,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,boldface is indicat$ by equals signs1 italics by und]scores4 ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,%ort ,,*apt]s4 ,,by ,w4 ,,mattieu ,,williams1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,au?or ,,( 8,! ,fuel ( ! ,sun10 8,?r\gh ,norway ) a ,knapsack10 8,a ,simple ,treatise on ,heat10 etc4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,john ,b4 ,,ald51 ,,publi%]4 #ahhc4 ,,preface4 ,i am n aw>e t ?is repr9t ( "s ( my scatt]$ notes & essays dem&s any apology4 ,! practice ( mak+ su* collections & selections by ! au?or himself has n[ become v g5]al1 & is mu* bett] done ?us ?an by fri5ds aft] 8 dea?4 ,besides ?is1 x supplies a gr[+ want ( ^! busy times1 :5 s _m ( u are prev5t$ by ! /ruggles ( bus9ess f sitt+ d[n to ! consecutive sy/ematic /udy ( a =mal treatise4 ,i h kept ?is dem& /eadily 9 view ?r\gh\t1 by select+ subjects :i* are likely to be int]e/+ to all read]s :o are suffici5tly intellig5t to pref] sob] fact to s5sational fiction1 b :o1 at ! same "t1 d n pr(ess to be sci5tific speciali/s4 ,9 ! writ+ ( ^! pap]s my highe/ lit]>y ambition has always be5 to comb9e cle>ness & simplicity ) "s attempt at philosophy4 ,w4 ,m4 ,w4 ,,willesd51 ,septemb]1 #ahhb4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,! ,fuel ( ! ,sun #g ,dr4 ,siem5s' ,!ory ( ! ,sun #ch ,ano!r ,_w ,d[n ,"h #da ,! ,orig9 ( ,lun> ,volcanoes #ej ,note on ! ,direct ,effect ( ,sun-,spots on ,t]re/rial ,climates #ef ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,radiomet] & its ,cosmical ,revelations #ei ,on ! ,social ,b5efits ( ,p>aff9 #fe ,! ,solidity ( ! ,e>? #gb ,a ,contribution to ! ,hi/ory ( ,electric ,light+ #ge ,! ,=mation ( ,coal #hh ,! ,sol> ,eclipse ( #ahga #ic ,meteoric ,a/ronomy #ajd ,! 8,great ,ice ,age0 & ! ,orig9 ( ! 8,till0 #aab ,! ,b>omet] & ! ,wea!r #adj ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,bog ,reclamation #aei ,a]ial ,exploration ( ! ,arctic ,regions #agj ,! ,limits ( our ,coal ,supply #ahi 8,! ,engli%man's ,fireside0 #bac 8,baily's ,beads0 #bba ,! ,color+ ( ,gre5 ,tea #bbc 8,iron ,fil+s0 9 ,tea #bbg ,conc]t-,room ,ac\/ics #bca ,sci5ce & ,spiritualism #bcg ,ma!matical ,fictions #bea ,_w-,sma%+ #beg ,! ,dy+ ,trees 9 ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s #bfa ,! ,oleag9\s ,products ( ,?ames ,mud3 ,:]e !y ,come f & ,:]e !y ,g #bff ,lum9\s ,pa9t #bfi ,! ,orig9 & ,probable ,duration ( ,petroleum #bgc ,! ,orig9 ( ,soap #bha ,oil+ ! ,waves #bhe ,on ! s-call$ 8,crat] ,necks0 & 8,volcanic ,bombs0 ( ,irel& #bij ,trav]t9e #bif ,! ,action ( ,fro/ 9 ,wat]-,pipes & on ,build+ ,mat]ials #cjj ,! ,corrosion ( ,build+ ,/ones #cjh ,fire-,clay & ,an?racite #cab ,c\nt ,rum=d's ,cook+-,/oves #cbj ,! 8,consumption ( ,smoke0 #cbg ,! ,air ( ,/ove-,heat$ ,rooms #ccb ,v5tilation by ,op5 ,fireplaces #ccg ,dome/ic ,v5tilation #cda ,home ,g>d5s = ,smoky ,t[ns #cea ,solids1 ,liquids1 & ,gases #cfg ,mur*ison & ,babbage #chf ,atmosph]e v]sus ,e!r #chi ,a ,neglect$ ,dis9fectant #cib ,ano!r ,dis9fectant #cic ,ensilage #cid ,! ,fracture ( ,comets #cif ,! ,orig9 ( ,comets #cih ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,%ort ,,*apt]s4 ,,! ,,fuel ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,i (f] ! foll[+ sket* ( ! ma9 argum5t :i* is work$ out m fully 9 ! essay ,i publi%$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahgj1 "u ! above title1 hop+ t _m :o hesitate to plunge into a presumptu\s speculative "w ( m ?an #bjj octavo pages may read ?is article1 & reflect ^u ! subject4 ,! book has be5 h&l$ 9 a mo/ c\rte\s & indulg5t _s by all ! review]s :o h notic$ x1 b none h v5tur$ to grapple ) ! argum5t x conta9s1 al?\gh e possible opportunity & provocation = do+ s is design$ly af=d$4 ,x all re/s ^u ! "q :i* is discuss$ 9 ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s1 viz41 :e!r ! atmosph]e :i* surr\nds our e>? is limit$ or unlimit$ 9 ext5t8 ,if my reason+ ^u ?is fundam5tal "q is refut$1 all t foll[s necess>ily falls to ! gr\nd4 ,if ,i am "r1 all our /&>d treatises on pneumatics & meteorology1 :i* repeat ! argum5ts conta9$ 9 ,dr4 ,wolla/on's celebrat$ pap]1 mu/ be remodel$4 ,at ! outset1 ,i repr9t t pap]1 & po9t out a v curi\s & mon/r\s fallacy :i*1 = half a c5tury1 rema9$ undetect$1 & _h be5 cont9ually repeat$4 ,z ! ma9 po9t ( issue betwe5 myself & ,dr4 ,wolla/on is m]ely a "q ( v simple ari?metic & geometry1 no?+ c be easi] ?an to set me "r if ,i am wrong2 &1 z ! philosophical consequ5ces dep5d+ ^u ?is issue are ( va/ & fundam5tal importance1 ! "q _c be ignor$ by ^? :o /& be=e ! _w z sci5tific au?orities1 )\t a practical abdication ( _! philosophical responsibilities4 ,any man :o publi%es an a/ronomical or meteorological treatise )\t discuss+ ?is "q1 :i* /&s be=e him at ! ?re%old ( 8 subject1 is unfit = ! task he has und]tak51 & unwor?y ( public confid5ce4 ,?is may appe> a /rong conclusion j n[1 b a few ye>s w be suffici5t to graft x firmly into ! gr[? ( sci5tific public op9ion4#a 8,! ,fuel ( ! ,sun0 is simply an attempt to trace "s ( ! consequ5ces :i* mu/ ( necessity result f ! exi/5ce ( an univ]sal atmosph]e1 & x diff]s f o!r attempts to expla9 ! great sol> my/]y1 by mak+ no dem&s :atev] ^u ! imag9ation1 inv5t+ no?+1--no outside meteors1 no new =ces or mat]ials4 ,x supposes no?+ :atev] to exi/ b ! kn[n facts ( ! laboratory--! famili> mat]ials ( ! e>? & its atmosph]e4 ,x is %[n t ^! mat]ials & ! =ces resid+ )9 !m mu/ ( necessity produce a sun1 & manife/ et]nally all ! obs]v$ sol> ph5om5a1 provid$ only !y are aggregat$ 9 ! quantities :i* our own c5tral lum9>y pres5ts1 & are surr\nd$ by att5dant planets1 su* z 84 ,no?+ is assum$ or tak5 = grant$ beyond ! simple fundam5tal hypo!sis t ! laws ( nature are uni=m ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,! argum5t ?us conduct$ leads u /ep by /ep to a natural & connect$ explanation ( ! foll[+ important ph5om5a3-- #a4 ,! s\rces ( sol> & /ell> heat & light4 #b4 ,! means by :i* ! pres5t am\nt ( sol> heat & light mu/ be ma9ta9$ s long z ! sol> sy/em cont9ues 9 exi/5ce4 #c4 ,! orig9 ( ! g5]al & p>ticul> ph5om5a ( ! sun-spots4 #d4 ,! cause ( ! v>y+ spl5dor ( ! photosph]e1 includ+ su* details z ! 8facul10 8mottl+10 8granulations10 etc41 etc4 #e4 ,! =ces :i* upheave ! sol> prom95ces4 #f4 ,! orig9 ( ! corona & zodiacal light4 #g4 ,! orig9 ( ! meteorites & ! a/]oids4 #h4 ,! meteorological ph5om5a ( ! planets4 #i4 ,! orig9 ( ! r+s ( ,saturn4 #aj4 ,! orig9 ( ! special /ructure ( ! nebul4 #aa4 ,! s\rce ( t]re/rial magnetism1 & its connection ) sol> activity4 ,! fir/ & second *apt]s are devot$ to an exam9ation ( ! limits ( atmosph]ic expansibility4 ,! exp]im5tal inve/igations ( ,dr4 ,&rews1 ,mr4 ,grove1 ,mr4 ,gassiot1 & ,m4 ,geissl] are cit$ to prove t ! expansibility ( ! atmosph]e is unlimit$1 & o!r cosmical evid5ce is adduc$ 9 support ( ?is conclusion4 ,z ?is1 :i* is really ! f\ndation ( ! :ole argum5t1 is directly oppos$ to ! views express$ by ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 9 8 celebrat$ pap] on 8,! ,f9ite ,ext5t ( ! ,atmosph]e10 publi%$ 9 #ahbb1 & g5]ally accept$ z e/abli%$ sci5ce1 ?is pap] is repr9t$ 9 ! second *apt]1 & c>efully exam9$4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on says 8t air has be5 r>efi$ s z to su/a9 #a-ajj? ( an in* ( b>ometrical pressure10 & fur!r1 t 8beyond ?is limit we are left to conjectures f\nd$ on ! suppos$ divisibility ( matt]2 if ?is be inf9ite1 s also mu/ be ! ext5t ( our atmosph]e40 ,i cont5d t our k ( ! :ole subject is fundam5tally alt]$ s9ce ^! words 7 writt54 ,we are no long] 8left to conjectures f\nd$ on ! suppos$ divisibility ( matt]0 to det]m9e ! possibility ( fur!r expansibility ?an t indicat$ by #a-ajj? ( an in* ( b>ometrical pressure1 z we n[ h means ( obta9+ t5 times1 a hundr$ times1 a ?\s& times1 or ev5 an inf9itely great] r>efaction ?an ,wolla/on's suppos$ limit1 an app>5tly absolute vacuum be+ n[ obta9able2 & al?\gh ! transmission ( electricity af=ds a means ( te/+ ! exi/5ce ( atmosph]ic matt] ) a degree ( delicacy ( :i* ,wolla/on _h no conception1 we are /ill unable to detect any indication ( any limit to its expansibility4 ,! mo/ rem>kable "p ( ,dr4 ,wolla/on's pap] is ! r$uctio ad absurdum by :i* he seeks to f9ally demon/rate ! f9ite ext5t ( our atmosph]e4 ,he ma9ta9s1 z ,i d1 t if ! ela/icity ( our atmosph]e is unlimit$1 its ext5sion mu/ be comm5surate ) ! univ]se1 t e orb 9 space w1 by gravitation1 ga!r ar\nd itself an atmosph]e proportionate to its gravitat+ p[]1 & t1 by tak+ ! kn[n quantity ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e z our unit1 we may calculate ! am\nt ( atmosph]e possess$ by any heav5ly body ( :i* ! mass is kn[n4 ,on ?is basis ,dr4 ,wolla/on calculates ! atmosph]e ( ! sun1 & concludes t its ext5t w be s great z to visibly affect ! app>5t motions ( ,m]cury & ,v5us1 :5 _! decl9ation makes its ne>e/ approa* to t ( ! sun4 ,no su* di/urbance be+ actually obs]vable1 he concludes t su* an atmosph]e z he has calculat$ _c exi/4 ,9 l mann] he calculates ! atmosph]e ( ,jupit]1 & f9ds x to be s great1 t its refraction w\ld be suffici5t 8to r5d] ! f\r? satellite visible to u :5 beh9d ! c5tre ( ! planet1 & consequ5tly to make x appe> on bo? 7or all7 sides at ! same "t40 ,on exam9+ ^! calculations1 ,i h discov]$ ! v curi\s error above ref]r$ to4 ,z ?is is a matt] ( figures t _c be abridg$1 ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to ! orig9al calculations4 ,i w "h m]ely /ate t ,wolla/on's me?od ( calculat+ ! sol> gravitation atmosph]e & t ( ,jupit] & ! moon leads to ! mon/r\s conclusion t1 9 asc5d+ f ! surface ( ! giv5 orb1 we always h ! same limit$ am\nt ( atmosph]ic matt] above z t ) :i* we />t$1 al?\gh we are cont9ually leav+ a portion ( x bel[4 ,wolla/on's mi/ake is bas$ on ! assumption t1 "u ! circum/ances suppos$1 ! atmosph]ic pressure & d5sity1 at any giv5 di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! giv5 orb1 w v>y inv]sely ) ! squ>e ( t di/ance4 ,z ! area ( ! base ^u :i* su* pressure is ex]t$ v>ies directly ) ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 ! total atmosph]e above e imag9able />t+-di/ance w\ld ?us be ev] ! same4 ,t ?is assumption1 s utt]ly at v>iance ) ! kn[n laws ( atmosph]ic di/ribution1 %\ld h rema9$ un*all5g$ = half a c5tury1 & t ! conclusions bas$ ^u x %\ld be accept$ by ! :ole sci5tific _w1 & repeat$ 9 /&>d treatises1 su* z ^? ( ! 8,encyclop$ia ,britannica10 etc41 etc41 is1 ,i ?9k1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable curiosities pres5t$ by ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,if x 7 m]ely a little cobweb 9 "s obscure corn] ( philosophy1 !re w\ld be no?+ surpris+ 9 its escape f ! besom ( sci5tific criticism2 b ?is is s f> f be+ ! case1 t x has hung1 s9ce #ahbb1 l a d>k veil obscur+ ano!r1 a wid]1 & m int]e/+ view ( ! univ]se :i* ! idea ( an univ]sal atmosph]e op5s out4 ,b ,i mu/ n[ proce$ to ! next /age ( ! argum5t4 ,/>t+ f ! conclusion rea*$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]s1 t ! atmosph]e ( our e>? is b a portion ( an univ]sal ela/ic m$ium :i* x has atta*$ to itself by its gravitation1 & t all ! o!r orbs ( space mu/1 9 l mann]1 h obta9$ _! proportion1 ,i take ! e>?'s mass1 & its kn[n quantity ( atmosph]ic envelope z units1 & calculat+ by ! simple rule ,i h laid d[n 9 opposition to ,wolla/on's1 ,i f9d t ! total weight ( ! sun's atmosph]e %\ld be at lea/ #aag1fha1fbc times t ( ! e>?'s1 & ! pressure at its base equal1 at lea/1 to #ae1bcc atmosph]es4 ,:at mu/ be ! results ( su* an atmosph]ic accumulation8 ,! exp]im5t ( compress+ air 9 ! cond5s+ syr+e1 & !reby light+ a piece ( ,g]man t9d]1 is famili> to all :o h /udi$ ev5 ! rudim5ts ( physical sci5ce4 ,tak+ ! =mul ( ,leslie & ,dalton1 & apply+ !m to ! sol> pressure ( #ae1bcc atmosph]es1 we arrive accord+ to ,leslie1 at ! inconceivable temp]ature ( #chj1hcb ,c41 or #fhe1ebi ,f41 z t due to ?is am\nt ( compression1 or1 accord+ to ,dalton1 at #gfa1ffe ,f4 ,:at w be ! effects ( su* a degree ( heat ^u mat]ials simil> to ^? ( :i* our e>? is compos$8 ,let u fir/ take ! case ( wat]1 :i*1 = reasons ,i h /at$1 %\ld be reg>d$ z atmosph]ic1 or univ]sally diffus$ matt]4 ,?is br+s u to a subject ( ! highe/ & wide/ philosophical & practical importance4 ,i ref] to ! antagonism betwe5 ! =ce ( heat & t ( *emical comb9ation1 to :i* ! ,fr5* *emi/s h giv5 ! "n 8dissociation40 ,hav+ myself be5 unable to f9d any satisfactory ,engli% acc\nt ( ?is subject at a "t :5 x _h already be5 well treat$ by ,fr5* & ,g]man au?ors1 9 ! =m ( publi%$ lectures & cyclopdia articles1 ,i assume t o!rs may h enc\nt]$ a simil> difficulty1 & !re=e dwell r m fully ^u ?is "p ( my pres5t summ>y4 ,x appe>s t all *emical comp\nds may be decompos$ by heat1 & t1 at a giv5 pressure1 !re is a def9ite & special temp]ature at :i* ! decomposition ( ea* comp\nd is effect$4 ,= ! absolute & f9al e/abli%m5t ( ! univ]sality ( ?is law fur!r inve/igations are necess>y1 actual inve/igations hav+ e/abli%$ x z f> z !y h gone1 b ^! h n be5 exhau/ive4 ,!re appe>s to be a rem>kable analogy betwe5 dissociation & evaporation4 ,:5 a liquid is vaporiz$1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat is 8r5d]$ lat5t10 & ?is quantity v>ies ) ! liquid & ) ! pressure1 b is def9ite & inv>iable = ea* liquid at a giv5 pressure4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 a comp\nd is dissociat$1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat is 8r5d]$ lat5t10 or conv]t$ into dissociat+ =ce1 & ?is v>ies ) ea* comp\nd & ) ! pressure1 b is def9ite & inv>iable = ea* comp\nd at a giv5 pressure4 ,fur!r1 :5 cond5sation occurs1 an am\nt ( heat is evolv$1 z temp]ature1 exactly equal to t :i* 0 r5d]$ lat5t 9 ! evaporation ( ! same sub/ance "u ! same pressure2 &1 9 l mann]1 :5 *emical re-comb9ation ( dissociat$ elem5ts occurs1 an am\nt ( heat is evolv$1 z temp]ature1 exactly equal to t :i* disappe>$ :5 ! comp\nd 0 dissociat$ by heat alone "u ! same pressure4 ,accord+ to ! rec5tly adopt$ figures ( ,m4 ,deville1 ! temp]ature at :i* ! vapor ( wat] becomes dissociat$ "u ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure is #bhjj ,c41 & !1 quantity ( heat :i* disappe>s1 z temp]ature1 9 ! c\rse ( dissociation is #baec calorics1 i4e41 suffici5t to raise #baec times its own weight ( liquid wat] #a ,c42 b1 z ! specific heat ( aque\s vapor is to t ( liquid wat] z #jdge to #a1 t lat5t heat express$ 9 ! temp]ature x w\ld h giv5 to aque\s vapor is #decb ,c41 or #haeh ,f4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! analogy betwe5 ! ebullition & dissociation ( wat] m evid5t & intelligible1 ,i w /ate x z foll[s3-- ,to comm5ce ! ebullition ( ,to comm5ce ! dissociation ( wat] "u ord9>y pressure1 aque\s vapor "u ord9>y a temp]ature ( #ajj ,c41 or pressures1 a temp]ature ( #bab ,f41 mu/ be atta9$4 #bhjj ,c41 or #ejgb ,f41 mu/ be atta9$4 ,to complete ! ebullition ( a ,to complete ! dissociation ( giv5 quantity ( wat]1 an a giv5 quantity ( aque\s am\nt ( heat mu/ be appli$1 vapor1 an am\nt ( heat mu/ suffici5t to h rais$ be appli$ suffici5t to h ! wat] #ecg ,c41 or #ifh ,f41 rais$ ! vapor #decb ,c41 or above its boil+-po9t1 _h x #haeh ,f41 above its dissociation- n evaporat$4 po9t _h x n decompos$4 ,9 ord] t a giv5 quantity ( ,9 ord] t a giv5 quantity ( vapor ( wat] %all cond5se1 ! elem5ts ( wat] may comb9e1 x mu/ give (f suffici5t heat !y mu/ give (f suffici5t to raise its own weight ( wat] heat to raise _! own #ecg ,c41 or #ifh ,f4 weight ( aque\s vapor #decb ,c41 or #haeh ,f4 ,i h express$ ^! g5]alizations & analogies r m def9itely ?an !y h be5 hi!rto /at$1 b ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! rese>*es ( ,deville1 ,cailletet1 ,buns51 etc41 w p]ceive t ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 do+ s4#b ,) ! g5]al laws ( ! dissociation ( wat] ?us be=e u1 we may foll[ out ! necess>y action ( ! above-/at$ pressure & consequ5t evolution ( heat 9 ! l[] regions ( ! sol> atmosph]e ^u ! l>ge proportion ( aque\s vapor :i* ,i h %[n t x %\ld conta94 ,x is evid5t t ! fir/ result w be sep>ation ( ?is wat] into its elem5ts1 accompani$ ) a loss ( temp]ature correspond+ to ! lat5t heat ( dissociation4 ,we may assume t 9 ! l[] regions ( ! sol> atmosph]e ! free heat evolv$ by me*anical compression w be m ?an suffici5t to dissociate ! :ole ( ! aque\s vapor1 & ?us ! dissociat$ gases w be left at a high] temp]ature ?an 0 necess>y to effect _! dissociation4 ,_! condition w ?us be analog\s to t ( sup]heat$ /eam3 !y w h to give (f "s heat be=e !y c beg9 to comb9e4#c ,!re w1 h[ev]1 be some:]e an elevation at :i* ! heat evolv$ by ! jo9t compression ( ! elem5t>y & comb9$ gases w be j suffici5t to dissociate ! latt]1 & "h w be ! meet+ surface ( ! comb9$ & ! uncomb9$ con/itu5ts ( wat]4 ,!re w be a sph]e conta9+ comb9$ oxyg5 & hydrog5 surr\nd$ by an atmosph]ic envelope conta9+ l>ge quantities ( aque\s vapor1 & ! temp]ature at ?is limit+ surface w be equal to t ( ! oxyhydrog5 flame "u a correspond+ pressure4 ,:at w occur "u ^! conditions8 ,w ! 8detonat+ gases0 behave z 9 ! laboratory8 ,obvi\sly n1 z a glance at ! ?ird ( ! above p>allel propositions w %[4 ,! dissociat$ gases _c comb9e )\t giv+ (f _! #decb ( lat5t heat z actual temp]ature4 ,?is c only be effect$ by communication ) matt] :i* is cool] ?an itself4 ,if a bubble ( /eam is surr\nd$ by wat] ma9ta9$ at ! boil+ temp]ature1 x w n cond5se at all1 because any ef=t ( cond5sation w\ld be accompani$ ) an evolution ( heat exactly suffici5t to evaporate its own result4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! surr\nd+ wat] is sl[ly radiat+1 or o!rwise los+ its heat1 ! enclos$ bubble ( /eam w cond5se proportionately1 by giv+ (f to its envelope an am\nt ( its lat5t heat j suffici5t to ma9ta9 ! wat] at ! boil+-po9t4 ,= fur!r illu/ration1 let u conceive ! case ( a c]ta9 quantity ( ! elem5ts ( wat] heat$ exactly to ! temp]ature ( dissociation1 & conf9$ 9 a vessel ! sides ( :i* are ma9ta9$ ext]nally at precisely ! same temp]ature z ! gases )91 s t no heat c be add$ or tak5 away f !m4 ,no s5sible am\nt ( comb9ation c take place1 z ! fir/ inf9itesimal ef=t ( combu/ion1 or comb9ation1 w\ld set free j ! am\nt ( heat requir$ to decompose its own result4 ,let u n[ suppose a modification ( ^! conditions1 viz41 t ! vessel conta9+ ! dissociat$ gases1 at ! temp]ature ( dissociation1 %all be surr\nd$ ) bodies cool] ?an itself1 i4e41 capable ( receiv+ m heat f x ?an !y radiate t[>ds x2 !re w\ld !n take place j s mu* combu/ion z w\ld set free ! am\nt ( heat requir$ to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature ( ! vessel at ! dissociation-po9t2 or1 9 o!r words1 combu/ion w\ld g on to ! ext5t ( sett+ free j s mu* heat z ! gase\s mass 0 capable ( radiat+1 or o!rwise transmitt+ to surr\nd+ bodies2 & ?is am\nt ( combu/ion w\ld cont9ue till all ! gases _h comb9$4 ,we h only to give ?is hypo!tical vessel a sph]ical =m & an int]nal diamet] ( #hec1chj miles--to con/ruct its envelop+ sides ( a ?ick %ell ( aque\s vapor1 etc41 & !n1 by plac+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! conta9$ dissociat$ gases a nucleus ( "s k9d1 we are hypo!tically suppli$ )1 ! ma9 conditions :i* ,i suppose to exi/ 9 ! sun4 ,a little reflection ^u ! application ( ! above-/at$ laws to ^! conditions w %[ t ! /up5d\s ocean ( explosive gases w\ld con/itute an enorm\s /ock ( fuel capable1 by its combu/ion1 ( sett+ free exactly ! same quantity ( heat z _h previ\sly be5 conv]t$ into decompos+ or sep>at+ =ce2 ! am\nt ( combu/ion w\ld always be limit$ by ! possible am\nt ( radiation1 & ! radiation w\ld aga9 be limit$ by ! resi/+ envelope ( aque\s vapor produc$ by ?is combu/ion4 ,if ^! conditions exi/$ 9 a p]fectly calm & undi/urb$ sol> atmosph]e1 !re w\ld be a cont9ually increas+ ext]nal envelope ( aque\s vapor1 & a cont9ually dim9i%+ inn] atmosph]e ( combu/ible gases2 !re w\ld be a gradual dim9ution ( ! am\nt ( sol> radiation1 & a sl[ & p]petually ret>d+ progress t[>ds sol> ext9ction4 ,x %\ld be not$ t1 accord+ to ?is explanation1 ! supply ( heat is orig9ally d]iv$ f atmosph]ic cond5sation due to gravitation1 t ! /orage ( surplus heat is effect$ by dissociation1 & its evolution ma9ly by recomb9ation or combu/ion4 ,! great difficulty1 t ( ! p]petual r5ewal ( ! sol> fuel1 /ill rema9s unsolv$2 ! fact t dur+ ! millions ( ye>s ( geological hi/ory we f9d no indications ( any decl9+ av]age ( sol> en]gy is s f> /ill unexpla9$ by ?is1 z by e o!r1 attempt to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( sol> & /ell> light & heat4 ,9 8 inaugural address to ! ,briti% ,association ,meet+ ( #ahff1 ,mr4 ,grove put ! foll[+ v sugge/ive "q3--8,our sun1 our e>?1 & planets are con/antly radiat+ heat into space2 s1 9 all probability1 are ! o!r suns1 ! />s1 & _! att5dant planets4 ,:at becomes ( ! heat ?us radiat$ into space8 ,if ! univ]se has no limit--& x is difficult to conceive "o--!re is a con/ant evolution ( heat & light2 & yet m is giv5 (f ?an is receiv$ by ea* cosmical body1 = o!rwise night w\ld be z light & z w>m z day4 ,:at becomes ( ! enorm\s =ce ?us app>5tly non-recurr5t 9 ! same =m80 ,?is is a gr& "q1 a philosophical ?\ght wor?y ( ! au?or ( 8,! ,correlation ( ,physical ,=ces40 ,mo/ philosophical ?9k]s w1 ,i believe1 agree ) me 9 conclud+ t a s\nd reply to x w solve ! great my/]y ( ! ev]la/+ radiations ( our sun & all ! o!r suns ( ! univ]se4 ,s long z we reg>d ^! suns z ! s\rces ( cont9ually exp5d$ =ces ( light & heat1 _! ev]la/+ & unabat$ r5ewal becomes a my/]y utt]ly inscrutable to ! human intellect1 s9ce ! creation ( new =ce1 or any addition to ! total =ces ( ! univ]se1 is z inconceivable to u z any addition to ! total matt] ( ! univ]se4 ,! great sol> "q assumes a f> m hopeful %ape :5 we admit t all ! =ces ( pa/ radiations are some:]e diffus$ 9 space1 & we ask :e!r a sun conta9s any me*anism by :i* x may collect & conc5trate ?is diffus$ =ce1 & ?us p]petually ga!r f surr\nd+ suns z mu* z x radiates t[>ds !m4 ,! next "p ( my "w is an attempt to %[ t su* a me*anism does exi/ 9 our sol> sy/em1 & to expla9 its action4 ,we "k t if atmosph]ic air is compress$ x becomes heat$1 t if ?is heat is all[$ to radiate & ! air is aga9 exp&$ to its orig9al dim5sions1 x w be cool$ bel[ its orig9al temp]ature to an ext5t precisely equal to ! heat :i* x gave out :5 compress$4 ,on ?is pr9ciple ,i endeavor to expla9 ! ev]la/+ ma9t5ance ( ! sol> & /ell> radiations4 ,! sun is att5d$ by 8 tra9 ( planets ^: orbital motion he controls1 b !y 9 return react ^u him z ! moon does ^u ! e>?4 ,if ?is reaction 7 regul>1 l t ( ! moon ^u ! e>?1 a regul> atmosph]ic tide w\ld result2 b ! great irregul>ity ( ! dim5sions1 di/ances1 & velocities ( ! planets produces a result equival5t to a numb] ( cla%+ irregul> tides 9 ! sol> atmosph]e2 or1 o!rwise /at$1 ! c5tre ( motion & c5tre ( gravity ( ! :ole sy/em w be p]petually v>y+ ) ! v>y+ relative positions ( ! planets1 & ?us ! sol> nucleus & sol> atmosph]e w be subject to irregul>ities ( motion1 :i*1 ?\gh v small relatively to ! enorm\s magnitude ( ! sun1 mu/ be suffici5t to produce mighty vortices1 & ?us effect a cont9ual comm+l+ betwe5 ! out] & inn] atmosph]ic /rata4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 accord+ to ! prec$+1 ! inn] or l[] /rata ( ! sol> atmosph]e %\ld consi/ ( our ord9>y atmosph]ic mixture ( oxyg5 & nitrog51 & ! dissociat$ elem5ts ( wat] & c>bonic acid1 besides "s ( ! m volatile elem5ts ( ! sol> nucleus4 ,outside ( ?is !re %\ld be a b\nd>y limit :]e ! dissociat$ gases are comb9+ z rapidly z _! lat5t heat c be evolv$ by radiation2 ?is w =m a %ell or sph]e ( flame1--! photosph]e1--& above or beyond ?is w be ! sph]e ( vapors result+ f ?is combu/ion1 :i*1 by _! resi/ance to radiation1 w limit ! evolution ( heat & consequ5t combu/ion4 ,n[ ! vortices above ref]r$ to w break ?r\gh ! %ell ( combu/ion1 & drag d[n m or less ( ! out] vapor into ! l[] & hott] regions ( dissociat$ gases4 ,z !re c be no action )\t equal & contr>y reaction1 !re c be no vortices1 ei!r 9 ! sol> atmosph]e or a t]re/rial /ream1 )\t correspond+ upheavals4 ,^! upheavals w eject ! l[] dissociat$ gases m or less completely ?r\gh ! vapor\s jacket :i* re/ra9s _! normal radiations1 &1 ?us lib]at$1 !y w ru% into comb9ation ) an explosive en]gy comp>able to t :i* !y display 9 our laboratories2 n1 h[ev]1 ) an in/antane\s fla%1 b ) a cont9u\s rocket-l combu/ion1 ! rapidity ( :i* w be det]m9$ by ! possibility ( radiation4 ,! heat evolv$ by ?is combu/ion1 act+ simultane\sly ) ! dim9ution ( pressure1 w effect a cont9ually augm5t+ expansion ( ^! upheav$ gases1 & z ! rapidity ( combu/ion w be accel]at$ 9 proportion to elevation above ! re/ra9+ vapors1 an outspread+ f> 9 excess ( t :i* w\ld be due to ! orig9al upheav+ =ce1 is to be expect$4 ,! read] :o is acqua9t$ ) ! ph5om5a ( ! sol> prom95ces w at once p]ceive h[ all ^! expectations are fulfill$ by actual obs]vations1 especially by ! m rec5t obs]vations ( ,zlln]1 ,sec*i1 etc41 :i* exhibit ! typical sol> prom95ce z a /em or jet ru%+ upw>ds ?r\gh "s re/ra9+ m$ium1 & !n exp&+ into a cl\d-l or palm-tree =m aft] escap+ f ?is re/ra9t4 ,i ne$ sc>cely add t ! cla%+ tide waves are ! facul1 & ! vortices ! sun-spots4 ,my pres5t bus9ess1 h[ev]1 is to %[ h[ ^! vortices & eruptions--?is d[n-ru% 9 "o "p ( ! sol> atmosph]e & up-ru% 9 ano!r--contribute to ! p]man5t ma9t5ance ( ! sol> light & heat4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ^! outbur/s are only visible to u z lum9\s prom95ces dur+ ! p]iod ( _! explosive outbur/1 & :ile /ill subject to great expansive t5sion4 ,long aft] !y h ceas$ to be visible to u _! expansion mu/ cont9ue1 until !y f9ally & fully m+le ) ! m$ium into :i* !y are flung1 & atta9 a correspond+ degree ( r>efaction4 ,?is mu/ occur at t5s & hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( miles above ! photosph]e1 accord+ to ! magnitude ( ! ejection4 ,! spectroscopic rese>*es ( ,frankl& & ,locky] hav+ %[n t ! atmosph]ic pressure at ab\t ! out] surface ( ! photosph]e does n f> exce$ t ( our atmosph]e1 ,i may safely reg>d all ! upp] portion ( ^! sol> ejections z hav+ left ! sol> atmosph]e prop]1 & become comm+l$ ) ! g5]al int]/ell> m$ium4 ,if ! sun 7 /ation>y1 or m]ely rotat+1 9 ! mid/ ( ?is univ]sal atmosph]e1 ! same mat]ial t is eject$ to-day w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( "t return1 & be :irl$ into ! great sun-spot eddies2 b su* is n ! case2 ! sun is driv+ ?r\gh ! e!r ) a velocity ( ab\t #dej1jjj miles p] tw5ty f\r h\rs4 ,:at mu/ be ! consequ5ce ( ?is motion8 ,! sun w c>ry its own special atmosph]ic matt] ) x2 b x _c ?us c>ry ! :ole ( ! int]/ell> m$ium4 ,!re mu/ be a limit1 graduat$ no d\bt1 b /ill a practical limit1 at :i* its own atmosph]e w leave beh9d1 or pass ?r\gh1 ! g5]al atmosph]ic matt]4 ,!re mu/ be a heap+ or cond5sation ( ?is matt] 9 ! front1 a r>efaction or wake 9 ! re>1 & a cont9u\s b[ ( newly enc\nt]$ atmosph]e ar\nd ! b\nd>ies 9 ! opposite direction to t ( ! sun's motion4 ,! result ( ?is mu/ be t a great portion ( ! eject$ atmosph]ic matt] ( ! prom95ces w be swept p]man5tly to ! re>1 & its place suppli$ by ! mat]ial occupy+ ! space into :i* ! sun is advanc+4 ,we are ?us pres5t$ ) a mighty ma*9]y ( sol> respiration2 "s ( ?is newly arriv+ atmosph]ic matt] mu/ be /irr$ into ! vortices1 its quantity be+ exactly equival5t to t ( ! old mat]ial expir$ by ! explosive eruptions1 & left 9 ! re>4 ,n[1 ! new atmosph]ic matt] :i* is ?us enc\nt]$ & inspir$1 is ! recipi5t ( ! ev]la/+ radiations ^: de/9ation is ! subject ( ,mr4 ,grove's inquiry2 & ^!1 :5 ?us enc\nt]$ & compress$1 w ( necessity evolve m or less ( ! heat :i*1 ?r\gh millions ( millions ( c5turies !y h be5 gradually absorb+2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! expir$ or eject$ matt] ( ! gase\s eruptions w1 l ! artificially compress$ air above ref]r$ to1 h lo/ all ! heat :i* dur+ its sol> exi/5ce x _h by compression1 dissociation1 & re-comb9ation contribut$ to ! sol> radiations4 ,!re=e1 :5 aga9 fully exp&$1 x w be cool] ?an ! g5]al m$ium f :i* x 0 orig9ally inspir$ by ! advanc+ sun4 ,! daily supply ( fre% atmosph]ic fuel w be a cyl9d] ( e!r ( ! same diamet] z ! sun1 & #dej1jjj miles 9 l5g?6 ,i h calculat$ ! weight ( ?is cyl9d] ( e!r on ! assumption 7:i* ( c\rse is purely arbitr>y7 t ! d5sity ( ! int]/ell> m$ium is "o t5-?\s&? "p ( t ( our atmosph]e4 ,x am\nts to #ad1cac1iae1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj tons1 af=d+ a supply ( #afe millions ( millions ( tons p] second2 or1 if we assume ! int]/ell> m$ium to h a d5sity ( only "o-million? ( t ( our atmosph]e1 ! supply w\ld be r m ?an "o & a half millions ( millions ( tons p] second4 ,! proportion ( ?is :i* is effective 9 ! mann] above /at$ is t :i* becomes /irr$ into ! l[] regions ( ! sun 9 ex*ange = ! eject$ matt] ( ! prom95ces4 ,i w n "h dwell ^u ! bomb>dm5t hypo!sis1 beyond obs]v+ t my explanation ( sol> ph5om5a supplies a cont9u\s bomb>dm5t ( ! above-/at$ magnitude )\t add+ any?+ to ! magnitude ( ! sun4 ,s f>1 !n1 ,i answ] ,mr4 ,grove's "q1 by %[+ t ! heat radiat$ into space by ea* ( ! solid orbs t p its pr(undities1 is receiv$ by ! univ]sal atmosph]ic m$ium2 is ga!r$ aga9 by ! brea?+ ( w&]+ suns1 :o inspire z !y advance ! brea? ( univ]sal heat & light & life2 !n by impact1 compression1 & radiation1 !y conc5trate & re-di/ribute its vitaliz+ p[]2 & aft] its "w is done1 expire x 9 ! broad wake ( _! retreat1 leav+ a track ( cool exhau/$ e!r--! a%-pits ( ! sol> furnaces--to reabsorb ! g5]al radiations1 & ?us ma9ta9 ! et]nal r\nd ( life4 ,b ere ?is1 a great difficulty has probably pres5t$ itself to ! m9d ( ! read]4 ,he w ref] to ! calculations t h be5 made 9 ord] to det]m9e ! actual temp]ature ( ! sol> surface & ! int5sity ( its lum9osity4 ,bo? ( ^! are va/ly 9 excess ( ^? obta9$ 9 our laboratory exp]im5ts by ! combu/ion ( ! elem5ts ( wat]4 ,ev5 tak+ into consid]ation ! dissociat$ c>bonic acid ^: elem5ts %\ld be burn+ 9 ! photosph]e ) ^? ( wat]1 & add+ to ^! ! volatile metals ( ! sol> nucleus ^: dissociat$ vapors mu/1 "u ! circum/ances /at$1 be comm+l$ ) ^? ( ! sol> atmosph]e1 & !re=e contribute to ! lum9osity by _! combu/ion1 /ill by burn+ "h on ! e>? a jet ( su* mix$ gases & vapors we %\ld n obta9 any approa* to ei!r ! lum9osity or ! temp]ature :i* is usually attribut$ to ! sun4 ,i h made a v few simple exp]im5ts1 ! results ( :i* remove ^! difficulties4 ,!y 7 conduct$ ) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,jona?an ,wilk9son1 ! (ficial gas exam9] to ! ,%effield ,corporation1 us+ 8 photometric & gas-measur+ app>atus4 ,we fir/ det]m9$ ! am\nt ( light radiat$ by a s+le fi%-tail gas-burn] consum+ a measur$ quantity ( gas p] h\r4 ,we f\nd :5 ano!r 0 plac$ beh9d ?is1 s t all ! light ( ! second _h to pass ?r\gh ! fir/1 t ! light ( ! two 7measur$ by ! illum9at+ int5sity ( _! radiations ^u a scre5 j z ! sol> lum9osity has be5 measur$7 0 j d\ble t ( "o flame1 ?ree flames 7/ill pres5t+ to ! photometric scre5 only ! surface ( "o7 gave x ?ree times ! am\nt ( illum9ation1 & s on ) any numb] ( flames we 7 able to te/4 ,mr4 ,wilk9son has s9ce arrang$ #ajj flames on ! same1 pr9ciple1 i4e41 s t ! #ii h9d] flames %all all radiate ?r\gh ! "o pres5t$ to ! scre51 ?us af=d+ ! same surface z a s+le flame1 b hav+ #ajj times its ?ickness or dep?1 & he f9ds t ! law indicat$ by our fir/ exp]im5ts is fully v]ifi$2 t ! #ajj flames ?us arrang$ illum9ate ! scre5 #ajj times z int5sely z ! s+le flame4 ,o!r modifications ( ^! exp]im5ts1 describ$ 9 ,*apt] vii4 ( 8,! ,fuel ( ! ,sun10 e/abli% ! pr9ciple t a common hydroc>bon gas flame is transp>5t to its own radiations1 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! am\nt ( light radiat$ f su* a flame1 & its app>5t int5sity ( lum9osity1 is proportionate to its ?ickness2 !re=e ! lum9osity ( ! sun may be produc$ by a photosph]e hav+ no great] intr9sic brilliancy ?an ! flame ( a tall[ c&le1 provid$ ! flame is ( suffici5t dep? or ?ickness4 ,i see good reasons = inf]r+ t its intr9sic brilliancy is less ?an t ( a c&le--some:]e betwe5 t & a ,buns5's burn]4 ,a simil> s]ies ( exp]im5ts ^u ! radiation ( ! heat ( flames ?r\gh ea* o!r1 indicat$ simil> results2 b my app>atus = ^! exp]im5ts 0 n s delicate & reliable z 9 ! exp]im5ts on light1 &1 !re=e1 ,i _c s decid$ly affirm ! absolute dia!rmancy ( flame to its own radiations4 ,)9 ! limits ( error ( ^! exp]im5ts1 ,i f\nd t ) ! same radiant surface pres5t$ to ! !rmomet]1 e addition to ! ?ickness ( ! flame produc$ a proportionate increase ( radiation4 ,?is important law1 ?\gh hi!rto unnotic$ by philosoph]s1 is practically und]/ood & act$ ^u by workm5 :o are engag$ 9 furnace op]ations4 ,pres5t space w n p]mit me to illu/rate ?is by examples1 b 9 pass+ ,i may m5tion ! 8mill furnaces10 :]e armor-plates & o!r l>ge masses ( iron are rais$ to a weld+ temp]ature by radiant heat1 & ! ord9>y puddl+ furnace1 :]e iron is melt$ by radiant heat4 ,9 bo? ( ^! special arrangem5ts are made to obta9 a 8body0 or ?ickness ( radiant flame1 :ile int5sity ( combu/ion is neglect$ & ev5 c>efully avoid$4 ,accord+ to ?is !re are two factors engag$ 9 produc+ ! radiant effect f a giv5 surface1 int5sity & quantity1 i4e41 brilliancy & ?ickness 9 ! case ( light1 & temp]ature & ?ickness 9 ! case ( heat4 ,9 ! ,bude light1 = example1 consi/+ ( conc5tric r+s ( coal-gas1 we h small int5sity ) great quantity1 9 ! lime-light we h a m]e surface ( great brilliancy b no ?ickness4 ,if ,i am "r1 ! surface ( ! moon maybe bright] ?an ! lum9\s surface ( ! sun1 ! peculi>ities ( moonlight dep5d+ ^u int5sity1 ^? ( sunlight ^u quantity ( light4 ,! flame t ro>s f ! m\? ( a ,bessem] conv]t] has b small intr9sic brilliancy1 f> less ?an t ( an ord9>y gas flame1 z may be se5 by obs]v+ ! ?9 waifs t sometimes project beyond ! body ( ! flame4 ,nev]!less1 its radiations are s effective t x is a pa9fully dazzl+ object ev5 9 ! mid/ ( sunny daylight2 b !n we h "h n a holl[ flame f$ only by outside oxyg51 b a solid body ( flame sev]al feet 9 ?ickness4 ,ev5 ! pallid c>bonic acid flame :i* accompanies ! p\r+ ( ! spiegeleis5 has m>vell\s illum9at+ p[]4 ,! read] w n[ be able to und]/& my explanation ( ! sun-spots1 ( _! nucleus1 umbra1 & p5umbra4 ,f :at ,i h /at$ respect+ ! planet>y di/urbances or ! sol> rotation1 ! photosph]e %\ld pres5t all ! appe>ances due to ! movem5ts ( a fi]y ocean1 rag+ & see?+ 9 ! madde/ conceivable fury ( p]petual tempe/4 ,if ! surface ( a riv] fl[+ peacefully betwe5 its banks is p]=at$ ) conical eddies :5ev] x meets ) a project+ rock or ob/acle1 or o!r ag5cy :i* di/urbs ! regul>ity ( its c\rse1 :at mu/ be ! magnitude ( ! eddies 9 ?is ocean ( flame & heat$ gases1 :5 /irr$ to ! l[e/ dep?s ( its va/ pr(undity by ! irregul> reel+ ( ! sol> nucleus )98 ,obvi\sly1 no?+ less ?an ! sunspots2 ^? mighty mael/rms into :i* a _w might be dropp$ l a pea into an egg-cup4 ,:5 ! photosph]e or %ell ( comb9+ gases is ?us ripp$ op51 ! telescopic obs]v] looks d[n ! vortex1 :i*1 if deep en\gh1 reveals to him ! inn] regions ( dissociat$ gases & vapors4 ,b ^! h ! opposite prop]ty to t :i* ,i h %[n to belong to flame2 !y are opaque to _! own special radiations1 :ile ! flame is transp>5t to ! light ( ! inn] portions ( itself4 ,?us1 ! dissociat$ int]ior ( ! sol> envelope1 ?\gh absolutely :ite-hot1 w be comp>atively d>k 7direct exp]im5t has prov$ t ! d>kness ( ! spots is only relative74 ,! sides ( ! vortex funnel w consi/ ( a mixture ( dissociat$ gases1 flam+ gases1 & comb9$ gases1 & w ?us pres5t v>i\s ?icknesses ( flame1 & !reby display ! v>i\s %ades ( ! p5umbra4 ,space w n p]mit me "h to foll[ up ! details ( ?is subject1 z ,i h done 9 ! orig9al "w1 :]e x is %[n t if ! telescope _h n yet be5 inv5t$1 all ! telescopic details ( spot ph5om5a might h be5 describ$ priori z necess>y consequ5ces ( ! con/itution ,i h above ascrib$ to ! sun4 ,n m]ely ! great spot ph5om5a1 b all ! m9or irregul>ities ( ! photosph]e foll[ ) simil>ly demon/rable necessity4 ,?us ! _m int]f]+ sol> tides mu/ ?r[ up great waves1 lit]ally m\nta9\s 9 _! magnitude1 ! summits & ridges ( :i*1 be+ rais$ into high] regions ( ! absorb+ vapor\s atmosph]e t envelopes ! photosph]e1 w radiate m freely1 its dissociat$ matt] w comb9e m abundantly1 & w ?ick5 ! photosph]e imm$iately bel[2 ?is ?ick] flame w be m lum9\s ?an ! normal surface1 & ?us produce ! ph5om5a ( ! facul4 ,besides ^! great gr\nd-swells ( ! flam+ ocean ( ! photosph]e1 !re mu/ be less] bill[s1 & ripples ^u ^!1 & m\nta9 tongues ( flame all ov] ! surface4 ,! cre/s ( ^! waves1 & ! summits ( ^! flame-alps1 pres5t+ to ! t]re/rial obs]v] a great] dep? ( flam+ matt]1 mu/ be bright] ?an ! holl[s & valleys betwe52 & _! spl5dor mu/ be fur!r increas$ by ! fact1 t su* upp] ridges & summits are less deeply imm]s$ 9 ! out] ocean ( absorb+ vapors1 :i* limits ! radiation ( ! light z well z ! heat ( ! photosph]e4 ,! effect ( look+ ^u ! surface ( su* a wild fury ( tr\bl$ flame1 ) its confus$ int]m+l+ ( gradations ( lum9osity1 mu/ be v puzzl+ & difficult to describe2 & h5ce ! 8will[ leaves10 8rice gra9s10 8mottl+10 8granules10 8?+s10 8flocculi10 8bits ( :ite ?read10 8cumuli ( cotton wool10 8excessively m9ute fragm5ts ( porcela910 8untidy circul> masses10 8ridges10 8waves10 8hill knolls10 etc41 etc41 to :i* ! lum9\s irregul>ities h be5 comp>$4 ,at ! "t ,i wrote1 ! means ( exam9ation ( ! edge ( ! sun by ! spectroscope 0 b newly discov]$1 & ! results !n publi%$ ref]r$ *iefly to ! prom95ces prop]4 ,s9ce t1 a new t]m has be5 introduc$ to sol> te*nology1 ! 8si]ra10 & ! obs]vations ( ! actual appe>ances ( ?is si]ra precisely correspond to my !oretical description ( ! limit+ surface ( ! photosph]e1 :i* 0 writt5 be=e ,i 0 acqua9t$ ) ^! obs]v$ facts4 ,?is w be se5 by ref]5ce to ,*apt] x41 ! subject ( :i* is1 8,! ,v>y+ ,spl5dor ( ,diff]5t ,portions ( ! ,photosph]e40#d ,b ,i mu/ n l+] any fur!r ^u ?is "p ( ! subject1 b proce$ to ano!r1 :]e subsequ5t discov]ies h /rongly confirm$ my speculations4 ,! mean specific gravity ( ! sun is n q #a times t ( wat]4 ,! vapors ( nickel1 cobalt1 copp]1 iron1 *romium1 manganese1 titanium1 z9c1 cadmium1 alum9ium1 magnesium1 b>ium1 /rontium1 calcium1 & sodium1 h be5 %[n by ! spectroscope to be float+ on ! out] regions ( ! sun4 ,none ( ^! c\ld con/itute ! body ( ! sun 9 a solid or liquid /ate1 & be subject$ to ! enorm\s pressure :i* su* a mass mu/ ex]t ^u itself )\t rais+ ! mean specific gravity va/ly above ?is2 nor is !re any o!r k9d ( matt] ) :i* we are acqua9t$ :i* c\ld exi/ )9 s l>ge a mass 9 a liquid or solid /ate1 & reta9 s l[ a d5sity4 ,i mu/ confess t my fai? 9 ! logical acum5 ( ma!maticians has be5 rudely %ak5 by ! mann] 9 :i* em95t a/ronom]s h describ$ ! umbra or nucleus ( ! sun-spots z ! solid body ( ! sun se5 ?r\gh 8 lum9\s atmosph]e1 & ! solid surface ( ,jupit] se5 ?r\gh 8 belts1 & h discuss$ ! habitability ( ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune always on ! assumption ( _! solidity1 :ile ! specific-gravity ( all ( ^! r5d]s ?is surface solidity a demon/rable physical impossibility4 ,if ! sun 7or ei!r ( ^! planets7 has a solid or liquid nucleus1 x mu/ be a m]e k]nel 9 ! c5tre ( a huge orb ( gase\s matt]1 & ?\gh ,i h spok5 r def9itely ( ! sol> atmosph]e 9 ord] to avoid complication1 ,i mu/ n1 !re=e1 be und]/ood to suppose t !re exi/s 9 ! sun any su* def9ite b\nd>y to ! base ( ! atmosph]ic matt] z we f9d "h on ! e>?4 ,! temp]ature1 ! d5sity1 & all we "k ( ! *emi/ry ( ! sun ju/ify ! conclusion t 9 its out] regions1 to a consid]able dep? bel[ ! photosph]e1 !re mu/ be a comm+l+ ( ! atmosph]ic matt] ) ! vapors ( ! metals ^: exi/5ce ! spectroscope has reveal$4 ,"s ( ^! mu/ be upheav$ toge!r ) ! dissociat$ elem5ts ( wat]4 ,!y are all combu/ible1 &1 ) a few exceptions1 ! products ( _! combu/ion w\ld solidify aft] !y 7 project$ beyond ! photosph]e4 ,mu* ( ! iron1 nickel1 cobalt1 & copp] might pass ?r\gh ! fi]y ordeal ( su* projection1 & solidify )\t oxidation1 especially :5 m or less envelop$ 9 uncomb9$ hydrog54 ,x is obvi\s t1 "u ^! circum/ances1 !re mu/ occur a s]ies ( precipitations analog\s to ^? f ! aque\s vapor ( our atmosph]e4 ,^! gase\s metals1 or _! oxides1 mu/ be cond5s$ z cl\ds1 ra91 sn[1 & hail1 accord+ to _! boil+ & metal po9ts1 & ! conditions ( _! ejection4 ,we "k t sudd5 & viol5t atmosph]ic di/urbance1 accompani$ ) fi]ce electrical dis*>ges1 especially favor ! =mation ( hail/ones 9 our t]re/rial atmosph]e4 ,all su* viol5ce mu/ be display$ on a hugely exagg]at$ scale 9 ! sol> outbur/s1 & !re=e ! hail/one =mation %\ld prepond]ate1 especially z ! metallic vapors cond5se m rapidly ?an ^? ( wat] on acc\nt ( ! mu* small] am\nt ( _! specific heat1 & ( ! lat5t heat ( _! vapors4 ,:at w become ( ^! volleys ( solid matt] ?us eject$ ) ! furi\s & protract$ explosions =m+ ! sol> prom95ces8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q1 we mu/ rememb] t ! spectroscope1 z rec5tly appli$1 m]ely displays ! gase\s1 *iefly ! hydrog51 ejections2 t ^! great gase\s flames be> a simil> relation to ! solid projectiles t ! fla% ( a gun does to ! grape-%ot or cannon-ball4 ,mr4 ,locky] says3 8,9 "o in/ance ,i saw a prom95ce #bg1jjj miles high *ange enorm\sly 9 ! space ( t5 m9utes2 &1 lately1 ,i h se5 prom95ces mu* high] born & die 9 an h\r40 ,he has rec5tly measur$ an actual velocity ( #abj miles p] second 9 ! movem5ts ( ?is gase\s matt] ( ! sol> eruptions1 ! initial velocity ( :i* mu/ h be5 mu* great]4#e ,if su* is ! velocity ( ! gase\s ejections1 :at mu/ be t ( ! solid projectiles1 & :]e mu/ !y g8 ,a cosmical cannonade is a necess>y result ( ! conditions ,i h sket*$1 & z prom95ce-ejections are cont9ually 9 progress1 !re mu/ be a cont9ual outp\r+ f ! sun ( solid fragm5ts1 :i* mu/ be flung f> beyond ! limits ( ! gase\s prom95ces4 ,z ! lum9osity ( ^! gl[+ p>ticles mu/ be v small comp>$ ) t ( ! photosph]e1 !y w be invisible 9 ! gl>e ( ord9>y sun%9e2 b if our eyes be protect$ f ?is1 !y may !n be r5d]$ visible1 bo? by _! own gl[ & ! sol> light !y are capable ( reflect+4 ,!y %\ld be se5 dur+ a total eclipse1 & %\ld exhibit radiant /reams proce$+ irregul>ly f diff]5t p>ts ( ! sun1 b mo/ abundantly f ! neighborhood ( ! spot regions4 ,z ^! spot regions occupy ! int]m$iate latitudes betwe5 ! poles & ! equator ( ! sun1 ! greate/ ext5sions ( ! out/ream+s %\ld be ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w41 & ,s4,e4 & ,n4,w41 :ile to ! ,n41 ,s41 ,e41 & ,w4--t is1 opposite ! poles & equator ( ! sun--!re %\ld be a less] ext5sion4 ,! result ( ?is mu/ be an approximation to a quadrilat]al figure1 ! diagonals ( :i* %\ld ext5d 9 a ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w41 & a ,s4,e4 & ,n4,w4 direction1 or !reab\ts4 ,i say 8!reab\ts10 because ! zone ( greate/ activity is n exactly int]m$iate betwe5 ! poles & ! equator1 b lies ne>] to ! sol> equator4 ,exam9$ ) ! pol>iscope1 ^! radiant /reams %\ld display a mixture ( reflect$ light & self-lum9osity4 ,exam9$ ) ! spectroscope1 a fa9t cont9u\s spectrum due to su* lum9osity ( solid p>ticles %\ld be exhibit$1 ) possibly a few l9es due to ! small am\nt ( vapor :i*1 9 _! gl[+ condition1 !y might /ill give (f4 ,besides ?is1 !re %\ld appe> ! spectroscope indications ( viol5t electrical dis*>ges1 :i* mu/ occur z a necess>y concomitant ( ! furi\s ejections ( aque\s vapor & solid p>ticles4 ,all ^! metallic hail/ones mu/ be highly *>g$1 l ! p>ticles ( vesicul> vapor eject$ f ! hydro-electric ma*9e1 or ! vapors & projectiles ( a t]re/rial volcanic eruption4 ,i ne$ sc>cely add t ?is exactly describes ! actually-obs]v$ results ( ! rec5t obs]vations on ! corona1 & t all ! ph5om5a ( ?is great sol> my/]y are b necess>y & pr$icable results ( ! con/itution ,i ascribe to ! sun4 ,!re is a me?od ( manufactur+ hypo!ses :i* has become r preval5t ( late1 especially among ma!maticians1 :o take obs]v$ ph5om5a1 & !n arbitr>ily & purely f ! raw mat]ial ( _! own imag9ation con/ruct explanatory atoms1 m$ia1 & actions1 :i* are %av$ & p>$1 scrap$ & pat*$1 l5g!n$ & %ort5$1 ?ick5$ & n>r[$1 till !y are made to fit ! ph5om5a ) ma!matical accuracy4 ,^! labori\s creations are !n put =? z philosophical tru?s1 &1 aft]w>ds1 ! accuracy ( _! fitt+ to ! ph5om5a is quot$ z evid5ce ( ! positive reality ( ! e!rs1 atoms1 undulations1 gyrations1 collisions1 or :atev] else ! ma!matician may h ?us skilfully creat$ & fitt$4 ,x appe>s to me t su* fitness only proves ! +5uity ( ! fitt]--! skill ( ! ma!matician--& t all su* hypo!ses belong to ! poetry ( sci5ce2 !y %\ld be di/9ctly labell$ z products ( ma!matical imag9ation1 & n[ise be conf\nd$ ) objective natural tru?s4 ,su* products ( ! imag9ation ( ! exp]t may assi/ ! imag9ation ( ! /ud5t 9 compreh5d+ "s ph5om5a1 j z 8,jack ,fro/0 & 8,billy ,w9d0 may repres5t c]ta9 natural =ces to babies2 b if ,jack ,fro/1 ,billy ,w9d1 electric & magnetic fluids1 ultimate atoms1 int]atomic e!rs1 n]v\s fluids1 etc41 are all[$ to invade ! intellect1 & are accept$ z actual physical exi/5ces1 !y become v mis*iev\s philosophical sup]/itions4 ,i make ?is digression 9 ord] to repudiate any p>ticipation 9 ?is k9d ( speculation4 ,?\gh 8,! ,fuel ( ! ,sun0 is av[$ly a v bold attempt to unravel maje/ic my/]ies1 ,i h n s\ght to elucidate ! kn[n by means ( ! unkn[n1 z d ^! inv5tors ( imag9>y ag5ts1 b h scrupul\sly foll[$ ! opposite pr9ciple4 ,i h inv5t$ no?+1 b h />t$ f ! exp]im5tal facts ( ! laboratory1 ! demon/rat$ laws ( physical action1 & h foll[$ up /ep by /ep :at ,i und]/& to be ! necess>y consequ5ces ( ^!4 ,_m ye>s ago ,i conv9c$ myself t our atmosph]e is b a portion ( univ]sal atmosph]ic matt]2 t ,dr4 ,wolla/on 0 wrong1 & t ! compression ( ?is univ]sal atmosph]ic matt] is possibly ! s\rce ( sol> light & heat2 b z ?is 0 long be=e ,m4 ,deville _h inve/igat$ ! subject ( dissociation by heat1#f ,i 0 unable to "w out ! problem at all satisfactorily4 ,:5 ,i subsequ5tly resum$ ! subject1 ,i knew no?+ ab\t ! corona1 & _h only read ( ! 8r$ prom95ces0 z possible lun> app5dages1 or sol> cl\ds1 or optical illusions4 ,i _h work$ out ! necessity ( ! gase\s eruptions1 & _! action 9 effect+ an int]*ange ( sol> & g5]al atmosph]ic matt]1 z ! means ( ma9ta9+ ! sol> light & heat1 ) no idea ( proce$+ fur!r ) ! problem1 :5 ! ann\ncem5t t ! prom95ces 7 n m]ely unque/ionable sol> app5dages1 b 7 actually upheav$ m\nta9s ( gl[+ hydrog51 sudd5ly & unexpect$ly sugge/$ _! id5tity ) my requir$ atmosph]ic upheavals4 ,x is true t _! obs]v$ magnitude f> exce$$ my !oretical anticipations1 & 9 ?is respect ,i h made "s po/]iori adaptations1 especially ) ! aid ( a cle>] und]/&+ ( ! laws ( dissociation :i* almo/ simultane\sly became atta9able4 ,9 l mann]1 ! necessity ( ! solid ejections pres5t$ !mselves be=e ,i knew any?+ ( ! rec5tly discov]$ details ( ! coronal ph5om5a--:5 ,i _h m]ely read ( a lum9\s halo :i* _h be5 se5 ar\nd ! sun1 & rely+ ^u ,mr4 ,locky]1 vaguely suppos$ x to be an effect ( atmosph]ic illum9ation4 ,i inf]r$ t /reams ( solid p>ticles mu/ be p\r+ f ! sun1 & %[]+ back aga91 b _h no idea t su* /reams & %[]s 7 actually visible until ,i 0 r />tl$ on le>n+ t ! corona1 in/ead ( be+1 z ,i _h loosely suppos$1 a m]e uni=m filmy halo1 _h be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,de la ,rue1 9 8 ,bak]ian ,lecture on ! ,eclipse ( #ahfj1 z 8s(t5+ (f ) v irregul> outl9e1 & s5d+ (f "s long /reams10 etc4 ,i 0 !n liv+ on ! sides ( a ,wel% m\nta9 f> away f public libr>ies1 & be+ no a/ronom]1 my own books kept me bett] acqua9t$ ) ! curr5t progress ( exp]im5tal ?an ) a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,ev5 :5 8,! ,fuel ( ! ,sun0 0 publi%$ ,i knew no?+ ( ! ,am]ican obs]vations ( ! quadrangul> figure ( ! corona1 or %\ld c]ta9ly h !n quot$ !m1 nor ( ! fact reveal$ by ! ,eclipse ( ,decemb]1 #ahgj1 t1 8:]ev] on ! sol> disc a l>ge gr\p ( prom95ces 0 se5 on ,mr4 ,seabroke's map1 !re a correspond+ bulg+ out ( ! corona 0 *ronicl$ on ,pr(essor ,watson's draw+2 & at ! positions :]e no prom95ces pres5t$ !mselves1 !re ! bright portions ( ! corona ext5d$ to ! smalle/ di/ances f ! sun's limb20 & t ,mr4 ,bro!rs's photographs all %[ ! corona ext5d+ mu* fur!r t[>ds ! we/ ?an t[>ds ! ea/1 ! we/ be+ 8! region ri*e/ 9 sol> prom95ces40 ,i am sorry t ! limits ( ?is pap] w n p]mit me to ent] m fully into ! be>+s ( ! rec5t /udies ( ! corona & ! prom95ces ^u my explanations ( sol> ph5om5a1 especially z ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! inn] & out] corona1 :i* /ill appe> to puzzle a/ronom]s1 are exactly :at my explanation dem&s4 ,i mu/ make ?is ! subject ( a sep>ate pap]1 & proce$ at once to ! next /ep ( ! g5]al argum5t4 ,assum+ t su* ejections ( solid matt] are p\r$ f ! prom95ces1 to :at di/ances may !y travel8 ,9 attempt+ to answ] ?is "q1 ,i av[$ly v5tur$ ^u dang]\s gr\nd1 = at ! "t ( writ+ ,i only knew t ! =ce ( upheaval ( ! prom95ces mu/ be enorm\s1 probably suffici5t to eject solid matt] beyond ! orbit ( ! e>? & ev5 beyond t ( ,m>s4 ,actual measurem5ts ( ! eruptive velocity ( ! sol> prom95ces h s9ce be5 made1 & !y are s great z to relieve me ( my quantitative difficulty1 & %[ t ,i 0 q ju/ifi$ 9 ! bold inf]5ce t ^! eruptions may acc\nt = ! zodiacal light1 ! zones ( meteors into :i* our e>? is sometimes plung$1 & ev5 ! out] zone ( l>g] bodies1 ! a/]oids4 ,b h[1 ! read] w ask1 c su* solids1 eject$ f ! sun1 acquire orbital pa?s ar\nd him8 8,we h be5 taught t ! p>abola is ! necess>y pa? ( su* ejections40 ,mr4 ,proctor has evid5tly reason$ 9 ?is mann]1 = 9 la/ ,april numb] ( 8,fras]'s ,magaz9e0 he says t "s ( my ideas are 8oppos$ to any kn[n laws1 physical or dynamical10 t 8!re is no?+ absolutely incr$ible 9 ! conception t masses ( gase\s1 liquid1 or solid matt] %\ld be flung to a height exce$+ manifold t ( ! l(tie/ ( ! color$ prom95ces2 :]eas x is n only incr$ible1 b impossible1 t su* matt] %\ld 9 any case come to circle 9 a clos$ orbit r\nd ! sun40 ,m c>eful read+ w\ld h %[n ,mr4 ,proctor t ,i h consid]$ o!r conditions besides ^? ( ! textbooks1 t ! case is by no means "o ( simple radial projection f a fix$ body into free space & undi/urb$ return4 ,i di/9ctly /at$ t 8! rec5t ejections may h any =m ( orbit )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! conic sections10 f a /raight l9e return+ ^u itself1 due to absolutely v]tical projection1 to a circul> orbit produc$ by ! tang5tial projection ( su* curv+ prom95ces z ! ram's horn1 etc4 ,! outl9e ( ! zodiacal light w\ld be =m$ by ! t]m9ation or aphelion portion ( ^! excursions1 or ( su* a numb] ( !m z %\ld be suffici5t to produce a visible result4 ,aga91 speak+ ( ! a/]oids1 9 ,*apt] xiv41 ,i /ate t 8,i %\ld h expect$ a /ill great] elongation & ecc5tricity 9 "s ( !m1 & su* orbits may h exi/$2 b an a/]oid ) an orbit ( comet>y ecc5tricity t w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( ea* revolution cross ! pa?s ( ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 & ,m>s 9 ne>ly ! same plane1 & dive ?r\gh ! ?ickly scatt]$ zodiacal clu/]1 bo? 9 go+ to ! sun & return+ f x1 w\ld be subject to di/urbances :i* w\ld cont9ue until "o ( two ?+s occurr$4 ,its tang5tial =ce might become s f> neutraliz$ & its orbit s mu* elongat$1 t f9ally its p]ihelion di/ance %\ld n exce$ ! sol> radius1 :5 x w\ld f9i% its c\rse by return+ to ! sun4 ,on ! o!r h&1 its tang5tial velocity might be increas$ by heavy pulls f ,jupit]1 :5 sl[ly turn+ its aphelion pa?1 & be simil>ly influ5c$ by fri5dly j]ks 9 cross+ ! orbits ( ! inf]ior planets2 & ?us its orbit might be wid5$1 until x ceas$ p]iodically to cross ! pa? ( any ( ! planets by e/abli%+ itself 9 an orbit con/antly int]m$iate betwe5 any two4 ,hav+ once settl$ into su* a pa?1 x w\ld rema9 !re ) comp>ative /ability & p]man5cy4 ,if ,i am "r 9 ?is view ( ! dynamical hi/ory ( ^! old] ejections1 all ! long elliptical pa?s ( zodiacal p>ticles1 meteorites1 or a/]oids1 w\ld ?us 9 ! c\rse ( ages become elim9at$1 & ! rema9+ orbits w\ld be ( planet>y r ?an comet>y proportions40 ,a little reflection on ! above-/at$ laws ( dissociation w %[ t ! maximum viol5ce ( hydrog5 explosion w n occur at ! bir? ( ! ejections1 b aft]w>ds1 :5 ! dissociat$ gases h be5 already hurl$ beyond ! sph]e ( re/ra9+ vapors4 ,if my explanation is correct1 ! typical =m ( a sol> prom95ce %\ld be t ( a spread+ tree ) a tall /em4 ,at fir/ ! lea/ resi/5ce to radiation & consequ5t explosive comb9ation mu/ be 9 ! v]tical direction1 z ?is w af=d ! %orte/ l9e t c be drawn ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( ! surr\nd+ jacket ( resi/+ vapor2 b :5 rais$ above ?is envelope1 ! dissociat$ gases1 cool$ by _! own expansion & comp>atively free to radiate 9 all directions except d[nw>ds1 w explode lat]ally z well z v]tically1 & ?us spread out into a head4 ,my !oretical prom95ce w be1 9 %ort1 a mon/] rocket proce$+ /eadily upw>ds to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & !n gradually bur/+ & project+ its missiles 9 e direction f ! v]tical to ! absolutely horizontal4 ,%\ld ! latt] acquire a velocity ( ab\t #cjj miles p] second1 n m]ely a clos$ b ev5 an absolutely circul> orbit w\ld be possible4 ,^! & ! multitude ( weak] lat]al ejections1 rea*+ ! sun by %ort p>abolic pa?s1 expla9 ! my/]y ( ! inn] corona4 ,i ne$ only ref] ,mr4 ,proctor to 8 own rec5tly publi%$ book on ! ,sun1 :]e he w f9d on plates #d1 #e1 & #f a numb] ( draw+s f ,zlln] & ,respighi1 :i* s ?or\ghly confirm my necess>y !oretical d$uctions t !y might be a s]ies ( fancy sket*es ( my own4 ,:5 we consid] t ! base ( a prom95ce is only visible :5 x happ5s to />t exactly f ! limb ( ! sun1 :ile ! va/ly great] proportion ( ^? :i* are obs]v$1 & h be5 drawn1 h mu* ( ! /em cut (f f view by ! sol> rotundity1 ! evid5ce af=d$ by su* draw+s 9 support ( my !oretical d$uction1 t ! typical =m ( ! sol> prom95ces is t ( a palm-tree or bur/+ rocket1 is greatly /r5g!n$4#g ,9 a pap] by ,p4 ,sec*i1 dat$ ,rome1 ,m>* #bj1 #ahga1 & publi%$ 9 ! 8,comptes ,r5dus10 ,m>* #bg1 ?is vet]an sol> obs]v] speaks ( ! prom95ces z compos$ ( jets1 :i*1 8^u rea*+ a c]ta9 elevation1 /op & :irl ^u !mselves1 giv+ bir? to a brilliant cl\d40 ,?is cl\d is repres5t$ z spread+ out on all sides f ! summit ( ! comb9$ jets4 ,aga9 he says1 8,x is v common to see a little jet spot at a c]ta9 elevation above ! *romosph]e1 & !re spread itself out into a wide hat 78un l>ge *apeau07 ( an absolutely nebul\s con/itution40 ,?is outspread+ nebulosity is ! fla% ( ! inc&esc5t vapors produc$ by ! explosion :i* is !oretically dem&$ by my explanation to occur exactly 9 ! mann] & place describ$4 ,^! exp&$ inc&esc5t gases w be r5d]$ visible by ! spectroscopic dilution ( ! cont9u\s spectrum ( ! d5s] photosph]e1 :ile ! solid projectiles t mu/ proce$ f !m 9 e direction c only be se5 dur+ a sol> eclipse4 ,! obs]vations & draw+s ( ,zlln] & ,respighi 71 = ! mo/ "p1 made :ile my book 0 9 ! press1 &1 l ^? ( ,sec*i above quot$1 7 unkn[n to me :5 ,i wrote2 ,i 0 !n only able to quote1 9 support ( my !oretical requirem5ts1 ! evid5ces ( actually obs]v$ tang5tial ejection af=d$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's acc\nt ( ! great sol> /orm ( ,septemb] #a1 #ahei4 ,besides ?is direct tang5tial projection !re are o!r elem5ts ( motion contribut+ to ! same result1 su* z ! :irl ( ! prom95ces on !mselves1 _! motion ( translation on ! sun's disk1 & ! rotation ( ! sun itself4 ,i mu/ n[ br+ ?is sket* to a close by /at+ t1 9 ord] to submit ! fundam5tal "q ( an univ]sal atmosph]e to an exp]im5tum crucis analog\s to t by :i* ,pascal te/$ ! atmosph]ic !ory ( ,torricelli1 ,i h calculat$ ! !oretical d5sity ( ! atmosph]e ( ! moon & ( ea* ( ! planets1 & comp>$ ! results z sev]ely z ,i c\ld ) ! obs]v$ facts4 ,z ,jupit] is #bg1ajj times heavi] ?an ! moon1 & betwe5 ^! wide extremes !re are six planets pres5t+ great v>iations ( mass1 ! probabilities ( accid5tal co9cid5ce are ov]:elm+ly aga9/ me1 & a close concurr5ce ( obs]v$ telescopic refraction & o!r ph5om5a ) ! !oretical atmosph]ic d5sity mu/ af=d ! /ronge/ possible confirmation ( ! s\ndness ( ! basis ( my :ole argum5t4 ,su* a concurr5ce exi/s1 & "s new & v curi\s light is unexpect$ly ?r[n ^u ! meteorology ( ,m>s & ! con/itution ( ! l>g] planets4 ,! latt]1 if ,i am "r1 mu/ be m9iature suns1 p]man5tly r$ or :ite-hot1 mu/ be some?+ l a photosph]e1 surr\nd$ by a sph]e ( vapor 7! outside ( :i* we see71 mu/ h mimic spot vortices & prom95ces1 & 9 ! case ( ,saturn mu/ eject volleys ( meteoric matt]1 "s ( :i* %\ld f9ally settle d[n into orbital pa?s1 & ?us produce ! r+s4 ,^! are />tl+ conclusions1 & :5 ,i rea*$ !m !y 7 utt]ly at v>iance ) g5]al a/ronomical op9ion1 b ,i f9d s9ce _! publication t "s a/ronom]s h already %[n consid]able read9ess to adopt !m4 ,9 my case ?is view ( ! sol> con/itution ( ! l>g] planets is n a matt] ( m]e op9ion1 or guess+1 or probability1 b x foll[s ( necessity1 & z /at$ on page #bjj1 8! great my/]y ( ,saturn's r+s is resolv$ into a simple consequ5ce1 a demon/rable & necess>y result ( ! op]ation ( ! famili> =ces1 ^: laws ( action h be5 demon/rat$ "h ^u ! e>? by exp]im5tal inve/igation 9 our laboratories4 ,no /ra9$ hypo!ses ( imag9>y =ces are requir$1 no e!rs or o!r mat]ials are dem&$1 beyond ^? :i* are b5ea? our feet & ar\nd our heads "h ^u our own planet2 all t is necess>y is to grant t ! well-kn[n elem5ts & comp\nds ( ! *emi/1 & ! demon/rat$ =ces ( ! exp]im5tal physici/1 exi/ & op]ate 9 ! places1 & h ! quantities & modes ( di/ribution describ$ by ! a/ronom]2 ?is simple po/ulate admitt$1 ^! wondr\s app5dages spr+ into rational exi/5ce1 & l ! et]nal fires ( ! sun1 ! b>r5 surface ( ! moon1 ! dry valleys ( ,m]cury1 ! hazy equivocations ( ,v5us1 ! seas & cont95ts & pol> glaci]s ( ,m>s1 & ! cl\d-cov]$ face ( ,jupit]1 foll[ z necess>y consequ5ces ( an univ]sal atmosph]e40 ,if ,i am "r 9 ascrib+ a gase\s condition to ! sun & ! l>g] planets1 & trac+ ! ma9t5ance ( ?is condition to ! di/urb+ gravitation ( ! att5dant planets or satellites1 a solution ( ! riddle ( ! nebul at once pres5ts itself4 ,we h only to suppose a /> clu/] or gr\p compos$ ( orbs ( sol> or great planet>y dim5sions1 & t ^! act mutually ^u ea* o!r z ! planets on our sun1 or ! satellites ^u ,saturn1 b 9 a f> m viol5t degree ow+ to ! f> great] relative masses ( ! react+ elem5ts1 & we obta9 ! conditions "u :i* great gase\s orbs w\ld be n m]ely pitt$ on _! surface1 b riv5 to _! v c5tres1 m\ld$ & %ap$ ?r\gh\t by ! :irl+ hurricane ( _! :ole sub/ance4 ,:5 ?us 9 ! c5tre ( a tornado ( oppos+ gravitations ! tortur$ orb w\ld be twi/$ bodily into a huge vorticose crat]1 into ! b[els ( :i* ! aque\s vapor w\ld be dragg$ & dissociat$1 & !n1 entangl$ ) ! inn] matt] ( ! riv5 sph]e1 w\ld be hurl$ upw>ds1 aga9 to bur/ =? 9 an explosion ( su* magnitude t ! orig9al body w\ld be measurably pres5t$ z a m]e app5dage1 ! rocket case ( ! flood ( fire x _h vomit$ =?4 ,! read] mu/ complete ! picture4 ,if he w take a little tr\ble 9 do+ s he w f9d t x becomes a portrait ( "o or ! o!r ( ! nebul1 accord+ to ! k9d ( int]gravitat+ />-clu/] f :i* he />ts4 ,i h endeavor$ to "w out "s ( ! details ( ! nebul> conditions 9 ,*apt] xx4 ,9 ,*apt] xxi4 ,i h conclud$ by %[+ ! analogy betwe5 a sun & ! hydro-electric ma*9e1 ! sun be+ ! cyl9d] & ! prom95ces ! /eam jets4 ,if issu+ jets ( high-pressure /eam h ! same prop]ties at a di/ance ( #ic millions ( miles f ! e>? z ^u its surface1 ! body ( ! sun & ! issu+ /eam mu/ be 9 opposite electrical conditions1 & furi\s electrical excitation mu/ result2 & if ! laws ( electrical induction are con/ant ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 ! e>? mu/ be z necess>ily subject to sol> electrical influ5ce z to 8 !rmal radiations4 ,?us ! same reason+ :i* expla9s ! orig9 & ma9t5ance ( ! sol> heat & light1 ! sun-spots1 ! photosph]e1 ! *romosph]e1 ! si]ra1 ! prom95ces1 ! zodiacal light1 ! a]olites & a/]oids2 ! meteorology ( ! planets & ! r+s ( ,saturn1 also %[s h[ ! electrical di/urbances :i* produce ! aurora borealis & direct ! ne$le may orig9ate4 ,electrical !ories ( ! corona & zodiacal light1 & _! connection ( "s k9d ) ! aurora borealis1 h be5 put =? 9 _m %apes1 b s f> z ,i h le>n$ none af=d any explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! electrical di/urbance4 ,)\t ?is !y are l ! vortices ( ,desc>tes1 :i* expla9$ ! movem5ts ( ! planets by suppos+ ano!r k9d ( motion /ill m incompreh5sible4 ,explanations :i* are m difficult to expla9 ?an ! ph5om5a !y propose to elucidate only obscure ! light ( true sci5ce1 & /& z imp$im5te to ! progress ( s\nd philosophy4 ,,dr ,,siem5s' ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,a pap] 0 read on ,m>* #b1 #ahhb1 by ,dr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,siem5s at ! ,royal ,society1 & he publi%$ an article on 8,a ,new ,!ory ( ! ,sun0 9 ! ,april numb] ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,all :o h read my essay on 8,! ,fuel ( ! ,sun0 are surpris$ at ! /atem5t ) :i* ! magaz9e article op5s1 viz43 t ?is 8may be t]m$ a fir/ attempt to op5 = ! sun a debtor & cr$itor acc\nt1 inasmu* z he has hi!rto be5 reg>d$ only z a great almon] p\r+ =? incessantly 8 b\ndless weal? ( heat1 )\t receiv+ any ( x back40 ,"s ( my fri5ds suppose t ,dr4 ,siem5s has wilfully ignor$ ! mo/ important elem5t ( my !ory1 & h sugge/$ indignation & prote/ on my "p4 ,i am q satisfi$1 h[ev]1 t !y are mi/ak54 ,i see pla9ly en\gh t al?\gh ,dr4 ,siem5s quotes my book1 he _h n read x :5 he did s2 t 9 /at+ t 8,grove1 ,humboldt1 ,zoelln]1 & ,mattieu ,williams h boldly ass]t$ ! exi/5ce ( a space fill$ ) matt]10 he d]iv$ ?is in=mation f ! pap] ( ,dr4 ,/]ry ,hunt :i* he aft]w>d quotes4 ,?is inf]5ce has be5 confirm$ by subsequ5t correspond5ce ) ,dr4 ,siem5s1 :o tells me t he saw ! book "s ye>s s9ce b _h n read x4 ,my contributions to ! philosophy ( sol> physics w\ld h be5 f> m widely kn[n & bett] appreciat$ _h ,i foll[$ ! usual c\rse ( ann\nc+ fir/ly 8a work+ hypo!sis10 to w>n o!rs (f ! gr\nd1 !n read+ a prelim9>y pap]1 !n ano!r & ano!r1 & s on dur+ t5 or a doz5 ye>s1 in/ead ( publi%+ all at once an octavo volume ( #bdj pages1 :i* has prov$ too =midable ev5 to _m ( ^? :o are specially int]e/$ 9 ! subject4 ,i am compell$ to inf] t ?is is ! reason :y s _m ( ! speculations1 :i* 7 physical h]esies :5 exp\nd$ !re91 h s9ce become s g5]ally adopt$1 )\t correspond+ ackn[l$gm5t4 ,?is is n ! place = specify+ ! p>ticul>s ( su* adoptions1 b ,i may m5tion t 9 due "t 8,an ,app5dix to ! ,fuel ( ! ,sun10 includ+ ! :ole hi/ory ( ! subject1 w be publi%$4 ,! mat]ials are all 9 h&1 & only await arrangem5t4 ,9 ! meantime ,i w briefly /ate "s ( ! po9ts ( agreem5t & diff]5ce betwe5 ,dr4 ,siem5s & myself4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we bo? take z our fundam5tal basis ( speculation ! idea ( an univ]sal ext5sion ( atmosph]ic matt]1 & we bo? reg>d ?is z ! recipi5t ( ! diffus$ sol> radiations1 :i* are aft]w>ds recov]$ & recond5s$1 or conc5trat$4 ,?us our 8fuel ( ! sun0 is prim>ily ! same1 b1 z w pres5tly be se51 our ma*9]y = fe$+ ! sol> furnace is ess5tially diff]5t4 ,c]ta9 desiccat$ p$ants h sne]$ at my title1 8,! ,fuel ( ! ,sun10 z 8s5sational10 & h refus$ to read ! book on ?is acc\nt2 b ,dr4 ,/]ry ,hunt has provid$ me ) ample rev5ge4 ,he has dis5tomb$ an int]e/+ pap] by ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 dat$ #afge1 9 :i* ! same s5sationalism is p]petrat$ ) v small modification1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton's title be+ 8,sol>y ,fuel40 ,besides ?is1 8 speculations are curi\sly simil> to my own1 8 fundam5tal idea be+ evid5tly ! same1 b ! *emi/ry ( 8 "t 0 too vague & obscure to r5d] its developm5t possible4 ,?is pap] 0 neglect$ & set aside1 0 n pr9t$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society1 & rema9$ g5]ally unkn[n till a few mon?s ago1 :5 ! en]getic ,am]ican philosoph] br\ght x =?1 & discuss$ its rem>kable anticipations4 ,dr4 ,siem5s supposes t ! rotation ( ! sun effects a sort ( 8fan action10 by ?r[+ (f heat$ atmosph]ic matt] f 8 equatorial regions1 :i* atmosph]ic matt] is aft]w>ds reclaim$ & pass$ ov] to ! pol> regions ( ! sun4 ,?is int]*ange he describes z effect$ by ! diff]5ces ( pressure on ! fluid envelope ( ! sun2 ! portion ov] ! pol> regions be+ held d[n by ! :ole =ce ( sol> gravitation1 :ile ! equatorial atmosph]e is subject to ?is pressure1 or attraction1 m9us ! c5trifugal impulse due to sol> rotation4 ,he ma9ta9s t ?is 8c5trifugal action1 h[ev] small 9 am\nt z comp>$ ) ! enorm\s attraction ( ! sun1 w\ld de/roy ! balance1 & det]m9e a motion t[>ds ! sun z reg>ds ! mass opposite ! pol> surface1 & into space z reg>ds ! equatorial mass40 ,he adds t 8! equatorial curr5t s produc$1 ow+ to its mighty proportions1 w\ld fl[ outw>ds into space1 to a practically unlimit$ di/ance40 ,i w n "h discuss ! dynamics ( ?is hypo!sis2 :e!r ! reclaim+ action ( ! sup]ior pol> attraction w\ld occur at ! va/ di/ances f ! sun suppos$ by ,dr4 ,siem5s1 or mu* ne>] home1 & produce an effect l ! recurv+ ( ! flame ( 8 own reg5]ative gas-burn]2 or1 :e!r he is "r 9 comp>+ ! c5trifugal =ce at ! sol> equator ) t ( ! e>?1 by simply measur+ ! relative velocity ( translation irrespective ( angul> velocity4 ,i w m]ely sugge/ t 9 discuss+ ^!1 x is necess>y1 9 ord] to d ju/ice to ,dr4 ,siem5s1 to always keep 9 m9d ! assum$ condition ( an univ]sal & cont9u\s atmosph]ic m$ium1 & n to reason1 z "s h done already1 ^u ! basis ( a limit$ sol> atmosph]e ) a def9ite b\nd>y1 f beyond :i* p>ticles ( atmosph]ic matt] are to be flung away into vacu\s space1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( all-p]vad+ fluid pressure4 ,x is evid5t t if su* fan action c br+ back all ! mat]ial t has receiv$ ! sol> radiations1 & :i* holds !m ei!r z temp]ature or o!rwise1 ! re/oration & p]petuation ( sol> en]gy w be complete1 = ev5 ! heat receiv$ by our e>? & its bro!r & si/] planets w\ld /ill rema9 9 ! family1 z !y w\ld radiate x into ! int]planet>y atmosph]ic matt] suppos$ to be reclaim$ by ! sun4 ,b1 z ,mr4 ,proctor has cle>ly %[n1 ! rays ( ! sun _c d all ! "w ?us requir$ = 8 own re/oration )\t becom+ ext+ui%$ z reg>ds ! outside univ]se2 & if ! o!r suns--i4e41 ! />s--d ! same !y c\ld n be visible to u4 ,?us ,dr4 ,siem5s' !ory removes our sun f 8 place among ! />s1 & r5d]s ! great problem ( /ell> radiation m inscrutable ?an ev] by ?us putt+ ! evid5ce ( our great lum9>y altoge!r out ( c\rt4 ,my !ory1 on ! contr>y1 dem&s only a gradual absorption ( sol> & /ell> rays1 su* z actual obs]vation ( _! v>y+ spl5dor indicates4 ,if space 7 absolutely transp>5t1 & its inf9ite dep?s peopl$ ?r\gh\t1 ! firmam5t w\ld pres5t to our view "o cont9u\s blaz+ dome1 z all ! spaces betwe5 ! ne>] />s w\ld be fill$ by ! inf9ity ( radiations f ! m di/ant4 ,,ano!r ,,_w ,,d[n ,,"h4 ,:at a horrible place mu/ ?is _w appe> :5 reg>d$ accord+ to our ideas f an insect's po9t ( view6 ,! air infe/$ ) huge fly+ hungry dragons1 ^: gap+ & snapp+ m\?s are ev] int5t ^u swall[+ ! innoc5t creatures = :om1 accord+ to ! insect1 if he 7 l u1 a prop]ly con/ruct$ _w ought to be exclusively adapt$4 ,! solid e>? cont9ually %ak5 by ! approa*+ tread ( hide\s giants--mov+ m\nta9s--t cru% out preci\s lives at e foot/ep1 an occasional draught ( ! blood ( ^! mon/]s1 /ol5 at life-risk1 af=d+ b poor comp5sation = su* fatal p]secution4 ,let u hope t ! little victims are less l ourselves ?an ! do+s ( ants & bees might lead u to suppose2 t _! m5tal anxieties are n proportionate to ! optical vigilance indicat$ by ! f\r ?\s& eye-l5ses ( ! common h\se-fly1 ! sev5te5 ?\s& ( ! cabbage butt]fly & ! wide-awake dragon-fly1 or ! tw5ty-five ?\s& possess$ by c]ta9 species ( /ill m vigilant beetles4 ,ea* ( ^! little eyes has its own cornea1 its l5s1 & a curi\s six-sid$1 transp>5t prism1 at ! back ( :i* is a special ret9a spread+ out f a bran* ( ! ma9 optic n]ve1 :i*1 9 ! cock*af] & "s o!r creatures1 is half z l>ge z ! bra94 ,if ea* ( ^! l5ses =ms a sep>ate picture ( ea* object r ?an a s+le mosaic picture1 z "s anatomi/s suppose1 :at an awful army ( cruel giants mu/ ! cock*af] behold :5 he is captur$ by a s*oolboy6 ,! insect mu/ see a :ole _w ( wond]s ( :i* we "k little or no?+4 ,true1 we h microscopes1 ) :i* we c see "o ?+ at a "t if c>efully laid ^u ! /age2 b :at is ! f9e/ in/rum5t t ,ross c produce comp>$ to t ) tw5ty-five ?\s& object-glasses1 all ( !m probably a*romatic1 & ea* "o a liv+ in/rum5t1 ) its own n]ve-bran* supply+ a sep>ate s5sation8 ,to creatures ?us end[$ ) microscopic vision1 a cl\d ( s&y du/ mu/ appe> l an avalan*e ( massive rock-fragm5ts1 & ev]y?+ else proportionally mon/r\s4 ,"o ( ! _m delusions eng5d]$ by our human self-conceit & habit ( consid]+ ! _w z only su* z we "k x f our human po9t ( view1 is t ( suppos+ human intellig5ce to be ! only k9d ( intellig5ce 9 exi/5ce4 ,! fact is1 t :at we call ! l[] animals h special intellig5ce ( _! own z f> transc5d+ our intellig5ce z our peculi> reason+ intellig5ce exce$s !irs4 ,we are z incapable ( foll[+ ! track ( a fri5d by ! smell ( 8 foot/eps z a dog is ( writ+ a metaphysical treatise4 ,s ) insects4 ,!y are probably acqua9t$ ) a :ole _w ( physical facts ( :i* we are utt]ly ignorant4 ,our auditory app>atus supplies u ) a k ( s\nds4 ,:at are ^! s\nds8 ,!y are vibrations ( matt] :i* are capable ( produc+ correspond+ or sympa!tic vibrations ( ! drums ( our e>s or ! bones ( our skull4 ,:5 we c>efully exam9e ! subject1 & c\nt ! numb] ( vibrations t produce our _w ( s\nds ( v>y+ pit*1 we f9d t ! human e> c only respond to a limit$ range ( su* vibrations4 ,if !y exce$ ?ree ?\s& p] second1 ! s\nd becomes too %rill = av]age p to he> x1 ?\gh "s exceptional e>s c take up pulsations or waves t succe$ ea* o!r m rapidly ?an ?is4 ,reason+ f ! analogy ( /ret*$ /r+s & membranes1 & ( air vibrat+ 9 tubes1 etc41 we are ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t ! small] ! drum or ! tube ! high] w be ! note x produces :5 agitat$1 & ! small] & ! m rapid ! a]ial wave to :i* x w respond4 ,! drums ( insect e>s1 & ! tubes1 etc41 connect$ ) !m1 are s m9ute t _! _w ( s\nds probably beg9s :]e ours ceases2 t ! s\nd :i* appe>s to u z cont9u\s is to !m a s]ies ( sep>at$ bl[s1 j z vibrations ( t5 to twelve p] second appe> to u4 ,we beg9 to he> su* vibrations z cont9u\s s\nds :5 !y am\nt to ab\t ?irty p] second4 ,! insect's cont9u\s s\nd probably beg9s beyond ?ree ?\s&4 ,! blue-bottle may ?us enjoy a :ole _w ( exquisite music ( :i* we "k no?+4 ,!re is ano!r v sugge/ive peculi>ity 9 ! auditory app>atus ( insects4 ,its /ructure & position are some?+ betwe5 ^? ( an e> & ( an eye4 ,c>eful exam9ation ( ! head1 ( "o ( our dome/ic companions--! common cockroa* or black-beetle--w reveal two r\nd :ite po9ts1 some:at high] ?an ! base ( ! long out] ant5n1 & a little ne>] to ! middle l9e ( ! head4 ,^! :ite project+ spots are =m$ by ! out] transp>5t membrane ( a bag or ball fill$ ) fluid1 :i* ball or bag re/s inside ano!r cavity 9 ! head4 ,x resembles our own eye 9 hav+ ?is ext]nal transp>5t t\gh membrane1 :i* corresponds to ! cornea or transp>5t membrane =m+ ! glass ( our eye-w9d[2 :i*1 l ! cornea1 is back$ by ! fluid 9 an e>-ball correspond+ to our eye-ball1 & ! back ( ?is e>-ball appe>s to receive ! outspread+s ( a n]ve1 j z ! back ( our eye is l9$ ) t outspread ( ! optic n]ve =m+ ! ret9a4 ,!re does n appe> to be 9 ?is or o!r insects a tightly /ret*$ membrane :i*1 l ! membrane ( our e>-drum1 is fitt$ to take up bodily air-waves & vibrate responsively to !m4 ,b x is evid5tly adapt$ to receive & conc5trate "s k9d ( vibration1 or motion1 or tremor4 ,:at k9d ( motion c ?is be8 ,:at k9d ( p]ception does ?is curi\s organ supply8 ,to answ] ^! que/ions we mu/ travel beyond ! /rict limits ( sci5tific induction & ent] ! fairyl& ( sci5tific imag9ation4 ,we may w&] "h 9 safety1 provid$ we always rememb] :]e we are1 & keep a true c\rse guid$ by ! compass-ne$le ( demon/rable facts4 ,i h said t ! cornea-l membrane ( ! insect's e>-bag does n appe> capable ( respond+ to bodily air-waves4 ,?is adjective is important1 because !re are vibratory movem5ts ( matt] t are n bodily b molecul>4 ,an analogy may help to r5d] ?is di/9ction intelligible4 ,i may take a long /r+ ( beads & %ake x into wavelike movem5ts1 ! waves be+ =m$ by ! movem5ts ( ! :ole /r+4 ,we may n[ conceive ano!r k9d ( movem5t or vibration by suppos+ "o bead to receive a bl[ pu%+ x =w>d1 ?is pu% to be communicat$ to ! next1 !n to ! ?ird1 & s on1 produc+ a m9ute runn+ tremor pass+ f end to end4 ,?is k9d ( action may be r5d]$ visible by lay+ a numb] ( billi>d balls or m>bles 9 l9e & b[l+ an outside ball aga9/ ! end "o ( ! r[4 ,! impulse w be rapidly & invisibly transmitt$ all along ! l9e1 & ! out] ball w respond by />t+ =w>d4 ,heat1 light1 & electricity are my/]i\s int]nal movem5ts ( :at we call matt] 7"s say 8e!r10 :i* is b a "n = imag9>y matt]74 ,^! int]nal movem5ts are z invisible z ^? ( ! int]m$iate billi>d balls2 b if !re be a l9e ( molecules act+ ?us1 & ! t]m9al "o /rikes an organ ( s5se fitt$ to receive its motion1 "s sort ( p]ception may foll[4 ,:5 su* movem5ts ( c]ta9 frequ5cy & amplitude /rike our organs ( vision1 ! s5sation ( light is produc$4 ,:5 o!rs ( great] amplitude & small] frequ5cy /rike ! t]m9al outspread ( our common s5sory n]ves1 ! s5sation ( heat results4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! frequ5cy & amplitude ( ! heat waves & ! light waves is b small1 or1 /rictly speak+1 !re is no actual l9e ( sep>ation ly+ betwe5 !m2 !y run directly into ea* o!r4 ,:5 a piece ( metal is gradually heat$1 x is fir/ 8black-hot20 ?is is :ile ! waves or molecul> trembl+s are ( a c]ta9 amplitude & frequ5cy2 z ! frequ5cy increases & amplitude dim9i%es 7or1 to borr[ f musical t]ms1 z ! pit* rises71 ! metal becomes dull r$-hot2 great] rapidity1 *]ry r$2 great] /ill1 bright r$2 !n yell[-hot & :ite-hot3 ! lum9osity gr[+ z ! rapidity ( molecul> vibration increases4 ,!re is no su* gradation betwe5 ! mo/ rapid undulations or trembl+s t produce our s5sation ( s\nd & ! sl[e/ ( ^? :i* give rise to our s5sations ( g5tle/ w>m?4 ,!re is a huge gap betwe5 !m1 wide en\gh to include ano!r _w or sev]al o!r worlds ( motion1 all ly+ betwe5 our _w ( s\nds & our _w ( heat & light1 & !re is no good reason :atev] = suppos+ t matt] is incapable ( su* int]m$iate activity1 or t su* activity may n give rise to int]m$iate s5sations1 provid$ !re are organs = tak+ up & s5sify+ 7if ,i may co9 a desirable ^w7 ^! movem5ts4 ,z already /at$1 ! limit ( audible tremors is ?ree to f\r ?\s& p] second1 b ! smalle/ numb] ( tremors t we c p]ceive z heat is betwe5 ?ree & f\r millions ( millions p] second4 ,! numb] ( waves produc+ r$ light is e/imat$ at f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-f\r millions ( millions p] second2 & = ! production ( violet light1 six hundr$ & n9ety-n9e millions ( millions4 ,^! are ! receiv$ conclusions ( our be/ ma!maticians1 :i* ,i repeat on _! au?ority4 ,all[+1 h[ev]1 a v l>ge m>g9 ( possible error1 ! _w ( possible s5sations ly+ betwe5 ^? produc$ by a few ?\s&s ( waves & any numb] ( millions is ( enorm\s wid?4 ,9 su* a _w ( int]m$iate activities ! insect probably lives1 ) a s5se ( vision reveal+ to him m ?an our microscopes %[ to u1 & ) 8 m9ute eye-l e>-bag s5sify+ mat]ial movem5ts t lie betwe5 our _w ( s\nds & our o!r f>-di/ant worlds ( heat & light4 ,!re is yet ano!r indication ( "s sort ( int]m$iate s5sation possess$ by insects4 ,_m ( !m are n only end[$ ) ! ?\s&s ( l5ses ( _! comp\nd eyes1 b h 9 addition sev]al curi\s organs t h be5 designat$ 8ocelli0 & 8/emmata40 ,^! are g5]ally plac$ at ! top ( ! head1 ! ?\s&-fold eyes be+ at ! sides4 ,!y are v mu* l ! auditory organs above describ$--s mu* s t 9 consult+ diff]5t au?orities = special in=mation on ! subject ,i h fall5 into "s confusion1 f :i* ,i c only escape by suppos+ t ! organ :i* "o anatomi/ describes z ! ocelli ( c]ta9 insects is reg>d$ z ! auditory app>atus :5 exam9$ 9 ano!r insect by ano!r anatomi/4 ,all ?is indicates a sort ( cont9uity ( s5sation connect+ ! s\nds ( ! insect _w ) ! objects ( _! vision4 ,b ^! ocul> e>s or auditory eyes ( ! insect are n 8 only advantage ov] u4 ,he has ano!r s5sory organ to :i*1 ) all our boa/$ intellect1 we c claim no?+ t is comp>able1 unless x be our olfactory n]ve4 ,! possibility ( ?is ,i w pres5tly discuss4 ,i ref] to ! ant5n1 :i* are ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( insect organs1 & wond]fully develop$ 9 "s1 z may be se5 by exam9+ ! plumes ( ! cre/$ gnat4 ,ev]ybody :o has c>efully wat*$ ! do+s ( insects mu/ h obs]v$ ! curi\sly inve/igative movem5ts ( ! ant5n1 :i* are ev] on ! al]t1 pe]+ & pry+ to "r & left & upw>ds & d[nw>ds4 ,hub]1 :o devot$ 8 life to ! /udy ( bees & ants1 conclud$ t ^! insects conv]se ) ea* o!r by movem5ts ( ! ant5n1 & he has giv5 to ! signs ?us produc$ ! "n ( 8ant5nal language40 ,!y c]ta9ly d communicate in=mation or give ord]s by "s means2 & :5 ! insects /op = t purpose1 !y face ea* o!r & execute peculi> wav+s ( ^! organs t are highly sugge/ive ( ! movem5ts ( ! old semaphore telegraph arms4 ,! mo/ g5]ally receiv$ op9ion is t ^! ant5n are v delicate organs ( t\*1 b "s rec5t exp]im5ts made by ,gu/av ,hans5 indicate t !y are organs ( smell+ or ( "s simil> p[] ( di/+ui%+ objects at a di/ance4 ,flies depriv$ ( _! ant5n ceas$ to display any int]e/ 9 ta9t$ meat t _h previ\sly prov$ v attractive4 ,o!r insects simil>ly treat$ appe> to become indiff]5t to odors g5]ally4 ,he %[s t ! developm5t ( ! ant5n 9 diff]5t species corresponds to ! p[] ( smell+ :i* !y seem to possess4 ,i am sorely tempt$ to add ano!r argum5t to ^? br\ght =w>d by ,hans51 viz43 t our own olfactory n]ves1 & ^? ( all our ne> mammalian relations1 are curi\sly l a pair ( ant5n4 ,!re are two elem5ts 9 a n]v\s /ructure--! gray & ! :ite2 ! gray1 or ganglionic portion1 is suppos$ to be ! c5tre or seat ( n]v\s p[]1 & ! :ite m$ull>y or fibr\s portion m]ely ! conductor ( n]v\s en]gy4 ,! n]ves ( ! o!r s5ses h _! ganglia seat$ int]nally1 & bundles ( tubul> :ite ?reads spread outw>ds !refrom2 b n s ) ! olfactory n]v\s app>atus4 ,^! pres5t two horn-l projections t are ?ru/ =w>d f ! base ( ! bra91 & h :ite or m$ull>y /ems t t]m9ate outw>dly or ant]iorly 9 ganglionic bulbs re/+ ^u :at ,i may call ! ro( ( ! nose2 ^! bulbs ?r[ out fibres t are compos$1 r p>adoxically1 ( m gray matt] ?an :ite4 ,9 "s quadrup$s ) great p[] ( smell1 ! olfactory n]ves ext5d s f> =w>d z to protrude beyond ! front ( ! hemisph]es ( ! bra91 ) bulb\s t]m9ations relatively v mu* l>g] ?an ^? ( man4 ,!y ?us appe> l v]itable ant5n4 ,9 "s ( our be/ works on anatomy ( ! bra9 7,solly1 = example7 a s]ies ( comp>ative pictures ( ! bra9s ( diff]5t animals is %[n1 ext5d+ f man to ! cod-fi%4 ,z we proce$ d[nw>ds1 ! horn-l projection ( ! olfactory n]ves beyond ! c5tral hemisph]es goes on ext5d+ m & m1 & ! relative magnitude ( ! t]m9al ganglia or olfactory lobes increases 9 simil> ord]4 ,we h only to omit ! nasal bones & no/rils1 to cont9ue ?is =w>d extrusion ( ! olfactory n]ves & _! bulbs & bran*es1 to coat !m ) suitable %ea?s provid$ ) muscles = mobility1 & we h ! ant5n ( insects4 ,i submit ?is view ( ! comp>ative anatomy ( ^! organs z my own speculation1 to be tak5 = :at x is wor?4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ant5n ( ^! creatures are connect$ by n]ve-/alks ) ! ant]ior "p ( _! supra-sophageal ganglia1 i4e41 ! n]v\s c5tres correspond+ to our bra94 ,b :at k9d & degree ( p[] mu/ su* olfactory organs possess8 ,! dog has1 relatively to ! re/ ( 8 bra91 a mu* great] developm5t ( ! olfactory n]ves & ganglia ?an man has4 ,8 p[]s ( smell are s mu* great] ?an ours t we f9d x difficult to conceive ! possibility ( :at we actually see him d4 ,z an example1 ,i may describe an exp]im5t ,i made ^u a bloodh\nd ( ! fam\s ,cuban bre$4 ,he belong$ to a fri5d ^: h\se is situat$ on an em95ce comm&+ an ext5sive view4 ,i />t$ f ! g>d5 & w&]$ ab\t a mile away1 cross$ sev]al fields by s9u\s c\rses1 climb+ ov] /iles1 & jump+ dit*es1 always keep+ ! h\se 9 view2 ,i !n return$ by q a diff]5t track4 ,! bloodh\nd 0 set ^u ! beg9n+ ( my track4 ,i wat*$ him f a w9d[ gallop+ rapidly1 & foll[+ all its w9d+s )\t ! lea/ halt+ or hesitation4 ,x 0 z cle> to 8 nose z a gravell$ pa? or a lum9\s /reak w\ld be to our eyes4 ,on 8 return ,i w5t d[n to him1 & )\t approa*+ ne>] ?an five or six y>ds1 he recogniz$ me z ! object ( 8 se>*1 prov+ ?is by circl+ r\nd me1 bay+ deeply & savagely ?\gh h>mlessly1 z he always kept at ab\t ! same di/ance4#h ,if ! diff]5ce ( developm5t betwe5 ! human & can9e int]nal ant5n produces all ?is diff]5ce ( function1 :at a gulf may !re be betwe5 our p[]s ( p]ceiv+ mat]ial emanations & ^? possess$ by insects6 ,if my anatomical hypo!sis is correct1 "s insects h protrud+ nasal organs or out-?ru/ olfactory n]ves z long z all ! re/ ( _! bodies4 ,! p[] ( movem5t ( ^! 9 all directions af=ds ! means ( s5sory communication ov] a correspond+ range1 in/ead ( be+ limit$ m]ely to ! direction ( ! no/ril op5+s4 ,9 "s insects1 su* z ! plum$ gnat1 ! ant5n d n appe> to be ?us moveable1 b ?is want ( mobility is m ?an comp5sat$ by ! multitude ( bran*+s ( ^! wond]ful organs1 :]eby !y are simultane\sly expos$ 9 e direction4 ,?is /ructure is analog\s to ! fix$ b multipli$ eyes ( insects1 :i*1 by see+ all r\nd at once1 comp5sate = ! want ( t mobility possess$ by o!rs t h b a s+le eyeball m\nt$ on a flexible & mobile /alk2 t ( ! spid]1 = example4 ,su* an ext5sion ( su* a s5sory function is equival5t to liv+ 9 ano!r _w ( :i* we h no k & c =m no def9ite conception4 ,we1 by our s5ses ( t\* & vision1 "k ! %apes & colors ( objects1 & by our v rudim5t>y olfactory organs =m crude ideas ( _! *emi/ry or composition1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( _! mat]ial emanations2 b ! huge exagg]ation ( ?is p[] 9 ! insect %\ld supply him ) in/9ctive p]ceptive p[]s ( *emical analysis1 a direct acqua9tance ) ! inn] molecul> con/itution ( matt] f> cle>] & deep] ?an we are able to obta9 by all ! ref9em5ts ( laboratory analyses or ! hypo!tical =mulat+ ( molecul> ma!maticians4 ,add ?is to ! o!r _w ( s5sations producible by ! vibratory movem5ts ( matt] ly+ betwe5 ^? p]ceptible by our organs ( he>+ & vision1 !n /ra9 y\r imag9ation to its crack+ po9t1 & y w /ill fail to picture ! wond]l& 9 :i* ! smalle/ ( our fell[-creatures may be liv+1 mov+1 & hav+ _! be+4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,lun> ,,volcanoes4 ,_m !oretical ef=ts1 "s ( consid]able viol5ce1 h be5 made to reconcile ! suppos$ physical contradiction pres5t$ by ! great magnitude & area ( =m] volcanic activity ( ! ,moon1 & ! pres5t abs5ce ( wat] on its surface4 ,s long z we accept ! g5]ally receiv$ belief t wat] is a necess>y ag5t 9 ! evolution ( volcanic =ces1 ! difficulties pres5t$ by ! lun> surface are r increas$ ?an dim9i%$ by fur!r exam9ation & speculation4 ,we "k t ! lava1 scori1 du/ & o!r products ( volcanic action on ?is e>? are ma9ly compos$ ( mix$ silicates--^? ( alum9a & lime prepond]at+4 ,:5 we consid] t ! solid cru/ ( ! ,e>? is *iefly compos$ ( silicic acid1 & ( basic oxides & c>bonates :i* comb9e ) silicic acid :5 heat$1 a natural necessity = su* a composition ( volcanic products becomes evid5t4 ,if ! ,moon is compos$ ( simil> mat]ials to ^? ( ! ,e>?1 ! fusion ( its cru/ mu/ produce simil> comp\nds1 z !y are =m$ indep5d5tly ( any atmosph]ic or aque\s ag5cy4 ,?is be+ ! case1 ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! cool+ ( fus$ masses ( mix$ silicates 9 ! abs5ce ( wat] become v int]e/+4 ,opportunities ( /udy+ su* ph5om5a are (f]$ at our great iron-works1 :]e fus$ masses ( iron c9d]1 compos$ ma9ly ( mix$ silicates1 are cont9ually to be se5 9 ! process ( cool+ "u a v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,i h wat*$ ! cool+ ( su* masses v frequ5tly1 & h se5 abundant displays ( m9iature volcanic ph5om5a1 especially m>k$ :]e ! cool+ has occurr$ "u conditions mo/ ne>ly resembl+ ^? ( a gradually cool+ planet or satellite2 t is1 :5 ! fus$ c9d] has be5 enclos$ by a solid resi/+ & contract+ cru/4 ,! mo/ rem>kable t ,i h se5 are ^? pres5t$ by ! cool+ ( ! 8tap c9d]0 f puddl+ furnaces4 ,?is1 z x fl[s f ! furnace1 is receiv$ 9 /\t iron boxes 78c9d]-bogies07 ( circul> or rectangul> horizontal section4 ,! foll[+ ph5om5a are usually obs]vable on ! cool+ ( ! fus$ c9d] 9 a circul> bogie4 ,fir/ a ?9 solid cru/ =ms on ! r$-hot surface4 ,?is spe$ily cools suffici5tly to black54 ,if pi]c$ by a slight ?ru/ f an iron rod1 ! r$-hot matt] )9 is se5 to be 9 a /ate ( see?+ activity1 & a consid]able quantity exudes f ! op5+4 ,if a bogie fill$ ) fus$ c9d] is left undi/urb$1 a v]itable spontane\s volcanic eruption takes place ?r\gh "s portion1 g5]ally ne> ! c5tre1 ( ! solid cru/4 ,9 "s cases1 ?is eruption is suffici5tly viol5t to eject small spurts ( molt5 c9d] to a height equal to f\r or five diamet]s ( ! :ole mass4 ,! cru/ once brok51 a regul> crat] is rapidly =m$1 & m9iature /reams ( lava cont9ue to p\r f x2 sometimes sl[ly & regul>ly1 occasionally ) j]ks & spurts due to ! bur/+ ( bubbles ( gas4 ,! accumulation ( ^! lava-/reams =ms a regul> cone1 ! height ( :i* goes on increas+4 ,i h se5 a bogie ab\t #aj or #ab in*es 9 diamet]1 & #i or #aj in*es deep1 ?us surm\nt$ by a cone above #e in*es high1 ) a base equal to ! :ole diamet] ( ! bogie4 ,^! cones & crat]s c\ld be b little improv$ by a model] desir+ to repres5t a typical volcano 9 m9iature4 ,simil> crat]s & cones are =m$ on ! surface ( c9d] :i* is n conf9$ by ! sides ( ! bogie4 ,i h se5 !m well display$ on ! 8runn+-out b$s0 ( ref9]y furnaces4 ,^!1 :5 fill$1 =m a small lake ( molt5 iron cov]$ ) a lay] ( c9d]4 ,?is c9d] fir/ sk9s ov]1 z 9 ! bogies1 !n small crevasses =m 9 ?is cru/1 & ?r\gh ^! ! fus$ c9d] oozes f bel[4 ,! outfl[ f ?is *asm soon becomes localiz$1 s z to =m a s+le crat]1 or a small *a9 ( crat]s2 ^! gradually develop into cones by ! accumulation ( outfl[+ lava1 s t :5 ! :ole mass has solidifi$1 x is cov]$ m or less ?ickly ) a numb] ( su* hillocks4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are mu* small] ?an 9 ! =m] case1 rea*+ to only "o or two in*es 9 height1 ) a proportionate base4 ,x is evid5t t ! dim5sions ( ^! m9iature volcanoes are det]m9$ ma9ly by ! dep? ( ! molt5 matt] f :i* !y are =m$4 ,9 ! case ( ! bogies1 !y are exagg]at$ by ! ov]p[]+ resi/ance ( ! solid iron bottom & sides1 :i* =ce all ! exudation 9 ! "o direction ( lea/ resi/ance1 viz41 t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! ?9 upp] cru/1 & ?us a s+le crat] & a s+le cone ( ! l>ge relative dim5sions above describ$ are commonly =m$4 ,! magnitude & p]fection ( ^! m9iature volcanoes v>y consid]ably ) ! quality ( ! pig-iron & ! treatm5t x has receiv$1 & ! diff]5ce appe>s to dep5d ^u ! evolution ( gases1 su* z c>bonic oxide1 volatile *lorides1 fluorides1 etc4 ,i m5tion ! fluorides p>ticul>ly1 hav+ be5 rec5tly engag$ 9 mak+ "s exp]im5ts on ,mr4 ,h5d]son's process = ref9+ pig-iron1 by expos+ x :5 fus$ to ! action ( a mixture ( fluoride ( calcium & oxides ( iron1 alum9a1 manganese1 etc4 ,! c9d] sep>at$ f ?is iron display$ ! ph5om5a above describ$ v rem>kably1 & jets ( yell[i% flame 7 ?r[n up f ! crat]s :ile ! lava 0 fl[+4 ,! flame 0 succe$$ by d5se :ite vapors z ! temp]ature ( ! c9d] l[]$1 & a deposit ( sn[-l1 floccul5t cry/als 0 left ^u & ar\nd ! m\? or crat] ( ea* cone4 ,! m9iature repres5tation ( cosmical eruptions 0 ?us r5d]$ /ill m /rik+1 ev5 to ! :ite deposit ( ! haloid salts :i* ,palmi]i has describ$ z rema9+ aft] ! rec5t eruption ( ,vesuvius4 ,! gases ?us evolv$ h n yet be5 analytically exam9$1 & ! details ( ! p[]ful reactions display$ 9 ?is process /ill dem& fur!r /udy2 b !re c be no d\bt t ! comb9ation ( silicic acid ) ! base ( ! fluor sp> is ! fundam5tal reaction to :i* ! evolution ( ! volatile fluorides1 etc41 is ma9ly due4 ,a correspond+ evolution ( gases takes place 9 cosmical volcanic action1 :5ev] silicic acid is fus$ 9 contact ) lime/one or o!r c>bonate1 & a /ill clos] analogy is pres5t$ by ! fusion ( silicates 9 contact ) *lorides & oxides1 9 ! abs5ce ( wat]4 ,if ! composition ( ! ,moon is simil> to t ( ! ,e>?1 *lorides ( sodium1 etc41 mu/ =m an important "p ( its solid cru/2 !y %\ld correspond 9 quantity to ! great deposit ( su* salts t w\ld be left beh9d if ! ocean ( ! ,e>? 7 evaporat$ to dryness4 ,! only assumptions dem&$ 9 apply+ ^! facts to ! explanation ( ! surface configuration ( ! ,moon are1 #a/1 t our satellite resembles its prim>y 9 *emical composition2 #b;d1 t x has cool$ d[n f a /ate ( fusion2 & #c;d1 t ! magnitude ( ! eruptions1 due to su* fusion & cool+1 mu/ be> "s relation to ! quantity ( matt] 9 action4 ,! fir/ & second are s commonly made & und]/ood1 t ,i ne$ n "h repeat ! well-kn[n argum5ts ^u :i* !y are support$1 b may rem>k t ! facts above describ$ af=d new & weighty evid5ce 9 _! favor4 ,if ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! =m ( a freely susp5d$ & rotat+ drop ( liquid & t ( a planet or satellite is accept$ z evid5ce ( ! ex]tion ( ! same =ces ( cohesion1 etc41 on bo?1 ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! configuration ( ! lun> surface1 & t ( small quantities ( fus$ & freely cool$ e>?-cru/ matt]1 %\ld at lea/ af=d mat]ial support to ! o!rwise indicat$ inf]5ce1 t ! mat]ials ( ! ,moon's cru/ are simil> to ^? ( ! ,e>?'s1 & t !y h be5 cool$ f a /ate ( fusion4 ,i ?9k ,i may safely g5]alize to ! ext5t ( say+1 t no consid]able mass ( fus$ e>?y silicates c cool d[n "u circum/ances ( free radiation )\t fir/ =m+ a heat$ solid cru/1 :i*1 by fur!r radiation1 cool+1 & contraction1 w assume a surface configuration resembl+ m or less closely t ( ! ,moon4 ,evid5ce ( ?is is af=d$ by a survey ( ! spoil-banks ( bla/ furnaces1 :]e ?