,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,f9e ,,art ,,by ,g4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,hegel ,,translat$1 ,,) ,,notes1 ,,by ,f4 ,p4 ,b4 ,,osma/on1 ,b4,a4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,& ,,g5ius ,,( ,,t9toret1 ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,poetry1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,works ,,vol4 ,,iii ,,london ,g4 ,,bell ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 #aibj ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,,iii ,,?ird ,,"p ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,! ,,p>ticul> ,,arts ,,introduction ,summ>y4 ,nature ( ! relation betwe5 ! sy/em ( ,art-types1 or ! collective totality ( ideal _w-pres5tm5ts1 & _! objective realization 9 indep5d5t works ( art4 ,nature ( ! process 9 ! evolution ( ! specific arts !mselves1 & ( ! aspects id5tical 9 all4 ,! orig9s ( art4 ,grace1 ,*>m1 & sev]e or agreeable ,/yle ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,! pr9ciple ( diff]5tiation z det]m9$ by ! s5su\s aspect ( ! subject-matt]1 & ! relation !reto ( ! human s5ses ( ,sight1 ,he>+1 & intellectual ,conception4 ,insuffici5cy ( su* a pr9ciple ( classification4 ,alt]native pr9ciple discuss$ & illu/rat$ ( m concrete nature1 9 :i* ! evolution ( tru? z ! reality ( ! ,idea itself is pres5t$ ,,subsection ,i ,,ar*itecture ,,introduction ,( ! beg9n+s ( human art1 & t ( build+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,( ! nature ( ! subord9ate classification ( ar*itecture view$ z symbolic1 classical & romantic ,division ( ,subject ,,*apt] ,i ,,indep5d5t ,,& ,,symbolic ,,ar*itecture ,introduction & ,subdivision #a4 ,works ( ar*itecture erect$ 9 ord] to unite peoples #b4 ,works ( ar*itecture int]m$iate betwe5 ! arts ( build+ & sculpture 7a7 ,! influ5ce ( ! g5]ative activity ( ,nature on ! =m ( build+s 7b7 ,fur!r modification ( simil> conceptions 9 ! obelisks ( ,egypt & o!r examples 7c7 ,temple enclosures1 labyr9?s1 etc4 #c4 ,! transition f self-sub/antive ar*itecture to ! classical type 7a7 ,! nature ( subt]ranean dwell+s 7b7 ,con/ruction rais$ to h\se ! dead 9 ,egypt & else:]e4 ,! ,pyramids 7c7 ,build+s t directly subs]ve a purpose z ! po9t ( transition to ! classical type4 ,! ord9>y dwell+4 ,! environm5t ( ! sculptur$ image4 ,! adoption ( ! pr9ciple ( exp$i5cy4 ,! ab/raction ( p>ts ( a build+ f ! organic =m1 e4g41 9 ! column ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,classical ,,ar*itecture ,introduction & ,subdivision #a4 ,! g5]al "* ( classical ar*itecture 7a7 ,s]viceabl5ess to a def9ite end 7b7 ,! nature ( ! fitness or p[] ( adaptation ( su* a /ructure to su* an end 7c7 ,! relatively great] arti/ic fre$om ( su* ar*itecture4 ,ar*itecture z froz5 music4 ,! dwell+-h\se #b4 ,! fundam5tal det]m9ants ( ar*itectural =ms 9 _! sep>ation 7a7 ,build+s ( wood & /one4 ,! "q ( _! hi/orical priority 7b7 ,! specific =ms ( ! p>ts ( a temple-dwell+4 77 ,features ( support4 ,! column 77 ,! ?+ support$4 ,! entablature1 9 its ar*itecture1 cornice1 etc4 77 ,t :i* encloses4 ,! walls & p>titions 7c7 ,! classical temple 9 its entirety 77 ,! horizontal r ?an so>+-up "* 77 ,! simplicity & proportion 77 ,! nature ( its elaboration #c4 ,! diff]5t con/ructive types ( classical ar*itecture 7a7 ,! ,doric1 ,ionian1 & ,cor9?ian types1 comp>$ & contra/$ 7b7 ,! ,roman type ( build+4 ,! vault 7c7 ,g5]al "* ( ,roman ar*itecture ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,roman ,,ar*itecture #a4 ,g5]al ,ar*itecture #b4 ,p>ticul> ar*itectural modes ( configuration 7a7 ,z ! basic =m we h ! :olly %ut away dwell+-h\se 77 ,relation ( ?is =m to ! ideal "* ( ! ,*ri/ian religion 77 ,exclusion ( light & access to mundane life 77 ,! aspect ( so>+ 9 t[] & p9nacle 7b7 ,! =m ( ! ext]ior & int]ior 77 ,! figure ( ! squ>e & rectangul> ro(+ n appropriate4 ,p>allel betwe5 ! vault+ ( a ,go?ic *ur* & a ro(+ ( =e/ trees4 ,di/9ction betwe5 pi]s & columns4 ,! po9t$ ar*4 ,di/9ction betwe5 *oir1 transept1 nave1 & aisles4 ,! baptismal font & entrance 77 ,9 contra/ to ! ,greek temple decoration & & g5]al coord9ation ( p>ts det]m9$ f )9 outw>ds4 ,! =m ( ,cross4 ,! doors4 ,fly+ buttresses1 p9nacles1 & t[]s 7c7 ,! mode ( decoration 77 ,importance ( ornam5t to ,go?ic ar*itecture 77 ,lightness & delicacy a prevail+ feature1 especially on ! outside 77 ,display ( romantic imag9ation !re9 #c4 ,diff]5t types ( build+ 9 romantic ar*itecture 7a7 ,! pre-,go?ic ar*itecture di/9ct f x4 ,! basilica 7b7 ,g5u9e ,go?ic ar*itecture ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 7c7 ,secul> ar*itecture ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! art ( g>d5-mak+ ,,subsection ,,ii ,,sculpture ,,introduction ,sculpture makes a direct use ( ! human =m in/ead ( accept+ a symbolical mode ( expression m]ely sugge/ive ( spiritual import4 ,does n prim>ily express emotion or spiritual life 9 action or ! focus ( s\l-life4 ,abs5ce ( col\r ,division ( subject ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,g5u9e ,,sculpture #a4 ,! ess5tial cont5t ( sculpture 7a7 ,! tw(old aspect ( subjectivity4 ,! prov9ce ( subjective life z su* to be exclud$ f sculpture4 ,! ,div9e pres5t$ 9 its inf9ite repose & sublimity 7b7 ,pres5ts a spiritual cont5t only z explicit 9 bodily %ape #b4 ,! beautiful =m ( sculpture 7a7 ,! exclusion ( ! p>ticul>ity ( ! appe>ance4 ,h[ f> relative 7b7 ,! exclusion ( incid5tal facial expression 7c7 ,sub/antive individuality #c4 ,sculpture z ! art ( ! classical ,ideal ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,ideal ,,( ,,sculpture ,introduction & division ( subject #a4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! ideal =m ( sculpture 7a7 ,! free product ( ! g5ius ( ! arti/4 ,g5]al cont5t borr[$ f my?ology1 etc4 7b7 ,! animation :i* results f ! pla/ic p]fection ( ! integrat$ coalesc5ce ( ! :ole ?r\gh\t its def9ition & relief 7c7 ,no m]e imitation ( ,nature4 ,! ext]nal %ape mu/ be suffus$ ) ideal cont5t #b4 ,! p>ticul> aspects ( ! ideal =m ( sculpture z su* 7a7 ,! ,greek pr(ile4 ,contra/ ( ! human m\? ) t ( animals4 ,! projection ( ! =ehead4 ,position ( nose4 ,consid]ation ( ! human eye & e>4 ,beauty ( ! human m\?4 ,treatm5t ( ! *9 9 sculpture1 also ! hair 7b7 ,position ( o!r p>ts ( ! human body & ! motion !re( 77 ,! nature ( ! relation "u :i* ! limbs are associat$ 9 _! contribution to spiritual ideality4 ,! upright position 77 ,! motion & repose ( ! same 9 _! fre$om & beauty 77 ,! type ( position & motion adapt$ to a situation 7habitus7 or bodily habit "u :i* ! ,ideal is express$ 7c7 ,drap]y 77 ,e?ical orig9 & arti/ic ju/ification (1 9 sculpture 77 ,treatm5t ( x by ,greek sculpture 77 ,arti/ic pr9ciple z det]m9+ ! "r emphasis on ideal significance4 ,contra/ betwe5 antique & mod]n sculpture 9 ! use ( x #c4 ,! individuality ( ! ideal figures ( ,sculpture 7a7 ,incid5tal attributes & /yle ( drap]y1 arm\r1 etc41 treat$ by sculpture4 ,di/+ui%+ symbolic accessories ( ,greek gods 7b7 ,di/9ctions ( age & sex 9 gods1 h]oes1 human figures1 & animals 7c7 ,repres5tation ( p>ticul> gods ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,k9ds ,,( ,,repres5tation1 ,,mat]ial1 ,,& ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,/ages ,,( ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,sculpture ,introduction & division ( subject #a4 ,modes ( ,repres5tation 7a7 ,! s+le /atue 7b7 ,! gr\p4 ,tranquil juxtaposition4 ,conflict+ actions4 ,niobe4 ,lacoon 7c7 ,! relief #b4 ,! mat]ial ( sculpture 7a7 ,wood 7b7 ,ivory1 gold1 bronze1 & m>ble 7c7 ,preci\s /ones & glass #c4 ,! hi/orical evolution ( sculpture 7a7 ,egyptian sculpture4 ,defici5cy ( ideal spontaneity4 ,position ( h&s & arms4 ,position ( eyes 7b7 ,sculpture ( ! ,greeks & ,romans 7c7 ,*ri/ian sculpture ,,subsection ,,iii ,,! ,,romantic ,,arts ,,introduction ,! pr9ciple ( subjectivity z su*4 ,h[ x is accept$ z ! ess5tial pr9ciple by romantic art4 ,! contra/ pres5t$ by romantic & classical art 9 ! *ang$ po9t ( view4 ,! effect ( su* a *ange on bo? ! subjective side ( s\l-life & ! ext]nal aspect ( objective pres5tm5t4 ,! process ( ! gradual idealization ( ! ext]nal m$ium ( art itself z illu/rat$ by ! p>ticul> romantic arts & ! necessity !re( ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,introduction & division ( subject ,i4 ,g5]al "* ( ,pa9t+ 7a7 ,fundam5tal def9ition ( ! art4 ,comb9es ! subject-matt] ( ar*itecture & sculpture4 ,m popul> ?an sculpture 77 ,individuality mu/ n be suff]$ to pass :olly into ! univ]sality ( its sub/ance4 ,introduction ( accid5tal features z 9 ,nature 77 ,greatly ext5d$ field ( subject-matt]4 ,! entire _w ( ! religi\s idea1 hi/ory1 ,nature1 all t conc]ns humanity includ$ 77 ,a revelation fur!r ( ! objective exi/5ce ( s\l-life4 ,vitality ( arti/ import$ into 8 pres5tation ( natural objects 7b7 ,! s5su\s m$ium ( ,pa9t+ 77 ,compresses ! ?ree dim5sions ( ,space into two4 ,its great] ab/raction1 z comp>$ ) sculpture1 implies an advance ideally4 ,its object is semblance m]ely1 its int]e/ t ( contemplation4 ,! nature ( its locale 77 ,its high] p[] ( diff]5tiation4 ,light its m$ium4 ,?is implies1 ev5 9 ,nature1 a movem5t t[>ds ideality4 ,! appe>ance ( light & %ad[ 9 pa9t+ int5tional4 ,=m is ! creation ( light & %ad[ simply4 ,?is fact supplies rationale ( ! removal ( "o dim5sion f spatial condition 77 ,?is m$ium enables ! art to elaborate ! entire ext5t ( ! ph5om5al _w 7c7 ,! pr9ciple ( ! arti/ic mode ( treatm5t ,two oppos$ directions 9 pa9t+1 "o ! expression ( spiritual significance by int]fusion ) or ab/raction f objective ph5om5a1 ! o!r ! reproduction ( e k9d ( detail z n ali5 to its fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,illu/rations ( ! two me?ods & _! relative opposition1 or reconciliation #b4 ,p>ticul> modes 9 ! def9ition ( ,pa9t+ 7a7 ,! romantic cont5t 77 ,! ,ideal :i* consi/s 9 ! reconciliation ( ! s\l ) ,god z reveal$ 9 ,8 human passage ?r\gh suff]+4 ,! religi\s cont5t4 ,! ,love ( religion 77 ,! repres5tation ( ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,g5]ally beyond ! scope ( pa9t+4 ,! fam\s picture ( ,van ,eyck at ,gh5t 77 ,*ri/ ! m ess5tial object4 ,modes ( depict+ him 9 8 absolute ,godhead or 8 humanity4 ,sc5es ( ,*ildhood & ,passion mo/ fitt$ to express religi\s aspect4 ,love ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,contra/ ) ,niobe 77 ,! ideas ( devotion1 rep5tance1 & conv]sion z su* affect humanity 9 g5]al :5 includ$ 9 ! religi\s sph]e4 ,! pictorial treatm5t ( m>tyrdom 77 ,! pictorial treatm5t ( l&scape 77 ,! pictorial treatm5t ( objects 9 natural or secul> associations4 ,! vitality & delight ( indep5d5t human exi/5ce4 ,art secures ! /ability ( evanesc5t ph5om5a4 ,! influ5ce ( arti/ic p]sonality on ! int]e/ 7b7 ,! m detail$ def9ition ( ! mat]ial ( pictorial repres5tation 77 ,l9e> p]spective 77 ,accuracy ( draw+ ( =m4 ,! pla/ic aspect ( a pictorial "w 77 ,! significance ( col\r4 ,modell+4 ,( gradations ( col\r & its symbolism4 ,( v>i\s s*emes ( col\r4 ,col\r h>mony4 ,! pa9t+ ( ! human fle%4 ,! my/]y ( col\r ,! creative impulse ( ! arti/ 7c7 ,arti/ic conception1 composition1 & *>act]ization ,pa9t+ c only embody "o mom5t ( "t4 ,conc5tration ( int]e/4 ,! law ( intelligibility4 ,religi\s subjects1 _! advantage 9 ?is respect4 ,hi/orical sc5es z appropriate to p>ticul> build+s4 ,unity ( entire effect4 ,raphael's ,transfiguration4 ,( ! treatm5t ( l&scape z subord9ate4 ,! gr\p+ ( figures4 ,! =m ( ! pyramid4 ,comp>ison ( ! *>act]i/ic 9 pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,! treatm5t ( love's expression 9 religi\s subjects4 ,! gradual elaboration ( ! portrait4 ,! situation :i* is itself a critical mom5t 9 *>act]ization #c4 ,! hi/orical developm5t ( ,pa9t+ 7a7 ,byzant9e pa9t+ 7b7 ,italian pa9t+4 ,g5]al review ( its _s 9 religi\s & romantic subject-matt] 77 ,*>act]i/ic features ( e>ly type3 au/]ity1 solemnity1 & religi\s elevation 77 ,! free acceptance ( all t is human & individual4 ,! influ5ce ( ,giotto4 ,lat] s*ools m>k a /ill fur!r advance 9 naturalism4 ,masaccio & ,fra ,angelico4 ,! pictorial repres5tation ( secul> subjects 77 ,fur!r advance 9 p[] ( emotional expression4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,p]ug9o1 ,raphael1 & ,correggio4 7c7 ,! ,flemi%1 ,dut*1 & ,g]man s*ools 77 ,! bro!rs ,van ,eyck4 ,innoc5ce1 navet1 & piety ( e>ly ,flemi% ,s*ool4 ,contra/ ) ,italian ma/]s 77 ,! emphasis by ,nor? ,g]man pa9t+ on ugl9ess & brutality 77 ,dut* pa9t+4 ,hi/orical conditions ( its appe>ance4 ,g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ,dut* art ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,music ,,introduction ,summ>y4 ,! pr9ciple ( subjectivity1 z realiz$ 9 pa9t+1 contra/$ ) its complete emancipation 9 ! art ( music4 ,annihilation ( spatial objectivity4 ,motion ) its resultant effect 9 musical tone4 ,analysis ( ! tw(old negation ( ext]nality 9 :i* ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( musical tone consi/s4 ,! inn] s\l-life exclusively ! subject-matt] ( music4 ,address$ also 9 its effect to su* ,division ( subject #a4 ,! ,g5]al ,"* ( ,music 7a7 ,comp>ison ( music ) ! pla/ic arts & poetry 77 ,bo? affiliat$ to & /rongly contra/$ ) ar*itecture4 ,x resembles ar*itecture 9 ! nature ( ! configuration ( its cont5t z bas$ on rigor\sly rational pr9ciples direct$ by human inv5tion4 ,x supplies ! ar*itectonic ( ! extreme ( ideality z ar*itecture supplies t ( ! ext]nal mat]ial ( s5se4 ,! quantitative or measure relation is ! basis ( bo? 77 ,music fur!r remov$ f sculpture ?an pa9t+4 ,?is is n m]ely due to ! great] ideality ( latt]1 b also to its treatm5t ( its m$ium4 ,! unity realiz$ by a musical composition ( a diff]5t k9d to t realiz$ by ! pla/ic arts4 ,9 ! =m] case subject to ! condition ( a "t-s]ies 77 ,mo/ ne>ly relat$ to poetry4 ,employ ! same m$ium ( tone4 ,poetry possible )\t spee*-utt]ance4 ,ideal objectivity ( poetry z contra/$ ) ! indep5d5ce ( musical tone z ! s5su\s m$ium ( music4 ,music z an accompanim5t ( ! voice 7b7 ,musical grasp & expression ( ,cont5t 77 ,prim>ily mu/ n m9i/] to s5se-p]ception4 ,mu/ make s\l-life intelligible to s\l4 ,?is ab/ract inw>dness diff]5tiat$ 9 human feel+1 ( e description 77 ,natural int]jections n music4 ,!y are ! po9t ( dep>ture4 ,to music belongs intelligible /ructure1 a totality ( diff]5ces capable ( union & disunion 9 concords1 discords1 oppositions & transitions4 ,! nature ( its relation to positive ideas 7c7 ,effect ( music 77 ,! evanesc5t "* ( ! objectivity ( music4 ,x seizes on consci\s life :]e x is n confront$ ) an object4 ,its effect due to an elem5t>y =ce4 ,appeal to man z a p>ticul> p]son4 ,! s\l made aw>e ( its association ) ,"t4 ,analysis ( ! notion ( ,"t 77 ,mu/ also possess a cont5t4 ,orpheus4 ,inc5tive to m>tial ard\r & en?usiasm 77 ,necessity ( repeat$ reproduction4 ,p]sonal relation ( ! executive arti/ to ! same4 ,excess ( ?is influ5ce #b4 ,! p>ticul> def9ition ( ! means ( expression 9 music 7a7 ,"t-measure1 beat1 & rhy?m ,! relation ( ,"t to ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( subjective life4 ,"t-measure prev5ts ! s]ies be+ indef9ite & devoid ( cont5t1 & fur!r regulates by intelligible division ! nature ( its advance4 ,"t-beat possesses ! same function z ! pr9ciple ( symmetry 9 ar*itecture4 ,coord9ates a =tuit\s v>iety4 ,di/9ct k9ds ( "t-measure4 ,rhy?m gives vital significance to ! "t-measure & beat4 ,! acc5t4 ,! rhy?m ( melody4 ,! analog\s example ( v]se4 ,h&elian music 7b7 ,h>mony 77 ,diff]5ce ( s\nd ?r\gh diff]5t in/rum5ts ( music4 ,artificially made4 ,in/rum5ts :i* possess an oscillat+ column ( air1 or a /ret*$ /r+ ( gut or metal :i* vibrates4 ,! kettl$rum & h>monica4 ,! human voice4 ,c be employ$ 9 sep>ation or comb9ation 77,tone 9 its own ess5tial def9ition4 ,! con/itution ( h>mony z su*4 ,! !ory ( int]vals4 ,! scales & keys4 ,num]ical relations ( tones & _! pit*4 ,accordant & discordant tones4 ,! octave & o!r int]vals 77 ,! sy/em ( *ords4 ,! triad4 ,dissonant *ords ( ! sev5? & n9?4 ,! resolution ( a dissonance4 ,transitions & modulations ( h>mony 7c7 ,melody 77 ,! m poetic aspect ( music4 ,insep>able f ! !oretical means :i* creates x4 ,no real surr5d] involv$ 9 its subjection to rules ( h>mony 77 ,simple melodies4 ,folk-songs4 ,"p *orales :]e ea* note ( melody repres5t$ by a *ord4 ,musical composition z an illu/ration ( ! conflict betwe5 ! pr9ciples ( fre$om & necessity 77 ,g5]al "* ( g5u9e melody4 ,z su* reflects free self-consci\sness ( s\l-life #c4 ,! relation betwe5 means ( expression 9 music & its cont5t 7a7 ,music z an accompanim5t 77 ,! melodic expression ( su* music4 ,ought n to fall into excess ( tumult4 ,pale/r9a1 ,durante1 ,haydn1 ,moz>t1 etc4 ,beauty ( ,italian music 77 ,! diff]5tiation ( ! mode ( musical expression mu/ correspond ) ! nature ( a specific cont5t & its situation4 ,su* a cont5t suppli$ by ! libretto4 ,di/9ction f ?is ( a song4 ,! recitative4 ,defective unity 77 ,! nature ( ! condition ( concrete unity 9 ! libretto & declamatory recitative4 ,a good libretto n :olly unimportant4 ,mu/ be /amp$ ) self-consi/5cy4 ,! libretto ( ,moz>t's ,magic ,flute4 ,comp>ison ( ! su/a9+ s\l ( music ) ! fundam5tal beauty ( ,raphael's pa9t+s4 ,diff]5t =ms ( music z accompanim5t4 ,*ur*1 lyrical1 & dramatic music 7b7 ,indep5d5t music 7c7 ,! arti/ z ,executant 77 ,! ord9>y executant :o simply executes :at lies be=e him4 ,comp>ison ) ! rhapsodi/ or recit] ( ,epos4 ,play] mu/ lose himself 9 music & reproduce compos] 77 ,! virtuoso1 :o himself creates & makes ! music a means ( p]sonal display4 ,mu/ n m]ely %[ ecc5tricity1 b reveal ! life ( music & ! =ce ( a p]sonality ,,?ird ,,"p ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,! ,,p>ticul> ,,arts ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,f9e ,,art ,,introduction ,! objects treat$ by our sci5ce 9 ! fir/ "p 7 ! g5]al notion & ! reality ( beauty 9 ,nature & art1 9 o!r words beauty 9 its tru?1 & art 9 its tru?1 ! ,ideal 9 ! z yet undevelop$ unity ( its fundam5tal pr9ciples1 indep5d5t ( its specific cont5t & its di/+ui%+ modes ( envisagem5t4 ,?is ess5tially g5u9e#a unity ( ! beautiful 9 art1 9 ! second place1 unfold$ itself )9 its own res\rces 9 a totality ( art-=ms1 ^: det]m9ate /ructure def9$ at ! same "t ! cont5t :i* ! art-_s 0 impell$ to fa%ion f itself 9 an ess5tially articulate sy/em ( manife/ations ( beauty "u :i* ! ,div9e & human is envisag$ to ! _w4 ,:at /ill is abs5t f bo? ^! sph]es is ! reality t is pres5t )9 ! elem5t>y sub/ance ( ! ext]nal ph5om5on itself4 ,= al?\gh bo? 9 our exam9ation ( ! ,ideal z su*1 & 9 t ( ! specific modes ( symbolic1 classical1 & romantic art1 we ?r\gh\t ref]r$ to ! relation or complete m$iation :i* obta9s betwe5 ! significance conceiv$ z an ideal pr9ciple & its embodim5t 9 ! ext]nal or ph5om5al mat]ia1 yet ?is realization m]ely reta9$ its validity z t :i* 0 /ill exclusively ! ideal art-activity 9 ! sph]e ( g5]al _w-impressions#b ( beauty1 9 & ?r\gh :i* x is diffus$4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z ! fundam5tal conception ( beautiful implies1 t x make itself objective = ! imm$iate vision1 t is to say = ! s5ses & s5su\s p]ception z an ext]nal "w ( art1 s t :at is beautiful becomes only !n itself ?r\gh su* a def9ite =m appropriate to itself explicitly unit$ ) ! beautiful & ! ,ideal1 we h 9 ! ?ird place to review ?is t]ritory ( ! art-product z actually self-realiz$ 9 ! entirely s5su\s m$ium4 ,= x is only ?r\gh ?is f9al configuration t ! "w ( art is truly concrete1 an individual entity :i* is at once real1 self-conta9$1 & s+ul>4 ,! ,ideal c only con/itute ! cont5t ( ?is ?ird sph]e ( our ae/hetic philosophy = ! reason t x is ! idea ( ! beautiful1 9 ! collective totality ( all its _w pres5tm5ts1 :i* is ?us self-realiz$ 9 objective =m#c4 ,= ?is reason ! art-product is /ill1 ev5 up to ?is po9t1 to be conceiv$ z a totality articulat$ 9 itself1 nev]!less z an organism1 ^: organic p>ts1 :i*--:ile 9 ! second "p ( our inquiry !y 7 diff]5tiat$ "u a collective concept ( ess5tially disp>ate _w-aspects--n[ fall asund] z isolat$ memb]s1 e "o ( :i* becomes indep5d5tly a self-subsi/5t :ole1 & 9 ?is s+ul>ity is capable ( br++ into display ! totality ( ! diff]5t art-types4 ,ess5tially & 9 accordance ) its notion x is q true t ! collective result ( ?is new reality ( art belongs to "o s+le totality4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z x is a portion ( ! realm ( ! s5su\s#d pres5t1 9 :i* ! same is made real to itself1 ! ,ideal is n[ resolv$ into its phasal /ates z a process#e1 & conf]s on !m an indep5d5t & self-subsi/5t /ability1 albeit !y are capable ( com+ into juxtaposition1 ess5tial relation1 & reciprocal re9tegration ) "o ano!r4 ,& ?is real _w ( art is ! sy/em ( ! sep>ate arts4 ,j z !n ! p>ticul> types ( art1 reg>d$ ?r\gh\t z totality1 expose intr9sically a process1 an evolution1 t is1 ( ! symbolical to ! classical & romantic types1 we f9d also1 on ! "o h&1 a simil> advance 9 ! p>ticul> arts1 9 s f> z x is ! v art-types !mselves :i* receive _! det]m9ate exi/5ce ?r\gh ^! specific arts4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 ! p>ticul> arts h also !mselves )9 !m a process1 a progression1 indep5d5tly ( ! art-types to :i* !y atta* an objective reality1 a process :i* 9 ?is its m ab/ract relation is common to all4 ,e art possesses its spr+-"t ( p]fect$ elaboration z art1 & on ! "o side or ! o!r a hi/ory t prec$es or foll[s ?is p]iod ( full-bloom4 ,= ! products ( ! arts collectively are spiritual products1 & consequ5tly are n at once to h& 9 _! own specializ$ prov9ce respectively1 z are ! =ms ( ,nature1 b are subject to a beg9n+1 progression1 completion1 & t]m9ation1 a gr[?1 a bloom+1 & a decay4 ,^! m ab/ract diff]5ces1 ^: devolution we propose at ! v comm5cem5t ( our inquiry briefly to indicate1 s9ce x ass]ts itself equally 9 all ! arts1 are id5tical ) t :i* x is usual to def9e "u ! "n ( rigor\s1 ideal1 & approv$ /yle1 :5 indicat+ ! specific /yles ( art 9 ea* case1 :i* are ma9ly relat$ to ! g5]al mode ( embodim5t & repres5tation1 p>tly z consid]$ 9 its ext]nal %ape1 & its possession or lack ( spontaneity1 its simplicity1 its surfeit ( detail1 briefly 9 all its v>i\s aspects1 accord+ to :i* ! def9ition ( ! cont5t em]ges 9 ! ext]nal appe>ance2 p>tly no less 9 its aspect ( ! te*nical elaboration ( its s5su\s mat]ial1 9 :i* ! art 9 "q gives det]m9ate exi/5ce to its cont5t4 ,x is a common assumption t art f9ds its beg9n+s 9 :at is devoid ( complexity & is natural4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 no d\bt1 we may accept ?is z true4 ,9 o!r words :at is rude & b>b>\s is )\t "q1 :5 contra/$ ) ! g5u9e _s ( art1 some?+ bo? ne>] to ,nature & less complex4 ,:at is1 h[ev]1 natural1 vital1 & simple 9 art1 reg>d$ z f9e art1 is some?+ q diff]5t to ?is4 ,all beg9n+s :i* are m]ely simple & natural1 9 ! s5se ( unc\?ness1 d n z yet belong to ! prov9ce ( art & ! beautiful at all z1 = example1 9 ! case :]e *ildr5 scrawl simple figures1 & ) a few =mless /rokes w\ld indicate !reby a human =m1 a horse1 & s =?4 ,beauty1 consid]$ z a spiritual product1 dem&s ev5 f ! />t an elaborate te*nique1 implies a long s]ies ( exp]im5t & practice4 ,simplicity1 :5 we ref] to x z ! simplicity ( ! beautiful1 its ideal proportions1 is r a result1 :i* only succe$s 9 ov]com+ ! v>iety1 m$ley1 confusion1 excess & incumbrance ( its matt]1 & 9 conceal+ & effac+ its prep>atory /udies1 aft] mu* m$iat+ "w1 s t at la/ ,beauty1 ) all its unfett]$ spontaneity1 appe>s to u z ?\gh lib]at$ 9 "o ca/#f4 ,:at we f9d "h is v analog\s to ! behavi\r ( a man ( education1 :o1 9 all t he says & does1 moves simply1 spontane\sly1 & ) ease1 albeit he did n by any means />t 9 ! possession ( su* simple spontaneity1 b r has only secur$ su* z ! result ( a ?or\gh self-tra9+4 ,= ?is reason x is no less 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ! fact ?an x is ) ! actual c\rse ( hi/ory t art 9 its beg9n+s r pres5ts u ! appe>ance ( artificiality & clums9ess1 runn+ l>gely into incid5tal detail1 & g5]ally ov]load$ ) ! elaboration ( drap]y & ! environm5t ( its subject-matt]2 & precisely 9 ! degree t ?is ext]nal mat]ial is m compact & multif>i\s1 to t ext5t t :i* is really expressive is r$uc$ to its balde/ t]ms2 9 o!r words :at is truly ! free & vital expression ( ,_s 9 its =ms & motion is t :i* is "h lea/ 9 evid5ce4 ,9 ?is respect consequ5tly ! primitive & mo/ anci5t art-products 9 all ! p>ticul> arts are ! vehicle ( a cont5t t is ess5tially mo/ ab/ract1 su* z simple tales 9 poetry1 !ogonies eff]vesc5t ) ab/ract ?\ghts & _! incomplete elaboration1 s+le objects ( sacr$ association 9 /one & wood & s =?1 & ! repres5tation rema9s unaccommodat+1 monoton\s or confus$1 /iff & dry4 ,m especially 9 pla/ic art ! facial expression is insipid ) a repose :i* does n s mu* express spirituality 9 its ess5tial p5etration z a purely animal empt9ess1 or conv]sely is remorseless & exagg]at$ 9 its emphasis on *>act]i/ic traits4 ,9 ! same way ! bodily =ms & _! motion are devoid ( life1 ! arms1 = example1 are glu$ to ! body1 ! legs are n divid$1 or are clumsily mov$1 or 9 angul> & con/ra9$ modes2 & 9 o!r respects su* figures are ill-%ap$1 suff] f n>r[ compression1 or are excessively lank & ext5d$4 ,on ! o!r h& we f9d t mu* m devotion & indu/ry is sp5t ^u accessories su* z drap]y1 hair1 weapons1 & ornam5ts ( a simil> nature2 ! folds ( ! drap]y rema9 wood5 & indep5d5t1 )\t be+ able to accommodate !mselves to ! limbs1 j z we may (t5 see = ourselves 9 images ( ! ,virg9 & sa9ts ( e>ly times1 :]e !y are 9 "p run toge!r 9 monoton\s regul>ity1 & 9 "p are cont9ually brok5 up 9 h>% corn]s1 n fl[+ freely 9 _! l9es1 b scatt]$ ab\t ) diffus5ess ov] too wide a surface4 ,& 9 ! same way ! fir/ attempts at poetry are full ( breaks1 devoid ( connection1 monoton\s1 dom9at$ 9 an ab/ract way by "o idea or emotion1 or else:]e wild1 viol5t1 ! p>ticul> be+ obscurely assimilat$1 & ! :ole z yet n b\nd toge!r 9 a secure & ideal organic unity4 ,x is only1 h[ev]1 aft] su* prep>atory "w z ! above t ! /yle :i* is ! ma9 subject ( our pres5t inquiry comm5ces ) :at is truly g5u9e f9e art4 ,9 ?is x is no d\bt 9 ! fir/ in/ance at ! same "t /ill au/]e1 b already mod]at$ ) m beauty 9 its sev]ity4 ,?is sev]e /yle is ! m l(ty ab/raction ( ! beautiful1 :i* comes to a /op ) t :i* is ( real importance1 expresses & reproduces ! same 9 its broad outl9es1 /ill disda9s all amiability & grace1 suff]s ! ma9 subject-matt] alone to ass]t itself1 & preem95tly exp5ds v little indu/ry & elaboration on :at is incid5tal4 ,& 9 do+ s1 ?is sev]e /yle also /ill adh]es to ! imitation ( t :i* is imm$iately giv5 to s5se4 ,9 o!r words1 j z1 9 reg>d to cont5t1 x takes its /&1 s f> z ideas & repres5tation are conc]n$1 9 :at is giv5 x1 9 ! tradition1 = example1 ( a rev]$ religion1 s also1 to take ! opposite po9t ( view1 namely1 t ( ext]nal =m1 x w m]ely r5d] assur$ ! fact itself1 & n its own inv5tion4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 satisfi$ ) ! g5]al broad effect t is educ$ f ! fact1 & foll[s 9 expression closely ^u ! gr[? & def9ite exi/5ce ( ?is4 ,9 ! same way ev]y?+ t is accid5tal is held alo( f ?is type ( /yle1 9 ord] t ! caprice & spontaneity ( ! individual m9d#g may n appe> to be involv$ 9 x4 ,! motives are simple1 ! objects ( repres5tation few#h2 & = ?is reason no consid]able v>iety 9 ! detail ( configuration1 muscles & motion1 is app>5t4 ,secondly1 ! ideal1 purely beautiful /yle hov]s betwe5 ! simply sub/antive expression ( fact & ! fulle/ exposition ( all t imm$iately pleases4 ,we may def9e ! "* ( ?is /yle z ! highe/ degree ( vitality compatible ) a beautiful & reposeful greatness1 su* z we admire 9 ! works ( ,pheidias or ,hom]4 ,x is a liv+ pres5tm5t ( all traits1 %apes1 modifications ( su*1 motions1 limbs1 9 :i* !re is no?+ )\t significance & expression1 b ev]y?+ is in/9ct ) life & action1 & te/ifies to ! brea?1 or v pulse ( free life itself on ! m]e/ glance at ! "w ( art 9 "q2 a vitality1 h[ev]1 :i* ess5tially makes visible "o totality1 & only "o1 is ! expression ( "o cont5t1 ( "o individuality ( action4 ,x is 9 su* a truly vital atmosph]e t we f9d moreov] ! brea? ( grace p\r$ =? ov] ! entire "w4 ,grace is inde$ a concession to ! he>] & spectator1 :i* ! sev]e /yle despises4 ,at ! same "t1 :5ev] ,*>is1 t is ,grace1 is ass]t$ 9 ! pres5ce ( an onlook]1 if only z an ackn[l$gem5t1 a means ( convey+ pleasure1 yet 9 ! ideal /yle we f9d t su* a pres5ce appe>s entirely dive/$ ( any crav+ to conf] m]ely pleasure4 ,we may p]haps expla9 our mean+ 9 m te*nical language4 ,! fact or subject-matt] is "h ! sub/antive 9 its conc5tration & self-absorption4 ,dur+ ! process1 h[ev]1 t x is manife/$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( art1 & is1 s to speak1 conc]n$ to actually exi/ = o!rs1 to pass ov]1 t is1 f its simplicity & ess5tial solid>ity to p>ticul>ization1 articulation1 & individualization1 we may reg>d ?is developm5t to an exi/5t =m = o!rs z at ! same "t a k9d ( complaisance on ! "p ( ! pr$om9ant matt]1 9 s f>1 t is1 z x does n appe> to require ?is m concrete mode ( exi/5ce1 & yet is :olly p\r$ =? into x = u4 ,su* a *>m z ?is is only entitl$ to ass]t itself 9 su* a /yle s long z :at is really sub/antive also p]si/s 9 undi/urb$ self-possession1 z we may call x1 ov] aga9/ ! grace ( its manife/ation1 :i* blooms =? entirely 9 outw>d guise z an orig9al type ( sup]fluity4 ,?is indiff]5ce ( ! ideal or inn] self-assurance#i = its exi/5ce1 ?is repose ( itself on itself is precisely t :i* con/itutes ! beautiful neglig5ce ( ! grace1 :i* attributes no imm$iate value to ?is1 its mode ( manife/ation4 ,& x is j 9 ?is t we mu/ look = ! l(t9ess ( ! beautiful /yle4 ,beautiful free art is c>eless 9 its attitude to ! ext]nal =m1 9 :i* x refuses to let u see any peculi> movem5t ( ! m9d1 or any end or int5tion4 ,r 9 e expression1 e modification1 x po9ts to "o ?+ only1 & t is ! idea & vital pr9ciple ( ! :ole4 ,x is only by ?is means t ! ,ideal ( ! beautiful /yle ass]ts itself1 :i* is nei!r h>% nor sev]e1 b already %[s ! s(t5+ influ5ce ( ! *e]ful notes ( ! beautiful4 ,?\gh no viol5ce is done ei!r to any feature ( expression1 any "p ( ! :ole1 & e memb] appe>s 9 its indep5d5ce1 & rejoices 9 its own exi/5ce1 yet ea* & all is cont5t at ! same "t to be only an aspect 9 ! total evolv$ pres5tm5t4 ,?is x is :i* alone displays1 alongside ( ! dep? & det]m9acy ( individuality & "*1 ! grace ( ,life itself4 ,on ! "o side we h inde$ m]ely ! sub/antial subject-matt] pr$om9ant1 b 9 ! detail$ exposition1 9 ! lucid1 & at ! same "t exhau/ive v>iety ( traits1 :i* complete ! def9ition ( ! appe>ance1 & place x be=e u 9 its transp>5t vitality1 ! spectator is at ! same "t fre$ f ! ?+ 9 its baldness1 9 s f> z he possesses & is :olly face to face ) its concrete life4 ,by virtue1 h[ev]1 ( ! la/ m5tion$ fact1 ?is ideal /yle1 s soon z x c>ries ?is modification 9 its ext]nal aspect to yet fur!r l5g?s1 passes ov] into ! s-call$ agreeable or pleas+ /yle4 ,"h we h ! ass]tion ( ano!r int5t ?an ! m]e vitality ( ! fact#aj4 ,! giv+ ( pleasure1 ! active elaboration 9 ! direction ( ext]nality is ass]t$ z itself an object1 & is a matt] ( indep5d5t conc]n4 ,z an example we may take ! fam\s ,belv$]e ,apollo1 n inde$ z itself belong+ to ?is latt] /yle1 b at lea/ m>k+ ! transition f ! l(ty /yle to t ( s5su\s attraction4 ,& inasmu* z 9 an art ( ?is k9d x is no long] ! s+le actuality itself to :i* ! entire embodim5t is ref]able1 ! p>ticul> details become "u ?is mode1 ev5 ?\gh 9 ! fir/ in/ance /ill d$ucible f ! c5tral object itself & r5d]$ necess>y by means ( x1 m & m = all t indep5d5t4 ,we feel t !y are introduc$1 or int]polat$1 z ornam5ts1 int5tional additions ( episodical import4 ,& yet = ! v reason t !y are only relat$ to ! object accid5tally & only receive _! ess5tial def9ition 9 a p]sonal relation to ! spectator or read]1 !y flatt] ! individual ta/e#aa ( su*1 to :i* _! workman%ip is prim>ily direct$4 ,virgil & ,horace1 = example1 delight u 9 ?is respect by an educat$ /yle1 9 :i* we c trace a v>iety ( ?+s aim$ at1 & an ef=t delib]ately made to give pleasure4 ,9 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 & pa9t+1 ow+ to ?is _s ( complaisance1 simple & impos+ effects ( size disappe>1 & we f9d on e side small pictures /&+ by !mselves1 ornam5tation1 f9]ies1 dimples on *eeks1 elegant hair-dress1 smiles1 all ! v>i$ fold+ ( drap]ies1 en*ant+ col\rs & %apes1 exceptional1 difficult1 b = all t uncon/ra9$ movem5ts 9 ! pose ( ! figure#ab4 ,9 ! s-call$ ,go?ic or ,g]man art ( build+1 :]e ! same is c>ri$ 9 ! direction ( ?is _s1 we f9d decoration elaborat$ )\t limit1 s t ! :ole appe>s to be little m ?an a collection ( little columns ) all ! utmo/ v>iety ( ornam5tations1 dim9utive t[]s1 spires1 & s =?1 :i*1 9 _! isolation1 please u1 )\t1 h[ev]1 de/roy+ ! impression ( ! l>g] connections ( ! :ole & ! /ill insi/5t masses ( ! same4 ,9 s f>1 h[ev]1 z ! prov9ce ( art we h be5 discuss+ 9 its entirety gives way to ?is activity ( ext]nalization1 ?is pres5tm5t ( :at is purely ext]ior1 we may emphasize x 9 its fur!r g5]alization z ! effect1 :i* makes use ( z a means ( expression :at is unpleas+1 /ra9$1 & colossal1 ! type ( unc\? contra/s su* z ! prodigi\s g5ius ( ,mi*ael ,angelo (t5 exploits to excess4 ,! effect may be g5]ally indicat$ z ! excessive lean+ t[>ds an ult]ior public1 :i* results 9 ! =m no long] be+ ass]t$ 9 its indep5d5t1 self-suffici5t & buoyant repose4 ,r x turns r\nd1 z x 71 & makes an appeal at ! same "t to ! onlook]1 & /rives to place itself 9 a relation to him by means ( ?is mann] ( pres5tm5t4 ,bo? aspects1 namely ess5tial repose & ! address to ! spectator1 mu/ no d\bt be pres5t 9 a "w ( art2 b ^! aspects %\ld fall toge!r 9 complete equilibrium4 ,if ! "w ( art 9 ! sev]e /yle is :olly )\t qualification self-conta9$1 )\t any appeal to ! spectator1 x leaves him cold4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! appeal is made too directly to him1 x creates inde$ a s5su\s pleasure1 b loses to t ext5t its sub/antive ?or\ghness#ac1 or x does s )\t ?is ?or\ghness ( cont5t & ! simple "* ( ! conception & del9eation !re9 conta9$4 ,?is passage f itself !n m]ges 9 ! accid5tal *>act]ization ( ! appe>ance2 z a result ! image itself %>es ?is accid5tal "*1 9 :i* we no long] recognize ! actual subject-matt] & ! =m :i* is imp]atively root$ 9 itself1 b r ! poet & arti/ ) 8 own p]sonal designs1 8 peculi> type ( production & skill4 ,& = ?is reason ! public is entirely releas$ f ! ess5tial cont5t ( ! "w1 f9d+ itself by means ( x plac$ 9 a p]sonal relation#ad to ! arti/1 inasmu* z ev]y?+ n[ :olly dep5ds on its see+ t :i* ! arti/ ?r\gh 8 art int5d$1 t is1 ! cunn+ & p]sonal skill :i* is embodi$ 9 8 grasp ( 8 subject & its execution4 ,to be ?us br\ght into p]sonal community ( insight & critical acum5 ) ! arti/ is = mo/ p a flatt]+ concession2 & our read] or audi5ce1 & v possibly ! spectator ( pla/ic art1 ) ev5 m read9ess wond] at _! poet1 musician1 or pa9t] or sculptor respectively2 & ! vanity ( su* is all ! bett] satisfi$ 9 proportion z ! "w invites !m to ?is p]sonal criticism1 & supplies !m op5ly ) h9ts ( su* designs & po9ts ( view4 ,9 ! sev]e /yle1 on ! contr>y1 no su* confid5ces are made ov] to ! spectator at all4 ,:at we h is j ! sub/antive nature ( ! cont5t1 :i* 9 its repres5tation au/]ely1 & ev5 h>%ly1 repulses ! purely p]sonal que/4 ,a repulse ( ?is k9d w (t5 be no d\bt m]ely indicative ( ! sple5 ( ! arti/1 :o1 aft] entru/+ a pr(\nd significance to 8 "w1 in/ead ( mak+ ! exposition ( ! same free1 transp>5t1 & buoyant1 delib]ately makes x h>d to foll[4 ,a trade 9 my/]ies ( ?is k9d is also no?+ b ano!r =m ( affectation1 & a spuri\s alt]native to ! complaisance we h criticiz$4 ,x is pre-em95tly 9 ! "w ( ! ,fr5* s*ool t we f9d ?is t5d5cy to flatt]1 attract1 & create effect1 & !y h 9 ?is way elaborat$ ?is easy-go+ & complaisant attitude to ! public z ! ma9 object ( _! ef=ts4 ,!y seek to f9d ! real importance ( _! arti/ic "w 9 ! satisfaction su* af=ds o!rs1 ^: int]e/ !y w\ld ar\se & :om !y w\ld duly impress4 ,?is t5d5cy is p>ticul>ly m>k$ 9 _! dramatic poetry4 ,m>montel1 = example1 gives u ! foll[+ anecdote 9 connection ) ! p]=mance ( 8 drama ,dnis1 ! ,tyrant4 ,! crisis culm9at$ 9 a "q ask$ ! ,tyrant4 ,clairon1 9 ^: m\? ?is "q 0 put1 :5 ! mom5t = ask+ x _h arriv$1 & :5 actually 9 conv]sation ) ,dionysius1 made a =w>d /ep 9 front ( ! audi5ce & dramatically address$ !m in/ead4 ,by ?is rhetorical effect ! en?usia/ic support ( ! entire piece 0 assur$4 ,we ,g]mans1 on ! o!r h&1 require too mu* a cont5t 9 our works ( art1 9 ! dep?s ( :i* ! arti/ f9ds a deliv]ance f himself1 )\t tr\bl+ himself ab\t ! public1 :o is j left to look at x1 take tr\ble ov] x1 & help himself out ) x1 z he pleases or is able4 ,,division ,,( ,,subject ,approa*+ n[1 aft] ^! g5]al obs]vations we h made ) ref]5ce to ! di/9ctions ( /yle common to all ! arts1 ! division ( ! ?ird fundam5tal section ( our inquiry we may obs]ve t ! "o-sid$ und]/&+ has look$ ab\t 9 _m directions = v>i\s pr9ciples ( diff]5tiation 9 its classification ( ! specific arts sev]ally4 ,! true division c1 h[ev]1 only be d$uc$ f ! nature ( ! "w ( art1 :i* 9 ! entire complexus ( its =ms#ae explicitly unfolds ! totality ( ! aspects & phases :i* are ref]able to its own notion4 ,& ! fir/ ?+ :i* ass]ts itself 9 ?is connection z important is ! consid]ation t art1 9 accordance ) ! fact t its pres5tm5ts n[ h def9itely to pass into s5su\s reality1 becomes on acc\nt ( ?is also art = ! s5ses1 s t ! def9ition ( ?is s5se & ! mat]ial m$ium :i* is applicable to x1 & 9 :i* ! "w ( art is made objective1 mu/ necess>ily furni% u ) ! pr9ciples ( subdivision 9 ! sev]al arts4 ,n[ ! s5ses1 = ! reason t !y are s5ses1 or 9 o!r words1 are relat$ to a giv5 mat]ial1 a disp>ate ext]ior m$ium#af & an ess5tial multiplicity1 are !mselves diff]5t1 namely1 feel+1 smell1 ta/e1 he>+1 & sight4 ,x is n our bus9ess 9 ?is place to demon/rate ! ideal necessity ( ?is totality & its disp>ate p>ts2 t is ! function ( ! philosophy ( ,nature4 ,our problem is limit$ to ! inquiry :e!r all ^! s5ses1 or if n1 :i* ( !m are capable1 by virtue ( _! notional significance1 ( be+ organs = ! reception ( works ( art4 ,we h already at a previ\s /age exclud$ feel+1 ta/e1 & smell4 ,botti*]'s m]e feel+ ) ! h& ( ! effem9ately smoo? portions ( /atues ( goddesses is n a "p ( arti/ic contemplation or enjoym5t at all4 ,by ! s5se ( t\* ! individual m]ely comes1 z an individual end[$ ) s5se1 into contact ) ! purely s5su\s p>ticul> ?+ & its gravity1 h>dness1 s(tness1 & mat]ial resi/ance4 ,a "w ( art is1 h[ev]1 n m]ely a s5su\s ?+1 b ,_s manife/$ ?r\gh a s5su\s m$ium4 ,z little c we ex]cise our s5se ( ta/e on a "w ( art z su*1 because ta/e is unable to leave ! object 9 its free indep5d5ce1 b is conc]n$ ) x 9 a :olly active way1 resolves x1 9 fact1 & consumes x4 ,a cultivation & ref9em5t ( ta/e is only possible & desirable 9 connection ) di%es ( food & _! prep>ation1 or ! *emical qualities ( objects4 ,an object ( art1 h[ev]1 %\ld be contemplat$ 9 its indep5d5t & self-conta9$ objective pres5ce1 :i* no d\bt is !re = ! m9d t p]ceives x1 b only z an appeal to s\l & intellig5ce1 n 9 "s active relation1 & ) none :atev] to ! appetites & volition4 ,z = ! s5se ( smell x is j z little able to become an organ ( arti/ic enjoym5t1 inasmu* z ?+s are only pres5t$ to ?is s5se 9 s f> z !y are !mselves 9 a condition ( process1 & are dissolv$ ?r\gh ! air & its direct influ5ce4 ,sight1 on ! o!r h&1 possesses a purely ideal relation to objects by means ( light1 a mat]ial1 :i* is at ! same "t immat]ial1 & :i* suff]s on its "p ! objects to cont9ue 9 _! free self-subsi/5ce1 mak+ !m appe> & re-appe>1 b :i* does n1 z ! atmosph]e or fire does1 consume !m actively ei!r by imp]ceptible degrees or pat5tly4 ,ev]y?+1 !n1 is an object ( ! appetiteless vision1 :i* mat]ially exi/s 9 ,space z a disp>ate aggregate1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 s f> z x rema9s unimpair$ 9 its integrity1 m]ely is disclos$ 9 its =m & col\r4 ,! rema9+ ideal s5se is he>+4 ,?is is 9 signal contra/ to ! "o j describ$4 ,he>+ is conc]n$ ) ! tone1 r ?an ! =m & col\r ( an object1 ) ! vibration ( :at is corporeal2 x requires no process ( dissolution1 z ! s5se ( smell requires1 b m]ely a trembl+ ( ! object1 by :i* ! same is 9 no wise impov]i%$4 ,?is ideal motion1 9 :i* ?r\gh its s\nd :at is z x 7 ! simple individuality#ag1 ! s\l ( ! mat]ial ?+ expresses itself1 ! e> receives also 9 an ideal way1 j z ! eye %ape & col\r1 & suff]s !reby :at is ideal or n ext]nal 9 ! object to appeal to :at is spiritual or non-corporeal4 ,z a ?ird accretion to ^! two s5ses we h ! s5su\s conception1 memory1 ! ret5tion ( images1 :i* appe> 9 consci\sness by means ( ! isolat$ p]ception1 9 ?is way subsum$ "u univ]sals1 & become relat$ & unit$ to ! same by means ( ! imag9ation1 s t n[ 9 "o p>ticul> aspect ! ext]nal reality itself exi/s bo? z ideal & spiritual1 :ile t :i* is spiritual f ano!r po9t ( view accepts "u ! imag9ative conception ! =m ( :at is ext]nal1 & is br\ght to consci\sness z a disp>ate & correlat$ aggregate4 ,?is triple mode ( seiz+ on reality (f]s art ! well-kn[n division into fir/1 ! pla/ic arts1 :i* elaborate _! cont5t = vision 9 ! ext]nal =m & col\r ( objects1 secondly1 9 ! art ( s\nd1 music1 & ?irdly1 into poetry1 :i* z ! art ( spee* uses tone m]ely z a symbol1 9 ord]1 by means ( x1 to address itself directly to :at is ideal 9 ! contemplation1 emotion1 & imag9ation ( our spiritual life4 ,if we re/ satisfi$ ) ?is s5su\s aspect ( our subject-matt]1 z ! f9al pr9ciple ( its diff]5tiation1 we %all1 9 respect to our fir/ pr9ciples1 f9d ourselves 9 a difficulty1 because ! gr\nds ( ?is division1 in/ead ( be+ d$uc$ f ! concrete notion ( our subject-matt]1 are m]ely borr[$ f ! mo/ ab/ract features ( x4 ,we h consequ5tly to look ab\t u once m = a pr9ciple ( division t has deep] roots1 :i* has1 9 fact1 already be5 put =w>d 9 ! introduction ( ?is "w z ! truly sy/ematic mode ( divid+ ?is ?ird section ( x4 ,! function ( art is j ?is & only ?is1 namely1 to br+ be=e ! grasp ( ! s5ses tru?1 z x is 9 ! _w ( _s1 reconcil$1 t is1 9 its unity z a :ole ) objectivity & ! s5su\s mat]ial4 ,9 s f>1 !n1 z ?is is possible at ?is /age 9 ! elem5t ( ! ext]nal reality ( ! art-product to t ext5t ! totality1 :i* ! ,absolute is 9 its v tru?1 breaks ap>t into ! v>i\s modes t diff]5tiate x z a process4 ,! middle po9t1 ! truly sub/antive c5trum1 is giv5 u "h 9 ! repres5tation ( ! ,absolute1 ,god ,himself z ,god1 9 ,8 indep5d5t self-subsi/5ce1 n z yet develop$ to ! po9t ( motion & diff]5ce1 or advanc$ to ! active op]ation ( & sep>ation f :at is ,81 b pres5t$ ess5tially self-absorb$ 9 supreme div9e repose & /illness1 briefly ! ,ideal embodi$ 9 a =m ess5tially adequate to itself1 :i* p]si/s 9 its det]m9ate exi/5ce 9 correspond5t id5tity ) itself4 ,& 9 ord] t x may appe> 9 inf9ite self-subsi/5cy ! ,absolute mu/ be conceiv$ z ,_s1 z consci\s ,subject1 b z ,subject :i* possesses ess5tially itself its own adequate mode ( ext]nal appe>ance4 ,z div9e subject1 h[ev]1 :i* passes =? into actual reality1 x has confront+ x an ext]nal _w = environm5t1 :i*1 9 con=mity ) ! ,absolute1 mu/ be built up to an appe>ance h>moni\s ) ! same1 an appe>ance p]meat$ ) ! ,absolute4 ,?is environ+ _w is !n on "o side ! objective z su*1 ! basis1 ! embrace ( ext]nal ,nature1 :i*1 tak5 by itself1 possesses no absolute significance = ,_s1 nor any ideality su* z is pres5t to individual consci\sness#ah1 & consequ5tly is only able to express by sugge/ion ! spiritual ,ideal :i* its appe>ance mu/ seek to secure by embody+ its embrac$ cont5t 9 a _w ( ,beauty4 ,9 opposition to ext]nal ,nature we f9d ! ideal realm ( consci\sness#ai1 ! human s\l z ! m$ium#bj = ! exi/5ce & manife/ation ( ! ,absolute4 ,toge!r ) ?is subjectivity is conjo9$ ! multiplicity & diff]5tiation ( individuality1 p>ticul>ization1 di/9ction1 action1 & developm5t1 t is1 9 g5]al t]ms ! full & v>i$ _w ( ! reality ( ,_s#ba1 9 :i* ! ,absolute is kn[n1 will$1 exp]i5c$1 & actively pres5t4 ,we may already inf] f :at we h indicat$ above t ! diff]5ces "u :i* ! total cont5t ( art is diff]5tiat$ are 9 ess5tial consonance1 bo? = our grasp & pres5tation ( !m1 ) :at we h previ\sly 9 ! second portion ( our inquiry exam9$ z ! symbolical1 classical1 & romantic types ( art4 ,9 o!r words symbolic art only c>ries ! art-process to ! po9t ( m>k+ an aff9ity betwe5 cont5t & =m1 in/ead ( _! id5tity1 ( only sugge/+ ! ideal significance 9 itself & ! cont5t :i* t sugge/ion purports to express1 9 o!r words ! ext]nal appe>ance#bb4 ,x furni%es consequ5tly ! fundam5tal type to t specific art1 ^: function x is to elaborate ! objective _w z su*1 ,nature's environm5t 9 ! beautiful conclusion giv5 by ,art to ,_s 7m9d71 & to image by sugge/ion ! ideal significance ( :at is spiritual 9 ?is ext]nal m$ium4 ,! classical ,ideal1 on ! contr>y1 meets ! case ( ! pres5tation ( ! ,absolute z su*1 9 its self-subsi/5t ext]nal reality1 its ess5tial self-repose1 :ile ! romantic ,_s 7m9d7 type ( art is1 bo? 9 cont5t & =m1 id5tical ) ! int]nal life ( ! s\l1 & ! emotional life bo? 9 its inf9ite aspect & its f9ite p>ticul>ity4 ,x is1 !n1 on a pr9ciple su* z ! above t ! sy/em ( ! p>ticul> arts is diff]5tiat$ z foll[s3 ,fir/1 we h ar*itecture1 ! beg9n+ ( all1 ^: f\ndation reposes 9 ! v nature ( its subject-matt]4 ,x is ! comm5cem5t ( art = ?is reason1 t art at ! />t has 9 g5]al t]ms nei!r discov]$ = ! pres5tation ( its spiritual cont5t ! adequate mat]ial1 nor ! =ms t fully express x1 & is consequ5tly compell$ to re/ cont5t 9 ! m]e se>* aft] su* true satisfaction1 & to d s 9 ! ext]nality ( its cont5t & its mode ( pres5tation4 ,! m$ium ( ?is prim>y art is t :i* is ess5tially unspiritual1 gross matt]1 t is1 only capable ( configuration accord+ to physical laws ( gravity4 ,its =m is ! image ( ext]nal ,nature1 unit$ by its regul>ity & symmetry 9 ! :ole ( a "w ( art to express m]ely an ext]nal reflection ( ,_s4 ,! second art is sculpture4 ,bo? = its pr9ciple & cont5t x possesses spiritual individuality "u ! mode ( ! classic ,ideal 9 ! s5se1 namely1 t ! ideal & spiritual f9ds its expression 9 ! corporeal appe>ance p]t95t to spiritual life1 :i* x is ! function "h ( ,art to pres5t 9 exi/5t arti/ic actuality4 ,x consequ5tly /ill accepts = its mat]ial gross matt] 9 its spatial ext5sion1 )\t1 h[ev]1 %ap+ ! same 9 con=mity to rule m]ely 9 respect to its gravity & its natural conditions accord+ to ! =ms ( ! organic or inorganic1 or 9 relation to its visibility 9 br++ x d[n to1 & 9 all ess5tial respects p>ticul>iz+ x 91 a simple repetition ( ! ext]nal appe>ance4 ,! =m :i* is "h1 h[ev]1 det]m9$ by virtue ( ! cont5t itself is ! actual life ( ,_s1 human =m1 & its objective organism p]meat$ ) ,_s's own brea?1 ^: function x is to embody 9 adequate %ape ! self-subsi/5ce ( ! ,div9e 9 its supreme repose & unp]turb$ greatness1 unaffect$ by ! divisions & limitations ( human affairs1 _! conflicts & endurances4 ,?irdly1 we h to r5d] intelligible 9 "o f9al :ole ^? arts ^: prov9ce x is to give =m to ! ideal cont5t ( ! individual s\l-life4 ,! art ( pa9t+ m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ?is f9al totality4 ,x conv]ts ! ext]nal =m itself entirely into an expression ( :at is ideal#bc1 :i* )9 ! limits ( ! environ+ _w n m]ely reproduces ! ideal self-conta9$ness ( ! ,absolute1 b also br+s to ! vision ! same z ess5tially a p]sonal possession#bd 9 its spiritual exi/5ce1 volition1 feel+1 action1 9 its activity & relation to ano!r1 & consequ5tly also 9 its suff]+s1 pa91 dea?1 9 ! entire s]ies ( passions & satisfaction4 ,its object is = ?is reason no long] ,god simply1 t is1 z object ( ! human consci\sness1 b ?is consci\sness itself1 ,god1 t is1 ei!r 9 ,8 reality pres5t 9 ! action & suff]+ ( individual life1 or z _s ( ! community1 z ! spiritual relat$ ?r\gh feel+ to itself1 s\l-life 9 its resignation1 its sacrifice (1 or joy & bless$ness 91 life & action )9 ! limits ( ! natural _w4 ,z a means to ! pres5tation ( ?is cont5t ! art ( pa9t+ is b\nd to utilize ! ext]nal ph5om5on 9 respect to its =m1 n m]ely ! human organism1 b also ,nature 9 its simplicity 9 s f> z ! same suff]s :at is ( _s to %9e ?r\gh ) cl>ity4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 unable to utilize z mat]ial physical matt] & its spatial exi/5ce j z x is2 x is compell$1 9 work+ x up into its =ms1 ess5tially to idealize ! same4 ,! fir/ /ep by means ( :i* ! s5su\s mat]ial is rais$ 9 ?is respect to confront m9d#be1 consi/s1 on ! "o h&1 9 ! uplift+ ( ! actual s5su\s appe>ance1 ^: visibility is conv]t$ into ! m]e %[ by art1 & on ! o!r 9 col\r by means ( ! di/9ctions1 transitions1 & modulations ( :i* ?is trans=mation is effect$4 ,! art ( pa9t+1 consequ5tly1 9 ord] to express ! s\l 9 its ideality1 resolves ! ?ree dim5sions ( space into t ( sup]ficies z t :i* mo/ intimately ass]ts ! ideality ( :at is ext]nal1 & repres5ts spatial di/ance & =m by means ( ! ph5om5a ( col\r4 ,= pa9t+ is n conc]n$ ) produc+ m]e visibility 9 its g5]al significance1 b ) t =m ( visibility :i*1 if x is ideally produc$1 is also q z mu* ess5tially p>ticul>iz$4 ,9 sculpture & ! art ( build+ =ms are visible by means ( ext]nal light4 ,9 ! art ( pa9t+1 on ! contr>y1 ! mat]ial :i* is itself ess5tially obscure possesses intr9sically )9 itself its inw>d or ideal1 light 9 %ort4 ,x is itself transfus$ 9 its own m$ium1 & m]e light is to t ext5t ess5tially obscur$4 ,! unity1 h[ev]1 & bl5d+ ( light & d>k is col\r#bf4 ,secondly1 ! art ( music (f]s a contra/ to t ( pa9t+ 9 "o & ! same sph]e z ! latt]4 ,its real elem5t is ! ideal realm z su*1 emotion 9 its =mless indep5d5ce1 capable ( ass]t+ itself n 9 ext]nality & its reality1 b purely ?r\gh ! ext]nal m$ium :i* disappe>s imm$iately :5 x is express$ & !reby cancels itself4 ,its cont5t consequ5tly consi/s ( ! int]nal life ( ,_s 9 its imm$iate1 ess5tial subjective unity1 emotion simply2 its mat]ial is musical tone1 its =m & configuration1 ! concord1 discord1 h>mony1 contra/1 opposition1 & resolution ( su* tones accord+ to ! laws ( _! quantitative int]vals respectively & _! arti/ically elaborat$ "t measure4 ,f9ally1 9 ! ?ird place1 aft] pa9t+ & music we get ! art ( spee*1 poetry 9 its g5]al t]ms1 ! absolutely g5u9e art ( ,_s & its expression z su*4 ,= ev]y?+ :i* ! human consci\sness conceives & spiritually embodies 9 ! *amb] ( _s spee* is able to accept1 express1 & br+ imag9atively be=e u1 & only spee* is ?us able4 ,9 respect to its cont5t1 !re=e1 poetry is ! ri*e/ & its b\nd>ies are ! wide/4 ,b 9 proportion z x ga9s z ! vehicle ( ,_s x loses on ! side ( ! mat]ial object4 ,9 o!r words1 = ! reason t x nei!r works = ! p]ception ( ! s5se z ! pla/ic arts1 nor m]ely = ! ideal emotion1 z music does1 b is conc]n$ to create its spiritual significances "u ! =m ( its own spiritual m$ium m]ely = ! conception & contemplation ( m9d1 ! mat]ial ?r\gh :i* its con/ructive activity is ass]t$ only reta9s = x ! value ( a means1 h[ev] mu* x may be elaborat$ 9 an arti/ic s5se1 by :i* ,_s is express$ = ,_s1 & no long] c\nts z a s5su\s mode ( exi/5ce1 9 :i* ! spiritual cont5t is capable ( f9d+ a reality adequate to x4 ,su* a means c 9 ! light ( our previ\s consid]ation only be tone reg>d$ z ! /ill relatively mo/ adequate mat]ial ( spiritual expression4 ,tone "h1 h[ev]1 does n 9 ! pres5t case pres]ve1 z 0 ! case ) music1 an indep5d5t validity ( its own = :i* ! unique & ess5tial aim ( art c\ld be exhau/$ 9 f9d+ an arti/ic =m1 b conv]sely is entirely /eep$ 9 ! _w ( ,_s & ! def9ite cont5t ( conception & contemplation1 & appe>s simply z ! ext]nal symbol ( ?is cont5t4 ,s f> z ! embodim5t :i* ! poetry receives is conc]n$1 9 ?is respect poetry may claim to include ! :ole field ( art 9 ! s5se1 t is1 t x repeats 9 its own prov9ce ! modes ( pres5tation adopt$ by ! o!r arts1 :i* is only 9 a qualifi$ degree ! case ) pa9t+ & music4 ,9 o!r words poetry gives1 on ! "o h&1 z epic poetry ! =m ( objectivity to its cont5t1 :i* no d\bt "h does n1 z 9 ! pla/ic arts1 atta9 to an ext]nal exi/5ce4 ,x is none ! less a _w conceiv$ by ! m9d 9 ! =m ( ! objective _w & repres5t$ z objective = ! individual imag9ation4 ,?is x is :i* con/itutes human spee* z su*1 :i* f9ds satisfaction 9 its own cont5t & its expression by means ( spee*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 poetry is conv]sely to an equal degree spee* ( ! s\l1 ! ideal m$ium1 :i*1 z t inw>d cont5t returns to itself1 is lyrical poetry1 :i* invokes ! aid ( music 9 ord] to p5etrate yet m deeply ! _w ( s\ls & emotion4 ,f9ally1 to take ! ?ird example1 poetry proce$s ?r\gh spee* )9 ! limits ( a self-conta9$ action1 :i* x at ! same "t makes an object ( its pres5tm5t1 & consequ5tly is able to ally itself closely to music1 ge/ure1 mimicry1 & ! dance4 ,?is is dramatic art1 9 :i* man1 9 all t ! t]m implies#bg1 creatively pres5ts ! "w ( art :i* is ! product ( human life4 ,^! five arts =m ! sy/em ( realiz$ & actual art1 ess5tially det]m9$ by itself & diff]5tiat$ z su*4 ,9 addition to !m !re are no d\bt o!r incomplete arts1 = example1 ! arts ( g>d5+ & dance4 ,^! we %all only ref] to incid5tally z ! opportunity recurs4 ,a philosophical inve/igation mu/ p]=ce re/rict itself entirely to di/9ctions ref]able to ! notion1 & develop & grasp ^! adequate & v]itable modes ( embodim5t4 ,nature & reality is n1 x is true1 conf9$ to ^! circumscrib$ limits1 b is m lib]al 9 its movem5t1 & we n unfrequ5tly he> x made a matt] ( praise t 9 ?is respect ! products ( g5ius are p]=ce compell$ to exp& !mselves beyond j su* limitations4 ,9 ,nature1 h[ev]1 transitional organisms ( ei!r hybrid or amphibian type1 in/ead ( emphasiz+ ! spontaneity & excell5ce ( ,nature1 m]ely demon/rate its inability to hold fa/ to ! ess5tial diff]5tiations ( species :i* are root$ 9 t process1 or to prev5t _! det]ioration be=e ext]nal conditions & influ5ces4 ,! same ?+ may be affirm$ 9 art ) reg>d to ^! int]m$iate =ms1 al?\gh ! same are capable ( produc+ mu*1 too1 t delights u1 is full ( *>m & utility1 albeit n 9 ! highe/ class ( p]fection4 ,if we turn our att5tion n[ aft] ^! introductory rem>ks & consid]ations to ! m specific exam9ation ( ! sep>ate arts1 we %all f9d ourselves f ano!r po9t ( view 9 "s difficulty4 ,= inasmu* z we h hi!rto conc]n$ ourselves ) art z su*1 ! ,ideal & ! g5]al types1 "u :i* its evolution accord+ to its notion proce$s1 x is imp]ative to pass ov] into ! concrete exi/5ce ( art1 & by do+ s into ! _w ( exp]i5ce4 ,"h we f9d a condition v analog\s to t we obs]ve 9 ,nature1 ! prov9ces ( :i* are readily grasp$ 9 _! g5]ality & ! necess>y laws :i* di/+ui% !m1 9 ^: actual mat]ial exi/5ce1 h[ev]1 ! individual objects & _! species1 n m]ely 9 ! aspects :i* !y pres5t to obs]vation1 b also 9 ! =m "u :i* !y exi/1 are ( su* a weal? ( v>iety t1 z a "p ( ! difficulty1 !y (f] z feasible e conceivable way ( approa*+ !m2 & 9 addition to ?is ! philosophical notion1 :5 we are desir\s ( apply+ ! /&>d ( its simple l9es ( di/9ction1 appe>s z insuffici5t = ?is purpose & ! m]e grasp ( ?\ght incapable ( tak+ 9 ! brea? ( su* fulness4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we m]ely re/ satisfi$ ) m]e description & sup]ficial reflections we fall %ort no less ( ! object we h set be=e u1 t is1 a developm5t :i* is bo? sci5tific & sy/ematic4 ,add$ to :i* difficulties we h ! fur!r "o t n[adays e p>ticul> art makes ! indep5d5t dem& = a special sci5ce1 inasmu* z ) ! cont9u\s gr[? ( connoisseur%ip 9 art ! range ( su* special k has become ev] m ri* & ext5sive4 ,?is sci5ce ( ! connoisseur1 or dilettante1 has1 h[ev]1 9 our own times become fa%ionable "u ! direct tea*+ ( philosophy itself4 ,x has1 9 %ort1 be5 ma9ta9$ t x is 9 art we mu/ look = real religion1 ! discov]y ( tru? & ! ,absolute1 t1 9 %ort1 x /&s on a l(ti] p$e/al ?an philosophy = ! reason t x is n ab/ract1 b receives at ! same "t ! ,idea 9 reality & = a contemplation & emotion :i* are concrete#bh4 ,& on ! o!r h& x is reg>d$ n[adays z ( augu/ importance 9 art#bi to occupy "o's att5tion ) an inf9ite sup]fluity ( detail ( ?is k9d1 9 ! int]e/s ( :i* ! dem& is made f ev]yone t he %\ld h obs]v$ "s novelty or o!r4 ,su* critical lab\r is a k9d ( le>n$ trifl+ :i* may v readily be ov]done4 ,x causes1 no d\bt1 consid]able pleasure to exam9e works ( art1 to grasp ! ?\ghts & reflections :i* su* may sugge/1 to give curr5cy to ! po9ts ( view1 :i* o!rs h po9t$ out1 & by ?is means to become judges & critics4 ,! m ri*1 h[ev]1 by ?is means1 namely1 t ev]ybody is int5t on hav+ discov]$ on 8 own acc\nt some?+ uniquely 8 own1 a le>n+ & process ( reflection has become1 ! m e p>ticul> art1 nay1 e bran* ( ! same1 n[ r5d]s necess>y ! complet5ess ( a treatm5t ( x f ! individual's /&po9t4 ,z a coroll>y ! hi/orical aspect ( su* a survey & ! criticism ( works ( art1 :i* becomes inevitable1 only add yet fur!r to ! le>n+ & range ( ! subject4 ,x is1 moreov]1 ess5tial be=e we take "p 9 any discussion ov] ! details ( matt]s ( arti/ic import t we %\ld already h se5 mu* & _m times4 ,p]sonally ,i h no d\bt se5 a consid]able am\nt1 b by no means all t is necess>y to enable me to discuss ! mat]ial ( art exhau/ively4 ,all su* difficulties1 h[ev]1 we may meet ) ! simple response t x does n lie )9 ! aim ( ! pres5t "w to tea* art-criticism1 or to br+ =w>d an hi/orical review ( su* le>n+1 or only to ! ext5t su* is necess>y to appreh5d on philosophical pr9ciples ! ess5tial & univ]sal aspects ( our subject1 & _! relation to ! idea ( ! beautiful 9 its realization )9 ! s5su\s m$ium ( art4 ,if we keep ?is aim be=e u ! v>iety ( arti/ic effects we above indicat$ ne$ cause u no emb>rassm5t2 = despite ?is complexity ! ess5tial "* ( ! subject-matt] accord+ to its notional idea is ! controll+ factor2 & al?\gh ?is is frequ5tly lo/ 9 accid5tal matt] by virtue ( ! m$ium 9 :i* x is realiz$1 po9ts ( view are none ! less 9 evid5ce1 9 :i* x is z cle>ly proclaim$4 ,to grasp ^! aspects1 & to develop !m 9 a sci5tific way1 is ! v problem :i* x is ! function ( philosophy to elucidate4 ,,fir/ ,,subsection ,,ar*itecture ,art1 by enabl+ its cont5t to atta9 a realiz$ exi/5ce "u a def9ite =m1 becomes a p>ticul> art4 ,we may !re=e n[ = ! fir/ "t ref] to x z an actual art & f9d !re9 ! real beg9n+ ( art4 ,) ?is p>ticul>ity1 h[ev]1 9 s f> z x purports to br+ be=e u ! objectivity ( ! ,idea ( ! beautiful & art1 we h pres5t$ to u at ! same "t 9 its notional significance a totality ( :at is p>ticul>4 ,= ?is reason :5 we n[1 9 ! sph]e ( ! specific arts1 beg9 our exam9ation ( ! same ) ! art ( build+ ?is mu/ n m]ely be accept$ 9 ! s5se t ar*itecture ass]ts itself z ! art :i*1 by virtue ( its notional def9ition1 is fir/ pres5t$ to u z su* an object ( inquiry1 b we may equally accept z a result1 t x is also 9 relation to its exi/5ce ! art fir/ to be consid]$4 ,9 supply+1 h[ev]1 an answ] to ! "q1 :at ! mode ( orig9 01 :i* f9e art1 relatively to its notion & realiz$ =m1 has receiv$1 we mu/ exclude ! exp]i5ce ( hi/ory no less ?an reflections1 conjectures1 & ord9>y conceptions1 :i* m]ely h ref]5ce to objective hi/ory1 & are s readily & 9 su* v>iety prop\nd$4 ,9 o!r words1 m5 are ord9>ily actuat$ by an impulse1 to br+ be=e _! m5tal vision any?+ 9 its orig9al mode ( appe>ance = ! reason t ! beg9n+ is ! simple/ mode1 "u :i* ! fact ass]ts itself4 ,& connect$ ) ?is impulse we h pres5t beh9d x ! cov]t conviction t ! simple mode ( appe>ance in=ms u ( ! fact 9 its notional significance & real orig91 & ! fur!r amplification ( su* a beg9n+ to ! actual po9t 9 ! process :i* only really conc]ns u is fur!r ) a l read9ess conceiv$ "u ! trivial mode ( ?\ght1 t a process s und]/ood has gradually br\ght art =w>d to ! crucial /age above indicat$4 ,a beg9n+1 h[ev]1 ( ?is simplicity is1 if we look at its cont5t1 some?+ :i*1 tak5 by itself1 is s unimportant1 t = philosophical ?\ght x c only appe> z :olly accid5tal1 albeit x is = ! ord9>y consci\sness only j 9 su* a way t ! orig9 c be readily grasp$4 ,= example1 we h ! /ory1 z an explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! art ( pa9t+1 told u ( a maid5 :o foll[$ ! dim outl9e ( ! %ad[ ( h] sleep+ lov]4 ,9 ! same way we h sometimes a cave & sometimes a holl[ tree adduc$ z ! po9t ( dep>ture 9 ! art ( build+4 ,beg9n+s ( ?is k9d are s intelligible 9 !mselves t fur!r comm5t on ! fact appe>s unnecess>y#cj4 ,9 p>ticul> ! ,greeks inv5t$ _m *>m+ tales to expla9 ! orig9s n m]ely ( f9e art1 b also e?ical in/itutions & o!r conditions ( life1 all ( :i* satisfi$ ! prim>y ne$ to make su* beg9n+s visible to ! imag9ation4 ,su* beg9n+s are n sub/antiat$ by hi/ory1 & yet !y d n aim at mak+ ! mann] ( orig9 intelligible directly z a process involv$ 9 ! notion1 b purport to conf9e _! explanation to ! field ( objective hi/ory4 ,,division ,,( ,,subject ,we h1 !n1 9 su* a way to e/abli% ! beg9n+ ( art f its notional significance1 t ! fir/ problem ( art is made to consi/ 9 giv+ =m to t :i* is ess5tially objective1 ! gr\nd1 t is1 ( ,nature1 ! ext]nal environm5t1 & by do+ s to make t :i* is )\t ideal import to con=m bo? to significance & =m1 bo? ( :i* /ill rema9 ext]nal to x1 = ! reason t !y are n ei!r ! =m or significance inh]5t 9 ! objective mat]ial4 ,! art1 :i* has set be=e x ?is task is1 z we h se51 an ar*itecture :i* has already discov]$ its fir/ elaboration "u ! modes ( sculpture1 or pa9t+ & music#ca4 ,if we n[ direct our att5tion to ! mo/ primitive orig9s ( ! art ( build+1 we f9d at ! e>lie/ /age t we c accept = su* a beg9n+ ! hut1 reg>d$ z ! human dwell+1 & ! temple1 z ! ext]ior enclosure ( ! god & 8 community4 ,) a view to def9e ?is comm5cem5t m closely a dispute has be5 rais$ ) ref]5ce to ! nature ( ! mat]ial employ$ = build+1 :e!r1 t is to say1 x orig9at$ 9 build+s ( wood1 :i* is ! op9ion ( ,vitruvius1 & is support$ by ,hirt 9 a simil> ref]5ce1 or r f ^? ( /one4 ,?is contra/ ( orig9al mat]ial is no d\bt ( importance1 = x does n m]ely conc]n its ext]nal quality z "o might at fir/ sight suppose1 b r ! ar*itectonic "* ( fundam5tal =ms2 = in/ance1 ! k9d ( decoration unit$ ) x is ess5tially b\nd up ) ?is ext]nal mat]ial4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 entirely set aside ! di/9ction z a purely subord9ate aspect ( ! matt] r ref]able to :at is accid5tal & empirical1 & devote our att5tion to a po9t ( m importance4 ,9 o!r words1 9 deal+ ) h\ses1 temples1 & o!r build+s we are confront$ ) ! ess5tial condition1 to :i* we attribute ! fact t build+s ( ?is k9d are m]ely means :i* presuppose an ext]nal end4 ,hut & h\se ( ,god alike presuppose ^? :o dwell 9 !m1 & = :om !y h be5 erect$1 m5 & ! images ( gods4 ,man is also prompt$ by a desire to leap & s+2 he requires ! m$iacy ( human spee*2 b spee*1 leap+1 %\t+1 & s++ are n z yet poetry1 ! dance & music4 ,& :5 )9 ! ar*itectonic adaptation ( means to ends 9 ord] to satisfy specific ne$s1 9 "p ref]able to daily life & 9 "p to ! religi\s cultus or ! /ate1 ! impulse 9 ! direction ( arti/ic =m & beauty ass]ts itself1 we f9d at ! same "t a division app>5t 9 ! k9d ( build+ above m5tion$4 ,on ! "o h& we h man1 ?9k+ man1 or ! image ( ! god z ! ess5tial object1 = :i*1 f ! o!r po9t ( view1 ar*itecture m]ely supplies ! means ( environm5t & cov]+4 ,) su* a divid$ po9t ( view we are unable to con/itute our beg9n+1 :i* is 9 its nature ! imm$iate1 & simple1 n a relativity or ess5tial relation ( ?is sort2 r we mu/ look = a po9t ( dep>ture1 :]e a di/9ction ( ?is k9d does n yet arise4 ,9 ?is respect we h already at an e>li] /age /at$ t ! art ( build+ corresponds to ! symbolic type ( art1 & 9 a unique degree gives realization to ! pr9ciple ( ! same z p>ticul> art because ar*itecture g5]ally is adapt$ to sugge/ ! significances implant$ 9 x purely 9 ! ext]nal framework ( ! environm5t4 ,if ! di/9ction1 !n1 above ref]r$ to betwe5 ! object ( ! ext]nal cov] indep5d5tly pres5t$ 9 ! liv+ man1 or ! temple's image1 & ! build+ reg>d$ z ! fulfilm5t ( su* an object1 is to be abs5t f our e>lie/ /age1 we %all h to look ab\t u = build+s :i* precisely1 z works ( sculpture1 d /& up 9 indep5d5t self-subsi/5ce1 :i* 9 %ort c>ry _! significance 9 !mselves r ?an 9 "s o!r object or necessity4 ,?is is a po9t ( ! highe/ importance1 :i* ,i h nev] f\nd rais$ hi!rto1 al?\gh x goes to ! root ( ! matt]1 & alone is capable ( disclos+ ! manifold nature ( ext]nal =ms1 & ( supply+ a ?read to conduct u ?r\gh ! maze ( ar*itectonic configuration4 ,a self-subsi/5t art ( build+ ( ?is k9d w also to a simil> degree diff] f sculpture on ?is gr\nd1 namely1 t x1 z ar*itecture1 does n create images1 ^: significance is t :i* is ess5tially spiritual & p]sonal1 & :i* itself intr9sically possesses ! pr9ciple ( an appropriat$ embodim5t ?r\gh\t adequate to its ideal import1 b builds up works :i*1 9 _! ext]ior =m1 c m]ely give an impress ( ! significance 9 a symbolic way4 ,& = ?is reason ?is type ( ar*itecture1 bo? 9 respect to its cont5t &1 its pres5tation1 is really ( a symbolic type4 ,all t we h said ) ref]5ce to ! pr9ciple ( ?is /age ( art applies equally to its mode ( pres5tation4 ,"h1 too1 we f9d t ! m]e di/9ction betwe5 build+s ( wood & /one is n suffici5t1 9 s f> z ! same po9ts to a means ( limit+ & enclos+ a def9$ space = a specific religi\s or o!r human purposes1 z is ! case ) dwell+s1 palaces1 & temples4 ,su* a space1 may be obta9$ ei!r by holl[+ out ess5tially solid & /able masses1 or conv]sely1 by prep>+ walls & ro(s to enclose x4 ,we c make our beg9n+ ( ! art ( build+ ) nei!r ( ^! alt]natives1 :i* we %\ld consequ5tly def9e z an inorganic =m ( sculpture2 su* a type no d\bt piles up indep5d5tly /able images1 b :ile do+ s does n 9 any way make ! end ( free beauty & ! manife/ation ( ,_s 9 ! bodily =m comm5surate ) ! end x pursues1 b 9 g5]al t]ms sets up a purely symbolic =m1 :i* purports 9 itself to indicate & express a p>ticul> idea4 ,ar*itecture is1 h[ev]1 unable to rema9 /&+ at su* a po9t ( dep>ture4 ,its function inde$ consi/s j 9 ?is1 namely1 to build up ext]nal ,nature z an environm5t :i* emanates f ,_s itself ?r\gh ! gates ( art "u ! =ms ( beauty1 & to build x = ! indep5d5tly pres5t life ( m9d1 t is mank9d1 or = ! images ( ! gods t are set up & clo!d by man 9 objective =m1 & to build up ! same z t :i* no long] c>ries its significance 9 itself1 b discov]s ! same 9 ano!r1 t is man1 & 8 necessities & objects ( family & ,/ate-life1 culture & s =?1 & by s do+ surr5d]s ! self-subsi/5cy ( su* build+s4 ,reg>d$ "u ?is aspect we may assume ! advance ( ar*itecture to consi/ 9 ?is1 t x suff]s ! above indicat$ di/9ction betwe5 end & means to appe> 9 sep>ation1 & con/ructs = man1 or ! individual human =m ( gods1 :i* is ! "w ( sculpture1 an ar*itectural dwell+1 palace1 or temple analog\s to ! significance ( ! same4 ,&1 ?irdly1 ! t]m9ation#cb unites bo? phases 9 ! process1 & appe>s )9 ?is aspect ( division z at ! same "t self-subsi/5t4 ,^! po9ts ( view pres5t to u1 z ! classification ( ! entire art ( build+1 ! foll[+ heads ( division1 :i* ess5tially compreh5d ! notional di/9ctions ( ! matt] 9 "q no less ?an ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! same4 ,fir/1 we h ! g5u9e symbolic or self-subsi/5t type ( ar*itecture4 ,secondly1 !re is ! classical type1 :i* gives indep5d5t =m to spiritual individuality1 dive/+ on ! o!r h& ! art ( build+ ( its self-subsi/5cy1 & degrad+ x 9 ! int5t to set up an inorganic environm5t "u ! =ms ( art1 = ! spiritual significances :i* are n[ on _! "p indep5d5tly realiz$4 ,?irdly1 romantic ar*itecture1 9 o!r words ! s-call$ ,moori%1 ,go?ic1 & ,g]man1 9 :i*1 x is true1 h\ses1 *ur*es1 & palaces are also m]ely ! dwell+s & places 9 :i* civic & religi\s ne$s & activities are conc5trat$2 :i*1 h[ev]1 conv]sely are also %ap$ & rais$ )\t let or h9drance = ! express object ( emphasiz+ _! self-subsi/5cy4 ,al?\gh on ! gr\nds already advanc$ ar*itecture 9 respect to its fundam5tal "* rema9s ( a symbolic type1 yet ! arti/ic types kn[n z ! truly symbolic1 classical1 & romantic con/itute ! close/ means ( def9+ x1 & are "h ( great] importance ?an 9 ! o!r arts4 ,= 9 sculpture ! classical1 & 9 music & pa9t+ ! romantic1 p5etrates s pr(\ndly to ! entire root-basis ( ^! arts respectively1 t = ! elaboration ( ! type ( ! o!r arts#cc1 to a m or less degree1 b little room is left = o!r aspects4 ,&1 f9ally1 9 poetry1 ?\gh x is ! fact t x gives ! mo/ complete impress 9 its art-products ( ! entire s]ies ( art-types1 we %all f9d x necess>y to make our classification n by means ( ! di/9ction betwe5 symbolic1 classic1 & romantic poetry1 b accord+ to ! specific diff]5tiation applicable to poetry z a p>ticul> art 9 epic1 lyrical1 & dramatic poetry4 ,ar*itecture is1 on ! o!r h&1 art 9 its imm$iate relation to ! ext]nal m$ium1 s t 9 ?is case ! ess5tial diff]5ces consi/ 9 ?is1 :e!r ?is ext]nal matt] receives its significance intr9sically1 or is treat$ z a means = an object o!r ?an x1 or f9ally ass]ts itself 9 ?is subs]vi5ce z at ! same "t indep5d5t4 ,! fir/ case is id5tical ) ! symbolic type simply1 ! second ) ! classical1 ! real significance atta9+ "h an indep5d5t pres5tation1 & 9 do+ ?is ! symbolic is atta*$ z an environm5t :olly ext]nal to x1 a type :i* is exemplifi$ 9 ! pr9ciple ( classical art4 ,! union ( ^! two types is co9cid5t ) ! romantic1 9 s f>1 t is1 z romantic art makes use ( ! ext]ior m$ium z a means ( expression1 yet )draws itself into itself out ( ?is reality1 & is consequ5tly able once m by do+ s to let objective exi/5ce /& =? 9 self-subsi/5t embodim5t4 ,footnote #a3 ,g$ieg5e "h seems to mean t ! unity is a real "o ?r\gh\t all its manife/ations--x is "o ( /]l+ efficacy4 ,footnote #b3 ,by ! words die inn]e ,produktion d] ,kun/ is meant app>5tly ! creative activity ( art-production z ideally conceiv$ 9 a s]ies ( g5]al _w-impressions 7,weltans*auung574 ,! ma9 contra/ betwe5 ! !oretic appreh5sion ( su* an evolution ( art z a s]ies1 held 9 its broad g5]ic outl9es by m9d1 & its practical realization z diff]5tiat$ 9 ! actual products ( diff]5t arts is suffici5tly cle>4 ,! difficulty rema9s1 h[ev]1 z to h[ f> ,hegel reg>d$ ^! ,weltans*auung5 9 _! univ]sality to h !mselves an objective significance no less ?an a subjective "o--h[ f>1 9 o!r words1 are !y m]ely ab/ract concepts ( ! obs]v]1 ! s*emata ( sci5tific g5]alization1 or d actually unfold an objective1 if ideal process--h[ f> is ! ?\ght "o ) ! revelation ( ! ,absolute itself4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 a difficulty n unkn[n to ! /ud5t ( ,hegel 9 o!r directions4 ,at lea/1 z translator1 ,i mu/ cont5t myself1 z an excuse = obscurity 9 ?is & o!r passages1 ) draw+ att5tion 7a7 ,to ! ma9 contra/ :i* is q cle>1 & 7b7 ,to ! fundam5tal difficulty :i* rema9s4 ,z a rule ! ^w ,weltans*auung is g5]ally us$ r 9 ! s5se ( a _w-outlook z f ! po9t ( view ( an obs]v]4 ,9 ?is passage1 & /ill m obvi\sly a little l[] d[n1 ! s5se appe>s to be r _w-pres5tm5t or manife/ation--& ! emphasis c]ta9ly on ! objective aspect4 ,?us ! ,ideal ( ,beauty is def9$ z ! collective totality ( its ,weltans*auung54 ,h[ f> )9 su*1 :i* h previ\sly be5 call$ exclusively ideal 7inn]e7 c be incorporat$ ! positive concrete embodim5ts ( def9ite works ( art is = myself ! difficulty1 :i* ,i d n pr(ess myself to be able to solve4 ,i am 9 fact n entirely cle> z to ! entire mean+ ( ,hegel myself4 ,! m]e /atem5t t ! "o is made objective by ! o!r does n appe> to me to remove ! difficulty2 =1 to m5tion no o!r objection1 a p>ticul> "w ( art is n exclusively ei!r concrete or objective 9 ! s5se t an ideal process is s1 or an ,ideal :i* comb9es ! ideal /ages or mom5ts 9 su* a process4 ,footnote #c3 ,wel*e si* objectivirt4 ,see note above4 ,footnote #d3 ,! pres5t1 t is1 :i* is objective to s5se4 ,footnote #e3 ,s l/ si* das ,ideal 9 se9e ,mom5te auf4 ,accord+ to ?is x w\ld appe> t ! process is :olly id5tifi$ ) ! sy/em ( ! p>ticul> arts4 ,b ! univ]sal _w-pres5tm5ts are surely equally a process or at lea/ an ab/ract ( su* a process4 ,& ?is is 9 fact affirm$ l[] d[n4 ,footnote #f3 ,a fav\rite metaphor ( ,hegel4 ,! idea is t ! metal is all "o infusion produc+ a result t is l ! appe>ance ( ,a!ne f ! br[ ( ,zeus4 ,footnote #g3 ,d] ,subjektivitt4 ,! m9d ( ! arti/4 ,footnote #h3 ,a mispr9t4 ,d] %\ld be die4 ,footnote #i3 ,zuv]si*t4 ,confid5ce 9 itself4 ,footnote #aj3 ,die ,sa*e4 ,! fact1 ! arti/ic object prim>ily treat$4 ,footnote #aa3 ,die ,subjektivitt4 ,:at is p]sonal 9 ! p]ception ( judgm5t4 ,footnote #ab3 ,a f9e illu/ration ( ?is passage is to be f\nd 9 ,miss ,h>rison's description ( ! ,praxiteles ,h]mes 9 h] admirable ,introductory ,/udies 9 ,greek ,art 7see *ap1 ,,vi71 a "w e /ud5t ( ,greek ,art %\ld p]use4 ,footnote #ac3 ,g$ieg5heit4 ,/]l+ solidity4 ,to und]/& all t is impli$ ! above cit$ "w ( ,miss ,h>rison is ! cle>e/ & mo/ useful ,i "k4 ,footnote #ad3 ,9 ,unt]haltung4 ,f9ds himself1 s to speak1 directly conv]s+ ) him4 ,footnote #ae3 ,d] ,gattung51 i4e41 specific types4 ,footnote #af3 ,das ,auss]e9&]4 ,a diff]5tiat$ ext]iority4 ,footnote #ag3 ,subjektivitt1 ! ideal unity t is--n s mu* z s\l or p]sonality4 ,footnote #ah3 ,ke9 subjektives ,inn]es4 ,no ideal cont5t t implies a unify+ subject4 ,footnote #ai3 ,same expression z la/ note4 ,an ideal realm 9 its aspect ( relation to an individual s\l4 ,footnote #bj3 ,als ,elem5t4 ,footnote #ba3 ,or reason 7,gei/47 ,footnote #bb3 ,z su* cont5t4 ,footnote #bc3 ,?is mu/ be tak5 subject to qualifications :i* appe> fur!r on4 ,footnote #bd3 ,an si* selb/ subjektiv4 ,z ess5tially app]t95t to ! individual s\l4 ,footnote #be3 ,si* entgeg5heit dem ,gei/1 i4e41 raises itself z a m$ium oppos$ to--or1 z we %\ld say1 subs]vi5t to4 ,footnote #bf3 ,?is is obvi\sly a ref]5ce to ! false !ory ( light advanc$ by ,goe! & accept$ by ,hegel4 ,footnote #bg3 ,das ganze ,m5s*4 ,! entire man ) all 8 faculties4 ,footnote #bh3 ,?is is a ref]5ce1 ( c\rse1 to ! ,art ,philosophy ( ,s*ell+4 ,footnote #bi3 ,zum vornehm5 ,wes54 ,ironical1 ( c\rse4 ,x is "p ( ! ari/ocratic pret5sions ( ! connoisseur4 ,footnote #cj3 ,he means t z an explanation !y are obvi\s provid$ ! facts are true1 :i* he !n po9ts out 9 su* cases is n s4 ,footnote #ca3 ,i am n sure ,i foll[ ! s5se "h4 ,i presume ! mean+ is t1 z notionally consid]$1 we h to comm5ce ) an ar*itecture to :i* o!r arts are already subs]vi5t4 ,! process ( elaboration has already be5 c>ri$ beyond m]e ar*itecture4 ,& 9 ?is s5se he calls sculpture an elaboration 7,ausbildung7 ( ar*itecture4 ,b ! addition ( pa9t+ & music z su* elaboration is1 to say ! lea/1 an unnecess>y obscurity4 ,su* an elaboration ( a primitive =m ( music is sugge/$ l[] d[n4 ,b ! conception appe>s to me r confus+4 ,footnote #cb3 ,t is ! f9al phase1 romantic ar*itecture4 ,footnote #cc3 ,o!r ?an ar*itecture4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,indep5d5t ,,symbolical ,,ar*itecture ,! prim>y & orig9al necessity ( art is ?is1 t a conception1 a ?\ght emanate f m9d1 be produc$ & emphasiz$ by man z ! result ( 8 activity1 j z 9 spee* !re are simple ideas :i* man communicates !reby & makes intelligible to o!rs4 ,9 human spee*1 h[ev]1 ! means ( communication is accept$ m]ely z a sign1 & = ?is reason is an entirely arbitr>y mode ( ext]nalization4 ,! function ( art1 on ! contr>y1 is n only to make use ( ! m]e symbolic sign1 b1 9 contra/ to ?is1 to supply a s5su\s pres5ce correspond5t to significances4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re=e1 ! s5su\s product1 :i* art pres5ts to u1 mu/ af=d lodg+ = an ideal cont5t2 on ! o!r x has to repres5t ?is cont5t 9 a mann] :i* enables u to see t x is itself z its cont5t n m]ely a realization ( imm$iate reality1 b an actual product ( human conception & its spiritual activity4 ,if ,i see1 = example1 an actually liv+ lion ,i d$uce f ! unique pres5tm5t ( ! same ! concept ( lion precisely z ,i %\ld 9 ! case ( a picture ( x4 ,9 ! picture1 h[ev]1 we f9d some?+ m ?an ?is4 ,x demon/rates to u t ! =m has be5 conceiv$ 9 ! m9d1 & has f\nd ! orig9ation ( its exi/5ce 9 ! human _s & its productive activity1 s t n[ we n only receive ! idea ( an object1 b ! idea ( a human conception ( t object4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no orig9al arti/ic necessity t ei!r a lion1 m]ely z su*#cd1 a tree1 or any o!r s+le object be add$ = ! success ( su* reproduction4 ,we h se51 on ! contr>y1 t art1 & pre-em95tly pla/ic art1 proce$s ) ! pres5tation ( su* objects 9 ord] to affirm 9 !m ! dext]ity ( ! c\nt]feit f ! arti/'s own po9t ( view4 ,! int]e/ 9 its fir/ orig9ation is direct$ to br++ be=e ! vision ( ! arti/ himself & o!rs ! prim>y impressions ( ! objective facts1 & ! univ]sal or ess5tial ?\ghts ?us /imulat$4 ,su* popul> impressions are1 h[ev]1 9 ! fir/ in/ance ab/ract & 9 !mselves ( indef9ite "*1 s t man1 9 ord] t he may pres5t !m to ! imag9ation1 lays hold ( t :i* is ess5tially j z ab/ract1 ! mat]ial m$ium z x is--:i* is at once massive & pond]\s--a mat]ial :i* is no d\bt capable ( a def9ite1 b n ( an intr9sically concrete & v]itably spiritual1 cont5t4 ,! relation betwe5 cont5t & s5su\s reality1 by virtue ( :i* ! cont5t is to pass f ! concipi5t _w into t ( imag9ation1 c consequ5tly only be ( a symbolical type4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 a build+1 :i* purports to decl>e a g5]al significance = o!rs1 /&s !re = no o!r purpose save t ( ess5tially express+ ?is l(ti] aspect1 & is consequ5tly an indep5d5t symbol ( a ?\ght t goes /raight to its ess5tial import1 & is ( univ]sal validity1 a k9d ( spee* :i* is pres5t to spiritual life on its own acc\nt1 h[ev] mu* x may n be express$ ?r\gh s\nd4 ,! products1 !re=e1 ( ?is type ( ar*itecture are necess>ily /imulat+ to ?\ght ( !mselves1 & ar\se univ]sal concepts1 albeit !y fail to be ! m]e envelope & environm5t ( significances :i* o!rwise possess indep5d5t =m4 ,= ?is reason1 h[ev]1 ! =m :i* p]mits a cont5t ( ?is k9d to appe> ?r\gh x _c p]=ce m]ely pass z symbolic sign1 z1 = example1 9 ! case :5 we raise a cross to a deceas$ p]son1 or erect /ones 9 memory ( battles4 ,= signs ( ?is "* are d\btless qualifi$ to /imulate ideas1 b a cross1 or a pile ( /ones1 d n sugge/1 9 virtue ( _! own nature1 ! idea :i* x is our object to awake1 b are j z able to rem9d u ( mu* else entirely diff]5t4 ,?is di/9ction con/itutes ! g5]al notion ( ! /age n[ discuss$#ce4 ,) reg>d to ?is x may be affirm$ t entire nations h kn[n h[ to express _! pr(\nde/ requirem5ts 9 no o!r way ?an by ! arts ( build+1 or at lea/ pre-em95tly 9 an ar*itectonic way4 ,?is has be51 h[ev]1 to an ess5tial degree only 9 ! ,ea/1 z w appe> f :at we h already se5 :5 we 7 call$ on to discuss ! symbolic type ( art4 ,to an exceptional degree we may say t ! con/ructions ( ! m anci5t art ( ,babylonia1 ,india1 & ,egypt--:i* we h n[ be=e u to "s ext5t only 9 ru9s1 ru9s :i* h be5 able to defy all ages & _! revolutions1 & :i* excite our wond] & a/oni%m5t z mu* on acc\nt ( :at is :olly fanta/ic 9 _! =ms z 9 virtue ( _! extraord9>y proportions & mass--ei!r completely be> ?is "*1 or 9 great measure are d]iv$ f x4 ,!y are works ^: con/ruction enli/s at c]ta9 p]iods ( hi/ory ! entire activity & life ( nations4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we inquire m closely into ! classification propos$ by ?is *apt] & ! heads ( subject-matt] compris$ 9 x1 we %all f9d t ! po9t ( dep>ture 9 ?is k9d ( ar*itecture is n1 z 9 ! case ( ! classic or romantic type1 f def9ite =ms simil> to t ( ! h\se4 ,9 o!r words we h "h no indep5d5tly secure cont5t1 & ) x no secure mode ( embodim5t1 advanc$ z ! pr9ciple !re(1 :i* is =?) relat$ 9 its fur!r developm5t to ! entire range ( ! diff]5t con/ructions4 ,r ! significances :i* are accept$ z cont5t rema91 z 9 ! case ( ! symbolic type g5]ally1 likewise in*oate & g5]al conceptions1 elem5t>y1 9 _m respects sep>at$ & int]fus$ ab/ractions ( natural life m+l$ ) ?\ghts ( spiritual activity1 )\t be+1 ideally conc5trat$ to a focus z ! evolv$ /ates ( "o m9d#cf4 ,?is aspect ( dissolution gives !m ! appe>ance ( ! greate/ v>iety & *ange1 & ! object ( su* ar*itecture m]ely consi/s 9 emphasiz+ 9 its pres5tation fir/ "o aspect & !n ano!r1 9 mak+ su* symbolical1 &1 by means ( human lab\r1 mak+ su* symbolism app>5t to u4 ,be=e a multiplicity ( cont5t su* z ?is we _c pret5d 9 ?is discussion to be ei!r exhau/ive or sy/ematic4 ,i %all limit myself to an attempt1 s f> z ?is is possible1 to br+ simply t :i* is ( mo/ importance into connection ) a rational classification4 ,! prom95t features ( su* a survey may be ?us briefly enum]at$4 ,z cont5t our dem& 0 = modes ( view ( a :olly g5]al "*1 9 :i* peoples & individuals possess an ideal re/+-place1 a po9t1 a unity = consci\sness4 ,! proximate object1 !re=e1 ( su* indep5d5t & self-sub/antive con/ruction is simply to raise "s "w1 :i* =ms ! unity ( a nation or nations1 a place 9 :i* its life may be conc5trat$4 ,we may also f9d along ) ?is ! fur!r object m ne>ly associat$1 to pres5t by means ( ?is v embodim5t1 t :i* g5]ally unites mank9d1 9 o!r words ! religi\s ideas ( nations1 by virtue ( :i* works ( ?is k9d receive likewise a m def9ite cont5t = _! symbolical expression4 ,fur!rmore1 9 ! second place1 su* an ar*itecture is unable to rema9 fix$ )9 ! limits ( ?is incipi5t det]m9ation ( its entire cont5t2 ! symbolical images t5d to become isolat$2 ! symbolical cont5t ( _! signification is m closely def9$1 & by ?is means we f9d t ! di/9ctions ( _! =ms t5d to come into m assur$ prom95ce1 z = in/ance we see 9 ! case ( ! ,l+am columns1 obelisks1 & o!r examples ( ?is k9d4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view ! art ( build+1 9 ! _s ( su* isolat$ self-subsi/5cy1 presses =w>d 9 its passage to sculpture1 its acceptance ( organic animal =ms or human figures1 its enl>gem5t ( ei!r & association ( bo? ( !m1 h[ev]1 on a prodigi\s scale1 9 its fur!r addition ( walls1 doors & passages1 & ?r\gh\t 9 its treatm5t ( :at is adapt$ to sculpture 9 su* objects 9 an entirely ar*itectonic mann]4 ,! ,sph9xes1 ,memnons1 & enorm\s temples ( ,egypt come "u ?is category4 ,?irdly1 ?is symbolical art ( build+ beg9s to pres5t ! transitional /age to ! classic type4 ,9 o!r words x excludes sculpture f its imm$iate prov9ce1 & sets ab\t con/ruct+ itself z a receptacle = o!r significances1 :i* are !mselves n m]ely express$ "u an ar*itectonic mode4 ,t ! read] may bett] und]/& ! process ?us indicat$ ,i w recall to memory a few fam\s examples ( su* build+s4 #a4 ,,ar*itectural ,,works ,,erect$ ,,) ,,! ,,object ,,( ,,unit+ ,,peoples ,:at is holy8 is a "q rais$ by ,goe! 9 a c]ta9 di/i*1 & ! answ] he gives is3 t :i* b9ds toge!r _m s\ls4 ,9 ?is s5se we may affirm t :at is sacr$1 toge!r ) ! end express$ 9 ! above association1 & z su* association1 has actually =m$ ! prim>y cont5t ( self-subsi/5t build+ & ! art ( su*4 ,! e>lie/ example ( ?is we may take f ! /ory ( ! build+ ( ! t[] ( ,babylon4 ,9 ! broad expanse ( ! ,euphrates valley we are told t mank9d erect$ an enorm\s ar*itectural "w4 ,x is built by ! lab\r ( a community1 & ?is public "* ( its con/ruction is at ! same "t ! end & cont5t ( ! "w itself4 ,& :at is equally true is ?is1 t ?is f\ndation ( an association ( communal lab\r is no m]e unity ( a patri>*al /amp2 on ! contr>y we f9d "h t ! m]e unity ( ! family is precisely t :i* is set on "o side1 & ?is build+1 :i* is rais$ to ! heav5s1 is ! objective pres5tm5t ( ! dissolution ( ! m primitive type ( unity & ! realization ( ano!r ( m expansive range4 ,! collective activity ( peoples belong+ to t age work$ 9 x2 &1 9 proportion z !y came toge!r 9 ord] to accompli% a build+ ( prodigi\s size1 ! product ( _! activity came to be ! b&1 :i*1 on ! gr\nd & soil !y _h ?us select$1 & by means ( ! accumulat$ mass ( /one & ! ar*itectural con/ruction on ! l&--j z 9 our case morality1 cu/om1 & ! lawful con/itution ( ,/ate-life--b\nd !m 9 unity toge!r4 ,a build+ ( ?is k9d is 9 consequ5ce also symbolical = ! reason t x m]ely sugge/s ! b& ( unity :i* x is1 because x is only able1 by means ( its =m & cont5t1 to express ! sacr$ unity :i* unites m5 9 an ext]nal way4 ,x is also equally a "p ( ?is tradition t ! communities h once m split ap>t f ! c5tre ( attraction :i* unit$ !m on a "w ( ?is ext]nal "*4 ,a fur!r & yet m important build+1 :i* has1 too1 already a m reliable hi/orical basis1 is ! temple ( ,belus1 ( :i* ,h]odotus in=ms u#cg4 ,we w n "h inquire 9 :at relation ?is /&s to t ( ,biblical tradition4 ,x is impossible to call ?is /ructure1 tak+ x z a :ole1 a temple 9 any ord9>y mean+ ( t t]m2 r we %\ld call x a temple enclosure 9 ! =m ( a squ>e1 ea* side ( :i* 0 two /adia long1 ) braz5 gates = means ( entry4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is sacr$ place1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 :o _h actually se5 ?is colossal "w1 a t[] ( ?ick walls 7) no int]ior1 solid ?r\gh\t1 9 o!r words a 7 0 built1 bo? 9 l5g? & bread? a /adium3 on ?is 0 plac$ yet ano!r1 & aga9 ano!r on t1 & s on1 eight t[]s 9 all4 ,on ! outside ( ?is a roadway 0 made to ! top2 & x appe>s t halfway up to ! summit 0 a place ( re/ ) b5*es on :i* all :o asc5d$ c\ld re/ !mselves4 ,on ! summit1 h[ev]1 ( ! la/ t[] !re 0 a huge temple1 & 9 ! temple 0 a great b5*1 well cu%ion$1 & be=e x /ood a gold table4 ,no /atue1 h[ev]1 0 plac$ 9 ! temple4 ,no "o 0 p]mitt$ to be !re at night ) ! exception ( ! att5dant wom51 :o1 accord+ to ! /atem5ts ( ! ,*aldaeans1 ! prie/s ( ?is god1 7 select$ by him pre-em95tly = s]vice4 ,! prie/s fur!r ma9ta9$ 7c4 #ahb7 t ! temple 0 visit$ by ! god1 :o re/$ on ! b5* made = him4 ,h]odotus1 x is true1 also /ates 7c4 #ahc7 t bel[ )9 ?is sanctu>y !re 0 yet ano!r temple1 9 :i* 0 plac$ a great image ( ! god ( gold1 toge!r ) a huge gold5 table be=e x1 & at ! same "t ref]s to two great alt>s outside ! temple on :i* ! sacrifices 7 made4 ,not)/&+ ^! facts x is impossible to picture ?is gigantic build+ z a temple ei!r 9 ! ,greek or mod]n s5se ( ! t]m4 ,= ! fir/ sev5 cubic t[]s are solid ?r\gh\t1 & x is only ! eigh? "o at ! summit :i* s]ves z a re/+-*amb] = ! invisible god1 :o receiv$ !re9 no obeisance ei!r f prie/hood or ! community4 ,8 image 0 bel[ outside ! build+1 s t ! entire con/ruction 0 rais$ 9 really indep5d5t & self-conta9$ =m1 & did n subs]ve ! objects ( religi\s ritual1 al?\gh x is no long] a purely ab/ract po9t ( unity t we f9d "h b a sanctu>y4 ,! =m rema9s no d\bt subject to accid5tal causes1 or x receives its det]m9ate "* purely on acc\nt ( ! mat]ial security ( ! cube =m2 at ! same "t we h evid5ce ( a dem& :i* seeks = a significance :i* may supply a det]m9ate relation to x m directly symbolical & applicable to ! "w tak5 z a :ole4 ,we mu/ look = ?is1 ?\gh ?is is n a po9t expressly adv]t$ to by ,h]odotus1 9 ! numb] ( ! massive floors4 ,!re are sev5 ( !m ) an eigh? sup]pos$ = ! nightly abode ( ! god4 ,?is numb] ( sev5 9 all probability symbolizes ! sev5 planets & sph]es ( heav54 ,we f9d also 9 ,m$ia cities built 9 accordance ) su* a symbolism4 ,!re is1 = example1 ,ecbatana ) its sev5 encircl+ walls1 ( :i* ,h]odotus#ch /ates t 9 "p by virtue ( ! height ( ! elevation on ! slope ( :i* ! city 0 built1 & 9 "p int5tionally & by artificial means1 !y 7 high] "o ?an ! o!r1 & _! battlem5ts 7 col\r$ diff]5tly4 ,:ite 0 on ! fir/1 black on ! second1 purple on ! ?ird1 blue on ! f\r?1 r$ on ! fif?2 ! six?1 h[ev]1 0 coat$ ) silv]1 & ! sev5? ) gold1 & )9 ?is la/ /ood ! royal /ronghold & its treasure4 ,ecbatana1 rem>ks ,creuz]1 9 8 "w on ,symbolism1 :5 ref]r+ to ?is type ( build+#ci1 t ,m$ian city1 & its royal /ronghold 9 ! c5tre1 ) its sev5 circles ( walls & its battlem5ts ( sev5 diff]5t col\rs1 repres5ts ! sph]es ( heav5 :i* enclose ! /ronghold ( ! sun4 #b4 ,,ar*itectural ,,works ,,int]m$iate ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,arts ,,( ,,build+ ,,& ,,sculpture ,! fir/ po9t we h to consid] 9 ! fur!r developm5t ( our subject consi/s 9 ?is1 t ar*itecture accepts = its cont5t significances t are m concrete1 & aims at _! m symbolical pres5tation 9 accordance ) =ms t are simil>ly m concrete1 :i*1 h[ev]1 :e!r we take ! case ( _! insulation#dj1 or collective accretion 9 gigantic build+s1 !y d n make use ( 9 ! way sculpture makes use ( !m1 b ar*itectonically 9 _! own indep5d5t prov9ce4 ,9 ! case ( ?is pres5t type we h to direct our att5tion to m specific facts1 al?\gh all t we advance c put 9 no pret5sion to complet5ess1 or an a priori developm5t = ! reason t art 9 s f> z x proce$s 9 its products to embrace ! full range ( ! actual1 t is ! hi/orical ways ( compreh5d+ ! _w & its religi\s conceptions1 is lo/ 9 aspects ( a cont+5t "*4 ,! fundam5tal def9ition ( ! type is simply ?is1 t we h a confus$ bl5d ( sculpture & ar*itecture1 albeit ! art ( build+ is t :i* p]meates all & pr$om9ates4 7a7 ,we _h occasion be=e1 :5 discuss+ ! symbolic type ( art1 to m5tion ! fact t 9 ! ,ea/ x is frequ5tly ! univ]sal liv+ =ce ( ,nature1 t is1 n ! spirituality & might ( consci\sness1 b ! productive en]gy ( g5]ation1 :i* is emphasiz$ & rev]$4 ,m p>ticul>ly 9 ,india ?is religi\s attitude 0 univ]sal2 also f its s\rces 9 ,phrygia & ,syria "u ! image ( ! great goddess1 ! fructify]1 a conception 0 d]iv$ :i* ! ,greeks !mselves accept$4 ,/ill m closely consid]$ ?is conception ( ! univ]sally productive en]gy ( ,nature 0 repres5t$ & held sacr$ 9 ! =m ( ! organs ( sex1 ,phallus & ,l+am4 ,?is cultus 0 9 ! ma9 promulgat$ 9 ,india1 albeit also1 z we le>n f ,h]odotus1 x 0 n :olly =eign to ,egypt4 ,at any rate we meet ) some?+ ( ! k9d 9 ! fe/ivals ( ,dionysus4 ,accord+ to ! /atem5t ( ,h]odotus1 !y h inv5t$ o!r puppets z sub/itutes = ! phalli ( an ell's l5g?1 :i* ! wom5 draw ab\t ) a /r+1 on :i* we f9d ! sexual memb] no small] 9 size ?an ! re/ ( ! body4 ,! ,greeks accept$ a simil> m9i/ration1 & ,h]odotus expressly in=ms u 7c4 #di7 t ,melampus _h k ( ! ,egyptian sacrificial fe/ival ( ,dionysus1 & _h introduc$ ! phallus :i* 0 c>ri$ ab\t 9 hon\r ( ! god4 ,x 0 9 ,india especially t ! wor%ip ( ! en]gy ( g5]ation assum$ ! ext]ior %ape & significance ( ! organs ( sex4 ,enorm\s column> images 7 9 ?is respect rais$ ( /one z massive z t[]s & broad5+ out at ! base4 ,orig9ally !y 7 !mselves indep5d5tly ! aim & objects ( su* wor%ip2 only at a lat] "t x became cu/om>y to make op5+s & holl[ *amb]s )9 !m & deposit 9 ^! div9e images1 a cu/om :i* 0 ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,h]mes figures ( ! ,greeks1 little temple %r9es t c\ld be c>ri$4 ,! po9t ( dep>ture1 h[ev]1 9 ,india 0 ! phallus pill>s1 :i* _h no su* holl[s1 & :i* only at a lat] date 7 divid$ into a %ell & k]nel1 gr[+ ?us into pagodas4 ,= ! g5u9e ,indian pagodas1 :i* %\ld be di/+ui%$ ess5tially f lat] ,mohamm$an or o!r imitations1 d n orig9ate 9 ! =m ( ! dwell+1 b are n>r[ & l(ty1 & receive _! fundam5tal type f ^! column> con/ructions4 ,we f9d a simil> significance & =m also once m 9 ! conception ( ! m\nta9 ,m]u z exp&$ by ,h9doo imag9ation1 :i* is conceiv$ z twirl+ /ick 9 ! sea ( milk1 & is ! creative s\rce ( ! _w4 ,h]odotus m5tions simil> columns1 "s con/ruct$ 9 ! %ape ( ! male1 o!rs 9 t ( ! female organ4 ,he ascribes _! con/ruction#da to ,seso/ris1 :o erect$ !m ev]y:]e on 8 milit>y exp$itions aga9/ all ! peoples he conqu]$4 ,! majority ( su* pill>s no long] exi/$ 9 ! days ( ,h]odotus4 ,x 0 only 9 ,syria t ! hi/orian#db _h himself se5 !m4 ,h[ev]1 ! fact t he ascribes !m all to ,seso/ris is m]ely bas$ on ! tradition he adopts4 ,moreov]1 8 explanation is :olly ,greek 9 its col\r2 he conv]ts ! natural significance into "o ( e?ical import & 9 ?is s5se in=ms u3 ,9 cases :]e ,seso/ris dur+ 8 exp$ition cross$ nations :i* 7 brave 9 battle1 he set up pill>s 9 _! l& toge!r ) inscriptions1 :i* gave 8 own "n & nation1 & indicat$ t he _h subdu$ ^! peoples4 ,:]e1 on ! contr>y1 he ov]came )\t opposition1 he indicat$ on su* pill>s ! female organ ( sex )\t atta*+ an inscription 9 ord] to decl>e ! fact t ^! nations _h be5 c[>ds 9 battle4 7b7 ,we f9d fur!r con/ructions ( a simil> nature1 int]m$iate1 t is1 betwe5 sculpture & ar*itecture1 pr9cipally 9 ,egypt4 ,) ^! we may include1 = example1 ! obelisks1 :i* d n1 x is true1 borr[ _! =m f ! liv+ organisms ( ,nature1 su* z plants1 animals1 or ! human =m1 b are ( a =m :olly subject to geometrical rule1 yet at ! same "t no long] con/ruct$ expressly z subs]vi5t to ! human dwell+ or temple1 b are erect$ 9 free & indep5d5t self-subsi/5cy1 & possess ! symbolical significance ( ! sol> rays4 ,mi?ras1 ma9ta9s ,creuz]1 ! ,m$e or ,p]sian1 rules 9 ! sol> city ( ,egypt#dc1 & is !re prompt$ by a dream to build obelisks1 t is to say sol> rays 9 /one1 & to inscribe on !m lett]s :i* are kn[n z ,egyptian4 ,pl9y _h already atta*$ ?is import to obelisks#dd4 ,!y 7 d$icat$ to ! sun's div9ity1 ^: rays !y 7 int5d$ to cat* & at ! same "t to reflect4 ,also we f9d t 9 ! images set up 9 ,p]sia we h rays ( fire :i* asc5d f columns#de4 ,aft] obelisks we %\ld m5tion z mo/ important ! sculptur$ ,memnons4 ,! huge /atues ( ,memnon ( ,!bes1 ( :i* ,/rabo 0 /ill able to see "o fully pres]v$ & made f a s+le /one1 :ile ! o!r1 :i* utt]$ a s\nd at sett+ ( ! sun1 0 already 9 8 day mutilat$1 possess$ ! human =m4 ,!y 7 two seat$ colossal human figures 9 _! gr&iose & massive proportions r inorganically & ar*itectonically design$ ?an 9 ! /rict s5se sculptur$1 z also appe>s 9 ! case ( ! l9e> arrangem5t ( ! ,memnon columns1 &1 inasmu* z !y are only valid 9 su* equable ord] & size1 !y :olly digress f ! aim ( sculpture & are subject to ! art ( build+4 ,hirt#df ref]s ! colossal melodi\s /atue1 :i* ,pausanias /ates ! ,egyptians reg>d$ z ! image ( ,pham5oph1 n s mu* to deity z to a k+1 :o possess$ 9 x 8 monum5t1 z ,osym&yas & o!rs 9 a simil> way4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q possible t ^! impos+ images suppli$ a m def9ite or indef9ite conception ( some?+ univ]sal4 ,bo? ,egyptians & ,ae?iopians wor%ipp$ ,memnon1 ! son ( ! ,dawn1 & sacrific$ to him on ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! sol> rays by means ( :i* ! image greet$ ) its vocal s\nd ! wor%ipp]s4 ,produc+ z x did vocal s\nd x is n m]ely 9 virtue ( its =m ( importance & int]e/1 b by reason ( its nature z a liv+1 significant & reveal+ ?+1 albeit ! mode ( revelation is purely "o ( symbolic sugge/ion4 ,?is relation we h po9t$ out 9 ! case ( ^! /atues ( ,memnon is equally true 9 t ( ! ,sph9xes1 :i* we h already discuss$ 9 our ref]5ce to _! symbolic significance4 ,we f9d ^! ,sph9xes 9 ,egypt n m]ely 9 extraord9>y numb]s b also ( /up5d\s size4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( !m is ! "o :i* is situat$ 9 close proximity to ! ,cairo gr\p ( pyramids4 ,its l5g? is #adh metres1 its height f ! claws to ! head is #fe metres2 ! feet t repose 9 front1 measur$ f ! brea/ to ! po9ts ( ! claws1 are #eg metres1 & ! height ( ! claws #h metres4 ,?is enorm\s mass ( rock1 h[ev]1 has n 9 ! fir/ in/ance be5 excavat$ & !n c>ri$ to ! place n[ occupi$ by x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! excavations :i* h be5 made to its f\ndations prove t ! f\ndation consi/s ( lime/one1 & 9 a mann] :i* %[$ t ! entire huge "w 0 hewn f "o rock ( :i* x only =ms a portion4 ,?is enorm\s image m ne>ly approa*es1 x is true1 g5u9e sculpture 9 its colossal proportions2 x is1 h[ev]1 equally true t ! ,sph9xes 7 also set side by side l9e>ly 9 passages1 9 :i* position !y1 too1 receive a :olly ar*itectonic "*4 7c7 ,su* indep5d5t figures are1 z a rule1 n only to be f\nd 9 isolation1 b are supplem5t$ by ! con/ruction ( l>ge build+s resembl+ ! temple type1 labyr9?s1 subt]ranean excavations ( e k9d1 or among/ o!r ?+s are utiliz$ 9 masses & surr\nd$ by walls4 ,! fir/ ?+ we may rem>k ) reg>d to ! temple enclosures ( ,egypt is ?is t ! fundam5tal "* ( ?is huge type ( ar*itecture1 detail$ in=mation z to :i* we h latt]ly receiv$ 9 ! ma9 f ,fr5* writ]s1 consi/s 9 ?is t !y are con/ructions op5 to ! day1 )\t ro(+1 doors1 passages betwe5 p>titions#dg1 & above all1 betwe5 column$ halls1 entire =e/s ( columns4 ,!y are works1 9 %ort1 ( ! greate/ range & v>iety ( int]ior con/ruction :i*1 )\t s]v+ z ! habitation ( a god1 or a communion ( wor%ipp]s1 indep5d5tly by ?is self-consi/5t op]ation appeal to ! wond] ( our imag9ations q z mu* 9 ! colossal size ( _! proportions & masses1 z ?r\gh ! fact t _! isolat$ =ms & images make an indep5d5t & exclusive claim to our int]e/4 ,su* =ms & images are 9 tru? plac$ !re z symbols = significances :i* are /rictly univ]sal 9 _! import1 or 9 ! position !y occupy z repres5t+ lit]ature1 9 s f>1 t is1 z !y decl>e su* significances n ?r\gh ! mann] ( _! =m1 b by means ( writ+s1 works ( imag9ative =m :i* are engrav$ on _! surfaces4 ,we may 9 "p describe ^! gigantic build+s z a collection ( sculptur$ images2 = ! mo/ "p1 h[ev]1 ^! appe> 9 su* a numb] & ) su* repetition ( "o & ! same =m1 t ! arrangem5t becomes "o ( a s]ies1 & x is only 9 ?is k9d ( l9e & ord] t !y receive :at is precisely _! ar*itectonic def9ition1 :i* becomes1 h[ev]1 once m an object 9 itself1 & does n m]ely mean beams & ro(+ & no?+ beyond !m4 ,! l>g] con/ructions ( ?is type />t ) a pav$ passage1 "o hundr$ feet broad1 accord+ to ,/rabo's /atem5t1 & ?ree or f\r times z long4 ,on ei!r side ( ?is approa* 77 /& ,sph9xes1 9 r[s ( fifty to a hundr$1 9 height f tw5ty to ?irty feet4 ,aft] ?is comes an impos+ & spl5did portal 771 n>r[] at ! top ?an at ! base1 ) pi]s & columns ( enorm\s bulk1 t5 or tw5ty times high] ?an ! height ( a man2 p>tially isolate & indep5d5t1 & 9 "p fix$ 9 walls & gorge\sly decorat$ /ructures#dh1 :i* also /& up p]p5dicul>ly 9 indep5d5ce to ! height ( f fifty to sixty feet1 broad] at ! bottom ?an at ! top1 )\t be+ connect$ ) transv]se walls1 or c>ry+ entablatures#di1 & s con/itut+ a dwell+4 ,on ! contr>y1 :at we f9d is t1 9 contra/ to v]tical walls1 :i* r sugge/ !y are built to support a weight1 !y belong to ! indep5d5t mode ( ar*itecture4 ,"h & !re ,memnon images lean aga9/ ^! walls1 :i* also con/itute passages1 & are entirely cov]$ ) hi]oglyphics & enorm\s pictures on /one1 s t !y appe>$ to ! ,fr5*m5 :o rec5tly saw !m l pr9t$ calico4 ,we may reg>d !m z s _m leaves ( books1 :i* by means ( _! spatial & limit$ sup]ficies ar\se unlimit$ a/oni%m5t1 feel+1 & reflection 9 ! human s\l4 ,doors foll[ at frequ5t int]vals1 & alt]nate ) ea* s]ies ( ,sph9xes2 or we f9d an op5 spot engirt ?r\gh\t by a wall ) column$ passages to ^! walls4 ,aft] t we get a cov]$ place1 :i* does n s]ve z a dwell+1 b is a =e/ ( pill>s1 ! columns ( :i* h no ro(+ b c>ry slabs ( /one4 ,aft] ^! ,sph9x passages1 s]ies ( columns1 & /ructural walls ov]-fl[]$ ) hi]oglyphics1 aft] !m a frontage build+ ) w+s1 be=e :i* obelisks are erect$ & lions c\*$2 or also1 aft] =ec\rts1 or a c9cture ( yet m n>r[ approa*es1 we rea* ! culm9ation ( ! entire con/ruction1 ! real temple1 ! sanctu>y 771 accord+ to ,/rabo ( mod]ate proportions1 :i* ei!r conta9$ no image ( ! god1 or m]ely an animal image4 ,?is dwell+ ( godhead 0 n[ & aga9 a monoli?1 z ,h]odotus1 = example1 n>rates#ej 9 respect ( ! temple ( ,buto4 ,?is temple 0 work$ out ( "o piece ( /one to a l5g? & bread?1 :i* 9 ea* ( its walls ( equal size measur$ =ty cubits1 & z f9al ro( to ! same 0 plac$ a s+le /one ) a cornice ( f\r cubits' bread?4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ^! sanctu>ies are s small1 t no communion ( wor%ipp]s c\ld f9d room inside4 ,su* a communion1 h[ev]1 is an ess5tial concomitant ( a temple2 o!rwise ! same is m]ely a box1 a treasury1 a place :]e sacr$ images are cons]v$4 ,to su* an ext5t build+s ( ?is type run on = miles ) _! r[s ( animal figures1 _! ,memnons1 _! imm5se doors1 _! walls & colonnades ( ! mo/ /up5d\s dim5sions1 "s ( great] bread?1 "s ( less1 _! isolat$ obelisks & mu* else1 t :ile we w&] )9 works s huge & s calculat$ to excite our surprise1 :i* 9 "p possess m]ely a m re/rict$ purpose 9 ! div]se activities ( ! sy/em ( culture to :i* !y belong ! "q is irresi/ible1 :at ^! masses ( /one h to tell u ( ! ,div9e !y secrete4 ,= on clos] inspection symbolical mean+s are ev]y:]e 9-wov5 9 ^! con/ructions 9 t ! numb] ( ,sph9xes & ,memnons1 ! position ( columns & passages h relation to ! days ( ! ye>1 ! twelve signs ( ! ,zodiac1 ! sev5 planets1 ! great p]iods ( ! lun> cycle & o!r ph5om5a4 ,to "s ext5t we f9d "h t sculpture has n yet fre$ itself f ar*itecture2 & 9 "s degree aga9 ! really ar*itectonic aspect ( measure1 int]val1 numb] ( columns1 walls1 /eps1 & s =? is s treat$1 t ! real object ( ^! relations is n to be f\nd 9 _! own intr9sic "*1 t is1 9 _! symmetry1 h>mony1 & beauty1 b is ref]able to _! symbolical def9ition4 ,& 9 ?is way all ?is "w ( con/ruction ass]ts itself indep5d5tly z an object 9 itself1 z itself a cultus1 9 :i* bo? nation & k+ are unit$4 ,_m works1 su* z canals1 ! lake ,maeotis1 & g5]ally wat]works h a p>ticul> relation to agriculture & ! floods ( ! ,nile4 ,an example ( ?is we h 9 ! /atem5t ( ,h]odotus#ea to ! effect t ,seso/ris _h ! entire c\ntry1 :i* up to ?is "t _h be5 ridd5 & driv5 ov]1 cut up into canals to provide dr9k+-wat]1 & 9 ?is way made horses & wagons useless4 ,! ma9 con/ructions1 h[ev]1 rema9$ ^? build+s ) a religi\s purpose1 :i* ! ,egyptians in/9ctively pil$ up mu* z ! bees d _! cells4 ,_! prop]ty 0 regulat$#eb1 _! o!r social conditions equally s1 ! soil ( ! c\ntry 0 extraord9>ily fruitful1 & requir$ no labori\s cultivation1 s t we may almo/ say _! agriculture m]ely consi/$ 9 s[+ & h>ve/4 ,we he> little ( o!r int]e/s & exploits1 su* z are common to nations1 &1 ) ! exception ( ! tales ( ! prie/hood ) ref]5ce to ! m>itime und]tak+s ( ,seso/ris1 we h no acc\nt ( sea voyages4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! ,egyptians re/rict$ _! ef=ts to ?is "w ( con/ruction )9 _! own c\ntry4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 :at we h call$ self-sub/antive & symbolical ar*itecture :i* =ms ! fundam5tal type ( _! impos+ works & = ?is reason t ! human ideal1 ! spiritual 9 its aims & ext]nal =ms1 has n z yet come to self-k1 or con/itut$ itself ! object & product ( its free activity4 ,self-consci\sness has n z yet rip5$ 9 ! fruit1 is n yet indep5d5tly secur$1 b is re/less1 seek+1 surmis+1 ev] = produc+ )\t absolute satisfaction1 & consequ5tly )\t repose4 ,x is only 9 ! =m t is comm5surate ) ,_s t m9d ess5tially at home ) itself f9ds satisfaction & f9ds its true def9ition 9 :at x produces4 ,! symbolical "w ( art on ! contr>y rema9s m or less indef9ite4 ,among su* creations ( ! ,egyptian art ( build+ we may include ! s-call$ labyr9?s1 c\rts ) column$ approa*es1 circumambi5t pa?s betwe5 p>titions1 :i* entw9e ab\t 9 a my/]i\s fa%ion1 b ^: confus+ intricacy is n con/ruct$ ) ! pu]ile object to make ! means ( exit a problem1 b to create = ! s5ses an intricate mode ( motion t is dom9at$ by my/]ies ( symbolical import4 ,= ^! pa?s1 z we h already indicat$1 imitate 9 _! c\rse t ( ! heav5ly bodies & embody ! same = imag9ation4 ,!y are 9 "p con/ruct$ above ! gr\nd & 9 "p und]nea? x1 & 9 addition to _! passages are furni%$ ) *amb]s & halls ( enorm\s size1 ^: walls are cov]$ ) hi]oglyphics4 ,! l>ge/ labyr9? :i* ,h]odotus himself saw 0 n f> f ! lake ,ma]is4 ,he affirms#ec t its size exce$$ 8 p[]s ( description1 & x surpass$ ! pyramids !mselves4 ,! build+ he ascribes to ! twelve k+s1 & he describes x 9 ! foll[+ t]ms4 ,! entire build+ surr\nd$ by "o & ! same wall consi/$ ( two /ories1 ! "o above & ! o!r b5ea? ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,tak5 toge!r !y enclos$ ?ree ?\s& *amb]s1 ea* /ory conta9+ fifte5 hundr$4 ,! upp] /ory :i* alone ,h]odotus 0 able to see 0 divid$ into twelve adjac5t c\rts#ed1 ) doors plac$ opposite to ea* o!r1 six fac+ ! ,nor? & six ! ,s\?1 & e c\rt 0 engirt ) a colonnade1 con/ruct$ ( :ite & c>efully work$ /one4 ,f ^! c\rts1 ,h]odotus cont9ues1 y h +ress to ! *amb]s1 & f ^! into ! halls1 & f ! halls into o!r *amb]s1 & f ^! *amb]s into ! c\rts4 ,accord+ to ,hirt#ee ,h]odotus only s f> def9es ?is latt] relation to ! ext5t t he places 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! *amb]s 9 juxtaposition to ! c\rts4 ,) reg>d to ! labyr9?9e passages1 ,h]odotus /ates t ! num]\s passages ?r\gh ! ro($-9 *amb]s & ! multitud9\s incurvations betwe5 ! c\rts _h fill$ him ) inf9ite a/oni%m5t4 ,pl9y#ef describes !m z obscure & t$i\s = a /rang] on acc\nt ( _! w9d+s1 & :5 _! doors 7 op5$ !re 0 a noise 9 !m l ?und]2 we also le>n f ,/rabo1 an evid5ce ( importance1 = he 0 an eye-witness no less ?an ,h]odotus1 t ! labyr9?9e passages encircl$ ! c\rt spaces4 ,x 0 ! ,egyptians :o ma9ly built su* labyr9?s3 b we f9d 9 imitation ( ,egypt a simil> "o 9 ,crete1 ?\gh ( small] ext5t1 & also1 too1 9 ! ,morea & ,malta4 ,tak+ into consid]ation ! fact1 h[ev]1 t1 on ! "o h&1 an art ( build+ ( ?is k9d 9 its *amb]s & halls already approximat$ to ! dwell+ type1 :ile1 on ! o!r1 accord+ to ! del9eation ( ,h]odotus1 ! subt]ranean portion ( ! labyr9?1 an entrance into :i* 0 =bidd5 him1 _h = its def9ite object ! sepul*re ( ! f\nd]s ( ! build+ & sacr$ crocodiles--s t "h ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! labyr9? 0 entirely ! symbolic import 9 an indep5d5t s5se--we may f9d 9 su* works a po9t ( transition to ! =m ( symbolical ar*itecture1 :i* 9 its own con/itu5t p>ts beg9s already to approa* ! classic type ( build+4 #c4 ,,! ,,transition ,,f ,,self-,,sub/antive ,,ar*itecture ,,to ,,! ,,classical ,,type ,h[ev] /up5d\s 9 size ! con/ruction we h j consid]$ are ! subt]ranean ar*itecture ( ,ori5tal peoples su* z ! ,h9doos & ,egyptians1 :i* (f] _m features ( resemblance1 are /ill m impos+ & calculat$ to excite our wond]4 ,:atev] aspect ( gr&eur & nobility is 9 ?is respect discov]able above gr\nd pres5ts no p>allel to t :i* among ! ,h9doos is pres5t$ u b5ea? ! e>? 9 ,salsette1 :i* faces ,bombay1 & 9 ,ellora1 t is1 9 ,upp] ,egypt & ,nubia4 ,9 ^! extraord9>y excavations :at we h 9 ! e>lie/ examples expos$ is ! imm$iate necessity ( an enclosure4 ,! fact t mank9d h s\ght protection 9 caves1 & made _! dwell+ !re & t entire peoples h possess$ no o!r mode ( dwell+ is due to ! compell+ =ce ( _! ne$s4 ,caves ( ?is k9d exi/$ 9 ! l& ( ,judaea1 :]e 9 works ( _m /ories !re 0 room = ?\s&s4 ,!re 7 also 9 ! ,h>z m\nta9s 9 ! ,rammelsb]g ne> ,gosl> *amb]s1 into :i* m5 crept = cov]1 & us$ to br+ _! provisions = safety4 7a7 ,( an entirely diff]5t type1 h[ev]1 are ! ,h9doo & ,egyptian subt]ranean con/ructions to :i* we h allud$4 ,9 "s degree !y s]v$ z places ( assemblage1 subt]ranean ca!drals1 & are con/ructions ^: object 0 to excite religi\s wond] & conc5trate ! communion ( spiritual life2 !y are unit$ to designs & sugge/ions ( a symbolical "*1 colonnades1 sph9xes1 ,memnons1 elephants1 colossal images ( idols1 :i*1 hewn f ! b>e rock1 7 z fully left a compon5t gr[? ( ! =mless /one z ! columns 9 su* excavations 7 made to /& out 9 isolation f x4 ,9 front ( ! walls ( rock ^! build+s 7 "h & !re :olly expos$ to ! light1 9 o!r p>ts !y 7 entirely devoid ( x1 & illum9at$ m]ely ) tor*es1 :ile 9 o!r portions light 0 introduc$ f above4 ,relatively to ! sup]-t]ranean con/ructions ^! excavations appe> z prior 9 "t1 s t we may reg>d ! enorm\s spaces laid out above ! soil z an imitation & effloresc5ce ( simil> tracts ( l& b5ea? x4 ,9 excavations !re is no positive build+1 b we h r a giv5 mat]ial tak5 away4 ,& to ne/ ?us 9 ! gr\nd1 to excavate is m natural to man ?an to seek = a mat]ial1 & ) x to con/ruct & in=m a mass ( build+s4 ,9 ?is respect we may assume ! cave to be utiliz$ prior to ! hut or dwell+4 ,caves are ! ext5sion ( spatial cov]+ in/ead ( a limitation ( su*1 or an ext5sion :i* gr[s up z a limit & enclosure1 9 :i* ! enclosure is already pres5t4 ,! subt]ranean con/ruction consequ5tly incl9es to />t ) :at is already pres5t1 &1 9 s f> z x leaves ! fundam5tal mat]ial z x f9ds x1 is n erect$ ) ! fre$om applicable to a configuration rais$ above ! surface ( ! soil4 ,9 our view1 h[ev]1 ^! con/ructions already belong to a fur!r /age ( ! art ( build+1 h[ev] mu* !y may also h features ( a symbolical type1 because !y no long] are plac$ !re z indep5d5tly symbolical1 b already possess ! aim or purpose ( an enclosure1 a p>tition1 a ro(1 )9 :i* m symbolical figures z su* are set up4 ,t :i* is connot$ "u ! conception ( temple & dwell+1 bo? 9 ! ,greek & m mod]n use ( ! t]ms1 we h "h 9 _! mo/ natural =m4 ,we may include 9 ! above class ! caves ( ,mi?ras1 al?\gh we f9d !m 9 a v diff]5t locality4 ,! wor%ip & ritual ( ,mi?ras orig9ates 9 ,p]sia4 ,a cultus1 h[ev]1 ( a simil> k9d 0 also promulgat$ 9 ! ,roman ,empire4 ,9 ! ,p>is ,museum we f9d a v fam\s bas-relief1 :i* repres5ts a y\? 9 ! act ( /rik+ an ox ) a /eel weapon4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,roman ,capitol 9 a deep grotto b5ea? ! temple ( ,jupit]4 ,9 ^! ,mi?ras caves vaults are also met )1 & passages :i* on ! "o h& appe> def9itely to symbolize by sugge/ion ! c\rse ( ! />s1 & f ano!r po9t ( view also 7precisely z /ill 9 our own "t takes place 9 our free-mason lodges1 :]e p are conduct$ ?r\gh _m passages & h to see dramatic sc5es & mu* else7 ! ways1 :i* ! s\l mu/ pass ?r\gh 9 its purification1 albeit x may be true en\gh t ?is fundam5tal mean+ is m fully & directly express$ 9 sculpture & o!r "w ?an 9 ar*itecture simply4 ,9 a connection some:at simil> we may also m5tion ! ,roman catacombs1 ! fundam5tal idea ( ^: con/ruction 0 c]ta9ly some?+ q o!r ?an t ( be+ subs]vi5t to aqu$ucts1 sepul*res or any sy/em ( dra9age4 7b7 ,9 ! second place we may seek = our pres5t use a m def9ite po9t ( transition f ! ar*itecture ( indep5d5t type 9 ^? con/ructions :i* h be5 rais$ z h\s+s ( ! dead1 p>tly 9 ! =m ( excavations b5ea? ! gr\nd1 & p>tly z build+s above x4 ,m p>ticul>ly among ! ,egyptians ?is k9d ( con/ruction1 :e!r subt]ranean or sup]-t]ranean1 0 associat$ ) a realm ( ! dead1 j z 9 g5]al among ! ,egyptians x is a realm ( ! invisible :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance receives a habitation & is plac$ be=e u4 ,! ,h9doo burns 8 dead1 or suff]s _! bones to lie & m\ld] on ! e>?4 ,accord+ to ! ,h9doo's po9t ( view mank9d are1 or become1 god or gods1 :i*ev] way "o c>es to put x1 & we are unable to f9d 9 _! case ?is assur$ di/9ction betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead reg>d$ z dead4 ,h9doo con/ructions1 consequ5tly1 s f> z !y d n orig9ate 9 ,mohamm$anism1 are n dwell+s = ! dead1 & appe> g5]ally to belong to an e>li] p]iod z we assum$ 0 true ( ! a/oni%+ excavations describ$4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,egyptians1 h[ev]1 ! contra/ betwe5 liv+ & dead ass]ts itself pr$om9antly4 ,t :i* is spiritual beg9s to sep>ate itself ess5tially f :at is mat]ial4 ,we h "h ! resurrection ( _s 9 concrete individuality1 ! movem5t ( t process4 ,! dead are !re=e reta9$ fa/ z p]sonality#eg1 & are secur$ & pres]v$ securely above ! conception ( dissolution into ,nature1 t is into univ]sal evanesc5ce1 flood & ext9ction4 ,s+ul>ity is ! pr9ciple ( ! spiritual 9 its notion ( indep5d5ce1 because _s is only able to exi/ z individuality1 t is p]sonality4 ,consequ5tly ?is hon\r paid to & pres]vation ( ! dead c only appe> to ourselves z a fir/ & important elem5t 9 ! def9ition ( ! exi/5ce ( spiritual individuality1 s9ce x is "h t s+ul>ity is ass]t$ z ma9ta9$ r ?an ab&on$1 inasmu* z ! body at any rate is treasur$ & respect$ z ?is ,nature's own mode ( individuality4 ,h]odotus assures u1 a fact we h already notic$1 t ! ,egyptians 7 ! fir/ to decl>e t ! s\ls ( m5 7 immortal1 & despite ! fact t ! grasp on spiritual individuality is 9 _! case v incomplete1 9 s f> z 9 _! view ! deceas$ mu/ = ?ree ?