--) a casual k ( ! ,epic ( ,hom] & ,virgil1 or anci5t leg5d1 celebrates also1 9 precisely ! mann] ( ! ,epopaea ( *ivalry1 ! exploits ( ,trojan h]oes1 ! f\ndation ( ,rome by neas1 ! conque/s ( ,alex&]1 & o!r l subjects4 ,& ?is w conclude :at ,i h to say ^u ! ,epic poetry ( ! ,middle ,ages4 77 ,9 a ?ird pr9cipal gr\p ( :i* ,i h /ill to speak1 ! ri* & pregnant /udy ( anci5t lit]ature m>ks a po9t ( dep>ture = ! pur] arti/ic ta/e ( a new culture1 9 ^: le>n+1 assimilation1 & bl5d+ ( div]se elem5ts1 h[ev]1 we frequ5tly miss t primitive creative p[]1 :i* we admire 9 ! ,h9doos1 ,arabs1 z also 9 ,hom] & writ]s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ! _m-sid$ developm5t 9 :i*1 dat+ f ?is age ( ! re-awak5$ sci5ces & _! influ5ce on national lit]atures1 ! actual conditions ( mank9d und]go a re=m 9 religion1 political condition1 morals1 & social relations1 epic poetry also seizes hold ( ! mo/ v>i$ cont5t1 z also ! mo/ manifold =ms1 ! hi/orical c\rse ( :i* ,i c only direct att5tion to 9 its mo/ ess5tial *>act]i/ics4 77 ,fir/1 we may rem>k t x is /ill ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* n[1 z previ\sly1 supplies ! mat]ial = ! ,epos1 al?\gh ! same is conceiv$ & pres5t$ 9 a new _s1 namely1 "o p]meat$ ) ! culture ( classic lit]ature ,we f9d "h pre-em95tly two directions 9 :i* ! art ( epic poetry displays itself4 ,on ! "o side ! awak5+ consci\sness ( ! age %[s a necess>y t5d5cy to treat z ridicul\s all t is caprici\s 9 ! adv5tur\s feats ( ! ,middle ,ages1 all t is fanta/ic & exagg]at$ 9 *ivalry1 all t is m]ely =mal 9 ! indep5d5ce & p]sonal isolation ( ! h]oes1 & :i* is n[ conta9$ )9 a social reality embrac+ m abundance ( national conditions & int]e/2 a consci\sness :i* fur!r br+s ?is entire _w be=e our vision 9 ! light ( com$y1 :i* does ?is1 h[ev] mu* :at is really g5u9e )9 x is also ass]t$1 ) s]i\sness & delight4 ,z ! culm9at+ po9ts ( ?is g5ial conception ( ! entire _w ( *ivalry ,i h already po9t$ to ,ario/o & ,c]vantes4 ,i w !re=e 9 ! pres5t passage m]ely draw att5tion to ! brilliant facility1 ! *>m & wit1 ! lovel9ess & int5se +5u\sness1 ) :i* ,ario/o1 ^: poem /ill hov]s among ! poetic aims ( ! ,middle ,ages1 m]ely 9 a m veil$ & humor\s fa%ion makes :at is fanta/ic vani% away by means ( ! incr$ibility ( 8 nons5se1 :ile ! pr(\nd] romance ( ,c]vantes already assumes knight-errantry to be a ,pa/ beh9d x2 :i*1 consequ5tly1 c only ent] into ! real prose & pres5ce ( life z vanity 9 its isolation & fanta/ic folly2 yet at ! same "t x gives equal prom95ce to its great & noble aspects 9 _! contra/ to :at is awkw>d1 /upid1 devoid ( reason & ord] 9 ?is v prosaic reality1 mak+ ! defects ( ! same live be=e our eyes4 ,among writ]s :o h contribut$ to a second phase 9 ?is type ( epic developm5t ,i w m]ely m5tion ! repres5tative "n ( ,tasso4 ,9 8 ,j]usalem ,deliv]$ ?is poet1 9 contra/ to ! poetry ( ,ario/o1 selects = 8 c5tral !me1 )\t any admixture ( ! humori/'s temp] :atev]1 ! great & common aims ( ,*ri/ian *ivalry1 ! recov]y ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 ! victori\s pilgrimage ( ! ,crusades1 &1 aft] ! model ( ,hom] & ,virgil1 creates an ,epos ) en?usiasm & /udy1 :i* may ev5 be comp>$ ) ! great prototypes abovem5tion$4 ,& no d\bt we d discov] 9 ?is "w1 q ap>t f a g5u9e1 &1 9 "p1 too1 national & religi\s int]e/1 a type ( unity1 developm5t1 & elaboration ( ! :ole su* z we h previ\sly fix$ z a prim>y condition4 ,we may add to ?is a fasc9at+ music 9 ! v]se1 :i* makes ! same /ill h>moni\s to liv+ spee*4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 is pre-em95tly want+ 9 ?is poem is j t k9d ( primitive orig9 :i* is alone able to create ! real ,bible ( an entire nation4 ,9 o!r words1 in/ead ( hav+1 z 9 ,hom]'s case1 a "w :i*1 z true ,epos1 expresses once = all 9 language1 & ) direct simplicity1 t :i* ! nation is ?r\gh its actions1 ! epic 9 "q r appe>s simply a poem1 t is1 a poetically con/ruct$ ev5t4 ,we are ma9ly pleas$ & satisfi$ ) x 9 virtue ( ! arti/ic effect ( its beautiful spee* & =m1 :e!r we consid] its m lyrical aspects1 or its epic descriptions4 ,consequ5tly1 h[ev] mu* ,tasso may h tak5 ,hom] = 8 model 9 ! collective arrangem5t ( 8 mat]ial1 9 ! entire _s ( ! conception & pres5tation x is r & 9 *ief ! influ5ce ( ,virgil t we actually discov] 9 ! "w1 & ( c\rse d s n to ! poem's advantage4 ,f9ally1 among ! great ,epopaea1 :i* are con/ruct$ ^u ! basis ( a classic culture1 we mu/ include ! ,lysiad ( ,camo5s4 ,9 ! subject-matt] ( ?is entirely national composition1 :i* celebrates ! bold sea-f>+ ( ! ,portuguese1 we are already beyond ! true ,middle ,ages1 & h int]e/s unfold$1 :i* inaugurate a new era4 ,b "h1 too1 despite ! gl[ ( its patriotism1 despite ! life-l "* ( ! descriptive matt]1 bas$ = ! mo/ "p ^u ! au?or's own exp]i5ce1 we are /ill consci\s ( a real b>ri] betwe5 ! subject t is national & an arti/ic culture :i* is p>tly borr[$ f ! anci5ts & 9 "p f ! ,italians1 & :i* impairs its impression z a truly orig9al epic4 77 ,! ess5tially new manife/ations 9 ! religi\s belief & actual composition ( mod]n life orig9ate 9 ! pr9ciple ( ! ,re=mation4 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( ?is g5]al *ange ( outlook is1 inde$1 r fav\rable to lyric & dramatic1 ?an epic poetry4 ,b we d f9d nev]!less1 ev5 9 ! latt] sph]e1 an autumnal blossom+ ( ! religi\s ,epopaea1 ( :i* ! pre-em95t examples are ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/ & ,klop/ock's ,messias4 ,9 bread? ( culture1 ga9$ ?r\gh /udy ( ! anci5ts1 & ! correct elegance ( 8 language1 ,milton is no d\bt an admirable ma/] ( 8 age4 ,9 ! pr(undity ( 8 cont5t1 9 en]gy1 orig9al inv5tion & execution1 &1 above all1 9 ! epic objectivity ( 8 pres5tm5t1 h[ev]1 he is 9 e respect inf]ior to ,dante4 ,= n only does ! conflict & ! cata/rophe ( ,p>adise ,lo/ take a direction :i* is contr>y to its dramatic "*2 b1 z ,i h above incid5tally obs]v$1 x is1 9 a unique way1 support$ by a lyrical impulse & e?ical or didactic pr$ilections1 :i* lie f> en\gh away f ! subject 9 its orig9al =m4#ce ,i h already1 9 discuss+ ,klop/ock1 ref]r$ to a simil> cleft betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! =m1 :i* a p>ticul> age gives to x 9 its epic reflection4 ,9 ! case ( ,klop/ock1 moreov]1 an endeav\r is ?r\gh\t app>5t ?r\gh a rhetoric1 :i* is little m ?an ! c>icature ( ! ,sublime1 to infuse ! read] ) t recognition ( ! wor? & solemnity ( 8 subject1 :i* ! poet has himself exp]i5c$4 ,f a some:at diff]5t po9t ( view we arrive at v mu* ! same conclusion 9 ! case ( ,voltaire's ,h5riade4 ,at any rate "h too ! poetry is an artificial production1 & all ! m s1 inasmu* z ! mat]ial1 z already obs]v$1 is n adapt$ to ! truly primitive ,epos4 77 ,if we try to discov] really epic compositions 9 our own day we %all f9d ourselves 9 an atmosph]e totally diff]5t f t ( ! g5u9e ,epopaea4 ,! g5]al condition ( ! _w to-day has assum$ a =m1 :i*1 9 its prosaic "*1 is diametrically oppos$ to ev]y?+ :i* we f\nd indisp5sable to ! g5u9e ,epos1 :ile ! revolutions1 :i* h be5 impos$ ^u ! actual social conditions ( /ates & nations1 are /ill too /rongly rivet$ 9 our memory z actual exp]i5ces t !y %\ld be able to receive an epic type ( art4 ,epic poetry has consequ5tly tak5 refuge f ! great national ev5ts 9 ! n>r[ circle ( ! dome/ic life ( individuals 9 ! c\ntry & 9 ! small t[n1 /riv+ to f9d "h ! mat]ial adapt$ to epic composition4 ,9 ?is way1 m p>ticul>ly among u ,g]mans1 ! ,epic has become idyllic1 aft] ! g5u9e ,idyll1 ( ! sweet s5tim5tality & wi%y-wa%y type1 di$ out4 ,z an example ly+ close to h& ( an idyllic ,epos ,i w m]ely m5tion ! ,luise ( ,voss1 z also & above all ,goe!'s ma/]piece1 ,h]man & ,doro!a4 ,9 ! latt] "w we h no d\bt our att5tion direct$ to ! backgr\nd ( ! greate/ _w-ev5t ( our age1 ) :i* ! circum/ances ( ! innkeep] & 8 family1 ( ! pa/or & ! apo!c>y1 are directly associat$4 ,& inasmu* z ! little c\ntry t[n is n plac$ be=e u 9 its political relations we at once rem>k a gap 9 ! n>rative :i* is n expla9$ or m$iat$ by any connect+ l9k4 ,yet x is precisely ?r\gh ?is omission ( ! int]m$iate l9k t ! :ole keeps its unique "*4 ,= ) ! /roke ( a ma/] ,goe! has remov$ ! revolution into ! backgr\nd1 despite ! fact t he has kn[n h[ to make ! mo/ happy use ( x 9 ! enl>gem5t ( 8 poem4 ,he only int]weaves su* circum/ances ) ! action z1 9 _! simple humanity1 connect !mselves absolutely )\t con/ra9t ) dome/ic & civic conditions4 ,! ma9 po9t1 !re=e1 is t ,goe! 9 ?is "w has succe$$ 9 deta*+ f ! reality ( our mod]n life traits1 descriptions1 conditions1 & developm5ts1 & depict+ ! same1 :i* 9 _! prov9ce once m make t alive :i* contributes to ! imp]i%able *>m ( ^? primitive human conditions ( ! ,odyssey & ! patri>*al picture ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 respect to o!r sph]es ( our pres5t national & social life ,i w\ld obs]ve 9 conclusion t 9 ! field ( epic poetry !re are practically unlimit$ opportunities = ! romance1 ! n>rative1 & ! novel4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 unable1 ev5 9 ! mo/ g5]al outl9e1 to foll[ ! hi/ory ( ^! 9 ! bread? ( _! developm5t f _! fir/ appe>ance until ! pres5t "t4 ,footnote #a3 ,die e*t poetis*e ,abrundung4 ,n1 h[ev]1 m]ely lit]>y f9i%1 b complete ideal totality4 ,footnote #b3 ,e9em be/immt5 ,tone4 ,p]haps m truly a p>ticul> /ra9 or atmosph]e4 ,b bo? aspects are sugge/$4 ,footnote #c3 ,!re is a mispr9t "h e9e re*t = e9] e*t1 & also ,i %\ld pref] eight l9es l[] d[n die = das agree+ ) ,freiheit r ?an ,leb54 ,footnote #d3 ,?is s5t5ce is obvi\sly ironical1 b ! s5se int5d$ is n v cle>4 ,! words die sic are cle>ly a mispr9t = die sick1 & ,i presume k9dis* is n us$ 9 its m common depreciatory s5se ( *ildi%4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 n v confid5t ( my translation4 ,w> es e9 ,zei*5 w\ld app>5tly ref] back to ! g5]al int5tion ( ! previ\s s5t5ce1 i4e41 ! attempt ( ,klop/ock & o!rs to make a national book4 ,footnote #e3 ,see vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bdj-bhi1 & p>ticul>ly pp4 #bgj-bhi4 ,footnote #f3 ,e9e ,sittli*keit4 ,footnote #g3 ,poet41 c4 #ad4 ,footnote #h3 ,t is to say1 t ! :ole rema9s intact 9 its opposition4 ,! "q ( int]national e?ics is n directly consid]$1 ?\gh ref]5ce is "h made to hi/orical evolution 9 its wide/ s5se4 ,footnote #i3 ,wrong t is inflict$ on a /ate :i* is1 z a :ole1 innoc5t4 ,footnote #aj3 ,i presume ! ref]5ce is ma9ly to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,hegel's s5t5ce is s m*t5 diese nur d5 ,sieg d]e9/ig] ,am]icanis*] leb5dig] ,v]nnftigkeit b] die ,e9k]k]ung 9 e9 ins ,un5dli*e =tgeh5des ,mess5 und ,p>ticul>isir5 d>zu/ell5 hab54 ,x may be d\bt$1 p]haps1 :e!r he w\ld h express$ himself ) equal confid5ce 9 our own day4 ,at lea/ ! position ( ! ,g]man ,/ates ( 8 own "t no d\bt 0 /rongly pres5t 9 8 m9d4 ,footnote #aa3 ,von e9em &]5 bes*rnkt4 ,curtail$1 ,i imag9e1 z a spontane\s & free p[]4 ,footnote #ab3 ,t is act+ 9 subs]vi5ce to et]nal =ces1 n direct+ ^? =ces4 ,hegel conceives ! ev5t z supply+ ! l9es ( direction ?r\gh :i* ! =ces are effective4 ,footnote #ac3 ,aus d] ,dumpfheit des ,bewus/seyns4 ,out ( ! confusions ( consci\sness4 ,footnote #ad3 ,i h adopt$ ! mascul9e g5d] 9 accordance ) ! text1 ?\gh ( c\rse x does n imply p]sonality 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,footnote #ae3 ,i suppose ! mean+ is t x is a purely objective panorama4 ,footnote #af3 ,se9] ,sa*e1 ,some:at vague & difficult to translate4 ,x means m ?an 8 affair or bus9ess4 ,footnote #ag3 ,trau]4 ,m\rnfulness or gloom is p]haps bett]4 ,footnote #ah3 ,liv41 ,,ii1 c4 #cb4 ,footnote #ai3 ,lit41 s f> z !y d n emphasize ess5tial phases 9 7,mom5te74 ,footnote #bj3 ,i presume ! allusion is to ! way1 already illu/rat$1 ! ,hom]ic gods d n take !mselves s]i\sly4 ,footnote #ba3 ,messias1 ,canto ,,ii1 vv1 #fbg-hej4 ,footnote #bb3 ,x is possible ,hegel means by gei/ige intelligible4 ,footnote #bc3 ,act ,,ii1 sc4 #f4 ,footnote #bd3 ,o1 t ,i _h nev] %ipp$ hi!r ov] ! sea1 unhappy t ,i am6 ,va9 0 ! fancy :i* befool$ me to seek an empty fame 9 ,france2 & n[ a fatal de/9y c>ries me to ?is bloody field ( dea?4 ,o t ,i 7 f> f "h h\s$ at home on ! banks ( ! blue ,sev]n1 :]e ! "m rema9$ beh9d & ! g5tle sweet bride m\rn+ = me4 ,footnote #be3 ,to ,dea? ?\ art decre$6 ,a ,briti% matron x 0 t conceiv$ !e6 ,footnote #bf3 ,) v[ to slay at ev]y?+ alive ) ! sword t ! fateful god ( battles confronts h] )4 ,footnote #bg3 ,sitte und ,settli*keit4 ,footnote #bh3 ,t is ( ! ,epos4 ,footnote #bi3 ,! c\rse ( pa9t+ is simil> to t ( sculpture 9 virtue ( ! fact t x is :olly ( "o type1 viz41 romantic1 b x diff]s f x 9 be+ less objective & requir+ m hi/orical illu/ration4 ,footnote #cj3 ,sub/antiell51 i4e41 an outlook :i* conc5trates att5tion on ! "o ,div9e sub/ance1 ! ess5ce b5ea? ! ph5om5al4 ,footnote #ca3 ,i presume ?is is ano!r ,p]sian composition1 b x may be a cult ( "s k9d4 ,footnote #cb3 ,sub/antive z contra/$ ) ph5om5al4 ,footnote #cc3 ,t is ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,footnote #cd3 ,:at ,hegel means to say by ?is & ! foll[+ p>agraph is by no means cle>4 ,he fir/ seems to /ate z a fact t a rivalry may be ass]t$1 or at lea/ has be5 ass]t$ by o!rs1 betwe5 ! ,spani% romances & ! f9e/ ,greek & ,lat9 epic lit]ature1 & !n imm$iately aft]w>ds d5ies ! fact s f> z ! ,iliad & ,odyssey is conc]n$4 ,! confusion & inde$ unc]ta9ty seems to be due to ! fact t :ile expla9+ ! disadvantage 9 :i* ! ,g]man "w is plac$ z comp>$ ) ! ,spani% romances1 he m]ely contra/s ! ,hom]ic poems ) ! =m]4 ,:at he app>5tly means u to inf] is t ! latt] are z sup]ior z ! ,g]man "w is1 at lea/ z an ,epos1 inf]ior4 ,! words we mod]ns are app>5tly ironical4 ,9 any case ! entire passage is1 ,i ?9k1 cle>ly "o :i* ne$$ revision1 & x is possible t ! two p>agraphs h be5 tack$ toge!r by ,hegel's editors f diff]5t connections4 ,footnote #ce3 ,z we f9d x1 presumably1 9 ,g5esis4 7,b47 ,,lyric ,,poetry ,! poetic imag9ation does n1 z ! pla/ic arts d1 pres5t ! objects ( its creation be=e our vision 9 an objective %ape1 b only envisages !m to ! inw>d vision & emotions4 ,no d\bt f ! fir/1 relatively to c]ta9 aspects ( ?is univ]sal type ( composition1 x is ! p]sonal quality ( ideal creation & con/ruction :i* pre-em95tly ass]ts itself 9 ! pres5t$ "w1 & z su* is to be contra/$ ) pla/ic con/ruction4 ,b :5 epic poetry (f]s to our contemplation its object ei!r 9 its sub/antive univ]sality1 or "u a mode comp>able ) t ( sculptor & pa9t]--9 o!r words1 9 its liv+ pres5ce--9 t case1 at lea/ :]e ! art is mo/ consummate1 ! individual m9d & s\l ( ! creator involv$ 9 ! creation disappe>s be=e ! objective result creat$4 ,! above p]sonal or subjective aspect ( m9d c only completely be disc>d$ 9 s f> z1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! entire _w ( objects & relations are ess5tially absorb$ by x & !n p]mitt$ to /& =? freely f ! veil$ pres5ce ( ! individual consci\sness1 &1 fur!r1 9 s f> z ! self-c5tr$ s\l unb>s its doors1 op5s wide its e>s & eyes1 ext5ds ! purely un5light5$ feel+ to vision & idea1 & atta*es to ?is weal? ( hidd5 cont5t ^w & spee* z ! vehicle ( its intimate self-expression4 ,& j 9 proportion z ?is k9d ( communication p]si/s 9 %utt+ itself away f ! objective manife/ation ( epic art1 to t ext5t1 & precisely = t reason1 ! subjective type ( poetry is b\nd to f9d its own =ms1 9 a prov9ce ( its own1 :olly indep5d5t ( ! ,epos4 ,9 o!r words1 ! human _s desc5ds f ! objectivity ( ! object into its own private doma92 x pe]s into its p>ticul> consci\s life2 x endeav\rs to satisfy ! desire to reproduce ! pres5ce & reality ( t1 z display$ 9 s\l1 9 ! exp]i5ce ( he>t & reflect$ idea1 & 9 do+ s to unfold ! cont5t & activity ( ! p]sonal life r ?an ! actual pres5ce ( ! ext]nal fact4 ,b1 aga91 inasmu* z ?is expression1 if x is n simply to rema9 ! *ance expression ( m]e individuality#a 9 its imm$iate feel+ & conception1 mu/ ass]t itself 9 spee* z ! reflection ( an inn] life t is poetic1 all t is ?us envisag$ ( feel+ or o!rwise--& h[ev] mu*1 too1 x may be a "p ( ! poet's unique p]sonality1 & be pres5t$ by him z su*--mu/ nev]!less possess a univ]sal validity1 9 o!r words1 x mu/ ess5tially include feel+s & reflections = :i* ! art ( poetry is able to discov] ! vital & adequate means ( expression4 ,& al?\gh1 ap>t f ?is1 pa9 & desire1 z conceiv$1 describ$1 & express$ 9 spee*1 may light5 ! he>t1 & poetic ebullition is unque/ionably p]missible = su* a purpose1 yet its function is n re/rict$ to su* dome/ic s]vice4 ,r x has a nobl] vocation1 :i* is n s mu* to lib]ate ! human _s f emotion1 b 9 ! m$ium ( ! same4 ,! bl9d tumult ( passion surges on 9 a union ) ! entire s\l-life un5light5$1 unawak5$ to ! grasp ( m9d4 ,9 su* a /ate ! s\l _c ass]t itself 9 idea & expression4 ,x is ! function ( poetry no d\bt to free ! he>t f su* a prison h\se1 9 s f> z x pres5ts t life z an object to x4 ,b x does m ?an ?is m]e translation ( cont5t f ! imm$iacy ( emotional exp]i5ce2 x creates !refrom an object :i* is purifi$ f all m]e cont+5cy ( ! pass+ mood2 an object 9 :i* ! s\l-life 9 ?is deliv]ance returns once m to itself freely & ) self-consci\s satisfaction1 & rema9s !re at home4 ,conv]sely1 h[ev]1 ?is prim>y objectivisation ought n to be c>ri$ to ! po9t ( a reflection t actually discloses ! individual activity ( ! s\l-life & its passions z x is c>ri$ =w>d 9 practical impulse & action2 9 o!r words1 9 ! self-return ( ! individual ^u himself 9 v]itable de$4 ,= ! mo/ p]t95t reality ( our inn] life is /ill itself an inw>d some?+1 & consequ5tly ?is passage f itself c only give u ! s5se ( deliv]ance f ! imm$iate conc5tration ( he>t 9 its bl9d & =mless pres5ce1 :i* n[ unb>s itself 9 self-expression1 & 9 do+ s grasps & expresses :at 0 previ\sly m]ely felt 9 ! =m ( a self-consci\s vision & ideas4 ,& ) ^! rem>ks ,i ?9k we h det]m9$ 9 _! ess5tial features bo? ! sph]e & function ( lyric poetry z contra/$ ) ! epic & dramatic types4 ,z reg>ds ! m detail$ exam9ation & classification ( our new subject-matt]1 we _c d bett] ?an foll[ ! c\rse previ\sly adopt$ 9 our exam9ation ( epic poetry4 ,fir/1 we h to discuss ! g5]al "* ( lyric composition4 ,secondly1 we %all consid] ! p>ticul> *>act]i/ics :i* make ! lyric "w ( art & ! types ( ! same wor?y ( att5tion 9 _! m direct relation to ! lyric poet4 ,?irdly1 we %all conclude ! survey ) a few rem>ks ^u ! hi/orical developm5t ( ?is class ( poetic "w4 ,g5]ally ,i may rem>k t ?is survey w be extremely re/rict$1 & = two reasons--fir/1 because ,i am compell$ to res]ve ! necess>y space = ! discussion ( ! dramatic field2 secondly1 because ,i mu/ limit myself exclusively to g5]al consid]ations1 inasmu* z ! detail embrac$ by x possesses f> m incalculable res\rces ( manifold complexity ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,epos1 & c\ld only be treat$ 9 great] fulness & complet5ess if view$ hi/orically1 :i* is n )9 ! aim ( ! pres5t "w4 ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,lyric4 ,9 ! /imulus ( epic poetry is ! desire to he> ! ?+ or matt] :i* is unfold$ on its own acc\nt1 & indep5d5tly ( ! poet1#b z an objective & ess5tially exclusive totality4 ,9 ! lyric1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! conv]se ne$ :i* f9ds its satisfaction 9 self-expression & ! com+ to a k ( ! s\l 9 ?is expression ( itself4 ,) reg>d to ! nature ( ?is effusion1#c we may enum]ate its mo/ important con/itu5ts z foll[s3 ,fir/1 !re is ! cont5t 9 :i* s\l-life is aw>e ( itself & reflects itself 9 idea4 ,secondly1 !re is ! =m1 9 virtue ( :i* ! expression ( ?is cont5t becomes lyric poetry4 ,?irdly1 !re is ! /age ( consci\s life & culture f :i* ! p]son ?us lyrically view$ discloses 8 feel+s & ideas4 7a7 ,! cont5t ( ! lyric "w ( art _c comprise ! developm5t ( an objective action 9 its possibilities ( expansion into all ! bread? & weal? ( a _w4 ,x is ! s+le p]son1 & along ) him ! isolat$ fact ( situation & objects1 no less ?an ! mode & mann] 9 :i* ! s\l is made aw>e ( itself 9 su* cont5t1 ) its private judgm5ts1 its joy1 its wond]1 its pa91 & its feel+1 :i* x pres5ts to our vision4 ,?r\gh ?is pr9ciple ( division & p>ticul>ity1 z pres5t 9 ! ,lyric1 ! cont5t may be ( ! greate/ v>iety1 associat$ ) e t5d5cy ( national life4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is ess5tial di/9ction1 t :]eas ! ,epos comb9es 9 "o & ! same "w ! _s ( a p 9 all its bread?1 & 9 its actual de$ & fa%ion1 ! m def9ite cont5t ( lyrical poetry limits itself to "o p>ticul> aspect1 or at lea/ is unable successfully to atta9 to ! explicit complet5ess & exposition :i* ! ,epos ought at lea/ to possess4 ,! entire weal? ( lyrical poetry 9 a nation may1 !re=e1 no d\bt embrace ! collective exub]ance ( national int]e/1 idea1 & purpose2 b x is n ! s+le lyrical poem t c d ?is4 ,! ,lyric is n call$ ^u to produce ,bibles su* z we h discov]$ 9 ,epic poetry4 ,x does1 h[ev]1 enjoy ! advantage ( be+ able to t\* ^u e conceivable aspect ( national developm5t2 :]eas ! true ,epos is limit$ to di/9ct epo*s ( a primitive age1 & its success 9 our m rec5t times ( prosaic culture is v jejune4 77 ,)9 ?is field ( p>ticul>ization we h1 to />t )1 ! univ]sal z su*--! supreme height & dep? ( human belief1 imag9ation1 & k--! ess5tial cont5t ( religion1 art1 ay1 ev5 ( sci5tific ?\ght1 9 s f> z ! same is adaptable to ! =m ( imag9ation & creation1 & c ent] ! sph]e ( emotions4 ,consequ5tly g5]al op9ions1 :at is ( p]man5t sub/ance 9 a view ( ! _w1 ! pr(\nd] grasp ( f>-rea*+ social conditions are all n exclud$ f ! ,lyric2 & a consid]able "p ( ! mat]ial ,i h ref]r$ to#d :5 discuss+ ! m incomplete types ( ! ,epic falls rightly1 & ) p]t95cy into ! sph]e n[ "u review4 77 ,& along ) su* ess5tially univ]sal topics we h associat$ ! aspect ( p>ticul>ity1 :i* c be s int]wov5 ) :at is ?us sub/antive t any specific situation1 feel+1 or idea is !reby seiz$ 9 its pr(\nd] significance & express$ 9 a way :olly accordant !reto4 ,?is is1 = example1 almo/ always ! case 9 ,s*ill]'s lyrical "w1 z also 9 8 ballads2 9 ?is connection ,i w m]ely recall ! sup]b description ( ! ,eum5ides *orus 9 ! ,cranes ( ,ibicus1 :i* is nei!r dramatic nor epic1 b lyrical4 ,f a fur!r po9t ( view we may h ?is comb9ation s ass]t$ t a v>iety ( p>ticul> traits1 moods1 occurr5ces are introduc$ by way ( te/imony to compreh5sive views & maxims1 int]lac$ 9 vital coalesc5ce by virtue ( ! g5]al pr9ciple4 ,?is /yle ( writ+ is frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! elegy & epi/le1 & g5]ally 9 reflections ^u life ( a compreh5sive "*4 77 ,9 conclusion1 inasmu* z 9 lyrical composition :at is self-express$ is ! individual p]son1 a cont5t1 :i* is extremely slight1 w prim>ily suffice = ?is purpose4 ,x is1 9 o!r words1 ! s\l itself1 subjective life simply1 :i* is ! true cont5t4 ,! emphasis is !re=e ?r\gh\t ^u ! animation ( feel+1 r ?an ^u ! m imm$iate object4 ,! mo/ fleet+ moods ( ! mom5t1 ! ov]joym5t ( ! he>t1 ! swiftly pass+ gleams or cl\ds ( c>eless m]rim5t & je/1 sorr[1 melan*oly1 & compla9t1 9 a ^w1 all & e phase ( emotion are "h seiz$ 9 _! mom5t>y movem5t or isolat$ occurr5ce1 & r5d]$ p]man5t 9 _! expression4 ,:at we f9d "h 9 ! doma9 ( poetry may be p>allel$ ) :at ,i previ\sly ref]r$ to :5 describ+ g5re pa9t+s4 ,! cont5t1 ! subject-matt]1 is "h ! :olly cont+5t1 & :at is ov] & above ?is important is exclusively ! "* ( ! individual conception & mode ( pres5tm5t1 ! *>m ( :i* 9 ! ,lyric w ei!r consi/ 9 ! aroma ( exquisite feel+1 or 9 ! novelty ( arre/+ po9ts ( view1 & ! g5ial sugge/ion ( lit]>y phrases & turns :i* surprise4 7b7 ,9 ! second place we may obs]ve 9 g5]al ) respect to ! =m1 :]e9 ! ,lyric is compos$1 t "h too x is ! individual p]son1 9 ! intimacy ( 8 ideas or emotion t con/itutes ! focal c5tre4 ,! gr[? ( ! :ole is root$ 9 ! he>t & temp]am5t2 x />ts1 to be m precise1 f a p>ticul> mood & situation ( ! poet4 ,by virtue ( ?is fact ! cont5t & conjunction ( ! p>ticul> aspects ( its gr[? are n inf]r$ f x objectively z a sub/antively indep5d5t cont5t1 or f its ext]nal manife/ation z "s really self-exclusive ev5t1 b are borr[$ f ! individual subject z su*4 ,b = ?is reason x is ess5tial t ! individual 9 "q %\ld himself appe> poetical1 ri* 9 fancy & feel+1 or impos+ & pr(\nd 9 8 views & reflections1 & above all %\ld be ess5tially indep5d5t1 ! possessor ( a unique ideal _w1 f :i* ! s]vility & caprice ( a prosaic nature is exclud$4 ,! lyric poem1 !n1 reta9s a mode ( unity :olly diff]5t f t ( ! ,epos1 9 o!r words1 ! my/]i\s intimacy ( ! mood or reflection1 :i* expatiates ^u itself1 mirrors itself 9 ! objective _w1 describes itself1 or conc]ns itself z x wills ) any o!r matt]1 always1 h[ev]1 reta9+ ! "r 9 ! pursuit ( su* an int]e/ to beg9 & break (f v mu* z x pleases4 ,horace1 = in/ance1 v frequ5tly comes to a /op at ! v po9t1 :]e1 9 ! commonplace view ( its lit]>y treatm5t1 we might suppose he _h only j />t$ ) 8 subject4 ,9 o!r words1 :at he describes is simply 8 feel+s1 comm&s or arrangem5ts = a banquet1 say1 )\t giv+ u fur!r in=mation z to h[ x w5t (f4 ,9 ! same way we h e conceivable mode ( progression & comb9ation suppli$ by ! nature ( ! mood1 ! actual condition ( ! individual s\l-life1 ! degree ( passion1 its excitem5t or rapid transition ( conflict+ emotion1 or ! tranquillity ( ! he>t or ! m9d 9 "s long-drawn process ( contemplation4 ,z a rule1 9 respect to all su* subject-matt]1 we are able to det]m9e v little t is fix$1 ow+ to ! repeat$ *anges 9 ! ev] v>i$ facets ( ! s\l4 ,i w !re=e re/rict myself to a few sali5t po9ts ( di/9ction4 77 ,j z we met ) sev]al specific k9ds ( epic poetry :i* %[$ a t5d5cy to adopt a lyric ve9 ( expression1 s1 too1 ! ,lyric may accept z its subject-matt] & its =m an occurr5ce1 :i*1 s f> z cont5t & ext]nal appe>ance are conc]n$1 are epic1 & to ?is ext5t x w approximate to ! latt] type4 ,h]oic songs1 romances1 & ballads belong to su* a class4 ,! =m ( ! :ole is 9 su* examples n>rative1 inasmu* z x is ! progressive advance ( a situation or ev5t1 z among o!r in/ances1 a p>ticul> direction 9 ! fate ( a nation1 :i* is communicat$4 ,& yet at ! same "t ! fundam5tal temp] is :olly lyric1 inasmu* z ! ma9 object is n to give u a description & repres5tation ( ! actual fact ap>t f all relation to ! n>rator1 b r to disclose 8 p]sonal attitude to x 9 ! way he conceives & feels x1 :e!r ) delight or compla9t1 :e!r z a /imulus to good or depress$ spirits1 ! mood 9 %ort t r+s ?r\gh\t x4 ,& simil>ly ! nature ( ! impression :i* ! poet endeav\rs to produce !reby is entirely t ( ! prov9ce ( ! lyric4 ,9 o!r words1 :at ! poet seeks to effect 9 8 audi5ce is precisely t /ate ( emotion1 :i* ! rec\nt$ ev5t has produc$ 9 himself1 & :i* he !re=e has atta*$ to 8 composition4 ,he expresses 8 dejection1 m\rn+1 m]rim5t1 8 fire ( patriotism1 & s =?1 9 an appropriate occurr5ce 9 su* a way t x is n ?is fact s mu* :i* contributes1 z x 71 ! focus1 b r ! /ate ( 8 emotional life we f9d reflect$ !re94 ,& = ?is reason he1 above all emphasizes ^? traits1 & depicts ! same ) feel+1 :i* are 9 accord ) 8 own p]sonal impulses2 & 9 ! degree ( vivacity ) :i* ^! are express$ by !m ! same feel+s are likely to be excit$ 9 8 audi5ce4 ,& ?us1 ?\gh ! cont5t may be epic1 ! treatm5t is lyrical4 77 ,to come yet m directly to detail !re is1 fir/1 ! example ( ! epigram1 9 su* a case :]e x is n m]ely an inscription :i* /ates concisely ! bald nature ( "s fact1 b fur!r associates ) ?is an emotional /ate2 :]e1 9 %ort1 ! cont5t1 reg>d$ z ! b>e /atem5t ( ext]nal fact1 is m]g$ 9 a condition ( ! s\l4 ,9 o!r words1 ! writ] "h ceases to surr5d] himself :olly to ! object3 r he makes 8 own p]sonality expressive 9 x2 he records 8 desires ) reg>d to x2 he atta*es to x 8 own sportive fancies1 8 acute or unexpect$ sugge/ions & associations4 ,! ,greek ,an?ology conta9s _m su* witty epigrams :i* h lo/ ! epic mann]4 ,9 m rec5t times we f9d simil> examples 9 ! piquante c\plets ( ! ,fr5*1 abundantly illu/rat$ 9 _! ,vaudevilles4 ,we ,g]mans h mu* ! same ?+ 9 our didactic di/i*es1 ,x5i51 & ! l4 ,ev5 tomb inscriptions frequ5tly approximate to ?is lyrical "* 9 virtue ( ! /rong emotions express$4 77 ,9 mu* ! same way ! ,lyric accepts a wid] range 9 descriptive n>rative4 ,i w m]ely m5tion1 z a composition ( ?is class1 ! romance4 ,x is ! mo/ obvi\s & simple =m ( x1 9 s f> t is z x isolates ! diff]5t sc5es ( an ev5t1 & !n depicts rapidly & ) ! full =ce ( _! mo/ important *>act]i/ics ea* on its own acc\nt1 9 descriptions m>k$ ?r\gh\t by sympa!tic feel+4 ,su* a consi/5t & well-def9$ grasp ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( a situation1 toge!r ) an emphatic ass]tion ( ! writ]'s absolute sympa?y ) 8 subject1 is above all nobly repres5t$ 9 ,spani% lit]ature & makes su* romances /rik+ly impressive4 ,a peculi> cl>ity ( atmosph]e surr\nds ^! lyrical repres5tations :i* r id5tifies !m ) ! cle>-cut def9ition ( objective vision1 ?an ) ! ideal _w ( ! imag9ation4 77 ,! class ( ! ballad1 9 contra/ to ! above1 includes = ! mo/ "p1 if 9 less degree ?an ! truly epic poem1 ! complet5ess ( an indep5d5t ev5t1 ^: reflection1 ( c\rse1 x m]ely embodies 9 ! mo/ conspicu\s ( its phases1 :ile x seeks at ! same "t to give full1 if conc5trat$ & ideal emphasis1 to ! dep? ( ! s5tim5t ) :i* x is ?r\gh\t int]wov51 & !re9 ! pla9t1 dejection1 joy1 & s =?1 ( ! s\l4 ,engli% lit]ature above all conta9s _m su* poetic compositions 9 ! e>ly & m primitive epo* ( its hi/ory2 &1 g5]ally1 popul> poetry delights 9 ! n>ration ( su* hi/ories & collisions1 usually un=tunate1 ) a true & emotional emphasis calculat$ to make bo? he>t & voice ?rill & falt] ) angui%4 ,b 9 m rec5t times also among ourselves ,brg] &1 mo/ fam\s ( all1 ,goe! & ,s*ill]1 h compos$ ma/]pieces 9 ?is field2 ,brg] 9 virtue ( 8 sombre tone ( navet2 ,goe! ?r\gh ! impeccable cl>ity ( 8 emotional1 no less ?an imag9ative vision1 :i* =ms ! lyrical ?read ?r\gh\t2 & ,s*ill]1 on acc\nt ( 8 sup]b emotional emphasis on ! fundam5tal ?\ght :i* he seeks1 9 a :olly lyrical mann]1 to express "u ! =m ( an ev5t1 9 ord] !reby to affect ! he>ts ( 8 read]s ) a simil> lyric movem5t ( feel+ & contemplation4 77 ,! purely p]sonal elem5t ( lyric poetry is rightly emphasiz$ 9 ^? cases1 :5 ! fact ( a giv5 situation is tak5 by ! poet z an effective means ( express+ 8 own individuality !re94 ,su* is ! case 9 ! s-call$ poems d'occasion4 ,s f> back z ! poems ( ,call9us & ,tyrtaeus we f9d elegies ( battle bas$ on conditions reg>d$ z real1 :i* are made ! /imulus ( a p]sonal en?usiasm1 albeit ! poet's own individuality1 8 purely private affections & feel+s1 are z yet n s mu* 9 evid5ce4 ,! ,p9d>ic ,odes also br+ to light 9 _! panegyrics ( p>ticul> conte/s1 victors1 & circum/ances1 a ve9 or impulse t is m private2 & yet m 9 "s ( ! odes ( ,horace we m>k a def9itely p]sonal motive1 or r express$ ?\ght to ! effect1 ,i w z myself a man ( culture & fame1 write a poem on ?is subject4 ,b ! be/ illu/ration ( all we h 9 our own ,goe!1 ^: p>tiality = su* a /yle 0 due to ! fact t he discov]$ a poem 9 e incid5t ( 8 life4 77 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! lyric "w ( art is to be dive/$ ( all dep5d5ce ( ext]nal occasion & purpose1 t may be impli$ 9 x1 & to be compos$ z a self-subsi/5t :ole on its own acc\nt1 x is obvi\sly ess5tial t ! poet also only make use ( su* ext]nal /imulus z an opportunity to express himself1 8 mood1 delight1 sorr[1 or modes ( ?\ght & reflection g5]ally4 ,! condition ( mo/ importance to su* an intimate mode ( p]sonal expression consi/s 9 ! poet's ability to absorb ! real cont5t absolutely1 conv]t+ x !reby into 8 own possession4 ,! true lyric poet lives a life ( introspection1 he grasps relations 9 ! light ( 8 poetic individuality2 &1 h[ev] 9 v>i$ fa%ion 8 inn] life may be bl5d$ ) ! _w ar\nd him1 9 its conditions & de/9y1 :at he pres5ts to u exclusively 9 su* mat]ial is ! unique & indep5d5t animation ( 8 own emotions & obs]vations4 ,:51 to take our =m] example1 ,p9d> 0 invit$ to celebrate a victor ( ! ,hell5ic games1 or und]takes ?is un9vit$1 he made himself s entirely ma/] ( 8 subject-matt]1 t 8 composition no long] s mu* appe>s a poem on ! victor z an effusion ( song creat$ f 8 own res\rces4 77 ,if we consid] m closely ! mann] ( pres5tm5t ( su* a poem d'occasion1 we %all1 no d\bt1 be ready to admit t ! same c to a real ext5t borr[ its m def9$ mat]ial & "*1 no less ?an its conceiv$ organization z an arti/ic "w1 f ! actual features ( ! occurr5ce or individual :i* con/itute its cont5t4 ,x is1 9 fact1 precisely f ?is cont5t t ! emotional movem5t ( ! poet proce$s4 ,z ! mo/ illum9at+1 ?\gh an extreme example1 ,i w m]ely m5tion ,s*ill]'s ,song ( ! ,bell1 :i* makes out ( ! v>i$ /ages ( bell-f\ndry ! significant & arre/+ mom5ts 9 ! composition ( ! entire poem1 & only subject to ?is introduces ! emotional elem5t relevant !reto1 z also ! v>i\s obs]vations ^u human life & ! description ( its conditions4 ,9 a some:at diff]5t mann]1 too1 ,p9d> makes use ( ! place ( bir? ( ! victor1 ! exploits ( ! family to :i* he belongs1 or o!r relations ( life z an opportunity 9 8 own p]son to exalt c]ta9 gods to ! exclusion ( o!rs1 or to m5tion ^! p>ticul> exploits & results alone1 or to emphasize exclusively ! obs]vations or maxims he has int]polat$4 ,f a fur!r po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 ! lyric poet is absolutely free1 inasmu* z x is n ! ext]nal occasion z su*1 b r ! poet's own s\l-life :i* is "h ! subject2 & consequ5tly x entirely dep5ds on ! p>ticul> views ( ! poet & ! "* ( 8 g5]al mood1 :at aspects ( ! subject-matt] & 9 :at ?reads ( connection & sequ5ce !y %all be compos$4 ,9 o!r words1 we are unable to pr$ict decisively & a priori ! degree 9 :i* ! objective occasion ) its giv5 cont5t1 or ! purely p]sonal factor ( poet1 %all be pr$om9ant1 or :e!r bo? aspects %all on equal t]ms coalesce4 77 ,fur!rmore1 x is n ! inc5tive & its positive reality1 b ! ideal movem5t & conception ( ! individual s\l :i* supplies ! focus ( unity4 ,! p>ticul> mood or g5]al review1 :i* is ar\s$ poetically by ! occasion1 ^! con/itute ! c5tre1 radiat+ f :i* n m]ely ! col\r ( ! :ole1 b also ! embrace ( ! p>ticul> features unfold$1 ! v mode ( ! execution & con/ruction1 & !re) ! build & coalesc5ce ( ! poem z a "w ( art are det]m9$4 ,9 ?is way1 to return to our previ\s example1 ,p9d> possesses 9 ! life-conditions ( 8 victors a g5u9e core ( reality = diff]5tiation or amplification4 ,9 ! p>ticul> poems1 h[ev]1 :i* he has writt5 x is inv>iably o!r po9ts ( view1 ano!r mood altoge!r1 :e!r x be ( w>n+1 com=t1 or exaltation1 :i* he makes mo/ p]vasive1 & :i*1 al?\gh su* exclusively belong to ! poet 9 8 creative capacity1 d none ! less give him precisely t grasp ( all he wi%es to t\* ^u1 execute1 & h& to po/]ity 9 ^? hi/orical facts1 :ile unfold+ !re) ! illum9at+ & con/ructive p[] ( g5ius1 )\t :i* he w\ld fail to secure ! lyric effect int5d$4 77 ,b1 ?irdly1 x is n absolutely necess>y = ! g5u9e lyrical poet to />t f ! ext]nal occurr5ce1 :i* he rec\nts 9 a m$ium ri* ) emotion1 or1 inde$1 f any su* objectively real /imulus ( 8 ef=ts4 ,he is1 let u repeat1 a truly exclusive _w 9 himself4 ,he may f9d !re bo? ! orig9al inc5tive & cont5t1 & consequ5tly g no fur!r ?an ?is ideal _w ( condition1 ev5t1 & passion discov]$ 9 8 own he>t & s\l4 ,?is is t doma9 9 :i* man becomes1 9 virtue ( 8 private inn] life1 himself ! "w ( art2 :ile ! epic poet avails himself exclusively ( ! h]o & 8 exploits & exp]i5ces = ?is purpose4 77 ,& yet 9 ?is field1 too1 an elem5t ( n>rative may ent]1 :]e1 z 9 ! case ( ! songs ( ,anacreon1 bright little pictures ( adv5ture ) ,eros & ! l receive ! f9i% ( delightful m9iatures4 ,su* an ev5t1 h[ev]1 mu/ obvi\sly r resemble ! unveil+ ( a condition ( p]sonal s\l-life4 ,9 a some:at diff]5t mode ( ! same ?+ ,horace1 9 8 ,integ] vit makes use ( ! fact ( 8 meet+ a wolf1 n to ! ext5t t we c1 !re=e1 call 8 poem ! v]se d'occasion1 b r reg>d+ ?is fact z ! prompt+ =ce ( 8 fir/ s5t5ce & ! s]5ity ( ! feel+s ( affection ) :i* he concludes4 77 ,z a rule we may also obs]ve t ! situation "u :i* ! poet depicts himself %\ld n re/rict itself m]ely to ! inn] p]sonal life z su*4 ,x mu/ r atte/ itself z concrete1 & !reby we may ev5 say ext]nal totality4 ,! poet1 9 %ort1 reveals himself n m]ely 9 t inw>d p]sonal life1 b z "o ( ! objects ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,9 ! example j cit$ ( ! ,anacreon odes ! poet depicts himself among roses1 fair maid5s1 & y\?s 9 ! m]ry enjoym5t ( w9e & dance1 )\t regret or ye>n+1 )\t obligation1 & yet )\t dislike ( l(ti] aims1 :i*1 inde$1 are n pres5t at all2 reveals himself r z a h]o1 :o freely & )\t res]ve1 & consequ5tly )\t hesitation or loss1 is j ?is unity1 is :at he is1 a man ( 8 own type1 & figures z su* 9 ?is intimate arti/ic pres5tm5t4 ,9 ! love-songs ( ,hafis also we may obs]ve ! entire vital individuality ( ! poet 9 all its *anges ( cont5t1 pose1 & an expression :i* approa*es close to self-consci\s hum\r4 ,& yet 8 poetry is )\t any specific !me1 any objective picture1 any god1 or my?ology2 or1 r1 :5 we p]use ^! light-he>t$ ebullitions1 "o feels z ?\gh x w\ld be impossible = ! ,ori5tal to possess any su* def9ite picture & con/ructive art4 ,he passes easily f "o object to ano!r2 he takes 8 walks abroad1 b x is a sc5e 9 :i* ! entire man1 ) 8 w9e1 8 damsels1 8 c\rt-life1 & all ! re/ ( x1 is plac$ be=e u ) delightful unres]ve1 )\t passion or self-seek+ 9 ! simplicity ( 8 enjoym5t eye to eye & s\l to s\l4 ,improvisations ( ?is type adapt !mselves 9 ! mo/ v>i\s ways n m]ely to a reflection ( ! s\l-life1 b also to ext]nal condition4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! poet is absorb$ 9 8 own individual exp]i5ce1 we are n s mu* conc]n$ to he> 8 p>ticul> fancies1 love affairs1 dome/ic arrangem5ts1 & ! hi/ory ( 8 uncles & aunts4 ,we are s invit$1 = in/ance1 9 ,klop/ock's ,eidli & ,fanny1 z to nave "s vision giv5 u ( :at is ( univ]sal human int]e/1 9 ord] t our sympa?ies may be r\s$4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 !re=e1 su* lyrical poetry c readily deg5]ate into ! spuri\s assumption t :at is ess5tially private & p>ticul> mu/ necess>ily awak5 int]e/4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w\ld be no incorrect description ( _m songs ( ,goe! if we call$ !m ,songs ( ,comrade%ip1 al?\gh !y are n exactly execut$ by ! poet "u su* a category4 ,9 o!r words1 x is n s mu* himself t a man (f]s 9 society2 r he places 8 p>ticul>ity 9 ! backgr\nd1 & conv]ses ) ! help ( some?+ else1 :e!r x be a /ory or an anecdote1 seiz+ its specific features 9 "s p>ticul> mood1 & communicat+ !m agreeably to su* a temp]4 ,9 a case l ?is x is n exactly ! poet1 & yet x is himself = all t4 ,x is n himself he gives u1 b some?+ else z be/ he c4 ,he is1 9 %ort1 an actor1 :o runs ?r\gh an inf9ite v>iety ( p>ts4 ,fir/ he l+]s on ?is1 !n on t2 he reviews mom5t>ily a sc5e1 !n maybe a gr\p ( p4 ,b :atev] he may endeav\r to reproduce1 x is ?r\gh\t 8 individual arti/ic s\l-life1 8 own exp]i5ce1 8 own feel+1 :i* is vitally int]wov5 ) x4 77 ,b1 fur!r1 9 s f> z ! individuality ( self-consci\s life is ! true s\rce ( ! ,lyric1 ! poet is ju/ifi$ 9 limit+ 8 expression to 8 own moods & reflections )\t any fur!r comb9ation ( !m 9 a concrete situation t includes a truly objective "*4 ,x is 9 ?is direction t examples ( :at is little m ?an an empty flut+ = flut+'s sake1 ! song & trill simply on its own acc\nt1 w yet give u g5u9e lyrical satisfaction4 ,9 su* ! words are to a m or less ext5t m]ely ! vehicle ( *e]fulness or sorr[1 ^: effect1 moreov]1 v readily s]ves z an invitation to musical accompanim5t4 ,folk-songs especially v (t5 am\nt to little m ?an ?is4 ,9 ! songs ( ,goe!1 too1 ?\gh we may no d\bt discov] "h a m def9$ & abundant mode ( expression1 x is n unfrequ5tly simply a s+le & transitory bit ( m]rim5t t is v\*saf$1 a pass+ mood t ! poet does n attempt to ?r[ aside1 b on ! tune ( :i* he pipes = a mom5t 9 8 t9y song4 ,9 o!rs1 ( c\rse1 8 treatm5t ( simil> moods is on a l>g] scale1 ev5 sy/ematic1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! poem3 ,i* hab me9 ,sa*' auf ni*ts ge/ellt1 9 :i* ! poet passes be=e u z ?+s t come & vani%1 fir/1 money & prop]ty1 !n wom51 travel1 fame1 hon\r1 &1 la/ ( all1 fight & w>1 reta9+ ?r\gh\t z ! ev]-recurr+ refra9 ( /ability 8 own free & c>eless *e]fulness4 ,conv]sely1 h[ev]1 ! intimate individual life may f ! same po9t ( view gr[ 9 dep? & expansion1 9 conditions ( ! s\l ( ! mo/ impos+ proportions & ideas t embrace ! _w itself4 ,a consid]able numb] ( ,s*ill]'s poems are ( ?is type4 ,:at is great1 :at op5s to intellig5ce1 ?is is ! inc5tive ( 8 he>t4 ,b he w nei!r celebrate 9 hymn fa%ion a religi\s or o!rwise pr(\nd subject2 nor w he be ! m9/rel :o looks = inspiration )\t him to ! p]t95t fact or occasion4 ,he s+s 9 ! pres5ce (1 & inspir$ by1 8 own s\l-life1 ! highe/ int]e/ ( :i* are ! ideals ( life1 beauty1 & ! imp]i%able claims & ?\ghts ( our humanity4 7c7 ,!re is a ?ird consid]ation we h to deal ) 9 connection ) ! g5]al "* ( lyric poetry4 ,x is ! nature ( ! g5]al /age ( human developm5t & culture f :i* ! isolat$ poem orig9ates4 ,9 ?is respect1 too1 ! ,lyric occupies a position :i* is to be contra/$ ) ,epic poetry4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile we reg>d$ z necess>y = ! full bloom ( ! true ,epos a phase 9 ! nation's gr[? :i* 01 speak+ g5]ally1 undevelop$1 at lea/ 9 ! s5se t x _h n rip5$ 9 ! prosaic acceptance ( its actual life1 ! times :i* fav\r mo/ ( all lyrical composition are ^? :i* already are 9 possession ( a m or less fix$ organization ( social condition4 ,x is 9 su* a p]iod t ! individual seeks a reflection ( 8 intimate p]sonal life 9 contra/ to ?is out] _w1 creat+ f x & )9 its limits an indep5d5t :ole ( emotion & idea4 ,= 9 ! ,lyric x is n1 we repeat1 ! objective solid>ity & individual action1 b ! individual p]son z self-consci\s life :i* supplies bo? cont5t & =m4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be und]/ood 9 su* a way z ?