\s&s ( blocks ( c9d] are heap$ toge!r1 all ( :i* w be f\nd to h _! upp] surfaces 7t 7 freely expos$ :5 cool+7 corrugat$ ) radiat+ m9iature lava /reams1 t h fl[$ f "o or m crat]s or op5+s t h be5 =m$ 9 ! mann] above describ$4 ,! ?ird assumption w1 ,i ?9k1 be at once admitt$1 inasmu* z x is b ! expression ( a physical necessity4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! ,e>?1 if x has cool$ z ! ,moon is suppos$ to h done1 %\ld h display$ correspond+ irregul>ities1 & g5]ally1 ! magnitude ( m\nta9s ( solidifi$ planets & satellites %\ld be on a scale proportionate to _! :ole mass4 ,9 comp>+ ! m\nta9s ( ! ,moon & ,m]cury ) ^? ( ! ,e>?1 a l>ge error is commonly made by tak+ ! cu/om>y measurem5ts ( t]re/rial m\nta9-heights f ! sea-level4 ,z ^? portions ( ! ,e>? :i* rise above ! wat]s are b its upp] m\nta9 slopes1 & ! ocean bottom =ms its l[] pla9s & valleys1 we mu/ add ! greate/ ocean dep?s to our cu/om>y measurem5ts1 9 ord] to /ate ! full height ( :at rema9s ( ! orig9al m\nta9s ( ! ,e>?4 ,z all ! /ratifi$ rocks h be5 =m$ by ! we>+ d[n ( ! orig9al upp] slopes & summits1 we _c expect to be able to recognize ! orig9al skeleton =m ( our wat]-wa%$ globe4 ,if my calculation ( ! atmosph]e ( ,m]cury is correct1 viz41 t its pressure is equal to ab\t "o sev5? ( ! ,e>?'s1 or #d in*es ( m]cury1 !re c be no liquid wat] on t planet1 except+ p]haps ov] a small am\nt ( circumpol> area1 & dur+ ! extremes ( its aphelion w9t]4 ,?us ! irregul>ities ( ! t]m9ator1 indicat+ m\nta9 elevations calculat$ to rea* to #a_/bec ( ! diamet] ( ! planet1 are q 9 accordance ) ! above-/at$ !oretical consid]ation4 ,!re is "o peculi> feature pres5t$ by ! cones ( ! cool+ c9d] :i* is especially int]e/+4 ,! fl[ ( fus$ c9d] f ! little crat] is at fir/ copi\s & cont9u\s2 !n x dim9i%es & becomes alt]nat+1 by a ris+ & fall+ ( ! fus$ mass )9 ! cone4 ,ultimately ! fl[ ceases1 & !n ! inn] liquid s9ks1 m or less1 bel[ ! level ( ! orifice4 ,9 "s cases1 :]e mu* gas is evolv$1 ?is s9k+ is s consid]able z to leave ! cone z a m]e holl[ %ell2 ! inn] liquid hav+ settl$ d[n & solidifi$ ) a flat or slightly r\nd$ surface1 at ab\t ! level ( ! base ( ! cone1 or ev5 l[]4 ,^! holl[ cones 7 rem>kably display$ 9 "s ( ! c9d] ( ! ,h5d]son iron1 & _! =mation 0 obvi\sly promot$ by ! abundant evolution ( gas4 ,if su* holl[ cones 7 =m$ by ! cool+ ( a mass l t ( ! ,moon1 !y w\ld ultimately & gradually subside by _! own weight4 ,b h[ w\ld !y yield8 ,obvi\sly by a gradual h+e-l b5d+ at ! base t[>ds ! axis ( ! cone4 ,?is w\ld occur ) or )\t fracture1 accord+ to ! degree ( viscosity ( ! cru/1 & ! am\nt ( incl9ation4 ,b ! sides ( ! holl[-cone %ell1 9 fall+ t[>ds ! axis1 w\ld be cru%+ into small] circumf]5ces4 ,:at w\ld result f ?is8 ,i ?9k x mu/ be ! =mation ( fissures1 ext5d+1 = ! mo/ "p1 radially f ! crat] t[>ds ! base1 & a crumpl+ up ( ! %ell ( ! cone by fold+s 9 ! same direction4 ,am ,i v5tur+ too f> 9 sugge/+ t 9 ?is mann] may h be5 =m$ ! my/]i\s rays & rills t ext5d s abundantly f sev]al ( ! lun> crat]s8 ,! upturn$ edges or walls ( ! brok5 cru/1 & ! *asms necess>ily gap+ betwe5 !m1 appe> to satisfy ! peculi> ph5om5a ( reflection :i* ^! rays pres5t4 ,^! edges ( ! fractur$ cru/ w\ld lean t[>ds ea* o!r1 & =m angul> *asms2 :ile ! fold+s ( ! cru/ itself w\ld =m long concave tr\ghs1 ext5d+ radially f ! crat]4 ,^!1 :5 illum9at$ by rays fall+ ^u !m 9 ! direction ( ! l9e ( vision1 mu/ reflect m light t[>ds ! spectator ?an does ! g5]al convex lun> surface1 & ?us !y become especially visible at ! full ,moon4 ,su* fold+s & fractures w\ld occur aft] ! subsid5ce & solidification ( ! lava-=m+ liquid--t is1 :5 ! =mation ( new crat]s _h ceas$ 9 any giv5 region2 h5ce !y w\ld ext5d across ! m9or lat]al crat]s =m$ by outbur/s f ! sides ( ! ma9 cone1 9 ! mann] actually obs]v$4 ,! fact t ! bottoms ( ! great wall$ crat]s ( ! ,moon are g5]ally l[] ?an ! surr\nd+ pla9s mu/ n be =gott5 9 connection ) ?is explanation4 ,i w n v5ture fur!r ) ! speculations sugge/$ by ! above-describ$ resemblances1 z my k ( ! details ( ! telescopic appe>ances ( ! ,moon is b second-h&4 ,i h little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t obs]v]s :o h ! privilege ( direct famili>ity ) su* details1 w f9d t ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! cool+ ( iron c9d]1 or o!r fus$ silicates1 are wor?y ( fur!r & m c>eful /udy4 ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,direct ,,effect ,,( ,,sun-,,spots ,,on ,,t]re/rial ,,climates4 ,pr(essor ,langley det]m9es quantitatively ! effects respectively produc$ by ! radiations f ! sol> spots1 p5umbra1 & photosph]e ^u ! face ( a !rmopile1 & inf]s t ^! effects measure _! relative influ5ce on t]re/rial climate4 ,9 ?us assum+ t ! heat communicat$ to ! !rmopile measures ! sol> contribution to t]re/rial climate1 ,pr(essor ,langley omits an important factor1 viz41 ! am\nt ( heat absorb$ 9 trav]s+ ! e>?'s atmosph]e2 & 9 measur+ ! relative effici5cy ( ! spots1 p5umbra1 & photosph]e1 he has n tak5 into acc\nt ! v>iations ( dia!rmancy ( ! int]v5+ atmosph]ic matt]1 :i* are due to ! v>iations 9 ! s\rce ( heat4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 x may be affirm$ t ! radiations ( obscure heat are m l>gely absorb$ by ! gases & vapors ( our atmosph]e ?an ^? ( lum9\s heat1 & ! great diff]5ces 9 ! m]e lum9osity ( ! spots1 p5umbra1 & photosph]e ju/ify ! assumption t ! radiations ( a sun-spot w 7to use ! expressive simile ( ,tyndall7 lose f> m by atmosph]ic sift+ ?an w ^? f ! photosph]e4 ,b ! spot areas w be none ! less effective on t]re/rial climate on t acc\nt4 ,a giv5 am\nt ( heat arre/$ by ! e>?'s atmosph]e w h ev5 great] climatic effici5cy ?an if receiv$ ^u its solid surface1 inasmu* z ! gases are worse radiators ?an ! rocks1 & w !re=e1 ct]is p>ibus1 reta9 a l>g] proportion ( ! heat !y receive4 ,i h long ago endeavor$ to %[#i t ! dep? ( ! photosph]e1 f ! sol> surface inw>ds1 is limit$ by dissociation2 t ! mat]ials ( ! ,sun )9 ! photosph]e exi/ 9 a dissociat$1 elem5t>y condition2 t at ! photosph]e !y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 comb9$4 ,?is view has s9ce be5 adopt$ by _m em95t sol> physici/s1 & if correct1 dem&s a mu* high] temp]ature )9 ! dep?s reveal$ by t )drawal ( ! photosph]ic veil :i* con/itutes a sun-spot4 ,if ,i am "r 9 ?is1 & also 9 suppos+ ! spot-radiations to be s mu* m abundantly absorb$ ?an ^? ( ! photosph]e1 & if 9 spite ( ?is high] temp]ature ( ! spots1 ! surface ( ! e>? receives f !m ! l[] degree ( heat measur$ by ,pr(essor ,langley1 ano!r int]e/+ consequ5ce mu/ foll[4 ,! excess ( spot-heat directly absorb$ by ! atmosph]e1 & ma9ly by ! wat] dissolv$ or susp5d$ 9 its upp] regions1 mu/ be especially effective 9 dissipat+ cl\ds & *eck+ or modify+ _! =mation4 ,! meteorological results ( ?is may be important1 & are wor?y ( c>eful /udy4 ,9 ?us v5tur+ to "q "s ( ,pr(essor ,langley's inf]5ces ,i am f> f und]rat+ ! int]e/ & importance ( 8 rese>*es4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i reg>d ! quantitative results he has obta9$ z especially valuable & opportune1 9 af=d+ means ( te/+ ! above-nam$ & o!r speculations 9 sol> physics4 ,simil> obs]vations repeat$ at diff]5t elevations w\ld decide1 s f> z ! l[] regions are conc]n$1 :e!r or n !re is any diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( heat imp>t$ by ! bright & obscure portions ( ! ,sun to our atmosph]e4 ,if ! diff]5ces already obs]v$ by ,pr(essor ,langley v>y 9 asc5d+1 a new means w be af=d$ ( /udy+ ! con/itution ( ! int]ior ( ! ,sun & its relations to ! photosph]e4 ,direct evid5ce ( selective absorption by our atmosph]e may ?us be obta9$1 :i* w\ld g f> t[>ds solv+ "o ( ! crucial sol> problems1 viz41 :e!r ! d>k] regions are hott] or cool] ?an ! photosph]e4 ,! obscure radiations f ! moon mu/ be absorb$ by our atmosph]e l ^? f ! sun-spot1 & may be suffici5tly effective to acc\nt = ! alleg$ dissipation ( cl\ds by ! full moon4 ,9 bo? cases ! climatic influ5ce is greatly height5$ by ! fact t all ! heat ?us absorb$ is directly effective 9 rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,! action ( ! absorb$ heat 9 ref]5ce to cl\d-=mation is directly opposite to t ( ! transmitt$ sol> heat1 z ?is rea*+ ! surface ( ! e>? evaporates ! sup]ficial wat]1 & !reby produces ! mat]ial ( cl\ds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! heat :i* is absorb$ by ! air increases its vapor-hold+ capacity1 & ?us prev5ts ! =mation ( cl\ds1 or ev5 effects ! dissolution ( cl\ds already =m$4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,radiomet] ,,& ,,its ,,cosmical ,,revelations4 ,s mu* speculation1 & n a little extravagant speculation1 has be5 devot$ to ! dynamics ( ! radiomet]1 t ,i feel "s compunction 9 add+ ano!r /one to ! heap1 my only apology & ju/ification = s do+ be+ t ,i propose to reg>d ! subject f a v unsophi/icat$ po9t ( view1 & ) some:at h]etical directness ( vision--i4e41 q irrespective ( atoms1 molecules1 or e!r1 or any o!r specific preconceptions conc]n+ ! ess5tial k9etics ( radiant =ces1 beyond t ( reg>d+ su* =ces z affections or conditions ( matt] :i* are transmitt$ radially 9 con/ant quantity1 & !re=e obey ! necess>y law ( radial diffusion or inv]se squ>es4 ,! prim>y difficulty :i* appe>s to h g5]ally be5 sugge/$ by ! movem5ts ( ! radiomet]1 is ! case :i* x seems to pres5t ( me*anical action )\t any visible basis ( correspond+ reaction3 a visible tangible object pu%$ =w>d1 )\t any visible pu%+ ag5t or resi/+ fulcrum aga9/ :i* ! mov+ body reacts4 ,?is difficulty has be5 met by ! invocation ( ob$i5t & vivaci\s molecules ( residual atmosph]ic matt]1 :i* h be5 call$ ^u to b\nd & reb\nd betwe5 ! vanes & ! inn] surfaces ( ! glass envelope ( ! in/rum5t4 ,h[ is x t ! advocates ( ^! activities h n s\ght to v]ify _! speculations by modify+ ! %ape & dim5sions ( ! exhau/$ glass bulb or receiv]8#aj ,if ! motion ( ! radiomet] is due to su* excursions & collisions1 ! l5g? ( excursion & ! angles ( collision mu/ modify its motions2 & su* modification "u giv5 conditions w\ld =m a f9e subject = ! ex]cise ( ! +5uity ( molecul> ma!maticians4 ,if _! hypo!tical data are s\nd1 !y %\ld be able to pr$ict ! relative velocities or torsion-=ce ( a s]ies ( radiomet]s ( simil> con/ruction 9 all o!r respects1 b ) v>iable %apes & diamet]s ( enclos+ vessels4 ,if we dive/ our m9ds ( all visions ( hypo!tical atoms1 molecules1 e!rs1 etc41 & simply look at ! facts ( radiation ) ! same humility ( intellect z we usually reg>d gravitation1 ?is prim>y difficulty ( ! radiomet] at once vani%es4 ,! =ce ( gravitation is a radiant =ce act+ someh[ betwe51 or ^u1 or by di/ant bodies2 & ^! bodies1 h[ev] f> ap>t1 act & react ^u ea* o!r ) mutual =ces1 precisely equal & exactly contr>y4 ,we conceive ! sun pull+ ! e>? 9 a c]ta9 direction1 & receiv+ f ! e>? an equal pull 9 a precisely contr>y direction1 & we h hi!rto dem&$ no e!real or molecul> l9k = ! transmission ( ^! mutually attractive =ces4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld we n reg>d radiant repulsive en]gy 9 ! same simple mann]8 ,if we d ?is !re is no difficulty 9 f9d+ ! ultimate reaction fulcrum ( ! radiomet] vanes4 ,x is simply ! radiat+ body1 ! mat*1 ! c&le1 ! lamp1 ! sun1 or :atev] else may be ! s\rce ( ! impell+ radiations4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! radiant s\rce mu/ be repell$ ) precisely ! same en]gy z ! arms or p5dulum ( ! radiomet]2 & x w\ld move backw>d or 9 opposite direction if equally free to move4 ,if1 by any means1 we cause ! glass envelope ( ! radiomet] to become ! radiant s\rce1 x %\ld be repell$1 & may ev5 rotate 9 opposite direction to ! vanes1 or vice v]s4 ,?is has be5 done ) float+ radiomet]s4 ,view$ ?us z simple matt] ( fact1 irrespective ( any preconceiv$ k9etics ( int]v5+ m$ia1 ! net result ( ,mr4 ,crookes's rese>*es become no?+ less ?an ! discov]y ( a new law ( nature ( great magnitude & ! broade/ possible g5]ality1 viz41 t ! sun & all o!r radiant bodies--i4e41 all ! mat]ials ( ! univ]se--ex]t a me*anical repulsive =ce1 9 addition to ! calorific1 lum9\s1 act9ic1 & electrical =ces ) :i* !y h hi!rto be5 cr$it$4 ,he has %[n t ?is =ce is refrangible & disp]sible1 t x is outspread ) ! spectrum1 b is mo/ conc5trat$1 or active1 9 ! region ( ! ultra-r$ rays1 & progressively feeble/ 9 ! violet2 or1 o!rwise /at$1 x exi/s 9 clos] companion%ip ) heat ?an ) light1 & clos] ) light ?an ) act9ism4 ,accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ex*anges1 :i* has n[ pass$ f ! doma9 ( !ory to t ( demon/rat$ law1 all bodies1 :atev] be _! temp]ature1 are p]petually radiat+ heat-=ce1 ! am\nt ( :i* v>ies1 ct]is p>ibus1 ) _! temp]ature4 ,if we n[ add to ?is g5]alization t all bodies are simil>ly radiat+ me*anical =ce & suff]+ correspond+ me*anical reaction1 ! !oretical difficulties ( ! radiomet] vani%4 ,:at mu/ foll[ 9 ! case ( a freely susp5d$ body unequally heat$ on opposite sides8 ,x mu/ be repell$ 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to ! surface ( its hotte/ side4 ,if two rockets 7 affix$ to opposite sides ( a p5dant body1 & 7 to ex]t unequal ejective =ces1 ! reaction ( ! /rong] rocket w\ld repel ! body 9 ! opposite direction to its prepond]at+ ejection4 ,?is repres5ts ! radiomet] vane ) "o side black5$ & ! o!r side bright4 ,:5 expos$ to lum9\s rays ! black side becomes w>m] ?an ! bright side by its active absorption & conv]sion ( light into heat1 & ?us ! black5$ face radiates 9 excess & rec$es4 ,we may reg>d x ?us z act+ by its own radiations1 or o!rwise z act$ ^u by ! m p[]ful radiant ^: rays are diff]5tially receiv$ by ! black & bright sides4 ,^! diff]5t modes ( reg>d+ ! action are p]fectly consi/5t ) ea* o!r1 & analog\s to ! two diff]5t modes ( reg>d+ gravitation1 :5 we describe ! sun z attract+ ! e>?1 or1 o!rwise1 ! e>? z gravitat+ to ! sun4 ,/rictly speak+1 nei!r ( ^! descriptions is correct1 z ! gravitation is mutual1 & ! total quantity ex]t$ betwe5 ! sun & ! e>? is equal to ! sum ( _! en]gies1 b x is sometimes conv5i5t to reg>d ! action f a sol> /&po9t1 & at o!rs f a t]re/rial4 ,s ) ! radiomet] & ! /rictly mutual repulsions betwe5 x & ! pr$om9at+ radiant4 ,x appe>s to me t ?is unsophi/icat$ conception ( radiant me*anical repulsive =ce1 & its necess>y me*anical reaction on ! radiant body1 meets all ! facts at pres5t reveal$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,crookes & o!rs4 ,! attraction :i* occurs :5 ! disc ( ! radiomet] is surr\nd$ ) a consid]able quantity ( atmosph]ic matt] is probably due to inequality ( atmosph]ic pressure4 ,! absorb+ face ( ! disc becomes heat$ above ! temp]ature ( ! opposite face1 ! film ( air 9 contact ) ! w>m] face rises1 leav+ a relatively vacu\s space 9 front4 ,?is produces a ru% ( air f back to front :i* c>ries ! radiomet] vane ) x4 ,:5 ! exhau/ion ( ! radiomet] is c>ri$ s f> t ! residual air is only j suffici5tly d5se to neutralize ! direct repulsion ( radiation1 ! neutral po9t is rea*$4 ,:5 exhau/ion is c>ri$ beyond ?is1 repulsion pr$om9ates4 ,tak+ ,mr4 ,crookes's e/imate ( ! me*anical en]gy ( sol> radiation at #cb gra9s p] squ>e foot1 #b cwts4 p] acre1 #eg tons p] squ>e mile1 etc41 & accept+ ^! z !y are (f]$1 i4e41 m]ely z provisional & approximate e/imates1 we are l$ to a cosmical inf]5ce ( ! highe/ importance1 "o t mu/ mat]ially modify our int]pretations ( "s ( ! gr&e/ ph5om5a ( ! univ]se4 ,al?\gh ! e/imat$ sunlight pressure ^u ! e>?1 ! ?ree ?\s& millions ( tons1 is too small a fraction ( ! e>?'s total weight to effect an easily measurable increase ( ! l5g? ( our ye>1 ! case is q o!rwise ) ! a/]oids & ! zones ( meteoric matt] revolv+ ar\nd ! sun4 ,! me*anical repulsion ( radiation is a sup]ficial action1 & mu/1 !re=e1 v>y ) ! am\nt ( surface expos$1 :ile t ( gravitation v>ies ) ! mass4 ,?us ! ratio ( radiant repulsion to ! attraction ( gravitation goes on increas+ ) ! subdivison ( masses1 & becomes an important fraction 9 ! case ( ! small] bodies ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,a zone ( meteorites travel+ ar\nd ! sun w\ld be brok5 up1 sift$1 & sort$ into diff]5t orbits1 accord+ to _! diamet]s1 if ?is sup]ficial repulsion op]at$ aga9/ gravitation )\t any comp5sat+ ag5cy4 ,gravitation w\ld be oppos$ 9 v>i\s degrees1 neutraliz$1 &1 9 ! case ( cosmic du/1 ev5 rev]s$4 ,comets pres5t+ s l>ge a surface 9 proportion to _! mass w\ld ei!r be driv5 away altoge!r or =c$ to move 9 orbits utt]ly disob$i5t to pres5t calculations4 ,?is w\ld occur if ! int]-planet>y spaces 7 z ne>ly vacu\s z ! torsion in/rum5t ) :i* ,mr4 ,crookes made 8 measurem5ts4 ,reg>d+ ! prop]ties ( our atmosph]e only 9 ! light ( exp]im5tal data1 irrespective ( imag9>y molecules1 & _! suppos$ gyrations or oscillations1 we see at once t an int]-planet>y or int]-/ell> vacuum mu/ act l a ,spr5gel pump ^u our atmosph]e1 ^u ! atmosph]e ( o!r planets1 & ^u ^? ( ! sun & ! />s1 & w\ld cont9ue su* action until an equilibrium betwe5 ! repulsive en]gy ( ! gas & ! gravitation ( ! solid orbs _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,atmosph]ic matt] w\ld ?us be univ]sally diffus$1 ) special accumulations ar\nd solid orbs1 v>y+ 9 quantity ) _! respective gravitat+ en]gy4 ,su* a univ]sal atmosph]e w\ld accel]ate orbital motion1 & ?is accel]ation w\ld v>y ) ! surface ( bodies4 ,its action be+ ?us exactly oppos$ to t ( radiant repulsion1 x mu/1 at a c]ta9 d5sity1 exactly neutralize x4 ,t x does ?is is evid5t f ! ob$i5ce ( all ! elem5ts ( ! sol> sy/em to ! calculat$ action ( gravitation2 & ?us ,mr4 ,crookes's rese>*es n only confirm ! idea ( univ]sal atmosph]ic diffusion1 b !y af=d a means by :i* we may ultimately measure ! actual d5sity ( ! univ]sal atmosph]e4 ,if1 z ,i h endeavor$ to %[ 9 my essay on 8,! ,fuel ( ! ,sun10 ! initial radiant en]gy ( e /> dep5ds ^u its mass1 & its consequ5t cond5sation ( atmosph]ic matt]1 ! d5sity ( int]-planet>y atmosph]e suffici5t to neutralize ! radiant me*anical en]gy ( our sun may be ! same z is dem&$ to p]=m ! same function = all ! />s ( ! univ]se1 & all _! att5dant worlds1 comets1 & meteors4 ,9 ord] to prev5t misund]/&+ ( ! above1 ,i mu/ add t ,i h !re9 /udi\sly assum$ a negative position 9 ref]5ce to all hypo!tical conceptions ( ! nature ( heat1 light1 etc41 & _! modes ( transmission1 simply because ,i feel satisfi$ t ! subject has hi!rto be5 obscur$ & complicat$ by ov]/ra9$ ef=ts to fit ! ph5om5a to ! excessively def9ite hypo!ses ( mod]n molecul> ma!maticians4 ,! atoms inv5t$ by ,dalton = ! purpose ( expla9+ ! demon/rat$ laws ( *emical comb9ation p]=m$ ?is function admirably1 & _h great educational value1 s long z _! purely imag9>y orig9 0 kept 9 view2 b :5 su* atoms are treat$ z facts1 & physical dogmas are bas$ ^u ! assumption ( _! actual exi/5ce1 !y become dang]\s physical sup]/itions4 ,reg>d+ matt] z cont9u\s1 i4e41 suppos+ x to be simply z x appe>s to be1 & co-ext5sive ) ! univ]se1 9 accordance ) ! exp]im5tal evid5ces ( ! unlimit$ expansibility ( gase\s matt]1 we ne$ only assume t our s5sations ( heat1 light1 etc41 are produc$ by active conditions ( su* matt] analog\s to ^? :i* are prov$ to produce our s5sations ( s\nd4 ,on ?is basis !re is no difficulty 9 conceiv+ ! rationale ( ! reaction :i* produces ! repulsion ( ! radiomet]4 ,i may ev5 g fur!r1 & affirm t x is impossible to rationally conceive radiation produc+ any me*anical effects )\t me*anical reaction4 ,if heat be motion1 & actual motion ( actual matt]1 me*anical =ce mu/ be ex]t$ to produce x1 & a body :i* is w>m] on "o side ?an ! o!r1 i4e41 :i* is ex]t+ m outw>d motion-produc+ =ce on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 mu/ be subject to proportionally unequal reaction1 &1 !re=e1 if free to move1 mu/ retreat 9 a direction contr>y to t ( its great] activity4 ,reg>d$ ?us1 ! residual air ( ! radiomet] does act1 n by collisions ( p>ticles betwe5 ! vane & inside ( ! glass vessel1 b by ! direct reaction ( ! radiant en]gy :i* w\ld op]ate irrespective ( vessels1 i4e41 ^u nak$ radiomet] vanes if c>ri$ halfway to ! moon1 or o!rwise fre$ f excess ( atmosph]ic emb>rassm5t4 ,! rec5t exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,crookes1 %[+ ret>dation ( ! radiomet] ) extreme exhau/ion1 seem to indicate t heat-rays1 l ! electric dis*>ge1 dem& a c]ta9 am\nt ( atmosph]ic matt] z _! c>ri]4 ,i _c conclude ^! ha/y & imp]fect notes1 writt5 m]ely ) sugge/ive int5t1 )\t quot+ a passage f ! preface to ! 8,correlation ( ,physical ,=ces10 :i*1 ?\gh writt5 s long ago1 appe>s to me wor?y ( ! pr(\nde/ pres5t consid]ation4 8,x appe>s to me t heat & light maybe consid]$ z affections2 or1 accord+ to ! undulatory !ory1 vibrations ( matt] itself1 & n ( a di/9ct e!real fluid p]meat+ x3 ^! vibrations w\ld be propagat$ j z s\nd is propagat$ by vibrations ( wood or z waves by wat]4 ,to my m9d all ! consequ5ces ( ! undulatory !ory fl[ z easily f ?is z f ! hypo!sis ( a specific e!r2 to suppose :i*1 namely1 to suppose a fluid sui g5]is & ( extreme t5uity p5etrat+ solid bodies1 we mu/ assume1 fir/1 ! exi/5ce ( ! fluid itself2 secondly1 t bodies are )\t exception por\s2 ?irdly1 t ^! pores communicate2 f\r?ly1 t matt] is limit$ 9 expansibility4 ,none ( ^! difficulties apply to ! modification ( ?is !ory :i* ,i v5ture to propose3 & no o!r difficulty applies to x :i* does n equally apply to ! receiv$ hypo!sis40 ,,on ,,! ,,social ,,b5efits ,,( ,,p>aff94 ,to ! inhabitants ( ,jupit]1 :o h always "o1 two1 or ?ree ( _! f\r moons 9 active & effici5t radiation1 or ( ,saturn display+ ! broad lum9\s oceans ( 8 mighty r+s 9 addition to ! m9or lamps ( 8 eight ev]-*angeful satellites1 ! relative m]its ( ru%lights1 c&les1 lamps1 & gaslights may be a "q ( indiff]5ce2 b to u1 ! resid5ts ( a planet :i* has b "o small moon t only displays h] ne>ly full face dur+ a few nights ( ea* mon?1 ! subject ( artificial light is only second 9 importance to ^? ( food & artificial heat1 & e /ep t is made 9 ! improvem5t ( our supplies ( ?is prim>y necess>y mu/ h a mom5t\s influ5ce on ! physical com=t1 & also ^u ! intellectual & moral progress1 ( ?is _w's human inhabitants4 ,if a cockney ,rip ,van ,w9kle 7 to revisit 8 old haunts1 ! *anges produc$ by ! introduction ( gas w\ld probably surprise him ! mo/ ( all he w\ld see4 ,he w\ld be a/oni%$ to f9d respectable p1 & ev5 unprotect$ females1 go+ alone1 un>m$ & )\t fe>1 at night1 up ! by-/reets :i* 9 8 days 7 deem$ s dang]\s1 & he w\ld soon p]ceive t ! bright gaslights _h done m ?an all ! laws1 ! magi/rates1 & ! police1 to drive out ^? crimes :i* c only fl\ri% 9 d>kness4 ,! intimate connection betwe5 physical light & moral & intellectual light & progress is a subject well wor?y ( an exhau/ive treatise4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 drop ! g5]al subject & come d[n to our p>ticul> p>aff9 lamp4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is is ! *eape/ light t has ev] be5 inv5t$--*eap] ?an any k9d ( oil lamp--*eap] ?an ! *eape/ & na/ie/ ( c&les1 &1 = dome/ic purposes1 *eap] ?an gas4 ,= l>ge w>eh\ses1 %ops1 /reets1 public build+s1 etc41 x is n s *eap z gas %\ld be1 b is consid]ably *eap] ?an gas actually is at ! price extort$ by ! despotism ( comm]cial monopoly4 ,! reason :y x is especially *eap] = dome/ic purposes is1 fir/1 because ! small consum] ( gas pays a high] price ?an ! l>ge consum]2 & secondly1 because a lamp c be plac$ on a table or :]ev] else its light is requir$1 & !re=e a small lamp flame w d ! "w ( a mu* l>g] gas flame4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! int5sity ( light v>ies inv]sely ) ! squ>e ( ! di/ance f ! s\rce ( light2 ?us ! am\nt ( light receiv$ by ?is page f a light at "o foot di/ance is f\r times z great z if x 7 two feet di/ant1 n9e times z great z at ?ree feet1 sixte5 times z great z at f\r feet1 "o hundr$ times z great z at t5 feet1 & s on4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( two or ?ree great flames 9 a gas *&eli] susp5d$ f ! ceil+ ( a mod]ate-siz$ room4 ,9 a sitt+-room light$ ?us ) gas1 we are oblig$1 9 ord] to read com=tably by ! di/ant s\rce ( light1 to burn s mu* gas t ! atmosph]e ( ! room is s]i\sly pollut$ by ! products ( ?is extravagant combu/ion4 ,a lamp at a mod]ate di/ance--say eighte5 in*es or two feet1 or !reab\ts--w enable u to read or "w ) "o-t5? to "o-tw5tie? ! am\nt ( combu/ion1 & !re=e ) s mu* less vitiation ( ! atmosph]e1 &1 if we use a p>aff9 lamp1 at mu* less exp5se4 ,b ! *ief value ( ! p>aff9 lamp is felt :]e gas is n obta9able--9 ! c\ntry mansion or villa1 ! f>mh\se1 &1 mo/ ( all1 9 ! poor man's cottage4 ,we h ,bible ,societies = provid+ *eap ,bibles2 we h *eap /&>d works1 *eap magaz9es1 *eap newspap]s1 etc42 b all ^! are unavailable to ! poor man until he c get a good & *eap light :]e) to read !m at ! only "t he has = read+1 viz41 9 ! ev5+s1 :5 8 "w is done4 ,"o %ill+'s wor? ( *eap lit]ature w require two %ill+s' wor? ( de> c&les to supply ! light necess>y = read+ x4 ,!re=e1 ! *eap5+ ( light has q z mu* to d ) ! poor man's intellectual progress z ! *eap5+ ( books & p]iodicals4 ,= a man to read com=tably1 & 8 wife to d h] ne$lework1 !y mu/ h a c&le = ea*1 if dep5d5t on tall[ dips4 ,!y may1 & d1 /ruggle on ) "o su* c&le1 b ! inconv5i5ce soon sick5s !m ( _! occupation2 ! man lolls out = an idle /roll1 soon enc\nt]s a f> m bright & *e]ful room ?an ! gloomy "o he has j left1 &1 mo?-l1 he is attract$ by ! light1 & f9i%es up 8 ev5+ 9 ! public-h\se4 ,we may prea*1 we may lecture1 we may coax1 :e$le1 or ana!matize1 b no am\nt ( words ( any k9d w r5d] a gloomy ill-light$ cottage s attractive z ! bright b> & tap-room2 & human nature1 irrespective ( conv5tional di/9ctions ( rank & class1 always seeks *e]fulness aft] a day ( monoton\s toil4 ,fifty ye>s ago ! middle classes 7 accu/om$ to sp5d _! ev5+s 9 tav]ns1 b n[ !y pref] _! homes1 simply because !y h le>n$ to make _! homes m com=table & attractive4 ,we h n yet le>n$ h[ to supply ! work+ millions ) suburban villas1 b if _! small rooms c be made bright & *e]ful dur+ ! long ev5+s1 a mo/ important /ep is made t[>ds t g5]al improvem5t ( social habits :i* necess>ily results f a great] love ( home4 ,we may safely v5ture to pr$ict t ! p>aff9 lamp w h z mu* influ5ce 9 elevat+ ! dome/ic "* ( ! poor] classes z ! /reet lamps h _h 9 purg+ ! /reets ( our cities f ! crimes ( d>kness t once infe/$ !m4 ,a great deal has be5 said ab\t ! poison\s "* ( p>aff9 works4 ,i admit t !y h mu* to answ] = 9 ref]5ce to tr\t--t ! clumsy & wa/eful managem5t ( c]ta9 ill-conduct$ works has int]f]$ ) ! sport ( ! angl]s ( "o or two ( ! tr\t /reams ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom--b all ! ass]tions t h be5 made relative to injury to human heal? are q contr>y to tru?4 ,! fact is t ! manufacture ( m9]al oils f cannel & %ale is an unusually heal?ful occupation4 ,! m5 c]ta9ly h dirty faces1 b are curi\sly exempt f ^? diseases :i* are mo/ fatal among ! poor4 ,i allude to typhus fev]1 & all t t]rible catalogue ( ills usually class$ "u ! head ( zymotic diseases4 ,?is has be5 /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 ! ,fl9t%ire di/rict4 ,! v sudd5 developm5t ( ! oil trade 9 ! neighborhood ( ,leeswood caus$ t little village & ! scatt]$ cottages ar\nd to be cr[d$ to an ext5t t creat$ ! utmo/ al>m among all :o are famili> ) ! results ( su* ov]cr[d+ 9 poor1 ill-dra9$1 & ill-v5tilat$ cottages4 ,rooms 7 commonly fill$ ) lodg]s :o economiz$ ! ap>tm5ts on ! ,box & ,cox pr9ciple1 ! night work]s sleep+ dur+ ! day1 & ! day work]s dur+ ! night1 9 ! same b$s4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is ov]cr[d+ 0 c>ri$ 9 _m in/ances is h>dly cr$ible4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,platt1 :o is surgeon to mo/ ( ! colli]ies & oilworks ( ?is di/rict1 reports t ,leeswood has enjoy$ a s+ul> immunity f typhus & fev]--t1 dur+ a p]iod :5 x 0 preval5t z a s]i\s epidemic among ! agricultural population liv+ on ! slopes ( ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s1 no s+le case occurr$ among ! oil-mak+ population ( ,leeswood1 ?\gh its position & ov]cr[d+ seem$ s directly to c\rt its visitation4 ,if space p]mitt$ ,i might give fur!r illu/rations 9 ref]5ce to alli$ diseases4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = ?is4 ,c>bolic acid1 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( our dis9fectants1 is abundantly produc$ 9 ! oilworks1 & ?is is c>ri$ by ! clo!s ( ! m51 & ) ! fumes ( ! oil1 into ! dwell+s ( ! workm5 & ?r\gh all ! atmosph]e ( ! neighborhood1 & has !reby c\nt]act$ "s ( ! mo/ deadly ag5cies ( organic poisons4 ,besides ?is1 ! p>aff9 oil itself is a good dis9fectant4 ,ev5 ! mis*ief done to ! tr\t is m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! de/ruction ( ^? my/]i\s fungoid gr[?s :i* result f ! admixture ( sewage matt] ) ! wat] ( our riv]s1 & are s de/ructive to human heal? & life4 ,! c>bolic acid & p>aff9 oil1 9 de/roy+ ^! z well z ! tr\t1 are really act+ z great purifi]s ( ! riv]1 s t1 aft] all1 ! only int]e/ t has suff]$ is ! sport+ int]e/4 ,?is same int]e/ has o!rwise suff]$4 ,! old haunts ( ! snipe & woodcock1 ( p>tridges1 h>es1 & pheasants1 are be+ ru?lessly & b>b>\sly de/roy$1 &--horrible to relate--hundr$s ( cottages1 inhabit$ by vulg>1 h>d-h&$1 ?ick-boot$ human be+s1 are tak+ _! place4 ,*ur*es are be+ ext5d$1 s*ool-h\ses & *apels built2 p5ny read+s1 lectures1 conc]ts1 etc41 are 9 active op]ation1 & ev5 dr9k+ f\nta9s are 9 c\rse ( con/ruction2 b ! tr\t h suff]$ & ! woodcocks are gone4 ,we may ?us measure ! good aga9/ ! evil z x /&s "h 9 ! headqu>t]s ( oil-mak+1 & %\ld add to "o side ! advantages :i* ! *eap & brilliant light af=ds--advantages :i* we might cont9ue to enum]ate1 b !y are s obvi\s t x is unnecess>y to g fur!r4 ,!re is "o important & curi\s matt] :i* mu/ n be omitt$4 ,?is1 l ! moral & intellectual advantages ( ! *eap p>aff9 light1 has hi!rto rema9$ unnotic$1 viz41 t ! introduction ( m9]al oils & solid p>aff9 = purposes ( illum9ation & lubrication has l>gely increas$ ! _w's supply ( food4 ,?is may n be g5]ally obvi\s at fir/ sight2 b to him1 :o1 l ! writ]1 has _h _m a supp] at an ,italian o/]ia ) peasants & c>bon>i1 x is obvi\s en\gh4 ,he w rememb] h[ (t5 he has se5 ! lamp t has light$ himself & companions to _! supp] fill$ f ! same flask z suppli$ ! salad :i* =m$ s important a "p ( ! supp] itself4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,s\? ( ,europe salads are mo/ important elem5ts ( national food1 & :5 ?us abundantly eat5 ! oil is q necess>y1 ! oil is also us$ = _m ( ! cook]y op]ations :]e butt] is us$ "h1 & ?is same olive oil has hi!rto be5 ! *ief1 & 9 "s places ! sole1 illum9at+ ag5t4 ,! poor peasant ( ! ,s\? looks jeal\sly at 8 lamp1 & fe$s its /+ily1 = x consumes 8 ri*e/ & *oice/ food1 &1 if well suppli$1 w\ld eat z mu* z a fair-siz$ baby4 ,! ,russian peasant & o!r ,nor!rn p h a simil> /ruggle 9 ! matt] ( tall[4 ,x is _! *oice/ da9ty1 & yet1 to _! bitt] grief1 !y h be5 compell$ to burn x4 ,hundr$s & ?\s&s ( tons ( ?is & ( olive oil h be5 annually consum$ = ! lubrication ( our /eam eng9es & o!r ma*9es4 ,a bett] "t is approa*+ n[ t p>aff9 lamps are s rapidly becom+ ! *ief illum9ators ( ! :ole civiliz$ _w1 sup]s$+ ! crude tall[ c&le & ! antique olive-oil lamp1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! tall[ c&le is gradually be+ replac$ by ! beautiful sp]m-l p>aff9 c&le2 &1 9 addition to ?is1 ! gre$y eng9es t h consum$ s mu* ( ! olive oil & ! tall[ are le>n+ to be satisfi$ ) lubricators made f m9]als k9dr$ to !mselves4 ,! peasants ( ! sunny ,s\? w fe$ ^u salads made d\bly unctu\s & nutriti\s by ! abundant oil2 _! fri$ meats1 _! pa/ry1 omelettes1 & sauces w be s mu* ri*] & bett] ?an h]et(ore1 & ! ,russian w enjoy m freely 8 well-belov$ & necess>y tall[1 :5 ! c&le is made & ! eng9e lubricat$ ) ! fat extract$ f coals & /ones :i* no human /oma* c envy4 ,i might travel on to ,*9a & tell ( ! "w t p>aff9 & p>aff9 oils h yet to d among ! _m millions !re & 9 o!r c\ntries ( ! ,ea/4 ,! great wave ( m9]al light has n yet fairly brok5 ^u _! %ores2 b :5 x has once bur/ ?r\gh ! out] b>ri]s1 x w1 )\t d\bt1 advance ) great rapidity1 & ) an influ5ce ^: b5efic5ce c sc>cely be exagg]at$4 7,! above 0 writt5 9 ! e>ly days ( p>aff9 lamps1 & :ile ! writ] 0 engag$ 9 ! di/illation ( p>aff9 oils1 etc41 f ! ,leeswood cannel4 ,^! are n[ practically sup]s$$ by ,am]ican petroleum ( simil> composition1 b di/ill$ 9 ,nature's oilworks4 ,! anticipations t appe>$ ,utopian at ! "t ( writ+ h s9ce be5 fully realiz$1 or ev5 exce$$1 z ! :olesale price ( m9]al oil has fall5 f two %ill+s p] gallon to an av]age ( ab\t eightp5ce1 & lamps h be5 greatly improv$4 ,at ?is price ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ a light ( giv5 p[] 9 an ord9>y lamp is ab\t equal to t ( ord9>y ,london gas1 if x 7 suppli$ at "o %ill+ p] ?\s& cubic feet4 ,! m9]al oil1 be+ a f9e hydroc>bon1 does f> less mis*ief ?an gas by its combu/ion1 z may be prov$ by w>m+ a cons]vatory ) a p>aff9 /ove & ano!r ) a /ove4 ,9 ! latt] all ! delicate plants w be kill$2 9 ! fir/ !y sc>cely suff] at all4 ,if ^! facts 7 g5]ally und]/ood we %\ld be 9 a bett] position = battle ) ! gas monopolies4 ,! importation ( petroleum to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom dur+ ! fir/ five mon?s ( #ahhb am\nt$ to #bf1big1cdf gallons47 ,,! ,,solidity ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,9 8 op5+ address to ! ,ma!matical & ,physical ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association1 ,sir ,william ,?omson affirm$1 8) almo/ p]fect c]ta9ty1 t1 :atev] may be ! relative d5sities ( rock1 solid & melt$1 or at ab\t ! temp]ature ( liquefaction1 x is1 ,i ?9k1 q c]ta9 t cold solid rock is d5s] ?an hot melt$ rock2 & no possible degree ( rigidity 9 ! cru/ c\ld prev5t x f break+ 9 pieces & s9k+ :olly bel[ ! liquid lava10 & t 8?is process mu/ g on until ! sunk portions ( ! cru/ build up f ! bottom a suffici5tly close-ribb$ skeleton or frame1 to all[ fre% incru/ations to rema9 bridg$ across ! n[ small areas ( lava-pools or lakes40#aa ,?is w\ld d\btless be ! case if ! mat]ial ( ! e>? 7 *emically homog5e\s or ( equal specific gravity ?r\gh\t1 & if x 7 *emically in]t 9 ref]5ce to its sup]ficial or atmosph]ic surr\nd+s4 ,b su* is n ! case4 ,all we "k ( ! e>? %[s t x is compos$ ( mat]ials ( v>y+ specific gravities1 & t ! range ( ?is v>iation exce$s t :i* is due to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! !oretical int]nal heat ( ! e>? & its actual surface temp]ature4 ,we "k by direct exp]im5t t ^! mat]ials1 :5 fus$ toge!r1 arrange !mselves accord+ to _! specific gravities1 ) ! slight modification due to _! mutual diffusibilities4 ,if we take a mixture ( ! solid elem5ts ( :i* ! e>?1 s f> z we "k x1 is compos$1 fus$ !m1 & leave !m expos$ to atmosph]ic action1 :at w occur8 ,! heavy metals w s9k1 ! heavie/ to ! bottom1 ! light] metals 7i4e41 ^? t we call ! metals ( ! e>?s1 because !y =m ! basis ( ! e>?'s sup]ficial cru/7 w rise along ) ! silicon1 etc41 to ! surface2 ^! & ! silicon w oxidize & comb9e1 =m+ silicates1 & ) a suffici5t supply ( c>bonic acid1 "s ( !m1 su* z calcium1 magnesium1 etc41 w =m c>bonates :5 ! temp]ature s9ks bel[ t ( ! dissociation ( su* comp\nds4 ,! scoria ?us =m$ w float ^u ! heavy metals bel[ & protect !m f cool+ by resi/+ _! radiation2 b if 9 ! c\rse ( contraction ( ?is cru/ "s fissures are =m$ rea*+ to ! melt$ metals bel[1 ! pressure ( ! float+ solid w inject ! fluid metal upw>ds into ^! fissures to a height correspond+ to ! flotation dep? ( ! solid1 & ?us =m metallic ve9s p]meat+ ! l[] /rata ( ! cru/4 ,i ne$ sc>cely add t ?is w\ld rudely b fairly repres5t :at we "k ( ! e>?4 ,b x may be object$ t ,i only describe an imag9>y exp]im5t4 ,?is is true z reg>ds ! :ole ( ! mat]ials unit$ 9 a s+le fusion4 ,nobody has yet produc$ a complete model ) plat9um & gold 9 ! c5tre1 & all ! o!r metals arrang$ 9 !oretical ord] ) ! oxidiz$1 silicat$1 & c>bonat$ cru/ outside2 b ) a limit$ numb] ( elem5ts ?is has be5 done1 is be+ done daily1 on a scale ( suffici5t magnitude to amply refute ,sir ,william ,?omson's description ( a fus$ e>? solidify+ f ! c5tre outw>ds4 ,?is refutation is to be se5 9 our bla/ furnaces1 ref9+ furnaces1 puddl+ furnaces1 ,bessem] ladles1 /eel melt+-pots1 cupels1 f\ndry crucibles2 9 fact1 9 almo/ e metallurgical op]ation d[n to ! simple fusion ( lead or sold] 9 a plumb]'s ladle1 ) its famili> float+ cru/ ( dross or oxide4 ,z an example ,i w1 on acc\nt ( its simplicity1 take ! op5 he>? f9]y & ! ref9+ ( pig-iron4 ,"h a metallic mixture ( iron1 silicon1 c>bon1 sulphur1 etc41 is simply fus$ & expos$ to ! sup]ficial action ( atmosph]ic air4 ,:at is ! result8 ,oxidation ( ! m oxidizable con/itu5ts takes place1 & ^! oxides at once arrange !mselves accord+ to _! specific gravities4 ,! oxidiz$ c>bon =ms atmosph]ic matt] & rises above all z c>bonic acid1 !n ! oxidiz$ silicon1 be+ light] ?an ! iron1 floats above t1 & comb9es ) alum9ium or calcium t may h be5 9 ! pig & ) "s ( ! iron2 ?us =m+ a silici\s cru/ closely resembl+ ! pr$om9at+ mat]ial ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,:5 ! oxidation 9 ! f9]y is c>ri$ f> en\gh1 ! melt$ mat]ial is tapp$ out into a rectangul> bas9 or m\ld1 usually ab\t #aj feet long & ab\t #c feet wide1 :]e x settles & cools4 ,dur+ ?is cool+ ! silica & silicates--i4e41 ! rock matt]--sep>ate f ! metallic matt] & solidify on ! surface z a ?9 cru/1 :i* behaves 9 a v int]e/+ & in/ructive mann]4 ,at fir/ a m]e sk9 is =m$4 ,?is gradually ?ick5s1 & z x ?ick5s & cools becomes corrugat$ into m\nta9 *a9s & valleys mu* high] & deep]1 9 proportion to ! :ole mass1 ?an ! m\nta9 *a9s & valleys ( our planet4 ,aft] ?is cru/ has ?ick5$ to a c]ta9 ext5t volcanic action comm5ces4 ,rifts1 dykes1 & faults are =m$ by ! %r9kage ( ! metal bel[1 & /reams ( lava are eject$4 ,"h & !re ^! lava /reams accumulate ar\nd _! v5t & =m insulat$ conical volcanic m\nta9s ) decid$ crat]s1 f :i* ! eruption cont9ues = "s "t4 ,^! volcanoes are relatively f> high] ?an ,*imborazo4 ,! magnitude ( ^! actions v>ies ) ! quality ( ! pig-iron4 ,! op5 he>? f9]y is n[ b little us$1 b probably "s are to be se5 at "w occasionally 9 ! neighborhood ( ,glasg[1 & ,i am sure t ,sir ,william ,?omson w f9d a visit to "o ( !m v int]e/+4 ,fail+ ?is1 he may easily make an exp]im5t by tapp+ into a good-siz$ 8c9d] bogie0 "s melt$ pig-iron f a pudd+ furnace 7tak+ x j be=e ! iron 8comes to nature071 & leav+ ! melt$ mixture to cool sl[ly & undi/urb$4 ,! c9d] ( ! bla/ furnace1 :i* 9 l mann] floats on ! top ( ! melt$ pig-iron1 resembles /ill m closely ! prevail+ rock-matt] ( ! e>?1 on acc\nt ( ! l>g] proportion1 & ! v>i$ comp\nds1 ( e>?-metals x conta9s4 ,= ! volcanic ph5om5a alone he ne$ simply wat* :at occurs :5 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( puddl+ ! c9d] is run into a l>ge bogie1 & ! bogie is left to cool /&+ upright4 ,i ne$ sc>cely add t ^! ph5om5a /rik+ly illu/rate & confirm ,mr4 ,mallett's !ory ( e>?quakes1 volcanoes1 & m\nta9-=mation4 ,9 m]ely pass+ ?r\gh an iron-mak+ di/rict "o may see ! results ( :at ,i h call$ ! volcanic action1 by simply obs]v+ ! =m ( ^? oy/]-%ap$ or cubical blocks ( c9d] t are heap$ 9 ! vic9ity ( e bla/ furnace t has be5 at "w = "s "t4 ,radial ridges or consolidat$ m9iature lava-/reams are visible on ! expos$ face ( ne>ly1 if n q all ( ^!4 ,!y 7 eject$ or squeez$ up f bel[ :ile ! mass 0 cool+1 :5 ! out] cru/ _h consolidat$ b ! inn] portion /ill rema9$ liquid4 ,_m ( ^! are l>ge en\gh1 & suffici5tly well-m>k$1 to be visible f a railway c>riage pass+ a c9d] heap ne> ! road4#ab ,a ,,contribution ,,to ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,electric ,,light+4 ,z ! subject ( light+ by electricity is occupy+ s mu* public att5tion1 & ! m]its ( v>i\s inv5tors & inv5tions are s ke5ly discuss$1 ! foll[+ facts may h "s hi/orical int]e/ 9 connection ) x4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahde1 ,i 0 consult$ by "s ,am]ican g5tlem5 conc]n+ ! con/ruction ( a l>ge voltaic batt]y = exp]im5t+ ^u an inv5tion1 aft]w>ds describ$ & publi%$ 9 ! specification ( 8,k+'s ,pat5t ,electric ,light0 7,lett]s ,pat5t grant$ = ,scotl&1 ,novemb] #bf1 #ahde2 enroll$ ,m>* #be1 #ahdf2 ,engli% ,pat5t seal$ ,novemb] #d1 #ahde74 ,mr4 ,k+ 0 n ! inv5tor1 b he & ,mr4 ,dorr suppli$ capital1 & ,mr4 ,snyd] also held a %>e1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds transf]r$ to myself4 ,! inv5tor 0 ,mr4 ,/>r1 a "y man ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 & "o ( ! able/ exp]im5tal inve/igators ) :om ,i h ev] _h ! privilege ( ne> acqua9tance4 ,he _h be5 work+ = "s ye>s on ! subject1 comm5c+ ) ! ord9>y arc betwe5 *>coal po9ts4 ,8 fir/ ef=ts 7 direct$ to ma9ta9+ con/ancy1 & he %[$ me1 9 ,janu>y ( #ahdf1 an arrangem5t by :i* he succe$$ 9 effect+ an automatic r5ewal ( contact by means ( an electro-magnet1 ! armature ( :i* receiv$ ! electric fl[1 :5 ! arc 0 brok51 & :i* ?us magnetiz$ br\ght ! c>bons toge!r & !n all[$ !m to be )drawn to _! requir$ sep>ation1 :5 ! fl[ return$4 ,?is device 0 almo/ id5tical ) t subsequ5tly re-inv5t$ & pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,/aite 7q indep5d5tly1 ,i believe71 & :i*1 ) modifications1 has s9ce be5 r ext5sively us$4 ,al?\gh successful s f>1 he 0 n satisfi$4 ,he reason$ out ! subject1 & conclud$ t ! electric sp>k betwe5 metals1 ! electric arc betwe5 ! c>bons1 & o!r lum9\s electric ph5om5a are second>y effects due to ! heat+ & illum9ation ( electric c>ri]s2 t ! electric sp>k ( ! conductors ( ord9>y electrical ma*9es is simply a transf] ( inc&esc5t p>ticles ( metal1 :i* effect a k9d ( electric convection1 kn[n z ! disruptive dis*>ge2 & t ! m brilliant arc betwe5 ! c>bon po9ts is simply due to ! use ( a sub/ance :i* breaks up m readily1 & gives a long]1 broad]1 & m cont9u\s /ream ( inc&esc5t convection p>ticles4 ,?is is n[ readily accept$1 b at t "t 0 only dawn+ ^u ! und]/&+ ( electricians4 ,i am satisfi$ t ,mr4 ,/>r work$ out ! pr9ciple q orig9ally4 ,he !re=e conclud$ t1 ! light be+ due to solid p>ticles heat$ by electric di/urbance1 x w\ld be m advantage\s--z reg>ds /ead9ess1 economy1 & simplicity--to place 9 ! curr5t a cont9u\s solid b>ri]1 :i* %\ld pres5t suffici5t resi/ance to its passage to become bodily inc&esc5t )\t disruption4 ,?is 0 ! ess5ce ( ! inv5tion specifi$ 9 ,k+'s ,pat5t z 8a communication f abroad10 :i* claims ! use ( cont9u\s metallic & c>bon conductors1 int5sely heat$ by ! passage ( a curr5t ( electricity1 = ! purposes ( illum9ation4 ,! metal select$ 0 plat9um1 :i*1 z ! specification /ates1 8?\gh n s infusible z iridium1 has b little aff9ity = oxyg51 & (f]s a great resi/ance to ! passage ( ! curr5t40 ,! =m ( ?9 %eets kn[n by ! "n ( leaf-plat9um is describ$ z pref]able4 ,^! to be roll$ betwe5 %eets ( copp] 9 ord] to secure uni=mity1 & to be c>efully cut 9 /rips ( equal wid?1 & ) a clean edge1 9 ord] t "o "p may n be fus$ be=e ! o!r p>ts h obta9$ a suffici5tly high temp]ature to produce a brilliant light4 ,?is /rip to be susp5d$ betwe5 =ceps4 ,i ne$ n describe ! arrangem5t = regulat+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! =ceps1 = direct+ ! curr5t1 etc41 z we soon le>n$ t ?is "p ( ! inv5tion 0 ( no practical value1 on acc\nt ( ! n>r[ m>g9 betwe5 effici5t inc&esc5ce & ! fusion ( ! plat9um4 ,! exp]im5ts ) ! l>ge batt]y t ,i made--consi/+ ( #ajj ,daniell cells1 ) two squ>e feet ( work+ surface ( ea* elem5t 9 ea* cell1 & ! copp]-plates ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* di/ant f ! z9c--satisfi$ all conc]n$ t nei!r plat9um nor any available alloy ( plat9um & iridium c\ld be reli$ ^u2 especially :5 ! gr& idea ( subdivid+ ! light by int]pos+ sev]al plat9um /rips 9 ! same circuit1 & work+ ) a proportionally high p[]1 0 c>ri$ out4 ,?is drove ,mr4 ,/>r to rely ^u ! second "p ( ! specification1 viz41 t ( us+ a small /ick ( c>bon made inc&esc5t 9 a ,torricellian vacuum4 ,he comm5c$ ) plumbago1 &1 aft] try+ _m o!r =ms ( c>bon1 f\nd t :i* l9es gas-retorts t h be5 long 9 use to be ! be/4 ,! c>bon /ick ( squ>e section1 ab\t "o t5? ( an in* ?ick & half an in* work+ l5g?1 0 held v]tically1 by metallic =ceps at ea* end1 9 a b>omet] tube1 ! upp] "p ( :i*1 conta9+ ! c>bon1 0 enl>g$ to a sort ( oblong bulb4 ,a ?ick plat9um wire f ! upp] =ceps 0 seal$ into ! top ( ! tube & project$ beyond2 a simil> wire pass$ d[nw>ds f ! l[] =ceps1 & dipp$ into ! m]cury ( ! tube1 :i* 0 s long t :5 arrang$ z a b>omet] ! enl>g$ end conta9+ ! c>bon 0 vacu\s4 ,consid]able difficulty 0 at fir/ enc\nt]$ 9 support+ ?is fragile /ick4 ,metallic supports 7 n available1 on acc\nt ( _! expansion2 &1 f9ally1 little cyl9d]s ( porcela9 7 us$1 "o on ea* side ( ! c>bon /ick1 & ab\t ?ree eigh?s ( an in* di/ant4 ,by connect+ ! m]cury cup ) "o t]m9al ( ! batt]y1 & ! upp] plat9um-wire ) ! o!r1 a brilliant & p]fectly /eady light 0 produc$1 n s int5se z ! ord9>y disruption arc betwe5 c>bons1 b equally if n m effective1 on acc\nt ( ! magnitude ( brilliant radiat+ surface4 ,"s curi\s ph5om5a accompani$ ?is illum9ation ( ! c>bon4 ,! m]cury column fell to ab\t half its b>ometric height1 & pres5tly ! glass opposite ! c>bon /ick became slightly dimm$ by ! deposition ( a ?9 film ( sooty deposit4 ,at fir/ ! depression ( ! m]cury 0 attribut$ to ! =mation ( m]curial vapor1 & is describ$ accord+ly 9 ! specification2 b fur!r obs]vation refut$ ?is !ory1 = no return ( ! m]cury took place :5 ! tube 0 cool$4 ,! depression 0 p]man5t4 ,! =mation ( vapor\s c>bon 0 sugge/$ by "o ( ! capitali/s2 b nei!r ,mr4 ,/>r nor myself 0 satisfi$ ) ?is1 nor ) any o!r surmise we 7 able to make dur+ ,mr4 ,/>r's lifetime1 nor up to ! p]iod ( f9al ab&onm5t ( ! ent]prise4 ,:5 ?is occurr$ ! rema9+ app>atus 0 assign$ to me1 & ,i reta9$ possession ( ! f9ally arrang$ tube & c>bon = _m ye>s1 & h %[n x 9 action work$ by a small ,grove's batt]y 9 ! ,t[n ,hall ( ,birm+ham1 & _m times to my pupils at ! ,birm+ham & ,midl& ,in/itute4 ,^! exhibitions sugge/$ an explanation ( ! my/]i\s gase\s matt]1 :i* ,i believe to be ! correct "o1 & also ( ! c>bon deposit4 ,x is ?is3--,t ! c>bon conta9s occlud$ oxyg52 t :5 ! c>bon is heat$ "s ( ?is oxyg5 comb9es ) ! c>bon1 =m+ c>bonic oxide & c>bonic acid1 & a little smoke4 ,i prov$ ! pres5ce ( c>bonic acid by ! usual te/s1 b did n quantitatively det]m9e its proportion ( ! total atmosph]e4 ,if ,i 7 fitt+ up ano!r tube on ?is pr9ciple ,i %\ld wa% x ) a /rong solution ( cau/ic pota% be=e fill+ ) m]cury1 & all[ "s ( ! pota% solution to float on ! m]cury surface1 by fill+ ! tube :ile ! glass rema9$ moi/5$ ) ! solution4 ,my object w\ld be to get rid ( ! c>bonic acid z soon z =m$1 z ! obs]vations ,i h made lead me to believe t--:5 ! c>bon /ick is inc&esc5t 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid or c>bonic oxide--a c]ta9 degree ( dissociation & re-comb9ation is cont9ually occurr+1 :i* weak5s & w\ld ultimately break up ! c>bon /ick1 & increases ! sooty deposit4 ,! l>ge batt]y 0 arrang$ = int5sity1 b ev5 !n x 0 f\nd t ! quantity 7,i use ! old-fa%ion$ t]ms7 ( electricity 0 excessive1 & t x work$ m advantage\sly :5 ! cells 7 b p>tially fill$ ) acid & sulphate4 ,a l>g] /ick ( c>bon might h be5 us$ ) ! :ole surface 9 full action4 ,aft] work+ ! batt]y 9 v>i\s ways1 & duly consid]+ ! m]its ( ! o!r =ms ( batt]y !n 9 use1 ,mr4 ,/>r 0 driv5 to ! conclusion t = ! purposes ( practical illum9ation ! voltaic batt]y is a hopeless s\rce ( p[]1 & t magneto-electric ma*9]y driv5 by /eam-p[] mu/ be us$4 ,i fully concurr$ ) him 9 ?is conclusion1 s did ,mr4 ,k+1 ,mr4 ,dorr1 & all conc]n$4 ,mr4 ,/>r !n set to "w to devise a suitable dynamo-electric ma*9e1 &1 foll[+ 8 usual c\rse ( />t+ f fir/ pr9ciples1 conclud$ t all ! armatures hi!rto con/ruct$ 7 defective 9 "o fundam5tal elem5t ( _! arrangem5t4 ,! ?ick copp] wire surr\nd+ ! s(t iron core necess>ily foll[s a spiral c\rse1 l t ( a co>se screw-?read2 b ! electric curr5t or l9es ( =ce1 :i* x is design$ to pick up & c>ry1 circulate at "r angles to ! axis ( ! core1 & ext5d to "s di/ance beyond its surface4 ,! problem ?us pres5t$ is to w9d ar\nd ! s(t iron a conductor t %all be broad en\gh to grasp a l>ge proportion ( ?is outspread =ce1 & yet %all foll[ its c\rse z ne>ly z possible by /&+ out at "r angles to ! axis ( ! armature4 ,?is he endeavor$ to effect by us+ a core ( squ>e section1 & w9d+ r\nd x a broad ribbon ( %eet copp]1 insulat$ on bo? sides by cem5t+ on its surfaces a lay] ( silk ribbon4 ,?is armature 0 laid ) "o edge aga9/ "o side ( ! core1 & c>ri$ on ?us to ! angle2 !n turn$ ov] s t its opposite edge %\ld be pres5t$ to ! next side ( ! core2 ?is side to be foll[$ 9 l mann]1 ! ribbon simil>ly turn$ aga9 at ! next corn]1 & s on till ! core became fully enclos$ or arm$ ) ! cont9u\s ribbon1 :i* ?us encircl$ ! core ) its edges outw>ds1 & ne>ly at "r angles to ! axis1 9 spite ( its wid?1 :i* might be increas$ to any ext5t f\nd by exp]im5t to be desirable4 ,at ?is /age my direct co-op]ation & confid5tial communication ) ,mr4 ,/>r ceas$1 z ,i rema9$ 9 ,london :ile he w5t to ,birm+ham 9 ord] to get 8 ma*9]y con/ruct$1 & to apply x at ! works ( ,messrs4 ,elk+ton1 :o _h !n rec5tly introduc$ ! pr9ciple ( dynamo-electric motive-p[] = electro-plat+1 etc41 & 71 ,i believe1 us+ ,woolri*'s app>atus1 ! pat5t = :i* 0 dat$ ,augu/ #a1 #ahdb1 & enroll$ ,febru>y #a1 #ahdc4 ,i am unable to /ate ! results ( 8 ef=ts 9 ,birm+ham4 ,i only he>d ! murmurs ( ! capitali/s1 :o l\dly compla9$ ( exp5diture )\t results4 ,!y _h dream$ ! same dream t ,mr4 ,edison has rec5tly re-dream$1 & has told ! _w s l\dly4 ,!y suppos$ t ! me*anically excit$ curr5t might be c>ri$ along great l5g?s ( wire1 & ! c>bons int]pos$ :]ev] requir$1 & t ! same electricity w\ld fl[ on & d ! duty ( illum9ation ov] & ov] aga9 z a riv] may fall ov] a succession ( weirs & turn wat]-:eels at ea*4 ,mr4 ,/>r knew bett]2 8 scepticism 0 mis9t]pret$2 he 0 taunt$ ) failure & non-fulfilm5t ( ! anticipations he _h rais$1 & ) ! fruitless exp5diture ( l>ge sums ( o!r p's money4 ,he 0 a high-m9d$1 honorable1 & v s5sitive man1 suff]+ already f ov]work$ bra9 be=e he w5t to ,birm+ham4 ,!re he work$ aga9 /ill h>d]1 ) fur!r vexation & disappo9tm5t1 until "o morn+ he 0 f\nd dead 9 8 b$4 ,hav+1 dur+ my %ort acqua9tance ) him1 enjoy$ 8 full confid5ce 9 ref]5ce to all 8 inve/igations1 ,i h no hesitation 9 affirm+ t 8 e>ly dea? cut %ort ! c>e] ( "o :o o!rwise w\ld h l>gely contribut$ to ! progress ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 & h done honor to 8 c\ntry4 ,8 m>tyrdom1 = su* x 01 taught me a useful lesson ,i !n mu* ne$$1 viz41 to ab/a9 f ent]+ ^u a co/ly s]ies ( physical inve/igations )\t be+ well assur$ ( ! means ( complet+ !m1 &1 above all1 ( be+ able to af=d to fail4 ,!re are _m o!rs :o sorely ne$ to be impress$ ) ! same lesson1 especially at ?is mom5t & 9 connection ) ?is subject4 ,! w>n+ is ! mo/ applicable to ^? :o are n[ misl$ by a plausible b false analogy4 ,!y look at ! progress made 9 o!r ?+s1 ! mighty a*ievem5ts ( mod]n ,sci5ce1 & !re=e inf] t ! electric light--ev5 ?\gh unsuccessful hi!rto--may be improv$ up to practical success1 z o!r ?+s h be54 ,a great fallacy is hidd5 "h4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! progress made 9 electric light+ s9ce ,mr4 ,/>r's dea?1 9 #ahdf1 has be5 v small inde$4 ,z reg>ds ! lamp itself no progress :atev] has be5 made4 ,i am satisfi$ t ,/>r's cont9u\s c>bon /ick1 prop]ly manag$ 9 a true vacuum1 or an atmosph]e free f oxyg51 c>bonic oxide1 c>bonic acid1 or o!r oxyg5 comp\nd1 is ! be/ t has yet be5 plac$ be=e ! public = all purposes :]e exceptionally int5se illum9ation 7z 9 ligh?\ses7 is n dem&$4#ac ,comp>+ electric ) gas-light+1 ! hopeful believ]s 9 progressive improvem5t appe> to =get t gas-mak+ & gas-light+ are z susceptible ( fur!r improvem5t z electric light+1 & t1 z a matt] ( fact1 its practical progress dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s is incomp>ably great] ?an t ( ! electric light4 ,i ref] m p>ticul>ly to ! practical & crucial "q ( economy4 ,! bi-products1 ! ammoniacal salts1 ! liquid hydroc>bons1 & _! d]ivatives1 h be5 develop$ into s _m useful =ms by ! a*ievem5ts ( mod]n *emi/ry1 t ^!1 ) ! coke1 are ( suffici5t value to cov] ! :ole co/ ( manufacture1 & leave ! gas itself z a volatile residuum t co/s no?+4 ,x w\ld actually & practically co/ no?+1 & might be pr(itably deliv]$ to ! burn]s ( gas consum]s 7( f> bett] quality ?an n[ suppli$ 9 ,london7 at "o %ill+ p] ?\s& cubic feet1 if gas-mak+ 7 conduct$ on s\nd comm]cial pr9ciples1--t is1 if x 7 n a corporate monopoly1 & 7 subject to ! :olesome /imulat+ influ5ce ( free competition & private ent]prise4 ,z x is1 our gas & ! price we pay = x are absurdities2 & all calculations respect+ ! comp>ative co/ ( new me?ods ( illum9ation %\ld be bas$ n on :at we d pay p] c&le-p[] ( gas-light1 b :at we ought to pay & %\ld pay if ! gas companies 7 subject$ to desirable competition1 or visit$ ) ! national confiscation ,i consid] !y des]ve4 ,hav+ _h consid]able practical exp]i5ce 9 ! comm]cial di/illation ( coal = ! sake ( its liquid & solid hydroc>bons1 ,i speak ?us pla9ly & ) full confid5ce4 ,!re is yet ano!r consid]ation1 & "o ( vital importance1 to be tak5 into acc\nt1 viz41 t--:e!r we use ! electric light d]iv$ f a dynamo-electric s\rce1 or coal-gas--our prim>y s\rce ( illum9at+ p[] is coal1 or r ! *emical en]gy d]ivable f ! comb9ation ( its hydrog5 & c>bon ) oxyg54 ,n[ ?is *emical en]gy is a limit$ quantity1 & ! progress ( ,sci5ce c no m increase ?is quantity ?an x c make a ton ( coal weigh #ba cwts4 by increas+ ! quantity ( its gravitat+ en]gy4 ,! demon/rable limit ( sci5tific possibilities is ! economical application ( ?is limit$ /ore ( en]gy1 by conv]t+ x into ! dem&$ =m ( =ce )\t wa/e4 ,! m indirect & r\ndab\t ! me?od ( application1 ! great] mu/ be ! loss ( p[] 9 ! c\rse ( its transf] & conv]sion4 ,9 heat+ ! boil] t sets ! dynamo-electric ma*9e to "w1 ab\t "o-half ! en]gy ( ! coal is wa/$1 ev5 ) ! be/ con/ruct$ furnaces4 ,?is m]ely z reg>ds ! quantity ( wat] evaporat$4 ,9 conv]t+ ! heat-=ce into me*anical p[]--rais+ ! pi/on1 etc41 ( ! /eam-eng9e--?is work+ half is aga9 s]i\sly r$uc$4 ,9 fur!r conv]t+ ?is residuum ( me*anical p[] into electrical en]gy1 ano!r & consid]able loss is suff]$ 9 orig9at+ & su/a9+ ! motion ( ! dynamo-electric ma*9e1 9 ! dissipation ( ! electric en]gy t ! armature _c pick up1 & 9 ov]com+ ! electrical resi/ances to its transf]4 ,i am unable to /ate ! am\nt ( ?is loss 9 tru/wor?y figures1 b %\ld be v mu* surpris$ to le>n t1 ) ! be/ arrangem5ts n[ kn[n1 m ?an "o-t5? ( ! orig9al en]gy ( ! coal is made practically available4 ,?is small illum9at+ residuum may1 & d\btless w1 be increas$ by ! progress ( practical improvem5t2 b f ! necess>y nature ( ! problem1 ! p[] available = illum9ation at ! end ( ! s]ies mu/ always be b a small portion ( t employ$ at ! beg9n+4 ,9 burn+ ! gas d]iv$ f coal we obta9 its illum9at+ p[] directly1 & if we burn x prop]ly we obta9 ne>ly all4 ,! coke residuum is also directly us$ z a s\rce ( heat4 ,! *ief wa/e ( ! orig9al en]gy 9 ! gas-works is repres5t$ by t portion ( ! coke t is burn$ "u ! retorts1 & 9 obta9+ ! relatively small am\nt ( /eam-p[] dem&$ 9 ! works4 ,^! are f> m ?an paid = by ! value ( ! liquid hydroc>bons & ! ammonia salts1 :5 !y are prop]ly utiliz$4 ,9 conclud+ my n>rative1 ,i may add t aft] ,mr4 ,/>r's dea? ! pat5tees (f]$ to engage me on c]ta9 t]ms to c>ry on 8 "w4 ,i decl9$ ?is1 simply because ,i _h se5 en\gh to conv9ce me ( ! impossibility ( any success at all correspond+ to _! anticipations4 ,dur+ ! int]v5+ ?irty ye>s ,i h ab/a9$ f fur!r m$dl+ ) ! electric light1 because all t ,i _h se5 !n1 & h he>d ( s9ce1 has conv9c$ me t--al?\gh z a sci5tific a*ievem5t ! electric light is a spl5did success--its practical application to all purposes :]e co/ is a matt] ( s]i\s consid]ation is hopeless1 & mu/ ( necessity cont9ue to be s4 ,:oev] c af=d to pay "s %ill+s p] h\r = a s+le spl5did light ( sol> complet5ess c h x )\t difficulty1 b n s :]e ! co/ 9 p5ce p] h\r p] burn] has to be c\nt$4 ,i %\ld add t be=e ! publication ( ,k+'s specification1 ,mr4 7n[ ,sir ,william7 ,grove propos$ ! use ( a helix or coil ( plat9um1 made inc&esc5t by electricity1 z a light to be us$ = c]ta9 purposes4 ,?is 0 %[n at ! ,royal ,society on or ab\t ,decemb] #a1 #ahde4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! above 9 #ahgi1 ,i h le>n$1 f a pap] 9 ! 8,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce10 by ,pr(essor ,ayrton1 t 9 #ahda an ,engli% pat5t 0 grant$ to ,de ,moyl5s = electric light+ by inc&esc5ce4 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,coal4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a p$e/rian excursion made 9 ! summ] ( #ahee ,i came ^u ! ,aa*5see1 "o ( ! lakes ( ,nor? ,tyrol1 r>ely visit$ by t\ri/s4 ,x is situat$ ab\t #cj miles ,n4,e4 ( ,innispruck1 & fills ! bas9 ( a deep valley1 ! upp] slopes ( :i* are /eep & ri*ly wood$4 ,! wat] ( ?is lake is rem>kably transp>5t & colorless4 ,) "o exception1 t ( ! ,f\nta9 ( ,cyane--a deep pool =m+ ! s\rce ( ! little ,syracusan riv]--x is ! mo/ transp>5t body ( wat] ,i rememb] to h se54 ,?is transp>5cy reveal$ a v rem>kable sub-aque\s l&scape4 ,! bottom ( ! lake is /rewn ) bran*es & trunks ( trees1 :i* 9 "s p>ts are 9 almo/ =e/-l pr(usion4 ,z ,i 0 alone 9 a r solit>y region1 & c>ry+ only a sat*el ( luggage1 my only means ( fur!r exploration 7 ^? af=d$ by swimm+ & div+4 ,be+ an exp]t 9 ^!1 & ! ,july summ] day v calm & hot1 ,i rema9$ a long "t 9 ! wat]1 &1 by swimm+ v c>efully to avoid ripples1 0 able to survey a consid]able area ( ! int]e/+ sc5e bel[4 ,! fact :i* /ruck me ! mo/ =cibly1 & at fir/ appe>$ surpris+1 0 ! upright position ( _m ( ! l>ge trunks1 :i* are ( v>i\s l5g?s--"s altoge!r /ripp$ ( bran*es1 o!rs ) only a few ( ! l>g] bran*es rema9+4 ,! roots ( all ^! are m or less buri$1 & !y pres5t ! appe>ance ( hav+ gr[n :]e !y /&4 ,o!r trunks 7 lean+ at v>i\s angles & p>tly buri$1 "s trunks & _m bran*es ly+ d[n4 ,on div+ ,i f\nd ! bottom to consi/ ( a loamy p[d] ( gray color1 speckl$ ) black p>ticles ( vegetable matt]--?9 scaly fragm5ts ( b>k & leaves4 ,i br\ght up sev]al twigs & small bran*es1 & ) consid]able difficulty1 aft] a succession ( imm]sions1 succe$$ 9 rais+ a bran* ab\t z ?ick z my arm & ab\t eight feet long1 above ?ree-f\r?s ( :i* 0 buri$1 & only ! end above gr\nd 9 ! wat]4 ,my object 0 to exam9e ! condition ( ! buri$ & imm]s$ wood1 & ,i select$ ?is z ! olde/ piece ,i c\ld rea*4 ,i f\nd ! wood v d>k1 ! b>k entirely gone1 & ! annual lay]s curi\sly loos5$ & sep>able f ea* o!r1 l successive r+s ( b>k4 ,?is cont9u$ till ,i _h /ripp$ ! /ick to ab\t half ( its orig9al ?ickness1 :5 x became too compact to yield to fur!r /ripp+4 ,?is /ructure app>5tly results f ! easy decomposition ( ! rema9s ( ! orig9al cambium ( ea* ye>1 & may expla9 ! curi\s fact t s _m specim5s ( fossiliz$ wood exhibit ! orig9al /ructure ( ! /em1 al?\gh all ! vegetable matt] has be5 displac$ by m9]al sub/ances4 ,if ?is /em _h be5 imm]s$ 9 wat] capable ( precipitat+ or deposit+ m9]al matt] 9 v small int]/ices1 ! deposit w\ld h fill$ up ! vacant spaces betwe5 ^! r+s ( wood z ! sl[ decomposition ( ! vegetable matt] proce$$4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 z ! m compact wood became decompos$1 x w\ld be sub/itut$ by a fur!r deposit1 & ?us conc5tric /rata w\ld be =m$1 pres5t+ a mimic c\nt]p>t ( ! vegetable /ructure4 ,! /ick exam9$ appe>$ to be a bran* ( oak1 & 0 s fully saturat$ ) wat] t x sank rapidly ^u be+ releas$4 ,on look+ ar\nd ! orig9 ( ?is sub-aque\s =e/ 0 obvi\s en\gh4 ,"h & !re ! /eep wood$ slopes above ! lake 7 brok5 by long alleys or d[nw>d /rips ( d5ud$ gr\nd1 :]e /orm torr5ts1 or "s su* ag5cy1 _h cle>$ away ! trees & swept mo/ ( !m into ! lake4 ,a few uproot$ trees ly+ at ! sides ( ^! b>e alleys told ! /ory pla9ly en\gh4 ,mo/ ( ^! _h a consid]able quantity ( e>? & /ones adh]+ to _! roots3 ?is expla9s ! upright position ( ! trees 9 ! lake4 ,su* trees fall+ into wat] ( suffici5t dep? to enable !m to turn ov] mu/ s9k root d[nw>ds1 or float 9 an upright position1 accord+ to ! quantity ( adh]+ soil4 ,! diff]5ce ( dep? w\ld t5d to a m rapid p5etration ( wat] 9 ! l[] p>ts1 :]e ! pressure w\ld be greate/1 & ?us ! upright or oblique position ( _m ( ! float+ trunks w\ld be ma9ta9$ till !y absorb$ suffici5t wat] to s9k altoge!r4 ,x is g5]ally assum$ t fossil trees :i* are f\nd 9 an upright position h gr[n on ! spot :]e !y are f\nd4 ,! facts ,i h /at$ %[ t ?is inf]5ce is by no means necess>y1 n ev5 :5 ! roots are atta*$ & "s soil is f\nd among !m4 ,9 ord] to acc\nt = ! o!r surr\nd+s ( ^! fossil trees a v viol5t hypo!sis is commonly made1 viz41 t ! soil on :i* !y grew sank d[n "s hundr$s ( feet )\t di/urb+ !m4 ,?is dem&s a great /ra9 ^u ! sci5tific imag9ation1 ev5 9 ref]5ce to ! few cases :]e ! trees /& p]p5dicul>4 ,z ! majority slope consid]ably ! difficulty is /ill great]4 ,i %all pres5tly %[ h[ trees l ^? imm]s$ 9 ,aa*5see may h become1 & are n[ becom+1 imb$d$ 9 rocks simil> to ^? ( ! ,coal ,measures4 ,9 ! c\rse ( subsequ5t excursions on ! fjords ( ,norway ,i 0 rem9d$ ( ! sub-aque\s =e/ ( ! ,aa*5see1 & ( ! pap] :i* ,i read at ! ,briti% ,association meet+ ( #ahfe1 ( :i* ! above is an ab/ract--n by aga9 see+ su* a deposit "u wat]1 = none ( ! fjords approa* ! s+ul> transp>5cy ( ! lake1 b by a repetition on a f> l>g] scale ( ! d[nw>d /rips ( d5ud$ =e/ gr\nd4 ,"h1 9 ,norway1 _! magnitude ju/ifies me 9 describ+ !m z vegetable avalan*es4 ,!y may be se5 on ! ,sognefjord1 & especially on ^? t]m9al bran*es ( ?is great e/u>y1 ( :i* ! /eep slopes are well wood$4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable display t ,i h se5 0 9 ! c\rse ( ! magnific5t1 & n[ easily made1 j\rney up ! ,/orfjord & its ext5sion & bran*es1 ! ,slyngsfjord1 ,sunelvsfjord1 ,nordalsfjord1 & ,geirang]fjord4 ,"h ^! avalan*es ( trees1 ) _! accompanim5t ( fragm5ts ( rock1 are ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce t sites ( ! f>m-h\ses are commonly select$ ) ref]5ce to possible %elt] f _! ravages4 ,9 spite ( ?is !y d n always escape4 ,9 ! ,octob] previ\s to my la/ visit a boat-h\se & boat 7 swept away2 & "o ( ! mo/ rec5t among ! tracks t ,i saw rea*$ )9 tw5ty y>ds ( "s f>m-build+s4 ,:at has become ( ! millions ( trees t are ?us fall+1 & h fall51 into ! ,norwegian fjords dur+ ! :ole ( ! pres5t geological era8 ,9 consid]+ ?is "q we mu/ rememb] t ! m\nta9 slopes =m+ ! banks ( ^! fjords cont9ue d[nw>ds "u ! wat]s ( ! fjords :i* rea* to dep?s t 9 "s p>ts are to be c\nt$ 9 ?\s&s ( feet4 ,x is evid5t t ! loose /ony & e>?y matt] t accompanies ! trees w spe$ily s9k to ! bottom & re/ at ! foot ( ! slope some:at l an ord9>y sub-a]ial talus1 b n s ! trees4 ,! impetus ( _! fall mu/ laun* !m afloat & impel !m t[>ds ! middle ( ! e/u>y1 :]e !y w be spread ab\t & cont9ue float+1 until by saturation !y become d5se en\gh to s9k4 ,!y w ?us be pretty ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! bottom4 ,at ! middle "p ( ! e/u>y !y w =m an almo/ purely vegetable deposit1 m+l$ only ) ! v small portion ( m9]al matt] t is held 9 susp5sion 9 ! app>5tly cle> wat]4 ,?is m9]al matt] mu/ be di/ribut$ among ! vegetable matt] 9 ! =m ( impalpable p>ticles hav+ a *emical composition simil> to t ( ! rocks ar\nd4 ,ne> ! %ores a comp\nd deposit mu/ be =m$ consi/+ ( trees & fragm5ts ( leaves1 twigs1 & o!r vegetable matt] mix$ ) l>g] proportions ( ! m9]al dbris4 ,if we look a little fur!r at :at is tak+ place 9 ! fjords ( ,norway we %all see h[ ?is vegetable deposit w ultimately become succe$$ by an ov]ly+ m9]al deposit :i* mu/ ultimately con/itute a /ratifi$ rock4 ,all ^! fjords bran* up into inl& valleys d[n :i* p\rs a brawl+ torr5t or a riv] ( "s magnitude4 ,^! are m or less turbid ) glaci] mud or o!r detritus1 & great deposits ( ?is mat]ial h already accumulat$ 9 su* quantity z to con/itute *>act]i/ic mod]n geological =mations be>+ ! specific ,norsk "n ( r51 z ,la]dalsr51 ,sundalsr51 etc41 describ+ ! small delta pla9s at ! m\? ( a riv] :]e x ent]s ! t]m9ation ( ! fjord1 & :i*1 f _! exceptional f]tility1 con/itute small agricultural settlem5ts be>+ ^! names1 :i* signify ! riv] s&s ( ,la]dal1 ,sundal1 etc4 ,^! deposits /ret* out into ! fjord1 =m+ ext5sive %all[s t are /eadily gr[+ & advanc+ fur!r & fur!r into ! fjord4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable examples ( su* deposits is t br\ght by ! ,/orelv 7or ,ju/$als ,elv71 :i* fl[s d[n ! ,ju/$al1 receiv+ ! outp\r f its glaci]s1 & t]m9ates at ,m>ifjr54 ,:5 ba?+ "h ,i f\nd an ext5sive sub-aque\s pla9 /ret*+ fairly across t bran* ( ! ,ly/] fjord into :i* ! ,/orelv fl[s4 ,! wat]s ( ! fjord are :it5$ to a di/ance ( two or ?ree miles beyond ! m\? ( ! riv]4 ,^! deposits mu/1 if ! pres5t conditions la/ long en\gh1 f9ally ext5d to ! body1 & ev5 to ! m\?1 ( ! fjords1 & ?us cov] ! :ole ( ! bottom vegetable b$ ) a /ratifi$ rock 9 :i* w be entomb$1 & well pres]v$1 isolat$ specim5s ( ! trees & o!r vegetable =ms correspond+ to ^? accumulat$ 9 a ?ick b$ bel[1 b :i* h be5 ly+ s long 9 ! cle> wat]s t !y h become sodd5$ into homog5e\s vegetable pulp or mud1 only requir+ ! pressure ( solid sup]/ratum to conv]t !m into coal4 ,! specim5s ( trees 9 ! upp] rock1 ,i ne$ sc>cely add1 w\ld be d]iv$ f ! same drift+ z t :i* produc$ ! l[] pulp2 b ^! com+ into ! wat] at ! p]iod ( its turbidity & ( ! rapid deposition ( m9]al matt]1 w\ld be seal$ up "o by "o z ! m9]al p>ticles surr\nd+ x subsid$4 ,fossils ( e/u>9e animals w\ld1 ( c\rse1 accompany ^!1 or ( fre%-wat] animals :]e1 in/ead ( a fjord1 ! sc5e ( ^! proce$+s is an inl& lake4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is ,i may /ate t at ! inn] extremities ( ! l>g] ,norwegian fjords ! sal9ity ( ! wat] is s slight t x is imp]ceptible to ta/e4 ,i h freely qu5*$ my ?ir/ ) ! wat] ( ! ,srfjord1 ! great inn] bran* ( ! ,h>dang]1 :]e pallid specim5s ( bladd] wrack 7 gr[+ on its banks4 ,9 ! =ego+ matt]-(-fact picture ( :at is proce$+ on a small scale 9 ! ,aa*5see1 & on a l>g] 9 ,norway1 we h1 ,i ?9k1 a natural hi/ory ( ! =mation1 n only ( coal seams1 b also ( ! ,coal ,measures ar\nd & above !m4 ,! !ory :i* attribut$ our coal seams to su* vegetable accumulations z ! rafts ( ! ,mississippi is n[ g5]ally ab&on$4 ,x fails to acc\nt = ! /ate ( pres]vation & ! position ( _m ( ! vegetable rema9s associat$ ) coal4 ,!re is ano!r s]i\s objection to ?is !ory t ,i h n se5 express$4 ,x is ?is3 riv]s br++ d[n to _! m\?s su* vegetable deltas z are suppos$1 w\ld also br+ consid]able quantities ( e>?y matt] 9 susp5sion1 & ?is w\ld be deposit$ ) ! trees4 ,in/ead ( ! #b or #c p] c5t ( incombu/ible a% commonly f\nd 9 coal1 we %\ld ?us h a quantity m ne>ly l t f\nd 9 bitum9\s %ales :i* may ?us be =m$1 viz41 f #bj to #hj p] c5t4 ,! alt]native hypo!sis n[ m commonly accept$--t ! vegetation ( our coal-fields actually grew :]e we f9d x--is also refut$ by ! composition ( coal-a%4 ,if ! coal consi/$ simply ( ! vegetable matt] ( buri$ =e/s its composition %\ld correspond to t ( ! a%es ( plants2 & ! refuse f our furnaces & fireplaces w\ld be a mo/ valuable manure4 ,?is we "k is n ! case4 ,ord9>y coal-a%1 z ,bis*( has %[n1 ne>ly corresponds to t ( ! rocks ) :i* x is associat$2 & he says t 8! conv]sion ( vegetable sub/ances into coal has be5 effect$ by ! ag5cy ( wat]20 & also t coal has be5 =m$1 n f dw>fi% mosses1 s$ges1 & o!r plants :i* n[ contribute to ! gr[? ( our peat-bogs1 b f ! /ems & trunks ( ! =e/ trees ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod1 su* z ,sigill>i1 ,lepdod5dra1 & ,conif]4#ad ,all we "k ( ^! plants tea*es u t !y c\ld n gr[ 9 a m]ely vegetable soil conta9+ b #b or #c p] c5t ( m9]al matt]4 ,su* mu/ h be5 _! soil = hundr$s ( g5]ations 9 ord] to give a dep? suffici5t = ! =mation ( ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire t5-y>d seam4 ,all ^! & o!r difficulties t h /ood s long 9 ! way ( a satisfactory explanation ( ! orig9 ( coal appe> to me to be remov$ if we suppose t dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod ,brita9 & o!r coal-be>+ c\ntries _h a configuration simil> to t :i* n[ exi/s 9 ,norway1 viz41 inl& valleys t]m9at+ 9 m>9e e/u>ies1 toge!r ) inl& lake bas9s4 ,if to ?is we sup]add ! w>m & humid climate usually attribut$ to ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod1 on ! te/imony ( its vegetable fossils1 all ! conditions requisite = produc+ ! *>act]i/ic deposits ( ! ,coal ,measures are fulfill$4 ,we h fir/ ! "u-clay due to ! beg9n+ ( ?is /ate ( ?+s1 dur+ :i* ! hill slopes 7 sl[ly acquir+ ! fir/ g]ms ( subsequ5t =e/ life1 & 7 nurs+ !m 9 _! scanty y\?4 ,?is deposit w\ld be a m9]al mud ) a few fossils & t fragm5t>y or f9e deposit ( vegetable matt] t d>k5s ! c>bonif]\s %ales & /rips ! s&/ones4 ,su* a b$ ( d>k consolidat$ mud1 or f9e clay1 is f\nd "u e seam ( coal1 & con/itutes ! 8floor0 ( ! coal pit4 ,! *>act]i/ic /rip$ rocks--! 8l9/ey0 or 8l9sey0 ( ! ,wel% colli]s--is j su* z ,i f\nd 9 ! c\rse ( =mation 9 ! ,aa*5see ne> ! %ore1 z describ$ above4 ,! preval5ce ( e/u>9e & lacu/r9e fossils 9 ! ,coal ,measures is also 9 accordance ) ?is3 ! con/itution ( coal-a% is p]fectly s4 ,its extreme s(tness & f95ess ( /ructure2 its *emical resemblance to ! rocks ar\nd1 & above1 & bel[2 & oblong bas9 =m common to our coal seams2 ! app>5t contradiction ( su* total de/ruction ( vegetable /ructure common to ! true coal seams1 :ile imm$iately above & bel[ !m are delicate /ructures well pres]v$1 is expla9$ by ! m rapid deposition ( ! latt]1 & ! sl[ sodd5+ ( ! =m] z above describ$4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 (f] ?is z an explanation ( ! =mation ( e k9d ( coal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i am satisfi$ t cannel coal1 & ! black %ales usually associat$ ) x1 h a diff]5t orig9 f t ( ! ord9>y v>ieties ( bitum9\s coal4 ,! fact t ! products ( di/illation ( cannel & ^! %ales =m diff]5t s]ies ( hydroc>bons f ^? ( common coal1 & t !y are ne>ly id5tical ) ^? obta9$ by ! di/illation ( peat1 is sugge/ive ( orig9 9 peat-bogs1 or some?+ analog\s to !m4 ,to ! above ,i may add ! conclud+ s5t5ces ( ! *apt] on ,coal 9 ,lyell's 8,elem5ts ( ,geology40 ,speak+ ( fossils 9 ! ,coal ,measures1 he says3 8,! r>ity ( air-brea!rs is a v rem>kable fact :5 we reflect t our opportunities ( exam9+ /rata 9 close connection ) anci5t l& exce$ 9 ?is case all t we enjoy 9 reg>d to any o!r =mations1 :e!r prim>y1 second>y1 or t]ti>y4 ,we h ransack$ hundr$s ( soils replete ) ! fossil roots ( trees1 h dug out hundr$s ( erect trunks & /umps :i* /ood 9 ! position 9 :i* !y grew1 h brok5 up myriads ( cubic feet ( fuel /ill reta9+ its vegetable /ructure1 &1 aft] all1 we cont9ue almo/ z mu* 9 ! d>k respect+ ! inv]tebrate air-brea!rs ( ?is epo*1 z if ! coal _h be5 ?r[n d[n 9 mid-ocean4 ,! e>ly date ( ! c>bonif]\s /rata _c expla9 ! enigma1 because we "k t :ile ! l& support$ a luxuriant vegetation1 ! contemporane\s seas sw>m$ ) life--) ,articulata1 ,mollusca1 ,radiata1 & ,fi%es4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 collect m facts if we expect to solve a problem :i*1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce1 _c b excite our wond]2 & we mu/ rememb] h[ mu* ! conditions ( ?is problem h v>i$ )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,we mu/ be cont5t to impute ! scant9ess ( our data & our pres5t p]plexity p>tly to our want ( dilig5ce z collectors1 & p>tly to our want ( skill z int]pret]s4 ,we mu/ also confess t our ignorance is great ( ! laws :i* gov]n ! fossilization ( l& animals1 :e!r ( l[ or high degree40 ,! explanation ( ! orig9 ( coal :i* ,i h giv5 9 ! =ego+ meets all ^! difficulties4 ,x %[s h[ va/ accumulations ( vegetable matt] may h be5 =m$ 89 close connection ) ! anci5t l&10 & yet 8z if ! coal _h be5 ?r[n d[n 9 mid-ocean0 z f> z ! rema9s ( t]re/rial animals are conc]n$4 ,x expla9s ! ne>ly total abs5ce ( l& %ells1 & ( ! rema9s ( o!r animals t mu/ h liv$ 9 ! =e/s produc+ ! coal1 & :i* w\ld h be5 buri$ !re ) ! coal _h x be5 =m$ on l& z usually suppos$4 ,x also meets ! cases ( ! r>e & curi\s exceptions1 see+ t occasionally a l& animal w\ld "h & !re be dr[n$ 9 su* fjords "u circum/ances favorable to its fossilization4 ,,! ,,sol> ,,eclipse ,,( #ahga4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,telegrams4 ,?is "t we may fairly expect "s approa* to a solution ( ! riddle ( ! corona1 z ! "o ess5tial :i* nei!r sci5tific skill nor ,gov]nm5t lib]ality c\ld secure to ! eclipse obs]v]s1 has be5 af=d$1 viz41 f9e wea!r4 ,! telegraph has already in=m$ u ( ?is1 & also t good use has be5 made ( ! good wea!r4 ,f "o /ation we are told3 8,?9 mi/2 spectroscope satisfactory2 rev]sion ( l9es entirely confirm$2 six good photographs40 ,f ano!r3 8,wea!r f9e2 telescopic & cam]a photographs successful2 ditto pol>ization2 good sket*es2 _m bright l9es 9 spectrum40 ,?is is v diff]5t f ! gloomy acc\nts ( ! exp$ition ( la/ ye>2 :5 we consid] t ! diff]5t obs]v]s are f> ap>t1 & t if all or "s ( !m are simil>ly favor$ we %all h 9 ! photographs a s]ies ( successive pictures tak5 at int]vals ( "t suffici5tly di/ant to reveal any progressive *anges t may h occurr$ 9 ! corona :ile ! moon's %ad[ 0 pass+ f "o /ation to ! o!r4 ,i anticipate "s curi\s revelations f ^! progressive photographs1 t may possibly reconcile ! wide diff]5ces 9 ! descriptions t compet5t obs]v]s h giv5 ( ! corona ( =m] eclipses1 :i* !y _h se5 at /ations di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,b>ely two ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ,i sugge/$1 9 8,! ,fuel ( ! ,sun10 t ! great sol> prom95ces & ! corona are due to viol5t explosions ( ! dissociat$ elem5ts ( wat]2 t ! prom95ces are ! gase\s fla%es1 & ! corona ! eject$ scoria1 or solidifi$ metallic matt] bel*$ =? by ! furi\s cannonade cont9ually 9 progress ov] ! great] portion ( ! sol> surface4 ,?is explanation at fir/ appe>$ extravagant1 especially z x 0 c>ri$ s f> z to sugge/ t n m]ely ! corona1 b ! zodiacal light1 ! zone ( meteors :i* occasionally drop %[]s ( solid matt] ^u ! e>?1 & ev5 ! 8pocket-planets0 or a/]oids s irregul>ly scatt]$ betwe5 ! orbits ( ,m>s & ,jupit]1 consi/ ( solid matt] ?us eject$ by ! great sol> eruptions4 ,ev5 up to ! spr+ ( ! pres5t ye>1 :5 ,mr4 ,locky] & o!r lead]s ( ! la/ ye>'s exp$itions report$ _! imp]fect results1 & comp>$ !m ) v>i\s !ories1 ?is "o 0 n ?\ght wor?y ( _! att5tion4 ,s9ce t "t--dur+ ! pa/ six or eight mon?s--a *ange has tak5 place :i* /rik+ly illu/rates ! rapid progress ( sol> discov]y4 ,obs]vations & calculations ( ! =ce & velocity ( p>ticul> sol> eruptions h be5 made1 & ! results h prov$ t !y are amply suffici5t to eject solid missiles ev5 fur!r ?an ,i suppos$ !m to be c>ri$4 ,mr4 ,proctor1 bas+ 8 calculations ^u ! obs]vations ( ,respighi1 ,zlln]1 & ,pr(essor ,"y1 has conclud$ t x is ev5 possible t meteoric matt] may be eject$ f> beyond ! limits ( our sol> sy/em into ! doma9 ( ! gravitation ( o!r />s1 & t o!r />s may 9 l mann] bomb>d ! sun4 ,?is appe>s r />tl+2 b1 z ,i h already said1 ! imag9ation ( ! poet & ! noveli/ is begg>$ by ! facts reveal$ by ! microscope1 s ,i may n[ repeat ! ass]tion1 & /ate x /ill m /rongly1 9 ref]5ce to ! revelations ( ! telescope & ! spectroscope4 ,z a sample ( ^!1 ,i take ! obs]vations ( ,pr(essor ,"y1 made on ,septemb] #g? la/1 & describ$ fully 9 8,nature0 on ,octob] #ai4 ,he fir/ obs]v$ a numb] ( ! usual flame-prom95ces hav+ ! typical =m :i* has be5 comp>$ to a 8banyan grove40 ,"o ( ^! banyans 0 great] ?an ! re/4 ,?is mon>* ( ! sol> flame-=e/ measur$ fifty-f\r ?\s& miles 9 height1 & its outspread+ measur$ 9 "o direction ab\t "o hundr$ ?\s& miles4 ,x 0 a l>ge eruption-flame1 b o!rs mu* l>g] h be5 obs]v$1 & ,pr(essor ,"y w\ld probably h m]ely not$ x among ! re/1 _h n some?+ fur!r occurr$4 ,he 0 call$ away = tw5ty-five m9utes1 & :5 he return$ 8! :ole ?+ _h be5 lit]ally bl[n to %r$s by "s inconceivable upru% f b5ea?40 ,! space ar\nd 80 fill$ ) fly+ dbris--a mass ( deta*$ v]tical fusi=m filam5ts1 ea* f #aj sec4 to #cj sec4 long by #b sec4 or #c sec4 wide1 bright] & clos] toge!r :]e ! pill>s _h =m]ly /ood1 & rapidly asc5d+40 ,pr(essor ,"y goes on to say1 t 8,:5 ,i fir/ look$1 "s ( !m _h already rea*$ a height ( #ajj1jjj miles1 & :ile ,i wat*$ !y rose1 ) a motion almo/ p]ceptible to ! eye1 until 9 t5 m9utes ! upp]mo/ 7 #bjj1jjj miles above ! sol> surface4 ,?is 0 asc]ta9$ by c>eful measurem5t40 ,"h1 !n1 we h an obs]v$ velocity ( #aj1jjj miles p] m9ute1 & ?is is ! gase\s matt]1 m]ely ! fla% ( ! gun by :i* ! p>ticles ( solidifi$ sol> matt] are suppos$ to be project$4 ,! read] mu/ pause & reflect1 9 ord] to =m an adequate conception ( ! magnitudes "h treat$--#ajj1jjj miles long & #ed1jjj miles high6 ,:at does ?is mean8 ,twelve & a half ( our worlds plac$ side by side to measure ! l5g?1 & six & ?ree qu>t]s1 pil$ ^u ea* o!r1 to measure ! height6 ,a few hundr$ worlds z l>ge z ours w\ld be requir$ to fill up ! :ole cubic cont5ts ( ?is flame-cl\d4 ,! spectroscope has %[n t ^! prom95ces are inc&esc5t hydrog54 ,mo/ ( my read]s h probably se5 a soap-bubble or a bladd] fill$ ) ! sep>at$ elem5ts ( wat]1 & !n explod$1 & h felt ! r++ 9 _! e>s t has foll[$ ! viol5t detonation4 ,let !m /ruggle ) ! conception ( su* a bubble or bladd] magnifi$ to ! dim5sions ( only "o su* a _w z ours1 & !n explod$2 let !m /ra9 _! p[] ( imag9ation ev5 to ! splitt+ po9t1 & /ill !y mu/ fail mo/ pitifully to picture ! magnitude ( ?is sol> explosion obs]v$ on ,septemb] #g? la/1 :i* fla%$ out to a magnitude ( m ?an five hundr$ worlds1 & !n exp&$ to ! size ( m ?an five ?\s& worlds1 ev5 :ile ,pr(essor ,"y 0 wat*+ x4 ,pr(essor ,"y concludes 8 description by /at+ t 8x seems f> f impossible t ! my/]i\s coronal /ream]s1 if !y turn out to be truly sol>1 z n[ seems likely1 may f9d _! orig9 & explanation 9 su* ev5ts40 ,?is1 & a numb] ( simil> admissions1 sugge/ions1 & conclusions f ! lead+ a/ronom]s1 indicate t ! eruption !ory ( ! corona w n be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce by ! obs]v]s ( ?is eclipse1 & x is to ?is t ,i h ref]r$ 9 ! above rem>ks respect+ ! int]e/ atta*+ to a s]ies ( photographs %[+ successive /ates ( ?is outspread+ enigma4 ,fa!r ,sec*i's spectroscopic obs]vations on ! uneclips$ sun l$ him to ass]t ! exi/5ce ( a /ratum ( gl[+ metallic vapors imm$iately bel[ ! envelope connect$ ) ! hydrog5 ( ! eruptions4 ,?is is j :at is requir$ by my eruption !ory to supply ! solid mat]ials ( ! ejections =m+ ! corona4 ,pr(essor ,"y's ann\ncem5t ( ! rev]sal ( ! spectroscopic l9es at ! mom5t :5 ! /ratum 0 se5 indep5d5tly ( ! g5]al sol> gl>e1 />tl$ ,mr4 ,locky] & o!rs :o _h disput$ ! accuracy ( ! obs]vations ( ! great ,italian obs]v]1 z x confirm$ !m s completely4 ,scepticism /ill prevail$1 & ,"y's obs]vation 0 que/ion$2 b n[ ev5 our sl5d] telegraphic communication f ,colonel ,t5ant to ,dr4 ,hugg9s indicates t ! "q mu/ be no long] conte/$4 8,rev]sion ( l9es entirely confirm$0 is a message s important t if ! exp$itions _h done no m ?an ?is1 all _! co/ 9 money & sci5tific labor w\ld be amply repaid 9 ! e/imation ( ^? :o und]/& ! value ( pure tru?4 ,a few m fragm5ts ( intellig5ce respect+ ! ,eclipse ,exp$ition h rea*$ u1 ! la/ ,indian mail hav+ />t$ j aft] ! eclipse occurr$4 ,!y fully confirm ! fir/ telegraphic ann\ncem5t1 r /r5g!n+ ?an o!rwise ! expectations ( important results1 especially 9 ref]5ce to ! photographs ( ! corona4 ,i h read 9 ! ,ceylon newspap]s "s full descriptions by amateur obs]v]s1 9 :i* ! g5]al magnific5ce ( ! ph5om5a is describ$4 ,f ^! x is evid5t t ! corona mu/ h be5 display$ 9 its full gr&eur2 b z ! writ]s d n attempt to describe ^? features :i* h at ! pres5t mom5t a special sci5tific int]e/1 ,i %all n dwell ^u !m1 b await ! publication ( ! (ficial report ( ! *ief1 & ( ! m important collat]al obs]v+ exp$itions4 ,! unsophi/icat$ read] may say 8,are n "o man's eyes z good z ano!r's1 & :y %\ld ! obs]vations ( ! le>n$ m5 ( ! exp$itions be s mu* bett] ?an ^? ( any o!r cle>-sight$ p]sons80 ,?is is a p]fectly fair "q1 & admits ( a ready answ]4 ,all t c be kn[n by m]e unprep>$ nak$-eye obs]vation is tol]ably well kn[n already2 ! que/ions :i* await solution c only be answ]$ by putt+ ! sun to torture by means ( in/rum5ts specially devis$ = t purpose2 & by a skillful organization1 & division ( labor among ! obs]v]s4 ,!re is s mu* to be se5 dur+ ! few seconds ( total obscuration t no "o human be+1 h[ev] well tra9$ 9 ! art ( obs]v+1 c\ld possibly see all4 ,!re=e x is necess>y to pre-arrange ea* obs]v]'s "p1 to h c>eful rehe>sals ( :at is to be done by ea* dur+ ! preci\s seconds2 & ea* man mu/ ex]cise a va/ am\nt ( self-control 9 ord] to conf9e 8 att5tion to 8 own p>ticul> bit ( obs]vation1 :ile he is surr\nd$ ) su* m>vell\s ph5om5a z a total eclipse pres5ts4 ,! gr&eur ( ! gloomy l&scape1 ! sudd5 />t+ out ( ! great] />s1 ! seem+ fall+ ( ! vault ( heav51 ! sil5ce ( ! animal _w1 ! clos+ ( ! fl[]s1 & all t ! ord9>y obs]v] w\ld reg>d ) s mu* awe & wond]+ delight1 mu/ be sacrific$ by ! philosoph]1 ^: bus9ess is to conf9e 8 gaze to a n>r[ slit betwe5 two /rips ( metal1 & to wat* no?+ else b ! exact position & appe>ance ( a few bright or d>k l9es across :at appe>s b a /rip ( color$ rib&4 ,he mu/ resi/ ! temptation to look aside & ar\nd ) ! /ubbornness ( self-d5ial ( ano!r ,/4 ,antonio4 ,besides ?is1 he mu/ ?or\ghly und]/& exactly :at to look =1 & h[ to f9d x4 ,by comb9+ ! results ( 8 obs]vations ) ^? ( ! o!rs1 :o 9 l mann] h und]tak5 to "w ) ano!r in/rum5t1 or ^u ano!r "p ( ! ph5om5a1 we get a sci5tific result comp>able to t :i* 9 a manufactory we obta9 by ! division ( labor ( _m skill$ workm51 ea* do+ only t :i* by 8 tra9+ he has le>n$ to d ! be/ & ! mo/ exp$iti\sly4 ,,fur!r ,,details ,,by ,,po/4 ,al?\gh ! =mal (ficial reports ( ! ,eclipse ,exp$ition are n yet publi%$1 & may n be = "s weeks or mon?s1 we are able f ! lett]s ( ,locky]1 ,janns51 ,respighi1 ,macle>1 etc41 to =m "s idea ( ! g5]al results4 ,we may already reg>d two or ?ree important que/ions z fairly answ]$4 ,! rev]sal ( ! d>k sol> l9es ( ! spectrum :i* 0 fir/ ann\nc$ by ! great ,roman obs]v]1 ,fa!r ,sec*i1 & se5 by him )\t an eclipse1 may n[ be consid]$ z e/abli%$4 ,x is true t all ! obs]v]s ( #ahga did n witness ?is4 ,"s 7 d\btful1 b o!rs obs]v$ x positively & di/9ctly4 ,9 su* a case negative results d n refute ! positive obs]vations ( qualifi$ m51 especially :5 sev]al ( su* obs]vations h be5 made indep5d5tly2 ! ph5om5on is b in/antane\s1 a m]e fla% ( bright /ripes 9 place ( d>k l9es across ! color$ rib& ( ! spectroscope1 :i* happ5s j at ! mom5t be=e & aft] totality1 & is pres5t$ only :5 ! in/rum5t is accurately direct$ to ! delicate curv$ vani%+ ?read ( light :i* is ! la/ visible fragm5t ( ! sol> outl9e1 & t :i* makes ! fir/ fla% ( 8 re-appe>ance4 ,a little explanation is necess>y to r5d] ! significance ( ?is 8rev]sal0 intelligible to ^? :o h n specially /udi$ ! subject4 #a/4 ,:5 ! spectroscope is direct$ to a lum9\s solid a simple ra9b[-b& or 8cont9u\s spectrum0 is se54 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! object is a lum9\s gas or vapor ( mod]ate d5sity1 ! spectrum is n a cont9u\s b& ) its colors actually bl5d+2 x consi/s only ( c]ta9 lum9\s /ripes ) blank spaces betwe5 !m1 ea* p>ticul> gas or vapor %[+ its own p>ticul> set ( /ripes ( c]ta9 colors1 & always appe>+ at exactly ! same place1 s inv>iably & c]ta9ly1 t1 by means ( su* lum9\s /ripes1 ! composition ( ! gas or vapor may be det]m9$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! gas be mu* compress$1 ! /ripes wid5 z ! cond5sation proce$s2 !y may ev5 spread out suffici5tly to meet & =m a cont9u\s spectrum l t f a solid4 ,liquids also produce cont9u\s spectra4 #b;d4 ,:5 a lum9\s solid or liquid1 or v d5se gas1 capable ( produc+ a cont9u\s spectrum1 is view$ ?r\gh an int]v5+ body ( o!r gas or vapor ( mod]ate or small d5sity1 f9e d>k l9es cross ! spectrum 9 precisely ! same places z ! bright /ripes w\ld appe> if ?is int]v5+ gas or vapor 7 lum9\s & se5 by itself4 ,:5 ! spectroscope is direct$ to ! face ( ! sun "u ord9>y circum/ances1 x pres5ts a brilliant cont9u\s spectrum1 /rip$ ) a multitude ( ! d>k l9es4 ,f ?is x has be5 inf]r$ t ! lum9\s face ( ! sun is t ( an inc&esc5t solid or liquid1 & t x is surr\nd$ by ! gases & vapors ^: bright /ripes1 :5 artificially produc$1 occupy precisely ! same places z ! d>k l9es ( ! sol> spectrum4 ,?is 0 ! !ory ( ,kir*(f & o!rs 9 ! e>ly days ( spectrum analysis1 :5 x 0 only kn[n t solids & liquids 7 capable ( produc+ a cont9u\s spectrum4 ,! important discov]y t gases & vapors1 if suffici5tly cond5s$1 w also produce a cont9u\s spectrum1 op5$ ano!r speculation1 f> m consi/5t ) ! o!r kn[n facts conc]n+ ! con/itution ( ! sun1 viz41 t ! sun may be a great gase\s orb1 blaz+ at its surface & gradually increas+ 9 d5sity f ! surface t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! metals sodium1 calcium1 b>ium1 magnesium1 iron1 *romium1 nickel1 copp]1 z9c1 /rontium1 cobalt1 manganese1 alum9ium1 & titanium1 ^: vapors1 ) ^? ( "s few o!r sub/ances1 give ! d>k l9es t cross ! sol> spectrum1 %\ld exi/ nei!r z solids nor liquids on ! sol> surface1 b z blaz+ gases4 ,b su* blaz+ gases1 accord+ to :at ,i h /at$ above1 %\ld give u bright /ripes in/ead ( d>k l9es4 ,:y1 !n1 are n su* bright /ripes se5 "u ord9>y circum/ances8 ,?is is easily answ]$4 ,^! blaz+ gases mu/1 z we proce$ f ! surface ( ! sun d[nw>ds1 become s cond5s$ by ! pressure ( _! own sup]9cumb5t /rata1 z to produce a cont9u\s spectrum ( great brilliancy4 ,) su* a backgr\nd ! bright /ripes w\ld be conf\nd$ & lo/ to sight4 ,besides ?is1 ! out] film ( cool] vapor ?r\gh :i* our vision mu/ necess>ily p5etrate be=e rea*+ ! lum9\s sol> surface1 w produce ! d>k l9es exactly :]e ! bright /ripes %\ld be1 & ?us effectually oblit]ate !m2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! int]v5+ non-lum9\s vapors are opaque to ! p>ticul> rays ( light :i* ! bright vapors ( ! same sub/ance emits4 ,!re=e1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 if we c\ld sweep away ^! outside d>k5+ vapors1 & scre5 (f ! inn] lay]s ( d5s] blaz+ matt] :i* produces ! cont9u\s backgr\nd1 we %\ld h a spectrum display+ a multitude ( bright /ripes exactly :]e ! black l9es ( ! ord9>y sol> spectrum appe>4 ,sec*i ann\nc$ t ^! bright l9es 7 to be se5 "u favorable circum/ances1 :51 by skillful managem5t1 ! rays f ! edge ( ! sun 7 s caught by ! slit ( ! spectroscope z to exhibit only ! spectrum ( ! sup]ficial lay] ( ! sun's bright surface4 ,?is 0 disput$ at ! "t by ,mr4 ,locky]1 :o1 ,i suspect1 omitt$ to consid] ! atmosph]ic difficulties "u :i* ,engli% a/ronom]s "w1 & ! fact t ! atmosph]e ( ,italy is exceptionally favorable = delicate a/ronomical obs]vation4 ,if he _h fairly consid]$ ?is ,i ?9k he w\ld agree ) me 9 conclud+ t an obs]vation ( ?is k9d1 av[$ly made ) great difficulty & que/ionable di/9ctness by s skillful a spectroscopic obs]v] z ,fa!r ,sec*i1 c\ld n possibly be se5 by any human eyes ?r\gh a ,london atmosph]e4 ,subsequ5tly ,pr(essor ,"y />tl$ ! a/ronomical _w by ! ann\ncem5t t1 at ! mom5t :5 ! ?9ne/ p]ceptible ?read ( ! sun's edge 0 alone display$ dur+ ! eclipse :i* he obs]v$1 ! :ole ( ! d>k l9es ( ! sol> spectrum fla%$ out z bright /ripes 9 a mo/ unmi/akable mann]4 ,?is obs]vation is n[ fully confirm$4 ,! fir/ telegrams f ,mr4 ,pogson1 ! ,gov]nm5t a/ronom] ( ,madras1 & f ,colonel ,t5nant1 bo? ann\nce ?is mo/ positively1 ,colonel ,t5nant's words be+1 8! rev]sion ( ! l9es fully confirm$40 ,a simil> result 0 obta9$ by "s1 b n by all1 ( ! ,ceylon obs]v]s4 ,to und]/& ?is cle>ly1 we mu/ consid] ! fact t :at appe>s to u z ! outl9e ( a flat disc is really t "p ( ! sun :i* we see by look+ horizontally a?w>t 8 rotundity1 j z we look at ! ocean surface ( our own e>? :5 we /& ^u ! %ore & see its horizon outl9e4 ,:5 ! moon obscures all b ! la/ film ( ?is sol> edge1 we see only ! surface ( ! suppos$ gase\s orb1 j t portion ( ! blaz+ gases :i* are n greatly compress$ by ^? above !m1 & :i* accord+ly %\ld1 if !y consi/ ( ! vapors or ! gases above nam$1 display a bright-/rip$ spectrum1 provid$ ! int]v5+ non-lum9\s vapors ( ! same metals are n suffici5tly abundant to obscure !m--at ?is p>ticul> mom5t1 :5 only ! absolute horizon-l9e is se51 & ! body ( ! moon cuts (f all ! int]v5+ sol> surface1 & ! l[] or d5s] portion ( ! int]v5+ sup]-sol> vapors1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ^! are n s entirely cut (f z ! cont9u\s backgr\nd4 ,! rev]sion ( ! d>k l9es !re=e reveals to u ! /up5d\s fact t ! surface ( ! mighty sun1 :i* is z big z a million & a qu>t] ( our worlds1 consi/s ( a flam+ ocean ( hydrog5 & ( ! metals above-nam$ 9 a gase\s condition1 simil> to t ( ! hydrog5 itself4 ,?is fact1 c\pl$ ) ! o!r revelations ( ! spectroscope1 :i*1 )\t ! help ( an eclipse1 reveals ! surface outl9e ( ! sun1 ! 8si]ra0 & ! 8prom95ces0 tell u t ?is flam+ ocean is 9 a /ate ( p]petual tempe/1 heav+ up its bill[s & flame-,alps hundr$s & ?\s&s ( miles 9 height1 & bel*+ =? above all ^! /ill tall] pill>s ( fire t ev5 rea* an elevation ( m ?an a hundr$ ?\s& miles1 & !n bur/ out into mighty cl\ds ( flame & vapor1 bigg] ?an five hundr$ worlds4 ,:at does ! la/ eclipse tea* u 9 ref]5ce to ! corona8 ,fir/ly & cle>ly1 t ,locky]'s explanation :i* attribut$ x to an illum9ation ( ! upp] regions ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e mu/ be n[ =ev] ab&on$4 ,?is !ory has di$ h>d1 b1 9 spite ( ,mr4 ,locky]'s proclamation ( 8victory all along ! l9e10 x is n[ pa/ galvaniz+4 ,!re c be no fur!r hesitation 9 pron\nc+ t ! corona actually belongs to ! sun itself1 t x is a m>vel\s sol> app5dage ext5d+ f ! sun 9 all directions1 b by no means regul>ly4 ,! imm5sity ( ?is app5dage w be be/ und]/ood by ! fact t ! space includ$ )9 ! out] limits ( ! visible corona is at lea/ tw5ty times z great z ! bulk ( ! sun itself1 t above tw5ty-five millions ( our worlds w\ld be requir$ to fill x4 ,janns5 says3 8,i believe ! "q :e!r ! corona is due to ! t]re/rial atmosph]e is settl$1 & we h be=e u ! prospect ( ! /udy ( ! extra-sol> regions1 :i* w be v int]e/+ & f]tile40 ,! spectroscope1 ! pol>iscope1 & ord9>y vision all concur 9 support+ ! explanation t ! corona is compos$ ( solid p>ticles & gase\s matt] int]m+l$4 ,x fulfils exactly all ! requirem5ts ( ! hypo!sis :i* attributes x to ! same mat]ials z ^? :i* 9 a gase\s /ate cause ! rev]sion ( ! d>k l9es above describ$1 b :i* h be5 eject$ ) ! great eruptions =m+ ! sol> prom95ces1 & h become cond5s$ into gl[+ metallic hail/ones z _! di/ance f ! c5tral heat has increas$4 ,^! mu/ necess>ily be accompani$ by ! vapors ( ! m volatile mat]ials1 & %\ld give out "s ( ! light] gases1 su* z hydrog51 :i*1 "u great] pressure1 w\ld be occlud$ )9 !m1 j z ! hydrog5 gas occlud$ )9 ! sub/ance ( ! ,l5>to meteor 7a mass ( iron :i* fell f ! sky ^u ! e>?7 0 extract$ by ! late ,ma/] ( ! ,m9t by means ( 8 m]curial air-pump4 ,! rifts or gaps betwe5 ! radial /ream]s1 :i* h be5 s (t5 describ$ & figur$1 b 7 reg>d$ by "s z optical illusions1 are n[ e/abli%$ z unque/ionable facts4 ,mr4 ,locky]1 ! la/ to be conv9c$1 is n[ compell$ to admit ?is1 :i* ov]?r[s ! supposition t ?is sol> app5dage is a lum9\s sol> atmosph]e ( any k9d4 ,if x 7 gase\s or true vapor1 x mu/ obey ! law ( gase\s diffusion1 & c\ld n pres5t ! ph5om5a ( bright radial /ream]s1 ) d>k spaces betwe5 !m1 unless x 7 9 ! c\rse ( v rapid radial motion ei!r to or f ! sun4 ,! photographs h n yet be5 publi%$4 ,:5 !y h all arriv$1 & c be comp>$1 we %all le>n some?+ t ,i anticipate w be extremely int]e/+ respect+ ! *anges ( ! corona1 z !y h be5 tak5 at ! diff]5t /ations at diff]5t times4 ,i allud$ to ?is subject be=e1 :5 x 0 only a matt] ( possibility t su* a succession ( pictures might h be5 tak54 ,we n[ h ! assurance t su* pictures h be5 obta9$4 ,!re c be no "q ab\t optical illusion 9 ^!2 !y are orig9al affidavits made by ! corona itself1 sign$1 seal$1 & deliv]$ z its own act & de$4 ,,meteoric ,,a/ronomy4 ,! numb] ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce = ,may1 #ahgb1 conta9s "s articles ( consid]able int]e/4 ,! fir/ is by ! indefatigable ,mr4 ,proctor1 on 8,meteoric ,a/ronomy10 9 :i* he embodies a cle> & popul> summ>y ( ! rese>*es :i* h e>n$ = ,signor ,s*iap>elli ?is ye>'s gold m$al ( ! ,a/ronomical ,society4 ,l all :o v5ture ^u a broad1 bold ef=t ( sci5tific ?