,,life ,,( ,,rob]t ,,/ev5son4 ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity ,press3 ,,?omas ,,& ,,ar*ibald ,,con/able1 ,,pr9t]s ,,to ,,h] ,,maje/y4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,,syme ,,del9eavit4 ,j4 ,,horsburgh ,,sculpsit4 ,,rob]t ,,/ev5son ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,civil ,,eng9e]4 ,f a bu/ by ,joseph1 plac$ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se by ! ,commission]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses ,,life ,,( ,,rob]t ,,/ev5son ,,civil ,,eng9e] ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,society ,,( ,,ed9burgh2 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,society ,,( ,,london2 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,a/ronomical ,,society ,,( ,,london2 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,scotti% ,,antiqu>ies1 ,,( ,,! ,,w]n]ian ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,society1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,in/itution ,,( ,,civil ,,eng9e]s4 ,,eng9e] ,,to ,,! ,,commission]s ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,ligh?\ses ,,& ,,to ,,! ,,conv5tion ,,( ,,royal ,,burghs ,,( ,,scotl&1 ,,etc4 ,,by ,,david ,,/ev5son ,,civil ,,eng9e] ,,vice-,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,society ,,( ,,ed9burgh2 ,,memb] ,,( ,,c\ncil ,,( ,,! ,,in/itution ,,( ,,civil ,,eng9e]s1 ,,etc4 ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black1 ,,ed9burgh ,e4 ,,& ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 ,,london ,,& ,,new ,,york #ahgh4 ,,preface ,! addresses made to ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 & ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 at ! op5+ meet+s ( ! session--#ahea1 conta9$ obitu>y notices ( ,rob]t ,/ev5son4 ,! late ,alan ,/ev5son1 8 elde/ son1 also wrote a %ort ,memoir ( 8 fa!r1 :i* 0 pr9t$ = private circulation4 ,b ,rob]t ,/ev5son's long practice z a ,civil ,eng9e]--! important works he execut$--& ! valuable contributions he made to ,eng9e]+ & ,sci5tific lit]ature1 seem to me to require a full] notice ( 8 life ?an has hi!rto be5 giv54 ,?is has be5 attempt$ 9 ! foll[+ ,memoir1 :i* w be f\nd to consi/ ( extracts f ,mr4 ,/ev5son's ,pr(essional ,reports--( notes f 8 ,di>y--& ( communications to ,sci5tific ,j\rnals & ,societies1 betwe5 ! ye>s #agih & #ahdc1 :5 he retir$ f active practice4 ,^! pap]s embrace a wide field ( ,eng9e]+1 includ+ ,ligh?\ses1 ,h>b\rs1 ,riv]s1 ,roads1 ,railways1 ,f]ries1 ,bridges1 & o!r cognate subjects4 ,"s ( !m describe ,eng9e]+ practice :i* is n[ obsolete1 b n on t acc\nt1 ,i ?9k1 un9t]e/+ to su* mod]n ,eng9e]s z h reg>d = ! antiquities ( _! ,pr(ession4 ,"s ( !m1 ,i am aw>e1 c only be appreciat$ by ^? :o are specially int]e/$ 9 ! city ( ,ed9burgh4 ,all ( !m w1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 be f\nd wor?y ( pres]vation z int]e/+ ,eng9e]+ records ( an era t has pass$ away4 ,x =m$ no "p ( my duty to criticise !m1 9 ! light ( mod]n ,eng9e]+1 &1 unalt]$ 9 =m ( expression or /atem5t ( op9ion1 !y are n[ reproduc$ z !y came f my fa!r's p54 ,i (f] no apology = pres5t+ ^! ,extracts z ! outl9es ( ! life ( "o :o occupi$ a prom95t place among ! ,civil ,eng9e]s :o practis$ dur+ ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t1 & end ( ! la/ c5tury1 %ortly aft] ,briti% ,eng9e]+1 ) ,smeaton z its f\nd]1 may be said to h _h its orig94 ,d4 ,s4 ,,ed9burgh1 ,,july #ahgh4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,life4 ,,page ,bir?--,mr4 ,smi?'s improvem5ts 9 ,ligh?\se illum9ation-- ,orig9 ( ! ,scotti% ,ligh?\se ,bo>d--,acts z ,assi/ant to _! ,eng9e]--,/ud5t at ,&]sonian ,in/itution1 ,glasg[1 & ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh--,succe$s ,mr4 ,smi? z ,eng9e] to ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\se ,bo>d--,t\r ( inspection ( ,engli% lights 9 #ahja--;,is tak5 = a ,fr5* spy #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,bell ,,rock ,,ligh?\se4 ,resolves to practise z a ,civil ,eng9e]--,j\rnals--,reports-- ,design = ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se--,improvem5ts on ,smeaton's design--,application to ,p>liam5t = ,act 9 #ahjb--;,act ( ,p>liam5t pass$ 9 #ahjf--,works begun 9 #ahjg--,t5d] breaks adrift--,life 9 ! float+ light--,boat+ betwe5 ! light%ip & ! rock--,anxiety = workm5--,sunday "w--,life 9 ! ,b>rack or ,beacon--,visits ! ,eddy/one 9 #ahac & #ahah--,sir ,walt] ,scott's visit to ! ,bell ,rock #ab ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,ligh?\se ,,illum9ation4 ,e>ly modes ( illum9ation--,facet reflectors & lamps--,silv]$ copp] reflectors & ,arg& lamps--,isle ( ,may coal light-- ,improvem5ts 9 catoptric lights--,di/9ctions = ligh?\ses inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 viz41 fla%+1 int]mitt5t1 & d\ble lights--,float+ light lant]n--,light+ ( /age ( ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,!atre--,dioptric sy/em ( ligh?\se illum9ation #dh ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,roads4 ,e>ly roads & road-mak+--,edgewor? & ,m',adam's sy/ems ( roads--,/ev5son's sy/em ( roads--,ca/ iron & /one tracks #fd ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,ed9burgh4 ,design = approa*es to ,ed9burgh f ! ,ea/ by ,reg5t & ,london ,roads1 & op5+ up access to ! ,calton ,hill--,sites = ! new ,jail & ,c\rt ( ,ju/ici>y1 & build+s 9 ,wat]loo ,place--,reg5t ,bridge--,feu+ ,plan = ,ea/]n ,di/rict ( ,ed9burgh--,improvem5t ( accesses to ,ed9burgh f ! ,we/ & ,nor?1 & f ,granton--,removal ( old 8,tolboo?0 ,prison--,removal ( ,univ]sity ,build+s #gd ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,f]ries4 ,f]ry ,eng9e]+--,extracts f ,report on ! ,tay ,f]ries-- ,reports on v>i\s ,f]ries--,orkney & ,%etl& ,f]ry1 etc4 #aja ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,railways4 ,canals & ,railways on "o level--,haulage on ,railways--,railways 9 ,scotl&--,ed9burgh & ,midlo?ian1 ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton1 & ,ed9burgh & ,london ,railways--,uni=m gauge propos$--,notes on ,railways = ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society--,lett] f ,george ,/eph5son #aaa ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,h>b\rs ,,& ,,riv]s #acj ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,timb] #aee ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,bridges4 ,m>ykirk1 ,annan1 ,/irl+1 & ,hut*eson /one bridges-- ,high-level bridge = ,newca/le--,timb] bridge ( built planks--,w9* ,*a9 ,bridge--,am]ican bridges ( susp5sion-- ,runcorn ,bridge--,m5ai ,*a9 ,bridge--,new =m ( susp5sion bridge #afj ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,wolf ,,rock ,,ligh?\se #afh ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,c>r ,,rock ,,beacon #agg ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,cranes #aha ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,fi%]ies #ahd ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,m>9e ,,survey+ #aif ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,contributions ,,on ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,sci5tific ,,subjects4 ,contributions to ,encyclopdia ,britannica & ,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia--,! alveus or b$ ( ! ,g]man ocean--,sectio planography--,wa/+ effects ( ! sea at ! ,m]sey & ,dee--,d5sity ( fre% & salt wat]--,! ,hydrophore #bjc ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,extracts ,,f ,,e>ly ,,reports4 ,wide range ( subjects on :i* ,mr4 ,/ev5son gave advice-- ,reports on ru9s ( ,ab]bro?ock ,abbey--,/4 ,magnus ,ca!dral1 & ,e>l's ,palace1 ,kirkwall--,/4 ,&rews ,ca!dral--,montrose ,*ur* ,spire--,melville ,monum5t1 ,ed9burgh--,lipp+ ( jo9ts ( masonry ) cem5t--,provision = flood wat]s 9 bridges --,hydraulic mort>--,protection ( =e%ores--,cycloidal sea wall--,*eck+ drift s&--,night signal lamps--,cause ( heavy seas 9 ,iri% ,*annel--,sea r\tes across ,iri% ,*annel--,build ( ,%ips--,prospective increase ( population--,tidal sc\r-- ,unscrew+ ( bolts by ! waves--,cem5t ,rubble c(f]dams-- ,buoyage sy/em--,obs]vations on fog signals--,regulations = /eam vessels--,notes on %ipwrecks #bcf ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,retrospect ,,( ,,mr4 ,,/ev5son',s ,,life #bfd ,,app5dix #bgd ,,index #bgg ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates4 ,,frontispiece1 ,to face ,title-page4 ,to face page ,i4 ,,elevation ,,( ,,bell ,,rock ,,ligh?\se1 #be ,,ii4 ,,section ,,( ,,bell ,,rock ,,ligh?\se1 #be ,,iii4 ,,vignette ,,( ,,bell ,,rock ,,ligh?\se1 ,,) ,,facsimile ,,( ,,l9es ,,writt5 ,,9 ,,bell ,,rock ,,album ,,by ,,sir ,,walt] ,,scott1 #dg ,,iv4 ,,plan ,,( ,,approa*es ,,to ,,ed9burgh ,,by ,,reg5t ,,& ,,london ,,roads1 #ahad1 #gg ,v4 ,,design ,,= ,,build+ ,,on ,,! ,,calton ,,hill1 ,,ed9burgh1 #ij ,,vi4 ,,elevations ,,( ,,annan ,,& ,,m>ykirk ,,bridges1 #afj ,,vii4 ,,elevations ,,( ,,hut*eson ,,& ,,/irl+ ,,bridges1 #afj ,,viii4 ,,design ,,= ,,high ,,level ,,road ,,bridge ,,at ,,newca/le ,,on ,,tyne1 #afa ,,ix4 ,,design ,,= ,,wolf ,,rock ,,ligh?\se1 #agd ,x4 ,,c>r ,,rock ,,beacon1 #agi ,,xi4 ,,moveable ,,jib ,,& ,,balance ,,cranes1 #ahb ,,xii4 ,,*>t ,,( ,,! ,,nor? ,,sea ,,or ,,g]man ,,ocean1 ,,) ,,sections ,,( ,,! ,,dep?s ,,( ,,wat]1 #ahbj1 #bjg ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,life4 #aggb-agih4 ,bir?--,mr4 ,smi?'s improvem5ts 9 ,ligh?\se illum9ation--,orig9 ( ! ,scotti% ,ligh?\se ,bo>d--,acts z ,assi/ant to _! ,eng9e]--,/ud5t at ,&]sonian ,in/itution1 ,glasg[1 & ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh--,succe$s ,mr4 ,smi? z ,eng9e] to ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\se ,bo>d--,t\r ( inspection ( ,engli% lights 9 #ahja--;,is tak5 = a ,fr5* spy4 ,rob]t ,/ev5son1 malt/] 9 ,glasg[1 0 born 9 #agbj1 &1 z /at$ on 8 tomb/one1 9 ! burial-gr\nd ( ! ,ca!dral1 di$ 9 #agfd4 ,8 f\r? son1 ,alan1 0 p>tn] 9 a ,we/ ,india h\se 9 ,glasg[1 & di$ ( fev] 9 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 9 #aggd1 :ile on a visit to 8 bro!r1 :o manag$ ! =eign bus9ess ( ! h\se at t place4 ,! only son ( ,alan ,/ev5son 0 ,rob]t1 ! subject ( ?is ,memoir1 :o 0 born at ,glasg[ on ! #h? ( ,june #aggb4 ,:5 8 fa!r di$1 ,rob]t ,/ev5son1 !n an infant1 0 left 9 circum/ances ( difficulty1 = ! same epidemic fev] :i* depriv$ him ( 8 fa!r c>ri$ (f 8 uncle also1 at a "t :5 _! loss op]at$ mo/ disadvantage\sly on ! bus9ess :i* !y conduct$2 &1 /range to say1 on acc\nt ( legal difficulties1 ne>ly half a c5tury elaps$ be=e any patrimonial funds 9 :i* my fa!r _h an int]e/ 7 realis$4 ,"u ^! circum/ances 8 "m 7,jean ,lillie1 daught] ( ,david ,lillie1 build] 9 ,glasg[1 :o di$1 z /at$ on 8 tomb/one1 9 ! ,ca!dral bury+-gr\nd1 9 #aggd7 resolv$ to g to ,ed9burgh to reside ) a m>ri$ si/]1 & :5 h] son rea*$ ! age ( be+ able = s*ool %e wisely took advantage ( "o ( ! hospitals 9 t city = 8 education2 & ! _s ( ! man is well br\ght out by ! fact t he devot$ 8 fir/ e>n+s 9 life1 at ! ,cumbrae ,ligh?\se1 to mak+ a contribution to ! funds ( ! ,orphan ,hospital 9 paym5t ( :at he reg>d$ z a debt4 ,x appe>s f 8,memor&a0 left by my fa!r = ! in=mation ( 8 family1 t 8 "m 0 a woman ( great prud5ce & rem>kable =titude1 bas$ on deep convictions ( religion2 &1 ev5 9 _! "t ( trial1 :i* la/$ ov] 8 s*ool days1 he says1--8,my "m's +5u\s & g5tle _s amid/ all h] difficulties nev] fail$ h]4 ,%e /ill reli$ on ! provid5ce ( ,god1 ?\gh sometimes1 9 ! recollection ( h] fa!r's h\se & h] y\ng] days1 %e rem>k$ t ! ways ( ,provid5ce 7 (t5 d>k to u4 ,! ,bible1 & att5dance on ! m9i/rations1 *iefly ( ,mr4 ,r&all ( ,lady ,ye/]'s ,*ur*1 aft]w>ds ,dr4 ,davidson ( ! ,tolboo?1#a & at o!r *ur*es1 :]e ,i 0 almo/ always h] con/ant att5dant1 7 ! great s\rces ( h] com=t4 8,h] int5tion 0 t ,i %\ld be tra9$ = ! m9i/ry1 ) a view to :i* ,i _h be5 s5t1 aft] leav+ my fir/ s*ool1 to ,mr4 ,mac9tyre1 a fam\s l+ui/ ( 8 day1 :]e ,i made ! acqua9tance ( ,patrick ,neill1 aft]w>ds ! well-kn[n pr9t]1 & /ill bett] kn[n naturali/1 :o rema9$ my mo/ intimate fri5d ?r\gh life1 & ( ,william ,blackwood1 ! no less celebrat$ publi%]40 99 99 99 99 99 ,circum/ances1 h[ev]1 occurr$ :i* entirely *ang$ my fa!r's prospects & pursuits4 ,soon aft] he _h atta9$ 8 fifte5? ye> 8 "m 0 m>ri$ to ,mr4 ,?omas ,smi?--son ( a %ip[n]1 & memb] ( ! ,tr9ity ,h\se ( ,dundee1--:o himself 01 my fa!r says1 a 8furni%+ iron-m]*ant1 %ip[n]1 & und]writ]0 9 ,ed9burgh1 & :o be+ also a lamp-mak] & an +5i\s me*anician1 appe>s at a v e>ly date to h direct$ 8 att5tion to ! subject ( ligh?\ses1 & endeav\r$ to improve ! mode ( illum9ation !n 9 use1 by sub/itut+ lamps ) mirrors1 = ! op5 coal-fires :i* 7 at t e>ly "t ! only beacons to guide ! m>9]4 ,mr4 ,smi?'s improvem5ts attract$ ! notice ( ,pr(essor ,robison1 ,sir ,david ,hunt] ,blair1 & ,mr4 ,cree*1 ! publi%] & honor>y secret>y to ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce4 ,i f9d f ! m9utes ( t body1 t 9 #aghf1 a compla9t 0 made to !m by %ipma/]s z to ! defective /ate ( ! coal light on ! ,isle ( ,may1 :i* 0 a 8private light0 belong+ to ! family ( ! ,duke ( ,portl&4 ,! ,*amb] s5t a deputation ( _! numb] to inquire into ! tru? ( ! objections t _h be5 made1 :o fully confirm$ ! ju/ice ( ! compla9ts4 ,:5 ! result ( ! exam9ation 0 report$ to ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 ,mr4 ,smi? submitt$ to !m 8a plan = improv+ ! light by disp5s+ ) ! coal-fire10 & aft] fully consid]+ 8 sugge/ions1 ! ,*amb]1 at _! meet+ ( #bd? ,may #aghf1 resolv$ 8t :ile !y all[$ mu* +5uity to ,mr4 ,smi?'s plan ( reflectors1 !y 7 ( op9ion t a coal light %\ld be cont9u$40 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,bo>d ( ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses 0 con/itut$ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t 9 #aghf2 its memb]s 7 ! ,"l ,advocate & ,solicitor-,g5]al1 ! *ief magi/rates ( ,ed9burgh1 ,glasg[1 ,ab]de51 ,inv]ness1 & ,campbelt[n1 & ! ,%]iffs ( ! m>itime c\nties ( ,scotl&4 ,^! ,commission]s1 happily = ! int]e/s ( navigation1 took a m enlight5$ view ( _! duties ?an ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce ( ,ed9burgh1 & aft] he>+ & consid]+ ,mr4 ,smi?'s proposals1 =mally appo9t$ him _! ,eng9e]4 ,! preamble ( ! ,act con/itut+ ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 /ates t x w\ld greatly conduce to ! security ( navigation & ! fi%]ies if f\r ligh?\ses 7 erect$ 9 ! nor? "p ( ,great ,brita94 ,su*1 x w\ld seem1 0 ! limit$ /ate ( trade 9 ,scotl&1 t ! erection ( ^! f\r ligh?\ses 0 all t 0 contemplat$1 on a coa/1 ext5d+ to ab\t #bjjj miles1 ( p]haps ! mo/ dang]\s navigation 9 ,europe4 ,x is n[ m>k$ by sixty ligh?\se /ations = ! guidance ( ! sailor1 b new claims cont9ue to be made1 & new ligh?\ses are /ill admitt$ to be requir$4 ,! newly e/abli%$ ,ligh?\se ,bo>d at once ent]$ on its important duties1 & ! fir/ light !y exhibit$ 0 ,k9naird ,head1 :i* 0 design$ by ,mr4 ,smi? & light$ 9 #aghg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! pursuits be+ v cong5ial to my fa!r's me*anical turn ( m9d1 he _h r5d]$ himself useful to ,mr4 ,smi? 9 c>ry+ !m out1 & 0 intru/$1 at ! e>ly age ( n9ete51 to sup]9t5d ! erection ( a ligh?\se on ! isl& ( ,little ,cumbrae1 9 ! riv] ,clyde1 accord+ to a design :i* ,mr4 ,smi? _h furni%$ to ! ,cumbrae ,light ,tru/ees4 ,?is connection soon l$ to 8 adoption z ,mr4 ,smi?'s p>tn] 9 bus9ess1 &1 9 #agii1 to 8 union ) 8 elde/ daught] by a =m] m>riage4 ,dur+ ! cessation ( ! works at ,cumbrae 9 w9t]1 my fa!r1 :o _h det]m9$ to foll[ ! pr(ession ( a ,civil ,eng9e]1 appli$ himself1 z appe>s f class note-books 9 my possession1 ) great zeal to ! practice ( survey+ & ar*itectural draw+1 & to ! /udy ( ma!matics at ! ,&]sonian ,in/itution at ,glasg[4 ,( ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,&]son1 :o presid$ ov] t ,in/itution1 he ev] ent]ta9$ a mo/ grateful remembrance1 & (t5 spoke ( him z "o ( 8 be/ advis]s & k9de/ fri5ds1 & 9 ! ,memor&a already notic$ he records 8 obligations to him 9 ! foll[+ words3--8,x 0 ! practice ( ,pr(essor ,&]son k9dly to befri5d & =w>d ! views ( 8 pupils2 & 8 att5tion to me dur+ ! few ye>s ,i _h ! pleasure ( be+ kn[n to him 0 ( a v m>k$ k9d1 = he direct$ my att5tion to v>i\s pursuits1 ) ! view to my com+ =w>d z an eng9e]40 ,aft] complet+ ! ,cumbrae ,ligh?\se he 0 fur!r engag$1 "u ,mr4 ,smi?1 9 erect+ two ligh?\ses on ! ,p5tl& ,sk]ries 9 ,orkney1 :]e1 9 view ( :at lay be=e him at ! ,bell ,rock1 he _h ! useful exp]i5ce ( liv+ f\r mon?s 9 a t5t on an un9habit$ isl&1 & arrang+ ! l&+ ( ! :ole ( ! mat]ials ( ! ligh?\ses 9 ! difficult navigation ( ! ,p5tl& ,fir?4 ,b "h also he _h a p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ,god's ov]rul+ ,provid5ce1 :i* clung to him ?r\gh life1 &1 z we %all f9d1 prov$ 8 /ay 9 times ( dang]1 :5 p]sonal res\rces _h ceas$ to prove avail+4 ,9 return+ f ! ,p5tl& ,sk]ries1 9 #agid1 he emb>k$ 9 ! sloop #8,elizabe?' ( ,/romness1 & proce$$ z f> z ,k9naird ,head1 :5 ! vessel 0 becalm$ ab\t ?ree miles f ! %ore4 ,! capta9 k9dly l&$ my fa!r1 :o cont9u$ 8 j\rney to ,ed9burgh by l&4 ,a v diff]5t fate1 h[ev]1 await$ 8 un=tunate %ipmates4 ,a viol5t gale came on1 :i* drove ! #8,elizabe?' back to ,orkney1 :]e %e 0 totally wreck$1 & all on bo>d unhappily p]i%$4 ,not)/&+ my fa!r's active duties 9 summ]1 he 0 s zeal\s 9 ! pursuit ( k t he contriv$1 dur+ sev]al successive w9t]s1 on 8 return f 8 practical "w1 to avail himself ( ! ,philosophical classes at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,9 ?is mann] he att5d$ ,pr(essor ,playfair's second & ?ird ,ma!matical c\rses1 two sessions ( ,robison's ,natural ,philosophy1 two c\rses ( ,*emi/ry "u ,dr4 ,hope1 & two ( ,natural ,hi/ory "u ,pr(essor ,jameson4 ,to ^! he add$ a c\rse ( ,moral ,philosophy "u ,dugald ,/ew>t1 a c\rse ( ,logic "u ,dr4 ,rit*ie1 & "o ( ,agriculture "u ,pr(essor ,l[4 8,i 0 prev5t$1 h[ev]10 he rem>ks1 9 ! ,memor&a1 8f foll[+ my fri5d ,dr4 ,neill = my degree ( ,m4,a4 by my sl5d] k ( ,lat91 9 :i* my highe/ book 0 ! ,orations ( ,cic]o1 & by my total want ( ,greek40 ,su* zeal 9 ! pursuit ( k1 & views s enl>g$ ( ! b5efits & value ( a lib]al education1 7 *>act]i/ics ( a m9d ( no ord9>y vig\r2 s t1 e>ly tra9$ to practical "w1 & inspir$ ) a true love ( 8 pr(ession1 x 0 n unnatural t on ! resignation ( ,mr4 ,smi? ! ,bo>d %\ld h appo9t$ ,mr4 ,/ev5son to succe$ him z _! ,eng9e]4 ,! fir/ annual report made by him to ! ,bo>d is dat$ ,june #agih1 & he cont9u$ annually to prep>e "o up to ! "t ( 8 resignation 9 #ahdc4 ,! fir/ occasion on :i* he 0 s5t by ! ,bo>d on a special mission 0 9 #ahja1 :5 he 0 deput$ by ! ,commission]s to visit & report on ! ,ligh?\ses on ! coa/s ( ,engl&1 ,wales1 & ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,! report he submitt$ to ! ,bo>d is a mo/ elaborate & valuable docum5t4 ,aft] describ+ upw>ds ( tw5ty ,public1 ,private1 & ,h>b\r lights :i* he _h exam9$1 he proce$s fully to discuss ! diff]5t sy/ems ( managem5t 9 use1 & p>ticul>ly to comp>e ! sy/em adopt$ by ! ,scot* ,bo>d ) t practis$ 9 ,engl& by ! ,tr9ity ,h\se1 mo/ readily advis+ ! adoption ( :at seem$ improvem5ts 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,s\!rn ,bo>d4 ,9 report+ z to ! ,isle ( ,man he takes occasion to sugge/ t ! light+ ( t isl& %\ld be tak5 up by ! ,nor!rn ,commission]s--a proposal :i* 0 act$ on 9 #ahae4 ,he says3-- 8,i _h sev]al communications ) ,william ,scott1 ,esq41 ,receiv]-,g5]al ( ! ,cu/oms1 ^u ! subject ( ,ligh?\ses4 ,at 8 reque/ ,i w5t to ! ,po9t ( ,langness1 & to ! ,calf ( ,man2 ! =m] a v dang]\s po9t ( l&1 ! latt] a situation t seems e way answ]able to ! g5]al purposes ( a site = a ligh?\se4 8,z ?is isl& occupies a middle situation betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 & is n includ$ 9 any ( ^! ,acts ( ,p>liam5t :i* relate to ! erect+ or ma9ta9+ ( ,lights1 on ei!r side ( ! ,*annel1 p]haps x might answ] to include ! ,isle ( ,man "u ! same ,act :i* ref]s to ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses2 & by ext5d+ y\r p[]s ?is isl& might no long] /& a monum5t ( d>kness1 & a great ob/ruction to ! navigation ( ,/4 ,george's ,*annel1 p>ticul>ly f ! want ( a light ^u ! ,calf ( ,man4 8,su* a light1 toge!r ) ! late improvem5t ( ! ,copel& light1 & ! erection ( ! ,kilw>l9 light ^u ! ,iri% coa/1 w\ld 9 an em95t degree improve ! navigation ( ! ,iri% ,*annel4 ,f ! c5tral situation ( ! ,isle ( ,man1 a light w\ld soon pay itself1 by s]v+ ! trade ( ,m>yport1 ,work+ton1 ,:itehav51 ,lanca/] & ,liv]pool1 on ! "o side ( ! ,*annel1 ) ,dubl9 & ,newry on ! o!r40 ,) ref]5ce to ?is sugge/ion ! ,commission]s1 9 ,janu>y #ahjb1 adopt$ ! foll[+ resolution3-- 8,9 ! above report ,mr4 ,/ev5son has /at$ v /rongly ! great utility ( a ligh?\se ^u ! ,calf ( ,man2 b n be+ )9 ! jurisdiction ei!r ( ! ,tr9ity ,h\se ( ,london1 or ( ! ,commission]s = ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses1 bo? ( !m are !reby prev5t$ f accompli%+ an object s mu* wi%$ = by m>9]s1 z x w\ld prove a great additional security to ! navigation betwe5 a great numb] ( ! ports on ! we/ ( ,engl&1 & ,dubl91 & o!r ports 9 ,irel&4 ,9 ord] !re=e t ?is circum/ance may n be ov]look$1 ! ,commission]s direct$ ?is notice to be tak5 ( x 9 _! ,m9utes1 9 ord] t if any application to ,p>liam5t %all at a future p]iod be deem$ necess>y1 ! ,commission]s may judge h[ f> x may n be prop] to apply = p[] & lib]ty to erect a ligh?\se ^u a situation s v eligible z ! ,calf ( ,man1 be+ ! s\?mo/ po9t ( t isl&40 ,! report 0 illu/rat$ ) plans ( ,d\glas1 ,mil=d1 ,long%ips1 & ,portl& ,ligh?\ses4 ,! some:at =midable j\rney he _h und]tak51 involv+ #bejj miles ( travell+1 occupi$ eight weeks 9 its p]=mance1 & ! foll[+ amus+ incid5t %[s :at peaceful travell]s1 9 ^? tr\bl$ times1 _h sometimes to enc\nt]3-- 8,i left ! ,scilly ,isl&s consid]ably in/ruct$ by ! exam9ation ( ! ma*9]y & app>atus ( ?is ligh?\se1 & v mu* gratifi$4 ,i took my passage 9 a vessel b\nd = ,p5zance1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ,i _h n be5 long l&$1 :5 ,i met ) a circum/ance :i*1 :ile x la/$1 0 highly disagreeable1 & z x is some:at connect$ ) ! object ( ! j\rney1 ,i beg y\r indulg5ce :ile ,i lay x be=e y4 8,f9d+ t ,i c\ld n get any conv5i5t mode ( conveyance f ,p5zance to ! ,liz>d ,lights1 ,i set (f on foot = ,m>azion1 a t[n at ! head ( ,m\nts ,bay1 :]e ,i 0 9 hopes ( gett+ a boat to freight4 ,i _h j got t l5g?1 & 0 mak+ ! necess>y inquiry1 :5 a "y man1 accompani$ by sev]al idle-look+ fell[s1 came up to me1 & 9 a ha/y tone said1 #8,sir1 9 ! ,k+'s "n ,i seize y\r p]son & pap]s4' ,to :i* ,i repli$ t ,i %\ld be glad to see 8 au?ority1 & "k ! reason ( an address s abrupt4 ,he told me ! want ( "t prev5t$ 8 tak+ regul> /eps1 b t x w\ld be necess>y = me to return to ,p5zance1 & !re und]go an exam9ation1 z ,i 0 suspect$ ( be+ a ,fr5* spy4 ,_h ,i n be5 extremely anxi\s to get on my j\rney1 ,i w\ld n h object$ to ?is4 ,i !re=e propos$ to submit my pap]s to ! exam9ation ( ! ne>e/ ,ju/ice ( ,peace1 :o 0 imm$iately appli$ to & came to ! inn :]e ,i 04 ,he seem$ to be greatly agitat$1 & q at a loss h[ to proce$4 ,! compla9t pref]r$ aga9/ me 01 #8,t ,i _h exam9$ ! ,long%ips ,ligh?\se ) ! mo/ m9ute att5tion1 & 0 no less p>ticul> 9 my inquiries at ! keep]s ( ! ligh?\se reg>d+ ! sunk rocks ly+ (f ! ,l&'s ,end1 ) ! sets ( ! curr5ts & tides along ! coa/3 t ,i seem$ p>ticul>ly to regret ! situation ( ! rocks call$ ! ,sev5 ,/ones1 & ! loss ( a beacon :i* ! ,tr9ity ,bo>d _h caus$ to be fix$ ^u ! ,wolf ,rock3 t ,i _h tak5 notes ( ! be>+s ( sev]al sunk rocks1 & a draw+ ( ! ligh?\se & ( ,cape ,cornwall3 fur!r1 t ,i _h refus$ ! hon\r ( ,"l ,edgecombe's invitation to d9n]1 :o happ5$ to be at ! ,l&'s ,end ) a p>ty ( pleasure1 (f]+ z an apology t ,i _h "s p>ticul> bus9ess on h&1 ^u :i* ,i imm$iately set (f = ! ,scilly ,isl&s4 ,^! circum/ances concurr+ ) a report t a s*oon] _h be5 se5 (f ! ,l& tak+ s\nd+s1 x 0 presum$ t ,i 0 connect$ ) h]1 & _h "s evil int5tion 9 mak+ ^! rem>ks4' 8,9 ord] to cle> myself ( ?is suspicion1 ,i laid be=e ! ,ju/ice y\r lett] direct+ me to make ! j\rney1 :i* 0 sign$ by ,mr4 ,gray 7,secret>y to ! ,bo>d71 z also sev]al lett]s he _h procur$ = me to "s ( ! memb]s ( ! ,tr9ity ,h\se1 ,london1 toge!r ) a lett] f ! ,tr9ity ,h\se1 ,lei?1 to ! ,m>quis ( ,tit*field4 ,i produc$ also my lett] ( cr$it f ,sir ,william ,=bes & ,company1 &1 aft] p]us+ ^! lett]s1 ! ,ju/ice ( ,peace v gravely obs]v$ t !y 7 #8m]ely bits ( pap]1' & 0 ( op9ion t ,i %\ld be kept 9 cu/ody till ! matt] %\ld be laid be=e ,"l ,edgecombe1 ! ,"l-,lieut5ant ( ! c\nty1 & add$1 t he w\ld mo/ likely ord] me to be s5t to ,plym\?4 8,i no soon] he>d ! op9ion ( ?is g5tleman ?an ,i ord]$ a *aise & imm$iately return$ to ,p5zance1 :]e ,i laid my pap]s be=e ! ,ju/ices ( ,peace1 & wait$ _! decision ) mu* anxiety4 ,!y no soon] look$ !m ov] ?an 9 ! mo/ polite mann] !y cle>$ me ( ! suspicions ,i lab\r$ "u1 & left me at lib]ty to pursue my j\rney1 :i* ,i did ) s mu* eag]ness t ,i gave ! two coal lights ^u ! ,liz>d ,po9t only a v transi5t look1 & pass$ on to ,plym\?40 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,bell ,,rock ,,ligh?\se4 #agih-ahaa4 ,resolves to practise z a ,civil ,eng9e]--,j\rnals--,reports--,design = ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se--,improvem5ts on ,smeaton's design--,application to ,p>liam5t = ,act 9 #ahjb--;,act ( ,p>liam5t pass$ 9 #ahjf--,works begun 9 #ahjg--,t5d] breaks adrift--,life 9 ! float+ light--,boat+ betwe5 ! light%ip & ! rock--,anxiety = workm5--,sunday "w--,life 9 ! ,b>rack or ,beacon--,visits ! ,eddy/one 9 #ahac & #ahah--,sir ,walt] ,scott's visit to ! ,bell ,rock4 ,f :at has be5 said 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 x w be se5 t ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 f an e>ly p]iod1 ev9c$ a decid$ lik+ = g5]al ,eng9e]+1 & ,i f9d t almo/ simultane\sly ) 8 appo9tm5t "u ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 = ^: peculi> duties he _h qualifi$ himself by a pretty l>ge & h>d-e>n$ exp]i5ce1 he resolv$ to prosecute ! practice ( ,civil ,eng9e]+1 9 all its bran*es4 ,i f9d also t co9cid5t ) ?is />t 9 life1 he comm5c$ a sy/ematic 8,j\rnal10 beg9n+ 9 #ahja1 ( ! v>i\s travels made 9 ! prosecution ( 8 pr(ession1 :i* occupies n9ete5 octavo & qu>to manuscript books4 ,8 ,reports1 _m ( !m on subjects ( great int]e/1 occupy f\rte5 folio manuscript volumes1 & 8 pr9t$ reports occupy f\r ?ick qu>to volumes4 ,^! books1 toge!r ) relative plans1 ! numb] ( :i* ,i fe> to m5tion1 are ! docum5ts ,i _h to consult 9 obta9+ ! records ( my fa!r's pr(essional life4 ,! ,j\rnals1 ,reports1 & ,plans ext5d ov] a p]iod ( ne>ly fifty ye>s1 & ! selection ( topics f su* a mass ( matt] has be5 no easy task4 ,b z ! duty ,i h und]tak5 is to convey to ! read] a sket* ( my fa!r z a ,civil ,eng9e]1 ,i h be5 cont5t1 pass+ ov] _m int]e/+ subjects1 to select f ! docum5ts be=e me only s mu* z %\ld be useful 9 c>ry+ out t object2 & ev5 9 ?is ,i enc\nt]$ ! difficulty ( det]m9+ ! be/ ord] 9 :i* ! selections ,i h made %\ld be giv54 ,to d s accord+ to any *ronological arrangem5t ,i f9d to be impossible1 & hav+ resolv$ to give !m n z a consecutive n>rative1 b 9 ! =m ( deta*$ notices1 ,i ?9k x w be mo/ appropriate t ,i %\ld comm5ce ! /ory ( ,mr4 ,/ev5son's pr(essional life ) 8 great "w--! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1--:i* ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( twelve ye>s1 comm5c+ ) 8 e>ly conception ( its /ructure 9 #agii1 & t]m9at+ ) its completion 9 #ahaa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,in*cape or ,bell ,rock lies (f ! ea/ coa/ ( ,scotl&1 ne>ly abrea/ ( ! entrance to ! ,fir? ( ,tay1 at a di/ance ( elev5 miles f ,arbroa?1 ! ne>e/ po9t ( ! ma9l&4 ,! "n ( 8,bell0 has its orig9 9 ! leg5d respect+ ! good int5tion ( a pi\s ,abbot ( ,ab]bro?ock be+ fru/rat$ by ! notori\s pirate1 ,sir ,ralph ! ,rov]1 z relat$ 9 ,s\!y's well-kn[n l9es1 :i* ,i h giv5 9 an ,app5dix4 ,( ! orig91 progress1 & completion ( ! ligh?\se ,mr4 ,/ev5son has left a la/+ memorial & mo/ int]e/+ n>rative 9 8 qu>to volume ( upw>ds ( #ejj pages1 a great "p ( :i* 0 writt5 to 8 dictation by 8 only daught]1 & 0 publi%$ 9 #ahbd4b ,b !re are "s circum/ances connect$ ) ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,bell ,rock1 :i*1 :ile !y c\ld n prop]ly h f\nd a place 9 8 n>rative1 h be5 notic$ 9 8 ,memor&a1 f :i* ,i %all transcribe a few p>agraphs detail+ 8 e>ly ef=ts & disappo9tm5ts :ile engag$ 9 design+ & arrang+ = ! prosecution ( t great "w3-- 8,all knew ! difficulties ( ! erection ( ! ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se1 & ! casualties to :i* t edifice _h be5 liable2 & 9 comp>+ ! two situations1 x 0 g5]ally rem>k$ t ! ,eddy/one 0 b>ely cov]$ by ! tide at high wat]1 :ile ! ,bell ,rock 0 b>ely uncov]$ at l[ wat]4 8,i _h mu* to cont5d ) 9 ! !n limit$ /ate ( my exp]i5ce2 & ,i _h 9 v>i\s ways to be> up aga9/ public op9ion z well z aga9/ int]e/$ p>ties4 ,i 0 9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 h[ev]1 greatly support$1 & ,i w\ld ev5 say (t5 com=t$1 by ,mr4 ,cl]k ( ,eld91 au?or ( ! ,sy/em ( ,break+ ! ,l9e 9 ,naval ,tactics4 ,mr4 ,cl]k took great int]e/ 9 my models1 & spoke mu* ( !m 9 sci5tific circles4 ,he c>ri$ m5 ( sci5ce & em95t /rang]s to ! model-room :i* ,i _h provid$ 9 ,m]*ants ,hall1 ( :i* he sometimes c>ri$ ! key1 bo? :5 ,i 0 at home & :ile ,i 0 abroad4 ,he introduc$ me to ,"l ,webb ,seym\r1 to ,admiral ,"l ,duncan1 & to ,pr(essors ,robison & ,playfair1 & o!rs4 ,mr4 ,cl]k _h be5 p]sonally kn[n to ,smeaton1 & us$ occasionally to speak ( him to me40 ,x is impossible to read ?is little n>rative )\t feel+ a respect = ,mr4 ,cl]k's he>ty en?usiasm1 & p]ceiv+ ! b5eficial influ5ce :i* a k9dly disposition may produce on ! pursuits ( a "y man1 by /imulat+ an hon\rable emulation & disc\rag+ a despond+ _s4 8,b at l5g?10 ! memor&um cont9ues1 8all difficulties ) ! public1 z well z ) ! bett] in=m$ few1 7 dispell$ by ! fatal effects ( a dreadful /orm f ! ,n4,e41 :i* occurr$ 9 ,decemb] #agii1 :5 x 0 asc]ta9$ t no few] ?an sev5ty sail ( vessels 7 /r&$ or lo/1 ) _m ( _! crews1 ^u ! coa/ ( ,scotl& alone6 ,_m ( !m1 x 0 n d\bt$1 might h f\nd a safe asylum 9 ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 _h !re be5 a ligh?\se ^u ! ,bell ,rock1 on :i*1 inde$1 x 0 g5]ally believ$ ! #8,york1' ( #gd guns1 ) all h&s1 p]i%$1 none be+ left to tell ! tale6 ,! coa/ = _m miles exhibit$ portions ( t f9e %ip4 ,!re 0 n[1 !re=e1 b "o voice1--#8,!re mu/ be a ligh?\se erect$ on ! ,bell ,rock4' 8,previ\s to ?is dreadful /orm ,i _h prep>$ my pill>-=m$ model1 a section ( :i* is %[n 9 ,plate ,,vii4 ( ! #8,acc\nt ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se4' ,e>ly 9 ! ye> #ahjj1 ,i1 = ! fir/ "t1 l&$ on ! rock to see ! application ( my pill>-=m$ model to ! situation = :i* x 0 design$ & made4 8,on ?is occasion ,i 0 accompani$ by my fri5d ,mr4 ,james ,haldane1 ar*itect1 ^: pupil ,i _h be5 = ar*itectural draw+4 ,our l&+ 0 at l[ wat] ( a spr+-tide1 :5 a good space ( rock 0 above wat]1 & !n ! realities ( its dang] 7 amply exemplifi$ by ! num]\s relics :i* 7 f\nd 9 its crevices1 su* z a %ip's m>k+-iron1 a piece ( a k$ge-an*or1 & a cab9 /ove1 a bayonet1 cannon-ball1 silv] %oe-buckle1 cr[b>s1 pieces ( money1 & o!r evid5ces ( rec5t %ipwreck4 8,i _h no soon] set foot ^u ! rock ?an ,i laid aside all idea ( a pill>-=m$ /ructure1 fully conv9c$ t a build+ on simil> pr9ciples ) ! ,eddy/one w\ld be f\nd practicable4 8,on my return f ?is visit to ! rock1 ,i imm$iately set to "w 9 good e>ne/1 ) a design ( a /one ligh?\se1 & modell$ x4 ,i accompani$ ?is design ) a report or memorial to ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d4 ,! ab&on$ pill>-=m$ plan ,i e/imat$ at #ae1jjj1 & ! /one build+ at #db1fhe1 #hs4 ,b /ill ,i f\nd t ,i _h n made mu* impression on ! ,bo>d on ! score ( exp5se1 = !y fe>$ x w\ld co/ mu* m ?an =ty or fifty ?\s& p\nds40 ,x 0 z to "s ( ! details ( ?is /one design t my fa!r ask$ ,pr(essor ,playfair to give 8 op9ion1 & receiv$ ! foll[+ reply1 :i* 0 n a little enc\rag+ to ! "y eng9e] attempt+ to improve on ! design ( ! great ,smeaton3-- 8,mr4 ,playfair is v sorry t he has sc>ce _h any "t to look m p>ticul>ly ov] ! plans :i* ,mr4 ,/ev5son has be5 s good z to s5d him4 ,mr4 ,playfair is too little acqua9t$ ) practical me*anics to make 8 op9ion ( mu* weight on su* a subject z ! con/ruction ( a ligh?\se4 ,b s f> z he c presume to judge1 ! me?od ( connect+ ! /ones propos$ by ,mr4 ,/ev5son is likely to prove p]fectly secure1 & has ! advantage ( be+ m easily con/ruct$ ?an ,mr4 ,smeaton's40 8#i? ,augu/ #ahjb40 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,"l ,advocate ,hope1 "o ( ! ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses1 & ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t = ! city ( ,ed9burgh1 :o _h int]e/$ himself mu* 9 ! ,bell ,rock "q1 & (t5 conf]r$ ) ,mr4 ,/ev5son on 8 design = ! "w1 det]m9$ t ! matt] %\ld n be all[$ to re/1 & introduc$ a ,bill into ,p>liam5t 9 #ahjb-ahjc to emp[] ! ,bo>d to c>ry x out4 ,?is ,bill pass$ ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,! ,committee to :i* x 0 ref]r$ report--8,t x appe>s t a suffici5t f\ndation might be prep>$ on ! nor? end ( ! rock1 :]e ! surface is highe/ & ( greate/ dim5sions3 ,t artific]s c\ld "w five h\rs at ! times ( ea* l[-wat] 9 ! day-"t ( ! summ] mon?s1 & t if ! build+ %\ld be made ( masonry ! /ones to =m x might be prep>$ on %ore1 m>k$ & numb]$1 & c>ri$ (f to ! rock & prop]ly plac$3 ,t z ! pres5t duties may n = a long "t enable ! ,commission]s to defray ! exp5se ( erect+ & ma9ta9+ a ligh?\se on ! ,bell or ,cape ,rock1 x w be exp$i5t to au?orise ! ,commission]s to levy & take fur!r duties = t purpose1 ) p[] to borr[ a fur!r sum on ! cr$it ( said duties40 ,at t e>ly date !re 0 no 8/&+ ord]0 ( ! ,h\se requir+ ! promot]s ( a ,bill to lodge plans ( _! propos$ works1 & my fa!r 9 8 ,memor&a says3--8,! only plans 9 ,mr4 ,hope's h&s 7 ^? :i*1 9 #ahjj1 ,i submitt$ to ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d40 ,9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords ! ,bill met ) opposition f ! ,corporation ( ! ,city ( ,london1 z includ+ too great a range ( coa/ 9 ! collection ( duties1 & su* alt]ations & am5dm5ts 7 introduc$ 9 ! ,upp] ,h\se z r5d]$ x necess>y = ! ,"l ,advocate to )draw ! ,bill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ord] to =tify ,mr4 ,/ev5son's views z to ! practicability ( build+ a /one t[] 9 su* a situation1 :i* 0 app>5tly ! *ief difficulty 9 all ! e>ly negotiations1 ! ,bo>d resolv$ to take ! advice ( ,mr4 ,tel=d1 !n employ$ by ,gov]nm5t 9 report+ on ! ,highl& ,roads & ,bridges & ! ,cal$onian ,canal1 :o1 h[ev]1 0 unable to ov]take ! duty1 & !reaft]1 on ,mr4 ,/ev5son's sugge/ion1 !y appli$ to ,mr4 ,john ,r5nie1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's s5ior by elev5 ye>s1 :o _h1 l himself1 at ! e>ly age ( tw5ty-"o1 comm5c$ ! practice ( 8 pr(ession1 & 0 !n settl$ 9 ,london z a civil eng9e]4 ,r5nie hav+ concurr$ ) ,/ev5son z to ! practicability & exp$i5cy ( adopt+ a /one t[]1 ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d resolv$ to make ano!r application to ,p>liam5t4 ,! second application 0 made 9 #ahjf1 9 a ,bill introduc$ by ,"l ,advocate ,ersk9e1 & proce$$ on ! same design & e/imate ( #db1fhe1 #hs41 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 9 #ahjj2 & ! foll[+ is an extract f ! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons to :om 0 ref]r$ ! petition ( ! ,commission]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses3-- 8,proce$$ to exam9e ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/ev5son1 ,civil ,eng9e]1 :o1 9 8 capacity ( ,eng9e] = ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses1 has erect$ six ligh?\ses 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! k+dom1 & has made ! erection ( a ligh?\se on ! ,cape or ,bell ,rock m p>ticul>ly 8 /udy1--especially s9ce ! loss ( ab\t sev5ty sail ( vessels 9 a /orm :i* happ5$ ^u ! coa/ 9 ! mon? ( ,decemb] #agii1 by :i* num]\s %ips 7 driv5 f _! c\rse along ! %ore1 & f _! moor+s 9 ,y>m\? ,roads1 & o!r places ( an*orage1 s\?w>d ( ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 & wreck$ ^u ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,scotl&1 z ref]r$ to 9 ! report made to ?is ,h\se 9 ! mon? ( ,july #ahjc2 ! p>ticul>s ( :i* he also confirms3 ,t ! ,bell ,rock is mo/ dang]\sly situat$1 ly+ 9 a track :i* is annually navigat$ by no less ?an ab\t #gjj1jjj tons ( %ipp+1 besides 8 ,maje/y's %ips ( w> & rev5ue cutt]s3 ,t its place is n easily asc]ta9$1 ev5 by p]sons well acqua9t$ ) ! coa/1 be+ cov]$ by ! sea ab\t half-flood1 & ! l&m>ks1 by :i* its position is asc]ta9$1 be+ f twelve to tw5ty miles di/ant f ! site ( dang]4 8,t f ! inquiries he made at ! "t ! #8,york' man-(-w> 0 lo/1 & pieces ( h] wreck hav+ drift$ a%ore ^u ! opposite & neighb\r+ coa/1 & f an att5tive consid]ation ( ! circum/ances :i* att5d ! wreck ( %ips ( su* dim5sions1 he ?9ks x probable t ! #8,york' mu/ h /ruck ^u ! ,bell ,rock1 drift$ (f1 & aft]w>ds sunk 9 deep wat]3 ,t he is well acqua9t$ ) ! situation ( ! ,bell ,rock1 ! ya*t belong+ to ! ,ligh?\se s]vice hav+1 on "o occasion1 be5 an*or$ ne> x = five days1 :5 he _h an opportunity ( l&+ ^u x e tide3 ,t he has visit$ mo/ ( ! ligh?\ses on ! coa/ ( ,engl&1 ,wales1 & ,irel&1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,eddy/one1 ! ,smalls1 & ! ,kilw>l91 or ,s\? ,rock1 :i* are built 9 situations some:at simil> to ! ,bell ,rock3 ,t at high wat] !re is a great] dep? on ! ,bell ,rock ?an on any ( ^!1 by sev]al feet2 & he is !re=e fully ( op9ion1 t a build+ ( /one1 ^u ! pr9ciples ( ! ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se1 is alone suitable to ! peculi> circum/ances :i* att5d ?is rock1 & has report$ 8 op9ion accord+ly to ! ,commission]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses z f> back z ! ye> #ahjj2 & hav+ giv5 ! subject all ! att5tion 9 8 p[]1 he has e/imat$ ! exp5se ( erect+ a build+ ( /one ^u x at ! sum ( #db1fhe1 #hs4 8,y\r ,committee likewise exam9$ ,mr4 ,john ,r5nie1 ,civil ,eng9e]1 :o1 s9ce ! report made to ?is ,h\se 9 #ahjc1 has visit$ ! ,bell ,rock1 :o confirms ! p>ticul>s 9 said report1 & ent]ta9s no d\bt ( ! practicability ( erect+ a ligh?\se on t rock1 is decid$ly ( op9ion t a /one ligh?\se w be ! mo/ durable & effectual1 & inde$ ! only k9d ( build+ t is suit$ to ?is situation3 ,t he has comput$ ! exp5se ( su* a build+1 & aft] mak+ e all[ance = cont+5cies1 f 8 own exp]i5ce ( works 9 ! sea1 x appe>s to him t ! e/imate or exp5se w am\nt to #da1hdc1 #aes40 ,?is application 0 =tunately successful1 ! ,act hav+ obta9$ ! royal ass5t 9 ,july #ahjf1 :5 ! ,commission]s at once det]m9$ to comm5ce ! "w4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son n[ began to feel ! full /ress ( 8 responsibility4 ,he accord+ly says 9 8 notes3-- 8,! erection ( a ligh?\se on a rock ab\t twelve miles f l&1 & s l[ 9 ! wat] t ! f\ndation-c\rse mu/ be at lea/ on a level ) ! l[e/ tide1 0 an ent]prise s full ( unc]ta9ty & haz>d t x c\ld n fail to press on my m9d4 ,i felt regret t ,i _h n _h ! opportunity ( a great] range ( practice to fit me = su* an und]tak+4 ,b ,i 0 =tifi$ by an expression ( my fri5d ,mr4 ,cl]k1 9 "o ( our conv]sations ^u its difficulties4 #8,?is "w1' said he1 #8is unique1 & c be little =w>d$ by exp]i5ce ( ord9>y masonic op]ations4 ,9 ?is case ,smeaton's ,n>rative mu/ be ! text-book1 & en]gy & p]sev]ance ! pratique4'0 ,mr4 ,r5nie also1 :o _h support$ ! ,bill ( #ahjf 9 ,p>liam5t1 & aft]w>ds 0 appo9t$ by ! ,commission]s z an advis+ ,eng9e] to :om ,mr4 ,/ev5son c\ld ref] 9 case ( em]g5cy1 & :o _h sugge/$ "s alt]ations on ,mr4 ,/ev5son's design ( ! ligh?\se 9 :i* he did n see 8 way to acquiesce1 nev]!less cont9u$ to take a k9d int]e/ 9 ! "w1 & !y cont9u$ to correspond frequ5tly dur+ its progress4 8,poor old fell[10 ,r5nie says 9 "o lett]1 allud+ to ! "n ( ,smeaton1 8,i hope he w n[ & !n take a peep ( u1 & inspire y ) =titude & c\rage to brave all difficulties & all dang]s1 to accompli% a "w :i* w1 if successful1 immortalise y 9 ! annals ( fame40#c ,h[ well ,mr4 ,/ev5son met ! dem&s :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 great ent]prise1 7 made on 8 p]sev]ance1 =titude1 & self-d5ial1 ! hi/ory ( ! op]ations1 & _! successful completion1 abundantly %[4 ,! "w 0 inde$1 9 all respects1 peculi>ly suit$ to 8 ta/es & habits2 & ,mr4 ,cl]k truly--al?\gh p]haps unconsci\sly--*>act]is$ ! man1 9 8 t]se /atem5t ( :at w\ld be requir$ ( him3 8,! "w is unique--ord9>y exp]i5ce c d little = x--all mu/ dep5d on en]gy & p]sev]ance40 ,no "o c read ,mr4 ,/ev5son's 8,acc\nt ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se0 )\t p]ceiv+ ! ju/ness ( ?is e/imate ( ! difficulties t lay be=e him1 & 8 ability to ov]come !m4 ,?\gh ev] ma9ta9+ ! highe/ respect = ,smeaton & 8 noble "w1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son 0 l$1 9 8 orig9al design ( #ahjj1 z we h already se51 & fur!r 9 8 actual execution ( ! ,bell ,rock t[]1 to deviate to a consid]able ext5t f ! design ( ! ,eddy/one4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son adopt$ a height ( "o hundr$ feet in/ead ( sixty-eight = ! height ( ! masonry1 & he c>ri$ ! level ( ! solid "p ( ! t[] to ! height ( tw5ty-"o feet above high wat]1 in/ead ( elev5 feet z at ! ,eddy/one4 ,9 addition to ^! deviations 9 ! g5]al dim5sions ( ! t[]1 he increas$ ! ?ickness ( ! walls1 & he also introduc$ "s *anges ( importance 9 its int]ior /ructure1 :]eby he secur$ a great] cont9uity1 & !re=e great] /r5g? ( ! masonry ( ! walls & floors1 :i* he describes 9 8 book z foll[s3-- 8,ea* floor /one =ms "p ( ! outw>d walls1 ext5d+ inw>ds to a c5tre /one1 indep5d5tly ( :i* !y are connect$ by means ( copp] bats1 ) a view to pres]ve _! squ>e =m at ! extremity1 in/ead ( dovetail+4 ,^! /ones are also modell$ ) joggles1 sidewise1 ^u ! pr9ciples ( ! common floor1 t]m$ fea!r+ 9 c>p5try1 & also ) dovetail$ joggles across ! jo9ts1 :]e !y =m "p ( ! outw>d wall4444 ,! floors ( ! ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se1 on ! contr>y1 7 con/ruct$ ( an ar* =m1 & ! haun*es ( ! ar*es b\nd ) *a9s to prev5t _! press+ outw>d1 to ! injury ( ! walls4 ,9 ?is1 ,mr4 ,smeaton foll[$ ! con/ruction ( ! ,dome ( ,/ ,paul's2 & ?is mode might also be f\nd necess>y at ! ,eddy/one1 f ! want ( /ones 9 "o l5g?1 to =m ! outw>d wall & floor1 9 ! !n /ate ( ! granite qu>ries ( ,cornwall4 ,at ,mylnefield ,qu>ry1 h[ev]1 !re 0 no difficulty 9 procur+ /ones ( ! requisite dim5sions2 & ! writ] =esaw _m advantages t w\ld arise f hav+ ! /ones ( ! floors to =m "p ( ! outw>d walls1 )\t introduc+ ! sy/em ( ar*+40 ,smeaton 9 fact adopt$ an ar*$ =m = ! floors ( 8 build+1 :i* r5d]$ x necess>y1 9 ord] to c\nt]act ! outw>d ?ru/1 to ins]t *a9s1 emb$d$ 9 grooves1 cut 9 ! masonry2 b ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 9 design+ ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 improv$ on ,smeaton's plan1 n only by a bett] g5]al arrangem5t ( ! masonry1 b by conv]t+ ! floors into effective bonds1 s t1 in/ead ( ex]t+ an outw>d ?ru/1 !y actually tie or b9d ! walls toge!r4 ,?is is at once app>5t f ,figs4 #a & #b1 :i* %[ ! floor-c\rses ( ! ,eddy/one & ,bell ,rock 9 section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,eddy/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,bell ,rock4 ,! eng9e] ( ! ,bell ,rock _h all ! advantage ( ,smeaton's e>li] exp]i5ce1 :i* he ev] ?ankfully ackn[l$g$2 b !re c be no d\bt :atev] t ! ,bell ,rock pres5t$ peculi> eng9e]+ difficulties4 ,! ,eddy/one ,rock is b>ely cov]$ by ! tide at high wat]1 :ile ! ,bell ,rock is b>ely uncov]$ at ,,l[ ,,wat]1 r5d]+ ! "t ( work+ on x1 z we %all aft]w>ds f9d1 extremely limit$2 & ! proposal to erect a /one t[] on ?is l[-ly+ isolat$ reef1 at a di/ance ( twelve miles f l&1 0 no less rem>kable = its novelty ?an = its boldness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,,bell ,,rock ,,light ,,h\se4 ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on1 ,ed9burgh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,bell ,,rock ,,light ,,h\se4 ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on1 ,ed9burgh4 ,plate ,i4 is an elevation ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 & ,plate ,,ii4 is a section %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! int]ior is laid out1 &1 s f> z ! size ( scale admits1 ! peculi> arrangem5ts ( ! masonry1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made4 ,! foll[+ is a brief /atem5t ( ! progress ( ! "w3-- ,! spr+ ( #ahjg 0 occupi$ 9 prep>+ a float+ light%ip to be moor$ (f ! rock1 erect+ ! timb] framework :i* 0 to support ! b>rack to be occupi$ z a tempor>y dwell+ by ! workm51 & 9 c>ry+ out o!r prelim9>y arrangem5ts4 ,dur+ ?is fir/ season ! aggregate "t ( l[-wat] "w1 caught by snat*es ( an h\r or two at a tide1 am\nt$ to no m ?an ?irte5 & a half days' "w ( t5 h\rs ea*4 ,9 #ahjh ! f\ndation-pit 0 excavat$ 9 ! solid rock1 & ! build+ 0 br\ght up to ! level ( ! surr\nd+ surface1 ! aggregate "t ( l[-wat] "w am\nt+ to tw5ty-two days ( t5 h\rs1 s t little m ?an a mon?'s "w 0 obta9$ dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s4 ,9 #ahji ! b>rack = ! workm5 0 complet$1 & ! build+ ( ! t[] br\ght to ! height ( sev5te5 feet above high wat] ( spr+-tides4 ,9 #ahaj ! masonry ( ! t[] 0 f9i%$ & ! lant]n erect$ 9 its place1 & ! light 0 exhibit$ on #a/ ,febru>y #ahaa4 ,! light is ( ! description kn[n z revolv+ r$ & :ite1 & h5ce ,sir ,walt] ,scott's 8gem ( *angeful light0 7see page #dg74 ,^! we>y ye>s ( toil & p]il 7 also ye>s ( great pr(essional responsibility = ! ,eng9e]1 & ( con/ant anxiety = ! safety ( 8 devot$ b& ( associates1 includ+ %ipma/]s1 l&+-ma/]s1 =em51 & workm51 9 all ( :om ,mr4 ,/ev5son took a cordial & ev] fri5dly int]e/1 & 9 :om he inv>iably plac$ implicit confid5ce :5 he f\nd t _! sev]al duties 7 fai?fully dis*>g$4 ,to =m /rong atta*m5ts to tru/wor?y fell[-workm5 0 ev] a m>k$ feature 9 my fa!r's "*1 & aft] a lapse ( ne>ly half a c5tury _m :o jo9$ 9 8 lab\rs at ! ,bell ,rock 7 /ill associat$ ) him 9 ! bus9ess ( 8 (fice1 or z ,inspectors ( works4 ,8 daily *e]ful p>ticipation 9 all ! toils & haz>ds :i* 71 = two seasons1 endur$ 9 ! float+ light%ip1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! timb] h\se or b>rack1 ov] :i* ! waves broke ) v great =ce1 & caus$ a mo/ al>m+ twi/+ movem5t ( its ma9 supports1 7 pro(s n m]ely ( calm & endur+ c\rage1 b ( great self-d5ial & en?usia/ic devotion to 8 call+4 ,on "s occasions 8 =titude & pres5ce ( m9d 7 mo/ sev]ely tri$1 & well !y /ood ! te/4 ,! record ( ?is great "w is1 z ,i h already said1 fully giv5 9 ! 8,acc\nt ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se10 to :i* ,i mu/ ref] pr(essional read]s2 b z ?is volume is out ( pr9t1 & is n easily accessible1 ,i %all give a few extracts f x1 :i* ,i feel sure w be read ) deep int]e/1 & convey to ! read] at lea/ "s idea ( ! difficulties ) :i* ?is und]tak+ 0 beset3-- 8,soon aft] ! artific]s l&$ on ! rock !y comm5c$ "w2 b ! w9d com+ to bl[ h>d1 ! ,smeaton's#d boat & crew1 :o _h br\ght _! complem5t ( eight m5 to ! rock1 w5t (f to exam9e h] rid+-ropes1 & see t !y 7 9 prop] ord]4 ,! boat _h no soon] rea*$ ! vessel ?an %e w5t adrift1 c>ry+ ! boat along ) h]2 & bo? _h ev5 got to a consid]able di/ance be=e ?is situation ( ?