,,glean+s ,,9 ,,buddha-,,fields         
,,/udies ,,( ,,h& ,,& ,,s\l  ,,9 ,,!    
,,f> ,,ea/    ,,by    ,,lafcadio ,,he>n 
,,lectur] ,,on ,,engli% ,,lit]ature ,,9 
,,!  ,,imp]ial ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,japan  
,,bo/on ,,& ,,new ,,york  ,,h\ghton     
,,miffl9 ,,company    #ahig             
,,cont5ts           ,i4 ,a ,,liv+ ,,god 
,,ii4 ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,/reet       ,,iii4
 ,,notes ,,( ,a ,,trip ,,to ,,ky,,to    
,,iv4 ,,du/         ,v4 ,,ab\t ,,faces  
,,en ,,japanese ,,art        ,,vi4      
,,n+y-,,no-,,haka       ,,vii4 ,,9      
,,saka      ,,viii4 ,,buddhi/           
,,allusions ,,9 ,,japanese ,,folk-,,song
        ,,ix4 ,,nirvana         ,x4 ,,! 
,,rebir? ,,( ,,katsugor        ,,xi4    
,,)9 ,,! ,,circle        ,,glean+s ,,9  
,,buddha-,,fields          ,i      ,a   
,,liv+ ,,god      ,i      ,( :atev]     
dim5sion1 ! temples or %r9es ( pure ,%9t
 are all  built 9 ! same ar*aic /yle4 ,!
 typical %r9e is a w9d[less  oblong     
build+ ( unpa9t$ timb]1 ) a v /eep      
ov]hang+  ro(2 ! front is ! gable end2 &

 ! upp] "p ( ! p]petually  clos$ doors  
is wood5 lattice-"w1--usually a grat+ ( 
b>s  closely set & cross+ ea* o!r at "r 
angles4 ,9 mo/ cases  ! /ructure is     
rais$ slightly above ! gr\nd on wood5   
pill>s2  & ! que] peak$ faade1 ) its    
visor-l ap]tures & !  fanta/ic          
projections ( beam-"w above its         
gable-angle1 might rem9d  ! ,european   
travel] ( c]ta9 old ,go?ic =ms ( dorm]4 
,!re is  no artificial color4 ,! pla9   
wood#a soon turns1 "u ! action (  ra9 & 
sun1 to a natural grey1 v>y+ accord+ to 
surface exposure  f ! silv]y tone ( bir*
 b>k to ! sombre grey ( basalt4 ,s  %ap$
 & s t9t$1 ! isolat$ c\ntry ya%iro may  
seem less l  a "w ( jo9]y ?an a feature 
( ! sc5]y1--a rural =m relat$  to nature
 z closely z rocks & trees1--a some?+ t 
came into  exi/5ce only z a manife/ation
 ( ,ohotsu*i-no-,kami1 ! ,e>?-god1  !   
primeval div9ity ( ! l&4    ,:y c]ta9   
ar*itectural =ms produce 9 ! behold] a  
feel+ (  weirdness is a "q ab\t :i* ,i  
%\ld l to !orize "s  day3 at pres5t ,i  

%all v5ture only to say t ,%9to %r9es   
evoke  su* a feel+4 ,x gr[s ) famili>ity
 in/ead ( weak5+2 & a  k ( popul>       
beliefs is apt to int5sify x4 ,we h no  
,engli%  words by :i* ^! que] %apes c be
 suffici5tly describ$1--mu*  less any   
language able to communicate ! peculi>  
impression :i*  !y make4 ,^? ,%9to t]ms 
:i* we loosely r5d] by ! words  temple &
 %r9e are really untranslatable2--,i    
mean t !  ,japanese ideas atta*+ to !m  
_c be convey$ by translation4 ,!        
s-call$ augu/ h\se ( ! ,kami is n s mu* 
a temple1 9 !  classic mean+ ( ! t]m1 z 
x is a haunt$ room1 a _s-*amb]1  a      
gho/-h\se2 _m ( ! less] div9ities be+   
v]itably  gho/s1--gho/s ( great w>riors 
& h]oes & rul]s & tea*]s1  :o liv$ &    
lov$ & di$ hundr$s or ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 
,i  fancy t to ! ,we/]n m9d ! ^w        
gho/-h\se w convey1  bett] ?an su* t]ms 
z %r9e & temple1 "s vague notion (  !   
/range "* ( ! ,%9to miya or             
ya%iro1--conta9+  9 its p]petual dusk   
no?+ m sub/antial ?an symbols or tok5s1 

! latt] probably ( pap]4 ,n[ ! empt9ess 
beh9d ! visor$  front is m sugge/ive ?an
 any?+ mat]ial c\ld possibly be2  & :5 y
 rememb] t millions ( p dur+ ?\s&s (    
ye>s h wor%ipp$ _! great dead be=e su*  
ya%iro1--t  a :ole race /ill believes ^?
 build+s t5ant$ by viewless  consci\s   
p]sonalities1--y are apt also to reflect
 h[ difficult  x w\ld be to prove ! fai?
 absurd4 ,nay6 9 spite ( ,occid5tal     
reluctances1--9 spite ( :atev] y may ?9k
 x exp$i5t to say  or n to say at a lat]
 "t ab\t ! exp]i5ce1--y may v  likely   
f9d y\rself = a mom5t =c$ into !        
attitude ( respect  t[>d possibilities4 
,m]e cold reason+ w n help y f> 9 !     
opposite direction4 ,! evid5ce ( ! s5ses
 c\nts = little3 y  "k !re are ev] s _m 
realities :i* c nei!r be se5 nor  he>d  
nor felt1 b :i* exi/ z =ces1--trem5d\s  
=ces4 ,!n  aga9 y _c mock ! conviction (
 =ty millions ( p :ile  t conviction    
?rills all ab\t y l ! air1--:ile        
consci\s  t x is press+ ^u y\r psy*ical 
be+ j z ! atmosph]e  presses ^u y\r     

physical be+4 ,z = myself1 :5ev] ,i am  
alone 9  ! pres5ce ( a ,%9to %r9e1 ,i h 
! s5sation ( be+ haunt$2  & ,i _c help  
?9k+ ab\t ! possible app]ceptions ( !   
haunt]4 ,& ?is tempts me to fancy h[ ,i 
%\ld feel if ,i myself 7  a god1--dwell+
 9 "s old ,izumo %r9e on ! summit ( a   
hill1  gu>d$ by /one lions & %ad[$ by a 
holy grove4    ,elfi%ly small my        
habitation might be1 b nev] too small1  
because ,i  %\ld h nei!r size nor =m4 ,i
 %\ld be only a vibration1--a  motion   
invisible z ( e!r or ( magnetism2 ?\gh  
able sometimes to  %ape me a %ad[-body1 
9 ! lik5ess ( my =m] visible self1 :5   
,i %\ld wi% to make app>ition4    ,z air
 to ! bird1 z wat] to ! fi%1 s w\ld all 
sub/ance be  p]meable to ! ess5ce ( me4 
,i %\ld pass at w ?r\gh ! walls  ( my   
dwell+ to swim 9 ! long gold ba? ( a    
sunbeam1 to ?rill 9  ! he>t ( a fl[]1 to
 ride on ! neck ( a dragon-fly4    ,p[] 
above life & p[] ov] dea? w\ld be       
m9e1--& ! p[] (  self-ext5sion1 & ! p[] 
( self-multiplication1 & ! p[] (  be+ 9 

all places at "o & ! same mom5t4        
,simultane\sly 9 a  hundr$ homes ,i %\ld
 he> myself wor%ip$1 ,i %\ld inhale !   
vapor  ( a hundr$ (f]+s3 ea* ev5+1 f my 
place )9 a hundr$  h\sehold %r9es1 ,i   
%\ld see ! holy lights light$ = me 9    
lamplets ( r$ clay1 9 lamplets (        
brass1--! lights ( ! ,kami1  k9dl$ )    
pure/ fire & f$ ) pure/ oil4    ,b 9 my 
ya%iro ^u ! hill ,i %\ld h greate/      
honor3 !re  betimes ,i %\ld ga!r !      
multitude ( my selves toge!r2 !re  %\ld 
,i unify my p[]s to answ] supplication4 
,f ! dusk ( my gho/-h\se ,i %\ld look = 
! com+ (  s&al$ feet1 & wat* br[n supple
 f+]s weav+ to my b>s !  knott$ pap]s   
:i* are records ( v[s1 & obs]ve ! motion
 ( !  lips ( my wor%ip]s mak+ pray]3--  
--,h>ai-tamai kiyom-tama6 444 ,we h     
beat5 drums1 we h  light$ fires2 yet !  
l& ?ir/s & ! rice fails4 ,deign out (   
?y div9e pity to give u ra91 ,o         
,daimyj96    --,h>ai-tamai kiyom-tama6  
444 ,i am d>k1 too d>k1 because ,i h    
toil$ 9 ! field1 because ! sun ha? look$

 ^u me4 ,deign ?\  augu/ly to make me   
:ite1 v :ite1--:ite l ! wom5 ( !  city1 
,o ,daimyj96    --,h>ai-tamai           
kiyom-tama6444 ,= ,tsukamoto ,motoki*i  
our son1 a  soldi] ( tw5ty-n9e3 t he may
 conqu] & come back quickly to          
u1--soon1 v soon1--we humbly supplicate1
 ,o ,daimyj96    ,sometimes a girl w\ld 
:isp] all h] he>t to me3 ,maid5 (       
eighte5  ye>s1 ,i am lov$ by a y\? (    
tw5ty4 ,he is good2 he is true2 b       
pov]ty is ) u1 & ! pa? ( our love is    
d>k4 ,aid u ) ?y  great div9e           
pity6--help u t we may become unit$1 ,o 
,daimyj96  ,!n to ! b>s ( my %r9e %e    
w\ld hang a ?ick s(t tress (  hair1--h] 
own hair1 glossy & black z ! w+ ( ! cr[1
 &  b\nd ) a cord ( mulb]ry-pap]4 ,& 9 !
 fragrance ( t  (f]+1--! simple         
fragrance ( h] peasant y\?1--,i1 ! gho/ 
&  god1 %\ld f9d aga9 ! feel+s ( ! ye>s 
:5 ,i 0 man &  lov]4    ,mo!rs w\ld br+ 
_! *ildr5 to my ?re%old1 & tea* !m  to  
rev]e me1 say+1 ,b[ d[n be=e ! great    
bright ,god2 make  homage to ! ,daimyj94

 ,!n ,i %\ld he> ! fre% s(t clapp+  (   
little h&s1 & rememb] t ,i1 ! gho/ &    
god1 _h be5 a  fa!r4    ,daily ,i %\ld  
he> ! pla% ( pure cool wat] p\r$ out =  
me1 &  ! t9kle ( ?r[n co91 & ! patt]+ ( 
dry rice into my wood5  box1 l a patt]+ 
( ra92 & ,i %\ld be refre%$ by ! _s  ( !
 wat]1 & /r5g!n$ by ! _s ( ! rice4      
,fe/ivals w\ld be held to honor me4     
,prie/s1 black-coiff$ &  l95-ve/ur$1    
w\ld br+ me (f]+s ( fruits & fi% &      
seawe$ & rice-cakes & rice-w9e1--mask+  
_! faces )  %eets ( :ite pap]1 s z n to 
brea! ^u my food4 ,& !  miko _!         
daught]s1 fair girls 9 crimson hakama & 
robes (  sn[y :ite1 w\ld come to dance )
 t9kl+ ( little bells1 )  wav+ ( silk5  
fans1 t ,i might be gladd5$ by ! bloom (
 _!  y\?1 t ,i might delight 9 ! *>m (  
_! grace4 ,& !re  w\ld be music ( _m    
?\s& ye>s ago1--weird music ( drums &   
flutes1--& songs 9 a tongue no long]    
spok52 :ile ! miko1 !  d>l+s ( ! gods1  
w\ld poise & pose be=e me3--444 ,^:     
virg9s are ^!1--! virg9s :o /& l fl[]s  

be=e !  ,deity8 ,!y are ! virg9s ( !    
augu/ ,deity4    ,! augu/ music1 ! danc+
 ( ! virg9s1--! ,deity w be  pleas$ to  
he>1 ! ,deity w rejoice to see4    ,be=e
 ! great bright ,god ! virg9s dance1--! 
virg9s all l  fl[]s newly op5$4 444     
99    ,votive gifts ( _m k9ds ,i %\ld be
 giv53 pa9t$ pap] lant]ns  be>+ my sacr$
 "n1 & t[els ( div]s colors pr9t$ ) !   
numb] ( ! ye>s ( ! giv]1 & pictures     
commemorat+ !  fulfillm5t ( pray]s = !  
heal+ ( sickness1 ! sav+ (  %ips1 !     
qu5*+ ( fire1 ! bir? ( sons4    ,also my
 ,k>a%i%i1 my gu>dian lions1 w\ld be    
honor$4 ,i %\ld see  my pilgrims ty+    
s&als ( /raw to _! necks & to _! paws1  
) pray] to ! ,k>a%i%i-,sama = /r5g? (   
foot4    ,i %\ld see f9e moss1 l em]ald 
fur1 gr[+ sl[ly1 sl[ly1 ^u  ! backs ( ^?
 lions2--,i %\ld see ! spr\t+ ( li*5s ^u
  _! flanks & ^u _! %\ld]s1 9 speckl+s (
 dead-silv]1 9  pat*es ( dead-gold2--,i 
%\ld wat*1 ?r\gh ye>s ( g5]ations1  !   
gradual sidew>d s9k+ ( _! p$e/als "u-m9$
 by fro/  & ra91 until at la/ my lions  

w\ld lose _! balance1 & fall1  & break  
_! mossy heads (f4 ,aft] :i* ! p w\ld   
give me  new lions ( ano!r =m1--lions ( 
granite or ( bronze1 ) gild$  tee? &    
gild$ eyes1 & tails l a torm5t ( fire4  
,betwe5 ! trunks ( ! c$>s & p9es1 betwe5
 ! jo9t$  columns ( ! bamboos1 ,i %\ld  
obs]ve1 season aft] season1 !  *anges ( 
! colors ( ! valley3 ! fall+ ( ! sn[ (  
w9t]  & ! fall+ ( ! sn[ ( *]ry-fl[]s2 ! 
lilac spread (  ! miyakobana2 ! blaz+   
yell[ ( ! natan2 ! sky--blue  mirror$ 9 
flood$ levels1--levels dott$ ) !        
moon-%ap$ hats (  ! toil+ p :o w\ld love
 me2 & at la/ ! pure & t5d]  gre5 ( !   
gr[+ rice4    ,! muku-birds & ! uguisu  
w\ld fill ! %ad[s ( my grove )  rippl+s 
& purl+s ( melody2--! bell-insects1 !   
crickets1  & ! sev5 m>vel\s cicadas (   
summ] w\ld make all ! wood (  my        
gho/-h\se ?rill to _! musical /orms4    
,betimes ,i %\ld ent]1  l an ec/asy1    
into ! t9y lives ( !m1 to quick5 ! joy (
  _! clamor1 to magnify ! sonority ( _! 
song4    99    ,b ,i nev] c become a    

god1--= ?is is ! n9ete5? c5tury2  &     
nobody c be really aw>e ( ! nature ( !  
s5sations ( a  god--unless !re be gods 9
 ! fle%4 ,are !re8 ,p]haps--9 v  remote 
di/ricts--"o or two4 ,!re us$ to be liv+
 gods4    ,anci5tly any man :o did      
some?+ extraord9>ily great or good or   
wise or brave might be decl>$ a god aft]
 8 dea?1 no matt] h[  humble 8 condition
 9 life4 ,also good p :o _h suff]$ great
  cruelty & inju/ice might be apo!osiz$2
 & !re /ill survives  ! popul>          
incl9ation to pay po/hum\s honor & to   
make pray]  to ! spirits ( ^? :o die    
volunt>y dea?s "u p>ticul>              
circum/ances1--to s\ls ( unhappy lov]s1 
= example4 7,probably !  old cu/oms :i* 
made ?is t5d5cy _h _! orig9 9 ! wi%  to 
appease ! vex$ _s1 al?\gh to-day !      
exp]i5ce ( great  suff]+ seems to be    
?\ght ( z qualify+ its possessor = div9e
  conditions ( be+2--& !re w\ld be no   
fooli%ness :atev] 9  su* a ?\ght47 ,b   
!re 7 ev5 m rem>kable deifications4     
,c]ta9 p]sons1 :ile /ill alive1 7 honor$

 by hav+ temples  built = _! spirits1 & 
7 treat$ z gods2 n1 inde$1 z  national  
gods1 b z less] div9ities1--tutel>      
deities1 p]haps1 or  village-gods4 ,!re 
01 = in/ance1 ,hamagu*i ,gohei1 a f>m] (
 !  di/rict ( ,arita 9 ! prov9ce (      
,ki%u1 :o 0 made a god be=e  he di$4 ,& 
,i ?9k he des]v$ x4      ,footnote #a3  
,usually h9oki 7,*amcyp>is obtusa74     
,,ii      ,be=e tell+ ! /ory ( ,hamagu*i
 ,gohei1 ,i mu/ say a few words  ab\t   
c]ta9 laws--or1 m correctly speak+1     
cu/oms hav+ all  ! =ce ( laws--by :i* _m
 village communities 7 rul$ 9           
pre-,meiji times4 ,^! cu/oms 7 bas$ ^u !
 social exp]i5ce (  ages2 & ?\gh !y     
diff]$ 9 m9or details accord+ to prov9ce
  or di/rict1 _! ma9 signification 0    
ev]y:]e ab\t ! same4  ,"s 7 e?ical1 "s  
indu/rial1 "s religi\s2 & all matt]s  7 
regulat$ by !m1--ev5 individual         
behavior4 ,!y pres]v$  peace1 & !y      
compell$ mutual help & mutual k9dness4  
,sometimes  !re might be s]i\s fight+   
betwe5 diff]5t villages1--little        

peasant w>s ab\t que/ions ( wat] supply 
or b\nd>ies2 b  qu>rel+ betwe5 m5 ( !   
same community c\ld n be tol]at$ 9  an  
age ( v5detta1 & ! :ole village w\ld    
res5t any ne$less  di/urbance ( !       
int]nal peace4 ,to "s degree ?is /ate ( 
?+s  /ill exi/s 9 ! m old-fa%ion$       
prov9ces3 ! p "k  h[ to live )\t        
qu>rel+1 n to say fight+4 ,any-:]e1 z a 
g5]al rule1 ,japanese fight only to     
kill2 & :5 a sob] man goes s  f> z to   
/rike a bl[1 he virtually rejects       
communal protection1 &  takes 8 life    
into 8 own h&s ) e probability ( los+ x4
    ,! private conduct ( ! o!r sex 0    
regulat$ by "s rem>kable  obligations   
entirely outside ( writt5 codes4 ,a     
peasant girl1 be=e  m>riage1 enjoy$ f> m
 lib]ty ?an 0 p]mitt$ to city girls4    
,%e might be kn[n to h a lov]2 & unless 
h] p>5ts object$  v /rongly1 no blame   
w\ld be giv5 to h]3 x 0 reg>d$ z an     
holie/ union1--hone/1 at lea/1 z to     
int5tion4 ,b hav+ once made  a *oice1 ! 
girl 0 held b\nd by t *oice4 ,if x 7    

discov]$  t %e met ano!r admir]         
secretly1 ! p w\ld /rip h]  nak$1 all[+ 
h] only a %uro-leaf = apron1 & drive h] 
9  mock]y ?r\gh e /reet & alley ( !     
village4 ,dur+ ?is  public dis-grace (  
_! daught]1 ! p>5ts ( ! girl d>$ n  %[  
_! faces abroad2 !y 7 expect$ to %>e h] 
%ame1 &  !y _h to rema9 9 _! h\se1 ) all
 ! %utt]s fa/5$ up4  ,aft]w>d ! girl 0  
s5t5c$ to bani%m5t = five ye>s4 ,b at  !
 end ( t p]iod %e 0 consid]$ to h       
expiat$ h] fault1  & %e c\ld return home
 ) ! c]ta9ty ( be+ sp>$ fur!r           
reproa*es4    ,! obligation ( mutual    
help 9 "t ( calamity or dang] 0  ! mo/  
imp]ative ( all communal obligations4 ,9
 case ( fire1  especially1 ev]ybody 0   
requir$ to give imm$iate aid to ! be/  (
 8 or h] ability4 ,ev5 *ildr5 7 n       
exempt$ f ?is duty4  ,9 t[ns & cities1 (
 c\rse1 ?+s 7 diff]5tly ord]$2 b  9 any 
little c\ntry village ! univ]sal duty 0 
v pla9 &  simple1 & its neglect w\ld h  
be5 consid]$ unp>donable4    ,a curi\s  
fact is t ?is obligation ( mutual help  

ext5d$ to  religi\s matt]s3 ev]ybody 0  
expect$ to invoke ! help ( !  gods = !  
sick or ! un=tunate1 :5ev] ask$ to d s4 
,=  example1 ! village might be ord]$ to
 make a s5do-mairi#a on  behalf ( "s "o 
s]i\sly ill4 ,on su* occasions ! ,kumi-*
 7ea*  ,kumi-* 0 responsible = ! conduct
 ( five or m families7 w\ld  run f h\se 
to h\se cry+1 ,su* & su* a "o is v sick3
  k9dly ha/5 all to make a s5do-mairi6  
,!reupon1 h[ev] occupi$  at ! mom5t1 e  
s\l 9 ! settlem5t 0 expect$ to hurry to 
! temple1--tak+ c>e n to trip or /umble 
on ! way1 z a s+le  mis/ep dur+ !       
p]=mance ( a s5do-mairi 0 believ$ to    
mean  mis=tune = ! sick4444             
,footnote #a3 ,to p]=m a s5do-mairi     
means to make "o ?\s&  visits to a      
temple1 & to repeat "o ?\s& invocations 
to !  deity4 ,b x is consid]$ necess>y  
only to g f ! gate or  ! torii ( !      
temple-c\rt to ! place ( pray]1 & hack1 
"o  ?\s& times1 repeat+ ! invocation ea*
 "t2 & ! task may  be divid$ among any  
numb] ( p]sons1--t5 visits by "o hundr$ 

p]sons1 = in/ance1 be+ q z efficaci\s z 
a ?\s& visits  by a s+le p]son4         
,,iii      ,n[ conc]n+ ,hamagu*i4    ,f 
immemorial "t ! %ores ( ,japan h be5    
swept1 at irregul>  int]vals ( c5turies1
 by enorm\s tidal waves1--tidal waves   
caus$ by  e>?quakes or by subm>9e       
volcanic action4 ,^! awful sudd5 ris+s  
( ! sea are call$ by ! ,japanese        
tsunami4 ,! la/ "o occurr$  on ! ev5+ ( 
,june #ag1 #ahif1 :5 a wave ne>ly two   
hundr$ miles  long /ruck ! nor!a/]n     
prov9ces ( ,miyagi1 ,iwat1 & ,aomori1   
wreck+ scores ( t[ns & villages1 ru9+   
:ole di/ricts1 &  de/roy+ ne>ly ?irty   
?\s& human lives4 ,! /ory ( ,hamagu*i   
,gohei is ! /ory ( a l calamity :i*     
happ5$ long be=e !  era ( ,meiji1 on    
ano!r "p ( ! ,japanese coa/4    ,he 0 an
 old man at ! "t ( ! occurr5ce t made   
him fam\s4  ,he 0 ! mo/ influ5tial      
resid5t ( ! village to :i* he  belong$3 
he _h be5 = _m ye>s its muraosa1 or     
headman2 &  he 0 n less lik$ ?an        
respect$4 ,! p usually call$ him        

,ojiisan1 :i* means ,gr&fa!r2 b1 be+ !  
ri*e/ memb] (  ! community1 he 0        
sometimes (ficially ref]r$ to z ! ,*ja4 
,he  us$ to advise ! small] f>m]s ab\t  
_! int]e/s1 to arbitrate  _! disputes1  
to advance !m money at ne$1 & to dispose
 ( _!  rice = !m on ! be/ t]ms possible4
    ,hamagu*i's big ?at*$ f>mh\se /ood  
at ! v]ge ( a small  plateau ov]look+ a 
bay4 ,! plateau1 mo/ly devot$ to rice   
culture1  0 hemm$ 9 on ?ree sides by    
?ickly wood$ summits4 ,f its out]  v]ge 
! l& slop$ d[n 9 a huge gre5 concavity1 
z if scoop$  out1 to ! edge ( ! wat]2 & 
! :ole ( ?is slope1 "s ?ree  qu>t]s ( a 
mile long1 0 s t]rac$ z to look1 :5     
view$ f  ! op5 sea1 l an enorm\s flight 
( gre5 /eps1 divid$ 9 !  c5tre by a n>r[
 :ite zigzag1--a /reak ( m\nta9 road4   
,n9ety  ?at*$ dwell+s & a ,%9t temple1  
compos+ ! village prop]1  /ood along !  
curve ( ! bay2 & o!r h\ses climb$       
/raggl+  up ! slope = "s di/ance on ei!r
 side ( ! n>r[ road  lead+ to ! ,*ja's  
home4    99    ,"o autumn ev5+ ,hamagu*i

 ,gohei 0 look+ d[n f ! balcony (  8    
h\se at "s prep>ations = a m]ry-mak+ 9 !
 village bel[4  ,!re _h be5 a v f9e     
rice-crop1 & ! peasants 7 go+ to        
celebrate _! h>ve/ by a dance 9 ! c\rt (
 ! ujigami4#a  ,! old man c\ld see !    
fe/ival bann]s 7nobori7 flutt]+  above !
 ro(s ( ! solit>y /reet1 ! /r+s ( pap]  
lant]ns  fe/oon$ betwe5 bamboo poles1 ! 
decorations ( ! %r9e1 & !  brightly     
color$ ga!r+ ( ! "y p4 ,he _h nobody )  
him  t ev5+ b 8 little gr&son1 a lad (  
t52 ! re/ ( !  h\sehold hav+ gone e>ly  
to ! village4 ,he w\ld h accompani$  !m 
_h he n be5 feel+ less /rong ?an usual4 
,! day _h be5 oppressive2 & 9 spite ( a 
ris+ breeze !re  0 /ill 9 ! air t sort (
 heavy heat :i*1 accord+ to !  exp]i5ce 
( ! ,japanese peasant1 at c]ta9 seasons 
prec$es an  e>?quake4 ,& pres5tly an    
e>?quake came4 ,x 0 n /rong en\gh  to   
fright5 anybody2 b ,hamagu*i1 :o _h felt
 hundr$s ( %ocks 9  8 "t1 ?\ght x 0     
que]1--a long1 sl[1 spongy motion4      
,probably  x 0 b ! aft]-tremor ( "s     

imm5se seismic action v f>  away4 ,!    
h\se crackl$ & rock$ g5tly sev]al times2
 !n all  became /ill aga94    ,z ! quak+
 ceas$ ,hamagu*i's ke5 old eyes 7       
anxi\sly turn$  t[>d ! village4 ,x (t5  
happ5s t ! att5tion ( a p]son  gaz+     
fix$ly at a p>ticul> spot or object is  
sudd5ly div]t$ by  ! s5se ( some?+ n    
kn[+ly se5 at all1--by a m]e vague      
feel+ ( ! unfamili> 9 t dim out] circle 
( unconsci\s  p]ception :i* lies beyond 
! field ( cle> vision4 ,?us x *anc$  t  
,hamagu*i became aw>e ( some?+ unusual 9
 ! (f+4 ,he rose  to 8 feet1 & look$ at 
! sea4 ,x _h d>k5$ q sudd5ly1 &  x 0    
act+ /rangely4 ,x seem$ to be mov+ aga9/
 ! w9d4 ,x  0 runn+ away f ! l&4    ,)9 
a v little "t ! :ole village _h notic$ !
 ph5om5on4  ,app>5tly no "o _h felt !   
previ\s motion ( ! gr\nd1 b  all 7      
evid5tly a/\nd$ by ! movem5t ( ! wat]4  
,!y 7  runn+ to ! bea*1 & ev5 beyond !  
bea*1 to wat* x4 ,no su*  ebb _h be5    
witness$ on t coa/ )9 ! memory ( liv+   
man4  ,?+s nev] se5 be=e 7 mak+         

app>ition2 unfamili> spaces  ( ribb$ s& 
& rea*es ( we$-hung rock 7 left b>e ev5 
z  ,hamagu*i gaz$4 ,& none ( ! p bel[   
appe>$ to guess :at  t mon/r\s ebb      
signifi$4    ,hamagu*i ,gohei himself _h
 nev] se5 su* a ?+ be=e2 b he  rememb]$ 
?+s told him 9 8 *ildhood by 8 fa!r's   
fa!r1 &  he knew all ! traditions ( !   
coa/4 ,he und]/ood :at ! sea 0  go+ to  
d4 ,p]haps he ?\ght ( ! "t ne$$ to s5d a
 message to  ! village1 or to get !     
prie/s ( ! ,buddhi/ temple on ! hill    
to1 s\nd _! big bell4444 ,b x w\ld take1
 v mu* long] to  tell :at he might h    
?\ght ?an x took him to ?9k4 ,he simply 
call$ to 8 gr&son3--                    
,tada6--quick1--v quick6 444 ,light me a
 tor*4    ,taimatsu1 or p9e-tor*es1 are 
kept 9 _m coa/ dwell+s =  use on /ormy  
nights1 & also = use at c]ta9 ,%9to     
fe/ivals4  ,! *ild k9dl$ a tor* at once2
 & ! old man hurri$ ) x  to ! fields1   
:]e hundr$s ( rice-/acks1 repres5t+ mo/ 
(  8 inve/$ capital1 /ood await+        
transportation4 ,approa*+  ^? ne>e/ !   

v]ge ( ! slope1 he began to apply ! tor*
 to  !m1--hurry+ f "o to ano!r z quickly
 z 8 ag$ limbs c\ld  c>ry him4 ,!       
sun-dri$ /alks caught l t9d]2 ! /r5g!n+ 
sea-breeze blew ! blaze l&w>d2 &        
pres5tly1 rank beh9d rank1  ! /acks bur/
 into flame1 s5d+ skyw>d columns ( smoke
 t  met & m+l$ into "o enorm\s cl\dy    
:irl4 ,tada1 a/oni%$ &  t]rifi$1 ran    
aft] 8 gr&fa!r1 cry+1--    ,ojiisan6 :y8
 ,ojiisan6 :y8--:y8    ,b ,hamagu*i did 
n answ]3 he _h no "t to expla92 he 0    
?9k+ only ( ! f\r hundr$ lives 9 p]il4  
,= a :ile !  *ild />$ wildly at ! blaz+ 
rice2 !n bur/ into te>s1 &  ran back to 
! h\se1 feel+ sure t 8 gr&fa!r _h gone  
mad4 ,hamagu*i w5t on fir+ /ack aft]    
/ack1 till he _h rea*$  ! limit ( 8     
field2 !n he ?rew d[n 8 tor*1 & wait$4  
,!  acolyte ( ! hill-temple1 obs]v+ !   
blaze1 set ! big bell  boom+2 & ! p     
respond$ to ! d\ble appeal4 ,hamagu*i   
wat*$ !m hurry+ 9 f ! s&s & ov] ! bea* &
 up  f ! village1 l a sw>m+ ( ants1 &1  
to 8 anxi\s eyes1  sc>cely fa/]2 = !    

mom5ts seem$ t]ribly long to him4 ,! sun
  0 go+ d[n2 ! wr9kl$ b$ ( ! bay1 & a   
va/ sall[ speckl$  expanse beyond x1 lay
 nak$ to ! la/ orange gl[2 & /ill ! sea 
0 flee+ t[>d ! horizon4    ,really1     
h[ev]1 ,hamagu*i did n h v long to wait 
be=e !  fir/ p>ty ( succor arriv$1--a   
score ( agile "y peasants1 :o  want$ to 
attack ! fire at once4 ,b ! ,*ja1 hold+ 
out bo?  arms1 /opp$ !m4    ,let x burn1
 lads6 he comm&$1 let x be6 ,i want !   
:ole mura  "h4 ,!re is a great          
dang]1--taih5 da6    ,! :ole village 0  
com+2 & ,hamagu*i c\nt$4 ,all ! "y m5  &
 boys 7 soon on ! spot1 & n a few ( ! m 
active wom5  & girls2 !n came mo/ ( !   
old] folk1 & mo!rs ) babies  at _!      
backs1 & ev5 *ildr51--= *ildr5 c\ld help
 to pass  wat]2 & ! eld]s too feeble to 
keep up ) ! fir/ ru% c\ld  be se5 well  
on _! way up ! /eep asc5t4 ,! gr[+      
multitude1  /ill kn[+ no?+1 look$       
alt]nately1 9 sorr[ful wond]1 at !      
flam+ fields & at ! impassive face ( _! 
,*ja4 ,& ! sun  w5t d[n4    ,gr&fa!r is 

mad1--,i am afraid ( him6 sobb$ ,tada1 9
 answ] to a  numb] ( que/ions4 ,he is   
mad4 ,he set fire to ! rice on purpose3 
,i  saw him d x6    ,z = ! rice1 cri$   
,hamagu*i1 ! *ild tells ! tru?4 ,i set  
fire to ! rice4 444 ,are all ! p "h8    
,! ,kumi-* & ! heads ( families look$   
ab\t !m1 & d[n !  hill1 & made reply3   
,all are "h1 or v soon w be4444 ,we  _c 
und]/& ?is ?+4    ,kita6 %\t$ ! old man 
at ! top ( 8 voice1 po9t+ to !  op54    
,say n[ if ,i be mad6    ,?r\gh !       
twilight ea/w>d all look$1 & saw at !   
edge ( !  dusky horizon a long1 lean1   
dim l9e l ! %ad[+ ( a coa/  :]e no coa/ 
ev] 01--a l9e t ?ick5$ z !y gaz$1 t     
broad5$ z a coa/-l9e broad5s to ! eyes (
 "o approa*+ x1  yet incomp>ably m      
quickly4 ,= t long d>kness 0 ! return+  
sea1 t[]+ l a cliff1 & c\rs+ m swiftly  
?an ! kite  flies4    ,tsunami6 %riek$ !
 p2 & !n all %rieks & all s\nds  & all  
p[] to he> s\nds 7 annihilat$ by a      
nameless %ock  heavi] ?an any ?und]1 z !
 colossal swell smote ! %ore )  a weight

 t s5t a %udd] ?r\gh ! hills1 & ) a     
foam-bur/  l a blaze ( %eet-lightn+4 ,!n
 = an in/ant no?+ 0  visible b a /orm ( 
spray ru%+ up ! slope l a cl\d2 & !  p  
scatt]$ back 9 panic f ! m]e m5ace ( x4 
,:5 !y  look$ aga91 !y saw a :ite horror
 ( sea rav+ ov] ! place (  _! homes4 ,x 
drew back ro>+1 & te>+ out ! b[els ( !  
l& z x w5t4 ,twice1 ?rice1 five times ! 
sea /ruck & ebb$1  b ea* "t ) less]     
surges3 !n x return$ to its anci5t b$  &
 /ay$1--/ill rag+1 z aft] a typhoon4    
,on ! plateau = a "t !re 0 no ^w spok54 
,all />$  spee*lessly at ! desolation   
b5ea?1--! gha/l9ess ( hurl$  rock & nak$
 riv5 cliff1 ! bewild]m5t ( scoop$-up   
deep-sea  wrack & %+le %ot ov] ! empty  
site ( dwell+ & temple4 ,!  village 0 n2
 ! great] "p ( ! fields 7 n2 ev5 !      
t]races _h ceas$ to exi/2 & ( all !     
homes t _h be5 ab\t  ! bay !re rema9$   
no?+ recognizable except two /raw ro(s  
toss+ madly 9 ! (f+4 ,! aft]-t]ror ( !  
dea? escap$ &  ! /upefaction ( ! g5]al  
loss kept all lips dumb1 until !  voice 

( ,hamagu*i 0 he>d aga91 obs]v+ g5tly1--
    ,t 0 :y ,i set fire to ! rice4      
,he1 _! ,*ja1 n[ /ood among !m almo/ z  
poor z ! poore/2  = 8 weal? 0 gone--b he
 _h sav$ f\r hundr$ lives by !          
sacrifice4 ,little ,tada ran to him1 &  
caught 8 h&1 & ask$  =giv5ess = hav+    
said naughty ?+s4 ,:]eupon ! p woke  up 
to ! k ( :y !y 7 alive1 & began to wond]
 at  ! simple1 unselfi% =esight t _h    
sav$ !m2 & ! headm5  pro/rat$ !mselves 9
 ! du/ be=e ,hamagu*i ,gohei1 & !  p    
aft] !m4    ,!n ! old man wept a little1
 p>tly because he 0 happy1 & p>tly      
because he 0 ag$ & weak & _h be5 sorely 
tri$4    ,my h\se rema9s1 he said1 z    
soon z he c\ld f9d words1  automatically
 c>ess+ ,tada's br[n *eeks2 & !re is    
room =  _m4 ,also ! temple on ! hill    
/&s2 & !re is %elt] !re  = ! o!rs4      
,!n he l$ ! way to 8 h\se2 & ! p cri$ & 
%\t$4    99    ,! p]iod ( di/ress 0     
long1 because 9 ^? days !re 7 no  means 
( quick communication betwe5 di/rict &  
di/rict1 & !  help ne$$ _h to be s5t f  

f> away4 ,b :5 bett] times came1  ! p   
did n =get _! debt to ,hamagu*i ,gohei4 
,!y c\ld  n make him ri*2 nor w\ld he h 
suff]$ !m to d s1 ev5  _h x be5         
possible4 ,moreov]1 gifts c\ld nev] h   
suffic$ z an  expression ( _! rev]5tial 
feel+ t[>ds him2 = !y believ$  t ! gho/ 
)9 him 0 div9e4 ,s !y decl>$ him a god1 
&  !reaft] call$ him ,hamagu*i          
,,daimy,,j91 ?9k+ !y c\ld give him  no  
great] honor2--& truly no great] honor 9
 any c\ntry c\ld be  giv5 to mortal man4
 ,& :5 !y rebuilt ! village1 !y built a 
temple to ! _s ( him1 & fix$ above !    
front ( x a tablet  be>+ 8 "n 9 ,*9ese  
text ( gold2 & !y wor%ip$ him !re1  )   
pray] & ) (f]+s4 ,h[ he felt ab\t x ,i  
_c say2--,i  "k only t he cont9u$ to    
live 9 8 old ?at*$ home ^u !  hill1 ) 8 
*ildr5 & 8 *ildr5's *ildr51 j z humanly 
& simply z be=e1 :ile 8 s\l 0 be+       
wor%ip$ 9 ! %r9e  bel[4 ,a hundr$ ye>s &
 m he has be5 dead2 b 8 temple1 !y  tell
 me1 /ill /&s1 & ! p /ill pray to ! gho/
 ( !  good old f>m] to help !m 9 "t (   

fe> or tr\ble4    99   99   99   99   99
   99   99   99   99   99   99    ,i    
ask$ a ,japanese philosoph] & fri5d to  
expla9 to me h[ !  peasants c\ld        
rationally imag9e ! _s ( ,hamagu*i 9 "o 
place  :ile 8 liv+ body 0 9 ano!r4 ,also
 ,i inquir$ :e!r x 0  only "o ( 8 s\ls  
:i* !y _h wor%ip$ dur+ 8 life1 &  :e!r  
!y imag9$ t p>ticul> s\l to h deta*$    
itself f  ! re/ to receive homage4    ,!
 peasants1 my fri5d answ]$1 ?9k ( ! m9d 
or _s ( a  p]son z some?+ :i*1 ev5 dur+ 
life1 c be 9 _m places at  ! same       
in/ant4444 ,su* an idea is1 ( c\rse1 q  
diff]5t f  ,we/]n ideas ab\t ! s\l4     
,any m rational8 ,i mis*iev\sly ask$4   
,well1 he respond$1 ) a ,buddhi/ smile1 
if we accept ! doctr9e  ( ! unity ( all 
m9d1 ! idea ( ! ,japanese peasant w\ld  
appe>  to conta9 at lea/ "s adumbration 
( tru?4 ,i c\ld n say s mu*  = y\r      
,we/]n notions ab\t ! s\l4              
,footnote #a3 ,%9to p>i% temple4        
,,ii      ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,/reet      ,i 
,^!1 said ,manyemon1 putt+ on ! table a 

roll ( wond]fully  writt5 ,japanese     
manuscript1 are ,vulg> ,songs4 ,if !y   
are to be  spok5 ( 9 "s honorable book1 
p]haps x w be good to say t  !y are     
,vulg>1 s t ,we/]n p may n be deceiv$4  
99    ,next to my h\se !re is a vacant  
lot1 :]e wa%]m5 7s5tukaya7  "w 9 !      
anci5t mann]1--s++ z !y "w1 & :ipp+ !   
wet  g>m5ts ^u big flat /ones4 ,e morn+ 
at daybreak _! s++  wak5s me2 & ,i l to 
li/5 to x1 ?\gh ,i _c (t5 cat* !  words4
 ,x is full ( long1 que]1 pla9tive      
modulations4 ,ye/]day1  ! appr5tice--a  
lad ( fifte5--& ! ma/] ( ! wa%]m5 7  s++
 alt]nately1 z if answ]+ ea* o!r2 !     
contra/ betwe5  ! tones ( ! man1 sonor\s
 z if boom$ ?r\gh a con*1 & !  cl>ion   
alto ( ! boy1 be+ v pleasant to he>4    
,:]eupon ,i  call$ ,manyemon & ask$ him 
:at ! s++ 0 ab\t4    ,! song ( ! boy1 he
 said1 is an old song3--        ,?+s    
nev] *ang$ s9ce ! ,"t ( ! ,gods3      ,!
 fl[+ ( wat]1 ! ,way ( ,love4    ,i he>d
 x (t5 :5 ,i 0 myself a boy4    ,& ! o!r
 song8    ,! o!r song is probably new3--

            ,?ree ye>s ?\ght ( h]1      
,five ye>s s\ght = h]2      ,only = "o  
night held h] 9 my arms4    ,a v fooli% 
song6    ,i don't "k1 ,i said4 ,!re are 
fam\s ,we/]n romances conta9+  no?+     
wis]4 ,& :at is ! re/ ( ! song8    ,!re 
is no m3 t is ! :ole ( ! song4 ,if x be 
honorably  desir$1 ,i c write d[n !     
songs ( ! wa%]m51 & ! songs  :i* are    
sung 9 ?is /reet by ! smi?s & ! c>p5t]s 
& !  bamboo-weav]s & ! rice-clean]s4 ,b 
!y are all ne>ly ! same4    ,?us came x 
to pass t ,manyemon made = me a         
collection ( ,vulg>  ,songs4    99      
,by vulg> ,manyemon meant writt5 9 !    
spee* ( ! common  p4 ,he is himself an  
adept at classical v]se1 & despises !   
hay>i-uta1 or ditties ( ! day2 x        
requires some?+ v  delicate to please   
him4 ,& :at pleases him ,i am n qualifi$
 to  write ab\t2 = "o mu/ be a v good   
,japanese s*ol> to m$dle  ) ! sup]ior   
v>ieties ( ,japanese poetry4 ,if y c>e  
to "k  h[ difficult ! subject is1 j /udy
 ! *apt] on prosody 9  ,a/on's ,gramm> (

 ! ,japanese ,writt5 ,language1 or !    
introduction  to ,pr(essor ,*amb]la9's  
,classical ,poetry ( ! ,japanese4 ,h]   
poetry  is ! "o orig9al art :i* ,japan  
has c]ta9ly n borr[$ ei!r  f ,*9a or f  
any o!r c\ntry2 & its mo/ ref9$ *>m is !
  ess5ce1 irreproducible1 ( ! v fl[] ( !
 language itself3  h5ce ! difficulty (  
repres5t+1 ev5 p>tially1 9 any ,we/]n   
tongue1 its subtl] delicacies ( s5tim5t1
 allusion1 & color4 ,b  to und]/& !     
compositions ( ! p no s*ol>%ip is ne$$3 
!y are *>act]iz$ by ! greate/ possible  
simplicity1 directness1  & s9c]ity4     
,! real art ( !m1 9 %ort1 is _! absolute
 artlessness4 ,t 0  :y ,i want$ !m4     
,spr++ /raight f ! he>t ( ! et]nal  y\? 
( ! race1 ^! little gu%es ( song1 l !   
untaught  poetry ( e p1 utt] :at belongs
 to all human exp]i5ce  r ?an to !      
limit$ life ( a class or a "t2 & ev5 9  
_!  melodies /ill res\nd ! fre% & p[]ful
 puls+s ( _! primal  s\rce4    99       
,manyemon _h writt5 d[n =ty-sev5 songs2 
& ) 8 help ,i  made free r5d]+s ( ! be/4

 ,!y 7 v brief1 v>y+ f  sev5te5 to      
?irty-"o syllables 9 l5g?4 ,ne>ly all   
,japanese  poetical metre consi/s (     
simple alt]nations ( l9es ( five &  sev5
 syllables2 ! frequ5t exceptions :i*    
popul> songs (f] to  ?is rule be+ m]ely 
irregul>ities su* z ! s+] c smoo?  ov]  
ei!r by slurr+ or by prolong+ c]ta9 v[el
 s\nds4 ,mo/ (  ! songs :i* ,manyemon _h
 collect$ 7 ( tw5ty-six syllables  only2
 be+ compos$ ( ?ree successive l9es (   
sev5 syllables ea*1  foll[$ by "o (     
five1 ?us3--        ,ka-mi-yo           
ko-no-ka-ta      ,ka-wa-ra-nu mo-no wa3 
,mi-dzu no na-ga-r to          ,ko-i no 
mi-*i4#a    ,among v>i\s deviations f   
?is con/ruction ,i f\nd #g-g-g-g-e1 &   
#e-g-g-g-e1 & #g-e-g-e1 & #e-g-e2 b !   
classical five-l9e =m  7tanka17         
repres5t$ by #e-g-e-g-g1 0 entirely     
abs5t4    ,t]ms indicat+ g5d] 7 likewise
 abs5t2 ev5 ! expressions  correspond+  
to ,i & y be+ seldom us$1 & ! words     
signify+ belov$ apply+ equally to ei!r  
sex4 ,only by !  conv5tional value ( "s 

comp>ison1 ! use ( a p>ticul>  emotional
 tone1 or ! m5tion ( "s detail ( co/ume1
 0 ! sex  ( ! speak] sugge/$1 z 9 ?is   
v]se3--        ,i am ! wat]-we$         
drift+1--f9d+ no place ( atta*m5t3      
,:]e1 ,i wond]1 & :51 %all my fl[] beg9 
to bloom8    ,evid5tly ! speak] is a    
girl :o wi%es = a lov]3 ! same simile   
utt]$ by mascul9e lips w\ld s\nd 9      
,japanese e>s mu* z w\ld  s\nd 9 ,engli%
 e>s a man's comp>ison ( himself to a   
violet or to  a rose4 ,= ! l reason1 "o 
kn[s t 9 ! foll[+ song !  speak] is n a 
woman3--        ,fl[]s 9 bo? my         
h&s1--fl[]s ( plum & *]ry3      ,:i* w  
be1 ,i wond]1 ! fl[] to give me fruit8  
,womanly *>m is comp>$ to ! *]ry fl[] & 
also to ! plum  fl[]2 b ! quality       
symboliz$ by ! plum fl[] is moral always
  r ?an physical4#b ,! v]se repres5ts a 
man /rongly attract$  by two girls3 "o1 
p]haps a danc]1 v fair to look ^u2 ! o!r
  beautiful 9 "*4 ,:i* %all he *oose to 
be 8 companion =  life8 ,"o m example3--
        ,too long1 ) p5 9 h&1 idl+1     

fe>+1 & d\bt+1      ,i ca/ my silv] p9 =
 ! te/ ( ! tatamizan4    ,"h we "k f !  
m5tion ( ! hairp9 t ! speak] is  a      
woman1 & we c also suppose t %e is a    
gei%a2 ! sort  ( div9ation call$        
tatamizan be+ especially popul> )       
danc+-girls4 ,! ru% cov]+ ( floor-mats  
7tatami17 wov5 ov]  a frame ( ?9 /r+s1  
%[s on its upp] surface a regul> s]ies  
( l9es ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( an in* ap>t4 ,!
 girl ?r[s h]  p9 ^u a mat1 & !n c\nts !
 l9es x t\*es4 ,accord+ to  _! numb] %e 
deems h]self lucky or unlucky4          
,sometimes a little  pipe--gei%as' pipes
 are usually ( silv]--is us$ in/ead ( ! 
hairp94    99    ,! !me ( all ! songs 0 
love1 z inde$ x is ( ! va/  majority ( !
 ,japanese *ansons des rues et des bois2
 ev5 songs  ab\t celebrat$ places       
usually conta9+ "s amatory sugge/ion4   
,i notic$ t almo/ e simple phase ( !    
emotion1 f its  e>lie/ budd+ to its     
utt]mo/ rip5+1 0 repres5t$ 9 !          
collection2 & ,i !re=e tri$ to arrange !
 pieces accord+  to ! natural passional 

sequ5ce4 ,! result _h "s dramatic       
sugge/iv5ess4      ,footnote #a3        
,lit]ally1 ,god-,age-s9ce n-*ang$-?+s   
z-=3  wat] ( fl[+ & love-( way4         
,footnote #b3 ,see ,glimpses (          
,unfamili> ,japan1 ii4 #ceg4        ,,ii
      ,! songs really =m ?ree di/9ct    
gr\ps1 ea* correspond+ to a  p>ticul>   
p]iod ( t emotional exp]i5ce :i* is !   
subject (  all4 ,9 ! fir/ gr\p ( sev5 ! 
surprise & pa9 & weakness (  passion f9d
 utt]ance2 beg9n+ ) a pla9tive cry (    
reproa* &  clos+ ) a :isp] ( tru/4    ,i
        ,y1 by all o!rs dislik$6--oh1 :y
 mu/ my he>t ?us l y8    ,,ii           
,?is pa9 :i* ,i _c speak ( to any "o 9 !
 _w3      ,tell me :o has made x1--^: d 
y ?9k ! fault8      ,,iii        ,w x be
 night =ev]8--,i lose my way 9 ?is      
d>kness3      ,:o goes by ! pa? ( ,love 
mu/ always g a/ray6      ,,iv           
,ev5 ! brighte/ lamp1 ev5 ! light       
electric1      ,_c light5 at all ! dusk 
( ! ,way ( ,love4      ,v        ,always
 ! m ,i love1 ! m x is h>d to say s3    

,oh6 h[ happy ,i 7 %\ld ! lov$ "o say x 
fir/6      ,,vi        ,su* a little    
^w6--only to say1 ,i love y6      ,:y1  
oh1 :y d ,i f9d x h>d to say l ?is8#a   
,footnote #a3 ,inimitably simple 9 !    
orig9al3--        ,horeta wai na to     
,suko%i no koto ga3      ,naz ni kono y 
ni      ,i9ikui8          ,,vii         
,click$-to#b ! locks ( our he>ts2 let ! 
keys rema9 9 our  bosoms4    ,aft] :i*  
mutual confid5ce ! illusion naturally   
deep5s2 suff]+  yields to a joy t _c    
disguise itself1 & ! keys ( ! he>t  are 
?r[n away3 ?is is ! second /age4        
,footnote #b3 ,9 ! orig9al ?is is       
express$ by an onomatope1  p9to1 imitat+
 ! s\nd ( ! fa/5+ ( ! lock ( a tansu1   
or *e/ ( draw]s3--    ,p9to kokoro ni   
,jmai oro%i3  ,kagi wa tagai no  ,mun ni
 aru4            ,i        ,! p]son :o  
said be=e1 ,i hate my life s9ce ,i saw  
y1      ,n[ aft] union prays to live = a
 ?\s& ye>s4          ,,ii        ,y & ,i
 toge!r--lilies t gr[ 9 a valley3       
,?is is our blossom+-"t--b nobody kn[s !