\ght1 ext5d+ at all into ! regions ( philosophical !ory1 ,s*iap>elli has _h to wait = recognition4 ,a simple & m]ely me*anical obs]vation ( a b>e fact1 b>ely & me*anically record$ )\t ! ex]cise ( any o!r ( ! intellectual faculties ?an ! ext]nal s5ses & obs]v+ p[]s1 is at once receiv$ & duly honor$ by ! sci5tific _w2 b any high] ef=t is receiv$ at fir/ indiff]5tly1 or sceptically1 & is only accept$ aft] a p]iod ( probation1 directly proportionate to its philosophical magnitude & importance1 & inv]sely proportionate to ! sci5tific /atus ( ! d>+ !ori/4 ,at fir/ sight ?is appe>s unju/1 x looks l honor+ ! labor]s :o m]ely make ! bricks1 & despis+ ! ar*itect :o con/ructs ! edifice ( philosophy f ! mat]ials !y provide4 ,_m a disappo9t$ dream]1 f9d+ t 8 !ory ( ! univ]se has n be5 accept$1 & t ! expect$ honors h n be5 %[]$ ^u him1 has viol5tly attack$ ! :ole sci5tific community z a contemptible gang ( l[-m9d$ me*anical plodd]s1 void ( imag9ation1 bl9d to all poetic aspirations1 & incapable ( any gr& & compreh5sive flight ( intellect4 ,_h ^! impulsive g5tlem5 be5 previ\sly subject$ to ! /rict discipl9e ( inductive sci5tific tra9+1 _! position & op9ions w\ld h be5 v diff]5t4 ,_! great !ories w\ld ei!r h _h no exi/5ce1 or h be5 mu* small]1 & !y w\ld und]/& t philosophic caution is "o ( ! *>act]i/ic results ( sci5tific tra9+4 ,simple facts1 :i* c be imm$iately prov$ by simple exp]im5ts & simple obs]vations1 are at once accept$1 & _! discov]]s duly honor$1 )\t any hesitation or delay1 b ! gr&] ef=ts ( g5]alization require c>eful ?\ght & labori\s scrut9y = _! v]ification1 & !re=e ! ackn[l$gm5t ( _! m]its is necess>ily delay$2 b :5 x does arrive full ju/ice is usually done4 ,?us ,grove's 8,correlation ( ! ,physical ,=ces10 ! greate/ philosophical "w on purely physical sci5ce ( ?is g5]ation1 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahdb1 :5 its au?or occupi$ b a humble position at ! ,london ,in/itution4 ,! book 0 b little notic$ = _m ye>s1 &1 _h ,mr4 ,grove 7n[ ,sir ,william ,grove7 n be5 duly educat$ by ! discipl9e above ref]r$ to1 he might h become a noisy cantank]\s m>tyr1 "o ( ^? 8ill-us$ m50 :o h be5 made famili> to s _m audi5ces by ,mr4 ,george ,dawson4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 he pati5tly wait$1 &1 z we h lately se51 ! well-des]v$ honors h n[ be5 lib]ally aw>d$4 ,9 a v few ye>s h5ce we %all be able to say ! same ( ! once diabolical ,d>w91 & eight or n9e o!r !ori/s1 :o mu/ all be cont5t to take _! trial & pati5tly await ! v]dict2 ! "t ( wait+ be+ ( necessity proportionate to ! magnitude ( ! issue4 ,! !ories ( ,s*iap>elli1 :i*1 z ,mr4 ,proctor says1 8aft] ! usual t]m ( d\bt h s rec5tly receiv$ ! sanction ( ! highe/ a/ronomical tribunal ( ,great ,brita910 are n ( s purely speculative a "* z to dem& a v long 8t]m ( d\bt40 ,!y are directly bas$ on obs]vations & ma!matical calculations :i* br+ !m "u ! doma9 ( ! recogniz$ logic ( ma!matical probability4 ,^? :o are specially int]e/$ 9 ! mod]n progress ( a/ronomy %\ld read ?is article 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 :i* is illu/rat$ ) ! diagrams necess>y = ! compreh5sion ( ! rese>*es & reason+ ( ,s*iap>elli & o!rs :o h work$ on ! same gr\nd4 ,i c only /ate ! g5]al results1 :i* are t ! meteors :i* we see e ye>1 m or less abundantly1 on ! nights ( ! #aj? & #aa? ( ,augu/1 & :i* always appe> to come f ! same po9t 9 ! heav5s1 are !n & ?us visible because !y =m "p ( an ecc5tric elliptical zone ( meteoric bodies :i* girdle ! doma9 ( ! sun2 & t our e>?1 9 ! c\rse ( its annual j\rney ar\nd ! sun1 crosses & plunges m or less deeply into ?is ellipse ( small att5dant bodies1 :i* are suppos$ to be mov+ 9 regul> orbits ar\nd ! sun4 ,s*iap>elli has comp>$ ! position1 ! direction1 & ! velocity ( motion ( ! ,augu/ meteors ) ! orbit ( ! great comet ( #ahfb1 & inf]s t !re is a close connection betwe5 !m1 s close t ! meteors may be reg>d$ z a sort ( trail :i* ! comet has left beh9d4 ,he does n exactly say t !y are deta*$ v]tebr ( ! comet's tail1 b sugge/s ! possibility ( _! orig9al connection ) its head4 ,simil> obs]vations h be5 made ^u ! ,novemb] meteoric %[]s1 :i* by simil> reason+1 are associat$ ) ano!r comet2 & fur!r yet1 x is assum$ ^u analogy t o!r recogniz$ meteor sy/ems1 am\nt+ to ne>ly two hundr$ 9 numb]1 are 9 l mann] associat$ ) o!r comets4 ,if ^! !ories are s\nd1 our diagrams & m5tal pictures ( ! sol> sy/em mu/ be mat]ially modifi$4 ,besides ! c5tral sun1 ! eight planets & ! a/]oids mov+ 9 _! ne>ly circul> orbits1 & "s ecc5tric comets travel+ 9 long ellipses1 we mu/ add a c\ntless multitude ( small bodies clu/]$ 9 elliptical r+s1 all travel+ toge!r 9 ! pa? m>k$ by _! conta9+ girdle1 & foll[+ ! lead ( a /ream+ vapor\s mon/]1 _! p>5t comet4 ,we mu/ c\nt su* comets1 & su* r+s fill$ ) att5dant fragm5ts1 n m]ely by t5s or hundr$s1 b by ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s1 ev5 by millions2 ! pa? ( ! e>? be+ b a ?read 9 space1 & yet a hundr$ or two are /rung ^u x4 ,9 ?is article ,mr4 ,proctor seems /rongly dispos$ to return to ! !ory :i* attributes sol> heat & light to a bomb>dm5t ( meteors f )\t1 & ! sol> corona & zodiacal light z visible pres5tm5ts ( ^! meteors4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 he cl+s to ! m rec5t explanation :i* reg>ds ! corona1 ! zodiacal light1 & ! meteors z matt] eject$ f ! sun by ! same =ces z ^? produc+ ! sol> prom95ces4 ,= my own "p ,i %all n be at all surpris$ if we f9d t1 ere long1 ^! two app>5tly conflict+ hypo!ses are fully reconcil$4 ,! progress ( sol> discov]y has be5 s great s9ce ,janu>y1 #ahgj1 :5 my ejection !ory 0 publi%$1 t ,i may n[ c>ry x out mu* fur!r ?an ,i !n d>$1 or 0 ju/ifi$ 9 d>+ to v5ture4 ,actual measurem5t ( ! projectile =ces display$ 9 "s ( ! l>g] prom95ces r5d]s x n m]ely possible1 b ev5 v probable1 t "s ( ! exceptionally great eruptive ef=ts ( ! sun may be suffici5tly p[]ful to eject sol> mat]ial beyond ! reclaim+ rea* ( 8 own gravitat+ p[]4 ,9 su* a case ! bani%$ matt] mu/ g on w&]+ ?r\gh ! b\ndless pr(undity ( space until x rea*es ! doma9 ( "s o!r sun1 :i* w clut* ! fragm5t ) its gravitat+ en]gies1 & turn its /raight & ev] onw>d c\rse into ! curv$ orbit4 ,?us ! truant morsel f our sun w become ! subject ( ano!r sun--a portion ( ano!r sol> sy/em4 ,:at "o sun may d1 ano!r & e o!r may d likewise1 &1 if s1 !re mu/ be a mutual bomb>dm5t1 a ceaseless int]*ange ( matt] betwe5 ! c\ntless suns ( ! univ]se4 ,?is is a />tl+ view ( our cosmical relations1 b we are driv+ rapidly t[>ds a g5]al recognition ( x4 ,! ,novemb] /> %[]s h p]petrat$ "s irregul>ities ?is ye>4 ,!y h be5 v unpunctual1 & h n come f _! "r place4 ,we h he>d some?+ f ,italy1 b n ! tid+s ( ! ,leonides t 7 expect$4 ,in/ead ( ! great display ( ! mon? occurr+ on ! #ac? & #ad?1 x 0 se5 on ! #bg?4 ,we h acc\nts f diff]5t p>ts ( ,engl&1 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 & ,wales1 also f ,italy1 ,greece1 ,egypt1 etc4 ,mr4 ,sl9to1 9 a lett] to ! ,times1 e/imates ! numb] se5 at ,suez z rea*+ at lea/ #cj1jjj1 :ile 9 ,italy & ,a!ns ab\t #bjj p] m9ute 7 obs]v$4 ,!y 7 n1 h[ev]1 ! ,leonides1 t is1 !y did n radiate f a po9t 9 ! con/ellation ,leo1 b f ! region ( ,&rom$a4 ,!re=e !y 7 di/9ct f t sy/em ( small w&]]s usually designat$ ! 8,novemb] meteors10 7 n connect$ ) ,tempel's comet 7comet #a1 #ahff71 b belong to q ano!r set4 ,! "q n[ discuss$ by a/ronom]s is :e!r !y are connect$ ) any o!r comet1 &1 if s1 ) :i* comet8 ,9 ! 8,mon?ly ,notices0 ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 publi%$ ,octob] #bd? la/1 is a v int]e/+ pap] by ,pr(essor ,h]s*el1 on 8,obs]vations ( ,meteor ,%[]s10 suppos$ to be connect$ ) 8,biela's comet10 9 :i* he recomm5ds t 8a wat* %\ld be kept dur+ ! la/ week 9 ,novemb] & ! fir/ week 9 ,decemb]10 9 ord] to v]ify 8! +5i\s sugge/ions ( ,dr4 ,weiss10 :i*1 popul>ly /at$1 am\nt to ?is1 viz41 t a meteoric cl\d is revolv+ 9 ! same orbit z ,biela's comet1 & t 9 #aggb ! e>? da%$ ?r\gh ?is meteoric orbit on ,decemb] #aj?4 ,9 #ahbf x did ! same1 on ,decemb] #d?2 9 #aheb ! e>? pass$ ?r\gh ! node on ,novemb] #bh?1 & !re are reasons = expect+ a repetition at ab\t ! same date 9 #ahgb4 ,! magnific5t display ( ! #bg? has af=d$ an important v]ification ( ^! anticipations1 :i* become especially int]e/+ 9 connection ) ! curi\s hi/ory ( ,biela's comet1 :i* receives its "n f ,m4 ,biela1 ( ,joseph/adt1 :o obs]v$ x 9 #ahbf1 calculat$ its orbit1 & consid]$ x id5tical ) ! comets ( #aggb1 #ahje1 etc4 ,x travels 9 a long ecc5tric ellipse1 & completes its orbit 9 #bdaj days--ab\t #f ye>s4 ,x appe>$ aga91 z pr$ict$1 9 #ahcb & #ahdf4 ,its orbit v ne>ly int]sects t ( ! e>?1 & ?us af=ds a remote possibility ( t sort ( collision :i* has excit$ s mu* t]ror 9 ! m9ds ( _m p1 b :i* an en?usia/ic a/ronom] ( ! pres5t g5]ation w\ld anticipate ) some?+ l ! s5sational int]e/ :i* /irs ! s\l ( a ,london /reet-boy :5 he is madly /ruggl+ to keep pace ) a fire-eng9e4 ,! calculations = #ahcb %[$ t ?is comet %\ld cross ! e>?'s orbit a little be=e ! "t ( ! e>?'s arrival at ! same place2 b z su* a comet1 travel+ 9 su* an orbit1 is liable to possible ret>dations1 ! calculations c\ld only be approximately accurate1 & ?us ! s5sational a/ronom] 0 n altoge!r )\t hope4 ,?is "t1 h[ev]1 he 0 disappo9t$2 ! comet 0 punctual1 & cross$ ! critical node ab\t a mon? be=e ! e>? rea*$ x4 ,z ?\gh to comp5sate = ?is disappo9tm5t1 ! comet at its next appe>ance exhibit$ "s entirely new ph5om5a4 ,x split itself into two comets1 9 su* a mann] t ! p]=mance 0 visible to ! telescopic obs]v]4 ,bo? ( ^! comets _h nuclei & %ort tails1 & !y alt]nately v>i$ 9 brightness1 sometimes "o1 !n ! o!r1 hav+ ! advantage4 ,!y travel$ on at a di/ance ( ab\t #aef1jjj miles f ea* o!r1 ) p>allel tails1 & ) a sort ( fri5dly communication 9 ! =m ( a fa9t arc ( light1 :i* ext5d$ z a k9d ( bridge1 f "o to ! o!r4 ,besides ?is1 ! "o :i* 0 fir/ ! bright]1 !n ! fa9t]1 & f9ally ! bright] aga91 ?rew out two additional tails1 "o ( :i* ext5d$ lov+ly t[>ds its companion4 ,! "t ( return 9 #aheb 0 ( c\rse anxi\sly expect$ by a/ronom]s1 & c>eful wat* 0 kept = ! w&]]s4 ,!y came aga9 at ! calculat$ "t1 /ill sep>at$ z be=e4 ,!y 7 aga9 due 9 #ahei1 9 #ahff1 &1 f9ally1 at ab\t ! end ( la/ ,novemb]1 or ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t mon?4 ,?\gh eag]ly look$ = by a/ronom]s 9 all p>ts ( ! civiliz$ _w1 !y h be5 se5 no m s9ce #aheb4 ,:at1 !n1 has become ( !m8 ,h !y fur!r subdivid$8 ,h !y crumbl$ into meteoric du/8 ,h !y blaz$ or boil$ into ?9 air8 or h !y be5 dragg$ by "s int]f]+ gravitation into ano!r orbit8 ,! la/ supposition is ! mo/ improbable1 z none ( ! visible inhabitants ( space h come ne> en\gh to di/urb !m4 ,! possibility ( a dissolution into small] fragm5ts is sugge/$ by ! fact t1 in/ead ( ! orig9al s+le comet1 or ! two fragm5ts1 meteoric %[]s h fall5 t[>ds ! e>? at ! "t :5 x has cross$ ! orbit ( ! orig9al comet1 & ^! %[]s h radiat$ f t "p ( ! heav5s 9 :i* ! comet %\ld h appe>$4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ! magnific5t display ( ,novemb] #bg?1 & a/ronom]s are incl9+ m & m to ! idea t comets & meteors h a common orig9--! meteors are little comets1 or comets are big meteors4 ,9 ! late/ ( ! 8,mon?ly ,notices10 ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 publi%$ la/ week1 is a pap] by ,mr4 ,proctor1 9 :i* he exp&s ! !ory exp\nd$ ?ree ye>s ago by an au?or :om y\r correspond5t's mode/y prev5ts him f nam+1 viz41 t ! l>g] planets--,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune--are m9or suns1 eject+ meteoric matt] f !m by ! op]ation ( =ces simil> to ^? produc+ ! sol> prom95ces4 ,mr4 ,proctor subjects ?is bold hypo!sis to ma!matical exam9ation1 & f9ds t ! orbit ( ,tempel's comet & its companion meteors correspond to t :i* w\ld result f su* an eruption occurr+ on ! planet ,uranus4 ,an eruptive =ce effect+ a velocity ( ab\t ?irte5 miles p] second1 :i* is va/ly small] ?an ! actually measur$ velocity ( ! matt] ( ! sol> eruptions1 w\ld be suffici5t to ?ru/ su* meteoric or comet>y matt] beyond ! reclaim+ rea* ( ! gravitation ( ,uranus1 & h& x ov] to ! sun1 to make j su* an orbit z t ( ,tempel's comet & ! ,leonides meteors4 ,he %[s t o!r comets & meteoric zones are simil>ly alli$ to o!r planets1 & ?us x may be t ! fall+ />s & comets are fragm5ts ( ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 or ,neptune4 ,v]ily1 if an a/ronom] ( ! la/ g5]ation 7 to />t up among u n[1 he w\ld be a/\nd$ at mod]n presumption4 ,! /> %[] ( ,novemb] #bg?1 & its connection ) ,biela's brok5 & lo/ comet1 ref]r$ to 9 my la/ lett]1 are /ill subjects ( rese>* & speculation4 ,on ,novemb] #cj? ,pr(essor ,kl9k]fues s5t to ,mr4 ,pogson1 ( ! ,madras ,obs]vatory1 ! foll[+ />tl+ telegram3 8,biela t\*$ e>? on #bg?4 ,se>* ne> ,!ta ,c5tauri40 ,mr4 ,pogson se>*$ accord+ly f comet-rise to sunrise on ! two foll[+ morn+s1 b 9 va92 = ev5 9 ,india !y h _h cl\dy wea!r ( late4 ,on ! ?ird day1 h[ev]1 he _h 8bett] luck10 saw some?+ l a comet ?r\gh an op5+ betwe5 cl\ds1 & on ! foll[+ days 0 enabl$ to delib]ately v]ify ?is obs]vation & det]m9e ! position & "s elem5ts ( ! motion ( ! comet1 :i* display$ a bright nucleus1 & fa9t b di/9ct tail4 ,?is discov]y is r rem>kable 9 connection ) ! !oretical anticipation ( ,pr(essor ,kl9k]fues2 b ! conclusion directly sugge/$ is by no means admitt$ by a/ronom]s4 ,"s1 h suppos$ t x is n ! prim>y ,biela1 b ! second>y comet1 or (f%oot1 :i* graz$ ! e>?1 & 0 se5 by ,mr4 ,pogson2 o!rs t x 0 nei!r ! body1 ! envelope1 nor ! tail ( ei!r ( ! comets :i* =m$ ! /> %[]1 b t ! meteors ( ,novemb] #bg? 7 m]ely a trail :i* ! comet left beh9d4 ,a multitude ( lett]s 7 read at ! la/ & previ\s meet+ ( ! ,a/ronomical ,society1 9 :i* ! writ]s describ$ ! details ( _! own obs]vations4 ,z ^! lett]s came f ne>ly all p>ts ( ! _w1 ! data h an unusual degree ( complet5ess1 & %[ v /rik+ly ! value ( ! "w ( amateur a/ronomical obs]v]s4 ,by ! collation & comp>ison ( ^!1 important inductions are obta9able4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,a4 ,s4 ,h]s*el concludes t ! e>? pass$ ?r\gh sev5 /rata ( meteoric bodies1 hav+ ea* a ?ickness ( ab\t #ej1jjj miles--9 all ab\t #cej1jjj miles4 ,z ! diamet] ( ! visible nebulosity ( ,biela's comet 0 b #dj1jjj miles :5 ne>e/ ! e>? 9 #ahcb1 ! great ?ickness ( ^! /rata indicates some?+ beyond ! comet itself4 ,besides ?is1 ,mr4 ,h9d's calculation = ! return ( ! prim>y comet %[s t on ,novemb] #bg? x 0 #bej millions ( miles f ! e>?4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o are det]m9$ to enjoy ! s5sation ( suppos+ t !y really h be5 bru%$ by ! tail ( a comet1 /ill h ! second>y comet to fall back ^u4 ,?is1 z already describ$1 0 brok5 (f ! orig9al1 f :i* x 0 se5 gradually to div]ge1 b 0 /ill l9k$ to x by an ar* ( nebul\s matt]4 ,if ?is div]g5ce has cont9u$1 x mu/ n[ be f> di/ant--suffici5tly f> to af=d me an opportunity ( safely add+ ano!r to ! num]\s speculations1 viz41 t we may1 on ,novemb] #bg?1 h plung$ obliquely ?r\gh ?is connect+ arm ( nebul\s matt]1 :i* 0 se5 /ret*+ betwe5 ! p>5t comet & its (f%oot4 ,! actual position ( ! meteoric /rata above ref]r$ to is q consi/5t ) ! hypo!sis4 ,,! 8,,great ,,ice ,,age0 ,,& ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! 8,,till40 ,! gr[? ( sci5ce is becom+ s ov]:elm+ t ! old subdivisions ( human k are no long] suffici5t = ! purpose ( divid+ ! labor ( exp]ts4 ,x is sc>cely possible n[ = any man to become a naturali/1 a *emi/1 or a physici/ 9 ! full s5se ( ei!r t]m2 he mu/1 if he aims at ?or\ghness1 be satisfi$ ) a g5]al k ( ! great body ( sci5ce1 & a special & a full acqua9tance ) only "o or two ( its m9or subdivisions4 ,?us geology1 ?\gh b a bran* ( natural hi/ory1 & ! y\nge/ ( its bran*es1 has n[ become s ext5sive t its able/ vot>ies are compell$ to devote _! be/ ef=ts to ! /udy ( sections :i* b a few ye>s ago 7 sc>cely def9able4 ,glaciation is "o ( ^!1 :i* n[ dem&s its own elem5t>y text-books ov] & above ! monographs ( orig9al inve/igators4 ,?is dem& has be5 well suppli$ by ,mr4 ,james ,geikie 9 ! 8,! ,great ,ice ,age10#ae ( :i* a second edition has j be5 issu$4 ,e /ud5t ( glacial ph5om5a owes to ,mr4 ,geikie a heavy debt ( gratitude = ! invaluable collection ( facts & philosophy :i* ?is "w pres5ts4 ,x may n[ be fairly describ$ z a /&>d treatise on ! subject :i* x treats4 ,"o lead+ feature ( ! "w (f]s a v aggressive invitation to criticism4 ,scot*m5 are commonly accus$ ( look+ ^u ! :ole univ]se ?r\gh ,scot* spectacles1 & "h we h a ,scot*man treat+ a subject :i* affects ne>ly ! :ole ( ! globe1 & devot+ ab\t half ( 8 book to ! details ( ,scotti% glacial deposits2 :ile ,engl& has b "o-?ird ( ! space all[$ to ,scotl&1 ,irel& b a ?irtie?1 ,sc&9avia less ?an a t5?1 ,nor? ,am]ica a six?1 & s on ) ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,disproportionate z ?is may appe> at fir/ glance1 fur!r acqua9tance ) ! "w ju/ifies ! pre-em95ce :i* ,mr4 ,geikie gives to ! ,scot* glacial deposits4 ,except+ ,norway1 !re is no c\ntry 9 ,europe :i* af=ds s f9e a field = ! /udy ( ! ve/iges ( ext9ct glaci]s z ,scotl&1 & ,scotl& has an advantage ev5 ov] ,norway 9 be+ mu* bett] kn[n 9 geological detail4 ,besides ?is1 we mu/ always p]mit ! exp\nd] ( any subject to select 8 own typical illu/rations1 & welcome 8 ability to f9d !m 9 a region :i* he himself has directly explor$4 ,mr4 ,geikie's connection ) ! geological survey ( ,scotl& has af=d$ him special facilities = mak+ good use ( ,scotti% typical mat]ial1 & he has turn$ ^! opportunities to su* excell5t acc\nt t no /ud5t aft] read+ 8,! ,great ,ice ,age0 w f9d fault ) its decid$ nationality4 ,! lead+ feature--! basis1 9 fact--( ?is "w des]ves especial notice1 z x gives x a peculi> & timely value ( its own4 ,?is feature is t ! subject--z comp>$ ) its usual treatm5t by o!r lead+ writ]s--is turn$ r\nd & pres5t$1 s to speak1 bottom upw>ds4 ,de ,saussure1 ,*>p5ti]1 ,agassiz1 ,humboldt1 ,=bes1 ,hopk9s1 ,:ewell1 ,/>k1 ,tyndall1 etc41 h /udi$ ! liv+ glaci]s1 & ^u ! data ?us obta9$ h id5tifi$ ! "w ( ext9ct glaci]s4 ,*ronologically speak+1 !y h proce$$ backw>ds1 a me?od absolutely necess>y 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! inquiry1 & :i* has yield$ admirable results4 ,geikie1 9 ! "w be=e u1 proce$s exactly 9 ! opposite ord]4 ,avail+ himself ( ! means ( id5tify+ glacial deposits :i* ! retrogressive me?od af=ds1 he plunges at once to ! l[e/ & olde/ ( ^! deposits1 :i* he pres5ts ! mo/ prom95tly1 & !n works upw>ds & onw>ds to rec5t glaciation4 ,! be/ illu/ration ,i c (f] ( ! timely advantage ( ?is rev]s$ treatm5t is 7) due apology = necess>y egotism7 to /ate my own case4 ,9 #ahda1 :5 ! 8glacial hypo!sis10 z x 0 !n call$1 0 9 its infancy1 ,pr(essor ,jamieson1 al?\gh v old & ne>ly at ! end ( 8 c>e]1 took up ! subject ) great en?usiasm1 & devot$ to x a r disproportionate numb] ( lectures dur+ 8 c\rse on ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,l _m ( 8 pupils1 ,i became infect$ by 8 en?usiasm1 & w5t f ,ed9burgh to ,switz]l&1 :]e ,i _h ! good =tune to f9d ,agassiz & 8 m]ry m5 at ! 8,hotel des ,neuf*atelois0--two t5ts rais$ ^u a magnific5t b\ld] float+ on ! upp] "p ( ! ,a> glaci]4 ,aft] a %ort b v active soj\rn !re ,i 8did10 n )\t physical dang]1 _m o!r glaci]s 9 ,switz]l& & ! ,tyrol1 & aft]w>ds practically /udi$ ! subject 9 ,norway1 ,nor? ,wales1 & :]ev] else an opportunity (f]$1 read+ 9 ! meantime mu* ( its special lit]ature2 b1 l _m o!rs1 conf9+ my read+ *iefly to au?ors :o />t ) liv+ glaci]s & describe _! do+s mo/ prom95tly4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,i read ! fir/ edition ( ,mr4 ,geikie's 8,great ,ice ,age10 imm$iately aft] its publication1 8 mode ( pres5t+ ! ph5om5a1 bottom upw>ds1 sugge/$ a numb] ( reflections t _h nev] occurr$ be=e1 lead+ to o!r ?an ! usual explanations ( _m glacial ph5om5a1 & correct+ "s errors into :i* ,i _h fall5 9 se>*+ = ! ve/iges ( anci5t glaci]s4 ,z ^! sugge/ions & corrections may be int]e/+ to o!rs1 z !y h be5 to myself1 ,i w "h /ate !m 9 outl9e4 ,! mo/ prom95t & puzzl+ reflection or conclusion sugge/$ by read+ ,mr4 ,geikie's description ( ! glacial deposits ( ,scotl& 01 t ! great bulk ( !m are q diff]5t f ! deposits ( exi/+ glaci]s4 ,?is rem9d$ me ( a previ\s puzzle & disappo9tm5t t ,i _h met 9 ,norway1 :]e ,i _h obs]v$ su* abundance ( /riation1 su* univ]sality ( poli%$ rocks & r\nd$ m\nta9s1 & s _m /rik+ examples ( p]*$ blocks1 ) sc>cely any dec5t ve/iges ( mora9es4 ,?is 0 especially ! case 9 ,arctic ,norway4 ,coa/+ f ,trondhjem to ,hamm]fe/1 w9d+ r\nd glaciat$ isl&s1 9 & out ( fjords bank$ ) glaciat$ rock-slopes1 along m ?an a ?\s& miles ( %ore l9e1 display+ ! outlets ( a ?\s& anci5t glaci] valleys1 scann+ eag]ly ?r\gh\t f sea to summit1 l&+ at sev]al /ations1 & climb+ ! mo/ comm&+ hills1 ,i saw only "o anci5t mora9e--t at ! ,oxfjord /ation describ$ 9 8,?r\gh ,norway ) ,ladies40#af ,b ?is negative anomaly is n all4 ,! anci5t glacial deposits are n only rem>kable on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( mod]n glacial deposits1 b 9 consi/+ ma9ly ( some?+ :i* is q diff]5t f any ( ! deposits actually =m$ by any ( ! mod]n glaci]s ( ,switz]l& or any o!r c\ntry )9 ! temp]ate zones4 ,i h se5 no?+ ei!r at ! foot or ! sides ( any liv+ ,alp9e or ,sc&9avian glaci] t ev5 approximately repres5ts ! 8till0 or 8b\ld] clay10 nor any description ( su* a =mation by any o!r obs]v]2 & h met ) no note ( ?is v sugge/ive anomaly by any writ] on glaci]s4 ,yet ! till & b\ld] clay =m va/ deposits1 cov]+ ?\s&s ( squ>e miles ev5 ( ! limit$ area ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 & con/itute ! ma9 evid5ce ^u :i* we base all our !ories respect+ ! exi/5ce & ! va/ ext5t & influ5ce ( ! 8,great ,ice ,age40 ,al?\gh s diff]5t f any?+ at pres5t produc$ by ! ,alp9e or ,sc&9avian glaci]s1 ?is great deposit is unque/ionably ( glacial orig94 ,! evid5ces ^u :i* ?is g5]al conclusion re/s are fully /at$ by ,mr4 ,geikie1 & may safely be accept$ z incontrov]tible4 ,:5ce1 !n1 ! great diff]5ce8 ,"o ( ! sugge/ions to :i* ,i h already allud$ z af=d$ by read+ ,mr4 ,geikie's book 0 a hypo!tical solution ( ?is difficulty1 b ! v]ification ( ! hypo!sis dem&$ a re-visit to ,norway4 ,an opportunity = ?is 0 af=d$ 9 ! summ] ( #ahgd1 dur+ :i* ,i travel$ r\nd ! coa/ f ,/avang] to ! ,arctic fronti] ( ,russia1 & ?r\gh an int]e/+ inl& di/rict4 ,! obs]vations !re made & /r5g!n$ by subsequ5t reflections1 h s f> confirm$ my orig9al speculative hypo!sis t ,i n[ v5ture to /ate x briefly z foll[s3 ,t ! p]iod appropriately designat$ by ,mr4 ,geikie z ! 8,great ,ice ,age0 includes at lea/ two di/9ct p]iods or epo*s--! fir/ ( v great int5sity or magnitude1 dur+ :i* ! ,arctic regions ( our globe 7 z completely glaciat$ z ! ,ant>ctic n[ are1 & ! ,briti% isl&s & a l>ge portion ( ,nor!rn ,europe 7 glaciat$ z completely1 & ne>ly 9 ! same mann]1 z ,gre5l& is at ! pres5t "t2 t long aft] ?is1 & imm$iately prec$+ ! pres5t geological epo*1 !re 0 a m9or glacial p]iod1 :5 only ! n[ exi/+ valleys1 favorably %ap$ & situat$ = glacial accumulations1 7 p>tially or :olly fill$ ) ice4 ,!re may h be5 _m int]m$iate fluctuations ( climate & glaciation1 & probably 7 su*1 b z ^! d n affect my pres5t argum5t !y ne$ n be "h consid]$4 ,s f> ,i agree ) ! g5]al conclusions ( ,mr4 ,geikie z ,i und]/& !m1 & ) ! g5]ally receiv$ hypo!ses1 b 9 :at foll[s ,i h v5tur$ to div]ge mat]ially4 ,x appe>s to me t ! exi/+ ,ant>ctic glaci]s & "s ( ! glaci]s ( ,gre5l& are ess5tially diff]5t 9 _! con=mation f ! pres5t glaci]s ( ! ,alps1 & f ^? n[ occupy+ "s ( ! fjelds & valleys ( ,norway2 & t ! glaci]s ( ! e>li] or great] glacial epo* 7 simil> to ^? n[ =m+ ! ,ant>ctic b>ri]1 :ile ! glaci]s ( ! lat] or m9or glacial epo* resembl$ ^? n[ exi/+ 9 temp]ate climates1 or 7 int]m$iate betwe5 ^! & ! ,ant>ctic glaci]s4 ,! nature ( ! diff]5ce :i* ,i suppose to exi/ betwe5 ! two classes ( glaci]s is ?is3 ,! glaci]s 7prop]ly s call$7 ( temp]ate climates are ! ov]fl[ ( ! nev 7! great res]voir ( ice & sn[ above ! sn[ l9e74 ,!y are compos$ ( ice :i* is protrud$ bel[ ! sn[-l9e into ! region :]e ! summ] ?aw exce$s ! w9t] sn[-fall4 ,?is ice is necess>ily subject to cont9ual ?9n+ or wa/+ f its upp] or expos$ surface1 & ?us f9ally becomes liquefi$1 & is t]m9at$ by direct sol> action4 ,_m ( ! *>act]i/ic ph5om5a ( ,alp9e glaci]s dep5d ^u ?is2 among ! m prom95t ( :i* are ! sup]ficial extrusion ( b\ld]s or rock fragm5ts t h be5 buri$ 9 ! nev or h fall5 into ! crevasses ( ! upp] "p ( ! true glaci]1 & ! f9al deposit ( ^! same b\ld]s ( fragm5ts at ! foot ( ! glaci]s =m+ ord9>y mora9es4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! ?aw+ :i* extrudes1 & f9ally deposits ! l>g] fragm5ts ( rock1 sifts f !m ! small] p>ticles1 ! aggregate bulk ( :i* usually exce$s v l>gely t ( ! l>g] fragm5ts4 ,?is f9e silt or s& ?us wa%$ away is c>ri$ by ! turbid glaci] torr5t to consid]able di/ances1 & deposit$ z an alluvium :]ev] ! agitat$ wat]s f9d a re/+-place4 ,?us ! dbris ( ! ord9>y mod]n glaci] is effectively sep>at$ into two or m v di/9ct deposits2 ! mora9e at ! glaci] foot consi/+ ( rock fragm5ts ( consid]able size ) v little s& or clay or o!r f9e deposit betwe5 !m1 & a di/ant deposit ( totally diff]5t "*1 consi/+ ( gravel1 s&1 clay1 or mud1 accord+ to ! l5g? & conditions ( its j\rney4 ,! 8*ips10 z !y h be5 well call$1 are ?us sep>at$ f :at ,i may designate ! fil+s or sawdu/ ( ! glaci]4 ,! fil+s f ! exi/+ glaci]s ( ! ,b]nese ,alps are gradually fill+ up ! lake-bas9s ( ,g5eva & ,con/ance1 repair+ ! brea*es made by ! erosive action ( _! gigantic pr$ecessors2 ^? ( ! s\!rn slope ( ! ,alps are do+ a l>ge %>e 9 fill+ up ! ,adriatic2 :ile ! *ips ( all m]ely re/ ^u ! glaci] b$s =m+ ! comp>atively insignificant t]m9al mora9e deposits4 ,! same 9 ,sc&9avia4 ,! ,/orelv ( ! ,jo/$al is f$ by ! melt+ ( ! ,krondal1 ,nyga>d1 ,bjorne/egs1 & soldal glaci]s4 ,x has fill$ up a bran* ( ! deep ,sogne fjord1 =m+ an ext5sive f]tile pla9 at ! m\? ( its wild valley1 & is deposit+ ano!r subaque\s pla9 beyond1 :ile ! mora9es ( ! glaci]s are b inconsid]able & comp>atively insignificant heaps ( loose b\ld]s1 spread out on ! pres5t & =m] %ores ( ! above-nam$ glaci]s1 :i* are ov]fl[s f "o side ( ! great nev1 ! ,jo/$al ,sneefond4 ,all ( ^! glaci]s fl[ d[n small lat]al valleys1 spread out1 & disappe> 9 ! ma9 valley1 :i* has n[ no glaci] ( its own1 ?\gh x 0 =m]ly glaciat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,:at mu/ h be5 ! condition ( ?is & ! o!r great ,sc&9avian valleys :5 su* 0 ! case8 ,to answ] ?is "q rationally we mu/ consid] ! meteorological conditions ( t p]iod4 ,ei!r ! climate mu/ h be5 mu* cold]1 or ! am\nt ( precipitation va/ly great] ?an at pres5t1 9 ord] to produce ! g5]al glaciation t r\nd$ ! m\nta9s up to a height ( "s ?\s&s ( feet above ! pres5t sea-level4 ,probably bo? factors co-op]at$ to effect ?is va/ glaciation1 ! climate cold]1 & ! sn[-fall also great]4 ,! :ole ( ,sc&9avia1 or z mu* z !n /ood above ! sea1 mu/ h be5 a nev or sneefond on :i* ! annual sn[-fall exce$$ ! annual ?aw4 ,?is is ! case at pres5t on ! l>ge/ nev ( ,europe1 ! #ejj squ>e miles ( ! great plateau ( ! ,jo/$als & ,nordfjords ,sneefond1 on all ! ov]fl[+ nev or sn[-fields ( ! ,alps above ! sn[-l9e2 ov] ! great] "p ( ,gre5l&2 & 7z ! /ructure ( ! s\!rn iceb]gs prove7 ev]y:]e )9 ! great ,ant>ctic ice b>ri]4 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ happ5 :5 ! sn[-l9e comes d[n1 or ne>ly d[n1 to ! sea-level8 ,x is evid5t t ! out-?ru/ glaci]s1 ! ov]fl[ d[n ! valleys1 _c come to an end l ! pres5t ,swiss & ,sc&9avian glaci]s1 by ! direct melt+ action ( ! sun4 ,!y may be some:at ?9n$ f bel[ by ! heat ( ! e>?1 & t g5]at$ by _! own friction on ! rocks1 b ^! mu/ be q inadequate to ov]come ! p]petual accumulation due to ! sn[-fall ^u _! own surface & ! va/ ov]fl[ f ! great sn[-fields above4 ,!y mu/ g on & on1 ev] increas+1 until !y meet "s new condition ( climate or "s o!r p[]ful ag5t ( dissipation--some?+ t c effectively melt !m4 ,?is ag5t is v ne> at h& 9 ! case ( ! ,sc&9avian valleys & ^? ( ,scotl&4 ,x is ! sea4 ,i ?9k ,i may safely say t ! valley glaci]s ( ^! c\ntries dur+ ! great ice age mu/ h rea*$ ! sea1 & !re h t]m9at$ _! exi/5ce1 j z ! ,ant>ctic glaci]s t]m9ate at ! pres5t ,ant>ctic ice-wall4 ,:at mu/ happ5 :5 a glaci] is ?us ?ru/ out to sea8 ,?is "q is usually answ]$ by assum+ t x slides along ! bottom until x rea*es su* a dep? t flotation comm5ces & !n x breaks (f or 8calves0 z iceb]gs4 ,?is view is /rongly express$ by ,mr4 ,geikie 7p4 #dg7 :5 he says t--8,! seaw>d portion ( an ,arctic glaci] _c by any possibility be float$ up )\t sund]+ its connection ) ! froz5 mass beh9d4 ,s long z ! bulk ( ! glaci] mu* exce$s ! dep? ( ! sea1 ! ice w ( c\rse re/ ^u ! b$ ( ! fjord or bay )\t be+ subject$ to any /ra9 or t5sion4 ,b :5 ! glaci] creeps outw>ds to great] dep?s1 !n ! sup]ior specific gravity ( ! sea-wat] w t5d to press ! ice upw>d4 ,t ice1 h[ev]1 is a h>d cont9u\s mass1 ) suffici5t cohesion to oppose = a "t ?is pressure1 & h5ce ! glaci] crawls on to a dep? f> beyond ! po9t at :i*1 _h x be5 free1 x w\ld h ris5 to ! surface & float$4 ,if at ?is great dep? ! :ole mass ( ! glaci] c\ld be buoy$ up )\t break+ (f1 x w\ld c]ta9ly g to prove t ! ice ( ,arctic regions1 unlike ice any:]e else1 _h ! prop]ty ( yield+ to me*anical /ra9 )\t ruptur+4 ,b ! great t5sion to :i* x is subject$ takes effect 9 ! usual way1 & ! ice yields1 n by b5d+ & /ret*+1 b by break+40 ,mr4 ,geikie illu/rates ?is by a diagram %[+ ! 8calv+0 ( an iceb]g4 ,9 spite ( my respect = ,mr4 ,geikie z a geological au?ority1 ,i h no hesitation 9 contradict+ "s ( ! physical assumptions includ$ 9 ! above4 ,ice has no su* rigidity z "h /at$4 ,x does possess 9 a high degree 8! prop]ty ( yield+ to me*anical /ra9 )\t ruptur+40 ,we ne$ n g f> = evid5ce ( ?is4 ,ev]ybody :o has skat$ or se5 o!rs skat+ on ice t is b j ?ick en\gh to 8be>0 mu/ h felt or se5 x yield to ! me*anical /ra9 ( ! skat]'s weight4 ,"u ^! conditions x n only b5ds "u him1 b x aft]w>ds yields to ! reaction ( ! wat] bel[1 ris+ & fall+ 9 visible undulations1 demon/rat+ mo/ unequivocally a consid]able degree ( flexibility4 ,x may be said t 9 ?is case ! flexibility is due to ! ?9ness ( ! ice2 b ?is argum5t is uns\nd1 inasmu* z ! manife/ation ( su* flexibility does n dep5d ^u absolute ?ickness or ?9ness1 b ^u ! relation ( ?ickness to sup]ficial ext5sion4 ,if a ?9 %eet ( ice c be b5t to a giv5 arc1 a ?ick %eet may be b5t 9 ! same degree1 b ! ?ick] ice dem&s a great] radius & proportionate ext5sion ( circumf]5ce4 ,b we h direct evid5ce t ice ( great ?ickness--actual glaci]s--may b5d to a consid]able curvature be=e break+4 ,?is is se5 v /rik+ly :5 ! uncrevass$ ice-%eet ( a slightly incl9$ nev sudd5ly rea*es a precipice & is ?ru/ ov] x4 ,if ,mr4 ,geikie 7 "r1 ! project+ cornice ?us =m$ %\ld /& /raight out1 & !n1 :5 ! transv]se /ra9 due to ! weight ( ?is rigid ov]hang exce$$ ! resi/ance ( t5acity1 x %\ld break (f %ort1 expos+ a face at "r angles to ! g5]al surface ( ! support$ body ( ice4 ,_h ,mr4 ,geikie ev] se5 & c>efully obs]v$ su* an ov]hang or cornice ( ice1 ,i suspect t ! above-quot$ passage w\ld n h be5 writt54 ,"s v f9e examples ( su* ice-cornices are well se5 f ! ridge sep>at+ ! ,h&spikj5 ,fjelde f ! head ( ! ,jo/$al1 :]e a view ( ! great nev or sneefond is obta9$4 ,?is side ( ! nev t]m9ates 9 precipit\s rock-walls2 at ! foot ( "o ( ^! is a dre>y lake1 ! ,/yggev&4 ,! ov]fl[ ( ! nev "h =ms great b5d+ %eets t rea* a %ort way d[n1 & !n break (f & drop z small iceb]gs into ! lake4#ag ,! ord9>y c\rse ( glaci]s af=ds abundant illu/rations ( ! pla/icity ( su* masses ( ice4 ,!y spread out :]e ! valley wid5s1 contract :]e ! valley n>r[s1 & foll[ all ! convexities or concavities ( ! axial l9e ( its b$4 ,if ! b5d+ ?us en=c$ exce$s a c]ta9 degree ( abruptness crevasses are =m$1 b a consid]able b5d+ occurs be=e ! rupture is effect$1 & crevasses ( consid]able magnitude are commonly =m$ )\t sev]+ "o "p ( a glaci] f ano!r4 ,!y are usually ,v-%ap$1 9 v]tical section1 & 9 _m ! rupture does n rea* ! bottom ( ! glaci]4 ,v r>ely inde$ does a crevasse cross ! :ole bread? ( a glaci] 9 su* a mann] z to completely sep>ate1 ev5 tempor>ily1 ! l[] f ! upp] "p ( ! glaci]4 ,if a glaci] c ?us b5d d[nw>ds )\t 8sund]+ its connection ) ! froz5 mass beh9d10 surely x may b5d upw>ds 9 a correspond+ degree1 ei!r ) or )\t ! =mation ( crevasses1 accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! ice & ! degree ( curvature4 ,a glaci] rea*+ ! sea by a v /eep incl9e w\ld probably break (f1 9 accordance ) ,mr4 ,geikie's description1 j z an ,alp9e glaci] is ruptur$ fairly across :5 x makes a cascade ov] a sudd5ly precipit\s b5d ( its pa?4 ,"o ent]+ ! sea at an incl9ation some:at less precipit\s ?an ! m9or limit ( ! effective rupture gradi5t w\ld be crevass$ 9 a contr>y mann] to ! crevass+ ( ,alp9e glaci]s4 ,its crevasses w\ld gape d[nw>ds in/ead ( upw>ds--h -%ap$ in/ead ( a ,v-%ap$ section4 ,) a /ill m mod]ate slope1 ! up-float+ ( ! t]m9ation ( ! glaci]1 & a concurr5t g5]al up-lift+ or upb5d+ ( ! :ole ( its subm]g$ portion might occur )\t ev5 a p>tial rupture or crevasse =mation occurr+4 ,let u n[ foll[ out "s ( ! necess>y results ( ^! conditions ( glaci] exi/5ce & glacial prolongation4 ,! fir/ & mo/ notable1 by its contra/ ) ord9>y glaci]s1 is ! abs5ce ( lat]al1 m$ial1 or t]m9al mora9es4 ,! l>g] masses ( dbris1 ! *ipp+s t may h fall5 f ! expos$ esc>pm5ts ( ! m\nta9s ^u ! surface ( ! upp] regions ( ! glaci]1 in/ead ( rema9+ on ! surface ( ! ice & /&+ above its g5]al level by protect+ ! ice on :i* !y re/ f ! g5]al sn[-?aw1 w\ld become buri$ by ! upw>d accretion ( ! ice due to ! un?aw$ /ratum ( ea* ye>'s sn[-fall4 ,! ?9n+ ag5cy at "w ^u su* glaci]s dur+ _! j\rney ov] ! t]ra firma be+ ! outfl[ ( t]re/rial heat & t due to _! friction ^u _! b$s1 ?is ?9n+ mu/ all take place f bel[1 & ?us1 z ! glaci]s proce$ d[nw>ds1 ^! rock fragm5ts mu/ be cont9ually approa*+ ! bottom in/ead ( cont9ually approa*+ ! top1 z 9 ! case ( mod]n ,alp9e glaci]s fl[+ bel[ ! sn[-l9e1 & ?aw+ f surface d[nw>ds4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t su* glaci]s c\ld n deposit any mora9es su* z are 9 c\rse ( deposition by exi/+ ,alp9e & ,sc&9avian glaci]s4 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ become ( ! *ips & fil+s ( ^! outfloat+ glaci]s8 ,!y mu/ be c>ri$ along ) ! ice s long z t ice re/s ^u ! l&2 = ?is dbris mu/ consi/ p>tly ( fragm5ts imb$d$ 9 ! ice1 & p>tly ( gr\nd & re-gr\nd excessively subdivid$ p>ticles1 t mu/ ei!r cake into :at ,i may call ice-mud1 & become a "p ( ! glaci]1 or fl[ z liquid mud or turbid wat] b5ea? x1 z ) ord9>y glaci]s4 ,! quantity ( wat] be+ relatively small "u ! suppos$ conditions1 ! great] "p w\ld be c>ri$ =w>d to ! sea by ! ice r ?an by ! wat]4 ,an important consequ5ce ( ?is mu/ be t ! erosive p[] ( ^! anci5t glaci]s 01 ct]is p>ibus1 great] ?an t ( mod]n ,alp9e glaci]s1 especially if we accept ^? !ories :i* ascribe an actual int]nal gr[? or reg5]ation ( glaci]s by ! relegation bel[ ( "s ( ! wat] result+ f ! surface-?aw4 ,z ! glaci] ) its l[] accumulation advances into deep] & deep] wat]1 its pressure ^u its b$ mu/ progressively dim9i% until x rea*es a l9e :]e x w\ld j graze ! bottom ) a t\* ( fea!ry lightness4 ,some:]e be=e rea*+ ?is x w\ld beg9 to deposit its burd5 on ! sea-bottom1 ! comm5cem5t ( ?is deposition be+ det]m9$ by ! dep? :]eat ! t5acity ( ! deposit1 or its friction aga9/ ! sea-bottom1 or bo? comb9$1 becomes suffici5t to ov]p[] ! n[-dim9i%$ pressure & =w>d ?ru/+1 or erosive p[] ( ! glaci]4 ,fur!r =w>d1 9 deep] wat]1 :]e ! ice becomes fairly float$ above ! orig9al sea-bottom1 a rapid "u-?aw+ mu/ occur by ! action ( ! sea-wat]1 & if any communication exi/s betwe5 ?is ice cov]$ sea & ! wat]s ( w>m] latitudes ?is ?aw+ mu/ be increas$ by ! curr5ts t w\ld necess>ily be =m$ by ! int]*ange ( wat] ( v>y+ specific gravities4 ,deposition w\ld ?us take place 9 ?is deep] wat]1 cont9ually %all[+ x or br++ up ! sea-bottom ne>] to ! ice-bottom4 ,?is rais+ ( ! sea-bottom mu/ occur n only "h1 b f>!r back1 i4e41 f ! limit at :i* deposition comm5c$4 ,?is neutral gr\nd1 :]eat ! dep? is j suffici5t to all[ ! ice to re/ lightly on its own deposit & slide ov] x )\t ei!r sweep+ x =w>d or deposit+ any m ^u x1 becomes an int]e/+ critical region1 subject to cont9u\s =w>d ext5sion dur+ ! lifetime ( ! glaci]1 z ! deposition beyond x mu/ cont9ually raise ! sea-bottom until x rea*es ! critical dep? at :i* ! deposition mu/ cease4 ,?is w\ld con/itute :at ,i may designate ! normal dep? ( ! glaciat$ sea1 or ! dep? t[>ds :i* x w\ld be cont9ually t5d+1 dur+ a great glacial epo*1 by ! =mation ( a subm>9e bank or pla9 ( glaci] deposit1 ov] :i* ! glaci] w\ld slide )\t ei!r gr9d+ x l[] by erosion or rais+ x high] by deposition4 ,b :at mu/ be ! nature ( ?is deposit8 ,x is evid5t t x _c be a m]e mora9e consi/+ only ( ! l>g] fragm5ts ( rock su* z are n[ deposit$ at ! foot ( glaci]s t die out be=e rea*+ ! sea4 ,nei!r c x correspond to ! glacial silt :i* is wa%$ away & sep>at$ f ^! l>g] fragm5ts by glacial /reams1 & deposit$ at ! outspread+s ( glaci] torr5ts & riv]s4 ,x w correspond to nei!r ! assort$ gravel1 s&1 nor mud ( ^! alluvial deposits1 b mu/ be an agglom]ation ( all ! infusible solid matt] ! glaci] is capable ( c>ry+4 ,x mu/ conta91 9 het]og5e\s admixture1 ! great b\ld]s1 ! less] rock fragm5ts1 ! gravel *ips1 ! s&1 & ! slimy mud2 ^! settl+ d[n quietly 9 ! cold1 gloomy wat]s1 ov]%ad[$ by ! great ice-%eet1 mu/ =m j su* an agglom]ation z we f9d 9 ! b\ld] clay & tills1 & lie j 9 ^? places :]e ^! deposits ab\nd1 provid$ ! relative level ( l& & sea dur+ ! glacial epo* 7 suitable4 ,i %\ld make "o additional rem>k relative to ! composition ( ?is deposit1 viz41 t "u ! conditions suppos$1 ! orig9al mat]ial deta*$ f ! rocks ar\nd ! upp] portions ( ! glaci]s w\ld suff] a f> great] degree ( attrition at ! glaci] bottom ?an x obta9s 9 mod]n ,alp9e glaci]s1 inasmu* z 9 ^! x is remov$ by ! glaci] torr5t :5 x has atta9$ a c]ta9 degree ( f95ess1 :ile 9 ! great] glaci]s ( ! glacial epo* x w\ld be c>ri$ mu* fur!r 9 association ) ! solid ice1 & be subject$ to m gr9d+ & regr9d+ aga9/ ! bottom4 ,h5ce a l>g] proportion ( slimy mud w\ld be =m$1 capable ( f9ally indur+ into /iff clay su* z =ms ! matrix ( ! till & b\ld] clay4 ,! long j\rney ( ! bottom dbris /ratum ( ! glaci]1 & its f9al deposition :5 9 a /ate ( neutral equilibrium betwe5 its own t5d5cy to repose & ! =w>d ?ru/ ( ! glaci]1 w\ld obvi\sly t5d to arrange ! l>g] fragm5ts ( rock 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y are f\nd imb$d$ 9 ! till1 i4e41 ! oblong fragm5ts ly+ ) _! long] axes & _! be/ m>k$ /ri 9 ! direction ( ! motion ( ! glaci]4 ,! 8/riat$ pavem5ts0 ( ! till are ?us easily expla9$2 !y are ! surface ^u :i* ! ice advanc$ :5 its deposits _h rea*$ ! critical or neutral height4 ,su* a pavem5t w\ld cont9ually ext5d outw>ds4 ,! only sort+ ( ! mat]ial likely to occur "u ^! conditions w\ld be t due to ! e>li] deposition & entanglem5t ( ! l>g] fragm5ts1 ?us produc+ a m /ony deposit ne>] inl&1 j z ,mr4 ,geikie describes ! actual deposits ( till :]e1 8g5]ally speak+1 ! /ones are mo/ num]\s 9 ! till ( hilly di/ricts2 :ile at ! l[] levels ( ! c\ntry ! clayey "* ( ! mass is ^u ! :ole m pron\nc$40 ,^! 8hilly di/ricts10 ^u ! supposition ( great] subm]g5ce1 w\ld be ! ne> %ore regions1 & ! l[] levels ! deep] sea :]e ! glaci] float$ freely4 ,! foll[+ is ,mr4 ,geikie's description ( ! di/ribution ( ! till 7page #ac73--8;,x is 9 ! l[]-ly+ di/ricts ( ! c\ntry :]e till appe>s 9 greate/ =ce4 ,wide areas ( ! c5tral c\nties are cov]$ up ) x cont9u\sly1 to a dep? v>y+ f two or ?ree feet up to "o hundr$ feet & m4 ,b z we foll[ x t[>ds ! m\nta9 regions x becomes ?9n] & m int]rupt$--! nak$ rock ev] & anon pe]+ ?r\gh1 until at la/ we f9d only a few %r$s & pat*es ly+ "h & !re 9 %elt]$ holl[s ( ! hills4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,nor!rn ,highl&s x occurs b r>ely1 & only 9 little isolat$ pat*es4 ,x is n until we get way f ! /eep rocky declivities & n>r[ gl5s & gorges1 & ent] ^u ! broad] valleys t op5 out f ! base ( ! highl& m\nta9s to ! l[-ly+ di/ricts beyond1 t we meet ) any consid]able deposits ( /ony clay4 ,! high] di/ricts ( ! ,s\!rn ,upl&s are almo/ equally free f any cov]+ ( till40 ,?is description is precisely ! same z ,i mu/ h writt51 _h ,i s f> cont9u$ my imag9>y sket* ( ! results ( anci5t glaciation z to picture :at mu/ rema9 aft] ! glaci]s _h all melt$ away1 & ! sea _h rec$$ suffici5tly to expose _! subm>9e deposits4 ,?r\gh\t ! above ,i h assum$ a consid]able subm]g5ce ( ! l& z comp>$ ) ! pres5t sea-level on ! coa/s ( ,scotl&1 ,sc&9avia1 etc4 ,! univ]sality ( ! t]races 9 all ! ,norwegian valleys op5+ we/w>d proves a subm]g5ce ( at lea/ #fjj or #gjj feet4 ,:5 ,i fir/ visit$ ,norway 9 #ahef1 ,i accept$ ! usual description ( ^! z alluvial deposits2 0 look+ = glacial ve/iges 9 ! =m ( mora9es1 & ?us q fail$ to obs]ve ! true nature ( ^! va/ accumulations1 :i* 0 obvi\s en\gh :5 ,i re-exam9$ !m 9 ! light ( m rec5t in=mation4 ,"s few are alluvial1 b !y are exceptional & ( m9or magnitude4 ,z an example ( su* alluvial t]races ,i may m5tion ^? ne> ! m\? ( ! ,romsdal1 t are well se5 f ! ,aak ,hotel1 & :i* a ,russian pr9ce1 or o!r soldi] m]ely end[$ ) milit>y eyes1 might easily mi/ake = artificial e>?works erect$ = ! def5ce ( ! valley4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 ! o!rs :]e ! t]races are alluvial1 ! valley is a n>r[ "o1 occupi$ by a relatively wide riv] load$ ) rec5t glacial dbris4 ,x evid5tly fill$ ! valley dur+ ! p]iod ( glacial recession4 ,! ord9>y wid] valleys1 ) a riv] t has cut a n>r[ *annel ?r\gh ! outspread t]race-flats1 display a diff]5t =mation4 ,ne> ! m\? ( su* valleys ,i h se5 cutt+s ( m ?an a hundr$ feet 9 dep?1 ?r\gh an unbrok5 t]race ( mo/ *>act]i/ic till1 ) o!r traces ris+ above x4 ,?is is ! ord9>y con/itution ( ! l[] portions ( mo/ ( ! ,sc&9avian t]races4 ,^! t]races are commonly topp$ ) q a diff]5t /ratum1 :i* at fir/ ,i reg>d$ z a subsequ5t alluvial or e/u>9e deposit1 b fur!r exam9ation sugge/$ ano!r explanation ( ! orig9 ( "s portions ( ?is sup]ficial /ratum1 to :i* ,i %all ref] h]eaft]4 ,su* t]races prove a rise ( sea or depression ( l&1 dur+ ! glacial epo*1 to ! ext5t ( #fjj feet z a m9imum1 :ile ! well-kn[n deposits ( ,arctic %ells at ,moel ,tryfa5 & ! accompany+ drift h l$ ,pr(4 ,ramsay to e/imate 8! probable am\nt ( subm]g5ce dur+ "s "p ( ! glacial p]iod at ab\t #bcjj feet40#ah ,x w\ld be out ( place "h to reproduce ! data ^u :i* geologi/s h bas$ _! r div]g5t op9ions respect+ ! actual ext5t ( ! subm]g5ce ( ! we/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,europe4 ,all agree t a great subm]g5ce occurr$1 b diff] only z to its ext5t1 _! e/imates v>y+ betwe5 #a1jjj & #c1jjj feet4 ,!re is "o important consid]ation t mu/ n be ov]look$1 viz41 t--if my view ( ! subm>9e orig9 ( ! till be correct--! m]e subm]g5ce ( ! l& at ! glacial p]iod does n measure ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! dep? ( ! sea at t & ! pres5t "t1 see+ t ! deposits f ! glaci]s mu/ h %all[$ x v mat]ially4 ,x is only aft] contemplat+ ?or\ghly ! pres5t =m ( ! granitic & metamorphic hills ( ,sc&9avia1--hills t are always angul> :5 subject$ only to suba]ial wea!r+1--t "o c =m an adequate conception ( ! magnitude ( ?is %all[+ deposit4 ,! r\nd+1 %av+1 gr9d+1 plan+1 & univ]sal abrasion ev]y:]e display$ appe> to me to ju/ify ! conclusion t if ! sea 7 n[ rais$ to ! level ( ! t]races1 i4e41 #fjj feet high] ?an at pres5t1 ! mass ( matt] abrad$ f ! orig9al ,sc&9avian m\nta9s1 & ly+ "u ! sea1 w\ld exce$ ! :ole mass ( m\nta9 left /&+ above x4 ,! fir/ "q sugge/$ by read+ ,mr4 ,geikie's book 0 :e!r ! t]races are :olly or p>tially =m$ ( till1 & m especially :e!r _! l[] portions are ?us compos$4 ,?is1 z already /at$1 0 easily answ]$ by ! almo/ unanim\s reply ( all ! _m ,norwegian valleys ,i trav]s$4 ,any t\ri/ may v]ify ?is4 ,! next "q 0 :e!r ?is same till ext5ds bel[ ! sea4 ,?is 0 n s easily answ]$ by ! means at my disposal1 z ,i travell$ ha/ily r\nd ! coa/ f ,/avang] via ! ,nor? ,cape to ! fronti] ( ,russian ,lapl& 9 ord9>y pass5g] /eam-packets1 :i* made _! /oppages to suit o!r requirem5ts ?an m9e4 ,/ill1 ,i 0 able to l& at _m /ations1 & f\nd1 :]ev] !re 0 a g5tly slop+ /r& at ! m\? ( an e/u>y1 or ( a valley ^: riv] _h already deposit$ its susp5d$ matt] 7a common case h]eab\ts1 :]e s _m riv]s t]m9ate 9 long e/u>ies or op5 out into bag-%ap$ lakes ne> ! coa/71 & :]e ! bottom _h n be5 modifi$ by second>y glaciation1 t ! rec$+ tide display$ a sea-bottom ( till1 cov]$ ) a ?9 /ratum ( loose /ones & %ells4 ,9 "s cases ! till 0 s b>e t x appe>$ l a /iff mud deposit$ b ye/]day4 ,at ,bod1 an arctic coa/ /ation on ! nor? side ( ! m\? ( ! ,salt5 fjord 7lat4 #fg #bj71 :]e ! packets make a long halt1 is a v *>act]i/ic example ( ?is2 a deposit ( v t\gh till =m+ an ext5sive pla9 j on ! sea-level4 ,! tide rises ov] ?is1 & ! waves break ^u x1 =m+ a sort ( bea* by wa%+ away "s ( ! f9] mat]ial1 & leav+ ! /ones beh9d4 ,! gr\nd be+ s ne>ly level1 ! rea* ( ! tide is v great1 & ?us a l>ge area is expos$ at l[ tide4 ,cont9u\s ) ?is1 & beyond ! limit ( high tide1 is an ext5sive inl& pla9 cov]$ ) co>se grass & we$s gr[+ directly ^u ! surface ( ! orig9al flat pavem5t ( till4 ,!re is no riv] at ,bod2 ! sea is cle>1 leaves no appreciable deposit1 & ! degree ( d5udation ( ! clayey matrix ( ! till is v mu* small] ?an might be expect$4 ,! limit ( high wat] is pla9ly %[n by a bea* ( %ells & /ones1 b at l[ tide ! gr\nd ov] :i* ! sea has rec$$ is a b>e & sc>cely modifi$ surface ( till4 ,i h obs]v$ ! same at l[ wat] at _m o!r arctic /ations4 ,9 ! ,troms ,sund !re are %all[s at "s di/ance f ! %ore :i* are j cov]$ ) wat] at l[ tide4 ,i l&$ & wad$ on ^!1 & f\nd ! bottom to consi/ ( till cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( %ells1 odd fragm5ts ( e>!nw>e1 & o!r rubbi% ?r[n ov]bo>d f vessels4 ,x is evid5t t break]s ( consid]able magnitude are necess>y = ! loos5+ ( ?is t\gh compact deposit--t x is v slightly1 if at all1 affect$ by ! m]e fl[ ( runn+ wat]4 ,i specify ^! in/ances z *>act]i/ic & easy ( v]ification1 z ! packets all /op at ^! /ations2 b a ya*tsman sail+ at leisure amid/ ! glori\s coa/ sc5]y ( ! ,arctic ,ocean might multiply su* obs]vations a hundr$fold by /opp+ :]ev] su* /r&s are indicat$ 9 pass+4 ,i saw a multitude ( ^! 9 places :]e ,i 0 unable to g a%ore & exam9e !m4 ,a fur!r "q 9 ?is direction sugge/$ itself on ! spot1 viz41 :at is ! nature ( ! 8banks0 :i* con/itute ! fi%+-gr\nds ( ,norway1 ,icel&1 ,newf\ndl&1 etc4 ,!y are subm>9e pla9s unque/ionably--!y mu/ h a high degree ( f]tility 9 ord] to supply food = ! hundr$s ( millions ( voraci\s cod-fi%1 coal-fi%1 haddocks1 hallibut1 etc41 t p !m4 ,^! l>ge fi%es all fe$ on ! bottom1 _! *ief food be+ mollusca & cru/acea1 :i* mu/ f9d1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 "s pa/ure ( vegetable orig94 ,! banks are1 9 fact1 great mead[s or fe$+ gr\nds = ! l[] animals :i* support ! high]4 ,f ! ,l(ot5 bank alone tw5ty millions ( cod-fi% are tak5 annually1 besides ^? dev\r$ by ! va/ multitude ( sea-birds4 ,n[ ?is bank is situat$ precisely :]e1 accord+ to ! above-/at$ view ( ! orig9 ( ! till1 !re %\ld be a huge deposit4 ,x occupies ! ,ve/ fjord1 i4e41 ! op5+ betwe5 ! ma9l& & ! ,l(od5 ,isl&s1 ext5d+ f ,mosk5es1 to ,lod+5 on ,h9d1 j :]e ! culm9at+ masses ( ! ,kjol5 ,m\nta9s mu/ h p\r$ _! greate/ glaci]s into ! sea by a we/w>d c\rse1 & ^! glaci]s mu/ h be5 met by ano!r /ream p\r+ f ! nor?1 =m$ by ! glaci]s ( ,h9d & ,s5j51 & bo? mu/ h coalesc$ ) a ?ird flood p\r+ ?r\gh ! ,(ot5 fjord1 ! ,tys fjord1 etc41 f ! ma9l&4 ,! ,ve/ fjord is ab\t sixty miles wide at its m\?1 & n>r[s nor?w>d till x t]m9ates 9 ! ,(ot5 fjord1 :i* =ks into sev]al bran*es ea/w>d4 ,a glance at a good map w %[ t "h1 accord+ to my explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! till1 !re %\ld be ! greate/ ( all ! subm>9e pla9s ( till :i* ! anci5t ,sc&9avian glaci]s h produc$1 & ( :i* ! pla9s ( till ,i saw on ! coa/ at ,bod 7:i* lies j to ! m\? ( ! ,ve/ fjord1 :]e ! ,salt5 fjord fl[s into x71 are b ! slightly incl9$ cont9uation4 ,"s idea ( ?is bank may be =m$ f ! fact t outside ( ! ,l(od5s ! sea is #ajj to #bjj fa?oms 9 dep?1 t x sudd5ly %oals up to #af or #bj fa?oms on ! ea/ side ( ^! rocks1 & ?is %all[ pla9 ext5ds across ! :ole #ej or #fj miles betwe5 ^! isl&s & ! ma9l&4#ai ,x mu/ n be suppos$ ! fjords or inlets ( ,sc&9avia are usually %all[] ?an ! op5 sea2 ! contr>y is commonly ! case1 especially ) ! n>r[e/ & ^? :i* run f>!/ inl&4 ,!y are v mu* deep] ?an ! op5 sea4 ,if space p]mitt$ ,i c\ld %[ t ! great ,/orreg5 bank1 opposite ,aalesund & ,molde1 :]e ! ,/or fjord1 ,mold fjord1 etc41 7 ! =m] outlets ( ! glaci]s f ! highe/ ( all ! ,sc&9avian m\nta9s1 & ! sev]al banks ( ,f9m>k1 etc41 f :i*1 9 ! aggregate1 are tak5 ano!r #bj or #cj millions ( cod-fi% annually1 are all situat$ j :]e !oretically !y ought to be f\nd4 ,! same is ! case ) ! great bank ( ,newf\ndl& & ! banks ar\nd ,icel&1 :i* are annually visit$ by l>ge numb]s ( ,fr5* fi%]m5 f ,dunk]que1 ,b\logne1 & o!r ports4 ,:5ev] ! packet halt$ ov] ^! banks dur+ our coa/+ trip we demon/rat$ _! f]tility by ca/+ a l9e or two ov] ! bulw>k4 ,no bait 0 requir$1 m]ely a d\ble hook ) a flat %ank atta*$ to a heavy lead5 plummet4 ,! l9e 0 sunk till ! lead t\*$ ! bottom1 a few j]ks 7 giv51 & !n a tug 0 felt3 ! l9e 0 haul$ 9 ) a cod-fi% or hallibut hook$1 n inside ! m\?1 b ext]nally by ! gill-plates1 ! back1 ! tail1 or o!rwise4 ,! m]e j]k+ ( a hook ne> ! bottom 0 suffici5t to br+ x 9 contact ) "s ( ! population4 ,!re is a v prolific bank ly+ betwe5 ! ,nor? ,cape & ,nordkyn1 :]e ! ,porsang] & ,laxe fjords unite _! op5+s4 ,"h we 7 able1 ) only ?ree l9es1 to cov] ! =e-deck ( ! packet ) /ruggl+ victims 9 ! c\rse ( %ort halts ( fifte5 to ?irty m9utes4 ,n hav+ any s\nd+ app>atus by :i* to fairly te/ ! nature ( ! sea-bottom 9 ^! places1 ,i _c (f] any direct pro( t x 0 compos$ ( till4 ,by dropp+ ! lead ,i c\ld feel x suffici5tly to be c]ta9 t x 0 n rock 9 any case1 b a s(t deposit1 & ! m>ks ^u ! bottom ( ! lead1 s f> z !y w5t1 af=d$ evid5ce 9 favor ( its clayey "*4 ,a fur!r inve/igation ( ?is w\ld be v int]e/+4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+--,i may say a/\nd+--evid5ce ( ! f]tility ( ^! banks1 "o :i* appeals mo/ p[]fully to ! s5ses1 is ! m>vel\s colony ( sea-birds at ,sv]holtklubb51 ! headl& betwe5 ! two la/-nam$ fjords4 ,i d>e n e/imate ! numb]s t rose f ! rocks & d>k5$ ! sky :5 we blew ! /eam-:i/le 9 pass+4 ,i d\bt :e!r !re is any o!r spot 9 ! _w :]e an equal am\nt ( animal life is p]man5tly conc5trat$4 ,all ^! fe$ on fi%1 & an exam9ation ( ! map w %[ :y--9 accordance ) ! above speculations--!y %\ld h *os5 ,sv]holtklubb5 z ! be/ fi%+-gr\nd on ! arctic face ( ,europe4 ,i am fully consci\s ( ! ma9 difficulty t /&s 9 ! way ( my explanation ( ! =mation ( ! till1 viz41 t ( f9d+ suffici5t wat] to float ! ice1 & %\ld h giv5 x up _h ,i accept$ ,mr4 ,geikie's e/imate ( ! ?ickness ( ! great ice-%eet ( ! great ice age4 ,he says 7page #ahf7 t 8,! ice :i* cov]$ ! l[ gr\nds ( ,scotl& dur+ ! e>ly cold /ages ( ! glacial epo* 0 c]ta9ly m ?an #bjjj feet 9 ?ickness1 & x mu/ h be5 ev5 deep] ?an ?is betwe5 ! ma9l& & ! ,out] ,hebrides4 ,to cause su* a mass to float1 ! sea ar\nd ,scotl& w\ld require to become deep] ?an n[ by #adjj or #aejj feet at lea/40 ,i am unable to und]/& by :at means ,mr4 ,geikie measur$ ?is dep? ( ! ice :i* cov]$ ^! l[ gr\nds1 except by assum+ t its surface 0 level ) t ( ! upp] ice-m>ks ( ! hills beyond4 ,! foll[+ passage on page #fc seems to indicate t he really has measur$ x ?us3-- 8,n[ ! scrat*es may be trac$ f ! isl&s & ! coa/-l9e up to an elevation ( at lea/ #c1ejj feet2 s t ice mu/ h cov]$ ! c\ntry to t height at lea/4 ,9 ! ,highl&s ! tide ( ice /ream$ out f ! c5tral elevations d[n all ! ma9 /ra?s & gl5s2 & by measur+ ! height atta9$ by ! smoo!d & r\nd$ rocks we are enabl$ to e/imate r\ghly ! probable ?ickness ( ! old ice-%eet4 ,b x c only be a r\gh e/imate1 = s long a "t has elaps$ s9ce ! ice disappe>$1 ! ra9 & fro/ toge!r h s split up & worn d[n ! rocks ( ^! highl& m\nta9s t mu* ( ! smoo?+ & poli%+ has vani%$4 ,b al?\gh ! f9] m>ks ( ! ice-*isel h ?us frequ5tly be5 oblit]at$1 yet ! broad] effects rema9 conspicu\s en\gh4 ,f an ext5sive exam9ation ( ^! we ga!r t ! ice c\ld n h be5 less1 & 0 probably m ?an #c1jjj feet ?ick 9 its deepe/ p>ts40 ,page #hj he says3 8,be>+ 9 m9d ! va/ ?ickness rea*$ by ! ,scot* ice-%eet1 x becomes v evid5t t ! ice w\ld fl[ along ! bottom ( ! sea ) z mu* ease z x p\r$ across ! l&1 & e isl& w\ld be surm\nt$ & cru%$1 & scor$ & poli%$ j z readily z ! hills ( ! ma9l& 740 ,mr4 ,geikie describes ! ,sc&9avian ice-%eet 9 simil> t]ms1 b ascribes to x a /ill great] ?ickness4 ,he says 7page #djd7--8,! :ole c\ntry has be5 m\ld$ & rubb$ & poli%$ by an imm5se %eet ( ice1 :i* c\ld h>dly h be5 less ?an #f1jjj or ev5 #g1jjj feet ?ick10 & he ma9ta9s t ?is spread ov] ! sea & coalesc$ ) ! ice-%eet ( ,scotl&4 ,my recollection ( ! ,l(od5 ,isl&s1 :i* f _! position af=d an excell5t crucial te/ ( ?is "q1 l$ me to believe t _! configuration pres5t$ a direct refutation ( ,mr4 ,geikie's rem>kable inf]5ce2 b a m]e recollection ( sc5]y be+ too vague1 a second visit 0 especially desirable 9 ref]5ce to ?is po9t4 ,! result ( ! special obs]vations ,i made dur+ ?is second visit fully confirm$ ! impression d]iv$ f memory4 ,i f\nd 9 ! fir/ place t all along ! coa/ f ,/avang] to ! ,v>ang] fjord e rock ne> ! %ore is glaciat$2 among ! ?\s&s ( l[-ly+ ridges t pe] above ! wat] to v>i\s heights none ne> ! ma9l& are angul>4 ,! g5]al "* ( ^! is %[n 9 ! sket* ( 8,my ,sea ,s]p5t10 9 ! la/ edition ( 8,?r\gh ,norway ) a ,knapsack40 ,! rocks :i* con/itute ! extreme outly+ limits ( ! ,l(od5 gr\p1 & :i* are betwe5 #fj & #gj miles f ! %ore1 al?\gh m9]alogically correspond+ ) ^? ne> ! %ore1 are totally diff]5t 9 _! con=mation1 z ! sket* ( ?ree *>act]i/ic specim5s pla9ly %[s4 ,mr4 ,ev]e/ v aptly comp>es !m to %>k's tee?4 ,proce$+ nor?w>d1 ^! rocks gradually progress 9 magnitude1 until !y become m\nta9s ( #c1jjj to #d1jjj feet 9 height2 _! outspread bases =m l>ge isl&s1 & ! ,ve/ fjord gradually n>r[s4 ,! rem>kably angul> & jagg$ "* ( ^! rocks :5 wea!r$ 9 ! air r5d]s x v easy to trace ! limits ( glaciation on view+ !m at a di/ance4 ,! out]mo/ & smalle/ rocks %[ f a di/ance no signs ( glaciation4 ,if subm]g$1 ! ice ( ! great ice age 0 !n en\gh to float ov] )\t t\*+ !m2 if !y /ood above ! sea1 z at pres5t1 !y suff]$ no m glaciation ?an w\ld be produc$ by su* an ice-%eet z t ( ! 8paleocry/ic0 ice rec5tly f\nd by ,capta9 ,n>es on ! nor? ( ,gre5l&4 ,progress+ nor?w>d1 ! glaciation beg9s to become visible1 runn+ up to ab\t #ajj feet above ! sea-level on ! isl&s ly+ we/w>d & s\?w>d ( ,o/ ,vaag54 ,fur!r nor?w>d along ! coa/ ( ,o/ ,vaag5 & ,h9d1 ! level gradually rises to ab\t #ejj feet on ! nor!rn portion ( ,o/ ,vaag51 & up to m ?an #a1jjj feet on ,h9d1 :ile on ! ma9l& x rea*es #c1jjj to #d1jjj feet4 ,a rem>kable case ( su* v>iation1 or desc5t ( ice-level1 z ! ice-%eet proce$$ seaw>d1 is %[n at ,troms4 ,?is small oblong isl& 7lat4 #fi #dj71 on :i* is ! capital t[n ( ,f9m>k1 lies betwe5 ! ma9l& & ! l>ge m\nta9\s isl& ( ,kval1 ) a long sea-*annel on ea* side1 ! ,tromsund & ! ,s&esund2 ! total wid? ( ^! two *annels & ! isl& itself be+ ab\t f\r or five miles4 ,! g5]al l9e ( glaciation f ! ma9l& crosses ! broad side ( ^! *annels & ! isl&1 :i* has evid5tly be5 buri$ & gr\nd d[n to its pres5t mod]ate height ( two or ?ree hundr$ feet4 ,bo? ( ! *annels are till-pav$4 ,on ! ea/ or inl& side ! m\nta9s ne> ! coa/ are glaciat$ to _! summits--are simply ro*es m\tonnes1 ov] :i* ! re9de] ( ! ,tromsdal ,lapps range & fe$4 ,on ! we/ ! m\nta9s are d>k1 pyramidal1 non-glaciat$ peaks1 ) long v]tical sn[-/reaks m>k+ _! angul> masses4 ,! contra/ is v /rik+ :5 se5 f ! highe/ "p ( ! isl&1 & is cle>ly due to a decl9e 9 ! ?ickness ( ! ice-%eet 9 ! c\rse ( its j\rney across ?is n>r[ *annel4 ,speak+ r\ghly f my e/imation1 ,i %\ld say t ?is ?9n+ or l[]+ ( ! limits ( glaciation exce$s #ejj feet betwe5 ! opposite sides ( ! *annel1 :i*1 all[+ = ! hill slopes1 is a di/ance ( ab\t #f miles4 ,?is v small incl9ation w\ld br+ a glaci] ( #c1jjj feet 9 ?ickness on ! %ore d[n to ! sea-level 9 an outw>d c\rse ( #cj miles1 or ab\t half ! di/ance betwe5 ! ma9l& & ! out] rocks ( ! ,l(od5s %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,i am q at a loss to und]/& ! reason+ ^u :i* ,mr4 ,geikie bases 8 firm conviction respect+ ! dep? ( ! ice-%eet on ! l[ gr\nds ( ,scotl& & ,sc&9avia4 ,he seems to assume t ! glaci]s ( ! great ice age _h little or no sup]ficial d[n slope correspond+ to ! incl9ation ( ! base on :i* !y re/$4 ,i h consid]able hesitation 9 attribut+ ?is assumption to ,mr4 ,geikie1 & w\ld r suppose t ,i h misund]/ood him1 z x is a conclusion s completely refut$ by all we "k ( glaci] ph5om5a & ! physical laws conc]n$ 9 _! production2 b ! passages ,i h quot$1 & sev]al o!rs1 are explicit & decid$4 ,^? geologi/s :o cont5d = ! =m] exi/5ce ( a great pol> ice-cap radiat+ outw>ds & spread+ into ! temp]ate zones1 might adopt ?is mode ( measur+ its ?ickness1 b ,mr4 ,geikie rejects ?is hypo!sis1 & %[s by 8 map ( 8,! ,pr9cipal ,l9es ( ,glacial ,erosion 9 ,sw$51 ,norway1 & ,f9l&10 t ! glaciation ( ! extreme nor? ( ,europe proce$$ f s\? to nor?2 t ! ice 0 =m$ on l&1 & proce$$ seaw>ds 9 all directions4 ,i may add to ?is te/imony t pres5t$ by ! ,nor? ,cape1 ,sv]holt1 ,nordkyn1 & ! re/ ( ! magnific5t precipit\s headl&s t con/itute ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! arctic-face ( ,europe4 ,!y /& =? defiantly z a phalanx ( giant h]alds proclaim+ al\d ! fallacy ( ?is idea ( s\?w>d glacial radiation2 & 9 concurr5ce ) ! /ructure & /riation ( ! great glaci] tr\ghs t lie betwe5 !m1 & ! plan$ table-l& at _! summits1 !y e/abli% ! fact t dur+ ! greate/ glaciation ( ! glacial epo* ! ice-/reams 7 =m$ on l& & fl[$ out to sea1 j z !y n[ d at ,gre5l&1 or o!r p>ts ( ! _w :]e ! sn[ l9e t\*es or ne>ly approa*es ! level ( ! sea4 ,all su* /reams mu/ h foll[$ ! slope ( ! hill-sides ^u :i* !y re/$ & d[n :i* !y fl[$1 & ?us ! upp] limits ( glaciation af=d no measure :atev] ( ! ?ickness ( ! ice ^u 8! l[ gr\nds ( ,scotl&10 or ( any o!r glaciat$ c\ntry4 ,z an example1 ,i may ref] to ,mont ,blanc4 ,9 climb+ ?is m\nta9 ! j\rney f ! l[] ice-wall ( ! ,glaci] de ,bessons up to ! b]gs*rund above ! ,gr& ,plateau is ov] "o cont9u\s ice-field1 ! level ( ! upp] "p ( :i* is m ?an #aj1jjj feet above its t]m9al ice-wall4 ,?us1 if we take ! height ( ! /riations or smoo?+s ( ! upp] nev above ! l[ gr\nds on :i* ! ice-%eet re/s1 & adopt ,mr4 ,geikie's reason+1 ! l[] ice-wall ( ! ,glaci] de ,bessons %\ld be #aj1jjj feet ?ick4 ,its actual ?ickness1 z ne>ly z ,i c rememb]1 is ab\t #aj or #ab feet4 ,e o!r kn[n glaci] pres5ts ! same te/imony4 ,! draw+ ( a ,gre5l& glaci] opposite page #dg ( ,mr4 ,geikie's book %[s ! same "u arctic conditions1 & :]e ! ice-wall t]m9ates 9 ! sea4 ,i h n visit$ ! ,hebrides1 b ! curi\s analogy ( _! position to t ( ! ,l(od5s sugge/s ! desirability ( simil> obs]vations to ^? ,i h made 9 ! latt]4 ,if ! ice betwe5 ! ma9l& & ! ,out] ,hebrides 01 z ,mr4 ,geikie ma9ta9s1 8c]ta9ly m ?an #bjjj feet 9 ?ickness10 & ?is /ret*$ across to ,irel&1 besides unit+ ) ! /ill ?ick] ice-%eet ( ,sc&9avia1 ^! isl&s %\ld all be glaciat$1 especially ! small] rocks4 ,if ,i am "r1 ! small] outly+ isl&s1 ^? s\? ( ,b>ra1 %\ld1 l ! correspond+ rocks ( ! ,l(od5s1 display no evid5ce ( hav+ be5 ov]swept by a deep 8m] de glace40 ,i admit ! probability ( an ice-%eet ext5d+ z ,mr4 ,geikie describes1 b ma9ta9 t x ?9n$ out rapidly seaw>d1 & !re became a m]e ice-floe1 su* z n[ imp$es ! navigation ( ,smi?'s ,s\nd & o!r portions ( ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,! ,orkneys & ,%etl&s1 ) :i* ,i am also unacqua9t$1 mu/ af=d simil> crucial in/ances1 always tak+ into acc\nt ! fact t ! l>g] isl&s may h be5 indep5d5tly glaciat$ by ! accumulations due to _! own glacial res\rces4 ,x is ! small rocks /&+ at consid]able di/ance f ! %ores ( l>g] masses ( l& t supply ! requir$ te/-conditions4 ,f ! above x w be se5 t ,i agree ) ,mr4 ,geikie 9 reg>d+ ! till z a 8mora9e pr(onde10 b diff] z to ! mode & place ( its deposition4 ,he argues t x 0 =m$ "u glaci]s ( ! ?ickness he describes1 :ile _! :ole weight re/$ ^u x4 ,?is appe>s to me to be physically impossible4 ,if su* glaci]s are capable ( erod+ solid rocks1 ! slimy mud ( _! own deposits c\ld n possibly h resi/$ !m4 ,! only case :]e ?is might h happ5$ is :]e a m\nta9-wall has block$ ! fur!r d[nw>d progress ( a glaci]1 or 9 pockets1 or /eep holl[s :i* a glaci] might h bridg$ ov] & fill$ up2 b su* pockets are by no means ! *>act]i/ic localities ( till1 ?\gh ! till ( ,switz]l& may possibly %[ examples ( ! fir/ case4 ,! great dep? ( ! inl& lakes ( ,norway1 _! bottoms be+ usually f> bel[ t ( ! pres5t sea-bottom1 is 9 direct contradiction ( ?is4#bj ,!y %\ld1 be=e all places1 be fill$ ) till1 if ! till 7 a gr\nd mora9e =m$ on l&2 b all we "k ( !m confirms ! belief t ! glaci]s deep5$ !m by erosion in/ead ( %all[+ !m by deposition4 ,mr4 ,geikie's able def5ce ( ,ramsay's !ory ( lake-bas9 erosion is curi\sly inconsi/5t ) 8 argum5ts 9 favor ( ! gr\nd mora9e4 ,i fully concur ) ,mr4 ,geikie's argum5ts aga9/ ! iceb]g !ory ( ! =mation ( ! till4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 he has completely refut$4 ,be=e conclud+ ,i mu/ say a few words on ^? curi\s l5ticul> b$s ( s& & gravel 9 ! till :i* appe> s v puzzl+4 ,a simple explanation is sugge/$ 9 connection ) ! above-sket*$ view ( ! =mation ( ! till4 ,all glaci]s1 :e!r 9 arctic or temp]ate climates1 are wa%$ by /reamlets dur+ summ]1 & ^! commonly t]m9ate 9 ! =m ( a /ream or cascade p\r+ d[n a 8m\l90--a well bor$ by !mselves & rea*+ ! bottom ( ! glaci]4 ,n[ :at mu/ be ! action ( su* a d[nfl[ ( wat] ^u my suppos$ subm>9e b$ ( till j graz+ ! bottom ( ! glaci]8 ,obvi\sly1 to wa% away ! f9e clayey p>ticles1 & leave beh9d ! co>s] s& or gravel4 ,x mu/ =m j su* a bas9 or l5ticul> cavity z ,mr4 ,geikie describes4 ,! oblong %ape ( ^!1 _! long] axis co9cid+ ) ! g5]al c\rse ( ! glaci]1 w\ld be produc$ by ! onw>d progress ( ! m\l94 ,! accordance ( _! o!r features ) ?is explanation w be se5 on read+ ,mr4 ,geikie's description 7pp4 #ah1 #ai1 etc74 ,! g5]al abs5ce ( m>9e animals & _! occasional exceptional occurr5ce 9 ! int]calat$ b$s is j :at might be expect$ "u ! conditions ,i h sket*$4 ,9 ! gloomy subglacial dep?s ( ! sea1 dr5*$ ) cont9ual supplies ( fre% wat] & cool$ bel[ ! freez+-po9t by ! action ( salt wat] on ! ice1 ord9>y m>9e life w\ld be impossible2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 any recession ( ! glacial limit w\ld re/ore ! conditions ( arctic animal life1 to be aga9 oblit]at$ ) ! r5ew$ outw>d gr[? ( ! float+ skirts ( ! inl& ice-mantle4 ,b ,i mu/ n[ refra9 f ! fur!r discussion ( ^! & o!r collat]al details1 b hope to return to !m 9 ano!r pap]4 ,9 8,?r\gh ,norway ) ,ladies0 ,i h t\*$ lightly ^u "s ( ^!1 & h m p>ticul>ly describ$ "s curi\s & v ext5sive evid5ces ( second>y glaciation t q escap$ my att5tion on my fir/ visit1 & :i*1 too1 h be5 equally ov]look$ by o!r obs]v]s4 ,9 ! above ,i h endeavor$ to keep z ne>ly z possible to ! ma9 subject ( ! orig9 ( ! till & ! "* ( ! anci5t ice-%eet4 ,,! ,,b>omet] ,,& ,,! ,,wea!r4 ,! b>omet] 0 inv5t$ by ,torricelli1 an ,italian philosoph] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( a long tube op5 at "o end & clos$ at ! o!r1 & p>tly fill$ ) m]cury2 b in/ead ( be+ fill$ l ord9>y vessels1 ) ! op5 end or m\? upw>ds & ! clos$ end or bottom d[nw>ds1 ! b>omet]-tube is inv]t$1 & has its op5 m\? d[nw>ds4 ,?is op5 m\? is ei!r dipp$ into a little cup ( m]cury or b5t a little upw>ds4 ,:y does n ! m]cury run out ( ?is l[] op5 end & ov]fl[ ! little cup :5 x is inv]t$ aft] be+ fill$8 ,! answ] to ?is "q includes ! :ole my/]y & pr9ciple ( ! b>omet]4 ,! m]cury does n fall d[n because some?+ pu%es x up & supports x ) a c]ta9 degree ( pressure1 & t some?+ is ! atmosph]e :i* ext5ds all r\nd ! _w1 & presses d[nw>ds & sideways & upw>ds--9 e direction1 9 fact--) a =ce equal to its weight1 i4e41 ) a pressure equal to ab\t #ae lbs4 on e squ>e in*4 ,a column or p]p5dicul> squ>e /ick ( air "o in* ?ick ea* way1 & ext5d+ f ! surface ( ! sea up to ! top ( ! atmosph]e1 weighs ab\t #ae lbs42 o!r columns or /icks next to x on all sides weigh ! same1 & s on ) e portion2 & all ^! are = ev] squeez+ d[n & aga9/ ea* o!r1 &1 be+ fluid1 transmit _! pressure 9 e direction1 & aga9/ ! e>? & ev]y?+ ^u x1 & !re=e ^u ! m]cury ( ! b>omet]-tube4 ,we h suppos$ ! air to be made up ( columns or /icks ( air "o in* ea* way1 b might h tak5 any o!r size1 & ! weight & pressure w\ld be proportionate4 ,n[ m]cury1 bulk = bulk1 is s mu* heavi] ?an air1 t a /ick or column ( ?is liquid metal ab\t #cj in*es high weighs z mu* z a /ick or column ( air ( same ?ickness rea*+ f ! surface ( ! e>? to ! top ( ! atmosph]e2 !re=e1 ! #cj-;in* /ick ( m]cury balances ! pressure ( ! _m miles ( atmosph]e1 & is support$ by x4 ,?us ! column ( m]cury may be us$ to c\nt]balance ! atmosph]e & %[ u its weight2 & su* a column ( m]cury is a b>omet]1 or 8weight measure40 ,! ^w b>omet] is comp\nd$ ( ! two ,greek words--b>os1 weight1 & metron1 a measure4 ,if y take a glass tube a y>d long1 /opp$ at "o end & op5 at ! o!r1 fill x ) m]cury1 /op ! op5 end ) y\r ?umb1 !n inv]t ! tube & j dip ! op5 end 9 a little cup ( m]cury1 "s ( ! m]cury 9 ! tube w fall into ! cup1 b n all2 only six in*es w fall1 ! o!r #cj in*es w rema91 ) an empty space betwe5 x & ! /opp$ end ( ! tube4 ,:5 y h done ?is y w h made a rude b>omet]4 ,if y prop up ! tube1 & wat* x c>efully f day to day1 y w f9d t ! height ( ! column ( m]cury w cont9ually v>y4 ,if y live at ! sea-level1 or !reab\ts1 x w sometimes rise m ?an #cj in*es above ! level ( ! m]cury 9 ! cup1 & frequ5tly fall bel[ t height4 ,if y live on ! top ( a high m\nta91 or on any high gr\nd1 x w nev] rea* #cj in*es1 w /ill be v>iable1 its av]age height less ?an if y liv$ on l[] gr\nd2 & ! high] y g ! less w be ?is av]age height ( ! m]cury4 ,! reason ( ?is is easily und]/ood4 ,:5 we asc5d a m\nta9 we leave "s portion ( ! atmosph]e bel[ u1 & ( c\rse less rema9s above2 ?is small] quantity mu/ h less weight & press ! m]cury less =cibly4 ,if ! b>omet] tells ! tru?1 x mu/ %[ ?is diff]5ce2 & x does s ) su* accuracy t by means ( a b>omet]1 or r ( two b>omet]s--"o at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 & "o at its summit--we may1 by _! diff]5ce1 measure ! height ( ! m\nta9 provid$ we "k ! rules = mak+ ! requisite calculations4 ,! old-fa%ion$ b>omet]1 ) a l>ge dial-face & h&s l a clock1 is call$ ! 8:eel b>omet]10 because ! m]cury1 9 ris+ & fall+1 moves a little glass float re/+ ^u ! m]cury ( ! op5 b5t end ( ! tube2 to ?is float & its c\nt]poise a f9e cord is atta*$2 & ?is cord goes r\nd a little groov$ :eel to :i* ! h&s are atta*$4 ,?us ! ris+ & fall+ ( ! m]cury moves ! float1 ! float-cord turns ! :eel1 & ! :eel moves ! h& t po9ts to ! words & figures on ! dial4 ,:5 ?is h& moves t[>ds ! "r1 or 9 ! direction ( an advanc+ clock-h&1 ! b>omet] is ris+2 :5 x goes backw>ds1 or opposite to ! clock-h& movem5t1 ! m]cury is fall+4 ,by op5+ ! little door at ! back ( su* a b>omet]1 ! above-describ$ me*anism is se54 ,9 do+ ?is1 or o!rwise mov+ y\r b>omet]1 be c>eful always to keep x upright4 ,x sometimes happ5s to ^! :eel b>omet]s t !y1 sudd5ly cease to act2 & 9 mo/ cases ! own] ( ! b>omet] may save ! tr\ble & exp5se ( s5d+ x to ! optician by obs]v+ :e!r ! cord has slipp$ f ! little :eel1 & if s1 simply replac+ x 9 ! groove ^u its edge4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! mis*ief is caus$ by ! tube be+ brok51 :i* is se5 at once by ! m]cury hav+ run out1 ! case is s]i\s1 & dem&s pr(essional aid4 ,! upright b>omet]1 :i* %[s ! surface ( ! m]cury itself1 is ! mo/ accurate in/rum5t1 provid$ x is c>efully read4 ,?is =m ( in/rum5t is always us$ 9 meteorological obs]vatories1 :]e m9ute corrections are made = ! expansion & contraction :i* v>iations ( temp]ature produce ^u ! l5g? ( ! m]cury )\t alt]+ its weight1 & = ! small fluctuations 9 ! level ( ! m]cury ci/]n4 ,) su* in/rum5ts1 fitt$ ) an app>atus call$ a 8v]ni]0 ! height ( ! m]cury may be read to hundr$?s ( an in*4 ,! necessity = ! #cj in*es ( m]cury r5d]s ! m]curial b>omet] a r cumbr\s in/rum5t3 x mu/ be m ?an #cj in*es long1 & is liable to d]angem5t f ! spill+ ( ! m]cury4 ,on ?is acc\nt portable b>omet]s ( totally diff]5t con/ruction h be5 inv5t$4 ,! 8an]oid0 b>omet] is "o ( ^!--! only "o t is practically us$ to any ext5t4 ,x conta9s a metal box p>tly fill$ ) air2 "o face ( ! box is corrugat$1 & s ?9 t x c rise & fall l a /ret*$ cov]+ ( india-rubb]4 ,z ! pressure ( ! outside air v>ies x does rise & fall1 & by a beautifully-delicate app>atus ?is ris+ & fall+ is magnifi$ & repres5t$ ^u ! dial4 ,su* b>omet]s are made small en\gh to be c>ri$ 9 ! pocket1 & are v useful = measur+ ! heights ( m\nta9s2 b !y are n q s accurate z ! m]curial b>omet]1 & are !re=e n us$ = rigidly sci5tific measurem5ts2 b = all ord9>y purposes !y are accurate en\gh1 provid$ !y are occasionally comp>$ ) a /&>d m]curial b>omet]1 & adju/$ by means ( a wat*-key axis provid$ = t purpose1 & se5 on ! back ( ! in/rum5t4 ,!y are suffici5tly delicate to tell ! travell] 9 a railway :e!r he is asc5d+ or desc5d+ an incl9e1 & w indicate ! diff]5ce ( height betwe5 ! upp] & l[] rooms ( a ?ree-/ory h\se4 ,) due all[ance = v>iations ( level1 ! travel] may use !m z wea!r indicators2 especially z x is ! direction 9 :i* ! b>omet] is mov+ 7:e!r ris+ or fall+7 r ?an its absolute height t indicates *anges ( wea!r4 ,?us by plac+ ! an]oid 9 8 room on rea*+ 8 hotel at night1 c>efully m>k+ its height !n & !re1 & comp>+ ?is ) ano!r obs]vation made on ! foll[+ morn+1 he may use x z a wea!r-glass 9 spite ( hill & dale4 ,wat] b>omet]s h be5 made on ! same pr9ciple z ! m]cury b>omet]2 b z wat] is #ac times light]1 bulk = bulk1 ?an m]cury1 ! height ( ! column mu/ be #ac times #cj in*es1 or1 all[+ = v>iations1 n less ?an #cd feet4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is v cumbr\s2 ! evaporation ( ! wat] pres5ts ano!r consid]able difficulty1#ba /ill su* a b>omet] is a v int]e/+ in/rum5t1 z x %[s ! atmosph]ic fluctuations on #ac times ! scale ( ! ord9>y b>omet]4 ,a range ( ab\t five feet is ?us obta9$2 & n only ! great waves1 b ev5 ! comp>atively small ripples ( ! atmosph]ic ocean are display$ by x4 ,9 /ormy wea!r x may be se5 to rise & fall & pulsate l a liv+ creature1 s s5sitively does x respond to e atmosph]ic fluctuation4 ,b :y %\ld ! height ( ! b>omet] v>y :ile x rema9s 9 ! same place8 ,if ! quantity ( air surr\nd+ ! e>? rema9s ! same1 & if ! b>omet] measures its weight correctly1 :y %\ld ! b>omet] v>y8 ,does ! atmosph]e gr[ bigg] & small]1 light] & heavi]1 f "t to "t8 ,^! are fair que/ions1 & !y br+ u at once to "s ( ! *ief uses ( ! b>omet]4 ,! atmosph]e is a great gase\s ocean surr\nd+ ! e>?1 & we are creep+ ab\t on ! bottom ( ?is ocean4 ,x has its tides & bill[s & :irl+ eddies1 b all ^! are va/ly great] ?an ^? ( ! wat]y ocean4 ,at "o "t we are "u ! cre/ or r\nd$ portion ( a mighty atmosph]ic wave1 at ano!r ! holl[ betwe5 two su* waves is ov] our heads1 & ?us ! dep? ( atmosph]e1 or quantity ( air1 above u is v>iable4 ,?is v>iation is ! comb9$ result ( _m co-op]at+ causes4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are great atmosph]ic tides1 caus$1 l ^? ( ! sea1 by ! attraction ( ! sun & moon2 b ^! d n directly affect ! b>omet]1 because ! attract+ body supports :atev] x lifts4 ,v>iations ( temp]ature also produce important fluctuations 9 ! height & d5sity ( ! atmosph]e1 "s ( :i* are indicat$ by ! b>omet]--o!rs are n4 ,?us a m]e expansion or contraction ( dry air1 increas+ ! dep? or ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]ic ocean1 w\ld n affect ! b>omet]1 z m]e expansion & contraction only alt] ! bulk )\t affect+ ! weight ( ! air4 ,b our atmosph]e consi/s n only ( ! p]man5t gases1 nitrog5 & oxyg52 x conta9s besides ^! & c>bonic acid1 a consid]able quantity ( gase\s matt]1 :i* is n p]man5t1 b :i* may be a gas at "o mom5t--contribut+ its :ole weight to t ( ! g5]al atmosph]e--& at ano!r mom5t "s ( x may be cond5s$ into liquid p>ticles t fall ?r\gh x m or less rapidly1 & ?us contribute no?+ to its weight4 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is v>iable con/itu5t t sometimes adds to ! weight ( ! atmosph]e & ! consequ5t height ( ! b>omet]1 & at o!rs may sudd5ly cease to af=d its full contribution to atmosph]ic pressure8 ,x is simply wat]1 :i*1 z we all "k1 exi/s z solid1 liquid1 or gas1 accord+ to ! temp]ature & pressure to :i* x is expos$4 ,we all "k t /eam :5 x fir/ issues f ! sp\t ( a tea-kettle is a transp>5t gas1 or true vapor1 b t pres5tly1 by contact ) ! cool air1 x becomes :ite1 cl\dy matt]1 or m9ute p>ticles ( wat]2 & t1 if ^! are /ill fur!r cool$1 !y w become ho>-fro/ or sn[1 or solid ice4 ,artificial ho>-fro/ & sn[ may be =m$ by ?r[+ a jet ( /eam into v cold1 fro/y air4 ,if y take a t9 cani/] or o!r metal vessel1 fill x ) a mixture ( salt ) p\nd$ ice or sn[1 & !n hold ! outside ( ! cani/] aga9/ a jet ( /eam1 su* z issues f ! sp\t ( a tea-kettle1 a sn[y deposit ( ho>-fro/ w coat ! outside ( ! t94 ,n[ let u consid] :at takes place :5 a w>m s\?-we/]ly w9d1 t has swept ov] ! tropical regions ( ! ,atlantic ocean1 rea*es ! comp>atively cold %ores ( ,brita94 ,x is cool$ !reby1 & "s ( its gase\s wat] is cond5s$--=m+ mi/s1 cl\ds1 ra91 ho>-fro/ or sn[4 ,! great] "p ( ?is =ms & falls on ! we/]n coa/s1 on ,cornwall1 ,irel&1 ! ,we/]n ,highl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,irel& gets ! lion's %>e ( ?is humidity1 & h5ce h] 8em]ald0 v]dure4 ,! we/]n slope ( a m\nta91 9 l mann]1 receives m ra9 ?an ! side fac+ ! ea/4 ,h[ does ?is cond5sation affect ! b>omet]8 ,x mu/ evid5tly cause x to fall1 inasmu* z ! air mu/ be light5$ to ! exact ext5t ( all t is tak5 out ( x & precipitat$4 ,b ! precipitation is n complet$ imm$iately ! cond5sation occurs4 ,x takes "s "t = ! m9ute cl\dy p>ticles to ga!r into ra9 drops & fall to ! e>?1 :ile ! effect ( ! cond5sation ^u ! b>omet] is in/antane\s2 ! air beg9s to gr[ light] imm$iately ! gas is conv]t$ into cl\d or mi/1 & ! b>omet] falls j at ! same "t & same rate z ?is is produc$2 b ! ra9 comes "s "t aft]w>ds4 ,h5ce ! use ( ! b>omet] z a 8wea!r glass40 ,:5 intellig5tly & prop]ly us$ x is v valuable 9 ?is capacity2 b1 l mo/ ?+s1 x may easily be misund]/ood & misus$4 ,! mo/ common error 9 ! use ( ! b>omet] is t to :i* p are naturally l$ by ! words engrav$ ^u x1 8,/ormy1 ,mu* ,ra91 ,ra91 ,*ange1 ,fair1 ,set ,fair10 etc4 ,a direct & absolute blund] or falsehood is usually %ort-liv$1 & deceives b few p2 b a false /atem5t1 ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( sup]ficial tru?1 may survive = ages1 & deceive :ole g5]ations4 ,n[ ?is latt] is j ! "* ( ! wea!r signs t are engrav$ on our popul> b>omet]s2 !y are uns\nd & deceptive1 b n utt]ly baseless4 ,/ormy1 ,mu* ,ra91 & ,ra9 are m>k$ aga9/ ! l[ read+s ( ! b>omet]1 & ,v ,dry1 ,set ,fair1 & ,fair aga9/ ! high] read+s4 ,a l[ b>omet] is n a reliable sign ( wet or /ormy wea!r1 nei!r is a high b>omet] to be dep5d$ ^u = expect+ f9e wea!r2 & yet x is true t we are m likely to h f9e wea!r ) a high ?an ) a l[ b>omet]1 & also ! liability to ra9 & /orms is great] ) a l[ ?an ) a high b>omet]4 ,! be/ indications ( ! wea!r are ^? d]iv$ f ! direction 9 :i* ! b>omet] is mov+--:e!r ris+ or fall+--r ?an its m]e absolute height4 ,a sudd5 & consid]able fall is an almo/ c]ta9 indication ( /rong w9ds & /ormy wea!r4 ,?is is ! mo/ reliable ( ! prophetic w>n+s ( ! b>omet]1 & ! mo/ useful1 inasmu* z x af=ds ! m>9] j ! w>n+ he requires :5 ly+ (f a dang]\s coa/1 or o!rwise 9 p]il by a com+ gale4 ,_m a good %ip has be5 sav$ by intellig5t att5tion to ! b>omet]1 & by runn+ into hav51 or away f a rocky %ore :5 ! b>omet] has fall5 ) unusual rapidity4 ,! next 9 ord] ( reliability is ! indication af=d$ by a /eady & cont9u\s fall aft] a long p]iod ( f9e wea!r4 ,?is is usually foll[$ by a decid$ *ange ( wea!r1 & ! great] ! fall ! m viol5t ! *ange4 ,if ! fall is sl[1 & cont9ues /eadily = a long "t1 ! *ange is likely to be less sudd5 b m p]man5t1 i4e41 ! ra9 w probably arrive aft] "s "t1 & !n cont9ue /eadily = a long p]iod4 ,9 l mann]1 a /eady1 regul> rise1 go+ on = "s days 9 ! mid/ ( wet wea!r1 may be reg>d$ z a hopeful indication ( com+ cont9u\s f9e wea!r--! m gradual & /eady ! rise1 ! long] is ! f9e wea!r likely to la/4 ,! lea/ reliable ( all ! b>ometric *anges is a sudd5 rise4 ,9 w9t] x may be foll[$ by h>d & sudd5 fro/1 9 summ] by sultry wea!r & ?und]-/orms4 ,all t may be safely said ( su* sudd5 rise is1 t x indicates a *ange ( "s sort4 ,! b>omet] is usually high ) ,n4,e4 w9ds1 & l[ ) ,s4,w4 w9ds4 ,! prec$+ explanations %[ ! reason ( ?is4 ,9 a giv5 place ! extreme range ( v>iation is f #b to #b in*es4 ,x has be5 propos$ t ! foll[+ rules %\ld be engrav$ on b>omet]-plates in/ead ( ! usual words3-- #a/4 ,g5]ally1 ! ris+ ( ! m]cury indicates ! approa* ( fair wea!r2 ! fall+ ( x %[s ! approa* ( f\l wea!r4 #b;d4 ,9 sultry wea!r1 ! fall ( ! b>omet] indicates com+ ?und]4 ,9 w9t]1 ! rise ( ! m]cury indicates fro/4 ,9 fro/1 its fall indicates ?aw1 & its rise indicates sn[4 #c;d4 ,:atev] *ange 9 ! wea!r sudd5ly foll[s a *ange 9 ! b>omet]1 may be expect$ to la/ b a %ort "t4 #d?4 ,if fair wea!r cont9ues = sev]al days1 dur+ :i* ! m]cury cont9ually falls1 a long succession ( f\l wea!r w probably ensue2 & aga91 if f\l wea!r cont9ues = sev]al days1 :ile ! m]cury cont9ually rises1 a long succession ( fair wea!r w probably foll[4 #e?4 ,a fluctuat+ & unsettl$ /ate ( ! m]curial column indicates *angeable wea!r4 ,z ! b>omet] is subject to slight diurnal v>iations1 irrespective ( ^? atmosph]ic *anges :i* affect ! wea!r1 x is desirable 9 mak+ comp>ative obs]vations to d s at fix$ h\rs ( ! day4 ,n9e or t5 9 ! morn+ & same h\r 9 ! ev5+ are good times = obs]vations t are to be record$4 ,^! are ab\t ! h\rs ( daily maxima or highe/ read+s due to regul> diurnal v>iation4 ,! true read+ ( ! b>omet] is ! height at :i* x w\ld /& if plac$ at ! level ( ! sea at high tide2 b1 z b>omet]s are always plac$ m or less above ?is level1 a correction = elevation is necess>y4 ,:5 ! height ( ! place is kn[n ?is correction may be made by add+ "o t5? ( an in* to ! actual read+ = e #he feet ( elevation up to #eaj feet2 ! same = e #ij feet betwe5 #eaj & #aadj feet1 = e #ie feet betwe5 #aadj & #aijj feet1 & = e #ajj feet above ?is & )9 our m\nta9 limits4 ,?is simple & easy rule is suffici5tly accurate = practical purposes4 ,?us1 a b>omet] on ,bray ,head1 or any place #hjj feet above ! sea1 w\ld require a correction ( six-t5?s = ! fir/ #eaj feet1 & a little m ?an ?ree-t5?s m = ! rema9+ #bij feet4 ,!re=e1 if su* a b>omet] regi/]$ ! pressure at #bi-a_/aj1 ! prop] sea-level read+ w\ld be a little above #cj in*es4 ,! mo/ important progno/ications ( ! b>omet] are ^? af=d$ by :at is call$ ! 8b>ometric gradi5t or incl9e10 %[+ ! up-hill & d[n-hill direction ( ! atmosph]ic inequalities2 b ?is c only be asc]ta9$ by comp>+ ! /ate ( ! b>omet] at diff]5t /ations at ! same "t4 ,?us1 if ! b>omet] is "o-f\r? ( an in* high] at ,dubl9 ?an at ,galway1 & ! int]m$iate /ations %[ int]m$iate heights1 !re mu/ be an atmosph]ic d[n-hill gradi5t f ,dubl9 to ,galway2 ,dubl9 mu/ be "u ! upp] & ,galway "u ! l[] portion ( a great atmosph]ic wave or curr5t4 ,x is evid5t t :5 !re is ?us m air ov] ,dubl9 ?an ov] ,galway1 !re mu/ foll[ 7if no?+ else int]f]es7 a fl[ ( air f ,dubl9 t[>ds ,galway4 ,x is also evid5t t1 9 ord] to tell :at else may int]f]e1 we mu/ "k ! atmosph]ic gradi5ts beyond & ar\nd bo? ,dubl9 & ,galway1 & = consid]able di/ances4 ,we are n[ beg9n+ to obta9 su* in=mation by organiz+ meteorological /ations & obs]vatories1 & transmitt+ ! results ( simultane\s obs]vations by means ( ! electric telegraph to c]ta9 head-qu>t]s4 ,! subject is occupy+ mu* att5tion1 & ! manag]s ( ^? spl5did monum5ts ( ,briti% en]gy--our daily newspap]s--are publi%+ daily wea!r *>ts1 & !re=e a few simple explanations ( ! orig91 nature1 & significance ( su* *>ts w d\btless be appreciat$ by our read]s4 ,! gr& mod]n improvem5t ( ! b>omet]1 ! !rmomet]1 ! anemomet]1 ! pluviomet]1 etc41 is t ( mak+ !m 8self-regi/]+40 ,we are told t ,cadmus inv5t$ ! art ( writ+1 & we honor 8 memory accord+ly4 ,b he v5tur$ no fur!r ?an tea*+ human be+s to write4 ,mod]n meteorologi/s h gone mu* fur!r2 !y h taught ! w9ds & ! ra9s & ! subtle heav+s ( ! invisible air to keep _! own di>ies1 to write _! own hi/ories on pap] t is laid be=e !m1 ) p5cils t are plac$ 9 _! fle%less1 boneless1 & %apeless f+]s4 ,?is a*ievem5t is wr\ght by comp>atively simple means4 ,! pap] is w\nd ^u an upright drum or cyl9d]1 & ?is cyl9d] is made to revolve by clock-"w1 9 su* a mann] t a c]ta9 bread? travels on dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is bread? ( pap] is divid$ by v]tical l9es into tw5ty-f\r p>ts1 ea* ( :i* passes onw>d 9 "o h\r4 ,connect$ ) ! b>omet] is a p5cil :i*1 by means ( a spr+1 presses lightly ^u ! revolv+ %eet1 & ?is p5cil1 :ile ?us press+1 rises & falls ) ! m]cury4 ,x is obvi\s t1 9 ?is mann]1 a l9e w be drawn z ! pap] moves4 ,if ! m]cury is /ation>y1 ! l9e w be horizontal--only indicat+ ! movem5t ( ! drum2 if ! m]cury falls1 ! l9e w slope d[nw>ds2 if x rises1 x w incl9e upw>ds4 ,by rul+ horizontal l9es ^u ! pap]1 repres5t+ in*es1 t5?s1 & small] fractions1 if desir$1 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! b>ometrical movem5ts w be graphically record$ by ! wav+ or zigzag l9es ?us drawn by ! atmosph]e itself4 ,! subjo9$ copy ( ! ,daily ,telegraph ,b>omet] ,*>t repres5ts1 on a small scale1 a f\r days' hi/ory ( b>ometrical movem5ts3 ,! l>ge figures at ! side 7#bi & #cj7 repres5t in*es2 ! small] figures t5?s ( in*es4 ,illu/ration ,! pressure ( ! w9d is simil>ly pictur$ by means ( a l>ge vane :i* turns ) ! w9d1 & to ! w9dw>d face ( :i* a flat bo>d or plate ( metal1 "o foot squ>e1 is atta*$ p]p5dicul>ly4 ,z ! w9d /rikes ?is x presses aga9/ x ) a =ce correspond+ to a c]ta9 numb] ( p\nds1 ounces1 & fractions ( an ounce4 ,a spr+ l t ( an ord9>y spr+ lett]-balance is compress$ 9 proportion to ?is pressure4 ,?is movem5t ( ! spr+ is transmitt$ me*anically to ano!r p5cil l ! above describ$1 work+ aga9/ ! same drum2 ?us ano!r hi/ory is writt5 on ! same pap]--! horizontal l9es n[ repres5t+ fractions ( p\nds ( pressure1 in/ead ( fractions ( in*es ( m]cury4 ,x has be5 f\nd t if a semi-globul> cup ( ?9 metal is expos$ to ! w9d1 ! pressure ^u ! r\nd or convex side ( ! hemisph]e is equal to two ?irds ( t ^u ! holl[ or concave side4 ,by plac+ f\r su* cups ^u cross-arms1 & ! arms on a pivot1 ! w9d1 f :atev] qu>t] x may come1 w always bl[ !m r\nd ) _! convex faces =emo/2 & !y w move ) "o ?ird ( ! actual velocity ( ! w9d4 ,by a simple clock-"w arrangem5t1 ^! arms move ano!r p5cil1 9 su* a mann] t x /rikes ! pap] hamm]-fa%ion e "t ! w9d has complet$ a j\rney ( "o mile1 or o!r giv5 di/ance2 & ?us a s]ies ( dots ^u ! revolv+ pap] records ! velocity ( ! w9d accord+ to _! di/ances ap>t4 ,z ! pressure ( ! w9d is gov]n$ by two factors1 viz41 ! d5sity & velocity ( ! mov+ air1 ! relations betwe5 ! b>omet] curve1 ! pressure curve1 & ! velocity dots1 are v int]e/+4 ,! direction ( ! w9d is writt5 by a p5cil fix$ to a quick worm--a screw-?read ^u ! axis ( ! vane4 ,z ! vane turns r\nd--,n41 ,e41 ,s41 or ,w4--x screws ! p5cil up or d[n1 & ?us ! horizontal l9es fir/ describ$ z regi/]+ t5?s ( in*es ( b>ometric pressure d duty z %[+ ! po9ts ( ! compass f :i* ! w9d is bl[+2 &1 by ref]5ce to ! zigzag l9e drawn by ?is p5cil ( ! w9d1 its direction at any p>ticul> "t ( day may be asc]ta9$ z c]tifi$ by its own sign-manual4 ,! w9d-gauge is call$ an anemomet]4 ,connect$ ) ?is is ! pluviomet]1 or ra9-gauge--an upright vessel ) an op5 m\? ( measur$ area--say #ajj squ>e in*es4 ,?is receives ! ra9 t falls4 ,by means ( a pipe ! wat] is convey$ to a vessel hav+ a surface (--say "o squ>e in*4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 :5 suffici5t ra9 has fall5 to cov] ! surface ( ! e>? to ! dep? ( "o hundr$? ( an in*1 ! little vessel bel[ w conta9 wat] "o in* 9 dep?4 ,by balanc+ ?is vessel at ! end ( a long arm1 x is made to prepond]ate gradually z ! weight ( wat] x receives increases1 & f9ally1 :5 fill$1 x tips ov] altoge!r1 empties itself1 & !n rises to its />t+ place 9 equilibrium4 ,to ! o!r end ( ?is arm a p5cil is atta*$1 :i* inscribes all ^! movem5ts on ! revolv+ pap]1 & ?us tells ! hi/ory ( ! ra9fall4 ,! l9e is zigzag :ile ! ra9 is fall+1 & horizontal :ile ! wea!r is fair4 ,! am\nt ( incl9ation ( ! zigzag l9e measures ! dep? ( ra9 by means ( ! same rul$ l9es on ! pap] z measure ! height ( ! b>omet]1 etc4 ,e "t ! measur+ vessel tips ov] a p]p5dicul> l9e is drawn1 & ! p5cil resumes its />t+ level4 ,! pap]s conta9+ ^! autographs ( ! elem5ts may1 ( c\rse1 be kept z p]man5t records = ref]5ce :5ev] ne$$1 or ! results may be tabulat$ 9 o!r =ms4 ,!re are _m modifications 9 ! details ( ^! self-regi/]+ in/rum5ts4 ,9 "s ( !m photography is made to d a "p ( ! "w4 ,! above description indicates ! ma9 pr9ciples ( _! con/ruction1 )\t attempt+ to ent] ^u m9ute details4 ,meteorological obs]vatories are provid$ ) ^! in/rum5ts1 & all nations wor?y ( ! "n ( civiliz$ co-op]ate ) m or less effici5cy 9 provid+ & end[+ su* e/abli%m5ts4 ,!y are plac$ 9 suitable localities1 & communicate ) ea* o!r1 & ) c]ta9 head-qu>t]s1 by means ( ! electric telegraph4 ,"o ( ^! head-qu>t]s is ! ,meteorological ,(fice1 at ,no4 #aaf ,victoria ,/reet1 ,we/m9/]1 ,s4,w41 :i* daily receives ! results ( ! obs]vations tak5 at ab\t fifty /ations on ! ,briti% ,isl&s & ! ,cont95t4 ,! *ief obs]vations are made simultane\sly--at #h ,a4,m4--& telegraph$ 9 cyph] to ,london1 :]e !y usually arrive be=e #aj ,a4,m4 ,z !y come 9 !y are m>k$ d[n 9 _! prop] places ^u a l>ge *>t1 & :5 ?is *>t is suffici5tly complet$1 a cond5s$ or ab/ract copy is made conta9+ z mu* in=mation z may be includ$ 9 ! small newspap] *>ts4 ,?is is copi$ me*anically on a r$uc$ scale on a slab on :i* ! outl9e *>t has be5 already engrav$4 ,?is engrav+ complet$1 ca/s are made 9 fusible metal ) ! black l9es 9 relief1 = pr9t+ ) ord9>y type1 & ! ca/s are set up ) ! ord9>y newspap] types1 & pr9t$ ) ! lett]press matt]4 ,! engrav+s ov]leaf are tak5 f two ( ! newspap] wea!r *>ts = ! dates ( ,octob] #e? & #f?4 ,!y are enl>g$ & pr9t$ m cle>ly ?an ! orig9als1 ) an explanation ( signs at foot ( ! *>ts4 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 9 ! *>t = ,octob] #e?1 an isob> ( #bi4b runs up 9 a ,n4,e4 direction f betwe5 ! ,orkney & ,%etl& isl&s1 crosses ! ,nor? ,sea1 /rikes ! coa/ ( ,norway ne> ,b]g51 & !n proce$s onw>ds t[>ds ,?rondhjem4 ,an isob> ( #bi4e crosses ,scotl&1 foll[+ v ne>ly ! l9e ( ! ,grampians1 ent]s ! ,nor? ,sea ab\t ,ab]de51 & crosses to ,*ri/iansund2 !n runs up ! ,skag] ,rack & ,*ri/iania ,fjord t[>ds ,*ri/iania4 ,ano!r isob> ( #bi4h crosses ,irel& ?r\gh ,connaught to ,dubl91 onw>d across ,engl& by ,liv]pool & ! ,humb]1 ov] ! ,nor? ,sea1 & ?r\gh ,sleswig to ! ,baltic4 ,^! ?ree are ne>ly p>allel2 b n[ we f9d ano!r isob>--t ( #cj4b--tak+ q a diff]5t c\rse1 by />t+ f ! ,bay ( ,biscay ab\t ,nantes2 runn+ on t[>ds ,p>is & ,/rasb\rg1 & !n b5d+ %>p r\nd1 z ?\gh fright5$ by ! ,g]mans1 & retreat+ to ! ,gulf ( ,lyons by an opposite c\rse to t on :i* x />t$4 ,on ! foll[+ day all has *ang$2 ! nor!rn isob>s are runn+ d[n s\?-ea/w>ds in/ead ( nor?-ea/1 & are rem>kably p>allel4 ,9 ! left-h& upp] corn] ( ?is *>t is a note t 8our we/1 nor?1 & ea/]n coa/s 7 w>n$ ye/]day40 ,:y 0 ?is8 ,x 0 ma9ly because ! b>ometric gradi5t or incl9e 0 s /eep4 ,on ! #e? !re 0 "o in* ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,orkneys & ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 or betwe5 ,b]g5 & ,p>is1 :ile ! b>omet] 0 /ill fall+ 9 ,norway & at ! same mom5t ris+ 9 ,irel& & ,france4 ,on ! foll[+ day ^! movem5ts culm9at$ 9 a gradi5t ( #a4d--ne>ly "o & a half in*es--betwe5 ,cornwall & ! anci5t capital ( ,norway4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wea!r ,,*>t1 ,,octob] #e1 #ahge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wea!r ,,*>t1 ,,octob] #f1 #ahge4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,wea!r ,,*>t4 ,9 ^! *>ts ! /ate ( ! sea--:e!r 8r\gh10 8smoo?10 8mod]ate10 8slight10 etc41 is m>k$ 9 capital lett]s2 & ! /ate ( ! wea!r--z 8cle>10 8dull10 8cl\dy10 8%[]y10 etc41 9 small lett]s4 ,! direction ( ! w9d is indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,unlike ! arr[s ( a vane1 ^! d n po9t t[>ds ! direction f :i* ! w9d is com+1 b are fly+ arr[s repres5t$ z mov+ ) ! w9d1 & consequ5tly po9t+ to :]e ! w9d is go+4 ,! =ce ( ! w9d is repres5t$ 9 five degrees ( /r5g?4 #a/4 ,a calm1 by a horizontal l9e & z]o--#j ?us #j2 #bnd4 ,a light w9d1 by an arr[ ) "o b>b & no fea!rs 2 #crd4 ,a fre% to /rong breeze1 by an arr[ ) two b>bs & no fea!rs ------------2 #d?4 ,a gale1 by an arr[ ) two fea!rs ------------2 & #e?4 ,a viol5t gale1 by an arr[ ) f\r fea!rs ------------4 ,! temp]ature--9 ! %ade--is m>k$ 9 figures ) a small circle to ! "r1 indicat+ degrees--z #fj4 ,^! figures /& 9 ! places :]e ! obs]vations are made4 ,! o!r figures--usually ) decimals1 & plac$ at ! end ( ! dott$ l9es--give ! height ( ! b>omet]--! dott$ l9e %[+ :]e ?is p>ticul> height rema9$ ! same at ! "t ( obs]vation4 ,^! dott$ l9es are call$ 8isob>s10 or equal weights--! weight or ov]-head pressure ( ! atmosph]e be+ ! same all along ! l9e4 ,:at mu/ foll[ f ?is condition ( ! atmosph]e8 ,cle>ly a great fl[ or ru% ( air f ! s\? t[>ds ! comp>atively vacu\s regions ( ! nor?4 ,! gases ( our atmosph]e1 l ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 are always /ruggl+ to f9d _! level1 & !reby ! w9ds are produc$4 ,! air fl[s f all sides t[>ds ! l[e/ isob>4 ,b :at1 !n1 mu/ be ! c\rse ( ! w9d8 ,w x be 9 /raight l9es t[>ds ?is po9t8 ,if s1 a /range conflict mu/ result :5 all ^! curr5ts meet f opposite directions4 ,:at w foll[ f ?is conflict8 ,a skillful physici/ c "w out ?is problem ma!matically1 b we are n all ma!maticians1 "s ( u are n able to foll[ 8 =mul1 &1 !re=e1 w d bett] by resort+ to simple obs]vation ( o!r analog\s & famili> ph5om5a4 ,a funnel or any vessel ) a hole 9 ! bottom w answ] our purpose4 ,let u fill su* a vessel ) wat]1 !n op5 ! hole1 & see :at w be ! c\rse ( ! wat] :5 x is /ruggl+ to fl[ f all sides to ! "o po9t ( vacuity4 ,x w v soon e/abli% a vortex or :irlpool1 i4e41 ! wat] in/ead ( fl[+ directly by /raight l9es f ! sides to ! c5tre ( ! funnel1 w take a r\ndab\t1 spiral c\rse1 & ?us screw its way d[n ! outlet ( ! funnel4 ,?is is j :at occurs :5 ! air is ru%+ to fill a comp>atively vacu\s atmosph]ic space4 ,x moves 9 a spiral2 & 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e ?is spiral always turns 9 ! same way1 viz41 9 ! opposite direction to ! h&s ( a clock :5 fl[+ inw>ds1 & vice v]s1 or ) ! clock h&s1 :5 ! air is ov]fl[+ f a c5tre ( high pressure4 ,9 ! *>t = ,octob] #e? bo? ^! cases are illu/rat$4 ,nor? ( ,dubl9 !re is a curvature ( isob>s & an inru% ( w9ds t[>ds a nor?w>d l[ pressure1 or vacu\s region2 :ile s\? ( ,dubl9 ! isob> t5ds %>ply r\nd a high-pressure focus1 & ! ov]fl[+ w9d is correspond+ly rev]s$ 9 direction1 z %[n by ! arr[s4 ,! next *>t1 = ,octob] #f?1 %[s t ! ov]fl[ has spread nor?w>ds z f> z ,dubl91 & ! high-pressure focus has also mov$ nor?w>ds4 ,x foll[s f ?is t if y "k ! b>ometric gradi5t1 & /& ) y\r left h& to ! region ( l[ b>omet] & y\r "r h& to t ( ! high b>omet]1 ! w9d w bl[ aga9/ y\r back1 i4e41 y w face ! direction ( ! w9d1 or ( ^? fly+ arr[s on ! *>t4 ,?is int]e/+ & important g5]alization is call$ 8,buys ,ballot's ,law40 ,9 spite ( ! prov]bial fickl5ess ( ! w9ds ?is simple law is r>ely infr+$1 ?