\s& ye>s pass ?r\gh a :ole s]ies ( animals belong+ to l&1 wat]1 & air1 yet = all t 9 ?is conception1 & 9 ! embalm+ ( ! body1 we f9d fix$ly ! notion ( bodily individuality1 & ( ! indep5d5t self-exi/5ce z sep>ate f t body4 ,x is !re=e also ( importance 9 ! arts ( build+ t 9 ^! ! sep>ation ( ! spiritual1 no less ?an ! ideal significance1 :i*#eh is indep5d5tly repres5t$1 be c>ri$ into effect :ile ! corporeal %ell is set r\nd x z a purely ar*itectonic environm5t4 ,! dwell+s ( ! dead ( ! ,egyptians con/itute = ?is reason ! e>lie/ examples ( ! temple type4 ,! ess5tial feature1 ! c5tral core ( wor%ip is a subject1 an individual object :i* appe>s ( significance by itself1 & expresses itself z di/9ct f its dwell+1 :i* is !reby int]pret$ z purely a subs]vi5t cov]+4 ,& no d\bt x is n an actual man1 = ^: requirem5ts a h\se or palace _h to be built1 b deceas$ objects t are )\t su* ne$s1 k+s1 sacr$ animals1 ar\nd :om immeasurable con/ructions are enclos$4 ,j z agriculture fixes ! w&]+ ( nomads 9 ! /able possession ( a def9ite locality1 we may say t g5]ally sepul*res1 monum5ts1 & ! s]vice ( ! dead unite mank9d1 & ev5 (f] to ^? :o possess no ,/ates1 no limitations ( prop]ty1 a place ( r5dez-v\s1 sacr$ places :i* !y def5d & refuse to h tak5 away f !m4 ,z an illu/ration we may cite ! case ( ! ,scy?ians1 a nomad p1 :o retir$ ev]y:]e1 accord+ to ! n>ration ( ,h]odotus#ei1 be=e ,d>ius4 ,& :5 ,d>ius s5t an embassage to !m ) ! message t if _! k+ deem$ himself /rong en\gh to (f] resi/ance he %\ld come =? to battle1 b if he did n he ought to recognize ,d>ius z 8 "l1 ,idan?yrsus met ! same ) ! reply t !y possess$ nei!r cities nor till$ l&1 & _h no?+ to def5d = ! reason t ,d>ius _h no?+ to ravage2 if1 h[ev]1 ,d>ius made a po9t ( hav+ a fight !y possess$ ! sepul*res ( _! fa!rs1 let him !re=e d>e to advance aga9/ ^!1 he w !n discov] :e!r !y w fight = _! sepul*res or n4 ,! mo/ anci5t & impos+ monum5ts erect$ to ! dead we f9d 9 ,egypt4 ,!y are ! ,pyramids4 ,:at mo/ excites our wond] at fir/ sight ( ^! a/oni%+ con/ructions is _! extraord9>y magnitude1 :i* at once makes u reflect ^u ! duration ( "t1 ! v>iety1 sup]abundance & p]si/5ce ( human en]gies :i* is insep>able f ! completion ( su* colossal build+s4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( =m !re is no?+ 9 !m to protract att5tion3 9 a few m9utes we h survey$ & tak5 9 ! entire effect4 ,) ?is simplicity & uni=mity ( _! =m 9 view _! object has ev] be5 a subject ( controv]sy4 ,x is true t ev5 ! anci5ts1 z = example ,h]odotus & ,/rabo1 adduc$ ! aim1 :i* !y subs]v$2 b = all t bo? 9 =m] & m rec5t times1 travell]s & writ]s h contribut$ mu* t is fabul\s & unw>rant$ 9 _! reflections4 ,! ,arabs endeav\r$ to effect entrance by =ce1 hop+ to discov] treasure 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,pyramids2 su* assaults1 h[ev]1 beyond di/urb+ mu*1 h fail$ 9 _! object to rea* ! actual passages & *amb]s4 ,europeans ( a lat] date1 among :om we may m5tion 9 p>ticul> = di/9ction1 ,belzoni1 a native ( ,rome1 & ,caviglia ( ,g5oa1 h at la/ succe$$ 9 asc]ta9+ m accurate in=mation ) respect to ! int]ior ( ^! fabrics4 ,belzoni discov]$ ! royal sepul*re 9 ! ,pyramid ( ,*ephr54 ,! entrances to ! ,pyramids 7 clos$ 9 ! secure/ way by squ>e blocks ( /one1 & x appe>s t ,egyptians endeav\r$ 9 _! con/ruction s to effect matt]s t ! entrance1 ev5 :5 discov]$1 c\ld only be foll[$ up & op5$ ) ! greate/ difficulty4 ,?is proves to u t ! ,pyramids rema9$ clos$ & c\ld n be aga9 us$4 ,)9 _! int]ior explor]s h f\nd *amb]s1 passages1 :i* po9t by sugge/ion to ! ways1 :i* ! s\l und]takes aft] dea? 9 its c\rse & transmigration1 great halls1 *annels b5ea? ! e>? at "o "t desc5d+1 at ano!r m\nt+ up4 ,! royal sepul*re ( ,belzoni runs on 9 ?is way hewn out ( ! rock = a mile4 ,9 ! pr9cipal hall /ood a s>cophagus ( granite1 sunk 9 ! gr\nd2 b all t 0 discov]$ 9 x 0 ! rema9s ( animal bones ( a mummy1 probably t ( an ,apis4 ,! :ole1 h[ev]1 prov$ beyond a d\bt t ! object 9 view 0 t ( be+ a dwell+ = ! dead4 ,! ,pyramids diff] 9 age1 =m1 & size4 ,! mo/ anci5t appe> to be /ones pil$ on "o ano!r 9 a m or less pyramidal %ape4 ,! m rec5t ones are con/ruct$ ) uni=mity2 "s are some:at flatt5$ out at ! summit1 o!rs run up entirely to a po9t4 ,on o!rs h be5 f\nd deposits1 an explanation ( :i* may be ga!r$ f ! description ,h]odotus#fj gives u :5 ref]r+ to ! ,pyramid ( ,*eops ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,egyptians c>ri$ out su* works1 s t ,hirt includes su* among ! ,pyramids :i* rema9$ unf9i%$#fa4 ,9 ! old] ,pyramids accord+ to ! late/ evid5ce ( ,fr5*m5 ! *amb]s & passages are m w9d+2 9 ! m rec5t ones !y are simpl]1 b entirely cov]$ ) hi]oglyphics1 to int]pret :i* ?r\gh\t w take sev]al ye>s4 ,9 ?is way ! ,pyramids1 despite all ! wond] !y ar\se ( _! own accord1 are really no?+ b cry/als1 m]e %ells1 :i* enclose a k]nel1 t is a dep>t$ _s1 & s]ve z cu/odians ( 8 /ill consi/5t bodily pres5ce & =m4 ,9 ?is dep>t$ & deceas$ p]son1 :o secures an indep5d5t reproduction1 we fail to f9d consequ5tly any significance#fb2 ! ar*itecture1 h[ev]1 :i* up to ?is po9t indep5d5tly possess$ its significance 9 itself z ar*itecture1 is n[ divid$ 9 its aim1 & 9 ?is division is subs]vi5t to some?+ else1 :]eas sculpture receives ! function to give body to ! g5u9e ideal aspect1 al?\gh 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! individual figure 9 its unique & imm$iate natural %ape is reta9$4 ,we f9d consequ5tly1 on a g5]al survey ( ! ,egyptian art ( build+1 on ! "o h&1 ! self-subsi/5t symbolical build+s2 on ! o!r1 h[ev]1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ev]y?+ :i* is atta*$ to ! monum5ts ( ! dead1 ! specific det]m9ation ( ar*itecture to be an enclosure & no?+ m1 already cle>ly ass]ts itself4 ,x is an ess5tial concomitant ( ?is1 t ar*itecture n only be limit$ to ! con/ruction ( excavations & caves1 b atte/ itself z an inorganic ,nature built by human h&s on ! spot :]e m5 h actual ne$ ( x1 & = a def9ite purpose w x to be4 ,o!r nations h rais$ monum5ts ( ! same k9d1 sacr$ build+s z dwell+s ( ! dead bodies1 ov] :om !y happ5 to be erect$4 ,z examples we may in/ance ! mausoleum 9 ,curia1 & ( m rec5t date t ( ,hadrian1 ! /ill exi/+ ,englesburg 9 ,rome1 a palace ( c>eful con/ruction rais$ 9 hon\r ( a dead p]son1 all ( :i* 7 ev5 9 antiquity fam\s works4 ,accord+ to ! description ( ,uhd5#fc we may also m5tion 9 ?is connection a type ( mortu>y1 :i* 9 its arrangem5t & environm5t imitat$ 9 its small] aspects temples d$icate to gods4 ,a temple ( ?is k9d possess$ a g>d51 arb\rs1 a spr+1 a v9ey>d1 & moreov] *apels1 9 :i* portrait /atues ( gods 7 plac$4 ,m p>ticul>ly 9 ! "t ( ! ,roman ,empire 7 su* monum5ts to ! dead built ) /atues ( ! deceas$ "u ! image ( gods su* z ,apollo1 ,v5us1 & ,m9]va4 ,figures l ! above1 no less ?an ! entire con/ruction1 consequ5tly receiv$ dur+ t age ! significance ( an apo!osis & a temple 9 hon\r ( ! dead man1 j z also among ! ,egyptians ! process ( embalm+1 ! emblems plac$ !reby1 & ! s>cophagus atte/ t ! deceas$ 0 treat$ z a god-l ,osiris#fd4 ,! mo/ impos+ & lea/ complex con/ructions ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 are ! ,egyptian ,pyramids4 ,9 ?is type we h ! peculi> & ess5tial l9e ( ! art ( build+1 t is ! /raight "o1 & 9 g5]al t]ms ! uni=mity & ab/ract simplicity#fe ( =ms4 ,= ar*itecture1 z m]ely enclosure & inorganic ,nature1 or ,nature t is n itself vitally & ess5tially suffus$ by ! indwell+ _s 9 an indep5d5t mode1 is unable to possess =m except z "o :i* is ext]nal to itself2 ext]nal =m1 h[ev]1 is n organic1 b ab/ract & purely ref]able to ! organs ( s5se#ff4 ,h[ev] mu* ! ,pyramid already beg9s to receive ! det]m9+ *>act]i/ics ( ! dwell+s1 yet ! rectangul> pr9ciple is /ill n ?r\gh\t pr$om9ant1 z x is 9 a real dwell+-h\se2 x has /ill an indep5d5t det]m9acy1 :i* is n m]ely ( s]vice to ! purpose = :i* x is erect$1 & consequ5tly closes up ( itself by a process ( gradation directly f ! f\ndation to ! apex4 7c7 ,x is f ?is po9t t we may make ! transition f ! indep5d5t type ( build+ to t ( an art ( con/ruction1 :i* is s]viceable ( a purpose4 ,!re are two po9ts ( dep>ture to ?is lat] type4 ,!re is on ! "o h& symbolic ar*itecture1 & on ! o!r practical necessity & ! impulse ( purpose to subs]ve t necessity4 ,9 ! case ( symbolical =ms1 z we h already _h occasion to obs]ve1 ar*itectonic purpose is m]ely an incid5tal feature1 m]ely an ext]nal mode ( co-ord9ation4 ,! dwell+-h\se1 on ! contr>y1 erect$ z necessity itself1 requires po/s ( wood1 or j walls /&+ up /raight ) beams1 :i* are laid across !m at "r angles1 & a ro(+1 & con/itutes1 ! o!r extreme4 ,!re c be no "q t ! necessity ( ?is real & effective exp$i5cy makes its appe>ance z ! result ( its own dem&4 ,! di/9ction t may be rais$1 h[ev]1 9 answ] to ! "q1 :e!r g5u9e ar*itecture--z we %all %ortly h to consid] x z ! classic art ( build+--takes its rise solely 9 ?is necessity1 or is to be d$uc$ f indep5d5t & symbolical works1 :i* conduct$ u ( _! own accord to build+s devot$ to s]vice1 is ! po9t 9 ess5tial dispute4 77 ,x is ! =ce ( circum/ances :i* br+s to ! =e =ms 9 ar*itecture :i* are :olly /amp$ ) a useful purpose1 & ! ab/ract d$uctions ( sci5ce1 su* z ! rectil9e> l9e1 ! "r angle1 & ! smoo? surface4 ,= 9 s]viceable ar*itecture t :i* con/itutes ! real object1 is1 9 its indep5d5ce1 z a /atue1 or m closely z human individuals1 t is community1 a p1 br\ght toge!r = objects ( g5]al significance1 :i* no long] h z _! aim ! satisfaction ( physical wants1 b are su* 9 a religi\s & political s5se4 ,9 a special degree ! ne$ ass]ts itself to %ape an enclosure = ! image1 ! /atue ( ! gods1 or g5]ally = t :i* is indep5d5tly plac$ be=e u & actually pres5t z sacr$4 ,memnons1 ,sph9xes1 & ! l /& up 9 ! op51 or 9 a grove1 t is 9 ! ext]nal environm5t ( nature4 ,images ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 & /ill m human images ( gods1 are borr[$ f ano!r realm ?an t ( imm$iate ,nature4 ,!y belong to ! _w ( imag9ation1 & come into exi/5ce ?r\gh ! arti/ic p[]s ( mank9d4 ,! purely natural environm5t is !re=e n suffici5t2 !y require = _! ext]nal frame a gr\nd & an enclosure1 :i* %all be d]iv$ f ! same s\rce z _! own1 9 o!r words1 su* z are ! product ( ! imag9ation1 & h receiv$ _! =m by means ( arti/ic ef=t4 ,x is only 9 an environm5t creat$ by art t ! gods f9d !mselves at home#fg4 ,9 su* a case1 h[ev]1 ?is ext]nal frame does n possess its object 9 itself1 b x subs]ves some?+ o!r ?an itself1 & is subject to ! pr9ciple ( purpose or exp$i5cy4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^!1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 purely s]viceable =ms are exalt$ to an expression ( beauty !y are unable to p]si/ 9 _! orig9al ab/ract mode1 & are =c$ to accept1 9 addition to :at is m]ely symmetrical & h>moni\s1 t :i* is organic1 concrete1 ess5tially itself conclusive & v>i$4 ,& because ?is is s m5 are =c$ to reflect ov] di/9ctions ( det]m9at+ =m1 no less ?an ! express emphasis to be made on c]ta9 aspects ( =m1 :i* is :olly sup]flu\s :]e ! "q is only "o ( a def9ite purpose to be atta9$4 ,a beam1 = example1 is f "o po9t ( view t :i* is c>ri$ =w>d 9 a /raight l9e2 at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 x t]m9ates at bo? extremes4 ,9 ! same way a po/ :i* has to support ei!r raft] or ro( /&s on ! gr\nd & rea*es its t]m9at+ po9t :]e ! raft] re/s ^u x4 ,! ar*itecture ( s]vice ass]ts di/9ctions ( ?is k9d & gives =m to !m by means ( art2 an organic design1 on ! contr>y1 su* z a plant1 or a human be+1 ay1 :e!r we look at su* above or bel[1 b 9 any case ?r\gh\t1 has to be organically embodi$1 to be diff]5tiat$ 9 ! latt] case consequ5tly by feet & head1 or 9 ! =m] by roots & corona4 77 ,conv]sely symbolic ar*itecture takes its po9t ( dep>ture m or less f organic =ms ( ?is k9d1 z we see is ! case ) sph9xes1 memnons1 & s =?2 yet x is also unable :olly to exclude 9 its walls1 doors1 beams1 obelisks1 & ! re/1 ! pr9ciple ( ! /raight l9e & uni=mity1 & is g5]ally oblig$ to accept ! assi/ance ( su* pr9ciples app]t95t to ! g5u9e art ( build+ z equality ( size1 int]val ( relative position1 rectil9e> progression ( r[s1 9 %ort1 ord] & regul>ity :5 x proposes to place 9 a s]ies & to set up 9 accordance ) ar*itectural design ! colossal sculptur$ figures to :i* we h ref]r$4 ,by do+ s x unites 9 itself bo? pr9ciples#fh1 ^: union br+s = result an ar*itecture1 ! beauty ( :i* is promot$ along ) ! object to :i* x is subs]vi5t1 albeit 9 ! symbolic type ^! two aspects#fi /ill lie 9 sep>ation side by side in/ead ( be+ fus$ 9 unity4 77 ,we may !re=e s conceive ! transition t on ! "o side ! art ( build+1 hi!rto self-subsi/5t 9 type1 is =c$ to modify "u sci5tific pr9ciples#gj ! =ms ( organisms 9 ! direction ( regul>ity1 & to pass into ! prov9ce ( propos$ exp$i5cy2 :ile conv]sely :at is entirely su* int5d$ purpose 9 ! =m moves 9 opposition to ! pr9ciple ( ! organic _w4 ,:]e ^! two extremes come toge!r1 & mutually pass into "o ano!r1 we get :at is really beautiful classic ar*itecture4 ,we may recognize ?is union1 z x actually arises1 cle>ly 9 ! trans=mation n[ introduc$ ( t :i* we already h met ) 9 ! ar*itecture :i* 0 ant]ior "u ! =m ( columns4 ,9 o!r words1 x is true t f "o po9t ( view walls are necess>y to make an enclosure2 b walls1 too1 c /& up indep5d5t1 z we h already prov$ ) examples1 )\t mak+ ! enclosure complete1 to :i* a ro(+1 no less ?an an enclosure ( ! sides1 ess5tially contributes4 ,b a ro(+ ( ?is k9d has to be support$4 ,! simple/ way ( do+ ?is is by columns1 ^: ess5tial &1 at ! same "t exclusive1 rationale consi/s "h 9 be+ simply supports4 ,= ?is reason walls are really a sup]fluity is s f> z x is only a "q ( support4 ,= support+ is a me*anical relation1 & belongs to a prov9ce ( gravity & its laws4 ,& 9 ?is#ga gravity ! weight ( a p>ticul> body is conc5trat$ 9 its po9t ( gravity1 & mu/ be assi/$ at ?is c5tre 9 rema9+ horizontal )\t a fall4 ,?is is precisely :at ! column does1 s t ) x ! p[] ( support appe>s to be r$uc$ to ! m9imum limit ( ext]ior means to effect ?is4 ,:at a wall at great co/#gb effects1 is equally effect$ by a few columns4 ,x is a v beautiful *>act]i/ic ( classic ar*itecture n to set up m columns ?an are actually necess>y to c>ry ! weight ( ! raft] & t :i* reposes !reon4 ,9 g5u9e ar*itecture columns1 = purposes ( m]e decoration1 are n truly beautiful4 ,= ! same reason also columns :i* /& up entirely alone d n p]=m _! true function4 ,no d\bt triumphal columns h be5 erect$1 su* z ! fam\s ones 9 hon\r ( ,trajan & ,napoleon3 b ^!1 too1 are really b a p$e/al = /atues1 & moreov] cov]$ ) sculptur$ reliefs to commemorate & glorify ! h]o1 ^: image !y c>ry4 ,9 ! case ( ! column1 !n1 x is ( exceptional importance to see h[ 9 ! c\rse ( ar*itectural developm5t x is compell$ to dive/ itself ( ! concrete =m ( ,nature be=e x c secure its m ab/ract =m1 ! =m1 t is1 :i* is z compatible ) a def9ite object z x is ) beauty4 77 ,indep5d5t ar*itecture1 on acc\nt ( ! fact t x />ts ) organic images1 makes use ( human %apes1 z1 = example1 we f9d 9 ,egypt figures 9 "s measure at lea/ human1 su* z ,memnons & ! l1 are utiliz$4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a m]e sup]fluity1 9 s f>1 t is1 z a def9ition ( ?is "* is n ! true m$ium ( support4 ,we f9d among ! ,greeks t ,c>yatides are us$ 9 ano!r mode & "u a m sev]e ob$i5ce to rule to support sup]impos$ weight1 b su* _c be ext5sively employ$4 ,moreov]1 we c only reg>d x z a misuse ( ! human =m to cru% x toge!r "u su* burd5s1 & x is = ?is reason t ,c>yatides receive ! "* ( ! oppress$2 _! drap]y sugge/s a /ate ( slav]y "u :i* x is a degradation to c>ry su* burd5s4 77 ,! m natural organic =m = pill>s & supports :i* h to be> a weight is consequ5tly ! tree1 plant-life g5]ally1 a /em1 a ?9 /alk :i* /rives upw>ds 9 a v]tical direction4 ,! hole ( a tree already c>ries ( its own nature its cr[n ( bran*es1 ! blade ( corn ! e>1 ! /em ! fl[]4 ,^! =ms1 too1 ! ,egyptian art ( build+1 :i* has n z yet atta9$ ! lib]ty ( view+ !m 9 _! ab/ract int5sion1 borr[s directly f ,nature4 ,9 ?is respect ! gr&iose quality :i* we discov] 9 ! /yle ( ,egyptian palaces or temples--! colossal proportions ( its r[s ( columns1 ! huge numb] ( !m1 & )al ! impos+ mutual relations ( ! entire /ructure1 has ev] fill$ ! spectator ) wond] & a/oni%m5t4 ,9 ^! colonnades we d n f9d t all columns h ! same =m2 !y alt]nate betwe5 "o1 two1 or ?ree types4 ,d5on1 9 8 "w on ! ,egyptian exp$ition1 has collect$ a great numb] ( su* types4 ,! comb9$ effect is n z yet any uni=m %ape bas$ on ab/ract pr9ciples ( selection2 r ! f\ndation is ! %ape ( an onion1 a re$-l effloresc5ce ( leaf f ! bulb1 or1 9 o!r examples1 a compression toge!r ( ! root-leaves accord+ to ! mann] ( sev]al k9ds ( plant4 ,f ?is base1 !n1 ! ?9 /em breaks upw>ds /raight1 or m\nts z column ) twi/$ coils1 & ! capital is also a sep>ation ( leaves f bran*es :i* sugge/s ! process ( a fl[]4 ,! imitation1 h[ev]1 is n true to ,nature1 b ! plant-l =ms are dra9$ (f "u ! ar*itectural impulse1 & made to approximate to circul>1 geometrical1 & regul> =ms1 or /raight l9es1 s t su* columns1 9 _! entirety1 resemble :at are usually describ$ z arabesques4 77 ,?is is n ! place to ent] into a g5]al discussion ( ! arabesque = ! reason t notionally x m>ks precisely ! transition f ! ar*itecture :i* adopts z its basic =m ! natural organism to t :i* by its adoption ( a m sev]e regul>ity is m /rictly ar*itectonic4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! art ( build+ has become free 9 its def9itive "* x relegates arabesques to ! function ( decoration & ornam5t4 ,!y are !n preem95tly =ms ( plants /ra9$ (f1 s to speak1 or =ms :i* orig9ate f plants toge!r ) entw9$ =ms ( animals & human be+s1 or =ms ( animals 9 _! passage ov] to plant-life4 ,9 s f> z !y purport to au!nticate a symbolical significance ! transitional passage betwe5 ! diff]5t sph]es ( ! animal k+dom hold good = x4 ,ap>t f su* an int]pretation !y are simply ! play ( ! imag9ation 9 ! selection1 comb9ation & articulation ( ! mo/ div]se =ms ( ,nature4 ,= ar*itectural ornam5tation ( ?is k9d1 9 ! inv5tion ( :i* ! imag9ation f9ds scope = its activity 9 ! mo/ v>i$ creations ( e k9d1 n ev5 exclud+ ut5sils & drap]y1 ! fundam5tal det]m9ant & type is ?is1 t :e!r x be plants1 leaves1 fl[]s1 or animals1 all are made to approximate to ! ab/ract figures ( sci5ce1 9 o!r words ! inorganic4 ,= ?is reason we frequ5tly f9d arabesques to be /iff1 untrue to organic life2 & x is on ?is acc\nt t !y are n unfrequ5tly condemn$ & art is blam$ = ! use ( !m4 ,?is is exceptionally true ( pa9t+1 ?\gh ,raphael himself did n scruple to pa9t arabesques 9 great pr(usion1 *>act]iz$ ) ! highe/ *>m1 nobility ( feel+1 v>iety1 & grace4 ,no d\bt arabesques are an anti!sis to nature1 :e!r we comp>e !m ) organic =ms or ! rigid laws ( me*anics2 b an opposition ( ?is k9d is n m]ely a "r ( art g5]ally1 b ev5 an obligation "u :i* ar*itecture is b\nd4 ,x is only by ?is means t liv+ =ms 9 o!r respects unfitt$ = ! art ( build+ are made adaptable to ! truly ar*itectural /yle & br\ght into h>mony ) x4 ,su* an adaptability is (f]$ 9 an exceptionally close degree by vegetable ,nature1 :i* is also 9 ! ,ea/ utiliz$ to an extravagant ext5t 9 arabesques2 9 o!r words plants are n z yet individual objects :i* possess feel+1 b naturally pres5t !mselves z adapt$ to ar*itectural design1 by virtue ( ! fact t !y =m cov]+s & protection aga9/ ra91 sunlight1 & w9d1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 d n possess ! free oscillation#gc ( l9es :i* breaks =? f ! regul>ity ( sci5tific conceptions#gd4 ,ar*itecturally us$ ! regul>ity ( leaves already pres5t is yet fur!r subject$ to rule 9 ! def9ition ( rondure & /raight l9e1 s t by ?is means ev]y?+ :i* x is possible to reg>d z di/ortion1 unnaturalness1 or /iffness 9 ! plant-=ms is fundam5tally to be consid]$ z a trans=mation adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( :at is g5u9ely ar*itectural4 ,9 "s su* way 9 ! column ! real art ( build+ passes f t :i* is purely organic imitation to ! def9ite purpose ( sci5tific rule1 & f ?is to a position :i* aga9 approximates to ! organic result4 ,we f9d x necess>y to draw att5tion to ?is tw(old po9t ( dep>ture f ! actual necessities & ! purposeless self-subsi/5cy ( ar*itecture1 because ! true type unites bo? pr9ciples4 ,! beautiful column orig9ates 9 ! natural =m1 :i* is !n trans=m$ into ! po/1 t is1 x submits to ! uni=mity & sci5tific precision ( =m4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,classical ,,ar*itecture ,! art ( build+1 :5 x has atta9$ ! position peculi>ly its own & adequate to its notional cont5t is subs]vi5t 9 its products to an end1 & a significance :i* x does n itself ess5tially possess4 ,x becomes an inorganic environm5t1 a :ole t is co-ord9at$ & built con=mably to ! laws ( gravity1 ^: configurations are subject to t :i* is sev]ely regul>1 /raight1 rectangul>1 circul>1 ! relations ( def9ite numb] & quantity1 t :i* is ess5tially limit$ measure & /rict con=mity to rule4 ,its beauty consi/s 9 ?is v relation to purpose1 :i*1 9 its fre$om f direct#ge admixture ) :at is organic1 spiritual1 & symbolical1 & despite ! fact t x subs]ves an end1 nev]!less comb9es 9 an ess5tially exclusive totality1 :i* suff]s its own aim to appe> ?r\gh all its modifications1 & 9 ! h>moni\s co-ord9ation ( its relations clo!s t :i* is purely adapt$ to purpose 9 ! =ms ( beauty4 ,ar*itecture1 h[ev]1 at ?is /age#gf corresponds to its real notion1 = ! reason t x is n 9 a position to end[ t :i* is 9 ! mo/ explicit s5se spiritual ) a fully adequate exi/5ce1 & is consequ5tly only able to in=m :at is ext]nal & devoid ( _s 9 its contra/$ appe>ance ) t :i* is spiritual4 ,we propose1 9 our consid]ation ( ?is art ( build+1 9 :i* ! relation ( s]vice is z truly a *>act]i/ic z t ( beauty1 to adopt ! foll[+ c\rse ( argum5t4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance we h to e/abli% ! g5]al notion & "* ( ! same4 ,secondly1 we %all h to adduce ! p>ticul> fundam5tal det]m9ants ( ! ar*itectonic types :i* are d$ucible f ! ult]ior purpose :i* ! classical "w ( art is erect$ to subs]ve4 ,?irdly1 we propose to survey ! concrete reality :i* results f ! developm5t ( classical ar*itecture4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 propose 9 discuss+ any ( ! above relations to ent] into detail1 b w limit myself to po9ts ( mo/ g5]al significance1 a re/riction m easy to obs]ve 9 ! pres5t case ?an x 0 9 t ( ! symbolical type ( build+4 #a4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,classical ,,ar*itecture 7a7 ,9 con=mity ) ! pr9ciple ,i h already m ?an once adv]t$ to ! fundam5tal idea ( ! g5u9e art ( build+ consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! spiritual import is n exclusively repos$ 9 ! "w ( con/ruction itself1 :i* by ?is means becomes an indep5d5t symbol ( ideal signification#gg1 b1 ) ! conv]se result1 t ?is significance secures its free exi/5ce outside ! limits ( ar*itecture4 ,?is exi/5ce may be ( a tw(old "*1 to ! ext5t 9 o!r words t ano!r art ( ext5sive range--,i ref]1 above all1 to ! art ( sculpture ( ! true classical type--sets be=e u & gives indep5d5t =m to ! significance1 or ! individual man 9 himself receives & gives effect to ! same 9 ! active v]ity ( 8 life4 ,ap>t f ?is#gh1 ^! two aspects may /ill appe> toge!r4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! ,ori5tal ar*itecture ( ! ,babylonians1 ,h9doos1 & ,egyptians1 on ! "o h&1 gave symbolical =m1 9 images ( indep5d5t consi/5cy1 to t :i* 0 reckon$ among ^! p z ! absolute & true1 or1 f ano!r aspect1 enclos$1 despite its ext]nal natural =m1 t :i* 0 cons]v$ aft] dea?--9 contra/ to ?is :at we f9d n[ is--:e!r we reg>d x relatively to art's activity1 or to ! life ( actual exi/5ce--t ! spiritual is sep>at$ f ! "w ( con/ruction 9 indep5d5t guise = itself1 & ar*itecture becomes ! vassal ( :at is spiritual1 :i* con/itutes ! real significance & ! det]m9at+ end4 ,?is end is consequ5tly pr$om9ant4 ,x controls ! entire "w2 x det]m9es ! fundam5tal =m ( ! same no less ?an its ext]nal skeleton1 & nei!r suff]s ! mat]ial nor ! individual's imag9ation & caprice to ass]t _! indep5d5ce 9 a self-sub/antive way1 z 0 ! case 9 symbolical ar*itecture1 or to develop1 ov] & beyond ! true purpose ( ! "w1 a sup]fluity ( manifold p>ts & configurations1 z is ! case 9 ! romantic type4 7b7 ,9 consid]+ a con/ruction ( ?is "* we h1 !n1 fir/ to ask ourselves n m]ely :at are ! circum/ances "u :i* x 0 erect$1 b :at is its aim & purpose4 ,to make its con/ruction compatible ) su* consid]ations1 to h a due reg>d = climate1 position1 & ! environ+ l&scape1 to create a :ole1 "o 9 spontane\s co-ord9ation1 by a reg>d = all ^! aspects z subs]vi5t to "o purpose1 ?is is ! task /at$ broadly1 9 ! entire fulfilm5t ( :i* ! in/9cts & g5ius ( ! arti/ w appe> conspicu\s4 ,among ! ,greeks we f9d t x is public build+s1 temples1 colonnades1 & halls utiliz$ = ! ord9>y re/ & comm]ce ( ! day1 approa*es1 su* z ! fam\s asc5t ( ! ,acropolis 9 ,a!ns1 :i* are pre-em95tly ! objects ( ! build]'s art4 ,private resid5ces1 on ! o!r h&1 7 ( a v simple "*4 ,) ! ,romans1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! luxuri\s "* ( private h\ses1 especially villas1 :i* becomes prom95t2 & we may say ! same ?+ ( imp]ial palaces1 public ba?s1 !atres1 circuses1 amphi!atres1 aqu$ucts1 & spr+s4 ,build+s ( ?is type1 h[ev]1 ! utility ( :i* ?r\gh\t rema9s ! comm&+ & direct+ pr9ciple1 are m]ely able to accept beauty 9 a m or less decorative s5se4 ,! object mo/ compatible ) fre$om ( treatm5t 9 ?is sph]e is t ( religion--! temple-h\se z ! enclosure ( an individual :i* itself is appropriat$ by f9e art1 & plac$ be=e u by sculpture z ! /atue ( ! god4 7c7 ,9 ! pursuit ( aims su* z ^? above m5tion$1 !n1 g5u9e ar*itecture appe>s to be m free ?an ! symbolic type ( ! previ\s /age1 :i* seizes on ! organic =ms f ,nature1 nay1 m free ?an sculpture1 :i* is compell$ to accept ! human =m x f9ds1 & unites itself ) !m & _! g5]al relations z pres5t$ x4 ,classical ar*itecture r inv5ts its =ms & _! configuration1 s f> z ! cont5t is conc]n$1 f ends ( spiritual import & 9 respect to =m f human reason )\t any prototype4 ,?is great] fre$om mu/1 9 a relative s5se1 be admitt$2 b ! prov9ce 9 :i* x is ex]cis$ rema9s re/rict$1 & ! treatm5t :i* belongs to ! classical art ( build+1 on acc\nt ( ! rationality#gi ( its =ms is1 tak5 z a :ole1 some:at ( an ab/ract & dry "*4 ,fr$]i* von ,s*legel has describ$ ar*itecture z a froz5 music2 & 9 tru? bo? ^! arts repose on a h>mony ( relations1 :i* admit ( be+ ref]r$ to numb]1 & are consequ5tly readily grasp$ 9 _! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics4 ,9 our own case ! fundam5tal det]m9ant = ^! ess5tial traits & _! simple1 m s]i\s & impos+1 or m *>m+ & elegant relations is suppli$ by ! dwell+-h\se1 t is1 walls1 columns1 beams br\ght toge!r 9 ! :olly cry/all9e =ms ( sci5tific d$uction4 ,:at ! relations are we are n p]mitt$ to r$uce to ! b>e det]m9ants ( numb] & measure4 ,b an oblong1 quadrilat]al figure ) "r angles is m pleas+ ?an a squ>e1 because 9 ! case ( ! oblong we are m ?us affect$ bo? by equality & inequality#hj4 ,if ! "o dim5sion1 namely bread?1 is half z l>ge z ! o!r1 we h a relation :i* pleases2 ) an oblong :i* is long & n>r[ ! rev]se is ! case4 ,along ) ?is ! me*anical relations ( support & be+ support$ mu/ likewise be ma9ta9$ 9 _! g5u9e measure & law2 a heavy entablature1 = in/ance1 _c re/ on sl5d] & delicate columns1 or conv]sely great /ructures be prep>$ 9 ord] aft] all to lay on !m some?+ v light4 ,9 all ^! mutual relations1 su* z t ( ! bread? to ! l5g? & height ( ! build+1 ! height ( ! columns to _! ?ickness1 ! int]vals & numb] ( ! columns1 ! "* & v>iety or simplicity ( decorations1 ! size ( _m pl9?s1 bord]s1 & s =?1 a secret pr9ciple ( rhy?m#ha prevails among ! anci5ts1 :i* ! in/9ct ( ! ,greeks be=e all o!rs has discov]$2 f :i* he may no d\bt n[ & aga9 deviate 9 po9ts ( detail1 b ! fundam5tal relations ( :i* he is 9 g5]al b\nd to pres]ve 9 ord] t he may n fall away f beauty4 #b4 ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,det]m9ants ,,( ,,ar*itectural ,,=ms ,,tak5 ,,sev]ally 7a7 ,we h already allud$ to ! old controv]sy :e!r ! mat]ial ( wood or /one is to be accept$ z ! po9t ( dep>ture 9 build+1 & :e!r also x is f ?is diff]5ce ( mat]ial t ! ar*itectural types proce$4 ,= ! real art ( build+ at lea/1 9 s f> z x lays emphasis on ! aspect ( ultimate purpose & elaborates ! fundam5tal type ( ! dwell+ on ! l9es ( beauty we may accept wood z ! m orig9al ( ! two4 ,?is is ! conclusion ( ,hirt1 foll[+ 9 ?is respect ,vitruvius1 & 8 conclusion has be5 mu* disput$4 ,i w 9 a few words (f] my own view on ! matt] 9 dispute1 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( su* reflections we seek to discov] ! ab/ract & simple law = a concrete result assum$ z already pres5t4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ,hirt looks = ! basic model ( ,greek build+s1 9 l mann] ! design#hb1 ! anatomical framework1 & f9ds x1 s f> z =m & ! mat]ial connect$ ) x is conc]n$1 9 ! dwell+ & build+ ( wood4 ,no d\bt a h\se z su* is built ma9ly z a dwell+1 a protection aga9/ /orm1 ra91 wea!r1 animals1 & human be+s1 & requires an enclosure t is complete1 9 ord] t a family or a l>g] community ( m5 may collect 9 indep5d5t seclusion & may look aft] _! necessities & pursue _! avocations 9 su* seclusion4 ,! h\se is a /ructure ?r\gh\t ) a def9ite purpose1 a creation ( mank9d = human objects4 ,= ?is reason we f9d him occupi$ ^u x 9 _m ways & ) _m objects1 & ! /ructure is articulat$ 9 an aggregate pile ( all k9ds ( me*anical ways ( mutual int]lacem5t & imposition#hc 9 ord] to hold 9 position & secure1 accord+ to ! laws ( gravity1 :at m5 are compell$ to look aft]1 t is1 ! mak+ /able :at is erect$#hd1 ! clos+ x 91 ! support ( :at is sup]impos$1 & n m]ely 9 ! way ( support1 b1 :]e ! /ructure re/s horizontally1 ! pres]vation ( x 9 su* a position1 &1 fur!r1 ! unit+ ( all t cla%es toge!r at nooks & corn]s & s on4 ,n[ x is q true t ! h\se makes x necess>y t ! enclosure %\ld be complete2 & = ?is walls are mo/ s]viceable & safe/2 & f ?is po9t ( view ! build+ ( /one appe>s mo/ to answ] ! purpose4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 ) equal ease con/ruct our f5ce ) po/s /&+ 9 juxtaposition1 ^u :i* !n beams w re/1 :i* at ! same "t bo? b9d toge!r & secure ! p]p5dicul> po/s4 ,f9ally we come to ! cov] ( all & ro(+4 ,9 ! temple h\se1 moreov]1 ! fact ( enclosure is n ! ma9 fact ( importance1 b ! feature ( support & be+ support$4 ,= ?is me*anical result ! wood5 /ructure is obvi\sly ! ne>e/ to h& & ! mo/ natural4 ,= ! po/1 z t :i* supports1 :i* at ! same "t requires a means ( conjunction1 & suff]s ! same to weigh on x 9 ! %ape ( ! cross-beam1 con/itutes "h all t goes to ! root ( ! matt]4 ,?is ess5tial division ( p>ts & connection z well z ! association ( ^! aspects = a def9ite purpose belongs to ! v nature ( a wood5 /ructure1 :i* has its necess>y mat]ial directly suppli$ x by ! tree4 ,9 ! tree we f9d already1 )\t work+ ^u x to any consid]able or labori\s ext5t1 bo? po/ & beam1 9 s f> z1 t is1 ! wood already by itself possesses a def9ite =m & consi/s ( sep>ate l5g?s1 m or less 9 ! /raight l9e1 l5g?s :i* c be br\ght toge!r into rectangul> corn]s no less ?an ^? :i* are acute or obtuse1 & 9 ?is way provide corn] pill>s1 supports1 cross-beams & ro(4 ,/one1 on ! contr>y1 nev] at any "t possesses a =m s def9ite4 ,9 contra/ to ! tree x is a =mless mass1 :i* fir/ mu/ be int5tionally isolat$ & work$ ^u1 9 ord] t x may fit 9 juxtaposition to or sup]position on o!r pieces & s once m be br\ght toge!r ) su*4 ,x requires1 9 %ort1 sev]al processes be=e x receives ! =m & s]viceabl5ess :i* wood already possesses indep5d5tly4 ,moreov]1 /one mat]ial1 :5 x is us$ 9 great masses1 invites r excavations & g5]ally speak+1 be+ ab initio relatively =mless1 is capable ( e k9d ( =m1 = :i* reason x is r ! cong5ial mat]ial = ! symbolical z also ! romantic types ( build+1 :ile wood1 by reason ( its natural =m ( /raight /ems1 is demon/rably )\t m$iation m s]viceable to t m sev]e type ( purpose & obs]vance ( rule1 :i* is ! f\nta9-head ( classical ar*itecture4 ,9 ?is respect ! /ructure ( /one is ma9ly pr$om9ant ) ! self-sub/antive type ( build+1 al?\gh ev5 among ! ,egyptians1 9 _! colonnades bord]$ ) pl9?s1 o!r consid]ations sup]v5e1 :i* ! /ructure ( wood is able m readily & 9 ! fir/ in/ance to satisfy4 ,conv]sely we d n f9d t classical ar*itecture re/ricts itself entirely to build+s ( wood1 b1 on ! contr>y1 :]e x is elaborat$ 9 con=mity ) beauty1 executes its build+s 9 /one2 b 9 su* a way1 h[ev]1 t we are f a c]ta9 po9t ( view /ill able to recognize 9 ! ar*itectural =ms ! orig9al pr9ciple ( ! wood /ructure1 if also f a fur!r "o def9ite relations atta* :i* d n belong to t k9d ( build+ z su*4 7b7 ,! po9ts ( fundam5tal importance1 :i* emphasize ! dwell+-h\se z ! basic type ( ! temple1 may be 9 all ess5tial p>ticul>s enum]at$ z foll[s4 ,if we consid] ) clos] att5tion ! h\se 9 its me*anical relation to itself we %all f9d1 9 accordance ) :at we h already /at$1 on ! "o h&1 masses ( ar*itectural =m :i* s]ve z support &1 on ! o!r1 ^? t are support$ bo? be+ unit$ = /ability & security4 ,?irdly1 we h be=e u ! def9ite aspect ( enclosure & limitation accord+ to ! ?ree dim5sions ( l5g?1 bread?1 & height4 ,a con/ruction1 moreov]1 :i*1 by ! fact ( its be+ a mutual correlation ( def9ite aspects di/9ct f ea* o!r1 is a concrete :ole1 is b\nd to decl>e ?is unity 9 its con/itution4 ,s we f9d "h t ess5tial diff]5ces arise :i* p]=ce ass]t !mselves no less 9 _! division & specific elaboration ?an !y d 9 _! rational connexus4 77 ,( fir/ importance 9 ?is respect to consid] is ! aspect ( s]vice 9 ! way ( support4 ,:5 we speak ( masses t support we commonly1 "u ! influ5ce ( e-day ne$s1 ?9k ( ! wall z ! mo/ secure & reliable means ( support4 ,support z su*1 h[ev]1 z we h already se51 is n ! exclusive pr9ciple ( ! wall2 = ! wall s]ves ess5tially z a means ( enclosure & connection1 & = ?is reason is a pr$om9ant feature 9 ! romantic type ( build+4 ,:at is ! peculi>ity ( ,greek ar*itecture is ?is1 t x gives direct =m to ! pr9ciple ( support by itself1 & = ?is object employs columns z a fundam5tal contribution to ! purpose & beauty ( its ar*itecture4 77 ,! aim ( ! column is to support & only ?is2 & al?\gh a s]ies ( columns set up 9 a /raight l9e make a b\nd>y1 su* an enclosure falls %ort ( a secure wall or p>tition1 & is1 9 fact1 expressly cancell$ by ! g5u9e p>tition & plac$ 9 a position ( free indep5d5ce4 ,ow+ to ?is exclusive object ( support :i* p]ta9s to ! column1 x is ( fir/ importance t x %\ld display ! aspect ( su* a purpose relatively to ! weight :i* re/s ^u x4 ,consequ5tly x %\ld nei!r be too /rong nor too sl5d]1 nor aga9 too compress$1 n m\nt upw>ds to su* a height & ) su* ease z ?\gh ! weight ^u x 0 n treat$ s]i\sly4 77 ,& j z ?is column is ?us diff]5tiat$ f ! enclos+ wall1 or f5ce1 x is fur!r f ano!r po9t ( view di/9ct f ! m]e po/4 ,9 o!r words1 ! po/ is fix$ directly 9 ! gr\nd & ceases ) l directness at ! precise po9t :]e a weight is repos$ ^u x4 ,= :i* reason its det]m9ate l5g?1 its comm5cem5t & t]m9ation equally appe> z a negative limitation by means ( some?+ else1 z a det]m9acy :i* is ! result ( *ance1 :i* x does n possess 9 its own "r4 ,comm5cem5t & t]m9ation1 h[ev]1 are def9+ *>act]i/ics1 :i* are "p ( ! v notion ( ! support+ column1 & consequ5tly mu/ decl>e !mselves 9 x z ! conditions#he ( its own sub/ance4 ,?is is ! gr\nd ( ! fact t ar*itecture1 9 ! elaboration ( its beauty1 assigns to ! column a base & a capital4 ,9 ! ,tuscan ord]1 no d\bt1 we f9d no base2 ! column spr+s imm$iately f ! gr\nd4 ,?is be+ s1 h[ev]1 ! l5g? appe>s to ! vision z some?+ accid5tal4 ,we are ignorant :e!r ! column has n be5 to "s undef9$ ext5t driv5 into ! soil by ! sup]impos$ weight4 ,9 ord] t its comm5cem5t mu/ n expose ?is undef9$ & accid5tal appe>ance x mu/ ) int5tion h ! foot assign$ to x1 on :i* x /&s1 & :i* expressly enables u to recognize ! comm5cem5t z 9 reality su*4 ,art w !re=e affirm z "p ( its function t ! column beg9s at a c]ta9 place & = ! re/ x w make ! security1 & /able subsi/5ce obvi\s to ! eyes1 & set ! vision at re/ 9 ?is respect also4 ,= simil> reasons our column %\ld t]m9ate 9 a capital1 :i* is q z mu* evid5ce ( ! real function ( be+ a support z x is an affirmation ( ! fact t ! column t]m9ates "h4 ,?is conception ( a comm5cem5t & conclusion :i* are bo? delib]ate is :at af=ds u1 9 fact1 ! pr(\nd] explanation ( base & capital4 ,an analog\s case is t ( a cad5ce 9 music1 :i* requires a secure resolution1 or t ( a book :i* %\ld t]m9ate )\t a full /op1 or %\ld />t (f )\t a capital lett]1 9 ! mak+ ( :i*1 h[ev]1 especially 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 l>ge illum9at$ lett]s h be5 employ$1 ) simil> decorations at ! "w's conclusion1 9 ord] to br+ prom95tly be=e ! m9d ! facts ( comm5cem5t & t]m9ation4 ,h[ev] mu*1 !re=e1 bo? base & capital appe> to exce$ :at is obvi\sly requir$ we mu/ n reg>d !m z a decorative sup]fluity1 or ?9k ( simply d$uc+ !m f ! example ( ,egyptian columns1 :i* /ill imitate ! type ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,figures ( organic design1 su* z are repres5t$ by sculpture 9 animal & human =m1 beg9 & t]m9ate 9 ! free outl9es !y !mselves pres5t1 = x is ! rational organism itself1 :i* gives outl9e to ! =m work+ !reon f its own intr9sic nature4 ,ar*itecture1 on ! contr>y1 possesses = ! column & its %apes no?+ beyond ! me*anical relation ( support1 & ! spatial di/ance f ! gr\nd to ! po9t :]e ! weight t is support$ t]m9ates ! column4 ,art1 h[ev]1 is b\nd to emphasize & disclose ! p>ticul> aspects :i* lie toge!r 9 ?is det]m9ate relation = ! reason t !y are ess5tial features ( ! column4 ,its precise l5g? & its tw(old b\nd>y bo? above & bel[1 t is1 no less ?an its relation z support1 mu/ consequ5tly n appe> z com+ to x incid5tally & by virtue ( some?+ else1 b mu/ also be repres5t$ z imman5t 9 its v be+4 ,) respect to ! =m ( column o!r ?an its base & capital1 x is 9 ! fir/ place r\nd1 circul>-%ap$1 = x has to /& up 9 free & indep5d5t self-seclusion4 ,! mo/ ess5tially simple1 securely exclusive1 rationally def9$#hf1 & mo/ regul> l9e is 9 fact ! circle4 ,= ?is reason ! column already proves f its %ape t x is n adapt$ to =m an ev5 surface :5 plac$ 9 adjac5t r[s1 z is ! case ) adjac5t po/s :i* are squ>$ to ! rectangul> corn]1 & s pres5t walls & p>titions1 b x has m]ely ! object to (f] a support "u its own self-limitation4 ,moreov] ! column> /ructure is ord9>ily r$uc$ 9 size gradually1 z x asc5ds f "o-?ird ( its height1 x becomes less 9 circumf]5ce & ?ickness1 because ! portions b5ea? h to c>ry t above1 & x is felt necess>y to emphasize & make obvi\s also ?is me*anical relation ( ! sev]al p>ts ( ! column itself4 ,f9ally1 we frequ5tly f9d t columns are groov$2 ! reason ( ?is is tw(old1 fir/1 ess5tially to div]sify ! simple =m1 & secondly to make ! columns appe> m ?ick by means ( su* a division :]e ?is is necess>y4 77 ,al?\gh1 !n1 ! column is set up 9 indep5d5t isolation x has none ! less to make x appe> evid5t t x is n plac$ !re = its own sake1 b z subs]vi5t to ! mass :i* x is erect$ to support4 ,9 s f> z ! h\se requires a b\nd>y on e side ! s+ul> column is !re=e n suffici5t1 b o!rs h to be plac$ adjac5t to x1 9 o!r words we come ^u ! def9ite conception ( a div]sity ( columns plac$ 9 a s]ies4 ,& :5 sev]al columns support ! same weight ?is common s]vice is at ! same "t t :i* det]m9es ! equal height :i* !y all possess & :i* unites !m toge!r1 9 o!r words ! beam4 ,?is m>ks ! transition f ! aspect ( support to ! oppos$ object support$4 77 ,t :i* columns support is ! entablature sup]impos$4 ,! relation ( mo/ importance to be consid]$ "h is t ( rectangul>ity4 ,n m]ely 9 its relation to ! gr\nd1 b also 9 t to ! entablature ! support+ /ructure mu/ be rectangul>4 ,= ! horizontal position is by ! laws ( gravity t :i* is alone intr9sically ! mo/ /able & fitt+1 & ! "r angle ! only def9itely secure "o4 ,! acute & obtuse angles are1 on ! contr>y1 indef9ite1 & bo? v>y 9 _! degree & are subject to cont+5cy4 ,we may diff]5tiate betwe5 ! compon5t p>ts ( ! entablature z foll[s3 77 ,! ar*itrave1 t is1 ! ma9 beam1 re/s imm$iately ^u ! columns :i* /& adjac5t 9 a direct l9e ( equal height2 ?is unites ! columns toge!r & places on !m a weight %>$ equally4 ,z beam1 & no?+ m1 x m]ely requires ! =m ( f\r level surfaces mutually relat$ z rectangul> 9 all ?ree dim5sions & _! ab/ract regul>ity4 ,ow+ to ! fact1 h[ev]1 t ! ar*itrave z to "o "p ( x is support$ by ! columns1 & 9 ano!r con/itutes ! /ay ( ! re/ ( ! entablature1 & x is f ?is latt] aga9 t itself receives ! necess>y relation ( be+ a support1 progressive ar*itecture also places 9 ext]nal relief ?is tw(old aspect ( ! ma9 beam by emphasiz+ 9 ! upp] portions ( ! aspect ( support by means ( jutt+ pl9?s & s =?4 ,9 ?is respect !re=e ! ma9 beam is n m]ely relat$ to ! columns :i* support x1 b 9 l degree to o!r burd5s :i* repose ^u x4 77 ,^! 9 ! fir/ in/ance con/itute ! frieze4 ,! bord] or frieze consi/s 9 "o "p ( x ( ! tops ( ! joi/s#hg1 :i* re/ on ! entablature1 9 ano!r "p ( ! spaces betwe5 ! same4 ,= ?is reason ! frieze conta9s m ess5tial diff]5ces ?an ^? di/+ui%+ ! ar*itrave1 & is b\nd to emphasize !m m %>ply1 especially 9 ! case :]e ar*itecture1 al?\gh execut$ 9 /one mat]ials1 foll[s m /r+5tly ! fundam5tal type ( ! wood con/ruction4 ,?is is suppli$ u by ! di/9ction betwe5 triglyphs & metopes4 ,9 o!r words triglyphs are ! tops ( ! beams :i* are divid$ into ?ree spaces1 ! metopes are ! rectangul> spaces betwe5 ! sep>ate triglyphs4 ,9 =m] times !y 7 9 all probability left b>e1 9 lat]1 h[ev]1 !y are fill$ up#hh1 nay1 ev5 cov]$ ov] & decorat$ ) reliefs4 77 ,! frieze1 moreov]1 :i* re/s on ! entablature1 c>ries ! wrea? or cornice4 ,! function ( ?is is to support ! ro(1 :i* completes ! :ole upw>ds4 ,"h we at once meet ) que/ions ( :at =m ?is f9al limitation is to be4 ,= we may h 9 ?is respect two k9ds ( t]m9ation1 ei!r ! horizontal & rectangul>1 or ! "o incl9$ to an acute or obtuse angle4 ,if we look at ! m]e "q ( natural necessity we %all see t ,s\!rn]s1 :o suff] little f ra9 & /orm1 m]ely require protection f sunlight2 9 _! case a horizontal & rectangul> ro(+ ( h\se is likely to suffice4 ,nor!rn]s1 on ! contr>y1 h to protect !mselves aga9/ inevitable %[]s ( ra91 aga9/ cont+5cy ( sn[1 t ! weight may n prove too great2 !y require incl9+ ro(s4 ,at ! same "t1 9 ! case ( a f9e art ( build+1 m]e necessity is n only ( acc\nt2 z art x has also to satisfy ! pr(\nd] requirem5ts ( :at is pleas+ & beautiful4 ,:at m\nts upw>ds f ! gr\nd mu/ be conceiv$ ) a base1 a foot1 on :i* x /&s & :i* s]ves x = support2 & 9 addition to ?is columns & ! p>titions ( g5u9e ar*itecture supply u visibly ) ! means ( support4 ,t :i* closes all above1 ! ro(+1 has no long] to support a weight1 b m]ely to be support$1 & is b\nd to decl>e 9 itself ?is def9ite aspect t x no long] supports any?+4 ,9 o!r words1 x mu/ be s con/ruct$ t x is actually unable to support1 & consequ5tly f9e d[n to an angle1 :e!r x be acute or obtuse4 ,anci5t temples h 9 consequ5ce no horizontal ro(+1 b two ro( surfaces :i* meet at obtuse angles1 & x is out ( consid]ation = beauty t ! build+ is ?us t]m9at$4 ,9 %ort1 ro( surfaces t are horizontal d n give u ! appe>ance ( a build+ entirely complete2 a horizontal flat may always add fur!r weight to its height2 ?is ! l9e 9 :i* incl9+ ro( surfaces t]m9ate is no long] able to d4 ,to take an analog\s case 9 ! art ( pa9t+1 x is ! pyramidal =m 9 ! gr\p+ ( figures :i* be/ satisfies arti/ic ta/e4 77 ,! f9al det]m9+ factor :i* we h to consid] is t ( ! enclos+1 ! walls1 & p>titions4 ,columns no d\bt support & =m a b\nd>y1 b !y d n enclose2 !y are1 on ! contr>y1 z su* b\nd>y1 incompatible ) ! int]ior :i* is hemm$ 9 by walls4 ,if we require su* an absolute enclosure we mu/ h also ?ick & solid divid+ walls erect$4 ,?is is actually ! case 9 temple con/ruction4 77 ,we h no?+ fur!r to add ) respect to walls except ! fact t !y mu/ be built 9 a /raight & ev5 l9e & p]p5dicul>ly = ! reason t walls t rise obliquely to acute & obtuse angles pres5t ! ?reat5+ aspect ( collapse1 & possess no direction once & = all securely def9$2 x c m]ely appe> z a matt] ( *ance t !y are re>$ 9 :atev] m acute or obtuse angle x may happ5 to be4 ,! dem& ( sci5tific rule & purpose alike is "h also once m = ! "r angle4 77 ,ow+ to ! fact t walls act z enclosures no less ?an z means ( support1 :ile we re/rict$ ! true function ( ! column to t ( m]e support1 we approximate to ! conception t :]e we h to satisfy ^! two di/9ct ne$s ( support & enclosure columns may be set up & may be unit$ to "o ano!r by means ( ?ick walls 9 su* p>titions2 x is ?us t we get half columns4 ,9 ?is way1 = example1 ,hirt1 foll[+ ,vitruvius1 makes a />t 9 8 orig9al type ( con/ruction ) f\r corn]-po/s4 ,if ! necessity ( an enclosure is to be satisfi$ no d\bt our columns1 if we are oblig$ to include su*1 mu/ be wall$ up & x is n difficult to prove t half columns date f remote antiquity4 ,hirt1 = in/ance#hi1 affirms t ! employm5t ( half columns is z old z ! art ( build+ itself1 & d$uces _! orig9 f ! circum/ance t columns & pi]s support$ & c>ri$ ! ro(+ & o!r sup]impos$ /ructures1 b at ! same "t r5d]$ p>tition walls necess>y z a protection aga9/ sun & inclem5t wea!r4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! columns already support$ ! ma9 build+ 9 a suffici5t mann]1 x 0 n necess>y to erect p>tition walls ( ei!r s ?ick or firm a mat]ial z ! columns1 & consequ5tly ?is latt]1 z a rule1 abutt$ on ! ext]ior ( ! build+4 ,?is !ory ( _! orig9 may be correct1 b = all t half columns are repugnant to a rational view ( !m2 we h1 9 %ort1 "h two ends /&+ side by side 9 opposition1 & ess5tially conf\nd+ ea* o!r1 )\t any law ( necessity be+ disclos$4 ,x is ( c\rse possible to def5d half columns1 if ! po9t ( dep>ture 9 consid]+ ev5 ! column is s /rictly t ( ! /ructure ( wood1 t we reg>d _! ess5tial function to be t ( an enclosure4 ,plac$ 9 ?ick walls1 h[ev]1 ! column has lo/ all its significance2 x is degrad$ to ! m]e po/4 ,! true column is 9 its nature r\nd1 ess5tially complete1 & expresses by ?is v trait ( exclusiv5ess 9 a visible way t x is antagoni/ic to an ev5 surface1 &1 consequ5tly1 e inclusion 9 a wall4 ,if1 !re=e1 we desire to h ! support ( walls su* mu/ be ev51 n circul> columns1 b surfaces :i* c be ext5d$ ev5ly 9 a wall4 ,z f> back z #aggc ,goe! exclaim$ ) _s to ! l effect 9 8 y\?ful essay1 ,on ! ,g]man ,art ( ,build+3 ,:at does x matt] to u1 y philosophical art-critic ( ! late/ ,fr5* s*ool1 t orig9al man1 spurr$ on by 8 ne$s to inv5t1 drove into ! gr\nd f\r trunks1 !n fa/5$ f\r poles on top & cov]$ ! :ole ) bran*es & moss4 ,& aft] all x is :olly false to say t ?is hut ( y\rs 0 ! fir/ begott5 on e>?4 ,two poles t cross ea* o!r at _! ends1 two beh9d & "o /uck diagonally above 9 =e/ fa%ion is & rema9s1 z y may any day see = y\rself 9 ! huts ( ! fields & ! v9ey>d slopes1 a f> e>li] discov]y f :i* x is q impossible = y to d$uce a pr9ciple = y\r pig-/ye4 ,9 o!r words ,goe! seeks to prove t columns enclos$ 9 walls plac$ 9 build+s ^: ess5tial object is t ( m]e enclosure h no mean+4 ,?is is n because he w\ld n recognize ! beauty ( ! column4 ,on ! contr>y1 he is l\d 9 its praise4 ,b take good c>e1 he adds1 n to employ !m improp]ly3 x is _! nature to /& up free4 ,woe to ! wret* :o has sold]$ _! sl5d] gr[? 9 blocki% walls4 ,x is f su* a po9t ( view t he proce$s to consid] ! build+ art ( ! ,middle ,ages & our own "t & affirms3 ,! column is ( no value z a con/itu5t feature ( our dwell+s3 x r contradicts ! ess5ce ( all our build+s4 ,our h\ses d n consi/ ( f\r columns 9 f\r corn]s2 !y consi/ ( f\r walls on f\r sides1 :i* /& 9 ! place ( all columns1 totally exclude su*1 & :]e !y are ?ru/ 9 !y are a burd5some sup]fluity4 ,?is applies to our palaces & *ur*es1 subject to "o or two exceptions1 :i* x is n necess>y to p>ticul>ize4 ,we h 9 ! above /atem5t1 :i* is ! result ( indep5d5t obs]vation ( ! facts1 ! pr9ciple ( ! column correctly express$4 ,! column mu/ place its foot d[n 9 front ( ! wall & appe> 9 complete indep5d5ce ( x4 ,9 our m mod]n ar*itecture no d\bt we f9d pila/]s freely us$2 ar*itects1 h1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ !m z ! repeat$ adumbration ( previ\s columns1 & made !m flat r ?an r\nd4 77 ,f ?is x is cle> t ?\gh no d\bt walls may s]ve z support1 yet1 = ! reason t ! function ( support is already indep5d5tly p]=m$ by columns1 !y mu/1 on _! "p 9 f9i%$ classical ar*itecture be accept$ z ess5tially hav+ = _! object ! enclosure4 ,if !y are tak5 z columns are tak51 to provide means ( support1 ! ess5tially di/9ct def9+ functions ( ^! latt] are n1 z is mo/ desirable1 p]=m$ also z by di/9ct con/itu5t p>ts ( ! build+#ij1 & ! conception ( :at walls ought to provide is impair$ & confus$4 ,we consequ5tly f9d ev5 9 temples t ! c5tral hall1 :]e ! /atue ( ! god 0 plac$1 to enclose :i* 0 ! ma9 object1 is (t5 left op5 9 ! upp] "p4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a ro(+ is requir$1 ! claims ( ! l(ty /yle ( beauty made x necess>y t ! same %\ld be support$ indep5d5tly4 ,9 o!r words ! direct imposition ( entablature & ro( on ! enclos+ walls is purely a matt] ( necessity & ne$2 x is n app]t95t to free ar*itectural beauty1 because 9 ! art ( classical build+s we require z means ( support nei!r p>titions nor walls1 :i* w\ld be r d]ogatory to ! design 9 s f> z--we h already notic$ ! fact--!y put toge!r contrivances & a wall-space ( great] ext5t ?an is actually necess>y4 ,^! w\ld be ! ma9 di/+ui%+ features :i* 9 classical ar*itecture we h to keep ap>t4 7c7 ,al?\gh we may !n1 on ! "o h&1 decl>e x z a pr9ciple ( fir/ importance t ! di/9ctions :i* h be5 summ>ily indicat$ mu/ appe> ) _! diff]5ces emphasiz$1 x is equally necess>y on ! o!r t !y %\ld be unit$ 9 a :ole4 ,we w %ortly1 9 conclusion1 draw att5tion to ?is union :i* 9 ar*itecture w be r & simply a juxtaposition1 association1 & a ?or\gh eurhy?my ( ! entire con/ruction4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! ,greek temple build+s pres5t an aspect :i* bo? satisfies1 & if we may use ! expression1 sates u to ! full4 77 ,!re is no so>+ up1 b ! :ole j exp&s on ! broad level & is ext5d$ )\t p>ticul> elevation4 ,9 ord] to view ! build+'s face x is b>ely necess>y to raise ! sight ) int5tion2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 allur$ to ! b>e expanse1 :ile ! build+ art ( ,g]many 9 ! ,middle ,ages /rives up almo/ )\t mass & so>s4 ,among ! anci5ts bread?1 reg>d$ z secure & conv5i5t f\ndation on ! e>?1 is ! ma9 ?+4 ,height is r borr[$ f ! height ( man1 & m]ely is increas$ 9 proportion z ! build+ increases 9 bread? & wid?4 77 ,fur!rmore1 embelli%m5ts are s effect$ t !y d n impair ! impression ( simplicity4 ,= mu* also dep5ds on ! mode ( decoration4 ,! anci5ts1 m p>ticul>ly ! ,greeks1 pres]ve "h ! f9e/ s5se ( proportion4 ,ext5sive surfaces & l9es ( entire simplicity1 = in/ance1 d n appe> s l>ge 9 ?is undivid$ simplicity z 9 ! case :]e "s v>iety1 some:at t de/roys ?is uni=mity is introduc$1 by :i* at once an ext5sion ( m def9ite outl9e is pres5t$ to ! vision4 ,if ?is subdivision1 h[ev]1 & its adornm5t is :olly elaborat$ 9 detail1 s t we h no?+ be=e u b a v>iety & its details1 ev5 ! mo/ impos+ relations & dim5sions appe> to be crumbl$ away & de/roy$4 ,! anci5ts1 !re=e1 z a rule are actuat$ 9 _! works nei!r to let ! same & _! proportions by su* means appe> 9 any way great] ?an !y actually are1 nor d !y break up ! :ole by means ( int]ruptions & embelli%m5ts to ! ext5t t--because all p>ts are small & a unity is abs5t :i* %all once m br+ ev]y?+ toge!r & fuse x ?r\gh\t--!re=e ! :ole also %all appe> z insignificant4 ,to q z little an ext5t are _! works ( beauty 9 _! p]fection m]ely pil$ up z m]e weight on ! gr\nd1 or t[] up out ( all relation to _! bread? to ! skies4 ,!y pres]ve 9 ?is respect1 too1 ! mean ( beauty1 & (f] at ! same "t 9 _! simplicity necess>y scope to a duly proportion$ v>iety4 ,above all1 h[ev]1 ! dom9ant feature ( ! :ole & its simple p>ticul>ities appe> to p]meate 9 ! mo/ transp>5t way ?r\gh all & ev]y?+1 & ov]ma/]s ! individuality ( ! configuration precisely 9 ! way t 9 ! classical ,ideal ! univ]sal sub/ance reta9s its p[] to control :at is accid5tal & p>ticul>1 9 :i* ! same receives its liv+ =m1 & to br+ x into h>mony ) itself4 77 ,) reg>d to ! disposition & articulation ( ! sev]al p>ts ( a temple we f9d1 on ! "o h&1 a v m>k$ graduation ( elaboration1 & on ! o!r mu* t is purely traditional4 ,! ma9 di/9ctions t h an int]e/ = u 9 ?is inquiry are limit$ to ! temple prec9ct 771 enclos$ by walls conta9+ ! image ( ! god1 also ! dwell+ 9 front 771 t 9 ! re> 771 & ! colonnades t encircle ! entire /ructure4 ,a dwell+ 9 front & beh9d ) a s]ies ( columns be=e x _h orig9ally ! typical =m1 :i* ,vitruvius calls 2 to ?is 0 aft]w>ds add$ a r[ on ei!r side ( ! build+1 t is ! 2 f9ally we h ! complete/ =m ( elaboration 9 ! 1 :]e ?is r[ ( columns is d\bl$ ?r\gh\t ! circuit1 & 9 ! colonnades deta*$ f ! walls1 & :i* x is possible to pass r\nd1 z 9 ! case ( ! colonnades above1 are add$ 9 d\ble r[s ) ! int]ior ( ! itself4 ,= su* a type ( temple ,vitruvius in/ances z an example ! eight-column$ temple ( ,m9]va at ,a!ns1 & ! t5-column$ "o ( ,olympian ,jupit]#ia4 ,we w pass ov] 9 ?is place ! m detail$ consid]ation ( ! numb] ( columns no less ?an ! nature ( ! int]v5+ spaces betwe5 !mselves & ! walls1 & m]ely draw att5tion to ! unique significance :i* su* colonnades & =ec\rts1 or halls possess$ 9 g5]al = ! ,greek temple4 ,9 ^! pro/yles & amphipro/yles1 t is1 ^! s+le & d\ble colonnades1 :i* br\ght y direct into ! op5 sun%9e1 we obs]ve t m5 c move ab\t op5ly & free & c gr\p !mselves z !y *oose1 or accord+ to ! *ance ( ! mom5t4 ,columns are1 9 %ort1 n an enclosure1 b a limitation ?r\gh :i* y c always pass1 s t y c be p>tially )9 & )\t !m at once1 & at any rate c ev]y:]e /ep f !m into ! op5 day4 ,9 ! same way ! long walls at ! back ( ! columns d n p]mit ( any pressure to "o c5tral po9t1 :i!r our sight may in/9ctively turn :5 ! passages are cr[d$4 ,on ! contr>y ! eye is r div]t$ f su* a po9t ( unity 9 e direction2 & in/ead ( ! conception ( a congregation br\ght toge!r = ,"o purpose we obs]ve a t5d5cy outw>ds1 & m]ely receive ! impression ( a means ( sp5d+ ! "t devoid ( s]i\sness1 light-he>t$1 idle1 & provocative ( *att]4 ,)9 ! enclosure no d\bt we h sugge/$ a pr(\nd] aim1 b ev5 "h we f9d surr\nd+ features#ib1 :i* m or less indicate t we are n to take su* a purpose too s]i\sly4 ,consequ5tly ! impression ( su* a temple1 ?\gh no d\bt simple & impos+1 is at ! same "t gay1 op51 & pleas+ to ! s5se2 ! entire build+1 9 %ort1 is r arrang$ z a place = /&+ ab\t 91 /roll+ r\nd1 = +ress & egress ?an 9 ord] to enable an assembly ( p]sons to conc5trate _! numb]s 9 "o spot %ut (f f ! re/ ( ! _w4 #c4 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,con/ructive ,,types ,,( ,,classical ,,ar*itecture ,ca/+ our glance n[ on ! diff]5t =ms ( con/ruction :i* (f] u ! pr$om9ant examples ( di/9ctive type 9 classical ar*itecture we may emphasize ! foll[+ z mo/ important4 7a7 ,:at fir/ arre/s our att5tion 9 ?is field are ^? k9ds ( build+ ^: l9es ( di/9ction are mo/ noticeable 9 _! columns2 = ?is reason ,i %all myself1 too1 limit myself to a /atem5t ( ! pre-em95tly *>act]i/ic traits ( ! v>i\s types ( column4 ,! mo/ fam\s among ! ord]s ( columns are ! ,doric1 ,ionic1 & ,cor9?ian1 ov] ^: ar*itectural beauty & adaptation to def9ite purpose1 nei!r ! rese>* ( e>li] times nor our own has be5 able to add any?+4 ,= we may assume t ! ,tuscan1 or1 accord+ to ,hirt#ic1 ! anci5t ,greek type ( build+ belongs 9 its undecorative crud5ess to ! orig9al & simple type ( wood /ructure1 n to ! ar*itecture ( beauty1 & ! s-call$ ,roman ord] ( columns is ( no real mom5t1 be+ m]ely an increase 9 ! decorative "* ( ! ,cor9?ian4 ,! important po9ts 9 ?is inquiry are ! relation ( ! height ( columns to _! ?ickness1 ! type ( base & capital to be di/+ui%$ 9 ea* case1 &1 f9ally1 ! great] or less int]v5+ spaces betwe5 ! columns4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/1 if ! column is n ( a height f\r times z l>ge z its diamet] x appe>s too bulky & depress$2 if its height1 h[ev]1 exce$s su* a proportion by be+ t5 times z l>ge1 ! column w appe> too sl5d] to ! eye1 & too slim z a means ( support4 ,! respective int]vals betwe5 ! columns mu/1 h[ev]1 be consid]$ 9 close relation to ! above facts2 if ! columns appe> m /\t !y %\ld be plac$ ne>] to "o ano!r1 if on ! contr>y ! impression !y produce is "o ( slightness & lankness ! int]vals h to be l>g]4 ,x is a matt] ( equal importance1 & ?is is s :e!r ! columns h a p$e/al or n1 :e!r ! capital is ( high] or less ample size1 is )\t or ) decoration1 = x is by ?is means t ! entire "* ( ! column is alt]$4 ,) reg>d to ! column's %aft1 h[ev]1 ! rule obta9s t x %\ld be smoo? & devoid ( decoration1 al?\gh x does n rise ?r\gh\t ( ! same ?ickness1 b is appreciably m sl5d] at ! top ?an x is midway & at ! base1 & ! *ange is su* t !re is a swell+ :i*1 ?\gh b>ely p]ceptible1 is none ! less pres5t4 ,9 m rec5t times no d\bt1 notably 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 ! antique types ( columns 7 conv]t$ to ! use ( ,*ri/ian ar*itecture1 ! smoo?ness ( %aft 0 f\nd to be too cold1 & = ?is reason wrea?s ( fl[]s 7 entw9$ r\nd !m1 or columns ( spiral =m 7 p]mitt$ no d\bt on simil> gr\nds2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is inadmissible & oppos$ to ! be/ ta/e1 because ! true function ( ! column is simply t ( support1 & to c>ry ?is out !y ought to rise 9 a secure & /raight l9e & be self-subsi/5t#id4 ,! only div]g5cy f ! rule 9 column> /ructure :i* ! anci5ts admitt$ 0 t ( ! groove1 a v>iation :i*1 z ,vitruvius po9ts out1 made su* appe> broad] ?an :5 _! surface is :olly smoo?4 ,su* groov+ we f9d c>ri$ out v ext5sively4 ,i w n[ indicate m closely ! ma9 di/+ui%+ features ( ! ,doric1 ,ionian1 & ,cor9?ian ord] ( columns respectively4 77 ,9 primitive build+s security ( /ructure is ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic beyond :i* ar*itecture fails to g2 consequ5tly x does n z yet d>e to risk relations ( a sl5d] k9d ) ! bold] lightness :i* belongs to !m1 b re/s satisfi$ ) =ms ( great] bulk4 ,?is is ! case 9 ! ,doric type ( build+4 ,we f9d "h t ! mat]ial aspect ) its on]\s weight /ill is t :i* is mo/ influ5tial1 & is p>ticul>ly app>5t 9 ! relations ( bread? & height4 ,:5 a build+ is erect$ 9 lightness & fre$om ! burd5 ( heavy masses is ov]come2 if on ! contr>y its disposition is "o :i* sugge/s ma9ly bread? & a l[ elevation ! prevail+ impression1 z 9 ! ,doric /yle1 is t ( /ability & solidity1 subs]vi5t to ! dom9ant =ce ( gravity4 ,consi/5tly ) ?is "* ,doric columns1 if contra/$ ) ! o!r two ord]s1 are ! broade/ & l[e/4 ,! m anci5t examples d n rise above a height :i* is six times _! diamet]1 & n unfrequ5tly !y are m]ely f\r times t bread?2 = ?is reason !y give1 by virtue ( _! unwield9ess1 ! impression ( an e>ne/1 simple1 & unadorn$ manl9ess1 su* z we h exemplifi$ 9 ! temples at ,pae/um & ,cor9?4 ,! lat] examples ( ! ,doric ord]1 h[ev]1 ext5d _! columns to a height ( sev5 times ?is unit ( measure1 &1 = build+s o!r ?an temples1 ,vitruvius adds yet ano!r half diamet]4 ,m g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! di/9ctive "* ( ! ,doric type consi/s 9 ?is t x approximates mo/ ne>ly to ! primitive simplicity ( ! wood build+1 al?\gh x is m receptive ?an ! ,tuscan to decorative "w & embelli%m5ts4 ,! columns1 h[ev]1 h almo/ )\t exception no di/9ctive base2 !y /& up directly on _! f\ndation#ie1 & _! capitals are arrang$ 9 ! simple/ way out ( ovolo ornam5t & pl9?4 ,! %aft is sometimes left smoo?1 sometimes groov$ ) tw5ty drills1 :i* frequ5tly 7 flat = "o ?ird ( ! way f ! base1 & holl[$ out 9 circul> =m ! re/ ( ! way#if4 ,z reg>ds ! int]val betwe5 ! columns1 accord+ to ! old] monum5ts1 ! bread? is twice ! diamet] ( a column1 & only a few exce$ ?is by a wid? betwe5 two & two & a half diamet]s4 ,ano!r peculi>ity ( ! ,doric type ( build+ 9 :i* x approa*es ! type ( wood con/ruction consi/s 9 triglyphs & metopes4 ,9 o!r words triglyphs indicate 9 ! frieze ! tops ( ! beams ( ! entablature ) :i* ! ar*itrave culm9ates ins]t$ !re by means ( prismatical incisions#ig1 :ile ! metopes fill up ! spaces betwe5 "o beam & ano!r1 & 9 ! ,doric con/ruction /ill reta9 ! =m ( ! squ>e#ih4 ,z a decoration !y are frequ5tly cov]$ ) reliefs1 :ile b5ea? ! triglyphs1 :i* re/ on ! ar*itrave1 & z a culm9ation to ! surfaces ( ! cornice on _! l[] side1 we h = embelli%m5t six small conical bodies1 te*nically kn[n z drops4 77 ,9 ! ,doric /yle we are already made aw>e ( an advance 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( a solidity :i* affects u ) pleasure4 ,9 ,ionic ar*itecture ?is upw>d progress is fur!r emphasiz$ 9 a type notable = its sl5d]ness1 *>m1 & grace1 if /ill express$ 9 a simple way4 ,! height ( ! columns v>ies betwe5 t ( sev5 & t5 times ! wid? ( ! diamet] at ! base1 & is det]m9$1 accord+ to ! conclusions ( ,vitruvius1 pre-em95tly by ! bread? ( ! int]v5+ spaces ( ! columns1 t is to say1 :]e !y are wid] ! columns appe> ?9n]1 & consequ5tly m sl5d]1 :]e !y are m n>r[1 h[ev]1 !y appe> /\t] & ( less height4 ,= ?is reason ! ar*itect is =c$1 9 ord] to avoid an excess ( ?9ness or bulk1 9 ! fir/ case to r$uce ! height1 & 9 ! second to increase x4 ,9 ! case1 !n1 :]e ! int]vals exce$ ?ree diamet]s ! height ( ! columns w m]ely c>ry eight ( su*1 :]e !re is an int]val ( two & a qu>t] ris+ to ?ree1 ! height w rise to eight & a half diamet]s4 ,if ! columns1 h[ev]1 are sep>at$ only by ! wid? ( two diamet]s1 ! height mu/ be ext5d$ to n9e & a half times ! unit1 & 9 ! extreme case ( an int]val ( b "o & a half times1 su* height w ev5 rise to t5 times ! bread? ( diamet]4 ,h[ev]1 cases su* z ^! latt] ones appe> v seldom1 &1 9 s f> z we may judge f su* monum5ts ( ! ,ionic type ( build+ t h come d[n to u1 ! anci5ts made v scanty use ( ^? relations :i* necessitat$ ! m l(ty columns4 ,! ,ionic type is fur!r di/+ui%$ f ! ,doric 9 ?is t ! ,ionic columns d n rise directly ) _! %aft f ! sub/ructure1 b are set up on a v>i\sly articulat$ p$e/al1 & !n 9 unobtrusive rejuv5esc5ce rise lightly 9 _! sl5d] height to _! capitals ) a deep] holl[+ out ?an 9 ! ,doric type1 a broad groov+ ( f\r & tw5ty grooves4 ,x is especially 9 ?is *>act]i/ic t ! ,ionic temple at ,ephesus is di/+ui%able f & 9 contra/ to ! ,doric at ,pae/um4 ,9 ! same way we f9d an increase ( v>iety & grace 9 ! ,ionic capital4 ,x has n only a c>v$ c\ss9et#ii1 little l$ge & pl9?1 b receives bo? to ! "r & left a spiral w9d+1 & at ! sides a decorative k9d ( cu%ion1 f :i* is d]iv$ its title ( ! pulv9at$ capital4 ,! volutes at ! end ( ! pad or cu%ion indicate ! end ( ! column1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may rise to a /ill great] elevation1 b 9 ?is possible increase makes itself ess5tially a curve4 ,compatibly ) ?is sl5d] "* ( ! pleas+ decoration ( its columns ! ,ionic type ( build+ requires a less bulky weight 9 its beams1 & is conc]n$ 9 ?is way too to secure an increase ( grace4 ,by do+ s x no long] sugge/s z a pr$ecessor z ! ,doric does ! wood con/ruction1 & consequ5tly suff]s triglyphs & metopes to fall away 9 ! flat frieze1 introduc+ 9 _! place z its pr9cipal means ( decoration1 heads ( sacrificial animals unit$ ) fl[]y coils1 &1 in/ead ( ! susp5d$ mutule#ajj tops1 we f9d too?-l ornam5tation#aja4 77 ,f9ally1 to come to ! ,cor9?ian ord]1 we f9d x is 9 fundam5tals compos$ ^u ! ,ionic1 only t ) a simil> sl5d]ness x is elaborat$ 9 m ta/eful luxuriance1 & unfolds ! consummate f9i% ( adornm5t & embelli%m5t4 ,l x cont5t to possess ! def9ite & v>i\s divisions ( its /ructure z a legacy f ! wood build+1 x emphasizes ! same )\t p]mitt+ _! orig9 to be conspicu\s by means ( its decorative "w1 & expresses1 9 its manifold l$ges & bord]s on cornice & beam1 on its wea!r m\lds1 its m\ld+ flutes1 its v>i\sly articulat$ p$im5ts & its m luxuriant capitals1 a multiplicity ( pleas+ features4 ,! ,cor9?ian column1 x is true1 does n exce$ 9 height ! ,ionic1 ris+ z a rule ) a groov+ ( simil> "*1 m]ely eight times or eight & a half times z high z ! diamet] ( ! l[] portion ( ! column1 b x appe>s m sl5d] & above all m exub]ant by virtue ( a l(ti] capital4 ,= ! capital's height is "o & an eigh? times ! diamet] b5ea?1 & has at ea* ( its f\r corn]s m sl5d] volutes :i* suff] ! pulv9ation ( ! previ\s type to fall (f1 :ile ! "p bel[ is decorat$ ) acan?us leaves4 ,! ,greeks h a *>m+ tale relative to ?is4 ,a maid5 ( exceptional beauty1 !y tell u1 di$4 ,h] nurse collect$ h] play?+s 9 a little basket & plac$ x on h] grave1 :]e an acan?us plant sprang up4 ,! leaves v soon embrac$ ! basket1 & x 0 ?is :i* sugge/$ ! ?\ght ( ! capital ( a column4 ,( o!r po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,cor9?ian & ! ,ionic & ,doric ord]s1 ,i w only fur!r m5tion ! delicately curv$ mutules "u ! cornices1 & ! projection ( ! wat] m\ld+1 & ! ind5tations & corbel-heads on ! cornice#ajb4 7b7 ,we may1 secondly1 reg>d ! ,roman type ( build+ z an int]m$iate =m /&+ betwe5 t ( ,greek & ,*ri/ian ar*itecture1 9 s f> z "h we f9d ma9ly ! application ( ar* & vault+s4 ,x is n possible to det]m9e ) accuracy ! "t :5 ! con/ruction ( ar*es 0 fir/ discov]$2 x appe>s1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t nei!r ! ,egyptians1 despite ! great progress !y made 9 ! arts ( build+1 nor ! ,babylonians1 ,israelites1 & ,pho5icians 7 cognisant ( ! ogive or ! vault4 ,! monum5ts ( ,egyptian ar*itecture at any rate only %[ u t :5 x 0 a "q ( sup]impos+ a ro( ov] ! int]ior ( a build+ ! "o means ! ,egyptians _h at _! disposal 0 t ( plac+ huge slabs ( /one across l beams 9 horizontal position4 ,if x 0 requir$ to ar* up broad entrances1 or cross ar*es !y knew ( no o!r way ( do+ ?is ?an lett+ "o /one on ei!r side project =w>d1 ) ano!r /ill m project+ "o above x1 s t ! side walls gradually approa*$ upw>ds until !y rea*$ a po9t :]e only "o /one 0 necess>y to close ! rema9+ space betwe54 ,:]e su* an exp$i5t 0 n necess>y !y cov]$ ! spaces ) huge slabs ( /one arrang$ across 9 ! mann] ( raft]s4 ,among ! ,greeks we d1 ,i believe1 f9d monum5ts 9 :i* ! ar* con/ruction has already be5 adopt$1 b !y are r>e2 & ,hirt1 :o has writt5 ) mo/ au?ority ov] ! build+ & ! hi/ory ( ! build+ ( antiquity1 affirms t among su* monum5ts we c rely on none ) security z dat+ f a "t previ\s to t ( ,p]icles4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ,greek ar*itecture ! features :i* are *>act]i/ic & elaborat$ are ! column & beam 9 horizontal position1 s t we f9d "h ! column v little us$ 9 a relation :i* lies ap>t f its true function1 namely t ( support+ beams4 ,moreov] ! ar* t is vault$ f two pi]s or columns1 & ! knob-l =mation1 connotes a yet fur!r feature1 = we f9d "h t ! column already beg9s to =sake its det]m9ate attribute ( support4 ,= ! circul> ar* 9 its rise1 its flexure & its declivity is relat$ to a c5tre :i* has no?+ to d ) ! column z a means ( support4 ,! sep>ate p>ts ( ! circul> ar* are c>ri$ 9 mutual opposition2 !y support & prolong ea* o!r 9 a way t %[s !m f> m remote f ! direct assi/ance ( ! column ?an is ! horizontally sup]impos$ beam4 ,9 ,roman ar*itecture1 !n1 z /at$1 ! ar*-con/ruction & vault+ is ( v common occurr5ce1 or r we h c]ta9 rema9s :i* we c only attribute to ! age ( ! ,roman k+s1 if we may fully believe ! evid5ce ( lat] times4 ,( ?is type are ! catacombs & cloaca1 :i* 7 vault$1 b mu/ be reg>d$ z works ( a m rec5t re/oration4 ,! mo/ probable discov]] yet sugge/$ ( ! vault is ,democritus#ajc1 :o occupi$ himself 9 a v>iety ( ways ) ma!matical problems & is held to be ! discov]] ( li?otomy4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s build+s ( ,roman ar*itecture1 9 :i* ! circul> ar* appe>s z fundam5tal type is ! ,pan!on ( ,agrippa d$icat$ to ,jupit] ,ultor1 :i*1 9 addition to ! /atue ( ,jupit]1 conta9$ colossal images ( gods 9 no less ?an six o!r ni*es1 namely1 ,m>s1 ,v5us1 ! deifi$ ,julius ,caes> z well z ?ree o!rs ^: id5tity we _c fix ) accuracy4 ,9 ei!r side ( ^! ni*es /ood two ,cor9?ian columns1 & ! :ole 0 vault$ ) "o maje/ic vault 9 =m ( ! half globe & correspond+ to ! vault ( heav54 ,) ref]5ce to ! mat]ial ( ?is vault we may note t x is n a /one "o4 ,9 o!r words ! ,romans1 9 ! majority ( _! vault+s1 9 ! fir/ in/ance c>ri$ out a con/ruction ( wood1 & cov]$ ! same ) a composition ( *alk & puzzolana cem5t1 :i* 0 made ( ! du/ ( a light k9d ( tufa & brok5 tile %>ds4 ,:5 ?is composition 0 dry ! :ole 0 =m$ into a mass s t ! wood5 scaffold+ c\ld be remov$ & ! vault+1 by virtue ( ! lightness ( its mat]ial & ! /ability ( its consolidation1 ex]cis$ only an insignificant pressure on ! walls4 7c7 ,! ar*itecture ( ! ,romans possess$ moreov] g5]ally1 & ap>t f ?is novel employm5t ( ar* con/ruction1 an entirely diff]5t scope & "* ?an t ( ,greece4 ,! ,greeks di/+ui%$ !mselves1 :ile c>ry+ ?r\gh\t _! "w its ma9 purpose1 & by virtue ( _! p]fection z arti/s1 9 ! nobility1 ! simplicity no less ?an ! airy delicacy ( _! decorations4 ,! ,romans on ! contr>y are1 z arti/s1 at lea/ on ! me*anical side ( con/ruction m ri* & m o/5tati\s1 b at ! same "t ( less nobility & grace4 ,add to ?is 9 _! ar*itecture we meet ) a v>iety ( int5tion :i* 0 unkn[n to ! ,greek4 ,z ,i h already obs]v$ ! ,greeks entirely devot$ ! spl5d\r & beauty ( art to public objects4 ,_! private dwell+s rema9$ insignificant4 ,among ! ,romans1 h[ev]1 n only d we f9d an increase ( public build+s1 ^: ma9 purpose ( con/ruction 0 spl5didly embelli%$ 9 !atres1 spaces = animal combats & o!r means ( public sport1 b ar*itecture receiv$ a delib]ate impulse 9 ! direction ( private use4 ,m especially aft] ! civil w>s villas1 ba?s1 colonnades1 flights ( /eps 7 con/ruct$ ) ! impos+ "* ( ! mo/ luxuri\s extravagance1 & by ?is means a new op5+ 0 made = ! arts ( build+1 :i* also includ$ t ( g>d5+1 :i* 0 p]fect$ 9 a way t ev9c$ v consid]able tal5t & ta/e4 ,! villa ( ,lucullus is a /rik+ example4 ,?is type ( ,roman ar*itecture has 9 _m respects r5d]$ s]vice z a model to ,italians & ,fr5*m5 ( t m rec5t times4 ,among ourselves we h = a long "t to "s measure foll[$ 9 ! /eps ( ! ,italians1 & also to "s ext5t 9 ^? ( ! ,fr5*2 f9ally m5 h once m devot$ _! att5tion to ! ,greeks1 & h accept$ z an object ( imitation ! antique 9 its pur] =m4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,romantic ,,ar*itecture ,! ,go?ic ar*itecture ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* con/itutes "h ! *>act]i/ic c5tre ( ! truly romantic type1 has = a long "t1 m especially s9ce ! popul>ization & pr$om9ance ( ! ,fr5* ta/e1 be5 reg>d$ z some?+ rude & b>b>\s4 ,9 rec5t times x 0 ,goe! :o ma9ly1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & 9 ! y\?ful fre%ness ( 8 own nature & arti/ic outlook1 br\ght once m ! ,go?ic type to its place ( hon\r4 ,critical ta/e has be5 m & m conc]n$ to appreciate & respect ^! impos+ works z giv+ effective expression bo? to ! di/9ctive purpose ( ,*ri/ian culture1 & ! h>moni\s unity !reby creat$ betwe5 ar*itectonic =m & ! ideal _s ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,"* ,9 s f> z ! g5]al "* ( ^! build+s is conc]n$1 9 :i* religi\s ar*itecture is t :i* is mo/ prom95t1 we discov]$ already 9 our introduction to ?is "p ( our inquiry t 9 ?is type bo? ^? ( indep5d5t & s]viceable ar*itecture are unit$4 ,?is unity1 h[ev]1 does n 9 any way consi/ 9 a fusion ( ! ar*itectural =ms ( ! ,ori5tal & ! ,greek1 b we mu/ look = x 9 ! fact t1 on ! "o h&1 ! h\se or dwell+-enclosure furni%es yet m ! fundam5tal type ?an 9 ! ,greek temple con/ruction1 &1 on ! o!r1 m]e s]viceabl5ess & purpose is to t ext5t elim9at$1 & ! h\se is emphasiz$ ap>t f x 9 its free indep5d5ce4 ,no d\bt ^! h\ses ( ,god & o!r build+s ( ?is type appe> to ! fulle/ ext5t z con/ruct$ = def9ite objects1 z already /at$1 b _! true "* is precisely ?is1 t x rea*es ov] & beyond ! det]m9ate aim & pres5ts itself 9 a =m ( self-seclusion & positive local indep5d5ce4 ,! creation /&s up 9 its place indep5d5t1 secure1 & et]nal4 ,= ?is reason ! "* ( ! entirety is no long] to be d$uc$ f any purely sci5tific or !oretical relation4 ,)9 ! int]ior ! box-l envelope ( our ,prote/ant *ur*es falls away :i* are built simply t !y may be fill$ ) m5 & wom51 & d n possess *ur* pews z /alls2 9 _! ext]ior1 ! build+ so>s 9 its ro(+ & p9nacles freely upw>ds1 s t ! relation ( purpose1 h[ev] mu* x be also pres5t1 t5ds aga9 to disappe>1 leav+ ! impression ( ! :ole t ( a self-subsi/5t exi/5ce4 ,su* a build+ is entirely fill$ up by no?+ expressly2 ev]y?+ is absorb$ 9 ! gr&eur ( ! :ole3 x possesses & decl>es a def9ite object1 b 9 its gr&iose proportions & sublime repose x is ess5tially & ) an inf9ite significance exalt$#ajd above all m]e int5tional s]viceabl5ess4 ,?is exaltation ov] f9itude & simple security is t :i* con/itutes ! unique *>act]i/ic aspect ( x4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view x is precisely 9 ?is type t ar*itecture f9ds ! greate/ opportunity = p>ticul>isation1 div]sion ( effect & v>iety1 )\t p]mitt+1 h[ev]1 ! :ole to fall into m]e details & accid5tal p>ticul>s4 ,! impos+ "* ( ! art we are consid]+ re/ores1 on ! contr>y1 ?is aspect ( division & dismemb]m5t 9 ! orig9al impression ( simplicity4 ,x is ! sub/antive be+ ( ! :ole :i* is set 9 division & dismemb]m5t 9 an inf9ite multiplicity ?r\gh\t ! entire complexus ( individual & v>i$ di/9ctions2 b ?is unb\nd$ complexity is subdivid$ 9 a simple way1 is articulat$ accord+ to rule1 brok5 into p>ts symmetrically by ! same sub/ance1 :i* is ! motive & con/itutive pr9ciple ?r\gh\t 9 a h>moni\s co-ord9ation :i* entirely satisfies1 & :i* comb9es )\t let or h9drance ! mass ( detail 9 all _! l5g? & bread? 9 secure/ unity & mo/ p]spicu\s indep5d5ce4 #b4 ,,p>ticul> ,,ar*itectural ,,modes ,,( ,,con=mation ,if we pass n[ to a consid]ation ( ! p>ticul> =ms 9 :i* romantic ar*itecture receives its specific "* we %all f9d1 z we h already above notic$1 t our entire discussion w be conf9$ to :at is g5u9e ,go?ic ar*itecture1 & ma9ly t ( ! *ur* build+s ( ,*ri/5dom1 9 _! contra/ to ! ,greek temple4 7a7 ,z fundam5tal =m und]ly+ all ! re/1 we h "h ! :olly %ut (f dwell+-h\se4 77 ,9 o!r words1 j z ! ,*ri/ian _s )draws itself )9 an ideal realm1 ! build+ is ! place ess5tially delimit$ on all sides = ! congregation ( ! ,*ri/ian community & ! ga!r+ toge!r ( spiritual life4 ,x is ! conc5tration ( ess5tial s\l-life :i* ?us encloses itself 9 spatial relations4 ,! devotion ( ! ,*ri/ian he>t1 h[ev]1 is at ! same "t & 9 ! same degree an exaltation ov] f9itude1 s t ?is exaltation1 moreov]1 det]m9es ! "* ( ,god's h\se4 ,ar*itecture secures !reby z its significance1 indep5d5tly ( ! object :i* r5d]s x necess>y z a build+1 ?is exaltation to ! ,inf9ite1 a significance :i* x is =c$ to express ?r\gh ! spatial relations ( ar*itectural =ms4 ,! impression1 !re=e1 :i* art is n[ call$ ^u to emphasize is1 9 "o aspect ( x1 & 9 contra/ to ! op5 gaiety ( ! ,greek temple1 t ( ! tranquillity ( ! s\l :i*1 releas$ f ext]nal nature & worldly conditions1 retires :olly into self-seclusion2 9 ! o!r aspect ( x x is t impress ( a solemn sublimity1 :i* /ra9s & so>s ov] & beyond all rational limits4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! build+s ( classical ar*itecture z a rule (f] ! expansion ( bread?1 we f9d 9 contra/ to ?is t ! romantic "* ( ,*ri/ian *ur*es ass]ts itself 9 ! gr[? upw>ds f ! soil & a so>+ to ! skies4 77 ,9 ?is oblivion ( ext]nal ,nature & all ! div]t+ occupations & int]e/s ( f9ite exi/5ce1 :i* is to be effect$ by means ( su* seclusion1 ! op5 =ec\rts & colonnades & ! l1 :i* are 9 direct communication ) t _w1 fur!rmore & ( necessity fall away1 or only receive an entirely modifi$ repres5tation )9 ! int]ior ( ! build+4 ,& 9 l mann] ! light ( ! sun is ei!r exclud$1 or glimm]s 9 brok5 rays ?r\gh w9d[s ( pa9t$ glass1 :i*1 to prev5t total imm]sion 9 d>kness1 are p]=ce admitt$4 ,:at humanity ne$s "h is n ! gift ( ext]nal ,nature1 b a _w creat$ ?r\gh x & = x alone1 = its devotion & ! activity ( its s\l-life4 77 ,we may fix z ! p]vad+ type by :i* ! h\se ( ,god is g5]ally & ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to its sections *>act]iz$ t ( ! free rise & runn+ up into p9nacles1 :e!r !y be built up by means ( ! ar* or /raight l9es4 ,9 classical ar*itecture1 :]e we f9d columns & pi]s ) sup]impos$ beams is ! fundam5tal =m1 rectangul>ity & ! (fice ( support is ! feature ( importance4 ,= ! con/ruction sup]impos$ at "r angles m>ks 9 a def9ite way t x is support$4 ,& ev5 ?\gh ! beams d 9 _! turn c>ry ! ro(+1 ! surfaces ( ?is latt] portion incl9e to "o ano!r 9 an obtuse angle4 ,9 su* a con/ruction we f9d no trace ( a g5u9e t5d5cy to po9ts & a so>+ up3 we f9d simply repose & support4 ,9 ! same way1 too1 a circul> ar*1 :i* ext5ds 9 a cont9u\s & equally gradat$ incl9e f "o column to ano!r1 & is ref]able to "o & ! same c5tre1 re/s on its sub/ructure ( support4 ,9 romantic ar*itecture1 h[ev]1 we no long] f9d ! relation ( support simply & rectangul>ity ! fundam5tal =m1 b r we h be=e u ! fact t all t is enclos$ ei!r on its int]ior or ext]ior side indep5d5tly spr+s upw>d1 &1 )\t ! secure & express di/9ction betwe5 ! relation%ip ( weight & support1 conc5trates 9 a po9t4 ,?is pre-em95tly free /riv+ upw>ds & t5d5cy to incl9es t run to culm9at+ po9ts is :at con/itutes "h ! ess5tial det]m9ant1 by virtue ( :i* ei!r acute-angl$ triangles ) a m sl5d] or broad] base or po9t$ ar*es appe>1 bo? ( :i* aspects /& out mo/ obvi\sly 9 ! *>act]ization ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 7b7 ,moreov]1 ! obligations ( spiritual devotion & exaltation1 reg>d$ z a cultus1 br+ be=e u a v>iety ( def9ite conditions & features :i* _c be fully met on ! ext]ior ( ! build+ 9 ! op5 halls or =ec\rts ( a temple1 b c only be satisfi$ )9 ! h\se ( ,god itself4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 ! case ( ! temple ( classical ar*itecture x is ! ext]nal =m :i* is ( mo/ importance1 & we f9d x rema9+ by means ( ! colonnades m indep5d5t ( ! int]ior con/ruction1 romantic ar*itecture pres5ts a contra/ to ?is n m]ely 9 ! fact t ! int]ior ( ! build+ is m ess5tially important1 = ! reason t ! :ole purports to be simply an enclosure1 b also 9 ?is1 t ! int]ior p]meates ! v =m ( ! ext]ior ?r\gh\t1 & det]m9es its specific %ape & mode ( articulation4 ,9 ?is connection we w1 9 ord] to exam9e ! matt] m closely1 fir/ make an entrance into ! int]ior1 & work+ outw>ds !refrom endeav\r to elucidate ! ext]ior4 77 ,! def9ition ,i h already adduc$ z be/ describ+ ! int]ior ( ! *ur* is t ( a c]ta9 place set ap>t & enclos$ 9 all its aspects1 :e!r x be 9 opposition to ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r or ! di/ractions ( ! out] _w1 = ! community & its spiritual wor%ip4 ,! space ( ! int]ior is consequ5tly an enclosure 9 ! complete/ s5se1 :]eas ,greek temples1 ap>t f ! pres5ce ( op5 passages & halls 9 ! environm5t1 n unfrequ5tly possess$ op5 cells4 ,inasmu* z1 moreov]1 ,*ri/ian wor%ip is an exaltation ( ! s\l above ! limitations ( natural exi/5ce & a reconciliation ( ! individual ) ,god1 we f9d 9 ?is fact a m$iation ( po9ts ( view :i* are sep>ably di/9ct 9 "o & ! same ess5tially concrete unity4 ,at ! same "t romantic ar*itecture receives ! function 9 ! =m & co-ord9ation ( its build+ to make ! above cont5t ( spiritual life1 to enclose :i* is ! prime object ( its con/ruction1 s f> z ?is is ar*itecturally feasible1 %9e ?r\gh & det]m9e ! actual %ape bo? ( ! ext]ior & ! int]ior4 ,! foll[+ po9ts w assi/ our und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ?is problem4 77 ,! space ( ! int]ior w h to be no ab/ractly undiff]5tiat$ & empty "o1 :i* possesses no ess5tially def9$ features or l9ks t relate !m respectively4 ,x mu/ h a concrete =m1 "o1 t is1 :i* pres5ts diff]5ces 9 respect to all ! mutual relations ( l5g?1 bread?1 height1 & ! mode ( su* dim5sions4 ,! =m ( ! circle1 ! squ>e1 ! oblong1 ) ! equality ( enclos+ walls & ro(+ :i* is necess>y to ^! figures1 w n be suitable "h4 ,! movem5t1 sev]ation1 & m$iation ( s\l-life 9 its exaltation f t :i* is ( e>? to t :i* is et]nal1 to ! f>-(f & ! m l(ty1 w\ld fail to f9d apt expression 9 ?is b>e equality ( a squ>e figure4 77 ,x is only a coroll>y to ?is t 9 ! ,go?ic /yle ! sub/antial purport ( ! h\se1 bo? 9 respect ( its enclos+ =m ( sidewalls & ro(1 & 9 t ( its columns & beams relatively to ! configuration ( ! :ole & its p>ts1 becomes a matt] ( subord9ate importance4 ,& ) ?is disappe>s1 on ! "o h&1 z we h already notic$1 ! /rict di/9ction betwe5 burd5 & support1 z on ! o!r we f9d no long] rectangul>ity is emphasiz$ z ess5tial to ! build+'s purpose4 ,rec\rse is made once m to an analog\s =m ( ,nature1 namely1 "o t prefigures a solemn place ( assemblage & enclosure :i* freely so>s upw>ds4 ,if we /ep into ! int]ior ( a ca!dral ( ! ,middle ,ages we h br\ght be=e u n s mu* ! /ability & me*anical purpose ( support+ pi]s & a vault t re/s ^u x4 ,we are r rem9d$ ( ! ar*es ( a =e/1 ^: r[s ( trees incl9e ) _! bran*es to "o ano!r & =m an enclosure by ?is means4 ,a crossbeam requires a secure c5tre ( gravity & ! horizontal position4 ,9 ,go?ic ar*itecture1 h[ev]1 ! walls m\nt up freely & indep5d5tly1 & 9 ! same way ! pi]s1 :i* !n exp& above 9 sev]al directions ap>t f "o ano!r1 & coalesce z ?\gh by accid5t4 ,9 o!r words _! function1 to support ! vault+1 is1 al?\gh ! same 9 tru? reposes on ! pi]s1 n expressly emphasiz$ & indep5d5tly set =?#aje4 ,! effect is z ?\gh !y did n c>ry su*1 j z 9 ! tree ! bran*es d n appe> z ?\gh support$ by ! /em1 b r 9 _! airy incurvation z a cont9uation ( ! /em1 & ) ! bran*es ( o!r trees1 =m a ro( ( leaves4 ,a ro(+ ( ?is k9d1 :i* is ?us fix$ ^u z ! cov] ( ! life ( ,_s1 ?is awful environm5t1 :i* invites u to contemplation1 x is :i* ! ca!dral pres5ts u1 9 s f> z ! walls & among !m ! =e/ ( pi]s freely coalesce 9 _! summits4 ,b = all t we d n actually ass]t t ,go?ic ar*itecture has accept$ trees & woods = ! actual exempl> ( its =ms4 ,:ile ! %>p5+ to a po9t (f]s u g5]ally ! basic type 9 ,go?ic we f9d 9 ! int]ior ( *ur*es ?is t5d5cy take ! m specializ$ %ape ( ! po9t$ ar*4 ,by ?is means ! columns 9 p>ticul> receive an entirely fre% significance & appe>ance4 ,! broad ,go?ic *ur*es require a ro(+ to close !m 91 a ro(+ :i* on acc\nt ( ! bread? is a sev]e burd5 & r5d]s support unavoidable4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! columns appe> to be 9 _! "r place4 ,= ! reason1 h[ev]1 t ! /ra9+ upw>ds is precisely t :i* conv]ts support into ! appe>ance ( free so>+-up columns are unable to be employ$ "h ) ! significance !y possess 9 classical ar*itecture4 ,!y become1 on ! contr>y1 pi]s :i*1 9 lieu ( ! cross-beam1 c>ry ar*es 9 a mann] :]eby !y appe> z simply a cont9uation ( ! pi] & coalesce toge!r )\t def9ite object 9 a po9t4 ,we may1 no d\bt1 conceive ! unavoidable t]m9ation ( two pi]s t /& ap>t f "o ano!r z analog\s to a gut-ro( t re/s on corn] po/s2 b tak+ into consid]ation ! surfaces at ! sides1 al?\gh !y1 too1 are plant$ on pi]s 9 entirely obtuse angles1 & incl9e to "o ano!r 9 an acute angle1 we f9d 9 ! latt] case none ! less ! conception on ! "o h& ( burd51 & on ! o!r ( support4 ,! po9t$ ar*1 on ! contr>y1 :i* app>5tly 9 ! fir/ in/ance m\nts up 9 a /raight l9e1 & only by imp]ceptible & sl[] degrees leans =w>d 9 ord] to incl9e to ! opposite side1 pres5ts = ! fir/ "t ! complete idea z ?\gh x 0 j no?+ b ! cont9uation ( ! pi] itself1 :i* =ms an ar* ) ano!r4 ,pi]s & vault+ appe>1 9 _! contra/ to columns & ! beam1 z "o & ! same image1 al?\gh ! ar*es re/ ^u ! capitals f :i* !y spr+4 ,! capitals1 too1 9 specific cases1 su* z occur 9 ,ne!rl& *ur*es1 keep away altoge!r1 & by ?is means ! insep>able unity above-m5tion$ is made expressly visible to ! eye4 ,moreov]1 on acc\nt ( ! fact t ?is /riv+ upw>ds is decl>$ z ! fundam5tal "*1 ! height ( ! pi]s exce$s t ( ! bread? ( _! base 9 a proportion t we _c calculate at sight4 ,! pi]s are ?91 sl5d]1 & so> up s high ! sight is unable to take 9 ! entire =m at a glance1 & is compell$ to rove ab\t 9 its upw>d flight until x atta9s repose at la/ 9 ! g5tly incl9$ vault+ ( ! unit+ ar*1 mu* z ! s\l mov+ ) re/lessness 9 its devotion f ! gr\nd ( f9itude uplifts itself & f9ds re/ 9 ,god alone4 ,! f9al po9t ( di/9ction betwe5 pi]s & columns consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! pi]s :i* are di/9ctively ,go?ic1 &1 :]e !y are elaborat$ 9 _! specific "*1 d n1 z columns d1 rema9 9 ! circul> =m1 ess5tially secure 9 t1 & "o & ! same cyl9d]1 b to beg9 ) at _! base 9 a re$-l way con/itute a convolute1 a bundle ( fibres1 :i* break into v>i$ di/9ction z ! pi] m\nts & radiate =? on all sides "u v>i\s modes ( cont9uation4 ,&1 :ile we f9d already 9 classical ar*itecture t ! column repres5ts an advance f t :i* is m]ely subject to laws ( gravity1 f ! solid & simple to t :i* is m sl5d] & m adorn$1 s1 too1 we f9d mu* ! same *ange visible 9 ! pi]1 :i*1 9 ?is m sl5d] upgr[?1 ev] )draws itself m f ! m]e s]vice ( support1 & freely so>s upw>d albeit %ut 9 at its summit4 ,! same =m ( pi]s & po9t$ ar*es is repeat$ 9 w9d[s & doors4 ,m p>ticul>ly ! w9d[s1 n m]ely ! l[] ones ( ! side aisles1 b also 9 a /ill high] degree1 ! upp] ones ( ! transepts & *oir1 are ( colossal size 9 ord] t ! glance1 :i* re/s ^u _! l[] portion1 may n at once take 9 ! upp] "p z well & may be uplift$ z 9 ! case ( ! vault+s4 ,?is adds to ! re/less motion ( ! upw>d flight :i* x is int5d$ to communicate to ! spectator4 ,add to ?is ! w9d[ panes1 z we h already rem>k$1 are ) _! col\r$ glass only p>tially transp>5t4 ,sometimes !y pres5t sacr$ hi/ories & sometimes !y are m]ely panes ( v>i$ col\r ) ! object ( increas+ ! twilight effect & p]mitt+ ! light ( ! wax c&les to %9e =?4 ,= 9 ^! build+s x is ano!r daylight ?an t ( ,nature :i* illum9es4 77 ,f9ally1 z reg>ds ! entire articulation ( ! int]ior ( ,go?ic *ur*es we h already se5 t x is imp]ative t ! p>ticul> p>ts ( su* %\ld be diff]5tiat$ 9 _! bread?1 height1 & l5g?4 ,! prim>y di/9ction to consid] 9 ?is respect is t ( *oir1 transept1 & nave f ! encircl+ aisles4 ,^! latt] are con/ruct$ on ! sides ext]nal to ! fabric by means ( walls :i* enclose x1 & f :i* pi]s & ar*es are c>ri$1 & 9 _! sep>ation f ! int]ior by means ( pi]s & po9t$ ar*es1 :i* pres5t op5+s t[>d ! nave1 hav+ no p>tition walls betwe54 ,!y receive !re=e ! conv]se aspect to t ( ! colonnades 9 ,greek temples1 :i* are op5 on ! outside & are enclos$ t[>ds ! int]ior1 :]eas ! aisles 9 ,go?ic *ur*es p]mit free passage betwe5 ! pi]s to ! nave4 ,9 c]ta9 examples we f9d two su* aisles 9 juxtaposition2 9 fact1 ,antw]p ca!dral is an example :i* possesses ?ree ( !m at ei!r side ( ! nave4 ,! nave itself so>s up by means ( enclos+ walls on ei!r side1 at diff]5t degrees ( elevation1 accord+ to v>i\s modes ( disposition1 above ! aisles1 brok5 by colossal w9d[s 9 su* a way t ! walls !mselves at ! same "t h ! appe>ance ( be+ sl5d] pi]s1 :i* ev]y:]e sep>ate 9 po9t$ ar*es & build up vault+s4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 *ur*es 9 :i* ! side aisles h ! same height z ! nave1 z1 = example1 9 ! lat] *oirs ( ! ,sebaldus ,*ur* 9 ,nuremb]g1 :i* (f]s ! impression ( an impos+1 free1 & capaci\s type ( sl5d]ness & delicacy4 ,9 ?is way ! :ole is divid$ by means ( r[s ( pi]s1 :i* are br\ght toge!r at _! summits l a =e/ 9 flights ( bran*+ ar*es4 ,attempts h be5 made to discov] 9 ! numb] ( ^! pi]s1 & g5]ally 9 ! relations ( numb] mu* my/ical significance4 ,!re c be no "q b t at ! p]iod ( ! f9e/ effloresc5ce ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 t1 = example1 ( ,cologne ,ca!dral1 a great significance 0 atta*$ to ! symbols ( numb]1 ! z yet m gloomy pres5tim5t ( :at is rational fall+ 9 readily ) an insi/5ce on ext]nal traits ( ?is k9d4 ,b despite ?is fact ! arti/ic productions ( ar*itecture1 :i* are c>ri$ ?r\gh by means ( t :i* is always to a great] or less degree m]ely ! caprici\s play ( a symbolism ( subord9ate rank1 is nei!r ( ! pr(\nde/ significance1 nor ( ! mo/ exalt$ =m ( beauty1 = ! reason t ! g5u9e _s ( ^! is express$ 9 entirely diff]5t =ms & modes ?an ^? applicable to ! significance ( num]al di/9ctions4 ,we mu/ !re=e be especially cauti\s n to c>ry su* inve/igations too f>4 ,to attempt to g to ! root ( ev]y?+ & 9 e direction to desire to discov] a deep] mean+ w t5d q z mu* to contract our horizon & de/roy our ?or\ghness ( se>* z is common ) all %ort-sight$ le>n+ :i* passes ov] ! dep? :i* is cle>ly express$ & pres5t$ )\t grasp+ x4 ,9 respect to ! m detail$ di/9ction betwe5 *oir & nave1 ,i w 9 conclusion emphasize ! foll[+ po9ts4 ,! high-alt>1 ?is real c5tre ( ! ritual1 is plac$ 9 ! *oir1 :i* is ?us d$icat$ z ! place = ! prie/hood z di/9ct f ! community1 ^: prop] place is t ( ! nave1 :]e we f9d ! pulpit = ! prea*]4 ,a flight ( /eps1 :i* v>ies 9 its height1 conducts u to ! *oir1 s t ?is latt] section & all t takes place 9 x is visible ev]y:]e4 ,9 ! same way ?is *oir section is relatively to decoration m ornate1 &1 moreov]1 9 its di/9ction f ! m prolong$ nave1 ev5 :]e ! vault+s 9 bo? cases are ( equal height1 is m s]i\s1 solemn1 & sublime4 ,above all we f9d "h t ! entire build+ is f9ally enclos$ ) pi]s ( great] ?ickness & m closely1 by means ( :i* ! bread? t5ds to disappe>1 & ! entire effect is "o ( great] /illness & height1 :]eas ! transepts & ! nave ?r\gh _! t[]s /ill provide ) _! means ( entrance & exit a connection ) ! outside _w4 ,accord+ to ! po9ts ( ! compass ! *oir is plac$ to ! ea/1 ! nave lies 9 a we/]ly direction1 & ! transepts /& t[>ds ! nor? & s\?4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 *ur*es ) a d\ble *oir1 9 :i* ! two *oirs lie respectively 9 ! direction ( morn+ & ev5+ & ! ma9 entrances are plac$ 9 ! transepts4 ,! /one font = baptism1 t is1 = ! sanctification ( human entry into ! ,*ri/ian community1 is plac$ 9 a por* by ! ma9 entrance into ! *ur*4 ,&1 f9ally1 we may note t1 :ile ! m express wor%ip is provid$ = by ! entire build+1 & notably ! *oir & nave1 !re are also small *apels :i* =m 9 ea* case a fre% & indep5d5t *ur*4 ,?is mu/ suffice z a description ( ! articulate /ructure ( ! :ole4 ,9 a ca!dral ( ?is type !re is space en\gh = an entire p4 ,= "h x is ! int5tion t ! community ( a city & di/rict d n congregate r\nd ! build+1 b )9 ! same4 ,& = ?is reason all ! v>i$ int]e/s ( life :i* 9 any way come into contact ) religion h1 too1 a place assign$ !m4 ,no fix$ divisions ( seats plac$ 9 r[s divide & dim9i% ! broad space1 b ev]yone comes & dep>ts 9 peace1 engages = himself or takes a seat = imm$iate use1 kneels d[n1 (f]s 8 pray] & removes himself once m4 ,if x is n ! h\r ( high mass ! mo/ v>i\s ?+s take place at ! same "t1 & !re is no confusion4 ,9 "o portion a s]mon is deliv]$1 9 ano!r a sick man is br\ght 92 betwe5 ^! po9ts we may f9d a sl[ procession2 at "o spot1 we h a baptism1 at ano!r a deceas$ p]son is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! *ur*4 ,or we may f9d 9 "o place a prie/ deliv]+ mass or celebrat+ ! m>riage s]vices & 9 e direction ! p 9 brok5 gr\ps kneel be=e alt>s & sacr$ images4 ,all su* ?+s are embrac$ by "o & ! same build+4 ,b ?is v v>iety & individualization disappe>s1 nev]!less1 ) its alt]nations :5 contra/$ ) ! expanse & size ( ! build+4 ,no?+ completely fills up ! :ole1 e incid5t passes by2 individuals ) all t !y d are lo/ & disp]s$ z po9ts 9 ?is gr&iose :ole4 ,:at happ5s at a giv5 "t is m]ely visible 9 its pass+ flight1 & ov] & above all ! huge & almo/ measureless spaces so> up 9 _! secure & immutable =m & con/ruction4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( ! int]ior ( ,go?ic *ur*es4 ,we mu/ n look "h = any def9ite purpose z su*1 b r an object = ! private devotion ( ! s\l 9 its self-absorption 9 e detail ( ! spiritual life#ajf1 & its elevation ov] all t is isolat$ & f9ite4 ,= ?is reason ^! build+s are cut (f f ,nature by spaces enclos$ on all sides1 built up 9 ! atmosph]e ( gloom & at ! same "t to ! smalle/ detail 9 a _s t /rives upw>ds sublime & immeasurable4 77 ,if we direct our att5tion n[ to ! ext]nal aspect we %all f9d1 z we h already above obs]v$1 t 9 contra/ to ! ,greek temple ! ext]ior configuration 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture1 ! decoration & co-ord9ation ( ! walls & all else is det]m9$ f )9 outw>ds1 ! ext]ior hav+ to appe> simply z an enclosure ( ! int]ior4 ,9 ?is connection we h good reason to emphasize ! foll[+ po9ts3 77 ,9 ! fir/ place 9 ! =m ( ! cross :i* we f9d dom9ates ! :ole ext]ior we _c fail to recognize 9 outl9e a simil> con/ruction z t :i* obta9s )91 a =m :i* cuts1 ! nave & *oir 9 two1 & supplies1 moreov]1 ! di/9ctions ( height :i* obta9 betwe5 ! aisles1 ! nave & *oir4 ,on clos] inspection we f9d t ! pr9cipal faade1 z ! ext]nal =m ( ! aisles & nave1 corresponds 9 ! portals to ! p>ticul> con/ruction )94 ,a m l(ty pr9cipal door1 by :i* we pass direct into ! nave1 /&s betwe5 ! small] entrances into ! aisles1 & sugge/s by means ( ! contraction 9 p]spective t ! ext]ior mu/ draw toge!r1 gr[ m n>r[1 & disappe> 9 ord] ?an an entrance may be !reby provid$4 ,! int]ior is ! backgr\nd already visible1 into ! dep?s ( :i* ! ext]ior is c>ri$1 j z ! s\l is con/ra9$ to gr[ m pr(\nd z ideality :5 x ent]s its own intr9sic weal?4 ,ov] ! doors at ! sides ext5d 9 ! mo/ direct connection ) ! int]ior colossal w9d[s1 j z ! portals rise up to simil> po9t$ ar*es1 9 a way simil> to t 9 :i* !y are employ$ z ! p>ticul> =m = ! vault+s ( ! int]ior4 ,betwe5 ^! doors ov] ! pr9cipal portal a l>ge circul> w9d[ bran*es out1 ! rose-w9d[1 a =m :i* is1 we may add1 ! exclusive & peculi> possession ( ?is type ( build+1 & only fitt$ to x4 ,:]e su* rose-w9d[s are abs5t we f9d sub/itut$ = !m a /ill m colossal w9d[ ) po9t$ ar*es4 ,! faades ( ! transepts are divid$ 9 a simil> way :ile ! walls ( ! nave1 ! *oir1 & ! aisles 9 _! w9d[s & _! =m1 no less ?an 9 ! position ( ! solid walls betwe51 repeat 9 all respects ! =m ( ! int]ior & set ! same =? on ! outside4 77 ,9 ! second place1 h[ev]1 ! ext]ior beg9s to make itself at ! same "t intelligible to itself#ajg 9 ?is close association ) ! =m & subdivision ( ! int]ior = ! v reason t x has its own peculi> tasks to fulfil4 ,9 ?is connection we may m5tion ! fly+ buttresses4 ,!y repres5t ! position ( ! _m pi]s )9 ! build+ & are necess>y z po9ts ( support = ! elevation & security ( ! :ole4 ,at ! same "t !y fur!r make app>5t on ! outside1 s f> z int]val1 numb]1 & o!r features are conc]n$1 ! r[s ( pi]s on ! inside1 albeit !y d n exactly reproduce ! %ape ( ! int]ior pi]s1 b ! high] !y m\nt up become r$uc$ 9 ! /r5g? ( _! spr++ buttresses4 77 ,inasmu* z1 h[ev]1 9 ! ?ird place1 x is only ! int]ior :i* has to be "o ess5tially complete enclosure1 ?is feature is lo/ 9 ! =m ( ! ext]ior & makes way 9 e respect = ! all-prevail+ *>act]i/ics ( cont9u\s elevation4 ,& = ?is reason ! ext]ior receives at ! same "t a =m indep5d5t ( ! int]ior1 :i* ass]ts itself ma9ly 9 a t5d5cy to /rive upw>ds on all sides into po9ts & p9nacles1 break+ out 9 !m "o on ! top ( ano!r4 ,to ?is fundam5tal feature belong ! l(ty uplift$ triangles :i*1 indep5d5tly ( ! po9t$ ar*es1 so> upw>ds ov] ! portals1 pre-em95tly ! pr9cipal faade1 ?\gh also ov] ! colossal w9d[s ( ! nave & *oir1 & 9 a simil> way ! sl5d]ly po9t$ %ape ( ! ro(1 ^: gable-end is especially prom95t 9 ! faades ( ! transepts4 ,add to ^! ! fly+ buttresses1 :i* ev]y:]e t]m9ate 9 little po9t$ p9nacles1 & 9 ?is way1 j z ! r[s ( pi]s )9 ! build+ create a =e/ ( /ems1 bran*es1 & vault+s1 on _! "p on ! ext]ior /ret* up heav5w>ds a =e/ ( po9ts4 ,) mo/ indep5d5ce & mo/ emphatically1 h[ev]1 x is ! t[]s :i* rise upw>ds 9 _! sublime summits4 ,9 o!r words we f9d t ! entire mass ( ! build+ conc5trates among o!r ?+s itself 9 !m1 9 ord] t ?us 9 its ma9 t[]s x may be )\t h9drance uplift$ to an incalculable height )\t !reby los+ its "* ( repose & /ability4 ,su* t[]s are ei!r plac$ 9 ! pr9cipal faade ov] ! two side entrances1 :ile a ?ird & broad] ma9 t[] spr+s up at ! po9t :]e ! vault+ ( ! transepts1 *oir1 & nave meet1 or "o s+le t[] con/itutes ! pr9cipal faade & is rais$ above ! entire bread? ( ! nave4 ,su* are at any rate ! positions :i* are mo/ usual4 ,9 direct connection ) ! wor%ip su* t[]s h belfries1 t is1 to ! ext5t t ! r++ ( bells prop]ly applies to ,*ri/ian s]vices4 ,?is m]ely indef9ite tone ( ! bell is a solemn /imulus ( ! s\l-life1 ?\gh 9 ! fir/ in/ance "o t z yet prep>es ! wor%ipp] only on ! outside ( ! build+4 ,! articulate tone1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e9 a def9ite cont5t ( feel+s & ideas is express$1 is ! song :i* is only to be he>d )9 ! *ur*4 ,! in>ticulate clang ( ! bell f9ds its "r place on ! outside & only !re & is s\nd$ =? f ! t[]s t its peal may pass =? z f "s pure height f> ov] ! l&4 7c7 ,z to ! mode ( decoration ,i h already po9t$ to ! ma9 features ( det]m9ate "*4 77 ,! fir/ po9t we h to emphasize is ! importance ( ornam5t g5]ally = ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,classical ar*itecture pres]ves z a rule a wise mean 9 ! adornm5t ( its con/ructions4 ,inasmu* z1 h[ev]1 x is ! ma9 int]e/ ( ,go?ic ar*itecture to make ! masses :i* x places 9 position appe> l>g] & consid]ably m l(ty ?an !y 9 fact are x is n satisfi$ ) pla9 surfaces1 b subdivides ! same ?r\gh\t2 &1 moreov]1 breaks !m up ) =ms :i* !mselves sugge/ on _! "p a /riv+ upw>ds4 ,pi]s1 po9t$ ar*es1 & triangles1 :i* rise above !m ) _! p9nacles1 occur1 too1 z decorative "w4 ,9 ?is way we f9d t ! simple unity ( ! great masses is impair$1 & ! elaboration is c>ri$ to ! po9t ( e conceivable detail1 leav+ ! entire effect1 h[ev]1 involv$ 9 ! mo/ flagrant contradiction4 ,on ! "o h& we _c fail to obs]ve ! mo/ obvi\s outl9es 9 a cle>ly def9$ co-ord9ation1 on ! o!r we h fulness & v>iety ( delicate embelli%m5t impossible to foll[ ) ! eye1 s t ! mo/ motley p>ticul>ity is directly set up 9 contra/ to :at is mo/ univ]sal & simple1 j z ! s\l1 9 ! opposition impli$ 9 ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 is deeply engag$ 9 f9ite ?+s1 & inde$ c>ries its life into ! m]e detail & ! trifle4 ,?is v opposition acts z a /imulus to contemplation1 ?is /riv+ up invites to a l action4 ,= :at is ( p>am\nt importance 9 ?is /yle ( decoration is ?is t x d n1 by ! mass & alt]nation ( its ornam5t1 de/roy or cov] up ! fundam5tal outl9es1 b r suff] !m completely to make _! way ?r\gh su* v>iety z ! ess5tial feature ( importance4 ,only :5 x c d ?is1 & ,i speak 9 p>ticul> ( ,go?ic build+s1 is ! solemnity ( _! impos+ s]i\sness kept intact4 ,j z religi\s devotion has to p]meate all p>ticul> exp]i5ces ( s\l-life1 ! life-conditions ( e type ( humanity1 has fur!r to engrave indelibly on ! he>t its univ]sal & incommutable ideas1 s 9 ! same way ! simple & fundam5tal ar*itectural features %\ld h /r5g? suffici5t to recall ! mo/ v>i$ articulation1 div]sity & embelli%m5t ( ! /ructure once m )9 ! fundam5tal impression ( ^? outl9es & :olly ?us absorb !m4 77 ,a fur!r aspect 9 decorative "w is b\nd up 9 ! same way ) ! romantic type ( art 9 g5]al4 ,! romantic has on ! "o h& = its pr9ciple ,ideality1 ! return ( ! ,ideal to itself4 ,on ! o!r ! ,ideal has to reappe> 9 t :i* is ext]nal1 & !n )draw itself into itself f ! same4 ,9 ar*itecture x is ! s5su\s1 mat]ial mass 9 relations ( ,space1 9 :i* ! mo/ ,ideal ess5ce itself is1 s f> z t is possible1 to be pres5t$ 9 visible %ape4 ,) a mat]ial su* z ?is to deal ) !re is no o!r alt]native possible ?an t ( n suff]+ ?is mat]ial to ass]t itself ) p[] 9 its mat]iality1 b to break up & dismemb] its masses 9 e direction1 & to wre/ f ! same ! appe>ance ( its imm$iate coh]5ce & self-subsi/5cy4 ,9 ?is connection ! ornam5tation1 m p>ticul>ly t ( ! ext]ior1 :i* has n to display ! fact ( enclosure z su*1 assumes ! "* ( a net-"w#ajh c>ri$ 9 e direction1 or r int]wov5 ov] ! surfaces2 & we h no example ( an ar*itecture :i*1 tak+ into acc\nt ! enorm\s & heavily weight$ masses ( its /one & _! secure coh]5ce1 nev]!less has pres]v$ to su* a complete ext5t ! "* ( lightness & delicacy4 77 ,we h only fur!r & ?irdly to rem>k ) ref]5ce to su* embelli%m5ts t 9 addition to po9t$ ar*es1 pi]s1 & circles1 ! =ms once m call to m9d ^? ( ! real organic _w4 ,! fretwork & work+ out ( ! mass already c>ries a sugge/ion ( ?is4 ,reg>d$ 9 m detail1 h[ev]1 we actually f9d leaves1 rosettes ( fl[]s1 &1 9 entw9+ "w ( an arabesque "*1 human figures & ^? ( animals p>tly reali/ically & p>tly fanta/ically l9k$ toge!r2 ! romantic imag9ation1 9 %ort1 ev5 9 ar*itecture1 displays its weal? ( imag9ative creation1 & its p[] to unite 9 unexpect$ ways het]og5e\s elem5ts1 al?\gh f ano!r po9t ( view1 at any rate dur+ ! p]iod ( ! pure/ type ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 ev5 9 ! matt] ( ornam5t1 z1 = example1 9 ! po9t$ ar*es ( ! w9d[s1 we may obs]ve a decisive return to simple =ms4 #c4 ,,diff]5t ,,types ,,( ,,build+ ,,9 ,,romantic ,,ar*itecture ,! la/ po9t on :i* ,i h a few obs]vations to make is t ( ! pr9cipal types foll[$ by romantic ar*itecture 9 its c\rse ( developm5t at diff]5t p]iods4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 add ! premise t 9 ?is "w no attempt c be made to supply a hi/ory ( ?is bran* ( ! art4 7a7 ,we mu/ :olly di/+ui% f ,go?ic ar*itecture1 su* z ,i h above describ$ x1 ! s-call$ pre-,go?ic1 ^: developm5t orig9at$ 9 ,roman ar*itecture4 ,! mo/ anci5t =m ( ,*ri/ian *ur*es is t ( ! basilica4 ,^! orig9at$ out ( ! public build+s ( ! ,empire1 huge oblong halls1 ) ! frame-"w ( _! ro(+ ( wood1 su* z ,con/ant9e plac$ at ! disposal ( ,*ri/ians4 ,9 build+s su* z ^! !re 0 a tribune1 on :i*1 dur+ congregational religi\s s]vices conduct$ by prie/s1 !re 0 s++ & an address deliv]$1 or m]ely read+ al\d4 ,! conception ( ! *oir may h orig9at$ ) ?is4 ,9 ! same way ,*ri/ian ar*itecture accept$ o!r ( its =ms su* z ! use ( columns ) circul> ar*es1 ! rotunda & ! modes ( classical embelli%m5t ?r\gh\t1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! we/]n ,roman ,empire1 :ile 9 ! ea/]n section x appe>s to h rema9$ con/ant to ?is type until ! "t ( ,ju/9ian4 ,ev5 build+s erect$ by ! ,o/rogo?s & ,lomb>ds 9 ,italy reta9$ ess5tially ! fundam5tal ,roman type4 ,9 ! m rec5t ar*itecture1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,byzant9e ,empire sev]al modifications made _! appe>ance4 ,a rotunda support$ on f\r great pi]s =ms ! c5tre1 to :i* diff]5t con/ructions 7 atta*$ to meet ! p>ticul> objects ( ,greek z di/9ct f ! ,roman ritual4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 confuse ?is g5u9e ar*itecture ( ! ,byzant9e ,empire ) t :i*1 9 its g5]al relation to ar*itectural types1 goes by ! "n ( ,byzant9e1 & :i* 0 employ$ 9 ,italy1 ,france1 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 & o!r places up to ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury4 7b7 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 evolv$ ! ,go?ic ar*itecture 9 ! di/9ctive =m ^: ma9 *>act]i/ics ,i h above describ$ 9 detail4 ,x is n[adays d5i$ t x is ! "w ( ,go?ic ar*itects1 & ! "n giv5 x is t ( ,deuts* or ,g]man ar*itecture4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 reta9 ! m cu/om>y & anci5t nom5clature4 ,9 o!r words we f9d 9 ,spa9 v anci5t indications ( ?is type ( con/ruction1 :i* sugge/ an association ) hi/orical circum/ances "u :i* ,go?ic k+s1 =c$ back into ! m\nta9s ( ,a/uria & ,galicia1 reta9$ _! indep5d5ce 9 su* localities4 ,"u su* conditions1 no d\bt1 a close affiliation ( ,go?ic & ,arab ar*itecture appe>s probable1 yet bo? may be ess5tially di/+ui%$4 ,= ! *>act]i/ic trait ( ,arab ar*itecture 9 ! ,middle ,ages is n ! po9t$ ar*1 b ! s-call$ horse%oe =m4 ,moreov]1 ^! build+s1 :i* are con/ruct$ = an entirely diff]5t ritual1 exhibit an ,ori5tal weal? & spl5d\r1 embelli%m5ts resembl+ plant-life & o!r =ms ( decoration1 :i*1 9 an ext]nal =m1 mix toge!r :at is ( ,roman ance/ry & t :i* belongs to ! ,middle ,ages4 7c7 ,on p>allel l9es ) ?is evolution ( religi\s ar*itecture we f9d1 too1 ! c\rse ( civil con/ruction1 :i* f its p>ticul> po9t ( view imitates & modifies ! "* ( ecclesia/ical build+s4 ,9 an ar*itecture direct$ to ! uses ( citiz5 life1 h[ev]1 art has less opportunity = display inasmu* z "h objects ( m re/rict$ "*1 comb9$ ) a great v>iety ( requirem5ts1 are m /rict 9 ! range ( satisfaction pres5t$1 & d n suff] beauty to pass beyond m]e decoration4 ,except = ! g5]al h>moni\s disposition ( its =ms & masses1 art is 9 ! ma9 m]ely able to ass]t itself 9 ! embelli%m5t ( faades1 /aircases1 w9d[s1 doors1 gables1 t[]s1 & ! l1 & has to d ?is ?r\gh\t subject to ! condition t ! practical purpose ( ! build+ is :at f9ally det]m9es ev]y?+4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages x is pre-em95tly ! t[]-l =m ( secure dwell+s1 :i* is ! fundam5tal type ( /ructure n m]ely = p>ticul> declivities & summits b also )9 ! t[ns1 :]e e palace1 e private dwell+1 z 9 ,italy = example1 receiv$ ! =m ( a small =tification or keep4 ,walls1 doors1 t[]s1 bridges & ! l are execut$ z necessity dictates1 & are decorat$ & embelli%$ by art4 ,/ability & security c\pl$ ) a gr&iose type ( spl5d\r & a vital individuality ( s+le =ms & _! connect+ l9ks con/itute ! det]m9+ factors1 to ent] into ! detail ( :i* w\ld c>ry u beyond our pres5t purpose4 ,by way ( supplem5t we may 9 conclusion briefly allude to ! art ( g>d5+1 :i* does n only create "u a :olly novel =m an environm5t = _s1 we may call x a second ext]ior ,nature1 b draws ! l&scape ( ,nature itself )9 ! op]ation ( its con/ructive purpose & treats ! same ar*itectonically z an environm5t ( build+s4 ,i w only take z an example ( :at ,i mean ! fam\s & exce$+ly impos+ t]race ( ,sans-s\ci4 ,9 our exam9ation ( ! g5u9e art ( g>d5+ x is mo/ important to di/+ui% ! pa9t]'s po9t ( view ( x f t ( ! ar*itect4 ,all t p]ta9s to m]e p>k con/ruction1 = in/ance1 is n truly ar*itectonic1 no build+1 t is1 ) freely dispos$ natural objects1 b an arti/'s portrayal#aji1 :i* leaves ! objects 9 _! natural =m & aims at imitat+ wide ,nature 9 its fre$om4 ,ev]y?+ is "h sugge/$ 9 turn1 :i* f9ds its glad place 9 a l&scape--:e!r rocks & ! huge r\gh masses :i* are _! sub/ance1 or dales1 woods1 pa/ures1 me&]+ brooks1 broad /reams ) _! animat$ banks1 /ill lakes1 wrea!d r\nd ) trees1 ru%+ wat]falls1 & ev]y?+ else ( ! k9d1 & is br\ght toge!r ) "o total effect4 ,9 ?is way ! g>d5+ art ( ! ,*9ese embraces entire l&scapes toge!r ) _! isl&s1 riv]s1 exp&+ views1 & rock]ies4 ,9 a p>k ( ?is k9d1 p>ticul>ly 9 mod]n examples ( su*1 ev]y?+ is1 on ! "o h&1 int5d$ to hold intact ! fre$om ( ,nature1 :ile1 on ! o!r1 x is artificially elaborat$ & con/ruct$ & condition$ by ! locality :]e x is situat$4 ,?is involves a contradiction :i* is nev] satisfactorily dispos$ (4 ,9 ?is respect1 = ! mo/ "p1 x is impossible to in/ance an example ( worse ta/e ?an su* an attempt to make visible 9 all directions a /udi$ purpose 9 t :i* is )\t purpose1 & to =ce t :i* refuses to be compell$4 ,add to ?is ! fact t "h ! g5u9e "* ( :at is /rictly a g>d5 disappe>s1 9 s f>1 t is1 z a g>d5 is prim>ily adapt$ = /roll+ ab\t 9 at pleasure & conv]sation )9 a c]ta9 place1 :i* is no long] simply ,nature1 b a ,nature remodell$ by man to meet 8 desire = an environm5t creat$ by himself4 ,a huge p>k1 on ! contr>y1 p>ticul>ly if x be g>ni%$ ) ,*9ese temples1 ,turki% mosques1 ,swiss *lets1 bridges1 h]mitages1 & any o!r conceivable =eign importation1 makes an indep5d5t claim on our int]e/ z spectator4 ,x (f]s an indep5d5t pret5sion ( be+ & signify+ some?+4 ,a *>m ( ?is sort disappe>s z soon z x arises2 we d n c>e to see x twice1 = an addition l ?is spreads be=e our sight no sugge/ion ( inf9ity1 no?+ t possesses a really exi/5t vitality#aaj1 & is fur!r only we>isome & t$i\s = conv]sation z we pass ?r\gh x4 ,a g>d51 /rictly speak+1 %\ld be only a *e]ful environm5t & simply an environm5t1 :i* w n pass = some?