,,:y ,,m5 ,,fight ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,aboli%+ ,,! ,,int]national ,,duel ,,by ,,b]tr& ,,russell1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,sometime ,fell[ & ,lectur] 9 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,c5tury ,,co4 #aibj ,copyright1 #aiaf1 by ,,! ,,c5tury ,,co4 ,publi%$1 ,janu>y1 #aiag ,le s\ffle1 le rhy?me1 la vraie =ce populaire manqua la raction4 ,elle eut les rois1 les trsors1 les armes2 elle crasa les peuples1 mais elle re/a muette4 ,elle tua en sil5ce2 elle ne put p>l] qu'avec le canon sur ses horribles *amps de bataille4444 ,tu] qu9ze millions d'hommes p> la faim et l'pe1 la bonne heure1 cela se peut4 ,mais faire un petit *ant1 un air aim de t\s1 voil ce que nulle ma*9ation ne donn]a4444 ,don rs]v1 bni4444 ,ce *ant peut-tre l'aube jaillira d'un cur simple1 ou l'al\ette le tr\v]a en montant au soleil1 de son sillon d'avril4 ,,mi*elet4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,gr[? #c ,,ii ,,! ,,/ate #db ,,iii ,,w> ,,z ,,an ,,in/itution #gi ,,iv ,,prop]ty #aag ,v ,,education #aec ,,vi ,,m>riage ,,& ,,! ,,population ,,"q #ahb ,,vii ,,religion ,,& ,,! ,,*ur*es #bae ,,viii ,,:at ,,we ,,c ,,d #bde ,,:y ,,m5 ,,fight ,i ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,gr[? ,to all :o are capable ( new impressions & fre% ?\ght1 "s modification ( =m] beliefs & hopes has be5 br\ght by ! w>4 ,:at ! modification has be5 has dep5d$1 9 ea* case1 ^u "* & circum/ance2 b 9 "o =m or ano!r x has be5 almo/ univ]sal4 ,to me1 ! *ief ?+ to be le>nt ?r\gh ! w> has be5 a c]ta9 view ( ! spr+s ( human action1 :at !y are1 & :at we may legitimately hope t !y w become4 ,?is view1 if x is true1 seems to af=d a basis = political philosophy m capable ( /&+ erect 9 a "t ( crisis ?an ! philosophy ( traditional ,lib]alism has %[n itself to be4 ,! foll[+ lectures1 ?\gh only "o ( !m w deal ) w>1 all are inspir$ by a view ( ! spr+s ( action :i* has be5 sugge/$ by ! w>4 ,& all ( !m are in=m$ by ! hope ( see+ su* political in/itutions e/abli%$ 9 ,europe z %all make m5 av]se to w>--a hope :i* ,i firmly believe to be realizable1 ?\gh n )\t a great & fundam5tal recon/ruction ( economic & social life4 ,to "o :o /&s outside ! cycle ( beliefs & passions :i* make ! w> seem necess>y1 an isolation1 an almo/ unbe>able sep>ation f ! g5]al activity1 becomes unavoidable4 ,at ! v mom5t :5 ! univ]sal disa/] raises compassion 9 ! highe/ degree1 compassion itself compels alo(ness f ! impulse to self-de/ruction :i* has swept ov] ,europe4 ,! helpless long+ to save m5 f ! ru9 t[>ds :i* !y are ha/5+ makes x necess>y to oppose ! /ream1 to incur ho/ility1 to be ?\ght unfeel+1 to lose = ! mom5t ! p[] ( w9n+ belief4 ,x is impossible to prev5t o!rs f feel+ ho/ile1 b x is possible to avoid any reciprocal ho/ility on "o's own "p1 by imag9ative und]/&+ & ! sympa?y :i* gr[s out ( x4 ,& )\t und]/&+ & sympa?y x is impossible to f9d a cure = ! evil f :i* ! _w is suff]+4 ,!re are two views ( ! w> nei!r ( :i* seems to me adequate4 ,! usual view 9 ?is c\ntry is t x is due to ! wick$ness ( ! ,g]mans2 ! view ( mo/ pacifi/s is t x is due to ! diplomatic tangle & to ! ambitions ( ,gov]nm5ts4 ,i ?9k bo? ^! views fail to realize ! ext5t to :i* w> gr[s out ( ord9>y human nature4 ,g]mans1 & also ! m5 :o compose ,gov]nm5ts1 are on ! :ole av]age human be+s1 actuat$ by ! same passions t actuate o!rs1 n diff]+ mu* f ! re/ ( ! _w except 9 _! circum/ances4 ,w> is accept$ by m5 :o are nei!r ,g]mans nor diplomati/s ) a read9ess1 an acquiesc5ce 9 untrue & inadequate reasons1 :i* w\ld n be possible if any deep repugnance to w> 7 widespread 9 o!r nations or classes4 ,! untrue ?+s :i* m5 believe1 & ! true ?+s :i* !y disbelieve1 are an index to _! impulses--n necess>ily to individual impulses 9 ea* case 7s9ce beliefs are contagi\s71 b to ! g5]al impulses ( ! community4 ,we all believe _m ?+s :i* we h no good gr\nd = believ+1 because1 subconsci\sly1 our nature craves c]ta9 k9ds ( action :i* ^! beliefs w\ld r5d] reasonable if !y 7 true4 ,unf\nd$ beliefs are ! homage :i* impulse pays to reason2 & ?us x is ) ! beliefs :i*1 opposite b simil>1 make m5 "h & 9 ,g]many believe x _! duty to prosecute ! w>4 ,! fir/ ?\ght :i* naturally occurs to "o :o accepts ?is view is t x w\ld be well if m5 7 m "u ! dom9ion ( reason4 ,w>1 to ^? :o see t x mu/ necess>ily d untold h>m to all ! combatants1 seems a m]e madness1 a collective insanity 9 :i* all t has be5 kn[n 9 "t ( peace is =gott54 ,if impulses 7 m controll$1 if ?\ght 7 less dom9at$ by passion1 m5 w\ld gu>d _! m9ds aga9/ ! approa*es ( w> fev]1 & disputes w\ld be adju/$ amicably4 ,?is is true1 b x is n by itself suffici5t4 ,x is only ^? 9 :om ! desire to ?9k truly is itself a passion :o w f9d ?is desire adequate to control ! passions ( w>4 ,only passion c control passion1 & only a contr>y impulse or desire c *eck impulse4 ,reason1 z x is prea*$ by traditional morali/s1 is too negative1 too little liv+1 to make a good life4 ,x is n by reason alone t w>s c be prev5t$1 b by a positive life ( impulses & passions antagoni/ic to ^? t lead to w>4 ,x is ! life ( impulse t ne$s to be *ang$1 n only ! life ( consci\s ?\ght4 ,all human activity spr+s f two s\rces3 impulse & desire4 ,! "p play$ by desire has always be5 suffici5tly recogniz$4 ,:5 m5 f9d !mselves n fully cont5t$1 & n able in/antly to procure :at w cause cont5t1 imag9ation br+s be=e _! m9ds ! ?\ght ( ?+s :i* !y believe w\ld make !m happy4 ,all desire involves an int]val ( "t betwe5 ! consci\sness ( a ne$ & ! opportunity = satisfy+ x4 ,! acts inspir$ by desire may be 9 !mselves pa9ful1 ! "t be=e satisfaction c be a*iev$ may be v long1 ! object desir$ may be some?+ outside our own lives1 & ev5 aft] our own dea?4 ,w1 z a direct+ =ce1 consi/s ma9ly 9 foll[+ desires = m or less di/ant objects1 9 spite ( ! pa9fulness ( ! acts involv$ & ! solicitations ( incompatible b m imm$iate desires & impulses4 ,all ?is is famili>1 & political philosophy hi!rto has be5 almo/ entirely bas$ ^u desire z ! s\rce ( human actions4 ,b desire gov]ns no m ?an a "p ( human activity1 & t n ! mo/ important b only ! m consci\s1 explicit1 & civiliz$ "p4 ,9 all ! m in/9ctive "p ( our nature we are dom9at$ by impulses to c]ta9 k9ds ( activity1 n by desires = c]ta9 ends4 ,*ildr5 run & %\t1 n because ( any good :i* !y expect to realize1 b because ( a direct impulse to runn+ & %\t+4 ,dogs bay ! moon1 n because !y consid] t x is to _! advantage to d s1 b because !y feel an impulse to b>k4 ,x is n any purpose1 b m]ely an impulse1 t prompts su* actions z eat+1 dr9k+1 love-mak+1 qu>rel+1 boa/+4 ,^? :o believe t man is a rational animal w say t p boa/ 9 ord] t o!rs may h a good op9ion ( !m2 b mo/ ( u c recall occasions :5 we h boa/$ 9 spite ( kn[+ t we %\ld be despis$ = x4 ,in/9ctive acts normally a*ieve "s result :i* is agreeable to ! natural man1 b !y are n p]=m$ f desire = ?is result4 ,!y are p]=m$ f direct impulse1 & ! impulse is (t5 /rong ev5 9 cases 9 :i* ! normal desirable result _c foll[4 ,gr[n m5 l to imag9e !mselves m rational ?an *ildr5 & dogs1 & unconsci\sly conceal f !mselves h[ great a "p impulse plays 9 _! lives4 ,?is unconsci\s concealm5t always foll[s a c]ta9 g5]al plan4 ,:5 an impulse is n indulg$ 9 ! mom5t 9 :i* x arises1 !re gr[s up a desire = ! expect$ consequ5ces ( indulg+ ! impulse4 ,if "s ( ! consequ5ces :i* are reasonably to be expect$ are cle>ly disagreeable1 a conflict betwe5 =esight & impulse arises4 ,if ! impulse is weak1 =esight may conqu]2 ?is is :at is call$ act+ on reason4 ,if ! impulse is /rong1 ei!r =esight w be falsifi$1 & ! disagreeable consequ5ces w be =gott51 or1 9 m5 ( a h]oic mold1 ! consequ5ces may be recklessly accept$4 ,:5 ,macbe? realizes t he is doom$ to defeat1 he does n %r9k f ! fight2 he exclaims3-- ,lay on1 ,macduff1 ,& damn$ be him t fir/ cries1 ,hold1 en\gh6 ,b su* /r5g? & recklessness ( impulse is r>e4 ,mo/ m51 :5 _! impulse is /rong1 succe$ 9 p]suad+ !mselves1 usually by a subconsci\s selectiv5ess ( att5tion1 t agreeable consequ5ces w foll[ f ! indulg5ce ( _! impulse4 ,:ole philosophies1 :ole sy/ems ( e?ical valuation1 spr+ up 9 ?is way3 !y are ! embodim5t ( a k9d ( ?\ght :i* is subs]vi5t to impulse1 :i* aims at provid+ a quasi-rational gr\nd = ! indulg5ce ( impulse4 ,! only ?\ght :i* is g5u9e is t :i* spr+s out ( ! intellectual impulse ( curiosity1 lead+ to ! desire to "k & und]/&4 ,b mo/ ( :at passes = ?\ght is inspir$ by "s non-intellectual impulse1 & is m]ely a means ( p]suad+ ourselves t we %all n be disappo9t$ or d h>m if we indulge ?is impulse4#a ,:5 an impulse is re/ra9$1 we feel discom=t or ev5 viol5t pa94 ,we may indulge ! impulse 9 ord] to escape f ?is pa91 & our action is !n "o :i* has a purpose4 ,b ! pa9 only exi/s because ( ! impulse1 & ! impulse itself is direct$ to an act1 n to escap+ f ! pa9 ( re/ra9+ ! impulse4 ,! impulse itself rema9s )\t a purpose1 & ! purpose ( escap+ f pa9 only arises :5 ! impulse has be5 mom5t>ily re/ra9$4 ,impulse is at ! basis ( our activity1 mu* m ?an desire4 ,desire has its place1 b n s l>ge a place z x seem$ to h4 ,impulses br+ ) !m a :ole tra9 ( subs]vi5t fictiti\s desires3 !y make m5 feel t !y desire ! results :i* w foll[ f indulg+ ! impulses1 & t !y are act+ = ! sake ( ^! results1 :5 9 fact _! action has no motive outside itself4 ,a man may write a book or pa9t a picture "u ! belief t he desires ! praise :i* x w br+ him2 b z soon z x is f9i%$1 if 8 creative impulse is n exhau/$1 :at he has done gr[s un9t]e/+ to him1 & he beg9s a new piece ( "w4 ,:at applies to arti/ic creation applies equally to all t is mo/ vital 9 our lives3 direct impulse is :at moves u1 & ! desires :i* we ?9k we h are a m]e g>m5t = ! impulse4 ,desire1 z oppos$ to impulse1 has1 x is true1 a l>ge & increas+ %>e 9 ! regulation ( m5's lives4 ,impulse is erratic & an>*ical1 n easily fitt$ into a well-regulat$ sy/em2 x may be tol]at$ 9 *ildr5 & arti/s1 b x is n ?\ght prop] to m5 :o hope to be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,almo/ all paid "w is done f desire1 n f impulse3 ! "w itself is m or less irksome1 b ! paym5t = x is desir$4 ,! s]i\s activities t fill a man's work+ h\rs are1 except 9 a few =tunate individuals1 gov]n$ ma9ly by purposes1 n by impulses t[>ds ^? activities4 ,9 ?is h>dly any "o sees an evil1 because ! place ( impulse 9 a satisfactory exi/5ce is n recogniz$4 ,an impulse1 to "o :o does n %>e x actually or imag9atively1 w always seem to be mad4 ,all impulse is ess5tially bl9d1 9 ! s5se t x does n spr+ f any prevision ( consequ5ces4 ,! man :o does n %>e ! impulse w =m a diff]5t e/imate z to :at ! consequ5ces w be1 & z to :e!r ^? t mu/ ensue are desirable4 ,?is diff]5ce ( op9ion w seem to be e?ical or intellectual1 :]eas its real basis is a diff]5ce ( impulse4 ,no g5u9e agreem5t w be rea*$1 9 su* a case1 s long z ! diff]5ce ( impulse p]si/s4 ,9 all m5 :o h any vigor\s life1 !re are /rong impulses su* z may seem utt]ly unreasonable to o!rs4 ,bl9d impulses sometimes lead to de/ruction & dea?1 b at o!r times !y lead to ! be/ ?+s ! _w conta9s4 ,bl9d impulse is ! s\rce ( w>1 b x is also ! s\rce ( sci5ce1 & art1 & love4 ,x is n ! weak5+ ( impulse t is to be desir$1 b ! direction ( impulse t[>ds life & gr[? r ?an t[>ds dea? & decay4 ,! complete control ( impulse by w1 :i* is sometimes prea*$ by morali/s1 & (t5 en=c$ by economic necessity1 is n really desirable4 ,a life gov]n$ by purposes & desires1 to ! exclusion ( impulse1 is a tir+ life2 x exhau/s vitality1 & leaves a man1 9 ! end1 indiff]5t to ! v purposes :i* he has be5 try+ to a*ieve4 ,:5 a :ole nation lives 9 ?is way1 ! :ole nation t5ds to become feeble1 )\t en\gh grasp to recognize & ov]come ! ob/acles to its desires4 ,indu/rialism & organization are con/antly =c+ civiliz$ nations to live m & m by purpose r ?an impulse4 ,9 ! long run su* a mode ( exi/5ce1 if x does n dry up ! spr+s ( life1 produces new impulses1 n ( ! k9d :i* ! w has be5 9 ! habit ( controll+ or ( :i* ?\ght is consci\s4 ,^! new impulses are apt to be worse 9 _! effects ?an ^? t h be5 *eck$4 ,excessive discipl9e1 especially :5 x is impos$ f )\t1 (t5 issues 9 impulses ( cruelty & de/ruction2 ?is is "o reason :y milit>ism has a bad effect on national "*4 ,ei!r lack ( vitality1 or impulses :i* are oppressive & aga9/ life1 w almo/ always result if ! spontane\s impulses are n able to f9d an outlet4 ,a man's impulses are n fix$ f ! beg9n+ by 8 native disposition3 )9 c]ta9 wide limits1 !y are pr(\ndly modifi$ by 8 circum/ances & 8 way ( life4 ,! nature ( ^! modifications ought to be /udi$1 & ! results ( su* /udy ought to be tak5 acc\nt ( 9 judg+ ! good or h>m t is done by political & social in/itutions4 ,! w> has gr[n1 9 ! ma91 out ( ! life ( impulse1 n out ( reason or desire4 ,!re is an impulse ( aggression1 & an impulse ( resi/ance to aggression4 ,ei!r may1 on occasion1 be 9 accordance ) reason1 b bo? are op]ative 9 _m cases 9 :i* !y are q contr>y to reason4 ,ea* impulse produces a :ole h>ve/ ( att5dant beliefs4 ,! beliefs appropriate to ! impulse ( aggression may be se5 9 ,b]nh>di1 or 9 ! e>ly ,mohamm$an conqu]ors1 or1 9 full p]fection1 9 ! ,book ( ,jo%ua4 ,!re is fir/ ( all a conviction ( ! sup]ior excell5ce ( "o's own gr\p1 a c]ta9ty t !y are 9 "s s5se ! *os5 p4 ,?is ju/ifies ! feel+ t only ! good & evil ( "o's own gr\p is ( real importance1 & t ! re/ ( ! _w is to be reg>d$ m]ely z mat]ial = ! triumph or salvation ( ! high] race4 ,9 mod]n politics ?is attitude is embodi$ 9 imp]ialism4 ,europe z a :ole has ?is attitude t[>ds ,asia & ,africa1 & _m ,g]mans h ?is attitude t[>ds ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,correlative to ! impulse ( aggression is ! impulse ( resi/ance to aggression4 ,?is impulse is exemplifi$ 9 ! attitude ( ! ,israelites to ! ,phili/9es or ( m$ieval ,europe to ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,! beliefs :i* x produces are beliefs 9 ! peculi> wick$ness ( ^? ^: aggression is fe>$1 & 9 ! imm5se value ( national cu/oms :i* !y might suppress if !y 7 victori\s4 ,:5 ! w> broke out1 all ! reaction>ies 9 ,engl& & ,france began to speak ( ! dang] to democracy1 al?\gh until t mom5t !y _h oppos$ democracy ) all _! /r5g?4 ,!y 7 n ins9c]e 9 s speak+3 ! impulse ( resi/ance to ,g]many made !m value :atev] 0 endang]$ by ! ,g]man attack4 ,!y lov$ democracy because !y hat$ ,g]many2 b !y ?\ght !y hat$ ,g]many because !y lov$ democracy4 ,! correlative impulses ( aggression & resi/ance to aggression h bo? be5 op]ative 9 all ! c\ntries engag$ 9 ! w>4 ,^? :o h n be5 dom9at$ by "o or o!r ( ^! impulses may be r\ghly divid$ into ?ree classes4 ,!re are1 fir/1 m5 ^: national s5tim5t is antagoni/ic to ! ,/ate to :i* !y are subject4 ,?is class includes "s ,iri%1 ,poles1 ,f9ns1 ,jews1 & o!r memb]s ( oppress$ nations4 ,f our po9t ( view1 ^! m5 may be omitt$ f our consid]ation1 s9ce !y h ! same impulsive nature z ^? :o fight1 & diff] m]ely 9 ext]nal circum/ances4 ,! second class ( m5 :o h n be5 "p ( ! =ce support+ ! w> h be5 ^? ^: impulsive nature is m or less atrophi$4 ,oppon5ts ( pacifism suppose t all pacifi/s belong to ?is class1 except :5 !y are 9 ,g]man pay4 ,x is ?\ght t pacifi/s are bloodless1 m5 )\t passions1 m5 :o c look on & reason ) cold deta*m5t :ile _! bro!rs are giv+ _! lives = _! c\ntry4 ,among ^? :o are m]ely passively pacifi/1 & d no m ?an ab/a9 f actively tak+ "p 9 ! w>1 !re may be a c]ta9 proportion ( :om ?is is true4 ,i ?9k ! support]s ( w> w\ld be "r 9 decry+ su* m54 ,9 spite ( all ! de/ruction :i* is wr\ght by ! impulses t lead to w>1 !re is m hope = a nation :i* has ^! impulses ?an = a nation 9 :i* all impulse is dead4 ,impulse is ! expression ( life1 & :ile x exi/s !re is hope ( its turn+ t[>ds life in/ead ( t[>ds dea?2 b lack ( impulse is dea?1 & out ( dea? no new life w come4 ,! active pacifi/s1 h[ev]1 are n ( ?is class3 !y are n m5 )\t impulsive =ce b m5 9 :om "s impulse to :i* w> is ho/ile is /rong en\gh to ov]come ! impulses t lead to w>4 ,x is n ! act ( a passionless man to ?r[ himself a?w>t ! :ole movem5t ( ! national life1 to urge an outw>dly hopeless cause1 to incur obloquy & to resi/ ! contagion ( collective emotion4 ,! impulse to avoid ! ho/ility ( public op9ion is "o ( ! /ronge/ 9 human nature1 & c only be ov]come by an unusual =ce ( direct & uncalculat+ impulse2 x is n cold reason alone t c prompt su* an act4 ,impulses may be divid$ into ^? t make = life & ^? t make = dea?4 ,! impulses embodi$ 9 ! w> are among ^? t make = dea?4 ,any "o ( ! impulses t make = life1 if x is /rong en\gh1 w lead a man to /& out aga9/ ! w>4 ,"s ( ^! impulses are only /rong 9 highly civiliz$ m52 "s are "p ( common humanity4 ,! impulses t[>ds art & sci5ce are among ! m civiliz$ ( ^? t make = life4 ,_m arti/s h rema9$ :olly unt\*$ by ! passions ( ! w>1 n f feebl5ess ( feel+1 b because ! creative in/9ct1 ! pursuit ( a vision1 makes !m critical ( ! assaults ( national passion1 & n responsive to ! my? 9 :i* ! impulse ( pugnacity clo!s itself4 ,& ! few m5 9 :om ! sci5tific impulse is dom9ant h notic$ ! rival my?s ( w>r+ gr\ps1 & h be5 l$ ?r\gh und]/&+ to neutrality4 ,b x is n out ( su* ref9$ impulses t a popul> =ce c be g5]at$ :i* %all be suffici5t to trans=m ! _w4 ,!re are ?ree =ces on ! side ( life :i* require no exceptional m5tal end[m5t1 :i* are n v r>e at pres5t1 & might be v common "u bett] social in/itutions4 ,!y are love1 ! in/9ct ( con/ructiv5ess1 & ! joy ( life4 ,all ?ree are *eck$ & enfeebl$ at pres5t by ! conditions "u :i* m5 live--n only ! less outw>dly =tunate1 b also ! majority ( ! well-to-d4 ,our in/itutions re/ ^u inju/ice & au?ority3 x is only by clos+ our he>ts aga9/ sympa?y & our m9ds aga9/ tru? t we c endure ! oppressions & unfairnesses by :i* we pr(it4 ,! conv5tional conception ( :at con/itutes success leads mo/ m5 to live a life 9 :i* _! mo/ vital impulses are sacrific$1 & ! joy ( life is lo/ 9 li/less we>9ess4 ,our economic sy/em compels almo/ all m5 to c>ry out ! purposes ( o!rs r ?an _! own1 mak+ !m feel impot5t 9 action & only able to secure a c]ta9 modicum ( passive pleasure4 ,all ^! ?+s de/roy ! vigor ( ! community1 ! expansive affections ( individuals1 & ! p[] ( view+ ! _w g5]\sly4 ,all ^! ?+s are unnecess>y & c be end$ by wisdom & c\rage4 ,if !y 7 end$1 ! impulsive life ( m5 w\ld become :olly diff]5t1 & ! human race might travel t[>ds a new happ9ess & a new vigor4 ,to urge ?is hope is ! purpose ( ^! lectures4 ,! impulses & desires ( m5 & wom51 9 s f> z !y are ( real importance 9 _! lives1 are n deta*$ "o f ano!r1 b proce$ f a c5tral pr9ciple ( gr[?1 an in/9ctive urg5cy lead+ !m 9 a c]ta9 direction1 z trees seek ! light4 ,s long z ?is in/9ctive movem5t is n ?w>t$1 :atev] mis=tunes may occur are n fundam5tal disa/]s1 & d n produce ^? di/ortions :i* result f int]f]5ce ) natural gr[?4 ,?is intimate c5t] 9 ea* human be+ is :at imag9ation mu/ appreh5d if we are to und]/& him intuitively4 ,x diff]s f man to man1 & det]m9es = ea* man ! type ( excell5ce ( :i* he is capable4 ,! utmo/ t social in/itutions c d = a man is to make 8 own gr[? free & vigor\s3 !y _c =ce him to gr[ accord+ to ! patt]n ( ano!r man4 ,!re are 9 m5 "s impulses & desires--= example1 ^? t[>ds drugs--:i* d n gr[ out ( ! c5tral pr9ciple2 su* impulses1 :5 !y become /rong en\gh to be h>mful1 h to be *eck$ by self-discipl9e4 ,o!r impulses1 ?\gh !y may gr[ out ( ! c5tral pr9ciple 9 ! individual1 may be injuri\s to ! gr[? ( o!rs1 & !y ne$ to be *eck$ 9 ! int]e/ ( o!rs4 ,b 9 ! ma91 ! impulses :i* are injuri\s to o!rs t5d to result f ?w>t$ gr[?1 & to be lea/ 9 ^? :o h be5 unimp$$ 9 _! in/9ctive developm5t4 ,m51 l trees1 require = _! gr[? ! "r soil & a suffici5t fre$om f oppression4 ,^! c be help$ or h9d]$ by political in/itutions4 ,b ! soil & ! fre$om requir$ = a man's gr[? are immeasurably m difficult to discov] & to obta9 ?an ! soil & ! fre$om requir$ = ! gr[? ( a tree4 ,& ! full gr[? :i* may be hop$ = _c be def9$ or demon/rat$2 x is subtle & complex1 x c only be felt by a delicate intuition & dimly appreh5d$ by imag9ation & respect4 ,x dep5ds n only or *iefly ^u ! physical environm5t1 b ^u beliefs & affections1 ^u opportunities = action1 & ^u ! :ole life ( ! community4 ,! m develop$ & civiliz$ ! type ( man ! m elaborate are ! conditions ( 8 gr[?1 & ! m dep5d5t !y become ^u ! g5]al /ate ( ! society 9 :i* he lives4 ,a man's ne$s & desires are n conf9$ to 8 own life4 ,if 8 m9d is compreh5sive & 8 imag9ation vivid1 ! failures ( ! community to :i* he belongs are 8 failures1 & its successes are 8 successes3 accord+ z 8 community succe$s or fails1 8 own gr[? is n\ri%$ or imp$$4 ,9 ! mod]n _w1 ! pr9ciple ( gr[? 9 mo/ m5 & wom5 is hamp]$ by in/itutions inh]it$ f a simpl] age4 ,by ! progress ( ?\ght & k1 & by ! increase 9 comm& ov] ! =ces ( ! physical _w1 new possibilities ( gr[? h come into exi/5ce1 & h giv5 rise to new claims :i* mu/ be satisfi$ if ^? :o make !m are n to be ?w>t$4 ,!re is less acquiesc5ce 9 limitations :i* are no long] unavoidable1 & less possibility ( a good life :ile ^? limitations rema94 ,in/itutions :i* give mu* great] opportunities to "s classes ?an to o!rs are no long] recogniz$ z j by ! less =tunate1 ?\gh ! m =tunate /ill def5d !m vehem5tly4 ,h5ce arises a univ]sal /rife1 9 :i* tradition & au?ority are array$ aga9/ lib]ty & ju/ice4 ,our pr(ess$ morality1 be+ traditional1 loses its hold ^u ^? :o are 9 revolt4 ,cop]ation betwe5 ! def5d]s ( ! old & ! *ampions ( ! new has become almo/ impossible4 ,an intimate disunion has ent]$ into almo/ all ! relations ( life 9 cont9ually increas+ measure4 ,9 ! fight = fre$om1 m5 & wom5 become increas+ly unable to break d[n ! walls ( ! ,ego & a*ieve ! gr[? :i* comes f a real & vital union4 ,all our in/itutions h _! hi/oric basis 9 ,au?ority4 ,! unque/ion$ au?ority ( ! ,ori5tal despot f\nd its religi\s expression 9 ! omnipot5t ,creator1 ^: glory 0 ! sole end ( man1 & aga9/ :om man _h no rights4 ,?is au?ority desc5d$ to ! ,emp]or & ,pope1 to ! k+s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 to ! nobles 9 ! feudal hi]>*y1 & ev5 to e husb& & fa!r 9 8 deal+s ) 8 wife & *ildr54 ,! ,*ur* 0 ! direct embodim5t ( ! ,div9e au?ority1 ! ,/ate & ! law 7 con/itut$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,k+1 private prop]ty 9 l& grew out ( ! au?ority ( conqu]+ b>ons1 & ! family 0 gov]n$ by ! au?ority ( ! pat]-familias4 ,! in/itutions ( ! ,middle ,ages p]mitt$ only a =tunate few to develop freely3 ! va/ majority ( mank9d exi/$ to m9i/] to ! few4 ,b s long z au?ority 0 g5u9ely respect$ & ackn[l$g$ ev5 by its lea/ =tunate subjects1 m$ieval society rema9$ organic & n fundam5tally ho/ile to life1 s9ce outw>d submission 0 compatible ) inw>d fre$om because x 0 volunt>y4 ,! in/itutions ( ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom embodi$ a !ory :i* 0 really believ$1 z no !ory by :i* our pres5t in/itutions c be def5d$ is n[ believ$4 ,! m$ieval !ory ( life broke d[n ?r\gh its failure to satisfy m5's dem&s = ju/ice & lib]ty4 ,"u ! /ress ( oppression1 :5 rul]s exce$$ _! !oretical p[]s1 ! victims 7 =c$ to realize t !y !mselves also _h rights1 & ne$ n live m]ely to increase ! glory ( ! few4 ,gradually x came to be se5 t if m5 h p[]1 !y are likely to abuse x1 & t au?ority 9 practice means tyranny4 ,because ! claim to ju/ice 0 resi/$ by ! hold]s ( p[]1 m5 became m & m sep>ate units1 ea* fight+ = 8 own rights1 n a g5u9e community b\nd toge!r by an organic common purpose4 ,?is abs5ce ( a common purpose has become a s\rce ( unhapp9ess4 ,"o ( ! reasons :i* l$ _m m5 to welcome ! outbreak ( ! pres5t w> 0 t x made ea* nation aga9 a :ole community ) a s+le purpose4 ,x did ?is by de/roy+1 = ! pres5t1 ! beg9n+s ( a s+le purpose 9 ! civiliz$ _w z a :ole2 b ^! beg9n+s 7 z yet s feeble t few 7 mu* affect$ by _! de/ruction4 ,m5 rejoic$ 9 ! new s5se ( unity ) _! compatriots m ?an !y m9d$ ! increas$ sep>ation f _! enemies4 ,! h>d5+ & sep>ation ( ! individual 9 ! c\rse ( ! fight = fre$om has be5 inevitable1 & is n likely ev] to be :olly undone4 ,:at is necess>y1 if an organic society is to gr[ up1 is t our in/itutions %\ld be s fundam5tally *ang$ z to embody t new respect = ! individual & 8 rights :i* mod]n feel+ dem&s4 ,! m$ieval ,empire & ,*ur* swept away ! individual4 ,!re 7 h]etics1 b !y 7 massacr$ rel5tlessly1 )\t any ( ! qualms ar\s$ by lat] p]secutions4 ,& !y1 l _! p]secutors1 7 p]suad$ t !re ought to be "o univ]sal ,*ur*3 !y diff]$ only z to :at its cre$ %\ld be4 ,among a few m5 ( art & lett]s1 ! ,r5aissance und]m9$ ! m$ieval !ory1 )\t1 h[ev]1 replac+ x by any?+ b skepticism & confusion4 ,! fir/ s]i\s brea* 9 ?is m$ieval !ory 0 caus$ by ,lu!r's ass]tion ( ! "r ( private judgm5t & ! fallibility ( ,g5]al ,c\ncils4 ,out ( ?is ass]tion grew inevitably1 ) "t1 ! belief t a man's religion c\ld n be det]m9$ = him by au?ority1 b mu/ be left to ! free *oice ( ea* individual4 ,x 0 9 matt]s ( religion t ! battle = lib]ty began1 & x is 9 matt]s ( religion t x has come ne>e/ to a complete victory4#b ,! developm5t ?r\gh extreme individualism to /rife1 & !nce1 "o hopes1 to a new re9tegration1 is to be se5 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t ( life4 ,claims are advanc$ 9 ! "n ( ju/ice1 & resi/$ 9 ! "n ( tradition & prescriptive "r4 ,ea* side hone/ly believes t x des]ves to triumph1 because two !ories ( society exi/ side by side 9 our ?\ght1 & m5 *oose1 unconsci\sly1 ! !ory :i* fits _! case4 ,because ! battle is long & ardu\s all g5]al !ory is gradually =gott52 9 ! end1 no?+ rema9s b self-ass]tion1 & :5 ! oppress$ w9 fre$om !y are z oppressive z _! =m] ma/]s4 ,?is is se5 mo/ crudely 9 ! case ( :at is call$ nationalism4 ,nationalism1 9 !ory1 is ! doctr9e t m51 by _! sympa?ies & traditions1 =m natural gr\ps1 call$ 8nations10 ea* ( :i* ought to be unit$ "u "o c5tral ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! ma9 ?is doctr9e may be conc$$4 ,b 9 practice ! doctr9e takes a m p]sonal =m4 8,i belong10 ! oppress$ nationali/ argues1 8by sympa?y & tradition to nation ,a1 b ,i am subject to a gov]nm5t :i* is 9 ! h&s ( nation ,b4 ,?is is an inju/ice1 n only because ( ! g5]al pr9ciple ( nationalism1 b because nation ,a is g5]\s1 progressive1 & civiliz$1 :ile nation ,b is oppressive1 retrograde1 & b>b>\s4 ,because ?is is s1 nation ,a des]ves to prosp]1 :ile nation ,b des]ves to be abas$40 ,! inhabitants ( nation ,b are naturally deaf to ! claims ( ab/ract ju/ice1 :5 !y are accompani$ by p]sonal ho/ility & contempt4 ,pres5tly1 h[ev]1 9 ! c\rse ( w>1 nation ,a acquires its fre$om4 ,! en]gy & pride :i* h a*iev$ fre$om g5]ates a mom5tum :i* leads on1 almo/ infallibly1 to ! attempt at =eign conque/1 or to ! refusal ( lib]ty to "s small] nation4 8,:at8 ,y say t nation ,c1 :i* =ms "p ( our ,/ate1 has ! same rights aga9/ u z we _h aga9/ nation ,a8 ,b t is absurd4 ,nation ,c is sw9i% & turbul5t1 incapable ( good gov]nm5t1 ne$+ a /rong h& if x is n to be a m5ace & a di/urbance to all its neighbors40 ,s ! ,engli% us$ to speak ( ! ,iri%1 s ! ,g]mans & ,russians speak ( ! ,poles1 s ! ,galician ,poles speak ( ! ,ru!nes1 s ! ,au/rians us$ to speak ( ! ,magy>s1 s ! ,magy>s speak ( ! ,s\? ,slav sympa?iz]s ) ,s]bia1 s ! ,s]bs speak ( ! ,mac$onian ,bulg>s4 ,9 ?is way nationalism1 unobjectionable 9 !ory1 leads by a natural movem5t to oppression & w>s ( conque/4 ,no soon] 0 ,france free f ! ,engli%1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ?an x emb>k$ ^u ! conque/ ( ,italy2 no soon] 0 ,spa9 fre$ f ! ,moors ?an x ent]$ into m ?an a c5tury ( conflict ) ,france = ! supremacy 9 ,europe4 ,! case ( ,g]many is v int]e/+ 9 ?is respect4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,g]man culture 0 ,fr5*3 ,fr5* 0 ! language ( ! ,c\rts1 ! language 9 :i* ,leibnitz wrote 8 philosophy1 ! univ]sal language ( polite lett]s & le>n+4 ,national consci\sness h>dly exi/$4 ,!n a s]ies ( great m5 creat$ a self-respect 9 ,g]many by _! a*ievem5ts 9 poetry1 music1 philosophy1 & sci5ce4 ,b politically ,g]man nationalism 0 only creat$ by ,napoleon's oppression & ! upris+ ( #ahac4 ,aft] c5turies dur+ :i* e di/urbance ( ! peace ( ,europe began ) a ,fr5* or ,sw$i% or ,russian invasion ( ,g]many1 ! ,g]mans discov]$ t by suffici5t ef=t & union !y c\ld keep =eign armies (f _! t]ritory4 ,b ! ef=t requir$ _h be5 too great to cease :5 its purely def5sive purpose _h be5 a*iev$ by ! defeat ( ,napoleon4 ,n[1 a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 !y are /ill engag$ 9 ! same movem5t1 :i* has become "o ( aggression & conque/4 ,:e!r we are n[ see+ ! end ( ! movem5t x is n yet possible to guess4 ,if m5 _h any /rong s5se ( a community ( nations1 nationalism w\ld s]ve to def9e ! b\nd>ies ( ! v>i\s nations4 ,b because m5 only feel community )9 _! own nation1 no?+ b =ce is able to make !m respect ! rights ( o!r nations1 ev5 :5 !y are ass]t+ exactly simil> rights on _! own behalf4 ,analog\s developm5t is to be expect$1 ) ! c\rse ( "t1 9 ! conflict betwe5 capital & labor :i* has exi/$ s9ce ! gr[? ( ! indu/rial sy/em1 & 9 ! conflict betwe5 m5 & wom51 :i* is /ill 9 its infancy4 ,:at is want$1 9 ^! v>i\s conflicts1 is "s pr9ciple1 g5u9ely believ$1 :i* w h ju/ice = its outcome4 ,! tug ( w> ( mutual self-ass]tion c only result 9 ju/ice ?r\gh an accid5tal equality ( =ce4 ,x is no use to attempt any bol/]+ up ( in/itutions bas$ on au?ority1 s9ce all su* in/itutions involve inju/ice1 & inju/ice once realiz$ _c be p]petuat$ )\t fundam5tal damage bo? to ^? :o uphold x & to ^? :o resi/ x4 ,! damage consi/s 9 ! h>d5+ ( ! walls ( ! ,ego1 mak+ !m a prison in/ead ( a w9d[4 ,unimp$$ gr[? 9 ! individual dep5ds ^u _m contacts ) o!r p1 :i* mu/ be ( ! nature ( free cop]ation1 n ( en=c$ s]vice4 ,:ile ! belief 9 au?ority 0 alive1 free cop]ation 0 compatible ) inequality & subjection1 b n[ equality & mutual fre$om are necess>y4 ,all in/itutions1 if !y are n to hamp] individual gr[?1 mu/ be bas$ z f> z possible ^u volunt>y comb9ation1 r ?an ! =ce ( ! law or ! traditional au?ority ( ! hold]s ( p[]4 ,none ( our in/itutions c survive ! application ( ?is pr9ciple )\t great & fundam5tal *anges2 b ^! *anges are imp]atively necess>y if ! _w is to be )held f dissolv+ into h>d sep>ate units ea* at w> ) all ! o!rs4 ,! two *ief s\rces ( good relations betwe5 individuals are in/9ctive lik+ & a common purpose4 ,( ^! two1 a common purpose might seem m important politically1 b1 9 fact1 x is (t5 ! outcome1 n ! cause1 ( in/9ctive lik+1 or ( a common in/9ctive av]sion4 ,biological gr\ps1 f ! family to ! nation1 are con/itut$ by a great] or less degree ( in/9ctive lik+1 & build _! common purposes on ?is f\ndation4 ,in/9ctive lik+ is ! feel+ :i* makes u take pleasure 9 ano!r p]son's company1 f9d an exhil>ation 9 8 pres5ce1 wi% to talk ) him1 "w ) him1 play ) him4 ,! extreme =m ( x is be+ 9 love1 b its fa9t] =ms1 & ev5 ! v fa9te/1 h political importance4 ,! pres5ce ( a p]son :o is in/9ctively dislik$ t5ds to make any o!r p]son m likable4 ,an anti-,semite w love any fell[-,*ri/ian :5 a ,jew is pres5t4 ,9 ,*9a1 or ! wilds ( ,africa1 any :ite man w\ld be welcom$ ) joy4 ,a common av]sion is "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t causes ( mild in/9ctive lik+4 ,m5 diff] enorm\sly 9 ! frequ5cy & int5sity ( _! in/9ctive lik+s1 & ! same man w diff] greatly at diff]5t times4 ,"o may take ,c>lyle & ,walt ,:itman z opposite poles 9 ?is respect4 ,to ,c>lyle1 at any rate 9 lat] life1 mo/ m5 & wom5 7 repulsive2 !y inspir$ an in/9ctive av]sion :i* made him f9d pleasure 9 imag9+ !m "u ! guillot9e or p]i%+ 9 battle4 ,?is l$ him to belittle mo/ m51 f9d+ satisfaction only 9 ^? :o _h be5 notably de/ructive ( human life--,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ,dr4 ,francia1 & ,gov]nor ,eyre4 ,x l$ him to love w> & viol5ce1 & to despise ! weak & ! oppress$--= example1 ! 8?irty ?\s& di/ress$ ne$lewom510 on :om he 0 nev] we>y ( v5t+ 8 scorn4 ,8 morals & 8 politics1 9 lat] life1 7 inspir$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh by repugnance to almo/ ! :ole human race4 ,walt ,:itman1 on ! contr>y1 _h a w>m1 expansive feel+ t[>ds ! va/ majority ( m5 & wom54 ,8 que] catalogues seem$ to him int]e/+ because ea* item came be=e 8 imag9ation z an object ( delight4 ,! sort ( joy :i* mo/ p feel only 9 ^? :o are exceptionally beautiful or spl5did ,walt ,:itman felt 9 almo/ ev]ybody4 ,out ( ?is univ]sal lik+ grew optimism1 a belief 9 democracy1 & a conviction t x is easy = m5 to live toge!r 9 peace & amity4 ,8 philosophy & politics1 l ,c>lyle's1 7 bas$ ^u 8 in/9ctive attitude t[>ds ord9>y m5 & wom54 ,!re is no objective reason to be giv5 to %[ t "o ( ^! attitudes is ess5tially m rational ?an ! o!r4 ,if a man f9ds p repulsive1 no argum5t c prove to him t !y are n s4 ,b bo? 8 own desires & o!r p's are mu* m likely to f9d satisfaction if he resembles ,walt ,:itman ?an if he resembles ,c>lyle4 ,a _w ( ,walt ,:itmans w\ld be happi] & m capable ( realiz+ its purposes ?an a _w ( ,c>lyles4 ,= ?is reason1 we %all desire1 if we c1 to increase ! am\nt ( in/9ctive lik+ 9 ! _w & dim9i% ! am\nt ( in/9ctive av]sion4 ,?is is p]haps ! mo/ important ( all ! effects by :i* political in/itutions ought to be judg$4 ,! o!r s\rce ( good relations betwe5 individuals is a common purpose1 especially :]e t purpose _c be a*iev$ )\t kn[+ its cause4 ,economic organizations1 su* z unions & political p>ties are con/itut$ almo/ :olly by a common purpose2 :atev] in/9ctive lik+ may come to be associat$ ) !m is ! result ( ! common purpose1 n its cause4 ,economic organizations1 su* z railway companies1 subsi/ = a purpose1 b ?is purpose ne$ only actually exi/ 9 ^? :o direct ! organization3 ! ord9>y wage-e>n] ne$ h no purpose beyond e>n+ 8 wages4 ,?is is a defect 9 economic organizations1 & ought to be rem$i$4 ,"o ( ! objects ( syndicalism is to rem$y ?is defect4 ,m>riage is 7or %\ld be7 bas$ on in/9ctive lik+1 b z soon z !re are *ildr51 or ! wi% = *ildr51 x acquires ! additional /r5g? ( a common purpose4 ,x is ?is *iefly :i* di/+ui%es x f an irregul> connection n int5d$ to lead to *ildr54 ,(t51 9 fact1 ! common purpose survives1 & rema9s a /rong tie1 aft] ! in/9ctive lik+ has fad$4 ,a nation1 :5 x is real & n artificial1 is f\nd$ ^u a fa9t degree ( in/9ctive lik+ = compatriots & a common in/9ctive av]sion f =eign]s4 ,:5 an ,engli%man returns to ,dov] or ,folke/one aft] be+ on ! ,cont95t1 he feels some?