\gh x may require a slight modification ( /atem5t--inasmu* z ! w9d does n move 9 circles r\nd ! vacu\s space1 b 9 spirals1 & ?us x bl[s n q squ>e to ! back1 b r obliquely1 or a little on ! "r side4 ,?is is %[n by ! arr[s 9 ! *>ts1 & is mo/ /rik+ly display$ 9 ! *>t = ,octob] #f?1 betwe5 ! isob>s ( #cj4c & #cj4e4 ,to take1 9 ,irel&1 ! position requir$ by ,buys ,ballot's ,law1 "o mu/ h /ood fac+ ! ea/1 & accord+ly1 ! we/]ly w9d w\ld !n bl[ ^u "o's back4 ,9 ,p>is1 at ! same mom5t1 ! position w\ld be fac+ s\?-ea/1 & ! w9d 0 curv+ r\nd accord+ly4 ,fur!r s\?--at ,bordeaux or ! ,pyr5ees--! position becomes almo/ rev]s$1 i4e41 fac+ s\?-we/1 & ! w9d is rev]s$ 9 equal degree4 ,"h1 !n1 on ^! days we _h ! *ief conditions ( w9d & ra91 a /eep & increas+ b>ometric gradi5t1 & a fl[ ov] our isl&s ( humid air f ! s\? & we/ regions ( ! great ,atlantic4 ,/rong w9ds & heavy ra9s did foll[ accord+ly2 & ! prophetic w>n+s ( ! ,meteorological ,(fice1 :i* are convey$ by means ( signals display$ on prom95t p>ts ( ! coa/1 7 fulfill$4 ,mr4 ,scott1 ! ,director ( ! ,meteorological ,(fice1 tells u t 8,! degree ( success t has att5d$ our w>n+s 9 ^! isl&s1 on ! av]age ( ! la/ two ye>s1 has be5 t ov] #de p] c5t h be5 foll[$ by sev]e gales2 & ov] #cc p] c5t 9 addition h be5 foll[$ by w9d too /rong = fi%+-boats & ya*ts1 ?\gh 9 !mselves n sev]e gales2 ?is gives a total p]c5tage ( success ( ne>ly #hj40 ,9 w9t] ! movem5ts ( ! air are m decid$1 & ! *anges are (t5 s rapid t ! w>n+ sometimes comes too late4 ,) increas$ means--i4e41 m money to cov] additional "w1 & m /ations--bett] results might be obta9$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates exp5d #ej1jjjl4 a ye> 9 wea!r telegraphy1 exclusive ( sal>ies1 :ile ! ,unit$ ,k+dom only devotes #c1jjjl4 a ye> to ! same purpose4 ,! difficulties on our side ( ! ,atlantic are great] ?an on ! ,am]ican coa/s1 on acc\nt ( ! great] *angeabl5ess ( our wea!r--ma9ly due to ! m irregul> di/ribution ( l& & wat] on ?is side4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( disc\rag+ national ef=t1 %\ld be reg>d$ z a reason = increas+ x4 ,! great] ! *anges1 ! great] is ! ne$ = w>n+s1 & ! great] ! difficulty ! great] %\ld be ! ef=t4 ,) our multitude ( coa/gu>d /ations & naval m5 )\t employm5t1 we ought to surpass all ! _w 9 su* a "w z ?is4 ,^? among our read]s :o are suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 ?is subject to devote a little "t to x1 may make a v int]e/+ wea!r scrap-book by cutt+ out ! newspap] *>t = ea* day1 pa/+ x 9 a suitable album1 & app5d+ _! own rem>ks on ! wea!r at ! date ( publication1 i4e4 ! day aft] ! *>t obs]vations are made4 ,su* an album w\ld be f> m int]e/+ ?an ! po/age /amp & monogram albums t are s abundant4 ,p>5ts :o desire _! *ildr5 to acquire habits ( sy/ematic obs]vation1 & to cultivate an intellig5t int]e/ 9 natural ph5om5a1 w d well to supply su* albums to _! sons or daught]s1 & to h& ov] to !m ! daily pap] = ?is purpose4 ,! ,meteorological ,(fice supplies by po/ copies ( 8,daily ,wea!r ,reports0 to any subscrib] :o pays five %ill+s p] qu>t] 9 advance2 su* subscriptions payable to ,robt4 ,h4 ,scott1 ,esq41 ,director ,meteorological ,(fice1 #aaf ,victoria ,/reet1 ,we/m9/]1 ,s4,w4 ,^! daily reports are pr9t$ on a l>ge d\ble %eet1 on "o half ( :i* are f\r *>ts1 repres5t+ sep>ately ! f\r records :i* are includ$ 9 ! "o small] newspap] *>t--viz41 ^? ( ! b>omet]1 ! !rmomet]1 ! ra9-gauge1 & ! anemomet]4 ,on ! o!r half ( ! %eet is a detail$ sep>ate tabul> /atem5t ( ! results ( obs]vations made at ! foll[+ /ations3 ,hap>&a ,h]ns& ,/ockholm ,wisby ,*ri/iansund ,skudesnaes ,ox 7,*ri/iansund7 ,skag5 7,! ,skaw7 ,fan ,cuxhav5 ,sumburgh ,head ,/orn[ay ,?urso ,wick ,nairn ,ab]de5 ,lei? ,%ields ,york ,sc>bor\gh ,nott+ham ,ardrossan ,gre5ca/le ,donaghadee ,k+/[n ,holyhead ,liv]pool ,val5cia ,ro*e's ,po9t ,pembroke ,porti%ead ,scilly ,plym\? ,hur/ ,ca/le ,dov] ,london ,ox=d ,cambridge ,y>m\? ,! ,held] ,cape ,griznez ,bre/ ,l',ori5t ,ro*e=t ,bi>ritz ,corunna ,brussels ,*>leville ,p>is ,lyons ,t\lon ,on ,w9ds & ,curr5ts1 f ! ,admiralty ,physical ,atlas4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e ! effect ( ! ve]+ ( ! w9d on ! b>omet] is accord+ to ! foll[+ law3 ,) ,ea/1 ,s\?-ea/1 & ,s\? w9ds1 ! b>omet] falls4 ,) ,s\?-we/ w9ds1 ! b>omet] ceases to fall & beg9s to rise4 ,) ,we/1 ,nor?-we/1 & ,nor? w9ds1 ! b>omet] rises4 ,) ,nor?-ea/ w9ds1 ! b>omet] ceases to rise & beg9s to fall4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e ! !rmomet] rises ) ,ea/1 ,s\?-ea/1 & ,s\? w9ds2 ) a ,s\?-we/ w9d x ceases to rise & beg9s to fall2 x falls ) ,we/1 ,nor?-we/1 & ,nor? w9ds2 & ) a ,nor?-ea/ w9d x ceases to fall & beg9s to rise4 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,bog ,,reclamation4 ,! mode ( proce$+ = ! reclamation ( bog-l& at ,kylemore is fir/ to remove ! excess ( wat] by 8! big dra9 & ! second>y dra9s10 :i* mu/ be cut deep en\gh to g "r d[n to ! gravel bel[4 ,^! are supplem5t$ by ! 8%eep dra9s10 or surface-dra9s1 :i* are ab\t tw5ty in*es wide at top1 & n>r[ d[nw>ds to six in*es at bottom4 ,!y run p>allel to ea* o!r1 ) a space ( ab\t t5 y>ds betwe51 & co/ "o p5ny p] six y>ds4 ,?is fir/ /ep hav+ be5 made1 ! bog is left = two ye>s1 dur+ :i* x dra9s1 consolidates1 & s9ks some:at4 ,if ! bog is deep1 ! turf1 :i* has n[ become valuable by consolidation1 %\ld be cut4 ,aft] ?is x is left ab\t two ye>s long]1 ) ! dra9s /ill op54 ,!n ! dra9s are cle>$ & deep5$1 & a w$ge-%ap$ sod1 too wide to rea* ! bottom1 is ramm$ 9 s z to leave bel[ x a p]man5t tubul> cov]$ dra91 :i* is ?us made )\t ! aid ( any tiles or o!r outside mat]ial4 ,! dra9age is n[ complet$1 & ! surface prep>$ = ! important op]ation ( dress+ ) lime1 :i*1 z ! p expressively say1 8boils ! bog10 & conv]ts x into a soil suitable = direct agricultural op]ations4 ,potatoes & turnips may n[ be set 9 8lazy b$0 ridges4 ,mr4 ,mit*ell ,h5ry says1 8,good h]bage w gr[ on ! bog ?us treat$2 b z mu* z possible %\ld at once be put into root-crops1 ) f>m-y>d manure = potatoes & turnips4 ,! m lime y give ! bett] w be y\r crop2 & treat$ ?us !re is no d\bt t ev5 dur+ ! fir/ ye> l& s reclaim$ w yield remun]ative crops40 ,& fur!r1 t 8aft] be+ brok5 up a second "t ! l& mat]ially improves1 & becomes d\bly valuable40 ,also t he has no d\bt t 8all bog-l&s may be ?us reclaim$1 b x is uphill "w1 & n remun]ative to attempt ! reclamation ( bogs t are m ?an f\r feet 9 dep?40 ,!re is ano!r & a simpl] me?od ( deal+ ) bogs--viz41 sett+ !m into n>r[ ridges2 cutt+ broad tr5*es betwe5 ! ridges2 pil+ ! turf cut out f ^! tr5*es into little heaps a few feet ap>t1 burn+ !m1 & spread+ ! a%es ov] ! ridges4 ,?is is r l>gely practic$ on ! coa/ ( ,donegal1 9 conjunction ) sea-we$ manur+1 & is prohibit$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,irel& z prejudicial to ! int]e/s ( ! l&lord4 ,we %all n[ proce$ to ! philosophy ( ^! processes4 ,fir/1 ! dra9age4 ,ev]ybody 9 ,irel& kn[s t ! bog holds wat] l a sponge1 & 9 su* quantities t ord9>y vegetation is rott$ by ! excess ( moi/ure4 ,!re is good reason to believe t ! anci5t =e/s1 :i* once occupi$ ! sites ( mo/ ( ! ,iri% bogs1 7 9 "s cases de/roy$ by ! rott+ ( _! /ems & roots 9 ! excess ( vegetable soil =m$ by g5]ations ^u g5]ations ( fall5 leaves1 :i*1 9 a humid climate l t ( ,irel&1 c\ld nev] become dra9$ or air-dri$4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,!re is rott+ & rott+4 ,:5 ! rott+ ( vegetable matt] goes on "u c]ta9 conditions x is highly favorable to ! gr[? ( o!r vegetation1 ev5 ( ! vegetation ( ! same k9d ( plants z ^? supply+ ! rott+ mat]ial4 ,?us1 rott5 & rott+ /raw is a good manure = :eat2 & ! mod]n sci5tific v9e-gr[] c>efully places ! dress+ ( 8 v9es ab\t _! roots1 9 ord] t !y may rot1 & supply ! necess>y salts = future gr[?4 ,! same applies g5]ally2 rott+ cabbage-leaves supply ! be/ ( manure = cabbages2 rott+ rhub>b-leaves = rhub>b2 rose-leaves = rose-trees2 & s on ?r\gh\t ! vegetable k+dom4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld ! bog-rott+ be s exceptionally malignant8 ,z ,i am n aw>e t any answ] has be5 giv5 to ?is "q1 ,i w v5ture ^u "o ( my own4 ,x appe>s to be ma9ly due to ! excess ( moi/ure prev5t+ t sl[ combu/ion ( vegetable c>bon :i* occurs :]ev] vegetable matt] is heap$ toge!r & slightly moi/5$4 ,we see ?is go+ on 9 /eam+ dung-hills2 9 hayricks t h be5 /ack$ :5 imp]fectly dri$2 9 ! spontane\s combu/ion ( damp cotton 9 ! holds ( %ips1 & 9 factories :]e cotton-wa/e has be5 c>elessly heap$2 & 9 cucumb]-frames & ! o!r 8hot-b$s0 ( ! g>d5]4 ,9 ord9>y soils ?is combu/ion goes on m sl[ly1 b no less effectively1 ?an 9 ^! cases4 ,9 do+ s x ma9ta9s a c]ta9 degree ( w>m? ab\t ! roots ( ! plants t gr[ !re1 & gradually sets free ! soluble salts :i* ! rott+ vegetables conta91 & supplies !m to ! gr[+ plants z manure1 at ! same "t =m+ ! humus s ess5tial to vegetation4 ,a great excess ( wat]1 su* z sodd5s ! bog1 prev5ts ?is1 & also c>ries away any small quantity ( soluble nutriti\s salts ! soil may conta94 ,?us1 in/ead ( be+ w>m$ & n\ri%$ by slight humidity1 & consequ5t oxidation1 ! bog soil is *ill$ & />v$ by excess ( wat]4 ,! absolute necessity ( ! fir/ op]ation--t ( dra9age--is ?us r5d]$ obvi\s2 & ,i suspect t ! ne$ ( f\r ye>s' re/1 ^u :i* ,mr4 ,mac,alister insi/s1 is someh[ connect$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( sl[ combu/ion t accompanies & p>tially causes ! consolidation ( ! bog4 ,i h n yet _h an opportunity ( te/+ ?is by ins]t+ !rmomet]s 9 bogs "u diff]5t conditions1 b hope to d s4 ,! lim+ next dem&s explanation4 ,mr4 ,h5ry says t 8x leaves ! soil sweet5$ by ! neutralization ( its acids40 ,9 ord] to te/ ?is !ory ,i h dige/$ 7i4e41 soak$7 v>i\s samples ( turf cut f ,iri% bogs 9 di/ill$ wat]1 filt]$ (f ! wat]1 & exam9$ x4 ,i f9d t :5 ?is soak+ has gone f> en\gh to give ! wat] a color+ simil> to t :i* /&s 9 ord9>y bogs1 ! acidity is v decid$--q suffici5tly s to ju/ify ?is neutralization !ory z a p>tial explanation4 ,!re is little reason to d\bt t ! lime is fur!r effective 9 enri*+ ! soil2 or1 9 ! case ( pure bogs1 t x =ms ! soil by dis9tegrat+ & decompos+ ! fibr\s vegetable matt]1 & ?us r5d]+ x capable ( assimilation by ! crops4 ,ano!r effect :i* ! lime mu/ produce is ! lib]ation ( free ammonia f any fix$ salts t may exi/ 9 ! bog4 ,! bog-burn+ me?od ( reclamation is easily expla9$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! excessive vegetable encumbrance is r$uc$ 9 quantity1 & ! rema9+ a%es supply ! surface ( ! bog on :i* !y re/ ) ! non-volatile salts t orig9ally exi/$ 9 ! burnt portions ( ! bog4 ,9 o!r words1 !y conc5trate 9 a small space ! salts t 7 =m]ly di/ribut$ too sp>sely ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! turf :i* 0 burnt4 ,z !re are great diff]5ces 9 ! composition ( diff]5t bogs1 especially 9 ?is matt] ( m9]al a%1 x is evid5t t ! success ( ?is me?od mu/ be v v>iable1 accord+ to ! locality4 ,on discuss+ ?is me?od ) ,mr4 ,mac,alister 7,mr4 ,h5ry's /ew>d1 "u ^: sup]9t5d5ce ^! reclamation works are c>ri$ out71 he in=m$ me t ! bogs on ! ,kylemore e/ate yield a v small am\nt ( a%--a m]e impalpable p[d] t a light brea? might bl[ away2 t x 0 practically valueless1 except+ f ! turf tak5 at ne>ly ! base ( ! bog4 ,! a% ,i exam9$ :]e ! bog-burn+ is ext5sively practic$ 9 ,donegal1 0 q diff]5t f ?is4 ,! quantity 0 f> great]1 & its sub/ance m granul> & gritty4 ,x1 9 fact1 =m$ an important /ratum1 :5 spread ov] ! surface ( ! ridges4 ,^! diff]5ces ( composition may acc\nt = ! diff]5ces ( op9ion & practice :i* prevail 9 diff]5t di/ricts4 ,x af=ds a f> m rational explanation ?an ! assumption t all su* contradictions arise f local /upidities4 ,!re is "o evil1 h[ev]1 :i* is common to all bog-burn+ z comp>$ ) lim+--x mu/ wa/e ! ammoniacal salts1 z !y are volatile1 & are driv5 away into ! air by ! heat ( combu/ion4 ,somebody may get !m :5 ! ra9 wa%es !m d[n to ! e>?'s surface aga92 b ! burn] himself obta9s a v small %>e 9 ?is way4 ,we may !re=e conclude t :]e lime is ne> at h&1 bog-burn+ is a rude & wa/eful1 a vici\sly indol5t mode ( reclamation4 ,x is only desirable :]e lime/one is s di/ant t ! exp5se ( c>riage r5d]s lime practically unatta9able1 & :]e ! bog itself is ri* 9 m9]al matt]1 & s deep & di/ant f a fuel dem&1 t x may be burn$ to wa/e )\t any practical sacrifice4 ,"u su* conditions x may be bett] to burn ! bog ?an leave x 9 hopeless & wor?less desolation4 ,i _c conclude )\t aga9 adv]t+ to ! importance ( ?is subject1 & affirm+ ) ! utmo/ emphasis1 t ! true ,iri% patriot is n ! political orator1 b he :o by practical ef=ts1 ei!r z capitali/1 labor]1 or tea*]1 promotes ! reclamation ( ! soil ( ,irel&1 or o!rwise develops ! sadly neglect$ natural res\rces ( ! c\ntry4 ,) ,mr4 ,mit*ell ,h5ry's p]mission ,i app5d to ! above 8 own description ( ! results ( 8 exp]im5t1 orig9ally communicat$ 9 a lett] to ! ,times2 at ! same "t ?ank+ him = 8 k9d reception ( a /rang] at ,kylemore ,ca/le1 & ! facilities he af=d$ me = /udy+ ! subject on ! spot4 8,! int]e/+ acc\nt y lately publi%$ ( ! ext5sive reclamations ( ,8 ,grace ! ,duke ( ,su!rl&1 "u ! title ( #8,an ,agricultural ,exp]im5t1' has be5 copi$ into v _m newspap]s1 & mu/ h af=d$ a welcome relief to ?\s&s ( read]s glad to turn = a "t f ! t]rible n>ratives t come to u f ! ea/4 ,if y w all[ me1 ,i %\ld l to supplem5t y\r n>rative by a rapid sket* ( :at has be5 done "h dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 on a mu* humbl] scale1 9 ! case ( l& simil>1 & "s ( x almo/ id5tical1 ) t 9 ,su!rl&%ire4 8,! twelve corps d'arme "u ! ,duke's comm&1 9 ! %ape ( ! twelve /eam-eng9es & _! pl\ghs1 engag$ 9 subdu+ ! /ubborn resi/ance ( ! unreclaim$ wilds ( ,su!rl&%ire1 sugge/ to ! m9d ! triumphs ( great w>riors1 & fill u ) admiration--n always excit$ by ! details ( great battle2 b1 z great battles c be f\ght seldom1 & only by gigantic armies & at prodigi\s exp5se1 s reclamation on su* a scale is f> beyond ! opportunities or ! means ( mo/ ( u2 :ile _m may1 p]haps1 be enc\rag$ to attempt "w simil> to t :i* has be5 successfully c>ri$ out "h4 8,&1 fir/ ( all1 a ^w z to ! all-important matt] ( co/4 ,does x pay8 8,includ+ f>m-build+s & roads1 ! reclamations "h h co/ on an av]age #acl4 an acre1 :i*1 at #e p] c5t1 means an annual r5t-*>ge ( #acs41 to :i* is to be add$ a sum ( f #as4 to #cs41 ! full annual value ( ! unreclaim$ l&4 ,x is obvi\s t if we />t ) an outlay ( #cjl4 plus ! #as4 to #cs4 ( orig9al r5t1 su* an am\nt w\ld usually be f\nd prohibitory2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 excell5t pr(its may be made if ! exp5diture is s kept d[n t ! annual r5t is n m ?an f #aes4 to #ahs4 p] acre4 ,be=e ent]+ into fur!r details1 let me say t ,i claim no cr$it = orig9ality 9 :at has be5 done4 ,! l has be5 effect$ on num]\s prop]ties 9 ,irel& 9 bygone days1 & is daily be+ c>ri$ out by ! pati5t husb&man :o ye> by ye> ) 8 spade reclaims a little bit f ! m\nta9 side4 ,& y mu/ all[ me emphatically to say t :at has be5 done "h economically & well w\ld n h be5 done except = ! prud5ce1 pati5ce1 & ?\ghtful m9d ( my /ew>d1 ,ar*ibald ,mac,alister1 a ,c\nty ,antrim man1 desc5d$ f "o ( ! race ( ,highl& ,ca?olic ,scot* settl]s1 :o h peopl$ ! nor? ( ,irel& & add$ s mu* to its prosp]ity4 8,! ,pass ( ,kylemore1 9 :i* ,i live1 is und\bt$ly favorably situat$ = reclamation1 = !re is b little v deep bog1 & !re is abundance ( lime/one4 ,9 =m] ages x mu/ h be5 an e/u>y ( ! sea1 ) a riv] fl[+ ?r\gh x1 n[ repres5t$ by a *a9 ( lakes & ! small rapid riv] ,d[ris4 ,! subsoil is s&1 gravel1 & s*i/ rock1 ) peat ( v>i\s dep?s gr[n ^u x4 ,z by ! elevation ( ! l& ! sea long ages ago 0 driv5 back1 ! mossy gr[? ( peat comm5c$1 foll[$ by p9e & yew trees1 ( :i* ! trunks & roots are abundantly f\nd2 b1 except ov] a space ( ab\t #djj acres1 e tree t =m]ly clo!d ! hillsides has be5 cut d[n or has totally disappe>$4 ,! g5]al result is t we h a pass sev]al miles long1 b\nd$ on ! nor? & s\? by a *a9 ( rugg$ m\nta9s ( "s #aejj or #ahjj feet 9 height1 :ile ! ea/ is block$ up by a picturesque *a9 runn+ nor? & s\?1 & sep>at+ ! ,joyce c\ntry f ,connem>a prop]1 ! we/ be+ op5 to ! ,atlantic4 ,! well-kn[n ,kill]y ,bay1 or ,fiord1 w\ld1 ,i d\bt n1 pres5t an exact resemblance to ,kylemore if ! sea1 :i* n[ fl[s up to its head1 7 driv5 out4 ,!re are miles ( simil> c\ntry 9 ,irel&1 wait+ only = ! indu/ry ( man1 :]e1 z "h1 !re exi/ ext5sive /ret*es ( undulat+ esk]s1 cov]$ ) hea!r gr[+ on ! light clay1 ) a basis ( gravel or s&4 8,a consid]able diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 ! reclamation ( ! flat p>ts1 :]e ! bog is pretty deep1 & ! hillsides1 :]e !re is little or no bog4 ,yet x is to be rememb]$ t bog is no?+ m ?an vegetable matt] 9 a /ate ( p>tial decomposition1 & hold+ wat] l a sponge4 ,! fir/ ?+ is to remove ! wat] by dra9s1 "s ( :i*--t is1 ! big dra9 & ! second>y dra9s--mu/ g "r d[n to ! gravel bel[2 b ! o!r dra9s--call$ %eep-dra9s--ne$ n1 &1 inde$1 mu/ n be cut s deep4 ,! dra9s are cut w$ge-%ape by :at are call$ ,scot* tools1 :i* employ ?ree m5--two to cut & "o to hook out ! sods2 & all t is requisite to =m a p]man5t dra9 is to replace ! w$ge-%ap$ sod1 & ram x d[n betwe5 ! walls ( ! dra91 :]e x consolidates & =ms a tube :i* w rema9 op5 = an indef9ite numb] ( ye>s4 ,we h !m "h z good z new1 made tw5ty-five ye>s ago2 & at ,*at ,moss1 9 ,lanca%ire1 !y are mu* old]4 ,aft] l& has be5 ?us dra9$--b n too mu* dra9$1 or x w become dry turf--! surface beg9s to s9k2 :at 0 tumid settles d[n1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s ! l& itself becomes depress$ on ! surface & mu* consolidat$4 ,next x is to be dug by spade-labor or pl\gh$4 ,we use ox5 l>gely = ?is purpose1 &1 /range to say1 ! be/ work]s we f9d to be a cross ) ! ,ald]ney1 ! result be+ a light1 wiry little animal1 :i* goes gayly ov] ! gr\nd1 is easy to fe$1 & is v tractable4 ,! ox5 are tra9$ by ! old wood5 neck-yoke2 b1 :5 well brok51 "w 9 coll>s1 :i* seem m easy to !m4 ,horses on v s(t l& "w well 9 wood5 patt5s4 ,aft] ! l& has be5 brok5 up1 a good dress+ ( lime is to be appli$ to x1 & ?is1 9 ! expressive language ( ! p "h1 #8boils ! bog'--t is1 ! lime causes ! vegetable matt]1 =m]ly half decompos$1 to become conv]t$ into excell5t manure4 ,?is leaves ! soil sweet5$ by ! neutralization ( its acids1 & 9 a condition pretty easily brok5 up by ! *a9-h>r[2 or1 :at is bett] /ill1 by ,r&all's ,am]ican revolv+ h>r[4 8,good h]bage w gr[ on bog ?us treat$1 b z mu* z possible %\ld at once be put into root-crops1 ) f>my>d manure = potatoes & turnips4 ,! m lime y give ! bett] w be y\r crop1 &1 treat$ ?us1 !re is no d\bt t ev5 dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 l& s reclaim$ w yield remun]ative crops4 ,p ask1 #8,b w n ! :ole ?+ g back to bog8' ,( c\rse x w if n kept "u prop] rotation1 :i* we f9d to be "o ( five ye>s--namely1 roots foll[$ by oats1 laid d[n ) clov] & grass se$1 :i* rema9s = two ye>s4 ,aft] be+ brok5 up a second "t1 ! l& mat]ially improves & becomes d\bly valuable4 ,i h no d\bt t all bog-l&s may be ?us reclaim$1 b x is up-hill "w & n remun]ative to attempt ! reclamation ( bogs t are m ?an f\r feet 9 dep?4 8,& "h ,i w make a rem>k z to ! effects ( dra9age 9 a wet c\ntry4 ,by no means does ! :ole effect result f rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! soil2 !re is some?+ else z important1 & t is ! supply ( ammonia1 br\ght d[n f ! skies 9 ! ra91 :i*1 ) o!r f]tiliz+ matt]1 is caught1 deta9$1 & absorb$ 9 ! soil4 ,a well-dra9$ field becomes1 9 fact1 j l a wat]-mead[ ov] :i* a riv] fl[s = a "p ( a ye>2 & ?us ! v wetness ( ! climate may be made to r$uce ! supply ( ammoniacal manures1 s exp5sive to buy4 8,! por\s1 well-dra9$ soil c>ries quickly (f ! sup]flu\s moi/ure1 :ile ! ammonia is absorb$ by ! roots & leaves ( ! plants4 ,an excessive bill = ammoniacal manures has be5 ! ru9 ( _m a f>m]2 & our aim 9 ,irel& %\ld be to secure good crops by ?or\gh dra9age & con/ant /irr+ ( ! soil1 )\t mu* outlay = conc5trat$ manures4 ,at ! same "t ,i ought to rem>k t we h gr[n excell5t potatoes by us+ #el4 wor? p] acre ( sup]phosphate & nitrate ( soda 9 cases 9 :i* our f>my>d manure has fall5 %ort4 8,! reclamation ( m\nta9-l& z di/+ui%$ f bog-l& c be/ be illu/rat$ by a record ( :at has be5 accompli%$ on two f>ms "h4 ,?ree ye>s ago ! leases ( two upl& f>ms fell 91 & ,i took !m into my own h&s4 ,! fir/ consi/s ( #fjj acres1 "o-half a ne>ly level flat ( deepi% bog runn+ alongside ! riv]1 ! o!r half moor hea?1 :i* ) difficulty support$ a few %eep & cattle4 8,!re _h nev] be5 any build+s on ?is l&1 nor _h a spade ev] be5 put into x2 & ! t5ant1 be+ unable to pay 8 r5t ( #ael4 a ye> = ! #fjj acres1 0 glad to give x up = a mod]ate consid]ation4 ,! fir/ ?+ accompli%$ 0 to f5ce & dra9 ?or\ghly z be=e describ$1 & ! be/ half ( ! l& 0 !n divid$ into =ty-acre fields4 ,exactly n[ two ye>s ago--on ,septemb] #ae?--a little cottage & a /able = a pair ( horses & a pair ( bullocks 0 complet$ & t5ant$ by two m5 & a boy4 ,!y pl\gh$ all ! week & came home on ,saturdays to draw _! supply ( food & fodd] = ! ensu+ sev5 days1 ?us approximat+ v ne>ly to ! position ( settl]s 9 a new c\ntry4 ,we lim$ all ! l& we c\ld1 manur$ "p ( x ) seawe$ & "p ) ! f>m manure made by ! horses & ox5 :i* 7 at "w1 & cropp$ ) roots su* z turnips & potatoes4 ,a good portion we s[$ ) oats out ( ! lea1 b ! mo/ satisfactory crop we f\nd to be rape & grasses mix$1 = on ! be/ ( ! l& !y =m at once an excell5t p]man5t pa/ure4 ,we h n[ _h two crops f ?is l&2 & ,i v5ture to say t ! ?irte5 /acks ( oats & hay ga!r$ 9 9 good condition1 & ! turnips & roots n[ gr[+1 :i* are n excell$ 9 ! c\nty ,galway--except ^? ( ,"l ,clanc>ty at ,ball9asloe1 :o has gr[n #aaj tons ( turnips to ! ,iri% acre1 equal to upw>ds ( #fh tons to ! acre "h--pres5t a picture mo/ gratify+ & *e]+ 9 e way4 8,! second f>m1 ( #bdj acres1 :i* adjo9s ?is1 _h a good build+ on x2 b1 hav+ be5 let on lease at ab\t #ajs4 an acre to a l>ge grazi] ^: /ock-9-trade 0 a horse1 a saddle1 & a pair ( %e>s1 _h n be5 cultivat$ or improv$4 8,simil> proce$+s on ?is f>m h produc$ simil> results2 &1 if n[ let 9 ! m>ket1 ,i h no d\bt t aft] two ye>s ( good treatm5t ^! f>ms w\ld be let at #bjs4 an acre1 & ,i d n despair ( d\bl+ ?is figure 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 8,! exact weight ( ! turnip crop ?is season is1 on raw bog1 dra9$1 lim$1 & cropp$ ?is ye> = ! fir/ "t1 #bd tons p] acre2 manure1 seawe$4 ,on l& pl\gh$ b n cropp$1 la/ ye> #bc tons2 mix$ m9]al manure4 ,on l& f :i* a crop ( oats _h previ\sly be5 tak51 #bi tons2 manure1 f>my>d1 ) #c cwt4 p] acre m9]al manure4 8,la/ ye> my excell5t /ew>d1 ,mr4 ,mac,alister1 visit$ ! ,duke ( ,su!rl&'s reclamations 9 ,scotl&1 & 0 k9dly & hospitably receiv$4 ,he f\nd ! l& & ! proc$ure adopt$ almo/ id5tical1 ) ! conviction t ox5 & horses w suit u bett] at ! pres5t "t ?an /eam culture1 *iefly on ! score ( economy4 ,he also visit$ ! ,bridgewat] ,e/ate at ,*at ,moss1 ne> ,man*e/]1 :]e s mu* has be5 done to br+ ! deep peat into cultivation1 & he f\nd ! sy/em t has be5 foll[$ !re = s _m ye>s to be l t describ$ above1 m>l1 h[ev]1 be+ us$ 9 ! place ( lime40 ,at ! "t ( my visit to ,kylemore ! hay crops 7 d[n & p>tly c>ri$ on ! reclaim$ bog-l& above describ$4 ,! contra/ ( its luxuriance ) ! d>k & dre>y desolation ( ! _m e/ates ,i _h se5 dur+ ?ree summ]s' w&]+s ?r\gh ,irel& add$ fur!r pro( ( ! infamy ( ! majority ( ,iri% l&lords1 by %[+ :at ,irel& w\ld h be5 _h !y done _! duty4 ,,a]ial ,,exploration ,,( ,,! ,,arctic ,,regions4 ,on our own hemisph]e1 & sep>at$ f our own coa/s by only a few days' j\rney on our own elem5t1 !re rema9s a blank circle ( unexplor$ c\ntry above #hjj miles 9 diamet]4 ,we h tri$ to cross x1 & h n succe$$4 ,no?+ fur!r ne$ be said 9 reply to ^? :o ask1 8,:y %\ld we />t ano!r ,arctic ,exp$ition80 ,! records ( previ\s attempts to p5etrate ?is area ( geographical my/]y prove ! exi/5ce ( a =midable b>ri] ( m\nta9\s l&1 fr+$ by fjords or inlets1 l ^? ( ,norway1 "s ( :i* may be op51 ?\gh mu* contract$ nor?w>d1 l ! ,ve/fjord t lies betwe5 ! ,l(od5 ,isl&s & ! ma9l& ( ,sc&9avia4 ,! majority evid5tly run inl& l ! ord9>y ,norwegian fjords or ! ,scot* fir?s1 & t]m9ate 9 l& valleys t cont9ue upw>ds to fjeld regions1 or elevat$ humpy l& :i* acts z a cond5s] to ! vapor-lad5 air cont9ually fl[+ t[>ds ! ,pole f ! w>m] regions ( ! e>?1 & return+ 9 l[] /reams :5 cool$4 ,! va/ quantities ( wat] ?us cond5s$ fall ^u ^! hills & table l&s z sn[ cry/als4 ,:at becomes ( ?is ev]la/+ deposit8 ,unlike ! wat] t ra9s on temp]ate hill-sides1 x _c all fl[ d[n to ! sea z torr5ts & liquid riv]s1 b x does come d[n nev]!less1 or long ere ?is x w\ld h rea*$ ! highe/ cl\ds4 ,x desc5ds ma9ly z glaci]s1 :i* creep d[n sl[ly1 b /eadily & irresi/ibly1 fill+ up ! valleys on _! way2 & /ret*+ outw>ds into ! fjords & *annels1 :i* !y block up ) _! cleft & *asm$ cry/all9e angul> masses t /ill creep outw>d to ! sea until !y float1 & break (f or 8calve0 z m\nta9\s iceb]gs & small] masses ( ice4 ,^! accumulations ( ice ?us =m$ on l& con/itute ! *ief ob/ructions t b> ! *annels & inlets fr++ ! unkn[n ,pol> area4 ,! glaci] fragm5ts above describ$ are cem5t$ toge!r 9 ! w9t] "t by ! freez+ ( ! wat] betwe5 !m4 ,an op5 froz5 sea1 pure & simple1 in/ead ( =m+ a b>ri] to arctic exploration1 w\ld supply a mo/ desirable highway4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t1 because ! liquid ocean is ruffl$ by ripples1 waves1 & bill[s1 a froz5 sea w\ld h a simil> surface4 ,! freez+ ( su* a surface c\ld only />t at ! calme/ int]vals1 & ! ice w\ld %ield ! wat] f ! action ( ! wave-mak+ w9d1 & su* a sea w\ld become a *>m+ skat+ r9k1 l ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia1 ! ,sw$i% & ,norwegian lakes1 & c]ta9 fjords1 :i*1 9 ! w9t] "t1 become natural ice-pav$ highways1 (f]+ incomp>able facilities = rapid locomotion4 ,9 spite ( ! d>kness & ! cold1 w9t] is ! travel+ season 9 ,sw$5 & ,lapl&4 ,! di/ance t c be made 9 a giv5 "t 9 summ] ) a :eel$ vehicle on well-made po/ roads c be cov]$ 9 half ! "t 9 a pulk or re9de] sl$ge drawn ov] ! froz5 lakes4 ,f ,spitzb]g5 to ! ,pole w\ld be an easy run ( five or six days if no?+ b a simply froz5 sea /ood betwe5 !m4 ,?is prim>y physical fact1 t arctic navigators h n be5 /opp$ by a m]ely froz5 sea1 b by a comb9ation ( glaci] fragm5ts ) ! froz5 wat] ( bays1 & creeks1 & fjords1 %\ld be bett] und]/ood ?an x is at pres5t2 = :5 x is und]/ood1 ! popul> & fallaci\s notion t ! difficulties ( arctic progress are m]ely dep5d5t on latitude1 & mu/ !re=e increase ) latitude1 explodes4 ,x is ! physical configuration ( ! fr++ zone ( ! arctic regions1 n its m]e latitude1 t b>s ! way to ! ,pole4 ,i put ?is 9 italics because s mu* dep5ds ^u x--,i may say t all dep5ds ^u x--= if ?is b>ri] c be scal$ at any "p we may come ^u a region z easily trav]s$ z t "p ( ! ,arctic ,ocean ly+ betwe5 ! ,nor? ,cape & ,spitzb]g51 :i* is regul>ly navigat$ e summ] by h>dy ,norsem5 9 little sail+ sloops ( #cj to #dj tons burd51 & only six or eight pair ( h&s on bo>d2 or by ov]l& travel+ z easily z ! ,arctic w9t] j\rney betwe5 ,tornea & ,alt54 ,?is trip ov] ! sn[-cov]$ m\nta9s is done 9 five or six days1 at ! latt] end ( e ,novemb]1 by /reams ( visitors to ! fair at ,alt51 9 latitude #gj1 #c degrees ,n4 ( ! ,arctic circle2 its di/ance1 #dcj miles1 is j ab\t equal to t :i* /&s betwe5 ! ,nor? ,pole & ! nor!rnmo/ rea* ( our previ\s ,arctic exp$itions4 ,"o or ! o!r ( ! above-nam$ conditions1 or an enclos$ froz5 ,pol> ocean1 is :at probably exi/s beyond ! brok5 fjord b>ri] hi!rto explor$2 a cont9uation ( su* a b>ri] is1 9 fact1 almo/ a physical impossibility2 & !re=e ! ,pole w be ultimately rea*$1 n by a repetition ( su* we>y /ruggles z ^? :i* end$ 9 ! v ha/y retreat ( our la/ exp$ition1 b by a b\nd across ab\t #djj miles ( op5 or froz5 ,pol> ocean1 or a rapid sl$ge-run ov] sn[-pav$ fields l ^? s m]rily trav]s$ 9 ,arctic ,norway by fe/ive bond]s & _! families on _! way to ,yule-"t danc+ p>ties4 ,ref]5ce to a map ( ! circumpol> regions1 or1 bett]1 to a globe1 w %[ t ! cont95ts ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica surr\nd ! ,pole1 & hang1 z x 71 d[nw>ds or s\?w>ds f a latitude ( #gj & upw>ds4 ,!re is b "o wide outlet = ! accumulations ( ,pol> ice1 & t is betwe5 ,norway & ,gre5l&1 ) ,icel& /&+ ne>ly midway4 ,davis's & ,behr+'s ,/raits are ! n>r[] op5+s2 ! fir/ may be only a fjord1 r ?an an outlet4 ,! ice-block1 or cr[d+ toge!r & heap+ up ( ! glaci] fragm5ts & bay ice1 is ?us expla9$4 ,attempts ( two k9ds h be5 made to scale ?is icy b>ri]4 ,%ips h sail$ nor?w>ds1 ?read+ a dang]\s c\rse betwe5 ! float+ iceb]gs 9 ! summ]1 & becom+ fa/ b\nd 9 w9t]1 :5 ! n>r[ spaces ( bracki% wat] ly+ betwe5 ^! masses ( l& ice become froz51 & ! 8ice-foot0 cl++ to ! %ore /ret*es out seaw>d to meet t on ! opposite side ( ! fjord or *annel4 ,! second me?od1 usually adopt$ z supplem5t>y to ! fir/1 is t ( dragg+ sl$ges ov] ^! glacial accumulations4 ,! pitiful rate ( progress ?us atta9able is %[n by ! record ( ! la/ attempt1 :5 ,comm&] ,m>kham a*iev$ ab\t "o mile p] day1 & ! labor ( do+ ?is 0 ne>ly fatal to 8 m54 ,any t\ri/ :o has cross$ or asc5d$ an ,alp9e glaci] ) only a knapsack to c>ry1 c und]/& ! difficulty ( dragg+ a c>tload ( provisions1 etc41 ov] su* accumulations ( iceb]g fragm5ts & ( sea-ice squeez$ & crumbl$ up betwe5 !m4 ,x is evid5t t we mu/ ei!r f9d a natural brea* 9 ?is ,arctic b>ri] or devise "s o!r means ( scal+ x4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ef=ts has be5 l>gely discuss$ by ! advocates ( rival r\tes4 ,i w n g into ?is "q at pres5t1 b only consid] ! alt]native to all l& r\tes & all wat] r\tes1 viz43 t by ! o!r available elem5t--an a]ial r\te--z propos$ to be attempt$ 9 ! new ,arctic exp$ition project$ by ,comm&] ,*eyne1 & :i* he is det]m9$ to practically c>ry out1 provid$ 8 own c\ntrym51 or1 fail+ !m1 o!rs m wor?y1 w assi/ him ) ! necess>y means ( do+ s4 ,to rea* ! ,pole f ! nor!rnmo/ po9t already atta9$ by our %ips dem&s a j\rney ( ab\t #djj miles1 ! di/ance betwe5 ,london & ,ed9burgh4 ,) a favorable w9d1 a balloon w d ?is 9 a few h\rs1 ,on ,novemb] #bg1 #ahgj1 ,capta9 ,roh] desc5d$ ne> ,ly/huus1 9 ,hitt]dal 7,norway71 9 ! balloon 8,ville d',orleans10 hav+ made ! j\rney f ,p>is 9 fifte5 h\rs4 ,! di/ance cov]$ 0 ab\t #ijj miles1 m ?an d\ble ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,pole & ! accessible %ores ( ,gre5l&4 ,on ,novemb] #g1 #ahcf1 ,messrs4 ,holl&1 ,mason1 & ,gre5 asc5d$ f ,vauxhall ,g>d5s1 at #a4cj ,p4,m41 ) a mod]ate breeze1 & desc5d$ eighte5 h\rs aft]w>ds 89 ! ,du*y ( ,nassau1 ab\t two leagues f ! t[n ( ,weilburg10 ! di/ance 9 a direct l9e be+ ab\t #ejj miles4 ,a simil> j\rney to ?is w\ld c>ry ,comm&] ,*eyne f 8 %ip to ! ,nor? ,pole1 or !reab\ts1 :ile a fre% breeze l t enjoy$ by ,capta9 ,roh] w\ld1 9 ! same "t1 c>ry him cle> across ! :ole ( ! circumpol> area to ! neighborhood ( ,spitzb]g51 & two or ?ree h\rs m ( simil> proce$+ w\ld l& him 9 ,sib]ia or ,f9l&1 or ev5 on ! %ores ( ,arctic ,norway1 :]e he c\ld take ! ,vads or ,hamm]fe/ packet to meet "o ( ,wilson's l9]s at ,trondhjem or ,b]g51 & ?us get f ! ,nor? ,pole to ,london 9 t5 days4 ,le/ any ( my read]s %\ld ?9k t ,i am writ+ ?is at r&om1 ,i w supply ! p>ticul>s4 ,i h be=e me ! 8,norges ,communication]0 = ! pres5t summ] season ( #ahhj4 ,twice e week a pass5g] excursion /eam packet sails r\nd ! ,nor? ,cape ea* way1 call+ at no less ?an tw5ty /ations on ?is ,arctic face ( ,europe to l& & emb>k pass5g]s & goods4 ,by tak+ t :i* /ops at ,gjesva] 7an isl& ne> ! foot ( ! ,nor? ,cape7 on ,saturday1 or t :i* />ts f ,hamm]fe/ on ,sunday morn+1 ,trondhjem is rea*$ on ,?ursday1 & ,wilson's l9]1 ! 8,tasso10 />ts on ! same day = ,hull1 8av]age passage sev5ty h\rs40 ,?us ,hamm]fe/1 ! nor!rnmo/ t[n 9 ! _w1 is n[ b eight days f ,london1 includ+ a day's /op at ,troms1 ! capital ( ,lapl&1 :i* is ab\t #c degrees ,n4 ( ! ,arctic circle1 & )9 a week ( ,london4 ,at ,capta9 ,roh]'s rate ( travel+ ,troms w\ld be b tw5ty-?ree h\rs f ! ,pole4 ,^! figures are1 ( c\rse1 only /at$ z possibilities on ! supposition t all ! conditions %\ld be favorable1 b by no means z probable4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! probabilities & ! am\nt ( risk t w att5d an attempt to rea* ! ,pole by an a]ial r\te8 ,i h consid]$ ! subject c>efully1 & discuss$ x ) _m p2 ! result ( su* reflection & conv]sation is a conviction t ! preval5t popul> e/imate ( ! dang]s ( ,comm&] ,*eyne's project extravagantly exagg]ates !m on almo/ all cont+5cies4 ,i d n affirm t !re is no risk1 or t ! attempt %\ld be made ) only our pres5t practical k ( ! subject1 b ,i d v5ture to ma9ta9 t1 aft] mak+ prop] prelim9>y practical inve/igations at home1 a judici\sly conduct$ a]o/atic da% = ! ,pole w be f> less dang]\s ?an ! ,african explorations ( ,liv+/one1 ,/anley1 & o!rs t h be5 accompli%$ & are propos$4 ,& fur!r1 t a long balloon j\rney />t+ 9 summ]-"t f ,smi?'s ,s\nd1 or o!r suitable ,arctic /ation1 w\ld be less dang]\s ?an a correspond+ "o />t$ f ,london2 t x w\ld involve less risk ?an 0 incurr$ by ,messrs4 ,holl&1 ,mason1 & ,gre51 :5 !y travel$ f ,vauxhall ,g>d5s to ,nassau4 ,! ?ree pr9cipal dang]s att5d+ su* a balloon j\rney are3 #a/4 ,! v>iability ( ! w9d4 #b;d4 ,! risk ( be+ bl[n out ab\t ! op5 ocean beyond ! rea* ( l&4 #c;d4 ,! utt] helplessness ( ! a]onaut dur+ all ! h\rs ( d>kness4 ,i w consid] ^! s]iatim 9 ref]5ce to ,arctic balloon+ v]sus ,vauxhall or ,cry/al ,palace balloon+4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ dang]1 ,vauxhall & ,syd5ham are 9 a position ( special disadvantage1 & all ! ideas we ,engli%m5 may d]ive f our home balloon+ exp]i5ce mu/ t5d to exagg]ate our common e/imate ( ?is dang]1 inasmu* z we are 9 ! mid/ ( ! region ( v>iable w9ds1 & h a notori\sly unc]ta9 climate1 due to ?is local exagg]ation ( ! v>iability ( atmosph]ic movem5ts4 ,if in/ead ( ly+ betwe5 ! latitudes ( #ej & #fj1 :]e ! ,n4,e4 ,pol> w9ds j come 9 collision ) ! ,s4,w4 tropical curr5ts1 & !reby effect our national atmosph]ic /ir-ab\t1 we 7 locat$ betwe5 #aj & #cj 7:]e ! ,can>y ,isl&s are1 = example71 our notions on ! subject ( balloon travel+ w\ld be curi\sly diff]5t4 ,! /eadily bl[+ trade-w9d w\ld long ere ?is h l$ u to e/abli% balloon mails to ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & balloon pass5g] expresses = ! b5efit ( fa/-go+ p or luxuri\s victims ( sea-sickness4 ,to cross ! ,atlantic--?ree ?\s& miles--9 =ty-eight h\rs1 w\ld be att5d$ ) no o!r difficulty ?an ! co/ ( ! gas1 & t ( ! return c>riage ( ! empty balloon4 ,x is our exceptional meteorological position t has g5]at$ ! popul> expression 8z unc]ta9 z ! w9d40 ,we are 9 ! v c5tre ( ! region ( meteorological unc]ta9ties1 & _c g f>1 ei!r nor?w>d or s\?w>d1 )\t ent]+ a zone ( great] atmosph]ic regul>ity1 :]e ! direction ( ! w9d at a giv5 season may be pr$ict$ ) m reliability ?an at home4 ,! atmosph]ic movem5ts 9 ! ,arctic regions appe> to be rem>kably regul> & g5tle dur+ ! summ] & w9t] mon?s1 & irregul> & boi/]\s 9 spr+ & autumn4 ,a w>m upp] curr5t fl[s f ! tropics t[>ds ! ,pole1 & a cold l[] "o f ! ,arctic circle t[>ds ! equator4 ,comm&] ,*eyne1 :o has practical exp]i5ce ( ^! ,arctic exp$itions1 & has kept an elaborate log ( ! w9d1 etc41 :i* he has %[n me1 believes t1 by ! aid ( pilot balloons to indicate ! curr5ts at v>i\s heights1 & by avail+ himself ( ^! curr5ts1 he may rea* ! ,pole & return to 8 %ip1 or s ne> z to be able to rea* x by travel+ ov] ! ice 9 light sl$ges t w be c>ri$ = t purpose4 ,9 mak+ any e/imate ( ! risk ( ,arctic a]o/ation1 we mu/ bani% f our m9ds ! preconceptions induc$ by our ,briti% exp]i5ce ( ! unc]ta9ties ( ! w9d1 & only consid] ! atmosph]ic actualities ( ! ,pol> regions1 s f> z we "k !m4 ,let u n[ consid] ! second dang]1 viz41 t ( be+ bl[n out to sea & !re rema9+ until ! leakage ( gas has de/roy$ ! asc5d+ p[] ( ! balloon1 or till ! /ock ( food is consum$4 ,a glance at a map ( ! _w w %[ h[ mu* small] is ! dang] to ! a]onaut :o />ts f ! head ( ,baff9's ,bay ?an t :i* 0 incurr$ by ^? :o />t$ f ,vauxhall 9 ! ,nassau balloon1 or by ,capta9 ,roh]1 :o />t$ f ,p>is4 ,bo? ( ^! _h ! :ole bread? ( ! ,atlantic on ! ,w4 & ,s4,w41 & ! ,nor? ,sea & ,arctic ,ocean ,n4 & ,n4,e4 ,! ,arctic balloon1 />t+ f ,smi?'s ,s\nd or !reab\ts1 ) a w9d f ! ,s\? 7& )\t su* a w9d ! />t w\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be made71 w\ld1 if ! w9d cont9u$ 9 ! same direction1 rea* ! ,pole 9 a few h\rs2 9 sev5 or eight h\rs at ,roh]'s spe$2 9 f\rte5 or fifte5 h\rs at ! av]age rate made by ! ,nassau balloon 9 a 8mod]ate breeze40 ,n[ look aga9 at ! map & see :at surr\nds !m4 ,simply ! cont95ts ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica1 by :i* ! circumpol> area is ne>ly l&-lock$1 ) only two outlets1 t betwe5 ,norway & ,gre5l& on "o side1 & ! n>r[ *annel ( ,behr+'s ,/raits on ! o!r4 ,! wid] ( ^! is brok5 by ,spitzb]g5 & ,icel&1 bo? inhabit$ isl&s1 :]e a balloon may desc5d & ! a]onauts be hospitably receiv$4 ,tak+ ! #cfj degrees ( ! zone betwe5 ! #gj? p>allel ( latitude & ! ,arctic circle1 #cbj are l&-lock$ & only #dj op5 to ! sea2 !re=e ! *ances ( com+ ^u l& at any "o "p ( ?is zone is z #cbj to #dj2 b ) a *oice ( po9ts = desc5t su* z ! a]onauts w\ld h unless ! w9d blew precisely d[n ! axis ( ! op5+1 ! *ances w\ld be f> great]4 ,if ! w9d cont9u$ z at />t+1 !y w\ld be bl[n to ,f9l&2 a we/]ly deflection w\ld l& !m 9 ,sib]ia1 ea/]ly 9 ,norway2 a /rong ,e4 w9d at ! lat] /age ( ! trip w\ld bl[ !m back to ,gre5l&4 ,9 all ! above ,i h suppos$ ! a]onauts to be q helpless1 m]ely drift+ at r&om ) t portion ( ! atmosph]e 9 :i* !y happ5$ to be imm]s$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ne$ n be ! case4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits !y h a *oice ( w9ds1 ow+ to ! preval5ce ( upp] & l[] curr5ts bl[+ 9 diff]5t & ev5 9 opposite directions4 ,suppose1 = example1 !y f9d !mselves ,n4 ( ,spitzb]g51 :]e 8,p>ry's fur!/0 is m>k$ on "s ( our maps1 & t ! w9d is f ! ,n4,e41 bl[+ !m t[>ds ! ,atlantic op5+4 ,!y w\ld !n asc5d or desc5d 9 se>* ( a due ,n4 or ,n4 by ,w4 w9d t w\ld bl[ !m to ,norway1 or ,w4,n4,w4 to ,f9l&1 or ,n4,w4 to ,sib]ia1 or due ,e4 back to ,gre5l&1 f :5ce !y might rejo9 _! %ips4 ,"o or o!r ( ^! w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly be f\nd4 ,a little may be done 9 /e]+ a balloon1 b s v little t small reliance %\ld be plac$ ^u x4 ,only 9 a v light w9d w\ld x h a s5sible effect1 ?\gh 9 case ( a 8ne> %ave0 betwe5 l&+1 say at ! ,l(od5s or ,icel&1 & be+ bl[n out to sea1 x might j save !m4 ,z already /at$1 ,comm&] ,*eyne believes 9 ! possibility ( return+ to ! %ip1 & bases 8 belief on ! exp]im5ts he made f w9t] qu>t]s 9 ,nor?umb]l& ,s\nd1 :]e he inflat$ f\r balloons1 atta*$ to !m proportionately diff]5t weights1 & s5t !m up simultane\sly4 ,!y 7 borne by div]se curr5ts ( air 9 f\r diff]5t directions accord+ to ! diff]5t altitudes1 viz41 ,n4,w41 ,n4,e41 ,s4,e41 & ,s4,w41 8?us prov+ t 9 ?is case balloons c\ld be s5t 9 any requir$ direction by asc5d+ to ! requisite altitude4 ,! w> balloon exp]im5ts at ,woolwi* af=d a practical confirmation ( ?is important feature 9 a]o/ation40 ,*eyne proposes t "o at lea/ ( ! ?ree balloons %all be a rov] to cross ! unkn[n area1 & has be5 call$ a madman = sugge/+ ?is m]ely z an alt]native or second>y r\te4 ,i am /ill m lunatic1 = ,i /rongly hold ! op9ion t ! easie/ way = him to return to 8 %ip w be to drift rapidly across to ! fir/ available inhabit$ l&1 !nce come to ,engl&1 & sail 9 ano!r %ip to rejo9 8 messmates2 c>ry+ ) him 8 bird's-eye *>t1 t w demon/rate once = all ! possibility or impossibility ( circumnavigat+ ,gre5l&1 or ( sail+1 or sl$g+1 or walk+ to ! ,pole4 ,! wor/ dilemma w\ld be t pres5t$ by a dead calm1 & x is n improbable t ar\nd ! ,pole !re may be a region ( calms simil> to t ab\t ! ,equator4 ,!n ! fea!r-paddle or o!r locomotive device work$ by man-p[] w\ld be indisp5sable4 ,bett] data ?an we at pres5t possess are ne$$ 9 ord] to tell accurately :at may ?us be done4 ,putt+ v>i\s e/imates "o aga9/ ! o!r1 x appe>s likely t five miles an h\r may be made4 ,tak+ turn & turn ab\t1 two or ?ree a]onauts c\ld ?us travel fully #ajj miles p] day1 & return f ! ,pole to ! %ip 9 less ?an five days4 ,or take ! improbable case ( a circul> w9d bl[+ r\nd ! ,pole1 z "s h imag9$4 ,?is w\ld simply dem& ! work+ ( ! paddle always nor?w>ds 9 go+ to ! ,pole1 & always s\?w>ds 9 return+4 ,! resultant w\ld be a spiral c\rse w9d+ inw>ds 9 ! fir/ case1 & outw>ds 9 ! second4 ,! nor?w>d or s\?w>d progress w\ld be j ! same z 9 a calm if ! w9d 7 truly conc5tric to ! ,pole4 ,"s r\gh approximation to su* curr5ts may exi/1 & might be dealt ) on ?is pr9ciple4 ,let u n[ consid] ! ?ird dang]1 t ( ! d>kness4 ,! s]i\sness ( ?is may be inf]r$ f ! foll[+ description ( ! j\rney ( ! ,nassau balloon1 publi%$ at ! "t3 8,x seem$ to ! a]onauts z if !y 7 cleav+ _! way ?r\gh an int]m9able mass ( black m>ble 9 :i* !y 7 imb$d$1 & :i*1 solid a few in*es be=e !m1 seem$ to s(t5 z !y approa*$ 9 ord] to admit !m /ill fur!r )9 its cold & dusky enclosure4 ,9 ?is way !y proce$$ bl9dly1 z x may well be call$1 until ab\t #c4cj ,a4,m41 :5 9 ! mid/ ( ! imp5etrable d>kness & pr(\nd /illness an unusual explosion issu$ f ! ma*9e above1 foll[$ by a viol5t ru/l+ ( ! silk1 & all ! signs :i* might be suppos$ to accompany ! bur/+ ( ! balloon4 ,! c> 0 viol5tly %ak54 ,a second & a ?ird explosion foll[$ 9 quick succession4 ,! dang] seem$ imm$iate1 :5 sudd5ly ! balloon recov]$ h] usual =m & /illness4 ,^! al>m+ symptoms seem$ to h be5 produc$ by collaps+ ( ! balloon "u ! dim9i%$ temp]ature ( ! upp] regions aft] sunset1 & ! silk =m+ into folds "u ! nett+4 ,n[1 :5 ! guide rope in=m$ ! voyag]s t ! balloon 0 too ne> ! e>?1 balla/ 0 ?r[n out1 & ! balloon ris+ rapidly into a ?9n] air exp]i5c$ a dim9ution ( pressure1 & consequ5t expansion ( ! gas4 8,! cold dur+ ! night rang$ f a few degrees bel[ to ! freez+ po9t4 ,z morn+ advanc$ ! ru%+ ( wat]s 0 he>d1 & s little 7 ! a]onauts aw>e ( ! c\rse :i* !y _h be5 pursu+ dur+ ! night1 t !y suppos$ !mselves to h be5 ?r[n back ^u ! %ores ( ! ,g]man ,ocean1 or ab\t to ent] ! ,baltic1 :]eas !y 7 actually ov] ! ,rh9e1 n f> f ,cobl5tz40 ,all ?is bl9d drift+ = h\rs1 dur+ :i* ! balloon may be c>ri$ out to sea1 & opportunities ( safe desc5t may be lo/1 is av]t$ 9 an ,arctic balloon voyage1 :i* w\ld be made 9 ! summ]1 :5 ! sun nev] sets4 ,!re ne$ be no break 9 ! survey ( ! gr\nd pass$ ov]1 no difficulty 9 prick+ ^u a *>t ! c\rse tak5 & ! pres5t position at any mom5t4 ,) an horizon ( #ej to #ajj miles' radius ! approa* ( su* a dang] z drift+ to ! op5 ocean w\ld be p]ceiv$ 9 ample "t = desc5t1 & z a glance at ! map w %[1 ?is dang] _c occur until rea*+ ! latitudes ( inhabit$ regions4 ,! ,arctic a]onauts w h ano!r great advantage ov] ^? :o asc5d f any "p ( ,engl&4 ,!y c freely avail !mselves ( ,mr4 ,gre5's simple b mo/ important practical inv5tion--! drag-rope4 ,?is is a long & r heavy rope trail+ on ! gr\nd4 ,x p]=ms two important functions4 ,fir/1 x *ecks ! progress ( ! balloon1 caus+ x to move less rapidly ?an ! air 9 :i* x is imm]s$4 ,! a]onaut ?us gets a slight breeze equival5t to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! velocity ( ! w9d & t ( ! balloon's progress4 ,he may use ?is z a fulcrum to effect a modicum ( /e]age4 ,! second & /ill m important use ( ! drag-rope is ! v great economy ( balla/ x a*ieves4 ,suppose ! rope to be #ajjj feet long1 its weight equal to #a lb4 = e t5 feet1 & ! balloon to h an asc5d+ p[] ( #ej lbs4 ,x is evid5t t "u ^! conditions ! balloon w reta9 a con/ant elevation ( #ejj feet above ! gr\nd bel[ x1 & t #ejj feet ( rope w trail ^u ! gr\nd4 ,?us1 if a m\nta9 is rea*$ no balla/ ne$ be ?r[n away 9 ord] to cle> ! summit1 z ! balloon w always lift its #ejj feet ( rope1 & ?us always rise ) ! up-slope & desc5d ) ! d[n-slope ( hill & dale4 ,! full use ( ?is simple & valuable adjunct to a]ial travel+ is prev5t$ 9 su* a c\ntry z ours by ! damage x might d bel[1 & ! temptation x af=ds to mis*iev\s idiots ne> :om x may pass4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _m conv]sations ) v>i\s p on ?is subject ,i h be5 surpris$ at ! numb] ( educat$ m5 & wom5 :o h anticipat$ ) some?+ l a %udd] ! t]rible cold to :i* ! poor a]onauts w be expos$4 ,?is popul> delusion :i* pictures ! ,arctic regions z ! abode ( p]petual freez+1 is s preval5t & g5]al1 t "s explanation is dem&$4 ,! special *>act]i/ic ( ,arctic climate is a cold & long w9t] & a %ort & hot summ]4 ,! w9t] is int5sely cold simply because ! sun nev] %9es1 & ! summ] is v hot because ! sun is always above ! horizon1 &1 unless hidd5 by cl\ds or mi/1 is cont9ually %9+4 ,! summ] heat ( ,sib]ia is int5se1 & ! vegetable proportionately luxuriant4 ,i h walk$ ov] a few ?\s& miles 9 ! sunny ,s\?1 b nev] 0 m oppress$ ) ! heat ?an 9 walk+ up ! ,tromsdal to visit an encampm5t ( ,lapl&]s 9 ! summ] ( #ahef4 ,on ! #ag? ,july ,i not$ ! temp]ature on bo>d ! /eam packet :5 we 7 ab\t ?ree degrees nor? ( ! ,arctic circle4 ,x /ood at #gg well %ad$ 9 a saloon "u ! deck2 x 0 #ib 9 ! 8rk lug>10 a little smok+ saloon built on deck2 & #ajh 9 ! sun on deck4 ,?is 0 out at sea1 :]e ! heat 0 less oppressive ?an on %ore4 ,! summ]s ( ,arctic ,norway are v v>iable on acc\nt ( ! occasional preval5ce ( mi/y wea!r4 ,! balloon w\ld be above mu* ( ! mi/1 & w\ld probably enjoy a m equable temp]ature dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs ?an 9 any "p ( ! _w :]e ! sun sets at night4 ,i am aw>e t ! above is n 9 accordance ) ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,arctic explor]s :o h summ]$ 9 su* places z ,smi?'s ,s\nd4 ,i am n[ ab\t to p]petrate some?+ l a h]esy by ma9ta9+ t ! summ] climate !re exp]i5c$ by ^! explor]s is q exceptional1 is n due to ! latitude1 b to causes t h hi!rto escap$ ! notice ( ! explor]s !mselves & ( physical geograph]s g5]ally4 ,! foll[+ explanation w probably r5d] my view ( ?is subject intelligible3 ,z already /at$1 ! b>ri] fr+e t has /opp$ ! progress ( ,arctic explor]s is a brok5 m\nta9\s %ore d[n :i* is p\r+ a multitude ( glaci]s into ! sea4 ,! ice ( ^! glaci]s is1 ( c\rse1 fre%-wat] ice4 ,n[1 we "k t :5 ice is mix$ ) salt wat] we obta9 :at is call$ 8a freez+ mixture0--a r$uction ( temp]ature f> bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 due to ! absorption ( heat by ! liquefaction ( ! ice4 ,?us ! heat ( ! cont9u\sly %9+ summ] sun at ?is p>ticul> "p ( ! ,arctic region is cont9u\sly absorb$ by ?is p[]ful action1 & a sev]ity q exceptional is !reby produc$4 ,e obs]vant t\ri/ :o has cross$ an ,alp9e glaci] on a hot summ] day has felt ! sudd5 *ange ( climate t he enc\nt]s on /epp+ f t]ra firma on to ! ice1 & 9 :i* he rema9s imm]s$ z long z he is on ! glaci]4 ,h[ mu* great] mu/ be ?is depression ( temp]ature :]e ! glaci] ice is brok5 up & is float+ 9 sea-wat]1 to produce a va/ area ( freez+ mixture1 :i* w\ld spe$ily br+ ! hotte/ bla/s f ! ,sah>a d[n to _m degrees bel[ ! freez+ po9t4 ,a simil> cause ret>ds ! beg9n+ ( summ] 9 ,arctic ,norway & 9 ,f9l& & ,sib]ia4 ,s long z ! w9t] sn[ rema9s unmelt$1 i4e41 till ab\t ! middle or end ( ,june1 ! air is kept cold1 all ! sol> heat be+ exp5d$ 9 ! "w ( ?aw+4 ,?is "w f9i%$1 !n ! w>m+ p[] ( a non-sett+ sun becomes evid5t1 & ! cont9u\sly accumulat+ heat ( 8 rays displays its rem>kable effect on vegetable life1 & ev]y?+ capable ( be+ w>m$4 ,^! peculi>ities ( ,arctic climate mu/ become exagg]at$ z ! ,pole is approa*$1 ! w9t] cold /ill m int5se1 & ! accumulation ( summ] heat /ill great]4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,nor? ,cape1 :]e ^! contra/s a/oni% ,engli% visitors1 :]e inl& summ] travel+ becomes intol]able on acc\nt ( ! cl\ds ( mosquitoes1 ! cont9u\s sun%9e only la/s f ,may #aa to ,augu/ #a4 ,at ! ,nor? ,pole ! sun w\ld visibly rema9 above ! horizon dur+ ab\t sev5 mon?s--f ! fir/ week 9 ,m>* to ! fir/ week 9 ,octob] 7?is includes ! effect ( refraction & ! prolong$ summ] ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e due to ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit74 ,?is cont9uance ( sun%9e1 9 spite ( ! mod]ate altitude ( ! sol> orb1 may produce a v g5ial summ] climate at ! ,pole4 ,i say 8may10 because m]e latitude is only "o ( ! elem5ts ( climate1 especially 9 high latitudes4 ,v mu* dep5ds ^u surface configuration & ! di/ribution ( l& & wat]4 ,! region 9 :i* our ,arctic exp$ition %ips h be5 ice-b\nd comb9es all ! mo/ unfavorable conditions ( ,arctic summ] climate4 ,x is extremely improbable t ^? conditions are ma9ta9$ all ! way to ! ,pole4 ,we "k ! configuration ( ,arctic ,europe & ,arctic ,asia1 t !y are masses ( l& spread+ out nor?w>d r\nd ! ,arctic circle & n>r[+ s\?w>d to angul> t]m9ations4 ,! s\?w>d configuration & nor?w>d outspread+ ( ,nor? ,am]ica are ! same1 b we _c foll[ ! nor!rn portion to its b\nd>y z we may t ( ,europe & ,asia1 bo? ( :i* t]m9ate 9 an ,arctic ,ocean4 ,gre5l& is rem>kably l ,sc&9avia2 ,davis's ,/rait1 ,baff9's ,bay1 & ,smi?'s ,s\nd correspond+ ) ! ,baltic & ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia4 ,! deep fjords ( ,gre5l&1 l ^? ( ,sc&9avia1 are on its we/]n side1 & ! pres5t condition ( ,gre5l& corresponds to t ( ,norway dur+ ! mild] p]iod ( ! la/ glacial epo*4 ,if ! analogy is ma9ta9$ a little fur!r nor? ?an our explor]s h yet rea*$ we mu/ come ^u a ,pol> sea1 j z we come ^u ! ,:ite ,sea & ! op5 ,arctic ,ocean if we simply travel betwe5 #djj & #ejj miles due nor? f ! head ( ! froz5 ,gulf ( ,bo?nia4 ,su* a sea1 if un5cumb]$ ) l& ice1 w supply ! mo/ favorable conditions = a g5ial arctic summ]1 especially if x be dott$ ) isl&s ( mod]ate elevation1 :i* ! analogies ( ! kn[n surr\nd+s r5d] s v probable4 ,su* isl&s may be inhabit$ by p :o _c rea* u on acc\nt ( ! b>ri] wall t has hi!rto prev5t$ u f discov]+ !m4 ,"s h ev5 suppos$ t a ,norwegian colony is !re imprison$4 ,c]ta9ly ! e>ly coloni/s ( ,gre5l& h disappe>$1 & _! disappe>ance rema9s unexpla9$4 ,!y may h w&]$ nor?w>ds1 m+l$ ) ! ,esquimaux1 & h left desc5dants 9 ?is unkn[n _w4 ,if any ( ,frankl9's crew crawl$ f> en\gh !y may /ill be ) !m1 unable to return4 ,9 ref]5ce to ^! possibilities x %\ld be not$ t a b>ri] fr+e ( m\nta9\s l& l t ( ,gre5l& & arctic ,am]ica w\ld act z a cond5s+ gr\nd ^u ! w>m air fl[+ f ! s\?1 & w\ld !re accumulate ! heavy sn[s & consequ5t glaci]s1 j z our we/]n hills take s mu* ( ! ra9 f ! vapor-lad5 w9ds ( ! ,atlantic4 ,! sn[fall imm$iately r\nd ! ,pole w\ld ?us be mod]at$1 & ! summ] beg9 s mu* e>li]4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! physical resemblances ( ,baff9's ,bay1 ,smi?'s ,s\nd1 etc41 to ! ,baltic1 ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia1 & ,gulf ( ,f9l&4 ,^! are froz5 e w9t]1 b ! ,arctic ,ocean due nor? ( !m is op5 all ! w9t]1 & e w9t]4 ,! h>dy ,norse fi%]m5 are ga!r+ _! *ief h>ve/ ( cod fi% 9 ! op5 sea ar\nd & beyond ! ,nor? ,cape1 ,nordkyn1 etc41 at ! v "t :5 ! ,russian fleet is hopelessly froz5 up 9 ! ,gulf ( ,f9l&4 ,b h[ f> due nor? ( ?is froz5 ,baltic are ^! op5-sea fi%+ banks8 ,m ?an #ad degrees--m ?an d\ble ! di/ance t lies betwe5 ! w9t] qu>t]s ( "s ( our %ips 9 ,smi?'s ,s\nd & ! ,pole itself4 ,?is proves h[ greatly physical configuration & oceanic communication may oppose ! climatic influ5ces ( m]e latitude4 ,if ! analogy betwe5 ,baff9's ,bay & ! ,baltic is complete1 a ,pol> sea w be f\nd t is op5 9 ! summ] at lea/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be t ranges ( m\nta9s cov]$ ) p]petual sn[1 & valleys pil$ up ) huge glacial accumulations1 ext5d all ! way to ! ,pole1 & ?us give to our globe an arctic ice-cap l t display$ on ! planet ,m>s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is v improbable1 =1 if x 7 ! case1 we ought to f9d a circumpol> ice-wall l t ( ! ant>ctic regions2 ! ,arctic ,ocean beyond ! ,nor? ,cape %\ld be cr[d$ ) iceb]gs in/ead ( be+ op5 & iceless all ! ye> r\nd4 ,) su* a configuration ! ice-wall %\ld rea* ,spitzb]g5 & /ret* across to ,nova ,zembla2 b1 in/ead ( ?is1 we h !re su* an op5 /ret* ( arctic wat]1 t 9 ! summ] ( #ahgf ,capta9 ,kjels51 ( ,troms1 sail$ 9 a :al] to lat4 #ha #cj )\t sight+ ice4 ,he 0 !n b #eaj geographical miles f ! ,pole1 ) op5 sea "r away to 8 nor? horizon1 & nobody c say h[ mu* f>!r4 ,^! problems may all be solv$ by ! propos$ exp$ition4 ,! m5 are ready & will+2 "o volunte] has ev5 promis$ #ajjjl4 on condition t he %all be all[$ to h a seat 9 "o ( ! balloons4 ,all t is want$ are ! necess>y funds1 & ! am\nt requir$ is b a small fraction ( :at is annually exp5d$ at our racec\rses ^u villa9\s concoctions ( c>bonic acid & me?ylat$ cid] be>+ ! "n ( 8*ampagne40 ,arrangem5ts are be+ made to />t next ,may1 b 9 ! meantime _m prelim9>y exp]im5ts are requir$4 ,"o ( ^!1 conc]n+ :i* ,i h be5 bor+ ,comm&] ,*eyne & ! committee1 is a ?or\gh & practical trial ( ! /ay+ prop]ties ( hydrog5 gas :5 conf9$ 9 giv5 silk5 or o!r fabrics saturat$ ) giv5 v>ni%es4 ,we are /ill ignorant on ?is fundam5tal po9t4 ,we "k some?+ ab\t coal-gas1 b little or no?+ ( ! hydrog51 su* z may be us$ 9 ! =ego+ exp$ition4 ,its exosmosis1 z prov$ by ,graham1 dep5ds ^u its adhesion to ! surface ( ! sub/ance conf9+ x4 ,e gas has its own speciality 9 ?is respect1 & a membrane t conf9es a hydroc>bon l coal-gas may be v unsuitable = pure hydrog51 or vice v]s4 ,hydrog5 passes ?r\gh h>d /eel1 c>bonic oxide ?r\gh r$-hot iron plates1 & s on ) o!r gases4 ,!y are guilty ( mo/ improbable proce$+s 9 ! matt] ( p5etrat+ app>5tly imp5etrable sub/ances4 ,! safety ( ! a]onauts & ! success ( ! a]ial exploration prim>ily dep5ds ^u ! l5g? ( "t t ! balloons c be kept afloat 9 ! air4 ,a sort ( humanit>ian cry has be5 rais$ aga9/ ?is exp$ition1 on ! gr\nd t unnaturally good p 7( :om we n[ meet s _m7 %\ld n be guilty ( aid+ & abett+ a s*eme t may cause ! sacrifice ( human life4 ,^! k9d fri5ds may be assur$ t1 9 spite ( _! scruples1 ! attempt w be made by m5 :o %>e none ( _! fe>s1 unless ! prelim9>y exp]im5ts prove t a balloon _c be kept up long en\gh4 ,!re=e ! be/ way to save _! lives is to subscribe at once = ! prelim9>y exp5se ( mak+ ^! trials1 :i* w ei!r discov] means ( travel+ safely1 or demon/rate ! impossibility ( su* balloon+ altoge!r4 ,su* exp]im5ts w h consid]able sci5tific value 9 !mselves1 & may solve o!r problems besides ^? ( arctic exploration4 ,:y n apply balloons to ,african exploration or ! cross+ ( ,au/ralia8 ,! only reply to ?is is t we "k too little ( ! practical possibilities ( su* a me?od ( travel+ :5 ?us appli$4 ,hi!rto ! balloon has only be5 a s5sational toy4 ,we "k well en\gh t x _c be /e]$ 9 a pr$et]m9$ l9e1 i4e41 f "o po9t to ano!r giv5 po9t1 b ?is is q a diff]5t problem f sail+ ov] a giv5 surface ( consid]able area4 ,?is c be done to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b we want to "k def9itely to :at ext5t1 & :at are ! limits ( reliability & safety4 ,) ?is k1 & its application by ! brave & skillful m5 :o are s eag] to />t1 ! solution ( ! ,pol> my/]y assumes a new & f> m hopeful phase ?an x has ev] be=e pres5t$4 ,,! ,,anglo-,,am]ican ,,arctic ,,exp$ition4 ,comm&] ,*eyne has gone to ,am]ica to seek ! mode/ equipm5t t 8 own c\ntrym5 are unable to supply4 ,he proposes n[ t 8 exp$ition %all be 8,anglo-,am]ican40 ,i h be5 ask$ to jo9 an arctic c\ncil1 to cop]ate on ?is side1 & h refus$ on anti-patriotic gr\nds4 ,z a memb] ( ! =m] arctic committee1 ,i 0 s mu* disgu/$ ) ! p>simony ( our millionaires & ! anti-geographical conduct ( ! ,savile ,r[ ,mutual ,admiration ,society1 t ,i he>tily wi% t 9 ?is matt] our ,am]ican gr&*ildr5 may 8lick ! ,briti%]s q complete40 ,x w d u mu* good4 ,my views1 express$ 9 ! 8,g5tleman's ,magaz9e0 ( ,july #ahhj1 & repeat$ above1 rema9 un*ang$1 except 9 ! direction ( confirmation & developm5t4 ,i /ill believe t an en?usia/ic1 practically tra9$1 /urdy arctic vet]an1 :o has endur$ h>d%ip bo? at home & abroad1 ^: crav+ eag]ness to rea* ! ,pole am\nts to a positive monomania1 :o lives = ?is object alone1 & is ready to die = x1 :o w "w at x purely = ! "w's sake--w be ! "r man 9 ! "r place :5 at ! head ( a mode/ly b effici5tly equipp$ ,pol> exp$ition1 especially if ,lieut5ant ,s*watka is 8 second 9 comm&4 ,!y w n require luxuri\s saloons1 nor _m cases ( *ampagne2 !y w c>e b little = amateur !atricals2 !y w foll[ ! naval traditions ( ! old ,briti% 8sea-dogs0 r ?an ^? ( our mod]n naval lap-dogs1 & w n turn back aft] a fir/ /ruggle ) ! cruel arctic ice1 ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld suppose x to be 8paleocry/ic40 ,,mr4 ,,walt] ,,p[ell4 ,sci5tific a]o/ation has lo/ its mo/ promis+ exp]t by ! untimely dea? ( ,walt] ,p[ell4 ,he 0 n a m]e s5sational balloon]1 nor "o ( ^? dream]s :o imag9e !y c inv5t fly+ ma*9es1 or /e] balloons aga9/ ! w9d by my/]i\s electrical devices or by me*anical paddles1 fan-:eels1 or rudd]s4 ,he p]fectly und]/ood t a balloon is at ! m]cy ( atmosph]ic curr5ts & mu/ drift ) !m1 b nev]!less he reg>d$ x z a mo/ promis+ in/rum5t = geographical rese>*4 ,i _h a long conf]5ce ) him on ! subject 9 ,augu/ la/1 :5 he told me t ! ma9 objects ( ! asc5ts he _h already made1 & %\ld be mak+ = "s little "t =w>d1 7 ! acquisition ( practical skill1 & ( fur!r k ( atmosph]ic curr5ts2 aft] :i* he %\ld make a da% at ! ,atlantic ) ! int5t ( cross+ to ,am]ica4 ,on my "p1 ,i repeat$ ) fur!r argum5t :at ,i h already urg$ on page #aac ( ! 8,g5tleman's ,magaz9e0 = ,july1 #ahhj1 viz41 ! prim>y necessity ( sy/ematic exp]im5tal inve/igation ( ! rate ( exosmosis 7ooz+ out7 ( ! gas f balloons made ( diff]5t mat]ials & v>i\sly v>ni%$4 ,pr(essor ,graham demon/rat$ t ?is molecul> p]meation ( gases & liquids ?r\gh membranes me*anically air-tight1 dep5ds ^u ! adhesive aff9ities ( p>ticul> solids = o!r p>ticul> fluids1 & ^! aff9ities v>y imm5sely1 _! v>iations dep5d+ on *emical diff]5ces r ?an ^u me*anical imp]meability4 ,my project to atta* captive balloons ( small size to ! ro( ( ! ,polyte*nic ,in/itution1 hold+ !m by a /eely>d t %\ld indicate ! pull due to _! asc5d+ p[]1 & ! rate ( its decl9e accord+ to ! composition ( ! membrane1 0 he>tily approv$ by ,mr4 ,p[ell1 &1 _h ! ,polyte*nic surviv$1 w\ld h be5 c>ri$ out1 z x w\ld h s]v$ ! d\ble purpose ( sci5tific inve/igation & ( s5sational adv]tisem5t = ! outside public4 ,if ! a]onaut 7 q cle> on ?is po9t--c\ld calculate accurately h[ long 8 balloon w\ld float--he might v5ture ) delib]ate calculation on j\rneys t )\t su* k are m]e exploits ( bl9d d>+4 ,! v>ni%es at pres5t us$ are all p]meable by hydrog5 gas & hydroc>bon coal-gas1 z might be expect$1 priori1 f ! fact t !y are !mselves solid hydroc>bons1 soluble 9 o!r liquid or gase\s hydroc>bons4 ,no?+1 z f> z ,i c le>n1 has yet be5 done ) silicic or boracic v>ni%es1#bb :i* are !oretically imp]meable by hydrog5 & its c>bon comp\nds2 b :e!r !y are practically s "u balloon+ conditions1 & c be made suffici5tly pliable & cont9u\s1 are que/ions only to be solv$ by practical exp]im5ts ( ! k9d above nam$4 ,n[ t ! be/ man = mak+ ^! exp]im5ts is gone1 somebody else %\ld und]take !m4 ,un=tunately1 !y mu/ ( necessity be r exp5sive4 ,,! ,,limits ,,( ,,our ,,coal ,,supply4#bc ,e/imat+ ! actual consumption ( coal = home use 9 ,great ,brita9 at #aaj millions ( tons p] annum1 a rise ( eight %ill+s p] ton to consum]s is equival5t to a tax ( #dd millions p] annum4 ,^! are ! figures tak5 by ,sir ,william ,arm/rong 9 8 address at ,newca/le la/ ,febru>y4 ,z ! rec5t abnormal rise 9 ! value ( coal has am\nt$ to m ?an ?is1 consum]s h be5 pay+ at "s p]iods above a million p] week z premium on fuel1 ev5 aft] mak+ fair d$uction = ! rise ( price necess>ily due to ! dim9i%+ value ( gold4 ,are we1 ! consum]s ( coal1 to write (f all ?is z a dead loss1 or h we ga9$ any imm$iate or prospective advantage t may be d$uct$ f ! bad side ( ! acc\nt8 ,i suspect t we %all ga9 suffici5t to ultimately balance ! loss1 &1 ev5 aft] t1 to leave some?+ on ! pr(it side4 ,! abundance ( our fuel has eng5d]$ a %ameful wa/efulness t is curi\sly bl9d & inconsi/5t4 ,z a typical example ( ?is inconsi/5cy1 ,i may m5tion a *>act]i/ic incid5t4 ,a p>ty ( "y p 7 sitt+ at supp] 9 ! h\se ( a colli]y manag]4 ,among !m 0 ! vic> ( ! p>i%1 a v jovial & g5ial man1 b mo/ e>ne/ )al 9 8 vocation4 ,jokes & bant]+s 7 freely flung across ! table1 & no "o enjoy$ ! fun m he>tily ?an ! vic>2 b pres5tly "o unw>y y\? ?rew a fragm5t ( bread-cru/ at 8 opposite neighbor1 & ?us provok$ retaliation4 ,! c\nt5ance ( ! vic> sudd5ly *ang$1 & 9 /]n cl]ical tones he rebuk$ ! wick$ness ( ?us wa/+ ! b\nties ( ! ,almighty4 ,a g5]al sil5ce foll[$1 & a g5]al s5se ( guilt prevail$ among ! revell]s4 ,at ! same "t1 & 9 ! same room1 a blaz+ fire1 9 an ill-con/ruct$ op5 fire-place1 0 gl>+ reproa*fully at all ! gue/s1 b no "o he$$ ! immeasurably great] & utt]ly irrep>able wa/e t 0 !re proce$+4 ,to e unit ( heat t 0 fully utiliz$ 9 w>m+ ! room1 !re 7 eight or n9e pass+ up ! *imney to wa/e _! en]gies ^u ! s5seless cl\ds & b\ndless out] atmosph]e4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! vic>'s p>i%ion]s are colli]s1 9 ^: cottages huge fires blaze mo/ wa/efully all day1 & are left to burn all night to save ! tr\ble ( re-light+4 ,! vic> dilig5tly visits ^! cottages1 & freely admoni%es :]e he deems x necess>y2 yet he sees 9 ?is g5]al wa/e ( coal no correspond+ s9fulness to t ( wa/+ bread4 ,:y is he s bl9d 9 "o direction1 :ile 8 moral vision is s microscopic 9 ! o!r8 ,:y are ne>ly all ,engli%m5 & ,engli%wom5 z inconsi/5t z ! vic> 9 ?is respect8 ,!re are d\btless sev]al comb9+ reasons = ?is1 b ,i suspect t ! pr9cipal "o is ! pr(\nd impression :i* we h inh]it$ f ! exp]i5ce & traditions ( ! horrors ( bread-fam9e4 ,a score ( prov]bs express ! important practical tru? t we r>ely appreciate any ( our cu/om>y bless+s until we h ta/$ ! mis]y ( los+ !m4 ,engli%m5 h ta/$ ! consequ5ces ( approximate exhau/ion ( ! national gra9 /ore1 b h nev] be5 ne> to ! exhau/ion ( ! national supply ( coal4 ,i !re=e ma9ta9 mo/ s]i\sly t we ne$ a sev]e coal fam9e1 & if all ! colli]s ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 7 to comb9e = a simultane\s w9t] /rike ( ab\t ?ree or six mon?s' duration1 !y might ju/ly be reg>d$ z unconsci\s patriotic m>tyrs1 l soldi]s sla9 ^u a battle-field4 ,! evils ( su* a ?or\gh fam9e w\ld be v %>p1 & proportionally b5efic5t1 b only tempor>y2 !re w\ld n be "t en\gh = manufactur+ rivals to s9k pits1 & at once erect compet+ iron-works2 b ! :ole _w w\ld p>take ( our calamity1 & ! att5tion ( all mank9d w\ld be ar\s$ to ! s9fulness ( wa/+ coal4 ,six mon?s ( compulsory wood & peat fuel1 ) total /oppage ( iron supplies1 w\ld conv9ce ! p ( ^! isl&s t wa/e ( coal is ev5 m s9ful ?an wa/e ( bread1--w\ld lead u to reflect on ! fact t our /ock ( coal is a def9ite & limit$ quantity t 0 plac$ 9 ! pres5t /oreh\se long be=e human be+s came ^u ! e>?2 t e ton ( coal t is wa/$ is lo/ = ev]1 & _c be replac$ by any human ef=t1 :ile bread is a product ( human indu/ry1 & its wa/e may be replac$ by additional human labor2 t ! s9 ( bread-wa/+ does admit ( agricultural atonem5t1 :ile !re is no =m ( practical rep5tance t c positively & directly replace a hundr$weight ( wa/$ coal4 ,no?+ %ort ( ! practical & impressive lesson ( bitt] want is likely to drive f our h\seholds t wret*$ feti% ( ,briti% adoration1 ! op5 8,engli%man's fireside40 ,reason seems p[]less aga9/ ! sup]/ition ( ?is =m ( fire-wor%ip4 ,tell "o ( ! idolat]s t 8 h\sehold god is wa/eful & extravagant1 t five-six?s ( ! heat f 8 coal goes up ! *imney1 & he replies1 8,i don't c>e if x does2 ,i c af=d to pay = x4 ,i l to see ! fire1 & h ! "r to wa/e :at is my own40 ,tell him t heal?ful v5tilation is impossible :ile ! l[] "p ( a room op5s widely into a heat$ %aft1 t =ces curr5ts ( cold air ?r\gh doors & w9d[ leakages1 :i* unite to =m a p]petual *ilbra9 /ratum on ! floor1 & leaves all above ! mantel-piece comp>atively /agnant4 ,tell him t no su* ?+s z 8draughts0 %\ld exi/ 9 a prop]ly w>m$ & v5tilat$ h\se1 & t ev5 ) a !rmomet] at z]o outside1 e "p ( a well-ord]$ ap>tm5t %\ld be equally habitable1 in/ead ( m]ely a semicircle ab\t ! he>? ( ! fire-wor%ip]2 he %uts 8 e>s1 locks up 8 und]/&+1 because 8 gr&fa!r & gr&mo!r believ$ t ! op5-m\!d *imney 0 ! "o & only true ,engli% means ( v5tilation4 ,b suppose we 7 to say1 8,y love a *e]ful blaze1 c af=d to pay = x1 & !re=e c>e n h[ mu* coal y wa/e 9 obta9+ x4 ,we also love a *e]ful blaze1 b h a great av]sion to coal-smoke & t>ry vapors2 & we f9d t we c make a beautiful fire1 q in(f5sive ev5 9 ! middle ( ! room1 provid$ we fe$ x ) /ale qu>t]n loaves4 ,we "k t su* fuel is exp5sive1 b c af=d to pay = x1 & *oose to d s40 ,w\ld he n be %ock$ at ! sight ( ! blaz+ loaves1 if ?is extravagance 7 c>ri$ out8 ,?is popul> inconsi/5cy ( disreg>d+ ! wa/e ( a valuable & necess>y commodity1 ( :i* ! supply is limit$ & unr5ewable1 :ile we h su* prop] horror ( wilfully wa/+ ano!r simil> commodity :i* c be annually replac$ z long z man rema9s 9 liv+ contact ) ! e>?1 w gradually pass away :5 rational att5tion is direct$ to ! subject4 ,if ! rec5t v mild sugge/ion ( a coal-fam9e does some?+ t[>ds plac+ coal on a simil> p$e/al ( popul> v5]ation to t :i* is held by ! 8/aff ( life10 ! million a week t x has co/ ! coal consum] w h be5 pr(itably inve/$4 ,_m :o 7 =m]ly deaf to ! exhortations ( fuel economi/s are n[ beg9n+ to li/54 8,=ty %ill+s p] ton0 has act$ l an incantation ^u ! _s ( ,c\nt ,rum=d4 ,aft] an oblivion ( m ?an eighty ye>s1 8 practical lessons h aga9 sprung up among u4 ,"s are already inquir+ h[ he manag$ to roa/ #aab lbs4 ( beef at ! ,f\ndl+ ,hospital ) #bb lbs4 ( coal1 & to use ! residual heat = cook+ ! potatoes1 & :y x is t ) all our boa/$ progress we d n n[ 9 ! latt] ?ird ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 repeat t :i* he did 9 ! eighte5?4 ,! fact t ! consumption ( coal 9 ,london dur+ ! fir/ f\r mon?s ( #ahgc has1 9 spite ( increas+ population1 am\nt$ to #di1gjg tons less ?an ! correspond+ p]iod ( #ahgb1 %[s t "s feeble attempts h be5 made to economize ! dome/ic consumption ( fuel4 ,"o v useful result ( ! rec5t sc>city ( coal has be5 ! awak5+ ( a consid]able am\nt ( g5]al int]e/ 9 ! "w ( /ock-tak+1 a t$i\s process :i* improvid5t p are too apt to %irk1 b :i* is q indisp5sable to s\nd bus9ess proce$+s1 ei!r ( individuals or nations4 ,!re are _m discrepancies 9 ! e/imates t h be5 made ( ! total available quantity ( ,briti% coal4 ,! speculative nature ( "s ( ! data r5d]s ?is inevitable1 b all au?orities appe> to agree on "o po9t1 viz41 t ! am\nt ( our supplies w n be det]m9$ by ! actual total quantity ( coal "u our feet1 b by ! possibilities ( rea*+ x4 ,?is is d\btless correct1 b h[ w ^! possibilities be limit$1 & :at is ! ext5t or range ( ! limit8 ,on bo? ^! po9ts ,i v5ture to disagree ) ! em95t m5 :o h s ably discuss$ ?is "q4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds ! nature ( ! limit or b>ri] t w /op our fur!r progress 9 coal-gett+4 ,?is is g5]ally /at$ to be ! dep? ( ! seams4 ,! ,royal ,commission]s ( #ahgj bas$ _! tables ( ! quantity ( available coal 9 ! visible & conceal$ coal-fields ^u ! assumption t #djjj feet is ! limit ( possible work+4 ,?is limit is ! same t 0 tak5 by ,mr4 ,hull t5 ye>s e>li]4 ,mr4 ,hull1 9 ! la/ edition ( 8,! ,coal ,fields ( ,great ,brita910 p4 #cbf1 ref]r+ to ,pr(essor ,ramsay's e/imate1 says1 8,^! e/imates are drawn up = dep?s d[n to #djjj feet bel[ ! surface1 & ev5 beyond ?is limit2 b ) ?is latt] quantity x is sc>cely necess>y t we %\ld conc]n ourselves40 ,i %all pres5tly %[ reasons = believ+ t ! "t may ultimately arrive :5 we %all conc]n ourselves ) ?is deep coal1 & actually get x2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 t remote epo* w be prec$$ by ano!r p]iod ( practical approximate exhau/ion ( ,briti% coal supply1 :i* is likely to arrive long be=e we rea* a work+ dep? ( #djjj feet4 ,! ,royal ,commission]s e/imate t )9 ! limits ( #djjj feet we h hundr$s ( squ>e miles ( atta9able coal capable ( yield+1 aft] d$uct+ #dj p] c5t = loss 9 gett+1 etc41 #adf1dhj millions ( tons2 or1 if we take ?is ) ,mr4 ,hull's d$uction ( "o-tw5tie? = seams "u two feet 9 ?ickness1 !re rema9s #aci1jjj millions ( tons1 :i*1 at pres5t rate ( consumption1 w\ld la/ ab\t #abjj ye>s4 ,b ! rate ( consumption is annually increas+1 n m]ely on acc\nt ( increas+ population1 b also f ! fact t me*anical inv5tions are p]petually sup]s$+ h& labor1 & ! s\rce ( p[] 9 su* cases1 is usually d]iv$ f coal4 ,?is consid]ation induc$ ,pr(essor ,jevons1 9 #ahfe1 to e/imate t betwe5 #ahfa & #ahga ! consumption w\ld increase f #hc1ejj1jjj tons to #aah1jjj1jjj tons4 ,mr4 ,hunt's (ficial return = #ahga %[s t ?is e/imate 0 a close approximation to ! tru?1 ! actual total = #ahga hav+ be5 #aag1ceb1jbh tons4 ,at ?is rate ( an ari?metical increase ( ?ree & a half tons p] annum1 #aci1jjj millions ( tons w\ld la/ b #bej ye>s4 ,mr4 ,hull1 tak+ ! actual increase at ?ree millions ( tons p] annum1 ext5ds x to #bgf ye>s4 ,hi!rto ! annual increase has foll[$ a geometrical1 r ?an ari?metical progress1 & ^? :o anticipate a cont9uance ( ?is all[ u a mu* %ort] lease ( our coal treasures4 ,mr4 ,price ,williams ma9ta9s t ! increase w proce$ 9 a dim9i%+ ratio l t ( ! increase ( population2 & ^u ?is basis he has calculat$ t ! annual consumption w am\nt to #bgd millions ( tons a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 & ! :ole available /ock ( coal w la/ ab\t #cfj ye>s4 ,! late/ returns %[1 = #ahgb1 an output ( #abc1edf1geh tons1 :i*1 comp>$ ) #ahga1 gives a rate ( increase ( m ?an d\ble ! e/imate ( ,mr4 ,hull1 & indicate t prices h n yet ris5 suffici5tly to *eck ! geometrical rate ( increase4#bd ,mr ,hull v ju/ly po9ts out ! omission 9 ^? e/imates :i* d n 8take into acc\nt ! dim9i%+ ratio at :i* coal mu/ be consum$ :5 x becomes sc>c] & m exp5sive20 b1 on ! o!r h&1 he omits ! opposite influ5ce ( increas+ prices on production1 :i* has be5 /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ! extraord9>y numb] ( new coal-m9+ ent]prises t h be5 laun*$ dur+ ! la/ six mon?s4 ,if we cont9ue z we are n[ proce$+1 a practical & p]man5t coal fam9e w be ^u u )9 ! lifetime ( _m ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,by su* a fam9e1 ,i d n mean an actual exhau/ion ( our coal seams 7:i* w nev] be effect$71 b su* a sc>city & rise ( prices z %all annihilate ! mo/ voraci\s ( our coal-consum+ indu/ries1 ^? :i* dep5d ^u abundance ( *eap coal1 su* z ! manufacture ( pig-iron1 etc4#be ,! action ( increas+ prices has be5 b lightly consid]$ hi!rto1 ?\gh its importance is p>am\nt 9 det]m9+ ! limits ( our coal supply2 ,i ev5 v5ture s f> z to affirm t x is n ! dep? ( ! coal seams1 n ! increas+ temp]ature nor pressure z we proce$ d[nw>ds1 nor ev5 ?9ness ( seam1 t w practically det]m9e ! limits ( ,briti% coal-gett+1 b simply ! price p] ton at ! pit's m\?4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 ,i may appeal to actual practice4 ,mr4 ,hull & o!rs h e/imat$ ! work+ limit ( ?9ness at two feet1 & agree 9 reg>d+ ?9n] seams ?an ?is z unworkable4 ,?is is unque/ionably correct s long z ! gett+ is effect$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,a colli] _c lie d[n & hew a mu* ?9n] seam ?an ?is1 if he works z colli]s "w at pres5t4 ,b ! lead & copp] m9]s succe$ 9 work+ f> ?9n] lodes1 ev5 d[n to ! ?ickness ( a few in*es1 & ! gold-digg] cru%es ! h>de/ compon5t ( ! e>?'s cru/ to obta9 b>ely visible gra9s ( ! preci\s metal4 ,?is ext5sion ( ef=t is entirely det]m9$ by m>ket value4 ,at a suffici5tly high price ! two-feet limit ( coal-gett+ w\ld vani%1 & ! colli] w\ld "w aft] ! mann] ( ! lead-m9]4 ,we may safely apply ! same reason+ to ! limits ( dep?4 ,! #djjj feet limit ( ! ,royal ,commission]s is at pres5t unatta9able1 simply because ! imm$iately prospective price ( coal w\ld n cov] ! co/ ( su* deep s9k+ & work+2 b z prices g up1 pits w g d[n1 deep] & deep] /ill4 ,! ob/acles :i* are assum$ to det]m9e ! #djjj feet limit are increas+ d5sity due to great] pressure1 & ! elevation ( temp]ature :i* proce$s z we g d[nw>ds4 ,! fir/ ( ^! difficulties has1 ,i suspect1 be5 v mu* ov]/at$1 if n altoge!r misund]/ood2 ?\gh x is b fair to add t ,mr4 ,hull1 :o mo/ prom95tly dwells ^u x1 does s ) all j & philosophic caution4 ,he says t 8x is impossible to speak ) c]ta9ty ( ! effect ( ! accumulative weight ( #cjjj or #djjj feet ( /rata on m9+ op]ations4 ,9 all probability "o effect w\ld be to increase ! d5sity ( ! coal itself1 & ( its accompany+ /rata1 s z to increase ! difficulty ( excavat+10 & he concludes by /at+ t 89 ! face ( ^! two ob/acles--temp]ature & pressure1 ev] increas+ ) ! dep?--,i h consid]$ x utopian to include 9 calculations hav+ ref]5ce to coal supply any quantity1 h[ev] consid]able1 :i* lies at a great] dep? ?an #djjj feet4 ,beyond t dep? ,i d n believe t x w be f\nd practicable to p5etrate4 ,nature rises up1 & pres5ts insurm\ntable b>ri]s40#bf ,on "o po9t ,i diff] entirely f ,mr4 ,hull1 viz41 ! conclusion t ! increas$ 8d5sity ( ! coal itself & ( its accompany+ /rata0 w (f] any s]i\s ob/acle4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is good reason to believe t su* d5sity is "o ( ! ess5tial conditions = work+ deep coal4 ,ev5 at pres5t dep?s ( work+1 d5sity & h>dness ( ! accompany+ /rata is "o ( ! mo/ important aids to easy & *eap coal-gett+4 ,) a d5se ro( & floor ! colli] works vigor\sly & fe>lessly1 & he escapes ! s]i\s co/ ( timb]+4 ,^? :o h nev] be5 und]gr\nd1 & only read ( colli]y disa/]s1 commonly reg>d ! fire-damp & *oke-damp z ! colli]'s mo/ deadly enemies1 b ! colli] himself has q z mu* dread ( a rott5 ro( z ( ei!r ( ^!3 he kn[s by sad exp]i5ce h[ mu* bruis+1 & maim+1 & cru%+ ( human limbs are due to ! friability ( ! rock above 8 head4 ,mr4 ,hull quotes ! case ( ! ,dunk9field colli]y1 :]e1 at a dep? ( ab\t #bejj feet1 ! pressure is 8s resi/less z to cru% 9 circul> ar*es ( brick f\r feet ?ick10 & to snap a ca/-iron pill> 9 twa92 b he does n give any acc\nt ( ! d5sity ( ! accompany+ /rata at ! place ( ^! occurr5ces4 ,i suspect t x 0 simply a want ( d5sity t all[$ ! sup]9cumb5t pressure to d su* mis*ief4 ,! circul> ar*es ( brick f\r feet ?ick 7 b poor sub/itutes = a ro( ( solid rock ( #dj or #djj feet 9 ?ickness2 an ar* cut 9 su* a rock w\ld be all key-/one3 & ,i may safely v5ture to affirm t if1 9 ! deep s9k+s ( ! future1 we d enc\nt] ! increas$ d5sity :i* ,mr4 ,hull anticipates1 ?is w be altoge!r advantage\s4 ,i fe>1 h[ev]1 t x w n be s1 t ! *ief difficulty ( deep coal-m9+ w arise f occasional 8runn+ 90 due to defici5t d5sity1 & t ?is difficulty w occur 9 ab\t ! same proportion ( cases z at pres5t1 b w op]ate m s]i\sly at ! great] dep?s4 ,a v int]e/+ subject = inve/igation is h]eby sugge/$4 ,d rocks ( giv5 composition & =mation increase 9 d5sity z !y dip d[nw>ds2 & if s1 does ?is increase ( d5sity foll[ any law by :i* we may det]m9e :e!r _! p[] ( resi/+ sup]9cumb5t pressure increases 9 any approa* to ! ratio ( ! increas+ pressure to :i* !y are naturally subject$8 ,if ! increas+ d5sity & p[] ( resi/ance rea*es or exce$s ?is ratio1 deep m9+ has no?+ to fe> f pressure4 ,if !y fall %ort ( x1 ! difficulties aris+ f pressure may be s]i\s4 ,friability1 viscosity1 & p[] ( resi/+ a cru%+ /ra9 mu/ be consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ?is "q4 ,mr4 ,hull has collect$ a consid]able am\nt ( data be>+ ^u ! rate ( increase ( temp]ature ) dep?4 ,8 conclusions give a great] rate ( increase ?an is g5]ally /at$ by geologi/s2 b = ! pres5t argum5t ,i w accept1 )\t prejudice1 z ! lawy]s say1 8 basis ( a range ( #a ,f4 = #fj feet4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! rocks w rea* #ii4f1 a little above blood-heat1 at #cjjj feet1 & #aaf4c at ! suppos$ limit ( #djjj feet4 ,x is assum$ by ,mr4 ,hull1 by ! ,commission]s1 & mo/ o!r au?orities1 t ?is rock temp]ature ( #aaf w limit ! possibilities ( coal-m9+4 ,at ! av]age prices ( ! la/ ?ree ye>s1 or ! prospective prices ( ! next ?ree ye>s1 ?is temp]ature may be1 l difficulties ( ! ?9 seams1 an insurm\ntable b>ri]2 b ,i cont5d t at high] prices we may "w coal at ?is1 & ev5 f> high]1 rock temp]atures2 t x matt]s n h[ high ! !rmomet] rises z we desc5d1 we %all /ill g l[] & /ill get coal s long z prices rise ) ! m]cury4 ,giv5 ?is condition1 & ,i h no d\bt t coal may be work$ :]e ! rock temp]ature %all rea* or ev5 exce$ #bab4 ,i d n say t we %all actually "w coal at su* dep?s2 b if we d n1 ! reason w be1 n t ! !rmomet] is too high1 b t prices are too l[2 9 o!r words1 value1 n temp]ature1 w det]m9e ! work+ limits4 ,mr4 ,leif*ild1 9 ! la/ numb] ( ! 8,ed9burgh ,review10 9 discuss+ ?is "q1 tells u t 8! normal heat ( our blood is #ih1 & fev] heat comm5ces at #ajj1 & ! extreme limit ( fev] heat may be tak5 at #aab4 ,dr4 ,?udi*um1 a physician :o has specially inve/igat$ ?is subject1 has conclud$ f exp]im5ts on 8 own body at high temp]atures1 t at a heat ( #adj no "w :atev] c\ld be c>ri$ on1 & t at a temp]ature ( f #acj to #adj only a v small am\nt ( labor1 & t at %ort p]iods1 0 practicable2 & fur!r1 t human labor daily1 & at ord9>y p]iods1 is limit$ by #ajj ( temp]ature1 z a fix$ po9t1 & !n ! air mu/ be dry1 = 9 moi/ air he did n ?9k m5 c\ld endure ord9>y labor at a temp]ature exce$+ #ij40 ,x may be presumptu\s on my "p to dispute ! conclusions ( a physician on su* a subject1 b ,i d s nev]!less1 z ! data requir$ are simple practical facts su* z are bett] obta9$ by furnace-work+ ?an by sick-room exp]i5ce4 ,dur+ ! hotte/ days ( ! summ] ( #ahfh ,i 0 engag$ 9 mak+ "s exp]im5ts 9 ! re-heat+ furnaces at ,sir ,john ,br[n ,co4's works1 ,%effield1 & c>ri$ a !rmomet] ab\t ) me :i* ,i susp5d$ 9 v>i\s places :]e ! m5 7 work+4 ,at ! place :]e ,i 0 *iefly engag$ 7a corn] betwe5 two sets ( furnaces71 ! !rmomet]1 susp5d$ 9 a position :]e x 0 n affect$ by direct radiations f ! op5 furnaces1 /ood at #abj :ile ! furnace doors 7 %ut4 ,! radiant heat to :i* ! m5 !mselves 7 expos$ :ile mak+ _! greate/ ef=ts 9 plac+ & remov+ ! piles 0 f> high] ?an ?is1 b ,i _c /ate x1 n hav+ plac$ ! !rmomet] 9 ! position ( ! m54 ,9 "o ( ! ,bessem] pits ! !rmomet] rea*$ #adj1 & m5 work$ !re at a k9d ( labor dem&+ great muscul> ef=t4 ,x is true t dur+ ?is same week ! puddl]s 7 compell$ to leave _! "w2 b ! trem5d\s am\nt ( conc5trat$ ex]tion dem&$ ( ! puddl] 9 front ( a furnace1 :i*1 dur+ ! "t ( remov+ ! balls1 radiates a degree ( heat q suffici5t to roa/ a sirlo9 ( beef if plac$ 9 ! position ( ! puddles h&s1 is beyond comp>ison ) t :i* w\ld be dem&$ ( a colli] work+ ev5 at a dep? giv+ a !oretical rock temp]ature ( #bab1 & aid$ by ! coal-cutt+ & o!r ma*9]y t suffici5tly high prices w\ld readily comm&4 ,9 "s ( ! op]ations ( glass-mak+1 ! ord9>y summ] work+ temp]ature is consid]ably above #ajj1 & ! radiant neat to :i* ! workm5 are subject$ f> exce$s #bab4 ,?is is ! case dur+ a 8pot sett+10 & 9 ! ord9>y "w ( fla%+ cr[n glass4 ,z reg>ds ! m]e endurance ( a high temp]ature1 ! well-kn[n exp]im5ts ( ,blagd51 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 & o!rs h %[n t ! human body c endure = %ort p]iods a temp]ature ( #bfj ,f41 & upw>ds4 ,my own exp]i5ce ( furnace-"w1 & ( ,turki% ba?s1 q satisfies me t ,i c\ld d a fair day's "w ( six or eight h\rs 9 a temp]ature ( #acj ,f41 provid$ ,i 7 free f ! encumbrances ( clo?+1 & _h access to abundance ( tepid wat]4 ,?is 9 a /ill atmosph]e2 b ) a mov+ curr5t ( dry air capable ( promot+ vigor\s evaporation f ! sk91 ,i suspect t ! temp]ature might be t5 or fifte5 degrees high]4 ,i enjoy ord9>y walk+ ex]cise 9 a well-v5tilat$ ,turki% ba? at #aej1 & c endure x at #ahj4 ,9 ord] to obta9 fur!r in=mation on ?is po9t1 ,i h writt5 to ,mr4 ,tyndall1 ! proprietor ( ! ,turki% ba?s at ,new+ton ,butts4 ,he is an ar*itect1 :o has _h consid]able exp]i5ce 9 ! employm5t ( workm5 & 9 ! con/ruction ( ,turki% ba?s & o!r hot-air *amb]s4 ,he says3 8,%ampoo]s "w 9 my e/abli%m5t f f\r to five h\rs at a "t 9 a moi/ atmosph]e at a temp]ature rang+ f #aje to #aaj4 ,i h myself work$ tw5ty h\rs out ( tw5ty-f\r 9 "o day 9 a temp]ature ov] #aaj4 ,once = "o half-h\r ,i %ampoo$ 9 #ahe4 ,at ! enamel works 9 ,pimlico1 belong+ to ,mr4 ,mack5zie1 m5 "w daily 9 a heat ( ov] #cjj4 ,! mom5t a man work+ 9 a #aaj heat beg9s to dr9k alcohol1 8 tongue gets p>*$1 & he is oblig$ to cont9ue dr9k+ :ile at "w1 & ! bra9 gets s excit$ t he _c d half ! am\nt4 ,i pa9t$ my skylights1 tak+ me ab\t f\r h\rs1 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ade2 also ! hotte/ room skylights1 :i* took me "o h\r1 com+ out at int]vals = 8a cool]10 at a temp]ature ( #ahj4 ,i may add 9 conclusion1 t a man c "w well 9 a moi/ temp]ature ( #aaj if he p]spires freely40 ,! foll[+1 by a writ] ^: te/imony may be safely accept$1 is extract$ f an acc\nt ( ord9>y pass5g] %ips ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 9 ! 8,illu/rat$ ,news10 ( ,novemb] #i1 #ahgb3 8,! temp]ature 9 ! /oke-hole 0 #ade4 ,! floor ( ?is w>m region is close to ! %ip's keel1 s x is v f> bel[4 ,!re are twelve boil]s1 six on ea* side1 ea* ) a blaz+ furnace1 :i* has to be op5$ at regul> int]vals to put 9 new coals1 or to be pok$ up ) long iron rods4 ,?is is ! duty ( ! poor wret*es :o are doom$ to ?is "w4 ,x is h>d to believe t human be+s c\ld be got to labor "u su* conditions1 yet su* p]sons are to be f\nd4 ,! "w ( /ok+ or fe$+ ! fires is usually done by ,arabs1 :ile ! "w ( br++ ! coal f ! bunk]s is done by sidi-wallahs or negroes4 ,at times "s ( ! m intellig5t ( ^! are promot$ to ! /ok+4 ,! negroes :o d ?is k9d ( "w come f ,zanzib>4 ,!y are g5]ally %ort m51 ) /rong limbs1 r\nd bullet heads1 & ! v be/ ( good nature 9 _! dispositions4 ,"s ( !m w "w half an h\r 9 su* a place z ! /oke-hole )\t a drop ( p]spiration on _! d>k sk9s4 ,o!rs1 p>ticul>ly ! ,arabs1 :5 x is s hot z x (t5 is 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 h to be c>ri$ up 9 a fa9t+ condition1 & are re/or$ to animation by da%+ buckets ( wat] ov] !m z !y lie on deck40 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! !oretical temp]ature ( #aaf at #djjj feet1 ! #acc at #ejjj feet1 or ! #aej at #fjjj feet1 are ! temp]atures ( ! undi/urb$ rock2 t ?is rock is a bad conductor ( heat1 ^: surface may be consid]ably cool$ by radiation & convection2 & !re=e we are by no means to reg>d ! rock temp]ature z t ( ! air ( ! roads & work+s ( ! deep coal-pits ( ! future4#bg ,x is true t ! ,royal ,commission]s h collect$ _m facts %[+ t ! actual diff]5ce betwe5 ! face ( ! rocks ( c]ta9 pits & ! air pass+ ?r\gh !m is b small2 b ^! data are n directly applicable to ! "q "u consid]ation = ! ?ree foll[+ reasons3 ,fir/4 ,! comp>isons are made betwe5 ! temp]ature ( ! air & ! actual temp]ature ( ! op5$ & already cool$ /rata1 :ile ! "q to be solv$ is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! !oretical temp]ature ( ! unop5$ e>? dep?s & t ( ! air 9 roads & work+'s to be op5$ ?r\gh !m4 ,second4 ,! cool+ effect ( v5tilation mu/ 7z ! ,commission]s !mselves /ate7 increase 9 a ratio :i* 8some:at exce$s ! ratio ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature ( ! air & t ( ! surr\nd+ surface ) :i* x is 9 contact40 ,?us1 ! l[] we proce$ ! m & m effectively cool+ mu/ a giv5 am\nt ( v5tilation become4 ,! ?ird1 & by f> ! mo/ important1 reason is1 t 9 ! deep m9+ ( ! future1 special means w be devis$ & appli$ to ! purpose ( l[]+ ! temp]ature ( ! work+s2 t z ! desc5d+ ef=ts ( ! colli] increase ) ! asc5d+ value ( ! coal1 a new problem w be (f]$ = solution1 & ! me?od ( work+ coal w be alt]$ accord+ly4 ,9 ! cases quot$ by ! ,commission]s1 ! few degrees ( cool+ 7 effect$ by a sy/em ( v5tilation t 0 devis$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( respiration1 & n = ! purpose ( cool+ ! m9e4 ,x w\ld be v presumptu\s = anyone 9 #ahgc to say h[ ?is special cool+ w actually be effect$1 b ,i w nev]!less v5ture to indicate "o or two pr9ciples :i* may be appli$ to ! solution ( ! problem4 ,fir/ ( all1 x mu/ be not$ t v deep m9es are usually dry2 & !re is good reason to believe t1 be=e rea*+ ! ,commission]s' limit ( #djjj feet1 dry m9+ w\ld be ! common1 & at & bel[ #djjj feet ! univ]sal1 case4 ,at pres5t we usually obta9 coal f wat]-be>+ /rata1 & all our arrangem5ts are gov]n$ by ?is v s]i\s cont+5cy4 ,) wat] remov$1 ! :ole sy/em ( coal-m9+ may be revolutioniz$1 & ?us ! aspect ( ?is problem ( cool+ ! work+s w\ld become totally *ang$4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! pres5t practice ( m9+ are aw>e t :5 an e/ate is tak51 & ab\t to be work$ = coal1 ! fir/ "q to be decid$ is ! dip ( ! measures1 9 ord] t ! s9k+ may be made 8on ! deep0 ( ! :ole range4 ,! pits are n sunk at t "p ( ! same range :]e1 at fir/ sight1 ! coal appe>s ! mo/ accessible1 b1 on ! contr>y1 at ! deepe/ "p4 ,x is !n c>ri$ on to "s dep? bel[ ! coal seam :i* is to be work$1 9 ord] to =m a 8sumpf0 or receptacle f :i* ! wat] may be w\nd or pump$4 ,! necessity = ?is 9 wat]-be>+ /rata is obvi\s en\gh4 ,if ! colli] began at ! %all[e/ portion ( 8 range1 & attempt$ to proce$ d[nw>ds1 he w\ld be 8dr[n$ out0 unless he work$ z a coal-div] r ?an a coal-m9]4 ,by s9k+ 9 ! deep he works upw>ds1 away f ! wat]1 :i* all dra9s d[n to ! sumpf1 f :i* x is pump$4 ,! mod]n practice is to s9k 8a pair ( pits10 bo? on ! deep1 & )9 a %ort di/ance ( ea* o!r4 ,! object ( ! second is v5tilation4 ,by contrivances1 :i* ,i ne$ n "h detail1 ! air is made to desc5d "o ( ! pits1 8! d[nca/ %aft10 !n to trav]se ! roads & work+s :]e9 v5tilation is requir$1 & return by a rev]se r\te to ! 8upca/ %aft10 by :i* x asc5ds to ! surface4 ,?us x w be se5 t1 :5ev] ! temp]ature ( ! roads & work+s exce$s t ( ! out] atmosph]e2 ! air curr5ts h to be =c$ to travel ?r\gh ! m9e 9 a direction contr>y to _! natural c\rse4 ,! cool] air ( ! d[nca/ %aft has to climb ! incl9$ roads1 & !n aft] atta9+ its maximum temp]ature 9 ! fre% work+s mu/ desc5d ! roads till x rea*es ! upca/ %aft4 ,! cool air mu/ rise & ! w>m] air desc5d4 ,:at1 !n1 w\ld be ! c\rse ( ! m9+ eng9e] :5 all ! exi/+ difficulties pres5t$ by wat]-be>+ /rata %\ld be remov$1 & _! place tak5 by a new & totally diff]5t ob/acle1 viz41 high temp]ature8 ,obvi\sly to rev]se ! pres5t mode ( work+--to s9k on ! upp] "p ( ! range & drive d[nw>ds4 ,9 su* a sy/em ( work+ ! v5tilation ( ! pit w be mo/ p[]fully aid$ or altoge!r effect$ by natural atmosph]ic curr5ts4 ,an upca/ once det]m9$ by artificial means1 x w !reaft] proce$ spontane\sly1 z ! cold air ( ! d[nca/ %aft w travel by a desc5d+ road to ! work+s1 & !n aft] becom+ heat$ w simply obey ! sup]ior pressure ( ! heavy column beh9d1 & proce$ by an upw>d road to ! upca/ %aft4 ,z ! impell+ =ce ( ! air curr5t w be ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weight ( ! cool column ( air 9 ! d[nca/ %aft & roads & ! w>m column 9 ! upca/1 ! available =ce ( natural v5tilation & cool+ w increase j z dem&$1 i4e41 x w increase ) ! dep? ( ! work+s & ! heat ( ! rocks4 ,a m9+ eng9e] :o kn[s :at is actually done ) pres5t arrangem5ts1 w see at once t ) ! above-/at$ advantages a gale ( w9d or ev5 a hurricane might be direct$ ?r\gh any p>ticul> roads or long-wall work+s t 7 once op5$4 ,let u suppose ! dep? to be #ejjj feet1 ! rock temp]ature at />t+ #acc1 & t ( ! out] air #fj1 we %\ld h a torr5t ( air1 #gc cool] ?an ! rocks1 ru%+ furi\sly d[nw>ds1 !n pa/ ! face ( ! heat$ /rata1 & absorb+ its heat to su* an ext5t t ! upca/ %aft w\ld p\r =? a p]petual bla/ ( hot air l a gigantic furnace *imney4 ,b ?is is n all2 ! heat & dryness ( ^! deep work+s ( ! future place at our disposal ano!r & /ill m effici5t cool+ ag5cy ?an ev5 t ( a hurricane ( dry-air v5tilation4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! s9k+ ( ! deep %afts ! usual wat]-be>+ /rata w\ld be enc\nt]$1 & ! ord9>y means ( 8tubb+0 or 8c(f]+0 w\ld probably be adopt$ = tempor>y conv5i5ce dur+ s9k+4 ,doorways1 h[ev]1 w\ld be left 9 ! tubb+ at suitable places = tapp+ at pleasure ! wette/ & mo/ por\s ( ! /rata4 ,/reams ( cold wat] c\ld ?us be p\r$ d[n ! sides ( ! %aft1 :i*1 on rea*+ ! bottom1 w\ld fl[ by a d[nhill road into ! work+s4 ,! /ream ( air ru%+ by ! same r\te & becom+ heat$ 9 its c\rse w\ld p[]fully assi/ ! evaporation ( ! wat]4 ,! deep] & hott] ! pit1 ! m p[]ful w\ld be ^! cool+ ag5cies4 ,z ! specific heat ( wat] is ab\t five times t ( ! coal-measure rocks1 or ! coal itself1 e degree ( heat communicat$ to ea* p\nd ( wat] w\ld ab/ract "o degree f five p\nds ( rocks4 ,b 9 ! conv]sion ( wat] at #fj into vapor at say #ajj1 ! am\nt ( heat absorb$ is equival5t to t requir$ to raise ! same weight ( wat] ab\t #ajjj1 & ?us ! effective cool+ p[] on ! rock w\ld be equival5t to #ejjj4 ,! work+s once op5$ 7,i assume z a matt] ( c\rse t by ?is "t pill>-&-/all work+ w be entirely ab&on$ = long-wall or some?+ bett]71 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 ?us p\r+ /reams ( wat] & torr5ts ( air ?r\gh ! work+s dur+ ! night1 or at any suitable "t prep>atory to ! op]ations ( ! m9]1 :o long be=e ! era ( su* deep work+s w be m]ely ! director ( coal-cutt+ & load+ ma*9]y4 ,giv5 a suffici5tly high price = coal at ! pit's m\? to pay wages & supply ! necess>y fix$ capital1 ,i see no insup]able difficulty1 s f> z m]e temp]ature is conc]n$1 9 work+ coal at d\ble ! dep? ( ! ,royal ,commission]s' limit ( possibility4 ,at su* a dep? ( #hjjj feet ! !oretical rock-temp]ature is #ahc4 ,by ! means above indicat$1 ,i h no d\bt t ?is c\ld be r$uc$ to an air temp]ature bel[ #aaj--t at :i* ,mr4 ,tyndall's %ampoo]s ord9>ily "w4 ,( c\rse ! newly-expos$ face ( ! coal w\ld h its initial temp]ature ( #ahc2 b ?is is a trivial heat comp>$ to ! r$-hot radiant surfaces to :i* puddl]s1 %+l]s1 glassmak]s1 etc41 are commonly expos$4 ,dive/$ ( ! incumbrance ( clo?+1 ) ! :ole surface ( ! sk9 cont9u\sly fann$ by a p[]ful /ream ( air--:i*1 dur+ work+ h\rs ne$ be b p>tly saturat$ ) vapor--a /urdy midl& or nor?-c\ntryman w\ld "w m]rily en\gh at %ort h\rs & high wages1 ev5 ?\gh ! newly-expos$ face ( coal rea*$ #bab2 = we mu/ rememb] t ?is new coal-face w\ld only correspond to ! incomp>ably hott] furnace-doors & fires ( ! /eam%ip /oke-holes4 ,! high temp]ature at #hjjj or ev5 #aj1jjj feet w\ld pres5t a really s]i\s difficulty dur+ ! fir/ op5+ ( communications betwe5 ! two pits4 ,a spurt ( brave ef=t w\ld "h be necess>y1 & if anybody d\bts :e!r ,engli%m5 c\ld be f\nd to make ! ef=t1 let him witness a 8pot-sett+0 at a glass-h\se4 ,negro labor might be obta9$ if requir$1 b my exp]i5ce among ,engli% workm5 leads me to believe t !y w nev] all[ negroes or any o!rs to beat !m at home 9 any k9d ( "w :]e ! wages paid are proportionate to ! ef=t dem&$4 ,if ,i am "r 9 ! above e/imates ( work+ possibilities1 our coal res\rces may be increas$ by ab\t =ty ?