+s 0 obs]v$1 e "o be+ s int5t ^u 8 own p>ticul> duty t ! boat _h n be5 se5 leav+ ! rock4 ,z x blew h>d1 ! crew1 ) mu* difficulty1 set ! ma9sail ^u ! ,smeaton1 ) a view to "w h] up to ! buoy1 & aga9 lay hold ( ! moor+s4 ,by ! "t t %e 0 got r\nd to make a tack t[>ds ! rock1 %e _h drift$ at lea/ ?ree miles to leew>d1 ) ! praam boat a/]n2 & hav+ bo? ! w9d & tide aga9/ h]1 ! writ] p]ceiv$1 ) no little anxiety1 t %e c\ld n possibly return to ! rock till long aft] its be+ ov]fl[$2 =1 ow+ to ! anomaly ( ! tides1 =m]ly notic$1 ! ,bell ,rock is completely "u wat] be=e ! ebb abates to ! (f+4 8,9 ?is p]il\s pr$icam5t1 inde$1 he f\nd himself plac$ betwe5 hope & despair2 b c]ta9ly ! latt] 0 by mu* ! mo/ pr$om9ant feel+ ( 8 m9d1--situate ^u a sunk5 rock1 9 ! middle ( ! ocean1 :i*1 9 ! progress ( ! flood-tide1 0 to be laid "u wat] to ! dep? ( at lea/ twelve feet 9 a /ormy sea4 ,!re 7 ?is morn+ 9 all ?irty-two p]sons on ! rock1 ) only two boats1 ^: complem5t1 ev5 9 good wea!r1 did n exce$ tw5ty-f\r sitt]s2 b to r[ to ! float+ light ) s mu* w9d1 & 9 s heavy a sea1 a complem5t ( eight m5 = ea* boat 0 z mu* z c\ld ) propriety be attempt$1 s t 9 ?is way ab\t "o-half ( our numb] 0 unprovid$ =4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 _h ! writ] v5tur$ to despat* "o ( ! boats1 9 expectation ( ei!r work+ ! ,smeaton soon] up t[>ds ! rock1 or 9 hopes ( gett+ h] boat br\ght to our assi/ance1 ?is mu/ h giv5 an imm$iate al>m to ! artific]s1 ea* ( :om w\ld h insi/$ ^u tak+ to 8 own boat1 & leav+ ! eight artific]s belong+ to ! ,smeaton to _! *ance4 ,( c\rse1 a scuffle might h ensu$1 & x is h>d to say1 9 ! ard\r ( m5 cont5d+ = life1 :]e x might h end$4 ,x has ev5 be5 h9t$ to ! writ] t a p>ty ( ! pickm5 7 det]m9$ to keep exclusively to _! own boat aga9/ all haz>ds4 8,! un=tunate circum/ance ( ! ,smeaton & h] boat hav+ drift$ 01 = a consid]able "t1 only kn[n to ! writ]1 & to ! l&+-ma/]1 :o remov$ to ! fur!r po9t ( ! rock1 :]e he kept 8 eye /eadily ^u ! progress ( ! vessel4 ,:ile ! artific]s 7 at "w1 *iefly 9 sitt+ or kneel+ po/ures1 excavat+ ! rock1 or bor+ ) ! jump]s1 & :ile _! num]\s hamm]s1 & ! s\nd ( ! smi?'s anvil1 cont9u$1 ! situation ( ?+s did n appe> s awful4 ,9 ?is /ate ( susp5se1 ) almo/ c]ta9 de/ruction at h&1 ! wat] began to rise ^u ^? :o 7 at "w on ! l[] p>ts ( ! sites ( ! beacon & ligh?\se4 ,f ! run ( sea ^u ! rock1 ! =ge-fire 0 also soon] ext+ui%$ ?is morn+ ?an usual1 & ! volumes ( smoke hav+ ceas$1 objects 9 e direction became visible f all p>ts ( ! rock4 ,aft] hav+ _h ab\t ?ree h\rs' "w1 ! m5 began1 pretty g5]ally1 to make t[>ds _! respective boats = _! jackets & /ock+s1 :5 to _! a/oni%m5t1 in/ead ( ?ree !y f\nd only two boats1 ! ?ird be+ adrift ) ! ,smeaton4 ,n a ^w 0 utt]$ by any "o1 b all appe>$ to be sil5tly calculat+ _! numb]s1 & look+ to ea* o!r ) evid5t m>ks ( p]plexity depict$ 9 _! c\nt5ances4 ,! l&+-ma/]1 conceiv+ t blame might be atta*$ to him = all[+ ! boat to leave ! rock1 /ill kept at a di/ance4 ,at ?is critical mom5t ! au?or 0 /&+ ^u an elevat$ "p ( ,smi?'s ,l$ge1 :]e he endeav\r$ to m>k ! progress ( ! ,smeaton1 n a little surpris$ t ! crew did n cut ! praam adrift1 :i* greatly ret>d$ h] way1 & amaz$ t "s ef=t 0 n mak+ to br+ at lea/ ! boat1 & attempt our relief4 ,! workm5 look$ /eadfa/ly ^u ! writ]1 & turn$ occasionally t[>ds ! vessel1 /ill f> to leew>d4 ,all ?is pass$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect sil5ce1 & ! melan*oly solemnity ( ! gr\p made an impression nev] to be effac$ f 8 m9d4 8,! writ] _h all along be5 consid]+ v>i\s s*emes--provid+ ! m5 c\ld be kept "u comm&--:i* might be put 9 practice = ! g5]al safety1 9 hopes t ! ,smeaton might be able to pick up ! boats to leew>d1 :5 !y 7 oblig$ to leave ! rock4 ,he 01 accord+ly1 ab\t to address ! artific]s on ! p]il\s nature ( _! circum/ances1 & to propose t all h&s %\ld un/rip _! upp] clo?+ :5 ! high] p>ts ( ! rock 7 laid "u wat]2 t ! seam5 %\ld remove e unnecess>y weight & encumbrance f ! boats2 t a specifi$ numb] ( m5 %\ld g into ea* boat1 & t ! rema9d] %\ld hang by ! gunwales1 :ile ! boats 7 to be r[$ g5tly t[>ds ! ,smeaton1 z ! c\rse to ! ,ph>os or float+ light lay r to w9dw>d ( ! rock4 ,b :5 he attempt$ to speak1 8 m\? 0 s p>*$ t 8 tongue refus$ utt]ance1 & he n[ le>n$ by exp]i5ce t ! saliva is z necess>y z ! tongue itself = spee*4 ,he !n turn$ to "o ( ! pools on ! rock & lapp$ a little wat]1 :i* produc$ an imm$iate relief4 ,b :at 0 8 happ9ess :51 on ris+ f ?is unpleasant bev]age1 "s "o call$ out #8,a boat6 a boat6' & on look+ ar\nd1 at no great di/ance1 a l>ge boat 0 se5 ?r\gh ! haze mak+ t[>ds ! rock4 ,?is at once enliv5$ & rejoic$ e he>t4 ,! time\s visitor prov$ to be ,james ,sp9k1 ! ,bell ,rock pilot1 :o _h come express f ,arbroa? ) lett]s4 ,sp9k _h = "s "t se5 ! ,smeaton1 & _h ev5 suppos$1 f ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 t all h&s 7 on bo>d ( h]1 till he approa*$ m ne>ly & obs]v$ p ^u ! rock4 ,^u ?is =tunate *ange ( circum/ances sixte5 ( ! artific]s 7 s5t at two trips 9 "o ( ! boats1 ) in/ructions = ,sp9k to proce$ ) !m to ! float+ light4#e ,?is be+ accompli%$1 ! rema9+ sixte5 foll[$ 9 ! two boats belong+ to ! s]vice ( ! rock4 ,e "o felt ! mo/ p]fect happ9ess at leav+ ! ,bell ,rock ?is morn+1 ?\gh a v h>d & ev5 dang]\s passage to ! float+ light /ill await$ u1 z ! w9d by ?is "t _h increas$ to a pretty h>d gale1 accompani$ ) a consid]able swell ( sea4 ,! boats left ! rock ab\t n9e1 b did n rea* ! vessel till twelve o'clock noon1 aft] a mo/ disagreeable & fatigu+ passage ( ?ree h\rs4 ,e "o 0 z completely dr5*$ 9 wat] z if he _h be5 dragg$ a/]n ( ! boats40 ,aft] ?is accid5t difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ ! m5 to turn out next morn+1 z relat$ 9 ! foll[+ extract3-- 8,! bell rung ?is morn+ at five o'clock1 b ! writ] mu/ ackn[l$ge1 f ! circum/ances ( ye/]day1 t its s\nd 0 extremely unwelcome4 ,?is appe>s also to h be5 ! feel+ ( ! artific]s1 = :5 !y came to be mu/]$1 out ( tw5ty-six1 only eight1 besides ! =eman & seam51 appe>$ ^u deck1 to accompany ! writ] to ! rock4 ,su* are ! baneful effects ( any?+ l mis=tune or accid5t connect$ ) a "w ( ?is description4 ,! use ( argum5t to p]suade ! m5 to emb>k1 9 cases ( ?is k9d1 w\ld h be5 out ( place1 z x is n only discom=t1 or ev5 ! risk ( ! loss ( a limb1 b life itself1 t becomes ! "q4 ,! boats1 not)/&+ ! ?9ness ( our ranks1 left ! vessel at half-pa/ five4 ,! r\gh wea!r ( ye/]day hav+ prov$ b a summ]'s gale1 ! w9d came to-day 9 g5tle breezes1 yet ! atmosph]e be+ cl\dy1 x _h n a v fav\rable appe>ance4 ,! boats rea*$ ! rock at six ,a4,m41 & ! eight artific]s :o l&$ 7 employ$ 9 cle>+ out ! bat-holes = ! beacon-h\se1 & _h a prosp]\s tide ( f\r h\rs' "w1 be+ ! longe/ yet exp]i5c$ by half an h\r4 8,! boats left ! rock aga9 at t5 o'clock1 & ! wea!r hav+ cle>$ up1 z we drew ne> ! vessel1 ! eighte5 artific]s :o rema9$ on bo>d 7 obs]v$ ^u deck1 b z ! boats approa*$ !y s\ght _! way bel[1 be+ q a%am$ ( _! conduct4 ,?is 0 ! only in/ance ( refusal to g to ! rock :i* occurr$ dur+ ! :ole progress ( ! "w40 ,! /ate ( suff]+ & discom=t1 z well z dang]1 on bo>d ! float+ light1 :i* lay moor$ (f ! rock dur+ ! fir/ two seasons ( ! "w1 be=e ! timb] beacon 0 us$ z a habitation1 is describ$1 9 ! foll[+ passage1 :i* pres5ts a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! cont9ual anxiety t mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! m9ds ( ^? engag$ 9 ! "w1 & ( ! frequ5t calls = en]getic & c\rage\s ex]tion3-- 8,al?\gh ! wea!r w\ld h admitt$ ( a l&+ ?is ev5+1 yet ! swell ( ! sea1 obs]vable 9 ! morn+1 /ill cont9u$ to increase4 ,x 0 s f> =tunate t a l&+ 0 n attempt$1 = at eight o'clock ! w9d %ift$ to ,e4,s4,e41 & at t5 x _h become a h>d gale1 :5 fifty fa?oms ( ! float+-light's hemp5 cable 7 ve]$ out4 ,! gale /ill increas+1 ! %ip roll$ & lab\r$ excessively1 & at midnight eighty fa?oms ( cable 7 ve]$ out2 :ile ! sea cont9u$ to /rike ! vessel ) a degree ( =ce :i* _h n be=e be5 exp]i5c$4 8,dur+ ! la/ night !re 0 little re/ on bo>d ( ! ,ph>os1 & daylight1 ?\gh anxi\sly wi%$ =1 br\ght no relief1 z ! gale cont9u$ ) unabat$ viol5ce4 ,! sea /ruck s h>d ^u ! vessel's b[s t x rose 9 great quantities1 or 9 #8gre5 seas' z ! sailors t]m$ x1 :i* 7 c>ri$ by ! w9d z f> aft z ! qu>t]-deck1 & n unfrequ5tly ov] ! /]n ( ! %ip altoge!r4 ,x fell occasionally s heavily on ! skylight ( ! writ]'s cab91 ?\gh s f> aft z to be )9 five feet ( ! helm1 t ! glass 0 brok5 to pieces be=e ! dead-light c\ld be got into its place1 s t ! wat] p\r$ d[n 9 great quantities4 ,9 %utt+ out ! wat]1 ! admission ( light 0 prev5t$1 & 9 ! morn+ all cont9u$ 9 ! mo/ com=tless /ate ( d>kness4 ,ab\t t5 o'clock ,a4,m4 ! w9d %ift$ to ,n4,e41 & blew1 if possible1 h>d] ?an be=e1 & x 0 accompani$ by a mu* heavi] swell ( sea2 :5 x 0 judg$ advisable to give ! %ip m cable4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! gale ! "p ( ! cable 9 ! hause-hole _h be5 s (t5 %ift$ t ne>ly ! :ole l5g? ( "o ( h] hemp5 cables1 ( #abj fa?oms1 _h be5 ve]$ out besides ! *a9-moor+s4 ,! cable1 = its pres]vation1 0 also c>efully 8s]v$0 or wattl$ ) pieces ( canvas r\nd ! w9dlass1 & ) lea!r well greas$ 9 ! hause-hole4 ,9 ?is /ate ?+s rema9$ dur+ ! :ole day1--e sea :i* /ruck ! vessel--& ! seas foll[$ ea* o!r 9 close succession--caus+ h] to %ake1 & all on bo>d occasionally to tremble4 ,at ea* ( ^! /rokes ( ! sea ! roll+ & pit*+ ( ! vessel ceas$ = a "t1 & h] motion 0 felt z if %e _h ei!r broke adrift be=e ! w9d1 or 7 9 ! act ( s9k+2 b :5 ano!r sea came1 %e rang$ up aga9/ x ) great =ce1 & ?is became ! regul> intimation ( our be+ /ill rid+ at an*or4 8,ab\t elev5 o'clock1 ! writ]1 ) "s difficulty1 got out ( b$1 b1 9 attempt+ to dress1 he 0 ?r[n twice ^u ! floor1 at ! opposite side ( ! cab94 ,9 an undress$ /ate he made %ift to get ab\t half-way up ! companion-/airs1 ) an int5tion to obs]ve ! /ate ( ! sea & ( ! %ip ^u deck1 b he no soon] look$ ov] ! companion ?an a heavy sea /ruck ! vessel1 :i* fell on ! qu>t]-deck1 & ru%$ d[n-/airs into ! (fic]'s cab91 9 s consid]able a quantity t x 0 f\nd necess>y to lift "o ( ! scuttles 9 ! floor to let ! wat] into ! limb]s ( ! %ip1 z x da%$ f side to side 9 su* a mann] z to run into ! l[] ti] ( b$s4 ,hav+ be5 foil$ 9 ?is attempt1 & be+ completely wett$1 he aga9 got bel[ & w5t to b$4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ! wea!r ! seam5 _h to move ab\t ! necess>y or indisp5sable duties ( ! %ip1 ) ! mo/ cauti\s use bo? ( h&s & feet1 :ile x requir$ all ! art ( ! l&sman to keep )9 ! prec9cts ( 8 b$4 ,! writ] ev5 f\nd himself s mu* toss$ ab\t t x became necess>y1 9 "s measure1 to %ut himself 9 b$1 9 ord] to avoid be+ ?r[n to ! floor4 ,inde$1 su* 0 ! motion ( ! %ip1 t x seem$ :olly impracticable to rema9 9 any o!r ?an a ly+ po/ure4 ,on deck ! mo/ /ormy aspect pres5t$ itself1 :ile bel[ all 0 wet & com=tless4 8,ab\t two o'clock ,p4,m4 a great al>m 0 giv5 ?r\gh\t ! %ip1 f ! effects ( a v heavy sea :i* /ruck h]1 & almo/ fill$ ! wai/1 p\r+ d[n into ! b]?s bel[1 ?r\gh e *9k & crevice ( ! hat*es & skylights4 ,f ! motion ( ! vessel be+ ?us sudd5ly dead5$ or *eck$1 & f ! fl[+ 9 ( ! wat] above1 x is believ$ !re 0 n an individual on bo>d :o did n ?9k1 at ! mom5t1 t ! vessel _h f\nd]$ & 0 9 ! act ( s9k+4 ,! writ] c\ld )/& ?is no long]1 & z soon z %e aga9 began to range to ! sea1 he det]m9$ to make ano!r ef=t to get ^u deck4 8,x be+ impossible to op5 any ( ! hat*es 9 ! =e "p ( ! %ip 9 communicat+ ) ! deck1 ! wat* 0 *ang$ by pass+ ?r\gh ! sev]al b]?s to ! companion-/air lead+ to ! qu>t]-deck4 ,! writ]1 !re=e1 made ! be/ ( 8 way aft1 & on a second attempt to look out1 he succe$$1 & saw inde$ an a/oni%+ sight4 ,! seas or waves appe>$ to be t5 or fifte5 feet 9 height ( unbrok5 wat]1 & e approa*+ bill[ seem$ z if x w\ld ov]:elm our vessel1 b %e cont9u$ to rise ^u ! waves1 & to fall betwe5 ! seas 9 a v wond]ful mann]4 ,x seem$ to be only ^? seas :i* caught h] 9 ! act ( ris+ :i* /ruck h] ) s mu* viol5ce1 & ?rew su* quantities ( wat] aft4 ,on deck !re 0 only "o solit>y individual look+ out1 to give ! al>m 9 ! ev5t ( ! %ip break+ f h] moor+s4 ,! seaman on wat* cont9u$ only two h\rs2 he _h no greatcoat nor ov]all ( any k9d1 b 0 simply dress$ 9 8 ord9>y jacket & tr\s]s2 8 hat 0 ti$ "u 8 *9 ) a napk91 & he /ood aft ! =ema/1 to :i* he _h la%$ himself ) a gasket or small rope r\nd 8 wai/1 to prev5t 8 fall+ ^u deck or be+ wa%$ ov]bo>d4 ,^u deck ev]y?+ t 0 moveable 0 out ( sight1 hav+ ei!r be5 /[$ bel[ previ\s to ! gale1 or be5 wa%$ ov]bo>d4 ,"s trifl+ p>ts ( ! qu>t]-bo>ds 7 damag$ by ! brea* ( ! sea1 & "o ( ! boats ^u deck 0 ab\t "o-?ird full ( wat]1 ! oyle-hole or dra9 hav+ be5 accid5tally /opp$ up1 & "p ( ! gunwale _h receiv$ consid]able injury4 ,al?\gh ! previ\s night _h be5 a v re/less "o1 x _h n ! effect ( induc+ sleep 9 ! writ]'s b]? on ! succe$+ "o2 = hav+ be5 s mu* toss$ ab\t 9 b$ dur+ ! la/ ?irty h\rs1 he f\nd no easy spot to turn to1 & 8 body 0 all sore to ! t\*1 :i* ill accord$ ) ! unyield+ mat]ials ) :i* 8 b$-place 0 surr\nd$4 8,?is morn+ ab\t eight o'clock ! writ] 0 agreeably surpris$ to see ! scuttle ( 8 cab9 skylight remov$1 & ! bright rays ( ! sun admitt$4 ,al?\gh ! %ip cont9u$ to roll excessively1 & ! sea 0 /ill runn+ v high1 yet ! ord9>y bus9ess on bo>d seem$ to be go+ =w>d on deck4 ,x 0 impossible to /eady a telescope s z to look m9utely at ! progress ( ! waves1 & trace _! brea* ^u ! ,bell ,rock1 b ! height to :i* ! cross-runn+ waves rose 9 sprays1 :5 !y met ea* o!r1 0 truly gr&1 & ! cont9u$ ro> & noise ( ! sea 0 v p]ceptible to ! e>4 ,to e/imate ! height ( ! sprays at =ty or fifty feet w\ld surely be )9 ! m>k4 ,^? ( ! workm5 :o 7 n mu* afflict$ ) sea-sickness came ^u deck1 & ! wetness bel[ be+ dri$ up1 ! cab9s 7 aga9 br\ght into a habitable /ate4 ,e "o seem$ to meet z if aft] a long abs5ce1 congratulat+ 8 neighb\r ^u ! return ( good wea!r4 ,little c\ld be said z to ! com=t ( ! vessel2 b aft] rid+ out su* a gale1 no "o felt ! lea/ d\bt or hesitation z to ! safety & good condition ( h] moor+s4 ,! ma/] & mate 7 extremely anxi\s1 h[ev]1 to heave 9 ! hemp5 cable1 & see ! /ate ( ! cl9* or iron r+ ( ! *a9 cable4 ,b ! vessel roll$ at su* a rate t ! seam5 c\ld n possibly keep _! feet at ! w9dlass1 nor "w ! h&spokes1 ?\gh x _h be5 sev]al times attempt$ s9ce ! gale took (f4 8,ab\t twelve noon1 h[ev]1 ! vessel's motion 0 obs]v$ to be consid]ably less1 & ! sailors 7 enabl$ to walk ^u deck ) "s degree ( fre$om4 ,b to ! a/oni%m5t ( e "o x 0 soon discov]$ t ! float+ light 0 adrift6 ,! w9dlass 0 in/antly mann$1 & ! m5 soon gave out t !re 0 no /ra9 ^u ! cable4 ,! mizz5-sail1 :i* 0 b5t = ! occasional purpose ( mak+ ! vessel ride m easily to ! tide1 0 imm$iately set1 & ! o!r sails 7 also hoi/$ 9 a %ort "t1 :51 9 no small con/]nation1 we bore away ab\t "o mile to ! s\?-we/w>d ( ! =m] /ation1 & !re let g ! be/ b[]-an*or & cable1 9 tw5ty fa?oms wat]1 to ride until ! swell ( ! sea %\ld fall1 :5 x might be practicable to grapple = ! moor+s1 & f9d a bett] an*orage = ! %ip4 8,z soon z ! deck c\ld be cle>$ ! cable end 0 hove up1 :i* _h p>t$ at ! di/ance ( ab\t fifty fa?oms f ! *a9 moor+s4 ,on exam9+ ! cable1 x 0 f\nd to be consid]ably *af$1 b :]e ! sep>ation took place1 x appe>$ to be worn ?r\gh1 or cut %ortly (f4 ,h[ to acc\nt = ?is w\ld be difficult1 z ! gr\nd1 ?\gh r\gh & gravelly1 did n1 aft] mu* s\nd+1 appe> to conta9 any irregul> p>ts4 ,x 0 !re=e conjectur$ t ! cable mu/ h hook$ "s piece ( wreck1 z x did n appe> f ! /ate ( ! w9d & tide t ! vessel c\ld h f\l$ h] an*or :5 %e ve]$ r\nd ) ! w9d1 :i* _h %ift$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! night f ,n4,e4 to ,n4,n4,w4 8,be ?is z x may1 x 0 a circum/ance q out ( ! p[] ( man to prev5t1 z1 until ! %ip drift$1 x 0 f\nd impossible to heave up ! cable4 ,b :at ought to h be5 ! feel+ ( ?ankfulness to t ,provid5ce :i* regulates & appo9ts ! lot ( man1 :5 x is consid]$ t if ?is accid5t _h happ5$ dur+ ! /orm1 or 9 ! night aft] ! w9d _h %ift$1 ! float+ light mu/ inevitably h gone a%ore ^u ! ,bell ,rock4 ,9 %ort1 x is h>dly possible to conceive any case m awfully di/ress+ ?an our situation w\ld h be51 or "o m disa/r\s to ! important und]tak+ 9 :i* we 7 engag$40 ,! di/ance at :i* ! float+ light 0 moor$ f ! rock 0 ab\t ?ree miles1 & ! passage ( ! m5 to & f _! "w1 & bo>d+ ! vessel 9 r\gh wea!r1 0 a s\rce ( great anxiety & dang]1 & is describ$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs3-- 8,:5 ! tide-bell rung on bo>d ! float+ light1 ! boats 7 hoi/$ out1 & two active seam5 7 employ$ to keep !m f receiv+ damage alongside4 ,! float+ light be+ v buoyant1 0 s quick 9 h] motions1 t :5 ^? :o 7 ab\t to /ep f h] gunwale into a boat1 plac$ !mselves ^u a 8cleat0 or /ep on ! %ip's side ) ! man or rail-ropes 9 _! h&s1 !y _h (t5 to wait = "s "t till a fav\rable opportunity occurr$ = /epp+ into ! boat4 ,:ile 9 ?is situation1 ) ! vessel roll+ f side to side1 wat*+ ! prop] "t = lett+ g ! man-ropes1 x requir$ ! greate/ dext]ity & pres5ce ( m9d to leap into ! boat4 ,"o :o 0 r awkw>d w\ld (t5 wait a consid]able p]iod 9 ?is position3 at "o "t 8 side ( ! %ip w\ld be s depress$ t he w\ld t\* ! boat to :i* he belong$1 :ile ! next sea w\ld elevate him s mu* t he w\ld see 8 comrades 9 ! boat on ! opposite side ( ! %ip1 8 fri5ds 9 ! "o boat call+ to him to #8jump1' :ile ^? 9 ! boat on ! o!r side1 z he came aga9 & aga9 into _! view1 w\ld jocosely say--#8,are y !re yet8 ,y seem to enjoy a sw+4' ,9 ?is situation x 0 common to see a p]son ^u ea* side ( ! %ip = a l5g? ( "t1 wait+ to quit 8 hold4 ,a /rang] to ?is sort ( motion 0 bo? al>m$ = ! safety1 & delight$ ) ! agility1 ( p]sons leap+ into ! boat "u ^? p]il\s circum/ances4 ,no soon] _h "o quitt$ 8 /ation on ! gunwale ?an ano!r occupi$ 8 place1 until ! :ole 7 safely %ipp$40 ,on _! return trips f ! rock to ! float+ light1 ! m5 _h a no less haz>d\s & try+ ordeal to und]go1 = ,mr4 ,/ev5son records ! foll[+ z an example ( ! risks to :i* !y 7 expos$3-- 8,j z we 7 ab\t to leave ! rock1 ! w9d %ift$ to ! ,s4,w41 & f a fre% gale x became :at seam5 t]m a h>d gale1 or su* z w\ld h requir$ ! fi%]man to take 9 two or ?ree reefs 9 8 sail4 ,! boats be+ r 9 a cr[d$ /ate = ?is sort ( wea!r1 !y 7 pull$ ) difficulty t[>ds ! float+ light4 ,?\gh ! boats 7 h&somely built1 & pres5t$ little ob/ruction to ! w9d1 z ^? :o 7 n pull+ sat l[1 yet hav+ ! ebb-tide to cont5d ) ! passage 0 s v t$i\s t x requir$ two h\rs ( h>d "w be=e we rea*$ ! vessel4 8,x is a curi\s fact1 t ! respective tides ( ebb & flood are app>5t ^u ! %ore ab\t an h\r & a half soon] ?an at ! di/ance ( ?ree or f\r miles 9 ! (f+4 ,b :at seems *iefly int]e/+ "h is1 t ! tides ar\nd ?is small sunk5 rock %\ld foll[ exactly ! same laws z on ! ext5sive %ores ( ! ma9l&4 ,:5 ! boats left ! ,bell ,rock to-day1 x 0 ov]fl[$ by ! flood-tide1 b ! float+ light did n sw+ r\nd to ! flood-tide = m ?an an h\r aft]w>ds4 ,"u ?is disadvantage ! boats _h to /ruggle ) ! ebb-tide & a h>d gale ( w9d1 s t x 0 ) ! greate/ difficulty !y rea*$ ! float+ light4 ,_h ?is gale happ5$ 9 spr+-tides1 :5 ! curr5t 0 /rong1 we mu/ h be5 driv5 to sea 9 a v helpless condition4 8,! boat :i* ! writ] /e]$ 0 consid]ably beh9d ! o!r1 "o ( ! masons hav+ unluckily brok5 8 o>4 ,our prospect ( gett+ on bo>d1 ( c\rse1 became d\btful1 & our situation 0 r p]il\s1 z ! boat %ipp$ s mu* sea t x occupi$ two ( ! artific]s to bale & cle> h] ( wat]4 ,:5 ! o> gave way we 7 ab\t half-a-mile f ! %ip1 b1 be+ =tunately to w9dw>d1 we got into ! wake ( ! float+ light at ab\t #bej fa?oms a/]n1 j z ! l&+-ma/]'s boat rea*$ ! vessel4 ,he imm$iately /ream$ or float$ a life-buoy a/]n1 ) a l9e :i* 0 9 read9ess1 & by means ( ?is useful implem5t1 ! boat 0 t[$ alongside ( ! float+ light1 :]e1 f ! roll+ motion1 x requir$ no small managem5t to get safely on bo>d1 z ! m5 7 mu* worn out ) _! ex]tions 9 pull+ f ! rock4 ,on ! pres5t occasion1 ! crews ( bo? boats 7 completely dr5*$ ) spray1 & ^? :o sat ^u ! bottom ( ! boats to bale !m 7 sometimes pretty deep 9 ! wat]1 be=e x c\ld be cle>$ out4 ,aft] gett+ on bo>d1 all h&s 7 all[$ an extra dram1 & hav+ %ift$1 & got a w>m & com=table d9n]1 ! affair1 x is believ$1 0 little m ?\ght (40 ,an int]e/+ incid5t1 %[+ ! con/ant anxiety ( ! *ief = 8 m51 is giv5 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- 8,! boats left ! %ip at a qu>t] be=e six ?is morn+1 & l&$ ^u ! rock at sev54 ,! wat] _h gone (f ! rock soon] ?an 0 expect$1 = z yet ! seam5 7 b imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) its p]iodic appe>ance1 & ! l&+-ma/] be+ r late ) 8 signal ?is morn+1 ! artific]s 7 enabl$ to proce$ to "w )\t a mom5t's delay4 ,! boat :i* ! writ] /e]$ happ5$ to be ! la/ :i* approa*$ ! rock at ?is tide2 &1 9 /&+ up 9 ! /]n1 :ile at "s di/ance1 to see h[ ! lead+ boat ent]$ ! creek1 he 0 a/oni%$ to obs]ve some?+ 9 ! =m ( a human figure 9 a recl9+ po/ure ^u "o ( ! l$ges ( ! rock4 ,he imm$iately /e]$ ! boat ?r\gh a n>r[ entrance to ! ea/]n h>b\r1 ) a ?\s& unpleasant s5sations 9 8 m9d4 ,he ?\ght a vessel or boat mu/ h be5 wreck$ ^u ! rock dur+ ! night2 & x seem$ probable t ! rock might be /rew$ ) dead bodies--a spectacle :i* c\ld n fail to det] ! artific]s f return+ s freely to _! "w4 ,ev5 "o individual f\nd 9 ?is situation w\ld naturally ca/ a damp ^u _! m9ds1 &1 at all ev5ts1 make !m mu* m timid 9 _! future op]ations4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^? rev]ies1 ! boat took ! gr\nd at an improp] l&+-place2 b1 )\t wait+ to pu% h] (f1 he leapt ^u ! rock1 & mak+ 8 way ha/ily to ! spot :i* _h privately giv5 him al>m1 he _h ! satisfaction to asc]ta9 t he _h only be5 deceiv$ by ! peculi> situation & aspect ( ! smi?'s anvil & block1 :i* v completely repres5t$ ! appe>ance ( a lifeless body ^u ! rock4 ,! writ] c>efully suppress$ 8 feel+s1 ! simple m5tion ( :i* might h _h a bad effect ^u ! artific]s1 & 8 ha/e pass$ = an anxiety to exam9e ! app>atus ( ! smi?'s =ge1 left 9 an unf9i%$ /ate at ! ev5+ tide40 ,9 ! foll[+ words ,mr4 ,/ev5son expla9s 8 resolution to reg>d ! op]ations at ! ,bell ,rock z a "w ( m]cy1 & to cont9ue !m1 :5 wea!r p]mitt$1 ?r\gh\t all ! sev5 days ( ! week3-- 8,to "s x may require an apology1 or at lea/ call = an explanation1 :y ! writ] took ^u himself to /ep aside f ! e/abli%$ rules ( society by c>ry+ on ! works ( ?is und]tak+ dur+ ,sundays4 ,su* practices are n uncommon 9 ! docky>ds & ars5als1 :5 x is conceiv$ t ! public s]vice requires extraord9>y ex]tions4 ,surely if1 "u any circum/ances1 x is all[able to g ab\t ! ord9>y lab\rs ( mank9d on ,sundays1 t ( ! erection ( a ligh?\se ^u ! ,bell ,rock seems to be "o ( ! mo/ press+ calls :i* c\ld 9 any case occur1 & c>ries along ) x ! imp]i\s language ( necessity4 ,:5 we take into consid]ation t1 9 its effects1 ?is "w 0 to op]ate 9 a direct mann] = ! safety ( _m valuable lives & mu* prop]ty1 ! beautiful & simple p>ables ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 inculcat+ works ( necessity & m]cy1 mu/ pres5t !mselves to e m9d unbiass$ by ! trammels ( =m or ! influ5ce ( a di/ort$ imag9ation4 ,9 ?is p]il\s "w1 to give up e sev5? day w\ld j h be5 to protract ! "t a sev5? "p4 ,n[1 z x 0 g5]ally suppos$1 aft] tak+ all advantages into view1 t ! "w w\ld probably require sev5 ye>s = its execution1 su* an arrangem5t mu/ h ext5d$ ! op]ation to at lea/ eight ye>s1 & h expos$ x to additional risk & dang] 9 all its /ages4 ,! writ]1 !re=e1 felt little scruple 9 cont9u+ ! ,bell ,rock works 9 all fav\rable /ates ( ! wea!r40 ,he h[ev] conduct$ a regul> ,sunday s]vice1 z notic$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph3-- 8,hav+1 on ! previ\s ev5+1 arrang$ matt]s ) ! l&+-ma/] z to ! bus9ess ( ! day1 ! signal 0 rung = all h&s at half-pa/ sev5 ?is morn+4 ,9 ! e>ly /ate ( ! spr+-tides1 ! artific]s w5t to ! rock be=e breakfa/1 b z ! tides fell lat] 9 ! day1 x became necess>y to take ?is meal be=e leav+ ! %ip4 ,at eight o'clock all h&s 7 assembl$ on ! qu>t]-deck = pray]s1 a solemnity :i* 0 gone ?r\gh 9 z ord]ly a mann] z circum/ances w\ld admit4 ,r\nd ! qu>t]-deck1 :5 ! wea!r p]mitt$1 ! flags ( ! %ip 7 hung up z an awn+ or scre51 =m+ ! qu>t]-deck into a di/9ct comp>tm5t ) col\rs2 ! p5dant 0 also hoi/$ at ! ma9-ma/1 & a l>ge ensign flag 0 display$ ov] ! /]n2 &1 la/ly1 ! %ip's companion1 or top ( ! /aircase1 0 cov]$ ) ! flag prop] ( ! ,ligh?\se ,s]vice1 on :i* ! ,bible 0 laid4 ,a p>ticul> toll ( ! bell call$ all h&s to ! qu>t]-deck1 :5 ! writ] read a *apt] ( ! ,bible1 &1 ! :ole %ip's company be+ uncov]$1 he also read ! impressive pray] compos$ by ! ,rev]5d ,dr4 ,brunton1 "o ( ! m9i/]s ( ,ed9burgh40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,! ,beacon or ,b>rack4 ,s soon z a b>rack ( timb]-"w c\ld be erect$ on ! rock z a sub/itute = ! float+ light1 x 0 inhabit$ by ,mr4 ,/ev5son & tw5ty-eight m54 ,?is b>rack 0 a s+ul> habitation1 p]*$ on a /rong framework ( timb]1 c>efully design$ ) a view to /r5g?1 & no less c>efully put toge!r 9 its place1 & fix$ to ! rock ) e appliance necess>y to secure /ability4 ,! tide rose sixte5 feet on x 9 calm wea!r1 & 9 heavy seas x 0 expos$ to ! assault ( e wave4 ,( ! p]ils & discom=ts ( su* a habitation ! foll[+ passages give a lively picture3-- 8,?is sc5e0 7! sublime appe>ance ( ! waves7 8he greatly enjoy$ :ile sitt+ at 8 w9d[4 ,ea* wave approa*$ ! ,beacon l a va/ scroll unfold+1 & 9 pass+ dis*>g$ a quantity ( air :i* he n only di/9ctly felt1 b 0 ev5 suffici5t to lift ! leaves ( a book :i* lay be=e him4444 8,! gale cont9ues ) unabat$ viol5ce to-day1 & ! sprays rise to a /ill great] height1 hav+ be5 c>ri$ ov] ! masonry ( ! build+1 or ab\t #ij feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,at f\r o'clock ?is morn+ x 0 break+ into ! cook's b]? 7on ! ,beacon71 :5 he rang ! al>m-bell1 & all h&s turn$ out to att5d to _! p]sonal safety4 ,! floor ( ! smi?'s or mort> gall]y 0 n[ completely bur/ up by ! =ce ( ! sea1 :5 ! :ole ( ! deals & ! rema9+ articles ^u ! floor 7 swept away1 su* z ! ca/-iron mort>-tubs1 ! iron he>? ( ! =ge1 ! smi?'s bell[s1 & ev5 8 anvil1 7 ?r[n d[n ^u ! rock4 ,! bo>d+ ( ! cook-h\se1 or /ory above ! smi?'s gall]y1 0 also p>tly c>ri$ away1 & ! brick & pla/] "w ( ! fireplace %ak5 & loos5$4 ,x 0 obs]v$ dur+ ?is gale t ! ,beacon-h\se _h a good deal ( tremor1 b none ( t #8twi/+ motion' occasionally felt & compla9$ ( be=e ! additional wood5 /ruts 7 set up = ! security ( ! pr9cipal beams2 b ?is effect _h m especially disappe>$ ev] s9ce ! atta*m5t ( ! great horizontal iron b>s 9 connection ) ^! supports4 ,be=e ! tide rose to its full height to-day1 "s ( ! artific]s pass$ along ! bridge into ! ligh?\se1 to obs]ve ! effects ( ! sea ^u x1 & !y report$ t !y _h felt a slight tremul\s motion 9 ! build+ :5 great seas /ruck x 9 a c]ta9 direction ab\t high-wat] m>k4 ,on ?is occasion ! sprays 7 aga9 obs]v$ to wet ! balcony1 & ev5 to come ov] ! p>apet wall into ! int]ior ( ! light-room4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ! wea!r1 ,capta9 ,wilson & ! crew ( ! #8,float+ ,light' 7 mu* al>m$ = ! safety ( ! artific]s ^u ! rock1 especially :5 !y obs]v$ ) a telescope t ! floor ( ! smi?'s gall]y _h be5 c>ri$ away1 & t ! triangul> ca/-iron %e]-crane 0 brok5 d[n4 ,x 0 q impossible1 h[ev]1 to d any?+ = _! relief until ! gale %\ld take (f4444 8,! writ]'s cab9 measur$ n m ?an #d feet #c in*es 9 bread? on ! floor2 & ?\gh1 f ! oblique direction ( ! beams ( ! ,beacon1 x wid5$ t[>ds ! top1 yet x did n admit ( ! full ext5sion ( 8 arms :5 he /ood on ! floor2 :ile its l5g? 0 little m ?an suffici5t = susp5d+ a cot-b$ dur+ ! night1 calculat$ = be+ tric$ up to ! ro( dur+ ! day1 :i* left free room = ! admission ( occasional visitants4 ,8 fold+-table 0 atta*$ ) h+es imm$iately "u ! small w9d[ ( ! ap>tm5t2 & 8 books1 b>omet]1 !rmomet]1 portmanteau1 & two or ?ree camp-/ools1 =m$ ! bulk ( 8 moveables4 ,8 diet be+ pla91 ! p>aph]nalia ( ! table 7 proportionally simple2 ?\gh ev]y?+ _h ! appe>ance ( com=t1 & ev5 ( neatness1 ! walls be+ cov]$ ) gre5 clo?1 =m$ into panels ) r$ tape1 & 8 b$ fe/oon$ ) curta9s ( yell[ cotton /uff4 ,if1 on speculat+ on ! ab/ract wants ( man1 9 su* a /ate ( exclusion1 "o 7 r$uc$ to a s+le book1 ! sacr$ volume1 :e!r consid]$ = ! /rik+ div]sity ( its /ory1 ! morality ( its doctr9e1 or ! important tru?s ( its ,gospel1 w\ld h prov$ by f> ! greate/ treasure40 ,! ,b>rack 0 n remov$ imm$iately on ! completion ( ! t[]1 & on ,mr4 ,/ev5son's fir/ visit to ! rock aft] ! light _h be5 e/abli%$1 x 0 ) feel+s ( emotion t he view$ 8 old qu>t]s4 ,8 ,j\rnal says--8,i w5t up ! trap & ent]$ my own cab9 ) m+l$ ?\ghts ( reflection ^u ! _m anxi\s h\rs ,i _h sp5t )9 ! n>r[ prec9cts ( its little walls1 & "h (f]$ up ?anks to ,god = ! happy t]m9ation ( ?is "w40 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's m]it z ,eng9e] ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se does n re/ 9 8 bold conception (1 & confid5t un%ak5 belief 91 ! possibility ( execut+ a t[] ( masonry on t subm]g$ reef1 or ev5 9 8 p]sonal c\rage & discretion 9 c>ry+ out s difficult a "w1 9 ! face ( s _m dang]s1 :5 he _h nei!r 8/eamboat0 nor 8/eam-crane0 to call to 8 aid4 ,b 8 me*anical skill 9 all ! arrangem5ts ( ! "w 0 pre-em95t 9 br++ 8 lab\rs to a successful issue4 ,n only did he conceive ! plan ( ! moveable jib & balance cranes1 describ$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]--:i* he appli$ ) mu* advantage 9 ! erection ( ! t[]1 & ! =m] ( :i* is n[ 9 univ]sal use1--b 8 inv5tive skill1 ev] alive to ! possibility ( improv+ on ! conceptions ( 8 great ma/]1 ,smeaton1 l$ him to introduce all ^? advantage\s *anges 9 ! arrangem5ts ( ! masonry ( ! t[]1 :i* h be5 already describ$1 z di/+ui%+ x f ! ,eddy/one4 ,! ,commission]s ent]ta9$ a high s5se ( ,/ev5son's s]vices at ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se2 &1 z _m ( !m took a deep int]e/ 9 ! execution ( t rem>kable "w1 & paid occasional visits to x dur+ its progress1 !y 7 well able to appreciate ! ability & zeal ) :i* he devot$ himself to ?is ardu\s task1 & !y resolv$1 at a meet+ held 9 ! ligh?\se itself--8,t a bu/ ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/ev5son be obta9$1 & plac$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 9 te/imony ( ! s5se ent]ta9$ by ! ,commission]s ( 8 di/+ui%$ tal5t & indefatigable zeal 9 ! erection ( t ligh?\se40 ,a beautiful bu/ 9 m>ble1 by ,samuel ,joseph1 f :i* ! frontispiece has be5 engrav$1 0 accord+ly plac$ 9 :at is call$ ! libr>y1 be+ ! upp] ap>tm5t ( ! t[]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's int]e/ 9 ! ,eddy/one did n cease on ! completion ( 8 own "w4 ,we "k t he paid at lea/ two visits to ! ,eddy/one aft] ! completion ( ! ,bell ,rock4 ,"o ( ^? visits 0 made 9 ,septemb] #ahac1 :51 by ! c\rtesy ( ! ,tr9ity ,h\se1 he 0 accommodat$ ) ! use ( ! #8,eddy/one' t5d]1 &1 ?\gh ! wea!r 0 n v fav\rable1 succe$$ 9 l&+ on ! rock & mak+ a ha/y inspection ( ! f>-fam$ ligh?\se4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's la/ visit 0 made 9 #ahah1 on a voyage 9 ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\se t5d]1 on :i* occasion he 0 fav\r$ ) a smoo? sea & a l[ tide1 & enabl$ to make a ?or\gh inspection ( ! rock4 ,x is important & int]e/+ to record t ?is exam9ation /rongly impress$ him ) ! ultimate insecurity ( ! /ructure1 z appe>s f ! foll[+ almo/ prophetic extract f 8 ,j\rnal3-- 8,! h\se seems to be 9 a v good /ate ( repair1 & does n appe> to h su/a9$ any injury by ! lapse ( "t4 ,! jo9ts are full ( cem5t1 & ! /one exhibits little appe>ance ( decay1 be+ granite or sy5ite4 ,! rock itself ^u a n>r[ inspection seems to be gneiss4 ,! rock is %ak5 all ?r\gh1 & dips at a v consid]able angle1 p]haps "o 9 ?ree1 t[>ds ! s\?-we/2 & be+ und]m9$ on ! nor?-ea/ side = sev]al feet1 x mu/ be confess$ t x has r an al>m+ appe>ance4 ,i am n1 h[ev]1 ( op9ion t x has alt]$ its /ate p]haps s9ce ! date ( ! erection ( ! t[]4 ,s9ce my la/ visit 9 #ahac ,i am n s5sible ( any *ange ^u x4 ,on ! nor?-ea/ side1 h[ev]1 at :at is call$ ! #8,gut' l&+-place1 :]e ! m5 %elt]$ !mselves f ! fire ( ,rudy]d's ,ligh?\se1 b especially at l[-wat] m>k ( spr+-tides1 !re is a holl[+ ( ! rock :i* p5etrates at lea/ to ! circumf]5ce ( ! base ( ! ligh?\se4 ,i !re=e conclude t :5 ! sea runs high !re is dang] ( ?is h\se be+ upset1 aft] a lapse ( "t1 :5 ! sea & %+le h wr\ght away ! rock to a great] ext5t4 ,no?+ pres]ves ?is highly important build+ b ! h>dness ( ! rock & ! dip ( ! /rata1 b = h[ long a p]iod ?is may rema9 no "o c pret5d to say40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,bell ,,rock ,,ligh?\se4 ,t p]iod has at l5g? arriv$1 & ! ,tr9ity ,h\se1 "u ! advice ( ,mr4 ,d\glass1 _! ,eng9e]1 h resolv$ t ,smeaton's ,eddy/one--! eng9e]'s long *]i%$ object ( v5]ation--mu/ be r5ew$1 & h5ce=? ,/ev5son's ,bell ,rock mu/ be held z ! e>lie/ exi/+ type ( a class ( bold & skilful works--/ill few 9 numb]--:i*1 by conv]t+ a d>k sunk5 dang] into a s\rce ( light & safety1 h sav$ _m a %ip1 & *e]$ ! he>t ( _m a tempe/-toss$ sailor1 z happily express$ 9 ,sir ,walt] ,scott's impromptu 8,ph>os loquitur10 writt5 9 ! ,album ( ! ,ligh?\se1 :5 he l&$ ) a deputation ( ! ,commission]s 9 #ahad4 8,f> 9 ! bosom ( ! deep ,o'er ^! wild %elves my wat* ,i keep1 ,a ruddy gem ( *angeful light1 ,b\nd on ! dusky br[ ( night2 ,! seaman bids my lu/re hail1 ,& scorns to /rike 8 timor\s sail40 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,ligh?\se ,,illum9ation4 #ahja-ahdc4 ,e>ly modes ( illum9ation--,facet reflectors & lamps--,silv]$ copp] reflectors & ,arg& lamps--,isle ( ,may coal light--,improvem5ts 9 catoptric lights--,di/9ctions = ligh?\ses inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 viz41 fla%+1 int]mitt5t1 & d\ble lights--,float+ light lant]n--,light+ ( /age ( ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,!atre--,dioptric sy/em ( ligh?\se illum9ation4 ,see+ t1 = reasons /at$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ,i 0 l$ to give up ! idea ( attempt+ to foll[ any *ronological sequ5ce 9 ?is ,memoir1 x may p]haps be conv5i5t1 be=e speak+ ( my fa!r's g5]al practice z a ,civil ,eng9e]1 t ,i %\ld supplem5t ! sket* ,i h giv5 ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se by "s acc\nt ( ! o!r important duties he p]=m$ z ,eng9e] to ! ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses--an (fice :i*1 z we h se51 he held = s long a p]iod4 ,! ligh?\se t[]s ( ! la/ c5tury1 ?\gh useful z beacons by day1 7 aft] all mo/ imp]fect guides by night4 ,inde$1 ! rude exp$i5ts adopt$ at t e>ly p]iod to give light to ! sailor 9 a d>k & moonless sky1 pres5t a v curi\s contra/ to ! mod]n sy/em ( ligh?\se illum9ation--! result ( c>eful /udy by mod]n philosoph]s & eng9e]s4 ,if pro( ( ?is be want$1 we h only to ref] to ! tw5ty-f\r mis]able c&les1 unaid$ by reflectors or any o!r optical contrivance1 :i* %$ _! dim & unc]ta9 light f ,smeaton's fam\s ,eddy/one = ne>ly half a c5tury aft] x 0 built4 ,b inde$ at t e>ly "t all lights _h n ev5 ! advantage ( ! glaz$ lant]n :i* protect$ ! c&les ( ! ,eddy/one f ! w9t]'s bla/ & summ]'s breeze2 ! gr& ,t\r de ,cord\an on ! coa/ ( ,france 0 !n light$ by blaz+ fagots ( wood burn$ 9 an op5 *auff]1 & _m ( ! e>ly ligh?\ses 7 op5 coal fires4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,smi?1 h[ev]1 0 appo9t$ ,eng9e] to ! ,scot* ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 he1 z has be5 already said1 came =w>d z ! advocate ( lamps aid$ by reflectors1 a sy/em :i* he introduc$ at ,k9naird ,head 9 #aghg2 s t ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d ( ,scotl& nev] employ$ any less p]fect mode ( illum9ation4 ,^! e>ly reflectors1 :i* _h be5 9 use 9 ,engl&1 consi/$ ( small pieces or facets ( common mirror glass arrang$ 9 a holl[ m\ld & fix$ 9 _! places by pla/] ( ,p>is2 b soon aft]w>ds ! facets ( mirror glass1 ?\gh =m+ good in/rum5ts = _! day1 & ( _! k9d1 7 disc>d$1 & ! reflectors 7 !reaft] made ( copp]1 plat$ ) silv]1 & brightly poli%$4 ,i am n 9 a position to say :5 or by :om ^! metallic reflectors 7 fir/ introduc$1 or :at 0 _! exact =m1 ! "q be+ inve/$ 9 "s degree ( d\bt2 b x 0 to ! p]fect+ ( ^! optical in/rum5ts & adapt+ !m to practical use 9 a ligh?\se t ,mr4 ,/ev5son's att5tion 0 e>ly direct$4 ,?us we f9d him 9 #ahje report+ z foll[s3-- 8,! op]ations at ! ,/>t ,po9t 7 ?is season begun ^u ,monday ! #bg? ( ,may1 & ! ligh?\se 0 f9i%$ ^u ,saturday ! #ag? ,octob] & ! light adv]tis$ to be light$ ^u ! night ( ,w$nesday ! #a/ ( ,janu>y #ahjf4 ,"s nights be=e ,i left ,s&ay ,i _h ! light set 9 motion1 :5 ! effect appe>$ to be mo/ excell5t2 inde$1 x mu/ be equal to ! ,scilly or ,crom] lights1 & sup]ior to ! revolv+ light at ,t9m\?3 at ! =m] !re are tw5ty-"o reflectors1 & at ! latt] !re are fifte51 :]eas at ! ,/>t ,po9t ,ligh?\se ,i only use sev5 reflectors1 b by alt]+ ! motion ( ! ma*9]y & con/ruction ( ! revolv+ "p1 ,i produce ! desir$ effect40 ,& aga9 9 #ahjf3-- 8,i 0 late 9 ! season = mak+ all ! obs]vations ,i c\ld h wi%$ ^u ! ,/>t ,po9t & ,nor? ,ronaldsay lights1 & 0 n v well appo9t$ 9 a vessel = keep+ ! sea 9 bad wea!r4 ,i h[ev] made a cruise = ?is purpose1 & /ood t[>ds ! ,fair ,isle 9 a heavy gale ( w9d1 ) an int5tion to run = ,%etl&1 b ! w9d %ift$1 & ,i /ret*$ t[>ds ,cop9%aw1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t t5 or twelve miles to ! we/w>d ( ,orkney1 ) bo? lights 9 view4 ,! second night ,i w5t ?r\gh ,nor? ,ronaldsay ,fir? to h a we/ view ( ! lights4 ,i put ab\t (f ,we/ra1 & /ood nor?w>d ) bo? lights 9 view1 :5 x came to bl[ ) great viol5ce f ! s4w41 & x 0 ) mu* difficulty we c\ld rega9 ! coa/4 ,al?\gh on ?is trip ,i _h r bad wea!r1 ) a heavy swell ( sea1 yet x 0 v answ]able = my purpose1 & ,i 0 ^u ! :ole mu* pleas$ ) ! appe>ance ( ! new light2 b ,i f9d1 :5 at ! di/ance ( t5 or twelve miles1 ) ! sea runn+ high1 ! light is se5 = r too %ort a p]iod1 s t x w\ld be prop] to place o!r sev5 reflectors ^u ! frame at an angle ( ab\t #dj to ! pres5t reflectors1 9 ! ev5t ( remov+ ,nor? ,ronaldsay light40 ,i f9d f 8 correspond5ce t my fa!r consult$ ,sir ,john ,leslie1 ! di/+ui%$ ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy1 & ,alex&] ,adie1 ! well-kn[n optician1 z to ! be/ mode ( procur+ a true p>abolic =m = ! con/ruction ( 8 reflectors1 & hav+ introduc$ a simple means ( )draw+ ! lamp f ! reflector1 8 new catoptric app>atus may be said to h be5 complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,! ,bell ,rock 0 ! fir/ ligh?\se t 0 illum9at$ by ,mr4 ,/ev5son's improv$ app>atus 7%[n 9 section 9 ,fig4 #d71 :]e a is ! f\nta9 = ! oil1 b ! burn]1 & ! directions ( ! incid5t & reflect$ rays are repres5t$ by dott$ l9es4 ,9 ,fig4 #e ! reflector is %[n 9 elevation2 ! lamp is repres5t$ z l[]$ d[n f ! reflector1 :i* is effect$ by a slid+ arrangem5t controll$ by a guide1--! object be+ to all[ ! lamp to be remov$ :ile ! reflector is be+ poli%$1 & to insure its be+ return$ to its exact position 9 ! true focus ( ! reflector4 ,p]haps ! mo/ valuable op9ion t c be quot$ z to ! utility ( ?is arrangem5t is t ( ,mr4 ,airy1 ! ,a/ronom]-,royal1 :o1 aft] ! app>atus _h be5 9 use fifty ye>s1 & aft] hav+ inspect$ ! ligh?\ses bo? ( ,brita9 & ,france1 says--8,?is ligh?\se0 7,girdl5ess1 9 ,ab]de5%ire7 8conta9s two sy/ems ( lights4 ,! l[]1 at ab\t two-fif?s ( ! height ( ! build+1 consi/s ( ?irte5 p>abolic reflectors ( ! usual =m4 ,i rem>k$ 9 ^!1 t by a simple con/ruction1 :i* ,i h n se5 else:]e1 great facility is giv5 = ! )drawal & safe return ( ! lamps1 = adju/+ ! lamps1 & = clean+ ! mirrors20 & 9 clos+ 8 report he adds1 8,x is ! be/ ligh?\se t ,i h se540#f ,not)/&+ ! introduction ( ?is improv$ app>atus at ! ,bell ,rock 9 #ahaa1 a coal-fire1 :i* _h exi/$ = ! long p]iod ( #aha ye>s on ! ,isle ( ,may1 at ! entrance to ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 /ill cont9u$1 9 #ahaf1 to s5d =? its feeble & mislead+ light1 & z x 0 "o ( ! be/ specim5s ( ! ligh?\ses ( days n[ pass$ away1 x may n be un9t]e/+ to give a %ort acc\nt ( x4 ,! ,may light 0 at t p]iod :at is call$ a 8private light0--! "r ( levy+ dues on %ipp+ be+ ve/$ 9 ! ,duke ( ,portl&1 :o 0 own] ( ! isl&4 ,!re 7 _m private lights 9 ,engl&1 b ! ,isle ( ,may 0 ! only "o t /ill rema9$ 9 ,scotl&1 & ! ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses1 believ+ x to be advantage\s t s important a light %\ld be plac$ "u public managem5t1 s z to secure = ! %ipp+ a bett] light1 & exemption f ! high pass+ tolls *>g$ by ! proprietor1 ent]$ into treaty ) ! ,duke ( ,portl& = ! pur*ase ( 8 rights4 ,?is negotiation result$ 9 ! introduction ( a ,bill into ,p>liam5t 9 #ahad1 au?oris+ ! pur*ase ( ! ,isle ( ,may1 ) ! "r ( levy+ toll1 = ! sum ( #fj1jjj4 ,s soon z ! prop]ty came into ! h&s ( ! ,commission]s !y erect$ a new ligh?\se1 & on ! #a/ ( ,febru>y #ahaf ! old coal *auff] 0 discont9u$1 & a light f oil ) reflectors 0 exhibit$ 9 its /ead4 ,i am enabl$ f an old plan 9 my possession to pres5t ! read] ) two sket*es ( ! orig9al *auff] light ( ! ,isle ( ,may4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #f is an elevation ( ! build+1 ) ! tackle = rais+ ! fuel to ! top1 & its inscription /one ov] ! door be>+ ! date #afce4 ,fig4 #g %[s ! build+ 9 section1 ) its /one w9d+ /aircase & vault$ *amb]s1 ! :ole /ructure app>5tly be+ s design$ z to be p]fectly pro( aga9/ fire--a precaution v necess>y = a build+ d$icat$ to su* a purpose1 = x is record$ t no few] ?an #djj tons ( coal 7 annually consum$ 9 ! op5 *auff] on its top4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,x 01 z ,i h said1 "o ( ! be/ coal-fires 9 ! k+dom1 & ?ree m5 7 employ$ to keep ! bonfire burn+1 s t its ineffici5cy z a light 0 n due to any want ( outlay 9 its support4 ,b its appe>ance 0 ev] v>y+1 n[ %oot+ up 9 high flames1 aga9 envelop$ 9 d5se smoke1 & nev] well se5 :5 mo/ requir$4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,/ev5son visit$ ! isl&1 ) a view to its pur*ase by ! ,commission]s1 he 0 told by ! keep]1 t 9 viol5t gales ! fire only k9dl$ on ! leew>d side1 & t he 0 9 ! habit ( putt+ 8 h& ?r\gh ! w9dw>d b>s ( ! *auff] to /eady himself :ile he suppli$ ! fire ) coals1 s t 9 ! direction 9 :i* x 0 mo/ want$ h>dly any light 0 visible4 ,no?+ c be worse ?an any v>iabl5ess or unc]ta9ty 9 ! appe>ance ( a light4 ,bett] f> n to exhibit x at all ?an to %[ x irregul>ly2 & ! coal lights 7 s *angeable & de/itute ( *>act]i/ic appe>ance z to be positively dang]\s4 ,?is inde$ 0 too sadly prov$ by ! loss ( ,h4 ,m4 %ips #8,nymph5' & #8,pallas1' :i* on ! #ai? ,decemb] #ahaj 7 wreck$ ne> ,dunb>1 ! light ( a limekiln1 on ! coa/ ( ,hadd+ton1 hav+ be5 mi/ak5 = ! coal light ( ! ,isle ( ,may4 ,=tunately only n9e ( _! comb9$ crews ( #fjj m5 p]i%$2 b ! vessels1 valu$ at n less ?an #ajj1jjj1 became total wrecks4 ,dur+ ! long p]iod he held ! (fice z ,eng9e] to ! ,bo>d1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son design$ & execut$ eighte5 ligh?\ses 9 ! di/rict ( ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\se ,commission]s1 _m ( !m 9 situations :i* call$ = mu* =e?\ght & great en]gy4 ,all 8 ligh?\se works 7 *>act]is$ by sagacity & inv5tiv5ess1 & exhibit successive /ages ( improvem5t1 equally indicative ( ! gr[+ prosp]ity ( ! ,bo>d & ( ! alacrity & zeal ) :i* _! ,eng9e] lab\r$ 9 8 vocation4 ,:e!r we consid] ! accuracy & beauty ( ! catoptric app>atus1 ! arrangem5ts ( ! build+s1 or ! discipl9e obs]v$ by ! lightkeep]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses1 we _c fail to recognise ! impress ( t en]getic & compreh5sive ca/ ( m9d :i* direct$ ! :ole4 ,act+ "u ! direction ( an enlight5$ ,bo>d ( ,commission]s1 my fa!r may1 ) ! /ricte/ propriety1 be said to h creat$ ! ligh?\se sy/em ( ,scotl&4 ,8 m]its inde$ 9 ?is respect 7 g5]ally ackn[l$g$ 9 o!r qu>t]s2 & _m ( ! ,iri% ligh?\ses1 & sev]al ligh?\ses 9 our colonies1 7 fitt$ up ) app>atus prep>$ aft] 8 designs4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 lab\rs my fa!r's att5tion 0 mu* giv5 to ! "q ( di/9ction among lights--a matt] ( ! utmo/ importance1 especially 9 n>r[ seas1 :]e _m lights are requir$2 & at 8 sugge/ion1 ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\se ,commission]s fitt$ up a tempor>y light-t[] on ,in*kei?1 9 :i* num]\s exp]im5ts hav+ ?is object 9 view 7 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,fig4 #i4 ,he 0 ! inv5tor ( two useful di/9ctions--! ,int]mitt5t & ,fla%+ lights4 ,9 ! int]mitt5t di/9ction ! light is sudd5ly obscur$ by ! clos+ ( metallic %ades :i* surr\nd ! reflector frame1 & on _! op5+1 x is z sudd5ly reveal$ to sight1 9 a mann] :i* completely di/+ui%es x f ! ord9>y revolv+ light1 :i* f d>kness1 gradually increases 9 p[] till x rea*es its brighte/ phase1 & !n gradually decl9es until x is aga9 obscur$2 ! action ( ^! %ades 9 produc+ ! int]mitt5t effect is illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #h & #i4 ,! ,fla%+ light1 by a peculi> arrangem5t ( reflectors1 & a rapid revolution ( ! frame :i* c>ries !m1 is made to give a sudd5 fla% ( great p[]1 once 9 five seconds ( "t1 & ?us has a di/9ctive appe>ance v diff]5t f ei!r ! revolv+ or int]mitt5t light4 ,= ^! di/9ctions ,mr4 ,/ev5son receiv$ f ! ,k+ ( ! ,ne!rl&s a gold m$al z a m>k ( 8 ,maje/y's approbation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son also1 9 #ahaj1 gave a design = a d\ble light at ! ,isle ( ,may1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 9 :i* all ligh?\se eng9e]s w see ! embryo ( ! d\ble light ( ! pres5t day4 ,i mu/ n omit to notice 8 improvem5t on ! lant]ns ( float+ light%ips1 n[ univ]sally adopt$1 :i* he introduc$ 9 #ahjg4 ,previ\sly to ?is date ! light%ips exhibit$ _! lights f small lant]ns susp5d$ f ! y>d>ms or frames4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son realis$ ! inutility ( su* a mode ( exhibition1 & conceiv$ ! idea ( =m+ a lant]n to surr\nd ! ma/ ( ! vessel1 & to be capable ( be+ l[]$ d[n to ! deck to be trimm$1 & rais$ :5 requir$ to be exhibit$4 ,8 plan _h ! advantage ( giv+ a lant]n ( mu* great] size1 because x encas$ ! ma/ ( ! %ip1 & ) ?is increase ( size x enabl$ l>g] & m p]fect app>atus to be introduc$1 z well z ge>+ = work+ a revolv+ light4 ,fig4 #aa %[s ?is lant]n1 & ! foll[+ is 8 description ( x3-- 8,! lant]ns 7 s con/ruct$ z to clasp r\nd ! ma/s & trav]se ^u !m4 ,?is 0 effect$ by con/ruct+ !m ) a tube ( copp] 9 ! c5tre1 capable ( receiv+ ! ma/1 ?r\gh :i* x pass$4 ,! lant]ns 7 fir/ completely =m$1 & fitt$ ) brass flanges2 !y 7 !n cut longitud9ally asund]1 :i* conv5i5tly admitt$ ( _! be+ screw$ toge!r on ! ma/s aft] ! vessel 0 fully equipp$ & moor$ at h] /ation4 ,lett]s a a %[ "p ( "o ( ! ma/s1 b "o ( ! tackle-hooks = rais+ & l[]+ ! lant]ns1 c c ! brass flanges ) _! screw-bolts1 by :i* ! body or case ( ! lant]n 0 ultimately put toge!r4 ,!re 7 holes 9 ! bottom & also at ! top connect$ ) ! v5tilation3 ! coll>-pieces e & g =m gu>ds aga9/ ! effects ( ! wea!r4 ,! lett] h %[s ! front ( ! lant]n1 :i* 0 glaz$ ) plate-glass2 i is "o ( ! glass %utt]s by :i* ! lamps 7 trimm$1 ! l[] half be+ rais$ slides into a groove made = its reception2 k %[s ! range ( t5 agitable burn]s or lamps out ( :i* ! oil _c be spilt by ! roll+ motion ( ! %ip4 ,ea* lamp _h a silv]$ copp] reflector l plac$ beh9d ! flame40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,! reputation ( my fa!r's catoptric app>atus 0 n1 x appe>s1 conf9$ to ^? int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( ! seaman4 ,9 #ahai1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son 0 wait$ on by a g5tleman pass+ hurri$ly ?r\gh ,ed9burgh1 :o came on behalf ( ,mr4 ,h>ris1 ! manag] ( ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,!atre1 :o 0 desir\s to try catoptric app>atus = c]ta9 /age effects :i* he int5d$ to introduce 9 ,london4 ,! proposal seems r to h tak5 ! ,ligh?\se ,eng9e] by surprise1 b on le>n+ t ! g5tleman :o _h fav\r$ him ) a call 0 ,mr4 ,b5son1 ! fam\s s+] ( ! day1 he wrote ! foll[+ lett] to ,mr4 ,h>ris3-- 8,i _h "s conv]sation ) ,mr4 ,b5son ( y\r !atre on ! day he propos$ to leave ?is = ,london4 ,! purpose ( 8 visit to me 0 to inquire ab\t ! reflectors we us$ 9 ! ligh?