+ fri5dly 9 ! famili> ways3 ! casual port]s1 ! %\t+ pap] boys1 ! wom5 s]v+ bad tea1 all w>m 8 he>t1 & seem m 8natural10 m :at human be+s ought to be1 ?an ! =eign]s ) _! /range habits ( behavior4 ,he is ready to believe t all ,engli% p are good s\ls1 :ile _m =eign]s are full ( design+ wick$ness4 ,x is su* feel+s t make x easy to organize a nation into a gov]nm5tal unit4 ,& :5 t has happ5$1 a common purpose is add$1 z 9 m>riage4 ,=eign]s w\ld l to invade our c\ntry & lay x wa/e1 to kill u 9 battle1 to humble our pride4 ,^? :o cop]ate ) u 9 prev5t+ ?is disa/] are our fri5ds1 & _! cop]ation int5sifies our in/9ctive lik+4 ,b common purposes d n con/itute ! :ole s\rce ( our love ( c\ntry3 allies1 ev5 ( long /&+1 d n call out ! same feel+s z are call$ out by our compatriots4 ,in/9ctive lik+1 result+ l>gely f simil> habits & cu/oms1 is an ess5tial elem5t 9 patriotism1 &1 inde$1 ! f\ndation ^u :i* ! :ole feel+ re/s4 ,if m5's natural gr[? is to be promot$ & n h9d]$ by ! environm5t1 if z _m z possible ( _! desires & ne$s are to be satisfi$1 political in/itutions mu/1 z f> z possible1 embody common purposes & fo/] in/9ctive lik+4 ,^! two objects are int]connect$1 = no?+ is s de/ructive ( in/9ctive lik+ z ?w>t$ purposes & unsatisfi$ ne$s1 & no?+ facilitates cop]ation = common purposes s mu* z in/9ctive lik+4 ,:5 a man's gr[? is unimp$$1 8 self-respect rema9s intact1 & he is n incl9$ to reg>d o!rs z 8 enemies4 ,b :51 = :atev] reason1 8 gr[? is imp$$1 or he is compell$ to gr[ into "s twi/$ & unnatural %ape1 8 in/9ct pres5ts ! environm5t z 8 enemy1 & he becomes fill$ ) hatr$4 ,! joy ( life ab&ons him1 & malevol5ce takes ! place ( fri5dl9ess4 ,! malevol5ce ( hun*backs & cripples is prov]bial2 & a simil> malevol5ce is to be f\nd 9 ^? :o h be5 crippl$ 9 less obvi\s ways4 ,real fre$om1 if x c\ld be br\ght ab\t1 w\ld g a long way t[>ds de/roy+ hatr$4 ,!re is a n uncommon belief t :at is in/9ctive 9 u _c be *ang$1 b mu/ be simply accept$ & made ! be/ (4 ,?is is by no means ! case4 ,no d\bt we h a c]ta9 native disposition1 diff]5t 9 diff]5t p1 :i* cop]ates ) outside circum/ances 9 produc+ a c]ta9 "*4 ,b ev5 ! in/9ctive "p ( our "* is v malleable4 ,x may be *ang$ by beliefs1 by mat]ial circum/ances1 by social circum/ances1 & by in/itutions4 ,a ,dut*man has probably mu* ! same native disposition z a ,g]man1 b 8 in/9cts 9 adult life are v diff]5t ow+ to ! abs5ce ( milit>ism & ( ! pride ( a ,great ,p[]4 ,x is obvi\s t ! in/9cts ( celibates become pr(\ndly diff]5t f ^? ( o!r m5 & wom54 ,almo/ any in/9ct is capable ( _m diff]5t =ms accord+ to ! nature ( ! outlets :i* x f9ds4 ,! same in/9ct :i* leads to arti/ic or intellectual creativ5ess may1 "u o!r circum/ances1 lead to love ( w>4 ,! fact t an activity or belief is an outcome ( in/9ct is !re=e no reason = reg>d+ x z unalt]able4 ,?is applies to p's in/9ctive likes & dislikes z well z to _! o!r in/9cts4 ,x is natural to m51 z to o!r animals1 to l "s ( _! species & dislike o!rs2 b ! proportion ( l & dislike dep5ds on circum/ances1 (t5 on q trivial circum/ances4 ,mo/ ( ,c>lyle's misan?ropy is attributable to dyspepsia2 probably a suitable m$ical regim5 w\ld h giv5 him a completely diff]5t outlook on ! _w4 ,! defect ( puni%m5t1 z a means ( deal+ ) impulses :i* ! community wi%es to disc\rage1 is t x does no?+ to prev5t ! exi/5ce ( ! impulses1 b m]ely endeavors to *eck _! indulg5ce by an appeal to self-int]e/4 ,?is me?od1 s9ce x does n eradicate ! impulses1 probably only drives !m to f9d o!r outlets ev5 :5 x is successful 9 its imm$iate object2 & if ! impulses are /rong1 m]e self-int]e/ is n likely to curb !m effectually1 s9ce x is n a v p[]ful motive except ) unusually reasonable & r passionless p4 ,x is ?\ght to be a /rong] motive ?an x is1 because our moods make u deceive ourselves z to our int]e/1 & lead u to believe t x is consi/5t ) ! actions to :i* we are prompt$ by desire or impulse4 ,?us ! commonplace t human nature _c be *ang$ is untrue4 ,we all "k t our own *>act]s & ^? ( our acqua9tance are greatly affect$ by circum/ances2 & :at is true ( individuals is true also ( nations4 ,! root causes ( *anges 9 av]age human nature are g5]ally ei!r purely mat]ial *anges--= in/ance1 ( climate--or *anges 9 ! degree ( man's control ov] ! mat]ial _w4 ,we may ignore ! purely mat]ial *anges1 s9ce ^! d n mu* conc]n ! politician4 ,b ! *anges due to man's increas$ control ov] ! mat]ial _w1 by inv5tions & sci5ce1 are ( pr(\nd pres5t importance4 ,?r\gh ! indu/rial revolution1 !y h radically alt]$ ! daily lives ( m52 & by creat+ huge economic organizations1 !y h alt]$ ! :ole /ructure ( society4 ,! g5]al beliefs ( m51 :i* are1 9 ! ma91 a product ( in/9ct & circum/ance1 h become v diff]5t f :at !y 7 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,b our in/itutions are n yet suit$ ei!r to ! in/9cts develop$ by our new circum/ances1 or to our real beliefs4 ,in/itutions h a life ( _! own1 & (t5 outla/ ! circum/ances :i* made !m a fit g>m5t = in/9ct4 ,?is applies1 9 v>y+ degrees1 to almo/ all ! in/itutions :i* we h inh]it$ f ! pa/3 ! ,/ate1 private prop]ty1 ! patri>*al family1 ! ,*ur*es1 armies & navies4 ,all ( ^! h become 9 "s degree oppressive1 9 "s measures ho/ile to life4 ,9 any s]i\s attempt at political recon/ruction1 x is necess>y to realize :at are ! vital ne$s ( ord9>y m5 & wom54 ,x is cu/om>y1 9 political ?\ght1 to assume t ! only ne$s ) :i* politics is conc]n$ are economic ne$s4 ,?is view is q inadequate to acc\nt = su* an ev5t z ! pres5t w>1 s9ce any economic motives t may be assign$ = x are to a great ext5t my?ical1 & its true causes mu/ be s\ght = outside ! economic sph]e4 ,ne$s :i* are normally satisfi$ )\t consci\s ef=t rema9 unrecogniz$1 & ?is results 9 a work+ !ory ( human ne$s :i* is f> too simple4 ,ow+ *iefly to indu/rialism1 _m ne$s :i* 7 =m]ly satisfi$ )\t ef=t n[ rema9 unsatisfi$ 9 mo/ m5 & wom54 ,b ! old unduly simple !ory ( human ne$s survives1 mak+ m5 ov]look ! s\rce ( ! new lack ( satisfaction1 & inv5t q false !ories z to :y !y are dissatisfi$4 ,socialism z a panacea seems to me to be mi/ak5 9 ?is way1 s9ce x is too ready to suppose t bett] economic conditions w ( !mselves make m5 happy4 ,x is n only m mat]ial goods t m5 ne$1 b m fre$om1 m self-direction1 m outlet = creativ5ess1 m opportunity = ! joy ( life1 m volunt>y cop]ation1 & less involunt>y subs]vi5ce to purposes n _! own4 ,all ^! ?+s ! in/itutions ( ! future mu/ help to produce1 if our increase ( k & p[] ov] ,nature is to be> its full fruit 9 br++ ab\t a good life4 ,,ii ,,! ,,/ate ,"u ! influ5ce ( socialism1 mo/ lib]al ?\ght 9 rec5t ye>s has be5 9 favor ( increas+ ! p[] ( ! ,/ate1 b m or less ho/ile to ! p[] ( private prop]ty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 syndicalism has be5 ho/ile bo? to ! ,/ate & to private prop]ty4 ,i believe t syndicalism is m ne>ly "r ?an socialism 9 ?is respect1 t bo? private prop]ty & ! ,/ate1 :i* are ! two mo/ p[]ful in/itutions ( ! mod]n _w1 h become h>mful to life ?r\gh excess ( p[]1 & t bo? are ha/5+ ! loss ( vitality f :i* ! civiliz$ _w increas+ly suff]s4 ,! two in/itutions are closely connect$1 b = ! pres5t ,i wi% to consid] only ! ,/ate4 ,i %all try to %[ h[ great1 h[ unnecess>y1 h[ h>mful1 _m ( its p[]s are1 & h[ enorm\sly !y might be dim9i%$ )\t loss ( :at is useful 9 its activity4 ,b ,i %all admit t 9 c]ta9 directions its functions ought to be ext5d$ r ?an curtail$4 ,"s ( ! functions ( ! ,/ate1 su* z ! ,po/ ,(fice & elem5t>y education1 might be p]=m$ by private ag5cies1 & are only und]tak5 by ! ,/ate f motives ( conv5i5ce4 ,b o!r matt]s1 su* z ! law1 ! police1 ! ,army1 & ! ,navy1 belong m ess5tially to ! ,/ate3 s long z !re is a ,/ate at all x is difficult to imag9e ^! matt]s 9 private h&s4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 socialism & individualism turns on ! noness5tial functions ( ! ,/ate1 :i* ! sociali/ wi%es to ext5d & ! individuali/ to re/rict4 ,x is ! ess5tial functions1 :i* are admitt$ by individuali/s & sociali/s alike1 t ,i wi% to criticize1 s9ce ! o!rs d n appe> to me 9 !mselves objectionable4 ,! ess5ce ( ! ,/ate is t x is ! repository ( ! collective =ce ( its citiz5s4 ,?is =ce takes two =ms1 "o int]nal & "o ext]nal4 ,! int]nal =m is ! law & ! police2 ! ext]nal =m is ! p[] ( wag+ w>1 z embodi$ 9 ! ,army & ,navy4 ,! ,/ate is con/itut$ by ! comb9ation ( all ! inhabitants 9 a c]ta9 area us+ _! unit$ =ce 9 accordance ) ! comm&s ( a ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 a civiliz$ ,/ate =ce is only employ$ aga9/ its own citiz5s 9 accordance ) rules previ\sly laid d[n1 :i* con/itute ! crim9al law4 ,b ! employm5t ( =ce aga9/ =eign]s is n regulat$ by any code ( rules1 & proce$s1 ) few exceptions1 accord+ to "s real or fanci$ national int]e/4 ,!re c be no d\bt t =ce employ$ accord+ to law is less p]nici\s ?an =ce employ$ caprici\sly4 ,if int]national law c\ld acquire suffici5t hold on m5's allegiance to regulate ! relations ( ,/ates1 a v great advance on our pres5t condition w\ld h be5 made4 ,! primitive an>*y :i* prec$es law is worse ?an law4 ,b ,i believe !re is a possibility ( a /age to "s ext5t above law1 :]e ! advantages n[ secur$ by ! law are secur$ )\t loss ( fre$om1 & )\t ! disadvantages :i* ! law & ! police r5d] inevitable4 ,probably "s repository ( =ce 9 ! backgr\nd w rema9 necess>y1 b ! actual employm5t ( =ce may become v r>e1 & ! degree ( =ce requir$ v small4 ,! an>*y :i* prec$es law gives fre$om only to ! /rong2 ! condition to be aim$ at w give fre$om z ne>ly z possible to e "o4 ,x w d ?is1 n by prev5t+ altoge!r ! exi/5ce ( organiz$ =ce1 b by limit+ ! occasions = its employm5t to ! greate/ possible ext5t4 ,! p[] ( ! ,/ate is only limit$ int]nally by ! fe> ( rebellion & ext]nally by ! fe> ( defeat 9 w>4 ,subject to ^! re/rictions1 x is absolute4 ,9 practice1 x c seize m5's prop]ty ?r\gh taxation1 det]m9e ! law ( m>riage & inh]itance1 puni% ! expression ( op9ions :i* x dislikes1 put m5 to dea? = wi%+ ! region !y inhabit to belong to a diff]5t ,/ate1 & ord] all able-bodi$ males to risk _! lives 9 battle :5ev] x consid]s w> desirable4 ,on _m matt]s disagreem5t ) ! purposes & op9ions ( ! ,/ate is crim9al4 ,probably ! free/ ,/ates 9 ! _w1 be=e ! w>1 7 ,am]ica & ,engl&2 yet 9 ,am]ica no immigrant may l& until he has pr(ess$ disbelief 9 an>*ism & polygamy1 :ile 9 ,engl& m5 7 s5t to prison 9 rec5t ye>s = express+ disagreem5t ) ! ,*ri/ian religion#c or agreem5t ) ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/4#d ,9 "t ( w>1 all criticism ( ! ext]nal policy ( ! ,/ate is crim9al4 ,c]ta9 objects hav+ appe>$ desirable to ! majority1 or to ! effective hold]s ( p[]1 ^? :o d n consid] ^! objects desirable are expos$ to pa9s & p5alties n unlike ^? suff]$ by h]etics 9 ! pa/4 ,! ext5t ( ! tyranny ?us ex]cis$ is conceal$ by its v success3 few m5 consid] x wor? :ile to incur a p]secution :i* is almo/ c]ta9 to be ?or\gh & effective4 ,univ]sal milit>y s]vice is p]haps ! extreme example ( ! p[] ( ! ,/ate1 & ! supreme illu/ration ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 its attitude to its own citiz5s & its attitude to ! citiz5s ( o!r ,/ates4 ,! ,/ate puni%es1 ) imp>tial rigor1 bo? ^? :o kill _! compatriots & ^? :o refuse to kill =eign]s4 ,on ! :ole1 ! latt] is consid]$ ! grav] crime4 ,! ph5om5on ( w> is famili>1 & m5 fail to realize its /rang5ess2 to ^? :o /& inside ! cycle ( in/9cts :i* lead to w> x all seems natural & reasonable4 ,b to ^? :o /& outside ! /rang5ess ( x gr[s ) famili>ity4 ,x is amaz+ t ! va/ majority ( m5 %\ld tol]ate a sy/em :i* compels !m to submit to all ! horrors ( ! battlefield at any mom5t :5 _! ,gov]nm5t comm&s !m to d s4 ,a ,fr5* arti/1 indiff]5t to politics1 att5tive only to 8 pa9t+1 sudd5ly f9ds himself call$ ^u to %oot ,g]mans1 :o1 8 fri5ds assure him1 are a disgrace to ! human race4 ,a ,g]man musician1 equally unkn[+1 is call$ ^u to %oot ! p]fidi\s ,fr5*man4 ,:y _c ! two m5 decl>e a mutual neutrality8 ,:y n leave w> to ^? :o l x & br+ x on8 ,yet if ! two m5 decl>$ a mutual neutrality !y w\ld be %ot by _! compatriots4 ,to avoid ?is fate !y try to %oot ea* o!r4 ,if ! _w loses ! arti/1 n ! musician1 ,g]many rejoices2 if ! _w loses ! musician1 n ! arti/1 ,france rejoices4 ,no "o rememb]s ! loss to civilization1 :i* is equal :i*ev] is kill$4 ,?is is ! politics ( ,b$lam4 ,if ! arti/ & ! musician _h be5 all[$ to /& aside f ! w>1 no?+ b unmitigat$ good to mank9d w\ld h result$4 ,! p[] ( ! ,/ate1 :i* makes ?is impossible1 is a :olly evil ?+1 q z evil z ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* :i* 9 =m] days put m5 to dea? = unor?odox ?\ght4 ,yet if1 ev5 9 "t ( peace1 an int]national league 7 f\nd$ to consi/ ( ,fr5*m5 & ,g]mans 9 equal numb]s1 all pl$g$ n to take "p 9 w>1 ! ,fr5* ,/ate & ! ,g]man ,/ate w\ld p]secute x ) equal f]ocity4 ,bl9d ob$i5ce1 unlimit$ will+ness to kill & die are exact$ ( ! mod]n citiz5s ( a democracy z mu* z ( ! ,janiz>ies ( m$ieval sultans or ! secret ag5ts ( ,ori5tal despots4#e ,! p[] ( ! ,/ate may be br\ght to be>1 z x (t5 is 9 ,engl&1 ?r\gh public op9ion r ?an ?r\gh ! laws4 ,by oratory & ! influ5ce ( ! ,press1 public op9ion is l>gely creat$ by ! ,/ate1 & a tyrann\s public op9ion is z great an enemy to lib]ty z tyrann\s laws4 ,if ! "y man :o w n fight f9ds t he is dismiss$ f 8 employm5t1 insult$ 9 ! /reets1 cold-%\ld]$ by 8 fri5ds1 & ?r[n ov] ) scorn by any woman :o may =m]ly h lik$ him1 he w feel ! p5alty q z h>d to be> z a dea? s5t5ce4#f ,a free community requires n only legal fre$om1 b a tol]ant public op9ion1 an abs5ce ( t in/9ctive inquisition into our neighbors' affairs :i*1 "u ! guise ( uphold+ a high moral /&>d1 enables good p to indulge unconsci\sly a disposition to cruelty & p]secution4 ,?9k+ ill ( o!rs is n 9 itself a good reason = ?9k+ well ( ourselves4 ,b s long z ?is is n recogniz$1 & s long z ! ,/ate c manufacture public op9ion1 except 9 ! r>e cases :]e x is revolution>y1 public op9ion mu/ be reckon$ z a def9ite "p ( ! p[] ( ! ,/ate4 ,! p[] ( ! ,/ate outside its own bord]s is 9 ! ma9 d]iv$ f w> or ! ?reat ( w>4 ,"s p[] is d]iv$ f ! ability to p]suade its citiz5s to l5d money or n to l5d x1 b ?is is unimportant 9 comp>ison ) ! p[] d]iv$ f armies & navies4 ,! ext]nal activity ( ! ,/ate--) exceptions s r>e z to be negligible--is selfi%4 ,sometimes selfi%ness is mitigat$ by ! ne$ ( reta9+ ! goodwill ( o!r ,/ates1 b ?is only modifies ! me?ods employ$1 n ! ends pursu$4 ,! ends pursu$1 ap>t f m]e def5se aga9/ o!r ,/ates1 are1 on ! "o h&1 opportunities = successful exploitation ( weak or unciviliz$ c\ntries1 on ! o!r h&1 p[] & pre/ige1 :i* are consid]$ m glori\s & less mat]ial ?an money4 ,9 pursuit ( ^! objects1 no ,/ate hesitates to put to dea? innum]able =eign]s ^: happ9ess is n compatible ) exploitation or subjection1 or to deva/ate t]ritories into :i* x is ?\ght necess>y to /rike t]ror4 ,ap>t f ! pres5t w>1 su* acts h be5 p]=m$ )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s by _m m9or ,/ates & by all ! ,great ,p[]s#g except ,au/ria2 & 9 ! case ( ,au/ria only ! opportunity1 n ! w1 0 lack+4 ,:y d m5 acquiesce 9 ! p[] ( ! ,/ate8 ,!re are _m reasons1 "s traditional1 "s v pres5t & press+4 ,! traditional reason = ob$i5ce to ! ,/ate is p]sonal loyalty to ! sov]eign4 ,european ,/ates grew up "u ! feudal sy/em1 & 7 orig9ally ! sev]al t]ritories own$ by feudal *iefs4 ,b ?is s\rce ( ob$i5ce has decay$1 & probably n[ c\nts = little except 9 ,japan1 & to a less] ext5t 9 ,russia4 ,tribal feel+1 :i* always und]lay loyalty to ! sov]eign1 has rema9$ z /rong z x ev] 01 & is n[ ! *ief support = ! p[] ( ! ,/ate4 ,almo/ e man f9ds x ess5tial to 8 happ9ess to feel himself a memb] ( a gr\p1 animat$ by common fri5d%ips & enmities & b&$ toge!r = def5se & attack4 ,b su* gr\ps are ( two k9ds3 !re are ^? :i* are ess5tially enl>gem5ts ( ! family1 & !re are ^? :i* are bas$ ^u a consci\s common purpose4 ,nations belong to ! fir/ k9d1 ,*ur*es to ! second4 ,at times :5 m5 are pr(\ndly sway$ by cre$s national divisions t5d to break d[n1 z !y did 9 ! w>s ( religion aft] ! ,re=mation4 ,at su* times a common cre$ is a /rong] bond ?an a common nationality4 ,to a mu* slight] ext5t1 ! same ?+ has occurr$ 9 ! mod]n _w ) ! rise ( socialism4 ,m5 :o disbelieve 9 private prop]ty1 & feel ! capitali/ ! real enemy1 h a bond :i* transc5ds national divisions4 ,x has n be5 f\nd /rong en\gh to resi/ ! passions ar\s$ by ! pres5t w>1 b x has made !m less bitt] among sociali/s ?an among o!rs1 & has kept alive ! hope ( a ,european community to be recon/ruct$ :5 ! w> is ov]4 ,9 ! ma91 h[ev]1 ! univ]sal disbelief 9 cre$s has left tribal feel+ triumphant1 & has made nationalism /rong] ?an at any previ\s p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,a few s9c]e ,*ri/ians1 a few s9c]e sociali/s1 h f\nd 9 _! cre$ a =ce capable ( resi/+ ! assaults ( national passion1 b !y h be5 too few to influ5ce ! c\rse ( ev5ts or ev5 to cause s]i\s anxiety to ! ,gov]nm5ts4 ,x is *iefly tribal feel+ t g5]ates ! unity ( a national ,/ate1 b x is n only tribal feel+ t g5]ates its /r5g?4 ,its /r5g? results pr9cipally f two fe>s1 nei!r ( :i* is unreasonable3 ! fe> ( crime & an>*y )91 & ! fe> ( aggression f )\t4 ,! int]nal ord]l9ess ( a civiliz$ community is a great a*ievem5t1 *iefly br\ght ab\t by ! increas$ au?ority ( ! ,/ate4 ,x w\ld be inconv5i5t if peaceable citiz5s 7 con/antly 9 imm95t risk ( be+ robb$ & murd]$4 ,civiliz$ life w\ld become almo/ impossible if adv5tur\s p c\ld organize private armies = purposes ( plund]4 ,^! conditions exi/$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & h n pass$ away )\t a great /ruggle4 ,x is ?\ght by _m--especially by ! ri*1 :o d]ive ! greate/ advantage f law & ord]--t any dim9ution 9 ! p[] ( ! ,/ate might br+ back a condition ( univ]sal an>*y4 ,!y reg>d /rikes z port5ts ( dissolution4 ,!y are t]rifi$ by su* organizations z ! ,confdration ,gnrale du ,travail & ! ,int]national ,work]s ( ! ,_w4 ,!y rememb] ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 & feel a n unnatural desire to keep _! heads on _! %\ld]s4 ,!y dread p>ticul>ly any political !ory :i* seems to excuse private crimes1 su* z sabotage & political assass9ation4 ,aga9/ ^! dang]s !y see no protection except ! ma9t5ance ( ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate1 & ! belief t all resi/ance to ! ,/ate is wick$4 ,fe> ( ! dang] )9 is enhanc$ by fe> ( ! dang] )\t4 ,e ,/ate is expos$ at all times to ! risk ( =eign invasion4 ,no means has hi!rto be5 devis$ = m9imiz+ ?is risk except ! increase ( armam5ts4 ,b ! armam5ts :i* are nom9ally int5d$ to repel invasion may also be us$ to invade4 ,& s ! means adopt$ to dim9i% ! ext]nal fe> h ! effect ( increas+ x1 & ( enorm\sly enhanc+ ! de/ructiv5ess ( w> :5 x does break out4 ,9 ?is way a reign ( t]ror becomes univ]sal1 & ! ,/ate acquires ev]y:]e some?+ ( ! "* ( ! ,comit du ,salut ,public4 ,! tribal feel+ out ( :i* ! ,/ate develops is natural1 & ! fe> by :i* ! ,/ate is /r5g!n$ is reasonable "u pres5t circum/ances4 ,& 9 addition to ^! two1 !re is a ?ird s\rce ( /r5g? 9 a national ,/ate1 namely patriotism 9 its religi\s aspect4 ,patriotism is a v complex feel+1 built up out ( primitive in/9cts & highly intellectual convictions4 ,!re is love ( home & family & fri5ds1 mak+ u peculi>ly anxi\s to pres]ve our own c\ntry f invasion4 ,!re is ! mild in/9ctive lik+ = compatriots z aga9/ =eign]s4 ,!re is pride1 :i* is b\nd up ) ! success ( ! community to :i* we feel t we belong4 ,!re is a belief1 sugge/$ by pride b re9=c$ by hi/ory1 t "o's own nation repres5ts a great tradition & /&s = ideals t are important to ! human race4 ,b besides all ^!1 !re is ano!r elem5t1 at once nobl] & m op5 to attack1 an elem5t ( wor%ip1 ( will+ sacrifice1 ( joyful m]g+ ( ! individual life 9 ! life ( ! nation4 ,?is religi\s elem5t 9 patriotism is ess5tial to ! /r5g? ( ! ,/ate1 s9ce x enli/s ! be/ t is 9 mo/ m5 on ! side ( national sacrifice4 ,! religi\s elem5t 9 patriotism is re9=c$ by education1 especially by a k ( ! hi/ory & lit]ature ( "o's own c\ntry1 provid$ x is n accompani$ by mu* k ( ! hi/ory & lit]ature ( o!r c\ntries4 ,9 e civiliz$ c\ntry all in/ruction ( ! "y emphasizes ! m]its ( _! own nation & ! faults ( o!r nations4 ,x comes to be univ]sally believ$ t "o's own nation1 because ( its sup]iority1 des]ves support 9 a qu>rel1 h[ev] ! qu>rel may h orig9at$4 ,?is belief is s g5u9e & deep t x makes m5 endure pati5tly1 almo/ gladly1 ! losses & h>d%ips & suff]+s entail$ by w>4 ,l all s9c]ely believ$ religions1 x gives an outlook on life1 bas$ ^u in/9ct b sublimat+ x1 caus+ a devotion to an end great] ?an any p]sonal end1 b conta9+ _m p]sonal ends z x 7 9 solution4 ,patriotism z a religion is unsatisfactory because ( its lack ( univ]sality4 ,! good at :i* x aims is a good = "o's own nation only1 n = all mank9d4 ,! desires :i* x inspires 9 an ,engli%man are n ! same z ! desires :i* x inspires 9 a ,g]man4 ,a _w full ( patriots may be a _w full ( /rife4 ,! m int5sely a nation believes 9 its patriotism1 ! m fanatically indiff]5t x w become to ! damage suff]$ by o!r nations4 ,:5 once m5 h le>nt to subord9ate _! own good to ! good ( a l>g] :ole1 !re c be no valid reason = /opp+ %ort ( ! human race4 ,x is ! admixture ( national pride t makes x s easy 9 practice = m5's impulses t[>ds sacrifice to /op %ort at ! fronti]s ( _! own c\ntry4 ,x is ?is admixture t poisons patriotism1 & makes x inf]ior1 z a religion1 to beliefs :i* aim at ! salvation ( all mank9d4 ,we _c avoid hav+ m love = our own c\ntry ?an = o!r c\ntries1 & !re is no reason :y we %\ld wi% to avoid x1 any m ?an we %\ld wi% to love all individual m5 & wom5 equally4 ,b any adequate religion w lead u to temp] inequality ( affection by love ( ju/ice1 & to univ]salize our aims by realiz+ ! common ne$s ( man4 ,?is *ange 0 effect$ by ,*ri/ianity 9 ,judaism1 & mu/ be effect$ 9 any m]ely national religion be=e x c be purg$ ( evil4 ,9 practice1 patriotism has _m o!r enemies to cont5d )4 ,cosmopolitanism _c fail to gr[ z m5 acquire m k ( =eign c\ntries by education & travel4 ,!re is also a k9d ( individualism :i* is cont9ually increas+1 a realization t e man ought to be z ne>ly free z possible to *oose 8 own ends1 n compell$ by a geographical accid5t to pursue ends =c$ ^u him by ! community4 ,socialism1 syndicalism1 & anti-capitali/ movem5ts g5]ally1 are aga9/ patriotism 9 _! t5d5cy1 s9ce !y make m5 aw>e t ! pres5t ,/ate is l>gely conc]n$ 9 def5d+ ! privileges ( ! ri*1 & t _m ( ! conflicts betwe5 ,/ates h _! orig9 9 ! f9ancial int]e/s ( a few plutocrats4 ,?is k9d ( opposition is p]haps tempor>y1 a m]e incid5t 9 ! /ruggle ( labor to acquire p[]4 ,au/ralia1 :]e labor feels its triumph secure1 is full ( patriotism & milit>ism1 bas$ ^u det]m9ation to prev5t =eign labor f %>+ ! b5efits ( a privileg$ position4 ,x is n unlikely t ,engl& might develop a simil> nationalism if x became a sociali/ ,/ate4 ,b x is probable t su* nationalism w\ld be purely def5sive4 ,s*emes ( =eign aggression1 entail+ great loss ( life & weal? 9 ! nation :i* adopts !m1 w\ld h>dly be initiat$ except by ^? ^: in/9cts ( dom9ion h be5 %>p5$ ?r\gh ! p[] d]iv$ f private prop]ty & ! in/itutions ( ! capitali/ ,/ate4 ,! evil wr\ght 9 ! mod]n _w by ! excessive p[] ( ! ,/ate is v great1 & v little recogniz$4 ,! *ief h>m wr\ght by ! ,/ate is promotion ( effici5cy 9 w>4 ,if all ,/ates increase _! /r5g?1 ! balance ( p[] is un*ang$1 & no "o ,/ate has a bett] *ance ( victory ?an be=e4 ,& :5 ! means ( (f5se exi/1 ev5 ?\gh _! orig9al purpose may h be5 def5sive1 ! temptation to use !m is likely1 soon] or lat]1 to prove ov]:elm+4 ,9 ?is way ! v measures :i* promot$ security )9 ! bord]s ( ! ,/ate promote insecurity else:]e4 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( ! ,/ate to suppress viol5ce )9 & to facilitate x )\t4 ,! ,/ate makes an entirely artificial division ( mank9d & ( our duties t[>d !m3 t[>ds "o gr\p we are b\nd by ! law1 t[>ds ! o!r only by ! prud5ce ( highwaym54 ,! ,/ate is r5d]$ evil by its exclusions1 & by ! fact t1 :5ev] x emb>ks ^u aggressive w>1 x becomes a comb9ation ( m5 = murd] & robb]y4 ,! pres5t sy/em is irrational1 s9ce ext]nal & int]nal an>*y mu/ be bo? "r or bo? wrong4 ,x is support$ because1 s long z o!rs adopt x1 x is ?\ght ! only road to safety1 & because x secures ! pleasures ( triumph & dom9ion1 :i* _c be obta9$ 9 a good community4 ,if ^! pleasures 7 no long] s\ght1 or no long] possible to obta91 ! problem ( secur+ safety f invasion w\ld n be difficult4 ,ap>t f w>1 ! mod]n great ,/ate is h>mful f its va/ness & ! result+ s5se ( individual helplessness4 ,! citiz5 :o is out ( sympa?y ) ! aims ( ! ,/ate1 unless he is a man ( v r>e gifts1 _c hope to p]suade ! ,/ate to adopt purposes :i* seem to him bett]4 ,ev5 9 a democracy1 all que/ions except a v few are decid$ by a small numb] ( (ficials & em95t m52 & ev5 ! few que/ions :i* are left to ! popul> vote are decid$ by a diffus$ mass-psy*ology1 n by individual initiative4 ,?is is especially noticeable 9 a c\ntry l ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e1 9 spite ( democracy1 mo/ m5 h a s5se ( almo/ complete impot5ce 9 reg>d to all l>ge issues4 ,9 s va/ a c\ntry ! popul> w is l "o ( ! =ces ( ,nature1 & seems ne>ly z mu* outside ! control ( any "o man4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s leads1 n only 9 ,am]ica b 9 all l>ge ,/ates1 to some?+ ( ! we>9ess & disc\ragem5t t we associate ) ! ,roman ,empire4 ,mod]n ,/ates1 z oppos$ to ! small city ,/ates ( anci5t ,greece or m$ieval ,italy1 leave little room = initiative1 & fail to develop 9 mo/ m5 any s5se ( ability to control _! political de/9ies4 ,! few m5 :o a*ieve p[] 9 su* ,/ates are m5 ( abnormal ambition & ?ir/ = dom9ion1 comb9$ ) skill 9 cajol]y & subtlety 9 negotiation4 ,all ! re/ are dw>f$ by k ( _! own impot5ce4 ,a curi\s survival f ! old mon>*ical idea ( ! ,/ate is ! belief t !re is "s peculi> wick$ness 9 a wi% to sec$e on ! "p ( any section ( ! population4 ,if ,irel& or ,pol& desires indep5d5ce1 x is ?\ght obvi\s t ?is desire mu/ be /r5u\sly resi/$1 & any attempt to secure x is condemn$ z 8high treason40 ,! only in/ance to ! contr>y t ,i c rememb] is ! sep>ation ( ,norway & ,sw$51 :i* 0 comm5d$ b n imitat$4 ,9 o!r cases1 no?+ b defeat 9 w> has induc$ ,/ates to "p ) t]ritory3 al?\gh ?is attitude is tak5 = grant$1 x is n "o :i* w\ld be adopt$ if ! ,/ate _h bett] ends 9 view4 ,! reason = its adoption is t ! *ief end ( almo/ all great ,/ates is p[]1 especially p[] 9 w>4 ,& p[] 9 w> is (t5 increas$ by ! inclusion ( unwill+ citiz5s4 ,if ! well-be+ ( ! citiz5s 7 ! end 9 view1 ! "q :e!r a c]ta9 area %\ld be includ$1 or %\ld =m a sep>ate ,/ate1 w\ld be left freely to ! decision ( t area4 ,if ?is pr9ciple 7 adopt$1 "o ( ! ma9 reasons = w> w\ld be obviat$1 & "o ( ! mo/ tyrannical elem5ts 9 ! ,/ate w\ld be remov$4 ,! pr9cipal s\rce ( ! h>m done by ! ,/ate is ! fact t p[] is its *ief end4 ,?is is n ! case 9 ,am]ica1 because ,am]ica is safe aga9/ aggression2#h b 9 all o!r great nations ! *ief aim ( ! ,/ate is to possess ! greate/ possible am\nt ( ext]nal =ce4 ,to ?is end1 ! lib]ty ( ! citiz5s is curtail$1 & anti-milit>i/ propag&a is sev]ely puni%$4 ,?is attitude is root$ 9 pride & fe>3 pride1 :i* refuses to be conciliatory1 & fe>1 :i* dreads ! results ( =eign pride conflict+ ) our own pride4 ,x seems some?+ ( a hi/orical accid5t t ^! two passions1 :i* by no means exhau/ ! political passions ( ! ord9>y man1 %\ld s completely det]m9e ! ext]nal policy ( ! ,/ate4 ,)\t pride1 !re w\ld be no occasion = fe>3 fe> on ! "p ( "o nation is due to ! suppos$ pride ( ano!r nation4 ,pride ( dom9ion1 unwill+ness to decide disputes o!rwise ?an by =ce or ! ?reat ( =ce1 is a habit ( m9d greatly enc\rag$ by ! possession ( p[]4 ,^? :o h long be5 9 ! habit ( ex]cis+ p[] become autocratic & qu>relsome1 incapable ( reg>d+ an equal o!rwise ?an z a rival4 ,x is notori\s t head ma/]s' conf]5ces are m liable to viol5t disagreem5ts ?an mo/ simil> bodies3 ea* head ma/] tries to treat ! o!rs z he treats 8 own boys2 !y res5t su* treatm5t1 & he res5ts _! res5tm5t4 ,m5 :o h ! habit ( au?ority are peculi>ly unfit = fri5dly negotiation2 b ! (ficial relations ( ,/ates are ma9ly 9 ! h&s ( m5 ) a great deal ( au?ority 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 m p>ticul>ly ! case :]e !re is a mon>* :o actually gov]ns4 ,if is less true :]e !re is a gov]n+ olig>*y1 & /ill less true :]e !re is "s approa* to real democracy4 ,b x is true to a consid]able ext5t 9 all c\ntries1 because ,prime ,m9i/]s & ,=eign ,secret>ies are necess>ily m5 9 au?ority4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds rem$y+ ?is /ate ( ?+s is a g5u9e int]e/ 9 =eign affairs on ! "p ( ! ord9>y citiz51 & an insi/5ce t national pride %all n be all[$ to jeop>dize 8 o!r int]e/s4 ,dur+ w>1 :5 he is r\s$1 he is will+ to sacrifice ev]y?+ to pride2 b 9 quiet times he w be f> m ready ?an m5 9 au?ority to realize t =eign affairs1 l private conc]ns1 ought to be settl$ amicably accord+ to pr9ciples1 n brutally by =ce or ! ?reat ( =ce4 ,! effect ( p]sonal bias 9 ! m5 :o actually compose ! ,gov]nm5t may be se5 v cle>ly 9 labor disputes4 ,fr5* syndicali/s affirm t ! ,/ate is simply a product ( capitalism1 a "p ( ! weapons :i* capital employs 9 its conflict ) labor4 ,ev5 9 democratic ,/ates !re is mu* to be> out ?is view4 ,9 /rikes x is common to ord] out ! soldi]s to co]ce ! /rik]s2 al?\gh ! employ]s are mu* few]1 & mu* easi] to co]ce1 ! soldi]s are nev] employ$ aga9/ !m4 ,:5 labor tr\bles p>alyze ! indu/ry ( a c\ntry1 x is ! m5 :o are ?\ght to be unpatriotic1 n ! ma/]s1 ?\gh cle>ly ! responsibility belongs to bo? sides4 ,! *ief reason = ?is attitude on ! "p ( ,gov]nm5ts is t ! m5 compos+ !m belong1 by _! success if n by _! orig91 to ! same class z ! great employ]s ( labor4 ,_! bias & _! associates comb9e to make !m view /rikes & lock\ts f ! /&po9t ( ! ri*4 ,9 a democracy public op9ion & ! ne$ ( conciliat+ political support]s p>tially correct ^! plutocratic influ5ces1 b ! correction is always only p>tial4 ,& ! same influ5ces :i* w>p ! views ( ,gov]nm5ts on labor que/ions also w>p _! views on =eign affairs1 ) ! add$ disadvantage t ! ord9>y citiz5 has mu* few] means ( arriv+ at an indep5d5t judgm5t4 ,! excessive p[] ( ! ,/ate1 p>tly ?r\gh int]nal oppression1 b pr9cipally ?r\gh w> & ! fe> ( w>1 is "o ( ! *ief causes ( mis]y 9 ! mod]n _w1 & "o ( ! ma9 reasons = ! disc\ragem5t :i* prev5ts m5 f gr[+ to _! full m5tal /ature4 ,"s means ( cur+ ?is excessive p[] mu/ be f\nd if m5 are n to be organiz$ into despair1 z !y 7 9 ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! ,/ate has "o purpose :i* is on ! :ole good1 namely1 ! sub/itution ( law = =ce 9 ! relations ( m54 ,b ?is purpose c only be fully a*iev$ by a _w-,/ate1 )\t :i* int]national relations _c be made subject to law4 ,& al?\gh law is bett] ?an =ce1 law is /ill n ! be/ way ( settl+ disputes4 ,law is too /atic1 too mu* on ! side ( :at is decay+1 too little on ! side ( :at is gr[+4 ,s long z law is 9 !ory supreme1 x w h to be temp]$1 f "t to "t1 by int]nal revolution & ext]nal w>4 ,^! c only be prev5t$ by p]petual read9ess to alt] ! law 9 accordance ) ! pres5t balance ( =ces4 ,if ?is is n done1 ! motives = appeal+ to =ce w soon] or lat] become irresi/ible4 ,a _w-,/ate or f$]ation ( ,/ates1 if x is to be successful1 w h to decide que/ions1 n by ! legal maxims :i* w\ld be appli$ by ! ,hague tribunal1 b z f> z possible 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* !y w\ld be decid$ by w>4 ,! function ( au?ority %\ld be to r5d] ! appeal to =ce unnecess>y1 n to give decisions contr>y to ^? :i* w\ld be rea*$ by =ce4 ,?is view may be ?\ght by "s to be immoral4 ,x may be said t ! object ( civilization %\ld be to secure ju/ice1 n to give ! victory to ! /rong4 ,b :5 ?is anti!sis is all[$ to pass1 x is =gott5 t love ( ju/ice may itself set =ce 9 motion4 ,a ,legislature :i* wi%es to decide an issue 9 ! same way z x w\ld be decid$ if !re 7 an appeal to =ce w necess>ily take acc\nt ( ju/ice1 provid$ ju/ice is s flagrantly on "o side t dis9t]e/$ p>ties are will+ to take up ! qu>rel4 ,if a /rong man assaults a weak man 9 ! /reets ( ,london1 ! balance ( =ce is on ! side ( ! weak man1 because1 ev5 if ! police did n appe>1 casual pass]s-by w\ld /ep 9 to def5d him4 ,x is %e] cant to speak ( a conte/ ( might aga9/ "r1 & at ! same "t to hope = a victory ( ! "r4 ,if ! conte/ is really betwe5 might & "r1 t means t "r w be beat54 ,:at is obscurely int5d$1 :5 ?is phrase is us$1 is t ! /rong] side is only r5d]$ /rong] by m5's s5se ( "r4 ,b m5's s5se ( "r is v subjective1 & is only "o factor 9 decid+ ! prepond]ance ( =ce4 ,:at is desirable 9 a ,legislature is1 n t x %\ld decide by its p]sonal s5se ( "r1 b t x %\ld decide 9 a way :i* is felt to make an appeal to =ce unnecess>y4 ,hav+ consid]$ :at ! ,/ate ought n to d1 ,i come n[ to :at x ought to d4 ,ap>t f w> & ! pres]vation ( int]nal ord]1 !re are c]ta9 m positive functions :i* ! ,/ate p]=ms1 & c]ta9 o!rs :i* x ought to p]=m4 ,we may lay d[n two pr9ciples z reg>ds ^! positive functions4 ,fir/3 !re are matt]s 9 :i* ! welf>e ( ! :ole community dep5ds ^u ! practically univ]sal atta9m5t ( a c]ta9 m9imum2 9 su* cases ! ,/ate has ! "r to insi/ ^u ?is m9imum be+ atta9$4 ,secondly3 !re are ways 9 :i*1 by insi/+ ^u ! ma9t5ance ( law1 ! ,/ate1 if x does no?