+ indep5d5tly valid & )draw m5 f _! own life & conc]ns4 ,x is "h t ar*itecture1 ) its sci5tific l9es1 ord]1 regul>ity1 & symmetry1 is 9 its prop] place & co-ord9ates natural objects !mselves ar*itectonically4 ,! art ( ! ,mongols on ! o!r side ( ! great wall1 9 ,tibet1 ! p>adise ( ! ,p]sians1 already adapt !mselves m closely to ?is type4 ,!y are no p>ks 9 ! ,engli% s5se1 b halls ) fl[]s1 spr+s1 c\rts1 & palaces1 :i* h 9 ! =m ( a retreat 9 ,nature be5 arrang$ on a spl5did1 gr&iose1 & extravagant scale = ! ne$s ( mank9d & _! conv5i5ce4 ,b we f9d ! ar*itectural pr9ciple mo/ ?or\ghly c>ri$ out 9 ! ,fr5* art ( g>d5+1 :i*1 z a rule1 bord]s ^u great palaces1 plants trees 9 ! /ricte/ con=mity ( l9e 9 long av5ues1 prunes !m1 builds up /raight walls f trimm$ f5ces1 & 9 ?is way conv]ts ,nature h]self into a broad dwell+ b5ea? ! op5 sky4 ,footnote #cd3 ,simply z a physical object4 ,footnote #ce3 ,t ( symbolic ar*itecture4 ,footnote #cf3 ,als ,mom5te e9es ,subjektes4 ,t is z ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! m9d ( "o individual4 ,footnote #cg3 ,h]od4 ,i1 c4 #aha4 ,footnote #ch3 ,i1 c4 #ih4 ,footnote #ci3 ,i1 p4 #dfi4 ,footnote #dj3 ,z 9 obelisks1 ,memnons1 etc4 ,footnote #da3 ,,ii1 c4 #afb4 ,footnote #db3 c4 #ajf4 ,footnote #dc3 ,symb4 7#bnd ed471 p4 #dfi4 ,! sol> city ( ,heliopolis4 ,footnote #dd3 ,,xxxvi1 #ad1 & ,,xxxvii1 #h4 ,footnote #de3 ,creutz] ,i1 p4 #ggh4 ,footnote #df3 ,hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #dg3 ,w&ung54 ,i presume ?is ref]s to e k9d ( subdivision no less ?an b\nd>y walls4 ,footnote #dh3 ,pracktgewnd54 ,presumably ?is ref]s to ! isolat$ /ructures 9 :i* ! columns are built--hav+ flat surfaces l walls4 ,footnote #di3 ,balk54 ,! ^w w\ld sugge/ p]haps t ,hegel means "h beams ( any k9d4 ,footnote #ej3 ,,ii1 c4 #aee4 ,footnote #ea3 ,h]4 ,,ii1 c4 #ajh4 ,footnote #eb3 ,h]odotus dwells on ?is 9 ! above passage4 ,footnote #ec3 ,,ii1 c4 #adh4 ,footnote #ed3 ,comm5tators ( ,h]odotus po9t out t we h no direct evid5ce "h ( _! numb]1 :i*1 comp>+ ?is ) ,/rabo's acc\nt1 is d\btful1 & /ill m s ! numb] ( ! *amb]s 774 ,/rabo says !re 7 tw5ty-sev5 c\rts4 ,! connection betwe5 ! halls 0 n an ar*itectural "o b by means ( ! *amb]s & colonnades 774 ,see ,blakesley's notes1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bgi-hj4 ,nei!r f ,h]odotus nor ,hegel is x v easy to =m a cle> notion ( ! build+4 ,footnote #ee3 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,build+1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ge4 ,footnote #ef3 ,,xxxvi1 #ai4 ,footnote #eg3 ,e9 ,individuelles4 ,lit41 ,an individual entity4 ,footnote #eh3 ,! relative pron\n ref]s to ! sep>ation ( bo? aspects4 ,footnote #ei3 ,,ii1 c4 #abf-g4 ,footnote #fj3 ,h]4 ,,ii1 c4 #abe4 ,footnote #fa3 ,ges*i*te d] ,baukun/ d] ,alt51 ,i1 ,s4 #ee4 ,footnote #fb3 ,symbolical significance4 ,footnote #fc3 ,wolff's & ,buttmann's ,mus41 ,b4 ,i1 p4 #ecf4 ,footnote #fd3 ,hegel uses ! co9$ ^w osirirt ,i presume 9 ?is s5se4 ,footnote #fe3 ,ab/raction4 ,ab/ract 9 ! s5se ( possess+ no ideal complexity4 ,footnote #ff3 ,v]/ndig4 ,comes "u ! categories ( ! ,und]/&+4 ,footnote #fg3 ,lit41 ,f9d ! elem5t t is cong5ial4 ,footnote #fh3 ,t is1 ! pr9ciple ( geometrical design & t ( organic /ructure4 ,footnote #fi3 ,t is ! beauty & ! ult]ior aim ( utility4 ,footnote #gj3 ,v]/ndig4 ,see note above4 ,footnote #ga3 ,! sph]e ( me*anical gravity4 ,footnote #gb3 ,i presume ,aufw&e means exp5se "h2 x w\ld be m reasonable p]haps to say wa/e ( room1 columns be+ only too (t5 s mu* m exp5sive = _! size4 ,footnote #gc3 ,t is1 ! free treatm5t ( l9e "u sci5tific =ms ( ab/raction r ?an limit$ to specific modes ( organic =m 9 ,nature4 ,footnote #gd3 ,d] ,v]/ndig5 ,gesetzmssigkeit4 ,! pr9ciple ( sci5tific ar*itecture4 ,footnote #ge3 ,imm$iate imitation1 t is4 ,footnote #gf3 ,( classical art4 ,footnote #gg3 ,symbol des ,inn]n4 ,footnote #gh3 ,t is1 ap>t f ! classical type4 ,footnote #gi3 ,t is1 ! sci5tific reason ( ab/ract pr9ciple or rule4 ,footnote #hj3 ,weil beim ,oblongum 9 d] ,glei*heit und ,unglei*heit i/4 ,t is1 m pleasure is d]iv$ f contra/ ?an m]e simil>ity4 ,he !n qualifies or expla9s ! g5]al pr9ciple4 ,footnote #ha3 ,eurhy?mie1 t is1 eurhy?my or a rhy?mic movem5t betwe5 ! sev]al p>ts4 ,footnote #hb3 ,i presume ?is is ! mean+ ( die ,!orie "h4 ,t is ! purposeful motive ( ! ar*itectural skeleton ( ! fabric--:at expla9s x rationally4 ,footnote #hc3 ,s*ieb5s4 ,x is possible t ,hegel uses ! ^w 9 its prim>y s5se ( %ift+4 ,footnote #hd3 ,! idea is slightly confus$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! s5t5ce4 ,x is n ! necessity 7des ,b$rfnisses7 to build a /able h\se :i* has to be held 9 position1 etc41 b ! /ructure :i* t necessity =ces m5 to con/ruct 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,footnote #he3 ,ihre eig55 ,mom5te4 ,its unique traits is possibly adequate "h4 ,footnote #hf3 ,hegel probably has 9 8 m9d :5 us+ ! expression v]/ndig be/immte ! close analogy betwe5 ! self-exclusive concret5ess ( reason & ! complet5ess ( ! circul> figure4 ,footnote #hg3 ,x is n q cle> :at ,hegel means by ! ,kpf5 d] ,deck5balk54 ,! te*nical ^w t corresponds to ,deck5balk5 is joi/s2 "h1 accord+ to ! words t foll[1 x w\ld appe> to mean ei!r ! la/ horizontal l9e ( ! ar*itrave or ! entire gr[? ( ! triglyph4 ,z he uses ! ^w ,zwis*5ram5 aft] we appe> to be driv5 on ! latt] alt]native4 ,! frieze1 ( c\rse1 0 ! entire space betwe5 cornice & ar*itrave1 includ+ bo? triglyphs & metopes4 ,footnote #hh3 ,call$ femora4 ,!y 7 divid$ by two gutt]s or drills4 ,! triglyph slightly project$ & unit$ p]p5dicul>ly cornice & ar*itrave4 ,footnote #hi3 ,die ,baukun/ na* d5 ,grunds4 d] ,alt51 ,b]l91 #ahjh1 ,s4 ,,iii4 ,footnote #ij3 ,he means t ! di/9ct functions are n assign$ to ^? features ( ! build+ to :i* !y are naturally or mo/ ess5tially relat$4 ,footnote #ia3 ,hirt1 ,ges*i*te d] ,baukun/1 ,,iii1 ,s4 #ad-ah1 & ,,ii1 ,s4 #aea4 ,footnote #ib3 ,he ref]s to ! columns plac$ r\nd4 ,footnote #ic3 ,ges*4 d4 ,bauk4 ,i1 ,s4 #bea4 ,footnote #id3 ,by seb//ndig ,hegel means app>5tly t !re mu/ be no?+ 9 _! ext]nal =m t w\ld div]t att5tion f _! ess5tial "*4 ,footnote #ie3 ,auf dem ,unt]bau4 ,i presume ?is means g5]ally t portion b5ea? ! gr\nd4 ,footnote #if3 ,i presume :at is meant is t 9 "o case ! drills or grooves are holl[$ 9 r\nd %ape & t[>ds ! base 9 squ>e %ape4 ,footnote #ig3 ,:at is precisely meant by ! expression dur* prismatis*e ,e9s*nitte ,i frankly d n "k4 ,! expression ,balk5 is evid5tly us$ to m>k ! association betwe5 ! slabs ( /one & beams or raft]s4 ,footnote #ih3 ,t is1 ! spaces betwe5 ! l[] "p ( ! cornice & ! upp]mo/ slab ( ! entablature4 ,footnote #ii3 ,! c\ss9et is t "p ( ! ,ionic capital betwe5 ! abacus & qu>t] r\nd1 :i* s]ves to =m ! volute4 ,!re are f\r volutes or spiral scrolls 9 ! ,ionic capital4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,! mutule is ! project+ block work$ "u ! corona ( ! ,doric cornice4 ,footnote #aja3 ,hirt1 ,ges*4 d] ,baukun/1 ,i1 ,s4 #bed4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,?is mu/1 ,i ?9k1 ref] to ! ma9 m\ld+ ( ! ar*itrave imm$iately re/+ on ! column4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,s5eca1 ,ep4 #ij4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,lit41 ,is rais$ to inf9itude4 ,footnote #aje3 ,z x is1 = example1 by ,greek capitals4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,lit41 ,9 its p5etration into ! mo/ spiritual 7inn]/e1 ideal7 p>ticul>ity4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,si* v]selb//ndig54 ,hegel means t ! ma9 purpose ( ! ext]ior is express$ on ! face ( x4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,i presume ! ^w ,dur*bre*5 is "h us$ 9 its specific ar*itectural s5se4 ,footnote #aji3 ,e9 ,mal54 ,footnote #aaj3 ,ke9e 9 si* sey5de ,seele4 ,i presume ,hegel means t be+ an artificial fragm5t ( ,nature's l&scape x lacks ! inf9ite horizon & ! liv+ relation to ! :ole4 ,,subsection ,,ii ,,sculpture ,,introduction ,ov] aga9/ ! inorganic nature ( ,_s1 9 ! =m we f9d giv5 x by art 9 ar*itecture1 ,_s opposes itself directly 9 ! s5se t ! "w ( art receives & displays spirituality z its actual cont5t4 ,! necessity ( ?is advance we h already adv]t$ to4 ,x und]lies ! notion ( ,m9d1 :i* diff]5tiates itself "u ! tw(old aspect ( subjective self-sub/antive#aaa exi/5ce & pure objectivity4 ,9 ?is latt] =m ( ext]nality ! ideal sub/ance1 x is true1 makes its appe>ance by virtue ( ! ar*itectonic treatm5t2 su*1 h[ev]1 does n am\nt to a complete transfusion ( ! objective mat]ial1 or a conv]sion ( x into an entirely adequate expression ( ,_s 7,m9d71 su* z suff]s x1 & only x1 to appe>4 ,consequ5tly art )draws itself f ! inorganic realm1 :i* ar*itecture1 "u its yoke ( ! laws ( gravity1 has /riv5 to br+ ne>] z a means ( ,_s's expression1 to t ( ! ,ideal1 :i* =?) !n indep5d5tly ass]ts itself 9 its m l(ty tru? )\t ?is int]m+l+ ) :at is inorganic4 ,x is dur+ ?is1 return passage ( ,_s to its own native realm#aab f out ( ! _w ( masses & mat]ial sub/ance t we come across sculpture4 ,! fir/ /age1 h[ev]1 9 ?is new sph]e is1 z yet1 no )drawal ( m9d into ! completely ideal _w ( subjective consci\sness#aac1 s t ! repres5tation ( :at is ( ,_s w\ld require :at is itself a purely ideal mode ( expression4 ,r ,_s grasps itself1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 only 9 s f> z x is /ill express$ 9 bodily %ape1 & !re9 possesses its homog5e\s & det]m9ate exi/5ce4 ,! art :i* accepts = its cont5t ?is attitude to ! possessions ( ,_s w consequ5tly h1 z its due function1 to clo! spiritual individuality z a manife/ation "u mat]ial conditions1 & we may add1 9 :at is actually mat]ial to ! s5ses4 ,= disc\rse & spee* are also indications#aad :i* ,_s assumes "u ! =m ( ext]nality1 b !y belong to a mode ( objectivity1 :i*1 in/ead ( possess+ ! attributes we atta* to matt] 9 its imm$iate & concrete s5se1 is m]ely z tone1 motion1 ! undulation ( an entire body & ! r>ifi$ elem5t1 ! atmosph]e1 a communication ( su* ,_s4 ,:at ,i call imm$iate corporeality1 on ! contr>y1 is ! spatial mode ( mat]ial sub/ance su* z /one1 wood1 metal1 or clay1 :olly spatial 9 all ?ree dim5sions4 ,! =m1 h[ev]1 :i* is adequate to ,_s is1 z we h already se51 ! unique bodily =m :i* belongs to x2 & x is ?r\gh ?is t sculpture makes :at is ( ,_s actual 9 a :ole :i* is subject to ! spatial condition4 ,f ?is po9t ( view sculpture /&s on ! same plane z ar*itecture#aae to ! ext5t1 namely1 t x gives =m to ! s5su\s mat]ial z su*1 or :at is mat]ial accord+ its spatial condition z matt]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to a l ext5t di/+ui%able f ar*itecture by virtue ( ! fact t x does n "w up ! inorganic sub/ance1 z ! opposite ( ,_s1 into an environm5t creat$ by ,_s & end[$ ) its purpose 9 =ms to :i* a purpose is atta*$ :i* is ext]ior to x2 r x sets be=e u spirituality itself 9 ! bodily %ape :i*1 f ! /&po9t ( ! notion1 is adequate to ,_s & its individuality4 ,9 o!r words its effici5t function & indep5d5t self-subsi/5cy br+s indivisibly be=e our sight bo? aspects1 body & _s1 z "o :ole4 ,! configuration ( sculpture1 !re=e1 breaks away f ! specific function ( ar*itecture1 :i* is to s]ve ,_s m]ely z an ext]nal ,nature & environm5t1 & assumes a really indep5d5t position4 ,despite1 h[ev]1 ?is sep>ation ! image ( sculpture rema9s 9 ess5tial relation to its environm5t4 ,a /atue or gr\p1 & yet m a relief1 _c be made )\t consid]+ ! place 9 :i* su* a "w ( art is to be situat$4 ,"o ought n fir/ to complete a "w ( sculpture & !n consid] :]e x is likely to be put1 b x %\ld 9 ! v conception ( x be associat$ ) a def9ite ext]ior _w1 & its spatial =m & local position4 ,9 ?is respect sculpture reta9s a specific relation to ! ar*itectural aspect ( space4 ,= ! prim>y object ( /atues is t ( be+ temple images & be+ set up 9 ! %r9e ( ! sanctu>y1 j z 9 ,*ri/ian *ur*es pa9t+ supplies images = ! alt>1 & ,go?ic ar*itecture also atte/s a simil> connection betwe5 works ( sculpture & _! local position4 ,temples & *ur*es1 h[ev]1 are n ! only place = /atues1 gr\ps ( /atu>y & reliefs4 ,9 a simil> way halls1 /aircases1 g>d5s1 public squ>es1 doors1 s+le columns & ar*es ( triumph receive an animation f ! =ms ( sculpture2 & e /atue1 ev5 ?\gh plac$ 9 dissociation f su* a wid] environm5t1 requires a p$e/al ( its own to m>k its local position & base4 ,& "h we mu/ conclude :at we h to say z to ! association ( sculpture ) or di/9ction f ar*itecture4 ,if we fur!r comp>e sculpture ) ! o!r arts we %all f9d t x is m especially poetry & pa9t+ :i* w engage our att5tion4 ,small /atues no less ?an gr\ps pres5t to u ! spiritual =m 9 complete bodily %ape1 man1 9 %ort1 z he exi/s4 ,sculpture !re=e appe>s to possess ! true/ means ( repres5t+ :at is spiritual1 :]eas bo? pa9t+ & poetry h ! contr>y appe>ance ( be+ m remote f ,nature = ! reason t pa9t+ makes use ( ! m]e surface in/ead ( ! s5su\s totality ( ! spatial condition1 :i* a human =m & all o!r natural ?+s actually assume2 spee*1 too1 to a /ill less degree1 expresses ! reality ( body1 be+ m]ely able to transmit ideas ( ! same by means ( tone4 ,h[ev]1 ! tru? ( ! matt] is precisely ! rev]se ( ?is4 ,= al?\gh ! image ( sculpture appe>s no d\bt to possess f ! />t ! natural =m z x /&s1 x is j ?is ext]nality ( body & nature reproduc$ 9 gross mat]ial :i* is n ! nature ( ,_s z su*4 ,if we reg>d ! ess5tial "* ( x its peculi> exi/5ce is t express$ by means ( spee*1 acts1 & affairs :i* develop its ideal or s\l-life1 & disclose its true exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is respect sculpture has to yield ! place ( hon\r & pre-em95tly :5 contra/$ ) poetry4 ,no d\bt cl>ity ( outl9e#aaf is sup]ior 9 ! pla/ic arts1 9 :i* ! bodily pres5ce is plac$ be=e our sight1 b poetry too c describe ! ext]ior figure ( a man1 su* z 8 hair1 =ehead1 *eeks1 size1 dress1 pose & s =?1 ?\gh ( c\rse n ) ! precision & suffici5cy ( sculpture4 ,:at x loses1 h[ev]1 9 ?is respect is made up by ! imag9ation1 :i*1 moreov]1 does n require = ! m]e conception ( an object su* a fix$ & def9ite outl9e1 & be=e ev]y?+ else br+s be=e u man 9 8 action1 ) all 8 motives1 developm5ts ( =tune & circum/ance1 ) all 8 emotions1 disc\rses1 ev]y?+ t discov]s ! s\l-life or ?r[s light on ext]nal incid5ts4 ,?is sculpture is ei!r :olly unable to d1 or only 9 a v incomplete way = ! reason t x nei!r c pres5t to u ! individual s\l#aag 9 its p>ticul> inw>d life & passion1 nor z poetry a sequ5ce ( express$ results1 b only (f] u ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( individuality1 s f> z ! body expresses su*1 & :atev] happ5s toge!r 9 "o p>ticul> mom5t ( "t1 & ?is too 9 a /ate ( repose )\t ! progressive action ( real life4 ,9 ^! respects1 too1 x is inf]ior to pa9t+4 ,= ! expression ( spiritual life receives 9 pa9t+ an emphatically m def9$ accuracy & vitality by means ( ! col\r giv5 to ! human face & its light & %ad[1 n m]ely 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x satisfies g5]ally ! mat]ial sub/ance ( nature1 b pre-em95tly 9 ! way x expresses physiognomy & ! ph5om5a ( emotion4 ,x is possible1 !re=e1 at fir/ to ent]ta9 ! view t sculpture requires m]ely = its great] p]fection to associate ! fur!r advantages ( pa9t+ ) t itself possesses 9 ! spatial totality1 & to reg>d x z a m]e act ( caprice t x has made up its m9d to disp5se ) ! palette ( ! pa9t]1 or1 z indicat+ a pov]ty & incapacity ( its execution1 t x entirely re/ricts its ef=t to "o aspect ( reality1 namely1 t ( ! mat]ial =m1 & )draws its att5tion f t1 mu* z ! silh\ette & ! engrav+ may be set d[n z m]e make%ifts#aah4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 n w>rant$ 9 ?us apply+ su* a t]m z caprice to g5u9e art4 ,! =m su* z x is 9 ! object ( sculpture1 rema9s 9 fact m]ely an ab/ract aspect ( ! concrete human bodily pres5ce4 ,its pres5tm5ts receive no v>iety f p>ticul>iz$ col\rs & movem5ts4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 no defect due to accid5t1 b a limitation ( mat]ial & mann] ( pres5tm5t itself pre-suppos$ 9 ! notion ( art4 ,= ,art is a product ( m9d1 & we may add ( ! m exalt$ & ?\ghtful m9d4 ,a "w ( ?is ord] claims z its object a cont5t ( ?is def9$ "*1 & consequ5tly implies a mode ( arti/ic realization :i* excludes o!r aspects4 ,we h "h a process simil> to t obs]v$ 9 ! diff]5t sci5ces :]e we f9d1 = example1 geometry exclusively adopts space z its object1 jurisprud5ce law1 philosophy ! explication ( ! et]nal ,idea & its det]m9ate exi/5ce & self-id5tity 9 ! facts ( exp]i5ce1 :]e9 ea* ( ! above m5tion$ sci5ces develops ^! objects by diff]5tiation out ( _! diff]5ces1 )\t "o ( !m actually pres5t+ to consci\sness 9 its complet5ess t :i* we are accu/om$ 9 ord9>y modes ( ?\ght to call concrete real exi/5ce4 ,art !n1 z a creative in=m+ activity ( spiritual orig9ation1 proce$s /ep by /ep1 & sep>ates t :i* 9 ! notion1 9 ! nature ( ! ?+1 albeit n 9 its det]m9ate exi/5ce1 is sep>at$4 ,x reta9s su* /ages consequ5tly 9 _! self-exclusive f9ity1 9 ord] to elaborate !m accord+ to _! di/9ct peculi>ities4 ,& :at contributes to ?is notional di/9ction & exclusive sep>ation 9 ! spatial mat]ial sub/ance1 :i* con/itutes ! elem5t ( ! pla/ic art is corporeality 9 its aspect ( spatial totality & its ab/ract configuration1 9 o!r words bodily =m simply1 & ! m detail$ p>ticul>ization ( ! same relatively to ! v>iety ( its colorization4 ,we f9d at ?is fir/ /age ! art ( sculpture s plac$ relatively to ! human =m1 :i* x treats z a /]eo-metric body1 m]ely1 t is1 accord+ to =m :i* x possesses 9 ! ?ree spatial dim5sions4 ,! "w ( art1 ^: process is 9 & ?r\gh ! s5su\s mat]ial1 mu/ no d\bt h an exi/5ce = ano!r#aai1 ) :i* =?) ! p>ticul>ization comm5ces4 ,! prim>y art1 h[ev]1 :i* is conc]n$ ) ! human bodily =m z an expression ( spiritual life1 only proce$s s f> 9 ?is be+ = ano!r to ! po9t ( its fir/1 or r ! /ill univ]sal mode ( ,nature's own exi/5ce1 t is to ! po9t ( m]e visibility & exi/5ce 9 light g5]ally1 )\t unit+ ) ! same 9 its pres5tm5t ! relation ( ! latt] to d>kness1 9 :i* t :i* is visible is p>ticul>iz$ 9 its own m$ium#abj & becomes col\r4 ,& ! art occupy+ su* a position is t ( sculpture4 ,= pla/ic art1 :i* is unable z poetry to br+ toge!r ! totality ( ! ph5om5on 9 "o equal elem5t or _w ( idea1 inevitably breaks up ?is totality#aba4 ,= ?is reason we get on ! "o h& objectivity1 :i* 9 s f> z x is n ! unique configuration ( _s1 /&s ov] aga9/ x z inorganic ,nature4 ,x is ?is relation ( b>e objectivity :i* conv]ts ar*itecture into a m]e sugge/ive symbol1 :i* does n possess its spiritual significance 9 itself4 ,! po9t ( extreme contra/ to objectivity z su* is subjectivity1 t is ! s\l#abb1 emotional life 9 ! entire range ( all its p>ticul> movem5ts1 moods1 passions1 ext]ior & int]ior agitations & actions4 ,betwe5 ^! two we are confront$ ) ! spiritual individuality :i* no d\bt has a def9ite /ructure1 b :i* is n z yet deep5$ to ! ext5t ( ! ess5tial ideality ( ! individual s\l2 9 :i*1 in/ead ( ! full p]sonal s+ul>ity1 ! sub/antive univ]sality ( ,_s & its objects & *>act]i/ic traits is ! prevail+ factor4 ,9 its g5]ality x is n z yet absolutely )drawn into its own exclusive doma9 to ! po9t ( purely spiritual unity2 r x comes be=e u z ?is midway po9t#abc /ill hail+ f ! objective side1 t is ! side ( inorganic ,nature1 & consequ5tly ev5 c>ries z "p ( itself corporeality1 z ! p>ticul> =m ( exi/5ce appropriate to _s1 9 ! body t n m]ely is its own1 b also discloses x4 ,9 ?is mode ( ext]nality1 :i* no long] rema9s some?+ simply oppos$ to :at is ideal1 spiritual individuality has n[ to be display$1 n1 h[ev]1 z liv+ =m1 t is to say z corporeality cont9u\sly ref]r$ back to ! po9t ( unity impli$ 9 ! s+ul>ity ( spiritual life1 b r z =m set =? & manife/$ 9 its ext]nal guise1 into ! m\ld ( :i* ,_s has no d\bt be5 p\r$1 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ f ?is outw>d bond ( association1 made visible 9 ! s5se t x is s :5 x )draws into its own ess5tial & ideal doma9#abd4 ,f ! above obs]vations ! two po9ts to :i* we h already drawn att5tion become m cle>1 namely1 fir/1 t sculpture makes use ( ! human =m directly1 :i* is ! actual exi/5ce ( spiritual life1 in/ead ( accept+ a mode ( expression :i* is symbolical ) a view to promot+ ! spiritual import ( modes ( appe>ance t are m]ely sugge/ive4 ,at ! same "t1 secondly1 x is cont5t1 z ! manife/ation ( t mode ( subjectivity :i* does n express emotion & ! s\l ess5tially unp>ticul>iz$#abe1 ) =m & no?+ m1 :]e ! focus ( subjectivity is dissipat$#abf4 ,?is is also ! reason :y sculpture does n on ! "o h& pres5t ,_s 9 action1 9 a s]ies ( movem5ts1 :i* bo? possess & te/ify to "o aim nor 9 und]tak+s or exploits1 :]e9 a c]ta9 "* is made visible1 b r z p]si/+ ?r\gh\t 9 "o objective way1 & = ?is reason preem95tly 9 ! repose ( =m1 ! movem5t & gr\p+ ( :i* is m]ely a fir/ & obvi\s comm5cem5t ( action1 n1 h[ev]1 9 any s5se a complete pres5tm5t ( ! subjective life z agitat$ by all ! conflicts t assail x :e!r )9 or )\t1 or z its developm5t is v>i\sly affect$ 9 contact ) ! ext]nal _w4 ,consequ5tly :at we also miss 9 ! figures ( sculpture is precisely ?is reveal$ focus ( ! subjective life1 ! conc5trat$ expression ( s\l z s\l1 namely1 ! glance ( ! eye1 a fact ^u :i* we %all h some?+ fur!r to say lat]4 ,we miss x because su* a figure pres5ts to our sight ,_s emb$d$ 9 corporeality1 & ,_s1 too1 :i* has to %[ itself visible 9 ! entire =m4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view an individuality1 :i* is n z yet ess5tially sep>at$ into its compon5t p>ts1 t is1 ! object ( sculpture1 does n z yet require ! pa9t]'s *>m ( col\r z means to display x1 a *>m :i* is z capable ( mak+ visible1 ?r\gh ! f9e gradations & v>iety ( its nuances1 ! entire weal? ( p>ticul> traits ( "*1 ! absolute manife/ation ( spiritual pres5ce1 its ideal significance#abg1 z by means ( ! vital fla% ( ! eye x w conc5trate 9 a po9t all ! vig\r ( ! s\l4 ,sculpture mu/ n1 9 o!r words1 accept a mat]ial :i* is n r5d]$ necess>y by its fundam5tal po9t ( view4 ,x only makes use ( ! spatial qualities ( ! human figure1 n ! col\r+ :i* depicts x4 ,! figure ( sculpture is 9 g5]al ( "o col\r1 hewn f :ite n v>i-col\r$ m>ble4 ,& 9 ! same way metals are us$ z ! mat]ial ( sculpture1 ?is primitive sub/ance1 self-id5tical1 ess5tially undiff]5tiat$1 a light 9 fluxion1 if we may s express x1 )\t ! contra/ & h>mony ( diff]5t col\rs#abh4 ,! ,greeks are indebt$ to _! unrivall$ arti/ic insight#abi = hav+ grasp$ & firmly reta9$ ?is po9t ( view4 ,no d\bt we f9d1 too1 9 ,greek sculpture1 to :i* we mu/ = ! ma9 "p conf9e ourselves1 examples ( col\r$ /atu>y2 we mu/1 h[ev]1 take c>e 9 ?is respect to di/+ui% bo? ! beg9n+ & end ( ?is art f t :i* is creat$ at its culm9at+ po9t4 ,9 ! same way we mu/ disc\nt t :i* is admitt$ by art 9 def]5ce to traditional religion4 ,we h already f\nd x to be true 9 ! classical type ( art t x does n =?) & imm$iately set =? ! ,ideal1 9 :i* its function is to discov] its fundam5tal l9es ( def9ition1 b 9 ! fir/ in/ance removes mu* t is inconsonant ) x & =eign2 x is ! same case precisely ) sculpture4 ,x is =c$ to pass ?r\gh _m prelim9>y /ages be=e x arrives at its p]fection2 & ?is initial process diff]s v consid]ably f its supreme atta9m5t4 ,! mo/ anci5t works ( sculpture are ( pa9t$ wood1 z1 = example1 ,egyptian idols2 we f9d simil> productions among ! ,greeks4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 exclude su* examples f g5u9e sculpture :5 ! ma9 po9t is to e/abli% its fundam5tal notion4 ,we are !re=e 9 no way conc]n$ to d5y t !re are _m examples at h& ( pa9t$ /atues4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 also a fact t ! pur] art-ta/e became1 ! m /rongly sculpture )drew itself f a brilliancy ( col\r t 0 n really cong5ial1 & ) wise delib]ation utiliz$1 on ! contr>y1 light & %ad[ 9 ord] to secure = ! behold]'s eye a great] s(tness1 repose1 cl>ity1 & agreeabl5ess#acj4 ,z aga9/ ! uni=m col\r ( ! b>e m>ble we may no d\bt n m]ely in/ance ! num]\s /atues ( bronze1 b also 9 /ill /rong] opposition ! greate/ & mo/ excell5t works1 :i*1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,zeus ( ,pheidias1 7 artificially col\r$4 ,b we are n "h discuss+ abs5ce ( col\r 9 su* an extreme ab/ract s5se4 ,moreov]1 ivory & gold are n prim>ily ! use ( col\r z ! pa9t] employs x2 & g5]ally we may add t ! v>i\s works ( a def9ite art d n ev] 9 fact reta9 fix$ly _! fundam5tal notion 9 s ab/ract & unyield+ a way1 inasmu* z !y come into contact ) ! conditions ( life subject to aims ( all k9ds2 !y are plac$ 9 diff]5t environm5ts1 & are !reby associat$ ) circum/ances ( an ext]nal k9d1 :i* inevitably modify _! real & ess5tial type4 ,9 ?is way ! images ( sculpture are n unfrequ5tly execut$ 9 ri* mat]ial su* z gold & ivory4 ,!y are plac$ on magnific5t *airs or /& on p$e/als :i* display all ! extravagance & luxuri\sness ( art1 or receive co/ly decorations1 9 ord] t ! nation1 :5 face to face ) su* spl5did works1 may likewise enjoy ! s5se ( its p[] & weal?4 ,& sculpture 9 p>ticul>1 = ! reason t x is ess5tially1 tak5 by itself1 a m ab/ract art1 does n on all occasions hold fa/ to su* exclusiv5ess1 b1 on ! "o h&1 introduces incid5tally mu* t is ( a traditional1 s*ola/ic1 or local "* z a contribution f its hi/ory1 :ile1 on ! o!r1 x m9i/]s to vital popul> necessities4 ,active humanity dem&s = its div]sion v>iety1 & seeks 9 div]se directions = a /imulus to its vision & imag9ation4 ,we may take z an analog\s case ! read+ al\d ( ,greek trag$ies1 :i* also br+s be=e u ! "w ( art "u its m ab/ract =m4 ,9 ! wid] field ( ext]nal exi/5ce we h /ill to add1 to make a public p]=mance1 liv+ actors1 co/ume1 /age sc5]y1 danc+1 & music4 ,& 9 l mann]1 too1 ! sculptur$ figure is unable to disp5se ) mu* t is supplem5t>y on its own /age ( reality4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 only conc]n$ "h ) ! g5u9e "w ( sculpture z su*2 ext]nal aspects su* z ^? above adv]t$ to mu/ n be p]mitt$ to prev5t u br++ be=e ! m9d ! notion ( our subject-matt] 9 its mo/ ideal & exclusive s5se ( def9ition4 ,proce$+ n[ to ! m def9ite heads ( division 9 ?is section we may obs]ve t sculpture con/itutes ! v c5tre ( ! classical type ( art to su* a degree t we are unable to accept ! symbolical1 classical & romantic types z di/9ctions :i* affect ?r\gh\t & =m ! basis ( our division4 ,sculpture is ! g5u9e art ( ! classical ,ideal simply4 ,x is q true t sculpture has also its /ages 9 :i* x is 9 ! grasp ( ! symbolical type1 z 9 ,egypt = example4 ,b ^! are r prelim9>y /ages ( its hi/orical evolution1 no g5u9e di/9ctions :i* ess5tially affect ! art ( sculpture :5 notionally consid]$1 9 s f>1 t is1 z ^! exceptional examples1 9 ! mann] ( _! execution & ! use t is made ( !m1 r belong to ar*itecture ?an are /rictly )9 ! aim & purpose ( sculpture4 ,9 a simil> way1 :5 we f9d ! romantic type !reby express$1 sculpture passes beyond its rightful sph]e1 & only receives ) ! qualifi$ imitation ( ,greek sculpture its exclusively pla/ic type4 ,we mu/ !re=e look ab\t u = a pr9ciple ( division ( ano!r "*4 ,9 agreem5t ) :at we h j /at$ we %all f9d t x is f ! p>ticul> way 9 :i* ! classical ,ideal means ( sculpture acquires a =m ( reality t mo/ fully expresses x t ! focus ( our pres5t inquiry is d]iv$4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 we are 9 a position to make an advance 9 ?is evolution ( ! ideal figure ( sculpture we mu/ by way ( introduction demon/rate :at k9d ( cont5t & =m are p]t95t to ! po9t ( view ( sculpture reg>d$ z a specific art1 & ! c\rse x foll[s by virtue ( bo? until ! po9t is rea*$ :]e ! classical ,ideal is fully unfold$ 9 ! human =m p]meat$ by spiritual life1 & 9 its %ape z subject to spatial condition4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view ! classical ,ideal /&s1 & falls ) an individuality :i* is unque/ionably sub/antive1 b also to an equal degree ess5tially p>ticul>iz$1 s t sculpture does n accept = its cont5t ! ,ideal ( ! human =m 9 its g5]ality1 b ! ,ideal z specifically def9$2 &1 by virtue ( ?is fact1 x is v>i\sly display$ "u =ms di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,su* di/9ctions p>tly orig9ate 9 ! conception & repres5tation simply1 9 "p are due to ! mat]ial 9 :i* su* is realiz$1 & :i* fur!r1 accord+ to ! way x affects execution1 introduces po9ts ( sev]ation on its own acc\nt1 to bo? ( :i* f9ally1 z ! la/ gr\nd ( diff]5ce1 ! v>i\s /ages are relat$ 9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( sculpture4 ,hav+ made ^! obs]vations we w indicate ! c\rse ( our inquiry z foll[s4 ,9 ! fir/ place we h m]ely to deal ) ! g5]al det]m9ants ( ! ess5tial cont5t & =m1 su* z are d$ucible f ! notion ( sculpture4 ,secondly1 z a fur!r /ep1 we h to diff]5tiate m closely ! nature ( ! classical ,ideal1 9 s f> z x atta9s a det]m9ate exi/5ce 9 its mo/ arti/ic =m4 ,?irdly1 & f9ally1 we %all f9d t sculpture avails itself ( v>i\s types ( pres5tation & mat]ial1 & exp&s to a _w ( productions1 9 :i*1 ei!r "u "o aspect or ano!r1 ! symbolical or romantic types also def9itely ass]t !mselves1 albeit x is ! classical :i* con/itutes ! true po9t ( c5tre betwe5 !m 9 pla/ic art#aca4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,g5u9e ,,sculpture ,sculpture1 to put ! matt] 9 g5]al t]ms1 conceives ! a/\nd+ project ( mak+ ,_s imag9e itself 9 an exclusively mat]ial m$ium1 & s %ape ?is ext]nal m$ium t x is pres5t$ to itself 9 su* & recognizes ! pres5tm5t to be ! objective =m adequate to its ideal sub/ance4 ,9 ?is respect our inquiry w take ! foll[+ directions4 ,fir/1 we h ! "q :at k9d ( spiritual life is capable ( be+ reproduc$ 9 ?is mat]ial ( a =m entirely s5su\s & spatial4 ,secondly1 we h to ask 9 :at mann] ! =ms ( ! spatial condition h to be modifi$ 9 ord] to p]mit u a recognition ( ! spiritual 9 ! bodily %ape ( beauty4 ,:at we h g5]ally to consid] "h is ! unity betwe5 ! ordo r]um ext5s>um & t ( ! ordo r]um ide>um1 ! primal fair union ( s\l & body1 9 s f> z spiritual ideality is express$ by sculpture exclusively 9 its bodily exi/5ce4 ,?is union1 ?irdly1 corresponds to :at we h already f\nd to be ! ,ideal ( ! classical type ( art2 & = ?is reason ! pla/ic =ms ( sculpture are no?+ less ?an ! v art itself ( ! classical ,ideal4 #a4 ,,! ,,ess5tial ,,cont5t ,,( ,,sculpture ,! elem5t>y m$ium1 9 :i* sculpture realizes its creations is1 z we h se51 ! elem5t>y1 /ill univ]sal mat]ial subject to spatial condition1 9 :i* no fur!r p>ticul>ization c be utiliz$ = an arti/ic purpose ?an ! univ]sal spatial dim5sions1 & ! m detail$#acb spatial =ms :i* are compatible ) ^! dim5sions "u _! mo/ beautiful configuration4 ,n[ :at mo/ exceptionally corresponds z cont5t to ?is m ab/ract aspect ( ! s5su\s mat]ial is ! objectivity ( ,_s :i* reposes on its own res\rces1 9 s f>1 t is1 z ,_s has nei!r diff]5tiat$ itself 9 contradi/9ction to its univ]sal sub/ance1 nor to its det]m9ate exi/5ce 9 its bodily pres5ce1 & consequ5tly is n z yet )drawn z indep5d5t self-subsi/5cy into its own subjective _w4 ,!re are two po9ts we w\ld draw att5tion to "h4 7a7 ,_s z ,_s#acc is no d\bt always subjectivity1 t is ideal k ( ! ,self1 ! ,ego4 ,?is ,ego c1 h[ev]1 sep>ate itself f ev]y?+ t con/itutes1 :e!r 9 k1 volition1 conception1 feel+1 action1 or a*ievem5t1 ! univ]sal & et]nal cont5t ( ,_s1 & c conc5trate its hold on t aspect ( individual exp]i5ce :i* is unique & cont+5t4 ,x is !n subjectivity z su* :i* we h be=e u1 :i* has let g ! truly objective cont5t ( ,_s1 & is self-relat$ =mally1 & )\t cont5t4 ,9 ! case ( self-satisfaction1 = example1 ,i c no d\bt view myself f a c]ta9 /&po9t 9 an entirely objective way & rema9 satisfi$ ) myself on acc\nt ( moral action4 ,i d1 h[ev]1 z ?us self-satisfi$1 already )draw myself f ! cont5t ( su* action4 ,i sep>ate myself z a di/9ct p]son1 z ?is p>ticul> ,ego1 f ! univ]sality ( ,_s1 9 ord] to comp>e myself ) x4 ,! s5se ( unison ( myself ) myself ?r\gh ?is comp>ison produces ?is self-satisfaction1 9 :i* ?is det]m9ate ,ego1 z ?is core ( unity1 rejoices 9 itself4 ,no d\bt ?is p]sonal ,ego is involv$ 9 all t a man kn[s1 wills1 or c>ries out2 b x makes an imm5se diff]5ce :e!r1 9-deal+ ) k & action1 ! matt] ( conc]n is ! man's own unique ,ego1 or t 9 :i* ! ess5tial cont5t ( consci\sness consi/s2 :e!r1 9 o!r words1 a man s9ks himself & 8 self-id5tity 9 ?is cont5t1 or lives 9 ! unbrok5 seclusion ( 8 subjective p]sonality4 77 ,9 ?is exaltation ov] :at is sub/antive#acd ! subjective life passes into ! ab/ract & disrupt _w ( p]sonal incl9ation1 ! caprice & cont+5cy ( emotions & impulses1 ow+ to :i*1 9 ! *anges to :i* x is subject 9 p>ticul> acts & und]tak+s1 x gr[s dep5d5t ^u p>ticul> circum/ances z !y happ5 to arise1 & is unable g5]ally to disp5se ) ?is association ) some?+ else4 ,9 su* a condition ( dep5d5ce ! individual life is no?+ b f9ite subjectivity z contra/$ ) a real spirituality4 ,& if ?is p]sonal /ate ess5tially p]si/s ?r\gh ! volition & k :i* *>act]izes x 9 ?is contradiction ( its consci\s life1 x c only fur!r become involv$--to put on "o side ! m]e empt9ess ( its imag9+s & self-conceits--9 ! de=mity ( "* & its evil passions1 9 crime & moral (f5ce1 9 malice1 cruelty1 ob/9acy1 envy1 pride1 insol5ce1 & e o!r k9d ( ! rev]se side ( human nature & its insub/antial f9it5ess4 77 ,?is prov9ce ( ! subjective life mu/ be exclud$ 9 its entirety & )\t hesitation f ! cont5t ( sculpture4 ,! art is exclusively co-ext5sive ) ! objectivity ( ,_s4 ,& by ! t]m objectivity we mean 9 ?is connection :at is sub/antive1 g5u9e1 n transitory1 ! ess5tial nature ( ,_s1 ap>t f its involvem5t 9 t :i* is accid5tal & evanesc5t1 = :i* ! individual p]son is responsible simply 9 8 unm$iat$ /ate ( self-relation4 77 ,_s1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 its truly objective s5se1 c only realize itself z ,_s :5 associat$ ) explicit self-id5tity4 ,_s is only ,_s z self-consci\sness#ace4 ,! position1 h[ev]1 ( ?is aspect ( individual consci\sness 9 ! spiritual cont5t ( sculpture is ( su* a "* t x is n indep5d5tly express$1 b displays itself z ?r\gh\t int]fus$ ) ?is sub/antive cont5t1 & n =mally reflect$ back ^u itself ap>t f x4 ,we may consequ5tly affirm t ?\gh su* a mode ( objectivity possesses a type ( self-subsi/5cy1 yet x is a self-k & volition :i* is n releas$ f ! cont5t x fulfils1 b =ms an insep>able unity ) x4 ,! pres5tm5t ( ,_s 9 ?is complete & indep5d5t seclusion ( :at is ess5tially sub/antive & true1 ?is unp]turb$ & unp>ticul>iz$ be+ ( ,_s1 is t :i* we "n div9ity 9 its contra/ to f9itude1 :i* is ! process ( disruption into cont+5t exi/5ce1 a _w t is brok5 into complex =ms & v>i$ movem5t4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! function ( sculpture is to pres5t ! ,div9e simply 9 its inf9ite repose & sublimity1 timeless1 de/itute ( motion1 entirely )\t subjective p]sonality 9 ! /rict s5se & ! conflict ( action or situation4 ,& 9 proce$+ to ! m detail$ def9ition ( our humanity 9 %ape & "*1 x mu/1 nev]!less1 exclusively rivet its att5tion on :at is unalt]able & p]man5t1 9 o!r words :at is truly sub/antive 9 its *>act]ization1 & m]ely select su* aspects = its cont5t1 pass+ ov] :at x f9ds !re ( an accid5tal or evanesc5t nature2 & x mu/ d s = ! reason t ! objectivity :i* x pres5ts does n rightly include a diff]5tiation ( ?is fluctuat+ & fleet+ k9d1 & "o :i* comes into be+ by virtue ( a subjective consci\sness ^: conception ( itself is t ( pure insulation4 ,9 a biography1 = in/ance1 :i* gives an acc\nt ( ! motley incid5ts1 ev5ts1 & exploits ( "s individual1 we f9d z a rule ! c\rse ( v>i$ developm5ts & =tuities f9ally clos$ by a "* sket* :i* summ>izes ! entire bread? ( detail 9 a few g5]al qualities su* z goodness1 hone/ deal+1 c\rage1 exceptional intellig5ce1 & s =?4 ,*>act]i/ics su* z ^! we may t]m ! p]man5t features ( a p]sonality2 ! rema9+ peculi>ities x possesses are m]ely accid5tal features 9 ! imp]sonation4 ,x is j ?is /able aspect ( life :i* x is ! "p ( sculpture to pres5t z ! unique be+ & det]m9ate sub/ance ( individuality4 ,yet we mu/ n suppose t x creates allegories out ( su* g5]al qualities4 ,x r builds up true individuals1 :i* x conceives & in=ms z ess5tially complete & enclos$ )9 _! objective spiritual pres5ce1 9 _! self-subsi/5t repose1 deliv]$ !reby f all antagonism z aga9/ ext]nal objects4 ,9 ! pres5tm5t ( an individuality ( ?is "* by sculpture :at is truly sub/antive is ?r\gh\t ! ess5tial f\ndation1 & nei!r purely subjective self-k & emotion1 nor a sup]ficial & mutable s+ul>ity#acf mu/ be p]mitt$ 9 any way to be pr$om9ant1 b :at is et]nal 9 ! godlike & our humanity %\ld1 dive/$ ( all ! caprice & cont+5cy ( ! p>ticul> self#acg1 be set be=e our eyes 9 its unimpair$ cl>ity4 7b7 ,! fur!r po9t we w\ld draw att5tion to consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! cont5t ( sculpture1 = ! reason t its mat]ial requires an ext]nal pres5tm5t 9 ! complete =m ( ! ?ree spatial dim5sions1 is also unable to be a spiritual cont5t z su*1 t is1 ! ideality self-enclos$ )9 & absorb$ into itself1 b r 9 ! s5se t x is only explicit 9 its oppos$ factor1 9 o!r words1 ! bodily =m4 ,! negation ( :at is ext]nal is already impli$ 9 ! ideal subjective consci\sness1 & c !re=e h no place "h1 :]e :at is div9e & human is accept$ z cont5t ) exclusive ref]5ce to its objective *>act]i/ics4 ,& x is only ?is self-absorb$ objective aspect1 :i* does n comprise ideal subjectivity 9 ! /rict s5se#ach1 t gives free play to an ext]nality condition$ 9 all its ?ree dim5sions1 & is capable ( be+ associat$ ) su* a spatial totality4 ,= ^! reasons x is incumb5t on sculpture t x only accept out ( ! objective cont5t ( ,_s t :i* admits ( ! fulle/ expression 9 ext]nal & bodily %ape2 if x d o!rwise x simply selects a cont5t :i* its specific mat]ial is unable to assimilate or to unite ) an adequate mode ( exposition4 #b4 ,,! ,,beautiful ,,=m ,,( ,,sculpture ,we mu/ n[ inquire into ! nature ( ! bodily =ms :i* are adapt$ to give an impression ( a cont5t ( ?is k9d4 ,j z 9 classical ar*itecture ! dwell+-h\se is ! anatomical skeleton framework :i* art has to in=m ) its accretions1 9 l mann] sculpture1 on its "p1 discov]s ! human =m z ! fundam5tal type = its figures4 ,:]eas1 h[ev]1 ! h\se is already a piece ( human workman%ip1 ?\gh n z yet elaborat$ arti/ically1 ! /ructure ( ! human =m1 on ! contr>y1 appe>s z a product ( ,nature unaffect$ by man4 ,! fundam5tal type ( sculpture is consequ5tly giv5 to x1 t is1 does n hail f human inv5tiv5ess4 ,! expression1 h[ev]1 t ! human =m is a "p ( ,nature is a v indef9ite "o1 :i* we mu/ submit to clos] analysis4 ,9 ,nature x is ! ,idea1 :i* is giv5 !re1 z we h already f\nd :5 discuss+ natural beauty1 its prim>y & imm$iate mode ( exi/5ce1 receiv+ 9 animal life & its complete organic /ructure ! natural exi/5ce adequate to its notion4 ,! organization ( ! animal frame is !re=e a bir? ( ! notion 9 its ess5tial totality1 :i* exi/s 9 ?is corporeal mode ( be+ z s\l1 yet1 z ! pr9ciple ( m]ely animal life1 modifies ! animal frame 9 ! mo/ v>i$ classifications1 albeit too e specific type cont9ues to be subject to ! g5]al notion#aci4 ,! fact t notion & bodily =m1 or m accurately1 s\l & body1 correspond to "o ano!r--to fully und]/& ?is is ! problem ( natural philosophy4 ,we %\ld h to demon/rate t ! diff]5t sy/ems ( ! animal frame 9 _! ideal#adj /ructure & con=mation no less ?an _! association1 & ! m def9ite organs 9 :i* ! bodily exi/5ce is diff]5tiat$ are 9 g5]al accord ) ! phasal /eps ( ! notion's movem5t1 s t x becomes cle>1 to :at ext5t we h "h pres5t$ to u z real only ! p>ticul> aspects ( ! s\l-life :i* are necess>y4 ,to develop ?is exposition1 h[ev]1 does n lie )9 ! scope ( ! pres5t inquiry4 ,! human =m is n1 h[ev]1 z ! animal =m1 m]ely ! corporeal framework ( ! s\l1 b ( ,_s4 ,9 o!r words1 _s & s\l are ess5tially to be di/+ui%$4 ,= ! s\l is m]ely ?is ideal & simple unity ( self-subsi/5ce atta*+ to ! body 9 its corporeal aspect#ada1 :]eas ,_s is ! indep5d5t selfness ( consci\s & self-consci\s life toge!r ) all ! emotions1 ideas1 & aims ( su* a consci\s exi/5ce4 ,9 contemplat+ ! imm5se diff]5ce :i* sep>ates m]ely animal life f spiritual consci\sness1 x may appe> /range t ! bodily frame atta*+ to ! latt]1 ! human body1 is nev]!less s cle>ly homog5e\s ) t ( animal life4 ,x w t5d1 h[ev]1 to decrease su* an a/oni%m5t if we recall to m9d ! def9ition1 :i* ,_s itself has au?oriz$ u to make 9 accordance ) its own notion1 t x is a mode ( life & ess5tially !re=e itself also a liv+ s\l & natural exi/5ce4 ,z su* liv+ s\l ! life ( consci\s _s1 by virtue ( ! same notion t is inh]5t 9 ! animal s\l1 is entitl$ to accept a body1 :i* fundam5tally 9 its g5]al l9es runs p>allel to ! organic /ructure ( animal life4 ,h[ev] sup]ior to m]e animal life ,_s may be x is evolv$ ?r\gh#adb a corporeal frame ^: visible appe>ance receives an id5tical articulation & pr9ciple ( life ) t :i* ! notion ( animal life 9 g5]al und]lies4 ,inasmu* z1 h[ev]1 & fur!rmore ,_s is n m]ely ! ,idea z det]m9ate exi/5ce1 t is1 ! ,idea z ,nature & animal life1 b ! ,idea :i* secures indep5d5ce 9 its own free m$ium ( ideality z ,idea1 ! spiritual pr9ciple elaborates = itself its own specific mode ( objectivity ov] & beyond t ( animal life1 simply1 9 o!r words1 sci5ce1 ! reality ( :i* is exclusively t ( ?\ght itself4 ,ap>t f ?\ght1 h[ev]1 & its philosophical & sy/ematiz$ activity1 ,_s is involv$ )9 an ab\nd+ life ( feel+1 incl9ation1 idea1 imag9ation1 & s =?1 :i* is fix$ 9 a m direct or less imm$iate association ) its vital be+#adc & bodily frame1 & consequ5tly possesses a reality 9 ! human body4 ,9 ?is reality1 :i* is "p ( its own sub/ance1 ,_s ass]ts itself also z a pr9ciple ( life1 %9es into x1 transpi]ces x1 & is made manife/ to o!rs by means ( x4 ,consequ5tly1 9 s f> z ! human body rema9s no purely natural exi/5ce1 b has ass]t$ itself also 9 its configuration & /ructure z ! natural & s5su\s exi/5ce ( ,_s1 x is1 nev]!less1 reg>d$ z ! expression ( an ideality m exalt$ ?an t compatible ) ! purely animal body to be di/+ui%$ f x1 despite ! fact t ! human body 9 its broad l9es is 9 h>mony ) x4 ,= ?is reason1 h[ev]1 t ,_s is itself s\l & life1 t is1 an animal body1 x is & c only be modifications1 :i* ! indwell+ ,_s ( "o liv+ body atta*es to ?is corporeal =m4 ,z a manife/ation ( ,_s consequ5tly ! human %ape is di/9ct f ! animal by virtue ( ^! modifications1 albeit ! di/9ctions ( ! human organism f ! animal are z mu* ! result ( ! unconsci\s creation ( spiritual activities1 z ! s\l ( ! animal k+dom is ! in=m+ ?\gh unconsci\s activity ( ! body t belongs to x4 ,we h ?us rea*$ ! precise po9t ( our pres5t dep>ture4 ,9 o!r words1 ! human body is pres5t to ! arti/ z ,_s's expression4 ,:at is m1 he discov]s x z su* n m]ely 9 a g5]al way1 b also 9 p>ticul> *>act]i/ics x is presuppos$ to be ! type :i*1 9 its =m1 its specific traits1 its position & g5]al habit1 reflects ! ideality ( ,_s4 ,we %all f9d x a difficult matt] to fix 9 cle> t]ms ( ?\ght ! precise nature ( ! association betwe5 _s & body 9 _! relation respectively to feel+1 passion1 & o!r spiritual conditions4 ,x has1 no d\bt1 be5 attempt$ to develop ! same sci5tifically bo? f ! pa?ognomical#add po9t ( view & ! physiognomical4 ,su* attempts h hi!rto n met ) mu* success4 ,= ourselves ! sci5ce ( physiognomy c only be ( importance 9 s f> z t ( pa?ognomy is exclusively conc]n$ ) ! mode "u :i* def9ite feel+s & passions are physically locat$ 9 p>ticul> organs4 ,x has be5 /at$1 = example1 t ! seat ( ang] is 9 ! gall1 ( c\rage 9 ! blood4 ,su* /atem5ts1 we may rem>k incid5tally1 are errone\s 9 _! mann] ( expression4 ,= ev5 assum+ ! activity ( p>ticul> organs corresponds to specific passions1 we _c say t ang]1 = in/ance1 has its local position 9 ! gall bladd]1 b1 9 s f> z ang] is corporeally relat$1 ! gall is pre-em95tly t 9 :i* its active appe>ance ass]ts itself4 ,9 our pres5t inquiry ?is pa?ognomical aspect does n1 z already /at$1 conc]n u1 because sculpture has m]ely to deal ) t :i* passes ov] f ! ideal side ( ,_s into ! ext]nal aspect ( =m p]mitt+ ,_s ?us to be visible 9 ! physical environm5t4 ,! sympa!tic int]action betwe5 ! int]nal organism & ! feel+ s\l is no object ( sculpture2 inde$1 we may add1 x is unable to accept mu* :i* appe>s on ! ext]nal surface itself1 su* z ! tremble ( ! h& & ! entire body 9 an outbur/ ( ang]1 ! movem5t ( ! lips1 & o!rs ( l nature4 ,) reg>d to physiognomical sci5ce ,i w limit myself to ?is obs]vation4 ,if ! "w ( sculpture1 :i* has z its fundam5tal basis ! human =m1 has to exhibit ! way 9 :i* ! bodily pres5ce z su* manife/s n only ! div9e & human aspect ( ,_s 9 its broade/ & mo/ sub/antive features1 b also ! p>ticul> "* ( a def9ite individuality 9 ?is div9e pres5ce1 we are no d\bt compell$ to discuss :at p>ts1 traits1 & con=mations ( ! body are fully accordant ) any specific mode ( ideality4 ,we are inde$ =c$ ^u su* an inquiry by ! sculpture ( antiquity1 :i* we mu/ z a matt] ( fact admit includes ! expression ( individual god-l *>act]s ) t ( div9ity g5]ally4 ,su* an admission does n1 h[ev]1 am\nt to an ass]tion t ! association ( spiritual expression ) bodily =m is m]ely a matt] ( accid5t & caprice r ?an ! creation ( a figure ( self-subsi/5t actuality4 ,9 ?is connection e organ mu/1 9 a g5]al way1 be look$ at f two po9ts ( view1 z a mode ( expression t possesses its physical side no less ?an its spiritual4 ,we ne$ h>dly caution our read]s t ! me?od ( ,gall 9 conduct+ su* an inquiry is inadmissible4 ,?is writ] r$uces ,_s to :at is little bett] ?an a ,calv>y4 7a7 ,! advance ( sculpture1 9 respect to ! cont5t :i* its function is to decl>e1 is limit$ to ! inve/igation h[ f> ! sub/antive & at ! same "t individual condition ( spiritual life is made vital 9 bodily =m1 receiv+ !re9 det]m9ate exi/5ce & =m4 ,9 o!r words1 ?r\gh ! cont5t adequate to g5u9e sculpture ! cont+5t individualization ( ! ext]nal appe>ance is f "o po9t ( view exclud$1 & ?is applies bo? to ! spiritual & physical aspects ( ! pres5tm5t4 ,only t :i* p]si/s1 & is univ]sal & accord+ to rule 9 ! human =m is ! object ( a "w ( sculpture4 ,& ?is is s albeit we h ! additional necessity to individualize ! univ]sal 9 su* a way t n only ! ab/ract law b an individual =m1 :i* is br\ght into ! close/ fusion ) x1 is plac$ be=e our eyes4 7b7 ,f ano!r po9t ( view x is necess>y t sculpture1 z we h se51 be kept unaffect$ by purely cont+5t p]sonal life#ade1 & all expression ( su* 9 ! indep5d5t ideal mode "u :i* x ass]ts itself4 ,= ?is reason an arti/1 9 deal+ ) physiognomical *>act]i/ics1 is n entitl$ to move 9 ! direction ( individual mann]#adf4 ,= a facial mann] is simply j ?is appe>ance on ! surface ( an individual idiosyncrasy & "s p>ticul> aspect ( emotion1 idea1 & volition4 ,a man by 8 *ance expressions ( c\nt5ance expresses ! feel+s he has z "s p>ticul> p]son1 :e!r x be 9 8 exclusive relation to 8 own life1 or 9 8 self-relation to ext]ior objects1 or o!r p]sons4 ,"o sees1 = example1 on ! /reet1 m p>ticul>ly 9 little t[ns1 9 _m1 or r ! majority ( m51 t !y are exclusively preoccupi$1 9 _! demean\r & expression ( face1 ) !mselves1 _! dress & attire1 9 g5]al t]ms1 t is1 _! purely p]sonal p>ticul>ity1 or1 at lea/1 matt]s ( mom5t>y importance1 & any un=ese5 or accid5tal features ?us pres5t$4 ,c\nt5ances :i* express pride1 envy1 self-satisfaction1 depreciation1 & s =?1 are ( ?is nature4 ,moreov]1 ! feel+ & contra/ ( sub/antive be+ ) my p]sonal idiosyncrasy may be responsible = su* alt]ations ( expression4 ,humility1 defiance1 ?reats1 fe>1 are express$ 9 ?is way4 ,9 a felt contra/ ( ?is k9d we f9d already a sep>ation betwe5 ! individual 9 ! subjective s5se & ! univ]sal ass]t$4 ,reflection on :at is truly sub/antive cont9ually leans 9 ! direction ( m]ely p]sonal consid]ations1 s t x is ! individual r ?an ! sub/antive "* :i* is pr$om9ant 9 ! cont5t4 ,! =m1 h[ev]1 :i* rema9s sev]ely true to ! pr9ciple ( sculpture ought nei!r to express ?is sev]ation nor ! pr$om9ance ( ! p]sonal aspect above adv]t$ to4 ,9 addition to def9ite expressions ( c\nt5ance#adg physiognomy pres5ts u ) mu* t m]ely passes mom5t>ily across ! features & indicates ! human mood4 ,a sudd5 smile1 an in/antane\s outbur/ ( ang]1 a quickly repress$ expression ( scorn1 are a few ( _m examples4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! m\? & eyes possess mo/ mobility & res\rce 9 seiz+ & mak+ app>5t e %ift+ mood ( s\l-life4 ,*anges ( ?is "*1 :i* are compatible ) ! art ( pa9t+1 ! sculptor mu/ exclude4 ,sculpture mu/ r conc5trate its att5tion on ! p]man5t traits ( spiritual expression1 & reta9 & disclose su* 9 ! po/ure & configuration ( ! body no less ?an 9 ! face4 7c7 ,! task ( sculpture1 !n1 ess5tially consi/s 9 ?is1 t x implants t :i* is ( sub/antive spiritual import 9 t =m ( individuality :i* is n yet ess5tially p>ticul>iz$ 9 ! n>r[ subjective s5se )9 ! figure ( a man1 & contributes to ! same su* a h>mony1 t x is only t :i* is univ]sal & p]man5t 9 ! bodily %apes correspond5t ) ! life ( ,_s :i* is made to appe> !re91 :ile t :i* is accid5tal or mutable is bru%$ aside1 albeit a c]ta9 mode ( individuality is n abs5t f its =ms4 ,an accord ( ?is complete nature betwe5 :at is ideal & :at is ext]nal1 ! goal ( sculpture1 9 %ort1 (f]s u a po9t ( transition to ! ?ird po9t :i* we h /ill to discuss4 #c4 ,,sculpture ,,z ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,! ,,classical ,,ideal ,! conclusion t mo/ imm$iately foll[s ^u ! above obs]vations is ?is1 t sculpture 9 a way1 & to an ext5t unrivall$ by any o!r art1 rema9s con/ant to ! ,ideal#adh4 ,9 o!r words1 f "o po9t ( view x is free ( ! symbolical type bo? by virtue ( ! transluc5cy ( a cont5t1 :i* cle>ly grasps itself z ,_s1 & on acc\nt ( ! fact t x is able to disclose su* a cont5t ) absolute ma/]y4 ,& s1 too1 f ano!r x refuses z yet to ent] into ! subjective aspect ( ! p]sonal life1 to :i* ! ext]nal =m is indiff]5t4 ,consequ5tly x =ms ! focus ( classical art4 ,no d\bt bo? ! symbolical & romantic types ( ar*itecture & pa9t+ 7 %[n to be adapt$ to classical ideality2 b ! ,ideal1 9 its g5u9e sph]e1 is n ! supreme pr9ciple ( ^! types ( art1 inasmu* z !y d n1 z is ! case ) sculpture1 take = _! object self-subsi/5t individuality1 "*1 t is1 ?r\gh\t objective1 9 o!r words1 ! beauty t is bo? free & inevitable#adi4 ,! configuration ( sculpture mu/1 h[ev]1 entirely proce$ f ! pure spiritual en]gy ( an imag9ation & ?\ght t d5udes its cont5t ( all ! haphaz>d features ( p]sonal life & bodily pres5ce2 x mu/ h no lean+s = idiosyncrasies1 or any place = ! m]e emotion1 desire1 & v>iety ( accid5tal impulse & pleasantry#aej4 ,:at ! arti/ has at 8 disposal = 8 mo/ elevat$ creations is simply1 z we h se51 ! bodily pres5tm5t ( ,_s 9 :at is exclusively ! g5]al configuration ( ! organic /ructure ( ! human =m4 ,8 inv5tion is !re=e re/rict$ to promot+ on ! broade/ l9es ! h>mony betwe5 :at is ideal & :at is ext]nal1 & p>tly to mak+1 9 h[ev] an inobtrusive way1 ! individuality ( ! pres5tm5t accommodate itself to & int]fuse ) ! truly sub/antive "* ( 8 design#aea4 ,sculpture mu/ give =m1 j z ! gods create 9 _! own sph]e accord+ to et]nal ideas1 )9 :at is 9 o!r respects ! _w ( reality1 b exclude z reject$ residue all lic5ce & m]e selfness f its creations4 ,!ologians make a di/9ction betwe5 ! acts ( ,god & all t man 9 8 folly & caprici\sness accompli%es4 ,! pla/ic ,ideal is1 h[ev]1 exalt$ above su* que/ions4 ,x /&s at ! v c5tre ( ?is bless$ness & free necessity = :i* nei!r ! ab/raction ( ! univ]sal nor ! caprice ( ! p>ticul> are valid or significant4 ,?is insight into ! consummate pla/ic union ( ! div9e & human 0 pre-em95tly native to ,greece4 ,we fail to grasp ,greece at h] he>t & c5tre 9 h] poets & orators1 hi/orians & philosoph]s1 unless1 z ! key to our problem1 we are already possess$ ( an insight into ! ,ideal ( sculpture1 & c contemplate f ! /&po9t ( pla/ic art bo? ! figures ( h] epic & dramatic h]oes & h] actual /atesm5 & philosoph]s4 ,= *>act]s 9 h] practical life1 no less ?an poets & ?9k]s1 possess$ also 9 ! palmy days ( ,greece1 ?is pla/ic1 univ]sal1 & yet individual "*1 /amp$ ) "o m9t1 :e!r we look at its ext]nal or m p]sonal features4 ,!y /& up big & free1 a self-subsi/5t gr[?1 on ! basis ( _! ess5tially sub/antive individuality2 a gr[? ( _! own mak+1 built up into t :i* !y ultimately became & int5d$ to be4 ,9 p>ticul> ! p]iod ( ,p]icles 0 ri* 9 su* *>act]s4 ,p]icles himself 0 "o ( !m4 ,we may add ,pheidias1 ,plato1 & pre-em95tly ,sophocles4 ,s1 too1 ,?ucydides1 ,x5ophon1 & ,socrates1 ev]yone ) 8 own type1 n "o ( !m impair+ ! quality ( ! re/2 all are out-&-out arti/ic natures1 ideal arti/s 9 ! "w ( self-creation1 p]sonalities ( "o m\ld1 works ( art1 :i* /& be=e u l figures ( immortal gods1 9 :om we c detect no ta9t ( ,"t & mortality4 ,we may f9d a simil> pla/ic subsi/5cy 9 ! arti/ic p]fections ( ! bodily frames ( ! victors at ! ,olympic games2 nay1 ev5 9 ! app>ition ( ,phryne#aeb h]self1 :o1 z ! faire/ woman1 came f ! sea nak$ be=e all ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,ideal ,,( ,,sculpture ,n[ t we pass on to consid] ! really ideal /yle ( sculpture we mu/ once aga9 recall ! fact t ! p]fect$ type necess>ily presupposes ! imp]fect z its pr$ecessor2 & x does s n m]ely 9 relation to its te*nique1 :i*1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 does n conc]n u "h1 b 9 respect to ! g5]al notion1 9 o!r words ! mode ( its conception & ! p>ticul> way 9 :i* x sets =? ! same ideally4 ,we h 9 g5]al t]ms call$ ! symbolical type t ( inquiry2 consequ5tly pure sculpture1 too1 has = its presupposition a c]ta9 /age ( ! symbolical type1 & by ?is we d n m]ely mean a /age ( ! symbolic =m z g5]ally conceiv$1 9 o!r words ( ar*itecture1 b a =m ( sculpture :i* is itself *>act]iz$ by ! symbolical pr9ciple4 ,we %all f9d an opportunity ( support+ ?is ass]tion ) ! example ( ,egyptian sculpture 9 ! ?ird *apt]4 ,we may 9 ?is place & f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,ideal g5]ally1 & = ! pres5t :olly 9 an ab/ract & =mal mann]1 assume t :i* we t]m symbolical 9 a specific art is its incomplet5ess2 z1 = example1 we may s apply ?is t]m to an attempt ( *ildr5 to draw ! human figure1 or m\ld x f wax & clay4 ,:at !y execute is to ?is ext5t m]ely a symbol1 z x only sugge/s ! liv+ reality x purports to exhibit1 rema9+1 h[ev]1 :olly unfai?ful to ! actual object & its significance4 ,art is consequ5tly 9 ! fir/ in/ance hi]oglyphical1 no m]e accid5tal & caprici\s m>k1 b a haphaz>d del9eation ( an object = ! imag9ation4 ,= ?is purpose a badly drawn figure suffices if x recalls t object x is int5d$ to sugge/4 ,9 a simil> way piety is cont5t ) badly execut$ images1 & /ill wor%ips ,*ri/1 ! ,virg91 & any o!r sa9t 9 ! mo/ bungl+ c\nt]feit1 al?\gh su* images may m]ely d]ive su* individualization purely f p>ticul> attributes convey$ by su* means z a lant]n or a mill-/one4 ,= piety refuses to be rem9d$ ( aught save ! object2 ! s\l adds all else !reto1 :i* w be fill$ up ) an image ( ! object1 h[ev] untrue ! c\nt]feit may be4 ,x is n ! liv+ expression ( ! pres5t :i* is requir$2 x is n t :i* is pres5t$ :i* is int5d$ to enk9dle u by itself4 ,r a "w ( art ( ?is k9d already br+s satisfaction if x excites ! g5]al concept ( ! objects by virtue ( its images1 h[ev] insuffici5t !y be4 ,a concept ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 already ab/racts f ! giv5 cont5t4 ,i c readily imag9e "s kn[n ?+1 su* z a h\se1 a tree1 a man2 b ev5 9 su* a case1 :]e ! ref]5ce is to some?+ q det]m9ate1 ! concept m]ely includes :olly g5]al traits1 & is 9 fact only a true concept#aec 9 s f> z x has effac$ f ! concrete pres5tm5t ! :olly imm$iate s+ul>ity ( ! objects & simplifi$ ! same4 ,if ! imag$ concept1 :i* ! "w ( art has to ar\se 9 u1 is t ( ! div9e nature1 & if ?is has to receive recognition f an entire p1 ?is object is especially atta9able :5 no alt]ation is all[$ 9 ! mode ( pres5tation4 ,= ?is reason art is on ! "o h& conv5tional1 & on ! o!r s*ola/ic#aed2 & ?is is s n m]ely 9 ! case ( ! m anci5t ,egyptians1 b also 9 t ( m anci5t ,greek & ,*ri/ian art4 ,! arti/ 9 su* case 0 b\nd to re/rict himself to def9ite =ms & to repeat _! type4 ,! crucial po9t ( transition1 :]e f9e art wakes f its sleep1 mu/ consequ5tly be s\ght !re1 :]e at la/ ! arti/ is creative by virtue ( 8 own free conception1 :]e ! fla% ( g5ius /rikes into ! mat]ial pres5t$1 & communicates fre%ness & vitality to ! pres5tm5t4 ,!n = ! fir/ "t ! atmosph]e ( m9d#aee enfolds ! "w ( art1 :i* is no long] re/rict$ to m]ely call+ up 9 a g5]al way "s idea be=e ! m9d1 & recall+ to x "s deep] significance :i* ! spectator already is ess5tially possess$ (1 b :i* proce$s to make visible ?is significance z ?r\gh\t made vitally pres5t 9 "s individualiz$ creation1 & :i* consequ5tly nei!r makes no fur!r advance beyond ! purely sup]ficial g5]ality ( its =ms1 nor b9ds itself on ! o!r h&1 9 respect to ! detail ( its del9eation1 to ! *>act]i/ics ( all t common reality (f]s x4 ,9 ! rise ( ideal sculpture we presuppose p]=ce a complete passage to su* a sph]e ( creation4 ,9 e/abli%+ ! facts ( ?is appe>ance we may emphasize ! foll[+ po9ts ( view4 ,fir/1 we h to address ourselves to ! g5]al "* ( ! ideal =m 9 its contra/ to ! /ages previ\sly discuss$4 ,secondly1 we %all h to adduce specific aspects ( x1 ! importance ( :i* is mo/ obvi\s1 su* z ! way 9 :i* facial *>act]i/ics1 drap]y1 & pose are modell$ or treat$4 ,?irdly1 we h to en=ce ! position t ! ideal figure is n m]ely a g5]al type ( beauty 9 ! =mal s5se ( type1 b includes1 by virtue ( its pr9ciple ( individuality1 :i* belongs to ! really liv+ ,ideal1 ess5tially1 too1 ! aspect ( diff]5tiation & specific def9ition )9 its own sph]e1 & by ?is means ! prov9ce ( sculpture is exp&$ 9 a cycle ( p>ticul>iz$ images ( gods & h]oes4 #a4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,*>act]ization ,,( ,,! ,,ideal ,,figure ,,( ,,sculpture ,we h already exam9$ at l5g? :at ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! classical ideal is4 ,our pres5t inquiry is !re=e limit$ to ! p>ticul> mode "u :i* ?is pr9ciple is realiz$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( sculpture 9 ! human =m4 ,9 ?is connection ! l9es ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! human physiognomy1 expressive z x is ( spiritual life & ! g5]al build ( ! animal organism1 :i* is unable to pass beyond ! m]e expression ( natural life 9 its unbrok5 association ) natural wants & an organism t is exclusively adapt$ to _! satisfaction1 w supply u ) a /&>d ( comp>ison :i* c>ries u consid]ably fur!r4 ,yet ev5 su* a /&>d is /ill some:at indef9ite = ! reason t ! human =m alone nei!r is z bodily =m1 or z an expression ( ,_s1 :olly & z we f9d x fir/ ( ideal type4 ,on ! contr>y we may obs]ve ) m clos5ess f ! f9e ma/]pieces ( ,greek sculpture :at ! ideal ( sculpture 9 ! spiritually f9e expression ( its creations has to br+ be=e u4 ,x 0 pre-em95tly ,w9ckelmann :o1 ) ?is intimate k ( & devotion = art ( ?is k9d1 & by means ( 8 receptive en?usiasm1 no less ?an 8 intellig5ce & critical faculty1 made an end ( indef9ite /atem5ts ov] ! ,ideal ( ,greek beauty by leav+ ! *>act]ization ( detail 9 ! =m at once di/9ct & precise1 an endeav\r :i* by itself is full ( in/ruction4 ,no d\bt ! results he obta9$ supply abundant opportunity = fur!r criticism1 exceptions1 & ! l2 b we %\ld be c>eful1 be=e attempt+ to criticize details & errors 9 8 "w1 n to obscure ! ma9 result :i* he e/abli%$4 ,h[ev] f> ae/hetic sci5ce may ext5d its bord]s t at lea/ mu/ be presuppos$ z ess5tial4 ,assum+ ?is1 x _c1 h[ev]1 be d5i$ t s9ce ,w9ckelmann's dea? our k ( ! antique has n only be5 ess5tially enl>g$ 9 ! numb] ( examples submitt$ to criticism1 b also has be5 plac$ on a secur] basis 9 its relation to ! /yle ( ^! works & ! true appreciation ( _! beauty4 ,w9ckelmann1 no d\bt1 pass$ "u review a great numb] ( ,egyptian & ,greek /atues2 we h1 h[ev]1 add$ 9 m rec5t times ! clos] acqua9tance ( ! ,aeg9etan sculptures1 no less ?an ^? ma/]works :i* 9 "p are ascrib$ to ,pheidias & 9 "p we mu/ recognize z creations ( 8 age & "u 8 sup]vision4 ,9 a ^w we h secur$ a m intimate k ( a numb] ( sculptures1 :e!r s+le /atues or reliefs1 :i*1 9 _! relation to ! sev]ity ( ! ideal /yle1 are ref]able to ! age 9 :i* ,greek art 0 at its fulle/ bloom4 ,= ^! a/oni%+ monum5ts ( ,greek sculpture1 z is well kn[n1 we are indebt$ to ! ef=ts ( ,"l ,elg91 :o1 z ,engli% ambassador to ,turkey1 _h a numb] ( /atues & reliefs ( ! greate/ beauty tak5 f ! ,p>!non at ,a!ns & o!r t[ns to ,engl&4 ,p h blam$ su* acquisitions & call$ !m temple robb]y4 ,"l ,elg9 has1 h[ev]1 z a matt] ( fact1 really rescu$ ^! works ( art = ,europe & pres]v$ !m f complete de/ruction4 ,su* an ent]prise des]ves its true recognition4 ,moreov]1 x is due to ?is circum/ance t ! int]e/ ( all connoisseurs & fri5ds ( art h be5 direct$ to an epo* & a mode ( pres5tation1 :i*1 9 ! exceptionally consi/5t sev]ity ( its /yle1 con/itutes ! true greatness & height ( ! ,ideal4 ,:at ! g5]al v]dict has highly e/imat$ 9 ! works ( ?is epo* is n ! *>m & grace ( =m & pose1 n ! elegance ( expression :i* already1 z 9 ! times subsequ5t to ,pheidias1 makes an ext]nal appeal & di/9ctly aims at pleas+ ! spectator1 nor yet ! delicacy & boldness ( ! elaboration2 r ! g5]al *orus ( praise is conc5trat$ ^u ! expression ( self-subsi/5cy & ess5tial repose 9 ^! figures1 & m especially has ?is note ( admiration be5 mo/ emphatic by virtue ( ! free vitality1 ! absolute transfusion ( & comm& ov] ! purely natural & mat]ial aspect1 a comm& by :i* ! arti/ m\lds ! m>ble1 makes x alive & end[s x ) a s\l4 ,& we may add t :5 all has be5 said t c be said 9 su* praise ! figure ( ! recl9+ riv]-god rema9s z mo/ emphatically its object1 :i* is "o ( ! f9e/ examples ( antique art we h recov]$4 7a7 ,! vitality ( ^! works consi/s 9 ?is1 t !y are ! free product ( ! g5ius ( ! arti/4 ,! arti/ at ?is /age is nei!r satisfi$ ) giv+1 by means ( g5]al & haphaz>d cont\rs1 sugge/ions & expressions1 a g5]al conception ( t :i* he desires to reproduce1 nor does he1 on ! o!r h&1 9 respect to :at is individual & s+ul>1 accept ! =ms z he has receiv$ !m by *ance f ! ext]nal _w4 ,= ?is reason also he does n pres5t !m aga9 ) loyalty to ?is accid5tal aspect1 b he is conc]n$ to place )9 8 own free creation :at is empirically p>ticul>iz$ 9 isolat$ aspects t ?us appe> 9 a fur!r individual accord ) ! univ]sal types ( ! human =m1 an accord :i* is made to appe> z ?r\gh\t transpi]c$ ) ! spiritual configuration ( t :i* he is call$ to make app>5t1 :5 he suff]s u to see 8 own vitality1 conception & animation 9 ! "w reg>d$ on ! side ( ! arti/'s activity4 ,! univ]sal aspect ( ! cont5t ( 8 "w is n due to 8 creation4 ,x is pres5t$ him by means ( my?ology & saga precisely 9 ! way t he f9ds ! g5]al effect & details ( ! human =m2 b ! free & liv+ individualization1 :i* p]meates all portions on 8 "w1 is ! result ( 8 own p]sonal po9t ( view1 8 ef=ts & s]vices4 7b7 ,! effect & *>m ( ?is vitality & fre$om is only produc$ by means ( ! suffici5cy1 ! hone/ c&\r ( ! elaboration ( all ! p>ticul> p>ts to :i* ! mo/ def9ite k & review ( ! con/ruction ( ^! p>ts belongs1 no less 9 _! position ( repose ?an also 9 t ( _! motion4 ,! way 9 :i* ! diff]5t memb]s are dispos$ & m\ld$ ) reg>d to rondure & smoo?ness1 9 e condition ( re/ & movem5t1 mu/ be express$ 9 ! mo/ satisfactory way4 ,?is fundam5tal elaboration & plac+ 9 relief ( all ! sep>ate p>ts we f9d 9 all products ( antique art1 & ! animation ?us produc$ is only ! effect ( inf9ite pa9s & tru?4 ,:5 ! eye contemplates works ( ?is k9d x is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 unable cle>ly to recognize a mass ( di/9ction2 & x is only by virtue ( a p>ticul> mann] ( light+ t we c appreciate ! same by means ( a /rong] contra/ betwe5 light & %ad[4 ,b ?\gh ^! f9e nuances are imp]ceptible at fir/ glance1 ! g5]al impression !y produce is n = t reason lo/4 ,9 "p !y appe> z ! spectator v>ies 8 po9t ( view1 & 9 "p we d]ive f !m :at is ess5tially ! impression ( ! organic cont9uity ( all ! memb]s & _! =ms4 ,?is _s ( vitality1 ?is s\l ( mat]ial configuration1 is due :olly to ! fact t1 ?\gh e "p is entirely complete 9 its sep>able indep5d5ce1 yet x is to a l ext5t ?r\gh\t1 by virtue ( ! weal? ( its modes ( transition1 associat$ n m]ely ) ! "p t is imm$iately its neighb\r1 b ) ! entire "w4 ,= ?is reason ! =m is vital 9 e "p ( x2 ! lea/ detail ( x is /amp$ ) purpose2 e "p ( x is diff]5tiat$ f ! re/1 possesses t :i* di/+ui%es x & makes x di/9ct1 & yet is affect$ by ! same fluidity ( treatm5t1 is only :at x is vitally z a "p ( ! :ole1 s t we are able to recognize ! :ole 9 ! v fragm5ts ( x1 & a "p t is brok5 (f enables u n m]ely to see b to enjoy a totality t is n ?us mutilat$4 ,! mat]ial surface1 al?\gh = ! mo/ "p /atues are n[ s]i\sly impair$ by ! wea!r & o!r causes 9 ?is respect1 pres5ts a s(t & malleable appe>ance2 & 9 "o p>ticul> example ( ! head ( a horse ,i h 9 m9d x lit]ally gl[s ) ! ard\r ( life on ! face ( ! m>ble itself4 ,?is sc>ce p]ceptible und]curr5t ( fluidity 9 all organic p>ts1 unit$ to ! mo/ consci5ti\s elaboration :i* avoids purely regul> surfaces & any?+ approa*+ ! b>e convexity ( circul> %ape1 supplies t s(tness & ideality ( all p>ts1 t h>moni\s unity1 :i* ext5ds ?r\gh\t ! :ole z ! spiritual brea? ( "o animat+ pres5ce4 7c7 ,h[ev] true1 not)/&+1 expression ( detail$ or g5]al configuration may be1 ?is tru? is no m]e imitation ( ,nature simply4 ,sculpture is always occupi$ ) ! ab/raction ( =m1 & is consequ5tly oblig$1 on ! "o h&1 to omit f ! bodily pres5tm5t :at is mo/ ess5tially ! natural aspect1 9 o!r words1 :at is exclusively indicative ( natural function4 ,f a fur!r po9t ( view x is unable to c>ry to extremes its p>ticul>ization ( detail1 b r z1 = example1 9 its treatm5t ( hair1 mu/ re/rict its att5tion & reproduction to ! m g5]al ( its =ms4 ,9 ?is way1 ap>t f any o!r1 ! human figure1 :5 prop]ly treat$ by sculpture1 is at once decl>$ z ! =m & expression ( ,_s1 r ?an ( a purely natural =m4 ,closely connect$ ) ?is consid]ation is ! fact t1 ?\gh a spiritual cont5t is express$ by means ( sculpture 9 ! bodily =m1 yet 9 ! g5u9e ,ideal x is n ass]t$ s prom95tly 9 ! ext]ior =m to ! ext5t ( mak+ t :i* is simply ext]nal 9 its *>m & grace ei!r ! exclusive or pr$om9ant attraction to ! spectator4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?\gh ! g5u9e & m sev]e ,ideal ( ,spirituality is "h pres5t$ 9 bodily %ape1 & is exclusively ?us pres5t$ by means ( su* %ape & its expression1 yet ?is configuration mu/ equally appe> to be )\t exception unifi$1 support$ & transfus$ by ?is ideal cont5t4 ,! swell ( life1 ! malleability & bodily pres5ce1 or s5su\s fulness & beauty ( ! bodily organism1 mu/ z little supply indep5d5tly ! object ( ! pres5tation1 z :at is individual 9 ! spiritual pres5ce c be c>ri$ to ! l5g? ( express+ ! m intimate & m closely relat$ inn] life ( ! spectator1 :5 we consid] 8 own p>ticul>ity4 #b4 ,,! ,,p>ticul> ,,aspects ,,( ,,! ,,ideal ,,=m ,,( ,,sculpture ,,z ,,su* ,if we direct our att5tion n[ to ! m specific consid]ation ( ! fundam5tal phases1 on :i* ! ideal =m ( sculpture reposes1 we %all d well to foll[ ,w9ckelmann 9 ess5tials1 :o has laid /ress on ! sev]al types ) ! f9e/ intuitive s5se1 & ) ! mo/ =tunate results1 z well z on ! way 9 :i* ! same h be5 treat$ & %ap$ by ,greek arti/s1 ) ! result t !y f9ally pres5t to u ! ,ideal ( sculpture4 ,! vitality1 ?is float+ emanation no d\bt evades ! def9itions ( ! und]/&+1 :i* 9 ! pres5t case is unable to hold fa/ & transpi]ce ! p>ticul> z 9 ar*itecture1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ass]ts itself 9 ! entire "w1 z we h already se51 z ! coalesc5ce ( free spirituality & bodily =ms4 ,! fir/ g5]al feature ( di/9ction :i* arre/s u conc]ns ! det]m9ation ( works ( sculpture 9 a g5]al way1 by virtue ( :i* ! human =m has to express t :i* is spiritual4 ,! spiritual expression1 albeit x has to be p\r$ =? ov] ! entire bodily pres5ce rea*es its highe/ degree ( conc5tration 9 ! facial =m1 :]eas ! rema9+ memb]s are m]ely able to reflect :at is spiritual by means ( _! position1 9 s f>1 t is1 z ! same proce$s f ,_s 9 its ess5tial fre$om4 ,9 our exam9ation ( ^! ideal =ms we w make a beg9n+ 9 ! fir/ place ) ! head2 we w1 !n1 9 ! second place enl>ge ^u ! position ( ! body1 aft] :i* we %all conclude ) ! pr9ciple ( ! drap]y4 7a7 ,9 ! ideal configuration ( ! human head we are fir/ & =emo/ confront$ ) ! s-call$ ,greek pr(ile4 77 ,?is pr(ile consi/s 9 ! peculi> union ( ! =ehead & nose2 9 ! almo/ /raight or m]ely slightly crook$ l9e 9 :i* ! =ehead unites )\t int]ruption ) ! nose1 z also1 to speak m accurately1 9 ! v]tical direction ( ?is l9e to ano!r :i*1 ext5d+ x f ! root ( ! nose to ! orifice ( ! e>1 =ms a "r angle ) ! l9e ( ! =ehead & nose above m5tion$4 ,9 a l9e ( ?is sort nose & =ehead /& ?r\gh\t to "o ano!r 9 ! ideal & f9e art ( sculpture1 & ! "q pres5ts itself :e!r ?is is a m]ely national & arti/ic cont+5cy or a physiological necessity4 ,camp]1 ! fam\s ,dut* physiologi/1 has1 ) m exactness & 9 an exceptional way1 *>act]iz$ ?is l9e z ! l9e ( facial beauty2 he 9 fact discov]s !re9 ! ma9 di/9ction betwe5 ! =m ( ! human visage & ! pr(ile ( animal life2 & on acc\nt ( ?is foll[s up ! modifications ( ?is feature ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s human races4 ,9 ?is respect 8 rese>*es are no d\bt 9 conflict ) ^? ( ,blum5ba*#aef4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! l9e adv]t$ to is 9 fact a mo/ m>k$ means ( di/9ction betwe5 ! outw>d =m ( man & animal4 ,among animals1 x is true1 muzzle & nasal bone also =m a m or less /raight l9e1 b ! specific projection ( ! animal's sn\t1 :i* is =c$ to ! front1 z be+ 9 ! ne>e/ practical relation to objects1 is ess5tially det]m9$ ?r\gh its connection ) ! skull1 unit$ to :i* ! e> is moreov] plac$ above or bel[1 s t 9 ! pres5t in/ance ! l9e t is c>ri$ =w>d f ! skull to ! root ( ! nose or ! upp] jaw1 :]e ! tee? are 9 position1 =ms an acute angle in/ead ( a "r angle z is f\nd 9 ! case ( man4 ,ev]ybody c indep5d5tly feel 9 a g5]al way ! /r5g? ( ?is di/9ction1 :i* no d\bt op5s ! pa? to m def9ite ?9k+ on ! subject4 77 ,9 ! =mation ( ! head ( animals ! mo/ insi/5t feature is ! m\? z ! organ by means ( :i* x fe$s 9 co-op]ation ) ! upp] & l[] jaws1 ! tee?1 & ! muscles ( ma/ication4 ,all ! o!r organs are subord9ate & 9 a position ( subs]vi5ce to ?is pr9cipal feature4 ,notably ! sn\t z a means ( sc5t+ food1 ! eyes be+ to a less] degree in/rum5tal 9 spy+ x out4 ,! express insi/5ce on ^! animal features z exclusively devot$ to ! natural wants & _! satisfaction gives to ! head ( ! animal ! appe>ance z ?\gh int5d$ m]ely to satisfy natural functions )\t any trace ( spiritual ideality4 ,= ?is reason ! entire animal organism is r5d]$ intelligible f ! m\? z a po9t ( dep>ture4 ,a specific mode ( n\ri%m5t1 t is to say1 requires a specific /ructure ( ! muzzle1 a p>ticul> =mation ( ! tee?1 toge!r ) :i* ! /ructure ( ! jaw bones1 ! muscles ( ma/ication1 *eek-bones1 &1 moreov]1 ! v]tebrae1 ! ?ighbones1 claws1 & s =? all /& 9 ! close/ relation4 ,! body ( ! animal m]ely subs]ves natural ends & on acc\nt ( ?is dep5d5ce on ! purely mat]ial aspect ( n\ri%m5t gives ! impression ( abs5ce ( _s4 ,if1 !n1 ! human c\nt5ance is1 ev5 9 its bodily con=mation1 to possess a spiritual /amp1 ^? organs :i* 9 ! animal =m are s pr$om9ant mu/ 9 ! case ( man1 retire f su* a pre-em95ce & give way to ^? :i* d n s mu* sugge/ a practical relation z "o t is ref]able to ! ideality ( m9d4 77 ,! human c\nt5ance has consequ5tly a second c5tral po9t1 9 :i* t attitude to facts1 :i* indicates ! relation ( ! s\l or _s1 is decl>$4 ,we f9d ?is 9 ! upp] portion ( ! face1 9 ! ?\ghtful br[ & ! eye1 ?r\gh :i* we face ! s\l1 :i* looms out b5ea? x1 toge!r ) its environm5t4 ,?\ght1 reflection--t is1 ! introspection ( ! spiritual id5tity--is necess>ily connect$ ) ! =ehead1 ^: int]nal life 9 conc5trat$ cl>ity looks =? f ! eye4 ,?r\gh ! prom95ce ( ! =ehead & ! correspond+ly retreat+ appe>ance ( ! m\? & ! *eek-bones ! human c\nt5ance d]ives its spiritual "*4 ,?is projection ( ! br[ is !re=e necess>ily t :i* det]m9es ! entire =mation ( ! skull1 :i* no long] falls back1 =m+ ! side ( an acute angle z its extreme po9t ! m\? is press$ to ! front#aeg1 b r p]mits ( a l9e be+ drawn f ! =ehead ?r\gh ! nose to ! po9t ( ! *91 :i*1 ) a second drawn ov] ! re> ( ! skull to ! apex ( ! =ehead1 =m a "r angle1 or "o at lea/ :i* approximates to x4 77 ,?irdly1 we may say t ! nose =ms ! passage & connection betwe5 ! l[] & upp] portion ( ! face1 t is to say1 betwe5 ! purely contemplative & spiritual =ehead & ! practical organ ( nutrition2 & if we take into consid]ation its natural function z ! organ ( smell x is rightly plac$ 9 ?is int]m$iate position betwe5 an attitude to ! ext]nal _w :i* is ei!r :olly practical or ideal4 ,no d\bt ! s5se ( smell 9 su* a position is /ill associat$ ) an animal want2 x is intimately connect$ ) ! ta/e2 & = ?is reason1 9 ! case ( ! m]e animal1 ! sn\t is at ! s]vice ( ! m\? & ! organ ( n\ri%m5t4 ,b ! s5se ( smell is by itself z a fact no actual consumption ( objects1 z eat+ & ta/+ are2 x m]ely accepts ! result ( ! process 9 :i* ! objects pass into ! atmosph]e & its invisible & my/]i\s m$ium ( dissolution4 ,assum+1 !n1 t ! passage f =ehead & nose is ( su* a =mation t ! =ehead view$ indep5d5tly ar*es =w>d1 & yet 9 relation to ! nose retreats1 :]eas ?is latt] organ on its "p1 9 proximity to ! =ehead1 is )drawn back & only projects beyond ?is po9t1 we see t bo? ^! portions ( ! face--t is1 ! contemplative "p1 ! =ehead1 & t :i* sugge/s a practical use1 ) :i* we may associate ! m\?1 =m an emphatic contra/1 9 virtue ( :i* ! nose1 z belong+ 9 a s5se to bo? extremes1 app]ta9s equally to ! practical aims#aeh ( ! m\?4 ,fur!rmore1 ! =ehead1 9 its isolat$ position1 receives ! appe>ance ( sev]ity & exclusive spiritual conc5tration 9 its contra/ to ! eloqu5t sympa?y ( ! m\?1 :i* is prim>ily ! organ ( nutritive support1 & at ! same "t accepts ! nasal organ into its s]vice z its in/rum5t 9 creat+ ! natural want by virtue ( its smell1 & !reby decl>es its direct relation to ! mat]ial side4 ,& 9 close connection ) ?is reciprocity is ! cont+5t "* ( ! =m to ! indet]m9able modifications ( :i* bo? nose & =ehead may be c>ri$4 ,! p>ticul> type ( ! =ehead's ar*1 ! nature ( its projection or retreat1 loses its secure l9es ( def9ition1 & ! nose c be fiat or f9e1 droop+1 ar*$1 m acutely flatt5$ & a snub4 ,by virtue ( amelioration#aei & accommodation1 h[ev]1 t beautiful h>mony1 :i* ! ,greek pr(ile ass]ts 9 ! g5tle & un9t]rupt$ communication betwe5 ! spiritual =ehead & ! nose1 t is1 betwe5 ! upp] & l[] portions ( ! face1 ! nose appe>s on ?is v acc\nt ( clos] aff9ity to ! =ehead1 & consequ5tly receives itself a spiritual expression & "* z ?\gh drawn up into ! spiritual sy/em4 ,! s5se ( smell becomes at ! same "t a s5se indep5d5t ( purely practical ends1 a nose ref9$ = spiritual purpose2 j z 9 fact also ! nose by its sne] & simil> movem5ts1 h[ev] unimportant by !mselves !y may be1 is nev]!less %[n to be 9 ! highe/ degree pliable z a mode ( express+ ! judgm5ts & emotions ( s\l-life4 ,s1 = example1 we say ( a pr\d man t he holds 8 nose high1 or ascribe sauc9ess to a "y girl :o tosses up h] bit ( a nose4 ,& ! same ?+ may be said ( ! m\?4 ,no d\bt x is on ! "o h& ref]able z an in/rum5t to ! satisfaction ( hung] & ?ir/2 x expresses1 h[ev]1 9 addition to ?is conditions ( ! s\l1 op9ions1 & passions4 ,ev5 among animals x is us$ 9 ?is relation z ! organ ( animal cries1 & by man z t ( spee*1 laught]1 sighs1 & s =?1 by :i* means ! l9eam5ts ( ! m\? are !mselves associat$ ) ! facts ( eloqu5t s\l-sympa?y1 or ( joy1 sorr[1 & simil> conditions4 ,x is no d\bt ass]t$ t1 ?\gh = ! ,greeks1 su* a configuration ( ! human c\nt5ance is pres5t$ z ! true pres5tation ( beauty1 ! ,*9ese1 ,jews1 & ,egyptians1 reg>d$ on ! contr>y an entirely diff]5t type1 or r =ms absolutely 9 conflict ) su*1 z equally beautiful1 or yet m beautiful1 & ! conclusion is made t1 cancell+ "o example by ano!r1 we h n prov$ t ! ,greek pr(ile is ! type ( g5u9e beauty4 ,su* a /atem5t1 h[ev]1 is :olly sup]ficial4 ,! ,greek pr(ile mu/ 9 fact n be reg>d$ z any m]e ext]nal & accid5tal =m1 b approximates to ! ideal ( beauty by its indep5d5t claims1 namely1 fir/1 because x is ! type ( c\nt5ance 9 :i* ! expression ( s\l-life =ces into ! backgr\nd all t is purely mat]ial1 &1 secondly1 because x to ! fulle/ ext5t deta*es itself f all t is cont+5t 9 ! =m1 )\t1 h[ev]1 display+ !reby m]e subs]vi5ce to rule1 & leav+ no place = e k9d ( individuality4 77 ,) respect to specific types & _! clos] consid]ation ,i w m]ely t\* ^u c]ta9 fundam5tal aspects select$ f ! abundant mat]ial :i* o!rwise invites att5tion4 ,9 ?is respect we may 9 ! fir/ in/ance ref] to ! =ehead1 ! eye1 & ! e>1 z ^? p>ts ( ! face :i* are mo/ ne>ly relat$ to ! contemplative1 or at lea/ spiritual aspect1 &1 secondly1 to ! nose1 m\?1 & *91 z ^? relatively speak+ m connect$ ) ! organs ( practical import4 ,?irdly1 we %all h some:at to say ( ! hair z ! ext]nal sett+1 by virtue ( :i* ! head is r\nd$ (f 9 an oval %ape ( beauty4 77 ,! =ehead is 9 ! ideal =m ( classical sculpture1 nei!r fully ar*$ =w>d1 nor z a rule l(ty2 =1 al?\gh ! spiritual aspect has to be prom95tly emphasiz$ 9 its configuration ( ! visual features1 yet x is n z yet spirituality simply z su*1 :i* sculpture has to pres5t be=e u1 b r individuality z /ill exclusively express$ 9 bodily =m4 ,9 heads ( ,h]cules1 = example1 ! =ehead is pref]ably l[1 = ! reason t ,h]cules possesses r ! muscul> vig\r ( ! body direct$ t[>ds ext]nal objects ?an ! introspective en]gy ( m9d4 ,& = ! re/ we f9d ! =ehead subject to _m modifications1 l[] 9 ! case ( *>m+ & y\?ful fem99e =ms1 & m l(ty 9 ! case ( figures t repres5t sub/antial "* & s]i\s reflection4 ,9 speak+ ( ! eye x is important at once to make x cle> t 9 ! figure ( ideal sculpture1 9 addition to ! abs5ce ( any true col\r su* z is f\nd 9 pa9t+1 ! glance ( ! eye is also abs5t4 ,x is possible no d\bt to %[ on hi/orical evid5ce t ! anci5ts1 9 ! case ( p>ticul> images ( ,m9]va & o!r gods plac$ 9 temples1 h pa9t$ ! eye1 s9ce we f9d actual traces ( col\r 9 c]ta9 /atues2 9 ! case ( images d$icat$ to a sacr$ purpose1 h[ev]1 arti/s h frequ5tly held fa/ s f> z possible to traditional usage 9 ! face ( good ta/e4 ,9 ! case ( o!r examples x is cle> t !y mu/ h possess$ eyes 9 ! %ape ( preci\s /ones ins]t$4 ,?is practice1 h[ev]1 is ! result ( a desire already adv]t$ to ( adorn+ ! images ( gods 9 z ri* & lavi% a mann] z possible4 ,& we may affirm g5]ally t su* ei!r m>k ! beg9n+s ( ! art1 or are due1 z exceptions1 to ! traditions ( religion4 ,moreov]1 ap>t f ?is1 m]e col\r is /ill f> f giv+ to ! eye ! ess5tially conc5trat$ look1 :i* alone communicates to x an expression t is :olly complete4 ,we may !re=e "h assume x z a fact t 9 ! case ( /atues & bu/s ( a truly classical type1 unaffect$ by su* exceptional conditions :i* h come d[n to u f antiquity1 ! light focus ( ! eye1 no less ?an ! spiritual expression ( its glance1 is abs5t4 ,= al?\gh n unfrequ5tly ! focus is ins]t$ 9 ! apple ( ! eye1 or at lea/ is indicat$ by a conical depression1 & a modification :i* expresses ! light po9t ( ?is focus & by ?is means a k9d ( visual glance1 su* rema9s nev]!less ! purely ext]nal configuration ( ! eye-ball1 & is no pres5tation ( its vitality2 9 o!r words x is n ! glance ( x simply1 ! inw>d glance1 t is1 ( ! s\l4 ,we c readily imag9e t x mu/ co/ ! arti/ a great deal to sacrifice ! eye 9 its simple aspect ( animation4 ,we h only to look a man 9 ! eyes to discov] a po9t ( arre/1 a c5tre t expla9s & is basic to 8 entire pres5tm5t1 :i* we may grasp 9 its simple/ t]ms f ! unify+ decl>ation ( its b>e look4 ,! eye-glance is 9 fact t aspect :i* is mo/ /eep$ 9 s\l2 x is ! conc5tration ( ! inw>d life & its subjective emotion4 ,j z a man by means ( a h&%ake1 s1 too1 ) yet m rapidity he is br\ght into unity ) 8 fell[ by virtue ( ! eye-glance he faces4 ,& x is ?is pre-em95tly spiritual mode ( revelation :i* sculpture is =c$ to disp5se )4 ,9 pa9t+1 on ! contr>y1 ?is outw>d expression ( s\l-life makes its appe>ance by means ( ! subtle gradations ( col\r+ ei!r 9 its entire spiritual effect1 or 9 a manife/ association ) ext]nal facts & ! p>ticul> int]e/s1 feel+s1 & passions1 :i* are call$ up by _! pres5ce4 ,b ! prov9ce ( ! sculptor 9 8 art is nei!r ! ess5tial inw>dness ( s\l-life1 ! conc5tration ( ! entire man 9 ! simple c5tre ( self-id5tity1 :i* gleams out 9 ! human glance z its ultimate po9t ( illum9ation1 nor ! develop$ subjectivity z we f9d x diffus$ amid ! surr\nd+ _w4 ,! end ( sculpture is ! totality ( ! ext]nal =m1 into :i* ! s\l mu/ dis9tegrate itself1 & pres5t itself by means ( ! manifold ( ! m$ium ?us utiliz$1 s t ! rec\rse to "o simple s\l-focus1 9 o!r ^w ! imm$iacy ( ! _s-glance1 is n "h p]mitt$4 ,! "w ( sculpture possesses no su* ideal intimacy 9 its simple/ t]ms :i* is all[$ to ass]t itself1 z ! human look does ass]t itself 9 contra/ to o!r p>ts ( ! human body1 !reby unfold+ a contra/ betwe5 ! eye & ! body2 r 9 sculpture :at ! individual is 9 8 ideal & spiritual significance rema9s :olly fus$ 9 ! total aspect ( =m1 :i* ! _s t contemplates x1 ! spectator1 c alone grasp 9 its unity4 ,& 9 ! second place1 & ) equal tru? ! eye pe]s into ! _w t surr\nds x2 x necess>ily looks at some?+ positive1 & !reby is witness to man 9 8 relation to a manifold _w ( objects1 j z 9 ! sph]e ( feel+ he is unit$ to 8 environm5t & g5]al exp]i5ce4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 precisely ?is union ) ext]nal objects f :i* ! true figure ( sculpture is )drawn1 be+ r absorb$ 9 :at is sub/antive 9 its own spiritual cont5t1 ess5tially self-subsi/5t1 t is )\t fur!r diffusion or developm5t4 ,?irdly1 ! glance ( ! eye receives its fully evolv$ significance by virtue ( ! expression ( ! re/ ( ! bodily pres5tm5t1 su* z 9 its g5]al mi5 & spee*1 albeit z ! purely =mal po9t ( subjective life1 9 :i* ! entire manifold ( ! =m & its environm5t is conc5trat$ to a focus1 x holds itself alo( & contra/$ ) ?is developm5t4 ,a bread? ( vision ( ?is specific k9d is1 h[ev]1 =eign to ! pla/ic art4 ,= ?is reason ! m specializ$ mode ( expression 9 ! human vision1 :i* did n at ! same "t imm$iately discov] its fur!r reciprocal response ( effect 9 ! entire compass ( its configuration1 c\ld only be an accid5tal p>ticul>ity1 :i* ! sculptur$ figure mu/ disp5se )4 ,= reasons su* z ^!1 sculpture does n m]ely deprive itself ( no?+ :5 x leaves its figures b>e ( ! eye's full glance2 b we may affirm t x is only true to its fundam5tal pr9ciple :5 x totally disreg>ds ?is mode ( ! s\l's expression4 ,consequ5tly x is m]ely "o m example ( ! f9e insight ( antiquity1 t x recogniz$ firmly ?is limitation & re/riction ( sculpture1 & rema9$ loyal to ! ab/ract view x impli$4 ,x is an evid5ce ( ! l(ty intellig5ce ( ! anci5ts1 bas$ on ! fulness ( _! reason+ faculties1 & ! compreh5sive grasp ( _! outlook4 ,no d\bt we d meet ) cases 9 antique sculpture1 9 :i* ! eyes gaze ^u "s def9ite po9t1 z = example 9 ! case ( ! faun we h allud$ to sev]al times :o glances at ! "y ,bac*us4 ,?is smile ( recognition is express$ 9 a mov+ way2 b ev5 "h ! eye is itself visionless1 & ! real /atues ( ! gods 9 _! simple situations are n pres5t$ to u 9 relations ( ?is specific "* s f> z ! direction ( eye & glance is conc]n$4 ,) reg>d to ! =m ( ! eye 9 ideal sculpture x is l>ge ( size1 widely ext5d$1 oval & 9 respect to position plac$ at "r angles t[>d ! l9e ( ! =ehead & nose1 & 9 consid]able depression4 ,z f> back z ,w9ckelmann#afj ! l>ge size ( ! eye 0 acc\nt$ significant ( beauty1 j z a great light is m beautiful ?an a small "o4 ,! size1 h[ev]1 8 description cont9ues1 is relative to ! bone ( ! eye or its cavity1 & is express$ 9 ! mode ( incision#afa & 9 ! op5+ ( ! eyelids1 ( :i* 9 beautiful eyes ! upp] describes a m circul> ar* t[>d ! angle )9 ?an ! l[] "o4 ,9 ! case ( pr(ile heads ( sup]ior workman%ip ! apple ( ! eye itself possesses a pr(ile & receives precisely by virtue ( ?is op5+ ?us cut away a nobility & a free glance1 ^: v light1 accord+ to ,w9ckelmann's obs]vation1 is r5d]$ visible on co9s ?r\gh an exalt$ po9t or focus on ! apple ( ! eye4 ,at ! same "t m]e size does n make all eyes beautiful2 !y are ?is 9 ! fir/ place by virtue ( ! ca/ ( ! eyelids1 & 9 ! second ?r\gh be+ !mselves deepset4 ,9 o!r words ! eye ought n to press =w>d1 & by s do+ be ?ru/ on ! ext]nal _w1 = x is j ?is close relation to ! ext]nal _w :i* is remov$ f ! ideal1 ex*ang+ = ?is ! self-retirem5t ( p]sonality ^u its own res\rces1 t is1 ^u :at is ideally sub/antive 9 ! individuality4 ,! projection ( ! eye1 h[ev]1 also sugge/s ! ?\ght t ! apple ( ! eye is at "o "t pu%$ to ! =e & at ano!r )drawn1 &1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( ! />+ gaze1 only te/ifies to ! fact t ! individual is beside himself1 ei!r />+ 9 total abs5ce ( ?\ght1 or 9 an equally s\lless way absorb$ 9 ! gaze ^u "s mat]ial object4 ,9 ! ,ideal ( antique sculpture ! eye is plac$ 9 ev5 m pron\nc$ retreat ?an we actually f9d x 9 ,nature4 ,w9ckelmann sugge/s z a reason = ?is t 9 ! case ( /atues ( l>g] size :i* are plac$ m remote f ! vision ( ! spectator1 )\t ?is m rec$+ position1 on acc\nt ( ! fact t ap>t f ?is ! apple ( ! eye 0 = ! mo/ "p flat1 ! eye itself w\ld h be5 )\t mean+ & practically lifeless1 if by j ?is m emphatic projection ( ! bone ( ! eye-socket1 ! !reby acc5tuat$ play ( light & %ad[ _h n made ! eye m app>5tly active4 ,yet ?is deep5+ ( ! eye has a yet fur!r significance4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! =ehead is !reby suff]$ to receive a prom95ce sup]ior to t ( ,nature ! contemplative portion ( ! face is ! pr$om9ant factor1 & we receive a ke5] s5se ( spiritual expression1 :ile also ! emphasiz$ %ad[ 9 ! eye-sockets on its own acc\nt enables u to feel a dep? & unimpair$ inw>dness1 a look t is %ut (f f ext]nal objects1 & retires on ! ess5tial pres5ce ( individuality1 ^: dep?s are suffus$ ov] ! entire pres5tm5t4 ,9 ! case ( co9s1 too1 ( ! be/ p]iod ! eyes are deep-set1 & ! enclos+ bones ( ! eye are project$4 ,! eyebr[s on ! contr>y are n express$ by a m ext5d$ ar* ( t9y hairs1 b m]ely sugge/$ by means ( ! acute %>pness ( ! eye-bone ridge1 :i*1 )\t int]rupt+ ! =ehead 9 its =m ( cont9uity z eyebr[s actually d ?r\gh _! col\r & relative elevation1 surr\nd ! eyes z ) an elliptical g>l&4 ,! m elevat$ & consequ5tly m indep5d5t ar* ( ! eye-br[s has nev] be5 reg>d$ z beautiful4 ,w9ckelmann#afb fur!r obs]ves ) reg>d to ! e>s t ! anci5ts devot$ ! greate/ c>e to _! elaboration1 s t 9 ! case ( cut /ones indiff]5t att5tion to ! execution ( ! e> is an infallible sign ( ! spuri\sness ( ! "w 9 "q4 ,9 p>ticul> he insi/s t /atues :i* are portraits (t5 reproduc$ ! *>act]i/ic & individual type ( ! e>4 ,x is consequ5tly possible 9 _m cases to asc]ta9 ! v p]sonality repres5t$ f ! e>1 if ! same happ5s to be kn[n1 & to take "o example1 f a s+le e> ) an exceptionally l>ge op5+ into x1 to d$uce ! pres5ce ( a ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,inde$1 ! anci5ts h n fail$ to indicate 9 ?is respect :at is actually mis%ap54 ,z examples ( a peculi> type ( e> to be f\nd 9 ideal heads1 ,w9ckelmann draws att5tion to c]ta9 e>s giv5 to ,h]cules1 :i* are beat5 out flat1 & o!rs :i* bulge out 9 _! c>tilag9\s folds4 ,!y indicate wre/l]s & pancratia/s1 j z ,h]cules himself c>ri$ (f ! prize at ,elis z a pancratia/ 9 ! games ( ,pelops4 77 ,we h /ill to add "s rem>ks ) ref]5ce to t "p ( ! c\nt5ance :i* is m ne>ly relat$ to ! practical or s5su\s side ( natural function1 9 o!r words ! specific =m ( ! nose1 ! m\?1 & ! *94 ,! di/9ction 9 ! =m ( ! nose gives to ! face a v>iety ( configuration & _m v>i\s k9ds ( expression4 ,a ke5ly cut nose ) ?9 folds#afc at ! ap]tures we are accu/om$ to associate ) an acute und]/&+1 :]eas a broad & droop+ "o1 or a snub nose t is some:at bruti%1 sugge/s z a rule s5suality1 folly1 & be/iality4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! function ( sculpture to hold itself alo(1 n m]ely f su* extremes1 b also ! int]m$iate /ages ( design & expression1 & refuse consequ5tly to accept1 z we h already se5 is ! case ) ! ,greek pr(ile1 n simply ! sep>ation f ! =ehead1 b also ! extreme curve1 :e!r upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 ! acute po9t & ! m ext5d$ r\nd+ (f1 ! elevation 9 ! middle & ! depression t[>ds ! =ehead & ! m\?1 g5]ally speak+ ! extreme acut5ess & ?ickness ( ! nose1 sett+ 9 ! place ( ^! v>i$ modifications a comp>atively indiff]5t type1 if at ! same "t "o :i* 9 a quiet way is ?r\gh\t vitaliz$ by individuality4 ,second only to ! eye ! mon? belongs to ! mo/ beautiful portion ( ! face1 provid$ t x is =m$ n s mu* 9 express relation to its natural function z an organ = eat+ & dr9k+ z 9 accommodation to its spiritual significance4 ,9 ?is respect x only gives place to ! eye 9 ! v>iety & weal? ( its means ( expression1 & ?is ?\gh x is enabl$ to express ) vital =ce ! f9e/ nuances ( scorn1 disda91 envy1 ! entire gamut ( sorr[s & joy ?r\gh ! slighte/ ( movem5ts & ! fulle/ play ( su*1 & to a simil> degree to express ! *>m ( love1 e>ne/ness1 s5su\s feel+1 ob/9acy1 attraction1 & o!r su* emotions by its /ate ( repose4 ,sculpture1 h[ev]1 makes less use ( x to express ! nuances ( p>ticul> expression1 &1 above all1 is b\nd to keep :at is entirely s5su\s1 & sugge/s natural wants away f ! =m & del9eation ( ! lips4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 !re=e1 x models ! m\? nei!r ov]-full-%ap$ nor too sp>e1 = extremely ?9 lips also sugge/ a p>simony ( emotional life2 makes ! und]lip m full ?an ! upp]1 :i* 0 also ! case ) ,s*ill]1 ^u ! modell+ ( ^: m\? 0 inscrib$ e k9d ( significance & fulness ( temp]am5t4 ,?is m ideal type ( ! lips 9 its contra/ to ! animal sn\t pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a c]ta9 abs5ce ( desire1 :]eas 9 ! case ( ! bea/1 if ! upp] portion projects1 we are at once rem9d$ ( ! headlong dev\r+ ( food & ! grasp = x4 ,among human be+s ! m\? is1 :5 we h reg>d = its spiritual relation1 prim>ily ! seat ( human spee*1 ! organ = ! free communication ( self-consci\s life1 j z ! eye is t ( ! emotional _s4 ,moreov]1 accord+ to ! ideals ( sculpture1 ! lips are n tightly clos$2 r 9 ! works ( art 9 its bloom+ season ! m\? is set slightly op5 )\t suff]+ ! tee?1 h[ev]1 to be visible1 :i* h no?+ to d ) ! expression ( a spiritual significance4 ,?is attitude is s f> support$ by ! fact t :5 ! organs ( s5se are /rongly active1 z1 = example1 :5 we gaze int5tly at an object1 ! m\? is clos$2 :51 on ! contr>y1 we are absorb$ 9 visionless ?\ght x op5s slightly & ! angles ( ! m\? are to an appreciable ext5t incl9$ d[nw>ds4 ,la/ 9 our review ( ! objects above nam$1 ! *91 9 its ideal =m1 completes ! spiritual expression ( ! m\?1 t is1 assum+ x is n :olly abs5t1 z 9 ! case ( animals1 or only reta9$ 9 a retreat+ & meagre condition z 9 works ( ,egyptian sculpture1 b z r l5g!n$ out ev5 beyond ! degree :i* is usual1 receiv+ ?us 9 ! r\nd$ fulness ( its ar*$ curve1 m p>ticul>ly :]e we h %ort] und]lips1 yet fur!r increase ( size4 ,to sum up 9 fact a full *9 conveys ! impression ( a c]ta9 satiety & repose4 ,odd fussy w5*es wag ) _! )]$-up *9s & meagre muscles4 ,goe!1 = example1 lik5s _! *ops to a pair ( tongs t w be snat*+ at some?+4 ,all re/lessness ( ?is k9d disappe>s ) a full *94 ,! dimple1 h[ev]1 :i* n[adays is held to h "s claim to beauty is1 z an accid5tal grace itself1 no ess5tial accompanim5t ( beauty4 ,9 its place1 h[ev]1 a r\nd$ *9 ( consid]able proportions is an infallible sign ( antique heads4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,m$icean ,v5us x is n s noticeable1 b x is prov$ on good evid5ce t ! /atue has suff]$ a loss 9 ?is respect4 77 ,we h only n[ 9 conclusion to ref] to ! hair4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! hair has r ! "* ( a vegetable ?an an animal =mation2 x te/ifies less to ! /r5g? ( ! organism ?an x is indicative ( weakness4 ,b>b>ians all[ ! hair to hang 9 /raight l9es1 or cut x (f close to ! head r ?an 9 undulat+ l9e or locks4 ,! anci5ts1 on ! contr>y1 devot$ excessive att5tion to ! elaboration ( ! hair 9 _! ideal works ( sculpture1 a direction 9 :i* m mod]n arti/s devote less tr\ble & skill4 ,no d\bt ! anci5ts also1 :5 ! /one on :i* !y work$ 0 extremely h>d1 did n suff] ! hair ( ! head to fl[ 9 freely hang+ locks1 b arrang$ z ?\gh x 0 cropp$ %ort#afd &1 9 t =m1 f9ely comb$ out4 ,9 ! case ( m>ble sculpture ( ! bett] "t ! hair is 9 locks & ( great vig\r bo? 9 ! case ( male & female heads1 :]e we f9d x pres5t$ 9 upw>d rolls & b\nd toge!r on ! cr[n ( ! head2 "o f9ds x at lea/1 z ,w9ckelmann po9ts out1 drawn out 9 w9d+ rolls & ) express depressions ! bett] to indicate its v>i\s folds 9 light & %ad[1 :i* is impossible if ! drills are %all[4 ,add to ?is 9 ! case ( p>ticul> gods ! l9e ( direction & ! arrangem5t ( ! hair is diff]5t ,9 a simil> way 9 ,*ri/ian pa9t+ ,*ri/ is made recognizable by a def9ite type ( ! cr[n ( ! head & ! locks ( hair1 foll[+ :i* type 9 our own "t !re are n a few :o delib]ately imitate su* an appe>ance4 77 ,! p>ts above describ$ 9 _! =m sum up collectively ! head z a :ole4 ,! beautiful =m is "h det]m9$ by a l9e :i* mo/ ne>ly approa*es ! oval ( an egg1 & !reby resolves e indication ( %>pness1 po9t$ness1 & angul>ity 9 h>moni\s =m & a g5tly progressive association1 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ exclusively regul> & ab/ractly symmetrical1 or issu+ 9 multifold v>iety ( l9es & _! direction & incl9ation z is ! case ) o!r portions ( ! body4 ,9 ord] to =m ?is self-collect$ oval %ape1 ! beautiful & free incl9ation f ! *9 to ! e> contributes1 p>ticul>ly if we look at ! face f ! front1 no less ?an ! l9e already indicat$1 :i* describes ! t]m9ation ( ! =ehead1 ! bones ( ! eye-socket4 ,& ! ar* ov] ! pr(ile f =ehead ov] ! po9t ( ! nose to ! *9 is equally noticeable1 & ! beautiful ar*+ ( ! back ( ! head to ! nape ( ! neck4 ,s mu* ,i h p]mitt$ myself1 )\t ent]+ on fur!r detail1 to obs]ve on ! ideal %ape ( ! head4 7b7 ,9 respect to ! o!r organic memb]s su* z neck1 brea/1 back1 belly1 arms1 h&s1 ?ighs1 & feet1 we f9d "h ano!r type ( co-ord9ation4 ,!y c no d\bt possess a beautiful =m1 b ! beauty is s5su\s1 vital1 )\t express+ by virtue ( _! =m z su* a spiritual significance z ! c\nt5ance expresses x4 ,! anci5ts h %[n = ! =m ( ^! p>ts ( ! body ! highe/ s5se ( beauty2 b 9 g5u9e sculpture !y mu/ n m]ely pass z ! beauty ( a liv+ organism1 b z memb]s ( ! human =m x is _! fur!r function to pres5t ! appe>ance ( a spiritual effect1 s f> z ?is is compatible ) :at is purely bodily pres5ce4 ,o!rwise ! expression ( ! s\l w\ld be conc5trat$ :olly 9 ! face1 :]eas 9 pla/ic sculpture :at is spiritual mu/ appe> z p]meat+ no?+ less ?an ! entire configuration1 & mu/ n be p]mitt$ to isolate itself indep5d5tly & 9 contra/ to :at is corporeal4 ,if we n[ inquire :at are ! means :i* enable ! brea/1 ! torso1 ! back1 & ! extremities to contribute to ! expression ( _s & !reby to receive ov] & beyond a beautiful vitality1 ! brea? ( a spiritual life1 we %all f9d ! foll[+3 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is ! relation 9 :i* ! limbs1 9 s f> z t relation proce$s f ! ideality ( ,_s1 & is freely det]m9$ by t ideality1 are br\ght into juxtaposition4 ,secondly1 !re is ! motion & repose 9 _! complete fre$om & beauty ( =m4 ,?irdly1 ?is type ( position & motion 9 _! def9ite affiliation#afe & expression supplies ! situation m closely1 9 :i* ! ,ideal1 :i* c nev] consi/ purely 9 ! ,ideal ( ab/raction1 is compreh5d$4 ,i w add yet fur!r "s g5]al rem>ks on ! above po9ts4 77 ,) reg>d to position ( fir/ importance is t aspect we h _h already occasion to notice 9 a sup]ficial way1 namely1 ! upright position ( man4 ,! body ( animals moves 9 a p>allel l9e ) ! gr\nd2 m\? & eye foll[ ! same direction1 & ! animal is unable indep5d5tly to raise himself f ?is relation to gravity4 ,! opposite is ! case ) mank9d2 ! eye look+ /raight =w>d is plac$ 9 its natural direction1 t is1 9 a "r angle ) ! l9e ( gravity & ! body4 ,man is no d\bt able to g on all f\rs j z animals d1 & *ildr5 d s 9 fact2 b z soon z consci\sness beg9s to awak51 man wre/s himself f ! animal *a9s ( ! e>?1 & /&s up /raight 9 free indep5d5ce4 ,?is /ansion is an act ( w1 = if we cease to try to /& our body collapses & falls to ! gr\nd4 ,9 ?is way ! upright position possesses a spiritual significance1 9 s f> z ! self-elevation f ! gr\nd rema9s l9k$ ) ! volition & ?us ) t :i* is spiritual & ideal2 j z we are accu/om$ to say ( an ess5tially free & indep5d5t man1 :o keeps 8 op9ions1 view's1 pr9ciples1 & aims unaffect$ by o!rs1 t he /&s on 8 own feet4 ,! upright position is1 h[ev]1 n yet m]ely z su* beautiful2 x is only s by virtue ( ! fre$om ( its =m4 ,9 o!r words if a man /&s up only /raight 9 an ab/ract way1 lett+ 8 h&s fall glu$ to 8 side ) no int]val ( sep>ation1 8 legs 9 ! same way be+ close to ea* o!r1 we receive an unt[>d expression ( /iffness1 ev5 al?\gh 9 ! fir/ in/ance ?is is due to no compulsion4 ,f ?is /iff effect we d$uce on ! "o h& ! ab/ract & likewise ar*itectonic pr9ciple ( uni=mity1 "u :i* ! limbs adh]e toge!r 9 ! l position1 & on ! o!r h& we d n discov] 9 x any det]m9ation d]iv$ f :at is spiritual & ! ideal pr9ciple4 ,9 su* a case arms1 legs1 brea/1 body1 all ! memb]s /& & hang j z ?\gh !y _h f ! fir/ gr[n !re on man1 )\t be+ br\ght by means ( 8 _s1 8 volition & emotions into a *ange ( position4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( ! sitt+ po/ure4 ,conv]sely also ! squatt+ or p]*+ on ! gr\nd is de/itute ( fre$om = ! reason t x sugge/s an attitude ( subord9ation1 dep5d5ce1 & s]fdom4 ,! free position1 on ! contr>y1 avoids 9 a measure ?is ab/ract uni=mity & angul>ity1 & places ! position "u l9es :i* approximate to ! organic =m2 & to a fur!r ext5t x suff]s spiritual relations to %9e ?r\gh1 s t by virtue ( su* a position ! conditions & passions ( ! s\l are cognizable4 ,only 9 ?is mann] c ! position pass z a g5u9e exhibition ( ,_s4 ,9 ! application ( positions z significant pose#aff1 x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 t sculpture proce$ ) great circumspection1 & x has !reby _m a difficulty to ov]come4 ,on ! "o h&1 no d\bt1 ! reciprocal relation ( ! memb]s is to be d]iv$ f ! ideal pr9ciple ( ,_s2 on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 ?is det]m9ation f ! ideal side ought n to place ! p>ticul> p>ts "u a mode :i* contradicts ! corporeal /ructure & ! laws ( ! same1 & !reby produce ! impression ( a con/ra9t impos$ on ! memb]s1 or come into collision ) ! mat]ial ( sub/ance1 9 :i* sculpture is set ! task to execute ! arti/'s conceptions4 ,&1 9 ! ?ird place1 ! pose mu/ appe> :olly spontane\s1 z ?\gh ! body receiv$ x ( its own initiative1 o!rwise body & _s h ! appe>ance ( be+ di/9ct & sep>able f ea* o!r1 & are involv$ 9 ! relative position ( m]e direction f "o side & purely ab/ract ob$i5ce f ! o!r1 :]eas bo? 9 sculpture ought rightly to con/itute "o & ! same imm$iately congru5t totality4 ,?is abs5ce ( con/ra9t is "h ( ! fir/ importance4 ,_s1 z ! ideal pr9ciple1 mu/ ?r\gh\t transfuse ! memb]s1 & ^! latt] mu/ 9 l degree ess5tially accept _s & its det]m9ation z to ! cont5t ( its own s\l4 ,z to ! pose itself & its "*1 :i* we may emp[] to express ! j attitude 9 ideal sculpture1 we c readily inf] f our previ\s exposition t x ought n be "o :olly ref]able to *ange or in/antane\s action4 ,! repres5tation ( sculpture mu/ produce no effect su* z is se5 9 ! case :]e m51 :ile 9 ! art ( motion & action1 7 turn$ to /one or froz5 by means ( ,hon's horn4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is necess>y t ! po/ure1 al?\gh x may )\t "q po9t to "s *>act]i/ic action1 express = all t m]ely a beg9n+ & prep>ation1 an int5tion1 or x mu/ indicate ! close ( an action & a return f ! same to ! /ate ( repose4 ,! repose & self-subsi/5cy ( a spiritual life1 :i* pot5tially encloses 9 itself an entire _w1 is ! mo/ suitable aspect = ! ideal =m ( sculpture4 77 ,&1 9 ! second place1 :at we h obs]v$ ( po/ure is equally applicable to motion4 ,!re is 9 sculpture z su* less room = motion 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m ?an o!r arts#afg1 j 9 s f> z ! same does n z yet advance to ! mode ( pres5tation :i* is m ne>ly relat$ to an art ^: sph]e ( effect is m ext5sive4 ,! tranquil image ( ! god 9 8 bless$ self-seclusion is ! pres5tm5t :i* x is its task ma9ly to set be=e u 9 all its ess5tial fre$om f conflict4 ,a v>iety ( movem5t is necess>ily exclud$ f su*4 ,:at we ought to h is r a /ansion or recl9+ po/ure ( ess5tial self-absorption#afh4 ,?is attitude ( self :olly ref]able to self x is :i* does n proce$ to a def9ite action1 & by do+ s does n contract its entire en]gy to ! space ( a s+le mom5t1 mak+ su* ( fir/ importance1 b r p]si/s 9 ! cont9u$ equilibrium ( tranquillity4 ,we ought to be able to imag9e t ! figure ( ! gods w rema9 = ev] 9 ! same po/ure4 ,! escape f self-subsi/5cy1 ! plung+ ( individual life )9 ! vortex ( a p>ticul> action t implies conflict1 ! /ra9 ( ! mom5t1 :i* is unable to cont9ue z su*--su* relations are =eign to ! ideality ( sculpture4 ,we cross !m r :]e1 9 ! case ( gr\ps & reliefs1 ! p>ticul> mom5ts ( an action are pres5t$ ) a di/9ct incl9ation to ! pr9ciple ( pa9t+4 ,a result br\ght ab\t by p[]ful effects1 & _! pass+ exhibition1 no d\bt ex]cises ^u u an imm$iate impression2 b aft] once hav+ receiv$ x we d n readily return to x4 ,= t :i* is s prom95t 9 ! pres5tation is ! affair ( a mom5t's passage1 :i* we bo? obs]ve & recognize 9 t mom5t1 :]eas ! ideal fulness & fre$om1 :at is inf9ite 9 its significance1 9 o!r words t :i* holds our att5tion p]man5tly1 is relegat$ to ! backgr\nd4 77 ,9 ass]t+ ?is1 h[ev]1 we d n ma9ta9 t sculpture1 :]e1 9 ! case :]e x adh]es to its pr9ciple 9 all its sev]ity & atta9s its highe/ po9t1 mu/ necess>ily exclude entirely ! attitude ( movem5t4 ,if x did s x w\ld m]ely pres5t to u ! div9e 9 its indet]m9acy & indiff]5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 s f> z x is its function to compreh5d ! sub/antive z individuality1 & to pres5t x to our vision 9 bodily =m1 bo? ! ideal & ext]nal condition1 9 accordance ) :i* x br+s its cont5t & =m to an impression1 is necess>ily individual4 ,& x is ?is individuality ( a def9ite situation :i* is pre-em95tly express$ by means ( ! pose & movem5t ( ! body4 ,inasmu* z1 h[ev]1 ! sub/antive 9 sculpture is ( mo/ importance1 & individuality is n z yet itself extricat$ f ! same to ! po9t ( p>ticul> self-subsi/5cy1 ! specific det]m9acy ( ! situation mu/ n be ( a k9d t x impairs or annuls ! simple /]l+ "*#afi ( t sub/antiv5ess1 by ei!r mak+ x "o-sid$ or draw+ x into ! conflict ( collisions1 or 9 a g5]al way by plac+ x )\t res]ve "u ! ov]ma/]+ importance & v>iety ( :at is p>ticul>4 ,x mu/ r rema91 indep5d5tly reg>d$1 a det]m9acy less ess5tial 9 its result1 or r we may say a vivaci\s play ( vital =ce1 h>mless 9 effect ov] ! sup]ficial features ( individuality1 ^: sub/antive "* 9 no respect suff]s loss !reby 9 dep?1 subsi/5cy1 & repose4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a po9t :i* ,i h at an e>li] /age ( ?is inve/igation already#agj discuss$ at l5g? 9 relation to ! ,ideal ( sculpture :5 ! situation itself 0 "u review1 9 :i* ! ,ideal ought to appe> 9 def9ite relation to ! pres5tation3 fur!r discussion may "h be consequ5tly disp5s$ )4 7c7 ,! la/ po9t ( importance we h n[ to consid] is ! "q ( drap]y 9 sculpture4 ,at fir/ sight x may appe> z ?\gh ! nude =m & its corporeal beauty p]meat$ by spiritual significance1 9 ! mann] ( its pose & movem5t1 7 ! mo/ appropriate =m = ! ,ideal ( sculpture1 & drap]y 7 simply a h9drance4 ,9 accordance ) su* a view we he> ! compla9t rais$1 m p>ticul>ly 9 our own "t1 t mod]n sculpture is s frequ5tly =c$ to drape its figures1 :]eas no drap]y %\ld t\* ! beauty ( human organic =ms4 ,& we h f9ally ! wail add$ t our arti/s %\ld h s little opportunity ( /udy+ ! nude :i* 0 ev] be=e ! eyes ( ! anci5ts4 ,9 g5]al we may simply reply to ?is t ?\gh )\t "q1 f ! po9t ( view ( s5su\s beauty1 ! pref]5ce mu/ be giv5 to ! nude =m1 yet m]ely s5su\s beauty is n ! ultimate aim ( sculpture1 s t ! ,greeks d n give ! lead to a false pa? :5 !y pres5t$ ! l>g] numb] ( _! male figures no d\bt 9 ! nude1 b by f> ! great] numb] ( female figures drap$4 77 ,& g5]ally we may add t1 ap>t f arti/ic purpose1 drap]y is ju/ifi$ 9 real measure 9 ! necessity ( provid+ a protection f climatic *anges1 ,nature hav+ fail$ to provide man ) any cov]+ ( hide1 fea!rs1 hair1 su* z animals possess4 ,& f ano!r po9t ( view x is ! s5se ( mode/y :i* compels man to cov] himself ) raim5t4 ,n[ ?is %ame1 reg>d$ 9 a g5]al way1 is a beg9n+ ( indignation ov] t :i* is co>se or crude4 ,man 9 fact1 :o is consci\s ( 8 m elevat$ call+ to be ,_s1 mu/ necess>ily reg>d :at is purely animal z an incompatibility ) t1 & pre-em95tly seek to cov]1 z t :i* is n consonant ) ! ,ideal ( 8 s\l#aga1 ^? p>ts ( 8 body1 su* z ! belly1 brea/1 back1 & legs1 :i* are subs]vi5t to animal functions1 or only are direct$ to ext]nal uses1 & possess directly no spiritual det]m9acy1 & no spiritual expression4 ,we !re=e f9d among e p1 :o h ent]$ ^u ! life ( reflection1 ?is s5se ( %ame & ! necessity ( clo?+ 9 "s degree1 :e!r great or small4 ,z f> back z ! n>rative ( ,g5esis we h ?is transition express$ 9 ! %rewde/ way4 ,be=e ,adam & ,eve h eat5 ( ! tree ( k !y walk 9 ,p>adise 9 ! nak$ness ( innoc5ce2 b no soon] is _! consci\sness z spiritual be+s#agb ar\s$ ?an !y are a%am$ ( _! nak$ness4 ,! same s5se is preval5t among all o!r ,asiatic nations4 ,s1 = example1 ,h]odotus ass]ts 9 n>rat+#agc h[ ,gyges came to ! ?rone1 t x 0 reg>d$ ev5 9 a man z a matt] ( %ame among ! ,lydians1 & almo/ all b>b>ians1 to be se5 nak$2 & z a pro( ( ?is we h ! tale ( ! wife ( ,c&aules1 k+ ( ! ,lydians4 ,! tale runs t ,c&aules expos$ 8 wife 9 nudity to ! gaze ( ,gyges1 8 satellite & fav\rite1 9 ord] to conv9ce him t h] beauty z a woman 0 beyond comp>e4 ,%e1 h[ev]1 discov]$ ! outrage1 :i* x 0 int5d$ to conceal f h]1 by *ance see+ ,gyges1 :o _h be5 hidd5 9 h] sleep+ *amb]1 slip out ( ! door4 ,indignant at ! outrage1 %e receiv$ ,gyges 9 audi5ce ! foll[+ day1 & decl>$ to him t1 inasmu* z ! k+ _h tak5 ?is /ep & p]mitt$ ,gyges to see :at he ought n to h se51 he might select "o ( two c\rses1 ei!r kill ! k+ z 8 puni%m5t1 & possess himself bo? ( h] & ! k+dom1 or himself die4 ,gyges select$ ! fir/ alt]native1 & aft] assass9at+ ! k+ m\nt$ ! ?rone & m>ri$ ! wid[4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,egyptians repres5t$ frequ5tly1 or1 inde$1 = ! mo/ "p1 _! /atues 9 ! nude to ! ext5t t ! male figures m]ely c>ri$ an apron2 & 9 ! case ( ,isis ! drap]y 0 indicat$ by no?+ m ?an a b>ely p]ceptible fr+e r\nd ! legs4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 nei!r due to a defective s5se ( %ame1 nor 9 virtue ( _! in/9ct = ! beauty ( organic =ms4 ,= if we consid] _! symbolic po9t ( view we c only ma9ta9 t :at conc]n$ !m 0 n ! configuration ( a pres5tm5t consonant ) a spiritual significance1 b r ! mean+1 ! ess5ce & conception ( t :i* ! =m 0 int5d$ to pres5t to intellig5ce2 & !y p]mitt$ ! human =m to be ?us1 )\t reflection ^u ! fur!r & m remote adequacy ( ! same to ,_s1 9 its natural /ate1 :i* !y moreov] copi$ ) great clos5ess to life4 77 ,f9ally1 among ! ,greeks1 we meet ) bo? aspects1 bo? nude & drap$ figures4 ,& 9 actual life also !y 7 equally clo!d1 albeit f o!r consid]ations !y held x a po9t ( hon\r to h fir/ conte/$ 9 ! games nude4 ,to an exceptional degree ! ,lac$aemonians 7 ! fir/ to wre/le nak$4 ,b ?is 0 ) !m n due s mu* to a s5se ( beauty z to _! g5]al indiff]5ce to :at sav\r$ ( ref9em5t & spiritual purport 9 ! s5se ( mode/y4 ,9 ! national "* ( ! ,greek p1 among :om ! feel+ = p]sonal individuality 9 all its imm$iacy1 & z x is ! spiritual animation ( _! exi/5ce1 is s /rongly develop$1 tak+ ?is z ! in/9ct = free & beautiful =ms1 x 0 also inevitable t :at 0 human 9 its imm$iacy1 ! bodily pres5ce1 t is1 z x belongs to man & is suffus$ ) 8 _s1 %\ld be elaborat$ 9 indep5d5t =m1 & t ! human =m %\ld be rev]$ above all o!rs = ! reason t x is ! free/ & ! mo/ beautiful4 ,9 ?is s5se1 no d\bt1 !y ?rew aside t in/9ct ( %ame1 :i* w n suff] u to look at :at is purely corporeal 9' man1 n out ( indiff]5ce to :at 0 spiritual1 b ) an indiff]5ce to :at is purely s5su\s 9 desire1 = ! sake ( beauty2 & ?is int5tion is manife/ 9 full play ?r\gh\t a great numb] ( _! nude figures4 ,?is entire abs5ce ( drap]y1 h[ev]1 x 0 impossible :olly to ju/ify on pr9ciple4 ,=1 z ,i h already indicat$ :5 di/+ui%+ ! head f o!r p>ts ( ! body1 x is und5iable t ! spiritual expression ( ! =m is re/rict$ to ! face & ! pose & movem5t ( ! :ole1 to ! g5]al mi51 :i* is preem95tly eloqu5t by virtue ( ! arms1 h&s1 & position ( ! legs4 ,= ^! organs1 ^: activity is 9 an outw>d direction1 h /ill1 & precisely by ! nature ( _! pose & movem5t1 = ! mo/ "p ! expression ( a spiritual deliv]ance4 ,! o!r memb]s ( ! body1 on ! contr>y1 are & rema9 solely productive ( a s5su\s beauty2 & ! di/+ui%+ features :i* are visible on !m c only be bodily vig\r1 developm5t ( muscle1 or degrees ( delicacy & s(tness1 su* z *>act]ize respectively ! two sexes1 age1 y\?1 & *ildhood4 ,z a means1 !re=e1 ( express+ :at is spiritual 9 ! =m1 ! nudity ( ^! p>ts is also f ! /&po9t ( beauty indiff]5t2 & x is only due to our moral s5se1 :51 t is to say1 ! ma9 ?+ look$ = is ! p>am\nt pres5tation ( ! spiritual 9 man1 t su* p>ts %\ld be veil$4 ,:at 9 g5]al ideal art does 9 ! case ( e sep>ate "p ( ! body is to remove ! necess>y limitations ( animal life 9 its detail$ p>ticul>ities1 su* z little ve9s1 wr9kles1 hairs ( ! sk91 & s =?1 & simply to en=ce & emphasize ! spiritual impression ( ! =m 9 its vital outl9es1 & ?is is precisely :at drap]y effects4 ,x cov]s up ! sup]fluity ( ! organs1 :i* are no d\bt necess>y = ! body's self-support1 b are 9 o!r respects sup]flu\s z an expression ( ! _s's import4 ,we are1 !re=e1 n entitl$ to ass]t )\t condition t ! nudity ( figures ( sculpture 9 e respect betrays a high] s5se ( beauty1 & a great] e?ical fre$om & emaculacy4 ,x 0 9 ?is respect1 z 9 o!rs1 t a j & spiritual in/9ct dom9at$ ! ,greek4 ,*ildr51 ,cupid = example1 :]e we f9d ! bodily pres5tm5t "o ( unres]v$ innoc5ce1 & ! spiritual beauty consi/+ j 9 ?is2 or1 to take o!r examples1 y\?s1 y\?ful gods1 h]oic gods1 & h]oes1 su* z ,p]seus1 ,h]cules1 ,!seus1 ,jason1 9 :i* cases h]oic c\rage1 & ! use & elaboration ( ! bodily frame 9 works ( bodily /r5g? & p]man5ce is ( mo/ importance2 or wre/l]s 9 ! national games1 :]e x is n s mu* ! cont5t ( ! action1 ! _s & individuality ( "*1 z ! physical aspect ( ! exploit1 ! vig\r1 suppl5ess1 & free play ( ! muscles & limbs1 :i* is ! s\rce ( exclusive int]e/2 or f9ally fauns & satyrs1 ,bac*antes 9 ! fr5zy ( ! dance1 no less ?an ,aphrodite1 9 s f> z ! s5su\s *>m ( h] beauty is emphasiz$--su* are ! k9d ( examples :i* 7 r5d]$ 9 ! nude by antique sculpture4 ,:]e1 on ! contr>y1 a m l(ty significance & reflection1 a m ideal e>ne/ness is made prom95t1 :]e 9 g5]al ! natural features are n sup]latively emphasiz$1 !re we get drap]y4 ,s ,w9ckelmann adduces a case :]e among t5 /atues ( ! female =m only "o is :olly undrap$4 ,among ! goddesses ,pallas1 ,juno1 ,ve/a1 ,diana1 ,c]es & ! ,muses are pre-em95tly ^? :i* are veil$ 9 drap]y1 :ile among ! gods su* a treatm5t p>ticul>ly applies to ,jupit]1 & ! be>d$ ,indian ,bac*us1 ) "s o!rs4 77 ,& f9ally ) reg>d to ! pr9ciple ( drap]y1 x is unque/ionable t we h "h a subject t critics are v fond ( discuss+1 & :i* has consequ5tly to "s ext5t be5 already well ?ra%$ out4 ,i w1 !re=e1 limit myself to ! few foll[+ rem>ks4 ,g5]ally we h no reason to lam5t ! fact t our mod]n feel+ ( :at is respectable is some:at av]se to sett+ up totally nude figures4 ,= if ! drap]y m]ely p]mits ! pose 9 "q to be entirely transpicu\s in/ead ( cov]+ x up1 we lose no?