\gh ! individual1 9 ord] to express himself 9 lyrical =m1 mu/ p]=ce disjo9 himself f e connection ) national int]e/s & ! op9ions1 & ) rigid & exclusive sev]ity rema9 z he /&s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ) su* an ab/ract self-subsi/5cy we %\ld only h left u = cont5t ! :olly cont+5t & p>ticul> passion1 ! m]e caprice ( concupisc5ce & affection1 false idiosyncrasies & di/ort$ orig9ality w\ld h unlimit$ opportunities4 ,g5u9e lyrical poetry1 l all o!r poetry1 has no d\bt to express ! cont5t ( ! human he>t 9 its tru?4 ,yet none ! less1 reg>d$ z ! cont5t ( ! ,lyric1 :at is mo/ a matt] ( fact & sub/antial mu/ appe> absorb$ 9 p]sonal feel+1 vision1 imag9ation1 & ?\ght4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 ! "q "h is n s mu* simply expression ( ! p]sonal inn] life1 is n s mu* conc]n$ ) a prim>y & direct /atem5t 9 ! epic fa%ion1 :at ! facts are1 z ) an expression ( ! poetical nature 9 a mann] bo? arti/ically fruitful & :olly diff]5t f *ance & ord9>y modes4 ,x foll[s t ! ,lyric requires1 precisely on acc\nt ( ! fact t ! conc5trat$ life ( ! he>t unfolds itself 9 manifold feel+s & compreh5sive views1 & ! individual is consci\s ( ! poetry ( 8 mo/ intimate life z ne/$ 9 a _w t is already m prosaically organiz$--an arti/ic culture already secur$1 :i* mu/ ass]t itself z ! fl[] & indep5d5t product ( ! individual's natural end[m5t ?us tra9$ to a p]fect result4 ,= ^! reasons ! ,lyric is n limit$ to p>ticul> epo*s ( ! spiritual developm5t ( a p1 b is ! ri* blossom ( ! mo/ v>i$4 ,to an exceptional degree is x fav\r$ 9 m rec5t times1 9 :i* ev]ybody is entitl$ to h & express 8 own views & emotions4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 draw att5tion1 9 ! int]e/ ( really important di/9ction1 to ! foll[+ g5]al consid]ations4 7a7 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we h ! type ( lyrical expression peculi> to folk-songs4 77 ,9 ^! above all we h witness to ! v>i$ & di/9ct qualities ( national "*4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is1 & consonant ) ! widely-prevail+ curiosity ( our g5]ation1 t great ef=ts are made to collect folk-songs ( e k9d1 9 ord] to increase our acqua9tance ) ! peculi>ities ( e national _s1 & !re) our sympa?ies & vital contact ) su*4 ,already ,h]d] has done mu* 9 ?is direction4 ,goe!1 too1 ) ! help ( 8 own m indep5d5t imitations1 has mat]ially assi/$ an approa* to v diff]5t examples ( ?is /yle ( poetry4 ,complete sympa?y is1 h[ev]1 only possible = ! songs ( "o's own p2 & h[ev] mu* we ,g]mans are able to make ourselves at home 9 ! "w ( =eign l&s1 ! fact rema9s t ! ultimate aroma 9 song#e ( ! intimate life ( ano!r folk c only appe> z ali51 t we %all only cat* ! e*o ( ! tone ( feel+ t truly belongs to x1 ) ! assi/ance ( a m native reflection ( its cont5t4#f ,?is ,goe! has import$ into 8 songs ( a =eign subject-matt]1 /amp$ z !y are ) ! f9e/ sympa?y & beauty4 ,we may take z an example ! lam5t ( ! noble sp\se ( ,asan ,aga1 imitat$ f ! ,icel&ic--only s f> z to reta9 ?r\gh\t ! unique _s ( su* poems unimpair$4 77 ,! g5]al "* ( ! lyrical folk-song is comp>able to ! primitive ,epos 9 virtue ( ! fact t "h too ! poet does n make himself 8 subject-matt]1 b is absorb$ 9 8 select$ mat]ial4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 int5sity ( s\l 9 its extreme conc5tration may express itself 9 ! folk-song1 x is nev]!less n a s+le p]son ) ! arti/ic expression ( ^: private exp]i5ce we are made acqua9t$4 ,x is r a national /ate ( feel+1 :i* ! au?or completely assimilates1 9 s f> z x possesses1 :5 tak5 by itself1 no intimate =m ( idea or feel+ :olly indep5d5t ( ! nation's exi/5ce & int]e/s4 ,& a condition is necess>y1 z ! presupposition = su* an insep>able union1 9 :i* indep5d5t p]sonal reflection & culture is n yet awak5$1 s t ! poet is simply 9 8 creative capacity m]ely ! vehicle 9 ! backgr\nd1 by means ( :om ! national life is express$ 9 its lyrical emotion & g5]al outlook4 ,?is directly primitive "* no d\bt communicates to ! folk-song an unconsci\s fre%ness ( d[nright grasp & /rik+ v]acity1 :i* is (t5 v effective2 b x receives !reby along ) x v readily a fragm5t>y appe>ance2 x is defective 9 ! cont9uity ( its exposition1 :i* may am\nt to actual obscurity4 ,! feel+ dives into dep?1 b _c & w n atta9 to full utt]ance4 ,moreov]1 z be=e obs]v$1 :at is abs5t f su* a po9t ( view ?r\gh\t1 h[ev] mu* ! =m 9 g5]al is :olly lyric1 9 o!r words subjective1 is j ! lyrical individuality1 :i* expresses ?is =m & its cont5t z ! possession ( its own he>t & m9d1 & ! creation ( its own arti/ic res\rces4 77 ,peoples1 !re=e1 :i* conf9e !mselves to poetry ( ?is type1 & d n comb9e su* composition ) t ( ! fur!r /ages ( lyrical1 epic1 or dramatic "w1 are z a rule 9 great measure b>b>\s nations1 uncultur$1 *>act]iz$ by transitory feud & cata/rophes4 ,if !y !mselves1 9 su* h]oic ages1 really comb9$ to =m a truly pregnant :ole1 ^: p>ticul> aspects 7 already fus$ toge!r 9 an indep5d5t & )al h>moni\s objective union1 :i* c\ld supply ! gr\nd = ess5tially concrete & individually di/9ct exploits1 we %\ld f9d 9 !m1 along ) su* primitive poetry1 epic poets z well4 ,! condition1 out ( :i* su* songs ass]t !mselves z ! s+le & ultimate mode ( poetic expression1 is !re=e r limit$ to ! field ( family life & ! association ( clans1 )\t any fur!r organization su* z belongs already to ! rip] p]fection ( ! h]oic community4 ,if we are rem9d$ "h & !re ( national exploits1 su* are = ! mo/ "p conflicts wag$ aga9/ =eign aggressors1 exp$itions ( pillage1 reprisals ( savag]y ) savag]y1 or de$s ( "o individual aga9/ ano!r 9 ! same p1 9 ! n>ration ( :i* lam5t & dejection or ec/atic jubilation ov] "o conqu]or aft] ano!r1 are ! moods ?r\gh\t prevail+4 ,! national life z x actually is1 z yet unfold$ 9 its :olly free developm5t1 is relegat$ to ! backgr\nd 9 contra/ ) ! _w ( m p]sonal feel+1 :i* also1 on its own acc\nt1 betrays an immaturity2 &1 h[ev] mu* !reby we ga9 9 conc5tration ( effect1 ! result only too frequ5tly rema9s1 s f> z cont5t is conc]n$1 rude & b>b>\s4 ,! "q !n1 :e!r folk-songs %\ld possess = u a poetic int]e/1 or on ! contr>y repel u to "s ext5t1 dep5ds on ! k9d ( situation & emotion !y portray4 ,t :i* appe>s admirable to ! imag9ation ( "o p1 w readily /rike ano!r z want+ 9 ta/e1 horrible1 & (f5sive4 ,!re is1 = example1 a folk-song :i* tells u ! /ory ( a wife :o 0 immur$ at ! comm& ( h] husb&1 & all t h] plea = m]cy c\ld effect 0 t ap]tures %\ld be left op5 = h] brea/s1 9 ord] t %e might suckle h] *ild2 we are told t %e rema9$ alive until h] *ild 0 wean$4 ,?is is a b>b>\s & frightful situation4 ,& 9 ! same way tales ( robb]y1 exploits ( ! blu/] or %e] savag]y ( individuals1 possess no?+ 9 !m 9 :i* ali5 peoples ( a high] culture c sympa?ize4 ,folksongs1 consequ5tly1 v (t5 run into great detail z to ! quality ( :i* !re is no fix$ /&>d ( comp>ison1 because su* is too f> remov$ f our common humanity4 ,:5 we consequ5tly1 9 m rec5t times1 are made acqua9t$ ) ! songs ( ! ,iroquois1 ! ,esquimaux1 & o!r wild nationalities1 ! circle ( a true poetic enjoym5t is 9 no wise !reby enl>g$4 77 ,fur!r1 inasmu* z ! ,lyric is ! entire expression ( ! inw>d life ( ,_s1 x c nei!r re/rict itself to ! mode ( expression nor ! cont5t ( ! g5u9e folksong1 or ( lat] poems compos$ 9 a simil> _s4 77 ,9 o!r words1 on ! "o h&1 x is ( ess5tial importance1 z already rem>k$1 t ! :olly self-absorb$ s\l %\ld deta* itself f ?is absolute conc5tration & its direct introspection1 & %\ld pass on in/ead to ! free grasp ( itself :i*1 9 ! conditions above describ$1 is only incompletely ! case4 ,on ! o!r1 x is necess>y t x %\ld exp& 9 a _w abundant 9 ideas1 passions1 v>i$ conditions1 & conflicts1 9 ord] to end[ ) ideal expression ev]y?+ t ! human he>t is ess5tially able to appreh5d1 & !n communicate z ! bir? ( its own _s4 ,= ! collective weal? ( lyrical poetry %\ld express 9 poetic =m all t ! inn] life comprises1 s f> z ! same c pass into poetry1 & !re=e f9ds itself at home alike 9 all phases ( spiritual culture4 77 ,&1 secondly1 ) ! adv5t ( a free self-consci\sness is b\nd up ! fre$om ( an assur$ art ( its own4 ,! folk-song s+s =?1 j z any natural song1 /raight f ! he>t4 ,a free art1 h[ev]1 is aw>e ( itself2 x requires a k & desire ( t :i* x produces2 & requires culture to promote ?is k1 z also an executive p[]1 :i* is exp]t 9 ! f9e/ composition4 ,:51 consequ5tly1 g5u9e epic poetry has to conceal ! individual creative p[] ( ! poet1 or r x lies ) ! entire "* ( ! age ( its orig9 t su* %\ld n yet be visible1 ?is result is m]ely because ( ! fact t ! ,epos deals ) ! nation's positive exi/5ce r ?an t :i* issues f ! p]sonal life ( ! poet himself1 & t x is n pres5t 9 poetry 9 su* a close p]sonal relation1 b r appe>s z a self-evolv$ product ess5tially indep5d5t4 ,9 lyrical poetry1 on ! contr>y1 ! creative activity no less ?an ! cont5t are insep>able f ! inn] life1 & are b\nd to decl>e !mselves z su* 9 actual fact4 77 ,9 ?is respect1 lat] =ms ( lyric art are expressly di/+ui%able f ! folk-song4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 folk-songs :i* orig9ate contemporane\sly ) ! works ( a g5u9e lyrical art4 ,^! latt]1 h[ev]1 belong to a range & type ( individuals su* z--f> f p>ticipat+ 9 m mod]n /ages ( arti/ic culture--are1 9 ! entire nature ( _! g5]al outlook1 n yet lib]at$ f ! imm$iate popul> s5se4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 n reg>d ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! ,lyric ( ! folk-song & ! arti/ic poem z ?\gh x 0 only :5 reflection & ! arti/ic consci\sness1 9 union ) delib]ate executive ability1 appe> ) all ! elegance ( su* a union1 t ! ,lyric atta9s to its p]fection4 ,su* a notion w\ld really am\nt to ?is--t a ,horace1 = in/ance1 & ! ,roman lyric poets g5]ally1 7 to be reckon$ among ! f9e/ writ]s ( ?is type1 or ev5 9 _! own range t ! ,ma/] ,s+]s 7 pref]able to ! prec$+ epo* ( ! g5u9e ,m9nesong4 ,su* an extreme d$uction f our previ\s /atem5t is n ju/ifi$4 ,:at we ought to conclude is ?is1 t individual imag9ation & art direct$ to ! s]vice ( ?is v self-consi/5t p]sonal life1 :i* 9 fact con/itutes its pr9ciple1 presupposes also1 = ! basis ( _! true p]fection1 a free & self-tra9$ recognition ( imag9ative idea no less ?an arti/ic activity4 77 ,we h our f9al phase ( composition to di/+ui% f ^? already discuss$4 ,! folk-song appe>s be=e ! true elaboration ( a prosaically organiz$ condition ( actual consci\s life4 ,lyric poetry ( ! truly arti/ic type1 on ! o!r h&1 wre/s itself away f ! prosaic coord9ation :i* surr\nds x1 & creates f ! poet's imag9ation1 9 its acquir$ indep5d5ce1 a new poetic _w ( inw>d obs]vation & emotion1 by means ( :i*1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! true cont5t & type ( expression truly adequate to ! human s\l1 z se5 f )91 becomes ! object ( vital art4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ov] & above ?is1 a =m ( intellig5ce :i*1 f ?is po9t ( view1 /&s 9 a m exalt$ position ?an ! imag9ation ( ! emotional or conceptive life1 inasmu* z x is able1 ) m p5etrative univ]sality & m necess>y coalesc5ce to br+ its cont5t be=e our free cognition ?an is ev] possible to art4 ,?is is philosophical ?\ght4 ,conv]sely1 h[ev]1 ?is =m is atta*$ to ! ab/ract condition ( be+ exclusively evolv$ 9 ! m$ium ( ?\ght1 posit$ z :olly ideal univ]sality2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! concrete man may f9d himself also con/ra9$ to express ! cont5t & ! results ( 8 philosophical consci\sness 9 a concrete way1 t is1 z p]meat$ by 8 temp]am5t & s5su\s p]ception1 8 imag9ation & feel+1 9 ord] !reby to possess & exhau/ ! absolute expression ( all t engages ei!r s\l or intellect4 ,f su* a /&po9t we may di/+ui% betwe5 two pr9cipal types ( conceptive activity4 ,x may1 9 %ort1 ei!r be ! imag9ation :i*1 /ra9+ beyond its own doma91 /ruggles ) ! movem5t ( pure ?9k+1 )\t successfully atta9+ ! cl>ity & secur$ exactness ( philosophical exposition4 ,9 ?is case ! ,lyric is = ! mo/ "p ! ebullition ( a s\l engag$ 9 /rife & cont5tion1 :i* 9 its f]m5tation does viol5ce bo? to art & ab/ract ?\ght4 ,x transgresses "o prov9ce )\t ! ability to make itself at home 9 ano!r4 ,or we may f9d t x is r ! tranquil movem5t ( philosophical ?\ght 9 its ess5tial m$ium1 :i* may seek to animate its cle>ly grasp$ & sy/ematically develop$ ?\ghts ) emotion1 to make !m p]ceptible to s5su\s appreh5sion1 & to ex*ange ! explicit sci5tific process & sequ5ce 9 its causal necessity = t free play ( p>ticul> aspects1 b5ea? ! app>5tly loose connection ( :i* art is ! m compell$ to conceal _! ideal bonds ( association 9 proportion z x is dis9cl9$ to n>r[ itself to ! jejune /yle ( purely didactic exposition4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is latt] t5d5cy1 we may po9t to _m ( ,s*ill]'s poems4 #b4 ,,p>ticul> ,,aspects ,,( ,,lyrical ,,poetry ,hav+ ?us consid]$ ! g5]al "* ( ! cont5t ( lyric poetry1 & ! mode ( its expression1 z also ! v>i$ grades ( culture :i* are m or less consonant ) its fundam5tal pr9ciple1 x w be our fur!r task to exam9e ^! g5]al po9ts ( view m ne>ly 9 ! detail ( _! m important features & relations4 ,"h1 too1 ,i ought at />t+ once aga9 to emphasize ! di/9ction :i* obta9s betwe5 epic & lyrical poetry4 ,9 our consid]ation ( ! =m] we direct$ our att5tion above all to ! primitive national ,epos1 & m]ely ref]r$ incid5tally to ! inadequate collat]al bran*es1 z also to ! poet 9 8 creative capacity4 ,?is we are unable to d 9 ! case ( ! type "u discussion4 ,on ! contr>y1 we %all f9d t subjects ( ! greate/ importance invite our review z respects ! individual creative p[]2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 9 respect to ! classification ( ! sev]al types 9 :i* lyrical poetry1 ^: g5]al pr9ciple x is to dis9tegrate & isolate ! cont5t & its configurations1 is respectively diff]5tiat$4 ,we may def9e ! subsequ5t c\rse ( our inve/igation z foll[s3 ,fir/1 our att5tion w be direct$ to ! lyrical poet himself4 ,secondly1 we propose to exam9e ! lyrical "w ( art z ! creation ( ! individual poet's imag9ation4 ,?irdly1 we %all classify ! types :i* are d$ucible f ! g5]al notion ( lyrical composition4 7a7 ,! ,lyric ,poet 77 ,n[ ! cont5t ( ! ,lyric embraces1 z we h se51 fir/1 a type ( contemplation1 :i* connects ! univ]sal quality ( det]m9ate be+ ) its conditions1 &1 secondly1 ! manifold "* ( its detail$ aspects4 ,reg>d$1 h[ev]1 z pure g5]alizations & p>ticul> po9ts ( view ( emotional condition ^! con/itu5ts1 bo? ( !m1 are no?+ m ?an ab/ractions4 ,9 ord] t ^! may acquire a vital lyrical individuality1 a pr9ciple ( comb9ation is necess>y :i* c only be ( an ideal1 9 o!r words really p]sonal#g "*4 ,consequ5tly ! creatively concrete p]son1 ! poet himself1 mu/ be fur!r presuppos$ z ! focus & 9 fact realiz$ cont5t ( lyrical poetry4 ,he mu/ be !re1 h[ev]1 9 a =m :i* is n c>ri$ to ! po9t ( def9itive act & de$1 or to t ( ! evolv$ movem5t ( dramatic conflicts4 ,8 exclusive expression & activity is on ! contr>y re/rict$ to ! fact t he end[s 8 inn] exp]i5ce ) an articulate spee* su* z portrays ! spiritual significance ( himself z subject 9 8 self-expression1 :atev] ! mat]ial select$ may be1 & endeav\rs to ar\se 9 & keep ! he>] alive to ! l mean+ & _s1 ! same s\l-/ate1 ! simil> c\rse ( reflection4 77 ,b1 fur!rmore1 ! expression _c re/ alone 9 ?is result1 h[ev] successful1 9 s f> z x is = o!rs a free ov]flood+ ( buoyant delight1 or ! resolution & reconciliation ( grief 9 song & lyric1 or ! yet pr(\nd] impulse1 :i* issues 9 ! mo/ s]i\s emotions ( he>t & ! mo/ f>-rea*+ views ( intellig5ce4 ,! man :o s+s & c write poetry has a necess>y vocation !reto4 ,he composes because he _c d o!rwise4 ,at ! same "t ! ext]nal inc5tive1 ! direct invitation & ! l are by no means exclud$4 ,! great lyric poet1 h[ev]1 9 su* a case soon sw]ves aside f su* an ext]nal /imulus4 ,8 supreme object is himself4 ,to take ! example once m to :i* we h con/antly recurr$1 ,p9d> 0 frequ5tly invit$ to celebrate ?is or t laurel-cr[n$ victor1 nay1 he frequ5tly accept$ paym5t !re=2 & yet1 = all t1 x is he himself1 ! m9/rel1 :o *anges places ) 8 h]o4 ,he comb9es freely 8 own unfett]$ imag9ation ) 8 praise ( ! exploits ( ance/ors1 or x maybe 8 memory ( my?s2 or1 :5 he gives voice to 8 pr(\nd views ( life1 ( weal?1 ( ma/]y1 ( all t is great & des]v+1 ( ! supremacy & lovel9ess ( ! ,muses1 & above all ( ! high vocation ( ! s+]4 ,x is n s mu* ! h]o 9 ! r5[n t he spreads f> & wide1 t he hon\rs 9 8 poems4 ,we are invit$ to li/5 to him1 ! poet4 ,! hon\r is n to him 9 t he celebrates ! victor1 b r to ! victor t he is celebrat$ by ,p9d>4 ,& x is ?is emphatic p]sonal s5se ( greatness :i* con/itutes ! nobility ( ! lyric poet4 ,hom]1 z an individual p]son1 is 9 8 ,epos s entirely sacrific$ t p n[adays are lo? to admit t he ev] exi/$ at all4 ,8 h]oes live on = ev]4 ,p9d>'s h]oes are = u little bett] ?an empty names4 ,he himself1 h[ev]1 ! self-celebrat$ & self-hon\r$1 rema9s be=e u immortal z ! poet4 ,! fame :i* 8 h]oes claim is m]ely an appanage to t ( ! lyric s+]4 ,ev5 among ! ,romans ! lyric poet to "s ext5t aspires to su* an indep5d5t position4 ,suetonius tells u1 = in/ance1 t ,augu/us wrote ^! works to ,horace2 an v]]is1 ne apud po/]os tibi infame sit1 quod vide>is famili>is nobis esse4 ,horace1 h[ev]1 ) ! exception ( ^? times1 easily demon/rable1 :]e he writes 9 an ex (ficio mann] ( ,augu/us1 betrays = ! mo/ "p a precisely simil> pr\d self-consci\sness4 ,8 f\rte5? ode ( ! ?ird book1 = example1 op5s ) a ref]5ce to ! return ( ,augu/us f ,spa9 aft] 8 victory ov] ! ,cantabrians4 ,b ! poet goes on to celebrate ! fact1 t on acc\nt ( ! tranquillity1 :i* ! emp]or has giv5 ! _w1 he himself z poet is able quietly to enjoy 8 easy-go+ leisure & 8 muse2 he calls = g>l&s1 ungu5ts1 & v5]able w9e to celebrate ! occasion1 & invites 9 all ha/e 8 mi/ress--9 a ^w1 he is simply preoccupi$ ) ! arrangem5ts = 8 own banquet4 ,we he>1 h[ev]1 at ?is "t less ( 8 love difficulties ?an 9 8 y\?1 :5 ,plaucus 0 consul1 an occasion :]e he expressly says to ! mess5g] he despat*es3 ,si p] invisum mora janitorem ,fiet1 abito4 ,we may reg>d x z an ev5 m hon\rable trait ( ,klop/ock1 t he felt 9 8 day ! indep5d5t wor? ( ! s+]1 & by 8 free expression ( ?is & 8 regulation ( 8 behavi\r consonantly !reto1 dis5gag$ ! poet f 8 subs]vi5ce to a c\rt & any or e patron1#h z also f a t$i\s & useless toy+ ) trifles1 :i* is ! ru9 ( a man4 ,h[ev]1 ! fact rema9s t x 0 no o!r ?an ?is v ,klop/ock :om1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! booksell] reg>d$ z 8 poet4 ,x 0 ,klop/ock's publi%] 9 ,halle :o paid him "o or two ?al]1 x appe>s1 = ! manuscript ( 8 ,messias1 add+ ov] & above ?is1 h[ev]1 an ord] = a wai/coat & bree*es1 & introduc$ him ?us set up into society1 lett+ x cle>ly be se5 f ! nature ( su* a get up t he 0 responsible !re=4 ,9 "s contra/ to ?is1 s at lea/ we are in=m$ at a lat] date on evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t is n irreproa*able1#i ! ,a!nians erect$ a /atue to ,p9d>1 because he _h celebrat$ !m 9 "o ( 8 poems1 & s5t him1 moreov]1 twice ! am\nt ( ! f9e#aj ! ,!bans refus$ to exempt him f on acc\nt ( ! inord9ate praise he _h lavi%$ on an ali5 city4 ,inde$ we h ! /atem5t t ,apollo himself decl>$ ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! ,py?ian prophetess t ,p9d> 0 wor?y ( receiv+ half ( all ! gifts :i* ! :ole ( ,hellas1 z 9 cu/om b\nd1 br\ght to ! ,py?ian games4 77 ,?r\gh\t ! entire compass ( lyric poetry ! syn!tic unity ( a s+le p]sonality ass]ts its pres5ce 9 virtue ( its poetic s\l-movem5t4 ,! lyric poet is1 9 fact1 mov$ to express ev]y?+ t assumes a poetic =m ei!r 9 8 emotional or intellig5t life 9 ! song4 ,9 ?is type ( composition ,goe! is pre-em95tly notewor?y1 :o 9 all ! v>iety ( 8 full life 0 ?us cont9u\sly creative4 ,he 0 unque/ionably 9 ?is respect a q exceptional model4 ,x is r>ely t we f9d an arti/ic p]sonality1 :o1 :ile reta9+ z ,goe!'s did1 an int]e/ s active on all sides & is able to live a life1 despite all su* self-expansion1 s entirely self-possess$1 s ready to transmute ev]y?+ x t\*es into ! poetic vision4 ,8 life 9 its public relations1 ! peculi> nature ( 8 he>t1 :i* r impress$ ) its res]ve ?an ! ease ( its approa*1 ! indefatigable ef=t ( 8 sci5tific pursuits & enquiry1 ! g5]al conclusions ( 8 tra9$ & practical exp]i5ce1 8 e?ical maxims1 ! impressions1 :i* ! v>i$ & conflict+ facts ( 8 times made ^u him1 ! inf]5ces he d$uc$ f su*1 ! eff]vesc5t joy ( life & c\rage ( 8 y\?1 ! well-organiz$ =ce & ideal beauty ( 8 manhood1 ! compreh5sive g5ial wisdom ( 8 old age--all ?is pass$ into ! magic crucible ( 8 lyrics1 :]e ! mo/ delicate play ( emotion1 no less ?an ! mo/ sev]e & pa9ful conflicts ( _s1 alike f9d _! expression & by ?is means _! deliv]ance4 7b7 ,! ,lyric ,"w ( ,art ,secondly1 9 respect to ! lyric poem z a poetic "w ( art1 we are no d\bt 9 g5]al n able to advance mu*4 ,! =tuit\s "* ( ! abundance ( its _m modes ( expression1 & ! =ms ( its equally v>i$ & incalculable cont5t make ?is inevitable4 ,! peculi>ly p]sonal nature ( ?is class ( "w1 h[ev] mu* ! same is imp]atively subject to ! g5]al pr9ciples ( beauty & art1 none ! less br+s ) x ! necess>y result1 t ! range ( ! =mal & melodi\s possibilities ( its exposition admit ( no !oretic def9ition4 ,= our purpose1 !re=e1 ! only "q ( importance is ! nature ( ! di/9ction ( arti/ic type t obta9s betwe5 ! lyric & ! epic product4 ,^u ?is ,i w briefly draw att5tion to ! foll[+ po9ts ( importance3 ,fir/1 ! unity ( ! lyric composition4 ,secondly1 ! nature ( its progressive disclosure4 ,?irdly1 ! ext]nal aspect ( its v]se-measure & g5]al exhibition4 77 ,! importance1 :i* ! ,epos possesses = art lies1 z already obs]v$1 & pre-em95tly s1 9 ! case ( ! primitive ,epopaea1 9 ! consummate elaboration ( ! p]fect$ arti/ic =m1 :i* z f ! repository ( ! full embrace ( ! national _s1 places be=e our vision "o & ! same composition 9 all ! weal? ( a completely evolv$ cont5t4 77 ,! true lyric "w ( art w n und]take to pres5t ?us be=e u a syn!siz$ :ole ( su* ext5sion4 ,! pr9ciple ( p]sonality c no d\bt proce$ to a compreh5sion ( subject-matt] ( univ]sal pret5sions4 ,to be able truly to en=ce itself1 h[ev]1 9 its individual indep5d5ce1 x necess>ily implies ! collat]al pr9ciple ( dis9tegration & isolation4 ,at ! same "t a v>iety ( tru?1 ph5om5al or ideal1 d]iv$ f natural environm5t1 ! memory ( "o's own or ano!r's exp]i5ce1 f my?ical & hi/orical ev5ts1 & ! l1 is n !re=e exclud$3 b su* an ext5sion ( view mu/ n be p]mitt$1 z ) ! ,epos1 on ! gr\nd t x belongs to ! unifi$ complexus ( a giv5 sph]e ( reality1 b is r solely ju/ifiable = ! reason t x spr+s to r5ew$ life 9 ! memory ( ! poet1 & 9 8 impulse & gift ( vivid association4 77 ,we mu/ consequ5tly reg>d ! intimate p]sonal life z ! true integrat+ pr9ciple ( ! lyric poem4 ,?is inw>d life1 tak5 simply1 is 9 "p ! :olly =mal unity ( ! self-consci\s self2 9 "p also x is split up & disp]s$ 9 ! mo/ v>i$ p>ticul>ity1 & ! mo/ div]se cont5t ( ideas1 feel+s1 impressions1 & p]ceptions1 ^: p[] ( comb9ation is solely due to ! fact t x is "o & ! selfsame p]sonal id5tity :i* s]ves ess5tially z _! vehicle4 ,9 ord] !re=e t ?is selfid5tical subject may =m ! focal c5tre ( ! "w ( art1 x mu/1 on ! "o h&1 h rea*$ ! po9t :]e ! mood or situation is def9$ 9 its concret5ess1 & on ! o!r x mu/ affiliate itself ) ?is isolation ( its own possessions z ) itself to ! ext5t t x feels & pictures itself 9 ! same4 ,x is only by ?is means t x becomes an ess5tially def9$ :ole ( su* a p]sonal "*1 & exclusively expresses t :i* is emphasiz$ by reason ( su* def9ition1 & is yet coalesc5t ) x4 77 ,lyrical 9 ! mo/ p]t95t s5se is 9 ?is connection ! emotional mood or col\r z conc5trat$ 9 a concrete condition1 inasmu* z ! s5sitive he>t is t :i* is ! mo/ vital & p]sonal factor ( ! subjective lips4 ,reflection & a contemplation :i* is ma9ly absorb$ 9 g5]alization v readily t5d to ! didactic1 or are likely to ass]t :at is sub/antive & positive 9 ! cont5t "u an epic mode4 77 ,) respect to our second po9t1 viz41 ! progressive disclosure ( ! lyric subject-matt]1 speak+ g5]ally1 exact def9ition is "h too out ( ! "q4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 re/rict myself to a few se>*+ obs]vations4 77 ,! progressive exposition ( ! ,epos is ( a dilatory description1 & x exp&s ?r\gh\t 9 ! display ( an actual _w ( div]sifi$ "*4 ,9 ! ,epos ! poet projects himself into ! objective _w1 :i* is set be=e u 9 ! indep5d5t =m & movem5t ( its own reality4 ,9 contra/ !reto x is ! emotions & reflection :i* 9 ! lyric composition absorb ! giv5 _w into !mselves1 animate ! same )9 ?is ideal elem5t1 &1 only aft] x is itself conv]t$ into a con/itu5t ( ?is p]sonal life1 give =m & expression to x 9 language4 ,9 contra/ to ! epic pr9ciple ( ext5sion we h !re=e 9 ! ,lyric t ( assimilation1#aa & h above all to seek = our effect by means ( ! impli$ ideal dep? ( expression r ?an ! diffus5ess ( descriptive or explanatory detail4 ,none ! less1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! extremes ( an almo/ spee*less concis5ess & ! idea work$ out into absolute lucidity ( spee* e conceivable sort ( nuance & degree ( cl>ity is /ill possible4 ,to z little ext5t is x necess>y t a ban be plac$ on all reflection ( ext]nal objects4 ,on ! contr>y g5u9ely concrete lyric compositions disclose ! individual 9 8 ext]nal conditions2 !y accept1 !re=e1 z an ess5tial feature ( _! cont5t1 natural & local environm5t4 ,9 fact !re are poems entirely limit$ to su* descriptions4 ,9 su* cases1 h[ev]1 x is n s mu* ! reality 9 its objective pres5ce & its pla/ic pres5tm5t1 z ! accord ) :i* su* objects affect ! s\l1 ! mood excit$ by !m1 ! feel+s ( ! he>t "u su* positive conditions1 :i* are1 9 fact1 ! lyric result4 ,x is 9 %ort n ?is or t object z pres5t$ to our eyes1 9 its sev]al features1 :i* ought ma9ly to impress our inw>d vision1 b ! emotional =ces :i* are made vital 9 ! same1 & :i* h = _! aim a simil> /ate ( feel+ & contemplation 9 ourselves4 ,romances & ballads are p]haps ! mo/ obvi\s illu/ration ( ?is1 :i*1 z ,i h previ\sly ma9ta9$1 approa* ! lyrical type 9 proportion z !y exclusively emphasize ^? *>act]i/ics ( a giv5 ev5t :i* are consi/5t ) ! /ate ( ! inn] life1 9 :i* ! poet writes1 & disclose ! c\rse ( 8 n>rative 9 su* a way1 t we receive a di/9ct & life-l e*o back aga9 ( ?is p]sonal temp]4 ,= su* reasons all out & out reproduction ( mat]ial objects1 ev5 ?\gh /amp$ ) consid]able emotion1 nay1 ev5 ! diffuse *>act]ization ( emotional /ates1 c only be ( subord9ate effect 9 lyrical ef=t1 if comp>$ ) concise conc5tration ( effect & ! vivid & significant expression4 77 ,we may add t episodes are p]missible z well to ! lyric poet2 b he ought to employ !m on o!r gr\nds ?an ^? :i* ju/ify _! epic use4 ,9 ! latt] case !y are impli$ 9 ! notion ( ! ext]nally indep5d5t collocation ( ! diff]5t aspects conta9$2 &1 9 respect to ! advance ( ! epic action1 !y also are significant z po9ts ( ret>dation & h9drance4 ,_! lyrical ju/ification is r subjective 9 its "*4 ,! liv+ p]sonality 9 %ort surveys 8 private _w m rapidly2 8 memory recurs to ! mo/ v>i$ subjects on equally v>i\s occasions2 he comb9es mat]ial ( ! mo/ div]g5t nature2 &1 )\t dep>t+ f 8 true & fundam5tal emotional /ate1 or ! object ( 8 ?\ght1 gives free play on all sides to 8 imag9ation & contemplation4 ,an animat+ _s ( ! same k9d p]vades ! inn] poetical life1 al?\gh = ! mo/ "p x is impossible to say :e!r ?is or t feature 9 a lyric poem is to be und]/ood z episodical or n4 ,z a g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 digressions1 s long z !y d n violate ! unity1 & above all unexpect$ *anges1 witty comb9ations & sudd51 or ev5 viol5t transitions are peculi>ly appropriate to ! ,lyric4 77 ,on acc\nt ( ?is ! nature ( ! =w>d movem5t & bond ( connection 9 ?is doma9 ( poetry may be v>i\s1 & 9 "s measure m>k$ by excessive contra/4 ,g5]ally no d\bt ! ,lyric1 q z little z ! ,epos1 adopts ! caprices ( ord9>y consci\s life1 or ! purely sci5tific consequ5ces1 or ! speculative process ( philosophical ?\ght 9 its necess>y developm5t4 ,x requires inde$ a fre$om & self-subsi/5cy 9 its s+le features4 ,b :]eas1 9 ! case ( ! ,epos1 ?is relative isolation is ref]able to ! =m ( ! ph5om5al reality1 9 ! type ( :i* its realization is c5t]$1 ! lyric poet1 on ! contr>y1 communicates to ! p>ticul> emotions & ideas1 9 :i* he is himself express$1 ! "* ( a free self-ass]tion4 ,ea* & all1 al?\gh equally di/ra9$ f simil> modes ( feel+ & obs]vation1 nev]!less1 z view$ sep>ately1 absorb 8 _s1 :i* rema9s conc5trat$ ^u ea* sev]ally1 until x is div]t$ to o!r po9ts ( view or o!r emotional /ates4 ,! movem5t ( ! :ole may !re=e h little to arre/ its tranquil fl[1 b ) equal "r we may f9d x pass )\t any m$iation1 & 9 "o b\nd to mat]ial ( a totally diff]5t "*4 ,! poet1 in/ead ( foll[+ ! logical curr5t ( 8 ?\ght1 becomes1 x w\ld seem1 9 ?is sudd5 flight ( ec/atic intoxication ma/]$ by a =ce1 ! pa?os ( :i* rules & c>ries him away 9 spite ( himself4 ,! impulse & conflict ( su* passionate int5sity is s *>act]i/ic a feature ( c]ta9 =ms ( lyric composition1 t1 = example1 ,horace 9 _m ( 8 poems is at pa9s to h>monize ) delib]ate arti/ic means su* app>5tly dislocat+ breaks 9 ! poem's connection4 ,= ! re/ ,i mu/ entirely pass ov] ! v>i\s int]m$iate phases ( treatm5t1 :i* fall betwe5 ! extremes ( ! mo/ lucid connection & mo/ ev5 fl[ on ! "o side1 & t ( ! unre/ra9$ impetuosity ( passion & en?usiasm on ! o!r4 77 ,f9ally1 ( our above ?ree divisions ( ! imm$iate subject1 we h left u to discuss ! ext]nal =m & actual pres5tm5t ( ! lyric composition4 ,above all we %all h to deal ) metre & ! musical accompanim5t4 77 ,x is obvi\s en\gh t ! hexamet] 9 its ev51 su/a9$ & none ! less life-l =w>d movem5t is mo/ exceptionally fitt$ z ! measure ( ! ,epic4 ,! dem& ( ! ,lyric is r = an extreme v>iety ( metres ) e k9d ( co-ord9ation 9 _! =m4 ,! mat]ial ( ! lyric poem 9 %ort is n ! object 9 ! =m :]e9 x unveils itself 9 ,nature1 b ! movem5t ( ! poet's own s\l1 ! regul>ity or *ange ( :i*1 its p]turbation or repose1 its peaceful fl[ or tumultu\s wave & leap1 mu/ f9d expression 9 ! "t-movem5t ( ! ^w-l5g?1 9 :i* su* inw>d life is ass]t$4 ,! nature ( ! prevail+ mood & ! mode ( imag9ative conception ?r\gh\t ought to meet ) an e*o 9 ! v]se-measure itself4 ,! lyric effusion inde$ is plac$ 9 a f> m intimate relation to "t1 reg>d$ z ! ext]nal m$ium ( its communication1 ?an ! epic n>rative1 :i* consigns its ph5om5al facts to ! pa/1 & associates or int]weaves !m "u a mode ( ext5sion m analog\s to t ( spatial condition4 ,! ,lyric1 9 contra/ to ?is1 displays ! mom5t>y em]g5ce ( emotion & idea 9 ! temporal juxta-position ( _! orig9 & elaboration4 ,x has !re=e to clo! 9 arti/ic =m ! v>i$ temporal movem5t itself4 ,to ?is di/9ctive "* belongs1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! m div]se sequ5ce ( long & %ort syllables 9 a m /rongly emphasiz$ inequality ( rhy?mical feet2 &1 secondly1 ! m v>i$ use ( ! caesura v]se--& ?irdly ! r\nd+ (f ( ! /rophes1 :i* n only admit ( abundant alt]nation 9 respect to ! comp>ative l5g? ( p>ticul> l9es1 b also relatively to ! rhy?mic configuration ( ^! on _! own acc\nt & 9 _! imm$iate sequ5ce to ea* o!r4 77 ,yet m lyrical 9 its effect--a second feature ?is--is ! musical s\nd ( words & syllables simply4 ,! mo/ important examples ( ?is are allit]ation1 rhyme & assonance4 ,9 ! sy/em ( v]sification "u discussion :at is pr$om9ant1 z ,i h already expla9$ 9 a previ\s passage1 is1 on ! "o h&1 ! ideal significance ( syllables1 ! acc5t ( ! mean+1 :i* disjo9s itself f ! purely natural elem5t1 z tak5 by itself1 ( _! assur$ quantity1 & !n def9es "u ! direction ( ! m9d _! duration1 emphasis & subord9ation2 :i*1 f a fur!r po9t ( view1 ass]ts itself 9 isolation z ! expressly conc5trat$ s\nd ( def9ite lett]s1 syllables1 & words4 ,! ,lyric is pre-em95tly associat$ ) ?is spiritualiz+ process effect$ by ideal significance1 no less ?an ?is emphatic insi/5ce ( s\nd4 ,x 9 fact n m]ely re/ricts its acceptance & expression ( all t positively is or appe>s to ! mean+ :i* su* possesses = ! inw>d life1 b also lays hold ( s\nd & musical tone z ! significant m$ium ( its communication4 ,no d\bt 9 ?is sph]e1 too1 ! elem5t ( rhy?m may associate ) rhyme2 b ev5 "h ?is is effect$ 9 a mann] :i* is closely relat$ to ! "t-beat ( music4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re=e1 ! poetic use ( assonance1 allit]ation & rhyme is limit$ to ! prov9ce ( ! ,lyric4 ,= al?\gh ! ,epos ( ! ,middle ,ages is1 9 accordance ) ! nature ( m mod]n languages1 unable to keep itself alo( f ^! =ms1 ?is is ma9ly p]mitt$ = ! reason t "h1 too1 ! lyrical elem5t is ?r\gh\t m insi/5tly active )9 ! doma9 ( epic poetry itself1 & effects a m =ceful entrance :]e ! subject-matt] consi/s ( h]oic songs1 romances1 ballads1 tales1 & ! l4 ,& we f9d ! same ?+ 9 dramatic poetry4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 is ! peculi> possession ( ! ,lyric1 is ! div]sifi$ configuration ( rhyme1 :i* is elaborat$ & p]fect$ by means ( ! recurr5ce ( simil> or ! alt]nation ( diff]5t lett]s1 syllables & v]bal quantity 9 v>i\sly organiz$ & alt]nat$ /rophes ( rhyme4 ,su* diff]5tiation is also ( und\bt$ s]vice bo? to epic & dramatic poetry1 b only on ! same gr\nd t rhyme itself is n exclud$ altoge!r4 ,! ,spani>ds1 = in/ance1 9 ! mo/ cultur$ epo* ( _! dramatic developm5t1 gave ! free/ play to su* craft 9 ! expression ( passion by no means appropriate to ! g5u9e drama1 int]weav+ octave rhymes1 sonnets & ! l ) m usual v]se-measures4 ,by s do+ !y at lea/ te/ify1 9 ! cont9uity ( su* assonances & rhymes1 _! pr$ilection = ! musical elem5t 9 language4 77 ,f9ally1 lyric poetry1 to a f> m consid]able ext5t ?an is possible ) ! unassi/$ aid ( rhyme1 avails itself ( music1 by means ( :i* ! utt]$ ^w becomes v]itable melody & song4 ,su* a lean+ may1 moreov]1 be completely ju/ifi$4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ! less lyric subject-matt] & cont5t possess on _! own acc\nt indep5d5ce & objective /ability1 b are r1 above all1 ( an ideal "*1 root$ exclusively 9 ! p]sonal life1 :ile at ! same "t an ext]nal m$ium ( articulate arre/ is ess5tial1 to t ext5t is ! dem& = a decisive m$ium ( communication m insi/5t4 ,precisely = ! reason t x rema9s ( ideal int5tion1 ! means x employs z a /imulus to o!rs mu/ be ! m effective4 ,su* an excitant ( our emotional life c only be music4 ,we f9d consequ5tly1 ev5 9 respect to ext]nal execution1 t lyric poetry is almo/ inv>iably associat$ ) musical accompanim5t4 ,at ! same "t we %\ld note an ess5tial gradation 9 ?is p[] ( comb9ation4 ,! romantic & above all ! mod]n lyric1 no d\bt m exceptionally s 9 su* songs1 9 :i* ! temp]1 ! emotional mood is pr$om9ant1 & ! function ( music is to emphasize & exp& ?is inn] beat ( s\l-life 9 actual melody--are no d\bt mo/ readily adapt$ to su* melodic fusion4 ,! folk-song is an obvi\s example :i* bo? delights 9 & dem&s a musical accompanim5t4 ,we %all f9d 9 mod]n times m r>ely a compos] = ! canzonet1 elegy1 epi/le1 or ev5 ! sonnet4 ,! reason ( ?is is t 9 cases :]e idea1 reflection1 nay1 ev5 emotion are made completely explicit 9 ! poetry1 & increas+ly lib]at$ f ! b>e po9t ( spiritual selfconc5tration1 &1 fur!r1 f ! s5su\s m$ium ( ! art1 ! ,lyric already secures1 9 its deliv]ance z spee*1 a great] self-/ability1 & l5ds itself less simply to a free association ) ! vague def9ition ( music4 ,on ! o!r h& 9 proportion z ! inn] life express$ is n made explicit to t ext5t ! aid ( melody is requir$4 ,h[ x came ab\t1 h[ev]1 t ! anci5ts1 despite ! pellucid cl>ity ( _! diction1 avail$ !mselves ( music 9 its actual deliv]y1 & ! measure 9 :i* !y did ?us make use ( x1 ,i %all h occasion to deal ) subsequ5tly4 7c7 ,types ( ! ,g5u9e ,lyric ,) reg>d to specific types1 9 :i* we may classify lyrical composition1 ,i h already ref]r$ ) m detail to "s :i* =m ! transition /ep f ! n>rative =m ( ! ,epos to ! m subjective mode ( exposition4 ,f a contr>y po9t ( view x might seem desirable 9 ! same way to demon/rate ! beg9n+s ( ! dramatic4 ,?is incl9ation1 h[ev]1 ( passage to ! animation ( ! drama is exclusively & 9 ess5tials re/rict$ to ! circum/ance t ! lyric poem too z conv]sation1 )\t1 h[ev]1 c>ry+ ! movem5t ( action to ! po9t ( actual conflict1 may itself accept ! ext]nal =m ( dialogue4 ,we %all nev]!less omit fur!r allusion to ^! int]m$iate & hybrid /ages1 & re/rict our cursory exam9ation to ^? =ms 9 :i* ! real pr9ciple ( ! ,lyric fully ass]ts itself4 ,! ma9 cause ( ?is di/9ction is to be f\nd 9 ! attitude1 :i* ! arti/ic consci\sness assumes relatively to its object4 77 ,to be m def9ite ! poet--?is at lea/ is "o direction--annuls ! p>ticul>ity ( 8 emotion & idea1 & is absorb$ 9 ! g5]al contemplation ( ,god or gods1 ^: greatness & might p]meates ! :ole ( ! p]sonal life1 & causes ! poet z an individual p]son to vani%4 ,hymns1 di?yrambs1 paeans1 psalms1 all belong to ?is class1 :i* are moreov] q diff]5tly treat$ by diff]5t peoples4 ,i propose m]ely to draw g5]al att5tion to ! foll[+ *>act]i/ic ( su* poetry4 77 ,! poet1 :o is rais$ above ! n>r[ limitation ( 8 own purely p]sonal life & ext]nal conditions1 or ! ideas :i* are !re) associat$1 replac+ ^! ) t :i* appe>s to him & 8 p z absolute & div9e1 may1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 completely depict ! div9e 9 an objective pres5tm5t1 & set =? ?is1 z ?us project$ & execut$ = ! spiritual vision ( o!rs1 to ! hon\r & p[] ( ! glorifi$ god4 ,! hymns :i* are ascrib$ to ,hom] are ( ?is "*4 ,!y conta9 above all my?ological situations & hi/ories ( ! div9e ,be+1 9 ^: celebration !y are compos$1 :i* are n m]ely conceiv$ 9 ! ideas ( symbolism1 b are clo!d 9 ! d[nright objectivity ( ! ,epos4 77 ,9 contra/ to ?is1 secondly1 ! di?yrambic impulse1 9 its m p]sonal aspect ( an exalt$ div9e s]vice--ov]:elm$1 z x is1 by ! p[] ( its object1 %att]$ & /unn$ to its s\l-f\ndations--_c1 by reason ( ! g5]al diffusion ( its emotional /ate1 g s f> z to pres5t an objective image & =m4 ,x is m ak9 to ! lyrical absorbtion4 ,we h "h simply ec/atic rapture ( s\l4 ,! s+] breaks out & =? f himself2 he is s exalt$ directly into ! ,absolute1 /eep$ 9 ! be+ & might ( :om he exultantly s+s 8 praise ( ! ,inf9ite1 into ! dep? :]e( he plunges1 or t ( ! natural _w1 9 ^: spl5d\r ! pr(\nd weal? ( ! ,godhead is decl>$4 ,! ,greeks1 9 ! solemnities ( _! wor%ip1 h n limit$ !mselves = long to su* m]e outcries & appeals4 ,!y h s\ght to int]m+le ) su* ec/asies ! n>rative (1 def9ite my?ical situations & actions4 ,su* expositions int]pos$ betwe5 ! effusion ( lyric poetry1 became gradually ( mo/ importance1 & creat$ ! drama1 su* n>ratives be+ ass]t$ z action 9 its lifelike =m1 & indep5d5tly on its own acc\nt1 a drama1 :i* aga9 9 its turn receiv$ z a con/itu5t feature ! lyrics ( its *oruses4 ,ev5 m se>*+ 9 its utt]ance is ?is impulse ( exultation1 ?is adoration1 jubel & outcry ( s\l to ! ,"o1 :]e9 ! individual discov]s ! end ( consci\s life & ! true object ( all might & tru?1 no less ?an glory & praise1 z we meet x 9 _m ( ! sublime psalms ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,take ! words ( ! ?irty-?ird psalm1 = example3 ,rejoice 9 ! ,"l1 ,o ye righte\s1 = praise is comely = ! upright4 ,praise ! ,"l ) h>p3 s+ unto him ) psalt]y & an in/rum5t ( t5 /r+s4 ,s+ unto him a new song2 play skilfully ) a l\d noise4 ,= ! ^w ( ! ,"l is "r2 & all 8 works are done 9 tru?4 ,he love? righte\sness & judgm5t3 ! e>? is full ( ! goodness ( ! ,"l4 ,by ! ^w ( ! ,"l 7 ! heav5s made2 & all ! ho/ ( !m by ! brea? ( 8 m\?4#ab ,or take ! tw5ty-n9? psalm3 ,give unto ! ,"l1 ,o ye mighty1 give unto ! ,"l glory & /r5g?4 ,give unto ! ,"l ! hon\r due unto 8 "n3 wor%ip ! ,"l 9 ! beauty ( hol9ess4 ,! voice ( ! ,"l is ^u ! wat]s3 ! ,god ( glory ?und]e?3 ! ,"l is ^u great wat]s4 ,! voice ( ! ,"l is p[]ful1 ! voice ( ! ,"l is full ( maje/y4 ,! voice ( ! ,"l breake? ! c$>s2 yea1 ! ,"l breake? ! c$>s ( ,lebanon4 ,he make? !m to skip l a calf2 ,lebanon & ,sirion l a "y unicorn4 ,! voice ( ! ,"l divide? ! flames ( fire4 ,! voice ( ! ,"l %ake? ! wild]ness2 ! ,"l %ake? ! wild]ness ( ,kade%1 etc4 ,an exaltation & lyric sublimity su* z ! above conta9 a p[] ( p]sonal deta*m5t1#ac & is consequ5tly less adapt$ to self-absorbtion 9 ! concrete cont5t1 :]e9 ! imag9ation c lay hold ( ! fact 9 tranquil satisfaction4 ,x is r incl9$ to so> up 9 an indef9ite en?usiasm1 :i* /ra9s to make pres5t to feel+ & p]ception :at is unutt]able = ! intellig5ce4 ,9 ?is atmosph]e ( indet]m9acy ! individual s\l is unable to envisage its unrea*able object 9 quiesc5t beauty1 or enjoy its self-expression 9 a "w ( art4 ,in/ead ( a tranquil picture ! imag9ation sets =? ext]nal ph5om5a )\t co-ord9ation & 9 fragm5ts2 &1 inasmu* z x does n succe$ ) emotional ef=t 9 any consi/5t articulation ( its sep>ate ideas1 9 its positive arti/ic =m1 too1 x employs a some:at arbitr>y & insurg5t rhy?m4 ,! prophets1 :o oppose ! mass ( ! community1 p>tly 9 ! fundam5tal tones ( grief & lam5tation ov] ! condition ( _! p1 p>tly1 too1 9 ?is feel+ ( ali5ation & decad5ce1 c>ry to yet a fur!r extreme ?is type ( p>anetic lyric 9 ! sublime flame ( _! emotion & political indignation4 ,9 a m mod]n age ( imitation ?is sublime passion1 h[ev]1 is ex*ang$ = a m artificial w>m?1 :i* easily cools & becomes ab/ract4 ,?us1 = example1 we h mu* hymn & psalm-writ+ ( ,klop/ock1 :i* possesses nei!r dep? ( ?