+ fur!r1 r5d]s possible v>i\s =ms ( inju/ice :i* w\ld o!rwise be prev5t$ by ! ang] ( _! victims4 ,su* inju/ices ought1 z f> z possible1 to be prev5t$ by ! ,/ate4 ,! mo/ obvi\s example ( a matt] :]e ! g5]al welf>e dep5ds ^u a univ]sal m9imum is sanitation & ! prev5tion ( infecti\s diseases4 ,a s+le case ( plague1 if x is neglect$1 may cause disa/] to a :ole community4 ,no "o c reasonably ma9ta91 on g5]al gr\nds ( lib]ty1 t a man suff]+ f plague ought to be left free to spread infection f> & wide4 ,exactly simil> consid]ations apply to dra9age1 notification ( fev]s1 & k9dr$ matt]s4 ,! int]f]5ce ) lib]ty rema9s an evil1 b 9 "s cases x is cle>ly a small] evil ?an ! spread ( disease :i* lib]ty w\ld produce4 ,! /amp+ out ( mal>ia & yell[ fev] by de/roy+ mosquitoes is p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ example ( ! good :i* c be done 9 ?is way4 ,b :5 ! good is small or d\btful1 & ! int]f]5ce ) lib]ty is great1 x becomes bett] to endure a c]ta9 am\nt ( prev5table disease r ?an suff] a sci5tific tyranny4 ,compulsory education comes "u ! same head z sanitation4 ,! exi/5ce ( ignorant masses 9 a population is a dang] to ! community2 :5 a consid]able p]c5tage are illit]ate1 ! :ole ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t has to take acc\nt ( ! fact4 ,democracy 9 its mod]n =m w\ld be q impossible 9 a nation :]e _m m5 _c read4 ,b 9 ?is case !re is n ! same ne$ ( absolute univ]sality z 9 ! case ( sanit>y measures4 ,! gipsies1 ^: mode ( life has be5 r5d]$ almo/ impossible by ! education au?orities1 might well h be5 all[$ to rema9 a picturesque exception4 ,b ap>t f su* r unimportant exceptions1 ! argum5t = compulsory education is irresi/ible4 ,:at ! ,/ate does = ! c>e ( *ildr5 at pres5t is less ?an :at ought to be done1 n m4 ,*ildr5 are n capable ( look+ aft] _! own int]e/s1 & p>5tal responsibility is 9 _m ways inadequate4 ,x is cle> t ! ,/ate alone c insi/ ^u ! *ildr5 be+ provid$ ) ! m9imum ( k & heal? :i*1 = ! "t be+1 satisfies ! consci5ce ( ! community4 ,! enc\ragem5t ( sci5tific rese>* is ano!r matt] :i* comes rightly )9 ! p[]s ( ! ,/ate1 because ! b5efits ( discov]ies accrue to ! community1 :ile ! inve/igations are exp5sive & nev] individually c]ta9 ( a*iev+ any result4 ,9 ?is matt]1 ,great ,brita9 lags beh9d all o!r civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,! second k9d ( p[]s :i* ! ,/ate ought to possess are ^? t aim at dim9i%+ economic inju/ice4 ,x is ?is k9d t has be5 emphasiz$ by sociali/s4 ,! law creates or facilitates monopolies1 & monopolies are able to exact a toll f ! community4 ,! mo/ gl>+ example is ! private own]%ip ( l&4 ,railways are at pres5t controll$ by ! ,/ate1 s9ce rates are fix$ by law2 & x is cle> t if !y 7 uncontroll$1 !y w\ld acquire a dang]\s degree ( p[]4#i ,su* consid]ations1 if !y /ood alone1 w\ld ju/ify complete socialism4 ,b ,i ?9k ju/ice1 by itself1 is1 l law1 too /atic to be made a supreme political pr9ciple3 x does n1 :5 x has be5 a*iev$1 conta9 any se$s ( new life or any impetus to developm5t4 ,= ?is reason1 :5 we wi% to rem$y an inju/ice1 x is important to consid] :e!r1 9 s do+1 we %all be de/roy+ ! inc5tive to "s =m ( vigor\s action :i* is on ! :ole useful to ! community4 ,no su* =m ( action1 s f> z ,i c see1 is associat$ ) private own]%ip ( l& or ( any o!r s\rce ( economic r5t2 if ?is is ! case1 x foll[s t ! ,/ate ought to be ! prim>y recipi5t ( r5t4 ,if all ^! p[]s are all[$ to ! ,/ate1 :at becomes ( ! attempt to rescue individual lib]ty f its tyranny8 ,?is is "p ( ! g5]al problem :i* confronts all ^? :o /ill c>e = ! ideals :i* inspir$ lib]alism1 namely ! problem ( comb9+ lib]ty & p]sonal initiative ) organization4 ,politics & economics are m & m dom9at$ by va/ organizations1 9 face ( :i* ! individual is 9 dang] ( becom+ p[]less4 ,! ,/ate is ! greate/ ( ^! organizations1 & ! mo/ s]i\s m5ace to lib]ty4 ,& yet x seems t _m ( its functions mu/ be ext5d$ r ?an curtail$4 ,!re is "o way by :i* organization & lib]ty c be comb9$1 & t is1 by secur+ p[] = volunt>y organizations1 consi/+ ( m5 :o h *os5 to belong to !m because !y embody "s purpose :i* all _! memb]s consid] important1 n a purpose impos$ by accid5t or outside =ce4 ,! ,/ate1 be+ geographical1 _c be a :olly volunt>y association1 b = t v reason !re is ne$ ( a /rong public op9ion to re/ra9 x f a tyrannical use ( its p[]s4 ,?is public op9ion1 9 mo/ matt]s1 c only be secur$ by comb9ations ( ^? :o h c]ta9 int]e/s or desires 9 common4 ,! positive purposes ( ! ,/ate1 ov] & above ! pres]vation ( ord]1 ought z f> z possible to be c>ri$ out1 n by ! ,/ate itself1 b by indep5d5t organizations1 :i* %\ld be left completely free s long z !y satisfi$ ! ,/ate t !y 7 n fall+ bel[ a necess>y m9imum4 ,?is occurs to a c]ta9 limit$ ext5t at pres5t 9 reg>d to elem5t>y education4 ,! univ]sities1 also1 may be reg>d$ z act+ = ! ,/ate 9 ! matt] ( high] education & rese>*1 except t 9 _! case no m9imum ( a*ievem5t is exact$4 ,9 ! economic sph]e1 ! ,/ate ought to ex]cise control1 b ought to leave initiative to o!rs4 ,!re is e reason to multiply opportunities ( initiative1 & to give ! greate/ possible %>e ( initiative to ea* individual1 = if ?is is n done !re w be a g5]al s5se ( impot5ce & disc\ragem5t4 ,!re ought to be a con/ant endeavor to leave ! m positive aspects ( gov]nm5t 9 ! h&s ( volunt>y organizations1 ! purpose ( ! ,/ate be+ m]ely to exact effici5cy & to secure an amicable settlem5t ( disputes1 :e!r )9 or )\t its own bord]s4 ,& ) ?is ought to be comb9$ ! greate/ possible tol]ation ( exceptions & ! lea/ possible insi/5ce ^u uni=m sy/em4 ,a good deal may be a*iev$ ?r\gh local gov]nm5t by trades z well z by areas4 ,?is is ! mo/ orig9al idea 9 syndicalism1 & x is valuable z a *eck ^u ! tyranny :i* ! community may be tempt$ to ex]cise ov] c]ta9 classes ( its memb]s4 ,all /rong organizations :i* embody a sectional public op9ion1 su* z trade unions1 cop]ative societies1 pr(essions1 & univ]sities1 are to be welcom$ z safegu>ds ( lib]ty & opportunities = initiative4 ,& !re is ne$ ( a /rong public op9ion 9 favor ( lib]ty itself4 ,! old battles = fre$om ( ?\ght & fre$om ( spee*1 :i* x 0 ?\ght _h be5 def9itively won1 w h to be f\ght all ov] aga91 s9ce mo/ m5 are only will+ to accord fre$om to op9ions :i* happ5 to be popul>4 ,in/itutions _c pres]ve lib]ty unless m5 realize t lib]ty is preci\s & are will+ to ex]t !mselves to keep x alive4 ,!re is a traditional objection to e imp]ium 9 imp]io1 b ?is is only ! jeal\sy ( ! tyrant4 ,9 actual fact1 ! mod]n ,/ate conta9s _m organizations :i* x _c defeat1 except p]haps on r>e occasions :5 public op9ion is r\s$ aga9/ !m4 ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george's long fight ) ! m$ical pr(ession ov] ! ,insurance ,act 0 full ( ,hom]ic fluctuations ( =tune4 ,! ,wel% m9]s rec5tly r\t$ ! :ole p[] ( ! ,/ate1 back$ by an excit$ nation4 ,z = ! f9anci]s1 no ,gov]nm5t w\ld dream ( a conflict ) !m4 ,:5 all o!r classes are exhort$ to patriotism1 !y are all[$ _! #d p] c5t4 & an increase ( int]e/ on _! consols4 ,x is well und]/ood on all sides t an appeal to _! patriotism w\ld %[ gross ignorance ( ! _w4 ,x is aga9/ ! traditions ( ! ,/ate to extort _! money by ?reat5+ to )draw police protection4 ,?is is n due to ! difficulty ( su* a measure1 b only to ! fact t great weal? w9s g5u9e admiration f u all1 & we _c be> to ?9k ( a v ri* man be+ treat$ ) disrespect4 ,! exi/5ce ( /rong organizations )9 ! ,/ate1 su* z trade unions1 is n undesirable except f ! po9t ( view ( ! (ficial :o wi%es to wield unlimit$ p[]1 or ( ! rival organizations1 su* z f$]ations ( employ]s1 :i* w\ld pref] a disorganiz$ adv]s>y4 ,9 view ( ! va/ness ( ! ,/ate1 mo/ m5 c f9d little political outlet = initiative except 9 subord9ate organizations =m$ = specific purposes4 ,)\t an outlet = political initiative1 m5 lose _! social vigor & _! int]e/ 9 public affairs3 !y become a prey to corrupt wire-pull]s1 or to s5sation-mong]s :o h ! art ( captur+ a tir$ & vagrant att5tion4 ,! cure = ?is is to increase r ?an dim9i% ! p[]s ( volunt>y organizations1 to give e man a sph]e ( political activity small en\gh = 8 int]e/ & 8 capacity1 & to conf9e ! functions ( ! ,/ate1 z f> z possible1 to ! ma9t5ance ( peace among rival int]e/s4 ,! ess5tial m]it ( ! ,/ate is t x prev5ts ! int]nal use ( =ce by private p]sons4 ,its ess5tial dem]its are1 t x promotes ! ext]nal use ( =ce1 & t1 by its great size1 x makes ea* individual feel impot5t ev5 9 a democracy4 ,i %all return 9 a lat] lecture to ! "q ( prev5t+ w>4 ,! prev5tion ( ! s5se ( individual impot5ce _c be a*iev$ by a return to ! small ,city ,/ate1 :i* w\ld be z reaction>y z a return to ! days be=e ma*9]y4 ,x mu/ be a*iev$ by a me?od :i* is 9 ! direction ( pres5t t5d5cies4 ,su* a me?od w\ld be ! increas+ devolution ( positive political initiative to bodies =m$ volunt>ily = specific purposes1 leav+ ! ,/ate r 9 ! position ( a f$]al au?ority or a c\rt ( arbitration4 ,! ,/ate w !n conf9e itself to insi/+ ^u "s settlem5t ( rival int]e/s3 its only pr9ciple 9 decid+ :at is ! "r settlem5t w be an attempt to f9d ! measure mo/ acceptable1 on ! :ole1 to all ! p>ties conc]n$4 ,?is is ! direction 9 :i* democratic ,/ates naturally t5d1 except 9 s f> z !y are turn$ aside by w> or ! fe> ( w>4 ,s long z w> rema9s a daily imm95t dang]1 ! ,/ate w rema9 a ,molo*1 sacrific+ sometimes ! life ( ! individual1 & always 8 unfett]$ developm5t1 to ! b>r5 /ruggle = ma/]y 9 ! competition ) o!r ,/ates4 ,9 int]nal z 9 ext]nal affairs1 ! wor/ enemy ( fre$om is w>4 ,,iii ,,w> ,,z ,,an ,,in/itution ,9 spite ( ! fact t mo/ nations at mo/ times1 are at peace1 w> is "o ( ! p]man5t in/itutions ( all free communities1 j z ,p>liam5t is "o ( our p]man5t in/itutions 9 spite ( ! fact t x is n always sitt+4 ,x is w> z a p]man5t in/itution t ,i wi% to consid]3 :y m5 tol]ate x2 :y !y ought n to tol]ate x2 :at hope !re is ( _! com+ n to tol]ate x2 & h[ !y c\ld aboli% x if !y wi%$ to d s4 ,w> is a conflict betwe5 two gr\ps1 ea* ( :i* attempts to kill & maim z _m z possible ( ! o!r gr\p 9 ord] to a*ieve "s object :i* x desires4 ,! object is g5]ally ei!r p[] or weal?4 ,x is a pleasure to ex]cise au?ority ov] o!r m51 & x is a pleasure to live on ! produce ( o!r m5's labor4 ,! victor 9 w> c enjoy m ( ^! delights ?an ! vanqui%$4 ,b w>1 l all o!r natural activities1 is n s mu* prompt$ by ! end :i* x has 9 view z by an impulse to ! activity itself4 ,v (t5 m5 desire an end1 n on its own acc\nt1 b because _! nature dem&s ! actions :i* w lead to ! end4 ,& s x is 9 ?is case3 ! ends to be a*iev$ by w> appe> 9 prospect f> m important ?an !y w appe> :5 !y are realiz$1 because w> itself is a fulfilm5t ( "o side ( our nature4 ,if m5's actions sprang f desires = :at w\ld 9 fact br+ happ9ess1 ! purely rational argum5ts aga9/ w> w\ld h long ago put an end to x4 ,:at makes w> difficult to suppress is t x spr+s f an impulse1 r ?an f a calculation ( ! advantages to be d]iv$ f w>4 ,w> diff]s f ! employm5t ( =ce by ! police ?r\gh ! fact t ! actions ( ! police are ord]$ by a neutral au?ority1 :]eas 9 w> x is ! p>ties to ! dispute !mselves :o set =ce 9 motion4 ,?is di/9ction is n absolute1 s9ce ! ,/ate is n always :olly neutral 9 int]nal di/urbances4 ,:5 /rik]s are %ot d[n1 ! ,/ate is tak+ ! side ( ! ri*4 ,:5 op9ions adv]se to ! exi/+ ,/ate are puni%$1 ! ,/ate is obvi\sly "o ( ! p>ties to ! dispute4 ,& f ! suppression ( individual op9ion up to civil w> all gradations are possible4 ,b broadly speak+1 =ce employ$ accord+ to laws previ\sly laid d[n by ! community z a :ole may be di/+ui%$ f =ce employ$ by "o community aga9/ ano!r on occasions ( :i* ! "o community is ! sole judge4 ,i h dwelt ^u ?is diff]5ce because ,i d n ?9k ! use ( =ce by ! police c be :olly elim9at$1 & ,i ?9k a simil> use ( =ce 9 int]national affairs is ! be/ hope ( p]man5t peace4 ,at pres5t1 int]national affairs are regulat$ by ! pr9ciple t a nation mu/ n int]v5e unless its int]e/s are involv$3 diplomatic usage =bids int]v5tion = ! m]e ma9t5ance ( int]national law4 ,am]ica may prote/ :5 ,am]ican citiz5s are dr[n$ by ,g]man subm>9es1 b mu/ n prote/ :5 no ,am]ican citiz5s are involv$4 ,! case w\ld be analog\s 9 int]nal affairs if ! police w\ld only int]f]e ) murd] :5 x happ5$ t a policeman _h be5 kill$4 ,s long z ?is pr9ciple prevails 9 ! relations ( ,/ates1 ! p[] ( neutrals _c be effectively employ$ to prev5t w>4 ,9 e civiliz$ c\ntry two =ces cop]ate to produce w>4 ,9 ord9>y times "s m5--usually a small proportion ( ! population--are bellicose3 !y pr$ict w>1 & obvi\sly are n unhappy 9 ! prospect4 ,s long z w> is n imm95t1 ! bulk ( ! population pay little att5tion to ^! m51 & d n actively ei!r support or oppose !m4 ,b :5 w> beg9s to seem v ne>1 a w> fev] seizes hold ( p1 & ^? :o 7 already bellicose f9d !mselves en?usia/ically support$ by all b an insignificant m9ority4 ,! impulses :i* inspire w> fev] are r diff]5t f ^? :i* make "s m5 bellicose 9 ord9>y times4 ,only educat$ m5 are likely to be w>like at ord9>y times1 s9ce !y alone are vividly aw>e ( o!r c\ntries or ( ! "p :i* _! own nation might play 9 ! affairs ( ! _w4 ,b x is only _! k1 n _! nature1 t di/+ui%es !m f _! m ignorant compatriots4 ,to take ! mo/ obvi\s example1 ,g]man policy1 9 rec5t ye>s be=e ! w>1 0 n av]se f w>1 & n fri5dly to ,engl&4 ,x is wor? :ile to try to und]/& ! /ate ( m9d f :i* ?is policy sprang4 ,! m5 :o direct ,g]man policy are1 to beg9 )1 patriotic to an ext5t :i* is almo/ unkn[n 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,! int]e/s ( ,g]many appe> to !m unque/ionably ! only int]e/s !y ne$ take into acc\nt4 ,:at injury may1 9 pursu+ ^? int]e/s1 be done to o!r nations1 :at de/ruction may be br\ght ^u populations & cities1 :at irrep>able damage may result to civilization1 x is n = !m to consid]4 ,if !y c conf] :at !y reg>d z b5efits ^u ,g]many1 ev]y?+ else is ( no acc\nt4 ,! second notewor?y po9t ab\t ,g]man policy is t its conception ( national welf>e is ma9ly competitive4 ,x is n ! intr9sic weal? ( ,g]many1 :e!r mat]ially or m5tally1 t ! rul]s ( ,g]many consid] important3 x is ! comp>ative weal? 9 ! competition ) o!r civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,= ?is reason ! de/ruction ( good ?+s abroad appe>s to !m almo/ z desirable z ! creation ( good ?+s 9 ,g]many4 ,9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w ! ,fr5* are reg>d$ z ! mo/ civiliz$ ( nations3 _! art & _! lit]ature & _! way ( life h an attraction = =eign]s :i* ^? ( ,g]many d n h4 ,! ,engli% h develop$ political lib]ty1 & ! art ( ma9ta9+ an ,empire ) a m9imum ( co]cion1 9 a way = :i* ,g]many1 hi!rto1 has %[n no aptitude4 ,^! are gr\nds = envy1 & envy wi%es to de/roy :at is good 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,g]man milit>i/s1 q rightly1 judg$ t :at 0 be/ 9 ,france & ,engl& w\ld probably be de/roy$ by a great w>1 ev5 if ,france & ,engl& 7 n 9 ! end defeat$ 9 ! actual fight+4 ,i h se5 a li/ ( "y ,fr5* writ]s kill$ on ! battlefield2 probably ! ,g]man au?orities h also se5 x1 & h reflect$ ) joy t ano!r ye> ( su* losses w de/roy ,fr5* lit]ature = a g5]ation--p]haps1 ?r\gh loss ( tradition1 = ev]4 ,e outbur/ aga9/ lib]ty 9 our m bellicose newspap]s1 e incitem5t to p]secution ( def5seless ,g]mans1 e m>k ( gr[+ f]ocity 9 our attitude1 mu/ be read ) delight by ,g]man patriots1 z prov+ _! success 9 robb+ u ( our be/1 & 9 =c+ u to imitate :atev] is wor/ 9 ,prussia4 ,b :at ! rul]s ( ,g]many h envi$ u mo/ 0 p[] & weal?--! p[] d]iv$ f comm& ( ! seas & ! /raits1 ! weal? d]iv$ f a c5tury ( indu/rial supremacy4 ,9 bo? ^! respects !y feel t _! des]ts are high] ?an ours4 ,!y h devot$ f> m ?\ght & skill to milit>y & indu/rial organization4 ,_! av]age ( intellig5ce & k is f> sup]ior2 _! capacity = pursu+ an atta9able end1 unit$ly & ) =e?\ght1 is inf9itely great]4 ,yet we1 m]ely 7z !y ?9k7 because we _h a />t 9 ! race1 h a*iev$ a va/ly l>g] ,empire ?an !y h1 & an enorm\sly great] control ( capital4 ,all ?is is unbe>able2 yet no?+ b a great w> c alt] x4 ,besides all ^! feel+s1 !re is 9 _m ,g]mans1 especially 9 ^? :o "k u be/1 a hot hatr$ ( u on acc\nt ( our pride4 ,f>9ata degli ,ub]ti survey$ ,hell 8come avesse lo ,inf]no 9 gran dispitto40 ,j s1 by ,g]man acc\nts1 ,engli% (fic] prison]s look r\nd !m among _! captors--hold+ alo(1 z ?\gh ! enemy 7 noxi\s1 unclean creatures1 toads or slugs or c5tip$es1 :i* a man does n t\* will+ly1 & %akes (f ) loa?+ if he is =c$ to t\* !m = a mom5t4 ,x is easy to imag9e h[ ! devils hat$ ,f>9ata1 & inflict$ great] pa9s ^u him ?an ^u 8 neighbors1 hop+ to w9 recognition by "s slight w9c+ on 8 "p1 driv5 to fr5zy by 8 cont9u+ to behave z if !y did n exi/4 ,9 j ! same way ! ,g]mans are madd5$ by our spiritual immobility4 ,at bottom we h reg>d$ ! ,g]mans z "o reg>ds flies on a hot day3 !y are a nuisance1 "o has to bru% !m (f1 b x w\ld n occur to "o to be turn$ aside by !m4 ,n[ t ! initial c]ta9ty ( victory has fad$1 we beg9 to be affect$ inw>dly by ! ,g]mans4 ,9 "t1 if we cont9ue to fail 9 our milit>y ent]prises1 we %all realize t !y are human be+s1 n j a tiresome circum/ance4 ,!n p]haps we %all hate !m ) a hatr$ :i* !y w h no reason to res5t4 ,& f su* a hatr$ x w be only a %ort j\rney to a g5u9e rappro*em5t4 ,! problem :i* mu/ be solv$1 if ! future ( ! _w is to be less t]rible ?an its pres5t1 is ! problem ( prev5t+ nations f gett+ into ! moods ( ,engl& & ,g]many at ! outbreak ( ! w>4 ,^! two nations z !y 7 at t mom5t might be tak5 z almo/ my?ical repres5tatives ( pride & envy--cold pride & hot envy4 ,g]many declaim$ passionately3 8,y1 ,engl&1 swoll5 & decrepit1 y ov]%ad[ my :ole gr[?--y\r rott+ bran*es keep ! sun f %9+ ^u me & ! ra9 f n\ri%+ me4 ,y\r spread+ foliage mu/ be lopp$1 y\r symmetrical beauty mu/ be de/roy$1 t ,i too may h fre$om to gr[1 t my "y vigor may no long] be imp$$ by y\r decay+ mass40 ,engl&1 bor$ & alo(1 unconsci\s ( ! claims ( outside =ces1 attempt$ abs5t-m9d$ly to sweep away ! up/>t di/urb] ( m$itation2 b ! up/>t 0 n swept away1 & rema9s s f> ) e prospect ( mak+ good 8 claim4 ,! claim & ! resi/ance to x are alike folly4 ,g]many _h no good gr\nd = envy2 we _h no good gr\nd = resi/+ :atev] 9 ,g]many's dem&s 0 compatible ) our cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,is !re any me?od ( av]t+ su* reciprocal folly 9 ! future8 ,i ?9k if ei!r ! ,engli% or ! ,g]mans 7 capable ( ?9k+ 9 t]ms ( individual welf>e r ?an national pride1 !y w\ld h se5 t1 at e mom5t dur+ ! w> ! wise/ c\rse w\ld h be5 to conclude peace at once1 on ! be/ t]ms t c\ld h be5 obta9$4 ,?is c\rse1 ,i am conv9c$1 w\ld h be5 ! wise/ = ea* sep>ate nation1 z well z = civilization 9 g5]al4 ,! utmo/ evil t ! enemy c\ld inflict ?r\gh an unfavorable peace w\ld be a trifle comp>$ to ! evil :i* all ! nations inflict ^u !mselves by cont9u+ to fight4 ,:at bl9ds u to ?is obvi\s fact is pride1 ! pride :i* makes ! ackn[l$gm5t ( defeat intol]able1 & clo!s itself 9 ! g>b ( reason by sugge/+ all k9ds ( evils :i* are suppos$ to result f admitt+ defeat4 ,b ! only real evil ( defeat is humiliation1 & humiliation is subjective2 we %all n feel humiliat$ if we become p]suad$ t x 0 a mi/ake to engage 9 ! w>1 & t x is bett] to pursue o!r tasks n dep5d5t ^u _w-dom9ion4 ,if ei!r ! ,engli% or ! ,g]mans c\ld admit ?is inw>dly1 any peace :i* did n de/roy national indep5d5ce c\ld be accept$ )\t real loss 9 ! self-respect :i* is ess5tial to a good life4 ,! mood 9 :i* ,g]many emb>k$ ^u ! w> 0 abom9able1 b x 0 a mood fo/]$ by ! habitual mood ( ,engl&4 ,we h prid$ ourselves ^u our t]ritory & our weal?2 we h be5 ready at all times to def5d by =ce ( arms :at we h conqu]$ 9 ,india & ,africa4 ,if we _h realiz$ ! futility ( empire1 & _h %[n a will+ness to yield colonies to ,g]many )\t wait+ = ! ?reat ( =ce1 we might h be5 9 a position to p]suade ! ,g]mans t _! ambitions 7 fooli%1 & t ! respect ( ! _w 0 n to be won by an imp]iali/ policy4 ,b by our resi/ance we %[$ t we %>$ _! /&>ds4 ,we1 be+ 9 possession1 became enamor$ ( ! /atus quo4 ,! ,g]mans 7 will+ to make w> to upset ! /atus quo2 we 7 will+ to make w> to prev5t its be+ upset 9 ,g]many's favor4 ,s conv9c$ 7 we ( ! sacr$ness ( ! /atus quo t we nev] realiz$ h[ advantage\s x 0 to u1 or h[1 by insi/+ ^u x1 we %>$ ! responsibility = ! w>4 ,9 a _w :]e nations gr[ & decay1 :]e =ces *ange & populations become cramp$1 x is n possible or desirable to ma9ta9 ! /atus quo = ev]4 ,if peace is to be pres]v$1 nations mu/ le>n to accept unfavorable alt]ations ( ! map )\t feel+ t !y mu/ fir/ be defeat$ 9 w>1 or t 9 yield+ !y incur a humiliation4 ,x is ! insi/5ce ( legali/s & fri5ds ( peace ^u ! ma9t5ance ( ! /atus quo t has driv5 ,g]many into milit>ism4 ,g]many _h z good a "r to an ,empire z any o!r ,great ,p[]1 b c\ld only acquire an ,empire ?r\gh w>4 ,love ( peace has be5 too mu* associat$ ) a /atic conception ( int]national relations4 ,9 economic disputes we all "k t :atev] is vigor\s 9 ! wage-e>n+ classes is oppos$ to 8indu/rial peace10 because ! exi/+ di/ribution ( weal? is felt to be unfair4 ,^? :o enjoy a privileg$ position endeavor to bol/] up _! claims by appeal+ to ! desire = peace1 & decry+ ^? :o promote /rife betwe5 ! classes4 ,x nev] occurs to !m t by oppos+ *anges )\t consid]+ :e!r !y are j1 ! capitali/s %>e ! responsibility = ! class w>4 ,& 9 exactly ! same way ,engl& %>es ! responsibility = ,g]many's w>4 ,if actual w> is ev] to cease !re w h to be political me?ods ( a*iev+ ! results :i* n[ c only be a*iev$ by successful fight+1 & nations w h volunt>ily to admit adv]se claims :i* appe> j 9 ! judgm5t ( neutrals4 ,x is only by "s su* admission1 embody+ itself 9 a ,p>liam5t ( ! nations ) full p[] to alt] ! di/ribution ( t]ritory1 t milit>ism c be p]man5tly ov]come4 ,x may be t ! pres5t w> w br+1 9 ! ,we/]n nations1 a *ange ( mood & outlook suffici5t to make su* an in/itution possible4 ,x may be t m w>s & m de/ruction w be necess>y be=e ! majority ( civiliz$ m5 rebel aga9/ ! brutality & futile de/ruction ( mod]n w>4 ,b unless our /&>ds ( civilization & our p[]s ( con/ructive ?\ght are to be p]man5tly l[]$1 ,i _c d\bt t1 soon] or lat]1 reason w conqu] ! bl9d impulses :i* n[ lead nations into w>4 ,& if a l>ge majority ( ! ,great ,p[]s _h a firm det]m9ation t peace %\ld be pres]v$1 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 devis+ diplomatic ma*9]y = ! settlem5t ( disputes1 & 9 e/abli%+ educational sy/ems :i* w\ld implant 9 ! m9ds ( ! "y an in]adicable horror ( ! slaught] :i* !y are n[ taught to admire4 ,besides ! consci\s & delib]ate =ces lead+ to w>1 !re are ! in>ticulate feel+s ( common m51 :i*1 9 mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries1 are always ready to bur/ into w> fev] at ! bidd+ ( /atesm54 ,if peace is to be secure1 ! read9ess to cat* w> fev] mu/ be someh[ dim9i%$4 ,:oev] wi%es to succe$ 9 ?is mu/ fir/ und]/& :at w> fev] is & :y x arises4 ,! m5 :o h an important influ5ce 9 ! _w1 :e!r = good or evil1 are dom9at$ z a rule by a ?reefold desire3 !y desire1 fir/1 an activity :i* calls fully into play ! faculties 9 :i* !y feel t !y excel2 secondly1 ! s5se ( successfully ov]com+ resi/ance2 ?irdly1 ! respect ( o!rs on acc\nt ( _! success4 ,! ?ird ( ^! desires is sometimes abs5t3 "s m5 :o h be5 great h be5 )\t ! 8la/ infirmity10 & h be5 cont5t ) _! own s5se ( success1 or m]ely ) ! joy ( difficult ef=t4 ,b z a rule all ?ree are pres5t4 ,"s m5's tal5ts are specializ$1 s t _! *oice ( activities is circumscrib$ by ! nature ( _! faculties2 o!r m5 h1 9 y\?1 su* a wide range ( possible aptitudes t _! *oice is *iefly det]m9$ by ! v>y+ degrees ( respect :i* public op9ion gives to diff]5t k9ds ( success4 ,! same desires1 usually 9 a less m>k$ degree1 exi/ 9 m5 :o h no exceptional tal5ts4 ,b su* m5 _c a*ieve any?+ v difficult by _! individual ef=ts2 = !m1 z units1 x is impossible to acquire ! s5se ( greatness or ! triumph ( /rong resi/ance ov]come4 ,_! sep>ate lives are unadv5tur\s & dull4 ,9 ! morn+ !y g to ! (fice or ! pl[1 9 ! ev5+ !y return tir$ & sil5t1 to ! sob] monotony ( wife & *ildr54 ,believ+ t security is ! supreme good1 !y h insur$ aga9/ sickness & dea?1 & h f\nd an employm5t :]e !y h little fe> ( dismissal & no hope ( any great rise4 ,b security1 once a*iev$1 br+s a ,nemesis ( ennui4 ,adv5ture1 imag9ation1 risk1 also h _! claims2 b h[ c ^! claims be satisfi$ by ! ord9>y wage-e>n]8 ,ev5 if x 7 possible to satisfy !m1 ! claims ( wife & *ildr5 h priority & mu/ n be neglect$4 ,to ?is victim ( ord] & good organization ! realization comes1 9 "s mom5t ( sudd5 crisis1 t he belongs to a nation1 t 8 nation may take risks1 may engage 9 difficult ent]prises1 enjoy ! hot passion ( d\btful combat1 /imulate adv5ture & imag9ation by milit>y exp$itions to ,m\nt ,s9ai & ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,:at 8 nation does1 9 "s s5se1 he does2 :at 8 nation suff]s1 he suff]s4 ,! long ye>s ( private caution are av5g$ by a wild plunge into public madness4 ,all ! horrid duties ( ?rift & ord] & c>e :i* he has le>nt to fulfil 9 private are ?\ght n to apply to public affairs3 x is patriotic & noble to be reckless = ! nation1 ?\gh x w\ld be wick$ to be reckless = oneself4 ,! old primitive passions1 :i* civilization has d5i$1 surge up all ! /rong] = repression4 ,9 a mom5t imag9ation & in/9ct travel back ?r\gh ! c5turies1 & ! wild man ( ! woods em]ges f ! m5tal prison 9 :i* he has be5 conf9$4 ,?is is ! deep] "p ( ! psy*ology ( ! w> fev]4 ,b besides ! irrational & in/9ctive elem5t 9 ! w> fev]1 !re is always also1 if only z a lib]ator ( primitive impulse1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( quasi-rational calculation & :at is euphemi/ically call$ 8?\ght40 ,! w> fev] v seldom seizes a nation unless x believes t x w be victori\s4 ,und\bt$ly1 "u ! influ5ce ( excitem5t1 m5 ov]-e/imate _! *ances ( success2 b !re is "s proportion betwe5 :at is hop$ & :at a rational man w\ld expect4 ,holl&1 ?\gh q z humane z ,engl&1 _h no impulse to g to w> on behalf ( ,belgium1 because ! likelihood ( disa/] 0 s obvi\sly ov]:elm+4 ,! ,london populace1 if !y _h kn[n h[ ! w> 0 go+ to develop1 w\ld n h rejoic$ z !y did on t ,augu/ ,bank ,holiday long ago4 ,a nation :i* has _h a rec5t exp]i5ce ( w>1 & has come to "k t a w> is almo/ always m pa9ful ?an x is expect$ to be at ! outset1 becomes mu* less liable to w> fev] until a new g5]ation gr[s up4 ,! elem5t ( rationality 9 w> fev] is recogniz$ by ,gov]nm5ts & j\rnali/s :o desire w>1 z may be se5 by _! inv>iably m9imiz+ ! p]ils ( a w> :i* !y wi% to provoke4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,s\? ,african ,w> ,sir ,william ,butl] 0 dismiss$1 app>5tly = sugge/+ t sixty ?\s& m5 & ?ree mon?s might n suffice to subdue ! ,bo] ,republics4 ,& :5 ! w> prov$ long & difficult1 ! nation turn$ aga9/ ^? :o _h made x4 ,we may assume1 ,i ?9k1 )\t attribut+ too great a %>e to reason 9 human affairs1 t a nation w\ld n suff] f w> fev] 9 a case :]e e sane man c\ld see t defeat 0 v probable4 ,! importance ( ?is lies 9 ! fact t x w\ld make aggressive w> v unlikely if its *ances ( success 7 v small4 ,if ! peace-lov+ nations 7 suffici5tly /rong to be obvi\sly capable ( defeat+ ! nations :i* 7 will+ to wage aggressive w>1 ! peace-lov+ nations might =m an alliance & agree to fight jo9tly aga9/ any nation :i* refus$ to submit its claims to an ,int]national ,c\ncil4 ,be=e ! pres5t w> we might h reasonably hop$ to secure ! peace ( ! _w 9 "s su* way2 b ! milit>y /r5g? ( ,g]many has %[n t su* a s*eme has no great *ance ( success at pres5t4 ,p]haps at "s n f> di/ant date x may be made m feasible by developm5ts ( policy 9 ,am]ica4 ,! economic & political =ces :i* make = w> c\ld be easily curb$ if ! w to peace exi/$ /rongly 9 all civiliz$ nations4 ,b s long z ! populations are liable to w> fev]1 all "w = peace mu/ be prec>i\s2 & if w> fev] c\ld n be ar\s$1 political & economic =ces w\ld be p[]less to produce any long or v de/ructive w>4 ,! fundam5tal problem = ! pacifi/ is to prev5t ! impulse t[>ds w> :i* seizes :ole communities f "t to "t4 ,& ?is c only be done by f>-rea*+ *anges 9 education1 9 ! economic /ructure ( society1 & 9 ! moral code by :i* public op9ion controls ! lives ( m5 & wom54#aj ,a great _m ( ! impulses :i* n[ lead nations to g to w> are 9 !mselves ess5tial to any vigor\s or progressive life4 ,)\t imag9ation & love ( adv5ture a society soon becomes /agnant & beg9s to decay4 ,conflict1 provid$ x is n de/ructive & brutal1 is necess>y 9 ord] to /imulate m5's activities1 & to secure ! victory ( :at is liv+ ov] :at is dead or m]ely traditional4 ,! wi% = ! triumph ( "o's cause1 ! s5se ( solid>ity ) l>ge bodies ( m51 are n ?+s :i* a wise man w wi% to de/roy4 ,x is only ! outcome 9 dea? & de/ruction & hatr$ t is evil4 ,! problem is1 to keep ^! impulses1 )\t mak+ w> ! outlet = !m4 ,all ,utopias t h hi!rto be5 con/ruct$ are intol]ably dull4 ,any man ) any =ce 9 him w\ld r live 9 ?is _w1 ) all its gha/ly horrors1 ?an 9 ,plato's ,republic or among ,swift's ,h\yhnhnms4 ,! m5 :o make ,utopias proce$ ^u a radically false assumption z to :at con/itutes a good life4 ,!y conceive t x is possible to imag9e a c]ta9 /ate ( society & a c]ta9 way ( life :i* %\ld be once = all recogniz$ z good1 & %\ld !n cont9ue = ev] & ev]4 ,!y d n realize t mu* ! great] "p ( a man's happ9ess dep5ds ^u activity1 & only a v small remnant consi/s 9 passive enjoym5t4 ,ev5 ! pleasures :i* d consi/ 9 enjoym5t are only satisfactory1 to mo/ m51 :5 !y come 9 ! int]vals ( activity4 ,social re=m]s1 l inv5tors ( ,utopias1 are apt to =get ?is v obvi\s fact ( human nature4 ,!y aim r at secur+ m leisure1 & m opportunity = enjoy+ x1 ?an at mak+ "w itself m satisfactory1 m consonant ) impulse1 & a bett] outlet = creativ5ess & ! desire to employ "o's faculties4 ,"w1 9 ! mod]n _w1 is1 to almo/ all :o dep5d on e>n+s1 m]e "w1 n an embodim5t ( ! desire = activity4 ,probably ?is is to a consid]able ext5t inevitable4 ,b 9 s f> z x c be prev5t$ some?+ w be done to give a peaceful outlet to "s ( ! impulses :i* lead to w>4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be easy to br+ ab\t peace if !re 7 no vigor 9 ! _w4 ,! ,roman ,empire 0 pacific & unproductive2 ! ,a!ns ( ,p]icles 0 ! mo/ productive & almo/ ! mo/ w>like community kn[n to hi/ory4 ,! only =m ( production 9 :i* our own age excels is sci5ce1 & 9 sci5ce ,g]many1 ! mo/ w>like ( ,great ,p[]s1 is supreme4 ,x is useless to multiply examples2 b x is pla9 t ! v same vital en]gy :i* produces all t is be/ also produces w> & ! love ( w>4 ,?is is ! basis ( ! opposition to pacifism felt by _m m5 ^: aims & activities are by no means brutal4 ,pacifism1 9 practice1 too (t5 expresses m]ely lack ( =ce1 n ! refusal to use =ce 9 ?w>t+ o!rs4 ,pacifism1 if x is to be bo? victori\s & b5efic5t1 mu/ f9d an outlet1 compatible ) humane feel+1 = ! vigor :i* n[ leads nations into w> & de/ruction4 ,?is problem 0 consid]$ by ,william ,james 9 an admirable address on 8,! ,moral ,equival5t ( ,w>10 deliv]$ to a congress ( pacifi/s dur+ ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w> ( #ahih4 ,8 /atem5t ( ! problem c\ld n be bett]$2 & s f> z ,i "k1 he is ! only writ] :o has fac$ ! problem adequately4 ,b 8 solution is n adequate2 p]haps no adequate solution is possible4 ,! problem1 h[ev]1 is "o ( degree3 e additional peaceful outlet = m5's en]gies dim9i%es ! =ce :i* urges nations t[>ds w>1 & makes w> less frequ5t & less fi]ce4 ,& z a "q ( degree1 x is capable ( m or less p>tial solutions4#aa ,e vigor\s man ne$s "s k9d ( conte/1 "s s5se ( resi/ance ov]come1 9 ord] to feel t he is ex]cis+ 8 faculties4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( economics1 a !ory has gr[n up t :at m5 desire is weal?2 ?is !ory has t5d$ to v]ify itself1 because p's actions are m (t5 det]m9$ by :at !y ?9k !y desire ?an by :at !y really desire4 ,! less active memb]s ( a community (t5 d 9 fact desire weal?1 s9ce x enables !m to gratify a ta/e = passive enjoym5t1 & to secure respect )\t ex]tion4 ,b ! en]getic m5 :o make great =tunes seldom desire ! actual money3 !y desire ! s5se ( p[] ?r\gh a conte/1 & ! joy ( successful activity4 ,= ?is reason1 ^? :o are ! mo/ ru?less 9 mak+ money are (t5 ! mo/ will+ to give x away2 !re are _m notori\s examples ( ?is among ,am]ican millionaires4 ,! only elem5t ( tru? 9 ! economic !ory t ^! m5 are actuat$ by desire = money is ?is3 ow+ to ! fact t money is :at is believ$ to be desirable1 ! mak+ ( money is recogniz$ z ! te/ ( success4 ,:at is desir$ is visible & indubitable success2 b ?is c only be a*iev$ by be+ "o ( ! few :o rea* a goal :i* _m m5 w\ld wi% to rea*4 ,= ?is reason1 public op9ion has a great influ5ce 9 direct+ ! activities ( vigor\s m54 ,9 ,am]ica a millionaire is m respect$ ?an a great arti/2 ?is leads m5 :o might become ei!r ! "o or ! o!r to *oose to become millionaires4 ,9 ,r5aissance ,italy great arti/s 7 m respect$ ?an millionaires1 & ! result 0 ! opposite ( :at x is 9 ,am]ica4 ,"s pacifi/s & all milit>i/s deprecate social & political conflicts4 ,9 ?is ! milit>i/s are 9 ! "r1 f _! po9t ( view2 b ! pacifi/s seem to me mi/ak54 ,conflicts ( p>ty politics1 conflicts betwe5 capital & labor1 & g5]ally all ^? conflicts ( pr9ciple :i* d n involve w>1 s]ve _m useful purposes1 & d v little h>m4 ,!y increase m5's int]e/ 9 public affairs1 !y af=d a comp>atively innoc5t outlet = ! love ( conte/1 & !y help to alt] laws & in/itutions1 :5 *ang+ conditions or great] k create ! wi% = an alt]ation4 ,ev]y?+ t int5sifies political life t5ds to br+ ab\t a peaceful int]e/ ( ! same k9d z ! int]e/ :i* leads to desire = w>4 ,& 9 a democratic community political que/ions give e vot] a s5se ( initiative & p[] & responsibility :i* relieves 8 life ( some?+ ( its n>r[ unadv5tur\sness4 ,! object ( ! pacifi/ %\ld be to give m5 m & m political control ov] _! own lives1 & 9 p>ticul> to introduce democracy into ! managem5t ( indu/ry1 z ! syndicali/s advise4 ,! problem = ! reflective pacifi/ is two-fold3 h[ to keep 8 own c\ntry at peace1 & h[ to pres]ve ! peace ( ! _w4 ,x is impossible t ! peace ( ! _w %\ld be pres]v$ :ile nations are liable to ! mood 9 :i* ,g]many ent]$ ^u ! w>--unless1 inde$1 "o nation 7 s obvi\sly /rong] ?an all o!rs comb9$ z to make w> unnecess>y = t "o & hopeless = all ! o!rs4 ,z ?is w> has dragg$ on its we>y l5g?1 _m p mu/ h ask$ !mselves :e!r national indep5d5ce is wor? ! price t has to be paid = x4 ,w\ld x n p]haps be bett] to secure univ]sal peace by ! supremacy ( "o ,p[]8 8,to secure peace by a _w f$]ation0--s a submissive pacifi/ may argue--8w\ld require "s fa9t glimm]+s ( reason 9 rul]s & peoples1 & is !re=e out ( ! "q2 b to secure x by all[+ ,g]many to dictate t]ms to ,europe w\ld be easy1 9 view ( ,g]many's amaz+ milit>y success4 ,s9ce !re is no o!r way ( end+ w>0--s our advocate ( peace at any price w\ld cont5d--8let u adopt ?is way1 :i* happ5s at ! mom5t to be op5 to u40 ,x is wor? :ile to consid] ?is view m att5tively ?an is commonly consid]$4 ,!re is "o great hi/oric example ( a long peace secur$ 9 ?is way2 ,i mean ! ,roman ,empire4 ,we 9 ,engl& boa/ ( ! ,pax ,britannica :i* we h impos$1 9 ?is way1 ^u ! w>r+ races & religions 9 ,india4 ,if we are "r 9 boa/+ ( ?is1 if we h 9 fact conf]r$ a b5efit ^u ,india by en=c$ peace1 ! ,g]mans w\ld be "r 9 boa/+ if !y c\ld impose a ,pax ,g]manica ^u ,europe4 ,be=e ! w>1 m5 might h said t ,india & ,europe are n analog\s1 because ,india is less civiliz$ ?an ,europe2 b n[1 ,i hope1 no "o w\ld h ! effront]y to ma9ta9 any?+ s prepo/]\s4 ,repeat$ly 9 mod]n hi/ory !re has be5 a *ance ( a*iev+ ,european unity by ! hegemony ( a s+le ,/ate2 b always ,engl&1 9 ob$i5ce to ! doctr9e ( ! ,balance ( ,p[]1 has prev5t$ ?is consummation1 & pres]v$ :at our /atesm5 h call$ ! 8lib]ties ( ,europe40 ,x is ?is task ^u :i* we are n[ engag$4 ,b ,i d n ?9k our /atesm51 or any o!rs among u1 h made mu* ef=t to consid] :e!r ! task is wor? :at x co/s4 ,9 "o case we 7 cle>ly wrong3 9 our resi/ance to revolution>y ,france4 ,if revolution>y ,france c\ld h conqu]$ ! ,cont95t & ,great ,brita91 ! _w w\ld n[ be happi]1 m civiliz$1 & m free1 z well z m peaceful4 ,b revolution>y ,france 0 a q exceptional case1 because its e>ly conque/s 7 made 9 ! "n ( lib]ty1 aga9/ tyrants1 n aga9/ peoples2 & ev]y:]e ! ,fr5* armies 7 welcom$ z lib]ators by all except rul]s & bigots4 ,9 ! case ( ,philip ,,ii we 7 z cle>ly "r z we 7 wrong 9 #agic4 ,b 9 bo? cases our action is n to be judg$ by "s ab/ract diplomatic conception ( ! 