+ at all2 r ! drap]y is j t :i* rightly fixes ! emphasis1 & is 9 ?is respect ev5 an advantage1 9 s f> z x draws u aside f ! direct view ( t :i* z m]ely s5su\s is )\t true significance1 & simply %[s u :at is !re 9 relation to ! situation express$ by means ( pose & movem5t4 77 ,once accept ?is pr9ciple1 & x may at fir/ sight appe> t su* cov]+ is ( mo/ signal advantage = ! arti/ic treatm5t1 :i* conceals ! cont\r ( ! limbs1 & consequ5tly also ! pose z little z possible1 precisely 9 fact z ?is is ! case ) our suffici5tly enclos+ mod]n g>m5ts4 ,our closely fitt+ sleeves & tr\s]s foll[ ! outl9es ( ! =m1 & /& 9 ! way ( ! motion & mi5 lea/ ( all by _! mak+ ! entire =m ( ! limbs visible4 ,! long :ite g>m5ts & bulg+-out hoses ( ! ,ori5tals1 on ! contr>y1 are intol]able to our s5se ( vivacity & multif>i\s activities1 & are only fitt+ = folk :o1 l ! ,turks1 sit ! :ole day long 9 "o place ) legs cross$1 or only p]ambulate sl[ly & ) great gravity4 ,& yet we are consci\s at ! same "t--inde$ ! v fir/ glance at ei!r mod]n /atues or pictures w e/abli% ! tru? = u--t our mod]n clo?+ is entirely un>ti/ic4 ,9 o!r words :at we behold 9 x really is1 z ,i h already 9 ano!r passage1 insi/$1 n ! f9e1 free1 & vital outl9es ( ! body 9 _! t5d] & fl[+ elaboration1 b /ret*$ out sacks ) /iff folds4 ,= albeit we d obta9 ! mo/ g5]aliz$ =m1 yet ! beauty ( ! organic undulations is lo/2 & :at we really look at is a contrivance ( ext]ior aim1 a matt] ( tailor's "w1 :i* 9 "o place is /it*$ toge!r1 9 ano!r fold$ back ov]1 & yet 9 ano!r made tightly fitt+--9 o!r words1 z a :ole1 =ms t are n free1 folds & surfaces :i* are fa/5$ toge!r by /it*1 buttons & button holes4 ,to all int5ts & purposes su* a clo?+ z ?is is simply a cov] & veil1 :i*1 :ile devoid ( any real =m ( its own1 yet 9 its o!r aspect1 ?\gh 9 a g5]al sort ( way foll[+ ! organic cont\r ( limbs1 hides f ! view j t s5su\s beauty & vital rond\r & undulation :i* belongs to !m1 m]ely to replace x ) ! mat]ial aspect ( ! me*anically elaborat$ /uff ( :i* x is compos$4 ,& ?us we get :at is s entirely in>ti/ic 9 our mod]n =m ( g>m5ts4 77 ,! pr9ciple = an arti/ic type ( clo?+1 !n1 consi/s 9 ?is t x is at ! same "t treat$ z a "w ( ar*itectonic design4 ,su* a "w is simply an environm5t1 9 :i* a man c likewise move 9 fre$om1 & :i* mu/ ess5tially possess & decl>e on its "p a det]m9ate %ape ( its own z its mode ( cov]+ q ap>t f ! =m :i* x encloses4 ,add to ?is su* a "w1 9 its aspect ( a ?+ :i* is worn & c>ri$1 mu/ freely foll[ its own me*anical texture4 ,a pr9ciple ( ?is type foll[s 9 ! track ( ! k9d ( drap+ :i* we f9d adopt$ 9 ! ideal sculpture ( ! anci5ts4 ,p>ticul>ly "h d we f9d t ! mantle is z x 7 a h\se 9 :i* free motion is possible4 ,x is no d\bt c>ri$1 b is only made fa/ at "o po9t1 namely1 on ! %\ld]4 ,= ! re/ x evolves its p>ticul> =m accord+ to ! modifications br\ght ab\t by its own weight2 x hangs1 falls along ! gr\nd1 & ca/s folds spontane\sly1 & only receives ?r\gh ! pose ! v>i$ *anges ( ?is free k9d ( configuration4 ,9 l mann] !re is little to impair ess5tially1 if 9 v>i$ degree1 ! fre$om ( disposition 9 o!r p>ts ( antique drap]y4 ,?is x is :i* con/itutes its arti/ic quality4 ,x is only 9 drap]y su* z ?is t we d n face some?+ :i* is a burd51 & some?+ artificial1 ^: %ape m]ely displays an ext]nal con/ra9t & necessity1 :i* is r some?+ itself indep5d5t 9 its =m1 & :i*1 h[ev]1 accepts f a spiritual s\rce1 t is ! pose ( ! figure1 its po9t ( dep>ture4 ,= ?is reason ! g>m5ts ( ! anci5ts are only fa/5$ to ! body s f> z is actually unavoidable1 t is1 to prev5t _! collapse1 & are modifi$ by ! pose ( x4 ,9 all o!r respects !y hang freely ab\t x1 & !mselves 9 _! p[] ( movem5t ?r\gh ! motion ( ! body give yet fur!r support to ! same pr9ciple4 ,& ?is is :olly z x %\ld be2 = ! body is "o ?+ & its drap]y ano!r1 & ! latt] ought !reby to receive its full due & be display$ 9 its fre$om4 ,mod]n clo?+ on ! contr>y is ei!r :olly c>ri$ by ! body & purely 9 subjection to x1 s t ev5 ! pose itself is too emphatically repeat$1 & x m]ely foll[s ! =ms ( ! limbs1 or1 9 cases :]e x is able to secure an indep5d5t =m 9 ! =mation ( folds1 x is aft] all m]ely ! tailor's "w :o makes ?is =m accord+ to ! exig5ces ( fa%ion4 ,! mat]ial is1 on ! "o h&1 dragg$ up & d[n by ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body & _! movem5ts1 &1 on ! o!r1 by its /it*es & seams4 ,on gr\nds ( ?is description ! antique =m ( drap]y is by a long way to be pref]r$ to our mod]n /yle z ! ideal /&>d = works ( sculpture4 ,no end has be5 writt5 ) e res\rce ( antiqu>ian rese>* ov] ! =m & details ( ! anci5t ways ( drap+1 = al?\gh m5 z a rule d n p]mit !mselves to *att] mu* ov] fa%ion 9 _! clo!s1 ! k9d ( clo?1 bord]1 cut1 & e o!r su* detail1 yet !y f9d ample ju/ification f ! antiqu>ian /&po9t = treat+ ^! trifl+ matt]s also z important1 & ( talk+ ab\t !m ) ev5 great] prolixity ?an is p]mitt$ to woman h]self 9 h] un*all5g$ field ( supremacy4 77 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a totally diff]5t problem we h to consid] :5 ! "q is ask$ :e!r mod]n clo?+1 t is1 ! k9d s greatly to be contra/$ ) ! antique1 is 9 all cases to be reject$4 ,?is "q is ( p>ticul> importance :5 we exam9e ! case ( portrait /atues2 & inasmu* z its ma9 int]e/ closely t\*es a pr9ciple ( importance to art z we h x n[1 we w consid] x at r great] l5g?4 ,:5 n[adays we h to create a portrait ( "s contempor>y x becomes necess>ily a "p ( x t ! drap]y & ! environm5t are bo? accept$ f ! actual facts ( _! individual exi/5ce1 =1 inasmu* z x is j ?is actual p]son :i* is "h made ! object ( art1 ?is ext]nal framework1 to :i* ! clo?+ ess5tially belongs1 is 9 its reality & tru? precisely t :i* is mo/ important4 ,& ?is is m especially to be obs]v$ :5 :at is aim$ at is ! pres5tm5t be=e our vision 9 our individuality ( well-def9$ *>act]s ^: greatness & activity 9 any p>ticul> sph]e h be5 rem>kable4 ,:e!r x be 9 a picture1 or 9 ! m>ble1 an individual is1 9 fact1 exhibit$ to our imm$iate vision 9 a bodily mode1 9 o!r words "u ext]nal conditions1 & to seek to c>ry ! portrait beyond su* a re/riction w\ld virtually imply ! self-contradiction t ! individual 0 associat$ ) t :i* 0 ess5tially untrue1 & ?is = ! reason t ! s]vice1 :at is peculi> & di/+ui%$ 9 actual m51 consi/s precisely 9 _! active relations to ! real1 t is 9 _! life & action 9 def9ite pr(essional sph]es4 ,& if ?is individual activity is to be made cle> to u ! environm5t mu/ exhibit no?+ t is =eign to or t5ds to impair ! effect4 ,a fam\s g5]al1 = example1 has liv$ 9 respect to 8 pr(essional surr\nd+s ) cannon1 rifles1 & p[d] be=e 8 eyes4 ,if we int5d to depict him 9 8 pr(essional activity we recur mo/ naturally to ! way he gives ord]s to 8 adjutants1 comm&s ! l9e ( battle1 & advances aga9/ ! enemy4 ,& ) yet m detail su* a g5]al is n m]ely "o ( a class1 b is di/+ui%$ by ! p>ticul> /yle ( 8 uni=m4 ,he is ei!r a lead] ( infantry or a /alw>t huss>1 & s =?4 ,9 e example ( ?is k9d we h "s exceptional =m ( habilim5t :i* is appropriate to ! circum/ances4 ,moreov] a fam\s g5]al is simply a fam\s g5]al1 n necess>ily a law-giv]1 poet1 or ev5 v possibly a religi\s man2 he comm&s 9 all respects z a soldi]2 he is j t2 he is1 9 a ^w1 no complete totality1 & ?is alone gives u ! ideal & div9e type4 ,= ! div9ity ( ! ideal figures ( sculpture is to be s\ght 9 no?+ s mu* z ?is t _! "* & individuality are app]t95t to no p>ticul> relations & pr(ess$ call+s1 b are r remov$ f su* division1 or1 9 ! case t ! idea ( su* relations is moot$1 x is s plac$ be=e u t we are =c$ to believe ab\t su* individuals t _! p[]s ( p]=mance are unlimit$4 ,= reasons su* z ! above a dem& to repres5t ! h]oes ( our "t or ! m rec5t ,pa/1 :5 _! h]oism is ( a re/rict$ nature1 9 ideal drap]y is v sup]ficial4 ,su* a dem& te/ifies no d\bt to a zeal = arti/ic beauty1 b a zeal :i* is un9tellig5t1 & 9 its devotion to ! antique ov]looks ! fact t ! greatness ( ! anci5ts likewise reposes ess5tially 9 ! l(ty compreh5sion ( all t !y accompli%$4 ,9 o!r words1 !y h1 no d\bt1 repres5t$ :at is ess5tially ideal1 b !y h n s\ght to en=ce a =m t is oppos$ to reality4 ,if ! entire cont5t ( ! individuals 9 "q is n ( an ideal "*1 !n _! drap+ ought n to be su*2 & if a p[]ful1 det]m9$1 & resolute g5]al does n already possess a c\nt5ance indicative ( ! l9eam5ts ( ,m>s1 !n to drape him ) ,greek drap]y w\ld be z mu* a folly z ?\gh we popp$ a be>d$ man 9 a maid5's petticoats4 ,despite ?is tru?1 h[ev]1 mod]n clo?+ does involve u 9 consid]able difficulty because x is subject to fa%ion1 & consequ5tly subject to *ange4 ,= ! rational pr9ciple ( fa%ion consi/s 9 ?is t x ex]cises ov] ,"t ! claim to be always subject to modification4 ,a robe1 accord+ to "s p>ticul> cut1 soon passes out ( fa%ion1 & x is only 9 fa%ion s long z x pleases4 ,b :5 ! fa%ion is ov]1 we cease to be us$ to x1 & :at pleas$ u a few ye>s back n[ appe>s sudd5ly ridicul\s4 ,= ?is reason only ^? =ms ( g>m5ts are appropriate = /atues :i* c>ry ! specific "* ( a p]iod 9 a m p]man5t type2 b1 9 g5]al1 x may be advisable to f9d a middle way1 z our arti/s attempt to d4 ,yet1 despite ( ! rule1 x is g5]ally a mi/ake to clo! portrait /atues 9 mod]n clo?+ :5 !y are ei!r small1 or ! object s\ght aft] is simply a famili> pres5tation4 ,9 su* cases m]e bu/s are be/1 :i* are ! m easily lift$ to an ideal elevation1 simply neck & brea/ be+ reta9$1 inasmu* z ! head & ! physiognomy ?us rema9 ( mo/ importance1 & ev]y?+ else is relegat$ to incid5tal insignificance4 ,:]e we h l>ge-siz$ /atues on ! contr>y1 m p>ticul>ly :]e ! pose is "o ( tranquillity1 we see at once1 because !y are 9 repose1 h[ !y are drap$2 & l>ge-siz$ male figures1 ev5 9 ! pa9t$ portrait1 :5 clo!d aft] mod]n wont c only ) difficulty be rais$ ov] :at is insignificant4 ,z in/ances we may m5tion ! full-figure seat$ portraits by old ,tis*be9 ( ,h]d] & ,wiel&1 ( :i* we h excell5t engrav+s on copp]4 ,"o feels at once1 :5 look+ at !m1 t x is a some:at /ale1 flat1 & unpr(itable bus9ess to gaze at _! bree*es1 /ock+s1 & %oes1 & absolutely s to see _! cosy1 self-cont5t$ po/ure on a s(a1 :]e !y h _! h&s ly+ happily toge!r ov] _! paun*es4 ,x is ano!r matt] ) portrait /atues ( individuals :]e1 ei!r 9 respect to ! p]iod ( _! activity !y are f> remov$ f our own1 or are !mselves ess5tially ( an ideal greatness4 ,9 su* cases :at is old is already dive/$ ( ! temporal aspect & has pass$ into ! m indef9ite backgr\nd ( ! g5]al idea1 s t 9 ?is release f its p>ticul> =m ( actuality x is also 9 ! mode ( its drap]y capable ( an ideal pres5tation4 ,& ?is is /ill m true 9 ! case ( individuals1 :o by virtue ( _! self-subsi/5cy & ! ideal fulness ( :at are o!rwise ! m]e limitations ( _! p>ticul> pr(ession1 & deta*$ f :at is m]ely ! activity ( a def9ite p]iod ( "t1 create indep5d5tly = !mselves a free totality1 a _w ( relations & activities1 & consequ5tly %\ld appe>1 ev5 9 ! aspect ( _! habilim5ts1 z exalt$ above ! famili> guise ( ev]yday life 9 _! ord9>y temporal co/ume4 ,z f> back z ! ,greeks we f9d /atues ( ,a*illes & ,alex&]1 on :i* ! m individual traits ( portraiture are ( s f9e a quality t we %\ld r imag9e !m to be sons ( gods ?an human be+s4 ,9 ! case ( ! g5ial & grea!>t$ y\? ,alex&] ?is is q z x %\ld be4 ,& 9 mu* ! same way1 moreov]1 ,napoleon himself has be5 lift$ to su* a fame1 & is a g5ius ( s compreh5sive a grasp1 t !re is no reason :y he %\ld n be depict$ 9 ideal drap]y1 :i* inde$ w\ld n be unfitt+ = ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 :5 ! object is to celebrate him 9 all 8 greatness ( s\l4 ,no d\bt ! size ( ! /atues is "h1 too1 ( importance4 ,9 ! case ( small figures1 :i* c>ry an air ( famili>ity1 ! ?ree-corn]$ little hat ( ,napoleon is out ( place no less ?an ! fam\s uni=m & ! arms cross$ ov] brea/1 &1 if we desire to h be=e u ! great ,fr$]ick z old ,fritz1 we may h him pictur$ = u ) hat & /ick z we f9d him on tobacco boxes4 #c4 ,,! ,,individuality ,,( ,,ideal ,,figures ,,( ,,sculpture ,hi!rto we h consid]$ ! ,ideal ( sculpture 9 its g5]al "* & 9 ! fur!r aspect ( ! m detail$ =ms :i* di/+ui% x4 ,we h ?irdly only left u to emphasize ! fact t ! ,ideals ( sculpture1 9 s f> z1 9 respect to _! cont5t1 !y h to manife/ :at is sub/antive 9 individualities1 & 9 respect to _! ext]nal =m ! human bodily %ape1 are also "u ! necessity ( an advance 9 :i* ! p>ticul>ity ( _! pres5tation is diff]5tiat$1 & an aggregate ( specific individuals is !reby creat$1 j z we already1 9 ! classical type ( art1 recognize ! embrac+ circle ( ! ,greek gods4 ,we may1 no d\bt1 v possibly imag9e to ourselves !re c only be "o exemplum ( ! f9e/ beauty & p]fection1 :i* may be1 moreov]1 conc5trat$ 9 its absolute complet5ess 9 "o /atue4 ,su* a conception ( "o ,ideal 9 its purity is defici5t 9 insight & inde$ ridicul\s4 ,= ! beauty ( ! ,ideal consi/s j 9 ?is1 t x is no purely g5]al =m or /&>d1 b ess5tially individuality1 & consequ5tly possesses bo? p>ticul>ity & "*4 ,x is simply ow+ to ?is t vitality is import$ into works ( sculpture1 & x is ?is#agd :i* exp&s ! "o ab/ract beauty1 9 a totality ( ess5tially def9ite creations4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 h[ev]1 ?is aggregate is1 if we reg>d its cont5t1 "o ) m>k$ limits2 & ! reason is t a numb] ( categories1 :i* we are1 = example1 accu/om$ to employ 9 our ,*ri/ian outlook1 fall absolutely away 9 ! case ( ! g5u9e ,ideal ( sculpture4 ,! e?ical po9ts ( view & virtues1 = example1 su* z 7 br\ght toge!r by ! ,middle ,ages & our mod]n _w 9 a syn!tical nexus ( duties :i* yields to "s modification1 moreov]1 9 e epo*1 has no mean+ at all :5 appli$ to ! ideal gods ( sculpture2 x is simply abs5t f su* a circle altoge!r4 ,consequ5tly we c z little expect to f9d "h ! pres5tation ( sacrifice1 ( egotism ov]come1 ( ! conflict1 aga9/ :at is s5su\s1 ( ! victory ( *a/ity & s =?1 z t ( incommutable fidelity1 ( ! hon\r & hone/y ( ei!r man or woman1 or ( ! expression ( religi\s meekness1 subjection1 & bless$ness 9 ,god4 ,all ^! virtues1 qualities1 & conditions repose 9 "p on ! brea* betwe5 :at is spiritual & :at is corporeal2 & 9 "p !y retire altoge!r beyond :at is ( ! body )91 ! intimate %r9e ( ! s\l1 or betray ! individual p]sonal life 9 its sep>ation f its entirely concrete & explicit sub/ance1 z also 9 its /ruggle to f9d aga9 m$iation 9 ! same4 ,moreov]1 ! circle ( ^! v]itable gods ( sculpture is no d\bt a totality1 b1 z we already discov]$ 9 our consid]ation ( ! classical type ( art1 x is1 :5 we exam9e ! di/+ui%+ diff]5ces ( its notion1 no /r+5tly articulat$ & unifi$ sy/em4 ,moreov]1 ! p>ticul> examples are e "o ( !m to be di/+ui%$ f all ! o!rs 9 _! ess5tially def9ite & self-exclusive individuality1 albeit !y are n ?us set ap>t by virtue ( ! *>act]i/ics ( a purely ab/ract m9tage1 b r1 on ! contr>y1 include mu* :i* !y %>e 9 common relatively to _! ideal & div9e sub/ance4 ,we w n[ pass 9 review ! di/9ctions above indicat$ "u ! foll[+ aspects3 ,fir/1 we h to exam9e purely ext]nal m>ks1 incid5tal attributes1 /yle ( drap]y1 /yle ( arm\r1 & su* l1 indications ) ! detail ( :i* ,w9ckelmann deals at exceptional l5g?4 ,secondly1 we %all see h[ ! mo/ important diff]5ces d n m]ely consi/ 9 ext]nal m>ks & traits ( ?is k9d1 b r 9 ! individual configuration & habitus ( ! entire figure4 ,:at is mo/ important 9 ?is respect is ! di/9ction ( age1 sex1 no less ?an t ( ! diff]5t sph]e1 f :i* ! works receive _! cont5t & =m1 :e!r !y are ! impressions ( gods1 h]oes1 satyrs1 fawns1 or su* repres5tations z rea* _! f9al dissolution 9 ! attempt to r5d] animal images4 ,&1 ?irdly1 we propose to direct ! att5tion on a p>ticul> example ( ea* class1 9 ! individual =m ( :i* sculpture elaborates ^! g5]al diff]5ces4 ,"h1 no d\bt1 we are fac$ ) a multiplicity ( mat]ial1 & c only p]mit ourselves to d$uce p>ts ( x by way ( example1 a prov9ce1 too1 z x moreov] is :i* implies a l>ge exp]i5ce4 7a7 ,9 consid]+ ^! fir/ m]e attributes & all su* ext]nal accessories1 ! k9d ( ornam5t1 arm\r1 tools1 vessels1 & 9 g5]al all t is associat$ ) m]e environm5t1 we f9d t su* ?+s are ( a v simple "* 9 sup]ior works ( sculpture1 & reta9$ only 9 a temp]ate & re/rict$ degree1 s t we see little ( !m beyond :at is sugge/ive or suffici5t to appeal to our m9ds4 ,x is ! indep5d5t figure1 t is its expression & n outside accessories1 :i* has to give u ! spiritual significance & its manife/ation4 ,conv]sely1 h[ev]1 m>ks ( ?is k9d are nev]!less necess>y1 9 ord] to enable u to recognize ! p>ticul> gods4 ,9 o!r words div9ity 9 its univ]sal guise1 :i* is ! s\rce ( ! sub/antive "p ( ! pres5tm5t 9 ! case ( ea* individual1 ass]ts1 by virtue ( ?is v equality ( gr\nd-basis1 close aff9ity betwe5 ! expression ( ea* example & also betwe5 ! individual figures1 s t e god is to ?is ext5t )drawn f ! aspect ( 8 p>ticul>ity1 & c inde$ fur!r pass ?r\gh o!r conditions & modes ( expression1 ?an w\ld o!rwise belong to !m4 ,= ?is reason we d n z a rule h set be=e u ! p>ticul> *>act]ization ) complete s]i\sness2 & x is frequ5tly ^! ext]nal additions :i* exclusively make ! p>ticul> god intelligible4 ,among ^! indicat+ m>ks ,i w allude briefly to ! foll[+4 77 ,i h already discuss$ ! real attributes :5 ! classical type ( art & its gods pres5t$ an opportunity4 ,9 sculpture ! same lose yet m _! self-subsi/5t1 symbolical "*1 & m]ely reta9 ! "r to appe> z ! ext]nal pres5tation & =m :i* is ref]able to simply "o aspect ( ! specific gods1 a pres5tm5t :i* is true to ?is ext5t or approximately s4 ,su* m>ks are frequ5tly borr[$ f animal life1 z = example :5 ,zeus is repres5t$ ) ! eagle1 ,juno ) ! peacock1 ,bac*us ) ! tig] & pan!r1 :o are h>ness$ to 8 c>1 because1 z ,w9ckelmann obs]ves#age1 ?is animal is an exceptionally ?ir/y "o1 &1 moreov]1 fond ( w9e2 & 9 ! l mann] we h ,v5us ) h] h>e4 ,o!r attributes are tools or ut5sils ( "s k9d1 :i* are relat$ to activities & actions1 :i* may be ascrib$ to any p>ticul> god by virtue ( 8 or h] specific individuality4 ,s we h ,bac*us depict$ ) ! ?yrsus w&1 9 ord] to entw9e !reon ! ivy-leaves & g>l&s2 or he receives a wrea? ( laurel leaves1 to indicate him z victori\s 9 8 exp$ition to ,india1 or a tor*1 ) :i* he light$ ,c]es home4 ,accessories su* z ^!1 among :i* ,i h "h1 ( c\rse1 only adduc$ ! mo/ fam\s examples1 are an exceptional /imulus to ! acut5ess & le>n+ ( our pr(essors1 & c>ry !m into a k9d ( comm]ce 9 trifles1 :i* too frequ5tly leads !m out ( b\nds1 & f9ds significance 9 ?+s :]e !re is really none4 ,z an example we are assur$ t two fam\s sleep+ female figures 9 ! ,vatican & ! ,villa ,m$ici are repres5tations ( ,cleopatra1 simply because !y h a bracelet 9 ! %ape ( a vip]1 & to ! vision ( su* ar*aeologi/s a s]p5t at once sugge/s ! dea? ( ,cleopatra1 mu* z x w\ld sugge/ to a pi\s fa!r ( ! *ur* ! orig9al s]p5t :o s$uc$ ,eve 9 ,p>adise4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 a prevail+ cu/om = ,greek wom5 to we> bracelets 9 s]p5t coils1 & su* bracelets 9 fact 7 call$ by t "n4 ,consequ5tly ! j s5se ( ,w9ckelmann#agf has long ago reject$ ?is int]pretation1 & ,visconti has f9ally recogniz$#agg !m z figures ( ,ariadne1 z %e at la/s s9ks to sleep aft] h] sorr[ at ! dep>ture ( ,!seus4 ,al?\gh 9 unc\nt$ cases acut5ess ( ?is quality %[s itself at fault 9 deal+ ) detail ( ?is k9d1 & makes itself appe> contemptible 9 its dep>ture f su* insignificant facts1 yet unque/ionably bo? rese>* & criticism ( app>5tly unimportant facts are necess>y1 because x is only !reby t we c arrive at ! clos] det]m9ation ( a figure4 ,yet ev5 "h ! difficulty crops up1 t attributes no less ?an =m1 d n 9 all cases po9t our conclusions to "o god1 b may be %>$ 9 common by sev]al4 ,we h ! vase1 = example1 n only associat$ ) ,jupit]1 ,apollo1 ,m]cury1 ,aesculapius1 b also ) ,c]es & ,hygiaea4 ,sev]al goddesses receive ! e> ( corn2 we f9d ! lily 9 ! h& ( ,juno1 ,v5us1 & ,hope2 & ev5 ! lightn+ is n ! exclusive possession ( ,zeus1 = x is %>$ by ,pallas1 :o on h] "p aga9 does n alone c>ry2 ! ,aegis1 b on equal t]ms ) ,zeus1 ,juno1 & ,apollo#agh4 ,! s\rce ( ! individual deities f a g5]al significance ( less det]m9ate "* :i*1 !y %>e itself is associat$ ) anci5t symbols1 :i* 7 app]t95t to ?is m g5]al & consequ5tly m widely %>$ nature4 77 ,accessories ( ?is incid5tal nature are m 9 place ) works :i*1 already dep>t+ f ! simple repose ( ! gods1 repres5t actions1 gr\ps1 or ! s]ies ( figures su* z we f9d on reliefs1 & = ?is reason are able to make m ext5sive use ( a v>iety ( ext]nal indications & sugge/ions4 ,on gifts d$icate to a dev\t purpose1 :i* are frequ5t 9 all k9ds ( works ( art & n[h]e m frequ5t ?an1 9 ! case ( /atu>y1 on /atues ( ,olympic victors1 b m p>ticul>ly on co9s & cut /ones1 ! ri* & prolific inv5tion ( ! ,greek f\nd ample scope = ! pres5ce ( symbolical ref]5ces ( ?is type1 su* z t to 8 city's locality & o!rs l x4 77 ,o!r signs are m remov$ f purely ext]nal significance1 & p5etrate deep] )9 ! individuality ( su* deities4 ,^! !mselves are a "p ( ! p>ticul> type 9 "q1 & are an integrat+ factor 9 x4 ,among su* we may m5tion ! specific type ( ! drap]y1 arm\r1 adornm5t ( ! hair1 & o!r attire ( a simil> nature1 9 respect ( :i* ,i mu/ "h cont5t myself 9 elucidation ) a few examples borr[$ f ,w9ckelmann1 :o ex]cis$ great acut5ess 9 su* matt]s4 ,among ! sev]al gods ,zeus 0 pre-em95tly recognizable by ! g5]al treatm5t ( 8 hair1 & our au?ority ma9ta9s#agi1 t any p>ticul> head c at once be det]m9$ z "o int5d$ = ?is deity or no by ! hair ov] 8 =ehead1 or 8 be>d1 ev5 ?\gh !re be no?+ else significant to arre/ u4 ,9 o!r words he ass]ts t1 ! hair is elevat$ 9 an outw>d curve on ! br[1 & its diff]5t divisions fall 9 a n>r[ curve ) brok5 l9es#ahj d[n aga94 ,?is type ( hair-treatm5t 0 s rigor\s1 t we ev5 f9d x p]si/$ 9 among ! sons & gr&*ildr5 ( ,zeus4 ,s1 = example1 ! head ( ,zeus is b>ely to be di/+ui%$ f t ( ,aesculapius 9 ?is respect1 :o consequ5tly receives ano!r k9d ( be>d1 m p>ticul>ly ov] ! upp] lip1 :]e ! same is m depress$ 9 its curve1 :]eas t ( ,zeus is r fold$ ov] ! angle ( ! m\? & int]m+l$ ) ! be>d on ! *94 ,w9ckelmann fur!r recognizes ! f9e head ( a /atue 9 ! ,villa ,m$ici1 lat] 9 ,flor5ce1 by means ( ! m curl$ be>d1 :i*1 moreov]1 folds ov] ! upp] lip1 & is ( great] ?ickness1 & mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! heads ( ,zeus ) _! great] t5d5cy to curl$ locks4 ,pallas1 9 direct contra/ to ,diana1 we>s h] hair long1 b\nd toge!r 9 its d[nw>d fall f ! head1 & !n b5ea? ! fillet fl[+ 9 a s]ies ( locks4 ,diana1 on ! contr>y1 we>s h]s ?r[n up f all sides1 & fa/5$ 9 a knot on ! cr[n ( ! head4 ,! head ( ,c]es is up to ! back portion cov]$ ) h] veil4 ,add to ?is1 9 addition to ! corn %e c>ries1 %e holds a diadem z ,juno does1 9 front ( :i*1 to quote our au?ority once m#aha1 ! scatt]$ hairs are ?r[n into a *>m+ confusion1 z ?\gh to sugge/ possibly h] sorr[ at ! robb+ ( h] daught] ,pros]p9e4 ,individuality ( ! same k9d is emphasiz$ by o!r ext]ior means1 z = example1 :5 we recognize ,pallas by h] helmet & its p>ticul> %ape1 9 h] type ( drap]y & v>i\s o!r ?+s4 7b7 ,! truly vital individuality1 h[ev]1 9 s f> z x %\ld f9d its m9tage 9 sculpture by means ( ! spontane\s & beautiful bodily =m1 ought n to be ass]t$ m]ely by su* accessories z ! ext]nal attributes or modes ( ?+s we h cit$1 b %\ld be display$ no less 9 ! =m itself ?an 9 its expression4 ,9 attempt+ su* an individualization ! f9e insight & creative p[] ( ! ,greek arti/ increas$ 9 proportion z ! figures ( _! deities possess$ a sub/antive basis ( ess5tially ! same k9d1 f :i*1 )\t :olly dep>t+ f x1 x 0 _! task s to elaborate ! *>act]i/ic individuality t ?is gr\nd-root ( _! conception 0 /ill ma9ta9$ z a :olly vital & pres5t fact4 ,no?+ invites our admiration s mu* 9 ! be/ works ( antique sculpture ?an ! exquisite att5tion ! arti/ direct$ to ! task ( br++ ! smalle/ traits ( ! pres5tm5t & expression into h>mony ) ! entire figure1 an att5tion :i* is1 9 fact1 ! s\rce ( su* a h>mony4 77 ,if we inquire fur!r aft] g5]al di/9ctions ( ma9 importance :i* ass]t !mselves z ! sub/antive bases 9 mo/ direct relation to ! m individual sev]ation ( ! bodily =ms & _! expression we may note1 fir/1 ! di/9ction ( m y\?ful figures 9 contra/ to ^? ( m mature age4 ,9 ! g5u9e ,ideal1 z ,i h already /at$1 e trait1 e p>ticul> "p ( ! figure is express$2 &1 moreov]1 ! direct l9e1 :i* is tak5 /raight =w>d1 avoids ! ab/ractly level surface precisely z ! circul> =m avoids ! geometrical circle2 & in/ead ( ?is ! vital v>iety ( l9es & %apes is elaborat$ 9 ! f9e/ way ?r\gh\t by ! nuances ( _! transitional =ms :i* unite !m4 ,9 juv5ile & y\?ful age ! b\nd>ies ( =ms are less noticeably flu5t1 & pass into ea* o!r s f9ely1 t we may comp>e !m1 ,i borr[ ! simile f ,w9ckelmann#ahb1 ) ! surface ( a sea unruffl$ by ! w9d1 ( :i* we may say t1 al?\gh 9 cont9u\s motion1 x is /ill4 ,9 ! case ( m advanc$ age1 h[ev]1 su* di/+ui%+ features are m def9itely emphasiz$1 & h to be elaborat$ ) m pron\nc$ *>act]ization4 ,consummate male figures consequ5tly are m likely to please u at ! fir/ glance1 because ! expression is ?r\gh\t m di/9ct1 & we wond] m readily at ! k & ability ( ! arti/4 ,y\?ful examples appe> m easy 9 _! accompli%m5t because ( _! s(tness1 & ! small] numb] ( _! di/+ui%+ features4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! opposite is ! case4 ,t is to say1 9 s f> z ! =m+ ( _! p>ts 9 ! int]val betwe5 _! fir/ gr[? & _! completion is p]mitt$ to be indef9ite#ahc1 ! jo9ts1 bones1 s9ews1 muscles1 are necess>ily m delicate & t5d]1 yet are none ! less sugge/$4 ,antique art celebrates its triumph 9 j ?is fact1 t ev5 9 its mo/ delicate figures all p>ts ?r\gh\t & _! appropriate organization are someh[ made p]ceptible 9 b>ely visible nuances ( elevation & depression1 by means ( :i* ! sci5ce & virtuosity ( an arti/ is only foll[$ by an obs]v] ^: rese>* & att5tion is equally ?or\gh4 ,if1 = example1 to take ! case ( a delicate human figure1 su* z ! y\?ful ,apollo1 ! entire /ructure ( ! human body 7 n reproduc$ actually1 & 9 all its ess5tials ) consummate1 if half veil$ insight1 ! memb]s might inde$ appe> well & fully r\nd$ (f1 b !y w\ld be at ! same "t flaccid1 )\t expression & v>iety1 s t ! entire effect c\ld h>dly satisfy4 ,z a /rik+ example ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! y\?ful body & a man's 9 mature age1 we may adduce ! sons & fa!r 9 ! ,laocoon gr\p4 ,speak+ g5]ally ! ,greeks1 9 ! repres5tation ( _! deities1 pref]r$ ! /ill y\?ful age1 & ev5 9 heads & /atues ( ,zeus & ,neptune d n indicate old age4 77 ,9 ! case ( ! sex1 9 :i* ! figure is portray$1 ! diff]5ce1 t is1 betwe5 male & female figures1 we meet ) a di/9ctive m>k ( /ill m importance4 ,9 g5]al we may affirm ( ! latt] :at ,i h already briefly /at$ 9 ! contra/ drawn betwe5 ! m y\?ful & m advanc$ age4 ,! female figures are m t5d] & s(t1 ! s9ews & muscles1 albeit !y mu/ be !re1 are less pron\nc$1 ! transitional l9es are m fl[+ & malleable1 yet 9 ! wide int]val ( expression f ! po9t ( quiet e>ne/ness1 great] sev]ity ( p[] & dignity to t ( ! mo/ delicate *>m & grace ( ! love attraction1 !re is room = ! ri*e/ gradations & v>iety4 ,we f9d a weal? ( =m equally great 9 ! male figures1 9 ! treatm5t ( :i* we h1 moreov]1 ! expression ( elaborate bodily /r5g? & c\rage4 ,! *e]ful tone ( delight1 h[ev]1 is %>$ by all1 a bli!som5ess & bless$ indiff]5ce1 :i* so>s above all p>ticul>ity1 associat$ n unfrequ5tly ) a trait ( tranquil sorr[1 a k9d ( smile ?r\gh te>s1 9 :i* we nei!r h :olly smile nor te>s4 ,!re is n a m>k$ l9e ( di/9ction "h betwe5 ! mascul9e & fem99e "*1 = ! m y\?ful figures ( ,bac*us & ,apollo frequ5tly are f9$ out to ! po9t ( fem99e delicacy & s(tness1 nay1 we ev5 f9d repres5tations ( ,h]cules 9 :i* !re is s mu* ! appe>ance ( a "y woman's =m t critics h confus$ him ) ,iole1 8 swee!>t4 ,& x is n m]ely ?is po9t ( transition b ev5 ! comb9ation ( ! male & female figure1 :i* ! anci5ts h expressly repres5t$ 9 _! h]maphrodites4 77 ,?irdly1 & 9 conclusion1 !re is ! "q z to ! ma9 di/9ctions :i* ! figure ( sculpture receives 9 ord] t x may be class$ )9 "o ( ! specific divisions ( subject-matt] :i* con/itute ! cont5t ( ! ideal outlook on ! _w appropriate to ?is art4 ,! organic =ms :i* sculpture c utilize g5]ally 9 its pla/ic ef=t are on ! "o h& ! =ms ( humanity1 on ! o!r ^? ( animal life4 ,9 respect to ! animal =ms we h already se5 t 9 ! case ( ! m sev]e type ( ! art at its culm9at+ p]fection !y w only be f\nd z attributes associat$ ) ! div9e =m1 z :5 we f9d a h9d ) ! hunt+ ,diana1 or ,zeus ) an eagle4 ,& ! same ?+ may be said ( ! pan!r1 griff91 & simil> figures4 ,ap>t f ! g5u9e attributes animal =ms are1 h[ev]1 accept$ p>tly 9 comb9ation ) human %apes1 & 9 "p entirely by !mselves4 ,! ext5t1 h[ev]1 ( su* repres5tations is ( a limit$ "*4 ,ap>t f figures ( ! roebuck x is above all ! horse ^: beauty & fi]y animation obta9s a recognition 9 pla/ic art1 :e!r x be 9 union ) ! human =m1 or 9 its own free & indep5d5t %ape4 ,9 fact1 we f9d t ! horse /&s g5]ally 9 a close relation to ! c\rage1 brav]y1 & dext]ity ( human h]oism & h]oic beauty1 :]eas o!r animals1 su* z ! lion1 :i* ,h]cules ov]comes1 & ! wild bo>1 :i* ,meleag] kills1 are objects ( h]oic de$s !mselves1 & consequ5tly are entitl$ to a place )9 ! circle ( repres5tation1 :5 su* are exp&$ 9 gr\ps & reliefs :]e a fre] field is admissible = situations ( movem5t & action4 ,! human figure on its "p1 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ 9 =m & expression z pure ,ideal1 supplies ! adequate =m = ! div9e1 :i*1 be+ /ill 9 union ) ! s5su\s mat]ial1 is n capable ( be+ conc5trat$ 9 ! simple unity ( "o ,god1 & c m]ely embrace a collective :ole ( div9e figures4 ,& simil>ly1 to put ! matt] conv]sely1 ! human1 :e!r we reg>d x accord+ to its =m or its expression1 _c pass out ( ! prov9ce ( human individuality1 albeit ! same is at "o "t br\ght into intimacy & union ) ! div9e1 & at ano!r ) ! animal nature4 ,= ^! reasons sculpture is fac$ ) v>i\s s\rces out ( :i* x c select & elaborate its subject-matt]1 & :i* ,i w n[ review4 ,! ess5tially c5tral s\rce is1 z ,i h already sev]al times indicat$1 ! sph]e ( ! p>ticul> gods4 ,_! di/9ction f humanity preem95tly consi/s 9 ?is1 t z !y1 9 respect to t :i* !y express1 appe> ess5tially ga!r$ up ov] & beyond ! f9itude ( c>e & mortal passion )9 a bless$ repose & ev]la/+ y\?1 s1 too1 _! bodily %apes are n m]ely purifi$ f ! f9ite p>ticul>ity ( mank9d1 b !y are fur!r deta*$ f ev]y?+ :i* w\ld sugge/ ! ne$s & necess>y limitations ( s5su\s life1 )\t1 h[ev]1 los+ _! vitality4 ,we h1 = example1 an object ( human int]e/ 9 ! way a "m pacifies h] *ild4 ,! ,greek goddesses1 h[ev]1 are always repres5t$ z *ildless4 ,juno1 accord+ to ! my?1 tosses ! "y ,h]cules f h]1 & ! ,milky ,way is ! result4 ,to associate a son ) ! maje/ic sp\se ( ,zeus 0 b5ea? ! dignity ( ! antique po9t ( view4 ,ev5 ,aphrodite does n appe> 9 sculpture z "m4 ,cupid is no d\bt v ne> to h]1 b sc>cely 9 ! s5se ( h] *ild4 ,9 ! same way ,jupit] is nurs$ by a goat1 & ,romulus & ,remus are suckl$ by a wolf4 ,among ,egyptian & ,h9doo repres5tations1 on ! contr>y1 we f9d _m1 9 :i* deities receive "m's milk f goddesses4 ,among ,greek goddesses ! maid5 =m is t :i* is pre-em95t1 ?is be+ t :i* to ! lea/ ext5t ass]ts ! purely natural functions ( ! wife4 ,! above con/itutes an important contra/ betwe5 classical art & romantic1 9 ! latt] ( :i* mat]nal love is a lead+ subject4 ,aft] ! gods we f9d t sculpture deals ) h]oes & ^? figures :i* h bo? ! human & animal =m 9 _! composition1 su* z c5taurs1 fauns1 & satyrs4 ,! l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 h]oes & gods is a v f9e "o2 & mu* ! same int]val sep>ates !m f ord9>y human life4 ,w9ckelmann obs]ves ) reg>d to a ,battus on a co9 ( ,cyr5e1 ,) a s+le glance ( t5d] jollity we c\ld make a ,bac*us ( x1 & "o trait ( godlike greatness w\ld leave u an ,apollo4 ,& yet ev5 9 su* cases human =ms1 :]e ! object is to envisage ! =ce ( ! w & bodily /r5g?1 t5d 9 c]ta9 directions to make = greatness2 ! arti/ gave to ! muscul> developm5t a vital activity & movem5t1 & 9 viol5t actions set 9 motion all ! spr+s ( ,nature's workman%ip4 ,inasmu* z1 h[ev]1 we f9d ! same h]o subject to an entire s]ies ( conditions n m]ely di/9ct1 b oppos$ to ea* o!r1 ! mascul9e =ms "h also frequ5tly approximate to ! fem99e4 ,?is is1 = example1 ! case :]e ,a*illes fir/ appe>s among ! maid5s ( ,lycom$es4 ,"h we d n f9d him 9 8 full h]oic /r5g? su* z he displays be=e ,troy1 b 9 drap]y resembl+ t ( a woman & a fasc9ation ( figure :i* almo/ conceals 8 sex4 ,h]cules1 too1 is n always depict$ 9 ! gravity & p[] sugge/ive ( ! t$i\s lab\rs :i* he p]=m$1 b 9 ! mild] imp]sonation ( 8 s]vice to ,omphale1 z also 9 ! repose ( 8 deification1 & g5]ally 9 a v>iety ( situations4 ,9 o!r relations h]oes possess ! close/ aff9ity = ! figures ( ! deities !mselves1 ,a*illes = t ( ,m>s1 = in/ance2 x is consequ5tly only aft] ! mo/ pr(\nd /udy t we c recognize ! specific mean+ ( a piece ( /atu>y m]ely f ! *>act]ization )\t fur!r sugge/ion f attributes4 ,really exp]t connoisseurs c1 h[ev]1 d$uce ! "* & %ape ( ! entire figure f isolat$ pieces & supply :at is miss+2 f :i* fact we aga9 are in/ruct$ to admire ! f9e insight & ! consequ5tial "* ! individualization ( ,greek art displays to u1 ^: ma/]s knew h[ to pres]ve & execute ev5 ! smalle/ detail 9 consonance ) ! entire effect4 ,com+ n[ to satyrs & fauns we f9d 9 !m made visible :at is ?r\gh\t exclud$ f ! l(ty ,ideal ( ! gods1 ! ne$s ( mank9d1 ! jollity ( life1 s5su\s pleasure1 satisfaction ( excessive desire1 & ! l4 ,yet we f9d 9 p>ticul> "y satyrs & fauns s rem>kable = ! beauty 9 :i* !y are repres5t$ by ! anci5ts t1 to adopt a phrase ( ,w9ckelmann#ahd1 ,e example ( su* figures may be ex*ang$1 if we except ! head1 = a /atue ( ,apollo1 ,i ref] to t "o :i* is /yl$ ,sauroktonos1 & possesses ! same /ansion ( ! legs4 ,! heads ( fauns & satyrs may be kn[n by _! po9t$ e>s1 _! /iffly erect$ hair1 & _! little horns4 ,a second prov9ce ( sculpture is occupi$ by :at is human simply4 ,9 ?is we h above all else ! beauty ( human =m z we f9d x set be=e u 9 its elaborate p[] & dext]ity 9 ! sacr$ games4 ,wre/l]s1 discoboli1 & ! l are its ma9 subject-matt]4 ,9 su* productions sculpture proce$s 9 a way t is some:at oppos$ to ! m]e portrait1 9 :i* dep>tm5t ! anci5ts1 ev5 9 cases :]e !y actually copi$ real p]sonages1 /ill und]/ood h[ to hold fa/ ?r\gh\t to ! pr9ciple ( sculpture z we h come to "k x4 ,! la/ field t sculpture makes its own is t ( indep5d5t animal figures1 m p>ticul>ly lions1 h\nds1 & "s o!rs4 ,"h1 too1 ! anci5ts did n fail to grasp1 make vital 9 its individuality1 & en=ce ! pr9ciple ( sculpture1 ! sub/antive significance ( =m1 & inde$ atta9$ to su* a p]fection t1 to take "o example1 ! c[ ( ,myron has become m fam\s ?an all 8 o!r works4 ,goe!1 9 ,kun/ und ,alt]?um#ahe1 has describ$ x ) great *>m ( /yle1 & pre-em95tly drawn att5tion to ! fact t1 z we h already se51 su* z animal function z suckl+ is only pres5t$ by ,greek art 9 ! entirely animal _w4 ,he entirely sets on "o side poetical conceits su* z we f9d 9 anci5t epigrams1 & ) acut5ess conf9es 8 att5tion to ! navet ( ! conception out ( :i* ?is mo/ famili> ( arti/ic !mes arises4 7c7 ,9 conclud+ ?is *apt] we h n[ to ref] a little m closely to ! p>ticul> individuals1 9 ! *>act]ization & vitality ( :i* ! di/9ctions above m5tion$ are elaborat$1 t is to say1 = ! mo/ "p to ! pres5tm5t ( gods4 77 ,h[ev] mu*1 speak+ g5]ally--& we may no d\bt seek to en=ce our conviction 9 ref]5ce also to ! spiritual deities ( sculpture--?is spiritual significance is at bottom ! emancipation ( individuality--& ! rem>k applies to ,ideals also accord+ to ! degree ( _! ideality & nobility--to t ext5t z individuals _! di/9ction f "o ano!r is less m>k$4 ,& ! a/oni%+ ?+ 9 ! problem ( sculpture1 z solv$ by ! ,greeks1 consi/$ j 9 ?is1 t despite ( ! univ]sality & ideality ( _! gods !y h none ! less pres]v$ _! individuality & l9es ( di/9ction2 !y h done s despite ! fact t 9 c]ta9 directions we are consci\s ( ! endeav\r to elim9ate h>d-&-fa/ b\nd>ies & to depict p>ticul> =ms 9 _! transitional /ate4 ,if1 moreov]1 we are incl9$ to reg>d individuality 9 a way t sugge/s def9ite traits z be+ appropriate to def9ite deities1 mu* z ! traits ( a portrait are s1 a fix$ type w !reby necess>ily appe> to be sub/itut$ = a vital creation & art w suff] accord+ly4 ,b ?is is q z little 9 accordance ) ! facts4 ,on ! contr>y we f9d t _! inv5tion 9 su* individualization & vitalization ga9$ 9 subtlety j 9 proportion z a sub/antive type lay at ! roots ( ! same4 77 ,aga91 9 consid]+ ! p>ticul> deities1 we are inevitably l$ to ! conviction t "o individual is ( comm&+ influ5ce 9 det]m9+ all ^! ideal figures4 ,?is supreme value & dignity ,pheidias atta*$ 9 an unrivall$ degree to ! =m & expression ( 8 ,zeus1 albeit ! fa!r ( ! gods & mank9d1 is set be=e u at ! same "t ) a bli! & b5ignant look ?ron$ 9 s]5ity ( mature age1 t is n 9 ! fir/ flu% ( y\?1 )\t1 h[ev]1 on ! o!r h& emphasiz+ 9 ! lea/ any h>%ness ( =m or sugge/+ ! feebl5ess ( age4 ,! mo/ obvi\s p>allels 9 =m & ge/ure ) ,zeus are 8 bro!rs ,neptune & ,pluto1 ^: int]e/+ /atues 9 ,dresd51 = example1 despite all t !y %>e ) him1 nev]!less reta9 a cle> l9e ( di/9ction--,zeus himself1 by virtue ( ! b5ignity ( 8 l(ty pres5ce1 ,neptune1 by virtue ( 8 great] rugg$ness1 ,pluto1 :o is a k9dr$ type to ! ,egyptian ,s]apis1 by virtue ( 8 pr(\nd] gloom & melan*oly4 ,ess5tially m ap>t f ,zeus are ,bac*us & ,apollo1 ,m>s & ,m]cury1 ! fir/ pair 9 _! m y\?ful beauty & ! great] delicacy ( _! figures1 ! second m mascul9e albeit be>dless4 ,m]cury1 too1 is m robu/1 m sl5d] 9 %ape1 ) exceptional f95ess noticeable 9 ! facial traits4 ,m>s is n s mu* m>k$ out f ! o!rs z ,h]cules might be 9 ! /r5g? ( 8 muscles & o!r p>ts ( 8 figure1 b r z a m y\?ful & beautiful h]o ( an ideal =m4 ,among ! goddesses ,i w only ref] to ,juno1 ,pallas1 ,diana1 & ,aphrodite4 ,j z ,zeus among ! mascul9e deities1 s1 too1 ,juno among ! fem99e displays 9 h] figure & its expression ! greate/ dignity4 ,! l>ge circul>-ar*$ eyes are pr\d & comm&+1 9 l mann]1 too1 ! m\? by :i* %e is at once recogniz$ m p>ticul>ly 9 pr(ile4 ,g5]ally %e pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a que51 :o w rule1 is to be rev]$ & mu/ awak5 devotion#ahf4 ,pallas1 on ! contr>y1 receives ! expression ( m au/]e maid5hood & *a/ity4 ,t5d]ness1 love1 & e k9d ( womanly weakness are kept away f h]2 h] eyes are less exp&$ ?an ^? ( ,"h1 less emphatically ar*$ & some:at d[nca/ 9 ! tranquillity ( reflection1 j z h] head is1 :i* is n pr\dly erect z 9 ! case ( ! sp\se ( ,zeus1 al?\gh x is arm$ ) a helmet4 ,a v simil> type ( maid5hood *>act]izes ! figure ( ,diana4 ,%e is1 h[ev]1 end[$ ) a m fasc9at+ quality1 m lightly pois$1 m sl5d]1 albeit !re is no self-consci\s delight 9 h] *>m4 ,%e is n giv5 ! pose ( tranquil obs]vation1 b is g5]ally 9 motion1 press+ =w>d z t[>d "s object 9 h] vision4 ,f9ally we h ,aphrodite1 ! goddess ( beauty z su*1 :o is1 along ) ! ,graces & ! ,h\rs1 alone depict$ by ! ,greek arti/s z undrap$ & ev5 "h subject to exceptions4 ,9 h] case nudity is ju/ifi$ on ! good gr\nd t %e expresses1 above all1 s5su\s beauty & its conque/1 grace1 attractiv5ess1 t5d]ness1 elevat$ & temp]$ by spiritual qualities4 ,h] eye1 ev5 9 cases :]e a m grave & l(ty expression is emphasiz$1 is small] ?an t ( ,pallas & ,juno1 n s mu* 9 l5g?1 b n>r[] by reason ( ! l[] eyelid be+ slightly rais$1 by :i* means ,love's ye>n+ look is admirably express$4 ,%e v>ies1 h[ev]1 v consid]ably 9 ! type express$4 ,9 "s cases h] pose is m s]i\s & p[]ful2 9 o!rs delicacy & t5d]ness are mo/ insi/$ ^u2 h] age1 too1 is sometimes t ( maid5hood1 at o!r ( rip] ye>s4 ,w9ckelmann comp>es ! ,m$icean ,v5us to a rose :i* blossoms 9 ! fair light ( its own col\r at daybreak4 ,uranian ,aphrodite is1 on ! contr>y1 indicat$ by a diadem :i* resembles t worn by ,juno1 & :i* ,v5us victrix also we>s4 77 ,! discov]y ( ?is pla/ic individuality1 ^: entire expression is :olly elaborat$ ?r\gh ab/ract =m & no?+ fur!r1 0 9 a l degree ( consummate p]fection peculi> to ! ,greeks & is due to religion itself4 ,a m spiritual religion c re/ satisfi$ ) ! contemplation & devotion ( ! s\l1 s t works ( sculpture pass = x simply z s mu* luxury & sup]fluity4 ,a religion s dep5d5t on ! s5se vision z ! ,greek 0 mu/ necess>ily cont9ue to create1 inasmu* z = x ?is arti/ic production & inv5tion is itself a religi\s activity & satisfaction1 & = ! p ! sight ( su* works is n m]ely s mu* sight-see+1 b is "p ( _! religion & s\l-life4 ,& 9 g5]al ! ,greeks did ev]y?+ ) a public & univ]sal aim 9 view1 9 :i* e man discov]$ 8 enjoym5t1 pride1 & hon\r4 ,9 ?is public aspect ! art ( ! ,greeks is n m]ely an ornam5tal object1 b a vital ?+ t meets a really felt want1 9 mu* ! same sort ( way z t ( pa9t+ 9 its mo/ glori\s season respond$ to ! life ( ,v5ice4 ,only on gr\nds su* z ^! c we f9d a rational explanation1 if we consid] ! great difficulties :i* ! te*nique ( sculpture implies1 = ! ho/ ( sculptur$ figures1 ?is =e/ ( /atues ( e k9d1 :i* 9 _! ?\s& & inde$ ?\s&s1 7 to be met ) 9 "o s+le city1 9 ,elis1 9 ,a!ns1 9 ,cor9?1 & ev5 9 t[ns ( less] importance1 & 9 ! same way 9 ! great] ,greece beyond & ! isl&s ( ! ,cyclades4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,diff]5t ,,types ,,( ,,pres5tm5t1 ,,mat]ial1 ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,/ages ,,9 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,sculpture4 ,we h hi!rto 9 our inquiry 9 ! fir/ in/ance look$ ab\t u = ! g5]al det]m9ants1 out ( :i* x is possible to develop ! mo/ adequate cont5t = sculpture & ! =m :i* be/ responds to x4 ,we discov]$ ! classical ,ideal suppli$ ?is cont5t1 s t 9 ! second place we 7 call$ to e/abli% ! precise mode1 9 :i* sculpture among ! p>ticul> arts is mo/ readily adapt$ to give %ape to ?is ,ideal4 ,inasmu* z we f\nd1 moreov]1 t ?is ,ideal is only to be compreh5d$ 9 its ess5tial import z individuality1 n only did we f9d t ! ideal outlook ( ! arti/ exp& to a collective cyclus ( ideal figures1 b ! ext]nal mode ( repres5tation & execution 9 actual works ( art breaks up into p>ticul> types ( sculpture4 ,9 ?is latt] direction we h /ill sev]al po9ts ( view left u to discuss z foll[s3 ,fir/1 !re is ! mann] ( repres5tation1 :i*1 9 s f> z actual execution is conc]n$1 ei!r creates s+le /atues1 or gr\ps1 until f9ally 9 ! relief we are confront$ ) ! /ep ( transition to pa9t+4 ,secondly1 !re is ! ext]nal m$ium1 9 :i* ^! di/9ctions are giv5 actual effect to4 ,?irdly1 we h to deal ) ! hi/orical /ages ( evolution1 or ! process )9 :i* works ( art are execut$ 9 ! v>i\s types & mat]ial4 #a4 ,,! ,,s+le ,,/atue1 ,,! ,,gr\p ,,& ,,! ,,relief ,j z1 9 ! case ( ar*itecture1 we made an ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 indep5d5t build+ & t :i* 0 subs]vi5t we may also "h e/abli% a simil> divid+ l9e 9 sculpture1 t is betwe5 su* works t h an indep5d5t position & ^? :i* r contribute to ar*itectural decoration4 ,9 ! case ( ! fir/ ! environm5t is no?+ m ?an an artificially prep>$ locality1 :]eas 9 ! latt] cases _! relation to ! build+ :i* !y adorn is ( ! fir/ importance1 & does n m]ely det]m9e ! =m ( ! "w ( sculpture1 b 9 a l>ge measure ev5 its cont5t4 ,speak+ 9 a summ>y way we may ass]t 9 ?is respect t s+le /atues are set up on _! own acc\nt1 :ile gr\ps & a =tiori reliefs t5d to lose ?is indep5d5ce & are utiliz$ by ar*itecture = its own arti/ic purposes4 7a7 ,z to ! s+le /atue _! orig9al function is t ( sculpture g5]ally1 t is to supply temple images z !y are set up 9 ! %r9e ( ! temple1 & all t surr\nds !m is 9 direct association ) !m4 77 ,9 su* a case sculpture reta9s its mo/ adequate purity4 ,x displays ! figure ( ! god ap>t f all situation1 9 beautiful1 unimpair$1 & inactive tranquillity1 or at lea/ free1 unmole/$1 )\t def9ite action & developm5t1 su* z ,i h on sev]al occasions depict$1 t is1 9 uncon/ra9$ situations4 77 ,! e>lie/ dep>ture f ?is au/]e l(t9ess consi/s 9 ?is t ! entire pose sugge/s ! beg9n+ ( an action1 or ! conclusion ( ! same1 )\t ! godlike repose be+ !reby di/urb$1 or ! figure be+ pres5t$ z 9 /ruggle or conflict4 ,we place "u ?is type ! fam\s ,m$icean ,v5us & ! ,belv$]e ,apollo4 ,9 ! times ( ,less+ & ,w9ckelmann ! admiration ( ! critical _w ov] ^! /atues1 z ! highe/ ,ideal ( art1 0 unconditional2 n[adays1 s9ce we h come to "k works m vital & sub/antial 9 _! configuration1 & m pr(\nd 9 _! expressive p[]1 we mu/ d$uct some:at f ?is e/imate2 critics1 9 fact1 place !m 9 an age some:at subsequ5t to ! great p]iod1 an age 9 :i* ! smoo?ness ( _! elaborate workman%ip already sugge/s t to please is ! ma9 object1 & ! g5u9e gr& & sev]e /yle is n p]si/$ 94 ,an ,engli% travell] goes s f> z to say t ! ,apollo is a !atrical coxcomb1 & :ile admitt+ t ! ,v5us has extraord9>y s(tness1 sweetness1 symmetry1 & coy grace1 yet only f9ds 9 ?is a spiritual quality t is want+ 9 mu*1 a negative p]fection1 &--a good deal ( insipidity4 ,we may g5]ally review t transition f ! =m] m sev]e repose & hol9ess z foll[s4 ,sculpture is no d\bt ! art ( l(ty s]i\sness1 b ?is elevat$ au/]ity ( ! gods1 inasmu* z ! same are no ab/ractions1 b individual figures1 br+s ) x ! absolute bli!som5ess1 & !reby a reflex attitude to reality & f9ite life1 9 :i* ! bli!som5ess ( ! gods does n express ! feel+ ( absorption 9 su* f9ite cont5t1 b ! feel+ ( reconciliation1 ( spiritual fre$om & al]tness4 77 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ,greek art is ?r\gh\t p]meat$ ) all ! bli!som5ess ( ! ,greek g5ius1 & has f\nd its satisfaction1 delight1 & an object = its activity 9 a c\ntless numb] ( gratify+ situations4 ,:5 x once _h discov]$ a way f ! con/ra9t ( ! ab/ractions ( its pres5tm5t to an appreciation ( vital individuality1 :i* is ! unify+ factor ( ! :ole1 its joy 9 all t is indicative ( life & *e]fulness became a real ?+1 & arti/s became occupi$ ) a great v>iety ( subjects1 :i*1 )\t glanc+ aside at any?+ sugge/ive ( pa91 horror1 di/ortion or injuri\s1 fix$ z its f9al limit un(f5sive humanity & rema9$ ?us4 ,! anci5ts h 9 ?is respect execut$ mu* ( ! greate/ excell5ce4 ,i w "h only m5tion1 among ! _m my?ological subjects ( playful1 t is playful 9 ! mo/ innoc5t way1 int]e/1 ! sports ( ,cupid1 9 :i* we already see a close approa* to ! ord9>y life ( mank9d1 j z !re 7 o!rs 9 :i* ! vitality ( ! pres5tm5t is ! ma9 int]e/1 & inde$ ! v attempt to secure & execute su* subject-matt] itself contributes ?is bli!som5ess & innoc5ce to ! effect4 ,9 ?is k9d ( way we may po9t out t ! dice-play]s & satellite ( ,polycleitus 7 ?\ght q z highly ( z 8 ,argive /atue ( ,"h4 ,! discus-?r[]s & rac]s ( ,myron 7 equally fam\s4 ,h[ de> to ?is folk1 too1 & admir$ is t y\? 9 a seat$ po/ure :o extracts a ?orn f 8 foot8 ,!re 7 _m o!rs ( ! same type ( production 9 great measure m]ely by "n4 ,we are face to face ) ! fleet+ mom5t ( natural exi/5ce1 :i* is "h arre/$ = ev] by ! sculptor4 7b7 ,beg9n+ ) examples su* z ! above ( a movem5t t[>ds ext]nal objects1 sculpture proce$s fur!r 9 ! repres5tation ( situations1 conflicts1 & actions yet m involv$ ) motion1 & at la/ arrives at ! gr\p4 ,= ) an increase ( specific detail 9 ! action we h plac$ be=e u ! m concrete animation1 :i* exp&s 9 contradiction1 reactions1 & !reby1 too1 9 ! pres5ce ( sev]al figures ess5tially relat$ & int]tw9$ ) ea* o!r4 77 ,at fir/ we h1 h[ev]1 m]ely tranquil juxtapositions1 su* z1 = example1 ! two colossal horse-tam]s1 :i* are set up 9 ,rome on ,m\nt ,cavallo1 & indicate ,ca/or & ,pollux4 ,! "o /atue is commonly ascrib$ to ,pheidias1 ! o!r to ,praxiteles4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no /rong evid5ce = ?is1 al?\gh ! extraord9>y excell5ce ( conception1 & ! no less exquisite ?or\ghness ( ! execution ju/ifies names z fam\s4 ,su* are entirely indep5d5t gr\ps1 :i* z yet express no real action1 or ! result ( x1 & are :olly appropriate z repres5tations ( sculpture & public exposition be=e ! ,p>!non1 :]e x appe>s !y 7 orig9ally plac$4 77 ,sculpture1 h[ev]1 is equally occupi$ 9 ! gr\p ) ! pres5tm5t ( situations1 :i* h z _! cont5t conflicts1 discordant actions1 pa91 & o!r simil> conditions4 ,9 ?is direction1 too1 we c only speak highly ( ! g5u9e arti/ic insight ( ! ,greeks1 :i* did n set =? su* gr\ps indep5d5tly1 & by !mselves1 b br\ght !m1 = ! reason t sculpture has already made a dep>ture f its peculi>1 t is to say its self-subsi/5t1 prov9ce1 into clos] relation to ar*itecture4 ,! temple figure1 t is ! isolat$ /atue1 /ood 9 unimpair$ tranquillity & sacr$ness )9 ! inn] %r9e4 ,! ext]nal p$im5t1 on ! contr>y1 0 decorat$ ) gr\ps :i* repres5t$ def9ite actions ( ! god1 & consequ5tly admitt$ ( m animat$ movem5t 9 its elaboration4 ,! fam\s gr\p ( ,niobe & h] *ildr5 is ( ?is type4 ,! g5]al =m = ! co-ord9ation ( ea* "p is det]m9$ by ! space :i* ! gr\p 9 "q _h to fill4 ,! pr9cipal figure /ood 9 ! middle1 & 0 ?us able to be ! l>ge/ 9 size & mo/ prom95t4 ,! re/ accord+ z !y 7 plac$ 9 ! direction ( ! acute angle ( ! gable-end _h to submit to o!r po/ures1 ! limit be+ rea*$ by t ( a recl9+ figure4 ,( o!r fam\s works ,i w "h only m5tion ! ,laocoon gr\p4 ,x has n[ = ov] =ty ye>s be5 ! object ( mu* inquiry & controv]sy4 ,9 p>ticul> x has be5 reg>d$ z a matt] ( real importance1 :e!r ,virgil 9 8 description foll[$ ?is "w ( sculpture1 or ! sculptor adopt$ 8 "w to ! sc5e depict$ by ,virgil1 :e!r ,laocoon "h is actually cry+ out1 & :e!r x is appropriate 9 a "w ( sculpture to attempt to express su* a cry1 & _m m criticisms ( ?is k9d4 ,critics h worri$ !mselves up & d[n ) su* matt]s ( psy*ological int]e/ = ! simple reason t !y h n z yet secur$ ! sort ( en?usiasm & critical acum5 :i* ,w9ckelmann possess$2 &1 moreov]1 arm-*air pr(essors are m readily dispos$ = su* inve/igations = ! reason t n unfrequ5tly !y h nei!r ! opportunity grant$ !m to see real works ( art1 nor ! capacity to grasp !m = :at !y are :5 !y d s4 ,! mo/ ess5tial ?+ :i* c occupy our att5tion 9 ?is gr\p is ?is namely1 t 9 ! supreme pa91 ! supreme tru?1 ! convulsive t5sion ( ! body1 ! di/5tion ( all ! muscles1 ! noble aspect ( beauty is /ill pres]v$1 & ! process has n be5 c>ri$ 9 ! remote/ degree to ! extremes ( grimace1 di/ortion1 & ov]-/ra94 ,despite ( ?is1 h[ev]1 ! entire "w belongs )\t d\bt--we h only to consid] its subject-matt]1 ! artificiality ( its coord9ate gr\p+1 ! disposition ( ea* pos$ figure & ! type ( its elaboration--to a mu* lat] p]iod1 :i* already seeks to pass beyond simple beauty & vitality by means ( a delib]ate obtrusion ( sci5ce 9 ! configuration & muscul> developm5t ( ! human body1 & no less is anxi\s to please by ref9$ excess 9 its executive elaboration4 ,! /ep f ! +5u\s ease & greatness ( art to a m]e mann]ism is already tak54 77 ,works ( sculpture may be set =? 9 v v>i\s places1 su* z 9 ! entrances to column$ halls1 =ec\rts1 l&+s ( /aircases1 ni*es1 & s =?4 ,x is j 9 ?is v>iety ( local position & ar*itectural sett+1 :i*1 on its acc\nt too1 is v>i\sly relat$ to human circum/ances & conditions1 t ! cont5t & object ( su* works ( art are = ev] *ang+1 approa*+ z su* art does 9 ! gr\p yet m closely our humanity4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a s]i\s defect to place gr\ps t embody mu* movem5t & v>iety ( figure on ! top ( a build+ )\t fur!r backgr\nd aga9/ ! sky4 ,9 o!r words ! col\r ( ! sky may sometimes be gray1 at o!rs blue & dazzl+ly bright1 s t x is impossible to see ! outl9es ( ! figures4 ,yet ^! outl9es1 t is1 ! silh\ette we f9d 9 !m1 is j :at is mo/ important2 x is ! ma9 ?+ :i* we recognize1 & :i* simply makes ! re/ intelligible4 ,= 9 ! case ( a gr\p we f9d t _m portions /& 9 front relatively to o!rs1 an arm be=e ! trunk ( ! body1 or "o leg 9 front ( ano!r4 ,n[ ! fact ( di/ance alone di/urbs ! cle>ness & intelligible articulation ( su* p>ts1 or at lea/ t5ds to d ?is m emphatically ?an 9 ! case ( outl9$ portions :i* are indep5d5t4 ,we h only to imag9e a gr\p depict$ on a piece ( pap] 9 :i* c]ta9 p>ts ( a figure are /rongly & %>ply indicat$1 :ile o!rs on ! contr>y are m>k$ ) l9es ( less def9$ & arre/+ def9ition4 ,?is is precisely ! effect ( a /atue's l9es1 & yet m ^? ( gr\ps1 :i* h no o!r backgr\nd b t ( ! sky2 9 ! latt] case we only see a %>ply indicat$ silh\ette1 9 :i*1 s f> z :at is )9 ! compass ( t outl9e1 only relatively weak] articulation is visible4 ,?is is ! reason t1 to take an example ne> home1 ! ,victory on ! ,br&5burg gate 9 ,b]l9 n only affects u /rongly by virtue ( its simplicity & repose1 b c be readily foll[$ ?r\gh its sep>ate figures4 ,! horses1 9 fact1 /& f> f ea* o!r1 )\t ei!r ( !m impair+ ! view ( ! o!r2 & simil>ly ! figure ( ,victory rises suffici5tly high above !m4 ,conv]sely ! ,apollo drawn 9 a c> by griff9s1 :i* we h on ! ,op]a ,h\se1 is less satisfactory f ?is po9t ( view1 h[ev] arti/ic ! entire conception & te*nical "w may be 9 o!r respects4 ,by ! fav\r ( a fri5d ,i saw ^! figures be=e !y 7 tak5 f ! work%op4 ,! effect promis$ 0 noble4 ,b z we see !m n[ at su* a height1 we h f> too mu* ( "o outl9e p>tly obscur+ ano!r1 :i* 9 its turn is back$ by some?+ else1 & consequ5tly is less freely & cle>ly silh\ett$ ?an w\ld be ! case 7 all ! figures silh\ett$ 9 _! simple outl9es#ahg4 ,! griff9s1 :i* necess>ily1 on acc\nt ( _! %ort] legs1 d n /& up ei!r s highly or s freely z horses1 h w+s into ! b>ga91 & ,apollo1 too1 has 8 tuft ( hair & 8 lyre4 ,all ?is detail is too mu* = ! position1 & only t5ds to make ! outl9es obscure4 7c7 ,! f9al mode ( repres5tation1 9 :i* sculpture makes an important /ep 9 ! direction ( ! pr9ciple ( pa9t+ is ! relief2 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! high-relief1 & aft] x ! l[-relief4 ,! condition "h is ! surface1 ! figures /&+ on "o & ! same plane1 s t ! spatial totality ( ! figure1 :i* is ! po9t ( dep>ture ( sculpture1 m & m t5ds to disappe>4 ,! old] =m ( relief1 h[ev]1 does n z yet approximate s closely to pa9t+1 :i* involves di/9ctions ( p]spective betwe5 ! =egr\nd & backgr\nd1 b r holds fa/ to ! surface or plane z su* )\t p]mitt+ ! diff]5t objects to project into or to retire )9 ! di/9ctions ( _! spatial position by means ( an artificial r$uction ( size4 ,9 ! pres5t case figures 9 pr(ile are pref]r$1 & !y are plac$ side by side on an ev5 surface4 ,a simple treatm5t ( ?is k9d does n admit ! cont5t ( complicat$ actions1 b actions :i* 9 real life already adopt m or less ( "o & ! same l9e ( motion1 processions ( all k9ds1 :e!r ^? ( sacrifice or ,olympian victors or o!rs4 ,add to ?is ! relief is capable ( ! greate/ v>iety ( =m4 ,x n only fills up & decorates ! friezes & walls ( temples1 b is atta*$ to ut5sils ( all k9ds1 sacrificial b[ls1 votive gifts1 %ells1 goblets1 urns1 lamps1 & s =?2 x is ! adornm5t ( seats & tripods1 & is closely alli$ to ! skill$ crafts4 ,"h z n[h]e else ! +5uity ( inv5tion receives ! fulle/ scope 9 e k9d ( =m & comb9ation1 & is no long] 9 position to reta9 ! true object ( indep5d5t sculpture4 #b4 ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,( ,,sculpture ,we h1 by our acceptance ( ! pr9ciple ( individuality1 :i* is fundam5tal to sculpture1 be5 compell$ n m]ely to emphasize 9 sep>ation ! diff]5t prov9ces ( ! div9e1 human & natural1 f :i* pla/ic art accepts its subject-matt]1 b also to classify ! sev]al modes ( pres5tation 9 ! s+le /atue1 gr\p1 or relief4 ,9 ! same way we h to discov] a l v>iety ( division 9 ! mat]ial :i* ! arti/ c make use ( 9 8 works4 ,= diff]5t k9ds ( cont5t & mode ( pres5tation are m p>ticul>ly cong5ial to diff]5t k9ds ( s5su\s mat]ial1 & betray a secret attraction to & aff9ity ) su*4 ,by way ( g5]alization ,i w m]ely "h p]mit myself ! rem>k t ! anci5ts1 9 addition to ! extraord9>y excell5ce ( _! inv5tion1 equally excite our a/oni%m5t by reason ( ! amaz+ elaboration & v]satility ( _! te*nical accompli%m5t4 ,bo? aspects pres5t an equal difficulty 9 sculpture1 because ! means at h& "h = su* pres5tation are )\t ! ideal _m-sid$ness1 :i* is at ! disposal ( ! o!r arts4 ,ar*itecture is no d\bt poor] /ill 9 ?is respect2 b x is n h] prov9ce to embody _s 9 its vitality1 or :at is actually alive 9 ,nature 9 a mat]ial :i* is by itself :olly inorganic4 ,?is elaborate dext]ity 9 ! absolutely consummate treatm5t ( pure mat]ial is1 h[ev]1 b\nd up ) ! notion ( ! ,ideal itself1 = its v pr9ciple is a complete entrance into ! s5su\s concret5ess & ! bl5d+ toge!r ( ! ,ideal ) its ext]nal mode ( exi/5ce4 ,! same pr9ciple is !re=e once aga9 ass]t$1 :]e ! ,ideal atta9s its execut$ =m & realization4 ,9 ?is respect we h no reason to wond]1 :5 x is ass]t$ t arti/s1 9 p]iods di/+ui%$ by great executive ability1 ei!r execut$ _! works ( m>ble 9 clay )\t models1 or1 if !y _h rec\rse to !m1 set ab\t _! "w 9 a mu* fre] & uncon/ra9$ mann] ?an is ! case 9 our own times1 :]e1 to put ! fact bluntly1 x only makes copies :i* are n[ execut$ 9 m>ble aft] orig9als c>ri$ out 9 ! clay#ahh4 ,! old arti/s reta9$ 9 fact ! vital en?usiasm1 :i* is always to a m or less ext5t lo/ 9 ! case ( copies & replicas1 al?\gh x is und5iable t n[ & aga9 we meet ) defective "w 9 fam\s ma/]pieces1 z1 = example1 eyes t are n ( ! same size1 e>s "o ( :i* is plac$ l[] ?an ! o!r1 feet t are ( unequal l5g? & o!rs ( ! same k9d4 ,!y did n lay s mu* /ress on ! absolute precision ( ! compass 9 su* ?+s z ord9>y production & art criticism1 t m$iocrity ( tal5t :i* imag9es itself s pr(\nd1 is wont to d2 & x c d little else4 7a7 ,among ! diff]5t mat]ials 9 :i* sculptors h execut$ images ( gods1 wood is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t4 ,a trunk1 a po/ at ! top ( :i* a head c be indicat$1 su* 0 ! beg9n+4 ,among ! e>lie/ examples ( ! temple image _m are ( wood1 b ! mat]ial 0 also us$ ev5 9 ! days ( ,pheidias4 ,! colossal ,m9]va ( ,pheidias at ,plataea 0 ma9ly c>v$ f wood :i* 0 gild$1 ! head1 h&s1 & feet be+ ( m>ble#ahi2 ,myron1 too#aij1 execut$ a ,hecate out ( wood "h ) only "o head & body1 & no d\bt = ,aeg9a1 :]e ,hecate 0 mo/ rev]$ & a fe/ival took place annually 9 h] hon\r1 a fe/ival :i* ! ,aeg9etans ma9ta9$ ! ,?racian ,orpheus _h inaugurat$ = !m4 ,g5]ally speak+1 wood1 :5 x is n cov]$ ov] ) gild+ or "s o!r preci\s mat]ial1 by reason ( its texture & ! gra9 ( x1 appe>s too f9e a mat]ial = works ( importance & m appropriate to small] figures1 = :i* purpose x 0 frequ5tly us$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & is /ill ?us utiliz$ n[adays4 7b7 ,o!r mat]ials ( mo/ importance are ivory1 associat$ ) gold1 f\nd$ bronze & m>ble4 77 ,z is well kn[n1 ,pheidias employ$ ivory & gold = 8 ma/]pieces1 su* z 8 ,olympian ,zeus1 & also = 8 fam\s colossal ,a!ne 9 ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns1 :o c>ri$ on h] h& an image ( ,victory1 itself be+ l>g] ?an life-size4 ,! nude portions ( ! body 7 made out ( %eets ( ivory1 ! drap]y & mantle f gold plates1 :i* c\ld be remov$4 ,?is type ( workman%ip 9 yell[i% ivory & gold dates f a p]iod 9 :i* /atues 7 col\r$1 a k9d ( repres5tation :i* /eadily approximat$ to ! "o col\r tone ( bronze & m>ble4 ,ivory is an extremely pure mat]ial1 smoo? & )\t ! granul> "* ( m>ble1 &1 moreov]1 co/ly4 ,& among ! ,a!nians ! co/l9ess ( ! /atues ( _! gods 0 itself ( importance4 ,! ,pallas at ,plataea _h m]ely a sup]ficial gild+1 t at ,a!ns solid metal plates4 ,! /atues _h to be bo? ( colossal size & ( ! ri*e/ mat]ial4 ,quatremre de ,qu9cy has writt5 a ma/]ly "w ^u ^! works1 ^u ! toreutic ( ! anci5ts4 ,toreutic--1 --is prim>ily applicable to figures ^: l9es are br\ght out by engrav+ 9 metal1 or cutt+ ( "s k9d su* z cut /ones2 "o uses ! expression1 h[ev]1 to indicate entire works or p>ts ( entire works 9 metal1 :i* are execut$ by means ( m\lds & ! f\nd]'s art1 t is1 n by means ( engrav+1 !n1 /ill m remotely f ! orig9al mean+1 ( sup]b figures on e>!nw>e ut5sils1 & f9ally 9 ! wide/ s5se ( m\ld+s#aia on bronze4 ,quatremre's rese>*es h p>ticul>ly be5 direct$ to ! te*nical aspect ( ! execution2 he calculates :at mu/ h be5 ! size ( ! plates made ( elephants' tusks1 &1 among o!r ?+s1 h[ mu* space1 9 proportion to ! gigantic dim5sions ( ! figure1 !y w\ld leave cov]$4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view he is equally conc]n$ to reproduce = u f ! sket*es1 or o!r evid5ce#aib we possess f antiquity1 a draw+ ( ! seat$ figure ( ,zeus1 &1 mo/ ( all1 ! great *air ) its ri* decorations ( bas-reliefs1 & by s do+ to give u 9 e respect "s conception ( ! spl5d\r & p]fection ( ! "w4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ivory is ma9ly us$ = small] works ( v v>i$ "*1 su* z ,*ri/ on ! ,cross & ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 or yet aga9 = dr9k+ vessels ) sc5es ( hunt+ & ! l1 9 :i* cases ivory1 on acc\nt ( its smoo?ness & h>dness1 is 9 _m respects pref]able to wood4 77 ,! mat]ial :i* 0 mo/ fav\r$ & mo/ widely employ$ by ! anci5ts 0 bronze1 9 ! ca/+ ( :i* x atta9$ a success ( ! highe/ ma/]y4 ,preem95tly dur+ ! p]iod ( ,myron & ,polycletus x 0 ! prevail+ mat]ial utiliz$ 9 /atues ( deities & o!r k9ds ( sculpture4 ,! d>k]1 less def9$ col\r1 ! %e51 ! smoo?ness ( bronze g5]ally1 has n rea*$ ! ab/ract =mality ( ! :ite m>ble1 & x is at ! same "t w>m$4 ,! bronze :i* ! anci5ts us$ 0 p>tly gold & silv]1 p>tly copp]1 v>y+ consid]ably 9 ! degrees ( its compon5t p>ts4 ,! s-call$ bronze ( ,cor9? is1 = example1 a composition unique ( its k9d :i* orig9at$ aft] ! burn+ ( ,cor9? f ! almo/ incr$ible weal? ( ?is city 9 /atues & vessels ( bronze4 ,mummius _h _m /atues c>ri$ (f on 8 %ips2 & ! excell5t man 0 s full ( anxiety = _! safe deliv]ance 9 ,rome t he in=m$ ! capta9 t 9 case ( loss he mu/ recreate ! same exactly or suff]1 su* 0 ! ?reat1 heavy puni%m5t4 ,9 ! f\nd+ ( bronze ! anci5ts atta9$ an incr$ible ma/]y1 by aid ( :i* x 0 possible to !m to ca/ x securely despite its extreme ?9ness4 ,x is possible to reg>d su* a feat z m]ely a matt] ( te*nical dext]ity :i* is unconnect$ ) true art4 ,e arti/1 h[ev]1 works ^u a c]ta9 mat]ial1 & x is an ess5tial quality ( g5ius to be complete ma/] ( ! same4 ,dext]ity & adaptability 9 matt]s :i* conc]n ! te*nique & in/rum5ts ( its "w con/itute "o di/9ct aspect ( g5ius4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is virtuosity 9 ! f\nd]'s art a "w ( sculpture 9 ?is m$ium involv$ a less exp5sive process1 & 0 9 ! rea* ( a l>g] numb] ?an ! *isell+ out ( m>ble /atues4 ,a second advantage1 :i* ! anci5ts 7 able to atta9 9 ca/+ _! "w 9 bronze1 0 ! purity !reby acquir$1 :i* !y c>ri$ s f> t _! bronze /atues did n require fur!r en*as5+1 & consequ5tly lo/ no?+ ( ! f9] m>ks ( expression1 :i* is almo/ inevitable :]e su* a process is necess>y4 ,if we consid]1 !n1 ! extraord9>y numb] ( works ( art1 :i* orig9at$ 9 ?is facility & ma/]y ov] te*nical matt]s1 we _c fail to be a/oni%$ & admit t ! arti/ic s5se = sculpture is a di/9ctive impulse & in/9ct ( _s1 :i* c only1 t is1 9 s ov]:elm+ a degree1 appe> 9 "o p]iod & "o p4 ,9 ! :ole ( ! ,prussian ,/ate1 = example1 at ! pres5t "t we c easily reckon up ! numb] ( bronze /atues1 ! s+le bronze door ( a *ur* we f9d 9 ,gnes51 &1 ) ! exception ( ! /&+ figures ( ,bl*] at ,b]l9 & ,breslau1 & ,lu!r at ,witt5burg1 we h m]ely a few m 9 ,knigsb]g & ,dsseldorf#aic4 ,! v v>i\s tone & ! inf9ite adaptability to =m & fusibility ( ?is mat]ial1 :i* may accommodate itself to e k9d ( repres5tation1 gives to sculpture ! pass into e conceivable v>iety ( production1 & makes its s5sitive mat]ial suitable = a ho/ ( conceits1 prett9esses1 ut5sils1 ornam5ts1 & innoc5t trifles ( all k9ds4 ,m>ble1 on ! o!r h&1 is limit$ 9 its suitability = ! depict+ ( objects & _! size2 x is1 = in/ance1 possible to execute bas-reliefs 9 x ( a c]ta9 size on urns & vases4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 unsuitable = small] objects4 ,9 ! case ( bronze1 h[ev]1 :i* is n m]ely ca/ into specific =ms1 b c also be beat5 into %ape & in=m$ by ! engrav]'s tools1 !re is h>dly any type or size ( repres5tation :i* x does n comm&4 ,we may "h1 by way ( m def9ite example1 in/ance ! case ( co9age m9t+4 ,9 ?is art1 too1 we f9d t ! anci5ts execut$ ma/]works ( beauty1 albeit 9 ! te*nical aspect ( ! m]e m9tage#aid !y /& z yet f> beh9d our pres5t elaboration ( all t is me*anical 9 ! design4 ,! co9s 9 fact 7 n really m9t$1 b beat5 b ( pieces ( metal closely resembl+ a globul> =m4 ,?is dep>tm5t ( ! art atta9$ its culm9ation 9 ! "t ( ,alex&]4 ,! co9s ( ! ,roman ,empire h already det]iorat$4 ,9 our own "t ,napoleon endeav\r$ to revive ! beauty ( antique "w 9 8 m$als & co9age1 & !y are ( great excell5ce4 ,9 o!r /ates1 h[ev]1 ! m]e wor? ( ! metal & accurate weight is ma9ly important 9 ! m9tage ( co94 77 ,! la/ k9d ( mat]ial exceptionally fav\rable to sculpture is /one1 :i* possesses indep5d5tly ! ext]nal aspect ( consi/5cy & p]man5ce4 ,! ,egyptians long be=e *isell$ out _! sculptur$ colossi ) a lab\r t sp>$ no pa9s f ! h>de/ granite1 sy5ite & basalt4 ,m>ble is1 h[ev]1 mo/ directly1 z a mat]ial1 9 h>mony ) ! aims ( sculpture ?r\gh its s(t purity1 :it5ess1 no less ?an by ! abs5ce ( def9ite col\r & ! mildness ( its %e51 & 9 p>ticul> possesses1 by virtue ( its granul> texture & ! s(t int]fusion ( light :i* x c>ries1 a great advantage ov] ! *alk-l dead :it5ess ( gypsum1 :i* is too bright1 & easily kills ) its gl>e ! f9] %ad[s4 ,we f9d a di/9ct pref]5ce giv5 to m>ble1 only at a lat] epo* ( ! ,greek s*ool1 t is dur+ ! p]iod ( ,praxiteles & ,scopas1 :o execut$ _! mo/ fam\s works 9 m>ble4 ,pheidias no d\bt work$ 9 m>ble1 b = ! mo/ "p only 9 ! execution ( head1 h&s1 & feet4 ,myron & ,polycletus ma9ly made use ( bronze4 ,praxiteles & ,scopas1 on ! o!r h&1 appe> to h s\ght to remove f sculpture t feature :i* is ali5 to its ma9 pr9ciple1 namely col\r4 ,no d\bt x is und5iable t ! beauty ( ! ideal ( sculpture is capable ( be+ embodi$ 9 bronze z 9 m>ble1 ) no dim9ution :atev] ( its purity4 ,:51 h[ev]1 z 0 ! case ) ,praxiteles & ,scopas1 art beg9s to approa* ! s(t] =ms ( grace & *>m ( figure1 ! m>ble ass]ts itself z ! m cong5ial m$ium4 ,= m>ble enc\rages1 by virtue ( ! transp>5cy ( its surface1 a s(tness ( outl9e1 its g5tle articulation#aie & mild conjunction2 add to ?is t ! t5d] & artificial elaboration ( consummate "w always appe>s m cle>ly on ! s(t :it5ess ( /one ?an on bronze1 h[ev] noble x may be1 :i*1 9 proportion z ! transition ( gre5 is beautifully gradat$1 makes ! lu/res & ! reflections all ! m di/urb+ to ! effect ( repose#aif4 ,= ! same reason ! c>eful att5tion1 :i* at ?is p]iod 0 paid to effects ( light & %ade1 ^: nuances & gradations are m cle>ly m>k$ by m>ble ?an by bronze1 0 a fur!r reason :y /one %\ld be pref]r$ to metal4 7c7 ,9 conclusion we ought to associate ) ! above m important k9ds ( mat]ial preci\s /ones & glass4 ,! anci5t gems1 cameos & pa/es are invaluable4 ,!y repeat 9 fact on ! smalle/ scale1 yet ) consummate f9i%1 ! entire survey ( sculpture1 f ! simple figure ( a god1 ?r\gh all ! v>i$ =ms ( gr\p+ to e possible k9d ( conceit 9 da9ty delight & prett9ess4 ,w9ckelmann1 h[ev]1 obs]ves ) reg>d to ! ,/os* collection#aig3 ,x 0 :ile look+ at ?is t ,i 0 made aw>e ( a tru?1 :i* aft]w>ds became to me ( great value 9 elucidat+ monum5ts1 v difficult to und]/&2 & ! tru? is ?is1 t on cut /ones1 no less ?an on impos+ works ( sculpture1 we v r>ely come across ev5ts :i* took place aft] ! ,trojan w>1 or aft] ! return ( ,odysseus to ,i?aca1 if we only except ! "o case ( ! ,h]acleidae & ! desc5dants ( ,h]cules2 = 9 ?is latt] case ! limits ( hi/ory & fable /ill ov]lap1 & fable is ! ma9 subject ( ^! arti/s4 ,only "o example ( ! tale ( ! ,h]acleidae1 h[ev]1 is kn[n to me p]sonally4 ,z = gems1 ! g5u9e & mo/ consummately execut$ figures are ( ! greate/ beauty1 f9e z ! "w ( organic ,nature1 & may be inspect$ ?r\gh a magnify+ glass )\t any loss to ! purity ( _! del9eation4 ,i ref] to ?is fact 9 pro( t ! te*nique ( art 9 su* cases is almo/ an art ( intuition2 ! f95ess is su* t ! arti/ is unable z ! sculptor is to foll[ ! "w ) 8 eyes1 b is r compell$ to feel aft] x4 ,he holds ! /one :i* is made fa/ on wax aga9/ t9y %>p :eels :i* are made to sp9 by means ( a fly+-:eel1 & 9 ?is way cuts out ! =ms4 ,by ?is process :at we h is a k9d ( in/9ctive s5se1 :i* takes 9 & directs s consummately ! conception1 ! int5tion ( l9e & draw+1 t we c almo/ fancy ourselves to h be=e u 9 ^! /ones1 :5 "o sees !m prop]ly illum9at$1 a relief "w4 ,! "w on cameos is to be contra/$ ) ! above4 ,^! repres5t figures f9ely cut 9 out ( ! /one4 ,! onyx 0 p>ticul>ly utiliz$ z mat]ial = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,9 deal+ ) ^!1 ! anci5ts 7 exp]t 9 sett+ (f to advantage & ) ta/e ! v>i\s /rata1 9 p>ticul> ! :ite & yell[-br[n4 ,aemilius ,paulus _h a numb] ( su* /ones & o!r tr9kets c>ri$ to ,rome4 ,9 ! repres5tations :i* 7 depict$ ^u all ?is v>i$ mat]ial ! ,greek arti/s adapt$ z ! basis ( _! "w no situations :i* 7 poetically conceiv$ by !mselves1 b select$ _! subject-matt] inv>iably1 if we only except examples ( ,bac*anals & dances1 f my?s ab\t ! gods & sagas4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( urns & repres5tations ( ev5ts relative to deceas$ p]sons !y _h def9ite facts be=e !m1 :i* 7 associat$ ) ! individual1 :om x 0 ?\ght "r to hon\r by reason ( 8 decease4 ,! direct allegory1 9 fact1 does n belong to ! g5u9e ,ideal1 b only becomes p]spicu\s 9 art's lat] developm5t4 #c4 ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,evolution ,,( ,,sculpture ,we h hi!rto reg>d$ sculpture z ! mo/ adequate expression ( ! classical ,ideal4 ,! ,ideal1 h[ev]1 has n m]ely an intr9sic =w>d developm5t on its own acc\nt1 by virtue ( :i* x approximates to t :i* x is 9 virtue ( its notion1 & by do+ s equally beg9s a =w>d movem5t beyond ?is absolute h>mony ) its own ess5tial nature4 ,q ap>t f ?is1 z we h already se5 9 ! second ma9 division ( ?is "w dur+ our review ( ! p>ticul> types ( art z a process1 x conta9s1 putt+ on "o side its mode ( pres5tation "u ! symbolical type1 a c]ta9 aspect presuppos$1 :i* x is b\nd to pass beyond 9 ord] g5]ally to e/abli% itself z ,ideal1 & moreov] a fur!r type ( art1 t is ! romantic1 f :i* x w once m pass away4 ,bo? types ( art1 ! symbolical no less ?an ! romantic1 likewise seize ^u ! human figure z an elem5t ( _! pres5tm5t1 ^: spatial outl9es !y adh]e to1 & consequ5tly set =? z sculpture sets !m =?4 ,we h1 !re=e1 :5 x is a "q ( draw+ att5tion to ! hi/orical-developm5t1 n only to speak ( ,greek & ,roman sculpture1 b also ,ori5tal & ,*ri/ian4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ! ,egyptian p pre-em95tly among all1 among :om ! symbolical type sums up ! fundam5tal "* ( _! art-production1 :o fir/ began to associate ) _! deities ! human figure z x em]ges f a mode ( exi/5ce t is purely natural1 & = ?is reason x is ma9ly among !m t we meet too ) sculpture1 inasmu* z !y gave z a rule to _! g5]al outlook an arti/ic exi/5ce 9 t :i* 0 simply mat]ial4 ,! sculpture ( ,*ri/ianity is ( wid] range & ri*] developm5t4 ,we d n m]ely ref] "h to its uniquely romantic "* 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 b also to t fur!r elaboration1 9 :i* we f9d x made an ef=t once aga9 to approa* m closely ! pr9ciple ( ! classical ,ideal1 & e/abli% t type mo/ specifically consonant ) sculpture4 ,i w 9 conclud+ ! pres5t section ( my "w 9 its entirety1 & foll[+ ! above g5]al obs]vations1 add a few words1 fir/1 ^u ,egyptian sculpture z contra/$ ) ! ,greek z ! introductory /age ( ! true ,ideal4 ,! *>act]i/ic elaboration ( ,greek sculpture makes our second /age1 :i* closes ) ,roman sculpture4 ,on ! pres5t occasion :at w ma9ly conc]n u w be to survey ! /age :i* prec$es ! really ideal mode ( pres5tation1 because we h already 9 our second *apt] consid]$ at l5g? ideal sculpture4 ,?irdly1 we h m]ely left u to indicate briefly ! pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ian sculpture4 ,i c only und]take 9 ?is place to ref] to x 9 ! mo/ g5]al t]ms4 7a7 ,:5 we h ! int5tion to inve/igate on ! soil ( ,greece ! classical art ( sculpture f ! hi/orical /&po9t1 we f9d ourselves already confront$ ) ,egyptian art 9 ! =m ( sculpture be=e we h arriv$ at our object2 & we mu/ add n m]ely is ?is s 9 reg>d to great works :i* be> witness to ! highe/ te*nique & elaboration 9 an entirely unique arti/ic /yle1 b z ! po9t ( dep>ture & s\rce = ! =ms ( ,greek pla/ic art4 ,t ?is la/ result on ! gr\nd ( hi/orical fact am\nts also to an ext]nal contact1 an acceptance & an in/ruction to :i* ,greek arti/s submitt$1 ?is mu/ be left to ! hi/ory ( art to e/abli%1 :e!r x be 9 ref]5ce to ! significance ( figures ( deities repres5t$ f ! field ( my?ology1 or to ! p>ticul> me?ods ( arti/ic treatm5t4 ,! association betwe5 ,greek & ,egyptian ideas ( ! gods is a conviction set =? ) pro(s by ,h]odotus4 ,creuz] is ( ! view t we f9d ?is ext]nal association ( ^! arts mo/ cle>ly demon/rat$ on co9s1 & he lays exceptional /ress on anci5t ,attic examples4 ,he has %[$ me "o 9 8 own possession 9 :i* )\t "q ! face1 a pr(ile possess$ q ! outl9e ( ! physiognomy ( ,egyptian figures 9 e respect#aih4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 "h leave ?is purely hi/orical aspect to /& on its own m]its1 & conf9e ourselves to ! inquiry :e!r ap>t f x a m ideal & necess>y bond ( connection _c be e/abli%$4 ,?is bond ( intr9sic causality we h already adv]t$ to above4 ,x is necess>y t ! art :i* is incomplete mu/ prec$e ! complete =m ( art1 ! ,ideal1 by means ( ! negation ( :i*1 t is by ! /ripp+ (f ( t aspect :i* adh]es to x z a defect1 ! ,ideal is fir/ realiz$4 ,9 ?is respect unque/ionably classical art is a becom+ or a process1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ap>t f x mu/ necess>ily possess an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 inasmu* z qu classical x mu/ leave all defici5cy1 all ! m]e becom+ beh9d x1 & be ess5tially r\nd$ 9 completion4 ,?is process z su* consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! =m ( ! pres5tation fir/ beg9s to run c\nt] to ! ,ideal1 & yet rema9s incapable ( an ideal grasp1 belong+ z x does to ! symbolical syn!sis1 :i* is unable to embody 9 union ! univ]sal aspect ( ! significance1 & ! individual embodim5t z x appe>s to s5se4 ,t ,egyptian sculpture possesses su* a fundam5tal "*1 is ! s+le po9t t ,i w n[ briefly t\* ^u4 77 ,! prim>y fact t calls = att5tion is ! defici5cy we f9d "h 9 ideal & creative spontaneity1 despite ! greate/ te*nical p]fection4 ,! s\rce ( works ( ,greek sculpture is ! vitality & fre$om ( ! imag9ation1 :i* builds up individual figures f ! religi\s ideas :i* are preval5t1 & 9 ! individuality ( ?is its production makes an actual fact ( its own ideal outlook & classical p]fection4 ,! ,egyptian figures ( deities1 on ! contr>y1 receive an inh]it$#aii type4 ,z ,plato long ago obs]ves#bjj1 ! repres5tations 7 long be=e fix$ by ! prie/ly ca/e1 & x 0 nei!r p]mitt$ to pa9t] nor any ma/] ( sculpture to introduce novelty1 nor inde$ to inv5t any?+ at all1 b to accept in/ead :at 0 already among !m & traditional2 nei!r is su* p]mission conc$$ n[4 ,we consequ5tly f9d t :at 0 made & fa%ion$1 x may be myriads ( ye>s be=e 7to all[ oneself a hyp]bolical expression = ! great numb] t is actual v]ity71 is nei!r m beautiful nor m ugly ?an ! "w ( to-day4 ,! circum/ance mu/ also be associat$ ) ?is s*ola/ic accuracy1 t 9 ,egypt1 z appe>s cle> f ,h]odotus#bja1 arti/s did n enjoy ! same respect z o!r citiz5s1 b 7 =c$ ) _! *ildr5 to def] to all :o 7 n engag$ 9 arti/ic "w4 ,add to ?is art among ! p 0 n foll[$ accord+ to natural incl9ation2 ! in/itution ( ca/e 0 p>am\nt1 & ! son walk$ aft] 8 fa!r1 n m]ely 9 ! matt] ( pr(ession1 b also 9 ! way 9 :i* he made himself effici5t 9 8 duties & 8 art4 ,"o man simply plac$ 8 feet 9 ! /eps ( ano!r1 s t1 z ,w9ckelmann has already obs]v$#bjb1 ,n a s\l appe>s to h left beh9d him a footm>k1 :i* he c appropriate z 8 own4 ,consequ5tly art1 :5 fully confront$ ) ?is en=c$ s]fdom ( ,_s--9 conjunction ) :i* ! mobility ( free & arti/ic g5ius1 9 o!r words1 n ! m]e impulse aft] ext]nal hon\r & rew>d1 b ! m elevat$ impulse to be arti/1 is bani%$--ma9ta9$ itself simply z ! m]e craftsman work+ 9 a purely me*anical & ab/ract way accord+ to =ms & rules ready to h&1 r ?an ) ! vision ( ! arti/ ( 8 own individuality 9 8 "w1 view$ 9 ?is way z 8 own unique creation4 77 ,com+ n[ 9 ! second place to ! actual works ( art1 "h1 too1 we may borr[ f ,w9ckelmann1 ^: descriptions atte/ once m 8 exceptional acut5ess ( obs]vation & di/9ction1 & ^: acc\nt ( ! "* ( ,egyptian sculpture is 9 its ma9 l9es z foll[s#bjc4 ,speak+ g5]ally we may say t bo? grace & vitality1 :i* are ! result ( ! g5u9e sweep & balance ( organic l9e1 are abs5t f ! entire figure & its detail$ p>ts2 ! outl9es are /raight or 9 l9es t %[ less deviation f x1 ! pose appe>s con/ra9$ & /iff1 ! feet are ?ru/ close toge!r1 & 9 cases ( figures 9 ! upright position :]e "o foot is plac$ be=e ! o!r1 bo? po9t 9 ! same direction in/ead ( hav+ ! toes turn$ outw>ds4 ,9 ! same way1 9 mascul9e figures1 ! arms hang d[n /raight & glu$ to ! body4 ,fur!r1 ! h&s1 su* is ,w9ckelmann's view1 are %ap$ mu* z we f9d !m 9 m5 :o possess h&s n badly %ap$ orig9ally1 b det]iorat$ & neglect$2 feet1 on ! o!r h&1 are too flat & spread out1 ! toes are ( equal l5g? & ! little toe is nei!r crook$ nor curv$ inw>ds3 9 o!r respects h&s1 nails1 & toes are n badly %ap$1 al?\gh nei!r ! jo9ts ( f+]s nor toes are indicat$4 ,& simil>ly we may say ( all ! re/ ( ! nude figure ! muscles & bones are b slightly indicat$1 & ! n]ves & ve9s n at all4 ,9 %ort1 s f> z detail is conc]n$1 despite ! labori\s & able execution1 j t aspect ( ! elaboration is abs5t :i* alone communicates to ! figure its true animation & vitality4 ,! knees1 h[ev]1 bones1 & elb[s are traceable 9 relief1 z we f9d !m 9 ,nature4 ,mascul9e figures are conspicu\s = _! exceptionally n>r[ wai/ above ! hips4 ,! backs ( figures1 on acc\nt ( _! position aga9/ columns & _! be+ sculptur$ f "o block ) !m1 are n visible4 ,toge!r ) ?is lack ( mobility1 :i* is n entirely due to ! te*nical inf]iority ( ! arti/s1 b mu/ be reg>d$ z a result ( _! primitive conception ( ! figures ( deities & _! my/]i\s repose1 is ne>ly associat$ ! abs5ce ( any true situation & any sort or k9d ( action1 :i* are ass]t$ 9 sculpture by means ( ! position & motion ( ! h&s & ! demean\r & expression ( del9eation4 ,no d\bt we d f9d among ,egyptian repres5tations on obelisks & walls _m figures 9 movem5t1 b ^! are purely reliefs & are = ! mo/ "p pa9t$4 ,to add a few m examples ( ev5 m intimate detail1 ! eyes are n deeply set z 9 ! ,greek ideal1 b are almo/ on a level ) ! =ehead2 !y are flatt5$ & ext5d$ obliquely4 ,! eyebr[s1 eyelids1 & rims ( ! lips are ma9ly sugge/$ by ! grav]'s l9es1 or ! br[s are indicat$ by a /roke 9 relief1 :i* ext5ds z f> z ! temples & is at t po9t cut (f angul> wise4 ,:at we above all f9d want+ "h is ! projection ( ! =ehead1 & along ) ?is1 toge!r ) uncommonly high plac$ e>s & ar*$ noses1 z is ! rule ) vulg> natures1 we h ! retreat+ =m ( *eekbones1 :i* 9 contra/ to o!r p>ts are /rongly indicat$ & emphasiz$1 :]eas ! *9 is always retir+ & small2 ! rigidly clos$ m\?1 too1 draws its corn]s 9 an outw>d r ?an an "u-w>d direction1 & ! lips appe> to be sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a m]e slit4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 !n1 su* figures are n only want+ 9 fre$om & vitality1 b m ?an any?+ else ! head fails to %[ u ! expression ( spiritual significance2 ! animal aspect is ! prevail+ "o1 & ,_s is n z yet suff]$ to appe> 9 its self-poise & indep5d5ce4 ,! execution ( animal figures is1 on ! contr>y1 accord+ to ! same au?ority1 c>ri$ ?r\gh ) mu* k & an exquisite v>iety ( g5tly gradat$ outl9es & ( p>ts t fl[ "o into ! o!r )\t a break4 ,& if 9 ! human figures spiritual life is n z yet lib]at$ f ! animal type & ! int]fusion ( ! ,ideal ) :at is s5su\s & ( ,nature on a new & free model is abs5t1 yet we f9d "h t ! specifically symbolical significance ( ! human no less ?an ! animal figures is directly express$ by means ( sculpture 9 ^! embodim5ts ( =ms1 9 :i* human & animal %apes pass into "o my/]i\s union4 77 ,consequ5tly ! works ( art1 :i* c>ry on _! face ?is "*1 rema9 at ! /age :]e ! brea* betwe5 significance & =m is n yet bridg$ ov]4 ,= su* a /age significance is /ill ( ma9 importance1 & :at is aim$ at is r ! conception ( t 9 its g5]al aspect1 ?an ! vitalization ( any "o individual figure & ! arti/ic enjoym5t d]iv$ f su* pres5tm5t4 ,sculpture proce$s "h f ! g5ius ( an entire p1 ab\t :i* we may on ! "o h& affirm1 t x has 9 ! fir/ in/ance arriv$ at ! po9t :]e ! ne$ ( imag9ative conception is disclos$2 & x is satisfi$ to f9d t indicat$ 9 ! "w ( art1 :i* is pres5t 9 ! conception1 & "h ( c\rse is a conception :i* is religi\s4 ,we are n !re=e entitl$1 tak+ into consid]ation ! great /rides !y h made 9 labori\s activity ^u & actual p]fection 9 te*nical execution1 to call ! ,egyptians un$ucat$ 9 _! sculpture m]ely on ! gr\nd t1 despite all ?is1 !y did n z yet 9 great measure seek to atta* tru?1 vitality1 & beauty to _! results1 by virtue ( :i* qualities ! free "w ( art receives a s\l4 ,d\btless f ano!r po9t ( view ! ,egyptians did advance beyond ! m]e idea & its necess>y dem&4 ,!y s\ght fur!r to envisage & embody ! same 9 human & animal =ms1 nay1 !y knew h[ to compreh5d & set =? ! =ms1 :i* !y reproduc$1 cle>ly1 )\t di/ortion & 9 _! j relations4 ,!y fail$1 h[ev]1 to imp>t to !m ! brea? ( vitality1 :i* ! human =m 9 its natural /ate already possesses1 & to infuse ) !m t m exalt$ life1 by virtue ( :i* an active & flu5t motion ( _s c\ld be express$ 9 a creat$ image t 0 adequate to its significance4 ,_! works r atte/ a s]i\sness t is entirely lifeless1 an unsolv$ riddle1 s t ! configuration does n s mu* embody _! own individual ideality z p]mit u to surmise a fur!r significance :i* is /ill ali5 to x4 ,i w "h only adduce "o example1 namely1 ! frequ5tly recurr+ figure ( ,isis1 hold+ ,horus on h] knees4 ,"h we h1 s f> z ext]nals are conc]n$1 ! same subject-matt] t we meet ) 9 ,*ri/ian art z ! ,madonna & h] ,*ild4 ,9 ! symmetrical1 /raight-l9$1 & immovable pose ( ! ,egyptian example we discov]1 to quote a rec5t description#bjd1 nei!r a "m1 nor a *ild2 !re is no trace ( affection1 smile1 or ende>m5t1 9 a ^w !re is no real expression at all4 ,tranquil1 unp]turb$1 & immovable is ?is div9e "m1 :o suckles h] div9e babe2 or r we h "h nei!r goddess nor "m1 nor son1 nor god4 ,x is simply ! s5su\s sign ( a ?\ght1 :i* is capable ( no result & no passion2 x is n ! g5u9e pres5tation ( a real action1 /ill less ! j expression ( a natural emotion4 ,& x is precisely ?is :i* con/itutes ! brea* betwe5 signification & det]m9ate be+1 :i* creates ! abs5ce ( figurative expression 9 ! arti/ic results ( ! ,egyptian p4 ,_! ideality or spiritual s5se is /ill s imbrut$1 t x has no imp]ative desire to possess ! precision b\nd up 9 a true & vital repres5tation c>ri$ ?r\gh ) detail$ accuracy1 to :i* ! onlook] has no?+ to add1 b may simply surr5d] himself to ! attitude ( reception & translation1 because ev]y?+ is already a gift ( ! arti/4 ,we mu/ h a m l(ty feel+ ( ! individual's self-respect ar\s$ ?an ! ,egyptians possess$1 be=e we cease to be cont5t ) ! indef9ite & sup]ficial features ( art1 & make valid 9 its products a claim to reason1 sci5ce1 motion1 expression1 s\l1 & beauty4 7b7 ,we f9d ?is arti/ic self-consci\sness1 s f> z sculpture is conc]n$1 fir/ :olly alive among ! ,greeks4 ,by its pres5ce all ! defects ( ! ,egyptian phase ( art vani%4 ,yet 9 ?is fur!r developm5t we d n h to make a wide leap f ! imp]fections ( a type ( sculpture /ill symbolical to ! p]fect$ result ( ! classical ,ideal4 ,r ! ,ideal has1 9 its own di/9ctive prov9ce--,i h notic$ ?is m ?an once--al?\gh lift$ to a high] range1 to remove ! defects :]eby 9 ! fir/ in/ance its onw>d pa? ( p]fection is ob/ruct$4 77 ,i w "h v briefly ref] to ,aeg9etan & anci5t ,etruscan works ( art z examples ( su* beg9n+s )9 ! sph]e itself ( classical art4 ,bo? ^! /ages1 or r /yles1 already pass beyond t po9t ( view1 :i* is satisfi$1 z 0 ! case ) ,egypt1 9 repeat+ =ms1 we w n say absolutely oppos$ to ,nature1 b at lea/ =ms t are lifeless1 precisely z !y h be5 receiv$ f o!rs1 & is fur!r cont5t to place be=e ! imag9ation a figure1 f :i* ! same c ab/ract its own religi\s cont5t & recov] ! same = memory1 )\t1 h[ev]1 attempt+ to "w x out "u a mode1 by virtue ( :i* ! "w is made app>5t z ! individual conception & vitality ( ! arti/ himself4 ,b along ) ?is & to ! same degree ?is prelim9>y /age ( ideal art fails z yet to =ce its way entirely to ! true classical gr\nd1 & ?is1 fir/1 because x is /ill cle>ly con/ra9$ )9 ! bonds ( ! type & !re) ! lifeless2 secondly1 because ?\gh x makes an advance 9 ! direction ( vitality & motion1 yet 9 ! fir/ in/ance all t x atta9s to is ! vitality ( :at is :olly ( ,nature1 r ?an t beauty1 ^: animation is ,_s's own gift1 & :i* manife/s ! life ,_s insep>ably conjo9t )9 ! liv+ pres5tm5t ( its natural =m1 accept+ ! individual modifications ( ?is fully complet$ union ) equal imp>tiality f pres5t vision ( actual fact & ! free creation ( g5ius4 ,x is only 9 rec5t times t we h obta9$ a m detail$ k ( ,aeg9etan works ( art1 ov] :i* x has be5 a matt] ( controv]sy1 :e!r !y belong$ to ,greek art or no4 ,9 consid]+ _! arti/ic quality1 z repres5tations1 we mu/ at once make an ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ! head & ! re/ ( ! body4 ,! :ole ( ! body1 if we except ! head1 atte/s ! mo/ fai?ful appreh5sion & imitation ( ,nature4 ,ev5 accid5tal features ( ! sk9 are copi$ & excell5tly execut$ ) an extraord9>y manipulation ( ! m>ble's surface2 ! muscles are set =? 9 full relief & ! skeleton framework ( ! body well indicat$2 ! figures are ?ickset 9 _! sev]ity ( l9e#bje1 b are reflect$ ) su* k ( ! human organism1 t !y appe> alive to a limit ( actual deception1 ay1 to an ext5t1 s ,wagn] assures u#bjf1 t we are almo/ sc>$ at ! sight & h>dly l to t\* !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! execution ( heads all attempt to repres5t ,nature is ab&on$4 ,"o uni=m design ( face is ?r\gh\t app>5t 9 all ! heads despite e div]g5ce ( action1 "*1 & situation2 ! noses are po9t$2 ! =ehead is /ill ! retreat+ type1 :i* fails to rise up /raight & ) fre$om2 ! e>s are set high 9 ! head2 ! long slit eyes are flat & oblique2 ! clos$ m\? ends 9 corn]s :i* are purs$ outw>ds2 ! *eeks are /ret*$ flat-%ap$2 ! *91 h[ev]1 is /rong & angul>#bjg4 ,( a simil> uni=mity is ! =m ( ! hair & ! fall ( ! drap]y1 9 :i* symmetry1 a pr9ciple :i* is also uniquely conspicu\s 9 ! pose & gr\p+s1 & second to t1 a peculi> k9d ( exquisit5ess are ! prevail+ *>act]i/ics4 ,?is uni=mity has be5 9 "p imput$ to a lack ( ! s5se ( beauty 9 seiz+ national traits1 & 9 "p trac$ to ! fact t rev]5ce = ! anci5t traditions ( an art /ill immature has fett]$ ! h&s ( ! arti/s4 ,an arti/1 h[ev]1 ^: life is t ( 8 p]sonality1 & :o lives 9 8 "w1 does n suff] 8 h&s to be ?us %ackl$2 consequ5tly we c only expla9 ?is type ( "w1 associat$ z x is ) great ability 9 o!r respects1 by assum+ "s bondage ( _s1 z yet n :olly consci\s ( its fre$om & indep5d5ce ( its creative p[]s4 ,! pose ( ^! figures is ( ! same k9d ( uni=mity1 n s mu* a quality ( /iffness z unc\?ness1 lack ( en?usiasm1 & 9 a measure1 :]e we h ! attitudes ( w>riors1 resembl+ :at we sometimes f9d f artisans at _! trade1 su* z ! r\gh "w ( jo9]s ) ! plane#bjh4 ,! net result1 :i* we ga!r f ! above description1 we may affirm to be t1 h[ev] int]e/+ !y may be = ! hi/ory ( art1 :at is want+ 9 su* works ( art1 9 ! conflict !y disclose betwe5 tradition & ! imitation ( ,nature1 is spiritual animation4 ,= we mu/ rememb] t1 9 accordance ) :at ,i h already expla9$ 9 ! second *apt] ( ?is "p ( my "w1 spiritual significance is exclusively express$ 9 ! c\nt5ance & ! pose ( ! figure4 ,! o!r p>ts ( ! body no d\bt indicate natural di/9ctions ( s\l1 sex1 & age1 b :at is spiritual 9 ! full s5se c only be reflect$ by ! g5]al pose4 ,b x is precisely ! traits ( c\nt5ance & ! po/ure :i* 9 ,aeg9etan sculpture is ! relatively spiritless4 ,! ,etruscan works ( art1 t is1 su* ^: g5u95ess is fully au!nticat$ by inscription1 display ! same imitation ( ,nature 9 a yet high] degree2 !y are1 h[ev]1 fre] 9 _! pose & facial *>act]i/ics1 &1 9 fact1 "s ( !m approximate closely to ! portrait4 ,w9ckelmann1 = example#bji1 m5tions ! /atue ( a man :i* appe>s to be simply a portrait1 ?\gh x w\ld also appe> to date f a lat] p]iod ( art4 ,x is a man ( life-size1 repres5t+ "s k9d ( orator1 a magi/]ial1 wor?y sort ( p]son4 ,x is execut$ ) an extraord9>y spontaneity & naturalness bo? ( pose & expression4 ,rem>kable & significant x w\ld inde$ be1 if we did n recollect t on ,roman soil x is n ! ,ideal b actual & prosaic natural fact :i* is f ! fir/ at home4 77 ,9 ! second place truly ideal sculpture1 9 ord] to rea* ! highe/ po9t ( classical art1 has above all1 to ab&on ! m]e type & ! respect = :at is traditional1 & to give free scope to ! pr9ciple ( spontaneity 9 arti/ic production4 ,x is alone possible to a fre$om ( ?is k9d entirely to incorporate ! significance 9 its g5]ality 9 ! individual pres5tm5t ( ! =m2 or1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 to elevate ! s5su\s =ms to ! high level ( a true expression ( _! spiritual import4 ,only aft] do+ ?is d we f9d ! rigid & inflexible aspect :i* is native to ! orig9s ( ! m anci5t art1 no less ?an ! emphatic prom95ce ( ! significance ov] ! individuality1 by means ( :i* ! cont5t ought to be express$1 lib]at$ z t vital creation1 9 :i* ! bodily =ms also on _! "p equally lose ! ab/ract uni=mity ( a traditional1 "*1 & an illusive realism1 & by do+ s move 9 ! direction ( ! classical individuality1 :i* q z mu* makes1 vital ! univ]sality ( ! =m 9 ! p>ticul>ity ( its object z1 on ! o!r h&1 x makes ! s5su\sness & actuality ( ! same ?r\gh\t int]fus$ ) ! expression ( a s\l's inspiration#baj4 ,a vitalization ( ?is type affects n only ! =m1 b also ! pose1 movem5t1 drap]y1 gr\p+1 9 %ort e aspect ( ! sculptur$ figure to :i* ,i h already drawn att5tion4 ,:at "h communicates unity are ^! two pr9ciples ( univ]sality & individualization4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 n m]ely to be br\ght into h>mony 9 respect to ! spiritual cont5t1 b also 9 relation to ! mat]ial =m1 be=e !y c be p>ticipant 9 ! indissoluble association :i* is ! classical type 9 its full flav\r4 ,?is id5tity1 h[ev]1 has itself a s]ies ( /ages4 ,9 o!r words1 "u "o extreme we f9d t ! ,ideal /ill some:at incl9es to ! aspect ( l(t9ess & sev]ity1 :i* x is true does n deprive ! individual object ( its liv+ impulse & movem5t1 yet does t5d to conc5trate x m securely "u ! lord%ip ( ! g5]al type4 ,at ! o!r extreme we f9d t ! univ]sal aspect m & m t5ds to dissolve 9 ! individual2 & :ile x pays ! p5alty = do+ s 9 loss ( dep? x c only replace ?is loss by fur!r elaboration ( ?is s5su\s individuality4 ,consequ5tly x desc5ds f ! heights to ! l[] levels ( t :i* gives pleasure1 is exquisite1 bli!some1 & displays ! *>m :i* flatt]s4 ,betwe5 ^! two !re is a fur!r phase1 "o1 namely1 :i* c>ries =w>d ! sev]ity ( ! fir/ to increas$ individualization1 )\t rea*+ t po9t :]e m]e *>m ( aspect is held to be ! supreme object4 77 ,?irdly1 9 ! art ( ,rome we h indications ( ! dissolution ( classical sculpture4 ,9 ?is art x is no long] ^u ! true ,ideal t ! entire conception & execution dep5ds4 ,! poetry inh]5t 9 ! vital action ( ,_s1 ! brea? & nobility ( ! s\l app>5t 9 ! ess5tially p]fect$ pres5tm5t1 ^! peculi>ly emphasiz$ excell5ces ( ,greek pla/ic art disappe>1 & give place1 z a rule1 to a pref]5ce = portraiture /udies4 ,& ?is insi/5ce on reali/ic tru? 9 art is c>ri$ out 9 all possible modifications4 ,not)/&+1 ?is ,roman sculpture ma9ta9s s l(ty a position 9 ?is its own prov9ce1 t x is only 9 s f> z x )draws f t :i* br+s a "w ( art to its full p]fection1 9 o!r words1 ! poetry ( ! ,ideal 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 t x ess5tially falls beh9d ,greek art4 7c7 ,fix+ n[ our att5tion on ,*ri/ian sculpture we %all f9d t ! pr9ciple ( arti/ic conception & its mode ( embodim5t is f ! comm5cem5t "o t does n s directly comm5d itself to ! mat]ial & =ms ( sculpture z we f9d to be ! case 9 ! classical ,ideal ( ! ,greek imag9ation & art4 ,! romantic ,ideal 9 %ort is ess5tially conc]n$1 z we discov]$ 9 ! second portion ( ?is "w1 ) a p]sonal )drawal ( ! self into its own realm f ! ext]nal _w1 ) a self-absorb$ individuality1 :i* no d\bt possesses its ext]nal reflection1 b :i* p]mits ?is ext]nal appe>ance to issue indep5d5tly f x 9 its aspect ( p>ticul>ity1 )\t en=c+ a fusion betwe5 x & its ideal & spiritual self4 ,pa91 torture ( body & s\l1 m>tyrdom & p5ance1 dea? & resurrection1 ! p]sonality ( ! individual s\l1 inn] life1 love1 & emotional life 9 g5]al--?is *>act]i/ic cont5t ( ! romantic imag9ation1 9 a religi\s s5se1 is no object1 = :i* ! ext]nal =m tak5 simply = :at x is 9 its spatial entirety1 & ! mat]ial :i* belongs to x 9 its m s5su\s exi/5ce unrelat$ to ideality1 c supply ei!r a =m t is :olly relevant to x1 or "o simil>ly congru5t ) x4 ,x is !re=e n 9 romantic art sculpture contributes ! fundam5tal type & ! affiliat+ quality ( memb]%ip 9 a sy/em#baa to all ! o!r arts z 9 ,greece1 b yields ! palm 9 ?is respect to pa9t+ & music1 z arts m adequate to express ! life ( ! s\l1 di/9ct f ! ext]nal _w ( p>ticul>ity :i* is )drawn f x4 ,no d\bt we f9d also 9 ,*ri/ian art repeat$ examples ( sculpture 9 wood1 m>ble1 bronze1 & bo? silv] & gold "w1 examples ( ! greate/ excell5ce4 ,yet = all t sculpture is n "h ! art :i*1 z 9 ,greek art1 is mo/ fitt$ to reveal ! ,div9e image4 ,religi\s romantic sculpture1 on ! contr>y1 is to a l>g] ext5t ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,greek1 an embelli%m5t ( ar*itecture4 ,! sa9ts are plac$ z a rule 9 ! ni*es ( t[]s & buttresses1 or at ! entrance doors4 ,likewise ! bir?1 baptism1 ! hi/ories ( ! passion & resurrection1 & _m o!r incid5ts 9 ! life ( ,*ri/1 ! day ( ,judgm5t & s =?1 accommodate !mselves naturally by ! multiplicity ( _! subject-matt] to reliefs ov] *ur* doors1 on *ur* walls1 & /alls 9 ! *oir1 & readily approximate to ! "* ( arabesques4 ,all su* sculpture conta9s1 = ! reason t x is ! life ( ! s\l :i* is h]e9 pre-em95tly express$1 *>act]i/ics sugge/ive ( ! pa9t]'s art 9 a high] degree ?an is p]mitt$ 9 ! pla/ic ( ideal sculpture4 ,& f ano!r po9t ( view1 = ! same reason1 su* a sculpture seizes m readily ^u aspects ( ord9>y life1 & !re) incl9es to portraiture1 :i*1 z 9 ! case ( pa9t+1 x is q prep>$ to associate ) religi\s repres5tations4 ,! goose-sell]1 = example1 9 ! ,nrnb]g m>ketplace1 :i* is highly priz$ by ,goe! & ,mey]1 is an ord9>y ru/ic ( v reali/ic appe>ance 9 bronze 7x w\ld be impossible 9 m>ble71 :o c>ries a goose "u ei!r arm to m>ket4 ,!re are1 too1 ! _m sculptur$ figures1 :i* we f9d ^u ! ,/4 ,sebaldus ,*ur* & on _m o!r *ur*es & build+s1 especially dat+ f ! p]iod previ\s to ,pet] ,vis*]1 & :i* 9 _! repres5tation ( religi\s subjects su* z ! ,passion1 make cle> to u ) great vividness ?is p>ticul> type ( individualiz$ =m1 expression1 mi5 & attitude1 m p>ticul>ly 9 _! reflection ( e degree ( sorr[4 ,z a rule1 !n1 romantic sculpture1 :i* has deviat$ only too frequ5tly into e k9d ( confusion1 rema9s mo/ loyal to ! g5u9e pr9ciple ( pla/ic art 9 ^? cases :]e x approa*es mo/ ne>ly ! ,greek1 & ei!r is conc]n$ to treat 9 ! mode ( sculpture anci5t subject-matt]1 mu* z ! anci5ts w\ld h done1 or to model ! /&+ figures ( h]oes & k+s1 & portraits1 ) an int5tion to imitate ! antique4 ,?is is exceptionally ! case n[adays4 ,mu* ( ! mo/ excell5t "w1 h[ev]1 has be5 accompli%$ by sculpture1 ev5 9 ! religi\s field4 ,x is only necess>y "h to m5tion ! "n ( ,mi*elangelo4 ,we c h>dly admire suffici5tly 8 dead ,*ri/#bab1 ( :i* we h a pla/] ca/ 9 our ,royal ,museum4 ,! au!nticity ( ! sculptur$ figure ( ! ,madonna 9 ! ,frau5kir*e at ,bruges1 a consummate "w1 is disput$ by c]ta9 critics4 ,speak+ = myself1 no?+ has ev] m impress$ me ?an ! tomb ( ! ,c\nt ( ,nassau at ,br$a#bac4 ,! ,c\nt reposes ) 8 lady1 life-size figures bo? 9 alaba/]1 on a slab ( black m>ble4 ,at ! angles ( ?is are plac$ ,regulus1 ,hannibal1 ,caes>1 & a ,roman w>rior 9 a b[+ po/ure1 & !y support above _! heads a black slab simil> to ! "o b5ea?4 ,c\ld any?+ be m int]e/+ ?an to see a "* su* z t ( ,caes> plac$ be=e our eyes by ,mi*elangelo4 ,ev5 :5 deal+ ) religi\s subjects ! g5ius1 ! p[] ( imag9ation1 ! =ce1 ?or\ghness1 boldness1 9 %ort all ! extraord9>y res\rces ( ?is ma/] t5d$1 9 ! *>act]i/ic production ( 8 art1 to comb9e ! pla/ic pr9ciple ( ! anci5ts ) ! type ( intimate s\l-life :i* we f9d 9 romantic art4 ,b z we h se51 ! direction z a rule ( ! ,*ri/ian emotion1 :]e ! religi\s po9t ( view & idea are p>am\nt1 is n t[>ds ! classical =m ( ideality1 :i* prim>ily & ) highe/ results is ! det]m9ant factor ( its sculpture4 ,f ?is po9t we may n[ fix ! transition f sculpture to ano!r pr9ciple ( arti/ic appreh5sion & pres5tm5t1 :i* requires = its realization ano!r s5su\s mat]ial4 ,9 classical sculpture x 0 ! objective & sub/antive individuality 9 its human %ape1 :i* con/itut$ ! vital core1 & ! human =m 0 plac$ !reby at su* a l(ty level1 t x 0 9 fact reta9$ 9 its ab/ract simplicity z ! beauty ( =m1 & z su* conv]t$ to ! ,div9e image4 ,"u su* a "o-sid$ aspect ( cont5t & repres5tation man is n fully himself 9 8 concrete humanity4 ,! an?ropomorphism ( art rema9s 9 its incomplete /ate 9 anci5t sculpture4 ,= t :i* fails u "h is humanity 9 its objective univ]sality1 a univ]sality :i* we id5tify at ! same "t ) ! pr9ciple ( absolute p]sonality1 q z mu* z t aspect ( x :i* 9 common p>lance is call$ human1 9 o!r words ! phase ( subjective s+ul>ity1 human weakness1 cont+5cy1 caprice1 imm$iate s5se life1 passion1 & s =?1 a phase or factor :i* mu/ be tak5 up into t univ]sality 9 ord] t ! entire individuality1 ! subject ( consci\s life1 t is1 9 its entire range1 & 9 ! inf9ite compass ( its reality1 may appe> z ! vital pr9ciple bo? ( ! mode ( pres5tm5t & its cont5t4 ,9 classical sculpture "o ( ^! phasal aspects1 t is ! human f ! side ( imm$iate ,nature1 is 9 "p only br\ght be=e u 9 animals1 quasi-animals1 fauns & ! l1 )\t be+ reflect$ back aga9 into ! p]sonal life ( s\l1 & /at$ z a negation ( t2 & also 9 "s measure ?is type ( sculpture only accepts ! factor ( p>ticul>ity1 only directs its int]e/ to ext]nal ?+s 9 ! pleas+ /yle1 9 ! c\ntless sallies ( delight & conceits1 9 :i* ! antique pla/ic lives & moves4 ,ow+ to ?is we :olly fail to meet "h ! pr(undity & inf9ity :i* lies at ! root ( man's p]sonal life1 t inmo/ reconciliation ( ,_s ) ! ,absolute1 t ideal union ( humanity ) ! humanity ( ,god4 ,no d\bt ,*ri/ian sculpture is ! in/rum5t :i* makes visible ! cont5t :i* "h ent]s ! doma9 ( art m consonant ) ! above disreg>d$ pr9ciple4 ,b x is precisely its modes ( art's embodim5t :i* expose to u ! fact t sculpture is insuffici5t = su* a cont5t1 t o!r modes ( art w infallibly arise able to rea* 9 v tru? ! m>k :i* sculpture fail$ 9 its "w to a*ieve4 ,we may collectively unite ^! new arts "u ! title ( ! romantic arts4 ,!y are inde$ ! modes mo/ adequate to express ! romantic type ( art4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,se9 subjektives ,frsi*seyn4 ,subjective indep5d5ce ( mat]ial conditions4 ,self-consci\sness4 ,footnote #aab3 ,rckkehr 9 si*4 ,into itself1 its own ideal _w ( consci\s ?\ght & emotion4 ,footnote #aac3 ,9 se9e inn]li*e ,subjektivitt4 ,t is1 :at is ess5tially ! _w ( s\l4 ,_s "h /&s = m9d & ,gem? or emotional life4 ,footnote #aad3 ,e9 ,si*zei*5 des ,gei/es1 i4e41 are signs ( itself :i* m9d evolves 9 a mode ( ext]nality4 ,footnote #aae3 ,"h call$ g5]ically ,baukun/4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,die pla/is*e ,deutli*keit4 ,footnote #aag3 ,das subjektive ,inn]e1 i4e41 spiritual exp]i5ce ( a p]sonality4 ,footnote #aah3 ,t is 9 comp>ison ) ! fully indep5d5t arts4 ,footnote #aai3 ,t is to say x mu/ be a di/9ct object ( ! s5ses4 ,footnote #abj3 ,9 si* mat]iell p>ticul>isirt4 ,we see ,hegel's false notions ( ! !ory ( col\r influ5c+ 8 expression4 ,x is really false to say t sculpture has no?+ to d ) col\r4 ,light & %ad[ at lea/ are necess>y & col\r is impli$4 ,footnote #aba3 ,t is1 lets fall "s ( its aspects4 ,footnote #abb3 ,das ,gem?4 ,/rictly ! m emotional "p4 ,footnote #abc3 ,betwe5 ! extremes ( ar*itecture & poetry or music4 ,footnote #abd3 ,lit41 ,)\t be+ manife/$ 9 its return to itself z ideal sub/ance4 ,footnote #abe3 ,unp>ticul>iz$1 t is 9 its ess5tial exp]i5ce4 ,footnote #abf3 ,he expla9s ?is l[] d[n4 ,! conc5trat$ po9t is 9 ! fla% ( ! eye4 ,p]haps "h he m]ely ref]s to x g5]ally4 ,footnote #abg3 ,als ,inn]li*keit4 ,footnote #abh3 ,?is is only p>tially true ( bronze1 & any m>ble t has _h wea!r+4 ,footnote #abi3 ,by grosse gei/ige ,s9n ,hegel means no d\bt m ?an ta/e4 ,he ref]s to ! deep-root$ in/9ct 9 ! g5ius ( ! race4 ,footnote #acj3 ,mey]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,pla/ic ,arts among ! ,greeks1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #aai4 ,footnote #aca3 ,die a*t pla/is*e ,mitte4 ,hegel means t pla/ic art comes to its mo/ important focus1 z x 71 betwe5 ! arts t ei!r incl9e too mu* to ! mat]ial z 9 ar*itecture1 or to ideality z 9 poetry4 ,footnote #acb3 ,nh]54 ,footnote #acc3 ,! read] mu/ always be> 9 m9d t ,_s 7,gei/7 includes intellig5ce4 ,x might no d\bt 9 "s places be bett] translat$ z m9d4 ,footnote #acd3 ,sub/antielle4 ,t is :at is ! concrete fulness ( real spiritual cont5t4 ,footnote #ace3 ,als ,subjekt4 ,footnote #acf3 ,besond]heit4 ,! isolat$ self ( ! ,aufklrung4 ,footnote #acg3 ,zufllig5 ,selb/is*keit4 ,cont+5t selfness4 ,! ego above describ$4 ,footnote #ach3 ,ohne inn]e ,subjektivitt als sol*e4 ,t is1 9 ! :olly ab/ract s5se4 ,footnote #aci3 ,begriff appe>s to ref] "h to ! notion ( animal life g5]ally1 r ?an ! g5]ic notion 9 its n>r[ s5se4 ,footnote #adj3 ,inn]n ,/rukture4 ,! /ructure t ideally motives ! :ole4 ,footnote #ada3 ,dieses ideelle e9fa*e ,frsi*seyn des leibli*54 ,app>5tly ?is includes ! vegetable _w4 ,footnote #adb3 ,ma*t si*4 ,t is an op]ative pr9ciple 9 ! work+ out (4 ,footnote #adc3 ,als ,seele1 i4e41 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( ! expression above def9$4 ,footnote #add3 ,pa?ognomik1 i4e41 ! sci5ce1 t is1 ( ! expression ( ! passions1 toge!r ) t ( _! physiological aspect4 ,footnote #ade3 ,lit41 cont+5t subjectivity4 ,footnote #adf3 ,hegel's expression ,mi55 is n easy to translate by a s+le ,engli% equival5t4 ,x signifies ! pass+ look--! g5]al v>iety ( facial expression z contra/$ ) ! p]man5t expression ( sub/antive "*4 ,footnote #adg3 ,d5 eig5tli*5 ,mi554 ,! def9ite aspects ( ! face :i* express relatively p]man5t /ates ( s\l-life4 ,footnote #adh3 ,p]si/s 9 ! l9e ( direction ( ! ,ideal4 ,footnote #adi3 ,die s*ne freie ,no?w5digkeit4 ,footnote #aej3 ,by ,witzigkeit ,i presume ,hegel means oddity & funn9ess ( e k9d--p]haps humor\s ecc5tricity w\ld int]pret x4 ,footnote #aea3 ,i ?9k ?is gives ! s5se1 ?\gh ! language is r confus$ because 8 image is t ( inv5tion atta*+ itself to :at is already pres5t$ r ?an creat+ a =m t is bas$ on ext]nal sugge/ion4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,! celebrat$ c\rtesan4 ,%e ent]$ ! sea ) di%evell$ hair at a celebrat$ fe/ival at ,eleusis4 ,%e _h a /atue ( gold at ,delphi4 ,footnote #aec3 ,eig5tli* ,vor/ellung i/4 ,footnote #aed3 ,/at>is*4 ,t is1 modell$ on hi/orical associations or ! results ( =m] "w2 p]haps eclectic w\ld be a bett] ^w4 ,footnote #aee3 ,d] gei/ige ,ton4 ,footnote #aef3 ,de v>ietate nationum1 #fj4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,z 9 savage animals4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,! ^w sy/em is us$1 :i* is n readily translat$ 9 ?is context1 ?\gh ,i h adopt$ ! lit]al translation l[] d[n4 ,footnote #aei3 ,mildrung4 ,! s(t5+ ( its sev]e l9es4 ,footnote #afj3 ,w]ke1 vol4 ,,iv1 bk4 #e1 c4 #e1 #bj1 p4 #aih4 ,footnote #afa3 ,x is difficult to see :at ,hegel means exactly "h by ,s*nitte4 ,i suppose he means ! ext]nal l9es ( ! eye-socket4 ,footnote #afb3 ,l4c4 #bi4 ,footnote #afc3 ,flgeln mu/ "h ref] to ! orifices ( ! nose4 ,footnote #afd3 ,w9ck1 l4c4 #cg1 p4 #bah4 ,footnote #afe3 ,hegel's ^w is habitus4 ,cu/om>y attitude & mode ( connection appe>s to be includ$4 ,footnote #aff3 ,gebehrde1 a ^w some:at difficult to translate "h4 ,x seems to comb9e ! ideas ( ge/ure & pose4 ,footnote #afg3 ,! ref]5ce is1 ( c\rse1 to pa9t+ & indirectly to poetry4 ,footnote #afh3 ,e9 9 si* v]sunk5es ,da/ehn od] ,lieg54 ,footnote #afi3 ,g$ieg5heit4 ,footnote #agj3 ,see vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bfh-bgb4 ,footnote #aga3 ,das h"h ,inn]e4 ,footnote #agb3 ,das gei/ige ,bewus/seyn4 ,footnote #agc3 ,h]4 ,i1 c4 #aj4 ,footnote #agd3 ,?is vitality4 ,footnote #age3 ,vol4 ,v1 bk4 #b1 p4 #ejc4 ,footnote #agf3 ,vol4 ,v1 bk4 #f1 *4 #b1 p4 #ef4 ,footnote #agg3 ,mus4 ,pio-,clem5t4 ,tom4 #b1 pp4 #hi-ib4 ,footnote #agh3 ,w9ck41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dia4 ,footnote #agi3 ,vol4 ,,iv1 bk4 #e1 *4 ,i1 #bi4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,i am n sure :at is exactly meant by gekrmmt "h4 ,! description is n v lucid4 ,footnote #aha3 ,,iv1 #e1 #b1 #aj4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,w9ck41 vol4 ,,vii1 p1 #gh4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,w9ck41 vol1 ,,vii1 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #gh4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,i4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,w9ck41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aaf4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,su* is1 ,i ?9k1 ! g5]al mean+1 ?\gh ! lit]al translation ( ! words als d5 ,figur5 smmtli* die ,e9fa*heit abgeht is n q cle>4 ,i take ! ^w smmtli* to mean tak5 collectively z sep>ate units4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,w9ck41 ,w]k41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #chi4 ,anm]k4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,mey]'s ,ges*4 d] bild4 ,kn/e bei d5 ,grie*51 vol4 ,i1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #aij3 ,pausanias1 ,,ii1 #cj4 ,footnote #aia3 ,i presume ?is is ! mean+ ( ,bildn]ei4 ,footnote #aib3 ,i am n sure :e!r ,angab5 ref]s to actual sket*es1 or m]ely o!r evid5ce h&$ d[n4 ,footnote #aic3 ,9 ! ye> #ahbi4 ,footnote #aid3 ,t is 9 ! accuracy ( me*anical l9e z ! result ( ma*9e4 ,footnote #aie3 ,sanftes ,v]lauf51 i4e41 passage f "o plane surface to ano!r4 ,zusamm5-/oss5 appe>s to me ! melt+ toge!r ( l9es1 i4e41 conjunction1 fusion4 ,footnote #aif3 ,mey]'s ,ges*41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bgi4 ,footnote #aig3 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,vorr4 ,,xxvii4 ,footnote #aih3 ,t is 9 #ahba4 ,footnote #aii3 ,/at>is*51 s*ola/ic1 eclectic4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,de ,leg41 ,lib4 ,,ii1 ed4 ,bekk41 ,,iii1 #b1 p4 #bci4 ,footnote #bja3 ,h]od1 ,,ii1 c4 #afg4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,vol4 ,,iii1 bk4 #b1 *4 ,i1 p4 #gd4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,vol4 ,,iii1 bk4 #b1 *4 #b1 pp4 #gg-hd4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,c\rs d',ar*ologie p> ,ra\l-,ro*ette1 #a-abme leon1 ,p>is1 #ahbh4 ,footnote #bje3 ,i am n sure if ?is rightly gives ! s5se ( ! words ,die ,ge/alt5 bei /r5g] ,zei*nung g$rung54 ,footnote #bjf3 ,ueb] die ,aeg4 ,bildw]ke mit kun/ges*4 ,anm]k4 von ,s*ell+1 #ahag4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,t is1 x does n approa* ,egyptian type s ne>ly4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,hegel's words mean ?is1 ,i suppose1 ?\gh ! ,g]man is some:at compress$ & n v cle> z x /&s4 ,footnote #bji3 ,vol4 ,,iii1 *4 #b1 #aj1 p4 #ahh & ,pl4 ,,vi1 ,a4 ,footnote #baj3 ,hegel uses ! unusual ^w ,begei/igung1 ,i presume some:at 9 ! s5se ( ,begei/]ung1 signify+ ! p]sonal inspiration ( ! arti/4 ,footnote #baa3 ,?is appe>s to be ! mean+ ( ! difficult phrase t sculpture supplies das gesammte ,daseyn1 i4e41 is ! affiliat+ l9k ( ! collective body4 ,all ! diff]5t arts are /amp$ ) its *>act]i/ics4 ,footnote #bab3 ,i presume ! ,piet 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,footnote #bac3 ,hegel's ,v]mis*4 ,s*rift51 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #efa4 ,,subsection ,,iii ,,! ,,romantic ,,arts ,! s\rce ( ! g5]al transition f sculpture to ! o!r arts is1 z we h se51 ! pr9ciple ( subjectivity1 :i* n[ invades art's cont5t & its mann] ( exposition4 ,:at we und]/& "h by subjectivity is ! notion ( an intellig5ce :i* ideally exi/s 9 free indep5d5ce1 )draw+ itself f objective reality into its own m intimate doma91 a consci\s life :i* no long] conc5trates itself ) its corporeal atta*m5t 9 a unity :i* is )\t division4 ,!re foll[s f ?is transition1 !re=e1 t dissolution1 t dismemb]m5t ( ! unity :i* is held toge!r 9 ! sub/antive & objective pres5ce ( sculpture1 9 ! focus ( its tranquillity & all-inclusive rondure & z su* is appreh5d$ 9 fusion4 ,we may consid] ?is brea* f two po9ts ( view4 ,on ! "o h& sculpture1 9 respect to its cont5t1 entw9$ :at is sub/antive 9 ,_s directly ) ! individuality1 :i* is z yet n self-introspective1 9 ! exclusive unit ( a p]sonal consci\sness1 & treat$ !reby an objective unity 9 ! s5se 9 :i* objectivity sugge/s :at is intr9sically inf9ite1 immutable1 true--t sub/antive aspect1 9 %ort1 :i* has no "p 9 m]e caprice & s+ul>ity4 ,& f ano!r po9t ( view sculpture fail$ to d m ?an dis*>ge ?is spiritual cont5t :olly )9 ! corporeal frame z ! vital & significant in/rum5t ( ! same1 & by do+ s create a new objective unity 9 t mean+ ( ! expression1 "u :i* objectivity1 z contra/$ ) all t is :olly ideal & subjective1 indicates real & ext]nal exi/5ce4 ,:5 we f9d1 !n1 t ^! two aspects1 at fir/ ?us reconcil$ 9 "o ano!r by sculpture1 are sep>at$1 t :i* we call self-introspective spirituality is n m]ely plac$ 9 opposition to t :i* is ext]nal1 b also1 9 ! doma9 ( :at is spiritual ?r\gh\t1 :at is sub/antive & objective 9 t m$ium1 9 s f> z x no long] cont9ues to be reta9$ 9 :at is sub/antial individuality simply1 is dissev]$ f ! vital p>ticul>ity ( ! consci\s life1 & all ^! aspects :i* h be5 hi!rto held toge!r 9 p]fect fusion are relatively to ea* o!r & indep5d5tly free1 s t !y c be treat$ too by art z free 9 ?is v way4 #a4 ,if we exam9e ! cont5t1 !n1 we h ?r\gh ! above process1 on ! "o h&1 ! sub/antive be+ ( :at is spiritual1 ! _w ( tru? & et]nity1 ! ,div9e 9 fact1 :i* h[ev] "h1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( p>ticul>ity1 is compreh5d$ & realiz$ by art z a subject ( consci\sness1 or z p]sonality1 z ! ,absolute1 :i* is self-consci\s 9 ! m$ium ( its inf9ite spiritual sub/ance1 z ,god 9 ,8 ,_s & ,tru?4 ,& 9 contra/ to ,him we h ass]t$ ! worldly & human condition ( s\l-life1 :i*1 reg>d$ n[ z no long] 9 direct union ) ! intr9sic sub/ance ( ,_s1 c unfold itself 9 all ! fulness ( t p>ticul>ity :i* is simply human1 & !reby p]mits ! he>t ( man :]ev] & :5ev] repres5t$#bad1 ! entire weal? ( our human mortality1 to be op5 to art's acceptance4 ,! meet+-gr\nd ^u :i* ^! two aspects once m coalesce is ! pr9ciple ( subjectivity1 :i* is common to bo?4 ,! ,absolute is1 9 virtue ( ?is1 disclos$ to u to ! full ext5t a liv+1 actual1 & equally human subject ( consci\sness1 z ! human & f9ite consci\s life1 view$ z spiritual1 makes vital & real ! absolute sub/ance & tru?1 or 9 o!r words simply ! ,div9e ,_s4 ,! new bond ( unity :i* is ?us secur$ no long]1 h[ev]1 supports ! "* ( t =m] imm$iacy1 su* z sculpture disclos$ x2 r x is a union & reconciliation :i* ass]ts itself ess5tially z a m$iation ( oppos$ factors1 & ^: v notion makes its appreh5sion only possible 9 ! realms ( ! s\l & ideal life4 ,i h already1 :5 ! g5]al subdivision ( our sci5ce 9 its entire compass (f]$ an opportunity = do+ s1 laid x d[n1 t if ! ,ideal ( sculpture sets =? 