 fact4          ,,iii        ,receiv+ f 
8 h& ! cup ( ! w9e ( greet+1      ,ev5  
be=e ,i dr9k1 ,i feel t my face gr[s r$4
          ,,iv        ,i _c hide 9 my   
he>t ! happy k t fills x2      ,ask+ ea*
 n to tell1 ,i spread ! news all r\nd4#e
    ,footnote #c3 ,mu* simpl] 9 !       
orig9al3--    ,mun ni tsutsum5u  ,ur%ii 
koto wa2--  ,ku*idom %9ag>a             
,furaruku4            ,v        ,all    
cr[s alike are black1 ev]y:]e "u heav54 
,! p]son t o!rs l1 :y %\ld n ,i l too8  
,,vi        ,go+ to see ! belov$1 a ?\s&
 ri are z "o ri2#d      ,return+ )\t    
hav+ se51 "o ri is a ?\s& ri4           
,footnote #d3 ,"o ri is equal to ab\t   
two & a half ,engli% miles4             
,,vii        ,go+ to see ! belov$1 ev5 !
 wat] ( rice-fields#e      ,ev] becomes1
 z ,i dr9k1 nect> ( gods#f to ! ta/e4   
,footnote #e3 ,9 ! orig9al dorota2      
lit]ally mud rice-fields1--  mean+      
rice-fields dur+ ! "t ( flu%+1 be=e !   
gra9 has  fairly gr[n up4 ,! :ole v]se  
reads3--    ,horet kayoyeba  ,dorota no 

midzu mo  ,nomba kanro no        ,aji ga
 suru4      ,footnote #f3 ,kanro1 a     
,buddhi/ ^w1 prop]ly writt5 ) two       
,*9ese *>act]s signify+ sweet dew4 ,!   
real mean+ is  amrita1 ! dr9k ( ! gods4 
,,viii        ,y1 till a hundr$ ye>s2   
,i1 until n9e & n9ety2      ,toge!r we  
/ill %all be 9 ! "t :5 ! hair turns     
:ite4          ,,ix        ,see+ ! face1
 at once ! folly ,i want$ to utt]       
,all melts out ( my ?\ght1 & someh[ !   
te>s come fir/6#g      ,footnote #g3    
,iitai gu*i say  ,kao miriya kiyt       
,tokakii namida ga        ,saki ni d]u4 
,! use ( tokaku 7someh[1 = "s reason or 
o!r7 gives a  peculi> pa?os to !        
utt]ance4        ,x        ,cry+ = joy  
made wet my sleeve t dries too quickly2 
',t is n ! same ) ! he>t1--t _c dry s   
soon6          ,,xi        ,to ,heav5 ) 
all my s\l ,i pray$ to prev5t y\r go+2  
,already1 to keep y ) me1 answ]s !      
bless$ ra94    ,s passes ! p]iod (      
illusion4 ,! re/ is d\bt & pa92 only !  
love rema9s to *all5ge ev5 dea?3--      

,i        ,p>t$ f y1 my belov$1 ,i g    
alone to ! p9e-field2      ,!re is dew (
 night on ! leaves2 !re is also dew (   
te>s4          ,,ii        ,ev5 to see !
 birds fly+ freely above me      ,only  
deep5s my sorr[1--makes me ?\ghtful ! m4
        ,,iii        ,com+8 or com+ n8  
,f> d[n ! riv] gaz+1      --,only yomogi
 %ad[s#h a/ir 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream4         
,footnote #h3 ,! plant yomogi           
7,artemisia vulg>is7 gr[s wild 9  _m ( !
 half-dry b$s ( ! ,japanese riv]s4      
,,iv        ,lett]s come by ! po/2      
photographs give me ! %ad[6      ,only  
"o ?+ rema9s :i* ,i _c hope to ga94     
,v        ,if ,i may n see ! face1 b    
only look at ! lett]1      ,!n x 7 bett]
 f> only 9 dreams to see4          ,,vi 
,?\gh 8 body 7 brok5 to pieces1 ?\gh 8  
bones on !      %ore 7 blea*+1      ,i  
w\ld f9d my way to rejo9 him1 aft] ga!r+
 up ! bones4#i      ,footnote #i3    ,mi
 wa kuda kuda ni  ,hon we isob ni       
,s>asoto mama yo  ,hiroi atsumt         
,st mi%o4    ,! only song ( ?is =m 9 !  

collection4 ,! use ( ! v]b soi  implies 
union z husb& & wife4        ,,iii      
,?us 0 x t ^! little songs1 compos$ 9   
diff]5t g5]ations  & 9 diff]5t p>ts (   
,japan by v>i\s p]sons1 seem$ to %ape   
!mselves = me into ! gho/ ( a           
romance1--into ! %ad[ ( a  /ory ne$+ no 
"n ( "t or place or p]son1 because      
et]nally !  same1 9 all times & places4 
99    ,manyemon asks :i* ( ! songs ,i l 
be/2 & ,i turn ov] 8  manuscript aga9 to
 see if ,i c make a *oice4 ,)\t1 9 !    
bright  spr+ air1 ! wa%]s are work+2 &  
,i he> ! heavy pon-pon  ( ! beat+ ( wet 
robes1 regul> z ! beat+ ( a he>t4       
,sudd5ly1 z ,i muse1 ! voice ( ! boy    
so>s up 9 "o long1 cle>1  %rill1 spl5did
 rocket-tone1--& breaks1--& s(tly       
trembles d[n  9 coruscations (          
fractional notes2 s++ ! song t ,manyemon
  rememb]s he>+ :5 he himself 0 a boy3--
        ,?+s nev] *ang$ s9ce ! ,"t ( !  
,gods3      ,! fl[+ ( wat]1 ! ,way (    
,love4    ,i ?9k t is ! be/1 ,i said4 ,x
 is ! s\l ( all ! re/4    ,h9 no        

nusubito1 koi no uta1 int]pretatively   
murmurs ,manyemon4 ,ev5  z out ( pov]ty 
comes ! ?ief1 s out ( love ! song6      
,,iii      ,,notes ,,( ,a ,,trip ,,to   
,,ky,,to      ,i      ,x _h be5 int5d$  
to celebrate 9 spr+ ! elev5 hundr$?     
anniv]s>y ( ! f\ndation ( ,kyto2 b !    
outbreak ( pe/il5ce  caus$ po/ponem5t ( 
! fe/ival to ! autumn1 & ! celebration  
began on ! #ae? ( ! t5? mon?4 ,little   
fe/ival m$als ( nickel1  made to be p9n$
 to ! brea/1 l milit>y decorations1 7 = 
sale at half a y5 ea*4 ,^! m$als entitl$
 ! we>]s to special  *eap f>es on all ! 
,japanese railroad & /eam%ip l9es1 &  to
 o!r desirable privileges1 su* z free   
entrance to wond]ful  palaces1 g>d5s1 & 
temples4 ,on ! #bc;d ( ,octob] ,i f\nd  
myself 9  possession ( a m$al1 & j\rney+
 to ,kyoto by ! fir/ morn+  tra91 :i* 0 
ov]-cr[d$ ) p eag] to witness ! great   
hi/orical processions ann\nc$ = ! #bd? &
 #be?4 ,_m _h to  travel /&+1 b ! cr[d 0
 good-natur$ & m]ry4 ,a numb]  ( my     
fell[-pass5g]s 7 ,osaka gei%a go+ to !  

fe/ival4 ,!y  div]t$ !mselves by s++    
songs & by play+ k5 ) "s  male          
acqua9tances1 & _! kitt5i% pranks &     
funny cries kept  ev]ybody amus$4 ,"o _h
 an extraord9>y voice1 ) :i* %e c\ld    
twitt] l a sp>r[4    ,y c always tell by
 ! voices ( wom5 conv]s+ any:]e--9  a   
hotel1 = example--if !re happ5 to be any
 gei%a among !m1  because ! peculi>     
timbre giv5 by pr(essional tra9+ is     
imm$iately recognizable4 ,! wond]ful "* 
( t tra9+1  h[ev]1 is fairly manife/$   
only :5 ! really pr(essional tones  ( ! 
voice are us$1--falsetto tones1 nev]    
t\*+1 b (t5  curi\sly sweet4 ,n[1 !     
/reet s+]s1 ! poor bl9d wom5 :o s+      
ballads ) ! natural voice only1 use     
tones t draw te>s4 ,!  voice is g5]ally 
a p[]ful contralto2 & ! deep tones are !
  tones t t\*4 ,! falsetto tones ( !    
gei%a rise into a treble  above !       
natural range ( ! adult voice1 & z      
p5etrat+ z a  bird's4 ,9 a banquet-hall 
full ( gue/s1 y c di/9ctly he>1  above  
all ! s\nd ( drums & samis5 & *att] &   

laught]1 !  ?91 sweet cry ( ! gei%a     
play+ k51--        ,futats6 futats6     
futats6--    :ile y may be q unable to  
he> ! %\t$ response ( ! man  %e plays   
)1--        ,mits6 mits6 mits6          
,,ii      ,! fir/ surprise ) :i* ,kyoto 
greet$ h] visitors 0 !  beauty ( h]     
fe/ival decorations4 ,e /reet _h be5    
prep>$ =  illum9ation4 ,be=e ea* h\se _h
 be5 plant$ a new lant]n-po/ (  unpa9t$ 
wood1 f :i* a lant]n be>+ "s appropriate
 design  0 susp5d$4 ,!re 7 also national
 flags & sprigs ( p9e above  ea*        
entrance4 ,b ! lant]ns made ! *>m ( !   
display4 ,9 ea*  section ( /reet !y 7 ( 
! same =m1 & 7 fix$ at exactly  ! same  
height1 & 7 protect$ f possible bad     
wea!r by !  same k9d ( cov]+4 ,b 9      
diff]5t /reets ! lant]ns 7  diff]5t4 ,9 
"s ( ! wide ?or\ghf>es !y 7 v l>ge2 &   
:ile 9 "s /reets ea* 0 %elt]$ by a      
little wood5 awn+1 9  o!rs e lant]n _h a
 ,japanese pap] umbrella spread & fa/5$ 
above x4    ,!re 0 no pageant on ! morn+
 ( my arrival1 & ,i sp5t a c\ple  ( h\rs

 delightfully at ! fe/ival exhibition ( 
kakemono 9 !  imp]ial summ] palace call$
    ,omuro ,go%o4 ,unlike ! pr(essional 
art display :i* ,i _h se5 9  ! spr+1 ?is
 repres5t$ *iefly ! "w ( /ud5ts2 &    ,i
 f\nd x incomp>ably m orig9al &         
attractive4 ,ne>ly all !  pictures1     
?\s&s 9 numb]1 7 = sale1 at prices rang+
 f  ?ree to fifty y52 & x 0 impossible n
 to buy to ! limit (  "o's purse4 ,!re 7
 /udies ( nature evid5tly made on !     
spot3  su* z a glimpse ( hazy autumn    
rice-fields1 ) dragonflies d>t+  ov] !  
droop+ gra92 maples crimson+ above a    
trem5d\s gorge2  ranges ( peaks /eep$ 9 
morn+ mi/2 & a peasant's cottage  p]*$  
on ! v]ge ( "s dizzy m\nta9 road4 ,also 
!re 7 f9e  bits ( realism1 su* z a cat  
seiz+ a m\se 9 ! act ( /eal+  ! (f]+s   
plac$ 9 a ,buddhi/ h\sehold %r9e4    ,b 
,i h no int5tion to try ! read]'s       
pati5ce ) a description  ( pictures4 ,i 
m5tion my visit to ! display only       
because (  some?+ ,i saw !re m int]e/+  
?an any picture4 ,ne> !  ma9 entrance 0 

a specim5 ( h&writ+1 int5d$ to be m\nt$ 
z a kakemono lat] on1 & tempor>ily fix$ 
^u a bo>d ab\t  ?ree feet long by       
eighte5 in*es wide1--a ,japanese poem4  
,x 0 a  wond] ( calligraphy4 ,in/ead ( !
 usual r$ /amp or seal )  :i* !         
,japanese calligraph] m>ks 8 ma/]pieces1
 ,i saw ! r$  impr9t ( a t9y1 t9y h&1--a
 liv+ h&1 :i* _h be5 sme>$  ) crimson   
pr9t+-ink & deftly press$ ^u ! pap]4 ,i 
c\ld  di/+ui% ^? little f+]-m>ks ( :i*  
,mr4 ,galton has taught u  ! *>act]i/ic 
importance4    ,t writ+ _h be5 done 9 ! 
pres5ce ( ,8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y by  a *ild
 ( six ye>s1--or ( five1 accord+ to our 
,we/]n me?od (  comput+ age f ! date (  
bir?4 ,! prime m9i/]1 ,m>quis ,ito1  saw
 ! miracle1 & adopt$ ! little boy1 ^:   
pres5t "n is  !re=e ,ito ,m$zui4    ,ev5
 ,japanese obs]v]s c\ld sc>cely believe 
! te/imony ( _!  own eyes4 ,few adult   
calligraph]s c\ld surpass t writ+4      
,c]ta9ly  no ,occid5tal arti/1 ev5 aft] 
ye>s ( /udy1 c\ld repeat ! feat  p]=m$  
by ! bru% ( t *ild be=e ! ,emp]or4 ,(   

c\rse  su* a *ild c be born b once 9 a  
?\s& ye>s1--to realize1  or almo/       
realize1 ! anci5t ,*9ese leg5ds (       
div9ely inspir$  writ]s4    ,/ill1 x 0 n
 ! beauty ( ! ?+ 9 itself :i* impress$  
me1 b ! weird1 extraord9>y1 indubitable 
pro( x af=d$ ( an  inh]it$ memory s     
vivid z to be almo/ equal to !          
recollection  ( =m] bir?s4 ,g5]ations ( 
dead calligraph]s reviv$ 9  ! f+]s ( t  
t9y h&4 ,! ?+ 0 nev] ! "w ( an          
individual *ild five ye>s old1 b beyond 
all "q ! "w (  gho/s1--! c\ntless gho/s 
t make ! comp\nd ance/ral s\l4  ,x 0    
pro( visible & tangible ( psy*ological &
 physiological  wond]s ju/ify+ bo? !    
,%9to doctr9e ( ance/or wor%ip &  !     
,buddhi/ doctr9e ( prexi/5ce4           
,,iii      ,aft] look+ at all ! pictures
 ,i visit$ ! great palace g>d51  only   
rec5tly op5$ to ! public4 ,x is call$ ! 
,g>d5 ( !  ,cav]n ( ! ,g5ii4 7,at lea/  
g5ii is ab\t ! only ^w "o c  use to     
translate ! t]m ,s5n91 = :i* !re is no  
real ,engli%  equival5t2 ! ,s5n91 :o are

 suppos$ to possess immortal life1  & to
 haunt =e/s or cav]ns1 be+ ,japanese1 or
 r ,*9ese  my?ological trans=mations ( !
 ,indian ,ri%i47 ,! g>d5 des]ves  its   
"n4 ,i felt z if ,i _h inde$ ent]$ an   
en*ant$ place4    ,x is a               
l&scape-g>d51--a ,buddhi/ creation1     
belong+ to :at is  n[ simply a palace1 b
 0 once a mona/]y1 built z a religi\s   
retreat = emp]ors & pr9ces we>y ( e>?ly 
vanities4 ,! fir/  impression receiv$   
aft] pass+ ! gate is t ( a gr& old      
,engli% p>k3 ! colossal trees1 ! %orn   
grass1 ! broad walks1  ! fre% sweet sc5t
 ( v]dure1 all awak5 ,engli% memories4  
,b z  y proce$ f>!r ^! memories are     
sl[ly effac$1 & ! true  ,ori5tal        
impression def9es3 y p]ceive t ! =ms (  
^?  mighty trees are n ,european2 v>i\s 
& surpris+ exotic details  reveal       
!mselves2 & !n y are gaz+ d[n ^u a %eet 
( wat]  conta9+ high rocks & islets     
connect$ by bridges ( ! /range/  %apes4 
,gradually1--only gradually1--! imm5se  
*>m1 ! weird  ,buddhi/ *>m ( ! place1   

gr[s & gr[s ^u y2 & ! s5se (  its va/   
antiquity def9es to t\* t *ord ( !      
ae/hetic feel+  :i* br+s ! vibration (  
awe4    ,consid]$ z a human "w alone1 ! 
g>d5 is a m>vel3 only !  skill$ labor ( 
?\s&s c\ld h jo9$ toge!r ! m]e bones  ( 
x1 ! prodigi\s rocky skeleton ( its     
plan4 ,?is once %ap$  & e>!d & plant$1  
,nature 0 left alone to f9i% ! wond]4   
,work+ ?r\gh t5 c5turies1 %e has        
surpass$--nay1 unspeakably  magnifi$--! 
dream ( ! arti/4 ,)\t exact in=mation1  
no /rang] unfamili> ) ! laws & ! purpose
 ( ,japanese  g>d5-con/ruction c\ld     
imag9e t all ?is _h a human design]  "s 
?\s& ye>s ago3 ! effect is t ( a section
 ( primeval  =e/1 pres]v$ unt\*$ f !    
beg9n+1 & wall$ away f  ! re/ ( ! _w 9 !
 he>t ( ! old capital4 ,! rock-faces1  !
 great fanta/ic roots1 ! %ad[$ by-pa?s1 
! few anci5t  grav5 monoli?s1 are all   
cu%ion$ ) ! moss ( ages2 & climb+  ?+s h
 develop$ /ems a foot ?ick1 t hang      
across spaces l  mon/r\s s]p5ts4 ,p>ts (
 ! g>d5 vividly recall "s aspects  (    

tropical nature 9 ! ,antilles2--?\gh "o 
misses ! palms1 !  bewild]+ web & wo( ( 
lianas1 ! reptiles1 & ! s9i/]           
day-sil5ce ( a ,we/ ,indian =e/4 ,!     
joy\s /orm ( bird life  ov]head is an   
a/oni%m5t1 & proclaims gratefully to !  
visitor  t ! wild creatures ( ?is       
mona/ic p>adise h nev] be5  h>m$ or     
fright5$ by man4 ,z ,i arriv$ at la/1 ) 
regret1 at !  gate ( exit1 ,i c\ld n    
help feel+ envi\s ( its keep]3 only to  
be a s]vant 9 su* a g>d5 7 a privilege  
well wor? pray+ =4      ,,iv            
,feel+ hungry1 ,i told my runn] to take 
me to a re/aurant1 because  ! hotel 0 v 
f>2 & ! kuruma bore me into an obscure  
/reet1  & halt$ be=e a rickety-look+    
h\se ) "s misspell$ ,engli%  pa9t$ above
 ! entrance4 ,i rememb] only ! ^w =ign4 
,aft]  tak+ (f my %oes ,i climb$ ?ree   
flights ( breakneck /airs1 or  r ladd]s1
 to f9d 9 ! ?ird /ory a set ( rooms     
furni%$  9 =eign /yle4 ,! w9d[s 7 glass2
 ! l95 0 satisfactory2  ! only ?+s      
,japanese 7 ! matt+s & a welcome        

smok+-box4  ,am]ican *romo-li?ographs   
decorat$ ! walls4 ,nev]!less1 ,i        
suspect$ t few =eign]s _h ev] be5 9 !   
h\se3 x exi/$ by  s5d+ out ,we/]n cook+1
 9 little t9 boxes1 to native hotels2 & 
! rooms _h d\btless be5 fitt$ up =      
,japanese visitors4    ,i notic$ t !    
plates1 cups1 & o!r ut5sils bore !      
monogram  ( a long-defunct ,engli% hotel
 :i* us$ to exi/ 9 "o ( ! op5  ports4 ,!
 d9n] 0 s]v$ by nice-look+ girls1 :o _h 
c]ta9ly  be5 tra9$ by somebody accu/om$ 
to =eign s]vice2 b _!  innoc5t curiosity
 & extreme %yness conv9c$ me t !y _h    
nev]  wait$ ^u a real =eign] be=e4      
,sudd5ly ,i obs]v$ on a table at  ! o!r 
end ( ! room some?+ resembl+ a          
music-box1 & cov]$  ) a piece (         
cro*et-"w6 ,i w5t to x1 & discov]$ !    
wreck  ( a h]ophone4 ,!re 7 pl5ty (     
p]=at$ musical selections4 ,i  fix$ !   
crank 9 place1 & tri$ to extort ! music 
( a ,g]man  song1 entitl$ ,five ,hundr$ 
,?\s& ,devils4 ,! h]ophone gurgl$1      
moan$1 ro>$ = a mom5t1 sobb$1 ro>$ aga91

 & relaps$  into sil5ce4 ,i tri$ a numb]
 ( o!r selections1 includ+ ,les  ,clo*es
 de ,corneville2 b ! noises produc$ 7 9 
all cases  ab\t ! same4 ,evid5tly ! ?+  
_h be5 b\ght1 toge!r )  ! monogram-be>+ 
delft & britannia w>e1 at "s auction    
sale  9 "o ( ! =eign settlem5ts4 ,!re 0 
a que] melan*oly 9  ! exp]i5ce1         
difficult to express4 ,"o mu/ h liv$ 9  
,japan to  und]/& :y ! ?+ appe>$ s      
exil$1 s pa!tically out (  place1 s     
utt]ly misund]/ood4 ,our h>moniz$ ,we/]n
 music means  simply s mu* noise to !   
av]age ,japanese e>2 & ,i felt q sure  t
 ! int]nal condition ( ! h]ophone rema9$
 unkn[n to its  ,ori5tal proprietor4    
99    ,an equally s+ul> b m pleasant    
exp]i5ce await$ me on !  road back to ! 
hotel4 ,i halt$ at a second-h& furniture
 %op to  look at "s curiosities1 &      
p]ceiv$1 among a lot ( old books1  a big
 volume be>+ 9 lett]s ( mu*-t>ni%$ gold 
! title1  ,,atlantic ,,mon?ly4 ,look+   
clos]1 ,i saw ,vol4 ,v4 ,bo/on3 ,ticknor
   ,fields4 #ahfj4 ,volumes ( ,!        

,atlantic ( #ahfj are n common any:]e4  
,i ask$ ! price2 & ! ,japanese %opkeep] 
said fifty s51  because x 0 a v l>ge    
book4 ,i 0 mu* too pleas$ to ?9k  (     
b>ga9+ ) him1 & secur$ ! prize4 ,i look$
 ?r\gh its  /a9$ pages = old fri5ds1 &  
f\nd !m1--all anonym\s 9 #ahfe1  _m     
_w-fam\s 9 #ahie4 ,!re 7 in/allm5ts (   
,elsie ,v5n]1  "u ! title ( ,!          
,pr(essor's ,/ory2 *apt]s ( ,roba di    
,roma2  a poem call$ ,py?agoras1 b s9ce 
r5am$ ,metempsy*osis1 z  lov]s ( ,?omas 
,bailey ,aldri* are d\btless aw>e2 !    
p]sonal  n>rative ( a filibu/] ) ,walk] 
9 ,nic>agua2 admirable pap]s  ^u !      
,m>oons ( ,jamaica & ! ,m>oons (        
,sur9am2 &1 among  o!r preci\s ?+s1 an  
essay on ,japan1 op5+ ) ! significant   
s5t5ce1 ,! arrival 9 ?is c\ntry ( an    
embassy f ,japan1 !  fir/ political     
delegation ev] v\*saf$ to a =eign nation
 by t  retic5t & jeal\s p1 is n[ a topic
 ( univ]sal int]e/4 ,a  little f>!r on1 
"s popul> misappreh5sions ( ! p]iod 7   
?us correct$3 ,al?\gh n[ kn[n to be     

entirely di/9ct1 !  ,*9ese & ,japanese  
444 7 = a long "t look$ ^u z k9dr$      
races1 & e/eem$ alike4444 ,we f9d t     
:ile1 on close exam9ation1  ! imag9$    
attractions ( ,*9a disappe>1 ^? ( ,japan
 become  m def9ite4 ,any ,japanese ( ?is
 self-ass]tive tw5ty-eigh?  ye> ( ,meiji
 c\ld sc>cely f9d fault ) ,! ,atlantic's
 e/imate  ( 8 c\ntry ?irty-five ye>s    
ago3 ,its comm&+ position1 its  weal?1  
its comm]cial res\rces1 & ! quick       
intellig5ce ( its  p1--n at all inf]ior 
to t ( ! p ( ! ,we/1  al?\gh naturally  
re/rict$ 9 its developm5t1--give to     
,japan 444 an  importance f> above t (  
any o!r ,ea/]n c\ntry4 ,! only error  ( 
?is g5]\s e/imate 0 an error c5turies   
old1--! delusion (  ,japan's weal?4 ,:at
 made me feel a little anci5t 0 to      
recognize  9 ! qua9t spell+s ,ziogoon1  
,tycoon1 ,s9too1 ,kiusiu1 ,fide-yosi1   
,nobanunga1--spell+s ( ! old ,dut* & old
 ,jesuit writ]s1--!  mod]n & famili>    
,%gun1 ,taikun1 ,%9t1 ,ky%1 ,hideyo%i1 &
  ,nobunaga4    99    ,i pass$ ! ev5+   

w&]+ ?r\gh ! illum9at$ /reets1 &  visit$
 "s ( ! numb]less %[s4 ,i saw a "y man  
writ+  ,buddhi/ texts & draw+ horses ) 8
 feet2 ! extraord9>y fact  ab\t ! "w be+
 t ! texts 7 writt5 backw>ds1--f !      
bottom ( ! column up1 j z an ord9>y     
calligraph] w\ld write  !m f ! top ( !  
column d[n1--& ! pictures ( horses 7    
always comm5c$ ) ! tail4 ,i saw a k9d ( 
amphi!atre1 )  an aqu>ium 9 lieu ( ar5a1
 :]e m]maids swam & sang ,japanese      
songs4 ,i saw maid5s made by glam\r out 
( fl[]s by a ,japanese  cultivator (    
,*rysan!mums4 ,& betwe5 :iles ,i peep$  
into !  toy-%ops1 full ( novelties1 ,:at
 !re especially /ruck me 0 !  display ( 
t a/\nd+ +5uity by :i* ,japanese        
inv5tors are  able to rea*1 at a co/ too
 small to "n1 precisely ! same results  
z ^? exhibit$ 9 our exp5sive me*anical  
toys4 ,a gr\p ( cocks  & h5s made ( pap]
 7 set to peck+ imag9>y gra9 out ( a    
basket by ! pressure ( a bamboo spr+1--!
 :ole ?+ co/+  half a c5t4 ,an          
artificial m\se ran ab\t1 d\bl+ &       

scurry+1 z  if try+ to slip "u mats or  
into *9ks3 x co/ only "o c5t1  & 0 made 
) a bit ( color$ pap]1 a spool ( bak$   
clay1 & a  long ?read2 y _h only to pull
 ! ?read1 & ! m\se began to  run4       
,butt]flies ( pap]1 mov$ by an equally  
simple device1 began to  fly :5 ?r[n    
into ! air4 ,an artificial cuttlefi%    
began to wriggle  all its t5tacles :5 y 
blew into a little ru% tube fix$ "u its 
head4    ,:5 ,i decid$ to return1 !     
lant]ns 7 out1 ! %ops 7  clos+2 & !     
/reets d>k5$ ab\t me long be=e ,i rea*$ 
!  hotel4 ,aft] ! great gl[ ( !         
illum9ation1 ! wit*crafts ( !  %[s1 !   
m]ry tumult1 ! sea-l s\nd ( wood5 s&als1
 ?is  sudd5 com+ ( blankness & sil5ce   
made me feel z if ! previ\s  exp]i5ce _h
 be5 unreal1--an illusion ( light &     
color & noise  made j to deceive1 z 9   
/ories ( gobl9 foxes4 ,b ! quick  vani%+
 ( all t composes a ,japanese           
fe/ival-night really l5ds a  ke5] edge  
to ! pleasure ( remembrance3 !re is no  
sl[ fad+ out  ( ! phantasmagoria1 & its 

memory is ?us kept free f ! lea/  t+e ( 
melan*oly4        ,v      ,:ile ,i 0    
?9k+ ab\t ! fugitive *>m ( ,japanese    
amusem5ts1  ! "q put itself1 ,are n all 
pleasures ke5 9 proportion  to _!       
evanesc5ce8 ,pro( ( ! affirmative w\ld  
l5d /rong  support to ! ,buddhi/ !ory ( 
! nature ( pleasure4 ,we "k t  m5tal    
enjoym5ts are p[]ful 9 proportion to !  
complexity (  ! feel+s & ideas compos+  
!m2 & ! mo/ complex feel+s  w\ld !re=e  
seem to be ( necessity ! briefe/4 ,at   
all ev5ts1  ,japanese popul> pleasures h
 ! d\ble peculi>ity ( be+  evanesc5t &  
complex1 n m]ely because ( _! delicacy &
 _!  multiplicity ( detail1 b because   
?is delicacy & multiplicity are         
adv5titi\s1 dep5d+ ^u tempor>y          
conditions & comb9ations4  ,among su*   
conditions are ! seasons ( fl[]+ & (    
fad+1 h\rs  ( sun%9e or full moon1 a    
*ange ( place1 a %ift+ ( light &  %ade4 
,among comb9ations are ! fugitive       
holiday manife/ations (  ! race g5ius3  
fragilities utiliz$ to create illusion2 

dreams made  visible2 memories reviv$ 9 
symbols1 images1 ideographs1 da%es (    
color1 fragm5ts ( melody2 c\ntless m9ute
 appeals bo? to individual  exp]i5ce &  
to national s5tim5t4 ,& ! emotional     
result rema9s  incommunicable to ,we/]n 
m9ds1 because ! myriad little details & 
sugge/ions produc+ x belong to a _w     
incompreh5sible )\t  ye>s (             
famili>ity1--a _w ( traditions1 beliefs1
 sup]/itions1  feel+s1 ideas1 ab\t :i*  
=eign]s1 z a g5]al rule1 "k  no?+4 ,ev5 
by ! few :o d "k t _w1 ! nameless       
delici\s  s5sation1 ! great vague wave (
 pleasure excit$ by ! spectacle (       
,japanese enjoym5t1 c only be describ$ z
 ! feel+ ( ,japan4    99    ,a          
sociological fact ( int]e/ is sugge/$ by
 ! amaz+ *eapness  ( ^! pleasures4 ,!   
*>m ( ,japanese life pres5ts u ) !      
extraord9>y ph5om5on ( pov]ty z an      
influ5ce 9 ! developm5t  ( ae/hetic     
s5tim5t1 or at lea/ z a factor 9 decid+ 
!  direction & expansion ( t developm5t4
 ,b = pov]ty1 ! race  c\ld n h discov]$1

 ages ago1 ! secret ( mak+ pleasure !   
commone/ in/ead ( ! co/lie/ (           
exp]i5ces1--! div9e art (  creat+ !     
beautiful out ( no?+6    ,"o explanation
 ( ?is *eapness is ! capacity ( ! p to  
f9d  9 ev]y?+ natural--9 l&scapes1 mi/s1
 cl\ds1 sunsets1--9 !  sight ( birds1   
insects1 & fl[]s--a mu* ke5] pleasure   
?an we1  z ! vividness ( _! arti/ic     
pres5tations ( visual exp]i5ce  be>s    
witness4 ,ano!r explanation is t !      
national religions &  ! old-fa%ion$     
education h s develop$ imag9ative p[] t 
x c be /irr$ into an activity ( delight 
by any?+1 h[ev]  trifl+1 able to sugge/ 
! traditions or ! leg5ds ( ! pa/4       
,p]haps ,japanese *eap pleasures might  
be broadly divid$ into ^?  ( "t & place 
furni%$ by nature ) ! help ( man1 & ^?  
( "t & place inv5t$ by man at !         
sugge/ion ( nature4 ,!  =m] class c be  
f\nd 9 e prov9ce1 & ye>ly multiply4 ,"s 
locality is *os5 on hill or coa/1 by    
lake or riv]3 g>d5s are  made1 trees    
plant$1 re/+-h\ses built to comm& ! f9e/

 po9ts  ( view2 & ! wild site is        
pres5tly trans=m$ into a place (        
pilgrimage = pleasure-seek]s4 ,"o spot  
is fam$ = *]ry-trees1  ano!r = maples1  
ano!r = wi/>ia2 & ea* ( ! seasons--ev5  
sn[y w9t]--helps to make ! p>ticul>     
beauty ( "s resort4 ,!  sites ( ! mo/   
celebrat$ temples1 or at lea/ ( ! great]
 numb]  ( !m1 7 ?us select$1--always :]e
 ! beauty ( nature c\ld  inspire & aid !
 "w ( ! religi\s ar*itect1 & :]e x  /ill
 has p[] to make _m a "o wi% t he c\ld  
become a ,buddhi/  or ,%9to prie/4      
,religion1 inde$1 is ev]y:]e 9 ,japan   
associat$  ) fam\s sc5]y3 ) l&scapes1   
cascades1 peaks1 rocks1 isl&s2  ) ! be/ 
places f :i* to view ! blossom+ ( fl[]s1
 !  reflection ( ! autumn moon on wat]1 
or ! sp>kl+ ( fireflies  on summ]       
nights4    ,decorations1 illum9ations1  
/reet displays ( e sort1 b  especially  
^? ( holy days1 compose a l>ge "p ( !   
pleasures  ( city life :i* all c %>e4 ,!
 appeals ?us made to ae/hetic  fancy at 
fe/ivals repres5t ! labor1 p]haps1 ( t5s

 ( ?\s&s  ( h&s & bra9s2 b ea*          
individual contributor to ! public  ef=t
 works accord+ to 8 p>ticul> ?\ght &    
ta/e1 ev5 :ile  obey+ old rides1 s t !  
total ultimate result is a wondr\s1 a   
bewild]+1 an incalculable v>iety4       
,anybody c contribute to su*  an        
occasion2 & ev]ybody does1 = ! *eape/   
mat]ial is us$4  ,pap]1 /raw1 or /one   
makes no real diff]5ce2 ! art s5se is   
sup]bly indep5d5t ( ! mat]ial4 ,:at     
%apes t mat]ial is  p]fect compreh5sion 
( some?+ natural1 some?+ real4 ,:e!r a  
blossom made ( *ick5 fea!rs1 a clay     
turtle or duck or sp>r[1 a  pa/ebo>d    
cricket or man-tis or frog1 ! idea is   
fully conceiv$ &  exactly realiz$4      
,spid]s ( mud seem to be sp9n+ webs2    
butt]flies  ( pap] delude ! eye4 ,no    
models are ne$$ to "w f2--or r1  ! model
 9 e case is only ! precise memory ( !  
object or  liv+ fact4 ,i ask$ at a      
doll-mak]'s = tw5ty t9y pap] dolls1  ea*
 ) a diff]5t coiffure1--! :ole set to   
repres5t !  pr9cipal ,kyoto /yles (     

dress+ wom5's hair4 ,a girl w5t to "w  )
 :ite pap]1 pa9t1 pa/e1 ?9 slips ( p9e2 
& ! dolls  7 f9i%$ 9 ab\t ! same "t t an
 arti/ w\ld h tak5  to draw a simil>    
numb] ( su* figures4 ,! actual "t ne$$ 0
  only en\gh = ! necess>y digital       
movem5ts1--n = correct+1  comp>+1       
improv+3 ! image 9 ! bra9 realiz$ itself
 z fa/  z ! sl5d] h&s c\ld ,"w4 ,?us mo/
 ( ! wond]s ( fe/ival  nights are       
creat$3 toys ?r[n into exi/5ce ) a twi/ 
( !  f+]s1 old rags turn$ into figur$   
drap]ies ) a few motions  ( ! bru%1     
pictures made ) s&4 ,! same p[] (       
en*antm5t  puts human grace "u          
contribution4 ,*ildr5 :o on o!r         
occasions  w\ld attract no att5tion are 
conv]t$ into fairies by a few deft      
t\*es ( pa9t & p[d]1 & co/umes devis$ = 
artificial light4  ,arti/ic s5se ( l9e &
 color suffices = any trans=mation4 ,!  
tones ( decoration are nev] ( *ance1 b (
 k3 ev5 !  lant]n illum9ations prove ?is
 fact1 c]ta9 t9ts only be+ us$  9       
comb9ation4 ,b ! :ole exhibition is z   

evanesc5t z x is  wond]ful4 ,x vani%es  
mu* too quickly to be f\nd fault )4 ,x  
is a  mirage t leaves y m>vel+ & dream+ 
= a mon? aft] hav+  se5 x4    99        
,p]haps "o inexhau/ible s\rce ( !       
cont5tm5t1 ! simple  happ9ess1 belong+  
to ,japanese common life is to be f\nd 9
 ?is  univ]sal *eapness ( pleasure4 ,!  
delight ( ! eyes is =  ev]ybody4 ,n !   
seasons only nor ! fe/ivals furni%      
enjoym5t3  almo/ any qua9t /reet1 any   
truly ,japanese int]ior1 c give real    
pleasure to ! poore/ s]vant :o works )\t
 wages4 ,! beautiful1  or ! sugge/ion ( 
! beautiful1 is free z air4 ,besides1 no
 man  or woman c be too poor to own     
some?+ pretty2 no *ild ne$ be  )\t      
delightful toys4 ,conditions 9 !        
,occid5t are o!rwise4 ,9  our great     
cities1 beauty is = ! ri*2 b>e walls &  
f\l pavem5ts  & smoky skies = our poor1 
& ! tumult ( hide\s ma*9]y1--a  hell (  
et]nal ugl9ess & joylessness inv5t$ by  
our civilization  to puni% ! atroci\s   
crime ( be+ un=tunate1 or weak1 or      

/upid1  or ov]confid5t 9 ! morality (   
"o's fell[-man4        ,,vi      ,:5 ,i 
w5t out1 next morn+1 to view ! great    
procession1 !  /reets 7 pack$ s full ( p
 t x seem$ impossible =  anybody to g   
any:]e4 ,nev]!less1 all 7 mov+1 or r    
circulat+2 !re 0 a univ]sal glid+ &     
slipp+1 z ( fi% 9  a %oal4 ,i f9d no    
difficulty 9 gett+ ?r\gh ! app>5tly     
solid  press ( heads & %\ld]s to ! h\se 
( a fri5dly m]*ant1  ab\t half a mile   
away4 ,h[ any cr[d c\ld be pack$ s      
closely1 &  yet move s freely1 is a     
riddle to :i* ,japanese "* alone c      
furni% ! key4 ,i 0 n once rudely jo/l$4 
,b ,japanese cr[ds are  n all alike3 !re
 are "s ?r\gh :i* an attempt to pass    
w\ld be  att5d$ ) unpleasant            
consequ5ces4 ,( c\rse ! yield+ fluidity 
( any conc\rse is 9 proportion to its   
g5tl5ess2 b ! am\nt  ( t g5tl5ess 9     
,japan v>ies greatly accord+ to         
locality4 ,9  ! c5tral & ea/]n prov9ces 
! k9dl9ess ( a cr[d seems  to be        
proportionate to its inexp]i5ce ( ! new 

civilization4  ,?is va/ ga!r+1 (        
probably n less ?an a million p]sons1 0 
a/oni%+ly good-natur$ & good-humor$1    
because ! majority (  ^? compos+ x 7    
simple c\ntry folk4 ,:5 ! police f9ally 
made a lane = ! procession1 ! multitude 
at once arrang$ itself  9 ! lea/        
egoti/ical mann] possible1--little      
*ildr5 to !  front1 adults to ! re>4    
,?\gh ann\nc$ = n9e o'clock1 !          
procession did n appe>  till ne>ly      
elev52 & ! long wait+ 9 ^? d5sely pack$ 
/reets mu/ h be5 a /ra9 ev5 ^u ,buddhi/ 
pati5ce4 ,i 0  k9dly giv5 a             
kneel+-cu%ion 9 ! front room ( !        
m]*ant's  h\se2 b al?\gh ! cu%ion 0 ( ! 
s(te/ & ! c\rtesy  %[n me ( ! sweete/1  
,i became we>y ( ! immobile po/ure at   
la/1 & w5t out into ! cr[d1 :]e ,i c\ld 
v>y ! exp]i5ce  ( wait+ by /&+ fir/ oh  
"o foot1 & !n on ! o!r4  ,be=e ?us      
des]t+ my po/1 h[ev]1 ,i _h ! privilege 
( see+  "s v *>m+ ,kyto ladies1 includ+ 
a pr9cess1 among !  m]*ant's gue/s4     
,kyto is fam\s = ! beauty ( its wom52 & 

! mo/ *>m+ ,japanese woman ,i ev] saw 0 
9 t h\se1--n  ! pr9cess1 b ! %y "y bride
 ( ! m]*ant's elde/ son4  ,t ! prov]b   
ab\t beauty be+ only sk9-deep is b a    
sk9-deep  say+ ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has amply  
prov$ by ! laws ( physiology2 &  ! same 
laws %[ t grace has a mu* m pr(\nd      
significance  ?an beauty4 ,! *>m ( !    
bride 0 j t r>e =m ( grace  :i*         
repres5ts ! economy ( =ce 9 ! :ole      
framework ( !  physical /ructure1--- !  
grace t />tles :5 fir/ se51 &  appe>s m 
& m wond]ful e "t x is aga9 look$ at4 ,x
  is v seldom inde$ t "o sees 9 ,japan a
 pretty woman :o w\ld  look equally     
pretty 9 ano!r ?an h] own beautiful     
national attire4  ,:at we usually call  
grace 9 ,japanese wom5 is da9t9ess ( =m 
& mann] r ?an :at a ,greek w\ld h t]m$  
grace4 ,9 ?is  in/ance1 "o felt assur$ t
 long1 light1 sl5d]1 f9e1 faultlessly   
knit figure w\ld ennoble any co/ume3 !re
 0 j t sugge/ion  ( pliant elegance :i* 
! sight ( a "y bamboo gives :5 !  w9d is
 bl[+4    99    ,to describe !          

procession 9 detail w\ld ne$lessly tire 
! read]2  & ,i %all v5ture only a few   
g5]al rem>ks4 ,! purpose ( !  pageant 0 
to repres5t ! v>i\s (ficial & milit>y   
/yles (  dress worn dur+ ! great p]iods 
( ! hi/ory ( ,kyto1 f  ! "t ( its       
f\ndation 9 ! eigh? c5tury to ! pres5t  
era  ( ,meiji1 & also ! *ief milit>y    
p]sonages ( t hi/ory4 ,at  lea/ two ?\s&
 p]sons m>*$ 9 ! procession1 figur+     
daimy1  kug1 hatamoto1 samurai1 reta9]s1
 c>ri]s1 musicians1 & danc]s4  ,! danc]s
 7 imp]sonat$ by gei%a2 & "s 7 attir$ s 
z  to look l butt]flies ) big gaudy w+s4
 ,all ! armor & !  weapons1 ! anci5t    
head-dresses & robes1 7 v]itable relics 
( ! pa/1 l5t = ! occasion by old        
families1 by pr(essional  curio-deal]s1 
& by private collectors4 ,! great       
capta9s--,oda  ,nobunaga1 ,kato         
,kiyomasa1 ,iyeyasu1 ,hideyo%i--7       
repres5t$  accord+ to tradition2 a      
really monkey-fac$ man hav+ be5 f\nd to 
play ! "p ( ! fam\s ,taik4    ,:ile ^!  
visions ( dead c5turies 7 pass+ by1 ! p 

kept p]fectly sil5t1--:i* fact1 /range z
 ! /atem5t may  seem to ,we/]n read]s1  
indicat$ extreme pleasure4 ,x is n      
really  9 accordance ) national s5tim5t 
to express applause by noisy            
demon/ration1--by %\t+ & clapp+ ( h&s1 =
 example4 ,ev5  ! milit>y *e] is an     
importation2 & ! t5d5cy to boi/]\s      
demon/rativ5ess 9 ,tky is probably z    
factiti\s z x is mod]n4  ,i rememb] two 
impressive sil5ces 9 ,kob dur+ #ahie4 ,!
 fir/  0 on ! occasion ( an imp]ial     
visit4 ,!re 0 a va/ cr[d2 !  =emo/ ranks
 knelt d[n z ! ,emp]or pass$2 b !re 0 n 
ev5 a :isp]4 ,! second rem>kable sil5ce 
0 on ! return ( !  victori\s troops f   
,*9a1 :o m>*$ "u ! triumphal ar*es      
erect$ to welcome !m )\t he>+ a syllable
 f ! p4 ,i  ask$ :y1 & 0 answ]$1 ,we    
,japanese ?9k we c bett] express  our   
feel+s by sil5ce4 ,i may "h obs]ve1     
also1 t ! s9i/]  sil5ce ( ! ,japanese   
armies be=e "s ( ! late engagem5ts      
t]rifi$ ! clamor\s ,*9ese mu* m ?an !   
fir/ op5+ (  ! batt]ies4 ,despite       

exceptions1 x may be /at$ z a g5]al tru?
  t ! deep] ! emotion1 :e!r ( pleasure  
or ( pa91 & !  m solemn or h]oic !      
occasion1 9 ,japan1 ! m naturally sil5t 
^? :o feel or act4    ,"s =eign         
spectators criticis$ ! display z        
spiritless1  & comm5t$ on ! unh]oic port
 ( ! great capta9s & !  undisguis$      
fatigue ( _! foll[]s1 oppress$ "u a     
scor*+  sun by ! unaccu/om$ weight (    
armor4 ,b to ! ,japanese all ?is  only  
made ! pageant seem m real2 & ,i fully  
agre$ ) !m4 ,z  a matt] ( fact1 !       
greate/ h]oes ( milit>y hi/ory h appe>$ 
at _! be/ 9 exceptional mom5ts only2 !  
/\te/ vet]ans h  kn[n fatigue2 &        
und\bt$ly ,nobunaga & ,hideyo%i & ,kato 
,kiyomasa  mu/ h m ?an once look$ j z   
du/y1 & ridd5 or m>*$  j z we>ily1 z _! 
repres5tatives 9 ! ,kyoto procession4   
,no  m]ely !atrical idealism cl\ds1 =   
any educat$ ,japanese1 ! s5se  ( !      
humanity ( 8 c\ntry's greate/ m53 on !  
contr>y1 x is  ! hi/orical evid5ce ( t  
ord9>y humanity t mo/ ende>s  !m to !   

common he>t1 & makes by contra/ m       
admirable &  exempl>y all ( ! inn] life 
:i* 0 n ord9>y4    99    ,aft] !        
procession ,i w5t to ! ,dai-,kioku-,d51 
! magnific5t  memorial ,%9t temple built
 by ! gov]nm5t1 & describ$ 9 a  =m]     
book4 ,on display+ my m$al ,i 0 all[$ to
 pay rev]5ce to  ! _s ( good            
,kwammu-,t5n1 & to dr9k a little rice   
w9e 9 8  honor1 out ( a new w9e-cup (   
pure :ite clay pres5t$ by a lovely      
*ild-miko4 ,aft] ! libation1 ! little   
prie/ess pack$ ! :ite  cup into a neat  
wood5 box & bade me take x home = a     
s\v5ir2 "o  new cup be+ pres5t$ to e    
pur*as] ( a m$al4    ,su* small gifts & 
memories make up mu* ( ! unique pleasure
 (  ,japanese travel4 ,9 almo/ any t[n  
or village y1 c buy = a  s\v5ir "s      
pretty or curi\s ?+ made only 9 t "o    
place1  & n to be f\nd else:]e4 ,aga91 9
 _m p>ts ( ! int]ior a  trifl+ g5]osity 
is c]ta9 to be ackn[l$g$ by a pres5t1   
:i*1  h[ev] *eap1 w seldom fail to prove
 a surprise & a pleasure4 ,(  all ! ?+s 

:i* ,i pick$ up "h & !re1 9 travel+ ab\t
 !  c\ntry1 ! prettie/ & ! mo/ belov$   
are que] little pres5ts  ?us obta9$4    
,,vii      ,i want$1 be=e leav+ ,kyto1  
to visit ! tomb ( ,yuko ,hatakeyama4    
,aft] hav+ va9ly inquir$ ( sev]al p]sons
 :]e %e 0 buri$1  x occurr$ to me to ask
 a ,buddhi/ prie/ :o _h come to ! hotel 
on "s p>o*ial bus9ess4 ,he answ]$ at    
once1 ,9 ! cemet]y  ( ,makkeiji4        
,makkeiji 0 a temple n m5tion$ 9        
guide-books1  & situat$ some:]e at !    
outskirts ( ! city4 ,i took a kuruma    
=?)1 & f\nd myself at ! temple gate aft]
 ab\t half an  h\r's run4    ,a prie/1  
to :om ,i ann\nc$ ! purpose ( my visit1 
conduct$ me to  ! cemet]y1--a v l>ge    
"o1--& po9t$ out ! grave4 ,! sun  ( a   
cl\dless autumn day flood$ ev]y?+ )     
light1 & t+$  ) spectral gold ! face ( a
 monum5t on :i* ,i saw1 9 beautiful     
l>ge *>act]s v deeply cut1 ! girl's "n1 
) ! ,buddhi/  prefix ,retsujo1 signify+ 
*a/e & true1--    ,,retsujo ,,hatakeyama
 ,,yuko ,,haka4    ,! grave 0 well kept1

 & ! grass _h be5 rec5tly trimm$4  ,a   
little wood5 awn+3 erect$ 9 front ( !   
/one %elt]$  ! (f]+s ( fl[]s & sprays ( 
%ikimi1 & a cup ( fre%  wat]4 ,i did    
s9c]e rev]5ce to ! h]oic & unselfi% _s1 
& pron\nc$ ! cu/om>y =mula4 ,"s o!r     
visitors1 ,i notic$1  salut$ ! _s aft] !
 ,%9t mann]4 ,! tomb/ones 7 s  ?ickly   
cr[d$ ab\t ! spot t1 9 ord] to see !    
back ( !  monum5t1 ,i f\nd ,i %\ld h to 
commit ! rud5ess ( /epp+  on ! grave4 ,b
 ,i felt sure %e w\ld =give me2 s1      
tread+  rev]5tly1 ,i pass$ r\nd1 & copi$
 ! inscription3 ,yuko1 (  ,nagasagori1  
,kamagawama*i 444 f day ( bir? always   
good4444  ,meiji1 ! tw5ty-f\r? ye>1 !   
fif? mon?1 ! tw5tie? day 444  cause (   
sorr[ ! c\ntry hav+ 444 ! ,kyto         
gov]nm5t-h\se to  w5t 444 & h] own ?roat
 cut 444 tw5ty & sev5 ye>s 444 ,tani    
,tetsuomi made 444 ,kyto-folk-by erect$ 
?is /one is4 ,! ,buddhi/  ,kaimy read1  
,gi-yu-9-ton-%i-*u-my-ky--app>5tly      
signify+1  ,"r-mean+ & valiant woman1   
in/antly atta9+ to ! admirable  doctr9e 

( loyalty4    99    ,9 ! temple1 ! prie/
 %[$ me ! relics & mem5tos ( !  trag$y3 
a small ,japanese razor1 blood-cru/$1 ) 
! once :ite  s(t pap] ?ickly wrapp$ r\nd
 its h&le cak$ into "o h>d r$  mass2 !  
*eap purse2 ! girdle & clo?+1           
blood-/iff5$  7all except ! kimono1 wa%$
 by ord] ( ! police be=e hav+  be5 giv5 
to ! temple72 lett]s & memor&a2         
photographs1 :i*  ,i secur$1 ( ,yuko &  
h] tomb2 also a photograph ( ! ga!r+  9 
! cemet]y1 :]e ! fun]al rites 7 p]=m$ by
 ,%9t  prie/s4 ,?is fact int]e/$ me2 =1 
al?\gh condon$ by ,buddhism1  ! suicide 
c\ld n h be5 reg>d$ 9 ! same light by ! 
two  fai?s4 ,! clo?+ 0 co>se & *eap3 !  
girl _h pawn$ h] be/  effects to cov] ! 
exp5ses ( h] j\rney & h] burial4 ,i     
b\ght  a little book conta9+ ! /ory ( h]
 life & dea?1 copies (  h] la/ lett]s1  
poems writt5 ab\t h] by v>i\s           
p]sons1--"s  ( v high rank1--& a clumsy 
portrait4 ,9 ! photographs ( ,yuko  & h]
 relatives !re 0 no?+ rem>kable3 su*    
types y c  meet ) e day & any:]e 9      