\ght1 nor ! tranquil developm5t ( any religi\s cont5t :atev]4 ,:at is express$ is1 above all1 an ef=t ( ?is exaltation to ! ,inf9ite1 :i*1 agreeably ) mod]n sci5tific ideas1 m]ely discloses ! empty incommeasurability & inconceivable might1 greatness1 & spl5d\r ( ,god1 9 its contra/ to ! v intelligible impot5ce & f9itude ( ! poet4 77 ,f a second po9t ( view1 we h ^? types ( lyric poetry :i* may be describ$ g5]ally z odes1 9 ! m mod]n mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,9 ^!1 z di/+ui%$ f ! type above describ$1 x is ! p]sonal life ( ! poet1 9 its indep5d5ce1 :i* ass]ts itself z a fundam5tal feature4 ,x is1 inde$1 ! culm9ation1 :i* may be en=c$ 9 a tw(old mann]4 77 ,f "o po9t ( view ! poet may1 )9 ?is new mode ( expression1 select1 z he previ\sly did1 a subjective matt] itself ( ess5tial importance1 su* z ! glory & celebration ( gods1 h]oes1 pr9ces1 love1 beauty1 art1 fri5d%ip1 & ! l1 :ile he displays 8 inn] life z s completely /eep$ & c>ri$ away by ?is cont5t & its concret5ess1 t x appe>s z ?\gh1 9 ?is impulse ( en?usiasm1 ! subject has :olly ma/]$ 8 s\l1 & is pres5t 9 x n[1 z ! "o pr$om9ant p[]4 ,if ?is 0 entirely s ! facts :i* ma/] him might secure1 9 _! indep5d5ce1 ! pla/ic =m1 motion1 & /ability ( an epic sculpturesque image4 ,or1 z a conv]se case1 x is j ! p]sonal life ( ! poet himself & its greatness :i* he seeks to express & make real on its own acc\nt4 ,z = ! object itself1 x is t :]e( he makes himself ma/]2 he assimilates ?is 9 8 own life1 expresses himself 9 & ?r\gh ?is4 ,by s do+ he freely & )\t res]ve breaks up ! m positive c\rse ( 8 subject ) 8 own emotion or reflection2 he illum9ates x f )92 he *anges x2 & ! f9al result is t x is n s mu* ! subject1 b r ! p]sonal en?usiasm 9 :i* x has /eep$ him1 :i* is mo/ effective4 ,9 ?is connection1 h[ev]1 we h two di/9ct aspects to consid]4 ,fir/1 !re is ! compell+ =ce ( ! subject-matt]2 secondly1 we h t indep5d5t fre$om ( ! poet :i* fla%es into view 9 its conflict ) t :i* w\ld o!rwise ma/] x4 ,x is above all ! /ress ( ?is opposition1 :i* r5d]s inevitable ! sw+ & ! boldness ( utt]ance & image1 ! app>5t abs5ce ( ord] 9 ! ideal con/ruction & c\rse ( ! poem1 its digressions1 lacunae1 & sudd5 transitions1 & :i* pres]ves ! ideal elevation ( ! poet1 by means ( ! ma/]y ) :i* he is enabl$1 ?r\gh ! arti/ic p]fection ( 8 "w1 to ov]come ?is disunion1 & to produce an' ess5tially h>moni\s :ole1 :i* places him1 z 8 "w1 9 relief above ! greatness ( 8 subject4 ,x is to su* a type ( lyric en?usiasm t _m ( ! ,p9d>ic odes are ref]able1 ^: triumphant1 albeit p]sonal glory is disclos$ 9 a mode ( rhy?m equally conspicu\s = its v>i$ movem5t1 & yet = all t /r+5tly regulat$ measure4 ,horace1 on ! contr>y1 m especially :]e he aims mo/ at self-ass]tion1 is r lack+ 9 w>m? & insipid4 ,we detect "h an imitative artificiality1 :i* va9ly endeav\rs to conceal ! purely te*nical preciosity ( 8 composition4 ,! en?usiasm ( ,klop/ock 9 ! same way is nev] entirely g5u9e4 ,x too frequ5tly gives ! impression ( lab\r$ artifice1 despite ! fact t _m ( 8 odes are ri* 9 true & g5u9e emotion1 & /amp$ ) an engag+ mascul9e wor? & =ce ( expression4 77 ,f ano!r po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 x is n at all necess>y t ! cont5t itself %\ld be sub/antial or important4 ,! poet is himself1 9 8 own p]sonality1 ( su* weight t he c atta* to ev5 ! m trifl+ objects wor?1 nobility1 or at lea/ 9 a g5]al way a m exalt$ int]e/ ow+ to ! fact t !y are embodi$ 9 8 poetic "w4 ,_m ( ! ,odes ( ,horace are ( ?is type4 ,klop/ock1 too1 ) _m ano!r1 may be includ$ 9 su* a category4 ,9 su* cases x is n ! importance ( ! mat]ial itself1 :i* engages ! poet's ef=t1 b on ! contr>y t ( ! process 9 virtue ( :i* he exalts :at is on its own acc\nt insignificant1 ei!r 9 ext]nal facts or petty occurr5ces1 to ! height ( ! emotion & idea !y excite 9 himself4 77 ,9 conclusion1 ! entire inf9ite multiplicity ( lyrical mood & reflection rea*es its fulle/ compass 9 ! sph]e ( ! song1 9 :i* consequ5tly diff]5ces ( national cu/om & creative individuality h _! free/ play4 ,*>act]i/ics ( e extreme ( div]sity meet toge!r "h1 & ! task ( adequate classification is beset ) difficulty4 ,we w re/rict ourselves to po9t+ out a few ( ! mo/ g5]al "*4 77 ,we h1 !n1 fir/1 ! g5u9e song int5d$ = s++ or purely musical practice1#ad :e!r 9 private or be=e o!rs4 ,mu* intelligible cont5t1 ideal greatness & l(t9ess is n necess>y4 ,on ! contr>y1 wor?1 nobility1 weight ( ?\ght c only prove an ob/acle to ! desire ( direct self-expression4 ,impos+ ideas or reflections1 or sublime emotions compel ! arti/ to deta* himself f 8 imm$iate p]sonality & its int]e/s4 ,& yet x is precisely ?is imm$iacy ( joy & sorr[1 :at we may call ! unre/rict$ & mom5t>y p]sonal exp]i5ce1 :i* ought to f9d its expression 9 ! song4 ,& x is on ?is acc\nt t e folk is 9 a peculi> way at home & at ease 9 its songs4 ,despite ! unlimit$ v>iety ( cont5t & ( melodic exposition t (f]s itself "h1 e song is )\t exception di/9ct f types previ\sly consid]$ by virtue ( ! simplicity ( its subject-matt]1 movem5t1 metre1 v]bal expression1 & images4 ,! po9t ( dep>ture is direct f ! s\l2 ! movem5t ( inspiration is n s mu* f "o object to ano!r1 b is1 g5]ally speak+1 c5t]$ exclusively 9 "o & ! same cont5t1 :e!r x be a s+le emotional /ate1 or any def9ite expression ( delight or sorr[1 t mood1 9 %ort1 ! effect ( :i* c>ries ! he>t ) x4 ,9 ?is emotion or temp] ! song p]si/s ) no int]ruption 9 its flight & impression1 quietly & simply abid+ !re9 )\t any /rik+ly bold contra/ or transitions ( idea2 & x creates !reby 9 ! ev5 fl[ ( its images ?is "o p]fect$ :ole1 sometimes )\t any int]ruption or disunion1 at o!rs 9 a m expansive & consequ5tial survey1 employ+ !re) rhy?ms adapt$ to song or ! recurr5ce ( rhymes easily intelligible & )\t any consid]able complexity4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z x possesses = ! mo/ "p z its cont5t :at is ess5tially transitory we are n to suppose t a nation is likely to s+ ! same songs ov] & ov] aga91 = a hundr$ or a ?\s& ye>s4 ,a p :i* c at all claim progressive developm5t is nei!r s poor nor s s b>r5 z only to possess poets ( ! song at "o p]iod ( its life4 ,x is j ! poetry ( ! song1 :i*1 9 contra/ to ! ,epopaea1 does n s mu* die z x is =ev] be+ awak5$ anew4 ,?is field ( blossom />ts up afre% e spr+2 & x is only 9 ! case ( oppress$ peoples1 peoples preclud$ f e advance1 :i* are unable to exp]i5ce ! ev] requick5$ delight 9 poetic composition1 t ! old & ! olde/ songs are reta9$4 ,! p>ticul> song1 j l ! p>ticul> mood1 arises1 & !n passes2 x animates1 delights1 & is =gott54 ,:oev] kn[s or s+s1 = example1 ! songs :i* fifty ye>s ago 7 ev]y:]e kn[n & belov$8 ,e c5tury /rikes its own p>ticul> keynote2 ! previ\s "o s\nds out ( tune1 until x /ops altoge!r4 ,none ! less1 h[ev]1 mu/ e song possess n s mu* a revelation ( ! p]sonality ( ! s+] z a c]ta9 community ( s5tim5t1 :i* meets ) response f all sides2 :i* excites 9 o!rs a l emotion & s1 too1 passes f m\? to m\?4 ,songs :i* are n g5]ally curr5t z su* 9 _! "t are seldom ( ! g5u9e /amp4 ,z an ess5tial di/9ction 9 ! composition ( song ,i w m]ely emphasize two ma9 aspects :i* ,i h already ref]r$ to4 ,on ! "o h& ! poet may express 8 inn] life 9 its emotions q op5ly & )\t res]ve1 m especially ! feel+s & /ate ( joyfulness1 & s t he communicates completely all t he exp]i5ces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 & 9 extreme contra/ to ?is1 he may only suff] u to surmise ?r\gh 8 v spee*lessness1 :at is br\ght to a focus 9 ! unop5$ *amb] ( 8 he>t4 ,! fir/ type belongs ma9ly to ! ,ea/1 & m especially to ! c>eless hil>ity & cont5t$ expansiv5ess ( ,mohamm$an poetry1 ! spl5did outlook ( :i* loves to dilate itself hi!r & ?i!r 9 all ! bread? ( s5su\s p]ception & witty conceit4 ,! second type1 on ! contr>y1 applies ) m =ce to our ,nor!rn self-conc5tration & intimacy ( s\l-life1 :i* 9 its compress$ tranquillity is (t5 only able to seize hold ( objects :i* are :olly ext]nal & to put sugge/ions 9 !m1 :ile ! ess5tially suppress$ _s is unable to express itself or f9d a b5t1 b r1 l ! *ild ) :om t fa!r 9 ! ,erl ,k+ rides ?r\gh ! night & ! w9d1 dies away ) its gl[ on ! wick4 ,! di/9ction above notic$ applies also 9 a broad] s5se to o!r =ms ( lyrical composition su* z ! folk-song & m elaborate poetry2 x recurs aga9 9 ! simple song ) _m %ades & int]m$iate l9ks 9 its v>iety4 ,) reg>d to p>ticul> =ms applicable to ?is class ( composition ,i w re/rict myself to ! foll[+ examples4 ,we may m5tion1 to />t )1 ! folk-song1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its direct appeal1 is ma9ly ( ! nature ( ! simple song1 be+ also g5]ally adapt$ to s++1 or1 r1 requir+ ! musical accompanim5t4 ,its subject-matt] is 9 "p national exploit & ev5t1 9 :i* ! nation is emotionally made aw>e ( & recalls aga9 its mo/ ess5tial life2 9 "p1 too1 feel+s & situations are directly express$ :i* relate to p>ticul> classes4 ,x associates1 9 %ort1 civic life ) its natural condition & its close/ human relations1 & x does s ) e v>iety ( note1 :e!r ( exultation or sorr[1 :i* may duly h>monize ) su*4 ,9 contra/ to ! above1 we h1 secondly1 songs ( a m v>i\s & enri*$ culture1 a culture :i* f9ds its ent]ta9m5t 9 ! companionable amusem5t ( all k9ds ( pleasantry1 graceful turns ( phrase1 casual occurr5ces1 or polite modes ( address1 or1 ) m int5sity ( feel+1 recurs to ! pa?os or necessities ( less fav\r$ conditions ( life1 describ+ !re9 bo? ! facts & ! consequ5t feel+s !y excite1 ! poet always mak+ 8 appeal f 8 own brea/ & ! facts ( 8 own sympa!tic exp]i5ce4 ,if su* songs g no fur!r ?an ! b>e n>rative1 m p>ticul>ly ( natural ph5om5a1 ! result is likely to be trivial & to betray ! lack ( imag9ative res\rces4 ,! b>e description ( emotional /ates1 moreov]1 n unfrequ5tly f>es little bett]4 ,! tru? is t our poet 9 su* descriptions1 :e!r ( objective facts or emotions1 mu/ n re/rict 8 survey to ! n>r[ outlook ( direct wi%es & desires1 b mu/ already 9 ! fre$om ( 8 intellig5ce h rais$ himself into a m s]5e atmosph]e :]e9 ! ma9 ?+ ( importance to himself is ! satisfaction :i* ! ex]cise ( 8 imag9ation has af=d$4 ,an undi/urb$ s5se ( fre$om su* z ?is1 ?r\gh expansion ( he>t & delight 9 conceptive idea on its own acc\nt1 conf]s on _m songs ( ,anacreon1 z also c]ta9 poems ( ,hafis & ! ,we//li*e ,divan ( ,goe! ! r>e/ *>m ( an unfett]$ creative gift4 ,!re is a yet fur!r type ( composition ( ?is g5]al class1 to :i* we mu/ conc$e a m exalt$ or1 at lea/1 a m widely embrac+ cont5t4 ,! l>ge majority ( ,prote/ant hymns compos$ = spiritual edification are ess5tially songs4 ,!y express ! ye>n+ aft] ,god1 ! plea = ,8 grace1 rep5tance1 hope1 tru/1 d\bts1 fai?1 & ! l ( ! religi\s he>t2 no d\bt1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to meet ! importunity ( ! individual s\l1 b at ! same "t 9 a mann] ( g5]al significance1 :]e9 su* feel+s & /ates ( s\l may or ought to apply1 to a great] or less ext5t1 to e memb] ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 77 ,we may fur!r return to ano!r division ( ?is class1 ! sonnet1 se/9e1 elegy1 epi/le1 & a few o!r su* modes4 ,^! latt] ass]t !mselves z di/9ct f ! ord9>y sph]e ( song previ\sly discuss$4 ,! imm$iacy ( feel+ & expression is emphasiz$ 9 ?is class z a m$iat+ bond ) reflection1 & a contemplation :i*1 :ile rema9+ al]t to _m features ( its subject1 conceives ! p>ticul> detail ( p]ception & s\l-exp]i5ce "u m g5]al po9ts ( view4 ,sci5ce1 le>n+1 &1 9 %ort1 a wide culture may be "h effective2 & if also 9 all ! relations ?us e/abli%$ ! p]sonal life1 :i* connects & m$iates 9 itself ! p>ticul> fact ) ! g5]al concept1 is & rema9s ! insi/5t & pr$om9ant factor1 yet ! /&po9t presuppos$ is ( a wid] & m univ]sal import ?an t ( ! ord9>y song4 ,! ,italians 9 p>ticul> h giv5 u spl5did examples ( a highly s5sitive type ( feel+ & reflection 9 _! sonnets & se/9es4 ,su* n only directly expresses 9 a giv5 situation /ates ( ye>n+1 grief1 long+1 & ! l1 or ! c\nt]feit ( ext]nal objects1 ) a peculi>ly intimate conc5tration1 b includes _m a div]sion1 _m a %rewd glance into my?ology & hi/ory1 :e!r pa/ or pres5t1 :ile rema9+ ?r\gh\t able to return ^u itself1 true to ! fundam5tal dem& ( selfre/riction & conc5tration4 ,! simplicity ( ! song is incompatible ) a culture ( ?is k9d4 ,! exalt$ "* ( ! ode is equally disall[$4 ,z a prim>y consequ5ce ( ?is ! possibility ( actual musical deliv]y vani%es2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 z "s set-(f to ! abs5ce ( musical accompanim5t1 ! v]bal expression itself1 9 its s\nd & compos$ rhymes1 becomes a melodic fl[ ( spee*4 ,! ,elegy1 moreov]1 may1 9 ! measure ( its syllables1 its m$itation1 its comm5ts1 & ! descriptive display ( emotional life1 assume ! =m ( ! ,epic4 77 ,! ?ird type ( composition 9 ?is class is *>act]iz$ by a mode ( treatm5t :i* 9 rec5t times is mo/ cle>ly repres5t$ among u ,g]mans 9 ! "w ( ,s*ill]4 ,! majority ( 8 lyrical poems1 su* z ^? nam$ by him ,resignation1 ! ,ideals1 ! realm ( ,%ades1 ,arti/s1 ! ,ideal & ,life1 are j z little songs 9 ! true s5se z !y are odes or hymns1 epi/les1 or elegies 9 ! classic s5se4 ,_! position1 on ! contr>y1 is di/9ct f all ^! types4 ,_! significance consi/s above all 9 ! impos+ fundam5tal ?\ght ( _! cont5t by ! =ce ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ! poet nei!r appe>s to be c>ri$ away z a di?yrambic poet might be1 nor 9 ! press ( 8 en?usiasm is !re any appe>ance ( conflict ) ! greatness ( 8 subject4 ,he rema9s r ?r\gh\t completely ma/] ( ! same1 & unfolds all t is !re9 impli$ f e po9t ( view ) 8 own poetic reflection4 ,& he does ?is 9 ! full impulse ( g5u9e feel+1 no less ?an ) ! compreh5sive bread? ( 8 intellig5ce1 express$ ) a compell+ =ce 9 ! mo/ admirable & full-ton$ utt]ance & image1 & yet1 )al1 = ! mo/ "p 9 q simple1 if really arre/+ rhy?ms & rhymes4 ,^! great ?\ghts & fundam5tal int]e/s1 to :i* 8 entire life 0 d$icate1 appe> consequ5tly z ! mo/ intimate possession ( 8 _s4 ,b he does n s+ s mu* z "o tranquilly self-absorb$1#ae or to a circle ( companions1 z ! ri*-song$ m\? ( ,goe! 0 wont to d1 b z a s+] :o deliv]s himself ( :at is on its own acc\nt intr9sically ( wor? 9 a /oreh\se ( all t is mo/ excell5t & di/+ui%$4 ,8 songs r+ out1 9 fact1 mu* z he says ( 8 bell3 ,ho* b]'m ni$]n ,erd5leb5 ,soll sie im blau5 ,himmelszelt1 ,die ,na*b>9 des ,donn]s1 s*web5 ,und gr5z5 an die ,/]n5 weit1 ,soll e9e ,/imme seyn von ob51 ,wie d] ,ge/irne helle ,s*a>1 ,die ihr5 ,s*pf] w&elnd tob5 ,und fhr5 das bekrnzte ,jahr4 ,nur ewig5 und ern/5 ,d+5 ,sei ihr metall'n] ,mund geweiht1 ,und /ndli* mit d5 s*nell5 ,s*w+5 ,b]hr' im ,fluge sie die ,zeit4#af #c4 ,,hi/orical ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,lyric4 ,x w already h suffici5tly appe>$ f :at ,i h po9t$ out 9 relation to ! g5]al "*1 z also ! m detail$ features discuss$ ) ref]5ce to ! poet1 ! lyrical composition & ! sev]al types ( ! art t to a s+ul> degree 9 ?is prov9ce ( poetry a concrete treatm5t is only possible :i* accepts ! hi/orical n>rative z a con/itu5t feature4 ,! univ]sal1 :i* c be set =? 9 its indep5d5ce1 does n m]ely rema9 re/rict$ 9 its compass1 b is also ab/ract 9 its valid wor?4 ,& ?is is s because 9 no o!r art to ! l ext5t does ! p>ticul>ity ( ! "t1 condition1 & nationality1 no less ?an ! specific idiosyncracy ( individual g5ius1 supply ! det]m9at+ factor ( ! cont5t & =m ( ! arti/ic product4 ,b 9 proportion z ! /r5g? ( ! dem& =ces itself on our att5tion t su* an hi/orical exposition %\ld be avoid$1 ,i feel myself oblig$1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! v v>iety ( mat]ial compris$ 9 ! embrace ( lyric composition1 to limit myself exclusively to a v p>tial survey ( all t ,i am acqua9t$ ( 9 ?is p>ticul> class ( "w1 & 9 :i* my lively int]e/ c\ld h be5 ext5d$4 ,z ! basis ( our g5]al classification ( ! v>i$ national & m p]sonal lyric compositions1 z 9 ! case ( epic poetry1 we _c d bett] ?an foll[ ! ord] ( ^? radical types "u :i* arti/ic creation g5]ally is unfold$1 & :i* we n[ "k z symbolic1 classic1 & romantic art4 ,z ! ma9 division1 !re=e1 ( our pres5t subject-matt]1 we may1 9 o!r words1 adopt a simil> sequ5ce f ,ori5tal compositions to ! ,lyric ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & !n f ?is to ! ,slavonic1 ,romance1 & ,g]man peoples4 7a7 ,tak+1 !n1 ! ,ori5tal lyric fir/1 we may obs]ve t x diff]s ess5tially f ! lyrical composition ( ! ,we/ ?r\gh its inability to atta* to x ! indep5d5t p]sonality & free _s ( ! poet1 or t unity :i* *>act]izes e cont5t ( romantic art1 its ess5tial inf9ity1 reflect+1 9 fact1 ! pot5tial dep? ( ! romantic s\l4 ,su* a di/9ction is only 9 keep+ ) ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( ! ,ea/4 ,! individual consci\s life is "h1 ref]ably to its cont5t1 directly absorb$ 9 ! detail ( ext]nal fact1 express+ itself "u ! condition & specific relations ( ?is insep>able unity4 ,&1 f a fur!r po9t ( view1 x ass]ts itself1 )\t be+ able to secure a firm gr\nd ( /ability 9 itself1 z oppos$ to :at x conceives to be ( pot5cy & sub/ance 9 ,nature & ! conditions ( human exi/5ce1 :i* x wre/les to rea* :e!r ?r\gh emotion or imag9ation1 at "o "t situat$ t[>ds x r 9 ! relation ( pure opposition1 at ano!r ) m fre$om1 b 9 ei!r case ) ultimate failure4 ,:at we f9d "h1 !re=e1 if we conf9e our att5tion to =m1 is n s mu* ! poetic expression ( indep5d5t ideas ov] objects or _! connections1 z x is ! b>e mirror ( ?is unreflect+ absorption1#ag :]e9 ! individual consci\sness does n disclose itself 9 its own self-conc5tration z free p]sonality1#ah b r 9 its self-annulm5t#ai be=e ! ext]nal object or condition4 ,?us reg>d$1 ! ,ori5tal lyric frequ5tly1 p>ticul>ly 9 its contra/ to ! romantic1 assumes a m objective tone4 ,"h we %all (t5 en\gh f9d t ! poet does n s mu* express facts & conditions z !y affect him1 b r z !y are 9 !mselves1 a disclosure :i* frequ5tly be/[s on !m an indep5d5t s\l ( vitality ( _! own4 ,= illu/ration we may take t exclamation ( ,hafis3 ,come1 ,o come6 ,! night+ale passe? f ! s\l ( ,hafis once aga9 ov] ! sc5t ( ! roses ( delight4 ,reg>d$ 9 ano!r light1 ! t5d5cy ( ?is lyrical poetry1 by free+ ! poet f ! limitations ( 8 private individuality1 is to replace ?is ) a k9d ( primitive expansion ( s\l1 :i*1 h[ev]1 v easily loses itself 9 m]e b\ndlessness1 or is m]g$ 9 a delib]ate ef=t to express t :i* x accepts z object b _c fully p5etrate1 because ?is cont5t is itself ! =mless sub/ance4 ,= ?is reason1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! lyric ( ! ,ea/1 m especially among ! ,hebrews1 ,arabs1 & ,p]sians1 possesses ! "* ( hymns ( exaltation4 ,) sp5d?rift prodigality all greatness1 might1 & glory are lavi%$ ^u ! creature1 9 ord] to make all su* transitory spl5d\r vani% be=e ! unspeakable maje/y ( ,god2 or1 at lea/1 x nev] is tir$ ( /r++ toge!r 9 "s preci\s *a9 ev]y?+ t is lovable or fair1 9 ord] to pres5t ! same z a ?ank(f]+ to ! object1 be x ,sultan1 ! belov$1 or ! w9e-%op1 :i* ! poet has set himself above all ?+s to celebrate4 ,9 conclusion1 if we look m closely at =m ( expression 9 ?is type ( poetry1 we %all f9d t x is ma9ly ! metaphor1 ! image1 & ! simile :i* are fav\r$4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 on acc\nt ( ! fact t he is n himself :olly free to express 8 own p]sonal life1 ! poet c only disclose himself 9 some?+ else1 some?+ ext]nal to himself1 ) ! aid ( life t c comp>e ) himself4 ,& also we may obs]ve t :at is "h univ]sal & sub/antive rema9s ab/ract2 t is to say1 x is unable to m]ge itself 9 ! def9ite =m ( a free individuality1 s t n[1 ev5 on its own acc\nt1 x is only 9 comp>isons ) ! v>i$ ph5om5a ( ! _w t x is able to envisage itself2 & we may add t bo? ^! cases1 9 ! la/ in/ance1 only possess ! wor? ( be+ able to assi/ "s comp>able approa* to t ,"o :i* alone possesses significance1 & is wor?y ( hon\r & praise4 ,^! metaphors1 images1 & similes1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! individual s\l1 z x ass]ts itself1 is exclusively id5tifi$ almo/ to ! po9t ( visibility1 are n ! actual feel+ & spiritual /ate itself1 b r a mode ( expression :i* is :olly p]sonal & ( ! poet's composition4 ,:at1 !re=e1 ! lyrical arti/ "h loses 9 ! concret5ess ( 8 spiritual fre$om1 ?is we f9d is replac$ by ! fre$om ( 8 expression1 :i* moves =w>d ?r\gh all ! mo/ manifold phases2 t is1 f ! nave simplicity ( its images & similes to e conceivable audacity & ! acute/ +5uity ( novel & surpris+ comb9ations4 ,z reg>ds p>ticul> nations 9 :i* we f9d ?is ,ori5tal type ( lyric repres5t$1 we may m5tion1 fir/1 ! ,*9ese2 secondly1 ! ,h9doos2 ?irdly1 & to a pre-em95t degree1 ! ,hebrews1 ,arabs1 & ,p]sians4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 ent] into any clos] description ( ^!4 7b7 ,9 ! case ( ! second pr9cipal division ( our pres5t poetic type1 t is 9 ! ,lyric ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 x is ! pr9ciple ( classic individuality :i*1 above all1 di/+ui%es its "*4 ,9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple1 ! arti/ic consci\sness1 :i* seeks = lyrical expression1 nei!r loses itself 9 ! facts ( ! natural _w1 nor exalts itself ov] itself to ! height ( t ,sublime outcry to all creation3 ,let all t ha? brea? praise ! ,"l6 ,nor is x absorb$1 aft] dive/+ itself joyfully f all ! bonds ( f9ite exi/5ce1 9 t ,"o ,be+ 9 :i* all live & move4 ,r ! poet "h is freely m]g$ 9 ! ,univ]sal1 reg>d$ z ! v sub/ance ( 8 own _s2 & 9 ?is p]sonal union )9 himself atta9s 8 self-consci\s poetic activity4 ,& j z ! ,lyric ( ! ,greeks & ,romans is di/9ct f t ( ! ,ori5tals1 s too1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 x diff]s f ! romantic4 ,9 o!r words1 in/ead ( unveil+ its dep?s 9 ! intimacy ( p>ticul> moods & /ates ( feel+1 x r elaborates1 to ! po9t ( ! mo/ explicit def9ition1 ?is inw>d life ( its individual passion & m$itation4 ,& by do+ s x ev5 reta9s1 ev5 z ! expression ( ?is inw>d _s1 s f> z ?is is p]mitt$ to ! ,lyric1 ! pla/ic type ( classic art4 ,all t x communicates1 9 %ort1 ( ! views & maxims ( life & wisdom1 despite all ! p5etration ( its g5]al pr9ciple1 nev]!less does n disp5se ) ! free individuality ( indep5d5t ?\ght & conception4 ,x expresses itself less 9 ! weal? ( image & metaphor1 ?an directly & categorically4 ,at ! same "t1 also1 ! p]sonal feel+1 at "o "t 9 m g5]al relations1 at ano!r 9 ! =m ( vision itself1 is on its own acc\nt objective4 ,9 ! same mode ( individuality ! p>ticul> types may be classifi$ z di/9ct f ea* o!r 9 conception1 expression1 phraseology1 & v]se-measure1 until !y rea* ! culm9at+ po9t ( _! indep5d5t elaboration4 ,& z we h f\nd x true ( ! s\l itself & its ideas1 s1 too1 ! ext]nal pres5tm5t is ( m pla/ic type4 ,9 o!r words1 f a musical po9t or view1 x emphasizes less ! ideal s\l-melody ( emotion ?an ! s5su\s v]bal quantity 9 ! rhy?mical measure ( its movem5t1 to :i* x may fur!r atta* ! complex mazes ( ! dance4 77 ,) ! ri*e/ orig9ality ?is arti/ic =m ( ,greek lyric poetry is p]fect$4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance we may trace x 9 ^? hymns possess+ a cont5t z yet m ak9 to ! epic mode1 :i* d n s mu* express 9 _! epic metre a p]sonal en?usiasm z !y set be=e u a pla/ic image ( gods 9 delib]ately objective outl9es4 ,! next /ep1 s f> z metre is conc]n$1 we m>k 9 ! elegiac syllabic measure1 :i* associates ! p5tamet] ) ! hexamet]1 :i*1 9 ! regul> recurr5ce ( its end+ aft] ! hexamet]1 & ) its two equally divid$ sections1 op5s ! way to ! complete s+ul>ity ( ! v]se /rophe4 ,! elegy is also ?r\gh\t 9 its tone ( ! lyric type4 ,?is is s 9 ! case ( ! political elegy no less ?an ! erotic1 al?\gh1 p>ticul>ly z gnomic elegy1 x /ill closely approa*es ! epic insi/5ce ^u & expression ( ! sub/antive z su*1 & = ?is reason almo/ exclusively belongs to ! ,ionians1 ) :om ! objective po9t ( view 0 g5]ally pr$om9ant4 ,9 respect also to its musical side1 x is prim>ily ! aspect ( rhy?m :i* is "h successfully work$ out4 ,&1 on p>allel l9es ) x1 we may obs]ve1 ?irdly1 ! developm5t ( ! ,iambic poem 9 a novel v]se-measure4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is1 by reason ( ! ke5ness ( its invectives1 f ! fir/ ( a m subjective or p]sonal t5d5cy4 ,! g5u9e mode ( lyrical reflection & passion1 h[ev]1 receives = ! fir/ "t its full developm5t 9 ! s-call$ ,melisian#bj lyric4 ,! metres are m v>i$1 m capable ( *ange2 ! /rophes are m ri*2 ! sugge/ions ( musical accompanim5t are m complete 9 virtue ( ! nature ( ! accept$ modulation4 ,ea* poet creates a syllabic measure :i* corresponds ) 8 or h] lyrical nature4 ,?us ,sappho adapts "o to a type ( composition :i* is s5su\s1 inspir$ ) ! gl[ ( passion & express$ ) an effect :i* works up to a supreme crisis4 ,alcaeus m\lds "o 9 h>mony ) 8 mascul9e & bold] odes4 ,to an exceptional degree1 too1 ! ,scolia/s supply _m indications ( ! f9] nuances ( diction & metre by reason ( ! v>iety ( _! cont5t & melodic utt]ance4 ,la/ ( all1 ! lyric ( ! *orus is ri*e/ ( all 9 ! weal? ( :at x unfolds1 & n m]ely s 9 :at conc]ns idea & ?\ght1 boldness ( transition & connection or ! l1 b also relatively to its ext]nal pres5tm5t4 ,! *oral song may be int]*ang$ = ! s+le voice1 & ! ideal movem5t is n m]ely satisfi$ ) ! b>e rhy?m ( spee* & ! modulations ( music1 b summons z its associate ! pla/ic pose & movem5t ( ! dance4 ,! ideal aspect ( ! ,lyric is consequ5tly balanc$ to p]fection ) ! s5su\s "* ( its deliv]y4 ,! subject-matt] ( ?is type ( inspir$ v]se is ! mo/ sub/antive & weighty4 ,su* poems celebrate ! p[] & glory ( ! gods1 or t ( victors 9 ! games4 ,greeks1 :o n unfrequ5tly 7 divid$ 9 _! political relations1 f\nd 9 !m ! positive vision ( _! national unity4 ,&1 p>tly = ?is reason1 aspects ( _! ideal con/ruction are n want+ :i* approa* ! objective /&po9t ( ! ,epic4 ,p9d>1 = example1 :o rea*es ! highe/ po9t ( atta9m5t 9 ?is type ( composition1 moves ) ease1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 f ! ext]nal motives ( 8 compositions to pr(\nd obs]vations ^u ! g5]al nature ( e?ical pr9ciple & div9e matt]s1 or x may be ^u h]oes1 h]oic exploit1 ! f\ndations ( ,/ates1 & ! l4 ,8 creative gift possesses1 9 %ort1 ! pla/ic s5se ( realization q z mu* z ! individual sweep ( imag9ative en]gy4 ,on ?is v acc\nt1 h[ev]1 x is n s mu* ! facts :i* foll[ _! indep5d5t c\rse 9 ! epic mann]1 z ! p]sonal en?usiasm1 c>ri$ away by its object s completely t ! latt] appe>s to be ! burd5 & product ( ! s\l4 ,lat] lyric v]se ( ! ,alex&r9es is less an indep5d5t developm5t & m a m]e s*ola/ic imitation & affectation ( elegance & correctness ( expression1 until f9ally x dissipates itself 9 trifl+ graces & pleasantries1 or seeks to b9d up afre% fl[]s ( art & life already to h& 9 a g>l& ( t5d] feel+ & conceit1 & ! witty exp]im5t ( eulogy or satire4 77 ,among ! ,romans lyric poetry f9ds a soil no d\bt fa%ion$ = x 9 v>i\s ways1 b ( less orig9al productive qualities4 ,! p]iod ( its spl5d\r is limit$ ma9ly to ! age ( ,augu/us1 9 :i* x is cultivat$ z ! elaborate expression & relaxation ( cultur$ society2 or inde$1 to a consid]able degree1 x is r an affair ( ! clev] translator or copyi/1 & ! fruit ( ta/e & rese>*1 ?an t ( spontane\s feel+ & really orig9al conception4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be admitt$ t1 despite ! le>n+ & an ali5 my?ology1 to say no?+ ( ! pref]r$ imitation ( ,alex&r9e models1 :]e ! w>m? ( life is lea/ app>5t1 yet z a rule ! *>act]i/ics ( ,roman p]sonality no less ?an ! individual g5ius ( p>ticul> poets1 d ass]t an indep5d5t position1 &1 s long z we put entirely on "o side ! mo/ intimate s\l & expression ( ! art ( poetry1 h accompli%$ /]l+ & consummate results1 n m]ely 9 ! prov9ce ( ! ode1 b also 9 t ( epi/les1 satires1 & elegy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lat] type ( satire1 :i* foll[s z a k9d ( supplem5t1 9 its bitt]ness t[>d ! decad5ce ( ! times1 its goad$ indignation & virtu\s declamation1 fails to repres5t ! g5u9e sph]e ( an unp]turb$ poetical vision j 9 ! degree t x possesses no?+ :atev] to oppose to its picture ( a demoraliz$ pres5t save ?is v indignation & ab/ract rhetoric ( virtu\s excitem5t4 7c7 ,= ?is reason1 consequ5tly1 x is only aft] m mod]n nationalities h appe>$ t a really orig9al cont5t & _s are communicat$ to lyrical composition1 z we h previ\sly se51 0 ! case1 too1 ) ! ,epic4 ,?is is due to ! ,g]man1 ,romance1 & ,slavonic peoples1 :i* already1 9 _! previ\s pagan days1 b pr9cipally aft] _! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity1 bo? 9 ! ,middle ,ages & 9 m rec5t times1 h br\ght into be+1 & cont9u\sly elaborat$ 9 v>i\s ways1 a ?ird fundam5tal revival ( lyrical creation 9 :at we may g5]ally *>act]ize z ! romantic art-type4 ,9 ?is ?ird bran* ( its activity1 lyric poetry is ( s ov]:elm+ an importance t its pr9ciple is en=c$1 m --especially 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 relatively to ! ,epos1 b consequ5tly 9 its m mod]n developm5t & relatively to ! drama1 ) a f> pr(\nd] significance ?an 0 possible ) ei!r ,greek or ,roman4 ,inde$1 among c]ta9 nations1 ev5 g5u9e epic mat]ials are treat$ exclusively "u ! type ( ! lyric n>rative2 9 ?is way we h compositions z to :i* we may f9d real difficulty 9 decid+ ! class to :i* !y m truly belong4 ,! cause ( ?is conspicu\s t5d5cy t[>ds lyric composition is ma9ly due to ! fact t ! entire evolution ( ! life ( ^! nations is bas$ on ?is v pr9ciple ( subjectivity1 :i* is con/ra9$ to ass]t & clo! :at is sub/antive & objective z its own f its own res\rces1 & gr[s m & m self-consci\s ( ?is p5etration into its own p]sonal weal?4 ,su* a pr9ciple decl>es its vig\r 9 its lea/ p]turb$ & mo/ complete "* among ! ,g]man peoples4 ,! ,slavonic races h1 on ! contr>y1 fir/ to wre/le =? f ! ,ori5tal absorption 9 ! sub/antive ,"o & ,univ]sal4 ,betwe5 ! two we may place ! ,romance /ock1 :i* are confront$1 9 ! conqu]$ prov9ces ( ! ,roman ,empire1 n m]ely ) ! residue ( ,roman sci5ce & culture1 b a social sy/em m elaborate f e po9t ( view4 ,9 ! process ( self-fusion ) su* conditions1 !y inevitably lose a "p ( _! orig9al "*4 ,z = ! subject-matt] ( ?is poetry1 we may describe x z deal+ ) pretty ne>ly e phase ( national or individual developm5t1 capable ( express+ ei!r ! religi\s or secul> life ( ^! nations z x exp&s 9 ev] wid5+ range1 & ?r\gh ! process ( ! c5turies reflects 9 v>i$ condition & emotional /ate ! he>t ( its spiritual sub/ance4 ,& ! fundam5tal type ( x is ei!r ! expression ( an emotional /ate1 conc5trat$ to ! mo/ intimate self-possession1 :e!r ! imm$iate object ( attraction be national & o!r ev5ts1 ,nature & ext]nal environm5t1 or simply & solely itself1 or :e!r x be ( ! nature ( reflection1 bo? se>*+ & self-introspective1 ^u all t is impli$ = itself 9 su* an ext5sion ( culture4 ,reg>d$ on its =mal side1 ! pla/ic "* ( rhy?mical v]sification is ex*ang$ = ! music ( allit]ation1 assonance1 & manifold alt]nations ( rhyme4 ,^! novel elem5ts x makes use ( sometimes 9 a q simple & unassum+ mann]2 9 o!r connections ) mu* art & inv5tion ( modes ( v]sification :olly di/9ct 9 "*4 ,at ! same "t ! ext]nal deliv]y becomes increas+ly m elaborate 9 its p[]s ( adaptation to ! accompanim5t ( vocal & in/rum5tal music4 ,9 our classification ( ! ext5sive compass ( ?is gr\p1 we _c d bett] ?an foll[ t we accept$ 9 ! case ( epic poetry4 ,fir/1 we h ! lyric composition ( ^! mod]n nations :ile /ill 9 ! /ate ( primitive paganism4 ,secondly1 !re is ! ri*] developm5t ( ?is type 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,middle ,ages4 ,?irdly1 !re is t lyric art bas$ 9 "s measure on ! reawak5$ /udy ( anci5t art1 & 9 "p on ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( mod]n ,prote/antism1 a pr9ciple ess5tial to its f9al elaboration4 ,9 ! pres5t "w1 h[ev]1 ,i %all be unable to discuss ) m detail ! *>act]i/ics ( ! above developm5t4 ,i w1 by way ( conclusion1 m]ely draw att5tion to "o ,g]man poet1 ^: influ5ce has giv5 9 mod]n times a q extraord9>y impetus to ! lyric poetry ( our own fa!rl&1 & ^: s]vices 9 ?is respect are by no means appreciat$ by contempor>y criticism z !y des]ve to be4 ,i ref] to ! poet ( ! ,messias4 ,klop/ock is among ! great ,g]mans1 :o h inaugurat$ ! new arti/ic epo* ( _! p4 ,he is a great figure1 :o1 by means ( c\rage\s en?usiasm & sup]b self-respect1 wre/$ our poetry f ! /up5d\s insignificance ( ! ,gotts*$#ba p]iod1 :i* ) its blocki% sup]ficiality _h completely de/roy$ ! life ( all t is noble & ( wor? 9 ! g5ius ( our race2 :o has1 9 %ort1 giv5 u poems fully awake to ! highe/ dem& ( ! poet's vocation1 9 a =m ( ?or\gh arti/ic excell5ce1 if also some:at au/]e1 ! majority ( :i* are /amp$ ) ! p]man5cy ( a classic4 ,"s ( ! odes ( 8 y\? are d$icat$ to a g5]\s fri5d%ip1 :i* 0 to him at once symbolic ( nobility1 /aun*ness1 hon\r1 ! pride ( 8 s\l1 a temple ( 8 _s4 ,o!rs h ref]5ce to a p]sonal atta*m5t ( real emotional dep?1 al?\gh x is precisely 9 ?is field t we meet ) _m compositions :i* a critical s5se c only reg>d z s mu* prose4 ,selm> & ,selma is a poem ( ?is class1 a gloomy & t$i\s alt]cation betwe5 lov]s1 :i*1 n )\t _m te>s1 woe1 empty ye>n+1 & useless feats ( melan*oly emotion1 revolves r\nd ! "o m\ldy & mu/y "q1 :i* ( ! two1 ,selm> or ,selma1 is fir/ to die4 ,b 9 ,klop/ock we f9d at lea/ a g5u9e impulse ( patriotism alive 9 e pore4 ,z a good ,prote/ant ! ,*ri/ian my?ology1 ) its sacr$ leg5ds & s =?--we mu/ except ! angels1 = :om he reta9$ z a poet a pr(\nd respect1 al?\gh !y c only appe> ab/ract & lifeless 9 a type ( poetry su* z 81 :i* claim$ ! realism ( life--nei!r satisfi$ 8 s5se ( ! e?ical s]i\sness ( art1 nor yet ! vig\r ( life & an intellig5ce1 :i* aspir$ to some?+ m ?an bl9d wail+ & self-abasem5t1 01 9 %ort1 bo? self-respect+ & actively religi\s4 ,! ne$ ( "s my?ology1 h[ev]1 & "o connect$ ) ,g]many impress$ him /rongly z a poet1 9 ord] t he might h def9ite names & *>act]s ready to h& z a /able basis ( 8 imag9ative creation4 ,x is impossible to associate su* patriotic s5tim5ts ) ! gods ( ,greece4 ,consequ5tly ,klop/ock attempt$1 we may ju/ly say f g5u9e national pride1 to give a r5ew$ life to ! old my?ology ( ,wodan1 ,h]?a & ! re/4 ,he 0 un=tunately z little able to c>ry 8 aim to ! po9t ( objective effect & suffici5cy by ?is adoption ( names ( gods1 :i* are no long] really ,g]manic1 h[ev] mu* !y may h be5 s1 z1 let u say1 ! imp]ial museum 9 ,reg5sburg is qualifi$ to /& = ! ideal ( our pres5t political life4 ,h[ev] /rongly1 !n1 he may h felt ! ne$ to be able to realize 9 poetry & z fact 9 a national =m a g5]al folk-my?ology1 ! tru? ( ,nature & consci\s life1 ^! twilight gods rema9 entirely devoid ( ess5tial tru?2 we may add !re is a k9d ( *ildi% self-flatt]y 9 ! belief t ei!r reasonable p or ! national fai? c\ld take su* an attempt s]i\sly4 ,ap>t f ?is1 z objects ( int]e/ to ! imag9ation1 ! figures ( ,greek my?ology are elaborat$ 9 ways ) incomp>ably m v>iety1 inf9itely /rong] appeal to our ae/hetic ta/e1 our s5se ( delight & fre$om4 ,9 lyric poetry1 h[ev]1 x is ! self-revelation ( ! poet t is all-important4 ,we ought at lea/ to hon\r 9 our patriotic poet ?is 8 solicitude & ef=t1 an ef=t :i* 0 suffici5tly effective to be> subsequ5t fruit1 &1 ev5 9 ! field ( poetry1 to /imulate by its sugge/ion composition on simil> subjects4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 to conclude our review1 no ^w to say aga9/ ! purity1 excell5ce1 & admirable influ5ce ( ?is patriotic s5tim5t ( ,klop/ock z express$ 9 8 en?usiasm = ! hon\r & value ( our ,g]man spee*1 & c]ta9 *>act]s ( our =m] hi/ory1 t ( ,h]rmann1 = example1 & above all p>ticul> ,g]man ,kais]s1 :o 9 "s in/ances h ev5 be5 self-celebrat$ 9 song4 ,vital 9 him ?r\gh\t is 8 ju/ifiable pride 9 ! ,g]man muse1 & 8 fai? 9 h] increas+ c\rage to cont5d on equal t]ms & 9 high-spirit$ self-reliance ) t ( ! ,greek1 ! ,roman1 & ! ,engli%man4 ,& no less a g5u9e reflection ( 8 patriotism is ! nature ( 8 survey ( ! royal pr9ces ( ,g]many1 ! expectations :i* _! "* h or _h x 9 _! p[] to ar\se on all t g5]ally conc]ns hon\r1 art1 & sci5ce1 que/ions ( public import & spiritual objects ( ess5tial value4 ,on ! "o h& we f9d him express+ 8 contempt ( our pr9ces1 :o1 z he tells u1 rema9 on _! com=table *airs1 surr\nd$ ) ! tobacco smoke ( c\rti]s1 buri$ 9 pres5t obscurity & yet deep] to be buri$ 9 ! future4 ,or he may express 8 feel+s 9 ! lam5t t ev5 ,fr$]ick ,,ii ,ni*t sah1 dass ,deuts*l&'s ,di*tkun/ si* s*nell erhob1 ,aus fe/] ,wurzel daur5dem ,/amm1 und weit1 ,d] /e ,s*alt5 wurf6#bb ,) pa9 ( a l quality ^? va9 hopes1 too1 return back to him1 9 :i* he saw 9 ,kais] ,joseph ! uprise ( a new _w ( spiritual ef=t & poetry4 ,&1 f9ally1 x is an hon\r to ! he>t ( ! old vet]an at lea/ z great t he sympa?izes ) ! pres5t fact t a p _h %att]$ its fett]s ( e k9d1 _h trodd5 "u foot ! inju/ice ( a ?\s& ye>s1 & = ! fir/ "t s\ght to f\nd its political life on reason & "r4 ,he greets ?is new ,lab5de1 selb/ ni*t getrumte ,sonne4 ,geseegnet sei mir du1 das me9 ,haupt b$eckt1 ,me9 graues ,ha>1 die ,kraft1 die na* se*zig5 ,=tdau]t2 d5n sie w>'s1 s wei?9 ,bra*te sie mi*1 dass diess ,erlebte6#bc ,nay1 he w ev5 express 8 gratitude to ,france3#bd ,v]zeiht1 ,o ,frank5 7,nam5 d] ,brud] i/ ,d] edle ,"n7 dass i* d5 ,deuts*5 e9/ ,zurufte1 das zu flieh51 w>um i* ,ihn5 jetzt flehe1 eu* na*zuahm54 ,&1 naturally1 ! ac]bation ( ! poet 0 all ! m bitt]1 :5 ?is fair dawn ( fre$om *ang$ to a day t 0 /eep$ 9 horror & blood1 "o t murd]$ lib]ty4 ,klop/ock1 h[ev]1 0 unable to give poetical expression to su* pa9ful feel+s4 ,:at he did f9d ! opportunity to say 0 all ! m prosaic1 )\t def9ite /ructure & logical consequ5ce on acc\nt ( ! fact t he _h no high] purpose1#be veil$ 9 su* facts1 to set (f aga9/ 8 disappo9t$ hope4 ,8 g5ius 0 9 %ort entirely bl9d to any m pr(\nd dem& ( reason 9 ! facts ( su* a revolution4 ,! greatness ( ,klop/ock consi/s !n ess5tially 9 8 national sympa?ies1 8 ke5 s5se ( fre$om1 fri5d%ip1 love1 & 8 /aun* ,prote/antism4 ,we may ju/ly hon\r him = 8 noble "* & 8 noble art1 = 8 ef=t & a*ievem5t4 ,& if1 too1 9 _m directions he %>es ! limitations ( 8 own times1 & 9 tru? is responsible = _m odes t are solely ( int]e/ to ! critic1 ! gramm>ian1 ! metri/1 odes defici5t 9 all poetic vitality1 we may affirm1 nev]!less1 t ) ! s+le exception ( ,s*ill]1 we %all f9d 9 our subsequ5t lit]ature no m noble figure1 no disposition ( su* s]i\s & mascul9e indep5d5ce4 ,we h1 inde$1 to comp>e ) him ,s*ill] & ,goe!1 :o are n m]ely ! poetic expon5ts ( _! own times 9 a _s resembl+ 8 own1 b 9 _! exp]i5ce z poets are ( c\rse f> m compreh5sive4 ,&1 above all1 9 ! songs ( ,goe! we ,g]mans unque/ionably possess ! mo/ consummate1 pr(\nd1 & influ5tial poetic compositions ( mod]n times4 ,if !y are :olly an expression ( ! poet !y are equally ! treasure ( 8 p2 &1 9 fact1 z ! g5u9e gr[? ( 8 native soil1 are completely 9 accord ) ! fundam5tal tones ( our national life & g5ius4 ,footnote #a3 ,subjectivitt4 ,individual self-consci\s life4 ,footnote #b3 ,das ,subject1 "h ! individual consci\sness :i* composes4 ,footnote #c3 ,ergusses1 ! p\r+ out into a m\ld4 ,footnote #d3 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #afi-agb4 ,footnote #e3 ,?is appe>s to be ! mean+ ( ! words die letzte ,music e9es national5 ,inn]54 ,footnote #f3 ,i presume by ,na*hlfe ,hegel practically means imitation r ?an translation4 ,x may be v mu* d\bt$ :e!r any composition1 involv+ a *ange ( language1 c give any?