9 a s5su\sly pres5t image ! ess5tial solidity#bae ( ! individuality ( ! ,god 9 ! bodily =m alone able to express t sub/ance1 ! community !reupon ess5tially confronts su* an object z ! intellig5t reflection ( t unity4 ,_s1 h[ev]1 t is :olly self-absorb$ c only pres5t ! sub/ance ( ,_s "u ! mode ( ,_s1 9 o!r words z a consci\s subject1 & receives !reby /raightway ! pr9ciple ( ! spiritual reconciliation ( individual subjective life ) ,god4 ,z p>ticul> self1 h[ev]1 man also possesses 8 cont+5t natural exi/5ce1 & a sph]e ( f9ite int]e/s1 ne$s1 aims1 & passions1 :e!r x be m ext5sive or re/rict$1 9 :i* he is able to realize & satisfy 8 nature q z mu* z he c 9 ! same be absorb$ 9 ^? ideas ( ,god & ! reconciliation ) ,god4 #b4 ,secondly1 if we consid] ! aspect ( ! repres5tation on its ext]nal side1 we f9d t x is by virtue ( its p>ticul>ity at once self-subsi/5t & possesses a claim to /& =? 9 ?is indep5d5ce1 & ?is = ! reason t ! pr9ciple ( subjectivity excludes t correspond5ce 9 its imm$iacy1 & disall[s to itself ! absolute int]fusion ( ! ideal & ext]nal aspects 9 e "p & relation ( x4 ,= ! subjective pr9ciple is "h precisely t :i* comes to be1 9 self-subsi/5t seclusion1 t inw>d life :i* retires f real or objective exi/5ce into ! realm ( ! ,ideal1 ! _w ( emotion1 s\l1 he>t1 & contemplation#baf4 ,?is ideal life is manife/$ no d\bt 9 its ext]nal =m1 "u a mode1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! ext]nal =m itself appe>s1 t is to say x is m]ely ! out] %ell ( a consci\s subject t is gr[+ indep5d5tly )94 ,! h>d & fa/ association ( ! bodily =m & ! life ( ,_s 9 classical sculpture is n !re=e c>ri$ to ! po9t ( an all-dissolv+ unity#bag b 9 s light & slack a coalesc5ce t bo? aspects1 albeit nei!r is pres5t )\t ! o!r1 pres]ve 9 ?is connection _! sep>ate indep5d5ce relatively to ! o!r1 or at lea/1 if a pr(\nd] union is really secur$1 ! spiritual aspect z t inw>d pr9ciple1 :i* ass]ts its pres5ce ov] & beyond its suffusion ) ! objective or ext]nal mat]ial1 becomes ! ess5tially illum9at+ focus ( all4 ,& x results f ?is t1 to promote ! enhancem5t ( ?is relatively increas$ self-subsi/5cy ( ! objective & mat]ial aspect1--we h 9 our m9d ma9ly1 no d\bt1 ! extreme case ( ! repres5tation ( ext]nal ,nature & its objects1 ev5 9 _! isolat$ & mo/ exclusive p>ticul>ity1--yet ev5 9 su* a case & despite all realism 9 ! pres5tm5t x is necess>y t su* c\nt]feits %\ld p]mit a reflection ( ! arti/'s s\l to be visible on _! face4 ,!y %\ld 9 o!r words suff] u to see ! sympa?y ( ,_s 9 ! mann] ( _! arti/ic realization1 & !re) discov] to u ! life ( s\l1 ! ideal life :i* is ! vital brea? ( _! co-ord9ation1 ! p5etration ( man's emotional life itself into ?is extreme type ( ext]nal environm5t4 ,speak+1 !n1 g5]ally1 we may affirm t ! pr9ciple ( subjectivity c>ries ) x z its inevitable result1 on ! "o h&1 t ! :olly uncon/ra9$ union ( ,_s ) its corporeal frame %\ld be giv5 up1 & ! bodily aspect be ass]t$ 9 a m or less negative relation ov] aga9/ ! =m]1 9 ord] t ! ideality ( ,_s may be emphasiz$ on ! front ( t ext]nal reality1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ord] to procure free scope = e sep>ate feature ( ! v>iety1 division1 & movem5t ( :at is spiritual no less ?an :at directly appeals to man's s5ses4 #c4 ,&1 ?irdly1 ?is new pr9ciple has to e/abli% itself 9 ! s5su\s mat]ial1 ( :i* art avails itself 9 its new manife/ations4 7a7 ,! mat]ial hi!rto 0 matt] simply1 t is1 ! mat]ial ( gravity 9 ! cont5t ( its spatial ext5sion1 & no less 0 x =m "u its simple/ & mo/ ab/ract def9ition ( configuration4 ,n[ t ! subjective & at ! same "t ! ess5tially p>ticul>iz$ cont5t ( ! s\l is import$ into ?is mat]ial1 ! spatial totality ( su* mat]ial w )\t "q 9 "s measure suff] loss 9 ord] t ! =m] cont5t may appe> ^u its face ) its ideal m9tage#bah1 & contr>iwise w be conv]t$ f its imm$iately mat]ial guise to an appe>ance :i* is ! product ( m9d or _s2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 bo? 9 respect to =m & its ext]nally s5su\s visibility1 all ! detail ( :at appe>s w be necess>ily emphasiz$ 9 ! way t ! new cont5t requires4 ,art is1 h[ev]1 ev5 n[ compell$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to move 9 ! realm ( ! visible & s5su\s1 because1 foll[+ ! above c\rse ( our inquiry1 ?\gh no d\bt ! inw>d or ideal is conceiv$ z self-introspection#bai1 yet x has fur!r to appe> z a return ( its own quality to itself f ?is v realm ( ext]nality & mat]ial %ape1 9 %ort1 z a return ( itself to itself1 :i* c only f ! e>lie/ po9t ( view be portray$ 9 ! objective exi/5ce ( ,nature & ! corporeal exi/5ce ( ,_s's life4 ,! fir/ among ! romantic arts w consequ5tly h z its prop] function to ass]t its cont5t 9 ! visible =ms ( ! ext]nal human figure & ! natural %ape :]ev] disclos$1 )\t1 h[ev]1 rema9+ b\nd to ! s5su\s ideality & ab/ract range ( sculpture4 ,?is is ! task & prov9ce ( pa9t+4 7b7 ,9 s f>1 h[ev]1 z we f9d 9 pa9t+ = its fundam5tal type1 n z 9 sculpture ! entirely p]fect$ resolution ( ! spiritual idea & ! bodily =m 9 "o cont5t1 b r ! pr$om9ant exposition ( ! self-absorb$ ideality ( s\l1 to t ext5t ! spatial figure 9 ext5sion is n a truly adequate m$ium ( expression = ! inw>d life ( ,_s4 ,art !re=e ab&ons ! previ\s m$ium ( configuration1 & 9 ! place ( spatial =ms employs ! m$ium ( tone 9 ! limit$ duration ( its s\nds2 tone 9 fact by its ass]tion ( ! mat]ial ( ,space "u a purely negative relation secures = itself a f9ite exi/5ce ne>] to ideality1 & corresponds to t s\l-life1 :i* 9 accordance ) its own inw>d exp]i5ce conceives & grasps t life z emotion1 & !n expresses t cont5t1 z x en=ces its claim 9 ! unse5 movem5t ( he>t & s\l1 9 ! procession ( tones4 ,! second art1 !re=e1 :i* foll[s ?is pr9ciple ( exposition is t ( music4 7c7 ,!reby1 h[ev]1 music m]ely is plac$ at ! opposite extreme1 &1 9 contra/ to ! pla/ic arts1 bo? 9 respect to its cont5t & relatively to its s5su\s mat]ial1 & ! mode ( its expression1 cleaves fa/ to ! =mless cont5t ( its pure ideality4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! function ( art1 9 virtue ( its ess5tial notion1 to disclose to ! s5ses n m]ely ! s\l-life1 b ! manife/ation & actuality ( ! same 9 its ext]nal reality4 ,:51 h[ev]1 art has ab&on$ ! process ( v]itably in=m+ ! real & consequ5tly visible =m ( objective exi/5ce1 & has appli$ its activity to ! elem5t itself ( s\l-life1 ! objective reality1 to :i* x once m recurs1 c no long] be ! reality z su* 9 itself1 b "o :i* is m]ely imag9$ & prefigur$ to ! m9d or s5sitive s\l4 ,! pres5tm5t1 moreov]1 z be+ ! communication to ,_s ( creative m9d work+ 9 its own doma9 is compell$ to use ! s5su\s mat]ial unit$ to its disclosure simply z a m]e means = su* communication4 ,x mu/ consequ5tly l[] its d5om9ation to t ( a sign :i* ( itself is )\t significance4 ,x is at ?is po9t t poetry or ! art ( spee*1 confronts u1 :i* n[ incorporates its art-productions 9 ! m$ium ( a spee* elaborat$ to an in/rum5t ( arti/ic s]vice1 precisely z intellig5ce already 9 ord9>y spee* makes intelligible to spiritual life all t x c>ries 9 itself4 ,&1 moreov]1 = ! reason t x is able ?us to unfold ! entire cont5t ( ,_s 9 its own m$ium1 x is ! univ]sal art1 :i* belongs indiff]5tly to all ! types ( art1 & is only exclud$ 9 t case :]e ! spiritual life :i* is /ill unreveal$ to itself 9 its highe/ =m ( cont5t is m]ely able to make itself aw>e ( its own dim pres5tim5ts 9 ! =m & configuration ( t :i* is ext]nal & ali5 to itself4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,! mo/ adequate object ( sculpture is ! tranquil self-absorption ( p]sonality 9 its ess5tial sub/ance1 ! "* ^: spiritual individuality is 9 ! fulle/ degree display$ on ! face ( its corporeal pres5tm5t1 mak+ ! s5su\s frame1 :i* reveals ?is incorporation ( _s1 adequate to su* an embodim5t ( m9d :olly 9 its aspects ( ext]nal =m4 ,! sightless look has z yet fail$ to conc5trate at "o po9t ! supreme focus ( ideal life1 ! vital brea? ( s\l1 ! he>t ( mo/ intimate feel+1 & is z yet )\t spiritual movem5t1 )\t ! delib]ate di/9ction betwe5 a _w )\t x & a life )94 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is t ! sculpture ( ! anci5ts leaves u 9 "s degree unmov$4 ,we ei!r d n rema9 long be=e x1 or our delay is r due to a sci5tific inve/igation ( ! f9e modifications ( =m & detail :i* x displays4 ,we _c blame mank9d if !y are unable to take ! pr(\nd int]e/ 9 f9e works ( sculpture :i* su* works des]ve4 ,to "k h[ to value !m is a /udy 9 itself4 ,at fir/ glance we ei!r exp]i5ce no attraction1 or are imm$iately consci\s ( ! g5]al "* ( ! :ole4 ,to come to clos] qu>t]s we h fir/ to discov] :at x is t cont9ues to supply su* an int]e/4 ,an enjoym5t1 h[ev]1 :i* is only ! possible result ( /udy1 ?\ght1 le>n+1 & a wide exp]i5ce is n ! imm$iate object ( art4 ,&1 moreov]1 ! ess5tial dem& we make t a "* %\ld develop1 %\ld pass into ! field ( action & affairs1 & t ! s\l %\ld !reby meet ) divisions &-gr[ deep]1 ?is1 aft] all our j\rney 9 se>* ( ! delight :i* ?is /udy ( ! works ( antique sculpture may br+ to u1 rema9s unsatisfi$4 ,= ?is reason we inevitably feel m at home 9 pa9t+4 ,9 o!r words we are at once & = ! fir/ "t consci\s 9 x ( ! pr9ciple ( our f9ite & yet ess5tially inf9ite spiritual sub/ance1 ! life & brea? ( our own exi/5ce2 we contemplate 9 its pictures ! v sp>k :i* works & is active 9 ourselves4 ,! god ( sculpture rema9s = s5se-p]ception an object simply2 9 pa9t+1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,div9e appe>s z itself ess5tially ! liv+ subject ( spiritual life1 :i* comes into direct relations ) ! community1 & makes x possible = ea* individual !re( to place himself 9 spiritual communion & reconcilem5t ) ,him4 ,! sub/antive "* ( su* a ,div9ity is n1 z 9 sculpture1 an individual t p]si/s 9 ! inflexible bond ( its own limitations#bbj1 b is "o :i* exp&s into & is diff]5tiat$ )9 ! community itself4 ,! same pr9ciple g5]ally diff]5tiates ! individual f 8 own bodily frame & ext]nal environm5t to q z consid]able an ext5t z x br+s ! s\l into m$iat$ relation ) ! same4 ,)9 ! compass ( ?is subjective diff]5tiation--reg>d$ z ! indep5d5t ass]tion ( human individuality z oppos$ to ,god1 ,nature1 & ! inw>d & ext]nal life ( o!r p]sons1 reg>d$ also conv]sely z ! mo/ intimate relation1 ! mo/ secure communion ( ,god ) ! community1 & ( individual m5 ) ,god1 ! environm5t ( ,nature & ! inf9ite v>iety ( ! wants1 purposes1 passions1 & activities ( human exi/5ce--falls ! entire movem5t & vitality1 :i* sculpture1 bo? 9 respect to its cont5t & its means ( contribut+ expression1 suff]s to escape2 & x adds an immeasurable weal? ( new mat]ial & a novel bread? & v>iety ( arti/ic treatm5t :i* hi!rto 0 abs5t4 ,briefly1 !n1 ?is pr9ciple ( subjectivity is on ! "o h& ! basis ( division1 on ! o!r a pr9ciple ( m$iation & syn!sis1 s t pa9t+ unites 9 "o & ! same art :at hi!rto =m$ ! subject-matt] ( two diff]5t arts1 namely1 ! ext]nal environm5t1 :i* ar*itecture treat$ arti/ically1 & ! ess5tially spiritual =m1 :i* 0 elaborat$ by sculpture4 ,pa9t+ places its figures on ! backgr\nd ( a ,nature or an ar*itectural environm5t1 bo? ( :i* are ! products ( its own inv5tion 9 precisely ! same s5se1 & is able to make ?is ext]nal mat]ial 9 bo? ( ^! aspects by virtue ( its emotional p[]s & s\l a c\nt]feit )9 its ideal realm1 9 ! degree t x und]/&s h[ be/ to place x 9 relation & h>mony ) ! _s ( ! figures t live & move !re94 ,su* is ! pr9ciple ( ! new advance t pa9t+ contributes to ! repres5tative p[]s ( art4 ,if we inquire n[ ! c\rse :i* ! m detail$ exam9ation ( our subject necessitates ! foll[+ division w s]ve u4 ,9 ! fir/ place we %all h yet fur!r to consid] ! g5]al "* :i* ! art ( pa9t+ mu/ necess>ily receive 9 accordance ) its notion & relatively bo? to its specific cont5t1 ! mat]ial t is made consonant ) ?is cont5t & f9ally ! arti/ic treatm5t :i* is !reby involv$4 ,secondly1 we h to develop ! sep>ate modes ( def9ition1 :i* are conta9$ 9 ! pr9ciple ( su* a cont5t & mann] ( pres5tation1 & m succ9ctly fix ! b\nd>ies ( ! subject-matt] :i* is adapt$ to pa9t+ no less ?an ! modes ( its conception1 composition1 & te*nical qualities z pa9t+4 ,?irdly1 pa9t+ is itself brok5 up into di/9ct s*ools ( pa9t+ by reason ( ! above divisions ( matt]1 te*nique1 & s =?1 :i*1 z 9 ! o!r arts1 h _! own phases ( hi/orical developm5t4 #a4 ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,aft] hav+ ?us emphasiz$ z ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( pa9t+ t _w ( ! s\l 9 its vitality ( feel+1 conception1 & action ca/ 9 embrace r\nd heav5 & e>?1 9 ! v>iety ( its manife/ations & ext]nal disclosures )9 ! bodily frame1 & affirm$ on ?is acc\nt t ! focus1 & c5tre ( ?is art is to be s\ght = 9 romantic & ,*ri/ian art1 x may imm$iately occur to ! read] t n only d we f9d excell5t arti/s among ! anci5ts1 :o are z di/+ui%$ 9 ?is art z o!rs ( _! age 9 sculpture--& we _c praise !m m highly--b also t o!r peoples1 notably ! ,*9ese1 ,h9doos1 & ,egyptians1 h secur$ di/9ction 9 ! direction ( pa9t+4 ,)\t "q ! art ( pa9t+ is1 by virtue ( ! v>iety ( ! objects treat$ & ! p>ticul> type ( its mann] ( execution1 less#bba re/rict$ 9 ! range ( nations t exemplify its pursuit4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! po9t at issue4 ,if our "q is simply t ( ! hi/orian d\btless we f9d s+le examples ( "o type#bbb ( pa9t+ or ano!r h be5 produc$ at ! mo/ v>i$ epo*s by ! nations already m5tion$ & o!rs4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a pr(\nd] "q altoge!r :5 we ask ourselves :at is ! pr9ciple ( pa9t+1 exam9e ! means ( its exposition & 9 do+ s seek to e/abli% t cont5t1 :i* by virtue ( its own nature is emphatically consonant ) ! pa9t]'s art z su* & its mode ( pres5tm5t1 s t we c affirm ! =m ?us select$ to be :olly adequate to ! cont5t 9 "q4 ,we h b little left u ( ! pa9t+ ( ! anci5t _w1 examples1 9 fact1 :i* we see c nei!r h =m$ "p ( ! mo/ consummate "w ( antiquity 9 ?is respect1 nor h be5 ! product ( its mo/ fam\s ma/]s4 ,at lea/ all t has be5 discov]$ ?r\gh excavation 9 private h\ses is ( ?is "*4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 n to admire ! delicacy ( ta/e1 ! suitability ( ! objects1 select$1 ! cle>ness ( ! gr\p+1 &1 we may add1 ! lightness ( ! h&l+ & fre%ness ( ! col\r+1 excell5ces :i* )\t d\bt 7 pres5t 9 ! orig9als ( su* pictures 9 a f> high] degree1 9 imitation ( :i*1 = example1 ! wall pa9t+s 9 ! s-call$ h\se ( ! trag$ian at ,pompeii h be5 execut$4 ,we h1 un=tunately1 no examples ( ! works ( fam\s ma/]s4 ,:atev] degree ( excell5ce1 h[ev]1 ^! m orig9al productions atta9$1 we may none ! less affirm t ! anci5ts c\ld n1 alongside ( ! unmat*able beauty ( _! sculptures1 h lift$ ! art ( pa9t+ to ! level ( arti/ic elaboration z pa9t+ :i* we f9d secur$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian era ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & pre-em95tly 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,& we may assume ?is to be s on ! philosophical gr\nd t ! mo/ g5u9e he>t ( ! ,greek outlook is1 9 a degree :i* is inapplicable to ! o!r arts1 concordant ) ! root & fragrance ( t :i* sculpture & sculpture alone c supply4 ,& 9 art we are n entitl$ to sep>ate spiritual cont5t f its mode ( pres5tation4 ,if1 hav+ ?is cle> to our m9ds1 we inquire h[ x is t pa9t+ only rea*$ its mo/ *>act]i/ic consummation ?r\gh ! cont5t ( ! romantic type ( art1 we c b reply t x is precisely ! intimacy ( feel+1 ! bless$ness#bbc & pa9 t give to u ! s\l ( ?is pr(\nd] cont5t1 ^: dem& is = su* a vital infusion1 :i* has pav$ ! way to & 9 fact be5 ! cause ( ?is high] p]fection ( pa9t+4 ,z an example ( :at ,i mean ,i w b recall to recollection "o p>ticul> in/ance already cit$1 namely1 t we borr[ f ,ra\l-,ro*ette ( ! treatm5t ( ,isis c>ry+ ,horns on h] knees4 ,9 g5]al ! subject is id5tical ) ! ,madonna pictures1 a ,div9e "m & h] *ild4 ,! diff]5ce ( h&l+ & conception 9 ! two cases1 h[ev]1 is immeasurable4 ,! ,egyptian ,isis1 z we f9d h] ?us situat$ on bas-reliefs1 has no?+ mat]nal ab\t h]1 no t5d]ness1 no trait ( s\l or emotion1 su* z is n ev5 :olly abs5t 9 ! /iff] ,byzant9e pictures ( ! ,madonna4 ,& if we ?9k ( ,raphael1 or any o!r great ,italian ma/]1 :at results h !y n a*iev$ f ?is subject ( ! ,"m & ,*ri/-babe6 ,:at dep? ( emotion1 :at spiritual life1 :at intimacy & weal? ( he>t1 :at exaltation & ende>m5t1 h[ human & yet h[ entirely fill$ ) div9e _s is ! s\l :i* speaks to u f e l9e & feature4 ,& "u :at inf9ite v>iety ( =ms & situations is ?is "o subject pres5t$ to u ev5 by p>ticul> ma/]s tak5 s+ly & /ill m by diff]5t arti/s4 ,! "m1 ! pure ,virg91 ! physical1 ! spiritual beauty1 l(t9ess & devotion ( love1 all ?is & c\ntless o!r features are emphasiz$ 9 _! turn z ! ma9 significance ( ! expression4 ,b *ief ( all we f9d ?r\gh\t t x is n ! s5su\s beauty ( m]e =m1 b ! animate life ( ,_s1 by virtue ( :i* arti/ic g5ius no less ?an ma/]y ( execution is ass]t$ & secur$4 ,n[ x is q true t ,greek art has pass$ a long way beyond ,egyptian art1 & we may add t x has made ! expression ( man's s\l an object aim$ =4 ,b x 0 n capable ( grasp+ t intimacy & dep? ( emotion :i* is discov]$ to u 9 ! ,*ri/ian type ( expression1 & inde$ 0 c>eful1 9 accordance ) its entire "*1 n to atta* itself to su* int5sity ( feel+4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! case ,i h m ?an once already cit$ ( ! faun1 :o c>ries ! y\?ful ,bac*us 9 8 arms2 x is1 no d\bt1 expressive ( extremely t5d] & amiable qualities4 ,! nymphs are equally s :o t5d ^u ,bac*us1 a situation :i* is depict$ by a gem 9 a v beautiful gr\p ( figures4 ,9 su* cases we h an analog\s s5tim5t ( uncon/ra9$ love = a *ild1 equally free f passion & ye>n+2 b1 ev5 putt+ on "o side ! mat]nal relation#bbd1 ! expression possesses 9 no respect ! intimacy1 ! dep? ( s\l1 :i* confront u 9 ,*ri/ian pa9t+s4 ,! anci5ts may v well h pa9t$ excell5t portraits1 b nei!r _! way ( conceiv+ natural fact1 nor ! po9t ( view f :i* !y reg>d$ human & div9e conditions 0 ( ! k9d t1 9 ! case ( pa9t+1 an infusion ( s\l-life c\ld be express$ ) su* intimate int5sity z 0 possible 9 ,*ri/ian pa9t+4 ,! dem& ( pa9t+1 h[ev]1 = ?is m p]sonal type ( inspiration is a result ( its v mat]ial4 ,9 o!r words1 ! s5su\s m$ium 9 :i* x moves is an ext5sion on pure surface1 & ! display ( =m by means ( ! use ( div]sifi$ col\rs1 by virtue ( :i* process ! objective %ape1 z we h x pres5t$ to ! vision1 is conv]t$ to an artificial illusion adopt$ by a spiritual ag5cy#bbe 9 ! place ( ! actual =m ( fact4 ,x is "p ( ! pr9ciple ( su* a treatm5t ( mat]ial t :i* is ext]nal %\ld n ultimately reta9 its validity 9 its indep5d5t native exi/5ce1 ev5 9 ! modifi$ =m x takes z a vital product ( human h&s1 b %\ld 9 ?is =m ( realization be l[]$ z reality to a purely ph5om5al reflex ( ! inw>d s\l-life itself1 :i* seeks to contemplate itself indep5d5tly z su*4 ,:5 we look into ! he>t ( ! matt] we %all f9d t ! advance f ! r\nd$ =m ( sculpture am\nts to no?+ less ?an ! above /atem5t4 ,x is ! s\l-life1 ! ideality ( ,_s :i* und]takes to express itself 9 an intimate way ?r\gh ! c\nt]feit ( ! objective _w4 ,add to ?is1 9 ! second place1 t ! surface on :i* ! art ( pa9t+ makes its objects visible1 op5s indep5d5tly ! pa? to ! employm5t ( a surr\nd+ backgr\nd & o!r complex relations2 & col\r too1 reg>d$ z ! articulation ( t :i* appe>s1 requires a correspond5t diff]5tiation ( s\l-life1 :i* c only be r5d]$ cle>ly ?r\gh ! def9ition ( expression1 situation1 & action1 & consequ5tly makes necess>y v>iety1 movem5t1 & ! detail$ exposition ( bo? ! inw>d & ext]nal life4 ,?is pr9ciple ( inw>dness#bbf tak5 alone1 :i* at ! same "t 9 its actual manife/ation is associat$ ) ! v>iety ( ext]nal exi/5ce & is cognizable on ! face ( su* p>ticul> exi/5ce z an ess5tially complete & indep5d5t complex ( conditions1 we h already se5 to be ! pr9ciple ( ! romantic type ( art1 9 ^: configuration & mode ( pres5tation consequ5tly ! m$ium ( pa9t+ discov]s 9 a unique way its :olly adequate object4 ,conv]sely we may affirm at ! same "t t romantic art1 :5 ! "q is actually "o ( def9ite works ( art1 mu/ seek = mat]ial :i* is consonant ) its cont5t1 & 9 ! fir/ in/ance x f9ds su* 9 pa9t+1 :i* consequ5tly rema9s m or less ( a =mal "* :5 deal+ ) all objects & compositions n ( ?is type#bbg4 ,grant+1 !n1 ! fact t we f9d outside ! ,*ri/ian pa9t+s an ,ori5tal1 ,greek1 & ,roman s*ool ( pa9t+1 yet ! real c5tre & focus ( all is none ! less ! elaboration :i* ?is art secur$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( romantic art4 ,we c only speak ( ,ori5tal & ,greek pa9t+ 9 ! same k9d ( way z we did :51 despite our ma9 !sis t sculpture atta9$ its highe/ cr[n ( p]fection 9 ! classical ,ideal1 we ref]r$ to a subord9ate ,*ri/ian type ( sculpture4 ,9 o!r words we are =c$ to admit t ! art ( pa9t+ fir/ appreh5ds its cont5t 9 ! mat]ial ( ! romantic type ( art1 :i* completely corresponds to its in/rum5ts & its modes1 & consequ5tly t x 0 only aft] ! treatm5t ( su* mat]ial t x discov]$ h[ be/ to use & elaborate 9 e direction all ! means at its disposal4 ,foll[+ n[ ! c\rse ( ! above rem>ks 9 a :olly g5]al way we h to obs]ve z foll[s 9 connection ) ! cont5t1 mat]ial1 & arti/ic mode ( treatm5t ( pa9t+4 7a7 ,! fundam5tal def9ition ( ! cont5t ( pa9t+ is1 z we h se51 subjectivity z an indep5d5t process#bbh4 77 ,9 ?is process1 look+ at x f ! po9t ( view ( a reflex ( s\l-life1 individuality mu/ n :olly pass into ! univ]sality its sub/ance1 b mu/ on ! contr>y disclose h[ x reta9s t cont5t z a di/9ctive p]sonality#bbi1 & possesses & expresses its inw>d life1 t is ! vitality ( its own conception & feel+ 9 ! same2 nei!r %\ld ! ext]nal =m be :olly dom9at$ by ! ideal individuality z is ! case 9 sculpture4 ,= ! pr9ciple ( subjectivity1 albeit t x p]meates ! ext]nal mat]ial z ! mode ( objectivity adequate to express x1 is not)/&+ likewise an id5tity :i* )draws itself into itself out ( t objective doma91 & by virtue ( ?is self-seclusion is relatively to t objective aspect neutral1 leav+ x q untrammell$4 ,j z !re=e1 on ! spiritual side ( ! cont5t1 ! p>ticul>ity ( ! p]sonal life is n set =? 9 direct union ) its sub/ance & univ]sality1 b is ess5tially reflect$ z ! culm9at+ feature ( its indep5d5t embodim5t#bcj1 s1 too1 9 ! objective envisagem5t ( =m1 ! p>ticul>ity & univ]sality ( ! same are c>ri$ f _! previ\s pla/ic union#bca to a pr$om9ance ( ! individual aspect1 & inde$ ( comp>atively accid5tal & indiff]5t features1 & 9 a mann] mu* ! same z t :i*1 9 ! reality ( s5se exp]i5ce1 is ! prevail+ "* ( all ph5om5a4 77 ,a fur!r important po9t is t connect$ ) ! range ( scope t is p]mitt$ to ! art ( pa9t+ 9 virtue ( its pr9ciple ) reg>d to ! objects to be ?us pres5t$4 ,! free pr9ciple ( subjectivity suff]s on ! "o h& ! entire field ( natural objects1 & e dep>tm5t ( human activity to rema9 9 its sub/antive mode ( exi/5ce2 on ! o!r1 x is capable ( ent]+ into fusion ) all possible detail1 & creat+ !refrom a cont5t ( its own ideal life1 ( r we %\ld say t only 9 ?is int]fusion ) concrete actuality does x ass]t itself z concrete & vital 9 its products4 ,consequ5tly x is possible = ! pa9t] to import a weal? ( mat]ial into ! realm occupi$ by 8 arti/ic works1 :i* rema9s outside1 ! rea* ( ! sculptor4 ,! entire _w ( ! religi\s idea1 conceptions ( heav5 & hell1 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/1 8 disciples & sa9ts1 ext]nal ,nature1 all t conc]ns humanity d[n to ! mo/ fugitive ( situations & *>act]s1 all ?is mat]ial & m c f9d a place "h4 ,= z we h se5 all t p]ta9s to ! detail1 caprice1 & accid5tal features ( human ne$ & int]e/ is affect$ by ?is pr9ciple1 :i* at once /rives to compreh5d & compose x4 77 ,& along ) ?is fact we h z its coroll>y t pa9t+ makes ! s\l ( man itself ! subject ( its creative "w4 ,all t is alive )9 ! s\l is pres5t 9 ideal =m1 if x is1 :5 we consid] its cont5t1 at once objective & absolute 9 ! ab/ract s5se#bcb4 ,= ! emotional life ( s\l c )\t "q c>ry ! univ]sal )9 its cont5t1 a cont5t1 h[ev]1 :i*1 z feel+1 does n reta9 ! =m ( ?is univ]sality1 b appe>s "u ! mode z ,i1 ?is individual p]son--,i "k my id5tity !re9 & feel ! same4 ,9 ord] to educe & set =? ?is objective cont5t z objective1 ,i mu/ =get myself4 ,9 ?is way ! pa9t] no d\bt reveals to our sight ! ideal sub/ance ( s\l 9 ! =m ( ext]nal objects1 b ! truly real cont5t :i* x expresses is ! p]sonal s\l t feels4 ,= :i* reason pa9t+1 f ! po9t ( view ( =m1 is unable to (f] su* di/9ctive envisagem5ts ( ! ,div9e z sculpture1 b only ideas ( less def9$ "* su* z belong to ! emotions4 ,x may appe> z a contradiction to ?is position t we f9d aga9 & aga9 select$ z subjects ( ! pa9t+s ( ma/]s1 :o /& )\t "q 9 ! highe/ rank1 ! ext]nal environm5t ( mank9d1 m\nta9s1 valleys1 mead[s1 brooks1 trees1 %ips1 build+s1 _! int]iors1 9 %ort e>?1 sea1 & sky4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 con/itutes ! core 9 ! cont5t ( su* works ( art is n ! objects !mselves1 b ! vitality & s\l import$ into !m by ! arti/'s conception & execution1 8 emotional life 9 fact1 :i* is reflect$ 9 8 "w1 & gives u n m]ely a c\nt]feit ( ext]nal objects1 b !re) 8 own p]sonality & temp]am5t#bcc4 ,& x is precisely by 8 do+ ?is t ! objects ( ,nature1 z reflect$ by pa9t+1 ev5 f ?is reali/ic po9t ( view1 are relatively insignificant1 because ! influ5ce ( s\l-life beg9s to ass]t itself 9 !m z ! ma9 significance4 ,9 ?is t5d5cy t[>ds temp]am5t1 :i*1 9 ! case ( objects borr[$ f ext]nal ,nature1 may frequ5tly only am\nt to a g5]al response emphasiz$ betwe5 ! two sides1 we f9d ! mo/ important di/9ction betwe5 pa9t+ on ! "o h& & sculpture & ar*itecture on ! o!r4 ,pa9t+ inde$ approximates 9 ?is respect m closely to music & emphasizes "h ! po9t ( transition f ! pla/ic arts to t ( tone4 7b7 ,to proce$ to our second ma9 division ,i h already sev]al times ref]r$1 if only 9 respect to features ( fundam5tal importance1 to ! diff]5ce we discov] betwe5 ! s5su\s mat]ial ( pa9t+ & t ( sculpture4 ,i w !re=e 9 ?is place only t\* ^u ! clos] connection :i* obta9s betwe5 ?is mat]ial & ! spiritual cont5t :i* x mo/ notably has to display to u4 77 ,! fir/ fact we h to consid] 9 ?is connection is ?is t pa9t+ compresses ! ?ree dim5sions1 ( ,space4 ,absolute conc5tration w\ld be c>ri$ to ! po9t1 z elim9ation ( all juxtaposition1 & z unre/ ess5tially pr$icable ( su* conc5tration1 z we f9d x 9 ! po9t ( ,"t4 ,su* a mode ( negation c>ri$ out 9 its entire result1 h[ev]1 we only meet ) 9 ! art ( music4 ,pa9t+1 on ! contr>y1 p]mits ! spatial relation /ill to subsi/1 & only effaces "o ( ! ?ree dim5sions2 sup]ficies is made ! elem5t ( its repres5tations4 ,?is r$uction ( ! ?ree dim5sions to level surface is impli$ 9 pr9ciple ( increas+ reality1 :i* is only capable !reby ( ass]t+ itself 9 spatial relation z su* ideal transmutation1 ow+ to ! fact t x does n suff] ! complete totality ( objective fact to p]si/ z su*1 b re/ricts ! same4 ,ord9>ily we are accu/om$ to view ?is r$uction z a caprice ( ! art :i* am\nts to a defect4 ,:at is "h s\ght =1 x appe>s1 is t natural objects 9 all _! nak$ reality1 or spiritual ideas & feel+s1 by means ( ! human body & its po/ures %\ld be made visible to our s5ses = su* an aim x is obvi\s t ! surface is insuffici5t & inf]ior to ,nature1 :i* appe>s be=e u ) a complet5ess :olly diff]5t4 77 ,pa9t+ is unque/ionably yet m ab/ract ?an sculpture 9 respect to mat]ial condition$ 9 ,space2 b ?is ab/raction1 remote z x is f be+ a purely caprici\s limitation1 or an indication ( human incapacity1 is j t :i* br+s ab\t ! necess>y advance f sculpture4 ,ev5 sculpture is n simply an imitation ( natural or physical exi/5ce1 b a creation ( intellig5ce1 :i* removes f =m all aspects ( natural exi/5ce :i* are n 9 accord ) ! def9ite cont5t x und]takes to pres5t4 ,?is elim9ation 0 c>ri$ out by sculpture 9 ! case ( all col\r detail1 s t :at rema9$ to x 0 only ! ab/raction ( mat]ial =m4 ,9 pa9t+ we h ! opposite process1 its cont5t be+ ! ideality ( s\l-life1 :i* c only appe> on ! face ( objective reality1 by a process ( self-absorption f t v mat]ial#bcd4 ,! art ( pa9t+1 !re=e1 no d\bt1 works = ! s5se-p]ception1 b 9 a way1 ?r\gh :i* ! object :i* x displays rema9s no long] an actual natural exi/5ce :olly 9 ,space1 b is *ang$ to a c\nt]feit creation ( intellig5ce1 9 :i* x only s f> reveals its spiritual s\rce z x annuls ! actual exi/5ce ( its object1 recreat+ x = itself 9 a purely ph5om5al semblance )9 its own spiritual realm--= ,_s4 77 ,& to ?is int5t pa9t+ mu/ necess>ily effect a brea* ) ! totality ( ! spatial condition1 & !re is no reason = *>g+ to human incapacity ?is loss ( ,nature's complet5ess4 ,9 o!r words1 inasmu* z ! object ( pa9t+ f ! po9t ( view ( its spatial exi/5ce1 is m]ely a semblance1 reflective ( ! s\l ( man1 exhibit$ by art = 8 _s1 ! self-subsi/5cy ( ! object z we f9d x actually 9 ,space is dissolv$1 & ! object is relat$ 9 a f> m re/rict$ way to ! spectator ?an is ! case 9 sculpture4 ,a /atue is by itself :olly an isolat$ object1 indep5d5t ( ! spectator1 :o may place himself :]e he pleases2 8 po9t ( view1 8 movem5ts1 8 walk+ r\nd x1 n "o ( !m affect ! "w ( art z a :ole#bce4 ,if ?is self-subsi/5cy is to be pres]v$ ! sculptur$ figure mu/ also h "s def9ite impression to (f] ea* & e po9t ( view4 ,& ?is indep5d5ce ( ! "w mu/ be reta9$ 9 sculpture = ! reason t its cont5t is ! tranquillity1 self-seclusion1 & objective pres5ce :i*1 9 bo? an ext]nal & ideal s5se1 reposes on _! own sub/ance4 ,9 pa9t+1 on ! contr>y1 ^: cont5t is condition$ by an ideal atmosph]e1 & 9 fact is compos$ ( ideal relations ess5tially p>ticul>iz$1 x is precisely ?is aspect ( discord 9 a "w ( art betwe5 object & spectator :i* has to be emphasiz$1 & yet ) a l directness to be resolv$ 9 ! fact1 t ! "w1 z depict+ ! ideality ( intellig5ce 9 its entire mode ( pres5tation1 c be only def9$ "u ! assumption t x /&s !re relat$ to an individual m9d1 t is a spectator1 & ap>t f ! same has no self-subsi/5cy4 ,! spectator is assum$ & reckon$ to be !re f ! fir/1 & ! "w ( art is only intelligible z relat$ to ?is po9t ( p]sonal contemplation#bcf4 ,= su* a relation to m]e visibility & its reflection ^u an individual consci\sness1 h[ev]1 ! m]e %[ ( reality is suffici5t2 or r ! actual totality ( ! spatial condition is a defect1 because 9 t case ! objects se5 reta9 an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & d n appe> to be creat$ by ,_s = its own contemplation4 ,nature consequ5tly is n entitl$ to r$uce its images to ! pla9 surface2 its objects possess & claim to possess a real & indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,! satisfaction1 h[ev]1 we d]ive f pa9t+ is n 9 actual exi/5ce1 b 9 ! contemplative int]e/ we receive f ! ext]nal reproduction ( ideal tru?s1 ?+s born ( ! s\l1 & its art !re=e disp5ses :olly ) ! ne$ & app>atus ( spatial reality 9 its complete organization4 77 ,& toge!r ) ?is r$uction to ! level surface we may ?irdly associate ! fact t pa9t+ is plac$ 9 a /ill m remote position to ar*itecture ?an t occupi$ by sculpture4 ,works ( sculpture ev5 :]e exhibit$ indep5d5tly = !mselves 9 public places or g>d5s1 require "s k9d ( p$e/al treat$ ar*itectonically1 &1 9 ! case ( ap>tm5ts1 =ec\rts1 & halls1 ei!r ! art ( build+ m]ely assi/s 9 pres5t+ ! /atue's fitt+ environm5t1 or conv]sely ! sculptur$ figure is us$ z ! decoration ( ! build+1 & betwe5 ^! two ?us relat$ objects we f9d a close association4 ,pa9t+1 on ! contr>y1 :e!r plac$ 9 ! enclos$ ap>tm5t1 or 9 public halls1 or "u ! op5 sky1 is limit$ to ! wall4 ,orig9ally its function is simply to fill up empty wall spaces4 ,among ! anci5ts ?is orig9al de/9ation is ma9ly suffici5t1 & !y decorat$ 9 ?is way ! walls ( _! temples1 & 9 m rec5t times also _! private *amb]s4 ,go?ic ar*itecture1 ^: ma9 task is ! enclosure "u ! mo/ gr&iose conditions1 supplies no d\bt /ill l>g] surfaces1 or r ! l>ge/ possible1 yet x is only 9 ! mo/ anci5t mosaics t we f9d pa9t+ is employ$ z a decoration ( empty spaces1 :e!r 9 ! case ( ! outside or ! int]ior4 ,! m rec5t ar*itecture ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 on ! contr>y1 fills up its enorm\s wall surfaces 9 an ar*itectural mann]1 ! mo/ impos+ example ,i "k ( :i* is ! ma9 faade ( ,/rasb\rg ca!dral4 ,"h we f9d t ! empty surfaces1 exclud+ ! entrance doors1 ! rose & o!r w9d[s1 are fill$ 9 by ! ornam5tal "w analog\s to t ( w9d[s trac$ ov] ! walls1 & decorat$ by figures ( consid]able delicacy & v>iety ( =m1 s t we h no ne$ "h = pa9t+4 ,9 ! case ( religi\s ar*itecture1 !re=e1 pa9t+ ma9ly appe>s 9 build+s :i* beg9 to approximate to ! anci5t type ( ar*itecture4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ,*ri/ian pa9t+ is to be di/+ui%$ f ! arts ( build+1 & pres5ts its works 9 indep5d5t =m1 z = example 9 l>ge pictures1 :e!r plac$ 9 *apels or on high alt>s4 ,x is true t "h1 too1 ! picture mu/ reta9 "s relation to ! "* ( ! place1 :i* x is de/9$ to fill2 = ! re/1 h[ev]1 x is n m]ely int5d$ to fill up wall spaces1 b to hang !m z a "w ( art indep5d5tly j z a "w ( sculpture may d4 ,9 conclusion pa9t+ has its use z a decoration ( halls & ap>tm5ts 9 public build+s1 t[n halls1 palaces1 & private h\ses1 9 :i* respect its association ) ar*itecture is once m closely m>k$1 an association1 h[ev]1 9 :i* its indep5d5ce z a free art ought n to be lo/4 77 ,a fur!r necess>y gr\nd = ! contraction ( ! spatial dim5sions 9 pa9t+ to b>e surface is due to ! fact t ! art ( pa9t+ is conc]n$ to express ideal conditions ess5tially 9 _! sep>ation#bcg1 & !reby ri* 9 e k9d ( p>ticul> "*4 ,a m]e re/riction to ! %apes ( spatial =m1 ) :i* sculpture is able to re/ satisfi$1 vani%es !re=e 9 ! m luxuriant art2 = ! =ms ( spatial dim5sion are ! mo/ ab/ract 9 ,nature1 & an attempt mu/ n[ be made to seize p>ticul> di/9ctions1 9 s f> z ! dem& is n[ = an ess5tially m multifold mat]ial4 ,! matt] specifically def9$ 9 ! physical s5se is atta*$ to ! v pr9ciple ( pres5tation 9 ,space1 ! diff]5ces ( :i*#bch1 if !y are to appe> z ess5tial 9 ! "w ( art1 !mselves disclose ?is fact#bci 9 ! total configuration ( spatial =m1 :i* no long] rema9s ! f9al mode ( pres5tation1 & !y are compell$ to make a brea* 9 ! complete =m ( spatial dim5sions1 9 ord] to cancel ! exclusive appe>ance ( ! physical m$ium4 ,= ! dim5sions 9 pa9t+ are n pres5t$ by !mselves 9 _! actual reality1 b are m]ely by means ( ?is physical aspect made to appe> & be visible z su*4 77 ,if we fur!r inquire :at is ! nature ( ! physical elem5t :i* ! art ( pa9t+ makes use ( we %all f9d ?is to be ,light1 reg>d+ x z t m$ium :i* r5d]s all objects :atev] visible4 ,previ\sly ! s5su\s1 concrete mat]ial ( ar*itecture 0 ! resi/+ matt] ( gravity1 :i* m p>ticul>ly 9 ! art ( build+ ass]t$ ?is "* ( heavy mat]ial 9 its features ( burd51 con/ra9t1 p[] to support & be support$1 & ev5 9 sculpture /ill reta9$ su* *>act]i/ics4 ,heavy mat]ial encumb]s because x does n possess its c5tre ( mat]ial unity 9 itself1 b 9 some?+ else2 & x seeks = ?is c5tre & /rives t[>ds x1 ?\gh x reta9s its position ?r\gh ! resi/ance ( o!r bodies1 :i* become by do+ s bodies ( support4 ,! pr9ciple ( light is an opposite1 or extreme1 ( t mat]ial ( weight :i* is n z yet enclos$ )9 its unity4 ,:atev] else we may pr$icate ( light x is obvi\s t x is absolutely devoid ( weight & (f]s no resi/ance2 r x is pure id5tity ) itself1 & !reby simple self-relation1 ! primordial ideality1 ! orig9al self ( ,nature4 ,9 light ,nature make its />t on ! pa? ( ideality or inw>dness#bdj1 & is ! univ]sal physical ego1 :i* ( c\rse is n c>ri$ "h to ! po9t ( p>ticul>ity#bda1 nor has z yet conc5trat$ itself )9 ! unit ( individuality & self-seclusion1 yet is !reby enabl$ to cancel ! b>e objectivity & ext]nal %[ ( heavy matt] & ab/ract f ! s5su\s & spatial totality ( ! same#bdb4 ,f ?is aspect ( ! m ideal quality ( light x becomes ! physical pr9ciple ( ! art ( pa9t+4 77 ,light reg>d$ simply z su*1 h[ev]1 only exi/s z "o aspect conta9$ 9 ! pr9ciple ( subjectivity1 t is1 z ?is m ideal id5tity4 ,9 ?is respect light is manife/ation1 j t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 ,nature is only ass]t$ g5]ally z ! p[] ( mak+ objects visible1 hold+ ! p>ticul> cont5t ( t :i* x reveals outside itself z an objective _w1 :i* is n light1 b r t :i* confronts x & consequ5tly is d>k4 ,^! objects light r5d]s cognizable "u _! di/9ctions ( =m by irradiat+ !m1 t is1 illum9at+ to a great] or less degree _! obscurity & invisibility1 & p]mitt+ c]ta9 p>ts to be m visible1 namely1 z !y approa* ! spectator1 & o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 m obscure z !y )draw f him4 ,= light & d>kness1 putt+ = ! pres5t on "o side ! p>ticul> col\r ( an object1 is g5]ally speak+ due to ! relative remot5ess ( ! illum9at$ objects f u 9 _! specific degree ( illum9ation4 ,9 ?is direct relation to objectivity light is no long] ass]t$ simply z light1 b z ess5tially p>ticul>iz$ brightness & obscurity1 light & %ad[1 ^: v>i$ manife/ations r5d] ! %ape & di/ance ( objects f "o ano!r intelligible to ! spectator4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple :i* pa9t+ makes use (1 because f ! fir/ diff]5tiation is impli$ 9 its notion4 ,if we comp>e ?is art 9 ?is respect ) sculpture & ar*itecture we %all see t 9 ^! latt] arts ! actual di/9ctions ( spatial configuration are set =? 9 _! nak$ness1 & light & %ad[ are suff]$ to reta9 ! ord9>y effect :i* light produces 9 ,nature relatively to ! position ( ! spectator1 s t ! rondure ( =m is "h already indep5d5tly#bdc pres5t & light & %ade1 :]eby !y are r5d]$ visible1 are m]ely a result ( t :i* 0 already actually on ! spot indep5d5tly ( ?is fur!r aspect ( _! becom+ visible4 ,9 ! art ( pa9t+1 h[ev]1 brightness & d>kness toge!r ) all _! gradations & f9e/ transitions are !mselves "p ( ! fundam5tal arti/ic mat]ial1 & x is a purely int5tional appe>ance !y produce ( t m$ium1 :i* sculpture gives =m to 9 its native /ate4 ,light & %ade1 9 %ort1 ! appe>ance ( objects "u ?is illum9ation1 is effect$ by art r ?an ! m]e natural light1 :i* consequ5tly only makes t k9d ( brightness1 d>kness1 & light+ visible1 :i* are ! products ( pa9t+4 ,& ?is x is :i* con/itutes ! positive rationale d$uc$ f ! mat]ial ( ! art itself1 :y pa9t+ does n require ?ree dim5sions4 ,=m is ! creation ( light & %ad[ simply1 & t =m :i* exi/s 9 spatial reality is sup]flu\s4 77 ,bright & d>k1 %ad[ & light1 no less ?an _! int]play are1 h[ev]1 m]ely an ab/raction1 :i* d n exi/ 9 ,nature z su* ab/raction1 & consequ5tly _c be utiliz$ z s5su\s mat]ial4 ,9 o!r words ,light1 z we h already se51 is relat$ to its opposite ,d>k4 ,9 ?is relation bo? pr9ciples h no self-subsi/5cy ap>t f ea* o!r1 b c only be ass]t$ 9 _! unity1 t is1 z ! int]play ( light & d>k4 ,! light1 :i* is 9 ?is way ess5tially impair$ & obscur$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 to a l ext5t transpi]ces & illum9es d>kness#bdd1 supplies u ) ! pr9ciple ( col\r z ! g5u9e mat]ial ( pa9t+4 ,light 9 its purity is devoid ( col\r1 x is ! pure indet]m9acy ( ess5tial id5tity4 ,di/9ction f b>e light1 a l[]+ ( its value1 is ! *>act]i/ic ( col\r1 :i* 9 contra/ to light is already 9 "s degree obscurity1 & toge!r ) :i* ! pr9ciple ( light is ass]t$ 9 union4 ,x is consequ5tly an incorrect & false idea to hold t light is ! aggregate result ( diff]5t col\rs1 or 9 o!r words diff]5t degrees ( obscuration#bde4 ,=m1 di/ance1 limitation1 r\nd$ %ape1 9 %ort1 all spatial relations & di/9ctions visible 9 ! ph5om5a ( ,space are unfold$ 9 ! art ( pa9t+ entirely by means ( col\r1 ! m ideal pr9ciple ( :i* is capable ( pres5t+ a m ideal cont5t & by virtue ( its pr(\nd] oppositions1 ! inf9ite v>iety ( its transitional gradations & ! delicacy ( its s(te/ modulations relatively to ! fulness & detail ( ! objects x accepts z subject-matt]1 is possess$ ( a field = its activity ( ! wide/ range4 ,x is beyond belief :at m]e col\r is able to accompli% 9 ?is art4 ,two human be+s are1 = example1 some?+ totally di/9ct4 ,ei!r is 9 8 self-consci\s id5tity no less ?an 8 bodily organism an indep5d5t & exclusive spiritual & bodily totality1 yet ! entire result ( ?is diff]5ce is 9 a picture r$uc$ to a di/9ction ( col\rs4 ,9 "o place "s p>ticul> %ade ( col\r ceases1 9 ano!r a p>ticul> "o />ts up1 & by su* means we get ev]y?+ set be=e u1 %ape1 di/ance1 play ( po/ure1 expression1 :at is ne>e/ to s5se & :at is mo/ ak9 to intellig5ce4 ,& we are n to reg>d ?is r$uction z a make-%ift & defect4 ,q ! rev]se is ! fact2 ! art ( pa9t+ disp5s+ ) ! ?ird dim5sion 9 no su* way1 b delib]ately reject+ x 9 ord] to set 9 ! place ( purely spatial reality ! high] & ri*] pr9ciple ( col\r4 77 ,?is weal? enables pa9t+ to elaborate 9 its reproductions ! entire ext5t ( ! ph5om5al _w4 ,sculpture is m or less re/rict$ to ! /able self-seclusion ( individuality4 ,9 pa9t+1 h[ev]1 ! individual _c rema9 9 su* limitations ( /ability :e!r reg>d$ 9 8 ideal aspect or relatively to ! ext]nal _w1 b is plac$ 9 e k9d ( v>i$ def9ition4 ,= on ! "o h&1 z already po9t$ out1 he is plac$ 9 a f> clos] relation to ! spectator1 & on ! o!r he receives a m v>i$ connection ) o!r individuals & ! environm5t ( ,nature4 ,a process1 !re=e1 :i* m]ely illum9ates semblance ( objective fact makes possible ! wide/ expansion ( di/ances & spaces & ! pres5t ( su* & all ! v>i$ objects t appe> 9 !m 9 "o & ! same "w ( art4 ,yet x mu/ no less1 z a "w ( art1 prove itself to be a self-conta9$ & unifi$ :ole1 & exhibit itself 9 ?is syn!sis1 n simply z an aggregate ^: limits & b\nd>ies are def9$ by no pr9ciple1 b r z a totality ^: unifi$ consi/5cy is due to its own subject-matt]4 7c7 ,9 ! ?ird place we h1 aft] ?is g5]al consid]ation ( ! cont5t & s5su\s mat]ial ( pa9t+1 briefly to adduce 9 g5]al t]ms ! pr9ciple ( ! arti/ic mode ( treatm5t adopt$ by x4 ,! art ( pa9t+ m s ?an ei!r sculpture or ar*itecture admits ( ! two extremes4 ,9 ! fir/ case prom95ce is giv5 to ! religi\s & e?ical sev]ity ( ! conception & pres5tation ( ! ideal beauty ( =m1 & 9 ! second1 :]e ! subject-matt] is1 tak5 by itself1 insignificant1 to ! detail ( :at x conta9s & ! p]sonal aspect ( ! creative art4 ,we may !re=e n unfrequ5tly he> two extreme k9ds ( criticism4 ,our critic 9 ! "o case apo/rophizes ! nobility ( ! object1 ! dep? & a/oni%+ suffici5cy ( ! conception1 ! greatness ( ! expression1 & ! boldness ( ! del9eation#bdf4 ,& 9 ! o!r equal praise is giv5 to ! f9e & unexampl$ "* ( ! pa9t]'s treatm5t ( 8 col\r4 ,?is contra/ is impli$ 9 ! v notion ( ! art2 inde$1 we may affirm t x is impossible to unite bo? aspects on "o plane ( elaboration4 ,ea* mu/ rema9 inevitably indep5d5t ( ! o!r4 ,= pa9t+ has %ape simply z su*1 t is1 ! =ms ( spatial limitation1 no less ?an col\r z means contributive to its arti/ic result1 & is plac$ !reby midway betwe5 ! ,ideal ( ! pla/ic arts & ! extreme =m ( ! direct detail ( ,nature's reality2 by reason ( :i* we get two di/9ct types ( pa9t+4 ,"o1 t is ! ideal1 ^: ess5tial basis is univ]sality2 & ! o!r1 t :i* pres5ts p>ticul> objects 9 all _! clos5ess ( detail4 77 ,9 ?is respect pa9t+ mu/ accept1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 z sculpture1 t :i* is sub/antive 9 ! s5se t ! objects ( religi\s belief are su*1 no less ?an ! great ev5ts ( hi/ory1 & its pre-em95t individual *>act]s1 albeit x r5d]s visible ?is sub/ance 9 a =m :]e9 ! ideal & p]sonal aspect is emphasiz$4 ,x is ! impos+ "*1 ! s]i\s significance ( ! action portray$1 or ! dep? ( ! s\l express$ :i* is "h ( mo/ importance1 s t ! elaboration & employm5t ( all ! ri* arti/ic means :i* are )9 ! rea* ( pa9t+1 & ! dext]ity1 :i* ! :olly consummate use ( ^! means dem&s reg>d$ z a t\r de =ce ( te*nique1 _c "h be entirely indicat$4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d x is ! =ce ( ! cont5t to be pres5t$ & ! absorption 9 :at is ess5tial & sub/antive 9 ! same1 :i* t5d to drive into ! backgr\nd ! ov]:elm+ facility 9 ! art ( pa9t+ z t aspect :i* is less ess5tial4 ,9 ?is s5se1 = in/ance1 ! ,c>toons ( ,raphael are ( invaluable m]it1 & fully display ! entire excell5ce ( _! composition1 al?\gh ,raphael1 ev5 9 ! case ( p>ticul> pictures1 despite all 8 ma/]y 9 draw+1 & ! purity ( 8 ideal1 & at ! same "t :olly vital p]sonal figures1 & ! composition he may h arriv$ at1 mo/ c]ta9ly 9 col\r1 & all t conc]ns l&scape & o!r aspects1 is excell$ by ! ,dut* ma/]s4 ,?is is yet m ! case ) ! e>li] ,italian h]oes ( art1 9 contra/ to :om ,raphael is to a some:at simil> degree inf]ior 9 dep?1 p[]1 & ideality ( expression1 z he surpasses su* 9 ! te*nique ( 8 craft1 9 ! beauty ( vital gr\p+1 9 draughtsman%ip & ! l#bdg4 77 ,conv]sely1 h[ev]1 ! art ( pa9t+1 z we h se51 ought to advance fur!r ?an ?is exclusive absorption 9 ! ideal & inf9ite cont5t ( man's s\l-life2 its function is equally to ass]t ! subsi/5cy & fre$om ( detail1 :i* h[ev] incid5tal x may be1 contributes to ! environm5t & backgr\nd ( ! "w4 ,9 ?is advance f ! pr(\nde/ s]i\sness to ! objective features ( indep5d5t detail x is b\nd to =ce its way to ! extreme articulation ( ! purely ph5om5al1 :]e any & e cont5t is a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 & arti/ic illusion 9 a reali/ic s5se is ! ma9 int]e/4 ,9 su* a type ( art we f9d depict$ = u ! mo/ fugitive aspect ( ! sky1 ! "t ( day1 ! light+ up ( ! woods1 ! gleam & reflection ( ! cl\ds1 waves1 lakes1 /reams1 ! %imm] & glitt] ( w9e 9 ! glass1 ! glance ( ! eye1 & e conceivable look & smile ( ! human c\nt5ance4 ,pa9t+ 9 su* cases moves f ! ideali/ic /&po9t to t ( liv+ reality1 ^: ph5om5al effect x ma9ly seeks to reproduce by means ( accuracy 9 ! execution ( e bit ( detail#bdh4 ,yet ?is ef=t is no m]e assiduity ( elaboration1 b a real ex]cise ( g5u9e tal5t1 :i* /rives to pres5t e k9d ( detail 9 its indep5d5t p]fection1 & yet reta9 ! :ole composition 9 unity & fusion1 & ?is c only be done by ! f9e/ art4 ,9 su* "w ! vital =ce ( ! reali/ic appe>ance ?us secur$ t5ds to be m ne> to ! arti/'s aim ?an ! ,ideal2 & x is precisely ?is k9d ( art1 z ,i h already f\nd occasion to rem>k1 :i* raises1 z no o!r1 controv]sial po9ts ov] ! significance ( ! ,ideal & ,nature4 ,no d\bt x is v possible to blame ! use ( ! mo/ elaborate te*nique 9 subjects ( little importance by !mselves z m]e extravagance2 yet !re is no real reason = reject+ su* mat]ial1 & x is precisely ( t k9d :i* ought to be treat$ 9 ?is way by art1 & be p]mitt$ to keep e conceivable subtlety & ref9em5t ( surface appe>ance t x possesses4 77 ,! arti/ic treatm5t does n1 h[ev]1 /op at ?is m g5]al k9d ( opposition1 b1 inasmu* z pa9t+ reposes on ! pr9ciple ( s\l-expression & p>ticul>ity1 proce$s yet fur!r 9 ! direction ( diff]5tiation 9 its results4 ,bo? ar*itecture & sculpture1 x is true1 ass]t diff]5ces ( national type1 & 9 p>ticul> we are made aw>e 9 sculpture ( a clos] individuality typical ( c]ta9 s*ools & ma/]s4 ,9 ! art ( pa9t+ ?is di/9ction & p]sonal aspect 9 ! modes ( repres5tation exp&s to an incalculable degree 9 proportion z ! objects1 :i* x may accept1 are tak5 f a field )\t def9able limitations4 ,9 ?is art to a pre-em95t ext5t ! g5ius ( p>ticul> peoples1 prov9ces1 epo*s & individuals ass]ts its claims & affects n m]ely ! *oice ( subjects & ! _s ( _! conception1 b also ! "* ( draw+1 gr\p+1 col\r+1 h&l+ ( ! dry po9t no less ?an t ( p>ticul> col\rs d[n to *>act]i/ics ( p]sonal /yle & wont4 ,inasmu* z ! function ( pa9t+ is s )\t re/riction conc]n$ ) ! ideal aspect & ! details ( its subject-matt]1 x foll[s ( c\rse t x gives u q z little opportunity to make def9ite /atem5ts ( univ]sal validity z to adduce specific facts :i* c always )\t exception be accept$ z true ( x4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 n re/ satisfi$ ) :at ,i h already discuss$ 9 respect ( ! pr9ciple ( ! cont5t1 ! mat]ial & ! arti/ic treatm5t1 b make a fur!r ef=t1 h[ev] mu* we leave on "o side all t confronts u 9 its multifold v>iety1 /ill to subject c]ta9 aspects1 t mo/ emphatically enli/ our att5tion1 to fur!r exam9ation4 #b4 ,,p>ticul> ,,modes ,,( ,,! ,,def9ition ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,! diff]5t po9ts ( view1 accord+ to :i* we h to und]take ?is clos] *>act]ization1 may be already anticipat$ f our previ\s discussion4 ,!y ref] once m to ! cont5t1 ! mat]ial & ! arti/ic treatm5t4 ,fir/1 z to cont5t1 we h no d\bt f\nd ! cont5t ( ! romantic type ( art (f] ! mo/ adequate subject-matt]2 we mu/1 h[ev]1 inquire fur!r :at specific portions we %\ld select f ! entire weal? )9 ?is type z pre-em95tly adapt$ to ! art ( pa9t+4 ,secondly1 we h already made ourselves fairly cognisant ) ! pr9ciple ( ! s5su\s mat]ial4 ,we h n[ to def9e m n>r[ly ! =ms1 :i* may be express$ on ! level surface by means ( col\r+1 9 s f> z ! human =m & o!r facts ( ,nature h to be made visible 9 ord] t ! ideality ( ,_s may be !reby disclos$4 ,?irdly1 we h a simil> "q ) reg>d to ! def9ite "* ( ! arti/ic conception & pres5tation1 :i* corresponds to ! diff]5t "* ( ! cont5t ?us itself simil>ly diff]5tiat$1 produc+ !reby diff]5t types or s*ools ( pa9t+4 7a7 ,i h already at an e>li] /age recall$ ! fact t ! anci5ts h _h excell5t pa9t]s1 b add$ !reto ! /atem5t t ! function ( pa9t+ is only completely satisfi$ by ! way ( look+ at ?+s & ! type ( art :i* is ref]able to ! emotional life & :i* is actively ass]t$ 9 ! romantic type ( art4 ,:at appe>s1 h[ev]1 to contradict ?is f ! po9t ( view ( cont5t is ! fact t at ! v culm9at+ po9t ( ,*ri/ian pa9t+1 dur+ ! age ( ,raphael1 ,rub5s1 ,correggio1 & o!rs1 we f9d t my?ological subjects are us$ & portray$ 9 "p on _! own m]its1 & 9 "p = ! decoration & allegorization ( great exploits1 triumphs1 royal w$d+s1 & s =?4 ,9 ?is s5se ,goe!1 = example1 has once m borr[$ f ! descriptions ( ,philo/ratus ( ! pictures ( ,polygnotus1 &1 assi/$ by 8 imag9ative p[]s z a poet1 has add$ a novel fre%ness to su* subjects = ! pa9t]'s b5efit4 ,if1 h[ev]1 su* contributions fur!r imply ! dem& t subjects ( ,greek my?ology & saga1 or sc5es1 too1 f ! ,roman _w1 = :i* ! ,fr5* at a c]ta9 p]iod ( _! pa9t+ h ev9c$ a great incl9ation1 %\ld be conceiv$ & portray$ 9 ! def9itive mood & significance atta*$ to !m by ! anci5t _w we c only object g5]ally t x is impossible to recall to life ?is pa/ hi/ory1 & :at is peculi>ly appropriate to ! antique is n :olly compatible ) ! art ( pa9t+4 ,! pa9t] mu/ consequ5tly create f su* mat]ial an entirely diff]5t result1 mu/ import !re9 a totally diff]5t _s1 o!r emotions & modes ( see+ ?+s ?an ^? pres5t to ! anci5ts1 9 ord] to br+ su* a cont5t into accord ) ! real problems & aims ( pa9t+4 ,= ?is reason also ! circle ( antique mat]ial & situations is n t :i* pa9t+ has elaborat$ 9 a consequ5tial process2 r x is an aspect ( x :i* has be5 pass$ ov] z ali5 to its mat]ial1 & :i* has fir/ to be ess5tially remodell$4 ,i h sev]al times insi/$ t pa9t+ has be=e all to seize t1 ! pres5tm5t ( :i* x c1 9 delib]ate contra/ to sculpture1 music1 & poetry1 ma/] by means ( ext]nal =m4 ,& ?is is preem95tly ! self-conc5tration ( ,_s1 :i* is d5i$ to sculpture1 :ile music aga9 is unable to make ! passage to ! ext]nal appe>ance ( ideality1 & poetry itself c m]ely r5d] visible ! bodily pres5ce 9 an incomplete way4 ,pa9t+1 on ! contr>y1 is /ill 9 a position to unite bo? aspects4 ,x c express ! entire cont5t ( s\l-life 9 an ext]nal =m1 & is consequ5tly b\nd to accept = its ess5tial cont5t ! emotional dep? ( ! s\l no less ?an ! p>ticul> type ( "* & its specific traits 9 its deepe/ impression--9 o!r words int5sity ( feel+ & ideality 9 its diff]5tiation1 = ! expression ( :i* def9ite ev5ts1 conditions1 & situations n only mu/ appe> z ! explanatory s\rce ( individual "*1 b ! specific individuality mu/ disclose itself z a "p ( ! m\ld$ =m ( ! s\l & physiognomy1 root$ !re91 & entirely tak5 up into ! ext]nal embodim5t4 ,9 ord] to express g5]ally ?is ideality ( s\l we d n require t ideal self-subsi/5cy & l>g5ess#bdi ( ! classical type we h previ\sly dealt )1 9 :i* individuality p]si/s 9 imm$iate accord ) ! sub/antive core ( its spiritual ess5ce & ! physical *>act]i/ics ( its bodily pres5tm5t2 to q z little ext5t w suffice to ! manife/ation ( ?is s\l-life ,nature's ord9>y hil>ity1 t ,greek g5iality ( enjoym5t & blissful absorption 9 its object2 r true dep? & self-revelation ( spiritual life presupposes t ! s\l has work$ its way ?r\gh its emotions1 its =ces1 its :ole inw>d life1 has ov]come mu*1 has suff]$ & endur$ mu* angui% or mis]y ( _s1 & yet 9 all ^! divisions has reta9$ its s5se ( unity & come back to ! same out ( !m4 ,! anci5ts no d\bt also place be=e u 9 ! my?os ( ,h]cules a h]o1 :o aft] _m tr\bles receives 8 apo!osis1 & enjoys among ! gods ! repose ( bless$ness2 b ! lab\rs :i* ,h]cules accompli%es are purely ext]nal1 & ! bliss1 :i* he obta9s z a rew>d1 is m]ely a tranquil cessation f lab\r2 & ! anci5t rune1 t ,zeus w h br\ght 8 empire to its consummation by 8 ef=ts1 he1 t is ! greate/ h]o ( ,greece1 has n accompli%$4 ,r ! end ( ! rule ( ^! self-subsi/5t gods !n comm5ces = ! fir/ "t1 :]e we f9d man ov]comes ! dragons & s]p5ts ( 8 own brea/1 ! ob/9acy & /ubbornness ( ! s\l's native realm r ?an ! liv+ dragons & s]p5ts ( ,nature4 ,only !reby w ,nature's gladsom5ess atta9 to t l(ti] *e]fulness ( ! _s1 :i* is p]fect$ 9 its passage ?r\gh ! negative phase ( division1 & f9ally secures an inf9ite satisfaction ?r\gh su* travail4 ,! feel+ ( bli!ness & happ9ess mu/ be glorifi$ & exp&$ 9 real bless$ness4 ,= happ9ess & cont5t /ill reta9 an association ) ext]nal conditions :i* p>take ( ,nature's cont+5cy4 ,9 bless$ness1 h[ev]1 t happ9ess1 :i* is /ill relat$ to imm$iate exi/5ce1 is left beh9d1 & ! entire cont5t is made "o ) ! inn] life ( s\l4 ,bless$ness is a satisfaction :i* is an atta9$ result1 & is !reby ju/ifi$2 x is ! gladness ( a victory1 ! emotion ( a s\l :i* has ess5tially set at n\ght :at is s5su\s & f9ite1 & !reby ?ru/ f itself ! c>e :i* lurks = ev] 9 ambu%4 ,bless$ is ! s\l1 :i* has1 x is true1 exp]i5c$ bo? conflict & pa91 b come victori\s ?r\gh its tr\bles4 77 ,if we n[ inquire :at is ! nature ( ! actual ,ideal 9 ?is cont5t we %all f9d x to be ! reconciliation ( ! individual s\l ) ,god1 :o 9 ,8 human manife/ation has ,himself trav]s$ ?is passage ( sorr[s4 ,! sub/antive ideality#bej c only be t ( religion1 ! peace ( self-consci\sness1 :i* only feels itself truly satisfi$1 9 s f> z x is conc5trat$ 9 its own sub/ance1 has brok5 its e>?ly he>t1 has rais$ itself above ! purely natural conditions ( f9ite exi/5ce1 & 9 ?is exaltation has secur$ an inw>d life ( univ]sal significance1 an ideal union 9 & ) ,god ,himself4 ,! s\l wills itself1 b x f9ds ! object ( its w 9 some?+ o!r ?an itself1 9 its p>ticul>ity2 x !reby gives itself up 9 its opposition to ,god1 9 ord] to f9d itself aga9 & its joy 9 ,him4 ,?is is ! vital "* ( ,love1 ! s\l's function 9 its tru?1 t is religi\s love purg$ ( m]e desire1 :i* communicates to ,_s reconciliation1 peace1 & bless$ness4 ,x is n ! enjoym5t & delight ( ! actual love ( liv+ nature1 b r "o t is devoid ( passion1 nay1 "o t is )\t incl9ation1 a t5d5cy ( ! s\l1 a love 9 fact :i* on ! side ( ,nature is id5tical ) dea?1 & is su* a /ate1 s t ! actual relation z e>?ly bond & relation ( man to man floats be=e u z a ?+ ( ! ,pa/1 :i* ess5tially has no consummation 9 its usual exi/+ =m1 b c>ries )9 itself ! defect ( its temporality1 & z su* prep>es ! way = an exaltation to some?+ beyond x1 :i* is f\nd to be at ! same "t a consci\s /ate & enjoym5t ( a love t is )\t ye>n+ & s5su\s desire4 ,x is ?is "* :i* gives to u ! s\lful1 intimate1 & m elevat$ ,ideal1 :i* we f9d n[ 9 ! place ( ! tranquil greatness & self-subsi/5cy ( ! antique4 ,no d\bt ! div9ities ( ! classical ,ideal 7 n )\t a trait ( sombre grief1 a negative replete ) fateful import1 :i* is z x 7 ! %ad[ ( a cold ,necessity pass+ ov] ^! bli!some figures1 :i* rema91 h[ev]1 secure 9 _! sub/antive div9ity & fre$om1 _! simple greatness & might4 ,! fre$om ( ,love1 h[ev]1 is n a fre$om ( ?is k9d1 be+ m in/9ct ) s\l-life1 = ! reason t x subsi/s 9 a relation betwe5 s\l & s\l1 & _s to _s4 ,?is inw>d gl[ enk9dles ! ray ( bliss made actual 9 ! s\l1 a love1 :i* 9 suff]+1 & ! extreme/ loss n m]ely c discov] com=t or indep5d5ce !refrom1 b 9 proportion to ! dep? ( its suff]+ c feel ! m pr(\ndly !re9 ! reality & assur$ness ( its love1 mak+ cle> ! ma/]y ( its own ess5tial sub/ance 9 t suff]+4 ,9 ! ,ideal ( ! anci5ts on ! contr>y we f9d no d\bt1 indep5d5tly ( t trait ( a tranquil sorr[ already indicat$1 ! expression ( ! pa9 ( noble natures1 z = in/ance 9 ! case ( ,niobe & ,laocoon4 ,!y d n betake !mselves to lam5tation & despair1 b adh]e to _! greatness & l(t9ess ( _s2 b ?is self-cont95cy rema9s empty2 _! suff]+1 _! pa9 is likewise ! conclusion ( ! matt]4 ,9 ! place ( reconcilem5t & satisfaction we c only h an au/]e resignation1 :i*1 )\t suff]+ entire collapse1 surr5d]s t ^u :i* x _h previ\sly laid hold4 ,x is n ! base t is cru%$#bea2 no rage1 no contempt or vexation is express$2 b despite ( x all ! l(t9ess ( ?is type ( individuality is n\ght b an inflexible self-cont95cy#beb1 an endurance ( de/9y t is )\t relief1 9 :i* ! nobility & pa9 ( ! s\l d n appe> z reconcil$ 9 fulfilm5t4 ,9 ! romantic love ( religion we f9d = ! fir/ "t ! expression ( bless$ness & fre$om4 ,?is union & satisfaction is by nature concrete 9 a spiritual s5se1 = x is ! feel+ ( ,_s :i* is made cognizant ( its unity 9 some?+ o!r ?an itself4 ,& = ?is reason we f9d necess>y "h1 if ! cont5t pres5t$ is to be complete1 two aspects1 9 s f> z ! r$uplication ( spiritual p]sonality is necess>y to love's appe>ance4 ,x reposes ^u two indep5d5t individuals :o possess1 h[ev]1 ! s5se ( _! intr9sic union4 ,) ?is union1 h[ev]1 ! negative condition is always at ! same "t connect$4 ,9 o!r words ,love belongs to ! s\l's condition2 ! subject ( su* a consci\s /ate is1 h[ev]1 ?is indep5d5tly self-/able#bec he>t1 :i* to exp]i5ce love mu/ bid goodbye to itself1 surr5d] itself & sacrifice ! unyield+ focus ( its individual isolation4 ,x is ?is sacrifice :i* con/itutes ! motive pr9ciple ( ,love1 ! life & emotion ( :i* is b\nd up :olly 9 a self-surr5d]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 if not)/&+ a man reta9s 8 consci\sness ( self 9 an act ( su* surr5d]1 & j 9 ?is v annihilation ( 8 p]sonal indep5d5ce atta9s to a truly positive self-subsi/5cy1 9 t case he has left him at lea/ 9 ! feel+ ( ?is unity & its supreme happ9ess ! negative aspect1 ! movem5t ( ,love's pr9ciple1 n s mu* 9 a s5se ( sacrifice1 z ( a bless$ness undes]v$1 :i* 9 despite ( himself p]mits him /ill to feel 8 assur$ id5tity at unity ) itself4 ,! movem5t is ! feel+ ( ! dialectical contradiction1 namely1 to h surr5d]$ p]sonality & yet to rema9 9 self-subsi/5t unity1 a contradiction :i* is pres5t 9 ,love & et]nally resolv$ 9 x4 ,9 s f>1 !n1 z ! aspect ( an individual human /ate ( s\l-life is conc]n$ 9 ?is univ]sal condition we f9d t ! unique ,love1 :i* blesses & discov]s its heav5 )9 x1 t5ds to rise ov] all t is f9ite & ! specific individuality ( "*1 :i* lapses into a position ( insignificance4 ,already we h obs]v$ t ! div9e ideals ( sculpture pass into "o ano!r1 always provid$1 h[ev]1 t !y are n wre/$ f ! cont5t & prov9ce ( t orig9al & imm$iate type ( individuality2 & yet x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is individuality rema9s ! ess5tial =m ( ! mode ( pres5tm5t4 ,9 ?is lat] pure gleam ( bless$ness1 h[ev]1 p>ticul>ity is on ! contr>y cancell$4 ,be=e ,god all m5 are equal1 or r piety makes !m actually equal1 s t ! sole po9t ( importance is ! expression ( love 9 ! conc5trat$ focus above depict$1 & :i* has no fur!r ne$ ( happ9ess1 or ?is or t p>ticul> object4 ,no d\bt religi\s ,love1 too1 requires def9ite individuals z a condition ( its exi/5ce1 :i* possess also1 ap>t f ?is exp]i5ce1 o!r sph]es ( exi/5ce2 = ! reason1 h[ev]1 t ?is s\l-possess$ /ate ( intimate life supplies ! really ideal cont5t1 ! expression & reality ( su* are n to be f\nd 9 ! isolat$ di/9ctions ( "*1 its tal5ts1 conditions1 & =tunes1 b are r lift$ above ! same4 ,:5 consequ5tly n[adays we he> p make a reg>d = di/9ctions 9 ! s\l-life ( diff]5t p]sons a matt] ( fir/ importance 9 education1 & 9 t :i* is ! ess5tial requirem5t ( ea* man individually1 f :i* we d$uce ! fundam5tal !sis t e "o w & inde$ inevitably mu/ act diff]5tly 9 a giv5 case1 su* a position directly cla%es ) ! fact ( ! love ( religion1 9 :i* all su* div]sities ( individual life fall into ! backgr\nd4 ,conv]sely1 h[ev]1 individual *>act]ization n[1 precisely = ! reason t x is ! uness5tial1 :i* refuses :olly to fuse ) ! spiritual realm ( cele/ial ,love1 receives a m emphatic def9ition4 ,9 o!r words1 agreeably to ! romantic type ( art1 x is free1 & is writt5 9 "* all ! m di/9ct 9 proportion z x refuses to accept z its supreme pr9ciple classical beauty1 t is ! entire transfusion ( imm$iate vitality1 & ! p>ticul>ity ( f9ite exi/5ce1 ) a spiritual or religi\s cont5t4 ,9 despite ( ?is fact1 h[ev]1 !re is no absolute reason t ?is individual *>act]ization %\ld impair ?is inw>d int5sity ( ,love1 :i*1 z su* on its own acc\nt1 is n %ackl$ to su* features1 b has become free1 & con/itutes indep5d5tly ! truly self-sub/antive ,ideal ( ,_s4 ,:at1 !n1 con/itutes ! ideal c5tre & ma9 cont5t ( ! religi\s field is1 z we h already indicat$ 9 our exam9ation ( ! romantic type ( art1 ! ess5tially reconcil$ & satisfi$ ,love1 ^: object %\ld appe> 9 ! art ( pa9t+1 ^: function x is to exhibit ! mo/ spiritual cont5t "u ! mode ( human & corporeal actuality1 z no m]e beyond ( ,_s1 b 9 its v]itable pres5ce4 ,9 con=mity ) su* a result we may adduce ! ,holy ,family1 & above all ! love ( ! ,madonna to h] *ild z ! ideal cont5t pre-em95tly fitt$ to ?is sph]e4 ,on ei!r side ( ?is c5tre1 h[ev]1 a mass ( additional mat]ial ext5ds :i* is 9 v>y+ degree less adapt$ 9 ?is s5se to ! art 9 "q4 ,i w n[ attempt to diff]5tiate ! :ole ( ?is mat]ial on ! foll[+ l9es4 77 ,! fir/ objectification is ! object ( ,love itself 9 its pure univ]sality & unimpair$ unity ) itself--,god ,himself 9 ,8 unph5om5al ess5ce--or ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 pa9t+ has great difficulties to ov]come1 :5 x attempts to depict ,god ! ,fa!r z ! religi\s imag9ation ( ,*ri/5dom seeks to grasp ,him4 ,! ,fa!r ( gods & m5 reg>d$ z a p>ticul> p]sonality is exhau/ively dealt ) by art 9 ,zeus4 ,:at on ! contr>y falls away f ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ,god ! ,fa!r is ! human individuality1 9 :i* pa9t+ is alone 9 a position to reproduce ! spiritual aspect4 ,= tak5 9 ,8 indep5d5t self-exclusion ,god ! ,fa!r is no d\bt spiritual p]sonality & supreme ,p[]1 ,wisdom & s =?1 b only reta9$ z su* )\t def9$ =m & z an ab/raction ( ?\ght4 ,! art ( pa9t+ is1 h[ev]1 unable to avoid an?ropomorphization1 & mu/ p]=ce assign to ,him ! figure ( man4 ,h[ev] broad 9 its g5]alization1 h[ev] l(ty1 ideal1 & ma/]ful ! pres5tm5t ( su* a figure may be1 we fail to get beyond ! fact t x is entirely a human individual ( m or less grave aspect1 :i* fails entirely to coalesce ) ! conception ( ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,among ! e>ly ,flemi% pa9t]s ,van ,eyck 9 8 ,god ! ,fa!r ( ! alt> picture at ,gh5t has atta9$ ! greate/ success t we c conceive z possible 9 ?is sph]e4 ,x is a creation t may well mat* our conception ( ! ,olympian ,zeus4 ,b h[ev] consummate x may be also 9 its expression ( et]nal repose1 l(t9ess1 p[]1 wor?1 & o!r qualities--& x is q impossible to ov]/ate ! dep? & impos+ "* ( its conception no less ?an its execution--yet our imag9ation _c fail to f9d some?+ 9 x :i* does n satisfy4 ,= :at is "h set be=e u z ,god ! ,fa!r1 t is to say a creation t is likewise human p]sonality1 is j :at we fir/ meet ) 9 ,*ri/ ! ,son4 ,x is 9 ,him t we contemplate = ! fir/ "t ?is decisive mom5t 9 :i* individuality & human exi/5ce comb9e z a mom5t 9 ! ,div9e ,life#bed1 & moreov] comb9e 9 su* a way t ! same is n disclos$ z an +5i\s creature ( ! phantasy1 z 0 ! case ) ! ,greek div9ities1 b z ess5tial & v revelation1 ! fact ( all importance & fundam5tal significance4 77 ,! m ess5tial object1 !re=e1 ( ,love 9 ! creation ( pa9t+ w be ,*ri/4 ,9 o!r words1 ) ?is object ,art at once f9ds itself 9 ! sph]e ( humanity1 a sph]e :i* along ) ,*ri/ embraces fur!r mat]ial 9 its pres5tations ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ,joseph1 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ! disciples1 & s =?1 & ultimately ! common folk :o 9 "p are foll[]s ( ! ,gospel1 & 9 "p cry out = ! crucifixion ( its ,ma/] & mock ,him 9 ,8 suff]+s4 ,& "h once m ! already m5tion$ difficulty confronts u h[ we are to conceive & depict ,*ri/ 9 8 univ]sality1 :5 he is pres5t$ 9 ! ord9>y way ( half-l5g? figures or portraits4 ,i mu/ admit t = myself at any rate1 ! heads ( ,*ri/ ,i h se5 by ,c>acci & o!rs &1 to take two fam\s examples1 t ( ,van ,eyck1 =m]ly 9 ! ,sully ,collection & n[ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 & t ( ,von ,heml+1 n[ 9 ,muni*1 d n give me ! entire satisfaction :i* !y ought to d4 ,t ( ,van ,eyck1 no d\bt1 is v impos+ 9 figure1 =ehead1 col\r1 & g5]al conception1 b ! m\? & eye :olly fail to express any?+ t transc5ds our humanity4 ,! expression is r t ( an inflexible s]i\sness1 :i* is emphasiz$ by ! g5]al type ( ! =m1 ! p>t+ ( ! hair1 & o!r traits4 ,& :5 su* heads incl9e /ill fur!r 9 expression & %ape t[>ds ! specifically human type1 & a mild]1 m yield+ & t5d] aspect is !reby import$1 mu* ( _! dep? & p[] ( impression is v readily lo/2 & lea/ ( all suit$ to su*1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 is ! beauty ( ,greek =m4 ,= ?is reason ,*ri/1 z depict$ 9 ! exp]i5ces ( ,8 actual life1 is a m suitable subject = pictorial ef=t4 ,yet 9 ?is connection an ess5tial di/9ction mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,x is q true t 9 ! biographies ( ,*ri/ we h f "o po9t ( view ! human consci\sness ( ,god pres5t$ u z a fundam5tal aspect4 ,*ri/ is "o ( ! gods1 b "u ! guise ( an actual man1 & takes ,8 place among m5 z "o ( !m1 9 ^: ph5om5al appe>ance ,he c consequ5tly be depict$ 9 s f> z su* expresses ! life ( ,_s4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 he is n m]ely an individual man1 b entirely ,god4 ,9 su* situations1 !re=e1 9 :i* ?is supreme ,div9ity =ces its way beyond ! limits ( human s\l-life1 ! art ( pa9t+ is met ) a fre% s\rce ( difficulty4 ,! v dep? ( ! cont5t beg9s to be too ov]p[]+4 ,= 9 ! majority ( cases 9 :i* we f9d ,*ri/ pres5t$ = example m]ely z a tea*]1 art w n pass mu* beyond ! po9t 9 :i* ,he is depict$ z ! noble/1 mo/ wor?y1 & wise/ ( m51 mu* z ,py?agoras or any o!r wise man1 is pres5t$ to u 9 su* a picture z ,raphael's ,s*ool ( ,a!ns4 ,! mo/ important way 9 :i* pa9t+ c ov]come su* a difficulty is to br+ ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/ ma9ly into direct contra/ ) ,8 surr\nd+s1 & above all1 to contra/ x ) ! s9s1 ! rep5tance & p5ance1 or ! meanness & evil ( our humanity1 or aga9 conv]sely ?r\gh ,8 wor%ipp]s1 :o1 by _! adoration ( ,him remove ,him z "o ( !mselves & a man1 exi/+ 9 a p>ticul> place1 f su* imm$iate conditions1 s t we behold ,him exalt$ to ! heav5 ( ,_s1 & at ! same "t get a glimpse ( ! fact t ,8 appe>ance has n m]ely be5 t ( ,god1 b also t ( ! human =m "u its ord9>y & natural1 9 o!r words1 n :olly ideal conditions1 :o z ,_s ess5tially possesses 8 exi/5ce 9 our humanity & ! human community1 & expresses ,8 div9ity z reflect$ 9 ! same4 ,b we mu/ n und]/& ?is reflection z ?\gh ,god is pres5t 9 humanity z 9 a purely accid5tal or ext]nal mode ( =m & expression2 r we ought to reg>d ! ,_s manife/$ 9 ! consci\sness ( mank9d z ! ess5tial spiritual exi/5ce ( ,god ,himself#bee4 ,su* a mode ( pres5tation w be exceptionally appropriate :]e ,*ri/ is to be repres5t$ z man1 tea*]1 z ! ris5 & glorifi$ p]son :o asc5ds up to heav5 be=e our eyes4 ,to speak pla9ly1 9 situations su* z ^! ! means ( expression 9 pa9t+ su* z ! human =m & its col\r1 ! c\nt5ance1 ! glance ( eye1 are n :olly suffici5t to express all t is impli$ 9 ! ,*ri/4 ,& lea/ ( all w ! antique beauty ( =ms suffice4 ,9 p>ticul> ! resurrection & asc5sion1 & g5]ally1 all sc5es 9 ! life ( ,*ri/1 9 :i* ,he1 ! individual man1 is already dive/$ ( imm$iate exi/5ce z su* on ,8 return to ,8 ,fa!r1 require a m elevat$ expression ( ,div9ity ?an ! art ( pa9t+ is able to supply1 = ! reason t x ought to cancel ! v means x uses 9 its repres5tation1 t is1 ! expression ( human s\l-life 9 its ext]nal =m1 & glorify ! same 9 a light ( pur] quality4 ,consequ5tly1 we %all f9d ^? sc5es ( ,*ri/'s life treat$ ) great] advantage & m fitt+ effect 9 :i* ,he ,himself has n yet arriv$ at ! full consummation1 or :]e ,8 ,div9ity appe>s to be ob/ruct$ & depress$ 9 ! mom5t ( negation4 ,& ?is we f9d is ! case 9 ,8 *ildhood & ! ,passion4 ,t ,*ri/ z a *ild expresses def9itely f a c]ta9 po9t ( view ! significance :i* atta*es to ,him 9 religion4 ,he is ,god ,:o becomes man1 & ,:o consequ5tly passes ?r\gh ! /ages ( man's natural life4 ,9 ano!r aspect ( ! same fact t ,he is pres5t$ to our m9ds z a *ild we are l$ to feel ! practical impossibility ( disclos+ entirely to u all t ,he ess5tially is4 ,& x is j "h t ! art ( pa9t+ possesses ! incalculable advantage ( be+ able to %[ h[ ! l(t9ess & dignity ( ,_s c %9e =? f ! navet & innoc5ce ( ! *ild1 :i* 9 "s measure d]ives actual =ce f su* a contra/1 & 9 "p1 = ! v reason t x is pr$icat$ ( an infant1 is to an inf9itely less ext5t requir$ by u 9 comp>ison ) t we look = 9 ,*ri/ z man1 tea*]1 & judge ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is way ! examples ( ,*ri/ ! babe :i* we f9d 9 ,raphael's pictures1 & above all1 t 9 ! ,si/9e ,madonna picture at ,dresd51 (f] u ! mo/ beautiful pres5tm5t ( *ildhood4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 aw>e 9 !m also ( a t5d5cy to pass beyond m]ely *ildlike innoc5ce1 a passage :i* discloses q z mu* ! ,div9e already pres5t 9 ! op5+ %ea?1 z x enables u to surmise ! expansion ( su* ,div9ity to an inf9ite fulness ( revelation1 a revelation ! incomplet5ess ( :i* 9 ! *ild c>ries ) x its own ju/ification4 ,9 ! ,madonna pictures ( ,van ,eyck1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,div9e babe is ! lea/ successful feature1 = !y are 9 g5]al /iff & emphasize ! defective =m ( a newly-born *ild4 ,x has be5 attempt$ to reg>d ?is z allegorical & int5tional4 ,!y are n to be fair 9 aspect because x is n ! beauty ( ! ,*ri/ babe :i* is t :i* is adorable1 b ! ,*ri/ z ,*ri/4 ,su* a mode ( ?\ght is n consonant ) ! true aim ( ,art1 & ! babes ( ,raphael reg>d$ z works ( art are 9 ?is respect ( f> high] rank4 ,9 ! same way ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/'s passion1 su* z ! sc5es :]e ,he is mock$ & cr[n$ ) ?orns1 t ( ! ,ecce ,homo c>ry+ ! cross1 deposition1 & burial1 are exceptionally appropriate to pictorial pres5tm5t4 ,= 9 ^! x is precisely ! ,div9ity1 9 its contra/ to its triumph & 9 ! depression ( its unlimit$ p[] & wisdom1 :i* supplies ! cont5t4 ,art is n m]ely able to pres5t ?is1 b !re is ample room = ! play ( orig9ality 9 ! composition ( su* sc5es )\t fall+ into purely fanta/ical imag]y4 ,god is "h set be=e u z suff]+1 9 s f> z ,he is man & "u c]ta9 det]m9ate b\nds4 ,su* pa9 is n m]ely disclos$ z human pa9 ov] human calamity1 b x is an awful suff]+1 ! feel+ ( an inf9ite negativity1 albeit 9 human =m1 z ! consci\s life ( "o individual4 ,& )al !re is add$1 = ! reason t x is ,god :o suff]s1 a c]ta9 s5se ( alleviation1 a r$uction ( su* angui% :i* is ?us unable to break =? 9 actual despair1 di/ortion1 & horror4 ,?is expression ( s\l-suff]+ is1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! works ( sev]al ,italian ma/]s1 an orig9al creation4 ,! pa9 is 9 ! l[] portions ( ! c\nt5ance1 a gravity ( mi51 & no?+ m1 n z 9 ! ,laocoon a contraction ( ! muscles1 :i* c be int]pret$ z an actual cry2 b 9 ! eyes & on ! =ehead ! bill[s ( s\l-angui% are1 s to speak1 all[$ to roll ov] "o ano!r4 ,! sweat drops t bespeak ! he>t's agony /& =?2 & ) true in/9ct on ! br[1 9 :i* ! immovable bone con/itutes ! det]m9+ feature1 precisely at ! po9t :]e nose1 eyes1 & =ehead coalesce1 & ! life ( m9d & he>t is conc5trat$ & emphasiz$1 we f9d t j "o or two indications ( sk9-folds & muscles1 unable to be di/ort$ to any great ext5t1 are suff]$ pre-em95tly to be> & express 9 t5sion ?is accumulat$ weight ( agony4 ,9 p>ticul> ,i c recall a c]ta9 head 9 ! gall]y ( ,s*lei%eim1 9 :i* ! ma/]--,i fancy ,guido ,r5i#bef--;& d\btless o!rs 9 a simil> way1 h discov]$ a di/9ct col\r tone = ! fle%1 :i* is q unlike t ( human fle%4 ,!y _h to disclose ! night ( ! ,_s & creat$ = ! same a d[ry ( col\r1 mo/ admirably adapt$ to express ?is tempe/1 ^! black cl\ds ( ,_s :i* are likewise encompass$ by ! braz5 =ehead ( ! ,div9e ,nature#beg4 ,z ! mo/ p]fect subject ( su* pa9t+1 h[ev]1 ,i h already affirm$ t ,love1 :i* is ess5tially satisfi$1 ^: object is no purely spiritual ,beyond1 b "o actually pres5t1 s t we c behold ,love itself 9 its object4 ,! highe/ & mo/ unique =m ( su* a ,love is t ( ! ,virg9 ,"m = h] ,*ri/ *ild1 ! love ( ! "o "m :o has br\ght =? ! ,savi\r ( ! _w & c>ries ,him 9 h] arms4 ,?is is ! cont5t ( mo/ lovel9ess to :i* we may say ,*ri/ian art g5]ally & pre-em95tly ! pa9t]'s art 9 ! religi\s sph]e has be5 exalt$4 ,! love ( ,god1 & m expressly#beh t ( :i* ,*ri/ is ! object1 is ( an entirely spiritual type4 ,its object is only visible to ! eyes ( ! s\l1 s t 9 ^! cases we d n 9 ! /rict s5se get ! reciprocity :i* is b\nd ) ! notion ( ,love1 & moreov] !re is no natural tie :i* secures ! lov]s & f its orig9 b9ds !m to ea* o!r4 ,e o!r type ( love1 to put ! matt] conv]sely1 rema9s 9 "s measure accid5tal 9 its incid5ce1 & 9 ano!r aspect ( x ! lov]s possess1 z1 = in/ance1 si/]s1 or ! fa!r's love = 8 *ildr51 yet fur!r relations outside ?is p>ticul> "o1 :i* ass]t an ess5tial claim ^u !m4 ,a fa!r or bro!rs are compell$ to direct _! att5tion to ! _w1 ! ,/ate1 affairs or w>1 9 "o ^w univ]sal ends2 ! si/] becomes wife1 "m1 & s =?4 ,9 ! case ( a "m's love ( h] *ild1 on ! contr>y1 ! love is f its v nature nei!r some?+ t is cont+5t1 nor is x m]ely a s+le phase#bei4 ,x is its highe/ e>?ly type1 9 :i* its natural "* & its mo/ sacr$ function imm$iately coalesce4 ,f ! po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 9 :i* z a rule 9 mat]nal love ! "m sees & feels at ! same "t h] husb& 9 h] *ild1 we may obs]ve t ?is aspect1 too1 9 ! ,virg9 ,m>y's case disappe>s4 ,h] feel+ has no?+ 9 common ) a wife's love = h] w$d$ husb&2 on ! contr>y h] relation to ,joseph is r t ( a si/]1 & on ! side ( ,joseph a feel+ ( respectful rev]5ce = ! ,*ild t is ,god's & ,m>y's4 ,we !re=e f9d t religi\s love is set =? 9 its fulle/ & mo/ ideal#bfj human =m1 n 9 t = ,*ri/ amid ,8 suff]+s1 nor 9 ,8 resurrection1 nor z ,he delays ,8 dep>ture among ,8 fri5ds1 b 9 ! emotional nature ( a woman1 9 ,m>y4 ,h] entire s\l & life is human love = ! ,*ild1 :i* %e calls h] own1 & along ) x adoration1 & love ( ,god ) :om %e feels h]self ?us unit$#bfa4 ,%e is humble be=e ,god1 & yet is /eep$ 9 ! inf9ite exaltation t %e is ! s+le "o among maid5s :o is above all bless$4 ,n alone & ap>t1 b only 9 h] ,*ild is %e made p]fect 9 ,god1 b 9 t1 :e!r x be by ! cradle or z que5 ( heav51 %e is entirely cont5t & bless$1 )\t passion & ye>n+1 ) no o!r want1 ) no o!r aim to h or possess any?+ b t :i* %e possesses4 ,! manife/ation ( ?is love "u ! aspect ( its religi\s cont5t exp&s 9 _m directions1 su* z ! annunciation1 ! visitation1 ! bir?1 ! flight into ,egypt1 & o!r su* incid5ts4 ,we may also associate ) x1 dur+ ! lat] c\rse ( ! ,*ri/-life1 ! disciples & wom51 :o foll[ ,him1 & 9 :om ! love ( ,god is m or less a p]sonal relation ( _! love to ! liv+1 pres5t ,savi\r1 ,:o1 z actual man1 pursues ,8 c\rse among !m1 & 9 l mann] also ! love ( ^? angels :o1 on ! occasion ( ,8 bir? & at o!r times1 hov] ar\nd 9 grave adoration or simple joy4 ,9 treat+ all su* figures ! art ( pa9t+ 9 p>ticul> discloses ! complete peace & cont5t ( su* a love4 ,b ?is peace1 fur!rmore1 is dissolv$ 9 ! mo/ he>tfelt angui%4 ,m>y ! "m beholds ,*ri/ c>ry+ ! cross4 ,%e sees ,him suff] on ! cross & die2 %e sees ,him tak5 f ! cross & buri$1 & no grief is m poignant ?an h] own4 ,& yet we may obs]ve t x is nei!r ! irrep>abl5ess#bfb ( su* a grief1 or r ( su* a loss1 nor ! weight ( ! calamity1 nor ! lam5t ov] ! inju/ice ( de/9y1 :i* con/itutes ! real cont5t 9 su* angui%1 s t a contra/ betwe5 x & ! sorr[ ( ,niobe is p>ticul>ly in/ructive4 ,niobe1 too1 has lo/ all h] *ildr51 & is set be=e u 9 sev]e l(t9ess & unp]turb$ beauty4 ,! ma9 cont5t "h is ! aspect ( ! natural life ( ?is ill-/>r$ suff]]1 ! beauty 9 :i* ,nature has rob$ h] & :i* embraces ! entire pres5tm5t ( h] actual exi/5ce4 ,%e1 ?is actual p]sonality1 is beauty p]sonifi$1 & !re9 %e p]si/s4 ,b h] s\l-life1 h] he>t1 has lo/ ! entire cont5t ( its love1 its s\l1 & h] individuality & beauty c only turn into /one4 ,! grief ( ,m>y is ( a :olly diff]5t type4 ,%e feels intimately ! dagg] :i* cuts ?r\gh h] s\l's v c5tre1 h] he>t breaks1 b %e does n become /one4 ,%e did n m]ely possess love1 b h] s\l-life ?r\gh\t is no?+ b love1 t is1 free & concrete ideality1 :i* reta9s ! absolute cont5t ( t :i* x loses1 & 9 ! loss itself ( ! belov$ p]si/s 9 ! peace ( love4 ,h] he>t inde$ breaks1 b ! sub/antive pr9ciple ( h] he>t1 ! cont5t ( its life#bfc1 :i* is disclos$ ?r\gh h] angui% ( s\l ) a vital /r5g? t c nev] be lo/1 is some?+ inf9itely m exalt$1 namely1 ! liv+ beauty ( ! human s\l1 z contra/$ ) its ab/ract sub/ance1 ^: ideal exi/5ce z pres5t$ 9 bodily %ape1 :5 x is lo/ rema9s inde$ inde/ructible1 b is turn$ to /one4 ,!re is "o fur!r subject = pa9t+ 9 connection ) ,m>y ! "m ( ,jesus1 & t is h] dea? & assumption4 ,s*oreel has ) exceptional beauty depict$ a dea? ( ,m>y 9 :i* we f9d ! *>m ( h] y\? once m re/or$#bfd4 ,?is ma/] has unit$ 9 8 picture ! expression ( somnambulism1 pres5ce ( dea?1 rigidity1 & bl9dness t[>ds ! ext]ior _w ) "o :i* seems to sugge/ t ! _s1 :i* seems someh[ to p5etrate ?r\gh _! g5]al aspect1 has f\nd a home else:]e & is bless$ !re94 77,?irdly1 we mu/ include )9 ! sph]e ( ! actual pres5ce ( ,god 9 ! life1 suff]+s1 & glorification ( ,himself1 mank9d at l>ge#bfe1 t is to say ! consci\sness ( individual human life1 :i* ,god1 or m accurately ! ev5ts ( ,8 hi/ory1 con/itutes z itself an object ( ,8 love1 communicat+ to x a cont5t :i* is n m]ely f9ite b absolute 9 its significance4 ,"h1 too1 we may emphasize ! ?ree aspects ( tranquil devotion1 rep5tance1 & conv]sion1 :i* bo? f ! po9t ( view ( ! s\l & t ( ext]nal condition ! hi/ory ( ! ,div9e ,passion repeats to mank9d1 no less ?an ! ideal consummation 9 glory & ! bless$ness ( pure atta9m5t4 ,9 respect to ! fir/ ( ^!1 namely1 devotion1 we h "h :at is prim>ily ! cont5t ( pray]4 ,?is relation is 9 "o aspect ( x a humbl+1 surr5d] ( ! self1 ! seek+ ( peace 9 ano!r2 f ano!r po9t ( view x is n a petition b r a pray]#bff4 ,petition & pray] are no d\bt closely connect$ 9 s f>1 t is1 z a pray] c be a petition4 ,& yet ! g5u9e petition seeks aft] some?+ = itself4 ,x importunes ! man :o possesses some?+ ( importance to myself1 t he may feel incl9$ to d me a fav\r 9 virtue ( ! reque/1 t 8 he>t may yield1 or 8 love may be r\s$ t[>d me1 9 "o ^w t 8 feel+ ( id5tity ) myself may be awak5$4 ,:at ,i1 h[ev]1 feel 9 mak+ a petition is ! desire = some?+1 :i* ! o!r p]son mu/ lose if ,i am to secure x4 ,! o!r p]son is to love me 9 ord] t my self-love may be satisfi$1 & my weal & necessity be promot$4 ,i on ! contr>y give no?+ fur!r 9 ! transaction unless x be conta9$ 9 an admission t ! p]son ?us opportun$ may ask = simil> fav\rs f myself4 ,pray] is n a petition ( ?is type4 ,x is an exaltation ( ! he>t to ! ,absolute1 :i* is assum$ to be ess5tially ,love1 & z su* possesses no?+ indep5d5tly#bfg4 ,! devotion itself is ! gift1 ! petition itself is ! bless$ness4 ,= al?\gh pray] may conta9 a petition = "s p>ticul> ?+1 yet x is n ?is p>ticul> ?+ :i* is ! true purport ( ! pray]2 r ! ess5tial tru? ( x is ! conviction t ! petition w be he>d1 & n he>d 9 its relation to ! p>ticul> reque/ s mu* z to ! absolute tru/ t ,god w apportion t :i* is be/ = me to receive4 ,& ?us ev5 9 su* a connection pray] is itself its own satisfaction1 ! enjoym5t1 ! express feel+ & consci\sness ( et]nal ,love1 :i* n only ) its ray ( illum9ation %9es ?r\gh ! object#bfh ( pray] & its situation1 b 9 fact con/itutes ! situation & :at is !re actually or is !reby manife/$4 ,x is ?is type ( supplication :i* we f9d exemplifi$ by ,pope ,sixtus 9 ! picture ( ,raphael already m5tion$#bfi1 no less ?an by ,santa ,b>b>a 9 ! same picture1 & by _m o!r repres5tations ( ! pray]s ( apo/les & sa9ts1 ( ,sa9t ,francis#bgj & ! l at ! foot ( ! ,cross1 :]e we f9d 9 ! place ( ! suff]+ ( ,*ri/1 or ! dismay1 d\bt1 & despair ( ! disciples ! love & adoration ( ,god1 & ! pray] t loses itself 9 ,him is select$ z ! significant cont5t4 ,we f9d su* r5d]$ ) p>ticul> =ce = ! mo/ "p on ! c\nt5ances ( ag$ m5 m>k$ /rongly ) ! suff]+s & exp]i5ce ( life 9 ! e>li] p]iod ( pa9t+1 faces t appe> to be portraits1 s\ls p]meat$ ) devotional feel+ to su* an ext5t t ?is attitude ( pray] does n m]ely appe> to be exp]i5c$ at ?is p>ticul> mom5t1 b r !y are pres5t$ u z pi\s & sa9tlike p]sons ^: entire life1 ?\ght1 in/9ct1 & volition is "o pray]1 & ^: expression despite ( all ! tru? ( _! portraiture may be summ$ up :olly 9 ?is assurance & peace ( ,love4 ,x is o!rwise1 h[ev]1 among _m ( ! e>li] ,g]man & ,flemi% ma/]s4 ,! subject ( ! alt> picture 9 ,cologne ,ca!dral is ! ador+ k+s & patrons ( ,cologne4 ,we f9d ?is subject too frequ5tly select$ by ! s*ool ( ,van ,eyck4 ,9 su* examples ! p]sons :o adore are frequ5tly fam\s individuals1 pr9ces1 z1 = in/ance1 9 a well-kn[n adoration picture1 :i* has be5 tak5 = ! "w ( ,van ,eyck1 critics h id5tifi$ two ( ! k+s ) portraits ( ,philip ( ,burgundy & ,*>les ! ,bold4 ,9 ! case ( p]sonages ( ?is type we see t !y are some?+ m ?an sa9ts1 h affairs 9 ! _w1 & only g to mass on ,sunday or 9 ! e>ly morn+1 b dur+ ! re/ ( ! week or = ! re/ ( ! day h o!r bus9ess to look aft]4 ,& m p>ticul>ly 9 our ,flemi% or ,g]man pictures ! patrons are pi\s knights1 ,god-fe>+ h\sewives ) _! sons & daught]s4 ,!y resemble ,m>?a :o f>es hi!r & ?i!r & is conc]n$ ) matt]s ( ext]nal or mundane significance1 r ?an ,m>y :o has select$ once & = all ! be/ "p4 ,_! piety is n defici5t1 x is true1 9 int5sity & s\l2 b we d n f9d "h ! song ( ,love :i* is at once ! beg9n+ & end ( x1 & :i* is p]=ce n m]ely an exaltation1 a pray]1 or ?anks = a gift receiv$1 b is z mu* its unique life z t ( ! night+ale4 ,we may summ>ize ! di/9ction :i* c be drawn g5]ally 9 pictures ( ?is k9d betwe5 sa9ts & wor%ipp]s on ! "o h&1 & pi\s memb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian community z !y actually appe>$ on ! o!r1 9 ! /atem5t t ! wor%ipp]s1 m especially 9 ,italian pictures1 disclose 9 ! expression ( _! piety a complete h>mony ( ext]nal & spiritual condition4 ,x is _! v s\l :i* we f9d writt5 = ! mo/ "p on _! c\nt5ances1 :i* are n p]mitt$ to express any?+ oppos$ to ! emotions ( _! he>t4 ,9 ! actual conditions ( life ?is is n always ! case4 ,an infant1 = example1 :5 x weeps1 m p>ticul>ly :5 beg9n+ to d s1 q ap>t f ! fact t we "k its grief is n wor? ! tr\ble ( cry+ ov]1 (t5 makes u smile ) its ugly faces4 ,& 9 ! same way old folk puck] up _! face :5 !y laugh1 because ! l9es ( _! features are too pron\nc$1 cold1 & /iff to accommodate !mselves readily to an unres]v$ & natural laugh or a fri5dly smile4 ,! art ( pa9t+ %\ld endeav\r to avoid ?is incompatibility betwe5 ! emotions ( piety express$ & ! s5su\s =ms :i* h to express !m1 &1 s f> z possible1 produce a h>mony betwe5 ! s\l & its ext]nal mode ( expression4 ,& ?is 9 ! highe/ degree 0 effect$ by ! ,italians2 ! ,g]mans & ,flemi% 7 less successful1 because ! ma9 object 9 _! "w 0 liv+ portraiture4 ,i w add "o fur!r rem>k1 t ?is devotion ( ! s\l ought n to rea* ! po9t ( ! actual cry ( anxiety1 t cry ( tribulation & desire1 su* z ! ,psalms & _m ,lu!ran hymns express1 & we may illu/rate x ) ! old words3 ,z ! h>t crie? = ! wat]-brooks1 s crie? my s\l = ,!e4 ,we may r indicate x z a gradual melt+ away1 n to t att5uation ( sweetness p]haps we associate ) ! nun1 b at any rate a surr5d] ( ! s\l1 & an enjoym5t & satisfaction 9 su* surr5d]4 ,= t travail ( fai?1 t anxi\s tr\bl+ ( s\l1 t d\bt & desp]ation :i* p]si/s 9 disunion1 su* a type ( hypo*ondriacal piety :i* nev] is c]ta9 :e!r x is /ill s91 :e!r !re has be5 rep5tance & p>don is complete1 a surr5d]1 9 :i* ! s\l c nev] advance a /ep1 & is always betray+ ! fact by 8 anxiety1 su* a /ate is n compatible ) ! beauty ( ! romantic ,ideal4 ,we mu* pref] t ! eye ( devotion %\ld raise its look ( ye>n+ heav5w>ds1 al?\gh x is bo? m arti/ic & gives u yet m satisfaction :5 x is c5tr$ on "s pres5t object ( adoration1 :e!r x be ! ,virg9 ,"m1 ,*ri/1 or sa9t4 ,x is a facile ?+1 only too facile1 to atta* to a picture a spiritual int]e/1 by mak+ its c5tral figure gaze heav5w>ds1 any:]e beyond ! _w1 j z we f9d t n[adays p are only too ready to make use ( an equally facile way ( prov+ ,god & religion to be ! f\ndation ( society by quot+ texts ( ! ,bible r ?an e/abli%+ su* a basis on ! reason ( actual reality4 ,su* a gaze ( c\nt5ance upw>ds becomes 9 ! pictures ( ,guido ,r5i#bga1 = example1 a pure mann]ism4 ,! ,assumption ( ! ,virg91 too1 :i* we f9d at ,muni*1 has be5 mu* eulogiz$ by its admir]s & critics1 & we may admit t ! exalt$ "* ( its transfiguration1 ! absorption & surr5d] ( ! s\l 9 ! heav5ly vision1 & inde$ ! entire pose ( ! asc5d+ figure1 to say no?+ ( ! brilliance & beauty ( ! col\r+1 is mo/ impressive4 ,b = myself ,i f9d su* repres5tations :i* depict ! ,virg9 ,"m 9 h] own daydream ( love & bless$ness ) h] glance c5tr$ on h] babe /ill m appropriate to h] tru?4 ,! o!r type ( ye>n+ & /ra91 ) its upw>d gaze heav5w>ds1 is some:at too ne> to our mod]n s5tim5talism4 ,a fur!r aspect ( importance is conc]n$ ) ! entrance ( ! pr9ciple ( negation into ! spiritual devotion ( ,love4 ,! disciples1 sa9ts1 & m>tyrs1 h to pass ?r\gh1 9 "s measure z an exp]i5ce ( _! s\ls1 & 9 "p1 too1 z "o ( _! ext]nal life1 t way ( suff]+ along :i* ! ,*ri/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,8 ,passion pass$ be=e !m4 ,?is suff]+ lies to "s ext5t on ! conf9es ( art4 ,pa9t+ c v easily ov]/ep ?is b\nd>y1 9 s f>1 t is1 z x accepts = its subject-matt] ! horrors & t]rors ( ! bodily torture1 :e!r x be 9 flay+1 or burn+1 or crucifixion1 & its pa9s4 ,?is x is n p]mitt$ to d1 if x is n to =sake ! spiritual ,ideal4 ,?is is n solely due to ! fact t to pres5t m>tyrs "u su* conditions to our sight is n beautiful to ! s5se1 nor because our n]ves n[adays are too ke5ly /rung1 b on ! bett] gr\nd t ?is mat]ial aspect is n ! really important "o4 ,! true cont5t we h to foll[ ) sympa?y & :i* %\ld be depict$ is ! spiritual exp]i5ce1 ! s\l 9 all t x suff]s ?r\gh ,love1 & n ! direct bodily pa9 ( a c]ta9 individual1 ! grief = ! suff]+s ( ano!r1 or ! angui% felt p]sonally = p]sonal dem]it4 ,! endurance ( m>tyrs 9 physical tortures is an endurance :i* c>ries ) x m]ely physical pa93 :at ! spiritual ,ideal looks = is ! trial ( ! s\l 9 its own doma91 its own peculi> suff]+1 ! w\nds ( its love1 ! rep5tance1 m\rn+1 angui%1 & p5ance ( its he>t4 ,b we mu/ add t 9 depict+ ?is pa9 ( s\l ! positive aspect mu/ n :olly be abs5t4 ,! s\l mu/ be assur$ ( ! actual & ess5tially consummat$ reconciliation betwe5 mank9d & ,god1 & only exp]i5ce anxiety t ?is et]nal salvation be realiz$ z a tru? 9 itself4 ,9 ?is connection we n unfrequ5tly meet ) rep5tant p1 m>tyrs1 & monks1 :o1 despite ( _! assur$ness ( an objective atonem5t1 p>tly are ov]:elm$ ) sorr[ = a he>t ^: entire surr5d] !y deem to be "r1 & p>tly h already made su* complete surr5d]1 & yet are always = realiz+ su* reconciliation anew1 & consequ5tly = ev] impos+ on !mselves ! burd5 ( p5ances4 ,& we f9d1 !re=e1 9 ! arti/ic treatm5t ( su* situations a tw(old po9t ( dep>ture4 ,9 o!r words1 ! arti/ may1 to />t )1 presuppose 9 8 subject an op5 disposition1 fre$om1 *e]fulness1 & decision ( _s1 su* z c>ries ) ease life & ! yoke ( ! actual _w & kn[s h[ to readily deal ) ! same1 !n he may fitly associate ) su* pa9ful exp]i5ces a native nobility1 grace1 fre%ness1 fre$om1 & beauty ( =m4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 8 "w is bas$ ^u a natural s5se t is m refractory1 defiant1 savage1 & limit$1 ! conflict ( ! _s 9 ov]com+ ! fle% & ! _w1 & secur+ to itself ! religion ( salvation w necess>ily imply m sev]e travail4 ,9 cases ( su* ob/9acy ( s\l1 !re=e1 ! h>%] reflections ( =ce & /ability are m app>5t1 ! sc>s ( ! w\nds :i* h be5 inflict$ on an ob/9acy ( ?is type are m visible & endur+1 & ! beauty ( ! physical result t5ds to vani%#bgb4 ,?irdly1 t positive aspect ( atonem5t1 ! transfigurem5t t results f grief's travail1 ! bless$ness t comes ( rep5tance may be indep5d5tly accept$ z ! subject ( arti/ic pres5tm5t ?\gh x may readily pass into false conceptions4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! ma9 di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ! absolute spiritual ,ideal reg>d$ z ! ess5tial cont5t ( romantic pa9t+4 ,x =ms ! mat]ial ( its mo/ successful & solemn creations1 works t are immortal by virtue ( ! dep? ( _! contemplation2 & :5 ! repres5tation ( ess5tial tru? is !reby express$ !y are no?+ less ?an ! mo/ exalt$ expansion ( ! s\l to its heav5 ( bliss1 ! mo/ intimate & complete revelation ( ideal life t an arti/ c br+ be=e our vision4 ,foll[+ ?is pre-em95tly religi\s sph]e ( arti/ic production we h /ill to inve/igate two fur!r fields ( its activity4 77 ,9 direct contra/ to ! prov9ce ( religion we h t :i*1 if we consid] x 9 its isolat$ ab/raction1 is equally de/itute ( ! life ( s\l & ,god1 ,nature 9 its simple/ t]ms1 & reg>d$ m def9itely 9 its connection ) pa9t+1 ,nature's l&scape4 ,we h /at$ ! "* ( ! object ( religion to be su* t 9 x ! sub/antive ideality ( ! s\l expresses !re9 ! indwell+ s5se ( ,love z unit$ to ! ,absolute#bgc4 ,?is inw>d ideality has1 h[ev]1 a fur!r cont5t4 ,x is able to discov] 9 t :i* is :olly ext]nal an accord ) s\l-life1 & c recognize 9 ! objective _w z su* traits :i* h an aff9ity ) :at is spiritual4 ,reg>d$ 9 _! imm$iacy1 no d\bt1 hills1 m\nta9s1 woods1 valleys1 /reams1 mead[s1 sunlight1 moon1 & ! />ry heav5s1 are simply p]ceiv$ to be ! natural objects !y are4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 ^! objects h to />t ) an indep5d5t int]e/1 9 s f> z x is ! free life ( ,nature1 :i* appe>s 9 !m1 & produces a s5se ( fell[ feel+ 9 ! individual z "o :o %>es t life himself2 &1 secondly1 ! p>ticul> *anges ( ,nature's moods br+ ab\t /ates 9 ! s\l :i* correspond to su* moods4 ,x is possible = man to foll[ ) 8 own life ?is animation ( ,nature & p>take 9 ?is h>mony ( s\l ) its environm5t1 & feel !reby at home 9 ,nature4 ,j z ! ,arcadians spoke ( a ,pan1 :o made !m %udd] & fright5$ 9 ! gloam+ ( ! =e/1 9 ! same way ! v>i$ conditions ( ,nature's l&scape 9 its g5tle bli!som5ess1 its balmy repose1 its spr+-fre%ness1 its w9try *ill1 its morn+ awak5+ & ev5+ re/ f9d _! c\nt]feits 9 /ates ( ! s\l4 ,! tranquil dep? ( ! ocean1 ! possibility t its dep?s may break =? ) inf9ite p[] is ak9 to s\l movem5ts1 j z conv]sely ! ro>+1 upwell+1 foam+1 & break ( /orm-toss$ waves /ir ! s\l ) concordant music4 ,x is an ideal significance ( ?is k9d t ! art ( pa9t+ accepts z its object4 ,& = ?is reason x is n natural objects m]ely z su* 9 _! ext]nal =m & association :i* ought to con/itute its true cont5t1 s t pa9t+ is no?+ m ?an a m]e imitation1 b r ! animation ( ,nature's life1 :i* int]fuses x ?r\gh\t & :i* is able to br+ into prom95ce & ass]t ) m vividness 9 ! sc5es ( ,nature reproduc$ ! *>act]i/ic aff9ity ( specific conditions ( ?is life ) p>ticul> spiritual /ates--x is a vital p>ticipation 9 ,nature ( ?is k9d :i* gives u ! meet+-po9t1 /eep$ z x is 9 ! s\l-life & temp]am5t ( ! arti/1 by means ( :i* ,nature may become ! cont5t ( pa9t+ n m]ely z environm5t1 b z possess+ a di/9ct individuality#bgd4 77 ,!re is yet fur!r a ?ird type ( idealization :i* we f9d p>tly 9 ! case :]e objects :olly insignificant are deta*$ f ! position !y occupy 9 ! l&scape1 &1 p>tly1 9 sc5es ( human life1 :i* may appe> to u n m]ely z :olly accid5tal z ?us select$1 b ev5 ( a k9d t is bo? mean & commonplace4 ,i h already f\nd an opportunity = an attempt to ju/ify ! arti/ic selection ( su* subjects#bge4 ,i w 9 connection ) pa9t+ m]ely add ! foll[+ rem>ks to our =m] discussion4 ,! art ( pa9t+ is n m]ely conc]n$ ) ! inw>d life ( ! s\l1 b ) t ideal elem5t t is ess5tially p>ticul>iz$#bgf4 ,?is latt] type ( ideality = ! reason t p>ticul>ity is its pr9ciple is n cont5t to re/ satisfi$ ) ! absolute object ( religion1 & z little w m]ely accept f ! ext]nal _w ,nature's vitality & its def9$ "* z l&scape2 r x insi/s on p>tak+ ( ev]y?+1 9 :i* man z an isolat$ individual s\l c take a rational int]e/ & f9d pleasure4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( its repres5tations ( religi\s mat]ial art1 9 proportion z x develops1 x atta*es su* m closely to t]re/rial conditions & ! objects ( actual vision1 giv+ to its cont5t ! complete pres5ce ( natural exi/5ce1 s t we ultimately f9d t ! aspect ( s5su\s exi/5ce is mo/ important & ! int]e/ ( devotional life only s 9 a subord9ate degree4 ,= "h1 too1 art receives ! task to "w out ! ,ideal 9 its fulle/ realization1 9 o!r words1 to pres5t to our s5ses t :i* is orig9ally deta*$ f !m1 to c>ry ov] objects tak5 f ! remot5ess ( pa/ life into pres5t life & unite !m ) t pres5t human life4 ,at our pres5t /age ( human evolution x is ! ideality :i* we f9d 9 actual life z x faces u1 9 ! circum/ances ( daily exp]i5ce1 ! mo/ common & ! mo/ trivial1 :i* is ! actual cont5t4 77 ,if we inquire1 !n1 :at x is t makes a cont5t ( ?is k9d1 o!rwise s pov]ty-/rick5 & indiff]5t1 compatible ) ! claims ( art1 we mu/ reply t x is ! sub/antive core t is conta9$ & made valid !re91 9 g5]al t]ms ! vitality & delight ( self-subsi/5t exi/5ce1 exemplifi$ 9 ! greate/ v>iety ( its aims & int]e/s4 ,! life ( mank9d is always 9 ! imm$iate ,pres5t4 ,:at a man may d 9 ea* mom5t !re( is some?+ specific1 & its ju/ification consi/s 9 ! fact t he c>ries ?r\gh all 8 engagem5ts1 ! lea/ no less ?an ! greate/1 ) he>t & s\l4 ,9 ?is way he is unit$ ) ea* p>ticul> incid5t1 &1 by infus+ into ea* ! entire =ce ( 8 individuality1 appe>s to id5tify 8 :ole exi/5ce ) su*4 ,?is coalesc5ce#bgg produces t h>mony ( ! individual ) ! specific "* ( 8 imm$iate activity 9 ! circum/ances t are ne>e/ him1 :i* is itself a mode ( ideality1 & :i* communicates 9 su* a case to ! subsi/5cy ( an exi/5ce1 :i* is an exclusive & p]fect$ :ole1 its attractive "*4 ,! int]e/1 !re=e1 t we d]ive f repres5tations ( ?is k9d is n to be attribut$ to ! subject-matt]1 b r to ?is animat+ s\l1 :i* by itself1 & indep5d5tly ( t :]e9 x is disclos$ z vital1 f9ds an e*o 9 e uncorrupt$ nature1 9 e free _s1 & is = ! same an object ( sympa?y & delight4 ,we mu/ n1 !re=e1 impair our enjoym5t on ! gr\nd t ! dem& is made ( u to admire su* works ( art "u ! aspect ( _! lik5ess to ,nature s-call$ & su* illusive imitation#bgh4 ,?is dem&1 :i* works ( ?is k9d appe> at fir/ blu% to support1 is itself m]ely a deception :i* fails to hit ! real po9t4 ,= an admiration ( ?is type is solely d$ucible f ! :olly ext]nal comp>ison ( a "w ( art & a "w ( ,nature1 & is only associat$ ) ! simil>ity ( ! c\nt]feit ) an object or fact pres5t$ u1 :]eas ! real cont5t "h & ! arti/ic quality 9 ! composition & execution is ! coalesc5ce ( ! matt] portray$ ) its own sub/ance1 :i* is ! reality z indep5d5tly depict$ 9 its vital *>act]ization4 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( illusion1 = in/ance1 ! portraits ( ,d5n] are entitl$ to our praise1 :i* are1 no d\bt1 imitations ( ,nature1 b = ! mo/ "p fail entirely to pres5t u t vital animation on :i* we lay ! ma9 /ress 9 ^! cases1 & are ma9ly conc]n$ ) depict+ hair1 wr9kles1 & g5]ally e k9d ( trait :i*1 )\t exactly be+ indicative ( a corpse1 are equally remote f ! human physiognomy depict$ z alive4 ,moreov]1 if we p]mit ourselves to level d[n our enjoym5t ?r\gh sup]ficial ?\ghts ( ! above fa%ionable k9d1 believ+ subjects ( ?is type to be mean & unwor?y ( our contemplation1 we accept ! cont5t by do+ s 9 a =m o!r ?an t 9 :i* art (f]s !m u4 ,9 o!r words we m]ely associate ) !m ! relation 9 :i* we /& to !m accord+ to our p]sonal ne$s1 pleasure1 su* education z we o!rwise possess & o!r objects we h be=e u1 t is to say we m]ely conceive !m 9 respect to _! ext]nal purport1 ?r\gh\t :i* x is our own requirem5ts :i* are ! vital ?+ we aim at = ourselves1 & ! matt] ( all importance4 ,! life ( ! subject-matt] itself1 h[ev]1 is !reby de/roy$1 9 s f>1 t is1 z ! sole object ( its exi/5ce appe>s to be t ( a means simply1 or lapses into a ?+ ( no mom5t at all1 j because we p]sonally h no ne$ = x4 ,a gleam ( sunlight1 = example1 :i* falls ^u a room we ent] ?r\gh an op5 door1 a "p ( ! c\ntry we travel ?r\gh1 a semp/ress1 a maid we happ5 to see busily engag$1 "o & all we may reg>d ) indiff]5ce1 because we suff] !m to pass by remote f ! ?\ghts & int]e/s :i* are b\nd up ) !m1 & consequ5tly 9 our soliloquy1 or conv]sation ) ano!r w n suff] ! situations :i* actually lie be=e u to speak a ^w 9 ! curr5t ( our own ?\ghts & spee*2 or we ca/ :at is m]ely a pass+ glance at !m1 ! summ>y ( :i* does n am\nt to m ?an ! rem>k1 h[ pleasant1 f9e1 or ugly !y are4 ,?us we are *>m$ ) ! joviality ( dance ( peasants1 :ile we m]ely glance at x sup]ficially1 or turn away f x ) contempt1 because we are ho/ile to e sort ( b>b>ism4 ,we treat 9 a simil> way ! human c\nt5ances we come across 9 our daily life1 or :i* we happ5 to *ance ^u4 ,our own p]sonal po9t ( view1 & ! v>i\s matt]s :i* engage u are = ev] be+ int]pos$4 ,we are =c$ to address ?is or t p]son 9 a c]ta9 way1 we h affairs to despat*1 we h c]ta9 ?+s to consid]1 ?\ghts t affect our relation to su* a p]son2 we obs]ve him "u ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( our k2 we regulate our conv]sation relatively to t1 or we are sil5t ^u x1 if he may be likely to res5t x--9 %ort we h always 9 our m9ds ! man's bus9ess1 /ation1 & /atus1 & our attitude to & bus9ess ) him1 rema9+ 9 a :olly practical relation1 or 9 a position ( indiff]5ce & preoccupi$ inatt5tion4 ,art1 h[ev]1 :5 x depicts su* real life1 :olly *anges our attitude to x2 x cuts away once & = all all practical deviations#bgi1 su* z we are wont to associate ) su* mat]ial2 x places u simply 9 ! attitude ( ab/ract contemplation to x2 & 9 ! l degree x does away ) its indiff]5ce1 & directs our o!rwise preoccupi$ att5tion :olly to ! situation portray$2 ^u :i* we mu/ collect & conc5trate all our faculties1 if we are to enjoy x4 ,sculpture1 9 p>ticul>1 by virtue ( its ideal mode ( production f ! fir/ /rikes (f all practical relation to ! object to ! ext5t t its product at once betrays ! fact t x does n belong to ?is reality4 ,pa9t+1 on ! contr>y1 c>ries u :olly into ! pres5ce ( ! daily life ) :i* we are 9 imm$iate contact1 b x fur!rmore de/roys all ! ?reads ( practical necessity1 attraction1 incl9ation1 or dis9cl9ation1 :i* draw u to su* a ,pres5t1 or ! rev]se1 & =ces u to approa* ^? objects m intimately z ends to !mselves 9 _! own p>ticul> phase or mode ( life4 ,:at we meet ) "h is j ! opposite to t :i* ,h]r von ,s*legel1 = example1 9 ! tale ( ,pygmalion1 expresses s v prosily z ! return ( ! complet$ "w ( art to common life1 t is to a relation ( a man's own incl9ations & an actual enjoym5t1 a return :i* is ! v opposite ( t ali5ation1 9 :i* ! "w ( art places ! objects del9eat$ 9 _! relation to our practical necessities1 &1 precisely by do+ s1 sets =? be=e u _! own indep5d5t life & appe>ance4 77 ,j z1 !n1 art1 9 ?is p>ticul> sph]e1 re-e/abli%es ! =feit$ indep5d5ce ( a cont5t1 :i* we o!rwise fail$ to pres]ve 9 its unique *>act]i/ics1 9 ! same way1 secondly1 x is able to secure 9 /ability su* objects z may happ5 to appe> 9 actual exi/5ce 9 a =m we are n accu/om$ to respect simply z su*4 ,! high] ,nature /ret*es 9 its organization & %ift+ appe>ance ! m x resembles ! actor :o only s]ves ! pres5t ne$4 ,9 ?is connection ,i h already emphasiz$ ! fact z a triumph ( art ov] reality1 namely1 t x is able to fix t :i* is mo/ evanesc5t4 ,?is p[] ( art 9 atta*+ p]man5ce to mom5t>y ?+s applies n only to ! sudd5 fla% ( life we f9d conc5trat$ 9 c]ta9 situations1 b also to ! magical effect ( its ext]nal pres5tm5t 9 ! rapid *anges ( its col\r4 ,a troop ( horsem51 = example1 may alt] e mom5t 9 ! mode ( its gr\p+1 & ! mutual relation ( ea* rid] )9 x4 ,if we 7 "o ( su* we %\ld h some?+ else to d ?an consid] ! lively effect ( su* *anges4 ,we %\ld h to m\nt1 dism\nt1 make up our hav]sack1 eat1 dr9k1 re/1 groom1 dr9k & fe$ our horses3 or1 if we look$ on z ord9>y folk1 we %\ld look at su* ) :olly diff]5t int]e/s4 ,we %\ld want to "k :at !y are !re =1 :at nationality !y are1 = :at reason !y h left _! b>racks1 & s =?4 ,! pa9t]1 on ! contr>y1 smuggles (f ! mo/ volatile ( ! movem5ts1 ! mo/ evanesc5t expressions ( c\nt5ance1 ! mo/ mom5t>y gleams ( col\r app>5t 9 su* motion1 & places su* be=e u solely 9 virtue ( its int]e/ 9 ! animation ( su* ph5om5a :i* )\t x w\ld vani%4 ,= especially x is ! play ( ! col\r+1 n treat$ m]ely z flat t9t1 b 9 its lights & %ad[s1 & 9 ! prom95ce or subord9ation ( ! objects pa9t$ :i* is ! reason t ! repres5tation appe>s lifelike1 a fact :i* we are accu/om$ to obs]ve 9 works ( art less ?an su* an aspect des]ves1 br++ z x does art fir/ cle>ly to our m9ds4 ,&1 moreov]1 ! arti/ pref]ably accepts 9 depict+ ^! natural relations ! ef=t ( foll[+ ! lea/ detail1 & mak+ 8 "w concrete1 def9ite & /amp$ ) individuality1 endeav\r+ z he does to secure = 8 subject-matt] ! individuality :i* ph5om5al life itself supplies 9 its mo/ mom5t>y fla%es2 & yet )al does n s mu* seek = su* a detail m]ely z imitat$ closely to /rike our s5ses ) its directness1 b r to furni% a def9ite image to ! imag9ation 9 :i* at ! same "t ! ideality ( ! entire composition rema9s active4 77 ,! m insignificant ! objects are1 9 comp>ison ) ! mat]ial ( religion1 :i* ?is p>ticul> phase ( pa9t+ accepts = its cont5t1 to t v ext5t x is j ?is quality ( arti/ic creation1 ! mann] ( obs]vation1 conception1 elaboration1 ! vitality communicat$ by ! arti/ to 8 "w by all 8 individual faculties1 9 %ort ! s\l & liv+ en?usiasm ( 8 execution1 :i* con/itute a prom95t aspect ( its int]e/1 & are "p ( its cont5t4 ,t :i* ! subject treat$ is "u 8 workman%ip mu/1 h[ev]1 sub/antially rema9 :at x is 9 fact & is capable ( be+4 ,we believe1 inde$1 t we look ^u some?+ diff]5t1 & novel1 because 9 actual life we d n pay ! same detail$ att5tion to simil> situations1 & _! mann] ( col\r+4 ,look$ at on ! rev]se side no d\bt we h some?+1 too1 t is new add$ to su* ord9>y subjects1 namely1 j ?is v en?usiasm1 arti/ic insight & _s1 ! s\l1 9 :i* ! arti/ h&les !m1 adapts !m to 8 uses1 & by do+ s infuses ! en?usiasm ( 8 activity l ! brea? ( a new life ?r\gh\t all 8 "w#bhj4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! ess5tial po9ts ( view1 :i* x 0 necess>y to discuss 9 reg>d to ! cont5t ( pa9t+4 7b7 ,! second aspect :i* we h next 9 ord] to exam9e is connect$ ) ! m p>ticul> modes ( def9ition1 to :i* ! s5su\s mat]ial1 9 s f> z x has to accept 9 itself a giv5 cont5t1 has to accommodate itself4 77 ,! fir/ ( ^! ( importance is ! l9e> p]spective4 ,?is is introduc$ z necess>y1 because pa9t+ has only ! sup]ficies at its disposal & no long]1 z 0 ! case ) ! bas-relief ( antique sculpture1 c ext5d its figures side by side on "o & ! same plane1 b has to proce$ to a mode ( pres5tation1 :i* f9ds x necess>y to make ! remot5ess ( its objects 9 all _! spatial dim5sions m]ely appe> z su* to our s5ses4 ,= ! art ( pa9t+ has to unfold ! cont5t x selects1 to place ! same 9 its v>i\s movem5t be=e our eyes1 & to associate 9 diff]5t ways its figures ) ! l&scape ( ext]nal ,nature1 its build+s & s =?1 9 a :olly di/9ct grade ( lit]alness to t :i* sculpture 9 ! relief is able to secure4 ,& t :i* pa9t+ 9 ?is respect _c place be=e u 9 its actual degree ( remot5ess 9 ! reali/ic mann] ( sculpture x mu/ pres5t "u ! illusion ( reality4 ,:at we h fir/ to notice "h consi/s 9 ?is t ! s+le surface :i* confronts pa9t+ is divid$ into di/9ct planes1 app>5tly remote f "o ano!r1 & by ?is means ! contra/s ( a ne> =egr\nd & a remote backgr\nd are secur$1 :i* fur!rmore are l9k$ toge!r by means ( a middle di/ance4 ,inasmu* z ! objects are1 ! m di/ant !y are f ! vision1 proportionately r$uc$ 9 size1 & ?is d$uction foll[s 9 ,nature itself optical laws capable ( ma!matical det]m9ation1 ! art ( pa9t+1 too1 has on its "p to foll[ ! same rules1 :i*1 by virtue ( ! fact t objects are set =? on "o surface1 are applicable "h 9 a p>ticul> way4 ,& ?is is ! rational gr\nd ( ! s-call$ l9e> or ma!matical p]spective 9 ! art ( pa9t+1 ^: m detail$ exposition1 h[ev]1 x is n our bus9ess "h to discuss4 77 ,9 ! second place1 h[ev]1 objects are n only plac$ at a c]ta9 di/ance f "o ano!r1 b !y also diff] 9 %ape4 ,?is p>ticul> mode ( _! spatial limitation by virtue ( :i* e object is made visible 9 its p>ticul> =m is ! subject-matt] ( draughtsman%ip4 ,! art ( draw+ gives u = ! fir/ "t n m]ely ! comp>ative di/ance ( objects f "o ano!r1 b _! respective configuration4 ,its mo/ important pr9ciple is accuracy ( =m & relative di/ance1 :i* ( c\rse 9 ! fir/ in/ance is n z yet associat$ ) ideal#bha expression1 b relat$ simply to ext]nal appe>ance1 & consequ5tly =ms ! purely ext]nal framework#bhb1 an accuracy1 h[ev]1 :i*1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( organic =ms & _! v>i$ movem5ts1 is on acc\nt ( ! =e-%ort5+s !reby r5d]$ necess>y "o ( extreme difficulty4 ,9 s f> z ^! two aspects are relat$ purely to =m & its spatial totality !y con/itute ! pla/ic or sculpturesque features 9 pa9t+1 :i* ?is art1 = ! v reason t x expresses :at is mo/ ideal 9 its significance by means ( ext]nal =m1 c z little disp5se ) z x c 9 ano!r respect rema9 solely cont5t )4 ,= its supreme task is ! employm5t ( col\r1 & 9 su* a way t 9 all t is truly pa9t+ di/ance & %ape only atta9 & discov] _! g5u9e pres5tm5t by virtue ( ! di/9ctions ( col\r4 77 ,x is1 !re=e1 col\r1 & ! art ( col\r+1 :i* make ! pa9t] a pa9t]4 ,we dwell ) pleasure1 no d\bt1 on ! draw+1 & exceptionally s on ! /udy or sket*1 z on t :i* pre-em95tly betrays ! quality ( g5ius2 b h[ev] ri* ) inv5tion & imag9ation1 ) :atev] directness ! s\l ( an arti/ may ass]t itself 9 su* /udies by reason ( ! m transp>5t & mobile %ell ( _! =m1 yet ! fact rema9s to be pa9t+ we mu/ h col\r1 if ! "w is n to cont9ue ab/ract f ! po9t ( view ( its s5su\s mat]ial 9 ! vital individuality & articulation ( its objects4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 at ! same "t admit t draw+s & dry po9t draw+s f ! h& ( great ma/]s su* z ,raphael & ,albre*t ,dr] are ( real importance4 ,9 fact f a c]ta9 po9t ( view we may say t x is j ^! h& draw+s :i* c>ry ) !m ! f9e/ int]e/4 ,we f9d "h ! wond]ful result t ! entire _s ( ! ma/] is express$ directly 9 su* manual facility1 a facility :i* places ) ! greate/ ease1 9 in/antane\s "w1 )\t any prelim9>y essays1 ! ess5tial sub/ance ( ! ma/]'s conception4 ,! bord] draw+s ( ,dr]1 = example1 9 ! ,pray]-book ( ! ,muni* libr>y1 are ( indescribable ideality & fre$om4 ,idea & execution appe> 9 su* a case to be "o & ! same ?+1 :]eas 9 f9i%$ pictures we _c avoid ! s5se t ! consummate result is only secur$ aft] repeat$ ov]-pa9t+s1 a cont9u\s process ( advance & f9i%4 ,9 despite ( ?is1 h[ev]1 x is only ?r\gh its employm5t ( col\r t ! art ( pa9t+ is able to give a real & vital pres5tm5t to ! weal? ( s\l-life4 ,all ! s*ools ( pa9t+ h1 h[ev]1 n reta9$ ! art ( col\r+ at ! same high level4 ,x is a significant fact t we may1 ) an exception "h & !re1 ass]t t x is only ! ,v5etians & ! ,dut*#bhc :o h become consummate ma/]s 9 _! use ( x4 ,bo? peoples 7 l9k$ to ! sea-coa/1 bo? situat$ on a l[-ly+ l& divid$ by f5s1 /reams1 & canals4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,dut* we may f9d an explanation 9 ! fact t1 on acc\nt ( _! hav+ s p]petually a cl\d-cov]$ horizon1 _! conception ( a gray backgr\nd became fix$ 9 _! m9ds1 & ow+ to ?is v gloomy prepossession !y 7 ! m driv5 to /udy col\r 9 all its effects & v>iety ( light+1 %ad[1 & *i>oscuro1 to emphasize ?is & to discov] 9 ?is ! ma9 task ( _! arti/ic ef=ts4 ,9 contra/ to t ( ! ,v5etians & ! ,dut* ! pa9t+ ( ! ,italians g5]ally1 if we except t ( ,correggio & "o or two o!rs1 appe>s to be m dry1 sapless1 cold1 & lifeless4 ,look$ at m closely we may emphasize ! foll[+ po9ts 9 connection ) ! art ( col\r+ z ! mo/ important4 77 ,9 ! fir/ place we h ! ab/ract basis ( all col\r 9 light & d>k4 ,:5 we posit ?is contra/ & its transitions by !mselves )\t fur!r di/9ctions ( col\r effect1 we get !reby simply ! contra/s suppli$ u by :ite z light & black z %ad[ toge!r ) _! transitional grades & nuances1 contra/s :i* (f] to ! art ( draw+ its integrat+ quality1 app]ta9+ z !y d to ! real pla/ic "* ( =m1 & produc+ ! prom95ce1 retreat1 rondure1 & di/ance ( objects4 ,we may incid5tally m5tion 9 ?is connection ! art ( engrav+ on ! plate :i* is :olly conc]n$ ) light & %ad[ z su*#bhd4 ,ap>t f ! inf9ite assiduity & lab\r x implies we f9d 9 ?is highly valuable art1 at ! po9t ( its supreme atta9m5t1 s\l intimately associat$ ) ! utility ( great v>iety ( =m#bhe1 a v>iety :i* ! art ( bookb9d+ also possesses4 ,su* an art1 h[ev]1 is n :olly occupi$ ) effects ( light & %ade z t ( simple draughtsman%ip is2 x endeav\rs fur!r 9 its elaboration to become di/9ctly a rival ( pa9t+1 & 9 addition to light & %ade su* z is purely ! effect ( illum9ation1 also /rives to express ^? di/9ctions ( m emphatic light & d>kness :i* are prim>ily ! result ( local col\r2 we f9d1 = example1 9 a copp]plate engrav+ t an attempt is made by its use ( light effects to r5d] visible ! di/9ction betwe5 blond & black hair4 ,9 pa9t+1 h[ev]1 z already rem>k$1 m]e light & d>kness only supply ! fundam5tal basis1 albeit su* a f\ndation is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,= x is ?is contra/ & only ?is :i* def9es ! comp>ative prom95ce & retirem5t1 ! rondure1 & g5]ally ! actual appe>ance ( =m z s5su\s %ape1 all t we und]/& by modell+4 ,ma/]s ( col\r 9 ?is respect simply c>ry ! process to ! mo/ extreme contra/s ( ! mo/ brilliant light & ! deepe/ %ad[1 & m]ely produce !reby _! gr& effects4 ,su* contra/s are1 h[ev]1 only p]missible 9 s f> z !y avoid h>%ness1 t is1 9 s f> z !y are made )9 ! limits ( a j int]play ( int]m$iate tones & col\r transitions1 :i* b9d ! entire composition 9 a fluid unity & r5d] ! f9e/ gradations ( t9t possible4 ,if su* contra/s are entirely abs5t ! entire effect w be flat1 because x is precisely ?is di/9ction betwe5 t :i* is m brilliant & m obscure :i* gives emphatic prom95ce to p>ticul> aspects ( ! "w & a l subord9ation to o!rs4 ,& especially 9 ! case ( compositions hav+ a l>ge cont5t1 & :]e ! di/ance betwe5 objects is consid]able1 x is necess>y to introduce ! deepe/ %ad[ 9 ord] to make ! scale ( light & %ad[ a broad "o4 ,) reg>d to ! clos] def9ition ( light & %ade we f9d t ?is dep5ds m ?an any?