,japan4 ,! int]e/ ( ! book  0           
psy*ological only1 z reg>d$ bo? ! au?or 
& ! subject4  ,! pr9t$ lett]s ( ,yuko   
reveal$ t /range /ate ( ,japanese       
exaltation 9 :i* ! m9d rema9s capable ( 
giv+ all possible  att5tion to ! mo/    
trivial matt]s ( fact1 :ile ! t]rible   
purpose nev] slack5s4 ,! memor&a gave l 
witness3--        ,meiji tw5ty-f\r? ye>1
 fif? mon?1 eighte5? day4 #e      s5 to 
kurumaya f ,nihonba%i to ,uy5o4         
,n9ete5? day4        #e s5 to kurumaya  
to ,asakusa ,umama*i4        #a s5 #e r9
 = %>p5+ some?+ to hair-dress] 9        
,%itaya4        #aj y5 receiv$ f ,sano1 
! pawnbrok] 9 ,baba4        #bj s5 =    
tra9 to ,%9*o4        #a y5 #b s5 = tra9
 f ,hama to ,%idzuoka4        ,tw5tie?  
day4        #b y5 #i s5 = tra9 f        
,%idzuoka to ,hama4        #f s5 =      
po/age-/amps = two lett]s4        #ad s5
 9 ,kiyomidzu4        #ab s5 #e r9 =    
umbrella giv5 to kurumaya4    ,b 9      
/range contra/ to ! me?odical faculty   
?us manife/$ 0  ! poetry ( a f>ewell    

lett]1 conta9+ su* ?\ghts z ^!3--    ,! 
eighty-eigh? night t is1 f ! fe/ival ( !
 ,setsubun  hav+ pass$ l a dream1 ice   
*ang$ itself into cle> drops1 &  sn[    
gave place to ra94 ,!n *]ry-blossoms    
came to please ev]ybody2  b n[1 poor    
?+s6 !y beg9 to fall ev5 be=e ! w9d     
t\*es  !m4 ,aga9 a little :ile1 & ! w9d 
w make !m fly ?r\gh !  bright air 9 !   
pure spr+ wea!r4 ,yet x may be t ! he>ts
  ( ^? :o love me w n be bright1 w feel 
no pleasant spr+4  ,! season ( ra9s w   
come next1 & !re w be no joy 9 _!       
he>ts4444 ,oh6 :at %all ,i d8 ,!re has  
be5 no mom5t 9 :i* ,i  h n ?\ght ( y4444
 ,b all ice1 all sn[1 becomes at la/    
free  wat]2 ! inc5se buds ( ! kiku w op5
 ev5 9 fro/4 ,i pray  y1 ?9k lat] ab\t  
^! ?+s4444 ,ev5 n[1 = me1 is ! "t  (    
fro/1 ! "t ( kiku buds3 if only !y c    
blossom1 p]haps  ,i %all please y mu*4  
,plac$ 9 ?is _w ( sorr[1 b n to  /ay1 is
 ! de/9y ( all4 ,i besee* y1 ?9k me n   
unfilial2 say  to none t y h lo/ me1 t  
,i h pass$ into ! d>kness4  ,ba!r wait &

 hope = ! =tunate "t t %all come4    99 
,! editor ( ! pamphlet betray$ r too mu*
 ( ! ,ori5tal  mann] ( judg+ woman1 ev5 
:ile %[]+ g5]\s praise ^u  "o typical   
woman4 ,9 a lett] to ! au?orities ,yuko 
_h spok5 ( a  family claim1 & ?is 0     
criticis$ z a fem99e weakness4 ,%e _h1  
inde$1 a*iev$ ! ext9ction ( p]sonal     
selfi%ness1 b %e _h  be5 v fooli% to    
speak ab\t h] family4 ,9 "s o!r ways !  
book 0 disappo9t+4 ,"u ! raw1 /rong     
light ( its commonplace  revelations1 my
 little sket*1 ,yuko1 writt5 9 #ahid1   
seem$ = !  mom5t mu* too romantic4 ,&   
yet ! real poetry ( ! ev5t rema9$       
unless5$1--! pure ideal t impell$ a girl
 to take h] own life  m]ely to give pro(
 ( ! love & loyalty ( a nation4 ,no     
small1  mean1 dry facts c\ld ev]        
belittle t l>ge fact4    ,! sacrifice _h
 /irr$ ! feel+s ( ! nation mu* m ?an x  
_h t\*$ my own4 ,?\s&s ( photographs (  
,yuko & ?\s&s (  copies ( ! little book 
ab\t h] 7 sold4 ,multitudes visit$ h]   
tomb & made (f]+s !re1 & gaz$ ) t5d]    

rev]5ce at !  relics 9 ,makkeiji2 & all 
?is1 ,i ?\ght1 = ! be/ ( reasons4  ,if  
commonplace facts are repell5t to :at we
 are pleas$1 9 !  ,we/1 to call ref9$   
feel+1 x is pro( t ! ref9em5t is        
factiti\s & ! feel+ %all[4 ,to !        
,japanese1 :o recognize t  ! tru? (     
beauty belongs to ! inn] be+1           
commonplace details  are preci\s3 !y    
help to acc5tuate & v]ify ! conception (
 a  h]oism4 ,^? poor blood-/a9$         
trifles--! co>se hone/ robes  & girdle1 
! little *eap purse1 ! memor&a ( a visit
 to !  pawnbrok]1 ! glimpses ( pla91    
humble1 e-day humanity %[n  by ! lett]s 
& ! photographs & ! inf9itesimal        
precision (  police records--all s]ve1 l
 s mu* ocul> evid5ce1 to p]fect  ! g5]\s
 compreh5sion ( ! feel+ t made ! fact4  
,_h ,yuko  be5 ! mo/ beautiful p]son 9  
,japan1 & h] p ( ! highe/  rank1 ! mean+
 ( h] sacrifice w\ld h be5 f> less      
intimately  felt4 ,9 actual life1 z a   
g5]al rule1 x is ! common1 n !  uncommon
 p]son :o does noble ?+s2 & ! p1 see+   

be/1 by  ! aid ( ord9>y facts1 :at is   
h]oic 9 "o ( _! own class1  feel        
!mselves honor$4 ,_m ( u 9 ! ,we/ w h to
 le>n our  e?ics ov] aga9 f ! common p4 
,our cultivat$ classes h  liv$ s long 9 
an atmosph]e ( false idealism1 m]e      
conv5tional  humbug1 t ! real1 w>m1     
hone/ human emotions seem to !m vulg>2  
& ! natural & inevitable puni%m5t is    
inability to see1 to he>1  to feel1 & to
 ?9k4 ,!re is m tru? 9 ! little v]se    
poor  ,yuko wrote on ! back ( h] mirror 
?an 9 mo/ ( our conv5tional  idealism3--
    ,by "o keep+ ! he>t free f /a91     
virtue & "r & wrong  are se5 cle>ly z   
=ms 9 a mirror4        ,,viii      ,i   
return$ by ano!r way1 ?r\gh a qu>t] :i* 
,i _h nev] se5  be=e1--all temples4 ,a  
di/rict ( great spaces1--va/ & beautiful
  & hu%$ z by en*antm5t4 ,no dwell+s or 
%ops4 ,pale yell[ walls  only1 slop+    
back f ! roadway on bo? sides1 l =tress 
walls1 b cop$ ) a cop+ or rootlet ( blue
 tiles2 & above  ^! yell[ slop+ walls   
7pi]c$ ) elfi% gates at long1 long      

int]vals71 great s(t hilly masses (     
foliage--c$> & p9e &  bamboo--) sup]bly 
curv$ ro(s sweep+ up ?r\gh !m4 ,ea*     
vi/a ( ^? sil5t /reets ( temples1 ba!d 9
 ! gold ( !  autumn aft]noon1 gave me j 
su* a ?rill ( pleasure z "o feels  on   
f9d+ 9 "s poem ! p]fect utt]ance ( a    
?\ght "o has  tri$ = ye>s 9 va9 to      
express4    ,yet :at 0 ! *>m made )8 ,! 
wond]ful walls 7 b  pa9t$ mud2 ! gates &
 ! temples only frames ( wood support+  
tiles2 ! %rubb]y1 ! /onework1 !         
lotus-ponds1 m]e  l&scape-g>d5+4 ,no?+  
solid1 no?+ endur+2 b a comb9ation  s   
beautiful ( l9es & colors & %ad[s t no  
spee* c\ld  pa9t x4 ,nay6 ev5 7 ^? e>!n 
walls turn$ into lemon-color$  m>ble1 & 
_! til+ into ame?y/2 ev5 7 ! mat]ial ( !
  temples trans=m$ into sub/ance preci\s
 z t ( ! palace  describ$ 9 ! ,sutra ( !
 ,great ,k+ ( ,glory1--/ill ! ae/hetic  
sugge/ion1 ! dreamy repose1 ! mell[     
lovel9ess & s(tness (  ! sc5e1 c\ld n be
 9 ! lea/ enhanc$4 ,p]haps x is j       
because ! mat]ial ( su* creation is s   

frail t its art is  s m>vel\s4 ,! mo/   
wond]ful ar*itecture1 ! mo/ entranc+    
l&scapes1 are =m$ ) sub/ance ! mo/      
impond]able1--!  sub/ance ( cl\ds4    ,b
 ^? :o ?9k ( beauty only 9 connection ) 
co/l9ess1  ) /ability1 ) firm reality1  
%\ld nev] look = x 9  ?is l&1--well     
call$ ! ,l& ( ,sunrise1 = sunrise is !  
h\r  ( illusions4 ,no?+ is m lovely ?an 
a ,japanese village among  ! hills or by
 ! coa/ :5 se5 j aft] sunrise1--?r\gh ! 
sl[ly lift+ blue mi/s ( a spr+ or autumn
 morn+4 ,b = !  matt]-(-fact obs]v]1 !  
en*antm5t passes ) ! vapors3 9 !  raw1  
cle> light he c f9d no palaces ( ame?y/1
 no sails ( gold1  b only flimsy %$s (  
wood & ?at* & ! unpa9t$ que]ness (      
wood5 junks4    ,s p]haps x is ) all t  
makes life beautiful 9 any l&4 ,to  view
 m5 or nature ) delight1 we mu/ see !m  
?r\gh illusions1  subjective or         
objective4 ,h[ !y appe> to u dep5ds ^u !
 e?ical  conditions )9 u4 ,nev]!less1 ! 
real & ! unreal are  equally illusive 9 
!mselves4 ,! vulg> & ! r>e1 ! seem+ly   

transi5t & ! seem+ly endur+1 are all    
alike m]e gho/l9ess4  ,happie/ he :o1 f 
bir? to dea?1 sees ev] ?r\gh "s         
beautiful  haze ( ! s\l1--be/ ( all1 t  
haze ( love :i*1 l !  radiance ( ?is    
,ori5t day1 turns common ?+s to gold4   
,,iv    ,,du/          ,let !           
,bodhisattva look ^u all ?+s z hav+ !   
nature ( space1--z p]man5tly equal to   
space2 )\t      ess5ce1 )\t             
sub/antiality4--,,saddh>ma-,,pund>,,ka4 
,i h w&]$ to ! v]ge ( ! t[n2 & ! /reet  
,i foll[$  has r\gh5$ into a c\ntry     
road1 & beg9s to curve away ?r\gh       
rice-fields t[>d a hamlet at ! foot ( ! 
hills4 ,betwe5 t[n  & rice-fields a     
vague unoccupi$ /ret* ( l& makes a      
favorite  playgr\nd = *ildr54 ,!re are  
trees1 & spaces ( grass to roll  on1 &  
_m butt]flies1 & pl5ty ( little /ones4  
,i /op to look  at ! *ildr54    ,by !   
roadside "s are amus+ !mselves ) wet    
clay1 mak+ t9y  models ( m\nta9s & riv]s
 & rice-fields2 t9y mud villages1       
also1--imitations ( peasants' huts1--&  

little mud temples1 & mud  g>d5s ) ponds
 & hump$ bridges & imitations (         
/one-lant]ns  7tr72 likewise m9iature   
cemet]ies1 ) bits ( brok5 /one =        
monum5ts4 ,& !y play at fun]als1--bury+ 
corpses ( butt]flies  & semi 7cicad71 & 
pret5d+ to repeat ,buddhi/ sutras ov] ! 
grave4 ,to-morr[ !y w n d>e to d ?is2 = 
to-morr[ w be  ! fir/ day ( ! fe/ival ( 
! ,dead4 ,dur+ t fe/ival x is  /rictly  
=bidd5 to mole/ insects1 especially     
semi1 "s ( :i*  h on _! heads little r$ 
*>act]s said to be names ( ,s\ls4       
,*ildr5 9 all c\ntries play at dea?4    
,be=e ! s5se ( p]sonal  id5tity comes1  
dea? _c be s]i\sly consid]$2 & *ildhood 
?9ks 9 ?is reg>d m correctly1 p]haps1   
?an self-consci\s  maturity4 ,( c\rse1  
if ^! little ones 7 told1 "s bright     
morn+1 t a playfell[ _h gone away       
=ev]1--gone away to be  reborn          
else:]e1--!re w\ld be a v real ?\gh     
vague s5se  ( loss1 & mu* wip+ ( eyes ) 
_m-color$ sleeves2 b  pres5tly ! loss   
w\ld be =gott5 & ! play+ resum$4 ,!     

idea ( ceas+ to exi/ c\ld n possibly    
ent] a *ild-m9d3 !  butt]flies & birds1 
! fl[]s1 ! foliage1 ! sweet summ]       
itself1 only play at dy+2--!y seem to g1
 b !y all come back  aga9 aft] ! sn[ is 
gone4 ,! real sorr[ & fe> ( dea? arise  
9 u only ?r\gh sl[ accumulation (       
exp]i5ce ) d\bt & pa92  & ^! little boys
 & girls1 be+ ,japanese & ,buddhi/s1 w  
nev]1 9 any ev5t1 feel ab\t dea? j z y  
or ,i d4 ,!y w  f9d reason to fe> x =   
somebody else's sake1 b n = _! own1     
because !y w le>n t !y h di$ millions ( 
times already1  & h =gott5 ! tr\ble ( x1
 mu* z "o =-gets ! pa9 (  successive    
too?a*es4 ,9 ! /rangely p5etrant light (
 _! cre$1  tea*+ ! gho/l9ess ( all      
sub/ance1 granite or gossam]1--j z  ^?  
lately f\nd ,x-rays make visible !      
gho/l9ess ( fle%1--?is  _! pres5t _w1 ) 
its bigg] m\nta9s & riv]s &             
rice-fields1 w n appe> to !m mu* m real 
?an ! mud  l&scapes :i* !y made 9       
*ildhood4 ,& mu* m real x probably  is  
n4    ,at :i* ?\ght ,i am consci\s ( a  

sudd5 s(t %ock1 a famili>  %ock1 & "k   
myself seiz$ by ! idea ( ,sub/ance z    
,non-,reality4    99    ,?is s5se ( !   
voidness ( ?+s comes only :5 !          
temp]ature  ( ! air is s equably relat$ 
to ! temp]ature ( life t ,i c  =get hav+
 a body4 ,cold compels pa9ful notions ( 
solidity2 cold  %>p5s ! delusion (      
p]sonality2 cold quick5s egotism2 cold  
numbs  ?\ght1 & %rivels up ! little w+s 
( dreams4    ,to-day is "o ( ^? w>m1    
hu%$ days :5 x is possible to ?9k  ( ?+s
 z !y are1--:5 ocean1 peak1 & pla9 seem 
no m real  ?an ! ar*+ ( blue empt9ess   
above !m4 ,all is mirage1--my  physical 
self1 & ! sunlit road1 & ! sl[ rippl+ ( 
!  gra9 "u a sleepy w9d1 & ! ?at*$ ro(s 
beyond ! haze  ( ! ricefields1 & ! blue 
crumpl+ ( ! nak$ hills beh9d  ev]y?+4 ,i
 h ! d\ble s5sation ( be+ myself a gho/ 
& (  be+ haunt$1--haunt$ by ! prodigi\s 
lum9\s ,spectre ( ! ,_w4    99    ,!re  
are m5 & wom5 work+ 9 ^? fields4 ,color$
 mov+  %ad[s !y are2 & ! e>? "u !m--out 
( :i* !y rose1 &  back to :i* !y w g--is

 equally %ad[4 ,only ! ,=ces beh9d  !   
%ad[1 t make & unmake1 are real1--!re=e 
viewless4    ,some:at z ,night dev\rs   
all less] %ad[ w ?is phantasmal  e>?    
swall[ u at la/1 & itself !reaft] vani% 
away4 ,b !  little %ad[s & ! ,%ad[-,eat]
 mu/ z c]ta9ly reappe>1--mu/            
remat]ialize some:]e & someh[4 ,?is     
gr\nd b5ea? me is old z  ! ,milky ,way4 
,call x :at y please1--clay1 soil1 du/3 
its names  are b symbols ( human        
s5sations hav+ no?+ 9 common )  x4      
,really x is nameless & unnamable1 be+ a
 mass ( en]gies1  t5d5cies1 inf9ite     
possibilities2 = x 0 made by ! beat+ (  
t %oreless ,sea ( ,bir? & ,dea? ^:      
surges bill[ unse5 out  ( et]nal ,night 
to bur/ 9 foam ( />s4 ,lifeless x is n3 
x  fe$s ^u life1 & visible life gr[s out
 ( x4 ,du/ x is ( ,k>ma1  wait+ to ent] 
into novel comb9ations1---du/ ( eld]    
,be+ 9 t  /ate betwe5 bir? & bir? :i* ! 
,buddhi/ calls ,*-,u4 ,x is  made (     
=ces1 & ( no?+ else2 & ^? =ces are n (  
?is  planet only1 b ( vani%$ sph]es     

innum]able4    99    ,is !re aught      
visible1 tangible1 measurable1 t has    
nev] be5  mix$ ) s5ti5cy8--atom t has   
nev] vibrat$ to pleasure  or to         
pa98--air t has nev] be5 cry or         
spee*8--drop t  has nev] be5 a te>8     
,assur$ly ?is du/ has felt4 ,x has be5  
ev]y?+ we "k2 also mu* t we _c "k4 ,x   
has be5 nebula  & />1 planet & moon1    
times unspeakable4 ,deity also x has    
be51--! ,sun-,god ( worlds t circl$ &   
wor%ip$ 9 o!r  ons4 ,rememb]1 ,man1 ?\  
art b du/6--a say+ pr(\nd  only z       
mat]ialism1 :i* /ops %ort at surfaces4  
,= :at is  du/8 ,rememb]1 ,du/1 ?\ ha/  
be5 ,sun1 & ,sun ?\ %alt become         
aga96444 ,?\ ha/ be5 ,light1 ,life1     
,love2--& into all ^!1 by  ceaseless    
cosmic magic1 ?\ %alt _m times be turn$ 
aga96    99    ,= ?is ,cosmic ,app>ition
 is m ?an evolution alt]nat+  )         
dissolution3 x is inf9ite metempsy*osis2
 x is p]petual  pal+5esis4 ,^? old      
pr$ictions ( a bodily resurrection 7 n  
falsehoods2 !y 7 r =e%ad[+s ( a tru?    

va/] ?an all  my?s & deep] ?an all      
religions4    ,suns yield up _! gho/s ( 
flame2 b out ( _! graves new suns  ru%  
into be+4 ,corpses ( worlds pass all to 
"s sol> fun]al pyre2  b out ( _! own    
a%es !y are born aga94 ,?is e>? mu/ die3
  h] seas %all be ,sah>as4 ,b ^? seas   
once exi/$ 9 ! sun2  & _! dead tides1   
reviv$ by fire1 w p\r _! ?und] ^u  !    
coa/s ( ano!r _w4                       
,transmigration--transmutation3 ^!  are 
n fables6 ,:at is impossible8 ,n !      
dreams ( al*emi/s &  poets2--dross may  
inde$ be *ang$ to gold1 ! jewel to !    
liv+  eye1 ! fl[] into fle%4 ,:at is    
impossible8 ,if seas c pass  f _w to    
sun1 f sun to _w aga91 :at ( ! du/ (    
dead  selves1--du/ ( memory & ?\ght8    
,resurrection !re is1--b a  resurrection
 m /up5d\s ?an any dream$ ( by ,we/]n   
cre$s4  ,dead emotions w revive z surely
 z dead suns & moons4 ,only1 s  f> z we 
c j n[ disc]n1 !re w be no return (     
id5tical  individualities4 ,!           
reapp>ition w always be a recomb9ation (

 !  preexi/+1 a readju/m5t ( aff9ities1 
a re9tegration ( be+  in=m$ ) ! exp]i5ce
 ( ant]ior be+4 ,! ,cosmos is a ,k>ma4  
99    ,m]ely by reason ( illusion &     
folly d we %r9k f ! notion  (           
self-in/ability4 ,= :at is our          
individuality8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly  x is n     
individuality at all3 x is multiplicity 
incalculable4  ,:at is ! human body8 ,a 
=m built up out ( billions ( liv+       
entities1 an imp]man5t agglom]ation (   
individuals call$ cells4  ,& ! human    
s\l8 ,a composite ( qu9tillions ( s\ls4 
,we are1 ea*  & all1 inf9ite comp\nds ( 
fragm5ts ( ant]ior lives4 ,& !  univ]sal
 process t cont9ually dissolves &       
cont9ually con/ructs  p]sonality has    
always be5 go+ on1 & is ev5 at ?is mom5t
 go+  on1 9 e "o ( u4 ,:at be+ ev] _h a 
totally new feel+1  an absolutely new   
idea8 ,all our emotions & ?\ghts &      
wi%es1  h[ev] *ang+ & gr[+ ?r\gh ! v>y+ 
seasons ( life1 are  only compositions &
 recompositions ( ! s5sations & ideas & 
desires ( o!r folk1 mo/ly ( dead        

p1--millions ( billions (  dead p4      
,cells & s\ls are !mselves              
recomb9ations1 pres5t  aggregations (   
pa/ knitt+s ( =ces1--=ces ab\t :i* no?+ 
is kn[n save t !y belong to !           
,%ad[-,mak]s ( univ]ses4    ,:e!r y 7by 
y ,i mean any o!r agglom]ation ( s\ls7  
really wi% = immortality z an           
agglom]ation1 ,i _c tell4 ,b  ,i confess
 t my m9d to me a k+dom is--n6 ,r x is a
  fanta/ical republic1 daily tr\bl$ by m
 revolutions ?an ev]  occurr$ 9 ,s\?    
,am]ica2 & ! nom9al gov]nm5t1 suppos$ to
 be  rational1 decl>es t an et]nity (   
su* an>*y is n desirable4  ,i h s\ls    
want+ to so> 9 air1 & s\ls want+ to swim
 9  wat] 7sea-wat]1 ,i ?9k71 & s\ls     
want+ to live 9 woods or on  m\nta9     
tops4 ,i h s\ls long+ = ! tumult ( great
 cities1  & s\ls long+ to dwell 9       
tropical solitude2--s\ls1 also1 9  v>i\s
 /ages ( nak$ savag]y--s\ls dem&+ nomad 
fre$om  )\t tribute2--s\ls cons]vative1 
delicate1 loyal to empire & to  feudal  
tradition1 & s\ls t are ,nihili/s1      

des]v+ ,sib]ia2  --sleepless s\ls1 hat+ 
inaction1 & h]mit s\ls1 dwell+ 9  su*   
m$itative isolation t only at int]vals (
 ye>s c ,i feel  !m mov+ ab\t2--s\ls t h
 fai? 9 feti*es2--poly!i/ic  s\ls2--s\ls
 proclaim+ ,islam2--& s\ls m$ival1 lov+ 
cloi/]  %ad[ & inc5se & glimm] ( tap]s &
 ! awful altitude (  ,go?ic glooms4     
,coop]ation among all ^! is n to be     
?\ght (3  always !re is tr\ble1--revolt1
 confusion1 civil w>4 ,! majority  dete/
 ?is /ate ( ?+s3 multitudes w\ld gladly 
emigrate4 ,& !  wis] m9ority feel t !y  
ne$ nev] hope = bett] conditions  until 
aft] ! total demolition ( ! exi/+ social
 /ructure4    99    ,i an               
individual1--an individual s\l6 ,nay1 ,i
 am a population1--a  population        
un?9kable = multitude1 ev5 by gr\ps ( a 
?\s&  millions6 ,g5]ations ( g5]ations  
,i am1 ons ( ons6 ,c\ntless  times !    
conc\rse n[ mak+ me has be5 scatt]$1 &  
mix$ )  o!r scatt]+s4 ,( :at conc]n1 !n1
 ! next dis9tegration8  ,p]haps1 aft]   
trillions ( ages ( burn+ 9 diff]5t      

dyna/ies (  suns1 ! v be/ ( me may come 
toge!r aga94    99    ,if "o c\ld only  
imag9e "s explanation ( ! ,:y6 ,!       
que/ions (  ! ,:5ce & ! ,:i!r are mu*   
less tr\blesome1 s9ce ! ,pres5t  assures
 u1 ev5 ?\gh vaguely1 ( ,future & ,pa/4 
,b ! ,:y6    99    ,! coo+ voice ( a    
little girl dissolves my rev]ie4 ,%e is 
try+  to tea* a *ild bro!r h[ to make ! 
,*9ese "* = ,man1--,i  mean ,man ) a big
 ,m4 ,fir/ %e draws 9 ! du/ a /roke     
slop+  d[nw>ds f "r to left1 s3--       
,illu/ration    !n %e draws ano!r curv+ 
d[nw>ds f left to "r1 ?us3--            
,illu/ration    jo9+ ! two s z to =m !  
p]fect ji1 or "*1 hito1  mean+ a p]son (
 ei!r sex1 or mank9d3--    ,illu/ration 
,!n %e tries to impress ! idea ( ?is    
%ape on ! baby memory  by help ( a      
practical illu/ration1--probably le>n$  
at s*ool4 ,%e  breaks a slip ( wood 9   
two pieces1 & manages to balance !      
pieces  aga9/ ea* o!r at ab\t ! same    
angle z t made by ! two  /rokes ( ! "*4 
,n[ see1 %e says3 ea* /&s only by  help 

( ! o!r4 ,"o by itself _c /&4 ,!re=e !  
ji is  l mank9d4 ,)\t help "o p]son _c  
live 9 ?is _w2 b  by gett+ help & giv+  
help ev]ybody c live4 ,if nobody help$  
anybody1 all p w\ld fall d[n & die4     
,?is explanation is n philologically    
exact2 ! two /rokes  evolutionally /&+ =
 a pair ( legs1--all t survives 9  !    
mod]n ideograph ( ! :ole man figur$ 9 ! 
primitive  picture-writ+4 ,b ! pretty   
moral fancy is mu* m important  ?an !   
sci5tific fact4 ,x is also "o *>m+      
example ( t  old-fa%ion$ me?od ( tea*+  
:i* inve/$ e =m & e  incid5t ) e?ical   
signification4 ,besides1 z a m]e item ( 
moral  in=mation1 x conta9s ! ess5ce (  
all e>?ly religion1 & !  be/ "p ( all   
e>?ly philosophy4 ,a _w-prie/ess %e is1 
?is  de> little maid1 ) h] dove's voice 
& h] innoc5t gospel ( "o  lett]6 ,v]ily 
9 t gospel lies ! only possible pres5t  
answ]  to ultimate problems4 ,7 its :ole
 mean+ univ]sally felt1--7  its :ole    
sugge/ion ( ! spiritual & mat]ial law ( 
love &  help univ]sally obey$1--=?)1    

accord+ to ! ,ideali/s1 ?is  seem+ly    
solid visible _w w\ld vani% away l      
smoke6 ,= x has  be5 writt5 t 9 :atsoev]
 "t all human m9ds accord 9 ?\ght  & w )
 ! m9d ( ! ,tea*]1 !re %all n rema9 ev5 
"o  p>ticle ( du/ t does n ent] into    
,buddhahood4          ,v    ,,ab\t      
,,faces ,,9 ,,japanese ,,art        ,i  
,a v int]e/+ essay ^u ! ,japanese art   
collections 9 !  ,national ,libr>y 0    
read by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,/range at a meet+ (
  ! ,japan ,society held la/ ye> 9      
,london4 ,mr4 ,/range prov$ 8           
appreciation ( ,japanese art by an      
exposition ( its pr9ciples1--!          
subord9ation ( detail to ! expression ( 
a s5sation or idea1 !  subord9ation ( ! 
p>ticul> to ! g5]al4 ,he spoke          
especially  ( ! decorative elem5t 9     
,japanese art1 & ( ! ,ukiyo-y s*ool  (  
color-pr9t+4 ,he rem>k$ t ev5 ! h]aldry 
( ,japan1 z  illu/rat$ 9 little books   
co/+ only a few p5ce ea*1 conta9$  an   
education 9 ! plann+ ( conv5tional      
ornam5t4 ,he ref]r$ to  ! imm5se        

indu/rial value ( ,japanese /5cil       
designs4 ,he tri$ to  expla9 ! nature ( 
! advantage likely to be ga9$ 9 ! art ( 
book illu/ration f ! c>eful /udy (      
,japanese me?ods2 & he  indicat$ !      
influ5ce ( ^? me?ods 9 ! "w ( su* arti/s
  z ,aubrey ,be>dsley1 ,edg> ,wilson1   
,/e9l5 ,ibels1 ,:i/l]1 ,grasset1  ,*]et1
 & ,lautrec4 ,f9ally1 he po9t$ out !    
h>mony betwe5  c]ta9 ,japanese pr9ciples
 & ! doctr9es ( "o ( ! mod]n  ,we/]n    
s*ools ( ,impressionism4    ,su* an     
address c\ld h>dly fail to provoke      
adv]se criticism 9  ,engl&1 because x   
sugge/$ a v>iety ( new ideas4 ,engli%   
op9ion  does n prohibit ! importation ( 
ideas3 ! public w ev5  compla9 if fre%  
ideas be n regul>ly set be=e x4 ,b its  
requirem5t ( !m is aggressive3 x wants  
to h an intellectual  battle ov] !m4 ,to
 p]suade its unque/ion+ acceptance ( new
  beliefs or ?\ghts1--to coax x to jump 
to a conclusion1--7 ab\t  z easy z to   
make ! m\nta9s skip l rams4 ,?\gh will+ 
to be  conv9c$1 provid+ ! idea does n   

appe> morally dang]\s1 x  mu/ fir/ be   
assur$ ( ! absolute correctness ( e /ep 
9  ! m5tal process by :i* ! novel       
conclusion has be5 rea*$4  ,t ,mr4      
,/range's j b almo/ en?usia/ic          
admiration ( ,japanese  art c\ld pass   
)\t *all5ge 0 n possible2 yet "o w\ld   
sc>cely h anticipat$ a *all5ge f ! ranks
 ( ! ,japan  ,society itself4 ,! report1
 h[ev]1 %[s t ,mr4 ,/range's views  7   
receiv$ ev5 by t society 9 ! *>act]i/ic 
,engli% way4  ,! idea t ,engli% arti/s  
c\ld le>n any?+ important f  ! /udy (   
,japanese me?ods 0 practically          
pooh-pooh$2 & !  criticisms made by     
v>i\s memb]s indicat$ t ! philosophic "p
  ( ! pap] _h be5 ei!r misund]/ood or   
unnotic$4 ,"o g5tleman  innoc5tly       
compla9$ t he c\ld n imag9e :y ,japanese
 art  %\ld be utt]ly want+ 9 facial     
expression4 ,ano!r decl>$ t  !re c\ld   
nev] h be5 any lady l ! ladies ( !      
,japanese  pr9ts2 & he describ$ ! faces 
!re9 portray$ z absolutely  insane4     
,!n came ! mo/ surpris+ incid5t ( !     

ev5+1--!  corroboration ( ^! adv]se     
criticisms by 8 excell5cy !  ,japanese  
,m9i/]1 ) ! apologetic rem>k t ! pr9ts  
ref]r$  to 7 only reg>d$ z common ?+s 9 
,japan4 ,common ?+s6  ,common1 p]haps1 9
 ! judgm5t ( o!r g5]ations2 ae/hetic    
luxuries to-day4 ,! arti/s nam$ 7       
,hokusai1 ,toyokuni1 ,hiro%ig1          
,kuniyo%i1 ,kunisada6 ,b 8 excell5cy    
seem$ to ?9k ! subject  trifl+2 = he    
took occasion to call away ! att5tion ( 
!  meet+1 irrelevantly z patriotically1 
to ! triumphs ( ! w>4  ,9 ?is he        
reflect$ fai?fully ! ,japanese          
,zeitgei/1 :i* c  sc>cely n[ endure !   
=eign praise ( ,japanese art4           
,un=tunately1  ^? dom9at$ by ! j &      
natural m>tial pride ( ! h\r  d n       
reflect t :ile ! developm5t & ma9t5ance 
( great  armam5ts--unless effect$ ) !   
greate/ economical caution--might  lead 
9 %ort ord] to national bankruptcy1 !   
future indu/rial  prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry  
is likely to dep5d 9 no small degree ^u 
! cons]vation & cultivation ( ! national

 art s5se4 ,nay1  ^? v means by :i*     
,japan won h] late victories 7 l>gely   
pur*as$ by ! comm]cial results ( t v art
 s5se to :i*  8 excell5cy seem$ to atta*
 no importance4 ,japan mu/ cont9ue to   
dep5d ^u h] ae/hetic faculty1 ev5 9 s   
commonplace a field (  indu/ry z !      
manufacture ( matt+s2 = 9 m]e *eap      
production  %e w nev] be able to        
und]sell ,*9a4        ,,ii      ,al?\gh 
! criticisms provok$ by ,mr4 ,/range's  
essay 7 unju/  to ,japanese art1 !y 7   
natural1 & indicat$ no?+ worse  ?an     
ignorance ( t art & miscompreh5sion (   
its purpose4 ,x  is n an art ( :i* !    
mean+ c be read at a glance3 ye>s  (    
/udy are necess>y = a "r compreh5sion ( 
x4 ,i _c  pret5d t ,i h ma/]$ ! k ( its 
moods & t5ses1  b ,i c say tru?fully t !
 faces 9 ! old picture-books &  9 ! *eap
 pr9ts ( to-day1 especially ^? ( !      
illu/rat$  ,japanese newspap]s1 d n seem
 to me 9 ! lea/ unreal1 mu* less        
absolutely insane4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 !y did
 appe> to me  fanta/ic4 ,n[ ,i f9d !m   

always int]e/+1 occasionally beautiful4 
,if ,i am told t no o!r ,european w\ld  
say s1 !n ,i mu/ decl>e  all o!r        
,europeans wrong4 ,i feel sure t1 if ^! 
faces seem to  mo/ ,occid5tals ei!r     
absurd or s\lless1 x is only because mo/
  ,occid5tals d n und]/& !m2 & ev5 if 8 
excell5cy !  ,japanese ,m9i/] to ,engl& 
be will+ to accept ! /atem5t t no       
,japanese wom5 ev] resembl$ ! wom5 ( !  
,japanese picture-books  & *eap pr9ts1  
,i mu/ /ill refuse to d s4#a ,^?        
pictures1 ,i  cont5d1 are true1 &       
reflect intellig5ce1 grace1 & beauty4 ,i
 see  ! wom5 ( ! ,japanese              
picture--books 9 e ,japanese /reet4 ,i  
h beheld 9 actual life almo/ e normal   
type ( face to be f\nd  9 a ,japanese   
picture-book3 ! *ild & ! girl1 ! bride &
 !  "m1 ! matron & ! gr&p>5t2 poor &    
ri*2 *>m+ or  commonplace or vulg>4 ,if 
,i am told t tra9$ art critics :o h     
liv$ 9 ,japan laugh at ?is ass]tion1 ,i 
reply t !y _c h  liv$ 9 ,japan long     
en\gh1 or felt h] life intimately en\gh1

 or  /udi$ h] art imp>tially en\gh1 to  
qualify !mselves to und]/&  ev5 !       
commone/ ,japanese draw+4    ,be=e ,i   
came to ,japan ,i us$ to be puzzl$ by ! 
abs5ce ( facial  expression 9 c]ta9     
,japanese pictures4 ,i confess t !      
faces1  al?\gh n ev5 !n devoid ( a c]ta9
 weird *>m1 seem$ to me  impossible4    
,aft]w>ds1 dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s (       
,f>-,ea/]n  exp]i5ce1--t p]iod 9 :i* !  
/rang] is apt to imag9e  t he is le>n+  
all ab\t a p :om no ,occid5tal c ev]    
really und]/&1--,i c\ld recognize !     
grace & tru? ( c]ta9  =ms1 & feel some?+
 ( ! int5se *>m ( color 9 ,japanese     
pr9ts2 b ,i _h no p]ception ( ! deep]   
mean+ ( t art4  ,ev5 ! full significance
 ( its color ,i did n "k3 mu* t 0       
simply true ,i !n ?\ght outl&i%4 ,:ile  
consci\s ( ! *>m  ( _m ?+s1 ! reason ( !
 *>m ,i c\ld n guess4 ,i imag9$  !      
app>5t conv5tionalism ( ! faces to      
indicate ! arre/$  developm5t ( an      
o!rwise m>vel\s art faculty4 ,x nev]    
occurr$ to  me t !y might be conv5tional

 only 9 ! s5se ( symbols :i*1  once     
int]pret$1 w\ld reveal m ?an ord9>y     
,we/]n draw+ c  express4 ,b ?is 0       
because ,i /ill rema9$ "u old b>b>ic    
influ5ces1--influ5ces t bl9d$ me to !   
mean+ ( ,japanese  draw+4 ,& n[1 hav+ at
 la/ le>n$ a little1 x is ! ,we/]n  art 
( illu/ration t appe>s to me            
conv5tional1 undevelop$1  semi-b>b>\s4  
,! pictorial attractions ( ,engli%      
weeklies & (  ,am]ican magaz9es n[      
impress me z flat1 co>se1 & clumsy4 ,my 
op9ion on ! subject1 h[ev]1 is limit$ to
 ! ord9>y class (  ,we/]n illu/ration z 
comp>$ ) ! ord9>y class ( ,japanese     
pr9ts4    ,p]haps somebody w say t1 ev5 
grant+ my ass]tion1 ! mean+  ( any true 
art %\ld ne$ no int]pretation1 & t !    
inf]ior  "* ( ,japanese "w is prov$ by !
 admission t its mean+  is n univ]sally 
recognizable4 ,:oev] makes su* a        
criticism mu/  imag9e ,we/]n art to be  
ev]y:]e equally intelligible4 ,"s (     
x--! v be/--probably is2 & "s (         
,japanese art also is4  ,b ,i c assure !

 read] t ! ord9>y art ( ,we/]n book     
illu/ration or magaz9e engrav+ is j z   
incompreh5sible to  ,japanese z         
,japanese draw+s are to ,europeans :o h 
nev] se5  ,japan4 ,= a ,japanese to     
und]/& our common engrav+s1 he mu/ h    
liv$ abroad4 ,= an ,occid5tal to p]ceive
 ! tru?1 or ! beauty1  or ! humor (     
,japanese draw+s1 he mu/ "k ! life :i*  
^?  draw+s reflect4    ,"o ( ! critics  
at ! meet+ ( ! ,japan ,society f\nd     
fault )  ! abs5ce ( facial expression 9 
,japanese draw+ z conv5tional4  ,he     
comp>$ ,japanese art on ?is gr\nd ) !   
art ( ! old  ,egyptians1 & held bo?     
inf]ior because re/rict$ by conv5tion4  
,yet  surely ! age :i* makes ,laocon a  
classic ought to recognize t  ,greek art
 itself 0 n free f conv5tions4 ,x 0 an  
art :i*  we c sc>cely hope ev] to equal2
 b x 0 m conv5tional ?an  any exi/+ =m (
 art4 ,& s9ce x prov$ t ev5 ! div9e     
c\ld f9d developm5t )9 ! limits (       
arti/ic conv5tion1 !  *>ge ( =mality is 
n a *>ge wor? mak+ aga9/ ,japanese  art4

 ,somebody may respond t ,greek         
conv5tions 7 conv5tions  ( beauty1 :ile 
^? ( ,japanese draw+ h nei!r beauty nor 
mean+4 ,b su* a /atem5t is possible only
 because ,japanese art  has n yet f\nd  
its ,w9ckelmann nor its ,less+1 :]eas   
,greek art1  by ! labor ( g5]ations (   
mod]n critics & tea*]s1 has be5  made   
some:at m compreh5sible to u ?an x c\ld 
h be5 to our  b>b>ian =efa!rs4 ,! ,greek
 conv5tional face _c be f\nd 9  real    
life1 no liv+ head pres5t+ s l>ge a     
facial angle2 b !  ,japanese conv5tional
 face c be se5 ev]y:]e1 :5 once ! real  
value ( its symbol 9 art is prop]ly     
und]/ood4 ,! face ( ,greek  art         
repres5ts an impossible p]fection1 a    
sup]human evolution4 ,!  seem+ly        
inexpressive face drawn by ! ,japanese  
arti/s repres5ts  ! liv+1 ! actual1 !   
e-day4 ,! =m] is a dream2 !  latt] is a 
common fact4      ,footnote #a3 ,t      
,japanese art is capable ( great ?+s 9  
ideal  facial expression is suffici5tly 
prov$ by its ,buddhi/ images4 ,9  ord9>y

 pr9ts ! int5tional conv5tionalism ( !  
faces is h>dly  noticeable :5 ! draw+ is
 ^u a small scale2 & ! sugge/ion  (     
beauty is m readily p]ceiv$ 9 su* cases4
 ,b :5 !  draw+ has a c]ta9             
dim5sion1--:5 ! face-oval1 = in/ance1   
has a diamet] ( m ?an an in*1--! same   
treatm5t may seem  inexplicable to eyes 
accu/om$ to elaborat$ detail4           
,,iii      ,a p>tial explanation ( !    
app>5t physiognomical conv5tionalism 9  
,japanese draw+ is j t law ( !          
subord9ation ( individualism  to type1 (
 p]sonality to humanity1 ( detail to    
feel+1 :i* !  miscompreh5d$ lectur]1    
,mr4 ,edw>d ,/range1 va9ly tri$ to tea* 
!  ,japan ,society some?+ ab\t4 ,!      
,japanese arti/ depicts an insect1  =   
example1 z no ,european arti/ c d3 he   
makes x live2 he %[s  its peculi>       
motion1 its "*1 ev]y?+ by :i* x is at   
once  di/+ui%$ z a type1--& all ?is ) a 
few bru%-/rokes4 ,b he  does n attempt  
to repres5t e ve9 ^u ea* ( its w+s1 e   
sep>ate jo9t ( its ant5nae #a he depicts

 x z x is really se5  at a glance1 n z  
/udi$ 9 detail4 ,we nev] see all !      
details (  ! body ( a gras%opp]1 a      
butt]fly1 or a bee1 9 ! mom5t t  we     
p]ceive x p]*+ some:]e2 we obs]ve only  
en\gh to enable  u to decide :at k9d ( a
 creature x is4 ,we see ! typical1 nev] 
! individual peculi>ities4 ,!re=e !     
,japanese arti/ pa9ts  ! type alone4 ,to
 reproduce e detail w\ld be to          
subord9ate !  type "* to ! individual   
peculi>ity4 ,a v m9ute detail is  r>ely 
br\ght out except :5 ! in/ant           
recognition ( ! type  is aid$ by !      
recognition ( ! detail2 z1 = example1 :5
 a  ray ( light happ5s to fall ^u ! jo9t
 ( a cricket's leg1 or to  rev]b]ate f !
 mail ( a dragonfly 9 a d\ble-color$    
metallic  fla%4 ,s likewise 9 pa9t+ a   
fl[]1 ! arti/ does n depict a  p>ticul>1
 b a typical fl[]3 he %[s !             
morphological law (  ! species1 or1 to  
speak symbolically1 nature's ?\ght beh9d
 !  =m4 ,! results ( ?is me?od may      
a/oni% ev5 sci5tific m54  ,alfr$ ,russel

 ,wallace speaks ( a collection (       
,japanese sket*es (  plants z ! mo/     
ma/]ly ?+s t he ev] saw4 ,e /em1  twig1 
& leaf1 he decl>es1 is produc$ by s+le  
t\*es ( !  bru%2 ! "* & p]spective ( v  
complicat$ plants be+  admirably giv51 &
 ! articulations ( /em & leaves %[n 9  a
 mo/ sci5tific mann]4 7,! italics are my
 own47 ,obs]ve t  :ile ! "w is          
simplicity itself produc$ by s+le t\*es 
(  ! bru%1 x is nev]!less1 9 ! op9ion ( 
"o ( ! greate/  liv+ naturali/s1 mo/    
sci5tific4 ,& :y8 ,because x %[s !  type
 "* & ! law ( ! type4 ,s aga91 9        
portray+ rocks  & cliffs1 hills & pla9s1
 ! ,japanese arti/ gives u ! g5]al  "*1 
n ! we>isome detail ( masses2 & yet !   
detail is  admirably sugge/$ by ?is     
p]fect /udy ( ! l>g] law4 ,or look at  8
 color /udies ( sunsets & sunrises3 he  
nev] tries to pres5t  e m9ute fact )9   
range ( vision1 b (f]s u only ^?  great 
lum9\s tones & *romatic bl5d+s :i*1 aft]
 a ?\s&  petty details h be5 =gott51    
/ill l+] 9 ! memory1 &  !re recreate !  

feel+ ( :at has be5 se54    ,n[ ?is     
g5]al law ( ! art applies to ,japanese  
repres5tations  ( ! human figure1 & also
 7?\gh "h o!r laws too come into  play7 
( ! human face4 ,! g5]al types are giv51
 & (t5 )  a =ce t ! clev]e/ ,fr5* sket*]
 c\ld sc>cely emulate2  ! p]sonal trait1
 ! individual peculi>ity1 is n giv54    
,ev5  :51 9 ! humor ( c>icature or 9    
dramatic repres5tation1 facial          
expression is /rongly m>k$1 x is r5d]$  
by typical1 n by  individual            
*>act]i/ics1 j z x 0 r5d]$ ^u ! antique 
/age by ! conv5tional masks ( ,greek    
actors4      ,footnote #a3 ,unless he   
c>ves x4 ,9 t case1 8 insect--cut 9 bone
  or horn or ivory1 & appropriately     
color$--c sometimes sc>cely  be di/+ui%$
 f a real insect1 except by its weight1 
:5 held  9 ! h&4 ,su* absolute realism1 
h[ev]1 is only curi\s1 n  arti/ic4      
,,iv      ,a few g5]al rem>ks ab\t !    
treatm5t ( faces 9 ord9>y ,japanese     
draw+ may help to ! und]/&+ ( :at t     
treatm5t tea*es4    ,y\? is indicat$ by 

! abs5ce ( all b ess5tial t\*es1 &  by !
 clean1 smoo? curves ( ! face & neck4   
,except+ !  t\*es :i* sugge/ eyes1 nose1
 & m\?1 !re are no l9es4 ,!  curves     
speak suffici5tly ( fullness1 smoo?ness1
 rip5ess4 ,=  /ory-illu/ration x is n   
necess>y to elaborate feature1 z ! age  
or condition is indicat$ by ! /yle ( !  
coiffure & ! fa%ion  ( ! dress4 ,9      
female figures1 ! abs5ce ( eyebr[s      
indicates !  wife or wid[2 a /raggl+    
tress signifies grief2 tr\bl$ ?\ght is  
%[n by an unmi/akable pose or ge/ure4   
,hair1 co/ume1 & attitude  are inde$    
en\gh to expla9 almo/ ev]y?+4 ,b !      
,japanese arti/  kn[s h[1 by means (    
extremely delicate v>iations 9 !        
direction  & position ( ! half doz5     
t\*es indicat+ feature1 to give "s  h9t 
( "*1 :e!r sympa!tic or unsympa!tic2 &  
?is h9t  is seldom lo/ ^u a ,japanese   
eye4#a ,aga91 an almo/ imp]ceptible     
h>d5+ or s(t5+ ( ^! t\*es has moral     
significance4 ,/ill1  ?is is nev]       
individual3 x is only ! h9t ( a         

physiognomical law4  ,9 ! case (        
immature y\? 7boy & girl faces71 !re is 
m]ely a  g5]al indication ( s(tness &   
g5tl5ess1--! ab/ract r  ?an ! concrete  
*>m ( *ildhood4    ,9 ! portrayal (     
matur] types ! l9es are m num]\s &  m   
acc5tuat$1 illu/rat+ ! fact t "*        
necess>ily  becomes m m>k$ 9 middle age1
 z ! facial muscles beg9 to %[4  ,b !re 
is only ! sugge/ion ( ?is *ange1 n any  
/udy (  individualism4    ,9 !          
repres5tation ( old age1 ! ,japanese    
arti/ gives u all !  wr9kles1 ! holl[s1 
! %r9k+ ( tissues1 ! cr['s-feet1  ! gray
 hairs1 ! *ange 9 ! l9e ( ! face foll[+ 
^u loss  ( tee?4 ,8 old m5 & wom5 %[ "*4
 ,!y delight u by a  c]ta9 worn         
sweetness ( expression1 a look (        
b5evol5t resignation2  or !y repel u by 
an aspect ( h>d5$ cunn+1 av>ice1 or     
envy4 ,!re are _m types ( old age2 b !y 
are types ( human  conditions1 n (      
p]sonality4 ,! picture is n drawn f a   
model2  x is n ! reflection ( an        
individual exi/5ce3 its value is made   

by ! recognition :i* x exhibits ( a     
g5]al physiognomical or  biological law4
    ,"h x is wor? :ile to notice t !    
res]ves ( ,japanese art 9  ! matt] (    
facial expression accord ) ! e?ics (    
,ori5tal  society4 ,= ages ! rule (     
conduct has be5 to mask all p]sonal     
feel+ z f> z possible1--to hide pa9 &   
passion "u an ext]ior  semblance ( smil+
 amiability or ( impassive resignation4 
,"o key to  ! enigmas ( ,japanese art is
 ,buddhism4      ,footnote #a3 ,9 mod]n 
,japanese newspap] illu/rations 7,i ref]
  p>ticul>ly to ! admirable woodcuts    
illu/rat+ ! feuilletons  ( ! saka ,asahi
 ,%imbun7 ^! indications are q visible  
ev5  to a practic$ =eign eye4 ,! arti/ (
 ! ,asahi ,%imbun is a  woman4    ,i am 
"h rem9d$ ( a curi\s fact :i* ,i d n    
rememb] hav+  se5 m5tion ( 9 any book   
ab\t ,japan4 ,! newly arriv$ ,we/]n]    
(t5 compla9s ( 8 inability to di/+ui% "o
 ,japanese f  ano!r1 & attributes ?is   
difficulty to ! abs5ce ( /rongly  m>k$  
physiognomy 9 ! race4 ,he does n imag9e 

t our m  %>ply acc5tuat$ ,occid5tal     
physiognomy produces ! v same  effect ^u
 ! ,japanese4 ,_m & _m a "o has said to 
me1 ,= a  long "t ,i f\nd x v h>d to    
tell "o =eign] f ano!r3 !y  all seem$ to
 me alike4        ,v      ,i h said t :5
 ,i n[ look at a =eign illu/rat$        
newspap] or  magaz9e ,i c f9d little    
pleasure 9 ! engrav+s4 ,mo/ (t5 !y      
repel me4 ,! draw+ seems to me co>se &  
h>d1 & ! realism (  ! conception petty4 
,su* "w leaves no?+ to ! imag9ation1 &  
usually betrays ! ef=t :i* x co/4 ,a    
common ,japanese draw+  leaves mu* to ! 
imag9ation1--nay1 irresi/ibly /imulates 
x1--&  nev] betrays ef=t4 ,ev]y?+ 9 a   
common ,european engrav+ is  detail$ &  
individualiz$4 ,ev]y?+ 9 a ,japanese    
draw+ is  imp]sonal & sugge/ive4 ,! =m] 
reveals no law3 x is a /udy (           
p>ticul>ities4 ,! latt] inv>iably tea*es
 some?+ ( law1 &  suppresses            
p>ticul>ities except 9 _! relation to   
law4    ,"o may (t5 he> ,japanese say t 
,we/]n art is too reali/ic2  & ! judgm5t

 conta9s tru?4 ,b ! realism 9 x :i*     
(f5ds  ,japanese ta/e1 especially 9 !   
matt] ( facial expression1 is n  f\nd   
fault ) m]ely because ( m9ut5ess (      
detail4 ,detail 9  itself is n condemn$ 
by any art2 & ! highe/ art is t 9  :i*  
detail is mo/ exquisitely elaborat$4 ,! 
art :i* saw !  div9e1 :i* rose above    
nature's be/1 :i* discov]$ supramundane 
ideals = animal & ev5 floral %apes1 0   
*>act]iz$ by !  %>pe/ possible p]fection
 ( detail4 ,& 9 ! high] ,japanese  art1 
z 9 ! ,greek1 ! use ( detail aids r ?an 
opposes !  aspirational aim4 ,:at mo/   
displeases 9 ! realism ( our mod]n      
illu/ration is n multiplicity ( detail1 
b1 z we %all pres5tly  see1             
signification ( detail4    ,! que]e/    
fact ab\t ! suppression ( physiognomical
 detail 9  ,japanese art is t ?is       
suppression is mo/ evid5t j :]e we  %\ld
 lea/ expect to f9d x1 namely1 9 ^?     
creations call$  ,?is-mis]able-_w       
pictures 7,ukiyo-y71 or1 to use a       
correspond+  ,we/]n t]m1 ,pictures ( ?is