+ b ! fa9te/ k ( ! orig9al folk-song4 ,goe!'s g5ius c\ld produce poetry out ( /range mat]ials1 b he c\ld n reproduce ! music ( ano!r m$ium4 ,footnote #g3 ,subjektiv] ,art4 ,footnote #h3 ,or z ! text runs1 & z ev]ybody's poet4 ,footnote #i3 ,pausanias1 ,i1 c4 #h4 ,footnote #aj3 s*9es1 ep4 #d4 ,footnote #aa3 ,zusamm5gezog5heit4 ,! idea ( conc5tration is also pres5t4 ,footnote #ab3 ,i h tak5 ! revis$ translation4 ,footnote #ac3 uss]si*seyn4 ,! be+ beside or alo( f oneself1 n s mu* 9 ! s5se ( infatuation z ec/asy4 ,footnote #ad3 ,i presume ,hegel means ?is by ! words nur zum ,trll]n2 x might mean m]ely to be humm$4 ,footnote #ae3 ,/ill 9 si*4 ,footnote #af3 ,high above ! life ( e>? b5ea? x %all wave 9 ! blue b& ( heav51 neighb\r to ! ?und]1 on ! b\nd>y ( ! />ry _w4 ,x %all be a voice f above1 ay1 z ! bright *oir ( ! />s1 :o praise _! ,creator 9 _! motion & conduct ! g>l&$ ye>4 ,its voice ( bronze is d$icate to et]nal & e>ne/ matt]s alone1 &1 h\r by h\r1 z x swiftly sw+s backw>ds & =w>ds1 x is "o ) ,"t 9 its flight4 ,footnote #ag3 ,e9lebung4 ,?is vital fusion ) ! object4 ,footnote #ah3 ,9 se9] 9 si* ,zurckg5omm55 ,inn]li*keit4 ,footnote #ai3 ,9 se9em ,aufgehoh5seyn4 ,footnote #bj3 ,t is1 ( ! isle ( ,melos1 ,sappho's bir?place4 ,footnote #ba3 ,read]s ( ! ,x5i5 ( ,goe! & ,s*ill] w recall ! unsp>+ attacks :i* 7 direct$ aga9/ ?is =mali/ & p$ant4 ,footnote #bb3 ,ev5 ,fr$]ick ,,ii did n see t ! art ( ,g]man poesy 0 rais+ itself swift on high f ! endur+ /ock ( a /able root1 & spread ! %ade ( its bran*es f> abroad4 ,footnote #bc3 ,he greets ?is new reawak5$ sun1 no m]e dream at lea/ ( m9e4 ,v]ily ,i bless !e1 :o sweepe/ ov] my head1 my grey hairs1 ! /r5g? ( me t /ill endures aft] its sixty ye>s4 ,ay1 = 0 x n ?is /r5g? :i* has c>ri$ me s f> to see ?is v vision6 ,footnote #bd3 ,=give me1 bro!r ( ,france1 & bro!rhood is ! noble/ tie aft] all1 t ,i once cri$ to my ,g]mans to flee f t1 :i* ,i n[ implore !m to foll[--imitation ( y4 ,! ref]5ce is ( c\rse to ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,footnote #be3 ,hegel may mean t ,klop/ock 0 unable to see ! real b5efits :i* w\ld result f ! ,fr5* ,revolution despite its app>5t failure4 ,! s5t5ce :i* foll[s w\ld1 h[ev]1 sugge/ an alt]native int]pretation t ! poet 0 unable to see ! high] dem& :i* ! facts ( ,revolution made ^u ! ,fr5* p1 & :i* f ! fir/1 t is1 ev5 :5 ,klop/ock admir$ !m1 !y did n ei!r frankly face or successfully respond to4 ,i ?9k1 inde$1 ?is latt] is mo/ probable4 ,c4 ,,dramatic ,,poetry ,! reason t dramatic poetry mu/ be reg>d$ z ! highe/ phase ( ! art ( poetry1 &1 inde$1 ( e k9d ( art1 is due to ! fact t x is elaborat$1 bo? 9 =m & sub/ance1 9 a :ole--t is ! mo/ complete4 ,= 9 contra/ to e o!r sort ( s5su\s mat]ia1 :e!r x be /one1 wood1 col\r1 or tone1 t ( human spee* is ! only m$ium fully adequate to ! pres5tation ( spiritual life2 & fur!r1 among ! p>ticul> types ( ! art ( articulate spee*1 dramatic poetry is ! "o1 9 :i* we f9d ! objective "* ( ! ,epos ess5tially unit$ to ! subjective pr9ciple ( ! ,lyric4 ,9 o!r words x pres5ts directly be=e our vision an ess5tially indep5d5t action z a def9ite fact1 :i* does n m]ely orig9ate f ! p]sonal life ( "* "u ! process ( self-realization1 b receives its det]m9ate =m z ! result ( ! sub/antive int]action 9 concrete life ( ideal int5tion1 _m individuals & collisions4 ,?is m$iat$ =m ( epic art by means ( ! intimate p]sonal life ( an individual view$ 9 ! v pres5ce ( 8 activity does n1 h[ev]1 p]mit ! drama to describe ! ext]nal aspects ( local condition & environm5t1 nor yet ! action & ev5t itself 9 ! way t !y are s describ$ 9 ! epic4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ord] t ! entire art-product may receive ! full animation ( life1 we require its complete sc5ic repres5tation4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! action itself1 reg>d$ 9 ! full complexus ( its ideal & ext]nal reality1 is adapt$ to two di/9ct types ( composition ( ! mo/ opposite "*1 ! pr$om9ant pr9ciples ( :i*1 reg>d$ sev]ally z ! tragic & comic type1 create 9 _! turn also a fur!r fundam5tal & specific po9t ( view 9 our attitude to ! dramatic art4 ,/>t+ !n f ! vantage ( ^! g5]al obs]vations we may indicate ! c\rse ( our inquiry z foll[s3 ,fir/s we propose to consid] ! dramatic composition1 bo? 9 its g5]al & m detail$ features1 9 ! contra/ x pres5ts to epic & lyrical poetry4 ,secondly1 our att5tion w be direct$ to its sc5ic pres5tation & ! conditions ( ?is necessity4 ,?irdly1 we %all pass "u review ! diff]5t types ( dramatic poetry z we f9d !m realiz$ 9 ! concrete facts ( pa/ hi/ory4 ,i4 ,,! ,,drama ,,z ,a ,,poetical ,,art-,,product ,:at we h1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to def9e m emphatically is ! poetic aspect ( ! dramatic composition z su*1 t is to say 9 its indep5d5ce ( ! fact t ! same is necess>ily pres5t$ to our direct vision on ! /age4 ,our inve/igation ( ?is w d well to conc5trate itself on ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,fir/s !re is ! g5]al pr9ciple ( dramatic poetry4 ,secondly1 we h ! sev]al specific types ( dramatic composition4 ,?irdly1 !re is ! relation :i* obta9s betwe5 ^! & ! public audi5ce4 7a7 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,dramatic ,poetry ,! dem& ( ! drama1 9 ! wide/ s5se1 is ! pres5tation ( human actions & relations 9 _! actually visible =m to ! imag9ative consci\sness1 t is to say1 9 ! utt]$ spee* ( liv+ p]sons1 :o 9 ?is way give expression to _! action4 ,dramatic action1 h[ev]1 is n conf9$ to ! simple & undi/urb$ execution ( a def9ite purpose1 b dep5ds ?r\gh\t on conditions ( collision1 human passion & *>act]s1 & leads !re=e to actions & reactions1 :i* 9 _! turn call = "s fur!r resolution ( conflict & disruption4 ,:at we h consequ5tly be=e u are def9ite ends individualiz$ 9 liv+ p]sonalities & situations pregnant ) conflict2 we see ^! z !y are ass]t$ & ma9ta9$1 z !y "w 9 co-op]ation or opposition--all 9 a mom5t>y & kaleidoscopic int]*ange ( expression--& along ) ?is1 too1 ! f9al result presuppos$ & issu+ f ! entirety ( ?is int]?read+ & conflict+ ske9 ( human life1 movem5t1 & accompli%m5t1 :i* has none ! less to "w out its tranquil resolution4 ,! mode ( poetical composition adapt$ to ?is novel type ( cont5t c be1 z already sugge/$1 no o!r ?an a m$iat+ union ( ! pr9ciples ( epic & lyrical art respectively4 77 ,! fir/ po9t ( importance we h to settle to our satisfaction is t ( ! "t at :i* dramatic poetry is able to ass]t itself 9 all its pr$om9ance4 ,drama is ! product ( an already ess5tially cultur$ condition ( national life4 ,x already presupposes z ess5tially a feature ( pa/ hi/ory n only ! primitive poetic p]iod ( ! g5u9e ,epos1 b also ! indep5d5t p]sonal excogitation ( lyrical rapture4 ,! b>e fact t1 :ile comb9+ ^! two po9ts ( view1 x is satisfi$ ) nei!r sph]e 9 its sep>ation proves t ?is is s4 ,& 9 ord] t we may h ?is poetic comb9ation ! free self-consci\sness ( human aims1 developm5ts & de/9ies mu/ be already fully al]t & awake1 mu/ h atta9$1 9 %ort1 a degree ( culture su* z is only possible 9 ! int]m$iate & lat] epo*s ( a nation's developm5t4 ,= ?is reason1 too1 ! greate/ exploits & ev5ts ( a nation's primitive hi/ory are r ( an epic ?an a dramatic type4 ,su* are features ( ! national exi/5ce = ! mo/ "p relat$ to communities outside x1 su* z ! ,trojan w>1 or ! wave ( popul> migration1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! ,crusades1 or ! national resi/ance to a common enemy1 z 0 ! case 9 ! w> ( ,greece aga9/ ,p]sia4 ,x is only at a lat] /age t we meet ) ! m /able indep5d5ce ( s+le h]oes1 :o create = !mselves & out ( !mselves 9 _! isolation def9ite ends1 & c>ry ?r\gh ! und]tak+s !y imply4 77 ,we may add ! foll[+ rem>ks ^u ! nature ( ?is m$iation betwe5 ! oppos$ pr9ciples ( epic & lyric poetry4 ,! ,epos already makes an action visible to our imag9ative s5se4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 "h pres5t$ z ! sub/antive entirety ( a national _s "u ! =m ( def9ite ev5ts & exploits ( ext]nal life1 9 :i* p]sonal volition1 ! individual aim & ! ext]nality ( vital conditions1 toge!r ) ! ob/ructions :i* su* ext]nal facts pres5t1 are reta9$ 9 an equal balance4 ,9 ! ,lyric1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! individual p]son1 :i* is emphasiz$ 9 ! indep5d5ce ( 8 subjective life & z su* express$4 77 ,9 comb9+ ^! two po9ts ( view drama has 9 ! fir/ place1 foll[+ 9 ?is respect ! ,epos1 to br+ be=e our vision an ev5t1 action1 or practical affair4 ,b above all 9 ev]y?+ t is ?us pres5t$ ! factor ( b>e ext]nality mu/ be oblit]at$1 & 91 its place ! self-consci\s & active p]sonality is posit$ z ! p>am\nt gr\nd & vital =ce4 ,! drama1 9 %ort1 does n take exclusive refuge 9-! lyric pres5ce ( s\l-life1 z su* /&s 9 contra/ to an ext]nal _w1 b prop\nds su* a life 9 & ?r\gh its ext]nal realization4 ,& 9 virtue ( ?is ! ev5t does n appe> to proce$ f ext]nal conditions1 b r f p]sonal volition & "*2 x receives 9 fact its dramatic significance exclusively 9 its relation to subjective aims & passions4 ,at ! same "t ! individual is n left exclusively root$ 9 8 self-exclusive indep5d5ce2 he comes to 8 own ?r\gh ! peculi> nature ( ! conditions 9 :i* he is plac$1 & subject to :i* 8 "* & purpose become ! cont5t ( 8 volitional faculty1 q z mu* s 9 fact z 9 virtue ( ! nature ( ! p>ticul> purpose itself 9 its opposition to & conflict ) o!r ends4 ,consequ5tly ! dramatic action 9 "q mu/ submit to a process ( developm5t & collision ) o!r =ces1 :i* !mselves1 on _! own acc\nt1 & ev5 9 a contr>y direction to t will$ & int5d$ by ! active p]sonality1 effect ! ultimate c\rse ( ! ev5ts ?r\gh :i* ! p]sonal factor1 9 its ess5tial1 *>act]i/ics ( human purpose1 p]sonality1 & spiritual conflict1 is ass]t$4 ,?is sub/antive or objective aspect1 :i* is en=c$ along ) ! individual "*1 9 o!r respects act+ indep5d5tly f its own ideal res\rces1 is no o!r ?an ! v po9t ( view :i* we f9d effective & vital 9 ! pr9ciple ( dramatic poetry1 :5 x co9cides ) t ( ! epic composition4 77 ,h[ev] mu*1 !re=e1 we may h z a c5tre ( attraction ! intimate s\l-life ( p>ticul> m5 & wom51 nev]!less dramatic composition _c re/ cont5t ) ! purely lyrical conditions ( ! emotional life2 nor c ! poet ( su* m]ely limit 8 sympa?y to ! du/y record ( exploits t are already complete1 or1 speak+ g5]ally1 m]ely describe ! exp]i5ce ( enjoym5t or o!r /ates ( emotional or contemplative life4 ,! drama1 on ! contr>y1 has to exhibit situations & ! spiritual atmosph]e t belongs to !m z def9itely motiv$ by ! individual "*1 :i* is *>g$ ) specific aims1 & :i* makes ^! an effective "p ( ! practical cont5t ( its volitional self-id5tity4 ,! def9ition ( s\l-life1 !re=e1 9 ! drama passes into ! sph]e ( impulse1 ! realization ( p]sonality by means ( active volition1 9 a ^w1 effective action2 x passes out ( ! sph]e ( pure ideality1 x makes itself an object ( ! out] _w1 & incl9es itself to ! concrete facts ( ! epic _w4 ,! ext]nal ph5om5on1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( atta9+ exi/5ce 9 ! b>e fact ( an ev5t1 is "h1 9 ! view ( ! act+ "* himself1 *>g$ ) ! op9ions & aims he =ms on 8 own acc\nt4 ,action is "h ! execut$ w1 :i* z su* is at ! same "t recogniz$1 recogniz$1 t is1 n m]ely 9 its orig9 & po9t ( dep>ture f ! s\l-life1 b also 9 respect to its ultimate purpose4 ,9 o!r words1 all t issues f ! action1 issues1 s f> z ! p]sonality 9 "q is conc]n$1 f himself1 & reacts !reby on 8 p]sonal "* & its circum/ances4 ,?is con/ant relation ( ! entire complexus ( ext]nal condition to ! s\l-life itself ( ! self-realiz$ & self-realiz+ individuality1 :o is at once ! basis & assimilat+ =ce ( ! entire process1 m>ks ! po9t :]e dramatic poetry falls 9 l9e ) ! truly lyrical pr9ciple4 77 ,x is only :5 ?us reg>d$ t human action ass]ts itself z action 9 ! supreme s5se1 t is1 z actual execution ( ideal int5tions & aims ) ! realization ( :i* ! individual ag5t associates himself z ) himself1 discov]s himself & 8 satisfaction !re91 & !reupon fur!r takes 8 /& ) 8 entire be+ 9 all t proce$s f x z a con/itu5t ( ! objective _w4 ,a "* :i* is dramatic plucks = himself ! fruit ( 8 own de$s4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z ! int]e/1 9 a dramatic s5se1 re/ricts itself to ! p]sonal aim1 ^: h]o ! active p]sonality is1 & x is only necess>y 9 ! arti/ic "w to borr[ f ! ext]nal _w s mu* z is b\nd 9 an ess5tial relation to ?is purpose1 :i* orig9ates 9 self-consci\s life1 = ?is reason ! drama is prim>ily ( a m ab/ract nature ?an ! epic poem4 ,= on ! "o h& ! action1 9 s f> z x reposes 9 ! self-det]m9ation ( "*1 & is d$ucible f ?is vital s\rce & c5tre1 does n presuppose ! epic backgr\nd ( an entire _w ?r\gh all ! v>i$ aspects & ramifications ( its positive realization1 b is conc5trat$ 9 ! simpl] def9ition ( circum/ance subject to :i* ! individual man is absorb$ 9 8 imm$iate purpose & c>ries ! same to accompli%m5t4 ,& f a fur!r po9t ( view we h n "h ! type ( p]sonality :i* ass]ts its developm5t to our vision 9 ! entire complexity ( national qualities z su* are display$ by ! epic1 b r "* view$ 9 direct relation to its action1 "* :i* possesses a def9ite end direct$ to _s life 9 its univ]sality4 ,?is end or purpose1 ?is ev5tual fact on :i* x dep5ds1 is plac$ 9 a m exalt$ position ?an is possible to ! ext5sion ( ! purely individual life1 :i* appe>s inclusively z liv+ organ & animat+ vehicle ( ! same4 ,a m widely ext5d$ unveil+ ( "* "u ! mo/ v>i$ aspects :i* are pres5t ei!r 9 no connection at all or only 9 a m remote "o to its action1 z we f9d x conc5trat$ on "o s+le po9t ( int]e/ w\ld be a sup]fluity2 consequ5tly 9 ?is respect1 too1 t is1 9 its relation to ! active p]sonality1 dramatic poetry ought to be m simply conc5trat$ ?an epic poetry4 ,! same g5]alization is applicable to ! numb] & v>iety ( ! *>act]s repres5t$4 ,= 9 virtue ( ! fact1 z previ\sly insi/$1 t ! movem5t ( ! drama is n ?r[n ^u ! backgr\nd ( a national exi/5ce ess5tially complete 9 its envisagem5t ( e conceivable v>iety ( class1 age1 sex1 activity1 & s =?1 b on ! contr>y1 rivets our att5tion ?r\gh\t on "o fundam5tal purpose & its a*ievem5t1 a realization ( objective fact s ext5d$ & intricate z ?is w\ld n m]ely be ineffective1 b w\ld actually impair ! result propos$4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 & secondly1 ! end & cont5t ( an action is only dramatic by reason ( ! fact t on acc\nt ( its def9$ "*1 9 ! di/9ctive qualities ( :i* ! p>ticul> p]sonality itself c alone lay hold ( x "u equally def9ite conditions1 x calls into be+ 9 o!r individuals o!r objects & passions oppos$ to x1 ,?is pa!tic excitant#a may1 no d\bt1 9 ea* sep>ate active ag5t1 assume ! =m ( spiritual1 e?ical1 & div9e =ces1 su* z duty1 love to fa!rl&1 p>5ts1 wife1 relations1 & ! l4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is ess5tial cont5t ( human feel+ & activity is to ass]t itself z dramatic x mu/ 9 its specialization confront u z di/9ct ends1 s t 9 e case ! action w inevitably meet ) ob/ruction 9 its relation to o!r active individuals1 & fall into subjection to *ang+ conditions & contradictions1 :i* alt]nately prejudice ! success ( _! own p>ticul> fulfilm5t4 ,! g5u9e cont5t1 ! ess5tial op]ative en]gy ?r\gh\t may !re=e v well be ! et]nal =ces1 ! ess5tially explicit e?ical ,/ate1 ! gods ( vital reality1 9 a ^w ! div9e & ! true1 b x is n ^! 9 ! might ( _! tranquillity1 9 t condition1 s to speak1 :]e9 ! unmov$ gods abide1 sav$ f all action1 z "s s]5e figures ( sculpture self-absorb$ 9 a /ate ( bless$ness4 ,:at we h "h is ! div9e 9 its community1 z cont5t1 t is1 & object ( human p]sonality1 z concrete exi/5ce 9 its realization1#b invit$ to act & *>g$ ) movem5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 z above describ$1 ! godlike pres5ce con/itutes ! mo/ vital objective tru? 9 ! ext]nal precipitate#c ( human action1 !n1 ?irdly1 ! decid+ factor 9 ! c\rse & orig9al dep>ture ( su* an evolution & conflict _c reside ) p>ticul> individuals1 :i* are plac$ 9 a relation ( opposition to "o ano!r2 x mu/ be ref]r$ to ! div9e pres5ce itself1 reg>d$ z ess5tial totality3 & = ?is reason1 ! drama1 x matt]s n 9 :at =m x may be %ap$1 w h to prop\nd to u ! vital en]gy ( a pr9ciple ( ,necessity :i* is ess5tially self-support+1 & capable ( resolv+ e conflict & contradiction4 77 ,consequ5tly1 we h be=e ev]y?+ else ! dem& made on ! dramatic poet 9 8 creative capacity1 t to ! fulle/ ext5t 8 intellig5ce is awake to t ideal & univ]sal sub/ance :i* is at ! root ( human ends1 conflicts1 & de/9ies4 ,he mu/ fully acqua9t himself ) all ! contradictions & developm5ts :i* ! p>ticul> action w1 "u ! propos$ conditions1 necess>ily involve & display4 ,he mu/ n m]ely be aw>e ( !m 9 s f> z !y orig9ate 9 p]sonal passion & ! specific *>act]ization ( p>ticul> individuals1 or z he f9ds su* relat$ to ! actual cont5t ( human designs & resolves2 b also 9 s f> z !y are simply ref]able to ! ext]nal relations & circum/ances ( concrete life4 ,&1 along ) ?is1 x %\ld be )9 8 p[]s to recognize :at ! real nature ( ^! p>am\nt =ces are1 :i* apportion to man ! j gu]don ( 8 a*ievem5ts4 ,! rightful claim1 no less ?an ! wrongful misuse ( ! passions1 :i* /orm ?r\gh ! human he>t1 & excite to action1 mu/ lie disclos$ to him ) equal cl>ity1 9 ord] t precisely 9 ^? cases :]e ! ord9>y vision c only discov] ! asc5dancy ( obscurity1 *ance1 & confusion1 he1 at lea/1 w f9d reveal$ ! actual selfaccompli%m5t ( :at is ! ess5ce ( reason & tru? itself4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! dramatic poet ought z little to conf9e 8 ef=ts to ! indef9ite exploration ( ! dep?s ( emotional life1 z ! "o-sid$ ret5tion ( any s+le exclusive mood ( s\l-life1 or any limit$ p>tiality 9 ! type ( 8 s5se-p]ception & spiritual outlook g5]ally4 ,he ought1 r1 to exclude no?+ f 8 vision t may be embrac$ by ! wide/ expansion ( ,_s conceivable4 ,& ?is is s because ! spiritual p[]s :i* are exclusively di/9ct 9 ! my?ological ,epos1 & :i*1 by virtue ( ! _m-sid$ aspects ( actual individualization#dt5d to lose ! cle> def9ition ( _! significance1 ass]t !mselves 9 dramatic poetry 9 consonance ) _! simple sub/antive cont5t z pa?os altoge!r1 & z ap>t f individual *>act]s4 ,! drama is1 9 fact1 ! resolution ( ! "o-sid$ aspect ( ^! p[]s1 :i* discov] _! self-/ability 9 ! dramatic "*4 ,& ?is is s :e!r1 z 9 trag$y1 !y are oppos$ to su* 9 ho/ility1 or1 z 9 com$y1 !y are display$ )9 ^! *>act]s !mselves1 )\t fur!r m$iation1 9 a condition ( resolution4 7b7 ,dramatic ,composition ,9 discuss+ ! drama z a concrete "w ( art1 ,i propose to emphasize1 briefly1 ! foll[+ fundam5tal po9ts3 ,fir/ !re is ! unity ( ! same view$ 9 contra/ to t ( ! ,epos & ! lyric poem4 ,secondly1 we h to consid] ! articulation ( its p>ts1 ( its sep>ate p>ts & _! developm5t4 ,?irdly1 !re is ! ext]nal aspect ( diction1 dialogue1 & v]se-measure4 77 ,:at we h 9 ! fir/ in/ance to obs]ve &1 f ! broade/ po9t ( view1 to e/abli% ) reg>d to ! unity ( ! drama1 is connect$ ) a rem>k made 9 a previ\s passage to ! effect t dramatic poetry1 9 contradi/9ction to ! ,epos1 mu/ be m /r5u\sly self-conc5trat$4 ,=1 al?\gh ! ,epic makes a specific ev5t its c5tre ( unity1 ?is is none ! less exp&$ ov] a wide & manifold field ( ! national exi/5ce1 & may break up into v v>i\s episodes & ! indep5d5t pres5tation :i* belongs to ea* z p>ts ( ! entire panorama4 ,an analog\s appe>ance ( m]ely g5]al connection1 on gr\nds :i* are conv]se to ! above1 is p]missible to c]ta9 types ( lyrical poetry4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z 9 dramatic poetry1 f "o po9t ( view1 t epic f\ndation1 z we h se51 falls away--& z1 o!rwise reg>d$1 ! individual *>act]s d n f9d _! expression "u ! insulation prop] to lyric expression1 b r ass]t 9 su* a way _! mutual relations to "o ano!r1 by means ( ! oppos$ features ( _! *>act]ization & aims1 t x is j ?is p]sonal relation :i* con/itutes ! gr\nd ( _! dramatic realization--x foll[s1 z by a law ( necessity1 t ! syn!tic unity ( ! entire composition is ( a m /r+5t "*4 ,n[ ?is m re/rict$ homog5eity is q z mu* objective z x is ideal 9 its nature4 ,x is objective relatively to ! features ( ! practical cont5t ( ! objects1 :i* ! diff]5t *>act]s c>ry out 9 a condition ( conflict4 ,x is ideal or subjective 9 virtue ( ! fact t ?is ess5tially sub/antive cont5t appe>s 9 dramatic "w z ! passion ( p>ticul> *>act]s1 s t ! ill-success or a*ievem5t1 =tune or mis=tune1 victory or defeat1 ess5tially affect ! individuals1 :om su* conc]n1 9 _! actual int5tion4#e ,! m obvi\s laws ( dramatic composition may be summ>iz$ 9 ! "t-hon\r$ prescription ( ! s-call$ unities ( place1 "t1 & action4 77 ,! inalt]ability ( "o exclusive locale ( ! action propos$ belongs to ! type ( ^? rigid rules1 :i* ! ,fr5* 9 p>ticul> h d$uc$ f classic trag$y & ! critique ( ,ari/otle !reupon4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,ari/otle m]ely says#f t ! duration ( ! tragic action %\ld n exce$ at ! mo/ ! l5g? ( a day4 ,he does n m5tion ! unity ( place at all2 moreov]1 ! anci5t trag$ians h n foll[$ su* a pr9ciple 9 ! /rict s5se adopt$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,z examples ( su* a deviation1 we h a *ange ( sc5e bo? 9 ! ,eum5ides ( s*ylus & ! ,ajax ( ,sophocles4 ,to a /ill less ext5t c our m mod]n dramatic writ+1 9 its ef=t to portray a m ext5sive field ( collision1 dramatis p]sonae ( :atev] k9d & incid5tal ev5t1 &1 9 a ^w1 an action ! ideal explication ( :i* requires1 too1 an ext]nal environm5t ( great] bread?1 subject itself to ! yoke ( a rigid id5tity ( sc5e4 ,mod]n poetry1 9 s f>1 t is1 z its creations are 9 h>mony ) ! romantic type1 :i* z a rule displays m v>iety & caprice 9 its attitude to ext]nal condition1 has consequ5tly fre$ itself f any su* dem&4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! action is 9 tru? conc5trat$ 9 a few great motives1 s t x c avoid complexity ( ext]nal exposition1 !re w be no necessity = consid]able alt]nation ( sc5e4 ,inde$1 ! rev]se w be a real advantage4 ,9 o!r words1 h[ev] false su* a rule may be 9 its purely conv5tional application1 x conta9s at lea/ ! j conception t ! con/ant transition ( sc5e1 )\t any p>ticul> reason :y we %\ld h "o m ?an ano!r1 is obvi\sly q inadmissible4 ,! dramatic conc5tration ( ! action ought necess>ily to ass]t itself also 9 ?is ext]nal aspect1 & ?us pres5t a contra/ to ! ,epos1 :i* is p]mitt$ 9 ! mo/ v>i$ way to adapt itself to ! fre% expatiation 9 ! =m ( ! spatial condition & its *anges4 ,moreov]1 f a fur!r po9t ( view1 ! drama is n1 z ! ,epos1 compos$ exclusively = ! imag9ative s5se1 b = ! direct vision ( our s5ses4 ,9 ! sph]e ( ! pure imag9ation we c readily pass f "o sc5e to ano!r4 ,9 a !atrical repres5tation1 h[ev]1 we mu/ n put too great a /ra9 on ! imag9ative faculty beyond ! po9t :i* contradicts ! ord9>y vision ( life4 ,%akespe>e1 = example1 9 ^: trag$ies & com$ies !re is a v frequ5t *ange ( sc5e1 _h po/s put up ) notices atta*$ to !m indicat+ ! p>ticul> sc5e on view4 ,a device ( ?is k9d is a poor sort ( affair1 & c only impair ! dramatic effect4 ,= ?is reason ! unity ( place is at lea/ comm5dable to ! ext5t t its intelligibility & conv5i5ce are prim facie assur$1 9 s f>1 t is1 t all confusion is ?us avoid$4 ,b aft] all1 no d\bt1 mu* may /ill be tru/$ to ! imag9ation1 :i* w\ld conflict ) our ord9>y p]ception & notion ( probability4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t c\rse 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r matt]s1 is a happy mean2 9 o!r words1 :ile n :olly exclud+ ! claim ( purely natural fact & p]ception1 we may /ill p]mit ourselves consid]able lic5se 9 our attitude to bo?4 77 ,! unity ( "t is a precisely simil> case4 ,9 ! pure realm ( imag9ative idea we may no d\bt1 ) no difficulty1 comb9e va/ p]iods ( "t2 9 ! direct vision ( p]ception we _c s readily pass ov] a few ye>s4 ,if ! action is1 !re=e1 ( a simple "*1 view$ 9 its entire cont5t & conflict1 we %all d be/ to conc5trate ! "t ( su* a conflict1 f its orig9 to its resolution1 9 a re/rict$ p]iod4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x dem&s "* ri*ly div]sifi$1 ^: developm5t necessitates _m situations :i*1 9 ! matt] ( "t1 lie widely ap>t f "o ano!r1 !n ! =mal unity ( a purely relative & entirely conv5tional duration ( "t w be ess5tially impossible4 ,to attempt to remove su* a repres5tation f ! doma9 ( dramatic poetry1 on ! prim facie gr\nd t x is inconsi/5t ) ! /rict rule ( "t-unity w\ld simply am\nt to mak+ ! prose ( ord9>y facts ! f9al c\rt ( appeal1 z aga9/ ! tru? ( poetic creation4 ,lea/ ( all ne$ we wa/e "t 9 discuss+ ! purely empirical probability t z audi5ce we c\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs1 witness also1 directly ?r\gh our s5se1 m]ely ! passage ( a %ort space ( "t4 ,= x is precisely 9 ! case :]e ! poet is mo/ at pa9s to illu/rate ?is conclusion t1 f o!r po9ts ( view1 he well-nigh inv>iably p]petrates ! mo/ gl>+ improbabilities4 77 ,9 contra/ to ! above examples ( unity1 t ( action is ! "o truly inviolable rule4 ,! true nature1 h[ev]1 ( ?is unity may be a matt] ( consid]able dispute4 ,i w !re=e develop my own views ( its significance at great] l5g?4 ,e action mu/ )\t exception h a di/9ct object :i* x seeks to a*ieve4 ,x is ?r\gh 8 action t man ent]s actively into ! concrete actual _w1 9 :i* also ! mo/ univ]sal subject-matt] is 9 its turn accept$ 9 ! poetic "w & def9$ "u m specific manife/ation4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 !re=e1 ! unity w h to be s\ght = 9 ! realization ( an end itself ess5tially def9ite1 & c>ri$ "u ! p>ticul> conditions & relations ( concrete life to its consummation4 ,! circum/ances adapt$ to dramatic action are1 h[ev]1 z we h se51 ( a k9d t ! individual end meets ) ob/ructions at ! h&s ( o!r p]sonal ag5ts1 & ?is = ! reason t a contradictory end /&s 9 its pa?1 :i* 9 its turn equally /rives aft] fulfilm5t1 s t x is inv>iably atta*$ to ! reciprocal relation ( conflicts & _! devolution4 ,dramatic action 9 consequ5ce re/s ess5tially ^u an action t is involv$ ) resi/ance2#g & ! g5u9e unity c only f9d its rationale 9 ! entire movem5t :i* consi/s 9 ! ass]tion ( ?is collision relatively to ! def9ition ( ! p>ticul> circum/ances1 *>act]s1 & ends propos$1 n m]ely "u a mode consonant to su* ends & *>act]s1 b 9 su* a way z to resolve ! opposition impli$4 ,su* a resolution has1 precisely z ! action itself has1 an ext]nal & an inside po9t ( view4 ,9 o!r words1 on ! "o side1 ! conflict ( ! oppos$ ends is f9ally compos$2 & on ! o!r ! p>ticul> *>act]s1 to a great] or less ext5t1 h committ$ _! entire volitional en]gy & be+ to ! und]tak+ !y /rive to accompli%4 ,consequ5tly ! success or misadv5ture ( ! same1 to complete or p>tial execution1 ! inevitable disa/] or ! secure union effect$ ) int5tions t are app>5tly oppos$ to _! ext5t1 also det]m9e ! de/9y ( ! "* 9 "q1 t x is inextricably involv$ ) t :i* x 0 impell$ to commit to su* activity4 ,a true end is !re=e only !n consummat$1 :]e ! object & int]e/ ( ! action1 ar\nd :i* all revolves1 are id5tifi$ ) ! individuals conc]n$1 & absolutely unit$ to !m4 ,& :e!r ! diff]5ce & opposition ( ! dramatic "* assumes a simple =m or bran*es out 9 v>i\s accessory episodes & individuals1 ! unity 9 ei!r case may be ( a m sev]e or less /r+5t nature4 ,com$y1 = in/ance1 9 ! _m-sid$ features ( its work$-out intrigue does n require su* delib]ate self-conc5tration z trag$y does1 :i* is z a rule motiv$ on gr&iose & simple l9es4 ,romantic trag$y1 h[ev]1 is also 9 ?is respect m v>i$ & less consi/5t 9 its unity ?an is classic trag$y4 ,& ev5 :]e !re is m lic5ce ! relation ( ! episodes & supplem5t>y *>act]s mu/ be ?r\gh\t recognizable2 & ! entirety ( ! piece %\ld also naturally & )\t /ra9 fit 9 ) & help to complete ! conclusion4 ,s1 = example1 9 ,romeo & ,juliet1 ! discord betwe5 ! families1 :i* lies outside ! lov]s & _! object & de/9y1 is no d\bt ! base on :i* ! action is %ap$1 ?\gh n ! actual matt] on :i* all actually dep5ds4 ,%akespe>e consequ5tly devotes ! necess>y1 if also :olly subord9ate att5tion to ! f9al issue ( ?is conflict 9 8 conclusion4 ,9 ! same way 9 ,hamlet ! =tunes ( ,d5m>k rema9 a subsidi>y int]e/1 ?\gh ) ! entrance ( ,=t9bras !y are app>5tly consid]$1 & are settl$ at la/ satisfactorily4 ,no d\bt 9 ! p>ticul> end1 :i* resolves ! collid+ factors1 ! possibility ( fre% int]e/s & conflicts may be pres5t$2 x is1 h[ev]1 ! "o collision ) :i* ! action is conc]n$1 :i* has to discov] its f9al adju/m5t 9 ! ess5tially indep5d5t composition4 ,( ?is type are ! ?ree trag$ies ( ,sophocles borr[$ f ! ,!ban cycle ( my?s4 ,! fir/ conta9s ! discov]y by dipus ( ! murd]] ( ,laius2 ! second 8 peaceful dea? 9 ! home ( ! ,eum5ides2 ! ?ird ! fate ( ,antigone4 ,&1 despite ( ?is connection1 e "o ( ! ?ree is equally an intr9sically complete :ole indep5d5t ( ! o!r two4 77 ,) reg>d to our second po9t1 namely1 t ( ! mode ( d5\em5t 9 a dramatic composition1 we h ?ree ma9 features ( di/9ction to consid] betwe5 x & epic composition or ! song1 namely1 ! size ( its ext5sion1 ! nature ( its progression & its division into sc5es & acts4 77 ,we h already se5 t ! embrace ( a drama--is n s ext5sive z ! dem& ( ! epos implies4 ,i propose1 !re=e--ov] & above ! two features already discuss$ ( t _w-condition1 :i* is necess>ily impli$ 9 ! complete picture ( ! epic1 & ! m simple collision :i* is an equally ess5tial con/itu5t ( ! cont5t ( drama--m]ely to adv]t to ! fur!r gr\nd1 t 9 ! drama ! great] "p ( ev]y?+ t ! muse ( ! epic poet has to describe & l+] ov] z s]vant ( our imag9ative vision1 is omitt$ altoge!r f ! sc5ic reproduction4 ,&1 fur!r1 9 ! case ( drama x is n actual exploit1 b ! exposition ( p]sonal passions :i* is "h ! ma9 ?+4 ,?is p]sonal life1 h[ev]1 9 contra/ to ! expanse ( ! ph5om5al _w1 is conc5trat$ 9 simple emotions1 s5t5ces1 decisions1 & ! l2 & "h1 too1 z di/9ct f ! collat]al display ( epic n>ration & its hi/orical "p1 x gives effect to ! pr9ciple ( lyric absorption & ! orig9ation & expression 9 pres5t "t ( passion & idea4 ,dramatic poetry is1 h[ev]1 n satisfi$ ) m]ely "o situation2#h x pres5ts ! ideal _w ( emotional life or intellig5ce 9 active self-ass]tion z a totality ( circum/ances & ends ( v v>i\s "*1 :i* expresses tak5 toge!r1 all t1 if view$ relatively to its activity1 passes 9 su* an inw>d _w4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! lyrical poem1 ! drama rea*es out to & is complet$ 9 a f> m ext5sive embrace ( subject-matt]4 ,to summ>ize ?is comp>ative relation we may say1 p]haps1 t dramatic poetry /&s z a mean betwe5 ! wide embrace ( ! ,epopaea & ! conc5trat$ compression ( ! ,lyric4 77 ,yet m important ?an ?is aspect ( ext]nal ext5sion is ! nature ( ! dramatic progression z oppos$ to ! mode ( ! epic's devolution ,! =m ( ! epic objectivity dem&s ?r\gh\t1 z we h se51 a l+]+ /yle ( description1 :i* may along ) ?is become m int5se & po9t$ 9 its display ( active ob/ruction4 ,x is possible t we may at fir/ blu% incl9e to ! view t1 inasmu* z o!r ends & *>act]s resi/ ! ma9 end & pr9cipal "* 9 dramatic exposition1 dramatic poetry is entitl$ to accept ?is sort ( pause & ob/acle z an ess5tial feature ( its pr9ciple4 ,z a matt] ( fact j ! rev]se is ! case4 ,! true dramatic progression is a cont9u\s movem5t onw>ds to ! f9al cata/rophe4 ,?is is cle> f ! simple fact t x is 9 collision t we f9d ! emphatic turn+ po9t4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is we h ! tw(old view (1 9 ! fir/ place1 a g5]al /ra9 t[>ds ! outbreak ( ?is conflict1 &1 secondly1 ! necessity impli$ 9 ?is discord & contradiction ( views1 ends1 & activities1 t !y %\ld f9d "s resolution to :i* !y are driv5 =w>ds4 ,by ?is we by no means ass]t t m]e cel]ity ( =w>d movem5t is simply 9 itself beautiful 9 ! dramatic s5se4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! dramatic poet %\ld h himself room to supply e situation on its own acc\nt ) all ! motives :i* x truly implies4 ,episodical sc5es1 h[ev]1 :i* only imp$e ! action are contr>y to ! nature ( ! drama4 77 ,z a f9al po9t1 we may divide ! c\rse ( ! dramatic "w mo/ naturally by simply foll[+ ! /ages impli$ 9 ! notion ( dramatic movem5t itself4 ,9 ?is connection ,ari/otle#i long ago rem>ks t a :ole is t :i* possesses a beg9n+1 a middle1 & a conclusion4 ,he fur!r def9es a beg9n+ 'z t :i*1 ( itself necess>y1 does n issue f some?+ else1 & out ( :i* some?+ o!r ?an itself issues & proce$s4 ,! end is ! rev]se ( ?is1 namely1 t :i* orig9ates f some?+ else1 ei!r ( necessity1 or ma9ly s at lea/1 b :i* does n itself lead to fur!r consequ5ce4 ,! middle is t :i* bo? issues f some?+ else1 & also is t f :i* some?+ else proce$s4 ,n[ no d\bt 9 ! reality ( our exp]i5ce e action includes _m presuppositions :i* make x a difficult matt] to decide ! exact po9t :]e we may f9d ! true comm5cem5t4 ,9 s f>1 h[ev]1 z dramatic action re/s ess5tially on a def9ite /ate ( collision1 ! "r po9t ( dep>ture w lie 9 ! situation1 out ( :i* ! future devolution ( t conflict1 despite ! fact t x has n z yet brok5 out1 w none ! less 9 its fur!r c\rse issue4 ,! end1 on ! contr>y1 w !n be atta9$1 :5 ! resolution ( ! discord & its developm5t is secur$ 9 e possible respect4 ,9 ! midway condition betwe5 orig9ation & end we h ! conflict ( ends1 & ! /ruggle ( individual p]sons 9 collision4 ,^! diff]5t section's are 9 dramatic composition1 s to speak1 ! phases or mom5ts ( ! action ( :at are also actions1 & ! def9ition ( ?is is admirably indicat$ by ! acts ( ! piece4 ,!y are n[ ( c\rse m or less equival5t to pauses ( "t1 & a pr9ce on "o occasion1 :o 0 ei!r 9 a hurry1 or wi%$ ! action to proce$ )\t int]ruption1 blam$ 8 *amb]la9 op5ly t su* a pause occurr$4 ,) reg>d to _! numb] ?ree su* acts = e k9d ( drama is ! numb] t w adapt itself mo/ readily to intelligible !ory4 ,( ^! ! fir/ discloses ! appe>ance ( ! collision1 :i* is !reupon emphasiz$ 9 ! second ) all ! animation ( conflict+ int]e/s z ! positive diff]5ce ( su* discord & its progression1 until1 f9ally1 driv5 z x 7 ^u ! v apex ( its contradiction1 x is necess>ily resolv$4 ,we may cite--z "s k9d ( illu/ration ( ?is division :i* ! nature ( su* an action sugge/s--f anci5t drama1 9 :i* no d\bt ! dramatic articulation is z a rule less di/9ct1 ! trilogies ( s*ylus1 9 :i* ea* s+le play comb9es ) ! o!rs to =m a s+le & completely exclusive :ole4#aj ,9 mod]n poetry ! ,spani>ds ma9ly foll[ su* a division into ?ree acts4 ,! ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]mans1 on ! contr>y1 = ! mo/ "p divide ! entire play into five acts1 9 :i* ! initial exposition is assign$ to ! fir/1 ! ?ree next are occupi$ ) ! v>i\s aggressions & reaction>y effects1 ! complex int5tions & conflicts ( ! oppos$ p>ties2 & x is n until ! fif? t we rea* ! entire resolution ( su* cont5d+ =ces4 77 ,! ?ird & f9al important aspect we h to inve/igate 9 our pres5t connection is ! nature ( ! ext]nal means1 9 s f> z ! employm5t ( ! same by dramatic art c be held di/9ct f & indep5d5t ( ! actual sc5ic repres5tation t is o!rwise ess5tial to its complete display4 ,an acc\nt ( ! specific nature ( diction :i* is frequ5tly dramatic g5]ally1 secondly1 ( ! di/+ui%+ features ( ! monologue1 dialogue1 & ! l1 &1 la/ly1 ( v]se measure1 w be all t is necess>y "h4 ,z we h m ?an once insi/$ 9 ! drama ! fact ( ! action is n ! ext]nal aspect to :i* we ref]1 b ! exposition ( ! ideal _s ( ! action1 n m]ely 9 respect to ! dramatis p]sonae & _! passion1 pa?os1 resolve1 int]action1 & m$iation1 b also relatively to ! univ]sal ess5ce ( ! action 9 its conflict & de/9y4 ,x is ?is ideally pregnant _s1 9 s f> z poetry gives embodim5t to x 9 poetic =m1 :i* pre-em95tly discov]s an appropriate expression 9 ! language ( poetry1 view+ ?is1 z we %\ld1 z ! mo/ spiritual way ( express+ emotions & ideas4 77 ,b1 moreov]1 j z ! drama comb9es ! pr9ciples ( ! ,epos & ! ,lyric1 dramatic diction1 too1 is compell$ bo? to c>ry & ass]t )9 itself elem5ts t are lyrical & ^? t are epic4 ,! lyrical approa* is r a special feature ( mod]n drama1 & z a rule 9 ^? cases :]e ! p]sonal life is or t5ds to be self-absorb$1 & seeks 9 its decision & action ?r\gh\t to reta9 ! self-consci\sness ( its inw>d res\rces4 ,b none ! less ?is unveil+ ( ! individual he>t-life1 if x is to rema9 dramatic1 ought n m]ely to be ! exploitation ( a vague & v>iable cl\d ( emotions1 memories1 & visions2 x %\ld keep its relation to ! action con/ant ?r\gh\t1 %\ld make its result id5tical ) t ( ! diff]5t phases ( ! same4 ,9 contra/ to ?is subjective pa?os ! epic "* ( ! diction1 :i* we may def9e z ! objective pa?os1 is ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! unfold+ ( :at is sub/antive 9 dramatic relations1 ends1 & p]sons on l9es r direct$ to ! vision ( ! audi5ce4 ,su* a po9t ( view c also 9 "p assume a lyrical tone1 rema9+ :5 x does s dramatic only 9 s f> z x does n m entirely 9 its indep5d5t =ce =m ! progress ( ! action & its ass]t$ relation to ! same4 ,& ov] & above ?is1 z a second residue1 s to speak1 ( epic poetry1 we may h ! records ( n>rative1 descriptions ( battles & ! l ?r[n 94 ,b ^! also1 9 g5u9e dramatic composition1 ought to be m>k$ ) great] compression & animat$ movem5t1 &1 relatively to _! pres5tm5t z n>rative1 a necess>y connection ) ! progress ( ! action %\ld be evid5t4 ,9 conclusion1 g5u9e dramatic art consi/s 9 ! expression ( individuals 9 ! conflict ( _! int]e/s & ! discord r\s$ betwe5 _! *>act]s & _! transitory passions4 ,x is "h t ! tw(old aspect ( lyric & epic poetry#aa w ass]t its p[] 9 true dramatic union3 & we h !n atta*$ to ?is ! aspect ( positive ext]nal fact express$ likewise 9 ! m$ium ( language1 z :]e we h1 = in/ance1 ! dep>ture & entrance ( dramatis p]sonae z a rule ann\nc$ be=eh&2 n unfrequ5tly also _! ext]nal habit or demean\r is indicat$ by o!r p]sons4 ,a fundam5tal di/9ction ov] ! entire field n[ "u review is ! s-call$ reali/ic mode ( expression1 z oppos$ to a conv5tional spee* ( ! !atre & its rhetoric4 ,did]ot1 ,less+1 ,goe!1 & ,s*ill] also 9 _! y\? address$ !mselves 9 mod]n times above all to ?is attitude ( direct & natural expression4 ,less+ did s ) ! p[]s ( a tra9$ & s5sitive obs]vation ,s*ill] & ,goe! did s ) _! pr$ilection = ! direct animation ( unembelli%$ robu/ness & =ce4 ,t m5 %\ld conv]se ) "o ano!r z 9 ! ,greek1 or ) m insi/ance--& 9 ?is latt] respect ! criticism has a reasonable basis--z 9 ,fr5* com$y & trag$y 0 sc\t$ z contr>y to ,nature4 ,?is type ( naturalism1 h[ev]1 may v readily1 ) its sup]fluity ( m]ely reali/ic traits1 fall into ! o!r extreme ( dryness & prose1 9 s f>1 t is1 z ! *>act]s are n develop$ 9 ! ess5tial qualities ( _! emotional life & action1 b only z !y happ5 to express !mselves 9 ! lit]al accuracy ( _! individual life1 )\t indicat+ !re9 any m significant self-consci\sness or any fur!r s5se ( _! ess5tial position4 ,! m natural ! *>act]ization is all[$ to rema9 9 ?is s5se ! m prosaic x becomes4 ,9 actual life m5 conv]se & /rive ) "o ano!r be=e ev]y?+ else on ! m]e basis ( _! di/9ct s+ul>ity4 ,if our object is to depict !m simply z su* x is impossible t !y %\ld also be repres5t$ 9 _! truly sub/antive significance4#ab ,&1 if we look at ! ess5ce ( ! matt]1 ?is "q ( crud5ess & urbanity c only be 9 ! la/ in/ance treat$ subject to ! above consid]ations4 ,9 o!r words :ile1 on ! "o h&1 su* crud5ess or co>s5ess is made to issue f ! p>ticul> p]sonality1 :i* is exclusively committ$ to ! unm$iat$ dictation ( an imag9ative type ( outlook & feel+1 9 ! conv]se treatm5t an urbanity is ! outcome ( a purely ab/ract & =mal g5]alization ( consid]ation = o!rs1 recognition ( ! claims ( p]sonality1 love1 hon\r1 & ! l1 9 :i* no?+ t is sugge/ive ( a ri* & objective cont5t c be express$4#ac ,betwe5 ^! two extremes ( a purely =mal g5]ality & ?is natural expression ( unpoli%$ peculi>ities we h ! true univ]sal1 :i* is ?r\gh\t nei!r =mal nor de/itute ( individuality1 b f9ds its concrete realization 9 a tw(old way f ! def9$ cont5t ( "* & ! objective pres5ce ( op9ions & aims4 ,g5u9e poetry w !re=e consi/ 9 ! ass]tion ( :at belongs to imm$iate & actual life z *>act]i/ic & individual 9 ! purify+ m$ium ( univ]sality1#ad bo? aspects be+ p]mitt$ to m$iate ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is case we are consci\s1 ev5 9 respect to diction1 t )\t be+ :olly bani%$ f ! basis ( reality & its actual traits ( tru?1 we are nev]!less c>ri$ into ano!r sph]e1 t is to say ! ideal realm ( art4 ,( ?is latt] "* is ! diction ( ,greek dramatic poetry1 ! lat] diction ( ,goe!1 & 9 "p1 too1 t ( ,s*ill]1 & 9 8 own way ,%akespe>e's also1 al?\gh ! ,engli%man1 ow+ to ! peculi> conditions ( ! contempor>y /age1 is =c$ 9 "p n[ & aga9 to accommodate 8 v]bal language to ! actual ability ( ! actor4#ae 77 ,we may fur!r classify ! mode ( dramatic expression z t ( *oral int]lude1 monologue1 & dialogue4 ,x is ! anci5t drama :i* has pre-em95tly elaborat$ ! di/9ction betwe5 *orus & dialogue4 ,9 our mod]n drama ?is falls away4 ,:at1 9 ! classical composition1 0 pres5t$ by ! *orus1 is n[ r plac$ 9 ! m\?s ( ! lead+ *>act]s4 ,! *oric song expresses1 among ! anci5ts1 by way ( contra/ to ! p>ticul> *>act]s & _! m p]sonal or m reciprocal conflict1 ! g5]al or m imp]sonal view ( ! situation1 & ! emotions x excites1 9 a mann] :i* at "o "t incl9es to ! objective /yle ( epic n>rative1 at ano!r to ! impulsive movem5t ( ! ,lyric4 ,9 ! monologue1 on ! o!r h&1 x is ! isolat$ individual :o1 9 a giv5 situation ( ! action1 becomes objective on 8 own acc\nt4 ,monologues are1 !re=e1 dramatically 9 _! "r place at ^? mom5ts *iefly :5 ! emotional life is entirely self-conc5trat$ z ! result ( previ\s ev5ts2 :5 x sums up1 z x 71 ! nature ( ! cleft betwe5 itself & o!rs1 or its own spiritual division2 or :5 x arrives at "s sudd5 decision1 or comes to ! f9al po9t ( resolve on matt]s already long debat$4 ,! ?ird & complete =m ( ! drama1 h[ev]1 is ! dialogue4 ,= 9 ?is ! dramatis p]sonae are mutually able to express _! "* & aims1 n m]ely relatively to _! p]sonal attitude to ea* o!r1 b also to ! sub/antive "* ( ! pa?os disclos$2 !y engage 9 conflict1 & !reby actually advance ! movem5t ( ! action4 ,we may fur!r di/+ui% 9 ! dialogue betwe5 ! expression ( a pa?os t is subjective & "o t is objective4 ,! fir/ r app]ta9s to a giv5 passion ( m accid5tal a nature1 :e!r x be ! case 9 :i* x is reta9$ ess5tially 9 suppression1 & is only express$ aphori/ically1 or t 9 :i* x f9ds a v5t 9 ! mo/ complete & exhau/ive explosion4 ,poets1 :o endeav\r to ar\se ! full movem5t ( p]sonal emotion by means ( poignant sc5es1 are exceptionally p>tial to ?is type ( pa?os4 ,nev]!less1 despite all _! endeav\r to depict p]sonal suff]+ & unre/ra9$ passion1 or ! unreconcil$ inw>d diss5sion ( s\l-life1 x rema9s ! fact t ! human s\l1 9 its dep?1 is less effect$ !reby ?an x is ?r\gh a pa?os1 :]e9 at ! same "t a g5u9e objective cont5t is evolv$4 ,= ?is reason ! e>li] plays ( ,goe!1 despite all ! real p5etration ( _! subject-matt] & ! natural =ce ( _! dialogue1 make on ! :ole a weak] impression4 ,&1 9 ! same way1 outbreaks ( unreliev$ di/raction & unre/ra9$ fury1 effect a truly heal?y s5se only 9 subord9ate degree2 &1 above all1 :at is :olly frightful r *ills u ?an makes ! blood fl[4 ,! poet may describe passion ) all ! ov]:elm+ p[] possible4 ,x is ineffective2 ! he>t is m]ely r5t 9 pieces1#af & turns aside f x4 ,:at we fail to f9d "h is t :i* art c lea/ disp5se )1 ! positive aspect ( reconciliation4 ,! anci5t trag$ians1 !re=e1 ma9ly s\ght = _! effect by means ( ! objective type ( pa?os2 nor is !re want+ "h g5u9e human individuality1 s f> z ?is 0 compatible ) _! art4 ,! plays1 also1 ( ,s*ill] possess ?is pa?os ( a great spiritual =ce1#ag a pa?os :i* is p5etrative ?r\gh\t1 & is manife/$ & express$ ev]y:]e z fundam5tal to ! action4 ,x is1 above all1 to ?is circum/ance t we may ascribe ! la/+ effect :i* ! trag$ies ( ,s*ill] produce ev5 9 our own day2 ,i ref] 9 p>ticul> to _! sc5ic reproduction4 ,= t :i* produces a pr(\nd dramatic effect ( univ]sal & endur+ appeal c be only ! sub/antive 9 action--by :i* ,i mean1 view+ x z def9ite cont5t1 ! e?ical sub/ance !re91 or1 9 its m =mal aspect1 ! gr&eur ( ideal rea* & "*1 9 :i* respect1 aga91 ,%akespe>e is supreme4 77 ,i w1 9 conclusion1 add m]ely a ^w or two on ! po9t ( v]se-measure4 ,dramatic metre is be/ :5 x lies midway betwe5 ! tranquil1 uni=m fl[ ( ! hexamet] & ! m int]rupt$ & split-up syllabic metres cong5ial to ! ,lyric4 ,9 ?is respect ! iambic metre is above all o!rs comm5dable4 ,= ! iambus1 ) ! rhy?m ( its onw>d movem5t1 :i* may be ei!r accel]at$ by anapae/s1 or be made m solemn & weighty ) ! spondee1 =ms a mo/ fitt+ accompanim5t to ! m>* ( ! action2 & 9 q a peculi> way ! s5>ius possesses a real tone ( noble & re/ra9$ emotional =ce4 ,among mod]n au?ors ! ,spani>ds1 ) an arti/ic purpose ! rev]se ( ?is1 adopt tro*aeic tetramet]s1 ! effect ( :i* is "o ( tranquil ret>dation2 a measure :i*1 ) its v>iety ( int]wov5 rhymes & assonances1 9 "p1 too1 ) its alt]native abs5ce ( rhyme1 is admirably adapt$ to ! imag9ative exub]ance ( phantasy1 & to ! f9e-drawn argum5tative anti!ses1 :i* *>act]ize ?is poetry & imp$e r ?an advance ! action4 ,9 a contra/ ( a simil> k9d1 ! ,fr5* ,alex&r9e is h>moni\s ) ! =mal c>riage & ! declamatory rhetoric ( passions1 sometimes held 9 re/ra9t & at o!rs express$ at full heat1 ! conv5tional expression ( :i* ! art ( ,fr5* drama has task$ itself to elaborate4 ,! m reali/ic ,engli%man1 :om we ,g]mans too h foll[$ 9 m rec5t times1 has1 on ! contr>y1 reta9$ ! iambic metre1 :i* ,ari/otle long ago def9$ z #ah ,he has1 h[ev]1 n accept$ ! same 9 id5tical =m ) ! ,greek trimet]1 b sub/itut$ a measure ( less pa!tic "*1 if capable ( ! greate/ fre$om ( treatm5t4 7c7 ,! ,relation ( ! ,dramatic ,composition to ! ,g5]al ,public4 ,al?