+ else ^u ! mode ( light+ accept$ by ! arti/4 ,! light ( day1 t ( morn+1 noon1 & ev5+1 sunlight or moonlight1 a cle> or cl\d$ sky1 ! light ( tempe/1 c&le-light1 a light t is veil$1 or falls ^u ! object or diffuses itself gradually1 e conceivable mode ( light+1 9 %ort1 is possible1 & ! cause ( e k9d ( effect4 ,9 treat+ a subject ( public int]e/1 full ( incid5t1 a situation t at once appeals to our common s5se1 ! "q ( ext]nal light+ is ( subord9ate importance4 ,! arti/ w avail himself "h ) mo/ advantage ( ord9>y daylight1 if1 t is1 ! dem&s ( dramatic vividness1 & a desire to emphasize p>ticul> figures & gr\ps1 or to ?r[ into ! backgr\nd o!rs1 d n r5d] a less usual mode ( light+ necess>y1 :i* may fall 9 m readily ) su* objects4 ,! great pa9t]s ( ! e>li] s*ool h consequ5tly z a rule made little use ( su* contra/s or specific s*emes ( light+4 ,& !y did rightly1 inasmu* z _! emphasis 0 r on ! spiritual aspect z su* ?an on ! s5su\s impression ( _! pictures4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! pre-em95t ideality & spiritual significance ( ! cont5t !y 7 able to disp5se ) ! aspect ( _! "w :i* incl9$ m or less to ! mat]ial side4 ,9 ! case ( l&scapes1 on ! contr>y1 & subjects ( less importance tak5 f ord9>y life1 ! "q ( light+ makes a v diff]5t appeal4 ,9 ^! important arti/ic &1 (t51 artificial & my/]i\s effects are indisp5sable4 ,9 ! l&scape ! bold contra/s betwe5 l>ge masses 9 illum9ation & o!r p>ts 9 ! /ronge/ %ad[ w receive _! full effect1 b t5d also to develop ! arti/ic mann]ism4 ,conv]sely we f9d1 m especially 9 ! treatm5t ( l&scape1 reflections ( light1 ! fla% & its c\nt]feit1 t wond]ful e*o ( light1 :i* arises f ! int]play ( light & d>k1 & (f]s an ample & progressive subject ( /udy bo? to ! arti/ & ! spectator4 ,su* a s*eme ( light+1 :i* ! arti/ has ei!r by direct imitation or imag9atively conceiv$ 9 8 "w1 c1 h[ev]1 by itself only be a transi5t "o1 :i* is subject to rapid *ange4 ,h[ev] sudd5 or uncommon ! light+ ?us p]man5tly reta9$ may be1 ! arti/ mu/ see 9 ! treatm5t ( 8 composition1 ev5 ?\gh x be z full ( movem5t z possible1 t ! :ole1 despite all its v>iety1 is n injur$ by m]e re/lessness & wav]+ motive1 b is ?r\gh\t cle> & m>k$ ) unity4 77 ,9 accordance ) :at has already be5 /at$ ! art ( pa9t+1 h[ev]1 has n m]ely to express light & d>k 9 its purely ab/ract int5sion1 b to add to x ! di/9ctions ( col\r4 ,light & %ad[ mu/ be col\r$ light & %ad[4 ,we h !re=e 9 ! second place to discuss col\r simply4 ,! fir/ po9t we h to deal ) "h is ! brightness & obscurity ( p>ticul> col\rs respectively to "o ano!r1 t is 9 s f> z !y are op]ative z light & d>k 9 _! v>i$ relations1 & ei!r emphasize or suppress & impair _! individual effect4 ,r$1 = example1 & /ill m yell[1 is at an equal grade ( int5sity m brilliant ?an blue4 ,?is is dep5d5t ^u ! nature ( ! col\rs !mselves1 :i* 9 rec5t times ,goe! has = ! fir/ "t fully expla9$#bhf4 ,9 o!r words1 we f9d t 9 blue %ad[ is ( ma9 significance1 :i*1 9 its fir/ op]ation ?r\gh a bright]1 b n z yet fully transp>5t m$ium1 appe>s to our sight z blue4 ,! sky1 = example1 is d>k1 & on ! highe/ m\nta9s x is yet d>k]4 ,se5 ?r\gh a transp>5t b ?ick m$ium1 su* z ! atmosph]e ( its l[] planes is1 x appe>s z blue1 & its brightness increases 9 proportion z ! air is less transp>5t4 ,9 ! case ( yell[1 on ! contr>y1 ess5tial brightness works ?r\gh a d5sity1 :i*1 h[ev]1 suff]s ?is brightness to %9e ?r\gh x4 ,smoke1 = example1 is su* an obscur+ m$ium2 look$ at 9 front ( any?+ black :i* works its way ?r\gh x1 x appe>s ( a blui% t9t1 & be=e any?+ bright x appe>s yell[ & r$di%4 ,g5u9e r$ is ! actively royal & concrete col\r1 9 :i* blue & yell[1 !mselves also extremes ( opposition1 press toge!r 9 fusion1 ,we may also reg>d gre5 z su* a union1 n1 h[ev]1 9 a unity t is concrete1 b m]ely z a diff]5ce t is cancell$1 z a m$ium ( satiat$ & tranquilliz$ neutrality#bhg4 ,^! col\rs are ! pure/1 simple/1 & orig9al c>d9al col\rs4 ,we may consequ5tly f9d a symbolical significance 9 ! way t ! old ma/]s made use ( !m4 ,especially is ?is s 9 _! use ( blue & r$4 ,blue corresponds ) ! mild]1 s5su\s1 m tranquil aspect1 a contemplation :i* is ri* 9 feel+1 9 s f> z x has obscurity = its pr9ciple1 & (f]s no resi/ance1 :]eas ! brightness !re9 r sugge/s t :i* resi/s1 produces1 is alive & bli!some4 ,r$ corresponds ) :at is mascul9e1 dom9ant1 & royal1 gre5 ) t :i* is indiff]5t & neutral4 ,accord+ to su* symbolism = example1 ! ,virg9 ,m>y is frequ5tly clo!d 9 r$ :]e %e is en?ron$1 & set be=e u z que5 ( heav52 :]e %e is depict$ z "m1 %e we>s a blue mantle#bhh4 ,all ! o!r col\rs 9 _! endless v>iety mu/ be reg>d$ z m]e modifications ( ! above1 9 :i* we mu/ recognize a c]ta9 degree ( %ad[ fus$ ) ! c>d9al col\rs4 ,9 ?is s5se no pa9t] w\ld call violet a col\r#bhi4 ,fur!rmore all ^! col\rs1 9 _! mutual relation to ea* o!r1 are respectively ( great] brightness or obscurity1 a fact t ! arti/ mu/ be> 9 m9d if he is n to fail 9 gett+ ! j tone :i* any p>ticul> section ( 8 modell+ or di/ance effects ought to h4 ,9 o!r words we h "h a s\rce ( exceptional difficulty4 ,9 ! c\nt5ance1 = example1 ! lip is r$1 ! eyebr[ d>k1 black1 br[n1 or1 if blonde1 at lea/ d>k] z su* ?an ! lip2 9 ! same way ! *eeks ) _! r$di% t9t are m brilliant 9 col\r ?an ! nose1 ) its ma9 impression ( yell[1 br[ni%1 or gre5i% t9t4 ,su* portions ( ! face c readily receive a great] brightness & int5sity ow+ to ?is local col\r ?an is consonant ) _! modell+ z p>ts ( ! :ole4 ,9 sculpture1 inde$ 9 m]e draw+ too1 su* p>ts ( a composition receive _! light & %ad[ :olly 9 ref]5ce to _! p>ticul> =m & its mann] ( light+4 ,a pa9t] on ! contr>y mu/ accept _! local col\r+1 & ?is di/urbs su* a relation4 ,su* a difficulty is ev5 m obvi\s betwe5 objects m remov$ f "o ano!r4 ,= ! ord9>y vision ( sight x is our m9d :i* det]m9es ! di/ance & =m ( su* objects1 n m]ely by means ( _! col\r appe>ance1 b also on a v>iety ( o!r gr\nds4 ,9 pa9t+1 h[ev]1 all t we h be=e u is col\r1 :i* z su* is able to int]f]e ) t :i* is dem&$ by m]e brightness & d>kness z su*4 ,! art ( ! pa9t]1 !re=e1 consi/s 9 8 ability to resolve ?is contradiction1 & s to arrange 8 col\rs t nei!r 9 _! local t9ts1 nor 9 _! mutual relation 9 any o!r way1 !y impair ! modell+ z a :ole4 ,only if success is secur$ 9 bo? respects are we likely to see ! actual %ape & col\r ( ! objects realiz$ 9 p]fection4 ,) :at consummate art1 = example1 h ! ,dut* pa9t$ ! %e5 ( sat9 dresses ) all _! v>iety ( reflections & gradations ( %ad[ 9 _! folds1 or ! fla% ( silv]1 gold1 copp]1 vessels ( glass & velvet2 & 9 ! same way we may m5tion ! light+ a ,van ,eyck gives to 8 jewels1 gold bord]s1 & metals4 ,! col\rs by means ( :i* ! fla% ( gold is pres5t$ h no?+ ( metallic ab\t !m3 look$ at closely we m]ely see yell[1 :i* by itself is ( no great brightness4 ,! entire effect is due on ! "o h& to ! prom95ce ( ! =m1 & on ! o!r to ! contiguity ( ! mutual gradations ( di/9ct col\r tones4 ,a fur!r aspect 9 ! second place is ! h>mony ( ! col\r+4 ,i h already obs]v$ t ! v nature ( ! facts necessitates t col\r %\ld h itself an articulat$ sy/em4 ,& ?is complete result %\ld appe>4 ,no fundam5tal col\r %\ld be :olly omitt$1 o!rwise our s5se ( ?is integrat$ :ole is lo/4 ,to an exceptional degree ! old ,italian ma/]s & ! ,dut* satisfy u 9 ?is respect4 ,we f9d 9 _! pictures blue1 yell[1 r$1 & gre5#bij4 ,x is ?is complet5ess :i* supplies ! basis ( our col\r h>mony4 ,! col\rs1 moreov]1 mu/ be s arrang$ t n m]ely _! arti/ic contra/1 b also _! m$iation & resolution1 & a repose & reconciliation z ! result ( su*1 is made visible to ! sight4 ,su* effective contra/ & repose 9 conciliat$ extremes is br\ght ab\t p>tly by ! way ! col\rs are associat$1 & p>tly by ! degree ( int5sity :i* *>act]izes ea* col\r4 ,9 e>ly pa9t+ x 0 pr9cipally ! ,dut* s*ool#bia1 :i* employ$ ! c>d9al col\rs 9 _! purity & _! unimpair$ brilliance1 by :i* means ! h>mony is r5d]$ m difficult by reason ( ! emphasis laid on contra/1 b :5 secur$ %\ld be pleas+ to ! eye4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! decisive "* & =ce ( col\r is insi/$ on ! nature ( ! subject-matt] itself %\ld be m def9ite & simple4 ,& by att5d+ to ?is a high] degree ( h>mony betwe5 col\r+ & cont5t is also obta9$4 ,! important p]sonages1 = in/ance1 mu/ receive ! col\r t is mo/ emphatic1 & 9 _! *>act]ization1 _! entire deportm5t & expression %\ld appe> m impos+ ?an ! subord9ate figures1 :o w receive m]ely ! composite col\rs4 ,9 l&scape pa9t+ ! contra/ ( pure c>d9al col\rs is less pron\nc$4 ,9 sc5es1 on ! contr>y1 9 :i* human figures are ( mo/ importance1 & m p>ticul>ly :]e drap]y occupies l>ge spaces ( canvas1 ! m simple col\rs w be 9 _! "r place4 ,9 su* we h a sc5e tak5 f ! _w ( spiritual life1 9 :i* t :i* is inorganic1 ! natural environm5t1 is m ab/ract1 9 o!r words mu/ n appe> 9 its natural complet5ess & isolat$ mann] ( effect1 & ! v>i$ t9ts ( l&scape 9 all ! pr(usion ( _! gradations are less suitable4 ,z a rule ! l&scape is n s entirely fitt$ to ! environm5t ( human sc5es z a room1 or g5]ally t :i* is ar*itectural1 inasmu* z situations :i* take place 9 ! op5 air are 9 g5]al n accept$ f a class 9 :i* ! life ( s\l )\t consid]able res]ve is manife/$4 ,if a man is plac$ be=e u ) ! op5 l&scape ar\nd him x %\ld appe> simply z environm5t4 ,& 9 cases ( ?is type x is "r to make use ( col\rs t are exceptionally prom95t4 ,b ! use ( su* involves also boldness & p[] ( execution4 ,sickly sweet1 ov]p[]$#bib1 dot+ faces are n ! k9d = su* treatm5t4 ,su* s(t expressions1 su* ov]-dilut$ c\nt5ances1 :i*1 ev] s9ce ,m5gs gave !m z p are wont to ?9k typical ( ideality1 w\ld be entirely pulv]iz$ by su* decision ( col\r4 ,9 rec5t times & among u ,g]mans1 weak faces :i* h ess5tially no?+ to say#bic1 c>efully pos$ 9 ways t imag9e !mselves to possess grace1 simplicity1 & impos+ "*1 are all ! fa%ion4 ,?is lack ( di/9ction1 on ! side ( spiritual *>act]ization1 has its c\nt]p>t 9 & inde$ produces a simil> lack ( def9ition 9 col\r & tone1 s t all col\rs are run toge!r 9 "o confusion1 & =celess condition ( mutilation & evaporization1 & no real emphasis is laid on any4 ,y _c say t "o suppresses ano!r exactly1 b !n none adds contra/ to ano!r4 ,x is no d\bt a col\r h>mony ( a k9d1 & frequ5tly x impresses ) its excessive sweetness & flatt]+ ende>m5t1 b ! note ( di/9ction is abs5t4 ,9 ?is connection ,goe! ?us expresses himself 9 8 obs]vations add$ to ! translation ( ,did]ot's essay on pa9t+3 ,critics d n by any means admit t x is easi] to make weak col\r h>moni\s ?an a /rong s*eme3 b x /&s to reason :5 col\r is /rong1 :5 col\rs are plac$ be=e u vividly1 9 t case ! eye w exp]i5ce _! h>mony or discord ) great] vividness4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we weak5 our col\rs1 employ "s ) brilliance1 o!rs 9 fusion1 o!rs 9 obscure squal\r1 !n x is obvi\s no "o w be able to say :e!r ! picture he looks at is h>moni\s or n4 ,"o ?+ 9 any case we c say ( x1 x lacks di/9ction4 ,) h>mony ( col\r1 h[ev]1 we h n by any means atta9$ ! goal ( ! art ( col\r+4 ,to rea* ?is consummate effect1 9 ! ?ird place1 sev]al o!r aspects mu/ n be neglect$4 ,9 ?is respect ,i w re/rict my obs]vations to ?ree po9ts1 fir/1 ! s-call$ atmosph]ic p]spective1 secondly1 fle%-col\r1 & 9 conclusion1 ! magic ( col\r brilliancy4#bid ,l9e> p]spective is connect$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance m]ely ) ! diff]5t degrees ( size1 :i* ! l9es ( objects possess 9 _! great] or less remot5ess f ! human eye4 ,?is alt]ation & r$uction ( =m is1 h[ev]1 n ! only ?+ pa9t+ has to reproduce4 ,9 ,nature ev]y?+ is affect$ by ! pres5ce ( atmosph]e1 n m]ely betwe5 diff]5t objects1 b ev5 diff]5t p>ts ( !m1 a diff]5ce :i* ass]ts itself 9 col\r4 ,?is tone ( col\r :i* ?us z x 7 evaporates ) ! di/ance is :at con/itutes atmosph]ic p]spective1 9 s f> z !reby objects are modifi$ p>tly 9 delib]ate outl9e1 & p>tly 9 respect to _! light & %ad[ & g5]al col\r+4 ,z a rule p ?9k t :at is ne>e/ to ! eye 9 ! =egr\nd is brighte/1 & :at lies 9 ! backgr\nd is m obscure2 9 tru? ! matt] is o!rwise#bie4 ,b lights & %ad[s 9 ! =egr\nd are /ronge/1 9 o!r words ! contra/ betwe5 light & %ade has a m p[]ful effect1 & outl9es are m def9$ ne> to ! spectator4 ,9 proportion1 h[ev]1 to ! degree ( _! remot5ess1 !y lose 9 def9ition ( col\r & =m1 because ! contra/ ( _! light & %ad[ is gradually r$uc$1 until f9ally ev]y?+ disappe>s 9 transpicu\s gray4 ,diff]5t s*emes ( light+1 h[ev]1 necessitate 9 ?is respect v>i\s modes ( treatm5t4 ,9 l&scape pa9t+ m especially1 b also 9 o!r compositions1 :i* pres5t l>ge spaces1 atmosph]ic p]spective is ( fir/ importance1 & ! great ma/]s ( col\r h c>ri$ out by ?is means ! mo/ bewit*+ effects4 ,! mo/ difficult a*ievem5t 9 col\r+1 ! ideal & consummation ( its art1 is ! col\r effect ( ! human fle%#bif1 :i* unites 9 its p]fection all o!r col\r tones1 )\t p]mitt+ any p>ticul> "o to be s+ly prom95t4 ,! heal?y r$ 9 ! *eeks ( y\? is1 no d\bt1 pure c>m9e )\t any admixture ( blue1 violet1 or yell[1 b ?is r$ is itself only a flu%1 or r a %e51 :i* appe>s to rise on ! surface1 & imp]ceptibly passes into ! prevail+ fle%-t9ts4 ,& ?is is an ideal#big commixture ( all ! fundam5tal col\rs4 ,?r\gh ! transp>5t yell[ ( ! sk9 ! r$ ( ! art]ies & ! blue ( ! ve9s is visible1 & along ) ! light & %ade & all ! v>iety ( %e5 & reflection we h fur!r tones ( gray1 br[n1 ev5 gre51 :i* at fir/ sight appe> z contr>y to ,nature1 b = all t may contribute to ! ju/ness & tru? ( ! effect4 ,moreov]1 ?is composite treatm5t ( _m app>5t t9ts is :olly )\t %e5 z su*1 t is1 x reflects no?+ ali5 to x on its surface2 its vital quality is entirely a result ( itself & ! liv+ ?+ x is4 ,x is ?is r5d]+ ( t :i* is ! life %9+ ?r\gh ! organic integum5t :i* con/itutes ! ma9 difficulty4 ,we may comp>e x to a lake 9 ! ev5+ gl[1 9 :i* we behold ! objects t x reflects#bih no less ?an ! cle> dep? & native "* ( wat]4 ,! fla% ( metal comb9es on ! contr>y1 no d\bt1 bo? light ( its own & transp>5cy1 jewels bo? fla% & are transluc5t1 & some?+ simil> is se5 9 ! case ( velvet & silk-/uffs1 b none ( ^! approa*es ! life-conf]r$ int]fusion ( col\rs app>5t on ! surface ( ! liv+ fle%4 ,! sk9 ( animals1 :e!r hair or hide1 wool1 & s =?1 are 9 l mann] ( ! mo/ v>i$ col\r+1 b x is a col\r capable ( m direct & indep5d5t def9ition 9 its p>ts1 s t ! v>iety is r ! result ( diff]5t surfaces & planes1 x is n a s+le transfusion & suffusion ( _m col\rs su* z human fle% is4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to x p]haps is ! int]play ( col\r visible 9 ! bun* ( grapes1 or ! exquisitely t5d] gradations ( transluc5t col\r 9 ! rose4 ,& yet ev5 ?is la/ example is unable to give u ! c\nt]feit ( ideal animation#bii :i* fle%-col\r %\ld possess4 ,x is ?is volatile emanation ( ! s\l exhibit$ on a non-transp>5t surface :i* is "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems ( pa9t+4 ,= ?is ideality1 ?is reflex ( ! inw>d life ( s\l mu/ n appe> on a surface z import$ !re1 mu/ n be pa/$ !re z s _m /reaks1 hat*+s1 & s =? ( mat]ial col\r1 b seem to u itself to belong to ! liv+ :ole#cjj1 a transp>5t dep?1 z ! blue ( heav51 :i* (f]s our vision no repell5t surface1 b "o 9 :i* we are infallibly invit$ to unfold4 ,already ,did]ot1 9 ! essay on pa9t+ translat$ by ,goe!1 express$ himself z foll[s on ?is head3 ,he :o once has truly felt & secur$ ! app>ition ( fle%-col\r is f> on 8 way to p]fect victory4 ,?\s&s ( pa9t]s h di$ )\t su* a feel+1 & _m ?\s&s m w die )\t do+ s4 ,9 s f> z ! mat]ial is conc]n$1 by means ( :i* ?is untransp>5t vitality ( fle% is reproduc$1 ! fir/ m$ium to decl>e its suitability = su* an effect 0 ! oil-pigm5t4 ,"w 9 mosaics is ( all ! lea/ fitt+ to pres5t u su* a composite effect4 ,its p]man5cy is no d\bt a recomm5dation1 b inasmu* z x c only express col\r gradations ?r\gh v>i\sly col\r$ glass cubes or /ones plac$ 9 juxtaposition1 x is :olly unable to reproduce ! int]m+l+ fl[ ( "o unifi$ pres5tm5t ( _m col\rs4 ,fresco & temp]a pa9t+ c>ry u consid]ably fur!r 9 ?is direction4 ,yet 9 ! case ( fresco-pa9t+ ! col\rs are put on ! wet pla/] ) too great rapidity1 s t1 on ! "o h&1 ! greate/ facility & sur5ess ( bru%work is an ess5tial1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! "w has to be c>ri$ out ) broad adjac5t /rokes1 :i* on acc\nt ( _! dry+ s rapidly d n admit ( a f9e degree ( f9i%#cja4 ,! same k9d ( difficulty meets u 9 ! case ( temp]a-pa9t+1 a process#cjb :i* no d\bt admits ( great lucidity ( expression#cjc & beautiful contra/s ( light & %ad[1 yet = all t1 by reason ( ! fact t its m$ium dries s quickly1 is less adapt$ to ! fusion & elaboration ( its effects1 & necessitates an articulate surface made up ( def9ite /rokes ( ! bru%4 ,! oil pigm5t1 on ! contr>y1 n only p]mits ( ! mo/ t5d] & subtle melt+ toge!r & elaborate fusion ( col\r effect1 s t transitions are s imp]ceptible we _c say :]e "o col\r beg9s & :]e x leaves (f1 b x is1 :]e its compon5t elem5ts are prop]ly fus$ & ! execution ( x is z x %\ld be1 itself rem>kable = a lum9\s quality l t ( preci\s /ones1 & x c1 by virtue ( its di/9ctions betwe5 opaque or transp>5t col\rs#cjd1 reproduce 9 a f> high] degree ?an temp]a pa9t+ ! transluc5cy ( diff]5t lay]s ( col\r4 ,! ?ird & la/ po9t = our consid]ation 9 ?is connection is ! emanation#cje & my/]y ( col\r 9 its entire effect4 ,?is wit*]y ( col\r appe>ance w ma9ly be f\nd1 :]e ! sub/antive ideality ( objects has become an effusion ( _s :i* ent]s into ! s*eme & treatm5t ( its col\r$ pres5tm5t4 ,9 g5]al1 we may say t ! magic consi/s 9 a h&l+ ( col\r by means ( :i* we obta9 an int]play ( sc5ic effect :i* is devoid ( def9$ articulation z su*1 :i* is1 9 fact1 simply ! result ( m\ld+ ( col\r 9 ! f9e/ degree ( flu5cy1 a fusion ( col\r$ mat]ial1 an int]play ( reflect$ po9ts :i* pass into "o ano!r1 & are s f9e & evanesc5t 9 _! gradations1 s full ( vital cohesion t ! m$ium "h seems already to h ent]$ t ( musical s\nd4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( modell+ ! ma/]y ( *i>oscuro is "p ( ?is magic result1 an aspect ( ! art 9 :i* among ! ,italians ,leon>do da ,v9ci &1 above all1 ,correggio 7 supreme4 ,:ile introduc+ ! v deepe/ %ad[1 ! transp>5cy ( ?is is n only pres]v$1 b is c>ri$ ?r\gh imp]ceptible gradations to ! mo/ brilliant light4 ,by ?is means r\ndness 9 ! m\ld+ ( =m is complete2 !re is no h>%ness ( l9e or limit1 b all is equable transition4 ,light & %ad[ are n "h m]ely 9 _! imm$iate effect z su*1 b gleam ?r\gh "o ano!r mu* z a spiritual =ce is op]ative ?r\gh an ext]nal %ell4 ,x is j an effect l ?is we f9d 9 ! arti/ic treatm5t ( col\r1 & ! ,dut* 7 no less ?an o!rs consummate ma/]s ( ?is4 ,by virtue ( ?is ideality1 ?is mutual relation betwe5 ! p>ts1 ?is int]fusion ( reflections & col\r sc9tillations1 ?is alt]nation & evanesc5ce ( transitional tones1 a brea? ( s\l & vitality is ?r\gh\t communicat$ 9 ! brilliancy1 dep?1 ! mild & juicy illum9ation ( col\r4 ,x is ?is :i* gives u ! magic effect ( a ma/]piece ( col\r2 x is ! unique gift ( ! g5ius ( ! arti/ :o is himself ! magician4 77 ,& ?is br+s u to ! la/ po9t we h to discuss on ?is "p ( our subject4 ,we />t$ ) ! l9e> p]spective1 we pass$ on !n to draw+ & conclud$ ) col\r2 fir/ consid]+ light & %ade 9 its relation to modell+1 &1 secondly1 view+ x z col\r simply1 or m accurately1 z ! mutual relation betwe5 degrees ( brightness & d>kness 9 col\rs1 reg>d+ x1 moreov]1 9 its aspects ( h>mony1 atmosph]ic p]spective1 fle%-col\r & magical effect4 ,we h n[ to consid] m directly#cjf ! creative impulse ( ! arti/ 9 br++ ab\t su* col\r effects4 ,! ord9>y view is t ! art ( pa9t+ foll[s def9ite rules 9 atta9+ its results4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 only true ( ! l9e> p]spective1 be+ z x is a :olly geometrical sci5ce1 & ev5 9 ?is case rules mu/ n obtrude !mselves 9 _! ab/ract /r+5cy1 if we are to pres]ve all t ess5tially contributes to our art4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 we %all f9d t arti/ic draw+ accommodates itself ev5 less readily ?an p]spective to univ]sal rules1 b lea/ ( all is ?is true ( col\r+4 ,s5se ( col\r ought to be an arti/ic in/9ct or quality1 %\ld be z mu* a unique way ( look+ at & compos+ exi/+ tones ( col\r1 z x %\ld be an ess5tial aspect ( creative p[] & inv5tion4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is p]sonal equation 9 ! production ( col\r1 ! way1 t is1 ! arti/ looks at & is active 9 ! mak+ ( 8 _w1 ! imm5se v>iety :i* we f9d 9 diff]5t modes ( treat+1 x is no m]e caprice & fav\rite mann]ism ( col\r+1 :i* is abs5t f ! facts 9 r]um natura1 b lies 9 ! nature ( ! case4 ,goe! supplies u ) an example ( p]sonal exp]i5ce :i*1 z confid$ 9 8 ,di*tung und ,wahrheit1 illu/rates :at ,i mean3 ,z ,i return$ to my cobbl]'s h\se he _h j visit$ ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y once m to take lun* ,i c\ld sc>ce tru/ ! evid5ce ( my eyes4 ,i believ$ myself to see be=e me a picture ( ,van ,o/ade#cjg1 s complete x 01 t y might h hung x !re & !n 9 ! ,gall]y4 ,composition ( subject-matt]1 light1 %ad[1 br[n tone ( ! :ole1 all t is admirable 9 ?is arti/'s pictures ,i saw actually be=e me4 ,x 0 ! fir/ "t t ,i 0 aw>e1 to su* a high degree ( ! p[] :i* ,i subsequ5tly ex]cis$ ) int5tion1 ! p[] ( see+1 t is1 ) ! eyes ( ! p>ticul> arti/1 to ^: works ,i _h j happ5$ to devote exceptional att5tion4 ,?is facility af=d$ me great enjoym5t1 b also increas$ ! desire f "t to "t to p]sev]e 9 ! ex]cise ( a tal5t :i* ,nature seem$ ungraci\s en\gh to disall[ me#cjh4 ,?is v>iety 9 ! mann] ( col\r+ is exceptionally conspicu\s 9 ! pa9t+ ( human fle%1 q ap>t f all modifications r5d]$ necess>y by ! mode ( light+1 age1 sex1 situation1 & ! l consid]ations4 ,& = ! re/1 :e!r ! subject depict$ be daily life1 outside or )9 ! int]ior ( private h\ses1 tav]ns1 *ur*es1 or o!r build+s1 or x be t ( ,nature's l&scape1 ) its weal? ( objects & col\r1 :i* f9ds m or less accurate reflection 9 ! p]sonal essay ( any p>ticul> pa9t]1 ! result _c fail to illu/rate ?is v>i$ play ( =m & col\r effect#cji1 :i* w infallibly appe>1 due z x is to ! mann] 9 :i* ea* compreh5ds1 reproduces1 & creates 8 own "w accord+ to 8 own outlook1 exp]i5ce & imag9ative p[]s4 7c7 ,we h hi!rto1 9 discuss+ ! sev]al po9ts ( view :i* are giv5 effect to 9 ! art ( pa9t+1 ref]r$1 fir/ly1 to its cont5t1 & secondly to ! s5su\s m$ium 9 :i* su* cont5t c be built up4 ,we h 9 conclusion to def9e ! mode "u :i* ! arti/ is b\nd to conceive & execute 8 cont5t z a pa9t] & "u ! conditions ( 8 p>ticul> m$ium4 ,we w divide ! v consid]able matt] :i* su* an inve/igation implies 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,fir/1 we h to deal ) ! m g5]al di/9ctions 9 =ms ( conception1 :i* x w be necess>y to classify & foll[ 9 _! progressive advance to ri*] manife/ations ( life4 ,secondly1 we %all h to direct att5tion to ! m def9ite aspects1 :i*1 )9 ^! g5]al types ( conception1 are m directly ref]able to g5u9e pictorial composition1 t is1 ! arti/ic motives app>5t 9 ! p>ticul> situation & mann] ( gr\p+ select$4 ,la/ly1 we propose to review rapidly ! mode ( *>act]ization1 :i* results f di/9ctions ( subject-matt] no less ?an modes ( conception4 77 ,) respect to ! mo/ g5]ally prevail+ modes ( arti/ic conception#caj1 we %all f9d ^! are 9 "s measure due to ! cont5t :i* has to be depict$1 & 9 "p are ref]able to ! c\rse ( ! art's evolution1 :i* does n f ! fir/ seek to elaborate all t is app>5t 9 any subject1 b r ?r\gh a v>iety ( /ages & transitions makes itself fully mi/ress ( ,life & its manife/ations4 77 ,! fir/ position :i* ! art ( pa9t+ is able to secure /ill betrays its orig9 f sculpture & ar*itecture3 9 ! entire mode ( its conception x is /ill 9 close association ) ^! arts4 ,& ?is w pre-em95tly be ! case :]e ! arti/ re/ricts himself to individual figures1 :i* he does n place be=e u 9 ! vital connections ( an ess5tially concrete situation1 b 9 ! simple indep5d5ce ( its self-repose4 ,out ( ! _m s\rces ( cont5t :i* ,i h indicat$ z adapt$ to pa9t+1 we %all f9d religi\s subjects1 ,*ri/1 8 apo/les1 & ! l are exceptionally suit$ to su* ab/ract treatm5t4 ,su* figures z ^! mu/ necess>ily be assum$ to possess suffici5t significance 9 _! isolation1 to be complete 9 !mselves1 & to unfold an object suffici5tly sub/antive ( adoration & love4 ,belong+ to ?is type1 p>ticul>ly 9 e>ly art1 we meet ) examples ( ,*ri/ or 8 sa9ts isolat$ )\t def9ite situation & environm5t4 ,if we d f9d ! latt] x ma9ly consi/s 9 ar*itectural embelli%m5ts1 p>ticul>ly ,go?ic2 ?is is frequ5tly ! case 9 e>ly ,flemi% or upp] ,g]man art#caa4 ,9 ?is relation to ar*itecture1 among ! columns & ar*es ( :i* su* figures z ! twelve apo/les & o!rs are frequ5tly compos$1 pa9t+ does n z yet atta9 to ! life-l actuality ( its lat] developm5t1 & we f9d t ev5 ! figures /ill reta9 9 "s measure a "* :i* incl9es to ! /atuesque1 or to "s ext5t d n move beyond su* a g5]al type z we f9d indicat$ 9 its fundam5tals by ,byzant9e pa9t+4 ,= isolat$ figures ( ?is "*1 devoid ( any backgr\nd or only reta9+ a purely ar*itectonic outl9e1 a m sev]e simplicity ( col\r1 & a m emphatic brilliancy1 is z x %\ld be4 ,! olde/ s*ool ( pa9t]s h consequ5tly employ$ a s+le-t9t$ gr\nd ( gold in/ead ( a ri* natural l&scape1 a gr\nd :i* ! col\rs ( drap]y h to confront1 & to :i* !y are compell$ to adapt !mselves2 ^! are consequ5tly m decisive & gl>+ ?an ! col\rs employ$ 9 ! p]iods ( ,art's f9e/ bloom1 j z we f9d z a rule t simple vivid col\rs su* z r$1 blue1 & ! re/ are mo/ pleas+ to uncultivat$ p4 ,to ?is e>lie/ type ( conception x is t = ! mo/ "p ! miracle-work+ pictures belong4 ,to su* z to some?+ /up5d\s man is m]ely plac$ 9 a relation ( /upidity1 f :i* ! aspect ( _! arti/ic m]it vani%es1 s t !y are n br\ght ne>] to 8 consci\s life 9 fri5dly guise 9 accordance ) _! vital humanity & beauty1 & ! v pictures :i* are mo/ rev]$ 9 a religi\s s5se are f an arti/ic /&po9t ! mo/ execrable4 ,if1 h[ev]1 isolat$ figures ( ?is type d n supply an object = devotion or int]e/ z be+ already complete & indep5d5t p]sonality1 _! execution1 c>ri$ out z x is 9 consonance ) ! pr9ciple ( /atuesque conception1 has no mean+ at all4 ,portraits1 = example1 are ( int]e/ to relatives :o "k ! man ?us portray$ & 8 individuality4 ,b :]e ! p]sonages ?us depict$ are =gott5 or unkn[n ! sympa?y :i* is excit$ by _! portraiture 9 a giv5 action or situation1 :i* gives def9ite cont5t to a p>ticul> "*1 is ( a :olly diff]5t k9d to t :i* we f9d 9 ! entirely simple type ( conception above ref]r$ to4 ,really great portraits1 :5 !y face u 9 ! fulle/ weal? ( life all ! means ( art c display1 possess 9 ?is weal? itself ! p[] to /& =? f & /ep out ( _! frames4 ,9 look+ at ! portraits ( ,van ,dyck1 = example1 m p>ticul>ly :5 ! pose ( ! figure is n :olly full face1 b slightly turn$ away1 ! frame has /ruck me l ! door ( ! _w1 :i* ! man be=e me ent]s4 ,:5 consequ5tly individuals d n possess1 z sa9ts1 angels & ! l d1 a *>act]ization :i* is 9 itself suffici5tly complete & ackn[l$g$1 & are only int]e/+ by virtue ( ! def9ite "* ( a giv5 situation1 "s s+le circum/ance or p>ticul> action1 x is n suitable to pres5t !m z indep5d5t figures4 ,z an example ( ?is ! la/ "w ( ,kgel*5 9 ,dresd5 0 a composition ( f\r heads1 half figures1 namely1 ,*ri/1 ,john ! ,evangeli/1 ,john ! ,bapti/1 & ! ,prodigal ,son4 ,s f> z ,*ri/ & ,john ! ,evangeli/ are conc]n$ ,i f\nd ! conception q appropriate4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! ,bapti/1 & 9 e respect 9 t ( ! ,prodigal ,son1 ,i fail$ to connect ) !m ! au!ntic "* :i* c\ld ju/ify a treatm5t ( !m z half-l5g? portraits4 ,9 su* cases x is ess5tial to place ! figures 9 a condition ( action or incid5t1 or at lea/ to %[ !m 9 situations1 by means ( :i*1 9 vital association ) ext]nal environm5t1 !y c ass]t ! individuality :i* m>ks an ess5tially exclusive :ole4 ,! head ( ! ,prodigal ,son 9 ! above picture expresses no d\bt1 v f9ely too1 pa91 pr(\nd rep5tance & remorse1 b ! only indication we h giv5 u t ?is is ! rep5tance ( ! ,prodigal ,son is a v dim9utive h]d ( sw9e 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,in/ead ( a symbolical ref]5ce ( ?is k9d we ought to see him among 8 sw9e1 or at lea/ 9 "s o!r sc5e ( 8 life4 ,! ,prodigal ,son1 9 %ort1 does n possess = u any fur!r g5]al *>act]ization complete z su* 9 our m9ds & only exi/s1 9 s f> z he is n purely allegorical1 9 ! well-kn[n sc5es ( ,biblical n>rative4 ,he %\ld be depict$ to u z leav+ 8 fa!r's h\se1 or 9 8 mis]y1 8 rep5tance & return1 t is1 9 ! concrete facts ( ! tale4 ,^? sw9e put 9 ! =egr\nd d n c>ry u mu* fur!r ?an a label ) ,! ,prodigal ,son writt5 on x4 77 ,& g5]ally x is obvi\s t pa9t+1 = ! reason t its function is to accept z its cont5t ! weal? ( s\l-life 9 all its detail1 is1 to a yet great] ext5t ?an sculpture1 unable to re/ satisfi$ ) t repose on itself :i* is )\t def9$ situation & ! conception ( a "* tak5 by itself & alone simply4 ,x is b\nd to make ! ef=t to exhibit su* self-subsi/5cy & its cont5t 9 specific situation1 v>iety1 & di/9ction ( "* view$ 9 _! mutual relations & 9 association ) _! environm5t4 ,x is1 9 fact1 j ?is dep>ture f purely eclectic & traditional types1 f ! ar*itectonic composition ( figures & ! /atuesque mode ( conception2 x is j ?is lib]ation f all t is devoid ( movem5t & action1 ?is /riv+ aft] a liv+ human expression1 a *>act]i/ic individuality2 x is ?is inve/m5t ( a cont5t ) all ! detail ( ! ideal & ext]nal condition t affects x :i* con/itutes ! advance ( ! art1 9 virtue ( :i* x secures its own unique po9t ( view4 ,consequ5tly to pa9t+ z to no o!r pla/ic art is x n m]ely p]mitt$1 b x is ev5 requir$ f x1 t x %\ld unfold dramatic realization1 & by ! composition ( its figures display _! activity 9 a di/9ctly emphasiz$ situation4 77 ,&1 9 ! ?ird place1 closely connect$ ) ?is absorption 9 ! complete weal? ( exi/+ life & ! dramatic movem5t ( circum/ance & "*1 we are aw>e ( ! importance :i* is increas+ly atta*$1 bo? 9 conception & execution1 to ! individuality & ! vital weal? ( ! col\r aspect ( all objects1 9 s f> z 9 pa9t+ we atta9 to ! supreme/ effects ( vital tru? :i* are capable ( be+ express$ purely by col\r4 ,?is magical result ( appe>ance c1 h[ev]1 be c>ri$ to su* a pit*1 t 9 contra/ to x ! exhibition ( cont5t becomes a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 & pa9t+ t5ds to pass ov]1 9 ! m]e *>m & p]fume ( its col\r tones1 & ! contra/1 fusion1 & play ( _! h>monies1 into ! art ( music1 precisely z sculpture1 9 ! elaboration ( its reliefs1 t5ds to associate itself ) pa9t+4 77 ,:at we h 9 ! fir/ in/ance n[ to pass 9 review are ! p>ticul> l9es#cab t pictorial composition is con/ra9$ to adh]e to 9 its productions :5 pres5t+ to u a def9ite situation & ! m imm$iate motives ref]able to x by virtue ( ! way x conc5trates & gr\ps toge!r v>i\s figures & natural objects 9 "o self-exclusive :ole4 77 ,:at is ( fundam5tal & pre-em95t importance "h is ! happy selection ( a situation adapt$ to ! art4 ,9 ?is respect ! imag9ative p[]s ( ! pa9t] possess an immeasurable field to select f1 a field ^: limits ext5d f ! simple/ situation#cac ( an object insignificant 9 itself1 su* z a wrea? ( fl[]s1 or a w9eglass compos$ ) plates1 bread1 & c]ta9 fruits1 to ri* compositions ( important public ev5ts1 political actions1 coronation ftes1 battles1 or ev5 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 9 :i* ,god ! ,fa!r1 ,*ri/1 8 apo/les1 ! heav5ly legions1 nay1 our entire humanity1 & e>?1 heav51 & hell are br\ght toge!r4 ,& "h a clos] inspection w %[ u t we mu/ cle>ly di/+ui% :at is truly pictorial on ! "o h& f t :i* is sculpturesque1 & on ! o!r f :at is poetical 9 ! s5se t x is only poetry t c fully express x4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 a pictorial1 & sculpturesque situation consi/s1 z we h already se51 9 ?is1 t ! ma9 function ( sculpture is to place be=e u t :i* is self-subsi/5t 9 its tranquillity1 )\t conflict "u conditions t d n affect x1 9 :i* di/9ctness ( def9ition is n ! ma9 dem&1 x is only 9 ! relief t x really beg9s to approa* a gr\p composition1 & an epic expanse ( figures beg9s to repres5t actions involv+ motion1 & :i* imply collision ( oppos+ =ces4 ,! art ( pa9t+1 on ! contr>y1 only ?or\ghly takes up its prop] task1 :5 x moves away f figures compos$ indep5d5tly ( _! m concrete relations1 moves away f a situation t is defici5t 9 its elaboration1 9 ord] t x may ?us pass into ! sph]e ( liv+ movem5t1 human conditions1 passions1 conflicts1 actions 9 p]si/5t association ) ext]nal environm5t1 & ev5 9 its composition ( natural l&scape is able to reta9 firmly ?is def9ite /ructure ( a giv5 situation & its mo/ lifelike individuality4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t f ! fir/ we ma9ta9$ t pa9t+ 0 call$ ^u to effect ! exposition ( "*1 s\l1 & ideal qualities1 n 9 ! way t ?is spiritual _w enables u to recognize x directly 9 its ext]nal %ape1 b 9 ! way x evolves & expresses its actual sub/ance by means ( actions4 ,& ! tru? we h j m5tion$ is t :i* br+s pa9t+ into clos] relation ) poetry4 ,bo? arts h 9 ?is respect an advantage#cad1 & f ano!r po9t ( view1 also a disadvantage4 ,pa9t+ is unable to give u ! developm5t ( a situation1 ev5t1 or action1 z poetry or music1 t is to say1 9 a s]ies ( *anges2 x c only embody "o mom5t ( "t4 ,a simple reflection is d$ucible f ?is1 namely1 t we mu/ 9 ?is "o mom5t h plac$ be=e u ! sub/ance ( ! situation or action 9 its entirety1 ! v bloom ( x2 consequ5tly1 t mom5t %\ld be select$ 9 :i* all t prec$$ & foll[$ x is conc5trat$ 9 "o po9t4 ,9 ! case ( a battle1 = example1 ?is mom5t w be t ( victory4 ,! conflict is /ill app>5t1 b its decisive conclusion is equally s4 ,! arti/ is able1 !re=e1 to reta9 z x 7 ! residue ( ! ,pa/1 :i*1 9 ! v act ( )drawal & disappe>ance1 /ill ass]ts itself 9 ! ,pres5t1 & fur!rmore c sugge/ :at has yet to be evolv$ z ! imm$iate result ( a giv5 situation4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 "h enl>ge fur!r on ?is head4 ,! pa9t]1 h[ev]1 toge!r ) ?is disadvantage z aga9/ ! poet1 is to ?is ext5t advantag$ 9 t he c br+ ! precise sc5e be=e our vision 9 all ! appe>ance ( its reality1 c depict x p]fectly 9 all its detail4 ,ut pictura poesis erit is no d\bt a fav\rite say+ :i* is p>ticul>ly & p]t9aci\sly advanc$ by !ori/s1 & is no d\bt actually accept$ & exemplifi$ by n>rative poetry 9 its descriptions ( ! seasons1 its fl[]s1 & its l&scapes4 ,detail$ transcription ( su* objects & situations is1 h[ev]1 n only a v dry & t$i\s affair1 & inde$1 s f> f be+ exhau/ive1 always leaves some?+ m to say4 ,x is1 fur!r1 contra/$ ) pa9t+1 only a confus+ result1 because x is =c$ to pres5t z a successive s]ies ( ideas :at pa9t+ sets be=e our vision once & = all1 s t we con/antly t5d to =get :at has gone be=e & lose x f our m9ds1 despite ! fact t x %\ld be held 9 ess5tial relation ) t :i* foll[s1 inasmu* z "u ! spatial condition x is 9 fact a "p ( x1 & only is significant 9 ?is association & ?is imm$iacy4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 j 9 ?is contemporane\s exposition ( detail t ! pa9t] c re/ore t :i*1 9 respect to ! progressive s]ies ( pa/ & future ev5ts1 he fails to secure4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r respect 9 :i* pa9t+ yields place to poetry & music1 & t is 9 its lyrical quality4 ,! art ( poetry c n only develop emotions & ideas g5]ally z su* respectively1 b also 9 _! transitions1 movem5t1 & increas$ int5sity4 ,9 respect to conc5trat$ int5sity ?is is yet m ! case 9 music1 :i* is ess5tially conc]n$ ) s\l-movem5t4 ,to repres5t ?is pa9t+ has no?+ beyond ! expression ( face & pose2 & if x does exclusively direct its ef=t1 to :at is actually lyrical1 x misconceives ! means at h&4 ,h[ev] mu* ! s\l's passion may be express$ 9 ! play ( ! c\nt5ance or bodily movem5t1 su* expression %\ld n be directly ref]able to emotion z su*1 b to emotions 9 s f> z !y are pres5t1 ) a def9ite mode ( expression1 9 an ev5t or action4 ,! fact t x reveals ideality 9 ext]nal =m !re=e does n connote ! ab/ract mean+ t x makes ! nature ( ! s\l visible by means ( physiognomy & =m1 "u ! mode ( :i* x expresses s\l-life2 x is r j ! individual situation ( an action1 passion 9 "s specific outbur/ !re(1 by means ( :i* ! emotion is unfold$ & recogniz$4 ,:51 !re=e1 x is attempt$ to int]pret ! poetical quality ( pa9t+ "u ! assumption t x %\ld express ! s\l's emotion directly1 )\t a motive & action m ne> to x 9 facial expression & pose1 all t we d 9 su* a case is to ?r[ ! art back ^u an ab/raction1 :i* its ef=t %\ld precisely /rive to be rid (2 we ask ( x1 9 %ort1 t x %\ld ma/] ! peculi> & j contribution ( poetry2 & if x attempts to d ?is ! result w be a b>r5 & /ale "o4 ,i p>ticul>ly insi/ on ?is po9t because 9 ! exhibition ( art we _h "h la/ ye> 7#ahbh7 sev]al pictures f ! s-call$ ,dsseldorf s*ool h receiv$ mu* att5tion1 ! pa9t]s ( :i*1 :ile display+ 9 _! "w consid]able k & te*nical ability1 h laid almo/ exclusive /ress on ?is ideal aspect1 on mat]ial t is only capable ( adequate pres5tm5t 9 poetry4 ,! cont5t1 = ! mo/ "p borr[$ f poems ( ,goe! or f ,%akespe>e1 ,ario/o1 & ,tasso1 may be g5]ally indicat$ z ! ideal emotion ( ,love4 ,z a rule ! mo/ capable ( ^! pictures set be=e u a pair ( lov]s1 ,romeo & ,juliet1 = example1 or ,r9aldo & ,armida1 )\t any fur!r situation1 s t ^! c\ples h no?+ m to d & express except ! fact t !y are 9 love ) ea* o!r1 9 o!r words1 !y %>e a mutual attraction1 gaze on ea* o!r z lov]s1 & z lov]s look yet aga94 ,naturally 9 su* a case ! ma9 expression mu/ be conc5trat$ 9 ! m\? & eyes2 & we may add t our ,r9aldo has be5 s plac$ relatively to 8 spid] legs t he looks v mu* z ?\gh he did n "k :at to d ) !m4 ,!y are ext5sions :i* are entirely )\t mean+4 ,sculpture1 z we h se51 disp5ses ) ! glance ( eye1 ! s\l-fla%2 pa9t+1 on ! o!r h&1 seizes on ?is pot5t means ( expression1 b x mu/ n focus ev]y?+ at ?is "o po9t1 x %\ld n make ! fire or ! reflu5t languor & ye>n+ ( ! eye or s(t fri5dl9ess ( lips ! s\l & c5tre ( expression )\t any o!r motives4 ,equally defective 0 ! fi%]man ( ,hbn]1 ! !me ( :i* 0 borr[$ f t fam\s poem ( ,goe!1 :i* depicts ) su* wond]ful dep? & *>m ( feel+ ! indef9ite ye>n+ = ! repose1 coolness & purity ( wat]4 ,! nak$ fi%] lad1 :o 9 ?is picture is be+ drawn into ! wat]1 has1 j z ! male figures 9 ! o!r pictures h1 a v prosaic look+ face1 su* z we c\ld n imag9e1 if ! features 7 9 repose1 to be capable ( pr(\nd or beautiful emotions4 ,&1 z a rule1 we _c ass]t ( ^! figures1 :e!r male or female1 t !y are beautiful 9 a heal?y s5se2 !y1 on ! contr>y1 m]ely betray ! n]v\s excitem5t1 weakness1 & disease ( ,love & emotional life g5]ally1 :i* p h no bus9ess to repeat & :i* we w\ld will+ly1 :e!r 9 life or ,art1 be sp>$4 ,to ! same class ( conception belongs ! way t ,s*ad[1 ! ma/] ( ?is s*ool1 has depict$ ,goe!'s ,mignon4 ,! "* ( ,mignon is :olly poetical4 ,:at makes h] int]e/+ is h] ,pa/1 ! sev]ity ( h] de/9y z x affects bo? h] inw>d & outw>d life1 ! conflict ( h] ,italian1 :olly excit$ passion 9 a s\l :i* is /ill obscure to itself1 :i* c nei!r decide ^u a c\rse ( action or object1 & :i*1 be+ ?is my/]y to itself1 m]ges itself 9 su* & yet c d itself no good4 ,x is ?is self-expression :olly divid$ 9 itself & yet retir+ into itself1 & only lett+ u see its confusion 9 isolat$ & unrelat$ eruptions1 :i* creates ! awful int]e/ we _c fail to exp]i5ce 9 h]4 ,su* a network ( contradictions we may no d\bt imag9e 9 our m9ds1 b ! art ( pa9t+ is :olly unable to1 pres5t x to u1 z ,s*ad[ has attempt$ to d1 simply by means ( ,mignon's =m & physiognomy1 )\t def9+ fur!r any situation or action4 ,we may1 !re=e1 ass]t g5]ally t ! above-m5tion$ pictures are conceiv$ )\t any real insight = situations1 motives1 & expression4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 an insep>able condition ( g5u9e arti/ic repres5tations ( pa9t+ t ! entire subject-matt] %\ld be grasp$ ) imag9ative p[]1 %\ld be made visible to u 9 figurative =m1 :i* is express$ & manife/s its ideal quality ?r\gh a s]ies ( feel+1 t is1 ?r\gh an action1 :i* is ( su* significance to ! emotion1 t ea* & ev]y?+ 9 ! "w ( art appe>s to be entirely appropriat$ by ! imag9ation to express ! cont5t select$4 ,! old ,italian pa9t]s h to a conspicu\s degree1 no less ?an _! mod]n frat]nity1 depict$ love-sc5es1 & 9 "p borr[$ ! mat]ial f poetry2 b !y h kn[n h[ to clo! ! same ) imag9ation & delight4 ,cupid & ,psy*e1 ,cupid & ,v5us1 ,pluto's rape ( ,pros]p9e1 ! rape ( ! ,sab9e wom51 su* & o!r simil> subjects ! old ma/]s depict$ 9 lifelike & def9ite situations1 9 sc5es prop]ly motiv$ & n m]ely z simple emotion conceiv$ )\t imag9ative grasp1 )\t action4 ,!y h also borr[$ love sc5es f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,we may f9d an example 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y1 a picture ( ,giorgione1 9 :i* ,jacob1 aft] 8 long j\rney1 greets ,ra*el1 presses h] h& & kisses h]2 9 ! di/ance !re /& a pair ( y\?s by a spr+1 busily engag$ 9 wat]+ _! h]ds1 :i* are fe$+1 a l>ge numb] ( !m1 9 ! dale4 ,ano!r picture pres5ts to u ,isaac & ,rebecca4 ,rebecca gives ,abraham's c>ls wat] to dr9k & is recogniz$ 9 do+ s4 ,9 ! same way sc5es are tak5 f ,ario/o2 we h ,m$or1 = example1 writ+ ! "n ( ,angelica on ! edge ( a spr+4 ,:51 !re=e1 p n[adays ref] to poetry 9 pa9t+1 ?is c only mean1 z already insi/$1 t we mu/ grasp a subject imag9atively & suff] emotions to unfold !mselves 9 action2 x excludes ! idea ( secur+ feel+ simply z su* or endeav\r+ ?us to express x4 ,ev5 poetry1 :i* is capable ( express+ emotion 9 its ideal or spiritual sub/ance1 is unfold$ 9 ideas1 images1 & descriptions4 ,if ?is art 0 cont5t to abide by a m]e ,i love !e1 repeat$ et]nally1 z its entire expression1 su* a consummation no d\bt1 might prove highly agreeable to ^? ma/]s :o h talk$ s mu* ab\t ! poetry ( poetry1 b x w\ld be ! blanke/ prose = all t4 ,= art g5]ally 9 its relation to emotion consi/s 9 ! appreh5sion & enjoym5t ( ! same by means ( ! imag9ation1 :i* 9 poetry displays passion 9 its conceptions1 & satisfies u 9 _! expression1 :e!r t expression be lyrical1 or convey$ 9 epical ev5ts1 or dramatic action4 ,z a pres5tm5t ( ! inw>d life ( s\l1 h[ev]1 9 pa9t+ ! m\?1 eye1 & pose1 d n alone suffice2 we mu/ h ! total objective realization 9 its concret5ess to make valid & v\* = su* ideality4 ,! ma9 ?+1 !n1 9 a picture is t x pres5t to u a situation1 ! sc5e ( "s action4 ,& closely associat$ ) ?is we h ! prim>y law ( intelligibility4 ,9 ?is respect religi\s subjects possess ! supreme advantage1 t !y are univ]sally kn[n4 ,! annunciation ( ! angel1 ! adoration ( ! %eph]ds or ( ! ?ree k+s1 ! repose 9 ! flight to ,egypt1 ! crucifixion1 burial1 resurrection1 no less ?an ! leg5ds ( ! sa9ts1 7 well kn[n subjects ) ! public1 = :om su* pictures 7 pa9t$1 albeit to our own g5]ation ! /ories ( ! m>tyrs are remov$ to "s di/ance4 ,= a p>ticul> *ur*1 = example1 x 0 ma9ly ! biography ( its patrons or its gu>dian sa9ts :i* 0 repres5t$4 ,consequ5tly x 0 n always ! pa9t]s !mselves :o select$ su* subjects2 p>ticul> circum/ances r5d]$ su* selection inevitable = p>ticul> alt>s1 *apels1 & cloi/]s1 s t ! place :]e !y are exhibit$ 9 itself contributes to _! elucidation4 ,& ?is is1 9 "p1 necess>y1 = 9 pa9t+ we d n f9d spee*1 words1 & names1 by :i* int]pretation ( poetry may be mat]ially assi/$ to say no?+ ( all its o!r means4 ,& 9 ! same way 9 a royal resid5ce1 c\ncil-hall1 or p>liam5t-build+1 sc5es ( great ev5ts1 important situations tak5 f ! hi/ory ( ! /ate1 city1 & build+ 9 :i* !y are f\nd are !re1 & receive a j recognition 9 ! place = :i* !y 7 orig9ally pa9t$4 ,x is h>dly likely1 = in/ance1 t 9 pa9t+ a picture = "o ( our palaces an arti/ w\ld select a subject borr[$ f ,engli% or ,*9ese hi/ory1 or f ! life ( ,k+ ,mi?ridates4 ,x is o!rwise 9 picture gall]ies1 :]e we h all k9ds ( subjects br\ght toge!r t we c\ld wi% to buy or possess z examples ( f9e works ( art4 ,9 su* a case1 ( c\rse1 ! peculi> relation ( any picture to a def9ite locale1 no less ?an its intelligibility1 s f> z x is !reby promot$1 disappe>s4 ,! same ?+ is true ( ! private collection4 ,! collector br+s toge!r j :at he c get2 ! pr9ciple is t ( a public gall]y1 & 8 love ( art or caprice may ext5d 9 o!r directions4 ,allegorical pictures are f> inf]ior to ^? ( hi/orical cont5t 9 ! matt] ( intelligibility2 !y are1 moreov]1 = ! reason t ! ideal vitality & emphatic *>act]ization ( ! figures mu/ 9 great measure pass out ( !m1 indef9ite1 & n motive to en?usiasm4 ,l&scapes & situations borr[$ f ! reality ( daily life1 are1 on ! contr>y1 no less cle> 9 _! sub/antial import ?an1 9 respect to _! *>act]ization1 dramatic v>iety1 movem5t & weal? ( exi/5ce1 !y supply a highly fav\rable opportunity = inv5tive p[] & executive ability4 77 ,to r5d] ! def9$ situation ( a picture intelligible1 9 s f> z ! arti/ is call$ ^u to d ?is1 ! m]e fact ( its local place ( exposition & a g5]al k ( its subject w n suffice4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ^! are purely ext]nal relations1 "u :i* ! "w z a "w ( art is less affect$4 ,! ma9 po9t ( real importance consi/s1 on ! contr>y1 9 ?is t ! arti/ be suffici5tly end[$ 9 arti/ic s5se & g5]al tal5t to br+ into prom95ce & give =m to ! v>i$ motives1 :i* su* a situation conta9s1 ) all ! b\nty ( inv5tion4 ,e action1 9 :i* ! ideal _w is manife/$ 9 t :i* is ext]nal1 possesses imm$iate modes ( expression1 s5su\s results & relations1 :i*1 9 s f> z !y are actually ! activities ( _s1 betray & reflect its emotion1 & consequ5tly c be utiliz$ ) ! greate/ advantage z motives :i* contribute to ! intelligibility ( ! "w no less ?an its individual "*4 ,x is1 = example1 a frequ5t criticism ( ! ,transfiguration picture ( ,raphael1 t ! composition is cut up into two unrelat$ p>ts2 & ?is f an objective /&po9t is ! case4 ,we h ! transfiguration on ! hill & ! incid5t ( ! possess$ *ild 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,f an ideal#cae po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 an association ( supreme significance is und\bt$ly pres5t4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 ! s5su\s transfiguration ( ,*ri/ is j ?is v exaltation ( himself above ! e>? & 8 removal f 8 disciples1 a removal :i* z su* sep>ation ought to be made visible2 & f a fur!r po9t ( view ! maje/y ( ,*ri/ is 9 ?is1 an actual & p>ticul> case1 to ! highe/ degree emphasiz$ by ! fact t ! disciples are unable to heal ! possess$ *ild )\t ! assi/ance ( _! ,ma/]4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 !re=e1 ?is tw(old action is ?r\gh\t motiv$1 & ! association is en=c$ be=e our eyes1 bo? 9 its ext]nal & ideal aspect1 by ! incid5t t a disciple expressly po9ts to ,*ri/ :o is remov$ f !m1 & 9 do+ s sugge/s ! pr(\nd] tru? ( ! ,son ( ,god to be at ! same "t on ,e>?1 9 accordance ) ! tru? ( t say+1 ,if two are ga!r$ toge!r 9 my "n ,i am 9 ! mid/ ( !m4 ,i w give yet ano!r illu/ration4 ,goe! on "o occasion gave z a subject = a prize exhibition ! repres5tation ( ,a*illes 9 female g>m5ts at ! com+ ( ,odysseus4 ,9 "o draw+ ,a*illes glances at ! helmet ( ! arm$ h]o1 8 he>t fires up at ! sight1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is emotion ! pe>l necklace is brok5 :i* he we>s r\nd ! neck4 ,a lad seeks = & picks up ! pieces f ! gr\nd4 ,su* is an example ( admirable motive4 ,moreov]1 ! arti/ f9ds he has to a m or less ext5t l>ge spaces to fill 92 he requires l&scape z backgr\nd1 light+1 ar*itectonic surr\nd+1 & he has to introduce incid5tal figures & objects & s =?4 ,all ?is mat]ial he %\ld apply1 9 s f> z x c be s adapt$1 z motives 9 ! situation1 & br+ ?is ext]nal matt] into unity ) 8 subject 9 su* a way t x is no long] insignificant4 ,two pr9ces or patri>*s %ake h&s4 ,if ?is is indicative ( a peace treaty1 & ! seal ^u ! same1 w>riors1 arm$ b&s1 & ! l1 prep>ations = a sacrifice to solemnize ! pact1 w be an obvi\sly fitt+ environm5t4 ,if su* p happ5 to meet ea* o!r ) a simil> welcome on a j\rney1 o!r motives w be necess>y4 ,to inv5t ! same 9 a way t atta*es real significance & individualization to ! action1 ?is x is :i* m ?an any?+ else w te/ ! arti/ic insight ( ! pa9t] s f> z ?is aspect ( 8 "w is conc]n$4 ,& 9 ord] to promote ?is n a few arti/s h also atta*$ symbolical relations betwe5 backgr\nd & ! ma9 action4 ,9 ! composition1 = example1 ( ! ,adoration ( ! ?ree ,k+s1 we n unfrequ5tly f9d ! holy ,infant 9 ,8 cradle b5ea? a ru9$ ro(1 ar\nd ,him ! walls ( a build+ fall+ 9 decay1 & 9 ! backgr\nd ! comm5cem5t ( a ca!dral4 ,! fall+ /one-"w & ! ris+ ca!dral directly sugge/ ! victory ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* ov] paganism#caf4 ,9 ! same way we f9d1 n unfrequ5tly1 9 pictures1 m especially ( ! ,van ,eyck s*ool1 :i* depict ! greet+ ( ! angel ,gabriel to ,m>y1 fl[]+ lilies l /am5s4 ,!y indicate ! maid5hood ( ! "m ( ,god4 77 ,inasmu* z 9 ! ?ird place ! art ( pa9t+1 by virtue ( ! pr9ciple ( ideal & ext]nal v>iety1 9 :i* x is b\nd to give cle> def9ition to situations1 ev5ts1 conflicts1 & actions1 is =c$ to deal on its way ) _m k9ds ( di/9ction & contradiction 9 its subject-matt]1 :e!r purely natural objects or human figures1 &1 moreov]1 receives ! task to subdivide ?is composite cont5t1 & create ( x "o h>moni\s :ole1 a way ( pos+ & gr\p+ its figures arti/ically1 becomes "o ( ! mo/ important & necess>y claims made ^u x4 ,among ! cr[d ( p>ticul> rules & def9itions1 h[ev]1 :i* are applicable to ?is subject1 :at we are able to affirm 9 its mo/ g5]al t]ms c only be valid 9 q a =mal way1 & ,i w m]ely draw att5tion %ortly to a few ( ! ma9 po9ts4 ,! e>lie/ mode ( composition /ill rema9s entirely ar*itectonic1 a homog5e\s juxtaposition ( figures or a regul> opposition & symmetrical arrangem5t1 n m]ely ( ! figures !mselves1 b also _! po/ure & movem5ts4 ,we may add t at ?is /age ! pyramidal =m ( gr\p+ is mu* 9 fav\r4 ,:5 ! subject is ! ,crucifixion ( our ,"l su* %apes foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,*ri/ is susp5d$ on high f ! cross1 & at ! sides we h a gr\p ( ! disciples1 ,m>y ! "m1 or sa9ts4 ,9 pictures ( ! ,madonna also1 9 :i* ,m>y is seat$ ) h] ,*ild on a rais$ ?rone1 & we f9d ador+ apo/les1 m>tyrs1 & s =?1 b5ea? !m on ei!r side we h a fur!r illu/ration ( ?is =m4 ,ev5 9 ! ,si/9e ,madonna picture ?is mode ( gr\p+ is /ill 9 its fundam5tal features reta9$4 ,&1 g5]ally1 x br+s repose to ! eye because ! pyramids1 by virtue ( its apex1 makes ! o!rwise disp]s$ association coh]5t1 giv+ an ext]nal po9t ( unity to ! gr\p#cag4 ,)9 ! limits1 h[ev]1 ( su* a g5]ally ab/ract symmetrical composition1 ! pose ( ! figures may be m>k$ 9 detail by great vividness & individuality1 & equally ! g5]al expression & movem5t4 ,! arti/1 :ile us+ 9 comb9ation ! means ( 8 art1 w h 8 sev]al planes1 :]eby he is able m def9itely to emphasize ! m important figures z aga9/ ! o!rs2 & he c 9 addition avail himself ( 8 s*eme ( light+ & col\r4 ,! way he w arrange 8 gr\ps to arrive at ?is result is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,he w n1 ( c\rse1 place 8 ma9 figures at ! sides1 or place subord9ate ones 9 positions :i* are likely to attract ! highe/ att5tion4 ,& simil>ly he w ?r[ ! /ronge/ light on objects :i* are "p ( ! mo/ significant cont5t1 r ?an leave !m 9 %ad[1 & emphasize ) su* /rong light & ! mo/ conspicu\s t9ts objects :i* are incid5tal4 ,9 ! case he adopts a me?od ( gr\p+ less symmetrical1 & !reby m life-l1 ! arti/ w h to take especial pa9s n to make ! figures press too closely on ea* o!r1 :i* results 9 a confusion n unfrequ5tly noticeable 9 c]ta9 pictures2 we %\ld n be "u ! necessity ( hav+ fir/ to id5tify limbs & discov] :i* belong to :i*1 :e!r !y be arms1 legs1 or o!r prop]ties1 su* z drap]y1 arm\r1 & s =?4 ,x w1 on ! contr>y1 be wise/ 9 ! case ( l>g] compositions1 9 ! fir/ in/ance no d\bt1 to sep>ate ! :ole into compon5t p>ts easily asc]ta9$1 b1 at ! same "t1 n to isolate !m 9 disp]sion entirely4 ,& p>ticul>ly w ?is be advisable :]e we h sc5es & situations1 :i* on _! own acc\nt naturally t5d to a broad & disunit$ effect su* z ! ga!r+ ( manna 9 ! wild]ness1 m>ket-fairs1 & simil> subjects4 ,on ! above subject ,i mu/ re/rict myself "h to ^! v g5]al obs]vations4 77 ,hav+ ?us1 fir/ly1 dealt ) ! g5]al types ( pictorial composition1 &1 secondly1 ) a composition f ! po9t ( view ( selection ( situations1 arrangem5t ( motives & gr\p+1 we w n[ add a few rem>ks ^u ! mode ( *>act]ization1 by means ( :i* pa9t+ is to be di/+ui%$ f sculpture & its ideal pla/ic "*4 77 ,i h sev]al times previ\sly tak5 occasion to rem>k1 t 9 pa9t+ ! ideal & ext]nal p>ticul>ity ( s\l-life is admitt$ 9 its fre$om1 & consequ5tly is n necess>ily t typical beauty ( individualization :i* is insep>able f ! ,ideal itself1 b "o :i* is suff]$ to exp& 9 e direction ( p>ticul> appe>ance1 by virtue ( :i* we obta9 t :i* 9 mod]n p>lance is call$ *>act]i/ic4 ,critics h g5]ally ref]r$ to ! *>act]i/ic ?us und]/ood z ! di/9ctive m>k ( mod]n art 9 its contra/ to ! antique2 &1 9 ! significance we are "h atta*+ to ! t]m1 no d\bt ! above contra/ is j4 ,accord+ to our mod]n crit]ion ,zeus1 ,apollo1 ,diana1 & ! re/ are really n *>act]s at all 9 ?is s5se1 al?\gh we _c fail to admire _! inf9itely l(ty1 pla/ic1 & ideal individualities4 ,we already f9d a m articulate individualization is approa*$ by ! ,hom]ic ,a*illes1 ! ,agamemnon & ,clytemne/ra ( ,aes*ylus#cah1 or ! ,odysseus1 ,antigone1 & ,ism5e 9 ! type ( spiritual developm5t :i* by ^w & de$ ,sophocles unfolds to u1 a def9ition 9 :i* ^! figures subsi/ 9 :at appe>s to be consonant ) _! sub/antive nature1 s t we c no d\bt discov] ! pres5tm5t ( "* 9 ! antique if we are prep>$ to call su* creations *>act]s4 ,/ill 9 ,agamemnon1 ,ajax1 ,odysseus1 & ! re/1 ! individualization rema9s ?r\gh\t ( a g5]aliz$ type1 ! "* ( a pr9ce1 ( frantic rage1 ( cunn+ 9 its m ab/ract det]m9acy4 ,! individual aspect is 9 ! result closely int]tw9$ ) ! g5]al conception1 & ! "* is m]g$ 9 an individualization ( ideal import4 ,! art ( pa9t+1 on ! contr>y1 :i* does n re/ra9 p>ticul>ity )9 ! limits ( su* ideality1 is m ?an any?+ else occupi$ ) develop+ ! entire v>iety ( t aspect ( p>ticul>ization :i* is accid5tal1 s t :at we h n[ set be=e u1 in/ead ( ^? pla/ic ideals ( gods & m51 is p>ticul> p view$ 9 all ! v>i$ appe>ance ( _! accid5tal qualities4 ,consequ5tly p]fection ( corporeal =m1 & ! fully realiz$ consonancy ( ! spiritual or ideal aspect ) its free & sane exi/5ce1 9 a ^w1 all t 9 sculpture we ref]r$ to z ideal beauty1 9 ! art ( pa9t+ nei!r make ! same claim ^u u1 nor g5]ally are reg>d$ z ! matt] ( mo/ importance1 inasmu* z n[ x is ! ideality ( s\l-life itself1 & its manife/ation z consci\s life :i* =ms ! c5tre ( int]e/4 ,9 ?is m ideal sph]e t realm ( ,nature is n s pr(\ndly insi/5t4 ,piety ( he>t1 religion ( s\l c1 no less ?an e?ical s5se1 & activity 9 fact did 9 ! ,sil5us face ( ,socrates1 f9d a dwell+ 9 a bodily =m :i*1 view$ on ! outside simply1 is ugly & di/ort$4 ,no d\bt 9 express+ spiritual beauty1 ! arti/ w avoid :at is ess5tially ugly 9 ext]nal =m1 or w f9d a way to subdue & illum9e x 9 ! p[] ( ! s\l :i* breaks ?r\gh x1 b he _c = all t entirely disp5se ) ugl9ess#cai4 ,= ! cont5t ( pa9t+1 z we h above depict$ x at l5g?1 includes )9 itself an aspect1 = :i* x is precisely ! abnormal & di/ort$ traits ( human figures & physiognomy1 :i* are mo/ able to express4 ,?is is no o!r ?an ! sph]e ( :at is bad & evil1 :i* 9 religi\s subjects we f9d ma9ly repres5t$ by ! common soldi]s1 :o take a "p 9 ! passion ( ,*ri/1 or by ! s9n]s & devils 9 hell4 ,mi*elangelo 0 pre-em95t 9 8 del9eation ( devils4 ,9 8 imag9ative realization1 ?\gh we f9d he passes beyond ! scale ( ord9>y human life1 yet at ! same "t an aff9ity ) x is reta9$4 ,h[ev] mu* not)/&+ ! imp]sonations :i* pa9t+ sets be=e u necess>ily disclose an ess5tially complete :ole ( *>act]i/ic realization1 we w n g s f> z to ma9ta9 t we _c f9d 9 !m an analogue ( t :i* we ref] to z ! ,ideal 9 ! mo/ pla/ic type ( art#cbj4 ,9 religi\s subjects1 no d\bt1 ! feature ( all importance is t ( pure ,love4 ,?is is exceptionally s 9 ! case ( ! ,virg9 "m1 ^: entire life reposes 9 ?is love2 x is m or less ! same ?+ ) ! wom5 :o accompany ! ,ma/]1 & ) ,john1 ! disciple ( ,love4 ,9 ! expression ( ?is we may also f9d ! s5su\s beauty ( =ms associat$1 z is ! case ) ,raphael's conceptions4 ,su* a close aff9ity mu/ n1 h[ev]1 ass]t itself m]ely z =mal beauty1 b mu/ be spiritually made vital ?r\gh ! mo/ intimate expression ( s\l-life1 & !reby transfigur$2 & ?is spiritual p5etration mu/ make itself felt z ! real object & cont5t4 ,! conception1 too1 ( beauty1 has its real opportunity 9 ! /ories ( ,*ri/'s *ildhood & ^? ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,9 ! case ( ! o!r hi/orical p]sons1 :e!r apo/les1 sa9ts1 disciples1 or wise m5 ( antiquity1 ?is expression ( an emphasiz$ int5sity ( s\l-life is r simply an affair ( p>ticul> critical situations1 ap>t f :i* !y are ma9ly plac$ be=e u z indep5d5t *>act]s ( ! actual _w ( exp]i5ce1 end[$ ) =ce & endurance ( c\rage1 fai? & action1 s t :at mo/ det]m9es ! gi/ ( _! *>act]s 9 all its v>iety is an e>ne/ & wor?y manl9ess4 ,!y are n ideals ( gods1 b entirely individualiz$ human ideals2 n simply m51 z !y ought to be1 b human ideals#cba1 z !y actually are 9 a c]ta9 place1 to :i* nei!r p>ticul> def9ition ( "* is want+1 nor yet a real association betwe5 su* p>ticul>ity & ! univ]sal type :i* completes !m4 ,mi*elangelo1 ,raphael & ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 9 8 fam\s ,la/ ,supp]1 h suppli$ examples ( ?is type1 9 ! composition ( :i* we f9d an entirely diff]5t quality ( wor?1 maje/y & nobility pres5t ?an 9 ^? pres5t$ by o!r pa9t]s#cbb4 ,?is is precisely ! po9t at :i* pa9t+ meets on ! same gr\nd ) ! anci5ts1 )\t1 h[ev]1 sacrific+ ! "* ( its own prov9ce4 77 ,inasmu*1 moreov]1 z ! art ( pa9t+1 to ! fulle/ ext5t among ! pla/ic arts1 ackn[l$ges ! claim ( ! specific =m1 & ! individualiz$ *>act]ization to ass]t itself1 s above all we f9d "h ! transition to real portraiture4 ,we %\ld be !re=e :olly 9 ! wrong if we condemn$ portrait pa9t+ z incompatible ) ! l(ty aims ( art4 ,:o inde$ c\ld desire to lose ! great numb] ( excell5t portraits pa9t$ by ! great ma/]s8 ,:o is n1 q ap>t f ! arti/ic m]its ( su* works1 curi\s to h def9itely sub/antiat$ to _! vision ?is actual c\nt]feit ( ! idea ( fam\s p]sonalities1 _! g5ius1 & _! exploits1 :i* !y may h o!rwise _h to accept f hi/ory4 ,= ev5 ! greate/ & mo/ highly plac$ man 01 or is1 a v]itable individual1 & we desire to see 9 visible %ape ?is individuality1 & ! spiritual impression ( x 9 all its mo/ actual & vital *>act]i/ics4 ,b ap>t f objects1 :i* lie outside ! purview ( art1 we may ass]t 9 a real s5se1 t ! advances 9 pa9t+ f its imp]fect essays consi/ 9 no?+ s mu* z ?is v elaboration ( ! portrait4 ,x 01 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! pi\s & devotional s5se :i* br\ght into prom95ce ! ideal life ( s\l4 ,a yet f9] art add$ new life to ?is s5se by add+ to its product reality ( expression & individual exi/5ce2 & ) ?is pr(\nd] p5etration into ext]nal fact ! inw>d life ( _s1 ! expression ( :i* 0 its ma9 object1 0 also enhanc$ & deep5$4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 t ! portrait %\ld be a g5u9e "w ( art ! unity ( ! spiritual individuality mu/1 z ,i h already /at$1 be /amp$ ^u x1 & ! spiritual impression ( ! *>act]ization mu/ be ! "o ma9ly emphasiz$ & made prom95t4 ,e feature ( ! c\nt5ance contributes to ?is result 9 a conspicu\s degree1 & ! f9e in/9ct = detect+ su* 9 ! arti/ w decl>e itself by ! way 9 :i* he makes visible ! unique impression ( any p]sonality by seiz+ & emphasiz+ precisely ^? traits1 & p>ts 9 :i* ?is di/9ctive p]sonal quality is express$ 9 its cle>e/ & mo/ vitally pregnant embodim5t4 ,9 ?is respect a portrait may be v true to ,nature1 execut$ ) ! greate/ p]sev]ance1 & yet entirely devoid ( life1 :ile a m]e sket*#cbc1 a few outl9es f ! h& ( a ma/]1 may be inf9itely m vivaci\s & arre/+ 9 its tru?4 ,su* a /udy %\ld1 h[ev]1 by indicat+ ! l9es or features ( real significance1 reflect t "* 9 its /ructural complet5ess#cbd1 if on ! simple/ scale1 :i* ! previ\s lifeless execution & insi/5ce ^u crude fact glosses ov] & r5d]s invisible4 ,! mo/ advisable c\rse1 z a rule1 is to ma9ta9 a happy mean betwe5 su* /udies1 & purely natural imitation4 ,! ma/]ly portraits ( ,titian are ( ?is type4 ,! impression su* make on u is t ( a complete p]sonality4 ,we get f !m an idea ( spiritual vitality1 su* z actual exp]i5ce is unable to supply4 ,! effect is simil> to t af=d$ by ! description ( great actions & ev5ts 9 ! h&s ( a truly arti/ic hi/orian4 ,we obta9 f su* a mu* l(ti] & vitally true picture ( ! facts ?an any we c\ld h tak5 f ! direct evid5ce ( our s5ses4 ,concrete reality is s ov]burd5$ ) ! ph5om5al1 t is incid5tal or accid5tal detail1 t we frequ5tly _c see ! =e/ = ! trees1 & (t5 ! mo/ important fact slips by u z a ?+ ( common or daily occurr5ce4 ,x is ! indwell+ insight & g5ius ( ! writ] :i* fir/ adds ! quality ( greatness to ev5ts or actions1 pres5t+ !m fully 9 a truly hi/orical composition1 :i* rejects :at is purely ext]nal1 & only br+s into prom95ce t ?r\gh :i* t ideal sub/ance is vitally unfold$4 ,9 ?is way1 too1 ! pa9t] %\ld place be=e u ! m9d#cbe & "* ( ! imp]sonation by means ( 8 art4 ,if success is fully atta9$ we may affirm t a portrait ( ?is qualify is m to ! m>k1 m l ! p]sonality ?us conceiv$ ?an ! real man himself is4 ,albre*t ,dr] has also execut$ portraits ( ?is "*4 ,) a few te*nical means ! traits are emphasiz$ ) su* simplicity1 def9ition1 & dignity1 t we :olly believe ourselves to be fac+ spiritual life itself4 ,! long] we look at su* a picture1 ! m pr(\ndly we p5etrate into x1 ! m x is reveal$ to u4 ,x rem9ds "o ( a cle>-cut draw+1 in/9ct ) g5ius1 :i* completely gives expression to ! *>act]i/ic1 & = ! re/ is m]ely executive 9 its col\r & outl9es 9 s f> z ! same may make ! *>act]ization m intelligible1 app>5t1 & f9i%$ z a :ole1 )\t ent]+ into all ! importunate detail ( ! facts ( natural life4 ,9 ! same way also ,nature 9 h] l&scape pa9ts e leaf1 bran*1 & blade to ! la/ %ad[ ( a l9e or t9t4 ,l&scape pa9t+1 on ! contr>y1 has no bus9ess to attempt su* elaboration1 b may only foll[ h] subject to a pr9ciple ( treatm5t1 9 :i* ! expression ( ! :ole is involv$1 :i* emphasizes detail1 b nev]!less does n copy slavi%ly su* p>ticul>s 9 all _! ?reads1 irregul>ities & s =?1 assum+ x is to rema9 ess5tially *>act]i/ic & individual "w4 ,9 ! human face ! draw+ ( ,nature is ! framework ( bone 9 its h>% l9es1 ar\nd :i* ! s(t] ones are dispos$ & cont9ue 9 v>i\s accid5tal details4 ,truly *>act]i/ic portraiture1 h[ev]1 despite all ! importance we may rightly atta* to ^! well def9$ l9es1 consi/s 9 o!r traits indicat$ ) equal =ce1 ! c\nt5ance 9 %ort z elaborat$ by ! creative arti/4#cbf ,9 ?is s5se we may say ( ! portrait t x n only c1 b t x ought to flatt]1 inasmu* z x neglects :at p]ta9s to ,nature's cont+5cy1 & only accepts t :i* contributes to ! *>act]i/ic cont5t ( ! individual portray$1 8 mo/ unique & mo/ intimate self4 ,n[adays we f9d x ! fa%ion to give e k9d ( face j a ripple ( a smile1 to emphasize its amiability1 a v que/ionable fa%ion inde$1 & "o h>d to re/ra9 )9 ! limit impos$4 ,*>m+1 no d\bt2 b ! m]ely polite amiability ( social int]c\rse is n a fundam5tal trait ( any "*1 & becomes 9 ! h&s ( _m arti/s only too readily ! mo/ insipid k9d ( sweetness4 77 ,h[ev] compatible ) portraiture ! c\rse ( pa9t+ may be 9 all its modes ( production x %\ld1 h[ev]1 make ! p>ticul> features ( ! face1 ! specific =ms1 ways ( pos+1 gr\p+1 & s*emes ( col\r consonant ) ! actual situation1 9 :i* x composes its figures & natural objects 9 ord] to express a cont5t4 ,= x is j ?is cont5t 9 ?is p>ticul> situation :i* %\ld be portray$4 ,out ( ! inf9itely div]sifi$ detail :i* 9 ?is connection we might exam9e ,i w only t\* ^u "o po9t ( vital importance4 ,x is ?is t ! situation may ei!r be on its own acc\nt a pass+ "o1 & ! emotion express$ by x ( a mom5t>y "*1 s t "o & ! same individual c\ld express _m simil> ones 9 addition & also feel+s 9 contra/ ) x1 or ! situation & emotion /rikes at ! v he>t ( a "*1 :i* !reby discloses its entire & mo/ intimate nature4 ,situations & emotions ( ?is latt] type are ! truly mom5t\s crises 9 *>act]ization#cbg4 ,9 ! situations1 = example1 9 :i* ,i h already ref]r$ to ! ,madonna1 "o f9ds no?+1 h[ev] ess5tially complete ! individualization ( ! ,"m ( ,god may be 9 its composition1 :i* is n a real factor 9 ! embrac+ compass ( h] s\l & "*4 ,9 ?is case1 too1 ! *>act]ization is su* t x is self-evid5t t %e does n exi/ ap>t f :at %e c express 9 ?is specific circum/ance4 ,supreme ma/]s consequ5tly h pa9t$ ! ,madonna 9 su* immortal mat]nal situations or phases4 ,o!r ma/]s h /ill reta9$ 9 h] "* ! expression ( ord9>y life o!rwise exp]i5c$ & actual4 ,?is expression may be v beautiful & life-l1 b ?is =m1 ! l features1 & a simil> expression w\ld be equally applicable to o!r int]e/s & relations ( m>riage lore4 ,we are consequ5tly incl9$ to reg>d a figure ( ?is type f yet o!r po9ts ( view ?an t ( a ,madonna1 :]eas 9 ! supreme/ works we are unable to make room = any o!r ?\ghts b t :i* ! situation awak5s 9 u4 ,x is on ?is gr\nd t ,i admire s /rongly ! ,m>y ,magdal5e ( ,correggio 9 ,dresd51 & x w = ev] awake su* admiration4 ,we h "h ! rep5tant s9n]1 b we _c fail to see t s9fulness is n "h ! po9t ( s]i\s consid]ation#cbh2 x is assum$ %e 0 ess5tially noble & c\ld n h be5 capable ( bad passions & actions4 ,h] pr(\nd & intimately self-impos$ re/ra9t !re=e c only be a return to t :i* %e really is1 :at is no mom5t>y situation1 b h] entire nature4 ,?r\gh\t ?is entire composition1 :e!r we look at =m1 facial expression1 dress1 pose1 or environm5t1 ! arti/ has !re=e n 9 ! slighte/ degree laid a /ress on ^? circum/ances1 :i* might indicate s9 & culpability2 %e has lo/ ! consci\sness ( ^? times1 & is entirely absorb$ 9 h] pres5t condition1 & ?is fai?1 ?is in/9ct1 ?is absorption appe>s to be h] real & complete "*4 ,su* a complete reciprocity betwe5 s\l-life & ext]nal surr\nd+s1 det]m9acy ( "* & situation1 ! ma/]s ( ,italy h illu/rat$ ) exceptional beauty4 ,9 ! example ,i h already ref]r$ to ( ,kgel*5's picture ( ! ,prodigal ,son1 on ! contr>y1 we h no d\bt ! remorse ( rep5tance & grief express$ to ! life2 b ! arti/ has fail$ to secure ! unity ( ! entire "*1 :i*1 ap>t f su* an aspect ( x1 he possess$1 & ( ! actual conditions "u :i* su* 0 depict$ to u4 ,if we exam9e quietly su* features1 we c only f9d 9 !m ! physiognomy ( any "o we might *ance to meet on ! ,dresd5 bridge or any:]e else4 ,9 ! case ( a real coalesc5ce ( "* ) ! expression ( a specific situation su* a result w\ld be impossible2 j z1 9 true g5re-pa9t+1 ev5 :]e ! conc5tration is ^u ! mo/ fleet+ mom5ts ( "t1 ! realization is too vivid to leave room = ! notion t ! figures be=e u c\ld ev] be o!rwise plac$ or c\ld h receiv$ o!r traits or an alt]$ type ( expression4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! ma9 po9ts we h to consid] 9 respect to ! cont5t & ! arti/ic treatm5t 9 ! s5su\s mat]ial ( pa9t+1 ! surface1 t is1 & col\r4 #c4 ,,hi/orical ,,developm5t ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,9 our consid]ation ( ?is ?ird section ( our subject we are unable to conf9e ourselves1 z we h hi!rto done1 to a :olly g5]al exam9ation ( ! cont5t & purport appropriate to pa9t+1 & ! mode ( configuration1 :i* foll[s f its pr9ciple1 = 9 s f> z ?is art is built up on ! p>ticul>ity ( *>act]s & _! situation1 & ^u =m & its pose1 col\r1 & s =?1 we are compell$ to fix 9 our m9ds & discuss ! actual reality ( ?is art's sep>ate productions4 ,no /udy ( pa9t+ is complete t does n take into its survey & is unable to enjoy & criticize ! pictures !mselves1 9 :i* ! aspects ( x we h exam9$ are en=c$4 ,?is is a g5]al rule 9 ! case ( all art1 b x applies ) exceptional =ce to pa9t+ among ^? we h up to ! pres5t consid]$4 ,9 ! case ( ar*itecture & sculpture1 :]e ! embrace ( ! cont5t is m re/rict$1 ! means ( exposition & configuration are to a less ext5t /amp$ ) weal? & di/9ctive modification1 & ! p>ticul> aspects ( _! def9ition are simpl] & m radical1 we c m readily avail ourselves ( copies1 descriptions1 & ca/s4 ,x is ess5tial 9 deal+ ) ! art ( pa9t+ t we %\ld see ! actual works !mselves4 ,9 ?is case m]e descriptions1 h[ev] important !y may be 9 a subsidi>y s5se1 w n suffice4 ,9 ! inf9ite v>iety1 h[ev]1 ( its explication1 ! v>i\s aspects ( :i* are unit$ 9 p>ticul> works ( art1 ^! works appe> to u 9 ! fir/ in/ance z a m]e motley array1 :i*1 by reason ( ! fact t our review ( x is bas$ ^u no pr9ciple ( classification1 is only to a small ext5t able to disclose to u ! unique quality ( individual pictures4 ,& x foll[s f ?is t gall]ies1 z a rule1 if we are n already able to connect ) ea* picture our k ( ! c\ntry1 p]iod1 s*ool1 & ma/] to :i* x belongs1 is simply a collection )\t mean+1 9 :i* we lose ourselves4 ,! mo/ pr(itable arrangem5t = /udy & enjoym5t ) our eyes is !re=e an exhibition bas$ on hi/orical sequ5ce4 ,a collection ( ?is k9d1 co-ord9at$ 9 relation to su* a pr9ciple1 unique & invaluable ( its class1 we %all %ortly be able to admire 9 ! picture gall]y ( ! royal museum 9 ?is city#cbi4 ,9 ?is we %all n only possess a hi/orical survey ( ! te*nique ( art 9 its /ages ( developm5t1 b %all h set be=e our m9ds1 z an ess5tial process ) a hi/ory1 t articulation ( its ideal cont5t 9 ! di/9ctions ( its s*ools1 _! v>i\s subject-matt]1 & _! diff]5t modes ( arti/ic conception & treatm5t4 ,x is only ?r\gh hav+ giv5 u a survey z consonant z ?is is ) t vital process t we c =m an idea f its orig9s 9 traditional & eclectic types1 ( ! liv+ gr[? ( art1 its se>* aft] expression & individual *>act]i/ic1 its lib]ation f ! inactive & tranquil /ation ( its figures1 t we c appreciate its progress to dramatic movem5t1 gr\p+1 & all ! weal? & wit*]y ( its col\r1 or f9ally le>n to di/+ui% its s*ools1 :i* ei!r to "s ext5t treat simil> subject-matt] 9 a way peculi> to !mselves1 or are di/9ct f ea* o!r by reasons ( ! v>iety ( _! respective cont5t4 ,a hi/orical developm5t ( pa9t+ su* z t ref]r$ to is ( z great importance to sci5tific obs]vation & exposition z x is to accurate /udy4 ,! cont5t ( art z ,i h pres5t$ x1 namely1 ! elaboration ( its mat]ial1 ! di/9ct & fundam5tal *anges 9 ! mode ( its conception1 we f9d all ?is & m receives ?us = ! fir/ "t its concrete coh]5ce 9 a sequ5ce & "u a classification :i* corresponds ) ! facts4 ,x is !re=e incumb5t on u to glance at ?is process1 if only by way ( emphasis to :at mo/ imm$iately arre/s att5tion4 ,9 g5]al ! advance consi/s 9 ?is1 t x orig9ates 9 religi\s subjects conceiv$ /ill 9 a typical way1 ) simple ar*itectonic arrangem5t & unelaborat$ col\r4 ,aft] ?is1 9 an increas+ degree ( fusion ) religi\s situations1 we get actuality1 vital beauty ( =m1 individuality1 dep? ( p5etration1 *>m & wit*]y ( col\r+1 until ,art f9ally turns its att5tion to ! _w itself1 makes itself ma/] ( ,nature1 ! daily occurr5ce ( ord9>y life1 or :at is ( significance 9 national hi/ory :e!r pres5t or pa/1 or portraiture & any?+ else d[n to ! m]e/ trifle & ! lea/ significant fact1 & ) an en?usiasm equal to t x devot$ to ! religi\s ideal1 & pre-em95tly 9 ?is sph]e secures n m]ely ! mo/ consummate result ( te*nical accompli%m5t1 b also a treatm5t & execution :i* is mo/ full ( life & p]sonality4 ,?is progress is foll[$ 9 cle>e/ outl9e if we take 9 succession ! s*ools ( ,byzant9e1 ,italian1 ,flemi%1 ,dut*1 & ,g]man pa9t+1 aft] not+ ! mo/ prom95t features ( :i* briefly we %all f9ally indicate ! transition to ! art ( music#ccj4 7a7 ,9 our review ( ,byzant9e pa9t+ we may rem>k to />t ) t ! practice ( pa9t+ among ! ,greeks 0 to a def9able degree always c>ri$ on2 & examples ( antique "w contribut$ to ! great] excell5ce ( its results relatively to po/ure1 drap+1 & o!r respects4 ,on ! o!r h& ! t\* ( ,nature & life :olly vani%$ f ?is art2 9 facial types x adh]$ /rictly to tradition2 9 its figures & modes ( expression x 0 conv5tional & rigid2 9 its g5]al composition m or less ar*itectonic4 ,we f9d no trace ( natural environm5t & a l&scape backgr\nd4 ,! modell+1 by means ( light & %ad[1 brilliance & obscurity1 & _! fusion1 no less ?an p]spective & ! art ( lifelike gr\p+1 ei!r 7 n elaborat$ at all1 or to a v slight ext5t4 ,by reason ( ?is /rict adh]5ce to a s+le ackn[l$g$ type indep5d5t arti/ic production _h little room = its ex]cise4 ,! art ( pa9t+ & mosaic frequ5tly deg5]at$ into a m]e craft1 & became !reby lifeless & devoid ( _s1 albeit su* craftsm51 equally ) ! work]s on antique vases1 possess$ excell5t examples ( previ\s "w1 :i* !y c\ld imitate s f> z pose & ! fold+ ( drap]y 0 conc]n$4 ,a simil> type ( pa9t+ spread its sombre influ5ce ov] ! ravag$ ,we/ & m p>ticul>ly 9 ,italy4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 al?\gh 9 ! fir/ in/ance ) beg9n+s ( little /r5g?1 we are ev5 at an e>ly date consci\s ( an ef=t to break away f inflexible =ms & modes ( expression1 & to face1 at fir/1 h[ev]1 9 a r\gh & ready way1 a developm5t ( l(ti] aim4 ,( ,byzant9e pictures we may1 on ! contr>y1 affirm1 z ,h]r von ,rumohr#cca has ma9ta9$ ( ,greek ,madonnas & images ( ,*ri/ t x is obvi\s ev5 9 ! mo/ fav\r$ examples1 _! orig9 0 t ( ! mosaic1 & arti/ic elaboration 0 reject$ f ! fir/4 ,9 o!r words#ccb ! ,italians endeav\r$ ev5 be=e ! p]iod ( _! indep5d5t art developm5t 9 pa9t+1 & 9 contra/ to ! ,byzant9es to approximate to a m spiritual conception ( ,*ri/ian subjects4 ,! writ] above-nam$ draws att5tion also z notewor?y support ( 8 cont5tion to ! mann] 9 :i* ! lat] ,greeks & ,italians respectively repres5t$ ,*ri/ on crucifixes4 ,accord+ to ?is writ] ! ,greeks1 to :om ! sight ( t]rible bodily suff]+ 0 ( common occurr5ce1 conceiv$ ! ,savi\r susp5d$ on ! ,cross ) ! entire weight ( 8 body1 ! l[] "p ( ! body swoll5 & ! slack5$ knees b5t to ! left1 ! b[$ head cont5d+ ) ! pa9s ( an awful dea?4 ,_! subject 0 consequ5tly 9 its ess5tials bodily suff]+4 ,! ,italians1 on ! contr>y1 9 _! m anci5t monum5ts1 :ile we mu/ n ov]look ! fact t ! repres5tation ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y ) h] ,*ild no less ?an ! ,crucifi$ is only ( r>e occurr5ce1 7 accu/om$ to depict ! figure ( ! ,savi\r on ! cross adopt+1 s x appe>s to u1 ! idea ( ! victory ( ! spiritual1 n z 9 ! =m] case ! dea? ( ! body4 ,& ?is unque/ionably nobl] conception ass]ts itself at an e>ly date 9 ! m fav\r$ p>ts ( ,we/]n ,europe#ccc4 ,) ?is sket* ,i mu/ "h re/ cont5t4 7b7 ,we h1 h[ev]1 secondly1 ano!r *>act]i/ic ( art to consid] 9 ! e>li] developm5t ( ,italian pa9t+4 ,ap>t f ! religi\s cont5t ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t & ! biographies ( m>tyrs & sa9ts1 x borr[s its subjects 9 ! ma9 f ,greek my?ology1 v seldom1 t is1 f ! ev5ts ( national hi/ory1 or1 if we except portraits1 f ! reality ( contempor>y life1 & equally r>ely1 & only at a late /age & exceptionally1 f natural l&scape4 ,n[ t :i* x be=e all contributes to its conception & arti/ic elaboration ( ! subject-matt] ( religion is ! vital reality ( spiritual & corporeal exi/5ce1 relatively to :i* at ?is /age all its =ms are embodi$ & end[$ ) animation4 ,= ?is vitality ! ess5tial pr9ciple on ! spiritual side is t natural delightfulness1 & on ! corporeal side is t beauty :i* is consonant ) physical =m1 a beauty :i* indep5d5tly1 z beautiful =m1 already displays innoc5ce1 buoyancy1 maid5hood1 natural grace ( temp]am5t1 nobility1 imag9ation1 & a lov+ s\l4 ,if !re is fur!r add$ to a naturel ( ?is type ! exaltation & adornm5t ( ! s\l 9 virtue ( ! ideal intimacy ( religion & ! spiritual *>act]i/ics ( a pr(\nd] piety e/abli%$ z a vitaliz+ pr9ciple ( s\l-life 9 ?is ess5tially m admitt$ & inviolable prov9ce ( spiritual r$emption#ccd1--;9 su* a case we h pres5t$ to u !reby an orig9al h>mony ( =m & its expression1 :i*1 :]ev] x is p]fect$1 vividly rem9ds u 9 ?is sph]e ( romantic art & ,*ri/ian art ( ! pure ,ideal ( art4 ,no d\bt also )9 a new accord ( ?is type ! inw>d life ( ! he>t w be pr$om9ant2 b ?is inw>d exp]i5ce is a m happy1 a pur] heav5 ( ! s\l1 ! way ( return to :i* =m :at is s5su\s & f9ite1 & ! return to ,god1 albeit ! passage may be ?r\gh a travail 9 ! pr(\nd] angui% ( rep5tance & dea?1 is1 h[ev]1 less saturat$ ) tr\ble & its insi/5cy4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is t ! pa9 is conc5trat$ 9 ! sph]e ( s\l1 ( idea1 ( fai?1 )\t mak+ a desc5t into ! region ( passionate desire1 intractable savag]y1 ob/9ate self-seek+ & s91 & only arriv+ at ! h>dly won victory ?r\gh smit+ d[n su* enemies ( ! bless$ /ate4 ,x is r a transition ( ideal p]man5ce#cce1 a pa9 ( ! inw>d life1 :i* feels itself z su* suff]+ r simply 9 virtue ( its en?usiasm1 a suff]+ ( m ab/ract type1 m spiritually abundant1 :i* has z little ne$ to bru% away bodily angui% z we h to seek signs 9 ! *>act]ization ( its bodily pres5ce & physiognomy ( ob/9acy1 unc\?ness1 crook$ness1 or ! traits ( sup]ficial & mean natures1 9 :i* an ob/9ate conflict is fir/ necess>y1 be=e su* are meet to express real religi\s feel+#ccf & piety4 ,?is m b5ign#ccg intimacy ( s\l1 ?is m orig9al consonancy ( ext]ior =ms to ideal exp]i5ce ( ?is k9d is :at creates ! *>m+ cl>ity & ! untr\bl$ delight1 :i* ! g5u9ely beautiful works ( ,italian pa9t+ excite & supply4 ,j z we say ( in/rum5tal music t !re is tone & melody 9 x1 s1 too1 we f9d t ! pure song ( s\l floats "h 9 melodi\s fusion ov] ! entire configuration & all its =ms4 ,& z 9 ! music ( ! ,italians & 9 ! tones ( _! song1 :5 ! pure /ra9s r+ =? )\t a =c$ utt]ance1 9 e sep>ate note & inflection ( s\nd & melody1 x is simply ! delight ( ! voice itself :i* r+s out2 s1 too1 su* an intimate p]sonal enjoym5t ( ! lov+ s\l is ! fundam5tal tone ( _! pa9t+#cch4 ,x is ! same intimacy1 cl>ity1 & fre$om :i* meet u aga9 9 ! great ,italian poets4 ,to />t ) ?is arti/ic resonance ( rhymes 9 _! t]zets1 canzonets1 sonnets1 & /anzas1 ?is accord1 :i* is n m]ely satisfi$ to allay its ?ir/ = rev]b]ation 9 ! "o repetition1 b repeats ! e*o ?ree times & m1 ?is is itself a euphony :i* /reams =? on its own acc\nt & = ! sake ( its own enjoym5t4 ,& a l fre$om is /amp$ ^u ! spiritual cont5t4 ,9 ,petr>*'s sonnets1 se/ets1 & canzonets x is n s mu* ! actual possession ( _! subject1 aft] :i* ! he>t ye>ns2 x is n ! consid]ation & emotion :i* are involv$ 9 ! actual cont5t ( ! poem z su*1 & :i* is !re9 necess>ily express$2 r x is ! expression itself :i* con/itutes ! s\rce ( enjoym5t4 ,x is ! self-delight ( ,love1 :i* seeks its bliss 9 its own m\rn+1 its lam5ts1 its descriptions1 memories1 & exp]i5ce2 a ye>n+1 :i* is satisfi$ 9 itself z su*1 & ) ! image1 ! _s ( ^? x loves1 is already 9 full possession ( ! s\l1 ) :i* x longs to unite itself4 ,dante1 too1 :5 conduct$ by 8 ma/] ,virgil ?r\gh hell & hell-fire1 gazes at :at is ! culm9ation ( horror1 ( awfulness2 he is fe>ful1 he (t5 bur/s into te>s1 b he /rides on com=t$ & tranquil1 )\t affright & anxiety1 )\t ! sull5ness & embitt]m5t :i* implies ^! ?+s %\ld n be ?us4 ,nay1 ev5 8 damn$ 9 hell receive ! bless$ness ( et]nity4 ,io et]no duro is inscrib$ ov] ! gates ( hell4 ,!y are :at !y are1 )\t rep5tance & long+2 !y d n speak ( _! suff]+s2 !y are z immat]ial to u z !y are to !m1 = !y endure = ev]4 ,r !y are absorb$ simply 9 _! p]sonal exp]i5ce & actions1 secure ( !mselves z root$ 9 ! same int]e/s1 )\t lam5tation & )\t ye>n+#cci4 ,:5 we h grasp$ ?is trait ( happy indep5d5ce & fre$om ( ! s\l 9 love we %all und]/& ! "* ( ! greate/ ,italian pa9t]s4 ,x is 9 ?is fre$om t !y are ma/]s ( ! detail ( expression1 & situation4 ,on ! w+s ( ?is tranquillity ( s\l !y c ma9ta9 _! sov]eignty ov] =m1 beauty1 & col\r4 ,9 _! mo/ def9$ pres5tation ( reality & "*1 :ile rema9+ :olly on ! e>? & (t5 only produc+ portraits1 or appe>+ to produce su*1 :at we h are pictures ( ano!r sun1 ano!r spr+4 ,!y are roses :i* are equally heav5ly blossoms4 ,&1 consequ5tly1 we f9d t 9 _! beauty we d n h m]ely beauty ( =m1 we d n h only ! s5su\s unity ( s\l impress$ on s5su\s corporeal %apes2 we are confront$ ) ?is v trait ( reconcil$ ,love 9 e mode1 feature1 & individuality ( "*4 ,x is ! butt]fly1 ! ,psy*e#cdj1 :i* 9 ! sunlight ( its heav51 ev5 hov]s r\nd /unt$ fl[]s#cda4 ,x is only by virtue ( ?is ri*1 free1 & r\nd$ beauty t !y are able to unfold ! ideals ( ! antique art's m rec5t p]fection4 ,italian art has1 h[ev]1 n imm$iately & f ! fir/ atta9$ to su* a po9t ( p]fection2 x _h 9 tru? a long road to trav]se be=e x arriv$ !re4 ,& yet1 despite ?is1 ! purity & innoc5ce ( its piety1 ! l>g5ess ( ! entire conception1 ! unassum+ beauty ( =m1 ?is intimate revelation ( s\l#cdb1 are frequ5tly & above all 9 ! case ( ! old ,italian ma/]s mo/ conspicu\s :]e ! te*nical elaboration is /ill :olly incomplete4 ,9 ! previ\s c5tury x 0 fa%ionable to depreciate ^! e>li] ma/]s1 & place !m on "o side z clumsy1 dull1 & b>r5#cdc4 ,x is only 9 m rec5t times t !y h be5 once m rescu$ f oblivion by savants & arti/s2 b ! wond] & imitation ?us awak5$ has run (f into ! excess ( a pref]5ce :i* t5ds to d5y ! advances ( a fur!r developm5t 9 mode ( conception & pres5tm5t1 & c only lead a/ray 9 ! opposite direction4 ,9 draw+ ! read]'s m close att5tion to ! m important phases 9 ! developm5t ( ,italian art up to ?is p]iod ( its fulle/ p]fection1 ,i w only briefly emphasize ! foll[+ po9ts :i* imm$iately conc]n ! *>act]ization ( ! ess5tial aspects ( pa9t+ & its modes ( expression4 77 ,aft] ! e>lie/ /age ( rawness & b>b>ism ! ,italians mov$ =w>d ) a fre% impetus f t 9 ! ma9 craftsman%ip type ( art :i* 0 plant$ by ! ,byzant9es4 ,! compass ( subjects depict$ 01 h[ev]1 n ext5sive1 & ! di/9ctive features ( ! type 7 au/]ity1 solemnity1 & religi\s l(t9ess4 ,b ev5 at ?is /age--,i am quot+ ! conclusions ( ,h]r von ,rumohr--:o is g5]ally recogniz$ z an au?ority ^u ^! e>li] p]iods#cdd1 ,duccio1 ! ,si5ese1 & ,cimabue1 ! ,flor5t9e1 endeav\r$ to assimilate ! few rema9s ( antique draw+1 :i* 0 gr\nd$ on laws ( p]spective & anatomical precision1 & s f> z possible1 to rejuv5ate ! same 9 _! own g5ius4 ,!y in/9ctively recogniz$ ! value ( su* draw+s1 b /rove to s(t5 ! extreme insi/5ce#cde ( _! ossification1 comp>+ su* insuffici5tly compreh5d$ traits ) ! life su* z we f9d x 9 fact or sugge/ion :5 face to face ) _! own productions#cde4 ,su* are m]ely ! fir/ & m$iat+ ef=ts ( art to rise f ! inflexibility ( a type to lifelike & individual expression4 77 ,! fur!r /ep ( advance consi/s 9 ! complete sev]ation f ^? previ\s ,greek examples1 9 ! full acceptance1 relatively bo? to ! entire conception & execution ( :at is di/9ctively human & individual1 & along ) ?is 9 ! pr(\nd] suitability ( human *>act]s & =ms :i* 0 gradually evolv$ to express ! religi\s cont5t ?us to be express$4 77 ,x is "h be=e all we mu/ draw att5tion to ! great influ5ce :i* ,giotto & 8 pupils ex]cis$4 ,giotto1 along ) ! *anges he effect$ 9 respect to modes ( conception & composition1 br\ght ab\t a re=m 9 ! art ( prep>+ col\rs4 ,! lat] ,greeks probably1 su* at lea/ is ! result ( *emical analysis1 made use ( wax ei!r z a m$ium ( col\r1 or z a k9d ( v>ni%#cdf1 & f ?is we get ! yell[-gre5 & obscure g5]al tone1 :i* is n suffici5tly expla9$ by ! action ( lamplight#cdg4 ,giotto :olly disp5s$ ) ?is glut9\s m$ium ( ! ,greek pa9t]s1 & us$ in/ead1 :5 prep>+ 8 col\rs#cdh1 ! cl>ifi$ milk ( "y %oots1 unripe figs1 & o!r less olig9\s limes#cdi1 :i* ,italian pa9t]s ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages _h us$1 v likely ev5 be=e !y /r5u\sly imitat$ ! ,byzant9es#cej4 ,a m$ium ( ?is k9d _h no d>k5+ effect on ! col\rs1 b left _! lum9osity & cl>ity unimpair$4 ,/ill m important 0 ! re=m effect$ by ,giotto 9 ,italian pa9t+ ) respect to selection ( subjects & _! mann] ( pres5tm5t4 ,ghib]ti himself praises ,giotto = hav+ ab&on$ ! rude /yle ( ! ,greeks1 & )\t lean+ 9 ?is direction to an excess hav+ introduc$ ! tru? & grace ( ,nature4 ,boccaccio1 too1 says ( him t ,nature is unable to create any?+ t ,giotto c\ld n imitate to ! po9t ( deception#cea4 ,9 ,byzant9e pictures we c h>dly detect a trace ( natural appe>ance4 ,x 0 ,giotto1 !n1 :o conc5trat$ 8 att5tion on :at is pres5t & actual1 & comp>$ ! =ms & effects :i* he und]took to exhibit ) ,life z x exi/$ ar\nd him4 ,& we may associate ) ?is t5d5cy ! fact t dur+ ! times ( ,giotto n only d we f9d t ! /ate ( society 0 m free & int5t on enjoym5t1 b t ! v5]ation ( sev]al lat] sa9ts took its rise !n1 sa9ts ^: lives m or less fell 9 t p]iod#ceb4 ,x 0 su* ,giotto utiliz$ p>ticul>ly 9 emphasiz+ ! tru?ful pres5tm5t ( ! subjects ( 8 art2 !re 01 9 fact1 ?us ! fur!r dem& sugge/$ by ! cont5t itself t he %\ld br+ into prom95ce ! natural features ( ! bodily pres5ce & exhibit m def9$ *>act]ization1 action1 passion1 situation1 pose1 & movem5t4 ,:at we f9d1 h[ev]1 to a relative degree disappe>s f ?is attempt is t impos+ religi\s s]i\sness :i* is ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( ! phase ( art :i* x foll[$#cec4 ,! ?+s ( ! _w receive a /age & a wid] opportunity = expression2 & ?is is illu/rat$ by ! way ,giotto1 "u ! influ5ce ( 8 age1 f\nd room = burlesque along ) s mu* t 0 pa!tic4 ,9 ?is connection ,h]r von ,rumohr /ates rightly1 ,"u conditions ( ?is description ,i am at a loss to und]/& h[ c]ta9 critics1 :o h exclusively insi/$ on ?is feature ( ,giotto's "w1 c s ov]e/imate ,giotto's t5d5cy & p]=mance by claim+ x z ! mo/ sublime ef=t ( mod]n art#ced4 ,x is a great s]vice ( ! above-nam$ critic to h once m plac$ 9 a true light ! po9t ( view f :i* ,giotto c be ju/ly appreciat$2 he ?r\gh\t makes u c>eful to see1 t 9 ?is t5d5cy ( ,giotto to humanize & t[>ds realism he nev] really1 z a rule1 advances beyond a comp>atively subord9ate /age 9 ! process4 77 ,! advance ( pa9t+ cont9u$ "u ! mann] ( conception = :i* ,giotto 0 9 ! ma9 responsible4 ,! typical repres5tation ( ,*ri/1 ! apo/les1 & ! m important ev5ts :i* are report$ u by ! evangeli/s1 7 m & m ?ru/ into ! backgr\nd4 ,yet 9 ano!r direction ! embrace ( subject-matt] 0 = t reason ext5d$4 ,z our au?or expresses x3 ,all arti/s engag$ 9 depict+ ! v>i\s phases 9 ! life ( latt]-day sa9ts1 su* z _! previ\s worldl9ess1 ! sudd5 awak5+ ( consci5ce1 _! entrance into ! life ( piety & asceticism1 ! miracles ( _! lives1 m p>ticul>ly aft] _! decease1 9 ! repres5tation ( :i*1 z is to be expect$ f ! ext]nal conditions ( ! art1 ! expression ( ! effect ^u ! liv+ exce$$ any sugge/ion ( invisible p[d]#cee4 ,add to ?is t ! ev5ts ( ! ,life & ,passion ( ,*ri/ 7 n neglect$4 ,! bir? & education ( ,*ri/1 ! ,madonna ) h] ,*ild 7 exceptionally fav\r$ subjects1 & 7 inve/$ ) a m life-l dome/icity1 t\*$ ) a m intimate t5d]ness1 reveal$ to u 9 ! m$ium ( human feel+1 &1 moreov]1 to quote yet fur!r3 ,9 ! problems#cef sugge/$ by ! ,passion x 0 n s mu* ! sublime & ! triumph z simply ! pa!tic aspect :i* 0 emphasiz$1 a direct consequ5ce ( ! en?usia/ic wave ( sympa?y ) ! e>?ly suff]+s ( ! ,savi\r1 to :i* ,sa9t ,francis1 bo? by example & tea*+1 _h communicat$ a vital en]gy hi!rto unhe>d (4 ,9 respect to a yet fur!r advance t[>ds ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 we h to lay exceptional /ress on two names1 ,masaccio & ,fiesole4 ,9 ! progressive /eps ?r\gh :i* ! religi\s cont5t 0 vividly c>ri$ into ! liv+ =ms ( ! human figure & ! animat$ expression ( human traits ,h]r von ,rumohr#ceg draws att5tion to two ess5tial aspects z ( mo/ importance4 ,! "o is ! increase ( rondure 9 all =ms to :i* x applies2 ! o!r he indicates z a pr(\nd] p5etration into ! articulation1 ! consi/5cy1 ! mo/ v>i$ phases ( ! *>m & significance ( ! features ( ! human c\nt5ance4 ,masaccio & ,angelico da ,fiesole betwe5 !m 7 ! fir/ to contribute effectively to ! solution ( ?is arti/ic problem1 ! difficulty ( :i* 9 its entirety exce$$ ! p[]s ( any "o arti/ ( t p]iod4 ,masaccio 0 ma9ly occupi$ ) ! problem ( *i>oscuro1 & ! r\nd+ & effective articulations ( gr\ps ( figures4 ,angelico da ,fiesole1 on ! o!r h&1 devot$ himself to s\nd+ ! dep?s ( ideal coh]5ce1 t indwell+ significance ( human features1 ! m9e ( ^: treasure he 0 ! fir/ to op5 to pa9t+#ceh4 ,! ef=t ( ,masaccio 0 n s mu* "o 9 ! direction ( grace z 9 t ( impos+ conception1 manl9ess1 & "u ! in/9ctive ne$ = unity ( ! entire composition4 ,! impulse ( ,fra ,angelico 0 t ( religi\s int5sity1 a love sev]$ f ! _w1 a cloi/ral purity ( emotion1 an exaltation & consecration ( ! s\l4 ,vas>i assures u 9 8 acc\nt ( him t he nev] comm5c$ "w )\t pray]1 & nev] depict$ ! suff]+s ( ! ,r$eem] )\t bur/+ into te>s#cei4 ,we h1 !n z aspects ( ?is advance ( pa9t+ a m exalt$ vitality & realism3 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! dep? ( piety1 ! +5u\s devotion ( ! s\l 9 its fai? ov]ran itself & ov]p[]$ ! fre$om1 dext]ity1 naturalism1 & beauty ( ! composition1 pose1 drap]y1 & col\r4 ,if ! lat] developm5t 0 able to atta9 to a f> m exalt$ & complete expression ( ! spiritual consci\sness1 yet ! epo* we are n[ consid]+ has nev] be5 surpass$ 9 purity & innoc5ce ( religi\s feel+ & s]i\s dep? ( conception4 ,_m pictures ( ?is "t may v well1 by reason ( ! fact t ! =ms ( life1 :i* are us$ to depict ! religi\s int5sity ( s\l-life1 d n appe> fully adequate to ?is expression1 give u some?+ l a repulse2 f ! po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 ( spiritual emotion1 :i* is ! mo/ vital s\rce ( ^! works ( art1 we h /ill less reason to fail to ackn[l$ge ! naive purity1 ! intimacy ) ! mo/ pr(\nd dep?s ( ! truly religi\s cont5t1 ! assur$ness ( fai?ful love ev5 "u oppression & 9 grief1 & (t1 too1 ! *>m ( innoc5ce & bless$ness1 inasmu* z ! epo*s t foll[$ x1 h[ev] mu* 9 o!r aspects ( arti/ic p]fection !y made a /ep =w>ds1 yet = all t nev] secur$ aga9 ! p]fection ( ^! previ\s excell5cies1 :5 once x _h be5 lo/4 77 ,a ?ird aspect atta*es to ! fur!r developm5t ( ! art1 9 addition to ^? already discuss$1 :i* may be describ$ z ! wid] embrace ( x relatively to ! subjects accept$ = pres5tation by ! new impulse4 ,j z :at 0 reg>d$ z sacr$ _h f ! v comm5cem5t ( ,italian pa9t+ approa*$ m closely to reality by reason ( ! fact t m5 ^: lives fell ab\t ! "t ( ! pa9t]s !mselves 7 decl>$ to be sa9ts1 s too ,art receiv$ into its own sph]e o!r aspects ( reality & pres5t life4 ,/>t+ f t e>lie/ phase ( pure spirituality & piety1 an art ^: aim 0 :olly absorb$ 9 ! expression ( su* religi\s emotions1 pa9t+ proce$$ m & m to associate ! ext]nal life ( ! _w ) its religi\s subject-matt]4 ,! gladsome1 =ceful self-reliance ( ! citiz5 9 ! mid/ ( 8 pr(essional c>e]1 ! bus9ess & ! craft t 0 b\nd up ) su* qualities1 ! fre$om1 ! manly c\rage & patriotism1 9 "o ^w1 8 weal 9 ! vital activities ( ! ,pres5t1 all ?is newly-awak5$ s5se ( human delight 9 ! virtues ( civil life & its *e] & hum\r#cfj1 ?is h>moniz$ sympa?y ) :at 0 actual 9 bo? its aspects ( ideal life#cfa & ! ext]nal framework ( ! same1 all ?is x 0 :i* ent]$ n[ into 8 arti/ic conceptions & modes ( pres5t+ su* & 0 made valid !re94 ,x is 9 ?is _s t ! en?usiasm = l&scape backgr\nds1 views ( cities1 environm5t ( *ur* build+s & palaces becomes a real in/9ct ( arti/ic life2 ! liv+ portraits ( fam\s savants1 fri5ds1 /atesm51 arti/s1 & o!r p]sons rem>kable 9 _! day = _! wit & vivacity f9d a place 9 religi\s compositions2 traits borr[$ f bo? civil & dome/ic life are utiliz$ ) a great] or less degree ( fre$om & dext]ity2 & if1 no d\bt1 ! spiritual aspect ( ! religi\s cont5t rema9$ ! f\ndation ( all1 yet ! expression ( piety 0 no long] exclusively isolate1 b is l9k$ toge!r ) ! m ample life ( reality & ! op5 /age ( ! _w#cfb4 ,no d\bt we mu/ add t by reason ( ?is t5d5cy ! expression ( religi\s conc5tration & its intimate piety is weak5$1 b art requir$ also ?is worldly elem5t 9 ord] to arrive at its culm9at+ po9t4 77 ,out ( ?is fusion ( ! m embrac+ reality ( life ) ! ideal mat]ial ( religi\s emotion arose a new problem = g5ius to solve1 ! complete solution ( :i* 0 res]v$ = ! great ma/]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! supreme aim n[ 0 to br+ ! intimate life ( s\l1 ! s]i\sness & ! l(t9ess ( religi\s emotion into h>mony ) ! animation1 ! actual pres5ce ( *>act]s & =ms bo? 9 its corporeal & spiritual aspect1 9 ord] t ! bodily configuration 9 its pose1 movem5t1 & col\r1 may n simply rema9 an ext]nal framework1 b become itself ess5tially an expression ( _s & life1 & by virtue ( t expression1 made ?r\gh\t all its p>ts :olly ! reflex ( s\l-life no less ?an ( ext]nal =m1 reveal a beauty )\t break or int]ruption4 ,among ! ma/]s ( mo/ di/9ction1 :o set be=e !mselves su* an aim1 we %\ld pre-em95tly m5tion ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,x 0 he1 :o1 by virtue ( 8 arti/ic ?or\ghness1 8 almo/ ov]-ref9$ passion = detail1 8 exquisite delicacy ( m9d & feel+1 n only p5etrat$ fur!r ?an any o!r#cfc into ! my/]ies ( ! human =m & ! secrets ( its expression1 b1 ?r\gh 8 equally pr(\nd k ( all ! te*nique ( a pa9t]1 atta9$ to an extraord9>y infallibility 9 ! employm5t ( all ! means t 8 rese>*es & practice _h plac$ )9 8 rea*4 ,&1 along ) ?is1 he 0 able to reta9 a rev]5tial s]i\sness 9 compos+ 8 religi\s subjects1 s t 8 figures1 h[ev] mu* !y pres5t to u ! ideal ( a m complete & r\nd$ actuality1 & disclose ! expression ( sweet1 smil+ joyfulness 9 facial traits & ! delicate rhy?m ( drap]y1 d n !reby disp5se ) ! dignity1 :i* ! wor? & tru? ( religion dem&#cfd4 ,! mo/ unfleck$ quality#cfe ( p]fection rea*$ 9 ?is direction 01 h[ev]1 t fir/ atta9$ by ,raphael4 ,h]r von ,rumohr assigns m p>ticul>ly to ! arti/s ( ! ,umbrian ,s*ool dat+ f ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury a my/]i\s fasc9ation1 :i* no sympa!tic nature c resi/1 & endeav\rs to f9d ! s\rce ( ?is attraction 9 ! dep? & t5d]ness ( feel+ no less ?an ! m>vell\s unity into :i* ^! pa9t]s knew h[ to br+ memories f ! olde/ essays ( ,*ri/ian art ( a /yle only v p>tially und]/ood by !m#cff ) ! mild] conceptions ( a lat] "t1 & 9 ?is respect prov$ !mselves sup]ior to ! ,tuscan1 ,lomb>d1 & ,v5etian fell[ arti/s ( t p]iod#cfg4 ,x 0 j ?is expression ( flawless purity ( s\l & absolute surr5d] to ! ye>n+ & en?usia/ic fl[ ( t5d] feel+ to :i* ,pietro ,p]ug9o1 ! ma/] ( ,raphael1 devot$ 8 arti/ic ef=ts1 & succe$$ by do+ s 9 fus+ ! objectivity & vitality ( ext]nal =ms1 ?r\gh\t all its actual realization & 9 e detail1 an aim :i* _h previ\sly receiv$ ! mo/ m>k$ att5tion 9 ! elaborate "w ( ! ,flor5t9es4 ,/>t+ f ! "w ( ,p]ug9o1 to ^: arti/ic ta/e & /yle he appe>s to h consi/5tly adh]$ 9 8 e>ly "w1 ,raphael proce$$ yet fur!r to realize to ! mo/ consummate degree ! dem& ( ! ideal above indicat$4 ,9 o!r words we f9d unit$ 9 him ! highe/ ecclesia/ical feel+ = ! !mes ( religi\s art & a complete k & en?usia/ic respect = natural ph5om5a 9 all ! animation ( _! col\r & %ape toge!r ) an insight fully z great = ! beauty ( ! antique4 ,?is great admiration = ! ideali/ic beauty ( ! anci5ts did n br+ him 9 any way to imitate & adapt to 8 "w ! =ms :i* ,greek sculpture _h elaborat$ 9 _! p]fection4 ,:at he seiz$ f x 0 simply ! g5]al pr9ciple ( _! free beauty :i* 9 8 h&s 0 ?r\gh\t suffus$ ) a m individual vitality m applicable to 8 art & ) a type ( expression m deeply in=m$ ) s\l-life1 & at ! same "t ) an op51 bli!some cl>ity & ?or\ghness1 9 all ! detail ( ! pres5tm5t t up to 8 "t 0 z yet unkn[n among ,italian arti/s4 ,9 ! elaboration & consi/5t fusion & coh]5ce ( ?is ideal atmosph]e he rea*$ ! highe/ po9t ( 8 atta9m5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! magical *>m ( *i>oscuro1 9 ! exquisite t5d]ness & grace ( s\l-expression1 ( =ms1 movem5ts1 & gr\p+1 x is ,correggio :o mo/ excels1 :ile ! incomp>able greatness ( ,titian consi/s 9 ! weal? ( natural life t he displays1 ! illum9at+ bloom1 f]v5cy1 w>m?1 & p[] ( 8 col\r4 ,we "k no?+ m delightful ?an ! navet ( ,correggio's n s mu* natural z religi\s & spiritual grace1 no?+ m sweet ?an 8 smil+1 unconsci\s beauty & innoc5ce#cfh4 ,! arti/ic p]fection ( ^! great ma/]s is a culm9at+ po9t ( art su* z c\ld only be ma/]$ by "o nation 9 ! c\rse ( hi/orical developm5t4 7c7 ,?irdly1 9 s f> z ! "q is t ( ,g]man pa9t+ we may affiliate t :i* is entirely ,g]man ) t ( ,flemi% or ,dut* pa9t]s4 ,! g5]al di/9ction betwe5 ! above s*ools & t ( ! ,italians1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t nei!r ! ,g]mans nor ! pa9t]s ( ! ,ne!rl&s 7 will+ z a creation ( _! own to atta9 to ! free ideal =ms & modes ( expression *>act]i/ic ( ,italian art1 or 7 able to progress to t spiritually transfigur$ type ( beauty :i* is ess5tially ! result ( su*4 ,:at !y did elaborate1 h[ev]1 01 9 "o aspect ( x1 ! expression ( dep? ( emotion & ! au/]e seclusion ( ! individual s\l1 &1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 !y atta* to ?is int5sity ( fai? ! sep>ate def9ition ( individual "* 9 ! broad] significance ( x1 t is to say1 "o :i* does n m]ely disclose ! fact ( its close int]e/ ) ! claims ( fai? & salvation1 b also %[s h[ ! individuals repres5t$ are affect$ by ! conc]ns ( ! _w1 h[ !y are buffet$ by ! c>es ( life1 & 9 ?is sev]e ordeal h ga9$ worldly wisdom1 fidelity1 consi/5cy1 /raight=w>dness1 ! con/ancy ( *ivalry & ! /]l+ "* ( good citiz5s4 ,agreeably to ?is m re/rict$ & depress$ vision ( ! detail ( life we f9d "h1 & x is p>ticul>ly conspicu\s 9 ! ,g]man s*ool1 f ! beg9n+1 9 delib]ate contra/ ) ! pur] =ms & *>act]s ( ! ,italians1 r ! expression ( a =mal ob/9acy ( /ubborn natures1 :i* ei!r oppose !mselves to ,god ) en]getic defiance & brutal wilfulness1 or are =c$ to impose re/ra9t on !mselves 9 ord] t !y may1 ) sore travail1 wre/ !mselves f _! limitations & unc\?ness1 & fight _! way to ! reconciliation ( religion2 consequ5tly ! deep w\nds :i* !y inflict on _! spiritual life inevitably contribute to ! visible expression ( _! piety4 ,9 illu/rat+ ?is m closely ,i w m]ely draw att5tion to c]ta9 prom95t features1 :i* are important indications ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! old] ,flemi% s*ool & ! upp] ,g]man & m rec5t ,dut* ma/]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 77 ,among ! e>ly ,flemi% ma/]s1 ! bro!rs ,van ,eyck1 ,hub]t1 & ,john are exceptionally di/+ui%$ 9 ! e>ly half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & x is only rec5tly t _! true m]its h once m be5 e/abli%$4 ,x is n[ an e/abli%$ fact t !y discov]$1 or at lea/ !y 7 ! fir/ to fully p]fect1 ! process ( oil-pa9t+4 ,look+ at ! great advance !y made we mu/ n[ assume t a di/9ct s]ies ( /ages 9 ! c\rse ( ?is progress to its culm9ation c\ld be set =?4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 no hi/orical array ( works ( art pres]v$ = u :]eby we c\ld illu/rate su* a gradual process4 ,we are face to face at "o mom5t ( "t ) ! beg9n+ & f9al consummation4 ,= pa9t+ ( great] excell5ce ?an t ( ^! two bro!rs x is almo/ impossible to imag9e4 ,moreov]1 ! works t h come d[n to u1 9 :i* ! m]e type is already disp5s$ ) & ov]come1 n m]ely display a gr& ma/]y 9 draw+1 arrangem5t1 gr\p+1 ideal & ext]ior *>act]ization1 en?usiasm1 cl>ity1 h>mony1 & delicacy ( col\r+1 dignity & repose ( composition2 b we mu/ add t ! entire weal? ( pa9t+ respectively to nature's environm5t1 ar*itectonic accessories1 backgr\nds1 spl5d\r & v>iety ( mat]ial1 drap]y1 /yle ( weapons1 ornam5tation1 & mu* besides1 is already treat$ ) su* fidelity1 ) su* an in/9ctive s5se ( :at is pictorial1 & ) su* a te*nical virtuosity1 t ev5 lat] c5turies1 at any rate f ! po9t ( view ( ?or\ghness & tru?1 h be5 unable to produce any m consummate result4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 m /rongly attract$ by ! ma/] works ( ,italian pa9t+1 if we contra/ !m ) ?is ,flemi% s*ool1 because ! ,italians1 along ) ! complete/ expression ( s\l-life & ! religi\s s5se1 reta9 ?r\gh\t ! ideal ( spiritual fre$om & imag9ative beauty4 ,! figures ( ,flemi% art delight u1 no d\bt1 by virtue ( _! innoc5ce1 navet1 & piety2 nay1 9 ! dep? ( _! emotional life !y1 9 "s measure1 surpass ! "w ( ! mo/ excell5t ,italian arti/s2 b ! ,flemi% ma/]s h nev] be5 able to atta9 to a beauty ( =m & a fre$om ( s\l comp>able ) t ( ! ,italians4 ,_! ,*ri/-babes are1 9 p>ticul>1 badly modell$2 & = ! re/ _! *>act]s1 :e!r m5 or wom51 h[ev] /rongly1 subject to _! dom9ant expression ( religi\s f]v\r1 !y may display a /]l+ "* 9 _! relation to secul> int]e/s sanctifi$ by ! dep? ( _! fai?1 nev]!less appe> to u lack+ 9 a significance :i* c exalt itself ov] su* a piety1 or r1 z dom9at$ by x1 d n appe> able at ! same "t to be ess5tially free1 in/9ct ) imag9ation & ! ent]prise ( sup]ior qualities4 77 ,a fur!r aspect we %all d well to consid] is ! transition f ! m tranquil1 rev]5tial piety to ! repres5tation ( m>tyrdoms1 &1 9 g5]al1 :at is n beautiful 9 reality4 ,x is m p>ticul>ly ! ,nor? ,g]man ma/]s :o excel 9 sc5es borr[$ f ! ,passion 9 :i* !y emphasize ! savag]y ( ! soldi]y1 ! evil aspects ( ! mock+1 ! fi]c5ess ( ! hate aga9/ ,*ri/ dur+ ! c\rse ( ,8 suff]+s1 ) p>ticul> insi/5ce on features ( ugl9ess & di/ortion1 & :i* are int5d$ to d5ote ext]nal =ms correspond5t ) ! depravity ( _s4 ,! tranquil & beautiful activity ( an unassum+ p]sonal piety is ?r[n into ! backgr\nd1 & ! movem5ts :i* are insep>able f ! situations above m5tion$ unfold u hide\s di/ortions1 expressions ( f]ocity1 & all ! unbridl$ exhibition ( passions4 ,:]e we h ! cont5d+ tumult & ! unc\?ness ( *>act]s pres5t$ ) su* detail1 x is n surpris+ t su* pictures are defective 9 ! ideal h>mony ( _! composition no less ?an _! col\r1 s t1 m especially :]e a ta/e = old ,g]man pa9t+s fir/ crops up1 critics :5 ?us confront$ ) :at is1 z a rule1 an inf]ior class ( te*nical accompli%m5t1 fall into _m mi/akes :5 det]m9+ ! date ( _! production4 ,?us x has be5 ma9ta9$ t !y are previ\s to ! m consummate pictures ( ! ,van ,eyck p]iod1 al?\gh1 = ! mo/ "p1 !y hail f a m rec5t "t4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,upp] ,g]man ma/]s 7 n exclusively occupi$ ) works ( ?is type1 b h likewise treat$ a v>iety ( religi\s subjects1 &1 inde$--,albre*t ,dr]1 ) o!rs1 exemplifies ?is--ev5 9 sc5es f ,*ri/'s ,passion1 h und]/ood h[ effectively to grapple ) ! extremes ( pure savag]y1 & ev5 :5 treat+ su* !mes to pres]ve an ideal nobility & an ext]nal indep5d5ce#cfi & fre$om4 77 ,f9ally1 ! developm5t ( ,g]man & ,flemi% art is *>act]iz$ 9 a complete id5tification ( itself ) ! ord9>y life ( ! ,pres5t2 &1 along ) ?is1 9 a unifi$ sy/em ( ! mo/ v>i$ modes ( pres5tation1 :i*1 bo? 9 respect to _! cont5t & te*nique1 are di/9ct f "o ano!r & indep5d5tly elaborat$4 ,we h se5 already ! advance made by ,italian pa9t+ f ! simple nobility ( devotion to an ev]-increas+ ass]tion ( secul> motive1 :i* "h1 h[ev]1 z we po9t$ out 9 ! case ( ,raphael1 0 9 "s measure p]meat$ by ecclesia/ical prepossessions1 & 9 "p limit$ by ! coh]5t pr9ciple ( antique beauty4 ,we may add t ! lat] c\rse ( ?is s*ool is n s mu* a dissolution ( t unity 9 ! repres5tation ( e k9d ( subject-matt] "u ! pr$om9ant int]e/ ( ! col\ri/ z a m sup]ficial disposition1 or r1 eclectic imitation ( /yles ( draughtsman%ip & pa9t+4 ,g]man & ,flemi% art1 on ! contr>y1 has 9 ! mo/ def9ite & exceptional degree trav]s$ ! entire s*eme ( cont5t & modes ( treatm5t1 />t+ f its :olly traditional *ur* pictures1 s+le figures & half l5g?s1 !n on to ?\ghtful1 pi\s1 & devotional subjects1 until we come to t animation & ext5sion ( ! same 9 l>g] compositions & sc5es1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! free *>act]ization ( figure1 ! height5$ vitality effect$ by means ( processions1 ret9ues1 incid5tal p]sonages1 embelli%m5t ( g>m5ts & ut5sils1 weal? ( portraiture1 ar*itectural works1 environm5t1 views ( *ur*es1 cities1 /reams1 =e/s1 m\nta9s1 is /ill conceiv$ & execut$ z a :ole subject to religi\s motivation4 ,?is focal c5tre /ill p]si/s2 b we f9d t ! range ( subjects1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 held toge!r 9 unity1 is brok5 into division1 & ! sep>ate p>ts become1 9 ! specific s+ul>ity & cont+5t "* ( _! alt]nations or indep5d5t modifications1 subject to e possible type ( conception & pictorial execution#cgj4 ,9 ord] to arrive at a full appreciation ( ?is aspect ( art's developm5t 9 ! pres5t context1 = we h already ref]r$ to ! po9t1 we w pass briefly 9 review ! national conditions :i* 7 op]ative 9 ! *ange4 ,we are "u ! necessity to ju/ify1 z we %all attempt to d 9 ! foll[+ obs]vations1 a transition f direct relations to ! ,*ur* & ! outlook & pictorial modes ( piety to a delight 9 ! _w simply1 t is to say1 to ! objects & p>ticul> ph5om5a ( ,nature1 to dome/ic life 9 its dignity1 cong5iality1 & peaceful seclusion1 to an enjoym5t ( national fe/ivities & processions1 ru/ic dances1 ! games & follies att5dant ^u *ur* ftes4 ,n[ ! ,re=mation _h ?or\ghly p5etrat$ ,holl&4 ,! ,dut* _h become ,prote/ants & ov]come ! despotism ( ! ,spani% ,cr[n & ,*ur*4 ,& :at is m we d n1 if we consid] ! political condition "h1 ei!r f9d a di/+ui%$ nobility :i* drives =? its pr9ces & tyrants1 or imposes laws on !m1 nor yet an agricultural p1 oppress$ peasantry1 :o break free z ! ,swiss h done1 b r a population :i*1 9 by f> ! l>ge/ proportion ( x1 if we except ! few brave s\ls t till$ ! soil & its m ?an brave h]oes ( ! sea1 consi/$ ( citiz5s ( ! t[n1 m5 ( bus9ess1 well-to-d burgh]s1 m5 :o1 rejoic+ 9 _! ord9>y avocations1 ent]ta9$ no l(ty pret5sions1 b1 z became _! c\rage & intellig5ce1 ) audaci\s reliance 9 ,god1 /ood up to def5d ! fre$om ( _! h>dly-won lib]ties & ! p>ticul> privileges ( _! prov9ces1 cities1 & guilds1 d>$ to oppose !mselves to all haz>ds )\t fe> ( ! transc5d5t pre/ige ( ! ,spani% dom9ion ov] half ! _w1 to bravely let _! blood fl[ = su* an aim1 & by virtue ( ?is righte\s boldness & endurance victori\sly secur$ bo? _! religi\s & civic indep5d5ce4 ,& if we may br& any s+le condition ( s\l-life z di/9ctively deuts*1 x is j ?is loyal1 well-to-d1 & g5ial citiz5%ip1 :i*1 9 a self-respect t is )\t pride1 9 a piety :i* is n m]ely absorb$ 9 en?usiasm & devotion1 b :i* is concretely pi\s 9 ! affairs ( ! _w#cga & is homely & cont5t$ 9 its abundance1 rema9s neat & clean1 & 9 p]si/5t c>efulness & cont5tm5t "u all circum/ances1 arm$ ) its own endur+ s5se ( indep5d5ce & fre$om1 is able1 ) loyalty to its =m] life1 to pres]ve ! /]l+ "* ( its =efa!rs unimpair$4 ,?is intellig5t & arti/ically end[$ p fur!rmore seeks its enjoym5t 9 ! pictorial pres5tm5t ( its vigor\s1 ju/ly co-ord9at$1 satisfy+1 & com=table exi/5ce2 x is all = tak+ a r5ew$ delight by means ( its pictures 9 ! cleanl9ess "u all conditions ( its t[ns1 h\ses1 & dome/ic arrangem5ts1 ( enjoy+ ?us its h\sehold felicity1 its weal?1 ! g5]\s adornm5t ( its wives & *ildr51 ! spl5d\r ( its civic fea/s1 ! boldness ( its seam51 ! fame ( its m]*&ise & ! %ipp+1 9 :i* x rides ov] all ! seas ( ! _w4 ,& x is j ?is in/9ct ( ord]ly & *e]ful exi/5ce1 :i* ! ,dut* ma/]s emphasize also 9 _! l&scape subjects4 ,9 "o ^w1 9 all _! pictorial accompli%m5t !y succe$ 9 comb9+ ) fre$om1 & tru? ( conception1 ) _! en?usiasm = :at is 9 appe>ance ( inf]ior & mom5t>y significance1 ) ! fre%ness ( op5 vision & ! conc5tration ( _! entire s\l on all t is mo/ /amp$ ) ! seclusion & limitations ( _! life1 ! mo/ ample fre$om ( arti/ic composition1 no less ?an ! f9e/ feel+ = accessories & ! mo/ p]fect effects ( /udi\s elaboration4 ,f "o po9t ( view ?is s*ool ( pa9t+ has develop$ to an incomp>able degree ! magic & my/]y ( light+ & col\r#cgb g5]ally 9 its sc5es borr[$ f w> & milit>y life1 9 its tav]n jollifications1 9 its w$d+s & o!r ru/ic ftes1 9 its pictures ( dome/ic life1 9 its portraits1 l&scapes1 animals1 fl[]s1 & ! re/4 ,f ano!r aspect x has elaborat$ ) a simil> excell5ce ! *>act]ization :i* p5etrates to ! he>t ( life 9 all ! tru? ( :i* ,art is capable4 ,& al?\gh its insi/5ce on ! insignificant & cont+5t includes ! expression ( :at is boori%1 rude1 & common1 yet ^! sc5es are s p]meat$ ?r\gh\t ) +5u\s lu/9ess & jollity1 t x is n ! common 9 its meanness & naught9ess s mu* z ! gaiety & joviality :i* creates ! arti/ic subject & its cont5t4 ,we d n look at mean feel+s & passions1 b simply :at is boori%1 9 ! s5se ( be+ ru/ic1 ne> to nature1 9 ! poor] classes1 a quality :i* connotes g5iality1 waggi%ness1 & com$y4 ,9 %ort ! ,ideal itself is n :olly abs5t f ?is unp]turb$ easy-way-(-life4 ,x is ! ,sabba? ( ,life1 :i* br+s all to "o level & removes all badness1 simply z su*4 ,m5 :o are ?us s :ole-he>t$ly ( good temp] c nei!r be :olly bad nor mean4 ,9 ?is respect x is n "o & ! same ?+1 :e!r evil is ( purely mom5t>y appe>ance 9 a "*1 or lies at its root & ess5ce4 ,9 ! "w ( ^! ,dut* pa9t]s :at is humor\s 9 a situation cancels :at is evil1 & x is at once cle> to u t ! *>act]s c\ld be some?