 ,vale ( ,te>s4 ,= al?\gh !  arti/s (   
?is s*ool h really giv5 u pictures ( a v
  beautiful & happy _w1 !y pr(ess$ to   
reflect tru?4 ,"o =m  ( tru? !y c]ta9ly 
pres5t$1 b aft] a mann] at v>iance )    
our common notions ( realism4 ,!        
,ukiyo-y arti/ drew actualities1  b n   
repell5t or mean+less actualities2 prov+
 8 rank ev5  m by 8 refusal ?an by 8    
*oice ( subjects4 ,he look$ =  dom9ant  
laws ( contra/ & color1 = ! g5]al "* (  
nature's comb9ations1 = ! ord] ( !      
beautiful z x 0 &  is4 ,o!rwise 8 art 0 
9 no s5se aspirational2 x 0 ! art (  !  
l>g] compreh5sion ( ?+s z !y are4 ,?us  
he 0 rightly a  reali/1 not)/&+ t 8     
realism appe>s only 9 ! /udy  (         
con/ants1 g5]alities1 types4 ,& z       
express+ ! syn!sis (  common fact1 !    
sy/ematization ( natural law1 ?is       
,japanese art  is by its me?od sci5tific
 9 ! true s5se4 ,! high] art1 !         
aspirational art 7:e!r ,japanese or old 
,greek71 is1 on ! contr>y1  ess5tially  
religi\s by its me?od4    ,:]e !        

sci5tific & ! aspirational extremes (   
art t\*1 "o  may expect to f9d "s       
univ]sal ae/hetic tru? recogniz$ by bo?4
  ,!y agree 9 _! imp]sonality3 !y refuse
 to individualize4 ,&  ! lesson ( ! v   
highe/ art t ev] exi/$ sugge/s ! true   
reason = ?is common refusal4    ,:at    
does ! *>m ( an antique head express1   
:e!r 9 m>ble1 gem1  or mural pa9t+1--=  
in/ance1 t m>vel\s head ( ,leuco!a  :i* 
prefaces ! "w ( ,w9ckelmann8 ,ne$less to
 seek ! reply f  works ( m]e art        
critics4 ,sci5ce alone c furni% x4 ,y w 
f9d  x 9 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s essay on       
,p]sonal ,beauty4 ,! beauty ( su* a     
head signifies a sup]humanly p]fect     
developm5t & balance ( !  intellectual  
faculties4 ,all ^? v>iations ( feature  
con/itut+  :at we call expression1      
repres5t dep>tures f a p]fect type  j 9 
proportion z !y repres5t :at is t]m$    
"*2--&  !y are1 or ought to be1 m or    
less disagreeable or pa9ful  because !  
aspects :i* please u are ! outw>d       
correlatives (  inw>d p]fections1 & !   

aspects :i* displease u are ! outw>d    
correlatives ( inw>d imp]fections4 ,mr4 
,sp5c] goes on to say t  al?\gh !re are 
(t5 gr& natures beh9d pla9 faces1 &     
al?\gh  f9e c\nt5ances frequ5tly hide   
small s\ls1 ^! anomalies d n  de/roy !  
g5]al tru? ( ! law any m ?an !          
p]turbations (  planets de/roy ! g5]al  
ellipticity ( _! orbits4    ,bo? ,greek 
& ,japanese art recogniz$ !             
physiognomical tru? :i*  ,mr4 ,sp5c] put
 into ! simple =mula1 ,expression is    
feature 9 !  mak+ ,! highe/ art1 ,greek 
art1 ris+ above ! real to rea* !  div9e1
 gives u ! dream ( feature p]fect$4     
,japanese realism1 s  mu* l>g] ?an our  
own z to be /ill misund]/ood1 gives u   
only  feature 9 ! mak+1 or r1 ! g5]al   
law ( feature 9 !  mak+4        ,,vi    
,?us we rea* ! common tru? recogniz$    
equally by ,greek art &  by ,japanese   
art1 namely1 ! non-moral significance ( 
individual  expression4 ,& our          
admiration ( ! art reflect+ p]sonality  
is1 (  c\rse1 non-moral1 s9ce !         

del9eation ( individual imp]fection is  
n1 9 ! e?ical s5se1 a subject =         
admiration4    ,al?\gh ! facial aspects 
:i* really attract u may be consid]$  ! 
outw>d correlatives ( inw>d p]fections1 
or ( approa*es to  p]fections1 we       
g5]ally confess an int]e/ 9 physiognomy 
:i*  by no means speaks to u ( inw>d    
moral p]fections1 b r  sugge/s          
p]fections ( ! rev]se ord]4 ,?is fact is
 manife/$ ev5  9 daily life4 ,:5 we     
exclaim1 ,:at =ce6 on see+ a head )     
prom95t bu%y br[s1 incisive nose1       
deep-set eyes1 & a massive  jaw1 we are 
inde$ express+ our recognition ( =ce1 b 
only (  ! sort ( =ce und]ly+ in/9cts (  
aggression & brutality4  ,:5 we comm5d !
 "* ( c]ta9 /rong aquil9e faces1  c]ta9 
s-call$ ,roman pr(iles1 we are really   
com-m5d+ ! traits  t m>k a race ( prey4 
,x is true t we d n admire faces 9  :i* 
only brutal1 or cruel1 or cunn+ traits  
exi/2 b x is true  also t we admire !   
indications ( ob/9acy1 aggressiv5ess1  &
 h>%ness :5 unit$ ) c]ta9 indications ( 

intellig5ce4  ,x may ev5 be said t we   
associate ! idea ( manhood ) !  idea (  
aggressive p[] m ?an ) ! idea ( any o!r 
p[]4  ,:e!r ?is p[] be physical or      
intellectual1 we e/imate x 9 our  popul>
 pref]5ces1 at lea/1 above ! really     
sup]ior p[]s ( !  m9d1 & call intellig5t
 cunn+ by ! euphemism ( %rewdness4      
,probably ! manife/ation 9 "s mod]n     
human be+ ( ! ,greek  ideal ( mascul9e  
beauty w\ld int]e/ ! av]age obs]v] less 
?an a face pres5t+ an abnormal          
developm5t ( traits ! rev]se  (         
noble1--s9ce ! intellectual significance
 ( p]fect beauty c\ld  be realiz$ only  
by p]sons capable ( appreciat+ ! miracle
 ( a  p]fect balance ( ! highe/ possible
 human faculties4 ,9 mod]n art  we look 
= ! fem99e beauty :i* appeals to ! feel+
 ( sex1  or = t *ild-beauty :i* appeals 
to ! in/9cts ( p>5?ood2  & we %\ld      
*>act]ize real beauty 9 ! portrayal (   
manhood n  only z unnatural1 b z        
effem9ate4 ,w> & love are /ill ! two    
dom9ant tones 9 t reflection ( mod]n    

life :i* our s]i\s  art gives4 ,b x w be
 notic$ t :5 ! arti/ w\ld exhibit  !    
ideal ( beauty or ( virtue1 he is /ill  
oblig$ to borr[ f  antique k4 ,z a      
borr[]1 he is nev] q successful1 s9ce   
he belongs to a humanity 9 _m respects  
mu* bel[ ! anci5t ,greek  level4 ,a     
,g]man philosoph] has well said1 ,!     
resuscitat$ ,greeks  w\ld1 ) p]fect     
tru?1 decl>e our works ( art 9 all      
dep>tm5ts  to be ?or\ghly b>b>\s4 ,h[   
c\ld !y be o!rwise 9 an age  :i* op5ly  
admires intellig5ce less because ( its  
p[] to create  & pres]ve ?an because (  
its p[] to cru% & de/roy8    ,:y ?is    
admiration ( capacities :i* we %\ld     
c]ta9ly n l  to h ex]cis$ aga9/         
ourselves8 ,l>gely1 no d\bt1 because we 
admire :at we wi% to possess1 & we      
und]/& ! imm5se value (  aggressive p[]1
 intellectual especially1 9 ! great     
competitive  /ruggle ( mod]n            
civilization4    ,z reflect+ bo? !      
trivial actualities & ! p]sonal         
emotionalism ( ,we/]n life1 our art w\ld

 be f\nd e?ically n  only bel[ ,greek   
art1 b ev5 bel[ ,japanese4 ,greek art   
express$ !  aspiration ( a race t[>d !  
div9ely beautiful & ! div9ely  wise4    
,japanese art reflects ! simple joy (   
exi/5ce1 ! p]ception  ( natural law 9 =m
 & color1 ! p]ception ( natural law 9   
*ange1 & ! s5se ( life made h>moni\s by 
social ord] & by  self-suppression1     
,mod]n ,we/]n art reflects ! ?ir/ (     
pleasure1  ! idea ( life z a battle = ! 
"r to enjoy1 & ! unamiable  qualities   
:i* are indisp5sable to success 9 !     
competitive  /ruggle4    99    ,x has   
be5 said t ! hi/ory ( ,we/]n            
civilization is writt5 9  ,we/]n        
physiognomy4 ,x is at lea/ int]e/+ to   
/udy ,we/]n facial  expression ?r\gh    
,ori5tal eyes4 ,i h frequ5tly amus$     
myself by  %[+ ,european or ,am]ican    
illu/rations to ,japanese *ildr51 &     
he>+ _! artless comm5ts ^u ! faces !re9 
depict$4 ,a  complete record ( ^!       
comm5ts might prove to h value z well z 
int]e/2 b = pres5t purposes ,i %all (f] 

only ! results (  two exp]im5ts4    ,!  
fir/ 0 ) a little boy1 n9e ye>s old1    
be=e :om1 "o  ev5+1 ,i plac$ sev]al     
numb]s ( an illu/rat$ magaz9e4 ,aft]    
turn+ ov] a few ( ! pages1 he exclaim$1 
,:y d =eign arti/s  l to draw horrible  
?+s8    ,:at horrible ?+s8 ,i inquir$4  
,^!1 he said1 po9t+ to a gr\p ( figures 
repres5t+ vot]s at  ! polls4    ,:y1 ^? 
are n horrible1 ,i answ]$4 ,we ?9k ^?   
draw+s  v good4    ,b ! faces6 ,!re _c  
really be su* faces 9 ! _w4    ,we ?9k  
^? are ord9>y m54 ,really horrible faces
 we v seldom  draw4    ,he />$ 9        
surprise1 evid5tly suspect+ t ,i 0 n 9  
e>ne/4    99    ,to a little girl (     
elev5 ,i %[$ "s engrav+s repres5t+ fam\s
  ,european beauties4    ,!y d n look   
bad1 0 h] comm5t4 ,b !y seem s mu* l    
m51 & _! eyes are s big6444 ,_! m\?s are
 pretty4    ,! m\? signifies a great    
deal 9 ,japanese physiognomy1 & !  *ild 
0 9 ?is reg>d appreciative4 ,i !n %[$ h]
 "s draw+s  f life1 9 a ,new ,york      
p]iodical4 ,%e ask$1 ,is x true t !re   

are p l ^? pictures8    ,pl5ty1 ,i said4
 ,^? are good1 common faces1--mo/ly     
c\ntry folk1  f>m]s4    ,f>m]s6 ,!y are 
l ,oni demons f ! jigoku ,buddhi/  hell4
    ,no1 ,i answ]$1 !re is no?+ v bad 9 
^? faces4 ,we h  faces 9 ! ,we/ v mu*   
worse4    ,only to see !m1 %e exclaim$1 
,i %\ld die6 ,i d n l ?is  book4    ,i  
set be=e h] a ,japanese picture-book1--a
 book ( views ( !  ,tokaido4 ,%e clapp$ 
h] h&s joyfully1 & pu%$ my half-inspect$
  =eign magaz9e out ( ! way4            
,,vi      ,,n+y-,,no-,,haka             
,manyemon _h coax$ ! *ild indoors1 &    
made h] eat4 ,%e appe>$  to be ab\t     
elev5 ye>s old1 intellig5t1 & pa!tically
 docile4 ,h]  "n 0 ,91 :i* means spr++  
rice2 & h] frail slimness made  ! "n    
seem appropriate4    ,:5 %e began1 "u   
,manyemon's g5tle p]suasion1 to tell h] 
/ory1  ,i anticipat$ some?+ que] f !    
accompany+ *ange 9 h]  voice4 ,%e spoke 
9 a high ?9 sweet tone1 p]fectly ev51--a
 tone  *angeless & unemotional z ! *ant+
 ( ! little kettle ov]  its *>coal b$4  

,n unfrequ5tly 9 ,japan "o may he> a    
girl or a  woman utt] some?+ t\*+ or    
cruel or t]rible 9 j su* a  /eady1      
level1 p5etrat+ tone1 b nev] any?+      
indiff]5t4 ,x  always means t feel+ is  
be+ kept "u control4    ,!re 7 six ( u  
at home1 said ,91 "m & fa!r &  fa!r's   
"m1 :o 0 v old1 & my bro!r & myself1 &  
a little si/]4 ,fa!r 0 a hyguya1 a      
pap]-hang]3 he pap]$  slid+-scre5s &    
also m\nt$ kakemono4 ,"m 0 a            
hair-dress]4  ,my bro!r 0 appr5tic$ to a
 seal-cutt]4    ,fa!r & "m did well3 "m 
made ev5 m money ?an fa!r4  ,we _h good 
clo!s & good food2 & we nev] _h any real
 sorr[  until fa!r fell sick4    ,x 0 ! 
middle ( ! hot season4 ,fa!r _h always  
be5 heal?y3  we did n ?9k t 8 sickness 0
 dang]\s1 & he did n ?9k  s himself4 ,b 
! v next day he di$4 ,we 7 v mu*        
surpris$4  ,"m tri$ to hide h] he>t1 &  
to wait ^u h] cu/om]s z  be=e4 ,b %e 0 n
 v /rong1 & ! pa9 ( fa!r's dea?  came   
too quickly4 ,eight days aft] fa!r's    
fun]al "m also di$4  ,x 0 s sudd5 t     

ev]ybody wond]$4 ,!n ! neighbors told u 
t we mu/ make a n+y-no-haka at once1--or
 else !re w\ld be  ano!r dea? 9 our     
h\se4 ,my bro!r said !y 7 "r2 b he put  
(f do+ :at !y told him4 ,p]haps he did n
 h m]cy en\gh1 ,i  d n "k2 b ! haka 0 n 
made4 444    99    ,:at is a            
n+y-no-haka8 ,i int]rupt$4    ,i ?9k1   
,manyemon made answ]1 t y h se5 _m      
n+y-no-haka )\t kn[+ :at !y 72--!y look 
j  l graves ( *ildr54 ,x is believ$ t :5
 two ( a family  die 9 ! same ye>1 a    
?ird also mu/ soon die4 ,!re is a say+1 
,always ?ree graves4 ,s :5 two out ( "o 
family h be5 buri$  9 ! same ye>1 a ?ird
 grave is made next to ! graves ( ^?    
two1 & 9 x is put a c(f9 conta9+ only a 
little figure (  /raw1--w>a-n+y2 & ov] t
 grave a small tomb/one is set up1  be>+
 a kaimy4#a ,! prie/s ( ! temple to :i* 
! gravey>d  belongs write ! kaimy = ^!  
little grave/ones4 ,by mak+ a           
n+y-no-haka x is ?\ght t a dea? may be  
prev5t$4444 ,we  li/5 = ! re/1 ,94    ,!
 *ild resum$3--    ,!re 7 /ill f\r (    

u1--gr&mo!r1 bro!r1 myself1 & my  little
 si/]4 ,my bro!r 0 n9ete5 ye>s old4 ,he 
_h f9i%$ 8  appr5tice%ip j be=e fa!r    
di$3 we ?\ght t 0 l !  pity ( ! gods =  
u4 ,he _h become ! head ( ! h\se4 ,he 0 
v skillful 9 8 bus9ess1 & _h _m fri5ds3 
!re=e he c\ld  ma9ta9 u4 ,he made ?irte5
 y5 ! fir/ mon?2--t is v good  = a      
seal-cutt]4 ,"o ev5+ he came home sick3 
he said t 8 head  hurt him4 ,"m _h !n   
be5 dead =ty-sev5 days4 ,t ev5+ he  c\ld
 n eat4 ,next morn+ he 0 n able to get  
up2--he _h a v  hot fev]3 we nurs$ him z
 well z we c\ld1 & sat up at night to   
wat* by him2 b he did n get bett]4 ,on !
 morn+ ( ! ?ird  day ( 8 sickness we    
became fright5$--because he began to    
talk to  "m4 ,x 0 ! =ty-n9? day aft]    
"m's dea?1--! day !  ,s\l leaves !      
h\se2--& bro!r spoke z if "m 0 call+    
him3--',yes1 "m1 yes6--9 a little :ile  
,i %all come6' ,!n he told  u t "m 0    
pull+ him by ! sleeve4 ,he w\ld po9t ) 8
  h& & call to u3-',!re %e is6--!re6--d 
y n see h]8 ',we  w\ld tell him t we    

c\ld n see any?+4 ,!n he w\ld say1 ',ah6
  y did n look quick en\gh3 %e is hid+  
n[2--%e has gone d[n  "u ! floor-mats4' 
,all ! morn+ he talk$ l t4 ,at la/      
gr&mo!r /ood up1 & /amp$ h] foot on !   
floor1 & reproa*$  "m1--speak+ v l\d4   
',taka6' %e said1 ',taka1 :at y d is  v 
wrong4 ,:5 y 7 alive we all lov$ y4     
,none ( u ev] spoke  unk9d words to y4  
,:y d y n[ want to take ! boy8 ,y "k  t 
he is ! only pill> ( our h\se4 ,y "k t  
if y take him  !re w n be any "o to c>e 
= ! ance/ors4 ,y "k t if  y take him1 y 
w de/roy ! family "n6 ,o ,taka1 x is    
cruel6  x is %ameful6 x is wick$6'      
,gr&mo!r 0 s angry t all h]  body       
trembl$4 ,!n %e sat d[n & cri$2 & ,i &  
my little si/]  cri$4 ,b our bro!r said 
t "m 0 /ill pull+ him by !  sleeve4 ,:5 
! sun w5t d[n1 he di$4    ,gr&mo!r wept1
 & /rok$ u1 & sang a little song t %e   
made h]self4 ,i c rememb] x /ill3--     
,oy a no nai ko to      ,hamab no       
*idori3      ,higur-higur ni            
,sod %iboru4#b    ,s ! ?ird grave 0     

made1--b x 0 n a n+y-no-haka2--&  t 0 ! 
end ( our h\se4 ,we liv$ ) k9dr$ until  
w9t]1  :5 gr&mo!r di$4 ,%e di$ 9 !      
night1--:51 nobody knew3 9  ! morn+ %e  
seem$ to be sleep+1 b %e 0 dead4 ,!n ,i 
& my  little si/] 7 sep>at$4 ,my si/] 0 
adopt$ by a tatamiya1 a  mat-mak]1--"o (
 fa!r's fri5ds4 ,%e is k9dly treat$3 %e 
ev5  goes to s*ool6    ,aa fu%igi na    
koto da6--aa komatta ne8 murmur$        
,manyemon4 ,!n  !re 0 a mom5t or two (  
sympa!tic sil5ce4 ,9 pro/rat$  h]self 9 
?anks1 & rose to dep>t4 ,z %e slipp$ h] 
feet "u  ! ?ongs ( h] s&als1 ,i mov$    
t[>d ! spot :]e %e _h be5  sitt+1 to ask
 ! old man a "q4 ,%e p]ceiv$ my         
int5tion1 &  imm$iately made an         
indescribable sign to ,manyemon1 :o     
respond$ by  *eck+ me j z ,i 0 go+ to   
sit d[n beside him4    ,%e wi%es1 he    
said1 t ! ma/] w honorably /rike !      
matt+ fir/4    ,b :y8 ,i ask$ 9         
surprise1---notic+ only t "u my un%od   
feet1 ! spot :]e ! *ild _h be5 kneel+   
felt com=tably w>m4    ,manyemon        

answ]$3--    ,%e believes t to sit d[n  
^u ! place made w>m by ! body (  ano!r  
is to take into "o's own life all !     
sorr[ ( t o!r  p]son1--unless ! place be
 /rick5 fir/4    ,:]eat ,i sat d[n )\t  
p]=m+ ! rite2 & we bo? laugh$4    ,91   
said ,manyemon1 ! ma/] takes y\r sorr[s 
^u him4 ,he  wants --7,i _c v5ture to   
r5d] ,manyemon's honorifics7--to  und]/&
 ! pa9 ( o!r p4 ,y ne$ n te> = him1 ,94 
,footnote #a3 ,! po/hum\s ,buddhi/ "n ( 
! p]son buri$ is  *isel$ ^u ! tomb or   
haka4    ,footnote #b3 ,*ildr5 )\t      
p>5ts1 l ! seagulls ( !  coa/4 ,ev5+    
aft] ev5+ ! sleeves are wrung4 ,! ^w    
*idori--indiscrim9ately appli$ to _m    
k9ds ( birds1--is "h  us$ = seagull4 ,! 
cries ( ! seagull are ?\ght to express  
melan*oly & desolation3 h5ce !          
comp>ison4 ,! long sleeve ( !  ,japanese
 robe is us$ to wipe ! eyes z well z to 
hide ! face 9  mom5ts ( grief4 ,to wr+ !
 sleeve--t is1 to wr+ ! moi/ure  f a    
te>-dr5*$ sleeve--is a frequ5t          
expression 9 ,japanese  poetry4         

,,vi        ,9 ,,saka          ,takaki  
ya ni      ,noborit mirba        ,kemuri
 tat su2--      ,tami no kamado wa      
,nigiwai ni kri4    7,:5 ,i asc5d a high
 place & look ab\t me1 lo6 ! smoke is   
ris+3  ! cook+ ranges ( ! p are busy47  
,song ( ! ,emp]or ,,n9toku4      ,i     
,ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 ,capta9    
,john ,s>is1 visit+ ,japan 9  ! s]vice (
 ! ,eight ,hon\rable ,companye1 ye4     
m>*ants ( ,london  trad+ into ye4 ,ea/  
,indyes1 wrote conc]n+ ! great city (   
saka  7z ! "n is n[ translit]at$73 ,we  
f\nd ,osaca to be a v great  t[ne1 z    
great z ,london )9 ! walls1 ) _m faire  
timb]  bridges ( a great height1 s]u+ to
 passe ov] a riu] !re z wide  z ! ,?ames
 at ,london4 ,"s faire h\ses we f\nd    
!re1 b n  _m4 ,x is "o ( ! *iefe        
sea-ports ( all ,iapan2 hau+ a ca/le  9 
x1 m>uell\s l>ge & /rong 444 ,:at       
,capta9 ,s>is said ( !  ,osaka ( !      
sev5te5? c5tury is almo/ equally true ( 
! saka  ( to-day4 ,x is /ill a v great  
city & "o ( ! *ief seaports  ( all      

,japan2 x conta9s1 accord+ to !         
,occid5tal idea1 "s  faire h\ses2 x has 
_m faire timb] bridges 7z well z bridges
  ( /eel & /one7--s]u+ to passe ou] a   
riv] z wide z !  ,?ames at ,london1--!  
,yodogawa2 & ! ca/le m>vell\s l>ge &    
/rong1 built by ,hideyo%i aft] ! plan ( 
a ,*9ese =tress ( !  ,han dyna/y1 /ill  
rema9s some?+ = milit>y eng9e]s to wond]
  at1 9 spite ( ! disappe>ance ( !      
_m-/ori$ t[]s1 & !  de/ruction 79 #ahfh7
 ( ! magnific5t palace4    saka is m ?an
 two ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s old1 & !re=e 
"o ( ! mo/ anci5t cities ( ,japan1--?\gh
 its pres5t "n1  a contraction ( ,oye no
 ,saka1 mean+ ! ,high ,l& ( ! ,great    
,riv]1 is believ$ to date back only to !
 fifte5? c5tury1 be=e  :i* "t x 0 call$ 
,naniwa4 ,c5turies be=e ,europe knew ( !
  exi/5ce ( ,japan1 ,osaka 0 ! great    
f9ancial & comm]cial c5tre  ( ! empire2 
& x is t /ill4 ,?r\gh all ! feudal era1 
!  m]*ants ( ,osaka 7 ! bank]s &        
cr$itors ( ! ,japanese  pr9ces3 !y      
ex*ang$ ! rev5ues ( rice = silv] &      

gold2--!y  kept 9 _! miles ( firepro(   
w>eh\ses ! national /ores (  c]eals1 (  
cotton1 & ( silk2--& !y furni%$ to great
 capta9s  ! s9ews ( w>4 ,hideyo%i made  
,osaka 8 milit>y capital2--,iyeyasu1    
jeal\s & ke51 fe>$ ! great city1 & deem$
 x necess>y to  impov]i% its capitali/s 
because ( _! f9ancial p[]4    ,! saka ( 
#ahif1 cov]+ a va/ area has a population
 ( ab\t  #fgj1jjj4 ,z to ext5t &        
population1 x is n[ only ! second city  
( ! empire2 b x rema9s1 z ,c\nt ,okuma  
rem>k$ 9 a rec5t  spee*1 f9ancially1    
indu/rially1 & comm]cially sup]ior to   
,tky4  ,sakai1 & ,hyg1 & ,kob are really
 b its out] ports2 & !  la/-nam$ is     
visibly outgr[+ ,yokohama4 ,x is        
confid5tly pr$ict$1  bo? by =eign]s & by
 ,japanese1 t ,kob w become ! *ief  port
 ( =eign trade1 because ,osaka is able  
to attract to h]self !  be/ bus9ess     
tal5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,at pres5t ! =eign    
import  & export trade ( saka repres5ts 
ab\t #abj1jjj1jjj a ye>2 &  its inl& &  
coa/+ trade are imm5se4 ,almo/ ev]y?+   

:i*  ev]ybody wants is made 9 saka2 &   
!re are few com=table  ,japanese homes 9
 any "p ( ! empire to ! furni%+ ( :i*   
saka indu/ry has n contribut$ some?+4   
,?is 0 probably !  case long be=e ,tokyo
 exi/$4 ,!re survives an anci5t song (  
:i*  ! burd5 runs1--,e day to saka come 
a ?\s& %ips4 ,junks  only1 9 ! "t :5 !  
song 0 writt52 /eam]s also to-day1  &   
deep-sea travel]s ( all rigs4 ,along !  
:>ves y c ride  = miles by a seem+ly    
endless array ( ma/s & funnels1--?\gh  !
 great ,trans-,pacific l9]s & ,european 
mail-/eam]s draw too  mu* wat] to ent] !
 h>bor1 & receive _! saka freight at    
,kob4 ,b ! en]getic city1 :i* has its   
own /eam%ip companies1  n[ proposes to  
improve its port1 at a co/ (            
#aaf1jjj1jjj4 ,an saka  ) a population (
 two millions1 & a =eign trade ( at lea/
  #cjj1jjj1jjj a ye>1 is n a dream      
impossible to realize 9 ! next  half    
c5tury4 ,i ne$ sc>cely say t saka is !  
c5tre ( !  great trade-guilds1#a & !    
headqu>t]s ( ^? cotton-sp9n+  companies 

^: mills1 kept runn+ ) a s+le %ift      
tw5ty-?ree  h\rs out ( ! tw5ty-f\r1 turn
 out d\ble ! quantity ( y>n p]  sp9dle t
 ,engli% mills turn out1 & f ?irty to   
=ty p] c5t1  m ?an ! mills ( ,bombay4   
,e great city 9 ! _w is believ$ to give 
a special "*  to its inhabitants2 & 9   
,japan ! man ( saka is said to be       
recognizable almo/ at sight4 ,i ?9k x c 
be said t ! "*  ( ! man ( ! capital is  
less m>k$ ?an t ( ! man (  saka1--z 9   
,am]ica ! man ( ,*icago is m quickly    
recogniz$  ?an ! ,new ,york] or         
,bo/onian4 ,he has a c]ta9 quickness (  
p]ception1 ready en]gy1 & g5]al air (   
be+ well up to date1  or ev5 a little 9 
advance ( x1 :i* repres5t ! result (    
indu/rial & comm]cial int]competition4  
,at all ev5ts1 ! saka  m]*ant or        
manufactur] has a mu* long] inh]itance (
 bus9ess  exp]i5ce ?an 8 rival ( !      
political capital4 ,p]haps ?is may      
p>tly acc\nt = ! ackn[l$g$ sup]iority ( 
saka comm]cial  travel]s2 a mod]niz$    
class1 (f]+ "s rem>kable types4 ,:ile   

j\rney+ by rail or /eam] y may happ5 to 
make ! casual  acqua9tance ( a g5tleman 
^: nationality y _c safely decide  ev5  
aft] "s conv]sation4 ,he is dress$ ) !  
mo/ correct ta/e  9 ! late/ & be/ mode2 
he c talk to y equally well 9 ,fr5*1    
,g]man1 or ,engli%2 he is p]fectly      
c\rte\s1 b able to adapt  himself to !  
mo/ div]se *>act]s2 he kn[s ,europe2 &  
he c  give y extraord9>y in=mation ab\t 
p>ts ( ! ,f> ,ea/ :i*  y h visit$1 &    
also ab\t o!r p>ts ( :i* y d n ev5  "k !
 names4 ,z = ,japan1 he is famili> ) !  
special products  ( e di/rict1 _!       
comp>ative m]its1 _! hi/ory4 ,8 face  is
 pleas+1--nose /raight or slightly      
aquil9e1--m\? veil$ by  a heavy black   
m\/a*e3 ! eye-lids alone give y "s "r to
  suppose t y are conv]s+ ) an ,ori5tal4
 ,su* is "o type (  ! saka comm]cial    
travel] ( #ahif1--;a be+ z f> sup]ior to
  ! av]age ,japanese petty (ficial z a  
pr9ce to a lackey4 ,%\ld  y meet ! same 
man 9 8 own city1 y w\ld probably f9d   
him 9  ,japanese co/ume1--dress$ z only 

a man ( f9e ta/e c le>n h[ to  dress1 & 
look+ r l a ,spani>d or ,italian 9      
disguise ?an a  ,japanese4              
,footnote #a3 ,!re are upw>ds ( f\r     
hundr$ comm]cial companies 9  ,osaka4   
,,ii      ,f ! reputation ( saka z a    
c5tre ( production &  di/ribution1 "o   
w\ld imag9e x ! mo/ mod]niz$1 ! lea/    
*>act]i/ically ,japanese1 ( all         
,japanese cities4 ,b saka is !  rev]se4 
,few] ,we/]n co/umes are to be se5 9    
saka ?an 9 any  o!r l>ge city ( ,japan4 
,no cr[ds are m attractively rob$1 &  no
 /reets m picturesque1 ?an ^? ( ! great 
m>t4    saka is suppos$ to set _m       
fa%ions2 & ! pres5t ones %[ an          
agreeable t5d5cy to v>iety1 ( t9t4 ,:5  
,i fir/ came to ,japan  ! dom9ant colors
 ( male co/ume 7 d>k1--especially d>k   
blue2  any cr[d ( m5 usually pres5t+ a  
mass ( ?is %ade4 ,to-day !  tones are   
light]2 & greys--w>m greys1 /eel greys1 
blui% greys1  purpli% greys--seem to    
pr$om9ate4 ,b !re are also _m pleas+    
v>iations1--bronze-colors1 gold-br[ns1  

tea-colors1 = example4  ,wom5's co/umes 
are ( c\rse m v>i$2 b ! "* ( !  fa%ions 
= adults ( ei!r sex indicates no t5d5cy 
to ab&on !  rules ( sev]e good          
ta/e2--gay colors appe>+ only 9 ! attire
  ( *ildr5 & ( danc+-girls1--to :om are 
grant$ ! privileges  ( p]petual y\?4 ,i 
may obs]ve t ! late/ fa%ion 9 ! silk    
upp]-dress1 or haori1 ( gei%a1 is a     
burn+ sky--blue1--a tropical  color t   
makes ! pr(ession ( ! we>] di/+ui%able  
miles  away4 ,! high]-class gei%a1      
h[ev]1 affect sobriety 9 dress4 ,i  mu/ 
also speak ( ! long ov]coats or         
ov]cloaks worn out-(-doors  9 cold wea!r
 by bo? sexes4 ,t ( ! m5 looks l an     
adaptation  & modification ( our ul/]1 &
 has a little cape atta*$ to x3  !      
mat]ial is wool1 & ! color usually light
 br[n or grey4 ,t  ( ! ladies1 :i* has  
no cape1 is usually ( black broadclo?1 )
  mu* silk b9d+1 & a coll> cut l[ 9     
front4 ,x is button$ f  ?roat to feet1 &
 looks decid$ly g5teel1 ?\gh left v wide
 &  loose at ! back to accommodate ! b[ 

( ! great heavy silk girdle  b5ea?4     
99    ,ar*itecturally n less ?an        
fa%ionably1 saka rema9s almo/ z         
,japanese z anybody c\ld wi%4 ,al?\gh "s
 wide ?or\ghf>es exi/1  mo/ ( ! /reets  
are v n>r[1--ev5 m n>r[ ?an ^? (  ,kyto4
 ,!re are /reets ( ?ree-/ory h\ses &    
/reets ( two-/ory  h\ses2 b !re are     
squ>e miles ( h\ses "o /ory high4 ,!    
great  mass ( ! city is an agglom]ation 
( l[ wood5 build+s )  til$ ro(s4        
,nev]!less ! /reets are m int]e/+1      
bright]1  qua9t] 9 _! signs &           
sign-pa9t+1 ?an ! /reets ( ,tky2  & !   
city z a :ole is m picturesque ?an ,tky 
because ( its  wat]ways4 ,x has n       
inaptly be5 t]m$ ! ,v5ice ( ,japan2 = x 
is trav]s$ 9 all directions by canals1  
besides be+ sep>at$ into  sev]al l>ge   
portions by ! bran*+s ( ! ,yodogawa4 ,! 
/reets  fac+ ! riv] are1 h[ev]1 mu* less
 int]e/+ ?an ! n>r[  canals4    ,any?+ m
 curi\s 9 ! %ape ( a /reet vi/a ?an !   
view  look+ d[n "o ( ^! wat]ways c      
sc>cely be f\nd 9 ,japan4  ,/ill z a    

mirror surface1 ! canal fl[s betwe5 high
 /one  embankm5ts support+ !            
h\ses1--h\ses ( two or ?ree /ories1 all 
sp>r$ out f ! /onework s t _! faades    
bodily ov]hang  ! wat]4 ,!y are huddl$  
toge!r 9 a way sugge/+ pressure f       
beh9d2 & ?is appe>ance ( squeez+ & cr[d+
 is /r5g!n$  by ! abs5ce ( regul>ity 9  
design1--no h\se be+ exactly l  ano!r1 b
 all hav+ an indef9able ,f>-,ea/]n      
que]ness1--a sort  ( racial "*1--t gives
 ! s5sation ( ! v-f>-away 9  place & "t4
 ,!y pu% out funny little gall]ies )    
balu/rades2  b>r$1 project+1 glassless  
w9d[s ) elfi% balconies "u  !m1 &       
rootlets ov] !m l eyebr[s2 ti]s ( til$ &
 tilt$  awn+s2 & great eaves :i*1 9     
c]ta9 h\rs1 ?r[ %ad[s d[n  to !         
f\ndation4 ,z mo/ ( ! timb]-"w is       
d>k1--ei!r )  age or /a9+1--! %ad[s look
 deep] ?an !y really are4 ,)9  !m y cat*
 glimpses ( balcony pill>s1 bamboo      
ladd]s f gall]y  to gall]y1 poli%$      
angles ( jo9]y1--all k9ds ( jutt+ ?+s4  
,at int]vals y c see matt+s hang+ out1 &

 curta9s ( split  bamboo1 & cotton      
hang+s ) big :ite ideographs ^u !m2 &   
all ?is is fai?fully repeat$ upside d[n 
9 ! wat]4 ,! colors  ought to delight an
 arti/1--umb]s & *ocolates &            
*e/nut-br[ns  ( old poli%$ timb]2 w>m   
yell[s ( matt+s & bamboo scre5s2  creamy
 tones ( /ucco$ surfaces2 cool greys (  
til+4444 ,! la/  su* vi/a ,i saw 0      
bewit*$ by a spr+ haze4 ,x 0 e>ly morn+4
  ,two hundr$ y>ds f ! bridge on :i* ,i 
/ood1 ! h\se fronts  began to turn blue2
 f>!r on1 !y 7 transp>5tly vapory2 &    
yet f>!r1 !y seem$ to melt away sudd5ly 
into ! light1--a  procession ( dreams4  
,i wat*$ ! progress ( a boat propell$ by
  a peasant 9 /raw hat & /raw coat1--l !
 peasants ( !  old picture-books4 ,boat 
& man turn$ bright blue & !n grey1  &   
!n1 be=e my eyes1----glid$ into         
,nirvana4 ,! notion (  immat]iality s   
creat$ by t lum9\s haze 0 support$ by ! 
abs5ce ( s\nd2 = ^! canal-/reets are z  
sil5t z ! /reets  ( %ops are noisy4     
99    ,no o!r city 9 ,japan has s _m    

bridges z saka3 w>ds are nam$  aft] !m1 
& di/ances m>k$ by !m1--reckon+ always f
  ,koraiba%i1 ! ,bridge ( ! ,koreans1 z 
a c5tre4 saka p f9d  _! way to any place
 mo/ readily by rememb]+ ! "n ( !       
bridge ne>e/ to x4 ,b z !re are "o      
hundr$ & eighty-n9e  pr9cipal bridges1  
?is me?od ( reckon+ c be ( little s]vice
  to a /rang]4 ,if a bus9ess man1 he c  
f9d :atev] he wants  )\t le>n+ ! names (
 ! bridges4 saka is ! be/-ord]$  city1  
comm]cially1 9 ! empire1 & "o ( !       
be/-ord]$ 9 !  _w4 ,x has always be5 a  
city ( guilds2 & ! v>i\s trades  &      
indu/ries are congregat$ /ill1 accord+  
to anci5t cu/om1 9  special di/ricts or 
p>ticul> /reets4 ,?us all ! money-*ang]s
  are 9 ,kitahama1--! ,lomb>d ,/reet (  
,japan2 ! dry-goods trade  monopolizes  
,honma*i2 ! timb] m]*ants are all 9     
,nagabori  & ,ni%i-,yokobori2 !         
toy-mak]s are 9 ,m9ami ,kiuhojima*i &   
,kita ,midmae2 ! deal]s 9 metal w>es h  
,&ojiba%idri to  !mselves2 ! druggi/s   
are 9 ,do%ima*i1 & ! cab9et-mak]s  9    

,ha*imansuji4 ,s ) _m o!r trades2 & s ) 
! places (  amusem5t4 ,! !atres are 9 ! 
,dtombori2 ! juggl]s1 s+]s1  danc]s1    
acrobats1 & =tune-tell]s 9 ! ,s5ni*imae1
 close by4    ,! c5tral "p ( saka       
conta9s _m v l>ge  build+s1--includ+    
!atres1 refre%m5t-h\ses1 & hotels hav+  
a reputation ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! numb] 
( edifices 9 ,we/]n  /yle is nev]!less  
rem>kably small4 ,!re are inde$ betwe5  
eight & n9e hundr$ factory *imneys2 b ! 
factories1 ) few  exceptions1 are n     
con/ruct$ on ,we/]n plans4 ,! really    
=eign  build+s include a hotel1 a       
prefectual hall ) a mans>d ro(1 a  city 
hall ) a classical por* ( granite       
pill>s1 a good mod]n  po/-(fice1 a m9t1 
an ars5al1 & sundry mills & brew]ies4   
,b ^! are s scatt]$ & situat$ t !y      
really make no  p>ticul> impression at  
v>iance ) ! ,f>-,ea/]n "*  ( ! city4    
,h[ev]1 !re is "o purely =eign corn]1--!
 old  ,concession1 dat+ back to a "t    
be=e ,kob exi/$4 ,its /reets  7 well    
laid out1 & its build+s solidly         

con/ruct$2 b =  v>i\s reasons x has be5 
ab&on$ to ! mission>ies1--only "o  ( !  
old firms1 ) p]haps an ag5cy or two1    
rema9+ op54 ,?is  des]t$ settlem5t is an
 oasis ( sil5ce 9 ! great comm]cial     
wild]ness4#a ,no at-tempts h be5 made by
 ! native m]*ants to  imitate its /yles 
( build+3 inde$1 no ,japanese city %[s  
less  favor ?an saka to ,occid5tal      
ar*itecture4 ,?is is n ?r\gh want  (    
appreciation1 b because ( economical    
exp]i5ce4 saka w  build 9 ,we/]n /yle--)
 /one1 brick1 & iron--only :5 &  :]e !  
advantage ( s do+ is indubitable4 ,!re w
 be no  speculation 9 su* con/ructions1 
z !re has be5 at ,tky3 saka  goes sl[ & 
inve/s ^u c]ta9ties4 ,:5 !re is a       
c]ta9ty1  h] m]*ants c make rem>kable   
(f]s1--l t to ! gov]nm5t  two ye>s ago (
 #ef1jjj1jjj = ! pur*ase & recon/ruction
 ( a  railway4 ,( all ! h\ses 9 ,osaka1 
! (fice ( ! ,asahi ,%imbun  mo/ surpris$
 me4 ,! ,asahi ,%imbun is ! greate/ (   
,japanese  newspap]s1--p]haps ! greate/ 
j\rnal publi%$ 9 any ,ori5tal  language4

 ,x is an illu/rat$ daily1 conduct$ v   
mu* l a ,p>is  newspap]1--publi%+ a     
feuilleton1 translations f =eign        
fiction1 & columns ( light1 witty *att] 
ab\t curr5t ev5ts4 ,x  pays big sums to 
popul> writ]s1 & sp5ds l>gely =         
correspond5ce  & telegraphic news4 ,its 
illu/rations--n[ made by a woman--(f] z 
full a reflection ( all phases (        
,japanese life1 old or new1 z ,pun*     
gives ( ,engli% life4 ,x uses p]fect+   
presses1 *>t]s special  tra9s1 & has a  
circulation rea*+ into mo/ p>ts ( !     
empire4  ,s ,i c]ta9ly expect$ to f9d ! 
,asahi ,%imbun (fice "o (  ! h&some/    
build+s 9 saka4 ,b x prov$ to be an     
old-"t  ,samurai-ya%iki1--ab\t ! mo/    
quiet & mode/-look+ place 9 !  :ole     
di/rict :]e x 0 situat$4    ,i mu/      
confess t all ?is sob] & s5sible        
cons]vatism delight$  me4 ,! competitive
 p[] ( ,japan mu/ long dep5d ^u h] p[]  
to  ma9ta9 ! old simplicity ( life4     
,footnote #a3 ,! =eign legations left   
saka to take %elt] at  ,kob 9 #ahfh1    

dur+ ! civil w>2 = !y c\ld n be v well  
protect$ by _! m5-(-w> 9 saka4 ,kob once
 settl$1 !  advantages (f]$ by its deep 
h>bor settl$ ! fate ( ! saka            
,concession4        ,,iii      saka is !
 great comm]cial s*ool ( ! empire4 ,f   
all p>ts (  ,japan lads are s5t !re to  
le>n p>ticul> bran*es ( indu/ry  or     
trade4 ,!re are ho/s ( applications =   
any vacancy2 & !  bus9ess m5 are said to
 be v cauti\s 9 *oos+ _! det*i1  or     
appr5tice-cl]ks4 ,c>eful inquiries are  
made z to ! p]sonal  "* & family hi/ory 
( applicants4 ,no money is paid by !    
p>5ts or relatives ( ! appr5tices4 ,!   
t]m ( s]vice v>ies  accord+ to ! nature 
( ! trade or indu/ry2 b x is g5]ally  q 
z long z ! t]m ( appr5tice%ip 9 ,europe2
 & 9 "s  bran*es ( bus9ess x may be f   
twelve to f\rte5 ye>s4 ,su*1  ,i am     
told1 is ! "t ( s]vice usually exact$ 9 
! dry goods  bus9ess2 & ! det*i 9 a dry 
goods h\se may h to "w fifte5  h\rs a   
day1 ) n m ?an "o holiday a mon?4 ,dur+ 
! :ole  ( 8 appr5tice%ip he receives no 

wages :atev]1--no?+ b  8 bo>d1 lodg+1 & 
absolutely necess>y clo?+4 ,8 ma/] is   
suppos$ to furni% him ) two robes a ye>1
 & to keep him 9  s&als1 or geta4       
,p]haps on "s great holiday he may be   
pres5t$  ) a small gift ( pocket        
money2--b ?is is n 9 ! bond4 ,:5  8 t]m 
( s]vice ends1 h[ev]1 8 ma/] ei!r gives 
him capital  en\gh to beg9 trade =      
himself on a small scale1 or f9ds "s    
o!r way ( assi/+ him sub/antially1--by  
cr$it1 = in/ance4  ,_m det*i m>ry _!    
employ]s' daught]s1 9 :i* ev5t ! "y     
c\ple are almo/ sure ( gett+ a good />t 
9 life4    ,! discipl9e ( ^! long       
appr5tice%ips may be consid]$ a sev]e   
te/ ( "*4 ,?\gh a det*i is nev] address$
 h>%ly1 he has  to be> :at no ,european 
cl]k w\ld be>4 ,he has no leisure1--no  
"t  ( 8 own except ! "t necess>y =      
sleep2 he mu/ "w quietly  b /eadily f   
dawn till late 9 ! ev5+2 he mu/ cont5t  
himself ) ! simple/ diet1 mu/ keep      
himself neat1 & mu/ nev]  %[ ill-temp]4 
,wild oats he is n suppos$ to h1 & no   

*ance is  giv5 him to s[ !m4 ,"s det*i  
nev] ev5 leave _! %op1 night  or day1 = 
mon?s at a "t1--sleep+ on ! same mats   
:]e !y  sit 9 bus9ess h\rs4 ,! tra9$    
salesm5 9 ! great silk /ores  are       
especially conf9$ )9 doors1--& _!       
unheal?y pallor is  prov]bial4 ,ye> aft]
 ye> !y squat 9 ! same place1 = twelve  
or  fifte5 h\rs e day2 & y wond] :y _!  
legs d n fall (f1  l ^? ( ,d>uma4#a     
,occasionally !re are moral break-d[ns4 
,p]haps a det*i  misappropriates "s ( ! 
%op money1 & sp5ds ! same 9 riot\s      
liv+4 ,p]haps he does ev5 worse4 ,b1    
:atev] ! matt] may be1  he seldom ?9ks (
 runn+ away4 ,if he takes a spree1 he   
hides himself  aft] x = a day or        
two2--!n returns ( 8 own accord to      
confess1  & ask p>don4 ,he w be =giv5 = 
two1 ?ree1 p]haps ev5 f\r               
escapades1--provid$ t he %[s no signs ( 
a really evil he>t1  -& be lectur$ ab\t 
8 weakness 9 its relation to 8          
prospects1  to ! feel+s ( 8 family1 to !
 honor ( 8 ance/ors1 & to  bus9ess      

requirem5ts 9 g5]al4 ,! difficulties ( 8
 position are  k9dly consid]$1 & he is  
nev] dis*>g$ = a small misdemeanor4  ,a 
dismissal w\ld probably ru9 him = life2 
& e c>e is tak5  to op5 8 eyes to c]ta9 
dang]s4 saka is really ! mo/ unsafe     
place 9 ,japan to play ! fool 92--its   
dang]\s & vici\s classes  are m to be   
fe>$ ?an ^? ( ! capital2 & ! daily news 
(  ! great city furni%es ! appr5tice )  
t]rible examples ( m5  r$uc$ to pov]ty  
or driv5 to self-de/ruction ?r\gh       
neglect (  ^? v rules ( conduct :i* x is
 "p ( 8 duty to le>n4    ,9 cases :]e   
det*i are tak5 into s]vice at a v e>ly  
age1 &  br\ght up 9 ! %op almo/ l adopt$
 sons1 a v /rong bond  ( affection      
betwe5 ma/] & appr5tice is sometimes    
e/abli%$4  ,in/ances ( extraord9>y      
devotion to ma/]s1 or memb]s ( ma/]s'   
h\seholds1 are (t5 report$4 ,sometimes !
 bankrupt m]*ant is  re/abli%$ 9 bus9ess
 by 8 =m] cl]k4 ,sometimes1 aga91 !     
affection ( a det*i may exhibit itself 9
 /range extremes4 ,la/  ye> !re 0 a     

curi\s case4 ,! only son ( a m]*ant--a  
lad (  twelve--di$ ( *ol]a dur+ !       
epidemic4 ,a det*i ( f\rte51 :o  _h be5 
mu* atta*$ to ! dead boy1 committ$      
suicide %ortly aft]  ! fun]al by ?r[+   
himself d[n 9 front ( a tra94 ,he left a
  lett]1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a tol]ably   
close translation1--!  selfi% pron\ns   
be+ abs5t 9 ! orig9al3    ,v long "t 91 
augu/ help receiv$2--honorable m]cy ev51
 n  9 words to be decl>$4 ,n[ go+ to    
die1 unfai?ful 9 excess2--yet  ano!r    
/ate 91 mak+ rebir?1 honorable m]cy w   
repay4 ,_s  anxi\s only 9 ! matt] (     
little si/] ,o-,noto2--) humble         
salutation1 t %e be honorably se5 to1   
supplicate4    ,to ! ,augu/ ,"l ,ma/]1  
,f    ,,mano ,,yo%imatsu4      ,footnote
 #a3 ,9 ,japanese popul> leg5d1 ,d>uma  
7,bodhidh>ma71 !  great ,buddhi/ patri>*
 & mission>y1 is said to h lo/ 8 legs   
dur+ a m$itation :i* la/$ un9t]rupt$ly =
 n9e ye>s4 ,a  common *ild's toy is a   
comical figure ( ,d>uma1 )\t legs1 & s  
weight$ )9 t1 no matt] h[ ?r[n d[n1 x w 

always assume  an upright position4     
,,iv      ,x is n true t ,old ,japan is 
rapidly disappe>+4 ,x _c  disappe> )9 at
 lea/ ano!r hundr$ ye>s2 p]haps x w nev]
  entirely disappe>4 ,_m curi\s &       
beautiful ?+s h vani%$2  b ,old ,japan  
survives 9 art1 9 fai?1 9 cu/oms &      
habits1 9  ! he>ts & ! homes ( ! p3 x   
may be f\nd ev]y:]e  by ^? :o "k h[ to  
look = x1--& n[h]e m easily ?an  9 ?is  
great city ( %ip-build+1 wat*-mak+1     
be]-brew+1 &  cotton-sp9n+4 ,i confess t
 ,i w5t to saka *iefly to see !         
temples1 especially ! fam\s ,t5nji4     
,t5nji1 or1 m correctly1 ,%it5nji1 !    
,temple ( ! ,f\r ,deva  ,k+s1#a is "o ( 
! olde/ ,buddhi/ temples 9 ,japan4 ,x 0 
f\nd$ e>ly 9 ! sev5? c5tury by          
,umayado-no-,oji1 n[ call$  ,%toku      
,tai%i1 son ( ! ,emp]or ,ymei1 & pr9ce  
reg5t "u !  ,empress ,suiko 7#egb-fba   
,a4 ,d474 ,he has be5 well call$ !      
,con/ant9e  ( ,japanese ,buddhism2 = he 
decid$ ! future ( ,buddhism 9 !         
,empire1 fir/ by a great battle 9 !     

reign ( 8 fa!r1 ,yomei  ,t5n1 & aft]w>ds
 by legal enactm5ts & by ! patronage (  
,buddhi/ le>n+4 ,! previ\s ,emp]or1     
,bitatsu ,t5n1 _h p]mitt$  ! prea*+ (   
,buddhism by ,korean prie/s1 & _h built 
two temples4  ,b "u ! reign ( ,yomei1 "o
 ,mononob no ,moriya1 a p[]ful  noble1 &
 a bitt] oppon5t ( ! =eign religion1    
rebell$ aga9/  su* tol]ance1 burn$ !    
temples1 bani%$ ! prie/s1 & (f]$  battle
 to ! imp]ial =ces4 ,^!1 tradition says1
 7 be+ driv5  back :5 ! ,emp]or's       
son--!n only sixte5 ye>s old--v[$ if    
victori\s to build a temple to ! ,f\r   
,deva ,k+s4 ,in/antly at 8  side 9 !    
fight !re t[]$ a colossal figure f be=e 
^:  face ! p[]s ( ,moriya broke & fl$   
away4 ,! r\t ( ! enemies  ( ,buddhism 0 
complete & t]rible2 & ! "y pr9ce1       
!reaft]  call$ ,%toku ,tai%i1 kept 8 v[4
 ,! temple ( ,t5nji 0 built1  & ! weal? 
( ! rebel ,moriya appli$ to its         
ma9t5ance4 ,9 t  "p ( x call$ ! ,kond1  
or ,hall ( ,gold1 ,%toku ,tai%i en%r9$  
! fir/ ,buddhi/ image ev] br\ght to     