\gh ! advantages or defects ( diction & metre are important1 also1 9 epic & lyrical poetry1 we mu/ nev]!less ascribe a m emphatic effect to !m 9 dramatic compositions1 9 virtue ( ! circum/ance t we are 9 ?is case deal+ ) op9ions1 *>act]s1 & actions :i* h to appe> be=e u 9 all ! reality ( life itself4 ,a com$y ( ,cald]on1 = example1 ) all ! int]play ( fanta/ic wit we may assume1 embodi$1 h[ev]1 9 ! k9d ( diction we associate ) ?is poet1 ) its logical niceties & its bomba/--subject1 also1 to all ! v>iations ( 8 lyrical metres--w\ld n1 we may presume1 on ! simple gr\nd ( ?is mann] ( expression1 be likely to ar\se any g5]al sympa?y4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is visual pres5ce & ne>ness ( approa* t ! o!r aspects ( ! cont5t1 ap>t f t ( purely dramatic =m1 are br\ght into a f> m direct relation to ! public be=e :om !y are reproduc$4 ,we %\ld l %ortly to expla9 ! nature ( ?is4 ,sci5tific compositions & lyrical or epic poems ei!r possess a di/9ct public1 ^: int]e/ 9 su* works is associat$ ) _! pr(ession1 or x is a matt] ( *ance into :at h&s compositions ( ?is "* may fall4 ,if a book does n please anyone x c be neglect$1 j z a man passes by ! picture or /atue t he does n l2 su* works may1 9 fact1 be held to c>ry to "s ext5t ) !m ! au?or's admission t 8 book is n writt5 = su*4 ,! case is some:at o!rwise ) dramatic works4 ,"h we h a di/9ct public = :i* ! au?or has to cat]1 & he is "u c]ta9 obligations t[>ds x4 ,su* a public possesses ! "r ( applause no less ?an express$ displeasure2 inasmu* z a "w is repres5t$ be=e x 9 its entirety1 & ! appeal is made t x %\ld be enjoy$1 ) sympa?y 9 a giv5 place & at a /at$ "t4 ,a public ( ?is sort1 z 9 ! case ( any--o!r public jury1 is ( a v v>i$ "*2 x diff]s 9 its education1 int]e/s1 accu/om$ ta/es1 & hobbies1 s t to secure complete success 9 c]ta9 di/9ct respects a tal5t 9 ! display ( vulg> effect1 or at lea/ a relative %ame-fac$ness 9 reg>d to ! f9e/ dem& ( g5u9e art1 may be necess>y4 ,no d\bt ! dramatic poet has always ! alt]native left him to despise 8 public4 ,b 9 t case he obvi\sly fails to secure ! v object = :i* dramatic writ+ exi/s4 ,) u ,g]mans1 to an exceptional ext5t1 x has become ! fa%ion s9ce ! times ( ,tieck ?us to scorn ! public4 ,our ,g]man play-writ] w express 8 own p>ticul> individuality1 b takes no tr\ble to comm5d ! result to 8 audi5ce4 ,! ideal ( our ,g]man egotism is q ! rev]se1 namely1 t e man mu/ turn out some?+ diff]5t to t ( o!r p1 9 ord] t he may prove 8 orig9ality4 ,x 0 ow+1 9 "p1 to ?is t ,tieck & ! bro!rs ,s*legel1 m5 :o1 f ! v nature ( _! s5tim5tal irony1 7 q unable to ma/] ! emotional =ces & intellig5ce ( _! nation & "t1 fell f\l ( ,s*ill]1 & tri$ to black5 8 poetical reputation on ! gr\nd t he did among u ,g]mans manage to /rike ! "r key1 & obta9 a popul>ity unsurpass$4 ,) our neighb\rs1 ! ,fr5*1 we f9d ! opposite4 ,_! au?ors write ) ! pres5t effect on ! public always 9 view1 :i* fur!r1 on its own acc\nt1 is capable ( be+ a ke5] & less indulg5t critic ( ! au?or1 ow+ to ! fact t a m def9ite arti/ic ta/e is already fix$ 9 ,france3 ) u an>*y prevails1 & ev]yone expresses 8 critical views1 applauds or condemns j z he likes1 or z 8 op9ions1 emotion1 & mood may *ance to dictate4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z x is an ess5tial "p ( ! def9ition ( ! dramatic composition t x %\ld possess ! vitality able to comm& a fav\rable popul> reception1 ! dramatic poet %\ld submit to ! conditions--q ap>t1 t is1 f ! accid5tal circum/ances or t5d5cies ( ! "t--:i* are likely to secure ?is result 9 an arti/ic =m4 ,:at ^! are ,i w attempt to expla91 at lea/ 9 _! m g5]al features4 7a7 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! ends1 :i* 9 a dramatic "w come into conflict & are resolv$ out ( su* conflict1 ei!r possess a g5]al human int]e/1 or at lea/ h at bottom a pa?os1 :i* is ( a valid & sub/antive "* = ! p = :om ! poet creates 8 "w4 ,9 su* a case1 h[ev]1 ! univ]sal human quality & :at is m def9itely national1 9 s f> z ei!r are connect$ ) ! sub/ance ( dramatic collisions1 may lie v widely ap>t4 ,compositions1 :i* /& 9 ! national life1 at ! v summit ( _! dramatic art & developm5t1 may consequ5tly q fail to be appreciat$ by ano!r age & nation4 ,we f9d1 = example1 9 ,h9doo lyrical poetry1 ev5 9 our own "t1 mu* t c>ries ) x a real *>m1 t5d]ness1 & fasc9at+ sweetness4 ,! p>ticul> collision1 h[ev]1 ar\nd :i* ! action 9 ! ,sakontala revolves1 9 o!r words1 ! furi\s curse ^u ,sakontala ( ! ,brahman1 because %e does n see him1 & omits to make h] obeisance1 c only /rike u z absurd1 s mu* s 9 fact t1 despite all o!r excell5ces 9 ?is q exceptionally beautiful poem1 we fail to discov] any int]e/ 9 ! v culm9at+ crisis ( ! action4 ,we may affirm v mu* ! same ?+ ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,spani>ds treat ! motive ( p]sonal hon\r ) ! ab/ract sev]ity ( a logic1 ! brutality ( :i* outrages mo/ deeply all our ideas & feel+s4 ,let me recall1 = example1 ! attempt made by our own !atrical managem5t to br+ ^u ! /age "o ( ! less fam\s plays ( ,cald]on entitl$ ,cl&e/9e ,rev5ge = ,cl&e/9e ,insult1 an attempt condemn$ to failure f ! fir/ on ?is gr\nd4 ,ano!r trag$y1 :i* on simil> l9es portrays a m pr(\nd human conflict1 ,! ,physician ( 8 own ,hon\r1 "u ! *ang$ title ( ,! ,intrepid ,pr9ce1 has aft] "s revision secur$ m leeway2 b ?is1 too1 is h&icapp$ by its ab/ract & unyield+ ,ca?olic pr9ciple4 ,conv]sely1 & 9 an opposite direction1 ! ,%akespe>ian trag$ies & com$ies are appreciat$ by a public t is con/antly increas+4 ,we f9d "h t1 despite all _! nationality1 ! univ]sal human int]e/ is incomp>ably great]4 ,%akespe>e has only fail$ to secure an entrance :]e ! national conv5tions ( art are s n>r[ & specific t !y ei!r :olly exclude or mat]ially weak5 works ( ! ,%akespe>ian type4 ,a simil> position ( advantage1 su* z t we all[ to ,%akespe>e1 w\ld be attributable to ! trag$ies ( ! anci5ts1 if we did n1 ap>t f our *ang$ habits 9 respect to sc5ic reproduction & c]ta9 aspects ( ! national consci\sness1 make ! fur!r dem& ( a pr(\nd] psy*ological p5etration & a great] bread? ( p>ticul> *>act]ization4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 z ! subject-matt] ( anci5t trag$y is conc]n$1 x c\ld nev] at any "t fail 9 its effect4 ,we may1 !re=e1 broadly affirm t1 9 proportion z a dramatic "w accepts = its cont5t :olly specific r ?an typical *>act]s & passions1 condition$1 t is1 exclusively by def9ite t5d5cies ( a p>ticul> epo* ( hi/ory1 in/ead ( ma9ly conc]n+ itself ) human int]e/s sub/antive 9 all times1 to t ext5t1 despite ( all its o!r advantages1 x w be m transitory4 77 ,&1 fur!r1 x is necess>y t univ]sal human ends & actions ( ?is k9d %\ld emphasize _! poetic individualization to ! po9t ( animat$ life itself4 ,dramatic composition does n m]ely address itself to our s5se ( vitality1 a s5se :i* ev5 ! public c]ta9ly ought to possess1 b x mu/ itself1 9 all ess5tials1 (f] a liv+ actual pres5ce ( situations1 conditions1 *>act]s1 & actions4 77 ,i h already1 9 a previ\s passage ( ?is "w1#ai ent]$ into "s detail relatively to ! aspect ( local environm5t1 cu/oms1 usages & o!r matt]s :i* affect ! visual repres5tation ( action4 ,9 ?is respect dramatic individualization ought to be ei!r s ?or\ghly poetical1 vital1 & ri* ) int]e/ t we c disc\nt :at is ali5 to our s5se1 & feel ourselves attract$ to ! p]=mance by ?is vital claim on our att5tion1 or x %\ld n pret5d to d m ?an pres5t su* *>act]i/ics z ext]nal =m1 :i* is entirely out%one by ! spiritual & ideal *>act]i/ics :i* und]lie x4 77 ,m important ?an ?is ext]nal aspect is ! vitality ( ! dramatis p]sonae4 ,su* ought n to be m]ely specific int]e/s p]sonifi$1 :i* is only too frequ5tly ! case at ! h&s ( mod]n dramati/s4 ,su* ab/ract imp]sonations ( p>ticul> passions & aims are :olly de/itute ( dramatic effect4 ,a purely sup]ficial individualization is equally insuffici5t4 ,cont5t & =m 9 su* cases1 z 9 ! analog\s type ( allegorical figures1 fail to coalesce4 ,pr(\nd emotions & reflections1 impos+ ideas & language (f] no real comp5sation4 ,dramatic p]sonality ought to be1 on ! contr>y1 vital & self-id5tical ?r\gh\t1 a complete :ole 9 %ort1 ! op9ions & *>act]ization ( :i* are consonant ) its aims & action4 ,x is n ! bread? ( p>ticul> traits :i* is "h ( fir/ importance1 b ! p]meat+ individuality1 :i* syn!tically b9ds all 9 ! c5tral unity1 :i* x 9 tru? is1 & displays a giv5 p]sonality 9 spee* & action z issu+ f "o & ! same liv+ s\rce1 f :i* e *>act]i/ic1 :e!r x be ( idea1 de$ or mann] ( behavi\r1 comes into be+4 ,t :i* is m]ely an aggregate ( diff]5t qualities & activities1 ev5 ?\gh su* be /rung toge!r 9 "o /r+1 w n give u ! vital "* we require4 ,?is presupposes f ! po9t ( view ( ! poet himself a creative activity :i* is in/9ct ) life & imag9ation4 ,x is to ! latt] type1 = in/ance1 t ! *>act]s ( ! ,sophoclean trag$ies belong1 despite ! fact t !y d n possess ! v>iety ( p>ticul> *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% ! epic h]oes ( ,hom]4 ,among lat] writ]s ,%akespe>e & ,goe! are pre-em95tly fam\s = ! vitality ( _! *>act]ization4 ,! ,fr5*1 on ! contr>y1 p>ticul>ly 9 _! e>li] dramatic compositions1 appe> to h be5 r cont5t to excogitate *>act]s t are little m ?an ! =mal imp]sonations ( g5]al types & passions1 ?an to h aim$ at giv+ u true & liv+ p]sons4 77 ,b1 ?irdly1 ! task ( dramatic creation is n complet$ ) ! pres5tm5t ( vital *>act]ization4 ,goe!'s ,iphig5eia & ,tasso ?r\gh\t are good en\gh examples ( ?is poetic excell5ce--& yet !y are n1 if we look at !m m /rictly1 by any means p]fect examples ( dramatic vitality & movem5t4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,s*ill] long ago rem>k$ ( ! ,iphig5eia1 t 9 x is ! e?ical cont5t1 ! he>t exp]i5ce1 ! p]sonal op9ion :i* is made ! object ( ! action1 & is z su* visually reproduc$4 ,& unque/ionably ! display & expression ( ! p]sonal exp]i5ce ( diff]5t *>act]s 9 def9ite situations is n by itself suffici5t2 we mu/ also h real emphasis laid on ! collision ( ! ultimate ends involv$1 & ! =w>d & conflict+ movem5t :i* su* imply4 ,s*ill] is consequ5tly ( ! view t ! movem5t ( ! ,iphig5eia is n suffici5tly di/urb$2 we are p]mitt$ to l+] )9 x too long & easily4 ,he ev5 ma9ta9s t x )\t "q incl9es to ! sph]e ( epic composition1 if we contra/ x at lea/ ) any /rict conception ( trag$y4 ,9 o!r words1 dramatic effect is action simply z action2 x is n ! exposition ( p]sonality alone1 or practically indep5d5t ( ! express purpose & its f9al a*ievem5t4 ,9 ! ,epos play may be p]mitt$ to ! bread? & v>iety ( "*1 ext]nal conditions1 occurr5ces & ev5ts2 9 ! drama1 on ! contr>y1 ! self-conc5tration ( its pr9ciple is mo/ ass]t$ relatively to ! p>ticul> collision & its conflict4 ,x is ?us t we recognize ! tru? ( ,ari/otle's dictum1#bj t tragic action possesses two s\rces 7 o71 op9ion & "* 7o o71 b :at is mo/ important is ! end 7o71 & individuals d n act 9 ord] to display div]se *>act]s1 b ^! latt] are unit$ ) a common bond ( imag9ative conception to ! =m] 9 ! int]e/ ( ! action4 77 ,z a matt] = our f9al consid]ation 9 ?is place !re is ! relation 9 :i* ! poet is plac$ to ! g5]al public4 ,epic poetry 9 its truly primitive /ate requires t ! poet place :olly on "o side 8 di/9ctive p]sonality 9 its contra/ to 8 actually objective "w4 ,he (f]s u ! cont5t ( t & only t4 ,! lyric poet1 on ! contr>y1 delib]ately expresses 8 own emotional life & 8 p]sonal views ( ! _w4 77 ,we might imag9e t ! poet mu/ p]=ce )draw himself 9 ! drama by reason ( ! v fact t he br+s action be=e u 9 its s5su\s pres5ce1 & makes ! *>act]s speak & active 9 _! own names1 to a great] ext5t ?an 9 ! ,epos1 9 :i* he appe>s at any rate z n>rator ( ! ev5ts4 ,su* an impression is only1 h[ev]1 v p>tially valid4 ,=1 z ,i h already cont5d$1 ! drama is exclusively ref]able 9 its orig9 to ^? epo*s1 9 :i* ! p]sonal self-consci\sness1 bo? relatively to ! g5]al outlook on life & arti/ic culture1 has already rea*$ a high degree ( developm5t4 ,a dramatic composition !re=e %\ld n1 z an epic "o does1 pres5t ! appe>ance z ?\gh x orig9at$ f ! popul> consci\sness simply1 = ! display ( :i* cont5t ! poet is m]ely an in/rum5t ( expression :i* possesses no ref]5ce to ! poet's p]sonal life2 r :at we seek to recognize 9 ! complete "w is q z mu* ! product ( ! self-aw>e & orig9al creative =ce1 & by reason ( ?is ! art & virtuosity ( a g5u9e poetic p]sonality4 ,x is only !reby t dramatic productions atta9 to ! g5u9e excell5ce ( _! arti/ic vitality & def9ition1 z contra/$ ) ! actions & ev5ts ( natural life4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t :]e ! au?or%ip ( dramatic works is a subject ( controv]sy we f9d su* to be n[h]e m frequ5t ?an :]e x conc]ns ! primitive ,epopaea4 77 ,f ! opposite po9t ( view ! g5]al public too1 if x has itself pres]v$ a true s5se ( mean+ ( art1 w n submit to h plac$ be=e x 9 a drama ! m accid5tal moods & op9ions1 ! peculi> t5d5cies & ! "o-sid$ outlook ( ?is or t individual1 ! expression ( :i* is m appropriate to ! lyric poet4 ,x has a "r to dem& t 9 ! c\rse & f9al issue ( ! dramatic action1 :e!r ( trag$y or com$y1 :at is fundam5tally reasonable & true %\ld be v9dicat$4 ,be+ myself conv9c$ ( ?is ,i h 9 a previ\s passage giv5 a place ( fir/ importance to ! dem& t ! dramatic poet mu/ 9 ! pr(\nde/ s5se make himself ma/] ( ! ess5tial significance ( human action & ! div9e ord] ( ! _w1 & along ) ?is ( a p[] to unfold ?is et]nal & ess5tial f\ndation ( all human *>act]s1 passions & de/9ies 9 its cl>ity z also 9 its vital tru?4 ,x is no d\bt q possible t a poet1 9 ris+ equal to ?is dem& ^u 8 p[]s ( p5etration & arti/ic a*ievem5t1 may "u p>ticul> circum/ances f9d himself 9 conflict ) ! re/rict$ & uncultur$ ideas ( 8 age & nation4 ,9 su* a case ! responsibility = su* a disunion does n re/ ) himself1 b is a burd5 ! public ought to c>ry4 ,he has ! s+le obligation to foll[ ! lead ( tru? & 8 own compell+ g5ius1 ! ultimate victory ( :i*1 provid$ x is ( ! "r quality1 is no less assur$ ?an t ( ultimate tru? itself univ]sally4 ,x is impossible to def9e closely ! limits )9 :i* a dramatic poet is entitl$ to br+ 8 actual p]sonality be=e ! public4 ,i w !re=e m]ely recall att5tion to ! fact 9 a g5]al way t 9 _m p]iods ( hi/ory dramatic poetry1 no less ?an o!r k9ds1 is induc$ to dissem9ate ) a vital impulse novel ideas ^u politics1 morals1 poetry1 religion1 & ! l4 ,s e>ly z ,ari/ophanes we h polemics 9 ^? com$ies ( 8 y\? aga9/ ! dome/ic condition ( ,a!ns & ! ,peloponnesian w>4 ,voltaire aga9 frequ5tly endeav\rs 9 8 dramatic works to popul>ize 8 free ?\ght pr9ciples4 ,b above all wor?y ( notice is ! ef=t ( our ,less+ 9 8 ,na?an to v9dicate 8 e?ical fai? aga9/ ! /rait wai/coat ( a blocki% or?odoxy4 ,9 /ill m rec5t times too ,goe! has 9 8 e>lie/ works *all5g$ ! prose ( our ,g]man life & its defective views ( art4 ,tieck has to "s ext5t foll[$ 8 lead 9 ?is respect4 ,:]e p]sonal views ( ! above type are n only ( sup]ior wor?1 b are fur!r n express$ 9 su* delib]ate sep>ation f ! action ( ! drama z to make ! latt] appe> z a m]e means = _! exploitation1 ! claims ( true art are n likely to suff] injury4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! fre$om ( ! composition is !reby impair$1 ?\gh no d\bt ! poet may possibly produce no inconsid]able impression on ! public by 8 introduction ( 8 own pr$ilections into 8 "w2 yet1 h[ev] true !y may be1 if !y are at ! same "t unable to coalesce ) ! "w z an arti/ic :ole ! int]e/ !reby ar\s$ c only be limit$ to ! matt]s ?us h&l$2 x is 9 fact no true arti/ic int]e/ at all4 ,! wor/ case ( all is t1 h[ev]1 :]e a poet ) simil> delib]ation seeks1 out ( pure flatt]y & 9 ord] to please1 to give prom95ce to "s popul> prejudice :i* is entirely false4 ,8 s9s ( commission are 9 t case tw(old1 n m]ely aga9/ art1 b tru? no less4 77 ,"o fur!r rem>k may be p]haps admitt$ 9 ?is connection to ! effect t among ! p>ticul> types ( dramatic art a m limit$ measure ( indulg5ce is p]mitt$ to trag$y ?an to com$y 9 ?is m free expatiation ( ! p]sonality ( ! poet4 ,9 ! latt] type ! cont+5cy & caprice ( individual self-expression is f ! fir/ agreeable to its ma9 pr9ciple4 ,?us we f9d t ,ari/ophanes frequ5tly makes matt]s ( imm$iate int]e/ to 8 ,a!nian public ! subject ( 8 p>abases4 ,9 portions ( ^! he gives free utt]ance to 8 own views ^u contempor>y ev5ts & circum/ances1 & )al %rewd advice to 8 fell[ citiz5s4 ,he is at o!r times conc]n$ to def5d himself f ! attacks ( political oppon5ts & 8 arti/ic rivals4 ,inde$ !re are passages 9 :i* he delib]ately eulogizes himself & 8 peculi>ities4 #b4 ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,te*nique ,,( ,a ,,dramatic ,,composition ,poetry1 alone among ! arts1 completely disp5ses ) ! s5su\s m$ium ( ! objective _w ( ph5om5a4 ,inasmu* moreov] z ! drama does n int]pret to ! imag9ative vision ! exploits ( ! pa/1 or express an ideal p]sonal exp]i5ce to m9d & s\l1 b r is conc]n$ to depict an action 9 all ! reality ( its actual pres5ce1 x w\ld fall into contradiction ) itself if x 7 =c$ to rema9 limit$ to ! means1 :i* poetry1 simply z su*1 is 9 a position to (f]4 ,! pres5t action no d\bt belongs entirely to ! p]sonal self1 & f ?is po9t ( view complete expression is possible ?r\gh ! m$ium ( language4 ,f an opposite "o1 h[ev]1 ! movem5t ( action is t[>ds objective reality1 & x requires ! complete man to express its movem5t 9 8 corporeal exi/5ce1 de$ & demean\r1 z well z ! physiognomical expression ( emotions & passions1 & n only ^! on _! own acc\nt1 b 9 _! effect on o!r m51 & ! reactions :i* are !reby br\ght into be+4 ,moreov]1 9 ! display ( individuality 9 its actual pres5ce1 we require fur!r an ext]nal environm5t1 a specific locale1 9 :i* su* movem5t & action is a*iev$4 ,consequ5tly dramatic poetry1 by virtue ( ! fact t no "o ( ^! aspects c be p]mitt$ to rema9 9 _! imm$iate condition ( cont+5cy1 b h all to be reclo!d 9 an arti/ic =m z phases ( f9e art itself1 is compell$ to avail itself ( ! assi/ance ( pretty well all ! o!r arts4 ,! surr\nd+ sc5e is to "s ext5t1 j z ! temple is1 an ar*itectonic environm5t1 & 9 "p also ext]nal ,nature1 bo? aspects be+ conceiv$ & execut$ 9 pictorial fa%ion4 ,9 ?is locale ! sculpturesque figures are pres5t$ ) ! animation ( life1 & _! volition & emotional /ates are arti/ically elaborat$1 n m]ely by means ( expressive recitation1 b also ?r\gh a picturesque display ( ge/ure & ( po/ure & movem5t1 :i*1 9 its objective =m1 is inspir$ by ! inw>d s\l-life4 ,9 ?is respect we may h br\ght home to u a di/9ction :i* recalls a feature ,i h at an e>li] /age indicat$ 9 ! sph]e ( music z ! opposition impli$ 9 ! arts ( declamation & melody4 ,9 o!r words1 j z 9 declamatory music language 9 its spiritual signification is ! aspect ( mo/ importance1 to ! *>act]i/ic expression ( :i* ! musical aspect is entirely subord9ate1 :]eas ! movem5t ( melody is unfold$ freely on its own acc\nt 9 its own specific m$ium1 al?\gh x too is able to assimilate ! cont5t ( language--s also dramatic poetry1 on ! "o h&1 avails itself ( ^? si/] arts m]ely z in/rum5tal to a mat]ial basis & environm5t1 out ( :i* ! language ( poetry is 9 its free dom9ation ass]t$ z ! comm&+ c5tral focus1 ^u & ar\nd :i* all else really revolves4 ,f ! fur!r po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 t :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance _h m]ely ! =ce ( an assi/ant & accompanim5t1 becomes an object on its own acc\nt1 & receives ! appe>ance 9 its own doma9 ( an ess5tially indep5d5t beauty4 ,declamation passes into song1 action into ! mimic ( ! dance1 & sc5]y 9 its spl5d\r & pictorial fasc9ation itself puts =w>d a claim to arti/ic p]fection4 ,9 contra/+1 !n1 a contra/ frequ5tly insi/$ ^u1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 rec5t times1 poetry 9 its simplicity ) ! ext]nal dramatic execution su* z we h above describ$1 we may cont9ue ! c\rse ( our review "u ! foll[+ heads ( discussion4 ,fir/1 !re is ! dramatic poetry1 ^: object is to re/rict itself to ! ord9>y gr\nd ( poetry1 & consequ5tly does n contemplate ! !atrical repres5tation ( its productions4 ,secondly1 we h ! g5u9e art ( ! !atre1 to ! ext5t t is 9 :i* x is limit$ to recitation1 play ( pose & action1 "u ! modes 9 :i* ! language ( ! poet is able ?r\gh\t to rema9 ! def9itive & decisive factor4 ,la/ly1 !re is t type ( reproduction1 :i* admits ! employm5t ( e means ( sc5]y1 music & dance1 & suff]s ! same to ass]t an indep5d5t position z aga9/ ! dramatic language4 7a7 ,! ,read+ & ,recitation ( ,dramatical ,compositions4 ,! true s5su\s m$ium or in/rum5t ( dramatic poetry is1 z we h se51 n only ! human voice & ! spok5 ^w1 b ! entire man1 :o n m]ely expresses emotions1 ideas1 & ?\ghts1 b1 z vitally absorb$ 9 a concrete action1 9 virtue ( all t he is influ5ces ! ideas1 designs1 ! action & behavi\r ( o!rs1 exp]i5ces simil> effects on himself1 or ma9ta9s 8 indep5d5t opposition to !m4 77 ,9 contra/ to su* a def9ite view1 :i* is bas$ ^u ! ess5tial "* ( dramatic poetry itself1 x is a feature ( mod]n notions on ! subject1 p>ticul>ly s among ourselves1 to reg>d ! organization ( drama ) a view to its !atrical reproduction z uness5tial & subsidi>y1 al?\gh z a fact all dramatic au?ors1 ev5 :5 !y adopt ?is attitude ( indiff]5ce & contempt1 ent]ta9 ! wi% & hope to see _! compositions on ! /age4 ,! result is t ! great] numb] ( m rec5t dramas are unable ev] to f9d a /age1 & ! simple reason ( ?is is t !y are undramatical4 ,we are n ( c\rse1 !re=e1 9 a position to d5y t a dramatic composition may satisfy ! conditions ( g5u9e poetry 9 virtue ( its intr9sic wor?4 ,:at we affirm is t x is only to an action1 ! dramatic c\rse ( :i* is admirably adapt$ to !atrical repres5tation1 t we are to attribute su* intr9sic dramatic wor?4 ,! be/ au?ority = su* a /atem5t is suppli$ by ! ,greek trag$ies4 ,x is true t we no long] see ^! on ! contempor>y /age1 b !y d nev]!less1 if we reg>d ! facts m closely1 completely satisfy u to a real ext5t precisely on ?is gr\nd t !y 7 writt5 )\t res]ve = ! !atre ( _! day4 ,:at has bani%$ !m f ! !atre ( today is n s mu* ! "* ( _! dramatic organization1 :i* diff]s ma9ly f t ( to-day 9 its employm5t ( ! *orus1 z 9 ! nature ( national pr$ilections & conditions1 ^u :i* = ! mo/ "p1 if we consid] _! cont5t1 !y are bas$1 & 9 :i* ow+ to ! di/ance 9 :i* !y are plac$ relatively to our own contempor>y life we are unable n[ to feel ourselves at home4 ,! malady ( ,philoctetes1 = in/ance1 ! loa?some ulc] on 8 foot1 8 ejaculations & outcries1 are z little likely to awak5 ! g5u9e int]e/ ( a mod]n audi5ce z ! arr[s ( ,h]cules1 ab\t :i* ! ma9 c\rse ( t drama revolves4 ,9 a simil> way1 ?\gh we may admit ! b>b>ic cruelty ( ! human sacrifice 9 ! ,iphig5eia 9 ,aulis & ,tauris 9 an op]a1 we f9d x absolutely necess>y 9 trag$y at any rate t ?is aspect %\ld be :olly revis$ z ,goe! has 9 fact done4 77 ,! diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 ?us indicat$ betwe5 anci5t & mod]n cu/oms1 :i* effects ! m]e p]usal ( su* works1 no less ?an ! complete & vital reproduction ( !m z a :ole1 has _h ! fur!r effect ( po9t+ out to u ano!r by-way1 9 :i* poets to "s ext5t delib]ately fa%ion _! "w exclusively = ! read]'s p]usal1 & 9 a mann] by :i* ! difficulty above indicat$ no long] affects ! "* ( su* compositions4 ,!re are no d\bt 9 ?is connection isolat$ po9ts ( view1 :i* m]ely ref] to features ( ext]nal =m1 :i* are impli$ 9 ! s-call$ k ( ! /age1 & an indiff]5ce z to :i* does n less5 ! poetical wor? ( a dramatical production4 ,to ^! belong1 = example1 ! c>eful regulation ( ! sc5ic arrangem5ts1 t "o sc5e c foll[ )\t difficulty aft] ano!r1 ?\gh x requires great alt]ations 9 ! sc5]y1 or t ! actor is giv5 suffici5t "t to make ! necess>y *ange ( co/ume1 or to recov] f 8 previ\s ex]tions4 ,a k & aptitude ( ?is nature is nei!r indicative ( any poetical sup]iority or ! rev]se2 !y r dep5d ^u ! naturally v>y+ & conv5tional arrangem5ts ( ! !atre4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r features relatively to :i* ! poet1 9 ord] to be truly dramatical1 mu/ h ! animat$ reproduction visibly pres5t 9 its sub/ance1 mu/ make 8 dramatis p]sonae speak & act con=mably !reto1 t is1 9 complete congruity ) an actually pres5t realization4 ,view$ 9 ?is light !atrical reproduction is a real te/4 ,= 9 ! pres5ce ( ! supreme c\rt ( appeal ( a s\nd & arti/ic public ! m]e spee*es & tirades ( our s-call$ exquisite diction1 if dramatic tru? is n !reby ass]t$1 w n hold wat]4 ,!re are p]iods1 no d\bt1 9 :i* ! public also is corrupt$ by ! culture x is ! fa%ion s highly to praise1 ,i mean by heads g5]ally ov]/ock$ ) ! curr5t op9ions & fancies ( ! connoisseur & critic4 ,let x h[ev] only reta9 its own ess5tially /]l+ commons5se1 & x w only be satisfi$ 9 ^? cases :]e *>act]s express !mselves & act precisely z ! reality ( life no less ?an art dem&s & necessitates4 ,if ! poet1 on ! contr>y1 writes exclusively = ! s+le read] he v readily gets no fur!r ?an mak+ 8 *>act]s speak & behave mu* z !y might d 9 an epi/ol>y correspond5ce4 ,if any "o ?us gives u ! reasons = 8 aims & :at he does1 or unb>es 8 he>t 9 any o!r respect1 in/ead ( t :i* we %\ld at once rem>k !reupon we get betwe5 ! receipt ( ! lett] & our imm$iate reply "t = all k9ds ( reflection & idea4 ,! imag9ation op5s 9 ?is case a wide field ( possibilities4 ,9 ! actually pres5t spee* & rejo9d] we h to presuppose t z betwe5 man & man ! volition & he>t1 ! movem5t ( feel+ & decision are m direct1 t 9 %ort ! dialogue passes on )\t any su* rec\rse to consid]able reflection1 b at once f s\l to s\l1 z eye to eye1 m\? to m\?1 & e> to e>4 ,only 9 su* a case ! actions & spee*es are express$ ) life f ! actual p]sonality1 :o has no "t left him to make a c>eful selection f "o out ( _m possibilities4 ,"u ?is view ( ! case x is n unimportant = ! poet ?r\gh\t 8 composition to keep 8 eye on ! /age1 :i* r5d]s su* a direct type ( animation necess>y4 ,nay1 = myself ,i g to ! l5g? ( ma9ta9+ t no dramatic "w ought to be pr9t$1 b r1 z no d\bt ) ! anci5ts1 x %\ld belong to ! /age rep]tory 9 manuscript =m1#ba & only receive q an insignificant circulation4 ,we %\ld at lea/ 9 t case limit v consid]ably ! pres5t sup]abundance ( dramas1 :i* x is possible possess ! spee* ( culture1 f9e s5tim5ts1 excell5t reflections1 & pr(\nd ?\ghts1 b :i* are defective 9 ! v direction :i* makes a drama dramatical1 t is1 9 ! display ( action1 & ! vital movem5t :i* belongs to x4 77 ,9 ! m]e p]usal & read+ al\d ( dramatic compositions we f9d a difficulty 9 decid+ :e!r !y are ( a type :i* w\ld produce ! due effect f ! /age4 ,ev5 ,goe!1 ^: exp]i5ce ( /age managem5t 9 8 lat] ye>s 0 exceptional1 0 f> f be+ dep5dable on ?is head1 a result no d\bt ma9ly due to ! extraord9>y confusion ( our public ta/e1 :i* is able to accept ) approval almo/ any?+ & ev]y?+4 ,if ! "* & object ( ! dramatis p]sonae are on _! own acc\nt great & sub/antive ! mann] ( composition no d\bt pres5ts less difficulty4 ,b z reg>ds ! motive =ce ( int]e/s1 ! v>i\s phases 9 ! progress ( ! action1 ! susp5d$ int]e/ & developm5t ( situations1 ! j degree 9 :i* *>act]s ass]t _! effect on ea* o!r1 ! appropriate =ce & tru? ( _! demean\r & spee*--9 all su* respects ! m]e p]usal unassi/$ by a !atrical p]=mance c only 9 ! r>e/ cases arrive at a reliable decision4 ,read+ a "w al\d is only "u great qualification a fur!r assi/ance4 ,spee* 9 drama requires ! pres5ce ( sep>ate individuals4 ,! deliv]y ( "o voice1 h[ev] arti/ically x may adapt itself to diff]5t %ades ( tone 9 alt]nate or v>y+ *ange is insuffici5t4 ,add to ?is ! fact t 9 read+ al\d we are ?r\gh\t confront$ ) ! difficulty :e!r on e occasion ! p]sons speak+ %\ld be m5tion$ or n4 ,bo? alt]nations are equally op5 to objection4 ,if ! deliv]y is t ( "o voice ! /atem5t ( ! names ( ! *>act]s speak+ becomes an indisp5sable condition ( intelligibility1 b by do+ s ! expression ( pa?os ?r\gh\t suff]s viol5ce4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! deliv]y is vitally dramatic1 & we are c>ri$ !reby into ! actual situation1 a fur!r k9d ( contradiction c h>dly fail to appe>4 ,= ) ! satisfaction ( our s5se ( he>+ t ( sight puts =w>d a c]ta9 claim ( its own4 ,= :5 we li/5 to an action we desire to see ! act+ p]sons1 _! demean\r & surr\nd+s2 ! eye craves = a complet$ vision1 & f9ds in/ead be=e x m]ely a recit]1 :o sits or /&s peacefully 9 a private h\se ) company4 ,read+ al\d or recitation is consequ5tly always an unsatisfy+ compromise betwe5 ! unambiti\s pret5sions ( private p]usal1 9 :i* ! aspect ( realization is abs5t entirely & all is left to ! imag9ation1 & ! complete !atrical pres5tation4 7b7 ,! ,art ( ! ,actor ,9 conjunction ) actual dramatic reproduction !re is along ) music a second practical art1 namely1 t ( act+1 ! complete developm5t ( :i* belongs entirely to m rec5t times4 ,its pr9ciple consi/s 9 ?is1 t :ile x summons to its assi/ance dramatic po/ure1 action1 declamation1 music1 dance1 & sc5]y1 x accepts z ! pr$om9ant m>k ( its ef=t human spee* & its poetical expression4 ,& ?is is = poetry 9 its simple/ significance ! exclusively j relation4 ,= if m]e mimicry or song or dance once beg9 to assume an indep5d5t position ( _! own1 poetry view$ z a f9e & creative art is degrad$ to ! position ( an in/rum5t1 & loses its asc5dancy ov] ! 9 o!r respects accompany+ arts4 ,we w v5ture to po9t out a few *>act]i/ic di/9ctions 9 ?is connection4 77 ,! prim>y phase ( ! art ( act+ is to be f\nd among ! ,greeks4 ,"h1 z "o aspect ( ! matt]1 ! art ( spee* is affiliat$ ) t ( sculpture4 ,! act+ dramatis p]sonae /&s be=e u z an objective figure 9 8 entire bodily realization4 ,9 s f> z "h ?is /atuesque figure is animat$1 assimilates & expresses ! cont5t ( ! poetry1 ent]s into e movem5t ( p]sonal passion & at ! same "t ass]ts x ?r\gh ^w & voice1 ?is pres5tation is m animat$ & m spiritually transp>5t ?an any /atue or picture4 ,z to ?is quality ( liv+ animation we may draw a di/9ction betwe5 two di/9ct ways ( reg>d+ x4 77 ,fir/1 !re is declamation 9 ! s5se ( arti/ic spee*4 ,declamation 0 n c>ri$ f> among ! ,greeks2 intelligibility is "h :at is ( mo/ importance4 ,we desire to recognize 9 ! tone ( ! voice & 9 ! quality ( ! recitations ! *>act]ization ( s\l-life 9 its f9e/ %ades & transitions1 z also 9 its oppositions & contra/s1 9 %ort1 9 its entire concret5ess4 ,! anci5ts1 on ! contr>y1 add$ a musical accompanim5t to declamation1 p>tly to emphasize rhy?m1 & 9 "p to increase ! modulation ( ! v]bal expression4 ,at ! same "t x is probable t ! dialogue 0 ei!r n at all or only v lightly accompani$4 ,to ! reproduction ( ! *oruses1 h[ev]1 ! lyric association ( music 0 ess5tial4 ,x is highly probable t s++1 by means ( its m def9ite acc5tuation ( ! mean+ ( ! language us$ 9 ! *oice /rophes & anti/rophes1 made ! same m intelligible2 only "u su* an assumption c ,i myself und]/& h[ x 0 possible = a ,greek audi5ce to foll[ ! *oruses ( ei!r s*ylus or ,sophocles4 ,i admit t su* *oruses might n necess>ily pres5t to a ,greek all ! difficulties we ourselves exp]i5ce2 at ! same "t ,i confess t1 ?\gh ,i "k ! ,g]man language well & am n :olly de/itute ( imag9ation1 ,g]man lyrics writt5 9 ! same /yle1 if declaim$ f ! /age1 ev5 ) ! full accompanim5t ( song1 w\ld /ill be f> f :olly intelligible4 77 ,a fur!r means ( int]pretation is suppli$ by ! pose & movem5t ( ! body4 ,9 ?is respect x is wor? notic+ t ) ! ,greeks ! play ( facial expression is entirely abs5t1 by reason ( ! fact t _! actors wore masks4 ,! facial cont\r return$ an unalt]able sculpturesque image1 ! pla/ic outl9es ( :i* 7 z unable to assimilate ! v>i$ expression ( p>ticul> /ates ( s\l1 z to reproduce ! act+ *>act]s1 :i* f\ght ?r\gh a pa?os securely fix$ & univ]sal 9 ! nature ( its dramatic conflict1 & nei!r deep5$ ! sub/ance ( ?is pa?os to ! ideal int5sity ( our mod]n emotional life1 nor suff]$ x to exp& into all ! p>ticul>ization ( ! _w ( dramatic individualities n[ 9 vogue4 ,! action 0 equally simple1 = :i* reason we d n possess any tradition ( fam\s ,greek mimes4 ,sometimes ! poet himself 0 actor2 bo? ,sophocles & ,ari/ophanes are examples4 ,to "s ext5t ! m]e citiz51 :o 0 n /rictly a pr(essional actor at all1 took a "p 9 trag$y4 ,z a set-(f to su* difficulties ! *oric songs 7 accompani$ ) ! dance1 a proc$ure :i* c only appe> frivol\s to u ,g]mans 9 ! view we g5]ally take ( ! dance4 ,) ! ,greeks x belong$ z an ess5tial feature to _! !atrical p]=mances4 77 ,to summ>ize1 !n1 we f9d t among ! anci5ts n only 0 ! poetical claim ( language1 & ! intelligible expression ( g5]al emotional /ates1 freely admitt$1 b also ! ext]nal realization receiv$ ! mo/ complete elaboration by means ( musical accompanim5t & ! dance4 ,a concrete unity ( ?is k9d gives to ! entire pres5tation a pla/ic "*4 ,:at is spiritual is n on its own acc\nt idealiz$ z "p ( a p]sonal s\l-life1 nor is x express$ "u su* a mode ( p>ticul>ization2 ! ma9 effect is to br+ ab\t its complete affiliation & reconciliation ) ! ext]nal aspect ( s5su\s appe>ance ^: correspond5t claim is equally recogniz$4 77 ,9 rivalry ) music & ! dance spee* suff]s injury1 9 s f> z x ought to rema9 ! spiritual expression ( _s4 ,our mod]n art ( ! !atre has consequ5tly succe$$ 9 lib]at+ itself f su* features4 ,! poet is by ?is means exclusively plac$ 9 a relation to ! actor simply1 :o1 by 8 declamation1 play ( facial expression1 & po/ure1 has to repres5t to vision ! poetical "w4 ,?is relation ( ! au?or to ! ext]nal mat]ial is1 h[ev]1 9 its contra/ to o!r arts1 q unique4 ,9 pa9t+ & sculpture x is ! arti/ himself1 :o executes 8 conceptions 9 col\r1 bronze1 or m>ble2 & al?\gh musical execution is dep5d5t ^u ! h&s & voices ( o!rs1 yet ! feature ?us add$1 albeit1 ( c\rse1 ! elem5t ( s\l 9 ! deliv]y ought n to be abs5t1 is none ! less1 to a m or less degree1 ov]:elm+ly me*anical te*nique & virtuosity4#bb ,! actor1 on ! contr>y1 appe>s be=e u 9 ! entire p]sonality :i* comb9es 8 bodily pres5ce1 physiognomy1 voice1 & s =?1 & x is 8 function to coalesce absolutely ) ! "* he portrays4 77 ,9 ?is respect ! poet has ! "r to dem& ( ! actor t he ent]s ) all 8 faculties into ! "p he receives1 )\t add+ !reto any?+ peculi> to himself1 t1 9 %ort1 he acts 9 complete consonance ) ! creative conception & means ( its display suppli$ by ! poet4 ,! actor ought1 9 fact1 to be ! in/rum5t ^u :i* ! au?or plays1 an arti/'s bru% :i* absorbs all col\rs & returns ! same un*ang$4 ,among ! anci5ts ?is 0 m easily a*iev$ = ! reason t declamation1 z above /at$1 0 ma9ly re/rict$ to cl>ity ( mean+1 & music look$ aft] ! aspect ( rhy?m1 :ile masks conceal$ ! faces1 &1 moreov]1 n mu* scope 0 left to ! action4 ,consequ5tly1 ! actor c\ld )\t real difficulty con=m 9 8 deliv]y to a univ]sal tragic pa?os2 & al?\gh too1 9 com$y1 portraits ( liv+ p su* z ,socrates1 ,nicias1 ,creon1 & s =?1 _h to be repres5t$1 9 a real measure ! masks reproduc$ *>act]i/ic traits ) suffici5t =ce1 & fur!r we %\ld note t a detail$ individualization 0 less necess>y1 inasmu* z ! comic poets1 z a rule1 m]ely introduc$ su* *>act]s 9 ord] to repres5t g5]al t5d5cies ( ! "t4 77 ,! position is diff]5t 9 ! mod]n !atre4 ,"h1 to />t )1 we h no masks or musical accompanim5t1 b h in/ead ( ^! ! play ( facial expression1 ! v>iety ( pose1 & a ri*ly modulat$ /yle ( declamation4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 human passions1 ev5 :5 !y are express$ by ! poet 9 a m g5]al & typical *>act]ization1 h none ! less to be ass]t$ z "p ( an inn] & p]sonal life2 & = ! re/ our mod]n *>act]s receive1 = ! mo/ "p1 a f> m ext5d$ compass ( p>ticul>ization1 ! di/9ctively appropriate expression ( :i* has 9 ! same way to be plac$ be=e u ) all ! animation ( pres5t life4 ,! *>act]s ( ,%akespe>e are1 above all1 entire m51 /&+ be=e u 9 di/9ctively unique p]sonality1 s t we require ( our actors t !y1 = _! "p1 give u back ! entire impression ( su* complete creations4 ,!re is no specific rle "h t does n require a def9ite k9d ( expression fitt$ to x1 & :i* cov]s 9 fact e feature ( its display1 :e!r we reg>d t :i* we _c see or t :i* we d1 :e!r x be 9 ! tone ( ! voice1 ! mode ( deliv]y1 ge/iculation1 or facial expression4 ,= ?is reason1 ap>t f ! nature ( ! dialogue1 ! v>i$ "* ( ! pose & ge/ure1 ?r\gh e possible %ade1 receives an entirely new significance4 ,9 fact1 ! mod]n poet leaves to ! actor self-expression "h mu* t ! anci5ts w\ld h express$ 9 words4 ,take ! example ( ! f9al sc5e ( ,wall5/e94 ,! old ,octavio has assi/$ mat]ially 9 ! d[nfall ( ,wall5/e94 ,he f9ds him trea*]\sly murd]$ by ! ma*9ations ( ,buttl]1 & at ! v mom5t :5 ! ,c\ntess ,t]zky makes ! ann\ncem5t t %e has tak5 poison1 an imp]ial lett] arrives4 ,gordon1 aft] read+ ! same1 h&s x to ,octavio ) a glance ( reproa*1 add+ ! words1 ,to ! ,"l ,piccolom9i4 ,octavio is conf\nd$1 &1 pa9$ to ! he>t1 glances heav5w>ds4 ,t :i* ,octavio exp]i5ces 9 ?is rew>d = a s]vice1 = ! bloody issue ( :i* he himself is ma9ly responsible1 is 9 ?is passage n express$ 9 s _m words1 b is left solely to ! ge/ure ( ! actor4 77 ,ow+ to dem&s ( ?is k9d made by our mod]n art ( act+1 poetry may1 relatively to ! mat]ial ( its pres5tation1 n unfrequ5tly op5s up difficulties unkn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,9 o!r words1 ! actor1 be+ ! man he is1 possesses1 9 respect to voice1 figure1 physiognomical expression1 z ev]ybody else1 8 native peculi>ities1 :i* he is compell$ to set on "o side1 ei!r ow+ to _! incompatibility ) a pa?os ( univ]sal import & a really typical *>act]ization1 or to br+ !m into h>mony ) ! m complete p]sonalities ( a type ( poetry ri* 9 its p[] ( individualization4 ,actors claim ! title ( arti/s1 & receive all ! hon\rs ( an arti/ic pr(ession4 ,accord+ to our mod]n ideas1 no ta9t ( any sort1 :e!r e?ical or social1 is impli$ 9 ! fact ( be+ a dramatic actor4 ,?is view is ! "r "o4 ,! pr(ession dem&s conspicu\s tal5t1 intellig5ce1 p]sev]ance1 en]gy1 practice1 k1 &1 inde$1 its highe/ atta9m5t is impossible )\t ! r>e qualities ( g5ius4 ,! actor has n only to assimilate pr(\ndly ! _s ( ! poet & ! "p he accepts1 & to make 8 own individuality con=m entirely to ! same1 bo? inw>dly & outw>dly2 he has1 ov] & above ?is1 9 _m respects to supplem5t ! "p ) 8 own creative insight1 to fill 9 gaps1 to discov] modes ( transition1 & g5]ally1 by 8 p]=mance1 to int]pret ! poet by mak+ visibly & vitally pres5t & intelligible mean+s :i* lie b5ea? ! surface1 or ! less obvi\s t\*es ( a ma/]'s h&4 7c7 ,! ,!atrical ,art :i* is m ,indep5d5t ( ,poetical ,composition ,f9ally1 we %all h t fur!r1 or ?ird aspect ( ! art 9 its actual employm5t1 :]e x lib]ates itself f ! exclusive prec$5cy ( articulate poetry1 & accepts z an indep5d5t end :at 0 previ\sly1 to a m or less ext5t1 a m]e accompanim5t or in/rum5t1 & elaborates ! same on its own acc\nt4 ,to c>ry out ?is emancipation1 music & ! dance are q z mu* ess5tial features ( ! dramatic developm5t z ! art ( ! actor simply4 77 ,9 respect to ?is *ange 9 ! art1 !re are broadly speak+ two sy/ems4 ,! fir/1 accord+ to :i* ! p]=m] t5ds to be simply 9 _s & body ! liv+ in/rum5t ( ! poet1 we h already ref]r$ to4 ,! ,fr5*1 :o make mu* ( pr(essional rles#bc & s*ools1 & are1 z a rule1 m typical 9 _! !atrical repres5tations1 h %[n an exceptional fidelity to ?is sy/em 9 _! trag$y & haute comdie4 ,:at we may def9e "h z ! position ( ! art ( act+ rev]s$ consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! entire creation ( ! poet n[ t5ds to be purely an app5dage or frame to & = ! natural end[m5t1 te*nical ability1 & art ( ! actor4 ,x is by no means uncommon to he> actors make ! dem& t poets %\ld write expressly = !m4 ,! s\l function ( poetical composition is1 9 ?is view1 to give ! arti/ an opportunity to display & unfold 9 all its brilliance 8 emotional p[]s & art1 to let u see ! f9al outcome ( 8 p>ticul> individuality4 ,among ! ,italians1 ! comm$ia dell' arte belongs to ?is type4 ,"h1 no d\bt1 we h c]ta9 def9ite types ( "* su* z ^? ( ! arlec*9o1 dottore1 & ! l1 ) appropriate situations & s]ies ( sc5es2 ! m detail$ execution is1 h[ev]1 almo/ entirely left to ! discretion ( ! actors4 ,among ourselves1 ! dramatic pieces ( ,iffl& & ,kotzebue1 & _m o!rs besides1 ?\gh 9 l>ge measure reg>d$ z poetry1 unimportant or ev5 bad compositions1 nev]!less (f] su* an opportunity = ! creative p[]s ( ! actor1 :o is compell$ to initiate & %ape some?+ f su* g5]ally sket*y & artificial productions1 :i* on acc\nt ( a vital & indep5d5t p]=mance ( ?is k9d receives a unique int]e/ exclusively unit$ to "o & no o!r arti/4 ,x is "h1 m especially1 t we f9d our mu* belaud$ reali/ic effects are display$1 a /yle c>ri$ to su* l5g?s t a m]e mumble & :isp] ( articulate spee*1 q impossible to foll[1 w pass z an admirable p]=mance4 ,9 prote/ to su* a /yle1 ,goe! translat$ ,voltaire's ,tancr$ & ,mahomet = ! ,weim> /age1 9 ord] to compel its actors to drop ?is vulg> naturalism1 & accu/om !mselves to a m noble exposition4 ,& ?is is inv>iably ! case ) ! ,fr5*1 :o1 ev5 9 all ! animation ( ! f>ce1 always keep ! audi5ce 9 view1 & ?r\gh\t address !mselves to x4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 m]e realism & imitation ( our ev]yday expression is z little exhau/ive ( ! real problem z ! m]e intelligibility & clev] use made ( *>act]ization4 ,if an actor seeks to produce a really arti/ic effect 9 su* cases1 he w h to ext5d 8 p[]s to a g5ial virtuosity simil> to t ,i h describ$ already 9 a previ\s passage :5 ref]r+ to musical execution4#bd 77 ,a second prov9ce belong+ to ! type "u consid]ation is t ( ! mod]n op]a1 9 ! direction1 at lea/1 :i* x m & m is incl9$ to take4 ,9 o!r words1 al?