\ses ^u ?is coa/1 :i* are "u my direction1 z he _h "s plan 9 view = disp5s+ ) ! footlights on ! /age by ! introduction ( reflect$ light4 8,be+ desir\s to give e facility to ,mr4 ,b5son's views1 ,i (f]$ him ! loan ( a reflector1 :i* ,i %[$ him2 b f 8 be+ on ! eve ( sett+ (f1 & wi%+ to keep ! discov]y1 if practicable1 = y\r !atre1 ,i agre$ to s5d x to y at ,cov5t ,g>d51 & ?is lett] is to acqua9t y t a case conta9+ ! reflector & its burn] 0 %ipp$ to y\r address4 8,y are to und]/& t !re is no *>ge :atev] to be made2 ,i only reque/ t ! reflector may be return$ :5 y h made y\r trials4 ,i no soon] le>n$ t ,i conv]s$ ) ! g5tleman :o s+s s delightfully 9 #8,rob ,roy' ?an ,i felt an irresi/ible incl9ation to oblige him4 8,wi%+ y e success 9 ! project$ improvem5t 9 light+ ! /age1 ,i rema910 etc4 ,! reflector 0 duly return$ by ,mr4 ,h>ris4 ,! note intimat+ its %ipm5t says--8,x is an excell5t reflector1 b x collects ! light too mu* 9 "o spot = our use2 ,i mean1 x does n spread ! light suffici5tly ab\t40 ,i m5tion ?is small matt]1 n s mu* because ! manag] ( ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,!atre came to ,ed9burgh to get 8 in=mation1 b to %[ t ,mr4 ,h>ris's exp]im5t1 made 9 #ahai1 =etold ! result ( all trials t h s9ce be5 made to light railway /ations1 public g>d5s1 & p>ks1 by us+ ligh?\se app>atus1 :i* is design$ to cond5se ! rays ( light1 & n to diffuse !m1 & is !re=e inapplicable = su* purposes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! rem>ks ,i h made on ligh?\se illum9ation ref] to :at is kn[n z ! catoptric sy/em1 :]eby ! light is act$ on by reflection alone4 ,! inv5tion ( ! dioptric1 sy/em by ,fresnel 0 fir/ communicat$ to ,mr4 ,/ev5son 9 a lett] receiv$ f ,colonel ,colby ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s1 :o _h an opportunity ( kn[+ ! b5efit ( ,fresnel's dioptric light 9 mak+ c]ta9 trigonometrical obs]vations = connect+ ! ,gov]nm5t surveys ( ! %ores ( ,engl& & ,france across ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,! lett] is 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- 8,,t[]1 #a/ ,nov4 #ahba4 8,,my ,,de> ,,sir1--,i am q a%am$ ( hav+ delay$ answ]+ y\r lett]1 & ?ank+ y = ! communications y s5t me = s long a "t4 ,9 reg>d to ! lamps1 an acc\nt w be giv5 ( !m 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie = ! next mon?4 ,! l5s is compos$ ( pieces ( glass =m+ a circle ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 gr\nd to ?ree feet focal l5g?4 ,! lamp is simil> to an ,arg& lamp1 hav+ h>dly any o!r diff]5ce1 except f\r conc5tric circul> wicks in/ead ( "o4 ,! ext]nal wick is ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! light giv5 by ! l5s is rem>kably brilliant4 ,:5 we 7 at ,folke/one ,hill1 ! lamp at ,blancnez appe>$ to give ab\t f\r times ! light ( ! ,dung5ess ,ligh?\se1 ?\gh ! di/ance ( ! lamp 0 ne>ly d\ble t ( ! ligh?\se4 ,! only difficulty :i* occurs to me 9 _! employm5t 9 ligh?\ses is ! small angle to :i* a s+le l5s gives light4 ,i ?9k "o l5s is brilliant = sev5 degrees1 & c\ld n answ] = m ?an eight or n9e degrees4 8,! ,cord\an ,ligh?\se is to be fitt$ up ) t5 l5ses r\nd "o lamp4 8,) be/ wi%es to ,mrs4 ,s4 & y\r family1 ev] y\rs1 8,,?os4 ,,colby40 ,! m]its ( ! dioptric sy/em ( illum9ation 7 br\ght be=e ! ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses 9 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's ,report ( ,decemb] #ahba1 &1 z is well kn[n1 x has1 ) v>i\s ext5sions & important improvem5ts1 be5 v g5]ally adopt$ 9 all cases :]e x is applicable to ligh?\se illum9ation4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,roads4 #agih-ahce4 ,e>ly roads & road-mak+--,edgewor? & ,m',adam's sy/ems ( roads--,/ev5son's sy/em ( roads--,ca/-iron & /one tracks4 ,writ+ at an e>ly date1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son has giv5 ! foll[+ sket* ( ,roads & ,road-mak+3-- 8,9 e>ly p]iods1 :5 e family =m$ a k9d ( community )9 itself = provid+ ! necess>ies ( life1 x is obvi\s t !re c\ld be little communication ) di/ant p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & !re 01 !re=e1 no use = roads1 :i*1 long aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( t[ns1 mu/ h cont9u$ 9 ! /ate ( footpa?s & horse-tracks4 ,! bulky articles ( fuel & build+ mat]ials are likely to h giv5 rise to ! fir/ idea ( a sl$ge1 ! precursor ( ! :eel-c>riage1 :i* ultimately l$ to ! con/ruction ( any?+ l a regul> pa?4 ,! fir/ roads ( ,brita9 appe> to h be5 ! ,milit>y ,ways ( ! ,romans4 ,"s rema9s ( ^! are /ill to be se5 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! k+dom1 & ev5 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! city ( ,ed9burgh4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q a/oni%+ h[ sl[ ! progress ( improvem5t 9 road-mak+ seems to h be51 & especially its adaptation to economical purposes2 al?\gh all classes mu/ h felt an equal int]e/ 9 ! =mation ( roads1 z bo? ! l&$ proprietor & ! citiz5 7 to be mutually b5efit$ by ?us lay+ op5 ! c\ntry4 ,b x requires ! accumulat$ weal? ( ages to produce improvem5ts s exp5sive4 ,x is long be=e ! m9d c be br\ght to approve ( any radical *ange ( habit1 h[ev] advantage\s2 & ! scale adopt$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance is (t5 s circumscrib$1 t ! :ole measure requires to be ext5d$ & ev5 to be *ang$ a second1 & p]haps a ?ird "t1 9 keep+ pace ) ! public dem&s = improvem5t4 8,x is well kn[n1 t ev5 s late z ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 almo/ ! :ole l& c>riage ( ,scotl&1 & a great "p ( ,engl&1 0 conduct$ ^u horseback1 ! animals employ$ be+ t]m$ pack-horses4 ,to ! horse-tracks ?us produc$1 & :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance 7 =m$ )\t reg>d to /eep acclivities1 are to be ascrib$ ! evils :i* we n[ lab\r "u1 z att5dant on ! lay+ out ( our roads = ! mod]n improvem5t ( :eel-c>riages4 ,nor 0 x till aft] mu* practice & ! application ( sci5tific pr9ciples1 long aft] ! introduction ( c>riages1 t we 7 induc$ to improve ! l9e ( draught & adopt level tracks ( road1 al?\gh p]haps m circuit\s4 8,9 ,great ,brita9 ! road dep>tm5t1 aft] mu* exp]i5ce1 is n[ br\ght into a sy/em by :i* ! highways are made & upheld by dues directly levi$ on ^? :o travel or use !m1--except+1 inde$1 su* roads z are situat$ 9 v remote p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 :]e ! ,gov]nm5t1 ) ! mo/ enlight5$ policy1 has ei!r execut$ ! works directly by ! troops ^u ! peace e/abli%m5t1 z 9 ! case ( ,g5]al ,wade's army1 or giv5 aid t[>ds ! orig9al =mation ( ext5sive l9es ( road1 = op5+ ! m remote di/ricts ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no bett] crit]ion = judg+ ( ! prosp]ity ( a c\ntry ?an by its public improvem5ts2 & 7 ?is subject consid]$ 9 all its be>+s1 we %\ld h>dly be able to quote any /rong] evid5ce ( int]nal ri*es & true greatness1 ?an we f9d connect$ ) ! subject ( its public roads4 ,x appe>s f a v g5]al or cursory calculation1 :i* ! report] has made1 t ! highways ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 indep5d5tly ( ! almo/ innum]able p>i% & private roads1 ext5d to ab\t #be1jjj miles4 ,! exp5se ( ^!1 includ+ bridges1 etc41 on a v mod]ate calculation1 may be /at$ ?r\gh\t ! k+dom at ! rate ( #hjj p] mile1 :i* is equal to no less ?an ! aggregate sum ( tw5ty millions /]l+4 ,n[1 to :at bran* ( political economy c we look ) m c]ta9ty & propriety ?an to su* spl5did examples ( ! sub/antial weal? & res\rces ( a c\ntry8 = until a k+dom is trav]s$ & laid op5 by roads1 its gov]nm5t mu/ be weak1 & its p rema9 9 a /ate ( comp>ative pov]ty4 8,b 9 s ext5sive a conc]n z ! sy/em ( roads1 involv+ s great an exp5se1 we may naturally look = small beg9n+s & v gradual advancem5t4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d 9 ! fir/ =mation ( highways1 be=e _! utility c\ld be fully und]/ood or exp]i5ce _h %[n ! b5efits ( sci5ce 9 ! practice ( ! eng9e]1 ! e>ly road-mak] only increas$ ! bread? ( ! horse-track1 & /rew$ x ov] ) gravel f ! neighb\r+ brook4 ,inde$1 we "k t s late z ! ye> #aedb1 ev5 ! /reets ( ,london 7 =m$ 9 ?is way2 & x is said to be e/abli%$ by ! records ( ,p>liam5t1 t :5 ! new sy/em ( road-mak+ 0 fir/ propos$ to be ext5d$ beyond ! region ( a few miles f t metropolis1 su* 0 ! mi/ak5 policy & n>r[-m9d$ views ( ! imm$iate proprietors1 t ! measure 0 /r5u\sly oppos$ by ^? :o wi%$ to make a monopoly ( ! supplies = ! metropolis1 z detrim5tal to ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s40 ,! names ( ,ri*>d ,edgewor?1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,john ,m',adam1 are well kn[n 9 connection ) roads--,mr4 ,edgewor? writ+ 9 #ahac1 ,mr4 ,m',adam 9 #ahaf4 ,bo? m5 _h1 x appe>s1 giv5 att5tion to ! subject be=e ! end ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,mr4 ,edgewor? says3--8,i h visit$ ,engl&1 & h f\nd1 on a j\rney ( _m hundr$ miles1 sc>cely tw5ty miles ( well-made road4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & especially ne> ,london1 ! roads are 9 a %ameful condition1 & ! pavem5t ( ,london is utt]ly unwor?y ( a great metropolis40 ,mr4 ,m',adam _h be5 mu* /ruck by ! entire want ( sy/em t exi/$ 9 ! managem5t ( roads at t e>ly p]iod1 & /rongly urg$ ! necessity ( a re=m 9 road managem5t z a pre-requisite to road improvem5t4 ,he urg$ ! lay+ out ( ! roads ( ! c\ntry into sep>ate di/ricts1 ) ! appo9tm5t ( road tru/ees to manage !m--! appo9tm5t ( *ief & assi/ant road-surveyors to sup]9t5d !m--& a new sy/em ( acc\nt+ & f9ance1--all "u /atutory regulations2 & x _c be d\bt$ t 9 all ?is ,mr4 ,m',adam did good s]vice1 :i* 0 recognis$ 9 #ahbc by ,p>liam5t vot+ a sum ( money to him = hav+ introduc$ a sy/em ( 8repair+1 mak+1 & manag+ turnpike roads & highways1 f :i* ! public h d]iv$ mo/ important & valuable advantages40 ,x appe>s to me1 h[ev]1 t all t is said 9 ,mr4 ,m',adam's fir/ edition ( 8 book on road-mak+1 9 #ahaf1 is ( s g5]al & vague a nature t he _c h kn[n ( ,mr4 ,/ev5son's "w at an e>ly "p ( ! c5tury4 ,f ,mr4 ,/ev5son's reports x appe>s t he 0 mu* employ$ 9 road-eng9e]+ 9 ! c\nties ( ,ed9burgh1 ,/irl+1 ,l9li?g[1 ,p]?1 &1 inde$1 g5]ally ?r\gh\t ,scotl&1 ext5d+ z f> nor? z ,orkney & ,%etl&2 & )\t rais+ any claim to priority ( design1 ,i give ! foll[+ extracts f reports made by him 9 #ahab & #ahac1 aft] he mu/ h _h at lea/ sev]al ye>s' previ\s /udy & practice ( road-mak+1 :i* ,i ?9k cle>ly %[ t ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 if n ! orig9al1 0 at lea/ an indep5d5t inv5tor ( ! sy/em ( road-mak+ :i* is t]m$ 8macadamis+40 ,9 a report to 8,! ,hon\rable ! ,committee ( ! ,tru/ees = ! ,highways & ,roads )9 ! c\nty ( ,ed9burgh10 dat$ #ahab1 he says3-- 8,x may n1 h[ev]1 be consid]$ altoge!r out ( place to notice t ! pieces ( /one compos+ ! road-metal 9 common use are p]haps "o-half1 & 9 "s in/ances two-?irds1 l>g] ?an is suitable = ! be/ condition ( a road4 ,road-metal ( a small size consolidates by ! pressure ( weighty c>riages1 :5 /ones ( ! size commonly us$ are ei!r p\nd$ "u ! :eel or =c$ into ! road4 ,x w\ld !re=e be desirable1 z an exp]im5t ^u ! l>ge scale1 to lay "o ( ! mo/ public roads 9 ! c\nty to ! ext5t ( "o f\r? ( a mile ) /ones brok5 mu* small] ?an is cu/om>y4 8,9 "s in/ances1 especially )9 a few miles ( ,ed9burgh1 x might be wor?y ( consid]ation by ! ,hon\rable ,tru/ees ( ?is c\nty h[ f> ca/-iron c>t-tracks might n be advantage\sly laid ^u ! roads4 ,"s ye>s s9ce ! report] got two or ?ree y>ds' l5g? ( ^! iron tracks br\ght f ! ,%otts ironworks1 :]e !y h be5 us$ = ye>s ) mu* advantage1 &1 x is believ$1 ) economy4 ,^! c>t-tracks w\ld co/ ab\t #bjjj p] /atute mile1 includ+ uphold+ by ! iron-f\nd] = "o ye>4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to h also a trial made ( ^! 9 "s v public road1 al?\gh x 7 only to ! ext5t ( two or ?ree hundr$ y>ds40 ,aga91 9 a report to 8,! ,hon\rable ! ,tru/ees = ! ,bridge ( ,m>ykirk10 also 9 #ahab1 he says3-- 8,9 ! annex$ specification ( road-mak]s' "w1 ! report] makes "s alt]ations ^u ! common & ord9>y me?od ( break+ & lay+ road mat]ials1 by r$uc+ ! road-metal to a m uni=m size1 & us+ a c\rse ( gravel1 if x c be procur$1 or ev5 ( clean %>p s&1 z a bottom+ = ! brok5 /ones4 ,a road compos$ ( /ones ( v>i\s sizes c nev] be br\ght into t smoo? & uni=m surface1 :i* is s mu* to be desir$1 = ! mom5t ! pressure is br\ght ^u "o ( ^! out-siz$ /ones1 x mu/ ei!r be cru%$ "u ! :eel or be =c$ by repeat$ attacks into ! road1 & !reby x displaces ! surr\nd+ /ones1 & 9 ei!r case admission is giv5 to ! surface-wat]2 a pit is imm$iately =m$1 & e succe$+ :eel wid5s ! brea*1 until ! road is r5d]$ impassable4 ,to c\nt]act ?is v common effect1 aris+ *iefly f ! v vague mann] ( def9+ ! dim5sions ( road-metal by bulk or ev5 by weight1 ! report] provides t ! ,tru/ees %all furni% a riddle or scre51 ! me%es or op5+s ( :i* are to be ( su* dim5sions t a /one measur+ m ?an "o in* & a half ^u any ( its sides _c pass ?r\gh x40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,section ( "o half ( ,roadway4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's specification ( ! ,reg5t ,road 9 ,ed9burgh is full]1 & is 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- 8,! cross section 7%[n 9 ,fig4 #ab7 ( ! metall$ road to be ! same 9 all respects z t already describ$ = ! causeway$ roadway4 ,b ! cross section is to rise f ! int]ior br[s or slopes ( ! pav$ *annels to ! c5tre ( ! roadway1 at ! rate ( #a 9 #be4 ,! bottom+ ( ! road is to be ( brok5 /ones f ! excavat$ matt]s ( ! ,calton ,hill works2 ! pieces ( /one n to exce$ five or six lbs4 9 weight2 to be laid by h& 9 a compact mann] to ! dep? necess>y = prep>+ ! road = ! upp] /rata1 viz41 a lay] or /ratum ( clean %>p s& f\r in*es 9 ?ickness1 laid all ov] ! surface1 & =m+ a b$ = ! upp] or road-metal /ratum1 :i* is to be sev5 in*es 9 ?ickness1 & to consi/ ( brok5 /ones tak5 f ! qu>ries ( ,salisbury ,crags1 or ! l&s ( ,h]iot's ,hospital1 z may be f9ally agre$ ^u4 ,! road-metal is to be brok5 into pieces ( su* dim5sions z to pass freely ?r\gh a scre51 to be provid$ by ! ,commission]s1 ! me%es ( :i* %all n exce$ "o in* & a half squ>e4 ,! :ole to be f9i%$ ) a #8top-dress+' ( sea-gravel1 9 su* a mann] t none ( ! road-metal %all appe> on ! surface ( ! roadway :5 x is complet$40 ,^! extracts1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to discov]1 conta9 ! e>lie/ proposals & precise specification ( ! con/ruction ( road n[ kn[n by ! famili> "n ( 8macadamis+10 & ,i dismiss ! subject ) ! foll[+ c&id quotation f ,mr4 ,/ev5son's ,memor&a1 9 :i* he says3-- 8,x may be well to notice t 9 #ahaa ,i specifi$ road mat]ials ( ! size z ne>ly z may be ( road-metal1 :i* aft]w>ds became :at is call$ #8macadamis$ roads4' ,i am n sure if ,i 0 be=e ,mr4 ,m',adam 9 ?is respect2 at all ev5ts he _h ! great m]it ( introduc+ ! sy/em ( smoo? roads4 ,:5 ,i fir/ propos$ ?is me?od1 ,i ?9k1 to ! ,tru/ees ( ,m>ykirk1 !y object$ to x ^u ! score ( exp5se40 ,z reg>ds ! iron c>t-tracks sugge/$ = trial by ,mr4 ,/ev5son 9 8 report to ! ,ed9burgh ,road ,tru/ees1 already quot$1 he subsequ5tly matur$ 8 views & describ$ !m 9 ! article 8,roads0 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia1 :]e he propos$ to use /one tracks z a 8smoo? & durable city road10 :i* he describes z foll[s3-- 8,! individual compon5t /ones ( ! :eel-tracks1 hi!rto1 v p>tially 9 use1 ext5d f ?ree to f\r feet 9 l5g?1 are ab\t t5 or twelve in*es 9 bread?1 & eight or t5 in*es 9 dep?4 ,! /ones ( ! tracks recomm5d$ by me1 on ! o!r h&1 are ( a cubical =m1 measur+ only f six to eight in*es 9 ! l5g?way ( ! track1 & twelve to f\rte5 in*es 9 dep?1 eighte5 in*es 9 bread? at ! base1 & twelve in*es at ! top or :eel-track4 ,! /ones are !re=e proportionate 9 all _! dim5sions1 = unless !y conta9 a mass ( matt] correspond+ to _! l5g?1 !y w be f\nd to want /r5g? & /ability4 ,x w\ld h>dly be possible to keep sl5d] /one-rails 9 _! places1 & h5ce ! *ief b5efit ( a connect$ railway w\ld be lo/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 v l>ge mat]ials are difficult to be got1 & are also m exp5sive 9 c>riage & 9 workman%ip ?an /ones ( a small] size4 ,! ,italian :eel-tracks are compos$ ( /ones two feet 9 bread?1 & ( v>i\s l5g?s4 ,to less5 ! risk ( horses fall+1 ^! broad /ones are kept 9 a r\gh /ate1 by occasionally cutt+ grooves ) a pick-axe ^u _! upp] surface4 ,a mode ( pav+ ) l>ge blocks ( granite1 *equ]$ or cut 9 ?is mann]1 has be5 tri$ 9 "s ( ! /reets 9 ,london4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to give pavem5t ( ?is k9d ! necess>y /ability1 ! blocks w\ld require to h _! dim5sions equally l>ge on all sides1 ! exp5se ( :i* w\ld be too great4 ,b cubical /ones ( ! size n[ recomm5d$ may be procur$ at a mod]ate price1 & ?r\gh\t a great range ( c\ntry2 :ile ! tracks1 if prop]ly laid1 w actually be m /able ?an if blocks ( l>g] dim5sions 7 employ$4 ,= we may notice t a c>riage-:eel re/s or imp+es ev5 ^u a less surface ?an "o in* ( its track at a "t1 9 ! c\rse ( ea* revolution r\nd its axis2 h5ce1 x may be conceiv$ to produce a k9d ( comp5sat+ effect1 connect$ ) ! use ( small /ones1 :i* prev5ts ! tremor f be+ communicat$ beyond ! limit$ sph]e ( ea* p>ticul> block1 &1 consequ5tly1 ext5d+ only a few in*es4 ,?is sy/em ( pav+ ,i orig9ally propos$ = ! ma9 /reet ( ,l9li?g[1 =m+ "p ( ! great we/]n road f ,ed9burgh to ,/irl+%ire1 & a correct idea ( ! proposal w at once be acquir$ by exam9+ ,fig4 #ac4 ,by us+ tracks ( ?is description--giv+ ! /ones a proportionally broad b$1 & lay+ !m ^u a firm f\ndation 7:i* is indisp5sable7--we %\ld h our /reets & ! acclivities ( our highways r5d]$ smoo? & durable1 avoid+ ! exp5se & inconv5i5ce ( ! common road1 & also ! irksome noise & jolt+ motion ( ! causeway4 8,! tracks may be =m$ ( granite1 :9/one1 or any ( ! h>d v>ieties ( rock capable ( be+ hamm]-dress$40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,section = ,road ,metal4 ,section = ,causeway4 ,specim5s ( ^! /one tracks 7 laid 9 ,ed9burgh1 9 t]ms ( ,mr4 ,/ev5son's specification1 on ,s\? ,bridge ,/reet opposite to ! ,college1 & 9 ! ,pleasance1 & a ?ird specim5 0 laid by ! ,road ,tru/ees on ,lib]ton ,hill1 :i* /ill rema9s aft] a lapse ( half a c5tury4 ,subsequ5tly to ?is ,mr4 ,walk] laid simil> tramways 9 ! ,comm]cial ,road1 ,london1 & z is well kn[n1 !y h be5 pretty l>gely us$ 9 ! pr9cipal t[ns 9 ,italy4 ,= a 8city road10 z ,mr4 ,/ev5son t]m$ x1 ! sy/em he propos$ has c]ta9 advantages1 inasmu* z c>riages ) any =m ( :eel may use x1 & ?is fre$om ( use admits ( any am\nt ( traffic be+ accommodat$1 c>riages hav+ ! fre$om ( pass+ f ! /one track to any "p ( ! road4 ,! introduction ( iron 8/reet tramways0 may1 h[ev]1 be said1 = ! pres5t1 to h tak5 ! place ( all o!r plans = improv+ city pass5g] traffic4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,ed9burgh4 #ahab-ahcd4 ,design = approa*es to ,ed9burgh f ! ,ea/ by ,reg5t & ,london ,roads1 & op5+ up access to ! ,calton ,hill--,sites = ! new ,jail & ,c\rt ( ,ju/ici>y1 & build+s 9 ,wat]loo ,place--,reg5t ,bridge--,feu+ ,plan = ,ea/]n ,di/rict ( ,ed9burgh--,improvem5t ( accesses to ,ed9burgh f ! ,we/ & ,nor?1 & f ,granton--,removal ( old 8,tolboo?0 ,prison--,removal ( ,univ]sity build+s4 ,anci5t ,ed9burgh 0 fam$ = its n>r[ /reets & crook$ wynds1 & ev5 at ! p]iod :5 ?is ,memoir beg9s1 mu* rema9$ to be done = ! improvem5t ( ! v>i\s accesses to ! city4 ,^! roads1 lead+ f nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 & we/1 7 "u ! managem5t ( diff]5t ,tru/s or public bodies1 by all ( :om ,mr4 ,/ev5son 0 on v>i\s occasions consult$2 & ! subject seems to h _h = him m ?an a m]ely pr(essional int]e/1 = 8 advice 0 g5]ally f> 8ahead0 ( ! cauti\s views ( 8 employ]s1 on :om he seems (t5 to h _h no small difficulty 9 urg+ ! adoption ( suffici5tly compreh5sive designs4 ,8 love = ! beautiful rose above all o!r feel+s1 & he succe$$1 n )\t difficulty & p]sev]ance1 9 secur+ = ,ed9burgh ^? spaci\s road improvem5ts :i* h und\bt$ly help$ h] to claim ! title ( 8,mod]n ,a!ns40 ,! 8,mod]n ,a!nians0 :o n[ enjoy ! magnific5t approa* to ,ed9burgh by ! ,reg5t ,road & ,calton ,hill1 or t no less commodi\s access f ,p>son's ,gre5 to ,lei? ,walk1 kn[n z ! 8,london ,road10 c h>dly realise ! "t :5 ! only communication f ,pr9ces ,/reet to ,portobello 0 by ,lei? ,/reet1 ,calton ,/reet1 & ! ,nor? ,back ( ! ,canongate4 ,at t "t ,pr9ces ,/reet 0 abruptly t]m9at$ by a r[ ( h\ses at ! ,regi/] ,(fice1 & ! ,calton ,hill 0 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's s*eme ( =m+ a direct access to ,london & ! s\?1 by mak+ a roadway ov] ! ,calton ,hill1 0 bas$ on a compreh5sive scale1 provid+ sites = public build+s1 & an ext5sive feu+-plan = ! ea/]n portion ( ,ed9burgh1 all ( :i* 7 ultimately c>ri$ out "u 8 directions4 ,b ?is s*eme1 boldly conceiv$ & s b5eficial to ,ed9burgh1 0 n well receiv$ by ! inhabitants4 ,x _h ! economical objection ( int]f]+ to "s ext5t ) h\se prop]ty1 a lib]ty to :i* p 7 only reconcil$ 9 mod]n times :5 sites _h to be acquir$ = railway /ations4 ,x _h ! eng9e]+ objection ( involv+ :at 7 repres5t$ 9 ^? days z dang]\s rock cutt+s & ext5sive high reta9+ walls along ! sides ( ! ,calton ,hill2 b above all1 x _h ! s]i\s social objection t its r\te ran ?r\gh ! 8,old ,calton ,bury+-gr\nd10 & involv$ ! removal ( ! rema9s ( ^? int]r$ 9 x to a new re/+-place1 to be provid$ by ! ,improvem5t ,commission]s4 ,?is la/ objection subject$ ,mr4 ,/ev5son to "s ill feel+2 & ! fact t ! place ( int]m5t ( 8 own family 0 "o ( ^? to be remov$ to ! new cemet]y1 did n succe$ 9 allay+ ! discont5t4 ,x 0 und\bt$ly 9 consequ5ce ( ,mr4 ,/ev5son's p]sev]ance & unfalt]+ conviction t 8 advice 0 s\nd1 & calculat$ to b5efit 8 fell[-citiz5s1 t 8 plan 0 ultimately adopt$ & c>ri$ out4 ,x is prop] to notice t ! new jail & ! build+s 9 ,wat]loo ,place 7 design$ by ,mr4 ,ar*ibald ,elliot1 & at a m rec5t p]iod ! h\ses 9 ! ,reg5t & ,royal ,t]races by ,mr4 ,playfair1 & ! ,high ,s*ool & ,burns's ,monum5t by ,mr4 ,?omas ,hamilton1 all ar*itects ( em95ce1 ^: works add$ to ! attractiv5ess ( ,mr4 ,/ev5son's spl5did access4 ,9 c>ry+ ! road r\nd ! "p ( ! hill n[ occupi$ by ! ,high ,s*ool1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son _h "s difficulty1 ow+ to ! height ( ! reta9+ wall1 9 avoid+ :at w\ld h appe>$ z a dead wall1 & w\ld h prov$ unsightly z view$ f ,ar?ur's ,seat4 ,he accord+ly built a /rong reta9+ wall ( masonry1 :i* supports ! road1 & is cov]$ by an ext]ior wall ( r\gh masses ( /one arrang$ z ru/ic "w1 :i*1 :5 view$ at a di/ance1 has all ! appe>ance ( a face ( natural rock4 ,9 ,"l ,cockburn's ,memorials ( 8 ,"t he says3--8,sc>cely any sacrifice c\ld be too great t remov$ ! h\ses f ! end ( ,pr9ces ,/reet1 & made a level road to ! hill1 or1 9 o!r words1 produc$ ,wat]loo ,bridge4 ,! effect 0 l draw+ up ! curta9 ( a !atre40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,approa*es ,,to ,,ed9burgh ,,by ,,reg5t ,,& ,,london ,,roads1 #ahad4 ,j4 ,b>?olomew ,ba94 ,9 ,plate ,,iv4 are trac$1 9 r$ col\r1 ! v>i\s l9es ( connect+ road :i* g to make up ?is gr& improvem5t1 ( ! value ( :i* ^? :o "k ! locality c judge = !mselves4 ,9 ! foll[+ report1 address$ to ! 8,%]iff-,depute ( ! c\nty ( ,ed9burgh1 z conv5] ( a committee = erect+ a new jail = ! c\nty ( ,ed9burgh10 ,mr4 ,/ev5son details ! v>i\s b5efits to be d]iv$ by adopt+ 8 proposal2 & z 8 views on ?is matt] enc\nt]$1 z has be5 /at$1 mu* opposition1 ,i give extracts f 8 report1 begg+ ( ^? read]s :o h no local int]e/ 9 x k9dly to pass x ov]3-- 8,9 ! report :i* y address$ to ! ,commission]s = erect+ a new jail = ! c\nty ( ,ed9burgh1 ! ,calton ,hill is among/ o!r places allud$ to z a site4 ,b ! difficulty ( access to t comm&+ & heal?ful situation pres5ts itself z a /rong objection to its be+ adopt$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 an approa* to ! city f ! ea/w>d1 ) access to ! ext5sive l&s connect$ ) ! ,calton ,hill1 valuable bo? z build+ gr\nds & z a delightful city walk1 has long be5 a desid]atum1 & z ! pres5t seem$ a fit "t = aga9 attempt+ ?is measure1 ! report] _h ! hon\r to receive y\r in/ructions to inquire into ! practicability ( mak+ a prop] communication to ! ,calton ,hill1 ) ! view ( !re build+ ! int5d$ new jail2 & he is n[ to submit ! accompany+ survey ( ! gr\nds1 toge!r ) ! requisite plans & sections connect$ ) ! design ( a road f ,%akespe>e ,squ>e1 at ! ea/]n extremity ( ,pr9ces ,/reet1 to jo9 ! great road to ,london at ! ,abbeyhill4 8,! ,hon4 ,%]iff is aw>e t ! atta9m5t ( ?is object has long be5 wi%fully kept 9 view by ! public4 ,x is believ$ t at diff]5t times su* proposals 7 by !m br\ght "u ! notice ( ,mr4 ,adam & ( ,mr4 ,baxt]1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ar*itects ( _! day4 ,b /ill ! "w rema9s to be accompli%$1 n c]ta9ly f any physical difficulty necess>ily att5d+ its execution1 b f ! want ( suffici5t en]gy to meet ! exp5se t mu/ unavoidably att5d an op]ation ( ?is nature1 involv+ ! removal ( "s valuable build+s1 & o!rwise int]f]+ ) private prop]ty4 ,7 ! report] to h 9 view m]ely ! =m+ ( an improv$ approa* to ! city ( ,ed9burgh f ! ea/w>d1 in/ead ( ! pres5t inconv5i5t access by ! ,wat] ,gate1 he might "h allude to ! int5d$ ,london ,road ?r\gh ! l&s ( ,hillside to ,lei? ,walk1 or to ! once propos$ l9e ( road t]m9at+ by a bridge f ! nor!rn side ( ! ,calton ,hill to ,gre5side1 opposite ,york ,place1 & ! completion ( ?is f9e /reet by ! removal ( ! old & ru9\s h\ses :i* /ill cont9ue to encumb] its entrance2 or he might take notice ( ! less commodi\s road at "o "t 9 view ov] ! high] p>ts ( ! ,calton ,hill1 & jo9+ ! l[] "p ( ,lei? ,/reet by means ( an ar* ov] ,calton ,/reet4 ,b all ( ^! l9es ( road are objectionable1 9 a great] or less degree1 inasmu* z !y include ! acclivity ( ,lei? ,/reet be=e ! pass5g] c arrive at ! level ( ! ,nor? ,bridge4 ,to obta9 ?is 9 ! mo/ eligible mann]1 we mu/ look to ! ext5sion ( ! l9e ( ,pr9ces ,/reet to ! ,calton ,hill1 = al?\gh ! o!r l9es ( road h be5 look$ =w>d to z improvem5ts to a c]ta9 ext5t1 yet /ill !y 7 defective1 & mu/ h left some?+ undone1 :ile ! ext5sion ( ,pr9ces ,/reet by a bridge ov] ,calton ,/reet1 & a road to ! ,abbeyhill1 seems to answ] e purpose4 ,x un=tunately happ5s1 h[ev]1 t if c>ri$ 9 a direct l9e x mu/ pass ?r\gh ! ,calton ,bury+-gr\nd2 & if ?is "p ( ! road 7 made ) a curve1 ! mo/ desirable effect 9 po9t ( beauty w\ld n be produc$4 ,!re 0 a "t inde$ :51 )\t encroa*m5t ^u ! bury+-gr\nd1 ! road c\ld h be5 made ) a curve to ! s\?w>d ( ,hume ! hi/orian's tomb2 b ( late ye>s ! walls ( ! bury+-gr\nd h be5 ext5d$ to ! v]ge ( precipit\s rocks1 s t ! removal ( num]\s private cemet]ies w\ld n[ be indisp5sable 9 c>ry+ ! road at an elevation suffici5t to comm& ! prop] view4 ,if a l[] level 7 adopt$ 9 ?is direction1 ! f9e prospects ( ! high] road w\ld be lo/1 & ?is l9e w\ld !n become q un9t]e/+1 :ile a heavy exp5se mu/ be incurr$ 9 c>ry+ ! road ?r\gh mu* private prop]ty1 consid]ations :i* are suffici5t to r5d] ?is l9e highly objectionable4 8,b ! road :i* w\ld af=d ! easie/ l9e ( draught is t :i* ! report] has del9eat$ ^u ! plan by a curv$ l9e t[>ds ! left f ! ea/]n extremity ( ! new bridge1 cross+ ! pres5t road to ! ,calton ,hill1 w9d+ r\nd ! nor!rn side ( ! hill & jo9+ ! int5d$ #8,london ,road' ?r\gh ! l&s ( ,hillside ne> ! ea/]n road to ,lei?4 ,by ?is l9e ( road ! level ( ,pr9ces ,/reet may be conceiv$ to become ! summit level ( ! road1 :i* w\ld admit ( be+ made ) a uni=m declivity f ,%akespe>e ,squ>e to ! ,abbeyhill1 :ile ! acclivity to ,bridewell by ! pres5t road might be greatly r$uc$1 & ! road improv$ 9 connection ) ! new l9e ( road4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 h[ev]1 x is n to ! easie/ l9e ( draught z an approa* to ! city ( ,ed9burgh t ! ,%]iff directs ! att5tion ( ! report]1 b to a bett] access to ! high] l&s ( ,calton ,hill1 ) a view to obta9 a prop] site = ! new jail1 & !re=e only an eye view ( ! nor!rn l9e ( road is giv54 ,yet :5 a communication is op5$ ) ! ,calton ,hill by a bridge f ,pr9ces ,/reet1 we may expect at "s future day to see "o cont9u\s /reet or drive r\nd ! hill4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 a prelim9>y rem>k may "h be /at$1 & 9 mak+ x ! report] ?9ks x prop] to say t no "o c hold ! great pr(essional abilities ( ,mr4 ,adam 9 high] e/imation ?an he does2 at any rate he is c]ta9 t x c\ld n fall to ! lot ( any individual :o w\ld feel m compunction 9 propos+ an alt]ation ev5 ^u an outw>d wall ( a "w execut$ "u 8 directions4 ,b su* is ! inconv5i5ce & ev5 dang] to pass5g]s att5d+ ! projection ( ! s\?-ea/]n angle ( ! p>apet wall 9 front ( ! ,regi/] ,(fice1 t 9 ! progress ( ^! improvem5ts ! report] w\ld humbly propose1 = ! great] accommodation & com=t ( ! public1 t ?is f9e piece ( masonry %\ld und]go a small alt]ation1 z repres5t$ 9 dott$ l9es ^u ! plan1 9 ord] to wid5 ! /reet & improve ! great ?or\ghf>e to ! port ( ,lei?4 8,description ( ,l9e ( ,road recomm5d$4 8,9 ref]5ce to ! accompany+ survey & plan1 x w be prop] to describe x m p>ticul>ly4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds =m+ ! propos$ new approa* to ! ,calton ,hill w be ! removal ( ! h\ses :i* pres5tly %ut up ! ea/]n extremity ( ,pr9ces ,/reet1 & ! o!r prop]ty 9 its direction ea/w>d4 ,! approa* w !n be made up to ! prop] level by a bridge ext5d+ 9 l5g? ab\t #cfb feet f ,%akespe>e ,squ>e ov] ,calton ,/reet1 t[>ds ! we/]n extremity ( ! ,calton ,bury+-gr\nd1 ?r\gh :i* x w pass4 ,!nce1 pass+ 9 front ( ,bridewell1 or betwe5 x & ,nelson's ,monum5t1 x is cont9u$ along ! s\!rn side ( ! ,calton ,hill to ! l9e ( wall ( division betwe5 ! prop]ty ( ! city ( ,ed9burgh & ! l&s ( ,h]iot's ,hospital4 ,at ?is position ! road beg9s to skirt along ! s\!rn side ( ! ris+ gr\nds 9 ! p>ks ( ,h]iot's ,hospital1 & cross+ ! ea/]n road to ,lei? x passes beh9d ! h\ses ( ,abbeyhill1 & ultimately jo9s ! great road to ,london4 8,! l9e ( road j describ$ has be5 laid out ) gradi5ts v>y+ f #a 9 #ci to #a 9 #bb4 ,! m to ! ea/w>d ! new l9e ( road is c>ri$ be=e x jo9s ! pres5t ,london road1 ! m gradual & g5tle ! acclivity becomes4 ,to improve ?is l9e ( road /ill fur!r by cutt+ deep] into ! rock at ! summit w\ld n only create a great additional exp5se1 b w\ld place ! road 9 a holl[1 & %ut out ^! *>act]i/ic views ( ! city :i* are ! *ief inducem5ts to ! new l9e ( road4 8,9 det]m9+ ! l9e ( direction = ! /reet f ,%akespe>e ,squ>e to ,bridewell1 x seems desirable t x %\ld run 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! only objection to ?is is its int]f]5ce ) ! ,calton ,bury+-gr\nd4 ,9 mak+ any encroa*m5ts ^u a place ( burial1 !re is no d\bt some?+ v repugnant to ! feel+s1 b 9 _m cases ?is has be5 f\nd necess>y = public improvem5ts1 ( :i* we h an example 9 ! improv$ access f ! bottom ( ,lei? ,walk to ,b]n>d ,/reet1 :]e ! road 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh "p ( ! *ur*y>d ( ,s\? ,lei?1 & s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! report] has be5 at mu* pa9s 9 endeav\r+ to avoid ! bury+-gr\nd1 by attempt+ to turn ! road m or less t[>ds ! left 9 go+ ea/w>d1 & by ?is means tak+ only a "p f ! nor!rn side ( t gr\nd4 ,b 7 ! bury+-gr\nd to be encroa*$ ^u at all1 & ?is _c well be prev5t$1 x seems less objectionable to c>ry ! road 9 a /raight l9e ?r\gh x1 especially z x may be f\nd practicable to give an equal quantity ( gr\nd imm$iately contigu\s to ! pres5t bury+-gr\nd )\t mat]ially tr5*+ ^u any plan t may be 9 view = ! erection ( ! prison2 & z !re w be a consid]able dep? ( cutt+ 9 c>ry+ ! road ?r\gh ! bury+-gr\nd1 ! surface t]r+ ( ! diff]5t places ( int]m5t may be remov$ to ! new gr\nds ) due c>e & becom+ solemnity4 8,! report] gives a pref]5ce to ?is l9e1 because x seems be/ suit$ to ! peculi> situation ( ! gr\nd1 be+ calculat$ to %[ to mu* advantage ! rugg$ rocks on :i* ,nelson's ,monum5t is erect$1 :i* beautifully t]m9ates ! view 9 look+ ea/w>d2 & 9 ent]+ ! t[n f ! opposite directions1 x exhibits at "o view1 f a some:at elevat$ situation1 ! /rik+ & ext5sive l9e ( ,pr9ces ,/reet4 ,n[ ! report] is humbly ( op9ion t to atta9 ^! objects1 ?is l9e ( road %\ld be c>ri$ /raight f ,%akespe>e ,squ>e to ! ea/]n side ( ! bury+-gr\nd1 aft] :i* x may be made to suit ! position & nature ( ! gr\nd 9 all its w9d+s1 z del9eat$ ^u ! survey4 8,z ?is road is n only to be ! great approa* f ! ea/w>d1 b likewise to become ! *ief ?or\ghf>e to ! ext5sive l&s ( ,h]iot's & ,tr9ity ,hospitals1 & to ! l&s ( ! o!r cont]m9\s proprietors1 h5ce=? likely to become ! pr9cipal build+ gr\nds = ?is great city1 :i* is always increas+ t[>ds its port ( ,lei?1 x becomes desirable = ^! purposes1 & p>ticul>ly to pres]ve ! int]e/+ view ( ! ,calton ,hill1 t ?is road %\ld n be less ?an sev5ty-five feet 9 bread?1 or simil> to ,pr9ces ,/reet1 exclusively ( ! sunk areas1 :i* is c]ta9ly adequate to all ! ord9>y purposes ( utility1 int]c\rse1 & elegance4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o way ( view+ ! wid? ( ?is "p ( ! road or /reet1 by :i* x may appe> to be too n>r[ ev5 at sev5ty-five feet1 & t is by comp>+ x ) ! wid? ( ,pr9ces ,/reet1 :i*1 includ+ ! sunk5 areas1 measures n9ety-five feet 9 bread?4 ,pr9ces ,/reet1 h[ev]1 comes m prop]ly "u ! description ( a r[ or t]race1 & ! pr9cipal footpa? be+ on ! nor? side ( ! /reet1 x may consequ5tly be appreh5d$ t unless ! new /reet 7 ( an equal wid?1 a spectator look+ f ! nor? side ( ! new /reet t[>ds ! l9e ( ,pr9ces ,/reet w\ld comm& b an imp]fect view ( x4 ,?is to a consid]able ext5t w\ld be ! /ate ( ! case ev5 at sev5ty-five feet ( bread?1 & 7 ! /reet r$uc$ to sixty feet 9 bread?1 z has be5 propos$1 ! view ( ! high] p>ts ( ! ,calton ,hill w\ld be hid f ! pavem5t on ,pr9ces ,/reet4 ,b ! n>r[+ ( ! /reet ev5 to sixty feet 9 wid?1 ) two elegant build+s 9 ! =m ( pavilions or w+s to ! bridge1 w\ld h an effect simil> to :at is /rik+ly obs]vable 9 look+ f ! we/]n end ( ,george ,/reet t[>ds ! ,excise ,(fice4 ,examples ( n>r[+ /reets are n uncommon1 z ,great ,pult5ey ,/reet 9 ,ba?1 & ,blackfri>s & ,we/m9/] ,bridge ,/reets 9 ,london4 ,! report]1 h[ev]1 confesses t he is n induc$ to consid] sixty feet1 or ev5 sev5ty-five feet1 z ! mo/ desirable bread? = ! new bridge f any views ( elegance2 ) him ! r$uction ( ! wid? ( ! /reet is propos$ r f motives ( economy to insure ! success ( a great measure1 ?an f *oice 9 mak+ ! design4 ,9 ?is situation a bridge ( n9ety-five feet1 or equal to ! extreme bread? ( ,pr9ces ,/reet1 w\ld mo/ un=tunately place ! new build+s ^u ! nor?-we/]n side s ne> to ! h\ses ( ,lei? ,/reet1 t ! w9d[s ( ! h\ses ( ,lei? ,/reet & ^? ( ! new /reet w\ld be %ad$ by ea* o!r1 s z to require ! build+s at ! we/]n end ( ! bridge to be kept less 9 height1 if n to be discont9u$ altoge!r1 = a consid]able way1 :i* w\ld r5d] ! build+ gr\nds ( mu* less value4 ,two or ?ree ( ! new build+s1 inde$1 might be jo9$ or connect$ ) ! old h\ses1 b /ill ! prop]ty ^u ! :ole w\ld be greatly injur$4 ,consid]+ ?is1 & also ! additional exp5se ( ! bridge )\t greatly increas+ ! value ( ! cell>age1 toge!r ) ! great] trespass t w\ld be made on ! bury+-gr\nd by a /reet ( n9ety-five feet 9 bread?1 ! report] has be5 induc$ to del9eate ^u ! plan a bridge ( sev5ty-five feet1 & a road f x to ! ,abbeyhill ( sixty feet 9 bread?4 ,yet if x %all appe> t funds _c be conv5i5tly obta9$ to meet ev5 ?is exp5se1 x may !n be f\nd necess>y to make ! :ole ( ! uni=m bread? ( sixty feet4 ,f ! annex$ e/imate = ! pur*ase ( prop]ty1 build+ a bridge ( sev5ty-five feet 9 wid?1 & mak+ a road f x to ! ,abbeyhill ( sixty feet 9 bread?1 x appe>s t ! exp5se w am\nt to #ga1igf1 #ads4 8,9 e/imat+ ! exp5se ( ^! works1 ! report] has _h 9 view t ! road %\ld be execut$ 9 aisl] causeway1 & t ! :ole %\ld be execut$ 9 a sub/antial mann]4 ,f ! bor+s 9 ! /rata :i* h be5 made by ! directions ( ! report]1 !re is reason to hope t ! f\ndations ( ! bridge w n be difficult1 & he !re=e tru/s t ! sev]al sums 9 ! e/imate ( ! exp5se already allud$ to1 w be f\nd adequate to ?is purpose4 8,! exp5diture w no d\bt be l>ge1 b ! advantages are great 9 proportion4 8,9 consid]+ ?is propos$ new approa*1 x may be prop] to notice x p>ticul>ly z ! means ( procur+ a prop] site = ! new jail & c\rt h\se2 second1 z calculat$ to raise ! value ( c]ta9 build+ gr\nds2 ?irdly1 z a public road2 & la/ly1 z contribut+ individually to ! com=t ( ! inhabitants ( ,ed9burgh4 8,site = ! ,jail4 8,9 any display ( ! advantages ( ?is measure1 ! motive :i* l$ to x %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,x 0 n ! conv5i5ce ( ! weal?y citiz51 nor ! increas$ value ( gr\nd = build+1 nor ev5 ! improvem5t ( ! public roads t 0 s\ght aft]4 ,x 0 to obta9 a heal?ful situation = a common jail1 & !reby to ext5d ! com=ts p>ticul>ly ( "o un=tunate class ( individuals1 :o1 p]haps f ! unavoidable circum/ances ( _! lot1 or f innoc5t mis=tunes1 are unable to pay _! debts1 & are ca/ into prison2 & ev5 ( ano!r class1 c]ta9ly less to be piti$1 :o f a p]v]sity ( disposition or ! depravity ( _! nature1 =feit _! lib]ty = a "t4 8,9 look+ = a prop] site = build+ a jail ^u ! ,calton ,hill1 ! eye is naturally direct$ to ! position ( ,bridewell z a fit place = conc5trat+ ! :ole e/abli%m5t ( prisons = ! city ( ,ed9burgh to "o spot1 & if ?\ght advisable1 to put ! :ole "u ! c>e ( ! same gov]nor1 z is ! g5]al practice 9 ,engl&4 ,a suitable site = ! felons-jail has be5 po9t$ out ^u ! we/]n side ( ,bridewell2 & ) a prop] discrim9ation1 ! ,%]iff proposes to erect ! debtors-jail ^u ! o!r side2 & if ^! build+s be con/ruct$ 9 ! same /yle ( ar*itecture z ,bridewell1 ! :ole w pres5t "o uni=m front or suite ( build+s4 ,! report] und]/&s1 h[ev]1 t ! ,%]iff does n wi% ?is to be und]/ood z fix$1 b t ! op9ion ( ! mo/ em95t ar*itects %\ld be obta9$ reg>d+ ! jail to be erect$4 8,site = ! ,ju/ici>y ,c\rt ,h\se4 8,suppos+1 = ! pres5t1 t ! jails 7 arrang$ 9 ?is mann]1 & t x 7 necess>y 9 connection ) !m to erect a ,ju/ici>y ,c\rt ,h\se & public (fices1 a place mu/ be f\nd = !m t %all at once be suitable 9 po9t ( elegance1 & be at ! same "t conv5i5t = communicat+ ) ! prisons4 ,9 ! ev5t ( adopt+ a /reet ) a turn at ! ea/]n end ( ! bridge1 a site = ^! build+s c\ld be v appropriately got1 ei!r fac+ ! l9e ( ,pr9ces ,/reet or ^u ! s\!rn side ( ! ar* ov] ,calton ,/reet4 ,on ?is la/ spot x may be object$ t ! build+s w\ld n be fully se5 till ! spectator _h rea*$ ! op5 ar* ( ! bridge4 ,bo? ( ^! situations w\ld1 h[ev]1 be contigu\s to ! ,regi/] ,(fice & ,nor? ,bridge1 & c\ld be made accessible to ! prisons by a private way r\nd ! s\!rn side ( ! bury+-gr\nd4 8,b c]ta9ly ! mo/ comm&+ site1 9 reg>d to elegance & gr&eur ( effect1 = a public build+ w\ld be to place x opposite to ! prisons 9 ! op5+ ( ! /reet1 z m>k$ on ! plan4 ,9 su* a position1 :5 view$ f ,pr9ces ,/reet 9 connection ) ! monum5t1 ! effect ( ^! ,c\rt h\ses 9 p]spective w\ld inde$ be v f9e1 & 9 com+ r\nd ! hill by ! l9e ( road f ! ea/w>ds1 x w\ld be no less /rik+4 8,! site = ! prisons naturally po9ts out itself contigu\sly to ,bridewell1 z well = ! reasons already /at$ z on acc\nt ( its s\!rn exposure1 & x has be5 obs]v$ to be j at ! po9t ( elevation = receiv+ a supply ( wat] f ! city's res]voir4 ,b 9 sett+ d[n ! public build+s = ! c\nty & = ! ,%]iff ,c\rt at s great a di/ance f ! ,c\rt ( ,session & ! o!r ,c\rts ( ,law1 ! conv5i5ce ( ! practition]s is a consid]ation ( importance :i* pres5ts itself z requir+ v mature delib]ation1 :i* does n /rictly come "u my notice4 8,! value ( ,feu+ ,gr\nd4 8,! prolongation ( ! l9e ( ,pr9ces ,/reet by a bridge ov] ,calton ,/reet is calculat$ 9 a p>ticul> mann] to b5efit ! ext5sive l&s ( ,h]iot's & ,tr9ity ,hospitals1 & ! cont]m9\s proprietors to ! ea/w>d ( ! ,calton ,hill1 by af=d+ a bett] access ?an c be obta9$ 9 any o!r direction1 especially 9 s f> z x reg>ds ! high] gr\nds ( ,h]iot's ,hospital4 ,b on ?is subject ! report] has already submitt$ 8 op9ion 9 s f> z reg>ds ,h]iot's ,hospital1 9 a report to ! ,gov]nors ( t in/itution2 & z ! same argum5t held 9 a great] or less degree ) ! o!r proprietors1 x seems unnecess>y1 9 ?is place1 to resume ! subject4 8,z a ,public ,road4 8,z a new approa* to ! city ( ,ed9burgh f ! ,abbeyhill to ! c5tral p>ts ( ! city1 avoid+ ! inconv5i5t acclivity & awkw>d t]m9ation ( ,lei? ,/reet1 or ! /ill m intricate & incommodi\s access by ! ,nor? ,back ( ,canongate1 ?is road w be reg>d$ by ! ,tru/ees = ! highways )9 ! c\nty z an improvem5t ( ! fir/ importance4 ,z a road1 x is at once direct & obvi\s4 ,by an ext5sion ( ?is l9e ( road to ,lei? by ! ea/]n road1 or /ill m to ! ea/w>d ?r\gh ! l&s ( ,re/alrig1 ?is access w be f\nd ( v g5]al utility1 :ile ! travell] ?us ent]+ ,ed9burgh w be pres5t$ ) ! mo/ *>act]i/ic views ( ! city1 bo? old t[n & new t[n1 calculat$ to inspire ! highe/ op9ions ( its picturesque beauties4 8,to ! ,inhabitants ( ,ed9burgh4 8,z a great addition to ! individual com=t & conv5i5ce ( ! inhabitants ( ,ed9burgh1 ! bridge ov] ,calton ,/reet w op5 an elegant access to ! l&s ( ! ,calton ,hill1 f :i* ! surr\nd+ c\ntry =ms "o ( ! mo/ delightful prospects ( di/ant m\nta9 ranges1--deta*$ hills & ext5sive sea-coa/1 ) num]\s %ips ev] ply+ 9 all directions1 toge!r ) ! f9e/ city sc5]y t is any:]e to be met )4 8,^? :o h admir$ ! city ( ,london f an em95ce h inde$ se5 m ext5d$ l9es ( /reet b\nd$ p]haps by a ri*] c\ntry1 yet x is v defici5t 9 t v>iety & boldness ( feature :i* is s /rik+ 9 ?is place4 ,:5 x is wi%$ to ext5d ?is walk to ! ea/w>d1 ! new road w lead ! p$e/rian commodi\sly to ! bottom ( ,ar?ur's ,seat1 r\nd ! ea/]n side ( :i* a pa? to ,dudd+/on1 bran*+ out 9 v>i\s directions 9 its c\rse r\nd to ,salisbury ,crags1 might1 9 a v delightful mann]1 be imag9$ to complete an aft]noon's excursion4 ,let ^? :o h n a lively picture 9 _! m9d ( ! prospect f ! ,calton ,hill walk along ! l9e ( ! project$ road1 & ^u att5d+ to x !y w meet ) su* a ri*ness & v>iety ( sc5]y z w satisfy !m h[ greatly ! ornam5t ( ! city1 & ! pleasures ( ! inhabitants & ( its occasional visitants1 w\ld be promot$ by ! cont9uation ( ! l9e ( ,pr9ces ,/reet t[>ds ! l&s ( ,calton ,hill4 ,:e!r !re=e we consid] a bridge ov] ,calton ,/reet z calculat$ to improve ! approa* to ! city f ! ea/w>d1 or z r5d]+ accessible _m acres = build+1 & villa gr\nds :i* mu/ o!rwise rema9 z grass fields = an indef9ite p]iod1 or z op5+ an easy way to ! ris+ gr\nds ( ! ,calton ,hill1 9 all ^! & 9 o!r important purposes ! report] is humbly ( op9ion t ?is measure ought to be reg>d$ z ! greate/ object :i* has engag$ ! att5tion ( public m5 s9ce ! erection ( ! ,nor? ,bridge1 :i* 0 a v bold & ent]pris+ und]tak+ = any p]iod ( prov9cial or ev5 ( metropolitan hi/ory4 8,"u ^! circum/ances1 x mu/ be d\bly gratify+ to le>n1 t not)/&+ ! facility :i* an improv$ access mu/ af=d 9 lay+ out ! city gr\nds ( ! ,calton ,hill = build+s1 x is und]/ood to be ! int5tion ( ! ,"l ,provo/ & ,magi/rates1 9 fram+ ! ,bill = an ,act ( ,p>liam5t = regulat+ ^! works1 to provide1 ) a prop] lib]ality & a due reg>d = ! imm$iate & ultimate int]e/s ( ! community1 t ^! l&s %all 9 all "t com+ be pres]v$ op5 & free z at pres5t f all common build+s4 ,x is also hop$ t ! ,hon4 & ,rev4 ,gov]nors ( ,h]iot's ,hospital1 ) enlight5$ s5tim5ts1 w pres]ve ! view ( ,holyrood ,h\se & its connect+ sc5]y1 by re/rict+ ! build+s on ! s\!rn side ( ! new road ?r\gh ! ,hospital's l& to su* limits z may seem = t purpose to be necess>y40 ,! ,bill = ?is new approa* to ,ed9burgh 0 pass$ 9 #ahad1 &1 on ! #i? ( ,septemb] #ahae1 ! f\ndation /one ( ! ,wat]loo ,bridge 0 laid ) great masonic c]emony1 be>+ ! foll[+ inscription-- ,,regnante ,,georgio ,,iii4 ,,patre ,,patriae ,,urbis ,,praefecto ,,it]um ,,joanne ,,m>joribanks ,,de ,,lees ,,equite ,,b>onetto ,,ar*itecto ,,rob]to ,,/ev5son ,,cives ,,ed9burg5ses ,,novum ,,hunc ,,et ,,magnificum ,,p] ,,montem ,,vic9um ,,ad ,,summam ,,urbem ,,aditum ,,moliti ,,9 ,,hoc ,,ponte ,,nom5 ,,juss]unt ,,inscribi ,,proregis ,,georgii ,,augu/i ,,fr$]ici4#g :i* ,i quote1 because ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 9 8 notes1 m5tions a curi\s circum/ance 9 connection ) x3--8,! late ,james ,gregory1 !n ,pr(essor ( ! ,practice ( ,m$ic9e 9 ! ,univ]sity1 ! well-kn[n au?or ( ! ,conspectus ,m$ic9ae ,!oreticae1 0 appli$ to by ! ,commission = ! improvem5t to put ! inscription 9 classical ,lat94 ,! ,doctor came to me to say t he mu/ /yle me ,ar*itect1 !re be+ no su* ^w z ,eng9e] to be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,arts1 & s x /&s 9 ! inscription4 ,i want$ ! ,doctor to introduce ! t]m ,eng9e]1 z x 0 v desirable to h ! pr(ession recognis$ 9 works n[ exclusively entru/$ to ! eng9e]40 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's orig9al feu+ plan1 already ref]r$ to1 = ! ,calton ,hill _h ?ree ranges ( t]races at diff]5t levels1 z %[n by a picture 9 my possession1 f :i* ,plate ,v4 has be5 engrav$4 ,! middle l9e ( t]race %[n 9 ! draw+ corresponds to ! ,reg5t ,t]race z ultimately con/ruct$4 ,! approa* on ! nor!rn side ( ! hill1 kn[n z ! 8,london ,road10 0 execut$ accord+ to ,mr4 ,/ev5son's design imm$iately aft] ! completion ( ! ,reg5t ,road & ,wat]loo ,bridge2 & ! :ole ( ! new l9es ( road1 z %[n 9 r$ 9 ,plate ,,iv41 71 z ,i h /at$1 "p ( ! same design4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's fur!r contributions to ! improvem5t ( ! approa*es to ,ed9burgh 7 made betwe5 #ahaa & #ahag to ! 8,tru/ees = ! ,po/-road ,di/rict ( ,roads10 ! 8,tru/ees ( ! ,middle ,di/rict ( ,roads10 ! 8,commission]s = =m+ & feu+ ,lei? ,walk10 & ! 8,tru/ees ( ! ,cramond ,di/rict ( ,roads40 ,^! 7 ! sev]al au?orities at t "t 9 p[]1 "u ^: directions he laid out ! access to ,ed9burgh f ,/ockbridge by ,royal ,circus1 & f ,inv]lei? by ,canonmills to ,dundas ,/reet1 & f ,canonmills to ,bellevue ,cresc5t4 ,m rec5tly ! access f ,granton ,h>b\r to ,inv]lei? ,r[ on ! ea/1 & to ,c>ol9e ,p>k on ! we/1 7 design$ & execut$ "u 8 direction 9 connection ) 8 design = ,granton ,h>b\r1 made to ! ,duke ( ,buccleu* 9 #ahcd4 ,to ,mr4 ,/ev5son's eng9e]+ skill1 !re=e1 x may truly be said t mod]n ,ed9burgh owes mu* ( its fame z a city ( palaces1 comm&+ views ( ! ,fir? ( ,=? & surr\nd+ c\ntry :i* _c be surpass$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,,design ,,= ,,build+ ,,on ,,! ,,calton ,,hill4 by ,rob]t ,/ev5son1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,civil ,eng9e]4 ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on ,li?og4 ,ed9burgh4 ,g4 ,c4 ,scott1 ,delt4 ,,! ,,old ,,tolboo? ,,prison4 ,:ile ,mr4 ,/ev5son 0 elaborat+ 8 designs = ! new approa*es to ! city1 8 att5tion 0 naturally direct$ to ! cr[d$ /ate ( ! build+s 9 ! old t[n2 & z we %all see1 he did n fail fully to appreciate ?is evil1 or =get to sugge/ a rem$y = x 9 8 plans ( improvem5t4 ,! old 8,tolboo?0 prison1 9 ! ,high ,/reet ( ,ed9burgh--! sc5e ( s _m incid5ts 9 ! ,he>t ( ,midlo?ian--0 /ill ! only /ronghold 9 :i* debtors & crim9als 7 indiscrim9ately conf9$4 ,its position 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,high ,/reet1 at ,/4 ,giles' ,*ur*1 0 v objectionable1 & ! erection ( a new jail1 9 a m fav\rable situation1 _h be5 (t5 propos$1 b nev] c>ri$ out4 ,9 pursuance ( ?is desirable object1 ,sir ,william ,rae--! ,%]iff-,depute ( ,ed9burgh--9 #ahac1 accompani$ by ,mr4 ,/ev5son z a pr(essional advis]1 visit$ _m ( ! pr9cipal jails 9 ,engl&1 includ+ ,newgate1 ,k+sb5*1 ,cold ,ba?1 ,ox=d1 ,gl\ce/]1 ,*e/]1 & ,lanca/]1 to inquire into _! g5]al arrangem5ts & accommodation4 ,sir ,william ,rae also remitt$ to ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,cri*ton1 ar*itect1 to report on ! condition ( ! anci5t 8,tolboo?20 & f ! conclusion arriv$ at by ! eng9e] & ar*itect1 mo/ p ( ! pres5t day w readily sympa?ise ) ! ,%]iff 9 8 ard5t desire = ! erection ( a new build+4 ,_! report is curi\s1 z convey+ an idea ( ! /ate ( prison discipl9e 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury1 & is int]e/+ 9 connection ) ! antiquities ( ,ed9burgh4 ,messrs4 ,/ev5son & ,cri*ton say3-- 8,agreeably to ! directions ( ! ,hon\rable ! ,commission]s = erect+ a new jail1 ! report]s h exam9$ bo? ! ext]ior walls & ! int]ior p>ts ( ! pres5t jail1 & !y n[ report t ?is build+1 :i* 0 erect$ 9 #aefb1 orig9ally =m$ ! we/]n extremity ( a cont9u\s range ( build+s 9 ! middle ( ! ,high ,/reet1 call$ ! ,luck5boo?s4 ,a few ye>s ago ^! build+s 7 p>tly remov$1 leav+ ! old jail 9 an insulat$ & unsupport$ /ate4 ,! /reet at ! nor?