,japan1--a figure ( ,nyo-i-r9  ,kwannon1
 or ,kwannon ( ! ,circle ( ,wi%es1--& ! 
/atue is /ill  %[n to ! public on c]ta9 
fe/ival days4 ,! trem5d\s app>ition  9 !
 battle is said to h be5 "o ( ! ,f\r    
,k+s1--,bi%amon  7,vaisravana71 wor%ip$ 
to ?is day z a giv] ( victory4    ,!    
s5sation receiv$ on pass+ out ( !       
bright1 n>r[1  busy /reets ( %ops into !
 m\ld]+ c\rts ( ,t5nji is               
indescribable4 ,ev5 = a ,japanese ,i    
imag9e x mu/ be l a  s5sation ( !       
sup]natural1--a return 9 memory to !    
life (  twelve hundr$ ye>s ago1 to ! "t 
( ! e>lie/ ,buddhi/ mission  "w 9       
,japan4 ,symbols ( ! fai?1 t else:]e _h 
become =  me conv5tionally famili>1 "h  
seem$ b half famili>1 exotic1           
prototypal2 & ?+s nev] be=e se5 gave me 
! />tl+  notion ( a "t & place out (    
exi/+ life4 ,z a matt] ( fact1  v little
 rema9s ( ! orig9al /ructure ( ! temple2
 p>ts  h be5 burn$1 p>ts r5ovat$4 ,b !  
impression is /ill v  peculi>1 because !
 rebuild]s & ! r5ovators always foll[$  

! orig9al plans1 made by "s great       
,korean or ,*9ese ar*itect4  ,any       
attempt to write ( ! antique aspect1 !  
que] melan*oly  beauty ( ! place1 w\ld  
be hopeless4 ,to "k :at ,t5nji is1 "o   
mu/ see ! weirdness ( its decay1--!     
beautiful neutral tones (  old timb]s1 !
 fad+ spectral greys & yell[s (         
wall-surfaces1  ! ecc5tricities (       
disjo9t+1 ! extraord9>y c>v+s "u        
eaves1--c>v+s ( waves & cl\ds & dragons 
& demons1 once  spl5did ) lacqu] & gold1
 n[ "t-:it5$ to ! t9t ( smoke1  & look+ 
z if ab\t to curl away l smoke & vani%4 
,! mo/  rem>kable ( ^! c>v+s belong to a
 fanta/ic five-/ori$ pagoda1  n[ ru9\s3 
ne>ly all ! braz5 w9d-bells susp5d$ to !
 angles  ( its ti]s ( ro(s h fall54     
,pagoda & temple prop] occupy a         
quadrangul> c\rt surr\nd$ by an op5     
cloi/]4 ,beyond are o!r  c\rts1 a       
,buddhi/ s*ool1 & an imm5se pond peopl$ 
by tortoises &  cross$ by a massive /one
 bridge4 ,!re are /atues & /one lamps  &
 lions & an enorm\s temple-drum2--!re   

are boo?s = ! sale  ( toys &            
oddities2--!re are re/+-places :]e tea  
is s]v$1  & cake-/&s :]e y c buy cakes =
 ! tortoises or = a pet  de]1 :i*       
approa*es ! visitor1 b[+ its sleek head 
to beg4 ,!re  is a two-/ori$ gateway    
gu>d$ by huge images ( ! ,ni-1--,ni-  ) 
arms & legs muscl$ l ! limbs ( k+s 9 !  
,assyrian  sculptures1 & bodies speckl$ 
all ov] ) little balls ( :ite  pap] spat
 ^u !m by ! fai?ful4 ,!re is ano!r      
gateway ^:  *amb]s are empty2--p]haps !y
 once conta9$ images ( ! ,f\r  ,deva    
,k+s4 ,!re are ev] s _m curi\s ?+s2 b ,i
 %all only  v5ture to describe two or   
?ree ( my que]e/ exp]i5ces4    ,fir/ (  
all1 ,i f\nd ! confirmation ( a c]ta9   
suspicion t _h  come to me z ,i ent]$ ! 
temple prec9cts1--! suspicion t !  =ms (
 wor%ip 7 peculi> z ! build+s4 ,i c give
 no reason  = ?is feel+2 ,i c only say  
t1 imm$iately aft] pass+ !  out] gate1  
,i _h a premonition ( be+ ab\t to see ! 
extraord9>y  9 religion z well z 9      
ar*itecture4 ,& ,i pres5tly saw x 9 !   

bell-t[]1--a two-/ory ,*9ese-look+      
/ructure1 :]e !re is  a bell call$ !    
,ind-no-,kane1 or ,guid+-,bell1 because 
its s\nds  guide ! gho/s ( *ildr5 ?r\gh 
! d>k4 ,! l[] *amb] (  ! bell-t[] is    
fitt$ up z a *apel4 ,at ! fir/ glance ,i
 notic$  only t a ,buddhi/ s]vice 0 go+ 
on2 ,i saw tap]s burn+1 !  gold5 glimm] 
( a %r9e1 inc5se smok+1 a prie/ at      
pray]1  wom5 & *ildr5 kneel+4 ,b z ,i   
/opp$ = a mom5t be=e !  entrance to     
obs]ve ! image 9 ! %r9e1 ,i sudd5ly     
became aw>e  ( ! unfamili>1 ! a/oni%+4  
,on %elves & /&s at ei!r  side ( ! %r9e1
 & above x & bel[ x & beyond x1 7  rang$
 hundr$s ( *ildr5's ihai1 or mortu>y    
tablets1 & )  !m ?\s&s ( toys2 little   
dogs & horses & c[s1 & w>riors  & drums 
& trumpets1 & pa/ebo>d armor & wood5    
swords1 &  dolls & kites & masks &      
monkeys1 & models ( boats1 & baby       
tea-sets & baby-furniture1 & :irligigs &
 comical images ( !  ,gods ( ,good      
,=tune1--toys mod]n & toys ( fa%ion     
=gott51--toys  accumulat$ ?r\gh         

c5turies1--toys ( :ole g5]ations ( dead 
*ildr54 ,f ! ceil+1 & close to !        
entrance1 hung d[n a  great heavy       
bell-rope1 ne>ly f\r in*es 9 diamet] & (
 _m  colors1--! rope ( ! ,ind-,kan4 ,& t
 rope 0 made ( ! bibs  ( dead           
*ildr51--yell[1 blue1 sc>let1 purple    
bibs1 & bibs (  all int]m$iate %ades4 ,!
 ceil+ itself 0 invisible1--hidd5 f     
view by hundr$s ( t9y dresses           
susp5d$1--dresses ( dead *ildr54        
,little boys & girls1 kneel+ or play+ on
 ! matt+ beside !  prie/1 _h br\ght toys
 ) !m1 to be deposit$ 9 ! *apel1  be=e !
 tablet ( "s lo/ bro!r or si/]4 ,e mom5t
 "s  b]eav$ fa!r or "m w\ld come to !   
door1 pull ! bell-rope1  ?r[ "s copp]   
money on ! matt+1 & make a pray]4 ,ea*  
"t  ! bell s\nds1 "s little gho/ is     
believ$ to he>1--p]haps ev5  to f9d its 
way back = "o m look at lov$ toys &     
faces4 ,!  pla9tive murmur ( ,namu      
,amida ,butsu2 ! clang+ ( ! bell2 !     
deep humm+ ( ! prie/'s voice1 recit+ !  
,sutras2 ! t9kle  ( fall+ co92 ! sweet1 

heavy smell ( inc5se2 ! passionless     
gold5 beauty ( ! ,buddha 9 8 %r9e2 !    
colorific radiance (  ! toys2 ! %ad[+ ( 
! baby-dresses2 ! v>iegat$ wond] (  t   
bell-rope ( bibs2 ! happy laught] ( !   
little folk at play  on ! floor1--all   
made = me an exp]i5ce ( weird pa?os nev]
 to  be =gott54    99    ,n f> f !      
bell-t[] is ano!r curi\s build+1 :i*    
%elt]s  a sacr$ spr+4 ,9 ! middle ( !   
floor is an op5+1 p]haps t5  feet long  
by eight wide1 surr\nd$ by a rail+4     
,look+ d[n ov]  ! rail+1 y see1 9 !     
dimness bel[1 a l>ge /one bas91 into    
:i* wat] is p\r+ f ! m\? ( a great /one 
tortoise1 black  ) age1 & only half     
visible1--its h9d] "p rea*+ back into  !
 d>kness "u ! floor4 ,?is wat] is call$ 
! ,spr+ ( !  ,tortoise1--,kam-i-,sui4 ,!
 bas9 into :i* x fl[s is m ?an half     
full ( :ite pap]1--c\ntless slips ( :ite
 pap]1 ea* be>+ 9  ,*9ese text ! kaimy1 
or ,buddhi/ po/hum\s "n ( a dead p]son4 
,9 a matt$ recess ( ! build+ sits a     
prie/ :o = a small fee  writes ! kaimy4 

,! pur*as]--relative or fri5d ( !       
dead--puts  "o end ( ! writt5 slip into 
! m\? ( a bamboo cup1 or r  bamboo jo9t1
 fix$ at "r angles to ! end ( a long    
pole4 ,by aid  ( ?is pole he l[]s !     
pap]1 ) ! writt5 side up1 to !  m\? ( ! 
tortoise1 & holds x "u ! gu% (          
wat]1--repeat+  a ,buddhi/ invocation ! 
:ile1--till x is wa%$ out into ! bas94  
,:5 ,i visit$ ! spr+ !re 0 a d5se cr[d2 
& sev]al kaimy  7 be+ held "u ! m\? ( ! 
tortoise2--numb]s ( pi\s  folk meantime 
wait+1 ) pap]s 9 _! h&s1 = a *ance to   
use  ! poles4 ,! murmur+ ( ,namu ,amida 
,butsu 0 itself l !  s\nd ( ru%+ wat]4  
,i 0 told t ! bas9 becomes fill$ )      
kaimy e few days2--!n x is empti$1 & !  
pap]s burn$4 ,if  ?is be true1 x is a   
rem>kable pro( ( ! =ce ( ,buddhi/ fai?  
9 ?is busy comm]cial city2 = _m ?\s&s ( 
su* slips (  pap] w\ld be ne$$ to fill !
 bas94 ,x is said t ! wat]  be>s ! names
 ( ! dead & ! pray]s ( ! liv+ to ,%toku 
,tai%i1 :o uses 8 p[]s ( int]cession )  
,amida on behalf ( !  fai?ful4    ,9 !  

*apel call$ ! ,tai%i-,d !re are /atues (
 ,%toku ,tai%i  & 8 att5d-ants4 ,!      
figure ( ! pr9ce1 seat$ ^u a *air  (    
honor1 is life-size & color$2 he is     
attir$ 9 ! fa%ion (  twelve hundr$ ye>s 
ago1 we>+ a picturesque cap1 & ,*9ese or
  ,korean %oes ) po9ts turn$ up4 ,"o may
 see ! same co/ume 9 !  designs ^u v old
 porcela9s or v old scre5s4 ,b ! face1  
9 spite ( its droop+ ,*9ese m\/a*es1 is 
a typical ,japanese  face1--dignifi$1   
k9dly1 passionless4 ,i turn$ f ! faces (
 !  /atues to ! faces ( ! p ab\t me to  
see ! same types1--to  meet ! same      
quiet1 half-curi\s1 inscrutable gaze4   
99    ,9 p[]ful contra/ to ! anci5t     
/ructures ( ,t5nji are ! va/  ,ni%i &   
,higa%i ,hongwanji1 almo/ exact         
c\nt]p>ts ( ! ,ni%i  & ,higa%i          
,hongwanji ( ,tokyo4 ,ne>ly e great city
 ( ,japan has  a pair ( su* ,hongwanji  
7,temples ( ! ,true ,v[7--"o belong+ to 
! ,we/]n 7,ni%i71 ! o!r to ! ,ea/]n     
7,higa%i7 bran* (  ?is great ,%9 sect1  
f\nd$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4#b ,v>y+  9    

dim5sion accord+ to ! weal? & religi\s  
importance ( !  locality1 b usually     
built ^u ! same g5]al plan1 !y may be   
said to repres5t ! mo/ mod]n & ! mo/    
purely ,japanese =m (  ,buddhi/         
ar*itecture1--imm5se1 dignifi$1         
magnific5t4    ,b !y likewise repres5t !
 almo/ prote/ant sev]ity ( !  rite 9    
reg>d to symbols1 icons1 & ext]nal =ms4 
,_! pla9  & pond]\s gates are nev] gu>d$
 by ! giant ,ni-2--!re is  no sw>m+ (   
dragons & demons "u _! enorm\s          
eaves2--no  gold5 ho/s ( ,buddhas or    
,bodhisattvas rise1 rank on rank1 by    
ti]s (  aureoles1 ?r\gh ! twilight ( _! 
sanctu>ies2--no curi\s or  t\*+         
witnesses ( grateful fai? are ev]       
susp5d$ f _! high  ceil+s1 or hung be=e 
_! alt>s1 or fa/5$ to ! grat+s (  _!    
doorways2--!y conta9 no ex-votos1 no    
pap] knots record+  pray]1 no symbolic  
image b "o1--& t usually small1--!      
figure  ( ,amida4 ,probably ! read] kn[s
 t ! ,hongwanji sect repres5ts  a       
movem5t 9 ,buddhism n altoge!r unlike t 

:i* ,unit>ianism  repres5ts 9 ,lib]al   
,*ri/ianity4 ,9 its rejection ( celibacy
 & (  all ascetic practices2 its        
prohibition ( *>ms1 div9ations1 votive  
(f]+s1 & ev5 ( all pray] except+ pray] =
 salvation2 its  insi/5ce ^u indu/ri\s  
ef=t z ! duty ( life2 its ma9t5ance  ( !
 sanctity ( m>riage z a religi\s bond2  
its doctr9e ( "o  et]nal ,buddha z ,fa!r
 & ,savi\r2 its promise ( ,p>adise aft] 
dea? z ! imm$iate rew>d ( a good life2  
&1 above all1 9 its  educational        
zeal1--! religion ( ! ,sect ( ! ,pure   
,l& may  be ju/ly said to h mu* 9 common
 ) ! progressive =ms (  ,we/]n          
,*ri/ianity1 & x has c]ta9ly won !      
respect ( !  few m5 ( culture :o f9d _! 
way into ! mission>y legion4  ,judg$ by 
its weal?1 its respectability1 & its    
antagonism to !  gross] =ms ( ,buddhi/  
sup]/ition1 x might be suppos$ ! lea/   
emotional ( all =ms ( ,buddhism4 ,b 9 "s
 respects x is probably  ! mo/          
emotional4 ,no o!r ,buddhi/ sect c make 
su* appeals to  ! fai? & love ( ! common

 p z ^? :i* br\ght into  be+ ! amaz+    
,ea/]n ,hongwanji temple ( ,kyoto4 ,yet 
:ile able  to rea* ! simple/ m9ds by    
special me?ods ( doctr9al tea*+1  !     
,hongwanji cult c make equally /rong    
appeal to ! intellectual  classes by    
reason ( its s*ol>%ip4 ,n a few ( its   
prie/s are  graduates ( ! lead+         
univ]sities ( ! ,we/2 & "s h won        
,european reputations 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts 
( ,buddhi/ le>n+4  ,:e!r ! old] ,buddhi/
 sects are likely to dw9dle away be=e ! 
con/antly increas+ p[] ( ! ,%9% is at   
lea/ an int]e/+  "q4 ,c]ta9ly ! latt]   
has ev]y?+ 9 its favor1--imp]ial        
recognition1 weal?1 culture1 & solidity 
( organization4 ,on !  o!r h&1 "o is    
tempt$ to d\bt ! efficacy ( su*         
advantages  9 a w>f>e aga9/ habits (    
?\ght & feel+ old] by _m  c5turies ?an  
,%9%4 ,p]haps ! ,occid5t furni%es a     
prec$5t on  :i* to base pr$ictions4     
,rememb]+ h[ /rong ,roman ,ca?olicism   
rema9s to-day1 h[ little x has *ang$    
s9ce ! days ( ,lu!r1 h[  impot5t our    

progressive cre$s to satisfy ! old      
spiritual hung]  = "s visible object (  
wor%ip1--some?+ to t\*1 or put close  to
 ! he>t1--x becomes difficult to believe
 t ! iconolatry  ( ! m anci5t ,buddhi/  
sects w n cont9ue = hundr$s (  ye>s to  
keep a l>ge place 9 popul> affection4   
,aga91 x is wor?y  ( rem>k t "o curi\s  
ob/acle to ! expansion ( ! ,%9%  is to  
be f\nd 9 a v deeply root$ race feel+ on
 ! subject (  self-sacrifice4 ,al?\gh   
mu* corruption und\bt$ly exi/s 9 !  old]
 sects1--al?\gh numb]s ( _! prie/s d n  
ev5 pret5d  to obs]ve ! v[s reg>d+ diet 
& celibacy1#c--! anci5t  ideals are by  
no means dead2 & ! majority ( ,japanese 
,buddhi/s  /ill disapprove ( !          
relatively pleasurable lives ( ! ,%9%   
prie/hood4 ,9 "s ( ! remot] prov9ces1   
:]e ,%9% is view$  ) especial disfavor1 
"o may (t5 he> *ildr5 s++ a naughty     
song 7,%9% bozu e mon da671 :i* might   
?us be freely r5d]$3--4        ,%9%     
prie/ to be1      --,:at a nice ?+6     
,wife has1 *ild has1      ,good fi%     

eats4    ,x rem9d$ me ( ^? popul>       
criticisms ( ,buddhi/ conduct utt]$  9 !
 "t ( ! ,buddha himself1 & s (t5 record$
 9 ! ,v9aya  texts1--almo/ l a refra93--
    ,!n ! p 7 annoy$2 & !y murmur$ &    
compla9$1  say+3 ',^! act l m5 :o are   
/ill enjoy+ ! pleasures (  ?is _w6' ,&  
!y told ! ?+ to ! ,bless$ ,"o4          
,besides ,t5nji1 ,osaka has _m fam\s    
temples1 bo? ,buddhi/ &  ,%9to1 ) v     
anci5t hi/ories4 ,( su* is              
,kzu-no-ya%iro1 :]e  ! p pray to ! _s ( 
,n9toku1--mo/ belov$ 9 memory  ( all    
,japanese emp]ors4 ,he _h a palace on ! 
same hill :]e 8  %r9e n[ /&s2 & ?is     
site--:5ce a f9e view ( ! city c be     
obta9$--is ! sc5e ( a pleas+ leg5d      
pres]v$ 9 ! ,kojiki3--        ,!reupon !
 ,heav5ly ,sov]eign1 asc5d+ a l(ty      
m\nta9 & look+ on ! l& all r\nd1 spoke1 
say+3--',9 ! :ole l& !re rises no smoke2
 !      l& is all pov]ty-/rick54 ,s ,i  
remit all ! p's      taxes & =c$ labor f
 n[ till ?ree ye>s h5ce4'      ,!reupon 
! great palace became dilapidat$1 & !   

ra9 leak$ 9 ev]y:]e2 b no repairs 7     
made4 ,!      ra9 t leak$ 9 0 caught 9  
tr\ghs1 & ! inmates      remov$ to      
places :]e !re 0 no leakage4 ,:5 lat]   
! ,heav5ly ,sov]eign look$ ^u ! l&1 !   
smoke 0      abundant 9 ! l&4 ,s1 f9d+ !
 p ri*1 he n[      exact$ taxes & =c$   
labor4 ,!re=e ! peasantry      prosp]$1 
& did n suff] f ! =c$ labor4 ,s1 9      
praise ( t augu/ reign1 x 0 call$ !     
,reign ( !      ,emp]or-,sage4#d    ,t 0
 fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,n[1 c\ld !    
good ,emp]or see1  f 8 %r9e ( ,kzu1--z  
?\s&s mu/ believe he does1--! smoke  (  
mod]n ,osaka1 he might well ?9k1 ,my p  
are becom+ too ri*4    ,outside ( ! city
 !re is a /ill m fam\s ,%9t temple1     
,sumiyo%i1 d$icat$ to c]ta9 sea-gods :o 
aid$ ! ,empress ,j+  to conqu] ,korea4  
,at ,sumiyo%i !re are pretty            
*ild-prie/esses1  & beautiful gr\nds1 & 
an enorm\s pond spann$ by a bridge s    
hump$ t1 to cross x )\t tak+ (f y\r     
%oes1 y mu/ cl+  to ! p>apet4 ,at ,sakai
 !re is ! ,buddhi/ temple ( ,mykokuji1  

9 ! g>d5 ( :i* are "s v old             
palm-trees2--"o ( !m1  remov$ by        
,nobunaga 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 is said to
 h cri$  out & lam5t$ until x 0 tak5    
back to ! temple4 ,y see !  gr\nd "u ^! 
palms cov]$ ) :at looks l a ?ick1 %9y1  
disord]$ mass ( fur1--half r$di% & half 
silv]y grey4 ,x is n  fur4 ,x is a heap+
 ( millions ( ne$les ?r[n !re by        
pilgrims  to fe$ ! palms1 because ^!    
trees are said to love iron & to  be    
/r5g!n$ by absorb+ its ru/4    ,speak+ (
 trees1 ,i may m5tion ! ,naniwaya       
,kasa-matsu1 or  ,hat-,p9e1--n s mu*    
because x is an extraord9>y tree z      
because  x supports a l>ge family :o    
keep a little tea-h\se on ! road  to    
,sakai4 ,! bran*es ( ! tree h be5 tra9$ 
out-w>ds &  d[nw>ds ov] a framework (   
poles1 s t ! :ole pres5ts !  appe>ance (
 an enorm\s gre5 hat ( ! %ape worn by   
peasants &  call$ ,kasa4 ,! p9e is      
sc>cely six feet high1 b cov]s p]haps   
tw5ty squ>e y>ds2--its trunk1 ( c\rse1 n
 be+ visible at all  f outside !        

framework support+ ! bran*es4 ,_m p     
visit  ! h\se to look at ! p9e & dr9k a 
cup ( tea2 & ne>ly e  visitor buys "s   
mem5to ( x1--p]haps a woodcut ( ! tree1 
or  a pr9t$ copy ( v]ses writt5 by "s   
poet 9 praise ( x1 or a  girl's hairp91 
! top ( :i* is a p]fect little gre5     
model ox  ! tree1--framework ( poles &  
all1--) "o t9y /ork p]*$ on  x1 ,! own]s
 ( ! ,naniwaya1 z _! tea-h\se is call$1 
are n  only able to make a good liv+1 b 
to educate _! *ildr51 by !  exhibition (
 ?is tree1 & ! sale ( su* mem5tos4    99
    ,i d n int5d to tax my read]'s      
pati5ce by descriptions ( !  o!r fam\s  
temples ( saka1--sev]al ( :i* are       
enorm\sly old1  & h mo/ curi\s leg5ds   
atta*$ to !m4 ,b ,i may v5ture a  few   
words ab\t ! cemet]y ( ! ,temple ( ,"o  
,s\l1--or bett]1  p]haps1 ! ,temple ( a 
,s+le ,m9d3 ,is%9ji4 ,! monum5ts !re are
  ! mo/ extraord9>y ,i ev] saw4 ,ne> !  
ma9 gate is ! tomb (  a                 
wre/l]1--,asahigor ,ha*ir4 ,8 "n is     
*isel$ ^u a big disk  ( /one1 probably  

weigh+ a ton2 & ?is disk is support$ on 
!  back ( a /one image ( a wre/l]1--a   
grotesque figure1 ) gild$  eyes />t+ f  
_! sockets1 & features app>5tly di/ort$ 
by ef=t4 ,x is a v que]                 
?+1--half-comical1 half-furi\s (        
aspect4 ,close by is ! tomb ( "o        
,hirayama ,hanibei1--a monum5t  %ap$ l a
 hytan1--t is to say1 l a w9e-g\rd su* z
  travel]s use = c>ry+ sak4 ,! mo/ usual
 =m ( hytan  resembles t ( an h\r-glass1
 except t ! l[] "p is  some:at l>g] ?an 
! upp]2 & ! vessel c only /& upright  :5
 full or p>tly full1--s t 9 a ,japanese 
song ! w9e-lov] is  made to say to 8    
g\rd1 ,) y ,i fall4 ,app>5tly ! mighty  
to dr9k w9e h a di/rict all to !mselves 
9 ?is cemet]y2 =  !re are sev]al o!r    
monum5ts ( l =m 9 ! same r[1--also  "o  
%ap$ l a v l>ge sak-bottle              
7is%dokkuri71#e on :i*  is inscrib$ a   
v]se n tak5 f ! sutras4 ,b ! odde/      
monum5t  ( all is a great /one badg]1   
sitt+ upright1 & seem+ to /rike  its    
belly ) its =e-paws4 ,on ! belly is cut 

a "n1 ,in\y  ,d5nosuk1 toge!r ) !       
v]se3--        ,tsuki yo yo%i           
,nembutsu tonaite      ,h>a tsudzumi4   
,:i* means ab\t z foll[s3--,on f9e      
moonlight-nights1 repeat+  ! ,nembutsu1 
,i play ! belly-drum4 ,! fl[]-vases are 
9 ! =m  ( sak-bottles4 ,artificial      
rock-"w supports ! monum5t2 & "h  & !re1
 among ! rocks1 are small] figures (    
badg]s1 dress$  l ,buddhi/ prie/s       
7tanuki-bozu74 ,my read]s probably "k t 
! ,japanese tanuki#f is cr$it$ ) ! p[] (
 assum+ human  %ape1 & ( mak+ musical   
s\nds l ! boom+ ( a h&-drum  by tapp+ ^u
 its belly4 ,x is said (t5 to disguise  
itself z  a ,buddhi/ prie/ = mis*iev\s  
purposes1 & to be v fond (  sak4 ,(     
c\rse1 su* images 9 a cemet]y repres5t  
no?+ m ?an  ecc5tricities1 & are judg$  
to be 9 bad ta/e4 ,"o is rem9d$  ( c]ta9
 jocose pa9t+s & inscriptions ^u ,greek 
& ,roman  tombs1 express+ 9 reg>d to    
dea?--or r 9 reg>d to life--a  s5tim5t1 
or an affectation ( s5tim5t1 repell5t to
 mod]n feel+4      ,footnote #a3 ,!y    

def5d ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,9 ,japanese 
_! names are ,jikoku1 ,komoku1 ,zo*o1   
,bi%amon 7or ,tamon72--9  ,sanscrit1    
,dhrit>a%tra1 ,virupak%a1 ,virudhaka1 & 
,vaisravana1--!  ,kuv]a (1 ,brahmanism4 
,footnote #b3 ,! division ( ! sect dur+ 
! sev5te5? c5tury  into two bran*es _h a
 political1 n a religi\s cause2 & !     
sections rema9 religi\sly unit$4 ,_!    
abbots are ( ,imp]ial  desc5t1 :5ce _!  
title ( ,monzeki1 or ,imp]ial ,(fspr+4  
,travel]s may obs]ve t ! walls inclos+ !
 temple gr\nds (  ?is sect be> ! same   
decorative m\ld+s z ^? ( ! walls (  !   
,imp]ial resid5ces4    ,footnote #c3    
,?is has be5 especially ! case s9ce !   
abrogation (  ! civil laws =bidd+ prie/s
 to m>ry4 ,! wives ( ! prie/s  ( o!r    
sects ?an ! ,%9% are call$ by a humor\s 
& n v  respectful appellation4          
,footnote #d3 ,see ,pr(essor ,*amb]la9's
 translation ( ! ,kojiki1  section      
,,cxxi4    ,footnote #e3 ,t is1 a bottle
 conta9+ "o %o1--ab\t a qu>t & a  half4 
,footnote #f3 ,al?\gh tanuki is commonly

 translat$ by badg]1 !  creature s call$
 is n a real badg]1 b a k9d ( fruit-fox4
 ,x is  also t]m$ ! raccoon-fac$ dog4 ,!
 true badg] is1 h[ev]1 also  f\nd 9     
,japan4        ,v      ,i said 9 a =m]  
essay t a ,japanese city is little m ?an
 a  wild]ness ( wood5 %$s1 & saka is no 
exception4 ,b int]iorly  a v l>ge numb] 
( ! frail wood5 dwell+s ( any ,japanese 
city  are works ( art2 & p]haps no city 
possesses m *>m+ homes  ?an saka4 ,kyoto
 is1 inde$1 mu* ri*] 9 g>d5s1--!re be+  
comp>atively little space = g>d5s 9     
saka2 b ,i am speak+ (  ! h\ses only4   
,ext]iorly a ,japanese /reet may appe>  
little bett]  ?an a r[ ( wood5 b>ns or  
/ables1 b ! int]ior ( any dwell+  9 x   
may be a wond] ( beauty4 ,usually !     
outside ( a ,japanese  h\se is n at all 
beautiful1 ?\gh x may h a c]ta9 pleas+  
oddity ( =m2 & 9 _m cases ! walls ( !   
re> or sides are  cov]$ ) *>r$ bo>ds1 ( 
:i* ! black5$ & h>d5$  surfaces are said
 to resi/ heat & damp bett] ?an any     
coat+ (  pa9t or /ucco c\ld d4 ,except1 

p]haps1 ! outside ( a coal-%$1  no?+    
d+i]-look+ c\ld be imag9$4 ,b ! o!r side
 ( !  black walls may be an ae/hetic    
delight4 ,! comp>ative *eapness (  !    
resid5ce does n mu* affect ?is          
possibility2--= ! ,japanese  excel all  
nations 9 obta9+ ! maximum ( beauty ) ! 
m9imum  ( co/2 :ile ! mo/ indu/rially   
advanc$ ( ,we/]n peoples--!  practical  
,am]icans--h yet only succe$$ 9 obta9+ !
 m9imum  ( beauty ) ! maximum ( co/6    
,mu* ab\t ,japanese int]iors c  be le>n$
 f ,morse's ,japanese ,homes2 b ev5 t   
admirable  book gives only !            
black-&-:ite notion ( ! subject2 & m    
?an half ( ! *>m ( su* int]iors is !    
almo/ inexplicable  c>ess ( color4 ,to  
illu/rate ,mr4 ,morse's "w s z to       
int]pret !  colorific *>m w\ld be a de>]
 & a m difficult feat ?an !  production 
( ,rac9et's ,co/umes ,hi/orique4 ,ev5   
?us ! subdu$  lum9osity1 ! tone ( p]fect
 repose1 ! revelations ( delicacy  &    
da9t9ess wait+ ! eye 9 e nook ( *amb]s  
seem+ly  contriv$ to cat* & keep ! feel+

 ( p]petual summ]1 w\ld  rema9 unguess$4
 ,five ye>s ago ,i wrote t a little     
acqua9tance  ) ! ,japanese art ( fl[]   
arrangem5t _h made x impossible =  me to
 endure ! sight ( t vulg>ity1 or r      
brutality1 :i* 9  ! ,we/ we call a      
b\quet4 ,to-day ,i mu/ add t famili>ity 
)  ,japanese int]iors has equally       
disgu/$ me ) ,occid5tal int]iors1  no   
matt] h[ spaci\s or com=table or ri*ly  
furni%$4 ,return+  n[ to ,we/]n life1 ,i
 %\ld feel l ,?omas-!-,rhym] revisit+ a 
_w ( ugl9ess & sorr[ aft] sev5 ye>s (   
fairyl&4    ,x is possible1 z has be5   
alleg$ 7?\gh ,i _c believe x71  t ,we/]n
 arti/s h little m to le>n f ! /udy (   
,japanese pictorial art4 ,b ,i am q sure
 t our h\se-build]s  h univ]ses ( facts 
to le>n--especially z reg>ds ! treatm5t 
& t9t+ ( surfaces--f ! /udy ( ,japanese 
int]iors4 ,:e!r  ! c\ntless /yles ( ^!  
int]iors c ev5 be class$ appe>s  to me a
 d\btful "q4 ,i d n ?9k t 9 a hundr$    
?\s&  ,japanese h\ses !re are two       
int]iors precisely alike 7exclud+1  (   

c\rse1 ! homes ( ! poore/ classes71--= !
 design] nev]  repeats himself :5 he c  
help x4 ,! lesson he has to tea* is !   
lesson ( p]fect ta/e comb9$ )           
inexhau/ible v>iety4 ,ta/e6  --:at a r>e
 ?+ x is 9 our ,we/]n _w6--& h[         
indep5d5t (  mat]ial1--h[ intuitive1--h[
 incommunicable to ! vulg>6 ,b ta/e  is 
a ,japanese bir?right4 ,x is ev]y:]e    
pres5t1--?\gh v>y+  9 quality (         
developm5t accord+ to conditions & !    
inh]itance  dep5d+ ^u conditions4 ,!    
av]age ,occid5tal recognizes only  !    
common] =ms ( x1--*iefly ^? made famili>
 by comm]cial  export4 ,&1 z a g5]al    
rule1 :at ! ,we/ mo/ admires 9 ,japanese
  conv5tional ta/e is ?\ght r vulg> 9   
,japan4 ,n t we are  wrong 9 admir+     
:atev] is beautiful 9 itself4 ,ev5 !    
designs  pr9t$ 9 t9ts ^u a two-c5t t[el 
may be really great pictures3  !y are   
sometimes made by excell5t arti/s4 ,b ! 
ari/ocratic  sev]ity ( ! be/ ,japanese  
ta/e--! exquisite complexity (  its     
ref9em5ts 9 ! det]m9ation ( proportion1 

quality1 tone1  re/ra9t--has nev] yet   
be5 dream$ ( by ! ,we/4 ,n[h]e is ?is   
ta/e s f9ely exhibit$ z 9 private       
int]iors1--p>ticul>ly 9  reg>d to color4
 ,! rules ( color 9 ! composition ( a   
set (  rooms are n less exact+3 ?an !   
rules ( color 9 ! matt] (  dress1--?\gh 
p]mitt+ consid]able v>iety4 ,! m]e tones
 ( a  private h\se are en\gh to indicate
 its own]'s degree ( culture4  ,!re is  
no pa9t+1 no v>ni%+1 no                 
wall-pap]+1--only /a9+  & poli%+ (      
p>ticul> p>ts1 & a sort ( pap] bord]    
ab\t  fifte5 in*es broad fix$ along !   
bottom ( a wall to protect x  dur+      
clean+ & du/+ op]ations4 ,! pla/]+ may  
be made  ) s&s ( diff]5t hues1 or )     
fragm5ts ( %ell & nacre1 or  )          
qu>tz-cry/al1 or ) mica2 ! surface may  
imitate granite1  or may sp>kle l copp] 
pyrites1 or may look exactly l a ri*    
mass ( b>k2 b1 :atev] ! mat]ial1 ! t9t  
giv5 mu/ %[ !  same faultless ta/e t    
rules 9 ! t9ts ( silks = robes &        
girdles4 444 ,z yet1 all ?is int]ior _w 

( beauty--j because x  is an int]ior    
_w--is clos$ to ! =eign t\ri/3 he c f9d 
at  mo/ only sugge/ions ( x 9 ! rooms ( 
su* old-fa%ion$ inns or  tea-h\ses z he 
may visit 9 ! c\rse ( 8 travels4    99  
,i wond] h[ _m =eign travel]s und]/& !  
*>m ( a ,japanese  inn1 or ev5 ?9k h[   
mu* is done to please !m1 n m]ely 9  !  
matt] ( p]sonal att5tions1 b 9 mak+     
beauty = _!  eyes4 ,multitudes write (  
_! petty vexations1--_! p]sonal         
acqua9tance ) fleas1 _! p]sonal dislikes
 & discom=ts2  b h[ _m write ( ! *>m ( t
 alcove :]e e day fre%  fl[]s are       
plac$1--arrang$ z no ,european flori/   
c\ld ev] le>n  to arrange fl[]s1--& :]e 
!re is sure to be "s object ( real  art1
 :e!r 9 bronze1 lacqu]1 or porcela91    
toge!r ) a picture  suit$ to ! feel+ ( !
 "t & season8 ,^! little ae/hetic       
gratifications1 ?\gh nev] *>g$ =1 ought 
to be k9dly rememb]$  :5 ! gift (       
tea-money is made4 ,i h be5 9 hundr$s ( 
,japanese hotels1 & ,i rememb] only "o 9
 :i* ,i c\ld f9d no?+  curi\s or        

pretty1--a ram%ackle %elt] ha/ily put up
 to cat* cu/om  at a newly-op5$ railway 
/ation4    ,a ^w ab\t ! alcove ( my room
 9 ,osaka3--,! wall 0 cov]$  only ) a   
mixture ( s& & metallic fil+s ( "s sort1
 b  x look$ l a beautiful surface (     
silv] ore4 ,to ! pill> 0  fa/5$ a bamboo
 cup conta9+ a pair ( exquisite blossom+
 sprays  ( wi/>ia1--"o p9k & ! o!r :ite4
 ,! kakemono--made ) a  few v bold      
/rokes by a ma/]-bru%--pictur$ two      
enorm\s crabs  ab\t to fight aft] va9ly 
try+ to get out ( ea* o!r's way2--&  !  
humor ( ! ?+ 0 enhanc$ by a few ,*9ese  
*>act]s  signify+1 ,wko-skai1 or1       
,ev]y?+ goes crook$ly 9 ?is _w4         
,,vii      ,my la/ day 9 saka 0 giv5 to 
%opp+1--*iefly 9 ! di/ricts  ( !        
toy-mak]s & ( ! silk m]*ants4 ,a        
,japanese acqua9tance1  himself a       
%opkeep]1 took me ab\t1 & %[$ me        
extraord9>y ?+s  until my eyes a*$4 ,we 
w5t to a fam\s silk-h\se1--a tumultu\s  
place1 s cr[d$ t we _h "s tr\ble to     
squeeze our way to !  floor-plat=m1 :i*1

 9 e ,japanese %op1 s]ves at once =     
*airs & c\nt]4 ,scores ( b>efoot$       
light-limb$ boys 7 runn+  ov] x1 be>+   
bundles ( m]*&ise to cu/om]s2--= 9 su*  
%ops !re is no %elv+ ( /ock4 ,!         
,japanese salesman nev] leaves  8       
squatt+-place on ! mats2 b1 on le>n+ :at
 y want1 he  %\ts an ord]1 & boys       
pres5tly run to y ) armfuls ( samples4  
,aft] y h made y\r *oice1 ! goods are   
roll$ up aga9 by !  boys1 & c>ri$ back  
into ! fire-pro( /oreh\ses beh9d ! %op4 
,at ! "t ( our visit1 ! great] "p ( !   
matt$ floor-space  0 "o spl5did %imm]+  
confusion ( toss$ silks & velvets ( a   
hundr$ colors & a hundr$ prices4 ,ne> ! 
ma9 entrance an eld]ly  sup]9t5d5t1     
plump & jovial ( aspect l ! ,god (      
,weal?1  look$ aft] arriv+ cu/om]s4 ,two
 ke5-ey$ m51 /&+ ^u an  elevation 9 !   
middle ( ! %op1 & sl[ly turn+ r\nd &    
r\nd  9 opposite directions1 kept wat* =
 ?ieves2 & o!r wat*]s 7  po/$ at !      
side--doors4 7,japanese %op-?ieves1 by !
 way1 are v  clev]2 & ,i am told t ne>ly

 e l>ge /ore loses consid]ably  by !m 9 
! c\rse ( ! ye>47 ,9 a side-w+ ( !      
build+1  "u a l[ skylight1 ,i saw busy  
ranks ( bookkeep]s1 ca%i]s1 &           
correspond5ts squatt+ be=e little desks 
less ?an two feet high4  ,ea* ( ! num]\s
 salesm5 0 att5d+ to _m cu/om]s at      
once4 ,! ru% ( bus9ess 0 big2 & !       
rapidity ) :i* !  "w 0 be+ done te/ifi$ 
to ! excell5ce ( ! organization         
e/abli%$4 ,i ask$ h[ _m p]sons ! firm   
employ$1 & my fri5d  repli$3--          
,probably ab\t two hundr$ "h2 !re are   
sev]al bran* h\ses4 ,9  ?is %op ! "w is 
v h>d2 b ! work+-h\rs are %ort] ?an  9  
mo/ ( ! silk-h\ses1--n m ?an twelve h\rs
 a day4    ,:at ab\t sal>ies8 ,i        
inquir$4    ,no sal>ies4    ,is all ! "w
 ( ?is firm done )\t pay8    ,p]haps "o 
or two ( ! v clev]e/ salesm5 may get    
some?+1--n exactly a sal>y1 b a little  
special remun]ation  e mon?2 & ! old    
sup]9t5d5t--7he has be5 =ty ye>s 9  !   
h\se7--gets a sal>y4 ,! re/ get no?+ b  
_! food4    ,good food8    ,no1 v *eap1 

co>se food4 ,aft] a man has s]v$ 8 "t   
"h1--f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s1--he may be  
help$ to op5 a small  /ore ( 8 own4     
,are ! conditions ! same 9 all ! %ops ( 
,osaka8    ,yes1--ev]y:]e ! same4 ,b n[ 
_m ( ! det*i are graduates  ( comm]cial 
s*ools4 ,^? s5t to a comm]cial s*ool    
beg9 _!  appr5tice%ip mu* lat]2 & !y are
 said n to make su* good  det*i z ^?    
taught f *ildhood4    ,a ,japanese cl]k 
9 a =eign /ore is mu* bett] (f4    ,we d
 n ?9k s1 answ]$ my fri5d v positively4 
,"s :o  speak ,engli% well1 & h le>n$ ! 
=eign way ( do+ bus9ess1  may get fifty 
or sixty doll>s a mon? = sev5 or eight  
h\rs' "w  a day4 ,b !y are n treat$ !   
same way z !y are treat$ 9  a ,japanese 
h\se4 ,clev] m5 d n l to "w "u =eign]s4 
,=eign]s us$ to be v cruel to _!        
,japanese cl]ks & s]vants4    ,b n n[8  
,i qu]i$4    ,p]haps n (t54 ,!y h f\nd t
 x is dang]\s4 ,b !y  us$ to beat & kick
 !m4 ,japanese ?9k x %ameful to ev5     
speak  unk9dly to det*i or s]vants4 ,9 a
 h\se l ?is !re is no  unk9dness4 ,!    

own]s & ! sup]9t5d5ts nev] speak r\ghly4
 ,y  see h[ v h>d all ^! m5 & boys are  
work+ )\t pay4 ,no  =eign] c\ld get     
,japanese to "w l t1 ev5 = big wages4 ,i
  h work$ 9 =eign h\ses1 & ,i "k4    99 
,x is n exagg]ation to say t mo/ ( !    
intellig5t s]vice  r5d]$ 9 ,japanese    
trade & skill$ indu/ry is unsal>i$4     
,p]haps  "o ?ird ( ! bus9ess "w ( !     
c\ntry is done )\t wages2  ! relation   
betwe5 ma/] & s]vant be+ "o ( p]fect    
tru/ on  bo? sides1 & absolute ob$i5ce  
be+ assur$ by ! simple/ (  moral        
conditions4 ,?is fact 0 ! fact mo/      
deeply impress$ ^u me  dur+ my /ay 9    
,osaka4    ,i f\nd myself wond]+ ab\t x 
:ile ! ev5+ tra9 to ,n>a 0  be>+ me away
 f ! *e]y turmoil ( ! great metropolis4 
,i  cont9u$ to ?9k ( x :ile wat*+ !     
deep5+ ( ! dusk ov]  ! leagues (        
ro(s1--ov] ! mu/]+ ( factory *imneys    
=ev]  s5d+ up _! (f]+ ( smoke to ! %r9e 
( good ,n9toku4  ,sudd5ly above !       
out-tw9kl+ ( c\ntless lamps1--above !   
:ite  />-po9ts ( electric lights1--above

 ! gr[+ dusk itself1--,i  saw1 ris+     
glorifi$ into ! la/ r$ spl5dor ( sunset1
 !  m>vel\s old pagoda ( ,t5nji4 ,& ,i  
ask$ myself :e!r ! fai?  x symboliz$ _h 
n help$ to create t _s ( pati5ce & love 
& tru/ ^u :i* h be5 f\nd$ all ! weal? & 
en]gy &  p[] ( ! mightie/ city ( ,japan4
          ,,viii      ,,buddhi/         
,,allusions ,,9 ,,japanese ,,folk-,,song
      ,p]haps only a ,japanese          
repres5tative ( ! old] culture c\ld     
fully  in=m u to :at degree ! m5tal soil
 ( ! race has be5 saturat$  & f]tiliz$  
by ,buddhi/ idealism4 ,at all ev5ts1 no 
,european c\ld  d s2 = to und]/& ! :ole 
relation ( ,f>-,ea/]n religion  to      
,f>-,ea/]n life w\ld require1 n only su*
 s*ol>%ip1 b  also su* exp]i5ce z no    
,european c\ld ga9 9 a lifetime4 ,yet  =
 ev5 ! ,we/]n /rang] !re are ev]y:]e    
signs ( :at  ,buddhism has be5 to ,japan
 9 ! pa/4 ,all ! arts & mo/ ( !         
indu/ries repeat ,buddhi/ leg5ds to !   
eye tra9$ 9 symbolism2  & !re is sc>cely
 an object ( h&iwork possess+ any beauty

 or  significance ( =m--f ! play?+ ( a  
*ild to ! heirloom  ( a pr9ce--:i* does 
n 9 "s way proclaim ! anci5t debt to    
,buddhism ( ! craft t made x4 ,"o may   
disc]n ,buddhi/ ?\ghts  9 ! *eap cotton 
pr9ts f an ,osaka mill n less ?an 9 !   
figur$ silks ( ,kyoto4 ,! reliefs ^u an 
iron kettle1 or !  elephant-heads (     
bronze mak+ ! h&les ( a %opkeep]'s      
hiba*i  ! patt]ns ( scre5-pap]1 or !    
commone/ ornam5tal woodwork  ( a        
gateway--! et*+s ^u a metal pipe1 or !  
enamel+ ^u  a co/ly vase1--may all      
relate1 ) equal eloqu5ce1 ! traditions  
( fai?4 ,!re are reflections or e*oes ( 
,buddhi/ tea*+ 9 !  composition ( a     
g>d52--9 ! c\ntless ideographs ( ! long 
vi/as ( %op-signs2--9 ! wond]fully      
expressive names giv5 to  c]ta9 fruits &
 fl[]s2--9 ! appellations ( m\nta9s1    
capes1  wat]falls1 villages1--ev5 (     
mod]n railway /ations4 ,& ! new         
civilization w\ld n yet seem to h mu*   
affect$ ! influ5ce  ?us manife/$4 ,tra9s
 & /eam]s n[ ye>ly c>ry to fam\s %r9es  

m pilgrims ?an visit$ !m ev] be=e 9 a   
twelvemon?2--!  temple bells /ill1 9    
despite ( clocks & wat*es1 m>k !  pass+ 
( "t = ! millions2--! spee* ( ! p is    
/ill  poetiz$ ) ,buddhi/                
utt]ances2--lit]ature & drama /ill teem 
) ,buddhi/ expressions2--& ! mo/ ord9>y 
voices ( !  /reet--songs ( *ildr5 play+1
 a *orus ( labor]s at _! toil1  ev5     
cries ( it9]ant /reet-v5d]s--(t5 recall 
to me "s /ory  ( sa9ts & ,bodhisattvas1 
or ! text ( "s sutra4    ,su* an        
exp]i5ce fir/ gave me ! idea ( mak+ a   
collection (  songs conta9+ ,buddhi/    
expressions or allusions4 ,b 9 view (  !
 ext5t ( ! subject ,i c\ld n at once    
decide :]e to beg94  ,a bewild]+ v>iety 
( ,japanese songs--a v>iety ( :i* ! m]e 
nom5clature w\ld occupy pages--(f]s     
mat]ial ( ?is description4  ,among      
notewor?y k9ds may be m5tion$ ! ,utai1  
dramatic songs1  mo/ly compos$ by high  
prie/s1 ( :i* probably no t5 l9es are   
)\t "s allusion to ,buddhism2--!        
,naga-uta1 songs (t5 (  extraord9>y     

l5g?2--& ! ,jruri1 :ole romances 9 v]se1
 )  :i* pr(essional s+]s c delight _!   
audi5ces = five or six  h\rs at a "t4 ,!
 m]e dim5sion ( su* compositions        
necess>ily  exclud$ !m f my plan2 b !re 
rema9$ a legion ( brief]  =ms to *oose  
among4 ,i resolv$ at la/ to limit my    
und]tak+  ma9ly to dodoitsu1--little    
songs ( tw5ty-six syllables only1       
arrang$ 9 f\r l9es 7#g1 #g1 #g1 #e74 ,!y
 are m regul> 9  con/ruction ?an !      
/reet-songs treat$ ( 9 a =m] pap]2 b  !y
 are ess5tially popul>1 & !re=e m widely
 repres5tative  ( ,buddhi/ influ5ces ?an
 _m sup]ior k9ds ( composition c\ld  be4
 ,out ( a v l>ge numb] collect$ = me1 ,i
 h select$  betwe5 =ty & fifty z typical
 ( ! class4    99    ,p]haps ^? pieces  
:i* reflect ! ideas ( prexi/5ce & (     
future rebir?s w prove especially       
int]e/+ to ! ,we/]n  read]1--mu* less   
because ( poetical wor? ?an because (   
comp>ative novelty4 ,we h v little      
,engli% v]se ( any class  conta9+       
fancies ( ?is k9d2 b !y sw>m 9 ,japanese

 poetry  ev5 z commonplaces &           
conv5tionalisms4 ,su* an exquisite ?+  z
 ,rossetti's ,sudd5 ,light1--bewit*+ u  
*iefly ?r\gh !  p5etrative subtlety ( a 
?\ght ana!matiz$ by all our or?odoxies  
= eighte5 hundr$ ye>s1--c\ld int]e/ a   
,japanese only z !  exceptional r5d]+1  
by an ,occid5tal1 ( fancies & feel+s    
famili> to ! mo/ ignorant peasant4      
,c]ta9ly no "o w be able to  f9d 9 ^!   
,japanese v]ses--or1 r1 9 my own        
wret*$ly prosy  translations ( !m--ev5 a
 h9t ( any?+ l ! gho/ly delicacy  (     
,rossetti's imag9+3--            ,i h   
be5 "h be=e1--            ,b :5 or h[ ,i
 _c tell3          ,i "k ! grass beyond 
! door1            ,! sweet1 ke5 smell1 
,! sigh+ s\nd1 ! lights along ! %ore4   
,y h be5 m9e be=e1--            ,h[ long
 ago ,i may n "k3          ,b j :5 at t 
swall['s so>            ,y\r neck turn$ 
s1      ,"s veil did fall1--,i knew x   
all ( yore4    ,yet :at a que] liv+     
diff]5ce betwe5 su* enigmatically       
delicate h&l+ ( ?\ghts class$ z =bidd5  

fruit 9 ! ,we/]n  ,ed5 ( ,dreams & !    
e-day ,japanese utt]ances t spr+        
directly out ( anci5t ,ea/]n fai?6--    
,love1 x is (t5 said1 has no?+ to d )   
reason4      ,! cause ( ours mu/ be "s  
,en 9 a previ\s bir?4#a      ,footnote  
#a3        ,iro wa %ian no      ,hoka   
to-wa id1      ,kor mo saki-%o no       
,en de ar4    ,en is a ,buddhi/ ^w      
signify+ aff9ity1--relation ( cause &   
effect f life to life4          ,ev5 !  
knot ( ! rope ty+ our boats toge!r      
,knott$ 0 long ago by "s love 9 a =m]   
bir?4          ,if ! t\*+ ev5 ( sleeves 
be ?r\gh ,en ( a =m]      exi/5ce1      
,v mu* deep] mu/ be ! ,en t unites u    
n[6#b      ,footnote #b3        ,sod    
suri- no mo      ,ta% no en yo1         
,ma%it fut>i ga            ,fukai naka4 
,allusion is "h made to ! old ,buddhi/  
prov]b3 ,sod no furi-awas  mo ta% no    
en1--,ev5 ! t\*+ ( sleeves 9 pass+ is   
caus$ by  "s aff9ity op]at+ f =m] lives4
          ,kwah#c ?is life mu/ be1--?is 
dwell+ ) "o s t5d]2      --,i am reap+  

n[ ! rew>d ( de$s 9 a =m] bir?6         
,footnote #c3 ,! ,buddhi/ ^w ,kwah is   
commonly us$ in/ead (  o!r synonyms =   
,k>ma 7su* z +wa1 inn51 etc471 to       
signify !  good1 r ?an ! bad results (  
action 9 previ\s lives4 ,b x  is        
sometimes us$ 9 bo? mean+s4 ,"h !re     
seems to be an allusion  to ! prov]bial 
expression1 ,kwah no yoi hito 7lit43 a  
p]son (  good ,kwah71 mean+ a =tunate   
individual4    ,_m songs ( ?is class    
ref] to ! cu/om>y v[ :i* lov]s  make to 
belong to ea* o!r = m lives ?an "o1--a  
v[ p]haps  orig9ally inspir$ by !       
,buddhi/ aphorism1--        ,oya-ko wa1 
is-s2      ,ffu wa1 ni-s2      ,%uj wa1 
san-z4    ,! relation ( p>5t & *ild is =
 "o life2 t ( wife &  husb&1 = two      
lives2 t ( ma/] & s]vant1 = ?ree lives4 
,al?\gh ! t5d] relation is ?us limit$ to
 ! "t ( two lives1  ! v[--7z ,japanese  
dramas te/ify1 & z ! lett]s ( ^? :o     
kill !mselves = love be> witness7--is   
(t5 passionately made  = sev54 ,! foll[+
 selections %[ a consid]able v>iety (   

tone1--rang+ f ! pa!tic to !            
satirical1--9 ! treatm5t (  ?is topic3  
,i h cut my hair = 8 sake2 b ! deep]    
relation betwe5 u      ,_c be cut 9 ?is1
 nor yet 9 ano!r life4#d    ,footnote   
#d3        ,kami wa kitt mo      ,ni-s  
made kaketa      ,fukai eni%i wa        
,kiru mono ka8    ,lit]ally3 ,hair h-cut
 al?\gh1 two exi/5ces until1 deep       
relation1 cut-h[-c-x-be8 ,by ! m5tion ( 
! hair-cutt+  we "k ! speak] is a woman4
 ,h] husb&1 or possibly betro!d  lov]1  
is dead2 &1 accord+ to ! ,buddhi/ cu/om1
 %e signifies  h] desire to rema9       
fai?ful to 8 memory by ! sacrifice ( h] 
hair4 ,= detail$ in=mation on ?is       
subject see1 9 my ,glimpses (           
,unfamili> ,japan1 ! *apt]1 ,( ,wom5's  
,hair4        ,%e looks at ! portrait ( 
him to :om = two lives %e is            
promis$3      ,happy remembrances come1 
& ea* br+s a smile to h]      face4#e   
,footnote #e3        ,ni-s to *igiri%i  
,%a%9 we nagam      ,omoi-ida%it        
,w>ai-gao4    ,lit43 ,two exi/5ces t    

made alliance1 photograph look-at1 ?9k+ 
br+-out smil+ face4 ,! use ( ! t]m %a%91
 photograph1  %[s t ! poem is n old4    
,if 9 ?is pres5t life we nev] c hope =  
union1      ,!n we %all fir/ keep h\se 9
 ! ,lotos-,palace beyond4#f             
,footnote #f3        ,totmo kono yo d   
,s[>-nu n>aba      ,hasu no utna d      
,ara stai4    ,lit43 ,by-any-means1     
?is-_w-91 _c-live-toge!r if1 ,lotos-(   
,palace-91 new-h\sekeep+4 ,x is ) ?is   
?\ght t lov]s  volunt>ily die toge!r2 & 
! song might be call$ a song (  j%i4    
,h we n spok5 ! v[ t b9ds = a d\ble     
exi/5ce8      ,if we mu/ sep>ate n[1 ,i 
c only wi% to die4          ,!re6--oh1  
:at %all we d8444 ,pl$g$ = a d\ble      
exi/5ce1--      ,& n[1 z we sit toge!r1 
! /r+ ( ! samis5 snaps6#g      ,footnote
 #g3 ,among s++-girls x is believ$ t !  
snapp+ ( a  samis5-/r+ "u su*           
circum/ances z ^? indicat$ 9 ! above    
song is an om5 ( com+ sep>ation4        
,he woos by tea*+ ! ,law ( ,cause &     
,effect = ?ree lives1      ,& makes a   

contract = two--! crafty-smil+ prie/6#h 
,footnote #h3 ,?is song is ( a prie/ :o 
breaks ! v[ ( celibacy4      ,e mortal  
has liv$ & is de/9$ to live c\ntless    
lives2 yet !  happy mom5ts ( any s+le   
exi/5ce are n !re=e less preci\s  9     
!mselves3--        ,n to h met "o night 
is v]ily cause = sorr[2      ,s9ce twice
 9 a s+le bir? ! same night nev] comes4 
,b ev5 z a summ] unusually w>m is apt to
 h]ald a w9t] (  exceptional sev]ity1 s 
too mu* happ9ess 9 ?is life may signify 
great suff]+ 9 ! next3--        ,always 
,i suff] ?us6444 ,me?9ks1 9 my la/      
exi/5ce4      ,too happy ,i mu/ h       
be51--did n suff] en\gh4    ,next 9 po9t
 ( exotic int]e/ to ! songs express+    
belief 9  prexi/5ce & rebir?1 ,i ?9k ,i 
%\ld place ^? treat+ ( !  doctr9e ( +wa1
 or ,k>ma4 ,i (f] "s free translations f
  ^!1 toge!r ) "o selection f a class ( 
compositions m  elaborate & usually mu* 
long] ?an ! dodoitsu1 call$ hauta4  ,9 !
 orig9al1 at lea/1 my selection f !     
hauta--:i*  conta9s a *>m+ simile ab\t !