\gh 9 op]a1 g5]ally speak+1 ! music is ( mo/ importance1 :i* ( c\rse possesses a cont5t 9 p>tn]%ip ) ! poetry & ! libretto1 albeit x treats & executes ! same freely z x ?9ks be/1 yet 9 m rec5t times1 & p>ticul>ly among ourselves1 x has become increas+ly an affair ( luxuri\s display4 ,x has c>ri$ its accessoires1 9 ! spl5d\r ( its decorations1 ! pomp ( its co/umes1 ! complet5ess ( its *oruses & _! gr\p+1 to a degree ( indep5d5ce t ?r[s all else into ! %ade4 ,x 0 a magnific5ce ( ?is k9d1 suffici5tly criticiz$ among ourselves1 :i* ,cic]o long ago compla9s ( :5 ref]r+ to ,roman trag$y4 ,9 trag$y1 :]e ! poetry is always ! mo/ ess5tial ?+1 su* a lavi% display ( ! s5su\s side ( ?+s is no d\bt n 9 its "r place1 al?\gh ,s*ill]1 9 8 ,maid ( ,orleans1 %[s a t5d5cy "h to run a/ray4 ,9 ! op]a1 on ! contr>y1 ) its s5su\s exub]ance ( song & ! melodic1 ?und]+ *orus ( voices & in/rum5ts1 we may ) m reason admit su* an emphasiz$ *>m ( ext]nal embelli%m5t & display4 ,if ! decorations are spl5did1 !n ! gr\ps & processions1 to give po9t to !m1 mu/ be equally gorge\s1 & ev]y?+ else mu/ be adapt$ to ! same scale4 ,! subject mo/ suit$ to a s5su\s luxuriance ( ?is k9d1 :i*1 no d\bt1 is always "s indication ( ! decl9e ( g5u9e art1 is t "p ( ! entire p]=mance :i* incl9es to ! wond]ful1 fanta/ic1 or fairy tale4 ,moz>t1 9 8 ,magic ,flute1 has suppli$ u ) an example :i* is n too extravagant1 & is work$ out on completely arti/ic l9es4 ,at ! same "t1 we may entirely exhau/ all ! arts ( sc5ic display1 co/ume1 in/rum5tation & ! re/1 b ! fact rema9s t1 if we are n really 9 e>ne/ ) t "p ( ! cont5t :i* conc]ns real dramatic action1 ! impression ^u u c be at ! /ronge/ m]ely t ( a p]usal ( ! fairy-tale ( ,! ,?\s& & ,"o ,nights4 77 ,! same obs]vations apply to ! mod]n ,ballet1 :i* above all is mo/ suit$ to fairy-l& & miracle ( all k9ds4 ,"h1 too1 we note z "o supreme feature1 q ap>t f ! picturesque beauty ( ! gr\p+ & tableaux1 ! kaleidoscopic spl5d\r & fasc9ation ( ! decorations1 co/umes1 & light+1 to an ext5t t ord9>y p]sons f9d !mselves transport$ into a _w 9 :i* common s5se & ! laws & pressure ( our daily life vani% altoge!r4 ,z a fur!r aspect ( ^! p]=mances1 connoisseurs 9 su* subjects w g into ec/acies ov] ! elaborately tra9$ dext]ity & virtuosity ( legs1 :i* is n[adays an ess5tial feature ( ! dance4 ,if1 h[ev]1 any m spiritual significance is to fla% a?w>t su* m]e physical agility1 :i* we h r$uc$ to ! f9al ultimatum ( s5selessness & ideal pov]ty1 we ought to h associat$ ) ! complete comm& ov] all ! executive difficulties impli$ a real measure & euphony ( movem5t1 a fre$om & grace su* z f9ds a response 9 ! s\l2 & x is only v r>ely t we d s4 ,z a fur!r elem5t 9 association ) ! dance "h1 :i* /&s 9 ! place ( ! *oruses & solos ( ! op]a1 we f9d z real expression ( action ! ,pantomime4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 9 proportion z our mod]n dance has advanc$ 9 te*nical dext]ity1 has fall5 f ! rank :i* x once possess$1 &1 inde$1 has s det]iorat$ t ! v ?+ t5ds once m to drop out ( ! mod]n ballet altoge!r1 :i* is alone able to lift ! same into ! free doma9 ( art4 #c4 ,,! ,,types ,,( ,,dramatic ,,poetry ,,& ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,phases ,,( ,,_! ,,hi/orical ,,developm5t4 ,view+ = a mom5t ! c\rse ( our pres5t inquiry 9 retrospect1 x w be se5 t we h1 fir/1 e/abli%$ ! pr9ciple ( dramatic poetry 9 its wide/ & m specific *>act]i/ics1 &1 fur!r1 9 its relation to ! g5]al public4 ,secondly1 we d$uc$ f ! fact ( ! drama's pres5t+ an action di/9ct & indep5d5t 9 its actually visible developm5t ! conclusion t a fully complete s5su\s reproduction is also ess5tial1 su* z is = ! fir/ "t possible "u arti/ic conditions 9 ! !atrical p]=mance4 ,9 ord] t ! action1 h[ev]1 may adapt itself to an ext]nal realization ( ?is k9d1 x is necess>y t bo? 9 poetic conception & detail$ execution x %\ld be absolutely def9ite & complete4 ,?is is only effect$1 our ?ird po9t1 by resolv+ dramatic poetry into p>ticul> types1 receiv+ _! typical "*1 :i* is 9 "p "o ( opposition & also "o ( m$iatory relation to su* opposition1 f ! di/9ction1 9 :i* n only ! end b also ! *>act]s1 z also ! conflict & entire result ( ! action1 are manife/$4 ,! mo/ important aspects emphasiz$ by su* di/9ction & subject to an hi/orical developm5t are ^? peculi> to trag$y & com$y respectively1 z also ! comp>ative value ( ei!r mode ( composition4 ,?is inquiry 9 dramatic poetry is = ! fir/ "t s ess5tially important t x =ms ! basis ( classification = ! diff]5t types4 ,9 consid]+ m closely ! nature ( ^! di/9ctions we %all d well to discuss _! subject-matt] 9 ! foll[+ ord]4 ,fir/1 we mu/ def9e ! g5]al pr9ciple ( trag$y1 com$y1 & ! s-call$ drama4 ,secondly1 we mu/ indicate ! "* ( anci5t & mod]n dramatic poetry1 to ! contra/ betwe5 :i* ! di/9ctive relation ( ! above-nam$ types is ref]able 9 _! hi/orical developm5t4 ,?irdly1 we w attempt1 9 conclusion1 to exam9e ! concrete modes1 :i* ^! types1 ?\gh ma9ly com$y & trag$y1 are able to exhibit )9 ! b\nd>y ( ?is opposition4 7a7 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,trag$y1 ,com$y1 & ! ,drama1 or ,social ,play ,! ess5tial basis ( diff]5tiation among ! types ( epic poetry is to be f\nd 9 ! di/9ction :e!r ! ess5tially sub/antive display$ 9 ! epic mann] is express$ 9 its univ]sality1 or is communicat$ 9 ! =m ( objective *>act]s1 exploits1 & ev5ts4 ,9 contra/ to ?is1 ! classification ( lyric poetry1 9 its s]ies ( v>i$ modes ( expression1 is dep5d5t ^u ! degree & specific =m 9 :i* ! cont5t is assimilat$ 9 m or less /able consi/5cy ) ! s\l exp]i5ce1 accord+ z su* cont5t ass]ts ?is intimate life4 ,&1 f9ally1 dramatic poetry1 :i* accepts z its c5tre ( significance ! collision ( aims & *>act]s1 z also ! necess>y resolution ( su* a conflict1 _c d o!rwise ?an d$uce ! pr9ciple ( its sep>ate types f ! relation 9 :i* individual p]sons are plac$ relatively to _! purpose & its cont5t4 ,! def9ition ( ?is relation is1 9 %ort1 ! decisive factor 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! p>ticul> mode ( dramatic s*ism & ! issue !refrom1 & consequ5tly pres5ts ! ess5tial type ( ! entire process 9 its animat$ & arti/ic display4 ,! fundam5tal po9ts we h to exam9e 9 ?is connection are1 speak+ broadly1 ^? phases or features 9 ! process1 ! m$iation ( :i* con/itutes ! ess5tial purport ( e true action4 ,su* are f "o po9t ( view ! sub/antively s\nd & great1 ! fundam5tal /ratum ( ! realiz$ div9e nature 9 ! _w1 reg>d$ "h z ! g5u9e & ess5tially et]nal cont5t ( individual "* & end4 ,&1 on its o!r side1 we h ! p]sonal consci\s life simply z su* 9 its unhamp]$ p[] ( self-det]m9ation & fre$om4 ,)\t d\bt1 ess5tial & explicit tru? is ass]t$ 9 dramatic poetry2 x matt]s n 9 :at =m x may be manife/$ f "t to "t 9 human action4 ,! specific type1 h[ev]1 )9 :i* ?is activity is made visible receives a di/9ct or1 r1 actually oppos$ configuration1 accord+ z ! aspect ( sub/antive wor? or 9 its opposition !reto1 t ( individual caprice1 folly1 & p]v]sity is reta9$ z ! di/9ctive modus ( op]ation ei!r 9 individuals1 actions1 or conflicts4 ,we h !re=e to consid] ! pr9ciple 9 its di/9ctive relation to ! foll[+ types3 ,fir/1 z associat$ ) trag$y 9 its sub/antive & primitive =m4 ,secondly1 9 its relation to com$y1 9 :i* ! life ( ! individual s\l z su* 9 volition & action1 z well z ! ext]nal factor ( cont+5cy1 are pr$om9ant ov] all relations & ends4 ,?irdly1 9 t to ! drama1 ! !atrical piece 9 ! m re/rict$ use ( ! t]m1 reg>d+ su* z ! middle t]m betwe5 ! two fir/-m5tion$ types4 77 ,) respect to trag$y1 ,i w "h conf9e myself to a consid]ation ( only ! mo/ g5]al & ess5tial *>act]i/ics1 ! m concrete diff]5tiation ( :i* c only be made cle> by a review ( ! di/9ctive features impli$ 9 ! /ages ( its hi/orical process4 77 ,! g5u9e cont5t ( tragic action subject to ! aims :i* arre/ tragic *>act]s is suppli$ by ! _w ( ^? =ces :i* c>ry 9 !mselves _! own ju/ification1 & are realiz$ sub/antively 9 ! volitional activity ( mank9d4 ,su* are ! love ( husb& & wife1 ( p>5ts1 *ildr51 & k9sfolk4 ,su* are1 fur!r1 ! life ( communities1 ! patriotism ( citiz5s1 ! w ( ^? 9 supreme p[]4 ,su* are ! life ( *ur*es1 n1 h[ev]1 if reg>d$ z a piety :i* submits to act ) resignation1 or z a div9e judicial decl>ation 9 ! he>t ( mank9d ov] :at is good or ! rev]se 9 action2 b1 on ! contr>y1 conceiv$ z ! active engagem5t ) & dem& = v]itable int]e/s & relations4 ,x is ( a s\ndness & ?or\ghness consonant ) ^! t ! really tragical *>act]s consi/4 ,!y are ?r\gh\t t :i* ! ess5tial notion ( _! "* enables !m & compels !m to be4 ,!y are n m]ely a v>i$ totality laid out 9 ! s]ies ( views ( x prop] to ! epic mann]2 !y are1 :ile no d\bt rema9+ also ess5tially vital & individual1 /ill only ! "o p[] ( ! p>ticul> "* 9 "q1 ! =ce 9 :i* su* a "*1 9 virtue ( its ess5tial p]sonality1 has made itself insep>ably coalesce ) "s p>ticul> aspect ( ! capital & sub/antive life-cont5t we h indicat$ above1 & delib]ately commits himself to t4 ,x is at "s su* elevation1 :]e ! m]e accid5ts ( unm$iat$#be individuality vani% altoge!r1 t we f9d ! tragic h]oes ( dramatic art1 :e!r !y be ! liv+ repres5tatives ( su* sph]es ( concrete life or 9 any o!r way already s d]ive _! greatness & /ability f _! own free self-reliance t !y /& =? z works ( sculpture1 & z su* int]pret1 too1 "u ?is aspect ! ess5tially m ab/ract /atues & figures ( gods1 z also ! l(ty tragic *>act]s ( ! ,greeks m completely ?an is possible = any o!r k9d ( elucidation or comm5t>y4 ,broadly speak+1 we may1 !re=e1 affirm t ! true !me ( primitive trag$y is ! godlike4#bf ,b by godlike we d n mean ! ,div9e1 z impli$ 9 ! cont5t ( ! religi\s consci\sness simply z su*1 b r z x ent]s into ! _w1 into individual action1 & ent]s 9 su* a way t x does n =feit its sub/antive "* "u ?is mode ( realization1 nor f9d itself conv]t$ into ! contradiction ( its own sub/ance4#bg ,9 ?is =m ! spiritual sub/ance ( volition & accompli%m5t is e?ical life4#bh ,= :at is e?ical1 if we grasp x1 9 its direct consi/5cy--t is to say1 n exclusively f ! /&po9t ( p]sonal reflection z =mal morality--is ! div9e 9 its secul> or _w realization1 ! sub/antive z su*1 ! p>ticul> no less ?an ! ess5tial features ( :i* supply ! *ang+ cont5t ( truly human actions1 & 9 su* action itself r5d] ?is _! ess5ce explicit & actual4 77 ,^! e?ical =ces1 z also ! *>act]s ( ! action1 are di/9ctively def9$ 9 respect to _! cont5t & _! individual p]sonality1 9 virtue ( ! pr9ciple ( diff]5tiation to :i* ev]y?+ is subject1 :i* =ms "p ( ! objective _w ( ?+s4 ,if1 !n1 ^! p>ticul> =ces1 9 ! way presuppos$ by dramatic poetry1 are atta*$ to ! ext]nal expression ( human activity1 & are realiz$ z ! det]m9ate aim ( a human pa?os :i* passes into action1 _! concordancy is cancell$1 & !y are ass]t$ 9 contra/ to ea* o!r 9 int]*angeable succession4 ,individual action w !n1 "u giv5 conditions1 realize an object or "*1 :i*1 "u su* a presuppos$ /ate1 inevitably /imulates ! pres5ce ( a pa?os#bi oppos$ to itself1 because x occupies a position ( unique isolation 9 virtue ( its indep5d5tly fix$ def9ition1 &1 by do+ s1 br+s 9 its tra9 unavoidable conflicts4 ,primitive trag$y1 !n1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t )9 a collision ( ?is k9d bo? sides ( ! contradiction1 if tak5 by !mselves1 are ju/ifi$2 yet1 f a fur!r po9t ( view1 !y t5d to c>ry into effect ! true & positive cont5t ( _! end & specific *>act]ization m]ely z ! negation & violation ( ! o!r equally legitimate p[]1 & consequ5tly 9 _! e?ical purport & relatively to ?is s f> fall "u condemnation4 ,i h already adv]t$ to ! g5]al gr\nd ( ! necessity ( ?is conflict4 ,! sub/ance ( e?ical condition is1 :5 view$ z concrete unity1 a totality ( diff]5t relations & =ces1 :i*1 h[ev]1 only "u ! inactive condition ( ! gods 9 _! bless$ness a*ieve ! works ( ! ,_s 9 enjoym5t ( an undi/urb$ life4 ,9 contra/ to ?is1 h[ev]1 !re is no less c]ta9ly impli$ 9 ! notion ( ?is totality itself an impulse to move f its1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 /ill ab/ract ideality1 & transplant itself 9 ! real actuality ( ! ph5om5al _w4 ,on acc\nt ( ! nature ( ?is primitive obsession1#cj x comes ab\t t m]e diff]5ce1 if conceiv$ on ! basis ( def9ite conditions ( individual p]sonalities1 mu/ inevitably associate ) contradiction & collision4 ,only su* a view c pret5d to deal s]i\sly ) ^? gods :i*1 ?\gh !y endure 9 _! tranquil repose & unity 9 ! ,olympus & heav5 ( imag9ation & religi\s conception1 yet1 9 s f> z !y are actual1#ca view$ at lea/ z ! en]gic 9 ! def9ite pa?os ( a human p]sonality1 p>ticipate 9 concrete life1 all o!r claims not)/&+1 &1 9 virtue ( _! specific s+ul>ity & _! mutual opposition1 r5d] bo? blame & wrong inevitable4 77 ,z a result ( ?is1 h[ev]1 an unm$iat$ contradiction is posit$1 :i* no d\bt may ass]t itself 9 ! ,real1 b1 = all t1 is unable to ma9ta9 itself z t :i* is :olly sub/antive & v]ily real !re92 :i* r discov]s1 & only discov]s1 its ess5tial ju/ification 9 ! fact t x is able to annul itself z su* contradiction4 ,9 o!r words1 :atev] may be ! claim ( ! tragic f9al purpose & p]sonality1 :atev] may be ! necessity ( ! tragic collision1 x is1 z a consequ5ce ( our pres5t view1 no less a claim t is ass]t$--?is is our ?ird & la/ po9t--by ! tragic resolution ( ?is division4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is latt] result t ,et]nal ,ju/ice is op]ative 9 su* aims & individuals "u a mode :]eby x re/ores ! e?ical sub/ance & unity 9 & along ) ! d[nfall ( ! individuality :i* di/urbs its repose4 ,=1 despite ! fact t individual *>act]s propose t :i* is itself ess5tially valid1 yet !y are only able to c>ry x out "u ! tragic dem& 9 a mann] t implies contradiction & ) a onesid$ness :i* is injuri\s4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 is sub/antive 9 tru?1 & ! function ( :i* is to secure realization1 is n ! battle ( p>ticul> unities1 h[ev] mu* su* a conflict is ess5tially involv$ 9 ! notion ( a real _w & human action2 r x is ! reconciliation 9 :i* def9ite ends & individuals unite 9 h>moni\s action )\t mutual violation & contradiction4 ,t :i* is abrogat$ 9 ! tragic issue is m]ely ! "o-sid$ p>ticul>ity :i* 0 unable to accommodate itself to ?is h>mony1 & consequ5tly 9 ! tragic c\rse ( its action1 ?r\gh inability to dis5gage itself f itself & its designs1 ei!r is committ$ 9 its entire totality to de/ruction or at lea/ f9ds itself compell$ to fall back ^u a /ate ( resignation 9 ! execution ( its aim 9 s f> z x c c>ry ?is out4 ,we are rem9d$ ( ! fam\s dictum ( ,ari/otle t ! true effect ( trag$y is to excite & purify fe> & pity4 ,by ?is /atem5t ,ari/otle did n mean m]ely ! concordant or discordant feel+ ) anybody's private exp]i5ce1 a feel+ simply ( pleasure or ! rev]se1 an attraction or a repulsion1 t mo/ sup]ficial ( all psy*ological /ates1 :i* only 9 rec5t times !ori/s h s\ght to id5tify ) ! pr9ciple ( ass5t or diss5t z ord9>ily express$4 ,= 9 a "w ( art ! matt] ( exclusive importance %\ld be ! display ( t :i* is con=mable ) ! reason & tru? ( ,_s2 & to discov] ! pr9ciple ( ?is we h to direct our att5tion to :olly diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,& consequ5tly we are n ju/ifi$ 9 re/rict+ ! application ( ?is dictum ( ,ari/otle m]ely to ! emotion ( fe> & pity1 b %\ld relate x to ! pr9ciple ( ! cont5t ! appropriately arti/ic display ( :i* ought to purify su* feel+s4 ,man may1 on ! "o h&1 ent]ta9 fe> :5 confront$ ) t :i* is outside him & f9ite2 b he may likewise %r9k be=e ! p[] ( t :i* is ! ess5tial & absolute subsi/5cy ( social ph5om5a4#cb ,t :i* mank9d has !re=e 9 tru? to fe> is n ! ext]nal p[] & its oppression1 b ! e?ical might :i* is self-def9$ 9 its own free rationality1 & p>takes fur!r ( ! et]nal & inviolable1 ! p[] a man summons aga9/ 8 own be+ :5 he turns 8 back ^u x4 ,& j z fe> may h two objectives1 s also too compassion4 ,! fir/ is j ! ord9>y s5sibility--9 o!r words1 a sympa?y ) ! mis=tunes & suff]+s ( ano!r1 & "o :i* is exp]i5c$ z some?+ f9ite & negative4 ,y\r c\ntrifi$ c\s9 is ready en\gh ) compassion ( ?is ord]4 ,! man ( nobility & greatness1 h[ev]1 has no wi% to be smo!r$ ) ?is sort ( pity4 ,= j to ! ext5t t x is m]ely ! nugatory aspect1 ! negative ( mis=tune :i* is ass]t$1 a real depreciation ( mis=tune is impli$4 ,true sympa?y1 on ! contr>y1 is an accordant feel+ ) ! e?ical claim at ! same "t associat$ ) ! suff]]--t is1 ) :at is necess>ily impli$ 9 8 condition z affirmative & sub/antive4 ,su* a pity z ?is is n1 ( c\rse1 excit$ by ragamuff9s & vagabonds4 ,if ! tragic "*1 !re=e1 j z he ar\s$ our fe> :5 contemplat+ ! might ( violat$ morality1 is to awake a tragic sympa?y 9 8 mis=tune1 he mu/ himself ess5tially possess real capacity & d[nright "*4 ,x is only t :i* has a g5u9e cont5t :i* /rikes ! he>t ( a man ( noble feel+1 & r+s ?r\gh its dep?s4 ,consequ5tly we ought by no means to id5tify our int]e/ 9 ! tragic dn\em5t ) ! simple satisfaction t a sad /ory1 a mis=tune m]ely z mis=tune1 %\ld h a claim ^u our sympa?y4 ,feel+s ( lam5t ( ?is type may well en\gh assail m5 on occasions ( :olly ext]nal cont+5cy & relat$ circum/ance1 to :i* ! individual does n contribute1 nor = :i* he is responsible1 su* cases z illness1 loss ( prop]ty1 dea?1 & ! l4 ,! only real & absorb+ int]e/ 9 su* cases ought to be an eag] desire to af=d imm$iate assi/ance4 ,if ?is is impossible1 su* pictures ( lam5tation & mis]y m]ely rack ! feel+s4 ,a v]itable tragic suff]+1 on ! contr>y1 is susp5d$ ov] active *>act]s entirely z ! consequ5ce ( _! own act1 :i* z su* n only ass]ts its claim ^u u1 b becomes subject to blame ?r\gh ! collision x involves1 & 9 :i* su* individuals id5tify !mselves he>t & s\l4 ,ov] & above m]e fe> & tragic sympa?y we h !re=e ! feel+ ( reconciliation1 :i* trag$y is v\*$ = 9 virtue ( its vision ( et]nal ju/ice1 a ju/ice :i* ex]cises a p>am\nt =ce ( absolute con/r+5cy on acc\nt ( ! relative claim ( all m]ely contract$ aims & passions2 & x c d ?is = ! reason t x is unable to tol]ate ! victori\s issue & cont9uance 9 ! tru? ( ! objective _w ( su* a conflict ) & opposition to ^? e?ical p[]s :i* are fundam5tally & ess5tially concordant4#cc ,inasmu* z !n1 9 con=mity ) ?is pr9ciple1 all t p]ta9s to trag$y pre-em95tly re/s ^u ! contemplation ( su* a conflict & its resolution1 dramatic poetry is--& its entire mode ( pres5tation (f]s a pro( ( ! fact--alone able to make & completely adapt its =m ?r\gh\t its entire c\rse & compass to ! pr9ciple ( ! art product4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y ,i h only n[ f\nd occasion to discuss ! tragic mode ( pres5tation1 al?\gh x ext5ds an effective =ce1 if no d\bt "o ( subord9ate degree1 9 _m ways ov] ! o!r arts4 77 ,9 trag$y !n t :i* is et]nally sub/antive is triumphantly v9dicat$ "u ! mode ( reconciliation4 ,x simply removes f ! cont5tions ( p]sonality ! false "o-sid$ness1 & exhibits in/ead t :i* is ! object ( its volition1 namely1 positive reality1 no long] "u an ass]t$ m$iation ( oppos$ factors1 b z ! real support ( consi/5cy4#cd ,& 9 contra/ to ?is 9 com$y x is ! purely p]sonal exp]i5ce1 :i* reta9s ! ma/]y 9 its "* ( inf9ite self-assur$ness4#ce ,& x is only ^! two fundam5tal aspects ( human action :i* occupy a position ( contra/ 9 ! classification ( dramatic poetry into its sev]al types4 ,9 trag$y individuals are ?r[n into confusion 9 virtue ( ! ab/ract nature ( _! /]l+ volition & "*1 or !y are =c$ to accept t ) resignation1 to :i* !y h be5 !mselves ess5tially oppos$4 ,9 com$y we h a vision ( ! victory ( ! intr9sically assur$ /ability ( ! :olly p]sonal s\l-life1 ! laught] ( :i* resolves ev]y?+ ?r\gh ! m$ium & into ! m$ium ( su* life4 77 ,! g5]al basis ( com$y is !re=e a _w 9 :i* man has made himself1 9 8 consci\s activity1 complete ma/] ( all t o!rwise passes z ! ess5tial cont5t ( 8 k & a*ievem5t2 a _w ^: ends are consequ5tly ?r[n awry on ( _! own lack ( sub/ance4 ,a democratic folk1 ) egoti/ic citiz5s1 litigi\s1 frivol\s1 conceit$1 )\t fai? or k1 always int5t on gossip1 boa/+ & vanity--su* a folk is pa/ pray+ =2 x c only dissolve 9 its folly4 ,b x w\ld be a mi/ake to ?9k t any action t is )\t g5u9e cont5t is !re=e comic because x is void ( sub/ance4 ,p only too (t5 9 ?is respect conf\nd ! m]ely ridicul\s ) ! true comic4 ,e contra/ betwe5 :at is ess5tial & its appe>ance1 ! object & its in/rum5t1 may be ridicul\s1 a contradiction 9 virtue ( :i* ! appe>ance is absolutely cancell$1 & ! end is /ultifi$ 9 its realization4 ,a pr(\nd] significance is1 h[ev]1 impli$ 9 ! comic4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 no?+ comic 9 human crime4 ,! satire af=ds a pro( ( ?is1 to ! po9t ( extreme aridity1 no matt] h[ emphatic may be ! col\rs 9 :i* x depicts ! condition ( ! actual _w 9 its contra/ to all t ! man ( virtue ought to be4 ,!re is no?+ 9 m]e folly1 /upidity1 or nons5se1 :i* 9 itself necess>ily p>takes ( ! comic1 ?\gh we all ( u are ready en\gh to laugh at x4 ,& z a rule x is extraord9>y :at a v>iety ( :olly diff]5t ?+s excite human laught]4 ,matt]s ( ! dulle/ description & 9 ! wor/ possible ta/e w move m5 9 ?is way2 & _! laught] may be excit$ q z mu* by ?+s ( ! pr(\nde/ importance1 if only !y happ5 to notice "s entirely unimportant feature1 :i* may conflict ) habit & ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,laught] is consequ5tly little m ?an an expression ( self-satisfi$ %rewdness2 a sign t !y h suffici5t wit to recognize su* a contra/ & are aw>e ( ! fact4 ,9 ! same way we h ! laught] ( ! sc(f]1 ! scornful & desp]ation itself4 ,:at on ! o!r h& is insep>able f ! comic is an inf9ite g5iality & confid5ce#cf capable ( ris+ sup]ior to its own contradiction1 & exp]i5c+ !re9 no ta9t ( bitt]ness or s5se ( mis=tune :atev]4 ,x is ! happy frame ( m9d1 a hale condition ( s\l1 :i*1 fully aw>e ( itself1 c suff] ! dissolution ( its aims & realization4 ,! unexpansive type ( intellig5ce is on ! contr>y lea/ ma/] ( itself :]e x is 9 its behavi\r mo/ laughable to o!rs4 77 ,9 consid]+ ) m detail ! k9d ( cont5t :i* *>act]izes & educes ! object ( comic action1 ,i propose to limit myself to ! foll[+ po9ts ( g5]al int]e/4 ,on ! "o h& !re are human ends & *>act]s ess5tially devoid ( sub/antive cont5t & contradictory4 ,!y are !re=e unable to a*ieve ! =m] or give effect to ! latt]4 ,av>ice1 = example1 n only 9 ref]5ce to its aim1 b also 9 respect to ! petty means :i* x employs1 is cle>ly f ! fir/ & fundam5tally a va9 %ad[4 ,x accepts :at is ! dead ab/raction ( weal?1 money simply z su*1 z ! summum bonum1 ! reality beyond :i* x refuses to budge2 & x endeav\rs to ma/] ?is frigid means ( enjoym5t by d5y+ itself e o!r concrete satisfaction1 despite ! fact too t1 9 ! impot5cy ( its end no less ?an ! means ( its a*ievem5t1 x is helpless :5 confront$ ) cunn+ & trea*]y1 & ! l4 ,9 su* a case !n1 if anyone id5tifies s]i\sly 8 p]sonal life ) a cont5t s ess5tially false1 to ! ext5t ( a man conf9+ ! embrace ( 8 s\l-life to t exclusively1 & 9 ! result1 if ! same is swept away z 8 foot-hold1 ! m he /rives to reta9 t =m] foot-hold1 ! m ! life collapses 9 unhapp9ess--9 su* a picture z ?is :at is mo/ vital to ! comic situation fails1 z x does 9 e case :]e ! pr$om9ant factors are simply on ! "o side ! pa9fulness ( ! actual conditions1 & on ! o!r scorn & pleasure 9 su* mis=tune4 ,!re is !re=e m ( ! true comic 9 ! case :]e1 x is true1 aims intr9sically mean & empty w\ld l to be a*iev$ ) an appe>ance ( e>ne/ solemnity & e k9d ( prep>ation1 b :]e ! individual himself1 :5 he falls %ort ( ?is1 does n exp]i5ce any real loss because he is consci\s t :at he /rove aft] 0 really ( no great importance1 & is !re=e able to rise sup]ior ) spontane\s amusem5t above ! failure4 ,a situation :i* is ! rev]se ( ?is occurs :]e p vaguely grasp at aims & a p]sonal impression ( real sub/ance1 b 9 _! own individuality1 z in/rum5ts to a*ieve ?is1 are 9 absolute conflict ) su* a result4 ,9 su* a case :at sub/ance !re is only exi/s 9 ! individual's imag9ation1 becomes a m]e appe>ance to himself or o!rs1 :i* no d\bt (f]s ! %[ & virtue ( :at is ?us ( mat]ial import1 b = ?is v reason involves end & p]sonality1 action & "* 9 a contradiction1 by reason ( :i* ! atta9m5t ( ! imag$ end or *>act]ization is itself r5d]$ impossible4 ,an example ( ?is is ! ,ecclesiazusae ( ,ari/ophanes1 :]e ! wom5 :o seek to advise & f\nd a new political con/itution1 reta9 all ! temp]am5t & passions ( wom5 z be=e4 ,we may add to ! above two divisions ( classification1 z a di/9ct basis = yet ano!r1 ! use made ( ext]nal accid5t1 by means ( ! v>i$ & extraord9>y developm5t ( :i* situations are plac$ be=e u 9 :i* ! objects desir$ & _! a*ievem5t1 ! p]sonal "* & its ext]nal conditions are ?r[n into a comic contra/1 & lead to an equally comic resolution4 77 ,b inasmu* z ! comic elem5t :olly & f ! fir/ dep5ds ^u contradictory contra/s1 n only ( ends !mselves on _! own acc\nt1 b also ( _! cont5t z oppos$ to ! cont+5cy ( ! p]sonal life & ext]nal condition1 ! action ( com$y requires a resolution ) ev5 m /r+5cy ?an ! tragic drama4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ! action ( com$y ! contradiction betwe5 t :i* is ess5tially true & its specific realization is m fundam5tally ass]t$4 ,t :i*1 h[ev]1 is abrogat$ 9 ?is resolution is n by any means ei!r ! sub/antive be+ or ! p]sonal life z su*4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is t com$y too1 view$ z g5u9e art1 has n ! task set be=e x to display ?r\gh its pres5tation :at is ess5tially rational z t :i* is intr9sically p]v]se & comes to naught1 b on ! contr>y z t :i* nei!r be/[s ! victory1 nor ultimately all[s any /&+ gr\nd to folly & absurdity1 t is to say ! false contradictions & oppositions :i* also =m "p ( reality4 ,! mascul9e art ( ,ari/ophanes1 = in/ance1 does n turn into ridicule :at is truly ( e?ical significance 9 ! social life ( ,a!ns1 namely g5u9e philosophy1 true religi\s fai?1 b r ! spuri\s gr[? ( ! democracy1 9 :i* ! anci5t fai? & ! =m] morality h disappe>$1 su* z ! sophi/ry1 ! :9+ & qu]ul\sness ( trag$y1 ! incon/ant gossip1 ! love ( litigation & s =?2 9 o!r words1 x is ^? elem5ts directly oppos$ to a g5u9e condition ( political life1 religion & art1 :i* he places be=e u 9 _! suicidal folly4 ,only 9 m mod]n times d we f9d 9 su* a writ] z ,kotzebue ! bas5ess possible :i* ?r[s ov] moral excell5ce1 & sp>es & /rives to ma9ta9 t :i* only exi/s "u a condition ( suff]ance4 ,to z little ext5t1 h[ev]1 ought ! individual's private life suff] sub/antial injury 9 com$y4 ,or to put x o!rwise1 if x is m]ely ! appe>ance & imag9$ pres5ce ( :at is sub/antive1 or if x is ! ess5tially p]v]se & petty :i* is ass]t$1 yet 9 ! ess5tial self /ability ( individual "* ! m exalt$ pr9ciple rema9s1 :i* 9 its fre$om rea*es ov] & beyond ! ov]?r[ ( all t su* f9ite life comprises1 & cont9ues itself 9 its "* ( self-security & self-bless$ness4 ,?is subjective life t we above all id5tify ) comic p]sonality has ?us become ma/] ( all ! ph5om5al pres5ce ( ! real4 ,! mode ( actual appe>ance adequate to :at is1 s to speak1 sub/antive1 has vani%$ out ( x2 &1 if :at is ess5tially )\t fundam5tal subsi/5ce comes to naught ) its m]e pret5ce ( be+ t :i* x is n1 ! individual ass]ts himself z ma/] ov] su* a dissolution1 & rema9s at bottom unbrok5 & 9 good he>t to ! end4#cg 77 ,midway betwe5 trag$y & com$y we h fur!rmore a ?ird fundam5tal type ( dramatic poetry1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 ( less di/9ctive importance1 despite ! fact t 9 x ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 :at is tragic & comic makes an ef=t to con/ruct a bridge ( m$iation1 or at lea/ to effect "s coalesc5ce ( bo? sides 9 a concrete :ole )\t leav+ ei!r ! "o or ! o!r 9 oppos$ isolation4 77 ,to ?is class we may1 = example1 ref] ! ,satyric drama ( ! anci5ts1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal action itself at lea/ rema9s ( a s]i\s if n :olly tragic type1 :ile ! *orus ( its ,satyrs is 9 contra/ to ?is treat$ 9 ! comic mann]4 ,we may also include 9 su* a class ! tragic-com$y4 ,plautus gives an example ( ?is 9 8 ,amphitryo1 & inde$ 9 ! prologue1 ?r\gh v]ses giv5 to ,m]cury1 ass]ts ?is fact2 ! declamation runs z foll[s3 ,quid contraxi/is frontem8 ,quia ,trago$iam ,d9i futuram hanc8 ,deus sum3 commutav]o ,eamdem hanc1 si voltis3 faciam1 ex ,trago$ia ,como$ia ut sit1 omnibus eisdem v]sibus4 ,faciam ut conmi/a sit ,tragicocomo$ia4 ,he (f]s u z a reason = ?is int]mixture ! fact1 t :ile gods & k+s are repres5t$ among ! dramatis p]sonae1 we h also 9 comic contra/ to ?is ! figure ( ! slave ,s(ia4 ,) yet m frequ5cy 9 mod]n dramatic poetry we h ! int]play ( tragic & comic situation2 & ?is is naturally s1 because 9 mod]n compositions ! pr9ciple ( an intimate p]sonal life has its place too 9 trag$y1 ! pr9ciple :i* is ass]t$ by com$y 9 all its fre$om1 & f ! fir/ has be5 pr$om9ant1 =c+ z x does into ! backgr\nd ! sub/antive "* ( ! cont5t 9 :i* ! e?ical =ces1 ,i h ref]r$ to previ\sly1 are p>am\nt4 77 ,! pr(\nd] m$iation1 h[ev]1 ( tragic & comic composition 9 a new :ole does n consi/ 9 ! juxtaposition or alt]ation ( ^! contradictory po9ts ( view1 b 9 a mutual accommodation1 :i* blunts ! =ce ( su* opposition4 ,! elem5t ( subjectivity1 in/ead ( be+ ex]cis$ ) all ! p]v]sity ( ! comic drama1 is /eep$ 9 ! s]i\sness ( g5u9e social conditions & sub/antial *>act]s1 :ile ! tragic /eadfa/ness ( volition & ! dep? ( collisions is s f> weak5$ & r$uc$ t x becomes compatible ) a reconciliation ( int]e/s & a h>moni\s union ( ends & individuals4 ,x is "u su* a mode ( conception t 9 p>ticul> ! mod]n play & drama arise4 ,! pr(\nd aspect ( ?is pr9ciple1 9 ?is view ( ! playwright1 consi/s 9 ! fact t1 despite ! diff]5ces & conflicts ( int]e/s1 passions & *>act]s1 an ess5tially h>moni\s reality none ! less results f human action4 ,ev5 ! anci5t _w possesses trag$ies1 :i* accept an issue ( ?is "*4 ,individuals are n sacrific$1 b ma9ta9$ )\t s]i\s cata/rophe4 ,9 ! ,eum5ides ( s*ylus1 = example1 bo? p>ties !re br\ght to judgm5t be=e ! ,areopagus1 namely ,apollo & ! av5g+ ,furies1 h _! claims to honorable consid]ation v9dicat$4 ,also 9 ! ,philoctetes ! conflict betwe5 ,neoptolemos & ,philoctetes is dispos$ ( ?r\gh ! div9e int]position ( ,h]cules & ! advice he gives4 ,!y dep>t reconcil$ = ,troy4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! accommodation is due to a deus ex ma*9 & ! actual s\rce ( su* is n traceable to ! p]sonal attitude ( ! p>ties !mselves4 ,9 ! mod]n play1 h[ev]1 x is ! individual *>act]s alone :o f9d !mselves induc$ by ! c\rse ( _! own action to su* an ab&onm5t ( ! /rife1 & to a reciprocal reconciliation ( _! aims & p]sonalities4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! ,iphig5eia ( ,goe! is a g5u9e model ( a play ( ?is k9d1 & x is m s ?an 8 ,tasso1 9 :i* 9 ! fir/ place ! reconciliation ) ,antonio is r an affair ( temp]am5t & p]sonal ackn[l$gm5t t ,antonio possesses ! g5u9e k ( life1 :i* is abs5t f ! "* ( ,tasso1 & along ) ?is t ! claim ( ideal life1 :i* ,tasso _h rigidly adh]$ to 9 its conflict ) actual conditions1 adaptability & grace ( mann]s1 reta9s its =ce ?r\gh\t ) an audi5ce m]ely 9 an ideal s5se1 & relatively to actual conditions at mo/ ass]ts itself z an excuse = ! poet & a g5]al sympa?y = 8 position4 77 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! b\nd>y l9es ( _! int]m$iate type fluctuate m ?an is ! case ) trag$y or com$y4 ,x is also expos$ to a fur!r dang] ( break+ away f ! true dramatic type1 or ceas+ to be g5u9e poetry4 ,9 o!r words1 ow+ to ! fact t ! oppos+ factors1 :i* h to secure a peaceful conclusion f out ( _! own division1 are f ! />t n anti!tical to "o ano!r ) ! emphasis ass]t$ by trag$y2 ! poet is = ?is reason compell$ to devote ! full /r5g? ( 8 pres5tation to ! psy*ological analysis ( "*1 & to make ! c\rse ( ! situations a m]e in/rum5t ( su* *>act]ization4 ,or1 z an alt]native1 he admits a too ext5sive field = ! display ( ! mat]ial aspect ( hi/orical or e?ical conditions2 &1 "u ! pressure ( su* mat]ial1 he t5ds to re/rict 8 ef=t to keep ! att5tion alive to ! int]e/ ( ! s]ies ( ev5ts evolv$ alone4 ,to ?is class ( composition we may assign a ho/ ( our m rec5t !atrical pieces1 :i* r aim at !atrical effect ?an claim to be poetry4 ,!y d n s mu* seek to affect u z g5u9e poetical productions z to rea* our emotions g5]ally z m5 & wom52 or !y aim on ! "o h& simply at recreation1 & on ! o!r at ! moral education ( public ta/e2 b :ile do+ s !y are almo/ equally conc]n$ to provide ample opportunity to ! actor = ! display ( 8 tra9$ art & virtuosity 9 ! mo/ brilliant mann]4 7b7 ,! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,dramatic ,poetry ,! same pr9ciple :i* (f]$ u a basis = ! classification ( dramatic art into trag$y & com$y also w give u ! ess5tial po9ts ( arre/ 9 ! hi/ory ( _! developm5t4 ,! progress we f9d 9 ?is c\rse ( evolution c only appe> aft] we h plac$ su* p>ticul> phases 9 ! process side by side = comp>ison & analysis4 ,!y subsi/1 9 %ort1 9 ! notion ( dramatic action1 ) ! result t on ! "o h& ! entire composition & its !atrical execution emphasizes :at is sub/antive 9 ! ends1 conflicts1 & *>act]s1 & on ! o!r t ! p]sonal factor ( consci\s & individual life con/itutes ! focal c5tre ?r\gh\t4 77 ,) reg>d to su* an inquiry we may at once 9 ! pres5t "w1 :i* does n attempt to include an exhau/ive hi/ory ( art1 leave out altoge!r ^? orig9s ( dramatic art :i* we f9d among ,ori5tal peoples4 ,despite ! consid]able progress made by ,ea/]n poetry 9 ! epic & c]ta9 types ( lyrical composition ! entire _w-outlook ( su* peoples nev]!less f ! fir/ excludes an arti/ic developm5t fav\rable to dramatic art4 ,& ! reason is t to g5u9e tragic action x is ess5tial t ! pr9ciple ( individual fre$om & indep5d5ce1 or at lea/ t ( self-det]m9ation1 ! w to f9d 9 ! self ! free cause & s\rce ( ! p]sonal act & its consequ5ces1 %\ld already h be5 ar\s$2 & we may obs]ve t to a /ill m emphatic degree is ?is free claim ( ! p]sonal life & its self-recogniz$ imp]ium a necess>y condition to ! appe>ance ( com$y4 ,9 ! ,ea/ we f9d 9 nei!r case su* a condition satisfi$4 ,9 p>ticul> remot5ess f any & e attempt at real dramatic self-expression is t impos+ sublimity ( ,mohamm$an poetry1 al?\gh f a c]ta9 po9t ( view x is capable ) real p[] ( v9dicat+ ! claim ( individual indep5d5ce4 ,b x necess>ily fails1 because x is an equally ess5tial assumption ( x t ! ,"o sub/antive ,p[] ov]rules e creat$ be+ & det]m9es 8 irrev]sible de/9y1 & ) all ! m irresi/ible fatality 9 proportion z su* a _s is ass]t$4 ,! ju/ification ( a p>ticul> cont5t ( individual action & ( a p]sonal life :i* explores its own mo/ intimate sub/ance1 9 ! s5se t dramatic art presupposes1 is "h impossible2 inde$ x is precisely 9 ,mohamm$anism t ! subjugation ( ! individual self to ! w ( ,god is ! m ab/ract 9 proportion z ! ,"o pr$om9ant ,p[]1 :o rules ! univ]se1 is m ab/ractly conceiv$ 9 8 univ]sality1 & 9 ! la/ in/ance w n tol]ate "o %r$ ( p>ticul>ity to rema94 ,we consequ5tly only f9d orig9s ( dramatic composition among ! ,*9ese & ,h9doos4 ,b "h1 too1 s f> z our pres5t scanty evid5ce c>ries u1 ^! d n s mu* am\nt to ! execution ( any free & individual action2 !y m]ely reflect ! animat$ life ( ev5ts & emotions "u ! mode ( def9ite situations1 :i* are display$ 9 _! c\rse z !y actually happ54 77 ,! true beg9n+ ( dramatic poetry we h consequ5tly to seek among ! ,hell5es1 ) :om = ! fir/ "t & 9 e respect ! pr9ciple ( free individuality r5d]s ! p]fect elaboration ( ! classic type ( art possible4 ,compatibly ) ?is type ( art1 h[ev]1 & 9 its relation to human action1 individuality is only s f> ass]t$ z x directly dem&s ! free animation ( ! ess5tial cont5t ( human aims4 ,t :i* pre-em95tly is ( valid =ce 9 anci5t drama1 !re=e1 :e!r x be trag$y or com$y1 is ! univ]sal & ess5tial cont5t ( ! end1 :i* individuals seek to a*ieve4 ,9 trag$y ?is is ! e?ical claim ( human consci\sness 9 view ( ! p>ticul> action 9 "q1 ! v9dication ( ! act on its own acc\nt4 ,& 9 ! old com$y1 too1 x is 9 ! same way at lea/ ! g5]al public int]e/s :i* are emphasiz$1 :e!r x be 9 /atesm5 & ! mode 9 :i* !y direct ! ,/ate1 que/ions ( peace or w>1 ! g5]al public & its moral conditions1 or ! condition ( philosophy & its decl9e4 ,& x is ow+ to ?is t "h nei!r ! v>i$ exposition ( p]sonal s\l-life & exceptional "*1 nor ! equally exceptional plot & intrigue c obta9 ! fulle/ play1 nor does ! ma9 int]e/ revolve s mu* ar\nd ! fate ( individuals4 ,9 ! place ( ?is int]e/ = su* p>ticul> aspects ( ! drama above all else sympa?y is evok$ & claim$ = ! simple conflict & issue ( ! ess5tial p[]s ( life1 & = ! godlike manife/ations ( ! human he>t1#ch z di/9ctive repres5tatives ( :i* ! h]oes ( trag$y are set be=e u 9 mu* ! same way z t 9 :i* ! figures ( com$y make visible ! g5]al p]v]sity ( mank9d1 to ! expression ( :i*1 9 ! reality ( ! actual pres5t1 ev5 ! fundam5tal in/itutions ( public life h be5 corrupt$4 77 ,9 mod]n romantic poetry1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! individual passion1 ! satisfaction ( :i* c only be relative to a :olly p]sonal end1 g5]ally speak+ ! de/9y ( "s p>ticul> p]son or "* plac$ "u exceptional circum/ances1 :i* =ms ! subject-matt] ( all importance4 ,f su* a po9t ( view ! poetic int]e/ consi/s 9 t greatness ( *>act]s1 :i*1 9 virtue ( _! imag9ative p[] or _! disposition & tal5ts1 display a spiritual#ci elevation ov] _! situations & actions no less ?an ov] ! entire weal? ( _! s\l-life1 & %[ x z ! real sub/ance ( political =ces1 ?\gh (t51 too1 ^! may be ob/ruct$ &1 inde$1 annihilat$ 9 ! /ress ( p>ticul> circum/ances & ! curr5t ( ev5ts2 & we may add t 9 ! greatness ( su* natures x is n infrequ5t to f9d t a p[] ( recov]y#dj is fur!r conta9$4 ,) reg>d to ! p>ticul> cont5t ( ! action 9 ?is /yle ( composition x is n !re=e ! e?ical v9dication & necessity1 b r ! isolat$ individual & 8 conditions to :i* our int]e/ is direct$4 ,f a /&po9t su* z ?is1 !re=e1 a fundam5tal motive w arise 9 su* qualities z love & ambition2 inde$1 crime itself is n exclud$4 ,b 9 ! latt] case we may easily f9d rocks ahead difficult inde$ to cle>4 ,= an out & out crim9al1 & irrevocably s :5 he is weak & a ?or\ghly mean scamp1 z is ! h]o 9 ,mill9]'s drama1 ,crime1 is some?+ m ?an a sorry sight4 ,:at we require !re=e above all 9 su* cases is at lea/ ! =mal#da greatness ( "* & p[] ( ! p]sonal life :i* is able to ride out ev]y?+ t negates x1 & :i*1 )\t d5ial ( its acts or1 inde$1 )\t be+ mat]ially discompos$ by !m1 is capable ( accept+ _! consequ5ces4 ,& on ! o!r side we f9d t ^? sub/antive ends1 su* z patriotism1 family devotion1 loyalty1 & ! re/1 are by no means to be exclud$1 al?\gh = ! individual p]sons conc]n$ ! ma9 "q ( importance is n s mu* ! sub/antive =ce z _! own individuality4 ,b 9 su* cases z a rule !y r =m ! p>ticul> gr\nd ^u :i* su* p]sons1 view$ 9 ! light ( _! private "*1 take _! /& & engage 9 conflict1 r ?an h suppli$ :at we may reg>d z ! real & ultimate cont5t ( _! volition & action4 ,& fur!r1 9 conjunction ) a p]sonal self-ass]tion ( ?is type we may h pres5t$ ! full ext5sion ( individual idiosyncrasy1 n m]ely 9 respect to ! s\l-life simply1 b also 9 relation to ext]nal circum/ances & conditions1 )9 :i* ! action proce$s4 ,& x is ow+ to ?is t 9 di/9ctive =m ! simple conflicts :i* *>act]ize m classical dramatic composition1 we n[ meet ) ! v>iety & exub]ance ( ! *>act]s dramatiz$1 ! un=ese5 surprises ( ! ev] new & complicat$ developm5ts ( plot1 ! maze ( intrigue1 ! cont+5cy ( ev5ts1 &1 9 a ^w1 all ^? aspects ( ! mod]n drama :i* claim our att5tion1 & ! unfett]$ appe>ance ( :i*1 z oppos$ to ! ov]:elm+ emphasis atta*$ to :at is ess5tially mo/ fundam5tal 9 ! cont5t1 acc5tuates ! type ( romantic art 9 its di/9ction f ! classic type4 ,b aga91 ev5 9 ! cases above indicat$1 & despite all ?is app>5tly untrammell$ p>ticul>ity1 ! :ole ought to cont9ue to be bo? dramatic & poetical4 ,9 o!r words1 on ! "o h&1 ! h>%ness ( ! collision1 :i* has to be f\ght ?r\gh1 ought to be visibly oblit]at$1 & on ! o!r1 pre-em95tly 9 trag$y1 ! pr$om9ant pres5ce ( a m exalt$ ord] ( ! _w1 :e!r we adopt ! conception ( ,provid5ce or ,fatality1 ought to pla9ly discov] itself 9 & ?r\gh ! c\rse & issue ( ! action4 7c7 ,! ,concrete ,developm5t ( ,dramatic ,poetry & its ,types ,)9 ! ess5tial di/9ctions ( conception & poetical a*ievem5t :i* we h j consid]$ ! diff]5t types ( dramatic art ass]t !mselves1 &1 = ! fir/ "t 9 su* association1 & 9 s f> z _! developm5t foll[s ei!r "o or ! o!r direction1 atta9 a really g5u9e complet5ess4 ,we h1 !re=e1 9 conclud+ ! pres5t "w1 /ill to conc5trate our inquiry ^u ! concrete mode "u :i* !y receive su* a configuration4 77 ,exclud+ z we %all d = ! reasons already giv5 f our subject-matt] ! orig9s ( su* poetry 9 ,ori5tal lit]ature1 ! mat]ial ( fir/ & fundam5tal importance :i* engages our att5tion1 z ! mo/ valuable phase ( g5u9e trag$y no less ?an com$y1 is ! dramatic poetry ( ! ,greeks4 ,9 o!r words1 9 x = ! fir/ "t we f9d ! human consci\sness is illum9at$ ) t :i* 9 its g5]al t]ms ! tragic & comic situation ess5tially is2 & aft] t ^! oppos$ types ( dramatic outlook ^u human action h be5 securely & beyond all confusion sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 we m>k fir/ 9 ord] trag$y1 & aft] t com$y1 rise 9 organic developm5t to ! height ( _! a*ievem5t4 ,( su* a successful result ! dramatic art ( ,rome m]ely returns a consid]ably att5uat$ reflection1 :i* does n inde$ rea* ! po9t secur$ by ! simil> ef=t ( ,roman lit]ature 9 epic & lyrical composition4 ,9 my exam9ation ( ! mat]ial ?us (f]$ my object w be m]ely to acc5tuate :at is mo/ important1 & ,i %all !re=e limit my survey to ! tragic po9t ( view ( s*ylus & ,sophocles1 & to ,ari/ophanes s f> z com$y is conc]n$4 77 ,tak+1 !n1 trag$y fir/1 ,i h already /at$ t ! fundam5tal type :i* det]m9es its entire organization & /ructure is to be s\ght = 9 ! emphasis atta*$ to ! sub/antive con/itution ( f9al ends & _! cont5t1 z also ( ! individuals dramatiz$ & _! conflict & de/9y4 ,9 ! tragic drama we are n[ consid]+1 ! g5]al basis or backgr\nd = tragic action is suppli$1 z 0 also ! case 9 ! ,epos1 by t _w-condition :i* ,i h already indicat$ z ! h]oic4 ,= only 9 h]oic times1 :5 ! univ]sal e?ical =ces h nei!r acquir$ ! indep5d5t /ability ( def9ite political legislation or moral comm&s & obligations1 c !y be pres5t$ 9 _! primitive jucundity z gods1 :o are ei!r oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 _! p]sonal activities1 or !mselves appe> z ! animat$ cont5t ( a free & human individuality4 ,if1 h[ev]1 :at is intr9sically e?ical is to appe> ?r\gh\t z ! sub/antive f\ndation1 ! univ]sal gr\nd1 %all we say1 f :i* ! gr[? ( p]sonal action arre/s our att5tion ) equal =ce 9 its disunion1 & is no less br\ght back aga9 f su* divid$ movem5t into unity1 we %all f9d t !re are two di/9ct modes "u :i* ! e?ical cont5t ( human action is ass]t$4 ,fir/1 we h ! simple consci\sness1 :i*1 9 s f> z x wills its sub/antive cont5t#db :olly z ! unbrok5 id5tity ( its p>ticul> aspects1 rema9s 9 undi/urb$1 uncriticiz$1 & neutral tranquillity on its own acc\nt & z relat$ to o!rs4 ,?is undivid$ &1 we may add1 purely =mal#dc /ate ( m9d 9 its v5]ation1 its fai?1 & its happ9ess1 h[ev]1 is incapable ( atta*+ itself to any def9ite action2 x has a sort ( dread be=e ! disunion :i* is impli$ 9 su*1 al?