8lib]ties ( ,europe10 b by ! ideals ( ! ,p[] seek+ hegemony1 & by ! probable effect ^u ! welf>e ( ord9>y m5 & wom5 ?r\gh\t ,europe4 8,hegemony0 is a v vague ^w1 & ev]y?+ turns ^u ! degree ( int]f]5ce ) lib]ty :i* x involves4 ,!re is a degree ( int]f]5ce ) lib]ty :i* is fatal to _m =ms ( national life2 = example1 ,italy 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies 0 cru%$ by ! supremacy ( ,spa9 & ,au/ria4 ,if ! ,g]mans 7 actually to annex ,fr5* prov9ces1 z !y did 9 #ahga1 !y w\ld probably inflict a s]i\s injury ^u ^? prov9ces1 & make !m less fruitful = civilization 9 g5]al4 ,= su* reasons national lib]ty is a matt] ( real importance1 & a ,europe actually gov]n$ by ,g]many w\ld probably be v dead & unproductive4 ,b if 8hegemony0 m]ely means increas$ weight 9 diplomatic que/ions1 m coal+ /ations & possessions 9 ,africa1 m p[] ( secur+ advantage\s comm]cial treaties1 !n x c h>dly be suppos$ t x w\ld d any vital damage to o!r nations2 c]ta9ly x w\ld n d s mu* damage z ! pres5t w> is do+4 ,i _c d\bt t1 be=e ! w>1 a hegemony ( ?is k9d w\ld h abundantly satisfi$ ! ,g]mans4 ,b ! effect ( ! w>1 s f>1 has be5 to increase immeasurably all ! dang]s :i* x 0 int5d$ to av]t4 ,we h n[ only ! *oice betwe5 c]ta9 exhau/ion ( ,europe 9 fight+ ,g]many & possible damage to ! national life ( ,france by ,g]man tyranny4 ,/at$ 9 t]ms ( civilization & human welf>e1 n 9 t]ms ( national pre/ige1 t is n[ 9 fact ! issue4 ,assum+ t w> is n end$ by "o ,/ate conqu]+ all ! o!rs1 ! only way 9 :i* x c be p]man5tly end$ is by a _w-f$]ation4 ,s long z !re are _m sov]eign ,/ates1 ea* ) its own ,army1 !re c be no security t !re w n be w>4 ,!re w h to be 9 ! _w only "o ,army & "o ,navy be=e !re w be any reason to ?9k t w>s h ceas$4 ,?is means t1 s f> z ! milit>y functions ( ! ,/ate are conc]n$1 !re w be only "o ,/ate1 :i* w be _w-wide4 ,! civil functions ( ! ,/ate--legislative1 adm9i/rative1 & judicial--h no v ess5tial connection ) ! milit>y functions1 & !re is no reason :y bo? k9ds ( functions %\ld normally be ex]cis$ by ! same ,/ate4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 e reason :y ! civil ,/ate & ! milit>y ,/ate %\ld be diff]5t4 ,! great] mod]n ,/ates are already too l>ge = mo/ civil purposes1 b = milit>y purposes !y are n l>ge en\gh1 s9ce !y are n _w-wide4 ,?is diff]5ce z to ! desirable area = ! two k9ds ( ,/ate introduces a c]ta9 p]plexity & hesitation1 :5 x is n realiz$ t ! two functions h little necess>y connection3 "o set ( consid]ations po9ts t[>ds small ,/ates1 ! o!r t[>ds cont9ually l>g] ,/ates4 ,( c\rse1 if !re 7 an int]national ,army & ,navy1 !re w\ld h to be "s int]national au?ority to set !m 9 motion4 ,b ?is au?ority ne$ nev] conc]n itself ) any ( ! int]nal affairs ( national ,/ates3 x ne$ only decl>e ! rules :i* %\ld regulate _! relations1 & pron\nce judicially :5 ^? rules h be5 s infr+$ z to call = ! int]v5tion ( ! int]national =ce4 ,h[ easily ! limit ( ! au?ority c\ld be fix$ may be se5 by _m actual examples4 ,! civil & milit>y ,/ate are (t5 diff]5t 9 practice1 = _m purposes4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican ,republics are sov]eign = all purposes except _! relations ) ,europe1 9 reg>d to :i* !y are subject to ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 9 deal+s ) ,europe1 ! ,army & ,navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are _! ,army & ,navy4 ,our self-gov]n+ ,dom9ions dep5d = _! def5se1 n ^u _! own =ces b ^u our ,navy4 ,mo/ ,gov]nm5ts1 n[adays1 d n aim at =mal annexation ( a c\ntry :i* !y wi% to incorporate1 b only at a protectorate--t is1 civil autonomy subject to milit>y control4 ,su* autonomy is1 ( c\rse1 9 practice incomplete1 because x does n enable ! 8protect$0 c\ntry to adopt measures :i* are veto$ by ! ,p[] 9 milit>y control4 ,b x may be v ne>ly complete1 z 9 ! case ( our self-gov]n+ ,dom9ions4 ,at ! o!r extreme1 x may become a m]e f>ce1 z 9 ,egypt4 ,9 ! case ( an alliance1 !re is complete autonomy ( ! sep>ate alli$ c\ntries1 toge!r ) :at is practically a comb9ation ( _! milit>y =ces into "o s+le =ce4 ,! great advantage ( a l>ge milit>y ,/ate is t x increases ! area ov] :i* int]nal w> is n possible except by revolution4 ,if ,engl& & ,canada h a disagreem5t1 x is tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse t a settlem5t %all be arriv$ at by discussion1 n by =ce4 ,/ill m is ?is ! case if ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool h a qu>rel1 9 spite ( ! fact t ea* is autonom\s = _m local purposes4 ,no "o w\ld h ?\ght x reasonable t ,liv]pool %\ld g to w> to prev5t ! con/ruction ( ! ,man*e/] ,%ip ,canal1 al?\gh almo/ any two ,great ,p[]s w\ld h gone to w> ov] an issue ( ! same relative importance4 ,engl& & ,russia w\ld probably h gone to w> ov] ,p]sia if !y _h n be5 allies2 z x is1 !y arriv$ by diplomacy at mu* ! same iniquit\s result z !y w\ld o!rwise h rea*$ by fight+4 ,au/ralia & ,japan w\ld probably fight if !y 7 bo? completely indep5d5t2 b bo? dep5d = _! lib]ties ^u ! ,briti% ,navy1 & !re=e !y h to adju/ _! diff]5ces peaceably4 ,! *ief disadvantage ( a l>ge milit>y ,/ate is t1 :5 ext]nal w> occurs1 ! area affect$ is great]4 ,! quadruple ,ent5te =ms1 = ! pres5t1 "o milit>y ,/ate2 ! result is t1 because ( a dispute betwe5 ,au/ria & ,s]bia1 ,belgium is deva/at$ & ,au/ralians are kill$ 9 ! ,d>danelles4 ,ano!r disadvantage is t x facilitates oppression4 ,a l>ge milit>y ,/ate is practically omnipot5t aga9/ a small ,/ate1 & c impose its w1 z ,engl& & ,russia did 9 ,p]sia & z ,au/ria-,hung>y has be5 do+ 9 ,s]bia4 ,x is impossible to make sure ( avoid+ oppression by any purely me*anical gu>antees2 only a lib]al & humane _s c af=d a real protection4 ,x has be5 p]fectly possible = ,engl& to oppress ,irel&1 9 spite ( democracy & ! pres5ce ( ,iri% ,memb]s at ,we/m9/]4 ,nor has ! pres5ce ( ,poles 9 ! ,rei*/ag prev5t$ ! oppression ( ,prussian ,pol&4 ,b democracy & repres5tative gov]nm5t und\bt$ly make oppression less probable3 !y af=d a means by :i* ^? :o might be oppress$ c cause _! wi%es & grievances to be publicly kn[n1 !y r5d] x c]ta9 t only a m9ority c be oppress$1 & !n only if ! majority are ne>ly unanim\s 9 wi%+ to oppress !m4 ,also ! practice ( oppression af=ds mu* m pleasure to ! gov]n+ classes1 :o actually c>ry x out1 ?an to ! mass ( ! population4 ,= ?is reason ! mass ( ! population1 :]e x has p[]1 is likely to be less tyrannical ?an an olig>*y or a bureaucracy4 ,9 ord] to prev5t w> & at ! same "t pres]ve lib]ty x is necess>y t !re %\ld be only "o milit>y ,/ate 9 ! _w1 & t :5 disputes betwe5 diff]5t c\ntries arise1 x %\ld act accord+ to ! decision ( a c5tral au?ority4 ,?is is :at w\ld naturally result f a f$]ation ( ! _w1 if su* a ?+ ev] came ab\t4 ,b ! prospect is remote1 & x is wor? :ile to consid] :y x is s remote4 ,! unity ( a nation is produc$ by simil> habits1 in/9ctive lik+1 a common hi/ory1 & a common pride4 ,! unity ( a nation is p>tly due to intr9sic aff9ities betwe5 its citiz5s1 b p>tly also to ! pressure & contra/ ( ! outside _w3 if a nation 7 isolat$1 x w\ld n h ! same cohesion or ! same f]vor ( patriotism4 ,:5 we come to alliances ( nations1 x is seldom any?+ except outside pressure t produces solid>ity4 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 to "s ext5t1 are drawn toge!r by ! same causes :i* (t5 make national unity3 a 7m or less7 common language1 simil> political in/itutions1 simil> aims 9 int]national politics4 ,b ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,russia 7 drawn toge!r solely by fe> ( ,g]many2 if ,g]many _h be5 annihilat$ by a natural cataclysm1 !y w\ld at once h begun to hate "o ano!r1 z !y did be=e ,g]many 0 /rong4 ,= ?is reason1 ! possibility ( cop]ation 9 ! pres5t alliance aga9/ ,g]many af=ds no gr\nd :atev] = hop+ t all ! nations ( ! _w might cop]ate p]man5tly 9 a peaceful alliance4 ,! pres5t motive = cohesion1 namely a common fe>1 w\ld be gone1 & c\ld n be replac$ by any o!r motive unless m5's ?\ghts & purposes 7 v diff]5t f :at !y are n[4 ,! ultimate fact f :i* w> results is n economic or political1 & does n re/ ^u any me*anical difficulty ( inv5t+ means = ! peaceful settlem5t ( int]national disputes4 ,! ultimate fact f :i* w> results is ! fact t a l>ge proportion ( mank9d h an impulse to conflict r ?an h>mony1 & c only be br\ght to cop]ate ) o!rs 9 resi/+ or attack+ a common enemy4 ,?is is ! case 9 private life z well z 9 ! relations ( ,/ates4 ,mo/ m51 :5 !y feel !mselves suffici5tly /rong1 set to "w to make !mselves fe>$ r ?an lov$2 ! wi% to ga9 ! good op9ion ( o!rs is conf9$1 z a rule1 to ^? :o h n acquir$ secure p[]4 ,! impulse to qu>rel+ & self-ass]tion1 ! pleasure ( gett+ "o's own way 9 spite ( opposition1 is native to mo/ m54 ,x is ?is impulse1 r ?an any motive ( calculat$ self-int]e/1 :i* produces w>1 & causes ! difficulty ( br++ ab\t a ,_w-,/ate4 ,& ?is impulse is n conf9$ to "o nation2 x exi/s1 9 v>y+ degrees1 9 all ! vigor\s nations ( ! _w4 ,b al?\gh ?is impulse is /rong1 !re is no reason :y x %\ld be all[$ to lead to w>4 ,x 0 exactly ! same impulse :i* l$ to duell+2 yet n[ civiliz$ m5 conduct _! private qu>rels )\t blood%$4 ,if political conte/ )9 a ,_w-,/ate 7 sub/itut$ = w>1 imag9ation w\ld soon accu/om itself to ! new situation1 z x has accu/om$ itself to abs5ce ( duell+4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( in/itutions & habits1 )\t any fundam5tal *ange 9 human nature1 m5 w\ld le>n to look back ^u w> z we look ^u ! burn+ ( h]etics or ^u human sacrifice to hea!n deities4 ,if ,i 7 to buy a revolv] co/+ sev]al p\nds1 9 ord] to %oot my fri5d ) a view to /eal+ sixp5ce out ( 8 pocket1 ,i %\ld be ?\ght nei!r v wise nor v virtu\s4 ,b if ,i c get sixty-five million accomplices to jo9 me 9 ?is crim9al absurdity1 ,i become "o ( a great & glori\s nation1 nobly sacrific+ ! co/ ( my revolv]1 p]haps ev5 my life1 9 ord] to secure ! sixp5ce = ! honor ( my c\ntry4 ,hi/orians1 :o are almo/ inv>iably sycophants1 w praise me & my accomplices if we are successful1 & say t we are wor?y successors ( ! h]oes :o ov]?rew ! might ( ,imp]ial ,rome4 ,b if my oppon5ts are victori\s1 if _! sixp5ces are def5d$ at ! co/ ( _m p\nds ea* & ! lives ( a l>ge proportion ( ! population1 !n hi/orians w call me a brig& 7z ,i am71 & praise ! _s & self-sacrifice ( ^? :o resi/$ me4 ,w> is surr\nd$ ) glam\r1 by tradition1 by ,hom] & ! ,old ,te/am5t1 by e>ly education1 by elaborate my?s z to ! importance ( ! issues involv$1 by ! h]oism & self-sacrifice1 :i* ^! my?s call out4 ,jeph?ah sacrific+ 8 daught] is a h]oic figure1 b he w\ld h let h] live if he _h n be5 deceiv$ by a my?4 ,mo!rs s5d+ _! sons to ! battlefield are h]oic1 b !y are z mu* deceiv$ z ,jeph?ah4 ,&1 9 bo? cases alike1 ! h]oism :i* issues 9 cruelty w\ld be dispell$ if !re 7 n "s /ra9 ( b>b>ism 9 ! imag9ative outlook f :i* my?s spr+4 ,a ,god :o c be pleas$ by ! sacrifice ( an innoc5t girl c\ld only be wor%ip$ by m5 to :om ! ?\ght ( receiv+ su* a sacrifice is n :olly abhorr5t4 ,a nation :i* believes t its welf>e c only be secur$ by suff]+ & inflict+ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( equally horrible sacrifices1 is a nation :i* has no v spiritual conception ( :at con/itutes national welf>e4 ,x w\ld be bett] a hundr$fold to =go mat]ial com=t1 p[]1 pomp1 & outw>d glory ?an to kill & be kill$1 to hate & be hat$1 to ?r[ away 9 a mad mom5t ( fury ! bright h]itage ( ! ages4 ,we h le>nt gradually to free our ,god f ! savag]y ) :i* ! primitive ,israelites & ! ,fa!rs end[$ ,him3 few ( u n[ believe t x is ,8 pleasure to torture mo/ ( ! human race 9 an et]nity ( hell-fire4 ,b we h n yet le>nt to free our national ideals f ! anci5t ta9t4 ,devotion to ! nation is p]haps ! deepe/ & mo/ widespread religion ( ! pres5t age4 ,l ! anci5t religions1 x dem&s its p]secutions1 its holocau/s1 its lurid h]oic cruelties2 l !m1 x is noble1 primitive1 brutal1 & mad4 ,n[1 z 9 ! pa/1 religion1 lagg+ beh9d private consci5ces ?r\gh ! weight ( tradition1 /eels ! he>ts ( m5 aga9/ m]cy & _! m9ds aga9/ tru?4 ,if ! _w is to be sav$1 m5 mu/ le>n to be noble )\t be+ cruel1 to be fill$ ) fai? & yet op5 to tru?1 to be inspir$ by great purposes )\t hat+ ^? :o try to ?w>t !m4 ,b be=e ?is c happ51 m5 mu/ fir/ face ! t]rible realization t ! gods be=e :om !y h b[$ d[n 7 false gods & ! sacrifices !y h made 7 va94 ,,iv ,,prop]ty ,among ! _m gloomy noveli/s ( ! reali/ic s*ool1 p]haps ! mo/ full ( gloom is ,giss+4 ,9 common ) all 8 *>act]s1 he lives "u ! weight ( a great oppression3 ! p[] ( ! fe>ful & yet ador$ idol ( ,money4 ,"o ( 8 typical /ories is 8,eve's ,ransom10 :]e ! h]o9e1 ) v>i\s discr$itable subt]fuges1 ?r[s ov] ! poor man :om %e loves 9 ord] to m>ry ! ri* man ^: income %e loves /ill bett]4 ,! poor man1 f9d+ t ! ri* man's income has giv5 h] a full] life & a bett] "* ?an ! poor man's love c\ld h giv5 h]1 decides t %e has done q "r1 & t he des]ves to be puni%$ = 8 lack ( money4 ,9 ?is /ory1 z 9 8 o!r books1 ,giss+ has set =?1 q accurately1 ! actual dom9ion ( money1 & ! imp]sonal wor%ip :i* x exacts f ! great majority ( civiliz$ mank9d4 ,giss+'s facts are und5iable1 & yet 8 attitude produces a revolt 9 any read] :o has vital passions & ma/]ful desires4 ,8 wor%ip ( money is b\nd up ) 8 consci\sness ( inw>d defeat4 ,& 9 ! mod]n _w g5]ally1 x is ! decay ( life :i* has promot$ ! religion ( mat]ial goods2 & ! religion ( mat]ial goods1 9 its turn1 has ha/5$ ! decay ( life on :i* x ?rives4 ,! man :o wor%ips money has ceas$ to hope = happ9ess ?r\gh 8 own ef=ts or 9 8 own activities3 he looks ^u happ9ess z a passive enjoym5t ( pleasures d]iv$ f ! outside _w4 ,! arti/ or ! lov] does n wor%ip money 9 8 mom5ts ( ardor1 because 8 desires are specific1 & direct$ t[>ds objects :i* only he c create4 ,& conv]sely1 ! wor%ip] ( money c nev] a*ieve greatness z an arti/ or a lov]4 ,love ( money has be5 d5\nc$ by morali/s s9ce ! _w began4 ,i d n wi% to add ano!r to ! moral d5unciations1 ( :i* ! efficacy 9 ! pa/ has n be5 enc\rag+4 ,i wi% to %[ h[ ! wor%ip ( money is bo? an effect & a cause ( dim9i%+ vitality1 & h[ our in/itutions might be *ang$ s z to make ! wor%ip ( money gr[ less & ! g5]al vitality gr[ m4 ,x is n ! desire = money z a means to def9ite ends t is 9 "q4 ,a /ruggl+ arti/ may desire money 9 ord] to h leisure = 8 art1 b ?is desire is f9ite1 & c be satisfi$ fully by a v mode/ sum4 ,x is ! wor%ip ( money t ,i wi% to consid]3 ! belief t all values may be measur$ 9 t]ms ( money1 & t money is ! ultimate te/ ( success 9 life4 ,?is belief is held 9 fact1 if n 9 words1 by multitudes ( m5 & wom51 & yet x is n 9 h>mony ) human nature1 s9ce x ignores vital ne$s & ! in/9ctive t5d5cy t[>ds "s specific k9d ( gr[?4 ,x makes m5 treat z unimportant ^? ( _! desires :i* run c\nt] to ! acquisition ( money1 & yet su* desires are1 z a rule1 m important to well-be+ ?an any increase ( income4 ,x leads m5 to mutilate _! own natures f a mi/ak5 !ory ( :at con/itutes success1 & to give admiration to ent]prises :i* add no?+ to human welf>e4 ,x promotes a dead uni=mity ( "* & purpose1 a dim9ution 9 ! joy ( life1 & a /ress & /ra9 :i* leaves :ole communities we>y1 disc\rag$1 & disillusion$4 ,am]ica1 ! pione] ( ,we/]n progress1 is ?\ght by _m to display ! wor%ip ( money 9 its mo/ p]fect =m4 ,a well-to-d ,am]ican1 :o already has m ?an en\gh money to satisfy all reasonable requirem5ts1 almo/ always cont9ues to "w at 8 (fice ) an assiduity :i* w\ld only be p>donable if />vation 7 ! alt]native4 ,b ,engl&1 except among a small m9ority1 is almo/ z mu* giv5 ov] to ! wor%ip ( money z ,am]ica4 ,love ( money 9 ,engl& takes1 z a rule1 ! =m ( snobbi%ly desir+ to ma9ta9 a c]ta9 social /atus1 r ?an ( /riv+ aft] an indef9ite increase ( income4 ,m5 po/pone m>riage until !y h an income enabl+ !m to h z _m rooms & s]vants 9 _! h\se z !y feel t _! dignity requires4 ,?is makes x necess>y = !m :ile !y are "y to keep a wat* ^u _! affections1 le/ !y %\ld be l$ into an imprud5ce3 !y acquire a cauti\s habit ( m9d1 & a fe> ( 8giv+ !mselves away10 :i* makes a free & vigor\s life impossible4 ,9 act+ z !y d !y imag9e t !y are be+ virtu\s1 s9ce !y w\ld feel x a h>d%ip = a woman to be ask$ to desc5d to a l[] social /atus ?an t ( h] p>5ts1 & a degradation to !mselves to m>ry a woman ^: social /atus 0 n equal to _! own4 ,! ?+s ( nature are n valu$ 9 comp>ison ) money4 ,x is n ?\ght a h>d%ip = a woman to h to accept1 z h] only exp]i5ce ( love1 ! prud5t & limit$ att5tions ( a man ^: capacity = emotion has be5 lo/ dur+ ye>s ( wise re/ra9t or sordid relations ) wom5 :om he did n respect4 ,! woman h]self does n "k t x is a h>d%ip2 = %e1 too1 has be5 taught prud5ce = fe> ( a desc5t 9 ! social scale1 & f e>ly y\? %e has _h x in/ill$ into h] t /rong feel+ does n become a "y woman4 ,s ! two unite to slip ?r\gh life 9 ignorance ( all t is wor? kn[+4 ,_! ance/ors 7 n re/ra9$ f passion by ! fe> ( hell-fire1 b !y are re/ra9$ effectually by a worse fe>1 ! fe> ( com+ d[n 9 ! _w4 ,! same motives :i* lead m5 to m>ry late also lead !m to limit _! families4 ,pr(essional m5 wi% to s5d _! sons to a public s*ool1 ?\gh ! education !y w obta9 is no bett] ?an at a gramm> s*ool1 & ! companions ) :om !y w associate are m vici\s4 ,b snobdom has decid$ t public s*ools are be/1 & f its v]dict !re is no appeal4 ,:at makes !m ! be/ is t !y are ! mo/ exp5sive4 ,& ! same social /ruggle1 9 v>y+ =ms1 runs ?r\gh all classes except ! v highe/ & ! v l[e/4 ,= ?is purpose m5 & wom5 make great moral ef=ts1 & %[ amaz+ p[]s ( self-control2 b all _! ef=ts & all _! self-control1 be+ n us$ = any creative end1 s]ve m]ely to dry up ! well-spr+ ( life )9 !m1 to make !m feeble1 li/less1 & trivial4 ,x is n 9 su* a soil t ! passion :i* produces g5ius c be n\ri%$4 ,m5's s\ls h ex*ang$ ! wild]ness = ! draw+-room3 !y h become cramp$ & petty & de=m$1 l ,*9ese wom5's feet4 ,ev5 ! horrors ( w> h h>dly awak5$ !m f ! smug somnambulism ( respectability4 ,& x is *iefly ! wor%ip ( money t has br\ght ab\t ?is dea?like slumb] ( all t makes m5 great4 ,9 ,france ! wor%ip ( money takes ! =m ( ?rift4 ,x is n easy to make a =tune 9 ,france1 b an inh]it$ compet5ce is v common1 & :]e x exi/s ! ma9 purpose ( life is to h& x on undim9i%$1 if n increas$4 ,! ,fr5* r5ti] is "o ( ! great =ces 9 int]national politics3 x is he ?r\gh :om ,france has be5 /r5g!n$ 9 diplomacy & weak5$ 9 w>1 by increas+ ! supply ( ,fr5* capital & dim9i%+ ! supply ( ,fr5* m54 ,! necessity ( provid+ a dot = daught]s1 & ! subdivision ( prop]ty by ! law ( inh]itance1 h made ! family m p[]ful1 z an in/itution1 ?an 9 any o!r civiliz$ c\ntry4 ,9 ord] t ! family may prosp]1 x is kept small1 & ! individual memb]s are (t5 sacrific$ to x4 ,! desire = family cont9uity makes m5 timid & unadv5tur\s3 x is only 9 ! organiz$ prolet>iat t ! d>+ _s survives :i* made ! ,revolution & l$ ! _w 9 political ?\ght & practice4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( money1 ! /r5g? ( ! family has become a weakness to ! nation by mak+ ! population rema9 /ation>y & ev5 t5d to decl9e4 ,! same love ( safety is beg9n+ to produce ! same effects else:]e2 b 9 ?is1 z 9 _m bett] ?+s1 ,france has l$ ! way4 ,9 ,g]many ! wor%ip ( money is m rec5t ?an 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,am]ica2 inde$1 x h>dly exi/$ until aft] ! ,franco-,prussian ,w>4 ,b x has be5 adopt$ n[ ) ! same int5sity & :ole-he>t$ness :i* h always m>k$ ,g]man beliefs4 ,x is *>act]i/ic t1 z 9 ,france ! wor%ip ( money is associat$ ) ! family1 s 9 ,g]many x is associat$ ) ! ,/ate4 ,liszt1 9 delib]ate revolt aga9/ ! ,engli% economi/s1 taught 8 compatriots to ?9k ( economics 9 national t]ms1 & ! ,g]man :o develops a bus9ess is felt1 by o!rs z well z by himself1 to be p]=m+ a s]vice to ! ,/ate4 ,g]mans believe t ,engl&'s greatness is due to indu/rialism & ,empire1 & t our success 9 ^! is due to an int5se nationalism4 ,! app>5t int]nationalism ( our ,free ,trade policy !y reg>d z m]e hypocrisy4 ,!y h set !mselves to imitate :at !y believe we really are1 ) only ! hypocrisy omitt$4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t _! success has be5 amaz+4 ,b 9 ! process !y h de/roy$ almo/ all t made ,g]many ( value to ! _w1 & !y h n adopt$ :atev] ( good !re may h be5 among u1 s9ce t 0 all swept aside 9 ! :olesale condemnation ( 8hypocrisy40 ,& 9 adopt+ our wor/ faults1 !y h made !m f> worse by a sy/em1 a ?or\ghness1 & a unanimity ( :i* we are happily incapable4 ,g]many's religion is ( great importance to ! _w1 s9ce ,g]mans h a p[] ( real belief1 & h ! en]gy to acquire ! virtues & vices :i* _! cre$ dem&s4 ,= ! sake ( ! _w1 z well z = ! sake ( ,g]many1 we mu/ hope t !y w soon ab&on ! wor%ip ( weal? :i* !y h un=tunately le>nt f u4 ,wor%ip ( money is no new ?+1 b x is a m h>mful ?+ ?an x us$ to be1 = sev]al reasons4 ,indu/rialism has made "w m we>isome & int5se1 less capable ( af=d+ pleasure & int]e/ by ! way to ! man :o has und]tak5 x = ! sake ( money4 ,! p[] ( limit+ families has op5$ a new field = ! op]ation ( ?rift4 ,! g5]al increase 9 education & self-discipl9e has made m5 m capable ( pursu+ a purpose consi/5tly 9 spite ( temptations1 & :5 ! purpose is aga9/ life x becomes m de/ructive ) e increase ( t5acity 9 ^? :o adopt x4 ,! great] productivity result+ f indu/rialism has enabl$ u to devote m labor & capital to armies & navies = ! protection ( our weal? f envi\s neighbors1 & = ! exploitation ( inf]ior races1 :i* are ru?lessly wa/$ by ! capitali/ rgime4 ,?r\gh ! fe> ( los+ money1 =e?\ght & anxiety eat away m5's p[] ( happ9ess1 & ! dread ( mis=tune becomes a great] mis=tune ?an ! "o :i* is dread$4 ,! happie/ m5 & wom51 z we c all te/ify f our own exp]i5ce1 are ^? :o are indiff]5t to money because !y h "s positive purpose :i* %uts x out4 ,& yet all our political ?\ght1 :e!r imp]iali/1 radical1 or sociali/1 cont9ues to occupy itself almo/ exclusively ) m5's economic desires1 z ?\gh !y alone _h real importance4 ,9 judg+ ( an indu/rial sy/em1 :e!r ! "o "u :i* we live or "o propos$ by re=m]s1 !re are f\r ma9 te/s :i* may be appli$4 ,we may consid] :e!r ! sy/em secures 7#a7 ! maximum ( production1 or 7#b7 ju/ice 9 di/ribution1 or 7#c7 a tol]able exi/5ce = produc]s1 or 7#d7 ! greate/ possible fre$om & /imulus to vitality & progress4 ,we may say1 broadly1 t ! pres5t sy/em aims only at ! fir/ ( ^! objects1 :ile socialism aims at ! second & ?ird4 ,"s def5d]s ( ! pres5t sy/em cont5d t te*nical progress is bett] promot$ by private ent]prise ?an x w\ld be if indu/ry 7 9 ! h&s ( ! ,/ate2 to ?is ext5t !y recognize ! f\r? ( ! objects we h enum]at$4 ,b !y recognize x only on ! side ( ! goods & ! capitali/1 n on ! side ( ! wage-e>n]4 ,i believe t ! f\r? is mu* ! mo/ important ( ! objects to be aim$ at1 t ! pres5t sy/em is fatal to x1 & t or?odox socialism might well prove equally fatal4 ,"o ( ! lea/ que/ion$ assumptions ( ! capitali/ sy/em is1 t production ought to be increas$ 9 am\nt by e possible means3 by new k9ds ( ma*9]y1 by employm5t ( wom5 & boys1 by mak+ h\rs ( labor z long z is compatible ) effici5cy4 ,c5tral ,african natives1 accu/om$ to liv+ on raw fruits ( ! e>? & defeat+ ,man*e/] by disp5s+ ) clo!s1 are compell$ to "w by a hut tax :i* !y c only pay by tak+ employm5t "u ,european capitali/s4 ,x is admitt$ t !y are p]fectly happy :ile !y rema9 free f ,european influ5ces1 & t indu/rialism br+s ^u !m1 n only ! unwont$ mis]y ( conf9em5t1 b also dea? f diseases to :i* :ite m5 h become p>tially immune4 ,x is admitt$ t ! be/ negro work]s are ! 8raw natives10 fre% f ! bu%1 uncontam9at$ by previ\s exp]i5ce ( wage-e>n+4 ,nev]!less1 no "o effectively cont5ds t !y ought to be pres]v$ f ! det]ioration :i* we br+1 s9ce no "o effectively d\bts t x is good to increase ! _w's production at no matt] :at co/4 ,! belief 9 ! importance ( production has a fanatical irrationality & ru?lessness4 ,s long z some?+ is produc$1 :at x is t is produc$ seems to be ?\ght a matt] ( no acc\nt4 ,our :ole economic sy/em enc\rages ?is view1 s9ce fe> ( unemploym5t makes any k9d ( "w a boon to wage-e>n]s4 ,! mania = increas+ production has turn$ m5's ?\ghts away f mu* m important problems1 & has prev5t$ ! _w f gett+ ! b5efits x might h got out ( ! increas$ productivity ( labor4 ,:5 we are f$ & clo!d & h\s$1 fur!r mat]ial goods are ne$$ only = o/5tation4#ab ,) mod]n me?ods1 a c]ta9 proportion ( ! population1 )\t work+ long h\rs1 c\ld d all ! "w t is really necess>y 9 ! way ( produc+ commodities4 ,! "t :i* is n[ sp5t 9 produc+ luxuries c\ld be sp5t p>tly 9 enjoym5t & c\ntry holidays1 p>tly 9 bett] education1 p>tly 9 "w t is n manual or subs]v+ manual "w4 ,we c\ld1 if we wi%$1 h f> m sci5ce & art1 m diffus$ k & m5tal cultivation1 m leisure = wage-e>n]s1 & m capacity = intellig5t pleasures4 ,at pres5t n only wages1 b almo/ all e>n$ incomes1 c only be obta9$ by work+ mu* long] h\rs ?an m5 ought to "w4 ,a man :o e>ns #hjj a ye> by h>d "w c\ld n1 z a rule1 e>n #djj a ye> by half z mu* "w4 ,(t5 he c\ld n e>n any?+ if he 7 n will+ to "w practically all day & e day4 ,because ( ! excessive belief 9 ! value ( production1 x is ?\ght "r & prop] = m5 to "w long h\rs1 & ! good t might result f %ort] h\rs is n realiz$4 ,& all ! cruelties ( ! indu/rial sy/em1 n only 9 ,europe b ev5 m 9 ! tropics1 ar\se only an occasional feeble prote/ f a few philan?ropi/s4 ,?is is because1 ow+ to ! di/ortion produc$ by our pres5t economic me?ods1 m5's consci\s desires1 9 su* matt]s1 cov] only a v small "p1 & t n ! mo/ important "p1 ( ! real ne$s affect$ by indu/rial "w4 ,if ?is is to be rem$i$1 x c only be by a diff]5t economic sy/em1 9 :i* ! relation ( activity to ne$s w be less conceal$ & m direct4 ,! purpose ( maximiz+ production w n be a*iev$ 9 ! long run if our pres5t indu/rial sy/em cont9ues4 ,our pres5t sy/em is wa/eful ( human mat]ial1 p>tly ?r\gh damage to ! heal? & effici5cy ( indu/rial work]s1 especially :5 wom5 & *ildr5 are employ$1 p>tly ?r\gh ! fact t ! be/ work]s t5d to h small families & t ! m civiliz$ races are 9 dang] ( gradual ext9ction4 ,e great city is a c5t] ( race-det]ioration4 ,= ! case ( ,london ?is has be5 argu$ ) a weal? ( /ati/ical detail by ,sir ,h4 ,llewelyn ,smi?2#ac & x _c easily be d\bt$ t x is equally true 9 o!r cases4 ,! same is true ( mat]ial res\rces3 ! m9]als1 ! virg9 =e/s1 & ! newly develop$ :eatfields ( ! _w are be+ exhau/$ ) a reckless prodigality :i* entails almo/ a c]ta9ty ( h>d%ip = future g5]ations4 ,sociali/s see ! rem$y 9 ,/ate own]%ip ( l& & capital1 comb9$ ) a m j sy/em ( di/ribution4 ,x _c be d5i$ t our pres5t sy/em ( di/ribution is indef5sible f e po9t ( view1 includ+ ! po9t ( view ( ju/ice4 ,our sy/em ( di/ribution is regulat$ by law1 & is capable ( be+ *ang$ 9 _m respects :i* famili>ity makes u reg>d z natural & inevitable4 ,we may di/+ui% f\r *ief s\rces ( recogniz$ legal rights to private prop]ty3 7#a7 a man's "r to :at he has made himself2 7#b7 ! "r to int]e/ on capital :i* has be5 l5t2 7#c7 ! own]%ip ( l&2 7#d7 inh]itance4 ,^! =m a cresc5do ( respectability3 capital is m respectable ?an labor1 l& is m respectable ?an capital1 & any =m ( weal? is m respectable :5 x is inh]it$ ?an :5 x has be5 acquir$ by our own ex]tions4 ,a man's "r to ! produce ( 8 own labor has nev]1 9 fact1 _h m ?an a v limit$ recognition f ! law4 ,! e>ly sociali/s1 especially ! ,engli% =]unn]s ( ,m>x1 us$ to insi/ ^u ?is "r z ! basis ( a j sy/em ( di/ribution1 b 9 ! complication ( mod]n indu/rial processes x is impossible to say :at a man has produc$4 ,:at proportion ( ! goods c>ri$ by a railway %\ld belong to ! goods port]s conc]n$ 9 _! j\rney8 ,:5 a surgeon saves a man's life by an op]ation1 :at proportion ( ! commodities :i* ! man subsequ5tly produces c ! surgeon ju/ly claim8 ,su* problems are insoluble4 ,& !re is no special ju/ice1 ev5 if !y 7 soluble1 9 all[+ to ea* man :at he himself produces4 ,"s m5 are /rong]1 heal?i]1 clev]]1 ?an o!rs1 b !re is no reason = increas+ ^! natural inju/ices by ! artificial inju/ices ( ! law4 ,! pr9ciple recomm5ds itself p>tly z a way ( aboli%+ ! v ri*1 p>tly z a way ( /imulat+ p to "w h>d4 ,b ! fir/ ( ^! objects c be bett] obta9$ 9 o!r ways1 & ! second ceases to be obvi\sly desirable z soon z we cease to wor%ip money4 ,int]e/ arises naturally 9 any community 9 :i* private prop]ty is unre/rict$ & !ft is puni%$1 because "s ( ! mo/ economical processes ( production are sl[1 & ^? :o h ! skill to p]=m !m may n h ! means ( liv+ :ile !y are be+ complet$4 ,b ! p[] ( l5d+ money gives su* great weal? & influ5ce to private capitali/s t unless /rictly controll$ x is n compatible ) any real fre$om = ! re/ ( ! population4 ,its effects at pres5t1 bo? 9 ! indu/rial _w & 9 int]national politics1 are s bad t x seems imp]atively necess>y to devise "s means ( curb+ its p[]4 ,private prop]ty 9 l& has no ju/ification except hi/orically ?r\gh p[] ( ! sword4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( feudal times1 c]ta9 m5 _h en\gh milit>y /r5g? to be able to =ce ^? :om !y dislik$ n to live 9 a c]ta9 area4 ,^? :om !y *ose to leave on ! l& became _! s]fs1 & 7 =c$ to "w = !m 9 return = ! graci\s p]mission to /ay4 ,9 ord] to e/abli% law 9 place ( private =ce1 x 0 necess>y1 9 ! ma91 to leave undi/urb$ ! rights :i* _h be5 acquir$ by ! sword4 ,! l& became ! prop]ty ( ^? :o _h conqu]$ x1 & ! s]fs 7 all[$ to give r5t in/ead ( s]vice4 ,!re is no ju/ification = private prop]ty 9 l&1 except ! hi/orical necessity to conciliate turbul5t robb]s :o w\ld n o!rwise h obey$ ! law4 ,?is necessity arose 9 ,europe _m c5turies ago1 b 9 ,africa ! :ole process is (t5 q rec5t4 ,x is by ?is process1 slightly disguis$1 t ! ,kimb]ley diamond m9es & ! ,r& gold m9es 7 acquir$ 9 spite ( prior native rights4 ,x is a s+ul> example ( human in]tia t m5 %\ld h cont9u$ until n[ to endure ! tyranny & extortion :i* a small m9ority are able to inflict by _! possession ( ! l&4 ,no good to ! community1 ( any sort or k9d1 results f ! private own]%ip ( l&4 ,if m5 7 reasonable1 !y w\ld decree t x %\ld cease to-morr[1 ) no comp5sation beyond a mod]ate life income to ! pres5t hold]s4 ,! m]e abolition ( r5t w\ld n remove inju/ice1 s9ce x w\ld conf] a caprici\s advantage ^u ! occupi]s ( ! be/ sites & ! mo/ f]tile l&4 ,x is necess>y t !re %\ld be r5t1 b x %\ld be paid to ! ,/ate or to "s body :i* p]=ms public s]vices2 or1 if ! total r5tal 7 m ?an is requir$ = su* purposes1 x might be paid into a common fund & divid$ equally among ! population4 ,su* a me?od w\ld be j1 & w\ld n only help to relieve pov]ty1 b w\ld prev5t wa/eful employm5t ( l& & ! tyranny ( local magnates4 ,mu* t appe>s z ! p[] ( capital is really ! p[] ( ! l&[n]--= example1 ! p[] ( railway companies & m9e-own]s4 ,! evil & inju/ice ( ! pres5t sy/em are gl>+1 b m5's pati5ce ( prev5table evils to :i* !y are accu/om$ is s great t x is impossible to guess :5 !y w put an end to ?is /range absurdity4 ,inh]itance1 :i* is ! s\rce ( ! great] "p ( ! une>n$ income 9 ! _w1 is reg>d$ by mo/ m5 z a natural "r4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ,engl&1 ! "r is inh]5t 9 ! own] ( prop]ty1 :o may dispose ( x 9 any way t seems good to him4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ,france1 8 "r is limit$ by ! "r ( 8 family to inh]it at lea/ a portion ( :at he has to leave4 ,b nei!r ! "r to dispose ( prop]ty by w nor ! "r ( *ildr5 to inh]it f p>5ts has any basis outside ! in/9cts ( possession & family pride4 ,!re may be reasons = all[+ a man ^: "w is exceptionally fruitful--= in/ance1 an inv5tor--to enjoy a l>g] income ?an is enjoy$ by ! av]age citiz51 b !re c be no good reason = all[+ ?is privilege to desc5d to 8 *ildr5 & gr&*ildr5 & s on = ev]4 ,! effect is to produce an idle & exceptionally =tunate class1 :o are influ5tial ?r\gh _! money1 & oppos$ to re=m = fe> x %\ld be direct$ aga9/ !mselves4 ,_! :ole habit ( ?\ght becomes timid1 s9ce !y dread be+ =c$ to ackn[l$ge t _! position is indef5sible2 yet snobb]y & ! wi% to secure _! favor leads almo/ ! :ole middle-class to ape _! mann]s & adopt _! op9ions4 ,9 ?is way !y become a poison infect+ ! outlook ( almo/ all educat$ p4 ,x is sometimes said t )\t ! inc5tive ( inh]itance m5 w\ld n "w s well4 ,! great capta9s ( indu/ry1 we are assur$1 are actuat$ by ! desire to f\nd a family1 & w\ld n devote _! lives to unremitt+ toil )\t ! hope ( gratify+ ?is desire4 ,i d n believe t any l>ge proportion ( really useful "w is done f ?is motive4 ,ord9>y "w is done = ! sake ( a liv+1 & ! v be/ "w is done = ! int]e/ ( ! "w itself4 ,ev5 ! capta9s ( indu/ry1 :o are ?\ght 7p]haps by !mselves z well z by o!rs7 to be aim+ at f\nd+ a family1 are probably m actuat$ by love ( p[] & by ! adv5tur\s pleasure ( great ent]prises4 ,& if !re 7 "s slight dim9ution 9 ! am\nt ( "w done1 x w\ld be well wor? :ile 9 ord] to get rid ( ! idle ri*1 ) ! oppression1 feebl5ess1 & corruption :i* !y inevitably introduce4 ,! pres5t sy/em ( di/ribution is n bas$ ^u any pr9ciple4 ,/>t+ f a sy/em impos$ by conque/1 ! arrangem5ts made by ! conqu]ors = _! own b5efit 7 /]eotyp$ by ! law1 & h nev] be5 fundam5tally recon/ruct$4 ,on :at pr9ciples ought ! recon/ruction to be bas$8 ,socialism1 :i* is ! mo/ widely advocat$ s*eme ( recon/ruction1 aims *iefly at ju/ice3 ! pres5t inequalities ( weal? are unju/1 & socialism w\ld aboli% !m4 ,x is n ess5tial to socialism t all m5 %\ld h ! same income1 b x is ess5tial t inequalities %\ld be ju/ifi$1 9 ea* case1 by inequality ( ne$ or ( s]vice p]=m$4 ,!re c be no disput+ t ! pres5t sy/em is grossly unju/1 & t almo/ all t is unju/ 9 x is h>mful4 ,b ,i d n ?9k ju/ice alone is a suffici5t pr9ciple ^u :i* to base an economic recon/ruction4 ,ju/ice w\ld be secur$ if all 7 equally unhappy1 z well z if all 7 equally happy4 ,ju/ice1 by itself1 :5 once realiz$1 conta9s no s\rce ( new life4 ,! old type ( ,m>xian revolution>y sociali/ nev] dwelt1 9 imag9ation1 ^u ! life ( communities aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! mill5nium4 ,he imag9$ t1 l ! ,pr9ce & ,pr9cess 9 a fairy /ory1 !y w\ld live happily ev] aft]4 ,b t is n a condition possible to human nature4 ,desire1 activity1 purpose1 are ess5tial to a tol]able life1 & a mill5nium1 ?\gh x may be a joy 9 prospect1 w\ld be intol]able if x 7 actually a*iev$4 ,! m mod]n sociali/s1 x is true1 h lo/ mo/ ( ! religi\s f]vor :i* *>act]iz$ ! pione]s1 & view socialism z a t5d5cy r ?an a def9ite goal4 ,b !y /ill reta9 ! view t :at is ( mo/ political importance to a man is 8 income1 & t ! pr9cipal aim ( a democratic politician ought to be to increase ! wages ( labor4 ,i believe ?is involves too passive a conception ( :at con/itutes happ9ess4 ,x is true t1 9 ! indu/rial _w1 l>ge sections ( ! population are too poor to h any possibility ( a good life2 b x is n true t a good life w come ( itself ) a dim9ution ( pov]ty4 ,v few ( ! well-to-d classes h a good life at pres5t1 & p]haps socialism w\ld only sub/itute ! evils :i* n[ afflict ! m prosp]\s 9 place ( ! evils result+ f de/itution4 ,9 ! exi/+ labor movem5t1 al?