\s& millions ( tons beyond ! e/imate ( ! ,commission]s4 ,to obta9 su* an additional quantity w c]ta9ly be wor? an ef=t1 & unless we suff] a f> worse calamity ?an ! loss ( all our m9]als1 viz41 a det]ioration ( ,briti% en]gy1 ! ef=t w assur$ly be made4 ,i h said repeat$ly t x is n physical difficulties b m>ket value t w det]m9e ! limits ( our coal-m9+4 ,?is1 l all o!r values1 is ( c\rse det]m9$ by ! relation betwe5 dem& & supply4 ,fuel be+ "o ( ! absolute necess>ies ( life1 ! dem& = x mu/ cont9ue s long z ! conditions ( human exi/5ce rema9 z at pres5t1 & ! out] limits ( ! possible value ( coal w be det]m9$ by t ( ! next *eape/ k9d ( fuel :i* is capable ( sup]s$+ x4 ,we beg9 by work+ ! be/ & mo/ accessible seams1 & :ile ^? rema9 9 abundance ! av]age value ( coal w be det]m9$ by ! co/ ( produc+ x "u ^! easy conditions4 ,directly ^! mo/ accessible seams cease to supply ! :ole dem&1 ! m>ket value rises until x becomes suffici5t to cov] ! co/ ( work+ ! less accessible2 & ! av]age value w be regulat$ n by ! co/ ( work+ :at rema9s ( ! fir/ or easy m9es1 b by t ( work+ ! mo/ difficult t mu/ be work$ 9 ord] to meet ! dem&4 ,?is is a simple case fall+ "u ! well-e/abli%$ economic law1 t ! natural or co/ value ( any commodity is det]m9$ by ! co/ value ( ! mo/ co/ly portion ( x4 ,?us1 ! only condition "u :i* we c proce$ to s9k deep] & deep]1 is a dem& ( suffici5t en]gy to keep pace ) ! cont9ually increas+ co/ ( production4 ,?is condition c only be fulfill$ :5 !re is no compet+ s\rce ( *eap] production :i* is adequate to supply ! dem&4 ,! "q !n resolves itself into ?is3 ,is any s\rce ( supply likely to int]v5e t w prev5t ! value ( coal f ris+ suffici5tly to cov] ! co/ ( work+ ! coal seams ( #djjj feet & great] dep?8 ,)\t ent]+ ^u ! "q ( peat & wood fuel1 bo? ( :i* w = "s uses und\bt$ly come into competition ) ,briti% coal z x rises 9 value1 ,i believe t !re are s\nd reasons = conclud+ t our ,london fireplaces1 & ^? ( o!r t[ns situat$ on ! sea-coa/ & ! banks ( navigable riv]s1 w be suppli$ ) transatlantic coal long be=e we rea* ! ,commission]'s limit ( #djjj feet4 ,! highe/ prices ( la/ w9t]1 if /eadily ma9ta9$1 w\ld be suffici5t to br+ ab\t ?is important *ange4 ,tempor>y upw>d j]ks ( ! price ( coal h v little imm$iate effect ^u supply1 z ! survey+1 conveyance1 bor+1 s9k+1 & fully op5+ ( a new coal e/ate is a "w ( "s ye>s4 ,! ,royal ,commission]s e/imate t ! ,nor?-,am]ican coal-fields conta9 an unt\*$ coal area equal to sev5ty times ! :ole ( ours4 ,fur!r inve/igation is likely to increase r ?an dim9i% ?is e/imate4 ,an important portion ( ?is va/ s\rce ( supply is well situat$ = %ipm5t1 & may be easily work$ at little co/4 ,hi!rto1 ! ,am]ican coal-fields h be5 greatly neglect$1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! temptations to agricultural occupation :i* are af=d$ by ! va/ area ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 & p>tly by ! b>b>\s b>ri]s ( ,am]ican politics4 ,l>ge am\nts ( capital :i*1 "u ! social op]ation ( ! laws ( natural selection1 w\ld h be5 devot$ to ! unfold+ ( ! va/ m9]al res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are /ill wa/efully inve/$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( protectively nurs$ & sickly imitation ( ,engli% manufactures4 ,:5 ! political civilization ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates become suffici5tly advanc$ to e/abli% a national free-trade policy1 ?is p]v]t$ capital w fl[ into its natural *annels1 & ! citiz5s ( ! ,/ates w be suppli$ ) ! m highly elaborat$ indu/rial products at a *eap] rate ?an at pres5t1 by obta9+ !m 9 ex*ange = _! sup]abundant raw mat]ial f ^? ,european c\ntries :]e population is ov]fl[+ ! raw mat]ial supplies4 ,:5 ?is "t arrives1 & x may come ) ! *>act]i/ic sudd5ness ( ,am]ican *anges1 ! "q ( ,am]ican v]sus ,engli% coal 9 ! ,engli% m>kets w r$uce itself to "o ( horizontal v]sus v]tical difficulties4 ,if at "s future p]iod ! av]age dep? ( ! ,newca/le coal-pits becomes #cjjj feet great] ?an ^? ( ! pits ne> ! coa/ ( ! ,atlantic or ,am]ican lakes1 & if ! horizontal difficulties ( #cjjj miles ( di/ance are less ?an ! v]tical difficulties ( #cjjj feet ( dep?1 !n coals w be c>ri$ f ,am]ica to ,newca/le4 ,!y w rea* ,london & ! t[ns on ! ,s\? ,coa/ be=e ?is1 t is1 :5 ! v]tical difficulties at ,newca/le plus ^? ( horizontal traction f ,newca/le to ! s\?1 exce$ ^? ( ea/w>d traction across ! ,atlantic4 ,z ! co/ ( c>riage increases 9 a f> small] ratio ?an ! op5 ocean di/ance1 !re is good reason = conclud+ t ! day :5 ,london h\ses w be w>m$ by ,am]ican coal is n v f> di/ant4 ,we1 9 ,engl&1 :o h outgr[n ! p]nici\s folly ( 8protect+ native indu/ry0 w he>tily welcome s desirable a consummation4 ,x w r5d] unnecess>y any fur!r inquiry into ! exi/5ce ( ,london 8coal r+s0 or comb9ations = re/rict$ output among colli]s or _! employ]s4 ,if any morbid imp$im5ts to ! free action ( ! coal trade d exi/1 ! /imulat+ & purgative influ5ce ( =eign competition w rapidly re/ore ! trade to a heal?y condition4 ,! effect ( su* introduction ( ,am]ican coal w n be to p]petually lock up our deep coal nor ev5 to /op our gradual progress t[>ds x4 ,we %all m]ely proce$ d[nw>ds at a mu* sl[] rate1 = 9 ,am]ica1 z ) ourselves1 ! easily accessible coal w be fir/ work$1 & z t becomes exhau/$1 ! deep]1 m remote1 ?9n]1 & inf]ior w only rema9 to be work$ at cont9ually increas+ co/4 ,:5 bo? our own & =eign coal co/ m ?an peat1 or wood1 or o!r fuel1 !n & !re=e w coal become q inaccessible to u1 & ?is w probably be ! case long be=e we are /opp$ by ! physical ob/acles ( dep?1 d5sity1 or high temp]ature4 ,z ?is rise ( value mu/ ( necessity be gradual1 & z ! sup]s$+ ( ,briti% by =eign coal1 z well z ! f9al disuse ( coal1 w gradually conv]ge f ! circumf]5ce t[>ds ! c5tres ( supply1 f places di/ant f coal-pits to ^? close ar\nd !m1 we %all h ample w>n+ & opportunity = prep>+ = ! social *anges t ! loss ( ! raw mat]ial w en=ce4 ,! above-quot$ writ]1 9 ! 8,ed9burgh ,review10 expresses 9 /rong & unqualifi$ t]ms an idea t is v preval5t 9 ,engl& & abroad3 he says t1 8,! c\rse ( manufactur+ supremacy ( weal? & ( p[] is direct$ by coal4 ,t wond]ful m9]al1 ( ! possession ( :i* ,engli%m5 h ?\ght s little b wa/$ s mu*1 is ! mod]n realization ( ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,?is *emical result ( primeval vegetation has be5 ! means by its abundance ( rais+ ?is c\ntry to an unprec$5t$ height ( prosp]ity1 & its defici5cy might h ! effect ( l[]+ x to sl[ decl9e40 999999 8,x raises up "o p & ca/s d[n ano!r2 x makes railways on l& & pa?s on ! sea4 ,x f\nds cities1 x rules nations1 x *anges ! c\rse ( empires40 ,! fallacy ( ^! cu/om>y attributions ( social pot5cy to m]e m9]al matt] is amply %[n by facts t are previ\sly /at$ by ! review] himself4 ,he tells u t 8! coal-fields ( ,*9a ext5d ov] an area ( #djj1jjj squ>e miles2 & a good geologi/1 ,b>on ,von ,ri*?(51 has report$ t he himself has f\nd a coal-field 9 ! prov9ce ( ,hunau cov]+ an area ( #ba1gjj squ>e miles1 :i* is ne>ly d\ble our ,briti% coal area ( #ab1jjj squ>e miles4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,%ansi1 ! ,b>on discov]$ ne>ly #cj1jjj squ>e miles ( coal ) unrival$ facilities = m9+4 ,b all ^! va/ coal-fields1 capable ( supply+ ! :ole _w = "s ?\s&s ( ye>s to come1 are ly+ unwork$40 ,if 8! c\rse ( manufactur+ supremacy ( weal? & ( p[]0 7 direct$ by coal1 !n ,*9a1 :i* possesses #ccc times m ( ?is directive =ce ?an ,great ,brita91 & _h s e>ly a />t 9 life1 %\ld be ! supreme summit ( ! indu/rial _w4 ,if ?is solid hydroc>bon 8raises up "o p & ca/s d[n ano!r10 ! ,*9aman %\ld1 be rais$ ?irty-?ree times & ?ree t5?s high] ?an ! ,engli%man2 if x 8makes railways on l& & pa?s on ! sea10 ! ,*9ese railways %\ld be #ccc times long] ?an ours1 & ! tonnage ( _! m]cantile m>9e #ccc times great]4 ,e addition to our k ( ! m9]al res\rces ( o!r p>ts ( ! _w c>ries u ne>] & ne>] to ! conclusion t ! old idea ( ! sup]lative abundance ( ! natural m9]al res\rces ( ,engl& is a delusion4 ,we are gradually discov]+ t1 ) ! "o exception ( t9-/one1 we h b little if any m ?an an av]age supply ( useful ores & m9]al fuel4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 & "o ^u :i* we may pr(itably pond]1 t ! poore/ & ! wor/ iron ores t h ev] be5 comm]cially r$uc$1 are ^? ( ,s\? ,/af=d%ire & ! ,clevel& di/rict1 & ^! are ! two greate/ iron-mak+ c5tres ( ! _w4 ,!re are no ores ( copp]1 z9c1 t91 nickel1 or silv] 9 ! neighborhood ( ,birm+ham1 nor any gold5 s&s ^u ! banks ( ! ,rea1 yet ?is t[n is ! h>dw>e metropolis ( ! _w1 ! fa!rl& ( gild+ & plat+1 & is rapidly becom+ supreme 9 ! highe/ art ( gold & silv] "w4 ,^!1 & a multitude ( o!r analog\s facts1 abundantly refute ! idea t ! native m9]als1 ! natural f]tility1 ! navigable riv]s1 or ! conv5i5t seaports1 det]m9e ! indu/rial & comm]cial supremacy ( nations4 ,! moral =ces ex]t$ by ! individual human molecules are ! true compon5ts :i* det]m9e ! result+ =ce & direction ( national progress4 ,x is ! indu/ry & skill ( our workm51 ! self-d5ial1 ! ent]prise1 & organiz+ ability ( our capitali/s1 t has br\ght our coal s precoci\sly to ! surface & r$irect$ = human advantage ! buri$ en]gies ( anci5t sunbeams1 :ile ! fossil fuel ( o!r l&s has rema9$ in]t4 ,! =eign] :o w\ld see a sample ( ! s\rce ( ,briti% prosp]ity mu/ n seek = x 9 a geological museum or among our subt]ranean rocks2 let him r /& on ! ,surrey side ( ,london ,bridge f #h to #aj ,a4,m4 & contemplate ! m>* ( "o ( ! battalions ( our metropolitan indu/rial army1 z x p\rs =? 9 an unceas+ /ream f ! railway /ations t[>ds ! ,city4 ,an analysis ( ! moral =ces :i* produce ! e>ne/ faces & rapid /eps ( ^! rank & file & (fic]s ( comm]ce w reveal ! true elem5ts ( ,briti% greatness1 r ?an any laboratory dissection ( our coal or iron/one4 ,fuel & /eam-p[] h be5 urg5tly requir$ by all mank9d4 ,engli%m5 suppli$ ^! wants4 ,_! urg5cy 0 prim>y & !y 7 fir/ suppli$1 ev5 ?\gh ! b[els ( ! e>? _h to be p5etrat$ 9 ord] to obta9 !m4 ,9 ! pres5t exceptional & precoci\s degree ( exhau/ion ( our coal treasures1 we h ! effect n ! cause ( ,briti% indu/rial success4 ,if 9 a rud] age our great] indu/rial en]gy enabl$ u to take ! lead 9 supply+ ! rud] dem&s ( our fell[-creatures1 :y %\ld n a high] culture ( ^? same abundant en]gies qualify u to ma9ta9 our position & enable u to m9i/] to ! m ref9$ & elaborate wants ( a high] civilization8 ,!re are o!r necess>y occupations q z desirable z coal-digg+1 furnace-fe$+1 & cotton-sp9n+4 ,! approa*+ exhau/ion ( our coal supplies %\ld !re=e s]ve u z a w>n+ = prep>ation4 ,brita9 w be =c$ to retire f ! coal trade1 & %\ld accord+ly prep>e h] sons = high] bran*es ( bus9ess1--= ^? 9 :i* sci5tific k & arti/ic tra9+ w replace m]e muscul> /r5g? & me*anical skill4 ,we h atta9$ our pres5t mat]ial prosp]ity ma9ly by our excell5ce 9 ! use ( /eam-p[]2 let u n[ /ruggle = supremacy 9 ! practical application ( bra9-p[]4 ,we h "t & opportunity = ?is4 ,! exhau/ion ( our coal supplies w g on at a cont9ually ret>d+ pace--we %all always be approa*+ ! end1 b %all nev] absolutely rea* x1 z e /ep ( approximation w dim9i% ! rate ( approa*2 l ! ev]la/+ process ( rea*+ a giv5 po9t by cont9ually halv+ our di/ance f x4 ,fir/ ( all we %all cease to export coal2 !n we %all ?r[ up ! mo/ voraci\s ( our coal-consum+ indu/ries1 su* z ! r$uction ( iron-ore 9 ! bla/-furnace2 !n copp]-smelt+ & ! manufacture ( malleable iron & /eel f ! pig1 & s on progressively4 ,if we keep 9 view ! natural c\rse & ord] ( su* progress1 & intellig5tly prep>e = x1 ! loss ( our coal ne$ n 9 ! smalle/ degree ret>d ! progress ( our national prosp]ity4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we act ^u ! belief t ! advancem5t ( a nation dep5ds ^u ! m]e accid5t ( physical advantages1 if we fold our arms & wait = ,provid5ce to supply u ) a physical sub/itute = coal1 we %all become ,*9am51 m9us ! unwork$ coal ( ,*9a4 ,if our educational ef=ts are conduct$ aft] ! ,*9ese model2 if we /ultify ! vigor & fre%ness ( "y bra9s by ! we>y1 dull1 & useless cramm+ ( words & phrases2 if we poison & p]v]t ! gr[+ intellect ( ,briti% y\? by fe$+ x ^u ! decay$ c>cases ( dead languages1 & on effete & mu/y lit]ature1 our progress w be proportionately ,*9aw>d2 b if we %ake (f t monki% inh]itance :i* leads s _m ( u bl9dly to believe t ! bus9ess ( education is to produce s*ol>s r ?an m51 & direct our educational ef=ts t[>ds ! requirem5ts ( ! future r ?an by ! traditions ( ! pa/1 we ne$ h no fe> t ,great ,brita9 w decl9e ) ! exhau/ion ( h] coal-fields4 ,! tea*+ & tra9+ 9 s*ools & colleges mu/ be directly & design$ly prep>atory to ^? ( ! work%op1 ! w>eh\se1 & ! (fice2 = if our progress is to be wor?y ( our beg9n+1 ! moral & intellectual dignity ( indu/ry mu/ be =mally ackn[l$g$ & sy/ematically su/a9$ & advanc$4 ,hi!rto1 we h be5 ! fir/ & ! =emo/ 9 utiliz+ ! fossil =ces :i* ! m9] has une>!d2 h]eaft] we mu/ 9 l mann] avail ourselves ( ! liv+ =ces ! philosoph] has reveal$4 ,sci5ce mu/ become z famili> among all classes ( ,engli%m5 z _! h\sehold fuel4 ,! y\? ( ,engl& mu/ be tra9$ to obs]ve1 g5]alize1 & inve/igate ! ph5om5a & =ces ( ! _w outside !mselves2 & also ^? moral =ces )9 !mselves1 ^u ! "r or wrong gov]nm5t ( :i* ! success or failure1 ! happ9ess or mis]y ( _! lives w dep5d4 ,) su* tea*+ & tra9+ ! future g5]ations ( ,engl& w make ! be/ & mo/ economical use ( _! coal :ile x la/s1 & w /ill advance 9 mat]ial & moral prosp]ity 9 spite ( its progressive exhau/ion4 8,,! ,,engli%man',s ,,fireside40 ,dur+ ! inve/m5t ( ,p>is1 ! ,comptes ,r5dus ( ! ,acadamy ( ,sci5ces 7 ma9ly fill$ ) pap]s on ! con/ruction & guidance ( balloons2 ) ! results ( +5i\s rese>*es on me?ods ( mak+ milk & butt] )\t ! aid ( c[s2 on ! extraction ( nutriti\s food f old boots1 saddles1 & o!r organic refuse2 & o!r devices = r5d]+ ! g5]al fam9e m endurable4 ,9 l mann]1 our pres5t coal fam9e is direct+ an important am\nt ( sci5tific1 z well z comm]cial1 att5tion to ! subject ( economiz+ coal & f9d+ sub/itutes = x4 ,a few ?\ghtful m5 h %ock$ _! fell[-suff]]s v outrage\sly by wi%+ t coal may rea* #cl4 p] ton1 & rema9 at t price = a ye> or two4 ,i confess t1 9 spite ( my own empty coal-cell> & small income1 ,i am "o ( ^? h>d-he>t$ cool calculators1 be+ confid5t t1 ev5 f ! n>r[ po9t ( view ( my own outlay 9 fuel1 ! additional am\nt ,i %\ld ?us pay 9 ! meantime w\ld be a good inve/m5t1 af=d+ by an ample return 9 ! sav+ due to consequ5t future *eapness4 ,reg>d$ f a national po9t ( view1 ,i am conv9c$ t #cl4 a ton 9 ,london1 & correspond+ prices 9 o!r di/ricts1 if ?us ma9ta9$1 w\ld be an imm5se national bless+4 ,i say ?is1 be+ conv9c$ t no?+ %ort ( pecuni>y pa9s & p5alties ( ru9\s sev]ity w /ir ! bl9d prejudices ( ,engli%m51 & =ce !m to desi/ f _! pres5t /upid & s9ful wa/e ( ! greate/ m9]al treasure ( ! isl&4 ,"o ( ! grosse/ ( our national manife/ations ( ,cons]vative /upidity is our s5seless idolatr\s wor%ip ( t dome/ic feti%1 8! ,engli%man's fireside40 ,we sacrifice heal?1 we sacrifice com=t1 we begrime our t[ns & all !y conta9 ) sooty f\lness1 we exp5d an am\nt f> exce$+ ! int]e/ ( ! national debt1 & disc\nt our future prospects ( national prosp]ity1 9 ord] t we may d :at8 ,enjoy ! favorite recreation ( idiots4 ,x is a well-kn[n physiological fact t an absolute idiot1 ) a cranium measur+ sixte5 in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 w sit & />e at a blaz+ fire = h\rs & h\rs cont9u\sly1 all ! day long1 except :5 fe$+1 & t ?is prop5sity v>ies ) ! degree ( m5tal vacuity4 ,few sights are m melan*oly ?an ! contemplation ( a p>ty ( ,engli% fire-wor%ip]s seat$ 9 a semicircle r\nd ! family feti% on a ke5 fro/y day4 ,!y huddle toge!r1 roa/ _! knees1 & grill _! faces1 9 ord] to escape ! *ill+ bla/ t is br\ght 9 f all ! *9ks ( leaky doors & w9d[s by ! v ag5t !y employ1 at s mu* co/1 = ! purpose ( keep+ ! cold away4 ,! bigg] ! fire ! great] ! draught1 ! hott] _! faces ! cold] _! backs1 ! great] ! consumption ( coal ! m abundant ! crop ( *ilbla9s1 rheumatism1 cat>rh1 & o!r well-des]v$ mis]ies4 ,! mo/ ridicul\s elem5t ( su* an exhibition is ! complac5t self-delusion ( ! victims4 ,!y believe t _! idol be/[s ^u !m an am\nt ( com=t unkn[n to o!r p1 t x af=ds ! mo/ p]fect & salubri\s v5tilation1 &1 above all1 t x is a 8*e]ful0 in/itution4 ,! 8*e]fulness0 is1 p]haps1 ! broade/ "p ( ! :ole c>icature1 especially :5 we consid] t1 accord+ to ?is !ory ( ! *e]fulness ( fire-gaz+1 ! #af-;in* idiot mu/ be ! mo/ *e]ful ( all human be+s4 ,! notion t our common fireplaces & *imneys af=d an effici5t means ( v5tilation1 is almo/ too absurd = s]i\s discussion4 ,ev]ybody :o has ?\ght at all on ! subject is aw>e t 9 cold wea!r ! exhalations ( ! sk9 & lungs1 ! products ( gas-burn+1 etc41 are s mu* heat$ :5 giv5 (f t !y rise to ! upp] "p ( ! room 7especially if any cold out] air is admitt$71 & %\ld be remov$ f !re be=e !y cool aga9 & desc5d4 ,n[1 our fireplace op5+s are j :]e !y ought n to be = v5tilation2 !y are at ! l[] "p ( ! room1 & ?us _! action consi/s 9 creat+ a curr5t ( cold air or 8draught0 f doors & w9d[s1 :i* cold curr5t at once desc5ds1 & !n runs along ! floor1 *ill+ our toes & provok+ *ilbla9s4 ,?is cold fre% air hav+ done its wor/ 9 ! way ( mak+ u uncom=table1 passes directly up ! *imney )\t do+ u any s]vice = purposes ( respiration4 ,our m\?s are usually above ! level ( ! *imney op5+1 & ?us we only brea! ! vitiat$ atmosph]e :i* x fails to remove4 ,n only does ! fire-op5+ fail to purify ! air we brea!1 x actually prev5ts ! leakage ( ! l[] "p ( ! w9d[s & doors f assi/+ 9 ! removal ( ! upp] /ratum ( vitiat$ air1 = ! /rong up-draught ( ! *imney causes ^! op5+s to be fully occupi$ by an infl[+ curr5t ( cold air1 :i* at once desc5ds1 & !n proce$s1 z be=e /at$1 to ! *imney4 ,if ! leakage is insuffici5t to supply ! necess>y am\nt ( *ilbla9-mak+ & bron*itis-produc+ draught1 x has to ent] by way ( ! *imney-pot 9 ! =m ( occasional spasms ( d[n-draught1 accompani$ by gu/s ( *ok+ & black5+ smoke4 ,x is a fact n g5]ally kn[n1 t smoky *imneys are especial ,engli% in/itutions1 "o ( ! peculi> manife/ations ( our v sup]ior dome/ic com=tabl5ess4 ,x is true t1 9 "s ( our rooms1 an ,arnott's v5tilator op5s into ! upp] "p ( ! *imney1 b ?is 0 int5d$ by ,dr4 ,arnott z an adjunct to 8 modification ( ! ,g]man /ove1 & su* v5tilator c only act effici5tly :]e a /ove is us$4 ,! pressure requir$ to fairly op5 x c only be regul>ly obta9$ :5 ! *imney is clos$ bel[1 or its l[] op5+ is limit$ to t ( a /ovepipe4 ,! m5tion ( a ,g]man /ove has ^u an ,engli% fire-wor%ip] a simil> effect to ! sight ( wat] ^u a mad dog4 ,aga9 & aga91 :5 ,i h spok5 ( ! necessity ( re=m+ our fireplaces1 ! fir/ reply elicit$ has be51 8,:at1 w\ld y h u use ,g]man /oves80 ,9 e case :]e ,i h inquir$ ( ! exclaim]1 8,:at sort ( a ?+ is a ,g]man /ove80 ! answ] has prov$ t ! exclamation 0 b a manife/ation ( bl9d prejudice bas$ ^u total ignorance4 ,^! p :o are s mu* %ock$ at ! notion ( introduc+ 8,g]man /oves0 h no idea ( ! con/ruction ( ! /oves :i* des]v$ly be> ?is title4 ,_! notion ( a ,g]man /ove is "o ( ^? wret*$ iron boxes ( purely ,engli% inv5tion kn[n to ironmong]s z 8%op /oves40 ,^! ?+s get r$ hot1 _! r$-hot surface frizzles ! du/ p>ticles t float 9 ! atmosph]e & p]fume ! ap>tm5t accord+ly4 ,?is1 h[ev] disagreeable1 is n v mis*iev\s1 p]haps ! rev]se1 z _m ( ^! du/ p>ticles1 :i* are reveal$ by a sunbeam1 are compos$ ( organic matt] :i*1 z ,dr4 ,tyndall argues1 may be c>ri]s ( infection4 ,if we mu/ inhale su* ?+s1 x is bett] t we %\ld brea! !m cook$ ?an take !m raw4 ,! true cause ( ! heada*es & o!r mis*ief :i* su* /oves unque/ionably induce is v little und]/ood 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x has be5 falsely attribut$ to ov]-dry+ ( ! atmosph]e1 & accord+ly evaporat+ pans & o!r contrivances h be5 atta*$ to su* /oves1 b ) little or no advantage4 ,o!r explanations are giv51 b ! true "o is t iron :5 r$ hot is p]meable by c>bonic oxide4 ,?is 0 prov$ by ! rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,graham1 :o %[$ t ?is gas n only c pass ?r\gh r$-hot iron ) s+ul> facility1 b actually does s :5ev] !re is atmosph]ic air on "o side & c>bonic oxide on ! o!r4 ,= ! b5efit ( my non-*emical read]s1 ,i may expla9 t :5 any ( our ord9>y fuel is burn$1 !re are two products ( c>bon combu/ion1 "o ! result ( complete combu/ion1 ! o!r ( semi-combu/ion--c>bonic acid & c>bonic oxide--! =m]1 ?\gh suffocat+ :5 brea!d alone or 9 l>ge proportion1 is n o!rwise poison\s1 & has no disagreeable odor2 x is 9 fact r agreeable 9 small quantities1 be+ ! mat]ial ( *ampagne bubbles & ( ^? ( o!r eff]vesc+ dr9ks4 ,c>bonic oxide1 ! product ( semi-combu/ion1 is q diff]5t4 ,brea!d only 9 small quantities1 x acts z a direct poison1 produc+ peculi>ly oppressive heada*es4 ,besides ?is1 x has a disagreeable odor4 ,x ?us resembles _m o!r products ( imp]fect combu/ion1 su* z ^? :i* are famili> to ev]ybody :o has ev] bl[n out a tall[ c&le1 & left ! r$ wick to its own devices4 ,on ?is acc\nt alone any k9d ( iron /ove capable ( becom+ r$-hot %\ld be utt]ly condemn$4 ,if ,engli%m5 did _! travel+ 9 ,nor? ,europe 9 ! w9t]1 _! self-conceit respect+ ! com=t ( ,engli% h\ses w\ld be cruelly lac]at$1 & none su* w\ld p]petrate ! absurdity ( apply+ ! "n ( 8,g]man /ove0 to ! iron fire-pots t are sold z /oves by ,engli% ironmong]s4 ,z ! ,g]mans use s great a v>iety ( /oves1 x is sc>cely correct to apply ! title ( ,g]man to any k9d ( /ove1 unless we limit ourselves to ,nor? ,g]many4 ,!re1 & 9 ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 & ,russia1 ! con/ruction ( /oves becomes a specialty4 ,! ,russian /ove is p]haps ! mo/ in/ructive to u1 z x af=ds ! greate/ contra/ to our b>b>\s device ( a hole 9 ! wall into :i* fuel is %ovel$1 & all[$ to exp5d n9e-t5?s ( its en]gies 9 heat+ ! cl\ds1 :ile only ! residual t5 p] c5t does any?+ t[>ds w>m+ ! room4 ,) ! !rmomet] outside bel[ z]o1 a h\se 9 ,mosc[ or ,/4 ,pet]sburg is kept incomp>ably m w>m & com=table1 & is bett] v5tilat$ 7?\gh1 p]haps1 n s mu* v5tilat$7 ?an a correspond+ class ( h\se 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! outside temp]ature is #bj or #cj degrees high]1 & ?is ) a consumption ( ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! fuel :i* is requir$ = ! production ( ,briti% bron*itis4 ,?is is done by1 fir/ ( all1 sacrific+ ! idiotic recreation ( fire-gaz+1 !n by admitt+ no air into ! *imney b t :i* is us$ = ! combu/ion ( ! fuel2 ?irdly1 by s5d+ z little z possible ( ! heat up ! *imney2 f\r?ly1 by /or+ ! heat obta9$ f ! fuel 9 a suitable res]voir1 & !n all[+ x gradually & /eadily to radiate into ! ap>tm5t f a l>ge b n ov]heat$ surface4 ,! ,russian /ove by :i* ^! conditions are fulfill$ is usually an ornam5tal1 (t5 a highly arti/ic1 h&some article ( furniture1 made ( fire-resi/+ porcela91 glaz$ & o!rwise decorat$ outside4 ,int]nally x is divid$ by ?ick fire-clay walls into sev]al upright *amb]s or flues1 usually six4 ,"s dry firewood is light$ 9 a suitable fireplace1 & is suppli$ ) only suffici5t air to effect combu/ion1 all ( :i* ent]s bel[ & passes fairly ?r\gh ! fuel4 ,! products ( combu/ion be+ ?us undilut$ ) unnecess>y cold air1 are v highly heat$1 & 9 ?is /ate pass up comp>tm5t or flue ,no4 #a2 !y are !n deflect$1 & pass d[n ,no4 #b2 !n up ,no4 #c1 !n d[n ,no4 #d1 !n up ,no4 #e1 !n d[n ,no4 #f4 ,at ! end ( ?is long j\rney !y h giv5 up mo/ ( _! heat to ! #bd heat-absorb+ surfaces ( ! fire-clay walls ( ! six flues4 ,:5 ! int]ior ( ! /ove is ?us suffici5tly heat$1 ! fire-door & ! communication ) ! *imney are clos$1 & ! fire is at once ext+ui%$1 hav+ n[ done its day's "w2 ! int]ior ( ! /ove has bottl$ up its calorific =ce1 & holds x ready = emission into ! ap>tm5t4 ,?is is effect$ by ! natural prop]ties ( ! walls ( ! e>!nw>e res]voir4 ,!y are bad conductors & good radiators4 ,! heat sl[ly passes ?r\gh to ! outside ( ! /ove1 is radiat$ into ! ap>tm5t f a l>ge & mod]ately-heat$ surface1 :i* af=ds a g5ial & well-diffus$ temp]ature ?r\gh\t4 ,!re is no scor*+ 9 "o little r$-hot hole1 or corn]1 or box1 & freez+ 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! room4 ,!re are no draughts1 z ! *imney is q clos$ z soon z ! heat res]voir is suppli$4 ,if "o ( ^! heat res]voirs is plac$ 9 ! hall1 :]e x may =m a noble ornam5t & c easily communicate ) an und]gr\nd flue1 x w>ms e "p ( ! h\se1 & enables ! ,russian to enjoy a luxuri\s temp]ate climate indoors 9 spite ( arctic w9t] outside4 ,9 a h\se ?us w>m$ & free f draughts or bla/s ( cold air1 v5tilation becomes ! simple/ ( problems4 ,no?+ m is requir$ ?an to provide an inlet & outlet 9 suitable places1 & ( suitable dim5sions1 :5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! specific gravity ( ! cold air )\t & w>m air )9 does all ! re/4 ,no?+ is easi] to arrange ?an to cause all ! ent]+ air to be w>m$ on its way by ! hall /ove1 & to regulate ! supply :i* ea* ap>tm5t %all receive f ?is g5]al or ma9 /ream by adju/+ its own upp] outlet4 ,9 our ,engli% h\ses1 ) op5 *imneys1 all su* sy/ematic1 sci5tific v5tilation is impossible1 on acc\nt ( ! dom9at+1 int]f]+1 useless1 & com=t-de/roy+ curr5ts produc$ by ^! wa/eful air-%afts4 ,i %\ld add t ! ,russian porcela9 res]voirs may be con/ruct$ = a heat supply ( a few h\rs or = a :ole day1 & ,i ne$ say no?+ fur!r 9 refutation ( ! common ,briti% prejudice :i* conf\nds s admirable & truly sci5tific a contrivance ) ! iron fire-pot above ref]r$ to4 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( /ove1 :i*1 = ! sake ( di/9ction1 ,i may call ,sc&9avian1 z x is commonly us$ 9 ,norway1 ,sw$51 & ,d5m>k1 besides "s p>ts ( ,nor? ,g]many4 ,?is is a tall1 holl[ iron pill>1 ( rectangul> section1 v>y+ f ?ree to six feet 9 wid?1 & ris+ half-way to ! ceil+ ( ! room1 & sometimes high]4 ,a fire is light$ at ! l[] "p1 & ! products ( combu/ion1 9 _! way upw>ds1 meet ) horizontal iron plates1 :i* deflect !m fir/ to ! "r1 !n to ! left1 & ?us compel !m to make a long s]p5t9e j\rney be=e !y rea* ! *imney4 ,by ?is means !y give (f _! heat to ! l>ge surface ( iron plate1 & ent] ! *imney at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature4 ,! heat is radiat$ into ! ap>tm5t f ! l>ge metal surface1 no "p ( :i* approa*es a r$-heat4 ,a fur!r economy is commonly effect$ by plac+ ?is iron pill> 9 ! wall sep>at+ two rooms1 s t "o ( its faces is 9 ea* room4 ,?us two rooms are heat$ by "o fire4 ,"o ( ^! may be ! kit*51 & ! same fire t prep>es ! food may be us$ to w>m ! d9+-room4 ,! fire-wor%ip] is ( c\rse depriv$ ( 8 8*e]ful0 occupation ( />+ at ! coals1 & he also loses 8 play?+s1 z nei!r pok]1 tongs1 nor coal-scuttle are includ$ 9 ! furniture ( an ap>tm5t ?us heat$4 ,p diff]5tly con/itut$ consid] t an escape f ! du/1 dirt1 & clatt] ( ^! is a decid$ advantage4 ,( c\rse ^! /oves ( our nor!rn neighbors are co/ly--may be v co/ly :5 highly ornam5tal4 ,! /ove ( a ,norwegian 8bond]10 or peasant proprietor1 co/s ne>ly half z mu* z ! two-room$ wood5 h\se 9 :i* x is erect$1 b ! sav+ x effects r5d]s x a good inve/m5t4 ,x w\ld co/ #ajjl4 or #bjjl4 to fit up an ,engli% mansion ) suitable porcela9 /oves ( ! ,russian patt]n1 b a sav+ ( #bjl4 a ye> 9 fuel w\ld yield a good return z reg>ds m]e co/1 :ile ! ga9 9 com=t & heal?fulness w\ld be s great t1 once enjoy$ & und]/ood1 su* outlay w\ld be will+ly made by all :o c\ld af=d x1 ev5 if no money sav+ 7 effect$4 ,only la/ week ,i 0 discuss+ ?is "q 9 a railway c>riage1 :]e "o ( my fell[-pass5g]s 0 an intellig5t ,hol/e9]4 ,he confirm$ ! h]esy by :i* ,i _h %ock$ ! o!rs1 9 exult+ 9 ! high price ( coal1 & wi%+ x to cont9ue4 ,he told u t :5 wood 0 abundant 9 8 c\ntry1 fuel 0 us$ z b>b>\sly1 z wa/efully1 & z ineffici5tly z x n[ is "h1 b t ! de=e/+ ( ! l&1 & ! great co/ ( fuel1 =c$ ^u !m a radical re=m1 ! result ( :i* is t !y n[ h _! h\ses bett] w>m$1 & at a less co/ ?an :5 fuel 0 obta9able at "o f\r? ( its pres5t co/4 ,su* w be ! case ) u also if we c b ma9ta9 ! pres5t coal fam9e dur+ "o or two m w9t]s1 especially if we %\ld h ! fur!r advantage ( "s v sev]e wea!r 9 ! meantime4 ,h5ce ! cruel wi%es above express$4 ,! coal fam9e w\ld sc>cely be necess>y if we _h ,russian w9t]s1 = 9 su* case our h\ses1 in/ead ( be+ z !y are1 m]ely ! mo/ uncom=table 9 ,nor? ,europe1 w\ld be q un9habitable4 ,) our mild w9t]s we require ! utmo/ sev]ity ( fuel prices to civilize our w>m+ & v5tilat+ devices4 8,,baily',s ,,beads40 ,,to ,,! ,,editor ,,( ,,! ,times4 ,,sir1--,! curi\s break+ up ( ! ?9 annul> rim ( ! sun :i* is uncov]$ j be=e & j aft] totality1 or :i* surr\nds ! moon dur+ an annul> eclipse1 has be5 b occasionally obs]v$1 & "s scepticism z to ! accuracy ( ,baily's obs]vations has lately aris54 ,hav+ attempt$ an explanation ( ! 8beads10 ,i h look$ ) mu* int]e/ = ! reports ( ! eclipse ( #ahgj1 =1 if ,i am "r1 !y ought to h be5 well se5 on ?is occasion4 ,?is has be5 ! case4 ,we are in=m$ t bo? ,"l ,l9dsay & ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,j4 ,p]ry h obs]v$ !m1 & t ,"l ,l9dsay has set aside all d\bts respect+ _! reality by secur+ a photographic record ( _! appe>ance4 ,my explanation is t !y are simply sun-spots se5 9 pr(ile--spots j caught 9 ! fact ( turn+ ! sun's edge4 ,all obs]v]s are n[ agre$ z to ! s\ndness ( ,galileo's orig9al description ( ! spots--t !y are huge cavities1 great rifts ( ! lum9\s surface ( ! sun1 _m ?\s&s ( miles 9 diamet]1 & probably "s ?\s& miles deep4 ,let u suppose ! case ( a spot--say1 #b1jjj miles deep & #aj1jjj miles across 7,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el has measur$ spots ( #ej1jjj miles diamet]74 ,:5 su* a spot 9 ! c\rse ( ! sun's rotation rea*es t "p :i* =ms ! visible edge ( ! sun1 x mu/1 if r5d]$ visible1 be se5 z a not*2 b :at w be ! dep? ( su* a not*8 ,only ab\t #a-dcj? ( ! sun's diamet]4 ,b ! app>5t dep? w\ld be mu* less z ! edge or rim ( ! spot next to ! obs]v] w\ld cut (f m or less ( its actually visible dep?1 ?is am\nt dep5d+ ^u ! lat]al or ea/ & we/ diamet] ( ! spot & its position at ! "t ( obs]vation4 ,?us1 ! visible dep? ( su* a not* w\ld r>ely exce$ "o ?\s&? ( ! sun's app>5t diamet]1 or might be mu* less4 ,! sun be+ globul>1 ! edge :i* is visible to u is b our horizon ( 8 fi]y ocean1 :i* we see a?w>t ! int]v5+ surface z x gradually b5ds away f our view4 ,s small an ind5t ^u ?is edge w\ld1 "u ord9>y circum/ances ( obs]vation1 be r5d]$ q invisible by ! irradiation ( ! va/ globul> surface ( ! gl>+ photosph]e1 ^u :i* x w\ld visually encroa*4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is body ( gl>e c\ld be scre5$ (f1 & only a l9e ( ! sun's edge1 less ?an "o ?\s&? ( 8 diamet]1 rema9 visible1 ! not* w\ld appe> z a di/9ct break 9 ?is curv$ l9e ( light4 ,if a gr\p ( spots1 or a great irregul> spot ) sev]al umbr1 7 at su* a "t situat$ ^u ! sun's edge1 ! appe>ance ( a s]ies ( su* not*es or breaks leav+ int]m$iate deta*m5ts ( ! visible r+ ( ! photosph]e w\ld be ! necess>y result1 & ?us w\ld be pres5t$ exactly ! appe>ance describ$ z 8,baily's beads40 ,i h be5 l$ to anticipate a display ( ^! beads dur+ ! late eclipse by ! fact t "s days prec$+ x a f9e gr\p ( spots--visible to ! nak$ eye ?r\gh a ,london fog--7 travel+ t[>ds ! ea/]n edge ( ! sun1 & %\ld h rea*$ ! limb at ab\t ! "t ( ! eclipse4 ,! beads 7 obs]v$ by ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,j4 ,p]ry j :]e ,i expect$ !m to appe>4 ,i h n yet le>nt on :i* side ( ! sun !y 7 obs]v$ & photograph$ by ,"l ,l9dsay4 ,baily's fir/ obs]vation ( ! beads 0 made dur+ ! annul> eclipse ( ,may #ae1 #ahcf4 ,t ye>1 l #ahgj1 0 rem>kable = a great display ( sun-spots4 ,z 9 #ahgj1 !y 7 !n visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,i well rememb] my own boyi% excitem5t :51 a few weeks be=e ! eclipse ( #ahcf1 ,i discov]$ a spot ^u ! r$d5$ face ( ! sett+ sun--a ?+ ,i _h read ab\t1 & suppos$ t only great a/ronom]s 7 privileg$ to see4 ,! ri*ness ( ?is sun-spot p]iod is /rongly impress$ on my memory by ! fact t ,i cont9u$ pa9fully wat*+ ! dazzl+ sun1 lit]ally 8wat*+ & weep+10 up to ! ,sunday ( ! eclipse1 on :i* day also ,i saw a l>ge spot ?r\gh my bit ( smok$ glass4 ,! previ\s records ( ^! appe>ances ( fracture ( ! ?9 l9e ( light are ^? ( ,halley1 9 8 memoir on ! total eclipse ( #agae1 & ,maclaur5's on t ( #agcg4 ,bo? ( ^! correspond to great spot p]iods2 ! int]vals betwe5 #agae1 #agcg1 #ahcf1 & #ahgj are all divisible by elev54 ,! obs]v$ p]iod ( sun-spot occurr5ce is elev5 ye>s & a small fraction4 ,i am anxi\sly await+ ! arrival ( ,"l ,l9dsay's long-exposure photographs ( ! corona1 = if !y repres5t ! v>y+ degrees ( spl5dor ( ?is sol> app5dage1 ! explanations (f]$ 9 ,*apt] xii4 ( my essay on 8,! ,fuel ( ! ,sun0 w be v sev]ely te/$ by !m4 ,y\rs respectfully1 ,w4 ,,mattieu ,,williams4 ,woodside ,gre51 ,croydon1 ,janu>y #d1 #ahga4 ,,! ,,color+ ,,( ,,gre5 ,,tea4 ,! foll[+ is a copy ( my report to ! ,groc] on a sample ( ! +r$i5ts actually us$ by ! ,*9ese = color+ ( tea1 :i* sample 0 s5t to ! ,groc] (fice by a reliable correspond5t at ,%anghai 7,novemb]1 #ahgc74 ,i repr9t x because ! subject has a g5]al int]e/ & is commonly misund]/ood3 ,i h exam9$ ! blue & ! yell[i%-:ite p[d]s receiv$ f ! (fice1 & f9d t ! blue is n indigo1 z y\r ,%anghai correspond5t v naturally supposes1 b is an ord9>y comm]cial sample ( ,prussian blue4 ,x is n s bright z "s ( our ,engli% samples1 & by m]e casual obs]vation may easily be mi/ak5 = indigo4 ,prussian blue is a well-kn[n comp\nd ( iron1 cyanog51 & potassium4 ,comm]cial samples usually conta9 a little clayey or o!r e>?y impurities1 :i* is ! case ) ?is ,*9ese sample4 ,!re are two k9ds ( ,prussian blue--! insoluble1 & ! basic or soluble4 ,! ,*9ese sample is insoluble4 ,?is is important1 see+ t we d n eat our tea-leaves1 b m]ely dr9k an infusion ( !m2 & ?us ev5 ! v small quantity :i* faces ! tea-leaf rema9s ) ! sp5t leaves1 & is n swall[$ by ! tea-dr9k]1 :o !re=e ne$ h no fe> ( be+ poison$ by ?is ornam5tal adult]ant4 ,its insolubility is obvi\s1 f ! fact t gre5 tea does n give a blue infusion1 :i* w\ld be ! case if ! ,prussian blue 7 dissolv$4 ,!re are "s curi\s facts be>+ on ?is subject & connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! manufacture ( ,prussian blue4 ,messrs4 ,bramwell1 ( ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 :o may be call$ ! fa!rs ( ?is bran* ( indu/ry1 e/abli%$ _! works ab\t a c5tury ago4 ,x 0 fir/ sold at two gu9eas p] lb42 9 #ahae x _h fall5 to #ajs4 #f;d41 9 #ahbj to #bs4 #f;d41 !n d[n to #as4 #i;d4 9 #ahej4 ,i see by ! ,price ,curr5t ( ! ,oil ,trade ,review t ! price has rec5tly be5 some:at high]4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! trade a l>ge portion ( ,messrs4 ,bramwell's produce 0 export$ to ,*9a4 ,! ,*9ese !n appe> to h be5 ! be/ cu/om]s ( ! ,briti% manufactur]s ( ?is article4 ,pres5tly1 h[ev]1 ! ,*9ese dem& entirely ceas$1 & x 0 discov]$ t a common ,*9ese sailor1 :o _h le>n$ some?+ ( ! importation ( ?is pigm5t to 8 native c\ntry1 came to ,engl& 9 an ,ea/ ,indiaman1 visit$1 or m probably obta9$ employm5t at a ,prussian blue manufactory1 le>n$ ! process1 &1 on 8 return to ,*9a1 />t$ !re a manufactury ( 8 own1 :i* 0 s successful t 9 a %ort "t ! :ole ( ! ,*9ese dem& 0 suppli$ by native manufacture2 & ?us end$ our export trade4 ,^? :o ?9k ! ,*9ese are an untea*able & unimprovable p may reflect on ?is little hi/ory4 ,! yell[i% p[d] is precisely :at y\r ,%anghai correspond5t supposes4 ,x is /eatite1 or 8soap/one40 ,?is "n is v deceptive1 & c\pl$ ) ! greasy or unctu\s feel ( ! sub/ance1 naturally leads to ! supposition t x is really z x appe>s1 an oleag9\s sub/ance4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,x is a comp\nd ( silicia1 magnesia1 & wat]1 ) :i* are sometimes associat$ a little clay & oxide ( iron4 ,l mo/ magnesian m9]als1 x has a curi\sly smoo? or slipp]y surface1 & h5ce its "n4 ,x ne>ly resembles me]s*aum1 ! smoo?ness ( :i* all smok]s und]/&4 ,:5 soap/one is p[d]$ & rubb$ ov] a mod]ately r\gh surface1 x adh]es1 & =ms a %9+ film2 j z ano!r unctu\s m9]al1 graphite 7! 8black-lead0 ( ! h\semaid71 cov]s & poli%es ironwork4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 soap/one is us$ 9 "s lubricat+ comp\nds1 = giv+ ! f9i%+ poli% to enamel$ c>ds1 & = o!r simil> purposes4 ,) a /atem5t ( ^! prop]ties be=e u1 & ! int]e/+ description ( ! process by y\r ,%anghai correspond5t1 ! :ole riddle ( gre5-tea color+ & fac+ is solv$4 ,! ,prussian blue & soap/one be+ mix$ toge!r :5 dry 9 ! mann] describ$1 ! soap/one adh]es to ! surface ( ! p>ticles ( blue1 & imp>ts to !m n only a pale gre5i% color1 b also its own unctu\s1 adhesive1 & poli%+ prop]ties4 ,! mixture be+ well /irr$ 9 ) ! tea-leaves1 cov]s !m ) ?is fac+1 & ?us gives bo? ! color & peculi> pe>ly lu/re *>act]i/ic ( "s k9ds ( gre5 tea4 ,i %\ld add t ! soap/one1 l ! o!r +r$i5t1 is insoluble1 & !re=e p]fectly h>mless4 ,consid]+ ! object to be atta9$1 x is evid5t f ! above t ,john ,*9aman und]/&s 8 bus9ess1 & ne$s no lessons f ,european *emi/s4 ,x w\ld puzzle all ! ,fell[s ( ! ,*emical ,society1 ?\gh !y comb9$ _! ef=ts = ! purpose1 to devise a m effective1 *eap1 simple1 & h>mless me?od ( satisfy+ ! fooli% dem& = unnaturally color$ tea-leaves4 ,:5 ! tea-dr9k+ public are suffici5tly intellig5t to pref] naturally color$ leaves to ! ornam5tal /uff !y n[ select1 ,mr4 ,*9aman w assur$ly be glad en\gh to discont9ue ! addition ( ! ,prussian blue1 :i* co/s him s mu* m p] p\nd ?an 8 tea-leaves1 & w save him ! tr\ble ( ! pa9t+ & v>ni%+ n[ 9 dem&4 ,9 ! meantime1 x is satisfactory to "k t1 al?\gh a few silly p may be deceiv$1 nobody is poison$ by ?is practice ( color+ gre5 tea4 ,i say 8a few silly p10 = !re c be only a few1 & ^? v silly inde$1 :o judge ( _! tea by its appe>ance r ?an by ! quality ( ! infusion x produces4 ,) ^! facts be=e u x is n difficult to trace ! orig9 ( ! (t-repeat$ & contradict$ /atem5t t copp] is us$ 9 color+ gre5 tea4 ,"o ( ! ess5tial +r$i5ts 9 ! manufacture ( ,prussian blue is sulphate ( iron1 ! common comm]cial "n :i* is 8gre5 copp]as40 ,x is (t5 suppos$ to conta9 copp]1 b ?is is n ! case4 ,y\r ,%anghai correspond5t ov]rates ! m>ket value ( soap/one :5 he supposes t ,*9ese wax may be us$ z a *eap sub/itute4 ,9 _m places--z1 = in/ance1 ! 8,liz>d0 di/rict ( ,cornwall--great ve9s ( ?is m9]al occur1 :i*1 if ne$$1 might be qu>ri$ 9 va/ abundance1 & at v little co/ on acc\nt ( its s(tness4 ,! romantic sc5]y ( ,kynance ,cove1 its cav]ns1 its natural ar*es1 ! 8,devil's ,bell[s10 ! 8,devil's ,po/-(fice10 ! 8,devil's ,cauldrons10 & o!r fanta/ic =mations ( ?is "p ( ! coa/1 attribut$ to 8 ,satanic ,maje/y or ! ,druids1 are ! natural results ( ! waves beat+ away ! ve9s ( s(t soap/one1 & leav+ ! de=m$ skeleton rocks ( h>d] s]p5t9e beh9d4 8,,iron ,,fil+s0 ,,9 ,,tea4 ,i h wat*$ ! progress ( ! tea controv]sy & ! o!r public p]=mances ( ! public analy/s ) consid]able int]e/2 x might h be5 ) amusem5t1 b = ! melan*oly degradation ( *emical sci5ce :i* !y involve4 ,among ! absurdities & exagg]ations :i* = "s ye>s pa/ h be5 s indu/ri\sly trumpet$ =? by ! pseudo-*emi/s :o trade ^u ! adult]ation panic & consequ5t dem& = *emical c]tificates ( purity1 ! cont9ually repeat$ /atem5ts conc]n+ ! use ( iron fil+s z a fraudul5t adult]ant ( tea take a prom95t place4 ,i ne$ sc>cely rem>k t1 9 ord] to =m su* an adult]ant1 ! quantity add$ mu/ be suffici5tly great to r5d] its addition comm]cially pr(itable to an ext5t comm5surate ) ! tr\ble involv$4 ,! g5tlem5 :o1 s9ce ! pass+ ( ! ,adult]ation ,act1 h by "s k9d ( inspiration sudd5ly become full-bl[n *emi/s1 h c]tifi$ to wilful adult]ation ( tea ) iron fil+s1 & h obta9$ convictions on su* c]tificates1 :51 accord+ to _! own /atem5t1 ! quantity conta9$ has n exce$$ #e p] c5t 9 ! *eape/ qualities ( tea4 ,n[1 ! price ( su* tea to ! ,*9aman tea-gr[]1 :o is suppos$ to add ^! iron fil+s1 is ab\t f\rp5ce to sixp5ce p] p\nd2 & we are ask$ to believe t he w fraudul5tly det]iorate ! m>ket value ( 8 commodity = ! sake ( ?is additional #a-bj? ( weight4 ,suppos+ t he c\ld obta9 8 iron fil+s at twop5ce p] p\nd1 8 total ga9 w\ld ?us be ab\t #a-aj? ( a p5ny p] p\nd4 ,b c he obta9 su* iron fil+s 9 ! quantity requir$ at su* a price8 ,a little reflection on a few figures w r5d] x evid5t t he _c1 & t su* adult]ation is utt]ly impossible4 ,i f9d by ref]5ce to ,! ,groc] ( ,novemb] #h?1 t ! total deliv]ies ( tea into ! port ( ,london dur+ ! fir/ t5 mon?s ( #ahgb 7 #adb1dbi1ccg lbs41 & dur+ ! correspond+ p]iod ( #ahgc1 #aci1jib1dji lbs4 ,( ?is ab\t #h millions ( p\nds 9 #ahgc1 & #aj millions ( p\nds 9 #ahgb1 7 gre51 ! re/ black4 ,?is gives 9 r\nd numb]s ab\t #afj millions ( p\nds ( black tea p] annum1 ( :i* above #adj millions come f ,*9a4 ,z ! ,russians are great] tea-dr9k]s ?an ourselves--! ,am]icans & ,briti% coloni/s are at lea/ equally addict$ to ! bev]age1 & o!r nations consume "s quantity--! total exports f ,*9a may be safely e/imat$ to rea* #djj or #ejj millions ( p\nds4 ,let u take ! small] figure1 & suppose t only "o f\r? ( ?is is adult]at$1 to ! ext5t ( #e p] c5t1 ) iron fil+s4 ,h[ mu* w\ld be requir$8 ,j five millions ( p\nds p] annum4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t co>se fil+s c\ld n possibly be us$2 !y w\ld %[ !mselves at once to ! nak$ eye z ru/y lamps1 & w\ld %ake d[n to ! bottom ( ! *e/2 nei!r c\ld bor+s1 nor turn+s1 nor plane-%av+s be us$4 ,no?+ b f9e fil+s w\ld answ] ! suppos$ purpose4 ,i v5ture to ass]t t if ! ,*9a tea-gr[]s 7 to put ! :ole _w "u contribution = _! suppos$ supply ( f9e iron fil+s1 ?is quantity c\ld n be obta9$4 ,let anyone :o d\bts ?is borr[ a blacksmi?'s vice1 a f9e file1 & a piece ( s(t iron1 !n take (f 8 coat & try h[ mu* labor w be requir$ to produce a s+le ounce ( fil+s1 & also be> 9 m9d t f9e files are b v little us$ 9 ! manufacture ( iron4 ,z ! price ( a commodity rises :5 ! dem& exce$s ! supply ! ,*9aman w\ld h to pay f> m = 8 adult]ant ?an = ! leaves to be adult]at$4 ,z ,*9ese tea-gr[]s are n public analy/s1 we h no "r to suppose t !y w\ld p]petrate any su* fooli%ness4 ,! inve/igations rec5tly made by ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,bird1 ( ,birm+ham1 %[ t ! iron f\nd 9 tea-leaves is n 9 ! metallic /ate1 b 9 ! condition ( oxide2 & he confirms ! conclusions ( ,zll]1 quot$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,wanklyn 9 ! ,*emical ,news ( ,octob] #aj?--viz41 t comp\nds ( iron naturally exi/ 9 g5u9e tea4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ! a% ( _m samples ( black tea conta9s m iron ?an naturally belongs to ! plant2 &1 accept+ ,mr4 ,bird's /atem5t1 t ?is exi/s 9 ! leaf z oxide mix$ ) small silice\s & micace\s p>ticles ,i ?9k we may f9d a reasonable explanation ( its pres5ce )\t adopt+ ! pu]ile !ory ( ! adult]ation maniac1 :o1 9 8 endeavor to prove t ev]ybody :o buys or sells any?+ is a sw9dl]1 has at once assum$ ! impossible addition ( iron fil+s z a makeweight4 ,9 ! fir/ place we mu/ rememb] t ! commodity 9 dem& is black tea1 & t ord9>y leaves dri$ 9 an ord9>y mann] are n black1 b br[n4 ,tea-leaves1 h[ev]1 conta9 a l>ge quantity ( tann91 a portion ( :i* is1 :5 heat$ 9 ! leaves1 rapidly conv]tible into gallo-tannic or tannic acid4 ,?us a sample ( tea ri* 9 iron w\ld1 :5 heat$ 9 ! dry+ process1 become1 by ! comb9ation ( ?is tannic acid ) ! iron x conta9s1 mu* d>k] ?an ord9>y leaves or ?an o!r teas gr[n ^u less f]rug9\s soils & conta9+ less iron4 ,?is be+ ! case1 & a comm]cial dem& = black tea hav+ become e/abli%$1 ! tea-gr[] w\ld naturally seek to improve ! color ( 8 tea1 especially ( ^? samples naturally poor 9 iron1 & a ready mode ( do+ ?is is (f]$ by /irr+ 9 among ! leaves :ile dry+ a small additional dose ( oxide ( iron1 if he c f9d an oxide 9 su* a =m t x w spread ov] ! surface ( ! leaf z a ?9 film4 ,n[1 x happ5s t ! ,*9aman has ly+ "u 8 feet an abundance ( mat]ial admirably adapt$ = ?is purpose--viz41 r$ hmatite1 "s v>ieties ( :i* are z s(t & unctu\s z graphite1 & w spread ov] 8 tea-leaves exactly 9 ! mann] requir$4 ,! micace\s & silice\s p>ticles f\nd by ,mr4 ,bird are j :at %\ld be f\nd 9 addition to oxide ( iron1 if su* hmatite 7 us$4 ,! film ( oxide ?us easily appli$1 & subject$ to ! action ( ! exud+ & decompos+ extractive matt] ( ! heat$ leaves1 w\ld =m ! desir$ black dye or 8fac+40 ,! knotty "q ( :e!r ?is is or is n an adult]ation is "o t ,i leave to lawy]s to decide1 or = ^? debat+ societies t discuss su* int]e/+ que/ions z :e!r an umbrella is an article ( dress4 ,if x is an adult]ation1 &1 z already admitt$1 is n at all injuri\s to heal?1 !n all o!r op]ations ( dye+ are also adult]ations2 = ! o!r dy]s1 l ! ,*9aman1 add c]ta9 impurities to _! goods--! silk1 wool1 or cotton--9 ord] to alt] _! natural appe>ance1 & to give !m ! false fac+ :i* _! cu/om]s dem&1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 if ,i am "r 9 ! above explanation3 t 9 d>k5+ tea no?+ m is done b to increase ! proportion ( "o ( its natural +r$i5ts1 & to int5sify its natural color2 :ile 9 ! dye+ ( silk1 cotton1 or wool1 +r$i5ts are add$ :i* are q =eign & unnatural1 & ! natural color ( ! sub/ance is altoge!r falsifi$4 ,! above appe>$ 9 ! ,*emical ,news ,novemb] #ba1 #ahgc1 :5 ! adult]ation 9 "q 0 g5]ally believ$ to be commonly p]petrat$1 & _m un=tunate %op-keep]s _h be5 & 7 /ill be+ summon$ to appe> at ,petty ,sessions1 etc41 & publicly br&$ z fraudul5t adult]ators on ! evid5ce ( ! newly-fl$g$ public analy/s1 :o confid5tly ass]t$ t !y f\nd su* fil+s mix$ ) ! tea4 ,"s discussion foll[$ 9 subsequ5t numb]s ( ! ,*emical ,news2 b x only br\ght out ! fact t 8f9ely divid$ iron0 exi/s 9 consid]able quantities 9 ,%effield1--may be 8begg$10 z ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,h4 ,all5 7an able analytical *emi/1 resid5t 9 ,%effield17 said4 ,! fact t su* f9ely divid$ iron is ?us )\t comm]cial value /ill fur!r confirms my conclusion t x is n us$ = ! adult]ation ( tea4 ,if x 71 its collection w\ld be a regul> bus9ess1 & truck-loads w\ld be transmitt$ f ,%effield to ,london1 ! great c5tre ( tea-importation4 ,no evid5ce ( any comm]cial transactions 9 iron fil+s or iron du/ = su* purposes came =w>d 9 reply to my *all5ge4 ,! practical result ( ! controv]sy is t iron fil+s are no long] to be f\nd 9 ! analytical reports ( ! adult]ation ( tea4 ,,conc]t-,,room ,,ac\/ics4 ,! ac\/ics ( public build+s are n[ occupy+ consid]able att5tion 9 ,london4 ,! va/ audi5ces :i* any k9d ( s5sational p]=mance 9 ! huge metropolis is capable ( attract+1 is =c+ ! subject ^u all :o cat] = public amusem5t or in/ruction4 ,!re 0 probably no build+ 9 ,london1 or any:]e else1 m utt]ly unfit = musical p]=mances ?an ! ,cry/al ,palace 9 its orig9al condition2 b1 nev]!less1 ! ,h&el ,fe/ival ( la/ week 0 a great success4 ,i att5d$ ! fir/ ( ^! imm5se ga!r+s1 & ?is la/2 b no?+ ( ! k9d int]m$iate1 &1 !re=e1 am ! bett] able to make comp>isons4 ,my recollections ( ! fir/ 7 s v unsatisfactory t ,i gladly evad$ ! gr& rehe>sal ( ,friday week1 & w5t to ! 8,messiah0 on ,monday ) an a/ronomical treatise 9 my pocket1 9 ord] t my "t %\ld n be altoge!r wa/$4 ,be+ seat$ at ! fur!r end ( ! transept1 9 a gall]y above ! level ( ! g5]al ridge-&-furr[ ro( ( ! nave1 ! plump little ,birm+ham t5or1 :o rose to s+ ! fir/ solo1 appe>$1 "u ! comb9$ optical conditions ( di/ance & v]tical =e%ort5+1 l a *ubby *eese-mite view$ ?r\gh a b9ocul> microscope4 ,tak+ x = grant$ t 8 message ( com=t c\ld n possibly rea* my e>1 ,i det]m9$ to anticipate ! exhortation by settl+ d[n = a com=table read+ ( a *apt] or two1 b 0 surpris$ to f9d ,i c\ld he> e note1 bo? ( recitative & air4 ,x ?us became obvi\s t ! alt]ations t h gradually gr[n s9ce ! "t :5 ,cl>a ,novello's voice 0 ! only "o t c\ld be he>d across ! transept are wor?y ( /udy2 t ! adv]tis$ success ( ! 8vel>ium0 is some?+ m ?an m]e puff]y4 ,i accord+ly us$ my eyes z well z my e>s1 & made a few notes :i* may be int]e/+ to musical & ar*itectural1 z well z to sci5tific read]s4 ,s\nd1 l light1 heat1 & all o!r radiations1 loses its int5sity z x is outw>dly disp]s$1 is enfeebl$ 9 ! ratio ( ! squ>es ( di/ance2 ?us at tw5ty feet f ! s+] ! l\dness ( ! s\nd is "o f\r? ( t at t5 feet1 at ?irty feet "o n9?1 at =ty feet "o sixte5?1 at fifty feet "o tw5ty-fif?1 & s on2 t is1 suppos+ ! s+] or o!r s\rce ( s\nd is surr\nd$ on all sides by free1 op51 & /ill air4 ,b ?is condition is nev] fulfill$ 9 practice1 except+1 p]haps1 by ,simeon ,/ylites :5 he prea*$ to ! multitude f ! top ( 8 column4 ,if ,mr4 ,v]non ,rigby _h /ood on ! top ( "o ( 8 native ,s\? ,/af=d%ire *imney-%afts1 ( ! same height above ! gr\nd z ! upp] press gall]y ( ! ,cry/al ,palace is above ! front ( ! or*e/ra1 & ,i _h /ood on ! op5 gr\nd at ! same di/ance away & bel[ him1 8 solo ( 8,com=t ye1 my ,p0 w\ld h be5 utt]ly inaudible4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! reason ( ?is great diff]5ce ( effect at equal di/ances8 ,if we c answ] ?is "q1 we %all "k some?+ ab\t ! ac\/ics ( conc]t-rooms4 ,! un9itiat$ read] w at once beg9 by say+ t 8s\nd rises40 ,?is is almo/ univ]sally believ$1 & yet x is a great mi/ake1 z commonly und]/ood4 ,s\nd radiates equally 9 e direction--d[nw>ds1 upw>ds1 nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 or we/1 unless "s special directive ag5cy is us$4 ,! directive ag5cy commonly us$ is a reflect+ or rev]b]at+ surface4 ,?us ! voice ( ! s+] travels =w>d m abundantly ?an backw>d1 because he uses ! ro(1 &1 to "s ext5t1 ! walls & floor ( 8 m\?1 z a s\nd reflector4 ,! ro( ( 8 m\? be+ made ( concave plates ( bone ) a ?9 vel>ium ( integum5t /ret*$ tightly ov] !m1 supplies a model s\nd reflector2 & ,i /rongly recomm5d e ar*itect :o has to build a conc]t or lecture-room1 or !atre1 to /udy ! ro( ( 8 own m\?1 & imitate x z ne>ly z he c 9 ! ro( ( 8 build+4 ,! great ,italian s++ ma/]s ( ! old s*ool1 :o1 l ! fa!r ( ,p]siani1 c\ld manufacture a great voice out ( av]age raw mat]ial1 /udi$ ! physiology ( ! vocal organs1 & "o ( _! fir/ in/ructions to _! pupils 0 t !y %\ld s+ aga9/ ! ro( ( ! m\?1 !n ?r[ ! head back & op5 ! m\?1 s t ! s\nd %\ld rev]b]ate =w>ds1 cle> ( ! tee? & lips4 ,= ! fir/ ye> or two ! pupil _h to s+ only 8la1 la10 = sev]al h\rs p] day1 until ! faculty ( do+ ?is effectually & habitually 0 acquir$4 ,! popul> notion t s\nd rises has probably orig9at$ f ! fact t 9 our common exp]i5ce ! s\nds are produc$ ne> to "s k9d ( floor1 :i* reflects ! s\nds upw>ds1 & ?us adds ! reflect$ s\nd to t :i* is directly transmitt$1 & !reby ! g5]al result is mat]ially augm5t$4 ,b if we w\ld economize s\nd mo/ effectively1 we mu/ h n only a reflect+ floor1 b also a reflect+ ro( & reflect+ walls on all sides ( ! conc]t room4 ,^! are ! conditions t 7 want+ 9 ! orig9al /ructure ( ! ,cry/al ,palace transept1 = !n ! s\nd ( ! s+]'s voice c\ld travel upw>ds to t l(ty ar* & sidewise 9 all directions1 almo/ z freely z 9 ! op5 air4 ,?is defect has be5 rem$i$ to a v great ext5t by ! vel>ium /ret*$ across f ! spr++ ( ! great ar* ( glass & iron1 & =m+ a ceil+ to ! conc]t-room "p ( ! build+4 ,besides ?is1 a wall ( drap]y is /ret*$ across ea* side ( ! transept1 & ! or*e/ra has its special walls1 ro(1 & back4 ,!re are o!r m9or arrangem5ts = effect+ lat]al rev]b]ation2 t is1 = return+ ! s\nd into ! auditorium prop] in/ead ( all[+ x to w&] feebly ?r\gh\t ! build+4 ,! g5]al result ( ^! arrangem5ts is to r5d] t portion ( ! build+ 9 :i* ! res]v$ seats are plac$ a really luxuri\s & effici5t conc]t-room1 ( magnific5t proportions2 b1 v un=tunately & inevitably1 ^! conditions1 :i* are s favorable = ! happy eight or n9e ?\s& :o c af=d res]v$ seats1 r5d] ! position ( ! o!r half-doz5 ?\s& outsid]s m disappo9t+ & vexati\s ?an ev]4 ,= my own "p ,i w\ld r sp5d a holiday aft]noon 9 ! mild atmosph]e & ! quiet1 soo?+ gloom ( a coal-pit ?an be teas$ & irritat$ by a /ra9$ li/5+ to ! indef9ite ro> ( a gr& *oir1 & ! occasional dy+ vibrations ( ,sims ,reeves' 8top ,a40 ,i h 9 ! above advocat$ rev]b]ation z a rem$y = diffusion ( s\nd4 ,?is may1 p]haps1 appe> r />tl+ to "s musicians :o h a well-f\nd$ dread ( e*oes1 & :o read ! words e*o & rev]b]ation z synonym\s4 ,?is requires a little explanation4 ,z light is transmitt$1 reflect$1 & absorb$ 9 ! same mann] z s\nd1 & z light is visible--or1 r1 r5d]s objects visible--,i w illu/rate my mean+ by means ( light4 ,let u suppose ?ree ap>tm5ts ( equal size & same %ape1 "o hav+ its walls cov]$ ) mirrors1 ! second ) :ite pap]1 & ! ?ird ) black wooll5 clo?1 & all light$ ) c5tral *&eli]s ( equal brilliancy4 ,! fir/ & second w be mu* light] ?an ! ?ird1 b !y w be illum9at$ v diff]5tly4 ,9 ! fir/1 !re w be a repetition ( *&eli]s 9 ! mirror$ walls1 ea* wall def9itely reflect+ ! image ( ea* p>ticul> light4 ,9 ! second room !re w be reflection also1 & economy ( light1 b no reflection ( def9ite images2 ! ap>tm5t w appe> to be fill$ ) a g5]al & well-diffus$ lum9osity1 r5d]+ e object di/9ctly visible1 & !re w be no deep %ad[s any:]e4 ,9 sci5tific language1 we %all h1 9 ! fir/ room1 regul> reflection2 9 ! second1 scatt]+ reflection2 9 ! ?ird room we %\ld h comp>ative gloom1 ow+ to ! absorption ( ! light by ! black clo?4 ,we may easily suppose ! p>allels ( ^! 9 ! case ( s\nd4 ,if ! vel>ium & side walls ( ! transept & or*e/ra 7 made ( %eet iron1 or smoo?1 b>e1 unbrok5 vibrat+ wood5 bo>ds1 we %\ld h a c]ta9 am\nt ( regul> reflection ( s\nd or e*o4 ,j z we %\ld see ! p>ticul> lights ( ! *&eli] reflect$ 9 ! fir/ room1 s %\ld we he> ! p>ticul> notes ( ! s+] or play] e*o$ by su* regul>ly vibrat+ walls & ceil+4 ,if1 aga91 ! vel>ium & side drap]y ( ! transept & or*e/ra _h be5 ?ick1 s(t wooll5 clo?s1 ! s\nd1 l ! light1 w\ld h be5 absorb$ or 8muffl$10 &1 ?\gh v cle>1 x w\ld be weak & insuffici5t4 ,! read] w n[ ask--,:at1 !n1 is ! "r mat]ial = su* vel>ium & walls8 ,i _c pret5d to say :at is ! be/ possible1 believ+ t x has yet to be discov]$4 ,! be/ yet kn[n1 & atta9able at mod]ate exp5se1 is common canvas or calico1 wa%$ or pa9t$ ov] ) a mixture ( size & lime1 or o!r atta9able mat]ial t w fill up ! pores ( ! fabric1 & give x a mod]ately smoo? face or surface4 ,?us prep>$1 x is f\nd to reflect s\nd1 z pap]1 gr\nd glass1 etc41 reflect light1 by scatt]+ rev]b]ation1 b )\t def9ite e*o4 ,x w n[ be und]/ood h[ ! vel>ium act$ 9 r5d]+ ! solos s cle>ly audible at ! great height & di/ance ( ! ,upp] ,press ,gall]y4 ,in/ead ( be+ wa/$ by diffusion 9 ! great vault above1 !y 7 /opp$ & reflect$ by ! vel>ium1 b n s reflect$ z to produce disagreeable repetition notes1 j audible at p>ticul> po9ts1 z ! lights ( ! mirror reflections ( ! *&eli]s w\ld be4 ,flat surfaces reflect radially1 :ile concave surfaces ) c]ta9 curves reflect s\nd1 light1 heat1 etc41 9 p>allel l9es4 ,! walls & ro( ( a music-hall %\ld scatt] _! reflections on all sides1 &1 !re=e1 %\ld be flat1 or ne>ly s1 except+ at ! angles1 :i* %\ld be curv$ or holl[$4 ,f ! or*e/ra ! s\nd is *iefly requir$ to be project$ =w>d z f ! s+]'s m\?2 &1 !re=e1 an or*e/ra %\ld h curv$ walls & ro(4 ,space w n p]mit a diss]tation "h on ! p>ticul> curve requir$4 ,?is has1 ,i believe1 be5 c>efully calculat$ 9 con/ruct+ ! ,cry/al ,palace or*e/ra4 ,view$ f a di/ance1 ! :ole or*e/ra is curi\sly l a huge wide-op5$ m\? t only requires to close a little & op5 a little m1 accord+ to ! articulations ( ! *oir1 to repres5t ! vocal ef=t ( "o gigantic ?roat4 ,!re is1 ,i ?9k1 "o fault 9 ! %ape ( ?is m\?4 ,x ext5ds too f> lat]ally 9 proportion to its p]p5dicul> dim5sions4 ,! angles ( ! m\? are too acute2 ! *oir ext5ds too f> on ea* side4 ,! s+]s %\ld be pack$ m l ^? ( ! ,birm+ham ,fe/ival ,*oir4 ,!re is an ac\/ic limit to ! magnitude ( *oirs4 ,s\nd travels at ab\t #aajj feet p] second1 & ?us1 if "o ( ! s+]s ( a *oir is #aaj feet ne>] ?an ano!r s+] to any p>ticul> auditor1 ! ne> s+] w be he>d "o-t5? ( a second be=e ! m di/ant1 ?\gh !y actually s+ exactly toge!r4 ,9 rapid /accato passages ?is w\ld produce s]i\s confusion1 ?\gh 9 su* music z mo/ ( ,h&el's x w\ld be sc>cely obs]vable4 ,"s obs]vations :i* ,i h made conv9ce me t ! actual *oir ( ! ,h&el ,fe/ivals has rea*$1 if n exce$$1 ! ac\/ic limits ev5 = ,h&el's music1 & decid$ly exce$s ! limits p]missible = ,m5dels%on & mo/ o!r compos]s4 ,i f\nd t :5 /&+ on ! floor ( ! build+ 9 front ( ! or*e/ra1 & on "o side1 ,i c\ld pla9ly di/+ui% ! wave ( diff]5ce ( "t due to ! travel+ ( ! s\nd1 & 9 all ! passages :i* requir$ to be tak5 up sm>tly & simultane\sly by ! opposite sides ( ! *oir1 ! effect 0 v disagreeable4 ,! defect1 h[ev]1 0 n obs]vable f ! press gall]y1 :i* is plac$ z ne>ly z may be to ! focus ( ! or*e/ral curve1 s t radial l9es drawn f ! auditor to diff]5t p>ts ( ! or*e/ra d n diff] s mu* 9 l5g? z to effect p]ceptible diff]5ces 9 ! mom5t at :i* ! diff]5t s\nds rea* ! e>4 ,my conclusion1 !re=e1 is t if any am5dm5t is to be made 9 ! numb]s ( ! ,h&el ,fe/ival *oir1 x %\ld r be done by a r$uction ?an an increase2 t ! f\r ?\s& voices %\ld r be r$uc$ to ?ree ?\s& ?an increas$ to five ?\s&4 ,) great] sev]ity ( selection z reg>ds quality1 p[]1 & tra9+ ( ea* individual voice1 & ) bett] pack+1 ! ?ree ?\s& w\ld be m effective ?an ! f\r ?\s&4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,spiritualism4 ,a r />tl+ pap] 9 ! curr5t numb] ( ! 8,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce10 f ! p5 ( ,william ,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s4 7:o is well kn[n 9 ! sci5tific _w by 8 discov]y ( ! metal ?allium1 8 inve/igations ( its prop]ties & ^? ( its comp\nds1 besides _m o!r important rese>*es1 & also z ! able & spirit$ editor ( ! ,*emical ,news71 is n[ ! subject ( mu* sci5tific gossip & discussion4 ,mr4 ,crookes has = "s "t pa/ be5 engag$ 9 inve/igat+ "s ( ! ph5om5a :i* are attribut$ on "o h& to ! ag5cy ( spiritual visitors1 & on ! o!r side to vulg> conjur+4 ,nobody acqua9t$ ) ,mr4 ,crookes c d\bt 8 ability to conduct su* an inve/igation1 or w hesitate = a mom5t 9 conclud+ t he has done s ) philosophical imp>tiality1 ?\gh _m ?9k x q possible t he may h be5 deceiv$4 ,none1 h[ev]1 c yet say h[4 ,= my own "p1 ,i ab/a9 f any conclusion 9 ! meantime1 until ,i h "t & opportunity to witness a repetition ( "s ( ^! exp]im5ts1 & submitt+ !m to c]ta9 te/s :i* appe> to me desirable4 ,?\gh /ruggl+ aga9/ a pr$isposition to prejudge1 & to conclude t ! ph5om5a are ! results ( "s v skillful conjur+1 ,i v pr(\ndly respect ! moral c\rage t ,mr4 ,crookes has display$ 9 ?us publicly grappl+ ) a subject :i* has be5 soil$ by contact ) s _m dirty f+]s4 ,no?+ b a pure love ( tru?1 ov]p[]+ e selfi% consid]ation1 c\ld h induc$ ,mr4 ,crookes to imp]il 8 h>d-e>n$ sci5tific reputation by /epp+ ?us boldly on su* v p]il\s gr\nd4 ,x is only fair1 at ! outset1 to /ate t ,mr4 ,crookes is n :at is call$ 8a spirituali/40 ,?is ,i inf]1 bo? f :at he has publi%$ & f conv]sation ,i h _h ) him on ! subject4 ,he has witness$ "s ( ! 8physical manife/ations10 &1 :ile admitt+ t _m ( ^! may be produc$ by ! juggl]y ( impo/ors1 he has conclud$ t o!rs _c be ?us expla9$2 b1 nev]!less1 does n accept ! spiritual !ory :i* attributes !m to ! ef=ts ( dep>t$ human s\ls4 ,he suspects t ! liv+ human be+ may h ! p[] ( ex]t+ "s degree ( =ce or influ5ce ^u bodies ext]nal to himself--may1 = in/ance1 be able to c\nt]act or increase ! gravitation ( sub/ances by an ef=t ( ! w4 ,he calls ?is p[] ! 8psy*ic =ce10 & supposes t "s p]sons are able to manife/ x mu* m p[]fully ?an o!rs1 & ?us expla9s ! p]=mances ( ^? 8m$iums0 :o are n m]e impo/ors4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is hypo!sis :i* ! /]ne/1 ! mo/ sceptical1 & lea/ imag9ative ( physical philosoph]s may n unhesitat+ly inve/igate1 provid$ "s fir/-sight evid5ce ( its possibility is pres5t$ to him4 ,we "k t ! ,torp$o1 ! ,gymnotus1 ! ,silurus ,electricus1 & o!r fi%es1 c1 by an ef=t ( ! w1 act ^u bodies ext]nal to !mselves4 ,f>aday %[$ t ! electric eel exhibit$ "s ye>s ago at ! ,adelaide ,gall]y 0 able1 by an ef=t ( its w1 to make a magnetic ne$le sudd5ly turn ?irty degrees aside f its usual pol> position2 t ?is same animal c\ld--/ill by an ef=t ( w--ov]p[] ! gravitation ( pieces ( gold leaf1 cause !m to be uplift$ & out/ret*$ f _! p5d5t position1 c\ld decompose iodide ( potassium1 & p]=m _m o!r 8physical manife/ations10 simply by a volunt>y n]v\s ef=t1 & )\t call+ 9 ! aid ( any s\ls ( o!r dep>t$ eels4 ,be=e ?is gymnotus 0 publicly exhibit$ x 0 deposit$ at a ,fr5* hotel 9 ! neighborhood ( ,leice/] ,squ>e4 ,a burly fi%mong]'s man1 nam$ ,wr51 br\ght 9 ! daily supply ( fi% to ! e/abli%m5t1 :5 "s ( ! s]vants told him !y _h an eel s l>ge t he w\ld be afraid to pick x up4 ,he laugh$ at ! idea ( be+ afraid ( an eel1 & :5 tak5 to ! tub boldly plung$ 9 bo? h&s to seize ! fi%4 ,a hide\s ro> foll[$ ?is attempt4 ,wr5 _h exp]i5c$ a demon/ration ( ! 8psy*ic =ce0 ( ! electrical eel1 & 8 t]ror s l>gely exagg]at$ ! actual viol5ce ( ! %ock1 t he believ$ = ! rema9d] ( 8 life t he 0 p]man5tly injur$ by x4 ,he _h p]iodical spasms across ! *e/1 :i* c\ld only be remov$ by tak+ a half-qu>t]n ( g94 ,z he 0 cont9ually n>rat+ 8 adv5ture to public-h\se audi5ces1 & always _h a spasm on conclud+1 :i* 8 he>]s usually contribut$ to relieve1 ! poor fell['s life 0 actually %ort5$ by ! %ock f ! gymnotus4 ,! exp]im5ts :i* ,mr4 ,crookes relates 9 support ( 8 psy*ic =ce hypo!sis are z foll[s3--,9 ! fir/ place he contriv$ an app>atus = te/+ ,mr4 ,home's alleg$ p[] ( modify+ ! gravitation ( bodies4 ,z ,mr4 ,home requires to lay 8 h&s1 or at lea/ 8 f+]-ends1 ^u ! body to be influ5c$1 ,mr4 ,crookes atta*$ "o end ( a long bo>d to a susp5d$ spr+ /eely>d ( delicate con/ruction2 ! o!r end ( ! bo>d re/$ on a fulcrum 9 su* a mann] t "o half ( ! weight ( ! bo>d 0 support$ by ! fulcrum & ! o!r half by ! /eely>d4 ,! weight ( ! bo>d ?us susp5d$ 0 c>efully not$1 & !n ,mr4 ,home put 8 f+]s ^u t end ( ! bo>d imm$iately re/+ on ! fulcrum 9 su* a mann] t he c\ld n by simple pressure affect ! dep5d5t end ( ! bo>d4 ,dr4 ,hugg9s1 ! em95t a/ronom]1 0 pres5t1 & also ,s]jeant ,cox1 besides ,mr4 ,crookes4 ,!y all wat*$ ,mr4 ,home1 ! bo>d1 & ! /eely>d2 !y obs]v$ fir/ a vibration & fluctuation ( ! index1 & f9ally t ! /eely>d indicat$ an increase ( weight am\nt+ to ab\t ?ree p\nds4 ,mr4 ,crookes tri$ to produce ! same effect by me*anical pressure ex]t$ 9 a simil> mann]1 b fail$ to d s4 ,! details ( ! exp]im5t are fully describ$ & illu/rat$ by an engrav+4 ,ano!r & /ill m /rik+ exp]im5t is describ$4 ,mr4 ,crookes pur*as$ a new accordion f ,messrs4 ,:eat/one1 & himself con/ruct$ a wire cage op5 at top & bottom1 & l>ge en\gh = ! accordion to be susp5d$ )9 x by hold+ x ov] ! op5 top1 :ile ! bottom ( ! cage re/$ on ! floor4 ,! accordion 0 !n h&$ to ,mr4 ,home1 :o held x ) "o h& by ! wood5 framework ( ! bottom ( ! in/rum5t1 z %[n 9 an illu/rative draw+4 ,! keys 7 ?us hang+ d[nw>ds & ! bell[s di/5d$ by ! weight ( ! in/rum5t ?us p5d5t4 ,x 0 !n held s t x %\ld be entirely surr\nd$ by ! wire-"w ( ! cage1 & ! results 71 z be=e1 wat*$ ke5ly by ,mr4 ,crookes1 ,dr4 ,hugg9s1 & ,s]jeant ,cox4 ,aft] a :ile ! in/rum5t began to wave ab\t1 !n ! bell[s contract$1 & ! l[] "p 7i4e41 ! key-bo>d end7 rose a little1 pres5tly s\nds 7 produc$1 & f9ally ! in/rum5t play$ a tune ^u itself 9 ob$i5ce1 z ,mr4 ,crookes supposes1 to ! psy*ic =ce :i* ,mr4 ,home ex]t$ ^u x4 ,be=e ! publication ( ! pap] describ+ ^! exp]im5ts a pro( 0 s5t to bo? ,dr4 ,hugg9s & ,s]jeant ,cox1 & ea* has writt5 a lett] te/ify+ to its accuracy1 :i* lett]s are pr9t$ ) ! pap] 9 ! 8,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce40 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! te/imony ( an em95t lawy]1 accu/om$ to sift+ evid5ce1 t ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( exp]im5tal a/ronom]s1 ! man ^: discov]ies 9 cele/ial physics h ju/ly excit$ ! admiration ( ! :ole civiliz$ _w2 & besides ^!1 ( ano!r ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 :o has be5 sev]ely tra9$ 9 8putt+ nature to ! torture0 by means ( ! mo/ subtle devices ( ! mod]n physical & *emical laboratory4 ,su* te/imony mu/ n be treat$ lightly4 ,x w\ld be simple imp]t95ce = any man dogmatically to ass]t t ^! h be5 deceiv$ m]ely because he is unconv9c$4 ,?\gh "o ( ! unconv9c$ myself1 ,i w\ld n d>e to reg>d ! inve/igations ( ^! g5tlem5 ) any o!r ?an ! pr(\nde/ respect4 ,/ill a sugge/ion occurs to me :i* may appe> v brutal1 b ,i make x nev]!less4 ,x is ?is3--,t ! te/imony ( ano!r witness--( an exp]t ( q a diff]5t s*ool--%\ld h be5 add$4 ,i mean su* a man z ,dbl]1 ,h\d91 or ! ,wiz>d ( ! ,nor?4 ,he might possibly h detect$ some?+ :i* escap$ ! scrut9y ( ! legitimate sci5tific exp]im5tali/4 ,!re is "o s]i\s defect 9 ! accordion exp]im5t4 ,! cage is repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+ z plac$ "u a table2 ,mr4 ,home holds ! in/rum5t 9 8 h&1 :i* is conceal$ by ! table1 & x does n appe> t ei!r ,mr4 ,crookes1 ,dr4 ,hugg9s1 or ,s]jeant ,cox plac$ !mselves "u ! table dur+ ! conc]t9a p]=mance1 & ?us nei!r ( !m saw ,mr4 ,home's h&4 ,su*1 at lea/1 appe>s f ! description & ! engrav+4 ,a /ory be+ commonly circulat$ respect+ "s ( ,mr4 ,home's exp]im5ts 9 ,russia1 accord+ to :i* he fail$ entirely :5 a glass table 0 provid$ in/ead ( a wood5 "o1 x w\ld be well1 if only 9 ju/ice to ,mr4 ,home1 to get rid ( ! table altoge!r4 ,x is v desirable t ^! exp]im5ts %\ld be cont9u$1 = two di/9ct reasons2 fir/1 z a matt] ( ord9>y inve/igation = philosophical purposes1 &1 secondly1 z a means ( demoli%+ ! mo/ degrad+ sup]/ition ( ?is g5]ation4 ,if ,mr4 ,crookes succe$s 9 demon/rat+ ! exi/5ce ( ! psy*ic =ce & r$uc+ x to law--z x mu/ be r$ucible if x is a =ce--!n ! gr\nd w be cut f "u ! feet ( spiritualism1 j z ! old sup]/itions1 :i* attribut$ ?und] & lightn+ to ,div9e ang]1 7 f9ally demoli%$ by ,frankl9's kite4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ar*-m$ium1 ,mr4 ,home1 is prov$ to be a common conjuror1 !n surely ! dupes ( ! small] 8m$iumi/ic0 fry w h _! eyes op5$1 provid$ ! c]ebral di/urbance :i* spiritualism s (t5 induces has n gone s f> z to r5d] !m incurable lunatics4 ,x is v likely t ,i %all be accus$ ( gross un*>itabl5ess 9 ?us apply+ ! t]m lunatic to 8^? :o diff] f me10 & !re=e /ate t ,i h sad & suffici5t reasons = do+ s4 ,! fir/ spirituali/ ,i ev] knew1 & ) :om ,i _h _m conf]5ces on ! subject _m ye>s ago1 0 a lady ( mo/ e/imable qualities1 great intellectual atta9m5ts1 & di/+ui%$ lit]>y reputation4 ,i wat*$ ! beg9n+ & ! gradual progress ( h] spiritual 8inve/igations10 z %e call$ !m1 & witness$ ! melan*oly end--%ock+ delusions1 intellectual %ipwreck1 & confirm$1 incurable insanity1 directly & unmi/akably produc$ by ! action ( ^! hide\s sup]/itions ^u an active1 excitable imag9ation4 ,i well rememb] ! gr[+ symptoms ( ?is case1 h se5 _! *>act]i/ic features repeat$ 9 o!rs1 & h n[ be=e me "s melan*oly cases :]e ! same *anges1 ! same decl9e ( intellect & gr[? ( rav5\s cr$ulity1 is progress+ ) mo/ pa9fully visible di/9ctness4 ,! necessity = "s /rong rem$y is ! m urg5t1 inasmu* z ! diabolical ma*9]y ( ! spiritual impo/ors has be5 s mu* improv$ ( late4 ,! lady ^: case ,i fir/ ref]r$ to _h rea*$ ! highe/ /age ( spirituali/ic developm5t--viz41 ! lunatic asylum--be=e 8d>k sances0 _h be5 inv5t$1 or1 at any rate1 be=e !y 7 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry4 ,:5 ! conditions ( ^! sances are consid]$1 x is n at all surpris+ t p]sons ( excitable temp]am5t1 especially wom51 %\ld be morbidly affect$ by !m4 ,we are end[$ ) c]ta9 faculties1 & plac$ 9 a _w :]e9 we may ex]cise !m heal?fully ^u _! legitimate objects4 ,su* ex]cise1 prop]ly limit$1 promotes ! gr[? & vigor ( our faculties2 b if we p]v]t !m by direct+ !m to illegitimate objects1 we gradually become mad4 ,god has creat$ ! light1 & fitt$ our eyes to receive x2 ,he has end[$ u ) ! s5se ( t\*1 by :i* we may confirm & v]ify ! impressions ( sight4 ,all physical ph5om5a are objects ( s5se1 & ! s5ses ( sight & t\* are ! ma/]s ( all ! o!r s5ses4 ,c any?+1 !n1 be m atroci\sly p]v]se1 m utt]ly idiotic1 & ,i may ev5 say impi\s1 ?an ^! d>k sance inve/igations8 ,is x possible to conceive a m melan*oly spectacle ( intellectual degradation ?an t pres5t$ by a gr\p ( human victims assembl$ = ! purpose ( 8inve/igat+ physical manife/ations10 & submitt+1 z a prim>y condition1 to be bl9d$ & h&cuff$1 ! room 9 :i* !y sit be+ made q d>k1 & bo? h&s ( ea* inve/igator be+ firmly held by ^? ( 8 neighbors4 ,t is to say1 ! prim>y conditions ( mak+ ^! physical inve/igations is t ea* inve/igator %all be depriv$ ( 8 natural faculties = do+ s4 ,:5 we c\ple ?is ) ! fact t ^! meet+s are got up--publicly adv]tis$ by adv5tur]s :o make _! livelihood by ! fees paid by _! hoodw9k$ & h&cuff$ cu/om]s--is x at all surpris+ t ^? :o submit to su* conditions %\ld f9i% _! rese>*es 9 a lunatic asylum8 ,! gloom1 ! my/]y1 ! une>?ly objects ( se>*1 ! my/]i\s noises1 & o!r ph5om5a s easily manipulat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ^? :o c see no?+ & feel only ! sympa!tic twit*+ ( ano!r pair ( trembl+ h&s1 naturally excites v p[]fully ! poor creatures :o pay _! half-cr[ns & half-gu9eas ) any degree ( fai?2 & ?is unnatural excitem5t1 if frequ5tly repeat$1 goes on increas+ till ! bra9 becomes incurably diseas$4 ,pres5t space w n p]mit me to ent] ^u ano!r bran* ( ?is subject1 viz43 ! moral degradation & ! p]v]sion ( natural1 unsophi/icat$1 & :olesome !ology1 :i* ^! spiritual delusions are g5]at+4 ,i am no advocate = rectify+ moral & intellectual evils by police int]f]5ce1 or ,i %\ld c]ta9ly recomm5d ! brac+ air ( ,d>tmoor = ! m$iums :o publicly proclaim t _! famili> _s 8,katey0 has lately translat$ a lady ?r\gh a space ( ?ree miles1 & ?r\gh ! walls1 doors1 & ceil+ ( ! h\se 9 :i* a d>k sance 0 be+ held1 & plac$ h] ^u ! table 9 ! mid/ ( ! circle s rapidly t ! ^w 8onions0 %e _h j writt5 9 h] dome/ic inv5tory 0 n yet dri$ :5 ! lights 7 br\ght & %e 0 f\nd !re4 ,?is 8lady10 :i* h] "n is ,guppy1 is1 ( c\rse1 ano!r pr(essional m$ium1 & yet !re are p 9 ,london :o gravely believe ?is /ory1 & also ! app5dix1 viz43 t ano!r memb] ( ! m$iumi/ic firm1 f9d+ t ,mrs4 ,g4 0 v incompletely dress$1 & mu* aba%$ !reby1 0 translat$ by ! same _s1 ,katey1 to h] h\se & back aga9 ?r\gh ! door-panel to fet* prop] g>m5ts4 ,if ,i c\ld ju/ify ! appreh5sion & imprisonm5t ( poor gipsy =tune-tell]s1 ,i c]ta9ly %\ld advocate ! close conf9em5t ( ,mrs4 ,guppy & h] male associates1 & ?us af=d ! pot5t _s1 ,katey1 an opportunity ( fur!r manife/ation by translat+ !m ?r\gh ! prison walls & back to ,lamb's ,conduit ,/reet4 7,! above lett] appe>$ 9 ! 8,birm+ham ,morn+ ,news0 ( ,july #ah1 #ahga2 ! foll[+ on ,novemb] #ae4 ,x ref]s to an article 9 ! 8,qu>t]ly ,review0 ( ,octob]1 #ahga47 ,! int]e/ excit$ by ,mr4 ,crookes's inve/igations on ,psy*ic ,=ce is increas+2 ! dem& = ! 8,qu>t]ly ,review0 & ! 8,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce0 is s great t ,mudie & o!r proprietors ( l5d+ libr>ies h l>gely increas$ _! cu/om>y supplies1 & are /ill besieg$ ) fur!r excess ( dem&4 ,n only borr[]s1 b pur*as]s also are suppli$ ) difficulty4 ,i ye/]day receiv$ a po/-c>d f a booksell]1 inscrib$ z foll[s3 8,_c get a #8,qu>t]ly ,review' 9 ! ,city1 s %all be unable to s5d x to y until to-morr[40 ,i h wait$ ?ree days1 & am n[ oblig$ to g to ! read+-room to make my quotations4 ,!re is good & suffici5t reason = ?is1 indep5d5tly ( ! abs5ce ( ,p>liam5t>y & w> news1 & ! de>? ( political revolutions4 ,ei!r a new & mo/ extraord9>y natural =ce has be5 discov]$1 or "s v em95t m5 specially tra9$ 9 rigid physical inve/igation h be5 ! victims ( a m>vel\s1 unprec$5t$1 & inexplicable physical delusion4 ,i say unprec$5t$1 because1 al?\gh we h records ( _m popul> delusions ( simil> k9d & equal magnitude1 & speculative delusions among ! le>n$1 ,i c cite no in/ance ( skillful exp]im5tal exp]ts be+ utt]ly & repeat$ly deceiv$ by ! me*anical action ( exp]im5tal te/ app>atus c>efully con/ruct$ & us$ by !mselves4 ,z ! int]e/ 9 ! subject is rapidly gr[+1 my read]s w probably welcome a some:at long] gossip on ?is ?an ,i usually devote to a s+le subject4 ,su* an ext5sion is ! m dem&$ z ! newspap] & magaz9e articles :i* h hi!rto appe>$ h1 = ! mo/ "p1 by foll[+ ! lead ( ! 8,qu>t]ly ,review10 /rangely muddl$ ! :ole subject1 & mis/at$ ! position ( ,mr4 ,crookes & o!rs4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all ! writ]s :o foll[ ! 8,qu>t]ly0 omit any m5tion or allusion to ,mr4 ,crookes's prelim9>y pap] publi%$ 9 ,july1 #ahgj1 :i* has a mo/ important be>+ on ! :ole subject1 z x exp\nds ! object ( all ! subsequ5t rese>*es4 ,mr4 ,crookes !re /ates t 8,"s weeks ago ! fact t ,i 0 engag$ 9 inve/igat+ ,spiritualism1 s-call$1 0 ann\nc$ 9 a contempor>y 7! 8,a!num071 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! _m communications ,i h s9ce receiv$1 ,i ?9k x desirable to say a little conc]n+ ! inve/igations :i* ,i h comm5c$4 ,views or op9ions ,i _c be said to possess on a subject :i* ,i d n pr(ess to und]/&4 ,i consid] x ! duty ( sci5tific m51 :o h le>n$ exact modes ( work+1 to exam9e ph5om5a :i* attract ! att5tion ( ! public1 9 ord] to confirm _! g5u95ess1 or to expla91 if possible1 ! delusions ( ! hone/1 & to expose ! tricks ( ! deceiv]s40 ,he !n proce$s to /ate ! case ( ,sci5ce v]sus ,spiritualism ?us3--8,! ,spirituali/ tells ( bodies weigh+ #ej or #ajj lbs4 be+ lift$ up into ! air )\t ! int]v5tion ( any kn[n =ce2 b ! sci5tific *emi/ is accu/om$ to use a balance :i* w r5d] s5sible a weight s small t x w\ld take t5 ?\s& ( !m to weigh "o gra92 he is1 !re=e1 ju/ifi$ 9 ask+ t a p[]1 pr(ess+ to be guid$ by intellig5ce1 :i* w toss a heavy body to ! ceil+1 %all also cause 8 delicately-pois$ balance to move "u te/ conditions40 8,! ,spirituali/ tells ( rooms & h\ses be+ %ak51 ev5 to injury1 by sup]human p[]4 ,! man ( sci5ce m]ely asks = a p5dulum to be s5t vibrat+ :5 x is 9 a glass-case1 & support$ on solid masonry40 8,! ,spirituali/ tells ( heavy articles ( furniture mov+ f "o room to ano!r )\t human ag5cy4 ,b ! man ( sci5ce has made in/rum5ts :i* w divide an in* into a million p>ts1 & he is ju/ifi$ 9 d\bt+ ! accuracy ( ! =m] obs]vations1 if ! same =ce is p[]less to move ! index ( 8 in/rum5t "o poor degree40 8,! ,spirituali/ tells ( fl[]s ) ! fre% dew on !m1 ( fruit1 & liv+ objects be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh clos$ w9d[s1 & ev5 solid brick walls4 ,! sci5tific inve/igator naturally asks t an additional weight 7if x be only ! #ajjj? "p ( a gra97 be deposit$ on "o pan ( 8 balance :5 ! case is lock$4 ,& ! *emi/ asks = ! #ajjj? "p ( a gra9 ( ars5ic to be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! sides ( a gas tube 9 :i* pure wat] is h]metically seal$40 ,^! & o!r requirem5ts are /at$ by ,mr4 ,crookes1 toge!r ) fur!r exposition ( ! pr9ciples ( /rict inductive inve/igation1 z x %\ld be appli$ to su* an inquiry4 ,a ye> aft] ?is he publi%$ an acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts1 :i* ,i describ$ 9 a =m] lett]1 & add$ to 8 own te/imony t ( ! em95t physici/ & a/ronom]1 ,dr4 ,hugg9s & ,s]jeant ,cox4 ,subsequ5tly1 t is1 9 ! la/ numb] ( ! 8,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce10 he has publi%$ ! p>ticul>s ( ano!r s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,i w n n[ ent] ^u ! details ( ^!1 b m]ely /ate t ! conclusions ( ,mr4 ,crookes are directly oppos$ to ^? ( ! ,spirituali/s4 ,he positively1 di/9ctly1 & repeat$ly repudiates all belief 9 ! op]ations ( ! suppos$ spirits1 or ( any o!r sup]natural ag5cy :atev]1 & attributes ! ph5om5a he witness$ to an entirely diff]5t organ1 viz43 to ! direct ag5cy ( ! m$ium4 ,he supposes t a =ce analog\s to t :i* ! n]ves convey f _! ganglionic c5tres to ! muscles1 9 produc+ muscul> contraction1 may by an ef=t ( ! w be transmitt$ to ext]nal inanimate matt]1 9 su* a mann] z to influ5ce1 9 "s degree1 its gravitat+ p[]1 & produce vibratory motion4 ,he calls ?is ! psy*ic =ce4 ,n[1 ?is is direct & unequivocal anti-spiritualism4 ,x is a !ory set up 9 opposition to ! sup]natural hypo!ses ( ! ,spirituali/s1 & ,mr4 ,crookes's position 9 ref]5ce to ,spiritualism is precisely analog\s to t ( ,f>aday 9 ref]5ce to table-turn+4 ,= ! same reasons z ^? above-quot$1 ! great ma/] ( exp]im5tal inve/igation exam9$ ! ph5om5a call$ table-turn+1 & he conclud$ t !y 7 due to muscul> =ce1 j z ,mr4 ,crookes concludes t ! m complex ph5om5a he has exam9$ are due to psy*ic =ce4 ,speak+ ( ! !ories ( ! ,spirituali/s1 ,mr4 ,crookes1 9 8 fir/ pap] 7,july1 #ahgj71 says3 8,! pseudo-sci5tific ,spirituali/ pr(esses to "k ev]y?+4 ,no calculations tr\ble 8 s]5ity2 no h>d exp]im5ts1 no labori\s read+s2 no we>y attempts to make cle> 9 words t :i* has rejoic$ ! he>t & elevat$ ! m9d4 ,he talks glibly ( all sci5ces & arts1 ov]:elm+ ! inquir] ) t]ms l #8electro-biologise1' #8psy*ologise1' #8animal magnetism1' etc41 a m]e play ^u words1 %[+ ignorance r ?an und]/&+40 ,& fur!r on he says3 8,i confess t ! reason+ ( "s ,spirituali/s w\ld almo/ seem to ju/ify ,f>aday's sev]e /atem5t--t _m dogs h ! p[] ( com+ to m logical conclusions40 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! muddl$ mis/atem5t ( ,mr4 ,crookes's position by ! newspap] writ]s1 :o almo/ unanim\sly describe him & ,dr4 ,hugg9s z two di/+ui%$ sci5tific m5 :o h rec5tly be5 conv]t$ to ,spiritualism4 ,! above quotations1 to :i*1 if space p]mitt$1 ,i might add a doz5 o!rs f ei!r ! fir/1 ! second1 or ! ?ird ( ,mr4 ,crookes's pap]s1 9 :i* he z positively & decid$ly controv]ts ! dreams ( ! ,spirituali/s1 w %[ h[ egregi\sly ^! writ]s h be5 deceiv$4 ,!y h reli$ v naturally on ! e/abli%$ respectability ( ! 8,qu>t]ly ,review10 & h ?us delud$ bo? !mselves & _! read]s4 ,consid]+ ! m>vel\s range ( subjects ^! writ]s h to treat1 & ! acres ( pap] !y daily cov]1 x is n surpris+ t !y %\ld h be5 ?us misl$ 9 ref]5ce to a subject c>ry+ !m consid]ably out ( _! usual track2 b ! (f5ce ( ! 8,qu>t]ly0 is n s v5ial4 ,x assumes1 9 fact1 a v s]i\s complexion :5 fur!r inve/igat$4 ,! title ( ! article is 8,spiritualism & its ,rec5t ,conv]ts10 & ! 8rec5t conv]ts0 mo/ specially & prom95tly nam$ are ,mr4 ,crookes & ,dr4 ,hugg9s4 ,s]jeant ,cox is also nam$1 b n z a rec5t conv]t2 = ! review] describes him z an old & hopelessly infatuat$ ,spirituali/4 ,kn[+ no?+ ( ,s]jeant ,cox1 ,i am unable to say :e!r ! review]'s v /rong p]sonal /atem5ts respect+ him are true or false--:e!r he really is 8"o ( ! mo/ gullible ( ! gullible10 etc41 ?\gh ,i mu/ prote/ aga9/ ! bad ta/e :i* is display$ 9 ! attack :i* is made ^u ?is g5tleman4 ,! head & front ( 8 (f5d+ consi/s 9 hav+ c]tifi$ to ! accuracy ( c]ta9 exp]im5ts2 & = hav+ simply done ?is1 ! review] proce$s1 9 accordance ) ! l[e/ tactics ( ,old ,bailey advocacy1 to bully ! witness1 & to publi% disp>ag+ p]sonal details ( :at he did tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,dr4 ,hugg9s1 :o has _h no?+ fur!r to d ) ! subject ?an simply to /ate t he witness$ :at ,mr4 ,crookes describ$1 & :o has n v5tur$ ^u "o ^w ( explanation ( ! ph5om5a1 is simil>ly treat$4 ,! review] goes out ( 8 way to in=m ! public t ,dr4 ,hugg9s is1 aft] all1 only a brew]1 by artfully /at+ t1 8l ,mr4 ,:itbread1 ,mr4 ,lassell1 & o!r brew]s we c\ld "n1 ,dr4 ,hugg9s atta*$ himself 9 ! fir/ place to ! /udy ( a/ronomy40 ,he !n proce$s to sne] at 8su* sci5tific amateurs10 by in=m+ ! public t !y 8labor1 z a rule1 "u a grave disadvantage1 9 ! want ( t broad basis ( sci5tific culture :i* alone c keep !m f ! n>r[+ & p]v]tive influ5ce ( a limit$ specialism40 ,! review] proce$s to say t he has 8no reason to believe t ,dr4 ,hugg9s con/itutes an exception0 to ?is rule1 & fur!r ass]ts t he is ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t ,dr4 ,hugg9s is ignorant ( 8e o!r dep>tm5t ( sci5ce ?an ! small subdivision ( a bran* to :i* he has s m]itori\sly devot$ himself40 ,m>k ! words1 8small subdivision ( a bran*40 ,m]ely a twig ( ! tree ( sci5ce is1 accord+ to ?is mo/ unv]aci\s writ]1 all t ,dr4 ,hugg9s has ev] /udi$4 ,if a p]sonal v9dication 7 ! bus9ess ( ?is lett] ,i c\ld easily %[ t ^! /atem5ts respect+ ! avocations1 ! sci5tific tra9+1 & actual atta9m5ts ( ,dr4 ,hugg9s are gross & atroci\s misrepres5tations2 b ,dr4 ,hugg9s has no ne$ ( my *ampion%ip2 8 high sci5tific position1 ! bread? & dep? ( 8 g5]al atta9m5ts1 & ! fact t he is n ,hugg9s ! brew]1 are suffici5tly kn[n to all 9 ! sci5tific _w1 ) ! exception ( ! 8,qu>t]ly0 review]4 ,my object is n to discuss ! p]sonal "q :e!r book-mak+ & dr$g+ af=d bett] or worse tra9+ = exp]im5tal inquiry ?an ! m>vel\sly exact & exquisitely delicate manipulations ( ! mod]n obs]vatory & laboratory1 b to prote/ aga9/ ?is attempt to /op ! progress ( inve/igation1 to damage ! true int]e/s ( sci5ce & ! cause ( tru?1 by ?r[+ l[ libell\s mud ^u any & ev]ybody :o /eps at all aside f ! beat5 pa?s ( ord9>y inve/igation4 ,! true bus9ess ( sci5ce is ! discov]y ( tru?2 to seek x :]ev] x may be f\nd1 to pursue x ?r\gh bye-ways z well z highways1 &1 hav+ f\nd x1 to proclaim x pla9ly & fe>lessly1 )\t reg>d to au?ority1 fa%ion1 or prejudice4 ,if1 h[ev]1 su* influ5tial magaz9es z ! 8,qu>t]ly ,review0 are to be conv]t$ into ! vehicles ( artful & elaborate ef=ts to und]m9e ! sci5tific reputation ( any man :o ?us does 8 sci5tific duty1 ! "t = pla9 speak+ & vigor\s prote/ has arriv$4 ,my read]s w be glad to le>n t ?is is ! g5]al feel+ ( ! lead+ sci5tific m5 ( ! metropolis2 :atev] !y may ?9k ( ! p>ticul> inve/igations ( ,mr4 ,crookes1 !y are unanim\s 9 express+ _! d5unciations ( ?is article4 ,! attack ^u ,mr4 ,crookes is /ill m malignant ?an t ^u ,dr4 ,hugg9s4 ,speak+ ( ,mr4 ,crookes's fell[%ip ( ! ,royal ,society1 ! review] says3 8,we speak advis$ly :5 we say t ?is di/9ction 0 conf]r$ on him ) consid]able hesitation20 & fur!r t 8,we are assur$1 on ! highe/ au?ority1 t he is reg>d$ among *emi/s z a speciali/ ( speciali/s1 be+ totally de/itute ( any k ( *emical philosophy1 & utt]ly untru/wor?y z to any inquiry :i* requires m ?an te*nical k = its successful conduct40 ,! italics 9 ^! quotations are my own1 plac$ !re to m>k c]ta9 /atem5ts to :i* no mild] t]m ?an t ( falsehood is applicable4 ,! hi/ory ( ,mr4 ,crookes's admission to ! ,royal ,society w %ortly be publi%$1 :5 ! impud5ce ( ! above /atem5t respect+ x w be unmask$2 & ! o!r quotations ,i h emphasiz$ are suffici5tly & abundantly refut$ by ,mr4 ,crookes's publi%$ works1 & 8 long & able conduct ( ! ,*emical ,news1 :i* is ! only & ! recogniz$ ,briti% p]iodical repres5tative ( *emical sci5ce4 ,if space p]mitt$1 ,i c\ld g on quot+ a long s]ies ( mis/atem5ts ( matt]s ( fact f ?is s+ul>ly unv]aci\s essay4 ,! writ] seems consci\s ( its g5]al "*1 =1 9 ! mid/ ( "o ( 8 n>ratives1 he breaks out into a foot-note1 /at+ t 8,?is is n an inv5tion ( our own1 b a fact communicat$ to u by a highly intellig5t witness1 :o 0 admitt$ to "o ( ,mr4 ,crookes's sances40 ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty to emphasize ! prop] ^w 9 ?is v explanatory note4 ,! full measure ( ! inju/ice ( prom95tly ?ru/+ =w>d ,dr4 ,hugg9s & ,mr4 ,crookes z 8rec5t conv]ts0 to ,spiritualism w be se5 by comp>+ ! review]'s own def9ition ( ,spiritualism ) ,mr4 ,crookes's rem>ks above quot$4 ,! review] says t 8,! fundam5tal t5et ( ! ,spirituali/ is ! old doctr9e ( communication betwe5 ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ & s\ls ( ! liv+40 ,?is is ! def9ition ( ! review]1 & 8 logical conclusion is t ,mr4 ,crookes is a ,spirituali/ because he explicitly d5ies ! fundam5tal t5et ( ,spiritualism1 & ,dr4 ,hugg9s is a ,spirituali/ because he says no?+ :atev] ab\t x4 ,if exam9+ ! ph5om5a ^u :i* ! ,spirituali/ builds 8 8fundam5tal t5et10 & expla9+ !m 9 "s o!r mann]1 con/itutes conv]sion to ,spiritualism1 !n ! review] is a f> m ?or\ghgo+ conv]t ?an ,mr4 ,crookes1 :o only attempts to expla9 ! mild ph5om5a ( 8 own exp]im5ts1 :ile ! review] goes 9 = ev]y?+1 includ+ ev5 ! apo!osis ( ,mrs4 ,guppy & h] translation ?r\gh ! ceil+1 a /ory :i* is laugh$ at by ,mr4 ,crookes & ev]ybody else1 except+ a few ( ! utt]ly craz$ disciples ( ! 8,lamb's ,conduit ,m$iums0 & ! 8,qu>t]ly0 review]1 :o actually attempts to expla9 x by 8 infallible & ev] applicable physiological no/rum ( 8unconsci\s c]ebration40 ,no m>vel\s /ory ei!r ( anci5t or mod]n date is too /rong = ?is univ]sal solv5t1 :i* accord+ to ! review]1 is ! sole & glori\s inv5tion ( ,dr4 ,c>p5t]4 ,space w n n[ p]mit me to fur!r describe 8unconsci\s c]ebration0 & its va/ a*ievem5ts1 b ,i hope to f9d a corn] = x h]eaft]4 ,i may add t ! "n ( ! review] is kept a pr(\nd secret1 & yet is p]fectly well-kn[n1 z ev]ybody :o reads ! article f9ds x out :5 he rea*es ^? p>ts :i* describe ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s important physiological rese>*es & discov]ies4 ,,ma!matical ,,fictions4 7,,briti% ,,association1 #ahga47 ,! ,presid5t's inaugural address1 :i* 0 go+ ?r\gh ! press 9 ,london :ile be+ spok5 9 ,ed9burgh1 has already be5 subject to an unusual am\nt ( %>p criticism4 ,= my own "p ,i _c help reg>d+ x z "o ( ! lea/ satisfactory ( all ! inaugural addresses t h yet be5 deliv]$ at ^! annual meet+s4 ,!y h be5 ( two types1 ! hi/orical & ! controv]sial2 ! =m] prevail+4 ,9 ! hi/orical addresses ! ,presid5t has usually made a compreh5sive & in/ructive survey ( ! progress ( ! :ole range ( sci5ce dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & has dwelt m p>ticul>ly on "s bran* :i* f its own intr9sic m]its has claim$ special att5tion1 or :i* 8 own special atta9m5ts h enabl$ him to treat ) ! greate/ ability & au?ority4 ,a few ,presid5ts h1 l ,dr4 ,huxley la/ ye>1 tak5 up a p>ticul> subject only1 & h discuss$ x m ?or\ghly ?an !y c\ld h done _h !y also attempt$ a g5]al hi/orical survey4 ,e ,presid5t until #ahga has scrupul\sly kept 9 view 8 judicial position1 & ! fact t he is address+1 n m]ely a few le>n$ m51 b ! :ole ( ,engl&1 if n ! :ole civiliz$ _w4 ,!y h !re=e cle>ly di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! e/abli%$ & ! debatable conclusions ( sci5ce1 betwe5 asc]ta9$ facts & m]e hypo!ses1 h kept ?is di/9ction s pla9ly be=e _! auditors t ev5 ! mo/ un9itiat$ c\ld sc>cely conf\nd ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,9 ,sir ,william ,?omson's address ?is desirable rule is recklessly violat$4 ,he tells 8 unsophi/icat$ audi5ce t ,j\le 0 able 8to e/imate ! av]age velocity ( ! ultimate molecules or atoms0 ( gases1 & ?us det]m9$ ! atomic velocity ( hydrog5 8at #fbbe feet p] second at temp]ature #fj degs4 ,fahr41 & #fjee feet at ! freez+ po9t20 t 8,clausius took fully into acc\nt ! impacts ( molecules ^u "o ano!r1 & ! k9etic en]gy ( relative motion ( ! matt] con/itut+ an individual atom20 & t 8he inve/igat$ ! relation betwe5 _! diamet]s1 ! numb] 9 a giv5 space1 & ! mean l5g? ( pa? f impact to impact1 & s gave ! f\ndation = e/imates ( ! absolute dim5sions ( atoms40 ,also t 8,los*midt1 9 ,vi5na1 _h %[n1 & n mu* lat] ,/oney1 indep5d5tly1 9 ,engl&1 %[$ h[ to r$uce f ,clausius & ,maxwell's k9etic !ory ( gases a sup]ior limit to ! numb] ( atoms 9 a giv5 measurable space40 ,! confid+ auditor foll[s ! ,presid5t ?r\gh fur!r disquisitions on ! 8sup]latively gr& "q1 :at is ! inn] me*anism ( an atom80 & a m9ute & mo/ def9ite description ( ! 8regul> ela/ic vibrations0 ( 8! ultimate atom ( sodium10 ( ! mann] 9 :i* 8any atom ( gas1 :5 /ruck & left to itself1 vibrates ) p]fect purity its fundam5tal note or notes10 & h[1 89 a highly att5uat$ gas1 ea* atom is v r>ely 9 collision ) o!r atoms1 & !re=e is ne>ly at all times 9 a /ate ( true vibration10 :ile 89 d5s] gases ea* atom is frequ5tly 9 collision20 besides1 a great deal m1 9 all ( :i* ! exi/5ce ( ^! atoms is coolly tak5 = grant$1 & treat$ z a fundam5tal e/abli%$ sci5tific fact4 ,aft] he>+ all ^! oracul> utt]ances conc]n+ atoms1 ! unsophi/icat$ li/5] be=e m5tion$ w be surpris$ to le>n t no human be+ has ev] se5 an atom ( any sub/ance :atev]2 t !re exi/s absolutely no direct evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( any su* atoms2 t all ^! atoms ( :i* ,sir ,w4 ,?omson speaks s confid5tly & famili>ly1 & dogmatically1 are pure fragm5ts ( ! imag9ation4 ,he w be /ill fur!r surpris$ to le>n t ! b>e belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ultimate atoms z a m]ely hypo!tical probability is reject$ by _m ( ! mo/ em95t ( sci5tific m51 & t among ^? :o h disput$ ! idea ( ! atomic con/itution ( matt]1 is ! great ,f>aday himself2 t ! "q ( ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( atoms has rec5tly be5 r ke5ly discuss$2 & t ev5 on ! "q ( ! p]missibility ( admitt+ _! hypo!tical exi/5ce1 sci5tific op9ion is divid$2 & t su* a confid5t assumption ( _! exi/5ce z =ms ! basis ( ?is "p ( ! ,presid5t's address is limit$ to only a small section ( mutually admir+ transc5d5tal ma!maticians1 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson be+ ! mo/ admir$ among !m1 z %[n by ! address ( ,pr(essor ,tait to ,section ,a4 ,x w\ld h be5 p]fectly legitimate & mo/ desirable t ,sir ,w4 ,?omson %\ld give ! fulle/ & mo/ favorable possible /atem5t ( ! p>ticul> hypo!ses ^u :i* he & 8 fri5ds h ex]cis$ _! unque/ionably great ma!matical skill2 b he %\ld h /at$ !m z :at !y are1 & = :at !y are wor?1 & h cle>ly di/+ui%$ betwe5 su* hypo!ses & ! e/abli%$ facts ( univ]sally admitt$ sci5ce4 ,in/ead ( do+ ?is1 he has s mix$ up ! actual discov]ies ( indisputable facts ) ^! m]e ma!matical fancies z to give !m bo? ! semblance ( equally au?oritative sci5tific acceptance1 & ?us1 )\t any int5tion to deceive anybody1 mu/ h misl$ ne>ly all ! outside public :o h he>d or read 8 address4 ,z ^! lett]s are ma9ly int5d$ = ^? :o are too mu* engag$ 9 o!r pursuits to /udy sci5ce sy/ematically1 & z mo/ ( ! read]s ( su* lett]s w1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 read ! inaugural address ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association1 ,i h accept$ ! duty ( correct+ among my own read]s ! false impression :i* ?is address may create4 ,z a set-(f to ! au?oritative utt]ances ( ,sir ,w4 ,?omson on ! subject ( atoms1 ,i quote ! foll[+ f an ,italian philosoph]1 :o1 dur+ ! pres5t ye>1 is hold+ 9 ,italy a position v simil> to t ( ! annual ,presid5t ( our ,briti% ,association4 ,pr(essor ,cannizz>o has be5 elect$ by a society ( ,italian *emi/s to act z ?is ye>'s director ( a ,*ronicle ( ! ,progress ( ,*emical ,sci5ce 9 ,italy & abroad4 ,9 ?is capacity he has publi%$ an inaugural treatise on ! hi/ory ( mod]n *emical !ory1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he ?us speaks ( ! ov]-confid5t atomic !ori/s3 8,!y (t5 speak on molecul> subjects ) z mu* dogmatic assurance z ?\gh !y _h actually realiz$ ! +5i\s fiction ( ,laplace--_h con/ruct$ a microscope by :i* !y c\ld detect ! molecules1 & obs]ve ! numb]1 =ms1 & arrangem5ts ( _! con/itu5t atoms1 & ev5 det]m9e ! direction & int5sity ( _! mutual actions4 ,_m ( ^! ?+s1 (f]$ at :at !y are wor?--t is1 z hypo!ses m or less probable1 or z simple artifices ( ! intellect--may s]ve1 & really h s]v$1 to collocate facts & incite to fur!r inve/igations :i*1 "o day or o!r1 may lead to a true *emical !ory2 b1 :5 p]v]t$ by be+ /at$ z tru?s already demon/rat$1 !y falsify ! intellectual education ( ! /ud5ts ( inductive sci5ce1 & br+ reproa* on ! mod]n progress ( *emi/ry40 ,i translate ! above f ! fir/ page ( ! fir/ numb] ( ! 8,gazetta ,*imica ,italiana10 publi%$ at ,pal]mo 9 ,janu>y la/4 ,_h ^! words be5 writt5 9 ,ed9burgh on ! ev5+ ( ! #b;d ( ,augu/1 9 direct application to ,sir ,william ,?omson's address1 !y c\ld n h describ$ m po9t$ly & truly ! prevail+ vice ( ?is production4 ,if space p]mitt$1 ,i c\ld g fur!r back & quote ! words ( ,"l ,bacon1 f ! great text-book ( inductive philosophy1 :]e9 he d5\nces ! wor%ip ( all su* intellectual idols z our mod]n ma!matical dream]s h creat$1 & :i* !y s f]v5tly adore4 ,an able writ] 9 ! ,daily ,news ( la/ ,friday is v sev]e ^u ! biological portion ( ! ,presid5t's address1 :i* conta9s a really orig9al hypo!sis4 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson hav+ /at$ t he is 8ready to adopt z an article ( sci5tific fai?1 true ?r\gh all space & ?r\gh all "t1 t life proce$s f life1 & f no?