 firefly--is by f> ! prettie/3--        
,weep n6--turn to me6444 ,nay1 all my   
suspicions vani%6      ,=give me ^?     
words unk9d3 "s +wa controll$ my tongue6
    ,evid5tly ?is is ! remorseful plead+
 ( a jeal\s lov]4 ,! next  might be !   
answ] ( ! girl ^: te>s he _h caus$ to   
fl[3        ,i _c imag9e at all by :at  
/range mann] ( +wa      ,came ,i to fall
 9 love ) "o s unk9d z y6    ,or %e     
might exclaim3--    ,is ?is ! turn+ (   
,en8--am ,i caught 9 ! ,:eel (  ,k>ma8  
,t1 alas6 is a :eel n to be mov$ f !    
rut6#i      ,footnote #i3        ,meguru
 en kaya8      ,kuruma no wata%i        
,hiku ni hik>nu            ,kono +wa4   
,!re is a play on words 9 ! orig9al :i* 
,i h n attempt$  to r5d]4 ,! idea is (  
an unhappy mat*--ei!r betro?al or       
m>riage--f :i* ! woman wi%es to )draw :5
 too late4      ,a m rem>kable ref]5ce  
to ! ,:eel ( ,k>ma is ! foll[+3--       
,fa!r & "m =bade1 & s ,i gave up my     
lov]2      --,yet /ill1 ) ! :irl ( !    
,:eel1 ! ?\ght ( him comes      &       

goes4#aj      ,footnote #aj3        ,oya
 no ik5 d      ,akirameta no we         
,mata mo r9-y d            ,omoi-dasu4  
,! ,buddhi/ ^w ,r9-y1 or ,r9t51 has !   
mean+ ( turn+  ! ,:eel1--ano!r          
expression = pass+ f bir? to bir?4 ,!   
,:eel "h is ! great ,circle (           
,illusion1--! :irl ( ,k>ma4    ,?is is a
 hauta3--        ,numb]less insects !re 
are t call f dawn to ev5+1      ,cry+1  
,i love6 ,i love6--b ! ,firefly's sil5t 
passion1      ,mak+ its body burn1 is   
deep] ?an all _! long+4      ,ev5 su* is
 my love 444 yet ,i _c ?9k ?r\gh :at +wa
      ,i op5$ my he>t--alas6--to a be+ n
 s9c]e6#aa      ,footnote #aa3          
,kai1 kai to      ,naku mu%i yori mo    
,nakanu hot>u ga      ,mi we kogasu4    
,nanno +wa d      ,jitsu naki hito ni   
,%9 we aka%it1--            ,aa kuya%i6 
,lit43                                  
',i-love-,i-love'-say+-cry-insects ?an1 
bett]  nev]-cry-firefly1 body scor*6    
,:at ,k>ma because-(1  s9c]ity-n-is-man 
to1 inmo/-m9d op5$8--ah6 regret6 444 ,x 

0  =m]ly believ$ t ! firefly's light    
really burn$ its own body4      ,if !   
=ego+ seem productions possible only to 
our psy*ological  antipodes1 x is q     
o!rwise ) a gr\p ( folk-songs reflect+  
! doctr9e ( ,imp]man5cy4 ,conc]n+ !     
in/ability ( all  mat]ial ?+s1 & !      
holl[ness ( all e>?ly pleasures1        
,*ri/ian  & ,buddhi/ ?\ght are v mu* 9  
accord4 ,! great diff]5ce  betwe5 !m    
appe>s only :5 we comp>e _! tea*+ z to  
?+s  gho/ly1--& especially z to ! nature
 ( ! ,ego4 ,b ! ,ori5tal  doctr9e t !   
,ego itself is an imp]man5t comp\nd1 & t
 !  ,self is n ! true ,consci\sness1    
r>ely f9ds expression 9 ^!  popul>      
songs4 ,= ! common p ! ,self exi/s3 x is
 a real  7?\gh multiple7 p]sonality t   
passes f bir? to bir?4 ,only !  educat$ 
,buddhi/ compreh5ds ! deep] tea*+ t :at 
we imag9e  to be ,self is :olly         
illusion1--a d>k5+ veil wov5 by ,k>ma2 &
  t !re is no ,self b ! ,inf9ite ,self1 
! et]nal ,absolute4  ,9 ! foll[+        
dodoitsu w be f\nd mo/ly ?\ghts or      

emotions  accord+ ) univ]sal exp]i5ce3--
    ,ga!r+ cl\ds to ! moon2--/orm & ra9 
to ! fl[]s3  ,someh[ ?is _w ( woe nev]  
is j z we l4#ab      ,footnote #ab3     
,tsuki ni murakumo1      ,hana ni wa    
ara%i3      ,tokaku uki-yo wa           
,mama n>anu4    ,?is song especially    
ref]s to unhappy love1 & conta9s !      
sub/ance ( two ,buddhi/ prov]bs3 ,tsuki 
ni murakumo1 hana ni kaz  7cl\d-masses  
to ! moon2 w9d to fl[]s72 & ,mama ni    
n>anu wa  uki-yo no n>ai 7to be         
disappo9t$ is ! rule 9 ?is mis]able     
_w74 ,uki-yo 7?is fleet+ or unhappy _w7 
is "o ( !  commone/ ,buddhi/ t]ms 9 use4
          ,almo/ z soon z !y bloom1 !   
sc5t$ fl[]s ( ! plum-tree      ,by ! w9d
 ( ?is _w ( *ange are scatt]$ & bl[n    
away4      ,?9k+ to-morr[ rema9s1 ?\    
he>t's frail fl[]-(-*]ry8  ,h[ kn[e/    
:e!r ?is night ! tempe/ w n come8#ac    
,footnote #ac3            ,asu ari to   
,om kokoro no          ,ada-zakura3     
,yo wa ni ara%i no      ,fukanu         
monokawa8    ,lit43 ,to-morr[-is t ?9k  

he>t-( p]i%able-*]ry fl[]3              
?is-night-9-/orm bl[-n1 is-x-c]ta98     
,%ad[ & %ape alike melt & fl[ back to   
no?+3      ,he :o kn[s ?is tru? is !    
,d>uma ( sn[4#ad    ,footnote #ad3      
,kag mo kata*i mo      ,kiyurba moto no 
,midzu to satoru zo      ,yuki-,d>uma4  
,lit43 ,%ad[ & %ape also1 if-melt-away1 
orig9al-wat]  is1--t-und]/&s            
,sn[-,d>uma4 ,d>uma 7,dh>ma71 !         
tw5ty-eigh?  patri>* ( ! ,z5 sect1 is   
said to h lo/ 8 legs ?r\gh  rema9+ long 
9 ! po/ure ( m$itation2 & _m legless    
toy-figures1 :i* are s balanc$ t !y w   
always assume an  upright position h[ev]
 (t5 plac$ upside-d[n1 are call$ by 8   
"n4 ,! sn[-m5 made by ,japanese *ildr5 h
 ! same traditional  =m4--,! ,japanese  
fri5d :o help$ me to translate ^! v]ses1
  tells me t a gho/ly mean+ atta*es to !
 ^w ,kag %ad[ 9  ! above2--?is w\ld give
 a mu* m pr(\nd signification to !  :ole
 v]se4          ,z ! moon ( ! fifte5?   
night1 ! he>t till ! age fifte53        
,!n ! brightness wanes1 & ! d>kness     

comes ) love4#ae      ,footnote #ae3    
,accord+ to ! old cal5d>1 !re 0 always a
 full  moon on ! fifte5? ( ! mon?4 ,!   
,buddhi/ allusion 9 ! v]se  is to mayoi1
 ! illusion ( passion1 :i* is comp>$ to 
a d>kness  conceal+ ! ,"r ,way4         
,all ?+s *ange1 we are told1 9 ?is _w ( 
*ange & sorr[2      ,b love's way nev]  
*anges ( promis+ nev] to *ange4#af      
,footnote #af3        ,kaw>u uki-yo ni  
,kaw>anu mono wa      ,kaw>umai to no   
,koi no mi*i4    ,lit43 ,*ange          
*angeable-_w-91 does-n-*ange t-:i*1     
',we-w-nev]-*ange'-say+ ( ,love-( ,way4 
,cruel ! beautiful fla%1--utt]ly        
he>tless t lightn+6 ,be=e  "o c look ev5
 twice x vani%es :olly away6#ag         
,footnote #ag3        ,honni tsurnai    
,ano inadzuma wa      ,futa m m9u u*i   
,kiyt yuku4    ,! ,buddhi/ say+1        
,inadzuma no hik>i1 i%i no hi           
7lightn+-fla%  & fl9t-sp>k71--symboliz+ 
! tempor>y nature ( all  pleasures1--is 
"h playfully ref]r$ to4 ,! song compla9s
 ( a too  brief meet+ ) sweet-he>t or   

lov]4          ,8 v sweetness itself    
makes my exi/5ce a burd56      ,truly   
?is _w ( *ange is a _w ( con/ant woe6#ah
      ,footnote #ah3 ,words ( a lov+ b  
jeal\s woman1 ?us int]pret$  by my      
,japanese fri5d3 ,! m k9d he is1 ! m 8  
k9dness  ov]:elms me ) anxiety le/ he be
 equally t5d] to o!r girls :o  may also 
fall 9 love ) him4          ,nei!r = y\?
 nor age is fix$ ! life ( ! body2       
--,bidd+ me wait = a "t is ! ^w t =ev]  
divides4#ai      ,footnote #ai3         
,r-% fuj no      ,mi d ari nag>a1       
,jisetsu mat to wa      ,kir-kotoba4    
,lit43 ,old-"y n-fix$-( body be+1       
"t-wait to-say1  cutt+-^w4 ,ro-% fuj is 
a ,buddhi/ phrase4 ,! mean+ ( !  song   
is3 ,s9ce all ?+s 9 ?is _w are unc]ta91 
ask+ me to  wait = our m>riage-day means
 t y d n really love me2--=  ei!r ( u   
might die be=e ! "t y speak (4          
,only too well ,i "k t to meet w cause m
 weep+2#bj      ,yet nev] to meet at all
 7 sorr[ too great to be>4              
,footnote #bj3 ,allusion is made to !   

,buddhi/ text1 ,%ja hitsu  metsu1 e%a   
jri 7,:osoev] is born mu/ die1 & all :o 
meet  mu/ z surely "p71 & to ! religi\s 
phrase1 ,ai betsu ri ku  7,sorr[ ( p>t+ 
& pa9 ( sep>ation74          ,too joyful
 9 union to ?9k1 we =get t ! smiles ( ! 
ev5+      ,sometimes !mselves become !  
s\rces ( morn+-te>s4    ,yet1 not)/&+ ! 
doctr9e ( imp]man5cy1 we are told 9     
ano!r dodoitsu t--        ,he :o 0 nev] 
bewit*$ by ! *>m+ smile ( a woman1      
,a wood5 ,buddha is he--a ,buddha (     
bronze or /one6#ba      ,footnote #ba3  
,mu* m amus+ 9 ! orig9al3--             
,adana -gao ni      ,may[anu mono wa    
,ki-,butsu1--kana-,butsu1--             
,i%i-botok  ,*>m+-smile-by bewild]$-n1  
he-z-=1 wood-,buddha1  metal-,buddha1   
/one-,buddha6 ,! t]m ,i%i-botok         
especially ref]s to ! /one images ( !   
,buddha  plac$ 9 cemet]ies4--,?is song  
is sung 9 e "p (  ,japan2 ,i h he>d x _m
 times 9 diff]5t places4      ,& :y a   
,buddha ( wood1 or bronze1 or /one8     
,because ! liv+  ,buddha 0 n s          

ins5sible1 z we are assur$1 ) jocose    
irrev]5ce1 9 ! foll[+3--        ,=sake  
?is fitful _w6--                        
,"l ,buddha's      t 0     or           
tea*+6                       upside-d[n 
,& ,ragora1#bb son ( 8 lo9s8--0 he      
=gott5 inde$8    ,!re is an             
untranslatable pun 9 ! orig9al1 :i*1 if 
writt5 9  ,romaji1 w\ld run ?us3--      
,uki-yo we sutyo t'a             ,%aka  
,sama      ,sorya               yo      
saka-sama       ,ragora to i ko we      
,wasurt ka8    ,%akamuni is ! ,japanese 
r5d]+ ( ,sakyamuni2 ,%aka ,sama is      
!re=e ,"l ,sakya1 or ,"l ,buddha4 ,b    
saka-sama is a ,japanese  ^w mean+      
topsy-turvy1 upside d[n2 & ! diff]5ce   
betwe5  ! pronunciation ( ,%aka ,sama & 
saka-sama is slight en\gh to  h sugge/$ 
! pun4 ,love 9 susp5se is n usually     
incl9$ to  rev]5ce4    ,footnote #bb3   
,rhula4          ,ev5 :ile pray+ toge!r 
9 front ( ! tablets ance/ral1           
,lov]s f9d *ance to murmur pray]s nev]  
meant = ! dead6#bc        ,& z =        

int]rupt]s3--        ,hateful ! w9d or  
ra9 t ru9s ! bloom ( fl[]s3      ,ev5 m 
hateful f> :o ob/ructs ! way ( love4    
,yet ! help ( ! ,gods is e>ne/ly        
bes\ght3--        ,i make my hyaku-d1   
travel+ ,love's d>k pa?way4      ,ev]   
pray+ to meet ! own] ( my he>t4#bd      
,footnote #bc3        ,ek suru tot      
,hotok no ma y      ,fut>i mukait1      
,konab dat4    ,lit43 ,repeat pray]s    
say+1 dead-(-pres5ce-9 twa9             
fac+1--small-pan cook+6 ,hotok means a  
dead p]son z well  z a ,buddha4 7,see my
 ,glimpses ( ,unfamili> ,japan3 ,!      
,h\sehold  ,%r9e7-,konab-dat is an      
idiomatic expression signify+ a  lov]s' 
tte--tte4 ,x is d]iv$ f ! phrase1 ,*9-*9
 kamo  nab7cook+ a wild duck 9 a        
pan71--! idea sugge/$ be+ t  ( !        
pleasure exp]i5c$ by an amor\s c\ple 9  
eat+ out ( !  same di%4 ,*9-*91 an      
onomatope1 expresses ! s\nd ( ! gravy   
boil+4    ,footnote #bd3 ,to p]=m ! rite
 call$ o-hyaku-d means to make "o       
hundr$ visits to a temple1 say+ a pray] 

ea* "t4 ,! expression  d>k way ( ,love  
7koi no yami or yamiji7 is a ,buddhi/   
phrase2  love1 be+ due to mayoi1 or     
illusion1 is a /ate ( spiritual         
d>kness4 ,! t]m own] ( my he>t is an    
attempt$ r5d]+ (  ! ,japanese ^w nu%i1  
signify+ ma/]1 own]1--(t51 also1        
l&lord1--&1 9 love-matt]s1 ! "l or ma/] 
( ! affection  inspir$4      ,! int]e/  
atta*+ to ! foll[+ typical gr\p (       
love-songs  w be f\nd to dep5d *iefly ^u
 ! ,buddhi/ allusions3--        ,9 ! b$ 
( ! ,riv] ( ,s\ls1 or 9 wait+ alone at  
ev5+1      ,! pa9 diff]s no?+ at all3 to
 a m\nta9 ! pebble gr[s4#be        ,:o  
fur!/ aft] illusion w&]s on ,love's d>k 
pa?way      ,is ev] ! cle>e/-see+1#bf n 
! simple or dull4      ,footnote #be3   
,sai-no-kaw>a to      ,nu%i matsu yoi wa
      ,koi%i1 koi%i ga          ,yama to
 n>u4    ,a m lit]al translation w\ld   
be3 ,9 ! ,sai-no-,kaw>a 7',dry b$  ( !  
,riv] ( ,s\ls'7 & 9 ! ev5+ :5 wait+ = ! 
lov$  "o1 ',koi%i1 ,koi%i' becomes a    
m\nta94 ,!re is a delicate pun  "h1--a  

play on ! ^w ,koi%i1 :i*1 z pron\nc$1   
?\gh n  z writt51 may mean ei!r a small 
/one1 or long+ to see4 ,9  ! b$ ( !     
phantom riv]1 ,sai-no-,kawa1 ! gho/s (  
*ildr5 are  oblig$ to pile up little    
/ones1 ! weight ( :i* increases s z  to 
tax _! /r5g? to ! utmo/4 ,!re is a      
ref]5ce "h also  to a v]se 9 ! ,buddhi/ 
wasan ( ,jiz1 describ+ ! cry+ (  !      
*ildr5 = _! p>5ts3 ,*i*i koi%i6 haha    
koi%i6 7,see  ,glimpses ( ,unfamili>    
,japan1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ei-fa47            
,footnote #bf3 ,cle>e/-sight$1--t is1 9 
worldly matt]s4          ,coldly se5 f  
)\t our love looks utt] folly3      ,:o 
nev] has felt mayoi nev] c\ld und]/&6   
,c\ntless ! m5 mu/ be :o dwell 9 ?ree   
?\s& worlds2      ,yet among !m all is  
none wor?y to *ange = m9e4#bg           
,h[ev] fickle ,i seem1 my he>t is nev]  
unfai?ful3      ,out ( ! slime itself1  
spotless ! lotos gr[s4#bh        ,s t we
 /ay toge!r1 ev5 ! ,hell ( ! ,blood     
,lake--      ,ev5 ! ,m\nta9 ( ,swords--w
 signify no?+ at all8#bi    ,footnote   

#bg3        ,san-z5 skai ni      ,otoko 
wa ard1      ,nu%i ni mi-kay]u          
,hito wa nai4    ,san-z5 skai1 ! ?ree   
?\s& worlds1 is a common  ,buddhi/      
expression4 ,lit]ally translat$1 ! above
 song runs3  ,?ree-?\s&-worlds-9 m5 are1
 b lov]-to-ex*ange p]son is  n4         
,footnote #bh3 ,! famili> ,buddhi/      
simile is us$ m significantly  "h ?an ! 
,we/]n read] might suppose f ! above    
r5d]+4  ,^! are suppos$ to be ! words   
ei!r ( a pr(essional  s++-girl or ( a   
jor4 ,h] call+ is d]isively t]m$ a      
doro-midzu kagy 7f\l-wat] occupation72 &
 h] citation (  ! fam\s ,buddhi/        
comp>ison 9 self-def5se is p>ticul>ly1 &
  pa!tically1 happy4    ,footnote #bi3  
,*i-no-,ik-,jigoku mo1                  
,tsurugi-no-,yama mo1      ,fut>i-dzur  
n>a      ,itoi 'a snu4    ,! ,hell ( !  
,blood-,lake is a hell = wom52 & !      
,m\nta9 (  ,swords is usually depict$ 9 
,buddhi/ pr9ts z a place ( inf]nal      
puni%m5t = m5 9 especial4          ,n   
yet inde$ is my body g>b$ 9 ! ink-black 

habit2      --,b z = ?is he>t b]eav$1   
already x is a nun4#cj        ,my hair1 
inde$1 is uncut2 b my he>t has become a 
religi\s2      ,a nun x %all always be  
till ! h\r ,i meet him aga94    ,b ev5 !
 prie/ or nun is n always exempt f ! p[]
 (  mayoi3--        ,i am we>+ ! sable  
g>b1--& yet1 ?r\gh illusion ( long+1    
,ev] ,i lose my way1--kn[+ n :i!r or    
:]e6    ,s f>1 my examples h be5        
pr9cipally *os5 f ! m s]i\s  class (    
dodoitsu4 ,b 9 dodoitsu ( a light] class
 ! ,buddhi/  allusions are p]haps ev5 m 
frequ5t4 ,! foll[+ gr\p ( five  w s]ve =
 specim5s ( hundr$s3--      ,footnote   
#cj3 ,9 ! orig9al mu* m pretty & mu* m  
simple3--        ,sumi no koromo ni     
,mi wa yatsusan$o1      ,kokoro hitotsu 
wa            ,ama-h%i4                 
,ink-black-koromo prie/'s or nun's out] 
robe 91 body n clad1  b he>t-"o nun4    
,hitotsu1 "o1 also means solit>y1 =lorn1
  b]eav$4 ,ama h%i1 lit43 nun-prie/4    
,nev] c be recall$ ! ^w too quickly     
spok53      ,!re=e ) ,emma's face ! lov]

 receives ! pray]4#ca        ,?rice did 
,i he> t pray] ) ,buddha's face2 b      
h]eaft]      ,my face %all be ,emma's   
face because ( too _m pray]s4        ,n[
 !y are m]ry toge!r2 b "u _! boat is    
,jigoku4#cb      ,bl[ quickly1 ?\       
riv]-w9d1--bl[ a typhoon = my sake6     
,va9ly1 to make him /ay1 ,i said t !    
cr[s 7 night cr[s2#cc--      ,! bell ( !
 dawn peals doom1--! bell t _c lie4     
,footnote #ca3 ,! implication is t he   
has ha/ily promis$ m  ?an he wi%es to   
p]=m4 ,emma1 or ,yemma 7,sansc4 ,yama71 
is ! ,"l  ( ,hell & ,judge ( ,s\ls2 &1 z
 depict$ 9 ,buddhi/ sculpture  & pa9t+1 
is m ?an fe>ful to look ^u4 ,!re is an  
evid5t  ref]5ce 9 ?is song to ! ,buddhi/
 prov]b3 ,k>u-toki no  ,jiz-gao2        
nasu-toki no ,emma-gao 7,borr[+-"t1 !   
face ( ,jiz2  repay+-"t1 ! face (       
,emma74    ,footnote #cb3 ,jigoku is !  
,buddhi/ "n = v>i\s hells 7,sansc4      
n>akas74 ,! allusion "h is to ! prov]b1 
,funa-ita i*i-mai  %ita wa ,jigoku3 ,"u 
! ?ickness ( a s+le boat-plank is       

hell1--ref]r+ to ! p]ils ( ! sea4 ,?is  
song is a satire on  jeal\sy2 & ! boat  
spok5 ( is probably a ro($              
pleasure-boat1  su* z excursions are    
made into ! s\nd ( music4    ,footnote  
#cc3 ,tsuki-yo-g>asu1 lit43 moon-night  
cr[s4 ,cr[s  usually ann\nce ! dawn by  
_! caw+2 b sometimes on moonlight       
nights !y caw at all h\rs f sunset to   
sunrise4 ,! bell ref]r$  to is ! bell ( 
"s ,buddhi/ temple3 ! ak-no-kane1 or    
dawn-bell1 be+1 9 all p>ts ( ,japan1    
s\nd$ f e ,buddhi/  t]a4 ,!re is a pun 9
 ! orig9al2--! expression tsuk5ai1  _c  
tell 7a lie71 might also be int]pret$   
phonetically z  _c /rike a bell4        
,?is my desire3 ,to kill ! cr[s ( ?ree  
?\s& worlds1      ,& !n to repose 9     
peace ) ! own] ( my he>t6#cd            
,footnote #cd3        ,san-z5 skai no   
,k>asu we koro%i      ,nu%i to soi-n ga 
,%it mitai      ,i h cit$ ?is la/ only z
 a curiosity4 ,= x has a /range  hi/ory1
 & is n :at x seems1--al?\gh ! app>5t   
motive 0  c]ta9ly sugge/$ by "s song l !

 "o imm$iately prec$+  x4 ,x is a song (
 loyalty1 & 0 compos$ by ,kido ( ,*-%1  
"o ( ! lead]s 9 t great movem5t :i*     
br\ght ab\t !  d[nfall ( ! ,%gunate1 !  
re/oration ( ! ,imp]ial p[]1 !          
recon/ruction ( ,japanese society1 & !  
introduction & adoption  ( ,we/]n       
civilization4 ,kido1 ,saig1 & kubo are  
rightly t]m$ !  ?ree h]oes ( !          
re/oration4 ,:ile prep>+ 8 plans at     
,kyto1 9  company ) 8 fri5d ,saig1 ,kido
 compos$ & sang ?is song z an           
intimation ( 8 real s5tim5ts4 ,by !     
phrase1 rav5s ( ! ?ree  ?\s& worlds1 he 
designat$ ! ,tokugawa p>tisans2 by ! ^w 
nu%i 7"l1 or he>t's-ma/]7 he signifi$ ! 
,emp]or2 & by !  t]m so9 7repos+ toge!r7
 he ref]r$ to ! hop$-= condition  (     
direct responsibility to ! ,?rone1 )\t  
fur!r int]v5tion  ( ,%gun & daimy4 ,x 0 
n ! fir/ example 9 ,japanese hi/ory  ( !
 use ( popul> song z a m$ium = !        
utt]ance ( op9ions  :i*1 express$ 9     
pla9] language1 w\ld h invit$           
assass9ation4    99    ,:ile ,i 0 writ+ 

! prec$+ note ^u ,kido's song1 !        
,buddhi/  phrase1 ,san-z5 skai 7twice   
occurr+1 z ! read] w h  obs]v$1 9 !     
pres5t collection71 sugge/$ a few       
reflections )  :i* ?is pap] may fitly   
conclude4 ,i rememb] t :5 ,i fir/       
attempt$1 ye>s ago1 to le>n ! outl9es ( 
,buddhi/ philosophy1 "o  fact :i*       
p>ticul>ly impress$ me 0 ! va/ness ( !  
,buddhi/  concept ( ! univ]se4          
,buddhism1 z ,i read x1 _h n (f]$       
itself to humanity z a sav+ cre$ = "o   
inhabit$ _w1 b  z ! religion (          
innum]able hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( myriads (  
ktis#ce ( worlds4 ,& ! mod]n sci5tific  
revelation ( /ell>  evolution &         
dissolution !n seem$ to me1 & /ill      
seems1 l a  prodigi\s confirmation (    
c]ta9 ,buddhi/ !ories ( cosmical law4   
,! man ( sci5ce to-day _c ignore !      
enorm\s sugge/ions (  ! new /ory t !    
heav5s are tell+4 ,he f9ds himself      
compell$  to reg>d ! developm5t ( :at we
 call m9d z a g5]al phase or  incid5t 9 
! rip5+ ( planet>y life ?r\gh\t !       

univ]se4  ,he is oblig$ to consid] !    
relation ( our own petty sph]e to !     
great sw>m+ ( suns & sy/ems z no m ?an !
 relation ( a  s+le noctiluca to !      
phosphoresc5ce ( a sea4 ,by its cre$ !  
,ori5tal intellect has be5 bett] prep>$ 
?an ! ,occid5tal to  accept ?is trem5d\s
 revelation1 n z a wisdom t increase?   
sorr[1 b z a wisdom to quick5 fai?4 ,&  
,i _c b ?9k t  out ( ! c]ta9 future     
union ( ,we/]n k ) ,ea/]n  ?\ght !re mu/
 ev5tually proce$ a ,neo-,buddhism      
inh]it+ all  ! /r5g? ( ,sci5ce1 yet     
spiritually able to recomp5se ! seek]   
aft] tru? ) ! recomp5se =etold 9 !      
twelf? *apt] (  ! ,sutra ( !            
,diamond-,cutt]4 ,tak+ ! text z x       
/&s1--9  despite ( comm5tators1--:at m  
c\ld be unselfi%ly desir$ f  any        
spiritual tea*+ ?an ! rew>d promis$ 9 t 
v]se1--,!y  %all be end[$ ) ! ,highe/   
,wond]8      ,footnote #ce3 #a kti      
#aj1jjj1jjj4          ,,ix              
,,nirvana      ,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,syn!tic  
,,buddhism      ,i        ,x is n       

possible1 ,o ,subhti1 t ?is treatise ( !
      ,law %\ld be he>d by be+s ( little
 fai?1--by ^?      :o believe 9 ,self1 9
 be+s1 9 liv+ be+s1 & 9      p]sons4--,!
 ,diamond-,cutt]4    ,!re /ill widely   
prevails 9 ,europe & ,am]ica ! idea t   
,nirvana  signifies1 to ,buddhi/ m9ds1  
nei!r m nor less ?an absolute           
no?+ness1--complete annihilation4 ,?is  
idea is errone\s4 ,b x  is errone\s only
 because x conta9s half ( a tru?4 ,?is  
half ( a  tru? has no value or int]e/1  
or ev5 intelligibility1 unless jo9$  ) !
 o!r half4 ,& ( ! o!r half no suspicion 
yet exi/s 9  ! av]age ,we/]n m9d4       
,nirvana1 inde$1 signifies an ext9ction4
 ,b if by ?is ext9ction (  individual   
be+ we und]/& s\l-dea?1 our conception (
 ,nirvana  is wrong4 ,or if we take     
,nirvana to mean su* reabsorption ( !   
f9ite  into ! inf9ite z t pr$ict$ by    
,indian pan!ism1 aga9 our idea  is =eign
 to ,buddhism4    ,nev]!less1 if we     
decl>e t ,nirvana means ! ext9ction (   
individual s5sation1 emotion1 ?\ght1--! 

f9al dis9tegration (  consci\s          
p]sonality1--! annihilation ( ev]y?+ t c
 be  includ$ "u ! t]m ,i1--!n we rightly
 express "o side ( !  ,buddhi/ tea*+4   
99    ,! app>5t contradiction ( ! =ego+ 
/atem5ts is due only to  our ,occid5tal 
notion ( ,self4 ,self to u signifies    
feel+s1 ideas1  memory1 volition2 & x c 
sc>cely occur to any p]son n famili>  ) 
,g]man idealism ev5 to imag9e t         
consci\sness might n  be ,self4 ,!      
,buddhi/1 on ! contr>y1 decl>es all t we
 call  ,self to be false4 ,he def9es !  
,ego z a m]e tempor>y aggregate  (      
s5sations1 impulses1 ideas1 creat$ by ! 
physical & m5tal  exp]i5ces ( !         
race1--all relat$ to ! p]i%able body1 & 
all doom$ to dissolve ) x4 ,:at to      
,we/]n reason+ seems !  mo/ indubitable 
( realities1 ,buddhi/ reason+ pron\nces 
!  greate/ ( all illusions1 & ev5 !     
s\rce ( all sorr[ & s94  ,! m9d1 !      
?\ghts1 & all ! s5ses are subject to !  
law  ( life & dea?4 ,) k ( ,self & !    
laws ( bir? &  dea?1 !re is no grasp+1 &

 no s5se-p]ception4 ,kn[+ "o's  self &  
kn[+ h[ ! s5ses act1 !re is no room = ! 
idea (  or ! gr\nd = fram+ x ,! ?\ght ( 
',self' gives rise to all  sorr[s1--b9d+
 ! _w z ) fett]s2 b hav+ f\nd !re is  no
 ',i' t c be b\nd1 !n all ^! bonds are  
sev]$4#a    ,! above text sugge/s v     
pla9ly t ! consci\sness is n !  ,real   
,self1 & t ! m9d dies ) ! body4 ,any    
read] unfamili>  ) ,buddhi/ ?\ght may   
well ask1 ,:at1 !n1 is ! mean+ ( !      
doctr9e ( ,k>ma1 ! doctr9e ( moral      
progression1 ! doctr9e  ( ! consequ5ce (
 acts8 ,inde$1 to try to /udy1 only ) ! 
ontological ideas ( ! ,we/1 ev5 su*     
translations ( ! ,buddhi/  ,sutras z ^? 
giv5 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 is to  
be at  e page confront$ by seem+ly      
hopeless riddles & contradictions4  ,we 
f9d a doctr9e ( rebir?2 b ! exi/5ce ( a 
s\l is d5i$4  ,we are told t ! mis=tunes
 ( ?is life are puni%m5ts ( faults      
committ$ 9 a previ\s life2 yet p]sonal  
transmigration does n take  place4 ,we  
f9d ! /atem5t t be+s are re9dividualiz$2

 yet bo?  individuality & p]sonality are
 call$ illusions4 ,i d\bt :e!r  anybody 
n acqua9t$ ) ! deep] =ms ( ,buddhi/     
belief c\ld  possibly und]/& ! foll[+   
extracts :i* ,i h made f !  fir/ volume 
( ,! ,que/ions ( ,k+ ,mil9da3--    99   
,! ,k+ said3 ,nagas5a1 is !re any "o :o 
aft] dea? is  n re9dividualiz$8 ,nagas5a
 answ]$3 ,a s9ful be+ is                
re9dividualiz$2 a s9less "o is n4 7p4   
#ej47    ,is !re1 ,nagas5a1 su* a ?+ z !
 s\l8 ,!re is no su* ?+  z s\l4 7pp4    
#hf-hi47 ,! same /atem5t is repeat$ 9 a 
lat]  *apt] 7p4 #aaa71 ) a              
qualification3 ,9 ! highe/ s5se1 ,o     
,k+1 !re is no su* ?+4    ,is !re any   
be+1 ,nagas5a1 :o transmigrates f ?is   
body to  ano!r8 ,no3 !re is n4 7p4      
#aab47    ,:]e !re is no transmigration1
 ,nagas5a1 c !re be rebir?8  ,yes3 !re  
c4    ,does he1 ,nagas5a1 :o is ab\t to 
be reborn1 "k t he w be  reborn8 ,yes3  
he kn[s x1 ,o ,k+4 7p4 #aac47           
,naturally ! ,we/]n read] may ask1--,h[ 
c !re be  re9dividualization )\t a s\l8 

,h[ c !re be rebir? )\t  transmigration8
 ,h[ c !re be p]sonal =ekn[l$ge ( rebir?
  )\t p]sonality8 ,b ! answ]s to su*    
que/ions w n be  f\nd 9 ! "w cit$4    ,x
 w\ld be wrong to suppose t ! citations 
giv5 (f] any  exceptional difficulty4 ,z
 to ! doctr9e ( ! annihilation (  ,self1
 ! te/imony ( ne>ly all ^? ,buddhi/     
texts n[ accessible  to ,engli% read]s  
is ov]:elm+4 ,p]haps ! ,sutra ( ! ,great
  ,decease furni%es ! mo/ rem>kable     
evid5ce conta9$ 9 !  ,sacr$ ,books ( !  
,ea/4 ,9 its acc\nt ( ! ,eight ,/ages ( 
,deliv]ance lead+ to ,nirvana1 x        
explicitly describes :at we %\ld  be    
ju/ifi$ 9 call+1 f our ,we/]n po9t (    
view1 ! process  ( absolute             
annihilation4 ,we are told t 9 ! fir/ ( 
^!  eight /ages ! ,buddhi/ seek] aft]   
tru? /ill reta9s ! ideas  (             
=m--subjective & objective4 ,9 ! second 
/age he loses !  subjective idea ( =m1 &
 views =ms z ext]nal ph5om5a only4  ,9 !
 ?ird /age ! s5se ( ! approa*+ p]ception
 ( l>g]  tru? comes to him4 ,9 ! f\r?   

/age he passes beyond all ideas  ( =m1  
ideas ( resi/ance1 & ideas ( di/9ction2 
& !re  rema9s to him only ! idea (      
inf9ite space4 ,9 ! fif? /age !  idea ( 
inf9ite space vani%es1 & ! ?\ght comes3 
,x is all  inf9ite reason4 ,"h is !     
utt]mo/ limit1 _m might suppose1 (      
pan!i/ic idealism2 b x is only ! half   
way re/+-place on !  pa? :i* ! ,buddhi/ 
?9k] mu/ pursue4 ,9 ! six? /age !  ?\ght
 comes1 ,no?+ at all exi/s4 ,9 ! sev5?  
/age ! idea  ( no?+ness itself vani%es4 
,9 ! eigh? /age all s5sations &  ideas  
cease to exi/4 ,& aft] ?is comes        
,nirvana4    ,! same sutra1 9 rec\nt+ ! 
dea? ( ! ,buddha1 repres5ts  him z      
rapidly pass+ ?r\gh ! fir/1 second1     
?ird1 & f\r?  /ages ( m$itation to ent] 
into t /ate ( m9d to :i* !  ,inf9ity (  
,space alone is pres5t1--& !nce into t  
/ate  ( m9d to :i* ! ,inf9ity ( ,?\ght  
alone is pres5t1--&  !nce into t /ate ( 
m9d to :i* no?+ at all is specially     
pres5t1--& !nce into t /ate ( m9d betwe5
 consci\sness  & unconsci\sness1--& !nce

 into t /ate ( m9d 9 :i*  ! consci\sness
 bo? ( s5sations & ( ideas has :olly    
pass$  away4    ,= ! read] :o has made  
any s]i\s attempt to obta9 a g5]al  idea
 ( ,buddhism1 su* citations are sc>cely 
necess>y2 s9ce  ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( !
 concat5ation ( cause & effect  conta9s 
! same d5ial ( ! reality ( ,self &      
sugge/s ! same  enigmas4 ,illusion      
produces action or ,k>ma2 ,k>ma1        
self-consci\sness2  self-consci\sness1  
individuality2 individuality1 ! s5ses2 !
  s5ses1 contact2 contact1 feel+2 feel+1
 desire2 desire1 union2  union1         
conception2 conception1 bir?2 bir?1     
sorr[ & decrepitude  & dea?4 ,d\btless !
 read] kn[s ! doctr9e ( ! de/ruction  ( 
! twelve ,nidanas2 & x is ne$less "h to 
repeat x at l5g?4  ,b he may be rem9d$ (
 ! tea*+ t by ! cessation ( contact     
feel+ is de/roy$2 by t ( feel+1         
individuality2 & by t  ( individuality1 
self-consci\sness4    99    ,evid5tly1  
)\t a prelim9>y solution ( ! riddles    
(f]$ by  su* texts1 any ef=t to le>n !  

mean+ ( ,nirvana is hopeless4  ,be=e be+
 able to compreh5d ! true mean+ ( ^?    
sutras n[  made famili> to ,engli%      
read]s by translation1 x is necess>y to 
und]/& t ! common ,occid5tal ideas (    
,god & ,s\l1 ( matt]1  ( _s1 h no       
exi/5ce 9 ,buddhi/ philosophy2 _! places
 be+  occupi$ by concepts hav+ no real  
c\nt]p>ts 9 ,we/]n religi\s  ?\ght4     
,above all1 x is necess>y t ! read] %\ld
 expel f  8 m9d ! !ological idea ( ,s\l4
 ,! texts already quot$ %\ld  h made x  
cle> t 9 ,buddhi/ philosophy !re is no  
p]sonal  transmigration1 & no individual
 p]man5t ,s\l4      ,footnote #a3       
,fo-,%o-,h+-,tsan-,k+4        ,,ii      
,o ,bhagavat1 ! idea ( a self is no     
idea2 & ! idea ( a be+1 or  a liv+      
p]son1 or a p]son1 is no idea4 ,& :y8   
,because ! bless$  ,buddhas are fre$ f  
all ideas4--,! ,diamond-,cutt]4      ,& 
n[ let u try to und]/& :at x is t dies1 
& :at  x is t is reborn1--:at x is t    
commits faults & :at  x is t suff]s     
p5alties1--:at passes f /ates ( woe to  

/ates ( bliss1--:at ent]s into ,nirvana 
aft] ! de/ruction (                     
self-consci\sness1--:at survives        
ext9ction & has p[] to return  out (    
,nirvana1--:at exp]i5ces ! ,f\r ,inf9ite
 ,feel+s aft] all  f9ite feel+ has be5  
annihilat$4    ,x is n ! s5ti5t &       
consci\s ,self t ent]s ,nirvana4 ,! ,ego
  is only a tempor>y aggregate (        
c\ntless illusions1 a phantom-%ell1  a  
bubble sure to break4 ,x is a creation (
 ,k>ma1--or r1 z a  ,buddhi/ fri5d      
insi/s1 x is ,k>ma4 ,to compreh5d !     
/atem5t  fully1 ! read] %\ld "k t1 9 ?is
 ,ori5tal philosophy1 acts  & ?\ghts are
 =ces integrat+ !mselves into mat]ial & 
m5tal  ph5om5a1--into :at we call       
objective & subjective appe>ances4  ,! v
 e>? we tread ^u1--! m\nta9s & =e/s1 !  
riv]s  & seas1 ! _w & its moon1 !       
visible univ]se 9 %ort1--is  !          
integration ( acts & ?\ghts1 is ,k>ma1  
or1 at lea/1 ,be+  condition$ by        
,k>ma4#a    ,footnote #a3 ,! aggregate  
actions ( all s5ti5t be+s give bir?  to 

! v>ieties ( m\nta9s1 riv]s1 c\ntries1  
etc4 444 ,_! eyes1  no/rils1 e>s1       
tongues1 bodies1--z well z _! g>d5s1    
woods1  f>ms1 resid5ces1 s]vants1 &     
maids1--m5 imag9e to be _!  own         
possessions2 b !y are1 9 tru?1 only     
results produc$ by  innum]able actions4 
--,,kuroda1 ,outl9es ( ! ,mahyana4      
,grass1 trees1 e>?1--all ^! %all become 
,buddha4    --,,*-,,9-,,ky4    ,ev5     
swords & ?+s ( metal are manife/ations (
 _s3 )9  !m exi/ all virtues 7or 'p[]'7 
9 _! fulle/ developm5t &                
p]fection4--,,hiz-,h-,,yaku4    ,:5     
call$ s5ti5t or non-s5ti5t1 matt] is    
,law-,body 7or  'spiritual              
body'74--,,*i%-,,hi%4    ,! ,app>5t     
,doctr9e treats ( ! f\r great elem5ts   
e>?1 fire1  wat]1 air z non-s5ti5t4 ,b 9
 ! ,hidd5 ,doctr9e ^! are said  to be ! 
,sammya-,%9 7,samya-,kaya71 or          
,body-,accordant ( ! ,nyrai             
7,ta?gata74--,,soku-,,%9-,j-,,butsu-,,gi
4    ,:5 e phase ( our m9d %all be 9    
accord ) ! m9d (  ,buddha1 444 !n !re w 

n be ev5 "o p>ticle ( du/ t does  n ent]
 into ,buddhahood4--,,engaku-,,%4       
,! ,k>ma-,ego we call ,self is m9d & is 
body2--bo? p]petually  decay2 bo? are   
p]petually r5ew$4 ,f ! unkn[n beg9n+1   
?is  d\ble--ph5om5on1 objective &       
subjective1 has be5 alt]nately  dissolv$
 & integrat$3 ea* integration is a bir?2
 ea* dissolution  a dea?4 ,!re is no o!r
 bir? or dea? b ! bir? & dea? (  ,k>ma 9
 "s =m or condition4 ,b at ea* rebir? ! 
re9tegration  is nev] ! re9tegration ( !
 id5tical ph5om5on1 b ( ano!r  to :i* x 
gives rise1--z gr[? begets gr[?1 z      
motion produces  motion4 ,s t !         
phantom-self *anges n only z to =m &    
condition1 b z to actual p]sonality ) e 
rembodim5t4 ,!re  is "o ,reality2 b !re 
is no p]man5t individual1 no con/ant    
p]sonality3 !re is only phantom-self1 & 
phantom succe$s to  phantom1 z          
undulation to undulation1 ov] ! gho/ly  
,sea ( ,bir? &  ,dea?4 ,& ev5 z ! /orm+ 
( a sea is a motion ( undulation1  n (  
translation1--ev5 z x is ! =m ( ! wave  

only1 n !  wave itself1 t travels1--s 9 
! pass+ ( lives !re is only  ! ris+ & ! 
vani%+ ( =ms1--=ms m5tal1 =ms mat]ial4  
,! fa?omless ,reality does n pass4 ,all 
=ms1 x is writt5 9 !                    
,kong-hannya-h>amitsu-,ky1#b are unreal3
 he :o rises above all  =ms is !        
,buddha4 ,b :at c rema9 to rise above   
all =ms aft]  ! total dis9tegration (   
body & ! f9al dissolution ( m9d8        
,footnote #b3                           
,vagra-pragn-pramita-,sutra4            
,unconsci\sly dwell+ beh9d ! false      
consci\sness ( imp]fect  man1--beyond   
s5sation1 p]ception1 ?\ght1--wrapp$ 9 ! 
envelope  ( :at we call s\l 7:i* 9 tru? 
is only a ?ickly wov5 veil (  illusion71
 is ! et]nal & div9e1 ! ,absolute       
,reality3 n a s\l1  n a p]sonality1 b ! 
,all-,self )\t selfi%ness1--! ,muga  no 
,taiga1--! ,buddha enwomb$ 9 ,k>ma4 ,)9 
e phantom-self  dwells ?is div9e3 yet ! 
innum]able are b "o4 ,)9 e  creature    
inc>nate sleeps ! ,inf9ite ,intellig5ce 
unevolv$1 hidd51  unfelt1 unkn[n1--yet  

de/9$ f all ! et]nities to wak5 at  la/1
 to r5d away ! gho/ly web ( s5su\s m9d1 
to break =ev]  its *rysalis ( fle%1 &   
pass to ! supreme conque/ ( ,space &    
,"t4 ,:]e=e x is writt5 9 ! ,kegon-,ky  
7,avatamsaka-,sutra73  ,*ild ( ,buddha1 
!re is n ev5 "o liv+ be+ t has n !      
wisdom ( ! ,ta?gata4 ,x is only because 
( _! va9 ?\ghts &  affections t all be+s
 are n consci\s ( ?is4444 ,i w tea*  !m 
! holy ,way2--,i w make !m =sake _!     
fooli% ?\ghts1  & cause !m to see t !   
va/ & deep intellig5ce :i* dwells  )9 !m
 is n diff]5t f ! wisdom ( ! v ,buddha4 
99    ,"h we may pause to consid] !     
correspond5ce betwe5 ^!  fundam5tal     
,buddhi/ !ories & ! concepts ( ,we/]n   
sci5ce4  ,x w be evid5t t ! ,buddhi/    
d5ial ( ! reality ( !  app>itional _w is
 n a d5ial ( ! reality ( ph5om5a z      
ph5om5a1 nor a d5ial ( ! =ces produc+   
ph5om5a objectively  or subjectively4 ,=
 ! negation ( ,k>ma z ,k>ma w\ld involve
 !  negation ( ! entire ,buddhi/ sy/em4 
,! true decl>ation is1 t  :at we p]ceive

 is nev] reality 9 itself1 & t ev5 !    
,ego t  p]ceives is an un/able plexus ( 
aggregates ( feel+s :i* are  !mselves   
un/able & 9 ! nature ( illusions4 ,?is  
position is  sci5tifically              
/rong1--p]haps impregnable4 ,( sub/ance 
9 itself  we c]ta9ly "k no?+3 we are    
consci\s ( ! univ]se z a va/  play (    
=ces only2 &1 ev5 :ile we disc]n ! g5]al
 relative  mean+ ( laws express$ 9 !    
action ( ^? =ces1 all t  :i* is         
,non-,ego is reveal$ to u m]ely ?r\gh ! 
vibrations (  a n]v\s /ructure nev]     
exactly ! same 9 any two human be+s4    
,yet ?r\gh su* v>y+ & imp]fect p]ception
 we are suffici5tly  assur$ ( !         
imp]man5cy ( all =ms1--( all aggregates 
objective  or subjective4    ,! te/ (   
reality is p]si/5ce2 & ! ,buddhi/1 f9d+ 
9 !  visible univ]se only a p]petual    
flux ( ph5om5a1 decl>es !  mat]ial      
aggregate unreal because                
non-p]si/5t1--unreal1 at lea/1  z a     
bubble1 a cl\d1 or a mirage4 ,aga91     
relation is ! univ]sal  =m ( ?\ght2 b   

s9ce relation is imp]man5t1 h[ c ?\ght  
be  p]si/5t8444 ,judg$ f ^! po9ts (     
view1 ,buddhi/ doctr9e is  n            
,anti-,realism1 b a v]itable            
,transfigur$ ,realism1 f9d+ j           
expression 9 ! exact words ( ,h]b]t     
,sp5c]3--,e feel+ &  ?\ght be+ b        
transitory2--an entire life made up (   
su* feel+s  & ?\ghts be+ also b         
transitory2--nay1 ! objects amid :i*    
life is pass$1 ?\gh less transitory1 be+
 sev]ally 9 ! c\rse  ( los+ _!          
individualities1 :e!r quickly or        
sl[ly1--we le>n  t ! "o ?+ p]man5t is ! 
,unkn[able ,reality hidd5 "u all  ^!    
*ang+ %apes4    ,likewise1 ! tea*+ (    
,buddhism1 t :at we call ,self is an    
imp]man5t aggregate1--a s5su\s          
illusion1--w prove1 if pati5tly         
analyz$1 sc>cely possible = any s]i\s   
?9k] to d5y4 ,m9d1  z kn[n to !         
sci5tific psy*ologi/1 is compos$ (      
feel+s &  ! relations betwe5 feel+s2 &  
feel+s are compos$ ( units  ( simple    
s5sation :i* are physiologically        

co9cid5t ) m9ute  n]v\s %ocks4 ,all !   
s5se-organs are fundam5tally alike1 be+ 
evolutional modifications ( ! same      
morphological elem5ts2--&  all ! s5ses  
are modifications ( t\*4 ,or1 to use !  
simple/  possible language1 ! organs (  
s5se--sight1 smell1 ta/e1 ev5  he>+--h  
be5 alike develop$ f ! sk96 ,ev5 ! human
 bra9  itself1 by ! mod]n te/imony (    
hi/ology & embryology1 is1 at  its fir/ 
beg9n+1 m]ely an infold+ ( ! epid]mic   
lay]2 &  ?\ght1 physiologically &       
evolutionally1 is ?us a modification (  
t\*4 ,c]ta9 vibrations1 act+ ?r\gh !    
visual app>atus1 cause  )9 ! bra9 ^?    
motions :i* are foll[$ by ! s5sations  (
 light & color2--o!r vibrations1 act+ ^u
 ! auditory  me*anism1 give rise to !   
s5sation ( s\nd2--o!r vibrations1  sett+
 up *anges 9 specializ$ tissue1 produce 
s5sations ( ta/e1  smell1 t\*4 ,all our 
k is d]iv$ & develop$1 directly or      
indirectly1 f physical s5sation1--f t\*4
 ,( c\rse ?is is  no ultimate           
explanation1 because nobody c tell u :at

 feels !  t\*4 ,ev]y?+ physical1 well   
said ,s*op5hau]1 is at ! same  "t       
meta-physical4 ,b sci5ce fully ju/ifies 
! ,buddhi/ position  t :at we call ,self
 is a bundle ( s5sations1 emotions1     
s5tim5ts1  ideas1 memories1 all relat+  
to ! physical exp]i5ces ( !  race & !   
individual1 & t our wi% = immortality is
 a wi%  = ! et]nity ( ?is m]ely s5su\s &
 selfi% consci\sness4  ,& sci5ce ev5    
supports ! ,buddhi/ d5ial ( ! p]man5ce (
  ! s5su\s ,ego4 ,psy*ology1 says       
,wundt1 proves t n only our             
s5se-p]ceptions1 b ! memorial images t  
r5ew !m1 dep5d  = _! orig9 ^u !         
function+s ( ! organs ( s5se &          
movem5t4444 ,a cont9uance ( ?is s5su\s  
consci\sness mu/ appe>  to h]           
irreconcilable ) ! facts ( h] exp]i5ce4 
,& surely we  may well d\bt :e!r su*    
cont9uance is an e?ical requisite3 m1   
:e!r ! fulfillm5t ( ! wi% = x1 if       
possible1 7 n an  intol]able de/9y4     
,,iii        ,o ,subhti1 if ,i _h _h an 
idea ( a be+1 ( a liv+      be+1 or ( a 

p]son1 ,i %\ld also h _h an idea (      
malevol5ce4444 ,a gift %\ld n be giv5 by
 any "o :o      believes 9 =m1 s\nd1    
smell1 ta/e1 or any?+ t c      be       
t\*$4--,! ,diamond-,cutt]4    ,! doctr9e
 ( ! imp]man5cy ( ! consci\s ,ego is n  
only !  mo/ rem>kable 9 ,buddhi/        
philosophy3 x is also1 morally1 "o  ( ! 
mo/ important4 ,p]haps ! e?ical value ( 
?is tea*+  has nev] yet be5 fairly      
e/imat$ by any ,we/]n ?9k]4 ,h[ mu*  (  
human unhapp9ess has be5 caus$1 directly
 & indirectly1 by  opposite beliefs1--by
 ! delusion ( /ability1--by ! delusion  
t di/9ctions ( "*1 condition1 class1    
cre$1 are settl$  by immutable law1--& !
 delusion ( a *angeless1 immortal1      
s5ti5t s\l1 de/9$1 by div9e caprice1 to 
et]nities ( bliss or  et]nities ( fire6 
,d\btless ! ideas ( a deity mov$ by     
ev]la/+  hate1--( s\l z a p]man5t1      
*angeless entity de/9$ to *angeless     
/ates1--( s9 z unatonable & ( p5alty z  
nev]-end+1--7 n  )\t value 9 =m] savage 
/ages ( social developm5t4 ,b 9 !  c\rse