\gh x does1 :ile rema9+ itself incapable ( action1 e/eem at ! same "t t spiritual c\rage :i* ass]ts itself resolutely & actively 9 a self-propos$ object1 z ( nobl] wor?1 yet is aw>e ( its inability to und]take su* ent]prize1 & consequ5tly consid]s t x c d no?+ fur!r = su* active p]sonalities1 :om x respects s highly1 ?an contra/ ) ! en]gy ( _! decision & conflict ! object ( its own wisdom1 9 o!r words1 ! sub/antive ideality ( ! e?ical ,p[]s4 ,! second mode "u :i* ?is e?ical cont5t is ass]t$ is t ( ! individual pa?os1#dd :i* urges ! active *>act]s to _! moral self-v9dication into ! opposition !y occupy relatively to o!rs1 & br+s !m !reby into conflict4 ,! individuals subject to ?is pa?os are nei!r :at1 9 ! mod]n use ( ! t]m1 we describe z *>act]s1 nor are !y m]e ab/ractions4 ,!y are r plac$ 9 ! vital midway sph]e betwe5 bo?1 /&+ !re z figures ( real /ability1 :i* are simply t :i* !y are1 )\t aught ( collision 9 !mselves1 )\t any fluctuat+ recognition ( "s o!r pa?os1 & 9 s f>--9 ?is respect a contra/ to our mod]n irony--elevat$1 absolutely det]m9ate *>act]s1 ^: def9ition1 h[ev]1 discov]s its cont5t & basis 9 a p>ticul> e?ical p[]4 ,=asmu* z1 !n1 ! tragic situation fir/ appe>s 9 ! antagonism ( individuals :o are ?us emp[]$ to act1 ! same c only ass]t itself 9 ! field ( actual human life4 ,x results f ! specific "* ( ?is alone t a p>ticul> quality s affects ! sub/antive cont5t ( a giv5 individual1 t ! latt] id5tifies himself ) 8 entire int]e/ & be+ 9 su* a cont5t1 & p5etrates x ?r\gh\t ) ! gl[ ( passion4 ,9 ! bless$ gods1 h[ev]1 x is ! div9e ,nature1 9 its indiff]5ce1 :i* is :at is ess5tial2 9 contra/ to :i* we h ! contradiction1 :i* 9 ! la/ in/ance is n treat$ s]i\sly1 r is "o :i*1 z ,i h already notic$ :5 discuss+ ! ,hom]ic ,epos1 becomes ev5tually a self-resolv+ irony4 ,^! two modes or aspects--( :i* ! "o is z important = ! :ole z ! o!r--namely1 ! unsev]$ consci\sness ( ! godlike1 & ! combat+ human action1 ass]t$1 h[ev]1 9 godlike p[] & de$1 :i* det]m9es & executes ! e?ical purpose--supply ! two fundam5tal elem5ts1 ! m$iation ( :i* is display$ by ,greek trag$y 9 its arti/ic compositions "u ! =m ( *orus & h]oic figures respectively4 ,9 mod]n times1 consid]able discussion has be5 rais$ ov] ! significance ( ! ,greek *orus1 & ! "q has be5 rais$ incid5tally :e!r x c or ought to be introduc$ into mod]n trag$y4 ,9 fact1 ! ne$ ( "s su* sub/antial f\ndation has be5 exp]i5c$2 b critics h f\nd x difficult to prescribe ! precise mann] 9 :i* effect %\ld be giv5 to su* a *ange1 because !y fail$ to grasp ) suffici5t p5etration ! nature ( t 9 :i* true trag$y consi/s & ! necessity ( ! *orus z an ess5tial con/itu5t ( all t ,greek trag$y implies4 ,critics h1 no d\bt1 recogniz$ ! nature ( ! *orus to ! ext5t ( ma9ta9+ t 9 x we f9d an attitude ( tranquil m$itation ov] ! :ole1 :]eas ! *>act]s ( ! action rema9 )9 ! limits ( _! p>ticul> objects & situations1 &1 9 %ort1 receive 9 ! *orus & its obs]vations a /&>d ( valuation ( _! *>act]s & actions 9 mu* ! same way z ! public discov]s 9 x1 & )9 ! drama itself1 an objective repres5tative ( its own judgm5t ^u all t is ?us repres5t$4 ,9 ?is view we h to ?is ext5t ! fact rightly conceiv$1 t ! *orus is1 9 tru?1 !re z a sub/antive & m enlight5$ intellig5ce1 :i* w>ns u f irrelevant oppositions1 & reflects ^u ! g5u9e issue4 ,b1 grant+ ?is to be s1 x is by no means a :olly dis9t]e/$ p]son1 at leisure to ent]ta9 su* ?\ghts & e?ical judgm5ts z x likes z are ! spectators1 :i*1 un9t]e/+ & t$i\s on its own acc\nt1 c\ld only be atta*$ = ! sake ( su* reflections4 ,! *orus is ! actual sub/ance ( ! h]oic life & action itself3 x is1 z contra/$ ) ! p>ticul> h]oes1 ! common folk reg>d$ z ! fruitful h]itage1 out ( :i* individuals1 mu* z fl[]s & t[]+ trees f _! native soil1 gr[ & :]eby !y are condition$ 9 ?is life4 ,consequ5tly1 ! *orus is peculi>ly fitt$ to a view ( life 9 :i* ! obligations ( ,/ate legislation & settl$ religi\s dogmas d n1 z yet1 act z a re/rictive =ce 9 e?ical & social developm5t1 b :]e morality only exi/s 9 its primitive =m ( directly animat$ human life1 & x is m]ely ! equilibrium ( unmov$ life :i* rema9s assur$ 9 its /ability aga9/ ! fe>ful collisions :i* ! antagoni/ic en]gies ( individual action produces4 ,we are made aw>e ( ! fact t an assur$ asylum ( ?is k9d is also a "p ( our actual exi/5ce by ! pres5ce ( ! *orus4 ,x does n1 !re=e1 practically co-op]ate ) ! action2 x executes by its action no "r z aga9/ ! cont5d+ h]oes2 x m]ely expresses its judgm5t z a matt] ( op9ion2 x w>ns1 commis]ates1 or appeals to ! div9e law1 & ! ideal =ces imm95t 9 ! s\l1 :i* ! imag9ation grasps 9 ext]nal guise z ! sph]e ( ! gods t rule4 ,9 ?is self-expression x is1 z we h already se51 lyrical2 = x does n act & !re are no ev5ts = x to n>rate 9 epical =m4 ,! cont5t1 h[ev]1 reta9s at ! same "t ! epic "* ( sub/antive univ]sality2 & its lyric movem5t is ( su* a nature t x c1 & 9 ?is respect 9 contra/ to ! =m ( ! g5u9e ode1 approa* at times t ( ! paean & ! di?yramb4 ,we mu/ lay emphatic /ress ^u ?is position ( ! *orus 9 ,greek trag$y4 ,j z ! !atre itself possesses its ext]nal gr\nd1 its sc5e & environm5t1 s1 too1 ! *orus1 t is ! g5]al community1 is ! spiritual sc5e2 & we may comp>e x to ! ar*itectural temple :i* surr\nds ! image ( ! god1 :i* resembles ! h]oes 9 ! action4 ,among ourselves1 /atues are plac$ "u ! op5 sky )\t su* a backgr\nd1 :i* also mod]n trag$y does n require1 = ! reason t its actions d n dep5d on ?is sub/antive basis1 b on ! p]sonal volition & p]sonality1 no less ?an ! app>5tly ext]nal cont+5cy ( ev5ts & circum/ances4 ,9 ?is respect x is an entirely false view :i* reg>ds ! *orus z an accid5tal piece ( residu>y baggage1 a m]e remnant f ! orig9s ( ,greek drama4 ,( c\rse1 x is inconte/able t its s\rce is to be trac$ to ! circum/ance t1 9 ! fe/ivals ( ,bac*us1 s f> z ! arti/ic aspect is conc]n$1 ! *oral song 0 ( mo/ importance until ! introduction & int]ruption ( its c\rse by "o recit]1 ^: relation f9ally 0 trans=m$ into & exalt$ by ! real figures ( dramatic action4 ,9 ! blossom+ season ( trag$y1 h[ev]1 ! *orus 0 n by any means m]ely reta9$ 9 hon\r ( ?is p>ticul> phase ( ! fe/ival & ritual ( ! god ,bac*us2 r x became cont9u\sly m elaborate 9 its beauty & h>moni\s measures by reason ( ! fact t its association ) ! dramatic action is ess5tial &1 inde$1 s indisp5sable to x t ! decl9e ( trag$y is intimately connect$ ) ! deg5]ation ( ! *oruses1 :i* no long] rema9 an integral memb] ( ! :ole1 b are degrad$ to a m]e embelli%m5t4 ,9 contra/ to ?is1 9 romantic trag$y1 ! *orus is nei!r intr9sically appropriate nor does x appe> to h orig9at$ f *oric songs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! cont5t is "h ( a type :i* defeats f ! fir/ any attempt to introduce *oruses z und]/ood by ,greek dramati/s4 ,=1 ev5 if we g back to ! mo/ primitive ( ^? s-call$ my/]ies1 morality plays & f>ces ( a simil> "*1 f :i* ! romantic drama issu$1 we f9d t ^! pres5t no action 9 t orig9al ,greek s5se ( ! t]m1 no outbreak1 t is1 ( oppos+ =ces f ! undivid$ consci\sness ( life & ! god-l4 ,to z little ext5t is ! *orus adapt$ to ! conditions ( *ivalry & ! dom9ion ( k+s1 9 s f> z1 9 su* cases1 ! attitude ( ! folk is "o ( m]e ob$i5ce1 or x is itself a p>ty1 involv$ toge!r ) ! int]e/ ( its =tune or mis=tune 9 ! c\rse ( ! action4 ,& 9 g5]al ! *orus entirely fails to secure its true position :]e ! ma9 subject-matt] consi/s ( p>ticul> passions1 ends1 & *>act]s1 or any consid]able opportunity is admitt$ to intrigue4 ,9 contra/ to ! *orus1 ! second fundam5tal feature ( dramatic composition is t ( ! individuals :o act 9 conflict ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ,greek trag$y x is n at all ! bad w1 crime1 wor?lessness1 or m]e mis=tune1 /upidity1 & ! l1 :i* act z an inc5tive to su* collisions1 b r1 z ,i h frequ5tly urg$1 ! e?ical "r to a def9ite c\rse ( action4#de ,ab/ract evil nei!r possesses tru? 9 itself1 nor does x ar\se int]e/4 ,at ! same "t1 :5 we attribute e?ical traits ( *>act]ization to ! individuals ( ! action1 ^! ought n to appe> m]ely z a matt] ( op9ion4 ,x is r impli$ 9 _! "r or claim t !y are actually !re z ess5tial on _! own acc\nt4 ,! haz>ds ( crime1 su* z are pres5t 9 mod]n drama--! useless1 or q z mu* ! s-call$ noble crim9al1 ) 8 empty talk ab\t fate1 we meet ) 9 ! trag$y ( anci5t lit]ature1 r>ely1 if at all1 & = ! good reason t ! decision & de$ dep5ds on ! :olly p]sonal aspect ( int]e/ & "*1 ^u lu/ = p[]1 love1 hon\r1 or o!r simil> passions1 ^: ju/ification has its roots exclusively 9 ! p>ticul> incl9ation & individuality4 ,a resolve ( ?is "*1 ^: claim is bas$ ^u ! cont5t ( its object1 :i* x c>ries into execution 9 "o re/rict$ direction ( p>ticul>ization1 violates1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 :i* are already ess5tially impli$ 9 ! actual possibility ( conflicts1 a fur!r & equally e?ical sph]e ( human volition1 :i* ! "* ?us confront$ adh]es to1 &1 by 8 ?us /imulat$ action1 en=ces1 s t 9 ?is way ! collision ( p[]s & individuals equally entitl$ to ! e?ical claim is completely set up 9 its movem5t4 ,! sph]e ( ?is cont5t1#df al?\gh capable ( great v>iety ( detail1 is n 9 its ess5tial features v ext5sive4 ,! pr9cipal s\rce ( opposition1 :i* ,sophocles 9 p>ticul>1 9 ?is respect foll[+ ! lead ( s*ylus1 has accept$ & work$ out 9 ! f9e/ way1 is t ( ! body politic1 ! opposition1 t is1 betwe5 e?ical life 9 its social univ]sality & ! family z ! natural gr\nd ( moral relations4 ,^! are ! pure/ =ces ( tragic repres5tation4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 ! h>mony ( ^! sph]es & ! concordant action )9 ! b\nds ( _! realiz$ cont5t1 :i* con/itute ! p]fect$ reality ( ! moral life4 ,9 ?is respect ,i ne$ only recall to recollection ! ,sev5 be=e ,!bes ( s*ylus &1 z a yet /rong] illu/ration1 ! ,antigone ( ,sophocles4 ,antigone rev]5ces ! ties ( blood-relation%ip1 ! gods ( ! ne!r _w4 ,creon alone recognizes ,zeus1 ! p>am\nt ,p[] ( public life & ! commonweal?4 ,we come across a simil> conflict 9 ! ,iphig5eia 9 ,aulis1 z also 9 ! ,agamemnon1 ! ,*oephorae1 & ,eum5ides ( s*ylus1 & 9 ! ,electra ( ,sophocles4 ,agamemnon1 z k+ & lead] ( 8 army1 sacrifices 8 daught] 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,greek folk & ! ,trojan exp$ition4 ,he %att]s !reby ! bond ( love z betwe5 himself & 8 daught] & wife1 :i* ,clytemne/ra reta9s 9 ! dep?s ( a "m's he>t1 & 9 rev5ge prep>es an ignom9i\s dea? = h] husb& on 8 return4 ,ore/es1 _! son1 respects 8 "m1 b is b\nd to repres5t ! "r ( 8 fa!r1 ! k+1 & /rikes dead ! "m :o bore him4 ,a cont5t ( ?is type reta9s its =ce ?r\gh all times1 & its pres5tation1 despite all diff]5ce ( nationality1 vitally arre/s our human & arti/ic sympa?ies4 ,( a m =mal type is t second k9d ( ess5tial collision1 an illu/ration ( :i* 9 ! tragic /ory ( dipus ! ,greek trag$ians especially fav\r$4 ,( ?is ,sophocles has left u ! mo/ complete example 9 8 dipus ,rex1 & dipus 9 ,colonos4 ,! problem "h is conc]n$ ) ! claim ( al]tness 9 our intellig5ce1 ) ! nature ( ! obligation#dg impli$ 9 t :i* a man c>ries out ) a volition fully aw>e ( its acts z contra/$ ) t :i* he has done 9 fact1 b unconsci\s ( & ) no int5tion ( do+ :at he has done "u ! direct+ provid5ce ( ! gods4 dipus slays 8 fa!r1 m>ries 8 "m1 begets *ildr5 9 ?is ince/u\s alliance1 & nev]!less is involv$ 9 ^! mo/ t]rible ( crimes )\t active p>ticipation ei!r 9 w or k4 ,! po9t ( view ( our pr(\nd] mod]n consci\sness ( "r & wrong w\ld be to recognize t crimes ( ?is description1 inasmu* z !y 7 nei!r ref]able to a p]sonal k or volition1 7 n de$s = :i* ! true p]sonality ( ! p]petrator 0 responsible4 ,! pla/ic nature ( ! ,greek on ! contr>y adh]es to ! b>e fact :i* an individual has a*iev$1 & refuses to face ! division impli$ by ! purely ideal attitude ( ! s\l 9 ! self-consci\s life on ! "o h& & ! objective significance ( ! fact accompli%$ on ! o!r4 ,= ourselves1 to conclude ?is survey1 o!r collisions1 :i* ei!r 9 g5]al are relat$ to ! univ]sally accept$ association ( p]sonal action to ! ,greek conception ( ,de/9y1 or 9 "s measure to m exceptional conditions1 are comp>atively speak+ less important4 ,9 all ^! tragic conflicts1 h[ev]1 we mu/ above all place on "o side ! false notion ( guilt or innoc5ce4 ,! h]oes ( trag$y are q z mu* "u "o category z ! o!r4 ,if we accept ! idea z valid t a man is guilty only 9 ! case t a *oice lay op5 to him1 & he delib]ately decid$ on ! c\rse ( action :i* he c>ri$ out1 !n ^! pla/ic figures ( anci5t drama are guiltless4 ,!y act 9 accordance ) a specific "*1 a specific pa?os1 = ! simple reason t !y are ?is "*1 ?is pa?os4 ,9 su* a case !re is no lack ( decision & no *oice4 ,! /r5g? ( great *>act]s consi/s precisely 9 ?is t !y d n *oose1 b are entirely & absolutely j t :i* !y w & a*ieve4 ,!y are simply !mselves1 & nev] any?+ else1 & _! greatness consi/s 9 t fact4 ,weakness 9 action1 9 o!r words1 :olly consi/s 9 ! division ( ! p]sonal self z su* f its cont5t1 s t "*1 volition & f9al purpose d n appe> z absolutely "o unifi$ gr[?2 & inasmu* z no assur$ end lives 9 ! s\l z ! v sub/ance ( ! p>ticul> p]sonality1 z ! pa?os & might ( ! individual's entire w1 he is /ill able to turn ) indecision f ?is c\rse to t1 & 8 f9al decision is t ( caprice4 ,a wav]+ attitude ( ?is description is ali5 to ^! pla/ic creations4 ,! bond betwe5 ! psy*ological /ate ( m9d & ! cont5t ( ! w is = !m indissoluble4 ,t :i* /irs !m to action is j 9 ?is v pa?os :i* implies an e?ical ju/ification & :i*1 ev5 9 ! pa!tic aspects ( ! dialogue1 is n en=c$ 9 & ?r\gh ! m]ely p]sonal rhetoric ( ! he>t & ! sophi/ry ( passion1 b 9 ! equally mascul9e & cultivat$ objective pres5ce1 9 ! pr(\nd possibilities1 ! h>mony & vitally pla/ic beauty ( :i* ,sophocles 0 to a sup]lative degree ma/]4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 su* a pa?os1 ) its pot5tial res\rces ( collision1 br+s 9 its tra9 de$s t are bo? injuri\s & wrongful4 ,!y h no desire to avoid ! blame t results !refrom4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is _! fame to h done :at !y h done4 ,"o c 9 fact urge no?+ m intol]able aga9/ a h]o ( ?is type ?an by say+ t he has act$ innoc5tly4 ,x is a po9t ( hon\r ) su* great *>act]s t !y are guilty4 ,!y h no desire to excite pity or our s5sibilities4 ,= x is n ! sub/antive1 b r ! :olly p]sonal deep5+#dh ( ! individual "*1 :i* /irs our individual pa94 ,^! securely /rong *>act]s1 h[ev]1 coalesce entirely ) _! ess5tial pa?os1 & ?is indivisible accord inspires wond]1 b does n excite he>t emotions4 ,! drama ( ,euripides m>ks ! transition to t4 ,! f9al result1 !n1 ( ! developm5t ( trag$y conducts u to ?is issue & only ?is1 namely1 t ! tw(old v9dication ( ! mutually conflict+ aspects are no d\bt reta9$1 b ! onesid$ mode "u :i* !y 7 ma9ta9$ is cancell$1 & ! undi/urb$ ideal h>mony br+s back aga9 t condition ( ! *orus1 :i* attributes )\t res]ve equal hon\r to all ! gods4 ,! true c\rse ( dramatic developm5t consi/s 9 ! annulm5t ( contradictions view$ z su*1 9 ! reconciliation ( ! =ces ( human action1 :i* alt]nately /rive to negate ea* o!r 9 _! conflict4 ,only s f> is mis=tune & suff]+ n ! f9al issue1 b r ! satisfaction ( _s1 z = ! fir/ "t1 9 virtue ( su* a conclusion1 ! necessity ( all t p>ticul> individuals exp]i5ce1 is able to appe> 9 complete accord ) reason1 & our emotional attitude is tranquilliz$ on a true e?ical basis1 rudely %ak5 by ! calamit\s result to ! h]oes1 b reconcil$ 9 ! sub/antial facts4 ,& x is only 9 s f> z we reta9 su* a view securely t we %all be 9 a position to und]/& anci5t trag$y4 ,we h to gu>d ourselves !re=e f conclud+ t a dn\em5t ( ?is type is m]ely a moral issue con=mably to :i* evil is puni%$ & virtue rew>d$1 z indicat$ by ! prov]b t :5 crime turns to vomit1 virtue sits d[n at table4 ,we h no?+ to d "h ) ?is :olly p]sonal aspect ( a self-reflect+ p]sonality & its conception ( good & evil1 b are conc]n$ ) ! appe>ance ( ! affirmative reconciliation & ) ! equal validity ( bo? ! p[]s engag$ 9 actual conflict1 :5 ! collision actually took place4 ,to z little ext5t is ! necessity ( ! issue a bl9d de/9y1 or 9 o!r words a purely irrational1 un9telligible fate1 id5tifi$ ) ! classical _w by _m2 r x is ! rationality ( de/9y1 albeit x does n z yet appe> z self-consci\s ,provid5ce1 ! div9e f9al end ( :i* 9 conjunction ) ! _w & individuals appe>s on its own acc\nt & = o!rs1 dep5d+ z x does on j ?is fact t ! highe/ ,p[] p>am\nt ov] p>ticul> gods & mank9d _c suff] ?is1 namely1 t ! =ces1 :i* affirm _! selfsubsi/5ce 9 modes t are ab/ract or incomplete1 & !reby ov]/ep ! b\nd>y ( _! w>rant1 no less ?an ! conflicts :i* result f !m1 %\ld reta9 _! self-/ability4 ,fate drives p]sonality back ^u its limits1 & %att]s x1 :5 x has gr[n ov]we5+4 ,an irrational compulsion1 h[ev]1 an innoc5ce ( suff]+ w\ld r only excite indignation 9 ! s\l ( ! spectator ?an e?ical tranquillity4 ,f a fur!r po9t ( view1 !re=e1 ! reconciliation ( trag$y is equally di/9ct f t ( ! ,epos4 ,if we look at ei!r ,a*illes or ,odysseus 9 ?is respect we obs]ve t bo? atta9 _! object1 & x is "r t !y d s2 b x is n a cont9u\s happ9ess ) :i* !y are fav\r$2 !y h on ! contr>y to ta/e 9 its bitt]ness ! feel+ ( f9ite condition1 & are =c$ to fight we>ily ?r\gh difficulties1 losses & sacrifices4 ,x is 9 fact a univ]sal dem& ( tru? t 9 ! c\rse ( life & all t takes place 9 ! objective _w ! nugatory "* ( f9ite conditions %\ld compel att5tion4 ,s no d\bt ! ang] ( ,a*illes is reconcil$2 he obta9s f ,agamemnon t 9 respect ( :i* he _h suff]$ ! s5se ( insult2 he is rev5g$ ^u ,hector2 ! fun]al rites ( ,patroclus are consummat$1 & ! "* ( ,a*illes is ackn[l$g$ 9 all its glory4 ,b 8 wra? & its reconciliation h = all t co/ him 8 de>e/ fri5d1 ! noble ,patroclus2 &1 9 ord] to av5ge himself ^u ,hector = ?is loss1 he f9ds himself compell$ to dis5gage himself f 8 ang]1 to ent] once m ! battle aga9/ ! ,trojans1 & 9 ! v mom5t :5 8 glory is ackn[l$g$ receives ! prevision ( 8 e>ly dea?4 ,9 a simil> way ,odysseus rea*es ,i?aca at la/1 ! goal ( 8 desire2 b he does s alone & 9 8 sleep1 hav+ lo/ all 8 companions1 all ! w>-booty f ,ilium1 aft] long ye>s ( endurance & fatigue4 ,9 ?is way bo? h]oes h paid _! toll to f9ite conditions & ! claim ( nemesis is evid5c$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ,troy & ! mis=tunes ( ! ,greek h]oes4 ,b ?is nemesis is simply ju/ice z conceiv$ ( old1 :i* m]ely humiliates :at is ev]y:]e too exalt$1 9 ord] to e/abli% once m ! ab/ract balance ( =tune by ! in/rum5tality ( mis=tune1 & :i* m]ely t\*es & affects f9ite exi/5ce )\t fur!r e?ical signification4 ,& ?is is ! ju/ice ( ! ,epic 9 ! field ( objective fact1 ! univ]sal reconciliation ( :at is simply accommodation4#di ,! high] conception ( reconciliation 9 trag$y is on ! contr>y relat$ to ! resolution ( specific e?ical & sub/antive facts f _! contradiction into _! true h>mony4 ,! way 9 :i* su* an accord is e/abli%$ is ass]t$ "u v diff]5t modes2 ,i propose !re=e m]ely to direct att5tion to ! fundam5tal features ( ! actual process h]e9 involv$4 ,fir/s we h p>ticul>ly to emphasize ! fact1 t if x is ! onesid$ness ( ! pa?os :i* con/itutes ! real basis ( collisions ?is m]ely am\nts to ! /atem5t t x is ass]t$ 9 ! action ( life1 & !re) has become ! unique pa?os ( a p>ticul> individual4 ,if ?is "o-sid$ness is to be abrogat$ !n x is ?is individual :i*1 to ! ext5t t 8 action is exclusively id5tifi$ ) ?is isolat$ pa?os1 mu/ p]=ce be /ripp$ & sacrific$4 ,= ! individual "h is m]ely ?is s+le life1 &1 if ?is unity is n secur$ 9 its /ability on its own acc\nt1 ! individual is %att]$4 ,! mo/ complete =m ( ?is developm5t is possible :5 ! individuals engag$ 9 conflict relatively to _! concrete or objective life appe> 9 ea* case ess5tially involv$ 9 "o :ole1 s t !y /& fundam5tally "u ! p[] ( t aga9/ :i* !y battle1 & consequ5tly infr+e t1 :i*1 con=mably to _! own ess5tial life1 !y ought to respect4 ,antigone1 = example1 lives "u ! political au?ority ( ,creon2 %e is h]self ! daught] ( a k+ & ! affianc$ ( ,haemon1 s t h] ob$i5ce to ! royal pr]ogative is an obligation4 ,b ,creon also1 :o is on 8 "p fa!r & husb&1 is "u obligation to respect ! sacr$ ties ( relation%ip1 & only by brea* ( ?is c give an ord] t is 9 conflict ) su* a s5se4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is we f9d imman5t 9 ! life ( bo? t :i* ea* respectively combats1 & !y are seiz$ & brok5 by t v bond :i* is root$ 9 ! compass ( _! own social exi/5ce4 ,antigone is put to dea? be=e %e c enjoy :at %e looks =w>d to z bride1 & ,creon too is puni%$ 9 ! fatal end ( 8 son & wife1 :o commit suicide1 ! =m] on acc\nt ( ,antigone's dea?1 & ! latt] ow+ to ,haemon's4 ,among all ! f9e creations ( ! anci5t & ! mod]n _w--& ,i am acqua9t$ ) pretty ne>ly ev]y?+ 9 su* a class1 & "o ought to "k x1 & x is q possible--! ,antigone ( ,sophocles is f ?is po9t ( view 9 my judgm5t ! mo/ excell5t & satisfy+ "w ( art4 ,! tragic issue does n1 h[ev]1 require 9 e case z a means ( remov+ bo? ov]-emphasiz$ aspects & ! equal hon\r :i* !y respectively claim ! d[nfall ( ! conte/ant p>ties4 ,! ,eum5ides does n end1 z we all "k1 ) ! dea? ( ,ore/es1 or ! de/ruction ( ! ,eum5ides1 ^! av5g+ spirits ( matricide & filial affection1 ^! oppon5ts ( ,apollo1 :o seeks to protect unimpair$ ! wor? ( & rev]5ce = ! family *ief & k+1 ! god :o _h prompt$ ,ore/es to slay ,clytaemne/ra1 b w h ,ore/es releas$ f ! puni%m5t & hon\r be/[$ on bo? himself & ! ,furies4 ,at ! same "t we _c fail to see 9 ?is adju/$ conclusion ! nature ( ! au?ority :i* ! ,greeks atta*$ to _! gods :5 !y pres5t$ !m z m]e individuals cont5d+ ) ea* o!r4 ,!y appe>1 9 %ort1 to ! ,a!nian ( ev]yday life m]ely z def9ite aspects ( e?ical exp]i5ce :i* ! pr9ciples ( morality view$ 9 _! complete & h>moni\s coh]5ce b9d toge!r4 ,! votes ( ! ,areopagus are equal on ei!r side4 ,x is ,a!ne1 ! goddess1 ! life ( ,a!ns1 t is1 imag9$ 9 its ess5tial unity1 :o adds ! :ite pebble1 :o frees ,ore/es1 & at ! same "t promises alt>s & a cult to ! ,eum5ides no less ?an ,apollo4 ,z a contra/ to ?is type ( objective reconciliation ! settlem5t may be1 secondly1 ( a m p]sonal "*4 ,9 o!r words1 ! individual conc]n$ 9 ! action may 9 ! la/ in/ance surr5d] 8 onesid$ po9t ( view4 ,9 ?is betrayal by p]sonality ( its ess5tial pa?os1 h[ev]1 x _c fail to appe> de/itute ( "*2 & ?is contradicts ! mascul9e integrity ( su* pla/ic figures4 ,! individual1 !re=e1 c only submit to a high] ,p[] & its c\nsel or comm&1 to ! effect t :ile on 8 own acc\nt he adh]es to su* a pa?os1 ! w is nev]!less brok5 9 its b>e ob/9acy by a god's au?ority4 ,9 su* a case ! knot is n loos5$1 b1 z 9 ! case ( ,philoctetes1 x is sev]$ by a deus ex ma*94 ,b z a fur!r & f9al class1 & "o m beautiful ?an ! above r ext]nal mode ( resolution we h ! reconciliation m prop]ly ( ! s\l itself1 9 :i* respect !re is1 9 virtue ( ! p]sonal significance1 a real approa* to our mod]n po9t ( view4 ,! mo/ p]fect example ( ?is 9 anci5t drama is to be f\nd 9 ! ev] admirable dipus ,coloneus ( ,sophocles4 ,! protagoni/ "h has unwitt+ly sla9 8 fa!r1 secur$ ! sceptre ( ,!bes1 & ! bridal b$ ( 8 own "m4 ,he is n r5d]$ unhappy by ^! unwitt+ crimes2 b ! p[] ( div9ation he has ( old possess$ makes him realize1 despite himself1 ! d>kness ( ! exp]i5ce t confronts him1 & he becomes fe>fully1 if indi/9ctly1 aw>e ( :at 8 position is4#ej ,9 ?is resolution ( ! riddle 9 himself he resembles ,adam1 los+ 8 happ9ess :5 he obta9s ! k ( good & evil4 ,:at he !n does1 ! se]1 is to bl9d himself1 !n abdicate ! ?rone & dep>t f ,!bes1 v mu* z ,adam & ,eve are driv5 f ,p>adise4 ,f h5ce=w>d he w&]s ab\t a helpless old man4 ,f9ally a god calls ! t]ribly afflict$ man to himself1#ea ! man1 t is1 :o refus+ ! reque/ ( 8 sons t he %\ld return to ,!bes1 pref]s to associate ) ! ,er9nys2 ! man1 9 %ort1 :o ext+ui%es all ! disruption 9 himself & :o purifies himself 9 8 own s\l4 ,8 bl9d eyes are made cle> & bright1 8 limbs are heal$1 & become a treasure ( ! city :i* receiv$ him z a free gue/4 ,& ?is illum9ation 9 dea? is = ourselves no less ?an = him ! m truly visible reconciliation :i* is work$ out bo? 9 & = himself z individual man1 9 & ?r\gh1 t is1 8 ess5tial "*4 ,critics h endeav\r$ to discov] "h ! temp] ( ! ,*ri/ian life2 we are told we h "h ! picture ( a s9n]1 :om ,god receives into ,8 grace2 & ! fateful mis=tunes :i* expire 9 _! f9ite condition1 are made good ) ! seal ( bless$ness 9 dea?4 ,! reconciliation ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 h[ev]1 is an illum9ation ( ! s\l1 :i*1 ba!d 9 ! ev]la/+ wat]s ( salvation1 is rais$ above mortal life & its de$s4 ,"h x is ! he>t itself1 = 9 su* a view ! spiritual life c effect ?is1 :i* buries t life & its de$ 9 ! grave ( ! he>t itself1 c\nt+ ! recrim9ations ( e>?ly guilt z "p & p>cel ( its own e>?ly individuality2 & :i*1 9 ! full assur$ness ( ! et]nally pure & spiritual condition ( bless$ness1 holds itself 9 itself calm & /eadfa/ aga9/ su* impea*m5t4 ,! illum9ation ( dipus1 on ! contr>y1 rema9s ?r\gh\t1 9 consonance ) anci5t ideas1 ! re/oration ( consci\s life f ! /rife ( e?ical p[]s & violations to ! r5ew$ & h>moni\s unity ( ?is e?ical cont5t itself4#eb ,!re is a fur!r feature 9 ?is type ( reconciliation1 h[ev]1 & t is ! p]sonal or ideal nature ( ! satisfaction4 ,we may take ?is z a po9t ( transition to ! o!rwise to be contra/$ prov9ce ( com$y4 77 ,t :i* is comic is1 z we h already se51 9 g5]al t]ms ! subjective or p]sonal /ate1 :i* =ces & !n dissolves ! action :i* issues f x by its own effect into & 9 contradiction1 rema9+ ?r\gh\t & 9 virtue ( ?is process tranquil 9 its own self-assurance4 ,com$y possesses1 !re=e1 = its basis & po9t ( dep>ture t ) :i* x is possible = trag$y to t]m9ate1 t is1 a s\l to ! fulle/ ext5t & ev5tually reconcil$1 a joy\s /ate1 :i*1 h[ev] mu* x is in/rum5tal 9 ! m>r+ ( its volitional p[]1 &1 inde$1 9 itself comes to grief1 by reason ( its ass]t+ volunt>ily :at is 9 conflict ) its aim1 does n !re=e lose its g5]al equanimity4 ,a p]sonal self-assurance ( ?is "*1 h[ev] is1 f a fur!r po9t ( view1 only possible 9 s f> z ! ends propos$1 & )al ! *>act]s include no?+ t is on its own acc\nt ess5tially sub/antive2 or1 if !y d possess su* an intr9sic wor?1 x is adopt$ & c>ri$ out int5tionally "u a mode :i* is totally oppos$ to ! g5u9e tru? conta9$1 9 a =m1 !re=e1 t is de/itute ( su* tru?1 s t 9 ?is respect1 z 9 ! previ\s case1 x is m]ely t :i* is itself ess5tially ( no intr9sic importance1 b a matt] ( indiff]5ce :i* is m>r$1 & ! individual rema9s j z he 0 & unaffect$4 ,su* a view is1 too1 9 its g5]al l9es ! conception ( ! old classic com$y1 9 s f> z tradition reflects x 9 ! plays ( ,ari/ophanes4 ,we %\ld1 h[ev]1 be c>eful to notice ! di/9ction :e!r ! individuals 9 ! play are aw>e t !y are comic1 or are s m]ely f ! spectator's po9t ( view4 ,x is only ! fir/ class t we c reckon z "p ( ! g5u9e com$y 9 :i* ,ari/ophanes 0 a ma/]4 ,con=mably to su* a type a "* is only plac$ 9 a ridicul\s situation1 :5 we p]ceive t he himself is n s]i\s 9 :at is actually ( su* a quality 9 8 purpose & volunt>y ef=t1 s t ?is con/itu5t ( ei!r is ?r\gh\t ! means ( 8 own undo+1 inasmu* z ?r\gh\t su* a "* is unable to ent] into any m noble & univ]sally valid int]e/1 :i* necess>ily involves x 9 a situation ( conflict2#ec &1 ev5 assum+ t he does actually p>take ( x1 m]ely does s 9 a way t %[s a nature1 :i*1 9 virtue ( its practical exi/5ce1 has already annihilat$ t :i* x appe>s to /rive to br+ into op]ation1 s t aft] all "o sees su* a coalesc5ce has nev] be5 really effect$4 ,! comic comes1 !re=e1 r into play among classes ( a l[] social ord] 9 actual conditions ( life1 among m5 :o rema9 mu* z !y are1 & nei!r are able or desire to be any?+ else2 :o1 :ile incapable ( any g5u9e pa?os1 h no d\bt :atev] z to :at !y are & d4 ,at ! same "t ! high] nature t is 9 !m is ass]t$ 9 ?is t !y are n ) any s]i\sness atta*$ to ! f9ite conditions :i* hem !m 91 b rema9 sup]ior to ! same & 9 !mselves ess5tially /eadfa/ & self-reliant aga9/ mi%ap & loss4 ,?is absolute fre$om ( _s1 :i* br+s its own ess5tial com=t f ! fir/ 9 all t a man und]takes1 ?is _w ( ! bli!ness ( human s\l-life is t to :i* ,ari/ophanes conducts u4 ,)\t a read+ ( him x is h>dly possible to imag9e :at a weal? ( exub]ance !re is 9 ! human he>t4 ,! int]e/s among :i* ?is type ( com$y moves are n necess>ily tak5 f ! oppos$ sph]es ( religion1 morality1 & art4 ,on ! contr>y ! old ,greek com$y rema9s no d\bt )9 ! limits ( ?is positive & sub/antive cont5t ( human life2 b x is ! individual caprice1 ! vulg> folly & p]v]sity1 by reason ( :i* ! *>act]s conc]n$ br+ to n\ght activities :i* 9 _! aim h a f9] significance4 ,& 9 ?is respect an ample & v p]t95t mat]ial is suppli$ ,ari/ophanes p>tly by ,greek gods1 & p>tly by ! life ( ! ,a!nian p4 ,9 o!r words1 ! configuration ( ! div9e 9 human imp]sonation itself possesses1 9 its mode ( pres5tation & its p>ticul>ization1 to ! ext5t at lea/ t x is fur!r en=c$ 9 opposition to t :i* is m]ely "o-sid$ & human1 ! contradiction t is oppos$ to ! nobility ( its significance2 x is ?us p]mitt$ to appe> z a purely empty ext5sion ( ?is p]sonal life :i* is inadequate :olly to express x4 ,m p>ticul>ly1 h[ev]1 ,ari/ophanes revels 9 ! follies ( ! common folk1 ! /upidities ( its orators & /atesm51 ! blockhead$ness ( w>1 & is eag]1 above all1 & ) all ! polit5ess ( 8 satire & ! full weight ( 8 ridicule1 b also n )\t ! pr(\nde/ mean+1 to h& ov] ! new t5d5cies ( ! trag$ies ( ,euripides to ! laught] ( 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,! *>act]s he has import$ into ! sub/ance ( 8 amaz+ arti/ic creations he runs into ! m\ld ( fool f ! />t ) a sportive fancy t seems inexhau/ible1 s t ! v idea ( a rational result is impossible4 ,he treats all alike1 :e!r x be a ,/repsiades1 :o w jo9 ! ranks ( philosoph]s 9 ord] to be rid ( 8 debts1 or a ,socrates1 :o (f]s to in/ruct ! a=esaid ,/repsiades & 8 son1 or ,bac*us1 :om he makes desc5d into ! l[] _w1 9 ord] to br+ up a g5u9e tragic poet1 & 9 j ! same way ,cleon1 ! wom5 & ! ,greeks1 :o w\ld l to pump up ! goddess ( ,peace f ! well4 ,! key-note t we f9d 9 all ^! v>i\s creations is ! imp]turbable self-assurance ( su* *>act]s "o & all1 :i* becomes all ! m emphatic 9 proportion z !y prove !mselves incapable ( c>ry+ into effect t :i* !y project4 ,our fools "h are s entirely unemb>rass$ 9 _! folly1 & also ! m s5sible among !m possess su* a t9cture ( t :i* runs contr>y to ! v c\rse ^u :i* !y are set1 t !y all1 ! m s5sible ) ! re/1 rema9 fix$ to ?is p]sonal attitude ( prodigi\s imp]turbility1 no matt] :at comes next or :]e x c>ries !m4 ,x is 9 fact ! bless$ laught] ( ! ,olympian gods1 ) _! untr\bl$ equanimity1 n[ at home 9 ! human brea/1 & prep>$ = all cont+5ces4 ,& )al we nev] f9d ,ari/ophanes m]ely a cold or evil-dispos$ mock]4 ,he 0 a man ( ! f9e/ education1 a mo/ exempl>y citiz51 to :om ! weal ( ,a!ns 0 ( really deep importance1 & :o ?r\gh ?ick & ?9 %[s himself to be a true patriot4 ,:at !re=e is 9 ! fulle/ s5se resolv$ 9 8 com$ies is1 z already /at$1 n ! div9e & :at is ( e?ical import1 b ! ?or\ghgo+ upside-d[n-ness :i* inflates itself into ! semblance ( ^! sub/antive =ces1 ! p>ticul> =m & di/9ctive mode ( its manife/ation1 9 :i* ! ess5tial ?+ or matt] is already f ! fir/ no long] pres5t1 s t x c )\t re/riction be simply h&$ ov] to ! unconc]n$ play ( unqualifi$ p]sonal caprice4 ,b = ! v reason t ,ari/ophanes makes explicit ! absolute contradiction betwe5 ! ess5tial nature ( ! gods1 or t ( political & social life1 & ! p]sonal activities ( individual p]sons or citiz5s1 :o ought to end[ su* sub/antive =m ) reality1 we f9d 9 ?is v triumph ( purely p]sonal self-ass]tion1 despite all ! pr(\nd] insight :i* ! poet displays1 "o ( ! greate/ symptoms ( ! deg5]acy ( ,greece4 ,& x is on acc\nt ( ?is t ^! pictures ( a :olly unp]turb$ s5se ( ev]y?+ com+ out "r 9 ! end #ed are z a matt] ( fact ! la/ important h>ve/ :i* we h f ! poetry creat$ by ! exub]ant g5ius1 culture1 & wit ( ! ,greek nation4 77 ,i %all n[ direct att5tion to ! dramatic art ( ! mod]n _w1 & "h1 too1 ,i only propose to emphasize ! m g5]al & fundam5tal features :i* we f9d ( importance1 :e!r deal+ ) trag$y or ! ord9>y drama & com$y4 77 ,trag$y1 9 ! nobility :i* di/+ui%es x 9 its anci5t pla/ic =m1 is limit$ to ! p>tial po9t ( view t = its exclusive & ess5tial basis x only en=ces z effective ! e?ically sub/antive cont5t & its necess>y laws2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 leaves ! individual & subjective self-p5etration ( ! dramatic *>act]s ess5tially unevolv$2 :ile com$y on its "p1 to complete :at we may reg>d z ! rev]s$ side ( su* pla/ic con/ruction1 exhibits to u ! p]sonal caprice ( s\l-life 9 ! unfett]$ ab&onm5t ( its topsy-turvydom & ultimate dissolution4 ,mod]n trag$y accepts 9 its own prov9ce f ! fir/ ! pr9ciple ( subjectivity or self-ass]tion4 ,x makes1 !re=e1 ! p]sonal intimacy ( "*--! "*1 t is1 :i* is no purely individual & vital embodim5t ( e?ical =ces 9 ! classic s5se--its peculi> object & cont5t4 ,x1 moreov]1 makes1 9 a type ( concurr5ce t is adapt$ to ?is end1 human actions come into collision ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! ext]nal accid5t ( circum/ances 9 ! way t a cont+5cy ( a simil> "* is also decisive 9 its effect on ! consequ5ce1 or appe>s to be s decisive4 ,9 ?is connection we w\ld subject to exam9ation ! foll[+ fundam5tal po9ts3 ,fir/s ! nature ( ! v>i$ ends :i* ought to come into ! executive process ( ! action z ! cont5t ( ! *>act]s !re94 ,secondly1 ! nature ( ! tragic *>act]s !mselves1 z also ( ! collisions !y are compell$ to face4 ,?irdly1 ! nature ( ! f9al issue & tragic reconciliation1 z ^! diff] f ^? ( anci5t trag$y4 ,to />t )1 we may obs]ve t1 h[ev] mu* 9 romantic trag$y ! p]sonal aspect ( suff]+ & passions1 9 ! true mean+ ( su* an attitude1 is ! focal c5tre1 yet1 = all t1 x is impossible 9 human activity t ! gr\nd basis ( def9ite ends borr[$ f ! concrete worlds ( ! family1 ! ,/ate1 ! ,*ur*1 & o!rs %\ld be disp5s$ )4 ,9 s f>1 h[ev]1 z 9 ! drama "u discussion1 x is n ! sub/antive cont5t z su* 9 ^! sph]es ( life :i* con/itutes ! ma9 int]e/ ( individuals4 ,su* ends are f a c]ta9 po9t ( view p>ticul>iz$ 9 a bread? ( ext5sion & v>iety1 z also 9 exceptional modes ( pres5tm5t1 9 :i* x (t5 happ5s t :at is truly ess5tial is only able to =ce itself on our att5tion ) att5uat$ /r5g?4 ,& ov] & above ?is fact1 ^! ends receive an entirely alt]$ =m4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( religion1 = example1 ! cont5t :i* pre-em95tly is ass]t$ is no long] ! p>ticul> e?ical p[]s exhibit$ imag9atively "u ! mode ( div9e individuals1 ei!r 9 _! own p]son or 9 ! pa?os ( human h]oes4 ,x is ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/1 or ( sa9ts & ! l1 :i* is n[ set be=e u4 ,9 ! political community x is ma9ly ! position ( k+%ip1 ! p[] ( vassal *iefs1 ! /rife ( dyna/ies1 or ! p>ticul> memb]s ( "o & ! same rul+ family :i* =ms ! cont5t ( ! v>i$ picture4 ,nay1 if we take a /ep fur!r we f9d z ! pr9cipal subject-matt] que/ions ( civic or private "r & o!r relations ( a simil> "*2 &1 fur!r1 we %all f9d a simil> att5tion paid to features 9 ! family life :i* 7 n yet )9 ! rea* ( anci5t drama4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is t1 inasmu* z 9 ! sph]es ( life above-m5tion$ ! pr9ciple ( ! p]sonal life 9 its indep5d5ce has ass]t$ its claim1 novel phases ( exi/5ce make _! inevitable appe>ance 9 ea* "o ( !m1 :i* ! mod]n man claims to set up z ! end & directory ( 8 action4 ,&1 f a fur!r po9t ( view 9 ?is drama1 x is ! "r ( subjectivity1 z above def9$1 absolutely unqualifi$1 :i* is reta9$ z ! dom9at+ cont5t2 & = ?is reason p]sonal love1 hon\r1 & ! re/ make su* an exclusive appeal z ends ( human action t1 :ile 9 "o direction o!r relations _c fail to appe> z ! purely ext]nal backgr\nd on :i* ^! int]e/s ( our mod]n life are set 9 motion1 9 ano!r su* relations on _! own acc\nt actively conflict ) ! requirem5ts ( ! m individual /ate ( emotion4 ,( m pr(\nd significance /ill is wrong & crime1 ev5 assum+ t a p>ticul> "* does n delib]ately & to />t ) place himself 9 ei!r1 yet does n avoid 9 ord] to atta9 8 orig9al purpose4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 9 contra/ to ?is p>ticul>ization & individual /&po9t1 ! ends propos$ may likewise ei!r 9 "o direction exp& to cov] ! univ]sality & all-inclusive embrace ( ! cont5t1 or !y are 9 ano!r appreh5d$ & c>ri$ into execution z !mselves intr9sically sub/antive4 ,9 ! fir/ respect1 ,i w m]ely recall to memory t typically philosophical trag$y1 ! ,fau/ ( ,goe!1 9 :i*1 on ! "o h&1 a _s ( disillusion 9 ! pursuit ( sci5ce1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! vital res\rces ( a worldly life & e>?ly enjoym5t--9 a ^w1 ! attempt$ m$iation 9 ! tragic mann] ( an individual's wisdom & /rife ) ! ,absolute 9 its ess5tial significance & ph5om5al manife/ation1 (f]s a bread? ( cont5t su* z no o!r dramatic poet has hi!rto v5tur$ to include 9 "o & ! same composition4 ,! ,c>l ,moor ( ,s*ill] is some?+ ( ! same fa%ion4 ,he rebels aga9/ ! entire ord] ( civic society & ! collective condition ( ! _w & ! humanity ( 8 "t1 & =tifies himself z su* aga9/ ! same4 ,wall5/e9 9 ! same way conceives a great & f>-rea*+ purpose1 ! unity & peace ( ,g]many1 an object he fails to c>ry into effect by ! means :i*1 9 virtue ( ! fact t !y are wield$ toge!r 9 an artificial mann]1 & "o t lacks ess5tial coh]5ce1 break 9 pieces & come to n\ght precisely 9 ! direction :]e he is mo/ anxi\s ( _! success2 & he fails 9 ! same way by reason ( 8 opposition to ! imp]ial au?ority1 ^u :i* he himself & 8 ent]prise are inevitably %att]$4 ,su* objects ( a _w-wide policy1 su* z a ,c>l ,moor or a ,wall5/e9 pursue1 are z a rule n accompli%$ at ! h&s ( a s+le individual by ! simple means t o!r m5 are induc$ to obey & co-op]ate2 !y are c>ri$ into effect by ! comm&+ p]sonality1 p>tly act+ 9 conjunction ) ! wills ( _m o!rs1 & 9 "p 9 opposition to1 or at lea/ on l9es ( :i* !y h no k4 ,z an illu/ration ( a conception ( objects view$ 9 _! ess5tial significance1 ,i w m]ely in/ance c]ta9 trag$ies ( ,cald]on1 9 :i* love1 hon\r1 & simil> virtues are respectively to ! rights & obligations 9 :i* !y involve ! *>act]s ( ! action1 treat$ z s _m unyield+ laws ( indep5d5t =ce ) all ! /r+5cy ( a code4 ,we f9d also frequ5tly mu* ! same ?+ assum$ 9 ,s*ill]'s tragic *>act]s1 ?\gh ! po9t ( view is no d\bt :olly diff]5t1 at lea/ to ! ext5t t su* individuals conceive & combat = _! ends ) ! assumption !y are univ]sal & absolutely valid human rights4 ,s 9 ! e>ly play ( ,kabale und ,liebe ,major ,f]d9& seeks to def5d ! rights ( ,nature aga9/ ! conv5i5ces ( fa%ionable society1 &1 above all1 claims ( ! ,m>quis ,posa fre$om ( ?\ght z an inali5able possession ( humanity4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 9 mod]n trag$y x is n ! sub/antive cont5t ( its object 9 ! int]e/ ( :i* m5 act1 & :i* is ma9ta9$ z ! /imulus ( _! passion2 r x is ! inn] exp]i5ce ( _! he>t & individual emotion1 or ! p>ticul> qualities ( _! p]sonality1 :i* insi/ on satisfaction4 ,= ev5 9 ! examples already ref]r$ to we f9d t to a real ext5t 9 ^? h]oes ( ,spani% hon\r & love ! cont5t ( _! ultimate ends is s ess5tially ( a p]sonal "* t ! rights & obligations d$ucible f ! same are able to fuse 9 direct concurr5ce ) ! individual desires ( ! he>t1 & to a l>ge ext5t1 too1 9 ! y\?ful works ( ,s*ill] ?is cont9ual insi/5ce ^u ,nature1 rights ( man1 & a conv]t$ _w some:at sav\rs ( ! excess ( a :olly p]sonal en?usiasm4 ,& if x came ab\t t ,s*ill] 9 lat] ye>s endeav\r$ to en=ce a m mature type ( pa?os1 ?is 0 simply due to ! fact t x 0 8 ma9 idea to re/ore once aga9 9 mod]n dramatic art ! pr9ciple ( anci5t trag$y4 ,9 ord] to emphasize /ill m di/9ctly ! diff]5ce :i* 9 ?is respect obta9s betwe5 anci5t & mod]n trag$y1 ,i w m]ely ref] ! read] to ,%akespe>e's ,hamlet4 ,"h we f9d fundam5tally a collision simil> to t :i* is introduc$ by s*ylus into 8 ,*oeporae & t by ,sophocles into 8 ,electra4 ,= ,hamlet's fa!r1 too1 & ! ,k+1 z 9 ^! ,greek plays1 has be5 murd]$1 & 8 "m has w$d$ ! murd]]4 ,t :i*1 h[ev]1 9 ! conception ( ! ,greek dramati/s possesses a c]ta9 e?ical ju/ification--,i mean ! dea? ( ,agamemnon--relatively to 8 sacrifice ( ,iphig5eia 9 ! contra/$ case ( ,%akespe>e's play1 c only be view$ z an atroci\s crime1 ( :i* ,hamlet's "m is innoc5t2 s t ! son is m]ely conc]n$ 9 8 v5geance to direct 8 att5tion to ! fratricidal k+1 & !re is no?