+ b life10 asks ! "q1 8,h[ !n did life orig9ate on ! e>?80 & tells u t 8if a probable solution consi/5t ) ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature c be f\nd1 we mu/ n invoke an abnormal act ( creative p[]40 ,he assumes1 ) t p]fect confid5ce 9 ma!matical hypo!ses :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! s*ool ( !ori/s :i* he leads1 t 8trac+ ! physical hi/ory ( ! e>? backw>ds1 on /rictly dynamical pr9ciples1 we are br\ght to a r$-hot melt$ globe1 on :i* no life c\ld exi/20 & !n1 to acc\nt = ! beg9n+ ( life on our e>? z x cool$ d[n1 he creates ano!r imag9>y _w1 :i* he br+s 9 collision ) a second simil> creation1 & !reby %att]s x to fragm5ts4 ,he fur!r imag9es t "o ( ^! imag9>y brok5-up worlds 0 already /ock$ ) ! sort ( life :i* he says c only proce$ f life1 & t f su* a _w ?us /ock$ & ?us sma%$ 8_m great & small fragm5ts c>ry+ se$ & liv+ plants & animals w\ld und\bt$ly be scatt]$ ?r\gh space20 & t1 8if at ! pres5t in/ant no su* life exi/$ ^u ?is e>?1 "o su* /one fall+ ^u x might1 by :at we bl9dly call natural causes1 lead to its becom+ cov]$ ) vegetation40 ,! conclusion ( ?is p>agraph is in/ructively *>act]i/ic ( ! philosophy ( ,sir ,william ,?omson & 8 admir]s4 ,he says t 8! hypo!sis t life orig9at$ on ?is e>? ?r\gh moss-gr[n fragm5ts ( ano!r _w may seem wild & vision>y2 all ,i ma9ta9 is t x is n unsci5tific40 ,i h italiciz$ ! phrases :i*1 put toge!r1 express ! philosophy ( ?is s*ool ( mod]n manufactur]s ( ma!matical hypo!ses4 ,x matt]s n to !m h[ 8wild & vision>y10 h[ utt]ly gratuit\s any assumption may be1 x is n unsci5tific provid$ x c be inve/$ 9 =mul1 & work$ out ma!matically4 ,^! transc5d5tal ma!maticians are /ruggl+ to c>ry philosophy back to ! era ( ,duns ,scotus1 :5 ! greate/ triumph ( le>n+ 0 to sophi/icate s pr(\ndly an obvi\s absurdity t no ord9>y intellect c\ld refute x4 ,=tunately = ! progress ( humanity1 !re are o!r le>n$ m5 :o firmly ma9ta9 t ! bus9ess ( sci5ce is ! discov]y & tea*+ ( simple sob] tru?4 ,! writ] ( ! ,daily ,news article above ref]r$ to v *>itably sugge/s t ,sir ,w4 ,?omson may be 8pok+ fun at "s ( 8 colleagues10 & comp>es ! moss-gr[n meteorite hypo!sis ) ! ,h9doo p>able :i* expla9s ! /ability ( ! e>? by /at+ t x /&s on ! back ( a mon/] tortoise1 t ! tortoise re/s ^u ! back ( a gigantic elephant1 :i* /&s ^u ! %ell ( a /ill bigg] tortoise1 re/+ on ! back ( ano!r /ill m gigantic elephant1 & s on4 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 ( c\rse1 requires to sma% two m worlds 9 ord] to provide a moss-gr[n fragm5t = />t+ ! life ^u ! _w :i* 0 brok5 up = our b5efit1 & s on backw>ds ad inf9itum4 ,,_w-,,sma%+4 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson's moss-gr[n fragm5t ( a %att]$ _w is n yet =gott54 ,9 ! curr5t numb] ( ! ,cornhill ,magaz9e 7,janu>y1 #ahgb7 x is v sev]ely h&l$2 ! m sev]ely1 because ! writ]1 ?\gh treat+ ! subject q popul>ly1 %[s ! fallacy ( ! hypo!sis1 ev5 :5 reg>d$ f ! po9t ( view ( ,sir ,w4 ,?omson's own special dep>tm5t ( /udy4 ,t an em95t ma!matician %\ld make a great slip :5 he v5tures ^u geological or physiological gr\nd is n at all surpris+2 x is1 9 fact1 q to be expect$1 z !re c be no d\bt t ! close /udy ( pure ma!matics1 by direct+ ! m9d to processes ( calculation r ?an to ph5om5a1 induces t sublime indiff]5ce to facts :i* has *>act]iz$ ! purely ma!matical intellect ( all ages4 ,x is n surpris+ t a philosoph] :o has be5 engag$ 9 measur+ ! imag9>y diamet]1 describ+ ! imag9>y oscillations & gyrations ( imag9>y atoms1 & ! /ill m complex imag9>y behavior ( ! imag9>y con/itu5ts ( ! imag9>y atmosph]es by :i* ! ma!matical imag9ation has surr\nd$ ^! imag9>y atoms1 %\ld ov]look ! vulg> fact t nei!r mosses nor o!r vegetables1 nor ev5 _! se$s1 c possibly reta9 _! vitality :5 alt]nately expos$ to ! temp]ature ( a bla/ furnace1 & t ( two or ?ree hundr$ degrees bel[ ! freez+ po9t2 b x is r surpris+ t ! purely ma!matical basis ( ?is v orig9al hypo!sis ( s great a ma!matician %\ld be ma!matically fallaci\s--9 pla9 language1 a ma!matical blund]4 ,9 ord] to supply ! se$-be>+ meteoric fragm5t by :i* ea* planet is to be /ock$ ) life1 x is necess>y1 accord+ to ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 t two worlds--"o at lea/ fl\ri%+ ) life--%all be sma%$2 &1 9 ord] to get !m sma%$ ) a suffici5t am\nt ( frequ5cy to supply ! mat]ials = 8 hypo!sis1 ! le>n$ ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association has1 9 accordance ) ! cu/om>y +5uity ( ma!matical !ori/s1 work$ out ! necess>y ma!matical conditions1 & /ates ) unhesitat+ ma!matical assurance t--8,x is z sure t collisions mu/ occur betwe5 great masses mov+ ?r\gh space1 z x is t %ips1 /e]$ )\t intellig5ce direct$ to prev5t collision1 c\ld n cross & recross ! ,atlantic = ?\s&s ( ye>s ) immunity f collision40 ,! au?or ( ! pap] 9 ! ,cornhill d5ies ?is v positively1 & )\t go+ into ! ma!matical details1 po9ts out ! basis ^u :i* x may be ma!matically refut$--viz41 t all su* worlds are travel+ 9 fix$ or regul> orbits ar\nd _! prim>ies or suns1 :ile ea* ( ^! prim>ies travels 9 its own necess>y pa?1 c>ry+ ) x all its att5dants1 :i* /ill move ab\t him1 j z ?\gh he _h no motion ( 8 own4 ,^! are ! conclusions ( ,newtonian dynamics1 ! sublime simplicity ( :i* contra/s s curi\sly ) ! complex dreams ( ! mod]n atom-splitt]s1 & :i* make a fur!r & /ill m /rik+ contra/ by _! exact & p]fect accordance ) actual & visible ph5om5a4 ,newton has taught u t !re c be no planets travel+ at r&om l ! ,sir ,w4 ,?omson's imag9>y %ips ) bl9d pilots1 & by foll[+ up 8 reason+1 we rea* ! conclusion1 t among all ! c\ntless millions ( worlds t p ! inf9ity ( space1 !re is no m risk ( collision ?an !re is betwe5 any two ( ! bodies t con/itute our own sol> sy/em4 ,all ! obs]vations ( a/ronom]s1 bo? be=e & s9ce ! discov]y ( ! telescope1 confirm ?is conclusion4 ,! long nightly wat*+ ( ! ,*aldean %eph]ds1 ! />-c\nt+1 />-gaug+1 />-mapp+1 & o!r labori\s gaz+ ( m$ival & mod]n a/ronom]s1 h fail$ to discov] any collision1 or any motion t5d+ to collision1 among ! myriads ( heav5ly bodies ^: positions & movem5ts h be5 s fai?fully & dilig5tly /udi$4 ,?us1 ! hypo!sis ( creation :i* dem&s ! de/ruction ( two worlds 9 ord] to effect ! s[+ ( a se$1 is z inconsi/5t ) s\nd dynamics z x is repugnant to common s5se4 ,?is subject sugge/s a simil> "o1 :i* 0 discuss$ a few mon?s s9ce at ! ,acadamy ( ,sci5ces ( ,p>is4 ,on ,janu>y #cj? la/ ,m4 ,/4 ,meuni] read a pap] on 8,! mode ( rupture ( a />1 f :i* meteors are d]iv$40 ,! au?or />ts ) ! assumption t meteors h be5 produc$ by ! rupture ( a _w1 bas+ ?is assumption ^u ! argum5ts he has /at$ 9 previ\s pap]s4 ,he disc>ds altoge!r ,sir ,w4 ,?omson's idea ( a collision betwe5 two worlds1 b works out a conclusion q z melan*oly4 ,he beg9s1 l mo/ o!r build]s ( cosmical !ories1 ) ! hypo!sis t ?is & all ! o!r worlds ( space began _! exi/5ce 9 a condition ( nebul\s infancy2 t !y gradually cond5s$ into molt5 liquids1 & !n cool$ d[n till !y obta9$ a ?9 outside cru/ ( solid matt]1 re/+ ^u a molt5 globe )92 t ?is cru/ !n gradually ?ick5$ z ! _w grew old] & cool$ d[n by radiation4 ,i w n /op to discuss ?is nebul> & cool+-d[n hypo!sis at pres5t1 ?\gh x is b fair to /ate t 8,i don't believe a bit ( x40 ,tak+ all ?is = grant$--a consid]able assumption--,m4 ,/4 ,meuni] reasons v ably ^u :at mu/ foll[1 if we fur!r assume t ea* _w is someh[ suppli$ ) air & wat]1 & t ! atmosph]e & ! ocean ( ea* _w are limit$ & unconnect$ ) ^? ( any o!r _w1 or ) any g5]al int]/ell> m$ium4 ,:at1 !n1 w happ5 z worlds gr[ old8 ,z !y cool d[n1 !y mu/ contract2 ! liquid inside c manage ?is )\t any inconv5i5ce to itself1 b n s ) ! out] sph]ical %ell ( solid matt]4 ,z ! inn]1 or hott] "p ( ?is contracts1 ! cool outside mu/ crumple up 9 ord] to foll[ x1 & ?us m\nta9 *a9s & great valleys1 less] hills & dales1 besides faults & slips1 dykes1 e>?quakes1 volcanoes1 etc41 are expla9$4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,/4 ,meuni]1 ! moon has rea*$ a m advanc$ p]iod ( cosmical exi/5ce ?an ! e>?4 ,%e is our s5ior2 & l ! old man :o %[s 8 gray hairs & tott]+ limbs to inconsid]ate y\?1 %e %9es a w>n+ ^u our gay "y _w1 tell+ h] t-- ,let h] pa9t an in* ?ick1 to ?is favor %e mu/ come --t ! air & ocean mu/ pass away1 t all ! liv+ creatures ( ! e>? mu/ p]i%1 & ! desolation %all come ab\t 9 ?is wise4 ,at pres5t1 ! int]ior ( our planet is describ$ z a molt5 fluid1 ) a solid cru/ outside4 ,z ! _w cools d[n ) age1 ?is cru/ w ?ick5 & crack1 & crack aga91 z ! l[] "p contracts4 ,?is w =m ra9ures1 i4e41 long n>r[ *asms1 ( va/ dep?1 :i*1 l ^? on ! moon1 w trav]se1 )\t deviation1 ! m\nta9s1 valleys1 pla9s1 & ocean-b$s2 ! wat]s w fall into ^!1 &1 aft] viol5t cata/rophes1 aris+ f _! boil+ by contact ) ! hot int]ior1 !y w f9ally disappe> f ! surface1 & become absorb$ 9 ! pores ( ! va/ly-?ick5$ e>?-cru/1 & 9 ! cav]ns1 cracks1 & *asms :i* ! r5d+ contraction w op5 9 ! int]ior4 ,^! cavities w cont9ue to increase1 w become ( huge magnitude :5 ! outside cru/ gr[s ?ick en\gh to =m its own support+ ar*1 = !n ! fus$ int]ior w rec$e1 & =m mighty vaults t w engulf n ! wat]s m]ely1 b all ! atmosph]e likewise4 ,at ?is /age ! e>?1 accord+ to ,m4 ,/4 ,meuni]1 w be a middle-ag$ _w l ! moon2 b z old age advances ! contraction ( ! fluid1 or visc\s int]ior b5ea? ! outside solid cru/ w cont9ue1 & ! ra9ures w ext5d 9 l5g? & dep? & wid?1 z he ma9ta9s !y are n[ gr[+ 9 ! moon4 ,?is1 he says1 mu/ cont9ue till ! c5tre solidifies1 & !n ^! cracks w rea* t c5tre1 & ! _w w be split ?r\gh 9 fragm5ts correspond+ to ! diff]5t ra9ures4 ,?us we %all h a planet compos$ ( sev]al solid fragm5ts held toge!r only by _! mutual attractions1 b ! rot>y movem5t ( ^! w1 accord+ to ! ,fr5* philosoph]1 become unequal1 z 8! fragm5ts pres5t diff]5t d5sities1 & are situat$ at unequal di/ances f ! c5tre2 "s w be accel]at$1 o!rs ret>d$2 !y w rub aga9/ ea* o!r1 & gr9d away ^? portions :i* h ! weake/ cohesion40 ,! fragm5ts ?us worn (f w1 8at ! end ( suffici5t "t1 girdle ) a complete r+ ! c5tral />40 ,at ?is /age ! fragm5ts become real meteors1 & !n p]=m all ! meteoric functions except+ ! se$-c>ry+ ( ,sir ,w4 ,?omson4 ,x w\ld be an easy task to demoli% ^! speculations1 ?\gh n )9 ! space ( "o ( my lett]s4 ,a glance at ! date ( ?is pap]1 & ! /ate ( ,p>is & ! ,fr5* m9d at ! "t1 may1 to "s ext5t1 expla9 ! melan*oly reli% ) :i* ! ,p>isian philosoph] works out 8 doleful speculations4 ,_h ! ,fr5* army m>*$ vigor\sly to ,b]l91 ,i d\bt :e!r ?is pap] w\ld ev] h f\nd its way into ! 8,comptes ,r5dus40 ,aft] ! fall ( ,p>is1 & ! :olesale capitulation ( ! ,fr5* armies1 x 0 b natural t a patriotic ,fr5*man1 h[soev] /rong 8 philosophy1 %\ld speculate on ! collapse ( all ! />s1 & ! g5]al w9d+-up ( ! univ]se4 ,,! ,,dy+ ,,trees ,,9 ,,k5s+ton ,,g>d5s4 ,a great _m trees h lately be5 cut d[n 9 ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s1 & ! subject 0 br\ght be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons at ! latt] "p ( its la/ session4 ,9 reply to ,mr4 ,rit*ie's "q1 ,mr4 ,adam1 ! !n ,fir/ ,commission] ( ,works1 made explanations :i*1 s f> z !y g1 are satisfactory--b ! di/ance is v small4 ,he /ates t all :o h wat*$ ! trees mu/ h se5 t _! decay 8has become rapid & decid$ 9 ! la/ two ye>s10 t :5 ! vote = ! p>ks came on _m 87 ei!r dead or hopelessly dy+10 t 9 ! m ?ickly plant$ portions ( ! g>d5s ! trees 7 dead & dy+ by hundr$s1 ow+ to ! impov]i%$ soil & ! t]rible neglect ( timely ?9n+ fifty or sixty ye>s ago4 ,kn[+ ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! public reg>d+ tree-cutt+1 ,mr4 ,adam obta9$ ! co-op]ation ( a committee ( exp]ts1 consi/+ ( ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 ,mr4 ,clutton1 & ,mr4 ,?omas1 8s di/+ui%$ z a l&scape g>d5]10 & ! late ,fir/ ,commission] ( ,works4 ,!y _h sev]al meet+s1 &1 z ,mr4 ,adam in=ms u1 8! result has be5 a unanim\s resolution t we ought to proce$ at once to cle> away ! dead & dy+ trees40 ,?is is be+ done to ! ext5t ( 8an absolute cle>ance0 9 "s places1 & ! removal ( num]\s trees all ov] ! g>d5s4 ,we are fur!r told t 8! spaces cle>$ w ei!r be tr5*$1 dra9$1 & replant$1 or w be left op51 z may appe> be/40 ,mr4 ,adam adds t 8! utmo/ c>e is be+ us$ 9 ! "w2 t n a tree is be+ cut t c prop]ly be sp>$2 & t e ef=t w be made to re/ore life to ! di/+ui%$ trees t are dy+40 ,i h wat*$ ! proce$+s 9 ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s & also 9 ,bu%ey ,p>k1 & h consid]able difficulty 9 describ+ ! agricultural v&alism !re witness$1 & express+ my op9ion on x1 )\t transgress+ ! b\nds ( conv5tional c\rtesy t[>ds ^? :o are responsible4 ,i d n ref] to ! cutt+ d[n ( ! dead & dy+ trees1 b to ! proce$+s by :i* !y h be5 (ficially & artificially kill$ by ^? :o ought to possess suffici5t k ( agricultural *emi/ry to und]/& ! necess>y consequ5ces ( _! conduct4 ,ab\t =ty ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ,liebig taught to all :o 7 able & will+ to le>n t trees & o!r vegetables are compos$ ( two classes ( mat]ial3 #a/1 ! c>bon & elem5ts ( wat] d]iv$ f air & ra92 & #b;d1 ! nitrog5\s & incombu/ible sal9e comp\nds d]iv$ f ! soil4 ,! possible atmosph]ic orig9 ( "s ( ! nitrog5 is /ill "u debate1 b !re is no d\bt t all :i* rema9s beh9d z incombu/ible a%1 :5 we burn a leaf1 is s mu* matt] tak5 out ( ! soil4 ,e sci5tific agriculturi/ kn[s t c]ta9 crops take away c]ta9 con/itu5ts f ! soil1 & t if ?is p>ticul> cropp+ cont9ues )\t a replac+ ( ^? p>ticul> con/itu5ts ( f]tility1 ! soil mu/ become b>r5 9 ref]5ce to ! crop 9 "q1 ?\gh o!r crops dem&+ diff]5t food may /ill gr[ ^u x4 ,! agricultural v&alism t ,i h wat*$ ) s mu* vexation is ! practice ( annually rak+ & sweep+ toge!r ! fall5 leaves1 collect+ !m 9 b>r[s & c>ts1 & !n c>ry+ !m q away f ! soil 9 :i* ! trees are gr[+1 or %\ld gr[4 ,i h inquir$ ( ! m5 ?us employ$ :e!r !y put any?+ on ! gr\nd to replace ^! leaves1 & !y h n m]ely repli$ 9 ! negative1 b h be5 evid5tly surpris$ at su* a "q be+ ask$4 ,:at is f9ally done ) ! leaves ,i d n "k2 !y may be us$ = ! fl[]-b$s or sold to outside flori/s4 ,i h se5 a l>ge heap accumulat$ ne> to ! ,r\nd ,pond4 ,n[1 ! leaves ( =e/ trees are j ^? portions conta9+ ! l>ge/ proportion ( a%2 or1 o!rwise /at$1 !y d ! mo/ 9 exhau/+ ! soil4 ,9 ,epp+ ,=e/1 9 ! ,new ,=e/1 & o!r =e/s :]e !re has be5 /ill m 8t]rible neglect ( timely ?9n+10 ! trees cont9ue to gr[ vigor\sly1 & h ?us gr[n = c5turies2 ! leaves fall on ! soil :]e9 ! trees gr[1 & ?us cont9ually return to x all !y h tak5 away4 ,!y d some?+ besides ?is4 ,dur+ ! w9t] !y gradually decay4 ,?is decay is a process ( sl[ combu/ion1 giv+ out j z mu* heat z ?\gh all ! leaves 7 ga!r$ toge!r & us$ z fuel = a bonfire2 b ! heat 9 ! c\rse ( natural decay is gradually giv5 out j :5 & :]e x is want$1 & ! coat+ ( leaves1 moreov]1 =ms a protect+ w9t] jacket to ! soil4 ,i am aw>e t ! plea = ?is sweep+-up ( leaves is ! dem& = tid9ess2 t p ) ?9 %oes might wet _! feet if !y walk$ ?r\gh a /ratum ( fall5 leaves4 ,! reply to ?is is t all reasonable dem&s ( ?is class w\ld be satisfi$ by cle>+ ! footpa?s1 f :i* nobody %\ld deviate 9 ! w9t] "t4 ,be=e ! season = /roll+ 9 ! grass returns1 ,nature w h dispos$ ( ! fall5 leaves4 ,a p>tial rem$y may be appli$ by burn+ ! leaves1 !n c>efully di/ribut+ _! a%es2 b ?is is aft] all a clumsy imitation ( ! natural sl[ combu/ion above describ$1 & is wa/eful ( ! ammoniacal salts z well z ( ! heat4 ,! av5ues ( ,bu%ey ,p>k are n go+ s rapidly z ! old sylvan glories ( ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s1 ?\gh ! same robb]y ( ! soil is practic$ 9 bo? places4 ,i h a !ory ( my own 9 explanation ( ! diff]5ce1 viz41 t ! cl\d ( du/ t may be se5 bl[+ f ! roadway z ! vehicles drive along ! ,*e/nut ,av5ue ( ,bu%ey ,p>k1 settles d[n on "o side or ! o!r1 & supplies mat]ial :i* to "s ext5t1 b n suffici5tly1 comp5sates = ! leaf-robb]y4 ,! ,fir/ ,commission] speaks ( ef=ts be+ made to re/ore life to ! di/+ui%$ trees t are dy+4 ,let u hope t ^! include a re/oration to ! soil ( ^? p>ticul> salts t h = "s ye>s pa/ be5 annually c>t$ away f x 9 ! =m ( dead leaves1 & t ?is is be+ done n only ar\nd ! 8di/+ui%$0 trees1 b ?r\gh\t ! g>d5s4 ,any compet5t analytical *emi/ may supply ,mr4 ,adam ) a /atem5t ( :at are ^! p>ticul> salts4 ,?is in=mation is obta9able by simply burn+ an av]age sample ( ! leaves & analyz+ _! a%es4 ,:ile on ?is subject ,i may add a few words on ano!r t is closely connect$ ) x4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! p>ks g>d5]s may be se5 m or less en]getically occupi$ 9 pu%+ & pull+ m[+-ma*9es2 & c>ry+ away ! grass :i* is ?us cut4 ,?is produces ! ju/ly admir$ result ( a beautiful velvet lawn2 b unless ! cont9u\s exhau/ion ( ! soil is comp5sat$1 a few ye>s ( su* cropp+ w />ve x4 ,?is subject is n[ s well und]/ood by all educat$ g>d5]s t x %\ld be impossible to suppose x to be ov]look$ 9 our p>ks1 z x is s frequ5tly 9 dome/ic g>d5+4 ,_m a lawn t a few ye>s ago 0 ! pride ( its own] is n[ becom+ z bald z ! head ( ! fai?ful1 8practical10 & ob/9ate old g>d5] :o s he>tily despises ! 8fads0 ( sci5tific !ori/s4 ,:5 natural m[+-ma*9es are us$1 i4e41 cattle & %eep1 _! dropp+s re/ore all t !y take away f ! soil1 m9us ! salts conta9$ 9 _! own fle%1 or ! milk t may be remov$4 ,an int]e/+ problem has be5 = "s "t pa/ "u ! consid]ation ( ! m sci5tific ( ! ,swiss agriculturi/s4 ,f ! m\nta9 pa/urages only milk is tak5 away1 b ?is milk conta9s a c]ta9 quantity ( phosphates1 ! re/oration ( :i* mu/ be effect$ soon] or lat]1 or ! produce w be cut (f1 especially n[ t s mu* cond5s$ milk is export$4 ,! wondr\sly ri* soil ( "s p>ts ( ,virg9ia has be5 exhau/$ by unrequit$ tobacco crops4 ,! quantity ( a% display$ on ! burnt end ( a cig> demon/rates ! exhau/+ "* ( tobacco crops4 ,t :i* ! air & wat] suppli$ to ! plant is return$ z invisible gases dur+ combu/ion1 b all ! a% t rema9s repres5ts :at ! leaves h tak5 f ! soil1 & :at %\ld be re/or$ 9 ord] to su/a9 its pri/9e f]tility4 ,! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s h simil>ly suff]$ to a v s]i\s ext5t on acc\nt ( ! =m] ignorance ( ! sug> plant]s1 :o us$ ! canes z fuel 9 boil+ d[n ! syrup1 & all[$ ! a%es ( ^? canes to be wa%$ into ! sea4 ,!y 7 ignorant ( ! fact t pure sug> maybe tak5 away 9 unlimit$ quantities )\t any impov]i%m5t ( ! l&1 see+ t x is compos$ m]ely ( c>bon & ! elem5ts ( wat]1 all d]ivable f air & ra94 ,all t is ne$$ to ma9ta9 ! p]5nial f]tility ( a sug> plantation is to re/ore ! /ems & leaves ( ! cane1 or c>efully to di/ribute _! a%es4 ,! relation ( ^! to ! soil ( ! sug> plantations is precisely ! same z t ( ! leaves ( ! trees to ! soil ( ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s1 & ! reckless removal ( ei!r mu/ produce ! same disa/r\s consequ5ces4 ,,! ,,oleag9\s ,,products ,,( ,,?ames ,,mud3 ,,:]e ,,!y ,,come ,,f ,,& ,,:]e ,,!y ,,g4 ,once ^u a "t--& n a v long "t s9ce--a ,fr5* *emi/ left ! l& ( sup]excell5ce1 & cross$ to ! %ores ( foggy ,albion4 ,he proce$$ to ,york%ire1 8 object be+ to make 8 =tune4 ,he 0 s presumptu\s z to believe t he might d ?is by pick+ up some?+ :i* ,york%irem5 ?rew away4 ,t some?+ 0 soapsuds4 ,8 *emi/ry taught him t soap is a comp\nd ( fat & alkali1 & t if a /rong] acid ?an t belong+ to ! fat is add$ to soapsuds1 ! /rong] acid w comb9e ) ! alkali & release ! fat1 ! :i* fat ?us lib]at$ w float ^u ! surface ( ! liquid1 & may !n be easily skimm$ (f1 melt$ toge!r1 & sold at a h&some pr(it4 ,b :y leave ! beautiful ,france & desolate himself 9 dre>y ,york%ire m]ely to d ?is8 ,8 reason 01 t ! clo? work]s ( ,york%ire use tons & tons ( soap = sc\r+ _! mat]ials1 & ?r[ away millions ( gallons ( soapsuds4 ,besides ?is1 !re are manufactories ( sulphuric acid ne> at h&1 & a l>ge dem& = ma*9]y grease j !reab\ts4 ,he accord+ly b\ght iron tanks1 & erect$ works 9 ! mid/ ( ! busie/ c5tre ( ! wool5 manufacture4 ,b he did n make 8 =tune all at once4 ,on ! contr>y1 he fail$ to pay exp5ses1 = 9 8 calculations he _h omitt$ to all[ = ! fact t ! soap liquor is mu* dilut$1 & !re=e he mu/ c>ry mu* wat] 9 ord] to obta9 a little fat4 ,?is co/ ( c>riage ru9$ 8 ent]prise1 & 8 works 7 (f]$ = sale4 ,! pur*as] 0 a %rewd ,york%ireman1 :o !n 0 a deal] 9 second-h& boil]s1 tanks1 & o!r iron w>es4 ,:5 he 0 ab\t to demoli% ! works1 ! ,fr5*man took him into confid5ce1 & told ! /ory ( 8 failure4 ,! ,york%ireman said little1 b ?\ght mu*2 & hav+ f9ally assur$ himself t ! c>riage 0 ! only difficulty1 he conclud$1 aft] ! mann] ( ,mahomet1 t if ! m\nta9 w\ld n come to him1 he might g to ! m\nta92 & !n made an (f] ( p>tn]%ip on ! basis t ! ,fr5*man %\ld d ! *emi/ry ( ! "w1 & t he 7! ,york%ireman7 %\ld d ! re/4 ,accord+ly1 he w5t to ! works ar\nd1 & (f]$ to contract = ! pur*ase ( all _! soapsuds1 if !y w\ld all[ him to put up a tank or two on _! premises4 ,?is he did2 ! acid 0 add$1 ! fat rose to ! surface1 0 skimm$ (f1 & c>ri$1 )\t ! wat]1 to ! c5tral works1 :]e x 0 melt$ d[n1 &1 ) v little prep>ation1 0 conv]t$ into 8cold-neck grease10 & 8hot-neck grease10 & us$1 besides1 = o!r lubricat+ purposes4 ,! ,fr5*man's sci5ce & skill1 unit$ ) ! ,york%ireman's practical sagacity1 built up a fl\ri%+ bus9ess1 & ! grease ?us made is /ill 9 great dem& & high repute = lubricat+ ! roll+-mills ( iron works1 & = _m o!r k9ds ( ma*9]y4 ,my read]s ne$ n be told t !re are soapsuds 9 ,london z well z 9 ,york%ire1 & !y also "k t ! ,london soapsuds pass d[n ! dra9s into ! sew]s4 ,i may tell !m t besides ?is !re are _m k9ds ( acids also pass$ into ,london sew]s1 & t o!rs are g5]at$ by ! decompositions !re ab\nd+4 ,^! acids d ! ,fr5*man's "w ^u ! ,london soapsuds1 b ! sep>at$ fat1 in/ead ( ris+ sl[ly & undi/urb$ to =m a film ^u ! surface ( ! wat]1 is roll$ & tumbl$ among/ its multif>i\s companion fil?1 & x /icks to :atev] x may f9d cong5ial to itself4 ,hairs1 rags1 wool1 ravell+s ( cotton1 & fibres ( all k9ds are especially frat]nal to su* films ( fat3 !y lick x up & /ick x ab\t & amid !mselves2 & z !y & ! fat roll & tumble along ! sew]s toge!r1 !y become comp\nd$ & %ap$ into unsavory balls t are f9ally deposit$ on ! banks ( ! ,?ames1 & quietly repose 9 its hospitable mud4 ,b !re is no peace ev5 !re1 & ! g5tle re/ ( ! fat nodules is ( %ort duration4 ,! mud-l>ks are d[n ^u !m1 9 spite ( all _! burr[+2 !y are ga!r$ up & melt$ d[n4 ,! fil?ie/ ( _! associat$ fil? is ?us remov$1 & !n1 & ) a v little fur!r prep>ation1 !y appe> z cakes ( d>k-color$ h>d fat1 v well suit$ = lubricat+ ma*9]y1 & indiff]5tly fit = aga9 becom+ soap1 & once m repeat+ _! =m] adv5tures4 ,^? g5tlem5 ( ! ,briti% press ^: brilliant imag9ation supplies ! public ) _! int]sessional h>ve/s ( s5sational adult]ation panics1 h obta9$ a f]tile s\rce ( p>agraphs by co-op]at+ ) ! mud-l>ks 9 ! manufacture ( butt] f ,?ames mud4 ,! orig9 ( ^! /ories is traceable to c]ta9 (fic]s ( ! ,?ames police1 :o1 hav+ on bo>d "s ( ^! g5tlem5 ( ! press engag$ 9 hunt+ up in=mation respect+ a body f\nd 9 ! riv]1 suppli$ _! gue/s ) a little supplem5t>y *aff by %[+ !m a mud-l>k's ga!r+s1 & tell+ !m t x 0 raw mat]ial f :i* 8f9e ,dorset0 is produc$4 ,a communication f 8,our ,special ,correspond5t0 on ! manufacture ( butt] f ,?ames mud accord+ly appe>$ 9 ! atrocity column on ! foll[+ morn+1 & pres5tly 8w5t ! r\nd ( ! pap]s40 ,al?\gh x is p]fectly possible by ! aid ( mod]n *emical skill to ref9e ev5 su* fil? z ?is1 & to *urn x into a close resemblance to butt]1 ! co/ ( do+ s w\ld exce$ ! highe/ price obta9able = ! f9e/ butt] t comes to ! ,london m>ket4 ,a skillful *emi/ c conv]t all ! cotton fibres t are associat$ ) ?is sewage fat into pure sug> or sug>-c&y1 b ! manufacture ( sweetmeats f ,?ames mud w\ld n pay any bett] ?an ! production ( butt] f ! same s\rce1 & = ! same reason4 ,mutton-suet1 *op-p>+s1 & o!r clean1 :olesome fat c be b\ght :olesale = less ?an fivep5ce p] p\nd4 ,x w\ld co/ above ?ree times z mu* z ?is to br+ ! fat nodules ( ! ,?ames mud to z ne> an approa* to butt] z ?is sort ( fat4 ,!re=e ! ,?ames mud-butt] mat]ial w\ld be ?ree times z co/ly z t obta9able f ! but*]4 ,:ile ! supply ( mutton-suet is s f> 9 excess ( ! butt]-mak+ dem& t tons ( x are annually us$ 9 ! ,nor? = lubricat+ ma*9]y1 we ne$ n fe> t any?+ less objectionable--i4e41 m co/ly to purify--w be us$ z a butt] sub/itute4 ,,lum9\s ,,pa9t4 ,! sun is evid5tly go+ out ( fa%ion1 & is m & m exclud$ f 8good society0 z our mod]n sub/itute = civilization advances4 8,s]ve him "r60 _m w say1 = behav+ s badly dur+ ! la/ two summ]s4 ,! old saw1 :i* says some?+ ab\t 8e>ly to b$ & e>ly to rise0 is =gott53 we take 8lun*eon0 at d9n]-"t1 d9e at supp]-"t1 make 8morn+0 calls & g to 8morn+0 conc]ts1 etc41 late 9 ! aft]noon1 say 8,good morn+0 until #f or #g ,p4,m42 & ?us1 by sleep+ ?r\gh ! bright h\rs ( ! morn+1 & wak+ up fully only a little be=e sunset1 ! dem& = artificial light becomes almo/ ov]:elm+4 ,n only d we require ?is dur+ a long] p]iod ea* day1 b we insi/ ^u m & m1 & /ill m yet1 dur+ t p]iod4 ,! ru%light ( our =efa!rs 0 sup]s$$ by an exotic luxury1 ! big-flame c&le made ( ,russian tall[1 ) a wick ( ,transatlantic cotton4 ,pres5tly ?is luxuri\s innovation 0 sup]s$$ by ! 8m\ld c&le20 ! dip 0 consign$ to ! kit*51 & ! bloat$ ari/ocrats ( ! p]iod indulg$ 9 a pair ( c&le/icks1 al>m+ _! gr&mo!rs by ! extravagance ( burn+ two c&les on "o table4 ,pres5tly ! m\ld c&le 0 snuff$ out by ! composite2 !n came ! transluc5t pe>ly p>aff9 c&le1 gas light1 sol> lamps1 mod]ator lamps1 & p>aff9 lamps4 ,ev5 ^!1 ) _! brilliant :ite flame f a s+le wick1 are n[ insuffici5t1 & we h duplex & ev5 triplex wicks to satisfy our dem& = gl>+ mock]ies ( ! dep>t$ sun4 ,"s are /ill liv+ :o rememb] ! oil lamps 9 ,*eapside & ,piccadilly1 & ! excitem5t caus$ by ! brilliancy ( ! new gas lamps2 b n[ we are dissatisfi$ ) ^!1 & dem& electric lights = common ?or\ghf>es1 or "s extravagant comb9ation ( conc5tric or multiplex gas-jets to rival x4 ,! late/ novelty is a device to r5d] d>kness visible by captur+ ! sunbeams dur+ ! day1 hold+ !m z prison]s until aft] sunset1 & !n sett+ !m free 9 ! night4 ,! pr9ciple is n a new discov]y2 ! novelty lies 9 ! application & "s improvem5ts ( detail4 ,9 ! 8,boy's ,own ,book10 or 8,endless ,amusem5t10 ( ?irty or =ty ye>s ago1 are descriptions ( 8,canton's phosphorus10 or 8sol> phosphori10 & recipes = mak+ !m4 ,burnt oy/]-%ells or oy/]-%ells burnt ) sulphur1 0 "o ( ^!4 ,v>i\s o!r me?ods ( effect+ comb9ation betwe5 lime or b>yta ) sulphur are describ$ 9 old books1 ! result be+ ! =mation ( m or less ( :at mod]n *emi/s call calcium sulphide & b>ium sulphide 7or o!rwise sulphide ( calcium or sulphide ( b>ium74 ,^! comp\nds1 :5 expos$ to ! sun1 are my/]i\sly act$ ^u by ! sol> rays1 & put into su* a condition t _! atoms or molecules1 or :atev] else con/itutes _! sub/ance1 are set 9 motion--9 t sort ( motion :i* communicates to ! surr\nd+ m$ium ! wavy tremor :i* agitates our optic n]ve & produces ! s5sation ( light4 ,until lately1 ?is prop]ty has s]v$ no o!r purpose ?an puzzl+ philosoph]s1 & amus+ t class ( boys :o burn _! f+]s1 spoil _! clo!s1 & make holes 9 _! mo!rs' table-cov]s1 ) sulphuric acid1 nitric acid1 & o!r noxi\s *emicals4 ,! fir/ idea ( turn+ x to practical acc\nt 0 t ( mak+ a sort ( enamel ( "o or ! o!r ( ^! sulphides1 & us+ x z a coat+ = clock-faces4 ,a surface ?us coat$ & expos$ to ! light dur+ ! day becomes fa9tly lum9\s at night4 ,anybody desir\s ( see+ ! sort ( light :i* x emits1 may d s v easily by pur*as+ an unwa%$ smelt f ! fi%mong]1 & all[+ x to dry ) its natural slime ^u x1 !n look+ at x 9 ! d>k4 ,a sole or almo/ any o!r fi% w answ] ! purpose1 b ,i "n ! smelt f hav+ f\nd x ! mo/ reliable 9 ! c\rse ( my own exp]im5ts4 ,x emits a dull1 gho/ly light1 ) v little p5etrat+ p[]1 :i* %[s ! %ape ( ! fi%1 b ca/s no p]ceptible light on objects ar\nd4 ,?us ! phosphoresc5t p>i%-clock face1 ) non-phosphoresc5t figures & h&s1 w\ld look l a pale gho/ ( ! moon ) d>k figures r\nd x1 & d>k h&s /ret*+ across1 by :i* ! "t ( ! night might possibly be discov]$ !re or !reab\ts4 ,?is inv5tion has already appe>$ 9 a great _m p>agraphs1 b1 hi!rto1 ^u v few clock-faces4 ,rec5tly x has assum$ a m ambitions =m--pat5t$1 ( c\rse4 ,! pat5tees claim an improv$ phosphoresc5t p[d]1 :i* is capable ( be+ work$ up ) ! m$ium ( pa9ts & v>ni%es1 & ?us appli$1 n m]ely to clock-faces1 b to ! :ole ( ! walls & ceil+s ( any ap>tm5t4 ,9 ?is case ! fa9tness ( ! light w be 9 "s degree comp5sat$ by ! ext5t ( phosphoresc5t surface1 & x is j possible t ! sum total ( ! light emitt$ f walls & ceil+ may be ne>ly equal to t ( "o m\ld c&le4 ,if s1 x w h "s value z a means ( light+ p[d] magaz9es & places = /orage ( inflammable comp\nds4 ,x is /at$ t "o ( ! ,london ,dock companies is ab\t to use x = its _s vaults2 also t ! ,admiralty has already tri$ ! pa9t at ,:itehall1 & has ord]$ two comp>tm5ts ( ! ,comus to be pa9t$ ) x1 9 ord] to te/ its capability ( light+ ! d>k regions ( ironclad %ips4 ,?is application c1 h[ev]1 only be limit$ to ^? p>ts :i* receive a fair am\nt ( light dur+ ! day1 = unless ! composition fir/ receives light1 x is n able aft]w>ds to emit x1 & ?is emission or phosphoresc5ce only cont9ues a few h\rs aft] ! daylight has pass$ away2 five or six h\rs is ! "t /at$4 ,a !atrical manag] is said to be negotiat+ = ! exclusive "r to employ ?is weird illum9ation = sc5ic purposes4 ,! sepul*re sc5e 9 8,rob]t le ,diable10 or ! incantation 9 8,d] ,freis*utz10 or 8,! ,sorc]]10 might be made especially effective by its gho/ly aid4 ,! "n-plates ( /reets1 & buoys at sea might be advantage\sly coat$ ) su* a composition2 & _m o!r uses sugge/ !mselves4 ,!re are rival inv5tors1 z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! ,fr5* pat5tees claim ! use ( cuttle-fi% bones1 v>i\s sea-%ells1 etc41 mix$ ) pure lime1 sulphur1 & calc9$ sea-salt1 besides sulphides ( calcium1 b>ium1 /rontium1 uranium1 magnesium1 or alum9ium4 ,!y also add phosphorus itself1 ?\gh = :at purpose is que/ionable1 see+ t ?is sub/ance is only lum9\s dur+ ! c\rse ( its oxidation or sl[ combu/ion1 & aft] ?is has end$ ! resultant phosphoric acid is no m lum9\s ?an l9se$ oil or turp5t9e4 ,an admixture ( phosphorus might tempor>ily increase ! lum9osity ( a sample1 b any conclusions bas$ ^u ?is w\ld be q delusive4 ,!y also ass]t t electrical dis*>ges pass$ ?r\gh ! pa9t increase its lum9osity4 ,accord+ to "s en?usia/s1 electricity is to d ev]y?+2 b ^! ladies & g5tlem5 omit to calculate ! co/ ( r\s+ & fe$+ ?is omnipot5t giant4 ,9 ?is case electrical ma*9]y = /imulat+ ! pa9t = any?+ outside ( lecture-table exp]im5ts or !atrical & o!r s5sational displays1 w\ld be a comm]cial absurdity4 ,! ,am]icans1 ( c\rse1 are re-inv5t+ 9 ?is direction1 b ,mr4 ,edison has n yet appe>$ on ! lum9\s-pa9t sc5e4 ,if he does we %all d\btless he> ( some?+ v brilliant1 ev5 ?\gh we nev] see x4 ,9 ! meantime we may safely hope t ?is application ( an old sci5tific play?+ to useful purposes may become ( consid]able utility1 z x evid5tly op5s a wide field = fur!r inve/igation & progressive improvem5t1 by ! application ( ! enl>g$ p[]s :i* mod]n sci5ce places at ! disposal ( +5i\s inv5tors4 ,we hope1 = ! sake ( all conc]n$1 t x w n fall into ! h&s ( pr(essional prospectus manufactur]s & jo9t-/ock-company mong]s1 & t ! /ory ( its triumphs w be told )\t any newspap] exagg]ations4 ,s9ce ! above 0 writt5--9 ,febru>y1 #ahhj--;,i h te/$ ?is lum9\s pa9t 7,balma9's pat5t74 ,practically1 ,i f9d x unsatisfactory4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 its endurance is f> %ort] ?an is /at$4 ,x beg9s to fade almo/ imm$iately ! light is )drawn1 & 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r or two x is1 = all practical use--?\gh n absolutely--ext+ui%$4 ,besides ?is x emits a v unpleasant odor pa9fully resembl+ sewage & sulphuret$ hydrog54 ,?is is d\btless due to ! sulphur comp\nd1 b is1 ,i h no d\bt1 q h>mless 9 spite ( its sugge/ions4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,probable ,,duration ,,( ,,petroleum4 ,9 spite ( ! enorm\s quantities ( m9]al oil t are cont9u\sly drawn f ! e>?1 & ! _m places f :i* x may ?us be drawn1 geologi/s are /ill puzzl$ to acc\nt = x4 ,if x 7 commonly associat$ ) coal ! problem ( its orig9 w\ld be solv$ at once4 ,we %\ld !n be satisfi$ t natural m9]al oil is produc$ 9 ! same mann] z ! artificial product1 i4e41 by ! heat+ & consequ5t di/illation ( c]ta9 k9ds ( coal or ( bitum9\s %ales2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 x is b r>ely t petroleum is f\nd 9 ! mid/ ( coal seams1 ?\gh x is sometimes s f\nd4 ,i visit$1 "s ye>s ago1 a coal-m9e 9 ,%rop%ire1 kn[n z 8! t>ry pit10 ?us nam$ on acc\nt ( ! l>ge quantity ( crude m9]al oil ( a r co>se quality t exud$ f ! /rata pi]c$ by ! %aft4 ,x ran d[n ! sides ( ! %aft1 fill$ ! 8sumph0 7i4e41 ! well at ! bottom ( ! %aft 9 :i* ! wat] dra9+ f ! m9e %\ld accumulate = pump+71 & annoy$ ! colli]s s s]i\sly t !y refus$ to "w 9 ! m9e unless ! nuisance 7 aboli%$4 ,x 0 aboli%$ by 8tubb+0 ! %aft ) an oil-pro( l9+ built r\nd t "p f :i* ! oil issu$4 ,! 8t>0 z ! crude oil 0 call$1 0 !n pump$ out ( ! sumph1 & =m$ a pool :i* has s9ce be5 fill$ up by ! dbris ( ! ord9>y m9e work+s4 ,a publican 9 ! ,black ,c\ntry ( ,s\? ,/af=d%ire discov]$ an issue ( inflammable vapor 9 8 cell>1 collect$ x by ?ru/+ a pipe into ! gr\nd1 & us$ x = light+ & w>m+ purposes1 z well z an attraction to cu/om]s4 ,^! & o!r cases t might be cit$1 al?\gh exceptional1 are ( "s value 9 help+ u to =m a simple & rational !ory ( ! orig9 ( ?is important natural product4 ,!y prove t m9]al oil may be produc$ 9 connection ) coal seams & app>5tly f ! coal itself4 ,a s\nd !ory ( ! orig9 ( petroleum is ( practical z well z !oretical value1 inasmu* z ! v practical "q ( ! probable p]man5cy ( supply dep5ds entirely on ! nature ( ! orig9 ( t supply4 ,"s v odd !ories h be5 put =?1 especially 9 ,am]ica4 ,see+ t petroleum is commonly f\nd associat$ ) s&/one & lime/one1 especially 9 cavities ( ! latt]1 x has be5 suppos$ t ^! m9]als someh[ produce x4 ,turn+ back to ! ,groc] = ,april #ah1 #ahgb1 ,i f9d "s speculations ( ?is k9d quot$ f ! ,petroleum ,mon?ly4 ,! writ] sets aside altoge!r1 z an antiquat$ & explod$ fallacy1 ! idea t petroleum is produc$ f coal1 & ma9ta9s 8t petroleum is ma9ly produc$ f1 or g5]at$ ?r\gh1 lime/one10 & argues t ! g5]ation ( petroleum by su* rocks is a cont9u\s process1 f ! fact t exhau/$ wells h recov]$ aft] be+ ab&on$1 8 explanation be+ 8t ! =m]ly ab&on$ t]ritory 0 giv5 up because ! ma*9]y = extract+ petroleum f ! e>? exce$$ 9 its p[] ( exhau/+ ! fluid ! g5]ative p[]s by :i* x is produc$20 ^! g5]ative p[]s someh[ resid+ 9 ! lime/one & s&/one1 b h[ is n specifi$4 ,"s writ]s h1 h[ev]1 gone a little fur!r t[>d answ]+ ! "q ( h[ lime/one may g5]ate petroleum4 ,!y h po9t$ to ! fossiliz$ rema9s ( animals1 _! %ells1 etc41 exi/+ 9 ! lime/one1 & h suppos$ t ! animal matt] has be5 di/ill$1 & has ?us =m$ ! oil4 ,if su* a process c\ld be imitat$ artificially by di/ill+ "s ( ! lat] deposits ( simil> fossil "* ?is !ory w\ld h a bett] basis1 or ev5 if a collection ( oy/]s1 mussels1 or any o!r animal matt]s c\ld by di/illation be %[n to produce an oil simil> to petroleum4 ,! contr>y is ! case4 ,we may obta9 oil f su* mat]ial1 b x is utt]ly diff]5t f any k9d ( m9]al oil1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 by di/ill+ natural bitum9\s %ales1 or cannel coal1 or peat1 we obta9 a crude oil almo/ id5tical ) natural petroleum1 & ! little diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is p]fectly acc\nt$ = by ! great] rapidity ( our me?ods ( di/illation z comp>$ ) ! sl[ natural process4 ,we may g on approximat+ m & m ne>ly to ! natural petroleum by di/ill+ m & m sl[ly4 ,z x is1 ! ref9$ products ( ! natural & artificial oil :i* is comm]cially di/ill$ 9 ,scotl&1 are sc>cely di/+ui%able--"s ( !m are n at all di/+ui%able--! solid p>aff91 = example4 ,i n[ (f] my own !ory ( ! orig9 ( oil spr+s4 ,to r5d] ?is ! m intelligible1 let u fir/ consid] ! orig9 ( ord9>y wat] spr+s4 ,/4 ,w9ifr$'s ,well1 at ,holywell1 9 ,fl9t%ire1 maybe tak5 z an example1 n m]ely on acc\nt ( its magnitude1 b because x is q typical1 & is connect$ ) lime/one & s&/one 9 ab\t ! same mann] z are ! petroleum wells ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,"h we h a wondr\s upru% ( wat] j betwe5 ! s&/one & m\nta9 lime/one rocks1 :i* am\nts to above tw5ty tons p] m9ute1 & fl[s d[n to ! ,dee1 a small riv] turn+ sev]al wat]-mills4 ,x is c]ta9 t all ?is wat] is n g5]at$ ei!r by ! lime/one or ! s&/one f :i* x issues1 nor c x be all 8g5]at$0 on ! spot4 ,! true explanation ( its orig9 is simple en\gh4 ,! m\nta9 lime/one und]lies ! coal measures & crops up obliquely at ,holywell2 aga9/ ?is oblique subt]ranean wall ( compact rock imp]meable to wat]1 abuts a great face ( d[n-slop+ /rata ( por\s s&/one & por\s %ales4 ,^! por\s rocks receive ! ra9 :i* falls on ! slopes ( ! ,hope ,m\nta9 & o!r hills :i* !y =m2 ?is wat] s9ks into ! mill/one grit ( ^! hills & p]colates d[nw>ds until x rea*es ! lime/one b>ri]1 into :i* x _c p5etrate4 ,x "h accumulates z a subt]ranean res]voir :i* f9ds an outlet at a conv5i5t natural fissure1 &1 z ! p]colation is cont9u\s1 ! spr+ is a con/ant "o4 ,"s ( ! wat] travels _m miles und]gr\nd be=e x ?us escapes4 ,hundr$s ( o!r small] in/ances might be quot$1 ! above be+ ! common hi/ory ( spr+s :i* />t up :5ev] ! und]gr\nd wat]s t fl[ ?r\gh por\s rocks or soil meet ) compact rocks or imp]meable clay1 & ?us1 be+ able to proce$ no fur!r d[nw>ds1 accumulate & produce an ov]fl[ :i* we call a 8spr+40 ,if wat] c ?us travel und]gr\nd1 :y n oil8 ,al?\gh ! oil spr+s or oil wells are n imm$iately above or bel[ coal seams1 !y are all )9 8measurable di/ance0 ( great coal =mations--! oil t]ritory ( ,p5nsylvania is1 9 fact1 surr\nd$ by coal1 "s ( x an?racite1 :i* is really a coke1 su* z w\ld be produc$ if we artificially di/ill$ ! hydroc>bons f coal1 & !n compress$ ! residue1 z ! an?racite has c]ta9ly be5 press$ by ! /rata re/+ ^u x4 ,! rocks 9 imm$iate contact & proximity to coal seams--8! coal measures10 z !y are call$--are mo/ly por\s1 "s ( !m v por\s1 & ?us if at any p]iod ( ! e>?'s long hi/ory a seam ( coal became heat$1 z we "k s _m /rata are1 & h be5 heat$1 a m9]al oil w\ld c]ta9ly be =m$1 w\ld fir/ p]meate ! por\s rocks z vapor1 !n be cond5s$ & make its way ?r\gh !m1 foll[+ _! 8dip0 or incl9ation until x rea*$ a b>ri] su* z ! lime/one =ms4 ,x w\ld ?us 9 aft]-ages be f\nd1 n among ! coal :]e x 0 =m$1 b at ! lime/one or o!r imp]meable rock by :i* its fur!r p]colation 0 arre/$4 ,?is is j :]e x actually is f\nd4 ,lime/one1 al?\gh n por\s l %ales & s&/ones1 is specially well adapt$ = /or+ l>ge subt]ranean accumulations1 on acc\nt ( ! great cavities to :i* x is liable4 ,ne>ly all ! cav]ns 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 ,irel& :]e !y ab\nd1 9 ,am]ica1 & o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 are 9 lime/one rocks2 !y are especially abundant 9 ! 8c>bonif]\s lime/one0 :i* und]lies ! coal measures1 & ?is is expla9$ by ! fact t lime/one may be dissolv$ by ra9-wat] t has ooz$ ?r\gh vegetable soil or has soak$ fall5 leaves or o!r vegetable matt]1 & !reby become saturat$ ) c>bonic acid4 ,:]e ! petroleum f9ds a crevice lead+ to su* cavities x mu/ creep ?r\gh x & fill ! space1 !reby =m+ "o ( ! und]gr\nd res]voirs supply+ ^? pump+ wells t h yield$ su* abundance = a :ile & !n become dry4 ,b if ?is !ory is correct x does n foll[ t ! dry+ ( su* a well proves a f9al /oppage ( ! supply1 = if ! cavity & crevice are left1 m oil may ooze into ! crevice & fl[ into ! cavity1 & ?is may cont9ue aga9 & aga9 ?r\gh\t ! :ole oil di/rict s long z ! surr\nd+ fe$]s ( p]meable /rata cont9ue saturat$1 or ne>ly s4 ,! magnitude ( ^! fe$+ gr\nds may f> exce$ t ( ! di/rict :]e9 ! spr+s occur1 or :]e pr(itable wells may be sunk1 see+ t ! localiz+ ( pr(itable supply dep5ds ma9ly on ! /oppage ( fur!r ooz+ away by ! action ( ! imp]meable b>ri]4 ,a well sunk into ! ooz+ /rata itself w\ld receive a v small quantity1 only t :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( its passage came ^u ! well sides1 :ile at ! junction betwe5 ! p]meable & ! imp]meable rocks ! accumulation may include all t rea*$ ! :ole surface ( su* junction or contact--_m squ>e miles4 ,to te/ ?is !ory ?or\ghly x w\ld be necess>y to make bor+s1 n m]ely at ! wells1 b 9 _! neighborhood1 :]e ! por\s rocks dip t[>ds ! lime/one1 & to br+ up sample cores ( ^! por\s rocks1 & c>efully exam9e !m4 ,dr4 ,/]ry ,hunt has done ?is 9 ! oil-yield+ lime/one rocks ( ,*icago1 b n 9 ^? ( ! ne>e/ coal-measures4 ,z ! oil indu/ry ( ,am]ica is ( su* great national importance1 an inve/igation ( ?is k9d is wor?y ( ! en]gies ( ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t geologi/s4 ,x w\ld ?r[ mu* light on ! :ole subject1 & supply data f :i* ! probable duration ( ! oil supply might be approximately calculat$4 ,su* an inve/igation might ev5 d m ?an ?is4 ,by prov+ ! geological conditions ^u :i* dep5d ! production ( petroleum spr+s1 new s\rces may be discov]$1 j z new coal-seams h be5 discov]$1 9 accordance ) geological pr$iction1 or z ! practical discov]y ( ! ,au/rian gold-fields 0 s long prec$$ by ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison's !oretical ann\ncem5t ( _! probable exi/5ce4 ,:5 ! 8k]os5e wells0 7 fir/ /ruck1 ! speculations conc]n+ _! probable p]man5cy 7 wild & v>i\s4 ,"s ma9ta9$ t x 0 b a spurt1 a freak ( nature limit$ to a n>r[ locality1 & w\ld soon be ov]2 o!rs ass]t$ =?) t ,am]ican oil1 l ev]y?+ else ,am]ican1 0 b\ndless4 ,nei!r _h any gr\nds = _! ass]tions1 & !re=e made !m ) ! usual boldness ( m]e dogmatism4 ,!n came a p]iod ( sc>e1 />t$ by ! fact t wells :i* at fir/ sp\t$ an inflammable mixture ( oil & vapor high into ! air soon became quiesc5t1 & f 8sp\t+ wells0 became 8fl[+ wells10 m]ely p\r+ out on ! surface a small /ream at fir/1 :i* gradually decl9$ to a dribble1 & f9ally ceas$ to fl[ at all4 ,ev5 ^? t />t$ mode/ly z fl[+ wells did ! latt]1 & ?us appe>$ to become exhau/$4 ,?is exhau/ion1 h[ev]1 0 only app>5t1 z 0 prov$ by ! application ( pumps1 :i* drew up f wells1 t _h ceas$ ei!r to sp\t or fl[1 l>ge & app>5tly undim9i%+ quantities ( crude oil4 ,fur!r obs]vation & ?\ght reveal$ ! cause ( ^! *anges4 ,x became und]/ood t ! sp\t+ 0 due to ! tapp+ ( a rock-cavity conta9+ oil ( su* v>y+ d5sities & volatility t "s ( x flew out z a vapor1 or boil$ at ! mean temp]ature ( ! air ( ! c\ntry or t ( ! surr\nd+ rocks4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ! cavity 0 fill$ ) high-pressure oil-vapor /ra9+ to escape4 ,if ! bore-hole tapp$ ! cr[n or highe/ curve ( ! ro( ( su* an oil-cav]n1 x op5$ directly into ! vapor !re accumulat$1 & ! vapor itself ru%$ out ) su* =ce t a pill> ( fire 0 rais$ 9 ! air if a light came )9 "s y>ds ( ! orifice4 ,we are told ( heavy iron bor+-rods t 7 %ot up to wondr\s heights--& we may believe ^! /ories if we please4 ,if ! bore-hole /ruck l[] d[n1 some:]e on ! slop+ sides or 9 ! %all[ l[] bran*es ( ! oil-cav]n1 x dipp$ at once into liquid oil1 & ?is oil1 be+ press$ by ! ela/ic vapor ( ! upp] "p1 0 =c$ up z a jet ( sp\t+ oil4 ,9 ei!r case ^! viol5t proce$+s soon came to an end1 = z ! vapor or oil p\r$ out1 ! space above ! oil-level :]e ! vapor _h be5 conf9$ 0 increas$1 & its pressure dim9i%$1 till at la/ x b>ely suffic$ to raise ! oil to ! surface1 & aft]w>ds fail$ to d t4 ,x is q cle> f ?is t ! supplies are n 8inexhau/ible40 ,! quantity ( vapor hav+ be5 limit$1 !re mu/ also be a limit to ! quantity ( oil giv+ (f ?is vapor2 ! space 9 ! oil-cav]n occupi$ by ?is vapor hav+ be5 limit$1 !re mu/ be a limit to ! space occupi$ by ! oil4 ,! quantity ( oil may be t5 times1 a hundr$ times1 a ?\s& times1 or t5 ?\s& times1 great] ?an t ( ! vapor1 b 9 ei!r or any case x mu/ come to an end at la/1 soon] lat]4 ,if !re 7 b a few wells "h & !re1 z at o!r simil> places1 su* z ,rangoon1 ! ,p]sian oil-wells1 etc41 ! pump+ might cont9ue = c5turies & c5turies2 b ?is is n ! case 9 ,am]ica4 ,! f9al b\nd>ies ( ! oil-be>+ /rata may n yet h be5 rea*$2 b s f> z !y are kn[n !y are riddl$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 & pump$ 9 e direction1 s t ! end mu/ come at la/1 ?\gh ) our pres5t k we _c say :54 ,we c1 h[ev]1 say h[ x mu/ come4 ,x w n be a sudd5 /oppage1 b a gradual exhau/ion indicat$ by progressive dim9ution ( supply4 ,we %all n be sudd5ly depriv$ ( ?is important s\rce ( light & *e]fulness2 b we may at any "t beg9 to feel ! p9* ( sc>city & consequ5t rise ( price4 ,?is rise ( price w *eck ! dem&1 & br+ =? o!r supplies f s\rces t n[ _c be pr(itably work$ on acc\nt ( ! *eapness ( ,am]ican petroleum4 ,_m ( ! c\ntries n[ l>gely suppli$ f ,am]ica h oil-spr+s ( _! own1 :i* a rise ( price w spe$ily br+ into pay+ op]ation4 ,we h no?+ to fe>4 ,! fact t 9 spite ( ! ru9\s prices t h rec5tly prevail$ ! ,scot* oil-mak]s cont9ue to exi/ at all1 %[s u :at !y may d ) a rise ( ev5 a few p5ce p] gallon4 ,! ?ickness & area ( ! d>k %ales f :i* _! oil is di/ill$ are s great t _! exhau/ion is v f> remote inde$4 ,! ,am]icans h simil> %ales to fall back ^u :5 ! spontane\s product ceases to fl[1 b !y are q incapable ( compet+ ) u at home on equal t]ms--t is1 :5 bo? h to obta9 ! oil z a manufactur$ product ( artificial di/illation4 ,if any?+ l mod]ation 7 possible 9 ,am]ica1 ! fir/ indications ( sc>city w\ld be foll[$ by "s economy 9 work+2 b ?is is n to be anticipat$4 ,x is m likely t ! fir/ rise ( prices w attract additional speculation1 & ! s9k+ ( m wells 9 ! hope ( l>ge pr(its1 & ?is ( c\rse w %ort5 ! p]iod ( gradual exhau/ion1 ! comm5cem5t ( :i* may1 = aught we "k1 be v ne> at h&1 especially if ! new projects = us+ petroleum z furnace fuel "u /eam boil]s1 & = ! smelt+1 puddl+1 & f\nd+ ( iron & o!r metals1 are c>ri$ out z !y may be s easily at pres5t prices1 & ) ! aid ( pipe-l9es to c>ry ! crude or ref9$ oil f ! wells to any "p ( ! great ,am]ican cont95t :]e x may be requir$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! old /ory ( ! goose t laid ! gold5 eggs seems to be 9 c\rse ( repetition 9 ,transatlantic ,petrolia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s9ce ! above 0 writt5 ,i h receiv$ f ,dr4 ,/]ry ,hunt a copy ( 8 int]e/+ 8,*emical & ,geological ,essays10 9 "o ( :i* he exp\nds a !ory ( ! orig9 ( petroleum4 ,he /ates t x appe>s to him 8t ! petroleum1 or r ! mat]ials f :i* x has be5 =m$1 exi/$ 9 ! lime/one rocks f ! "t ( _! fir/ deposition10 & 8t petroleum & simil> bitum5s h result$ f a peculi> trans=mation ( vegetable matt]s1 or 9 "s cases ( animal tissues analog\s to ^! 9 composition40 ,! objections on page #bge apply to ! animal tissues ( ?is !ory1 & z reg>ds ! vegetable matt] ,i ?9k x fails f ! want ( any?+ l an adequate supply 9 ^! lime/one rocks4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,soap4 ,a hi/ory ( soap w\ld be v int]e/+4 ,:o inv5t$ x8 ,:5 & :]e did x fir/ come into common use8 ,h[ did our remote ance/ors wa% !mselves be=e soap 0 inv5t$8 ,^! are hi/orical que/ions t naturally arise at fir/ contemplation ( ! subject2 b1 z f> z we are aw>e1 hi/orians h fail$ to answ] !m4 ,we read a great deal 9 anci5t hi/ories ab\t ano9t+ ) oil & ! use ( v>i\s cosmetics = ! sk91 b no?+ ab\t soap4 ,^! anci5ts mu/ h be5 v greasy p1 & ,i suspect t !y wa%$ !mselves pretty ne>ly 9 ! same way z mod]n eng9e-driv]s clean _! f+]s1 by wip+ (f ! oil ) a bit ( cotton-wa/e4 ,we are taught to believe t ! anci5t ,romans wrapp$ !mselves r\nd ) togas ( ample dim5sions1 & t ^! togas 7 :ite4 ,n[1 su* togas1 aft] encas+ su* ano9t$ oily sk9s1 mu/ h become v greasy4 ,h[ did ! ,roman laundresses or laund]s--hi/orians d n indicate _! sex--remove ?is grease8 ,hi/orians are also sil5t on ?is subject4 ,a great _m curi\s ?+s 7 f\nd buri$ "u ! c9d]s ( ,vesuvius 9 ,pompeii1 & seal$ up 9 ! lava t fl[$ ov] ,h]culaneum4 ,bread1 w9e1 fruits1 & o!r dome/ic articles1 includ+ sev]al luxuries ( ! toilet1 su* z pomades or pomade-pots1 & r\ge = pa9t+ ladies' faces1 b no soap = wa%+ !m4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum is a l>ge v>iety ( h\sehold requirem5ts f\nd 9 ! pyramids ( ,egypt1 b !re is no soap1 & we h n he>d ( any hav+ be5 discov]$ !re4 ,f9d+ no traces ( soap among ! ,romans1 ,greeks1 or ,egyptians1 we ne$ n g back to ! pre-hi/oric 8cave m510 ^: fl9t & bone implem5ts 7 f\nd emb$d$ side by side ) ! rema9s ( ! mammo? be> & hy5a 9 su* cav]ns z t at ,torquay1 :]e ,mr4 ,p5gelly has1 dur+ ! la/ eighte5 ye>s1 s indu/ri\sly explor$4 ,all our k1 & t /ill l>g] quantity1 our ignorance1 ( ! habits ( antique savages1 indicate t solid soap1 su* z we commonly use1 is a comp>atively mod]n luxury2 b x does n foll[ t !y _h no sub/itute4 ,to le>n :at t sub/itute may probably h be5 we may obs]ve ! habits ( mod]n savages1 or primitive p at home & abroad4 ,?is w tea* u t clay1 especially :]e x is f\nd hav+ "s ( ! unctu\s prop]ties ( full]'s-e>?1 is freely us$ = lavatory purposes1 & 0 probably us$ by ! ,romans1 :o 7 by no means rem>kable = any?+ approa*+ to true ref9em5t4 ,!y 7 ess5tially a na/y p1 ! habits ( ! poor be+ 8*eap & na/y20 ( ! ri*1 luxuri\s & na/y4 ,! ,roman nobleman did n sit d[n to d9n]1 b sprawl$ ) 8 face d[nw>ds1 & took 8 food z mod]n sw9e take !irs4 ,at gr& banquets1 aft] gorg+ to repletion1 he tickl$ 8 ?roat 9 ord] to vomit & make room = m4 ,he took ba?s occasionally1 & 0 probably sc\r$ & %ampoo$ z well z oil$1 b x is d\btful :e!r he p]=m$ any int]m$iate dome/ic ablutions wor? nam+4 ,a ref9em5t ^u wa%+ ) clay is to be f\nd 9 ! practice once common 9 ,engl&1 & /ill l>gely us$ :]e wood fires prevail4 ,x is ! old-fa%ion$ practice ( p\r+ wat] on ! wood a%es1 & us+ ! 8lees0 ?us obta9$4 ,^! lees are a solution ( alkal9e c>bonate ( pota% ! mod]n "n ( pota% be+ d]iv$ f ! fact t x 0 orig9ally obta9$ f ! a%es "u ! pot4 ,9 l mann] soda 0 obta9$ f ! a%es ( seawe$s & ( ! plants t gr[ ne> ! sea%ore1 su* z ! salsov] soda1 etc4 ,! pot-a%es or pe>l-a%es be+ s univ]sal z a dome/ic bi-product1 x 0 b natural t !y %\ld be commonly us$1 especially = ! wa%+ ( greasy clo!s1 z !y are to ! pres5t day4 ,^u ^! facts we may build up a !ory ( ! orig9 ( soap4 ,x is a comp\nd ( oil or fat ) soda or pota%1 & w\ld be =m$ accid5tally if ! fat on ! surface ( ! pot %\ld boil ov] & fall into ! a%es "u ! pot4 ,! solution ( su* a mixture if boil$ d[n w\ld give u s(t soap4 ,if oil or fat became mix$ ) ! a%es ( soda plants1 x w\ld produce h>d soap4 ,su* a mixture w\ld mo/ easily be =m$ accid5tally 9 regions :]e ! olive fl\ri%es ne> ! coa/1 z 9 ,italy & ,spa9 = example1 & ?is mixture w\ld be ,ca/ile soap1 :i* is /ill l>gely made by comb9+ refuse or inf]ior olive oil ) ! soda obta9$ f ! a%es ( seawe$4 ,! primitive soap-mak] w\ld1 h[ev]1 enc\nt] "o difficulty--t aris+ f ! fact t ! pota% or soda obta9$ by simple burn+ ( ! wood or seawe$ is m or less comb9$ ) c>bonic acid1 in/ead ( be+ all 9 ! cau/ic /ate :i* is requir$ = effective soap-mak+4 ,! mod]n soap-mak] removes ?is c>bonic acid by means ( cau/ic lime1 :i* takes x away f ! c>bonate ( soda or c>bonate ( pota% by simple ex*ange--i4e41 cau/ic lime plus c>bonate ( soda becom+ cau/ic soda plus c>bonate ( lime1 or c>bonate ( pota% plus cau/ic lime becom+ cau/ic pota% plus c>bonate ( lime4 ,h[ ! possibility ( mak+ ?is ex*ange became kn[n to ! primitive soap-mak]1 or :e!r he knew x at all1 rema9s a my/]y1 b c]ta9 x is t x 0 practically us$ long be=e ! *emi/ry ( ! action 0 at all und]/ood4 ,x is v probable t ! old al*emi/s _h a h& 9 ?is4 ,9 _! se>* = ! philosoph]'s /one1 ! elixir ( life1 or dr9kable gold1 & = ! univ]sal solv5t1 !y mix$ toge!r ev]y?+ t came to h&1 !y boil$ ev]y?+ t 0 boilable1 di/ill$ ev]y?+ t 0 volatile1 burnt ev]y?+ t 0 combu/ible1 & tortur$ all _! 8simples0 & _! mixtures by e conceivable device1 !reby /umbl+ ^u _m curi\s1 _m wond]ful1 & _m useful results4 ,"s ( !m 7 n altoge!r vision>y--71 9 fact1 v practical1 q capable ( und]/&+ ! action ( cau/ic lime on c>bonate ( soda1 & ( turn+ x to pr(itable acc\nt4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 absolutely necess>y to use ! lime1 z ! soda plants :5 c>efully burn$ 9 pits dug 9 ! s& ( ! sea-%ore may conta9 b little c>bonic acid if ! a% is flux$ into a h>d cake l t n[ commonly produc$1 & sold z 8soda a%40 ,?is conta9s f ?ree to ?irty p] c5t ( c>bonate1 & ?us "s samples are ne>ly cau/ic1 )\t ! aid ( lime4 ,z cleanl9ess is ! fundam5tal basis ( all true physical ref9em5t1 x has be5 propos$ to e/imate ! progress ( civilization by ! consumption ( soap1 ! relative civilization ( giv5 communities be+ num]ically measur$ by ! foll[+ op]ation 9 simple ari?metic3--,divide ! total quantity ( soap consum$ 9 a giv5 "t by ! total population consum+ x1 & ! quoti5t expresses ! civilization ( t community4#bh ,! allusion made by ,"l ,beaconsfield1 at ! ,"l ,mayor's d9n] 9 #ahgi1 to ! prosp]ity ( our *emical manufactures 0 a subject ( m]rim5t to "s critics1 :o are probably ignorant ( ! fact t soap-mak+ is a *emical manufacture1 & t x involves _m o!r *emical manufactures1 "s ( !m1 9 _! pres5t /ate1 ! results ( ! highe/ ref9em5ts ( mod]n *emical sci5ce4 ,:ile ! fi%]s ( ! ,hebrides & ! peasants on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean are /ill obta9+ soda by burn+ seawe$ z !y did ( old1 our *emical manufactur]s are import+ sulphur f ,sicily & ,icel&1 pyrites f all qu>t]s1 nitrate ( soda f ,p]u & ! ,ea/ ,indies1 = ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid1 by ! aid ( :i* !y n[ make enorm\s quantities ( cau/ic soda f ! mat]ial extract$ f ! salt m9es ( ,*e%ire & ,droitwi*4 ,^! sulphuric acid works & ^! soda works are among ! mo/ prosp]\s & rapidly gr[+ ( our manufactur+ indu/ries1 & _! *ief function is t ( m9i/]+ to soap-mak+1 9 :i* ,brita9 is n[ compet+ triumphantly ) all ! _w4 ,by simply consid]+ h[ mu* is exp5d$ annually = soap 9 e dec5t h\sehold1 & add+ to ?is ! quantity consum$ 9 laundries & by our wool5 & cotton manufactur]s1 a l>ge sum total is display$4 ,=m]ly1 we import$ mu* ( ! soap we us$ at home2 n[1 9 spite ( our greatly magnifi$ consumption1 we supply ourselves ) all b a few special k9ds1 & export v l>ge & cont9ually increas+ quantities to all p>ts ( ! _w2 & if ! ari?metical rule giv5 above is s\nd1 ! dem& mu/ /eadily increase z civilization advances4 ,,oil+ ,,! ,,waves4 ,! rec5t gales h %[n t if 8,britannia rules ! waves0 h] subjects are v turbul5t & co/ly4 ,our %ipp+ int]e/s are n[ ( enorm\s magnitude1 & !y are gr[+ ye> by ye>4 ,we are1 9 fact1 becom+ ! _w's c>ri]s on ! ocean1 & are ?us rul+ ! waves 9 a f> bett] s5se ?an 9 ! old "o4 ,our pres5t m]cantile rule adds to ! weal? ( our neighbors in/ead ( de/roy+ x1 z "u ! old w>like rule4 ,ev]y?+ conc]n+ ^! waves is ?us ( great national int]e/1 ! loss ( life & sacrifice ( weal? by m>9e casualties be+ s great4 ,"s curi\s old /ories are extant1 describ+ ! exploits ( anci5t m>9]s 9 /ill+ ! waves by p\r+ oil ^u !m4 ,bo? ,plut>* & ,pl9y speak ( x z a regul> practice4 ,mu* lat] ?an ?is1 9 a lett] dat$ ,batavia1 ,janu>y #e1 #aggj1 writt5 by ,m4 ,t5gragel1 & address$ to ,c\nt ,b5t9ck1 ! foll[+ passage occurs3--8,ne> ! isl&s ,paul & ,am/]dam we met ) a /orm1 :i* _h no?+ p>ticul> 9 x wor?y ( be+ communicat$ to y1 except t ! capta9 f\nd himself oblig$1 = great] safety 9 we>+ ! %ip1 to p\r oil into ! sea to prev5t ! waves break+ ov] h]1 :i* _h an excell5t effect1 & succe$$ 9 pres]v+ u4 ,z he p\r$ out b a little at a "t1 ! ,ea/ ,india ,company owes1 p]haps1 its %ip to only six demi-aumes ( olive oil4 ,i 0 pres5t on deck :5 ?is 0 done1 & %\ld n h m5tion$ ?is circum/ance to y1 b t we h f\nd p "h s prejudic$ aga9/ ! exp]im5t z to make x necess>y = ! (fic]s on bo>d & myself to give a c]tificate ( ! tru? on ?is head1 ( :i* we made no difficulty40 ,! idea 0 reg>d$ ) simil> prejudice by sci5tific m5 until ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 _h 8 att5tion call$ to x1 z he ?us n>rates3--8,9 #ageg1 be+ at sea 9 a fleet ( n9ety-six sail1 b\nd = ,l\isb\rg1 ,i obs]v$ ! wakes ( two ( ! %ips to be rem>kably smoo?1 :ile all ! o!rs 7 ruffl$ by ! w9d1 :i* blew fre%4 ,be+ puzzl$ ) ! diff]+ appe>ance1 ,i at la/ po9t$ x out to ! capta91 & ask$ him ! mean+ ( x4 #8,! cooks1' said he1 #8h1 ,i suppose1 be5 j empty+ _! greasy wat] ?r\gh ! scupp]s1 :i* has greas$ ! sides ( ! %ips a little4' ,& ?is answ] he gave me ) an air ( "s little contempt1 z to a p]son ignorant ( :at ev]ybody else knew4 ,9 my own m9d1 ,i fir/ slight$ ! solution1 ?\gh ,i 0 n able to ?9k ( ano!r40 ,frankl9 0 n a man to rema9 prejudic$2 he accord+ly inve/igat$ ! subject1 & ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts1 made ^u a pond on ,clapham ,common1 7 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society4 ,he /ates t aft] dropp+ a little oil on ! wat]1 8,i saw x spread itself ) surpris+ swiftness ^u ! surface1 b ! effect ( smoo?+ ! waves 0 n produc$2 = ,i _h appli$ x fir/ ^u ! leew>d side ( ! pond1 :]e ! waves 7 l>ge/1 & ! w9d drove my oil back ^u ! %ore4 ,i !n w5t to ! w9dw>d side1 :]e !y began to =m2 & !re ! oil1 ?\gh n m ?an a teaspoonful1 produc$ an in/ant calm ov] a space sev]al y>ds squ>e1 :i* spread amaz+ly1 & ext5d$ itself gradually till x rea*$ ! lee side1 mak+ all t qu>t] ( ! pond 7p]haps half an acre7 z smoo? z a look+-glass40 ,frankl9 made fur!r exp]im5ts at ! entrance ( ,portsm\? ,h>bor1 opposite ! ,hasl> ,hospital1 9 company ) ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,dr4 ,blagd51 & ,dr4 ,sol&]4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! waves 7 n de/roy$1 b 7 conv]t$ into g5tle swell+ undulations ) smoo? surfaces4 ,?us x appe>$ t ! oil de/roys small waves1 b n l>ge bill[s4 ,frankl9's explanation is1 8t ! w9d bl[+ ov] wat] cov]$ ) a film ( oil _c easily cat* ^u x1 s z to raise ! fir/ wr9kles1 b slides ov] x & leaves x smoo? z x f9ds x40 ,fur!r inve/igations h s9ce be5 made :i* confirm ?is !ory4 ,! fir/ action ( ! w9d 9 bl[+ up :at ! sailors call 8a sea10 is ! production ( a ripple on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,?is ripple gives ! w9d a /rong hold1 & ?us l>g] waves are =m$1 b on ^! l>g] !re are small] waves1 & on ^! small] waves /ill small] ripples4 ,all ?is r\ghness ( surface goes on help+ ! w9d1 till at la/ ! mightie/ bill[s are =m$1 :i* !n h an oscillation indep5d5t ( ! w9d t =m$ !m4 ,h5ce ! oil _c at once subdue ! great waves t are already =m$1 b may prev5t _! =mation if appli$ 9 "t4 ,ev5 ! great waves are mod]at$ by ! oil /opp+ ! action ( ! w9d :i* su/a9s & augm5ts !m4 ,q rec5tly1 ,capta9 ,david ,gray made "s exp]im5ts at ! nor? b> ( ,pet]head1 :]e a v heavy surf breaks ov] 9 r\gh wea!r4 ,on a r\gh day he dropp$ a bottle full ( oil into ! sea4 ,! oil float+ out ( ! bottle1 conv]t$ ! *oppy waves ov] a l>ge area 8into an expanse ( long undulat+ roll]s1 smoo? & glassy1 & s robb$ ( all viol5ce t a small op5 boat c\ld ride on !m 9 safety40 ,?is result is q 9 accordance ) :at we are told respect+ ! anci5t practice ( ! fi%]m5 ( ,lisbon1 :o 7 accu/om$ to empty a bottle ( oil into ! sea :5 !y f\nd on _! return to ! riv] t !re 0 a dang]\s surf on ! b>1 :i* might fill _! boats 9 cross+ x4 ,z reg>ds ,pet]head1 x is propos$ to lay p]=at$ pipes across ! m\? ( ! h>bor1 & to erect tanks f :i* ^! pipes may be suppli$ ) oil1 & ?us p\r a cont9u\s & widely di/ribut$ /ream into ! sea 9 bad wea!r4 ,! s*eme 0 moot$ "s "t ago1 b ,i am n aw>e :e!r x has yet be5 c>ri$ out4 ,its success or failure mu/ ma9ly be det]m9$ by ! co/1 & ?is w l>gely dep5d ^u ! k9d ( oil t is us$4 ,a s]ies ( well-conduct$ exp]im5ts ^u ! comp>ative areas protect$ by diff]5t k9ds ( oil w\ld be v int]e/+ & practically useful1 =1 until ?is has be5 asc]ta9$1 a prop] selection _c be made4 ,h[ long w x la/8 is ano!r "q4 ,i h frequ5tly se5 su* tracks z ,frankl9 obs]v$ out at sea1 & h climb$ to ! ma/head 9 ord] to sight ! %ip t produc$ !m1 )\t see+ any4 ,sev]al ( su* smoo? %9+ tracks h be5 obs]v$ at ! same "t1 b no %ip visible1 & ?is 9 places :]e no sail has be5 se5 = days be=e or aft]4 ,! poet's description ( 8! trackless ocean0 is by no means 8f\nd$ on fact40 ,! ,plym\? ,breakwat] conta9s #c1cfi1bfa tons ( /one1 & co/ ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t a million & a half4 ,! int]e/ on ?is at #d p] c5t am\nts to #fj1jjjl4 p] annum4 ,if ! above /atem5ts are reliable1 "s ( ! :olesale oil m]*ants :o read ?is might contract to becalm a consid]able area ( ! ,*annel = a small] am\nt4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts h be5 made at ,pet]head s9ce ! above 0 writt54 ,! foll[+ acc\nt1 f ! ,times ( ^? made on ,febru>y #bg1 #ahhb1 is int]e/+3 8,on ,monday ! long-wi%$-= ea/]ly gale to te/ ! exp]im5t ( ?r[+ oil on ! tr\bl$ wat]s rea*$ ,pet]head4 ,x may be m5tion$ t ! h>bor ( ,pet]head is s+ul>ly expos$1 & ) an ea/ or nor?-ea/ gale is v dang]\s ( approa*4 ,mr4 ,%ields1 ( ,p]?1 has laid ! oil app>atus to be us$ 9 quell+ ! tr\bl$ wat]s4 ,x consi/s ( an iron pipe :i* conveys oil & ext5ds f a wood5 h\se beh9d ! seawall at ,roanhead d[n ?r\gh a natural gullet 9 ! rocks ab\t #aej y>ds long & ab\t #ej y>ds beyond ! m\? ( ! gullet into ab\t sev5 fa?oms ( wat]2 at ?is po9t ! iron pipe is jo9$ to a guttap]*a pipe1 :i* ext5ds across ! h>bor entrance outside ! b> & is p]=at$ at di/ances #ab y>ds ap>t4 ,?r\gh ! guttap]*a pipe ! oil rea*es ! sea4 ,on ,monday ! w9d 0 n s /rong z to make ! exp]im5t s complete z c\ld h be5 wi%$2 /ill1 !re 0 a heavy swell4 ,e>ly 9 ! =5oon ! pumps 7 put 9 motion & ! leakage space 9 ! pipe fill$2 b un=tunately x 0 f\nd1 soon aft] ! oil began to rise to ! surface ( ! bay1 t ! supply 9 ! cask _h become exhau/$1 & ^? :o 7 conduct+ ! exp]im5t did n consid] !mselves at lib]ty to ord] a fre% cask ( oil )\t ,mr4 ,%ield's sanction4 ,b :ile ! exp]im5t 0 only p>tial x 0 highly satisfactory4 ,at ! same "t1 ! film did n ext5d suffici5tly f> to prev5t ! waves =m+ & curv+ to brok5 wat]4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z !y rea*$ ! oil-cov]$ neck ! obs]v]s f ! pi]-head c\ld easily disc]n ! influ5ce at "w4 ,waves :i* came 9 cre/$ gradually assum$ ! %ape ( undulat+ bodies ( wat]1 &1 once =m$1 !y roll$ unbrok5 t[>ds ! breakwat]4 ,on ,w$nesday morn+ !re 0 a heavy sea at ! nor? breakwat]4 ,! oil valves 7 op5$1 & imm$iately ! effect 0 manife/4 ,! waves1 :i* _h be=e cla%$ ) fury aga9/ ! breakwat]1 assum$ a roll+ motion & 7 q cre/less4 ,inde$1 x 0 admitt$ t ! oil _h r5d]$ ! entrance comp>atively safe1 b ! effect 0 n s abid+ z c\ld h be5 wi%$40 ,z reg>ds ! want ( duration !re not$1 ,i v5ture to make a sugge/ion4 ,oils v>y s greatly 9 _! rate ( outspread+ ov] wat] & ! "* ( ! film !y =m1 t "s ye>s ago ,mr4 ,m(fatt1 ( ,glasg[1 propos$ to use ^! diff]5ces z a te/ = ! adult]ations ( "o k9d ( oil ) o!r & *eap] k9ds4 ,i made a numb] ( exp]im5ts v]ify+ "s ( 8 results4 ,f ^! x is evid5t t ! duration ( ! becalm+ effect w v>y ) diff]5t oils1 & !re=e fur!r exp]im5ts ^u ^! diff]5ce %\ld be made1 9 ord] to select t k9d :i* is ! mo/ effective1 ) due reg>d1 ( c\rse1 to co/4 ,! oil indicat$ by my exp]im5ts z comb9+ p]man5cy & *eapness1 & altoge!r ! mo/ suitable & atta9able is ! 8dead oil0 refuse ( ! gas-works4 ,?is may be us$ 9 its crude & *eape/ condition4 ,,on ,,! ,,s-,,call$ 8,,crat] ,,necks0 ,,& 8,,volcanic ,,bombs0 ,,( ,,irel&4 ,a ,,pap] ,,read ,,at ,,! ,,geologi/s' ,,association1 ,,decemb] #f1 #ahgh4 ,mr4 ,hull1 8,physical ,geography & ,geology ( ,irel&10 p4 #fh1 "u ! head ( 8,volcanic ,necks & ,basaltic ,dykes10 says t 8al?\gh ! actual crat]s & cones ( eruption h be5 swept f ! surface ( ! c\ntry by ! ru?less h& ( "t1 yet ! old 8necks0 by :i* ! volcanic m\?s 7 connect$ ) ! s\rces ( eruption c occasionally be recogniz$2 !y sometimes appe> z masses ( h>d trap1 column> or o!rwise1 project+ 9 knolls or hills above ! upp] surface ( ! %eets ?r\gh :i* !y pi]ce40 ,9 o!r cases1 ! 8neck0 consi/s ( a great pipe *ok$ up by bombs & blocks ( trap1 m or less consolidat$1 bombs :i* h be5 %ot into ! air & h fall5 back aga94 ,he !n ref]s to "o ( ^! ne> ,portru%1 & proce$s to /ate t ! rock on :i* /&s ! ru9$ ,ca/le ( ,dunluce1 8is =m$ ( bombs ( all sizes up to six feet 9 diamet]1 ( v>i\s k9ds ( basalt1 dol]ite1 & amygdaloid firmly cem5t$1 & pres5t+ a precipit\s face to ! sea40 ,9 a note dat$ ,septemb]1 #ahgg1 ,mr4 ,hull /ates t subsequ5t exam9ation1 s9ce ! above 0 writt51 ( ! rock ( ,dunluce ,ca/le & ! cliffs adjo9+1 has l$ him 8to suspect t we h "h1 in/ead ( old volcanic necks1 simply pipes1 =m$ by ! filtration out ( ! *alk into :i* ! basaltic masses h fall5 & slipp$ d[n1 ?us giv+ rise to _! fragm5tal appe>ance40 ,fur!r on 7page #adf7 he describes )\t any sceptical comm5t1 8! rem>kable mass ( agglom]ate made up 7z on ! s\!rn flanks ( ,slieve ,gullion7 ( bombs ( granite1 :i* h be5 torn up f ! granite mass ( ! hills bel[1 & bl[n ?r\gh ! ?roat ( an old crat]40 ,o!r geologi/s /ill adh]e firmly to ! bomb !ory1 "s ascrib+ ! bombs to subaque\s r ?an suba]ial ejection4 ,imm$iately "u ,dunluce ,ca/le is a sea-worn cav]n or tunnel1 :i* is ab\t #dj or #ej feet high at its m\?1 af=d+ a f9e section ( ?is curi\s conglom]ate4 ,! floor ( ! cav]n :i* slopes upw>ds f ! sea is /rewn ) a bea* ( b\ld]s4 ,! resemblance ( ?is bea* to ^? ,i _h rec5tly exam9$ at ! foot ( ! b\ld]-clay cliffs ( ,galway ,bay 7& describ$ 9 a pap] read to ! ,briti% ,association71 sugge/$ ! explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! rock ,i am ab\t to (f]4 ,9 %ape & size !y are exactly l ! ,galway %ore b\ld]s1 ^? ne>e/ ! sea be+ ! mo/ r\nd$2 high] up ! slope1 :]e less expos$ to wave action1 !y are subangul>4 ,!y diff] f ! ,galway b\ld]s 9 be+ *iefly basaltic in/ead ( be+ ma9ly compos$ ( c>bonif]\s lime/one4 ,"s ( ^! at ,dunluce are granitic1 & a few1 if ,i am n greatly mi/ak51 are ( c>bonif]\s lime/one4 ,i _h n at h& ! means ( positively decid+ ?is4 ,nei!r c\ld ,i f9d any unque/ionable examples ( glacial /riation among !m1 ?\gh at ! upp] "p ,i saw "s l9es on b\ld]s t 7 v sugge/ive ( p>tially oblit]at$ scrat*es4 ,on look+ at ! cav]n walls surr\nd+ me ! !ory s obvi\sly sugge/$ by ! b\ld]s on ! floor 0 /rik+ly confirm$ by _! /ructure & g5]al appe>ance4 ,! imb$d$ 8bombs0 are subangul>1 & ( irregul> %ape & v>y+ composition1 & ! matrix ( ! rock is a brick-l mat]ial j su* z w\ld be =m$ by ! bak+ ( b\ld] clay2 ! inf]5ce t ,i 0 look+ ^u a bank or deposit ( glaci] drift t _h be5 bak$ by volcanic ag5cy 0 irresi/ible4 ,i 0 unable to see on any "p ( ! ext5sive section1 or among ! fragm5ts bel[1 a s+le specim5 ( an unequivocal volcanic bomb2 no approa* to any?+ l ^? describ$ by ,sir ,samuel ,bak] 9 8 8,nile ,tribut>ies ( ,abyss9ia10 ! m9iature repres5tatives ( :i*1 eject$ f ! ,bessem] conv]t]1 ,i h figur$ & describ$ 9 ,nature1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #chi & #daj1 :]e ,sir ,samuel ,bak]'s description is quot$4 ,i h witness$ ! fall ( masses ( lava dur+ a m9or eruption ( an inn] crat] ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius4 ,^! z !y fell ^u ! gr\nd ar\nd me 7 flatt5$ out into ?9 cakes4 ,!re 0 no approa* to ! =mation ( subangul> masses1 l ^? display$ ^u ! ,dunluce cav]n walls4 ,"s ye>s ago a project = melt+ ! basaltic rock kn[n z 8,r[ley ,rag10 & ca/+ x into m\lds = ar*itectural purposes 0 c>ri$ out ne> ,oldbury1 & ,i _h an opportunity ( wat*+ ! exp]im5t1 :i* 0 conduct$ on a l>ge scale at great exp5se by ,messrs4 ,*ance4 ,x 0 f\nd t if ! basalt cool$ rapidly x became a black obsidian1 & to prev5t ! =mation ( su* brittle mat]ial1 ! ca/+s1 & ! m\lds1 :i* enclos$ !m1 _h to be kept at a r$-heat = "s days1 & v gradually cool$4#bi ,x is physically impossible t lava eject$ "u wat]1 9 lumps no l>g] ?an ^! b\ld]s1 c\ld h ! granul> /ructure :i* !y display4 ,! fundam5tal idea ^u :i* ?is bomb !ory is bas$ w n be> exam9ation4 ,su* bombs c\ld n h be5 %ot into ei!r air or wat] & h fall5 back aga9 into ! volcanic neck at any o!r "t ?an dur+ an actual eruption2 & at su* "t !y c\ld n h rema9$ :]e !y fell1 & h become emb$d$ 9 any su* matrix z n[ conta9s !m4 ,true volcanic bombs & ord9>y spatt]+ lumps ( lava1 are1 z we "k1 flung obliquely out ( active crat]s1 & di/ribut$ ar\nd1 :ile ^? :i* are eject$ p]p5dicul>ly into ! air & return are re-eject$1 & f9ally pulv]iz$ into volcanic du/ if ?is p]p5dicul> ejection & return are cont9u$ long en\gh4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a rapid drive r\nd ! ,antrim coa/ ,i obs]v$ o!r examples ( ?is peculi> conglom]ate1 & h reason to believe t x is f> m common ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,i f\nd x rem>kably well display$ at a place almo/ z l>gely visit$ z ! ,giant's ,causeway1 & :]e x nev]!less appe>s to h be5 hi!rto unnotic$1 viz41 ,c>rick-a-,r$e1 :]e ! public c> /ops to af=d visitors an opportunity ( exam9+ or cross+ ! rope bridge1 etc4 ,"h ! :ole =mation is display$ 9 a mann] t /rik+ly illu/rates my !ory4 ,!re is an ov]ly+ /ream ( basalt =m+ ! surface ( ! isolat$ rock1 & ?is basalt re/s directly ^u a base ( conglom]ate1 hav+ exactly ! appe>ance t w\ld result f ! sl[ bak+ ( a mass ( b\ld] clay4 ,! sea gully t sep>ates ! insul> rock f ! ma9l& displays a f9e section above eighty feet 9 ?ickness1 & has ! advantage ( full daylight z comp>$ ) ,dunluce ,cave4 ,t ?is is no m]e neck or pipe is evid5t f its ext5t4 ,its position bel[ ! basalt cap refutes ! above quot$ subsequ5t explanation1 :i* ,mr4 ,hull & o!rs h rec5tly adopt$4 ,! het]og5e\s bomb-l "* ( ! b\ld]s is n s /rongly m>k$ z 9 ! ,dunluce rock1 & ?is may arise f ! clos] proximity ( ! basalt1 :i*1 com+ "h 9 direct contact1 w\ld be likely to heat ! clay matrix 7itself =m$ ma9ly ( ice-gr\nd basalt7 to incipi5t fusion1 & !reby r5d] x m l ! basalt b\ld]s x conta9s ?an ! o!r clay t _h be5 less int5sely heat$ on acc\nt ( great] di/ance f ! lava-fl[4 ,! pa? lead+ to ! ladd] by :i* ! bridge is approa*$ passes ov] su* conglom]ate1 & fur!r ext5sions are se5 9 sections ar\nd4 ,i saw suffici5t 9 ! c\rse ( my hurri$ visit to indicate ! exi/5ce ( a l>ge area ( ?is p>ticul> =mation4 ,at a %ort di/ance f ,c>rick-a-,r$e1 on ! way to ,ballyca/le1 ! c> passes 9 sight ( consid]able deposits ( ord9>y b\ld] clay uncov]$ & unalt]$4 ,! blocks ( basalt1 etc41 emb$d$ 9 ?is correspond 9 g5]al size & %ape ) ! 8bombs10 except+ t "s ( ! latt] h a lam9at$1 or %aly1 "* ne> _! surfaces4 ,i regret my inability to d ju/ice to ?is subject 9 consequ5ce ( ! fact t ! above explanation ( ! orig9 ( ?is curi\s =mation only sugge/$ itself :5 hurry+ homew>d aft] a some:at protract$ visit to ,irel&4 ,z ,i may n h an opportunity ( fur!r inve/igation = "s "t to come1 ,i (f] ! hypo!sis 9 ?is crude =m 9 ord] t x may be discuss$1 & ei!r confirm$ or refut$ by ! geologi/s ( ! ,ordnance ,survey1 or o!rs :o h bett] opportunities ( obs]vation ?an ,i c possibly comm&4 ,%\ld ?is conglom]ate prove to be1 z ,i suppose1 a drift deposit alt]$ by a subsequ5t fl[ ( lava1 x w supply exce$+ly int]e/+ data = ! det]m9ation ( ! *ronological relations ( ! glacial epo* to t p]iod ( volcanic activity to :i* ! lavas ( ! ,n4,e4 ( ,irel& are due4 ,?\gh x w n[ise di/urb ! g5]al conclusion t ! great eruptions t ov]spread ! cretace\s rocks ( ?is region1 & suppli$ ! b\ld]s ( my suppos$ metamorphos$ drift1 occurr$ dur+ ! ,mioc5e p]iod1 x w %[ t ?is volcanic epo* 0 ( va/ly great] duration ?an is usually suppos$2 or t !re mu/ h be5 two or m volcanic epo*s--pre-glacial1 z usually und]/ood1 & po/-glacial1 9 ord] to supply ! lava ov]fl[+ ! drift4 ,?is po/-glacial ext5sion ( ! volcanic p]iod has an especial int]e/ 9 ,irel&1 z ! 8,annals ( ! ,f\r ,ma/]s10 & o!r records ( anci5t ,iri% hi/ory & tradition1 ab\nd 9 acc\nts ( physical *anges1 _m ( :i* correspond rem>kably ) ^? ( rec5t occurr5ce 9 ! neighborhood ( active & ext9ct volcanoes4 ,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 ,june #bc1 #ahgc1 & publi%$ 9 its 8,proce$+s10 ,dr4 ,sig]son has collect$ "s ( ! be/ au!nticat$ ( ^! acc\nts1 & comp>es !m ) simil> ph5om5a rec5tly obs]v$ 9 ,naples1 ,sicily1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,sib]ia1 etc4 etc4 ,! 8great sobriety ( diction1 & circum/antial precision ( /atem5t10 ( names1 dates1 etc41 :i* *>act]ize ^! acc\nts r5d] !m well wor?y ( ! sort ( comp>ison ) /rictly sci5tific data :i* ,dr4 ,sig]son has made4 ,z we n[ "k t man exi/$ 9 ,brita9 dur+ ! int]-glacial1 if n ! pre-glacial p]iod1 & z s viol5t a volcanic di/urbance z t :i* p\r$ out ! lavas ( ,antrim & ! ,m\rne di/rict c\ld sc>cely h subsid$ sudd5ly1 b 0 probably foll[$ by ages ( decl9+ activity1 x is n at all surpris+ t ?is p]iod ( m9or activity %\ld h ext5d$ into t ( tradition & ! e>lie/ ( hi/orical records4 ,,trav]t9e4 ,! old exclamation ab\t ,augu/us f9d+ ,rome ( brick & leav+ x ( m>ble1 deceives _m4 ,anci5t ,rome 0 by no means a m>ble city1 al?\gh ! qu>ries ( ,massa & ,c>r>a are n f> di/ant4 ,! /aple-build+ mat]ials ( ! ,imp]ial ,city1 ev5 9 its palmie/ days1 7 brick & trav]t9e4 ,! brick1 h[ev]1 0 v diff]5t f ! por\s cakes ( crudely burnt clay ( :i* ! mod]n metropolis ( ! _w is built4 ,i h exam9$ on ! spot a great _m specim5s1 & f\nd !m all to be ( rem>kably compact /ructure1 some:]e betwe5 ! mat]ial ( mod]n t]ra-cotta & t ( common fl[]-pots1 & simil>ly int]m$iate 9 color4 ,! ,roman build]s appe> to h _h no /&>d size2 ! bricks v>y ev5 9 ! same build+--! ,coliseum = example2 all t ,i h se5 are mu* ?9n] ?an our bricks--we %\ld call !m tiles4 ,b ! mo/ *>act]i/ic mat]ial is ! trav]t9e4 ,! walls ( ! ,coliseum are made up ( a mixture ( ?is & ! tiles above-m5tion$4 ,! same is ! case ) mo/ ( ! o!r v massive ru9s1 z ! ba?s1 etc4 ,_m ( ! temples ) columns & fac+ ( m>ble h inn] walls built ( ?is mixture1 :ile o!rs are entirely ( trav]t9e4 ,i 0 greatly surpris$ at ! wondr\s imp]i%ability ( ?is rem>kable mat]ial4 ,9 build+s ( :i* ! smoo? cry/all9e m>ble _h lo/ all its %>pness & orig9al surface1 ?is dirty1 yell[1 spongy-look+ lime/one rema9$ )\t ! slighte/ indication ( wea!r+4 ,a mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( ?is is af=d$ by ! temple ( ,neptune at ,pae/um1 9 ,calabria4 ,?is is ! mo/ p]fect ru9 ( a pure classic temple t n[ rema9s 9 exi/5ce1 & 9 my op9ion is ! f9e/4 ,i pref] x ev5 to ! ,p>!non4 ,we h a little sample ( x 9 ,london4 ,! ,doric columns at ! entrance ( ! ,eu/on /ation are copies ( ^? ( its p]i/yle4 ,! orig9als are ( trav]t9e1 ! blocks =m+ !m are laid ^u ea* o!r )\t mort> or cem5t1 & s truly flatt5$ t 9 walk+ r\nd ! build+ & c>efully pry+1 ,i c\ld f9d no crevice into :i* a slip ( ord9>y writ+ pap]1 or ! blade ( a p5-knife c\ld be ins]t$4 ,yet ?is temple 0 an antiqu>ian monum5t 9 ! days ( ! ,roman emp]ors4 ,! r\gh natural surface ( ! /one is expos$1 & at fir/ sight appe>s z ?\gh wea!r$1 b ?is appe>ance is simply due to its natural sponge-l /ructure4 ,x appe>s to h be5 coat$ ) "s sort ( /ucco or smoo?+ film1 :i*1 ei!r by =m+ a ?9 lay]1 or possibly by only fill+ up ! pores ( ! trav]t9e1 gave a smoo? surface ^u :i* ! color+ 0 appli$4 ,?is is n[ only indi/9ctly visible "h & !re1 & if ,i rememb] rightly1 "s h disput$ its exi/5ce4 ,b ?is trav]t9e1 ?\gh s famili> to ! ,italian1 is su* a r>ity "h t "s fur!r description ( its /ructure & composition may be dem&$4 ,x is a lime/one =m$ by *emical precipitation4 ,mo/ lime/ones are m or less ( organic orig91 are agglom]ations ( %ells1 corals1 etc41 b ?is is =m$ by ! same k9d ( action z t :i* produces ! /alactites 9 lime/one cav]ns4 ,x has "s resemblance to ! incru/ation =m$ on boil]s by calc>e\s wat]4 ,al?\gh ! mat]ial ( s _m anci5t edifices1 x is1 geologically speak+1 ! y\nge/ ( all ! h>d rocks4 ,its =mation is n[ 9 progress at "s ( ! v qu>ries t suppli$ ,imp]ial ,rome4 ,on ! ,campagna1 betwe5 ,rome & ,tivoli1 is a small circul> lake1 f :i* a /ream ( tepid wat]1 t wells up f bel[1 is cont9ually fl[+4 ,its local "n is ! 8,! ,lake ( ,t>t>us40 ,! wat]1 l t ( ,zo$one1 or soda-wat] or *ampagne1 is sup]saturat$ ) c>bonic acid t 0 =c$ into x :ile "u pressure d[n bel[4 ,?is c>bonic acid has dissolv$ "s ( ! lime/ones ?r\gh :i* ! subt]ranean wat] passes1 & :5 x comes to ! surface1 ! c>bonic acid flies away l t :i* escapes :5 we uncork a bottle ( soda-wat]1 ?\gh less sudd5ly1 & ! lime los+ its solv5t is precipitat$1 & =ms a cru/ on :atev] is cov]$ by ! wat]4 ,:5 ,i visit$ ?is lake 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y x 0 surr\nd$ by a *evaux de frise ( an extraord9>y "*2 ?\s&s ( tubes ( ab\t half an in* to "o in* 9 diamet] outside1 ) calc>e\s walls ab\t "o eigh? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,^! 7 /&+ up f two to ?ree feet high1 & s close toge!r t we _h to break our way ?r\gh ! d5se palisade !y =m$ 9 ord] to rea* ! m>g9 ( ! lake4 ,aft] "s consid]ation & inquiry1 _! orig9 0 discov]$4 ,!y are ! encru/$ rema9s ( bullru%es t _h fl\ri%$ 9 ! summ] & di$ d[n s9ce4 ,dur+ ! "t ( _! gr[? ! wat] _h ris51 & ?us !y became coat$ ) a cru/ ( compact trav]t9e4 ,?is deposition takes place s rapidly t a piece ( lace left 9 ! lake = a few h\rs comes out q /iff1 e ?read be+ coat$ ) lime/one4 ,su* specim5s1 & twigs simil>ly cov]$1 are sold to t\ri/s or prep>$ by !m if !y h "t to /op4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy drove a /ick into ! bottom ( ! lake & left x /&+ upright 9 ! wat] f ,may to ! foll[+ ,april1 & !n _h "s difficulty 9 break+ ) a %>p po9t$ hamm] ! cru/ =m$ r\nd ! /ick4 ,?is cru/ 0 sev]al in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,t :i* ,i saw r\nd ! ex-bullru%es may h all be5 =m$ 9 a few days or weeks4 ,! rivulet t fl[s f ! lake deposits trav]t9e ?r\gh\t its c\rse1 & :5 x ov]fl[s leaves e blade ( grass t x cov]s encru/$ ) ?is lime/one4 ,ne> to ! ,lake ( ,t>t>us is ! ,solfat>a lake :i* conta9s simil> calc>e\s wat]1 b /rongly impregnat$ ) sulphuret$ hydrog52 x consequ5tly deposits a mixture ( c>bonate & sulphide ( calcium1 a sort ( por\s tufa1 "s ( x s por\s t x floats l a /ony scum1 =m+ :at ! cic]one call 8float+ isl&s40 ,lyell1 9 8 8,pr9ciples ( ,geology10 conf\nds ^! lakes1 & describes ,t>t>us "u ! "n ( ,solfat>a4 ,! trav]t9e us$ z a build+ /one is *iefly d]iv$ f ! qu>ries ( ,ponte ,lucano1 & is ! deposit t 0 =m$ on ! b$ ( a lake l t ( ,t>t>us4 ,! celebrat$ cascade ( ! ,anio at ,tivoli =ms calc>e\s /alactites1 & all ! c\ntry r\nd has rivulets1 cav]ns1 & deposits1 :]e ?is =mation may be se5 9 progress or complet$4 ,x v>ies consid]ably 9 /ructure1 "s specim5s are compact & smoo?1 o!rs h ! appe>ance ( a petrifi$ moss1 & great v>ieties may be f\nd among ! mat]ials ( a s+le build+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 usually r\gh & m or less spongy-look+1 z above /at$1 b ?is /ructure does n seem to affect its /ability1 at lea/1 n 9 ! climate ( ,italy4 ,:e!r x w\ld /& long fro/s is an op5 "q4 ,! night fro/s at & ab\t ,rome are r sev]e1 b usually foll[$ by a w>m sunny day2 ?us !re is no great p5etration ( ice4 ,e specim5 ,i h exam9$ %[s a rem>kable compactness ( molecul> /ructure 9 spite ( visible porosity4 ,all give out a cle> metallic r+ :5 /ruck1 & ! intimate surface1 if ,i may s describe ! surface ( ! w>m-l /ructure x sometimes displays1 is always cle> & smoo? z ?\gh v>ni%$4 ,to ?is ,i attribute its durability4 ,le/ ! above description %\ld appe> self-contradictory1 ,i w expla9 a little fur!r4 ,if melt$ glass 7 run into ?reads1 & ^? ?reads :ile s(t 7 all[$ to agglom]ate loosely into a convolut$ mass1 x w\ld1 z reg>d$ 9 mass1 h a por\s or spongy-look+ /ructure1 b nev]!less its molecul> /ructure w\ld be compact & vitre\s2 !re w\ld be me*anical b n molecul>1 porosity4 ,trav]t9e is simil>4 ,h we any trav]t9e 9 ,engl&8 ,?is is a practical "q ( "s importance1 & "o to :i* ,i h no hesitation 9 reply+1 ,yes4 ,!re is pl5ty =m$ & =m+ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,matlock1 b t :i* ,i h se5 on ! face ( cav]ns1 etc41 is n s compact & metal-l z ! ,italian4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n prove ! entire abs5ce ( ! useful trav]t9e4 ,n hav+ any comm]cial int]e/ 9 ! se>*1 ,i h only look$ at :at has come 9 my way1 b h little d\bt t !re are o!r k9ds besides ^? ,i saw4 ,i h also se5 trav]t9e 9 c\rse ( =mation 9 ,irel&1 :]e ,i ?9k !re is a f9e field = exploration 9 ! m\nta9 lime/one regions1 :i* h be5 di/urb$ by volcanic action ( ! ,mioc5e p]iod4 ,! trav]t9es ( ,italy are f\nd 9 ! neighborhood ( ext9ct volcanoes4 ,! classic associations ( ?is mat]ial1 its rem>kable /ability1 & ! faculty ) :i* x may be work$1 r5d] x wor?y ( m att5tion ?an x has yet receiv$ f ,briti% build]s4 ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,fro/ ,,9 ,,wat]-,,pipes ,,& ,,on ,,build+ ,,mat]ials4 ,popul> sci5ce has p5etrat$ too deeply n[ to r5d] necess>y any refutation ( ! old popul> fallacy :i* attribut$ ! bur/+ ( wat]-pipes to ! ?aw foll[+ a fro/2 ev]ybody n[ und]/&s t ! ?aw m]ely r5d]s ! "w ( ! previ\s freez+ s disa/r\sly evid5t4 ,nev]!less1 ! g5]al subject ( ! action ( freez+ wat] ^u our dwell+s is n s fully und]/ood by all conc]n$ z x %\ld be4 ,build]s & h\se-own]s %\ld und]/& x ?or\ghly1 z mo/ ( ! dome/ic mis]ies result+ f sev]e w9t]s may be greatly mitigat$1 if n entirely prev5t$1 by sci5tific adaptation 9 ! c\rse ( build+ con/ruction4 ,n[-a-days t5ants "k some?+ ab\t ?is & select accord+ly4 ,?us ! m>ket value ( a build+ may be increas$ by su* adaptation4 ,solids1 liquids1 & gases exp& z !y are heat$4 ,?is great g5]al law is1 h[ev]1 subject to a few exceptions1 ! mo/ rem>kable ( :i* is t pres5t$ by wat]4 ,let u suppose a simple exp]im5t4 ,imag9e a !rmomet] tube ) its bulb & /em s fill$ ) wat] t :5 ! wat] is heat$ ne>ly to its boil+ po9t x w rise to ne>ly ! top ( ! long /em4 ,n[ let u cool x4 ,z ! cool+ proce$s ! wat] w desc5d1 & ?is desc5d+ w cont9ue until x atta9s ! temp]ature m>k$ on our ord9>y !rmomet] z #ci1 or m /rictly #ci-b_/aj2 !n a /range inv]sion occurs4 ,z ! temp]ature falls bel[ ?is1 ! wat] rises gradually 9 ! /em until ! freez+ po9t is rea*$4 ,?is expansion am\nts to #a_/gfib "p ( ! :ole bulk ( ! wat]1 or #ajj1jjj p>ts become #ajj1jac4 ,s f> ! am\nt ( expansion is v small1 b ?is is only a =eta/e ( :at is com+4 ,l[] ! temp]ature /ill fur!r1 ! wat] beg9s to freeze1 & at ! mom5t ( freez+ x exp&s sudd5ly to an ext5t equall+ #a_/ae ( its bulk1 i4e41 ( ! bulk ( s mu* wat] z becomes solidifi$4 ,! temp]ature rema9s at #cb until ! :ole ( ! wat] is froz54 ,=tunately = u1 ! freez+ ( wat] is always a sl[ process1 = if ?is conv]sion ( e #ae gallons into #af took place sudd5ly1 all our pipes w\ld rip op5 ) some?+ l explosive viol5ce4 ,b su* sudd5 freez+ ( any consid]able quantity ( wat] is practically impossible1 on acc\nt ( ! 8lat5t heat0 ( liquid wat]1 :i* am\nts to #adb4 ,all ?is is giv5 out 9 ! act ( freez+4 ,x is ?is giv+ out ( s mu* heat t keeps ! temp]ature ( freez+ wat] always at #cb1 ev5 ?\gh ! air ar\nd may be mu* cold]4 ,no "p ( ! wat] c fall bel[ #cb )\t becom+ solid1 & t portion :i* solidifies gives out en\gh heat to raise #adb times its own quantity f #ca to #cb4 ,! sl[ness ( ?aw+ is due to ! same g5]al fact4 ,an in/ructive exp]im5t may be made by simply fill+ a saucepan ) sn[ or brok5 ice1 & plac+ x ov] a common fire4 ,! sl[ness ( ! ?aw+ w surprise mo/ p :o h n previ\sly tri$ ! exp]im5t4 ,x takes ab\t z long to melt ?is sn[ z x w\ld to raise an equal weight ( wat] f #cb to #agd4 ,or1 if a p\nd ( wat] at #agd be mix$ ) a p\nd ( sn[ at #cb1 ! result w be two p\nds ( wat] at #cb2 #adb w h disappe>$ )\t mak+ ! sn[ any w>m]1 x w all h be5 us$ up 9 do+ ! "w ( melt+4 ,! =ce ) :i* ! great expansion due to freez+ takes place is practically irresi/ible4 ,/rong pieces ( ordnance h be5 fill$ ) wat]1 & plugg$ at muzzle & t\*-hole4 ,!y h bur/ 9 spite ( _! great ?ickness & t5acity4 ,su* be+ ! case1 x is at fir/ sight a matt] ( surprise t froz5 wat]-pipes1 :e!r ( lead or iron1 ev] /& at all4 ,!y w\ld n /& b = ano!r prop]ty ( ice1 :i* is b v little und]/ood1 viz41 its viscosity4 ,?is requires "s explanation4 ,?\gh ice is :at we call a solid1 x is n truly solid4 ,l o!r app>5t solids x is n p]fect rigid1 b /ill reta9s "s degree ( ! possibility ( fl[+ :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( liquids4 ,?is has be5 %[n by fill+ a bomb%ell ) wat]1 leav+ ! fuse-hole op5 & freez+ x4 ,a %ell ( ice is fir/ =m$ on ! outside1 :i* ( c\rse plugs up ! fuse-hole4 ,!n ! int]ior gradually freezes1 b ! expansion due to ?is =ces ! ice out ( ! fuse-hole z a cyl9drical /ick1 j z putty might be squeez$ out1 only t ! =ce requir$ to m\ld & eject ! ice is mu* great]4 ,i h con/ruct$ an app>atus :i* illu/rates ?is v /rik+ly4 ,x is an iron syr+e ) cyl9drical int]ior ( ab\t half an in* 9 diamet]1 & a t]m9al orifice ( less ?an #a_/bj ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,its pi/on ( metal is driv5 d[n by a screw4 ,into ?is syr+e ,i place small fragm5ts ( ice1 or a cyl9d] ( ice fitt$ to ! syr+e1 & !n screw d[n ! pi/on4 ,pres5tly a ?9 wire ( ice is squirt$ =? l v]micelli :5 ! d\gh f :i* x is made is simil>ly treat$1 %[+ t ! ice is pla/ic l ! d\gh1 provid$ x is squeez$ ) suffici5t =ce4 ,?is viscosity ( ice is display$ on a gr& scale 9 glaci]s1 ! ice ( :i* actually fl[s l a riv] d[n ! glaci] valley1 contract+ z ! valley n>r[s & spread+ out z x wid5s1 j z a riv] w\ld2 b mov+ only a few in*es daily accord+ to ! /eepness ( ! slope & ! season1 sl[] 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,^u ?is1 & ! sl[ness ( ! act ( freez+1 dep5ds ! possibility ( wat] 9 freez+ 9 iron pipes )\t bur/+ !m4 ,ev5 iron yields a little be=e bur/+1 b ord9>y qualities n suffici5tly to be> ! expansion ( #a_/ae ( _! cont5ts4 ,:at happ5s !n8 ,! cyl9d] ( ice conta9$ 9 ! tube elongates z x freezes1 provid$ always ! pipe is op5 at "o or bo? ends4 ,b !re is a limit to ?is1 see+ t ! friction ( su* a tight-fitt+ core1 ev5 ( slipp]y ice1 is consid]able1 & if ! pipe be too long1 ! resi/ance ( ?is friction may exce$ ! resi/ance ( t5acity ( ! pipe4 ,i am unable to give any figures = su* l5g?2 ! subject does n appe> to h be5 inve/igat$ z x %\ld be1 & z x might well be by our weal?y wat] companies4 ,we all "k t lead pipes frequ5tly succumb1 b a little obs]vation %[s t !y d s only aft] a /ruggle4 ,! t5acity ( lead is mu* less ?an t ( iron 7ab\t #a_/bj ( t ( ord9>y wr\ght iron71 b x yields consid]ably be=e break+4 ,x has1 9 fact1 ! prop]ty ( viscosity simil> to t ( ice4 ,at ,woolwi* ! lead us$ = elongat$ rifle bullets is squirt$ l ! ice 9 my syr+e above describ$1 p[]ful hydraulic pressure be+ us$4 ,?is yield+ saves _m pipes4 ,x w\ld save all new pipes if ! lead 7 pure & uni=m2 b z ?is is n ! case1 !y may bur/ at a weak place1 ! yield+ be+ %[n by ! bulge t commonly appe>s at ! brok5 "p4 ,f ! above x w be easily und]/ood t a pipe :i* is p]fectly cyl9drical--o!r conditions equal--w be less likely to bur/ ?an "o :i* is ( v>y+ diamet]1 z ! slid+ f a l>g] to a small] portion ( ! pipe mu/ be att5d$ ) great resi/ance1 or a c]ta9 degree ( block1 beyond :at w\ld be due to ! m]e friction along a pipe ( uni=m diamet]4 ,let u n[ consid] ! relative m]its ( lead & iron z mat]ial = wat]-pipes 9 places :]e exposure to fro/ is inevitable4 ,lead yields m ?an iron1 & s f> has an advantage2 ?is1 h[ev] is b limit$4 ,z lead is practically inela/ic1 e /ret* rema9s1 & e /ret* dim9i%es ! capacity = fur!r /ret*+2 ! lead ?us /ret*$ at "o fro/ is less able to /ret* aga91 & has lo/ "s ( its orig9al t5acity4 ,h5ce ! sup]iority ( new lead5 pipes4 ,iron is ela/ic )9 c]ta9 limits1 & ?us ! iron pipe may yield a little )\t p]man5t /ra9 or 8di/ress10 & if its p[] ( ela/ic resi/ance is n exce$$1 x rega9s its orig9al size )\t becom+ s5sibly weak]4 ,add to ?is its great t5acity1 its nonliability to be ind5t$1 or o!rwise to v>y 9 diamet]1 & we h a f> sup]ior mat]ial4 ,b ?is conclusion dem&s "s qualification4 ,!re is iron & iron1 ca/-iron & wr\ght-iron1 & v v>iable qualities ( ea* ( ^!4 ,i ne$ sc>cely add t common brittle ca/-iron is q out ( ! "q = su* purposes1 ?\gh !re is a new k9d ( ca/-iron or semi-/eel com+ =w>d t may possibly sup]s$e all o!r k9ds2 b ?is op5s too wide a subject = discussion 9 ! pres5t pap]1 ! ma9 object ( :i* has be5 a popul> exposition ( ! g5]al physical laws :i* mu/ be obey$ by ! build]1 or eng9e]1 :o desires to con/ruct dome/ic or o!r build+s t w satisfy ! wants ( intellig5t p4 ,! mis*iev\s action ( freez+ wat] is n conf9$ to ! pipes t are con/ruct$ to receive or convey x4 ,:]ev] wat] may be1 if t wat] freezes1 x mu/ exp& 9 ! degree & ) ! =ce already describ$4 ,if x p5etrates /one or brick1 or mort> or /ucco1 & freezes !re91 "o ( two ?