\gh x is "o ( ! mo/ vital s\rces ( *ange1 !re are c]ta9 t5d5cies aga9/ :i* re=m]s ought to be on _! gu>d4 ,! labor movem5t is 9 ess5ce a movem5t 9 favor ( ju/ice1 bas$ ^u ! belief t ! sacrifice ( ! _m to ! few is n necess>y n[1 :atev] may h be5 ! case 9 ! pa/4 ,:5 labor 0 less productive & education 0 less widespread1 an ari/ocratic civilization may h be5 ! only "o possible3 x may h be5 necess>y t ! _m %\ld contribute to ! life ( ! few1 if ! few 7 to transmit & increase ! _w's possessions 9 art & ?\ght & civiliz$ exi/5ce4 ,b ?is necessity is pa/ or rapidly pass+1 & !re is no long] any valid objection to ! claims ( ju/ice4 ,! labor movem5t is morally irresi/ible1 & is n n[ s]i\sly oppos$ except by prejudice & simple self-ass]tion4 ,all liv+ ?\ght is on its side2 :at is aga9/ x is traditional & dead4 ,b al?\gh x itself is liv+1 x is n by any means c]ta9 t x w make = life4 ,labor is l$ by curr5t political ?\ght 9 c]ta9 directions :i* w\ld become repressive & dang]\s if !y 7 to rema9 /rong aft] labor _h triumph$4 ,! aspirations ( ! labor movem5t are1 on ! :ole1 oppos$ by ! great majority ( ! educat$ classes1 :o feel a m5ace1 n only or *iefly to _! p]sonal com=t1 b to ! civiliz$ life 9 :i* !y h _! "p1 :i* !y pr(\ndly believe to be important to ! _w4 ,ow+ to ! opposition ( ! educat$ classes1 labor1 :5 x is revolution>y & vigor\s1 t5ds to despise all t ! educat$ classes repres5t4 ,:5 x is m respectful1 z its lead]s t5d to be 9 ,engl&1 ! subtle & almo/ unconsci\s influ5ce ( educat$ m5 is apt to sap revolution>y ardor1 produc+ d\bt & unc]ta9ty in/ead ( ! swift1 simple assurance by :i* victory might h be5 won4 ,! v sympa?y :i* ! be/ m5 9 ! well-to-d classes ext5d to labor1 _! v read9ess to admit ! ju/ice ( its claims1 may h ! effect ( s(t5+ ! opposition ( labor lead]s to ! /atus quo1 & ( op5+ _! m9ds to ! sugge/ion t no fundam5tal *ange is possible4 ,s9ce ^! influ5ces affect lead]s mu* m ?an ! rank & file1 !y t5d to produce 9 ! rank & file a di/ru/ ( lead]s1 & a desire to seek out new lead]s :o w be less ready to conc$e ! claims ( ! m =tunate classes4 ,! result may be 9 ! end a labor movem5t z ho/ile to ! life ( ! m9d z "s t]rifi$ prop]ty-own]s believe x to be at pres5t4 ,! claims ( ju/ice1 n>r[ly int]pret$1 may re9=ce ?is t5d5cy4 ,x may be ?\ght unju/ t "s m5 %\ld h l>g] incomes or %ort] h\rs ( "w ?an o!r m54 ,b effici5cy 9 m5tal "w1 includ+ ! "w ( education1 c]ta9ly requires m com=t & long] p]iods ( re/ ?an are requir$ = effici5cy 9 physical "w1 if only because m5tal "w is n physiologically :olesome4 ,if ?is is n recogniz$1 ! life ( ! m9d may suff] ?r\gh %ort-sight$ness ev5 m ?an ?r\gh delib]ate ho/ility4 ,education suff]s at pres5t1 & may long cont9ue to suff]1 ?r\gh ! desire ( p>5ts t _! *ildr5 %\ld e>n money z soon z possible4 ,e "o kn[s t ! half-"t sy/em1 = example1 is bad2 b ! p[] ( organiz$ labor keeps x 9 exi/5ce4 ,x is cle> t ! cure = ?is evil1 z = ^? t are conc]n$ ) ! population "q1 is to relieve p>5ts ( ! exp5se ( _! *ildr5's education1 & at ! same "t to take away _! "r to appropriate _! *ildr5's e>n+s4 ,! way to prev5t any dang]\s opposition ( labor to ! life ( ! m9d is n to oppose ! labor movem5t1 :i* is too /rong to be oppos$ ) ju/ice4 ,! "r way is1 to %[ by actual practice t ?\ght is useful to labor1 t )\t ?\ght its positive aims _c be a*iev$1 & t !re are m5 9 ! _w ( ?\ght :o are will+ to devote _! en]gies to help+ labor 9 its /ruggle4 ,su* m51 if !y are wise & s9c]e1 c prev5t labor f becom+ de/ructive ( :at is liv+ 9 ! intellectual _w4 ,ano!r dang] 9 ! aims ( organiz$ labor is ! dang] ( cons]vatism z to me?ods ( production4 ,improvem5ts ( ma*9]y or organization br+ great advantages to employ]s1 b involve tempor>y & sometimes p]man5t loss to ! wage-e>n]s4 ,= ?is reason1 & also f m]e in/9ctive dislike ( any *ange ( habits1 /rong labor organizations are (t5 ob/acles to te*nical progress4 ,! ultimate basis ( all social progress mu/ be increas$ te*nical effici5cy1 a great] result f a giv5 am\nt ( labor4 ,if labor 7 to (f] an effective opposition to ?is k9d ( progress1 x w\ld 9 ! long run p>alyze all o!r progress4 ,! way to ov]come ! opposition ( labor is n by ho/ility or moral homilies1 b by giv+ to labor ! direct int]e/ 9 economical processes :i* n[ belongs to ! employ]s4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 ! unprogressive "p ( a movem5t :i* is ess5tially progressive is to be elim9at$1 n by decry+ ! :ole movem5t b by giv+ x a wid] sweep1 mak+ x m progressive1 & lead+ x to dem& an ev5 great] *ange 9 ! /ructure ( society ?an any t x _h contemplat$ 9 its inception4 ,! mo/ important purpose t political in/itutions c a*ieve is to keep alive 9 individuals creativ5ess1 vigor1 vitality1 & ! joy ( life4 ,^! ?+s exi/$1 = example1 9 ,elizabe?an ,engl& 9 a way 9 :i* !y d n exi/ n[4 ,!y /imulat$ adv5ture1 poetry1 music1 f9e ar*itecture1 & set go+ ! :ole movem5t out ( :i* ,engl&'s greatness has sprung 9 e direction 9 :i* ,engl& has be5 great4 ,^! ?+s coexi/$ ) inju/ice1 b outweigh$ x1 & made a national life m admirable ?an any t is likely to exi/ "u socialism4 ,:at is want$ 9 ord] to keep m5 full ( vitality is opportunity1 n security4 ,security is m]ely a refuge f fe>2 opportunity is ! s\rce ( hope4 ,! *ief te/ ( an economic sy/em is n :e!r x makes m5 prosp]\s1 or :e!r x secures di/ributive ju/ice 7?\gh ^! are bo? v desirable71 b :e!r x leaves m5's in/9ctive gr[? unimp$$4 ,to a*ieve ?is purpose1 !re are two ma9 conditions :i* x %\ld fulfil3 x %\ld n cramp m5's private affections1 & x %\ld give ! greate/ possible outlet to ! impulse ( creation4 ,!re is 9 mo/ m51 until x becomes atrophi$ by disuse1 an in/9ct ( con/ructiv5ess1 a wi% to make some?+4 ,! m5 :o a*ieve mo/ are1 z a rule1 ^? 9 :om ?is in/9ct is /ronge/3 su* m5 become arti/s1 m5 ( sci5ce1 /atesm51 empire-build]s1 or capta9s ( indu/ry1 accord+ to ! accid5ts ( temp]am5t & opportunity4 ,! mo/ b5efic5t & ! mo/ h>mful c>e]s are inspir$ by ?is impulse4 ,)\t x1 ! _w w\ld s9k to ! level ( ,tibet3 x w\ld subsi/1 z x is always prone to d1 on ! wisdom ( its ance/ors1 & ea* g5]ation w\ld s9k m deeply into a lifeless traditionalism4 ,b x is n only ! rem>kable m5 :o h ! in/9ct ( con/ructiv5ess1 ?\gh x is !y :o h x mo/ /rongly4 ,x is almo/ univ]sal 9 boys1 & 9 m5 x usually survives 9 a great] or less degree1 accord+ to ! great] or less outlet :i* x is able to f9d4 ,"w inspir$ by ?is in/9ct is satisfy+1 ev5 :5 x is irksome & difficult1 because e ef=t is z natural z ! ef=t ( a dog pursu+ a h>e4 ,! *ief defect ( ! pres5t capitali/ic sy/em is t "w done = wages v seldom af=ds any outlet = ! creative impulse4 ,! man :o works = wages has no *oice z to :at he %all make3 ! :ole creativ5ess ( ! processes conc5trate 9 ! employ] :o ord]s ! "w to be done4 ,= ?is reason ! "w becomes a m]ely ext]nal means to a c]ta9 result1 ! e>n+ ( wages4 ,employ]s gr[ indignant ab\t ! trade union rules = limitation ( output1 b !y h no "r to be indignant1 s9ce !y d n p]mit ! m5 :om !y employ to h any %>e 9 ! purpose = :i* ! "w is und]tak54 ,& s ! process ( production1 :i* %\ld =m "o in/9ctive cycle1 becomes divid$ into sep>ate purposes1 :i* c no long] provide any satisfaction ( in/9ct = ^? :o d ! "w4 ,?is result is due to our indu/rial sy/em1 b x w\ld n be avoid$ by socialism4 ,9 a sociali/ community1 ! ,/ate w\ld be ! employ]1 & ! individual workman w\ld h almo/ z little control ov] 8 "w z he has at pres5t4 ,su* control z he c\ld ex]cise w\ld be indirect1 ?r\gh political *annels1 & w\ld be too slight & r\ndab\t to af=d any appreciable satisfaction4 ,x is to be fe>$ t in/ead ( an increase ( self-direction1 !re w\ld only be an increase ( mutual int]f]5ce4 ,! total abolition ( private capitali/ic ent]prise1 :i* is dem&$ by ,m>xian socialism1 seems sc>cely necess>y4 ,mo/ m5 :o con/ruct sweep+ sy/ems ( re=m1 l mo/ ( ^? :o def5d ! /atus quo1 d n all[ en\gh = ! importance ( exceptions & ! undesirability ( rigid sy/em4 ,provid$ ! sph]e ( capitalism is re/rict$1 & a l>ge proportion ( ! population are rescu$ f its dom9ion1 !re is no reason to wi% x :olly aboli%$4 ,z a competitor & a rival1 x might s]ve a useful purpose 9 prev5t+ m democratic ent]prises f s9k+ into slo? & te*nical cons]vatism4 ,b x is ( ! v highe/ importance t capitalism %\ld become ! exception r ?an ! rule1 & t ! bulk ( ! _w's indu/ry %\ld be conduct$ on a m democratic sy/em4 ,mu* ( :at is to be said aga9/ milit>ism 9 ! ,/ate is also to be said aga9/ capitalism 9 ! economic sph]e4 ,economic organizations1 9 ! pursuit ( effici5cy1 gr[ l>g] & l>g]1 & !re is no possibility ( rev]s+ ?is process4 ,! causes ( _! gr[? are te*nical1 & l>ge organizations mu/ be accept$ z an ess5tial "p ( civiliz$ society4 ,b !re is no reason :y _! gov]nm5t %\ld be c5traliz$ & mon>*ical4 ,! pres5t economic sy/em1 by robb+ mo/ m5 ( initiative1 is "o ( ! causes ( ! univ]sal we>9ess :i* devitalizes urban & indu/rial populations1 mak+ !m p]petually seek excitem5t1 & lead+ !m to welcome ev5 ! outbreak ( w> z a relief f ! dre>y monotony ( _! daily lives4 ,if ! vigor ( ! nation is to be pres]v$1 if we are to reta9 any capacity = new ideas1 if we are n to s9k into a ,*9ese condition ( /]eotyp$ immobility1 ! mon>*ical organization ( indu/ry mu/ be swept away4 ,all l>ge bus9esses mu/ become democratic & f$]al 9 _! gov]nm5t4 ,! :ole wage-e>n+ sy/em is an abom9ation1 n only because ( ! social inju/ice :i* x causes & p]petuates1 b also because x sep>ates ! man :o does ! "w f ! purpose = :i* ! "w is done4 ,! :ole ( ! controll+ purpose is conc5trat$ 9 ! capitali/2 ! purpose ( ! wage-e>n] is n ! produce1 b ! wages4 ,! purpose ( ! capitali/ is to secure ! maximum ( "w = ! m9imum ( wages2 ! purpose ( ! wage-e>n] is to secure ! maximum ( wages = ! m9imum ( "w4 ,a sy/em involv+ ?is ess5tial conflict ( int]e/s _c be expect$ to "w smoo?ly or successfully1 or to produce a community ) any pride 9 effici5cy4 ,two movem5ts exi/1 "o already well advanc$1 ! o!r 9 its infancy1 :i* seem capable1 betwe5 !m1 ( effect+ mo/ ( :at is ne$$4 ,! two movem5ts ,i mean are ! cop]ative movem5t & syndicalism4 ,! cop]ative movem5t is capable ( replac+ ! wage sy/em ov] a v wide field1 b x is n easy to see h[ x c\ld be appli$ to su* ?+s z railways4 ,x is j 9 ^! cases t ! pr9ciples ( syndicalism are mo/ easily applicable4 ,if organization is n to cru% individuality1 memb]%ip ( an organization ought to be volunt>y1 n compulsory1 & ought always to c>ry ) x a voice 9 ! managem5t4 ,?is is n ! case ) economic organizations1 :i* give no opportunity = ! pride & pleasure t m5 f9d 9 an activity ( _! own *oice1 provid$ x is n utt]ly monoton\s4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t mu* ( ! me*anical "w :i* is necess>y 9 indu/ry is probably n capable ( be+ made int]e/+ 9 itself4 ,b x w seem less t$i\s ?an x does at pres5t if ^? :o d x h a voice 9 ! managem5t ( _! indu/ry4 ,& m5 :o desire leisure = o!r occupations might be giv5 ! opportunity ( do+ un9t]e/+ "w dur+ a few h\rs ( ! day = a l[ wage2 ?is w\ld give an op5+ to all :o wi%$ = "s activity n imm$iately pr(itable to !mselves4 ,:5 ev]y?+ t is possible has be5 done to make "w int]e/+1 ! residue w h to be made endurable1 z almo/ all "w is at pres5t1 by ! inducem5t ( rew>ds outside ! h\rs ( labor4 ,b if ^! rew>ds are to be satisfactory1 x is ess5tial t ! un9t]e/+ "w %\ld n necess>ily absorb a man's :ole en]gies1 & t opportunities %\ld exi/ = m or less cont9u\s activities dur+ ! rema9+ h\rs4 ,su* a sy/em might be an immeasurable boon to arti/s1 m5 ( lett]s1 & o!rs :o produce = _! own satisfaction works :i* ! public does n value soon en\gh to secure a liv+ = ! produc]s2 & ap>t f su* r r>e cases1 x might provide an opportunity = "y m5 & wom5 ) intellectual ambitions to cont9ue _! education aft] !y h left s*ool1 or to prep>e !mselves = c>e]s :i* require an exceptionally long tra9+4 ,! evils ( ! pres5t sy/em result f ! sep>ation betwe5 ! sev]al int]e/s ( consum]1 produc]1 & capitali/4 ,no "o ( ^! ?ree has ! same int]e/s z ! community or z ei!r ( ! o!r two4 ,! cop]ative sy/em amalgamates ! int]e/s ( consum] & capitali/2 syndicalism w\ld amalgamate ! int]e/s ( produc] & capitali/4 ,nei!r amalgamates all ?ree1 or makes ! int]e/s ( ^? :o direct indu/ry q id5tical ) ^? ( ! community4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 w\ld :olly prev5t indu/rial /rife1 or obviate ! ne$ ( ! ,/ate z arbitrator4 ,b ei!r w\ld be bett] ?an ! pres5t sy/em1 & probably a mixture ( bo? w\ld cure mo/ ( ! evils ( indu/rialism z x exi/s n[4 ,x is surpris+ t1 :ile m5 & wom5 h /ruggl$ to a*ieve political democracy1 s little has be5 done to introduce democracy 9 indu/ry4 ,i believe incalculable b5efits might result f indu/rial democracy1 ei!r on ! cop]ative model or ) recognition ( a trade or indu/ry z a unit = purposes ( gov]nm5t1 ) "s k9d ( ,home ,rule su* z syndicalism aims at secur+4 ,!re is no reason :y all gov]nm5tal units %\ld be geographical3 ?is sy/em 0 necess>y 9 ! pa/ because ( ! sl[ness ( means ( communication1 b x is n necess>y n[4 ,by "s su* sy/em _m m5 might come to feel aga9 a pride 9 _! "w1 & to f9d aga9 t outlet = ! creative impulse :i* is n[ d5i$ to all b a =tunate few4 ,su* a sy/em requires ! abolition ( ! l&-own] & ! re/riction ( ! capitali/1 b does n entail equality ( e>n+s4 ,& unlike socialism1 x is n a /atic or f9al sy/em3 x is h>dly m ?an a framework = en]gy & initiative4 ,x is only by "s su* me?od1 ,i believe1 t ! free gr[? ( ! individual c be reconcil$ ) ! huge te*nical organizations :i* h be5 r5d]$ necess>y by indu/rialism4 ,v ,,education ,no political !ory is adequate unless x is applicable to *ildr5 z well z to m5 & wom54 ,!ori/s are mo/ly *ildless1 or1 if !y h *ildr51 !y are c>efully scre5$ f ! di/urbances :i* w\ld be caus$ by y\?ful turmoil4 ,"s ( !m h writt5 books on education1 b )\t1 z a rule1 hav+ any actual *ildr5 pres5t to _! m9ds :ile !y wrote4 ,^? educational !ori/s :o h _h a k ( *ildr51 su* z ! inv5tors ( ,k9d]g>t5 & ! ,montessori sy/em1#ad h n always _h en\gh realization ( ! ultimate goal ( education to be able to deal successfully ) advanc$ in/ruction4 ,i h n ! k ei!r ( *ildr5 or ( education :i* w\ld enable me to supply :atev] defects !re may be 9 ! writ+s ( o!rs4 ,b "s que/ions1 conc]n+ education z a political in/itution1 are involv$ 9 any hope ( social recon/ruction1 & are n usually consid]$ by writ]s on educational !ory4 ,x is ^! que/ions t ,i wi% to discuss4 ,! p[] ( education 9 =m+ "* & op9ion is v great & v g5]ally recogniz$4 ,! g5u9e beliefs1 ?\gh n usually ! pr(ess$ precepts1 ( p>5ts & tea*]s are almo/ unconsci\sly acquir$ by mo/ *ildr52 & ev5 if !y dep>t f ^! beliefs 9 lat] life1 some?+ ( !m rema9s deeply implant$1 ready to em]ge 9 a "t ( /ress or crisis4 ,education is1 z a rule1 ! /ronge/ =ce on ! side ( :at exi/s & aga9/ fundam5tal *ange3 ?reat5$ in/itutions1 :ile !y are /ill p[]ful1 possess !mselves ( ! educational ma*9e1 & in/il a respect = _! own excell5ce into ! malleable m9ds ( ! "y4 ,re=m]s retort by try+ to ou/ _! oppon5ts f _! position ( vantage4 ,! *ildr5 !mselves are n consid]$ by ei!r p>ty2 !y are m]ely s mu* mat]ial1 to be recruit$ into "o army or ! o!r4 ,if ! *ildr5 !mselves 7 consid]$1 education w\ld n aim at mak+ !m belong to ?is p>ty or t1 b at enabl+ !m to *oose intellig5tly betwe5 ! p>ties2 x w\ld aim at mak+ !m able to ?9k1 n at mak+ !m ?9k :at _! tea*]s ?9k4 ,education z a political weapon c\ld n exi/ if we respect$ ! rights ( *ildr54 ,if we respect$ ! rights ( *ildr51 we %\ld educate !m s z to give !m ! k & ! m5tal habits requir$ = =m+ indep5d5t op9ions2 b education z a political in/itution endeavors to =m habits & to circumscribe k 9 su* a way z to make "o set ( op9ions inevitable4 ,! two pr9ciples ( ju/ice & lib]ty1 :i* cov] a v great deal ( ! social recon/ruction requir$1 are n by !mselves suffici5t :]e education is conc]n$4 ,ju/ice1 9 ! lit]al s5se ( equal rights1 is obvi\sly n :olly possible z reg>ds *ildr54 ,& z = lib]ty1 x is1 to beg9 )1 ess5tially negative3 x condemns all avoidable int]f]5ce ) fre$om1 )\t giv+ a positive pr9ciple ( con/ruction4 ,b education is ess5tially con/ructive1 & requires "s positive conception ( :at con/itutes a good life4 ,& al?\gh lib]ty is to be respect$ 9 education z mu* z is compatible ) in/ruction1 & al?\gh a v great deal m lib]ty ?an is cu/om>y c be all[$ )\t loss to in/ruction1 yet x is cle> t "s dep>ture f complete lib]ty is unavoidable if *ildr5 are to be taught any?+1 except 9 ! case ( unusually intellig5t *ildr5 :o are kept isolat$ f m normal companions4 ,?is is "o reason = ! great responsibility :i* re/s ^u tea*]s3 ! *ildr5 mu/1 necess>ily1 be m or less at ! m]cy ( _! eld]s1 & _c make !mselves ! gu>dians ( _! own int]e/s4 ,au?ority 9 education is to "s ext5t unavoidable1 & ^? :o educate h to f9d a way ( ex]cis+ au?ority 9 accordance ) ! _s ( lib]ty4 ,:]e au?ority is unavoidable1 :at is ne$$ is rev]5ce4 ,a man :o is to educate really well1 & is to make ! "y gr[ & develop into _! full /ature1 mu/ be fill$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) ! _s ( rev]5ce4 ,x is rev]5ce t[>ds o!rs t is lack+ 9 ^? :o advocate ma*9e-made ca/-iron sy/ems3 milit>ism1 capitalism1 ,fabian sci5tific organization1 & all ! o!r prisons into :i* re=m]s & reaction>ies try to =ce ! human _s4 ,9 education1 ) its codes ( rules emanat+ f a ,gov]nm5t (fice1 its l>ge classes & fix$ curriculum & ov]work$ tea*]s1 its det]m9ation to produce a dead level ( glib m$iocrity1 ! lack ( rev]5ce = ! *ild is all b univ]sal4 ,rev]5ce requires imag9ation & vital w>m?2 x requires mo/ imag9ation 9 respect ( ^? :o h lea/ actual a*ievem5t or p[]4 ,! *ild is weak & sup]ficially fooli%1 ! tea*] is /rong1 & 9 an e-day s5se wis] ?an ! *ild4 ,! tea*] )\t rev]5ce1 or ! bureaucrat )\t rev]5ce1 easily despises ! *ild = ^! outw>d inf]iorities4 ,he ?9ks x is 8 duty to 8mold0 ! *ild3 9 imag9ation he is ! pott] ) ! clay4 ,& s he gives to ! *ild "s unnatural %ape1 :i* h>d5s ) age1 produc+ /ra9s & spiritual dissatisfactions1 out ( :i* gr[ cruelty & envy1 & ! belief t o!rs mu/ be compell$ to und]go ! same di/ortions4 ,?o man :o has rev]5ce w n ?9k x 8 duty to 8mold0 ! "y4 ,he feels 9 all t lives1 b especially 9 human be+s1 & mo/ ( all 9 *ildr51 some?+ sacr$1 indef9able1 unlimit$1 some?+ individual & /rangely preci\s1 ! gr[+ pr9ciple ( life1 an embodi$ fragm5t ( ! dumb /riv+ ( ! _w4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( a *ild he feels an unacc\ntable humility--a humility n easily def5sible on any rational gr\nd1 & yet someh[ ne>] to wisdom ?an ! easy self-confid5ce ( _m p>5ts & tea*]s4 ,! outw>d helplessness ( ! *ild & ! appeal ( dep5d5ce make him consci\s ( ! responsibility ( a tru/4 ,8 imag9ation %[s him :at ! *ild may become1 = good or evil1 h[ its impulses may be develop$ or ?w>t$1 h[ its hopes mu/ be dimm$ & ! life 9 x gr[ less liv+1 h[ its tru/ w be bruis$ & its quick desires replac$ by brood+ w4 ,all ?is gives him a long+ to help ! *ild 9 its own battle2 he w\ld equip & /r5g!n x1 n = "s outside end propos$ by ! ,/ate or by any o!r imp]sonal au?ority1 b = ! ends :i* ! *ild's own _s is obscurely seek+4 ,! man :o feels ?is c wield ! au?ority ( an educator )\t infr++ ! pr9ciple ( lib]ty4 ,x is n 9 a _s ( rev]5ce t education is conduct$ by ,/ates & ,*ur*es & ! great in/itutions t are subs]vi5t to !m4 ,:at is consid]$ 9 education is h>dly ev] ! boy or girl1 ! "y man or "y woman1 b almo/ always1 9 "s =m1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! exi/+ ord]4 ,:5 ! individual is consid]$1 x is almo/ exclusively ) a view to worldly success--mak+ money or a*iev+ a good position4 ,to be ord9>y1 & to acquire ! art ( gett+ on1 is ! ideal :i* is set be=e ! y\?ful m9d1 except by a few r>e tea*]s :o h en\gh en]gy ( belief to break ?r\gh ! sy/em )9 :i* !y are expect$ to "w4 ,almo/ all education has a political motive3 x aims at /r5g!n+ "s gr\p1 national or religi\s or ev5 social1 9 ! competition ) o!r gr\ps4 ,x is ?is motive1 9 ! ma91 :i* det]m9es ! subjects taught1 ! k (f]$ & ! k )held1 & also decides :at m5tal habits ! pupils are expect$ to acquire4 ,h>dly any?+ is done to fo/] ! inw>d gr[? ( m9d & _s2 9 fact1 ^? :o h _h mo/ education are v (t5 atrophi$ 9 _! m5tal & spiritual life1 devoid ( impulse1 & possess+ only c]ta9 me*anical aptitudes :i* take ! place ( liv+ ?\ght4 ,"s ( ! ?+s :i* education a*ieves at pres5t mu/ cont9ue to be a*iev$ by education 9 any civiliz$ c\ntry4 ,all *ildr5 mu/ cont9ue to be taught h[ to read & write1 & "s mu/ cont9ue to acquire ! k ne$$ = su* pr(essions z m$ic9e or law or eng9e]+4 ,! high] education requir$ = ! sci5ces & ! arts is necess>y = ^? to :om x is suit$4 ,except 9 hi/ory & religion & k9dr$ matt]s1 ! actual in/ruction is only inadequate1 n positively h>mful4 ,! in/ruction might be giv5 9 a m lib]al _s1 ) m attempt to %[ its ultimate uses2 & ( c\rse mu* ( x is traditional & dead4 ,b 9 ! ma9 x is necess>y1 & w\ld h to =m a "p ( any educational sy/em4 ,x is 9 hi/ory & religion & o!r controv]sial subjects t ! actual in/ruction is positively h>mful4 ,^! subjects t\* ! int]e/s by :i* s*ools are ma9ta9$2 & ! int]e/s ma9ta9 ! s*ools 9 ord] t c]ta9 views on ^! subjects may be in/ill$4 ,hi/ory1 9 e c\ntry1 is s taught z to magnify t c\ntry3 *ildr5 le>n to believe t _! own c\ntry has always be5 9 ! "r & almo/ always victori\s1 t x has produc$ almo/ all ! great m51 & t x is 9 all respects sup]ior to all o!r c\ntries4 ,s9ce ^! beliefs are flatt]+1 !y are easily absorb$1 & h>dly ev] dislodg$ f in/9ct by lat] k4 ,to take a simple & almo/ trivial example3 ! facts ab\t ! battle ( ,wat]loo are kn[n 9 great detail & ) m9ute accuracy2 b ! facts z taught 9 elem5t>y s*ools w be widely diff]5t 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many4 ,! ord9>y ,engli% boy imag9es t ! ,prussians play$ h>dly any "p2 ! ord9>y ,g]man boy imag9es t ,well+ton 0 practically defeat$ :5 ! day 0 retriev$ by ,bl*]'s gallantry4 ,if ! facts 7 taught accurately 9 bo? c\ntries1 national pride w\ld n be fo/]$ to ! same ext5t1 nei!r nation w\ld feel s c]ta9 ( victory 9 ! ev5t ( w>1 & ! will+ness to fight w\ld be dim9i%$4 ,x is ?is result :i* has to be prev5t$4 ,e ,/ate wi%es to promote national pride1 & is consci\s t ?is _c be done by unbias$ hi/ory4 ,! def5seless *ildr5 are taught by di/ortions & suppressions & sugge/ions4 ,! false ideas z to ! hi/ory ( ! _w :i* are taught 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries are ( a k9d :i* enc\rages /rife & s]ves to keep alive a bigot$ nationalism4 ,if good relations betwe5 ,/ates 7 desir$1 "o ( ! fir/ /eps ought to be to submit all tea*+ ( hi/ory to an int]national commission1 :i* %\ld produce neutral textbooks free f ! patriotic bias :i* is n[ dem&$ ev]y:]e4#ae ,exactly ! same ?+ applies to religion4 ,elem5t>y s*ools are practically always 9 ! h&s ei!r ( "s religi\s body or ( a ,/ate :i* has a c]ta9 attitude t[>ds religion4 ,a religi\s body exi/s ?r\gh ! fact t its memb]s all h c]ta9 def9ite beliefs on subjects z to :i* ! tru? is n asc]ta9able4 ,s*ools conduct$ by religi\s bodies h to prev5t ! "y1 :o are (t5 inquir+ by nature1 f discov]+ t ^! def9ite beliefs are oppos$ by o!rs :i* are no m unreasonable1 & t _m ( ! m5 be/ qualifi$ to judge ?9k t !re is no good evid5ce 9 favor ( any def9ite belief4 ,:5 ! ,/ate is militantly secul>1 z 9 ,france1 ,/ate s*ools become z dogmatic z ^? t are 9 ! h&s ( ! ,*ur*es 7,i und]/& t ! ^w 8,god0 mu/ n be m5tion$ 9 a ,fr5* elem5t>y s*ool74 ,! result 9 all ^! cases is ! same3 free inquiry is *eck$1 & on ! mo/ important matt] 9 ! _w ! *ild is met ) dogma or ) /ony sil5ce4 ,x is n only 9 elem5t>y education t ^! evils exi/4 ,9 m advanc$ education !y take subtl] =ms1 & !re is m attempt to conceal !m1 b !y are /ill pres5t4 ,eton & ,ox=d set a c]ta9 /amp ^u a man's m9d1 j z a ,jesuit ,college does4 ,x c h>dly be said t ,eton & ,ox=d h a consci\s purpose1 b !y h a purpose :i* is none ! less /rong & effective = n be+ =mulat$4 ,9 almo/ all :o h be5 ?r\gh !m !y produce a wor%ip ( 8good =m10 :i* is z de/ructive to life & ?\ght z ! m$ieval ,*ur*4 8,good =m0 is q compatible ) a sup]ficial op5-m9d$ness1 a read9ess to he> all sides1 & a c]ta9 urbanity t[>ds oppon5ts4 ,b x is n compatible ) fundam5tal op5-m9d$ness1 or ) any inw>d read9ess to give weight to ! o!r side4 ,its ess5ce is ! assumption t :at is mo/ important is a c]ta9 k9d ( behavior1 a behavior :i* m9imizes friction betwe5 equals & delicately impresses inf]iors ) a conviction ( _! own crudity4 ,z a political weapon = pres]v+ ! privileges ( ! ri* 9 a snobbi% democracy x is unsurpassable4 ,z a means ( produc+ an agreeable social milieu = ^? :o h money ) no /rong beliefs or unusual desires x has "s m]it4 ,9 e o!r respect x is abom9able4 ,! evils ( 8good =m0 arise f two s\rces3 its p]fect assurance ( its own rightness1 & its belief t correct mann]s are m to be desir$ ?an intellect1 or arti/ic creation1 or vital en]gy1 or any ( ! o!r s\rces ( progress 9 ! _w4 ,p]fect assurance1 by itself1 is en\gh to de/roy all m5tal progress 9 ^? :o h x4 ,& :5 x is comb9$ ) contempt = ! angul>ities & awkw>dnesses t are almo/ inv>iably associat$ ) great m5tal p[]1 x becomes a s\rce ( de/ruction to all :o come 9 contact ) x4 8,good =m0 is itself dead & incapable ( gr[?2 & by its attitude to ^? :o are )\t x x spreads its own dea? to _m :o might o!rwise h life4 ,! h>m :i* x has done to well-to-d ,engli%m51 & to m5 ^: abilities h l$ ! well-to-d to notice !m1 is incalculable4 ,! prev5tion ( free inquiry is unavoidable s long z ! purpose ( education is to produce belief r ?an ?\ght1 to compel ! "y to hold positive op9ions on d\btful matt]s r ?an to let !m see ! d\btfulness & be enc\rag$ to indep5d5ce ( m9d4 ,education ought to fo/] ! wi% = tru?1 n ! conviction t "s p>ticul> cre$ is ! tru?4 ,b x is cre$s t hold m5 toge!r 9 fight+ organizations3 ,*ur*es1 ,/ates1 political p>ties4 ,x is int5sity ( belief 9 a cre$ t produces effici5cy 9 fight+3 victory comes to ^? :o feel ! /ronge/ c]ta9ty ab\t matt]s on :i* d\bt is ! only rational attitude4 ,to produce ?is int5sity ( belief & ?is effici5cy 9 fight+1 ! *ild's nature is w>p$1 & its free outlook is cramp$1 by cultivat+ inhibitions z a *eck to ! gr[? ( new ideas4 ,9 ^? ^: m9ds are n v active ! result is ! omnipot5ce ( prejudice2 :ile ! few ^: ?\ght _c be :olly kill$ become cynical1 intellectually hopeless1 de/ructively critical1 able to make all t is liv+ seem fooli%1 unable !mselves to supply ! creative impulses :i* !y de/roy 9 o!rs4 ,! success 9 fight+ :i* is a*iev$ by suppress+ fre$om ( ?\ght is brief & v wor?less4 ,9 ! long run m5tal vigor is z ess5tial to success z x is to a good life4 ,! conception ( education z a =m ( drill1 a means ( produc+ unanimity ?r\gh slavi%ness1 is v common1 & is def5d$ *iefly on ! gr\nd t x leads to victory4 ,^? :o enjoy p>allels f anci5t hi/ory w po9t to ! victory ( ,sp>ta ov] ,a!ns to en=ce _! moral4 ,b x is ,a!ns t has _h p[] ov] m5's ?\ghts & imag9ations1 n ,sp>ta3 any "o ( u1 if we c\ld be born aga9 into "s pa/ epo*1 w\ld r be born an ,a!nian ?an a ,sp>tan4 ,& 9 ! mod]n _w s mu* intellect is requir$ 9 practical affairs t ev5 ! ext]nal victory is m likely to be won by intellig5ce ?an by docility4 ,education 9 cr$ulity leads by quick /ages to m5tal decay2 x is only by keep+ alive ! _s ( free inquiry t ! indisp5sable m9imum ( progress c be a*iev$4 ,c]ta9 m5tal habits are commonly in/ill$ by ^? :o are engag$ 9 educat+3 ob$i5ce & discipl9e1 ru?lessness 9 ! /ruggle = worldly success1 contempt t[>ds oppos+ gr\ps1 & an unque/ion+ cr$ulity1 a passive acceptance ( ! tea*]'s wisdom4 ,all ^! habits are aga9/ life4 ,in/ead ( ob$i5ce & discipl9e1 we ought to aim at pres]v+ indep5d5ce & impulse4 ,in/ead ( ru?lessness1 education %\ld try to develop ju/ice 9 ?\ght4 ,in/ead ( contempt1 x ought to in/il rev]5ce1 & ! attempt at und]/&+2 t[>ds ! op9ions ( o!rs x ought to produce1 n necess>ily acquiesc5ce1 b only su* opposition z is comb9$ ) imag9ative appreh5sion & a cle> realization ( ! gr\nds = opposition4 ,in/ead ( cr$ulity1 ! object %\ld be to /imulate con/ructive d\bt1 ! love ( m5tal adv5ture1 ! s5se ( worlds to conqu] by ent]prise & boldness 9 ?\ght4 ,cont5tm5t ) ! /atus quo1 & subord9ation ( ! individual pupil to political aims1 ow+ to ! indiff]5ce to ! ?+s ( ! m9d1 are ! imm$iate causes ( ^! evils2 b b5ea? ^! causes !re is "o m fundam5tal1 ! fact t education is treat$ z a means ( acquir+ p[] ov] ! pupil1 n z a means ( n\ri%+ 8 own gr[?4 ,x is 9 ?is t lack ( rev]5ce %[s itself2 & x is only by m rev]5ce t a fundam5tal re=m c be effect$4 ,ob$i5ce & discipl9e are suppos$ to be indisp5sable if ord] is to be kept 9 a class1 & if any in/ruction is to be giv54 ,to "s ext5t ?is is true2 b ! ext5t is mu* less ?an x is ?\ght to be by ^? :o reg>d ob$i5ce & discipl9e z 9 !mselves desirable4 ,ob$i5ce1 ! yield+ ( "o's w to outside direction1 is ! c\nt]p>t ( au?ority4 ,bo? may be necess>y 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,refractory *ildr51 lunatics1 & crim9als may require au?ority1 & may ne$ to be =c$ to obey4 ,b 9 s f> z ?is is necess>y x is a mis=tune3 :at is to be desir$ is ! free *oice ( ends ) :i* x is n necess>y to int]f]e4 ,& educational re=m]s h %[n t ?is is f> m possible ?an our fa!rs w\ld ev] h believ$4#af ,:at makes ob$i5ce seem necess>y 9 s*ools is ! l>ge classes & ov]work$ tea*]s dem&$ by a false economy4 ,^? :o h no exp]i5ce ( tea*+ are incapable ( imag9+ ! exp5se ( _s entail$ by any really liv+ in/ruction4 ,!y ?9k t tea*]s c reasonably be expect$ to "w z _m h\rs z bank cl]ks4 ,int5se fatigue & irritable n]ves are ! result1 & an absolute necessity ( p]=m+ ! day's task me*anically4 ,b ! task _c be p]=m$ me*anically except by exact+ ob$i5ce4 ,if we took education s]i\sly1 & ?\ght x z important to keep alive ! m9ds ( *ildr5 z to secure victory 9 w>1 we %\ld conduct education q diff]5tly3 we %\ld make sure ( a*iev+ ! end1 ev5 if ! exp5se 7 a hundr$fold great] ?an x is4 ,to _m m5 & wom5 a small am\nt ( tea*+ is a delight1 & c be done ) a fre% ze/ & life :i* keeps mo/ pupils int]e/$ )\t any ne$ ( discipl9e4 ,! few :o d n become int]e/$ might be sep>at$ f ! re/1 & giv5 a diff]5t k9d ( in/ruction4 ,a tea*] ought to h only z mu* tea*+ z c be done1 on mo/ days1 ) actual pleasure 9 ! "w1 & ) an aw>5ess ( ! pupil's m5tal ne$s4 ,! result w\ld be a relation ( fri5dl9ess in/ead ( ho/ility betwe5 tea*] & pupil1 a realization on ! "p ( mo/ pupils t education s]ves to develop _! own lives & is n m]ely an outside imposition1 int]f]+ ) play & dem&+ _m h\rs ( sitt+ /ill4 ,all t is necess>y to ?is end is a 7great] exp5diture ( money71 to secure tea*]s ) m leisure & ) a natural love ( tea*+4 ,discipl9e1 z x exi/s 9 s*ools1 is v l>gely an evil4 ,!re is a k9d ( discipl9e :i* is necess>y to almo/ all a*ievem5t1 & :i* p]haps is n suffici5tly valu$ by ^? :o react aga9/ ! purely ext]nal discipl9e ( traditional me?ods4 ,! desirable k9d ( discipl9e is ! k9d t comes f )91 :i* consi/s 9 ! p[] ( pursu+ a di/ant object /eadily1 =ego+ & suff]+ _m ?+s on ! way4 ,?is involves ! subord9ation ( impulse to w1 ! p[] ( a direct+ action by l>ge creative desires ev5 at mom5ts :5 !y are n vividly alive4 ,)\t ?is1 no s]i\s ambition1 good or bad1 c be realiz$1 no consi/5t purpose c dom9ate4 ,?is k9d ( discipl9e is v necess>y1 b c only result f /rong desires = ends n imm$iately atta9able1 & c only be produc$ by education if education fo/]s su* desires1 :i* x seldom does at pres5t4 ,su* discipl9e spr+s f "o's own w1 n f outside au?ority4 ,x is n ?is k9d :i* is s\ght 9 mo/ s*ools1 & x is n ?is k9d :i* seems to me an evil4 ,al?\gh elem5t>y education enc\rages ! undesirable discipl9e t consi/s 9 passive ob$i5ce1 & al?\gh h>dly any exi/+ education enc\rages ! moral discipl9e ( consi/5t self-direction1 !re is a c]ta9 k9d ( purely m5tal discipl9e :i* is produc$ by ! traditional high] education4 ,! k9d ,i mean is t :i* enables a man to conc5trate 8 ?\ghts at w ^u any matt] t he has occasion to consid]1 reg>dless ( preoccupations or bor$om or intellectual difficulty4 ,?is quality1 ?\gh x has no important intr9sic excell5ce1 greatly enhances ! effici5cy ( ! m9d z an in/rum5t4 ,x is ?is t enables a lawy] to ma/] ! sci5tific details ( a pat5t case :i* he =gets z soon z judgm5t has be5 giv51 or a civil s]vant to deal quickly ) _m diff]5t adm9i/rative que/ions 9 succession4 ,x is ?is t enables m5 to =get private c>es dur+ bus9ess h\rs4 ,9 a complicat$ _w x is a v necess>y faculty = ^? ^: "w requires m5tal conc5tration4 ,success 9 produc+ m5tal discipl9e is ! *ief m]it ( traditional high] education4 ,i d\bt :e!r x c be a*iev$ except by compell+ or p]suad+ active att5tion to a prescrib$ task4 ,x is = ?is reason *iefly t ,i d n believe me?ods su* z ,madame ,montessori's applicable :5 ! age ( *ildhood has be5 pass$4 ,! ess5ce ( h] me?od consi/s 9 giv+ a *oice ( occupations1 any "o ( :i* is int]e/+ to mo/ *ildr51 & all ( :i* are in/ructive4 ,! *ild's att5tion is :olly spontane\s1 z 9 play2 x enjoys acquir+ k 9 ?is way1 & does n acquire any k :i* x does n desire4 ,i am conv9c$ t ?is is ! be/ me?od ( education ) "y *ildr53 ! actual results make x almo/ impossible to ?9k o!rwise4 ,b x is difficult to see h[ ?is me?od c lead to control ( att5tion by ! w4 ,_m ?+s :i* mu/ be ?