 ( our future evolution !y mu/ be utt]ly
 got rid (2 & x  may be hop$ t ! contact
 ( ,we/]n ) ,ori5tal ?\ght w  h = "o    
happy result ! accel]ation ( _! decay4  
,:ile ev5  ! feel+s :i* !y h develop$   
l+] ) u1 !re c be no  true _s (         
tol]ance1 no s5se ( human bro!rhood1 no 
wak5+ (  univ]sal love4    ,buddhism1 on
 ! o!r h&1 recogniz+ no p]man5cy1 no    
f9ite  /abilities1 no di/9ctions ( "* or
 class or race1 except z  pass+         
ph5om5a1--nay1 no diff]5ce ev5 betwe5   
gods & m51--has  be5 ess5tially !       
religion ( tol]ance4 ,demon & angel are 
b  v>y+ manife/ations ( ! same          
,k>ma2--hell & heav5 m]e  tempor>y      
halt+-places ^u ! j\rney to et]nal      
peace4 ,= all  be+s !re is b "o         
law1--immutable & div9e3 ! law by :i*  !
 l[e/ mu/ rise to ! place ( ! highe/1--!
 law by :i*  ! wor/ mu/ become ! be/1--!
 law by :i* ! vile/ mu/  become a       
,buddha4 ,9 su* a sy/em !re is no room =
 prejudice &  = hatr$4 ,ignorance alone 
is ! s\rce ( wrong & pa92 & all         

ignorance mu/ f9ally be dissipat$ 9     
inf9ite light ?r\gh !  decomposition (  
,self4    99    ,c]ta9ly :ile we /ill   
try to cl+ to ! old !ories ( p]man5t    
p]sonality1 & ( a s+le inc>nation only =
 ea* individual1  we c f9d no moral     
mean+ 9 ! univ]se z x exi/s4 ,mod]n  k c
 discov] no ju/ice 9 ! cosmic           
process2--! v  mo/ x c (f] u by way (   
e?ical enc\ragem5t is t !  unkn[able    
=ces are n =ces ( pure malevol5ce4      
,nei!r moral  nor immoral1 to quote     
,huxley1 b simply unmoral4 ,evolutional 
sci5ce _c be made to accord ) ! notion (
 indissoluble  p]sonality2 & if we      
accept its tea*+ ( m5tal gr[? &         
inh]itance1 we mu/ also accept its tea*+
 ( individual dissolution  & ( ! cosmos 
z inexplicable4 ,x assures u1 inde$1 t !
  high] faculties ( man h be5 develop$  
?r\gh /ruggle &  pa91 & w long cont9ue  
to be s develop$3 b x also assures  u t 
evolution is inevitably foll[$ by       
dissolution1--t  ! highe/ po9t (        
developm5t is ! po9t likewise f :i*     

retrogression beg9s4 ,& if we are ea* & 
all m]e p]i%able =ms  ( be+1--doom$ to  
pass away l plants & trees1--:at        
consolation  c we f9d 9 ! assurance t we
 are suff]+ = ! b5efit (  ! future8 ,h[ 
c x conc]n u :e!r humanity become m or  
less  happy 9 ano!r myriad ages1 if !re 
rema9s no?+ = u b to  live & die 9      
comp>ative mis]y8 ,or1 to repeat ! irony
 ( ,huxley1  :at comp5sation does !     
,eohippus get = 8 sorr[s 9 ! fact  t1 "s
 millions ( ye>s aft]w>ds1 "o ( 8       
desc5dants w9s  ! ,d]by8    ,b ! cosmic 
process may assume q ano!r aspect if we 
c  p]suade ourselves1 l ! ,buddhi/1 t   
all be+ is ,unity1  --t p]sonality is b 
a delusion hid+ reality1--t all         
di/9ctions ( ,i & ?\ are gho/ly films   
spun out ( p]i%able  s5sation1--t ev5   
,"t & ,place z reveal$ to our petty     
s5ses  are phantasms1--t ! pa/ & !      
pres5t & ! future are  v]itably ,"o4    
,suppose ! w9n] ( ! ,d]by q well able to
  rememb] hav+ be5 ! ,eohippus8 ,suppose
 ! be+1 once man1 able to  look back    

?r\gh all veils ( dea? & bir?1 ?r\gh all
 evolutions  ( evolution1 ev5 to ! mom5t
 ( ! fir/ fa9t gr[? ( s5ti5cy  out (    
non-s5ti5cy2--able to rememb]1 l !      
,buddha ( !  ,jatakas1 all ! exp]i5ces (
 8 myriad inc>nations1 & to relate  !m l
 fairy-tales = ! sake ( ano!r ,an&a8    
,we h se51 t x is n ! ,self b !         
,non-,self--! "o  reality und]ly+ all   
ph5om5a4--:i* passes f =m1 to =m4  ,!   
/riv+ = ,nirvana is a /ruggle p]petual  
betwe5 false &  true1 light & d>kness1 !
 s5sual & ! sup]s5sual2 & !  ultimate   
victory c be ga9$ only by ! total       
decomposition ( !  m5tal & ! physical   
individuality4 ,n "o conque/ ( self c   
suffice3 millions ( selves mu/ be       
ov]come4 ,= ! false ,ego is  a comp\nd (
 c\ntless ages1--possesses a vitality   
endur+ beyond  univ]ses4 ,at ea* break+ 
& %$d+ ( ! *rysalis a new  *rysalis     
appe>s1--m t5\s1 p]haps1 m diaphan\s1 b 
wov5 (  l s5su\s mat]ial1--a m5tal &    
physical texture spun by ,k>ma  f !     
inh]it$ illusions1 passions1 desires1   

pa9s & pleasures1  ( innum]able lives4  
,b :at is x t feels8--! phantom or !    
reality8    ,all ph5om5a (              
,self-consci\sness belong to ! false    
self1--b  only z a physiologi/ might say
 t s5sation is a product ( !  s5sif]\s  
app>atus1 :i* w\ld n expla9 s5sation4   
,no m 9  ,buddhism ?an 9 physiological  
psy*ology is !re any real tea*+  ( two  
feel+ entities4 ,9 ,buddhism ! only     
entity is ! ,absolute2  & to t entity ! 
false self /&s 9 ! relation ( a m$ium   
?r\gh :i* "r p]ception is deflect$ &    
di/ort$1--9 :i*  & because ( :i* s5ti5cy
 & impulse become possible4 ,!          
uncondition$ ,absolute is above all     
relations3 x has no?+ ( :at  we call pa9
 or pleasure2 x kn[s no diff]5ce ( ,i & 
?\1--no  di/9ction ( place or "t4 ,b    
:ile condition$ by ! illusion (         
p]sonality1 x is aw>e ( pa9 or pleasure1
 z a dream] p]ceives  unrealities )\t   
be+ consci\s ( _! unreality4 ,pleasures 
& pa9s & all ! feel+s relat+ to         
self-consci\sness are  halluc9ations4 ,!

 false self exi/s only z a /ate ( sleep 
exi/s2  & s5ti5cy & desire1 & all !     
sorr[s & passions ( be+1  exi/ only z   
illusions ( t sleep4    ,b "h we rea* a 
po9t at :i* sci5ce & ,buddhism div]ge4  
,mod]n psy*ology recognizes no feel+s n 
evolutionally develop$  ?r\gh !         
exp]i5ces ( ! race & ! individual2 b    
,buddhism  ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( feel+s :i*
 are immortal & div9e4 ,x  decl>es t 9  
?is ,k>ma-/ate ! great] "p ( our        
s5sations1  p]ceptions1 ideas1 ?\ghts1  
are relat$ only to ! phantom  self2--t  
our m5tal life is little m ?an a fl[ (  
feel+s  & desires belong+ to            
selfi%ness2--t our loves & hates1 &     
hopes & fe>s1 & pleasures & pa9s1 are   
illusions2#a--;b x  also decl>es !re are
 high] feel+s1 m or less lat5t )9 u1    
accord+ to our degree ( k1 :i* h no?+ to
 d ) !  false self1 & :i* are et]nal4   
,?\gh sci5ce pron\nces ! ultimate nature
 ( pleasures & pa9s  to be inscrutable1 
x p>tly confirms ! ,buddhi/ tea*+ ( _!  
imp]man5t "*4 ,bo? appe> to belong r to 

second>y ?an  to prim>y elem5ts ( feel+1
 & bo? to be evolutions1--=ms  (        
s5sation develop$1 ?r\gh billions (     
life-exp]i5ces1 out (  primal conditions
 9 :i* !re c h be5 nei!r real pleasure  
nor real pa91 b only ! vague/ dull      
s5ti5cy4 ,! high] !  evolution ! m pa91 
& ! l>g] ! volume ( all s5sation4  ,aft]
 ! /ate ( equilibration has be5 rea*$1 !
 volume (  feel+ w beg9 to dim9i%4 ,!   
f9] pleasures & ! ke5]  pa9s mu/ fir/   
become ext9ct2 !n by gradual /ages !    
less  complex feel+s1 accord+ to _!     
complexity2 till at la/1 9 all  !       
refrig]at+ planet1 !re w survive n ev5 !
 simple/  s5sation possible to ! l[e/ =m
 ( life4    ,b1 accord+ to ! ,buddhi/1 !
 highe/ moral feel+s survive  races &   
suns & univ]ses4 ,! purely unselfi%     
feel+s1 impossible  to gross] natures1  
belong to ! ,absolute4 ,9 g5]\s natures 
!  div9e becomes s5ti5t1--quick5s )9 !  
%ell ( illusion1 z  a *ild quick5s 9 !  
womb 7:5ce illusion itself is call$ ,!  
,womb ( ! ,ta?gata74 ,9 yet high]       

natures ! feel+s :i* are  n ( self f9d  
room = p[]ful manife/ation1--%9e ?r\gh  
! phantom-,ego z light ?r\gh a vase4    
,su* are purely unselfi%  love1 l>g] ?an
 individual be+1--supreme               
compassion1--p]fect  b5evol5ce3 !y are n
 ( man1 b ( ! ,buddha )9 ! man4 ,&  z ^!
 exp&1 all ! feel+s ( self beg9 to ?9 & 
weak54  ,! condition ( ! phantom-,ego   
simultane\sly purifies3 all ^?          
opacities :i* d>k5$ ! reality ( ,m9d )9 
! mirage ( m9d  beg9 to illum9e2 & !    
s5se ( ! inf9ite1 l a ?rill+  ( light1  
passes ?r\gh ! dream ( p]sonality into !
 awak5+  div9e4#b    ,b 9 ! case ( !    
av]age seek] aft] tru?1 ?is ref9em5t  & 
ultimate decomposition ( self c be      
effect$ only ) l5tor  inexpressible4 ,! 
phantom-individuality1 ?\gh endur+ only 
=  ! space ( a s+le lifetime1 %apes out 
( ! sum ( its innate  qualities1 & out (
 ! sum ( its own p>ticul> acts & ?\ghts1
  ! new comb9ation :i* succe$s x1--a    
fre% individuality1  ano!r prison (     
illusion = ! ,self-)\t-selfi%ness4#c ,z 

"n & =m1 ! false self dissolves2 b its  
impulses live on &  recomb9e2 & ! f9al  
de/ruction ( ^? impulses--! total       
ext9ction ( _! gho/ly vitality1--may    
require a protraction (  ef=t ?r\gh     
billions ( c5turies4 ,p]petually f !    
a%es  ( burnt-out passions subtl]       
passions are born1--p]petually f  !     
graves ( illusions new illusions arise4 
,! mo/ p[]ful (  human passions is ! la/
 to yield3 x p]si/s f> into sup]human   
conditions4 ,ev5 :5 its gross] =ms h    
pass$ away1 its  t5d5cies /ill lurk 9 ^?
 feel+s orig9ally d]iv$ f  x or int]wov5
 ) x1--! s5sation ( beauty1 = example1  
& ! delight ( ! m9d 9 graceful ?+s4 ,on 
e>? ^! are  class$ among ! high] feel+s4
 ,b 9 a supramundane /ate _!  indulg5ce 
is fraught ) p]il3 a t\* or a look may  
cause !  brok5 fett]s ( s5sual bondage  
to re=m4 ,beyond all worlds (  sex !re  
are /range zones 9 :i* ?\ghts & memories
 become  tangible & visible objective   
facts1--9 :i* emotional fancies are     
mat]ializ$1--9 :i* ! lea/ unwor?y wi%   

may prove creative4  ,x may be said1 9  
,we/]n religi\s phraseology1 t ?r\gh\t  
! great] "p ( ?is va/ pilgrimage1 & 9   
all ! zones (  desire1 ! temptations    
increase accord+ to ! spiritual /r5g?  (
 resi/ance4 ,) e successive asc5t !re is
 a fur!r  expansion ( ! possibilities ( 
enjoym5t1 an augm5tation ( p[]1  a      
height5+ ( s5sation4 ,imm5se ! rew>d (  
self-conque/2 b  :osoev] /rives = t     
rew>d /rives aft] empt9ess4 ,"o mu/ n   
desire heav5 z a /ate ( pleasure2 x has 
be5 writt51 ,errone\s  ?\ghts z to !    
joys ( heav5 are /ill entw9$ by ! fa/   
cords  ( lu/4 ,"o mu/ n wi% to become a 
god or an angel4 ,:atsoev]  bro!r1 ,o   
,bhikkus1--! ,tea*] said1--may h adopt$ 
!  religi\s life ?9k+1 to himself1 ',by 
?is morality ,i %all become  an angel2' 
8 m9d does n incl9e to zeal1 p]sev]ance1
 ex]tion4  ,p]haps ! mo/ vivid          
exposition ( ! duty ( ! w9n] (  happ9ess
 is t giv5 9 ! ,sutra ( ! ,great ,k+ (  
,glory4 ,?is  great k+1 com+ into       
possession ( all imag9able weal? & p[]1 

ab/a9s f enjoym5ts1 despises spl5dors1  
refuses ! c>esses (  a ,que5 d[]$ ) !   
beauty ( ! gods1 & bids h] dem&  ( him1 
out ( h] own lips1 t he =sake h]4 ,%e1 )
 dutiful  sweetness1 b n )\t natural    
te>s1 obeys him2 & he passes  at once   
out ( exi/5ce4 ,e su* refusal ( ! prizes
 ga9$ by  virtue helps to cause a /ill m
 =tunate bir? 9 a /ill l(ti]  /ate (    
be+4 ,b no /ate %\ld be desir$2 & x is  
only aft]  ! wi% = ,nirvana itself has  
ceas$ t ,nirvana c be atta9$4    99     
,& n[ we may v5ture = a little :ile into
 ! mo/ fanta/ic  region ( ,buddhi/      
ontology1--s9ce1 )\t "s def9ite notion (
  ! c\rse ( psy*ical evolution !re9     
describ$1 ! sugge/ive  wor? ( ! sy/em _c
 be fairly judg$4 ,c]ta9ly ,i am ask+ ! 
read] to consid] a !ory ab\t :at is     
beyond ! utt]mo/ limit  ( possible human
 k4 ,b z mu* ( ! ,buddhi/ doctr9e  z c  
be /udi$ & te/$ )9 ! limit ( human k is 
f\nd to accord ) sci5tific op9ion bett] 
?an does any o!r  religi\s hypo!sis2 &  
"s ( ! ,buddhi/ tea*+s prove to be      

incompreh5sible anticipations ( mod]n   
sci5tific disco v1--c  x1 !re=e1 seem   
unreasonable to claim t ev5 ! pure      
fancies (  a fai? s mu* old] ?an our    
own1 & s mu* m capable ( be+  reconcil$ 
) ! wide/ expansions ( n9ete5?-c5tury   
?\ght1  des]ve at lea/ respectful       
consid]ation8      ,footnote #a3        
,pleasures & pa9s h _! orig9 f t\*3 :]e 
!re is no t\*1 !y d n                   
arise4--,at?akavagga1 #aa4    ,footnote 
#b3 ,to rea* ! /ate ( ! p]fect & ev]la/+
  happ9ess is ! highe/ ,nirvana2 = !n   
all m5tal ph5om5a--su*  z desires1      
etc4--are annihilat$4 ,& z su* m5tal    
ph5om5a are  annihilat$1 !re appe>s !   
true nature ( true m9d ) all its        
innum]able functions & miracul\s        
actions4--,,kuroda1 ,outl9es (  !       
,mahyana4    ,footnote #c3 ,x is on !   
subject ( ?is propagation & p]petuation 
( *>act]s t ! doctr9e ( ,k>ma is 9      
p>tial agreem5t )  ! mod]n sci5tific    
tea*+-( ! h]$it>y transmission (        
t5d5cies4        ,,iv      ,non-exi/5ce 

is only ! entrance to ! ,great ,vehicle4
  --,daibon-,kyi4    ,& 9 :i* way is x1 
,siha1 t "o speak+ truly c\ld say ( me3 
',! ,samana ,gotama ma9ta9s             
annihilation2--he tea*es ! doctr9e (    
annihilation'8 ,i proclaim1 ,siha1 !    
annihilation ( lu/1 ( ill-w1  (         
delusion2 ,i proclaim ! annihilation ( !
 manifold conditions 7(  he>t7 :i* are  
evil & n good4--,mahavagga1 vi4 #ca4 #g4
      ,n9 mit1 h tok 7see fir/ ! p]son1 
!n prea* ! law7 is a  ,japanese prov]b  
signify+ t ,buddhism %\ld be taught     
accord+ to  ! capacity ( ! pupil4 ,& !  
great sy/ems ( ,buddhi/ doctr9e  are    
actually divid$ into progressive /ages  
7five usually71 to be  /udi$ 9          
succession1 or o!rwise1 accord+ to !    
intellectual  ability ( ! le>n]4 ,also  
!re are _m v>ieties ( special  doctr9e  
held by ! diff]5t sects & sub-sects1--s 
t1 to make  any satisfactory outl9e (   
,buddhi/ ontology1 x is necess>y to %ape
  a syn!sis ( ! m important &           
non-conflict+ among ^! _m  t5ets4 ,i ne$

 sc>cely say t popul> ,buddhism does n  
include  concepts su* z we h be5 exam9+4
 ,! p hold to ! simpl]  cre$ ( a        
v]itable transmigration ( simpl] ,! p   
und]/&  ,k>ma only z ! law t makes !    
puni%m5t or rew>d ( faults  committ$ 9  
previ\s lives4 ,! p d n tr\ble !mselves 
ab\t  ,nehan or ,nirvana2#a b !y ?9k mu*
 ab\t heav5 7,gokuraku17  :i* ! memb]s (
 _m sects believe c be atta9$ imm$iately
  aft] ?is life by ! spirits ( ! good4  
,! foll[]s ( !  greate/ & ri*e/ ( !     
mod]n sects--! ,%9%--hold t1  by !      
invocation ( ,amida1 a righte\s p]son c 
pass at once  aft] dea? to ! great      
,p>adise ( ! ,we/1--! ,p>adise ( !      
,lotos-,fl[]-,bir?4 ,i am tak+ no acc\nt
 ( popul> beliefs 9 ?is  little /udy1   
nor ( doctr9es peculi> to any "o sect   
only4    ,b !re are _m diff]5ces 9 !    
high] tea*+ z to !  atta9m5t ( ,nirvana4
 ,"s au?orities hold t ! supreme        
happ9ess  c be won1 or at lea/ se51 ev5 
on ?is e>?2 :ile o!rs decl>e  t ! pres5t
 _w is too corrupt to all[ ( a p]fect   

life1 &  t only by w9n+1 ?r\gh good     
de$s1 ! privilege ( rebir? into  a bett]
 _w1 c m5 hope = opportunity to practice
 t hol9ess  :i* leads to ! highe/ bliss4
 ,! latt] op9ion1 :i* posits !  sup]ior 
conditions ( be+ 9 o!r worlds1 bett]    
expresses !  g5]al ?\ght ( contempor>y  
,buddhism 9 ,japan4    99    ,!         
conditions ( human & ( animal be+ belong
 to :at are t]m$  ! ,worlds ( ,desire   
7,yoku-,kai71--:i* are f\r 9 numb]4     
,bel[  ^! are ! /ates ( torm5t or hells 
7,jigoku17 ab\t :i* _m  curi\s ?+s are  
writt52 b nei!r ! ,yoku-,kai nor !      
,jigoku  ne$ be consid]$ 9 relation to !
 purpose ( ?is little essay4  ,we h only
 to d ) ! c\rse ( spiritual progress f !
  _w ( m5 up to ,nirvana1--assum+1 )    
mod]n ,buddhism1 t !  pilgrimage ?r\gh  
dea? & bir? mu/ cont9ue1 = ! majority ( 
mank9d at lea/1 ev5 aft] ! atta9m5t ( ! 
highe/ conditions  possible ^u ?is      
globe4 ,! way rises f t]re/rial         
conditions  to o!r & sup]ior            
worlds1--pass+ fir/ ?r\gh ! ,six ,heav5s

  ( ,desire 7,yoku-,t572--!nce ?r\gh !  
,sev5te5 ,heav5s ( ,=m  7,%iki-,kai72--&
 la/ly ?r\gh ! ,f\r ,heav5s (           
,=mlessness  7,mu%iki-,kai71 beyond :i* 
lies ,nirvana4    ,! requirem5ts (      
physical life--! ne$ ( food1 re/1 &     
sexual  relations--cont9ue to be felt 9 
! ,heav5s ( ,desire1--:i*  w\ld seem to 
be high] physical worlds r ?an :at we   
commonly  und]/& by ! expression heav5s4
 ,inde$1 ! conditions 9 "s  ( !m are su*
 z might be suppos$ to exi/ 9 planets m 
favor$  ?an our own1--9 l>g] sph]es w>m$
 by a m g5ial sun4 ,& "s  ,buddhi/ texts
 actually place !m 9 remote             
con/ellations1--decl>+  t ! ,pa? leads f
 /> to />1 f galaxy to galaxy1 f        
univ]se to univ]se1 up to ! ,limit (    
,exi/5ce4#b ,9 ! fir/  ( ! heav5s ( ?is 
zone1 call$ ! ,heav5 ( ! ,f\r ,k+s      
7,%i-,t5n-,t571 life la/s five times    
long] ?an life on ?is  e>? accord+ to   
numb] ( ye>s1 & ea* ye> !re is equal  to
 fifty t]re/rial ye>s4 ,b its           
inhabitants eat & dr9k1 &  m>ry & give 9

 m>riage1 mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( mank9d4 ,9
 !  succe$+ heav5 7,sanjiu-san-,t517 !  
duration ( life is d\bl$1  :ile all o!r 
conditions are correspond+ly improv$2 & 
!  gross] =ms ( passion disappe>4 ,!    
union ( ! sexes p]si/s1  b 9 a mann]    
curi\sly simil> to t :i* a c]ta9 ,fa!r (
  ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* wi%$ might become    
possible1--a simple embrace  produc+ a  
new be+4 ,9 ! ?ird heav5 7call$         
,emma-,t571 :]e  longevity is aga9      
d\bl$1 ! slighte/ t\* may create life4  
,9  ! f\r?1 or ,heav5 ( ,cont5tm5t      
7,to*ita-,t517 longevity is  fur!r      
increas$4 ,9 ! fif?1 or ,heav5 ( !      
,transmutation (  ,pleasure             
7,k]aku-,t517 /range new p[]s are ga9$4 
,subjective  pleasures become *ang$ at w
 into objective pleasures2--?\ghts  z   
well z wi%es become creative =ces2--&   
ev5 ! act ( see+  may cause conception &
 bir?4 ,9 ! six? heav5 7,tak-jizai-,t517
  ! p[]s obta9$ 9 ! fif? heav5 are fur!r
 develop$2 & !  subjective pleasures    
trans-mut$ into objective c be pres5t$  

to  o!rs1 or %>$ ) o!rs1--l mat]ial     
gifts4 ,b ! look ( an  in/ant1--"o      
glance ( ! eye1--may g5]ate a new ,k>ma4
    ,! ,yoku-,kai are all heav5s (      
s5su\s life1--heav5s su* z might  answ] 
to ! dreams ( arti/s & lov]s & poets4 ,b
 ^? :o  are able to trav]se !m )\t      
fall+--7& a fall1 be x obs]v$1  is n    
difficult7--pass into ! ,sup]s5sual     
,zone1 fir/ ent]+ !  ,heav5s ( ,lum9\s  
,obs]vation ( ,exi/5ce & ( ,calm        
,m$itation  ^u ,exi/5ce 7,uj9-u%i-%ryo1 
or ,kak-kwan74 ,^! are 9 numb]          
?ree1--ea* high] ?an ! prec$+1--& are   
nam$ ,! ,heav5  ( ,sanctity1 ,! ,heav5 (
 ,high] ,sanctity1 & ,! ,heav5 ( ,great 
,sanctity4 ,aft] ^! come ! heav5s call$ 
! ,heav5s ( ,lum9\s  ,obs]vation (      
,non-,exi/5ce & ( ,calm ,m$itation ^u   
,non-,exi/5ce  7,mj9-mu%i-%ryo74 ,^!    
also are ?ree2 & ! names ( !m 9  _! ord]
 signify1 ,less] ,light1 ,light         
,unfa?omable1 & ,light ,mak+  ,s\nd1 or1
 ,light-,sonor\s4 ,"h !re is atta9$ !   
highe/ degree  ( sup]s5su\s joy possible

 to tempor>y conditions4 ,above are !   
/ates nam$ ,riki-%ryo1 or ! ,heav5s ( ! 
,m$itation ( !  ,ab&onm5t ( ,joy4 ,!    
names ( ^! /ates 9 _! asc5d+ ord]  are1 
,less] ,purity1 ,purity ,unfa?omable1 & 
,purity ,supreme4 ,9 !m  nei!r joy nor  
pa91 nor =ceful feel+ ( any sort exi/3  
!re is  a mild negative pleasure        
only1--! pleasure ( heav5ly             
,equanimity4#c  ,high] ?an ^! heav5s are
 ! eight sph]es ( ,calm ,m$itation ^u  !
 ,ab&onm5t ( all ,joy & ,pleasure       
7,riki-raku-%ryo47 ,!y are  call$ ,!    
,cl\dless1 ,hol9ess-,manife/1 ,va/      
,results1 ,empty ( ,"n1  ,void ( ,heat1 
,fair-,appe>+1 ,vision-,p]fect+1 & ,!   
,limit ( ,=m4  ,h]e9 pleasure & pa91 &  
"n & =m1 pass utt]ly away4 ,b  !re rema9
 ideas & ?\ghts4    ,he :o c pass ?r\gh 
^! sup]s5sual realms ent]s at once  into
 ! ,mu%iki-,kai1--! sph]es (            
,=mlessness4 ,^!  are f\r4 ,9 ! fir/    
/ate ( ! ,mu%iki-,kai1 all s5se (       
individuality is lo/3 ev5 ! ?\ght ( "n &
 =m becomes  ext9ct1 & !re survives only

 ! idea ( ,inf9ite ,space1 or           
,empt9ess4 ,9 ! second /ate ( !         
,mu%iki-,kai1 ?is idea (  space vani%es2
 & its place is fill$ by ! ,idea (      
,inf9ite  ,reason4 ,b ?is idea ( reason 
is an?ropomorphic3 x is an  illusion2 & 
x fades out 9 ! ?ird /ate ( !           
,mu%iki-,kai1  :i* is call$ !           
,/ate-(-,no?+-to-take-hold-(1 or        
,m-%o--%-j4 ,"h is only ! ,idea (       
,inf9ite ,no?+ness4  ,b ev5 ?is         
condition has be5 rea*$ by ! aid ( !    
action  ( ! p]sonal m9d4 ,?is action    
ceases3 !n ! f\r? /ate (  ! ,mu%iki-,kai
 is rea*$1--! ,8-hihis-%1 or ! /ate (   
nei!r-namelessness-nor-n-namelessness4  
,some?+ ( p]sonal  m5tality cont9ues to 
float vaguely "h1--! v utt]mo/  expir+  
vibration ( ,k>ma1--! la/ vani%+ haze ( 
be+4 ,x  melts2--& ! immeasurable       
revelation comes4 ,! dream+ ,buddha1    
fre$ f ! la/ gho/ly bond ( ,self1 rises 
at once into !  inf9ite bliss (         
,nirvana4#d    99    ,b e be+ does n    
pass ?r\gh all ! /ates above enum]at$3  

! p[] to rise swiftly or sl[ly dep5ds ^u
 ! acquisition (  m]it z well z ^u ! "* 
( ! ,k>ma to be ov]come4 ,"s  be+s pass 
to ,nirvana imm$iately aft] ! pres5t    
life2 "s aft]  a s+le new bir?2 "s aft] 
two or ?ree bir?s2 :ile _m rise         
directly f ?is _w into "o ( !           
,sup]s5su\s ,heav5s4 ,all  su* are call$
 ,*1--! ,leap]s1--( :om ! highe/ class  
rea*  ,nirvana at once aft] _! dea? z m5
 or wom54 ,!re are two great  divisions 
( ,*1--! ,fu-,kwan1 or                  
,nev]-,return+-,ones1#e & !  ,kwan1     
,return+ ,ones1 or rev5ants4 ,sometimes 
! return may be 9  ! nature ( a prolong$
 retrogression2 &1 accord+ to a ,buddhi/
  leg5d ( ! orig9 ( ! _w1 ! fir/ m5 7   
be+s :o _h  fall5 f ! ,kw-on-,t51 or    
,heav5 ( ,sonor\s ,light4 ,a rem>kable  
fact ab\t ! :ole !ory ( progression is t
 ! progression  is n conceiv$ ( 7except 
9 v r>e cases7 z an advance 9  /raight  
l9es1 b z an advance by undulations1--a 
psy*ical rhy?m  ( motion4 ,?is is       
exemplifi$ by ! curi\s ,buddhi/         

classification  ( ! diff]5t %ort c\rses 
by :i* ! ,kwan or rev5ants may  hope to 
rea* ,nirvana4 ,^! %ort c\rses are      
divid$ into ,ev5 &  ,unev52--! =m]      
includes an equal numb] ( heav5ly & (   
e>?ly  rebir?s2 :ile 9 ! latt] class !  
heav5ly & ! e>?ly  int]m$iate rebir?s   
are n equal 9 numb]4 ,!re are f\r k9ds  
( ^! int]m$iate /ages4 ,a ,japanese     
fri5d has drawn = me !  accompany+      
diagrams1 :i* expla9 ! subject cle>ly4  
,fanta/ic ?is may be call$2 b x         
h>monizes ) ! tru? t all  progress is   
necess>ily rhy?mical4    ,illu/ration   
,,nirvana ,,rea*$ ,,f ,,! ,,heav5s      
,,?r\gh #c ,,ev5 ,,bir?s3--    ,,?r\gh  
#c ,,unev5 ,,bir?s3--    ,,nirvana      
,,rea*$ ,,f ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,man ,,?r\gh
 #c ,,ev5 ,,bir?s3--    ,,?r\gh #c      
,,unev5 ,,bir?s3--    ,,nirvana ,,rea*$ 
,,f ,,! ,,heav5s ,,?r\gh #b ,,ev5       
,,bir?s--    --,,?r\gh #b ,,unev5       
,,bir?s3--    ,,nirvana ,,rea*$ ,,f     
,,!--,,?r\gh #b ,,unev5 ,,bir?s3--      
,,/ate ,,( ,,man ,,?r\gh #b ,,ev5       

,,bir?s3--    ,?\gh all be+s d n pass   
?r\gh e /age ( ! great  j\rney1 all be+s
 :o atta9 to ! highe/ enlight5m5t1 by   
any c\rse :atev]1 acquire c]ta9         
faculties n belong+ to  p>ticul>        
conditions ( bir?1 b only to p>ticul>   
conditions (  psy*ical developm5t4 ,^!  
are1 ! ,roku-,j9dz 7,abhidjn71  or ,six 
,sup]natural ,p[]s3#f 7#a7 ,%9-,ky-,tsu1
 ! p[] (  pass+ any-:i!r ?r\gh any      
ob/acles1--?r\gh solid walls1  =        
example2--7#b7 ,t5g5-,ts1 ! p[] (       
inf9ite vision2--7#c7  ,t5ni-,ts1 ! p[] 
( inf9ite he>+2--7#d7 ,ta%9-,ts1 !  p[] 
( kn[+ ! ?\ghts ( all o!r be+s2--7#e7   
,%uku-j-,ts1  ! p[] ( rememb]+ =m]      
bir?s2--7#f7 ,roj9--,ts1 inf9ite  wisdom
 ) ! p[] ( ent]+ at w into ,nirvana4 ,! 
,roku-j9dz  fir/ beg9 to develop 9 !    
/ate ( ,%mon 7,sravaka71 & exp&  9 !    
high] conditions ( ,engaku              
7,pratyeka-,buddha7 & ( ,bosatsu        
7,bodhisattva or ,mahsattva74 ,! p[]s ( 
! ,%mon may be ex]t$  ov] two ?\s&      
worlds2 ^? ( ! ,engaku or ,bosatsu1 ov] 

?ree  ?\s&2--b ! p[]s ( ,buddhahood     
ext5d ov] ! total cosmos4  ,9 ! fir/    
/ate ( hol9ess1 = example1 comes !      
memory ( a  c]ta9 numb] ( =m] bir?s1    
toge!r ) ! capacity to =esee  a         
correspond+ numb] ( future bir?s2--9 !  
next high] /ate !  numb] ( bir?s        
rememb]$ increases2--& 9 ! /ate (       
,bosatsu  all =m] bir?s are visible to  
memory4 ,b ! ,buddha sees n only  all ( 
8 own =m] bir?s1 b likewise all bir?s t 
ev] h  be5 or c be1--& all ! ?\ghts &   
acts1 pa/1 pres5t1 or  future1 ( all    
pa/1 pres5t1 or future be+s4444 ,n[ ^!  
dreams  ( sup]natural p[] m]it att5tion 
because ( ! e?ical tea*+  9 reg>d to    
!m1--! same :i* is wov5 ?r\gh e ,buddhi/
  hypo!sis1 rational or un?9kable1--!   
tea*+ ( self-abnegation4  ,!            
,sup]natural ,p[]s mu/ nev] be us$ =    
p]sonal pleasure1 b  only = ! highe/    
b5efic5ce1--! propagation ( doctr9e1 !  
sav+ ( m54 ,any ex]cise ( !m = less]    
ends might result 9  _! loss1--w\ld     
c]ta9ly signify retrogression 9 ! pa?4#g

  ,to %[ !m = ! purpose ( excit+        
admiration or wond] 7  to juggle wick$ly
 ) :at is div9e2 & ! ,tea*] himself is  
record$ to h once sev]ely rebuk$ a      
ne$less display ( !m by a  disciple4#h  
,?is giv+ up n only ( "o life1 b (      
c\ntless lives1--n only  ( "o _w1 b (   
innum]able worlds1--n only ( natural b  
also  ( sup]natural pleasures1--n only (
 selfhood b ( godhood1--is  c]ta9ly n = 
! mis]able privilege ( ceas+ to be1 b = 
a privilege inf9itely outweigh+ all t   
ev5 p>adise c give4  ,nirvana is no     
cessation1 b an emancipation4 ,x means  
only ! pass+  ( condition$ be+ into     
uncondition$ be+1--! fad+ ( all  m5tal &
 physical phantoms into ! light (       
,=mless ,omnipot5ce &  ,omnisci5ce4 ,b !
 ,buddhi/ hypo!sis holds "s sugge/ion ( 
!  p]si/5ce ( t :i* has once be5 able to
 rememb] all bir?s  & /ates ( limit$    
be+1--! p]si/5ce ( ! id5tity ( !        
,buddhas ev5 9 ,nirvana not)/&+ ! tea*+ 
t all ,buddhas  are "o4 ,h[ reconcile   
?is doctr9e ( monism ) ! assurance (    

v>i\s texts t ! be+ :o ent]s ,nirvana c1
 :5 s desir\s1  reassume an e>?ly       
p]sonality8 ,!re are "s v rem>kable     
texts  on ?is subject 9 ! ,sutra ( !    
,lotos ( ! ,good ,law3 ^? =  in/ance 9  
:i* ! ,ta?gata ,prabht>tna is pictur$ z 
sitt+  p]fectly ext9ct ^u 8 ?rone &     
speak+ be=e a va/  assembly to :i* he   
has be5 introduc$ z ! great ,se] :o1    
al?\gh p]fectly ext9ct = _m ktis ( ons1 
n[ comes to he>  ! ,law4 ,^! texts      
!mselves (f] u ! riddle ( multiplicity  
9 unity2 = ! ,ta?gata ,prabht>tna & !   
myriads ( o!r  ext9ct ,buddhas :o appe> 
simultane\sly1 are said to h be5 all    
inc>nations ( b a s+le ,buddha4    ,a   
reconciliation is (f]$ by ! hypo!sis (  
:at might be  call$ a pluri/ic          
monism1--a sole reality compos$ ( gr\ps 
(  consci\sness1 at once indep5d5t & yet
 int]dep5d5t1--or1 to  speak ( pure m9d 
9 t]ms ( matt]1 an atomic spiritual     
ultimate4  ,?is hypo!sis1 ?\gh n        
doctr9ably enunciat$ 9 ,buddhi/ texts1  
is di/9ctly impli$ bo? by text &        

comm5t>y4 ,! ,absolute (  ,buddhism is  
"o z e!r is "o4 ,e!r is conceivable only
 z a  composition ( units4#i ,!         
,absolute is conceivable only 7accord+  
to  any attempt at a syn!sis ( !        
,japanese doctr9es7 z compos$ (         
,buddhas4 ,b "h ! /ud5t f9ds himself    
voyag+ f>!r1 p]haps1  beyond ! b> ( !   
?9kable ?an ,we/]n philosoph]s h ev]    
v5tur$4 ,all are ,"o2--ea* by union     
becomes equal ) ,all6 ,we are  n only   
bidd5 to imag9e ! ultimate reality z    
compos$ ( units (  consci\s be+1--b to  
believe ea* unit p]man5tly equal to e   
o!r & inf9ite 9 pot5tiality4#aj ,!      
c5tral reality ( e  liv+ creature is a  
pure ,buddha3 ! visible =m & ?9k+ self1 
:i* encell x1 be+ b ,k>ma4 ,) "s degree 
( tru? x might be  said t ,buddhism     
sub/itutes = our !ory ( a univ]se (     
physical  atoms ! hypo!sis ( a univ]se (
 psy*ical units4 ,n t x  necess>ily     
d5ies our !ory ( physical atoms1 b t x  
assumes a  position :i* might be ?us    
express$ 9 words3 ,:at y call atoms  are

 really comb9ations1 un/able aggregates1
 ess5tially imp]man5t1  & !re=e         
ess5tially unreal4 ,atoms are b ,k>ma4  
,& ?is  position is sugge/ive4 ,we "k   
no?+ :atev] ( ! ultimate nature  (      
sub/ance & motion3 b we h sci5tific     
evid5ce t ! kn[n  has be5 evolv$ f !    
unkn[n2 t ! atoms ( our elem5ts are     
comb9ations2 & t :at we call matt] & =ce
 are b diff]5t  manife/ations ( a s+le &
 inf9ite ,unkn[n ,reality4    ,!re are  
wond]ful ,buddhi/ pictures :i* at fir/  
sight appe> to  h be5 made1 l o!r       
,japanese pictures1 ) bold free sweeps (
  a skill$ bru%1 b :i*1 :5 closely      
exam9$1 prove to h be5  execut$ 9 a mu* 
m m>vel\s mann]4 ,! figures1 ! features1
  ! robes1 ! aureoles1--also ! sc5]y1 ! 
colors1 ! effects (  mi/ or cl\d1--all1 
ev5 to ! t9ie/ detail ( tone or l9e1 h  
be5 produc$ by gr\p+s ( microscopic     
,*9ese *>act]s1--t9t$  accord+ to       
position1 & m or less ?ickly mass$      
accord+ to  ne$ ( light or %ade4 ,9     
brief1 ^! pictures are compos$ entirely 

out ( texts ( ,sutras3 !y are mosaics ( 
m9ute ideographs1--ea*  ideograph a     
comb9ation ( /rokes1 & ! symbol at once 
( a s\nd  & ( an idea4    ,is our       
univ]se s compos$8--an endless          
phantasmagory made only by  comb9ations 
( comb9ations ( comb9ations (           
comb9ations ( units  f9d+ quality & =m  
?r\gh unimag9able aff9ities2--n[ ?ickly 
mass$ 9 solid glooms2 n[ palpitat+ 9    
tremulosities ( light  & color2 always &
 ev]y:]e gr\p$ by "s /up5d\s art into   
"o va/ mosaic ( pol>ities2--yet ea* unit
 9 itself a complexity  inconceivable1 &
 ea* 9 itself also a symbol only1 a "*1 
a  s+le ideograph ( ! undeciph]able text
 ( ! ,inf9ite ,riddle8444  ,ask ! *emi/s
 & ! ma!maticians4      ,footnote #a3   
,sc>cely a day passes t ,i d n he> su*  
words  utt]$ z +wa1 gokuraku1 g%1--or   
o!r words ref]r+ to ,k>ma1  heav51      
future life1 pa/ life1 etc4 ,b ,i h nev]
 he>d a man or  woman ( ! p use ! ^w    
,nehan2 & :5ev] ,i h v5tur$  to "q su*  
ab\t ,nirvana1 ,i f\nd t its            

philosophical mean+  0 unkn[n4 ,on ! o!r
 h&1 ! ,japanese s*ol> speaks ( ,nehan  
z ! reality1--( heav51 ei!r z a tempor>y
 condition or z a  p>able4    ,footnote 
#b3 ,?is a/ronomical localization (     
high] conditions  ( be+1 or ( o!r       
,buddha-fields1 may provoke a smile2 b x
  sugge/s und5iable possibilities4 ,!re 
is no absurdity 9 suppos+  t            
pot5tialities ( life & gr[? & developm5t
 really pass1  ) nebul> diffusion &     
conc5tration1 f expir$ sy/ems to  new   
sy/ems4 ,inde$1 n to suppose ?is1 9 our 
pres5t /ate (  k1 is sc>cely possible = 
! rational m9d4    ,footnote #c3 ,"o is 
rem9d$ by ?is conception ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s
  beautiful def9ition (                 
,equanimity3--,equanimity may be comp>$ 
to  :ite light1 :i*1 ?\gh compos$ (     
num]\s colors1 is colorless2  :ile      
pleasurable & pa9ful moods ( m9d may be 
comp>$ to !  modifications ( light t    
result f increas+ ! proportions (  "s   
rays1 & decreas+ ! proportions (        
o!rs4--,pr9ciples (  ,psy*ology4        

,footnote #d3 ,! expression inf9ite     
bliss z synonym\s ) ,nirvana  is tak5 f 
! ,que/ions ( ,k+ ,mil9da4    ,footnote 
#e3 ,9 ! ,sutra ( ! ,great ,decease we  
f9d ! in/ance  ( a woman rea*+ ?is      
condition3--,! ,si/] ,n&a1 ,o ,an&a1 by 
! de/ruction ( ! five bonds t b9d p to  
?is _w1 has  become an inhabitant ( !   
highe/ heav51--!re to pass entirely     
away1--!nce nev] to return4    ,footnote
 #f3 ,diff]5t ,buddhi/ sy/ems give      
diff]5t enum]ations  ( ^! my/]i\s p[]s  
:]e( ! ,*9ese names lit]ally            
signify3--7#a7                          
,calm--,m$itation-outw>d-p\r+-no-ob/acle
-wisdom  7#b7                           
,heav5-,eye-no-ob/acle-wisdom2 7#c7     
,heav5  ,e>-no-ob/acle-wisdom2--7#d7    
,o!r-m9ds-no-ob/acle-wisdom2--7#e7      
,=ni]-,/ates-no-ob/acle-wisdom2--7#f7   
,leak-,ext9ction-no-ob/acle-wisdom4     
,footnote #g3 ,be+s :o h rea*$ ! /ate ( 
,engaku or ( ,sosatsu  are n suppos$    
capable ( retrogression1 or ( any s]i\s 
error2 b  x is o!rwise 9 l[] spiritual  

/ates4    ,footnote #h3 ,see a curi\s   
leg5d 9 ! ,v9aya texts1--,kullavagga1   
,v4 #h1 #b4    ,footnote #i3 ,?is       
position1 x w be obs]v$1 is v dissimil> 
f t ( ,h>tmann1 :o holds t all plurality
 ( individuation  belongs to ! sph]e (  
ph5om5ality4 7vol4 ii4 page #bcc (      
,engli% translation47 ,"o is r rem9d$ ( 
! ?\ght ( ,galton  t human be+s may     
contribute m or less unconsci\sly to !  
manife/ation ( a f> high] life ?an our  
own1--some:at z !  individual cells ( "o
 ( ! m complex animals contribute to  ! 
manife/ation ( its high] ord] (         
p]sonality4 7,h]$it>y  ,g5ius1 p4 #cfa47
 ,ano!r ?\ght ( ,galton's1 express$ on !
 same  page ( ! "w j quot$ f1 is /ill m 
/rongly sugge/ive  ( ! ,buddhi/         
concept3--,we mu/ n p]mit ourselves to  
consid]  ea* human or o!r p]sonality z  
some?+ sup]naturally add$  to ! /ock (  
nature1 b r z a segregation ( :at       
already  exi/$1 "u a new %ape1 & z a    
regul> consequ5ce ( previ\s             
conditions4444 ,nei!r mu/ we be misl$ by

 ! ^w 'individuality4'  444 ,we may look
 ^u ea* individual z some?+ n :olly     
deta*$  f its p>5t-s\rce1--z a wave t   
has be5 lift$ & %ap$ by  normal         
conditions 9 an unkn[n & illimitable    
ocean4    ,! read] %\ld rememb] t !     
,buddhi/ hypo!sis does n imply  ei!r    
individuality or p]sonality 9 ,nirvana1 
b simple entity1--n  a spiritual body1 9
 our mean+ ( ! t]m1 b only a div9e      
consci\sness4 ,he>t1 9 ! s5se ( div9e   
m9d1 is a t]m us$  9 "s ,japanese texts 
to describe su* entity4 ,9 ! ,dai-,ni*i 
,ky  ,s 7,comm5t>y on ! ,dai-,ni*i      
,sutra71 = example1 is ! /atem5t  ,:5   
all se$s ( ,k>ma-life are entirely burnt
 out & annihilat$1  !n ! vacuum-pure    
,bodhi-he>t is rea*$4 7,i may obs]ve t  
,buddhi/ metaphysicians use ! t]m       
vacuum-bodies to describe "o  ( ! high  
conditions ( entity47 ,! foll[+1 f !    
fifty-fir/  volume ( ! "w call$         
,daiz-h-s w also be f\nd int]e/+  ,by   
exp]i5ce ! ,ta?gata possesses all       
=ms1--=ms = multitude  numb]less z !    