+ 9 ! latt]'s "* t possesses any real claim to 8 respect4 ,! real collision1 !re=e1 does n turn on ! fact t ! son1 9 giv+ effect to a rightful s5se ( v5geance1 is himself =c$ to violate morality1 b r on ! p>ticul> p]sonality1 ! inn] life ( ,hamlet1 ^: noble s\l is n /eel$ to ?is k9d ( en]getic activity1 b1 :ile full ( contempt = ! _w & life1 :at betwe5 mak+ up 8 m9d & attempt+ to c>ry into effect or prep>+ to c>ry into effect its resolves1 is b&i$ f pill> to po/1 & f9ally ?r\gh 8 own procra/9ation & ! ext]nal c\rse ( ev5ts meets 8 own doom4 ,if we n[ turn1 9 close connection ) ! above conclusions1 to our second po9t ( fundam5tal importance 9 mod]n trag$y--t is to say1 ! nature ( ! *>act]s & _! collisions--we may summ>ily take a po9t ( dep>ture f ! foll[+ g5]al obs]vations4 ,! h]oes ( anci5t classic trag$y discov] circum/ances "u :i* !y1 s long z !y irrefragably adh]e to ! "o e?ical /ate ( pa?os :i* alone corresponds to _! own already =m$ p]sonality1 mu/ infallibly come into conflict ) an e?ical ,p[] :i* opposes !m & possesses an equal e?ical claim to recognition4 ,romantic *>act]s1 on ! contr>y1 are f ! fir/ plac$ )9 a wide expanse ( cont+5t relations & conditions1 )9 :i* e sort ( action is possible2 s t ! conflict1 to :i* no d\bt ! ext]nal conditions presuppos$ supply ! occasion1 ess5tially abides )9 ! "* itself1 to :i* ! individuals conc]n$ 9 _! passion give effect1 n1 h[ev]1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! e?ical v9dication ( ! truly sub/antive claims1 b = ! simple reason t !y are ! k9d ( m5 !y are4 ,greek h]oes also no d\bt act 9 accordance ) _! p>ticul> individuality2 b ?is individuality1 z be=e not$1 if we take = our examples ! supreme results ( anci5t trag$y1 is itself necess>ily id5tical ) an e?ical pa?os :i* is sub/antive4 ,9 mod]n trag$y ! peculi> "* 9 its real significance1 & to :i* x z a matt] ( accid5t rema9s con/ant1 :e!r x happ5s to grasp aft] t :i* on its own acc\nt is on moral gr\nds ju/ifiable1 or is c>ri$ into wrong & crime1 =ms its resolves "u ! dictate ( p]sonal wi%es & necessities1 or among o!r ?+s purely ext]nal consid]ations4 ,9 su* a case1 !re=e1 ?\gh we may h a coalesc5ce betwe5 ! moral aspect ( ! object & ! "*1 yet1 = all t1 su* a concurr5ce does n con/itute1 & _c con/itute--ow+ to ! divid$ "* ( ends1 passions1 & ! life :olly p]sonal to ! individual1 ! ess5tial basis & objective condition ( ! dep? & beauty ( ! tragic drama4 ,9 view ( ! great v>iety ( diff]5ce :i* fur!r sep>ates p>ticul> *>act]s 9 ?is type ( poetry1 x is impossible to d mu* 9 ! way ( g5]alization4 ,i w1 !re=e1 re/rict myself to a ref]5ce to ! foll[+ fundam5tal po9ts ( view4 ,a prim>y opposition :i* at once invites notice is t ( an ab/ract1 & consequ5tly =mal1 *>act]ization 9 its contra/ ) ! actual individuals :om we are accu/om$ to meet 9 ! concrete liv+ _w4 ,z example ( ?is type1 we may ) exceptional p]t95cy cite ! tragic *>act]s ( ! ,fr5* & ,italians1 :i*1 orig9at+ 9 ! imitation ( anci5t drama1 to a great] or less degree m]ely am\nt to pure p]sonifications ( specific passions1 su* z love1 hon\r1 fame1 ambition1 tyranny1 & s =?1 & :i*1 :ile !y pres5t ! motives ( _! actions1 z also ! gradation & quality ( _! emotions to ! be/ advantage ) a lavi% display ( declamation1 & all ! arts ( rhetoric1 none ! less by do+ s r resemble ! dramatic failures ( ,s5eca ?an ! dramatic ma/]pieces ( ! ,greeks4 ,spani% trag$y also receives ! /amp ( ?is ab/ract /yle ( "*-draw+4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! pa?os ( love1 9 its conflict ) hon\r1 fri5d%ip1 royal pr]ogative1 & ! re/ is itself ( s ab/ract a subjective "* t 9 ! case :]e ! int5tion is to make ?is equally ideal#ee sub/antiality /& out z ! g5u9e object ( int]e/1 a m complete p>ticul>ization ( *>act]s is h>dly feasible4 ,! *>act]s ( ,spani% drama1 h[ev]1 (t5 possess a c]ta9 k9d ( solidity1 &1 if ,i may use ! expression1 inflexible p]sonality1 h[ev] want+ 9 cont5t x may be1 a feature t is abs5t f ,fr5* "w2 & at ! same "t ,spani% writ]s1 "h also 9 contra/ to ! cold simplicity :i* ! movem5t ( ,fr5* trag$ies exhibits ev5 9 _! tragic composition1 "k h[ to make up ) ! clev]ly inv5t$ abundance ( int]e/+ situations & developm5ts ! defici5cy ref]r$ to 9 ! matt] ( *>act]ization4 ,9 contra/ to bo? ^! s*ools1 & 9 _! ma/]y ( ! exposition ( fully develop$ human *>act]s & p]sonality1 ! ,engli% are exceptionally di/+ui%$2 & among !m1 & so>+ above ! re/ at an almo/ unapproa*able height1 /&s ,%akespe>e4 ,= ev5 9 ! cases :]e a purely =mal passion1 z = in/ance ambition 9 ,macbe?1 or jeal\sy 9 ,o!llo1 claims z its field ! entire pa?os#ef ( 8 tragic h]o1 su* an ab/raction impairs by no fraction ! full bread? ( ! p]sonality4 ,despite ( ?is re/riction ( analysis#eg ! *>act]s rema9 ?r\gh\t entire m54 ,9 fact1 ! m ,%akespe>e on ! inf9ite embrace ( 8 _w-/age1 proce$s to develop ! extreme limits ( evil & folly1 to t ext5t1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 on ^! v b\nd>ies--( c\rse1 n )\t real weal? ( poetic embelli%m5t--he conc5trates ^! *>act]s 9 _! limitations4 ,:ile do+ s1 h[ev]1 he conf]s on !m intellig5ce & imag9ation2 &1 by means ( ! image 9 :i* !y1 by virtue ( t intellig5ce1 contemplate !mselves objectively z a "w ( art1 he makes !m free arti/s ( !mselves1 & is fully able1 ?r\gh ! complete virility & tru? ( 8 *>act]ization1 to awak5 our int]e/ 9 crim9als1 no less ?an 9 ! mo/ vulg> & weak-witt$ lubb]s & fools4 ,( a simil> nature is ! /yle ( expression he makes 8 tragic *>act]s adopt4 ,x is at once individual1 reali/ic1 emphatically vital1 extraord9>ily v>i\s1 &1 moreov]1 :]e x seems advisable1 x c rise to sublimity & is m>k$ by an ov]:elm+ =ce ( utt]ance4 ,its ideal int5sity & its qualities ( inv5tion are display$ 9 images & simile t fla% f ea* o!r ) lightn+ rapidity4 ,its v rhetoric1 "h ! b>r5 *ild ( no s*ool1 b ! gr[? ( g5u9e emotion & p5etration into human p]sonality1 is su* t1 if we take into acc\nt ?is extraord9>y union ( ! directness ( life itself & ideal greatness ( s\l1 we %all f9d x h>d inde$ to po9t to a s+le o!r dramatic poet among ! mod]ns :om we are entitl$ to rank 9 8 company4 ,no d\bt ,goe! 9 8 y\? made a real ef=t to a*ieve "s approa* to a l natural tru? & detail$ *>act]ization2 b 9 ! ideal =ce & exaltation ( passion 8 rivalry collapses4 ,! /yle ( ,s*ill]1 aga91 has %[n an increas+ t5d5cy to viol5t me?ods1 ! tempe/u\s expatiation ( :i* lack ! true core ( reality = _! basis4 ,mod]n *>act]s also diff] 9 ! nature ( _! con/ancy or _! spiritual vacillation & di/raction4 ,we f9d1 no d\bt1 ! weakness ( indecision1 ! fluctuations ( reflection1 ! weigh+ ( reasons1 con=mably to :i* a resolve %\ld be direct$1 "h & !re 9 classic drama1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ! trag$ies ( ,euripides4 ,b ,euripides is a writ] ^: t5d5cy is already to =sake ! :olly pla/ic complet5ess ( *>act]ization & action & to develop exceptional aspects ( p]sonal s5sibility4 ,9 mod]n trag$y we meet yet m frequ5tly su* vacillat+ *>act]s1 m p>ticul>ly on ! gr\nd t !y are ess5tially "u ! sway ( two oppos$ passions1 :i* make !m fluctuate f "o resolve or "o k9d ( de$ to ano!r4 ,i h already made "s obs]vations on ?is attitude ( vacillation 9 ano!r context1 & w n[ m]ely supplem5t ?is by /at+ t1 al?\gh ! tragic action mu/ dep5d on collid+ factors1 yet :]e we f9d su* a division 9 "o & ! same individual su* a concurr5ce is always att5d$ ) prec>i\s consequ5ces4 ,& ! reason is t ?is disruption into int]e/s1 :i* are oppos$ to ea* o!r1 is due 9 "p to an obscurity & obtus5ess ( ! intellig5ce1 & 9 "s measure1 too1 to weakness & immaturity4 ,we come across *>act]s ( ?is type 9 ! creations ( ,goe!'s y\ng] days1 notably ,weisung51 ,f]n&o 9 ,/ella1 & above all ,clavigo4 ,!y are1 z we may say1 d\ble m51 :o are unable to secure a ready1 & s /able1 individuality4 ,x is :olly ano!r matt] :5 two oppos$ sph]es ( life or moral obligation are equally sacr$ to a "* :i*1 on its own acc\nt1 is n defici5t 9 /ability1 & su* a p]son is "u ! necessity ( rank+ himself on "o side to ! exclusion ( ! o!r4 ,9 a case ( t k9d1 ! vacillation is m]ely a mom5t ( passage1 & does n itself con/itute1 z x 71 ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! "*4 ,aga91 ( a some:at simil> k9d1 is ! tragic case :]e ! spiritual life is s$uc$1 despite its nobl] purpose1 into objects ( passion :i* are contradictory#eh to ! same1 z 9 ! case ( ,s*ill]'s ,holy ,maid1 & are !n =c$ to seek a recov]y f ?is division ( ! s\l 9 _! own intimate or objective life1 or pay ! p5alty4 ,at ! same "t1 ?is p]sonal trag$y ( ! di/raction ( s\l-life1 :5 x is made ! pivot on :i* ! tragic action revolves1#ei conta9s1 z a rule1 :at is m]ely pitiful & pa9ful1 or1 f ano!r /&po9t1 exasp]at+2#fj & ! poet w r d bett] to avoid x ?an g out ( 8 way to f9d x & develop x4 ,! wor/ case is t1 h[ev]1 :]e su* a vacillation & ve]+ r\nd ( "* & ! entire p]sonality is--! v dialectic ( art be+ ?r[n awry = ?is purpose--made ! pr9ciple ( ! entire pres5tation1 z ?\gh ! tru? ( all importance 0 to demon/rate t no "* is 9 itself firmly root$ & self-assur$4 ,! "o-sid$ ends ( specific passions1 x is true1 ought n to br+ ab\t a realization :i* is secur$ )\t a battle2 & also1 9 ev]yday life1 !y _c fail to exp]i5ce1 ?r\gh ! reaction>y p[] ( conditions & individuals :i* oppose !m1 _! f9ite "* & lack ( /ability4 ,an issue ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 be=e ! appe>ance ( :i* we are unable to get ! p]t95t conclusion1 ought n to be introduc$ z a dialectical piece ( :eel adju/m5t#fa 9 ! p]sonality itself2 if x is1 ! p]son conc]n$1 view$ z ?is p]sonal /ate ( ! s\l1 is a :olly empty & undef9$ =m1 ^: collective liv+ gr[? is f\nd1 no less 9 respect to its objects ?an 9 its "*1 to be :olly want+ 9 def9ition4 ,9 mu* ! same way ! case1 also1 is o!rwise1 :]e ! *ange 9 ! spiritual condition ( ! entire man itself appe>s z a direct consequ5t ( j ?is1 its own k9d ( self-deta*m5t1 s t only t is develop$ & emphasiz$ :i* ess5tially & f ! fir/ lay secur$ 9 ! "*4 ,z an example1 we f9d 9 ,%akespe>e's ,le> t ! orig9al folly ( ! old man is int5sifi$ to ! po9t ( madness mu* 9 ! same way t ,glo/]'s spiritual bl9dness is conv]t$ into actual physical bl9dness1 9 :i* = ! fir/ "t 8 eyes are op5$ to ! true di/9ction 9 ! love he ent]ta9s = 8 two sons respectively4 ,x is precisely ,%akespe>e :o1 z a contra/ to t exposition ( vacillat+ & ess5tially self-divid$ *>act]s1 supplies u ) ! f9e/ examples ( ess5tially /able & consequ5tial *>act]s1 :o g to _! doom precisely 9 virtue ( ?is t5aci\s hold ^u !mselves & _! ends4 ,unsupport$ by ! sanction ( ! moral law1 b r c>ri$ onw>d by ! =mal necessity ( _! p]sonality1 !y suff] !mselves to be involv$ 9 _! acts by ! coil ( ext]nal circum/ances1 or !y plunge bl9dly !re9 & ma9ta9 !mselves !re by %e] =ce ( w1 ev5 :]e all t !y d is m]ely done because !y are impell$ to ass]t !mselves aga9/ o!rs1 or because !y h simply come to ! p>ticul> po9t !y h rea*$4 ,! rise ( insurg5t passion1 "o ess5tially consonant ) a c]ta9 type ( "*1 "o :i* has n z yet fully em]g$1 b n[ secures its utmo/ expansion1 ?is onw>d movem5t & process ( a great s\l1 ) all ! intimate traits ( its evolution1 ?is picture ( its selfde/ructive conflict ) circum/ances1 human & objective conditions & results1 is ! ma9 cont5t ( "s ( ,%akespe>e's mo/ int]e/+ trag$ies4 ,! la/ ( ! subjects :i* we h /ill to discuss z propos$ is ! nature ( ! tragic issue :i* *>act]s 9 our pres5t drama h to confront1 z also ! type ( tragic reconciliation compatible ) su* a /&po9t4 ,9 anci5t trag$y x is ! et]nal ju/ice :i*1 z ! absolute might ( de/9y1 deliv]s & re/ores ! h>mony ( sub/antive be+ 9 its e?ical "* by its opposition to ! p>ticul> =ces :i*1 9 _! /ra9 to ass]t an indep5d5t subsi/5ce1 come into collision1 & :i*1 9 virtue ( ! rational ideality impli$ 9 its op]ations1 satisfies u ev5 :]e we see ! d[nfall ( p>ticul> m54 ,9 s f> z a ju/ice ( ! same k9d is pres5t 9 mod]n trag$y1 x is necess>ily1 9 "p1 m ab/ract on acc\nt ( ! clos] diff]5tiation ( ends & *>act]s1 &1 9 "p1 ( a cold] nature & "o t is m ak9 to t ( a crim9al c\rt1 9 virtue ( ! fact t ! wrong & crime into :i* individuals are necess>ily c>ri$1 9 s f> z !y are int5t ^u execut+ _! designs1 are ( a pr(\nd] significance4 ,macbe?1 = in/ance1 ! eld] daught]s ( ,le> & _! husb&s1 ! presid5t 9 ,kabale und ,liebe1 ,ri*>d ,,iii1 & _m simil> examples1 on acc\nt ( _! atroci\s conduct1 only des]ve ! fate !y get4 ,?is type ( dn\em5t usually is pres5t$ "u ! guise t individuals are cru%$ by an actual =ce :i* !y h defi$ 9 ord] to c>ry out _! p]sonal aims4 ,wall5/e91 = example1 is %att]$ on ! adamant9e wall ( ! imp]ial p[]2 b ! old ,piccolom9i1 :o1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! lawful rgime1 betrays a fri5d & misuses ! rights ( fri5d%ip1 is puni%$ ?r\gh ! dea? & sacrifice ( 8 son4 ,gtz von ,b]li*+51 too1 attacks a dom9ant & securely f\nd$ political ord]1 & goes to gr\nd1 z also ,weisl+5 & ,adelheid1 :o range !mselves1 no d\bt1 on ! side ( ?is organiz$ p[]1 b1 ?r\gh wrongful de$ & disloyalty1 prep>e ! way to disa/]4 ,& along ) ?is we h ! dem& emphasiz$1 9 virtue ( ! p]sonal po9t ( view ( su* *>act]s1 t ^! %\ld ( necessity appe> !mselves to ackn[l$ge ! ju/ice ( _! fate4 ,su* a /ate ( acceptance may ei!r be ( a religi\s nature1 9 :i* case ! s\l becomes consci\s ( a m exalt$ & inde/ructible condition ( bless$ness ) :i* to confront ! collapse ( its mundane p]sonality2 or x may be ( a m =mal1 albeit m worldly1 type1 9 s f>1 t is1 z ! /r5g? & equanimity ( ! "* p]si/s 9 its c\rse up to ! po9t ( ov]?r[ )\t break+ asund]2 & 9 ?is way1 despite all circum/ances & mis*ances1 pres]ves ) unimpair$ en]gy its p]sonal fre$om4 ,or1 z a f9al alt]native1 :]e ! sub/ance ( su* acceptance is ( m real value1 by ! recognition t ! lot :i* ! individual receives is ! "o1 h[ev] bitt] x may be1 :i* 8 action m]its4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 we may see ! tragic issue also m]ely 9 ! light ( ! effect ( unhappy circum/ances & ext]nal accid5ts1 :i* might h br\ght ab\t1 q z readily1 a diff]5t result & a happy conclusion4 ,f su* a po9t ( view we h m]ely left u ! conception t ! mod]n idea ( individuality1 ) its se>*+ def9ition ( "*1 circum/ances1 & developm5ts1 is h&$ ov] ess5tially to ! cont+5cy ( ! e>?ly /ate1 & mu/ c>ry ! fateful issues ( su* f9itude4 ,pure commis]ation ( ?is sort is1 h[ev]1 de/itute ( mean+2 & x is no?+ less ?an a frightful k9d ( ext]nal necessity 9 ! p>ticul> case :]e we see ! d[nfall ( ess5tially noble natures 9 _! conflict ?us assum$ ) ! mis*ance ( purely ext]nal accid5ts4 ,su* a c\rse ( ev5ts c insi/5tly arre/ our att5tion2 b 9 ! result x c only be horrible1 & ! dem& is direct & irresi/ible t ! ext]nal accid5ts ought to accord ) t :i* is id5tical ) ! spiritual nature ( su* noble *>act]s4 ,only z ?us reg>d$ c we feel ourselves reconcil$ ) ! griev\s end ( ,hamlet & ,juliet4 ,f a purely ext]nal po9t ( view1 ! dea? ( ,hamlet appe>s z an accid5t occasion$ by 8 duel ) ,la]tes & ! int]*ange ( ! dagg]s4 ,b 9 ! backgr\nd ( ,hamlet's s\l1 dea? is already pres5t f ! fir/4 ,! s&bank ( f9ite condition w n cont5t 8 _s4 ,z ! focus ( su* m\rn+ & weakness1 su* melan*oly1 su* a loa?+ ( all ! conditions ( life1 we feel f ! fir/ t1 hemm$ )9 su* an environm5t ( horror1 he is a lo/ man1 :om ! surfeit ( ! s\l has wellnigh already done to dea? be=e dea? itself approa*es him f )\t4 ,! same ?+ may be obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ,romeo & ,juliet4 ,! gr\nd on :i* ^! t5d] blossoms h be5 plant$ is ali5 to _! nature2 we h no alt]native left u b to lam5t ! pa!tic transi5cy ( su* a beautiful love1 :i*1 z "s t5d] rose 9 ! vale ( ?is _w ( accid5t1 is brok5 by rude /orms & tempe/s1 & ! frangible reckon+s ( noble & well-mean+ devices4 ,?is pitiful /ate ( our emotions is1 h[ev]1 simply a feel+ ( reconciliation t is pa9ful1 a k9d ( unhappy bless$ness 9 mis=tune4 77 ,mu* z poets pres5t to u ! b>e d[nfall ( p>ticul> p !y are also able to treat ! simil> cont+5cy ( ! developm5t ( ev5ts 9 su* a way1 t1 despite ( ! fact ! circum/ances 9 all o!r respects w\ld appe> to give !m little en\gh support1 a happy issue ( su* conditions & *>act]s is secur$1 9 :i* !y elicit our int]e/4 ,no d\bt ! fav\r ( su* a de/9y ( ev5ts has at lea/ an equal claim ^u u z ! disfav\r4 ,& s f> z ! "q m]ely conc]ns ! nature ( ?is diff]5ce1 ,i mu/ admit t ,i pref] a happy conclusion4 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,i c myself discov] no bett] gr\nd = ! pref]5ce ( mis=tune1 simply on its own acc\nt z su*1 to a happy resolution ?an t ( a c]ta9 condition ( f9e s5sibility1 :i* is devot$ to pa9 & suff]+1 & exp]i5ces m int]e/ 9 _! pres5ce ?an 9 pa9less situations su* z x meets ) e day4 ,if !re=e ! int]e/s are ( su* a nature1 t x is really n wor? ! tr\ble to sacrifice ! m5 or wom5 conc]n$ on _! alt>1 x be+ possible = !m ei!r to surr5d] _! objects1 )\t mak+ su* surr5d] z is equival5t to a surr5d] ( _! individuality1 or to mutually come to an agreem5t 9 respect !re(1 !re is no reason :y ! conclusion %\ld be tragic4 ,! tragic aspect ( ! conflicts & _! resolution ought 9 pr9ciple m]ely to be en=c$ 9 ! cases :]e x is actually necess>y 9 ord] to satisfy ! claim ( a sup]ior po9t ( view4 ,if ?is necessity is abs5t !re is no suffici5t gr\nd = m]e suff]+ & unhapp9ess4 ,& x is simply due to ?is fact t social plays & dramas orig9ate :i* =m1 z x 71 an int]m$iate l9k betwe5 trag$ies & com$ies4 ,i h already 9 a previ\s passage expla9$ ! poetical /&po9t ( ?is class ( composition4 ,among u ,g]mans we f9d x to "s ext5t appropriat+ :at readily moves u 9 ! _w ( ! citiz5 & family life2 9 ano!r direction x is preoccupi$ ) *ivalry1 a movem5t to :i* ! ,gtz ( ,goe! has giv5 a decid$ /imulus2 ma9ly1 h[ev]1 we may call x ! triumph ( ord9>y morality1 :i* 9 ! l>ge majority ( cases is ! ma9 ?+ celebrat$4 ,! subject-matt] ( su* plays mo/ 9 vogue are que/ions ( f9ance or prop]ty1 diff]5ces ( /atus1 un=tunate love affairs1 examples ( spiritual bas5ess 9 ! m re/rict$ conditions & affairs ( life & s on4 ,9 "o ^w1 :at we h "h is t :i* o!rwise is already be=e our eyes1 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 su* moral dramas1 virtue & duty obta9 ! victory1 & crime is %am$ & puni%$1 or betakes itself to rep5tance1 s t 9 a moral conclusion ( ?is k9d ! reconciliation ought to c5tre 9 ?is1 namely1 t :atev] happ5s good is ! result4 ,!reby ! fundam5tal int]e/ is conc5trat$ 9 ! p]sonal or spiritual quality ( views held & a good or evil he>t4 ,! m1 h[ev]1 ! ab/ractly moral /ate ( m9d or he>t supplies ! pivot on :i* all turns1 s mu* ! less c x be ! pa?os ( a p>ticul> matt]1 or an intr9sically ess5tial object1 to :i* ! p]sonality 9 "q is atta*$4 ,& add to ?is1 f a fur!r po9t ( view1 s mu* ! less ultimately is ! def9ite "* able to ma9ta9 itself & p]si/ 9 su* self-ass]tion4 ,if all is to be f9ally focuss$ 9 ! purely moral aspects ( ! psy*ological /ate1 or ! condition ( ! he>t1 f a subjective po9t ( view su* z ?is1 ) its dom9at+ emphasis on e?ical reflection1 no /&+ gr\nd rema9s = any o!r def9ite *>act]i/ics1 or at lea/ specific ends to be propos$4 ,let ! he>t break & *ange its views4 ,su* seems to be ! idea4 ,pa!tic dramas ( ?is type1 notably ,kotzebue's ,m5s*5hass und ,reue1 & also too _m moral (f5ces 9 ! dramas ( ,iffl&1 /rictly speak+1 h !re=e an issue :i* we c nei!r call good or bad4 ,i mean by ?is t ! ma9 ?+ is z a rule ! "q ( p>don & ! promise ( moral improvem5t1 & we are !re=e confront$ ) t possibility ( spiritual conv]sion & surr5d] ( ! self4 ,no d\bt 9 ?is fact we discov] ! exalt$ nature & greatness ( ,_s4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! jolly dog1#fb z ! h]oes ( ,kotzebue are = ! mo/ "p1 & n unfrequ5tly ,iffl&'s too1 aft] be+ a scamp & a rascal1 sudd5ly promises to turn ov] a new leaf1 x is frankly impossible ) a good-=-no?+ *ap ( ?is sort t 8 conv]sion c be o!rwise ?an m]e pret5ce1 or ( s sup]ficial a "* t x m]ely affects 8 sk91 & m]ely supplies a mom5t>y conclusion to ! c\rse ( ev5ts t has no sub/antial basis1 b r1 by all ord9>y reckon+1 w take ! knave to disreputable qu>t]s1 if we w only acqua9t ourselves ) 8 subsequ5t hi/ory4 77 ,z reg>ds our mod]n com$y ,i mu/ draw p>ticul> att5tion to "o po9t ( diff]5ce1 to :i* ,i h already allud$ :5 discuss+ ! old ,attic com$y4 ,! po9t is ?is--:e!r ! folly & re/rict$ outlook ( ! *>act]s ( ! drama m]ely appe>s ridicul\s to o!rs1 or is equally p]ceiv$ z su* by ^? p]sons !mselves2 :e!r 9 %ort ! comic *>act]s are an object ( laught] only to ! audi5ce1 or also to su* *>act]s4 ,ari/ophanes1 t creator ( g5u9e com$y1 exclusively accept$ z ! ma9 pr9ciple ( 8 plays ! latt] alt]native4 ,already1 h[ev]1 9 ,greek com$y ( a lat] date1 & subsequ5tly 9 ! h&s ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 ! opposite pr9ciple came into vogue2 & 9 our mod]n examples ( com$y x has be5 c>ri$ to su* a l5g? t we f9d a l>ge numb] ( comic compositions ! incl9ation ( :i* is m or less ! subject-matt] :i* is ridicul\s 9 a purely prosaic s5se1 or r we might say matt]s t leave a s\r ta/e 9 ! m\? ( & are repugnant to ! comic *>act]s4 ,?is is ! /&po9t ( ,molire 9 p>ticul> 9 8 be/ com$ies1 :i* h no "r to be reg>d$ z f>ces4 ,! prosaic quality "h is ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd t ! objects aim$ at by su* *>act]s are a matt] ( bitt] e>ne/4 ,!y are deadly s]i\s 9 ! pursuit ( x2 !y are !re=e q unable to jo9 ) satisfaction 9 ! laught]1 :5 !y are f9ally deceiv$1 or !mselves are responsible = its failure4 ,!y are 9 %ort m]ely ! disillusion$ objects ( a laught] =eign to !mselves & g5]ally damag+ to !mselves4 ,z an example3 ,molire's ,t>tuffe le faux dvot1 view$ z ! unmask+ ( a really damn$ rascal has no?+ funny 9 x1 b is a v e>ne/ bus9ess1 & ! deception ( ! delud$ ,orgon am\nts to a %e] int5sity ( mis=tune1 :i* c only be resolv$ by ! ,deus ex ma*9a1 9 ref]5ce to :om ! (ficial ( ! c\rt ( ju/ice utt]s ! foll[+ exhortation3 ,remettez-v\s1 monsieur1 d'une al>me si *aude4 ,n\s vivons s\s un pr9ce1 ennemi de la fraude1 ,un pr9ce dont les yeux se font j\r dans les coeurs1 ,et que ne peut tromp] t\t l'art des impo/eurs4 ,we may add1 too1 t ! odi\s ab/ract#fc excess ( *>act]s s /able z1 = example1 ,molire's ,mis]1 ! absolutely /olid & s]i\s subjection ( :om to 8 idiotic passion r5d]s any emancipation f su* fett]s impossible1 conta9s 9 x no?+ t is g5u9ely comic4 ,x is pre-em95tly 9 ?is field t = comp5sation ( su* defects a f9e arti/ic p[] 9 ! accurate & exhau/ive del9eation ( "* is manife/$1 or a true ma/]y ( ! craft discov]s its be/ opportunity = an admirably ?\ght-out intrigue4 ,z a rule ! occasion = su* an intrigue is suppli$ by ! circum/ance t "s "* or o!r endeav\rs to secure 8 objects by delud+ "s "o else1 su* a c\rse appe>+ to h>monize ) ^! int]e/s & advance !m4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 x only results 9 ! contradictory situation t x is ?r\gh ?is p]nici\s dem& !y are self-de/ructive4 ,9 opposition to su* a plot we f9d z a rule a simil> plot ( dissembl$ appe>ances put 9 motion1 :i* has = its object ! l confusion ( ! orig9al plott]4 ,su* a g5]al s*eme admits ( an inf9ite numb] & degree ( ups & d[ns 9 ! int]weav+ ( its situations :i* are adapt$ to e conceivable subtlety4 ,! ,spani>ds are1 9 p>ticul>1 ! mo/ consummate ma/]s 9 ! inv5tion ( su* intrigues & developm5ts1 & h compos$ mu* t is delightful & excell5t 9 ?is class ( "w4 ,! subject-matt] g5]ally consi/s ( ! attractive incid5ts ( love or affairs ( hon\r & ! l4 ,9 trag$y ^! br+ ab\t ! pr(\nde/ collisions2 9 com$y1 h[ev]1 :]e su* qualities z pride & love t has be5 long exp]i5c$ d n ass]t !mselves z su*1 b r by do+ ! rev]se & 9 ! result give ! lie to !mselves1 su* int]e/s c m]ely appe> to u z entirely sup]ficial & comic4#fd ,a ^w 9 conclusion z to ! *>act]s :o hat* & c>ry out su* intrigues4 ,su* are usually1 foll[+ ! example ( ! slaves 9 ! ,roman com$y1 s]vants or m5ials1 :o h no respect = ! objects ( _! sup]iors1 b r make !m subord9ate to _! own advantage or br+ !m to n\ght1 & m]ely pres5t u ) ! amus+ position1 t ! real ma/]s are ! s]vants & ! ma/]s ! slaves1 or at lea/ give rise to all k9ds ( comic situation1 :i* come ab\t accid5tally1 or are directly ! result ( int5tion4 ,we ( c\rse1 z audi5ce1 are 9 ! "k ( su* my/]ies1 & c =tify ourselves aga9/ e sort ( cunn+ & deceit1 :i* (t5 c>ries ! mo/ s]i\s consequ5ces to fa!rs1 uncles1 aunts1 & ! re/1 all ( ! mo/ respectable antec$5ts2 & we may laugh z we please ov] ! contradictory situations t appe> be=e u1 or are involv$ 9 su* +5i\s deceptions4 ,9 ?is k9d ( way our mod]n com$y1 g5]ally speak+1 gives play on ! /age to private int]e/s & p]sonalities ( ! social life ,i h m5tion$ 9 _! accid5tal vag>ies1 laughable features1 abnormal habits & follies1 p>tly by means ( "* del9eation1 & p>tly ) ! help ( comic developm5ts ( situations & circum/ances4 ,a joviality s frank & g5ial z t :i* p]si/s 9 ! ,ari/ophanic com$y z ! m$iat+ elem5t ( its resolution1 does n animate ?is k9d ( com$y2 or r cases occur :]e x c be actually repulsive1 t is to say1 :]e t :i* is ess5tially evil1 ! tricks ( m5ials1 ! trea*]y ( sons & w>ds t[>ds wor?y m51 fa!rs & gu>dians is triumphant1 always assum+ t ! p]sons delud$ h 9 no way !mselves be5 influ5c$ by false prejudices or ecc5tricities ( su* a k9d t !re is "s reason :y !y %\ld be made to appe> ridicul\s 9 _! helpless /upidity & h&$ ov] z ! sport ( ! aims ( o!rs4 ,9 a conv]se way1 h[ev]1 & 9 contra/ z su* to ! above g5]ally prosaic type ( treatm5t1 ! mod]n _w1 too1 has elaborat$ a _w ( com$y :i* is bo? truly comic & poetical 9 its nature4 ,! fundam5tal note "h aga9 is ! *e]9ess ( disposition1 ! inexhau/ible res\rces ( fun1 no matt] :at may be ! nature ( misc>riage or bad luck1 ! exub]ance & da% ( :at is at bottom no?+ bett] ?an pure tomfool]y1 &1 9 a ^w1 exploit$ self-assurance4 ,we h "h z a result1 9 yet pr(\nd] expatiation1 & yet m int5se display ( hum\r1 :e!r ! sph]e ( x be m re/rict$ or capaci\s1 & :e!r ! mode ( x be m or less important1 :at runs on p>allel l9es ) t :i* ,ari/ophanes 9 ! anci5t _w & 9 8 own field creat$ beyond all rivalry4 ,z ! ma/]1 :o 9 a simil> way out%9es all o!rs 9 8 field1 or r ! p>ticul> portion to :i* ,i n[ ref]1 ,i w1 ?\gh )\t n[ fur!r ent]+ into detail1 once aga9 emphasize ! "n ( ,william ,%akespe>e4 99 ,hav+ complet$ our review ( ! types "u :i* com$y is elaborat$ we h at la/ rea*$ ! absolute conclusion ( our sci5tific inquiry4 ,we />t$ ) symbolical art1 9 :i* ! ideality ( ! human s\l /ruggles to discov] itself z cont5t & configuration1 &1 9 a ^w1 to become an object to itself4 ,we pass$ on to ! pla/ic ( classical art1 :i* displays to human vision t :i* has become unveil$ to itself z sub/antive be+ 9 man's vital p]sonality4 ,we rea*$ our conclusion 9 ! romantic art ( ! individual s\l-life1 t inw>d _w unit$ to ! absolute m$ium ( its self-consci\s en]gy1 :i* expatiates unfett]$ )9 its own ideal life ( ,_s2 & :i*1 cont5t ) t realm1 no long] unites itself ) :at is objective & p>ticul>iz$1 & f9ally makes itself aw>e ( ! negative significance ( su* a resolution 9 ! hum\r ( ! comic ,_s4 ,nev]!less we f9d t 9 ?is v consummation x is ,com$y :i* op5s ! way to a dissolution ( all t human art implies4 ,= ! aim ( all art is no?+ else ?an t id5tity ass]t$ & display$ by ! human ,_s1 9 :i* ! et]nal1 ! ,div9e1 ! ess5tial & explicat$ tru? is unfold$ 9 ! =ms & ph5om5al pres5ce ( ! objective _w to ! appreh5sion ( our ext]nal s5ses & our emotional life & imag9ation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 z is ! fact1 com$y m]ely en=ces ?is unity "u a mode t annihilates x1 inasmu* z ! absolute sub/ance1#fe :i* /rives "h to en=ce its realiz$ manife/ation1 p]ceives t ?is realization is1--?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ^? int]e/s :i* h n[ secur$ an indep5d5t fre$om )9 ! embrace ( ! objective _w ( ,nature1#ff & are z su* exclusively direct$ to :at is cont+5t & p]sonal to ! s\l1--itself %att]$1 x foll[s t ! pres5ce & activity ( ! ,absolute is no long] truly ass]t$ 9 positive coalesc5ce ) ! individual *>act]s & ends ( exi/+ objective reality1 b r solely gives effect to itself 9 ! negative =m t ev]y?+ :i* does n correspond ) itself is !reby cancell$1 & all t rema9s is ! pres5ce ( ?is free p]sonal activity ( s\l-life :i* is display$ 9 & along ) ?is dissolution z aw>e ( itself & self-assur$4 ,by su* a pa?1 !n1 z ?is we h arriv$ at our goal2 & ) ! aid ( our philosophical me?od h ga!r$ e ess5tial type & det]m9ant ( ! beauty & con=mation ( art into a g>l&1 ! task ( arrang+ :i* 9 its associate complet5ess belongs to ! mo/ wor?y ( any )9 ! range ( human sci5ce to und]take4 ,= 9 human ,art we are n m]ely deal+ ) play?+s1 h[ev] pleasant or useful !y may be1 b ) ! lib]ation ( ! human ,_s f ! sub/ance & =ms ( f9ite condition4 ,we are occupi$ ) ! pres5ce & reconciliation ( ! ,absolute 9 s5se & ! ph5om5al1 ) a revelation ( tru?1 :i* is n exhau/$ ( its weal? 9 natural-hi/ory1 b is unfold$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 z a con/itu5t "p ( :i* ,art supplies u ) ! mo/ beautiful po9t ( view1 ! mo/ g5]\s rew>d = ! sev]e lab\rs ( our contact ) objective reality & ! griev\s pa9s ( k4 ,& = ?is reason x 0 impossible t our inquiry %\ld :olly re/rict itself to ! criticism ( individual works ( art1 or any m]e recipe or inducem5t to _! production4 ,r x c\ld h b ! "o object1 namely1 t ( foll[+ up1 ( seiz+ & reta9+ 9 & ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ?\ght ! fundam5tal notion ( beauty & art ?r\gh all ! /ages :i* x passes 9 its process ( realization4 ,if ,i may be p]mitt$ to assume t f ! above expla9$ po9t ( view my exposition has n be5 :olly inadequate to g5]al expectation1 & t ! bonds ( obligation ) :i* ,i h ?r\gh\t be5 unit$ to my read] 9 ! pursuit ( an object :i* we hold 9 common are n[ releas$1 ,i w m]ely add ! wi%1 x is my la/ ^w1 t a bond yet m exalt$ & inde/ructible ) ! idea ( beauty & tru? may rivet itself betwe5 u 9 place ( t releas$1 & e/abli% an union :i* %all n[ & = good rema9 secure4 ,footnote #a3 ,diess treib5de ,pa?os4 ,pa?os is "h us$ to signify ! emotional /ate4 ,?is motive =ce w\ld give ! s5se4 ,footnote #b3 ,als konkretes ,daseyn zur ,exi/5ce gebra*t4 ,footnote #c3 ,9 d] uss]5 ,objektivitt4 ,footnote #d3 ,! ref]5ce is ( c\rse to lyric composition4 ,by reale ,individualisirung ,hegel seems to ref] to ! appreh5sion by ! lyric poet ( ! individual subjective exp]i5ce 9 its indep5d5t reality4 ,footnote #e3 ,:at ,hegel means app>5tly by ?is /atem5t is t ! results ( ! action are 9 ! view ( ! p]sons conc]n$ prim>ily ref]r$ to _! own act ( volition & s5se ( responsibility1 & z su* !y modify _! future int5tion or conduct4 ,footnote #f3 ,poet4 c4 #e4 ,footnote #g3 ,e9em collid]5d5 ,h&eln4 ,footnote #h3 ,z lyric poetry is4 ,footnote #i3 ,poet41 c4 #g4 ,footnote #aj3 ,! fact %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! illu/ration ea* division is a complete :ole 9 itself4 ,footnote #aa3 ,hegel app>5tly means ?is by 8 ref]5ce to die beid5 er/5 ,elem5te1 b ! passage is n v cle>4 ,footnote #ab3 ,gehalt4 ,t is1 an imag9ative p]sonality1 :i* seizes ! type & our g5]al humanity4 ,footnote #ac3 ,9 ?is obscure passage ,i h r s\ght to emphasize :at appe>s to me ! g5]al s5se ?an adh]e to lit]al accuracy4 ,:at is contra/$ is cle>ly ! naturalism ( su* a diction z ,s*ill]'s ,robb]s & ! ,fr5* classic diction4 ,footnote #ad3 ,d] ,allgeme9heit4 ,we %\ld say ( a m ideal or creative atmosph]e4 ,! creative poet imports 8 own univ]sality into ! f9al result bo? ( diction & imag9ative conception4 ,hegel adh]es to ! philosophical t]m1 :i*1 ap>t f explanation1 is c]ta9ly v bald1 & ev51 z x /&s1 un9telligible4 ,footnote #ae3 ,x is n v cle> to :at ,hegel "h ref]s unless to ! fact t female p>ts 7 play$ by y\?s4 ,footnote #af3 ,we %\ld say r /unn$ z by a bl[1 z]s*mett]t1 r ?an z]s*nitt54 ,footnote #ag3 ,e9es gross5 ,gem?s4 ,x is n cle> h[ f> ! ref]5ce is to ! poet or ! *>act]s4 ,x applies to bo?4 ,footnote #ah3 ,poet41 c4 #d4 ,footnote #ai3 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cee-cgi4 ,footnote #bj3 ,poet41 c4 #f4 ,footnote #ba3 ,ap>t f ! practical impossibility ( en=c+ su* a condition 9 mod]n times1 ,hegel appe>s "h r to ov]look ! fact t ! pr9t+ ( a "w is ( great conv5i5ce1 & may ev5 involve less exp5se :]e its repetition 9 sev]al !atres is possible1 &1 aft] all1 important drama is lit]ature4 ,:]e ! art is bad x is no m possible to prev5t its appe>ance1 if ! arti/ is able to af=d ! exp5se ( publication1 ?an 9 any o!r art4 ,9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r public ta/e & ! law ( supply & dem& are "h ! sole & ultimate te/s4 ,sophocles may h writt5 8 dramas1 no d\bt1 ) a p>ticul> /age 9 view1 b we are n !re=e entitl$ to conclude t ei!r he or ,ari/ophanes w\ld h refus$ ass5t to ! publication ( any or all ( _! works _h !re be5 a publi%] will+ to accept responsibility4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly we may suppose t ,%akespe>e w\ld n h done s1 at lea/ aft] due repres5tation & revision4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 met ) /ud5ts ( ,%akespe>e :o ma9ta9 t no complete autograph manuscript ( any s+le drama ( ?is poet ev] exi/$4 ,footnote #bb3 ,i ?9k x is obvi\s t if we take ! case ( ! f9e/ musical reproduction by individual arti/s ( ! fir/ rank ?is di/9ction is n s emphatic z ,hegel w\ld make x out to be4 ,a really great musical p]=mance is some?+ mu* m ?an a reproduction ( musical s\nd4 ,! effect ( p]sonality plays "h a "p ( real & ess5tial importance4 ,footnote #bc3 ,roll5f*]4 ,hegel may possibly mean ! pr(essional adju/m5t ( h>moni\s ca/es4 ,footnote #bd3 ,see vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #dbg-dcj4 ,footnote #be3 ,unmittelb>5 ,individualitt4 ,hegel means ! individuality t is ab/ract1 n sold]$ into ! sub/ance ( concrete human life4 ,footnote #bf3 ,das ,gttli*e4 ,footnote #bg3 ,9 ,geg5!il se9]4 ,hegel means1 app>5tly1 t ! pr9ciple ass]ts itself positively r ?an z ! m]e negation ( ! f9ite1 z 9 exclusive asceticism4 ,footnote #bh3 ,das ,sittli*e1 i4e41 concrete e?ical condition4 ,footnote #bi3 ,hegel appe>s to und]/& by pa?os "h little m ?an a psy*ological /ate4 ,footnote #cj3 ,elem5t1 i4e41 app>5tly1 ?is primitive impulse ( realization4 ,footnote #ca3 ,hegel's language1 w5n sie itzt ab] wirkli*1 seems to g z f> z my translation4 ,! difficulty ( ! entire passage1 & x is no d\bt consid]able1 is prim>ily due to ! fact t ,hegel is "h import+ into ! notion ( classic div9ities ! pr(\nd] significance ( :at he calls sittli*5 ,m*te4 ,by do+ ?is he c m readily %elve ! problem h[ we are to reg>d ! nature ( _! exi/5ce z pot5tial =ces ( ! ,div9e ,be+2 t is1 ap>t f _! op]ative en]gy 9 human life1 z also ! modus op]&i ( su* ,div9e en]gy 9 its orig9al p>ticipation ) a real _w4 ,he avoids1 no d\bt1 "o ( ! mo/ disput$ aspects ( 8 philosophy4 ,b if x is urg$ 9 criticism t at lea/ 9 "p 8 pres5t exposition t5ds r to vagu5ess1 or at lea/ to accept a c]ta9 measure ( symbolism r ?an rema9 sev]ely on ! gr\nd ( g5u9e philosophical me?od & ?\ght1 to associate itself r ) ,plato ?an ,ari/otle1 9 ! pres5t context1 at any rate1 ,i am incl9$ to agree ) x4 ,footnote #cb3 ,d] ,gewalt des ,anundfrsi*sey5d54 ,lit41 ( t :i* is or becomes explicit on its own acc\nt1 i4e41 ess5tially4 ,hegel ref]s1 ( c\rse1 to ! e?ical =ces 9 ! process ( life4 ,footnote #cc3 ,hegel "h uses ! ^w e9ig r 9 its second>y s5se ?an 9 its prim>y "o ( unique4 ,footnote #cd3 ,als das zu ,erhalt5de1 viz41 ! consi/5cy ( concrete life4 ,footnote #ce3 ,by ihr] un5dli*5 ,si*]heit ,hegel ref]s to ! /ability ( ! pr9ciple ( self-consci\s1 & self-assur$ "*1 :i* 9 its weakness may be m]ely equival5t to cocksur$ness4 ,footnote #cf3 ,wohlgemu?keit und ,zuv]si*t4 ,footnote #cg3 ,hegel seems to h 9 8 m9d *>act]s 9 com$y ( :i* ,fal/aff may be tak5 z a supreme example1 & ,%akespe>e above all ! creator ( _m su*4 ,roy ,ri*mond & ,san*o ,panza are ( ! same type4 ,footnote #ch3 ,d] 9 d] ,m5s*5bru/ walt5d5 ,gtt]4 ,footnote #ci3 ,9 no religi\s or ev5 /rictly e?ical s5se ( c\rse4 ,footnote #dj3 ,i am n q sure :at ,hegel means by 8 use "h ( ! ^w ,v]shnung1 lit41 reconciliation4 ,i presume he means a p[] ( h>moni\s recov]y1 :e!r 9 a good s5se is n q cle>4 ,footnote #da3 ,=mal z contra/$ ) really e?ical cont5t4 ,footnote #db3 ,die ,sub/anz4 ,i presume ?is is ! mean+1 i4e41 ! sub/antive ideality ( ! e?ical =ces inh]5t 9 man4 ,! entire passage is suffici5tly difficult to translate1 or inde$ :olly to foll[1 or at lea/ ap>t f its subsequ5t application to ! *orus ( ,trag$y4 ,footnote #dc3 ,allgeme9e4 ,=mal 9 ! s5se t su* a /ate is n concretely realiz$ 9 action1 b re/ricts itself to ! ideal homog5eity ( its =m4 ,footnote #dd3 ,x is p]haps be/ to repeat ,hegel's own phrase4 ,footnote #de3 ,die sittli*e ,b]e*tigung zu e9] be/immt5 ,t4 ,! context %[s t ,hegel does n m]ely mean ! ju/ification 9 ! individual consci5ce1 :i* is dem&$ by & p]fect$ 9 su* activity1 b ! actual e?ical claim :i* is v9dicat$ 9 su* action4 ,footnote #df3 ,t is1 ! cont5t ( ! dramatic action 9 ,greek drama4 ,footnote #dg3 ,by ,re*tf]tigung ,hegel "h seems to mean n s mu* ! v9dicat$ "r z ! degree ( responsibility :i* a c]ta9 attitude ( m9d involves4 ,x is ! nature ( ! subjection to ! v9dicat$ "r1 or its abs5ce4 ,footnote #dh3 ,by die subjektive ,v]tiefung d] ,p]snli*keit ,hegel w\ld seem to mean ! psy*ological analysis ( "* on its own acc\nt4 ,footnote #di3 ,bloss] ,ausglei*ung4 ,! metaphor seems to be t ( a f9al settlem5t ( acc\nts1 a g5]al settlem5t w\ld be p]haps a bett] translation4 ,footnote #ej3 ,hegel's /atem5t is h>dly support$ by ! facts z !y are n>rat$ 9 ! dipus ,rex4 ,x is ! =ce ( facts r ?an a p[] ( prevision1 :i* ar\se ! k ( ! t]rible tru?4 ,b ,hegel is "h evid5tly mo/ absorb$ 9 ! ideal & univ]sal significance ( ! drama4 ,footnote #ea3 ,t is1 ( c\rse1 9 dea?4 ,sophocles himself ( c\rse only v indef9itely1 ?r\gh ! evid5ce ( an eye-witness1 ref]s to su* a possible apo!osis4 ,footnote #eb3 ,! /atem5t ( ! g5]al contra/ is no d\bt true en\gh4 ,x may be d\bt$1 h[ev]1 :e!r ,hegel's own int]pretation ( ! reconciliation ( dipus z "o consummat$ 9 dea? c be :olly br\ght "u ! anci5t conception4 ,x w\ld seem tru] to admit t 9 ! _s at lea/ ( ! dipus ,coloneus we h1 at lea/ 9 s f> z t reconciliation is objective1 & n m]ely a reconcil+ influ5ce on our m9ds1 ! spectators1 z 9 ! case ( ! dea?s ( ,k+ ,le> or ,cornelia1 9 ! s5se t dea? makes all ?+s sweet1 a my/]i\s approa* to problems :i* ,*ri/ianity fir/ attempt$ s]i\sly to solve1 & :i* are usually reg>d$ z insoluble )\t ! assumption ( a future /ate1 or at lea/ a div9e absorption4 ,ev5 admitt+ t dipus 9 8 dea? became a real con/itu5t ( ! h>moni\s unity ( ! civic life t receiv$ him1 we _c ) tru? say t su* a reconciliation 0 "o 9 :i* he %>$ p]sonally1 & :]e( he 0 consci\s1 except 9 s f> z he 0 aw>e ( ?is by prevision2 & to t ext5t ! reconciliation 0 n 9 8 dea?1 b r1 z 9 ! ,*ri/ian view1 a condition ( ! s\l1 a conviction t by 8 dea? he w\ld live aga91--almo/ id5tical 9 fact ) "s mod]n int]pretations ( immortality4 ,footnote #ec3 ,hegel means ! conflict betwe5 ! univ]sal social int]e/ & ! private int]e/1 betwe5 ! concrete social life & ! :olly private life4 ,footnote #ed3 ,i ?9k ?is gives ! ne>e/ approa* ,i c make to ! self-co9$ ^w ,grundwohlseyns1 lit41 ! at bottom well be+4 ,footnote #ee3 ,subjektiv5 ,sub/antialitt4 ,ideal1 t is1 z oppos$ to a sub/antive cont5t bas$ on ! facts ( liv+ p4 ,imp]sonations ( qualities imag9$ r ?an portraits ( liv+ m51 ideal !re=e 9 a !oretic & bad s5se4 ,footnote #ef3 ,z previ\sly /at$ ,i adopt ,hegel's expression1 be+ unable to express x o!rwise bett]4 ,! :ole emotional condition is m or less ! mean+1 b x is root$ 9 ,greek lit]ature4 ,footnote #eg3 ,9 dies] ,be/imm!it1 lit41 9 ?is p>ticul> def9ition ( _! cont5t4 ,footnote #eh3 ,hegel may mean t ! passions are oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,! nett result is ! same4 ,footnote #ei3 ,lit41 ,is made ! tragic lev]4 ,footnote #fj3 ,! epi!t might mean also sugge/ive ( p]sonal irritation1 b ! o!r epi!ts r negative ?is r5d]+4 ,footnote #fa3 ,rd]w]k4 ,! :ole ( ?is passage1 9 its !oretical analysis1 is extremely difficult n m]ely to translate1 b to foll[ cle>ly4 ,footnote #fb3 ,i presume ?is is ! mean+ ( ,purs*e or ,burs*e1 & n m]ely y\ng/]4 ,footnote #fc3 ,ab/ract 9 ! s5se t ! vices are deta*$ 9 _! extreme f concrete human nature4 ,footnote #fd3 ,i h made ! be/ ,i c ( a v badly express$ s5t5ce1 &1 z ,i %\ld add1 a v meagre description ( ! aim ( mod]n comic drama4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 n q satisfi$ t x is an adequate translation1 or t ,i h grasp$ :at ,hegel means by ! words ni*t ge/eh5 zu woll54 ,x w\ld apply v aptly to su* a "* z ,sir ,will\ghby ,patt]ne1 b ! p]t95cy ( su* an epi!t z lang empfund5 ,i fail to see4 ,i d\bt myself if we h "h any?+ m ?an a *ance note ( ,hegel tack$ 9 by editors4 ,! :ole ( ! pres5t p>agraph is a v jejune description ( ! treatm5t ( ! love passion or affairs ( hon\r by mod]n drama4 ,a pity we _c supplem5t x ) ! sub/ance ( ,m]$i?'s ,essay on ,com$y4 ,! passage1 h[ev]1 mu/ be read z qualifi$ by ! fur!r note l[] d[n on ! exub]ance ( "o aspect ( mod]n com$y4 ,b ! ref]5ce to ,com$y 9 ! mod]n s5se is a m]e fragm5t4 ,footnote #fe3 ,t is1 self-consci\s life4 ,! ,absolute "h seems to be id5tifi$ ) man's self-consci\s activity4 ,footnote #ff3 ,i ?9k ?is is :at ,hegel mu/ mean "h by im ,elem5te d] ,wirkli*keit1 9 ! elem5t1 t is1 ( mat]ial reality4