\ght ab\t are un9t]e/+1 & ev5 ^? t are int]e/+ at fir/ (t5 become v we>isome be=e !y h be5 consid]$ z long z is necess>y4 ,! p[] ( giv+ prolong$ att5tion is v important1 & x is h>dly to be widely acquir$ except z a habit induc$ orig9ally by outside pressure4 ,"s few boys1 x is true1 h suffici5tly /rong intellectual desires to be will+ to und]go all t is necess>y by _! own initiative & free w2 b = all o!rs an ext]nal inducem5t is requir$ 9 ord] to make !m le>n any subject ?or\ghly4 ,!re is among educational re=m]s a c]ta9 fe> ( dem&+ great ef=ts1 & 9 ! _w at l>ge a gr[+ unwill+ness to be bor$4 ,bo? ^! t5d5cies h _! good sides1 b bo? also h _! dang]s4 ,! m5tal discipl9e :i* is jeop>diz$ c be pres]v$ by m]e advice )\t ext]nal compulsion :5ev] a boy's intellectual int]e/ & ambition c be suffici5tly /imulat$4 ,a good tea*] ought to be able to d ?is = any boy :o is capable ( mu* m5tal a*ievem5t2 & = _m ( ! o!rs ! pres5t purely booki% education is probably n ! be/4 ,9 ?is way1 s long z ! importance ( m5tal discipl9e is realiz$1 x c probably be atta9$1 :5ev] x is atta9able1 by appeal+ to ! pupil's consci\sness ( 8 own ne$s4 ,s long z tea*]s are n expect$ to succe$ by ?is me?od1 x is easy = !m to slip into a slo?ful dullness1 & blame _! pupils :5 ! fault is really _! own4 ,ru?lessness 9 ! economic /ruggle w almo/ unavoidably be taught 9 s*ools s long z ! economic /ructure ( society rema9s un*ang$4 ,?is mu/ be p>ticul>ly ! case 9 middle-class s*ools1 :i* dep5d = _! numb]s ^u ! good op9ion ( p>5ts1 & secure ! good op9ion ( p>5ts by adv]tis+ ! successes ( pupils4 ,?is is "o ( _m ways 9 :i* ! competitive organization ( ! ,/ate is h>mful4 ,spontane\s & dis9t]e/$ desire = k is n at all uncommon 9 ! "y1 & might be easily ar\s$ 9 _m 9 :om x rema9s lat5t4 ,b x is remorselessly *eck$ by tea*]s :o ?9k only ( exam9ations1 diplomas1 & degrees4 ,= ! abl] boys !re is no "t = ?\ght1 no "t = ! indulg5ce ( intellectual ta/e1 f ! mom5t ( fir/ go+ to s*ool until ! mom5t ( leav+ ! univ]sity4 ,f fir/ to la/ !re is no?+ b "o long drudg]y ( exam9ation tips & textbook facts4 ,! mo/ intellig5t1 at ! end1 are disgu/$ ) le>n+1 long+ only to =get x & to escape into a life ( action4 ,yet !re1 z be=e1 ! economic ma*9e holds !m prison]s1 & all _! spontane\s desires are bruis$ & ?w>t$4 ,! exam9ation sy/em1 & ! fact t in/ruction is treat$ ma9ly z tra9+ = a livelihood1 leads ! "y to reg>d k1 f a purely utilit>ian po9t ( view1 z ! road to money1 n z ! gateway to wisdom4 ,?is w\ld n matt] s mu* if x affect$ only ^? :o h no g5u9e intellectual int]e/s4 ,b un=tunately x affects mo/ ^? ^: intellectual int]e/s are /ronge/1 s9ce x is ^u !m t ! pressure ( exam9ations falls ) mo/ sev]ity4 ,to !m mo/1 b to all 9 "s degree1 education appe>s z a means ( acquir+ sup]iority ov] o!rs2 x is infect$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) ru?lessness & glorification ( social inequality4 ,any free1 dis9t]e/$ consid]ation %[s t1 :atev] inequalities might rema9 9 a ,utopia1 ! actual inequalities are almo/ all contr>y to ju/ice4 ,b our educational sy/em t5ds to conceal ?is f all except ! failures1 s9ce ^? :o succe$ are on ! way to pr(it by ! inequalities1 ) e enc\ragem5t f ! m5 :o h direct$ _! education4 ,passive acceptance ( ! tea*]'s wisdom is easy to mo/ boys & girls4 ,x involves no ef=t ( indep5d5t ?\ght1 & seems rational because ! tea*] kn[s m ?an 8 pupils2 x is moreov] ! way to w9 ! favor ( ! tea*] unless he is a v exceptional man4 ,yet ! habit ( passive acceptance is a disa/r\s "o 9 lat] life4 ,x causes m5 to seek a lead]1 & to accept z a lead] :oev] is e/abli%$ 9 t position4 ,x makes ! p[] ( ,*ur*es1 ,gov]nm5ts1 p>ty caucuses1 & all ! o!r organizations by :i* pla9 m5 are misl$ into support+ old sy/ems :i* are h>mful to ! nation & to !mselves4 ,x is possible t !re w\ld n be mu* indep5d5ce ( ?\ght ev5 if education did ev]y?+ to promote x2 b !re w\ld c]ta9ly be m ?an !re is at pres5t4 ,if ! object 7 to make pupils ?9k1 r ?an to make !m accept c]ta9 conclusions1 education w\ld be conduct$ q diff]5tly3 !re w\ld be less rapidity ( in/ruction & m discussion1 m occasions :5 pupils 7 enc\rag$ to express !mselves1 m attempt to make education conc]n itself ) matt]s 9 :i* ! pupils felt "s int]e/4 ,above all1 !re w\ld be an endeavor to r\se & /imulate ! love ( m5tal adv5ture4 ,! _w 9 :i* we live is v>i\s & a/oni%+3 "s ( ! ?+s t seem pla9e/ gr[ m & m difficult ! m !y are consid]$2 o!r ?+s1 :i* might h be5 ?\ght q impossible to discov]1 h nev]!less be5 laid b>e by g5ius & indu/ry4 ,! p[]s ( ?\ght1 ! va/ regions :i* x c ma/]1 ! mu* m va/ regions :i* x c only dimly sugge/ to imag9ation1 give to ^? ^: m9ds h travel$ beyond ! daily r\nd an amaz+ ri*ness ( mat]ial1 an escape f ! triviality & we>isom5ess ( famili> r\t9e1 by :i* ! :ole ( life is fill$ ) int]e/1 & ! prison walls ( ! commonplace are brok5 d[n4 ,! same love ( adv5ture :i* takes m5 to ! ,s\? ,pole1 ! same passion = a conclusive trial ( /r5g? :i* leads "s m5 to welcome w>1 c f9d 9 creative ?\ght an outlet :i* is nei!r wa/eful nor cruel1 b increases ! dignity ( man by inc>nat+ 9 life "s ( t %9+ spl5dor :i* ! human _s is br++ d[n out ( ! unkn[n4 ,to give ?is joy1 9 a great] or less measure1 to all :o are capable ( x1 is ! supreme end = :i* ! education ( ! m9d is to be valu$4 ,x w be said t ! joy ( m5tal adv5ture mu/ be r>e1 t !re are few :o c appreciate x1 & t ord9>y education c take no acc\nt ( s ari/ocratic a good4 ,i d n believe ?is4 ,! joy ( m5tal adv5ture is f> common] 9 ! "y ?an 9 gr[n m5 & wom54 ,among *ildr5 x is v common1 & gr[s naturally out ( ! p]iod ( make-believe & fancy4 ,x is r>e 9 lat] life because ev]y?+ is done to kill x dur+ education4 ,m5 fe> ?\ght z !y fe> no?+ else on e>?--m ?an ru91 m ev5 ?an dea?4 ,?\ght is subv]sive & revolution>y1 de/ructive & t]rible2 ?\ght is m]ciless to privilege1 e/abli%$ in/itutions1 & com=table habits2 ?\ght is an>*ic & lawless1 indiff]5t to au?ority1 c>eless ( ! well-tri$ wisdom ( ! ages4 ,?\ght looks into ! pit ( hell & is n afraid4 ,x sees man1 a feeble speck1 surr\nd$ by unfa?omable dep?s ( sil5ce2 yet x be>s itself pr\dly1 z unmov$ z if x 7 "l ( ! univ]se4 ,?\ght is great & swift & free1 ! light ( ! _w1 & ! *ief glory ( man4 ,b if ?\ght is to become ! possession ( _m1 n ! privilege ( ! few1 we mu/ h done ) fe>4 ,x is fe> t holds m5 back--fe> le/ _! *]i%$ beliefs %\ld prove delusions1 fe> le/ ! in/itutions by :i* !y live %\ld prove h>mful1 fe> le/ !y !mselves %\ld prove less wor?y ( respect ?an !y h suppos$ !mselves to be4 8,%\ld ! work+ man ?9k freely ab\t prop]ty8 ,!n :at w become ( u1 ! ri*8 ,%\ld "y m5 & "y wom5 ?9k freely ab\t sex8 ,!n :at w become ( morality8 ,%\ld soldi]s ?9k freely ab\t w>8 ,!n :at w become ( milit>y discipl9e8 ,away ) ?\ght6 ,back into ! %ades ( prejudice1 le/ prop]ty1 morals1 & w> %\ld be endang]$6 ,bett] m5 %\ld be /upid1 slo?ful1 & oppressive ?an t _! ?\ghts %\ld be free4 ,= if _! ?\ghts 7 free !y might n ?9k z we d4 ,& at all co/s ?is disa/] mu/ be av]t$40 ,s ! oppon5ts ( ?\ght argue 9 ! unconsci\s dep?s ( _! s\ls4 ,& s !y act 9 _! *ur*es1 _! s*ools1 & _! univ]sities4 ,no in/itution inspir$ by fe> c fur!r life4 ,hope1 n fe>1 is ! creative pr9ciple 9 human affairs4 ,all t has made man great has sprung f ! attempt to secure :at is good1 n f ! /ruggle to av]t :at 0 ?\ght evil4 ,x is because mod]n education is s seldom inspir$ by a great hope t x s seldom a*ieves a great result4 ,! wi% to pres]ve ! pa/ r ?an ! hope ( creat+ ! future dom9ates ! m9ds ( ^? :o control ! tea*+ ( ! "y4 ,education %\ld n aim at a passive aw>5ess ( dead facts1 b at an activity direct$ t[>ds ! _w t our ef=ts are to create4 ,x %\ld be inspir$1 n by a regretful hank]+ aft] ! ext9ct beauties ( ,greece & ! ,r5aissance1 b by a %9+ vision ( ! society t is to be1 ( ! triumphs t ?\ght w a*ieve 9 ! "t to come1 & ( ! ev]-wid5+ horizon ( man's survey ov] ! univ]se4 ,^? :o are taught 9 ?is _s w be fill$ ) life & hope & joy1 able to be> _! "p 9 br++ to mank9d a future less somb] ?an ! pa/1 ) fai? 9 ! glory t human ef=t c create4 ,,vi ,,m>riage ,,& ,,! ,,population ,,"q ,! influ5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian religion on daily life has decay$ v rapidly ?r\gh\t ,europe dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,n only has ! proportion ( nom9al believ]s decl9$1 b ev5 among ^? :o believe ! int5sity & dogmatism ( belief is enorm\sly dim9i%$4 ,b !re is "o social in/itution :i* is /ill pr(\ndly affect$ by ! ,*ri/ian tradition--,i mean ! in/itution ( m>riage4 ,! law & public op9ion z reg>ds m>riage are dom9at$ ev5 n[ to a v great ext5t by ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* cont9ue to influ5ce 9 ?is way ! lives ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 9 _! mo/ intimate conc]ns4 ,x is m>riage z a political in/itution t ,i wi% to consid]1 n m>riage z a matt] = ! private morality ( ea* individual4 ,m>riage is regulat$ by law1 & is reg>d$ z a matt] 9 :i* ! community has a "r to int]f]e4 ,x is only ! action ( ! community 9 reg>d to m>riage t ,i am conc]n$ to discuss3 :e!r ! pres5t action fur!rs ! life ( ! community1 & if n1 9 :at ways x ought to be *ang$4 ,!re are two que/ions to be ask$ 9 reg>d to any m>riage sy/em3 fir/1 h[ x affects ! developm5t & "* ( ! m5 & wom5 conc]n$2 secondly1 :at is its influ5ce on ! propagation & education ( *ildr54 ,^! two que/ions are entirely di/9ct1 & a sy/em may well be desirable f "o ( ^! two po9ts ( view :5 x is v undesirable f ! o!r4 ,i propose fir/ to describe ! pres5t ,engli% law & public op9ion & practice 9 reg>d to ! relations ( ! sexes1 !n to consid] _! effects z reg>ds *ildr51 & f9ally to consid] h[ ^! effects1 :i* are bad1 c\ld be obviat$ by a sy/em :i* w\ld also h a bett] influ5ce on ! "* & developm5t ( m5 & wom54 ,! law 9 ,engl& is bas$ ^u ! expectation t ! great majority ( m>riages w be lifelong4 ,a m>riage c only be dissolv$ if ei!r ! wife or ! husb&1 b n bo?1 c be prov$ to h committ$ adult]y4 ,9 case ! husb& is ! 8guilty p>ty10 he mu/ also be guilty ( cruelty or des]tion4 ,ev5 :5 ^! conditions are fulfill$1 9 practice only ! well-to-d c be divorc$1 because ! exp5se is v great4#ag ,a m>riage _c be dissolv$ = insanity or crime1 or = cruelty1 h[ev] abom9able1 or = des]tion1 or = adult]y by bo? p>ties2 & x _c be dissolv$ = any cause :atev] if bo? husb& & wife h agre$ t !y wi% x dissolv$4 ,9 all ^! cases ! law reg>ds ! man & woman z b\nd toge!r = life4 ,a special (ficial1 ! ,k+'s ,proctor1 is employ$ to prev5t divorce :5 !re is collusion & :5 bo? p>ties h committ$ adult]y4#ah ,?is int]e/+ sy/em embodies ! op9ions held by ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& "s fifty ye>s ago1 & by mo/ ,noncon=mi/s !n & n[4 ,x re/s ^u ! assumption t adult]y is s91 & t :5 ?is s9 has be5 committ$ by "o p>ty to ! m>riage1 ! o!r is entitl$ to rev5ge if he is ri*4 ,b :5 bo? h committ$ ! same s91 or :5 ! "o :o has n committ$ x feels no righte\s ang]1 ! "r to rev5ge does n exi/4 ,z soon z ?is po9t ( view is und]/ood1 ! law1 :i* at fir/ seems some:at /range1 is se5 to be p]fectly consi/5t4 ,x re/s1 broadly speak+1 ^u f\r propositions3 7#a7 t sexual int]c\rse outside m>riage is s92 7#b7 t res5tm5t ( adult]y by ! 8innoc5t0 p>ty is a righte\s horror ( wrong-do+2 7#c7 t 8 res5tm5t1 b no?+ else1 may be rightly reg>d$ z mak+ a common life impossible2 7#d7 t ! poor h no "r to f9e feel+s4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,high ,*ur*1 has ceas$ to believe ! ?ird ( ^! propositions1 b x /ill believes ! fir/ & second1 & does no?+ actively to %[ t x disbelieves ! f\r?4 ,! p5alty = infr++ ! m>riage law is p>tly f9ancial1 b dep5ds ma9ly ^u public op9ion4 ,a r small section ( ! public g5u9ely believes t sexual relations outside m>riage are wick$2 ^? :o believe ?is are naturally kept 9 ignorance ( ! conduct ( fri5ds :o feel o!rwise1 & are able to g ?r\gh life n kn[+ h[ o!rs live or :at o!rs ?9k4 ,?is small section ( ! public reg>ds z deprav$ n only actions1 b op9ions1 :i* are contr>y to its pr9ciples4 ,x is able to control ! pr(essions ( politicians ?r\gh its influ5ce on elections1 & ! votes ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( ! ,bi%ops4 ,by ^! means x gov]ns legislation1 & makes any *ange 9 ! m>riage law almo/ impossible4 ,x is able1 also1 to secure 9 mo/ cases t a man :o op5ly infr+es ! m>riage law %all be dismiss$ f 8 employm5t or ru9$ by ! defection ( 8 cu/om]s or cli5ts4 ,a doctor or lawy]1 or a tradesman 9 a c\ntry t[n1 _c make a liv+1 nor c a politician be 9 ,p>liam5t1 if he is publicly kn[n to be 8immoral40 ,:atev] a man's own conduct may be1 he is n likely to def5d publicly ^? :o h be5 br&$1 le/ "s ( ! odium %\ld fall on him4 ,yet s long z a man has n be5 br&$1 few m5 w object to him1 :atev] !y may "k privately ( 8 behavior 9 ^! respects4 ,ow+ to ! nature ( ! p5alty1 x falls v unequally ^u diff]5t pr(essions4 ,an actor or j\rnali/ usually escapes all puni%m5t4 ,an urban work+man c almo/ always d z he likes4 ,a man ( private means1 unless he wi%es to take "p 9 public life1 ne$ n suff] at all if he has *os5 8 fri5ds suitably4 ,wom51 :o =m]ly suff]$ m ?an m51 n[ suff] less1 s9ce !re are l>ge circles 9 :i* no social p5alty is inflict$1 & a v rapidly increas+ numb] ( wom5 :o d n believe ! conv5tional code4 ,b = ! majority ( m5 outside ! work+ classes ! p5alty is /ill suffici5tly sev]e to be prohibitive4 ,! result ( ?is /ate ( ?+s is a widespread b v flimsy hypocrisy1 :i* all[s _m infractions ( ! code1 & =bids only ^? :i* mu/ become public4 ,a man may n live op5ly ) a woman :o is n 8 wife1 an unm>ri$ woman may n h a *ild1 & nei!r man nor woman may get into ! divorce c\rt4 ,subject to ^! re/rictions1 !re is 9 practice v great fre$om4 ,x is ?is practical fre$om :i* makes ! /ate ( ! law seem tol]able to ^? :o d n accept ! pr9ciples ^u :i* x is bas$4 ,:at has to be sacrific$ to propitiate ! hold]s ( /rict views is n pleasure1 b only *ildr5 & a common life & tru? & hone/y4 ,x _c be suppos$ t ?is is ! result desir$ by ^? :o ma9ta9 ! code1 b equally x _c be d5i$ t ?is is ! result :i* !y d 9 fact a*ieve4 ,extra-matrimonial relations :i* d n lead to *ildr5 & are accompani$ by a c]ta9 am\nt ( deceit rema9 unpuni%$1 b sev]e p5alties fall on ^? :i* are hone/ or lead to *ildr54 ,)9 m>riage1 ! exp5se ( *ildr5 leads to cont9ually great] limitation ( families4 ,! limitation is greate/ among ^? :o h mo/ s5se ( p>5tal responsibility & mo/ wi% to educate _! *ildr5 well1 s9ce x is to !m t ! exp5se ( *ildr5 is mo/ sev]e4 ,b al?\gh ! economic motive = limit+ families has hi!rto probably be5 ! /ronge/1 x is be+ cont9ually re9=c$ by ano!r4 ,wom5 are acquir+ fre$om--n m]ely outw>d & =mal fre$om1 b inw>d fre$om1 enabl+ !m to ?9k & feel g5u9ely1 n accord+ to receiv$ maxims4 ,to ! m5 :o h prat$ confid5tly ( wom5's natural in/9cts1 ! result w\ld be surpris+ if !y 7 aw>e ( x4 ,v l>ge numb]s ( wom51 :5 !y are suffici5tly free to ?9k = !mselves1 d n desire to h *ildr51 or at mo/ desire "o *ild 9 ord] n to miss ! exp]i5ce :i* a *ild br+s4 ,!re are wom5 :o are intellig5t & active-m9d$ :o res5t ! slav]y to ! body :i* is involv$ 9 hav+ *ildr54 ,!re are ambiti\s wom51 :o desire a c>e] :i* leaves no "t = *ildr54 ,!re are wom5 :o love pleasure & gaiety1 & wom5 :o love ! admiration ( m52 su* wom5 w at lea/ po/pone *ild-be>+ until _! y\? is pa/4 ,all ^! classes ( wom5 are rapidly becom+ m num]\s1 & x may be safely assum$ t _! numb]s w cont9ue to increase = _m ye>s to come4 ,x is too soon to judge ) any confid5ce z to ! effects ( wom5's fre$om ^u private life & ^u ! life ( ! nation4 ,b ,i ?9k x is n too soon to see t x w be pr(\ndly diff]5t f ! effect expect$ by ! pione]s ( ! wom5's movem5t4 ,m5 h inv5t$1 & wom5 9 ! pa/ h (t5 accept$1 a !ory t wom5 are ! gu>dians ( ! race1 t _! life c5t]s 9 mo!rhood1 t all _! in/9cts & desires are direct$1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 to ?is end4 ,tol/oy's ,nata*a illu/rates ?is !ory3 %e is *>m+1 gay1 liable to passion1 until %e is m>ri$2 !n %e becomes m]ely a virtu\s "m1 )\t any m5tal life4 ,?is result has ,tol/oy's entire approval4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t x is v desirable f ! po9t ( view ( ! nation1 :atev] we may ?9k ( x 9 relation to private life4 ,x mu/ also be admitt$ t x is probably common among wom5 :o are physically vigor\s & n highly civiliz$4 ,b 9 c\ntries l ,france & ,engl& x is becom+ increas+ly r>e4 ,m & m wom5 f9d mo!rhood unsatisfy+1 n :at _! ne$s dem&4 ,& m & m !re comes to be a conflict betwe5 _! p]sonal developm5t & ! future ( ! community4 ,x is difficult to "k :at ought to be done to mitigate ?is conflict1 b ,i ?9k x is wor? :ile to see :at are likely to be its effects if x is n mitigat$4 ,ow+ to ! comb9ation ( economic prud5ce ) ! increas+ fre$om ( wom51 !re is at pres5t a selective bir?-rate ( a v s+ul> k9d4#ai ,9 ,france ! population is practically /ation>y1 & 9 ,engl& x is rapidly becom+ s2 ?is means t "s sections are dw9dl+ :ile o!rs are increas+4 ,unless "s *ange occurs1 ! sections t are dw9dl+ w practically become ext9ct1 & ! population w be almo/ :olly repl5i%$ f ! sections t are n[ increas+4#bj ,! sections t are dw9dl+ include ! :ole middle-class & ! skill$ artisans4 ,! sections t are increas+ are ! v poor1 ! %iftless & drunk51 ! feeble-m9d$--feeble-m9d$ wom51 especially1 are apt to be v prolific4 ,!re is an increase 9 ^? sections ( ! population :i* /ill actively believe ! ,ca?olic religion1 su* z ! ,iri% & ! ,bretons1 because ! ,ca?olic religion =bids limitation ( families4 ,)9 ! classes t are dw9dl+1 x is ! be/ elem5ts t are dw9dl+ mo/ rapidly4 ,work+-class boys ( exceptional ability rise1 by means ( s*ol>%ips1 into ! pr(essional class2 !y naturally desire to m>ry into ! class to :i* !y belong by education1 n into ! class f :i* !y spr+2 b z !y h no money beyond :at !y e>n1 !y _c m>ry "y1 or af=d a l>ge family4 ,! result is t 9 ea* g5]ation ! be/ elem5ts are extract$ f ! work+ classes & artificially /]iliz$1 at lea/ 9 comp>ison ) ^? :o are left4 ,9 ! pr(essional classes ! "y wom5 :o h initiative1 en]gy1 or intellig5ce are z a rule n incl9$ to m>ry "y1 or to h m ?an "o or two *ildr5 :5 !y d m>ry4 ,m>riage has be5 9 ! pa/ ! only obvi\s means ( livelihood = wom52 pressure f p>5ts & fe> ( becom+ an old maid comb9$ to =ce _m wom5 to m>ry 9 spite ( a complete abs5ce ( incl9ation = ! duties ( a wife4 ,b n[ a "y woman ( ord9>y intellig5ce c easily e>n h] own liv+1 & c acquire fre$om & exp]i5ce )\t ! p]man5t ties ( a husb& & a family ( *ildr54 ,! result is t if %e m>ries %e m>ries late4 ,= ^! reasons1 if an av]age sample ( *ildr5 7 tak5 out ( ! population ( ,engl&1 & _! p>5ts 7 exam9$1 x w\ld be f\nd t prud5ce1 en]gy1 intellect1 & enlight5m5t 7 less common among ! p>5ts ?an 9 ! population 9 g5]al2 :ile %iftlessness1 feeble-m9d$ness1 /upidity1 & sup]/ition 7 m common ?an 9 ! population 9 g5]al4 ,x w\ld be f\nd t ^? :o are prud5t or en]getic or intellig5t or enlight5$ actually fail to reproduce _! own numb]s2 t is to say1 !y d n on ! av]age h z _m z two *ildr5 ea* :o survive infancy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o h ! opposite qualities h1 on ! av]age1 m ?an two *ildr5 ea*1 & m ?an reproduce _! own numb]s4 ,x is impossible to e/imate ! effect :i* ?is w h ^u ! "* ( ! population )\t a mu* great] k ( h]$ity ?an exi/s at pres5t4 ,b s long z *ildr5 cont9ue to live ) _! p>5ts1 p>5tal example & e>ly education mu/ h a great influ5ce 9 develop+ _! "*1 ev5 if we leave h]$ity entirely out ( acc\nt4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( g5ius1 !re c be no d\bt t intellig5ce1 :e!r ?r\gh h]$ity or ?r\gh education1 t5ds to run 9 families1 & t ! decay ( ! families 9 :i* x is common mu/ l[] ! m5tal /&>d ( ! population4 ,x seems unque/ionable t if our economic sy/em & our moral /&>ds rema9 un*ang$1 !re w be1 9 ! next two or ?ree g5]ations1 a rapid *ange = ! worse 9 ! "* ( ! population 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries1 & an actual dim9ution ( numb]s 9 ! mo/ civiliz$4 ,! dim9ution ( numb]s1 9 all likelihood1 w rectify itself 9 "t ?r\gh ! elim9ation ( ^? *>act]i/ics :i* at pres5t lead to a small bir?-rate4 ,m5 & wom5 :o c /ill believe ! ,ca?olic fai? w h a biological advantage2 gradually a race w gr[ up :i* w be imp]vi\s to all ! assaults ( reason1 & w believe imp]turbably t limitation ( families leads to hell-fire4 ,wom5 :o h m5tal int]e/s1 :o c>e ab\t art or lit]ature or politics1 :o desire a c>e] or :o value _! lib]ty1 w gradually gr[ r>]1 & be m & m replac$ by a placid mat]nal type :i* has no int]e/s outside ! home & no dislike ( ! burd5 ( mo!rhood4 ,?is result1 :i* ages ( mascul9e dom9ation h va9ly /riv5 to a*ieve1 is likely to be ! f9al outcome ( wom5's emancipation & ( _! attempt to ent] ^u a wid] sph]e ?an t to :i* ! jeal\sy ( m5 conf9$ !m 9 ! pa/4 ,p]haps1 if ! facts c\ld be asc]ta9$1 x w\ld be f\nd t some?+ ( ! same k9d occurr$ 9 ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! decay ( en]gy & intellig5ce dur+ ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? c5turies ( our era has always rema9$ m or less my/]i\s4 ,b !re is reason to ?9k t !n1 z n[1 ! be/ elem5ts ( ! population 9 ea* g5]ation fail$ to reproduce !mselves1 & t ! lea/ vigor\s 71 z a rule1 ^? to :om ! cont9uance ( ! race 0 due4 ,"o might be tempt$ to suppose t civilization1 :5 x has rea*$ a c]ta9 height1 becomes un/able1 & t5ds to decay ?r\gh "s inh]5t weakness1 "s failure to adapt ! life ( in/9ct to ! int5se m5tal life ( a p]iod ( high culture4 ,b su* vague !ories h always some?+ glib & sup]/iti\s :i* makes !m wor?less z sci5tific explanations or z guides to action4 ,x is n by a lit]>y =mula1 b by detail$ & complex ?\ght1 t a true solution is to be f\nd4 ,let u fir/ be cle> z to :at we desire4 ,!re is no importance 9 an increas+ population2 on ! contr>y1 if ! population ( ,europe 7 /ation>y1 x w\ld be mu* easi] to promote economic re=m & to avoid w>4 ,:at is regrettable at pres5t is n ! decl9e ( ! bir?-rate 9 itself1 b ! fact t ! decl9e is greate/ 9 ! be/ elem5ts ( ! population4 ,!re is reason1 h[ev]1 to fe> 9 ! future ?ree bad results3 fir/1 an absolute decl9e 9 ! numb]s ( ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]mans2 secondly1 z a consequ5ce ( ?is decl9e1 _! subjugation by less civiliz$ races & ! ext9ction ( _! tradition2 ?irdly1 a revival ( _! numb]s on a mu* l[] plane ( civilization1 aft] g5]ations ( selection ( ^? :o h nei!r intellig5ce nor =esight4 ,if ?is result is to be avoid$1 ! pres5t un=tunate selectiv5ess ( ! bir?-rate mu/ be someh[ /opp$4 ,! problem is "o :i* applies to ! :ole ( ,we/]n civilization4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 discov]+ a !oretical solution1 b !re is great difficulty 9 p]suad+ m5 to adopt a solution 9 practice1 because ! effects to be fe>$ are n imm$iate & ! subject is "o ^u :i* p are n 9 ! habit ( us+ _! reason4 ,if a rational solution is ev] adopt$1 ! cause w probably be int]national rivalry4 ,x is obvi\s t if "o ,/ate--say ,g]many--adopt$ a rational means ( deal+ ) ! matt]1 x w\ld acquire an enorm\s advantage ov] o!r ,/ates unless !y did likewise4 ,aft] ! w>1 x is possible t population que/ions w attract m att5tion ?an !y did be=e1 & x is likely t !y w be /udi$ f ! po9t ( view ( int]national rivalry4 ,?is motive1 unlike reason & humanity1 is p]haps /rong en\gh to ov]come m5's objections to a sci5tific treatm5t ( ! bir?-rate4 ,9 ! pa/1 at mo/ p]iods & 9 mo/ societies1 ! in/9cts ( m5 & wom5 l$ ( !mselves to a m ?an suffici5t bir?-rate2 ,mal?us's /atem5t ( ! population "q _h be5 true en\gh up to ! "t :5 he wrote4 ,x is /ill true ( b>b>\s & semi-civiliz$ races1 & ( ! wor/ elem5ts among civiliz$ races4 ,b x has become false z reg>ds ! m civiliz$ half ( ! population 9 ,we/]n ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,among !m1 in/9ct no long] suffices to keep numb]s ev5 /ation>y4 ,we may sum up ! reasons = ?is 9 ord] ( importance1 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! exp5se ( *ildr5 is v great if p>5ts are consci5ti\s4 #b4 ,an increas+ numb] ( wom5 desire to h no *ildr51 or only "o or two1 9 ord] n to be hamp]$ 9 _! own c>e]s4 #c4 ,ow+ to ! excess ( wom51 a l>ge numb] ( wom5 rema9 unm>ri$4 ,^! wom51 ?\gh n deb>r$ 9 practice f relations ) m51 are deb>r$ by ! code f hav+ *ildr54 ,9 ?is class are to be f\nd an enorm\s & increas+ numb] ( wom5 :o e>n _! own liv+ z typi/s1 9 %ops1 or o!rwise4 ,! w> has op5$ _m employm5ts to wom5 f :i* !y 7 =m]ly exclud$1 & ?is *ange is probably only 9 "p tempor>y4 ,if ! /]iliz+ ( ! be/ p>ts ( ! population is to be arre/$1 ! fir/ & mo/ press+ necessity is ! removal ( ! economic motives = limit+ families4 ,! exp5se ( *ildr5 ought to be borne :olly by ! community4 ,_! food & clo?+ & education ought to be provid$1 n only to ! v poor z a matt] ( *>ity1 b to all classes z a matt] ( public int]e/4 ,9 addition to ?is1 a woman :o is capable ( e>n+ money1 & :o ab&ons wage-e>n+ = mo!rhood1 ought to receive f ! ,/ate z ne>ly z possible :at %e w\ld h receiv$ if %e _h n _h *ildr54 ,! only condition atta*$ to ,/ate ma9t5ance ( ! "m & ! *ildr5 %\ld be t bo? p>5ts are physically & m5tally s\nd 9 all ways likely to affect ! *ildr54 ,^? :o are n s\nd %\ld n be deb>r$ f hav+ *ildr51 b %\ld cont9ue1 z at pres5t1 to be> ! exp5se ( *ildr5 !mselves4 ,x ought to be recogniz$ t ! law is only conc]n$ ) m>riage ?r\gh ! "q ( *ildr51 & %\ld be indiff]5t to :at is call$ 8morality10 :i* is bas$ ^u cu/om & texts ( ! ,bible1 n ^u any real consid]ation ( ! ne$s ( ! community4 ,! excess wom51 :o at pres5t are 9 e way disc\rag$ f hav+ *ildr51 ought no long] to be disc\rag$4 ,if ! ,/ate is to und]take ! exp5se ( *ildr51 x has ! "r1 on eug5ic gr\nds1 to "k :o ! fa!r is1 & to dem& a c]ta9 /ability 9 a union4 ,b !re is no reason to dem& or expect a lifelong /ability1 or to exact any gr\nd = divorce beyond mutual cons5t4 ,?is w\ld make x possible = ! wom5 :o mu/ at pres5t rema9 unm>ri$ to h *ildr5 if !y wi%$ x4 ,9 ?is way an enorm\s & unnecess>y wa/e w\ld be prev5t$1 & a great deal ( ne$less unhapp9ess w\ld be avoid$4 ,!re is no necessity to beg9 su* a sy/em all at once4 ,x might be begun t5tatively ) c]ta9 exceptionally desirable sections ( ! community4 ,x might !n be ext5d$ gradually1 ) ! exp]i5ce ( its work+ :i* _h be5 d]iv$ f ! fir/ exp]im5t4 ,if ! bir?-rate 7 v mu* increas$1 ! eug5ic conditions exact$ might be made m /rict4 ,!re are ( c\rse v>i\s practical difficulties 9 ! way ( su* a s*eme3 ! opposition ( ! ,*ur* & ! uphold]s ( traditional morality1 ! fe> ( weak5+ p>5tal responsibility1 & ! exp5se4 ,all ^!1 h[ev]1 might be ov]come4 ,b !re rema9s "o difficulty :i* x seems impossible to ov]come completely 9 ,engl&1 & t is1 t ! :ole conception is anti-democratic1 s9ce x reg>ds "s m5 z bett] ?an o!rs1 & w\ld dem& t ! ,/ate %\ld be/[ a bett] education ^u ! *ildr5 ( "s m5 ?an ^u ! *ildr5 ( o!rs4 ,?is is contr>y to all ! pr9ciples ( progressive politics 9 ,engl&4 ,= ?is reason x c h>dly be expect$ t any su* me?od ( deal+ ) ! population "q w ev] be adopt$ 9 its entirety 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,some?+ ( ! sort may well be done 9 ,g]many1 & if s1 x w assure ,g]man hegemony z no m]ely milit>y victory c\ld d4 ,b among ourselves we c only hope to see x adopt$ 9 "s p>tial1 piecemeal fa%ion1 & probably only aft] a *ange 9 ! economic /ructure ( society :i* w remove mo/ ( ! artificial inequalities t progressive p>ties are rightly try+ to dim9i%4 ,s f> we h be5 consid]+ ! "q ( ! reproduction ( ! race1 r ?an ! effect ( sex relations 9 fo/]+ or h9d]+ ! developm5t ( m5 & wom54 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! race1 :at seems ne$$ is a complete removal ( ! economic burd5s due to *ildr5 f all p>5ts :o are n physically or m5tally unfit1 & z mu* fre$om 9 ! law z is compatible ) public k ( pat]nity4 ,exactly ! same *anges seem call$ = :5 ! "q is consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! m5 & wom5 conc]n$4 ,9 reg>d to m>riage1 z ) all ! o!r traditional bonds betwe5 human be+s1 a v extraord9>y *ange is tak+ place1 :olly inevitable1 :olly necess>y z a /age 9 ! developm5t ( a new life1 b by no means :olly satisfactory until x is complet$4 ,all ! traditional bonds 7 bas$ on au?ority--( ! k+1 ! feudal b>on1 ! prie/1 ! fa!r1 ! husb&4 ,all ^! bonds1 j because !y 7 bas$ on au?ority1 are dissolv+ or already dissolv$1 & ! creation ( o!r bonds to take _! place is z yet v incomplete4 ,= ?is reason human relations h at pres5t an unusual triviality1 & d less ?an !y did =m]ly to break d[n ! h>d walls ( ! ,ego4 ,! ideal ( m>riage 9 ! pa/ dep5d$ ^u ! au?ority ( ! husb&1 :i* 0 admitt$ z a "r by ! wife4 ,! husb& 0 free1 ! wife 0 a will+ slave4 ,9 all matt]s :i* conc]n$ husb& & wife jo9tly1 x 0 tak5 = grant$ t ! husb&'s fiat %\ld be f9al4 ,! wife 0 expect$ to be fai?ful1 :ile ! husb&1 except 9 v religi\s societies1 0 only expect$ to ?r[ a dec5t veil ov] 8 infidelities4 ,families c\ld n be limit$ except by cont95ce1 & a wife _h no recogniz$ "r to dem& cont95ce1 h[ev] %e might suff] f frequ5t *ildr54 ,s long z ! husb&'s "r to au?ority 0 unque/ion+ly believ$ by bo? m5 & wom51 ?is sy/em 0 fairly satisfactory1 & af=d$ to bo? a c]ta9 in/9ctive fulfilm5t :i* is r>ely a*iev$ among educat$ p n[4 ,only "o w1 ! husb&'s1 _h to be tak5 into acc\nt1 & !re 0 no ne$ ( ! difficult adju/m5ts requir$ :5 common decisions h to be rea*$ by two equal wills4 ,! wife's desires 7 n treat$ s]i\sly en\gh to enable !m to ?w>t ! husb&'s ne$s1 & ! wife h]self1 unless %e 0 exceptionally selfi%1 did n seek self-developm5t1 or see 9 m>riage any?+ b an opportunity = duties4 ,s9ce %e did n seek or expect mu* happ9ess1 %e suff]$ less1 :5 happ9ess 0 n atta9$1 ?an a woman does n[3 h] suff]+ conta9$ no elem5t ( indignation or surprise1 & did n readily turn into bitt]ness & s5se ( injury4 ,! sa9tly1 self-sacrific+ woman :om our ance/ors prais$ _h h] place 9 a c]ta9 organic conception ( society1 ! conception ( ! ord]$ hi]>*y ( au?orities :i* dom9at$ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,%e belongs to ! same ord] ( ideas z ! fai?ful s]vant1 ! loyal subject1 & ! or?odox son ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is :ole ord] ( ideas has vani%$ f ! civiliz$ _w1 & x is to be hop$ t x has vani%$ = ev]1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! society :i* x produc$ 0 vital & 9 "s ways full ( nobility4 ,! old ord] has be5 de/roy$ by ! new ideals ( ju/ice & lib]ty1 beg9n+ ) religion1 pass+ on to politics1 & rea*+ at la/ ! private relations ( m>riage & ! family4 ,:5 once ! "q has be5 ask$1 8,:y %\ld a woman submit to a man80 :5 once ! answ]s d]iv$ f tradition & ! ,bible h ceas$ to satisfy1 !re is no long] any possibility ( ma9ta9+ ! old subord9ation4 ,to e man :o has ! p[] ( ?9k+ imp]sonally & freely1 x is obvi\s1 z soon z ! "q is ask$1 t ! rights ( wom5 are precisely ! same z ! rights ( m54 ,:atev] dang]s & difficulties1 :atev] tempor>y *aos1 may be incurr$ 9 ! transition to equality1 ! claims ( reason are s insi/5t & s cle> t no opposition to !m c hope to be long successful4 ,mutual lib]ty1 :i* is n[ dem&$1 is mak+ ! old =m ( m>riage impossible4 ,b a new =m1 :i* %all be an equally good vehicle = in/9ct1 & an equal help to spiritual gr[?1 has n yet be5 develop$4 ,= ! pres5t1 wom5 :o are consci\s ( lib]ty z some?+ to be pres]v$ are also consci\s ( ! difficulty ( pres]v+ x4 ,! wi% = ma/]y is an +r$i5t 9 mo/ m5's sexual passions1 especially 9 ^? :i* are /rong & s]i\s4 ,x survives 9 _m m5 ^: !ories are entirely oppos$ to despotism4 ,! result is a fight = lib]ty on ! "o side & = life on ! o!r4 ,wom5 feel t !y mu/ protect _! individuality2 m5 feel1 (t5 v dumbly1 t ! repression ( in/9ct :i* is dem&$ ( !m is incompatible ) vigor & initiative4 ,! cla% ( ^! oppos+ moods makes all real m+l+ ( p]sonalities impossible2 ! man & woman rema9 h>d1 sep>ate units1 cont9ually ask+ !mselves :e!r any?+ ( value to !mselves is result+ f ! union4 ,! effect is t relations t5d to become trivial & tempor>y1 a pleasure r ?an ! satisfaction ( a pr(\nd ne$1 an excitem5t1 n an atta9m5t4 ,! fundam5tal lonel9ess into :i* we are born rema9s unt\*$1 & ! hung] = inn] companion%ip rema9s unappeas$4 ,no *eap & easy solution ( ?is tr\ble is possible4 ,x is a tr\ble :i* affects mo/ ! mo/ civiliz$ m5 & wom51 & is an outcome ( ! increas+ s5se ( individuality :i* spr+s inevitably f m5tal progress4 ,i d\bt if !re is any radical cure except 9 "s =m ( religion1 s firmly & s9c]ely believ$ z to dom9ate ev5 ! life ( in/9ct4 ,! individual is n ! end & aim ( 8 own be+3 outside ! individual1 !re is ! community1 ! future ( mank9d1 ! imm5sity ( ! univ]se 9 :i* all our hopes & fe>s are a m]e p9-po9t4 ,a man & woman ) rev]5ce = ! _s ( life 9 ea* o!r1 ) an equal s5se ( _! own unimportance beside ! :ole life ( man1 may become comrades )\t int]f]5ce ) lib]ty1 & may a*ieve ! union ( in/9ct )\t do+ viol5ce to ! life ( m9d & _s4 ,z religion dom9at$ ! old =m ( m>riage1 s religion mu/ dom9ate ! new4 ,b x mu/ be a new religion1 bas$ ^u lib]ty1 ju/ice1 & love1 n ^u au?ority & law & hell-fire4 ,a bad effect ^u ! relations ( m5 & wom5 has be5 produc$ by ! romantic movem5t1 ?r\gh direct+ att5tion to :at ought to be an incid5tal good1 n ! purpose = :i* relations exi/4 ,love is :at gives intr9sic value to a m>riage1 &1 l art & ?\ght1 x is "o ( ! supreme ?+s :i* make human life wor? pres]v+4 ,b ?\gh !re is no good m>riage )\t love1 ! be/ m>riages h a purpose :i* goes beyond love4 ,! love ( two p = ea* o!r is too circumscrib$1 too sep>ate f ! community1 to be by itself ! ma9 purpose ( a good life4 ,x is n 9 itself a suffici5t s\rce ( activities1 x is n suffici5tly prospective1 to make an exi/5ce 9 :i* ultimate satisfaction c be f\nd4 ,x br+s its great mom5ts1 & !n its times :i* are less great1 :i* are unsatisfy+ because !y are less great4 ,x becomes1 soon] or lat]1 retrospective1 a tomb ( dead joys1 n a well-spr+ ( new life4 ,?is evil is insep>able f any purpose :i* is to be a*iev$ 9 a s+le supreme emotion4 ,! only adequate purposes are ^? :i* /ret* out into ! future1 :i* c nev] be fully a*iev$1 b are always gr[+1 & inf9ite ) ! inf9ity ( human endeavor4 ,& x is only :5 love is l9k$ to "s inf9ite purpose ( ?is k9d t x c h ! s]i\sness & dep? ( :i* x is capable4 ,= ! great majority ( m5 & wom5 s]i\sness 9 sex relations is mo/ likely to be a*iev$ ?r\gh *ildr54 ,*ildr5 are to mo/ p r a ne$ ?an a desire3 in/9ct is z a rule only consci\sly direct$ t[>ds :at us$ to lead to *ildr54 ,! desire = *ildr5 is apt to develop 9 middle life1 :5 ! adv5ture ( "o's own exi/5ce is pa/1 :5 ! fri5d%ips ( y\? seem less important ?an !y once did1 :5 ! prospect ( a lonely old age beg9s to t]rify1 & ! feel+ ( hav+ no %>e 9 ! future becomes oppressive4 ,!n ^? :o1 :ile !y 7 "y1 h _h no s5se t *ildr5 w\ld be a fulfilm5t ( _! ne$s1 beg9 to regret _! =m] contempt = ! normal1 & to envy acqua9tances :om be=e !y _h ?\ght humdrum4 ,b ow+ to economic causes x is (t5 impossible = ! "y1 & especially = ! be/ ( ! "y1 to h *ildr5 )\t sacrific+ ?