+ o!r ?an t 9 ! guise ( :i* !y are = ! "t be+ set be=e u#cgc4 ,a gaiety & com$y ( ?is description contributes mu* to ! invaluable "* ( ^! pictures4 ,if pictures ( ?is rollick+ type are attempt$ n[adays1 ! pa9t]1 z a rule1 only places be=e u :at is ess5tially mean1 co>se & bad )\t ! illum9at+ atmosph]e ( a comic situation#cgd4 ,a bad wife rails at h] tipsy husb& 9 ! tav]n ) all h] might4 ,9 a sc5e ( ?is k9d we h only put be=e u1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 ! bald facts t ! man is a dissipat$ brute & ! woman a rat+ w5*4 ,if we look at ! ,dut* ma/]s 9 ?is light we %all no long] ent]ta9 ! view t ! art ( pa9t+ %\ld h said goodbye to su* subjects altoge!r1 & m]ely conf9$ itself to depict+ ! gods ( old1 my?s1 & fables1 or ev5 ,madonna pictures1 crucifixions1 m>tyrs1 popes1 & sa9ts ( bo? sexes4 ,:at is a vital +r$i5t ( e "w ( art is insep>able also f pa9t+1 & ?is is ! obs]vance ( :at g5]ally conc]ns our humanity1 ! _s & *>act]ization ( man1 9 o!r words :at man is & :at ea* individual is4 ,?is vital grasp ( ! consci\s life ( human nature & ! ext]nal =ms ( its appe>ance1 ?is naive delight & arti/ic fre$om1 ?is fre%ness & *e]fulness ( imag9ative sympa?y1 ?is absolute directness ( execution is :at con/itutes ! poetry t und]lies ! "w ( ! majority ( ! ,dut* pa9t]s ( ?is p]iod4 ,9 _! pa9t+s we may /udy & acqua9t ourselves ) human nature & mank9d4 ,n[adays1 h[ev]1 our arti/ only too frequ5tly w confront u ) portraits & hi/orical pictures1 at :i* we h only to ca/ a b>e glance1 & we see t1 :ile flatly contradict+ ! wilde/ dream ( :at is possible 9 mank9d or anyone 9 p>ticul>1 he nei!r kn[s aught at all ab\t man or 8 natural col\r1 nor yet ! modes ( composition#cge 9 :i* we may ju/ly express t humanity#cgf4 ,footnote #bad3 ,die gesammte ,m5s*5-bru/4 ,footnote #bae3 ,die 9 si* g$ieg5e ,individualitt des ,gottes4 ,footnote #baf3 ,betra*tung1 "h imply+ ?\ght r ?an vision4 ,footnote #bag3 ,t is a unity :i* dissolves all diff]5ce4 ,footnote #bah3 ,als ,inn]es4 ,footnote #bai3 ,als ,reflexion 9 si*4 ,probably ,hegel means simply ! ultimate fact ( self-consci\s life--:i* is to f9d itself 9 ,nature z ! anti!sis ( ! syn!tic unity ( ! ego4 ,?is is develop$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! s5t5ce4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,lit41 ,is n an ess5tially p]si/5t & /]eotyp$ 7,er/>rtes1 /iff5$7 individual4 ,footnote #bba3 ,less ?an sculpture4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,he may mean type ( art g5]ally1 b ,i ?9k ! ref]5ce "h is simply to pa9t+4 ,! passage is an important "o4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,i presume ,hegel uses ! ^w seeligkeit 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 n s\lfulness4 ,! close relation ) ,s*m]tz necessitates ?is4 ,b ! spell+ sugge/s ! o!r int]pretation4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,:i* is abs5t 9 ! classical treatm5t4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,t is1 ! creative arti/4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,inn]li*keit4 ,x is impossible to express ,hegel's use ( ?is ^w by "o expression4 ,x comb9es intimacy1 ideal union1 & inw>dness ( s\l-life 9 its contra/ to objective reality4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,t is ! romantic type4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,die fr si* sey5de ,subjektivitt4 ,t is a process t elaborates itself 9 indep5d5t =m consonant to its own sub/ance4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,als dieses ,subjekt4 ,t is1 ,i assume1 z ! di/9ctive p]sonality ( ! arti/4 ,?is mu/ appe> on ! face ( ! "w z ! cr[n ( its indep5d5t type & concrete unity 7,zur ,spitze des ,frsi*seyns7 b mu/ n dom9ate x to ! ext5t ( de/roy+ all natural detail1 n ev5 to ! ext5t ( sculpture4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,zur ,spitze des ,frsi*seyns4 ,see note above4 ,footnote #bca3 ,t is _! union 9 sculpture4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,als sol*]4 ,hegel means t ! univ]sal pres5t 9 emotion is objective !re9 z "p ( ! self-consci\s life1 b is only pres5t$ 9 ! concrete objective %ape 9 ! "w ( ! arti/ :o !re9 suff]s to escape ! :olly p]sonal side4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,se9 ,inn]es1 8 ideal sub/ance1 ) m direct ref]5ce to feel+4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,aus demselb5 9 si* h9e+eh5d4 ,i ?9k :at is meant is t ! mat]ial is idealiz$ out ( "o ( its spatial conditions r ?an t ! arti/ selects 8 m$ium 9 consonance ) 8 temp]am5t & te*nique4 ,footnote #bce3 ,t is1 does n affect ! /ability & total effect ( ! "w4 ,( c\rse ! actual effect may v>y4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,fr dies5 fe/5 ,punkt des ,subjekts4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,die 9 si* besond]te ,inn]li*keit4 ,footnote #bch3 ,! di/9ctions 9 matt] condition$ 9 ,space4 ,footnote #bci3 ,! mean+1 if r obscurely express$1 appe>s to be ?is4 ,! art ( sculpture %[s u :5 x treats ! spatial dim5sions z ess5tial t we mu/ h ! entire spatial =m to d ?is1 & x %[s u t if we wi% to pass f ! m]e pres5tm5t ( bodily =m to a full] ideal quality we mu/ contract ?is exclusive appe>ance ( physical matt]4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,lit41 ,beg9s to be subjective4 ,beg9s to possess a self-exclud+ c5tre ( unity1 i4e41 self-id5tity4 ,footnote #bda3 ,t is to ! po9t ( a real subject or ego4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,e4g41 secure an ab/ract result 9 sup]ficies only4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,ap>t f arti/ic means4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,?\gh ! /atem5ts "h are sugge/ive1 !y are obvi\sly influ5c$ by ,hegel's belief 9 ! false !ory ( light prop\nd$ by ,goe!4 ,footnote #bde3 ,?is is a direct ref]5ce to ! ,newtonian !ory1 ( c\rse4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,zei*nung "h ref]s to l9e r ?an te*nical excell5ce 9 draughtsman%ip4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ ,hegel's emphasis ( ^! two aspects is c>ri$ r too f>4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,! above passage is op5 to criticism4 ,hegel h>dly makes all[ance = ! fact t ! defective te*nique1 s f> z x is defective1 ( ! e>li] ma/]s1 0 ma9ly due to _! /ate ( k4 ,art 01 9 a c]ta9 aspect ( te*nique1 9 its infancy4 ,moreov] to comp>e ,dut* l&scape ) t ( ,bell9i or ,raphael is to comp>e ?+s t are ea* unique ( _! k9d & n comp>able4 ,_! aim 0 entirely diff]5t4 ,9 su* pictures z ! ,san ,si/o ,madonna ( ,raphael1 ! great ,crucifixion ( ,t9toret1 or ! ,entombm5t ( ,titian x is q impossible to ma9ta9 t ! e>ne/ness ( conception is 9 any way inf]ior to ! te*nique1 al?\gh we h no d\bt a diff]5t degree ( conviction express$ by ,fra ,angelico4 ,& ! classical l&scape ( ,titian or ,t9toret is ( its type supreme4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,?is /atem5t ( ,hegel aga9 requires p>5!sis or at lea/ int]pretation4 ,!re is a realism su* z t we f9d 9 ! mo/ consummate "w ( a ,titian1 or ! g5re "w ( ! ,dut* s*ool1 or our own ,pre-,raphaelites1 to say no?+ ( m]e academical realism1 :i* h>dly comes )9 8 rem>ks4 ,x is obvi\s t ! ,ideal is subs]v$ 9 diff]5t degrees by su* examples1 & 9 fact to pres]ve t unity ( conception despite ! greate/ elaboration1 is to s]ve ! ,ideal at lea/ 9 "o aspect ( x4 ,hegel1 at lea/ 9 ! conclud+ "p ( ?is p>agraph1 appe>s ma9ly to h 9 8 m9d /ill life & ! g5re pictures ( ! ,dut*1 & r seems to ov]look 8 own /atem5t z to ! necessity ( selection & ! p[] to express detail by ! %or?& ( g5ius r ?an delib]ate imitation4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,gross>tigkeit4 ,footnote #bej3 ,innigkeit4 ,intimate ideality1 inw>dness4 ,footnote #bea3 ,i am n sure :at ,hegel means by ! expression ,ni*t das ,ni$rige i/ z]drckt4 ,if ! text is correct ,i suppose x means ! s5su\s side does n make way = a m spiritual syn!sis4 ,:at we %\ld expect is "s o!r v]b ?an z]drckt su* z ausg$rckt1 ! s5se be+ t ?\gh ! mean emotion is n express$1 & no rage1 etc41 is ass]t$1 yet despite ( x all1 etc4 ,i ?9k !re mu/ be "s mispr9t "h4 ,footnote #beb3 ,e9 />res ,beisi*seyn4 ,comp>e ! expression l[] d[n affirmatives ,frsi*seyn ) :i* x contra/s4 ,footnote #bec3 ,fr si* be/eh5de ,h]z4 ,footnote #bed3 ,als e9 gttli*es ,mom5t4 ,x means an actual phase 9 ! ,div9e exi/5ce4 ,footnote #bee3 ,an important /atem5t4 ,hegel's words are ,sond]n wir mss5 das gei/ige ,daseyn im ,bewus/seyn des ,m5s*5 als die wes5tli*e gei/ige ,exi/5z ,gottes ansehn4 ,footnote #bef3 ,a bad ma/] at any rate = su* a subject4 ,footnote #beg3 ,?is metaphor appe>s to me r confus$1 & 9 fact ,i d n pret5d :olly to und]/& its mean+4 ,i suppose ! idea is t beyond ! cl\ds ( s\l-life !re are ! cl\ds t obscure ,provid5ce4 ,9 all ?is passage ,hegel %[s 8 limitations z an art /ud5t4 ,footnote #beh3 ,nh]4 ,t is our love ( ,god is ma9ly ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,footnote #bei3 ,e9 bloss e+elnes ,mom5t4 ,a phase t passes or becomes relatively insignificant4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,innig/e1 mo/ intimate4 ,a curi\s b *>act]i/ic conclusion ( ,hegel4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,?is analysis mu/ be accept$ ( c\rse ma9ly z an analysis ( ! ideal propos$ to u by ! pr(\nde/ ,*ri/ian art4 ,x is obvi\sly n true ( mu* ,italian art1 ,titian's "w = example1 & x is equally remote f _m ( ! mo/ probable facts ( hi/ory4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,die ,/>rheit4 ,! rigid or unyield+ "*4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,d] ,gehalt ihres ,gem?s4 ,x is possible to see 9 ?is analysis some?+ r caprici\s & f>-fet*$1 & yet to appreciate its value z an analysis ( ,*ri/ian love = ! deceas$ belov$ z contra/$ ) pagan s5tim5t4 ,! f9e/ illu/ration ,i myself c recollect ( ?is is n ! "m ,m>y at all1 b ! figure ( ! ,magdal5e 9 ,t9toret's ,deposition 9 ! ,s4 ,giorgio ,maggiore ,*ur* 9 ,v5ice4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! div9e "m 9 sacr$ art is almo/ inv>iably depict$ 9 a /ate ( swoon "u ! /ress ( h] grief1 ?\gh ,t9toret's ,piet 9 ! ,br]a is a notable exception4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,i d n "k ?is pa9t]4 ,= pa?os ,i "k no f9] conception ( ! dea? ?an t ( ,rembr&t's et*+4 ,blake's draw+1 exhibit$ rec5tly at ,cambridge1 %[s u ! tranquillity & dignity ( ! sc5e m f9ely ?an any o!r repres5tation4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,i presume ,hegel means ?is by ! words die ,m5s*heit1 b x is a difficult passage4 ,footnote #bff3 ,x is impossible 9 ,engli% to pres]ve ! anti!sis betwe5 bitt5 & bet54 ,footnote #bfg3 ,und ni*ts fr si* hat4 ,t is to say reciprocity is ( its ess5ce4 ,give & x %all be giv5 unto y4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,die ,ge/alt may possibly ref] to ! suppliant4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,! ,si/9e ,madonna4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,a good in/ance is ! great ,crucifixion ( ,fra ,angelico 9 ! ,s4 ,m>k conv5t 9 ,flor5ce4 ,footnote #bga3 ,& a pa9t] l ,c>lo ,dolci or ! ,c>acci are ev5 worse4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,x w\ld p]haps h be5 m in/ructive to consid] ! diff]5ce ( temp]am5t 9 ! arti/ :5 deal+ ) su* subjects & its influ5ce on 8 treatm5t4 ,x is v f> f an obvi\s tru? t physiognomy ^u :i* ! conflict ( s\l-life is mo/ m>k$ loses !reby ! *>act]i/ics ( beauty4 ,!re is ! beauty ( gn>l$ oak no less ?an t ( ! rose & ! lily4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,das ,beisi*seyn d] ,liebe im ,absolut54 ,lit41 ! self-inh]5cy cf ,love )9 ! ,absolute4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,sond]n au* selb/ndig4 ,he seems to mean t !y receive f ?is relation ! subsi/5t individuality ( _s4 ,?is ref]5ce to l&scape is obvi\sly v p]functory & insuffici5t4 ,footnote #bge3 ,see vol4 ,i1 p4 #bbj4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,mit dem 9 si* p>ticul>isirt5 ,inn]n4 ,) ! ideal complexus ( p>ticul> objects z relat$ to "o subject4 ,_! p>ticul>ity is due to _! *>act]ization1 & t is dep5d5t on idealization4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,diess ,v]wa*s5seyn4 ,lit41 ?is gr[+ up )4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ! aspect ( consummate execution :i* 9 itself is a v real s\rce ( arti/ic enjoym5t1 & ,hegel r seems to ov]look ?is "h4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,v]zweigung54 ,all (f-%oots ( att5tion or int]e/4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,( c\rse1 ev5 9 ! pa9t+ ( /ill life1 arti/ic composition itself implies by its selection & subord9ation to an idea a new result4 ,& ! *>act]i/ic te*nique ( a pa9t] inevitably has ! same result4 ,footnote #bha3 ,gei/ig5 ,ausdrck4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,grundlage4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,x is p]haps r /range t ,hegel %\ld h consid]$ ! ,dut* & ,flemi% s*ools z pre-em95tly col\ri/s4 ,ap>t f ,rembr&t ! tru? is n v app>5t4 ,b he 0 ma9ly ?9k+ ( _! dext]ity 9 ! light+ ( a picture & ! sc9tillation ( col\r4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,t is1 z black & :ite & its gradations4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,x is n q cle> :at is int5d$ "h by ,v]vielfltigung1 probably p[] ( be+ adapt$ to v>i\s subject matt] & modes ( expression4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out t ?is discussion1 be+ bas$ on ,goe!'s false !ory ( col\r 9 opposition to ,newton's prismatic analysis1 has no sci5tific value1 ?\gh hi/orically ( int]e/4 ,! blu5ess ( ! sky is due to ! blue rays be+ deta9$4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,i presume by concrete unity ,hegel ref]s 9 "s =m to a unity t is su* ow+ to its intr9sic nature4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,b r$ q z (t5 symbolizes en?usiasm & love1 & 9 ,t9toret's ,p>adise ! ,virg9 has ! r$ tunic & ! blue mantle4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,z a matt] ( fact violet or purple is a c>d9al col\r4 ,footnote #bij3 ,gre5 is n a c>d9al col\r4 ,footnote #bia3 ,hegel seems to h 9 view ! ,flemi% s*ool r ?an ! ,dut* 9 ! re/rict$ s5se4 ,x is r /range t he %\ld dwell on ?is r ?an "w ( ! ,v5etians su* z ,bell9i4 ,footnote #bib3 ,v]s*wemmte4 ,c>ri$ away by a /ream4 ,footnote #bic3 ,su* z ,ary ,s*eff] & o!rs ( ! same monotony4 ,! fle% t9ts ( ,leighton & ,poynt] & _m less m5 suff] 9 ! same way4 ,footnote #bid3 ,f>b5s*e91 z ,hegel uses x lat] on1 ,i f9d x impossible to translate 9 "o ^w4 ,9 fact x is n easy to seize precisely :at he means4 ,modulation ( col\r p>tly expresses x4 ,b he also seems to ref] to :at we und]/& z ! p]sonal quality ( a picture or its g5]al atmosph]e1 n reg>d$ simply z ,nature's atmosph]e1 b z ! communication ( ! arti/'s own afflatus4 ,footnote #bie3 ,i cross$ a "y l&scape-arti/ ( gr[+ fame ! o!r day1 :o affirm$ & endeav\r$ to express 9 8 pictures ! conviction t col\r 0 z /rong 9 di/ance z =egr\nd4 ,8 pictures 7 ( great int]e/1 b ,i /ill ?9k 8 robu/ !ory uns\nd4 ,footnote #bif3 ,we h no ,engli% equival5t = ! ,g]man das ,inc>nat or col\r inc>nate4 ,footnote #big3 ,e9 ideelles ,ine9&]4 ,by ideal ,hegel means app>5tly t ! di/9ctions ( t9t f9e away beyond ! grasp ( s5se vision4 ,?is ( c\rse is true 9 all natural col\r+4 ,possibly he may mean t ! idea ( ,life is contributive to ! result4 ,footnote #bih3 ,h>dly a j simile = ! reason t1 z ,hegel himself po9ts out1 fle% does n reflect ext]nal objects4 ,footnote #bii3 ,d5 ,s*e9 inn]] ,belebung4 ,?is expression seems to prove t ,hegel uses ! ^w ideel 9 its ord9>y s5se ( spiritual ideality4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,als selb/ leb5diges ,ganze4 ,! col\r mu/ appe> z itself a "p ( ! vitality1 n a m]e cov]+4 ,footnote #cja3 ,v]treibung4 ,:at ,hegel exactly means ,i am n sure1 probably f9i% by ov]pa9t+s4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,fresco pa9t+ is /rictly 9 temp]a4 ,i suppose ,hegel has "h be=e him ! two processes ( temp]a pa9t+ on ! wet wall ( pla/] & temp]a pa9t+ on "s o!r dry surface4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,zu gross] inn]] ,kl>heit und s*n5 ,leu*t54 ,i give :at appe>s to me to be ! mean+4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,i presume ,hegel und]/&s by ,deck und ,lasurf>b5 ! di/9ction ( our opaque & transp>5t col\rs su* z flake :ite & ! madd]s or umb]s4 ,he cle>ly ref]s to glazes4 ,footnote #cje3 ,die ,duftigkeit1 ,magie 9 d] ,wirkung des ,kolorits4 ,?is is a difficult passage to translate1 & ,i am n q sure :at ,hegel is aim+ at4 ,he seems to h 9 8 m9d bo? ! ideal atmosph]e ( a composition & ! pres5ce ( a p]sonal /yle4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,hegel has already relat$ ! effects consid]$ to ! arti/'s p]sonality4 ,he n[ endeav\rs to exam9e m closely :at is impli$ 9 ! relation4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,adria5 van ,o/ade1 #afaj-afhe4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,he means pa9t+1 ( c\rse4 ,he nev] pass$ beyond ! /age ( ! av]age amateur4 ,footnote #cji3 ,spiel von ,s*e954 ,! play ( appe>ance1 t is1 z x /rikes on diff]5t natures4 ,footnote #caj3 ,mal]is*5 ,auffassung4 ,"h ! ideas on m5tal conception & arti/ic composition seem to be comb9$4 ,b ,hegel is r loose 9 8 use ( !m4 ,footnote #caa3 ,hegel has d\btless ,albre*t ,dr] & yet e>li] ,g]man art 9 8 m9d4 ,footnote #cab3 ,die besond]5 ,be/immung54 ,! l9es ( its def9ite exposition4 ,footnote #cac3 ,i adopt ,hegel's g5]ic t]m4 ,b he means "h little m ?an del9eation or composition4 ,footnote #cad3 ,z betwe5 ! art ( pa9t+ & ^? ( poetry & music4 ,footnote #cae3 ,gei/ig4 ,we may say ! same ?+ ( ,t9toret's great ,gold5 ,calf picture4 ,b ! objection to ! composition z a "w ( art rema9s m /rongly ?an is ! case ) ,raphael's picture4 ,footnote #caf3 ,! same ?+ is a *>act]i/ic ( ,t9toret's ,annunciation 9 ! ,s4 ,rocco ,scuola & sev]al pictures ( ,dr]4 ,footnote #cag3 ,f9e examples ( ?is are ,rembr&t's ,desc5t f ! ,cross 9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y1 & ! gr\p ( m\rn]s 9 ,t9toret's ,great ,crucifixion4 ,footnote #cah3 ,!y h 9 ?is respect be5 well contra/$ ) ! *>act]s ( ,euripides 9 ! play ( ,ari/ophanes :i* p>ticul>ly emphasizes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! h]oic type ( ,aes*ylus & ! realism ( ,euripides1 ,! ,frogs ( ,ari/ophanes1 text & translation ( ,b4 ,b4 ,rog]s2 see ,introd41 pp4 ,,xviii1 ,,xix1 ,,xlv4 ,footnote #cai3 ,z to ugl9ess & its treatm5t by ,hegel1 see ,pr(essor ,bosanquet's ,hi/ory ( ,ae/hetik1 pp4 #cch1 #cee1 & g5]ally pp4 #dcb-dcf4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,t is sculpture4 ,hegel calls x im ,pla/is*54 ,footnote #cba3 ,an ideal ) ,hegel is n necess>ily an image ( ! m9d1 b f> m g5]ally ! concrete realization ( life4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,he %\ld h add$ ,t9toretto at lea/4 ,:at c\ld be m p]t95t ?an 8 ,sages 9 ! ,palazzo ,reale 9 ,v5ice4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,applies to ! /udy r ?an ! tal5t ex]cis$4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,ab] ganze ,grundbild des ,*>akt]s d>/ell54 ,footnote #cbe3 ,d5 gei/ig5 ,s9n und ,*>akt]4 ,he means ! entire spiritual impression1 he>t1 s\l1 & intellig5ce1 ) its practical effect 9 sub/antive "*4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,i ?9k ?is is impli$ "h 9 ,hegel's use ( ! words v]>beitet dur* d5 ,gei/4 ,b x may mean 9 ! face z work$ ^u ! s\l )9 ! p]son portray$4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,die wahrhaft5 absolut5 ,mom5te fr die ,*>act]i/ik4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,! ,g]man expression is1 ,x is n a s]i\s affair ) h] s9n+4 ,i am n sure t ,hegel's view "h does n lean t[>ds ! s5tim5talism he g5]ally s /rongly opposes4 ,no d\bt a cle> conception ( ! ,magdal5e's "* is difficult4 ,b x is obvi\s t ! less /ress we lay ^u h] s91 ! less weight h] conv]sion c>ries f ! religi\s po9t ( view1 & ! less great appe>s ! effect ( ! int]position ( h] div9e ,ma/]4 ,correggio 0 n a ma/] likely to p5etrate pr(\ndly into 8 subject4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ,hegel's cont5tion is 9 "o aspect ( x support$ by ! f> f9] conceptions ( ! ,magdal5e 9 ,t9toret's "w4 ,at lea/ ?is great ma/] cle>ly %[s u t 9 8 view ( h] %e 0 /rongly emotional1 he>t & s\l 9 ev]y?+ :e!r = good1 "u good influ5ce1 or = evil "u opposite direction4 ,x is possible to und]/& ,hegel's int]pretation z "o ma9ly ae/hetic4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,9 ,b]l94 ,! /atem5t is made 9 ,febru>y #ahbi4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,! omission ( ! ,spani% s*ool at lea/ omits a mo/ important l9k ) mod]n impressionism & its close relation to t transition to music4 ,& x is impossible to indicate ! progress ( l&scape )\t ref]5ce to ! ,engli% s*ool4 ,footnote #cca3 ,ital4 ,=s*41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bgi4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,! words 9 hnli*] ,weise make no s5se4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,ital4 ,=s*41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bhj4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,lit]ally ! s5se is ,:i* 7app>5tly agrees ) ! trait ( piety7 invigorates ) s\l t assur$ness & accept$ fact 7,f]tigkeit7 ( exi/5ce1 :i* is f ! v fir/ 7von ,hause aus7 m decisive 7ents*eid5]e7 9 ?is prov9ce ( salvation 7des ,heils74 ,heils mu/ obvi\sly be us$ 9 ! same s5se z ,heil& above4 ,my translation is necess>ily r free1 b ,i hope ,i h emphasiz$ ! mean+4 ,footnote #cce3 ,e9 ideal bleib5d] ,ueb]gang4 ,! transition is r "o ! s\l imag9es ?an an actual fact4 ,ideal p]si/5ce is p]haps bett]4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,religiositt "h us$ 9 good s5se4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,lit41 ,m free f /ruggl+4 ,comp>e ,sa9t ,john & ,sa9t ,paul z examples on ! high] levels4 ,footnote #cch3 ,t is ,italian pa9t+4 ,footnote #cci3 ,hegel's delight 9 ,italian op]a is well kn[n to read]s ( 8 correspond5ce4 ,9 ! above f9e passage he to "s ext5t unbelts himself f 8 ord9>y tone ( r au/]e retic5ce4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,! di/9ction seems to be betwe5 ! m =mal unity ( p]sonality & ! peculi>ly s$uctive *>m ( ,italian art4 ,x is r a f9e "o & x seems to me r confus+4 ,moreov] ,i d n q see ! p]t95cy ( ! simile ( a ,psy*e t is waft$ z a butt]fly ev5 r\nd blooms t h be5 spoil$ ( _! treasure1 = su* ,i und]/& to be ! s5se ( v]kmm]te ,blum54 ,a butt]fly comes into no active relation ) su* unless ! idea is pictorial decoration4 ,b possibly ,hegel 0 ?9k+ ( 8 ref]5ce to ,dante1 & 9 t case employ$ ! metaphor loosely1 r too loosely ,i %\ld say4 ,footnote #cda3 ,/unt$ is p]haps ! be/ translation4 ,! fault ( ! simile lies 9 its sup]ficiality4 ,x does n p5etrate ! conception ,hegel has be=e him4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,giotto1 ,mantegna1 ,c>paccio1 ,masaccio1 w\ld be lead+ names 9 po9t "h4 ,hegel m5tions two himself l[] d[n4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,ital4 ,=s*41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #d4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,grelle4 ,t is h>% & flagrant outl9e4 ,footnote #cde3 ,ihr] mu/ ref] ,i ?9k to ! ,italians1 ?\gh ! s5t5ce might mean1 ,9 contra/ to ^! ,greek productions4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,als ,ueb]zug4 ,! expression sugge/s x 0 us$ z a facial glaze or v>ni%4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,ital4 ,=s*41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cab4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,t is mix$ ) ! attrit$ col\r 9 its dryness4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,leim54 ,leim is size or lime1 9 ! comp\nd ^w leim-f>be signify+ di/emp]4 ,footnote #cej3 ,ital4 ,=s*41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #db4 ,footnote #cea3 ,decam4 ,giorn41 #f4 ,nov4 #e4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,su* z ,s4 ,francis z pres5t$ u 9 ,giotto's great frescoes 9 ,assisi4 ,footnote #cec3 ,no d\bt ! s]i\s aspect is less impos+ly emphasiz$2 b if ! op9ion condemn$ bel[ is too sweep+ x rema9s ! fact t we c imag9e no?+ m pr(\ndly s]i\s 9 ! religi\s s5se ?an ! frescoes 9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel 9 ,padua4 ,footnote #ced3 ,ital4 ,=s*41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #cee3 ,ital4 ,=s*41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #cef3 ,aufgab51 arti/ic problems1 !mes4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,ital4 ,=s*41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bdc4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,?is ( c\rse is too /rong a /atem5t1 & inde$ is ridicul\s to anyone :o has complete k ( ! be/ "w ev5 ( ,giotto4 ,footnote #cei3 ,ital4 ,=s*41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #beb4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,! frescoes ( ,mantegna1 & ^? ( ,ghirl&aio1 we w\ld m5tion 9 p>ticul> ! f9e examples 9 ! ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella *ur* 9 ,flor5ce1 or = ,mantegna our own c>toons at ,hampton ,c\rt & ! invaluable b n[ hopelessly ru9$ frescoes ( ,gozzoli1 9 ! ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa1 are f9e illu/rations ( ! text4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,des inn]5 ,gei/es may "h ref] to ! ideal aspects ( civil & dome/ic life1 b ,i ?9k ,hegel is contra/+ ! two extremes & x ref]s to ! religi\s cont5t4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,ital4 ,=s*41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bhb4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,to make ?is judgm5t 9 any degree a s\nd "o we mu/ assume ! /ress is laid on ! my/]i\s aspect ( expression & =m4 ,! g5u9e examples ( ,leon>do are s v few4 ,b q ap>t f t unless we exclude ! great triumvirate ( ! ,v5etian s*ool altoge!r ,t9toret1 ,titian1 & ,v]onese1 ! praise "h giv5 to ,leon>do z a consummate ma/] ( ! te*nique 9 oil-pa9t+ c only be receiv$ ) consid]able res]ve & qualification4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,comp>e ,ital4 ,=s*41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cjh4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,die re9/e ,voll5dung4 ,! adjective ref]s to ! "* ( ! p]fection z an expression ( arti/ic feel+ & execution4 ,footnote #cff3 ,halbdeutli*e ,er9n]ung54 ,n ,i ?9k memories t are obscure !mselves s mu* z memories :i* h fail$ to grasp ! cont5t ( :at is recollect$4 ,! expression is r confus$4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,mod]n criticism w\ld d\btless h a good deal to say 9 qualification ( ?is4 ,! "n ( ,bell9i alone is suffici5tly sugge/ive4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,?is emphasis on ! "w ( ,raphael & ,correggio is *>act]i/ic ( ! be/ art criticism ( ! times ( ,hegel1 b m>ks its limitations4 ,nei!r ,raphael nor ,correggio c be call$ religi\s pa9t]s 9 ! s5se t ^? pr(\nd ma/]s ,t9toret & ,mi*elangelo 7 su*4 ,! ess5tially academic aspect ( s mu* ( ,raphael's lat] production is n notic$4 ,& x is ^! ?ree great names1 ,titian1 ,t9toret1 & ,mi*elangelo1 :o mo/ truly m>k ! transition to our mod]n outlook4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,e9e ass]e ,abges*loss5heit4 ,?is mu/ mean1 ,i ?9k1 a dignifi$ & res]v$ treatm5t ( ! te*nique ma9ly ( su* !mes4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,! te*nical & some:at long-word$ aspect ( ,hegel's /yle is "h at its wor/ & ,i f9d x h>d to make complete s5se ( ?is d\btless unrevis$ passage4 ,! ma9 difficulty is ?is1 t ! s5t5ce appe>s to ass]t t ! c5tre 7d] ,mittelpunkt7 ( religion p]si/s 7=tbleibt7 & yet ass]ts 9 ! same brea? t ! in=m+ unity is brok5 up4 ,i h done my be/4 ,footnote #cga3 ,a piety :i* is n m]ely emotional1 b is concrete 9 active life1 possesses practical cont5t4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,see note at end ( *apt]4 ,footnote #cgc3 ,?is appe>s r to contradict :at ,hegel has said be=e ( ! impression a f9e picture su* z ,correggio's ,magdal5e leaves ^u u t we _c imag9e ! "* to be o!r ?an x is4 ,see note bel[4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,m lit]ally1 ,)\t ! alleviat+ effect ( :at is comic4 ,footnote #cge3 ,i presume die ,=m5 ref]s "h r to ! arti/ic =ms ( gr\p+ & composition ?an ! traits ( vital expression4 ,b p]haps ! latt] int]pretation w\ld be m natural to ! words4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,! above survey ( ,dut* art is ( great int]e/1 & 9 its c>eful comp>ison ( ! type ( t art ) ! national developm5t ( ! ,dut* may be contra/$ fav\rably ) ! some:at prejudic$ criticism ( su* a critic z ,john ,rusk94 ,at ! same "t ,i ?9k x mu/ be obvi\s t ,hegel is a little incl9$ to ov]rate ! ideal aspect ( t portion ( x we may indicate 9 ! "w ( pa9t]s su* z ,w\v]mans or ,t5i]s1 _m examples ( :i* are little remov$ f ! defects ( !me he po9ts out 9 m mod]n "w4 ,also p]sonally ,i %\ld say t1 if we exclude ! supreme g5ius ( ,rembr&t1 he r exagg]ates _! rank z supreme col\ri/s 9 respect to ! sc9tillation1 my/]y1 & o!r effects ( light4 ,to consid] t !y rank above ! ,v5etians 9 ?is respect is :olly impossible1 to say no?+ ( ,velasquez4 ,rub5s1 h[ev]1 may add "s support to ! view1 b he is h>dly 9 ! s*ool describ$1 & ,van ,dyck /&s ) him4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,music ,,introduction ,if we glance back at ! c\rse ! evolution ( ! sev]al arts has tak51 we %all f9d t x began ) ar*itecture4 ,x 0 ! art :i* 0 lea/ complete2 =1 z we discov]$1 x 01 by reason ( ! purely solid mat]ial1 :i* x atta*$ to itself z its s5su\s m$ium1 & made use ( accord+ to ! laws ( gravity1 incapable ( plac+ be=e u "u an adequate mode ( pres5tation :at is spiritual2 x 0 consequ5tly con/ra9$ to limit itself to ! task ( prep>+ f ! res\rces ( ! m9d an arti/ic ext]nal environm5t = ,_s 9 its liv+ & actual exi/5ce4 ,sculpture1 on ! contr>y1 & 9 ! second place1 0 able1 x is true1 to accept ! spiritual itself z its object4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 nei!r "o 9 ! s5se ( a p>ticul> "*1 nor z ! intimate p]sonal life ( s\l1 b r z a free individuality1 :i* is z little sep>ate f ! sub/antive cont5t z x is f ! corporeal appe>ance ( ,_s2 a pres5tm5t :i* only displays itself z su* individuality1 9 s f> z ! same ent]s into x1 9 ! degree t ! same is actually requir$ to import an individual vitality into a cont5t :i* is itself intr9sically ess5tial4 ,moreov]1 x only1 z su* ideal spiritualization1 is fus$ ) ! bodily configuration to ! ext5t ( reveal+ ! ess5tially inviolable union ( ,_s ) t natural embodim5t :i* is consonant !re)4 ,?is necess>y id5tity 9 ! art ( sculpture ( ,_s's indep5d5t exi/5ce :olly ) its corporeal organization1 r ?an ) ! m$ium ( its own ideal ess5ce1 makes x incumb5t ^u ! art /ill to reta9 solid matt] z its mat]ial1 b to trans=m ! configuration ( ! same1 n1 z 0 ! case ) ar*itecture1 into a purely inorganic environm5t1 b r into ! classical beauty adequate to ,_s & its ideal pla/ic realization4 ,& j z sculpture 9 ?is respect prov$ itself to be pre-em95tly fitt$ to give vitality to ! cont5t & mode ( expression ( ! classical type ( art 9 its products1 :ile ar*itecture1 despite all ! s]vice x r5d]$ 9 ! cont5t :i* belong$ to x1 0 unable 9 its mann] ( pres5tation to pass beyond ! fundam5tal mode ( a purely symbolical significance1 s1 too1 ?irdly1 ) ! art ( pa9t+1 we ent] ! prov9ce ( ! romantic4 ,no d\bt we f9d /ill 9 pa9t+ t ! ext]nal =m is ! means by virtue ( :i* ! ideal pres5ce is reveal$4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ?is ideality is actually ! ideal & p>ticul> subjectivity1 is1 9 %ort1 ! s\l-life return+ ^u itself f its corporeal exi/5ce1 is ! individual passion & emotion ( "* & he>t1 :i* are no long] exclusively deliv]$ 9 ! ext]nal =m1 b mirror 9 ! same ! v ideal sub/ance & activity ( ,_s 9 ! doma9 ( its own conditions1 aims1 & actions4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is intimate ideality ( its cont5t ! art ( pa9t+ is unable to re/ satisfi$ ) a mat]ial t1 9 "o aspect ( x1 is 9 its %ape m]ely solid matt]1 & 9 ano!r z su* crude =m is m]ely tangible & unp>ticul>iz$1 b is =c$ to select exclusively ! %[ & col\r semblance ( ! same z its s5su\s means ( expression4 ,! col\r1 h[ev]1 is only pres5t 9 ord] to make /ill app>5t spatial =ms & %apes z we f9d !m 9 ! actuality ( ,life1 ev5 9 ! case :]e we see ! art develop$ into all ! magic ( col\r+1 9 :i* ! objective fact at ! same "t already beg9s to vani% away1 & ! effect is produc$ by :at appe>s to be no long] any?+ mat]ial at all4 ,h[ev] mu*1 !re=e1 pa9t+ is evolv$ 9 ! direction ( a m ideal indep5d5ce ( a k9d ( appe>ance :i* is no long] atta*$ to %ape z su*1 b is p]mitt$ to pass spontane\sly into its own prop] elem5t1 t is1 into ! play ( visibility & reflection1 into all ! my/]ies ( *i>oscuro1 yet ?is magic ( col\r is /ill ?r\gh\t ( a spatial mode1 x is an appe>ance gr[+ out ( juxtaposition on a flat surface1 & consequ5tly a consubsi/5t "o4 #a4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is ideal ess5ce1 z is already ! case "u ! pr9ciple ( pa9t+1 ass]ts itself 9 fact z subjective s\l-life1 9 t case ! truly adequate m$ium _c rema9 ( a type :i* possesses indep5d5t subsi/5cy4 ,& = ?is reason we get a mode ( expression & communication1 9 ! s5su\s mat]ial ( :i* we d n f9d objectivity disclos$ z spatial configuration1 9 ord] t x may h consi/5cy !re94 ,we require a mat]ial :i* is )\t su* /ability 9 its relation to :at is outside x1 & :i* vani%es aga9 9 ! v mom5t ( its orig9 & pres5ce4 ,n[ ! art t f9ally annihilates n m]ely "o =m ( spatial dim5sion1 b ! conditions ( ,space entirely1 :i* is completely )drawn into ! ideality ( s\l-life1 bo? 9 its aspect ( consci\s life & 9 t ( its ext]nal expression1 is our second romantic art--,music4 ,9 ?is respect x con/itutes ! g5u9e c5tre ( t k9d ( pres5tm5t :i* accepts ! inn] p]sonal life z su*1 bo? = its cont5t & =m4 ,x no d\bt manife/s z art ?is inn] life1 b 9 ?is v objectification reta9s its subjective "*4 ,9 o!r words x does n1 z pla/ic art1 suff] ! expression 9 :i* x is self-enclos$ to be indep5d5tly free or to atta9 an ess5tially tranquil self-subsi/5cy1 b cancels ! same z objectivity1 & w n suff] ext]nality to secure = itself an inviolable pres5ce#cgg ov] aga9/ x4 ,9 s f>1 h[ev]1 z ?is annihilation ( spatial objectivity1 reg>d$ z a means ( manife/ation1 is an ab&onm5t ( ! same :i* is itself already 9 anticipation ass]t$ ( ! s5su\s spatiality ( ! pla/ic arts !mselves#cgh1 ?is pr9ciple ( negation mu/ also 9 a simil> way h its activity condition$ by ! mat]iality1 :i*1 up to ?is po9t1 we h indicat$ z "o ( tranquil indep5d5t self-subsi/5cy1 j z ! art ( pa9t+ r$uces 9 its prov9ce ! spatial dim5sions ( sculpture to ! simple surface4 ,?is cancell+ ( ! spatial =m !re=e m]ely consi/s 9 ?is1 t a specific s5su\s mat]ial surr5d]s its tranquil relation ( juxtaposition1 is1 9 o!r words1 plac$ 9 motion b is s ess5tially affect$ by t motion t e portion ( ! coh]5t bodily sub/ance n m]ely *anges its position1 b also is react$ ^u & reacts ^u ! previ\s condition#cgi4 ,! result ( ?is oscillat+ vibration is tone1 ! m$ium ( music4 ,9 tone music =sakes ! elem5t ( ext]nal =m & its s5su\s visibility1 & requires = ! appreh5sion ( its results ano!r organ ( s5se1 namely he>+1 :i*1 z also ! sight1 does n belong to ! s5ses ( action b ^? y ( contemplation2 & is1 9 fact1 /ill m ideal ?an sight4 ,= ! unruffl$1 ae/hetic obs]vation ( works ( art no d\bt p]mits ! objects to /& out quietly 9 _! fre$om j z !y are )\t any desire to impair t effect 9 any way2 b t :i* x appreh5ds is n t :i* is itself ess5tially ideally compos$#chj1 b r on ! contr>y1 t :i* receives its consi/5cy 9 its s5su\s exi/5ce4 ,! e>1 on ! contr>y1 receives ! result ( t ideal vibration ( mat]ial sub/ance#cha1 )\t plac+ itself 9 a practical relation t[>ds ! objects1 a result by means ( :i* x is no long] ! mat]ial object 9 its repose1 b ! fir/ example ( ! m ideal activity ( ! s\l itself :i* is appreh5d$4 ,& = ! fur!r reason t ! negativity into :i* ! oscillat+ m$ium "h ent]s is f "o po9t ( view an annihilation ( ! spatial condition1 :i* is itself remov$ by means ( ! reaction ( ! body#chb1 ! expression ( ?is tw(old negation1 t is tone1 is a mode ( ext]nality :i*1 9 virtue ( its v mode ( exi/5ce1 is 9 its v orig9ation self-de/ructive1 & !re & !n itself fundam5tally disappe>s4 ,& x is by virtue ( ?is tw(old negation ( ext]nality1 9 :i* ! root-pr9ciple ( tone consi/s1 t ! same corresponds to ! ideal p]sonal life2 ?is resonance :i*1 9 its ess5tial explicitness#chc1 is some?+ m ideal ?an ! subsi/5t corporeality 9 its indep5d5t reality1 also discloses ?is m ideal exi/5ce#chd1 & !reby (f]s a mode ( expression suit$ to ! ideality ( consci\s life4 #b4 ,if we n[1 by a rev]se process1 inquire ( :at type ?is inn] life mu/ be1 if we are to prove x on its own acc\nt adapt$ to ! expression ( s\nd & tones1 we may recall ! fact already obs]v$ t by itself1 t is1 accept$ z a real mode ( objectivity1 tone1 9 contra/ to ! mat]ial ( ! pla/ic arts1 is :olly ab/ract4 ,/one & col\r receive ! =ms ( an ext5sive & v>i$ _w ( objects1 & place !m be=e u 9 _! actual exi/5ce4 ,tones are unable to d ?is4 ,= musical expression !re=e x is only ! inn] life ( s\l t is :olly devoid ( an object :i* is appropriate1 9 o!r words1 ! ab/ract p]sonal exp]i5ce simply4 ,?is is our entirely empty ego1 ! self )\t fur!r cont5t4 ,! fundam5tal task ( music w !re=e consi/ 9 giv+ a resonant reflection1 n to objectivity 9 its ord9>y mat]ial s5se1 b to ! mode & modifications "u :i* ! mo/ intimate self ( ! s\l1 f ! po9t ( view ( its subjective life & ideality1 is ess5tially mov$4 #c4 ,we may say ! same ( ! effect ( music4 ,! p>am\nt claim ( t1 too1 is ! direct contact ) ! mo/ intimate ideality ( consci\s life4 ,x is m ?an any o!r ! art ( ! s\l1 & is imm$iately address$ to t4 ,! art ( pa9t+1 no d\bt1 z we h obs]v$1 is able to express 9 physiognomy & facial traits ) o!r ?+s ! inn] life & its activity1 ! moods & passions ( ! he>t1 ! situations1 conflicts1 & fatalities ( ! s\l2 :at1 h[ev]1 we h be=e u 9 pictures are objective appe>ances1 f :i* ! self ( contemplation1 9 its mo/ ideal self-id5tity1 is /ill held di/9ctly ap>t4 ,h[ev] mu* we become absorb$ 9 or p5etrate into ! object1 ! situation1 ! "*1 ! =ms ( a /atue or a picture1 admire a "w ( art1 lose ourselves 9 or possess ourselves ) x1 ! fact /ill rema9s t ^! works ( art are & rema9 objects ( indep5d5t subsi/5cy1 9 respect to :i* x is q impossible = u to escape ! relation ( ext]nal obs]vation disappe>s4 ,9 music1 h[ev]1 ?is di/9ction disappe>s4 ,its cont5t is t :i* is itself ess5tially a "p ( our own p]sonal#che life1 & its expression does n result at ! same "t 9 an objective mode ( spatial p]si/5cy1 b discloses1 9 virtue ( ! cont9uity & fre$om ( its flight z x appe>s & vani%es#chf1 t x is a manife/ation1 :i*1 in/ead ( possess+ itself an indep5d5t consi/5cy1 is dep5d5t = its support on ! ideality ( consci\s life1 & only c exi/ = t inw>d realm4 ,tone is !re=e no d\bt a mode ( bo? expression & ext]nality2 b x is an expression :i* inevitably disappe>s precisely at ! po9t ( & 9 virtue ( becom+ ext]nality4 ,at ! v mom5t t our organ ( s5se receives ! s\nd x is gone4 ,! impression t %\ld be giv5 is at once transf]r$ to ! tablets ( memory4 ,! tones m]ely res\nd 9 ! dep?s ( ! s\l1 :i* are !reby seiz$ ^u 9 _! ideal sub/ance1 & suffus$ ) emotion4 ,?is ideality ( cont5t & mode ( expression 9 ! s5se t x is devoid ( all ext]nal object def9es ! purely =mal aspect ( music4 ,x has no d\bt a cont5t1 b x is n a cont5t su* z we mean :5 ref]r+ ei!r to ! pla/ic arts or poetry4 ,:at x lacks is j ?is configuration ( an objective o!r-to-itself1 :e!r we mean by su* actual ext]nal ph5om5a1 or ! objectivity ( intellectual ideas & images4 ,we may indicate ! c\rse ( our fur!r exam9ation z foll[s3 ,9 ! fir/ place we h to def9e m accurately ! g5]al "* ( music & its effect 9 contradi/9ction to ! o!r arts1 n m]ely f ! po9t ( view ( its mat]ial1 b also f t ( its =m1 :i* ! spiritual cont5t accepts4 ,secondly1 we %all h to discuss ! p>ticul> di/9ctions1 9 :i* musical tones & _! modes#chg are develop$ & m$iat$ p>tly 9 respect to _! temporal duration1 & p>tly 9 relation to ! qualitative di/9ctions ( _! actual resonance4 ,?irdly1 & 9 conclusion1 music possesses a relation to ! cont5t1 :i* x expresses1 ei!r by be+ associat$ z an accompanim5t#chh ) emotions1 ideas1 & consid]ations indep5d5tly express$ by ^w ( m\?1 or by its free expansion )9 its own doma9 9 unfett]$ indep5d5ce4 ,9 propos+ n[1 h[ev]1 aft] hav+ ?us 9 a g5]al way specifi$ ! pr9ciple & division ( ! subject-matt] ( ,music1 to ent] into a m detail$ exam9ation ( its p>ticul> aspects1 we are inevitably confront$ ) a peculi> difficulty4 ,9 o!r words1 = ! reason t ! musical m$ium ( tone & ideality1 9 :i* ! cont5t moves z a process1 is ( s ab/ract & =mal a "*1 x is impossible = u to attempt su* a clos] survey )\t at ! same "t broa*+ te*nical =mulae & def9itions su* z belong to ! relations ( tone-measure or di/9ctions t apply to diff]5t in/rum5ts1 scales1 or *ords4 ,i mu/ admit to no exp]t k 9 ?is sph]e ( musical sci5ce1 & c only (f] my apologies = be+ unable to d m ?an limit myself to m g5]al po9ts ( view & a few isolat$ obs]vations4 #a4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,music ,! ess5tial po9ts ( view :i* are ( g5]al importance 9 a survey ( music we may exam9e "u ! foll[+ heads ( division3 ,fir/1 we h to comp>e music on ! "o h& ) ! pla/ic arts1 & on ! o!r ) poetry4 ,secondly1 we %all by means ( ! above comp>ison be 9 a bett] position to und]/& ! way 9 :i* music is able to ma/] & disclose a giv5 cont5t4 ,?irdly1 & z a result ( ! latt] inquiry1 we may ) m accuracy expla9 ! peculi> effect :i* ! art ( music1 9 contradi/9ction to ! o!r arts1 ex]cises on ! s\l4 7a7 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ po9t we %\ld1 if we are desir\s ( sett+ x =? cle>ly 9 its specific individuality1 comp>e music ) ! o!r two arts f ?ree di/9ct po9ts ( view4 77 ,&1 fir/1 x may be obs]v$ t x /&s 9 a relation ( aff9ity to ar*itecture1 al?\gh x is 9 /rong contra/ ) x4 77 ,our mean+ is ?is4 ,9 ! art ( build+ ! cont5t :i* %\ld be made app>5t 9 ar*itectonic =ms1 does n1 z is ! case 9 works ( sculpture & pa9t+1 :olly ent] into ! configuration1 b rema9s di/9ct f x z an ext]nal environm5t2 s1 too1 9 music1 "u its aspect ( ! mo/ specifically romantic art1 ! classical id5tity ( ideality & its ext]nal exi/5ce receives its resolution 9 a simil>1 if conv]se1 way to t 9 :i* ar*itecture1 z ! symbolical type ( pres5tation1 0 n z yet :olly able to secure su* a unity4 ,= ?is ideality ( ,_s proce$s f :at is purely ! conc5tration ( s\l-life1 to ideas & images & ! =ms ( su*1 z elaborat$ by ! imag9ation1 :]eas ! art ( music is ?r\gh\t m occupi$ 9 express+ m]ely ! elem5t ( feel+ & fur!rmore surr\nds ! indep5d5tly express$ ideas ( ! m9d ) ! melodic *ime ( emotions1 j z ar*itecture 9 its prov9ce places ar\nd ! /atues ( ! god1 no d\bt 9 an unyield+ way1 ! reasonable =ms ( its columns1 walls1 & entablatures#chi4 77 ,9 ?is way tone & its =mative comb9ations is = ! fir/ "t a m$ium creat$ by art & entirely arti/ic expression ( a :olly diff]5t type f t we f9d 9 pa9t+ & sculpture act+ ?r\gh ! mat]ial ( ! human body & its pose & physiognomy4 ,9 ?is respect1 too1 music may be m ne>ly comp>$ ) ar*itecture1 :i* does n accept its =ms f :at is actually pres5t$1 b z ! creation ( human inv5tion1 9 ord] to in=m !m1 p>tly accord+ to ! laws ( gravity1 & 9 "p accord+ to ! rules ( symmetry & h>moni\s coord9ation4 ,music does ! same ?+ 9 its own sph]e1 9 s f> z x f "o po9t ( view foll[s ! h>moni\s laws ( tone :i* dep5d on quantitative relations indep5d5tly ( ! expression ( emotion1 & 9 ano!r aspect ( x1 9 ! recurr5ce ( "t & rhy?m no less ?an 9 ! fur!r developm5t ( ! tones !mselves1 9 _m respects is subject to ! =ms ( regul>ity & symmetry4 ,consequ5tly we f9d op]ative 9 music n m]ely ! pr(\nde/ ideality & s\l1 b ! mo/ rigor\s1 rationality4 ,x unites1 9 fact1 two extremes1 :i* readily l5d !mselves to emphatic contra/ 9 _! indep5d5t self-ass]tion4 ,9 ?is aspect ( indep5d5ce music m p>ticul>ly assumes an ar*itectonic "* :5 we f9d 9 x a coh]5t temple ( h>mony ( its own creatively compos$ & co-ord9at$ accord+ to ! laws ( music1 & releas$ f ! direct expression ( s\l-life#cij4 77 ,despite all ?is simil>ity1 h[ev]1 ! art ( tones moves to q z l>ge a degree 9 a sph]e :olly oppos$ to t ( ar*itecture4 ,we f9d1 no d\bt1 9 bo? arts z a basis quantitative or m accurately measure relations2 ! mat]ial1 h[ev]1 :i* 9 ea* case is in=m$1 agreeably to su* relations1 is totally diff]5t4 ,ar*itecture atta*es itself to ! heavy s5su\s mat]ial 9 its tranquil juxtaposition & ext]nal =m 9 ,space4 ,music1 on ! contr>y1 lays hold ( ! tone-_s#cia z x r+s freely out ( ! spatial mat]ial 9 ! qualitative di/9ctions ( musical s\nd & 9 ! fl[ ( a movem5t subject to ! condition ( "t4 ,= ?is reason ! works ( bo? arts belong to two entirely di/9ct sph]es ( spiritual activity4 ,! art ( build+ places 9 an endur+ =m its colossal con/ructions = ext]nal contemplation 9 symbolical =ms4 ,! swiftly evanesc5t _w ( tones1 on ! o!r h&1 directly p5etrates ?r\gh ! e>s ( man to ! dep?s ( 8 s\l1 attun+ ! same 9 concordant emotional sympa?y4 77 ,& if we1 9 ! second place1 consid] ! clos] relation ( music to ! two o!r pla/ic arts#cib1 we %all f9d t ! simil>ity & di/9ction1 :i* atta*es to su* a comp>ison1 is 9 "s measure f\nd$ ^u ! tru?s already enunciat$4 77 ,( ^! music is fur!/ remov$ f sculpture2 & ?is is n m]ely s 9 respect to mat]ial & type ( configuration1 b also 9 t ( ! complet$ coalesc5ce ( its ideal & ext]nal aspects4 ,!re is 9 %ort a clos] aff9ity betwe5 pa9t+ & music4 ,9 "p ?is is due to ! pr$om9ant ideality ( expression exemplifi$ 9 bo?2 9 "p x is ref]able to treatm5t ( mat]ial1 9 :i*1 z we h already se51 x is p]missible = ! art ( pa9t+ to approa* ! v b\nd>y ( music itself4 ,pa9t+ has1 h[ev]1 = its aim 9 common ) sculpture ! repres5tation ( an objective =m 9 ,space1 & is re/rict$ 9 its mat]ial to ! actual =m ( ?+s already pres5t outside ! sph]e ( art4 ,x is unque/ionably true t nei!r 9 ! case ( ! pa9t] nor ! sculptor d we accept a human c\nt5ance1 a position ( ! human body1 ! outl9es ( a m\nta91 ! leafage ( a tree precisely 9 ! =ms !y pres5t to u z "h or !re 9 ,nature2 9 bo? cases we are b\nd to ju/ify :at we h be=e u "u ! conditions ( ! art 9 "q1 to adapt x to a p>ticul> situation1 no less ?an to employ x z a means ( express+ ! inevitable arti/ic result ( ! entire cont5t ( ! "w4 ,we h1 !re=e1 9 bo? cases on ! "o h& an indep5d5tly recogniz$ cont5t1 :i* has to receive arti/ic individualization1 &1 on ! o!r1 we are confront$ ) ! =ms ( ,nature z !y are simil>ly pres5t$ 9 isolation2 & ! arti/ is b\nd1 if he be truly an arti/1 & seek to unite ^! two s\rces ( inspiration 9 8 composition1 to discov] 9 bo? ! mat]ial & support#cic = 8 conception & execution4 ,9 %ort1 he w1 act+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance on ! security ( su* g5]al pr9ciples#cid1 endeav\r on ! "o h& to fill out ) m concrete detail ! g5]ality ( 8 imag9ative idea1 & on ! o!r to idealize & spiritualize ! human or any o!r ( ! =ms ( ,nature1 :i* are submitt$ to s]ve him z p>ticul> models4 ,! musician1 on ! contr>y1 x is true1 does n ab/ract f all & e cont5t1 b f9ds ! same 9 a text1 :i* he sets to music1 or ) absolute fre$om gives musical utt]ance to "s def9ite mood 9 ! =m ( a !me1 :i* he proce$s to elaborate4 ,! actual region1 h[ev]1 ( 8 compositions rema9s ! m =mal ideality1 9 o!r words pure tones1 & 8 absorption ( cont5t becomes r a retreat into ! free life ( 8 own s\l1 a voyage ( discov]y into t1 & 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( music ev5 a confirmation1 t he z arti/ is free ( ! cont5t4 ,if we are 9 a g5]al way p]mitt$ to reg>d human activity 9 ! realm ( ! beautiful z a lib]ation ( ! s\l1 z a release f con/ra9t & re/riction1 9 %ort to consid] t art does actually alleviate ! mo/ ov]p[]+ & tragic cata/rophies#cie by means ( ! creations x (f]s to our contemplation & enjoym5t1 x is ! art ( music :i* conducts u to ! f9al summit ( t asc5t to fre$om4 ,or 9 o!r language t :i* ! pla/ic arts secure ?r\gh ! objective fact ( a pla/ic beauty1 :i* displays ! entirety ( human life1 human nature z su*1 its univ]sal & ideal significance1 9 ! detail ( its p>ticul>ity1 )\t los+ t ess5tial h>mony1 ?is effect music mu/ produce 9 a :olly diff]5t mann]4 ,! pla/ic arti/ ne$ only exhibit1 9 t :i* is enclos$ 9 ! conception1 :at 0 already !re9 f ! fir/1 s t e detail 9 its ess5tial det]m9acy is m]ely a clos] explication ( ! totality :i* already floats be=e ! m9d 9 virtue ( ! cont5t :i* is !re to exhibit x4 ,a figure1 = example1 9 a pla/ic "w ( art1 requires 9 ?is or t situation a body1 h&s1 feet1 bu/1 a head ) a giv5 expression1 a giv5 pose1 o!r figures1 or o!r aspects to :i* x is relat$ z a :ole1 etc41 & all ^! aspects presuppose ! o!rs1 9 mak+ collectively ess5tially complete "w4 ,! elaboration ( ! !me is 9 su* a case m]ely a m accurate analysis ( t :i* already itself ess5tially conta9s x1 & ! m elaborate ! picture is1 :i* !reby confronts u1 ! m conc5trat$ is ! unity1 & ! /rong] becomes ! connection ( ! p>ts4 ,! mo/ consummate expression ( detail mu/ be1 if ! "w ( art is ! be/ class1 at ! same "t an elucidation ( ! highe/ =m ( unity4 ,no d\bt ! ideal articulation & r\nd+ (f 9 a :ole1 9 :i* ! "o "p foll[s inevitably f ano!r1 ought to be pres5t 9 a musical composition4 ,b 9 "s measure ! execution "h is ( a totally diff]5t type1 & moreov] we c only accept ! unity 9 a re/rict$ s5se4 77 ,9 a musical !me ! significance :i* has to be express$ is already exhau/$#cif4 ,if x is repeat$ or c>ri$ on to fur!r oppositions & m$iations ^! repetitions1 modulations1 & elaborations by means ( o!r scales may v readily appe> sup]flu\s1 & r are app]t95t to ! purely musical developm5t & ! assimilation ( ! v>i$ cont5t ( h>monic progressions :i* are nei!r dem&$ by ! cont5t itself#cig1 nor rema9 dep5d5t ^u x1 :]eas 9 ! pla/ic arts ! execution ( ! detail & ! passage to x is simply & always a m accurate exhibition & analysis ( ! cont5t itself4 ,b ( c\rse x is impossible to d5y t ano!r !me is actually motiv$ by ! way a !me is develop$1 & ea* ( !m1 !n1 9 _! alt]nation or _! int]fusion progress1 *ange1 are at "o "t suppress$1 at ano!r emphasiz$1 & by _! victory or defeat are able to make a cont5t explicit 9 its m def9ite features1 oppositions1 transitions1 developm5ts1 & resolutions4 ,b 9 ?is case1 too1 ! unity is n made m pr(\nd & conc5trat$ by virtue ( su* elaboration z is ! case 9 sculpture & pa9t+1 b is r an expansion1 an ext5sion1 a correlative s]ies#cih1 an addition ( remot5ess or a return1 = :i* ! cont5t1 :i* is ?us express$1 rema9s no d\bt ! univ]sal c5trum1 yet does n keep ! :ole s securely toge!r z we f9d x is possible to d 9 ! pla/ic arts1 p>ticul>ly :]e _! subject-matt] is conf9$ to ! human organism4 77 ,look$ at f ?is po9t ( view ! art ( music1 z contra/$ ) ! o!r arts1 lies too close to ! m$ium ( t =mal fre$om ( s\l life1 & !reby _c fail to a great] or less degree to be div]t$ beyond :at is actually pres5t$1 9 o!r words ! cont5t#cii4 ,! recollection ( a !me propos$ is likewise a self-revealm5t#djj ( ! arti/1 9 o!r words is an ideal realization1 to ! effect t ?is self is ! arti/1 & he may progress j z he likes1 & by :at by-pa?s he likes4 ,b on ! o!r h& ! free ex]cise ( imag9ative caprice ( ! above description is expressly to be di/+ui%$ f a musical composition :i* is ess5tially conclusive1 t is to say1 :i* con/itutes a fundam5tally self-integrat$ totality4 ,9 ! free improvization#dja ! abs5ce ( re/rictions is itself an object1 s t ! arti/ is able to ass]t 8 caprice 9 ! acceptance ( any mat]ial he *ooses1 to int]weave ackn[l$g$ melodies & motives 9 8 improviz$ productions1 to emphasize "s new aspect ( su*1 to elaborate !m 9 a v>iety ( modifications1 or make !m /eps 9 8 progression to o!r mat]ial1 & advance f !nce 9 ! same way to developm5ts ( /ill m arre/+ contra/s4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 a musical composition det]m9es ! fre$om ( ! compos]1 ei!r by limit+ x to a m self-conta9$ execution1 & ! obs]vance ( :at we may describe z a m pla/ic unity1 or by p]mitt+ him ) ! full =ce ( 8 p]sonality & caprice to pass at e po9t into m or less important digressions1 to let spontane\s ideas travel hi!r & ?i!r z !y please1 to lay /ress = ! mom5t on ?is or t motive1 & !n once m to dr[n x 9 an ov]:elm+ torr5t4 ,:ile1 !n1 ! /udy ( ,nature's =ms is ess5tial to bo? pa9t] & sculptor1 ! art ( music c look = no su* fix$ body ( fact outside its own prescrib$ =ms1 ) :i* x w\ld be =c$ to comply4 ,! ext5t ( ! regul>ity & necessity ( its =mal "* is almo/ :olly det]m9$ )9 ! sph]e ( tone itself1 :i* does n come into s close an association#djb ) ! def9ition ( ! cont5t t is !re9 repos$1 & consequ5tly 9 respect to deviations beyond ! same p]mits = ! mo/ "p a consid]able opportunity = ! free play ( ! *>act]i/ic impulse ( ! compos]4 ,& ?is is ! ma9 po9t ( view1 f :i* we may contract music ) ! /rictly pla/ic arts4 77 ,look$ at f ano!r aspect music is1 9 ! ?ird place#djc1 mo/ ne>ly affiliat$ to poetry2 bo? 9 fact make use ( ! same s5su\s m$ium1 t is1 tone4 ,despite ?is1 h[ev]1 ^! arts are v /rongly di/9ct f "o ano!r n only 9 virtue ( ! mode ( treat+ tones 9 ea* case1 b also 9 respect to _! diff]5t modes ( expression4 77 ,9 poetry1 z we h f\nd already 9 our g5]al diff]5tiation ( ! sev]al arts1 tone is n z su* elicit$ & arti/ically produc$ by v>i\s humanly con/ruct$ in/rum5ts1 b ! articulate s\nd ( ! human organ ( spee* is r$uc$ to ! m]e symbol ( spee*1 reta9+ !reby no?+ m ?an ! value ( a sign ( ideas1 :i* is by itself devoid ( significance4 ,consequ5tly we f9d "h t tone rema9s ?r\gh\t a self-subsi/5t s5su\s entity1 :i*1 z ! m]e symbol ( emotions1 ideas1 & ?\ghts1 possesses ! ext]nality & objectivity :i* is inh]5t 9 itself simply 9 virtue ( ! fact t is a sign & no?+ m4 ,= ! true objectivity ( ! s\l-life z su* does n consi/ 9 utt]ance & words1 b 9 ?is fact1 t ,i1 z subject1 am aw>e ( a ?\ght1 a feel+1 & s =?1 t fur!r ,i confront x z an object1 & 9 ?is way h x pres5t to ! imag9ation1 or =?) develop = myself :at is implicit 9 a ?\ght or a conception1 sett+ =? 9 a s]ies ! ext]nal & spiritual relations ( ! giv5 cont5t1 & relat+ ! p>ticul> features ( x to "o ano!r4 ,unque/ionably we ?9k ?r\gh\t 9 language1 )\t1 h[ev]1 ne$+ actual spee* z spok54 ,by reason ( ?is ability to disp5se ) spee*-utt]ance 9 its s5su\s aspect z contra/$ ) ! spiritual cont5t ( ideas1 etc41 to elucidate :i* !y#djd are employ$1 tone receives once m self-subsi/5cy4 ,9 ! art ( pa9t+ no d\bt col\r & its arrangem5t1 reg>d$ simply z col\r1 is likewise by itself )\t significance1 & 9 ! same way1 z contra/$ ) ! spiritual embodi$1 !reby a self-sub/antive s5su\s m$ium2 b we get no pa9t+ f col\r simply z su*3 we mu/ fir/ atta* to x =m & its expression4 ,) ^! spiritually animat$ =ms col\r+ is br\ght into an association by _m degrees m con/ra9$ ?an t :i* p]ta9s to utt]$ spee* & its coalesc+ result ( words ) ideas4 ,if we w n[ look at ! di/9ction betwe5 ! poetical & musical use ( tones we %all f9d t music does n depress ! tone s\nd to ! m]e spee*-utt]ance1 b creates out ( tone simply its own indep5d5t m$ium1 s t1 9 s f> z !re is musical tone1 x is treat$ z ! object ( ! art#dje4 ,& on acc\nt ( ?is ! realm ( tone1 inasmu* z x _c s]ve m]ely z a symbol1 is by virtue ( ?is emancipat$ function ( its life#djf able to atta9 to a mode ( configuration1 :i* makes ! =m t is its peculi> possession1 t is to say1 ! modes ( tone z arti/ically develop$1 its fundam5tal aim & object4 ,9 rec5t times especially1 ! art ( music1 by its wre/+ itself f all cont5t t is indep5d5tly lucid1 has )drawn into ! dep?s ( its own m$ium4 ,b on ?is v acc\nt & to ?is ext5t x has lo/ its compell+ p[]#djg ov] ! s\l1 inasmu* z ! enjoym5t1 :i* is ?us (f]$1 is only applicable to "o aspect ( art1 9 o!r words1 is only an int]e/ 9 ! purely musical *>act]i/ics ( ! composition & its arti/ic dext]ity1 an aspect :i* :olly conc]ns ! musical exp]t1 & is less connect$ ) ! univ]sal human int]e/ 9 art4 77 ,all t poetry loses1 h[ev]1 9 ext]nal objectivity by be+ able to place on "o side its s5su\s m$ium1 9 s f> z t c be :olly disp5s$ ) by art1 x secures = itself1 9 ! ideal objectivity ( its vision & ideas1 :i* poetical spee* pres5ts to s\l & m9d4 ,= x is ! function ( imag9ation to clo! ^! concepts1 emotions1 & ?\ghts 9 a _w t is itself ess5tially complete#djh ) its ev5ts1 actions1 moods1 & exhibitions ( passion1 & by ?is means x creates works1 into :i* ! entire fabric ( reality1 bo? 9 its ext]nal aspect z ph5om5a & 9 ! ideal significance ( its cont5t1 is br\ght home to ! emotions1 vision1 & imag9ation ( spiritual life4 ,x is ?is type ( objectivity :i* ! art ( music1 9 s f> z x ass]ts its indep5d5t claims 9 its own prov9ce1 is compell$ to r5\nce4 ,9 o!r words1 ! realm ( tone possesses1 no d\bt1 z ,i h already indicat$1 a relation to ! s\l1 & an alliance :i* is consonant ) its spiritual movem5t2 b x fails to pass beyond a sympa!tic relation :i* is always ( an indef9ite "*1 albeit 9 ?is aspect ( x a musical composition1 if orig9at+ 9 ! s\l-life itself1 & p]meat$ by g5ius & emotions ( a ri* quality1 _c fail to react on our nature ) an equival5t p[] & v>iety4 ,9 ! case ( a cont5t & ! ideal & p]sonal creation su* z poetry implies our emotions pass m completely out ( _! elem5t>y m$ium ( undef9$ consci\s life into ! m concrete vision & m univ]sal#dji imag9ation :i* is embodi$ 9 su* cont5t4 ,?is may also be ! effect ( a musical composition1 s soon z ! emotions :i* x excites 9 ourselves by virtue ( its own nature & ! arti/ic en]gy t animates x are involv$ m closely 9 ourselves ) a di/9ct vision & ideas1 & !reby pres5t to consci\sness ! tangible def9ition ( s\l-impressions 9 a m /able outlook & m univ]sally accept$ ideas4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 our imag9ation & vision1 :i* no d\bt has be5 sugge/$ by ! musical "w1 b :i* has n be5 itself directly disclos$ by virtue ( ! arti/ic elaboration ( musical tones4 ,poetry1 on ! contr>y1 expresses emotions1 p]ceptions1 & ideas z !y are#daj1 & is fur!r able to del9eate a picture ( ext]nal objects1 al?\gh x _c itself ei!r atta9 to ! pla/ic cl>ity ( sculpture & pa9t+ or ! spiritual intimacy ( music1 & is consequ5tly oblig$ to call z auxili>y to its p[]s ! direct vision we o!rwise receive ?r\gh ! s5ses & ! spee*less appreh5sion ( s\l-life 9 music4 77 ,?irdly1 h[ev]1 ! art ( music does n conf9e itself to ?is indep5d5t position ov] aga9/ t ( poetry & ! spiritual cont5t ( consci\s life4 ,x allies itself ) a cle>ly express$ cont5t already completely elaborat$ by poetry1 & z ! accompanim5t ( emotions1 op9ions1 ev5ts1 & actions4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! musical aspect ( su* a "w ( art rema9s ! fundam5tal & pr$om9ant "o1 ! poetry1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( poem1 drama1 or any o!r1 has no "r to ass]t an indep5d5t claim ( its own !re94 ,& z a g5]al rule 9 ?is association1 ( music & poetry ! prepond]ance ( "o art is injuri\s to ! o!r4 ,if !re=e ! text1 a poetical creation1 possesses a fully indep5d5t value ( its own1 ! support to be expect$ f music %\ld be m]ely an insignificant "o1 z we f9d1 = example1 0 ! case ) ! dramatic *oruses ( ! anci5ts :]e ! music 0 no?+ m ?an an incid5tal accompanim5t4 ,if1 conv]sely1 ! music is compos$ ) a m indep5d5t individuality ( its own1 !n ! text 9 its turn %\ld be ( a m sup]ficially poetical execution1 & %\ld z an indep5d5t production conf9e itself to emotions ( a g5]al "* & ideas depict$ on univ]sal l9es4 ,! poetical elaboration ( pr(\nd ?\ghts is z little appropriate to a good musical text z is ! del9eation ( ! objects ( ext]nal ,nature or descriptive poetry g5]ally4 ,songs1 op]atic arias1 ! texts ( oratorios1 & s =? may be consequ5tly1 s f> z ! detail ( _! execution z poetry is conc]n$1 jejune & ( a c]ta9 degree ( m$iocrity4 ,! poet mu/ n make 8 m]its z poet too conspicu\s if ! musician is to f9d 9 8 text a g5u9e opportunity4 ,9 ?is respect x is especially ! ,italians1 su* z ,meta/asio & o!rs1 :o h display$ ! greate/ skill1 :ile ,s*ill]'s poems1 :i* 7 nev] writt5 ) su* an object 9 view at all1 h be5 %[n to be ill adapt$ & inde$ useless = musical composition#daa4 ,9 cases :]e ! music receives a m arti/ic elaboration1 ! audi5ce und]/&s next to no?+ ( ! text1 & ?is is m p>ticul>ly s ) our ,g]man spee* & pronunciation#dab4 ,= ?is reason x is n 9 ! int]e/ ( music t ! weight ( int]e/ %\ld be repos$ 9 ! text4 ,an ,italian audi5ce1 = example1 *att]s away dur+ ! unimportant sc5es ( an op]a1 takes refre%m5t1 plays c>ds1 & s on2 b ! in/ant an aria ( emphatic appeal or an important musical movem5t beg9s1 e section ( x is all att5tion4 ,we ,g]mans1 on ! contr>y1 take ! greate/ int]e/ 9 ! =tunes & spee*es ( ! pr9ces & pr9cesses ( op]a ) att5dants1 squires1 intimates1 & wait+-maids1 & we d n d\bt !re are _m among u /ill :o regret ! fact1 :5 ! s++ beg9s1 t ! int]e/ is int]rupt$1 & take _! refuge 9 conv]sation4 ,9 religi\s music also ! text is ei!r = ! mo/ "p a well-kn[n cr$o1 or a selection ( s+le psalms1 s t ! words are reg>d$ z m]ely an incitem5t to a musical comm5t>y1 :i* possesses an indep5d5t /yle peculi> to itself1 t is to say "o :i* n m]ely is us$ to exp\nd ! text1 b :i* = ! mo/ "p simply emphasizes ! univ]sal "* ( ! cont5t mu* 9 ! same way t pa9t+ selects its mat]ial f sacr$ hi/ory4 7b7 ,! second aspect ( our pres5t inquiry is t ( ! di/9ction t obta9s betwe5 ! way 9 :i* ! art ( music lays hold ( its subject-matt] z contra/$ ) ! o!r arts1 ! =m1 t is1 9 :i*1 :e!r x be z an accompanim5t or indep5d5tly ( a giv5 text1 x is able to appreh5d & express a p>ticul> cont5t4 ,z to ?is ,i h already obs]v$ t music is n only m capable ?an ! o!r arts ( lib]at+ itself f an actual text1 b also f ! expression ( a def9ite cont5t1 9 ord] t x may f9d its satisfaction 9 an ess5tially complete s]ies ( comb9ations1 modifications1 contra/s1 & modulations1 :i* are compris$ )9 ! realm ( absolute music#dac4 ,9 su* a case1 h[ev]1 music is empty1 )\t significance1 & is1 = ! reason t "o fundam5tal aspect ( art1 namely spiritual cont5t & expression1 is abs5t1 n really g5u9e music at all4 ,x is only :5 t :i* is ( spiritual import is adequately express$ 9 ! s5su\s m$ium ( tones & _! v>i$ configuration t music atta9s entirely to its position z a true art1 & irrespective ( ! fact :e!r ?is cont5t receives an indep5d5t & m direct def9ition by means ( words1 or is p]=ce emotionally realiz$ f ! tone music itself & its h>monic relations & melodic animation4 77 ,9 ?is respect ! unique function ( music consi/s 9 ?is1 t :atev] its cont5t may be x is n s creat$ by ! art = human appreh5sion z ?\gh x ei!r 0 held by consci\sness z a g5]al concept is s conta9$1 or z def9ite ext]nal =m is ord9>ily pres5t$ to our p]ception1 or z su* receives its m complete reflection 9 ! arti/ic c\nt]feit1 b r 9 ! way 9 :i* a cont5t is made a liv+ ?+ 9 ! sph]e ( ! p]sonal s\l4 ,to make ?is ess5tially veil$ life & 9 weav$ motion r+ =? ?r\gh ! indep5d5t texture ( tones1 or atta* itself to express$ words & ideas1 & to /eep su* ideas 9 ?is v m$ium1 9 ord] to re-emphasize anew ! same = feel+ & sympa?y1 su* is ! difficult task assign$ to ! art ( music4 77 ,! life ( s\l itself is consequ5tly ! =m 9 :i* music is able to grasp its cont5t1 & !reby seeks to absorb )9 itself ev]y?+ t c g5]ally ent] into ! %r9e ( ! s\l & above all disclose itself "u ! veils ( emotional movem5t4 ,b f ?is x necess>ily foll[s t ! art ( music mu/ n attempt to m9i/] to s5se-p]ception1 b mu/ re/rict its ef=t to mak+ s\l-life intelligible to s\l1 :e!r ?is is effect$ by its mak+ ! sub/antive & ideal dep? ( a cont5t z su* p5etrate to ! v core ( s\l itself1 or by its pref]r+ to disclose ! life & motion ( a cont5t 9 ! s\l ( "s p>ticul> p]son1 s t ?is inw>d life ( itself becomes its actual object4 77 ,?is ab/ract inw>dness ( s\l is 9 ! mo/ intimate s5se diff]5tiat$1 "u ! mode 9 :i* music is relat$ to x1 by feel+s 9 o!r words ! self-exp&+ m$ium ( ! p]sonal subject1 :i* unque/ionably moves 9 a cont5t1 b suff]s ! same to p]si/ 9 ?is direct self-seclusion ( ! ,ego1 & 9 a relation to ! ,ego1 t is1 void ( ext]nality4 ,consequ5tly feel+ is ?r\gh\t simply all ! envelope ( t cont5t1 & x is ! sph]e :i* is claim$ by music#dad4 77 ,x is a prov9ce :i* unfolds 9 expanse ! expression ( e k9d ( emotion1 & e %ade ( joyfulness1 m]rim5t1 je/1 caprice1 jubilation & laught] ( ! s\l1 e gradation ( angui%1 tr\ble1 melan*oly1 lam5t1 sorr[1 pa91 long+ & ! l1 no less ?an ^? ( rev]5ce1 adoration1 & love fall )9 ! appropriate limits ( its expression4 77 ,tone z int]jection1 z ! cry ( grief1 z sigh & laught]1 is already1 outside ! prov9ce ( art1 ! mo/ imm$iately vital expression ( s\l-conditions & feel+s1 ! ah & oh ( ! s\l4 ,we f9d 9 x a self-production & objectivity ( s\l z su*1 an expression :i* /&s int]m$iately betwe5 unconsci\s absorption & ! self-return to ?\ghts ideally det]m9ate1 a disclosure1 :i* has no relation to ext]nal fact1 b is conf9$ to ! contemplative /ate1 j z ! bird1 too1 9 its song possesses ?is enjoym5t & ?is production ( its inn] self4 ,! purely natural expression1 h[ev]1 ( int]jections is n z yet music1 = ?\gh ^! outcries are no d\bt no int5tionally articulate sign ( ideas z spee* is & consequ5tly express no conceiv$ cont5t 9 its g5]aliz$ =m z concept1 b give v5t to a mood & emotion 9 & ?r\gh tone itself1 a /ate :i* is repos$ imm$iately 9 simil> tones & op5s ! he>t 9 ! outbur/ ( ! same1 yet ?is emancipation is n "o :i* is promot$ by art4 ,! art ( music mu/ on ! contr>y br+ ! emotions into tone relations ( def9ite /ructure1 & wean ! expression ( ,nature ( its wildness1 its unc\? deliv]ance1 & ameliorate x4 ,we may p]haps say t int]jections con/itute ! po9t ( dep>ture ( music2 b x is only music :5 an int]jection 9 ! =m ( a cad5za1 & 9 ?is respect x has to elaborate its s5u\s mat]ial arti/ically 9 a high] degree ?an ei!r pa9t+ or poetry be=e x is qualifi$ to express ! cont5t ( _s4 ,we %all h to exam9e lat] on m n>r[ly ! p>ticul> way 9 :i* ! cont5t ( music is work$ up to su* a pit* ( adaptability2 at pres5t ,i w m]ely repeat ! obs]vation t ! tones are !mselves ess5tially a totality ( diff]5ces1 :i* are capable ( disunit+ & unit+ !mselves 9 ! mo/ v>i$ k9ds ( imm$iate concords1 ess5tial discords1 oppositions & transitions4 ,to ^! oppos$ & unit$ tones1 no less ?an ! diff]5tiation ( _! movem5ts & transitions1 _! entry1 _! progression1 _! conflict1 _! self-resolution & _! disappe>ance1 ! ideal "* bo? ( ?is or t cont5t & ( ! emotions1 9 ! =m :]e( bo? he>t & s\l obta9s ! ma/]y ( su* cont5t1 corresponds 9 clos] or m remote aff9ity1 s t ! l tone relations1 appreh5d$ & in=m$ con=mably !reto1 disclose ! animat$ expression ( t :i* is pres5t to ,_s z def9able cont5t4 ,! m$ium ( tone ass]ts itself z m cognate ) ! ideally simple ess5ce ( a cont5t ?an ! s5u\s mat]ial previ\sly dealt ) = ?is reason t tone in/ead ( mak+ itself secure 9 spatial =m & com+ to a halt z ! v>i$ pres5tm5t ( juxtaposition & ext5sion1 is compris$ 9 ! ideal realm ( ,"t1 & = ?is reason does n progress to a condition "u :i* simple ideality & concrete bodily %ape & appe>ance are diff]5tiat$4 ,& ?is is equally true ( ! =m ( ! feel+ ( a cont5t ^: expression ma9ly falls ^u ! art ( music4 ,9 o!r words 9 s5se-p]ception & conception we h already1 z 9 self-consci\s ?\ght1 ! necess>y di/9ction betwe5 ! p]ceiv+1 conceiv+ & ?9k+ ,ego & ! object ( p]ception1 conception1 & ?\ght4 ,9 emotion1 h[ev]1 ?is di/9ction is resolv$1 or r x is nev] prop\nd$1 b ! cont5t is int]wov5 ) ! inn] life )\t su* division4 ,:5 consequ5tly music is unit$ z an art ( accompanim5t ) poetry1 or conv]sely poetry is unit$ ) music z an int]pret] to its elucidation1 9 su* a case music is unable to r5d] conspicu\s 9 an ext]nal =m or to reflect ) int5tion ideas & ?\ghts z !y are ?us appreh5d$ by self-consci\sness2 x is oblig$ z /at$ ei!r to (f] ! simple "* ( a cont5t 9 true relations to feel+1 z !y are cognate ) ! ideal relation ( ?is cont5t1 or to seek m ne>ly to express1 by means ( tones :i* accompany & give int5sity to poetry1 t feel+ itself1 :i* ! cont5t ( p]ceptions & ideas c ar\se 9 ! _s t is bo? sympa!tic & imag9ative4 7c7 ,foll[+ ! c\rse ( ^! rem>ks x is possible 9 ! ?ird place to =m an e/imate ( ! unrivall$ p[] :i* is !reby directly ex]cis$ by music on ! s\l1 :i* is nei!r c>ri$ =w>d to ! vision ( reason1 nor div]ts consci\sness 9 isolat$ po9ts ( view1 b is accu/om$ to live )9 ! ideal range & seclud$ dep?s ( pure emotion4 ,= x is precisely ?is sph]e1 ! intimacy ( s\l-life1 ! ab/ract appropriation ( its own realm1 :i* is grasp$ by music1 :i* !reby sets 9 movem5t ! s\rce ( ^! ideal *anges1 namely1 ! he>t & s\l1 :i* we may consid] at ?is conc5trat$ focus & c5tre ( our entire manhood4 77 ,9 a p>ticul> s5se sculpture end[s its art products ) a :olly indep5d5t subsi/5cy1 an objectivity ess5tially exclusive :e!r we reg>d x f ! po9t ( view ( its cont5t1 or t ( its ext]nal art-manife/ation4 ,its cont5t is ! sub/antive be+ ( ! life ( ,_s possess$ no d\bt ) individual vitality1 b along ) ?is repos+ 9 self-subsi/5t coh]5ce on itself2 its =m is ! mat]ial configuration "u ! condition ( space4 ,= ?is reason a "w ( sculpture reta9s z an object ( s5se-p]ception ! highe/ degree ( self-subsi/5cy4 ,a picture1 z we h already po9t$ out 9 our consid]ation ( ! art ( pa9t+1 comes into clos] contact ) ! spectator4 ,9 "p ?is is due to ! ess5tially m subjective#dae cont5t !reby depict$2 9 "p x is ref]able to ! fact t x is m]ely ! %[ ( reality :i* x displays1 !reby mak+ u aw>e t x is n a ?+ indep5d5tly sub/antive1 b r ess5tially some?+ int5d$ = some?+ else1 & exclusively s1 9 o!r words = ! human vision & s\l4 ,yet ev5 9 ! case ( a picture we h /ill left u a fre$om m indep5d5t x fails to absorb2 ev5 "h we h /ill only to d ) an object ext]nally pres5t$1 :i* only rea*es u ?r\gh s5se p]ception1 & only ?us excites our emotion & imag9ation4 ,! spectator may consequ5tly approa* ! "w ( art z he likes2 he may obs]ve ?is or t aspect ( x2 he may analyse ! :ole1 z x ?r\gh\t p]si/s confront+ him1 may make x ! object ( v>i\s reflections1 & 9 %ort rema9 ?r\gh\t at lib]ty to cont9ue 8 indep5d5t review ( x4 77 ,! musical "w ( art1 on ! contr>y1 no d\bt1 z su* a "w1 posits 9 l mann] ! incipi5cy ( a di/9ction betwe5 ! "w itself & ! individual t enjoys x2 t is to say 9 its actually resonant tones x receives a s5su\s exi/5ce t is di/9ct f ! s\l ( ! li/5]4 ,b on ! "o h& ?is opposition does n proce$1 z 9 ! case ( ! pla/ic arts1 to an ext]nal subsi/5cy 9 ,space & ! visibility ( a mode ( objectivity t coh]es indep5d5tly1 b on ! contr>y makes its real exi/5ce vani% 9 ! imm$iate passage ?r\gh ,"t4 ,on ! o!r h& ! art ( music does n make ! sep>ation ( its ext]nal mat]ial f its spiritual cont5t 9 ! same way t poetry does s1 9 :i* ! aspect ( idea is elaborat$ ) m def9ite indep5d5ce f ! s\nd ( spee*#daf1 & m cut (f z x is ?an any ( ! arts f ?is aspect ( ext]nality1 issues z su* 9 a unique progression ( m5tal ideas con/ruct$ by ! imag9ation4 ,no d\bt ! obs]vation may readily be made "h t1 agreeably ) :at ,i h already /at$1 ! art ( music is able to conv]sely to release tones f _! cont5t & !reby give !m indep5d5t =m2 ?is lib]ation is1 h[ev]1 n t :i* really falls )9 ,art's prov9ce1 :i* on ! contr>y :olly consi/s 9 employ+ h>moni\s & melodic motion = ! expression ( ! cont5t orig9ally select$ & ! emotions1 :i* ! same is qualifi$ to excite4 ,inasmu* z1 !re=e1 musical expression has = its cont5t ! inw>d life itself1 ! ideal significance ( fact & emotion1 & a tone-_w :i*1 at lea/ 9 art1 does n proce$ to spatial configuration1 & 9 its s5su\s exi/5ce is :olly evanesc5t1 x foll[s t music directly p5etrates ) its movem5ts to ! ideal habitat ( all ! fluctuations ( s\l-life4 ,9 o!r words x seizes on consci\sness1 :]e x is no long] confront$ ) an object1 & 9 ! loss ( ?is fre$om f ! flood ( tones z x /reams on is itself :irl$ away ) x#dag4 ,yet !re is "h1 too1 by reason ( ! div]s directions :i* music may sep>ately foll[1 an effect ( v>i$ "*4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 a m pr(\nd cont5t1 or1 to put x g5]ally1 an expression m /eep$ 9 s\l1 is abs5t1 we may f9d z a result t we exp]i5ce on ! "o h& delight 9 ! purely s5su\s s\nd & h>mony )\t any fur!r emotional movem5t1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 we foll[ ! c\rse ( ! h>mony & melody ) our critical judgm5t1 a progression by :i* ! inmo/ he>t ( u is no fur!r t\*$ or affect$4 ,or r we may say t pre-em95tly 9 ! case ( music !re is su* a purely critical analysis1 = :i* !re is no?+ else pres5t$ 9 ! "w ( art to evoke x beyond ! skill ( an exp]t 9 its lab\r$ production#dah4 ,if we1 h[ev]1 )draw ourselves f ?is critical sci5ce1 & give ourselves up unres]v$ly1 we become entirely possess$ ) ! musical composition & are c>ri$ ) x q indep5d5tly ( ! p[]1 :i* ! art ( x simply z art ex]cises ^u u4 ,& ! peculi> p[] ( music is an elem5t>y =ce1 t is to say x lies 9 ! elem5t ( tone1 9 :i* ! art "h moves4 77 ,! individual is n only c>ri$ away by ?is m$ium 9 virtue ( ! "* ( its exposition 9 any p>ticul> case1 or simply drawn to x by ! specific cont5t !re(2 b1 view$ simply z self-consci\s subject1 ! core & c5tre ( 8 spiritual exi/5ce is int]wov5 ) ! "w & himself plac$ 9 active relations ) x4 ,we h1 = example1 9 ! emphasis ( ! music's curr5t rhy?ms1 an opportunity to beat 9 "t ) x1 or unite our voices ) ! melody1 & 9 ! case ( dance-music at lea/1 we may associate ! movem5t ( our legs4 ,&1 g5]ally speak+1 ! claim is made ^u u z di/9ct p]sonalities4 ,conv]sely1 9 ! case ( purely me?odical action1 :i*1 9 s f> z x is subject to "t relations1 is compatible ) a di/9ct beat 9 virtue ( its regul>ity & possesses no fur!r cont5t1 we require on ! "o h& an expression ( ?is regul>ity z su* 9 ord] t ?is action %all be pres5t to ! individual "u a mode t is itself subjective2 &1 on ! o!r1 we require a m intimate realization ( ?is rhy?m4 ,bo? requirem5ts are suppli$ by ! musical accompanim5t4 ,?is is effect$1 = in/ance1 by music z associat$ ) ! m>* ( soldi]s4 ,su* ar\ses ! s\l to ! rhy?mical beat ( ! m>*1 makes ! individual full ( ! fact ( 8 m>*+#dai & /eeps him 9 ! h>moni\s action ( x4 ,9 some?+ ( ! same s5se ! unregulat$ bu/le ( a table d'hte & ! unsatisfactory excitem5t x ar\ses annoys _m p4 ,su* feel t ! mov+ up & d[n1 ! clatt] & *att] %\ld be subject to rule1 & z we h 9 our eat+ & dr9k+ an empty space ( "t to deal )1 we %\ld h t empt9ess fill$ up = u4 ,su*1 !re=e1 is also an occasion among _m o!rs :5 music w help u consid]ably1 sugge/+ z x does o!r ?\ghts1 recreations1 & ideas4 77 ,9 ^! in/ances we are made aw>e ( ! connection betwe5 ! individual s\l ) ,"t simply1 a condition 9 :i* ! m$ium ( music consi/s4 ,9 o!r words ! inw>d life reg>d$ z subjective unity is ! active negation ( ! indiff]5t#dbj juxtaposition 9 ,space1 & !reby negative unity4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 h[ev]1 ?is id5tity rema9s 9 itself entirely ab/ract & void ( cont5t1 & consi/s m]ely 9 ?is t x makes itself an object1 ?\gh x !n annuls ?is objectivity1 :i* is itself ( a :olly ideal type & ( ! same "* :i* ! subject ( consci\sness is1 9 ord] !reby to en=ce itself z subjective unity4 ,an ideal negative activity ( ! same k9d 9 its sph]e ( ext]nality is ,"t4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place x effaces ! indiff]5t co-ext5sion ( ! spatial condition & conc5trates ! cont9uity ( ! same 9 ! po9t ( ,"t1 ! ,n[4 ,! po9t ( "t1 h[ev]1 secondly1 discloses itself at ! same "t z negation ( itself2 9 o!r words ?is ,n[ no soon] is ?an x annuls itself 9 ano!r ,n[1 & by do+ ?is makes app>5t its negative activity4 ,?irdly1 we no d\bt d n get1 on acc\nt ( ext]nality#dba1 9 ^: elem5t ,"t is 9 motion1 ! truly subjective unity ( ! fir/ po9t ( ,"t ) ! next1 to :i* ! ,n[ by self-effacem5t proce$s1 b ! ,n[ rema9s ?r\gh\t 9 its *ange always ! same#dbb4 ,= = e po9t ( ,"t is a ,n[1 & is z undiff]5tiat$ f ! o!r ,n[1 tak5 z ! b>e po9t ( ,"t1 z is ! ab/ract ,ego f ! object1 relatively to :i* x annuls itself#dbc1 & 9 :i* x falls into self-coalesc5ce1 = ! reason t ?is object is itself m]ely ! empty ,ego4 ,! actual ,ego itself1 too1 belongs yet m closely to ,"t1 ) :i* x coalesces1 9 s f> z x is1 if we ab/ract f ! concrete cont5t ( consci\sness & self-consci\sness1 no?+ b ?is empty movem5t :i* posits itself z ano!r & !n cancels ! ex*ange1 9 o!r words cancels itself1 9 ord] !reby to cons]ve ! ,ego & "h only ! ab/ract#dbd ,ego !re94 ,ego is 9 ,"t1 & ,"t is ! be+ ( ! consci\s subject itself4 ,inasmu*1 !n1 z ,"t & n ! spatial condition z su* supplies ! ess5tial elem5t1 9 :i* tone secures exi/5ce 9 respect to its validity z music1 & ! "t ( tone is likewise t ( ! consci\s subject1 = ?is reason tone1 by virtue ( ?is fundam5tal condition ( x1 p5etrates into ! self ( consci\s life1 seizes hold ( ! same 9 virtue ( ! mo/ simple aspect ( its exi/5ce1 & places ! ,ego 9 movem5t by means ( ! motion 9 ,"t & its rhy?m2 :ile 9 addition to ?is ! o!r configuration ( tones1 z ! expression ( emotions1 br+s yet fur!r a m def9ite mat]ial to enri* ! unity ( consci\sness1 a weal? by :i* x is at once affect$ & c>ri$ =w>d4 ,we f9d1 !n1 t ! fundam5tal gr\nd = ! elem5t>y might ( ! art ( music is ( ?is nature4 77 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 t music may ex]cise its full effect we mu/ h some?+ m ?an ! purely ab/ract tone 9 its movem5t 9 ,"t4 ,! fur!r aspect we h to atta* to x is a cont5t1 an emotional weal? /eep$ 9 _s pres5t$ to ! s\l1 & ! expression1 ! s\l ( ?is cont5t 9 tones4 ,we h no "r1 !n1 to ent]ta9 any exagg]at$#dbe op9ion ( ! sov]eign might ( music simply z music1 ab\t :i* anci5t writ]s1 bo? sacr$ & pr(ane1 h told u s _m fabul\s tales4 ,if we g back to ! miracles :i* ,orpheus p]=m$ z a pione] ( civilization we f9d inde$ t tones & _! movem5ts spread _! influ5ce to ! wild creatures1 :i* encircl$ him %orn ( _! wildness1 b !y did n ext5d to humank9d1 :o requir$ ! cont5t ( a nobl] /ra94 ,x is some?+ ( ?is latt] k9d t we mu/ atta* to ! hymns ascrib$ to ,orpheus1 :i*1 9 ! =m we h receiv$ f tradition1 ev5 ?\gh x be n _! orig9al "o1 support my?ological & o!r ideas4 ,9 a simil> way1 too1 ! w>like songs ( ,tyrtaeus are fam\s1 by means ( :i*1 s we are told1 ! ,lac$aemonians1 aft] long & fruitless conflicts1 7 /irr$ up to an irresi/ible en?usiasm & f9ally 7 :olly victori\s ov] ! ,mess5ians4 ,9 ?is case1 too1 ! cont5t ( ! ideas :i* ^! elegies excit$ 0 ! ma9 ?+1 al?\gh pre-em95tly 9 ! case ( b>b>ic peoples & 9 times ( deeply mov$ passions we _c d5y t ! musical aspect ( !m ex]cis$ a real =ce & effect4 ,! pipes ( ! ,highl&]s contribute ess5tially to ! animation ( _! c\rage1 & ! p[] ( ! ,m>seillaise z sung 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution is und5iable4 ,! real s\rce ( en?usiasm is1 h[ev]1 to be look$ = 9 ! def9ite idea1 9 ! true int]e/ ( ! ,_s ) :i* a nation is /eep$1 & :i* c be exalt$ to a m direct & liv+ feel+ :5 ! notes ( music1 ! rhy?m & ! melody c>ry along :oev] may give himself up to !m4 ,9 our own days1 h[ev]1 we c h>dly hold t music is capable by itself ( evok+ su* a c\rage\s temp] & contempt ( dea?4 ,almo/ all armies n[adays h excell5t regim5tal music1 :i* calls ! soldi]s to _! duties1 releases !m f su*1 gives life to ! m>* & incites !m to ! attack4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 dreams ( beat+ ! enemy ) su* means4 ,! c\rage ( ! field ( battle does n come ) ! bla/ ( trumpets & ! beat ( drums1 & x w inde$ take a ho/ ( trombones be=e a =t w tumble 9 ru9 at _! bla/ l ! walls ( a ,j]i*o4 ,x is ! en?usiasm born ( ideas1 cannon1 & ! g5ius ( g5]als :i* are ! ma9 ?+ n[ r ?an music1 & ?is c only act z a support ( ! =ces :i* h already fill$ & tak5 hold ( ! s\l4 77 ,9 conclusion1 we may po9t out 9 respect to ! p]sonal effect ( musical s\nd !re is an aspect :i* is ref]able to ! p>ticul> mann] 9 :i* ! musical "w ( art approa*es u 9 its di/9ction f o!r works ( art4 ,9 o!r words1 inasmu* z musical tones d n z build+s ( con/ruction1 /atues1 & pictures possess indep5d5tly a p]man5t objective consi/5cy1 b vani% 9 ! act ( pass+ by ! musical "w ( art requires 9 virtue ( ! fact ( ?is purely mom5t>y exi/5ce a cont9u\sly repeat$ reproduction4 ,& :at is m1 ! necessity ( su* a r5ewal ( life po9ts to a fur!r m pr(\nd significance4 ,=1 9 s f> z x is ! p]sonal s\l itself1 :i* music accepts = its cont5t ) ! object1 to make manife/ itself n z ext]nal =m & objectively subsi/5t product1 to ?is ext5t ! expression ( x mu/ also ass]t itself imm$iately 9 ! =m ( a communication disclos$ by a liv+ p]son1 9 :i* t p]son reposes 8 entire & unique p]sonality4 ,?is is to ! fulle/ ext5t ! case 9 ! song ( ! human voice1 b x is relatively s 9 all in/rum5tal music1 :i* c only be execut$ by means ( a practis$ arti/ & 8 liv+ & spiritual no less ?an te*nical p[]s z su*4 ,x is only by virtue ( ?is p]sonal relation 9 respect to ! active effect ( ! musical "w ( art t ! significance ( ! subjective aspect ( music is sub/antiat$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 too1 x is possible 9 ?is direction to c>ry to ! extreme l5g? ( isolation 9 ! case1 t is1 :]e ! p]sonal virtuosity ( ! reproduction z su* is made ! exclusive focus & cont5t ( ! enjoym5t to be d]iv$4 ,) ! above obs]vations ,i w n[ close :at ,i h to say ) reg>d to ! g5]al "* ( music4 #b4 ,,! ,,p>ticul> ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,means ,,( ,,expression ,,9 ,,music ,we h hi!rto contemplat$ music purely "u ! aspect1 t its function is to embody & give life to tone z ! musical expression ( ! p]sonal life ( s\l2 we h n[ to ask ourselves ! fur!r "q1 by reason ( :at x is bo? possible & necess>y t tones are no purely natural outcry ( emotion b ! articulate arti/ic expression ( ! same4 ,= feel+ z su* possesses a cont5t2 tone reg>d$ z m]e tone is )\t su*4 ,x mu/ consequ5tly fir/ be r5d]$ capable by means ( an arti/ic treatm5t ( ess5tially assimilat+ ! expression ( an ideal life4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 we may e/abli% ! foll[+ conclusions on ?is head4 ,e tone is a sub/antive1 ess5tially accept$ real ?+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is nei!r articulat$ nor consci\sly appreh5d$ 9 a liv+ unity1 z is ! case ) ! animal or human =m1 nor f ! fur!r po9t ( view demon/rates 9 itself1 z a p>ticul> memb] ( ! bodily organism1 or any isolat$ trait ( ! animat$ body1 :e!r 9 its spiritual or physical aspect1 t ?is individualization c only exi/ 9 vital association ) ! o!r limbs & traits1 & secure ?us its mean+1 significance1 & expression4 ,view$ accord+ to ext]nal mat]ial1 a picture no d\bt consi/s 9 s+le /rokes & col\rs1 :i* c also indep5d5tly exi/1 b ! real mat]ial on ! o!r h&1 :i* fir/ creates a "w ( art f su* /rokes & col\rs1 ! l9es & surfaces t is to say ( ! =m1 h only a mean+ :5 view$ z a concrete totality4 ,! sep>ate tone1 on ! contr>y1 is indep5d5tly sub/antive & c also be animat$ up to a c]ta9 degree by means ( emotion & receive a def9ite expression4 ,conv]sely1 h[ev]1 inasmu* z tone is no purely indef9ite ru/le & s\nd1 b only possesses 9 g5]al musical validity by virtue ( its cle> def9ition & pure tonality1 x /&s imm$iately1 by reason ( ?is def9ite articulation1 n m]ely accord+ to its actual s\nd1 b also its temporal duration1 9 a relation to o!r tones2 nay1 ?is relation is t :i* fir/ contributes to x its real & actual def9ition & along ) ?is its diff]5ce & contra/ z oppos$ to o!r tones or its unity ) su*4 ,9 pres5ce ( ! m relative self-subsi/5cy ?is relation1 h[ev]1 rema9s z some?+ ext]nal to ! tones1 s t ! relations into :i* !y are br\ght d n app]ta9 to ! s+le tones "u ! mode ( _! notion1 z we f9d su* 9 ! memb]s ( ! animal & human organism1 or also 9 ! =ms ( natural l&scape4 ,! coalesc5ce ( diff]5t tones 9 diff]5t relations is consequ5tly some?+ :i* albeit n contradictory to ! ess5ce ( tone1 is1 h[ev]1 9 ! fir/ in/ance artificial1 & n o!rwise pres5t$ 9 ,nature4 ,su* a relation proce$s to t ext5t f a ?ird p>ty & only exi/s = su*1 namely1 = ! p]son :o appreh5ds#dbf x4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is ext]nality ( ! relation ! def9ition ( tones & _! co-ord9ation subsi/ 9 ! relation ( quantity1 9 relations ( numb]1 :i* ( c\rse h _! f\ndation 9 ! nature ( tone itself1 yet are employ$ by music 9 a sy/em :i* is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 discov]$ by ,art & modifi$#dbg 9 ! mo/ v>i$ mann]4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x is n ess5tial vitality1 reg>d$ z organic unity1 :i* con/itutes ! f\ndation ( music1 b equality1 inequality1 etc41 & g5]ally ! =m ( ! und]/&+#dbh1 z x is ass]t$ 9 quantitative relations4 ,if we consequ5tly speak def9itely ( musical tones we indicate ! same purely by num]ical relations z also by lett]s select$ at w by virtue ( :i* we are accu/om$ to indicate ! tones accord+ to su* relations4 ,9 su* a ref]5ce back to m]e quantities & _! intelligible1 ext]nal def9ition music possesses its mo/ pron\nc$ aff9ity ) ar*itecture1 inasmu* z x1 j z ?is latt] art does1 builds up its inv5tions ^u ! secure basis & s*eme ( proportions1 a basis :i* does n ess5tially exp& & coalesce ?r\gh vital unity 9 an organically free articulation1 9 :i* ! rema9+ diff]5tiat$ p>ts are giv5 ) ! "o aspect ( def9ition1 b only beg9s to gr[ into free art 9 ! fur!r elaborations1 :i* are enabl$ by x to arise out ( ! a=esaid conditions4 ,al?\gh ar*itecture c>ries ! process ( lib]ation no fur!r ?an a h>mony ( =ms & ! *>act]i/ic animation ( a my/]i\s eurhy?my1 music1 on ! contr>y1 = ! reason t x has = its cont5t ! mo/ intimate1 p]sonal1 & free life & ess5ce ( ! s\l1 /rides into & emphasizes ! pr(\nde/ opposition t exi/s betwe5 ?is free life ( s\l & ^? quantitative relations on :i* x is bas$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 unable to p]si/ 9 ?is opposition2 r x is its difficult function to ov]come x z ess5tially z x accepts x1 by assign+ to ! free movem5ts ( ! s\l1 :i* x expresses1 a m secure f\ndation & basis by means ( ^! necess>y proportions1 a basis on :i* x !n1 h[ev]1 gives movem5t to & develops ! inn] life 9 ! fre$om :i* = ! fir/ "t receives its fulness ( cont5t by virtue ( su* fundam5tal necessity#dbi4 ,9 ?is respect !re are 9 ! fir/ in/ance two aspects ( tone we %\ld di/+ui%1 accord+ to :i* x is arti/ically to be employ$4 ,fir/1 we h ! ab/ract f\ndation1 ! univ]sal b n z yet physically specifi$ elem5t1 t is1 ,"t1 9 ! doma9 ( :i* tone falls4 ,aft] t we get s\nd itself1 ! real di/9ction ( tones1 n m]ely accord+ to aspects ref]able to ! diff]5ce ( ! s5su\s mat]ial1 :i* s\nds1 b also 9 t aspect ( ! tones !mselves z !y are relat$ to "o ano!r1 :e!r 9 _! s+ul>ity or z a :ole4 ,to su* we mu/ !n adjo9 ?irdly1 ! s\l1 :i* gives animation to ! tones1 r\nds !m (f 9 a free totality1 & gives to !m a spiritual expression 9 _! temporal movem5t & _! real s\nd4 ,by virtue ( ^! aspects we receive = _! m def9ite classification a s]ies ( /ages z foll[s4 ,fir/1 we h to occupy our att5tion ) ! purely temporal duration & movem5t1 :i* x is ! function ( art n m]ely to leave to *ance 9 _! arrangem5t1 b to det]m9e accord+ to def9ite measures1 & to r5d] v>i\s by virtue ( _! diff]5ces1 & once m aga9 to e/abli% _! unity 9 ^! di/9ctions4 ,f ?is we d$uce ! necessity = "t-measure1 beat1 & rhy?m4 ,secondly1 h[ev]1 music has n m]ely to deal ) ab/ract "t & ! relations ( long] or %ort] duration1 musical phrase & s =?1 b ) ! concrete "t ( _! s\nd accord+ to def9ite tones1 :i* consequ5tly are n m]ely di/9ct f "o ano!r accord+ to _! duration4 ,?is diff]5ce reposes1 9 ! fir/ place1 on ! specific quality ( _! s5su\s mat]ial1 by reason ( ^: oscillations ! tone is produc$2 on ! o!r h& x dep5ds on ! diff]5t numb] ( su* oscillations1 9 :i* ! resonant bodies oscillate 9 an equal measure ( "t4 ,& fur!rmore ^! diff]5ces ass]t !mselves z ess5tial aspects = ! relation ( tones 9 _! concord1 opposition1 & m$iation4 ,we may give ?is portion ( our subject ! g5]al designation ( ! !ory ( h>mony4 ,?irdly1 & f9ally1 x is ! melody1 by virtue ( :i* on ^! f\ndations ( a beat *>act]iz$ by rhy?mical vitality & ( di/9ctions & movem5ts ( h>mony itself t ! realm ( tones is unit$ly dis*>g$ 9 a spiritually free mode ( expression1 & conducts u !reby to ! f9al ma9 section ( our subject1 :i* w und]take to consid] music 9 its concrete unity ) ! spiritual cont5t x is int5d$ to express 9 beat1 h>mony1 & rhy?m4 7a7 ,"t-measure1 ,beat1 ,rhy?m ,s f> z 9 ! fir/ place ! purely temporal aspect ( musical tone is conc]n$1 we h fir/ to discuss ! necessity1 :i* g5]ally 9 musical "t is ! dom9ant factor4 ,secondly1 we %all consid] beat "u ! aspect ( "t-measure :olly regulat$ "u sci5tific rule4 ,?irdly1 we %all treat ( ! rhy?m1 "u :i* a />t is made 9 animat+ ?is ab/ract rule by ! prom95ce or subord9ation x atta9s to def9ite divisions ( "t4 77 ,! figures ( sculpture & pa9t+ are plac$ side by side 9 space & pres5t ! ext5sion ( reality 9 actual or app>5t totality4 ,music1 h[ev]1 c only place be=e u tones 9 s f> z x makes a body "u ! spatial condition tremble1 sett+ ! same 9 an oscillat+ motion4 ,^! oscillations only affect art "u ! aspect1 t !y foll[ "o ano!r2 & = ?is reason ! s5su\s mat]ial g5]ally only ent]s into music ) ! temporal duration ( its movem5t in/ead ( tak+ ) x its spatial =m4 ,no d\bt t motion ( a body is always pres5t 9 space1 s t pa9t+ & sculpture h ! "r to exhibit ! appe>ance ( movem5t1 albeit _! figures are 9 _! reality at re/4 ,9 respect to ?is aspect ( ,space1 h[ev]1 music does n accept movem5t1 & !re rema9s consequ5tly z "p ( its configuration only ! "t1 into :i* ! oscillation ( ! body falls4 77 ,"t1 h[ev]1 9 consequ5ce ( :at we h already above consid]$1 is n z ,space is1 ! positive condition ( juxtaposition1 b on ! contr>y negative ext]nality4 ,z juxtaposition1 :i* is cancell$1 x is ! po9t ( passage1 & z negative activity x is ! abrogation ( ?is po9t ( "t 9 ano!r1 :i* is itself imm$iately cancell$1 & becomes ano!r & s on cont9u\sly4 ,9 ! cont9u\s s]ies ( ^! po9ts ( "t e s+le tone n m]ely is ass]t$ indep5d5tly z s+le1 b is br\ght f a fur!r po9t ( view into quantitative association ) o!r tones1 by :i* process ,"t is ref]able to numb]4 ,conv]sely1 h[ev]1 = ! reason t "t is ! unbrok5 rise & passage ( su* po9ts ( "t1 :i*1 reg>d$ z m]e po9ts ( "t1 possess 9 ?is unp>ticul>iz$ ab/raction no di/9ction "o to ano!r1 = ?is reason to a l ext5t "t appe>s z ! equable /ream1 & ! duration ess5tially undiff]5tiat$4 77 ,9 ?is indet]m9acy1 h[ev]1 music is unable to leave "t4 ,r x is compell$ to def9e x m n>r[ly1 to give x a measure1 & regulate its /ream accord+ to ! rules ( su* a measure4 ,by virtue ( ?is regul> treatm5t we get ! "t-measure ( tones4 ,& "h at once arises ! "q1 :]e=e !n once & = all music requires su* measure4 ,! necessity ( def9ite p]iods ( "t may be evolv$ f ?is fact1 t "t /&s 9 ! close/ aff9ity )1 ! self 9 its simplicity1 :i* appreh5ds1 & has a "r to appreh5d1 its inw>d life ?r\gh ! m$ium ( tones2 "t1 9 fact1 reg>d$ z ext]nality1 ess5tially possesses ! same pr9ciple1 :i* is active 9 ! ,ego z ! ab/ract f\ndation ( all t p]ta9s to ! s\l & _s4 ,if1 !n1 x is ! simple self1 :i* z s\l-life has to be made objective 9 music1 s1 too1 ! univ]sal m$ium ( ?is objectivity mu/ be treat$ con=mably to ! pr9ciple ( t subjective life4 ,! ,ego1 h[ev]1 is n ! indef9ite cont9uance & ! unbrok5#dcj duration1 b is only self-id5tity :5 we reg>d x z an aggregate & a return ^u itself#dca4 ,! ass]tion ( itself1 :]e9 x becomes object1 is d\bl$ back 9 ! be+ ?us self-=-itself2 & x is only ?r\gh ?is relation to itself t x becomes self-feel+1 self-consci\sness & s =?4 ,9 ?is aggregate1 h[ev]1 we f9d ess5tially a break+ (f ( ! purely indef9ite *ange1 su* z we held "t to be 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 9 :i* ! rise & suppression1 ! disappe>ance & r5ewal ( ! po9ts ( "t 7 no?+ b a :olly =mal passage f e n[ to ano!r pres5t ( simil> "*1 & consequ5tly no?+ b an un9t]rupt$ progression4 ,9 contra/ to ?is empty process ! self is t :i* itself p]si/s by itself1 ! totality :]e( ess5tially breaks up ! undef9$ s]ies ( "t po9ts1 creates an infraction into ! ab/ract cont9uity1 free+ ! ,ego1 :i* recollects itself 9 ?is process ( discrete division & f9ds itself aga9 !re91 f :at is a purely ext]nal process ( *ange4 77 ,! duration ( a tone does n1 agreeably to ?is pr9ciple1 pass away 9 a process ( relative indet]m9acy1 b emphasizes ) its beg9n+ & end1 :i* accord+ly is a def9ite beg9n+ & cessation1 ! s]ies ( ! "t mom5ts1 :i*1 ap>t f x1 are n ?us di/+ui%able4 ,if1 h[ev]#dcb1 _m tones foll[ "o aft] ano!r1 & e "o ( !m receives a duration :i* c be sep>ately di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 !n we mu/ assume t in/ead ( hav+ t orig9al indef9ite s]ies devoid ( cont5t1 we only once m get by a conv]se process ! =tuit\s1 &1 along ) ?is to a l ext5t1 ! indef9ite v>iety ( p>ticul> quantities4 ,?is unregulat$ rambl+ ab\t contradicts q z mu* ! unity ( ! ,ego z ! ab/ract progress =w>d2 & x c only f9d itself reflect$ & satisfi$ 9 su* a v>i$ mode ( def9ition 9 s f> z s+le quantities are br\ght "u "o unify+ pr9ciple1 :i* = ! reason t x subsumes ! p>ticul> p>ts "u its syn!tic embrace1 mu/ itself be a def9ite unity1 yet 9 ! fir/ in/ance z m]ely an id5tity ( ext]nal application c only p]si/ z "o ( an ext]nal type4 77 ,& ?is c>ries u to ! fur!r pr9ciple ( coord9ation :i* we f9d 9 ! "t-beat4 77 ,! fir/ ?+ to be consid]$ "h consi/s 9 ?is1 t1 z /at$1 di/9ct divisions ( "t are unit$ 9 a unity1 9 :i* ! ,ego indep5d5tly creates its id5tity ) itself4 ,inasmu* z ! ,ego 9 ! fir/ in/ance only supplies ! f\ndation z ab/ract self ?is equability1 9 respect to ! advance ( "t & its tones1 c only ass]t itself z op]ative "u ! mode ( a uni=mity t is itself ab/ract1 t is to say z ! uni=m repetition ( ! same unity ( "t4 ,agreeably to ! same pr9ciple ! beat accord+ to its simple def9ition c only consi/ 9 ?is1 t x e/abli%es a def9ite unity ( "t z measure & rule n m]ely = ! delib]ate#dcc break+ up ( ! "t-s]ies held previ\sly )\t su* di/9ction1 b also = ! equally caprici\s duration ( s+le tones1 :i* are n[ appreh5d$ toge!r "u a def9ite bond ( union1 & t x p]mits ?is measure ( "t to be cont9u\sly r5ew$ 9 ab/ract uni=mity4 ,9 ?is respect "t-beat possesses ! same function z ! pr9ciple ( symmetry 9 ar*itecture1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 ?is places side by side columns ( simil> height & ?ickness at int]vals ( equal di/ance1 or co-ord9ates a r[ ( w9d[s1 :i* possess a def9ite size1 "u ! pr9ciple ( equality4 ,we f9d pres5t 9 ?is case1 too1 an assur$ di/9ction ( p>ts & a repetition 9 e way complete4 ,9 ?is uni=mity self-consci\sness discov]s itself once m z unity1 9 s f> z x 9 "p recognizes its own equality 9 ! co-ord9ation ( a =tuit\s v>iety2 p>tly1 too1 9 ! return ( ! same unity1 x is recall$ to ! fact t x has already be5 !re1 & precisely by means ( its return ass]ts itself z ! prevail+ pr9ciple#dcd4 ,! satisfaction1 h[ev]1 :i* ! ,ego receives ?r\gh ! "t-beat 9 ?is r$iscov]y ( itself is all ! m complete because ! unity & regul>ity d nei!r apply to "t or tones z su*1 b are some?+ :i* is :olly app]t95t to ! ,ego1 & is c>ri$ into ! "t relation by ! same z a means ( self-satisfaction4 ,we d n f9d ?is ab/ract id5tity 9 :at is :olly ( ,nature4 ,ev5 ! heav5ly bodies reta9 no regul> "t-measure#dce 9 _! motions1 b accel]ate or ret>d _! c\rse1 s t !y d n pass ov] equal spaces 9 id5tical p]iods ( "t4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( fall+ bodies1 ) ! motion ( projectiles1 etc41 & we may add t animal life to a /ill less degree regulates its runn+1 spr++1 & seiz+ ( objects on ! pr9ciple ( an exact recurr5ce ( "o def9ite "t-measure4 ,9 ?is respect ! "t-measure ( liv+ ?+s proce$s f> m completely f spiritual initiative ?an ! regul> def9itions ( size applicable to ar*itecture = :i* we may m readily discov] analogies 9 ,nature4 77 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ,ego is to return ^u itself by means ( ! "t-beat by ?us appropriat+ ?r\gh\t an id5tity :i* x itself is & :i* proce$s f itself1 we imply 9 ?is1 9 ord] t ! di/9ct unity may be felt z a pr9ciple1 t 9 a simil> degree :at is pres5t$ to x %\ld be t :i* is unregulat$ & n uni=m4 ,x is 9 %ort only ?r\gh ! fact t ! def9ite beat ( ! measure prevails ov] & co-ord9ates :at is caprici\sly unequal1 t x ass]ts itself z unity & regulat+ pr9ciple ( a =tuit\s v>iety4 ,x mu/ consequ5tly appropriate ! same )9 itself1 & suff] uni=mity to appe> 9 t :i* is n s4 ,?is x is :i* fir/ gives to ! "t-beat its specific & ess5tial def9ition to be ass]t$ too 9 contra/ to o!r measurem5ts ( "t1 :i* c be repeat$ relatively to ! same pr9ciple4 77 ,by reason ( ?is ! multiplicity :i* is enclos$ 9 a giv5 "t-measure possesses its def9ite /&>d accord+ to :i* x is divid$ & co-ord9at$4 ,f ?is we arrive1 9 ! ?ird place1 at di/9ct k9ds ( "t-measure4 ,! fir/ ?+ ( importance to notice 9 ?is connection is ! division ( "t accord+ to ei!r an ev5 or an unev5 numb] ( equally divid$ p>ts4 ,( ! fir/ k9d we h1 = example1 ! two-f\r & ! f\r-f\r "t4 ,9 ^! ev5 numb] is pr$om9ant4 ,( ! opposite k9d is ! ?ree-f\r "t1 9 :i* ! co-ord9ate divisions con/itute a unity ( equal p>ts1 ( c\rse1 b 9 a numb] t is unev54 ,bo? types are to be f\nd unit$ 9 six-eight "t1 to take an example1 :i* no d\bt num]ically appe>s to be simil> to ! f\r-f\r "t1 b z a fact1 h[ev]1 does n fall into ?ree b into two divisions1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ! "o no less ?an ! o!r1 relatively to its clos] aspect ( division1 accepts ?ree1 t is an unev5 numb]1 z its pr9ciple4 ,a p>ticul>ization ( ?is k9d con/itutes ! con/antly repeat$ pr9ciple ( e p>ticul> measure ( "t4 ,h[ev] mu* not)/&+ ! def9ite "t-measure is b\nd to control ! v>iety ( ! "t-duration & its long] or %ort] sections1 we mu/ n !re=e ext5d its effective p[] to ! l5g? t x places ?is v>iety 9 subjection 9 a :olly ab/ract way1 t 9 %ort1 = example1 9 ! f\r-f\r measure only f\r notes ( equal l5g? z f\r?s c appe>1 9 ! ?ree-f\r "t only ?ree1 & s =?4 ,! regul>ity re/ricts itself to ?is1 t z1 = in/ance1 9 ! f\r-f\r "t ! sum ( ! sep>ate notes are only equal to f\r equal p>ts1 :i* may n only be divid$ into eigh?s & sixte5?s1 b conv]sely may aga9 contract into less divisions1 & inde$ are capable moreov] ( m diffuse division4 77 ,! fur!r1 h[ev]1 ?is ela/ic mode ( diff]5tiation is c>ri$ ! m necess>y x is t ! ess5tial divisions ( ! "t %\ld be ass]t$ z pr$om9ant & also %\ld be indicat$ 9 an effective way z an illu/ration ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( _! co-ord9ation4 ,?is is c>ri$ out by ! rhy?m1 :i* fir/ gives vital significance to "t-measure & ! beat4 ,) respect to ?is vitalization#dcf we may di/+ui% ! foll[+ po9ts4 77 ,9 ! fir/ place we h acc5t1 :i* to a great] or less degree atta*es 9 an audible way to def9ite divisions ( "t1 :ile o!rs pass by on ! o!r h& )\t an acc5t4 ,by virtue ( su* emphasis1 or lack ( emphasis1 :i* is itself ( v>i\s k9ds1 e p>ticul> measure ( "t possesses its p>ticul> rhy?m1 :i* is plac$ 9 exact association ) ! specific mode ( division to :i* its rhy?m applies4 ,! f\r-f\r "t1 = in/ance1 9 :i* an ev5 numb] is ! pr9ciple ( division1 has a tw(old arsis2 on ! o!r h& !re is t on ! fir/ note or f\r? division1 & !n1 ?\gh 9 weak] p[]1 on ! ?ird4 ,! fir/ is call$ on acc\nt ( its /rong] acc5tuation1 ! /rong acc5t1 ! second 9 contra/ to x ! weak "o4 ,9 ! ?ree-f\r "t ! acc5t re/s entirely on ! fir/ f\r?1 9 six-eight "t on ! contr>y x is on ! fir/ ( ! eight divisions & ! f\r?1 s t 9 ?is case ! tw(old acc5t ass]ts a division ( equal l5g? 9 two halves4 77 ,9 s f> z music is an accompanim5t rhy?m is br\ght into ess5tial relation ) poetry4 ,9 ! mo/ g5]al way ,i w on ?is m]ely v5ture ! obs]vation t ! acc5ts ( ! musical beat ought n to directly contradict ^? ( ! metre4 ,if1 = example1 "o ( ! unacc5tuat$ syllables1 relatively to ! rhy?m ( ! v]se1 is plac$ 9 a /rong acc5t ( ! beat1 :ile ! arsis1 or x may be ! caesura1 falls 9 "o ( ! weak acc5ts ( ! music1 !n we get a false opposition betwe5 ! rhy?m ( ! poetry & t ( ! music :i* x is bett] to avoid4 ,we may affirm ! same ?+ ) reg>d to ! long & %ort syllables4 ,^! also ought 9 g5]al to fall into h>mony ) ! duration ( ! tones1 s t ! long] syllables are co9cid5t ) ! long] notes1 ! %ort] ) ! %ort]1 albeit ?is accordance is n to be press$ ) absolute precision1 inasmu* z music is frequ5tly p]mitt$ great] play = ! duration ( its long notes1 no less ?an = ! exub]ant subdivision ( ! same4 77 ,9 ! ?ird place we may at once 9 anticipation obs]ve t we h to di/+ui% ! animat$ rhy?m ( melody f ! ab/ractly consid]$ & sev]ely regul> return ( ! beat rhy?m4 ,9 ?is respect music possesses a simil> &1 9 fact1 yet great] fre$om ?an poetry4 ,9 poetry ! beg9n+ & t]m9ation ( words#dcg ne$ n necess>ily co9cide ) ! beg9n+ & end ( ! v]se feet2 r a ?or\ghgo+ co9cid5ce ( ?is nature gives u a v]se t halts & is )\t caesura4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 ! beg9n+ & end+ ( ! s5t5ces & p]iods ought n ?r\gh\t to m>k ! beg9n+ & conclusion ( a v]se4 ,on ! contr>y1 a p]iod w t]m9ate m satisfactorily 9 ! beg9n+ or ev5 9 ! middle & ne> ! la/ feet ( ! v]se4 ,f :i* po9t we beg9 ) a new "o :i* c>ries ! fir/ v]se into ! "o t foll[s4 ,! same ?+ holds good 9 ! case ( music relatively to its "t-beat & rhy?m4 ,! melody & its diff]5t phrases#dch ne$ n absolutely comm5ce ) ! fall ( a beat & close ) ! conclusion ( ano!r3 su* may 9 a g5]al way move freely to ?is ext5t t ! ma9-arsis ( ! melody may be incid5t to t portion ( a musical beat1 on :i*1 relatively to its ord9>y rhy?m1 no su* emphasis applies2 :]eas1 conv]sely1 a tone1 :i* 9 ! natural process ( ! melody w\ld necess>ily receive no acc5tuat$ prom95ce1 may q conceivably be plac$ 9 ! /rong acc5t ( ! "t-measure1 :i* requires an arsis1 s t consequ5tly su* a tone1 relatively to ! "t-rhy?m1 has a diff]5t effect f t :i* ! same tone claims to ass]t z di/9ct f t rhy?m & purely 9 ! melody4 ,?is opposition1 h[ev]1 ass]ts itself mo/ /rongly 9 s-call$ syncopations4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! melody absolutely adh]es 9 its rhy?ms & divisions to ! "t rhy?m x t5ds to drag1 & lacks w>m? & inv5tion4 ,9 %ort1 :at is requir$ is a fre$om f ! p$antry ( metre & ! b>b>ism ( a uni=m rhy?m4 ,a defici5cy 9 m free movem5t readily increases ! limpness & sluggi%ness to ! po9t ( actual gloom & depression2 & 9 ?is way1 too1 _m ( our popul> melodies possess aspects ( m\rnfulness1 drag & burd51 9 s f> z ! s\l m]ely possesses a means ( advance z its expression m monoton\s ?an itself1 & 9 virtue ( su* is con/ra9$ to consign to x also ! doleful emotions ( a brok5 he>t4 ,! spee* ( ,s\!rn peoples1 on ! o!r h&1 m especially ! ,italian1 (f]s a ri* field = a rhy?m & fl[ ( melody :i* is m notable = its v>iety & movem5t4 ,& x is precisely "h t we m>k an ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ,g]man & ,italian music4 ,! uni=m coldness ( ! ,iambic mode ( scansion1 :i* recurs 9 s _m ,g]man songs1 kills ! free & jubilant impulse ( ! melody1 & re/ra9s any fur!r rise & devolution#dci4 ,9 m rec5t times ,rei*>d & o!rs1 ow+ to ?is v fact t !y h said goodbye to ?is iambic drone1 h import$ into _! lyrical compositions a new & rhy?mical life1 al?\gh we /ill f9d traces ( ! =m] type 9 "s ( _! songs4 ,h[ev]1 we d n only m>k ! influ5ce ( ! iambic rhy?m 9 songs1 b also 9 _m ( our mo/ important musical compositions4 ,ev5 9 ! ,messiah ( ,h&el ! composition does n only 9 _m arias & *oruses foll[ ! mean+ ( ! words ) declamatory tru?1 b also adh]es to ! fall ( ! iambic rhy?m1 p>tly 9 ! di/9ction simply t x makes betwe5 its long & %ort duration1 p>tly 9 ! fact t ! protraction ( ! iambic rhy?m requires a m elevat$ tone ?an ! correspond+ %ort syllable 9 ! metre4 ,i h no d\bt ?is is "o ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( ,h&elian music1 ow+ to :i* we ,g]mans feel s mu* at home ) ! same1 q ap>t f its excell5ces 9 o!r respects1 its maje/ic sw+1 its victori\s onw>d movem5t1 ! weal? x discloses ( pr(\ndly religi\s no less ?an m simple idyllic emotions4 ,?is rhy?mical sub/ance ( ! melody comes m directly to our s5se ( he>+ ?an t ( ! ,italians1 :o are incl9$ to f9d 9 x a want ( fre$om1 z some?+1 too1 t /rikes ! e> z /range & ali54 77 ,h>mony ,! fur!r aspect1 9 virtue ( :i* alone ! ab/ract basis ( "t-beat & rhy?m receives its fulfilm5t1 & !reby is enabl$ to become actually concrete music is ! k+dom ( tones reg>d$ z su*4 ,?is m ess5tial doma9 ( music is dom9at$ by ! laws ( h>mony4 ,we h "h a fur!r elem5t>y fact to deal )4 ,9 o!r words1 a mat]ial sub/ance#ddj does n only ?r\gh its oscillation = art em]ge f ! m]e visible reproduction ( its spatial =m1 & is c>ri$ fur!r into ! elaboration ( its configuration 9 ,"t#dda1 b x produces di/9ct s\nds accord+ to its p>ticul> physical con/itution no less ?an its diff]5t l5g? & brevity & numb] ( vibrations ?r\gh :i* x passes 9 a giv5 p]iod ( "t1 & consequ5tly 9 ?is respect1 too1 ,art is compell$ to take acc\nt ( x & give x =m agreeably to its own nature4 ,) reg>d1 !n1 to ?is second elem5t we h to emphasize ) m accuracy ?ree ma9 po9ts4 ,! fir/ "o pres5t$ to our consid]ation is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s in/rum5ts1 ^: inv5tion & elaboration has be5 f\nd ess5tial to create t totality ( musical s\nd1 :i* 9 respect to musical s\nd con/itutes a sph]e ( diff]5t tones indep5d5tly ( all di/9ction ( ! relation ( pit* :e!r x be a high or a l[ "o4 ,secondly1 h[ev]1 musical tone is1 q ap>t f ! diff]5t peculi>ities ( ei!r in/rum5ts or ! human voice1 itself an articulat$ totality ( diff]5t tones1 tone-s]ies1 & scales1 :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance repose on quantitative relations1 & 9 ! det]m9ation ( ^! relations are tones :i* x is ! function ( e in/rum5t & ! human voice1 accord+ to its specific quality1 to produce 9 less or great] complet5ess4 ,?irdly1 music nei!r consi/s 9 s+le int]vals nor 9 purely ab/ract s]ies ( tones1 t is1 keys unrelat$ to ea* o!r1 b is a concrete int]fusion ( oppos$ or m$iat+ s\nd1 :i* necessitates a =w>d progression & a passage f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,?is juxtaposition & *ange does n dep5d on m]e cont+5cy & caprice1 b is subject to def9ite rules1 :i* con/itute ! necess>y f\ndation ( all true music4 ,9 pass+ n[ to ! m detail$ consid]ation ( ^! sev]al po9ts ( view ,i am =c$1 z already /at$1 to limit myself = ! mo/ "p to ! mo/ g5]al obs]vations4 77 ,sculpture & pa9t+ discov] _! s5su\s mat]ial1 su* z wood1 /one1 metals1 & ! l1 or col\rs & o!r m$ia ( t type m or less /raight to h&1 or1 at lea/1 !y are only compell$ to elaborate ! same 9 a subord9ate degree1 9 ord] to adapt !m to ! uses ( art4 77 ,music1 on ! contr>y1 :i* ?r\gh\t is set 9 motion ?r\gh a m$ium artificially prep>$ = ! purposes ( art f ! fir/1 mu/ necess>ily pass ?r\gh a di/9ctly m difficult prep>ation be=e ! production ( musical tones is secur$4 ,) ! exception ( ! human voice1 :i* returns u ,nature 9 h] imm$iacy1 ,music is compell$ itself to create all its o!r in/rum5ts ( g5u9e musical tone ?r\gh\t be=e x c exi/ z an art4 77 ,) reg>d to ^! means z su* we h already above =m$ our conception ( ! timbre prop] to !m 9 ! s5se t x is ! result ( a vibration ( ! spatial m$ium1 is ! fir/ excitation !re( ( ideal import1 :i* en=ces itself z su* 9 contradi/9ction to ! purely s5su\s juxtaposition1 &1 by virtue ( ?is negation ( spatial reality1 ass]ts itself z ! ideal unity ( all ! physical qualities ( specific gravity & ! purely s5su\s type ( corporeal coalesc5ce4 ,if we inquire fur!r z to ! qualitative peculi>ities ( ! m$ium ?us made to emit musical s\nd we %all f9d t 9 its "* z mat]ial sub/ance no less ?an z artificially con/ruct$1 x v>ies greatly4 ,we may h a longitud9al or oscillat+#ddb column ( air1 :i* is limit$ by a fix$ *annel ( wood or metal1 or we may h a longitud9ally /ret*$ /r+ ( gut or metal1 or 9 o!r cases a /ret*$ surface ( p>*m5t or a bell ( glass or metal4 ,9 ?is connection we may draw att5tion to ! foll[+ di/+ui%+ features4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is ! l9eal direction#ddc :i* is ma9ly pr$om9ant1 & produces ! in/rum5ts mo/ effective 9 musical employm5t2 & ?is is s :e!r1 z 9 ! case ( w9d-in/rum5ts1 ! ma9 pr9ciple is repres5t$ by a column ( air :i* is relatively m defici5t 9 cohesion or by a mat]ial l9e adapt$ to t5sion1 b ( suffici5t ela/icity to be made to vibrate1 z is ! case ) /r+$ in/rum5ts4 ,secondly1 we h ! pr9ciple ( surface r ?an l9e repres5t$ 9 in/rum5ts ( inf]ior significance1 su* z ! kettle-drum1 bell1 & h>monica4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 a subtle sympa?y betwe5 ! self-audible pr9ciple ( ideality & t type ( rectil9e> tone#ddd1 :i*1 by virtue ( its ess5tially simple subjectivity1 dem&s ! resonant vibration ( simple l9e ext5sion r ?an t ( ! broad & r\nd surface4 ,9 o!r words1 ideality is z subject ?is spiritual po9t1 :i* is made audible 9 tone z its mode ( expression4 ,b ! close/ approa* to ! exposition & expression ( ! m]e punctum is n ! surface1 b ! simple l9e> direction4 ,f ?is po9t ( view broad or r\nd surfaces are n adapt$ to ! requirem5ts & en=cem5t ( su* audibility4 ,9 ! case ( ! kettle-drum we h a sk9 /ret*$ ov] a kettle or bas91 :i* by be+ /ruck at a s+le po9t sets ! entire surface vibrat+ ) a muffl$ s\nd4 ,?\gh a musical s\nd1 x is "o :i* f its v nature1 z belong+ to su* an in/rum5t1 x is impossible to br+ ei!r to cle> def9ition or any consid]able degree ( v>iety4 ,we f9d a difficulty ( an opposite type 9 ! case ( ! h>monica & ! bells ( glass :i* are set 9 vibration 9 x4 ,9 ?is case x is ! conc5trat$ int5sity ( tone :i* fails to project itself1 & :i* is ( su* an affect+ "* t n a few1 :5 he>+ x1 receive actual n]v\s pa94 ,b1 despite ?is specific effect1 ?is in/rum5t is unable to give p]man5t pleasure & is ) difficulty comb9$ ) o!r in/rum5ts on ! r>e occasions su* an attempt is made4 ,we f9d ! same defect on ! side ( diff]5tiation ( tone 9 ! bell & a simil> punctually repeat$ /roke z 9 ! case ( ! kettle-drum4 ,! r+ ( a bell1 h[ev]1 is n s muffl$ z 9 ! latt]2 x r+s out cle>ly1 al?