-ea/]n angle ( ! build+s 0 at ! same "t l[]$ sev]al feet2 & ^! *anges1 toge!r ) ! defective /ate ( ! masonry1 appe> to h produc$ ! foll[+ effects ^u ! ea/]n & nor!rn walls ( ?is n[ %att]$ fabric4 8,! ea/]n wall or gable is r5t 9 ?ree places4 ,two ( ^! fissures ext5d f ! gr\nd to ! top ( ! build+1 & ! wall is f\nd to bulge or b5d outw>ds4 8,on ! nor!rn side !re has be5 a junction ( ! walls ( two sep>ate build+s1 =m+ :at is call$ ! debtor & crim9al sides ( ! prison1 :i* seem to h be5 erect$ at diff]5t p]iods4 ,at ?is place !re is a v app>5t op5+ f ! bottom to ! top ( ! prison1 & ! ea/]n or crim9al end appe>s to be settl+ at ! nor?-ea/]n angle1 z fur!r appe>s f ! doors ( ! gu>d-h\se & black hole1 situate 9 t qu>t] ( ! build+1 hav+ at diff]5t times requir$ "s alt]ations to make !m move ^u _! h+es4 8,?is wall1 l ! ea/]n "o1 is also bulg$ outw>ds to ! ext5t ( f six to t5 in*es 9 diff]5t places4 8,! ro( ( ! prison is likewise unsafe1 p>ticul>ly ^u ! crim9al or ea/]n side1 :]e ! raft]s h sunk 9 ! middle & press$ ! side wall outw>ds at ! top4 8,int]ior ( ! ,prison4 8,^u exam9+ ! int]ior ( ! prison1 x 0 f\nd t ! sev]al cracks & fissures1 already describ$ z obs]vable on ! outside ( ! build+1 7 also mo/ di/9ctly visible f )91 & t ! nor!rn wall 9 sev]al ( ! ap>tm5ts appe>s to h sep>at$ f ! floors4 ,9 confirmation ( ^! facts1 :i* appe> p>ticul>ly to claim ! notice ( ! ,hon\rable ! ,commission]s1 x 0 di/9ctly /at$ to ! report]s by ,mr4 ,sibbald1 ! head jail]1 t he _h be5 conv]sant ) ?is prison ab\t tw5ty-two ye>s2 t ab\t sev5 ye>s ago he became pr9cipal jail]1 & _h ev] s9ce be5 9 ! habit ( mak+ requisitions = ! necess>y repairs1 :i* 7 always execut$ at 8 sight2 t ^! op5+s & fissures1 :i* n[ appe>$ obvi\s to ! report]s1 _h be5 frequ5tly pla/]$ ov] ) lime1 sometimes previ\sly to :itewa%+ ! ap>tm5ts1 & at o!r times at ! e>ne/ reque/ ( ! prison]s1 to /op ! curr5t ( air1 :i* annoy$ !m1 & /ill ^! fissures appe>$ to be gett+ wid]2 t 9 e in/ance :]e ! walls _h be5 attempt$ to be =c$ by ! prison]s1 ! mort> 0 f\nd to be loose & s(t1 )\t hav+ tak5 bond2 9 p>ticul> x 0 /at$ t two ( ! prison]s _h lately excavat$ ab\t two c>tloads ( rubbi% f ! walls ) a small piece ( iron1 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs4 8,x is !re=e humbly conclud$1 f ! in=mation obta9$ by ! report]s ^u ! spot1 b especially f _! own k & obs]vation1 t !re are data = assum+ t ! ea/]n & nor!rn walls ( ! prison h deviat$ consid]ably f ! p]p5dicul> ( _! orig9al elevation2 t !re is reason to consid] !m /ill cont9u+ to deviate f ! p]p5dicul>2 & t f9ally1 9 ! decay$ /ate ( ?is build+1 x is impossible to w>rant its /ability = any giv5 p]iod ( "t4 ,! report]s %\ld ev5 consid] ! cont9u+ ! use ( ?is build+ = "o ye> long] ?an is indisp5sably necess>y = ! erection ( a suffici5t jail1 an evil if possible to be avoid$1 z involv+ imm95t dang] to ! wret*$ inmates1 & mu* haz>d to ! public at l>ge1 f its position 9 ! he>t ( ! city4 8,x w\ld accord+ly be v desirable t "s support c\ld be giv5 to ?is old build+ imm$iately1 b un=tunately its position r5d]s ?is q impossible )\t s]i\sly ob/ruct+ ! ,high or pr9cipal /reet ( ! city4 ,_h x =m$ any "p ( ! ,hon\rable ! ,commission]s' in/ructions to ! report]s to take notice ( ?is jail z a place ( security = ! safe cu/ody ( prison]s1 x w\ld only be necess>y = !m to ref] to :at is h]e9 /at$ reg>d+ ! insuffici5cy ( ! walls1 & to rem>k t ! floors1 be+ :olly compos$ ( timb]1 are nei!r pro( aga9/ ! simple/ accid5t by fire nor aga9/ ! slighte/ attempt at escape by ! prison]s4 ,x is truly surpris+ t any crim9al ( a desp]ate "* c be reta9$ )9 its prec9cts to abide ! pa9s ( law1 :i* no?+ b ! active vigilance ( its keep]s c\ld insure40 ,?is anci5t prison-h\se 0 remov$ 9 #ahag1 & 9 8 ,notes to ! ,he>t ( ,midlo?ian1 ,scott says3--8,t ) ! lib]al acquiesc5ce ( ! p]sons :o _h contract$ = ! "w1 he procur$ ! /ones :i* compos$ ! gateway1 toge!r ) ! door & its pond]\s fa/5+s1 to decorate ! entrance to ! kit*5 c\rt at ,abbots=d40 ,,! ,,removal ,,( ,,! ,,college4 ,!re is yet ano!r report :i*1 ?\gh its int]e/ may only be local1 ,i ?9k is wor?y ( a place 9 ?is ,memoir1 z x n only %[s ,mr4 ,/ev5son's firm conviction 9 ! ultimate success ( 8 ,calton ,hill improvem5ts1 b is a pleas+ record ( 8 int]e/ 9 ! sc5e ( 8 e>ly /udies4 ,x is n1 ,i believe1 g5]ally kn[n t ,mr4 ,/ev5son made an unsuccessful attempt to h ! ,univ]sity build+s1 !n 9 progress1 remov$ f ! old t[n to ! site propos$ to be op5$ up on ! ,calton ,hill2 & ! rem>ks he !n made1 address$ to ! ,"r ,hon\rable ,sir ,john ,m>joribanks1 ,"l ,provo/ ( ,ed9burgh1 may h int]e/ ev5 at ! pres5t day1 z %ad[+ =? views :i*1 9 ! n[ alt]$ relations ( ! new & old t[n1 h be5 to "s ext5t realis$4 8,9 mak+ ! foll[+ obs]vations at ! desire ( ! ,"l ,provo/ reg>d+ ! completion ( ! ,college ( ,ed9burgh1 ! memoriali/ w\ld be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! site ( ! build+ r ?an to ! m]its ( any p>ticul> design1 ( :i* he does n presume to give any op9ion1 z x is a matt] :i* m prop]ly falls "u ! obs]vations ( ! ar*itect ?an ! eng9e]4 8,9 treat+ ( ! fitness ( ! pres5t site ( ! ,college ( ,ed9burgh1 x may be prop] to take "s cursory notice ( ! situation ( ! ,old ,college1 z connect$ ) ! h\ses & /reets 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & !n %[ ! alt]ations :i* ! ,univ]sity gr\nds h und]gone s9ce ! design 0 fir/ =m$ ( rebuild+ ! ,college4 8,old ,college4 8,9 s f> z ! memoriali/ c recollect ! ext]ior ( ! area ( ! ,old ,college1 x 0 occupi$ by a range ( l[ build+s ( only two /ories1 p>ticul>ly ^u ! s\!rn & we/]n sides1 & 0 aga9 divid$ by a range ( build+s into a small l[] c\rt t[>ds ! nor?1 & ! pres5t ma9 c\rty>d on ! s\?1 & ^! two c\rts communicat$ ) ea* o!r by a spaci\s flight ( /eps1 s t ! pr9cipal or high] c\rt 0 comp>atively op5 & free to ! influ5ce bo? ( ! sun & ( ! air4 ,nor 0 !re any ob/ruction to ?is /ate ( ?+s beyond ! prec9cts ( ! ,college = a consid]able p]iod aft] ! ,new ,college 0 comm5c$1 & until ! elegance ( ! build+ /amp$ a new value ^u all ! surr\nd+ prop]ty4 ,b1 un=tunately1 by ?is "t ! funds = ! works fell %ort1 & ! op]ations 7 /opp$4 ,! ,magi/racy1 also1 :o orig9ally ent]$ ^u ?is great "w1 9 rotation retir$ f (fice1 & ! same zeal 0 p]haps n felt by ^? :o imm$iately succe$$2 & we are n[ left to regret ! %ortness ( ! p]iod ( human life1 :i* has remov$ ! man :o conceiv$ ! magnific5t design ( ?is build+1 :i* is n[ s completely inve/$ ) /reets z to be r5d]$ ne>ly unfit = ! purposes ( its f\ndation4 8,new ,college4 8,! site ( ! ,new ,college ( ,ed9burgh1 z already /at$1 does n possess any ( ^? prop]ties :i* are consid]$ ess5tial to ! conv5i5ce & eligibility ( a public s*ool4 ,in/ead ( be+ 9 a retir$ situation ) seque/]$ walks1 l ! o!r colleges ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 x is closely surr\nd$ by pav$ /reets1 :i* are ! mo/ public ?or\ghf>es = c>riages 9 ! city1 insomu* t ! memoriali/ has witness$ ! annoyance ( ,playfair's ma!matical class by a ballad-s+]1 & he has (t5] ?an once se5 ! ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy put to sil5ce by ! disload+ ( a c>t ) b>s ( iron 9 ,college ,wynd2 & at all times ! driv+ ( a s+le c>riage briskly 9 ! /reets :i* surr\nd ! ,college is suffici5t to di/urb1 & ev5 to int]rupt1 ! classes4 ,to ?is x may be repli$ t d\ble w9d[s w prev5t su* int]ruptions2 b ^! w\ld obscure ! light :i* already1 f ! late erection 7on all sides7 ( v high build+s1 is mu* injur$4 8,s /rongly is ! memoriali/ impress$ ) ^! views1 f :at he has himself z a /ud5t exp]i5c$1 & f :at he has he>d f o!rs1 t he _c resi/ br++ !m =cibly "u ! notice ( y\r ,lord%ip 9 connection ) ! erection ( a build+ = "o ( ! fir/ sem9>ies ( education 9 ,europe4 8,:5 y\r ,lord%ip's pr$ecessors 9 ! (fice ( ! magi/racy adopt$ ! plan ( ,rob]t ,adam1 ! mo/ em95t & ju/ly celebrat$ ar*itect ( 8 day1 ! site 0 comp>atively free f ! objections /at$4 ,x is n !re=e ! plan :i* is objectionable1 b x is ! neighb\rhood :i* has be5 s alt]$ & *ang$ z to be v unsuitable to ! elegant design ( ! ar*itect4 8,f causes to :i* x is unnecess>y to allude1 ! build+ ( ! ,new ,college has only advanc$ ab\t "o ?ird t[>ds ! p]fect+ ( ! design1 & a sum ( money is n[ expect$ to be procur$ = its completion4 ,! pres5t mom5t is !re=e "o ( ! greate/ importance = consid]+ ! defici5cies ( ! pres5t site1 & if f\nd mat]ially defective1 z humbly appe>s to y\r memoriali/ to be ! case1 x 7 mu* bett] to *ange ! site ( ! build+ :ile x may be done )\t mu* loss1 & execute ! design 9 a m eligible situation4 8,x mu/ always be kept 9 view t :5 ?is design 0 made ! gr\nds 7 op5 to ! free circulation ( ! air & ! full influ5ce ( light4 ,b n[ ! case is mat]ially alt]$1 & if ! design is execut$ "u su* a *ange ( circum/ances ! direct rays ( ! sun w h>dly ev] rea* ! area ( ! c\rty>d1 especially 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 nei!r w !re be t free circulation ( air :i* is ess5tial to heal? & com=t1 & moss 7byssus7 w make its appe>ance ^u ! l[] p>ts 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\rty>d1 :i* is v unsuitable 9 a magnific5t build+ su* z ,mr4 ,adam's design = ! ,college ( ,ed9burgh4 8,at ! p]iod :5 ! rebuild+ ( ! ,college 0 det]m9$ ^u !re 0 p]haps little *oice z to ! spot = its erection2 ! numb] ( /ud5ts1 n[ greatly on ! increase1 0 at t "t mu* small]1 & ! ,college gr\nds 7 !n mu* m reliev$ & uncumb]$ ) o!r build+s1 a /ate ( ?+s :i* mo/ unque/ionably w\ld h be5 pres]v$ _h ! build+ proce$$ z 0 expect$2 b 9 ! lapse ( ab\t "o ?ird ( a c5tury _m *anges take place1 & ! sl[ progress ( ! build+ necess>ily produc$ a want ( en]gy 9 ! (ficial p to prev5t ! use t has s9ce be5 made by ! respective proprietors ( ! surr\nd+ gr\nds4 8,at ! pres5t crisis1 h[ev]1 y\r ,lord%ip w n[ feel y\rself call$ ^u 9 a review ( ^! circum/ances to consid] :at is prop] to be done ^u a great scale = ! ultimate be/ advantage ( future g5]ations 9 a matt] ( great public int]e/4 ,"u ^! impressions a field ( op]ation is j op5+ = y\r ,lord%ip's consid]ation1 9 a prolongation ( ,pr9ces ,/reet 9 a direct l9e to ! l&s ( ,calton ,hill & ,h]iot's ,hospital1 n[ 9 progress "u ! auspices ( y\r ,lord%ip4 ,to take a m9ute view ( ?is improvem5t w\ld be t$i\s1 & w\ld require ! notice ( m p>ticul>s ?an ^! obs]vations are int5d$ to ref] to4 ,b 9 a g5]al way x may be notic$ t !re is ample space & fre$om = ! execution ( ,mr4 ,adam's design on ! l&s to :i* ! new approa* w lead by a v easy access4 8,x may be object$ to ! removal ( ! ,college t x w\ld be inconv5i5t = ! /ud5ts2 b = ^? :o are p]haps ! mo/ num]\s1 liv+ 9 ! ,new ,t[n1 a site = ! ,college on ! nor? side ( ! t[n w\ld be ! mo/ conv5i5t1 & = a diff]5t class lodg+s at a *eap rate w\ld be procur$ q at h& 9 ! ,canongate4 8,a m p[]ful objection w\ld p]haps arise f ! contiguity ( ! pres5t site ( ! ,college to ! ,infirm>y & o!r in/itutions connect$ ) ! education ( ! m$ical classes1 b ^! may also be got ov] by a little arrangem5t 9 ! pres5t h\rs ( ! classes1 & "o w\ld n despair ( see+ a m direct road project$ f ! ,calton ,hill to ! s\!rn side ( ! t[n 7 ! ,college remov$ to t neighb\rhood4 ,) reg>d to any real loss to ! /ud5ts1 x is n believ$ t su* c\ld be in/ruct$ 7 ?is proposition fully consid]$4 ,b ^? :o w\ld p]haps be ! mo/ clamor\s are ! p]sons :o h made ! mo/ ( _! prop]ty by build+ imm5se piles ( lodg+-h\ses 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! ,college1 & h ?us ru9$ ! neighb\rhood4 8,) reg>d to ! funds = ?is *ange ( site1 y\r memoriali/ is ( op9ion t ! removal ( ! ,college f ! pres5t valuable gr\nds 9 ! c5tral p>ts ( ! city1 = build+s applicable to comm]cial & economical purposes1 w\ld be att5d$ ) an increase ( funds t[>ds ! new erection2--= ! l[] "p all r\nd w\ld be op5$ = valuable %ops1 :ile ! high] p>ts w\ld answ] = dwell+-h\ses & o!r purposes4 ,! "p ( ! front w\ld be easily conv]tible into a h\se = ! ,royal ,bank1 :i* seems mu* want$1 & 9 %ort x may be confid5tly /at$ t ^u ! :ole !re w\ld be no loss1 b ga91 by ! *ange ( position1 :ile v _m advantages c\ld be po9t$ out z att5d+ su* a measure1 7 ?is ! prop] place = ent]+ m fully into ! subject4 8,! proposal /at$ is n new2 x has be5 (t5 "u ! memoriali/'s consid]ation1 & he has he>d x fav\rably spok5 ( & receiv$ by sev]al ( ! ,pr(essors ( ! ,univ]sity1 9 p>ticul> ,pr(essors ,leslie & ,playfair1 & o!rs em95tly qualifi$ to judge correctly ^u ! subject40 ,) ?is report ,i conclude :at may be fairly held to be ( purely local int]e/1 b :i* nev]!less ,i h ?\ght wor?y ( a place 9 ! memoir ( "o ^: great anxiety ev] 0 to secure ! am5ity ( ,ed9burgh1 & make x attractive n only z a place ( resid5ce b z a seat ( le>n+4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,f]ries4 ,f]ry ,eng9e]+--,extracts f ,report on ! ,tay ,f]ries-- ,reports on v>i\s ,f]ries--,orkney & ,%etl& ,f]ry1 etc4 ,be=e we _h /eam]s to navigate our fir?s & railways to bridge our e/u>ies1 ! 8cross+ ( ! f]ry0 0 an ev5t ( no small solicitude to ! travell]4 ,9 ! sail+ p9nace-boat ( ^? days he n only might enc\nt] s]i\s dang]1 b 8 exposure to sea-sickness & dr5*+ spray dep5d$ :olly on ! wea!r1 & sometimes ! l5g? ( ! passage1 & ! duration ( 8 suff]+ c\ld n be =etold by ! mo/ exp]i5c$ 8,skipp]10 z ! capta9 ( ! boat 0 inv>iably /yl$4 ,any?+ t c\ld r$uce ! haz>d & unc]ta9ty ( s mis]able a /ate ( ?+s 0 naturally hail$ z a priceless boon2 & ! improvem5t ( 8f]ry communication0 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury 0 an important bran* ( civil eng9e]+4 ,its successful practice dem&$ nautical k z well z con/ructive exp]i5ce1 = ! eng9e] _h fir/ ( all to /udy ! /r5g? & direction ( ! tidal curr5ts ( flood & ebb1 & !n to consid] f :at po9ts on ! %ore a f]ry-boat1 "u ! v>y+ /ates ( w9d & tide1 c\ld mo/ readily make h] passage across4 ,he _h fur!r to select ! mo/ suitable sites = l&+-places1 & to con/ruct high & l[ wat] slips at diff]5t po9ts to meet ! v>y+ /ates ( tide & w9d1 & to con/ruct roads ( m or less ext5t to connect ! l&+-places ) exi/+ turnpikes4 ,all ?is arrangem5t 0 requir$1 because at ! "t ( :i* ,i write1 be=e /eamboats 7 inv5t$1 two co/ly deep-wat] pi]s plac$ ex adv]so ( ea* o!r1 "o on ea* side ( a f]ry1 w\ld n h met ! requirem5ts ( ! case2 = ! managem5t ( a sail+ p9nace1 at ! m]cy ( ! curr5ts & w9ds1 dem&$ n a s+le pi] = :i* to /e]1 b a *oice ( sev]al po9ts1 on z wide a range ( coa/ z possible1 = :i* ! 8skipp]0 c\ld %ape 8 c\rse & make a l&+4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's nautical exp]i5ce peculi>ly fitt$ him = giv+ valuable advice 9 ?is important bran* ( m>9e eng9e]+4 ,x is no d\bt a bran* ( ! pr(ession :i* may be said to be obsolete1 b ,i d n "k t on t acc\nt x is undes]v+ ( notice2 & ! be/ mode ,i c ?9k ( = convey+ to any "o :o may be int]e/$ 9 x an idea ( ! 8f]ry eng9e]+0 ( =m] times1 is to give an extract1 ) an illu/rative sket*1 ( "o ( ,mr4 ,/ev5son's e>ly ,f]ry ,reports4 ,i select = ?is purpose a report made to ! 8,freehold]s1 ,ju/ices ( ! ,peace1 & ,commission]s ( ,supply ( ! c\nties ( ,fife & ,=f>0 relative to ! f]ries across ! ,tay at ,dundee3-- 8,hav+ exam9$ ! %ores & fir? ( ,tay ! report] has n[ ! hon\r ( submitt+ ! foll[+ z 8 report reg>d+ ! propos$ improvem5ts3-- 8,! improvem5t ( ! f]ries on ! ,tay has long be5 ! desire ( ! public2 & ?\gh ?is measure has hi!rto be5 delay$1 on acc\nt ( ! exp5se :i* necess>ily att5ds su* op]ations1 yet s desirable an object has be5 inv>iably kept 9 view2 & n[1 :5 ! advantages att5d+ ! rec5tly improv$ /ate ( ,que5sf]ry & ,k+horn f]ries h be5 9 a good measure realis$1 ! passage across ! ,tay has v opportunely be5 br\ght "u ! consid]ation ( ! freehold]s ( ! adjo9+ c\nties4 8,! pres5t l&+-slips or quays ^u ! ,tay are situate at ,dundee ^u ! nor?1 & at ,woodhav5 & ,newport on ! s\?4 ,! b$ ( ! fir? or riv] at ,dundee is s mu* silt$ up & encumb]$ ) s&banks & mud1 t ! pi]s1 :i* 7 no d\bt orig9ally built ( suffici5t ext5t1 & p]haps comm&+ ! necess>y dep? ( wat] = float+ ! passage-boats at l[ tides1 h at l5g? become inadequate to s great a ?or\ghf>e1 & ! boats are n[ left by ! wat] at e spr+-tide1 to ! great annoyance & inconv5i5ce ( ! public4 8,x w be obs]v$ f ! plans accompany+ ?is report t ! ,craig pi] at ,dundee is propos$ to be ext5d$ f ! s\!rn extremity ( ! pres5t l&+-slip or pi] #djj feet 9 l5g?1 or to ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,craig rock1 s z to comm& a dep? ( ab\t five feet at l[ wat] ( spr+-tides1 :i* w be suffici5t to float deck$ boats ( tw5ty to tw5ty-five tons regi/]1 built ^u a suitable con/ruction = sail+4 ,x is propos$ to con/ruct ?is pi]1 :]e ! greate/ bus9ess is to be done1 ^u ! plan ( a d\ble pi]1 sixty feet 9 bread?2 & z x w n[ be ( a mu* great] ext5t ?an =m]ly1 a scre5 wall is propos$ to be erect$ 9 ! middle ( x1 9 a longitud9al direction1 s z to *eck ! waves or run ( ! wat] ov] ! pi]1 & also = ! def5ce & %elt] ( pass5g]s f ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r4 ,?is pi] w =m an incl9$ plane slop+ to seaw>d at ! rate ( "o p]p5dicul> to tw5ty-six horizontal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 8,9 sail+ f ! s\!rn side ( ! ,tay = ,dundee1 x w on "s occasions be f\nd conv5i5t1 ) c]ta9 directions ( ! w9d & curr5ts ( ! tide1 to h l&+-slips or pi]s bo? above & bel[ ! t[n ( ,dundee1 s z to prev5t ! necessity ( tack+ ) adv]se w9ds1 z is ! case at pres5t f ! want ( su* accommodation4 ,^u exam9+ ! %ores above or to ! we/w>d ( ,dundee1 ! mo/ conv5i5t position = a l&+-slip is at ! ,magdal5e ,po9t1 ab\t #adjj y>ds to ! we/w>d ( ! ,craig pi] at ,dundee4 8,9 ! same mann] a conv5i5t position pres5ts itself on ! rocky %ores ( ! ,rood ,y>ds1 ab\t #bjjj y>ds bel[ or to ! ea/w>d ( ! ,craig pi]4 ,^! propos$ new pi]s are del9eat$ & laid d[n 9 ! draw+s accompany+ ?is report4#h 8,^u ! s\!rn side ( ! ,tay1 & opposite to ,dundee1 ! h>b\r or l&+-slip mo/ frequ5t$ at pres5t is t ( ,newport4 ,9 =m] times1 :5 ! accumulation ( s&1 call$ ! ,middle ,bank1 betwe5 ! opposite %ores ( ! f]ry at ,dundee1 0 less ext5sive1 ! pr9cipal l&+-place ^u ! ,fife side ( ! fir? 0 t ( ,woodhav54 ,newport is a small h>b\r1 built ( masonry1 ) a l&+-slip or slop+ pi] atta*$ to ! outw>d wall ( ! h>b\r = ! conv5i5ce ( ! f]ry-boats4 ,at ?is /ation x w !re=e only be necess>y to ext5d ! l&+-slip ab\t eighty-eight feet nor?w>d1 9 ord] to obta9 five feet ( dep? at l[ wat] ( spr+ tides2 & z ! pres5t slop+ pi] or slip is inconv5i5tly n>r[1 x is propos$ to add f\rte5 feet to its bread?2 & ! report] w\ld recomm5d t ?is "w1 9 connection ) ! pi] at ,dundee1 %\ld be execut$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 on acc\nt ( its be+ ( prim>y importance 9 ! improvem5t ( ! ,f]ry4 8,at ,woodhav5 x is propos$ to add sev5ty-"o feet to ! l5g? ( ! l&+-slip1 to enable ! f]ry-boats to approa* x at l[ wat] ( spr+ tides1 9 ! same mann] z at ,newport4 8,at or ne> ,craighead1 ab\t #hcj y>ds bel[ or to ! ea/w>d ( ,newport1 !re is a conv5i5t po9t ( l&1 :]e x is propos$ to erect a slip or pi] #bej feet 9 l5g? & #cj 9 bread?4 ,?is pi] w comm& five feet1 or a suffici5t dep? ( wat] = ! f]ry-boats at ! l[e/ tides1 & is 9 a position calculat$ to be highly useful4 8,a pi] has likewise be5 sugge/$ z necess>y at ,wormit ,bay1 ab\t a mile to ! we/w>d ( ,woodhav51 :i*1 9 c]ta9 directions ( ! w9d1 may no d\bt be f\nd useful2 b :5 ! pi]s opposite to ,dundee come to be put 9 good ord]1 & ! f]ry plac$ "u prop] regulations1 x is presum$ t a pi] at ,wormit ,bay w\ld v seldom be f\nd necess>y4 ,! co/ ( ^! works is e/imat$ at #bj1ieb1 #acs4 #f;d4 8,9 =m+ ! sev]al l&+-places already describ$1 x is obvi\s t !re mu/ be a ready communication betwe5 ea* ( ^! pi]s & ! public roads 9 _! respective neighb\rhoods4 ,x w also be ( ess5tial importance to ?is measure1 t a connection by good roads be =m$ & kept up betwe5 ! sev]al l&+-places1 9 s f> z ?is c be effect$4 ,at pres5t !re is a pretty good l9e ( road betwe5 ,woodhav5 & ,newport1 :i* w\ld require to be ext5d$ ea/w>d to ! l&+-place at ,craighead4 8,9 ! ev5t ( ,craig pi] be+ adopt$ z ! l&+-place at ,dundee1 x might be advisable to take a p[] 9 ! propos$ ,act1 z a measure ( ! burgh ( ,dundee1 = mak+ a new & m direct approa* f t pi] to ! ma9 /reet4 ,! ext5sion & =mation ( ^! roads1 h[ev]1 w necess>ily fall "u ! jo9t consid]ation ( ! tru/ees = ! f]ries & roads 9 apportion+ ! exp5se betwe5 ! respective tru/s4 8,boats4 8,at pres5t !re are said to be no less ?an ab\t ?irty boats ply+ ^u ! passage at ,dundee1 :i* are navigat$ by ab\t fifty m5 & boys4 ,b 7 ! pi]s & l&+-places1 ) ! accesses to !m1 complet$ 9 ! mann] propos$1 & ! :ole plac$ "u prop] regulations1 !re c be little d\bt t ! f]ry ( ,dundee w\ld be mu* bett] att5d$1 & ! public bett] s]v$1 by "o half ( ! pres5t numb] ( boats1 z has be5 exp]i5c$ on ! f]ries ( ! ,fir? ( ,=?4 8,/eamboats4 8,"s are ( op9ion t bo? ! numb] ( boats & ( pi]s or l&+-places might be /ill fur!r r$uc$ by ! introduction ( ! ,/eamboat ^u ?is passage4 ,! report]1 h[ev]1 does n ?9k x w\ld be advisable to h few] ?an ?ree l&+-places at ea* /ation1 z ev5 ! /eamboat itself is m or less liable to fall %ort or to be driv5 pa/ its port by adv]se w9ds & /rong curr5ts2 &1 9 a great public measure ( ?is k9d1 x is prop] to be prep>$ = ! wor/ t is likely to happ54 ,reg>d+ ! adoption ( ! /eamboat 9 pref]5ce to sail+-boats1 ! report] is n h[ev] prep>$ to give any v decid$ op9ion ^u ! subject4 ,he has1 inde$1 se5 ! /eamboat us$ ) great facility on ! passage across ! riv] ,m]sey at ,liv]pool1 & has himself br\ght ! plan ( a /eamboat "u ! notice ( sev]al ( ! tru/ees = ,k+horn & ,que5sf]ry passages1 propos$ to be con/ruct$ ^u simil> pr9ciples ) t orig9ally tri$1 x is believ$1 by ! late ,mr4 ,mill> ( ,dalsw9ton4 ,b x w\ld seem to be premature to recomm5d ! fram+ ( ! ,bill or ! con/ruction ( pi]s = ,dundee f]ry ^u ! idea ( ! exclusive use ( ! /eamboat4 ,! consid]ation ( ! late unpleasant accid5ts :i* h befall5 "s ( ^? boats r5d]s ?is a matt] ( great delicacy1 & "o 9 :i* mu* precaution %\ld be us$ on s public a f]ry4 ,"u su* circum/ances x is n only necess>y to consult ! actual safety ( pass5g]s :ile afloat1 b ev5 to meet _! prejudices1 ) prop] att5tion to _! com=t4 ,f consid]ations ( ?is k9d1 ! report] recomm5ds t su* ( ! pi]s or l&+-slips on ! f]ry ( ,dundee z may ultimately be erect$1 %\ld be complet$ agreeably to ! plan h]e9 propos$2 & x is =tunate t1 ) "s trifl+ alt]ations or additions1 ! pi]s suitable = ! common boat c be made answ]able = ! /eamboat4 ,:5 ?is measure is 9 full op]ation x may !n be highly prop] to make an exp]im5t ) ! /eamboat ^u ! passage at ,dundee1 & if ?is mode is approv5 ( by ! public x c be ext5d$1 & ! numb] ( sail+-boats dim9i%$ accord+ly40 ,mr4 ,/ev5son 0 employ$ to give simil> advice by o!r ,tru/s1 & p>ticul>ly by ! 8,tru/ees ( ! ,que5sf]ry ,passage0 & ! 8,tru/ees ( ! ,ed9burgh & ,fife ,f]ry10 bo? across ! ,=?1--! 8,freehold]s & ,ju/ices ( ,peace ( ! c\nties ( ,ross & ,su!rl&10 = ! ,f]ry ( ! ,dorno*1--! 8,freehold]s ( ! c\nty ( ,glamorgan%ire10 = ! new passage-f]ry ( ! ,sev]n1 to all ( :om he made reports at v>i\s times1 z to ! improvem5t ( ! mode ( communication "u _! *>ge4 ,he also 0 engag$ by ! ,lords ( ! ,treasury 8to inquire into & report on ! be/ mode ( improv+ ! po/-packet communication to ,orkney & ,%etl&10 :i* he did aft] c>eful survey & consid]ation1 9 an elaborate report1 f :i* ,i give ! foll[+ extracts1 z illu/rat+ "s ( ! disadvantages "u :i* ! public lab\r$ be=e /eam 0 g5]ally adopt$3-- 8,! isl&s ( ,orkney are sep>at$ f ! coa/ ( ,cai?ness or ma9l& ( ,scotl& by ! rapid *annel ( ! ,p5tl& ,fir?1 :i* v>ies 9 bread? f six to n9e miles1 :ile ,zetl& lies fifty miles to ! nor?w>d ( ,orkney40 8,^! two gr\ps ( isl&s1 =m+ "o c\nty1 are ( late ye>s greatly advanc$ 9 importance1 & possess an aggregate population ( #fj1jjj inhabitants1 :o are *iefly engag$ 9 m>itime affairs & fi%+ adv5tures4 ,f _! local position also 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 !y lie mu* 9 ! track ( vessels sail+ 9 ! high] latitudes1 & correspond5ce ) !m reg>d+ ! de/9ation & insurance ( %ips is (t5 ( ! greate/ importance to comm]cial m54 ,x is likewise kn[n to ! ,"r ,hon\rable ! ,"l ,advocate ( ,scotl&1 & ! ,hon\rable ! ,%]iff ( ! c\nty1 t ! want ( a prop] communication by po/ n unfrequ5tly int]f]es ) ! regul> adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 9 ^! isl&s2 & n[ t ,orkney & ,%etl& jo9tly s5d a memb] to ,p>liam5t1 ! evils result+ f ! want ( a regul> communication press m =cibly1 n only on ! inhabitants ( ^! isl&s1 b on ! public g5]ally4 8,s unc]ta9 is ! po/ ( ,zetl& on its pres5t foot+1 t ! report] himself c>ri$ to ,l]wick ! fir/ intellig5ce ( ! appo9tm5t ( ,sir ,william ,rae z ,"l ,advocate ( ,scotl&1 aft] x _h be5 curr5tly kn[n ?r\gh ! newspap]s 9 all o!r p>ts ( ! k+dom = sev]al weeks1 & x is well kn[n t ! succession ( ! ,k+ 0 n kn[n 9 ,l]wick = sev]al mon?s aft] ! ev5t took place4 ,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s ! int]c\rse is inde$ prec>i\s z well z unc]ta91 & mu* pa9ful delay is (t5 exp]i5c$ by p>ties int]e/$ 9 any "q connect$ ) ! insurance ( vessels wreck$ on ?is dang]\s coa/4 8,9 ord] to less5 ! lab\r & exp5se to !mselves1 ! ,orkney f]rym5 on ei!r side contrive to leave _! %ores s z to meet ab\t ! middle ( ! ,fir?1 :]e !y ex*ange ! mail & pass5g]s1 & !n return to _! respective homes4 ,9 ?is way !y seldom complete ! full trip across ! ,fir?1 except+ :5 oblig$ by /ress ( wea!r4 ,?is int]*ange ( ! po/ f boats1 x mu/ be all[$1 is r a haz>d\s exp]im5t any:]e1 b m especially 9 ! middle ( ! ,p5tl& ,fir?2 & :e!r ! inhospitable /ate ( ! %ores on ei!r side1 ! r\gh & boi/]\s nature ( ! sea to be pass$ ?r\gh1 or ! want ( managem5t be consid]$1 !re is evid5tly great room = improvem5t on ! f]ry ( ! ,p5tl& ,fir?40 ,?is communication is n[1 z is well kn[n1 c>ri$ on by fir/-class /eam]s1 :i* t\* at ,kirkwall & ,l]wick1 & by a daily mail /eam] :i* crosses ! ,p5tl& ,fir? f ! l[-wat] pi] at ,scrab/] 9 ,cai?ness to ,/romness 9 ,orkney2 & ! travell+ public may be congratulat$ t ! f]ry communication ( ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 ( :i* ,i h giv5 a sket* 9 ?is *apt]1 no long] =ms a "p ( ! practice ( ! civil eng9e]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,railways4 #ahab-ahbf4 ,canals & ,railways on "o level--,haulage on ,railways--,railways 9 ,scotl&--,ed9burgh & ,midlo?ian1 ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton1 & ,ed9burgh & ,london ,railways--,uni=m gauge propos$--,notes on ,railways = ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society--,lett] f ,george ,/eph5son4 ,great p[]s ( obs]vation1 comb9$ ) f]tile & practical me*anical res\rces1 enabl$ ,mr4 ,/ev5son 9 _m cases to =m eng9e]+ op9ions :i* may truly be said to h be5 8be=e _! "t10 & 9 no subject1 p]haps1 0 ?is m /rik+ly realis$ ?an 9 8 views z to railways4 ,impress$ ) ! great inconv5i5ce ( *ange ( level 9 canals1 involv+ 8lockage10 ) all its exp5sive works & s]i\s ob/ruction ( traffic1 he e>ly =m$ a firm belief t :]ev] lockage c\ld be avoid$1 by mak+ ev5 a consid]able det\r 9 ! l9e ( canal1 x 0 s\nd eng9e]+ to adopt ! level l9e1 al?\gh x might be at ! co/ ( additional l5g?4 ,f\nd+ on ?is g5]al op9ion1 s e>ly z #ahab1 he trac$ out & propos$ l9es ( canal to be c>ri$ ^u "o level1 )\t lockage1 ?r\gh ! valleys ( ,/ra?more & ,/ra!>n1 connect+ ,p]?1 ,=f>1 ,arbroa?1 & ,montrose1 & also by a l9e ( canal1 by ,broxburn1 ,l9li?g[1 ,polmont1 ,ca/lec>y1 ,campsie1 & ,broomielaw1 to unite ,ed9burgh & ,glasg[4 ,8 e>ly rese>*es on ! subject ( canals prep>$ him1 ab\t #ahaf1 to ext5d ! same reason+ to railways1 :i*1 ) wond]ful sagacity1 he =esaw mu/ become :at he t]m$ ! 8,briti% highway0 ( ! future4 ,he f\nd t 8 fir/ idea ( tracks ( iron & /one to improve ! draught on common roads 0 n de/9$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! future2 & :5 z yet no?+ 0 kn[n ( railways beyond ! tramways connect$ ) coal-fields1 & no proposal _h be5 made to adapt !m to pass5g] traffic1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son 0 engag$ trac+ 9 all directions ?r\gh ,scotl& l9es ( railway z a new mode ( conveyance to sup]s$e roads4 ,"s ( ^! e>ly proposals1 ext5d+ to ab\t five hundr$ miles1 are %[n 9 h>d l9es on ,fig4 #ae1 & ( all ^! railways he made surveys1 e/imates1 & elaborate reports address$ to ,committees ( subscrib]s by :om ! v>i\s s*emes 7 support$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t at t e>ly p]iod no o!r p[] ?an t ( horses 0 contemplat$ = p]=m+ ! haulage ei!r on road1 canal1 or tramway1 & ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 true to 8 e>ly views z to ! disadvantage ( lockage on canals1 sp5t mu* "t 9 exp]im5t+ on ! prejudicial effect ( /eep incl9es on horse railways1 & 9 endeav\r+1 9 8 v>i\s surveys1 to discov] r\tes by :i* 8 l9es ( railway might be c>ri$ ?r\gh1 z mu* z possible1 on "o level1 reg>d+ a few miles additional l5g? ( l9e z q unimportant comp>$ to ! disadvantage ( a /eep gradi5t1--a view :i* 0 m appreciat$ be=e ! locomotive eng9e _h tak5 ^u itself ! lab\r ( ! horse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,to %[ ! /ate ( railway matt]s at ! p]iod to :i* ,i ref]1 ,i ?9k x may n be un9t]e/+ to give1 ev5 at "s l5g?1 extracts f ,mr4 ,/ev5son's report on :at 0 call$ ! ,ed9burgh ,railway4 ,! report1 :i* is dat$ #ahah1 0 address$ to 8,8 ,grace ! ,duke ( ,buccleu* & ,que5sb]ry1 & ! o!r noblem5 & g5tlem51 subscrib]s = a survey ( a railway f ! coal field ( ,midlo?ian to ! city ( ,ed9burgh & port ( ,lei?40 8,9 ! c\rse ( a report relative to a l9e ( canal ^u "o level1 or )\t lockage1 betwe5 ! cities ( ,ed9burgh & ,glasg[1 ! report] took occasion to /ate ! practicability ( a l9e ( railway f ! coal field ( ! vale ( ! ,esk to ! city ( ,ed9burgh & ! port ( ,lei?1 f\nd$ ^u a communication :i* he _h ! hon\r to make to ,sir ,william ,rae1 ,b>onet1 & ! ,hon\rable ,b>on ,cl]k1 s f> back z ! ye> #ahab4 ,?is subject hav+ s9ce attract$ ! notice ( ,sir ,john ,hope1 ,b>onet1 & sev]al ( ! o!r l&$ proprietors ( ,midlo?ian1 ! report] _h consequ5tly a correspond5ce ) ,messrs4 ,gibson & ,oliphant1 ,writ]s to ! ,signet1 on ! "p ( ! promot]s ( ?is measure4 8,a public meet+ 0 accord+ly call$ by adv]tisem5t to be held 9 ! ,royal ,ex*ange ,c(fee-h\se on ! #c;d day ( ,septemb] #ahag1 :5 ,john ,cl]k1 ,esq4 ( ,eld91 hav+ tak5 ! *air1 ! report] receiv$ in/ructions to survey a l9e or l9es ( railway f ! ,midlo?ian coal field to ! city ( ,ed9burgh & port ( ,lei?2 & he n[ submits ! foll[+ z 8 report1 ) ref]5ce to ! accompany+ map or plan1 & sections ( ! sev]al l9es ( road survey$4 8,x is unc]ta9 at :at p]iods ! inhabitants ( ,ed9burgh 7 g5]ally oblig$ to lay aside ! use ( timb]1 f ! di/ance ( c>riage1 z _! *ief build+ mat]ial1 or ( wood & turf z fuel2 nei!r h we any c]ta9 in=mation at :at "t pit coal 0 discov]$1 or ! coal field ( ! ,lo?ians fir/ op5$4 ,b x is 9 ! recollection ( "s p]sons /ill liv+1 t1 ow+ to ! mis]able & circumscrib$ /ate ( ! roads1 or r ! want ( =m$ roads altoge!r1 pit coal cont9u$ to be convey$ 9 sacks & on horseback = supply+ ! city ( ,ed9burgh4 ,^! horse tracks1 orig9ally tak5 up by accid5t1 7 p]sev]$ 9 by ob/9ate habit2 & be+ aft]w>ds foll[$ z ! l9es ( our future roads1 h become ! ultimate s\rce ( mu* ( ! difficulty att5d+ _! improvem5t1 f ! s(t & miry track ( ! pack-horse & ! sl$ge1 to ! broad & spaci\s /on$ c>riage-way1 9 comb9ation ) ! trim footpa? ( ! pres5t day4 ,b1 ev5 "h1 exp]i5ce %[s t x w\ld be improp] to re/ satisfi$1 & cease f fur!r ex]tion4 ,! acclivities ( ! road may /ill be levell$1 & its asp]ities smoo!d1 by ! introduction ( ! m compact & durable mat]ials ( ! ,briti% ,roadway or ,iron ,bail4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 has be5 ! progressive nature ( discov]y 9 all ages1 t we are only beg9n+ to appreciate ! imm5se advantages :i* w\ld att5d ! introduction ( a new sy/em ( roads or railways1 laid ^u a level or horizontal base1 z admirably calculat$ to increase ! p[] ( ! horse 9 a t5fold proportion by de/roy+ friction--t bane to animal lab\r z n[ appli$ on ! common road4 8,wagon-ways con/ruct$ entirely ( squ>e wood5 frames or rails1 laid 9 two "r l9es on wood5 sleep]s1 appe> to h be5 9 use at ,newca/le s f> back z ! ye> #afga4 ,! plan ( ca/-iron railways seems to h be5 orig9ally introduc$ by ! great ,iron ,company ( ,colebroke ,dale 9 ,%rop%ire1 only ab\t ! ye> #aghf1 z an improvem5t ^u ! tram or wood5 railway2 & su* are likely to be ! b5efits result+ f ?is discov]y1 t we d\bt n1 z ?is sy/em develops itself1 ! "n ( ! p]son :o fir/ conceiv$ ! idea w eag]ly be s\ght aft]1 & hon\r done to him1 z to "o ( ! greate/ b5efactors ( 8 c\ntry4 ,we might m5tion ! "n ( ! late ,mr4 ,jessop1 z ! fir/ eng9e] ( em95ce :o seems to h introduc$ railways 9 ! s\?4 ,he 0 also ! eng9e] = ! magnific5t works ( 8 ,grace ! ,duke ( ,portl& 9 ,scotl&1 connect$ ) :i* !re is a d\ble railway f ,kilm>nock to ,troon1 :i* is t5 miles 9 l5g?4 ,! o!r railways 9 ,scotl& ( any ext5t are ^? at ! works ( ! ,c>ron ,company1 ,"l ,elg9's1 ,mr4 ,ersk9e ( ,m>'s1 ,sir ,john ,hope's1 & o!r coal works4 ,a public railway has also be5 project$ f ,b]wick-^u-,twe$ to ,glasg[1 an ext5t ( c\ntry ( ab\t #abe miles2 & an ,act ( ,p>liam5t has already be5 obta9$ = complet+ "p ( ?is track1 viz41 f ,b]wick to ,kelso4 8,a railway has ! advantage ( be+ =m$ at an av]age ( "o ?ird p]haps ( ! exp5se ( a navigable canal2 & 9 _m situations its fir/ co/ may ev5 be comp>$ ) ! exp5se ( mak+ a common road4 ,! result is also fav\rable if we inquire into ! comp>ative quantities ( "w done ^u a canal & a level railway4 ,^u ! canals 9 ,engl&1 a boat ( ?irty tons burd5 is g5]ally track$ by "o horse1 & navigat$ by two m5 & a boy4 ,on a level railway1 x may be conclud$ t a good horse manag$ by a man or lad w "w ) eight tons4 ,at ?is rate ! "w p]=m$ on ! railway by "o man & a horse is m ?an 9 ! proportion ( "o ?ird ( ! "w done ^u ! canal by ?ree p]sons & a horse1 if we take into acc\nt ! m spe$y rate ( travell+ & ! facilities to g5]al trade 9 load+ & dis*>g+1 toge!r ) ! diff]5ce ( ! fir/ co/ ( a railway1 :i* altoge!r give x 9 "s cases a decid$ advantage ov] ! navigable canal4 ,if we comp>e ! railway ) ! common road1 x may be fairly /at$ t1 9 ! in/ance ( a level railway1 ! "w w be increas$ 9 an eight or t5 fold proportion4 ,! be/ horse1 inde$1 ) difficulty1 works ) ?ree f\r?s ( a ton on ! common road1 f ! undulat+ l9e ( its draught1 b on a level railway x is calculat$ t he w "w ev5 ) t5 tons4 ,b to increase ! economy ( ! railway sy/em /ill fur!r1 we h only to employ "o man to "w two horses4 8,l9e ( ,draught4 8,) reg>d to ! l9e ( draught1 or longitud9al section ( a railway1 x may be /at$ z "o ( its great advantages t x is m easily accommodat$ to ! irregul>ities ( ! gr\nd ?r\gh :i* x has to pass ?an a navigable canal2 & ev5 :]e ! gr\nd is s irregul> z n to admit ( a uni=mly level track1 or an incl9$ plane1 !re are sev]al simple me?ods :i* may be resort$ to = lift+ ! wagons f "o level to ano!r1 s z to produce simil> effects ) lockage on a canal4 ,9 s f>1 h[ev]1 z ! pres5t design ( ! ,ed9burgh ,railway has be5 c>ri$ by actual survey1 nei!r ( ^! plans w be f\nd necess>y ^u ! ma9 l9es4 ,ev5 on ! desc5d+ l9e1 ! fall is s extremely g5tle t ! horses 9 return+ may be load$ ) f\r or five tons4 ,b ! propos$ mode ( lockage may ) propriety be introduc$ on ! sev]al (fset bran*es1 su* z ^? f ,lei? to ! ma9 l9e1 & f ,monkton ,hall & ! ,c[pits to ,dalkei?1 & to ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! c\nty1 on :i* a trade may be expect$ to be c>ri$ bo? to & f ! ma9 l9e4 8,:]e ! load or trade is all 9 "o direction1 x is a maxim 9 practice1 t ! fall %\ld be s apportion$ to ! rise1 t ! "w may be equal d[n ) ! load1 & up ) ! empty wagons4 ,b :]e !re is to be a trade bo? ways1 x is obvi\sly mu* to be desir$ t a level 9 all su* cases %\ld be obta9$4 ,?is1 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,railway1 has be5 f\nd f ! decl9+ aspect ( ! c\ntry t[>ds ! sea2 b z !re w be less return trade on ?is railway 9 m]*&ise & manure1 etc41 to ! ea/w>d1 ?an ! coal & build+ mat]ials1 etc41 c>ri$ to ! city1 x becomes a "q ( policy h[ f> x may be prop]1 9 ?is in/ance1 to adopt ! level l9e at a great additional exp5se4 8,by ! level l9e to ,ed9burgh ! bran* to ,lei? becomes also some:at m l5g!n$ ?an by ! desc5d+ l9e1 :i*1 in/ead ( pres]v+ ! level1 is always fall+1 or approa*+ t[>ds ,lei?4 ,! report]1 z be=e notic$1 has v>i\s modes 9 view1 by :i* ! bran* to ,lei? may be made ( a v easy l9e ( draught1 or be ?r[n into a succession ( levels1 by a species ( lockage or /epp+4 ,:]e sudd5 acclivities occur on ! l9e ( a railway !y are g5]ally ov]come by an incl9$ plane1 ( great] or less ext5t1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> rise1 & on ?is ! load$ wagons are br\ght up by a /eam-eng9e4 ,b to r5d] railways applicable to all situations1 x seems to be necess>y t ! ov]com+ ( su* ob/acles %\ld be )9 ! rea* or p[] ( ! driv] & 8 horse2 by work+ a k9d ( g9 connect$ ) an incl9$ plane1 or by lift+ ! load$ wagons p]p5dicul>ly1 :i* may 9 v>i\s ways be accompli%$ by ! aid ( pulleys1 by ! common lev]1 or ! revolution ( a :eel4 8,?is subject has be5 ju/ly consid]$ to be a matt] ( s mu* public importance1 t ! ,highl& ,society ( ,scotl& has (f]$ a premium = an ,essay1 ) models1 = lockage on railways2 & ! report] has no d\bt t by ?is means mu* additional light w be ?r[n on ! subject4 8,!re are few subjects on :i* ^? conv]sant 9 ! work+ ( draught animals are m divid$ ?an ab\t ! prop] l9e ( draught4 ,"s d n hesitate to affirm1 t a level road is injuri\s to ! horse1 & t an undulat+ road is pref]able to "o by :i* ! asc5t is long1 ?\gh gradual4 ,su* are ( op9ion1 t by ?r[+ ! road into successive em95ces1 or up & d[n hill1 v>i\s muscles are br\ght into action1 :ile o!rs are left at re/1 & ?is alt]nation !y conceive to be ! be/ condition ( ?+s = ! animal4 8,be+ r1 h[ev]1 at a loss 9 reg>d to t "p ( ! subject :i* relates to ! op]ation ( ! muscles1 ! report] appli$ = a solution ( ! case to a di/+ui%$ m$ical fri5d 9 ?is city ,dr4 ,john ,b>clay1 em95t = 8 k & = 8 great ex]tions 9 ! sci5ce ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy4 ,8 answ] to ! qu]ies :i* he all[$ ! report] to put conta9 ! foll[+ compreh5sive passages3 #8,my acqua9tance ) ! muscles by no means enables me to expla9 h[ a horse %\ld be m fatigu$ by travell+ on a road uni=mly level ?an by travell+ ov] a l space ^u a road t crosses heights & holl[s2 & x is demon/rably a false idea t "o set ( muscles c alt]nately re/ & come into action 9 cases ( t k9d4 ,! daily practice ( asc5d+ heights1 x has be5 said1 gives an animal w9d1 & enl>ges ! *e/2 x may also ) equal tru? be affirm$ t _m horses lose _! w9d "u ?is sort ( tra9+1 & irrecov]ably suff] f imprud5t attempts to induce su* a habit4' ,9 %ort1 he ascribes mu* to prejudice1 #8orig9at+ ) ! man1 :o is cont9ually 9 que/ ( v>iety1 r ?an ! horse1 :o1 consult+ only 8 own ease1 seems q unconsci\s ( ,hog>?'s l9e ( beauty4' 8,9 ! c\rse ( inve/igat+ ! subject ( ! draught ( horses1 ! report] has made sev]al exp]im5ts ) ! dynamomet]1 bo? ^u canals & railways1 ) a view to asc]ta9 ! p[] ( horses & ! be/ l9e ( draught2 & he has fur!r ! satisfaction to f9d1 t ! result ( ^! trials agrees ne>ly ) exp]im5ts made1 & oblig+ly communicat$ to him1 f v>i\s p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,! report] !re=e concludes t ! =ce ) :i* a horse w cont9ue to "w is ab\t "o-six? or "o-sev5? ( 8 absolute weight4 ,n[1 z he f\nd ! av]age weight ( ?ree ord9>y c>t horses to be ab\t t5 cwt4 x may be assum$1 g5]ally1 t a horse c cont9ue to "w ) a =ce equal to #afj lb42 & all[+ #dj lb41 or "o f\r?1 = friction1 !re rema9s #abj lb4 to be appli$ to ! load4 ,9 ^! trials1 :5 ! wagons 7 put 9 motion1 x appe>$1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 t a =ce ( ab\t #ab lbs4 only 0 necess>y to move "o ton ^u a level edge railway1 :i* by calculation w\ld give ab\t t5 tons z ! load ( a good horse weigh+ t5 cwt42 b1 = practice1 ?is w p]haps m prop]ly be tak5 at ab\t eight tons4 ,) reg>d to incl9$ planes1 x may be notic$1 t = e "o f\r? ( an in* ( rise to ! l9eal y>d ( road1 ! =ce mu/ be increas$1 or ! load dim9i%$1 9 a ratio or proportion v>y+ at ! rate ( ab\t "o half1 "o ?ird1 "o f\r?1 "o eigh?1 & "o n9?1 etc4 8,su* are ! happy effects ( a wise & ext5d$ policy1 t1 not)/&+ ! exp5sive w> 9 :i* ?is c\ntry has be5 engag$1 m has actually be5 done 9 ,great ,brita91 )9 ! la/ tw5ty or ?irty ye>s1 = ! improvem5t ( ! highways1 & 9 lay+ op5 ! c\ntry by new & bett] l9es ( road1 ?an 0 effect$ = c5turies be=e t p]iod4 ,) su* public improvem5ts we presume to class ! measure ( ! propos$ railway f ! city ( ,ed9burgh & its port ( ,lei?1 calculat$ z x is to ramify ?r\gh ! v>i\s tracts ( ,ea/ ,lo?ian1 ,b]wick%ire1 ,roxburgh & ,selkirk %ires1 & to become1 9 "t1 a sy/em ( ! greate/ importance 9 its consequ5ces to ! advancem5t ( ! comm]ce & agriculture ( ?is "p ( ! k+dom4 ,"u impressions ( ?is k9d1 ! noblem5 & g5tlem5 :o n[ come =w>d z promot]s ( ?is measure are actuat$2 & ) ?is 9 view1 ! report] lays be=e !m ! accompany+ survey1 & w n[ endeav\r to /ate ! consid]ation :i* he has giv5 ! subject1 by describ+ ! sev]al l9es he has survey$1 & e/imat+ ! probable exp5se & advantages ( ! measure40 ,mr4 ,/ev5son !n describes ! propos$ l9e1 :i* he e/imat$ at #eb1jjj1 & t]m9ates 8 report by giv+ "s rem>ks on ! con/ruction ( railways1 :i* are int]e/+ z notic+ ! use ( ca/ & malleable iron rails1 & ,george ,/eph5son's exp]im5ts on locomotives4 8,con/ruction ( ! ,railway4 8,9 giv+ "s g5]al description or outl9e ( ! con/ruction ( ! propos$ railway1 x may be obs]v$1 t ! =mation ( railways1 or roads ( ca/ iron1 is comp>atively b a rec5t discov]y1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is likely to be att5d$ ) imm5se advantage to ?is comm]cial & agricultural c\ntry4 ,f ! great traffic to be expect$ ^u ! ,ed9burgh ,railway1 two sets ( :eel-tracks w require to be laid1--"o = ! wagons or c>riages com+ to t[n1 & ano!r = ^? go+ to ! c\ntry4 ,?is d\ble railway1 ) ! necess>y all[ance = driv+-pa?s1 etc41 w occupy at lea/ tw5ty feet ( space 9 its cross-section1 viz41 f\r feet ?ree in*es = ea* set ( tracks2 a space ( f\r feet betwe5 ! respective wagon-ways2 & ?ree feet n9e in*es on ea* side = a driv+-pa?1 f5ces1 & gutt]s4 ,! horse-pa?s1 or spaces betwe5 ! waggon-tracks ( ! railway1 z propos$ above1 w be f\r feet ?ree in*es 9 bread?1 or ! wid? ( ! squ>e "p ( ! common c>t axle1 x be+ also a great advantage = ! conv5i5ce ( load+1 etc41 & = ! /ability ( ! railway1 to h broad & r l[ wagons4 ,b f ! g5]al use to :i* ?is public railway is applicable1 x may be f\nd advisable to acquire ev5 a great] bread? ?an tw5ty feet4 ,! space betwe5 ! tracks w be made up ) /ones1 brok5 v small1 & bl9d$ or cov]$ ) gravel1 z 9 ! be/ description ( road-mak+4 ,! footpa? = ! driv]s may be made ) gravel1 coal du/1 pan a%es1 or brick-du/1 z may be f\nd mo/ conv5i5t 9 ! di/rict ( ! railway4 8,ca/ ,iron ,rails4 8,! ca/ iron tracks ( ! e>li] railways 7 made flat1 or ab\t f\r in*es 9 bread?1 ) a project+ ridge or flange1 ^u ! out] v]ge1 & are te*nically call$ plate rails4 ,b ! report] is l$ f 8 own obs]vation1 & ! op9ion ( ! foll[+ pr(essional g5tlem5 oblig+ly communicat$ to him1 viz41 ,mr4 ,wilson ( ,troon1 ,mr4 ,bald ( ,alloa1 ,mr4 ,l&ale ( ,*>le/[n1 ,mr4 ,grieve ( ,%]iff ,hall1 & ,mr4 ,buddle ( ,newca/le1 :o are n only sci5tifically b practically conv]sant 9 ?is matt]1 to conclude t ! plate rail n only induces great] friction1 b is m expos$ to h ! :eels clogg$ & int]rupt$ ) gravel or small /ones ?an t call$ ! edge rail1 :i*1 9 its be/ con/ruction1 ( ca/ iron1 consi/s ( a b> ( ab\t #a in* 9 ?ickness or bread?1 = ! seat ( ! :eel1 & ( a dep? correspond+ to ! weight to be c>ri$4 ,?is b> is set ^u edge in/ead ( be+ laid flat4 ,9 ?is mann] ! edge rail pres5ts less friction1 &1 weight = weight1 is mu* /rong] = ! load ?an ! plate rail2 ^u ! same pr9ciple z1 9 mod]n c>p5try1 ! beam is n[ set on edge1 in/ead ( be+ laid on its side z =m]ly4 ,! ,report] is !re=e to recomm5d an edge rail w>rant$ to "w ) two tons1 includ+ ! wagon1 ( ! weight ( #adj lb4 p] l9eal y>d ( f9i%$ d\ble railway4 ,light] dim5sions might inde$ be f\nd to answ]2 b = a public railway1 ! rails %\ld be made ( a great] /r5g? ?an is b>ely suffici5t = a giv5 weight1 z ?is _c always be kept )9 b\nds1 or regulat$ to a nicety4 ,! exp5se ( a little additional weight ( ca/ iron1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 w be greatly comp5sat$ 9 ! end1 by avoid+ frequ5t repairs1 & w !reby be amply repaid1 :ile ! exp5se ( lay+ ! road1 & o!r cont+5cies1 are mu* ! same 9 ! light z 9 ! heavy rail4 ,! mode ( fix+ is ano!r po9t ( great importance 9 ! con/ruction ( a sub/antial railway4 ,9 ! e>ly practice ( lay+ railways1 ! value ( ?is new discov]y 0 = a "t lo/ to ! public1 ow+ to ! intricacy & difficulty ( ?is "p ( ! design4 ,mu* tr\ble & exp5se h 9 ?is way be5 occasion$1 9 consequ5ce ( us+1 = ! und]gr\nd fixtures1 s(t & friable /ones1 liable to be act$ ^u by ! alt]nate *anges ( ! wea!r1 f _! be+ necess>ily plac$ s ne> ! surface4 ,a me?od has be5 adopt$ ( mak+ ! cross fixtures "u gr\nd1 ) b>s :olly ( ca/ iron1 to :i* ! rails are atta*$1 ) iron p9s4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 dep5ds ^u ! nature & t5acity ( ! gr\nd to be pass$ ov]4 ,at ! works ( ,"l ,elg9 & ! ,c>ron ,company1 ! use ( ! sleep] or cross iron b> is laid aside1 & o!r alt]ations are daily sugge/$ z improvem5ts1 9 ! me?od ( lay+ & fix+ ! rails1 & also 9 ! con/ruction ( ! :eels & wagons4 ,) reg>d to ! con/ruction ( ca/ iron rails1 !y are1 9 g5]al1 made 9 ! l5g?s ( f ?ree to f\r feet2 b ! report] is incl9$ to ?9k t ! p]fection ( ! ca/-iron railway w be f\nd to consi/ r 9 %ort5+ ! rails v consid]ably ?an adopt+ ev5 ! %orte/ ( ^? l5g?s2 b ?is & simil> matt]s w fall m prop]ly to be matur$ 9 ! practical details ( ! bus9ess4 8,malleable ,iron ,rails4 8,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 des]ves p>ticul> notice "h1 z likely to be att5d$ ) ! mo/ important advantages to ! railway sy/em1 :i* is ! application ( malleable iron in/ead ( ca/ iron rails4 ,?ree miles & a half ( ?is description ( railway h be5 9 use = ab\t eight ye>s on ,"l ,c>lisle's works at ,t9dal ,fell 9 ,cumb]l&1 :]e !re are also two miles ( ca/ iron rail2 b ! malleable iron road is f\nd to answ] ! purpose 9 e respect bett]4 ,exp]im5ts ) malleable iron rails h also be5 made at ,mr4 ,taylor's works at ,ayr & ,sir ,john ,hope's at ,p9kie2 &1 ^u ! :ole1 ?is me?od1 9 ! case ( ! ,t9dal ,fell ,railway1 is n only consid]ably *eap] 9 ! fir/ co/ ?an ! ca/ iron railway1 b is also mu* less liable to accid5t4 ,9 ! use ( malleable iron b>s ! jo9ts ( ! railway are conv5i5tly obta9$1 ab\t twelve feet ap>t1 & ?ree p$e/als are g5]ally plac$ betwe5 ea* pair ( jo9ts4 8,locomotive ,eng9e4 8,"s ( ! mo/ /rik+ improvem5ts 9 ! sy/em ( railways are ! pat5t inv5tions ( ,mr4 ,/eph5son ( ,newca/le1 p>ticul>ly 8 locomotive eng9e1 by :i* fifty tons ( coal & upw>ds are at "o load convey$ sev]al miles along a railway by ! p[] ( /eam40 ,act+ on ! same g5]al pr9ciples1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son survey$ & report$ on su* l9es z ! 8,montrose & ,bre*9 ,railway10 ! 8,/ra?more ,railway10 & ! 8,ea/-,lo?ian ,railway10 :i*1 z has be5 %[n1 embrac$ a l>ge portion ( ! pr9cipal bus9ess "p ( ,scotl&4 ,b at t "t ,scotl& 0 n ready ei!r to take up 8 enl>g$ views1 or to f9d money to c>ry !m out1 & ! prospectuses issu$ by ! diff]5t ,committees :o zeal\sly promot$ ^! railway s*emes did n meet suffici5t support to enable ! promot]s to =m ,companies to apply to ,p>liam5t = _! con/ruction4 ,we all "k t 9 ,engl&1 at a lat] date1 our ,briti% ,railway sy/em 0 fir/ inaugurat$1 b x is a fact t r$\nds greatly to ,mr4 ,/ev5son's cr$it z an eng9e]1 t all ( ^! ,scotti% l9es1 orig9ally survey$ by him1 h1 ) or )\t deviation1 be5 n[ c>ri$ out4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 9 8 rese>*es = adapt+ railways to ! g5]al communication ( ! c\ntry1 _h made a great advance 9 br++ ! subject be=e ! public2 & he 0 reque/$ to visit ! coal di/ricts 9 ! nor? ( ,engl& to advise z to e/abli%+ a railway betwe5 ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton1 ) ext5sions to ! coal fields ( ,bi%op-,auckl&2 :i* he did 9 #ahai1 meet+ ) ,mr4 ,pease1 ,mr4 ,backh\se1 & o!r influ5tial m5 !re1 to :om1 aft] mak+ a survey1 he report$ on ! ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton ,railway4 ,9 mak+ ^! v>i\s rese>*es1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son 0 enabl$ to sugge/ _m proposals :i* c only be reg>d$ z valuable = ! p]iod at :i* !y 7 made1 b he gave _m op9ions1 :i* und\bt$ly h come wond]fully true 9 ! hi/ory ( railway communication4 ,! ,"r ,hon\rable ,sir ,john ,s9clair1 ,b>t41 propos$1 9 #ahbc1 c]ta9 qu]ies to ,mr4 ,/ev5son relative to a proposal = ! con/ruction ( an iron railway betwe5 ! cities ( ,london & ,ed9burgh1 & ! foll[+ is an extract f 8 reply1 %[+1 t :ile he fully appreciat$ ! value ( %ip-canals1 he ent]ta9$ ! conviction t 8iron railways0 w\ld become1 z ,i h already said1 ! highway ( ! future4 8,reg>d+ ! practicability ( su* a s*eme1 x may be notic$ t ! late em95t ,james ,watt ent]ta9$ an idea ( ! eligibility & great advantage :i* might accrue to ! public f ! =mation ( a c5tral & consid]ably elevat$ l9e ( inl& navigation con/ruct$ s z to ramify ?r\gh ! int]ior di/ricts ( ,engl&1 & communicate ) ! pr9cipal manufactur+ & popul\s t[ns 9 ! k+dom4 8,9 any compreh5sive view ( a measure ( ?is k9d !re c be no d\bt t an iron railway w\ld n only be mu* m practicable1 b m commodi\s & useful = g5]al int]c\rse ?an a canal4 ,& ! comp>ative exp5ses ( ! two op]ations w\ld probably be 9 ! ratio ( ab\t "o to eight 9 fav\r ( ! railway4 ,aga91 if ! advantages ( c>riage by ! railway & ! common road be comp>$1 x w be f\nd t ! proportion is at ! rate ( ab\t "o to sev51 also 9 fav\r ( ! railway4 8,! economy ( c>riage on ! railway1 :5 fully contra/$ ) t ( ! canal1 is also mu* great]4 ,x may n[1 inde$1 be consid]$ z a g5]ally receiv$ op9ion1 t1 unless = enabl+ sea-borne %ips to pass f "o side ( ! coa/ to ano!r1 s z to avoid a t$i\s or dang]\s circumnavigation1 ! railway 9 e o!r case is pref]able4 ,x is at ! same "t to be notic$ t :5 ,mr4 ,watt sugge/$ ! idea ( a c5tral l9e ( canal _m ye>s s9ce1 ! railway sy/em 0 !n nei!r s well kn[n nor s mu* act$ ^u z n[40 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's belief t railways w\ld ultimately be ! g5]al highways ( ! _w1 l$ him to reg>d ) di/ru/ _! imm$iate introduction into ,brita9 9 abs5ce ( "s public ,act = _! prop] regulation1 & accord+ly1 on #bi? ,janu>y #ahbe1 he writes to ,"l ,melville 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3--8,x seems necess>y at ?is "t1 ev5 be=e any ,act is propos$ = a public railway1 t a ,committee ( ! ,h\se %\ld take ! subject ( regulat+ ! wid? accord+ to ! numb] ( tracks1 & p]haps ! /r5g? ( rails & weight to be c>ri$ on f\r :eels1 9 a public ,act1 o!rwise mu* confusion w ensue4 ,x w be a great loss if ^! railways1 l ! common road1 %\ld require to be alt]$ t !y may communicate ) ea* o!r4 8,all ! eng9e]s ,i h spok5 )1 includ+ ,mr4 ,tel=d1 agree 9 ?is4 ,i h notic$ x to ,mr4 ,home ,drummond & ,mr4 ,glad/one4 8,i put ! specification ( ! bridge at ,melville ,ca/le 9 tra9 be=e ,i left home40 ,_h x be5 possible to c>ry out ! _s ( ?is sugge/ion1 made at t e>ly p]iod1 9 an ,act ( ! ,legislature1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! retrospect ( mu* t took place dur+ our 8railway manias0 & 8railway company competitions10 x might possibly h prov$ advantage\s to ! community4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl&1 :i* has ev] be5 =emo/ to enc\rage ev]y?+ t t5ds to ! improvem5t ( ! c\ntry1 reg>d$ ! introduction ( railways z a matt] ( great importance1 & consid]+ x a subject t came legitimately )9 _! prov9ce1 (f]$1 9 #ahah1 a premium ( fifty gu9eas = ! be/ essay on ! con/ruction ( railroads4 ,_m compet+ treatises 7 giv5 91 & ! ,society plac$ ! :ole ( !m 9 ! h&s ( my fa!r = 8 op9ion & report on _! m]its1 8toge!r ) su* rem>ks ( 8 own z he might judge useful40 ,! result ( 8 exam9ation is giv5 at great l5g? 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,society1#i accompani$ by 8notes10 9 :i* he makes sev]al valuable sugge/ions4 ,be=e ! p]iod allud$ to1 ! rails 9 use _h be5 almo/ inv>iably made ( ca/ iron or timb]2 b my fa!r 9 8 notes says--8,i h no hesitation 9 giv+ a decid$ pref]5ce to malleable iron =m$ into b>s f twelve to tw5ty feet 9 l5g?1 ) flat sides & p>allel edges1 or 9 ! simple /ate 9 :i* !y come f ! roll+-mills ( ! manufactur]40 ,he also recomm5ds t !y %\ld be fix$ into guides or *airs ( iron support$ on props plac$ at di/ances 9 no case exce$+ ?ree feet1 & t !y %\ld be connect$ ) a clamp-jo9t s z to pres]ve ! :ole /r5g? ( ! mat]ial4 ,x is n a little s+ul> t ?is description1 giv5 ab\t =ty ye>s ago1 may1 to use eng9e]+ phraseology1 be n inaptly call$ a 8specification ( ! p]man5t way0 ( our be/ railways at ! pres5t day4 ,i close ?is *apt] by giv+ a lett] :i* %[s ! value t ,george ,/eph5son atta*$ to my fa!r's rese>*es on railways1 :ile x is at ! same "t int]e/+ z %[+ ! v mod]ate e/imate :i* ! great ,railway ,eng9e] at t "t ent]ta9$ ( ! p]=mance ( ! locomotive eng9e--a ma*9e :i* 0 de/9$ ultimately to become1 "u 8 skilful managem5t1 s important an ag5t 9 *ang+ ! inl& communication ( ! :ole civilis$ _w3-- 8,,kill+wor? ,,colli]y1 ,june #bh1 #ahba4 8,,rob]t ,,/ev5son1 ,,esq4 8,,sir1--,) ?is y w receive ?ree copies ( a specification ( a pat5t malleable iron rail inv5t$ by ,john ,birk9%aw ( ,b$l+ton1 ne> ,morpe?4 ,! h9ts 7 got f y\r ,report on ,railways1 :i* y 7 s k9d z to s5d me by fav\r ( ,mr4 ,cookson "s "t ago4 ,y\r ref]5ce to ,t9dal ,fell ,railway l$ ! inv5tor to make "s exp]im5ts on malleable iron b>s1 ! result ( :i* conv9c$ him ( ! sup]iority ( ! malleable ov] ! ca/ iron--s mu* s1 t he took out a pat5t4 ,^? rails are s mu* lik$ 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 t ,i ?9k 9 a %ort "t !y w d away ! ca/ iron railways4 ,!y make a f9e l9e = our eng9es1 z !re are s few jo9ts comp>$ ) ! o!r4 ,i h lately />t$ a new locomotive eng9e1 ) "s improvem5ts on ! o!rs :i* y saw4 ,x has f> surpass$ my expectations4 ,i am confid5t a railway on :i* my eng9es c "w is f> sup]ior to a canal4 ,on a long & fav\rable railway ,i w\ld /5t my eng9es to travel #fj miles p] day ) f #dj to #fj tons ( goods4 ,!y w\ld "w ne>ly f\rfold *eap] ?an horses :]e coals are n v co/ly4 ,i m]ely make ^! obs]vations1 z ,i "k y h be5 at m tr\ble ?an any man ,i "k ( 9 se>*+ into ! utility ( railways1 & ,i return y my s9c]e ?anks = y\r fav\r by ,mr4 ,cookson4 8,if y %\ld be 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 ,i hope y w\ld n pass ,kill+wor? ,colli]y1 z ,i %\ld be extremely glad if y c\ld sp5d a day or two ) me4--,i am1 ,sir1 y\rs mo/ respectfully1 8,g4 ,,/eph5son40 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,h>b\rs ,,& ,,riv]s4 #ahaa-ahdc4 ,!re is sc>cely a h>b\r or riv] 9 ,scotl& ab\t :i*1 at "s "t1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son 0 n ask$ to give 8 advice4 ,8 op9ion 0 also s\ght 9 ,engl& & ,irel&1 & he execut$ works ( great] or less ext5t 9 _m ( ! cases 9 :i* he 0 consult$4 ,we may select f 8 reports ! names ( ,dundee1 ,ab]de51 ,pet]head1 ,/onehav51 ,granton1 ,fras]burgh1 ,ardrossan1 ,port-,patrick2 ! riv]s ,=?1 ,tay1 ,sev]n1 ,m]sey1 ,dee1 ,ribble1 ,we>1 ,tees1 & ,erne1 z among "s ( ! _m places 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom :]e he 0 employ$4 ,9 a subsequ5t *apt] extracts w be f\nd illu/rat+ ,mr4 ,/ev5son's views on v>i\s pr(essional subjects1 & f ^! x w be se5 t he br\ght 8 l>ge exp]i5ce & /udy ( ! waves to be> advantage\sly & practically on 8 h>b\r eng9e]+4 ,he 01 z w be ga!r$ f ! extracts1 at an e>ly p]iod fully alive to ! value ( sp5d+ bas9s = tranquillis+ a h>b\r1 & ( ! prop] disposition ( ! cov]+ pi]s1 9 ref]5ce to ! l9e ( exposure1 s z to avoid ?r[+ sea into ! h>b\r's m\?1 or caus+ x to heap up on com+ 9 contact ) ! pi]s2 :ile1 z reg>ds riv]s1 he 0 no less alive to ! value ( backwat] 9 keep+ op5 e/u>ies1 & to ! necessity ( remov+ all ob/ructions to ! free fl[ ( ! tide 9 riv]-navigation4 ,at an e>ly date1 = example1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son & ,mr4 ,price 7 jo9tly consult$ z to ! navigation ( ! ,tees1 & ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,john ,f[l] ( ,/ockton1 ! eng9e] to ! ,tees ,navigation1 = ! foll[+ /atem5t z to ! result ( t jo9t ref]5ce3-- 8,! ,navigation ,company consult$ ,mr4 ,/ev5son & ,mr4 ,h4 ,price1 :o diff]$ 9 op9ion z to ! g5]al treatm5t ( ! riv]4 ,mr4 ,price recomm5d$ t x %\ld be contract$ by jetties1 & ,mr4 ,/ev5son t ! banks %\ld be fac$ ) cont9u\s walls1 /at+ z 8 reason = ?is recomm5dation1 t #8to project num]\s jetties into ! riv]1 ,i reg>d z inexp$i5t1 be+ a dang]\s encumbrance to navigation1 & t5d+ to di/urb ! curr5ts & de/roy ! uni=mity ( ! bottom4' ,! plan adopt$ by ! ,navigation ,company 01 h[ev]1 t ( ,mr4 ,price2 & jetties 7 con/ruct$ on ! riv] to a l>ge ext5t10 & ,mr4 ,f[l] adds1 t 8aft] a trial ( tw5ty-sev5 ye>s x 0 f\nd t !y 7 liable to all ! objections t _h be5 urg$ aga9/ !m by ,mr4 ,/ev5son40 ,accord+ly1 "u ,mr4 ,f[l]'s direction1 ! :ole ( ! jetties h be5 remov$4 ,"o ( ! e>ly h>b\r s*emes 9 :i* my fa!r 0 engag$ 9 ,engl&1 0 a h>b\r at ,wallasey ,pool1 on ! ,m]sey1 9 :i* he act$ 9 conjunction ) ,tel=d & ,nimmo4 ,! foll[+ reports w %[ ! nature & ext5t ( "w !n contemplat$ z a comm5cem5t ( ! ,birk5head ,docks1 n[ s valuable an adjunct to ! port ( ,liv]pool4 ,b at ! e>ly p]iod ( #ahbh1 :5 ! reports 7 writt51 ! public 7 n prep>$ to ent]ta9 a s*eme ( improvem5t bas$ on s great a scale4 ,x includ$1 z w be se51 n only ! =mation ( a float+ h>b\r at ,wallasey on ! ,m]sey1 b ! con/ruction ( a h>b\r at ,helbre on ! ,dee1 ) a connect+ %ip canal betwe5 ! two e/u>ies4 8,to ! ,subscrib]s = ! propos$ ,wet ,docks at ,wallasey ,pool4 8,,prelim9>y ,,report ( ,,rob]t ,,/ev5son & ,,alex&] ,,nimmo1 ,civil ,eng9e]s1 on ! propos$ improvem5ts at ,wallasey ,pool4 8,liv]pool1 ,feby4 #bc1 #ahbh4--;,hav+ be5 reque/$ to exam9e ! situation ( ! ,wallasey ,pool ) a view to discov] h[ f> additional accommodation might be obta9$ !re = ! increas+ trade ( ! port ( ,liv]pool1 we did accord+ly meet at ,woodside on ! #aj? ,febru>y #ahbh1 & aft] exam9+ ! pool at high & l[ wat]1 & ! action ( ! tides on ! nor!rn edge ( ! ,leas[e level1 :i* we f\nd to be ov]fl[$ at high wat] ( ! #af? & #ag? & #ah? ,febru>y1 ) (f-%ore w9ds & mod]ate wea!r1 we next exam9$ ! %ore d[n to l[ wat] 9 t place call$ ,mockbegg> ,:>f1 :i* we f\nd to consi/ ( turf & s(t m>l ov] a bottom ( f9e clay4 ,we aft]w>ds visit$ ! we/]n "p ( ! level1 :i* ext5ds to ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! e/u>y ( ! ,dee1 "p ( :i* we exam9$1 also ,helbre1 ,hoylake1 & ! ,rock ,*annels1 & direct$ c]ta9 surveys & levels to be tak5 = our fur!r in=mation1 & ?\gh we h n yet obta9$ all ! data requisite = =m+ e/imates ( ! exp5se ( improvem5t1 we are g5]ally ( op9ion z foll[s3-- 8,t ?is situation ( ,wallasey ,pool af=ds1 beyond d\bt1 ! mo/ fav\rable position 9 ! vic9ity ( ,liv]pool = an ext5sion ( ! accommodation ( ! %ipp+ trade ( ! port1 at a v mod]ate exp5se4 8,! gr\nd be+ level1 ! soil wat]-tight & ( easy excavation1 docks may be =m$ !re ( any ext5t4 ,! bay 9 front betwe5 ,seacombe & ,woodside1 ?\gh mo/ly %all[ at pres5t1 af=ds ! fir/ place ( %elt] )9 ! ,m]sey1 & small vessels lie !re out ( ! /ream 9 p]fect safety4 ,x possesses a creek or *annel :i* c\ld easily be enl>g$ & deep5$ s z to =m an out] tide h>b\r simil> to ! orig9al h>b\r ( ,liv]pool1 b ^u a great] scale1 & = ! sc\r+ ( :i* x w\ld be easy to op5 up ! tide 9 ! pool to ! ext5t ( #bej acres1 z f> z ,v9]s ,embankm5t1 & above t to any ext5t t may be ?\ght desirable4 ,?is space hav+ a deep creek ?r\gh its :ole ext5t =ms a complete half-tide bas9 = facilitat+ ! entrance into ! ,docks on ei!r side1 :ile on ! %all[ p>ts may be =m$ ext5sive timb]-ponds4 ,works ( masonry 9 ?is situation be+ out ( ! sea-way & ( ! /ream ( ! tide1 may be con/ruct$ ) great economy2 good build+ /ones are to be f\nd at ,bid/on ,hill1 & ! :ole soil is a brick e>?4 8,! situation possesses o!r advantages ( access n s obvi\s1 b :i* may ev5tually be ( ! greate/ importance4 ,! ,leas[e level at ! head ( ?is pool ext5ds z f> z ! riv] ,dee1 & t\*es ! sea-%ore at ,mock ,beacon1 :]e inde$ x is occasionally ov]fl[$ by ! tide4 ,9 ?is direction x w\ld be q practicable to op5 a direct passage = %ips into ! ,horse ,*annel1 by excavat+ 9 m>l & clay1 only q cle> ( ! %ift+ s&s :i* are f\nd 9 all o!r p>ts ( ! ,m]sey & ,dee4 ,& t[>ds ! ,dee a %ip canal may easily be cut ) its entrance ei!r at ,dawpool 9 ,hoylake1 or 9 a tide h>b\r :i* c\ld be =m$ at ,helbre1 a position :i* af=ds _m m>itime advantages4 8,t position has sev]al good an*orages 9 its vic9ity1 ?ree diff]5t passages to sea1 & is only five miles f ! float+ light1 ! di/ance ( :i* f ,liv]pool by ,wallasey & ,helbre is exactly ! same z by ! ,rock ,*annel2 & n9e miles ( x w\ld be inl& navigation1 in/ead ( an intricate passage among s&banks1 ! :ole ( :i* inl& navigation is an addition to ! float+ h>b\r4 8,hav+ ?us briefly %[n ! facilities possess$ to seaw>d1 we may next turn our att5tion to ^? connect$ ) ! inl& navigation4 ,x is evid5t t to ! #8flats' :i* navigate ! ,duke's ,canal1 ,m]sey & ,irwell1 ,ellesm]e1 ,sankey1 & ,weav] ,navigations1 ,wallasey ,pool is j z accessible z ! ,docks ( ,liv]pool1 :ile by a canal to ,helbre y communicate ) ! l>ge navigation ( ! ,dee1 & ! valuable m9]al c\nty ( ,fl9t%ire2 & if ev]1 z is extremely probable1 ! canal navigation %\ld be br\ght ne>] to ,liv]pool1 ! natural t]m9ation w\ld be ,tranm]e or ,wallasey ,pool1 betwe5 :i* a cut c be easily =m$4 ,by ?is means boats f ! small canals 9 ,/af=d%ire & ! o!r inl& c\nties c be br\ght d[n to ! seaport & return _! c>go )\t ! tr\ble ( tran%ipm5t1--an object1 z be+ important to ! proprietors ( ^! canals1 t !re c be little d\bt ( _! endeav\r+ to c>ry x into effect :5ev] ! %ipp+ c be accommodat$ on ! ,*e%ire side4 8,al?\gh 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our survey1 & until we meet our em95t fri5d & colleague ,mr4 ,tel=d1 we are n prep>$ to ent] into any detail ( plans or e/imates ( ! exp5se ( ^! improvem5ts1 yet we are satisfi$ he w agree ) u 9 op9ion t ! co/ ( ev5 ! mo/ exp5sive w be greatly inf]ior to t ( obta9+ any important additional accommodation ^u ! ,liv]pool %ore1 :i* be+ almo/ entirely occupi$ already1 we consid] x impossible to obta9 !re at any exp5se suffici5t room = ! increas+ trade2 & we w\ld conclude ?is prelim9>y report by recomm5d+ to ! ?riv+ & enlight5$ community ( ,liv]pool to weigh well ! advantages above allud$ to1 & ! b5efit ( n[ ext5d+ _! op]ations to ! ,*e%ire %ore4 8,,rob]t ,,/ev5son4 ,,alex&] ,,nimmo40 8,,int5d$ ,,%ip ,,canal betwe5 ! ,,riv]s ,,dee & ,,m]sey4 8,,! ,,report ( ,,?omas ,,tel=d1 ,,rob]t ,,/ev5son1 & ,,alex&] ,,nimmo1 ,civil ,eng9e]s1 recomm5d+ ,two ext5sive new ,sea ,ports1 etc41 on ! ,riv]s ,dee & ,m]sey1 adjac5t to ,liv]pool1 ) a ,float+ ,h>b\r or ,%ip ,canal to connect !m4 8,! und]sign$1 hav+ s f> complet$ _! l& & wat] surveys z to enable !m to speak ) confid5ce ^u ! practicability ( ext5d+ ! accommodation = %ipp+ to suit ! ris+ dem&s ( ?is great comm]cial emporium1 beg leave to comm5ce _! report ^u ?is important subject by describ+ ! g5]al outl9e ( ! propos$ improvem5ts1 & !n to proce$ to discuss !m 9 detail2 b previ\s to ?is x is necess>y to make a few prelim9>y rem>ks4 8,on ! ,e/u>ies ( ! ,dee & ,m]sey4 8,9 "o or o!r ( ^! mu/ always cont9ue to be ! great port ( ! nor?-we/ ( ,engl&1 ! pres]vation & improvem5t ( :i* has become ! m important s9ce ?is la/ c5tury has add$ s mu* to ! progress ( manufactur+ & comm]cial ent]prise1 & to t ext5sion ( inl& navigation1 :i* has r5d]$ ,liv]pool n only ! great m>t ( ! nor?-we/ ( ,brita9 & ( all ,irel&1 b ne>ly ( ! :ole we/]n _w4 8,! *ief feature ( ^! e/u>ies is ! ext5sive range ( s&banks 9 _! front1 ?r\gh :i* an intricate %ip-navigation has to be c>ri$4 ,^! *annels h be5 always subject to v>iations1 & are n[ only safely navigat$ by a c>eful sy/em ( pilotage4 8,9 ! progress ( our inve/igations1 & feel+ ! great importance ( ! measures we are ab\t to recomm5d1 we h c>efully inquir$ into ! v>i\s *anges :i* h tak5 place on ^! banks1 z f> z c be collect$ f hi/ory or inf]r$ f obs]vation1 9 ord] to be enabl$ to judge :at is likely to take place z to _! future p]man5t condition4 8,9 ! "t ( ! ,romans ! ,ribble seems to h be5 ! *ief port ( ?is di/rict1 & ,rib*e/] is said to h be5 a city z great z any out ( ,rome2 ! port 0 ,p\lton bel[ ,pre/on1 at ! ,neb ( ! ,naze1 s va/ly inf]ior at ! pres5t "t to v>i\s situations on ! ,m]sey & ! ,dee t x is impossible n to admit t "s extraord9>y *ange has tak5 place 9 _! physical condition s9ce t p]iod4 ,tradition says t ! port ( ! ,ribble 0 de/roy$ by an e>?quake1 & also t !re 7 trem5d\s inundations 9 ,*e%ire & ,lanca%ire ab\t ! t]m9ation ( ! ,roman sway 9 ,brita92 & v>i\s ph5om5a we h se5 seem to po9t to "s su* cata/rophe4 8,x is well kn[n t 9 ! ,saxon times ! riv] ,dee 0 an important navigation1 & t ,*e/] 0 !n & = _m ages aft] ! great port ( ! we/1 & = ! connection ) ,irel&1 :il/ ! ,m]sey 0 little kn[n1 & ,liv]pool only a fi%+ village4 8,b 9 aft] times ! port ( ,*e/] 0 s mu* ob/ruct$ by s&banks 9 ! upp] portions t ! city became inaccessible to vessels ( l>ge draught1 & ?\gh s]i\s ef=ts 7 made to rem$y ?is evil1 & h ev5 p>tly accompli%$ x1 yet ! trade ( ! c\ntry 0 gradually transf]r$ to ,liv]pool on ! ,m]sey1 :i* _h become a place ( consid]able importance at ! "t ( ! ,revolution1 & _h be5 creat$ an indep5d5t port3 be=e1 x 0 only a creek ( ,*e/]4 8,9 our inquiries into ! e>ly /ate ( ! navigations ( ! ,dee & ,m]sey1 ! olde/ *>t we h f\nd ( any au?ority is t ( ,gr5ville ,coll9s1 9 #afij4 ,x is d$icat$ to ,k+ ,william1 to :om he act$ z pilot on 8 exp$ition to ,irel&2 & z t army emb>k$ f ,hoylake1 z also t ( ! ye> be=e "u ,g5]al ,s*omb]g1 & z ,coll9s 0 (ficially employ$ 9 mak+ *>ts ( ! coa/1 !re c be no d\bt t1 ?\gh rude1 x conveys1 z f> z x goes1 an au!ntic repres5tation ( ! /ate ( navigation at t "t4 8,! road/ead ( ,hoylake 0 !n spaci\s & deep1 ) five fa?oms into x1 & sev5 fa?oms inside1 f "o half to ?ree qu>t]s ( a mile wide1 & cov]$ by ! ,hoyle ,s&1 :i* 0 !n "o solid bank )\t any swa% or op5+ across x1 & 0 dry at neap tides z f> z opposite ! ,po9t ( ,air & beyond4 8,! ,dove ,po9t !n project$ a mile & ?ree-qu>t]s f ! %ore1 sep>at+ ,hoylake f ! ,rock ,*annel1 :i* 0 !n ne>ly dry at l[ wat] z f> z ,mockbegg>1 betwe5 :i* & ,burbo ,s& !re 0 only "o qu>t] fa?om1 & betwe5 ,dove ,po9t & ,burbo only two fa?oms4 8,! l>ge vessels :i* at t "t belong$ to ,liv]pool put out "p ( _! lad+ 9 ,hoylake until !y 7 light en\gh to sail ov] ! flats to ,liv]pool4 8,! union ( ,hoylake & ! ,rock ,*annel =m$1 z at pres5t1 ! pr9cipal passage to sea1 call$ ! ,horse ,*annel1 !n a fair op5+ ) ?ree to sev5 fa?oms1 b consid]ably to ! ea/w>d ( ! pres5t *annel ( t "n2 = ,coll9s's sail+ m>k ?r\gh x 0 ,mockbegg> ,hall ^u ! ,banquett+-,h\se 9 ,bid/on1 w\ld m>k ! pres5t ,sp5c]'s ,gut z hav+ be5 ! *annel4 ,! nor? spit did n !n exi/1 or r 0 "p ( ! ,hoyle bank2 & ! ,begg>'s ,pat* seems to h be5 ! extremity ( ,dove ,po9t4 ,! ,=mby ,*annel 0 said to h ?ree fa?oms on ! b>1 b 0 n buoy$ or beacon$1 !re=e n us$4 8,! ,*e/] b> _h n9e feet lea/ wat]2 & ,wild ,road is m>k$ z good an*orage1 mu* us$ 9 ! coal trade4 ,ab\t #agfj1 publi%$ 9 #aggf1 we h ! ,survey ( ,mack5zie1 :o 0 employ$ by ! ,admiralty to make *>ts ( ! we/]n coa/s ( ,brita91 :i* are /ill 9 high reputation4 8,at ?is "t ,hoylake cont9u$ to be a good road/ead1 ?\gh greatly alt]$2 ! dep? at entrance 0 only two fa?oms1 eight fa?oms 9 ! middle1 ! wid? only ?ree furlongs1 & its l5g? _h dim9i%$ at lea/ a mile4 ,a passage 0 op5$ f ! ,rock ,*annel across to ,dove ,po9t into ,hoylake1 & across ! ea/ end ( ,hoyle ,s&1 ) f\r to eight fa?oms1 =m+ ! pres5t ,horse ,*annel4 8,on ?is *>t we also p]ceive ! beg9n+ ( ano!r op5+ across ! ,hoyle ,s&1 n[ call$ ,helbre ,swa%1 !n dry at l[ wat] at ea* end1 hav+ ?ree fa?oms 9 ! middle1 n[ a deep & fair *annel ) sev5 to n9e fa?oms1 & two & a half lea/ wat] at its m\?4 8,s9ce ! op5+ ( ?is *annel or swa% little or no tide sets ?r\gh ! ,hoylake1 :i* is gradually clos+ up1 & n[ us$ only = small craft4 8,! exi/5ce ( ,hoylake 0 ( mat]ial importance to ,liv]pool & also to ! ,dee1 = vessels c\ld run !re at any "t2 ! entrance to x 0 m>k$ by lead+ lights 9 ! middle ( la/ c5tury1 "o ( ! fir/ applications ( reflect+ lights to ! purposes ( navigation2 !y are n[ ( little use1 z ! s& has %ift$ to ! ea/w>d1 & ! entrance is ne>ly dry at l[ wat]4 8,! ,rock ,*annel seems to h und]gone a v important *ange by ! "t ( ,mack5zie's survey4 ,we h obs]v$ t 9 ,coll9s's "t1 #afij1 x 0 dry at l[ wat] z f> ne>ly z ,mockbegg>4 ,al?\gh ?is is /ill ne>ly ! case at ! ,p]* at l[ tides1 x is op5$ bel[ t 9 a mat]ial degree4 ,9 ! space ( sev5ty ye>s ! *annel _h deep5$ to h ?ree or f\r fa?oms 9 ,wallasey ,hole2 also betwe5 ,mockbegg> ,:>f & ! nor? bank1 :i* 0 dry at l[ wat]2 & a *annel _h op5$ across ,dove ,po9t1 ) two & ?ree fa?oms1 into ,hoylake1 & f !nce across ! ea/ end ( ,hoyle1 =m+ ! pres5t ,horse ,*annel1 z be=e describ$1 ) f\r to eight fa?oms out to sea4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s& f ?is deep5+ _h be5 c>ri$ d[n to seaw>d1 =m+ a complete %oal across ! orig9al ,horse ,*annel ( ,coll9s's "t1 9 ^: sail+-l9e is m>k$ a dep? ( f\r feet only1 & ?is %oal connect$ ) t call$ ! ,begg>'s ,pat*1 & !nce ) ! spit or flat along ! we/ side ( ! ,horse ,*annel1 on :i* 0 six feet wat]4 ,?is la/ *annel 0 direct & fair1 ) five to eight fa?oms1 & previ\s to ! publication ( ,mack5zie's *>t1 b aft] ! "t ( 8 survey1 0 m>k$ by two ligh?\ses at ,leas[e %ore1 & subsequ5tly by t on ,bid/on ,hill "u ! direction ( ,capta9 ,hut*9son1 z 0 also ! entrance into ,hoylake by ! two lights ne> ,meols1 z be=e describ$4 8,! ,=mby ,*annel is m>k$ z deep ^u ,mack5zie's *>t1 ) f\r fa?oms at ! entrance1 & betwe5 ,taylor's ,bank & ,middle ,pat* two fa?oms2 !re is n[ only five feet ov] ! flats at l[ wat] at its entrance1 & x 0 buoy$ 9 at ,mack5zie's "t2 b1 ?\gh ! deepe/ *annel to ,liv]pool1 x is1 f its intricacy & in/ability1 /ill v little us$ = navigation4 8,lieut5ant ,evans publi%$ a survey ( ! ,liv]pool & ,*e/] riv]s1 ) a book ( sail+ directions1 :i* is 9 good repute4 ,we h pref]r$ ! *>t by ,mr4 ,?omas 9 #ahac1 made by ord] ( ! ,lords ( ! ,admiralty1 = ! purpose ( comp>ison ) ! sev]al be=e m5tion$ surveys1 z m m9ute 9 detail4 8,at ! "t ( ?is survey1 fifty ye>s aft] t ( ,mack5zie1 ,hoylake _h dim9i%$ 9 bread? to "o furlong2 ! dep? at ! entrance 0 ?ree to sev5 feet2 f\r fa?oms ne> ! ,r$ ,/ones2 s9ce t "t x is /ill %all[+1 & n[ may be walk$ across at l[ wat]1 f ,dove ,po9t to ,ea/ ,hoyle2 s t ?is road/ead may be consid]$ z lo/4 8,helbre ,swa% _h op5$ to half a mile wide1 ) six or eight fa?oms wat]1 b ) a %oal at its entrance ( "o fa?om2 !re are n[ two fa?oms & a half ?r\gh t entrance4 8,! ,brazil or ,nor? ,bank _h ext5d$ dry1 at l[ wat]1 z f> z ,sp5c]'s ,gut ,buoy1 & ! ,nor? ,spit or f\r feet flats _h ext5d$ into ! ,horse ,*annel across ! l9e ( sea lights1 !reby =c+ t *annel fur!r into ,hoyle ,bank4 ,! l[] "p ( ! ,rock ,*annel _h enl>g$ by ! =mation ( a passage on ea* side ( ! ,begg>'s ,pat*4 8,! entrance to ,=mby ,*annel _h v mu* alt]$ s9ce ,mack5zie's "t1 &1 ?\gh bett] m>k$1 /ill cont9u$ to be little frequ5t$4 ,! float+ light plac$ opposite ,helbre ,swa% & ! ,horse ,*annel1 outside ( all ! banks1 has made a great improvem5t 9 ! access f ! seaw>d 9 t direction4 8,! ,rock ,*annel1 f ^! circum/ances1 cont9ues to be ! ma9 passage to & f ! h>b\r ( ,liv]pool1 b x is only provid$ ) day m>ks1 & ?\gh well buoy$ _c be navigat$ by night2 be+ v n>r[1 & hav+ banks 9 its middle1 x is difficult = vessels to beat ?r\gh ) f\l w9ds 9 "o tide1 & z !re is no secure an*orage1 frequ5t delays & losses take place 9 ?is "p ( ! navigation4 8,)9 ! h>b\r ( ,liv]pool or 9 ! riv] ,m]sey ! pr9cipal places ( an*orage are-- 8#a/1 ,abrea/ ! t[n4 8#b;d1 ,(f ! ,magaz9es1 :i* is us$ by ! outw>d-b\nd vessels4 8#c;d1 ,up ! riv] 9 ,sloyne ,roads1 or ,broombro ,pool1 :i* is almo/ conf9$ to vessels "u qu>ant9e4 8,9 ! two fir/-m5tion$ an*orages a great sea tumbles 91 ) ,,ne4 gales1 & ?is1 ) ! rapid tide & bad hold+ gr\nd1 causes vessels to drift1 ev5 ) two an*ors d[n1 s t x is necess>y = all ! m]*ant vessels1 z soon z ! tide s]ves1 to proce$ into dock & rema9 !re until a fav\rable opportunity occurs ( putt+ to sea1 s z to get ?r\gh ! ,rock & ,horse ,*annels ) daylight2 h5ce a consid]able accumulation ( vessels )9 ! docks at all times1 b especially :5 !re has be5 a cont9uance ( nor!rly & we/]ly w9ds1 & :i* has made x necess>y to look n[ = additional accommodation on ! opposite %ore ( ,wallasey ,pool4 8,propos$ e/abli%m5t at ,wallasey4 8,small craft f9d good %elt] on ! banks at ! m\? ( ,wallasey ,pool1 be+ !re out ( ! /ream1 & l&-lock$ by ! ,po9t ( ,seacombe4 8,! /eam]s also1 to :i* dispat* is ( mom5t1 moor along ?is %ore1 & if !re 0 m room 9 ,wallasey ,pool x w\ld decid$ly be ! be/ an*orage ab\t ,liv]pool4 8,wallasey ,creek runs ne>ly = two miles f ! ,m]sey1 :]e x is /opp$ by an embankm5t1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat]s ( #cjjj acres ( m>% l& pass by a tunnel4 ,! pool bel[ ! embankm5t cov]s ne>ly #bej acres at spr+-tides1 & by its backwat] ma9ta9s a *annel ?r\gh ! creek d[n to l[ wat] spr+s1 & ) sev5te5 feet at high wat] spr+s z f> up z ! embankm5t4 8,previ\s to ! embankm5t x is c]ta9 t ?is creek 0 mat]ially deep]4 ,on ,mack5zie's *>t1 opposite to its m\?1 !re are tw5ty fa?oms m>k$1 be+ mu* m ?an any:]e )9 ! ,m]sey at pres5t1 & a bottom ( rock4 ,?is *annel w\ld !re=e be re/or$ by any consid]able addition to ! backwat]2 & at all ev5ts1 if ! l[] p>ts ( ! creek 7 op5$ by dr$g+1 &1 by a p[] ( sc\r+ x1 l[ wat] obta9$1 a saf] inlet = vessels to run to w\ld be acquir$ ?an at pres5t exi/s any:]e 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,liv]pool4 8,on ! s\? side ( ! creek1 betwe5 ,woodside ,f]ry & ,bridge ,end1 !re is a bottom ( s&/one rock1 b ?is ceases at ,bridge ,end ,creek2 & above t place ! %ore is compos$ ( firm clay1 fit = brick mak+1 to a dep? at lea/ ( ?irty feet1 9 :i* excavation = docks & bas9s c\ld be c>ri$ on ) great facility4 8,^u ! att5tion be+ direct$ to ,wallasey ,pool z a comm]cial /ation1 x w appe> at fir/ view obvi\s t an entrance might be made along ! l[ gr\nd :i* ext5ds f x to ! sea %ore at ,leas[e1 by :i* a direct passage to sea might be obta9$1 & ! insecurities & dang]s ( ! b> & banks ( ! ,rock ,*annel be avoid$2 b ! objections to su* an entrance are1 t ! *annel outside af=ds no safe an*orage1 & ! cut w\ld be expos$ directly to ! /roke ( ! sea1 & if protect$ by pi]s _! con/ruction w\ld n only be exp5sive1 b might also mat]ially alt] ! *annel along %ore4 8,b ! gr\nd cont9ues equally fav\rable to ! we/w>d z f> z ,hoylake & ! ,dee bel[ ! hill ( ! ,grange4 ,! %ore is skirt$ by a n>r[ belt ( s&hills1 ?r\gh :i* h[ev] !re w\ld be no great difficulty 9 mak+ a passage into ! tideway4 ,"h x is important to rem>k t ! ,helbre ,swa% op5s a deep & fair *annel1 well %elt]$ by banks on ea* side1 & only five miles 9 ext5t to ! float+ light1 :i* is 9 a direct l9e ) x4 8,?is *annel has be5 =m$ )9 ! la/ c5tury1 & readily acc\nts = ! det]ioration ( ,hoylake2 x n[ c>ries d[n mo/ ( ! ebb ( ! ,dee1 & is likely to improve /ill m1 hav+ deep5$ mat]ially s9ce ,?omas's survey 9 #ahac4 8,?r\gh all ! vicissitudes we h trac$ !re has be5 deep wat] & good an*orage at ! po9t ( ,helbre ,isl&2 & z t situation af=ds solid rock = e sort ( con/ruction1 !re c be no risk ( ! p]man5cy ( any "w t may be e/abli%$ !re4 8,sea-locks con/ruct$ at ,helbre w\ld be protect$ aga9/ ! prevail+ we/]ly gales by ! isl& itself1 aga9/ ! nor!rly by ! bank ( ,ea/ ,hoyle2 & !y may be connect$ to ! ma9l& by banks =m$ across ! /r&1 :i* is mo/ly dry at high wat] ( neap tides2 & by means ( ^! banks a pond ( sixty-f\r acres may be enclos$1 :i*1 be+ fill$ at spr+ tides1 may be employ$ = ! purposes ( sc\r+ & keep+ op5 ! h>b\r & its entrance1 & z a res]voir = a %ip canal f !nce to ! %ore1 & along ! l[ gr\nd to ,wallasey ,pool4 ,su* a canal1 ( l>ge dim5sions1 & sev5 miles long1 w be "o cont9u$ float+ h>b\r1 :i* may be c>ri$ to a great ext5t 9 v>i\s directions & on ! same level4 8,indep5d5t ( ,helbre ,swa% two o!r *annels = %ips pass+ to sea unite at t position2 "o1 ! orig9al ,hoylake1 /ill suffici5tly navigable at high wat]2 ! o!r1 ! passage by ,wild ,road & ,*e/] ,b>1 greatly sup]ior 9 safety & p]man5cy to t ( ! ,=mby ,*annel2 = 9 all ! successive *>ts little or no *ange seems to h tak5 place on t b>1 :i* cont9ues to h n9e feet at l[ wat]1 ) a rise ( ?irty4 ,! great ext5t ( ebb-tide f ! ,dee 7be+ q z ext5sive an e/u>y z t ( ! ,m]sey7 mu/ always keep "o or o!r ( ^? *annels or all ( !m op51 s t %ips may sail f ,helbre 9 almo/ e w9d2 & if necess>y to beat out1 a vessel />t+ f ,helbre ) ! fir/ ( ! ebb d[n ! ,swa% w be at ! float+ light & cle> ( ! banks be=e ano!r f ,liv]pool c get r\nd ! ,rock ,p]*4 8,to p]sons at all acqua9t$ ) ! navigation to ,liv]pool x mu/ be q unnecess>y to po9t out ! b5efit ( ?is propos$ arrangem5t1 :i*1 :ile x pres]ves all ! advantages ( communicat+ ) ! ,m]sey1 & ! ext5sive inl& navigations connect$ !re)1 af=ds a new passage to & f ! sea1 by means ( ! ,dee1 by :i* bo? ! di/ance & dang]s ( an intricate navigation w be :olly avoid$4 8,an important advantage obta9$ by ?is plan is1 t ! propos$ entrance at ,helbre is )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! port ( ,*e/]1 ( :i* x is record$ z a creek 9 ,sir ,mat!w ,hale's ,treatise ,de portibus m>is2 & bus9ess done !re or ^u its wat]s1 ev5 z f> z ,wallasey ,pool1 be+ )9 ! port ( ,*e/]1 w h to pay ! dues at t port2 & unless %ips & goods lock into ! ,m]sey !y are exempt$ f ! dues ( ,liv]pool4 ,! facility ( con/ruction is s great t a mod]ate *>ge = dues w be a suffici5t remun]ation = ! capital requir$4 ,! gr\nd on ei!r side ( ! canal is s+ul>ly suitable to be appropriat$ to any k9d ( e/abli%m5t connect$ ) %ipp+1 & !re c be no d\bt t x w be s employ$ ev5 by private speculation2 b 9 s ext5sive a s*eme z we propose x w be advisable = ! promot]s ( ! measure at once to e/abli% a set ( docks & w>eh\ses ( ! mo/ p]fect description1 z has be5 done 9 all ! docks :i* h be5 con/ruct$ 9 & adjac5t to ,london1 & we h accord+ly design$ a set ( su* w>eh\ses & y>ds z "p ( ! plan4 8,details ( ! ,plan4 8,comm5c+ at ! riv] ,m]sey1 we propose to dr$ge out & wid5 ,wallasey ,creek at lea/ to ! dep? ( ?ree feet "u l[ wat] ( spr+ tides1 be+ f\r feet bel[ ! sill ( ,pr9ce's ,dock1 & ?is = #bjj feet 9 wid? up z f> z ! entrance into ! bas9s2 to lay ! sill ( ! great] entrance lock at t level1 also ! sill ( ! bas9 ( ! b>ge lock4 ,! b>ge entrance lock to h a lift ( t5 feet2 ! %ip lock f\r feet2 s z to give ! same wat] :5 ! gates are op5$ z into ! ,pr9ce's ,dock4 ,! side ( ,wallasey ,creek w be quay$ = f\r hundr$ y>ds bel[ ! entrance ( ! dock1 to facilitate transport+ vessels into & out ( ! bas9s4 8,! tide bas9 is #ajjj y>ds long1 & #ajj y>ds wide 9 ! middle1 curv+ on ! nor? side t[>ds ! locks at ea* end1 ! s\? side rec$+ #ajj feet1 s z to give b]?age to timb] vessels1 & 9 ! front ( !m a slop+ :>f & bond+ y>ds = timb]2 a l9e ( b>ge canal betwe5 ^! y>ds & ! w>eh\ses on ! ma9 dock w facilitate ! removal ( ! timb] )\t int]f]+ ) ! %ipp+4 8,! entrance lock into ?is bas9 f ! tideway w be fifty feet wide1 ! entrance w+ walls wid5+ gradually to #ajj feet1 to af=d easy access to ! %ipp+ :5 bo? gates are ?r[n op54 ,at l[ wat]1 neaps1 or half tide1 two or ?ree vessels may pass at a "t4 ,! upp] lock betwe5 ?is bas9 & ! canal to be d\ble2 "o l>ge lock1 =ty-five feet wide & #afj feet long1 = great %ips1 & ano!r1 tw5ty-five feet wide1 = small] vessels1 ) gates at ea* end1 po9t+ bo? to l& & seaw>ds4 ,^! locks to rise to f\r feet bel[ ! old dock sill ( ,liv]pool1 & ?us to h tw5ty-two feet wat] 9 ! canal on ! level ( an eighte5 feet tide1 :i* we propose to make ! surface level ( ! canal4 8,! %ip dock p>allel to ?is bas9 w be #djj y>ds long & #ajj wide1 ) w>eh\ses on ea* side1 support$ by iron pill>s1 s z to =m a cov]$ :>f1 z at ! ,/4 ,ka!r9e's ,dock 9 ,london2 beh9d ^! w>eh\ses a p>allel b>ge canal fit = riv] flats1 =ty feet wide1 :i* w1 z 9 ,holl&1 be f\nd a s+ul> conv5i5ce4 ,^! canals communicate ) a dock & bas9 = flats only1 :5ce ! b>ges may be let d[n into ! creek dur+ ! ebb2 & z !y navigate at ! l[e/ wat] !y w be ready to pass up ! ,m]sey ) ! fir/ ( ! flood2 & 9 l mann]1 com+ d[n ) ! la/ ( ! ebb1 w get into ! pool & ent] ! dock )\t los+ a tide4 ,%ips f ! ,m]sey1 9 l mann]1 may ent] ! bas9 ) half-flood1 & be ready to proce$ d[n ! ,swa% ) ! fir/ ( ! ebb4 8,! flat m>% by ! ,boil]s ,y>ds is well adapt$ = ?is e/abli%m5t1 b z ! gr\nd beyond is high = "s di/ance we propose ! canal to be #abd feet only at wat] surface = #ajjj y>ds f ! locks1 & to be l9$ ) a /one wall on ea* side1 s t ?is space w1 9 fact1 be also a dock4 ,aft]w>ds ! m>% wid5s1 & "h is a fav\rable place = ano!r entrance bas9 & dock1 if necess>y4 ,f ?is po9t we propose to cont9ue ! canal ) slop+ banks1 ! bottom to be f\r feet "u ! level ( ! old dock sill1 & #afc feet 9 wid? at ! surface ( ! wat]1 :i* w be tw5ty-two feet 9 dep?4 8,! canal proce$s at fir/ 9 ! direction ( ! ,leas[e ,ligh?\se1 & approa*es )9 half a mile ( ! %ore1 & ab\t ! same di/ance nor? ( ! village ( ,moreton1 & !n turns to ! we/w>d1 keep+ half a mile inl& f ! villages ( ,great & ,little ,meols ?r\gh ,newton ,c>1 :]e x turns (f to ,helbre ,isl&1 & ent]s ! /r& ab\t half a mile above ! hotel2 across ! /r& x is c>ri$ by embankm5ts to ! upp] end ( ,helbre ,isl&4 ,a l>ge bread? is all[$ = ! embankm5t on ! sea-side1 ) fac+ m\nd ( /one f ! rocky po9t ne> ! ,r$ ,/one to )9 #fjj feet ( ! ,po9t ( ,helbre4 ,! head ( ?is pi] to be ( r\gh /one1 r\nd$ (f1 & c>efully pav$4 ,a pi] head is to be built 9 ,helbre ( #cjj feet 9 l5g?1 leav+ an op5+ ( #cjj feet into ! tide h>b\r1 :i* is fifty acres 9 ext5t1 & to be cle>$ to at lea/ l[ wat] ( a spr+-tide1 & pres]v$ ( t dep? by sc\r+4 8,a quay wall is to be con/ruct$ ( hewn /one along ! ,helbre ,isl& f ! pi]-head #fjj y>ds to ! tide lock1 :i* is to be fifty feet wide1 z at ,wallasey2 ano!r tide lock ( simil> dim5sions on ! nor? side ( ! h>b\r4 ,! nor? pi] is only int5d$ to be ( r\gh /one2 b a %ort cov]+ pi] w be made to protect t lock & facilitate ! entry ( %ips4 ,above ^! locks ! canal is to be =m$ into a tide bas9 ( #ejj y>ds 9 l5g?1 ! level ( :i* may be kept at t ( ! tide ( ! day2 & at ! upp] end are two p>allel canal locks1 z at ,wallasey1 ) gates po9t+ to ! sea & l& at ea* end1 z ! tide w occasionally rise high] ?an ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! canal4 8,f ,helbre ,isl& to ! ,middle ,helbre1 !nce to ! ,eye1 & f t to ! %ore at ,kirby ,*ur*1 an embankm5t & road w be c>ri$ along ! ridge & made wat]-tight4 ,by ?is & ! canal a pond1 z has already be5 describ$1 w be enclos$1 ( #fdj acres1 :i* w fill at spr+-tides to ! dep? ( n9e feet1 conta9+ #c1jjj1jjj ( cubic y>ds1 & may be all empti$ = ! purpose ( sc\r+ ! out] h>b\r2 b at ! latt] "p ( ! spr+ tides x w be advisable to fill ?is pond z a res]voir = lockage wat]1 = :i* purpose x may be drawn d[n ?ree feet to ! canal level1 & w hold #abjj locks-full = %ip lockage at ea* end1 &1 if necess>y1 #ajjj m locks-full may be drawn (f )\t any mat]ial inconv5i5ce to ! navigation4 8,we n[ subjo9 an e/imate ( :at we conceive w be ! exp5se ( complet+ ^! works1 includ+ an ext5sive range ( w>eh\ses on ea* side ( ! dock at ,wallasey ,pool1 & ( enclos$ timb] y>ds along ! tide bas92 & = all ! items we h made a lib]al provision4 8,e/imate4 ,excavations 9 ,wallasey ,creek & ,helbre ,h>b\r1 also 9 ! ,locks1 ,bas9s1 & ,canal to ,helbre1 & ,b>ge ,canal & ,bas9s1 #dcf1jag ,quay ,walls on ,creek1 ,bas9s1 ,locks1 & ,canal at ,wallasey ,pool1 #bcj1ajj ,bridges & ,tunnels1 #ch1jjj ,pi]s & ,quays ,walls1 ,helbre ,h>b\r1 #ie1ajj ,locks1 ,dams1 & ,culv]ts1 ,helbre ,h>b\r1 #aaa1jjj ,w>eh\ses at ,wallasey ,pool1 ,inclosure ,walls1 & ,pav+1 #ahc1jjj ,pur*ase ( ,l&1 #abe1jjj ,= ,surveys1 ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 ,law ,exp5ses1 ,sup]9t5d5ts'1 ,lock-keep]s'1 & o!r ,(fices1 etc41 & ,cont+5cies on ,works1 ,fifte5 p] ,c5t41 #ahb1gca ---------- #a1djj1idh 8,= ! above sum a float+ h>b\r w be obta9$ ( sev5 miles 9 l5g?1 capable ( indef9ite enl>gem5t1 ) ext5sive w>eh\se accommodation1 & ) a sea-port at ei!r end on ! two sep>ate e/u>ies4 ,t ?is is n too great = ! wants ( ! c\ntry w be at once admitt$ by ^? :o consid] ! va/ ext5t ( %ipp+ usually moor$ 9 ! ,?ames1 not)/&+ all its docks2 ! total inapplicability ( ! riv]s ,m]sey or ,dee to su* a purpose2 & ! conf9$ space :i* ev5 ! docks ( ,liv]pool c af=d = ! accommodation ( a trade n[ h>dly inf]ior to t ( ! metropolis1 & c]ta9ly & rapidly increas+4 8,,?os4 ,,tel=d4 ,,robt4 ,,/ev5son4 ,,alex&] ,,nimmo4 8,,london1 #af? ,may #ahbh40 8,,fur!r ,,report respect+ ! propos$ two new ,ports1 etc41 on ! ,riv]s ,dee & ,m]sey1 adjac5t to ,liv]pool4 8,9 ! =ego+ report we h %[n ! =m & exp5se ( ?is e/abli%m5t :5 complet$ ^u an ext5sive & p]fect plan4 ,at ! comm5cem5t1 h[ev]1 ( s great an und]tak+ x is n to be expect$ t all ! conv5i5ces we h propos$ c be imm$iately requir$2 a consid]able portion may !re=e be def]r$ until ! wants & increas+ dem&s ( trade %all %[ !m to be necess>y4 ,9 ! meantime ! ess5tial p>ts ( ! improvem5t may be effect$1 ) a small] exp5diture ( capital1 s z to obta9 all t safety & facility ( access :i* we h %[n to be lead+ features ( ?is plan4 8,we h propos$ to make ! canal f ,wallasey to ,helbre wide en\gh = ?ree great %ips1 s z to admit ( "p ( x be+ us$ z a float+ h>b\r1 /ill leav+ room = navigation2 b = navigation alone x w be q en\gh to adopt ! dim5sions ( ! ,cal$onian ,canal1 viz41 #abj feet at surface1 & if ! trade %\ld increase s z to require x1 in/ead ( wid5+ x1 a p>allel canal may h]eaft] be made1 ) a bank & two t[+-pa?s betwe51 leav+ ! :ole ( ! opposite banks applicable to b]?age & comm]cial e/abli%m5ts4 ,! same locks w s]ve at ei!r end1 & ! transport+ ( %ips be greatly facilitat$2 & ! con/ruction ( ?is canal1 or repair ( ! o!r1 may be effect$ )\t any int]ruption to ! navigation by su* an arrangem5t4 ,aga91 ! d\ble locks at ! ,wallasey end ( ! canal1 int5d$ = ! great] dispat* ( bus9ess1 may v well be def]r$ = ! pres5t1 & ! entrance bas9 made ( small] dim5sions4 ,! %ip dock !re may at fir/ be made z a "p ( ! canal1 & quay$ on "o side only1 & aft]w>ds wid5$ & complet$ :5 want$4 ,! half tide dock may be disp5s$ ) by enl>g+ ! b>ge tide dock s z to s]ve also = %ips1 & ! quay wall+ ( ! pool & ( ! fir/ mile ( ! canal may also be def]r$4 ,! w>eh\ses at ,wallasey dock may be disp5s$ ) at fir/1 or left to individual capital2 b x w be highly prop] to secure a suffici5t quantity ( l& to enable all ^! improvem5ts to be und]tak5 at "s future p]iod4 ,we d n deem x advisable to give up ! enl>gem5t & deep5+ ( ! entrance ( ,wallasey ,pool1 z on t dep5ds mu* ( ! utility ( ! plan 9 giv+ access to vessels at l[ tides2 & = a simil> reason we w\ld pres]ve all ! works propos$ = ! h>b\r at ,helbre ,isl&4 ,^u ?is modifi$ plan ! exp5se1 z bel[1 w be #gcd1afc4 8,,?os4 ,,tel=d4 ,,robt4 ,,/ev5son4 ,,alex4 ,,nimmo4 8,,*e/]1 ,july #ad1 #ahbh4 8,e/imate4 ,excavat+ ,tide ,bas91 ,b>ge ,dock1 & half ( ,%ip ,dock1 at ,wallasey ,end1 #be1jjj ,wall+ along ! ,pool1 f ,brassey's ,works1 also ! ,b>ge ,dock & "o side ( ,%ip ,dock1 #ca1ejj ,%ip ,lock1 ,b>ge ,lock1 & ,tide ,gates = ,bas91 & two ,swivel ,bridges1 #cf1ejj ,dr$g+ ,wallasey ,creek1 z be=e1 #bj1jjj ,l& & ,damages1 #ea1jjj ------- #afd1jjj ,fifte5 p] ,c5t4 ,cont+5cies1 #bd1dhe ------- ,= ,wallasey ,end1 #ahh1dhe ,excavat+ ,canal1 #bjg1djc ,bridges & ,tunnel1 #bb1jjj ,l& & ,damages1 #bg1jjj ------- #bef1djc ,fifte5 p] ,c5t41 #ch1dfj ------- ,= ! ,canal1 #bid1hfc ,pi] & ,quay ,walls f ,helbre1 z be=e1 #ie1ajj ,locks1 ,dams1 & ,culv]ts1 d41 #aaa1jjj ,excavation 9 ,h>b\r1 #aj1jjj ,/r& & ,damages on ,isle1 #b1jjj ,fifte5 p] ,c5t41 #cb1gae ------- #bej1hae ------- ,,g5]al ,,total1 #gcd1afc0 ,i h giv5 ! ,reports ( ! ?ree ,eng9e]s to :om ?is "q 0 remitt$1 to %[ ! v compreh5sive view !y took ( ! important subject ref]r$ = _! op9ion2 & x is almo/ unnecess>y to tell pr(essional read]s t aft] a lapse ( ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury ! embryo b compreh5sive proposal ( ,tel=d1 ,/ev5son1 & ,nimmo result$ 9 ! modifi$ b /ill l>ge ,birk5head ,dock s*eme ( ,j4 ,m4 ,r5del4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! orig9al design = ! improvem5t ( ! ,tay 0 made by ,messrs4 ,rob]t & ,alan ,/ev5son1 9 #ahcc1 & 9 connection ) my fa!r's life a %ort acc\nt ( ! works may be desirable z illu/rat+ 8 practice 9 ,riv] ,eng9e]+ 9 ! ,tay & o!r riv]s4 ,! riv] ,tay1 ) its num]\s tribut>ies1 receives ! dra9age wat] ( a di/rict ( ,scotl& am\nt+ to #bbhc squ>e miles1 z measur$ on ,arr[smi?'s map4 ,its mean dis*>ge has be5 asc]ta9$ to be #bgd1jjj cubic feet1 or #gfde tons ( wat] p] m9ute4 ,x is navigable z f> z ,p]?1 :i* is tw5ty-two miles f ,dundee & ?irty-two f ! ,g]man ,ocean4 ,be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! works1 c]ta9 ridges1 call$ 8=ds10 /ret*$ across ! b$ ( ! riv]1 at diff]5t po9ts betwe5 ,p]? & ,newburgh1 & ob/ruct$ ! passage to su* a degree t vessels draw+ f t5 to elev5 feet c\ld n1 dur+ ! highe/ tides1 make _! way up to ,p]? )\t great difficulty4 ,! dep? ( wat] on ^! =ds v>i$ f "o foot n9e in*es to two feet six in*es at l[1 & elev5 feet n9e in*es to f\rte5 feet at high wat] ( spr+ tides2 s t ! regulat+ navigable dep?1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 c\ld n be reckon$ at m ?an elev5 feet4 ,! *ief disadvantage exp]i5c$ by vessels 9 ! unimprov$ /ate ( ! riv] 0 ! risk ( _! be+ deta9$ by gr\nd+1 or be+ o!rwise ob/ruct$ at ^! defective places1 s z to lose ! tide at ,p]?1--a mis=tune :i*1 at times :5 ! tides 7 fall+ f spr+s to neaps1 (t5 l$ to ! necessity ei!r ( light5+ ! vessel1 or ( deta9+ h] till ! succe$+ spr+s af=d$ suffici5t dep? = pass+ ! =ds4 ,! great object aim$ at1 !re=e1 0 to remove e cause ( det5tion1 & facilitate ! propagation ( ! tidal wave 9 ! upp] "p ( ! riv]1 s t inw>d-b\nd vessels might take ! fir/ ( ! flood to enable !m to rea* ,p]? 9 "o tide4 ,nor 0 x1 inde$1 less important to remove e ob/acle t might prev5t outw>d-b\nd vessels f rea*+ ,newburgh1 & ! m op5 & deep p>ts ( ! navigation be=e l[ wat] ( ! tide ) :i* !y left ,p]?4 ,! works und]tak5 by ! ,h>b\r ,commission]s ( ,p]? = ! purpose ( rem$y+ ! evils allud$ to1 & :i* ext5d$ ov] six work+ seasons1 may be briefly describ$ z foll[s3-- #a/1 ,! =ds1 & _m int]m$iate %all[s1 7 deep5$ by /eam dr$g+2 & ! sy/em ( h>r[+ 0 employ$ 9 "s ( ! s(t] banks 9 ! l[] "p ( ! riv]4 ,_m l>ge deta*$ b\ld]s & 8fi%+ cairns10 :i* ob/ruct$ ! passage ( vessels1 7 also remov$4 #b;d1 ,?ree subsidi>y *annels1 or (f%oots f ! ma9 /ream1 at ,sleepless1 ,d>ry1 & ,balhepburn isl&s1 7 %ut up by embankm5ts =m$ ( ! produce ( ! dr$g+1 s z to conf9e ! :ole ( ! wat] to ! navigable *annel1 & ! banks ( ! navigable *annel 7 wid5$ to receive ! additional quantity ( wat] :i* !y _h to dis*>ge4 #c;d1 ,9 "s places ! banks on ei!r side ( ! riv] beyond l[ wat] m>k1 :]e mu* contract$1 7 excavat$1 9 ord] to equalise ! curr5ts1 by all[+ suffici5t space = ! free passage ( ! wat]2 & ?is 0 m especially done on ! %ores opposite ,sleepless & ,d>ry isl&s1 :]e ! %utt+ up ( ! second>y *annels r5d]$ x m necess>y4 ,! b5efit to ! navigation 9 consequ5ce ( ! completion ( ^! works 0 ( a tw(old k9d2 = n only 0 ! dep? ( wat] mat]ially increas$ by actual deep5+ ( ! wat]way1 & ! removal ( num]\s ob/ructions f ! b$ ( ! riv]1 b a cle>] & a fre] passage 0 made = ! fl[ ( ! tide1 :i* beg9s to rise at ,p]? mu* soon] ?an be=e2 & z ! "t ( high wat] is unalt]$1 ! advantages ( increas$ dep? due to ! pres5ce ( ! tide is proportionally increas$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( ! navigation2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! duration ( tidal influ5ce has be5 prolong$4 ,! dep?s at ! %all[e/ places 7 pretty ne>ly equalis$1 be+ five feet at l[ & fifte5 feet at high wat]1 ( ord9>y spr+ tides1 in/ead1 z =m]ly1 ( "o foot n9e in*es at l[ & elev5 feet at high wat]4 ,/eam]s ( small draught ( wat] c n[ !re=e ply at l[ wat]1 & vessels draw+ f\rte5 feet c n[ come up to ,p]? 9 "o tide ) ease & safety4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,timb]4 #ahjh-ahdc4 ,9 #ahjh ,mr4 ,/ev5son 0 ! discov]] ( ! ,limnoria t]ebrans1 t small b sure de/roy] ( timb] /ructures expos$ to ! action ( ! sea1 & =w>d$ specim5s ( ! insect & ( ! timb] x _h de/roy$ to ,dr4 ,lea*1 ! em95t naturali/1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 :o1 9 #ahaa1 ann\nc$ x z a 8new & highly int]e/+ species :i* _h be5 s5t to him by 8 fri5d ,rob]t ,/ev5son1 ,civil ,eng9e]10 & assign$ to x ! "n ( ,limnoria t]ebrans 7,l9nean ,trans41 vol4 xi4 p4 #cg1 & ,ed9burgh ,encylopdia1 vol4 vii4 p4 #dcc74 ,! ,t]$o navalis1 :i* is a l>g] & ev5 m de/ructive enemy1 is happily n s preval5t 9 nor!rn seas z ! ,limnoria4 ,s impress$ 0 ,mr4 ,/ev5son ) ! importance ( 8 discov]y z affect+ m>9e eng9e]+1 & especially h>b\r works1 t he resolv$ to e/abli% a tra9 ( sy/ematic exp]im5ts by expos+ ! timb] ( diff]5t trees to ! action ( salt wat]1 & x occurr$ to him t no situation c\ld be m suitable = su* obs]vations ?an ! ,bell ,rock1 :]e ! specim5s w\ld n only be fully expos$ to ! sea1 & free f any int]f]5ce1 b w\ld be /rictly wat*$ & m9utely report$ on by ! lightkeep]s4 ,he fur!r conceiv$ x prop]1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! navy1 to take ! ,admiralty into 8 c\nsels1 & he accord+ly communicat$ 8 int5tion to t ,bo>d1 ) ! result t _m ( ! specim5s ( timb] exp]im5t$ on 7 s5t f ,woolwi* docky>d1 & ! results ( ! trials 7 f "t to "t communicat$ to ! ,admiralty4 ,! diff]5t blocks ( timb] "u trial 7 tre5ail$ to ! rock1 & ! exp]im5ts ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( ne>ly ?irty ye>s4 ,!y cle>ly prov$ t teak1 ,african oak1 ,engli% & ,am]ican oak1 mahogany1 bee*1 a%1 elm1 & ! diff]5t v>ieties ( p9e1 7 f\nd soon] or lat] to become a prey to ! ,limnoria4 ,gre5he>t oak 0 alone f\nd to )/& _! attacks1 & ev5 ?is timb] 0 ultimately n entirely unaffect$4 ,! result ( ^! valuable exp]im5ts is giv5 9 ! foll[+ ,table3-- ,,table %[+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,timb] :i* 7 expos$ to ! attacks ( ! ,limnoria t]ebrans at ! ,bell ,rock 9 #ahad1 #ahba1 #ahcg1 #ahdc1 ) _! durabilities4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,decay ,uns\nd ,q ,k9d ( ,timb]4 fir/ & s\nd ,rem>ks4 obs]v$4 q = decay$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- yrs4 mo4 yrs4 mo4yrs4 mo4 ,gre5he>t1 #a #ai #j #a ,affect$ 9 "o corn]4 ,teak-wood1 #ac #j ,beef-wood1 #ac #j ,tre5ail ( #e #j ,bullet-wood1 ,bee*1 ,payne's #aj #g #b ,a little pat5t pro41 #b hol$ at "o end ,teak-wood1 #c #e #f und]nea?4 ,ne>ly s\nd ,african ,oak1 #d #e #f #g ye>s aft] be+ laid d[n4 ,d4 d4 #d #aa #aj #j #c ,ne>ly s\nd #g ye>s aft] ,engli% ,oak1 #d #g #aj #j be+ laid kyanis$1 d[n4 ,teak-wood1 #d #g #ab #j #d ,ne>ly s\nd #g ye>s aft] ,am]ican ,oak1 #d #c be+ laid kyanis$1 #e d[n4 ,briti% ,a%1 #c #j #e #j #e ,decay+1 ,scot* ,elm1 #c #j #e #j b sl[ly1 #e ye>s & #g ,a%1 #b #aa #d #c mon?s aft] be+ laid ,engli% ,elm1 #b #aa #d #g d[n4 ,plane ,tree1 #f #b #aa #f ,decay+1 b sl[ly1 #e ,am]ican ,oak1 #b #aa #d #g ye>s & #g mon?s aft] be+ laid d[n4 ,baltic ,r$ #b #i #d #c #g ,a good deal ,p9e1 #g decay$ :5 fir/ obs]v$4 ,engli% ,oak1 #b #d #d #g ,scot* ,oak1 #h #b #d #h ,mu* decay$ :5 fir/ ,baltic ,oak1 #b #d #d #c obs]v$4 ,norway ,fir1 #b #d #c #a ,baltic ,r$ #b #d #d #g ,p9e1 kyanis$1 ,pit* ,p9e1 #b #d #d #c ,am]ican #b #d #c #g ,yell[ ,p9e1 ,am]ican ,r$ #b #d #c #a ,p9e1 ,d4 d41 #b #d #d #g kyanis$1 ,l>*1 #b #d #d #c ,honduras #b #a #i ,ne>ly s\nd ,mahogany1 #i #c ye>s aft] be+ laid ,bee*1 #a #i #c #a d[n4 ,wa%$ away #f mon?s ,am]ican ,elm1 #a #i #c #a lat]4 ,tre5ail ( #e #j #c #j ,locu/1 ,briti% ,oak1 #a #f #e #j ,am]ican ,oak1 #a #f #e #j ,plane ,tree1 #a #f #e #j ,honduras ,teak #a #f #e #j tre5ails1 ,bee*1 #a #f #e #j ,scot* ,fir1 #a #f #c #j teak tre5ails1 ,d4 f #a #f #c #j ,lan>k%ire1 ,d4 d4 #a #f #c #j ,d4 ,locu/ #a #f #c #j tre5ails1 ,memel ,fir1 #a #f #e #j ,pit* ,p9e1 #aj #a #f #b #f #aj ,go+ fa/ :5 fir/ ,engli% ,oak1 #a #a #c #a obs]v$4 ,italian ,oak1 #a #a #c #f ,dantzic ,oak1 #a #a #b #f ,engli% ,elm1 #a #a #a #f ,canada ,rock #a #a #a #f ,elm1 ,c$> ( #a #a #b #f ,lebanon1 ,riga ,fir1 #a #a #a #f ,dantzic ,fir1 #a #a #a #f ,virg9ia ,p9e1 #a #a #a #f ,yell[ ,p9e1 #aa #a #a #a #f #aa ,a good deal gone #ah mon?s ,r$ ,p9e1 #a #a #a #f aft] be+ laid d[n4 ,swept away by ! sea #g mon?s aft]w>ds4 ,cawdie ,p9e1 #ab #a #a #a #f #ab ,a good deal decay$ :5 fir/ obs]v$4 ,poli% ,l>*1 #ac #a #a #a #f #ac ,go+ fa/ :5 fir/ ,bir*1 ,payne's #j #aj #a #aj obs]v$4 pat5t pro41 ,am]ican #j #h #c #j ,locu/ tre5ails1 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mr4 ,/ev5son seems to h =m$ an op9ion t ! be/ pres]vative aga9/ decay 0 *>r+ ! timb]1 z recomm5d$ 9 ! foll[+ extract f a report1 made 9 #ahaa1 to ! ,tru/ees ( ,montrose ,bridge3-- 8,! *angeabl5ess ( climate to :i* ! nor!rn p>ts ( ?is isl& are subject r5d]s edifices ( timb] m liable to decay "h ?an p]haps 9 any o!r c\ntry 9 ,europe4 ,b ! bridge at ,montrose is curi\sly circum/anc$2 = :ile x unavoidably exposes a great surface ( timb] to ! action ( ! wea!r1 "s ( ! wood5 pi]s are imm]s$ tw5ty-two feet 9 ! wat]1 :]e !y are attack$ by a de/ructive m>9e worm4 ,"s ( ! woodwork at ! ,bell ,rock 0 infe/$ ) ! same species ( animal :i* preys ^u ! wood5 pi] at ,montrose4 ,9 "s ( ! tempor>y works !re1 z 9 ! beams laid = c>ry+ ! railway ov] ! inequalities ( ! rock1 ! timb] 0 s mu* worm$ t "s logs measur+ "o foot :5 laid d[n w\ld n squ>e to m ?an n9e in*es at ! end ( ?ree ye>s4 ,! beams :i* support$ ! wood5 h\se = ! accommodation ( ! artific]s :ile ! ligh?