+s ( vital importance to _! own lives4 ,& s y\? passes1 & ! ne$ is felt too late4 ,ne$s )\t correspond+ desires h gr[n increas+ly common z life has gr[n m diff]5t f t primitive exi/5ce f :i* our in/9cts are d]iv$1 & to :i*1 r ?an to t ( ! pres5t day1 !y are /ill v l>gely adapt$4 ,an unsatisfi$ ne$ produces1 9 ! end1 z mu* pa9 & z mu* di/ortion ( "* z if x _h be5 associat$ ) a consci\s desire4 ,= ?is reason1 z well z = ! sake ( ! race1 x is important to remove ! pres5t economic inducem5ts to *ildlessness4 ,!re is no necessity :atev] to urge p>5?ood ^u ^? :o feel dis9cl9$ to x1 b !re is necessity n to place ob/acles 9 ! way ( ^? :o h no su* dis9cl9ation4 ,9 speak+ ( ! importance ( pres]v+ s]i\sness 9 ! relations ( m5 & wom51 ,i d n mean to sugge/ t relations :i* are n s]i\s are always h>mful4 ,traditional morality has err$ by lay+ /ress on :at ought n to happ51 r ?an on :at ought to happ54 ,:at is important is t m5 & wom5 %\ld f9d1 soon] or lat]1 ! be/ relation ( :i* _! natures are capable4 ,x is n always possible to "k 9 advance :at w be ! be/1 or to be sure ( n miss+ ! be/ if ev]y?+ t c be d\bt$ is reject$4 ,among primitive races1 a man wants a female1 a woman wants a male1 & !re is no su* diff]5tiation z makes "o a mu* m suitable companion ?an ano!r4 ,b ) ! increas+ complexity ( disposition t civiliz$ life br+s1 x becomes m & m difficult to f9d ! man or woman :o w br+ happ9ess1 & m & m necess>y to make x n too difficult to ackn[l$ge a mi/ake4 ,! pres5t m>riage law is an inh]itance f a simpl] age1 & is support$1 9 ! ma91 by unreason+ fe>s & by contempt = all t is delicate & difficult 9 ! life ( ! m9d4 ,ow+ to ! law1 l>ge numb]s ( m5 & wom5 are condemn$1 s f> z _! o/5sible relations are conc]n$1 to ! society ( an utt]ly uncong5ial companion1 ) all ! embitt]+ consci\sness t escape is practically impossible4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 happi] relations ) o!rs are (t5 s\ght1 b !y h to be cl&e/9e1 )\t a common life1 & )\t *ildr54 ,ap>t f ! great evil ( be+ cl&e/9e1 su* relations h "s almo/ inevitable drawbacks4 ,!y are liable to emphasize sex unduly1 to be excit+ & di/urb+2 & x is h>dly possible t !y %\ld br+ a real satisfaction ( in/9ct4 ,x is ! comb9ation ( love1 *ildr51 & a common life t makes ! be/ relation betwe5 a man & a woman4 ,! law at pres5t conf9es *ildr5 & a common life )9 ! bonds ( monogamy1 b x _c conf9e love4 ,by =c+ _m to sep>ate love f *ildr5 & a common life1 ! law cramps _! lives1 prev5ts !m f rea*+ ! full measure ( _! possible developm5t1 & inflicts a :olly unnecess>y torture ^u ^? :o are n cont5t to become frivol\s4 ,to sum up3 ,! pres5t /ate ( ! law1 ( public op9ion1 & ( our economic sy/em is t5d+ to degrade ! quality ( ! race1 by mak+ ! wor/ half ( ! population ! p>5ts ( m ?an half ( ! next g5]ation4 ,at ! same "t1 wom5's claim to lib]ty is mak+ ! old =m ( m>riage a h9drance to ! developm5t ( bo? m5 & wom54 ,a new sy/em is requir$1 if ! ,european nations are n to deg5]ate1 & if ! relations ( m5 & wom5 are to h ! /rong happ9ess & organic s]i\sness :i* belong$ to ! be/ m>riages 9 ! pa/4 ,! new sy/em mu/ be bas$ ^u ! fact t to produce *ildr5 is a s]vice to ! ,/ate1 & ought n to expose p>5ts to heavy pecuni>y p5alties4 ,x w h to recognize t nei!r ! law nor public op9ion %\ld conc]n itself ) ! private relations ( m5 & wom51 except :]e *ildr5 are conc]n$4 ,x ought to remove ! inducem5ts to make relations cl&e/9e & *ildless4 ,x ought to admit t1 al?\gh lifelong monogamy is be/ :5 x is successful1 ! increas+ complexity ( our ne$s makes x increas+ly (t5 a failure = :i* divorce is ! be/ prev5tive4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 lib]ty is ! basis ( political wisdom4 ,& :5 lib]ty has be5 won1 :at rema9s to be desir$ mu/ be left to ! consci5ce & religion ( individual m5 & wom54 ,,vii ,,religion ,,& ,,! ,,*ur*es ,almo/ all ! *anges :i* ! _w has und]gone s9ce ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages are due to ! discov]y & diffusion ( new k4 ,?is 0 ! prim>y cause ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! ,re=mation1 & ! indu/rial revolution4 ,x 0 also1 v directly1 ! cause ( ! decay ( dogmatic religion4 ,! /udy ( classical texts & e>ly ,*ur* hi/ory1 ,cop]nican a/ronomy & physics1 ,d>w9ian biology & comp>ative an?ropology1 h ea* 9 turn batt]$ d[n "s "p ( ! edifice ( ,ca?olic dogma1 until1 = almo/ all ?9k+ & in/ruct$ p1 ! mo/ t seems def5sible is "s inn] _s1 "s vague hope1 & "s n v def9ite feel+ ( moral obligation4 ,?is result might p]haps h rema9$ limit$ to ! educat$ m9ority b = ! fact t ! ,*ur*es h almo/ ev]y:]e oppos$ political progress ) ! same bitt]ness ) :i* !y h oppos$ progress 9 ?\ght4 ,political cons]vatism has br\ght ! ,*ur*es into conflict ) :atev] 0 vigor\s 9 ! work+ classes1 & has spread free ?\ght 9 wide circles :i* might o!rwise h rema9$ or?odox = c5turies4 ,! decay ( dogmatic religion is1 = good or evil1 "o ( ! mo/ important facts 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,its effects h h>dly yet begun to %[ !mselves3 :at !y w be x is impossible to say1 b !y w c]ta9ly be pr(\nd & f>-rea*+4 ,religion is p>tly p]sonal1 p>tly social3 to ! ,prote/ant prim>ily p]sonal1 to ! ,ca?olic prim>ily social4 ,x is only :5 ! two elem5ts are intimately bl5d$ t religion becomes a p[]ful =ce 9 mold+ society4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 z x exi/$ f ! "t ( ,con/ant9e to ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 repres5t$ a bl5d+ :i* w\ld h seem$ incr$ible if x _h n be5 actually a*iev$1 ! bl5d+ ( ,*ri/ & ,cs>1 ( ! morality ( humble submission ) ! pride ( ,imp]ial ,rome4 ,^? :o lov$ ! "o c\ld f9d x 9 ! ,!baid2 ^? :o lov$ ! o!r c\ld admire x 9 ! pomp ( metropolitan ar*bi%ops4 ,9 ,/4 ,francis & ,innoc5t ,,iii ! same two sides ( ! ,*ur* are /ill repres5t$4 ,b s9ce ! ,re=mation p]sonal religion has be5 increas+ly outside ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :ile ! religion :i* has rema9$ ,ca?olic has be5 increas+ly a matt] ( in/itutions & politics & hi/oric cont9uity4 ,?is division has weak5$ ! =ce ( religion3 religi\s bodies h n be5 /r5g!n$ by ! en?usiasm & s+le-m9d$ness ( ! m5 9 :om p]sonal religion is /rong1 & ^! m5 h n f\nd _! tea*+ diffus$ & made p]man5t by ! p[] ( ecclesia/ical in/itutions4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* a*iev$1 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 ! mo/ organic society & ! mo/ h>moni\s inn] syn!sis ( in/9ct1 m9d1 & _s1 t ! ,we/]n _w has ev] kn[n4 ,/4 ,francis1 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & ,dante repres5t its summit z reg>ds individual developm5t4 ,! ca!drals1 ! m5dicant ,ord]s1 & ! triumph ( ! ,papacy ov] ! ,empire repres5t its supreme political success4 ,b ! p]fection :i* _h be5 a*iev$ 0 a n>r[ p]fection3 in/9ct1 m9d1 & _s all suff]$ f curtailm5t 9 ord] to fit into ! patt]n2 laym5 f\nd !mselves subject to ! ,*ur* 9 ways :i* !y res5t$1 & ! ,*ur* us$ its p[] = rapacity & oppression4 ,! p]fect syn!sis 0 an enemy to new gr[?1 & aft] ! "t ( ,dante all t 0 liv+ 9 ! _w _h fir/ to fight = its "r to live aga9/ ! repres5tatives ( ! old ord]4 ,?is fight is ev5 n[ n end$4 ,only :5 x is q end$1 bo? 9 ! ext]nal _w ( politics & 9 ! int]nal _w ( m5's own ?\ghts1 w x be possible = a new organic society & a new inn] syn!sis to take ! place :i* ! ,*ur* held = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,! cl]ical pr(ession suff]s f two causes1 "o ( :i* x %>es ) "s o!r pr(essions1 :ile ! o!r is peculi> to itself4 ,! cause peculi> to x is ! conv5tion t cl]gym5 are m virtu\s ?an o!r m54 ,any av]age selection ( mank9d1 set ap>t & told t x excels ! re/ 9 virtue1 mu/ t5d to s9k bel[ ! av]age4 ,?is is an anci5t commonplace 9 reg>d to pr9ces & ^? :o us$ to be call$ 8! great40 ,b x is no less true z reg>ds ^? ( ! cl]gy :o are n g5u9ely & by nature z mu* bett] ?an ! av]age z !y are conv5tionally suppos$ to be4 ,! o!r s\rce ( h>m to ! cl]ical pr(ession is end[m5ts4 ,prop]ty :i* is only available = ^? :o w support an e/abli%$ in/itution has a t5d5cy to w>p m5's judgm5ts z to ! excell5ce ( ! in/itution4 ,! t5d5cy is aggravat$ :5 ! prop]ty is associat$ ) social consid]ation & opportunities = petty p[]4 ,x is at its wor/ :5 ! in/itution is ti$ by law to an anci5t cre$1 almo/ impossible to *ange1 & yet q out ( t\* ) ! unfett]$ ?\ght ( ! pres5t day4 ,all ^! causes comb9e to damage ! moral =ce ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is n s mu* t ! cre$ ( ! ,*ur* is ! wrong "o4 ,:at is amiss is ! m]e exi/5ce ( a cre$4 ,z soon z income1 position1 & p[] are dep5d5t ^u acceptance ( no matt] :at cre$1 intellectual hone/y is imp]il$4 ,m5 w tell !mselves t a =mal ass5t is ju/ifi$ by ! good :i* x w enable !m to d4 ,!y fail to realize t1 9 ^? ^: m5tal life has any vigor1 loss ( complete intellectual integrity puts an end to ! p[] ( do+ good1 by produc+ gradually 9 all directions an inability to see tru? simply4 ,! /rictness ( p>ty discipl9e has introduc$ ! same evil 9 politics2 !re1 because ! evil is comp>atively new1 x is visible to _m :o ?9k x unimportant z reg>ds ! ,*ur*4 ,b ! evil is great] z reg>ds ! ,*ur*1 because religion is ( m importance ?an politics1 & because x is m necess>y t ! expon5ts ( religion %\ld be :olly free f ta9t4 ,! evils we h be5 consid]+ seem insep>able f ! exi/5ce ( a pr(essional prie/hood4 ,if religion is n to be h>mful 9 a _w ( rapid *ange1 x mu/1 l ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 be c>ri$ on by m5 :o h o!r occupations dur+ ! week1 :o d _! religi\s "w f en?usiasm1 )\t receiv+ any paym5t4 ,& su* m51 because !y "k ! ev]yday _w1 are n likely to fall into a remote morality :i* no "o reg>ds z applicable to common life4 ,be+ free1 !y w n be b\nd to rea* c]ta9 conclusions decid$ 9 advance1 b w be able to consid] moral & religi\s que/ions g5u9ely1 )\t bias4 ,except 9 a q /ation>y society1 no religi\s life c be liv+ or a real support to ! _s unless x is fre$ f ! incubus ( a pr(essional prie/hood4 ,x is l>gely = ^! reasons t s little ( :at is valuable 9 morals & religion comes n[adays f ! m5 :o are em95t 9 ! religi\s _w4 ,x is true t among pr(ess$ believ]s !re are _m :o are :olly s9c]e1 :o feel /ill ! inspiration :i* ,*ri/ianity br\ght be=e x _h be5 weak5$ by ! progress ( k4 ,^! s9c]e believ]s are valuable to ! _w because !y keep alive ! conviction t ! life ( ! _s is :at is ( mo/ importance to m5 & wom54 ,"s ( !m1 9 all ! c\ntries n[ at w>1 h _h ! c\rage to prea* peace & love 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/1 & h done :at lay 9 _! p[] to mitigate ! bitt]ness ( hatr$4 ,all praise is due to ^! m51 & )\t !m ! _w w\ld be ev5 worse ?an x is4 ,b x is n ?r\gh ev5 ! mo/ s9c]e & c\rage\s believ]s 9 ! traditional religion t a new _s c come into ! _w4 ,x is n ?r\gh !m t religion c be br\ght back to ^? :o h lo/ x because _! m9ds 7 active1 n because _! _s 0 dead4 ,believ]s 9 ! traditional religion necess>ily look to ! pa/ = inspiration r ?an to ! future4 ,!y seek wisdom 9 ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 :i*1 admirable z x is1 rema9s q inadequate = _m ( ! social & spiritual issues ( mod]n life4 ,art & intellect & all ! problems ( gov]nm5t are ignor$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,^? :o1 l ,tol/oy1 endeavor s]i\sly to take ! ,gospels z a guide to life are compell$ to reg>d ! ignorant peasant z ! be/ type ( man1 & to bru% aside political que/ions by an extreme & impracticable an>*ism4 ,if a religi\s view ( life & ! _w is ev] to reconqu] ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( free-m9d$ m5 & wom51 mu* t we are accu/om$ to associate ) religion w h to be disc>d$4 ,! fir/ & greate/ *ange t is requir$ is to e/abli% a morality ( initiative1 n a morality ( submission1 a morality ( hope r ?an fe>1 ( ?+s to be done r ?an ( ?+s to be left undone4 ,x is n ! :ole duty ( man to slip ?r\gh ! _w s z to escape ! wra? ( ,god4 ,! _w is our _w1 & x re/s ) u to make x a heav5 or a hell4 ,! p[] is ours1 & ! k+dom & ! glory w\ld be ours also if we _h c\rage & insight to create !m4 ,! religi\s life t we mu/ seek w n be "o ( occasional solemnity & sup]/iti\s prohibitions1 x w n be sad or ascetic1 x w conc]n itself little ) rules ( conduct4 ,x w be inspir$ by a vision ( :at human life may be1 & w be happy ) ! joy ( creation1 liv+ 9 a l>ge free _w ( initiative & hope4 ,x w love mank9d1 n = :at !y are to ! outw>d eye1 b = :at imag9ation %[s t !y h x 9 !m to become4 ,x w n readily condemn1 b x w give praise to positive a*ievem5t r ?an negative s9lessness1 to ! joy ( life1 ! quick affection1 ! creative insight1 by :i* ! _w may gr[ "y & beautiful & fill$ ) vigor4 8,religion0 is a ^w :i* has _m mean+s & a long hi/ory4 ,9 orig91 x 0 conc]n$ ) c]ta9 rites1 inh]it$ f a remote pa/1 p]=m$ orig9ally = "s reason long s9ce =gott51 & associat$ f "t to "t ) v>i\s my?s to acc\nt = _! suppos$ importance4 ,mu* ( ?is l+]s /ill4 ,a religi\s man is "o :o goes to *ur*1 a communicant1 "o :o 8practises10 z ,ca?olics say4 ,h[ he behaves o!rwise1 or h[ he feels conc]n+ life & man's place 9 ! _w1 does n be> ^u ! "q :e!r he is 8religi\s0 9 ?is simple b hi/orically correct s5se4 ,_m m5 & wom5 are religi\s 9 ?is s5se )\t hav+ 9 _! natures any?+ t des]ves to be call$ religion 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i mean ! ^w4 ,! m]e famili>ity ( ! ,*ur* s]vice has made !m imp]vi\s to x2 !y are unconsci\s ( all ! hi/ory & human exp]i5ce by :i* ! liturgy has be5 enri*$1 & unmov$ by ! glibly repeat$ words ( ! ,gospel1 :i* condemn almo/ all ! activities ( ^? :o fancy !mselves disciples ( ,*ri/4 ,?is fate mu/ ov]take any habitual rite3 x is impossible t x %\ld cont9ue to produce mu* effect aft] x has be5 p]=m$ s (t5 z to gr[ me*anical4 ,! activities ( m5 may be r\ghly d]iv$ f ?ree s\rces1 n 9 actual fact %>ply sep>ate "o f ano!r1 b suffici5tly di/+ui%able to des]ve diff]5t names4 ,! ?ree s\rces ,i mean are in/9ct1 m9d1 & _s1 & ( ^! ?ree x is ! life ( ! _s t makes religion4 ,! life ( in/9ct includes all t man %>es ) ! l[] animals1 all t is conc]n$ ) self-pres]vation & reproduction & ! desires & impulses d]ivative f ^!4 ,x includes vanity & love ( possessions1 love ( family1 & ev5 mu* ( :at makes love ( c\ntry4 ,x includes all ! impulses t are ess5tially conc]n$ ) ! biological success ( oneself or "o's gr\p--= among greg>i\s animals ! life ( in/9ct includes ! gr\p4 ,! impulses :i* x includes may n 9 fact make = success1 & may (t5 9 fact militate aga9/ x1 b are nev]!less ^? ( :i* success is ! raison d'tre1 ^? :i* express ! animal nature ( man & 8 position among a _w ( competitors4 ,! life ( ! m9d is ! life ( pursuit ( k1 f m]e *ildi% curiosity up to ! greate/ ef=ts ( ?\ght4 ,curiosity exi/s 9 animals1 & s]ves an obvi\s biological purpose2 b x is only 9 m5 t x passes beyond ! inve/igation ( p>ticul> objects :i* may be edible or poison\s1 fri5dly or ho/ile4 ,curiosity is ! prim>y impulse out ( :i* ! :ole edifice ( sci5tific k has gr[n4 ,k has be5 f\nd s useful t mo/ actual acquisition ( x is no long] prompt$ by curiosity2 innum]able o!r motives n[ contribute to fo/] ! intellectual life4 ,nev]!less1 direct love ( k & dislike ( error /ill play a v l>ge "p1 especially ) ^? :o are mo/ successful 9 le>n+4 ,no man acquires mu* k unless ! acquisition is 9 itself delightful to him1 ap>t f any consci\sness ( ! use to :i* ! k may be put4 ,! impulse to acquire k & ! activities :i* c5t] r\nd x con/itute :at ,i mean by ! life ( ! m9d4 ,! life ( ! m9d consi/s ( ?\ght :i* is :olly or p>tially imp]sonal1 9 ! s5se t x conc]ns itself ) objects on _! own acc\nt1 & n m]ely on acc\nt ( _! be>+ ^u our in/9ctive life4 ,! life ( ! _s c5t]s r\nd imp]sonal feel+1 z ! life ( ! m9d c5t]s r\nd imp]sonal ?\ght4 ,9 ?is s5se1 all art belongs to ! life ( ! _s1 ?\gh its greatness is d]iv$ f its be+ also intimately b\nd up ) ! life ( in/9ct4 ,art />ts f in/9ct & rises into ! region ( ! _s2 religion />ts f ! _s & endeavors to dom9ate & in=m ! life ( in/9ct4 ,x is possible to feel ! same int]e/ 9 ! joys & sorr[s ( o!rs z 9 our own1 to love & hate indep5d5tly ( all relation to ourselves1 to c>e ab\t ! de/9y ( man & ! developm5t ( ! univ]se )\t a ?\ght t we are p]sonally involv$4 ,rev]5ce & wor%ip1 ! s5se ( an obligation to mank9d1 ! feel+ ( imp]ativ5ess & act+ "u ord]s :i* traditional religion has int]pret$ z ,div9e inspiration1 all belong to ! life ( ! _s4 ,& deep] ?an all ^! lies ! s5se ( a my/]y half reveal$1 ( a hidd5 wisdom & glory1 ( a transfigur+ vision 9 :i* common ?+s lose _! solid importance & become a ?9 veil beh9d :i* ! ultimate tru? ( ! _w is dimly se54 ,x is su* feel+s t are ! s\rce ( religion1 & if !y 7 to die mo/ ( :at is be/ w\ld vani% out ( life4 ,in/9ct1 m9d1 & _s are all ess5tial to a full life2 ea* has its own excell5ce & its own corruption4 ,ea* c atta9 a spuri\s excell5ce at ! exp5se ( ! o!rs2 ea* has a t5d5cy to encroa* ^u ! o!rs2 b 9 ! life :i* is to be s\ght all ?ree w be develop$ 9 cord9ation1 & intimately bl5d$ 9 a s+le h>moni\s :ole4 ,among unciviliz$ m5 in/9ct is supreme1 & m9d & _s h>dly exi/4 ,among educat$ m5 at ! pres5t day m9d is develop$1 z a rule1 at ! exp5se ( bo? in/9ct & _s1 produc+ a curi\s inhumanity & lifelessness1 a paucity ( bo? p]sonal & imp]sonal desires1 :i* leads to cynicism & intellectual de/ructiv5ess4 ,among ascetics & mo/ ( ^? :o w\ld be call$ sa9ts1 ! life ( ! _s has be5 develop$ at ! exp5se ( in/9ct & m9d1 produc+ an outlook :i* is impossible to ^? :o h a heal?y animal life & to ^? :o h a love ( active ?\ght4 ,x is n 9 any ( ^! "o-sid$ developm5ts t we c f9d wisdom or a philosophy :i* w br+ new life to ! civiliz$ _w4 ,among civiliz$ m5 & wom5 at ! pres5t day x is r>e to f9d in/9ct1 m9d1 & _s 9 h>mony4 ,v few h a*iev$ a practical philosophy :i* gives its due place to ea*2 z a rule1 in/9ct is at w> ) ei!r m9d or _s1 & m9d & _s are at w> ) ea* o!r4 ,?is /rife compels m5 & wom5 to direct mu* ( _! en]gy inw>ds1 in/ead ( be+ able to exp5d x all 9 objective activities4 ,:5 a man a*ieves a prec>i\s inw>d peace by ! defeat ( a "p ( 8 nature1 8 vital =ce is impair$1 & 8 gr[? is no long] q heal?y4 ,if m5 are to rema9 :ole1 x is v necess>y t !y %\ld a*ieve a reconciliation ( in/9ct1 m9d1 & _s4 ,in/9ct is ! s\rce ( vitality1 ! bond t unites ! life ( ! individual ) ! life ( ! race1 ! basis ( all pr(\nd s5se ( union ) o!rs1 & ! means by :i* ! collective life n\ri%es ! life ( ! sep>ate units4 ,b in/9ct by itself leaves u p[]less to control ! =ces ( ,nature1 ei!r 9 ourselves or 9 our physical environm5t1 & keeps u 9 bondage to ! same un?9k+ impulse by :i* ! trees gr[4 ,m9d c lib]ate u f ?is bondage1 by ! p[] ( imp]sonal ?\ght1 :i* enables u to judge critically ! purely biological purposes t[>ds :i* in/9ct m or less bl9dly t5ds4 ,b m9d1 9 its deal+s ) in/9ct1 is m]ely critical3 s f> z in/9ct is conc]n$1 ! un*eck$ activity ( ! m9d is apt to be de/ructive & to g5]ate cynicism4 ,_s is an antidote to ! cynicism ( m9d3 x univ]salizes ! emotions t spr+ f in/9ct1 & by univ]saliz+ !m makes !m imp]vi\s to m5tal criticism4 ,& :5 ?\ght is in=m$ by _s x loses its cruel1 de/ructive quality2 x no long] promotes ! dea? ( in/9ct1 b only its purification f insi/5ce & ru?lessness & its emancipation f ! prison walls ( accid5tal circum/ance4 ,x is in/9ct t gives =ce1 m9d t gives ! means ( direct+ =ce to desir$ ends1 & _s t sugge/s imp]sonal uses = =ce ( a k9d t ?\ght _c discr$it by criticism4 ,?is is an outl9e ( ! p>ts t in/9ct1 m9d1 & _s w\ld play 9 a h>moni\s life4 ,in/9ct1 m9d1 & _s are ea* a help to ! o!rs :5 _! developm5t is free & unvitiat$2 b :5 corruption comes into any "o ( ! ?ree1 n only does t "o fail1 b ! o!rs also become poison$4 ,all ?ree mu/ gr[ toge!r4 ,& if !y are to gr[ to _! full /ature 9 any "o man or woman1 t man or woman mu/ n be isolat$1 b mu/ be "o ( a society :]e gr[? is n ?w>t$ & made crook$4 ,! life ( in/9ct1 :5 x is un*eck$ by m9d or _s1 consi/s ( in/9ctive cycles1 :i* beg9 ) impulses to m or less def9ite acts1 & pass on to satisfaction ( ne$s ?r\gh ! consequ5ces ( ^! impulsive acts4 ,impulse & desire are n direct$ t[>ds ! :ole cycle1 b only t[>ds its initiation3 ! re/ is left to natural causes4 ,we desire to eat1 b we d n desire to be n\ri%$ unless we are valetud9>ians4 ,yet )\t ! n\ri%m5t eat+ is a m]e mom5t>y pleasure1 n "p ( ! g5]al impulse to life4 ,m5 desire sexual int]c\rse1 b !y d n z a rule desire *ildr5 /rongly or (t54 ,yet )\t ! hope ( *ildr5 & its occasional realization1 sexual int]c\rse rema9s = mo/ p an isolat$ & sep>ate pleasure1 n unit+ _! p]sonal life ) ! life ( mank9d1 n cont9u\s ) ! c5tral purposes by :i* !y live1 & n capable ( br++ t pr(\nd s5se ( fulfilm5t :i* comes f completion by *ildr54 ,mo/ m51 unless ! impulse is atrophi$ ?r\gh disuse1 feel a desire to create some?+1 great or small accord+ to _! capacities4 ,"s few are able to satisfy ?is desire3 "s happy m5 c create an ,empire1 a sci5ce1 a poem1 or a picture4 ,! m5 ( sci5ce1 :o h less difficulty ?an any o!rs 9 f9d+ an outlet = creativ5ess1 are ! happie/ ( intellig5t m5 9 ! mod]n _w1 s9ce _! creative activity af=ds full satisfaction to m9d & _s z well z to ! in/9ct ( creation4#ba ,9 !m a beg9n+ is to be se5 ( ! new way ( life :i* is to be s\ght2 9 _! happ9ess we may p]haps f9d ! g]m ( a future happ9ess = all mank9d4 ,! re/1 ) few exceptions1 are ?w>t$ 9 _! creative impulses4 ,!y _c build _! own h\se or make _! own g>d51 or direct _! own labor to produc+ :at _! free *oice w\ld lead !m to produce4 ,9 ?is way ! in/9ct ( creation1 :i* %\ld lead on to ! life ( m9d & _s1 is *eck$ & turn$ aside4 ,too (t5 x is turn$ to de/ruction1 z ! only effective action :i* rema9s possible4 ,out ( its defeat gr[s envy1 & out ( envy gr[s ! impulse to de/roy ! creativ5ess ( m =tunate m54 ,?is is "o ( ! greate/ s\rces ( corruption 9 ! life ( in/9ct4 ,! life ( in/9ct is important1 n only on its own acc\nt1 or because ( ! direct usefulness ( ! actions :i* x inspires1 b also because1 if x is unsatisfactory1 ! individual life becomes deta*$ & sep>at$ f ! g5]al life ( man4 ,all really pr(\nd s5se ( unity ) o!rs dep5ds ^u in/9ct1 ^u cop]ation or agreem5t 9 "s in/9ctive purpose4 ,?is is mo/ obvi\s 9 ! relations ( m5 & wom5 & p>5ts & *ildr54 ,b x is true also 9 wid] relations4 ,x is true ( l>ge assemblies sway$ by a /rong common emotion1 & ev5 ( a :ole nation 9 times ( /ress4 ,x is "p ( :at makes ! value ( religion z a social in/itution4 ,:]e ?is feel+ is :olly abs5t1 o!r human be+s seem di/ant & alo(4 ,:]e x is actively ?w>t$1 o!r human be+s become objects ( in/9ctive ho/ility4 ,! alo(ness or ! in/9ctive ho/ility may be mask$ by religi\s love1 :i* c be giv5 to all m5 reg>dless ( _! relation to ourselves4 ,b religi\s love does n bridge ! gulf t p>ts man f man3 x looks across ! gulf1 x views o!rs ) compassion or imp]sonal sympa?y1 b x does n live ) ! same life ) :i* !y live4 ,in/9ct alone c d ?is1 b only :5 x is fruitful & sane & direct4 ,to ?is end x is necess>y t in/9ctive cycles %\ld be fairly (t5 complet$1 n int]rupt$ 9 ! middle ( _! c\rse4 ,at pres5t !y are con/antly int]rupt$1 p>tly by purposes :i* conflict ) !m = economic or o!r reasons1 p>tly by ! pursuit ( pleasure1 :i* picks out ! mo/ agreeable "p ( ! cycle & avoids ! re/4 ,9 ?is way in/9ct is robb$ ( its importance & s]i\sness2 x becomes incapable ( br++ any real fulfilm5t1 its dem&s gr[ m & m excessive1 & life becomes no long] a :ole ) a s+le movem5t1 b a s]ies ( deta*$ mom5ts1 "s ( !m pleasurable1 mo/ ( !m full ( we>9ess & disc\ragem5t4 ,! life ( ! m9d1 al?\gh supremely excell5t 9 itself1 _c br+ heal? into ! life ( in/9ct1 except :5 x results 9 a n too difficult outlet = ! in/9ct ( creation4 ,9 o!r cases x is1 z a rule1 too widely sep>at$ f in/9ct1 too deta*$1 too de/itute ( inw>d gr[?1 to af=d ei!r a vehicle = in/9ct or a means ( subtiliz+ & ref9+ x4 ,?\ght is 9 its ess5ce imp]sonal & deta*$1 in/9ct is 9 its ess5ce p]sonal & ti$ to p>ticul> circum/ances3 betwe5 ! two1 unless bo? rea* a high level1 !re is a w> :i* is n easily appeas$4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal reason = vitalism1 futurism1 pragmatism1 & ! v>i\s o!r philosophies :i* adv]tise !mselves z vigor\s & virile4 ,all ^! repres5t ! attempt to f9d a mode ( ?\ght :i* %all n be ho/ile to in/9ct4 ,! attempt1 9 itself1 is des]v+ ( praise1 b ! solution (f]$ is f> too facile4 ,:at is propos$ am\nts to a subord9ation ( ?\ght to in/9ct1 a refusal to all[ ?\ght to a*ieve its own ideal4 ,?\ght :i* does n rise above :at is p]sonal is n ?\ght 9 any true s5se3 x is m]ely a m or less intellig5t use ( in/9ct4 ,x is ?\ght & _s t raise man above ! level ( ! brutes4 ,by disc>d+ !m we may lose ! prop] excell5ce ( m51 b _c acquire ! excell5ce ( animals4 ,?\ght mu/ a*ieve its full gr[? be=e a reconciliation ) in/9ct is attempt$4 ,:5 ref9$ ?\ght & unref9$ in/9ct coexi/1 z !y d 9 _m intellectual m51 ! result is a complete disbelief 9 any important good to be a*iev$ by ! help ( in/9ct4 ,accord+ to _! disposition1 "s su* m5 w z f> z possible disc>d in/9ct & become ascetic1 :ile o!rs w accept x z a necessity1 leav+ x degrad$ & sep>at$ f all t is really important 9 _! lives4 ,ei!r ( ^! c\rses prev5ts in/9ct f rema9+ vital1 or f be+ a bond ) o!rs2 ei!r produces a s5se ( physical solitude1 a gulf across :i* ! m9ds & spirits ( o!rs may speak1 b n _! in/9cts4 ,to v _m m51 ! in/9ct ( patriotism1 :5 ! w> broke out1 0 ! fir/ in/9ct t _h bridg$ ! gulf1 ! fir/ t _h made !m feel a really pr(\nd unity ) o!rs4 ,?is in/9ct1 j because1 9 its int5se =m1 x 0 new & unfamili>1 _h rema9$ un9fect$ by ?\ght1 n p>alyz$ or devitaliz$ by d\bt & cold deta*m5t4 ,! s5se ( unity :i* x br\ght is capable ( be+ br\ght by ! in/9ctive life ( m normal times1 if ?\ght & _s are n ho/ile to x4 ,& s long z ?is s5se ( unity is abs5t1 in/9ct & _s _c be 9 h>mony1 nor c ! life ( ! community h vigor & ! se$s ( new gr[?4 ,! life ( ! m9d1 because ( its deta*m5t1 t5ds to sep>ate a man inw>dly f o!r m51 s long z x is n balanc$ by ! life ( ! _s4 ,= ?is reason1 m9d )\t _s c r5d] in/9ct corrupt or atrophi$1 b _c add any excell5ce to ! life ( in/9ct4 ,on ?is gr\nd1 "s m5 are ho/ile to ?\ght4 ,b no good purpose is s]v$ by try+ to prev5t ! gr[? ( ?\ght1 :i* has its own insi/5ce1 & if *eck$ 9 ! directions 9 :i* x t5ds naturally1 w turn into o!r directions :]e x is m h>mful4 ,& ?\ght is 9 itself god-l3 if ! opposition betwe5 ?\ght & in/9ct 7 irreconcilable1 x w\ld be ?\ght t ought to conqu]4 ,b ! opposition is n irreconciliable3 all t is necess>y is t bo? ?\ght & in/9ct %\ld be in=m$ by ! life ( ! _s4 ,9 ord] t human life %\ld h vigor1 x is necess>y = ! in/9ctive impulses to be /rong & direct2 b 9 ord] t human life %\ld be good1 ^! impulses mu/ be dom9at$ & controll$ by desires less p]sonal & ru?less1 less liable to lead to conflict ?an ^? t are inspir$ by in/9ct alone4 ,some?+ imp]sonal & univ]sal is ne$$ ov] & above :at spr+s out ( ! pr9ciple ( individual gr[?4 ,x is ?is t is giv5 by ! life ( ! _s4 ,patriotism af=ds an example ( ! k9d ( control :i* is ne$$4 ,patriotism is comp\nd$ out ( a numb] ( in/9ctive feel+s & impulses3 love ( home1 love ( ^? ^: ways & outlook resemble our own1 ! impulse to cop]ation 9 a gr\p1 ! s5se ( pride 9 ! a*ievem5ts ( "o's gr\p4 ,all ^! impulses & desires1 l ev]y?+ belong+ to ! life ( in/9ct1 are p]sonal1 9 ! s5se t ! feel+s & actions :i* !y inspire t[>ds o!rs are det]m9$ by ! relation ( ^? o!rs to ourselves1 n by :at ^? o!rs are intr9sically4 ,all ^! impulses & desires unite to produce a love ( man's own c\ntry :i* is m deeply implant$ 9 ! fib] ( 8 be+1 & m closely unit$ to 8 vital =ce1 ?an any love n root$ 9 in/9ct4 ,b if _s does n ent] 9 to g5]alize love ( c\ntry1 ! exclusiv5ess ( in/9ctive love makes x a s\rce ( hatr$ ( o!r c\ntries4 ,:at _s c effect is to make u realize t o!r c\ntries equally are wor?y ( love1 t ! vital w>m? :i* makes u love our own c\ntry reveals to u t x des]ves to be lov$1 & t only ! pov]ty ( our nature prev5ts u f lov+ all c\ntries z we love our own4 ,9 ?is way in/9ctive love c be ext5d$ 9 imag9ation1 & a s5se ( ! value ( all mank9d c gr[ up1 :i* is m liv+ & int5se ?an any t is possible to ^? ^: in/9ctive love is weak4 ,m9d c only %[ u t x is irrational to love our own c\ntry be/2 x c weak5 patriotism1 b _c /r5g!n ! love ( all mank9d4 ,_s alone c d ?is1 by ext5d+ & univ]saliz+ ! love t is born ( in/9ct4 ,& 9 do+ ?is x *ecks & purifies :atev] is insi/5t or ru?less or oppressively p]sonal 9 ! life ( in/9ct4 ,! same ext5sion ?r\gh _s is necess>y ) o!r in/9ctive loves1 if !y are n to be enfeebl$ or corrupt$ by ?\ght4 ,! love ( husb& & wife is capable ( be+ a v good ?+1 & :5 m5 & wom5 are suffici5tly primitive no?+ b in/9ct & good =tune is ne$$ to make x rea* a c]ta9 limit$ p]fection4 ,b z ?\ght beg9s to ass]t its "r to criticize in/9ct ! old simplicity becomes impossible4 ,! love ( husb& & wife1 z un*eck$ in/9ct leaves x1 is too n>r[ & p]sonal to /& aga9/ ! %afts ( satire1 until x is enri*$ by ! life ( ! _s4 ,! romantic view ( m>riage1 :i* our fa!rs & mo!rs pr(ess$ to believe1 w n survive an imag9ative p]egr9ation d[n a /reet ( suburban villas1 ea* conta9+ its c\ple1 ea* c\ple hav+ congratulat$ !mselves z !y fir/ cross$ ! ?re%old1 t "h !y c\ld love 9 peace1 )\t int]ruption f o!rs1 )\t contact ) ! cold outside _w4 ,! sep>at5ess & /uff9ess1 ! f9e names = c[>dices & timid vanities1 t are %ut )9 ! f\r walls ( ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( little villas1 pres5t !mselves coldly & m]cilessly to ^? 9 :om m9d is dom9ant at ! exp5se ( _s4 ,no?+ is good 9 ! life ( a human be+ except ! v be/ t 8 nature c a*ieve4 ,z m5 advance1 ?+s :i* h be5 good cease to be good1 m]ely because some?+ bett] is possible4 ,s x is ) ! life ( in/9ct3 = ^? ^: m5tal life is /rong1 mu* t 0 really good :ile m9d rema9$ less develop$ has n[ become bad m]ely ?r\gh ! great] degree ( tru? 9 _! outlook on ! _w4 ,! in/9ctive man 9 love feels t 8 emotion is unique1 t ! lady ( 8 he>t has p]fections su* z no o!r woman ev] equal$4 ,! man :o has acquir$ ! p[] ( imp]sonal ?\ght realizes1 :5 he is 9 love1 t he is "o ( s _m millions ( m5 :o are 9 love at ?is mom5t1 t n m ?an "o ( all ! millions c be "r 9 ?9k+ 8 love supreme1 & t x is n likely t t "o is oneself4 ,he p]ceives t ! /ate ( be+ 9 love 9 ^? ^: in/9ct is unaffect$ by ?\ght or _s1 is a /ate ( illusion1 s]v+ ! ends ( ,nature & mak+ a man a slave to ! life ( ! species1 n a will+ m9i/] to ! imp]sonal ends :i* he sees to be good4 ,?\ght rejects ?is slav]y2 = no end t ,nature may h 9 view w ?\ght abdicate1 or =go its "r to ?9k truly4 8,bett] ! _w %\ld p]i% ?an t ,i or any o!r human be+ %\ld believe a lie0--?is is ! religion ( ?\ght1 9 ^: scor*+ flames ! dross ( ! _w is be+ burnt away4 ,x is a good religion1 & its "w ( de/ruction mu/ be complet$4 ,b x is n all t man has ne$ (4 ,new gr[? mu/ come aft] ! de/ruction1 & new gr[? c come only ?r\gh ! _s4 ,bo? patriotism & ! love ( man & woman1 :5 !y are m]ely in/9ctive1 h ! same defects3 _! exclusions1 _! enclos+ walls1 _! indiff]5ce or ho/ility to ! outside _w4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is t ?\ght is l$ to satire1 t com$y has infect$ :at m5 us$ to consid] _! holie/ feel+s4 ,! satire & ! com$y are ju/ifi$1 b n ! dea? ( in/9ct :i* !y may produce if !y rema9 9 supreme comm&4 ,!y are ju/ifi$1 n z ! la/ ^w ( wisdom b z ! gateway ( pa9 ?r\gh :i* m5 pass to a new life1 :]e in/9ct is purifi$ & yet n\ri%$ by ! deep] desires & insight ( _s4 ,! man :o has ! life ( ! _s )9 him views ! love ( man & woman1 bo? 9 himself & 9 o!rs1 q diff]5tly f ! man :o is exclusively dom9at$ by m9d4 ,he sees1 9 8 mom5ts ( insight1 t 9 all human be+s !re is some?+ des]v+ ( love1 some?+ my/]i\s1 some?+ appeal+1 a cry out ( ! night1 a grop+ j\rney1 & a possible victory4 ,:5 8 in/9ct loves1 he welcomes its help 9 see+ & feel+ ! value ( ! human be+ :om he loves4 ,in/9ct becomes a re9=cem5t to spiritual insight4 ,:at in/9ct tells him spiritual insight confirms1 h[ev] mu* ! m9d may be aw>e ( littl5esses1 limitations1 & enclos+ walls t prev5t ! _s f %9+ =?4 ,8 _s div9es 9 all m5 :at 8 in/9ct %[s him 9 ! object ( 8 love4 ,! love ( p>5ts = *ildr5 has ne$ ( ! same trans=mation4 ,! purely in/9ctive love1 un*eck$ by ?\ght1 un9=m$ by _s1 is exclusive1 ru?less1 & unju/4 ,no b5efit to o!rs is felt1 by ! purely in/9ctive p>5t1 to be wor? an injury to "o's own *ildr54 ,honor & conv5tional morality place c]ta9 important practical limitations on ! vic>i\s selfi%ness ( p>5ts1 s9ce a civiliz$ community exacts a c]ta9 m9imum be=e x w give respect4 ,b )9 ! limits all[$ by public op9ion1 p>5tal affection1 :5 x is m]ely in/9ctive1 w seek ! advantage ( *ildr5 )\t reg>d to o!rs4 ,m9d c weak5 ! impulse to inju/ice1 & dim9i% ! =ce ( in/9ctive love1 b x _c keep ! :ole =ce ( in/9ctive love & turn x to m univ]sal ends4 ,_s c d ?is4 ,x c leave ! in/9ctive love ( *ildr5 undimm$1 & ext5d ! poignant devotion ( a p>5t1 9 imag9ation1 to ! :ole _w4 ,& p>5tal love itself w prompt ! p>5t :o has ! life ( ! _s to give to 8 *ildr5 ! s5se ( ju/ice1 ! read9ess = s]vice1 ! rev]5ce1 ! w t controls self-seek+1 :i* he feels to be a great] good ?an any p]sonal success4 ,! life ( ! _s has suff]$ 9 rec5t times by its association ) traditional religion1 by its app>5t ho/ility to ! life ( ! m9d1 & by ! fact t x has seem$ to c5t] 9 r5unciation4 ,! life ( ! _s dem&s read9ess = r5unciation :5 ! occasion arises1 b is 9 its ess5ce z positive & z capable ( enri*+ individual exi/5ce z m9d & in/9ct are4 ,x br+s ) x ! joy ( vision1 ( ! my/]y & pr(undity ( ! _w1 ( ! contemplation ( life1 & above all ! joy ( univ]sal love4 ,x lib]ates ^? :o h x f ! prison-h\se ( insi/5t p]sonal passion & mundane c>es4 ,x gives fre$om & bread? & beauty to m5's ?\ghts & feel+s1 & to all _! relations ) o!rs4 ,x br+s ! solution ( d\bts1 ! end ( ! feel+ t all is vanity4 ,x re/ores h>mony betwe5 m9d & in/9ct1 & leads ! sep>at$ unit back into 8 place 9 ! life ( mank9d4 ,= ^? :o h once ent]$ ! _w ( ?\ght1 x is only ?r\gh _s t happ9ess & peace c return4 ,,viii ,,:at ,,we ,,c ,,d ,:at c we d = ! _w :ile we live8 ,_m m5 & wom5 w\ld wi% to s]ve mank9d1 b !y are p]plex$ & _! p[] seems inf9itesimal4 ,despair seizes !m2 ^? :o h ! /ronge/ passion suff] mo/ f ! s5se ( impot5ce1 & are mo/ liable to spiritual ru9 ?r\gh lack ( hope4 ,s long z we ?9k only ( ! imm$iate future1 x seems t :at we c d is n mu*4 ,x is probably impossible = u to br+ ! w> to an end4 ,we _c de/roy ! excessive p[] ( ! ,/ate or ( private prop]ty4 ,we _c1 "h & n[1 br+ new life into education4 ,9 su* matt]s1 ?\gh we may see ! evil1 we _c quickly cure x by any ( ! ord9>y me?ods ( politics4 ,we mu/ recognize t ! _w is rul$ 9 a wrong _s1 & t a *ange ( _s w n come f "o day to ! next4 ,our expectations mu/ n be = to-morr[1 b = ! "t :5 :at is ?\ght n[ by a few %all h become ! common ?\ght ( _m4 ,if we h c\rage & pati5ce1 we c ?9k ! ?\ghts & feel ! hopes by :i*1 soon] or lat]1 m5 w be inspir$1 & we>9ess & disc\ragem5t w be turn$ into en]gy & ardor4 ,= ?is reason1 ! fir/ ?