+s mu/ occur--ei!r ! sup]flu\s ice mu/ exude at ! surface or to neighbor+ cavities1 or ! saturat$ mat]ial mu/ give way1 & split or crumble accord+ to ! mann] & degree ( p5etration4 ,to und]/& ?is1 ! read] mu/ rememb] :at ,i /at$ ab\t ! little-und]/ood viscosity ( ice1 z well z its expansion at ! mom5t ( freez+4 ,bricks are puni%$1 b n s sev]ely z might be anticipat$1 see+ h[ por\s are "s ( ! common qualities1 especially ^? us$ 9 ,london4 ,!y are s amply por\s t ! wat] n only f9ds its way into !m1 b ! pores are big en\gh & _m en\gh = ! ice to demon/rate its viscosity by squeez+ out & display+ its cry/all9e /ructure 9 ! =m ( sn[-l effloresc5ce on ! surface4 ,?is may h be5 obs]v$ by "s ( my read]s dur+ a sev]e fro/4 ,x is commonly conf\nd$ ) ! ho>-fro/ t :it5s ! ro(s ( h\ses1 b :i* is v r>ely deposit$ on p]p5dicul> wall faces4 ,! mort> mo/ liable to suff] is t :i* is por\s & pulv]ul5t )91 b has be5 clev]ly fac$ or po9t$ ) a cru/ ( m compact mat]ial4 ,?is out] film prev5ts ! exud+ ( ! exp&+ ice cry/als1 is ?ru/ =? bodily1 & reta9$ by ice-cem5t dur+ ! fro/1 b x falls 9 scales :5 ?is tempor>y b9d+ mat]ial ?aws4 ,mort> t is compact ?r\gh\t does n suff] to any appreciable ext5t4 ,?is is prov$ by ! condition ( ! rema9s ( ,roman brickwork t /ill exi/ 9 ,brita9 & o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,"s ( ! old %+le walls at ,brighton & o!r p>ts ( ! s\? coa/1 :]e ! *alk = lime-burn+ 0 at ! build]'s feet1 & :]e 8 mort> is s ?ickly laid betwe5 ! irregul> masses ( fl9t1 also %[ ! possible duration ( good mort>4 ,! j]ry build]'s mort>1 made ( ! riddl+s ( burnt clay balla/ & du/-hole refuse j flavor$ ) lime1 crumbles imm$iately1 because ^! mat]ials d n comb9e ) ! lime z f9e silice\s s& gradually does1 to =m an imp]meable glassy silicate4 ,/ucco is puni%$ by two di/9ct modes ( action4 ,! fir/ is :]e ! surface is por\s1 & ! wat] p]meates accord+ly & freezes4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 produces sup]ficial crumbl+1 :i* %\ld n occur at all ^u good mat]ial protect$ by suitable pa9t4 ,! o!r case1 v deplorable 9 _m in/ances1 is :]e ! wat] f9ds a space betwe5 ! inn] surface ( ! /ucco & ! out] surface ( ! mat]ial ^u :i* x is laid4 ,?is wat]1 :5 froz51 ( c\rse1 exp&s1 & w$ges away ! /ucco bodily1 caus+ x to come d[n 9 masses at ! ?aw4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 only occurs aft] sev]e fro/s1 z ! ord9>y mild fro/s ( our favor$ climate seldom endure long en\gh to p5etrate to any notable dep? ( s bad a conductor z /one or /ucco4 ,x is wor?y ( note t wat] is a /ill worse conductor ?an /one4 ,build+ /ones are s v>i\s bo? 9 *emical composition & me*anical /ructure t ! action ( freez+ wat] is necess>ily z v>i$ z ! nature ( ! mat]ial4 ,! highly silice\s granites 7or1 r1 porphyries t commonly be> ! "n ( granite7 are practically imp]meable to wat] s long z !y are free f any *emical decomposition ( _! feldspa?ic con/itu5ts2 b :5 we come to s&/ones & lime/ones1 or int]m$iate mat]ial1 v wide diff]5ces prevail4 ,! possible wid? ( ?is diff]5ce is %[n 9 ! behavior ( ! unselect$ mat]ial 9 its natural home4 ,c]ta9 cliffs & m\nta9s h /ood = c\ntless ages almo/ un*ang$ by ! action ( fro/2 o!rs are break+ up ) a/oni%+ rapidity 9 spite ( app>5t solidity ( /ructure4 ,! ,matt]horn1 or ,mont ,c]v91 "o ( ! mo/ gigantic ( ! giant ,alps1 #ae1bjj feet high1 is r5d]$ especially dang]\s to ambiti\s climb]s by ! cont9ual cra%+ d[n ( fragm5ts t are loos5$ :5 ! summ] sun melts ! ice t fir/ sep>at$ & !n = a :ile held !m 9 _! orig9al places4 ,all ! glaci]s ( ! ,alps are m or less /reak$ ) 8mora9es10 :i* are fragm5ts ( ! m\nta9s t freez+ wat] has deta*$4 ,our /one build+s w\ld suff] proportionally if "s selection ( mat]ial 7 n made4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ?is selection is bas$ ^u ! exp]i5ce ( previ\s practical trials4 ,c]ta9 qu>ries are kn[n to h suppli$ good mat]ial ( a c]ta9 "*1 & ?is qu>ry has1 !re=e1 a reputation :i* is usually ( no small value to its =tunate own]4 ,o!r qu>ries are op5$ 9 ! neighborhood :]ev] ! rock resembles t ( ! te/$ qu>ry4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 mat]ials are op5 = selection t h n be5 s well te/$1 & a me?od ( te/+ :i* is m exp$iti\s & less exp5sive ?an con/ruct+ a build+ & wat*+ ! result1 is v desirable4 ,! subject ( te/+ build+ mat]ials 9 special ref]5ce to _! resi/ance ( fro/ 0 br\ght be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce ( ,p>is by ,m4 ,br>d "s ye>s s9ce4 ,9 8 prelim9>y exp]im5ts he us$ small cubes ( ! /one to be te/$1 soak$ !m 9 wat]1 & !n expos$ !m to ! air 9 fro/y wea!r1 or subject$ !m to ! action ( freez+ mixtures4 ,aft]w>ds he f\nd t by avail+ himself ( ! expansive =ce :i* c]ta9 sal9e solutions ex]t at ! mom5t ( cry/allization1 he c\ld conv5i5tly imitate ! action ( freez+ )\t ! aid ( natural or artificial fro/4 ,epsom salts1 nitre1 alum1 sulphate ( iron1 ,glaub]'s salts1 etc41 7 tri$4 ,! la/ nam$1 ,glaub]'s salt 7or sulphate ( soda71 :i* is v *eap1 0 f\nd to be ! be/ = ! purpose4 ,8 me?od ( apply+ ! te/ is z foll[s3 ,cut ! specim5s into two-in* cubes1 ) flat sides & %>p edges & corn]s1 m>k ea* specim5 ) a numb]1 ei!r by ink or scrat*+1 & ent] 9 a book all p>ticul>s conc]n+ x4 ,make a saturat$ solution ( ! sulphate ( soda 9 ra9 or di/ill$ wat]1 by add+ ! salt until no m w dissolve2 p]fect saturation be+ %[n by f9d+1 aft] repeat$ /irr+1 t a little ( ! salt rema9s at ! bottom an h\r or two aft] ! solution 0 made4 ,heat ?is solution 9 a suitable vessel1 & :5 x boils put 9 ! m>k$ specim5s "o by "o1 & keep !m imm]s$ 9 ! boil+ solution = half an h\r4 ,take out ! specim5s sep>ately & susp5d !m by ?reads1 ea* ov] a sep>ate vessel conta9+ "s ( ! liquid 9 :i* !y 7 boil$1 b :i* has be5 c>efully /ra9$ to free x f any solid p>ticles4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a day or two1 z ! cubes dry1 !y w become cov]$ ) an effloresc5ce ( sn[-l cry/als2 wa% ^! away by simply plung+ ! specim5 into ! vessel bel[1 & repeat ?is two or ?ree times daily = f\r or five days or long]4 ,! mo/ suitable vessel = ! purpose is a glass 8beak]10 sold by v5dors ( *emical app>atus4 ,9 comp>+ compet+ samples1 be c>eful to treat all alike1 i4e41 boil !m toge!r 9 ! same solution1 & dip !m an equal numb] ( times at equal int]vals4 ,hav+ done ?is1 ! result is n[ to be exam9$4 ,if ! /one is completely resi/ant ! cube w rema9 smoo? on its surfaces & %>p at its edges & corn]s1 & !re w be no p>ticles at ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,o!rwise1 ! inability ( ! /one to resi/ ! te/ w be %[n by ! disfigurem5t ( ! cube or ! small p>ticles w$g$ (f & ly+ at ! bottom ( ! liquid4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to conf\nd ^! ) cry/als ( ! salt :i* may also be deposit$4 ,^! cry/als are easily remov$ by add+ a little m wat] or w>m+ ! solution4 ,= /rict comp>ison ! fragm5ts ?us sep>at$ %\ld be weigh$ 9 a delicate balance1 su* z is us$ 9 *emical analysis4 ,,! ,,corrosion ,,( ,,build+ ,,/ones4 ,ab\t fifty ye>s ago two em95t ,fr5* *emi/s visit$ ,london1 & r 8a/oni%$ ! natives0 by a curi\s feature ( _! dress4 ,!y wore on _! hats l>ge pat*es ( color$ pap]4 ,com+1 z !y did1 f ,p>is1 _m suppos$ t ?is 0 "o ( ! late/ ,p>is fa%ions1 & ! d&ies ( ! p]iod n>r[ly escap$ ! compulsion to foll[ x4 ,!y probably w\ld h done s _h ! ,fr5*m5 %[n any attempt at decorative %ap+ ( ! pap]4 ,!y neglect$ ?is because x 0 litmus pap]1 & _! object 9 atta*+ x to _! hats 0 to te/ ! impurities ( ! ,london atmosph]e4 ,blue litmus pap]1 z ev]ybody kn[s n[-a-days1 turns r$ :5 expos$ to an acid4 ,! ,fr5* *emi/s f\nd t _! hat-decorations *ang$ color1 & indicat$ ! pres5ce ( acid 9 ! air ( ,london2 b :5 !y left ! metropolis & w&]$ 9 ! op5 fields _! blue litmus pap] reta9$ its orig9al color4 ,by us+ alkal9e pap] !y contriv$ to collect en\gh ( ! acid to te/ its composition4 ,!y f\nd x to be ! acid :i* is =m$ by ! burn+ ( sulphur1 & attribut$ its exi/5ce to ! sulphur ( our coal4 ,at ?is "t ! dome/ic use ( coal 0 sc>cely kn[n 9 ,p>is4 ,subsequ5t exp]im5ts h prov$ t !y 7 "r2 t ! air ( ,london conta9s a v practical quantity ( sulphur\s & sulphuric acids1 :i* are due to ! combu/ion ( t yell[ %9+ mat]ial m or less visible 9 mo/ k9ds ( coal1 & has be5 occasionally suppos$ to be gold4 ,x is iron pyrites1 a comp\nd ( iron & sulphur4 ,:5 heat$ ! sulphur is sep>at$ & burns1 produc+ sulphur\s acid1 :i*1 expos$ to moi/ air1 gradually takes up m oxyg5 & becomes sulphuric acid1 :i* 9 conc5trat$ solution is oil ( vitriol4 ,9 ! air x is v mu* dilut$ by diffusion1 b is /ill /rong en\gh to d mis*ief to "s k9ds ( build+ mat]ials4 ,9 manufactur+ t[ns1 su* z ,birm+ham & ,%effield1 ! quantity ( ?is acid 9 ! air is mu* great] ?an 9 ,london1 & !re its mis*ief is consequ5tly m di/9ctly visible4 ,! *ur* ( ,/4 ,philip1 :i* /&s ne>ly 9 ! middle ( ,birm+ham1 & is surr\nd$ by an old *ur*y>d1 0 s corrod$ by ?is acid t ! /one peel$ away on all sides1 & its condition 0 mo/ deplorable4 ,! tomb/ones 7 simil>ly dis9tegrat$ on _! surfaces1 & inscriptions q oblit]at$4 ,x became s bad t a few ye>s ago re/oration 0 necess>y1 & x 0 newly fac$ accord+ly4 ,"s ( ! old tomb/ones t are pres]v$ may /ill be se5 aga9/ ! *ur* wall1 & _! peculi> /ructure is well wor?y ( /udy4 ,!y display a lam9ation or peel+ away due to unequal corrosion1 c]ta9 lay]s ( ! mat]ial ( ! /one hav+ be5 evid5tly eat5 away m rapidly ?an o!rs4 ,anybody visit+ ,birm+ham may easily exam9e ^!1 z ,/4 ,philip's *ur*y>d is situat$ betwe5 ! two railway /ations ( ,new ,/reet & ,sn[ ,hill1 & is b two m9utes' walk f ei!r4 ,o!r /one build+s 9 ! t[n h suff]$1 b 9 v diff]5t degrees1 & "s h q escap$1 prov+ ! necessity ( c>eful selection ( mat]ial :]ev] coal fires ab\nd4 ,9 ,birm+ham ! action ( coal fires is assi/$ by o!r s\rces ( acid vapor4 ,! process ( 8pickl+0 brass ca/+s1 i4e41 bright5+ _! surface1 by dipp+ fir/ 9 common nitric acid 78pickle acky07 & !n 9 wat]1 is att5d$ ) consid]able evolution ( acid fumes4 ,besides ?is v widespread use ( acid1 !re are sev]al *emical manufactories t ?r[ /ill m acid into ! air imm$iately surr\nd+ !m4 ,z an example ( ! action ( ! atmosph]ic acids ( ,london ^u build+ /ones1 ,i h b to "n ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 :i* h only be5 rescu$ f sup]ficial ru9 by ! pat*work replac+ ( c]ta9 blocks ( /one1 & v>i\s devices ( silice\s & o!r wa%+s t h be5 c>ri$ out at great co/ to ! nation4 ,t su* an unsuitable mat]ial %\ld h be5 us$ is disgraceful to all conc]n$4 ,! ru9 comm5c$ be=e ! build+ 0 f9i%$4 ,at ! "t :5 its erection comm5c$ !re 7 abundant evid5ces ( ! ru9\s action ( ,london atmosph]e on "s k9ds ( /one & ! capability ( o!rs to resi/ x1 = :ile _m mod]n build+s are peel+ & crumbl+1 "s ( ! olde/ 9 ! mid/ ( ! city %[ sc>cely any signs ( corrosion4 ,! ,birm+ham & ,midl& ,in/itute 0 e/abli%$ & 9 practical op]ation a few ye>s be=e ! pres5t noble build+ 0 erect$4 ,i 0 ! fir/ tea*] !re & conduct$ ! ,sci5ce classes 9 ! tempor>y premises 9 ,cannon /reet4 ,hav+ obs]v$ ) "s int]e/ ! dis9tegration ( ,/4 ,philip's ,*ur* & o!r build+s1 ,i 0 anxi\s = ! safety ( ! new ,in/itute build+s1 & accord+ly made "s exp]im5ts ^u ! mat]ial propos$ to be us$ by ! ar*itect4 ,my me?od ( te/+ 0 v simple1 & z ! practical result has v]ifi$ my anticipations ,i ?9k x might be adopt$ by o!rs4 ,fir/1 ,i imm]s$ "s lumps ( ! /one 9 mod]ately /rong solutions ( sulphuric & hydro*loric acids successively1 & obs]v$ :e!r any visible action occurr$ aft] "s days4 ,!re 0 none4 ,i !n r\ghly te/$ ! cru%+ pressure ( small samples 9 _! natural /ate1 & subject$ simil> siz$ pieces to ! same te/ aft] !y _h be5 imm]s$ 9 ! acids4 ,i f\nd ?us t !re 7 no evid5ces ( int]nal dis9tegration ev5 aft] sev]al days' imm]sion1 & !re=e inf]r$ t ! /one w\ld /& ! acid vapors ( ! ,birm+ham atmosph]e4 ,?is has be5 ! case ) t portion ( ! build+ t 0 built ( ! mat]ial ,i te/$4 ,z ,i "k no?+ ( ! /one :i* is us$ = ! ext5sion ( ! build+ "u ! pres5t ar*itect1 ,mr4 ,*amb]la91 ,i am unable to make any =eca/ ( its probable durability4 ,! exp]im5ts ,i made at ! "t nam$ ) ?is & o!r build+ mat]ials ju/ifi$ ! conclusion t ! wor/ ( all mat]ial = exposure to acid atmosph]es is a s&/one1 ! p>ticles ( :i* are held toge!r by lime/one1 or are o!rwise surr\nd$ by or int]m+l$ ) lime/one2 & t ! be/ ( ord9>y mat]ial is a pure s&/one q free f lime4 ,i d n "h consid] su* luxuri\s mat]ial z granite or porphyries4 ,compact lime/one1 su* z good homog5e\s m>ble1 /&s fairly well1 al?\gh x is sl[ly corrod$4 ,! corrosion1 h[ev]1 9 ?is case1 is purely sup]ficial & tol]ably uni=m4 ,x is a v sl[ wa%+ away ( ! surface1 )\t any dis9tegration su* z occurs :]e a small quantity ( lime/one acts z b9d+ mat]ial to hold toge!r a l>ge quantity ( silice\s or s&y mat]ial1 & :]e ! agglom]ation is por\s1 & ! /one is s laid t a d[nw>d infiltration ( wat] c take place2 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t al?\gh ! acid orig9ally exi/s z vapor 9 ! air1 x is tak5 up by ! fall+ ra91 & ! mis*ief is directly done to ! /one by ! acidifi$ wat]4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is v weak acid inde$4 ,t :i* ,i us$ = te/+ ! /one 0 _m ?\s& times /rong]1 b !n ,i expos$ ! /one = only a few days in/ead ( _m ?\s& days4 ,z above /at$1 my exp]im5ts 7 b rude1 b ,i ?9k x w\ld be q wor? :ile to con/ruct cru%+ app>atus capable ( regi/]+ accurately ! pressure us$1 & to op]ate ) /&>d solutions ( acid ^u c>efully squ>$ blocks ( /&>d size1 & ?us to make comp>ative te/s ( v>i\s samples ( /one :5 competitions = build+ mat]ials are (f]$4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,birm+ham & ,midl& ,in/itute build+ !re 0 no su* competition1 ! *oice 0 left entirely to ! ar*itect1 & my exam9ation 0 un(ficially conduct$ ^u ! mat]ial already *os5 ) ! int5t ( prote/+ if x fail$4 ,z x /ood ! te/ ,i m]ely report$ ! results in=mally to ! ar*itect1 ! late ,sir ,edw>d ,b>ry1 no fur!r action be+ dem&$4 ,,fire-,,clay ,,& ,,an?racite4 ,= h\sehold fire-places1 :e!r op5 or clos$1 ^! may be reg>d$ z ! mat]ial & ! fuel ( ! future1 & %\ld be m g5]ally & bett] und]/ood ?an !y are4 ,! m]its ( fire-clay 7 fully appreciat$ & describ$ ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s ago by t v rem>kable man1 ,b5jam9 ,?ompson1 ,c\nt ( ,rum=d4 ,any s\nd sci5tific exposition ( ! relative value ( fire-clay & iron z fire-place mat]ials c be little m or less ?an a repetition ( :at he /ruggl$ to tea* at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,x is impossible to fairly und]/& ?is subject unless we />t ) a firm grasp ( fir/ pr9ciples4 ,! bus9ess be=e u is to get z mu* heat z possible f fuel burn+ 9 a c]ta9 fa%ion1 & to d ?is ) ! smalle/ possible emission ( smoke4 ,sub/ances t are hott] ?an _! surr\nd+s communicate _! excess ( temp]ature 9 ?ree diff]5t ways2 #a/1 by ,conduction2 #b;d1 by ,convection2 #c;d1 by ,radiation4 ,all ( ^! are op]at+ 9 e =m ( fire-place1 b 9 v diff]5t proportions accord+ to c]ta9 v>iations ( con/ruction4 ,to demon/rate ! conduction ( heat1 hold "o end ( a p9 betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb1 & ! o!r end 9 ! flame ( a c&le4 ,! exp]im5t w t]m9ate v spe$ily4 ,!n take a piece ( a lucif] mat* ( ! same l5g? z ! p91 & hold t 9 ! c&le4 ,?is may become r$-hot & flam+ )\t burn+ ! f+]s1 z ! p9 did at a mu* l[] temp]ature4 ,x matt]s n :e!r ! p9 be held upw>ds1 d[nw>ds1 or sideways1 ! heat w travel ?r\gh\t its sub/ance1 & ?is sort ( travel+ is call$ 8conduction10 & ! p9 a 8conductor0 ( heat4 ,! conduct+ p[] ( diff]5t sub/ances v>ies greatly1 z ! above exp]im5t %[s4 ,metals g5]ally are ! be/ conductors1 b !y diff] among !mselves2 silv] is ! be/ ( all1 copp] ! next4 ,call+ 7= comp>ison sake7 ! conductivity ( silv] #ajjj1 t ( copp] is #gcf1 gold #ecb1 brass #bcf1 iron #aai1 m>ble & o!r build+ /ones #f to #ab1 porcela9 #e1 ord9>y brick e>? only #d1 & fire-brick e>? less ?an ?is4 ,?us we may at once />t ^u our subject1 ) ! practical fact t iron conducts heat ?irty times m readily ?an does fire-brick4 ,convection is diff]5t f conduction1 inasmu* z x is effect$ by ! movem5ts ( ! some?+ :i* has be5 heat$ by contact ) some?+ else4 ,wat] is a v bad conductor ( heat1 mu* worse ?an fire-brick1 & yet1 z we all "k1 heat is freely transmitt$ by x1 z :5 we boil wat] 9 a kettle4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we plac$ ! wat] 9 a fire-clay kettle1 & appli$ ! heat at ! top we %\ld h to wait = our tea until to-morr[ or ! next day4 ,:5 ! heat is appli$ bel[1 ! hot metal ( ! kettle heats ! bottom film ( wat] by direct contact2 ?is film exp&s1 & ?us1 be+ light]1 rises ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! wat]1 heat+ o!r portions by contact z x meets !m1 & s on ?r\gh\t4 ,! heat is ?us convey$1 & ! t]m 8convection0 is bas$ on ! view t ea* p>ticle is a c>ri] ( heat z x proce$s4 ,air conveys heat 9 ! same mann]2 s may all gases & liquids1 b no su* convection is possible 9 solids4 ,! common notion t 8heat asc5ds0 is bas$ on ! well-kn[n facts ( convection4 ,x is ! heat$ gas or liquid t really asc5ds4 ,no su* pref]5ce is giv5 to an upw>d direction1 :5 heat is conduct$ or radiat$4 ,radiation is a fl++ (f ( heat 9 all directions by ! heat$ body4 ,radiation f solids is ma9ly sup]ficial1 & x dep5ds on ! nature ( ! heat$ surface4 ,! r\gh] & ! m por\s ! surface ( a giv5 sub/ance ! bett] x radiates4 ,bright metals are ! wor/ radiators2 lampblack ! be/1 & fire-brick ne>ly equal to x4 ,to %[ ! effect ( surface1 take ?ree t9 cani/]s ( equal size1 "o bright outside1 ! second scrat*$ & r\gh5$1 ! ?ird pa9t$ ov] ) a ?9 coat ( lampblack4 ,fill ea* ) hot wat] ( ! same temp]ature1 & leave !m equally expos$4 ,_! rates ( radiation w !n be measurable by _! rates ( cool+4 ,! black w cool ! mo/ rapidly1 ! r\gh cani/] next1 & ! bright "o ! sl[e/4 ,radiant heat may be reflect$ l light f bright surfaces1 ! reflect+ sub/ance itself becom+ heat$ 9 a proportion :i* dim9i%es j z its reflect+ p[]s increase4 ,good reflectors are bad radiators & bad absorb]s ( heat1 & ! p[] ( absorb+ heat1 or becom+ sup]ficially hot :5 expos$ to radiant heat1 is exactly proportionate to radiat+ effici5cy4 ,fire-clay is a good absorb] ( radiant heat1 i4e41 x becomes readily heat$ :5 ne> to hot coals or flames1 )\t requir+ actual contact ) !m4 ,x is an equally good radiator4 ,let u n[ apply ^! facts to fire-clay 9 fireplaces1 beg9n+ ) ord9>y op5 grates us$ = ! w>m+ ( ap>tm5ts2 fir/ suppos+ t we h an ord9>y old-fa%ion$ grate all made ( iron--front1 sides1 & back1 z well z b>s1 & next t we h ano!r ( simil> =m & position1 b all ! fire-box & ! back & *eeks ( ! grate made ( fire-clay4 ,x is evid5t t ! fire-clay n 9 actual contact ) ! coals1 b ne> to !m1 w absorb m heat ?an ! iron1 & ?us become hott]4 ,ev5 at ! same temp]ature x w radiate mu* m heat ?an iron1 b be+ s mu* hott] ?is advantage w be proportionately increas$4 ,an op5 fireplace l9$ ?r\gh\t ) fire-clay ?us ?r[s into ! room a consid]able am\nt ( its own radiation 9 addition to t ?r[n out f ! coal4 ,b :at becomes ( ?is portion ( ! heat :5 ! fireplace is all ( metal8 ,x is c>ri$ up ! *imney by convection1 = ! metal1 :ile x p>ts ) less heat by radiation1 gives up m to ! air by direct contact4 ,!re=e1 if we mu/ burn our coals inside ! *imney1 we lose less by burn+ !m 9 a fire-clay box ?an 9 a metal box4 ,c\nt ,rum=d demon/rates ?is1 & describ$ ! be/ =m ( op5 firegrate t c be plac$ 9 an ord9>y ,engli% hole-9-!-wall fireplace4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done1 accord+ to 8 in/ructions1 is to brick up y\r l>ge squ>e fireplace recess1 s t ! back ( x %all come =w>d to ab\t #d in*es f ! front inside face ( ! *imney1 ?us contract+ ! ?roat ( ! *imney1 j beh9d ! mantel1 to ?is small dep? 7,rum=d's device = sweep+ ne$ n be "h describ$74 ,! sides or 8cov+s0 ( ?is %all[$ recess are n[ to be slop$ inw>ds s t ea* "o %all horizontally be at an angle ( #ace deg4 to ! plane ( ?is new back1 & meet x at a di/ance ( six or m in*es ap>t1 accord+ to ! size ( grate requir$4 ,! cov+s w ?us spread out at "r angles ) ea* o!r1 & leave an annul> op5+ to be l9$ ) fire-brick1 & run /raight up to ! *imney4 ,! fire-b>s & grate-bottom to be simply let into ?is z f> =w>d z possible4 ,by ?is simple arrangem5t we get a fire-grate ) a n>r[ flat back & out-slop+ sides2 all ^! ?ree walls are ( fire-brick2 ! back radiates p]p5dicul>ly across ! room2 & ! slop+ sides radiate outw>ds1 in/ead ( m]ely across ! fire f "o to ! o!r1 z :5 !y are squ>e to ! walls4 ,at ,rum=d's "t our ord9>y fireplaces 7 squ>e recesses2 n[ we h adopt$ some?+ l 8 sugge/ion 9 ! slop+ sides ( our regi/] grates1 & we br+ our fireplaces =w>d4 ,we h gone backw>ds 9 mat]ial1 by us+ iron1 b ?is1 aft] all1 may be m]ely due to ! ironmong]y int]e/ ov]p[]+ t ( ! bricklay]s4 ,! prepond]ance ( ?is int]e/ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,exhibition may acc\nt = ! fact t ,rum=d's simple device 0 n to be se5 9 action !re4 ,x c\ld n pay anybody to exhibit su* a ?+1 z nobody c pat5t x1 & nobody c sell x4 ,i h se5 ! ,rum=d arrangem5t c>ri$ out 9 (fice fireplaces ) rem>kable success4 ,to apply x any:]e requires only an intellig5t bricklay]1 a few bricks1 & "s iron b>s4 ,al?\gh nobody exhibit$ ?is1 a v ne> approa* to x 0 describ$ 9 an admirable lecture deliv]$ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 by ,mr4 ,flet*]1 ( ,w>r+ton4 ,9 "o respect ,mr4 ,flet*] goes fur!r ?an ,c\nt ,rum=d 9 ! application ( fire-clay4 ,he makes ! bottom ( ! fire-box ( a slab ( fire-clay in/ead ( ord9>y iron fire-b>s4 ,?is dem&s a little m tr\ble & c>e 9 light+ ! fire1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( bottom-draught1 b :5 ! fire is well />t$ ! advantages ( ?is fur!r encas+ 9 fire-clay are consid]able4 ,!y dep5d ^u ano!r effect ( ! sup]ior radiant & absorb5t prop]ties ( fire-clay t ,i w n[ expla94 ,s f>1 ,i h only describ$ ! b5eficial effect ( its radiation on ! room to be heat$1 b x p]=ms a fur!r duty inside ! fireplace itself4 ,be+ a bad conductor1 x does n readily c>ry away ! heat ( ! burn+ coal t re/s ^u x1 & be+ also an excell5t absorb]1 x soon becomes v hot--i4e41 sup]ficially hot1 or hot :]e its heat is effective4 ,?is action may be se5 9 a common regi/] /ove ) fire-clay back & iron sides4 ,:5 ! fire is brisk ! back is visibly r$-hot1 :ile ! sides are /ill dull4 ,if1 aft] su* a fire has burnt itself out1 we c>efully exam9e ! a%es1 !re w be f\nd m f9e du/ 9 contact ) ! fire-brick ?an ) ! iron--i4e41 evid5ce ( m complete combu/ion !re2 & "o ( ! advantages ju/ly claim$ by ,mr4 ,flet*] is1 t ) 8 solid fire-clay bottom !re w be no unburnt c9d]s--no?+ left b ! incombu/ible m9]al a% ( ! coal4 ,economy & abatem5t ( smoke are ! necess>y concomitants ( su* complete combu/ion4 ,a valuable 8wr9kle0 0 communicat$ by ,mr4 ,flet*]4 ,! p[d]$ fire-clay t is ord9>ily sold is n easily appli$ on acc\nt ( its t5d5cy to crumble & peel (f ! back & sides ( ! /ove aft] ! fir/ heat+4 ,9 ord] to ov]come ?is1 & obta9 a f9e compact l9+1 ,mr4 ,flet*] recomm5ds ! mix+ ( ! fireclay p[d] ) a solution ( wat]-glass 7silicate ( soda7 in/ead ( simple wat]4 ,x acts by =m+ a small quantity ( glassy silicate ( alum9a1 :i* b9ds ! :ole ( ! clay toge!r by its fusion :5 heat$4 ,london]s1 &1 9 fact1 ,engli%m5 g5]ally1 h hi!rto reg>d$ an?racite z a museum m9]al & a curiosity1 r ?an an ev]yday coal-scuttle commodity4 ,if x is to be ! fuel ( ! future1 x is v desirable t we %\ld all "k some?+ ab\t its m]its & dem]its1 z well z ! possibilities ( supply4 ,an?racite is a natural coke4 ,f its position 9 ! e>?1 & its relations to bitum9\s coal1 z well z f its composition1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ x z a coal t 0 orig9ally bitum9\s1 b :i* has be5 alt]$ by heat1 act+ "u great pressure4 ,9 ! great coal-field ( ,s\? ,wales1 to :i* we mu/ look = our ma9 supply ( an?racite1 we are able to trace ! action ( heat 9 produc+ a :ole s]ies ( diff]5t classes ( coal 9 a s+le seam1 :i* at "o "p is highly bitum9\s--s(t1 flam+ coal1 l ! ,walls5d1 !n x becomes h>d] & less bitum9\s1 !n semi-bitum9\s 8/eam coal10 !n less & less flam+1 until at la/ we h ! h>d1 %9y =m ( purely c>bonace\s coal1 t may be h&l$ )\t soil+ ! f+]s1 & :i* burns )\t flame1 l coke or *>coal4 ,?is *ange proce$s z ! seam ext5ds f ! ea/ t[>ds ! we/4 ,9 "s places ! coal at ! base ( a hill may be an?racite1 :ile t on ! outcrop above x may be bitum9\s4 ,an artificial an?racite may be made by heat+ coal 9 a clos$ vessel ( suffici5t /r5g? to resi/ ! expansion ( ! gases t are =m$4 ,x diff]s f coke 9 be+ compact1 is n por\s1 & !re=e1 ( c\rse1 mu* d5s]1 a giv5 weight occupy+ less space4 ,t we ,engli%m5 %\ld be ab\t ! la/ ( all ! coal-us+ peoples to apply an?racite to dome/ic purposes is a v curi\s fact1 b s x is4 ,9 ,am]ica x is ! ord9>y fuel1 & ?is is ! case 9 all o!r c\ntries :]e x is obta9able at ! price ( bitum9\s coal4 ,our p]v]sity 9 ?is respect %[s out ! m /rik+ly :5 we g a little fur!r into ! subject by comp>+ ! two classes ( coal 9 ref]5ce to our me?ods ( us+ !m1 & :5 we consid] ! fact t our ,s\? ,wales an?racite is f> sup]ior to ! ,am]ican4 ,our op5 fires only d _! small fraction ( useful "w by radiation4 ,_! convection is all up ! *imney4 ,su* be+ ! case1 & we be+ !oretically reg>d$ z rational be+s1 x might be suppos$ t = our national & especially radiat+ fireplaces we %\ld h select$ a coal ( especial radiat+ effici5cy1 b1 in/ead ( ?is1 we d ! opposite4 ,! flam+ coal is j t :i* fl+s ! mo/ heat up ! *imney1 & ! lea/ into ! room1 &1 z ?\gh we 7 all /ruggl+ to de/roy z spe$ily z possible ! suppos$ physical basis ( our prosp]ity1 we select t coal :i* 9 our p>ticul> fire-places burns ! mo/ wa/efully4 ,if we _h clos$ iron /oves ) long /ove-pipes 9 ! room1 giv+ to ! air ! heat !y _h obta9$ by ! convective action ( ! flame & smoke1 !re might be "s reason = us+ ! flam+ coal1 z ! flame w\ld !reby d useful "w1 b1 z x is1 we /ubbornly p]si/ 9 us+ only ! radiat$ heat1 & at ! same "t select j ! coal :i* supplies ! smalle/ quantity ( :at we require4 ,no sci5tific diss]tation is necess>y to prove ! sup]ior radiat+ p[] ( an an?racite fire to anybody :o has ev] /ood 9 ! front ( "o4 ,?is is mo/ /rik+ly demon/rat$ by ^? grates t /& well =w>d1 & are kept automatically fill$ ) ! radiant-c>bon4 ,let u n[ see :y an?racite is a bett] radiator ?an bitum9\s coal4 ,?is is due to its *emical composition4 ,( all ! sub/ances t we h ^u ! e>? c>bon 9 its ord9>y black =m is ! be/ radiator4 ,an?racite conta9s f #ij to #id p] c5t ( pure c>bon1 bitum9\s coal f #gj to #he1 & mu* ( ?is be+ comb9$ ) hydrog5 burns away z flame4 ,on a r\gh av]age we may say t ! fix$ or solid c>bon capable ( burn+ ) a smokeless flameless gl[1 am\nts to #fe p] c5t 9 ord9>y ,briti% bitum9\s coal1 aga9/ an av]age ( #ib p] c5t 9 ,briti% an?racite4 ,! advantages ( an?racite z a fuel = op5 radiat+ grates are ne>ly 9 ! proportion ( ^! figures4 ,besides ?is x conta9s ab\t half ! quantity ( a%4 ,?us we see t f a purely selfi% po9t ( view1 & q irrespective ( our duty to our fell[-citiz5s z reg>ds pollut+ ! atmosph]e1 an?racite is pref]able to ord9>y coal on economical gr\nds1 suppos+ we c obta9 x at ! same price z bitum9\s coal1 :i* is n[ ! case4 ,ano!r great advantage ( an?racite is its cleanl9ess1 ,x may be pick$ up 9 ! f+]s )\t soil+ !m1 & x is simil>ly cleanly ?r\gh\t ! h\se4 ,x produces no 8blacks10 no grimy du/1 & if x 7 g5]ally 9 use ?r\gh\t ,london "o half ( ! h\se-clean+ w\ld be sav$4 ,:ite curta9s1 bl9ds1 etc41 might hang q f\r times z long1 & !n come d[n n half s dirty z n[4 ,! sav+ 9 soap alone1 )\t c\nt+ labor1 w\ld at once return a h&some p]c5tage on ! capital outlay requir$ = recon/ruct+ all our fireplaces4 ,let u n[ look on ! o!r side1 & ask :at are ! disadvantages ( an?racite1 & :y is x n at once adopt$ by ev]ybody8 ,!re is really only "o disadvantage1 viz41 ! great] difficulty ( />t+ an an?racite fire4 ,practically ?is is consid]able1 see+ t laz9ess is univ]sal & ev] ready to f9d excuses :5 an innovation is propos$ t /&s 9 its way4 ,to light an an?racite fire 9 an ord9>y fireplace ! bell[s are requir$ unless a specially suitable draught or fire-light] is us$4 ,"s recomm5d t an admixture ( bitum9\s coal %\ld be us$ to />t x1 b ?is is a feeble device calculat$ to lead to total failure1 see+ t ! sole orig9ator & su/a9] ( our ord9>y use ( bitum9\s coal is dome/ic ignorance & indol5ce1 & if bo? k9ds ( coal are kept 9 a h\se a common ,engli% s]vant w /ubbornly use ! easy-light+ k9d1 & solemnly ass]t t ! o!r _c be us$ at all4 ,! only way to deal ) ?is ob/acle1 ! human imp$im5t1 is to say1 8,?is y mu/ use1 or g40 ,?is is /rictly j1 z a simple en=cem5t ( duty4 ,at ! same "t "s help %\ld be suppli$ 9 ! way ( artificial modes ( creat+ a draught 9 />t+ an an?racite fire4 ,?is may be done by tempor>ily clos+ ! front ( ! fire by a 8bl[]10 or bett] /ill by select+ "o ( ! grates specially devis$ = burn+ an?racite1 ( :i* s _m n[ are made4 ,ano!r & r important matt] is to obta9 ! an?racite 9 suitable condition4 ,x is a v h>d coal1 too h>d to be brok5 by ! means usually at h& 9 ord9>y h\ses4 ,= dome/ic purposes x %\ld always be deliv]$ brok5 up ( suitable size1 f t ( an egg to a cocoa-nut4 ,= furnaces1 ( c\rse1 l>ge lumps are pref]able4 ,!n1 aga91 an?racite mu/ n be /irr$ & pok$ ab\t2 once fairly />t$ x burns /eadily & brightly1 dem&+ only a /eady fe$+4 ,! be/ ( ! special grates are m or less automatic 9 ! matt] ( fe$+1 & ?us ! tr\ble ( light+ is fully comp5sat$ by ! abs5ce ( any fur!r tr\ble4 ,z reg>ds ! supply4 ,?is = ,london & ! great] "p ( ,engl& w d\btless be d]iv$ f ! great coal-field ( ,s\? ,wales4 ,! total quantity ( available coal 9 ?is region aft] d$uct+ ! wa/e 9 gett+1 0 e/imat$ by ! ,gov]nm5t ,commission]s at #cb1def millions ( tons4 ,x is v difficult or impossible to correctly e/imate ! proportion ( an?racite 9 ?is1 b suppos+ x to be "o t5? ( true an?racite x gives u #cbde millions ( tons1 or ab\t en\gh = ! dome/ic supply ( ! :ole c\ntry dur+ #ajj ye>s1 assum+ t x %all be us$ less wa/efully ?an we are n[ us+ bitum9\s coal1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly be ! case4 ,b1 includ+ ! imp]fect an?racite1 ! quantity mu/ be f> l>g] ?an ?is1 & we h to add ! o!r s\rces ( an?racite4 ,we ne$ n1 !re=e1 h any pres5t fe> ( insuffici5t supply2 probably be=e ! #ajj ye>s are end$ we %all f9d o!r s\rces ( an?racite1 or ev5 h become suffici5tly civiliz$ to aboli% altoge!r our pres5t dirty devices1 & to adopt rational me?ods ( w>m+ & v5tilat+ our h\ses4 ,:5 we d ?is any sort ( coal may be us$4 ,,c\nt ,,rum=d',s ,,cook+-,,/oves4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] ,i describ$ ,c\nt ,rum=d's modification ( ! ,engli% op5 firegrate :i* eighty ye>s ago 0 (f]$ to ! ,briti% nation )\t any pat5t or o!r re/rictions4 ,its non-adoption ,i believe to be ma9ly due to ?is--x 0 nobody's monopoly1 nobody's bus9ess to adv]tise x1 &1 !re=e1 nobody took any fur!r notice ( x2 especially z x _c be made & sold z a sep>ate portable article4 ,an ironmong] or /ove-mak] :o %\ld g to ! exp5se ( exhibit+ ,rum=d's simple /ructure ( fire-bricks & a few b>s1 describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 w\ld be sup]s$+ himself by tea*+ 8 cu/om]s h[ !y may advantage\sly d )\t him4 ,! same rem>ks apply to 8 /oves = cook+ purposes4 ,!y are n iron boxes l our mod]n kit*5]s1 b are brick /ructures1 matt]s ( masonry 9 all b c]ta9 adjuncts1 su* z b>s1 fire-doors1 cov]s1 ov5-boxes1 etc41 :i* are v simple & inexp5sive4 ,ev5 "s ( ,rum=d's kit*5 ut5sils1 su* z ! /eam]s1 7 *eaply cov]$ ) wood1 because x is a bad conductor1 & !re=e wa/es less heat ?an an iron saucepan lid4 ,rum=d 0 no m]e !ori/1 al?\gh he contribut$ l>gely to pure sci5ce4 ,8 greate/ sci5tific discov]ies 7 made 9 ! c\rse ( 8 p]sev]+ ef=ts to solve practical problems4 ,i mu/ n be tempt$ f my imm$iate subject by cit+ any examples ( ^!1 b may tell a fragm5t ( ! /ory ( 8 "w s f> z x be>s ^u ! subject ( cook+-ranges4 ,he began life z a poor s*oolma/] 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 :5 x 0 a ,briti% colony4 ,he next became a soldi]2 !n a diplomati/2 !n 9 /range adv5tur\s fa%ion he travel$ on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 ent]$ ! ,bav>ian s]vice & began 8 se>*+ re=m ( ! ,bav>ian army by improv+ ! fe$+ & ! clo?+ ( ! m54 ,he became a practical work+ cook 9 ord] t !y %\ld be suppli$ ) good1 nutriti\s1 & *eap food4 ,b ?is 0 n all4 ,he f\nd ,muni* 9 a mo/ deplorable condition z reg>ds m5dicity2 & took 9 h& ! gigantic task ( fe$+1 clo?+1 & employ+ ! ov]:elm+ horde ( paup]s1 do+ ?is s effectually t he made 8 8,h\se ( ,indu/ry0 a true workh\se2 x paid all its own exp5ses1 & at ! end ( six ye>s left a net pr(it ( #ajj1jjj flor9s4 ,i m5tion ^! facts 9 con=mation ( :at ,i said above conc]n+ 8 practical "*4 ,economical cook]y 0 at ! root ( 8 success 9 ?is ma9t5ance ( a workh\se )\t any poor-rates4 ,aft] do+ all ?is he came to ,engl&1 visit$ _m ( our public in/itutions1 recon/ruct$ _! fireplaces1 & !n cook$ d9n]s 9 pres5ce ( di/+ui%$ witnesses1 9 ord] to %[ h[ little ne$ be exp5d$ on fuel1 :5 x is prop]ly us$4 ,at ! ,f\ndl+ ,in/itution 9 ,london he roa/$ #aab lbs4 ( beef ) #bb lbs4 ( coal1 or at a co/ ( less ?an ?reep5ce4 ,! foll[+ copy ( c]tificate1 sign$ by ! ,c\ncillor ( ,w>1 etc41 %[s :at he did at ,muni*3 8,we ^: names are und]writt5 c]tify t we h be5 pres5t frequ5tly :5 exp]im5ts h be5 made to det]m9e ! exp5se ( fuel 9 cook+ = ! poor 9 ! public kit*5 ( ! milit>y workh\se at ,muni*1 & t :5 ! ord9>y d9n] has be5 prep>$ = #ajjj p]sons1 ! exp5se = fuel has n am\nt$ to q #ab kreutz]s40 ,twelve kreutz]s is ab\t #d;d4 ( our money4 ,?us only #a-ej? ( a f>?+ 0 exp5d$ on cook+ ea* p]son's d9n]1 al?\gh ! peas :i* =m$ ! sub/antial "p ( ! s\p requir$ five h\rs1 boil+4 ,! :ole av]age daily fuel exp5ses ( ! kit*5 ( ! e/abli%m5t am\nt$ to #a-bj? ( a f>?+ = ea* p]son1 us+ wood1 :i* is mu* de>] ?an coal4 ,at ?is rate1 "o ton ( wood %\ld d ! cook+ = t5 p]sons dur+ two ye>s & six days1 or "o ton ( coal w\ld supply ! kit*5 ( su* a family ?ree & a half ye>s4 ,! foll[+ is an ab/ract ( ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* he exp\nds = ! guidance ( all conc]n$ 9 ! con/ruction ( cook+ /oves4 #a4 ,all cook+ fires %\ld be enclos$4 #b4 ,air only to be admitt$ f bel[ & "u complete control4 ,all air beyond :at is requir$ = ! supply ( oxyg5 8is a ?ief40 #c4 ,all fireplaces to be surr\nd$ by non-conductors1 brickwork1 n iron4 #d4 ,! residual heat f ! fireplace to be utiliz$ by long j\rneys 9 return+ flues1 & by do+ ! hotte/ "w fir/4 #e4 ,diff]5t fires %\ld be us$ = diff]5t "w4 ,! fir/ ( ^! requirem5ts enc\nt]s "o ( our dogg$ insul> prejudices4 ,! slaves to ^! firmly believe t meat c only be roa/$ by hang+ x up to dry 9 front ( an op5 fire2 _! savage ance/ors hav+ held _! meat on a skew] or spit ov] or be=e an op5 fire1 mod]n sci5ce mu/ n d>e to demon/rate ! wa/eful folly ( ! holy sacrifice4 ,_! gr&mo!rs hav+ s5t jo9ts to a bakeh\se1 :]e o!r p did ! same1 & hav+ f\nd t by ?us cook+ beef1 mutton1 pork1 geese1 etc41 "s fre%1 & "s /ale1 9 ! same ov51 ! flavors became some:at mix$1 & all influ5c$ by sage & onions1 ^! p p]si/ 9 believ+ t meat _c be roa/$ 9 any k9d ( clos$ *amb]4 ,rum=d prov$ ! contr>y1 & ev]ybody :o has fairly tri$ ! exp]im5t kn[s t a prop]ly v5tilat$ & prop]ly heat$ roa/+ ov5 produces an incomp>ably bett] result ?an ! old desiccat+ process4 ,rum=d's roa/] 0 a v rem>kable contrivance1 t seems to h be5 =gott54 ,x probably dem&s m intellig5ce 9 us+ x ?an is obta9able 9 a pres5t-day kit*54 ,:5 ! ,s*ool ,bo>ds h suppli$ a bett] g5]ation ( dome/ic s]vants we may be able to re/ore its use4 ,x is a cyl9drical ov5 ) a d\ble door to prev5t loss ( heat4 ,9 ?is ! meat re/s on a grat+ ov] a specially con/ruct$ gravy & wat] di%4 ,"u ! ov5 are two 8bl[-pipes10 i4e41 /\t tubes /&+ j above ! fire s z to be made r$ hot1 & op5+ into ! ov5 at ! back1 & above ! fireplace 9 front1 :]e !re is a plug to be clos$ or op5 z requir$4 ,ov] ! front "p ( ! top ( ! ov5 is ano!r pipe = c>ry+ away ! vapor4 ,x is ?us us$3 ,! meat is fir/ cook$ 9 an atmosph]e ( /eam =m$ by ! boil+ ( wat] plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! d\ble di%1 ov] :i* ! meat re/s4 ,:5 by ?is means ! meat has be5 rais$ ?r\gh\t its :ole ?ickness to ! temp]ature at :i* its album5 coagulates1 ! plugs are remov$ f ! bl[-pipes1 & !n ! special action ( roa/+ comm5ces by ! action ( a curr5t ( sup]heat$ air :i* ent]s bel[ & at ! back ( ! ov51 travels along & f9ds exit above & 9 front ( ! /eam-pipe be=e nam$4 ,! result is a practical atta9m5t ( !oretical p]fection4 ,in/ead ( ! jo9t be+ dri$ & corticat$ outside1 made t\gh1 lea!ry1 & flavorless to ab\t an in* ( dep?1 !n fairly cook$ an in* fur!r1 & f9ally left raw1 disgu/+1 & bloody 9 ! middle1 z x is 9 ! or?odox roa/+ by ,briti% cooks1 ! :ole is uni=mly cook$ ?r\gh\t )\t ! sodd5+ action ( m]e boil+ or /eam+1 z ! excess ( moi/ure is remov$ by ! f9al curr5t ( hot dry air ?r[n 9 by ! bl[-pipes1 :i* at ! same "t give ! :ole surface an uni=m br[n+ t c be regulat$ at w )\t burn+ any portion or wa/+ ! ext]nal fat4 ,rum=d's second rule1 t air be admitt$ only f bel[1 & be limit$ to ! requirem5ts1 is s simple t no comm5t ^u x is ne$$4 ,al?\gh we h done s little 9 ! improvem5t ( dome/ic fireplaces1 great progress has be5 made 9 eng9e furnaces1 bla/ furnaces1 & all o!r fireplaces = eng9e]+ & manufactur+ purposes4 ,e furnace eng9e] n[ fully appreciates ,rum=d's ass]tion t excess ( cold air is a ?ief4 ,! ?ird rule is "o :i*1 z ,i h already /at$1 /&s s]i\sly 9 ! way ( any comm]cial 8pu%+0 ( ,rum=d's kit*5 ranges4 ,^? :i* he figures & describes are all ( !m masonic /ructures1 n ironmong]y2 ! build] mu/ erect !m1 !y _c be b\ght ready-made2 b1 n[ t public att5tion is r\s$1 ,i believe t any build] :o w /udy ,rum=d's plans & draw+s1 :i* are v practically made1 may d good s]vice to himself & 8 cu/om]s by fitt+ up a few h\ses ) true ,rum=d kit*5]s1 & (f]+ to recon/ruct exi/+ kit*5 ranges1 especially 9 l>ge h\ses4 ,! f\r? rule is "o t is sorely violat$ 9 ! majority ( kit*5]s1 & )\t any good reason4 ,! heat f ! fire ( any kit*5]1 :e!r x be ( brick or iron1 %\ld fir/ d ! "w dem&+ ! highe/ temp]ature1 viz41 roa/+ & bak+1 !n proce$ to ! boil] or boil]s1 & aft] ?is be us$ = supply+ ! b$-rooms & ba?-room1 & ! h\semaid1 etc41 ) hot wat] = g5]al use1 z ,rum=d did 9 8 h\se at ,brompton ,r[1 :]e 8 *imney t]m9at$ 9 metal pipes t pass$ ?r\gh a wat]-tank at ! top ( ! h\se4 ,l95-closets may also be w>m$ by ?is residual heat4 ,! fif? rule is also violat$ to an ext5t t r5d]s ! words utt]$ by ,rum=d ne>ly a c5tury ago z applicable n[ z !n4 ,he said1 8,no?+ is s ill-judg$ z mo/ ( ^? attempts t are frequ5tly made by ignorant projectors to =ce ! same fire to p]=m diff]5t s]vices at ! same "t40 ,note ! la/ words1 8same "t40 ,9 ! uses above m5tion$ ! heat does diff]5t "w successively1 :i* is q diff]5t f ! common practice ( hav+ flues to turn ! flame ( "o fire 9 opposite directions1 to split its heat & make "o fireplace appe> to d ! "w ( two4 ,e h\sehold] kn[s t ! kit*5 fire1 :e!r x be an old-fa%ion$ op5 fireplace1 or a mod]n kit*5] ( any improv$ con/ruction1 is a v co/ly affair4 ,he kn[s t its wa/eful "w produces ! *ief item ( 8 coal bill1 b someh[ or o!r he is helpless "u its infliction4 ,if he has giv5 any special att5tion to ! subject he has probably tri$ ?ree or f\r diff]5t k9ds )\t f9d+ any notable relief4 ,:y is ?is8 ,i v5ture to make a reply t w cov] #ij p] c5t1 or probably #ii p] c5t ( ^! cases1 viz41 t he has nev] consid]$ ! ma9 s\rce ( wa/e1 :i* ,rum=d s cle>ly def9es z above1 & :i* 0 elim9at$ 9 all ! kit*5s t he erect$4 ,let u suppose ! case ( a h\sehold ( t5 p]sons1 b :i* 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ,engli% hospitality sometimes ent]ta9s twice t numb]4 ,:at d we f9d 9 ! kit*5 arrangem5ts8 ,simply t !re is "o fireplace suit$ = ! maximum requirem5ts1 i4e41 suffici5t = tw5ty1 ev5 ?\gh t numb] may n be ent]ta9$ m ?an half a doz5 times 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>4 ,to cook a few ra%]s ( bacon1 boil a few eggs1 & boil a kettle ( wat] = breakfa/1 a fire suffici5t to cook = a d9n] p>ty ( tw5ty is at "w4 ,?is is kept on all day long1 because x is j possible t ! ma/] ( ! h\se may require a glass ( grog at b$time4 ,!re may be damp]s & o!r devices = regulat+ ?is fire1 b su* regulation1 ev5 if appli$1 does v little s long z ! capacity ( ! grate rema9s1 & z a matt] ( ord9>y fact ! damp]s & o!r regulat+ devices are neglect$ altoge!r2 ! kit*5 fire is blaz+ & ro>+ to wa/e f #f or #g ,a4,m4 to ab\t midnight1 9 ord] to d ab\t ?ree h\rs & a half "w1 i4e41 ! d9n] = t51 & a nom9al trifle = ! o!r meals4 ,9 ,rum=d's kit*5s1 su* z ^? he built = ! ,b>on de ,l]*5feld & = ! ,h\se ( ,indu/ry at ,muni*1 ! kit*5] is a solid block ( masonry ( "w-b5* height at top1 & ) a deep bay 9 ! middle1 :]e9 ! cook /&s surr\nd$ by 8 boil]s1 /eam]s1 roa/]s1 ov5s1 etc41 all )9 easy rea*1 ea* "o suppli$ by its own sep>ate fire ( v small dim5sions1 & c>efully clos$ ) non-conduct+ doors4 ,ea* fire is light$ :5 requir$1 *>g$ ) only ! quantity ( fuel necess>y = ! "w to be done1 & !n ext+ui%$ or all[$ to die out4 ,x is true t ,rum=d us$ wood1 :i* is m easily manag$ 9 ?is way ?an coal4 ,if we work$ z he did1 we might use wood likewise1 & 9 spite ( its v mu* high] price d our cook+ at half its pres5t co/4 ,?is w\ld effect n m]ely 8smoke abatem5t0 b 8smoke ext9ction0 s f> z cook+ is conc]n$4 ,b ! light+ ( fires is no long] a tr\blesome & co/ly process z 9 ! days ( halfp5ny bundles ( firewood4 ,to say no?+ ( ! improv$ fire-light]s1 we h gas ev]y:]e1 & no?+ is easi] ?an to fix or place a suitable ,buns5 or solid flame burn] "u ea* ( ! fireplaces 7an iron gaspipe1 p]=at$ bel[ to avoid clogg+1 w d71 & 9 two or ?ree m9utes ! coals are 9 full blaze2 !n ! gas may be turn$ (f4 ,! writ] has us$ su* an arrangem5t 9 8 /udy = "s ye>s pa/1 & />ts 8 fire 9 full blaze 9 ?ree m9utes q indep5d5t ( all female int]f]5ce4 ,i h no d\bt t ultimately gas w altoge!r sup]s$e coal = cook+2 b ?is & all o!r sci5tific improvem5ts 9 dome/ic com=t & economy mu/ be impossible ) ! pres5t g5]ation ( un$ucat$ dome/ics1 ^: bra9s 7) few exceptions7 h become torpid & wood5 f lack ( sy/ematic ex]cise dur+ _! p]iod ( gr[?4 ,,! 8,,consumption ,,( ,,smoke40 ,a great deal has be5 spok5 & writt5 on ?is subject1 b practically no?+ has be5 done4 ,at "o "t ,i %>$ ! g5]al belief 9 its possibility1 & accord+ly exam9$ a multitude ( devices = smoke-consum+1 & tri$ sev]al ( ! mo/ promis+1 *iefly 9 furnaces = metallurgical "w1 = /eam boil]s & /ills4 ,none ( !m prov$ satisfactory1 & ,i 0 driv5 to ! conclusion t smoke-consumption is a delusion1 & fur!r1 t economical consumption ( smoke is practically impossible4 ,:5 smoke is once =m$1 ! co/ ( burn+ x f> exce$s ! value ( ! heat t is produc$ by ! combu/ion ( its v flimsy flocculi ( c>bon4 ,x is a fi5d t once rais$ _c be exorcis$1 a ,frank5/e9 t haunts its mak]1 & w n be appeas$4 ,to describe 9 detail ! _m +5i\s devices t h be5 propos$ & exp5sively pat5t$ & adv]tis$ = ?is object1 w\ld c>ry me f> beyond ! int5d$ limits ( ?is pap]4 ,i mu/ n ev5 attempt ?is = a select$ few1 z ev5 among !m !re is none t c be pron\nc$ satisfactory4 ,! common idea is t if ! smoke be c>ri$ back to ! fire t produc$ x1 & made to pass ?r\gh x aga91 a recombu/ion or consumption ( ! smoke w take place4 ,?is is a mi/ake1 z a little reflection w %[4 ,fir/1 let u ask :y did ?is p>ticul> fire produce su* smoke8 ,ev]ybody n[-a-days c answ] ?is "q1 z we all "k t smoke is a result ( imp]fect combu/ion1 &1 kn[+ ?is1 x c easily be und]/ood t to return ! c>bonic acid & excess ( c>bon to ! already suffocat$ fire c only add smo!r to smo!ration1 & make ! smoky fire m smoky /ill4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o case 9 :i* a fire appe>s to ?us consume its own smoke1 b ! appe>ance is delusive4 ,i ref] to fires light$ f above4 ,^!1 if prop]ly manag$1 are practically smokeless1 & x is commonly suppos$ t smoke passes f ! raw coal bel[ ?r\gh ! burn+ coal above1 & is !reby consum$4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t no su* smoke is =m$4 ,t :i* "u ^! conditions comes f ! coal b5ea?1 :5 gradually heat$ by ! fire above1 is combu/ible gas1 & ?is gas is burn$ z x passes ?r\gh ! fire4 ,9 ?is case ! =mation or non-=mation ( smoke dep5ds ma9ly on h[ ?is gas is burn$1 :e!r completely or incompletely4 ,if ! air suppli$ = its combu/ion is insuffici5t1 smoke w be =m$ z x is :5 we turn up an ,arg& gas-flame s high t ! gas is too great 9 proportion to ! quantity ( air t c ent] ! glass *imney4 ,h]e9 lies ! fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,we may prev5t smoke1 ?\gh we _c cure x1 & ?is prev5tion dep5ds ^u h[ we supply air to ! gas :i* ! coal gives (f :5 heat$1 & ^u ! condition ( ?is gas :5 we br+ x 9 contact ) ! air by :i* its combu/ion is to be effect$4 ,we mu/ always rememb] t coal :5 its temp]ature is suffici5tly heat$1 :e!r 9 a gas retort or fireplace1 gives (f a s]ies ( combu/ible hydroc>bon gases & vapors1 & all we h to d 9 ord] to obta9 smokeless fires is to secure ! complete combu/ion ( ^!4 ,n[ we "k t to burn a giv5 quantity ( gas we mu/ supply x ) a suffici5t quantity ( oxyg51 i4e41 ( ! active pr9ciple ( ! air2 b ?is is n all3 we all "k well en\gh t if cold coal-gas & cold air be br\ght toge!r 9 any proportion :atev] no combu/ion occurs4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat is necess>y to />t ! *emical comb9ation ( oxyg5 ) hydrog5 & c>bon1 :i* comb9ation is ! combu/ion1 or burn+4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! coal gas & ! air are br\ght toge!r "o or ! o!r1 or bo?1 mu/ be heat$ up to a c]ta9 po9t 9 ord] t ! combu/ion be complete4 ,if cold !re is no combu/ion2 if insuffici5tly heat$1 !re is imp]fect combu/ion1 h[ev] well ! supplies may be regulat$4 ,a v simple exp]im5t t anybody may make illu/rates ?is4 ,:5 an ord9>y op5 fire is burn+ brightly & cle>ly )\t flame1 ?r[ a few small pieces ( raw coal into ! mid/ ( ! gl[+ coals4 ,!y w flame fi]cely1 b )\t smok+4 ,!n ?r[ a heap ( coal or "o l>ge lump on a simil> fire4 ,n[ y w h d5se volumes ( smoke1 & little or no flame1 simply because ! cool+ action ( ! l>ge bulk ( coal 9 ! c\rse ( di/illation br+s ! temp]ature ( its gases bel[ t requir$ = _! complete combu/ion4 ,?is simple exp]im5t supplies a mo/ important practical lesson1 z well z a philosophical example4 ,! be/ ( all smoke-abatem5t ma*9es is an intellig5t & consci5ti\s /ok]1 & e contrivance = smoke abatem5t mu/1 9 ord] to be effici5t1 ei!r be f$ by su* a /ok] or provid$ ) "s automatic arrangem5t by :i* ! app>atus itself does ! "w ( su* a /ok] by supply+ ! fre% fuel j :5 & :]e x is want$4 ,corni% exp]i5ce is v in/ructive 9 ?is respect4 ,! eng9es t pump ! wat] f ! m9es d a def9itely measurable am\nt ( "w1 & are made to regi/] ?is4 ,! /ok] is a skill$ workman1 & prizes are giv5 to ^? :o obta9 ! l>ge/ am\nt ( 8duty0 f giv5 eng9es p] ton ( coal consum$4 ,in/ead ( pit*+ 8 coal 9 anyh[1 cramm+ 8 fire-hole1 & !n sitt+ d[n to sleep or smoke 9 company ) 8 *imney1 ! ,corni%1 or o!r good fireman1 fe$s little & (t51 & deftly spr9kles ! cont5ts ( 8 %ovel j :]e ! fire is ! brighte/ & ! hotte/1 & ! b>s are ! lea/ ?ickly cov]$4 ,! result is rem>kable4 ,a colli]y proprietor ( ,s\? ,/af=d%ire 0 visit+ ,cornwall1 & w5t ) a fri5d to see 8 works4 ,on approa*+ ! eng9e-h\se & see+ a :itewa%$ %aft ) no smoke issu+ f its m\?1 he express$ 8 disappo9tm5t at f9d+ t ! eng9e 0 n at "w4 ,to all :o h be5 accu/om$ to ! 8,black ,c\ntry10 :]e coal is s %amefully wa/$ because x is *eap1 ! tall clean :itewa%$ %afts ( ,cornwall1 all s smokeless1 pres5t q an a/oni%+ appe>ance4 ,?is is n a result ( 8smoke-consum+0 app>atus1 b ma9ly ( c>eful fir+4 ,x 0 9 ! fir/ place promot$ by ! high price ( coal due to ! co/ ( c>riage be=e ! ,corni% railways 7 con/ruct$1 & x br\ght ab\t a curi\s result4 ,horse-p[] = horse-p[] ! co/ ( fuel = work+ ,corni% pump+ eng9es has be5 br\ght bel[ t ( pump+ eng9es 9 ! places :]e ! price ( coal p] ton 0 less ?an "o-half4 ,ano!r coal fam9e t %\ld raise ! price ( coal 9 ,london to #fjs4 p] ton1 & keep x !re = two or ?ree ye>s1 w\ld effect m smoke abatem5t ?an we c hope to result f ! pres5t & _m future ,s\? ,k5s+ton ef=ts4 ,i ne$ sc>cely dwell ^u ! necessity = a due supply ( air4 ,?is is well und]/ood by ev]ybody4 ,an ov] supply ( air does mis*ief1 by c>ry+ away wa/efully a proportionate quantity ( heat4 ,! wa/e due to ?is is sometimes v s]i\s4 ,aft] review+ all t has be5 done1 ! conclusion t ,london _c become a clean1 smokeless1 & beautiful city1 s long z we are dep5d5t ^u op5 fire-grates ( any?+ l ord9>y con/ruction1 & f$ ) bitum9\s coal1 is inevitable4 ,! g5]al use ( an?racite w\ld effect ! desir$ *ange1 b !re is no hope ( its becom+ g5]al )\t legislative compulsion1 & ,engli%m5 w n submit to ?is4 ,"o ( ! mo/ hopeful s*emes is t :i* 0 prop\nd$ a %ort "t s9ce by ,mr4 ,scott ,moncrieff4 ,in/ead ( receiv+ our coal 9 its crude /ate he proposes t we %\ld h its smoke-produc+ con/itu5ts remov$ be=e x is deliv]$ to u2 t x %\ld be made into a sort ( artificial semi-an?racite at ! gas-works by a process ( half di/illation1 :i* w\ld take away n all ! flam+ gas z at pres5t1 b t portion :i* is by f> ! ri*e/ to ! gas-mak] & ! mo/ unmanageable 9 common fires4 ,we %\ld ?us h a mat]ial :i*1 in/ead ( be+ s difficult to light z coke & an?racite1 w\ld light m easily ?an crude coal1 & at ! same "t our gas w\ld h f> great] illum9at+ p[]1 z x w\ld all be drawn (f dur+ ! e>ly p]iod ( di/illation1 :5 x is at its ri*e/4 ,f a giv5 quality ( coal ! diff]5ce w\ld be z tw5ty-f\r c&les to sixte54 ,! ammonia :i* we n[ ?r[ into ! air1 ! naph?a & coal-t> products1 :i* we wa/e1 are s valuable t !y w\ld pay all ! exp5ses at ! gas-works & leave a h&some pr(it4 ,we %\ld ?us get gas s mu* bett] t two burn]s w\ld d ! "w n[ obta9$ f ?ree4 ,we %\ld get all we require = light+ purposes & pl5ty m = heat+2 ! int]m$iate pr(its ( ! coal m]*ant w\ld be aboli%$1 & our solid fuel ( f> bett] quality c\ld be suppli$ tw5ty or ?irty p] c5t *eap] ?an at pres5t1 provid$ always t ! gas monopoly 7 aboli%$1 8a consummation mo/ dev\tly to be wi%$ =40 ,mr4 ,moncrieff 7:o br\ght =w>d 8 s*eme )\t any company-mong]+1 or claims = pat5t rights7 e/imates ! sav+ to ,london at #b1abe1jjj p] annum1 ov] & above ! f> great] sav+ t w\ld result f ! abolition ( smoke4 ,9 connection ) ?is s*eme ,i may m5tion a fact t has n be5 hi!rto not$1 viz41 t we h p]=ce & unconsci\sly done a little 9 ?is direction already4 ,=m]ly ,london 0 suppli$ almo/ exclusively ) 8,walls5d0 & o!r sea-borne coals ( a highly bitum9\s composition--s(t coals t fus$ 9 ! grate & cak$ toge!r4 ,p>tly ow+ to exhau/ion ( ! seams1 & p>tly to ! competition ( railway transit1 we n[ obta9 a l>ge proportion ( h>d coal f ! ,midl&s4 ,?is is less smoky & less sooty1 & h5ce ! ,metropolitan smoke nuisance has n increas$ q z greatly z ! population4 ,b ,i w n[ conclude by repeat+ t :atev] s*eme be *os51 8smoke abatem5t0 is to be a*iev$1 n by smoke-consumption1 b by smoke-prev5tion4 ,,! ,,air ,,( ,,/ove-,,heat$ ,,rooms4 ,:atev] op9ions may be =m$ ( ! m]its ( ! exhibits at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 "o result is unque/ionable--! exhibition itself has done mu* 9 direct+ public att5tion to ! v important subject ( economiz+ fuel & ! dim9ution ( smoke4 ,we sorely ne$ "s lessons4 ,our national progress 9 ?is direction has be5 simply contemptible1 s f> z dome/ic fireplaces are conc]n$4 ,to prove ?is we ne$ only turn back to ! essays ( ,b5jam9 ,?ompson1 ,c\nt ( ,rum=d1 publi%$ 9 ,london j eighty ye>s ago1 & f9d !re9 ne>ly all t ! ,smoke ,abatem5t ,exhibition ought to tea* u1 bo? 9 !ory & practice--lessons :i* all our progress s9ce #ahjb1 plus ! be/ exhibits at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 we h yet to le>n4 ,?is small progress 9 dome/ic heat+ is ! m rem>kable :5 contra/$ ) ! great /rides we h made 9 ! con/ruction & work+ ( eng9e]+ & metallurgical furnaces1 ! mo/ important ( :i* is display$ 9 ! ,siem5s reg5]ative furnace4 ,a climax to ?is contra/ is af=d$ by a spee* made by ,dr4 ,siem5s himself1 9 :i* he def5ds our dome/ic b>b>isms ) all ! cons]vative inconv9cibility ( a born & br$ ,engli%man1 9 spite ( 8 ,g]man nationality4 ,! spee* to :i* ,i ref] is report$ 9 ! 8,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts10 ,decemb] #i1 #ahha1 & conta9s "s curi\s fallacies1 probably due to its extemporane\s "*2 b z !y h be5 quot$ & adopt$ n only 9 political & lit]>y j\rnals1 b also by a magaz9e ( su* high sci5tific /&+ z ,nature 7see editorial article ,janu>y #e1 #ahhb1 p4 #bai71 !y are likely to mislead _m4 ,hav+ already1 9 my 8,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,inv5tion1 etc410 & 9 o!r places1 express$ my great respect = ,dr4 ,siem5s & 8 b5efactions to ,briti% indu/ry1 ! _s 9 :i* ! foll[+ pla9-spok5 criticism is made w n1 ,i hope1 be misund]/ood ei!r by ! read]s ( 8,k0 or by ,dr4 ,siem5s himself4 ,i may fur!r add t ,i am animat$ by a deadly hatr$ ( our b>b>\s practice ( wa/+ preci\s coal by burn+ x 9 iron fire-baskets half buri$ 9 holes )9 brick walls1 & "u %afts t c>ry #hj or #ij p] c5t ( its heat to ! cl\ds2 t pollute ! atmosph]e ( our t[ns1 & make all _! ar*itecture hide\s2 t r5d] sci5tific & effici5t v5tilation ( our h\ses impossible2 t promote rheumatism1 neuralgia1 *ilbla9s1 pulmon>y diseases1 bron*itis1 & all ! o!r 8ills t fle% is heir to0 :5 roa/$ on "o side & cold-bla/$ on ! o!r2 t ,i am s rabid on ?is subject1 t if ,dr4 ,siem5s1 ,sir ,f4 ,bramwell1 & all o!rs :o def5d ?is ,engli% abom9ation1 7 giant w9dmills 9 full rotation1 ,i w\ld emulate ! valor ( my *ivalric pr$ecessor1 :atev] might be ! p]sonal consequ5ces4 ,dr4 ,siem5s /at$ t ! op5 fireplace 8communicates absolutely no heat to ! air ( ! room1 because air1 be+ a p]fectly transp>5t m$ium1 ! rays ( heat pass clean ?r\gh x40 ,"h is an initial mi/ake4 ,x is true t air :i* has be5 artificially depriv$ ( all its aque\s vapor is ?us completely p]meable by heat rays1 b su* is f> f be+ ! case ) ! wat] x conta9s4 ,?is absorbs a notable am\nt ev5 ( bright sol> rays1 & a f> great] proportion ( ! heat rays f a comp>atively obscure s\rce1 su* z ! r$-hot coals & flame ( a common fire4 ,tyndall has prov$ t #h to #aj p] c5t ( all ! heat radiat+ f su* a s\rce z a common fire is absorb$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh only #e feet ( air 9 its ord9>y condition1 ! v>iation dep5d+ ^u its degree ( saturation ) aque\s vapor4 ,/>t+ ) ! errone\s assumption t ! rays ( heat pass 8clean ?r\gh0 ! air ( ! room1 ,dr4 ,siem5s w5t on to say t ! op5 fireplace 8gives heat only by heat+ ! walls1 ceil+1 & furniture1 & "h is ! great advantage ( ! op5 fire20 &1 fur!r1 t 8if ! air 9 ! room 7 hott] ?an ! walls1 cond5sation w\ld take place on !m1 & mildew & f]m5tation ( v>i\s k9ds w\ld be eng5d]$2 :]eas1 if ! air 7 cool] ?an ! walls1 ! latt] mu/ be absolutely dry40 ,^u ^! assumptions1 ,dr4 ,siem5s condemns /eam-pipes & /oves1 hot-air pipes1 & all o!r me?ods ( directly heat+ ! air ( ap>tm5ts1 & !reby mak+ x w>m] ?an 7 ! walls1 ! ceil+1 & furniture :5 ! process ( w>m+ comm5c$4 ,x is q true t /oves1 /ove-pipes1 hot-air pipes1 /eam-pipes1 etc41 d ?is2 !y raise ! temp]ature ( ! air directly by convection1 i4e41 by w>m+ ! film ( air 9 contact ) _! surfaces1 :i* film1 ?us heat$ & exp&$1 rises t[>ds ! ceil+1 &1 on its way1 w>ms ! air ar\nd x1 & !n is foll[$ by o!r simil>ly-heat$ asc5d+ films4 ,:5 we make a hole 9 ! wall1 & burn our coals )9 su* cavity1 ?is convection proce$s up ! *imney 9 company ) ! smoke4 ,b is ,dr4 ,siem5s "r 9 say+ t ! air ( a room1 rais$ by convection above its orig9al temp]ature1 & above t ( ! walls1 deposits any ( its moi/ure on ^! walls8 ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ v positively t he is cle>ly & demon/rably wrong2 t no su* cond5sation c possibly take place "u ! circum/ances4 ,suppose1 = illu/ration sake1 t we />t ) a room ( :i* ! air & walls are at ! freez+ po9t1 #cb ,f41 be=e artificial heat+ 7any o!r temp]ature w d71 &1 to give ,dr4 ,siem5s e advantage1 we w fur!r suppose t ! air is fully saturat$ ) aque\s vapor1 i4e41 j 9 ! condition at :i* "s ( its wat] might be cond5s$4 ,su* cond5sation1 h[ev]1 c only take place by cool+ ! air bel[ #cb1 & unless ! walls or ceil+ or furniture are capable ( do+ ?is !y _c receive any moi/ure due to su* cond5sation1 or1 9 o!r words1 !y mu/ fall bel[ #cb 9 ord] to obta9 x by cool+ ! film 9 contact ) !m4 ,( c\rse ,dr4 ,siem5s w n ass]t t ! /oves or /eam-pipes 7enclos+ ! /eam1 ( c\rse71 or ! hot-air or hot-wat] pipes1 w l[] ! absolute temp]ature ( ! walls by heat+ ! air 9 ! room4 ,b if ! air is heat$ m rapidly ?an are ! walls1 etc41 ! relative temp]ature ( ^! w be l[]4 ,w cond5sation ( moi/ure !n foll[1 z ,dr4 ,siem5s affirms8 ,let u suppose t ! air ( ! room is rais$ f #cj to #ej by convection purely2 ref]5ce to tables bas$ on ! rese>*es ( ,regnault1 %[s t at #cb ! quantity ( vapor requir$ to saturate ! air is suffici5t to support a column ( #jahb in* ( m]cury1 :ile at #ej x am\nts to #jcfa1 or ne>ly d\ble4 ,?us ! air1 in/ead ( be+ 9 a condition ( giv+ away its moi/ure to ! walls1 has become ?ir/y1 or 9 a condition to take moi/ure away f !m if !y are at all damp4 ,?is is ! case :e!r ! walls rema9 at #cb or are rais$ to any high] temp]ature %ort ( t ( ! air4 ,?us ! action ( close /oves & ( hot surfaces or pipes ( any k9d is exactly ! opposite ( t attribut$ to !m by ,dr4 ,siem5s4 ,!y dry ! air1 !y dry ! walls1 !y dry ! ceil+1 !y dry ! furniture & ev]y?+ else 9 ! h\se4 ,9 our climate1 especially 9 ! infam\s j]ry-built h\ses ( suburban ,london1 ?is is a great advantage4 ,dr4 ,siem5s /ates 8 ,am]ican exp]i5ce1 & d5\nces su* heat+ by convection because ! close /oves !re made him uncom=table4 ,?is 0 due to ! fact t ! w9t] atmosph]e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is v dry1 ev5 :5 at z]o4 ,b air1 :5 rais$ f #j to #fj1 acquires ab\t twelve times its orig9al capacity = wat]4 ,! air ?us simply heat$ is desiccat$1 & x desiccates ev]y?+ 9 contact ) x1 especially ! human body4 ,! lank & %rivel$ aspect ( ! typical ,yankee is1 ,i believe1 due to ?is4 ,he is a desiccat$ ,engli%man1 & we %\ld all gr[ l him if our climate 7 z dry z 84#cj ,! great fires t deva/ate ! cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates appe> to me to be due to ?is g5]al desiccation ( all build+ mat]ials1 r5d]+ !m readily inflammable & ! flames difficult ( ext9ction4 ,:5 an undesiccat$ ,engli%man1 or a ,g]man end[$ ) a :olesome ,john ,bull rotundity1 is expos$ to ?is sup]dri$ air1 he is subject$ to an am\nt ( bodily evaporation t mu/ be p]ceptible & unpleasant4 ,! disagreeable s5sation exp]i5c$ by ,dr4 ,siem5s 9 ! /ove-heat$ railway c>s1 etc41 7 probably due to ?is4 ,an ,engli% h\se1 envelop$ 9 a foggy atmosph]e1 & encas$ 9 damp surr\nd+s1 especially requires /ove-heat+1 & ! mo/ invet]ate wor%ip]s ( our national dome/ic feti%1 ! op5 grate1 inv>iably pref] a /ove or hot-pipe-heat$ room1 :5 !y are unconsci\s ( ! s\rce ( heat1 & _! prejudice hoodw9k$4 ,i h obs]v$ ?is cont9ually1 & h (t5 be5 amus$ at ! inconsi/5cy ?us display$4 ,= example1 "o ev5+ ,i _h a w>m conte/ ) a lady1 :o repeat$ ! usual praises ( a *e]ful blaze1 etc41 etc4 ,on call+ aft]w>ds1 on a bitt] sn[y morn+1 ,i f\nd h] & h] daught]s sitt+ at "w 9 ! billi>d-room1 & ask$ !m :y4 8,because x is s w>m & com=table40 ,?is room 0 heat$ by an eight-in* /eam-pipe1 runn+ ar\nd & "u ! table1 to prev5t ! undue cool+ ( ! indi>ubb] cu%ions1 & ?us ! room 0 w>m$ f ! middle1 & equally & mod]ately ?r\gh\t4 ,! l>ge reception-room1 ) blaz+ fire1 0 scor*+ on "o side1 & freez+ on ! o!r1 at t "t 9 ! morn+4 ,! p]meability ( ill-con/ruct$ iron /oves to poison\s c>bonic oxide1 :i* riddles ?r\gh r$-hot iron1 is a real evil1 b easily obviat$ by prop] l9+1 ,! frizzl+ ( p>ticles ( organic matt]1 ( :i* we he> s mu*1 is--if x really does occur--highly advantage\s1 see+ t x mu/ de/roy organic poison-g]ms4 ,"u "s conditions1 ! w>m air ( a room does deposit moi/ure on its cool] walls4 ,?is happ5s 9 *ur*es1 conc]t-rooms1 etc41 :5 !y are b occasionally us$ 9 w9t] "t1 & ma9ly w>m$ by animal heat1 by congregational emanations ( brea?-vapor1 & p]spiration--i4e41 ) w>m air sup]saturat$ ) vapor4 ,also1 :5 we h a sudd5 *ange f dry1 fro/y wea!r to w>m & humid4 ,!n our walls may be /ream+ ) cond5s$ wat]4 ,su* cases 7 probably 9 ! m9d ( ,dr4 ,siem5s :5 he spoke2 b !y are q diff]5t f /ove-heat+ or pipe-heat+1 :i* increase ! vapor capacity ( ! heat$ air1 )\t supply+ ! dem& x creates4 ,,v5tilation ,,by ,,op5 ,,fireplaces4 ,! mo/ /ubborn ( all errors are ^? :i* h be5 acquir$ by a sort ( inh]itance1 :i* h pass$ dogmatically f fa!r to son1 or1 /ill worse1 f "m to daught]4 ,!y may become sup]/itions )\t any !ological "*4 ,! idea t ! wea!r *anges ) ! moon1 t w9d 8keeps (f ! ra910 are physical sup]/itions 9 all cases :]e !y are bl9dly accept$ & promulgat$ )\t any exam9ation ( evid5ce4 ,! idea t our op5 fireplaces are necess>y = v5tilation is "o ( ^! physical sup]/itions1 :i* is produc+ an incalculable am\nt ( physical mis*ief ?r\gh\t ,brita94 ,a little rational reflection on ! natural & necess>y movem5ts ( our h\sehold atmosph]es demon/rates at once t ?is dogma is n only baseless1 b actually expresses ! opposite ( ! tru?4 ,i ?9k ,i %all be able to %[ 9 :at foll[s1 #a/1 t !y d no useful v5tilation2 &1 #b;d1 t !y r5d] sy/ematic & really effective v5tilation practically impossible4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t :5 air is heat$ x exp&s l>gely1 becomes light]1 bulk = bulk1 ?an o!r air ( l[] temp]ature2 & !re=e1 if two portions ( air ( unequal temp]atures1 & free to move1 are 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 ! cold] w fl[ "u ! w>m]1 & pu% x upw>ds4 ,! latt] po/ulate mu/ be kept di/9ctly 9 view1 = ! ris+ ( w>m air is too commonly reg>d$ z due to "s direct upris+ activity or skyw>d aff9ity ( its own1 in/ead ( be+ und]/ood z an indirect result ( gravitation4 ,x is ! d[nfall+ ( ! cool] air t causes ! upris+ ( ! w>m]4 ,n[1 let u see :at1 9 accordance ) ! above-/at$ simple laws1 mu/ happ5 9 an ord9>y ,engli% ap>tm5t t is fitt$1 z usual1 ) "o or m w9d[s m or less leaky1 & "o or m doors 9 l condition1 & a hole 9 ! wall 9 :i* coal is burn+ 9 an iron cage imm$iately b5ea? a %aft t rises to ! top ( ! h\se1 ! fire-hole itself hav+ an extreme height ( only #bd to #cj in*es above ! floor1 all ! *imney above ?is height be+ entirely clos$4 7,i f9d by measurem5t t #bd in*es is ! usual height ( ! upp] edge ( ! *imney op5+ ( an ord9>y 8regi/]0 /ove4 ,old f>m-h\se fireplaces are op5 to ! mantlepiece47 ,n[1 :at happ5s :5 a heap ( coal is burn+ 9 ?is hole8 ,"s ( ! heat--f #aj to #bj p] c5t1 accord+ to ! con/ruction ( ! grate--is radiat$ into ! room1 ! re/ is convey$ by an asc5d+ curr5t ( air up ! *imney4 ,z ?is asc5d+ curr5t is r5d]$ visible by ! smoke entangl$ ) x1 no fur!r demon/ration ( its exi/5ce is ne$$4 ,b h[ is x pu%$ up ! *imney8 ,evid5tly by cool] air1 t fl[s into ! room f some:]e1 & :i* cool] air mu/ get "u x 9 ord] to lift x4 ,9 ord9>y rooms ?is supply ( air is entirely dep5d5t ^u _! defective con/ruction--bad jo9]y2 x ent]s only by ! crevices surr\nd+ ! ill-fitt+ w9d[s & doors1 no specially design$ op5+ be+ made = x4 ,usually ! *ief inlet is ! space "u ! door1 ?r\gh :i* p\rs a rivulet ( cold air1 t spreads out z a lake ^u ! floor4 ,?is may easily be prov$ by hold+ a light$ tap] 9 front ( ! bottom door-*9k :5 ! w9d[ & o!r door--if any--are clos$1 & ! fire is burn+ briskly4 ,at ! same "t m or less ( cold air is p\r$ 9 at ! top & ! side spaces ( ! door & ?r\gh ! w9d[-*9ks4 ,! proportion ( air ent]+ by ^! dep5ds ^u ! capacity ( ! bottom door-*9k4 ,if ?is is l>ge en\gh x w d ne>ly all ! "w1 o!rwise e o!r possible leakage1 includ+ ! key-hole1 contributes4 ,b :at is ! pa? ( ! air :i* ent]s by ^! high] level op5+s8 ,! answ] to ?is is suppli$ at once by ! fact t su* air be+ cold] ?an t ( ! room1 x mu/ fall imm$iately x ent]s4 ,! rivulet "u ! door is ?us supplem5t$ by cascades p\r+ d[n f ! top & sides ( ! door & ! top & sides ( ! w9d[s1 all be+ tribut>ies to ! lake ( cold air cov]+ ! floor4 ,! next "q to be consid]$ is1 :at is ! dep? ( ?is lake8 ,9 ?is1 z 9 e o!r su* accumulation ( ei!r air or wat]1 ! level ( ! upp] surface ( ! lake is det]m9$ by t ( its outlet4 ,! outlet 9 ?is case is ! *imney hole1 ?r\gh :i* all ! ov]fl[ p\rs upw>ds2 &1 !re=e1 ! surface ( ! fl[+ /ratum ( cold air corresponds ) ! upp] "p ( ! *imney hole1 or ( ! regi/]1 :]e regi/] /oves are us$4 ,bel[ ?is level !re is abundant v5tilation1 above x !re is none4 ,! cat t sits on ! he>?-rug has an abundant supply ( fre% air1 & if we _h tra*eal brea?+ ap]tures all d[n ! sides ( our bodies1 z cat]pill>s h1 ^? on our l[] extremities might enjoy ! v5tilation4 ,if we squatt$ on ! gr\nd l savages some?+ might be said = ! fire-hole v5tilator4 ,b z we are addict$ to sitt+ on *airs t raise our brea?+ app>atus consid]ably above ! level ( ! top ( ! regi/]1 ! maximum effici5cy ( ! fl[ ( cold air 9 ! lake bel[ is express$ by ! preval5ce ( *ilbla9s & rheumatism4#ca ,! atmosph]e 9 :i* our heads are imm]s$ is practically /agnant2 ! radiations f ! fire1 plus ! animal heat f our bodies1 j w>m x suffici5tly to enable ! cool ent]+ air to pu% x upw>ds above ! *imney outlet & ! surface ( ! l[] mov+ /ratum1 & to keep x !re 9 a condition ( /agnation4 ,if anybody d\bts ! correctness ( ?is description1 he has only to sit 9 an ord9>y ,engli% room :]e a good fire is burn+--! doors & w9d[s clos$1 z usual--& !n to bl[ a cl\d by means ( pipe1 cig>1 or by burn+ br[n pap] or o!rwise1 :5 ! movem5ts bel[ & ! /agnation above1 :i* ,i h describ$1 w be r5d]$ visible4 ,if !re is nobody mov+ ab\t to /ir ! air1 & ! exp]im5t is fairly made1 ! level ( ! cool lake bel[ w be di/9ctly %[n by ! cle>+ away ( ! smoke up to ! level ( ! top ( ! regi/] op5+1 t[>ds :i* x may be se5 to sweep4 ,above ?is ! smoke-wrea?s w rema9 m]ely wav+ ab\t1 ) slight movem5ts due to ! small inequalities ( temp]ature caus$ by ! fraction ( heat radiat$ into ! room f ! front ( ! fire4 ,^! movem5ts are *iefly develop$ ne> ! door & w9d[s1 :]e ! above-m5tion$ cascades are fall+1 & aga9/ ! walls & furniture1 :]e feeble convection curr5ts are ris+1 due to ! radiant heat absorb$ by _! surfaces4 ,! /agnation is ! mo/ complete ab\t ! middle ( ! room1 :]e !re is ! greate/ bulk ( vacant airspace4 ,:5 ! inlet "u ! door is ( consid]able dim5sions1 !re may be "s escape ( w>m] upp] air at ! top ( ! w9d[s1 if _! fitt+ is correspond+ly defective4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are m]e accid5ts2 !y are n a "p ( ! vaunt$ *imney-hole v5tilation1 b int]f]5ces ) x4 ,!re is ano!r exp]im5t t illu/rates ! abs5ce ( v5tilation 9 su* rooms :]e gas is burn+4 ,x is t ( susp5d+ a can>y 9 a cage ne> ! ro(4 ,b ?is is cruel2 x kills ! bird4 ,x w\ld be a m satisfactory exp]im5t to sub/itute = ! can>y-bird any w+less bip$ :o1 aft] read+ ! above1 /ill ma9ta9s t our fire-holes are effective v5tilators4 ,n only are ! fire-holes wor?less & mis*iev\s v5tilators !mselves1 b !y r5d] effici5t v5tilation by any o!r means practically impossible4 ,! 8,arnott's v5tilator0 t we sometimes see appli$ to ! upp] "p ( *imneys is m>r$ 9 its action by ! gre$y 8draught0 bel[4 ,! tall *imney-%aft1 ) a fire burn+ imm$iately bel[ x1 dom9ates all ! atmosph]ic movem5t 9 ! h\se1 unless ano!r & m p[]ful upca/ %aft be some:]e else 9 communication ) ! ap>tm5ts4 ,b 9 ?is case ! orig9al or ord9>y *imney w\ld be conv]t$ into a d[nca/ %aft p\r+ air d[nw>ds into ! room1 in/ead ( c>ry+ x away upw>ds4 ,i ne$ n describe ! sort ( v5tilation ?us obta9able :ile ! fire is burn+ & smok+4 ,effective sanit>y v5tilation %\ld supply g5tle & uni=mly-diffus$ curr5ts ( air ( mod]ate & equal temp]ature ?r\gh\t ! h\se4 ,we talk a great deal ab\t ! climate "h & ! climate !re2 & :5 we gr[ old1 & c af=d x1 we move to ,b\rnem\?1 ,torquay1 ,m5tone1 ,nice1 ,algi]s1 etc41 = bett] climates1 =gett+ all ! :ile t ! climate 9 :i* we practically live is n t out-(-doors1 b ! indoor climate ( our dwell+s1 ! :i*1 9 a prop]ly con/ruct$ h\se1 may be regulat$ to correspond to t ( any latitude we may *oose4 ,i ma9ta9 t ! v fir/ /ep t[>ds ! be/ atta9able approximation to ?is 9 our exi/+ h\ses is to brick up1 cem5t up1 or o!rwise completely /op up1 all our exi/+ fire-holes1 & aboli% all our exi/+ fires4 ,b :at next8 ,! reply to ?is w be f\nd 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,dome/ic ,,v5tilation4 ,a ,,lesson ,,f ,,! ,,coal-,,pits4 ,we require 9 our h\ses an artificial temp]ate climate :i* %all be uni=m ?r\gh\t1 & at ! same "t we ne$ a g5tle movem5t ( air t %all supply ! requirem5ts ( respiration )\t any gu/s1 or draughts1 or alt]nations ( temp]ature4 ,ev]ybody w admit t ^! are fundam5tal desid]ata1 b :oev] does s becomes !reby a d5\nc] ( op5-grate fireplaces1 & ( e sy/em ( heat+ :i* is dep5d5t on any k9d ( /oves ) fuel burn+ 9 ! rooms t are to be inhabit$4 ,all su* devices conc5trate ! heat 9 "o "p ( ea* room1 & dem& ! admission ( cold air f "s o!r "p or p>ts1 !reby violat+ ! prim>y condition ( uni=m temp]ature4 ,! usual proce$+ effects a specially outrage\s violation ( ?is1 z ,i %[$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,i might h add$ dome/ic cleanl9ess among ! desid]ata2 b 9 ! matt] ( fireplaces1 ! true-born ,briton1 9 spite ( 8 fa/idi\sness 9 respect to %irt-coll>s1 etc41 is a devot$ wor%ip] ( dirt4 ,no matt] h[ elegant 8 draw+-room1 he mu/ defile x ) a coal-scuttle1 ) dirty coals1 pok]1 %ovel1 & tongs1 dirty a%-pit1 dirty c9d]s1 a%es1 & du/1 & he mu/ amuse himself by do+ ! dirty "w ( a /ok] t[>ds 8 8*e]ful1 companionable1 pokeable0 op5 fire4 ,x is evid5t t1 9 ord] to completely fulfil ! fir/-nam$ requirem5ts1 we mu/1 9 w9t]1 supply our model resid5ce ) fre% artificially-w>m$ air1 & 9 summ] ) fre% cool air4 ,h[ is ?is to be done8 ,an approa* to a practical solution is af=d$ by exam9+ :at is actually done "u circum/ances :]e ! v5tilation problem pres5ts ! greate/ possible difficulties1 & :]e1 nev]!less1 ^! difficulties h be5 effectually ov]come4 ,su* a case is pres5t$ by a deep coal m9e4 ,"h we h a little work+ _w1 inhabit$ by m5 & horses1 deep 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 f> away f ! air t mu/ be suppli$ 9 suffici5t quantities1 n only to ov]come ! vitiation due to _! own brea?+1 b also to sweep out ! deadly gase\s emanations f ! coal itself4 ,imag9e y\r dwell+-h\se buri$ a qu>t] ( a mile ( p]p5dicul> dep? bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?1 & its walls giv+ (f suffocat+ & explosive gases 9 su* quantities t /eady & abundant v5tilation %all be a matt] ( life or dea?1 & t 9 spite ( ?is x is made s f> habitable t m5 :o sp5d half _! days !re reta9 robu/ heal? & live to gre5 old age1 & t horses aft] rema9+ !re day & night = _m mon?s actually improve 9 condition4 ,imag9e1 fur!r1 t ! h\se ?us v5tilat$ has "s hundr$s ( small1 v l[-ro($ rooms1 & a sy/em ( passages or corridors ) an unit$ l5g? ( _m miles1 & t its inhabitants c\nt by hundr$s4 ,su* dwell+s be+ ?us v5tilat$ & r5d]$ habitable = man & bea/1 x is idle to dispute ! practical possibility ( supply+ fre% air ( any giv5 temp]ature to a m]e box ( brick or /one1 /&+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! atmosph]e1 & conta9+ b a few passages & ap>tm5ts4 ,! problem is solv$ 9 ! coal-pit by simply & skilfully controll+ & direct+ ! natural movem5ts ( unequally-heat$ volumes ( air4 ,complex me*anical devices = =c+ ! v5tilation by means ( gigantic fan-:eels1 etc41 or by /eam-jets1 h be5 tri$1 & are n[ g5]ally ab&on$4 ,an inlet & an outlet are provid$1 & no air is all[$ to pass inw>ds or outw>ds by any o!r c\rse ?an t :i* has be5 pre-arrang$ = ! purposes ( effici5t v5tilation4 ,i place especial emphasis on ?is condition1 believ+ t its sy/ematic violation is ! prim>y cause ( ! bungl+ muddle ( our dome/ic v5tilation4 ,let u suppose t we are go+ to op5 a coal-pit to m9e ! coal on a c]ta9 e/ate4 ,we fir/ asc]ta9 ! 8dip0 ( ! seam1 or its deviation f horizontality1 & !n />t at ! l[e/ "p1 n1 z "s suppose1 at t "p ne>e/ to ! surface4 ,! reason = ?is is obvi\s on a little reflection1 = if we began at ! %all[e/ "p ( an ord9>y wat]-be>+ /ratum we %\ld h to drive d[n "u wat]2 b1 by beg9n+ at ! l[e/ "p & driv+ upw>ds1 we c at once =m a 8sumpf10 or bottom receptacle1 to receive ! dra9age1 & f :i* ! accumulat$ wat] may be pump$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only by ! way1 & n directly connect$ ) our ma9 subject1 ! v5tilation4 ,9 ord] to secure ?is1 ! mod]n practice is to s9k two pits1 8a pair10 z !y are call$1 side by side1 at any conv5i5t di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,if !y are deep1 x becomes necess>y to comm5ce v5tilation ( ! m]e %afts !mselves 9 ! c\rse ( s9k+4 ,?is is done by driv+ an air-way--a horizontal tunnel f "o to ! o!r1 & !n e/abli%+ an 8upca/0 9 "o ( !m by simply light+ a fire !re4 ,?is de/roys ! balance betwe5 ! two communicat+ columns ( air2 ! cool] column 9 ! %aft )\t a fire1 be+ heavi]1 falls aga9/ ! light] column1 & pu%es x up j z ! air is pu%$ up "o leg ( an ,u tube :5 we p\r wat] d[n ! o!r4 ,ev5 9 ?is prelim9>y "w1 if ! pits are s deep t m ?an "o air-way is driv51 x is necess>y to /op ! upp] ways & leave only ! l[e/ op51 9 ord] t ! v5tilation %all n take a %ort & useless cut1 z x does up our fireplace op5+s4 ,let u n[ suppose t ! pair ( pits are sunk d[n to ! seam1 ) a fur!r ext5sion bel[ to =m ! wat] sumpf4 ,!re are two *ief modes ( work+ a coal-seam3 ! 8pill> & /all0 & ! 8long wall10 or m mod]n sy/em4 ,= pres5t illu/ration1 ,i select ! latt] z ! simple/ 9 respect to v5tilation4 ,?is me?od1 z ord9>ily work$1 consi/s ess5tially 9 fir/ driv+ roads ?r\gh ! coal1 f ! pits to ! out] b\nd>y ( ! area to be work$1 !n cutt+ a cross road t %all connect ^!1 !reby expos+ a 8long wall0 ( coal1 :i*1 9 work+1 is gradually cut away t[>ds ! pits1 ! ro( rema9+ beh9d be+ all[$ to fall 94 ,let u beg9 to d ?is by driv+1 fir/ ( all1 two ma9 roads1 "o f ea* pit4 ,x is evid5t t z we proce$ 9 su* burr[+1 we %all pres5tly f9d ourselves 9 a cul de sac s f> away f ! out] air t suffocation is ?reat5$4 ,?is w be equally ! case ) bo? roads4 ,let u n[ drive a cross-cut f ! end ( ea* ma9 road1 & ?us e/abli% a communication f ! d[nca/ %aft ?r\gh its road1 !n ?r\gh ! drift to ! upca/ road & pit4 ,b 9 ord] t ! air %all take ?is r\ndab\t c\rse1 we mu/ close ! direct drift t we previ\sly made betwe5 ! two %afts1 or x w proce$ by t %ort] & easi] c\rse4 ,n[ we %all h air ?r\gh\t bo? our ma9 roads1 & we may drive on fur!r1 until we are aga9 /opp$ by approximate suffocation4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 we make ano!r cross-cut1 b 9 ord] t x may act we mu/ /op ! fir/ "o4 ,s we g on until we rea* ! work+1 & !n ! long wall itself becomes ! cross communication1 & ?r\gh ?is work+-gall]y ! air sweeps freely & effectually4 ,9 ! above ,i h only consid]$ ! simple/ possible elem5ts ( ! problem4 ,! practical coal-pit 9 full work+ has a multitude ( int]v5+ passages & 8splits10 :]e ! ma9 curr5t f ! d[nca/ is divid$1 9 ord] to proce$ ?r\gh ! v>i\s /reets & lanes ( ! subt]ranean t[n z may be requir$1 & ^! divid$ curr5ts are f9ally reunit$ ere !y rea* ! upca/ %aft :i* ca/s !m all out into ! upp] air4 ,9 a colli]y work$ on ! pill> & /all sy/em--i4e41 by tak+ out ! coal s z to leave a s]ies ( squ>e *amb]s ) pill>s ( coal 9 ! middle to support ! ro(--! w9d+s ( ! air betwe5 ! multitude ( passages is curi\sly complex1 & its absolute ob$i5ce to ! comm&s ( ! m9+ eng9e] proves h[ completely ! mo/ difficult problems ( v5tilation may be solv$ :5 ignorance & prejudice are n p]mitt$ to b> ! progress ( ! practical applications ( simple sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,"h ! necessity ( clos+ all false outlets is /rik+ly demon/rat$ by ! me*anism & work+ ( ! 8/opp+s0 or p>titions t close all unrequir$ op5+s4 ,! air 9 _m pits has to travel sev]al miles 9 ord] to get f ! d[nca/ to ! upca/ %aft1 ?\gh !y may be b a doz5 y>ds ap>t4 7,=m]ly ! same %aft s]v$ bo? = up & d[n ca/1 by mak+ a wood5 division 7a brattice7 d[n ! middle4 ,?is is n[ prohibit$1 on acc\nt ( s]i\s accid5ts t h be5 caus$ by ! fracture ( ! brattice47 ,b x w\ld n d to c>ry ! coal f ! work+s to ! pit by ^! s9u\s air-c\rses4 ,:at1 !n1 is done8 ,a direct road is made = ! coal1 b if x 7 left op51 ! air w\ld *oose x3 ?is is prev5t$ by an arrangem5t simil> to t ( canal locks4 ,valve-doors or 8/opp+s0 are arrang$ 9 pairs1 & :5 ! 8hurri]0 arrives ) 8 corve1 or pit c>riage1 "o door is op5$1 ! o!r rema9+ %ut2 !n ! corve is hurri$ into ! space betwe5 ! doors1 & ! entry-door is clos$2 n[ ! exit-door is op5$1 & ?us no cont9u\s op5+ is ev] p]mitt$4 ,only "o su* op5+ w\ld d]ange ! v5tilation ( ! :ole pit1 or ( t portion f$ by ! split ?us all[$ to escape4 ,x w\ld1 9 fact1 correspond to ! action ( our op5 fireplaces 9 r5d]+ effective v5tilation impossible4 ,! foll[+1 f ! report ( ! ,lords' ,committee on ,accid5ts 9 ,coal ,m9es1 #ahdi1 illu/rates ! magnitude ( ! v5tilation arrangem5ts !n at "w4 ,9 ! ,hetton ,colli]y !re 7 two d[nca/ %afts & "o upca/1 ! =m] ab\t #ab feet & ! latt] #ad feet diamet]4 ,!re 7 ?ree furnaces at ! bottom ( ! upca/1 ea* ab\t #i feet wide ) ab\t #d feet l5g? ( grate-b>s2 ! dep? ( ! upca/ & "o d[nca/ #ijj feet1 & ( ! o!r d[nca/ #ajef feet4 ,! quantity ( air introduc$ by ! action ( ^! furnaces 0 #afh1efj cubic feet p] m9ute1 at a co/ ( ab\t eight tons ( coal p] day4 ,! rate ( motion ( ! air 0 #ajig feet p] m9ute 7above #ab miles p] h\r74 ,?is :ole curr5t 0 divid$ by splitt+ into #af curr5ts ( ab\t #aa1jjj cubic feet ea* p] m9ute1 hav+1 on an av]age1 a c\rse ( #d miles ea*4 ,?is di/ance 01 h[ev]1 v irregul>--! greate/ l5g? ( c\rse be+ #i-a_/aj miles2 total l5g? #gj miles4 ,?us #afh1efj cubic feet ( air 7 driv5 ?r\gh ^! great di/ances at ! rate ( #ab miles p] h\r1 & at a co/ ( #h tons ( coal p] day4 ,all ^! magnitudes are greatly increas$ 9 coal-m9es ( ! pres5t "t4 ,z mu* z #bej1jjj cubic feet ( air p] m9ute are n[ pass$ ?r\gh ! %afts ( "o m9e4 ,! problem ( dome/ic v5tilation z comp>$ ) coal-pit v5tilation involves an additional requirem5t1 t ( w>m+1 b ?is does n at all increase ! difficulty1 & ,i ev5 g s f> z to believe t cool+ 9 summ] may be add$ to w>m+ 9 w9t] by "o & ! same v5tilat+ arrangem5t4 ,z ,i am n a build]1 & claim no pat5t rights1 ! foll[+ mu/ be reg>d$ z a g5]al indication1 n z a work+ specification1 ( my s*eme = dome/ic v5tilation & ! regulation ( home climate4 ,! model h\se mu/ h an upca/ %aft1 plac$ z ne>ly 9 ! middle ( ! build+ z possible1 ) :i* e room mu/ communicate ei!r by a direct op5+ or ?r\gh a lat]al %aft4 ,an ord9>y *imney built 9 ! usual mann] is all t is requir$ to =m su* a ma9 %aft4 ,!re mu/ be no /oves nor any fireplaces 9 any room except+ ! kit*51 ( :i* anon4 ,all ! w9d[s mu/ be made to fit closely1 z ne>ly air-tight z possible4 ,no d[nca/ %aft is requir$1 ! pressure ( ! surr\nd+ out] atmosph]e be+ suffici5t4 ,outside ( ! h\se1 or on ! gr\nd floor 7on ! nor? side1 if possible71 %\ld be a *amb] heat$ by flues1 hot air1 /eam1 a suitable /ove1 or wat]-pipes1 & ) "o adju/able op5+ communicat+ ) ! out] fre% air1 & ano!r on ! opposite side connect$ by a %aft or air-way ) ! hall ( ! gr\nd floor & ! g5]al /aircase4 ,ea* room to h an op5+ at its upp] "p communicat+ ) ! *imney1 l an ,arnott's v5tilator1 & capable ( adju/m5t z reg>ds area ( ap]ture1 & o!r op5+s ( correspond+ or excessive comb9$ area lead+ f ! hall or /aircase to ! l[] "p ( ! room4 ,^! may be cov]$ ) p]=at$ z9c or wire gauze1 s t ! air may ent] 9 a g5tle1 brok5 /ream4 ,all ! out] h\se-doors mu/ be d\ble1 i4e41 ) a por* or ve/ibule1 & only "o ( ea* pair ( doors op5$ at once4 ,^! %\ld be well fitt$1 & ! /aircase air-tight4 ,! kit*5 to communicate ) ! re/ ( ! h\se by simil> d\ble doors1 & ! kit*5 fire to communicate directly ) ! upca/ %aft or *imney by z small a /ove-pipe z practicable4 ,! kit*5 fire w ?us />t ! upca/ & comm5ce ! draught ( air f ! w>m *amb] ?r\gh ! h\se t[>ds ! sev]al op5+s into ! %aft4 ,9 cold wea!r1 ?is upca/ action w be greatly re9=c$ & ma9ta9$ by ! g5]al w>m? ( all ! air 9 ! h\se1 :i* itself w bodily become an upca/ %aft imm$iately ! inn] temp]ature exce$s t ( ! air outside4 ,b ! upca/ ( w>m air c only take place by ! admission ( fre% air ?r\gh ! heat+ *amb]1 !nce to hall & /aircase1 & !nce onw>d ?r\gh ! rooms into ! f9al %aft or *imney4 ,! op5+s into & out ( ! rooms be+ adju/able1 !y may be s regulat$ t ea* %all receive an equal %>e ( fre% w>m air2 or1 if desir$1 ! b$room *imney valves may be clos$ 9 ! daytime1 & ?us ! heat economiz$ by be+ us$ only = ! day rooms2 or1 vice v]s1 ! communication betwe5 ! upca/ %aft & ! l[] rooms may be clos$ 9 ! ev5+1 & ?us all ! w>m air be turn$ into ! b$rooms at b$time4 ,if ! area ( ! entrance ap]tures ( ! rooms exce$s t ( ! outlet1 only ! latt] ne$ be adju/$2 ! room doors may1 9 fact1 be left wide op5 )\t any possibility ( 8draught10 beyond ! v5tilation curr5t1 :i* is limit$ by ! dim5sion ( ! op5+ f ! room into ! %aft or *imney4 ,s f>1 = w9t] "t1 :5 ! v5tilation problem is ! easie/1 because !n ! excess ( inn] w>m? conv]ts ! :ole h\se into an upca/ %aft1 & ! :ole out] atmosph]e becomes a d[nca/4 ,9 ! summ] "t1 ! kit*5 fire w\ld probably be insuffici5t to secure a suffici5tly active upca/4 ,to help ?is !re %\ld be 9 "o ( ! upp] rooms--say an attic--an op5+ into ! *imney secur$ by a small well-fitt+ door2 & altoge!r enclos$ )9 ! *imney a small automatic sl[-combu/ion /ove 7( :i* _m 7 exhibit$ 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 t require fe$+ b once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs71 or a l>ge gas-burn]4 ,! heat+-*amb] bel[ mu/ n[ be conv]t$ into a cool+ *amb] by an arrangem5t ( wet clo?s1 pres5tly to be describ$1 s t all ! air ent]+ ! h\se %all be r$uc$ 9 temp]ature4 ,or ! w9t] c\rse ( v5tilation may be rev]s$ by build+ a special %aft connect$ ) ! kit*5 fire1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 mu/ n communicate ) ! h\se %aft4 ,?is special %aft may ?us be made an upca/1 & ! rooms suppli$ ) air f above d[n ! h\se %aft1 ?r\gh ! rooms1 & out ( ! kit*5 vi ! w9t] heat+-*amb]1 :i* n[ has its communication ) ! outside air clos$4 ,rev]t+ to ! fir/-nam$ me?od1 :i* ,i ?9k is bett] ?an ! second1 besides be+ less exp5sive1 ,i mu/ say a few conclud+ words on an important supplem5t>y advantage :i* is obta9able :]ev] all ! air ent]+ ! h\se passes ?r\gh "o op5+1 completely "u control1 l t ( our heat+-*amb]4 ,! great evil ( our t[n atmosph]e is its dirt9ess4 ,9 ! w9t] x is pollut$ ) soot p>ticles2 9 ! dry summ] wea!r1 ! traffic & ! w9d /ir up & mix ) x p>ticles ( du/1 hav+ a composition t is bett] ignor$1 :5 we consid] ! quantity ( horse-dung t is dri$ & pulv]iz$ on our roadways4 ,all ! du/ t falls on our books & furniture 0 fir/ susp5d$ 9 ! air we brea! inside our rooms4 ,c we get rid ( any practically important portion ( ?is8 ,i am able to answ] ?is "q1 n m]ely on !oretical gr\nds1 b z a result ( practical exp]im5ts describ$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 9 :i* is repr9t$ a pap] ,i read at ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,m>* #ai1 #ahgi1 recomm5d+ ! enclosure ( ,london back y>ds ) a ro(+ ( 8wall canvas10 or 8pap]hang]'s canvas10 s z to =m *eap cons]vatories4 ,?is canvas1 :i* co/s ab\t ?reep5ce p] squ>e y>d1 is a k9d ( co>se1 /rong1 fluffy gauze1 admitt+ light & air1 b act+ v effectively z an air filt]1 by cat*+ & /opp+ ! p>ticles ( soot & du/ t are s fatal to urban vegetation4 ,i propose1 !re=e1 t ?is well-tri$ device %\ld be appli$ at ! entrance ap]ture ( our heat+ *amb]1 t ! scre5s %all be well wett$ 9 ! summ]1 9 ord] to obta9 ! cool+ effect ( evaporation1 & 9 ! w9t] %all be ei!r wet or dry1 z may be f\nd desirable4 ,! ,p>liam5t ,h\se exp]im5ts prove t !y are good filt]s :5 wett$1 & m9e t !y act simil>ly :5 dry4 ,by ?us apply+ ! pr9ciples ( colli]y v5tilation to a specially-con/ruct$ h\se1 we may1 ,i believe1 obta9 a p]fectly controllable indoor climate1 ) a range ( v>iation n exce$+ f\r or five degrees betwe5 ! w>me/ & ! colde/ "p ( ! h\se1 or eight or n9e degrees betwe5 summ] & w9t]1 & ?is may be comb9$ ) an abundant supply ( fre% air ev]y:]e1 all filt]$ f ! gross] portions ( its irritant du/1 :i* is positively poison\s to delicate lungs1 & damag+ to all4 ,! co/ ( fuel w\ld be f> less ?an ) exi/+ arrangem5ts1 & ! labor ( att5d+ to ! "o or two fires & ! valves w\ld also be less ?an t n[ requir$ 9 ! c>ry+ ( coal-scuttles1 ! removal ( a%es1 ! clean+ ( fireplaces1 & ! curta9s & furniture !y bef\l by _! escap+ du/ & smoke4 ,x is obvi\s t su* a sy/em ( v5tilation may ev5 be appli$ to exi/+ h\ses by m5d+ ! ill-fitt+ w9d[s1 %utt+ up ! exi/+ fire-holes1 & us+ ! *imneys z upca/ %afts 9 ! mann] above describ$4 ,?is may be done 9 ! w9t]1 :5 ! problem is easie/1 & ! dem& = artificial climate ! mo/ urg5t2 b ,i "q ! possibility ( summ] v5tilation & temp]+ ( climate 9 any?+ %ort ( a specially-built h\se or a mat]ially alt]$ exi/+ dwell+4 ,!re are d\btless "s exceptions to ?is1 :]e ! h\se happ5s to be specially suitable & easily adapt$1 b 9 ord9>y h\ses we mu/ be cont5t ) ! ord9>y devices ( summ] v5tilation by doors & w9d[s1 plus ! upp] op5+s ( ! rooms into ! *imneys exp&$ to _! full capacity1 & ?us do+1 ev5 9 summ]1 f> bett] v5tilat+ "w ?an ! exi/+ fire-holes op5+ 9 ! wrong place4 ,i ?us exp\nd my own s*eme1 n because ,i believe x to be p]fect1 b1 on ! contr>y1 z a sugge/ive project to be practically am5d$ & adapt$ by o!rs bett] able ?an myself to c>ry out ! details4 ,! feature t ,i ?9k is novel & important is t ( consci\sly & av[$ly apply+ to dome/ic v5tilation ! pr9ciples t h be5 s successfully c>ri$ out 9 ! f> m difficult problem ( subt]ranean v5tilation4 ,! di%one/y ( ! majority ( ! mod]n build]s ( suburban 8villa resid5ces0 is favorable to ?is & o!r simil> radical h\sehold re=ms1 z ?\s&s ( ^! wret*$ t5em5ts mu/ soon] or lat] be pull$ d[n1 or w all come d[n toge!r )\t any pull+ ! next "t we exp]i5ce "o ( ^? e>?quake tremors :i* visit ,engl& ab\t once 9 a c5tury4 ,,home ,,g>d5s ,,= ,,smoky ,,t[ns4 ,! poetical philan?ropi/s ( ! %eph]d & %eph]dess s*ool1 if any /ill rema91 may f9d abundant mat]ial = _! doleful d5unciations ( mod]n civilization on j\rney+ among ! h\se-tops by any ( our ov]-gr\nd metropolitan & suburban railways1 & contemplat+ !refrom ! panorama pres5t$ by a rapid succession ( ,london back y>ds4 ,! s&y ,sah>a1 & ! sal9e des]ts ( ,c5tral ,asia1 are bright & breezy1 rural & *e]ful1 comp>$ ) ^! f\l1 soot-sme>$1 lumb]-/rewn areas ( desolation4 ,! object ( ?is pap] is to propose a rem$y = ^! metropolitan measle-spots1 by conv]t+ !m into g>d5s t %all af=d bo? pleasure & pr(it to all conc]n$4 ,a v obvi\s mode ( do+ ?is w\ld be to cov] !m ) glass1 & ?us conv]t !m into w9t] g>d5s or cons]vatories4 ,! co/ ( ?is at once places x beyond practical rea*2 b ev5 if ! co/ 7 disreg>d$1 z x might be 9 "s in/ances1 su* cov]+ 9 w\ld n be p]missible on sanit>y gr\nds2 =1 doleful & dre>y z !y are1 ! back y>ds ( ,london p]=m "o v important & necess>y function2 !y act z v5tilation-%afts betwe5 ! h\se-backs ( ! m d5sely populat$ neighborhoods4 ,at "o "t ,i ?\ght ( propos+ ! e/abli%m5t ( horticultural home missions = promot+ ! dissem9ation ( fl[]-pot %rubs 9 ! metropolis1 & ( %[+ h[ mu* ! atmosph]e ( ,london w\ld be improv$ if e ,london family _h "o little sweetbri> bu%1 a lav5d] plant1 or a h>dy heliotrope to ea* ( its memb]s2 s t a c\ple ( million ( su* ozone g5]ators %\ld brea! _! sweetness into ! dank & dead atmosph]e ( ! d5s] c5tral regions ( ,london4 ,a little practical exp]i5ce ( ! difficulty ( gr[+ a clean cabbage1 or ma9ta9+ alive any sort ( %rub 9 ! mid/ ( our soot-drizzle1 satisfi$ me t ! mission w\ld fail1 ev5 ?\gh ! sweetbri>s 7 giv5 away by ! di/rict visitors2 = ^! simple h>dy plants p]i% 9 a mid-,london atmosph]e unless _! leaves are p]iodically spong$ & syr+$1 to wa% away ! soot p>ticles t o!rwise close _! /omata & suffocate ! plant4 ,x is ?is deposit t /unts or de/roys all our ,london vegetation1 ) ! exception ( ^? trees :i*1 l ! planes h a decidu\s b>k & cuticle4 ,"s simple & inexp5sive means ( protect+ vegetation f ,london soot are1 !re=e1 mo/ desirable4 ,:5 ! ,midl& ,in/itute comm5c$ its exi/5ce 9 tempor>y build+s 9 ,cannon ,/reet1 ,birm+ham1 9 #ahed1 ,i 0 compell$ to v5tilate my class-rooms by tempor>y devices1 "o ( :i* 0 to ?r[ op5 ! exi/+ w9d[s1 & protect ! /ud5ts f ! heavy bla/ ( ent]+ air by /ra9+ x ?r\gh a /rong gauze-l fabric /ret*$ ov] ! op5+4 ,aft] a %ort "t ! tammy became useless = its int5d$ purpose2 its int]/ices 7 *ok$ ) a deposit ( c>bon4 ,on exam9+ ?is1 ,i f\nd t ! black deposit 0 all on ! outside1 %[+ t a filtration ( ! air _h occurr$4 ,ev5 :5 ! tammy 0 replac$ by p]=at$ z9c1 putti$ into ! w9d[ frames 9 ! place ( glass panes1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to frequ5tly wa% ! z9c1 9 ord] to keep ! p]=ations op54 ,! recollection ( ?is exp]i5ce sugge/$ t if a gauze-l fabric1 *eap] & /rong] ?an ! tammy1 c be obta9$1 & a sort ( gre5h\se made ) ?is 9 ! place ( glass1 ! problem ( conv]t+ ,london back-y>ds into g>d5s might be solv$4 ,aft] "s inquiries & failures 9 ! trial ( v>i\s *eap fabrics1 ,i f\nd "o t is already to be _h1 & well adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,x is call$ 8wall canvas10 or 8scrim10 is retail$ at #c;d4 p] y>d1 & is "o y>d wide4 ,if ,i am rightly in=m$1 x may be b\ght 9 :olesale quantities at ab\t #b;d4 p] squ>e y>d1 i4e41 "o f>?+ p] squ>e foot4 ,?is fabric is made ( co>se unblea*$ ?read y>n1 v /rong & op5 9 /ructure4 ,! light passes s freely ?r\gh x t :5 hung be=e a w9d[ ! loss ( light 9 ! room is b>ely p]ceptible4 ,:5 a piece is /ret*$ ^u a frame1 a pr9t$ plac>d1 or ev5 a newspap]1 may be read ?r\gh x4 ,! y>n be+ loosely spun1 f9e fluffy filam5ts /& out & b> ! int]/ices aga9/ ! passage ( ev5 v m9ute c>bonace\s p>ticles4 ,^! filam5ts may be se5 by hold+ x up to ! light4 ,! fabric be+ "o y>d wide1 & ( any l5g? requir$1 all t is ne$$ = a ro( or side walls is a skeleton made ( l9es or runs ( qu>t]+1 at #c feet di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,! co/ ( su* qu>t]+1 made ( pit* p9e1 ! be/ mat]ial = outside "w1 is "u "o p5ny p] foot run2 ( common :ite deal1 ab\t ?ree f>?