\se 0 erect+ escap$ almo/ unt\*$1 hav+ be5 slightly *>r$1 b ! report]1 :5 inspect+ ! ,bell ,rock works ?is ye>1 f\nd t ^! worms are mak+ "s impression ^u ! ends ( ! supports re/+ on ! rock :]e ! *>r+ c\ld n take effect4 ,! report] is !re=e ( op9ion t !re is no bett] def5ce aga9/ ! effects ( ?is animal ?an slightly *>r+ ! timb]1 & he w\ld recomm5d ! practice at ! bridge ( ,montrose :]ev] x c be appli$4 ,! op]ation ( *>r+ at ! ,bell ,rock 0 p]=m$ by previ\sly scrap+ (f ! adh]+ matt] ^u ! logs & lay+ ! sk9 ( ! wood op51 & t> 0 appli$ to promote ! combu/ion4 ,*>coal1 besides be+ ta/eless & inodor\s1 possesses "s v curi\s prop]ties 9 its action ^u vegetable & animal sub/ances1 :i* may n only r5d] x insipid1 b ev5 (f5sive to ?is insect4 ,= ^? p>ts betwe5 ! high-wat] m>k & ! roadway x w be en\gh to scrape ! timb] & lay x ov] ) hot t>40 ,i ne$ h>dly say t ?is advice w\ld p]haps n h be5 giv5 at ! pres5t day1 :5 ev5 creosote has be5 f\nd to delay1 ?\gh n to act z a p]fect def5ce aga9/1 ! ravages ( ! ,limnoria4#aj ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,iron4 ,at a m rec5t p]iod ,mr4 ,/ev5son exp]im5t$ at ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se 9 ! same way on tw5ty-five diff]5t k9ds ( malleable iron1 ) ! result t all ( !m 7 soon affect$1 & t galvanis$ specim5s resi/$ oxidation f ?ree to f\r ye>s1 aft] :i* ! *emical action w5t on z quickly z 9 ! o!rs4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,bridges4 #ahaa-ahcc4 ,m>ykirk1 ,annan1 ,/irl+1 & ,hut*eson /one bridges--,high-level bridge = ,newca/le--,timb] bridge ( built planks--,w9* ,*a9 ,bridge--,am]ican bridges ( susp5sion--,runcorn ,bridge--,m5ai ,*a9 ,bridge--,new =m ( susp5sion bridge4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's /one bridges ov] ! ,nor? ,esk at ,m>ykirk1 & ! ,ni? at ,annan 7,plate ,,vi471 are good specim5s ( road bridges ( mod]ate ext5t2 & 8 bridge ov] ! ,=? at ,/irl+1 & ,hut*eson ,bridge ov] ! ,clyde at ,glasg[ 7,plate ,,vii471 are /ructures ( a l>g] class4 ,( ! latt]1 ,mr4 ,f5wick1 ( ! ,royal ,milit>y ,academy1 ,woolwi*1 9 ! preface to 8 "w on ! ,me*anics ( ,con/ruction1 publi%$ 9 #ahfa1 says1--8,! ,london & ,wat]loo ,bridges1 9 ! metropolis1 :i* rank among ! f9e/ /ructures ( ! elliptical ar*1 & ,/ev5son's ,hut*eson ,bridge at ,glasg[1 :i* is "o ( ! be/ specim5s ( ! segm5tal ar*1 toge!r ) _m o!rs1 h suppli$ me ) a v>iety ( problems = illu/ration40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,annan ,,bridge #ahbd4 ,,m>ykirk ,,bridge #ahaa4 ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on1 ,ed9burgh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,hut*eson ,,bridge1 ,,glasg[4 #ahbh4 ,,/irl+ ,,bridge4 #ahbi4 ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on1 ,ed9burgh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,design ,,= ,,high ,,level ,,road ,,bridge ,,at ,,newca/le ,,on ,,tyne4 #ahbh4 ,,transv]se ,,section4 ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on1 ,ed9burgh4 ,! ,hut*eson ,bridge 0 complet$ 9 #ahcb4 ,! masonry ( ! pi]s 0 laid at ! level ( sev5 feet bel[ ! b$ ( ! ,clyde1 on a plat=m ( timb]1 on piles eighte5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,i f\nd by a section made 9 #ahde1 aft] a lapse ( ?irte5 ye>s1 t ! level ( ! riv] _h be5 l[]$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! deep5+ ( ! riv] ,clyde by ! ,navigation ,tru/ees1 no less ?an elev5 feet1 & ev5 ) t am\nt ( sc\r ! bridge 01 & might long h rema9$1 a safe /ructure4 ,b imm$iately above its site !re is a weir :i* dams up ! ,clyde & =ms a lake1 or almo/ /ill pool1 9 ! riv]'s b$ = sev]al miles4 ,x 0 det]m9$1 9 ! int]e/s ( navigation1 to take p[]s to remove ! weir1 & on its removal ! bridge c\ld1 no long] be pron\nc$ safe2 x 0 also resolv$ to take p[]s to replace ! ,hut*eson by ! new ,alb]t ,bridge1 design$ by ,messrs4 ,bell & ,mill]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,/ev5son has also left beh9d him "s traces ( orig9ality ( design 9 bridge-build+4 ,9 #ahbf he gave a design to ! ,corporation ( ,newca/le = rais+ on ! exi/+ bridge ano!r roadway1 on a high level1 to communicate ) ! high] p>ts ( ! t[n1 z %[n 9 ,plate ,,viii41 be+ ! idea s9ce s successfully c>ri$ out on a l>ge scale by ! late ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son 9 8 ju/ly celebrat$ 8high-level railway viaduct40 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's design1 z w be se51 consi/s ( pi]s ( masonry rais$ on ! pi]s ( ! old bridge support+ a roadway ( ca/ iron4 ,! upp] bridge be+ cont9u$ across ! quays on ei!r side ( ! riv]1 & jo9+ ! roadways lead+ t[>ds ! s\? & nor? by easy gradi5ts1 avoid$ ! circuit\s & dang]\s r\te ( ! old po/ road ?r\gh ,newca/le4 ,= timb] bridges ,mr4 ,/ev5son also propos$1 9 #ahca1 a new =m ( ar* ( a beautiful & simple con/ruction 7,fig4 #af71 9 :i* :at may be call$ ! 8r+-c\rses0 ( ! ar* are =m$ ( lay]s ( ?9 planks b5t into ! circul> =m & /iff5$ by k+po/ pieces1 on :i* ! level roadway re/s4 ,?is =m ( bridge 0 aft]w>ds v g5]ally employ$ = railway bridges be=e ! discov]y _h be5 made t = su* works1 /ructures ( iron 71 9 ! end1 m economical ?an timb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,9 #ahbj1 he propos$ to ! ,cramond ,di/rict ( ,road ,tru/ees1 ) a view ma9ly to less5+ ! co/ ( ! "w1 a =m ( susp5sion bridge applicable to spans ( mod]ate wid?1 9 :i* ! roadway passes above ! *a9s1 & ! necessity = tall pi]s is avoid$4 ,! susp5sion bridge ov] ! ,rhone at ,g5eva1 & o!r bridges1 h s9ce be5 con/ruct$ on ?is pr9ciple4 ,9 #ahba ,mr4 ,/ev5son wrote an article on ,susp5sion ,bridges = ! ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal2 & z x conta9s a description ( ?is new =m ( con/ruction1 z well z "s hi/orical in=mation relative to bridges on ! susp5sion pr9ciple1 a few extracts f ! pap] may n be )\t int]e/3-- 8,w9* ,*a9 ,bridge4--,! e>lie/ bridges ( susp5sion ( :i* we h any acc\nt are ^? ( ,*9a1 said to be ( great ext5t2 ,major ,r5nell also describes a bridge ( ?is k9d ov] ! ,sampoo 9 ,h9do/an1 ( ab\t #fjj feet 9 l5g?4 ,b ! fir/ *a9 bridge 9 our own c\ntry is believ$ to h be5 t ( ,w9* ,bridge ov] ! riv] ,tees1 =m+ a communication betwe5 ! c\nties ( ,durham & ,york4 ,?is bridge is notic$ & an elevation ( x giv5 9 ! ?ird volume ( ,hut*ison's ,antiquities ( ,durham1 pr9t$ at ,c>lisle 9 #agid4 ,z ?is volume is extremely sc>ce1 ow+ to ! great] "p ( ! impression hav+ be5 accid5tally de/roy$ by fire1 ! writ] ( ?is article appli$ = a sight ( x f ! libr>y ( 8 fri5d1 ,mr4 ,isaac ,cookson ( ,newca/le-^u-,tyne4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is giv5 by ,hut*ison at p4 #bgi3--#8,! environs ( ! riv] 7,tees7 ab\nd ) ! mo/ picturesque & romantic sc5es2 beautiful falls ( wat]1 rocks & grotesque cav]ns4 ,ab\t two miles above ,middleton1 :]e ! riv] falls 9 repeat$ cascades1 a bridge susp5d$ on iron *a9s is /ret*$ f rock to rock ov] a *asm ne>ly sixty feet deep1 = ! passage ( travell]s1 b p>ticul>ly ( m9]s2 ! bridge is sev5ty feet 9 l5g?1 & little m ?an two feet broad1 ) a h&-rail on "o side1 & plank$ 9 su* a mann] t ! travell] exp]i5ces all ! tremul\s motion ( ! *a91 & sees himself susp5d$ ov] a ro>+ gulf1 on an agitat$ & re/less gangway1 to :i* few /rang]s d>e tru/ !mselves4' ,we regret t we h n be5 able to le>n ! precise date ( ! erection ( ?is bridge1 b f good au?ority we h asc]ta9$ t x 0 erect$ ab\t ! ye> #agda4 8,am]ican ,bridges ( ,susp5sion4--,x appe>s f a treatise on ,bridges by ,mr4 ,?omas ,pope1 ar*itect1 ( ,new ,york1 publi%$ 9 t city 9 ! ye> #ahaa1 t eight *a9 bridges h be5 erect$ ^u ! cat5>ian pr9ciple1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,x "h des]ves our p>ticul> notice1 h[ev]1 9 any claim = priority ( inv5tion ) our transatlantic fri5ds1 t ! *a9 bridge ov] ! ,tees 0 kn[n 9 ,am]ica1 z ,pope quotes ,hut*ison's vol4 iii41 & gives a description ( ,w9* ,bridge4 ,x fur!r appe>s f ?is "w t a pat5t 0 grant$ by ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t = ! erection ( bridges ( susp5sion 9 ! ye> #ahjh4 ,our ,am]ican au?or also describes a bridge ( ?is con/ruction1 :i* seems to h be5 erect$ ab\t ! ye> #ahji1 ov] ! riv] ,m]rimack 9 ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 consi/+ ( a cat5>ian ar* ( #bdd feet span4 ,! roadway ( ?is bridge is susp5d$ betwe5 two abutm5ts or t[]s ( masonry1 ?irty sev5 feet 9 height1 on :i* pi]s ( c>p5try are erect$ :i* are ?irty five feet 9 height4 ,ov] ^! t5 *a9s are susp5d$1 ea* measur+ #eaf feet 9 l5g?1 _! ends be+ sunk into deep pits on bo? sides ( ! riv]1 :]e !y are secur$ by l>ge /ones4 ,! bridge ov] ! ,m]rimack has two c>riage-ways1 ea* ( fifte5 feet 9 bread?4 ,x is also describ$ z hav+ ?ree *a9s :i* range along ! sides1 & f\r 9 ! middle1 or betwe5 ! two roadways4 ,! :ole exp5se ( ?is ,am]ican "w is e/imat$ to h be5 #bj1jjj doll>s4 8,propos$ ,bridge at ,runcorn4--,p]haps ! mo/ prec>i\s & difficult problem ev] pres5t$ to ! consid]ation ( ! ,briti% eng9e] 0 ! sugge/ion ( "s highly patriotic g5tlem5 ( ,liv]pool1 = con/ruct+ a bridge ov] ! e/u>y ( ! ,m]sey at ,runcorn ,gap1 ab\t tw5ty miles f ,liv]pool4 ,! specifications = ?is "w provid$ t ! span ( ! bridge %\ld measure at lea/ #ajjj feet1 & t its height above ! surface ( ! wat] %\ld n be less ?an sixty feet1 s z to admit ( ! free navigation ( ?is great comm]cial riv]4 ,! idea ( a bridge at ,runcorn1 we believe1 0 fir/ conceiv$ ab\t ! ye> #ahac1 :5 ! dem& = lab\r 0 extremely l[1 & a va/ numb] ( ! work+ classes ( ,lanca%ire 7 ?r[n out ( employm5t4 ,a v>iety ( designs = ?is bridge 7 procur$ by a select committee ( ! g5tlem5 :o took an int]e/ 9 ?is great und]tak+4 ,! plan mo/ approv$ (1 h[ev]1 0 ! design ( a bridge ( susp5sion2 & ,mr4 ,tel=d ! eng9e]1 & ,capta9 ,br[n ( ! ,royal ,navy1 are und]/ood pretty ne>ly to h concurr$ 9 op9ion z to ! practicability ( su* a "w4 ,mr4 ,tel=d has report$ fully on ! subject1 & has e/imat$ ! exp5se ( 8 design at f #fc1jjj to #he1jjj1 accord+ to diff]5t modes ( execution4 ,?\gh z yet little advancem5t has be5 made 9 c>ry+ ?is ent]pris+ design into execution1 yet ! novelty & magnitude ( an ar* ( #ajjj feet span is a subject ( s mu* int]e/ t we h ?\ght x prop] 9 ?is place to m5tion ^! circum/ances4 8,m5ai ,*a9 ,bridge4--,! ,/raits ( ,m5ai1 :i* sep>ate ! isl& ( ,anglesea f ,ca]n>von%ire1 h long =m$ a tr\blesome ob/ruction ^u ! great road f ,london to ,dubl9 by ,holyhead1 by :i* ! tr\blesome f]ry ( ,bangor might be avoid$4 ,_m plans = ! execution ( ?is und]tak+ h also be5 agitat$1 *iefly 9 ca/ iron1 includ+ a range ( e/imate f ab\t #abh1jjj to #bfh1jjj2 b t :i* is n[ act$ ^u is a bridge ( susp5sion ^u ! cat5>ian pr9ciple1 ! ext5t ( :i* betwe5 ! pi]s or po9ts ( susp5sion is to be #efj feet1 ! e/imate = :i* is only ab\t #gj1jjj4 ,?is by _m has be5 consid]$ a "w ( great unc]ta9ty2 b ! ,union ,bridge on ?is plan has already be5 execut$ on ! ,twe$1 to ! ext5t ( #cfa feet40 ,mr4 ,/ev5son !n goes on to m5tion sev]al wire & *a9 bridges erect$ 9 ,scotl&1 & gives ! foll[+ description ( 8 design = ,cramond ,bridge3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 8,fig4 #ag is a section & plan design$ = cross+ ! riv] ,almond on ! great nor? road betwe5 ,ed9burgh & ,que5sf]ry4 ,! ext5t ( ! span betwe5 ! po9ts ( susp5sion is laid d[n at #aej feet4 ,! *ief circum/ances :i* p>ticul>ise ?is design are a mode ( fix+ ! *a9s to ! abutm5ts ( susp5sion on ea* side ( ! riv]1 by :i* ! ma9 *a9s c be di/ribut$ equally "u ! roadway4 ,! ma9 *a9s are likewise made to collapse or turn r\nd ! abutm5ts ( masonry1 z w be se5 f ! section1 9 :i* ! p>ts ( ! "w are s contriv$ t access c be _h to ! *a9s by an ar*$ way on ea* side4 ,9 ?is design ! two ends ( ! *a9s are =m$ into great nails or bolts1 ) c\nt]sunk or conical heads made to fit into correspond+ holl[ tubes ( ca/ iron built into ! masonry ( ! abutm5ts4 8,f ?is description ! read] w readily =m an idea ( ! simplicity & effect ( ?is mode ( fix+ ! *a9s1 be+ su*1 also1 t any p>ticul> *a9 may be )drawn & replac$ )\t d]ang+ ! fabric ( ! bridge4 ,! roadway1 in/ead ( be+ susp5d$ f ! ma9 *a9s1 is made up to ! prop] level ^u ! *a9s by a framework ( ca/ iron1 prep>$ = ! reception ( a /ratum ( brok5 /ones = ! road4 8,! mak+ up ( ! roadway ( ?is bridge1 h[ev]1 & ! enl>g$ angle ( its susp5sion1 may be consid]$ z limit+ ! span or ext5t ( bridges ( ?is con/ruction to ab\t #bjj feet4 ,! /ructure repres5t$ by ,fig4 #ag appe>s to possess _m advantages = bridges ( t modifi$ ext5t1 & ! mann] ( fix+ ! *a9s is applicable to all bridges ( susp5sion2 x is likewise new1 s f> z we "k40 ,9 ! close ( 8 pap] ,mr4 ,/ev5son says3-- 8,to :at ext5t susp5sion bridges may be c>ri$ is v unc]ta91 & he :o has ! tem]ity to advance sceptical or circumscrib$ views on ?is subject w\ld d well to reflect ^u ! hi/ory ( ! /eam-eng9e4 ,:5 ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/] fir/ propos$1 by ! boil+ ( wat]1 to produce an effective =ce1 no "o c\ld h conceiv$ ! incalculable advantages :i* h s9ce foll[$ its improvem5t by our illu/ri\s c\ntryman1 ,watt40 ,a prophetic ann\ncem5t1 :i* has _h its full realisation 9 ! ,susp5sion ,railway ,bridge ( #hba feet span at ,niag>a ,falls1 & 9 ! /ill bold] design n[ 9 execution = connect+ ,new ,york & ,brooklyn by a /eel wire susp5sion bridge1 hav+ a cle> op5+ betwe5 ! pi]s ( no less ?an #afjj feet4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,wolf ,,rock ,,ligh?\se4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahab1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son hav+1 z advis] ( ! ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses1 atta9$ ! position ( be+ ! mo/ em95t ,ligh?\se ,eng9e] ( 8 day1 0 reque/$ by ! ,admiralty to report on ! practicability ( erect+ a ligh?\se on ! ,wolf ,rock1 ly+ ab\t eight miles (f ! ,l&'s ,end 9 ,cornwall4 ,i give1 f ,mr4 ,/ev5son's 8,j\rnal10 ! foll[+ curi\s acc\nt ( ! fir/ visit he made to ! rock2 & x may p]haps be z well to say t all quotations made f :at ,i h call$ 8 8,j\rnal0 are records ( :at he r\ghly not$ d[n at ! "t 9 ! =m ( a ,di>y1 & are on t acc\nt p]haps all ! m int]e/+1 at lea/ to non-pr(essional read]s4 8#ad? ,sept4 #ahac4--,wait$ ^u ,sir ,rob]t ,cald]1 ,admiral ( ! port ( ,plym\?1 on ! #ac?1 9 consequ5ce ( lett]s f ,"l ,melville relative to a vessel to c>ry me to ! ,wolf ,rock4 8,! ,admiral accord+ly appo9t$ ! #8,ore/es1' ,capta9 ,smi?1 to proce$ ) me to ! ,wolf1 & aft] l&+ me !re1 & hav+ made my obs]vations1 ,capta9 ,smi? 0 direct$ to l& me at any port mo/ conv5i5t = me1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! wea!r4 ,capta9 ,smi?1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is ord]1 & to suit my conv5i5ce1 got ! #8,ore/es' 9 read9ess two days soon] ?an he o!rwise int5d$1 & ,i emb>k$ on ! #ad? at #b ,p4,m4 agreeably to appo9tm5t4 8,! ,capta9 took me by ! h& & welcom$ me on bo>d ,8 ,maje/y's %ip1 & introduc$ me to 8 fir/ lieut5ant1 ,mr4 ,fallick4 ,he !n proce$$ to give ord]s = ca/+ (f1 :i* 0 done 9 an in/ant aft] ! ^w 0 giv54 ,! #8,ore/es' is prop]ly a gun brig1 b rigg$ z a %ip1 has #bh guns & #ajj m54 ,kept ply+ to w9dw>d1 & 9 ! ev5+ _h ! ,eddy/one light 9 view1 /ill ^u our lee qu>t]1 di/ant eight or t5 miles4 8#ae?4--,kept work+ along ! %ore all day1 & at #g ,p4,m4 a pilot f ,m\sehole by ,p5zance came on bo>d4 ,^u consult+ ! pilot1 he recomm5d$ t ! %ip %\ld be br\ght to an an*or 9 ,m\nts ,bay1 or r ,newl& ,road1 all night1 z x w\ld answ] no good purpose to g r\nd ! l& s soon aft] a fre% gale ( w9d1 ) ! view ( l&+ on ! ,wolf1 :i* he repres5t$ z be+ only practicable 9 ! f9e/ ( summ] wea!r4 ,?is 0 poor he>t5+4 ,! ,capta9 submitt$ to me :e!r x 7 n m advisable to come to an an*or1 9 :i*1 ) all submission to him1 ,i cons5t$4 ,! %ip1 accord+ly1 0 br\ght to an an*or 9 twelve fa?oms1 clean s&4 8,on bo>d ( ! #8,ore/es' two ( ! p 7 puni%$1--"o = ?reat5+ to knock d[n ! s]jeant ( m>9es1 :ile on duty1 receiv$ ?ree doz52 ano!r :o (f]$ an insult to a lieut5ant1 receiv$ "o doz54 8,i 0 sitt+ bel[1 ! "t ?is 0 go+ =w>d1 :5 all h&s 7 pip$ on deck1 & ! ,capta9 began to read ! ,articles ( ,w>4 ,he _h previ\sly said to me t two m5 7 9 irons1 :om he meant to puni% & lib]ate4 ,i w5t ^u deck to le>n ! cause ( all be+ s quiet1 & discov]+ :at 0 int5d$1 ,i w5t bel[ & wait$ 9 great susp5se till ! m5 began to call out = m]cy4 ,i took ! lib]ty ( s5d+ a note to ! ,capta9--! circum/ances 7 s pa9ful to me--to see if he c\ld remit any "p ( ! puni%m5t1 to :i* ,i aft]w>ds und]/ood he _h li/5$1 z he did n give !m s _m la%es z 0 int5d$4 ,capta9 ,smi? _h by no means ! "* ( a sev]e comm&]1 z ,i und]/ood f "s ( ! (fic]s he _h be5 two ye>s 9 ! %ip1 & _h only puni%$ twice4 8,ab\t #i ,p4,m41 :ile ! ,capta9 & myself 7 at supp]1 we he>d a conv]sation betwe5 ! pilot & ,mr4 ,fallick1 ! fir/ lieut5ant1 ab\t a vessel be+ on fire4 ,! =m] 0 ( op9ion t x 0 a pil*>d boat1 ! crew ( :i* 7 roa/+ pil*>ds1 :ile ,mr4 ,fallick insi/$ t x 0 a vessel on fire4 ,9 a %ort "t ! vessel or boat appe>$ to be 9 flames1 & ) all sail set %e approa*$ ! #8,ore/es4' ,on %ore ! p ( ,p5zance & ,m\sehole 7 afraid ( ! #8,ore/es' tak+ fire & dis*>g+ a broadside ^u ! t[n4 ,9 ! meantime ! vessel on fire approa*$ ! #8,ore/es' s directly t ,capta9 ,smi? gave ord]s to ve] out all ! cable1 /& by to cut or b5d on m rope1 accord+ to circum/ances4 8,! wea!r became mod]ate1 & we _h little or no w9d1 & ! vessel on fire 7:i* turn$ out to be a sloop ( #hj or #ij tons1 b\nd = ,/4 ,seba/ian ) bottl$ port] & bale goods7 pass$ ahead ( ! #8,ore/es' ab\t half a cable's l5g?4 ,h] hull 0 !n completely on fire1 b ! rigg+ & sails _h n !n caught fire1 & %e kept an undeviat+ c\rse till %e gr\nd$ on ! %ore4 8,capta9 ,smi? !n despat*$ (fic]s & m5 9 ?ree boats to endeav\r to save z mu* z possible1 b a report hav+ gone abroad t %e _h gunp[d] on bo>d no p]son v5tur$ ne> ! vessel on fire till x 0 too late to be ( any s]vice1 & 9 ! morn+ :5 ,capta9 ,smi? & ,i w5t on %ore no?+ rema9$ b ! keel & a few ( ! #8futtocks' half burn$1 & ! ma/ ov] by ! deck1 ! l[] "p hav+ be5 consum$ by ! flames4 ,! vessel 0 j gett+ "u weigh :5 ! accid5t occurr$1 ?r\gh ! c>elessness ( a boy1 :o set a light$ c&le into a crate ( /raw 9 :i* bottles 7 pack$4 ,! crew soon aft]w>ds appe> to h c>elessly des]t$ ! vessel & l&$ at ,m\nts ,bay1 ?ree miles f ,m\sehole1 & appe> n to h be5 v active 9 do+ :at 0 9 _! p[]4 ,! loss ( %ip & c>go 0 e/imat$ at #ad1jjj4 8#af?4--,got "u weigh at #f ,p4,m41 & left ,m\sehole ,bay ) an int5tion to g r\nd ! l&2 b ! wea!r fell calm1 & aft] %utt+ 9 ! ,liz>d lights came to an an*or 9 ,m\nts ,bay till next morn+4 ,! ,liz>d lights appe>$ to v great advantage4 8#ag?4--,got "u weigh at #f ,a4,m41 w9d %ift+ f s\?we/ to ea/ ) a f9e breeze1 & at #aa ,a4,m4 got up ) ! ,wolf ,rock4 ,at #ab noon two boats 7 mann$--"o comm&$ by a mid%ipman1 & ! o!r by ,lieut5ant ,fallick1 into :i* ,i w5t1 & aft] pull+ r\nd & r\nd ! rock ) bo? boats1 s\nd+ all ! :ile1 we made prep>ations = l&+4 ,mr4 ,fallick arrang$ 8 boat's crew1 & let g a grapl+ ov] ! /]n1 !n ve]$ away ^u ?is /]n rope wat*+ a smoo?1 & :5 ! boat 0 ne> en\gh ! "y man 7! same :o _h two days be=e got "o doz5 ( la%es7 appo9t$ to l& ) a b[ rope to make fa/1 leap$ ^u ! rock1 & ^u ^! two ropes ! boat 0 haul$ (f & on ) great ease & facility4 ,9 ?is mann] ,lieut5ant ,fallick l&$ next1 !n ,i l&$1 b n )\t mu* difficulty1 & wat*+ an opportunity to get on ! rock ) a smoo? betwe5 ! seas4 8,^u leav+ ! %ip1 ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile f ! rock1 ,i began to s\nd1 & at f two to ?ree cables' l5g? (f ! rock h #da1 #dj1 & #ch fa?oms wat]1 ) %ell s& ( a fair col\r4 ,at ab\t "o cable's l5g? h #ac fa?oms1 same bottom4 ,)9 ?is di/ance h #aj1 #h1 #e1 #c1 & #b fa?oms1 *iefly rocky bottom4 8,! rock is /eep 9 all directions2 ! s\?-we/ if any?+ draws to a po9t ) r less wat] ne> x ?an 9 o!r directions4 8,at l[ wat] ( a neap tide ! rock appe>$ to be ab\t twelve or f\rte5 feet 9 p]p5dicul> height above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,its surface is v irregul>1 jutt+ up 9 masses ( f six to t5 feet 9 height4 ,^! inequalities all pres5t$ m>k$ & angul> outl9es1 t]m9at+ 9 well-def9$ po9ts & edges4 ,! c5tral "p ( ! rock is =m$ pretty mu* into a holl[1 :]e !re h be5 "s qu>ry+ op]ations 9 fix+ ! beacon :i* 0 erect$ ^u x4 ,! m>g9 ( ! rock is ^u ! :ole pretty regul>1 z x appe>s jutt+ out ( ! wat]4 ,on ! ea/]n side x is n s regul>ly =m$ at ! wat]'s edge z on ! we/]n side4 ,x slopes outw>ds1 & seems to =m a l>ge /ool 9 e direction4 ,at "s places !re are guts or slips 9 ! rock1 b none ( ^! are l>ge en\gh to be useful = a boat l&+ at4 ,! be/ & p]haps ! only l&+ place is at ! nor?-ea/ side1 :]e ! rock is mo/ precipit\s4 8,tak+ ! dim5sions 9 ! l>ge/ directions ) ! lead-l9e1 9 fa?oms1 x measur$ tw5ty-two fa?oms 9 a nor?-ea/ & s\?-we/ direction1 & sixte5 fa?oms 9 a nor?-we/ & s\?-ea/ direction4 8,^u ! surface 9 ! middle1 at ! holl[ place1 ,i f\nd a hole ( six in*es 9 dep?1 & ab\t n9e in*es squ>e1 & connect$ ) x1 at six feet di/ant1 ?ree holes = bats1 :i* ,i presume to h be5 ! /ep ( ! beacon1 & ! iron bats 7 /ill to be se5 :i* _h be5 us$ z guys4 ,?is fragile affair appe>s to h want$ base & e requisite suit$ to su* an expos$ situation & important purpose1 & accord+ly ! beacon1 ) a wolf ( metallic "w1 erect$ by a ,lieut5ant ,smi?1 :o erect$ ! ,long%ips ,ligh?\se1 is said n to h rema9$ long] ?an a few days1 & 0 c>ri$ away 9 ! fir/ /orm4 8,besides ^! holes & bats1 :i* la/ seem n to h exce$$ #a in* iron 9 /r5g?1 ,i f\nd sev]al eye bolts 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! rock1 p>ticul>ly at ! l&+ place1 :i* _h be5 put 9 to make fa/ boats1 etc41 :ile ! beacon 0 be+ erect$4 8,! surface ( ! rock is extremely rugg$1 & runn+ 9 e direction into %>p angul> po9ts4 ,! rock seems to run 9 b$s f an in* to a foot 9 ?ickness4 ,x has mu* ! appe>ance ( lime/one1 b ^u a n>r[ inspection x turns out to be porphyry4 ,x is cov]$ ) ! b>nacle1 _m limpets ( a v l>ge size--say two in*es diamet]1--& mussels4 ,^! 7 ! only animal productions t 7 f\nd ^u x4 ,( ! m>9e fuci !re 7 two or ?ree v>ieties4 8,t x w\ld be practicable to erect a build+ ^u ?is rock ,i h no d\bt1 b f its %ape & figure1 & ! great dep? ( wat] 9 all directions r\nd x1 toge!r ) ! smallness ( its dim5sions1 x w\ld be a "w ( great difficulty1 & be att5d$ ) mu* exp5se & great haz>d4 8,i am !re=e ( op9ion t x might co/ f #hj1jjj to #ij1jjj to erect a ligh?\se at ! ,wolf1 ) all ! requisite build+s & appo9tm5ts1 l ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se4 8,9 a conv]sation on ?is subject ) ,lieut5ant ,smi? 9 #ahjf 7:o _h erect$ ! beacon on ! ,wolf71 he pron\nc$ x z an impracticable "w4 ,b 8 op9ion1 f ! "w he _h p]=m$ at ! ,long%ips1 & o!r circum/ances1 made v little impression ^u my m9d1 at ! "t1 9 reg>d to ! ,bell ,rock1 & s9ce see+ ! ,wolf ,rock ,i ?9k 8 argum5ts 7 ill f\nd$1 & ,i am p]fectly decid$ 9 op9ion t ! "w is a practicable "o4 8,! w9d be+ ne>ly ea/]ly1 & consequ5tly unfav\rable = return+ ) dispat* to ,plym\?1 ! capta9 gravely propos$ t we %\ld /& t[>ds #8! ,bay' = a few days1 :5 x might %ift4 ,n be+ fully aw>e ( :at 0 meant by ! ,bay1 ,i put ! "q1 :5 to my surprise he meant ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 & said we %\ld see ,/4 ,seba/ian1 :i* _h j fall52 b to ?is ,i repli$1 t ,i %\ld mu* r be l&$ at ! ,l&'s ,end4 ,he 0 con/antly on ! outlook = prizes1 & z ,i came n to fight ,i want$ mu* to be on %ore1 t ,i might pursue my way to ,ba?1 :]e ,i knew ,mr4 ,rae1 ! ,%]iff ( ,ed9burgh1 w\ld be wait+ my return to proce$ ^u ! visit to ! ,prisons on our return to ,scotl&4 8,! %ip 0 !re=e direct$ to /e] = ! ,l&'s ,end1 & ! pilot took ! %ip )9 ! ,long%ips ,ligh?\se1 & he & ,i l&$ at ,s5nan on ! same ev5+4 8,hav+ procur$ horses = myself & luggage1 ,i set (f imm$iately = ,p5zance1 :i* ,i rea*$ ab\t #aj o'clock at night1 ! #ag? ,septemb]1 mu* pleas$ ) my trip ^u ! :ole4 8#ah?4--,leave ,p5zance1 & rea* ,falm\? by ! fly4 8#ai?4--,leave ,falm\?1 & t same night1 or e>ly next morn+1 rea* ,exet]4 8#bj?4--,at #f ,a4,m4 leave ,exet]1 & #h ,p4,m4 rea* ,ba?4 8,f ,plym\? to ! ,wolf1 & return+ to ,ba?1 only eight days40 ,mr4 ,/ev5son at a subsequ5t date made ano!r visit to ! ,wolf1 accompani$ by an assi/ant1 :5 a c>eful survey 0 made1 foll[$ by a well-consid]$ design1 :i* is %[n 9 ,plate ,,ix41 & is describ$ by him z foll[s3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,design ,,= ,,wolf ,,rock ,,light ,,h\se4 ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on1 ,ed9burgh4 8,plate ,,ix4 is ! section ( a design =m$ by ! revolution ( ! p>abola r\nd ! axis ( a build+1 z its asymptote1 ^: base measures fifty-six feet 9 diamet]1 & p>allel at ! top ( ! solid is ?irty-six feet2 & height to ! entrance door1 ?irty-five feet4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is figure betwe5 ^! p>allels is calculat$ at #de1jjj cubic feet2 b ! :ole ( ! masonry ( ! design is e/imat$ at #gj1fbd cubic feet4 ,its g5]al features may be /at$ z simil> to ^? ( ! ,eddy/one & ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\ses1 ! p>ts be+ only enl>g$1 & ! p>abolic in/ead ( ! log>i?mic curve adopt$ = its outl9e4 ,9 ?is design1 ! p>abolic curve is cont9u$ f ! basem5t to ! cope/one ( ! light room1 exclusively ( ! projection = ! cornice & balcony4 ,! masonry is int5d$ to be #abj feet 9 height1 e/imat+ f ! m$ium level ( ! sea1 ( :i* ! solid1 or f ! f\ndation to ! entrance door1 =ms ?irty-five feet1 ! /aircase tw5ty-five feet1 & ! rema9+ sixty feet ( its height is occupi$ ) six ap>tm5ts1 & ! walls ( ! light room4 ,9 ! /aircase a recess is =m$ = conta9+ ! ma*9]y = rais+ ! /ores to ! height ( ! entrance door2 "h a small hole is p]=at$ ?r\gh ! build+ = ! admission ( ! pur*ase *a94 ,! ?ickness ( ! walls imm$iately above ! solid is twelve feet2 at ! top ( ! /one /aircase !y are eight feet1 & :]e ! walls are ?9ne/1 imm$iately "u ! cornice1 !y measure two feet4 ,a drop hole =m$ 9 ! c\rses ( ! /aircase & solid1 provides = ! range ( ! weight ( a revolv+ light4 ,! asc5t to ?is build+1 z at ! ,bell ,rock1 is int5d$ to be by an ext]ior /air or ladd] ( brass1 & ! int]ior communication betwe5 ! sev]al ap>tm5ts by means ( flights ( circul> oak5 /eps40 ,! only e/imate ,mr4 ,/ev5son ev] made ( ! "w 0 t already /at$ 9 8 ,j\rnal1 at a co/ ( #hj1jjj to #ij1jjj = ! t[] & requisite dwell+s = ! lightkeep]s & crew ( att5d+ vessel a%ore4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's orig9al visit 01 z we h se51 made 9 #ahac1 & 9 #ahgj1 aft] a lapse ( fifty-sev5 ye>s1 ! pres5t t[] on ! ,wolf ,rock1 ! jo9t "w ( ! late ,mr4 ,james ,walk] & ( ,mr4 ,james ,n4 ,d\glass1 0 successfully accompli%$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,tr9ity ,h\se4 ,! co/ ( ! t[]1 exclusively ( ! %ore e/abli%m5t1 :i* x 0 unnecess>y to provide1 0 #fb1gbf1 be+ n v diff]5t f ! e/imate ( ,mr4 ,/ev5son 7f #hj1jjj to #ij1jjj71 :i* includ$ a %ore e/abli%m5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,c>r ,,rock ,,beacon4 #ahaj-ahba4 ,! ,c>r ,rock is a tide-cov]$ reef ext5d+ ab\t #a mile f ! %ore ( ,fif5ess1 & =m+ a turn+ po9t 9 ! navigation ( ! nor!rn-b\nd %ipp+ ( ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 & on ,mr4 ,/ev5son's recomm5dation ! ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses resolv$ to erect a beacon ( masonry to m>k ! dang]4 ,x may seem to be unnecess>y1 aft] describ+ ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 to notice s app>5tly small a "w z ?is2 b 9 su* matt]s x is unsafe to g5]alise2 ea* case mu/ be consid]$ on its own m]its1 & great difficulties 7 enc\nt]$ 9 accompli%+ ! "w4 ,! =mation ( ! ,c>r ,rock r5d]$ x impracticable to secure a base = a build+ ( great] diamet] ?an eighte5 feet1 & z "p ( t base _h to be f\nd$ "u ! level ( ! l[e/ tides by c(f]dams :i* 7 remov$ & tak5 a%ore aft] ea* tide's "w1 ev5 ! ,eng9e] ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se f\nd all 8 res\rces tax$ to a consid]able ext5t1 & he 0 9 ! end foil$ 9 c>ry+ out 8 design = ! build+4 ,b irrespectively ( ^! physical difficulties1 ! ,c>r ,rock is a "w ( great int]e/ to ! ligh?\se eng9e]1 inasmu* z ,mr4 ,/ev5son at t e>ly date conceiv$ ! idea ( call+ to 8 aid ! p[] giv5 by ! rise ( tide on ! build+ to move a tra9 ( clock "w to s\nd a w>n+ bell2 & aga91 :5 ! de/ruction ( ! upp] portion ( 8 beacon by ! sea oblig$ him to rel9qui% ?is plan1 unwill+ to be beat51 he sugge/$ t ! same tidal action might be made to s\nd a :i/le2 & fail+ t1 he propos$ to exhibit a phosphoresc5t light f ! top ( ! build+4 ,all ( ^! ideas sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,/ev5son's inv5tive m9d h be5 f "t to "t reviv$ by mod]n inv5tors4 ,! orig9al design ( ! ,c>r ,rock ,beacon 0 made 9 #ahaj1 & ! "w 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahac4 ,aft] portions ( ! masonry _h repeat$ly be5 c>ri$ away by ! sea1 ! orig9al design = surm\nt+ ! build+ by a bell to be rung by ! rise & fall ( ! tide 0 ab&on$1 & ! beacon 0 complet$ 9 #ahba1 by rais+ an iron /ructure1 z %[n 9 ,plate ,x4 ,fig4 ,x-#b1 on ! f\ndation t _h escap$ ! fury ( ! sea1 & t /ructure is /ill 9 p]fect pres]vation4 ,s great1 inde$1 0 ! difficulty t ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 9 #ahah1 contemplat$ us+ blocks ( ca/ iron in/ead ( /one to insure great] specific gravity--a proposal :i* is believ$ to h be5 !n made = ! fir/ "t4 ,! foll[+ is ,mr4 ,/ev5son's own description ( ?is int]e/+ "w3-- 8,! =m & con/ruction ( ! ,c>r ,rock ,beacon1 z orig9ally design$ & ultimately execut$1 w be bett] und]/ood by ref]r+ to ,plate ,x4 ,! motion orig9ally int5d$ to be giv5 to ! bell-app>atus1 or tide ma*9e1 ,fig4 ,x-#a1 0 to be effect$ by admitt+ ! sea ?r\gh a small ap]ture ( ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 p]=at$ 9 ! solid masonry1 communicat+ ) a cyl9drical *amb] 9 ! c5tre ( ! build+1 measur+ two feet 9 diamet]1 9 :i* a float or metallic air tank 0 to rise & fall ) ! tide4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( flood tide1 ! air vessel1 9 its elevation by ! pressure ( ! wat]1 0 to give motion to ma*9]y = toll+ ! bell & w9d+ up a weight1 :i* la/1 9 its desc5t1 dur+ ebb tide1 0 to cont9ue ! motion ( ! ma*9e1 until ! flood tide aga9 return$ to p]=m ! jo9t op]ation ( toll+ ! bell & rais+ ! weight4 ,a work+ model ( a ma*9e ^u ?is pr9ciple hav+ be5 con/ruct$1 x 0 kept 9 motion = a p]iod equal to sev]al mon?s2 ?is 0 effect$ by wat] run ?r\gh a succession ( tanks rais$ by a pump f ! l[] "o to ! high]1 ?us produc+ ! effect ( flood & ebb tides4 ,! "t dur+ :i* ?is app>atus 0 9 action hav+ be5 asc]ta9$ by an index1 a con/ant att5dance ^u ! ma*9e dur+ ?is protract$ exp]im5t became unnecess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,,c>r ,,rock ,,beacon ,,z ,,design$ ,,9 ,,! ,,ye> #ahaj ,,c>r ,,rock ,,beacon ,,z ,,execut$ ,,9 ,,! ,,ye> #ahba 8,! upp] t]m9ation ( ! beacon1 9 its pres5t =m1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 ,x-#b1 does n admit ( ! application ( ! tide ma*9e ) ! bell app>atus4 ,exp]im5ts z applicable to ?is h1 h[ev]1 be5 tri$ ) a w9d in/rum5t1 to be s\nd$ by ! pressure ( ! sea wat]1 b x has n succe$$ to ! ext5t t seems necess>y = a purpose ( ?is k9d4 ,we h1 inde$1 ?\ght t ! application ( pressure z a p[]1 communicat$ by ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 9 me*anical op]ations1 might be c>ri$ to almo/ any ext5t by simply provid+ a *amb] or dock l>ge en\gh = ! reception ( a float or vessel1 ( dim5sions equival5t to ! =ce requir$4 ,?is description ( ma*9]y is m p>ticul>ly applicable 9 situations :]e ! tides h a great rise1 z 9 ! ,solway ,fir?1 ,bri/ol ,*annel1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,briti% seas2 & at ,/4 ,malo on ! coa/ ( ,france4 8,a beacon ( any =m1 unprovid$ ) a light1 mu/ always be consid]$ an imp]fect l&m>k1 & !re=e v>i\s modes h be5 contemplat$ = m completely po9t+ out ! position ( ! ,c>r ,rock4 ,x has be5 propos$ t phosphoric lights %\ld be exhibit$ f ! top ( ! build+4 ,?is object1 h[ev]1 w\ld be m c]ta9ly accompli%$ by ! erection ( lead+ lights ^u ! isl& ( ,may & ma9l& ( ,fife4 ,b ^!1 ) o!r plans1 :i* h be5 "u ! writ]'s consid]ation1 w\ld necess>ily be att5d$ ) a great additional exp5se1 :i*1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 x is n ?\ght advisable to incur40 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,cranes4 ,x appe>s t ,mr4 ,/ev5son 0 mu* p]plex$ z to :at sort ( cranes he %\ld use 9 build+ ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se4 ,8 difficulties 7 tw(old3-- ,fir/1 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! dovetail$ =m ( ! /ones he requir$ a crane t w\ld drop !m z ne>ly z possible on ! b$s on :i* !y 7 p]man5tly to re/4 ,second1 ,suppos+ he devis$ a guy crane t ov]came ?is difficulty1 :at 0 to be done z ! build+ rose 9 height1 & ! guys became too ne>ly p]p5dicul> to admit ( su* a crane be+ us$8 ,9 8 private notes ,mr4 ,/ev5son regrets t he c\ld get no advice f anybody he consult$1 all ( :om recomm5d$ him to employ common %e] poles1 su* z _h be5 us$ by ,smeaton at ! ,eddy/one2 & he adds1 8,i may say1 morn+1 noon1 & night1 ^! difficulties h haunt$ me40 ,b ?r[n back on 8 own res\rces1 & appreciat+ ! difficulty z no "o else c\ld s well d1 he f\nd1 z is (t5 ! case1 t he 0 8 own be/ c\nsellor1 & he succe$$ 9 solv+ ! problem t _h giv5 him s mu* conc]n1 by inv5t+ :at he call$ ! 8moveable beam crane10 & also ! 8balance crane10 :i* are %[n 9 ,plate ,,xi4 ,! =m]1 z modifi$ to suit p>ticul> cases1 is n[ 9 univ]sal use = build+ purposes1 & ! latt] has be5 employ$ 9 re>+ mo/ ( our ,rock ,ligh?\ses1 s t ,i ?9k pr(essional read]s w n object to my giv+ ,mr4 ,/ev5son's description ( ^! cranes1 z design$ by him at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury4 ,he says3-- 8,9 cranes ( ! common con/ruction ! beam is a fixture1 & is plac$ at "r angles to ! upright %aft3 b 9 ! ma*9e repres5t$ 9 ! ,plate 7,fig4 ,,xi-#a71 its atta*m5t is at ! l[] extremity ( ! crane1 :]e x is moveable up & d[n ^u a j\rnal or bolt4 ,?is crane is !re=e t]m$ a moveable beam crane4 ,! moveable prop]ty ( ! beam1 9 s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 is new1 & possesses ! advantage ( lay+ any /one )9 its range p]p5dicul>ly on its site4 ,?is1 f ! dovetail$ =m ( ! /ones at ! ,bell ,rock1 r5d]$ x p>ticul>ly fitt$ = ?is "w1 to :i* a crane ( ! ord9>y con/ruction c\ld h>dly be said to be applicable4 ,at ! ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se ?is op]ation 0 p]=m$ by means ( triangul> %e]s2 b1 f ! great] ext5t ( ! ,bell ,rock works1 & _! great] dep? 9 ! wat]1 su* means mu/ h r5d]$ ! process ( build+ extremely t$i\s4 ,^! cranes 7 necess>ily imm]s$ at high wat]1 & 7 reta9$ 9 _! places by f\r guys fix$ at ! top ( ! upright %aft1 & ! moveable jib or beam be+ l[]$ d[n1 0 secur$ to an eyebolt batt$ into ! rock40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,,moveable ,,jib ,,& ,,balance ,,cranes4 ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on1 ,ed9burgh4 8,! #8balance crane' 7,fig4 ,,xi-#b7 0 con/ruct$ on a new pr9ciple = build+ ! upp] "p ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 :5 ! guy ropes ( ! moveable beam crane became #8too taut1' z sailors express x1 or 7 too ne> ! p]p5dicul>1 !reby r5d]+ ! beam cranes un/able4 ,to rem$y ?is1 ! balance crane 0 s arrang$ z to be kept 9 equilibrium by a back weight ( ca/ iron1 s adapt$ z to c\nt]act ! v>y+ load ^u ! work+ arm or beam4 ,! elevation "h repres5t$ is ! same 9 pr9ciple ) t us$ at ! ,bell ,rock1 b diff]s some:at 9 =m1 agreeably to improvem5ts made 9 ord] to adapt x to ! erection ( ! ,c>r ,rock ,beacon4 ,! upright c5tral column is a tube ( ca/ iron put toge!r 9 conv5i5t l5g?s ) flu% jo9ts1 aft] ! mann] ( spigot & faucet1 fitt$ by turn+ & bor+4 ,! c5tre column ( ?is ma*9e might h be5 c>ri$ to any suitable or conv5i5t height1 by add+ l5g? to l5g?1 z ! build+ advanc$1 )\t once mov+ ! foot on :i* x re/$1 b at ! ,bell ,rock n m ?an ?ree l5g?s ( f six to n9e feet 7 g5]ally 9 use4 ,a malleable iron cross head 0 /epp$ into ! void ( ! c5tral %aft or column :5 ! body ( ! crane 0 to be elevat$4 ,?is op]ation 0 accompli%$ simply by hook+ ! ma9 #8pur*ase' & #8travell]' *a9s into ! eyes ( ! cros%ead1 :5 ! ma*9]y ( ! crane 0 employ$ ) great facility z a locomotive p[] = lift+ itself z ea* new l5g? ( c5tral column 0 add$4 ,! weight ( ?is crane z us$ at ! ,c>r ,rock did n exce$ two tons40 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,fi%]ies4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son 0 ev] an intellig5t & anxi\s obs]v] ( ! habits & indu/ry ( ! p ( ^? remote & isolat$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry :i* he s (t5 visit$4 ,he 0 specially int]e/$ 9 ! fi%]ies f :i* !y ma9ly d]ive _! support1 z te/ifi$ by frequ5t allusions to !m 9 8 j\rnals & notes4 ,! foll[+ notice reg>d+ ! /ate ( ! ,scotti% fi%]ies1 made 9 #ahai1 to ! editor ( ! ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal1#aa w be read ) int]e/3-- 8,hav+ be5 = _m ye>s conv]sant ) ! navigation ( ! ,scotti% seas1 ,i h1 prior to ! w> ) ,holl&1 se5 fleets ( ,dut* #8busses' engag$ 9 ! h]r+ fi%]y (f ! nor!rn p>ts ( our coa/4 ,= a long "t pa/1 h[ev]1 ^? indu/ri\s fi%]m5 _h n v5tur$ to approa* ^! %ores2 & !y are n[ only beg9n+ to reappe>4 8,9 ! e>ly "p ( ,augu/ la/1 :ile sail+ along ! %ores ( ,k9c>d9e%ire1 ab\t t5 miles (f ,dunnott> ,ca/le1 ! wat* ^u deck1 at midnight1 call$ out #8,lights ahead4' ,^u a ne>] approa* ^! lights 7 f\nd to belong to a small fleet ( ,dut* fi%]m5 employ$ 9 ! deep sea fi%+1 ea* vessel hav+ a lant]n at h] ma/ head4 ,:at success ^! plodd+ p _h met ) our crew _h no opportunity ( inquir+2 b ^u arriv+ ! next morn+ at ,fras]burgh1--! great fi%+ /ation on ! coa/ ( ,ab]de5--we f\nd t ab\t #abj boats1 conta9+ five m5 ea*1 _h comm5c$ ! fi%+ season "h six weeks be=e1 & _h t night caught no few] ?an ab\t #aejj b>rels ( h]r+s1 :i* 9 a g5]al way1 :5 !re is a dem& = fi%1 may be valu$ at #a /]l+ p] b>rel to ! fi%]m51 & may be reg>d$ z add+ to ! weal? ( ! c\ntry p]haps n less ?an #cjjj4 ,9 coa/+ along betwe5 ,fras]burgh & ! ,orkney ,isl&s1 ano!r fleet ( ,dut* fi%]m5 0 se5 at a di/ance4 ,! h>b\r & bay ( ,wick 7 cr[d$ ) fi%+ boats & busses ( all descriptions1 collect$ f ! ,fir? ( ,=? & s\?w>d ev5 z f> z ,y>m\? & ,l[e/(t4 ,! ,cai?ness fi%+ 0 said to h be5 pretty successful1 ?\gh n equal to :at x has be5 9 =m] ye>s4 8,9 ! ,orkney & ,%etl& ,isl&s "o w\ld naturally look = ext5sive fi%+ e/abli%m5ts1 bo? 9 h]r+s1 & :at are t]m$ :ite fi% 7cod1 l+1 & tusk72 b x is a curi\s fact1 t :ile ! ,dut* h long come f _! own coa/ to ^! isl&s to fi% h]r+s1 x is only )9 a v few ye>s t ! p ( ,orkney1 *iefly by ! spirit$ & praisewor?y ex]tions ( ,samuel ,la+1 ,esq41 h giv5 any att5tion to ?is important s\rce ( weal?4 ,x has long be5 a practice ) ! great fi%mong]s ( ,london to s5d _! well$ smacks to fi% = cod1 & to pur*ase lob/]s1 ar\nd ! ,orkney ,isl&s2 & bo? are c>ri$ alive to ! ,london m>ket4 ,?is trade has done mu* good to ^! isl&s1 & has br\ght a great deal ( money to !m2 b /ill x is ( a m circumscrib$ nature1 & is less calculat$ to swell ! national weal?1 ?an ! h]r+ & :ite fi%]y 9 g5]al4 8,hi!rto ! indu/ry ( ! ,orcadians has be5 *iefly direct$ to f>m+ pursuits2 :ile ! ,%etl&]s h be5 almo/ exclusively occupi$ 9 ! cod1 l+1 & tusk fi%+4 ,x is d\btful1 inde$1 if1 up to ?is p]iod1 !re be a s+le boat belong+ to ! ,%etl& ,isles :i* is completely equipp$ = ! h]r+ fi%]y4 ,b on rea*+ ,%etl& ano!r fleet ( ,dut* dogg]s 0 se5 collect+ 9 numb]s (f ^! isl&s--a coa/ :i* is consid]$ a ri* h>ve/ 9 ,holl&4 8,s sy/ematically d ! ,dut* pursue ! fi%+ bus9ess ^u our coa/s1 t _! fleet ( busses is accompani$ by an hospital %ip4 ,?is vessel we n[ f\nd at an*or 9 ,l]wick roads1 & 7 in=m$ t %e paid weekly visits to ! fleet1 to supply m$ic9es1 & to receive any ( ! p fall+ sick1 or meet+ ) any accid5t4 8,?\gh ,%etl& is c]ta9ly n s mu* an agricultural c\ntry z ,orkney1 yet x may be hop$ t ! enc\ragem5t judici\sly held out by ! ,highl& ,society1 = ! production ( gre5 crops 9 ,%etl&1 may ev5tually h ! effect ( tea*+ ^! insul> f>m]s ! practicability ( provid+ fodd] = _! cattle 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>4 ,?is has long be5 a great desid]atum4 ,! comm& ( a mon? or six weeks' fodd] w\ld enable ! proprietors ( t c\ntry to /ock _m ( _! f9e v]dant isles ) cattle1 & to employ _! h>dy t5antry m exclusively 9 ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! fi%]y4 8,x is well kn[n1 t1 next to ! ,newf\ndl& ,banks1 ^? ( ,%etl& are ! mo/ productive 9 l+1 cod1 tusk1 & o!r :ite fi%2 & by ! rec5t discov]y ( a bank1 tr5d+ _m leagues to ! s\?-we/w>d1 ! ,briti% m]*ants h made a va/ accession to _! fi%+ gr\nds4 ,! fi%]m5 :o reside 9 ! small picturesque bay ( ,scall[ay1 & 9 "s ( ! o!r bays & voes on ! we/]n side ( ! ma9l& ( ,%etl&1 h pursu$ ) mu* success ! fi%+ ^u ?is new bank1 :i* ,i humbly presume to t]m ! ,,reg5t ,,fi%+ ,,bank--a "n at once calculat$ to m>k ! p]iod ( its discov]y1 & pay a prop] complim5t to ! ,pr9ce4 ,"h small sloops1 ( f fifte5 to tw5ty-five tons burd51 & mann$ ) eight p]sons1 h be5 employ$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/ !y _h ?is summ] fi%$ = twelve weeks1 g5]ally return+ home ) _! fi% once a week4 ,on an av]age1 ^! vessels _h caught #ajjj f9e cod fi% a week1 ( :i* ab\t #fjj 9 a dri$ /ate g to ! ton1 & ^! !y w\ld h gladly sold at ab\t #ae p] ton4 ,s num]\s are ! fi% ^u ! ,reg5t ,fi%+ ,bank1 t a ,fr5* vessel1 belong+1 x is believ$1 to ,/4 ,malo1 _h sail$ ) h] second c>go ( fi% ?is season2 & ?\gh ! fi%]m5 did n m5tion ?is "u any appreh5sion1 z ?\gh !re 7 dang] ( ! fi% becom+ sc>ce1 yet !y seem$ to regret ! circum/ance1 on acc\nt ( _! m>ket be+ ?us preoccupi$4 8,"h1 & at ,orkney1 we _h ! pleasure to see _m %ips arriv+ f ! :ale fi%+1 & p>t+ ) a c]ta9 proportion ( _! crews4 ,to su* an ext5t1 inde$1 are ! crews ( ! :al]s made up f ^! isl&s1 t x is calculat$ t n less ?an #ae1jjj 9 ca% are annually br\ght into ! isl&s by ?is means4 ,) propriety1 !re=e1 may ! :ale fi%]y be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ productive s\rces ( national weal? connect$ ) ! ,briti% ,fi%]ies4 8,f ! ,orkney & ,%etl& ,isl&s our c\rse 0 direct$ to ! we/w>d4 ,a consid]able salmon fi%+ seems to be c>ri$ on 9 ! m\?s ( ! riv]s ( ,"l ,reay's ,c\ntry 9 ,su!rl&%ire3 ! fi% are c>ri$ f ?is to ,ab]de51 & !nce 9 regul> trad+ smacks to ,london4 ,we he>d little m ( any k9d ( fi%+ till we rea*$ ! ,h>ris ,isles4 ,!re1 & ?r\gh\t ! num]\s lo*s & fi%+ /ations on ! ma9l&1 9 ! di/ricts ( ,gairlo*1 ,applecross1 ,lo*al%1 ,gl5elg1 ,moid>t1 ,knoid>t1 ,ardnamur*an1 ,mull1 ,lorn1 & ,k9tyre1 we und]/ood t !re 0 a g5]al lam5tation = ! disappe>ance ( h]r+s1 :i* 9 =m] times us$ to cr[d into lo*s :i* !y seem n[ to h 9 "s measure des]t$4 ,?is ! fi%]m5 suppose to be ow+ to ! ,s*ools be+ brok5 & divid$ ab\t ! ,%etl& & ,orkney ,isl&s2 & !y rem>k1 t1 by "s unacc\ntable *ange 9 ! habits ( ! fi%1 ! greate/ numb] n[ take ! ea/ coa/ ( ,great ,brita94 ,?is is ! m to be regrett$1 t 9 ,skye1 ! ,lewis1 ,h>ris1 & ,ui/ ,isl&s1 ! inhabitants h ( late ye>s turn$ _! att5tion mu* to ! fi%+4 ,inde$1 ?is has foll[$ z a matt] ( necessity1 f ! g5]al practice ( conv]t+ ! num]\s small arable f>ms1 :i* 7 p]haps nei!r v useful to ! t5ants nor pr(itable to ! laird1 into great %eep walks2 s t ! inhabitants are n[ m g5]ally assembl$ ^u ! coa/4 ,! l>ge sums exp5d$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,cal$onian ,canal h1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 become a s\rce ( weal? to ^! p3 !y h be5 enabl$ to furni% !mselves ) boats & fi%+ tackle1 & = "o fi%+ boat :i* 0 =m]ly se5 9 ! ,hebrides only tw5ty ye>s ago1 x may be safely affirm$ t t5 are to be met ) n[4 ,if ! same _s %all cont9ue to be manife/$1 9 spite ( all ! objections :i* h be5 urg$ aga9/ ! salt laws1 & ! depopulat+ effects ( emigration1 ! ,briti% ,fi%]ies 9 ^! isl&s1 & along ?is coa/1 ) a little enc\ragem5t1 w be wond]fully ext5d$1 & we %all ere long see ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 9 t /ate to :i* !y are peculi>ly adapt$1 & 9 :i* alone _! cont9u$ prosp]ity is to be look$ =1 viz41 :5 _! valleys1 muirs1 & m\nta9s are cov]$ ) flocks1 & ! p are f\nd 9 small villages on ! %ores40 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( ! ,%etl& h]r+ fi%]y1 communicat$ to ,blackwood's ,magaz9e 9 #ahba1 is1 ,i ?9k1 wor?y ( be+ record$3-- 8,few p1 on exam9+ ! map ( ,scotl&1 w\ld believe t ! h]r+ fi%+ has only )9 ^! few ye>s be5 begun 9 ,orkney1 :ile ! natives are almo/ /rang]s to ! fi%+ ( cod & l+4 8,on ! o!r h&1 x is no less extraord9>y t al?