\gh its p]si/5t rev]b]ation is m ! m]e e*o ( ! s+le beat z /ruck at regul> int]vals4 ,?irdly1 ! human voice may be reg>d$ 9 respect to ! tones emitt$ z ! mo/ complete in/rum5t ( all4 ,x unites 9 itself ! *>act]i/ics ( bo? ! w9d in/rum5t & ! /r+4 ,t is to say we h "h 9 "o aspect ( x a column ( air :i* vibrates1 &1 fur!r1 by virtue ( ! muscles1 ! pr9ciple ( a /r+ "u t5sion4 ,j z we saw 9 ! case ( ! col\r inh]5t 9 ! human sk91 we _h :at 0 9 its aspect ( ideal unity1 ! mo/ ess5tially p]fect pres5tm5t ( col\r1 s1 too1 we may affirm ( ! human voice t x conta9s ! ideal compass ( s\nd1 all t 9 o!r in/rum5ts is diff]5tiat$ 9 its sev]al composite p>ts4 ,we h "h ! p]fect tone1 :i* is capable ( bl5d+ 9 ! mo/ facile & beautiful way ) all o!r in/rum5ts4 ,add to ?is t ! human voice is to be appreh5d$ z ! ess5tial tone ( ! s\l itself1 z ! concordant s\nd :i* by virtue ( its nature expresses ! ideal "* ( ! inn] life1 & mo/ imm$iately directs su* expression4 ,9 ! case ( all o!r in/rum5ts on ! contr>y we f9d t a mat]ial ?+ is set 9 vibration1 :i*1 9 ! use t is made ( x1 is plac$ 9 a relation ( indiff]5ce to & outside ( ! s\l & its emotion4 ,9 ! human song1 h[ev]1 x is ! human body itself f :i* ! s\l breaks into utt]ance4 ,= ?is reason1 too1 ! human voice is unfold$1 9 accord ) ! subjective temp]am5t & emotion1 9 a va/ manifold ( p>ticul>ity4 ,& ?is v>iety1 if we consid] its di/+ui%+ features suffici5tly g5]aliz$1 is bas$ on national or o!r natural relations4 ,?us1 = example1 we f9d t ! ,italians are pre-em95tly ! p among :om we meet ) ! mo/ beautiful voices4 ,an important feature ( ?is beauty is to />t ) ! cont5t ( ! s\nd simply z s\nd1 its pure metallic quality1 :i* nei!r f9es away 9 m]e ke5ness or vitre\s att5uation1 nor ma9ta9s a p]si/5t muffl$ & holl[ "*1 b1 at ! same "t1 ?\gh nev] c>ri$ to ! po9t ( tremolo 9 its tone1 pres]ves 9 ! compact body ( its tone some?+ ( ! vital vibration ( ! s\l itself4 ,above all else ! purity ( voice-production is mo/ ess5tial1 or 9 o!r words we mu/ h no =eign elem5t ( s\nd ass]t$ alongside ( ! free/ expression ( ess5tial tone4 77 ,su* a totality ( in/rum5ts ! art ( music c employ1 ei!r 9 sep>ation or complete comb9ation4 ,9 ! latt] case ( late ye>s we may note an exceptional arti/ic developm5t4 ,! difficulty ( su* arti/ic collaboration is enorm\s4 ,e in/rum5t possesses a "* ( its own1 :i* is n directly cong5ial to ! peculi>ity ( "s o!r in/rum5t4 ,x foll[s f ?is t :e!r we are consid]+ ! h>moni\s co-op]ation ( v>i\s in/rum5ts ( diff]5t type1 or ! effective production ( "s p>ticul> quality ( s\nd su* z t ( w9d or /r+s1 or ! sudd5 bla/ ( trombones1 or ! successive alt]nations ( *ange t are insep>able f ! music ( a l>ge *oir1 9 all su* cases k1 circumspection1 exp]i5ce1 & imag9ative end[m5t are indisp5sable1 9 ord] t1 9 e example ( ! k9d1 :e!r ( tonal quality1 transition1 opposition1 progression1 or m$iation1 we d n lose sight ( an ideal significance1 ! s\l & emotional value ( ! music4 ,= example1 ,i f9d 9 ! symphonies ( ,moz>t1 :o 0 a great ma/] ( in/rum5tation & its s5se-appeal+1 t is its vital no less ?an lum9\s v>iety1 a sort ( alt]nation betwe5 ! diff]5t in/rum5ts :i* frequ5tly resembles 9 its dramatic int]play a k9d ( dialogue4 ,9 "o aspect ( ?is ! "* ( "s p>ticul> type ( in/rum5t is c>ri$ to a po9t1 :i* anticipates & prep>es ! way = t ( ano!r2 look$ at 9 ano!r way1 "o k9d ( in/rum5t replies to ano!r2 or ass]ts "s typical mode ( expression :i* is d5i$ to ! in/rum5t x foll[s1 s t 9 ! mo/ graceful fa%ion we ?us get a k9d ( conv]sation ( appeal & response1 :i* has its beg9n+1 advance & consummation4 77 ,! second mat]ial :i* enli/s our att5tion is no long] ! physical quality ass]t$ 9 ! s\nd1 b ! ess5tial def9ition ( ! tone itself1 & its relation to o!r tones4 ,?is objective relation1 :]eby musical tone 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 n m]ely 9 its ess5tial & emphatically def9$ s+ul>ity1 b also 9 its fundam5tal relation to simultane\sly p]si/5t tones1 expatiates1 con/itutes ! actual h>moni\s elem5t ( music1 & is bas$1 reg>d$ "u its own orig9al physical conditions1 ^u quantitative diff]5ces & num]ical proportions4 ,a clos] exam9ation ( ! cont5ts ( ?is sy/em ( h>mony pres5ts1 z und]/ood to-day1 ! foll[+ po9ts ( importance4 ,fir/1 we h sep>ate tones 9 _! def9ite metrical relation1 & associat$ ) o!r tones4 ,?is is ! !ory ( p>ticul> int]vals4 ,secondly1 !re is ! connect$ s]ies ( tones or notes 9 _! simple/ =m ( succession1 9 :i* "o tone imm$iately leads up to ano!r2 su* are ! scales4 ,?irdly1 we h ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ^! scales1 :i*1 9 s f> z ea* />ts f a diff]5t tone1 z its fundam5tal tone1 is !reby diff]5tiat$ into ! p>ticul> keys di/9ct f ea* o!r1 & into ! sy/em ( keys :i* !y con/itute4 77 ,! p>ticul> notes d n only receive _! tone1 b also ! m inclusively positive#dde det]m9ation ( su* s\nd by virtue ( a corporeal sub/ance 9 vibration4 ,9 ord] to get at ?is det]m9acy we h to def9e ! type ( vibration itself n 9 any *ance or caprici\s mann]1 b once = all z x ess5tially is4 ,! column ( air1 = example1 or ! /r+ or surface "u t5sion1 :i* produces s\nd possesses inv>iably a c]ta9 l5g? or ext5sion4 ,if we take a /r+1 = in/ance1 & fa/5 x betwe5 two po9ts1 & set ! "p ( x ?us /ret*$ 9 vibration1 ! po9ts ( initial importance to discov] are ! ?ickness ( ! /r+1 & ! degree ( t5sion4 ,if we h ^! two aspects id5tical 9 ! case ( two /r+s !n ! all-important "q foll[s1 z 0 fir/ notic$ by ,py?agoras1 :at is ! /r+'s l5g?1 ! reason be+ t /r+s1 9 o!r respects id5tical1 if ( diff]5t l5g?s give a diff]5t numb] ( vibrations 9 ! same int]val ( "t4 ,! diff]5ce ( "o ( ^! numb]s f ano!r & ! relation ( any "o to ano!r con/itutes ! fundam5tal gr\nd = ! di/9ction & relation betwe5 diff]5t tones 9 _! degrees ( pit* z high or l[4 ,d\btless :5 we li/5 to notes ?us relat$ our p]ception c>ries little resemblance to "o ( num]ical relations4 ,x is n necess>y = u to "k any?+ ( numb]s & ari?metical proportions2 & inde$ :5 we d actually p]ceive a /r+ vibrat+1 su* vibration passes away )\t our be+ able to appreh5d ! num]ical relation1 :ile ( c\rse x is equally unnecess>y = u to glance at ! body 9 vibration at all1 9 ord] to receive ! impression ( its tone4 ,an association1 !re=e1 betwe5 ! tone & its num]ical relations may v possibly at fir/ sight /rike u1 n m]ely z incr$ible1 b we may receive ! impression t its acceptance implies t our s5se ( he>+ & ideal appreh5sion ( h>monies suff] ev5 depreciation :5 we look = _! cause 9 t :i* is purely quantitative4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is an und\bt$ fact t ! num]ical relation ( vibrations 9 id5tical p]iods ( "t is ! f\ndation ( ! specific def9ition ( tones4 ,! fact t our s5se ( he>+ is ess5tially simple is no valid objection4 ,! app>5tly simple impression1 no less ?an ! complex may1 9 respect to its ess5tial "* & exi/5ce1 c>ry )9 its compass o!r aspects ess5tially multifold & relat$ fundam5tally to some?+ diff]5t4 ,:5 we p]ceive1 = example1 blue or yell[1 gre5 or r$1 9 ! specific purity ( ^! col\rs1 we receive 9 l mann] ! appe>ance ( a p]fectly simple det]m9acy1 :]eas violet readily is decompos$ into its con/itu5t col\rs ( blue & r$4 ,despite ?is fact ! pure blue is n a simple fact1 b a di/9ct correlation & fusion ( light & %ad[#ddf4 ,religi\s emotions1 a s5se ( "r 9 any p>ticul> case1 appe> to u 9 ! same way z simple2 nev]!less all religi\s feel+1 e impression t p>takes ( ?is s5se ( "r1 is relat$ to ourselves 9 entirely diff]5t ways1 ?\gh produc+ ?is simple feel+ z its po9t ( unity4 ,9 j su* a mann]1 !n1 tone is bas$ ^u a manifold1 h[ev] mu* we he> & p]ceive x z some?+ entirely ultimate2 a v>i$ nature1 :i*1 = ! reason t musical tone comes into be+ by means ( ! vibration ( a body1 & !reby toge!r ) its vibrations is subject to temporal condition1 is d$ucible f ! num]ical relation ( ?is oscillation 9 "t1 9 o!r words f ! det]m9ate numb] ( vibrations 9 a giv5 p]iod4 ,i propose to draw att5tion m]ely to ! foll[+ po9ts 9 respect to ?is d$uction4 ,tones t accord 9 ! fulle/ s5se1 & on he>+ :i* a di/9ction is n p]ceptible z opposition1 are ^? 9 ! case ( :i* ! num]ical relation ( _! vibrations is ( ! simple/ "*2 ^? on ! contr>y :i* are n s out & out accordant possess proportionate numb]s m complex4 ,z an example ( ! fir/ k9d we h octaves4 ,9 o!r words1 if we tune a /r+1 :]e we %all h ! keynote giv5 u by a def9ite numb] ( vibrations1 & !n halve ! same2 9 t case ?is second half w give u 9 ! same "t precisely ! same numb] ( vibrations z ! previ\s entire /r+#ddg4 ,simil>ly 9 ! case ( fif?s we h ?ree vibrations to two ( ! keynote2 9 ! case ( ?irds we h five to f\r ( ! keynote4 ,9 ! case ( seconds & sev5?s we h a diff]5t k9d ( proportion2 "h to eight vibrations ( ! keynote we h 9 ! =m] case n9e & 9 ! latt] fifte54 77 ,inasmu* !n--we h already ref]r$ to ?is--z ^! relations _c be posit$ z we l1 b disclose an ideal necessity = _! p>ticul> aspects#ddh1 no less ?an ! totality !y toge!r con/itute1 = ! l reason ! p>ticul> int]vals1 :i* are fix$ by su* num]ical relations1 d n p]si/ 9 _! relation ( indiff]5ce to ea* o!r1 b are inevitably compris$ toge!r 9 & z a :ole4 ,! fir/ =m ( ?is totality ( notes ?us creat$ is1 h[ev]1 z yet no concrete concord ( diff]5t notes1 b an entirely ab/ract s]ies ( a sy/em1 a s]ies ( notes relat$ "u ! mo/ elem5t>y mode to ea* o!r1 & _! position )9 ! totality ?us compris$4 ,?is is no o!r ?an ! simple s]ies ( notes kn[n z scales4 ,! fundam5tal basis ( ?is is ! tonic1 :i* repeats itself 9 its octave1 & is ext5d$ ?r\gh ! rema9+ six notes plac$ betwe5 ^! limits1 :i* by virtue ( ! fact t ! keynote directly falls into unison ) its octave makes a return ^u itself4 ,! rema9+ notes ( ! scale ei!r h>monize completely#ddi ) ! keynote1 z is ! case ) ! fif? & ! ?ird1 or possess a m fundam5tal di/9ction ( s\nd 9 conflict ) x1 z is ! case ) seconds & sev5?s1 & take _! place consequ5tly 9 a def9ite s]ies1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i d n n[ propose to discuss or expla9 fur!r4 77 ,?irdly1 9 ^! scales we f9d ! s\rce ( diff]5t keys4 ,9 o!r words1 e note ( ! scale c1 9 its turn1 be posit$ z ! keynote ( a fre% s]ies ( notes1 :i* is co-ord9at$ precisely z ! fir/ is4 ,) ! developm5t ( ! scale ?r\gh an increase ( notes ! numb] ( keys has correspond+ly increas$4 ,mod]n music avails itself ( a l>g] v>iety ( keys ?an t ( ! anci5ts4 ,fur!r1 inasmu* z g5]ally ! diff]5t notes ( ! scales1 z already obs]v$1 are relat$ to "o ano!r 9 unob/ruct$ h>mony1 or a relation t deviates f su* imm$iacy 9 a m fundam5tal way1 x foll[s t ! diff]5t s]ies :i* arise f ^! notes1 tak5 sev]ally z keynotes1 ei!r display a clos] relation ( aff9ity1 & consequ5tly p]mit ( a passage readily f "o to ano!r1 or1 on acc\nt ( _! ali5 "*1 d n s admit ( ?is4 ,add to ?is t ! keys are divid$ f ea* o!r by ! di/9ction ( h>dness & s(tness1 t is1 z major or m9or tonality2 9 conclusion !y possess1 9 virtue ( _! key-note1 f :i* !y are g5]at$1 a def9ite "*1 :i* ( itself responds to a p>ticul> k9d ( emotion1 su* z lam5tation1 joy1 m\rn+1 & s =?4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> ev5 writ]s 9 anci5t times h anticipat$ mu* on ! subject ( di/9ction betwe5 ! keys1 & appli$ _! !ory 9 _m ways to actual composition4 77 ,! ?ird important matt]1 ) ! discussion ( :i* we may conclude our brief rem>ks ^u ! !ory ( h>mony1 is conc]n$ ) ! simultane\s concord ( ! notes !mselves1 9 o!r words1 ! sy/em ( *ords4 77 ,we h no d\bt already se5 t ! int]vals con/itute a :ole2 ?is totality1 h[ev]1 is 9 ! fir/ in/ance compris$ 9 ! scales & ! keys m]ely 9 ! =m ( an associat$ s]ies1 9 ! succession :]e( ea* note is ass]t$ sep>ately 9 isolation4 ,9 consequ5ce ! tonal s\nd rema9$ ab/ract1 because we f9d "h t x is only "o p>ticul> & det]m9ate tone t is ass]t$4 ,9 s f>1 h[ev]1 z ! notes 9 fact are :at !y are#dej m]ely 9 virtue ( _! relation to "o ano!r1 x foll[s necess>ily t _! tonal modality %\ld atta9 also an exi/5ce z ?is concrete body ( tone itself1 9 o!r words diff]5t notes w h to coalesce 9 "o & ! same body ( tone4 ,9 ?is conjo9t fusion1 9 ! composition ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ! m]e numb] ( notes capable ( su* coalesc5ce is n ! ess5tial po9t1 = we may h a unity ( ?is k9d ) m]ely two#dea1 we possess our def9ition ( *ords4 ,= inasmu* z ! diff]5t notes are n def9able = :at !y are z a result ( caprice or *ance1 b are necess>ily regulat$ by virtue ( an ideal pr9ciple & co-ord9at$ 9 _! actual succession1 x foll[s t a regul>ity ( simil> "* w h to decl>e itself 9 ! *ords1 9 ord] t we may det]m9e :at k9d ( associations w be adapt$ to musical composition1 & :at on ! contr>y mu/ be exclud$4 ,x is ^! rules :i* fir/ give u ! !ory ( h>mony 9 ! full s5se2 & x is accord+ to ?is we f9d aga9 t ! *ords are embrac$ 9 an ess5tially regulat$ sy/em4 77 ,9 ?is sy/em *ords are p>ticul>iz$ & di/+ui%$ 9 _! passage f "o to ano!r1 inasmu* z x is cle>ly def9$ notes :i* ?us s\nd toge!r4 ,we h consequ5tly to consid] z an imm$iate fact a totality ( sep>ately di/+ui%able *ords4 ,9 attempt+ ! mo/ g5]al classification ( ^! we %all f9d t ! orig9al di/9ctions we cursorily allud$ to 9 our discussion ( int]vals1 scales1 & keys w once aga9 s]ve u4 ,9 o!r words ! fir/ k9d ( *ords are ^? 9 :i* notes come toge!r1 :i* are completely consonant4 ,9 ! musical effect ( ^! consequ5tly !re is no opposition1 no contradiction p]ceptible2 ! consonance rema9s completely undi/urb$4 ,su* is ! case 9 ! s-call$ consonant *ords1 ! f\ndation ( :i* is suppli$ by ! triad4 ,?is confess$ly is g5]at$ f ! key-note1 ! ?ird1 ! m$iant#deb & ! fif? or dom9ant4 ,9 ^! we f9d ! notion ( h>mony express$ 9 its simple/ =m1 or r ! intr9sic idea ( h>mony g5]ally4 ,= we h a totality ( di/9ct notes "u consid]ation1 :i* ass]t ?is di/9ction :ile !y also decl>e an undi/urb$ unity4 ,we h "h an imm$iate id5tity1 :i* moreov] is n )\t ! elem5t ( sep>ation & m$iation1 albeit ?is m$iation is n at ! same "t limit$ by ! self-subsi/5cy ( diff]5t tones#dec1 satisfi$ ) ! m]e transitional passage f "o note to ano!r 9 ! relation ( a s]ies1 b ! unity is "h an actual "o & a return 9 imm$iacy ^u itself4 ,b 9 ! second place we may obs]ve z a fur!r incid5t ( di/9ct types ( ! triad1 :i* ,i _c n[ exam9e 9 m detail1 ! delib]ate appe>ance ( a deep] mode ( opposition4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 already at an e>li] /age se5 t ! scales conta9 ov] & above ^? notes1 :i* coalesce )\t opposition1 o!rs :i* annul su* consonance4 ,examples ( ^! are ! dim9i%$ & augm5t$ sev5?4 ,inasmu* z ^! notes equally belong to ! totality ( tones1 !y too w necess>ily f9d an entrance into ! triad =m4 ,& :5 ?is happ5s x foll[s t ! imm$iate unity & consonance above m5tion$ is di/urb$1 to ! ext5t t we h add$ a tone ess5tially ( ano!r "*1 by means ( :i* = ! fir/ "t we meet ) a g5u9e diff]5ce :i* actually ass]ts itself z contradiction4 ,9 ?is way we h ! true dep? ( musical tone really ass]t$4 ,x proce$s to contradictions t are fundam5tal & does n fl9* f ! ac]bity#ded or fracture !y involve4 ,&1 9 fact1 ! notion 9 its tru? is no d\bt ess5tial unity2 b x is n only imm$iate unity1 b "o :i* ideally is disrupt1 :i* falls into contradictions4 ,9 ?is s5se ,i h = example 9 my ,logic develop$ ! notion z subjectivity1 b at ! same "t disclos$ h[ ?is subjectivity1 z ideal transp>5t unity1 is resolv$ 9 t :i* confronts x 9 opposition1 namely1 objectivity4 ,& fur!r su* subjectivity reg>d$ z itself :olly ideal is no?+ m ?an a "o-sid$ & ab/ract pres5tm5t ( x1 :i* z su* reta9s a some?+ else1 an oppos$ o!r ov] aga9/ x1 namely1 objectivity1 & only becomes subjectivity 9 ! pr(\nd] significance ( its tru?1 9 s f> z x ent]s into ?is oppos+ o!r-?an-itself1 ov]comes x & resolves x4 ,& = ?is reason 9 ! _w ( reality x is to ! high] natures t p[] is giv5 to endure ! pa9 ( t fundam5tal contradiction ( consci\s life & to ov]come x4 ,9 ord] t music !re=e may z an art express ! ideal significance no less ?an purely subjective emotion ( ! pr(\nde/ cont5t1 t ( religion = example1 & above all t ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 9 :i* ! pr(\nde/ dep? ( suff]+ is an ess5tial con/itu5t1 x mu/ possess ! means )9 its empire ( tone to depict su* a conflict ( oppos+ =ces4 ,& a means ( ?is k9d x does possess 9 ! s-call$ dissonant *ords ( ! sev5? & n9?#dee4 ,! function ( ^!1 h[ev]1 ,i _c v5ture fur!r to discuss "h4 ,look+1 h[ev]1 f a g5]al po9t ( view at ! nature ( ^! *ords ,i w\ld draw att5tion to ! fur!r important po9t1 t !y hold :at is contradictory1 "u ! mode ( contradiction already expla9$1 9 "o & ! same unity4 ,t1 h[ev]1 :at is contradictory z su* %\ld rema9 9 unity is a contradiction 9 t]ms & un9telligible4 ,! v nature & notion ( a contradiction assumes t assur$ repose 9 x & :at x implies is impossible4 ,on ! contr>y x is z su* self-de/ructive4 ,h>mony is !re=e unable to rema9 9 *ords ( ?is "*2 our e> & feel+1 9 ord] to obta9 satisfaction1 imp]atively dem&s _! resolution4 ,to ! ext5t ( ?is contradiction we are inevitably impell$ to seek a resolution ( dissonance & a return to ! consonant triad4 ,& ?is motion1 z ! return ( ! pr9ciple ( id5tity ^u itself1 is ! movem5t ( tru? 9 ! wide/ s5se4 ,9 ! art ( music1 h[ev]1 ?is complet$ id5tity is only possible z a succession ( its mom5ts 9 "t1 :i* appe>s consequ5tly z a s]ies1 b decl>es its collective dep5d5ce 9 ?is t a necess>y movem5t ( an advance1 :i* is ess5tially self-caus$ & a movem5t ( *ange belong+ to its v nature1 is !reby ass]t$4 77 ,& ?is sugge/s a ?ird po9t x may be z well to draw att5tion to4 ,9 o!r words j z ! scale 0 an ess5tially co-ord9ate1 albeit 9 ! fir/ in/ance /ill ab/ract s]ies ( tones1 s too ! *ords d n p]si/ 9 _! isolation & self-consi/5cy1 b possess an ideal relation to "o ano!r1 & a necess>y impulse to *ange & progress4 ,9 ?is advance1 al?\gh ! same c be *ang$ & ext5d$ to a f> m consid]able ext5t ?an 9 ! scales1 yet aga9 m]e caprice is n m possible 9 ! "o case ?an ! o!r4 ,! transition ( *ord to *ord is effect$ 9 "p by ! nature ( ! *ords !mselves1 & 9 "p by ! keys1 to :i* ^! *ords lead u4 ,x is 9 virtue ( ?is t ! !ory ( music has e/abli%$ _m rules1 to enum]ate & adequately expla9 :i* w\ld1 h[ev]1 ext5d our survey into mu* too difficult & discursive matt]s4 ,i mu/ !re=e re/ cont5t ) hav+ conf9$ myself to a few obs]vations ( mo/ g5]al int]e/4 7c7 ,melody ,tak+ n[ a glance 9 retrospect on t :i*1 z connect$ ) ! means ( musical expression1 has already engag$ our att5tion1 x w be se5 t fir/ 9 ord] came ! mode ( configuration appropriate to ! temporal duration ( tones consid]$ z "t-measure1 beat1 & rhy?m4 ,we !n proce$$ to discuss ! actual tones ( musical s\nd !mselves2 fir/1 t is to say1 9 ! s\nd produc$ by musical in/rum5ts & ! human voice2 secondly1 9 ! fix$ & det]m9ate measure ( ! int]vals1 & ! ab/ract succession ( notes t are subject to !m 9 ! scale & ! v>i\s keys2 ?irdly1 9 ! rules :i* app]ta9 to ! diff]5t *ords & _! conjo9t progression4 ,! conclud+ subject1 :i* /ill rema9s = u to consid]1 & 9 :i* ^? previ\s to x discov] _! syn!tic unity1 & disclose 9 ! same ! fundam5tal =m by virtue ( :i* tones are = ! fir/ "t 9 v]itable fre$om & union unfold$ & coord9at$1 is melody4 ,9 o!r words1 h>mony possesses m]ely ! ess5tial relations1 :i* e/abli% ! law ( necessity 9 ! _w ( tone2 b ^! are n 9 !mselves1 any m ?an beat & rhy?m are1 actually music3 !y are r ! sub/antive basis1 ! f\ndation ( rule & pr9ciple1 ^u :i* ! s\l 9 its fre$om expatiates4 ,! poetry ( music1 t spee* ( human s\ls1 :i* p\rs =? ! ideal atmosph]e & ! pa9 ( emotional life1 & 9 ?is ov]fl[ is rais$ ) a s5se ( alleviation above ! natural con/ra9t ( feel+1 by mak+ pres5t to ! s\l t :i* actually affects x /rongly2 by enabl+ x freely to dally r\nd its ess5tial be+1 & by lib]at+ x by ?is v means f ! oppression ( joys & suff]+s--well1 ?is p[] ( s\l-expression 9 ! doma9 ( music is 9 ! fir/ in/ance melody#def4 ,x is ?is conclud+ section ( our inquiry1 9 s f> z x con/itutes ! m supremely poetic aspect ( music1 ! realm ( its really arti/ic creations1 :ile avail+ itself ( ! elem5ts previ\sly discuss$1 :i* obvi\sly possesses an exceptional claim to our att5tion4 ,un=tunately x is j 9 ?is direction t we f9d ourselves confront$ ) ! difficulties already adv]t$ to4 ,9 o!r words1 to m5tion "o ( !m1 a detail$ & sci5tific treatm5t ( ! subject implies a m accurate k ( ! laws ( composition1 & a totally diff]5t sort ( acqua9tance ) ! ma/]pieces ( musical composition to any ,i possess or inde$ am able to secure1 = we seldom he> any?+ ( a def9ite or conclusive "* on ?is head ei!r f musical exp]ts or practical musicians1 f ! latt]1 only too frequ5tly m5 ( v av]age intellig5ce1 lea/ ( all4 ,& we may fur!r obs]ve t x is a *>act]i/ic ( ! art ( music itself1 t we %\ld f9d ! task ( pres5t+ & exp\nd+ p>ticul> detail 9 g5]al t]ms a less easy matt] ?an 9 ! case ( ! o!r arts4 ,x is true en\gh t music1 z o!r arts1 deals ess5tially ) a spiritual cont5t1 & prop\nds ! ideality ( ?is subject-matt]1 or ! ideal movem5ts ( emotional life1 z ! object ( its expression3 yet = all t ?is cont5t rema9s m indef9ite 9 outl9e & m vague1 = j ?is v reason t x is appreh5d$ ) exclusive reg>d to its ideality1 or is reflect$ 9 s\nd z subjective feel+2 & ! transitional /ates ( music are n 9 ea* case at ! same "t ! *ange ( a p>ticul> emotion or idea1 a ?\ght or an individual =m1 b are m]ely a musical progression1 :i* consi/s 9 self-exposition or play1 & avails itself ( arti/ic me?od = ?is purpose4 ,i w consequ5tly limit myself m]ely to ! foll[+ g5]al obs]vations1 :i* h fall5 9 my way & /rike me z ( int]e/4 77 ,f a c]ta9 po9t ( view1 no d\bt1 melody1 9 its free disclosure ( musical tone1 floats indep5d5t ( beat1 rhy?m1 & h>mony2 b none ! less ! only means employ$ 9 its realization are j ^! rhy?mical & metrically con/ruct$ movem5ts ( tone 9 _! ess5tially necess>y relations4 ,! movem5t ( melody1 !re=e1 is insep>able f ! means employ$ to create x1 &1 if m]ely oppos$ to ! practical necessity ( ! subjection ( ^! means to rule1 is unable to exi/ at all4 ,9 ?is intimate association betwe5 melody & h>mony1 h[ev]1 no real surr5d] ( fre$om is involv$3 :at melody is ?us emancipat$ f is a purely caprici\s fancy ( ! compos] ex]cis$ 9 odd or ecc5tric progressions & transitions4 ,x is unit$ by ?is v association to a /able & self-consi/5t art4 ,g5u9e lib]ty is n oppos$ to ! pr9ciple ( necessity z a =eign & !re=e oppressive & suppressive p[]2 r x possesses 9 ! sub/antive "* ( ! same :at is a con/itu5t ( & id5tical ) ! core ( its be+2 9 foll[+ ! dem&s ( x x !re=e is only con=m+ to its own laws1 act+ 9 accordance ) its own nature4 ,& 9 fact x is by ! rejection ( su* proscriptions & only !n t x proves an ali5 to its nature1 untrue to itself4 ,conv]sely1 x is suffici5tly obvi\s t beat1 rhy?m1 & h>mony are1 tak5 indep5d5tly1 m]ely ab/ractions1 :i* z ?us isolat$ h no musical#deg significance1 & are able only to acquire real exi/5ce z music 9 virtue ( melody1 & z )9 ! doma9 ( ?is1 supply+ mom5ts to or aspects 9 its realization4 ,x is precisely 9 ! mann] t ! di/9ction betwe5 melody & h>mony is ?us effectively m$iat$ & resolv$ t ! secret p[] ( great compositions is disclos$4 77,secondly1 9 ?is "q ( ! individual "* ( melody ! foll[+ po9ts appe> to me ( importance4 77 ,9 ! fir/ place1 melody may be re/rict$1 if we consid] its h>moni\s progression1 to a v simple compass ( *ords & keys1 ext5d$ )9 ! embrace ( tone-relations de/itute ( all opposition 9 _! h>moni\s fusion1 :i* x employs m]ely z ! fundam5tal gr\nd on :i* to develop its m appropriate =m & movem5t4 ,song melodies1 = in/ance1 :i* be x und]/ood are n on t acc\nt 9 ! lea/ sup]ficial1 b may express ! dep?s ( s\l-life1 z a rule are motiv$ by con/ructive h>mony ( ?is mo/ simple "*4 ,!y d n prop\nd ! m difficult problems ( *ords & keys 9 s f> z !y deal ) su* ?+s & _! modulation at all4 ,!y are ma9ly satisfi$ ) obta9+ a simple h>moni\s accompanim5t1 :i* is n c>ri$ to ! po9t ( s]i\s opposition1 & consequ5tly requires few resolutions 9 ord] to recov] ! f9al impression ( unity4 ,su* a mode ( composition no d\bt may lead to sup]ficial results1 su* z we f9d 9 a great _m mod]n ,italian & ,fr5* melodies4 ,9 su* cases ! developm5t ( ! h>mony is entirely sup]ficial4 ,! compos] endeav\rs to sub/itute = ! g5u9e dem& ( 8 "w 9 ?is aspect ( x a m]ely piquant *>m ( rhy?m or flav\r ( "s k9d4 ,g5]ally speak+1 none ! less ! empt9ess ( a melody is n ! inevitable result ( a simple h>monic basis4 77 ,a fur!r di/9ction consi/s 9 ?is t melody 9 ! case suppos$ is no long] develop$1 z 9 our previ\s example1 m]ely 9 ! exposition ( sep>ate notes compos$ ^u a relatively indep5d5t h>monic progression1 reg>d$ simply z ! base ( x3 9 ! melody n[ "u consid]ation e sep>ate note ( ! melody is sub/antially complete z a concrete :ole ,9 a *ord4 ,9 ?is mann] x1 on ! "o h&1 includes a _w ( tones1 & f ano!r x is s closely int]wov5 ) ! movem5t ( ! h>mony1 t x is n[ impossible to reta9 ! di/9ction previ\sly accept$ betwe5 a melody unfold$ 9 relative indep5d5ce1 & a h>mony :i* supplies ! emphatic pauses ( ! accompanim5t & its m fix$ & det]m9ate musical basis4 ,h>mony & melody are "h "o & ! same compact :ole1 & a modification ( ! "o implies a correspond5t & necess>y alt]ation ( ! o!r#deh4 ,?is may be pre-em95tly illu/rat$ by *orales writt5 9 f\r p>ts4 ,9 l mann] ! same melody c be s int]wov5 9 ! v>i$ vocal expression ( its p>ts1 t ?is int]lac]y itself creates a h>monic progression2 or we may h diff]5t melodies 9 a simil> way elaborat$ h>monically 9 association1 s t ! union ( p>ticul> notes ( ^! melodies produces musical h>mony4 ,we (t51 = example1 meet ) ?is 9 ! compositions ( ,seba/ian ,ba*4 ,9 su* cases ! music progresses by means ( p>ts t v>y greatly f "o ano!r 9 _! "* & movem5t1 :i* appe> to associate or int]-?read ) ea* o!r on indep5d5t l9es1 yet reta9 at ! same "t an ess5tial h>monic relation to ea* o!r4 ,a necess>y & coh]5t union is !reby ass]t$4 77 ,9 composition ( ?is k9d x is n m]ely necess>y = music :i* has any claim to pr(undity to be develop$ to ! b>e limits ( undi/urb$ consonance1 nay1 ev5 fir/ to pass beyond x 9 ord] t x may return !reto3 r ! fir/ simple mode ( concord w h to be r5t asund] 9 dissonances4 ,x is only ?r\gh su* conflict t ! pr(\nd] comb9ations & my/]ies ( music 9 :i* an indep5d5t necessity reposes1 discov]s _! s\rce & gr\nd2 & = ! same reason x is only 9 su* pr(\nd] h>monic progressions t ! arre/+ mom5ts ( melody orig9ate4 ,a bold /yle ( musical composition w consequ5tly "p company ) a purely consonant progression4 ,x w pass into ! sph]e ( oppos+ =ces1 w summon to its aid ! mo/ discordant contra/s1 & disclose its unique p[] amid ! tumult ( all ! res\rces ( h>mony1 ! conflicts ( :i* x is equally able to calm1 :olly confid5t 9 its ability to celebrate f9ally ! grateful triumph ( melodic tranquillity4 ,we h 9 %ort "h a battle wag$ betwe5 fre$om & necessity2 a conflict betwe5 ! fre$om ( inv5tive g5ius1 seek+ to yield itself to its upw>d flight1 & ! necess>y con/ra9t ( ^? h>monic conditions1 :i* x is =c$ to ackn[l$ge z ! means ( its expression1 & 9 :i* its own ideal significance is reflect$4 ,on ! o!r h& if ! h>mony1 ! employm5t1 t is1 ( all its res\rces1 ! unrel5t+ nature ( its conflict 9 ! disposal ( !m & 9 its attitude to !m is ! ma9 int]e/1 ! composition may v easily become heavy & ov]weight$ ) sci5ce1 9 s f> at lea/ z ! fre$om ( movem5t is really impair$1 or at lea/ we are n all[$ to feel ! complete effect ( its triumph4 77 ,to put ! matt] 9 o!r words1 9 e g5u9e melody a truly melodic1 songful impulse1 :i* is its ess5tial type z music1 mu/ decl>e itself z pr$om9ant & indep5d5t1 z some?+ :i* x nei!r =gets nor loses 9 ! pl5itude ( its expression4 ,?us reg>d$ melody pres5ts1 no d\bt1 an inf9ite p[] ( adaptation & coord9ation 9 ! progressive motion ( tones1 b ! mode or =m ( ?is mu/ be su* t ?r\gh\t we are made aw>e ( an ess5tially complete & self-subsi/5t :ole4 ,?is totality conta9s1 x is true1 a v>i$ complexity1 & implies 9 itself a =w>d advance2 b x mu/ = all t1 reg>d$ z a :ole1 be beyond all d\bt r\nd$ (f & secure4 ,x mu/ !re=e h a di/9ct beg9n+ & t]m9ation to ! ext5t at lea/ t ! int]m$iate "p ( x may be simply pres5t$ z ! m$iat+ l9k betwe5 t beg9n+ & end4 ,only z su* a movem5t1 ass]t$ ) unmi/akable emphasis1 itself self-diff]5tiat$ & return+ on its own unity1 does ! melody ( music reflect ! free self-consci\sness#dei ( s\l-life1 ^: expression x ought to be2 only z ?us p]fect$ c music1 9 its own peculi> m$ium ( ideality1 en=ce expression 9 its pure imm$iacy1 or avail itself ( ! ideal fre$om ( t mode ( expression :i* is ! unt>ni%$ reflection ( ! inn] life1 an expression :i*1 despite its subord9ation to ! necess>y laws ( h>mony1 enables ! s\l to p]ceive a m exalt$ vision4 #c4 ,,! ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,means ,,( ,,expression ,,9 ,,music ,,& ,,its ,,cont5t ,aft] pass+ 9 review ! g5]al nature ( musical art we consid]$ ! p>ticul> aspects accord+ to :i* notes & _! duration 9 "t secur$ _! necess>y =m4 ,hav+ n[ arriv$ 9 our discussion ( melody at ! conf9es ( a _w ( free arti/ic inv5tion & actual musical composition1 :at we h n[ to deal ) is a cont5t1 :i*1 "u its rhy?m1 h>mony1 & melody1 is capable ( receiv+ an expression con=mable to art's requirem5ts4 ,aft] fix+ cle>ly 9 our m9ds g5]al modes ( ?is expression we %all z our conclusion be 9 an advantage\s position to review ! diff]5t prov9ces ( musical composition4 ,) ^! objects be=e u we may 9 ! fir/ in/ance adv]t to ! foll[+ important di/9ction4 ,on ! "o side music may be1 z already obs]v$1 9 ! nature ( an accompanim5t4 ,?is is ! case :]e its spiritual cont5t is n m]ely seiz$ 9 ! ab/ract ideality ( its significance1 or z individual emotion1 b ent]s into ! movem5t ( ! music subord9ate to ! significance x has already receiv$ f idea & words4 ,z a type ( music oppos$ to ?is we h ! composition :i* is disconnect$ ) any su* cont5t already prep>$ = x2 music 9 ?is case e/abli%es itself 9 its own prop] sph]e1 s t x ei!r1 if x /ill is =c$ to deal ) a def9itely receiv$ cont5t1 resolves ! same :olly 9 melodies & _! h>monic developm5t1 or ass]ts its absolute indep5d5ce 9 ! m$ium ( musical tone simply & its h>monic or melodic configuration4 ,we h already se5 t a simil> di/9ction is app>5t 9 a :olly diff]5t section ( our inquiry4 ,i ref] to ! case ( ar*itecture consid]$ ei!r z an indep5d5t art1 or 9 ! s]vice x r5d]s to t ( build+ g5]ally4 ,b 9 music ! mode ( its accompanim5t is ( an ess5tially fre] type ?an t ( our illu/ration2 x is f> m intimately unit$ ) its cont5t ?an is ev] possible 9 ! case ( ar*itecture4 ,9 ! actual doma9 ( art ?is di/9ction m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 vocal & in/rum5tal music4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 entitl$ to accept x 9 ! purely ext]nal int]pretation ( x1 z ?\gh 9 vocal music x 0 m]ely ! s\nd ( ! human voice1 :ile 9 in/rum5tal music x 0 ! m v>i$ tones ( ! _m di/9ct in/rum5ts :i* 7 made s]viceable4 ,we mu/ n 9 o!r words ov]look ! fact t ! voice expresses at ! same "t 9 its song delib]ate spee*1 pres5t+ u ! ideas ( a specific cont5t1 s t music1 reg>d$ z ! ^w t is sung1 if ! tw(old aspect ( ! same 9 tone & human spee* is n to fall into a condition ( indiff]5ce or abs5ce ( relation1 is obvi\sly b\nd1 s f> z ! art enables x to d s1 to supply its musical expression to ?is cont5t1 :i* z su* cont5t is br\ght be=e ! receptive faculties 9 its ne>e/ approa* to def9ition1 & no long] is left unrelat$ 9 m indef9ite feel+4 ,9 s f>1 h[ev]1 z ! pres5t$ cont5t1 z libretto1 is1 despite ( ! above union1 indep5d5tly asc]ta9able 9 legible =m1 & is also consequ5tly di/+ui%able 9 ! m9d itself f its musical expression1 to ?is ext5t ! music atta*$ to a libretto is an accompanim5t1 :]eas 9 sculpture & pa9t+ ! unfold$ cont5t does n already atta9 to any pres5tm5t indep5d5tly ( its arti/ic =m4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ be c>eful n to g to ! o!r extreme & ent]ta9 an idea ( su* accompanim5t1 z ?\gh its entire purpose 7 "o solely ( subord9ation2 ! tru? is precisely ! rev]se4 ,! libretto is writt5 9 ! int]e/ ( ! music1 & has no fur!r importance save 9 s f> z x br+s home to ! m9d a m intimate k ( ! actual subject ! arti/ has select$ = 8 "w4 ,music ma9ta9s ?is fre$om pre-em95tly by virtue ( ! fact t x does n appreh5d ! cont5t 9 ! mann] ! libretto may be assum$ to make x intelligible4 ,r x exhibits its ma/]y ( a m$ium1 to :i* s5se-p]ception & imag9ative idea d n belong#dfj4 ,9 ?is respect ,i h already1 :5 discuss+ ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( music1 po9t$ out t music expresses ! pr9ciple ( ideality 9 its intr9sic quality4 ,! ideality ( s\l-life1 h[ev]1 may be ( a tw(old type4 ,t is to say1 to accept an object 9 its ideal pres5tation#dfa may1 9 ! fir/ place1 mean t we d n conceive x 9 its actual appe>ance 9 ! ph5om5al _w1 b relatively to its ideal significance4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 mean by ?is1 secondly1 t a cont5t is express$ z we f9d x realiz$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( p]sonal emotion4 ,bo? =ms ( idealization are repres5t$ 9 ! art ( music4 ,i w !re=e endeav\r to expla9 9 m detail h[ ?is comes ab\t4 ,9 old *ur* music1 take ! movem5t ( a crucifixus e/ = example1 we f9d t ! pr(\nd mean+s unfold$ 9 ! c5tral idea ( ! ,passion reg>d$ z ,*ri/'s suff]+1 dea?1 & burial1 are sev]ally s conceiv$1 t x is n simply "o m]ely p]sonal feel+ ( sympa?y or individual pa9 ov] ^! facts t is express$1 b along ) ?is ! v facts !mselves1 or 9 o!r words ! dep? ( _! significance is motiv$ by ! h>mony ( ! music & its melodic progression4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 true t ev5 "h ! impression is "o :i* acts ^u ! emotion ( ^? :o he> x4 ,we d n actually p]ceive ! pa9 ( ! crucifi$1 we d n m]ely receive a g5]al idea ( x2 ! aim is ?r\gh\t t we exp]i5ce 9 ! dep?s ( our be+ ! ideal sub/ance ( ?is dea? & ?is div9e suff]+1 t we absorb ) he>t & s\l its reality1 s t x becomes z x 7 a "p ( ourselves1 p]meat+ our entire consci\s life to ! exclusion ( ev]y?+ else4 ,& 9 l mann] mu/ ! s\l ( ! compos]1 if 8 "w is to disclose su* a p[] ( impress ^u o!rs1 entirely lose itself 9 ^! facts & only 9 !m4 ,x mu/ n m]ely h exp]i5c$ a p]sonal emotion ( !m4 ,x mu/ accept z its aim ! task ( mak+ 9 its music ! facts !mselves live aga9 = ! ideal s5se4 ,conv]sely1 ,i may read a text1 a libretto1 :i* n>rates an ev5t1 places be=e me an action1 gives to feel+s ! impress ( spee*1 & !reby become mov$ ev5 to te>s 9 my pr(\nde/ be+4 ,?is effect ( p]sonal emotion1 :i* may att5d all human action & conduct1 e expression ( inn] life1 & fur!r may be excit$ by ! p]ception ( e su* ev5t & by p>ticipation 9 ! pres5tm5t ( su*1 ! art ( music is able to regulate2 by s do+ x ameliorates1 tranquilizes & idealizes by its influ5ce ! fell[-feel+ 9 ! li/5] :o f9ds himself attun$ to x4 ,9 bo? cases1 !re=e1 ! cont5t r+s ?r\gh ! inn] life1 9 :i* music1 = ! v reason t x subdues consci\sness 9 ! simple attitude ( rapt att5tion#dfb1 is able to re/ra9 ! unfett]$ range ( ?\ght1 imag9ation1 s5sation1 & passage beyond ! true b\nd>y-l9e ( ! subject on h&4 ,music1 9 %ort1 keeps ! s\l absorb$ 9 a p>ticul> cont5t1 fructifies its en]gy !re91 & moves & fills ! life ( feel+ up to ! brim )9 ^! limits4 ,su* is our conception & description1 s f> z ! pres5t occasion p]mits1 ( ! mann] ( :i* music1 z an accompanim5t1 :5 deal+ ) a def9ite cont5t :i* is1 z previ\sly expla9$1 set be=e x by means ( a libretto1 elaborates t aspect ( x we h t]m$ ideality4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z music is pre-em95tly call$ up to d ?is 9 vocal music1 & ! human voice is add$ to ?is associat$ ) in/rum5ts1 x is cu/om>y to speak ( in/rum5tal music 9 a special s5se z ! music ( accompanim5t4 ,x is no d\bt true t x accompanies ! voice1 & %\ld n ei!r ass]t unqualifi$ indep5d5ce or claim an unqualifi$ prec$5cy4 ,b = all t vocal music is plac$1 z ?us associat$1 9 a m direct relation /ill "u ! def9ition previ\sly giv5 ( an accompany+ tone4 ,! voice expresses words articulate to ! m9d2 & song is m]ely a fre% or additional modification ( ! cont5t ( ^! words1 or 9 o!r words x is ! explication ( !m 9 ! language ( ! emotions4 ,9 ! case ( in/rum5tal music1 if tak5 by itself1 ! expression ( imag$ idea vani%es1 & su* music mu/ necess>ily conf9e itself to ! means & modes ( purely musical expression#dfc4 ,! discussion ( ^! po9ts sugge/s a ?ird "o1 :i*1 9 conclusion1 x is well n to ov]look4 ,i h previ\sly drawn att5tion to ! fact t ! reality ( a musical composition1 9 its full & vital embodim5t1 dep5ds on a cont9ually repeat$ reproduction4 ,9 ?is respect x is at a disadvantage z comp>$ ) sculpture & pa9t+4 ,! sculptor1 no less ?an ! pa9t]1 conceives a giv5 "w & executes x ?r\gh\t4 ,! entire arti/ic activity impli$ !re9 is c5tr$ 9 "o s+le individual1 & by ?is means absolute reciprocity betwe5 ! creative idea & its execution is secur$4 ,! ar*itect1 on ! contr>y1 is 9 a less fav\rable position1 :o1 9 c>ry+ ?r\gh all ! v>iety ( /ructure 9 a build+1 has to entru/ su* "w to o!r h&s ?an 8 own4 ,! compos] 9 a simil> way1 mu/ leave ! execution ( 8 "w to o!r h&s & voices4 ,b 9 8 case !re is ?is diff]5ce1 t ! execution1 f ! po9t ( view ( m]e te*nique1 no less ?an t ( ! vital _s ( 8 "w1 itself dem&s an arti/ic activity1 n "o ( m]e craftsman%ip4 ,9 ?is respect we may 9 our own "t1 no less ?an previ\sly 9 t ( ! old] ,italian op]a1 :]eas 9 o!r arts !re has be5 little or no?+ fre% ( ! k9d1 po9t to a m>vell\s advance 9 two respects 9 music4 ,! fir/ is to be not$ 9 ! conception1 ! second 9 ! increas$ virtuosity ( execution4 ,x is due to ^! results ! v notion ( :at music implies & is able to p]=m has1 ev5 9 ! case ( ackn[l$g$ exp]ts1 be5 increas+ly enl>g$#dfd4 ,we may n[ briefly summ>ize ! heads ( ! conclud+ sections ( ?is portion ( our "w4 ,fir/1 we %all inve/igate m c>efully music reg>d$ z accompanim5t1 & raise ! "q ) :at modes ( expression 9 a giv5 cont5t x is z a rule mo/ compatible4 ,secondly1 x w be necess>y to consid] ?is "q m closely z view$ 9 relation to musical composition t is exclusively indep5d5t4 ,?irdly1 our conclusion w be rea*$ ) a few obs]vations ^u arti/ic execution4 7a7 ,music z ,accompanim5t ,x foll[s1 z a necess>y result ( :at ,i h already describ$ z be+ ! relative position ( libretto & music1 t1 9 ?is sph]e ( its activity1 musical expression is compell$ to conc]n itself f> m exclusively ) a def9$ cont5t ?an 9 ! alt]native case :]e x is able to surr5d] itself )\t re/ra9t to its own movem5t & inspiration4 ,a libretto (f]s u to />t ) def9ite ideas1 & compels ! att5tion to =sake t field ( m vision>y emotion de/itute ( di/9ct idea1 9 :i* we are p]mitt$ to range )\t int]ruption1 & are n =c$ to ab&on our lic5ce to receive f pure music :atev] *ance impression or wave ( emotion x may ar\se4 ,9 ?is act ( arti/ic int]lac]y ) words1 h[ev]1 x is n "r t music %\ld c>ry its loyalty s f> z to impair ! free c\rse ( its progressions1 ev5 ?\gh x d s ) ! object ( emphasiz+ ! full "* ( :at is conta9$ 9 ! libretto4 ,to d ?is is to employ ! m]e p$antry ( le>n+1 to adapt means ( musical expression = ! mo/ fai?ful pres5tm5t possible ( a cont5t :i* is n 9 ! fir/ in/ance its own1 b suppli$ x ext]nally4 ,x is to accept ?is artificial result r ?an ! creation ( a real self-subsi/5t "w ( art4 ,& to t ext5t we h "h evid5c$ a def9ite *eck & h9drance to free arti/ic activity4 ,x is equally wrong 9 ! opposite extreme t music %\ld1 z is almo/ inv>iably ! fa%ion ) mod]n ,italian compos]s1 :olly emancipate itself f ! cont5ts ( ! libretto1 z ?\gh its specific "* 7 only a bond1 & ) no o!r aim ?an t ( approa*+ indep5d5t music z closely z possible4 ,! true function ( su* music is ?is4 ,x ought to /eep itself 9 ! mean+ ( ! express$ words1 situation1 or action1 & by virtue ( su* impregnation1 ideally conceiv$1 discov] !refrom a vitally arre/+ expression1 & elaborate ! same 9 t]ms cong5ial to art4 ,t is ! c\rse foll[$ by all great ma/]s4 ,!y appropriate ev]y?+ ( vital int]e/ 9 ! words2 b ! /ream ( _! music1 ! tranquil fl[ ( ! composition1 rema9s = all t z free z ev]4 ,we ackn[l$ge ! natural gr[? ( ! music no less ?an its aff9ity to ! text x illu/rates4 ,we w\ld draw att5tion to ?ree di/9ct types ( expression all illu/rative ( ?is free _s4 77 ,to />t )1 !re is t aspect ( musical expression :i* we may describe z ! truly melodic4 ,we h "h simply emotion1 ! utt]ance ( s\l itself1 :i*1 ap>t f any?+ else1 f9ds self-enjoym5t 9 su* expression4 77 ,! doma9 "h1 9 :i* ! compos] moves1 is co9cid5t ) ! human he>t & ! moods ( ! s\l2 & melody1 :i* is ! pure musical utt]ance ( ?is inw>d _w1 is 9 ! mo/ pr(\nd s5se ! s\l ( music4 ,musical tone only atta9s to expression t is really vital :5 emotion is embodi$ 9 x or reflect$ 9 s\nd f x4 ,connect$ ) ?is ! purely natural cry ( feel+1 :atev] x may be1 ( horror1 = example1 or ! sobb+ ( grief1 or ! exclamation or outbur/ ( uncontroll$ jubilation1 are !mselves highly expressive2 & inde$ ,i h already ref]r$ to !m z ! />t+-po9t ( music1 subject ( c\rse to ! /atem5t t art is unable to accept !m "u ! mode ( purely natural utt]ance4 ,"h1 too1 we f9d a di/9ction betwe5 music & pa9t+4 ,! art ( pa9t+ is frequ5tly able to produce ! mo/ beautiful & arti/ic effect by its realization 9 e respect ( ! actual =m1 ! col\r & animation ( a p>ticul> human be+ 9 "s def9ite situation & environm5t1 & its complete reflection ( all t x has ?us assimilat$ & receiv$ 9 its b>e vitality4 ,! tru? ( ,nature1 if pres5t$ con=mably to arti/ic tru?1 is "h entirely ju/ifi$4 ,b ! art ( music ought n ?us to repeat emotional expression 9 ! =m x assumes z a purely natural utt]ance ( passion2 :at x %\ld d is to vitalize ) ! emotional =ces musical s\nd elaborat$ "u ! def9ite conditions ( its tonal progression1 & to ?is ext5t resolve ! expression 9 a m$ium ( s\nd :olly creat$ by art & insep>able f ! arti/ic purpose1 a m$ium 9 :i* ! m]e cry becomes a s]ies ( musical tones ) a def9ite progression1 ! transitions & c\rse ( :i* are subject to ! laws ( h>mony & unfold$ 9 ! complet5ess ( a melodic phrase4 77 ,! ess5tial significance ( ?is melodic quality & its be>+ on ! human _s is be/ appreh5d$ if we view ! latt] z a :ole4 ,! f9e arts ( sculpture & pa9t+ give an objective exi/5ce to ! ideality ( s\l-life2 moreov]1 !y lib]ate ! m9d f ?is ext]nality ( _! pres5tation 9 s f> z1 f a c]ta9 po9t ( view1 x discov]s itself !re9 z an ideal1 spiritual "w1 & f ano!r ev]y?+ :i* p>takes ( adv5titi\s s+ul>ity#dfe1 ( caprici\s idea1 op9ion1 & reflection1 is reject$1 ! cont5t !re( be+ plac$ be=e u 9 its entirely appropriate individuality4 ,! art ( music1 on ! contr>y1 z we h repeat$ly po9t$ out1 possesses z a means to su* objectivity m]ely ! elem5t ( ! s\l-life itself1 by means ( :i* t :i* purely belongs to ?is ent]s into conv]sation ) itself1 & z express$ 9 ! utt]ance ( emotion itself returns1 z x 71 ^u itself4 ,music is _s or s\l1 :i* r+ =? 9 _! untrammell$ imm$iacy1 & d]ive satisfaction 9 ?is record ( _! self-k4 ,z a f9e art1 h[ev]1 x is its necess>y function to regulate ! expression ( su* life no less ?an its effects4 ,x ought n to p]mit t expression to be :irl$ away 9 bac*antic ?und] & tumult1 or be left 9 ! di/raction ( despair1 b reta9 ! bless$ fre$om ( its deliv]ance 9 ! extremity ( sorr[ no less ?an ! jubilant outbur/ ( delight4 ,& ?is is ! "* ( truly ideal music1 ! utt]ance ( melody su* z we f9d x 9 ,pale/r9a1 ,durante1 ,lotti1 ,p]golese1 ,glck1 ,haydn1 & ,moz>t4 ,tranquillity ( s\l is nev] lo/ 9 ! compositions ( ^! ma/]s4 ,grief is no d\bt (t5 express$1 b ! resolution is always !re2 ! lum9\s s5se ( proportion nev] breaks d[n 9 extremes3 ev]y?+ f9ds its due place knit toge!r 9 ! :ole2 joy is nev] suff]$ to deg5]ate into unseemly upro> & ev5 lam5tation c>ries ) x ! mo/ b5ign repose4 ,i h already1 :5 discuss+ ,italian pa9t+1 emphasiz$ ! fact1 t a _s ( reconciliation is n want+ ev5 9 extreme examples ( sorr[ & di/raction ( s\l2 by virtue ( ?is1 ev5 :]e we h te>s & suff]+1 "s trait ( tranquillity & assurance is pres]v$2 ! t5d]ness & grace :i* ass]t !mselves 9 ! h>lequ9's rle illu/rates ! same tru?4 ,9 l mann] a feel+ = nature & ! end[m5t ( musical expression is preem95tly a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,italians4 ,9 _! e>li] *ur* music we f9d t1 along ) ! deepe/ devotional feel+1 ! s5se ( reconciliation is express$ 9 its purity2 & ?\gh grief may /ir ! s\l mo/ pr(\ndly1 yet beauty & raptur\s joy1 ! simple greatness & impress ( an imag9ation :i* discov]s delight 9 its own v>i$ expatiation1 is equally pres5t4 ,x is a beauty ( an app>5tly s5su\s type1 s t x is n unusual to ref] to su* melodi\s cont5tm5t z a purely s5su\s enjoym5t4 ,b x is sometimes ov]look$ t x is precisely 9 ?is realm ( ! s5ses t art discov]s its life & movem5t1 & !reby transf]s ,_s to a sph]e 9 :i*1 z 9 ! _w ( ,nature1 ?is ess5tial wave ( self-satisfaction is ?r\gh\t ! fundam5tal tone4 77 ,albeit1 !re=e1 p>ticul>ity ( emotional cont5t mu/ be duly repres5t$1 yet x is "r t music1 :ile p]mitt+ passion & imag9ation to /ream =? 9 its h>monies1 %\ld at ! same "t lift ! s\l t is absorb$ 9 su* emotion ov] ! same1 enable x to hov] ar\nd su* cont5t1 & 9 %ort create an atmosph]e :]e9 ! recov]y f su* an absorption1 & ! pure reflection ( itself is possible4 ,?is x is :i* gives u 9 fact ! really melodi\s "* to song-music4 ,! important feature ( x is n m]ely ! progression ( det]m9ate emotion su* z we indicate by ! words love1 ye>n+1 jollity1 & s =?2 x is r t inw>d s5se1 :i* presides ov] x1 :i* expatiates 9 its suff]+ no less ?an its delight1 & f9ds satisfaction 9 do+ s4 ,precisely z ! bird 9 ! brake1 ! l>k on high s+s its glad & t\*+ song = ! m]e sake ( s++1 an outbur/ ( ,nature h]self1 hav+ no fur!r ?\ght or int5tion :atev]1 x is j ! same ) human song & ! expression ( its melody4 ,consi/5tly ) ?is n infrequ5tly ,italian music1 9 :i* ?is tru? is pre-em95tly emphasiz$1 w1 j z poetry w1 pass into m]e melodi\s s\nd simply1 & c readily appe> to "p company ) ! emotional /imulus & its p>ticul> mode ( expression1 or ev5 9 fact d s1 = ! v good reason t its object is ! enjoym5t ( art by itself1 & ! cont5tm5t ( all :o ?us are able to enjoy !mselves4 ,& ap>t f ! ,italians ?is is m or less ! *>act]i/ic ( all "r melody4 ,! specific nature ( ! expression1 albeit pres5t also1 passes away1 9 s f> z our he>ts are absorb$ 9 :at we appropriate r z our own1 ?an 9 t :i* belongs to ano!r1 a some?+ beyond u4 ,by reason ( ?is & ?is alone--x is mu* z we receive ! impression ( pure light--we are admitt$ to ! mo/ intimate conception ( ideal bless$ness & attun$ spirits4 77 ,9 ! art ( sculpture ! pr$om9ant impression is ideal beauty or self-repose4 ,pa9t+1 on ! o!r h&1 already pres5ts a movem5t 9 ! direction ( specific *>act]ization1 & ! emphasis x atta*es to articulate expression is an ess5tial feature ( its executive purpose4 ,9 a simil> fa%ion ! art ( music is unable to re/ satisfi$ ) melodi\s expression z above indicat$4 ,! purely emotional grasp by ! s\l ( its intr9sic nature1 & ! play 9 musical s\nd ( ?is appreh5sion is1 reg>d$ z ! m]e atonem5t ( mood1 :5 we take x /rictly1 too g5]al & ab/ract4 ,x is insep>able f ! dang] n m]ely ( an ali5ation f ! m c>eful int]pretation ( ! cont5t express$ 9 ! libretto1 b ( t ( becom+ g5]ally empty & trivial4 ,if sorr[1 joy1 ye>n+1 & s =? are to f9d adequate reflection 9 melody1 ! s\l t is actual & concrete only comes by su* emotions 9 ! d[nright reality ( ! same z involv$ 9 a v]itable cont5t1 t is1 9 p>ticul> situations1 ev5ts1 actions1 & s on4 ,if1 = example1 a song ar\ses ! emotion ( m\rn+1 ! lam5t at a loss1 we inevitably ask ourselves1 :at is ! nature ( t loss4 ,is x1 %all we say1 ! loss ( life ) all its _m int]e/s8 ,is x a loss ( y\?1 happ9ess1 wife1 belov$1 *ildr51 fri5ds1 or any?+ else8 ,= ?is reason x is fur!r incumb5t ^u music t x %\ld ( itself diff]5tiate 9 l mann] its mode ( expression :5 deal+ ) a specific cont5t & ! v>i\s relations & situations1 :i* ! s\l has exp]i5c$1 & ! m ideal or intimate life ( :i* x seeks to reflect 9 its h>monies4 ,music 9 %ort is n prim>ily conc]n$ ) ! b>e =m ( ! inw>d s\l1 b ) t inn]mo/ life z repl5i%$1 ! specific cont5t ( :i* is mo/ closely relat$ to ! p>ticul> "* ( ! emotion r\s$1 s t ! mode ( ! expression w1 or %\ld1 inevitably ass]t itself ) ess5tial diff]5ces1 accord+ to ! v>i$ nature ( ! cont5t4 ,9 a simil> way ! s\l1 precisely 9 ! degree t x takes a headlong plunge into any di/ract+ exp]i5ce1 proce$s ?r\gh an accumulat+ s]ies ( effects1 &1 9 opposition to our previ\sly describ$ /ate ( b5ign self-cont5tm5t1 passes ?r\gh conflicts & di/raction1 wre/l+s ) passions1 & 9 %ort rea*es an extreme ( division1 = :i* ! mode ( expression hi!rto obs]v$ is no long] adequate4 ,n[ :at we mean by ! detail ( ! cont5t is j t :i* is suppli$ by ! libretto or words4 ,9 ! case ( a simple melody1 :i* is less conc]n$ ) ?is specific "*1 ! m def9$ *>act]i/ics ( ! libretto are appreciably ( less importance4 ,a song1 = in/ance1 al?\gh x ess5tially implies z a poem & text a :ole ( v>i$ly motiv$ moods1 p]ceptions1 & ideas1 none ! less z a rule ass]ts ?r\gh\t "o fundam5tal progression ( emotion2 x is prim>ily "o *ord ( ! s\l t x emphasizes4 ,to grasp ?is1 & to reflect ! same 9 ! language ( music1 ?is is :at su* song-melody is ma9ly call$ ^u to d4 ,consequ5tly we may h id5tically ! same music ?r\gh all ! v]ses ( our poem1 al?\gh ! mean+ !y c>ry admits ( mu* v>iety2 & :at is m1 ?is v repetition1 s f> f prov+ injuri\s to ! effect1 may s]ve to en=ce & enhance x4 ,we may see ! same ?+ 9 a l&scape1 :]e1 too1 ! mo/ v>i$ objects confront ! vision1 & yet = all t ! prevail+ mood & aspect ( ,nature1 :i* animates ! :ole1 is "o & ! same4 ,x is j su* a prevail+ tone t ought to ass]t itself 9 ! song1 & ?is1 ?\gh x only applies /rictly to "s ( ! v]ses1 b does n s apply to o!rs2 & ! reason ( ?is is t "h ! specific s5se ( ! words is n to be tak5 z ( mo/ importance4 ,:at comes fir/ is ! simple melody t floats freely ov] all v>iety ( cont5t4 ,9 ! case ( _m compositions :i* infr+e ?is pr9ciple1 & :i* />t e fre% v]se ) a novel melody1 :i* n unfrequ5tly v>ies f ! prec$+ "o 9 beat1 rhy?m1 & ev5 scale1 x is q impossible to und]/& :y1 if su* ess5tial modifications 7 really inevitable1 ! poem itself ought n to h be5 alt]$ 9 metre1 rhy?m1 & rhyme1 ?r\gh all its v]ses4 77 ,:at is1 h[ev]1 appropriate = ! song1 :i* is a g5u9e melodi\s utt]ance ( ! s\l1 is n applicable to e k9d ( musical expression4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to draw att5tion to a fur!r aspect 9 contra/ to pure melody z su*1 "o ( equal importance1 & by virtue ( :i* alone song is really br\ght into l9e ) accompany+ music4 ,we f9d ?is 9 t mode ( expression :i* is dom9ant 9 ! recitative4 ,"h we h no indep5d5tly exclusive melody1 :i* at ! same "t reflects ! fundam5tal mood ( ! cont5t1 9 ! elaboration ( :i* s\l-life1 z at home ) itself1 receives back 9 musical s\nd "s portion ( its ideal activity2 r 9 ! case be=e u ! cont5t ( ! words1 to ! full compass ( its specific "*1 is impr9t$ ^u ! musical expression1 ! import ( :i* no less ?an ! c\rse x det]m9es2 & ?is is s :e!r we reg>d x f ! po9t ( view ( ! elevation or pr(undity :i* di/+ui%es x1 or ! prom95ce or subord9ation ( its p>ticul> features4 ,by su* means music1 z contra/$ ) melodic expression1 approximates to an emphatic declamation1 "o accurately correspond+ ) ! movem5t ( ! words1 :e!r ! view we take ( !m be t ( _! mean+1 or t ( _! syntactical arrangem5t4 ,& 9 s f> z x adds also1 z a novel elem5t1 ! aspect ( a m exalt$ emotion1 x /&s midway betwe5 ! pure melody & poetical spee*4 ,con=mably to su* a /ation1 !re=e1 we h a free acc5tuation1 :i* adh]es /r5u\sly to ! specific s5se ( p>ticul> words4 ,moreov] x is n necess>y = ! libretto 9 ?is case to be writt5 9 any p>ticul> metre1 nor ne$ ! musical exposition1 z ! pure melody does 9 a l case1 foll[ beat & rhy?m ) absolute precision2 r ! music "u ?is condition ( x1 t is 9 its accel]ation1 susp5sion1 or pause 9 p>ticul> progressions1 or rapid passage ov] su*1 is entitl$ to adapt itself freely to ! emotion ar\s$ by ! mean+ ( ! words4 ,= ! same reason ! modulation is n s re/rict$ z 9 ! case ( melody4 ,precisely z ! text :i* x attempts to express may sugge/1 x may beg91 proce$1 pause1 break (f1 beg9 aga91 or /op ) absolute lic5ce4 ,unexpect$ acc5ts1 progressions only p>tially m$iat$1 sudd5 transitions & resolutions are equally p]missible2 &1 9 direct contra/ to ! cont9u\s /ream ( melodi\s music1 provid$ always t ! libretto's cont5t requires x1 ?is latt] mode ( expression is equally 9 its place1 ?\gh deliv]$ 9 fragm5ts1 & torn asund] by passionate emotion4 77 ,be+ ( ?is "* ?is =m ( declamatory expression1 kn[n z recitative1 is suitable = tranquil /atem5t ( situation1 or facts1 no less ?an ! pres5tm5t ( ! entire compass ( ! emotions1 "u :i* ! di/raction ( ! s\l 9 exceptional circum/ances is depict$1 & :i* 9 its s\l-full h>monies /irs ! he>t sympa!tically ) its e movem5t4 ,! recitative is fir/ ma9ly applicable to ! oratorio1 ei!r z ! declam$ n>ration1 or ! m vivaci\s pres5tm5t ( in/antane\s occurr5ce2 or1 secondly1 we f9d x 9 dramatic song1 9 :i* case x c appropriately express e %ade ( p>5!tical /atem5t1 no less ?an e sort ( passion1 x matt]s n :e!r ! result be express$ 9 abrupt1 curtail$1 or fragm5t>y v>iation1 or ) aphori/ic viol5ce1 or 9 a dialogue ( rapid lightn+ fla%es & c\nt] fla%es1 or 9 a m cont9u\s /ream4 ,9 bo? ^! prov9ces ( epic or dramatic poetry1 we may add t in/rum5tal music is a possible accompanim5t4 ,its function 9 ei!r case is ei!r q simply to emphasize ! pauses 9 ! h>monic progression1 or to int]rupt ! c\rse ( melody ) incid5tal music1 :i*1 agreeably to ! g5]al import ( ! =m]1 depicts 9 musical language o!r aspects & movem5ts ( ! situation4 77 ,:at1 h[ev]1 we f9d defective 9 ?is declamatory recitative is j ! qualities :i* are ess5tially *>act]i/ic ( ! pure melody2 ^! are ! def9ite articulation & unification ( its p>ts1 ! expression ( t spiritual homog5eity or unity ( :i* we h spok51 t :i*1 x is true1 is conf9$ 9 a p>ticul> cont5t1 b at ! same "t ass]ts its own s5se ( unity 9 t cont5t1 be+ enabl$ to d ?is ?r\gh its refusal to be di/ract$ or brok5 up by its absorption 9 p>ticul> aspects ( x1 or r1 in/ead ( ?is1 /ill reta9+ 9 !m z pr$om9ant its ideal coalesc5ce4 ,= ?is reason ! art ( music _c re/ satisfi$1 ev5 :]e we are deal+ ) ! m %>ply def9$ features ( ! libretto propos$1 ) su* recitative ( declamation2 nor 9 g5]al c x rema9 cont5t ) ! unm$iat$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! pure melody1 :i*1 9 comp>ison ) x & z above expla9$1 floats ov] ! p>ticul>ity ( ! words1 & ! recitative1 ^: task x is s f> z possible to id5tify itself ) x4 ,on ! contr>y we mu/ look = "s mode ( m$iation betwe5 ^! extremes4 ,we may comp>e ) ?is new type ( unity a con/itu5t :i* ent]$ into our consid]ation ( ! di/9ction betwe5 h>mony & melody4 ,?is h>mony 0 ackn[l$g$ z be+ n m]ely ! g5]al1 b to a l ext5t ! ess5tially specific & p>ticul>iz$ f\ndation ( melody2 & f> f ! latt] be+ !reby depriv$ ( its fre$om ( movem5t1 we f\nd t x only ?us secur$ = ! same a p[] & def9ition comp>able to t ! human organism secures by virtue ( its consi/5t bone-/ructure1 :i* only imp$es inappropriate po/ures & movem5ts1 :ile x adds /ability & security to ! "r ones4 ,?is br+s u to ! f9al po9t ( view ( our discussion ( music z an accompanim5t4 77 ,?is ?ird mode ( expression consi/s 9 ?is t ! melodic song1 :i* accompanies words1 is also involv$ 9 _! p>ticul>iz$ sub/ance1 & !reby is n p]mitt$ to rema9 :olly indiff]5t to ! pr9ciple ( mo/ =ce 9 recitative2 r x appropriates ?is ) ! result t :ile x repairs its own defects 9 cle> def9ition1 x conf]s on ! *>act]i/ic recitative an organic articulation & a unifi$ self-consi/5cy4 ,=1 z already obs]v$1 ev5 t :i* is ?r\gh\t melody is impossible )\t a c]ta9 def9$ cont5t4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,i ma9ly emphasiz$ ! fact t 9 all & e mode ( x ! tranquil self-reflection ( ! s\l's own ess5tial sub/ance & ideal unity is ! mode ( expression peculi>ly t ( simple melody1 inasmu* z1 musically consid]$1 x pres5ts a simil> unity & a simil>ly complete return ^u itself1 ,i did s because ,i !n _h 9 view ?is aspect z ! di/9ctive po9t ( contra/ betwe5 ! pure melody & ! recitative4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 fur!r incumb5t on ! melodic phrase to br+ x ab\t t its mode come into actual possession ( t :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance appe>s necess>ily to h its movem5t outside x1 & by means ( ?is repl5i%m5t1 9 s f> z x !n is equally ( a declamatory or a melodic "*1 = ! fir/ "t atta9 to a truly concrete expression4 ,x foll[s also f ! conv]se po9t ( view t ! declamatory "p ( x is no long] indep5d5tly alo( f x1 b f9ds its own "o-sid$ness supplem5t$ 9 l mann] by ! accretion ( melodic expression4 ,?is is :at con/itutes ! necess>y condition ( su* concrete unity4 ,9 ord] to exam9e ?is m closely we _h bett] keep di/9ct ! foll[+ po9ts ( view4 ,fir/1 x w be z well to glance at ! k9d ( libretto1 or text1 :i* is adapt$ to musical composition1 & = ?is reason t x has be5 n[ prov$ t cle> def9ition 9 ! cont5t ( words adapt$ to music & its expression is ( ess5tial importance4 ,secondly1 we h n[ introduc$ z a fre% con/itu5t ( composition declamatory *>act]ization2 x w !re=e be necess>y to consid] ?is 9 its relation to ! pr9ciple1 :i* we1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 id5tifi$ z t ( melody4 ,?irdly1 we mu/ endeav\r to specify ! m prom95t modes "u :i* we may review ?is type ( musical expression4 77 ,music#dff is n m]ely 9 a g5]al way an accompanim5t ( ! cont5t ( a "w 9 a sph]e :i* already engages our att5tion1 b x is "p ( its function1 z already obs]v$1 to def9e /ill fur!r ! *>act]ization ( su* a "w4 ,x is consequ5tly an injuri\s assumption t ! con/ruction ( ! libretto is a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ! musical composition4 ,we f9d1 on ! contr>y1 t really di/+ui%$ musical compositions presuppose an excell5t libretto1 c>efully select$ by ! compos]s or actually writt5 by !m4 ,x is impossible t an arti/ %\ld treat ) indiff]5ce ! mat]ial ) :i* he is deal+ & a musician lea/ ( all1 precisely 9 ! degree t poetry has already work$ out & settl$ = him ! epic1 lyrical1 or dramatic configuration ( ! cont5t 9 "q4 ,:at is ( fir/ importance 9 ! con/ruction ( a good text is ?is t its cont5t %\ld be /amp$ by ess5tial self-consi/5cy4#dfg ,x is impossible t music %\ld conjure =? an arti/ic product ( real /r5g? & p5etration f :at is commonplace1 trivial1 b>r51 or absurd4 ,) all ! spices & season+s 9 ! _w y\r musical *ef w nev] make a h>e pie out ( a roa/$ cat4 ,9 ! case ( song compositions no d\bt ! nature ( ! words is less decisive1 yet ev5 "h we require words ) a really g5u9e cont5t4 ,f a fur!r po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 x is equally necess>y t su* a cont5t %\ld n tax our reflection too mu*1 or aspire to philosophical pr(undity1 z is r ! case ) ! lyrics ( ,s*ill]4 ,9 su* an example ! extraord9>y range ( pa?os exce$s ! musical expression ( lyrical emotion4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( ! *oruses ( ,aes*ylus & ,sophocles4 ,! p5etrative p[] "h display$ 9 imag9ative conception is s exceptional1 !y are s elaborate 9 _! detail :e!r reg>d$ 9 _! sc5ic or ideal pres5tm5t1 !y are already s absolutely complete z poetry t we h no?+ left = music to add to !m#dfh4 ,we h lit]ally no room left u = any fur!r play or exposition ( ideal significance or movem5t beyond t already pres5t$4 ,! m mod]n mat]ial & mode ( treatm5t we f9d 9 ! s-call$ romantic poetry are 9 _! type ! /ronge/ contra/ to ^!4 ,_! pret5sion1 z a rule1 is t ( be+ naive & popul>2 b we only too frequ5tly f9d a navet :i* is f9ical1 artificial1 & /ilt$4 ,in/ead ( pure & g5u9e emotions we get a simplicitas t is no?+ b feel+ work$ ^u & act+ "u ! con/ra9t ( reflection2 a false k9d ( ye>n+ & affectation1 :i* is f> too complaisant ) dulness1 /upidity1 & vulg>ity1 & is equally bl9d to ! defects ( passions1 envy1 lic5ce1 & ev5 devili% wick$ness :olly )\t ideal cont5t2 :i* is1 moreov]1 z self-satisfi$ ) its assum$ excell5ce 9 ! "o case z x is ) ! dissolution & bas5ess ( ! o!r4 ,emotion t is spontane\s1 simple1 ?or\gh1 p5etrative1 is "h entirely abs5t1 & music1 9 any attempt to reproduce x1 c suff] no great] injury4 ,we may !re=e accept ! fact t nei!r m]e dep? ( ?\ght1 nor ! vanity or wor?lessness ( m]e emotion c give u a satisfactory cont5t4 ,on ! contr>y :at is mo/ adapt$ = music is a c]ta9 int]m$iate type ( poetry1 :i* we ,g]mans are lo? ev5 to admit z poetry1 & ! true feel+ & tal5t = :i* is m l>gely possess$ by ,italians & ,fr5*m54 ,x is a poetry ( a g5u9e lyrical quality1 extremely simple1 :i* indicates situations & emotions 9 a few words4 ,:]e x is m dramatic x rema9s lum9\s & vital )\t too involv$ a developm5t2 detail is n s mu* elaborat$1 b x is r1 z a rule1 conc]n$ to supply g5]al effects1 ?an ! completely articulate results ( a poet's activity4 ,we f9d "h t ! compos] receives1 9 accordance ) 8 dem&1 m]ely ! g5]al f\ndation1 ^u :i* he c1 9 subord9ation to 8 own inv5tion1 & 8 own ?re%+ out ( motives ( e k9d1 erect 8 build+1 treat+ _m aspects ( ! subject z "p ( 8 own life & movem5t4 ,= inasmu* z music has to adapt itself to words1 ^! words %\ld n p>ticul>ize ! picture too closely2 if !y d ! musical declamation becomes absorb$ 9 trifles1 lack+ 9 a common impulse1 too contract$ 9 ! direction ( p>ticul> features1 & ! unity & g5]al effect is impair$4 ,9 ?is direction p are only too frequ5tly at fault :5 express+ an op9ion ^u ! excell5ce or insuffici5cy ( a libretto4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ common v]dicts1 = example1 t ! libretto ( ! ,magic ,flute is hopelessly bad1 ?\gh ?is piece ( manufacture is nev]!less among ! be/ ( op]a librettos4 ,among ! _m wildly fanta/ic & commonplace productions ( 8 p5 ,s*ickan$] has 9 ?is = once hit ! "r track4 ,! empire ( ,night1 ) its que51 ! empire ( ! ,sun1 ^! my/]ies1 ^! initiations1 ?is ,wisdom1 ,love1 ^! ordeals1 & ) x all ?is typically _w-wise e?ic1 excell5t 9 ! bread? ( its applicability--all ?is :5 comb9$ ) ! dep?1 ! bewit*+ lovel9ess & s\l ( ! music exp&s & floods our imag9ation1 & w>ms ! he>t4 ,to m5tion fur!r examples1 ! old ,lat9 texts ( great masses & o!r s]vices are unrivall$ = religi\s music4 ,?is is 9 "p due to ! fact t !y set be=e u 9 ! greate/ simplicity & brevity ! mo/ g5]al cont5t ( religi\s fai?1 9 "p also to ?is t !y pres5t 9 ! same _s ! v>i$ /ages ( emotion t accompany ! sub/ance ( ?is 9 ! consci\sness ( ! community ( ! fai?ful1 & by do+ bo? (f] ! musician a wide field = 8 own p>ticul> developm5t4 ,! great ,requiem & _m selections f ! ,psalms are equally s]viceable4 ,9 a simil> way ,h&el weld$ 8 texts1 p>tly f religi\s dogmas !mselves1 b1 above all1 f scriptural passages & situations ( symbolical import1 into a completely consi/5t :ole4 ,9 ! field ( lyrical poetry ! m suitable = ?is purpose are ! emotional & %ort] poems1 9 p>ticul> ! simple ones1 9 cont5t no less ?an spee*1 /eep$ 9 emotion1 :i* p5etrate into "o prevail+ mood or affection1 or ^? too ( light] & m gay "*4 ,!re is h>dly a nation t does n possess su*4 ,9 ! sph]e ( drama ,i w only m5tion ,meta/asio1 & ) him ,m>montel ! ,fr5*man1 :o1 himself ri*ly emotional1 cultur$1 & lovable1 in/ruct$ ,picc9i 9 ,fr5*1 & knew s wisely h[ to comb9e 9 ! drama grace & vivacity ) ! skill & int]e/ ( ! action & developm5t4 ,b be=e all else we %all d well to emphasize ! libretti ( ! fam\s op]as ( ,glck4 ,)\t exception we %all f9d _! motives simple4 ,! cont5t !y (f] to ! emotions is 9 a sph]e ! mo/ /]l+ ( all1 depict+ z !y d ! love ( "m1 wife1 si/]1 fri5d%ip1 hon\r1 & s =?1 & p]mitt+ ^! simple motives & ! =m ( _! ess5tial collisions to unfold 9 an atmosph]e ( tranquillity4 ,& = ?is reason ! passion !y disclose is ?r\gh\t pure1 great1 noble1 & ( pla/ic simplicity4 77 ,x is1 !n1 ! function ( music1 by ! *>act]ization ( its expression no less ?an its weal? ( pure melody1 fitt+ly to reproduce a cont5t ( ! above nature4 ,& t we may obta9 su* a result x is n m]ely necess>y t ! text conta9 9 itself e>ne/ness ( he>t1 ! comic & tragic greatness ( human passion1 ! dep? ( religi\s idea & emotion1 ! p[]s & fatalities t ! human brea/ discloses1 ! compos] also on 8 "p mu/ be absorb$ :olly 9 ! composition1 & mu/ h liv$ 9 & ?r\gh x he>t & s\l4 ,:at is equally important is ! relation "u :i* :at is *>act]i/ic & melodi\s 9 su* music is on ei!r h& associat$4 ,! ma9 po9t appe>s to be1 t z betwe5 !m x is ! melodic expression :i* )\t exception1 z ! factor ( syn!tic unity1 :i* ga9s ! day1 r ?an t :i* t5ds to di/ract & break up ! :ole into p>ticul> *>act]ization4 ,to take an example ( ! latt] case f mod]n dramatic music1 ! effect (t5 s\ght = "h is "o ( p[]ful contra/s1 & ?is is br\ght ab\t by =c+ into "o cont9u\s /ream ( music1 "u ! conditions ( conflict p]mitt$ to ! art1 contra/$ passions4 ,we h1 x may be1 express$ = u jollity1 m>riage1 & fe/ive associations1 int]m+l$ ) :i* we may h hate1 rev5ge1 ho/ility1 s t = result we are pres5t$ a f9e upro> 9 :i* joviality1 delight1 dance-music1 passionate scold+1 & ! v extremes ( di/raction are all involv$4 ,b contra/s ( int]rupt$ life su* z ^! are1 & :i* tumble u f "o side to ano!r1 )\t any pr9ciple ( union1 are oppos$ to h>moni\s beauty precisely 9 ! degree t ! po9t ( opposition 9 su* *>act]ization is acutely emphasiz$1 & any return ( ! melody to a real self-repose & self-enjoym5t is out ( ! "q4 ,& 9 g5]al ! union ( ! melodic & *>act]i/ic features ( su* music readily incurs ! risk ( ov]/epp+ ! f9ely drawn b\nd>ies ( musical beauty1 m especially :5 ! int5tion is to express =ce1 selfi%ness1 evil1 impetuosity1 & o!r extremes ( exclusive passion ( a simil> nature4 ,! mom5t t music is involv$ 9 its ab/ract task ( su* *>act]i/ic limitation x c h>dly avoid mak+ = *aos1 becom+1 t is to say1 m acute1 unpliable1 &1 9 fact1 ?or\ghly unmelodi\s & unmusical1 to ! ext5t ev5 ( %e] misuse ( discord4 ,a simil> result w be f\nd if we look at ! diff]5t features ( *>act]ization g5]ally4 ,i mean t if ^! are /rongly emphasiz$ 9 _! indep5d5t =m ! connection betwe5 !mselves & o!r traits is readily weak5$ & _! self-subsi/5cy 9 repose is at once evid5t3 b 9 musical exposition our difficulty is1 we h an ess5tial movem5t ?r\gh\t1 & x is 9 ?is progression t we are =c$ to look = ! relation ( /ability2 ?is be+ s ! isolation ( effect _c fail to act injuri\sly on ! fl[ & unity ( ! music4 ,g5u9e beauty 9 music consi/s1 "u ! aspect n[ be+ discuss$1 9 ?is1 t :ile !re is no d\bt a movem5t t[>ds *>act]ization out ( t :i* is simply melodic1 yet )9 ! sph]e ( ?is m def9$ articulation#dfi1 ! melodic aspect is /ill ma9ta9$ z ! su/a9+ s\l & unity1 mu* z we f9d 9 :at is mo/ *>act]i/ic 9 ! pa9t+s ( ,raphael ! fundam5tal tone ( beauty is ?r\gh\t cons]v$4 ,melody is !n n )\t def9ite significance1 b 9 all su* def9ition betrays a coalesc+ & suffus+ pr9ciple ( life1 & m *>act]i/ic detail pres5ts itself m]ely z ! emphasiz$ prom95ce ( c]ta9 aspects1 :i* are none ! less always & ess5tially fus$ aga9 9 ?is m$ium ( unity & animation4 ,to hit (f ! j mean 9 ?is respect is1 h[ev]1 a m difficult task = music ?an ! o!r arts1 = ! reason t music surr5d]s itself m readily to su* antagoni/ic modes ( expression4 ,= ?is reason criticism ov] musical composition is almo/ always divid$ into two camps4 ,! "o atta*es mo/ importance to ! melodic /ructure1 ! o!r pref]s fur!r advance 9 *>act]ization4 ,h&el1 = example1 :o frequ5tly 9 8 op]as insi/$ on hav+ c]ta9 lyrical episodes emphasiz$ acutely1 _h to face _m a tussle on ?is head ) ,italian s+]s1 & 0 f9ally compell$1 :5 ! public rang$ itself on ! side ( ! ,italians1 to conf9e himself :olly to ! composition ( oratorios1 9 :i* field 8 g5ius pre-em95tly ass]t$ itself4 ,9 ! "t ( ,glck also ! long & vehem5t controv]sy betwe5 ! support]s ( ,glck & ,picc9i is fam\s4 ,r\sseau also 9 8 turn insi/$ on ! sup]iority ( ! m melodi\s ,italian music z comp>$ ) ! defici5cy 9 ?is respect ( ! e>li] ,fr5* compos]s4 ,we h 9 our own days ! same old controv]sy wag$ = or aga9/ ,ross9i & ! m mod]n ,italian s*ool4 ,! oppon5ts ( ! =m] condemn 8 music z if x 7 s mu* empty e>-tickl+2 if we1 h[ev]1 assimilate 8 melodies m g5]\sly we %all f9d t !re is mu* 9 ?is music ( real feel+ & g5ius2 x is n )\t a real message to our faculties1 al?\gh x does n make any claim to ! *>act]i/ic effects1 :i* are m especially de> to our sev]e ,g]man musical s5se4 ,& inde$ x mu/ be admitt$ t only too (t5 ,ross9i says good-bye to 8 libretto1 & gives free v5t to 8 melodies1 precisely z 8 mood dictates1 s t we h no?+ left u b ! alt]native ei!r to /ick to ! subject-matt] & grumble ov] ! music t is indiff]5t to x1 or ab&on ! =m] & take our he>ty delight 9 ! inspir$ irrelevances ( ! compos] & ! s\l :i* !y reveal#dgj4 77 ,i w n[ 9 conclusion briefly summ>ize ! mo/ notable =ms ( music reg>d$ z accompanim5t4 ,fir/1 9 ! ord] ( our classification we may m5tion ecclesia/ical music4 ,music ( ?is type1 9 s f> z x is n conc]n$ ) ! p]sonal emotion ( individuals1 b ) ! sub/antive cont5t ( emotion 9 its wide/ compass1 or %all we say ! univ]sal emotion ( ! community view$ collectively1 is 9 a l>ge measure ?r\gh\t ( epical consi/5cy1 ev5 ?\gh x in/ructs u 9 no ev5ts 9 s _m words4 ,h[ an arti/ic conception is able to be epical 9 significance1 ?\gh we h 9 x no n>rative ( ev5t1 we %all endeav\r to expla9 at a lat] /age :5 we come to deal m closely ) epic poetry4 ,?is fundam5tally religi\s music is among ! pr(\nde/ & mo/ impressive creations t ,art c br+ into be+ 9 any sph]e :atev]4 ,its true position1 9 s f>1 t is1 z x is associat$ ) ! sac]dotal petition = ! community1 we f9d 9 ! cult ( ,roman ,ca?olicism1 conjo9t ) ! ,mass1 & m g5]ally z a means ( musical devotion att5dant to ! mo/ v>i$ ecclesia/ical functions & fe/ivals4 ,prote/ants c also boa/ ( musicians ( ! pr(\nde/ gifts n m]ely z religi\s m51 b also 9 ! /]l+ "* & opul5ce ( _! imag9ative res\rce or executive ability4 ,seba/ian ,ba* "h /&s be=e u z ! ma/] ( ma/]s4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 our own day we h be5 taught to appreciate at some?+ l its value ! great g5ius ( ?is man1 8 truly prote/ant1 robu/ temp]1 & )al 8 pr(\nd erudition4 ,( fir/ importance we may obs]ve 9 ?is connection1 & 9 contra/ to ! direction foll[$ by ! music ( ,ca?olicism1 ! em]g5ce 9 complete =m ( ! oratorio1 9 ! fir/ in/ance out ( ! ,passion music4 ,n[adays1 ( c\rse1 music = ,prote/antism is no long] s closely associat$ ) ! cult ( religion1 nor s ess5tially a "p ( its s]vices2 & inde$ x is (t5 m a matt] ( ex]cise 9 musical s*ol>%ip ?an a really vital creation4 ,second 9 ord] we h lyrical music1 :i* expresses 9 melody isolat$ moods1 & = ! mo/ "p %\ld be disjo9$ f ! :olly *>act]i/ic or declamatory mode1 al?\gh x may rightly und]take to comb9e ) its expression ! specific cont5t ( ! words illu/rat$1 :e!r _! import be religi\s or o!rwise4 ,tempe/u\s passions1 h[ev]1 :i* nei!r issue 9 repose or f9ality1 ! unresolv$ division ( ! he>t1 emotional di/raction de/itute ( all relief1 su* exp]i5ces are m suitably reproduc$ z an integral "p ( dramatic music2 !y are out ( place 9 ! h>moni\s consi/5cy ( ! lyrical mode4 ,?is dramatic =m is !n our ?ird & f9al division4 ,! trag$y ( ! anci5ts 0 associat$ ) music2 b ?is aspect 0 n emphasiz$1 & = ?is reason t 9 truly poetical works prec$5ce mu/ necess>ily be giv5 to human spee* & ! poet's own exposition ( ideas & emotion2 ! only way music c\ld 9 ^! times assi/--:i* 9 its h>monic & melodic expression _h n z yet rea*$ t ( a subsequ5t ,*ri/ian era--0 ma9ly f ! rhy?mical po9t ( view by height5+ ) increas$ animation ! musical s\nd ( ! poetical language1 & !reby br++ ! same m home to ! he>t4 ,dramatic music1 h[ev]1 receives a really indep5d5t position :5 once ! =m ( *ur* music is ess5tially complete1 & 9 lyrical expression "s degree ( p]fection has be5 atta9$4 ,we f9d ?is 9 our mod]n op]as & op]ettas4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t f ! po9t ( view ( song ! op]etta is a half-way h\se ( less importance1 "o :i* mixes toge!r ) no vital connection spee* & song1 :at is musical & unmusical1 ! language ( prose & t ( melody4 ,x is a common objection no d\bt t song 9 ! drama is )\t exception unnatural4 ,su* an objection _c be press$1 & w\ld be f> less op5 to argum5t z aga9/ ! op]a1 9 :i* f ! fir/ l9e to ! la/ e idea1 emotion1 passion1 & resolve is accompani$ by & express$ 9 song4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is r ! op]etta :i* /ill requires ju/ification 9 s f> z x introduces music 9 :i* we h a m animat$ pres5tm5t ( ! emotions & passions1 or ! latt] are adapt$ = su* pres5tm5t1 :ile 9 ! juxtaposition ( a confus$ melody ( prosaic dialogue ) ^! arti/ically treat$ int]ludes ( song we h :at is a p]petual emb>rassm5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! emancipation ( art is incomplete4 ,9 g5u9e op]a1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! action ?r\gh\t receives its musical analogue1 we are once & = all transport$ into an ideal _w ( art1 ! atmosph]e ( :i* is ?r\gh\t ! "w ma9ta9$ 9 s f> z ! music accepts = its fundam5tal cont5t ! ideal aspects ( emotional /ress1 ! p>ticul> phases ( su* 9 specific situations1 & ! conflicts ( passion1 t x may1 by virtue ( ! m complete effects ( its expression1 add ! f9al emphasis !y w\ld o!rwise h lo/4 ,conv]sely 9 ! vaudeville1 :]e airs already popul> & well kn[n are set to ! m po9t$ & arre/+ rhymes1 s++ is m]ely a self-impos$ k9d ( irony4 ,! fact t !re is s++ at all is int5d$ to be tak5 r z p>ody or amusem5t3 "h ! ma9 po9t is ! mean+ ( ! text & its fun1 & ! s++ has no soon] ceas$ ?an we laugh t x %\ld ev] h comm5c$4 7b7 ,indep5d5t ,music ,we may comp>e melody1 z an ess5tially self-conta9$ & self-support$ :ole1 to pla/ic sculpture2 9 ! m detail$ *>act]ization ( pa9t+ we %all f9d an analog\s type to t ( musical declamation4 ,& inasmu* z 9 ! latt] case we h an aggregate ( specific diff]5tia unfold$ su* z ! m simple movem5t ( ! human voice is unable 9 all its v>iety to express1 ! m all ^! _m aspects ( life ent] into ! movem5t ( ! music1 to t ext5t in/rum5tal music is a necess>y accompanim5t4 ,9 addition to ?is1 z a f>!r po9t ( view1 :e!r 9 its relation to ! music t accompanies a libretto1 or ! *>act]i/ic expression ( ! words1 we h to recognize 9 its fre$om a cont5t ( def9ite ideas1 :i* is1 z transmitt$1 :olly indep5d5t ( musical s\nd4 ,n[ :at con/itutes ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( music is ! ideality ( ! s\l-life4 ,b ?is inn]mo/1 or ideality ( ! concrete self is ! subjective /ate 9 its b>e simplicity1 t is1 z def9$ by no assur$ cont5t1 & = ?is reason n =c$ into motion ei!r "o way or ano!r1 b repos+ on its unity 9 unfett]$ fre$om4 ,& if ?is subjective pr9ciple is to come entirely to its own 9 music also x mu/ rid itself ( a traditional text1 & 9 all purity1 out ( its own res\rces1 ma/] its cont5t1 ! movem5t & ! k9d ( expression1 ! unity & developm5t ( its creation1 ! c>ry+ out ( a ma9 conception1 no less ?an all episodical or incid5tal matt]2 & 9 do+ ?is1 = ! reason t ! significance ( ! :ole is n express$ 9 language1 x mu/ re/rict its means to ^? exclusively ( musical value4 ,& ?is is :at does take place 9 ! sph]e ,i h already describ$ z indep5d5t music4 ,music1 z an accompanim5t1 possesses t :i* x und]takes to express outside its own doma92 to ?is ext5t x is associat$ 9 its expression ) t :i* does n belong to x z music1 b to an ali5 art1 poetry4 ,if music is to be no?+ b music simply1 x mu/ dis5gage itself f ?is factor1 :i* x has only borr[$ else:]e1 deta* itself absolutely f ! def9ite sub/ance ( language4 ,?us alone x becomes entirely free4 ,& ?is is ! po9t we h n[ to exam9e m closely4 ,we h already notic$ ! beg9n+s ( su* an emancipation )9 ! limits ( music z an accompanim5t4 ,= ?\gh x is true t 9 "p "h music 0 compell$ by ! =ce ( poetical language to be subs]vi5t1 yet also 9 "p x ei!r mov$ 9 b5ign repose ov] ! m limit$ *>act]ization ( ! words or remov$ itself entirely f ! significance ( ideas !re9 express$1 to expatiate ( its free w 9 ! musical language ( joy or sorr[4 ,! same result is app>5t 9 its effect on an audi5ce1 ! public z we say1 & m especially 9 its attitude to ! music ( drama4 ,9 o!r words1 an op]a has _m con/itu5ts4 ,we h ! local condition1 l&scape & ! re/1 or ! movem5t ( ! action1 or incid5tal episodes & pageants4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view we are confront$ ) human passions & _! expression4 ,9 %ort1 !re is a tw(old cont5t--namely1 ! ext]nal action & ! s\l-emotion t corresponds4 ,if we take ! action simply we %all f9d t1 ?\gh x is t 9 :i* all ! p>ts coh]e1 yet reg>d$ m]ely 9 its movem5t =w>d x is less adapt$ to musical expression & ma9ly elaborat$ 9 recitative4 ,) a cont5t ( ?is nature an audi5ce is n s arre/$2 its att5tion is p>ticul>ly liable to w&] (f f ! dialogue ( recitation1 & to fix itself ^u ! portion ( ! "w t is really musical & melodi\s4 ,we h an exceptional illu/ration ( ?is--,i h already adv]t$ to ! fact--9 our mod]n ,italian op]a1 :i* is f ! fir/ made to fall 9 ) ! cu/om ( ! audi5ce to engage 9 conv]sation1 or o!r ways ( enjoy+ itself1 dur+ ! *att] or trivialities ( ! musical dialogue1 & :i* only returns to t "p ( ! music :i* is truly music1 ) ! full measure ( sympa!tic att5tion1 enjoym5t1 & delight4 ,9 ?is case we f9d1 !n1 t compos]1 no less ?an audi5ce1 b>ely fall %ort ( bidd+ good-bye to ! libretto's sub/ance altoge!r1 & ( treat+ music = ! purposes ( enjoym5t z an absolutely indep5d5t art4 77 ,! true prov9ce ( su* indep5d5ce is1 h[ev]1 n ! accompanim5t ( vocal music und5iably condition$ by a text1 b in/rum5tal music simply4 ,z already obs]v$1 ! human voice is ! appropriate musical expression ( man's inn] life 9 its entirety1 a life also express$ 9 ideas & words1 :i* !re=e discov]s 9 its own voice & song its di/9ctive organ1 s (t5 z x seeks to express & recov] ?is inn] _w ( its ideas p]meat$ ?r\gh\t ) ! conc5trat$ int5sity ( emotion4 ,9 ! case ( in/rum5ts tak5 by !mselves1 h[ev]1 ?is basis ( an associat$ text ( words disappe>s2 "h we f9d an op5+ = ! empire ( a music t is conf9$ /rictly to its own unassi/$ p[]s4 77 ,su* a music ( p>ticul> in/rum5ts pres5t$ u 9 qu>tets1 qu9tets1 sextets1 symphonies & ! l1 )\t text or vocal music1 rema9s unrelat$ to any movem5t ( ideas indep5d5tly ass]t$1 & is = ?is v reason compell$ to h rec\rse to emotions ( a m indef9ite "*1 emotions :i* 9 su* music c only be express$ 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,! aspect ( importance "h1 9 %ort1 is ! v>i$ motion ( ! music simply1 ! ups & d[ns ( ! h>mony or melody1 ! /ream ( s\nd ?r\gh its degrees ( opposition1 prepond]ance1 emphasis1 acut5ess or vivacity1 ! elaboration ( a melodic phrase 9 e respect t is suitable to ! means ( musical art1 ! musician-l fusion ( all ! in/rum5ts z "o ensemble ( tone1 or 9 _! succession1 alt]nation1 & emphatic display ( !mselves & ea* o!r4 ,x is 9 ?is sph]e pre-em95tly t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ord9>y p]son & ! exp]t ( music ass]ts itself4 ,! ord9>y man likes be/ 9 music an expression ( emotion & ideas t is at once intelligible1 t :]e( ! cont5t is obvi\s2 8 pr$ilection is consequ5tly = music "u ! mode ( an accompanim5t4 ,! connoisseur1 on ! contr>y1 :o is able to foll[ ! relation ( musical s\nds & in/rum5ts z composition1 enjoys ! arti/ic result ( h>moni\s modulation1 & its int]wov5 melodies & transitions on its own m]its4 ,he is entirely absorb$ by ?is alone1 & is int]e/$ 9 comp>+ ! detail to :i* he li/5s ) ! rules & pr9ciples he is fully able to apply to x1 9 ord] ?us to foll[ ! p]=mance ) judgm5t & delight1 al?\gh ev5 9 8 case x frequ5tly happ5s t our mod]n type ( virtuosity1 ) v>iations 9 tempo or o!r nuances = :i* our connoisseur is unprep>$1 w p]plex him n a little4 ,a complete satisfaction ( ?is k9d comes r>ely to ! m]e amateur4 ,he is seiz$ ) ! va9 desire to ma/] ?is app>5tly phantomnal process ( music1 to discov] arre/+ po9ts = 8 att5tion 9 ! musical developm5t1 & g5]ally m def9ite ideas & a m detail$ cont5t 9 ! volume ( s\nd t invades him4 ,9 ?is respect he seeks to atta* to music a symbolical significance1 yet c f9d 9 ! same little beyond my/]i\s problems t vani% 9 ! mom5t !y are prop\nd$1 :i* baffle 8 p[]s ( solution & 9 g5]al are capable ( a v>iety ( int]pretations4 ,! compos] is able1 x is true1 on 8 "p to associate ) 8 "w a def9ite significance1 a cont5t ( specific ideas & emotions1 :i* are express$ articulately 9 movem5t t excludes all else2 conv]sely he c1 9 complete indiff]5ce to su* a s*eme1 devote himself to musical /ructure simply & ! ass]tion ( 8 g5ius 9 su* ar*itectonic4 ,composition1 h[ev]1 ( ?is "* readily t5ds to become defective bo? 9 ! range ( its conception & emotional quality1 & z a rule does n imply any pr(\nd cultivation ( m9d or ta/e 9 o!r respects4 ,& by reason ( ! fact t su* a cont5t is n necess>y1 x frequ5tly happ5s t ! gift ( musical composition n m]ely w %[ consid]able developm5t 9 v e>ly age1 b compos]s ( em95ce rema9 _! life long m5 ( ! poore/ & mo/ impov]i%$ intellectual faculty 9 o!r directions4 ,m p5etration ( "* may be assum$ :]e ! compos] ev5 9 in/rum5tal music is equally att5tive to bo? aspects ( composition2 9 o!r words1 ! expression ( a cont5t1 if necess>ily less def9$ ?an 9 our previ\s mode1 no less ?an its musical /ructure1 by :i* means x w be 9 8 p[] at "o "t to emphasize ! melody1 at ano!r ! dep? & col\r ( ! h>mony1 or f9ally to fuse ea* ) ! o!r4 77 ,we h ?r\gh\t posit$ subjectivity 9 its uncon/ra9$ pres5tm5t )9 ! limits ( music z ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ?is type ( composition4 ,?is indep5d5ce ( a cont5t already propos$ to x f an ali5 s\rce w1 h[ev]1 m or less ass]t itself 9 opposition to m]e caprice1 ?\gh ! re/rictions "u :i* x admits x are n def9$ rigor\sly4 ,=1 albeit ?is type ( composition has its own rules & modes1 ! au?ority ( :i* no m]e :im or fancy c reject1 yet !y are regulations :i* only affect ! broad] aspects ( music2 9 actual detail !re is no end to ! opportunity :i* ! inn] cont5t ( s\l-life#dga1 provid$ x once accepts ! b\nd>ies fix$ by ! ess5tial conditions ( musical composition1 may discov] = its o!rwise free expatiation & exposition4 ,&1 9 fact1 z a result ( ! elaboration ( modes cong5ial to ?is type1 ! caprice ( individual compos]s ass]ts1 9 contra/ to ! /eady advance ( purely melodic expression & music 9 association ) a def9ite text1 a practically unre/ra9$ ma/]y 9 e sort ( conceit1 caprice1 int]lude1 inspirit+ droll]y1 />tl+ susp5sion1 rapid transition1 lightn+ fla%es1 extraord9>y surprises & effects4 7c7 ,! ,arti/ z ,executant ,9 sculpture & pa9t+ we h a "w ( art pres5t$ u z an ext]nal & indep5d5t result ( arti/ic activity2 we d n reg>d ?is activity itself z ! actual creation ( life#dgb4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y to ! pres5tation ( a musical "w ( art t we %\ld h an executant musician 9 co-op]ation1 j z 9 dramatic poetry we h ! repres5tative pres5ce ( liv+ manhood z an ess5tial factor 9 ?is type ( art's realization4 ,we h1 !n1 review$ musical composition "u ! two aspects1 t is to say1 9 s f> z x s\ght to con=m ) a specific cont5t1 or /ruck out on its own free pa? ( indep5d5ce4 ,we may n[ 9 ! same way di/+ui% betwe5 two ma9 types ( purely executive art4 ,! "o is :olly absorb$ 9 ! "w ( art on h&1 & makes no attempt to reproduce any?+ ov] & beyond ?is4 ,! o!r1 on ! contr>y1 is n simply reproductive2 x actually creates expression1 deliv]y1 9 %ort ! ess5tial animation ( ! "w1 n m]ely f ! composition z compos$1 b pr$om9antly f its own res\rces4 77 ,9 ! case ( ! epic poem1 :]e9 ! poet seeks to unfold an objective _w ( ev5t & modes ( action1 ! rhapsodi/1 :o recites x1 has no occasion to d any?+ fur!r ?an :olly )draw ! expression ( 8 own p]sonality 9 ! pres5ce ( ! exploits & ev5ts he br+s home to u4 ,! m res]v$ he is 9 ?is respect ! bett]2 inde$ su* recitation is n incompatible ) a monoton$ & unemphasiz$ deliv]y4 ,:at is effective "h is ! fact ( ! poem1 ! poetical execution1 ! n>rative itself1 n its realization 9 voice & spee*4 ,?is illu/ration w sugge/ to u ! rationale = our fir/ type ( musical reproduction4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! composition is 9 a simil> way ( a g5u9e objective quality1 9 ! s5se t ! compos] has simply translat$ 8 subject-matt]1 or ! emotion t is absorb$ ) x1 into musical language1 ! arti/ic reproduction %\ld reta9 ! same objective "*4 ,x is n m]ely true t "h !re is no reason = ! executant to import into x 8 idiosyncrasies2 by do+ s he necess>ily impairs ! true arti/ic effect4 ,he mu/ subord9ate himself entirely to ! "* ( ! "w1 & prescribe to himself simply ?is attitude ( att5tion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he mu/ n1 z is too frequ5tly ! case1 confuse su* an attitude ) t ( ! purely s]vile artisan1 & l[] himself to ! level ( an organ-gr9d]4 ,if su* execution is to reta9 any arti/ic claim ! arti/ is b\nd to avoid leav+ ! impression ( a musical automaton1 :i* m]ely repeats its prescrib$ lesson me*anically1 & in/ead to animate ! entire "w ) ! he>t & s\l ( ! compos] himself4 ,! virtuosity ( su* a vital reproduction is re/rict$1 h[ev]1 to ! j elucidation ( ! te*nical difficulties pres5t$ by ! "w1 & 9 do+ s ! object w be n m]ely to cov] any appe>ance ( triumph ov] an exact+ task1 b to portray ! free/ movem5t "u su* conditions1 &1 9 s f> z sup]ior arti/ic end[m5t & exp]i5ce c 9 ! p>ticul> case manage to d s1 atta9 9 ! reproduction to ! spiritual altitude ( ! compos] & reflect ! same 9 actual p]=mance4 77 ,x is ano!r matt] :5 we come to deal ) works ( art1 9 :i* p]sonal idiosyncrasy & caprice are ev5 by ! compos] himself features br\ght into prom95ce1 & :]e g5]ally we f9d ! traces ( su* a cle>ly objective quality 9 expression1 ! treatm5t ( ! h>monic or *>act]i/ic developm5t less pron\nc$4 ,9 su* a case ! bravura ( virtuosity is1 x is our fir/ di/9ction1 q admissible2 & ov] & above ?is executive ability is n only limit$ to ! reproduction ( ! actual score1 b may consid]ably amplify2 an arti/ w himself add to ! composition 9 8 deliv]y1 supplem5t defects1 add sub/ance to :at is comp>atively sup]ficial1 import into p>ts a new life1 & 9 do+ s ass]t indep5d5t judgm5t & inv5tion4 ,9 ! ,italian op]a1 = example1 mu* is always left to ! s+]'s discretion2 9 p>ticul> :]e we h embelli%m5ts a m lib]al opportunity ( display is grant$1 & 9 s f> z ! exposition ( s\nd is fur!r remov$ f ! m]e int]pretation ( ! libretto1 ! execution 9 its indep5d5ce becomes a m spontane\s fl[ ( melody1 9 :i* ! s\l ( ! s+] is p]mitt$ to enjoy itself & exult 9 its own free rapture4 ,:5 !re=e x is object$ t ,ross9i = "o has made ! s+]'s task too easy1 ! /ricture is only 9 "p ju/ifi$4 ,! difficulty is none ! less !re1 only he frequ5tly leaves x to ! tra9$ intellig5ce ( ! executant to "w x out = himself4 ,if 9 ! result we are consci\s ( ! coop]ation ( g5ius1 ! "w z ?us reproduc$ makes an exceptionally fav\rable impression4 ,we h n m]ely a "w ( art reproduc$1 b we are consci\s at ! same "t ( actual musical creation4 ,9 ?is v pres5t realization ( life ! ext]nal conditions ( arti/ic reproduction disappe>1 su* z place1 opportunity1 ! local associations ( a div9e s]vice1 ! cont5t & int5t ( a dramatical situation2 we h no fur!r ne$ =1 nor d we desire any text1 we h left u simply ! unspecializ$ impulse ( emotion1 9 ! elem5t ( :i* ! s\l ( ! arti/ c surr5d] itself )\t let or h9drance to its own rapture1 display+ !reby inv5tive g5ius1 ! f9e/ qualities ( emotion1 & a ma/]y ( te*nique2 & 9 fact1 provid$ we f9d ! "r _s1 ability1 & p]sonal *>m to ju/ify x1 x may v5ture to int]rupt ! fl[ ( melody itself ) hum\r1 caprice & virtuosity1 & accept = once ! moods & sugge/ions ( ! mom5t4 77 ,?is k9d ( virtuosity is yet m rem>kable 9 cases :]e ! in/rum5t is n ! human voice1 b "o ( human inv5tion4 ,by ?is ,i mean to say t su* naturally 9 ! k9d ( s\nd !y produce are fur!r remov$ f ! s\l's direct expression2 !y are 9 relation to t ( an ext]nal object1 apiece ( dead me*anism1 & music is ess5tially a spiritual movem5t & activity4 ,:5 we f9d1 !re=e1 ?is ext]nality ( ! in/rum5t vani%es altoge!r1 9 ! case1 t is1 :]e ! music ( ! s\l breaks "r ?r\gh ?is ali5 cru/ ( me*anism1 by means ( su* virtuosity1 ev5 an in/rum5t ( ?is "* is trans=m$ into "o z fully adapt$ to express ! s\l ( ! arti/ z x is possible to conceive4 ,among ! memories ( my y\? ,i c /ill recall ! case ( an a/oni%+ executant on ! guit>1 :o 9 8 own ecc5tric fa%ion _h compos$ huge battle-pieces = ?is comp>atively insignificant in/rum5t4 ,by pr(ession1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 he 0 a weav]1 & 9 conv]sation he _h little en\gh to say = himself4 ,b no soon] did he beg9 to play ?an "o :olly =got ! absurd pret5sions ( 8 composition1 =got ^! precisely z he =got all else b ! music1 & ! m>vell\s result he made ( x by be+ totally absorb$ body & s\l 9 8 in/rum5t1 entirely witless ( any =m ( nobl] execution ?an t express$ 9 ! tones ( a guit>#dgc4 ,a virtuosity ( ?is type1 9 s f> z x ass]ts su* a unique sup]iority1 is n only a pro( ( extraord9>y ma/]y ov] mat]ial =ces1 b we receive f x z x /rides victori\sly ov] difficulties app>5tly unplayable1 ev5 turns aside to add to !m1 or 9 wayw>d mood breaks 9 ^u u je/+ly ) ,i "k n :at int]ruptions & surprises1 & by orig9al inv5tion ev5 makes u enjoy :at w\ld o!rwise be vulg>1 is a direct reflection ( absolutely free s\l-life#dgd4 ,x is q true t a m]e *>latan#dge ( ?is type is unable to produce orig9al works ( art2 b :]e real g5ius is "p ( ! end[m5t we c h extraord9>y ma/]y 9 composition no less ?an ov] a p>ticul> in/rum5t1 ! limitations ( :i* ?is virtuosity lays itself out to ov]come1 & 9 audaci\s v9dication ( its triumph w reproduce ! arti/ic effects ( o!r in/rum5ts entirely remote 9 o!r h&s f its own4 ,x is an accompli%m5t ( ?is k9d :i* delights u ) our acute/ s5se ( ! life ( music4 ,& ?is riddle ( riddles we discov] 9 ! fact t a m]e piece ( me*anical craft c become an in/rum5t "o ) our life1 :i* enables u to foll[1 z ?r\gh a fla% ( lightn+1 a p[] ( ideal conception no less ?an execution1 by virtue ( :i* ! imag9ation ( g5ius p5etrates to ! core ( life z in/antane\sly z x vani%es !refrom4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! mo/ ess5tial features1 :i* ,i h select$ f my own exp]i5ce ( music1 ! m g5]al po9ts ( view :i* ,i h deta*$ f ! subject & conc5trat$ att5tion ^u 9 ! pres5t discussion4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,e9 fe/es ,daseyn1 lit41 an assur$ exi/5ce4 ,footnote #cgh3 ,we %\ld n expect ! plural4 ,hegel app>5tly includes ! transitional relief ( sculpture4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,lit41 ,b also /rives to set itself back into ! previ\s condition4 ,he ref]s to ! mutual relation ( tones4 ,footnote #chj3 ,9 si* selb/ ,ideellgezetzte4 ,t is1 posit$ z ideal 9 ! way music does ) its object1 z to :i* fur!r explanation is giv5 bel[4 ,footnote #cha3 ,x is difficult to foll[ closely ?is v te*nical int]pretation ( musical s\nd1 & a d\bt may be p]haps p]mitt$ z to :e!r x corresponds to ! sci5tific facts4 ,i mean x does n appe> fully to d ju/ice to ! reaction ( ! organ ( human he>+ itself & ! intellig5ce ) :i* x is relat$ ^u ! s\nd waves t ?r\gh su* m$iation are cogniz$ z musical s\nd4 ,! ideality appe>s to me to be m complete ?an ev5 ,hegel's !ory w\ld sugge/1 or1 at any rate1 "s ( 8 expressions4 ,& surely1 too1 9 sight1 ?\gh x may be true we see indep5d5t objects1 we only d s1 9 s f> z _! second>y qualities are conc]n$1 by virtue ( a consid]able action ( :at he "h calls ,seel5haftigkeit4 ,b ?is is n ! place = m ?an a sugge/ion4 ,! ma9 po9ts ( contra/ are 9 ,hegel's int]pretation suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,footnote #chb3 ,des ,krp]s4 ,i am n sure t ,i q foll[ ! mean+ ( ?is second mom5t ( negation4 ,if x means ! reaction or syn!tic process ( human he>+ x removes 9 great measure ! objection above4 ,we !n h z ! tw(old negation ! negation by ! ideality ( s\nd & t ?r\gh ! human s5se4 ,b ow+ to ,hegel's use ( ,mat]ial to indicate ! m$ium :i* is subject to oscillation1 x w\ld r appe> to mean t "o vibration is cancell$ by ano!r4 ,footnote #chc3 ,das an und fr si* s*on etwas ,ideell]es i/4 ,?is w\ld correspond to ! ideality ( ! fir/ negation ( spatial condition4 ,footnote #chd3 ,he means its own ideal exi/5ce4 ,aufgeb5 mu/ "h be us$ 9 ! prim>y s5se ( deliv]s4 ,he does n mean t x gives expression to ! ideality ( _s2 ?is is add$ by ! next clause4 ,footnote #che3 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 ,hegel's mean+ = das an si* selb/ ,subjektive4 ,its cont5t is also =mally ideal or ab/ract z above expla9$1 b to express ?is he w\ld r h us$ ! ^w ideell or inn]li*4 ,x is also1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 9 great measure ideal 9 ! s5se t z musical tone x is n natural ev5 9 ! qualifi$ s5se t col\r is4 ,x is ev5 m dep5d5t on ! human organism = its quality & syn!sis4 ,b ,i d n ?9k ,hegel means subjective 9 ?is s5se1 b t x directly expresses human emotion4 ,footnote #chf3 ,bo? ideas are conta9$ 9 ! ^w ,v]s*web51 :i* means to hov] & sl[ly vani% away4 ,footnote #chg3 ,figuration54 ,_! modal comb9ations4 ,footnote #chh3 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ?is respect music to "s ext5t infr+es on ! di/9ction ,hegel has already po9t$ out betwe5 its cont5t & t ( poetry4 ,footnote #chi3 ,by v]/ndige ,=m5 ,hegel means1 ( c\rse1 =ms t express an arti/ic1 t is1 an intelligible purpose4 ,! :ole passage is n v cle>ly express$4 ,! g5]al mean+ is1 h[ev]1 t z ar*itecture surr\nds its /atues ) a m$ium ( mat]ial environm5t co-ord9at$ by arti/ic design & inv5tion1 s1 too1 music 9 its m$ium ( emotional cont5t is equally indef9ite & may be us$ z an accompanim5t 7z ar*itecture is a k9d ( accompanim5t to /atu>y7 9 ! melodic play ( its h>monies to def9ite ideas 9 utt]$ spee*4 ,! read] ( ,br[n+ w d\btless recollect ! f9e use made ( ar*itecture z metaphorical illu/ration 9 ! poem ,abt ,vogl]4 ,i ?9k x 0 ,s*op5hau] :o fir/ spoke ( ar*itecture z froz5 music4 ,b ,s*ell+ speaks ( x 9 ! same way4 ,footnote #cij3 ,i presume ,hegel "h ref]s prim>ily to s*ola/ic music1 musical ex]cises int5d$ to exhibit ! /ructure ( music4 ,! ex]cises1 = example1 ( ,cram] or ,fu*s4 ,ba*'s =ty-eight fugues w\ld occupy a transitional place4 ,footnote #cia3 ,tonseele4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 some?+ almo/ my/ic 9 ,hegel's conception ( musical s\nd z ! ideality issu+ f ! mat]ial _w4 ,footnote #cib3 ,t is1 sculpture & pa9t+4 ,footnote #cic3 ,by ,haltpunkte ,hegel appe>s to mean mat]ial t w act z /ays & supports 9 contra/ to ^? :i* are indiff]5t4 ,footnote #cid3 ,i presume by sol*5 fe/5 ,be/immung5 ,hegel ref]s to ! g5]al def9ition ( arti/ic function j enunciat$4 ,b ! s5se may possibly be1 :ile ! po9t ( dep>ture is ! /able det]m9ations ( natural =m4 ,footnote #cie3 ,we are inevitably rem9d$ ( ! release :i* ,art 0 to su* m5 z ,bee?ov51 ,dante1 ,milton1 & ,blake4 ,footnote #cif3 ,9 ! !me4 ,footnote #cig3 ,x seems d\btful h[ h[ f> a musician w\ld accept ?is at lea/ 9 s f> z x applies to classical music ( ! =mal type4 ,! developm5t1 = in/ance1 on ! repetition ( a !me 9 a sonata is at lea/ "p ( ! =mal cont5t ( ! sonata movem5t z a :ole4 ,footnote #cih3 ,e9 ,ause9&]geh54 ,v>iations on a !me w\ld be a good example4 ,b surely ! developm5t ( a !me may d precisely ?is 9 great measure1 ,i mean disclose bo? ! dep? ( x & its conc5tration4 ,footnote #cii3 ,no d\bt ?is is s if we assume ! cont5t to be ma9ly a !me1 a motive4 ,b ! cont5t ( a movem5t includes ! developm5t4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce aft] all is ! fundam5tal "o t 9 music ! cont5t is unfold$ 9 a "t s]ies & 9 ! pla/ic arts in/antane\sly 9 spatial =m4 ,& 9 poetry ! appreh5sion is also 9 a temporal s]ies4 ,footnote #djj3 ,x is impossible 9 ,engli% to reflect ! play ( words betwe5 ,er9n]ung 7memory7 & ,er-inn]ung 7self-p5etration or ideal realization74 ,footnote #dja3 ,i am n sure :e!r ,hegel exactly means by ,phantasir5 :at we und]/& z ,improvization4 ,b x is ! only =m ( music t /rictly applies to 8 def9ition4 ,ev5 ! rhapsodies ( ,liszt are controll$ by ! =m1 z 9 a s5se all music is4 ,footnote #djb3 ,z ! pla/ic arts4 ,x c]ta9ly is n s closely associat$ ) a def9ition giv5 outside x by ,nature1 t is1 b x is obvi\sly v closely associat$ to ! =mal modes ( music1 su* z ! laws ( c\nt]po9t1 fugue1 sonata1 etc4 ,footnote #djc3 ,! fir/ is its relation to ar*itecture1 ! second t to ! pla/ic arts4 ,footnote #djd3 ,t is1 ! ideas4 ,by receiv+ self-subsi/5cy ,hegel means x maybe reg>d$ indep5d5t ( ! art1 some?+ ess5tially outside x4 ,footnote #dje3 ,by ,ton ,hegel means1 ( c\rse1 musical s\nd4 ,! object ( music is music & ideas only 9 s f> z !y are express$ 9 music4 ,footnote #djf3 ,9 diesem ,freiw]d54 ,9 ?is free m$ium ( its exi/5ce4 ,footnote #djg3 ,h[ f> w\ld ,hegel h appli$ ?is criticism to ! great symphonies ( 8 compatriots8 ,i ?9k x is obvi\s1 at any rate1 t 8 criticism ( pure music is some:at lack+ 9 sympa?y4 ,n[adays x is n ev5 a :olly obvi\s fact t ! song or ! op]a are ! mo/ popul>4 ,! tru? is t musical education1 & t is :at ! appreciation ( programme or symphonic music implies1 has made enorm\s /rides s9ce 8 day4 ,b 8 criticism w /ill hold = _m 9 reg>d to m mod]n developm5ts 9 ,/rauss & 8 s*ool4 ,footnote #djh3 ,by f]tig ,hegel mu/ mean "h t ! _w ( poetry is "o ^: claims to indep5d5t coh]5ce is g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,footnote #dji3 ,by univ]sal ,hegel appe>s to mean m univ]sally intelligible1 ,he uses ! same ^w 9 a l s5se j bel[4 ,footnote #daj3 ,if ,hegel means to imply t pure music1 9 s f> z x pres5ts ideas by sugge/ion1 has any advantage ov] music ! effect ( :i* is entirely a musical effect he is on dang]\s gr\nd4 ,! ,pa/oral ,symphony ( ,bee?ov5 may or may n be m popul> ?an ,bee?ov5's o!r symphonies1 b x is unque/ionable t its arti/ic m]it dep5ds exclusively on its claims z musical composition4 ,& inde$ its wor? z music sugge/ive ( ideas is ma9ly s great because1 z ,bee?ov5 himself claim$1 x is r a sugge/ion ( emotional mood ?an ! imitation ( natural s\nds or ! sugge/ion ( di/9ct ideas4 ,s f> z popul>ity or univ]sality ( appeal is conc]n$1 he may be "r4 ,b ?is is obvi\sly no f9al te/ ( ! significance ( music z comp>$ ) o!r arts1 ?\gh x may m>k a di/+ui%+ feature4 ,& surely music expresses emotions at lea/ z !y are 7selb]7 m directly ?an poetry4 ,poetry no d\bt gives !m z we express !m 9 ord9>y life4 ,b music makes u feel !m z !y are unexpress$ 9 our s\ls1 a /ill high] grade ( reality4 ,footnote #daa3 ,hegel probably nev] he>d ,bee?ov5's n9? symphony ) its ,song ( ,joy4 ,z to its success z set to music !re may be two op9ions1 b ! fact t x is ! culm9ation ( s celebrat$ a composition is 9 itself a qualification ( ,hegel's /atem5t4 ,footnote #dab3 ,bo? ,m5delssohn & ,s*umann deplor$ ! fact t !y c\ld get no really good libretto & w\ld unque/ionably n h receiv$ all ! /atem5ts "h )\t consid]able qualification4 ,hegel appe>s to be too dom9at$ by ! "* ( ,italian op]a4 ,g]man op]a z fur!r develop$ by ,wagn] & ev5 9 ! h&s ( ,bee?ov5 & ,glck & ,web] makes a v diff]5t dem&4 ,x is unque/ionably true t !re mu/ be a c]ta9 reciprocity ( quality betwe5 ! two4 ,b "s ( ! f9e/ music has be5 writt5 = "s ( ! f9e/ poetical language1 namely t ( our ,bible4 ,compos]s l ,ba*1 ,h&el1 & ,s4 ,s4 ,wesley insi/$ on hav+ ! v be/ =m ( _! religi\s ideas !y c\ld obta94 ,footnote #dac3 ,lit41 ,)9 ! purely musical realm ( tones4 ,hegel's /rictures w\ld only apply to ! mo/ =mal k9d ( ex]cises or /udies4 ,x w\ld really be a misnom] to say t ,*op9's /udies = ! piano or ,spohr's or ev5 ,kreutz]'s ex]cises = ! viol9 :olly come "u x4 ,footnote #dad3 ,x is on ?is gr\nd t ,ari/otle calls music ! mo/ imitative art4 ,!y repres5t emotions directly )\t ! m$iatory (fice ( ,nature's objectivity 7vide ,?ree ,lectures on ,ae/hetic1 by ,b]n>d ,bosanquet1 p4 #ec74 ,footnote #dae3 ,x is m subjective because ! cont5t is m ideal1 & m closely relat$ to ! arti/'s p]sonal qualities4 ,footnote #daf3 ,m def9ite ?an feel+ & s\l-life is f tone4 ,footnote #dag3 ,t is1 vani%es ) ! evanesc5ce ( ! music4 ,footnote #dah3 ,die ,ges*ickli*keit e9es virtuos5 ,ma*w]ks4 ,ma*w]k is us$1 ( c\rse1 9 a depreciat+ s5se4 ,! contra/ is betwe5 x & a truly inspir$ composition4 ,footnote #dai3 ,lit41 ,( ! bus9ess on h&4 ,footnote #dbj3 ,glei*gltig4 ,i am n sure :e!r ,hegel means =tuit\s 9 ! s5se t ,nature 9 its ab/raction is su*1 or purely objective1 i4e41 no self-reflection1 probably ! latt]4 ,!y are dead elem5ts4 ,footnote #dba3 ,t is1 spatial ext]nality4 ,footnote #dbb3 ,! mean+ appe>s to me t ap>t f consci\s life :i* c contra/ ! fleet+ mom5ts ( ,"t ) its p]man5t self-id5tity ! process is )\t mean+--!re is no process1 x is a ) no diff]5tiation4 ,footnote #dbc3 ,x cancels itself 9 s f> z x makes itself an object4 ,! dialectical movem5t ( self-consci\sness is "h view$ 9 ! b>e =m ( its orig9al ab/raction4 ,footnote #dbd3 ,das ,i* als sol*es4 ,footnote #dbe3 ,abges*mackte4 ,n s mu* bad ta/e "h z false judgm5t4 ,footnote #dbf3 ,auffas/4 ,hegel w\ld appe> to mean ! intellig5t he>] r ?an ! compos]1 ?\gh ! ^w w\ld ref] to ei!r4 ,ev5 !n x is n cle> :y music %\ld n be said to exi/ by its m]e p]=mance4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 su* presupposes ! human executant1 & ?is is possibly :at ,hegel int5ds to imply4 ,footnote #dbg3 ,nancirt4 ,made subject to ! nuances or modifications introduc$ into su* relations4 ,footnote #dbh3 ,v]/& z contra/$ ) ,v]nunft4 ,! analytical faculty ( sci5ce4 ,footnote #dbi3 ,t is1 ! quantitative basis4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,die haltungslose ,dau]4 ,t is1 a duration t is unbrok5 by arre/+ po9ts 9 its progress4 ,footnote #dca3 ,t is1 self-consci\s1 syn!tic unity hold+ ! temporal process 9 relation to itself4 ,x ?us becomes n m]ely a w]d5 b a fr si* seyn4 ,9 contra/ to ! purely ab/ract process ! self is das ,bei si* selb/sey5de i4e41 t :i* p]si/s along ) itself4 ,?is totality or aggregate ( p>ticul>s ,hegel calls ,sammlung4 ,! analysis is really an analysis ( ! =m ( consci\s exp]i5ce4 ,footnote #dcb3 ,?is is ! conv]se case ( a s]ies ( def9ite po9ts ( contra/1 b unrelat$ by any integrat+ pr9ciple4 ,i admit frankly t ,i am n sure ,i h :olly seiz$ ! mean+ 9 ^! difficult p>agraphs4 ,i h adh]$ 9 my translation1 !re=e1 z closely z possible to ! orig9al4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,m>kirte4 ,footnote #dcd3 ,h]rs*5de ,regel4 ,footnote #dce3 ,because _! orbits are elliptical & motion is accel]at$ z !y approa* ! focus4 ,footnote #dcf3 ,v]leb5digung4 ,footnote #dcg3 ,he means ( a specific collection ( words1 s5t5ces4 ,footnote #dch3 ,p]iod54 ,footnote #dci3 ,ums*wung4 ,p]haps all t is meant is ! return to ! previ\s level1 z we %\ld speak ( ! rise & fall ( voices4 ,footnote #ddj3 ,e9 ,krp]4 ,footnote #dda3 ,se9] zeitli*5 ,ge/alt4 ,footnote #ddb3 ,gezwung5e4 ,i presume ! mean+ is t ! oscillations are effect$ by a curv$ =m ( musical in/rum5t4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,i am n sure !re is n a c]ta9 confusion "h4 ,our text1 at any rate1 :5 speak+ ( w9d in/rum5ts1 ref]s to ! column ( air z ! m$ium ( s\nd1 b 9 ! case ( /r+$ in/rum5ts draws att5tion r to ! ?+ :i* creates ! waves ( vibration1 ! /r+ itself4 ,! nature ( ! timbre ( an in/rum5t is no d\bt an important "o1 b x may be que/ion$ :e!r ?is di/9ction betwe5 l9e or column & surface is v satisfactory or suffici5t4 ,footnote #ddd3 ,j5em l9e>5 ,tn54 ,! expression appe>s to me n v easy to int]pret ev5 f ,hegel's own po9t ( view4 ,9 :at s5se c y call a musical tone l9e>8 ,! !ory "h /at$1 ?\gh +5i\s en\gh1 appe>s to me to miss ! fundam5tal "q1 :at actually con/itutes ! timbre ( an in/rum5t1 9 its ass]tion1 = in/ance1 ( di/antly relat$ h>monies or non-ass]tion ( su*4 ,ev5 assum+ t ! =m ( ! in/rum5t1 or ! "p ( x set into vibration1 may p>tially expla9 ?is1 x is obvi\s1 ,i ?9k1 t ,hegel's mann] ( /at+ x is op5 to consid]able criticism4 ,footnote #dde3 ,die nh] abges*loss5e ,be/imm!it4 ,! mean+ seems to be t def9ition ( !m 9 :i* !y /& out ) mo/ di/9ctness f o!rs4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,! comp>ison is un=tunate--9 two respects4 ,violet is a c>d9al col\r1 & ! !ory ( ,goe! to :i* x ref]s is1 ( c\rse1 unt5able4 ,footnote #ddg3 ,! true sci5tific reason :y octaves resemble ea* o!r s mu* m closely ?an two notes at any o!r int]val is t ! upp] ( two notes at an octave's di/ance is ! fir/ upp]-p>tial tone ( ! l[]1 & all its h>monies are also h>monies ( ! l[] note2 ! comp\nd tone1 = !re is no entirely simple tone1 ( ! high] note conta9s no new s\nd1 :i* is n 9 ! comp\nd tone ( ! l[]4 ,?is is n ! case ) two notes at any o!r int]val4 ,footnote #ddh3 ,ihre besond]5 ,seit54 ,i presume ?is means :at is imm$iately call$ bel[ ! sev]al int]vals betwe5 note & note4 ,footnote #ddi3 ,!re is really a di/9ction betwe5 ! consonance ( ! dom9ant & a major or m9or ?ird4 ,footnote #dej3 ,t is1 ! ?ird is only ?ird 9 relation to ! key-note1 or ! lead+-note only z ! note previ\s to ! octave4 ,footnote #dea3 ,?ree notes are really ess5tial to any true *ord4 ,footnote #deb3 ,! m$iant lies ab\t midway betwe5 ! tonic & dom9ant z ! ?ird ( ! scale4 ,! rese>*es ( ,helmholtz prove t ! di/9ction betwe5 consonant or semi-consonant & dissonant int]vals is n arbitr>y1 b ! result ( ! nature ( ! int]vals !mselves4 ,a musical tone is mo/ly a comp\nd "o1 conta9+1 besides its pr9cipal tone1 o!r tones ) fix$ relations to ! l[e/ note1 call$ h>monics1 or upp] p>tials4 ,helmholtz has %[n t :5 two ( ! e>li]-produc$ & /rong] ( ^! upp] p>tial tones co9cide 9 two notes s\nd$ toge!r1 ! result+ tone is pure1 free1 t is1 f ! inequalities kn[n z beats 7,pr\t1 ,h>mony1 #aj? ed41 pp4 #ba1 #bb74 ,footnote #dec3 ,z1 ( c\rse1 9 ! scale1 notes indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,footnote #ded3 ,s*rfe4 ,footnote #dee3 ,! read] ( ,br[n+ w recall h[ ! poet 9 8 ,abt ,vogl] exclaims ,:y ru%$ ! discords 91 b t h>mony %\ld be priz$8 or speaks ( blunt+ ! m9or into ! n9? :]e ! musician /&s on ali5 gr\nd1 survey+ a:ile ! heights4 ,footnote #def3 ,?is extreme emphasis on melody mu/ be read z fur!r expla9$ l[] d[n ( melody 9 ! wid] s5se4 ,ev5 z ?us qualifi$ x is r an ov]/atem5t4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r 9 ! m9d ( a musician ( g5ius ! fre$om ( h>monic progression is ( a diff]5t quality to t ( melodic4 ,x may appe> no d\bt less spontane\s4 ,b x is ! task ( ! great arti/ to ov]come t appe>ance 9 "o case z mu* z 9 ! o!r4 ,footnote #deg3 ,x may be d\bt$ h[ f> su* a /atem5t is true ( _m *ord progressions 9 mod]n music4 ,x seems to me t ?is notion ( h>mony z fr si* hav+ no musical significance is1 to say ! lea/1 v mislead+4 ,footnote #deh3 ,?is really is ! po9t4 ,inspir$ h>mony 9 its progression unfolds :at is really a tissue ( melodic ?reads4 ,! complex musical /ructure ( a ,brahms symphony is a good example4 ,footnote #dei3 ,lit41 ! free self-subsi/5cy 7,beisi*seyn7 ( subjective life4 ,footnote #dfj3 ,hegel puts x ! o!r way4 ,:at he means is t 9 ! m$ium ( music we nei!r appreh5d objects ( s5se nor ideas z we receive !m 9 imag9ation or ?\ght4 ,footnote #dfa3 ,hegel ?r\gh\t uses ! t]m ,inn]li*keit4 ,t :i* is ! ,inmo/ is1 9 fact1 ! ideal4 ,x is ! raison d'tre & ! notion itself4 ,footnote #dfb3 ,he means at ! po9t propos$ by ! dramatic !me4 ,hegel's words are lit]ally x subdues ! subject 7i4e41 ( consci\sness7 ref]ably to its simple conc5tration 7i4e41 on ! subject at h&74 ,footnote #dfc3 ,! above di/9ction is h>dly consonant ) t ( cu/om>y p>lance4 ,we %\ld r say t ! melody ( ! song gave an utt]ance to ! words1 & ! in/rum5tation 01 = ! v reason t x 0 m indep5d5t1 m directly an accompanim5t4 ,b ! po9t emphasiz$ "h seems to be ! clos5ess ( ! association4 ,9 ?is aspect1 no d\bt1 ! music actually sung is m an accompanim5t to ! intelligible cont5t4 ,z a rule accompanim5t is g5]ally us$ z ! accompanim5t ( a song or *oral writ+1 & ,hegel himself uses x 9 ?is s5se previ\sly4 ,footnote #dfd3 ,a g5]al tru?1 no d\bt4 ,b n )\t qualification if we consid] ! works & inde$ ! execution ( su* giants z ,ba* & ,h&el4 ,footnote #dfe3 ,t is1 p>ticul>ity due to ! idiosyncrasies ( ! arti/1 & m]ely p]sonal to him4 ,b ! /atem5t applies to classic art m /rictly ?an mod]n4 ,footnote #dff3 ,t is1 music z an accompanim5t4 ,footnote #dfg3 ,g$ieg5heit4 ,some?+ t r+s true z a :ole1 n a ?+ ( pat*es4 ,footnote #dfh3 ,! music ( ,m5delssohn & o!rs 9 ?is direction w raise a d\bt 9 "s :e!r ,hegel does n r ov]/ate 8 case "h4 ,footnote #dfi3 ,besond]ung4 ,! relative isolation t is effect$ by m>k$ ass]tion4 ,footnote #dgj3 ,?r\gh\t ?is discussion ! p]sonal bias ( ,hegel = ! ,italian op]a is obvi\s4 ,9 ! light ( ! actual k ( 8 day ! wond] is t 8 own ta/es p]mitt$ 8 be+ ev5 z fair z he is4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r he _h any /rong s5se = or*e/ral or *amb] music at all4 ,8 reflections mu/ be read ?r\gh\t ) ?is res]vation4 ,footnote #dga3 ,or1 z ,hegel m te*nically calls x1 & ,i h above translat$ x1 subjectivity4 ,footnote #dgb3 ,t is1 dep5d5t on liv+ be+s = its pres5tation 9 e case4 ,footnote #dgc3 ,! execution ( ,pagan9i is1 ( c\rse1 ! classic example4 ,b all cad5zas execut$ by a great arti/1 ev5 ?\gh c>efully /udi$1 express some?+ ( ! _s4 ,footnote #dgd3 ,hegel means t su* music expresses n s mu* rational fre$om z ! fundam5tal indep5d5ce ( ! self-consci\s pr9ciple4 ,footnote #dge3 ,by drftig] ,kopf ,i und]/& ,hegel to mean ! head/rong *>latan z contra/$ ) ! virtuoso :o is also a tra9$ musician4 ,pagan9i _h a ve9 ( bo? 9 8 composition4 ,! epi!t drftig1 lit41 ?ir/y1 is1 h[ev]1 n v cle>1 & 9 s f> z x is1 ! emphasis w\ld n be s mu* on quack]y z abs5ce ( all tra9+4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,,iii