+s4 ,?us ! co/ ( mat]ial = a ro(1 say a lean-to f a wall-top to ! side ( a h\se1 :i* w\ld be ! mo/ commonly dem&$ =m ( #cj feet by #aj feet1 i4e41 #cjj squ>e feet1 w\ld be-- s4 d4 #aaj feet ( qu>t]+ 7#aa l5g?s7 at #a;d4 #i #b #cjj squ>e feet ( canvas1 at #a #f #ccb ,nails & tacks1 say #a #j --------- #af #e ,! size ( ! qu>t]+ propos$ is #b by #a in*1 :i*1 laid edgewise1 w\ld be> ! weight ( a man on a plank :ile nail+ d[n ! canvas4 ,! canvas has a /\t cord-l edge or selvage1 t holds ! nails well4 ,i f9d t :at are call$ 8,fr5* tacks0 are well suit$ = nail+ x d[n4 ,!y are made ( wire1 well po9t$1 h good-siz$ flat cl\t heads1 & are v *eap4 ,!y are incomp>ably sup]ior to ! ord9>y rubbi% sold z 8t9 tacks0 or 8cut tacks40 ,! con/ruction ( su* a cons]vatory is s simple t any indu/ri\s artisan or cl]k ) any me*anical +5uity c\ld1 ) ! aid ( a boy1 d x all himself4 ,no special skill is requir$ = any "p ( ! "w1 & no o!r tools ?an a rule1 a saw1 & a hamm]4 ,side po/s & /rong] end rails w\ld 9 "s cases be dem&$4 ,i h n be5 able to fairly c>ry out ?is project1 inasmu* z ,i reside at ,twick5ham1 beyond ! rea* ( ! black %[]s ( ,london soot4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 made "s inve/igations relative to ! climate :i* results f su* enclosure4 ,?is 0 done by cov]+ a small skeleton frame ) ! canvas1 putt+ x ^u ! gr\nd ov] "s cabbage plants1 etc41 & plac+ regi/]+ !rmomet]s on ! gr\nd inside1 & 9 simil> position outside ! frame2 also by remov+ ! glass cov] ( a cucumb] frame1 & replac+ x by a frame on :i* ! canvas is /ret*$4 ,i plant$ #cjj cabbages 9 ,novemb] la/1 9 r[s on ! op5 gr\nd1 & plac$ ! canvas-cov]$ frame ov] #ah ( !m4 ,at ! pres5t date1 ,m>* #ae1 only #bf ( ! #bhb outside plants are visible above ! gr\nd4 ,all ! re/ h be5 cut (f by ! sev]e fro/4 ,"u ! frame all are fl\ri%+4 ,i f9d t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! maximum & ! m9imum temp]atures v>ies ) ! condition ( ! sky4 ,9 cl\dy wea!r1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! inside & ! outside r>ely exce$s #b ,fahr41 & occasionally !re is no diff]5ce4 ,9 cle> wea!r ! diff]5ce is consid]able4 ,dur+ ! day ! outside !rmomet] regi/]s f f\r or five to sev5 or eight degrees above t )9 ! scre5 dur+ ! sun%9e4 ,at night ! m9imum !rmomet]s %[ a diff]5ce :i* 9 "o case rea*$ #ad1 i4e41 betwe5 #bc;d & #bd? ,febru>y1 :5 ! l[e/ temp]ature ,i h obs]v$ 0 rea*$4 ,! outside !rmomet] !n fell to #h ,fahr41 ! inside to #bb4 ,on ! night ( ! #bd? & #be? !y regi/]$ #ae outside1 #be inside4 ,on o!r1 or ord9>y cle> fro/y nights1 ) ,e4 & ,n4 & ,n4,e4 w9ds1 ! diff]5ce has rang$ betwe5 #d & #f1 usually )9 a fraction ( ! av]age1 #e4 ,! uni=mity ( ?is dur+ ! rec5t bright fro/y nights1 foll[$ by w>m sunny days1 has be5 v rem>kable1 s mu* s t ,i ?9k ,i may v5ture to /ate t #e may be expect$ z ! g5]al protect+ effect ( a cov]+ ( su* canvas f ! mis*iev\s action ( our spr+ fro/s :i* are due to nocturnal radiation into free space4 ,?us we obta9 a climate1 ! mean ( :i* w\ld be ab\t ! same z outside1 b subject to f> less v>iation4 ,h[ w ?is affect ! gr[? ( plants desirable to cultivate 9 ! propos$ canvas cons]vatories8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ n expect ! results obta9able "u glass1 :i* by freely transmitt+ ! bright sol> rays1 & absorb+ or resi/+ ! passage ( ! obscure rays f ! heat$ soil1 produces1 dur+ sun%9e1 a tropical climate "h 9 our latitudes4 ,we may !re=e at once set aside any expectation ( re>+ exotic plants ( any k9d2 ev5 our native & acclimatiz$ plants1 :i* require ! maximum heat ( ,engli% sun%9e1 are n likely to fl\ri%4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all ^? :i* dem& mod]ate protection f sudd5 fro/s1 especially f spr+ fro/s1 & :i* fl\ri% :5 we h a long mild spr+ & summ]1 are likely to be re>$ ) especial success4 ,?is includes ne>ly all our table vegetables1 our salads1 kit*5 h]bs1 & ,briti% fruits1 all our ,briti% & _m exotic f]ns1 &1 ,i believe1 mo/ ( our out-(-door plants1 bo? wild & cultivat$4 ,z ! subject ( ornam5tal fl[]s is a v l>ge "o1 & "o ) ! cultivation ( :i* ,i h v little practical acqua9tance1 ,i w pass x ov]2 b mu/ simply indicate t1 9 respect to f]ns1 ! canvas enclosure (f]s a comb9ation ( mo/ desirable conditions4 ,! slight %ade1 ! comp>atively uni=m temp]ature1 & ! mod]at$ exhalation1 are j ^? ( a luxuriant f]n d+le4 ,respect+ ! useful or economic products ,i c speak ) m confid5ce1 t be+ my special dep>tm5t 9 our family or home g>d5+1 :i*1 z physical discipl9e1 ,i h always conduct$ myself1 ) a m9imum ( pr(essional aid4 ,my exp]i5ce ( a small g>d5 leads me to give fir/ place to salads4 ,a y>d squ>e ( ri* soil1 well manag$1 w yield a h&some & delici\s weekly di% ( salad ne>ly all ! ye> r\nd2 &1 at ! same rate1 sev5 or eight squ>e y>ds w supply a daily di%--includ+ lettuces1 endives1 radi%es1 spr+ onions1 mu/>d1 & v>i\s k9ds ( cress1 & fancy salads1 all 9 a /ate ( fre%ness o!rwise unatta9able by ! ,london]4 ,my only difficulty has aris5 f irregul>ity ( supply4 ,f ! small area all[$ = salads1 ,i h be5 ov]-suppli$ 9 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]1 & r$uc$ to 9-door or frame-gr[n mu/>d & cress dur+ ! w9t]4 ,) ! equable insul> climate obta9able "u ! canvas1 ?is difficulty w be greatly dim9i%$2 & besides ?is1 mo/ ( ! salads are improv$ by p>tial %ade1 lettuces & endives m blan*$ & delicate ?an :5 expos$ to scor*+ sun1 radi%es less fibr\s1 mu/>d1 cress1 etc41 mild] 9 flavor & m succul5t4 ,! multitude ( savory kit*5 h]bs t are s sadly neglect$ 9 ,engli% cook]y 7especially 9 ! food ( ! t[n artisan & cl]k71 all1 ) sc>cely an exception1 dem& an equable climate & protection f our de/ructive spr+ fro/s4 ,^! occupy v little space1 less ev5 ?an salads1 & are want$ 9 su* small quantities at a "t1 & s frequ5tly1 t ! h>d-work$ h\sewife commonly neglects !m altoge!r1 r ?an fet* !m f ! gre5groc]'s 9 _! exorbitantly small p5nywor?s4 ,if %e c\ld /ep into ! back y>d1 & ga!r h] p>sley1 sage1 ?yme1 w9t] savory1 m9t1 m>joram1 bay leaf1 rosem>y1 etc41 ! d9n] w\ld become f> m savory1 & ! dem& = ! alcoholic sub/itutes = reli%+ food proportionably dim9i%$4 ,my /ronge/ anticipations1 h[ev]1 lie 9 ! direction ( common fruits--apples1 pe>s1 *]ries1 plums ( all k9ds1 pea*es1 nect>9es1 gooseb]ries1 currants1 raspb]ries1 /rawb]ries1 etc4 ,! mo/ luxuriant gr[? ( *]ries1 currants1 gooseb]ries1 & raspb]ries ,i h ev] se5 9 any "p ( ! _w t ,i h visit$1 is :]e !y might be lea/ expect$1 viz41 ,norway2 n ! ,s\? ( ,norway m]ely1 b m p>ticul>ly 9 ! valleys t slope f ! #ejj squ>e miles ( ! p]petual ice des]t ( ! ,ju/$al d[n to ! ,sognefjord1 latitude #fa to #fa1 consid]ably to ! nor? ( ! nor!rnmo/ ( ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 ,! *]ry & currant trees are m>vel\s !re4 ,9 ! g>d5 ( "o ( ! f>m /ations 7,s&e7 ,i c\nt$ #gj f9e bun*es ( r$ currants gr[+ on six in*es ( "o ( ! ov]lad5 d[n-hang+ /ems ( a currant bu%4 ,*]ries are s]v$ = dess]t by simply break+ (f a small bran* ( ! tree & br++ x to ! table--! fruit almo/ z _m z ! leaves4 ,?is luxuriance ,i attribute to two causes4 ,fir/1 t 9 t "p ( ,norway ! w9t] breaks up sudd5ly at ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,june1 & n until !n1 :5 night fro/s are no long] possible1 d ! blossoms appe>4 ,x 0 on ! #bd? ,augu/ t ,i c\nt$ ! #gj bun*es ( ripe currants4 ,! second cause is ! abs5ce ( sp>r[s & o!r de/ructive small birds t dev\r our currants = ! se$s' sake be=e !y rip51 & our *]ries imm$iately on rip5+4 ,^! are prec$$ by ! bullf9*es t fe$ on ! t5d] he>ts ( ! buds ( mo/ ( our fruit trees4 ,^? :o believe ! newspap] my?s :i* repres5t su* ?ick-bill$ birds eat+ cat]pill>s1 %\ld make obs]vations & exp]im5ts = !mselves z ,i h done4 ,9 our canvas cons]vatories nei!r sp>r[s nor cat]pill>s1 nor wasps1 or o!r fruit-/eal]s w p5etrate1 nor w ! spr+ fro/s nip ! blossoms t op5 out 9 ,april4 ,all ! conditions = full be>+ are !re fulfill$1 & ! rip5+ season1 ?\gh n s int5se1 w be prolong$4 ,we %all h an insul> ,j]sey climate 9 ,london1 :]e ! mean temp]ature is high] ?an 9 ! c\ntry ar\nd1 &1 if ,i am n q delud$1 we %all be able to gr[ ! *oice/ ,j]sey pe>s1 ^? t be/ rip5 by hang+ on ! tree until ! end ( ,decemb]1 & f9e pea*es1 :i* are commonly de/roy$ by putt+ =? _! blossoms s e>ly4 ,all ! hundr$ & "o v>ieties ( plums & damsons1 gre5gages1 etc41 t c gr[ 9 temp]ate climates w be simil>ly protect$ f ! fro/s t kill _! e>ly blossoms1 & ! birds & ! wasps t w n give !m "t to rip5 sl[ly4 ,i h little d\bt t if my project is c>ri$ out1 any ,london h\sehold]1 :e!r ri* or poor1 may indulge 9 delici\s dess]ts ( ri* fruit all gr[n on ! sites ( _! own n[ dirty & desolate back-y>ds2 t if prizes be giv5 = ! mo/ prolific bran*es ( *]ry & plum trees1 gooseb]ry & currant bu%es1 ! g>d5s ( ! ,sev5-dials & ( classic ,/4 ,giles's may c>ry (f "s ( ! gold m$als2 & t1 by judici\s economy ( space & prop] prun+ ( ! trees1 ! canvas cons]vatories may be made n only to s]ve z or*>d h\ses1 b also to gr[ ! salads1 kit*5 h]bs1 & gre5 vegetables = cook]y1 "u ! fruit trees or close ar\nd _! /ems4 ,among ! suitable vegetables1 ,i may "n a sort ( p]5nial sp9a* :i* yields a wond]ful am\nt ( produce on a small area4 ,f\r ye>s ago ,i took ! h\se 9 :i* ,i n[ reside1 & f\nd ! g>d5 ov]gr[n ) a we$ t appe>$ l beet1 ! leaves be+ mu* l>g] ?an ord9>y sp9a*4 ,i tri$ 9 va9 to eradicate x1 !n gave "s leaves to my f[ls4 ,!y ate !m gre$ily4 ,aft] ?is ,i _h "s boil$1 & f\nd t ! suppos$ we$ is an excell5t sp9a*1 :i* may be s[n broadca/ 9 ?ick pat*es1 )\t any int]spaces1 & cut d[n aga9 & aga9 all ! ye> r\nd1 fre% leaves spr++ up f ! roots until ! autumn1 :5 x ?r[s up tall fl[]+ /ems1 & yields an abundant crop ( se$s4 ,i h "s n[1 self-s[n1 t h surviv$ ! :ole ( ! late sev]e w9t]1 :ile turnip-tops1 cabbages1 & ev]y?+ else h p]i%$4 ,i h s[n ! ord9>y sp9a* se$ 9 ! usual mann] 9 r[s1 & comp>+ x ) ! self-s[n d5se pat*es ( ?is intrud]1 f9d ! latt] produces1 squ>e y>d aga9/ squ>e y>d1 six or eight times z mu* ( available eatable crop4 ,none ( my fri5ds :o are amateur g>d5]s "k ?is v>iety2 b a few days s9ce1 ,i call$ on ,messrs4 ,james ,c>t] & ,co41 ! :olesale se$sm5 ( ,holborn1 & describ$ x4 ,!y gave me a packet ( :at !y call 8,p]petual sp9a* beet10 :i*1 z may be se5 by comp>ison ) ! se$s ( ^? ,i h "h ( my own gr[+1 is probably ! same4 ,messrs4 ,c>t] & ,co4 tell me t ! plant is v little kn[n1 & ! se$ sc>ce f want ( cultivation & dem&4 ,i !re=e /ep s f> aside to describe & recomm5d x z specially suit$ = obta9+ l>ge crops on small areas4#cc ,i also recomm5d a mode ( gr[+ cabbages t ,i h f\nd v pr(itable1 viz41 to s[ ! se$ broadca/ 9 ri*ly manur$ b$s or pat*es & leave ! plants cr[d+ toge!r2 cut !m d[n :ile v "y1 )\t de/roy+ ! c5tre bud2 let !m spr\t aga9 & aga94 ,!y ?us yield a succession ( crops1 e leaf ( :i* is eatable4 ,?is1 in/ead ( transplant+ & gr[+ l>ge plants1 :i*1 h[ev] desirable = sale 9 ! m>ket1 are f> less pr(itable = home use4 ,cel]y may be gr[n 9 l mann]1 & cut d[n "y & gre5 = boil+4 ,"s collat]al advantages may be fairly anticipat$ 9 cases :]e ! back-y>d is fully enclos$ by ! canvas4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! air com+ into ! h\se f ! back w be m or less filt]$ f ! grimy irritant p>ticles ) :i* our ,london atmosph]e is load$1 besides obta9+ ! oxyg5 giv5 (f by ! gr[+ plants1 & ! ozone :i* rec5t inve/igations h %[n to be produc$ :]e aromatic plants--su* z kit*5 h]bs--are gr[+4 ,lav5d]1 :i* is v h>dy1 & spreads spontane\sly1 might be gr[n = ?is purpose4 ,back-doors might be left op5 = v5tilation1 )\t dang] ( intrusion or ( slamm+ by gu/s ( w9d4 ,! air ?us admitt$ w\ld be temp]$ bo? 9 summ] & w9t]4 ,by wett+ ! canvas1 :i* may easily be done by means ( a small g>d5 eng9e1 or h& syr+e1 ! exceptionally hot summ] days t are s sev]ely felt 9 ,london might be mod]at$ to a consid]able ext5t4 ,! air "u ! canvas be+ cool] ?an t 9 front w\ld ent] f bel[1 :ile ! w>m] air w\ld be pu%$ upw>ds & outw>ds to ! front4 ,al?\gh su* cons]vatories may be erect$1 z already /at$1 by artisans or o!r t5ants ( small h\ses1 ,i d n advocate dep5d5ce on ?is2 b1 on ! contr>y1 reg>d !m z m prop]ly con/itut+ l&lord's fixtures1 & recomm5d _! erection by own]s ( small h\se prop]ty 9 ,london & o!r l>ge t[ns4 ,a workman :o w pay a trifle extra = su* a g>d51 is likely to be a bett] & m p]man5t t5ant ?an "o :o is cont5t ) ! slov5ly squallor ( ord9>y back premises4 ,i base ?is op9ion on "s exp]i5ce ( hold+ small h\ses 9 ! outskirts ( ,birm+ham 7,talbot ,/reet1 ,w9son ,gre547 ,^! h small g>d5s1 :ile mo/ ( ^? ar\nd h none4 ,!y are held by weekly t5ure1 &1 dur+ eighte5 ye>s1 ,i h n lo/ a week's r5t f voids2 ! m5 :o w\ld o!rwise %ift _! dwell+ :5 !y *ange work%ops1 pref] to rema9 & walk "s di/ance r ?an lose _! little g>d5 crops2 & :5 oblig$ to leave1 h usually f\nd me ano!r t5ant1 a fri5d :o has paid !m a small t5ant-"r premium = :at is left 9 ! g>d51 or = ! privilege ( gett+ a h\se ) su* a g>d54 ,a small g>d5 is "o ( ! be/ rivals to ! fasc9ations ( ! tap-room2 ! /ronge/ argum5t 9 favor ( my canvas cons]vatories1 & t :i* ,i res]ve z ! la/1 is t !y are likely to become ! poor man's draw+-room1 :]e he may sp5d 8 summ] ev5+s1 smoke 8 pipe1 contemplate 8 gr[+ plants1 & %[ !m 9 rivalry to 8 fri5ds1 r ?an sl9k away f an unattractive home to seek ! s5sual excitem5ts t ru9 s _m ( our indu/ri\s fell[-c\ntrym54 ,z above /at$1 ,i h n be5 able practically to te/ ! filt]+ capabilities ( ! canvas1 ow+ to my resid5ce out ( t[n1 b s9ce ! above 0 writt51 i4e41 on la/ ,w$nesday ev5+1 ,i visit$ ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 :]e1 z ,i _h be5 told1 ! v5tilation arrangem5ts include "s devices = filt]+ ! air by cotton1 wool or o!rwise4 ,i 0 mu* int]e/$ on f9d+ t ! long exp]i5ce & _m trials ( ,dr4 ,p]cy & 8 assi/ant eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,prim1 h result$ 9 ! selection ( ! id5tical mat]ial :i* ,i h *os51 & ) :i* ! above-describ$ exp]im5ts h be5 made4 ,a wall ( su* canvas surr\nds a l[] region ( ! ,h\ses1 & all ! air t is de/9$ to h ! privilege ( be+ brea!d by ,briti% legislators is pass$ ?r\gh ?is v]tical scre51 = ! purpose ( sep>at+ f x ! sooty impurities t con/itute ! special abom9ation ( our metropolitan atmosph]e1 & t ( our great manufactur+ t[ns4 ,! quantity ( sooty matt] ?us arre/$ is %[n by ! fact t x is f\nd necess>y to take ! scre5s d[n once a week & wa% !m1 ! wa% wat] com+ away 9 a semi-inky condition4 ,i anticipate t ! cons]vatory filt]s w rapidly clog1 &1 !re=e1 require wa%+4 ,?is may easily be done by means ( a jet f a h&-syr+e direct$ f )9 outw>ds1 especially if ! slope ( ! ro( is consid]able1 :i* is to be recomm5d$4 ,! filt]+ scre5 ( ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t is made by sew+ ! canvas edges toge!r1 to =m a l>ge cont9u\s area1 !n edg+ ! bord]s ( ?is ) tape1 & /ret*+ x bodily on to a /\t frame4 ,?is me?od may be f\nd pref]able to t :i* ,i propos$ above1 & *eap] ?an ,i h e/imat$1 z only v light int]m$iate cross-pieces w\ld ?us be requir$1 m]ely to prev5t bagg+1 ! p>liam5t>y qu>t]+ above describ$ be+ n9e feet ap>t in/ead ( ?ree4 ,?is w\ld r$uce ! co/ ( timb] to ab\t "o half ( ! above e/imate4#cd ,! p]p5dicul> walls ( a cons]vatory1 :]e su* are requir$1 may c]ta9ly be made ?us1 & ,i ?9k ! ro( also1 if ! slope is consid]able4 ,or1 if 9 dem&1 ! mat]ial may be made ( great] wid? ?an ! ?ree feet4 ,s f>1 ,i h only m5tion$ back-y>ds2 b1 besides ^!1 !re are _m v melan*oly front areas1 call$ 8g>d5s10 atta*$ to good h\ses 9 "s ( ! once suburban1 b n[ int]nal regions ( ,london1 :]e ! h\ses /& "s di/ance back f ! =m]ly rural highway4 ,^! spaces might be *eaply enclos$ ) canvas1 & cultivat$ z kit*5 g>d5s1 or*>d h\ses1 fl[] g>d5s1 or f]n]ies1 ?us =m+ elegant1 refre%+1 & pr(itable ve/ibules betwe5 ! highway & ! h\se-door1 & also s]ve z luxuri\s summ] draw+-rooms4 ,! only objection ,i =esee to ^! bright enclosures w be _! t5d5cy to enc\rage ! consumption ( tobacco4 ,! ,discussion :i* foll[$ ! read+ ( ! prec$+ pap] at ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,a memb] ask$ if ,mr4 ,williams _h obs]v$ ! effect ( w9d & ra9 on ?is mat]ial8 ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,b4 ,%ephe>d said he 0 int]e/$ 9 a l>ge squ>e 9 ,london1 & he _h hop$ to he> some?+ ab\t ! cultivation ( fl[]s 9 su* places4 ,la/ ye>1 !y tri$ ! exp]im5t ) sev]al v>ieties ( fl[] se$s1 & !y came up & bloom$ well 9 ! op5 gr\nd )\t any protection :atev]4 ,9 mo/ ,london squ>es1 ! difficulty 0 to f9d anyone bold en\gh to try ! exp]im5t at all1 & no?+ b exp]i5ce w\ld prove :at fl[]s w\ld succe$ & :at w\ld n4 ,!y 7 s successful la/ ye> t sev]al f9e b\quets 7 ga!r$ 9 ,july & ,augu/1 & s5t to "s ( ! g>d5+ magaz9es1 :o express$ _! a/oni%m5t t su* good results 7 possible 9 ! circum/ances4 ,if fl[]s w\ld answ]1 !re w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be m enc\ragem5t to try vegetables4 ,"o ( ! practical difficulties :i* occurr$ to him1 ) reg>d to ?is plan1 0 t ! scre5s w\ld be some:at unsightly1 & !n aga9 !y might %r9k1 f alt]ation 9 ! temp]ature & gett+ wet & dry4 ,he w\ld repeat1 h[ev]1 t1 = a v small exp5se 9 se$s1 a v good %[ ( h>dy annuals & p]5nials might be obta9$ 9 ,july & ,augu/ ev5 9 ,london4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,cooke said a fl[]-g>d5 _h rec5tly be5 op5$ 9 ,drury ,lane1 on ! site ( an old *ur*y>d1 to :i* *ildr5 7 admitt$2 & he wi%$ a simil> arrangem5t might be made 9 "s ( ! squ>es 9 cr[d$ neighborhoods1 su* z ,gold5 ,squ>e1 & especially 9 ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields4 ,!re 7 lots ( *ildr5 play+ ab\t 9 ! /reets1 & he wi%$ ! good example set by ! ,templ>s might be foll[$4 ,mr4 ,ligg9s1 z an old memb] ( ! ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 felt a great int]e/ 9 ?is subject4 ,among 8 poor] neighbors 9 ! di/rict ( ,k5s+ton1 cottage & w9d[ g>d5+ _h be5 enc\rag$ = "s ye>s pa/1 prizes hav+ be5 aw>d$ to ^? :o 7 mo/ successful1 mu* to _! gratification4 ,?is 0 a novel idea1 b he felt q sure t x w\ld enable ^? :o adopt$ x to obta9 ! crops :i* _h be5 describ$4 ,!re 7 _m collat]al advantages :i* x w\ld be/[ on ! work+ classes if l>gely foll[$ by !m1 especially ! "o m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,williams1 t ^? :o devot$ _! sp>e "t to ! cultivation ( fruit & fl[]s w\ld n be s op5 to ! attractions ( ! public-h\se4 ,:5 travel+ ?r\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates "s ye>s ago1 he 0 mu* /ruck ) ! diff]5ce 9 appe>ance ( ! h\ses 9 di/ricts :]e ! ,ma9e liquor law 0 9 =ce1 & soon le>n$ to di/+ui% :]e x 0 adopt$ by ! clean1 *e]ful look ( ! workm5's dwell+s1 ! neatness ( ! g>d5s1 & ! pres5ce ( trees & fl[]s :i*1 9 o!r di/ricts1 7 want+4 ,he 0 n a teetotal] himself1 & 0 n advocat+ su* re/rictions1 b he c\ld n help notic+ ! contra/2 & he felt sure t 9 all our l>ge t[ns great progress 9 civilization & morals w\ld be effect$ if su* an attraction 7 (f]$ to ! work+ classes4 ,he believ$ !re 0 s mu* intellig5ce & good s5se among !m1 t if !y only knew :at c\ld be done 9 ?is way !y w\ld attempt x2 & :5 an ,engli%man attempt$ any?+1 he g5]ally succe$$4 ,mr4 ,william ,botly said !y 7 mu* indebt$ to ,mr4 ,williams = hav+ call$ att5tion to ?is important subject4 ,he q agre$ ) ! obs]vations ( ! la/ speak]1 = 8 own exp]i5ce 9 build+ cottages %[$ him t ! addition ( a piece ( g>d5 gr\nd _h an excell5t effect on ! social1 moral1 & religi\s welf>e ( ! inmates4 ,x kept !m f ! public-h\se1 & ! *ildr5 :o 7 br\ght up to hoe & we$ _! p>5ts' g>d5s turn$ out ! mo/ indu/ri\s labor]s on 8 prop]ty4 ,he _h kn[n ( in/ances :]e h\ses _h be5 built ) flat concrete ro(s1 & cov]$ 9 ) glass1 s z to =m a cons]vatory1 9 :i* vegetables & salads gr[ v well1 & he believ$ ! co/ 0 little1 if any1 m ?an ord9>y slat+4 ,! ,*airman 7,"l ,alfr$ ,*ur*ill7 9 mov+ a vote ( ?anks to ,mr4 ,williams1 said !re c\ld be no d\bt t if 8 sugge/ion 7 adopt$ x w\ld lead to great economy1 & h _m o!r attractions = ! work+ classes4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s !y _h he>d a good deal ab\t floriculture 9 w9d[s1 & no d\bt x 0 an excell5t proposal1 b if !y c\ld add to ?is ! gr[? ( vegetables x w\ld h economical advantages also4 ,! proposal to erect tempor>y cons]vatories on ! ro(s ( "s ( ^! small h\ses 0 an admirable "o4 ,he saw no reason :y y %\ld n h a pea* tree gr[+ aga9/ _m a tall *imney2 y w\ld only want a metal-l9$ tub fill$ ) a good mold2 ! w>m? ( ! *imney w\ld aid 9 promot+ ! gr[? ( ! tree1 & x c\ld be protect$ f ! smoke & fro/ by ?is canvas4 ,"o po9t he %\ld l to "k 01 :e!r ! fabric w\ld n become rott$ by ! wea!r1 & p]haps x might be protect$ by tann+1 or "s *emical prep>ation4 ,! effect ( ! canvas 9 ma9ta9+ an equable temp]ature 0 a great consid]ation2 ! diff]5ce /at$ by ,mr4 ,williams1 ( ab\t five degrees 9 w9t]1 9 _m cases w\ld be j en\gh to save ! life ( a plant4 ,practical g>d5]s knew ! value ( plac+ a cov]+ ov] a pea* tree 9 e>ly spr+ to keep (f ! fro/s1 & also to protect x f ! attacks ( birds4 ,x 0 also a curi\s fact t ev5 a slip ( wood or slate a few in*es wide1 put on ! top ( a wall to :i* a fruit tree 0 nail$1 act$ z a protection f fro/4 ,he tru/$ t ,mr4 ,williams' idea w\ld f9d favor among ! work+ classes1 & ?\ght x 0 a subject ! ,royal ,horticultural ,society might well take up & (f] prizes =4 ,he hop$ 9 a %ort "t1 :5 t ,society _h pass$ ?r\gh a crisis :i* 0 imp5d+1 x might em]ge 9 a condition to devote att5tion to ?is matt]4 ,x already (f]$ prizes = small suburban fl[]-%[s1 b _h n yet turn$ its att5tion to ! l>g] class aim$ at by ,mr4 ,williams4 ,mr4 ,botly said he _h =gott5 to m5tion t he _h a fri5d1 a v excell5t g>d5]1 :o always loos5$ 8 fruit trees f ! wall = ab\t ?ree weeks be=e ! "t ( bloom+4 ,! consequ5ce 01 !y did n get s mu* heat f ! wall1 & ! bloom 0 two or ?ree weeks lat] 9 =m+4 ,aft] ! spr+ fro/s1 ! trees 7 aga9 nail$ up close1 & he nev] fail$ 9 gett+ an excell5t crop1 :5 8 neighbors (t5 _h none4 ,mr4 ,trewby wi%$ to caution ^? :o read ! pap] aga9/ us+ :at 0 commonly kn[n z pap]hang]s' canvas1 because x 0 made ( two mat]ials1 hemp & jute1 & if a piece ( x 7 put into wat] x w\ld soon be no?+ b a lot ( /r+s1 ! jute be+ all dissolv$4 ,x did v well = pap]-hang+1 b w\ld be q unsuitable = ?is purpose4#ce ,! vote ( ?anks hav+ be5 pass$-- ,mr4 ,williams1 9 reply1 said he _h _h a piece ( ?is canvas /ret*$ on a frame expos$ all ! w9t]1 & ! only result 0 to make x r dirty4 ,he /ret*$ x z tightly z he c\ld 9 putt+ x on1 b :5 x got wet x became /ill m tight1 & gave a little aga9 on becom+ dry4 ,x bore ! weight ( ! sn[ :i* _h fall5 v well1 & two or ?ree spadefuls _h be5 add$ to try x4 ,he _h a note f ,mr4 ,prim1 say+ t at ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t ! scre5s la/ ab\t two sessions1 be+ wa%$ once a week1 & ! de/ruction is due to ! wr++4 ,b !re is really no occasion = ?is1 = if y syr+e ! /uff well f ! inside1 y make x suffici5tly cle> to all[ ! air & light to pass ?r\gh1 & x w\ld probably la/ _m ye>s4 ,he _h tri$ ! exp]im5t ( dipp+ x 9 a v weak solution ( t>1 b ?is _h ! effect ( matt+ toge!r ! f9e filam5ts1 s t x did n act s effectually z a /ra9]4 ,x act$ be/ :5 wet1 because ! f9e p>ticles ( soot adh]$ to x1 & moi/ wea!r 0 j ! "t :5 ! greate/ quantity ( soot fell4 ,x might be easily tri$ 9 ,london squ>es to aid 9 ! gr[? ( fl[]s2 he f\nd t ! cabbage plants :i* 7 s protect$ ?rove rem>kably well1 & he _h no d\bt t if fl[]s 7 plant$ & a scre5 put ov] !m until !y 7 ready to bloom1 x w\ld be a great advantage4 ,! action ( a little peat on ! top ( a wall to protect fruit trees is v simple1 & ! explanation 0 af=d$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,wells on dew4 ,! fro/s :i* did ! greate/ mis*ief1 7 due to radiation f ! gr\nd on cle> nights2 & x w\ld be f\nd t if "o !rmomet] 7 plac$ 9 a g>d5 "u an umbrella1 & ano!r on ! op5 gr\nd ne> x1 ! diff]5ces ( temp]ature w\ld be v consid]able2 on cl\dy nights !re 0 v little diff]5ce4 ,la/ night !re 0 only a diff]5ce ( #b1 b a few nights be=e x 0 #f4 ,! p]iod ( greate/ cold might n probably be m ?an h\r1 b x w\ld be suffici5t to d a great deal ( mis*ief1 & any?+ :i* w\ld *eck ! radiation w\ld h ! requir$ effect4 ,9 ! case ( loos5+ ! fruit trees f ! wall !re 01 probably1 a d\ble action2 x prev5t$ ! tree be+ =c$ on by ! w>m? or ! wall 9 ! daytime1 & also avoid$ ! *ill+ effect at night1 a r\gh wall be+ a good radiator1 & s9k+ to a l[ temp]ature4 ,he did n ?9k !re 0 mu* dang] to be appreh5d$ f w9d1 because ! canvas be+ s op51 ! w9d w\ld pass freely ?r\gh x2 b he _h n se5 x subject$ to any viol5t gale4 ,,solids1 ,,liquids1 ,,& ,,gases4 ,! gr[? ( accurate k is cont9ually n>r[+1 & (t5 oblit]at+1 ! broad l9es ( di/9ction t h be5 drawn betwe5 diff]5t classes ( ?+s4 ,i well rememb] :5 our be/ naturali/s reg>d$ _! 8species0 ( plants & animals z fundam5tal & inviolable in/itutions1 sep>at$ by well-def9$ b\nd>ies t c\ld n be cross$4 ,d>w9 has upset all ?is1 & n[ we _c ev5 draw a cle>1 %>p l9e betwe5 ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,! *emi/ is ev5 cross+ ! b\nd>y betwe5 ^! & ! m9]al k+dom1 by refut+ ! once positive dictum t organic sub/ances 7i4e41 ! comp\nds ord9>ily =m$ 9 ! c\rse ( vegetable or animal gr[?7 _c be produc$ directly f dead matt] by any *emical device4 ,_m ( su* organic comp\nds are n[ made 9 ! laboratory f m9]al mat]ials4 ,we all "k1 broadly1 :at are ! diff]5ces betwe5 solids1 liquids1 & gases1 &1 until lately1 !y h be5 v positively describ$ z ! ?ree di/9ct /ates or modes ( exi/5ce ( matt]4 ,mr4 ,crookes sugge/s a f\r?4 ,i w n discuss ?is at pres5t1 b m]ely consid] ! ?ree old-e/abli%$ claimants to di/9ctive exi/5ce4 ,a solid is usually def9$ z a body made up ( p>ticles :i* hold toge!r rigidly or immovably1 9 contradi/9ction to a fluid1 ( :i* ! p>ticles move freely ov] ea* o!r4 8,fluids0 is ! g5]al t]m includ+ bo? gases & liquids1 bo? be+ alike z reg>ds ! mobility ( _! p>ticles4 ,at pres5t1 let u conf9e our att5tion to liquids & solids4 ,! !oretical or p]fect fluid :i* is imag9$ by ! ma!matician z ! basis ( c]ta9 ab/ract reason+s has no real exi/5ce4 ,he assumes 7& ! assumption is legitimate & desirable1 provid$ its imag9>y "* is always rememb]$7 t ! suppos$ p>ticles move ^u ea* o!r ) p]fect fre$om1 )\t any friction or o!r imp$im5t2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 all liquids ex]t "s am\nt ( resi/ance to _! own fl[+2 !y are m or less visc\s1 h m or less ( t sluggi%ness 9 _! ob$i5ce to ! law ( f9d+ _! own level :i* we see s pla9ly display$ by treacle or ca/or oil4 ,?is viscosity1 add$ to ! friction ( ! liquid aga9/ ! solid on :i* x re/s1 or 9 :i* x is enclos$1 may become1 ev5 9 ! case ( wat]1 a =midable ob/acle to its fl[4 ,?us1 if we make a hole 9 ! side ( a tank at a dep? ( #af feet bel[ ! surface1 ! wat] w sp\t f t hole at ! rate ( #cb feet p] second1 b if we connect ) ?is hole a long horizontal pipe ( ! same int]nal diamet] z ! hole1 & !n obs]ve ! fl[ f ! outlet ( ! pipe1 we %all f9d its velocity visibly dim9i%$1 & we %all be greatly deceiv$ if we make arrangem5ts = c>ry+ swift-fl[+ wat] ?us to any great di/ances4 ,?ree or f\r ye>s ago an attempt 0 made to sup]s$e ! wat]-c>ts ( ,london by lay+ d[n on ea* side ( ! road a horizontal pipe1 p]=at$ ) a r[ ( holes op5+ t[>ds ! horse-way4 ,! wat] 0 to be turn$ on1 & f ^! holes x 0 to jet out to ! middle ( ! road f ea* side1 & ?us wat] x all4 ,i wat*$ ! exp]im5t made ne> ! ,bank ( ,engl&4 ,in/ead ( sp\t+ across ! road f all ^! holes1 z x w\ld h done f any "o ( !m1 x m]ely dribbl$2 ! reason be+ t1 9 ord] to supply !m all1 ! wat] mu/ run ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! long pipe ) consid]able velocity1 & ! viscosity & friction to be ov]come 9 do+ ?is ne>ly exhau/$ ! :ole =ce ( wat]-head pressure4 ,_m o!r simil> blund]s h be5 made by ^? :o h s\ght to convey wat]-p[] to a di/ance by means ( a pipe ( su* diamet] z %\ld dem& a rapid fl[ ?r\gh a long pipe4 ,! resi/ance :i* wat] (f]s to ! /roke ( ! swimm] or ! pull ( ! r[] is p>tly due to its viscosity1 & p>tly to ! uplift+ or displacem5t ( "s ( ! wat]4 ,if x 7 p]fectly fluid1 our movem5ts )9 x1 & ^? ( fi%es1 etc41 w\ld be curi\sly diff]5t2 ! :ole face ( ?is globe w\ld be /rangely alt]$ 9 _m respects4 ,i w n n[ foll[ up ?is idea1 b leave x z a sugge/ion = ! read] to "w out = himself1 by consid]+ :at w\ld rema9 undone ^u ! e>? if wat] fl[$ p]fectly1 )\t any int]nal resi/ance1 or friction ^u ! e>?'s surface4 ,! degrees ( approa* to p]fect fluidity v>y greatly ) diff]5t liquids4 ,is !re any su* a ?+ z an absolute solid1 or a body t has no degree ( fluidity1 ! p>ticles or p>ts ( :i* w admit ( no *ange ( _! relative positions1 no movem5t ^u ea* o!r )\t fracture ( ! mass8 ,?is w\ld con/itute p]fect rigidity1 or ! opposite to fluidity4 ,take a piece ( copp] or s(t iron wire1 ab\t "o eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 or !reab\ts1 & b5d x backw>ds & =w>ds a few times z rapidly z possible1 b )\t break+ x2 !n1 )\t loss ( "t1 feel ! portion t has be5 b5t4 ,x is hot--pa9fully s--if ! exp]im5t is sm>tly made4 ,h[ may ?is be expla9$8 ,x is evid5t t 9 ! act ( b5d+ !re mu/ h be5 a displacem5t ( ! relative positions ( ! p>ticles ( ! metal1 & ! =ce dem&$ = ! b5d+ indicat$ _! resi/ance to ?is movem5t ^u ea* o!r2 or1 9 o!r words1 t !re 0 friction betwe5 !m1 or some?+ equival5t to su* int]nal friction1 & ?us ! me*anical =ce ex]t$ 9 ! b5d+ 0 conv]t$ into heat-=ce4 ,"h1 !n1 0 fluidity1 accord+ to ! above def9ition2 n p]fect fluidity1 b fluidity att5d$ ) resi/ance to fl[1 or :at we h agre$ to call viscosity4 ,b wat] also (f]s su* resi/ance to fl[1 or viscosity1 !re=e ! diff]5ce betwe5 iron or copp] wire & liquid wat] z reg>ds _! fluidity is only a diff]5ce ( degree1 & n ( k9d2 ! dem>cation betwe5 solids & liquids is n a broad1 cle>ly-def9$ l9e1 b a b& ( bl5d+ %ade1 ! dep?s ( t9t repres5t+ v>y+ degrees ( viscosity4 ,multitudes ( examples may be cit$ illu/rat+ ! viscosity ( bodies t we usually reg>d z types ( solidity1 su*1 = example1 z ! rocks =m+ ! e>?'s cru/4 ,9 ! 8,black ,c\ntry0 ( ,s\? ,/af=d%ire1 :i* is und]m9$ by ! great t5-y>d coal-seam1 cottages1 *imney-%afts1 & o!r build+s may be se5 lean+ ov] mo/ grotesquely1 h\ses split d[n ! middle by ! subsid5ce or incl9ation ( "o side1 great holl[s 9 fields or across roads t 7 once flat1 & a v>iety ( o!r di/ortions1 due to ! gradual s9k+ ( ! rock-/rata t h be5 und]m9$ by ! colli]y work+s4 ,9 "s cases ! rocks are split1 b usually ! subsid5ce is a b5d+ or fl[+ d[n ( ! rocks to fill up ! vacuity1 z wat] fills a holl[1 or 8f9ds its own level40 ,i h se5 _m cases ( ! d[nw>d curvature ( ! ro( ( a coal-pit1 & h be5 told t 9 "s cases ! surr\nd+ pressure causes ! floor to curve upw>ds1 b h n se5 ?is4 ,e>?quakes af=d ano!r example4 ,! s-call$ solid cru/ ( ! e>? is upheav$1 & ca/ into positive bill[s t wave away on all sides f ! c5tre ( di/urbance4 ,! e>?-bill[s ( ! great ,lisbon e>?quake ( #agee travel$ to ?is c\ntry1 & :5 !y rea*$ ,lo* ,lomond1 7 /ill ( suffici5t magnitude to raise & l[] its banks ?r\gh a p]p5dicul> range ( two feet f\r in*es4 ,x is q possible1 or1 ,i may say1 probable1 t !re are tides ( ! e>? z well z ( ! wat]s1 & ! subject has occupi$ mu* att5tion & rais$ "s discussion among ma!maticians4 ,if ! e>? has a fluid c5tre1 & only a comp>atively ?9 cru/1 z "s suppose1 !re mu/ be su* tides1 produc$ by ! gravitation ( ! moon & sun4 ,ice pres5ts "s int]e/+ results ( ?is viscosity4 ,at a c]ta9 height1 v>y+ ) latitude1 aspect1 etc41 we rea* ! 8sn[ l9e0 ( m\nta9 slopes1 above :i* ! sn[ ( w9t] rema9s unmelt$ dur+ summ]1 &1 9 mo/ cases1 goes on accumulat+4 ,x soon loses its floccul5t1 flaky "*1 & becomes coh]5t1 cle> blue ice by ! pressure ( its own weight4 ,a r complex !ory has be5 prop\nd$ to expla9 ?is *ange--! !ory ( regelation--i4e41 re-freez+2 a !ory :i* assumes t ! pressure fir/ ?aws a film ( ice at ! surface ( contact1 & t pres5tly ?is re-freezes1 & ?us effects a heal+ or g5]al solidification4 ,f>aday f\nd t two pieces ( ice ) moi/5$ surfaces unit$ if press$ toge!r :5 at j ab\t ! temp]ature ( freez+1 b n if mu* cold]4 ,tyndall has fur!r illu/rat$ ?is by tak+ fragm5ts ( ice & squeez+ !m 9 a m\ld1 :]eby !y became a cle>1 transp>5t ball1 or cake4 ,s*oolboys did ! l long be=e1 :5 sn[ball+ ) sn[ at ab\t ! ?aw+ po9t4 ,su* sn[1 z we all rememb]1 became conv]t$ into /ony lumps :5 firmly press$ toge!r4 ,we also rememb] t 9 mu* cold] wea!r no su* cohesion occurr$1 b our sn[balls rema9$ p[d]y 9 spite ( all our squeez+4 ,i am a sceptic z reg>ds ?is !ory ( regelation4 ,i believe t ! true explanation is mu* simpl]2 t ! cry/als ( sn[ or fragm5ts ( ice 9 ^! exp]im5ts are simply weld$1 z ! smi? unites two pieces ( iron1 by m]ely press+ !m toge!r :5 !y are ne> _! melt+ po9t4 ,o!r metals & o!r fusible sub/ances may be simil>ly weld$1 provid$ !y s(t5 or become suffici5tly visc\s be=e fus+4 ,plat9um is a good example ( ?is4 ,x is infusible 9 ord9>y furnaces1 b becomes pa/y be=e melt+1 & !re=e1 "o me?od adopt$ 9 ! manufacture ( plat9um +ots or b>s f ! ore1 is to precipitate a sort ( plat9um sn[ 7spongy plat9um7 f its solution 9 acid1 & !n compress ?is metallic sn[ 9 r$-hot /eel m\lds by means ( pi/ons driv5 ) great =ce4 ,! floccul5t metal ?us becomes a solid1 coh]5t mass1 j z ! floccul5t ice became coh]5t ice 9 ,tyndall's exp]im5t or 9 mak+ h>d sn[balls4 ,wax1 pit*1 res91 & all o!r solid t fuse gradually1 coh]e1 are weldable1 or1 9 v pla9 language1 8/ick toge!r10 :5 ne> _! fus+ po9t4 ,i h made ! foll[+ exp]im5t to prove t :5 ?is s-call$ regelation ( sn[ or ice-fragm5ts occurs1 ! ice is visc\s or pla/ic1 l wax or pit*4 ,a /rong iron squirt1 ) a cyl9drical bore ( half an in* 9 diamet]1 is fitt$ ) an iron pi/on4 ,?is pi/on is driv5 =? by a screw work+ 9 a coll> at "o end ( ! squirt4 ,into ! o!r end is screw$ a brass nozzle ) an ap]ature ab\t "o tw5tie? ( an in* diamet]1 tap]+ or op5+ inw>ds gradually to ! half-in* bore4 ,into ?is bore ,i place sn[ or fragm5ts ( ice1 !n1 hold+ ! body ( ! squirt firmly 9 a vice1 ,i "w ! lev] ( ! screw1 & ?us drive =w>d ! pi/on & cru% d[n ! sn[ or ice-fragm5ts1 :i* pres5tly become coh]5t & =m a half-in* solid cyl9d] ( cle> ice4 ,apply+ /ill m pressure1 ?is cyl9d] is =c$ l a liquid ?r\gh ! small orifice ( ! nozzle ( ! squirt1 & x jets or sp\ts out z a ?9 /ick ( ice l v]micelli1 or ! 8leads0 ( ev]-po9t$ p5cils1 = ! m\ld+ ( :i* ! squirt 0 orig9ally con/ruct$4 ,i f9d t ice at #cb c ?us be squirt$ m easily ?an beeswax ( ! same temp]ature1 & su* be+ ! case1 ,i see no reason = imag9+ any complex op]ation ( regelation 9 ! case ( ! ice1 b m]ely reg>d ! adhesion ( two pieces ( ice :5 press$ toge!r z simil> to ! /ick+ toge!r ( two pieces ( cobbl]s'-wax1 or s(t5$ seal+-wax1 or beeswax1 or ! weld+ ( iron or glass :5 heat$ to _! weld+ temp]atures1 i4e41 to a c]ta9 degree ( incipi5t fluidity or viscosity4 ,if a lead5 bullet be cut 9 half1 & ! two fre%-cut faces press$ =cibly toge!r1 !y coh]e at ord9>y atmosph]ic temp]atures1 b we h no occasion = a regelation !ory "h4 ,! viscosity ( ! lead acc\nts = all4 ,at ,woolwi* ,ars5al !re is a mon/] squirt1 simil> to my little "o4 ,?is is *>g$ ) lead1 &1 by means ( hydraulic pressure1 ! lead is squir$ out ( ! nozzle z a cyl9drical jet ( any requir$ diamet]4 ,?is jet or /ick ( lead is ! mat]ial ( :i* ! elongat$ cyl9drical rifle bullets are n[ made4 ,b return+ to ! po9t at :i* we />t$1 on ! subject ( ice1 viz41 its ,alp9e accumulation above ! sn[-l9e4 ,if ! sn[-fall !re exce$s ! am\nt t is ?aw$ & evaporat$1 x mu/ ei!r g on gr[+ upw>d until x rea*es ! highe/ atmosph]ic region f :i* x falls1 or is =m$1 or x mu/ desc5d someh[4 ,if ice c be squirt$ ?r\gh a syr+e by m]e h&-pressure1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 expect+ t x w\ld be =c$ d[n a hill slope1 or ?r\gh a gully1 or across a pla91 by ! pressure ( its own weight :5 ! accumulation is great4 ,su* is ! case1 & ?us are glaci]s =m$4 ,!y are1 /rictly speak+1 riv]s or torr5ts ( ice2 !y fl[ z liquid wat] does1 & d[n ! same *annels z w\ld c>ry ! liquid surface dra9age ( ! hills1 7 ra9 to take ! place ( sn[4 ,l riv]s1 !y fl[ ) v>y+ spe$1 accord+ to ! slope2 l riv]s1 _! curr5t is m rapid 9 ! middle ?an ! sides2 l riv]s1 !y ex]t _! greate/ te>+ =ce :5 squeez$ n>r[ ?r\gh gullies2 &1 l riv]s1 !y spread out into lakes :5 !y come ^u an op5 bas9-l valley1 ) n>r[ outlet4 ,! ,ju/$alsbrae ( ,norway is a great ice-lake ( ?is "*1 cov]+ a surface ( ab\t #ejj squ>e miles1 & p\r+ d[n its ice-torr5ts on e side1 :]ev] !re is a not* or valley desc5d+ f ! table-l& x cov]s4 ,! rate ( fl[ ( su* d[np\r+ glaci]s v>ies f two or ?ree in*es to z _m feet p] day1 & !y pres5t magnific5t examples ( ! actual fluidity or viscosity ( an app>5tly solid mass4 ,?is viscosity has be5 disput$1 & attempts h be5 made to o!rwise expla9 ! motion ( glaci]s2 b :ile x is possible t x may be assi/$ by v>y+ expansion & contraction1 ! d[nfl[ due to viscosity is n[ recogniz$ z unque/ionably ! ma9 factor ( glaci] motion4 ,cascades ( ice may be sometimes se54 ,9 ! c\rse ( my fir/ visit to ,norway1 ,i w&]$ alone ov] a v desolate m\nta9 region t[>ds ! head ( ! ,ju/$al1 & unexpect$ly came ^u a gloomy lake1 ! ,/yggev&1 :i* lies at ! foot ( a precipice-b\nd>y ( ! great ice-field above nam$4 ,"h1 ! ice hav+ no slop+ valley-tr\gh by :i* to desc5d1 p\r$ ov] ! edge ( ! precipice z a great ov]hang+ %eet or cornice1 :i* b5t d[n z x 0 pu%$ =w>d1 & pres5t$ on ! convex side ( ! %eet "s f9e blue cracks1 or 8crevasses0 z !y are call$4 ,^! gradually wid5$ & deep5$1 until ! ov]hang+ mass broke (f & fell into ! lake1 on ! surface ( :i* ,i saw ! result1 9 ! =m ( sev]al float+ iceb]gs t _h previ\sly fall54 ,some?+ l ?is1 on a small scale1 may be se5 at home on ! edge ( a h\se ro(1 on :i* !re has be5 an accumulation ( sn[2 b1 9 ?is case1 x is r slid+ ?an fl[+ t has made ! cornice2 b its d[n-b5d+ is a result ( viscosity4 ,^! & a multitude ( o!r facts t might be /at$1 _m ( :i* w occur to ! read]1 prove cle>ly en\gh t ! solid & liquid /ates ( matt] are n di/9ctly & broadly sep>able1 b are connect$ by an int]m$iate condition ( viscosity4 ,we n[ come to ! "q :e!r !re is any simil> cont9uity betwe5 liquids & gases4 ,ord9>y exp]i5ce decid$ly sugge/s a negative answ]4 ,we c po9t to no?+ )9 easy rea* t has ! prop]ties ( a liquid & gase\s half-&-half2 t /&s betwe5 gases & liquids z pit* & treacle /& betwe5 solids & liquids4 ,"s1 p]haps1 may sugge/ t cl\d-matt]--,london fog1 = example--is 9 su* an int]m$iate /ate4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,:ite c\ntry fog1 ord9>y cl\ds1 or ! s-call$ 8/eam0 t is se5 assum+ cl\d =ms z x issues f ! sp\t ( a tea-kettle or funnel ( a locomotive1 consi/s ( m9ute p>ticles ( wat] susp5d$ 9 air1 z solid p>ticles ( du/ are also susp5d$4 ,x has be5 call$ 8vesicul> vapor10 on ! supposition t x has ! =m ( m9ute vesicles1 l soap-bubbles on a v small scale1 b ?is hypo!sis rema9s unprov54 ,london fog consi/s ( simil> p>ticles1 v>ni%$ ) a delicate film ( coal-t>1 & int]spr9kl$ ) p>ticles ( soot4 ,9 ord] to cle>ly compreh5d ! above-/at$ "q1 we mu/ def9e ! diff]5ce betwe5 liquids & gases4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are bo? fluids1 z already agre$4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 liquid fluidity & gase\s fluidity8 ,! exp]t 9 molecul> ma!matics1 disc\rs+ to 8 k9ematical bre?r51 w\ld produce a trem5d\s reply to ?is "q4 ,he w\ld describe ! oscillations1 gyrations1 collisions1 mean free pa?s1 & mutual ob/ructions ( atoms & molecules1 &1 by ! aid ( a madd5+ array ( symbols1 arrive at ! conclusion t gases1 unless re/ra9$1 exp& ( _! own accord1 :ile liquids reta9 def9ite limits or dim5sions4 ,! matt]-(-fact exp]im5tali/ demon/rates ! same by me?ods t are easily und]/ood by anybody4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 bo? = my own sake & my read]s'1 describe "s ( ! latt]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we all see pla9ly t liquids h a surface1 i4e41 a well-def9$ b\nd>y1 & also t gases1 unless enclos$1 h n4 ,b z ?is may be due to ! invisibility ( ! gas1 we mu/ "q x fur!r4 ,! air we brea! may be tak5 z a type ( gases1 z wat] may ( liquids4 ,x has weight1 z we may prove by weigh+ a bottle full ( air1 !n pump+ out ! cont5ts1 weigh+ ! empty bottle1 & not+ ! diff]5ce4 ,hav+ weight1 x presses t[>ds ! e>?1 & is squeez$ by all t re/s above x2 ?us ! air ar\nd u is con/ra9$ air4 ,x is v compressible1 & is accord+ly compress$ by ! weight ( all ! air above x4 ,?is be+ und]/ood1 let u take a bottle full ( wat] & ano!r full ( air1 & c>ry !m bo? to ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc1 or to a simil> height 9 a balloon4 ,we %all !n h left ne>ly half ( ! atmosph]e bel[1 & ?us bo? liquid & gas w be "u little m ?an half ( ! ord9>y pressure4 ,:at w happ5 if we uncork !m bo?8 ,! liquid w /ill display its def9ite surface1 & rema9 9 ! bottle1 b n s ! gas4 ,x w ov]fl[ upw>ds1 d[nw>ds1 or sideways1 no matt] h[ ! bottle is held1 & if we _h ti$ an empty bladd] ov] ! neck be=e uncork+1 we %\ld f9d ?is ov]fl[ or expansion ( ! gas exactly proportionate to ! removal ( pressure1 provid$ ! temp]ature rema9$ unalt]$4 ,?us1 at j half ! pressure "u :i* a p9t bottle 0 cork$1 ! air w\ld measure exactly "o qu>t1 at "o-eigh? ( ! pressure "o gallon1 & s on4 ,we _c get high en\gh = ! latt] expansion1 b c easily imitate ! effect ( fur!r elevation by means ( an air-pump4 ,?us1 we may put "o cubic in* ( air into a bladd] ( #ajj cubic in*es capacity1 !n place ?is "u ! receiv] ( an air-pump1 & r$uce ! pressure outside ! bladd] to #a_/ajj? ( its orig9al am\nt4 ,) su* atmosph]ic surr\nd+1 ! "o cubic in* ( air w plump out ! flaccid bladd]1 & completely fill x4 ,! pumpability ( ! air f ! receiv] %[s t x goes on ov]fl[+ f x into ! pi/on ( ! pump z fa/ z its own ela/ic pressure on itself is dim9i%$4 ,numb]less o!r exp]im5ts may be made1 all prov+ t all gases are compos$ ( matt] :i* is n m]ely incohesive1 b is en]getically self-repulsive2 s mu* s1 t x c only be reta9$ )9 any b\nds :atev] by means ( "s ext]nal pressure or con/ra9t4 ,= aught we "k exp]im5tally1 ! gase\s cont5ts ( "o ( ,mr4 ,glai%]'s baloons w\ld out/ret* itself suffici5tly to occupy ! :ole sph]e ( space t is spann$ by ! e>?'s orbit1 provid$ t space 7 p]fectly vacu\s1 & ! baloon 7 bur/ 9 ! mid/ ( x1 ! temp]ature ( ! exp&+ gas be+ ma9ta9$4 ,"h1 !n1 9 ?is self-repulsiv5ess1 in/ead ( self-cohesion1 ?is abs5ce ( self-impos$ b\nd>y or dim5sions1 we h a v broad & well-m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 gases & liquids1 s broad t !re seems no bridge t c possibly cross x4 ,?is 0 believ$ to be ! case until rec5tly4 ,su* a bridge has1 h[ev]1 be5 built1 & r5d]$ visible1 by ! exp]im5tal rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,&rews2 b fur!r explanation is requir$ to r5d] ?is g5]ally intelligible4 ,until q lately x 0 cu/om>y to divide gases into two classes--8p]man5t gases0 & 8cond5sable gases10 or 8vapors40 ,gase\s wat] or /eam 0 usually describ$ z typical ( ! latt]2 oxyg51 hydrog51 or nitrog5 ( ! =m]4 ,e>li] ?an ?is1 _m o!r gases 7 includ$ 9 ! p]man5t li/2 b ,f>aday made a s]i\s inroad ^u ?is classification :5 he liquefi$ *lor9e by cool+ & compress+ x4 ,long aft] ?is1 ! gase\s elem5ts ( wat]1 & ! *ief con/itu5ts ( air1 oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog51 resi/$ all ef=ts to cond5se !m2 b n[ !y h succumb$ to great pressure & extreme cool+4 ,we ?us arrive at a v broad g5]alization1 viz41 t all gases are physically simil> to /eam 7,i mean1 ( c\rse1 8dry /eam10 i4e41 true invisible /eam1 & n ! cl\dy matt] to :i* ! "n ( /eam is popul>ly giv571 t !y are all =m$ by rais+ liquids above _! boil+ po9t1 j z /eam is =m$ :5 we boil wat] & ma9ta9 ! /eam above ! boil+-po9t ( ! wat]4 ,b "s liquids boil at temp]atures f> bel[ t at :i* o!rs freeze2 liquid *lor9e boils at a temp]ature bel[ t ( freez+ wat]1 & liquid c>bonic acid bel[ ev5 t ( freez+ m]cury1 & liquid hydrog5 f> l[] /ill4 ,^! are cases ( boil+1 nev]!less1 ?\gh x seems a p>adox accord+ to ! ideas we commonly atta* to ?is ^w4 ,b su* ideas are bas$ on our common exp]i5ce ( ! prop]ties ( our commone/ ( liquids1 viz41 wat]4 ,:5 wat] boils "u ! conditions ( our ord9>y exp]i5ce1 ! passage f ! liquid to ! gase\s /ate is a sudd5 leap1 ) no int]m$iate /ate ( exi/5ce t we are able to p]ceive2 & ! conditions ^u :i* wat] is conv]t$ into /eam--! liquid into ! gas--:ile bo? are at ! bottom ( our atmosph]ic ocean1 are su* z to r5d] an int]m$iate condition rationally1 z well z practically1 impossible4 ,we f9d t ! expansive en]gy by :i* ! /eam is enabl$ to resi/ atmosph]ic pressure is conf]r$ ^u x by its tak+ into itself1 & utiliz+ = its expansive ef=ts a l>ge am\nt ( calorific en]gy4 ,:5 any giv5 quantity ( wat] is conv]t$ into /eam1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 its bulk sudd5ly becomes above #agjj times great]--a cubic in* ( wat] =ms ab\t a cubic foot ( /eam1 & ne>ly #ajjj degrees ( heat 7#ifff7 disappe>s z temp]ature4 ,o!rwise /at$1 we mu/ give to ! cubic in* ( wat] at #bab z mu* heat z w\ld raise x to a temp]ature ( #bab plus #ifff1 or #a1aghf1 if x rema9$ liquid4 ,?is is ab\t ! temp]ature ( ! gl[+ coals ( a common fire2 b ! /eam t has ?us tak5 en\gh heat to make ! wat] r$-hot is /ill at #bab--no hott] ?an ! wat] 0 :ile boil+4 ,?is heat1 :i* ?us ceases to exhibit itself z temp]ature1 is o!rwise occupi$4 ,its en]gy is p>tly devot$ to ! "w ( increas+ ! bulk ( ! wat] to ! above-nam$ ext5t1 & p>tly 9 conf]r+ on ! /eam its gase\s specialty--t is1 9 ov]com+ liquid cohesion1 & sub/itut+ = x ! opposite prop]ty ( int]nal repulsive en]gy :i* is *>act]i/ic ( gases4 ,my reasons = ?us def9+ & sep>at+ ^! two functions ( ! s-call$ 8lat5t0 heat w be se5 :5 we come to ! philosophy ( ! int]e/+ rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,&rews4 ,z already expla9$1 all gases are n[ prov$ to be analog\s to /eam1 !y are matt] exp&$ & r5d]$ self-repulsive by heat4 ,all elem5t>y matt] may exi/ 9 ei!r ( ! ?ree =ms--solid1 liquid1 or gas1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( heat & pressure to :i* x is subject$4 ,i limit ?is wide g5]alization to elem5t>y sub/ances = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,_m comp\nds are made up ( elem5ts s feebly held toge!r t !y become 8dissociat$0 :5 heat$ to a temp]ature bel[ _! boil+-po9t2 or1 _! condition maybe o!rwise def9$ by /at+ t ! bonds ( *emical en]gy1 :i* hold _! elem5ts toge!r1 are weak] ?an ! cohesion :i* b9ds & holds !m 9 ! condition ( solid or liquid1 & are m easily brok5 by ! expansive en]gy ( heat4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 let u take two common & well-kn[n oils--olive oil & turp5t9e4 ,! fir/ belongs to ! class ( 8fix$ oils10 & second to ! 8volatile oils40 ,if we apply heat to liquid turp5t9e1 x boils1 passes into ! /ate ( gase\s turp5t9e1 :i* is easily cond5sible by cool+ x4 ,if ! liquid result ( ?is cond5sation is exam9$1 we f9d x to be turp5t9e z be=e4 ,n s ) ! olive oil4 ,j z ?is rea*es its boil+ po9t1 ! heat1 :i* w\ld o!rwise conv]t x into olive-oil vapor1 beg9s to dissociate its con/itu5ts1 & if ! temp]ature be rais$ a little high]1 we obta9 "s gases1 b ^! are ! products ( decomposition1 n gase\s olive oil4 ,?is is call$ 8de/ructive0 di/illation4 ,9 olive oil1 ! boil+-po9t & dissociation po9t are ne> to ea* o!r4 ,9 ! case ( glyc]9e1 ^! po9ts s ne>ly approximate t1 al?\gh we _c di/il x unbrok5 "u ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure1 we may d s if "s ( ?is pressure is remov$4 ,"u su* dim9i%$ pressure1 ! boil+-po9t is br\ght d[n bel[ ! dissociation po9t1 & cond5sible glyc]9e gas comes ov] )\t decomposition4 ,sug> af=ds a v int]e/+ example ( dissociation1 comm5c+ f> bel[ ! boil+-po9t1 & go+ on gradually & visibly1 ) increas+ rapidity z ! temp]ature is rais$4 ,put "s :ite sug> into a spoon1 & heat ! spoon gradually ov] ! smokeless gas-flame or _s-lamp4 ,at fir/ ! sug> melts1 !n becomes yell[ 7b>ley sug>72 ?is color deep5s to orange1 !n r$1 !n *e/nut-br[n1 !n d>k br[n1 !n ne>ly black 7c>amel71 !n q black1 & f9ally x becomes a m]e c9d]4 ,sug> is compos$ ( c>bon & wat]2 ! heat dissociates ?is comp\nd1 sep>ates ! wat]1 :i* passes (f z vapor1 & leaves ! c>bon beh9d4 ,! gradual deep5+ ( ! color indicates ! gradual c>bonization1 :i* is complet$ :5 only ! dry insoluble c9d] rema9s4 ,an appe>ance ( boil+ is se51 b ?is is ! boil+ ( ! dissociat$ wat]1 n ( ! sug>4 ,! dissociation temp]ature ( wat] is f> above its boil+-po9t4 ,x is #ejgb ,fahr41 "u conditions correspond+ to ^? :i* make its boil+-po9t #bab4 ,if we exam9e ! v>iations ( ! boil+-po9t ( wat]1 z ! atmosph]ic pressure on its surface v>ies1 "s curi\s results foll[4 ,to d ?is ! read] mu/ endure "s figures4 ,!y are extremely simple1 & p]fectly intelligible1 b dem& j a little att5tion4 ,foll[+ are ?ree columns ( figures4 ,! fir/ repres5ts atmosph]es ( pressure--i4e41 tak+ our atmosph]ic pressure :5 x supports #cj in*es ( m]cury 9 ! b>omet] tube z a unit1 t pressure is d\bl$1 trebl$1 etc41 up to tw5ty times 9 ! fir/ column4 ,! second column /ates ! temp]ature at :i* wat] boils :5 "u ! diff]5t pressures ?us indicat$4 ,! ?ird column1 :i* is ! subject = special /udy j n[1 %[s h[ mu* we mu/ rise ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ord] to make x boil z we g on add+ atmosph]es ( pressure2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! increase ( temp]ature due to ea* increase ( "o atmosph]e ( pressure4 ,! figures are f\nd$ on ! exp]im5ts ( ,regnault4 ,pressure 9 ,temp]ature1 ,f4 ,rise ( ,temp]ature ,atmosph]es = ea* additional ,atmosph]e #a #bab #b #bdie #cge #c #bgcc #bch #d #biab #agi #e #cjfj #adh #f #cahb #abb #g #cbif #aad #h #ccie #ii #i #cdhd #hi #aj #ceff #hb #aa #cfdb #gf #ab #cgaa #fi #ac #cggh #fg #ad #chdj #fb #ae #cijj #fj #af #cied #ed #ag #djjh #ed #ah #djei #ea #ai #dajh #di #bj #daed #df ,x may be se5 f ! above t1 ) ! exception ( "o irregul>ity1 !re is a cont9ual dim9ution ( ! additional temp]ature :i* is requir$ to ov]come an additional atmosph]e ( pressure1 & if ?is goes on z ! pressure & temp]atures advance1 we may ultimately rea* a curi\s condition--a temp]ature at :i* additional pressure w dem& no additional temp]ature to ma9ta9 ! gase\s /ate2 or1 9 o!r words1 a temp]ature may be rea*$ at :i* no am\nt ( pressure c cond5se /eam into wat]1 or at :i* ! gase\s & liquid /ates m]ge or become indiff]5t4 ,b we mu/ n pu% ?is m]e num]ical reason+ too f>1 see+ t x is q possible to be cont9ually approa*+ a giv5 po9t1 )\t ev] rea*+ x1 z :5 we g on cont9ually halv+ ! rema9+ di/ance4 ,! figures 9 ! above d n appe> to foll[ accord+ to su* a law--nor1 inde$1 any o!r regul>ity4 ,?is probably arises f exp]im5tal error1 z !re are discrepancies 9 ! results ( diff]5t inve/igators4 ,!y all agree1 h[ev]1 9 ! broad fact ( ! gradation above /at$4 ,dulong & ,arago1 :o direct$ ! exp]im5ts ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t ,commission = inve/igat+ ?is subject1 /ate ! pressure at #bj atmosph]es to be #dahd1 at #ba #dbbi1 at #bb #dbgc1 at #bc #dcad1 & at #bd atmosph]es1 _! highe/ exp]im5tal limit1 #dcee1 ?us r$uc+ ! rise ( temp]ature betwe5 ! #bc;d & #bd? atmosph]es to #da4 ,if we c\ld g on heat+ wat] 9 a transp>5t vessel until ?is diff]5ce became a vani%+ quantity1 we %\ld probably recognize a visible physical *ange co9cid5t ) ?is cessation ( cond5sibility by pressure2 b ?is is n possible1 z glass w\ld become r$-hot & s(t5$1 & ?us incapable ( be>+ ! great pressure dem&$4 ,besides ?is1 glass is soluble 9 wat] at ^! high temp]atures4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we c f9d "s liquid ) a l[] boil+-po9t1 we may g on pil+ atmosph]e ^u atmosph]e ( ela/ic expansive pressure1 z ! temp]ature is rais$1 )\t rea*+ an unmanageable degree ( heat4 ,liquid c>bonic acid1 :i*1 "u a s+le atmosph]e ( pressure1 boils at #aab bel[ ! z]o ( our !rmomet]1 may ?us be rais$ to a temp]ature hav+ ! same relation to its boil+-po9t t a r$-heat has to t ( wat]1 & may be /ill conf9$ )9 a glass vessel1 provid$ ! walls ( ! vessel are suffici5tly ?ick to be> ! /ra9 ( ! ela/ic out/riv+ pressure4 ,9 spite ( its brittl5ess glass is capable ( be>+ an enorm\s /ra9 /eadily appli$1 z may be prov$ by try+ to break ev5 a m]e ?read ( glass by direct pull4 ,dr4 ,&rews ?us treat$ c>bonic acid1 & ! exp]im5t1 z ,i h witness$ its repetition1 is v curi\s4 ,a liquid occupies ! l[] "p ( a v /rong glass tube1 :i* appe>s empty above4 ,b ?is app>5t void is occupi$ by invisible c>bonic acid gas1 evolv$ by ! previ\s boil+ ( ! liquid c>bonic acid bel[4 ,we />t at a l[ temp]ature--say #dj ,fahr4 ,!n ! temp]ature is rais$2 ! liquid boils until x has giv5 (f suffici5t gas or vapor to ex]t ! full expansive pressure or t5sion due to t temp]ature4 ,?is pressure /ops ! boil+1 & aga9 ! surface ( ! liquid is becalm$4 ,?is is repeat$ at a high] temp]ature1 & ?us cont9u$ until we approa* ne>ly to #hh ,fahr41 :5 ! surface ( ! liquid loses "s ( its %>p outl9e4 ,!n #hh is rea*$1 & ! b\nd>y betwe5 liquid & gas vani%es2 liquid & gas h bl5d$ into "o my/]i\s int]m$iate fluid2 an indef9ite fluctuat+ some?+ is !re fill+ ! :ole ( ! tube--an e!realiz$ liquid or a visible gas4 ,hold a r$-hot pok] betwe5 y\r eye & ! light2 y w see an upfl[+ wavy movem5t ( :at appe>s l liquid air4 ,! appe>ance ( ! hybrid fluid 9 ! tube resembles ?is1 b is s5sibly d5s]1 & evid5tly /&s betwe5 ! liquid & gase\s /ates ( matt]1 z pit* or treacle /&s betwe5 solid & liquid4 ,! temp]ature at :i* ?is occurs has be5 nam$ by ,dr4 ,&rews ! 8critical temp]ature02 "h ! gase\s & liquid /ates are 8cont9u\s10 & x is probable t all o!r sub/ances capable ( exi/+ 9 bo? /ates h _! own p>ticul> critical temp]atures4 ,hav+ ?us /at$ ! facts 9 popul> outl9e1 ,i %all conclude ! subject by indulg+ 9 "s speculations ( my own on ! philosophy ( ^! g5]al facts or natural laws1 & on "s ( _! possible consequ5ces4 ,z already /at$1 ! conv]sion ( wat] into /eam "u ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure dem&s #ifff ( heat ov] & above t :i* does ! "w ( rais+ ! wat] to #bab1 or1 o!rwise /at$1 z mu* heat is at "w 9 a giv5 weight ( /eam at #bab1 z w\ld raise ! same quantity ( wat] to #aaghf if x rema9$ liquid4 ,james ,watt conclud$ f 8 exp]im5ts t a giv5 weight ( /eam1 :atev] may be its d5sity1 or1 9 o!r words1 "u :atev] pressure x may exi/1 conta9s ! same quantity ( heat4 ,accord+ to ?is1 if we r$uc$ ! pressure suffici5tly to br+ d[n ! boil+-po9t to #aab1 in/ead ( #bab1 ! lat5t heat ( ! /eam ?us =m$ w\ld be #ajfff in/ead ( #ifff1 or if1 on ! o!r h&1 we plac$ x "u suffici5t pressure to raise ! boil+-po9t to #cab1 ! lat5t heat ( ! /eam w\ld be r$uc$ to #hfff1 i4e41 only #hfff m w\ld be requir$ to conv]t ! wat] into /eam4 ,if ! boil+-po9t 7 #dab1 z x is betwe5 #ai & #bj atmosph]es ( pressure1 only #gfff m heat w\ld be requir$1 & s on1 till we rea*$ a pressure :i* rais$ ! boil+-po9t to #aaghf2 ! wat] w\ld !n become /eam )\t fur!r heat+1 i4e41 ! critical po9t w\ld be rea*$1 & ?us1 if ,watt is "r1 we c easily det]m9e1 !oretically1 ! critical temp]ature ( wat]4#cf ,mr4 ,p]k9s1 :o made "s rem>kable exp]im5ts ^u v high pressure /eam _m ye>s ago1 & exhibit$ a /eam gun at ! ,adelaide ,gall]y1 /at$ t r$-hot wat] does n boil2 t if ! g5]ator be suffici5tly /rong to /& a pressure ( #fj1jjj lbs4 load on ! safety-valve1 ! wat] may be made to ex]t a pressure ( #ef1jjj lbs4 on ! squ>e in* at a *]ry-r$ heat )\t boil+4 ,he made a numb] ( r dang]\s exp]im5ts 9 ?us rais+ wat] to a r$-heat1 & 8 ass]tion t r$-hot wat] does n boil is curi\s :5 view$ 9 connection ) ,dr4 ,&rews' exp]im5ts4 ,i _c tell h[ he arriv$ at ?is conclusion1 hav+ be5 unable to obta9 ! orig9al record ( 8 exp]im5ts1 & only quote ! above second h&4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! temp]ature he names is ab\t #aagj1 or t :i*1 if ,watt is "r1 mu/ be ! critical temp]ature ( ! wat]4 ,p]k9s' r$-hot wat] w\ld n boil1 be+ !n 9 ! int]m$iate condition4 ,s f>1 we h a nice little !ory1 :i* n only %[s h[ ! critical /ate ( wat] mu/ be rea*$1 b also its precise temp]ature2 b all ?is is bas$ on ! assumption t ,watt made no mi/ake4 ,un=tunately = ! simplicity ( ?is !ory1 ,regnault /ates t 8 exp]im5ts contradict ^? ( ,watt1 & prove t ! lat5t heat ( /eam does n dim9i% j 9 ! same degree z ! boil+-po9t is rais$1 b t in/ead ( ?is ! dim9ution ( ! lat5t heat progresses #cj p] c5t m sl[ly ?an ! rise ( temp]ature1 s t1 in/ead ( ! lat5t heat ( /eam betwe5 boil+-po9ts ( #bab & #cab fall+ f #ifff to #hfff x w\ld only fall to #hiea or #fie ( lat5t heat = e #ajj ( temp]ature4 ,if ?is is correct1 ! temp]ature at :i* ! lat5t heat ( /eam is r$uc$ to z]o is mu* high] ?an #aaghf1 & is1 9 fact1 a cont9ually rec$+ quantity nev] absolutely rea*$2 b ,i am n prep>$ to accept ^! figures ( ,regnault z implicitly z is n[ done 9 text-books 7,i 0 ne>ly say+ 8z is n[ ! fa%ion071 see+ t !y are n ! actual figures obta9$ by 8 exp]im5ts1 b ^? ( 8 8empirical =mul0 bas$ ^u !m4 ,8 actual exp]im5tal figures are v irregul>2 ?us1 betwe5 /eam temp]ature ( #agaf & #ahcb a diff]5ce ( #aaf1 ! exp]im5tal diff]5ce 9 ! lat5t heat came out z #dg2 betwe5 /eam temp]ature ( #ahcb & #aidh1 or #aaf aga91 ! lat5t heat diff]5ce is tabulat$ z #hj4 ,regnault's exp]im5ts 7 n c>ri$ to v high temp]atures & pressures1 & indicate t z ^! advance ! deviation f ,watt's law dim9i%es1 & may f9ally vani% at ab\t #aejj or #afjj1 :]e ! lat5t heat w\ld rea* z]o1 & !re1 accord+ to ! above1 ! critical temp]ature w\ld be rea*$4 ,any additional heat appli$ aft] ?is w h b "o function to p]=m1 viz41 ! ord9>y "w ( increas+ ! bulk ( ! heat$ body )\t do+ any?+ fur!r 9 ! way ( conf]r+ ^u x any new self-repulsive prop]ties4 ,our notions ( solids1 liquids1 & gases are d]iv$ f our exp]i5ces ( ! /ate ( matt] "h ^u ?is e>?4 ,c\ld we be remov$ to ano!r planet1 !y w\ld be curi\sly *ang$4 ,on ,m]cury wat] w\ld rank z "o ( ! cond5sible gases2 on ,m>s1 z a fusible solid2 b :at on ,jupit]8 ,rec5t obs]vations ju/ify u 9 reg>d+ ?is z a m9iature sun1 ) an ext]nal envelope ( cl\dy matt]1 app>5tly ( p>tially cond5s$ wat]1 b r$-hot1 or probably /ill hott] )94 ,8 vapor\s atmosph]e is evid5tly ( enorm\s dep?1 & ! =ce ( gravitation be+ on 8 visible out] surface two & a half times great] ?an t on our e>?'s surface1 ! atmosph]ic pressure 9 desc5d+ bel[ ?is visible surface mu/ soon rea* t at :i* ! vapor ( wat] w\ld be br\ght to its critical condition4 ,!re=e we may inf] t ! oceans ( ,jupit] are nei!r ( froz5 liquid nor gase\s wat]1 b are oceans or atmosph]es ( critical wat]4 ,if any fi%-birds swim or fly !re9 !y mu/ be v critically organiz$4 ,z ! :ole mass ( ,jupit] is ?ree hundr$ times great] ?an t ( ! e>?1 & its compress+ en]gy t[>ds ! c5tre proportional to ?is1 its mat]ials1 if simil> to ^? ( ! e>? & no hott]1 w\ld be consid]ably m d5se1 & ! :ole planet w\ld h a high] specific gravity2 b we "k by ! movem5t ( its satellites t1 in/ead ( ?is1 its specific gravity is less ?an a f\r? ( t ( ! e>?4 ,?is ju/ifies ! conclusion t x is int5sely hot1 = ev5 hydrog51 if cold1 w\ld become d5s] ?an ,jupit] "u su* pressure4 ,z all elem5t>y sub/ances may exi/ z solids1 liquids1 or gases1 or critically1 accord+ to ! conditions ( temp]ature & pressure1 ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 hypo!tically conclud+ t ,jupit] is nei!r a solid1 a liquid1 nor a gase\s planet1 b a critical planet1 or an orb compos$ int]nally ( dissociat$ elem5ts 9 ! critical /ate1 & surr\nd$ by a d5se atmosph]e ( _! vapors1 & ^? ( "s ( _! comp\nds1 su* z wat]4 ,! same reason+ applies to ,saturn & ! o!r l>ge & r>efi$ planets4 ,! critical temp]ature ( ! dissociat$ elem5ts ( ! sun is probably rea*$ at ! base ( ! photosph]e1 or t region reveal$ to u by ! sun-spots4 ,:5 ,i wrote 8,! ,fuel ( ! ,sun10 ?irte5 or f\rte5 ye>s ago1 ,i sugge/$1 on ! above gr\nds1 ! !n h]etical idea ( ! r$-heat ( ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune1 & %[$ t all su* comp\nds z wat] mu/ be dissociat$ at ! base ( ! sun's atmosph]e2 b be+ !n unacqua9t$ ) ! exi/5ce ( ?is critical /ate ( matt]1 ,i suppos$ ! dissociat$ elem5ts to exi/ z gases ) a small solid nucleus or k]nel 9 ! c5tre4 ,apply+ n[ ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,&rews to ! conditions ( sol> exi/5ce1 z ,i =m]ly appli$ ! dissociation rese>*es ( ,deville1 ,i conclude t ! sun has no nucleus1 ei!r solid1 liquid1 or gase\s1 b is compos$ ( dissociat$ matt] 9 ! critical /ate1 surr\nd$1 fir/1 by a flam+ envelope due to ! re-comb9ation ( ! dissociat$ matt]1 & outside ( ?is ano!r envelope ( vapors due to ?is comb9ation4 ,,mur*ison ,,& ,,babbage4 ,! curi\s contra/ ( "* pres5t$ by ^! two em95t m51 & ! v diff]5t c\rse ( _! lives1 conveys a /rik+ lesson to all ^? sup]ficial ?9k]s & un?9k+ talk]s :o make sweep+ g5]alizations conc]n+ human "*2 :o assume z a matt] ( c\rse t any man :o writes poetry mu/ be m]ely a dream] ( day-dreams1 incapable ( transact+ any practical daily bus9ess1 & n at all reliable 9 money matt]s2 ^: eyes are always 89 a f9e fr5zy roll+02 t he is1 9 %ort1 a sort ( amiable1 h>mless lunatic4 ,all actors1 accord+ to su* p1 are dissipat$ sp5d?rifts2 & if ,sims ,reeves1 or any o!r public p]=m]1 is prev5t$ by delicate l>ynx or o!r indisposition f appe>+1 !y look kn[+1 %rug _! %\ld]s1 w9k wisely1 & assume1 )\t ! fa9te/ %ad[ ( evid5ce1 t he is drunk4 ,9 l mann] !y set up a typical philosoph] ( _! own manufacture1 & attribute 8 imag9>y "* to all :o devote !mselves to sci5ce4 ,_! philosoph] is a mu/y1 dri$-up1 abs5t-m9d$ p$ant1 ^: ord9>y conv]sation is conduct$ 9 words ( sev5 syllables1 :o is always lo/ 9 pr(\nd ab/ractions2 takes no int]e/ 9 common ?+s2 reg>ds music1 danc+1 play-act+1 poetry1 & e *e]ful pursuit z frivol\s & contemptible--a creature :o nev] makes a joke1 seldom laughs1 & :o 9 matt]s ( bus9ess is ev5 m incapable ?an ! poet4 ,! s+ul> contra/ ( "* pres5t$ by ,babbage & ,mur*ison af=ds at once a mo/ complete refutation ( su* g5]alizations4 ,"h 7 two m51 bo? philosoph]s1 "o ! v type ( amiability1 suavity1 & all conceivable poli%1 ! v p]fection ( a c\rti]1 b diff]+ f ! vulg> c\rti] ( ! ,c\rt 9 ?is respect1 t 8 high-ton$ c\rtesy 0 n be/[$ ^u k+s only1 b also ^u all 8 human bre?r51 & ) especial gracefulness ^u ^? ^: rank 0 bel[ 8 own4 ,i d\bt :e!r !re is any man n[ liv+1 or has liv$ dur+ ?is g5]ation1 t c\ld equal ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison 9 ! art ( di/ribut+ %[]s ( complim5ts ^u a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t p 9 succession1 & mak+ ea* recipi5t delightfully satisfi$ ) himself4 ,9 8 position z ,*airman to ! ,geological ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association1 he did ?is ) m>vel\s tact1 )\t ! lea/ fulsom5ess or repetition1 or any display ( patroniz+4 ,e man :o read a pap] be=e t section 0 bett] ?an ev] satisfi$ ) ! great m]its & va/ importance ( 8 communication1 aft] he>+ ! ,*airman's comm5ts ^u x4 ,none b a mo/ dete/ably /rong-m9d$ & logical brute c\ld resi/ ! ins9uat+ flatt]y ( ,sir ,rod]ick4 ,h[ diff]5t 0 poor ,babbage6 ,:o t att5ds any sort ( sci5tific ga!r+s has n se5 ,sir ,rod]ick8 b :o 9 ! _w1 except+ ! organ-gr9d]s & ! police magi/rate has ev] se5 ,babbage1 or ev5 8 portrait8 ,:at a contra/ betwe5 ! seclusion & ! public exi/5ce2 betwe5 ! h$gehog bri/les & ! velvet s(tness1 ( ! "o & ! o!r6 ,^? :o 7 on intimate t]ms ) ,babbage 7,i h nev] met or he>d ( su* a p]son7 c\ld probably tell u t all 8 irritability & r\ghness 7 outside1 & t1 9 ! abs5ce ( organ-gr9d]s1 he 0 a k9d & amiable g5tleman2 b1 ev5 admitt+ ?is1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! two philosoph]s is z great z c\ld well be f\nd betwe5 any two m5 foll[+ ! mo/ widely div]g5t /udies or pr(essions4 ,^? :o w\ld reply t ma!matics & geology are su* diff]5t /udies h only to g a little fur!r back on ! dea?-roll1 & !y w f9d ! "n ( ,de ,morgan1 a pure ma!matician1 l ,babbage4 ,he 0 a man ( exub]ant fun & humor1 & s f> f hat+ music ( ei!r a humble or pret5ti\s "*1 0 a highly accompli%$ musician1 bo? !oretical & practical1 & if we are to believe confid5tial communications1 "o ( 8 favorite in/rum5ts 0 ! p5ny :i/le1 on :i* he 0 a mo/ orig9al & peculi> p]=m]4 ,i _h n int5d$ to repr9t ! above1 :i* 0 writt5 j aft] ! dea? ( ,mur*ison & ,babbage1 b ! comm5ts t h rec5tly foll[$ ! dea? ( ,d>w9 induce me to d s4 ,_m h express$ _! surprise at ! unanim\s expressions ( ,d>w9's fri5ds conc]n+ ! g5iality ( 8 disposition1 8 g5tl5ess1 *e]fulness2 8 g5u9e humility & simplicity ( "*4 ,a ?ird type ( "* is "h pres5t$1 & t :i* corresponds mo/ correctly ) ! true ideal ( a mod]n philosoph]1 also repres5t$ by t great ma/] ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 ,f>aday4 ,9 bo? ( ^! !re 0 ! full measure ( ,mur*ison's amiability1 b )\t ! c\rtly poli% ( ! ex-soldi]4 ,philosophic m$itation & close application to orig9al rese>* may1 & (t5 does1 induce a c]ta9 degree ( %yness due to a consci\sness ( ! social disqualification :i* arises f t inability to fulfil all ! dem&s = small att5tions :i* con/itute conv5tional polit5ess2 a disability due to habits ( consecutive ?\ght & m5tal ab/raction4 ,a s5sitive & amiable man w\ld suff] mu* pa9 on f9d+ t he _h neglect$ to supply ! small wants ( ! lady sitt+ next to him at a d9n] p>ty1 & w\ld )draw himself f ! risk ( repeat+ su* unwitt+ rud5ess4 ,?is hold+ back f ord9>y society1 ?\gh really due to a consci5ti\s s5se ( social duty & t5d] reg>d = ! feel+s ( o!rs1 is too (t5 ref]r$ to a *urli% unsociality or arrogant assumption ( sup]iority4 ,if ,newton really did mi/ake ! lady's f+] = a tobacco-/opp]1 dep5d ^u x ! pa9 he suff]$ 0 f> m acute ?an t :i* he inflict$1 & 0 suff]$ ov] & ov] aga9 :5ev] ! incid5t 0 recollect$4 ,,atmosph]e v]sus ,,e!r4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable meteors ( :i* we h a reliable record appe>$ on ,febru>y #f1 #ahah4 ,sev]al acc\nts ( x 7 publi%$1 ! fulle/ be+ t 9 ,! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e ( ! "t4 7,i may "h add1 p>5!tically1 t "o reason :y ,i h especial pleasure 9 writ+ ^! notes is t !y contribute some?+ t[>ds ! re/oration ( ! anci5t /atus ( ?is magaz9e1 :i* 0 at "o "t ! only ,engli% s]ial t v5tur$ ^u any notable degree ( exposition ( popul> sci5ce47 ,^u ! data suppli$ by ?is acc\nt1 ,mr4 ,j\le has calculat$ ! height ( ! meteor to h be5 #fa miles above ! surface ( ! e>?1 & he /ates t 8?is meteor is "o ( ! few t h be5 se5 9 ! daytime1 & is also int]e/+ z hav+ be5 "o ( ! fir/ ^: obs]vation af=d$ mat]ials = ! e/imation ( its altitude40 ,x 0 se5 9 ! neighborhood ( ,cambridge at #b ,p4,m41 also at ,swaffham 9 ,norfolk1 & at ,middleton ,*5ey ne> ,banbury4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ?is & ,cambridge is suffici5t to af=d a measurem5t ( its height1 provid$ its position above ! horizon at bo? places 0 det]m9$ ) tol]able accuracy4 ,accord+ to ! or?odox text-books1 ! atmosph]e ( ?is e>? t]m9ates at a height ( ab\t #de or #ej miles1 or1 if n absolutely end$ !re1 x ceases to be ( appreciable d5sity any:]e above ?is elevation4 ,b "h we h a fact :i* flatly contradicts ! calculation4 ,at #fa miles above ! e>?'s surface !re mu/ be atmosph]ic matt] ( suffici5t d5sity to (f] to ! passage ( ?is meteor ?r\gh x an am\nt ( resi/ance :i* produc$ an int5se :ite heat1 visible by its lum9osity 9 broad daylight4 ,9 ! above-quot$ pap]1 read by ,mr4 ,j\le be=e ! ,man*e/] ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society on ,decemb] #a1 #ahfc1 he ref]s to subsequ5t obs]vations & e/imates #aaf miles z 8! elevation at :i* meteors 9 g5]al are fir/ obs]v$0--i4e41 :]e our atmosph]e is suffici5tly d5se to g5]ate a :ite-heat by ! resi/ance x (f]s to ! rapidly fly+ meteor4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve h[1 9 deal+ ) actual physical facts1 a ma!matician ( ! solid practical "* ( ,j\le becomes compell$ to practically ?r[ ov]bo>d ! or?odox !ory ( limit$ atmosph]ic ext5sion4 ,"h1 9 mak+ 8 calculations ( ! resi/ance ( atmosph]ic matt] at ?is elevation1 he bases !m on ! assumption ( a decrease ( d5sity at ! rate ( 8"o qu>t] = e sev5 miles10 & indicates no limit at :i* ?is rate %all v>y4 ,v simple ari?metic is suffici5t to %[ t ?is leads u to ! unlimit$ atmosph]ic ext5sion1 = :i* ,i h cont5d$ we may g on = ev] tak+ (f a qu>t] at e sev5 miles1 & !re w /ill rema9 ! ?ree qu>t]s ( ! quantity ^u :i* we la/ op]at$1 or1 m practically /at$1 we %all ?us g on sev5 aft] sev5 until we rea* ! b\nd>ies ( ! atmosph]ic grasp ( ! gravitation ( "s o!r sph]e4 ,surely ! "t has arriv$ = ! full reconsid]ation ( ?is fundam5tal "q ( :e!r ! univ]se is fill$ ) atmosph]ic matt] or is ! vacuum ( ! molecul> ma!maticians plus ! imag9>y 8e!r10 :i* has be5 inv5t$ by its ma!matical creators only to extricate !m f ! absurd dilemma into :i* !y are plung$ :5 !y attempt to expla9 ! transmission ( light & heat by undulations travel+ ?r\gh space conta9+ no?+ to undulate4 ,!y h fill$ x ) immat]ial matt] evolv$ entirely f _! own consci\sness1 :i* !y h gratuit\sly end[$ ) :atev] prop]ties are requir$ = ! fitt+ ( _! !ories--prop]ties t are self-contradictory & )\t any c\nt]p>t 9 any?+ se5 or kn[n outside ( ! f]tile imag9ation ( ^! reckless !ori/s4 ,we "k ( no?+ t c p5etrate e =m ( matt] )\t add+ ei!r to its weight or its bulk2 we "k ( no?+ t c communicate motion to pond]able matt] )\t itself be+ pond]able--i4e41 hav+ ! prim>y prop]ty ( matt]1 viz41 mass1 or weight1 & consequ5t vis viva :5 mov+2 we "k ( no?+ t c set bodies 9 motion )\t proportionally resi/+ ! motion ( bodies ?r\gh x2 & if ! wav+ ( ! e!r is 7z ,tyndall describes x7 8z real & z truly me*anical z ! break+ ( sea-waves ^u ! %ore10 ! mat]ial ( ! break]s mu/ be l ! 8jelly0 to :i* he comp>es x1 & h "s viscosity1 or resi/ance to p5etration1 or pu%+ aside4 ,we h n a %ad[ ( direct evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! 8int]atomic0 spaces occupi$ by ! o!r1 & 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ! atoms are made to !oretically sw+1 nor ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( ! atoms !mselves4 ,! 8e!r0 ( to-day1 ) its imag9>y p5etration & its mat]ial action )\t mat]ial prop]ties1 has m]ely tak5 ! place ( ! equally imag9>y phlogi/on1 caloric1 electric1 & magnetic fluids1 ! 8impond]ables0 ( ! pa/4 ,i h little d\bt t ere long ! mod]n modification ( ^! physical sup]/itions w %>e _! fate1 & we %all all adopt ! simple conception t heat1 light1 end electricity are1 l s\nd1 m]ely transmissible /ates or affections ( matt] itself reg>d$ bodily1 z x is se5 & felt to exi/4 ,?is may possibly ?r[ a good _m ma!maticians out ( "w--or into m useful "w2 b1 h[ev] t may be1 x w c]ta9ly aid ! g5]al diffusion ( sci5ce z ! intellectual inh]itance ( e human be+4 ,at pres5t ! explanations ( ! simple ph5om5a ( light & heat are incomp>ably m difficult to und]/& & to acc\nt = ?an ! facts :i* !y attempt to elucidate4 ,a ,,neglect$ ,,dis9fectant4 ,:5 ! h\sehold ( our gr&mo!rs 0 ?reat5$ ) infection1 ! common practice 0 to spr9kle brim/one on a hot %ovel or on hot coals on a %ovel1 & c>ry ! burn+ result ?r\gh ! h\se4 ,b n[ ?is simple me?od ( dis9fect+ has gone out ( fa%ion )\t any good & suffici5t reason4 ,! pr9cipal reason is nei!r good nor suffici5t1 viz41 t nobody c pat5t x & sell x 9 %ill+ & half-cr[n bottles4 ,on ,septemb] #ah? la/1 ,m4 d',abbadie read a pap] at ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces on 8,m>% ,fev]s10 & /at$ t 9 ! dang]\s regions ( ,african riv] m\?s immunity f su*-fev]s is (t5 secur$ by sulphur fumigations on ! nak$ body4 ,also t ! ,sicilian work]s 9 l[ gr\nd sulphur m9es suff] mu* less ?an ! re/ ( ! surr\nd+ population f int]mitt5t fev]s4 ,m4 ,f\qu has %[n t ,zephyria 7on ! volcanic isl& ( ,milo or ,melos1 ! mo/ we/]ly ( ! ,cyclades71 :i* _h a population ( #dj1jjj :5 x 0 ! c5tre ( sulphur-m9+ op]ations1 became ne>ly depopulat$ by m>% fev] :5 ! sulphur-m9+ 0 mov$ f>!r ea/1 & ! emanations prev5t$ by a m\nta9 f rea*+ ! t[n4 ,o!r simil> cases 7 /at$4 ,x is well und]/ood by *emi/s t blea*+ ag5ts are usually good dis9fectants2 t :i* c s di/urb an organic comp\nd z to de/roy its color1 is capable ( ei!r arre/+ or complet+ ! decompositions t produce vile odors & n\ri% ! organic g]ms or f]m5ts :i* usual accompany1 or1 z "s affirm1 cause !m4 ,sulphur\s acid is1 next to hypo*lor\s acid1 "o ( ! mo/ effective blea*+ ag5ts )9 easy rea*4 ,i %\ld add t sulphur\s acid is ! gas t is directly =m$ by burn+ sulphur4 ,by tak+ up ano!r dose ( oxyg5 x becomes sulphuric acid1 :i*1 comb9$ ) wat]1 is oil ( vitriol4 ,! blea*+ & dis9fect+ action ( ! sulphur\s acid is connect$ ) its activity 9 appropriat+ ! oxyg5 :i* is loosely held or be+ giv5 (f by organic matt]4 ,*lor9e & hypo*lor\s acid 7:i* is /ill m effective ?an *lor9e itself7 act 9 ! opposite way1 s d ! p]manganates1 su* z ,condy's fluid1 etc4 ,!y supply oxyg5 9 ! pres5ce ( wat]4 ,x is curi\s t opposite actions %\ld produce l results4 ,a disquisition on ?is & its sugge/ions w\ld c>ry me beyond ! limits ( a note4 ,,ano!r ,,dis9fectant4 ,! above-nam$ dis9fectants are objectionable on acc\nt ( _! own odors & _! corrosive action4 ,bo? sulphur\s acid & hypo*lor\s acid 7! active pr9ciple ( ! s-call$ 8*loride ( lime07 h a disagreeable habit ( ru/+ iron & sugge/+ antique gre5 bronzes by _! action on brass ornam5ts4 ,"u s]i\s conditions ?is %\ld be endur$1 b 9 _m cases :]e ! dang] is n already develop$1 ! desir$ end may be atta9$ )\t ^! annoyances4 ,sulphate ( copp]1 :i* is n pat5t$ or 8br\ght out0 by a limit$ company1 may be b\ght at its fair retail value ( #f;d4 or less p] lb4 7! oil-%op "n = x is 8blue vitriol071 9 cry/als1 readily soluble 9 wat]4 ,i h lately us$ x 9 ! case ( a tr\ble to :i* ,engli% h\seholds are too commonly liable1 & "o t has 9 _m cases done s]i\s mis*ief4 ,! /oppage ( a soil-pipe caus$ ! ov]fl[ ( a closet1 & a consequ5t saturation ( floor bo>ds1 t 9 "t w\ld probably h develop$ dang] by n\ri%+ & develop+ ^? g]ms ( bact]ia1 bacilli1 etc41 :i* ab\nd 9 ! air1 & are ready to increase & multiply :]ev] _! unsavory food ab\nds4 ,by simply mopp+ ! floor ) a solution ( ^! gre5 cry/als1 & all[+ x to soak well into ! pores ( ! wood1 !y cease to become a habitat = su* microscopic abom9ations4 ,! copp]-salt poisons ! poison]s4 ,dr4 ,burg goes s f> z to recomm5d t build+ mat]ials1 articles ( furniture1 & clo?+1 etc41 %\ld be inject$ ) sulphate ( copp]1 9 ord] to av]t infection1 & 9 support ( ?is ref]s to ! immunity ( work]s 9 copp] f *ol]a1 typhoid fev]1 & infecti\s diseases g5]ally4 ,i agree ) him to ! ext5t ( sugge/+ ! desirability ( occasionally mopp+ h\se floors ) ?is solution4 ,its visible effects on ! wood are fir/ to /a9 x ) a fa9t gre5 t+e :i* gradually tones d[n to a br[n /a91 giv+ to deal ! appe>ance ( oak1 a *ange :i* has no disadvantage f an arti/ic po9t ( view4 ,if ! wood is already ta9t$ ) organic matt] capable ( giv+ (f sulphuret$ hydrog51 ! d>k5+ *ange is m rapid & decid$1 ow+ to ! =mation ( sulphide ( copp]4 ,! solution ( sulphate %\ld n be put into iron or z9c vessels1 z x rapidly corrodes !m1 & deposits a non-adh]5t film ( copp]4 ,x w ev5 dis9tegrate common e>!nw>e1 by p5etrat+ ! glaze1 & cry/alliz+ )9 ! pores ( ! w>e1 b ?is is a "w ( "t 7weeks or mon?s74 ,/onew>e resi/s ?is1 & wood5 buckets may be us$ safely4 ,x is bett] to keep ! cry/als & dissolve :5 requir$4 ,ord9>y e>!nw>e may be us$ ) impunity if wa%$ imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,,ensilage4 ,?is subject has be5 l>gely exp\nd$ & discuss$ lately 9 ! ,times & o!r newspap]s4 ,z mo/ ( my read]s are d\btless aw>e1 x is simply a sub/itute = haymak+1 by digg+ pits1 pav+ & build+ !m r\nd ) /one or concrete1 !n plac+ ! gre5 fodd] !re9 & cov]+ x ov] ) suffici5t e>? to exclude ! air4 ,we are told t v inf]ior mat]ial 7su* z co>se maize grass mix$ ) *aff7 :5 ?us pres]v$ gives bett] fe$+ & milk+ results ?an good ,engli% hay4 ,i may m5tion a v humble exp]i5ce ( my own t be>s ^u ?is4 ,:5 a boy1 ,i 0 devot$ to silkworms1 & my v small supply ( pocket-money 0 ov]-tax$ 9 ! pur*ase ( exorbitantly small p5nywor?s ( mulb]ry leaves at ,cov5t ,g>d54 ,b a fri5d 9 ! c\ntry _h a mulb]ry tree1 & at r long int]vals ,i obta9$ l>ge supplies1 :i*1 9 spite ( all my c>eful wrapp+ 9 damp clo?s1 became rott$ 9 ab\t t5 days4 ,i f9ally tri$ digg+ a hole & bury+ !m4 ,!y rema9$ fre% & gre5 until all my silkworms comm5c$ ! work+ & fa/+ /age ( _! exi/5ce4 ,?is 0 ensilage on a small scale4 ,! correspond5ce 9 ! newspap]s has sugge/$ a numb] ( reasons :y ,engli% f>m]s d n foll[ ! example ( _! cont95tal neighbors 9 ?is respect2 climate1 diff]5ce ( grasses1 etc41 etc41 are nam$1 b ! real reason :y ?is is comm]cially impossible1 & f>m+1 prop]ly s call$1 is becom+ a lo/ art 9 ,engl& 7m]e mead[ or prairie graz+ gradually sup]s$+ x7 is n nam$ 9 any "p ( ! discussion t ,i h read4 ,i ref] to ! cause :i* is aboli%+ ! ,engli% dairy1 :i* drives u to ! comm]cial absurdity ( import+ fragile eggs f ,france1 ,italy1 ,spa91 etc41 apples f ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic1 tame h\se-f$ rabbits f ,belgium1 & s on1 ) all o!r agricultural products :i* are precisely ^? we are naturally be/ able to produce at home2 ,i mean ^? dem&+ a small area ( l& & a proportionately l>ge am\nt ( capital & labor4 ,a p\ltry or rabbit f>m1 acre = acre1 dem&s fully t5 times ! capital1 t5 times ! labor1 & yields t5 times ! produce obta9$ by our big-field beef & mutton grazi]s4 ,! sci5tific & economic m]its ( ensilage are probably all t is claim$ = x1 & x is especially adapt$ = our unc]ta9 haymak+ climate1 b :at f>m] :o is m]ely a lodg] on ! l&1 hold+ x z an annual t5ant-at-w or "u a /9t$ begg>ly lease ( #ba ye>s1 w\ld exp5d 8 capital 9 build+ a co/ly silo1 :i* becomes by our feudal laws & usages ! absolute prop]ty ( ! l&lord8 ,our t5ant f>m]s employ ! late/ & be/ a*ievem5ts ( eng9e]+ sci5ce 9 ! =m ( implem5ts1 b take c>e t !y %all be ^u :eels1 or o!rwise non-fixtures1 & use ri* *emically prep>$ manures1 provid$ !y are n p]man5t1 :ile !y ab/a9 f improvem5ts :i* involve any s]i\s outlay 9 ! =m ( fixtures on ! l&4 ,^? :o lecture !m ab\t _! want ( ent]prise %\ld always rememb] t _! condition is m]ely a =m ( feudal s]fdom1 temp]$ by ! possession ( capital1 & t all _! agricultural op]ations are influ5c$ by a cont9ual /ruggle to prev5t _! capital f fall+ into ! h&s ( ! feudal "l4 ,anybody :o has ev] read an ord9>y =m ( ,engli% f>m-lease1 ) its prohibitions conc]n+ ! sale ( hay & /raw1 & re/rictions to 8f\r-c\rse10 or o!r mode ( cultivation1 mu/ see ! hopelessness ( any developm5t ( ,briti% agriculture comp>able to t ( ,briti% comm]ce & manufactures4 ,imag9e ! condition ( a ,london %opkeep] or ,midl& manufactur] hold+ 8 bus9ess premises z a ye>ly t5ant1 liable at six mon?s' notice to quit1 ) confiscation ( all 8 bus9ess fixtures4 ,,! ,,fracture ,,( ,,comets4 ,! view ( ! con/itution ( comets exp\nd$ 9 "o ( my notes ( ,april la/1 viz41 t !y are meteoric sy/ems consi/+ ( a c5tral mass1 or masses1 r\nd :i* a multitude ( m9or bodies are revolv+ l satellites ar\nd _! prim>y1 is /rongly confirm$ by ! curi\s proce$+s ( ! pres5t comet1 :i* proce$+s also ju/ify my la/ note ( la/ mon? po9t+ out ! omission ( our a/ronom]s1 :o h neglect$ ! positive & irregul> repulsive action ( ! sun ^u comets1 t1 l ! great comets ( #ahdc1 #ahhj1 & #ahhb1 come )9 a few hundr$ ?\s& miles ( ! visible sol> surface4 ,! sol> prom95ces are /up5d\s eruptions f ! sun1 consi/+1 z ! spectroscope demon/rates1 ( hydrog5 flames & inc&esc5t metallic vapors eject$ ) furi\s viol5ce to visible di/ances rang+ f t5 or tw5ty to above ?ree hundr$ ?\s& miles1 b ?is flame %[n by ! spectroscope is b ! fla% ( ! gun1 ! actual ejection proce$+ va/ly f>!r1 f> beyond ! limits ( ! corona1 z describ$ 9 la/ mon?'s notes4 ,^! eruptions are s abundant t ,sec*i alone obs]v$ & record$ #bgfg 9 "o ye> 7#ahga74 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! sun is nev] free f !m1 & !y proce$ f all p>ts ( ! sun1 b mo/ abundantly f ! sun-spot zones4 ,a sy/em ( meteoric bodies su* z ,i suppose to =m a comet 7,i mean ! comet z x exi/s 9 space be=e ! g5]ation ( its tail1 :i* is only =m$ z x approa*es ! sun7 c\ld n approa* s ne> to ! sun z did ! pres5t comet at p]ihelion1 )\t enc\nt]+ m or less ( ^! furi\s bla/s ! fla% ( "s ( :i* h be5 se5 to move ) a measurable mean velocity ( above #cjj miles p] second1 & a probable maximum velocity suffici5t to eject solid matt] beyond ! reclaim+ grasp ( sol> gravitation4 ,x is evid5t t su* a meteoric sy/em z ,i suppose to con/itute a comet w\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( a rapid p]ihelion flight cross+ ^! outbla/s1 be liable to v>i\s degrees ( ejection 9 diff]5t p>ts1 t w\ld di/urb its orig9al /ructure by bl[+ "s ( its con/itu5ts out ( _! orbits1 or ev5 q away f ! control ( ! feeble gravitation ( ! g5]al meteoric mass1 & ?us effect+ a rupture ( ! comet4 ,n[ su* a dis9tegration or disp]sion ( ! pres5t comet has be5 actually obs]v$4 ,sev]al able obs]v]s h describ$ a break+ ( ! head ( ?is comet %ortly aft] its p]ihelion passage4 ,comm&] ,sampson's obs]vations ) ! great #bf-;in* equatorial telescope ( ! ,wa%+ton ,naval ,obs]vatory are v explicit4 ,on ,octob] #be he saw ! nucleus z a s+le well-def9$ globul> body4 ,on ,novemb] #c1 ) ! same telescope1 he saw a triple nucleus1 due to ! =mation ( two additional m9or bodies4 ,^! 7 m di/9ctly se5 on ,novemb] #f4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,brooks1 ( ,new ,york1 saw a deta*$ fragm5t ( ! comet :i* aft]w>ds fad$ out ( view4 ,pr(essor ,s*midt obs]v$ ano!r & simil> fragm5t :i* has likewise disappe>$4 ,all ^! obs]vations indicate disruption due to "s di/urb+ =ce1 act+ ) diff]5t degrees ( viol5ce ^u diff]5t portions ( ! comet4 ,m9or di/urbances ( ?is k9d w1 ,i ?9k1 acc\nt = ! trail ( meteoric bodies :i* ,s*iap>elli has %[n to foll[ ! pa?s ( o!r comets4 ,a great di/urbance might give q a new orbit to ! meteoric fragm5ts4 ,^! consid]ations sugge/ ano!r & a curi\s view ( ! "q ( possible comet>y collision ) ! sun1 viz41 t a comet might be travel+ 9 su* an orbit z to make x ma!matically due to plunge obliquely b5ea? ! sol> surface at its next p]ihelion2 b on its approa* to ! surface ( ! sun x might enc\nt] s viol5t an outru% ( sol>-prom95ce matt] z to drive x bodily out ( its c\rse1 & av]t ! ?reat5$ p]il to its exi/5ce4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,comets4 ,we read 9 /ory-books ( uncom=table p :o h *]i%$ a guilty secret 9 _! bosoms1 t x has 8gnaw$ _! vitals10 until at la/ !y h c>ri$ x to ! grave4 ,i h su* a secret t does ! gnaw+ bus9ess :5ev] ,i write or speak ( comets1 conc]n+ ! orig9 ( :i* ,i am guilty ( an hypo!sis t has hi!rto be5 *]i%$ z a=esaid f ! v %ame ( add+ ano!r to an already exagg]at$ heap ( speculations on cele/ial physics4 ,x assumes1 9 ! fir/ place1 t all ! o!r suns :i* we see z />s are con/itut$ l our own sun2 t !y eject great eruptions simil> to ! prom95ces above describ$1 & ev5 ( va/ly great] magnitude1 z 9 ! case ( ! fla%+ />s t h excit$ s mu* wond]m5t among a/ronom]s1 b :i* ,i reg>d simply z suns l ours1 subject1 l ours1 to p]iodic maximum & m9imum activities1 b ( great] magnitude4 ,if su* is ! case1 "s ( ! prom95ce matt] or vapor\s con/itu5ts ( ^! suns mu/ be eject$ ) mu* great] proportional viol5ce ?an are ^? f our sun4 ,b ^? f our sun h be5 prov$ to ru% out on "s occasions ) a velocity s great t ! sol> gravitation _c br+ !m back4 ,if su* is ev] ! case ) ! explosions ( our sun1 x mu/ be ( frequ5t occurr5ce ) ! great] explosions ( c]ta9 />s1 & !re=e va/ quantities ( meteoric matt] are cont9ually eject$ into space1 & travel+ !re until !y come )9 ! gravitation doma9 ( "s o!r sun l ours1 :5 !y w necess>ily be b5t into su* orbits z ^? ( comets4 ,b :at w be ! nature ( ?is meteoric matt]8 ,if f our sun1 x w\ld be a multitude ( metallic hail/ones1 due to ! cond5sation ( ! metallic vapor by cool+ z x leaves ! sun1 & su* meteoric hail w\ld correspond to ! meteoric /ones t fall ^u our e>?1 & :i*1 = reasons /at$ 9 8,! ,fuel ( ! ,sun10 ,i believe to be ( sol> orig94 ,besides ^!1 !re w\ld be ice-hail1 su* z ,s*ev$orf claims to be meteoric4 ,a /> ma9ly compos$ ( hydrog5 & c>bon1 or d5sely envelop$ 9 ^! gases 7z ! spectroscope indicates to be ! case 9 "s ( ^! fla%+ />s71 w\ld eject hydroc>bon vapors1 cond5sible by cool+ into solids simil> to ^? we obta9 by ! cond5sation ( t]re/rial hydroc>bon vapors 7p>aff91 camphor1 turp5t9e1 & all ! ess5tial oils1 = example71 & ?us we %\ld h ! meteoric sy/ems compos$ ( ^! p>ticles circulat+ ab\t _! own common c5tre ( mass z above /at$1 & display+ ! spectrum :i* ,dr4 ,hugg9s has f\nd common to comets4 ,if ?is is correct1 ! pres5t comet comes f a sun t conta9s metallic sodium 9 addition to ! hydroc>bons1 z ! spectrum ( ?is metal 0 se5 :5 ?is comet 0 ne> en\gh to ! sun to r5d] its vapor inc&esc5t4 ,,footnotes #a ,up to ! pres5t date 7#ahhb7 nobody1 z f> z ,i "k1 has que/ion$ my figures or def5d$ ^? ( ,wolla/on4 ,sir ,william ,grove has writt5 to me1 po9t+ out 8 own anticipations ( my conclusions respect+ ! univ]sality ( atmosph]ic matt]4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 be=e 8 dea?1 express$ v /rong approval ( my conclusions1 & _m o!r m5 ( sci5tific em95ce h done ! same4 ,to expect any imm$iate1 unres]v$ adoption ( su* bold speculations w\ld be unreasonable4 #b ,s9ce ! above 0 writt5 ^! analogies h be5 g5]ally accept$4 #c ,s9ce ! publication ( 8,! ,fuel ( ! ,sun10 ,mr4 ,norman ,locky] has adopt$ ?is view ( sol> dissociation1 & has gone s f> z to suppose t x splits metals & o!r sub/ances reg>d$ by mod]n *emi/s z simple elem5ts into m elem5t>y & simple con/itu5ts4 ,he assumes t ! temp]ature ( ! sol> atmosph]e1 gr[+ high] at increas+ dep?s1 becomes some:]e capable ( do+ f> great] dissociation "w ?an t :i* sep>ates ! hydrog5 ( ! prom95ces reveal$ by ! spectroscope4 ,9 putt+ =? ?is 8work+ hypo!sis0 he seems to h lo/ sight ( ! fact cle>ly prov$ by ,deville's exp]im5ts1 t ! temp]ature ( dissociation rises ) ! pressure to :i* ! comp\nd is subject$1 & ?us t )9 ! b[els ( ! sun ! metals w be f> less dissociable ?an !y are on ! surface ( our e>?4 #d ,/ill m rec5tly 7#ahhb7 ! magnific5t photographs ( ,janns5 h display$ fur!r evid5ce ( ! flame-tongue "* ( ! mottl+4 #e ,subsequ5t obs]vations 7#ahhb7 by ,sec*i1 ,"y1 & o!rs h demon/rat$ velocities f> exce$+ ?is2 q suffici5t to project ! solid matt] cle>ly beyond ! sph]e ( sol> attraction4 #f ,my fir/ memor&um on ?is subject is dat$ ,april #bc1 #ahdj1 9 a ,regi/] ( ,ideas1 !n comm5c$ 9 v e>ly /ud5t days4 #g ,any read] ( 8,! ,fuel ( ! ,sun0 w p]ceive t ! vapor\s envelope :i* ,i h describ$ z 8an effectual jacket = limit+ ! am\nt ( radiation10 is a complete !oretical anticipation & explanation ( ! 8sol> cru/0 ( ,respighi & ! 8,tr5nungs*i*t0 ( ,zlln]4 ,we agree p]fectly 9 our conclusions1 ?\gh arriv+ at !m by su* v diff]5t pa?s1 & s indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 #h ,:at did he smell8 ,0 x an emanation f ! soles ( my feet8 ,if s1 h[ did ?is aura get ?r\gh ! soles ( my boots1 :i* 7 ?ick8 ,x c\ld sc>cely h be5 ! odor ( ! boot soles !mselves t he foll[$1 z he recogniz$ me aft]w>ds at "s di/ance4 ,?is sugge/s an int]e/+ exp]im5t1 t anybody own+ "o ( ^! dogs may easily try4 ,make a simil> track to m9e1 b :5 on ! way1 take (f ! boots y wore on />t+ & *ange !m = "s "o else's boots1 or a new pair1 & wat* ! result f ! w9d[4 #i 8,! ,fuel ( ! ,sun10 ,*apt]s iv4 to x4 #aj ,s9ce ?is 0 writt5 "s su* modifications h be5 made ) equivocal results4 #aa ,nature1 vol4 xiv4 p4 #dbi4 #ab ,see ,*apt] on 8,! ,orig9 ( ,lun> ,volcanoes40 #ac ,! burnt c>d1 burnt bamboo1 & o!r flimsy inc&esc5t ?reads n[ 7#ahhb7 9 vogue1 m]ely repres5t ,/>r's prelim9>y failures prior to 8 adoption ( ! h>d adamant9e /ick ( retort-c>bon1 :i* ,i suppose w be duly re-inv5t$1 pat5t$ aga91 & =m ! basis ( new ,limit$ ,companies1 :5 ! pres5t h collaps$4 #ad ,hull1 8,on ! ,coal-fields ( ,great ,brita940 #ae 8,! ,great ,ice ,age1 & its ,relation to ! ,antiquity ( ,man40 ,by ,james ,geikie1 ,f4,r4,s41 etc4 ,second edition1 revis$1 #ahgg4 ,daldy & ,isbi/]4 #af ,! t]m9al mora9e at ! ,oxfjord /ation1 :i* ,i h already m5tion$ z ! only anci5t example ( an ord9>y mora9e t ,i h se5 9 ,arctic ,norway1 01 ( c\rse1 a special object ( int]e/ to me4 ,fur!r obs]vation %[$ t x does n m]ely consi/ ( ! heap ( /ones ,i notic$ 9 #ahef1 :i* appe>s l a di/urb$ talus cut ?r\gh & heap$ up at its l[] "p1 b t !re is ano!r mora9e adjo9+ x1 or 9 cont9uation ) x1 :i* is cov]$ ) vegetation1 & /ret*es q across ! m\? ( ! valley4 ,! ,duke ( ,roxburgh1 :o is well acqua9t$ ) ?is neighborhood1 hav+ sp5t sixte5 summ]s 9 ,arctic ,norway1 0 "o ( our fell[-pass5g]s1 & told me t ?is mora9e =ms a b>ri] t dams up ! wat]s ( a consid]able lake1 ab\nd+ ) rem>kably f9e *>4 ,i le>n$ ?is j z ! packet 0 />t+1 too late to g on %ore ev5 = a few m9utes1 & obta9 a view ( ?is lake & ! valley beyond4 ,?is ,i regret1 z x might h reveal$ "s explanation ( ! exceptional nature ( ?is mora9e4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to le>n :e!r x belongs to ! great] ice age1 or to t p]iod ( m9or glaciation t fa%ion$ ! f>m pat*es already describ$4 ,! =mation ( ! lake is easily und]/ood 9 ! latt] case4 ,x is only requir$ t su* a m9or reglaciat$ valley z "o ( ^! %\ld be ( l>g] magnitude & ( v g5tle incl9ation at its l[] "p1 s t ! second>y glaci] %\ld die out be=e rea*+ ! pres5t sea%ore4 ,x w\ld !n deposit its mora9e across ! m\? ( ! valley1 & ?is mora9e w\ld dam up ! wat]s :i* su* a valley mu/ necess>ily receive f ! dra9age ( its hilly sides4 ,llyn ,idwal1 9 ,nor? ,wales1 is a lake ?us =m$4 #ag ,see 8,?r\gh ,norway ) a ,knapsack10 *apt]s xi4 & xii41 = fur!r descriptions ( ^!4 #ah ,lyell1 8,elem5ts ( ,geology10 p4 #aei4 #ai ,! celebrat$ 8,mael/rm0 is "o ( ! curr5ts t fl[ d[n ! subm>9e incl9e betwe5 ^! isl&s :5 ! tide is fall+4 ,al?\gh ,i h ridicul$ "s ( ! acc\nts ( ?is n[ innoc5t /ream1 ,i am n prep>$ to ass]t t x 0 always z mild z at pres5t4 ,if ! anci5t glaci]s 7 /opp$ sudd5ly1 z !y may well h be51 by ! rocky b>ri] ( ,mosk51 betwe5 ,va] & ,mosk5es1 & !y !n sudd5ly conclud$ _! deposition ( till1 a precipice mu/ h be5 =m$ betwe5 ?is & ! deep sea outside ! isl&s1 d[n :i* ! sea w\ld pit* :5 ! tide 0 fall+1 & ?us =m "s dang]\s eddies4 ,?is cascade w\ld gradually oblit]ate itself by we>+ d[n ! precipit\s wall to an incl9$ plane su* z at pres5t exi/s1 & d[n :i* ! exi/+ curr5t fl[s4 #bj ,! l>ge/ ( ! ,norwegian lakes1 ! ,mjos51 is #aeej feet deep1 & its surface #che feet above ! sea-level4 ,its bottom is ab\t #ajjj feet l[] ?an ! sea outside1 or #ejj to #hjj feet bel[ ! bottom ( ! ,*ri/iana ,fjord4 ,! fjords1 g5]ally speak+1 are v mu* %all[] ne> _! m\?s ?an fur!r inl&1 z ?\gh _! dep? _h be5 det]m9$ by ! ?ickness ( ! glaci]s fl[+ d[n !m1 & ! consequ5t limits ( flotation & deposition4 #ba ,?is has be5 rec5tly ov]come to a great ext5t by us+ glyc]9e in/ead ( wat]4 #bb ,s9ce ! above 0 writt5 ,i h made "s exp]im5ts ) a solution ( %ellac 9 borax 7obta9$ by long boil+71 & h]eby claim ! inv5tion ( its application to ?is purpose1 9 ord] to prev5t anybody f pat5t+ x4 ,i %all n d s myself4 #bc ,writt5 dur+ ! coal fam9e ( #ahgb-gc4 #bd ,f #ahgj to #ahhj ! am\nt has ris5 f #aaj1dca1aib to #adf1hah1fbb tons p] annum1 an av]age increase ( #c1fch1gdc tons p] annum4 #be ,at ! pres5t "t 7#ahhb7 we are receiv+ ! excessive supplies consequ5t ^u ! op5+ ( new pits t1 "u ! /imulus ( high prices1 7 9 ! c\rse ( s9k+ :5 ! above 0 writt54 ,h5ce ! pres5t l[ prices4 ,pres5tly ! annual increase ( consumption w ov]take ?is increas$ supply1 & ano!r 8coal fam9e0 l t !n exi/+ w foll[4 ,?is is n f> di/ant4 #bf 8,! ,coal ,fields ( ,great ,brita910 pp4 #ddg1 #ddh4 #bg ,9 a pap] on ! ,com/ock m9es1 read at ! ,pittsburg meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s 9 #ahgi1 by ,mr4 ,john ,a4 ,*ur*1 ! hot m9e wat]s are describ$ z rea*+ #aeh ,fahr4 7s hot t m5 h be5 scald$ to dea? by fall+ into !m74 ,! highe/ record$ air temp]ature !re is #abh4 ,^! are silv] m9es1 & vigor\sly work$ 9 spite ( ?is temp]ature & great humidity4 ,a mu* high] temp]ature is endurable 9 dry air4 #bh ,! sci5tific p$ant ( ! ,middle ,ages display$ 8 pr(undity by cont9ually quot+ ,ari/otle & o!r 8anci5ts40 ,8 mod]n successor does ! l by decorat+ 8 pages ) displays ( algebraical =mul4 ,9 ord] to secure ! prop] respect ( my read]s ,i "h repeat ! equation t ,i enunciat$ _m ye>s ago1 8c s_/p0 :]e c /&s = civilization1 s = ! quantity ( soap consum$ p] annum1 & p ! population ( a giv5 community4 #bi ,geologi/s :o may be int]e/$ 9 see+ ! results ( ?is exp]im5t1 w f9d on ! ,edgba/on ,ve/ry ,hall1 9 ,enville ,road1 ne> ! ,five ,ways1 ,birm+ham1 "s columns1 massive w9d[ pieces1 doorways1 & ornam5tal /eps ca/ f ! fus$ ,r[ley ,rag & sl[ly cool$4 #cj ,9 ea* ( my ?ree visits to ,am]ica #a lo/ ab\t ?irty p\nds 9 weight1 :i* ,i recov]$ )9 a few mon?s ( my return to ! 8home c\ntry0 7( ,engli%-speak+ nations74--,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor4 #ca ,s9ce ! above 0 writt51 a correspond5t 9 ,p>is tells me t a c>icature exi/s1 repres5t+ a ,fr5*man enjoy+ an op5 fire by /&+ on 8 head 9 ! middle ( ! room4 #cb ,see foot-note1 page #cfe4 #cc ,i tri$ ! se$s giv5 to me by ,messrs4 ,c>t]1 & f9d !m to produce ! same plant z my own1 :i* ,i /ill cultivate v successfully4 ,i n[ s[ x 9 ! spr+ z a kit*5 g>d5 bord]4 #cd ,subsequ5t exp]im5ts induce me n to recomm5d ?is economy1 on acc\nt ( ! bagg+ :i* results f excessive wid? betwe5 ! frames2 #c feet %\ld n be exce$$4 #ce ,i h foll[$ up ,mr4 ,trewby's h9t1 & f9d t m ?an "o quality ( scrim is made4 ,! be/1 made entirely ( flax1 co/s r m ?an ! #b;d4 /at$ 9 ! e/imate1 b x is ! *eape/ practically4 ,! be/ ,i h se5 is t us$ 9 ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 #cf ,watt's own figure = ! lat5t heat ( /eam at #bab 0 #iej1 b ,i adopt t :i* is n[ g5]ally accept$4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,! orig9al text conta9$ _m typographical errors4 ,! simple ones 7 correct$ )\t comm5t "h2 o!rs are not$ bel[4 ,unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 correct$1 z prop] placem5t always c\ld be det]m9$4 ,"s typographical errors probably rema9 undetect$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$2 occurr5ces ( inconsi/5t hyph5ation h n be5 *ang$4 ,text uses bo? 8,acadamy0 & 8,academy02 bo? reta9$ "h4 ,page #ccf3 8,! disagreeable s5sation exp]i5c$ by ,dr4 ,siem5s 9 ! /ove-heat$ railway c>s1 etc41 7 probably due to ?is0 0 pr9t$ t way4 ,ei!r 8s5sation0 %\ld be 8s5sations0 or 870 %\ld be 8004