\gh ! cod & l+ fi%]y has be5 c>ri$ to s great an ext5t 9 ,%etl& z to enable !m to export _m c>goes to ! ,ca?olic c\ntries on ! ,cont95t1 n a h]r+ net has be5 spread by ! natives ( ,%etl& till ! pres5t ye> 7#ahba71 :5 ,mr4 ,m[at ( ,g>die1 & a few o!r spirit$ proprietors ( ^! isl&s1 =m$ !mselves into an association1 & subscrib$ ! necess>y funds = pur*as+ boats & nets1 to enc\rage ! natives to foll[ ! indu/ri\s example ( ! ,dut*4 8,! imm$iate managem5t ( ?is exp]im5tal fi%]y 0 und]tak5 9 ! mo/ patriotic & dis9t]e/$ mann] by ,mr4 ,duncan1 ! ,%]iff-,sub/itute ( ,%etl&4 ,hav+ procur$ ?ree boats1 he aft]w>ds visit$ ,orkney1 to asc]ta9 ! mode ( conduct+ ! bus9ess !re1 & hav+ also got fi%]m5 f ! s\?1 ?is little adv5ture comm5c$4 ,its nets 7 fir/ wett$ 9 ! mon? ( ,july1 & x is believ$ its lab\rs 7 conclud$ 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 aft] obta9+ :at is consid]$ pretty good success1 hav+ caught z foll[s1 viz43-- ,! #8,exp]im5t1' #f-mann$ boat1 #bab crans4 ,! #8,hope1' #e 0 #aai 0 ,! #8,nancy1' #d 0 #hj 0 ------- #dab 0 8,! great object :i* ! ,%etl& g5tlem5 h 9 view1 9 ?is infant e/abli%m5t1 is to give employm5t to _! fi%]m5 9 ! h]r+ trade1 aft] ! cod & l+ season is ov]1 & by ?is means to enable !m to p>take ( ^? b\nties & enc\ragem5ts s prop]ly be/[$ by ,gov]nm5t on ! fi%]ies2 & ?us ab/ract ! att5tion ( ! l[] ord]s ( ^! isl&s f an illicit traffic 9 =eign spirits1 tea1 & tobacco1 :i* has greatly increas$ ( late ye>s4 8,! pr(it ( ! h]r+ fi%+ at its comm5cem5t has1 h[ev]1 af=d$ m enc\ragem5t ?an c\ld h be5 expect$2 =1 besides pay+ ! m5 a lib]al all[ance = _! lab\r1 a small sum has be5 appli$ t[>ds defray+ ! exp5se ( ! boats & nets4 ,b :at is ( f> m consequ5ce to ?is patriotic association is ! _s ( ent]prise :i* x is likely to create by br++ =w>d a numb] ( additional boats 9 ! way ( private adv5ture1 :i* mu/ be att5d$ ) ! be/ advantage to ! ,%etl& ,isl&s40 ,,! ,,sympiesomet]4 ,aga91 9 #ahbj1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son took occasion to express 8 solicitude = ! welf>e ( ! fi%]m5 9 ! foll[+ note1 sugge/+ ! means :]eby !y might sometimes avoid a com+ /orm--a sugge/ion :i* is n[ to "s ext5t c>ri$ out by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade's e/abli%m5t ( m>9e b>omet]s at _m ( our fi%+ /ations3-- 8,mr4 ,/ev5son in=ms u10 says ! editor ( ! ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal#ab = #ahbj1 8t hav+ occasion1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb] la/1 to visit ! ,isle ( ,man1 he beheld ! int]e/+ spectacle ( ab\t #cjj l>ge fi%+ boats1 ea* f fifte5 to tw5ty tons burd51 leav+ _! v>i\s h>b\rs at t isl& 9 an app>5tly f9e aft]noon1 & /&+ directly out to sea ) ! int5tion ( prosecut+ ! fi%]y "u night4 ,he at ! same "t rem>k$ t bo? ! common m>9e b>omet]1 & ,adie's sympiesomet]1 :i* 7 9 ! cab9 ( 8 vessel1 indicat$ an approa*+ *ange ( wea!r1 ! m]cury fall+ to #bie in*es4 ,x became pa9ful1 !re=e1 to witness ! sc5e1--m ?an a ?\s& indu/ri\s fi%]m51 lull$ to security by ! f95ess ( ! day1 scatt]+ _! little b>ks ov] ! face ( ! ocean1 & ?us ru%+ =w>d to imm95t dang] or probable de/ruction4 ,at sunset1 accord+ly1 ! sky became cl\dy & ?reat5+1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! night x blew a v h>d gale1 :i* aft]w>ds cont9u$ = ?ree days successively4 ,?is gale completely disp]s$ ! fleet ( boats1 & x 0 n )\t ! utmo/ difficulty t _m ( !m rea*$ ! v>i\s creeks ( ! isl&4 ,x is believ$ no lives 7 lo/ on ?is occasion1 b ! boats 7 damag$1 mu* tackle 0 de/roy$1 & ! m5 7 unnecess>ily expos$ to dang] & fatigue4 ,dur+ ! same /orm1 x may be rem>k$1 ?irte5 vessels 7 ei!r totally lo/ or /r&$ betwe5 ! ,isle ( ,anglesea & ,/4 ,bee's ,head 9 ,lanca%ire4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son rem>ks1 h[ mu* x is to be regrett$ t ! b>omet] is s little 9 use 9 ! m]cantile m>9e ( ,great ,brita91 comp>$ ) ! trad+ vessels ( ,holl&1 & obs]ves1 t al?\gh ! common m>9e b>omet] is p]haps too cumb]some = ! ord9>y run ( fi%+ & coa/+ vessels1 yet ,adie's sympiesomet] is s extremely portable t x might be c>ri$ ev5 9 a ,manx boat4 ,ea* lot ( su* vessels has a commodore1 "u ^: ord]s ! fleet sails2 x w\ld !re=e be a mo/ desirable ?+ t a sympiesomet] %\ld be atta*$ to ea* commodore's boat1 f :i* a preconc]t$ signal ( any expect$ gale or *ange ( wea!r z indicat$ by ! sympiesomet] c\ld easily be giv540 ,,! ,,habits ,,( ,,fi%es4 ,! foll[+ notes z to ! habits ( fi% may prove ( int]e/ to ! naturali/3-- 8,x has (t5 be5 obs]v$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,bell ,rock op]ations1 t dur+ ! cold wea!r ( spr+ & autumn1 & ev5 at all seasons1 9 /ormy wea!r1 :5 ! sea is mu* agitat$ by w9d1 ! fi%es disappe> entirely f ! vic9ity ( ! rock1 probably retreat+ into mu* deep] wat]1 f :i* !y d n seem to return until a *ange ( wea!r has tak5 place2 s mu* 0 ?is att5d$ to by ! seam5 employ$ on ?is s]vice1 t !y frequ5tly progno/icat$ & judg$ ( ! wea!r f ?is habit ( ! fi%es z well z f ! appe>ance ( ! sky40 8,x 0 a g5]al rem>k at ! ,bell ,rock t fi% 7 nev] pl5ty 9 its neighb\rhood1 except+ 9 good wea!r4 ,inde$1 ! seam5 us$ to speculate ab\t ! /ate ( ! wea!r f _! success 9 fi%+4 ,:5 ! fi% disappe>$ at ! rock1 x 0 consid]$ a sure indication t a gale 0 n f> (f1 z ! fi% seem$ to seek %elt] 9 deep] wat]1 f ! r\ghness ( ! sea1 dur+ ^! *anges ( ! wea!r4 ,?is ev5+1 ! l&+ ma/]'s crew br\ght to ! rock a quantity ( newly caught cod fi%1 measur+ f fifte5 to tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! membrane call$ ! s\nd1 :i* is atta*$ to ! backbone ( fi%es1 be+ und]/ood to conta91 at diff]5t times1 great] portions ( azote & ( oxyg5 ?an common air1 ! pres5t fav\rable opportunity 0 embrac$ = collect+ a quantity ( ?is gas 9 a dr9k+ glass inv]t$ into a pail ( salt wat]4 ,! fi% be+ held "u ?is glass z a receiv]1 _! bladd]s 7 punctur$1 & a consid]able quantity ( gas 0 ?us collect$4 ,a light$ mat* 0 aft]w>ds c>efully introduc$ into ! glass1 :5 ! gas exhibit$ 9 a consid]able degree ! bright & lum9\s flame :i* an excess ( oxyg5 is kn[n to produce40 ,on %[+ ?is extract to my fri5d ,dr4 ,p4 ,d4 ,h&yside1 :o has contribut$ "s int]e/+ pap]s to ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh on ! ,polyodon gladius1 he writes3--8,biot & ,de ,la ,ro*e f\nd t ! proportion ( oxyg5 9 ! air bladd] increases ) ! dep? ( ! wat] 9 :i* ! fi% usually lives1 f a small quantity up to #hg p] c5t4 ,biot f\nd 9 ! deep ,m$it]ranean fi%es #hg p>ts ( oxyg51 nitrog51 & c>bonic acid4 ,humboldt f\nd 9 ! electrical eel #if p>ts ( nitrog5 & #d only ( oxyg54 ,no hydrog5 has ev] be5 detect$ 9 ?is organ4 ,9 ! air bladd] ( m>9e fi%es oxyg5 pr$om9ates1 & 9 t ( fre%-wat] fi%es nitrog54 ,no air sacs exi/ 9 rays1 fl\nd]s1 sole1 turbot1 & o!rs :i* lie at ! bottom40 ,dr4 ,h&yside adds3 8,! extract %[s ) :at a practical & accurate m9d y\r fa!r 0 end[$1 & ,i ?9k1 9 ju/ice to him1 y %\ld give 8 obs]vations40 ,i also communicat$ ,mr4 ,/ev5son's pap]s on fi%+s to ! ,honble4 ,b4 ,f4 ,primrose1 ,c4,b4 7,secret>y to ! ,fi%]y ,bo>d3 ,scotl&71 :o has k9dly s5t me a lett] expla9+ :y ! progress ( ! fi%+s 9 ! ,%etl& ,isl&s is sl[1 f :i* ,i give a few extracts3-- 8,i h read ) great int]e/ y\r fa!r's notes ^u ! fi%]ies ( ,scotl&4 ,!y be> di/9ctly ! impress ( t practical & accurate m9d ) :i* he is describ$ z hav+ be5 end[$4 ,x is also pleasant to see t 8 m9d w5t a great deal fur!r1 & grasp$ ! application ( sci5ce to solve ! my/]y ( fi%+s4 8,he seems to h ov]look$1 z 0 univ]sal 9 8 day1 t ! secret ( fi%]ies is n ! pres5ce ( fi% b ! c]ta9ty ( m>kets4 ,samuel ,la+ ( ,orkney1 to :om he ref]s1 01 ,i ?9k1 ! fir/ t /ruck ?is key note ( tru?4 ,! ,dut* came "h & fi%$ = h]r+s because !y c\ld n fill _! vessels fa/ en\gh = ! m>kets beh9d !m 9 ,holl&4 ,! ,%etl&]s did n fi% = h]r+s because !y _h no remun]ative m>ket = !m1 b !y fi%$1 & fi%$ boldly1 :]e !y _h "o1 viz41 = ! :ales ( ! ,arctic ,regions4 ,!y might h br\ght ! h]r+ home f (f _! own coa/s & got no?+ = !m1 b !y c\ld n br+ ! :ale oil home )\t a secur$ pr(it4 8,! same ?+ obta9s /ill4 ,%etl&1 f its position1 _c compete ) ! ma9l& ( ,scotl& ei!r 9 ! home m>ket or 9 ! great cont95tal m>kets = h]r+s2 b x yields l>ge supplies ( cod1 l+1 & tusk1 = :i* x pu%es di/ant adv5tures to ,icel& & ! ,f>oe ,isles40 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,m>9e ,,survey+4 ,mod]n eng9e]s :o h practis$ only "u ! b5ign reign ( ,ordnance ,surveys & ,admiralty ,*>ts1 c h no idea ( ! toil _! pr$ecessors und]w5t 9 procur+ data = _! designs & reports2 & ,i am safe 9 say+ t ,mr4 ,/ev5son 0 ( all o!rs ! eng9e] to :om 9 8 sea coa/ practice1 su* useful aids w\ld h be5 ( ! v highe/ value4 ,= example1 be=e he c\ld tell1 ) ! exactness he desir$1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se & ! %ore1 he _h1 9 abs5ce ( any reliable in=mation1 to und]take a pretty ext5sive trigonometrical survey ( ! coa/1 involv+ ! measurem5t ( a base l9e upw>ds ( two miles 9 l5g?--a mo/ 8labori\s op]ation10 he obs]ves1 9 :i* 8 assi/ants 7 aid$ by six sailors f ! ligh?\se t5d]4 ,aga91 to %[ ! difficulty 9 det]m9+ ! be/ site = a ligh?\se 9 ^? e>ly days1 be=e an accurate ,gov]nm5t survey ( ! coa/ l9e _h be5 made1 ,i give f ,mr4 ,/ev5son's ,j\rnal ! foll[+ notes ( 8 obs]vations to det]m9e ! be/ site = a ligh?\se at ,k9nairdhead 9 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,i give !m at l5g?1 z jott$ d[n at ! "t1 = !y may p]haps lead "y eng9e]s ( ! pres5t day to be ?ankful t1 9 mo/ cases at lea/1 !y are n1 f want ( accurate coa/ surveys & s\nd+s1 left to resort altoge!r to _! own res\rces 9 gett+ ! in=mation !y require4 ,b ,i ?9k !y are specially wor?y ( record z %[+ ! extreme c>e be/[$ by ,mr4 ,/ev5son 9 gett+ ! data to enable him to det]m9e ! exact positions ( ! sev]al ligh?\ses he design$4 ,8 ,j\rnal says3-- 8,fir/4--,i caus$ a ma/ to be erect$ ^u ! top ( ,k9nairdhead ,ca/le or ,ligh?\se1 mak+ its extreme height f ! gr\nd #ajj feet4 8,got ! ya*t "u weigh1 & hav+ a c>eful pilot on bo>d1 ,i sail$ = ,rattray ,head1 & !re obs]v$ ! ma/ ov] ! l& ( ,cairnbulg1 x be+ !n high wat]1 or tw5ty m9utes pa/ #g ,p4,m4 ,) ! p>apet ( ! ligh?\se 9 view1 h eight fa?oms wat] (f ! head1 :i* bore ,w4,n4,w4 ,run 9 ^u ! head ) flag ^u ! ma/ se5 ov] ! l& till sev5 fa?oms wat]1 :5 ! flag disappe>$4 ,!n leave ! vessel & s\nd f ! boat1 & h #f fa?oms1 #e1 #e1 #d1 #c1 #b1 #a fa?om1 & la/ly #c feet4 ,return to ! %ip 9 a m s\!rly direction1 & h #c feet1 #a fa?om1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #d1 #e1 #e1 #f1 & #g fa?oms4 ,all ^! s\nd+s rocky bottom4 8,) ! ,w9dmill ne> ,pet]head on ) ,/irl+ hill1 & ,monum5t hill on ) ! r\nd$ ,s&y ,d[n ( ,rattray1 & ! p>apet ( ,k9nairdhead ,ligh?\se se5 ov] ,cairnbulg l&1 y are 9 #h fa?oms wat] (f ,rattray ,briggs1 :i* lie ab\t ( a mile to ! s\?w>d ( ! ,s&y ,d[n4 8,wait (f ! ,briggs till ! light 0 se51 !n /ood 9 ^u ! ,briggs till ! light 0 %ut 9 by ! l& ( ,cairnbulg1 & at t mom5t _h #h fa?oms wat]1 s t at pres5t ! light =ms an excell5t direction = ,rattray ,briggs4 8,f9d t ! lightroom is se5 fully f ! ya*t's deck 9 #h fa?oms wat] (f ,rattray ,briggs1 t ! flag ^u ! ma/head is se5 9 #f fa?oms wat]--high wat] spr+ tides4 ,%ip !n be>+ f ! head ,e4,s4,e4 & ,w4,n4,w41 di/ant ab\t "o mile f ! %ore1 :]e a man is di/9ctly obs]v$ at a boat 9 ! twilight4 8,secondly4--,remove ! ma/ f ! ca/le or ligh?\se on ! morn+ ( ! #ae? to ,cairnbulg1 & elevate a flag to ! height ( #hf feet f ! gr\nd1 or #ig feet f high wat] m>k1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t #ajj y>ds f ! high wat] m>k at ! po9t connect$ ) ,cairnbulg ,briggs4 8,! ya*t ly+ (f or to ! we/w>d ( ! ,briggs1 0 got "u weigh at #b ,a4,m4 ( ! #af?1 & beat up ! nor? %ore z f> z ,rosehe>ty1 & !re obs]v$ ! flag ov] ! l&4 ,f\nd (f ,rosehe>ty t ! flag 0 j hid by ! highe/ inequalities ( ! l& to ! s\?w>d ( ! ,ca/le1 & t x appe>$ at ! l[] or flat places sometimes 9 sight #bj feet above ! l&1 & at o!r places int]cept$ by ! l& & h\ses ( ! t[n1 among/ :i* x (t5 appe>$ & disappe>$4 ,! range ( ! flag along ! l& 0 z f> z ,mr4 ,dalrymple's h\se :5 x 0 "t to put ab\t1 hav+ !re ?ree fa?oms at ne>ly l[ wat]4 8,aft] complet+ ! obs]vations 9 ?is direction1 sail$ along ! %ore s\?w>ds to ,rattray ,briggs4 ,f9d t ,inv]allo*y head1 s\?-ea/w>d ( ! t[n ( ,cairnbulg1 is ! ea/mo/ po9t on ?is coa/1 b1 be+ at a di/ance f ! f\l gr\nd ( ,cairnbulg1 w\ld make a less desirable po9t ?an ,cairnbulg4 8,(f ,rattray1 9 eight fa?oms wat]1 beg9 to lose sight ( ! lant]n on ,k9nairdhead ,ca/le z be=e4 ,see ! ma/ & flag at ,cairnbulg a consid]able way up ! c\ntry ov] ! l&s ( ,inv]allo*y4 ,see ! flag1 /&+ 9 ^u ,rattray to five fa?oms wat] at half tide1 lose x1 & !n /& = ,fras]burgh4 8,z ! result ( ^! trials1 f9d t ,inv]allo*y head or po9t is ! mo/ ea/]n or project+ po9t ( l& ^u t coa/1 t ,cairnbulg is ! next project+ po9t4 ,! =m] lies betwe5 ! po9ts ( dang]1 viz41 ,rattray & ,cairnbulg4 8,f9d t if ! light 7 to be mov$ to a m s\!rn situation1 x w\ld be bett] on ei!r ( ! above places ?an ,rattray ,head1 :i* w\ld entirely remove its usefulness f ! ,moray ,fir?4 8,f9d t 9 ! ev5t ( two lights = ?is coa/1 ! "o ought to be at ,k9nairdhead1 & ! o!r ^u ! ,cock ,in* at ,pet]head4 8,"u all ! circum/ances ( ! case1 f9d t x w\ld be mo/ advisable to erect a new ligh?\se at ,k9nairdhead1 ab\t #ajj y>ds m to ! ea/w>d ?an ! ,ca/le /&s1 & erect x ab\t tw5ty or ?irty feet high] ?an ! ,ca/le4 ,?is1 ) a bett] light1 w\ld p]haps answ] ! g5]al purposes ( ! coa/ bett] ?an a s+le light plac$ on any ( ! o!r /ations along ?is coa/40 ,aft] p]us+ ?is extract1 ! read]1 ,i ?9k1 w n be surpris$ to f9d ,mr4 ,/ev5son mak+ an urg5t appeal on behalf ( all int]e/$--,seam5--,fi%]m51 & ,eng9e]s1 = a ,gov]nm5t ,survey & 8,sail+ ,directions0 ( ! intricate navigation ( ! %ores ( ,scotl&1 :i* he did 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- 8,! att5tion :i* ,gov]nm5t has long paid to ! improvem5t ( ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl&1 9 connection ) ! ,briti% ,fi%]ies1 has be5 att5d$ ) ! be/ effects 9 ! c\ntry at l>ge4 ,x is mu* to be wi%$ t ^! %ores 7 r5d]$ m accessible to ! m>9]4 8,! m>9e survey ( ! ,highl&s by ,murdo* ,mack5zie1 und]tak5 by ord] ( ! ,lords ( ! ,admiralty1 may be consid]$ z ! fir/ gr& /ep t[>ds ! improvem5t ( ! ,highl&s1 & next to t ! lat] in/itution ( ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses4 ,by means ( ^! ! fi%] may f9d 8 way f lo* to lo*1 & ! m>9] b\nd ov] seas1 in/ead z =m]ly ( hold+ a c\rse )\t ! ,lewis ,isl&s1 c n[ f9d 8 way ?r\gh ! ,s\nds1 & 9 adv]se w9ds take %elt] 9 safe h>b\rs1 in/ead ( be+ expos$ to ! boi/]\s seas ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean2 ^! *>ts & ligh?\ses h 9 _m po9ts ( view contribut$ to ! improvem5t ( ! ,highl&s1 & to ! pres5t fl\ri%+ trade c>ri$ on ?r\gh ^! ,s\nds f ,liv]pool1 etc41 to ! nor!rn cont95t ( ,europe4 ,h[ev]1 f ! ext5sive range ( coa/ :i* ^! *>ts include1 toge!r ) ! prodigi\s numb] ( ext5sive lo*s & small isl&s1 x 0 impossible t any fir/ survey c\ld be made s accurate z to supply ! place ( pilots1 :]e !re are nei!r l&m>ks to *>act]ise ! coa/1 nor beacons or buoys to po9t out ! situation ( sunk rocks2 & al?\gh ^! *>ts h c]ta9ly contribut$ mu* to ! facility & security ( ! navigation ( ! ,highl&s1 yet no "o w say t !y are free f imp]fections1 & _! incommodi\s size & high price are insurm\ntable b>s to _! g5]al utility1 !reby r5d]+ !m impracticable = ! use ( small vessels1 s t !y are only to be f\nd 9 ! cab9s ( l>ge vessels1 :]e l>ge accommodation af=ds room to unfold !m1 b ev5 "h also ! price =ms an objection1 z ! *>ts are always f\nd by ! %ipma/]4 8,no?+ !re=e c be m necess>y or ess5tial to ! improvem5t ( ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl&1 ?an an accurate survey ( ! fi%+ gr\nds1 lo*s1 & h>b\rs1 ^u a scale consid]ably l>g] ?an ,mack5zie's *>ts1 giv5 9 ! =m ( a book ( ! size ( a l>ge qu>to1 conta9+ only ! lo*s1 etc41 int]leav$ ) pr9t$ directions & descriptions ( ea* *>t or h>b\r1 :i* book ( *>ts1 accompani$ ) a g5]al *>t w\ld suffici5tly guide ! m>9] & fi%] 9 _! sev]al pursuits4 8,) reg>d to an accurate survey ( ! lo*s & h>b\rs 9 ! ,highl&s publi%$ 9 ! mo/ commodi\s =m = ! use ( small vessels1 su* an und]tak+ w\ld require to be sanction$ 9 a mann] simil> to ! survey und]tak5 by ,murdo* ,mack5zie1 & ?\gh 9 process ( "t ! sale ( ^! *>ts might produce a consid]able return to ^? conc]n$ ) x1 yet ! "t & att5tion :i* su* 7) a labori\s numb] ( s\nd+s7 mu/ occupy w\ld c]ta9ly require t ^? conc]n$ 9 ! und]tak+ %\ld be put 9 possession ( c]ta9 sums ( money to enable !m to g on ) t delib]ation :i* is ess5tial to accuracy1 & ?is enc\ragem5t %\ld be ! m consid]able t ! *>ts might be procur$ to ! public at a mod]ate price40 ,?is ,memorial1 writt5 9 #ahjc1 0 int5d$ = & 9 "s %ape communicat$ to ! ,admiralty1 & 0 foll[$ by good results4 ,9 8,a ,memoir ( ! ,hydrographical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,admiralty10 publi%$ 9 #ahfh1ac are ! foll[+ rem>ks3--8,x 0 ab\t ?is "t10 #ahaj1 8t ! ,admiralty fir/ conf]r$ on ! ,hydrograph] ! privilege ( select+ a surveyor = ! home coa/s4 ,s+ul> z x may appe>1 ! ,hydrograph] _h at ?is "t great difficulty 9 f9d+ a naval (fic] compet5t to fill ! position1 or :o 0 acqua9t$ ) any?+ beyond survey+ by common compass4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 ab\t #ahaa1 ,mr4 ,george ,?omas1 a ma/]1 0 select$0 = home s]vice4 ,! ,memoir also /ates t at ! same "t ! ,hydrograph] appo9t$ to =eign s]vice ,mr4 ,beau=t1 aft]w>ds ,sir ,francis ,beau=t1 ! em95t ,hydrograph] to ! ,admiralty1 :o 01 all 8 life1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's intimate fri5d & con/ant correspond5t4 ,!re is !re=e1 ,i believe1 no reason to d\bt t ,mr4 ,/ev5son's orig9al appeal & subsequ5t p]sonal fri5dly & free int]c\rse ) ! (ficials ( ! ,admiralty l$ to ! e/abli%m5t1 on a sy/ematic foot+1 ( our ,gov]nm5t 8,admiralty ,survey10 :i*1 z all eng9e]s "k1 indicates ) m>vell\s accuracy & detail e %oal1 sunk5 rock1 & s\nd+ on ! coa/s ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&2 & f :i* ! 8,admiralty ,sail+ ,directions0 h be5 prep>$ ) su* disc]nm5t & c>e t ! :ole sy/em ( our coa/ survey may n[ be said to h atta9$ p]fection4 ,) ,colonel ,colby1 also1 ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s1 :o 0 ,director ( ! ,ordnance ,survey1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son regul>ly correspond$1 be+ no less int]e/$ 9 ! progress ( ! great national "w s successfully c>ri$ on "u 8 *>ge4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,contributions ,,on ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,sci5tific ,,subjects4 ,contributions to ,encyclopdia ,britannica & ,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia--,! alveus or b$ ( ! ,g]man ,ocean--,sectio planography--,wa/+ effects ( ! sea at ! ,m]sey & ,dee--,d5sity ( fre% & salt wat]--,! ,hydrophore4 ,we h se5 t ,mr4 ,/ev5son's college education 0 ma9ly1 if n altoge!r1 due to 8 own ?ir/ = k1 & 8 education be+ volunt>ily und]tak51 c\ld h>dly fail to issue 9 good results4 ,t 8 e>ly /udies 7 ( incalculable value to him no "o c d\bt2 & 8 own conviction ( ?is may expla9 ! solicitude ) :i*1 9 aft] life1 he impress$ on 8 sons ! extreme importance ( be+ prop]ly gr\nd$ 9 e bran* ( /udy1 sci5tific & practical1 :i* a well tra9$ eng9e] has to call to 8 aid 9 ! practice ( 8 pr(ession4 ,=tifi$ by ?is valuable tra9+1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son _h also t unselfi% love ( 8 pr(ession :i* alone c move a man to give ! results ( 8 exp]i5ce freely to o!rs1 & ?is he did to ! ,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia & ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 9 articles on 8,roads10 8,ligh?\ses10 8,railways10 8,dr$g+10 8,bla/+10 & o!r eng9e]+ subjects4 ,b he did n conf9e 8 lit]>y lab\rs to matt]s purely pr(essional4 ,8 love = nature 9 all its aspects l$ him also to make communications to ! ,sci5tific ,j\rnals ( ! day on subjects ( m g5]al int]e/4 ,( ^! 8 pap]s 8,on ! ,alveus or ,b$ ( ! ,g]man ,ocean10 9 :i* by an inve/igation ( _m evid5ces he is l$ to ! conclusion t ! sea is gradually encroa*+ on ! l&1 may be quot$ z an example4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's fir/ communication on ?is subject 0 publi%$ 9 #ahaf1 9 vol4 ii4 ( ! ,w]n]ian ,transactions1 9 :i* he gives examples1 f actual obs]vation1 ( ! wa/+ effects ( ! sea on v>i\s p>ts ( ! coa/s ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,8 second communication 0 made to ! ,w]n]ian ,society 9 ,m>* #ahbj1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal ( t ye>4 ,9 ! fif? edition ( ,b>on ,cuvi]'s 8,essay on ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?10 ref]5ce is made to ,mr4 ,/ev5son's !ory4 ,8 pap]s are sev]al times quot$ 9 ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 & ! ,g5]al ,committee ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,york 9 #ahcd pass$ a resolution1 8t ,mr4 ,/ev5son be reque/$ to report to ! next meet+ ^u ! wa/e & ext5sion ( ! l& on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,brita91 & ^u ! g5]al "q ( ! p]man5ce ( ! level ( ! sea & l&1 & t individuals :o may be able to supply in=mation ^u ! subject be reque/$ to correspond ) him40 ,)\t discuss+ 9 h[ f> ,mr4 ,/ev5son's !ory may be s\nd 7= on su* que/ions x is notori\s t ! views ( geologi/s d n always co9cide71 x _c be d5i$ t 8 mode ( deal+ ) ! subject is orig9al & int]e/+1 & z ! pap]s are n n[ accessible to ! g5]al read]1 x may be excusable to give "o ( !m 9 ext5so4 ,i also notice ano!r feature :i* gives int]e/ to ! subject4 ,9 8 illu/rations he adopt$ a mode ( repres5tation :i* 0 peculi>ly suitable = ! object 9 view4 ,x w be se5 f ,plate ,,xii4 t ! sections are laid d[n on :at is n[ kn[n by eng9e]s z sectio planography1 :i* x is believ$ 0 us$ = ! fir/ "t 9 illu/rat+ ?is pap]4 8,,on ,,! ,,b$ ,,( ,,! ,,g]man ,,ocean1 ,,or ,,nor? ,,sea4 7,read be=e ! ,w]n]ian ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 #be? ,m>* #ahbj470 8,! ef=ts ( man 9 explor+ ! m occult processes ( nature are necess>ily mu* circumscrib$1 especially :5 8 attempts are direct$ to ! inve/igation ( regions :i* 8 s5ses _c p5etrate4 ,x has accord+ly be5 ) ! utmo/ difficulty t 8 ex]tions h be5 r5d]$ 9 any degree successful 9 pry+ into ! b[els ( ! e>?1 or 9 8 endeav\rs to asc5d to ! arial regions4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 ! limit$ excavations ev5 ( ! mo/ ext5sive m9+ works1 h requir$ ! lapse ( ages1 & ! p[]ful /imulus ( comm]cial ent]prise1 = _! accompli%m5t4 ,f ^! ! philosoph] has n hi!rto d]iv$ mu* light1 to enable him to comp>e ! !ories :i* h be5 assign$ by geologi/s to acc\nt = ! v>i\s & discordant appe>ances ( ! /ructure ( ! globe4 ,x has also be5 ) mu* difficulty1 & at no small p]sonal haz>d1 t ! philosophical inquir] has v5tur$ to climb ! highe/ m\nta9s1 to exam9e into ! ph5om5a ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! balloon has inde$ enabl$ u to atta9 /ill high] po9ts ( elevation2 b z yet we d n seem to h made proportional progress 9 k4 ,9 all su* attempts to asc5d ! greate/ heights or p5etrate ! deepe/ excavations1 we /ill brea! 9 our own elem5t1 ?\gh "u diff]5t modifications4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we w\ld explore ! dep?s ( ! ,ocean1 we imm$iately enc\nt] an elem5t to :i* ! organisation ( our lungs is n at all adapt$2 ! d5sity ( air1 comp>$ ) wat] on a level ) ! surface ( ! sea1 be+ 9 ! ratio ( "o to ab\t #hej2 & our difficulties mu/ consequ5tly increase 9 a v rapid proportion4 ,"h !re=e we are unavoidably left to conjecture on _m po9ts ( our inquiries reg>d+ ?is highly int]e/+ subject4 ,ev5 ! +5i\s contrivance ( ! div+ bell contributes b little t[>ds our inve/igations = asc]ta9+ ! nature ( ! bottom ( ! sea1 at lea/ to any consid]able dep?1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( its application 9 situations expos$ to /ormy wea!r1 & also ( ! increas+ ratio ( ! pressure ( ! fluid z we desc5d4 ,?is curi\s ma*9e1 x is believ$1 0 inv5t$ & employ$1 ab\t ! ye> #agbj1 by a ,capta9 ,r[e = rais+ ! wreck ( %ips ^u ! coa/ ( ,scotl&2 & 9 ! ye> #aggh1 ! active m9d ( ,smeaton fir/ appli$ x to ! op]ations ( ! eng9e]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,*>t ( ! ,,nor? ,,sea ,,or ,,g]man ,,ocean ) ,,sections ( ! ,,dep?s ( ,,wat] ,illu/rative ( ,obs]vations by ,,rob]t ,,/ev5son ,civil ,eng9e] #ahbj4 ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on1 ,ed9burgh4 8,our k ( ! bottom ( ! ocean1 !re=e1 rema9s /ill v imp]fect1 &1 ) little exception1 ! simple app>atus ( ! m>9]1 consi/+ ( a plummet & l9e1 cont9ues to be *iefly 9 use = asc]ta9+ ! dep? ( ! sea & ! nature ( ! gr\nd4 ,) ^!1 & ! addition ( a little grease appli$ to ! l[] extremity ( ! plummet1 :i* /rikes aga9/ ! bottom1 we le>n ! quality ( ! soil1 ?\gh imp]fectly1 by ! p>ticles :i* adh]e to ! grease4 ,:at ! navigator has yet be5 able to discov] reg>d+ ! dep? & ! nature ( ! bottom ( ! ,g]man ,ocean1 ,i %all n[ endeav\r to notice1 be+ myself enabl$ to (f] ! result ( a pretty ext5sive acqua9tance ) ?is field ( inquiry4 8,x may be necess>y to premise1 9 treat+ ( a subject s ext5sive1 & 9 comp>+ great ?+s ) small1 t we are oblig$ to speak ( ! ,nor? ,sea z a bay or bas91 & ( ! imm5se collection ( dbris :i* we meet )1 ext5d+ ov] a great proportion ( its bottom1 "u ! common appellation ( s& banks4 ,we mu/ also be all[$ to consid] ! undulat+ l9e1 or ! irregul>ities ( ! bottom1 to arise *iefly f ! accumulation ( deposit$ matt]s2 & 9 mo/ ( ! situations connect$ ) ^! banks1 we are support$ & borne out 9 ?is conclusion1 by _! local positions relatively to ! op5+s ( fir?s1 & ! l9e ( _! direction 9 reg>d to ! set or curr5t ( ! ebb tide4 8,! accompany+ map 7,plate ,,xii47 ( ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,great ,brita91 ) ! opposite ,cont95t1 ?\gh ^u a small scale1 exhibits num]\s s\nd+s ( ! dep? ( ! ,g]man ,ocean2 & ! sections del9eat$ on x w p]haps be f\nd to give a pretty di/9ct view ( ! subject4 ,?is *>t ext5ds f ! coa/ ( ,france1 9 latitude #ej #eg to #fa ,n4 ,on ! ea/1 ?is great bas9 is b\nd$ by ,d5m>k & ,norway1 on ! we/ by ! ,briti% ,isles1 on ! s\? by ,g]many1 ,holl&1 & ,france1 & on ! nor? by ! ,%etl& ,isl&s & ! ,great ,nor!rn or ,arctic ,ocean4 ,! t]m ,g]man ,ocean1 ?\gh 9 v common use1 is c]ta9ly n s compreh5sive 9 its application to ?is great bas9 z t ( ,nor? ,sea1 n[ m g5]ally us$ by ! navigator4 ,! ext5t ( ?is sea f s\? to nor?1 betwe5 ! p>allels ( latitude quot$ above1 is #bcc leagues1 & its greate/ bread? f we/ to ea/1 reckon+ f ,/4 ,abb's ,head1 on ! coa/ ( ,scotl&1 to ,r+hjob+ ,fiord1 on ! opposite %ore ( ,d5m>k1 is #ace leagues4 ,! greate/ dep? ( ! wat] 9 ?is bas9 seems to be ^u ! ,norwegian side1 :]e ! s\nd+s give #aij fa?oms2 b ! mean dep? ( ! :ole may be /at$ at only ab\t #ca fa?oms4 8,to be m p>ticul> ) reg>d to ! dep? ( ! ,g]man ,ocean1 or ,nor? ,sea1 x w be obs]v$ by ! sections & s\nd+s m>k$ ^u ! *>t1 t ! wat] gradually deep5s z we sail f s\? to nor?4 ,! fir/ ( ^! sections :i* we %all notice is on ! p>allel ( ?ree degrees ( ea/ longitude1 runn+ f ,o/5d to ! latitude ( ! nor?mo/ ( ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 be+ an ext5t ( #bbg leagues4 ,! dep?1 z w be se5 f ?is section 7:i*1 to avoid confusion 9 ! body ( ! *>t1 is trac$ along ! we/]n side ( x71 v>ies r aft] an irregul> progression1 f #abj fa?oms t[>ds ! nor!rn extremity ( ?is sectional l9e1 to #eh1 #ch1 #bd1 & #ah fa?oms1 z we proce$ s\?w>ds1 to )9 five miles ( ! %ore1 ne>] :i* we d n approa* 9 our rem>ks reg>d+ ! s\nd+s4 ,not)/&+ ! irregul>ity ( ! dep? f ! occurr5ce ( num]\s s&banks1 x is curi\s to obs]ve ! increase ^u ! :ole z we proce$ f s\? to nor?1 by :i* ?is sea exhibits all ! *>act]i/ic features ( a great bay1 encumb]$ ) num]\s s&banks4 8,9 ! same mann]1 ?\gh n /rictly connect$ ) our pres5t purpose1 we may obs]ve t ! ,engli% ,*annel deep5s progressively f ,dov] to its entrance1 =m$ by ! ,l&'s ,end ( ,engl& & ! ,isle ( ,u%ant1 on ! coa/ ( ,france2 s t ! ,/rait betwe5 ,dov] & ,calais may be said to =m a po9t ( p>tition betwe5 two great incl9$ planes1 =m+ ! bottom ( ^! seas4 8,besides ! longitud9al1 or nor? & s\? sectional l9e describ$ above1 we h also six o!r sections del9eat$ 9 an ea/]ly & we/]ly direction1 across ! accompany+ *>t1 :i* are z foll[4 ,"o betwe5 ! ,%etl& ,isl&s & ! coa/ ( ,norway2 a second betwe5 ,t>betness 9 ,ross-%ire & ! ,naze ( ,norway2 a ?ird ext5ds f ! ,fir? ( ,=? to ! coa/ ( ,d5m>k2 a f\r? f ! m\? ( ! riv] ,tyne to ,sylt ,isl&1 also 9 ,d5m>k2 a fif? f ,flambor\gh ,head1 9 ,york%ire1 to ! m\? ( ! ,riv] ,elbe2 & ! six? is f ,y>m\? to ,egmond-op-,zee1 on ! coa/ ( ,holl&4 ,o!r sections ( ?is sea h also be5 made1 :i* include ! g5]al elevation ( ! l&1 z1 = example1 "o ( ^! ext5ds f ,holl& across ! ,g]man ,ocean to ! ,?ames1 & ?r\gh ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry to ! ,bri/ol ,*annel2 !n cross+ ,/4 ,george's ,*annel1 ?is sectional l9e passes ?r\gh ! s\!rn extremity ( ,irel&1 & falls into ! ,atlantic ,ocean2 b ?is w be m p>ticul>ly notic$1 :5 ,i come to speak ( ! b$ ( ! ,engli% ,*annel1 9 a future pap]4 8,on exam9+ ! accompany+ cross sections ( ! dep?s ( wat] on ! same p>allel !y w be f\nd to v>y consid]ably4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be /at$ z a g5]al conclusion1 t !re is a great] dep? ( wat] on ! ea/]n & we/]n sides ( ! ,g]man ,ocean ?an 9 its c5tral p>ts1 & t1 ^u ! :ole1 x is deep] on ! ,briti% ?an on ! cont95tal %ores1 ! coa/ ( ,norway except$4 8,we h already obs]v$1 t ?is sea is mu* encumb]$ ) s&banks1 or great accumulations ( dbris1 especially 9 ! middle or c5tral p>ts1 & also along ! %ores t[>ds :at may be t]m$ ! apex ( ! bay1 ext5d+ f ! riv] ,?ames along ! %ores ( ,holl&1 etc41 to ! ,baltic4 ,"o ( ^! great c5tral banks1 del9eat$ on ! *>t1 & kn[n to m>9]s z ! ,long ,=ties1 tr5ds nor?-ea/ 9 ! direction ( ! ebb tide f ! entrance ( ! ,fir? ( ,=? no less ?an #aaj miles1 :ile ! ,d5m>k & ,jutl& banks may also be trac$ on ! *>t f ! entrance ( ! ,baltic1 upw>ds ( #aje miles 9 a nor?-we/]n direction4 ,besides ^!1 we h also ano!r great c5tral range ( banks1 :i* is cross$ by no few] ?an f\r ( our sectional l9es4 ,^! are kn[n "u ! common appellation ( ! ,dogg] ,bank1 :i* is subdivid$ by ! navigator into ! ,long ,bank1 ! ,:ite ,bank1 & ! ,well ,bank1 includ+ an ext5t ( upw>ds ( #ced miles f nor? to s\?4 ,!re are also a va/ numb] ( %oals & s&banks1 ly+ :olly to ! s\?w>d ( our section1 betwe5 ,flambor\gh ,head & ,heligol&4 ,altoge!r1 !re=e1 ! sup]ficies ( ^! ext5sive banks is f\nd to occupy no inconsid]able portion ( ! :ole area ( ! ,g]man ,ocean2 ! surface ( :i*1 9 mak+ ^! inve/igations1 has be5 e/imat$ to conta9 ab\t #aec1gji squ>e miles1 :ile ! aggregate sup]ficial cont5ts ( ! s&banks alone am\nt to no less ?an #bg1ddc squ>e miles1 or include an area ( ab\t #e ( ! :ole surface ( ! ,nor? ,sea4 8,b to r5d] ^! dim5sions a little m famili> by comp>ison1 we may notice1 t ! ,isl& ( ,great ,brita9 conta9s ab\t #gg1bdd squ>e miles1 be+ n q "o half ( ! area ( ! ,nor? ,sea2 s t ! area ( ! s&banks be>s a proportion equal to ab\t "o ?ird ( ! :ole t]ra firma ( ,engl& & ,scotl&2 & !y are1 !re=e1 p]haps1 f> m consid]able 9 _! ext5t ?an has be5 g5]ally imag9$4 8,9 speak+ ( ! dim5sions ( s&banks situate 9 ! middle ( ! ocean1 we are aw>e t great all[ance mu/ be made 9 =m+ a prop] e/imate ( _! ext5t1 especially 9 speak+ ( _! cubical cont5ts4 ,f a va/ numb] ( obs]vations & comp>isons relative to ?is subject1 ,i h1 h[ev]1 be5 enabl$ to det]m9e1 t ! av]age height ( ^! banks measures ab\t sev5ty-eight feet1 f a mean tak5 ( ! :ole4 ,9 asc]ta9+ _! height above ! surr\nd+ bottom1 ! measurem5t has be5 tak5 f ! g5]al dep? ar\nd ea* respectively4 ,n[1 ^u tak+ ! aggregate cubical cont5ts ( ! :ole ( ^! imm5se collections ( dbris1 suppos+ ! mass to be uni=mly ! same ?r\gh\t1 x is f\nd to am\nt to no less a quantity ?an #b1bda1bdh1efc1aaj ( cubic y>ds1 be+ equal to ab\t f\rte5 feet ( ! dep? ( ! :ole ,g]man ,ocean1 or to a portion ( ! firm gr\nd ( ,great ,brita91 on a level ) ! sea1 tak5 tw5ty-eight feet 9 p]p5dicul> height or dep?1 suppos+ ! surface to be a level plane4 8,^! calculations at lea/ t5d to %[ t an imm5se body ( wat] mu/ be displac$1 9 consequ5ce ( ^! banks occupy+ s v consid]able a proportion ( ! b$ ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 ! unavoidable effect ( :i* mu/ give a direct t5d5cy to ! tidal wat]s1 & ! flux produc$ by /orms 9 ! ,atlantic1 to ov]fl[ ! b$ ( ! ,g]man ,ocean1 9 ! same mann] z if /ones or o!r matt] 7 ?r[n into a vessel already ne>ly brimful ( wat]4 ,?is may fur!r be illu/rat$ by consid]+ ! actual /ate ( any ( ! great inl& lakes1 z ^? ( ,g5eva1 ,lo*ness1 ,lo*lomond1 etc41 :i* = ages pa/ h be5 receiv+ ! dbris ( ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s4 ,we mu/ d\btless all[ t !y conta9 a small] portion ( wat]1 or are actually ( a less dep? ?an !y 7 at an e>li] p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( ! globe4 ,accord+ly1 f inquiries1 :i*1 9 ! prosecution ( ?is subject1 ,i h be5 l$ to make reg>d+ ! two la/ m5tion$ lakes1 x has satisfactorily appe>$ t _! wat]s are subject to ov]fl[ or rise ^u _! banks4 ,on ,lo*lomond1 9 p>ticul>1 ! site ( a h\se at ! village ( ,luss 0 po9t$ out to me1 :i* is n[ p]man5tly "u ! summ] wat] m>k1 :ile ! gable ( ano!r h\se 9 its neighb\rhood is 9 dang] ( be+ wa%$ d[n by ! increase ( ! wat]s ( ! lo*4 ,:e!r ?is /rik+ appe>ance is to be attribut$ :olly to natural causes1 or p>tly to artificial op]ations ^u ! b$ ( ! riv] ,lev51 fl[+ f ! lo*1 ,i h _h no opportunity ( inquir+4 ,b ! great b5* or flat space r\nd ! m>g9 ( ! lo*1 :i* is left p>tly dry dur+ summ]1 =ms altoge!r su* a receptacle = dbris z to be suffici5t to affect ! surface ( ! lo*1 & inde$ p]man5tly to raise its wat]s4 ,we also inf]1 ?\gh by a diff]5t process1 t ! con/ant deposition go+ =w>d 9 ! b$ ( ! ,g]man ,ocean mu/ likewise displace its wat]s1 & give !m a t5d5cy to enl>ge _! b$ & to ov]fl[ _! banks or b\nd>y4 8,9 ?is view ( ! subject1 x w appe> t we h n only to acc\nt = ! supply ( an imm5se quantity ( dbris1 b we mu/ also dispose ( ! wat] displac$ by ! process ( deposition :i* is cont9ually go+ =w>d at ! bottom ( ! ocean4 8,) reg>d1 !n1 to ! supply ( ! dbris ( :i* ^! banks are compos$4--,we f9d t a v great portion ( x consi/s ( silice\s matt]s 9 ! =m ( s&1 v>y+ 9 size f ! f9e/ gra9s to co>se bulky p>ticles1 mix$ ) coral & p\nd$ %ells1 ! quantity ( ^! calc>e\s matt]s be+ altoge!r a/oni%+ly great2 & be+ specifically light] ?an ! p>ticles ( s&1 ! %ells g5]ally cov] ! surface ( ^! sunk5 banks4 ,) reg>d to ! va/ collection ( silice\s p>ticles connect$ ) ! banks1 our surprise ceases :5 we consid] ! receptacle :i* ! ,nor? ,sea =ms1 to an almo/ unlimit$ ext5t ( dra9age f ! surr\nd+ c\ntries1 on :i* ! *ange ( ! seasons1 & ! succession ( ra9 & ( dr\ght ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 are unceas+ly produc+ _! de/ructive effects4 ,all h rem>k$ ! quantity ( mud & dbris ) :i* e rill & riv] is *>g$1 ev5 aft] ! g5tle/ %[]2 especially :]ev] ! h& ( ! agriculturi/ is to be f\nd4 ,8 lab\rs 9 keep+ up ! f]tilis+ quality ( ! gr\nd consi/ 9 a great measure 9 prep>+ a fre% matrix = ! *emical process or ! g]m9ation ( ! se$s ( ! e>?1 9 lieu ( t portion ( ! f9ely pulv]is$ soil :i* ! ra9s are p]petually c>ry+ to ! sea1 z ! gr& receptacle & /oreh\se ( nature = ^! exuvi ( ! globe4 ,f ! effect ( rills & rivulets1 we %\ld1 p]haps1 r be apt to expect a great] deposition 9 ! b$ ( %elt]$ bays & arms ( ! sea ?an we really obs]ve4 ,s t we c readily believe t ! quantity ( dbris1 ev5 = a s+le ye>1 along su* an ext5t ( coa/1 may be> "s consid]ation 9 respect to ! b$ ( ! ,g]man ,ocean2 :at1 !n1 mu/ ^! effects produce 9 ! lapse ( ages8 8,:atev] be ! cause1 ! fact is c]ta91 t on almo/ e "p ( ! %ores ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 & _! connect+ isl&s1 f ! nor!rnmo/ ( ! ,%etl& to ! s\!rnmo/ ( ! ,scilly ,isl&s1 & also ^u ! %ores ( ,holl&1 & "p ( ,france1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,*]b\rg1 ?is wa/+ effect is go+ =w>d4 ,^! %ores ,i h myself exam9$4 ,b my inquiries h n be5 conf9$ to ! coa/s :i* ,i h p]sonally visit$1 hav+ also1 ?r\gh ! k9d att5tions ( "s nautical fri5ds1 be5 enabl$ to ext5d my inve/igations ev5 to ! remote/ p>ts ( ! globe4 ,! g5]al result has be51 t equally 9 ! mo/ %elt]$ seas1 su* z ! ,baltic & ,m$it]ranean1 & on ! mo/ expos$ po9ts & promontories ( ! coa/s ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 abundant pro(s occur1 all t5d+ to %[ ! g5]al wa/e ( ! l& by ! encroa*m5ts ( ! sea4 ,su* wa/+ effects are q famili> to ^? locally acqua9t$ ) p>ticul> portions ( ! %ores2 & ,i h (t5 receiv$ _! te/imony to ^! facts1 z ! sad exp]i5ce ( ! removal ( build+s1 & ! inundation ( ext5sive tracts ( l& by ! encroa*m5t ( ! sea4 8,inde$1 by a clos] inquiry into ?is dep>tm5t ( ! subject1 we %all1 p]haps1 f9d ourselves r at a loss to acc\nt = ! smallness ( ! quantity ( ?is deposition1 consid]+ ! wa/e :i* is con/antly go+ =w>d 9 ! process ( nature1 & ev5 be l$ to seek = its wid] di/ribution ov] ! :ole expanse ( ! b$ ( ! ocean1 z has be5 suppos$ 9 t !ory ( ! globe1 s beautifully & s ably def5d$ by our late illu/ri\s c\ntryman ,pr(essor ,playfair4 8,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ & g5]al examples ( ?is k9d may p]haps be f\nd 9 ! abrupt & precipit\s headl&s & %ores :i* we ev]y:]e obs]ve along ! coa/1 & :i* we suppose to h once be5 ( ! same slop+ =m & decl9+ aspect ) ! contigu\s l&4 ,9 ! production ( ^! effects alone1 an imm5se quantity ( dbris mu/ h be5 ?r[n into ! b$ ( ! ocean4 ,! *annels :i* are cut by ! sea 9 ! sep>ation ( p>ts ( ! ma9l&1 & ! =mation ( isl&s1 no d\bt make way = a consid]able portion ( ! displac$ fluid2 b /ill ^! *annels1 :5 fill$ ) wat]1 come f> %ort1 9 po9t ( bulk1 :5 comp>$ ) ! portions ( ! elevat$ l& :i* are ?us remov$4 ,n[1 x has be5 alleg$ by "s1 t :ile ! l& is wa/+ at c]ta9 po9ts1 x is also ga9+ 9 o!rs2 & ?is is a /ate ( ?+s :i* is freely admitt$ to take place 9 v>i\s qu>t]s2 yet ^! app>5t acquisitions are no m to be comp>$ ) ! wa/e allud$ to1 ?an ! drop is to ! wat] ( ! bucket4 ,b accurate obs]vations reg>d+ ! =mation ( ext5sive s&banks1 & ! accumulation ( ! dbris1 ( :i* !y are =m$1 are n to be made 9 a few ye>s1 p]haps n 9 a c5tury1 nor inde$ 9 sev]al c5turies2 = al?\gh ! %ort p]iod ( ! life ( man is suffici5t to af=d ! mo/ incontrov]tible pro(s ( ! wa/e ( ! l& :]e we become obs]v]s1 yet :5 we ext5d our views to ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 & speak ( ! ev5ts & *anges :i* are !re go+ =w>d1 we mu/ n be suppos$ to set limits to "t4 8,we h _m conv9c+ pro(s 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! globe1 t ! sea has at "o "t occupi$ a mu* high] elevation ?an at pres5t4 ,on ! banks ( ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 ne> ,borr[/\nness1 = example1 ,i h se5 a b$ ( m>9e %ells1 :i* is sev]al feet 9 ?ickness1 & has be5 f\nd to ext5d ab\t ?ree miles 9 l5g?1 & :i* is n[ situate _m feet above ! pres5t level ( ! wat]s ( ! ,=?4 ,a rec5t illu/ration ( ?is subject occurr$ also 9 ! rem>kable discov]y ( ! skeleton ( a l>ge :ale1 f\nd 9 ! l&s ( ,air?rey1 ne> ,/irl+1--! pres5t surface ( ! gr\nd :]e ! rema9s ( ?is huge animal 7 deposit$1 hav+ be5 asc]ta9$ 7by my assi/ants1 :5 lately 9 t neighb\rhood7 to be no less ?an tw5ty-f\r feet n9e in*es above ! pres5t level ( ! ,fir? ( ,=? at high wat] ( spr+ tides4 ,n[1 :e!r we are to consid] ^! z pro(s ( ! high] elevation ( ! wat]s ( ! ocean 9 ! mo/ g5]al acceptation ( ! ^w1 at a =m] p]iod1 ,i w n "h attempt to inquire4 ,b aside f ^! anomal\s appe>ances1 !re is reason = ?9k+ t ! wat]s ( ! high] p>ts ( ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 l ^? ( ! ,moray ,fir?1 may1 at "o "t1 h =m$ a succession ( lakes1 ) di/9ct b>ri]s1 z we f9d 9 ! case ( ,lo*ness1 & ! o!r lakes =m+ ! track ( ! ,cal$onian ,canal4 ,my object on ! pres5t occasion1 h[ev]1 is simply to notice ! wa/+ effects ( ! ,nor? ,sea ^u ! surr\nd+ l&1 its deposition 9 ! bottom ( ! sea1 & ! consequ5t production ( surplus wat]s at ! surface1 & to endeav\r to acc\nt = ^! appe>ances consi/5tly ) ! laws ( nature4 ,! op9ion accord+ly :i* ,i h =m$1 & ! !ory :i* ,i h humbly to sugge/ 7= ,i am n aw>e t ?is subject has be5 be=e p>ticul>ly notic$7 is1 t ! silt+ up ( ! great bas9 ( ! ,nor? ,sea has a direct t5d5cy to cause its wat]s to ov]fl[ _! banks4 8,ref]r+ to ! *>t1 we f9d t ! ,nor? ,sea is surr\nd$ ) l&1 except+ at two inlets or ap]tures1 ! "o ext5d+ ab\t #ajj leagues1 betwe5 ! ,orkney ,isl&s & ! ,norwegian coa/1 & ! o!r betwe5 ,dov] & ,calais1 :i* is ( ! wid? ( sev5 leagues4 ,! aggregate wat]way ( ^! two passages =ms ! track = ! tidal wat]s1 & also = ! surplus wat]s produc$ dur+ /orms :i* affect ! ,atlantic & ,arctic ,oceans4 ,x is also obvi\s t ?is wat]way mu/ rema9 ne>ly ! same1 & admit a con/ant quantity2 or1 to speak m correctly1 by all[+ ^! inlets to foll[ ! g5]al law1 !y mu/ be enl>g$ by ! wa/e or we>+ ( _! sides1 9 a ratio p]haps great] ?an ! silt+ up ( ! bottom 9 ^? p>ticul> p>ts1 :ile ! int]ior & c5tral portions ( ! ,g]man ,ocean are cont9ually acquir+ additional quantities ( dbris1 along ) ! dra9age wat] ( ! widely surr\nd+ c\ntries4 ,if !re=e ! same1 or a great] quantity ( tidal & surplus wat]s cont9ue to be admitt$ f ! ,atlantic & ,arctic ,seas into ?is great bas91 :]e ! process ( deposition is con/antly go+ =w>d1 x is evid5t t ! surface ( ! ,g]man ,ocean mu/ be elevat$ 9 a tempor>y & proportionate degree1 & h5ce ! production ( ^? wa/+ & de/ructive effects :i* are ev]y:]e obs]vable ^u its %ores4 8,?is reason+ is also applicable1 9 a great] or less degree1 to all p>ts ( ! _w2 = z ! same cause ev]y:]e exi/s1 ! same effects1 :5 n>r[ly exam9$1 mu/ ev]y:]e be produc$4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn or ,pacific ,ocean we h wond]ful examples ( great masses ( l& =m$ by madrepores & ext5sive coral banks1 :i* 9 "t assume all ! *>act]i/ic features ( isl&s4 ,^! occupy consid]able portions ( ! wat]y b$ ( ! ocean1 & displace correspond+ portions ( ! fluid4 ,imm5se quantities ( mud are also said to be deposit$ 9 ! ,yell[ ,sea ( ,*9a1 9 ! great deltas =m$ at ! m\?s ( ! ,ganges1 ! ,plate1 ! ,amazon1 ! ,mississippi1 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ! ,nile1 ! ,rh9e1 & o!r l>ge riv]s1 ^: jo9t op]ations1 bo? at ! surface & bottom ( ! ocean1 are cont9ually c>ry+ =w>d ! same great process ( displac+ ! wat]s ( ! ocean2 = x matt]s n to ?is "q :e!r ! dbris ( ! high] c\ntry :i* is c>ri$ d[n by ! ra9s & riv]s1 or is occasion$ by ! direct wa/e produc$ by ! ocean itself on ! m>g9 ( ! l&1 be deposit$ at ! bottom or surface ( ! ocean1 x mu/ /ill be all[$ to displace an equal or great] bulk ( ! fluid1 & has !re=e a direct t5d5cy to produce ! d]angem5t :i* we are "h endeav\r+ to describe4 8,a /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is doctr9e may be drawn f ,m4 ,gir>d's able & +5i\s obs]vations on ! delta ( ,egypt1 made 9 #agii1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,mem4 de l',acad4 = #ahag1 9 a memoir ,obs]vations sur la ,valle d'gypte1 et sur l'exhaussem5t sculaire du sol qui la rec\vre4 ,x appe>s t ! :ole soil ( ! 8,valley ( ! ,nile0 is v consid]ably increas$ by ! alluvium deposit$ annually by ! inundations ( ! ,nile1 z asc]ta9$ by ! m>ks on "s anci5t ,nilomet]s & /atues1 ! dates ( :i* h be5 trac$ & comp>$ by ,gir>d1 ) ! correspond+ hi/orical p]iods4 ,9 ! qu>t] ( ,!bes1 :]e ! /atue ( ,memnon is erect$1 ! increase ( ! soil s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era is lm4 #ibd 7#f feet #cg in*es71 or ?is process may be /at$ z go+ =w>d at ! rate ( #jm4 #ajf 7#dag in*es7 9 ! c\rse ( ea* c5tury4 ,! magnitude ( ! deposits at ! m\?s ( ! ,nile1 9 ! b$ ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 appe>s to be no less surpris+4 ,x is rem>k$ t ! ,isle ( ,ph>os1 :i* 9 ! "t ( ,hom] 0 a day's j\rney f ! coa/ ( ,egypt1 is n[ unit$ to ! cont95t4 8,if1 !n1 we comp>e ^! effects ) ! same process1 go+ =w>d 9 a c]ta9 proportionate rate ov] all p>ts ( ! globe1 & :]e ! same facilities = ^! depositions be+ made on firm gr\nd are n af=d$1 we %all f9d t ! quantity ( deposit 9 ! bottom ( ! ocean mu/ be s consid]able z to affect ! level ( ! wat]s ( ! ocean4 8,9 ?us dispos+ ( ! wa/e ( ! surr\nd+ l& beyond ! accumulation ( ! sunk5 banks 9 ! ,g]man ,ocean1 we are n left at any loss = a di/ribut+ cause1 z ?is is provid$ by ! tides & curr5ts ( ! sea2 & ) reg>d to _! action we h _m pro(s1 ev5 at v consid]able dep?s1 by ! break+ up ( ! wrecks ( %ips1 ! occasional drift ( seawe$1 & also drift timb]1 nuts1 etc41 into regions f> di/ant f ^? 