du/-gra9s ( ! univ]se4444 ,! ,ta?gata   
gets  himself born 9 su* places z he    
desires1 or 9 accord ) ! desire  ( o!rs1
 & !re saves lit41 'c>ries ov]'--t is1  
ov] ! ,sea  ( ,bir? & ,dea? all s5ti5t  
be+s4 ,:]esoev] 8 w f9ds an  abid+-po9t1
 !re is he embodi$3 ?is is call$        
,w-,bir? ,body4444  ,! ,buddha makes    
,law 8 body1 & rema9s pure z empty      
space3 ?is is  call$ ,law-,body4        
,footnote #aj3 ,half ( ?is ,buddhi/     
?\ght is really embodi$ 9  ,t5nyson's   
l9e1--,b\ndless inw>d1 9 ! atom2        
b\ndless outw>d1 9  ! ,:ole4        ,v  
444 ,all be+s t h life %all lay         
,aside _! complex =m1--t aggregation    
,( m5tal & mat]ial qualities      ,t    
gives !m1 or 9 heav5 or on e>?1      ,_!
 fleet+ individuality4      ,! ,book ( !
 ,great ,decease4    ,9 e teleological  
sy/em !re are conceptions :i* _c be>  ! 
te/ ( mod]n psy*ological analysis1 & 9 !
 =ego+  unfill$ outl9e ( a great        
religi\s hypo!sis !re w d\btless  be    
recogniz$ "s gho/s ( beliefs haunt+ ^?  

mazes ( v]bal  propositions 9 :i*       
metaphysicians habitually lose !mselves4
  ,b tru?s w be p]ceiv$ also1--gr&      
recognitions ( ! law (  e?ical          
evolution1 ( ! price ( progress1 & ( our
 relation to !  *angeless ,reality abid+
 beyond all *ange4      ,! ,buddhi/     
e/imate ( ! enormity ( t opposition to  
moral  progress :i* humanity mu/ ov]come
 is fully su/a9$ by our  sci5tific k ( !
 pa/ & p]ception ( ! future4  ,m5tal &  
moral advance has ?us f> be5 effect$    
only ?r\gh  con/ant /ruggle aga9/       
inh]itances old] ?an reason or moral    
feel+1--aga9/ ! in/9cts & ! appetites ( 
primitive brute  life4 ,& ! ,buddhi/    
tea*+1 t ! av]age man c hope to  leave 8
 worse nature beh9d him only aft] !     
lapse ( millions (  future lives1 is mu*
 m ( a tru? ?an ( a !ory4 ,only ?r\gh   
millions ( bir?s h we be5 able to rea*  
ev5 ?is our pres5t  imp]fect /ate2 & !  
d>k beque/s ( our d>ke/ pa/ are /ill    
/rong en\gh betimes to prevail ov]      
reason & e?ical feel+4 ,e  future =w>d  

pace ^u ! moral pa? w h to be tak5 aga9/
  ! mass$ ef=t ( millions ( gho/ly      
wills4 ,= ^? pa/ selves  :i* prie/ &    
poet h told u to use z /eps to high] ?+s
 are  n dead1 nor ev5 likely to die = a 
?\s& g5]ations to come3  !y are too mu* 
alive2--!y h /ill p[] to clut* ! climb+ 
feet1--sometimes ev5 to fl+ back !      
climb] into ! primeval slime4    ,aga91 
9 its leg5d ( ! ,heav5s (               
,desire1--progress ?r\gh :i*  dep5ds ^u 
! ability ( triumphant virtue to refuse 
:at x has  won1--,buddhism gives u a    
wond]-/ory full ( evolutional tru?4  ,! 
difficulties ( moral self-elevation d n 
disappe> ) !  amelioration ( mat]ial    
social conditions2--9 our own day !y r  
increase4 ,z life becomes m complex1 m  
multi=m1 s likewise  d ! ob/acles to    
e?ical advance1--s likewise d ! results 
(  ?\ghts & acts4 ,! expansion (        
intellectual p[]1 ! ref9em5t  (         
s5sibility1 ! enl>gem5t ( ! sympa?ies1 !
 int5sive  quick5+ ( ! s5se (           
beauty1--all multiply e?ical dang]s j  z

 c]ta9ly z !y multiply e?ical           
opportunities4 ,! highe/  mat]ial       
results ( civilization1 & ! increase (  
possibilities (  pleasure1 exact an     
ex]cise ( self-ma/]y & a p[] (1 e?ical  
balance1 ne$less & impossible 9 old] &  
l[] /ates ( exi/5ce4    ,! ,buddhi/     
doctr9e ( imp]man5cy is ! doctr9e also (
  mod]n sci5ce3 ei!r might be utt]$ 9 ! 
words ( ! o!r4  ,natural k1 wrote       
,huxley 9 "o ( 8 late/ & f9e/  essays1  
t5ds m & m to ! conclusion t 'all ! *oir
  ( heav5 & furniture ( ! e>?' are !    
transitory =ms (  p>cels ( cosmic       
sub/ance w5d+ along ! road ( evolution f
  nebul\s pot5tiality1--?r\gh endless   
gr[?s ( sun & planet  &                 
satellite1--?r\gh all v>ieties (        
matt]1--?r\gh inf9ite  div]sities ( life
 & ?\ght1--possibly ?r\gh modes ( be+ ( 
:i* we nei!r h a conception nor are     
compet5t to =m any1--back  to !         
indef9able lat5cy f :i* !y arose4 ,?us !
 mo/ obvi\s  attribute ( ! ,cosmos is   
its imp]man5cy4#a    ,&1 f9ally1 x may  

be said t ,buddhism n only pres5ts      
rem>kable  accordance ) n9ete5? c5tury  
?\ght 9 reg>d to ! in/ability  ( all    
integrations1 ! e?ical signification (  
h]$ity1 ! lesson  ( m5tal evolution1 !  
duty ( moral progress1 b x also agrees  
) sci5ce 9 repudiat+ equally our        
doctr9es ( mat]ialism &  ( spiritualism1
 our !ory ( a ,creator & ( special      
creation1  & our belief 9 ! immortality 
( ! s\l4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ?is            
repudiation ( ! v f\ndations (          
,occid5tal religion1 x has be5  able to 
give u ! revelation ( l>g] religi\s     
possibilities1--!  sugge/ions ( a       
univ]sal sci5tific cre$ nobl] ?an any   
:i*  has ev] exi/$4 ,precisely 9 t p]iod
 ( our own intellectual  evolution :5   
fai? 9 a p]sonal ,god is pass+ away1--:5
 !  belief 9 an individual s\l is becom+
 impossible1--:5 ! mo/  religi\s m9ds   
%r9k f ev]y?+ t we h be5 call+          
religion1--:5 ! univ]sal d\bt is an     
ev]-gr[+ weight ^u  e?ical              
aspiration1--light is (f]$ f ! ,ea/4    

,!re we f9d  ourselves 9 pres5ce ( an   
old] & a va/] fai?1--hold+ no gross     
an?ropomorphic conceptions ( !          
immeasurable ,reality1 & d5y+  ! exi/5ce
 ( s\l1 b nev]!less inculcat+ a sy/em ( 
morals  sup]ior to any o!r1 & ma9ta9+ a 
hope :i* no possible future  =m (       
positive k c de/roy4 ,re9=c$ by ! tea*+ 
( sci5ce1 ! tea*+ ( ?is m anci5t fai? is
 t =  ?\s&s ( ye>s we h be5 ?9k+        
inside-out & upside-d[n4  ,! only       
reality is ,"o2--all t we h tak5 =      
,sub/ance is only  ,%ad[2--! physical is
 ! unreal2--& ! out]-man is ! gho/4     
,footnote #a3 ,evolution & ,e?ics4      
,x      ,,! ,,rebir? ,,( ,,katsugor     
,i      ,! foll[+ is n a /ory1--at lea/ 
x is n "o ( my /ories4  ,x is only !    
translation ( an old ,japanese          
docum5t--or r  s]ies ( docum5ts--v mu*  
sign$ & seal$1 & dat+ back to  ! e>ly "p
 ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,v>i\s au?ors appe> 
to h  made use ( ^! docum5ts3 especially
 ! compil] ( ! curi\s  collection (     
,buddhi/ /ories entitl$                 

,bukky-hyakkwa-z5%1 to  :om !y furni%$ !
 mat]ial ( ! tw5ty-six? n>rative 9 t    
"w4 ,! pres5t translation1 h[ev]1 0 made
 f a manuscript copy  discov]$ 9 a      
private libr>y 9 ,tky4 ,i am responsible
 = no?+  beyond a few notes app5d$ to ! 
text4    ,al?\gh ! beg9n+ w probably    
prove dry read+1 ,i presume to  advise !
 p]usal ( ! :ole translation f fir/ to  
la/1 because  x sugge/s _m ?+s besides !
 possibility ( rememb]+ =m]  bir?s4 ,x w
 be f\nd to reflect some?+ ( ! feudal   
,japan  pass$ away1 & some?+ ( ! old-"t 
fai?1--n ! high]  ,buddhism1 b :at is   
incomp>ably m difficult = any ,occid5tal
  to obta9 a glimpse (3 ! common ideas (
 ! p conc]n+  prexi/5ce & rebir?4 ,& 9  
view ( ?is fact1 ! exactness  ( !       
(ficial inve/igations1 & ! cr$ibility ( 
! evid5ce  accept$1 necess>ily become   
que/ions ( m9or importance4        ,,ii 
#a4--;,,copy ,,( ,,! ,,report ,,(       
,,tamon ,,dempa*ir4    ,! case (        
,katsugor1 n9e ye>s old1 second son (   
,g5z1 a f>m]  on my e/ate1 dwell+ 9 !   

,village call$ ,nakano-mura 9 !         
,di/rict call$ ,tamagri 9 ! ,prov9ce (  
,musa%i4    ,"s "t dur+ ! autumn ( la/  
ye>1 ! above-m5tion$  ,katsugor1 ! son (
 ,g5z1 told to 8 eld] si/] ! /ory ( 8   
previ\s exi/5ce & ( 8 rebir?4 ,b z x    
seem$ to be only !  fancy ( a *ild1 %e  
gave little he$ to x4 ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 
:5  ,katsugor _h told h] ! same /ory ov]
 & ov] aga91 %e began to  ?9k t x 0 a   
/range ?+1 & %e told h] p>5ts ab\t x4   
,dur+ ! twelf? mon? ( ! pa/ ye>1 ,g5z   
himself que/ion$  ,katsugor ab\t !      
matt]1 :]eupon ,katsugor decl>$1--    ,t
 he _h be5 9 8 =m] exi/5ce ! son ( a    
c]ta9 ,kybei1  a f>m] ( ,hodokubo-mura1 
:i* is a village )9 ! jurisdiction  ( ! 
,"l ,komiya1 9 ! di/rict call$ ,tamagri1
 9 ! prov9ce (  ,musa%i2--    ,t he1    
,katsugor1 ! son ( ,kybei1 _h di$ (     
smallpox at ! age  ( six ye>s1--&    ,t 
he _h be5 reborn !reaft] into ! family (
 ! ,g5z  be=e-m5tion$4    ,?\gh ?is     
seem$ unbelievable1 ! boy repeat$ all ! 
circum/ances  ( 8 /ory ) s mu* exactness

 & app>5t c]ta9ty1 t !  ,headman & !    
eld]s ( ! village made a =mal           
inve/igation  ( ! case4 ,z ! news ( ?is 
ev5t soon spread1 x 0 he>d  by ! family 
( a c]ta9 ,han%ir1 liv+ 9 ! village     
call$  ,hodokubo-mura2 & ,han%ir !n came
 to ! h\se ( ! ,g5z  a=esaid1 a f>m]    
belong+ to my e/ate1 & f\nd t ev]y?+  0 
true :i* ! boy _h said ab\t ! p]sonal   
appe>ance & !  facial *>act]i/ics ( 8   
=m] p>5ts1 & ab\t ! aspect (  ! h\se :i*
 _h be5 8 home 9 8 previ\s bir?4        
,katsugor 0  !n tak5 to ! h\se ( ,han%ir
 9 ,hodokubo-mura2 & ! p  !re said t he 
look$ v mu* l _! ,tz1 :o _h di$ a  numb]
 ( ye>s be=e1 at ! age ( six4 ,s9ce !n !
 two families  h be5 visit+ ea* o!r at  
int]vals4 ,! p ( o!r  neighbor+ villages
 seem to h he>d ( ! matt]2 & n[ p]sons  
come daily f v>i\s places to see        
,katsugor4    99    ,a deposition reg>d+
 ! above facts hav+ be5 made be=e me by 
p]sons dwell+ on my e/ate1 ,i summon$ ! 
man ,g5z to my h\se1  & !re exam9$ him4 
,8 answ]s to my que/ions did n          

contradict  ! /atem5ts be=e-m5tion$ made
 by o!r p>ties4    ,occasionally 9 ! _w 
"s rumor ( su* a matt] z ?is spreads    
among ! p4 ,inde$1 x is h>d to believe  
su* ?+s4 ,b ,i beg  to make report ( !  
pres5t case1 hop+ ! same w rea* y\r     
augu/ e>1--s t ,i may n be *>g$ )       
neglig5ce4    ,sign$ ,,tamon ,,dempa*ir4
    ,! ,f\r? ,mon? & ! ,six? ,ye> (     
,bunsei #ahbc4        #b4--;,,copy ,,(  
,,lett] ,,writt5 ,,by ,,kazunawo ,,to   
,,teik91 ,,prie/ ,,( ,,s5gakuji4    ,i h
 be5 favor$ ) ! accompany+ copy ( !     
report ( ,tamon  ,dempa*ir by ,%iga     
,hyomon ,sama1 :o br\ght x to me2 & ,i  
take  great pleasure 9 s5d+ x to y4 ,i  
?9k t x might be well =  y to pres]ve x1
 toge!r ) ! writ+ f ,kwan-zan ,sama1 :i*
  y k9dly %[$ me ! o!r day4    ,sign$   
,,kazunawo4    ,! tw5ty-fir/ day ( !    
,six? ,mon?4 ,no o!r date4              
#c4--;,,copy ,,( ,,! ,,lett] ,,(        
,,matsudaira ,,kwanzan ,,daimy ,,to ,,! 
,,prie/  ,,teik9 ,,( ,,! ,,temple       
,,call$ ,,s5gakuji4    ,i h]e) enclose &

 s5d y ! acc\nt ( ! rebir? (  ,katsugor4
 ,i h writt5 x 9 ! popul> /yle1 ?9k+ t x
  might h a good effect 9 help+ to      
sil5ce ^? :o d n believe  9 ! doctr9es (
 ! ,buddha4 ,z a lit]>y "w x is1 (      
c\rse1 a  wret*$ ?+4 ,i s5d x to y      
suppos+ t x c\ld only amuse y  f t po9t 
( view4 ,b z = ! relation itself1 x is  
)\t  mi/ake2 = ,i myself he>d x f !     
gr&mo!r ( ,katsugor4 ,:5  y h read x1   
please return x to me4    ,sign$        
,,kwanzan4    ,tw5tie? day4 ,no date4   
,,copy4    ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,rebir?  
,,( ,,katsugor4    #d4--7;,introductory 
,note by ! ,prie/ ,teik947    ,?is is ! 
acc\nt ( a true fact2 = x has be5 writt5
 by  ,matsudaira ,kwanzan ,sama1 :o     
himself w5t to ,nakano-mura on !        
tw5ty-second day ( ! ?ird mon? ( ?is ye>
 = ! special  purpose ( inquir+ ab\t !  
matt]4    ,aft] hav+ obta9$ a glimpse ( 
,katsugoro1 he que/ion$ ! boy's  gr&mo!r
 z to e p>ticul>2 & he wrote d[n h]     
answ]s  exactly z !y 7 giv54            
,aft]w>ds1 ! said ,kwanzan ,sama        

condesc5d$ to honor ?is temple  ) a     
visit on ! f\rte5? day ( ?is f\r? mon?1 
& ) 8  own augu/ lips told me ab\t 8    
visit to ! family ( ! a=esaid           
,katsugor4 ,fur!rmore1 he v\*saf$ me !  
favor ( p]mitt+ me to  read !           
be=e-m5tion$ writ+1 on ! tw5tie? day (  
?is same  mon?4 ,&1 avail+ myself ( !   
privilege1 ,i imm$iately made a copy  ( 
! writ+4    ,sign$      ,,teik9 ,s      
,s5gaku-ji                              
,facsimile ( !                          
prie/'s kakihan1                        
or private                              
sign-manual1                            
made ) !                                
bru%4    ,! tw5ty-fir/ day ( ! ,f\r?    
,mon? ( ! ,six? ,ye> ( ,bunsei  #ahbc   
,,copy4    #e4--,,names ,,( ,,! ,,memb]s
 ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,families ,,conc]n$4    
,family ( ,g5z4    ,,katsugor4--,born ! 
#aj? day ( ! #aj? mon? ( ! twelf? ye>  (
 ,bunkwa #ahae4 ,n9e ye>s old ?is six?  
ye> ( ,bunsei #ahbc4a  ,second son (    
,g5z1 a f>m] liv+ 9 ,tanitsuiri 9       

,nakano-mura1  di/rict ( ,tamagri1      
prov9ce ( ,musa%i4--,e/ate ( ,tamon     
,dempa*ir1 ^: ya%iki is 9 ! /reet call$ 
,%i*ik5*1 ,n$zu1  ,y$o4--,jurisdiction (
 ,yusuki4    ,,g5z4--,fa!r ( ,katsugor4 
,family "n1 ,koyada4 ,=ty-n9e ye>s old  
?is six? ye> ( ,bunsei4 ,be+ poor1 he   
occupies himself ) !  mak+ ( baskets1   
:i* he sells 9 ,y$o4 ,! "n ( ! inn at   
:i*  he lodges :ile 9 ,y$o is ,sagamiya1
 kept by "o ,kihei1 9 ,bakuro-*4        
,,sei4--,wife ( ,g5z & "m ( ,katsugoro4 
,?irty-n9e ye>s old ?is  six? ye> (     
,bunsei4 ,daught] ( ,murata ,ki*it>1    
samurai1--once an  ar*] 9 ! s]vice ( !  
,"l ( ,ow>i4 ,:5 ,sei 0 twelve ye>s  old
 %e 0 a maid-s]vant1 x is said1 9 ! h\se
 ( ,honda ,da9o%9  ,dono4 ,:5 %e 0      
?irte5 ye>s old1 h] fa!r1 ,ki*it> 0     
dismiss$ =ev] = a c]ta9 cause f ! s]vice
 ( ! ,"l (  ,ow>i1 & he became a rn94#b 
,he di$ at ! age ( sev5ty-five1 on  !   
tw5ty-fif? day ( ! f\r? mon? ( ! f\r?   
ye> ( ,bunkwa  #ahjg4 ,8 grave is 9 !   
cemet]y ( ! temple call$ ,eir9-ji1 (  ! 

,z5 sect1 9 ! village ( ,%imo-,yusuki4  
,,tsuya4--,gr&mo!r ( ,katsugoro4        
,sev5ty-two ye>s old ?is six? ye>  (    
,bunsei4 ,:5 "y %e s]v$ z maid 9 !      
h\sehold ( ,matsudaira  ,oki-no-,kami   
,dono ,daimy4    ,,fusa4--,eld] si/] (  
,katsugoro4 ,fifte5 ye>s old ?is ye>4   
,,otojir4--,eld] bro!r ( ,katsugoro4    
,f\rte5 ye>s old ?is ye>4               
,,tsun4--,y\ng] si/] ( ,katsugoro4 ,f\r 
ye>s old ?is ye>4      ,family (        
,han%ir4    ,t,z4--,di$ at ! age ( six 9
 ,hodo-kubo-mura1 9 ! di/rict  call$    
,tamagori 9 ! prov9ce ( ,musa%i4 ,e/ate 
( ,nakan ,uyemon1  ^: ya%iki is 9 !     
/reet ,ata-ra%i-ba%i-dri1 ,%itaya1 ,y$o4
  ,jurisdiction ( ,komiya4--,tz 0 born 9
 ! second ye> (  ,bunkwa #ahje1 & di$ at
 ab\t ! f\r? h\r ( ! day #aj  o'clock 9 
! morn+ on ! f\r? clay ( ! second mon? (
  ! sev5? ye> ( ,bunkwa #ahaj4 ,!       
sickness ( :i* he di$  0 smallpox4      
,buri$ 9 ! gravey>d on ! hill above !   
village                                 
be=e-m5tion$1--,hodokubo-mura4--,p>o*ial

 temple3 ,iwji 9  ,misawa-mura4 ,sect3  
,z5-%4 ,la/ ye> ! fif? ye> ( ,bunkwa    
#ahbb1  ! ji-san kwaiki#c 0 said = ,tz4 
,,han%ir4--,/epfa!r ( ,tz4 ,family "n3  
,suzaki4 ,fifty ye>s old  ?is six? ye> (
 ,bunsei4    ,,%idzu4--,"m ( ,tz4       
,=ty-n9e ye>s old ?is six? ye> (        
,bunsei4    ,,ky,,bei 7aft]w>ds         
,,tog,r74--,real fa!r ( ,tz4 ,orig9al   
"n1  ,kybei1 aft]w>ds *ang$ to ,togr4   
,di$ at ! age ( =ty-eight1  9 ! six? ye>
 ( ,bunkwa #ahji1 :5 ,tz 0 five ye>s    
old4 ,to  replace him1 ,han%ir became an
 iri-muko4#d    ,,*ildr53 ,,two ,,boys  
,,& ,,two ,,girls4--,^! are ,han%ir's   
*ildr5 by !  "m ( ,tz4    #f4--;,,copy  
,,( ,,! ,,acc\nt ,,writt5 ,,9 ,,popul>  
,,/yle ,,by ,,matsudaira ,,kwanzan      
,,dono1 ,,daimy4    ,"s "t 9 ! elev5?   
mon? ( ! pa/ ye>1 :5 ,katsugor 0  play+ 
9 ! rice-field ) 8 eld] si/]1 ,fusa1 he 
ask$ h]1--  ,eld] ,si/]1 :]e did y come 
f be=e y 7 born into our  h\sehold8     
,fusa answ]$ him3--    ,h[ c ,i "k :at  
happ5$ to me be=e ,i 0 born8            

,katsugoro look$ surpris$ & exclaim$3   
,!n y _c rememb] any?+ t happ5$ be=e y 7
 born8    ,d y rememb]8 ask$ ,fusa4     
,inde$ ,i d1 repli$ ,katsugor4 ,i us$ to
 be ! son ( ,kybei ,san  ( ,hodo-kubo1 &
 my "n 0 !n ,tz--d y n "k all t8    ,ah6
 said ,fusa1 ,i %all tell fa!r & "m ab\t
 x4    ,b ,katsugor at once began to    
cry1 & said3--    ,please d n tell6--x  
w\ld n be good to tell fa!r & "m4       
,fusa made answ]1 aft] a little :ile3-- 
,well1 ?is "t ,i %all n tell4 ,b ! next 
"t t y d  any?+ naughty1 !n ,i w tell4  
,aft] t day :5ev] a dispute arose betwe5
 ! two1 ! si/]  w\ld ?reat5 ! bro!r1    
say+1 ,v well1 !n--,i %all tell  t ?+ to
 fa!r & "m4 ,at ^! words ! boy w\ld     
always  yield to 8 si/]4 ,?is happ5$ _m 
times2 & ! p>5ts "o day  ov]he>d ,fusa  
mak+ h] ?reat4 ,?9k+ ,katsugor mu/ h be5
  do+ some?+ wrong1 !y desir$ to "k :at 
! matt] 01 &  ,fusa1 be+ que/ion$1 told 
!m ! tru?4 ,!n ,g5z & 8 wife1  & ,tsuya1
 ! gr&mo!r ( ,katsugor1 ?\ght x a v     
/range  ?+4 ,!y call$ ,katsugor1 !re=e2 

& tri$1 fir/ by coax+1  & !n by ?reat5+1
 to make him tell :at he _h meant by ^? 
words4    ,aft] hesitation1 ,katsugor   
said3--,i w tell y ev]y?+4 ,i us$  to be
 ! son ( ,kybei ,san ( ,hodokubo1 & ! "n
 ( my "m  !n 0 ,o-,%idzu ,san4 ,:5 ,i 0 
five ye>s old1 ,kybei ,san di$2 &  !re  
came 9 8 place a man call$ ,han%ir ,san1
 :o lov$ me v  mu*4 ,b 9 ! foll[+ ye>1  
:5 ,i 0 six ye>s old1 ,i di$ (          
smallpox4 ,9 ! ?ird ye> aft] t ,i ent]$ 
"m's honorable  womb1 & 0 born aga94    
,! p>5ts & ! gr&mo!r ( ! boy wond]$     
greatly at he>+  ?is2 & !y decid$ to    
make all possible inquiry z to ! man    
call$ ,han%ir ( ,hodokubo4 ,b z !y all  
_h to "w v h>d  e day to e>n a liv+1 & s
 c\ld sp>e b little "t = any  o!r matt]1
 !y c\ld n at once c>ry out _! int5tion4
    ,n[ ,sei1 ! "m ( ,katsugor1 _h      
nightly to suckle h] little  daught]    
,tsun1 :o 0 f\r ye>s old2#e--;&         
,katsugor !re=e  slept ) 8 gr&mo!r1     
,tsuya4 ,sometimes he us$ to talk to h] 
9 b$2 & "o night :5 he 0 9 a v confid+  

mood1 %e  p]suad$ him to tell h] :at    
happ5$ at ! "t :5 he _h  di$4 ,!n he    
said3--,until ,i 0 f\r ye>s old ,i us$  
to rememb]  ev]y?+2 b s9ce !n ,i h      
become m & m =getful2 &  n[ ,i =get _m1 
_m ?+s4 ,b ,i /ill rememb] t ,i di$ (   
smallpox2 ,i rememb] t ,i 0 put into a  
j>2#f ,i rememb] t ,i  0 buri$ on a     
hill4 ,!re 0 a hole made 9 ! gr\nd2 & ! 
p let ! j> drop into t hole4 ,x fell    
pon6--,i rememb] t  s\nd well4 ,!n      
someh[ ,i return$ to ! h\se1 & ,i /opp$ 
on  my own pill[ !re4#g ,9 a %ort "t "s 
old man1--look+ l  a gr&fa!r--came &    
took me away4 ,i d n "k :o or :at he  04
 ,z ,i walk$ ,i w5t ?r\gh empty air z if
 fly+4 ,i rememb] x  0 nei!r night nor  
day z we w5t3 x 0 always l sunset-"t4   
,i did n feel ei!r w>m or cold or       
hungry4 ,we w5t v f>1 ,i  ?9k2 b /ill ,i
 c\ld he> always1 fa9tly1 ! voices ( p  
talk+ at home2 & ! s\nd ( ! ,nembutsu#h 
be+ said = me4  ,i rememb] also t :5 ! p
 at home set (f]+s ( hot  botamo*i#i    
be=e ! h\sehold %r95 butsudan1 ,i inhal$

  ! vapor ( ! (f]+s4444 ,gr&mo!r1 nev]  
=get to (f] w>m  food to ! honorable    
dead ,hotok ,sama1 & d n =get to give   
to prie/s--,i am sure x is v good to d  
^! ?+s4#aj 444 ,aft]  t1 ,i only rememb]
 t ! old man l$ me by "s r\ndab\t way   
to ?is place--,i rememb] we pass$ ! road
 beyond ! village4 ,!n  we came "h1 & he
 po9t$ to ?is h\se1 & said to me3--',n[ 
y  mu/ be reborn1--= x is ?ree ye>s s9ce
 y di$4 ,y are to be  reborn 9 t h\se4  
,! p]son :o w become y\r gr&mo!r is  v  
k9d2 s x w be well = y to be conceiv$ & 
born !re4'  ,aft] say+ ?is1 ! old man   
w5t away4 ,i rema9$ a little "t  "u !   
kaki-tree be=e ! entrance ( ?is h\se4   
,!n ,i 0  go+ to ent] :5 ,i he>d talk+  
inside3 "s "o said t because  fa!r 0 n[ 
e>n+ s little1 "m w\ld h to g to s]vice 
9  ,y$o4 ,i ?\ght1 ,i w n g into t h\se2
 & ,i /opp$ ?ree  days 9 ! g>d54 ,on !  
?ird clay x 0 decid$ t1 aft] all1  "m   
w\ld n h to g to ,y$o4 ,! same night ,i 
pass$ into !  h\se ?r\gh a knot-hole 9 !
 slid+-%utt]s2--& aft] t ,i  /ay$ = ?ree

 days beside ! kamado4#aa ,!n ,i ent]$  
"m's  honorable womb4#ab 444 ,i rememb] 
t ,i 0 born )\t any pa9 at              
all4--,gr&mo!r1 y may tell ?is to fa!r &
 "m1 b please  nev] tell x to anybody   
else4    99    ,! gr&mo!r told ,g5z & 8 
wife :at ,katsugor _h relat$ to  h]2 &  
aft] t ! boy 0 n afraid to speak freely 
) 8  p>5ts on ! subject ( 8 =m] exi/5ce1
 & w\ld (t5 say  to !m3 ,i want to g to 
,hodokubo4 ,please let me make a visit  
to !  tomb ( ,kybei ,san4 ,g5z ?\ght t  
,katsugor1 be+ a /range  *ild1 w\ld     
probably die be=e long1 & t x might     
!re=e be  bett] to make inquiry at once 
z to :e!r !re really 0 a man  9         
,hodokubo call$ ,han%ir4 ,b he did n wi%
 to make ! inquiry  himself1 because = a
 man to d s "u su* circum/ances8 w\ld   
seem inconsid]ate or =w>d4 ,!re=e1      
in/ead ( go+ himself to  ,hodokubo1 he  
ask$ 8 "m ,tsuya1 on ! tw5tie? day ( !  
fir/  mon? ( ?is ye>1 to take h] gr&son 
!re4    ,tsuya w5t ) ,katsugor to       
,hodokubo2 & :5 !y ent]$ !  village %e  

po9t$ to ! ne>] dwell+s1 & ask$ ! boy1  
,:i* h\se is x8--is x ?is h\se or t "o8 
,no1 answ]$  ,katsugor1--x is fur!r     
on--mu* fur!r1--& he hurri$ be=e  h]4   
,rea*+ a c]ta9 dwell+ at la/1 he cri$1  
,?is is !  h\se6--& ran 91 )\t wait+ = 8
 gr&mo!r4 ,tsuya  foll[$ him 91 & ask$ !
 p !re :at 0 ! "n ( !  own] ( ! h\se4   
,han%ir1 "o ( !m answ]$4 ,%e ask$ !  "n 
( ,han%ir's wife4 ,%idzu1 0 ! reply4 ,!n
 %e ask$  :e!r !re _h ev] be5 a son     
call$ ,tz born 9 t h\se4  ,yes1 0 !     
answ]2 b t boy di$ ?irte5 ye>s ago1 :5  
he  0 six ye>s old4    ,!n = ! fir/ "t  
,tsuya 0 conv9c$ t ,katsugor _h spok5  !
 tru?2 & %e c\ld n help %$d+ te>s4 ,%e  
relat$ to  ! p ( ! h\se all t ,katsugor 
_h told h] ab\t 8  remembrance ( 8 =m]  
bir?4 ,!n ,han%ir & 8 wife wond]$       
greatly4 ,!y c>ess$ ,katsugor & wept2 & 
!y rem>k$ t he  0 mu* h&som] n[ ?an he  
_h be5 z ,tz be=e dy+ at !  age ( six4  
,9 ! mean "t1 ,katsugor 0 look+ all     
ab\t2 &  see+ ! ro( ( a tobacco %op     
opposite to ! h\se ( ,han%ir1  he po9t$ 

to x1 & said3--,t us$ n to be !re4 ,& he
 also  said1--,! tree yond] us$ n to be 
!re4 ,all ?is 0 true4 ,s  f ! m9ds (    
,han%ir & 8 wife e d\bt dep>t$ ga wo    
ori%i4    ,on ! same day ,tsuya &       
,katsugor return$ to ,tanitsuiri1       
,nakano-mura4 ,aft]w>ds ,g5z s5t 8 son  
sev]al times to ,han%ir's  h\se1 & all[$
 him to visit ! tomb ( ,kybei 8 real    
fa!r 9  8 previ\s exi/5ce4    ,sometimes
 ,katsugor says3--,i am a               
,nono-,sama3#ac !re=e please  be k9d to 
me4 ,sometimes he also says to 8        
gr&mo!r3--,i ?9k  ,i %all die :5 ,i am  
sixte52 b1 z ,ontak ,sama#ad has taught 
u1  dy+ is n a matt] to be afraid (4 ,:5
 8 p>5ts ask him1  ,w\ld y n l to become
 a prie/8 he answ]s1 ,i w\ld r  n be a  
prie/4    ,! village p d n call him     
,katsugoro any m2 !y h  nicknam$ him    
,hodokubo-,koz 7! ,acolyte (            
,hodokubo74#ae ,:5 any  "o visits ! h\se
 to see him1 he becomes %y at once1 &   
runs to  hide himself 9 ! inn] ap>tm5ts4
 ,s x is n possible to h any  direct    

conv]sation ) him4 ,i h writt5 d[n ?is  
acc\nt exactly  z 8 gr&mo!r gave x to   
me4    ,i ask$ :e!r ,g5z1 8 wife1 or    
,tsuya1 c\ld any ( !m rememb]  hav+ done
 any virtu\s de$s4 ,g5z & 8 wife said t 
!y  _h nev] done any?+ especially       
virtu\s2 b t ,tsuya1 !  gr&mo!r1 _h     
always be5 9 ! habit ( repeat+ !        
,nembutsu  e morn+ & ev5+1 & t %e nev]  
fail$ to give two  mon#af to any prie/  
or pilgrim :o came to ! door4 ,b except+
  ^! small matt]s1 %e nev] _h done any?+
 :i* c\ld be call$  a p>ticul>ly virtu\s
 act4    7--,?is is ! ,end ( ! ,relation
 ( ! ,rebir? ( ,katsugor47              
#g4--7,note by ! ,translator47 ,! =ego+ 
is tak5 f a manuscript  entitl$ ,*9     
,setsu ,% ,ki2 or1                      
,manuscript-,collection ( ,uncommon     
,/ories1--made betwe5 ! f\r? mon? ( !   
six? ye> ( ,bunsei  & ! t5? mon? ( !    
six? ye> ( ,tempo #ahbc-ahce4 ,at !  end
 ( ! manuscript is writt51--,f ! ye>s ( 
,bunsei to !  ye>s (                    
,tempo4--,m9amisempa1 ,own]3 ,kuruma*1  

,%iba1 ,y$o ,"u  ?is1 aga91 is ! foll[+ 
note3--,b\ght f ,yamatoya ,sakujir      
,ni%9ohubo3 tw5ty-fir/ day 81 ,second   
,ye> ( ,meiji #ahfi4  ,f :i* x w\ld     
appe> t ! manuscript _h be5 writt5 by   
,m9amisempa1 :o collect$ /ories told to 
him1 or copi$ !m f  manuscripts obta9$  
by him1 dur+ ! ?irte5 ye>s f #ahbc to   
#ahce1 inclusive4        ,,iii          
,p]haps somebody w n[ be unreasonable   
en\gh to ask :e!r ,i  believe ?is       
/ory1--z if my belief or disbelief _h   
any?+ to  d ) ! matt]6 ,! "q ( !        
possibility ( rememb]+  =m] bir?s seems 
to me to dep5d ^u ! "q :at x is t       
rememb]s4 ,if x is ! ,inf9ite ,all-,self
 9 ea* "o ( u1 !n ,i c  believe ! :ole (
 ! ,jatakas )\t any tr\ble4 ,z to !     
,false  ,self1 ! m]e wo( & w>p (        
s5sation & desire1 !n ,i c be/  express 
my idea by relat+ a dream :i* ,i once   
dream$4 ,:e!r x  0 a dream ( ! night or 
a dream ( ! day ne$ n conc]n any  "o1   
s9ce x 0 only a dream4      ,footnote   
#a3 ,! ,we/]n read] is reque/$ to be> 9 

m9d t !  ye> 9 :i* a ,japanese *ild is  
born is c\nt$ always z "o ye> 9  !      
reckon+ ( age4    ,footnote #b3 ,lit43  
,a wave-man1--a w&]+ samurai )\t a "l4  
,! rn9 7 g5]ally a desp]ate & v dang]\s 
class2 b  !re 7 "s f9e *>act]s among !m4
    ,footnote #c3 ,! ,buddhi/ s]vices = 
! dead are celebrat$ at  regul>         
int]vals1 increas+ successively 9 l5g?1 
until ! "t  ( "o hundr$ ye>s aft] dea?4 
,! ji-san kwaiki is ! s]vice  = !       
?irte5? ye> aft] dea?4 ,by ?irte5? 9 !  
context !  read] mu/ und]/& t ! ye> 9   
:i* ! dea? took place is  c\nt$ = "o    
ye>4    ,footnote #d3 ,! second husb&1  
by adoption1 ( a daught] :o lives  ) h] 
own p>5ts4    ,footnote #e3 ,*ildr5 9   
,japan1 among ! poor] classes1 are n    
wean$ until an age mu* lat] ?an :at is  
consid]$ ! prop] age  = wean+ *ildr5 9  
,we/]n c\ntries4 ,b f\r ye>s old 9 ?is  
text may mean consid]ably less1 ?an ?ree
 by ,we/]n reckon+4    ,footnote #f3 ,f 
v anci5t "t 9 ,japan x has be5 ! cu/om  
to bury ! dead 9 l>ge j>s1--usually ( r$

 e>!nw>e1--call$  ,kam4 ,su* j>s are    
/ill us$1 al?\gh a l>ge proportion ( !  
dead are buri$ 9 wood5 c(f9s ( a =m     
unkn[n 9 ! ,occid5t4    ,footnote #g3 ,!
 idea express$ is n t ( ly+ d[n ) !     
pill[ "u ! head1 b ( hov]+ ab\t ! pill[1
 or re/+  ^u x z an insect might d4 ,!  
bodiless _s is usually said to  re/ ^u !
 ro( ( ! home4 ,! app>ition ( ! ag$ man 
ref]r$  to 9 ! next s5t5ce seems a ?\ght
 ( ,%9to r ?an (  ,buddhism4            
,footnote #h3 ,! repetition ( ! ,buddhi/
 invocation ,namu ,amida  ,butsu6 is ?us
 nam$4 ,! nembutsu is repeat$ by _m     
,buddhi/  sects besides ! sect ( ,amida 
prop]1--! ,%9%4    ,footnote #i3        
,botamo*i1 a k9d ( sug>$ rice-cake4     
,footnote #aj3 ,su* advice is a         
commonplace 9 ,japanese ,buddhi/        
lit]ature4 ,by ,hotok ,sama "h ! boy    
means1 n ! ,buddhas prop]1  b ! spirits 
( ! dead1 hopefully t]m$ ,buddhas by ^? 
:o  lov$ !m1--mu* z 9 ! ,we/ we         
sometimes speak ( our dead z  angels4   
,footnote #aa3 ,! cook+-place 9 a       

,japanese kit*54 ,sometimes !  ^w is    
translat$ kit*5-range1 b ! kamado is    
some?+ v  diff]5t f a ,we/]n            
kit*5-range4    ,footnote #ab3 ,"h ,i   
?9k x bett] to omit a c\ple ( s5t5ces  9
 ! orig9al r too pla9 = ,we/]n ta/e1 yet
 n )\t  int]e/4 ,! mean+ ( ! omitt$     
passages is only t ev5 9 !  womb ! *ild 
act$ ) consid]ation1 & accord+ to !     
rules (  filial piety4    ,footnote #ac3
 ,nono-,san 7or ,sama7 is ! *ild-^w = ! 
,spirits ( ! dead1 = ! ,buddhas1 & = !  
,%9t ,gods1--,kami4  ,nono-,san wo      
ogamu1--to pray to ! ,nono-,san1 is !   
*ild-phrase  = pray+ to ! gods4 ,!      
spirits ( ! ance/ors become             
,nono-,san1--,kami1--accord+ to ,%9t    
?\ght4    ,footnote #ad3 ,! ref]5ce "h  
to ,ontak ,sama has a p>ticul>  int]e/1 
b w ne$ "s consid]able explanation4     
,ontak1 or ,mitak1 is ! "n ( a celebrat$
 holy peak 9 !  prov9ce ( ,%9ano--a     
great resort = pilgrims4 ,dur+ !        
,tokugawa ,%gunate1 a prie/ call$ ,is%91
 ( ! ,ris% ,buddhi/s1  made a pilgrimage

 to t m\nta94 ,return+ to 8 native place
  7,sakamoto-*1 ,%itaya1 ,y$o71 he began
 to prea* c]ta9 new  doctr9es1 & to make
 = himself a reputation z a             
miracle-work]1  by virtue ( p[]s said to
 h be5 ga9$ dur+ 8 pilgrimage to        
,ontak4 ,! ,%gunate consid]$ him a      
dang]\s p]son1 & bani%$  him to ! isl& (
 ,ha*ij1 :]e he rema9$ = "s ye>s4       
,aft]w>ds he 0 all[$ to return to ,y$o1 
& !re to prea* 8  new fai?1--to :i* he  
gave ! "n ( ,azuma-,ky4 ,x 0 ,buddhi/   
tea*+ 9 a ,%9t disguise1--! deities     
especially ador$ by its  foll[]s be+    
,okuni-nu%i & ,sukuna-hi-kona z ,buddhi/
 avat>s4 ,9  ! pray] ( ! sect call$     
,kaibyaku-,norito x is said3--,! div9e  
nature is immovable 7fud72 yet x moves4 
,x is =mless1 yet manife/s  itself 9    
=ms4 ,?is is ! ,incompreh5sible ,div9e  
,body4 ,9 ,heav5  & ,e>? x is call$     
,kami2 9 all ?+s x is call$ ,_s2 9 ,man 
x is call$ ,m9d4444 ,f ?is only reality 
came ! heav5s1 ! f\r  oceans1 ! great   
:ole ( ! ?ree ?\s& univ]ses2--f ! ,"o   

,m9d emanate ?ree ?\s&s ( great ?\s&s ( 
=ms4 444    ,9 ! elev5? ye> ( ,bunkwa   
7#ahad7 a man call$ ,%i moyama ,osuk1   
orig9ally an oil-m]*ant 9 ,heiyemon-*1  
,asakusa1 ,y$o1 organiz$1  on ! basis ( 
,is%9's tea*+1 a religi\s association   
nam$  ,tomoy-,ko4 ,x fl\ri%$ until !    
ov]?r[ ( ! ,%gunate1 :5  a law 0 issu$  
=bidd+ ! tea*+ ( mix$ doctr9es1 & !     
bl5d+ ( ,%9t ) ,buddhi/ religion4       
,%imo-yama ,osuk !n  appli$ = p]mission 
to e/abli% a new ,%9to sect1 "u ! "n  ( 
,mitak-,ky1--popul>ly call$ ,ontak-,ky2 
& ! p]mission 0  giv5 9 ! six? ye> (    
,meiji 7#ahgc74 ,osuk !n remodel$ !     
,buddhi/ sutra ,fud ,ky into a ,%9to    
pray]-book1 "u ! title1                 
,%9t-,fud-,norito4 ,! sect /ill         
fl\ri%es2 & "o ( its *ief  temples is   
situat$ ab\t a mile f my pres5t resid5ce
 9 ,tky4    ,ontak ,san 7or ,sama7 is a 
popul> "n giv5 to ! deities ador$  by   
?is sect4 ,x really means ! ,deity      
dwell+ on ! peak ,mitak1  or ,ontak4 ,b 
! "n is also sometimes appli$ to !      

high-prie/  ( ! sect1 :o is suppos$ to  
be oracul>ly inspir$ by ! deity  (      
,ontak1 & to make revelations ( tru?    
?r\gh ! p[] ( !  div9ity4 ,9 ! m\? ( !  
boy ,katsugoro ,ontak ,sama means !     
high-prie/ ( t "t 7#ahbc71 almo/ c]ta9ly
 ,osuk himself1--!n  *ief ( !           
,tomoy-,ky4    ,footnote #ae3 ,koz is ! 
"n giv5 to a ,buddhi/ acolyte1 or a y\? 
/udy+ = ! prie/hood4 ,b x is also giv5  
to err&-boys &  little boy-s]vants      
sometimes1--p]haps because 9 =m] days ! 
heads ( little boys 7 %av$4 ,i ?9k t !  
mean+ 9 ?is text  is acolyte4           
,footnote #af3 ,9 t "t ! "n ( ! smalle/ 
( co9s  #a_/aj (  #a c5t4 ,x 0 ab\t !   
same z t n[ call$ r91 a copp] ) a  squ>e
 hole 9 ! middle & be>+ ,*9ese *>act]s4 
,,xi      ,,)9 ,,! ,,circle      ,nei!r 
p]sonal pa9 nor p]sonal pleasure c be   
really express$  9 words4 ,x is nev]    
possible to communicate !m 9 _! orig9al 
=m4 ,x is only possible1 by vivid       
portrayal ( ! circum/ances  or          
conditions caus+ !m1 to awak5 9         

sympa!tic m9ds "s  k9dr$ qualities (    
feel+4 ,b if ! circum/ances caus+ !  pa9
 or ! pleasure be totally =eign to      
common human exp]i5ce1  !n no           
repres5tation ( !m c make fully kn[n !  
s5sations  :i* !y evok$4 ,hopeless1     
!re=e1 any attempt to tell ! real  pa9 (
 see+ my =m] bir?s4 ,i c say only t no  
comb9ation  ( suff]+ possible to        
individual be+ c\ld be lik5$ to su*     
pa91--! pa9 ( c\ntless lives int]wov54  
,x seem$ z if e  n]ve ( me _h be5       
prolong$ into "s mon/r\s web ( s5ti5cy  
spun back ?r\gh a million ye>s1--& z if 
! :ole ( t  measureless wo( & w>p1 ov]  
all its %iv]+ ?reads1 7 p\r+  into my   
consci\sness1 out ( ! abysmal pa/1 "s   
gha/l9ess  )\t "n1--"s horror too va/ = 
human bra9 to hold4 ,=1 z  ,i look$     
backw>d1 ,i became d\ble1 quadruple1    
octuple2--,i multipli$  by ari?metical  
progression2--,i became hundr$s &       
?\s&s1--&  fe>$ ) ! t]ror ( ?\s&s1--&   
despair$ ) ! angui%  ( ?\s&s1--& %udd]$ 
) ! agony ( ?\s&s2 yet knew  ! pleasure 

( none4 ,all joys1 all delights appe>$ b
 mi/s or  mock]ies3 only ! pa9 & ! fe> 7
 real1--& always1 always  gr[+4 ,!n 9 ! 
mom5t :5 s5ti5cy itself seem$ bur/+ into
  dissolution1 "o div9e t\* end$ !      
frightful vision1 & br\ght  aga9 to me !
 simple consci\sness ( ! s+le pres5t4   
,oh6 h[  unspeakably delici\s t sudd5   
%r9k+ back out ( multiplicity  into     
unity6--t imm5se1 immeasurable collapse 
( ,self into ! bl9d  oblivi\s numbness (
 individuality6    99    ,to o!rs also1 
said ! voice ( ! div9e "o :o _h ?us     
sav$ me1--to o!rs 9 ! l /ate x has be5  
p]mitt$ to see  some?+ ( _! prexi/5ce4  
,b no "o ( !m ev] c\ld endure  to look  
f>4 ,p[] to see all =m] bir?s belongs   
only to ^?  et]nally releas$ f ! bonds (
 ,self4 ,su* exi/ outside (             
illusion1--outside ( =m & "n2 & pa9 _c  
come nigh !m4    ,b to y1 rema9+ 9      
illusion1 n ev5 ! ,buddha c\ld give  p[]
 to look back m ?an a little way4       
,/ill y are bewit*$ by ! follies ( art &
 ( poetry & (  music1--! delusions (    

color & =m1--! delusions ( s5su\s       
spee*1 ! delusions ( s5su\s s\nd4       
,/ill t app>ition call$ ,nature--:i* is 
b ano!r "n =  empt9ess & %ad[--deceives 
& *>ms y1 & fills y )  dreams ( long+ = 
! ?+s ( s5se4    ,b he :o truly wi%es to
 "k1 mu/ n love ?is phantom             
,nature1--mu/ n f9d delight 9 ! radiance
 ( a cle> sky1--nor 9  ! sight ( !      
sea1--nor 9 ! s\nd ( ! fl[+ (           
riv]s1--nor  9 ! =ms ( peaks & woods &  
valleys1--nor 9 ! colors ( !m4    ,he :o
 truly wi%es to "k mu/ n f9d delight 9  
contemplat+  ! works & ! de$s ( m51 nor 
9 he>+ _! conv]se1 nor 9  obs]v+ !      
puppet-play ( _! passions & ( _!        
emotions4  ,all ?is is b a weav+ (      
smoke1--a %imm]+ ( vapors1--an          
imp]man5cy1--a phantasmagory4    ,= !   
pleasures t m5 t]m l(ty or noble or     
sublime are  b l>g] s5sualisms1 subtl]  
falsities3 v5om\s fair-seem+  fl[]+s (  
selfi%ness1--all root$ 9 ! eld] slime ( 
appetites  & desires4 ,to joy 9 !       
radiance ( a cl\dless day1--to see !    

m\nta9s %ift _! t9t+s to ! :eel+ ( !    
sun1--to wat*  ! pass+ ( waves1 ! fad+ (
 sunsets1--to f9d *>m 9 !  blossom+ (   
plants or trees3 all ?is is ( ! s5ses4  
,n less  truly ( ! s5ses is ! pleasure (
 obs]v+ actions call$ great  or         
beautiful or h]oic1--s9ce x is "o ) !   
pleasure ( imag9+  ^? ?+s = :i* m5      
mis]ably /rive 9 ?is mis]able _w3  brief
 love & fame & honor1--all ( :i* are    
empty z pass+ foam4    ,sky1 sun1 &     
sea2--! peaks1 ! woods1 ! pla9s2--all   
spl5dors  & =ms & colors1--are spectres4
 ,! feel+s & ! ?\ghts &  ! acts (       
m51--:e!r deem$ high or l[1 noble or    
ignoble1--all  ?+s imag9$ or done = any 
save ! et]nal purpose1 are b  dreams    
born ( dreams & begett+ holl[ness4 ,to !
 cle> (  sight1 all feel+s ( self1--all 
love & hate1 joy & pa91 hope  & regret1 
are alike %ad[s2--y\? & age1 beauty &   
horror1  sweetness & f\lness1 are n     
diff]5t2--dea? & life are "o &  ! same2 
& ,space & ,"t exi/ b z ! /age & ! ord] 
(  ! p]petual ,%ad[-play4    ,all t     

exi/s 9 ,"t mu/ p]i%4 ,to ! ,awak5$ !re 
is no ,"t  or ,space or ,*ange1--no     
night or day1--no heat or cold1--no moon
 or  season1--no pres5t1 pa/1 or future4
 ,=m & ! names ( =m are  alike          
no?+ness3--,k only is real2 & unto      
:omsoev] ga9s  x1 ! univ]se becomes a   
gho/4 ,b x is writt53--',he :o ha?      
ov]come ,"t 9 ! pa/ & ! future mu/ be ( 
exce$+ly pure  und]/&+4'    ,su* und]/&+
 is n y\rs4 ,/ill to y\r eyes ! %ad[    
seems  ! sub/ance1--& d>kness1 light1--&
 voidness1 beauty4 ,&  !re=e to see y\r 
=m] bir?s c\ld give y only pa94    99   
,i ask$3--    ,_h ,i f\nd /r5g? to look 
back to ! beg9n+1--back to ! v]ge  (    
,"t1--c\ld ,i h read ! ,secret ( !      
univ]se8    ,nay1 0 answ] made4 ,only by
 ,inf9ite ,vision c ! ,secret be  read4 
,c\ld y h look$ back incomp>ably fur!r  
?an y\r p[]  p]mitt$1 !n ! ,pa/ w\ld h  
become = y ! ,future4 ,&  c\ld y h      
endur$ ev5 yet m1 ! ,future w\ld h orb$ 
back  = y into ! ,pres5t4    ,yet :y8 ,i
 murmur$1 m>vel+4444 ,:at is ! ,circle8 

,circle !re is none1 0 !                
response2--,circle !re is none b  !     
great phantom-:irl ( bir? & dea? to :i*1
 by _! own  ?\ghts & de$s1 ! ignorant   
rema9 condemn$4 ,b ?is has be+  only 9  
,"t2 & ,"t itself is illusion4