+ we h to d is to be cle> 9 our own m9ds z to ! k9d ( life we ?9k good & ! k9d ( *ange t we desire 9 ! _w4 ,! ultimate p[] ( ^? ^: ?\ght is vital is f> great] ?an x seems to m5 :o suff] f ! irrationality ( contempor>y politics4 ,religi\s tol]ation 0 once ! solit>y speculation ( a few bold philosoph]s4 ,democracy1 z a !ory1 arose among a h&ful ( m5 9 ,cromwell's army2 by !m1 aft] ! ,re/oration1 x 0 c>ri$ to ,am]ica1 :]e x came to fruition 9 ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,f ,am]ica1 ,lafayette & ! o!r ,fr5*m5 :o f\ght by ! side ( ,wa%+ton br\ght ! !ory ( democracy to ,france1 :]e x unit$ itself ) ! tea*+ ( ,r\sseau & inspir$ ! ,revolution4 ,socialism1 :atev] we may ?9k ( its m]its1 is a great & gr[+ p[]1 :i* is trans=m+ economic & political life2 & socialism owes its orig9 to a v small numb] ( isolat$ !ori/s4 ,! movem5t aga9/ ! subjection ( wom51 :i* has become irresi/ible & is n f> f complete triumph1 began 9 ! same way ) a few impracticable ideali/s--,m>y ,woll/onecraft1 ,%elley1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,! p[] ( ?\ght1 9 ! long run1 is great] ?an any o!r human p[]4 ,^? :o h ! ability to ?9k & ! imag9ation to ?9k 9 accordance ) m5's ne$s1 are likely to a*ieve ! good !y aim at soon] or lat]1 ?\gh probably n :ile !y are /ill alive4 ,b ^? :o wi% to ga9 ! _w by ?\ght mu/ be cont5t to lose x z a support 9 ! pres5t4 ,mo/ m5 g ?r\gh life )\t mu* que/ion+1 accept+ ! beliefs & practices :i* !y f9d curr5t1 feel+ t ! _w w be _! ally if !y d n put !mselves 9 opposition to x4 ,new ?\ght ab\t ! _w is incompatible ) ?is com=table acquiesc5ce2 x requires a c]ta9 intellectual deta*m5t1 a c]ta9 solit>y en]gy1 a p[] ( inw>dly dom9at+ ! _w & ! outlook t ! _w eng5d]s4 ,)\t "s will+ness to be lonely new ?\ght _c be a*iev$4 ,& x w n be a*iev$ to any purpose if ! lonel9ess is accompani$ by alo(ness1 s t ! wi% = union ) o!rs dies1 or if intellectual deta*m5t leads to contempt4 ,x is because ! /ate ( m9d requir$ is subtle & difficult1 because x is h>d to be intellectually deta*$ yet n alo(1 t fruitful ?\ght on human affairs is n common1 & t mo/ !ori/s are ei!r conv5tional or /]ile4 ,! "r k9d ( ?\ght is r>e & difficult1 b x is n impot5t4 ,x is n ! fe> ( impot5ce t ne$ turn u aside f ?\ght if we h ! wi% to br+ new hope into ! _w4 ,9 seek+ a political !ory :i* is to be useful at any giv5 mom5t1 :at is want$ is n ! inv5tion ( a ,utopia1 b ! discov]y ( ! be/ direction ( movem5t4 ,! direction :i* is good at "o "t may be sup]ficially v diff]5t f t :i* is good at ano!r "t4 ,useful ?\ght is t :i* indicates ! "r direction = ! pres5t "t4 ,b 9 judg+ :at is ! "r direction !re are two g5]al pr9ciples :i* are always applicable4 #a4 ,! gr[? & vitality ( individuals & communities is to be promot$ z f> z possible4 #b4 ,! gr[? ( "o individual or "o community is to be z little z possible at ! exp5se ( ano!r4 ,! second ( ^! pr9ciples1 z appli$ by an individual 9 8 deal+s ) o!rs1 is ! pr9ciple ( rev]5ce1 t ! life ( ano!r has ! same importance :i* we feel 9 our own life4 ,z appli$ imp]sonally 9 politics1 x is ! pr9ciple ( lib]ty1 or r x includes ! pr9ciple ( lib]ty z a "p4 ,lib]ty 9 itself is a negative pr9ciple2 x tells u n to int]f]e1 b does n give any basis = con/ruction4 ,x %[s t _m political & social in/itutions are bad & ought to be swept away1 b x does n %[ :at ought to be put 9 _! place4 ,= ?is reason a fur!r pr9ciple is requir$1 if our political !ory is n to be purely de/ructive4 ,! comb9ation ( our two pr9ciples is n 9 practice an easy matt]4 ,mu* ( ! vital en]gy ( ! _w runs into *annels :i* are oppressive4 ,! ,g]mans h %[n !mselves extraord9>ily full ( vital en]gy1 b un=tunately 9 a =m :i* seems incompatible ) ! vitality ( _! neighbors4 ,europe 9 g5]al has m vital en]gy ?an ,africa1 b x has us$ its en]gy to dra9 ,africa1 ?r\gh indu/rialism1 ( ev5 su* life z ! negroes possess$4 ,! vitality ( s\!a/]n ,europe is be+ dra9$ to supply *eap labor = ! ent]prise ( ,am]ican millionaires4 ,! vitality ( m5 has be5 9 ! pa/ a h9drance to ! developm5t ( wom51 & x is possible t 9 ! ne> future wom5 may become a simil> h9drance to m54 ,= su* reasons ! pr9ciple ( rev]5ce1 ?\gh n 9 itself suffici5t1 is ( v great importance1 & is able to indicate _m ( ! political *anges t ! _w requires4 ,9 ord] t bo? pr9ciples may be capable ( be+ satisfi$1 :at is ne$$ is a unify+ or integration1 fir/ ( our individual lives1 !n ( ! life ( ! community & ( ! _w1 )\t sacrifice ( individuality4 ,! life ( an individual1 ! life ( a community1 & ev5 ! life ( mank9d1 ought to be1 n a numb] ( sep>ate fragm5ts b 9 "s s5se a :ole4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 ! gr[? ( ! individual is fo/]$1 & is n incompatible ) ! gr[? ( o!r individuals4 ,9 ?is way ! two pr9ciples are br\ght into h>mony4 ,:at integrates an individual life is a consi/5t creative purpose or unconsci\s direction4 ,in/9ct alone w n suffice to give unity to ! life ( a civiliz$ man or woman3 !re mu/ be "s dom9ant object1 an ambition1 a desire = sci5tific or arti/ic creation1 a religi\s pr9ciple1 or /rong & la/+ affections4 ,unity ( life is v difficult = a man or woman :o has suff]$ a c]ta9 k9d ( defeat1 ! k9d by :i* :at %\ld h be5 ! dom9ant impulse is *eck$ & made abortive4 ,mo/ pr(essions inflict ?is k9d ( defeat ^u a man at ! v outset4 ,if a man becomes a j\rnali/1 he probably has to write = a newspap] ^: politics he dislikes2 ?is kills 8 pride 9 "w & 8 s5se ( indep5d5ce4 ,mo/ m$ical m5 f9d x v h>d to succe$ )\t humbug1 by :i* :atev] sci5tific consci5ce !y may h _h is de/roy$4 ,politicians are oblig$1 n only to swall[ ! p>ty program b to pret5d to be sa9ts1 9 ord] to conciliate religi\s support]s2 h>dly any man c ent] ,p>liam5t )\t hypocrisy4 ,9 no pr(ession is !re any respect = ! native pride )\t :i* a man _c rema9 :ole2 ! _w ru?lessly cru%es x out1 because x implies indep5d5ce1 & m5 desire to enslave o!rs m ?an !y desire to be free !mselves4 ,inw>d fre$om is inf9itely preci\s1 & a society :i* w pres]ve x is immeasurably to be desir$4 ,! pr9ciple ( gr[? 9 a man is n cru%$ necess>ily by prev5t+ him f do+ "s def9ite ?+1 b x is (t5 cru%$ by p]suad+ him to d some?+ else4 ,! ?+s t cru% gr[? are ^? t produce a s5se ( impot5ce 9 ! directions 9 :i* ! vital impulse wi%es to be effective4 ,! wor/ ?+s are ^? to :i* ! w ass5ts4 ,(t51 *iefly f failure ( self-k1 a man's w is on a l[] level ?an 8 impulse3 8 impulse is t[>ds "s k9d ( creation1 :ile 8 w is t[>ds a conv5tional c>e]1 ) a suffici5t income & ! respect ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,! /]eotyp$ illu/ration is ! arti/ :o produces %oddy "w to please ! public4 ,b some?+ ( ! arti/'s def9it5ess ( impulse exi/s 9 v _m m5 :o are n arti/s4 ,because ! impulse is deep & dumb1 because :at is call$ common s5se is (t5 aga9/ x1 because a "y man c only foll[ x if he is will+ to set up 8 own obscure feel+s aga9/ ! wisdom & prud5t maxims ( eld]s & fri5ds1 x happ5s 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$ t ! creative impulse1 out ( :i* a free & vigor\s life might h sprung1 is *eck$ & ?w>t$ at ! v outset3 ! "y man cons5ts to become a tool1 n an indep5d5t workman2 a m]e means to ! fulfilm5t ( o!rs1 n ! artific] ( :at 8 own nature feels to be good4 ,9 ! mom5t :5 he makes ?is act ( cons5t some?+ dies )9 him4 ,he c nev] aga9 become a :ole man1 nev] aga9 h ! undamag$ self-respect1 ! upright pride1 :i* might h kept him happy 9 8 s\l 9 spite ( all outw>d tr\bles & difficulties--except1 inde$1 ?r\gh conv]sion & a fundam5tal *ange 9 8 way ( life4 ,outw>d prohibitions1 to :i* ! w gives no ass5t1 are f> less h>mful ?an ! subtl] inducem5ts :i* s$uce ! w4 ,a s]i\s disappo9tm5t 9 love may cause ! mo/ poignant pa91 b to a vigor\s man x w n d ! same inw>d damage z is done by m>ry+ = money4 ,! a*ievem5t ( ?is or t special desire is n :at is ess5tial3 :at is ess5tial is ! direction1 ! k9d ( effectiv5ess :i* is s\ght4 ,:5 ! fundam5tal impulse is oppos$ by w1 x is made to feel helpless3 x has no long] en\gh hope to be p[]ful z a motive4 ,outw>d compulsion does n d ! same damage unless x produces ! same s5se ( impot5ce2 & x w n produce ! same s5se ( impot5ce if ! impulse is /rong & c\rage\s4 ,"s ?w>t+ ( special desires is unavoidable ev5 9 ! be/ imag9able community1 s9ce "s m5's desires1 un*eck$1 lead to ! oppression or de/ruction ( o!rs4 ,9 a good community ,napoleon c\ld n h be5 all[$ ! pr(ession ( 8 *oice1 b he might h f\nd happ9ess z a pione] 9 ,we/]n ,am]ica4 ,he c\ld n h f\nd happ9ess z a ,city cl]k1 & no tol]able organization ( society w\ld compel him to become a ,city cl]k4 ,! integration ( an individual life requires t x %\ld embody :atev] creative impulse a man may possess1 & t 8 education %\ld h be5 su* z to elicit & =tify ?is impulse4 ,! integration ( a community requires t ! diff]5t creative impulses ( diff]5t m5 & wom5 %\ld "w toge!r t[>ds "s common life1 "s common purpose1 n necess>ily consci\s1 9 :i* all ! memb]s ( ! community f9d a help to _! individual fulfilm5t4 ,mo/ ( ! activities t spr+ f vital impulses consi/ ( two p>ts3 "o creative1 :i* fur!rs "o's own life & t ( o!rs ) ! same k9d ( impulse or circum/ances1 & "o possessive1 :i* h9d]s ! life ( "s gr\p ) a diff]5t k9d ( impulse or circum/ances4 ,= ?is reason1 mu* ( :at is 9 itself mo/ vital may nev]!less "w aga9/ life1 z1 = example1 sev5te5?-c5tury ,puritanism did 9 ,engl&1 or z nationalism does ?r\gh\t ,europe at ! pres5t day4 ,vitality easily leads to /rife or oppression1 & s to loss ( vitality4 ,w>1 at its outset1 integrates ! life ( a nation1 b x dis9tegrates ! life ( ! _w1 & 9 ! long run ! life ( a nation too1 :5 x is z sev]e z ! pres5t w>4 ,! w> has made x cle> t x is impossible to produce a secure integration ( ! life ( a s+le community :ile ! relations betwe5 civiliz$ c\ntries are gov]n$ by aggressiv5ess & suspicion4 ,= ?is reason any really p[]ful movem5t ( re=m w h to be int]national4 ,a m]ely national movem5t is sure to fail ?r\gh fe> ( dang] f )\t4 ,^? :o desire a bett] _w1 or ev5 a radical improvem5t 9 _! own c\ntry1 w h to cop]ate ) ^? :o h simil> desires 9 o!r c\ntries1 & to devote mu* ( _! en]gy to ov]com+ t bl9d ho/ility :i* ! w> has int5sifi$4 ,x is n 9 p>tial integrations1 su* z patriotism alone c produce1 t any ultimate hope is to be f\nd4 ,! problem is1 9 national & int]national que/ions z 9 ! individual life1 to keep :at is creative 9 vital impulses1 & at ! same "t to turn into o!r *annels ! "p :i* is at pres5t de/ructive4 ,m5's impulses & desires may be divid$ into ^? t are creative & ^? t are possessive4 ,"s ( our activities are direct$ to creat+ :at w\ld n o!rwise exi/1 o!rs are direct$ t[>ds acquir+ or reta9+ :at exi/s already4 ,! typical creative impulse is t ( ! arti/2 ! typical possessive impulse is t ( prop]ty4 ,! be/ life is t 9 :i* creative impulses play ! l>ge/ "p & possessive impulses ! smalle/4 ,! be/ in/itutions are ^? :i* produce ! greate/ possible creativ5ess & ! lea/ possessiv5ess compatible ) self-pres]vation4 ,possessiv5ess may be def5sive or aggressive3 9 ! crim9al law x is def5sive1 & 9 crim9als x is aggressive4 ,x may p]haps be admitt$ t ! crim9al law is less abom9able ?an ! crim9al1 & t def5sive possessiv5ess is unavoidable s long z aggressive possessiv5ess exi/s4 ,b n ev5 ! mo/ purely def5sive =ms ( possessiv5ess are 9 !mselves admirable2 inde$1 z soon z !y are /rong !y become ho/ile to ! creative impulses4 8,take no ?\ght1 say+1 ,:at %all we eat8 or ,:at %all we dr9k1 or ,:]e)al %all we be clo!d80 ,:oev] has kn[n a /rong creative impulse has kn[n ! value ( ?is precept 9 its exact & lit]al s5se3 x is preoccupation ) possessions1 m ?an any?+ else1 t prev5ts m5 f liv+ freely & nobly4 ,! ,/ate & ,prop]ty are ! great embodim5ts ( possessiv5ess2 x is = ?is reason t !y are aga9/ life1 & t !y issue 9 w>4 ,possession means tak+ or keep+ "s good ?+ :i* ano!r is prev5t$ f enjoy+2 creation means putt+ into ! _w a good ?+ :i* o!rwise no "o w\ld be able to enjoy4 ,s9ce ! mat]ial goods ( ! _w mu/ be divid$ among ! population1 & s9ce "s m5 are by nature brig&s1 !re mu/ be def5sive possession1 :i* w be regulat$1 9 a good community1 by "s pr9ciple ( imp]sonal ju/ice4 ,b all ?is is only ! preface to a good life or good political in/itutions1 9 :i* creation w altoge!r outweigh possession1 & di/ributive ju/ice w exi/ z an un9t]e/+ matt] ( c\rse4 ,! supreme pr9ciple1 bo? 9 politics & 9 private life1 %\ld be to promote all t is creative1 & s to dim9i% ! impulses & desires t c5t] r\nd possession4 ,! ,/ate at pres5t is v l>gely an embodim5t ( possessive impulses3 int]nally1 x protects ! ri* aga9/ ! poor2 ext]nally1 x uses =ce = ! exploitation ( inf]ior races1 & = competition ) o!r ,/ates4 ,our :ole economic sy/em is conc]n$ exclusively ) possession2 yet ! production ( goods is a =m ( creation1 & except 9 s f> z x is irr$eemably me*anical & monoton\s1 x might af=d a vehicle = creative impulses4 ,a great deal might be a*iev$ t[>ds ?is end by =m+ ! produc]s ( a c]ta9 k9d ( commodity into an autonom\s democracy1 subject to ,/ate control z reg>ds ! price ( _! commodity b n z to ! mann] ( its production4 ,education1 m>riage1 & religion are ess5tially creative1 yet all ?ree h be5 vitiat$ by ! intrusion ( possessive motives4 ,education is usually treat$ z a means ( prolong+ ! /atus quo by in/ill+ prejudices1 r ?an ( creat+ free ?\ght & a noble outlook by ! example ( g5]\s feel+ & ! /imulus ( m5tal adv5ture4 ,9 m>riage1 love1 :i* is creative1 is kept 9 *a9s by jeal\sy1 :i* is possessive4 ,religion1 :i* %\ld set free ! creative vision ( ! _s1 is usually m conc]n$ to repress ! life ( in/9ct & to combat ! subv]siv5ess ( ?\ght4 ,9 all ^! ways ! fe> t gr[s out ( prec>i\s possession has replac$ ! hope inspir$ by creative =ce4 ,! wi% to plund] o!rs is recogniz$1 9 !ory1 to be bad2 b ! fe> ( be+ plund]$ is little bett]4 ,yet ^! two motives betwe5 !m dom9ate n9e-t5?s ( politics & private life4 ,! creative impulses 9 diff]5t m5 are ess5tially h>moni\s1 s9ce :at "o man creates _c be a h9drance to :at ano!r is wi%+ to create4 ,x is ! possessive impulses t involve conflict4 ,al?\gh1 morally & politically1 ! creative & possessive impulses are opposites1 yet psy*ologically ei!r passes easily into ! o!r1 accord+ to ! accid5ts ( circum/ance & opportunity4 ,! g5esis ( impulses & ! causes :i* make !m *ange ought to be /udi$2 education & social in/itutions ought to be made su* z to /r5g!n ! impulses :i* h>monize 9 diff]5t m51 & to weak5 ^? t involve conflict4 ,i h no d\bt t :at might be accompli%$ 9 ?is way is almo/ unlimit$4 ,x is r ?r\gh impulse ?an ?r\gh w t individual lives & ! life ( ! community c d]ive ! /r5g? unity ( a s+le direction4 ,w is ( two k9ds1 ( :i* "o is direct$ outw>d & ! o!r inw>d4 ,! fir/1 :i* is direct$ outw>d1 is call$ into play by ext]nal ob/acles1 ei!r ! opposition ( o!rs or ! te*nical difficulties ( an und]tak+4 ,?is k9d ( w is an expression ( /rong impulse or desire1 :5ev] in/ant success is impossible2 x exi/s 9 all ^: life is vigor\s1 & only decays :5 _! vital =ce is enfeebl$4 ,x is necess>y to success 9 any difficult ent]prise1 & )\t x great a*ievem5t is v r>e4 ,b ! w :i* is direct$ inw>d is only necess>y 9 s f> z !re is an inn] conflict ( impulses or desires2 a p]fectly h>moni\s nature w\ld h no occasion = inw>d w4 ,su* p]fect h>mony is ( c\rse a sc>cely realizable ideal3 9 all m5 impulses arise :i* are incompatible ) _! c5tral purpose1 & :i* mu/ be *eck$ if _! life z a :ole is n to be a failure4 ,b ?is w happ5 lea/ ) ^? ^: c5tral impulses are /ronge/2 & x w happ5 less (t5 9 a society :i* aims at fre$om ?an 9 a society l ours1 :i* is full ( artificial incompatibilities creat$ by antiquat$ in/itutions & a tyrann\s public op9ion4 ,! p[] to ex]t inw>d w :5 ! occasion arises mu/ always be ne$$ by ^? :o wi% _! lives to embody "s c5tral purpose1 b ) bett] in/itutions ! occasions :5 inw>d w is necess>y might be made few] & less important4 ,?is result is v mu* to be desir$1 because :5 w *ecks impulses :i* are only accid5tally h>mful1 x div]ts a =ce :i* might be sp5t on ov]com+ outw>d ob/acles1 & if ! impulses *eck$ are /rong & s]i\s1 x actually dim9i%es ! vital =ce available4 ,a life full ( inhibitions is likely n to rema9 a v vigor\s life b to become li/less & )\t ze/4 ,impulse t5ds to die :5 x is con/antly held 9 *eck1 & if x does n die1 x is apt to "w und]gr\nd1 & issue 9 "s =m mu* worse ?an t 9 :i* x has be5 *eck$4 ,= ^! reasons ! necessity = us+ inw>d w ought to be avoid$ z mu* z possible1 & consi/5cy ( action ought to spr+ r f consi/5cy ( impulse ?an f control ( impulse by w4 ,! unify+ ( life ought n to dem& ! suppression ( ! casual desires t make amusem5t & play2 on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ ought to be done to make x easy to comb9e ! ma9 purposes ( life ) all k9ds ( pleasure t are n 9 _! nature h>mful4 ,su* ?+s z habitual drunk5ness1 drugs1 cruel sports1 or pleasure 9 inflict+ pa9 are ess5tially h>mful1 b mo/ ( ! amusem5ts t civiliz$ m5 naturally enjoy are ei!r n h>mful at all or only accid5tally h>mful ?r\gh "s effect :i* might be avoid$ 9 a bett] society4 ,:at is ne$$ is1 n asceticism or a drab ,puritanism1 b capacity = /rong impulses & desires direct$ t[>ds l>ge creative ends4 ,:5 su* impulses & desires are vigor\s1 !y br+ ) !m1 ( !mselves1 :at is ne$$ to make a good life4 ,b al?\gh amusem5t & adv5ture ought to h _! %>e1 x is impossible to create a good life if !y are :at is ma9ly desir$4 ,subjectivism1 ! habit ( direct+ ?\ght & desire to our own /ates ( m9d r ?an to some?+ objective1 inevitably makes life fragm5t>y & unprogressive4 ,! man to :om amusem5t is ! end ( life t5ds to lose int]e/ gradually 9 ! ?+s out ( :i* he has be5 9 ! habit ( obta9+ amusem5t1 s9ce he does n value ^! ?+s on _! own acc\nt1 b on acc\nt ( ! feel+s :i* !y ar\se 9 him4 ,:5 !y are no long] amus+1 bor$om drives him to seek "s new /imulus1 :i* fails him 9 its turn4 ,amusem5t consi/s 9 a s]ies ( mom5ts )\t any ess5tial cont9uity2 a purpose :i* unifies life is "o :i* requires "s prolong$ activity1 & is l build+ a monum5t r ?an a *ild's ca/le 9 ! s&4 ,subjectivism has o!r =ms beside ! m]e pursuit ( amusem5t4 ,_m m51 :5 !y are 9 love1 are m int]e/$ 9 _! own emotion ?an 9 ! object ( _! love2 su* love does n lead to any ess5tial union1 b leaves fundam5tal sep>at5ess undim9i%$4 ,z soon z ! emotion gr[s less vivid ! exp]i5ce has s]v$ its purpose1 & !re seems no motive = prolong+ x4 ,9 ano!r way1 ! same evil ( subjectivism 0 fo/]$ by ,prote/ant religion & morality1 s9ce !y direct$ att5tion to s9 & ! /ate ( ! s\l r ?an to ! out] _w & our relations ) x4 ,none ( ^! =ms ( subjectivism c prev5t a man's life f be+ fragm5t>y & isolat$4 ,only a life :i* spr+s out ( dom9ant impulses direct$ to objective ends c be a satisfactory :ole1 or be intimately unit$ ) ! lives ( o!rs4 ,! pursuit ( pleasure & ! pursuit ( virtue alike suff] f subjectivism3 ,epicureanism & ,/oicism are infect$ ) ! same ta9t4 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 enact+ good laws 9 ord] t he might be virtu\s1 is n an attractive figure4 ,subjectivism is a natural outcome ( a life 9 :i* !re is mu* m ?\ght ?an action3 :ile out] ?+s are be+ rememb]$ or desir$1 n actually exp]i5c$1 !y seem to become m]e ideas4 ,:at !y are 9 !mselves becomes less int]e/+ to u ?an ! effects :i* !y produce 9 our own m9ds4 ,su* a result t5ds to be br\ght ab\t by increas+ civilization1 because increas+ civilization cont9ually dim9i%es ! ne$ = vivid action & enhances ! opportunities = ?\ght4 ,b ?\ght w n h ?is bad result if x is active ?\ght1 direct$ t[>ds a*iev+ "s purpose2 x is only passive ?\ght t leads to subjectivism4 ,:at is ne$$ is to keep ?\ght 9 intimate union ) impulses & desires1 mak+ x always itself an activity ) an objective purpose4 ,o!rwise1 ?\ght & impulse become enemies1 to ! great detrim5t ( bo?4 ,9 ord] to make ! lives ( av]age m5 & wom5 less fragm5t>y & sep>ate1 & to give great] opportunity = c>ry+ out creative impulses1 x is n en\gh to "k ! goal we wi% to rea*1 or to proclaim ! excell5ce ( :at we desire to a*ieve4 ,x is necess>y to und]/& ! effect ( in/itutions & beliefs ^u ! life ( impulse1 & to discov] ways ( improv+ ?is effect by a *ange 9 in/itutions4 ,& :5 ?is intellectual "w has be5 done1 our ?\ght w /ill rema9 b>r5 unless we c br+ x into relation ) "s p[]ful political =ce4 ,! only p[]ful political =ce f :i* any help is to be expect$ 9 br++ ab\t su* *anges z seem ne$$ is ,labor4 ,! *anges requir$ are v l>gely su* z ,labor may be expect$ to welcome1 especially dur+ ! "t ( h>d%ip aft] ! w>4 ,:5 ! w> is ov]1 labor discont5t is sure to be v preval5t ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & to con/itute a political =ce by means ( :i* a great & sweep+ recon/ruction may be effect$4 ,! civiliz$ _w has ne$ ( fundam5tal *ange if x is to be sav$ f decay--*ange bo? 9 its economic /ructure & 9 its philosophy ( life4 ,^? ( u :o feel ! ne$ ( *ange mu/ n sit /ill 9 dull despair3 we c1 if we *oose1 pr(\ndly influ5ce ! future4 ,we c discov] & prea* ! k9d ( *ange t is requir$--! k9d t pres]ves :at is positive 9 ! vital beliefs ( our "t1 &1 by elim9at+ :at is negative & iness5tial1 produces a syn!sis to :i* all t is n purely reaction>y c give allegiance4 ,z soon z x has become cle> :at k9d ( *ange is requir$1 x w be possible to "w out its p>ts 9 m detail4 ,b until ! w> is end$ !re is little use 9 detail1 s9ce we d n "k :at k9d ( _w ! w> w leave4 ,! only ?+ t seems indubitable is t mu* new ?\ght w be requir$ 9 ! new _w produc$ by ! w>4 ,traditional views w give little help4 ,x is cle> t m5's mo/ important actions are n guid$ by ! sort ( motives t are emphasiz$ 9 traditional political philosophies4 ,! impulses by :i* ! w> has be5 produc$ & su/a9$ come out ( a deep] region ?an t ( mo/ political argum5t4 ,& ! opposition to ! w> on ! "p ( ^? few :o h oppos$ x comes f ! same deep region4 ,a political !ory1 if x is to hold 9 times ( /ress1 mu/ take acc\nt ( ! impulses t und]lie explicit ?\ght3 x mu/ appeal to !m1 & x mu/ discov] h[ to make !m fruitful r ?an de/ructive4 ,economic sy/ems h a great influ5ce 9 promot+ or de/roy+ life4 ,except slav]y1 ! pres5t indu/rial sy/em is ! mo/ de/ructive ( life t has ev] exi/$4 ,ma*9]y & l>ge-scale production are in]adicable1 & mu/ survive 9 any bett] sy/em :i* is to replace ! "o "u :i* we live4 ,indu/rial f$]al democracy is probably ! be/ direction = re=m to take4 ,philosophies ( life1 :5 !y are widely believ$1 also h a v great influ5ce on ! vitality ( a community4 ,! mo/ widely accept$ philosophy ( life at pres5t is t :at matt]s mo/ to a man's happ9ess is 8 income4 ,?is philosophy1 ap>t f o!r dem]its1 is h>mful because x leads m5 to aim at a result r ?an an activity1 an enjoym5t ( mat]ial goods 9 :i* m5 are n diff]5tiat$1 r ?an a creative impulse :i* embodies ea* man's individuality4 ,m ref9$ philosophies1 su* z are in/ill$ by high] education1 are too apt to fix att5tion on ! pa/ r ?an ! future1 & on correct behavior r ?an effective action4 ,x is n 9 su* philosophies t m5 w f9d ! en]gy to be> lightly ! weight ( tradition & ( ev]-accumulat+ k4 ,! _w has ne$ ( a philosophy1 or a religion1 :i* w promote life4 ,b 9 ord] to promote life x is necess>y to value some?+ o!r ?an m]e life4 ,life devot$ only to life is animal )\t any real human value1 incapable ( pres]v+ m5 p]man5tly f we>9ess & ! feel+ t all is vanity4 ,if life is to be fully human x mu/ s]ve "s end :i* seems1 9 "s s5se1 outside human life1 "s end :i* is imp]sonal & above mank9d1 su* z ,god or tru? or beauty4 ,^? :o be/ promote life d n h life = _! purpose4 ,!y aim r at :at seems l a gradual inc>nation1 a br++ into our human exi/5ce ( some?+ et]nal1 some?+ t appe>s to imag9ation to live 9 a heav5 remote f /rife & failure & ! dev\r+ jaws ( ,"t4 ,contact ) ?is et]nal _w--ev5 if x be only a _w ( our imag9+--br+s a /r5g? & a fundam5tal peace :i* _c be :olly de/roy$ by ! /ruggles & app>5t failures ( our temporal life4 ,x is ?is happy contemplation ( :at is et]nal t ,sp9oza calls ! intellectual love ( ,god4 ,to ^? :o h once kn[n x1 x is ! key ( wisdom4 ,:at we h to d practically is diff]5t = ea* "o ( u1 accord+ to our capacities & opportunities4 ,b if we h ! life ( ! _s )9 u1 :at we mu/ d & :at we mu/ avoid w become app>5t to u4 ,by contact ) :at is et]nal1 by devot+ our life to br++ some?+ ( ! ,div9e into ?is tr\bl$ _w1 we c make our own lives creative ev5 n[1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! cruelty & /rife & hatr$ t surr\nd u on e h&4 ,to make ! individual life creative is f> h>d] 9 a community bas$ on possession ?an x w\ld be 9 su* a community z human ef=t may be able to build up 9 ! future4 ,^? :o are to beg9 ! reg5]ation ( ! _w mu/ face lonel9ess1 opposition1 pov]ty1 obloquy4 ,!y mu/ be able to live by tru? & love1 ) a rational unconqu]able hope2 !y mu/ be hone/ & wise1 fe>less1 & guid$ by a consi/5t purpose4 ,a body ( m5 & wom5 s inspir$ w conqu]--fir/ ! difficulties & p]plexities ( _! individual lives1 !n1 9 "t1 ?\gh p]haps only 9 a long "t1 ! out] _w4 ,wisdom & hope are :at ! _w ne$s2 & ?\gh x fights aga9/ !m1 x gives its respect to !m 9 ! end4 ,:5 ! ,go?s sack$ ,rome1 ,/4 ,augu/9e wrote ! 8,city ( ,god10 putt+ a spiritual hope 9 place ( ! mat]ial reality t _h be5 de/roy$4 ,?r\gh\t ! c5turies t foll[$ ,/4 ,augu/9e's hope liv$ & gave life1 :ile ,rome sank to a village ( hovels4 ,= u1 too1 x is necess>y to create a new hope1 to build up by our ?\ght a bett] _w ?an ! "o :i* is hurl+ itself into ru94 ,because ! times are bad1 m is requir$ ( u ?an w\ld be requir$ 9 normal times4 ,only a supreme fire ( ?\ght & _s c save future g5]ations f ! dea? t has befall5 ! g5]ation :i* we knew & lov$4 ,x has be5 my good =tune to come 9 contact z a tea*] ) "y m5 ( _m diff]5t nations--"y m5 9 :om hope 0 alive1 9 :om ! creative en]gy exi/$ t w\ld h realiz$ 9 ! _w "s "p at lea/ ( ! imag9$ beauty by :i* !y liv$4 ,!y h be5 swept into ! w>1 "s on "o side1 "s on ! o!r4 ,"s are /ill fight+1 "s are maim$ = life1 "s are dead2 ( ^? :o survive x is to be fe>$ t _m w h lo/ ! life ( ! _s1 t hope w h di$1 t en]gy w be sp5t1 & t ! ye>s to come w be only a we>y j\rney t[>ds ! grave4 ,( all ?is trag$y1 n a few ( ^? :o tea* seem to h no feel+3 ) ru?less logic1 !y prove t ^! "y m5 h be5 sacrific$ unavoidably = "s coldly ab/ract end2 undi/urb$ !mselves1 !y lapse quickly into com=t aft] any mom5t>y assault ( feel+4 ,9 su* m5 ! life ( ! _s is dead4 ,if x 7 liv+1 x w\ld g out to meet ! _s 9 ! "y1 ) a love z poignant z ! love ( fa!r or "m4 ,x w\ld be unaw>e ( ! b\nds ( self2 _! trag$y w\ld be its own4 ,some?+ w\ld cry out3 8,no1 ?is is n "r2 ?is is n good2 ?is is n a holy cause1 9 :i* ! brightness ( y\? is de/roy$ & dimm$4 ,x is we1 ! old1 :o h s9n$2 we h s5t ^! "y m5 to ! battlefield = our evil passions1 our spiritual dea?1 our failure to live g5]\sly out ( ! w>m? ( ! he>t & out ( ! liv+ vision ( ! _s4 ,let u come out ( ?is dea?1 = x is we :o are dead1 n ! "y m5 :o h di$ ?r\gh our fe> ( life4 ,_! v gho/s h m life ?an we3 !y hold u up = ev] to ! %ame & obloquy ( all ! ages to come4 ,out ( _! gho/s mu/ come life1 & x is we :om !y mu/ vivify40 ,,! ,,end ,,footnotes #a ,on ?is subject comp>e ,b]n>d ,h>t's 8,psy*ology ( ,insanity0 7,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiad71 *ap4 v1 especially pp4 #fb-e4 #b ,?is 0 writt5 be=e ,*ri/ianity _h become puni%able by h>d labor1 p5al s]vitude1 or ev5 dea?1 "u ! ,milit>y ,s]vice ,act 7,no4 #b74 ,note add$ 9 #aiaf4 #c ,! blasphemy prosecutions4 #d ,! syndicali/ prosecutions4 ,! puni%m5t ( consci5ti\s objectors mu/ n[ be add$1 #aiaf4 #e ,9 a democratic c\ntry x is ! majority :o mu/ aft] all rule1 & ! m9ority w be oblig$ to submit ) ! be/ grace possible 7,we/m9/] ,gazette on ,conscription1 ,decemb] #bi1 #aiae74 #f ,"s v /rong rem>ks on ! conduct ( ! 8:ite fea!r0 wom5 7 made by ,mr4 ,reg9ald ,kemp1 ! ,deputy ,coron] = ,we/ ,middlesex1 at an inque/ at ,eal+ on ,saturday on ,ri*>d ,*>les ,rob]ts1 ag$ ?irty-f\r1 a taxicab driv]1 ( ,%eph]d's ,bu%1 :o committ$ suicide 9 consequ5ce ( worry caus$ by 8 rejection f ! ,army & ! taunts ( wom5 & o!r amateur recruit]s4 ,x 0 /at$ t he tri$ to jo9 ! ,army 9 ,octob]1 b 0 reject$ on acc\nt ( a weak he>t4 ,t alone1 said 8 wid[1 _h depress$ him1 & he _h be5 worri$ because he ?\ght he w\ld lose 8 lic5se ow+ to ! /ate ( 8 he>t4 ,he _h also be5 tr\bl$ by ! dang]\s illness ( a *ild4 ,a soldi] relative said t ! deceas$'s life _h be5 made 8a p]fect mis]y0 by wom5 :o taunt$ him & call$ him a c[>d because he did n jo9 ! ,army4 ,a few days ago two wom5 9 ,maida ,vale insult$ him 8some?+ %ock+40 ,! ,coron]1 speak+ ) "s w>m?1 said ! conduct ( su* wom5 0 abom9able4 ,x 0 sc&al\s t wom5 :o knew no?+ ( individual circum/ances %\ld be all[$ to g ab\t mak+ unbe>able ! lives ( m5 :o _h tri$ to d _! duty4 ,x 0 a pity !y _h no?+ bett] to d4 ,"h 0 a man :o p]haps _h be5 driv5 to dea? by a pack ( silly wom54 ,he hop$ some?+ w\ld soon be done to put a /op to su* conduct 7,daily ,news1 ,july #bf1 #aiae74 #g ,by ,engl& 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ,am]ica 9 ! ,philipp9es1 ,france 9 ,morocco1 ,italy 9 ,tripoli1 ,g]many 9 ,s\?we/ ,africa1 ,russia 9 ,p]sia & ,man*uria1 ,japan 9 ,man*uria4 #h ,?is 0 writt5 9 #aiae4 #i ,?is w\ld be z true "u a syndicali/ rgime z x is at pres5t4 #aj ,^! *anges1 :i* are to be desir$ on _! own acc\nt1 n only 9 ord] to prev5t w>1 w be discuss$ 9 lat] lectures4 #aa ,:at is said on ?is subject 9 ! pres5t lecture is only prelim9>y1 s9ce ! subsequ5t lectures all deal ) "s aspect ( ! same problem4 #ab ,except by t small m9ority :o are capable ( arti/ic enjoym5t4 #ac ,boo?'s 8,life & ,lab\r ( ! ,p10 vol4 iii4 #ad ,z reg>ds ! education ( "y *ildr51 ,madame ,montessori's me?ods seem to me full ( wisdom4 #ae ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,patriotism4 ,,8 ,,maje/y',s ,,approval4 ,! ,k+ has be5 graci\sly pleas$ to accept a copy ( ! little book conta9+ sugge/ions to local education au?orities & tea*]s 9 ,wales z to ! tea*+ ( patriotism :i* has j be5 issu$ by ! ,wel% ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education 9 connection ) ! obs]vance ( ! ,national ,anniv]s>y ( ,/4 ,david's ,day4 ,8 ,private ,secret>y 7,"l ,/am=dham71 9 writ+ to ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,t4 ,davies1 ! ,p]man5t ,secret>y ( ! ,wel% ,dep>tm5t1 says t 8 ,maje/y is mu* pleas$ ) ! cont5ts ( ! book1 & tru/s t ! pr9ciples inculcat$ 9 x w be> good fruit 9 ! lives & *>act]s ( ! com+ g5]ation4--,morn+ ,po/1 ,janu>y #bi1 #aiaf4 #af ,:at ,madame ,montessori has a*iev$ 9 ! way ( m9imiz+ ob$i5ce & discipl9e ) advantage to education is almo/ miracul\s4 #ag ,!re 0 a provision = suits 9 =ma paup]is1 b = v>i\s reasons ?is provision 0 ne>ly useless2 a new & some:at bett] provision has rec5tly be5 made1 b is /ill v f> f satisfactory4 #ah ,! foll[+ lett] 7,new ,/atesman1 ,decemb] #d1 #aiae7 illu/rates ! nature ( 8 activities3-- ,,divorce ,,& ,,w>4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! 8,new ,/atesman40 ,,sir1--,! foll[+ episodes may be ( int]e/ to y\r read]s4 ,"u ! new facilities = divorce (f]$ to ! ,london poor1 a poor woman rec5tly obta9$ a decree nisi = divorce aga9/ h] husb&1 :o _h (t5 cov]$ h] body ) bruises1 infect$ h] ) a dang]\s disease1 & committ$ bigamy4 ,by ?is bigam\s m>riage ! husb& _h t5 illegitimate *ildr54 ,9 ord] to prev5t ?is decree be+ made absolute1 ! ,treasury sp5t at lea/ #bjj ( ! taxes 9 brief+ a lead+ c\nsel & an em95t junior c\nsel & 9 br++ ab\t t5 witnesses f a city a hundr$ miles away to prove t ?is woman _h committ$ casual acts ( adult]y 9 #ahie & #ahih4 ,! net result is t ?is woman w probably be =c$ by de/itution into fur!r adult]y1 & t ! husb& w be able to treat 8 mi/ress exactly z he treat$ 8 wife1 ) impunity1 s f> z disease is conc]n$4 ,9 ne>ly e o!r civiliz$ c\ntry ! m>riage w\ld h be5 dissolv$1 ! *ildr5 c\ld h be5 legitimat$ by subsequ5t m>riage1 & ! lawy]s employ$ by ! ,treasury w\ld n h e>n$ ! l>ge fees !y did f ! community = an a*ievem5t :i* seems to mo/ o!r lawy]s ?or\ghly anti-social 9 its effects4 ,if any lawy]s really feel t society is b5efit$ by ?is sort ( litigation1 :y _c !y give _! s]vices = no?+1 l ! lawy]s :o assi/$ ! wife8 ,if we are to practise economy 9 w>-"t1 :y _c ! ,k+'s ,proctor be satisfi$ ) a junior c\nsel only8 ,! fact rema9s t _m p]sons situat$ l ! husb& & wife 9 "q pref] to avoid hav+ illegitimate *ildr51 & ! bir?-rate accord+ly suff]s4 ,! o!r episode is ?is4 ,a divorce 0 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,a4 aga9/ ,mrs4 ,a4 & ,mr4 ,b4 ,mr4 ,b4 0 m>ri$ & ,mrs4 ,b41 on he>+ ( ! divorce proce$+s1 obta9$ a decree nisi aga9/ ,mr4 ,b4 ,mr4 ,b4 is at any mom5t liable to be call$ to ! ,front1 b ,mrs4 ,b4 has = "s mon?s decl9$ to make ! decree nisi absolute1 & ?is prev5ts him m>ry+ ,mrs4 ,a41 z he feels 9 honor b\nd to d4 ,yet ! law all[s any petition]1 male or female1 to obta9 a decree nisi & to refra9 f mak+ x absolute = motives :i* are probably discr$itable4 ,! ,divorce ,law ,commission]s /rongly condemn$ ?is /ate ( ?+s1 & ! h>d%ip 9 "q is imm5sely aggravat$ 9 w>-"t1 j z ! w> has giv5 rise to _m cases ( bigamy ow+ to ! *ivalr\s desire ( our soldi]s to obta9 = ! de facto wife & family ! sep>ation all[ance ( ! ,/ate4 ,! legal wife is (t5 unit$ by simil> ties to ano!r man4 ,i comm5d ^! facts to consid]ation 9 y\r columns1 hav+ reg>d to y\r frequ5t compla9ts ( a fall+ bir?-rate4 ,! iniquity ( our m>riage laws is an important contributory cause to ! fall 9 "q4 ,y\rs1 etc41 ,e4 ,s4 ,p4 ,,haynes4 ,novemb] #bi?4 #ai ,"s int]e/+ facts 7 giv5 by ,mr4 ,sidney ,webb 9 two lett]s to ,! ,times1 ,octob] #aa & #af1 #aijf2 !re is also a ,fabian tract on ! subject3 8,! ,decl9e 9 ! ,bir?-,rate10 by ,sidney ,webb 7,no4 #aca74 ,"s fur!r in=mation may be f\nd 9 8,! ,decl9+ ,bir?-,rate3 ,its ,national & ,int]national ,significance10 by ,a4 ,new%olme1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,c4,s4 7,cassell1 #aiaa74 #bj ,! fall 9 ! dea?-rate1 & especially 9 ! infant mortality1 :i* has occurr$ concurr5tly ) ! fall 9 ! bir?-rate1 has hi!rto be5 suffici5tly great to all[ ! population ( ,great ,brita9 to g on increas+4 ,b !re are obvi\s limits to ! fall ( ! dea?-rate1 :]eas ! bir?-rate might easily fall to a po9t :i* w\ld make an actual dim9ution ( numb]s unavoidable4 #ba ,i %\ld add arti/s b = ! fact t mo/ mod]n arti/s seem to f9d mu* great] difficulty 9 creation ?an m5 ( sci5ce usually f9d4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$2 occurr5ces ( inconsi/5t hyph5ation h n be5 *ang$4 ,duplicate hemi-title remov$ j be=e fir/ *apt]4