9 :i* !y are spontane\sly produc$4 ,! disp]sion ( fi%es1 ev9c$ by _! disappe>ance f ! fi%+ gr\nds 9 /ormy wea!r1 t5ds to %[ ! di/urbance ( ! wat]s ( ! ocean to ! dep? ( ?irty or =ty fa?oms4 ,?is obs]vation ,i h frequ5tly _h an opportunity ( mak+ ne> ! entrance ( ! ,fir? ( ,=?4 ,num]\s pro(s ( ! sea be+ di/urb$ to a consid]able dep? h also occurr$ s9ce ! erection ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 situate ^u a sunk5 rock 9 ! sea1 twelve miles (f ,arbroa?1 9 ,=f>%ire4 ,"s drift /ones ( l>ge dim5sions1 measur+ upw>ds ( ?irty cubic feet1 or m ?an two tons weight1 h1 dur+ /orms1 be5 (t5 ?r[n ^u ! rock f ! deep wat]4 ,^! l>ge b\ld] /ones are s famili> to ! lightkeep]s at ?is /ation z to be by !m t]m$ travell]s4 ,x is !re=e extremely probable1 t a l>ge portion ( ! dbris is c>ri$ d[n ) ! dra9age wat] ( ! high] c\ntry1 z be=e notic$1 & ultimately wa%$ out ( ! ,nor? ,sea into ! expanse ( ! ocean4 8,! "q :i* naturally arises z to ! result ( all ?is wa/e or transposition ( ! solid matt]s ( a l>ge portion ( ! globe1 is to inquire :at has become ( ! body ( wat] displac$ by ?is wa/+ process4 ,)\t attempt+ to g into all ! m9uti ( ?is "p ( ! subject1 ,i %all "h briefly obs]ve1 t !re seems to exi/ 7if ,i may be all[$ s to express myself7 a k9d ( comp5sat+ arrangem5t betwe5 ! solid or e>?y p>ticles ( ! globe 9 ! "o case1 & ! wat]s ( ! ocean 9 ! o!r4 ,?us by ! process ( evaporation1 & ! univ]sal application ( wat]1 :i* ent]s s l>gely1 9 its simple or *emical /ate1 into ! :ole animate & inanimate creation1 ! surface ( ! ocean may be kept ne>ly at a uni=m level4 ,ph5om5a ( ?is description are1 no d\bt1 difficult 9 _! solution ^u ! great scale1 be+ met by ! process ( decomposition1 :i* resolves bodies into _! con/itu5t p>ts1 & also by our !ory ( ! atmosph]e1 by :i* its limits & op]ations are det]m9$4 ,b 7 we to ab/ract our att5tion f ! m g5]al view ( ! subject1 & conf9e our inquiries to ! ,g]man ,ocean1 ! ,baltic1 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,r$ ,sea1 or to any o!r inl& & circumscrib$ p>ts ( ! ocean1 ?is difficulty seems to be less5$4 ,inde$1 ! probability is1 & x is a pretty g5]ally receiv$ op9ion1 t a great] quantity ( wat] is actually admitt$ at ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> & ( ,babelm&el ?an fl[s out ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ,r$ ,seas4 ,we consid] wat]1 !re=e1 z ! great pabulum ( nature1 :i*1 z be=e notic$1 ent]s ei!r simply or *emically into ! con/itution ( all bodies1 & appe>s to be held1 almo/ exclusively1 9 solution1 9 ! =mation & ma9t5ance ( ! :ole animal & vegetable k+doms1 & is f\nd to exi/ l>gely 9 ! composition ( all m9]al sub/ances4 ,! quantity ( wat]1 consequ5tly1 t is requir$1 & is cont9ually suppli$ f ! ocean by ! process ( evaporation1 bo? = ! support & reanimation ( nature1 mu/ be imm5se1 & may ( c\rse be suppos$ p]man5tly to absorb a v l>ge proportion ( ! surplus wat]s ( ^! circumscrib$ seas1 :ile ! rema9+ portion ( surplus wat]1 if n ?us :olly acc\nt$ =1 may be di/ribut$ ov] ! g5]al expanse ( ! ocean4 8,b if we suppose ) "s1 t 9 nature !re is nei!r an excess nor dim9ution ( ! wat]s ( ! globe1 & t ! unit$ & c\nt]balanc+ processes ( evaporation1 cond5sation1 decomposition1 & reg5]ation1 s completely equalise ea* o!r1 t ! surplus wat]s1 aris+ f ! displacem5t ( a portion ( ! solid surface ( ! globe1 mu/ aga9 be :olly di/ribut$ & int]mix$ ) ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 ! portion ( wat] rema9+ ?us to be acc\nt$ = becomes m consid]able1 &1 ^u ! great scale1 mu/ be p]man5tly dispos$ (1 indep5d5tly ( ! process ( evaporation4 8,ano!r view has be5 sugge/$ z applicable to ! di/ribution ( ! surplus wat]s produc$ by ! gradual fill+ up ( ! b$ ( ! ocean4 ,^! wat]s1 9 place ( be+ elevat$ 9 any s5sible degree1 may be naturally dispos$ to f9d _! level 9 ! great pol> bas9s1 or oblate portions ( ! surface ( ! globe :i* are kn[n to exi/ next ! poles4 ,! oblate figure ( ! e>? at ! poles makes ^! imag9>y po9ts ! ne>e/ to ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & consequ5tly1 ) reg>d to level1 !y are also ! l[e/4 ,x !re=e appe>s to foll[1 t any fill+ up ( ! b$ ( ! sea ne> ! equator1 or at a di/ance f ! poles1 w h ! effect ( promot+ ! retir+ ( ! surplus wat]s to ! pol> regions by _! own gravity1 :ile ! c5trifugal =ce occasion$ by ! e>?'s diurnal motion w prev5t _! be+ fur!r remov$ f ! e>?'s c5tre1 )\t a correspond+ elevation ( ! wat]s 9 ! great pol> bas9s4 8,9 ?is mann]1 su* an accumulation ( wat] may1 at a =m] p]iod ( "t1 h tak5 place at ! !n poles ( ! globe1 z to h alt]$ ! position ( ^! po9ts1 & giv5 rise to ! ,flood1 or tempor>y g5]al ov]fl[+ ( ! wat]s ov] ! e>?'s surface1 produc+ a *ange 9 ! b$s ( ! seas or oceans ( =m] times4 ,9 ?is way may h be5 produc$ _m ( ! ph5om5a obs]vable 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 :i* are o!rwise ) mu* difficulty acc\nt$ =4 8,( :at has n[ be5 advanc$1 reg>d+ ! wa/e ( ! l& by ! op]ations ( ! sea1 x w be prop] to notice t mu* consi/s ) my own p]sonal obs]vation4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is process mu/ be ! deposition ( dbris1 & a t5d5cy to raise ! bottom ( ! ocean & produce a proportional elevation ( ! wat]4 ,) reg>d1 h[ev]1 to ! di/ribution ( ! surplus wat]s t is produc$1 :at ,i h n[ said is (f]$ ) mu* def]5ce1 9 ! hope t "s "o bett] qualifi$ ?an myself w turn 8 att5tion to ?is curi\s subject40 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 connection ) ?is discussion ,i give ! foll[+ int]e/+ acc\nt ( obs]vations on ! e/u>y ( ! ,m]sey3-- 8,,wa/+ ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,,on ,,! ,,%ore ,,( ,,*e%ire ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,riv]s ,,m]sey ,,& ,,dee4 7,read be=e ! ,w]n]ian ,society1 #h? ,m>* #ahbh47 8,on a =m] occasion ,i _h ! hon\r to make a few obs]vations :i* appe>$ 9 ! second volume ( ! ,society's ,memoirs reg>d+ ! encroa*m5t ( ! sea ^u ! l& g5]ally4 ,! pres5t notice ref]s only to t portion ( ! coa/ :i* lies betwe5 ! riv]s ,m]sey & ,dee1 ext5d+ to ab\t sev5 miles4 8,to ?is qu>t] my att5tion1 ) t ( ,mr4 ,nimmo1 ,civil ,eng9e]1 _h be5 pr(essionally direct$ 9 ! c\rse ( la/ mon?4 ,9 our preambulatory survey we 7 accompani$ by ,sir ,john ,tob9 & ,william ,laird1 ,esq41 ( ,liv]pool1 along ! ,*e%ire %ore & its connect+ s&banks betwe5 ,wallasey ,pool 9 ! ,m]sey1 & ,dalpool 9 ! riv] ,dee4 8,)9 ^! e/u>ies ! %ores may be describ$ z abrupt1 consi/+ ( r$ clay & m>l1 conta9+ _m l& or b\ld] /ones ( ! cubic cont5ts ( sev]al tons1 & v _m ( mu* small] size1 dim9i%+ to co>se gravel4 ,b ! =el& or nor!rn %ore betwe5 ^! riv]s1 :i* ,i am n[ to notice1 is *iefly l[ gr\nd1 & to a great ext5t is "u ! level ( ! highe/ tides4 ,! bea* or ebb ext5ds f #cjj to #djj y>ds seaw>d1 & t[>d l[ wat] m>k exposes a section ( r$ clay2 b t[>d high wat] x consi/s ( blui% col\r$ m>l1 ) peat or moss ov]laid by s&4 ,?is bea*1 at ab\t tide level1 pres5ts a curi\s & highly int]e/+ spectacle ( ! rema9s ( a subm>9e =e/4 ,! num]\s roots ( trees1 :i* h n be5 wa%$ away by ! sea1 or c>ri$ (f by ! neighb\r+ inhabitants = firewood1 are 9 a v decay$ /ate4 ,! trees seem to h be5 cut (f ab\t two feet f ! gr\nd1 aft] ! usual practice 9 fell+ timb]1 & ! roots are se5 ramify+ f _! respective /umps 9 all directions1 & dipp+ t[>ds ! clay subsoil4 ,!y seem to h v>i$ 9 size f eighte5 in*es to p]haps ?irty in*es 9 diamet]1 & :5 cut ) a knife appe> to be oak4 ,sev]al ( ! boles or trunks h also be5 left ^u ! gr\nd1 & be+ p>tly imm]s$ 9 ! s& & clay1 are n[ 9 su* a decompos$ /ate t1 :5 dug into ) a common spade1 great numb]s ( ! %ell fi% call$ ,pholas c&ida1 measur+ ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( an in* 9 l5g? & two in*es 9 bread?1 7 f\nd app>5tly 9 a heal?y /ate4 ,^! pro(s ( ! =m] /ate ( ?is ebb or %ore--n[ upw>ds ( tw5ty feet "u full tide--hav+ be5 once dry l& to a consid]able ext5t beyond ! region ( ^! l>ge =e/ trees 7 r5d]$ /ill m evid5t by ! occurr5ce ( l>ge masses ( gre5/one1 :i*1 at a =m] p]iod1 _h be5 emb$d$ 9 ! firm gr\nd "h1 & especially on ! %ore )9 ! riv] ,dee4 ,x may fur!r des]ve notice t ! inhabitants ( ?is di/rict h a traditional rhyme expressive ( ! =m] wood$ /ate ( ?is coa/1 :]e n a tree is n[ to be se51 viz41 8,f ,birk5head to ,helbre a squirrel may hop f tree to tree20 t is1 f ! ,dee to ! ,m]sey1 n[ pres5t+ a subm>9e =e/4 8,z ^! evid5ces ( great *anges ^u ! /ate & =m] appe>ances ( ! l& 7 highly int]e/+ to ! p>ty1 & intimately connect$ ) ! pr(essional inquiries ( myself & colleague1 x seem$ desirable1 if possible1 to get !m corroborat$ by oral te/imony4 ,sir ,john ,tob9 accord+ly v oblig+ly took measures = exam9+ ! olde/ p 9 ! neighb\rhood z to _! recollection ( ! =m] /ate ( ^! %ores4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ,?omas ,b>clay1 ag$ n9ety-?ree1 8all b two mon?s10 by pr(ession a mason & measur] ( c\ntry "w2 ,h5ry ,y\d1 lab\r]1 ag$ eighty-six2 & ,john ,crooksan1 lab\r]1 ag$ eighty1 7 exam9$4 ,b>clay /at$ t he _h be5 employ$ at ! erection ( ! ,leas[e l&w>d ligh?\se 9 ! ye> #agfd2 t !re 7 !n two ligh?\ses ne> ! %ore1 = a lead+ direction to %ipp+ ?r\gh ! prop] *annel to ,liv]pool2 & t ! seaw>d light became un9habitable f its be+ surr\nd$ by ! sea4 ,a new light 0 !n built ^u ,bid/one ,hill1 & ! pres5t ,leas[e ,ligh?\se1 =m]ly ! l&w>d light :i* he _h assi/$ 9 build+1 became ! sea light4 ,he c\ld n condesc5d ^u ! di/ance betwe5 ! two orig9al lights1 b 0 c]ta9 t x mu/ h be5 sev]al hundr$ y>ds2 t he kn[s t 9 ! c\rse ( ?irty ye>s ! %ore ( ! ,leas[e lo/ by measurem5t elev5 ,*e%ire roods or eighty-eight y>ds2 & v]ily believes t1 s9ce he knew ?is %ore1 x has lo/ upw>ds ( half a mile ( firm gr\nd4 ,to ! correctness ( ^! /atem5ts ! o!r two ag$ m5 gave ample te/imony1 ,h5ry ,y\d hav+ also work$ at ! ligh?\se4 8,z to ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 ! p>ty allud$ to 7 eye-witnesses ( ! tides on ! #af?1 #ag?1 & #ah? ( ,febru>y #ahbh1 hav+ exhibit$ a v al>m+ example ( ! encroa*m5t ( ! sea ^u ! ,leas[e %ore4 ,at high wat] x came ov] ! bank1 & ran 9 a /ream ( ab\t half a mile 9 bread? surr\nd+ ! ligh?\se1 & cont9u$ its c\rse ?r\gh ! l[ gr\nds t[>d ,wallasey ,pool on ! ,m]sey1 !reby =m+ a new *annel1 & ?reat5+ to lay sev]al ?\s&s ( acres ( ri* arable & pa/ure l&s into ! /ate ( a p]man5t salt lake4 ,! pres5t ,leas[e ,ligh?\se1 :i*1 9 #agfd1 0 consid]$ f> above ! rea* ( ! sea1 ^u ! #ag? ( ,febru>y la/ 0 ?us surr\nd$ by salt wat]1 & mu/ soon be ab&on$ unless "s v ext5sive works be und]tak5 = ! def5ce ( ! bea*1 ! :ole ( ! int]ior l&s ( ! ,leas[e be+ consid]ably "u ! level ( high wat] ( spr+ tides4 8,?is coa/1 ) its s&banks 9 ! (f+1 its subm>9e =e/1 & ! evid5ce ( liv+ witnesses z to ! encroa*m5t ( ! sea ^u ! firm gr\nd1 is altoge!r highly int]e/+ to ! geological & sci5tific inquir]4 ,! rema9s ( =e/s 9 ! b$ ( ! ocean occur 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! ,briti% coa/1 p>ticul>ly (f ,l9coln1 on ! banks ( ! ,tay ne> ,flisk1 at ,skail 9 ! ma9l& ( ,orkney1 & 9 o!r places notic$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ?is ,society1 & are /rong pro(s ( ! encroa*m5ts ( ! sea ^u ! l&4 ,h[ev] difficult1 !re=e1 x may be to reconcile ! v>i$ appe>ances 9 nature reg>d+ ! sea hav+ at "o "t occupi$ a high] level ?an at pres5t1 yet its encroa*m5t z a g5]al & almo/ univ]sal pr9ciple seems to be beyond d\bt 9 ! pres5t day4 8,s9ce ,i _h la/ ! hon\r ( address+ ! ,society on ?is subject1 opportunities h be5 af=d$ me ( mak+ _m additional obs]vations on ! ,briti% %ores1 & ( p]sonally ext5d+ ^! to almo/ e port on ! ,cont95t betwe5 ! ,texel & ! ,g>onne4 ,i h also1 ?r\gh ! oblig+ communications ( fri5ds1 be5 enabl$ to ext5d my inquiries to o!r qu>t]s ( ! globe1 & ,i am n[ prep>$ to /ate t1 ) a few comp>atively trifl+ exceptions1 ! sea appe>s to be univ]sally ga9+ ^u ! l&1 t5d+ to confirm ! !ory t dbris aris+ f ! g5]al degradation ( ! l&1 be+ deposit$ 9 ! b$ ( ! m9or seas1 is ! cause ( _! pres5t t5d5cy to ov]fl[ _! banks40 ,,d5sity ,,( ,,salt ,,& ,,fre% ,,wat]4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's discov]y t ! salt wat] ( ! ocean fl[s up ! b$s ( riv]s 9 a /ream q di/9ct f ! outfl[+ fre% wat]1 0 made 9 #ahab1 :5 inve/igat+ a "q reg>d+ salmon fi%+s on ! ,dee4 ,x is describ$ 9 ! foll[+ extract f 8 ,report3-- 8,! report] obs]v$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 survey t ! curr5t ( ! riv] cont9u$ to fl[ t[>ds ! sea ) z mu* app>5t velocity dur+ flood z dur+ ebb tide1 :ile ! surface ( ! riv] rose & fell 9 a regul> mann] ) ! wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,he 0 l$ f ^! obs]vations to inquire m p>ticul>ly into ?is ph5om5on1 & he accord+ly _h an app>atus prep>$ "u 8 directions at ,ab]de51 :i*1 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann]1 %[$ ! exi/5ce ( two di/9ct lay]s or /rata ( wat]2 ! l[] /ratum consi/+ ( salt or sea wat]1 & ! upp] "o ( ! fre% wat] ( ! riv]1 :i*1 f its specific gravity be+ less1 float$ on ! top dur+ ! :ole ( flood z well z ebb tide4 ,?is app>atus consi/$ ( a bottle or glass j>1 ! m\? ( :i* measur$ ab\t two & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 & 0 c>efully /opp$ ) a wood5 plug1 & lut$ ) wax2 a hole ab\t half an in* 9 diamet] 0 !n bor$ 9 ! plug1 & to ?is an iron peg 0 fitt$4 ,to prev5t accid5t 9 ! ev5t ( ! j> t\*+ ! bottom1 x 0 coat$ ) flannel4 ,! j> s prep>$ 0 fix$ to a sp> ( timb]1 :i* 0 graduat$ to feet & in*es1 = ! conv5i5ce ( readily asc]ta9+ ! dep? to :i* ! in/rum5t 0 plung$1 & f :i* ! wat] 0 br\ght up4 ,a small cord 0 atta*$ to ! iron p9 = ! purpose ( draw+ x1 at pleasure1 = ! admission ( ! wat]4 ,:5 an exp]im5t 0 made ! bottle 0 plung$ into ! wat]2 by draw+ ! cord at any dep? )9 ! range ( ! rod to :i* x 0 atta*$1 ! iron peg 0 lift$ or drawn1 & ! bottle 0 by ?is means fill$ ) wat]4 ,! peg 0 aga9 dropp$ into its place1 & ! app>atus rais$ to ! surface1 conta9+ a specim5 ( wat] ( ! quality at ! dep? to :i* x 0 plung$4 ,9 ?is mann] ! report] asc]ta9$ t ! salt or tidal wat] ( ! ocean fl[$ up ! *annel ( ! riv] ,dee1 & also up ,footdee & ,torryburn1 9 a di/9ct /ratum next ! bottom & "u ! fre% wat] ( ! riv]1 :i*1 ow+ to ! specific gravity be+ less1 float$ ^u x1 cont9u+ p]fectly fre%1 & fl[+ 9 its usual c\rse t[>ds ! sea1 ! only *ange discov]able be+ 9 its level1 :i* 0 rais$ by ! salt wat] =c+ its way "u x4 ,! tidal wat] s =c$ up cont9u$ salt2 & :5 ! specim5s f ! bottom1 obta9$ 9 ! mann] describ$1 7 comp>$ ) ^? tak5 at ! surface by means ( ! common hydromet] ( ! brew] 7! only in/rum5t to :i* ! report] _h access at ! "t71 ! l[] /ratum 0 always f\nd to possess ! great] specific gravity due to salt ov] fre% wat]40 ,,! ,,hydrophore4 ,! in/rum5t ,mr4 ,/ev5son !n inv5t$ & us$ 0 t to :i* ! t]m hydrophore has be5 appli$4 ,figs4 #ah & #ai %[ two =ms ( hydrophores made "u 8 directions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,fig4 #ah is us$ = procur+ specim5s ( wat] f mod]ate dep?s1 drawn on a scale ( "o-t5? ( ! full size4 ,x consi/s ( a tight t9 cyl9d]1 a1 hav+ a conical valve 9 its top1 b1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! diagram z be+ rais$ = ! admission ( wat]4 ,! valve is fix$ dead1 or immoveable1 on a rod work+ 9 guides1 ! "o re/+ betwe5 two uprights ( brass above ! cyl9d]1 & ! o!r 9 its int]ior1 z %[n 9 fa9tly dott$ l9es4 ,! valve rod is by ?is means caus$ to move 9 a truly v]tical l9e1 & ! valve atta*$ to x consequ5tly fills or closes ! hole 9 ! top ( ! cyl9d] ) great] accuracy ?an if its motion 0 undirect$4 ,a graduat$ pole or rod ( iron1 c1 :i* 9 ! diagram is %[n brok5 (f1 is atta*$ to ! in/rum5t1 its end be+ ins]t$ into ! small t9 cyl9d] at ! side ( ! l>ge wat] cyl9d]1 & !re fix$ by ! clamp screws %[n 9 ! diagram2 ! bottom ( ! wat] cyl9d] may be load$ ) lead to any ext5t requir$1 = ! purpose ( caus+ ! app>atus to s9k2 b ?is1 :5 an iron rod is us$ = l[]+ x1 is h>dly necess>y4 ,! sp9dle c>ry+ ! valve has an eye 9 its upp] extremity1 to :i* a cord is atta*$ = ! purpose ( op5+ ! valve :5 ! wat] is to be admitt$1 & on releas+ ! cord1 x aga9 closes by its own weight4 ,:5 ! hydrophore is to be us$1 x is l[]$ to ! requir$ dep? by ! pole :i* is fix$ to its side1 or1 if ! dep? be great] ?an ! range ( ! pole1 x is load$ ) weights1 & let d[n by means ( a rope s atta*$ z to keep x 9 a v]tical position4 ,:5 ! app>atus has be5 l[]$ z f> z is requir$1 ! small cord is pull$1 & ! vessel is imm$iately fill$ ) ! wat] :i* is to be f\nd at t dep?4 ,! cord be+ !n ?r[n slack1 ! valve desc5ds & closes ! op5+1 & ! in/rum5t is sl[ly rais$ to ! surface by means ( ! rod or rope1 z ! case may be1 c>e be+ tak5 to pres]ve x 9 a v]tical position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,! =m ( hydrophore repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ai is us$ 9 deep wat]1 to :i* ! small "o j describ$ is inapplicable4 ,x consi/s ( an egg-%ap$ vessel a1 made ( ?ick lead to give ! app>atus weight1 hav+ two valves1 b & c1 "o 9 ! top & ano!r 9 ! bottom1 bo? op5+ upw>ds2 ^! valves 7:i* are repres5t$ z op5 9 ! diagram7 are1 to insure m p]fect fitt+1 fix$ on sep>ate sp9dles1 :i* "w 9 guides1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! in/rum5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! valves1 h[ev]1 9 ?is in/rum5t are n op5$ by means ( a cord1 b by ! impact ( ! project+ "p1 d1 ( ! l[] sp9dle on ! bottom1 :5 ! hydrophore is sunk to t dep?4 ,by ?is means ! l[] valve is =c$ upw>ds1 & ! upp] sp9dle 7! l[] extremity ( :i* is made ne>ly to t\* ! upp] extremity ( ! l[] "o1 :5 ! valves are %ut7 is at ! same "t =c$ up1 c>ry+ along ) x ! upp] valve1 :i* all[s ! air to escape1 & ! wat] ru%+ 9 fills ! vessel4 ,on rais+ ! in/rum5t f ! bottom1 bo? valves aga9 %ut by _! own weight1 & t ( ! mass ( lead1 d1 :i* =ms "p ( ! l[] sp9dle4 ,! mode ( us+ ?is hydrophore is suffici5tly obvi\s2 x is l[]$ by means ( a rope1 made fa/ to a r+ at ! top1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai1 until x /rikes on ! bottom1 :5 ! valves are op5$ 9 ! mann] describ$1 & ! vessel is fill$2 on rais+ x ! valves close1 & ! vessel c be drawn to ! surface )\t its cont5ts be+ mix$ ) ! sup]9cumb5t wat] ?r\gh :i* x has to pass4 ,?is in/rum5t1 %[n on a scale ( "o tw5tie? ( full size1 weighs ab\t half a hundr$weight1 & has be5 easily us$ 9 f ?irty to =ty fa?oms wat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,/ev5son subsequ5tly ext5d$ 8 exp]im5ts on ! d5sity ( salt & fre% wat] to sev]al fir?s & tidal riv]s1 & gave ! results 9 a pap] communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh 9 ,may #ahag1 ( :i* ! foll[+ dige/ is giv5 9 ,?omson's ,annals ( ,philosophy3#ad-- 8,! wat]s ( ! ,?ames opposite ! ,london ,dock gates 7 f\nd to be p]fectly fre% ?r\gh\t2 at ,blackwall1 ev5 9 spr+ tides1 ! wat] 0 f\nd to be only slightly sal9e2 at ,woolwi* ! proportion ( salt wat] increases1 & s on to ,graves5d4 ,b ! /rata ( salt & fre% wat] are less di/9ctly m>k$ 9 ! ,?ames ?an 9 any ( ^? riv]s on :i* ,mr4 ,/ev5son has hi!rto _h an opportunity ( mak+ 8 obs]vations4 ,b ^! inquiries are meant to be ext5d$ to mo/ ( ! pr9cipal riv]s 9 ! k+dom1 :5 an acc\nt ( ! :ole w be giv54 8,f ! s]ies ( obs]vations made at & bel[ ,london ,bridge1 comp>$ ) ! riv] z f> up z ,kew & ,ox=d1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son is ( op9ion t ! wat]s ( ! ,?ames seldom *ange1 b are probably c>ri$ up & d[n ) ! turn ( ! alt]nate tides = an indef9ite p]iod1 :i*1 he is ( op9ion1 may be "o1 if n ! pr9cipal cause ( :at is t]m$ ! extreme s(tness ( ! wat]s ( ! ,?ames4 8,mr4 ,/ev5son has made simil> exp]im5ts on ! riv]s ,=? & ,tay1 & at ,lo* ,eil1 :]e ! ,cal$onian ,canal jo9s ! ,we/]n ,sea4 ,! ap]ture at ,corran ,f]ry1 = ! tidal wat]s ( t ,lo*1 be+ small comp>$ ) ! surface ( ,lo* ,eil1 :i* =ms ! dra9age ( a great ext5t ( c\ntry1 x occurr$ to him t ! wat]s ( ! surface mu/ h less sal9e p>ticles ?an ! wat]s ( ! bottom4 ,he accord+ly lift$ wat] f ! surface at ! an*orage (f ,=t ,william1 & f\nd x to be #ajjhb2 at ! dep? ( #i fa?oms #ajbee2 at ! dep? ( #cj fa?oms1 9 ! c5tral p>ts ( ! ,lo*1 x 0 #ajbgb2 be+ ! specific gravity ( sea wat]40 ,! hydrophore1 :i* 0 orig9ally devis$ & us$ by ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 9 #ahab1 at ,ab]de51 has n[ rea*$ its height ( excell5ce ( con/ruction & sci5tific importance 9 ! fam\s #8,*all5g]' ,exp$ition4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,extracts ,,f ,,e>ly ,,reports4 ,wide range ( subjects on :i* ,mr4 ,/ev5son gave advice--,reports on ru9s ( ,ab]bro?ock ,abbey--,/4 ,magnus ,ca!dral1 & ,e>l's ,palace1 ,kirkwall--,/4 ,&rews ,ca!dral--,montrose ,*ur* ,spire--,melville ,monum5t1 ,ed9burgh--,lipp+ ( jo9ts ( masonry ) cem5t--,provision = flood wat]s 9 bridges--,hydraulic mort>--,protection ( =e%ores--,cycloidal sea wall--,*eck+ drift s&--,night signal lamps--,cause ( heavy seas 9 ,iri% ,*annel--,sea r\tes across ,iri% ,*annel--,build ( %ips--,prospective increase ( population--,tidal sc\r--,unscrew+ ( bolts by ! waves--,cem5t ,rubble c(f]dams--,buoyage sy/em--,obs]vations on fog signals--,regulations = /eam vessels--,notes on %ipwrecks4 ,judg+ f ,smeaton's well kn[n 8,reports10 to :i* all h access1 we may conclude t ! 8pr(essional advice0 giv5 by e>ly ,eng9e]s 0 v g5]ally accompani$ by a full] & less res]v$ discussion ( op9ion ?an is to be met ) 9 ! brief & te*nical ,eng9e]+ reports ( ! pres5t day4 ,9 e>ly times1 ,eng9e]s did n hesitate to express !mselves freely on physics1 /hetics1 or comm]ce1 provid$ _! views _h a collat]al be>+ on ! subject "u discussion1 & ?is (t5 add$ to ! int]e/ ( _! reports4 ,^! e>ly ,eng9e]s 7 also consult$ on a mu* wid] range ( subjects ?an ! ,eng9e]s ( mod]n times4 ,we "k t ! l>g] requirem5ts ( mod]n ,eng9e]+ dem& t its practice %\ld be classifi$ "u di/9ct bran*es1 su* z h>b\rs1 navigations1 wat] works1 gas works1 ligh?\ses1 or railways1 n to m5tion electrical & sanit>y eng9e]+1 & o!r bran*es ( mod]n gr[?1 all ( :i* _c possibly be advantage\sly practis$ by any "o memb] ( ! pr(ession2 = no "o m9d c grasp ! !oretical k1 & no "o life c compass ! practical exp]i5ce1 to enable a man to atta9 em95ce 9 all ^! dep>tm5ts ( mod]n ,eng9e]+4 ,a biographical sket* ( ,mr4 ,/ev5son's pr(essional life w\ld1 x seems to me1 be incomplete if x did n convey to ! read] "s notion1 h[ev] g5]al1 ( ! wide range ( subjects br\ght "u 8 notice1 9 ^! e>ly times1 & ( 8 compreh5sive & sugge/ive mode ( treat+ e case on :i* he 0 pr(essionally consult$4 ,?is object w\ld be only imp]fectly atta9$ 7 ,i to re/rict my ref]5ce to 8 reports to ! examples giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s2 = ,i h f\nd 9 8 num]\s writ+s casual notices ( a miscellane\s & fragm5t>y "*1 _m ( :i* seem to me to be int]e/+ to ! pr(ession1 & wor?y ( pres]vation1 & ,i propose1 9 ?is *apt]1 to give a few ( ^! extracts1 )\t ord] ( subject or date2 & ,i ?9k !y w ju/ify my rem>k z to ! great v>iety & fulness ( treatm5t to be f\nd 9 ! reports ( e>ly ,eng9e]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x appe>s1 = example1 t ,mr4 ,/ev5son 0 (t5 call$ to advise on matt]s :i* 7 m relat$ to ar*itecture ?an eng9e]+4 ,( ?is nature 0 8 t\r ( inspection to ! jails ( ,engl&1 9 company ) ,sir ,william ,rae1 ! ,%]iff ( ,ed9burgh1 9 #ahac1 ref]r$ to 9 a =m] *apt]4 ,,ab]bro?ock ,,ru9s4 ,9 l mann] he inspect$ ,ab]bro?ock ,abbey1 ) ,sir ,walt] ,scott & ! ,%]iff ( ,=f>1 9 #ahji1 to advise z to pres]v+ ! ru9s1 "s ( ! turrets be+ 9 imm95t dang] ( fall+2 & aft] procur+ a survey ( ! :ole build+ he prep>$ a report1 ) plans & specification1 :i* 7 submitt$ to ! ,b>ons ( ,ex*equ]1 & ! "w 0 !reaft] c>ri$ out "u 8 direction4 ,,/4 ,,magnus ,,ca!dral ,,& ,,e>l',s ,,palace4 ,he also report$ 9 a simil> way to ! ,%]iff ( ,orkney ) ref]5ce to ! repairs ( ! ,e>l's ,palace at ,kirkwall1 e/imat$ at #ejj1 & on c]ta9 alt]ations at ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,magnus4 ,,/4 ,,&rews ,,ca!dral ,,& ,,montrose ,,spire4 ,) a simil> object 9 view he inspect$ & report$ on ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,&rews1 & ! /eeple ( ! ,*ur* ( ,montrose1 :i* 0 ?\ght to be 9 dang]1 & ! result ( t inquiry 0 ! pres5t beautiful spire1 built f ! designs ( ,james ,gillespie ,graham4 ,,melville ,,monum5t4 ,he 0 also associat$ ) ,mr4 ,burn 9 ! ,melville ,monum5t ( ,ed9burgh1--! prep>ation ( ! f\ndation1 ! rubble "w = ! t[]1 & ! scaffold+ & tackl+ = rais+ ! /atue 7 c>ri$ out "u ,mr4 ,/ev5son's direction2 ! :ole ar*itectural design be+ due to ,mr4 ,burn alone4 ,,lipp+ ,,( ,,jo9ts ,,( ,,masonry ,,) ,,cem5t4 ,! well kn[n practice ( :at is t]m$ 8lipp+0 ) cem5t ! mort> jo9ts ( masonry expos$ to ! wa% ( wat] is describ$ by him z new 9 8 report to ! ,tru/ees ( ,m>ykirk ,bridge1 ( #af? ,july #ahab1 :]e he says3-- 8,^u c>efully exam9+ ! face jo9ts ( ! masonry ( ! s\? pi] "u wat] l9e1 "s ( ^! 7 f\nd n to be s full ( mort> z c\ld h be5 wi%$1 & al?\gh ,mr4 ,logan 7! inspector ( works7 _h tak5 ! precaution to cause ! jo9ts to be cov]$ ) clay to pres]ve !m f ! effects ( ! wat]1 yet ?is _h n altoge!r answ]$ ! purpose1 & h5ce ! report] recomm5d$ to ! meet+ ( ! #h? curr5t to provide a few casks ( ,p>k]'s ,roman ,cem5t1 to be laid to ! bread? ( ?ree or f\r in*es ^u ! b$ & end jo9ts "u ! l[ wat] m>k ( ! rema9+ pi]s40 ,,provision ,,= ,,flood ,,wat] ,,9 ,,bridges4 ,9 det]m9+ ! wat]way ( 8 bridges1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son inv>iably provid$ = prospective increase ( flood+ due to agricultural improvem5ts1 z /at$ 9 ! foll[+ extract f a report made 9 #ahaa3-- 8,to pres]ve an ample wat]way ! nor? abutm5t is plac$ ab\t twelve feet f ! edge ( ! riv]1 leav+ a suffici5t passage = ! wat] 9 floods4 ,a less wat]way might p]haps h answ]$ ! purpose1 b z ! valleys ?r\gh :i* ! ,nor? ,esk passes may come to be meliorat$ by dra9age1 & especially ^? di/ricts ( c\ntry on ea* side ( ! fe$]s :i* jo9 ! riv]1 ! facility ) :i* ! surface wat] may !n escape mu/ greatly increase ! floods1 & al?\gh _! duration w be %ort]1 yet _! rise mu/ be proportionally high]40 ,,hydraulic ,,mort>4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks on hydraulic mort>1 made 9 #ahaa to ! ,commission]s ( ,montrose ,bridge1 are int]e/+ z %[+ ! detail :i* he br\ght to be> on all 8 works3-- 8,! be/ mort> = wat] "w is a mixture ( ,pozzolano e>? ) lime & s&1 b ! late int]rupt$ /ate ( comm]cial int]c\rse ) ! ,m$it]ranean has = ye>s pa/ r5d]$ ,pozzolano s sc>ce an article z h>dly to be procur$ on any t]ms4 ,y\r report] has !re=e be5 induc$ to make v>i\s exp]im5ts ) prep>ations ( lime & ,roman cem5t1 & f9ds t a mixture may be made :i* w set "u wat] & answ] e purpose4 ,= ?is mort> ! lime ought to be well burn$1 & put into casks :5 drawn f ! kiln4 ,x %\ld be br\ght to ! "w z rec5tly aft] be+ burnt z possible4 ,?is w be mo/ readily atta9$ by tak+ ! lime f ,boddam kilns4 ,engli% lime is 9 g5]al /rong] & clean]1 b "s ( x br\ght = ! purpose ( agriculture is n s suitable = build+s z ,"l ,elg9's lime4 ,^! limes1 h[ev]1 _c be _h v newly burnt1 & x w be pref]able to take lime f "s ( ! kilns 9 ! neighb\rhood :i* are ( good "*4 ,:5 br\ght to ! bridge ! lime %\ld be kept "u cov]1 op5+ only "o b>rel at a "t2 ! %ells mu/ be p\nd$ to a /ate ( p[d]1 & imm$iately be=e mix+ x ) ! o!r +r$i5ts x w be prop] to spr9kle a little wat] ^u x to dissolve any gritty p>ticles t may rema9 among/ x4 8,! s& = ?is "w1 ?\gh f9e1 mu/ nev]!less be %>p2 x mu/ also be pass$ ?r\gh a sieve1 & clean$ ( all impurities by wa%+1 if f\nd necess>y4 ,= ramm+ ! jo9ts & po9t+ "u wat]1 let equal p>ts ( lime 9 its p[d]$ /ate & ( ,roman cem5t be us$1 ) "o f\r? "p ( prep>$ s&1 b = ! upp] works ! quantity ( ,roman cem5t 9 ! mort> may be r$uc$ to "o ?ird "p4 8,! mort> mu/ be mix$ 9 small quantities & quickly beat5 up into a consi/5cy suitable = ! "w4 ,all :ite specks1 :i* are apt to swell & spoil ! jo9ts1 mu/ be c>efully reject$ f ! mort>40 ,,protection ,,( ,,=e%ores4 ,"s sugge/ive rem>ks on ! protection ( =e%ores1 made 9 #ahab1 9 a report to ,"l ,roseb]y1 on 8 ,lord%ip's prop]ty at ,b>nb\gle ,ca/le on ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 are giv5 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- 8,if ! op]ation ( ! wat]s ( ! ocean be att5d$ to 9 ! =mation ( ! %ores1 "s useful h9ts may be ga9$4 ,^! %ores w be f\nd to be s _m incl9$ planes1 v>y+ 9 declivity accord+ to ! t5acity ( ! matt] ( :i* !y1 are compos$4 ,h5ce x is t ! m9ute gra9s ( s& & ! light sea %ell become a la/+ b>ri] aga9/ ! rapid riv] curr5t & ! tumultu\s ocean1 :ile ! erect sea wall is levell$ ) ! gr\nd4 ,= ! tru? ( ?is x 7 ne$less to ref] to ! works ( nature 9 diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! _w1 or 9 di/ant p>ts ( ?is c\ntry2 x is only necess>y to exam9e ! %ores on ea* side ( ,b>nb\gle ,ca/le1 :]e ! beautiful bea*1 consi/+ ( s& & %ells1 betwe5 ! ,cockle ,burn & ! sea1 =ms a complete def5ce to ! l[ gr\nds beh9d x1 :ile to ! nor?w>d ( ! ca/le ! massive wall is 9 dang] ( be+ completely ?r[n d[n4 ,)\t wait+ to inquire into ! causes :i* regulate ^! appe>ances1 x w be m consonant to ! bus9ess ( ?is report to po9t out h[ _! simple =ms may be imitat$ & turn$ to advantage40 ,,cycloidal ,,seawall4 ,9 report+ on ! def5ce ( ! l&s ( ,tr9ity1 on ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son recomm5d$ ! adoption ( a cycloidal talus wall1 :i* 0 execut$ "u 8 direction 9 #ahba3-- 8,9 giv+ an op9ion relative to ! be/ mode ( def5d+ & pres]v+ ?is prop]ty1 ! report] obs]ves t x =tunately happ5s t ! bea* is pretty closely cov]$ ) l>ge b\ld] /ones1 :i* n[ =m a k9d ( *evaux de frise 9 break+ ! =ce ( ! sea1 & mak+ x fall m g5tly t[>ds high wat] m>k4 ,7 x n t ^! /ones are propos$ to be employ$ 9 ! erection ( a m effectual b>ri] aga9/ ! waves1 ! report] w\ld n fail to disapprove ( _! removal = any o!r purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 8,! report] proposes t a ,talus wall or bulw>k %\ld be built ( ^! b\ld] /ones1 r\ghly dress$ & laid s z to =m a cycloidal curve 9 ! c5tral "p1 z ne>ly z may be1 z repres5t$ 9 ! section ) its tang5ts 7,fig4 #bj74 ,! prop]ties ( ! cycloid z applicable to a sea wall 9 an expos$ situation are v important4 ,9 p>ticul>1 if comp>$ ) any o!r curve1 9 ! same v]tical l9e & d[n ?r\gh ! same po9ts1 x w be f\nd ( swifte/ desc5t "u simil> circum/ances1 !re=e ! wat] 9 its rise mu/ be proportionally ret>d$4 ,! l[] tang5t to ! curve allud$ to also =ms a wall t[>ds l[ wat]1 be/ adapt$ = admitt+ ! sea to fl[ g5tly ov] x1 :ile t connect$ ) ! upp] extremity ( ! cycloidal "p1 t5d+ t[>ds ! p]p5dicul>1 br+s gravity into action aga9/ ! rise ( ! waves4 ,! practical execution ( a wall ^u ?is con/ruction is simple1 :ile ! aggregate quantity ( mat]ials is less ?an = any ( ! curves ( ! conic sections ( simil> ext5t1 & x seems ^u ! :ole to be peculi>ly applicable = ! def5ce ( ! sea bea* 9 "q4 8,if we exam9e ! num]\s works ( ?is k9d erect$ = simil> purposes along ?is coa/1 we %all f9d t ! g5]al process or action ( ! waves is to und]m9e ! seaw>d c\rses ( ! walls4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 :]e due att5tion has n be5 paid to mak+ up ! back+ ( ! face wall 9 a compact & firm mann]1 ! c5tral p>ts h be5 f\nd to s9k & give way4 ,b ! m common mode ( failure is by ! und]m9+ ( ! seaw>d c\rses1 aris+ f too sudd5 a slope be+ giv5 to ! face wall1 :i* has a direct t5d5cy to produce additional agitation 9 ! wat]s at ! bottom ( ! wall1 by :i* ! bea* is excavat$1 & ! f\ndation1 be+ expos$ to ! wa% ( ! sea1 its de/ruction soon foll[s4 ,if we att5d to ! di/ribution :i* nature makes ( ! matt]s compos+ a sea bea*1 unless :]e special local causes occur1 we f9d !m laid ) a v gradual desc5t t[>ds l[ wat] m>k4 ,! s&s ( ,portobello1 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 =m a /rik+ example ( ?is4 ,"h small qu>tzose gra9s mix$ ) light sea %ells prove1 9 _! effects1 a m effectual b>ri] aga9/ ! ov]:elm+ =ce ( ! waves ?an p]p5dicul> & massive walls ( masonry40 ,,*eck+ ,,drift ,,s&4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son recomm5d$ ,"l ,palm]/on to introduce ! ,p9us m>itima major1 z a *eck = s& drift1 on 8 e/ate ( ,mullaghmore1 9 ! foll[+ report1 dat$ #ba/ ,july #ahce3-- 8,dur+ ! report]'s visit to ,mullaghmore1 8 advice 0 also ask$ reg>d+ ! op]ations at pres5t go+ on = ! improvem5t ( ! l&4 ,he _h !n mu* satisfaction 9 view+ ! int]e/+ improvem5ts ( reclaim+ bog l&s1 & *eck+ ! inroads ( ! s& flood or drift1 by plant+ #8b5t' grass ^u ! %ores ( ?is e/ate4 ,! sy/em ( dibbl+ ! b5t grass1 pursu$ by ,mr4 ,lyn*1 is 9 ! be/ /yle :i* ! report] has any:]e met )2 & he has be5 s impress$ ) ! national importance ( ?is s*eme1 f ! success already exp]i5c$ at ,mullaghmore1 t he has already tak5 ! opportunity ( recomm5d+ ?is sy/em z applicable to ! entrance ( ,bally%annon1 & 9 o!r qu>t]s1 p>ticul>ly to ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl&4 8,! "q *iefly submitt$ to ! consid]ation ( ! report]1 9 reg>d to ^! op]ations1 0 ! be/ mode ( def5d+ ! m>g9 ( ! b5t grass t[>ds ! sea4 ,= su* purposes1 build+s or f5ces ( any k9d are n only exp5sive 9 _! =mation1 b are also 9 con/ant ne$ ( repair4 ,mr4 ,lyn* seems s mu* at home 9 all plant+ op]ations t ! report] begs simply to br+ "u y\r ,lord%ip's notice ! ,fr5* mode ( plant+ a species ( fir 7,p9us m>itima major71 :i* 0 orig9ally sugge/$ to ! ,gov]nm5t by ! late ,m4 ,bremonteuil1 ,+nieur des ,ponts et ,*ausses4 ,?is sy/em has be5 ext5sively tri$ along ! /ormy %ores ( ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! di/rict ( ,grave1 at ! entrance ( ! ,g>onne1 :]e ! arid & /]ile s&s h be5 cov]$ ) ext5sive =e/s1 :i* ?rive q close to ! wat]'s edge4 ,f ! climate & exposure ( ! %ores at ,mullaghmore1 ! report] has no d\bt ( ! success ( simil> plantations 9 arre/+ ! progress ( ! s& flood4 ,x is believ$ t ,mr4 ,lawson1 se$sman to ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl&1 is tak+ measures to import ! se$s ( ! ,p9us m>itima major1 ) a view to try+ x on "s ( ! expos$ s&y di/ricts ( ,scotl&40 ,f ! foll[+ extract ( a lett] f ,mr4 ,k9caid ( ,dubl91 :o 0 ,"l ,palm]/on's ,commission]1 x is int]e/+ to "k t ! exp]im5t 0 entirely satisfactory1 prov+ t ! ,p9us m>itima major is well adapt$ to ! climate ( ! coa/s ( ! ,briti% ,isles3-- 8,! ,mullaghmore plantations ext5d to ab\t #bjj acres4 ,ab\t eighty ( ^! 7 plant$ tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,"s ( ! trees are ?irty feet 9 height1 & v>y f t height to ab\t tw5ty or tw5ty-five feet4 ,! rema9d] 7 plant$ t5 ye>s ago1 & are mak+ fair progress4 ,all ! p9e plantations f opposite ,newt[n ,cliffony to ,mullaghmore are 9 a mo/ heal?y condition1 ! trees mak+ gr[?s ( f twelve to tw5ty in*es ea* ye>4 ,! /orms h no bad effect on ! s\? side ( ! great s& hill1 b on its summit1 & t[>ds ! we/ side1 ! spray & gales ( ! ,atlantic w n all[ ! "y trees to make any progress40 ,,night ,,signal ,,lamps4 ,9 a report to ! ,tru/ees = improv+ ! ,que5sf]ry passage1 made 9 #ahaa1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son proposes a set ( signals z describ$ 9 ! foll[+ extract1 8 proposal be+1 9 fact1 ! signal n[ 9 use on all ,briti% railways3-- 8,^u ! supposition ( its be+ ! int5tion ( ?is ,hon\rable ,tru/ to h an e/abli%m5t on ! s\? side ( ! ,fir? simil> to t :i* is n[ propos$ = ! nor? side1 ! report] takes ! lib]ty ( obs]v+ t mu* advantage1 z ! ,tru/ees "k1 might be d]iv$ by ! public f a few simple & well appo9t$ signals1 bo? = night & day4 8,^? int5d$ = ! day may be con/ruct$ ^u a modifi$ scale1 aft] ! common telegraphic me?od2 :ile ! night signals c be r5d]$ extremely simple & effective by int]pos+ at pleasure betwe5 ! obs]v] & ! reflector a %ade ( col\r$ glass4 ,by connect+ ^! p>tial obscurations ( col\r+ ! light ) an index t %all be und]/ood on bo? sides ( ! passage1 ord]s may be communicat$ 9 a v exp$iti\s mann]40 ,,cause ,,( ,,heavy ,,seas ,,9 ,,iri% ,,*annel4 ,9 a report to ! ,"r ,hon\rable ,visc\nt ,ca?c>t1 ,comm&] ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,=ces1 made on ,portpatrick h>b\r 9 #ahab1 he gives ! foll[+ explanation ( ! well-kn[n r\gh sea betwe5 ,portpatrick & ,donaghadee3-- 8,9 describ+ ! h>b\r ( ,portpatrick1 x may be notic$ t al?\gh ! coa/ on :i* x is situat$ is n directly expos$ to ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 yet ! oppos+ tides ( ! nor? & s\? *annels meet !re & sep>ate to fl[ up ! ,clyde & ,solway ,fir?s1 :i*1 indep5d5t ( /orms1 mu/ occasion a v consid]able commotion 9 ! wat]s ( ! *annel betwe5 ,portpatrick & ,donaghadee4 8,accord+ly we f9d t ! sea has made a great impression ^u ! coa/ ( ,wigton%ire2 & ?\gh ! %ores betwe5 ,lo* ,ryan & ! ,bay ( ,gl5luce consi/ *iefly ( :9/one 7! gre5/one ( m9]alogi/s71 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ inde/ructible rocks we h1 yet ! figure ( ! coa/ is ind5t$ ) _m small cuts or creeks1 & rocks are all along ! %ore f\nd jutt+ into ! sea4 ,at ! head ( "o ( ^! creeks1 :i* is ab\t a hundr$ fa?oms 9 l5g?1 & ?irty fa?oms 9 bread?1 ! h>b\r ( ,portpatrick is situat$ betwe5 two insulat$ rocks1 ^u "o ( :i* ! pi]s are built1 ! h>b\r be+ =m$ by an excavation1 *iefly 9 ! solid rock40 ,,sea ,,r\tes ,,across ,,iri% ,,*annel4 ,9 ! same report he /ates ! relative advantages ( v>i\s r\tes ( communication across ! ,iri% ,*annel3-- 8,a fur!r ext5sion ( ! int]c\rse betwe5 ,scotl& & ,irel& c\ld be made ) mu* advantage to bo? by a regul> e/abli%m5t ( packets betwe5 ,ardrossan1 ,troon1 or ,dunure 9 ,ayr%ire1 & ,l>ne 9 ! c\nty ( ,antrim4 ,betwe5 ! two la/ places1 viz41 ,dunure & ,l>ne1 ! di/ance w\ld only be ab\t sixty miles1 be+ t5 miles %ort]1 & unque/ionably mu* saf]1 ?an ! passage f ,holyhead to ,dubl94 8,"u all ! views ( ?is subject1 f ! great] contiguity ( ,portpatrick & ,donaghadee ?an ( ,lo*s ,ryan & ,l>ne1 & ! =m] places hav+ m imm$iate access to ! op5 sea ?an ! latt]1 & also f ! int]c\rse be+ n[ fully organis$ by long e/abli%m5t1 x 7 p]haps bett]1 ev5 at a mu* great] exp5se1 to cont9ue ! pres5t sy/em ?an to *ange x4 ,portpatrick h>b\r may be r5d]$ incomp>ably bett] by ! plan n[ propos$1 & ,donaghadee is also capable & /&s mu* 9 want ( improvem5t1 by an ext5sion ( its pi]s & ! erection ( a p]man5t light to direct ! packets into ! h>b\r "u night40 ,,build ,,( ,,%ips4 ,9 report+ to ! ,royal ,burgh ( ,dundee z to ! improvem5t ( ! h>b\r 9 #ahad1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son takes occasion to introduce "o ( ^? collat]al que/ions to :i* ,i h ref]r$3-- 8,x is curi\s to obs]ve ! *anges & to trace ! progressive improvem5ts :i* h tak5 place 9 ! =m & build ( %ips4 ,:5 we contra/ ^? ( e>ly navigators ) %ips ( mod]n times1 among ! _m alt]ations1 none seems m /rik+ ?an ! diff]5ce ( _! dep?4 ,! draught ( wat] t 0 requir$ = a %ip ( #cjj tons burd5 w\ld h>dly be f\nd en\gh to float a mod]n built vessel ( #ajj tons4 ,?is alt]ation 9 ! con/ruction ( %ips1 :i* is ma9ly calculat$ to improve _! sail+1 by giv+ !m a bett] hold ( ! wat]1 seems gradually to h advanc$1 z ! m>9] became m adv5tur\s 9 8 voyages2 & is only n[ re/ra9$ by c]ta9 consid]ations ( conv5i5ce1 ( :i* ! mo/ prom95t is ! want ( a suffici5t dep? ( wat] 9 ! hav5s & h>b\rs on ! coa/ = _! reception1--a circum/ance :i* arises p>tly f ! natural position ( h>b\rs1 b is *iefly ow+ to ! difficulties & exp5se att5d+ ! necess>y eng9e]+ op]ations1 :i* increase enorm\sly ) ! dep? ( wat]4 ,h5ce x is t _m ( ! anci5t seaport t[ns ( ?is c\ntry1 :i* at "o "t possess$ an ext5sive trade1 h1 f neglect+ _! h>b\rs1 sunk into a /ate ( insignificancy2 :ile o!rs1 by prop] ex]tions 9 ?is respect1 h1 "u ! mo/ inauspici\s circum/ances1 atta9$ to great comm]cial importance40 ,,prospective ,,increase ,,( ,,population4 ,ano!r case ( ! same k9d occurs 9 8 report on ! h>b\r ( ,nor? ,b]wick1 made 9 #ahab3-- 8,be=e clos+ ?is report x may be notic$ t ,nor? ,b]wick has consid]able advantages1 :i* if act$ ^u w\ld infallibly lead to ! rapid improvem5t ( ! t[n & neighb\rhood4 ,situat$ ^u an ext5sive flat :i* skirts along ! high l& ( ,nor? ,b]wick ,law1 on a beautiful s&y bay1 :i* is int]sect$ by ! /reet lead+ to ! h>b\r1 few t[ns w m easily admit ( elegant ext5sion or are bett] calculat$ = becom+ a sea-ba?+ retreat40 ,x has n[ ! well-kn[n reputation ( be+ ! be/ frequ5t$ wat]+ place on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,scotl&4 ,,tidal ,,sc\r4 ,9 ! report1 ( #ahad1 on ,dundee we f9d ! foll[+ rem>ks on tidal sc\r3-- 8,to put ?is matt] 9 a cle>] po9t ( view1 let u see :at nature does ^u ! great scale1 z = example 9 ! ext5sive bas9 =m+ ! ,fir? ( ,tay4 ,we !re f9d t 9 consequ5ce ( ! rapidity ( ! curr5t at ! n>r[ passage 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,br\ghty ,ca/le1 :i* may be view$ z ! sc\r+ ap]ture ( ! bas9 ( ! ,tay1 ! wat] is f =ty to eighty feet 9 dep?1 & moves ) a velocity :i* c>ries a great quantity ( s&y p>ticles along ) x4 ,b no soon] are ! wat]s ( ?is curr5t all[$ to spread & cov] ! bas9 ( ! ,tay1 ?an ! velocity ceases1 & ! =eign matt]s fall to ! bottom & =m ! v>i\s s&banks :i* appe> at l[ wat]4 ,9 a simil> way ! deposition ( silt & e>?y p>ticles br\ght d[n ! riv] 9 speats is acc\nt$ =4 ,n[1 ?is view ( ! case is equally applicable to ! h>b\r ( ,dundee1 = s long z ! wat] pres]ves ! velocity x acquires 9 ! sc\r+ ap]tures or ar*es 9 ! quays1 x c>ries all its =eign matt]s along ) x2 b ! mom5t x is all[$ to exp& ov] ! ext5t ( ! h>b\r ! deposition ( ^! e>?y p>ticles beg9s4 ,& 9 e case ! well-kn[n law 9 hydraulics holds good1 t ! sc\r+ effect ( a fluid is 9 ! ratio ( ! squ>e ( ! velocity40 ,,unscrew+ ,,( ,,bolts4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations made 9 #ahjg on ! action ( ! waves 9 unscrew+ bolts1 are int]e/+3-- 8,! unlock+ ( screws1 :]e wa%]s _h be5 introduc$ z a security 0 r unexpect$1 & ! writ] took an opportunity ( conv]s+ ) 8 mu* respect$ fri5d ,pr(essor ,playfair reg>d+ ?is circum/ance4 ,! ,pr(essor obs]v$1 t he _h exp]i5c$ "s inconv5i5ce ( ?is k9d f ! unlock+ ( almo/ all ! screws ( a telescope :i* _h be5 s5t to him f ,london by ! mail coa*4 ,inde$1 f ! spiral =m ( ! screw1 :i* is1 9 fact1 an incl9$ plane1 ,mr4 ,playfair readily acc\nt$ = su* an occurr5ce1 &1 :5 reflect$ ^u1 x seems to be an effect r to be look$ =1 & is a reason :y rivet+ ! po9t ( a bolt 9 pref]5ce to screw+ x %\ld g5]ally be resort$ to1 :]e mu* motion is to be appreh5d$40 ,,cem5t ,,rubble ,,c(f]dams4 ,i give 8 description ( ! cem5t rubble c(f]dams1 fir/ us$ 9 #ahjh1 at ! erection ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se3-- 8,at sev5 o'clock ?is morn+1 ! tide prov+ m fav\rable1 ! artific]s began to "w4 ,at n9e o'clock ! rock 0 aga9 ov]fl[$1 & ! boats return$ to ! t5d] aft] two h\rs' "w4 ,"p ( ! op]ations ( ?is morn+'s tide consi/$ 9 build+ up ! crevices & inequalities ( ! rock r\nd ! m>g9 ( ! f\ndation ) ,pozzolano mort> & ! *ips produc$ f excavation1 ) ! view to dam out ! wat]4 ,^! little walls v>i$ f six to eighte5 in*es 9 height2 a small sluice or ap]ture be+ =m$ 9 "o ( !m1 by :i* ! wat]1 dur+ ebb tide1 0 all[$ to dra9 (f4 8,x =m$ "p ( ! writ]'s orig9al design to erect a ca/ iron c(f]dam ( ab\t five feet 9 height r\nd ! site ( ! build+2 b ! surface ( ! rock 0 s irregul> t ! difficulty ( tight5+ x1 & also ( empty+ ! conta9$ wat]1 s z to get ! b5efit ( x dur+ ebb tide1 w\ld h be5 s great1 t tak+ ^! circum/ances into acc\nt1 toge!r ) ! loss ( "t :i* w\ld att5d ! erection ( su* a prep>atory "w1 ! idea ( a c(f]dam 0 laid aside1 soon aft] ent]+ ^u ! actual execution ( ! "w40 ,,buoyage ,,sy/em4 ,9 8 report on ! ,=? ,navigation1 made to ! ,magi/rates ( ,/irl+ 9 #ahbh1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son propos$ a sy/em ( buoyage1 :i* has s9ce be5 adopt$ by ! sev]al ,ligh?\se ,bo>ds ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom3-- 8,! *annels propos$ to be cle>$ ?r\gh ! diff]5t =ds are col\r$ r$ on ! ,plan1 9 ref]5ce to ! sectional l9e4 ,= ! use & guidance ( riv] pilots1 buoys & p]*es or beacons are likewise int5d$ to be plac$ 9 ! positions %[n 9 ! ,plan2 ^? col\r$ r$ are to be tak5 on ! />bo>d1 & ^? col\r$ black ^u ! l>bo>d side1 9 go+ up ! riv]2 & ! :ole are to be s plac$ 9 connection ) ! cle>+ & deep5+ ( ! =ds z to be approa*$ ) safety40 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,fog ,,signals4 ,at a v e>ly p]iod ,mr4 ,/ev5son's att5tion 0 direct$ to ! dang]s ( fog at sea1 & ! be/ means ( provid+ an effective fog signal = ! m>9]1 & s long ago z #ahjh he _h come to ! conclusion t ! be/ signal adapt$ = ! purpose 0 ! su/a9$ s\nd ( a horn1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 has )9 ! la/ few ye>s be5 s mu* employ$ 9 ! fog signals :i* are n[ be+ e/abli%$ at _m ( ! ligh?\se /ations 9 ?is & =eign c\ntries4 ,! foll[+ extracts give an idea ( ! difficulties he enc\nt]$1 & 8 views on ! subject3-- 8,! boats l&$ ?is ev5+ 7#bc;d ,june #ahjh71 :5 ! artific]s _h aga9 two h\rs' "w4 ,! wea!r /ill cont9u+ v ?ick & foggy1 m difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ on bo>d ( ! vessels to-night ?an _h occurr$ on any previ\s occasion1 ow+ to a light breeze ( w9d :i* c>ri$ ! s\nd ( ! bell1 & ! o!r signals made on bo>d ( ! vessels1 away f ! rock4 ,hav+ =tunately made out ! position ( ! sloop 8,smeaton10 at ! nor?-ea/ buoy1 to :i* we 7 mu* assi/$ by ! b>k+ ( ! %ip's dog1 we p>t$ ) ! ,smeaton's boat1 :5 ! boats ( ! t5d] took a fre% dep>ture = t vessel1 :i* lay ab\t half a mile to ! s\? we/w>d4 ,yet su* is ! v deceiv+ /ate ( ! tides t al?\gh !re 0 a small b9nacle & compass 9 ! l&+ ma/]'s boat1 we _h nev]!less pass$ ! #8,sir ,joseph' a good way1 :5 =tunately "o ( ! sailors caught ! s\nd ( a bl[+ horn4 ,! only fire-arms on bo>d 7 a pair ( swivels ( "o in* calibre2 b x is q surpris+ h[ mu* ! s\nd is lo/ 9 foggy wea!r1 z ! report 0 he>d b at a v %ort di/ance4 ,! s\nd f ! explosion ( gunp[d] is s in/antane\s t ! effect ( ! small guns 0 n s good z ei!r ! bl[+ ( a horn or ! toll+ ( a bell1 :i* af=d$ a m con/ant & /eady direction = ! pilot4 ,x may "h be notic$ t l>g] guns w\ld h answ]$ bett]1 b ^! mu/ h induc$ ! keep+ ( a great] /ock ( gunp[d]1 :i* 9 a s]vice ( ?is k9d might h be5 att5d$ ) risk4 ,a bett] signal w\ld h be5 a bugle horn1 ! tremul\s s\nd ( :i* produces a m p[]ful effect 9 fog ?an ! less sonor\s & m sudd5 report ( ordnance40 ,& aga9 he says3-- 8,9 ! c\rse ( ?is morn+'s "w two or ?ree app>5tly di/ant peals ( ?und] 7 he>d1 & ! atmosph]e sudd5ly became ?ick & foggy4 ,b z ! ,smeaton1 our pres5t t5d]1 0 moor$ at no great di/ance f ! rock1 ! crew on bo>d cont9u$ bl[+ a horn1 & occasionally fir$ a musket1 s t ! boats got to ! %ip )\t difficulty4 ,! occurr5ce ( ?ick wea!r1 h[ev]1 became a s]i\s consid]ation 9 look+ =w>d to ! necess>y *ange ( qu>t]s to ! ,ph>os1 di/ant ab\t "o mile f ! rock1 in/ead ( a few hundr$ y>ds1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,smeaton4 8,! wea!r t[>ds ! ev5+ became ?ick & foggy1 & !re 0 h>dly a brea? ( w9d to ruffle ! surface ( ! wat]2 _h x n !re=e be5 ! noise f ! anvils ( ! smi?s1 :o _h be5 left on ! beacon ?r\gh\t ! day1 :i* af=d$ a guide = ! boats1 a l&+ c\ld n h be5 attempt$ ?is ev5+1 especially ) s l>ge a company ( artific]s4 ,?is circum/ance confirm$ ! writ]'s op9ion ) reg>d to ! propriety ( connect+ l>ge bells to be rung ) ma*9]y 9 ! ligh?\se1 to be toll$ day & night dur+ ! cont9uance ( foggy wea!r1 by :i* ! m>9] may be =ew>n$ ( too ne> an approa* to ! rock1 :ile e di/ant object is obscur$ 9 ! mi/40 ,foll[+ out ?is subject1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son caus$ obs]vations to be made at ! ,calf ( ,man--a small isl& at ! s\? ( ! ,isle ( ,man1 & sep>at$ f ! ma9 isl& by a n>r[ 8s\nd40 ,! place is not$ = its fogs1 on :i* ,mr4 ,/ev5son says3-- 8,i s5t ,mr4 ,macuri*1 a %ipma/] 9 ! ligh?\se s]vice1 to ! ,calf ( ,man1 ) directions to reside !re1 & make mon?ly returns ( ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 agreeably to a pr9t$ =m4 ,dur+ 8 /ay ( sev5 mon?s1 x appe>s ^u ! :ole t ! fog re/$ only twice ^u ! highe/ l& ( ! ,calf ,isl&1 :ile x cle>$ p>tially bel[4 ,on "o ( ^! occasions ,i 0 on bo>d ( ! ligh?\se ya*t1 !n at an*or (f ! isl&1 :5 ! fog 0 = a "t g5]al2 & z ! wea!r became cle>1 ,i obs]v$ t x fir/ disappe>$ ^u ! l[] p>ts ( ! isl&1 & t 9 half an h\r ! :ole ( ! ,calf 0 se54 ,9 ! mon?ly returns made by ,mr4 ,macuri*1 ! ,calf isl& is repres5t$ z (t5 p]fectly free ( fog1 :ile ! high] p>ts ( ! opposite ma9l& ( ! ,isle ( ,man 7 hid 9 mi/4 ,to acc\nt = ?is1 x may be notic$ t ! mass ( matt] 9 ! ,calf ,isl& is mu* less1 & ! l& is also mu* l[] ?an 9 ! ma9 isl&4 ,"p ( ?is effect may also be ascrib$ to ! rapidity ( ! tides1 :i* create a curr5t ( w9d1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! n>r[ *annel betwe5 ! ma9 & ,calf isl&s1 :i* h a direct t5d5cy to cle> away ! fog1 z ,i h obs]v$ at ! ,sk]ries 9 ! ,p5tl& ,fir?1 & 9 simil> situations on diff]5t p>ts ( ! coa/1 :]e rapid curr5ts prevail40 ,^! extracts are giv5 to %[ ! att5tion ,mr4 ,/ev5son gave to ! subject ( fogs1 :i*1 z already notic$1 l$ him to recomm5d ! horn1 ! in/rum5t n[ s mu* us$ 9 giv+ signals to ! m>9]4 ,ak9 to ?is may be m5tion$ 8 expression ( regret t no means exi/$ = det]m9+ ! =ce ( ! w9d1 z notic$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph3-- 8,we _c en\gh regret ! want ( an effici5t anemomet]1 or in/rum5t = measur+ ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,inde$1 we h>dly "k any desid]atum ( m univ]sal int]e/1 =1 not)/&+ ! lab\rs ( ,l9d & o!rs on ?is subject1 f ! want ( a prop] scale we are /ill grop+ 9 ! d>k ) ! use ( su* indef9ite t]ms z #8light airs incl9+ to calm1' #8fre% breezes1' #8fre% gales1' #8h>d gales1' & #8v h>d gales2' = x r>ely happ5s t ! sailor w admit ! t]m #8/orm' into 8 nom5clature40 ,,regulations ,,= ,,/eam ,,vessels4 ,! loss ( ! #8,comet' /eam] by collision on ! ,clyde1 9 #ahbe1 l$ ! ,"l ,advocate to ent]ta9 ! idea ( introduc+ a ,bill = ! regulation ( /eam]s1 & to issue a circul> 9 ! foll[+ t]ms1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,/ev5son receiv$ a copy3-- 8,,ed9burgh1 #d? ,feby4 #ahbf4 ,i annex a copy ( ! heads ( su* a ,bill z1 9 my op9ion1 may be calculat$ to af=d suffici5t security to /eamboats1 & !reby alike promote ! int]e/s ( ! own]s ( su* vessels & t ( ! public4 ,i feel n[ays w$d$ to any ( ! propos$ provisions1 & am anxi\s to submit !m to ! consid]ation ( ! bett] in=m$ on su* subjects1 s z to obta9 sugge/ions ei!r z to ! additions or am5dm5ts :i* ! ,bill may be fitt$ to receive4 8,9 direct+ y\r att5tion to ?is important subject1 ,i ne$ h>dly rem9d y t 9 our endeav\rs to r5d] su* vessels p]fectly secure 9 s f> z respects ! pass5g]s1 we mu/ n lose sight ( ! int]e/ ( ! own]s1 or attempt to clog ! trade ) unnecess>ily emb>rass+ regulations4 ,su* re/rictions are seldom en=c$1 &1 if !y %\ld receive effect1 might lead to su* h>ass+ consequ5ces z w\ld injure ?is useful description ( prop]ty1 & !reby to a c]ta9 ext5t deprive ! public ( ! great b5efit :i* is n[ d]iv$ f ! use ( vessels navigat$ by /eam4--,i h ! hon\r to be y\r mo/ ob$i5t s]vant1 8,,wm4 ,,rae40 ,! only acc\nt ,i c f9d ( ,mr4 ,/ev5son's views on ?is important subject is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ extract f a lett]1 dat$ #c;d ,novemb] #ahbe1 to ,capta9 ,f\l]ton1 "o ( ! ,w>d5s ( ! ,tr9ity ,h\se1 ) :om he appe>s to h _h mu* correspond5ce1 9 :i* he expla9s views :i* are v mu* 9 accordance ) ! regulations = /eam]s n[ issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,8 lett] says3-- 8,we lately _h a melan*oly accid5t1 z y w\ld see1 by ! runn+ d[n ( ! #8,comet' /eam packet1 by :i*1 x is believ$1 t ab\t sev5ty p lo/ _! lives4 ,! ,"l ,advocate att5d$ himself at ! tak+ ( ! precognition1 & is1 ,i believe1 to br+ "s ( ! p>ties to trial4 ,he has also 9 view "s regulations by an ,act on ?is new & important subject4 8,f my seem+ m>9e habits 8 ,lord%ip has desir$ me to /ate :at occurs on ! subject ( lights4 ,if we ne$ ?is on ! ,=? & ,clyde1 y mu/ be 9 a worse /ate 9 ! ,?ames4 ,i h no d\bt y _h ?is "u ! notice ( y\r ,h\se4 ,i ?9k !re %\ld be two lights1 "o 9 ea* b[1 b "u deck1 9 ord] to keep ! lights entirely out ( ! view ( ^? on deck4 ,i am n = int]f]+ ) _! head sails4 ,i w\ld h !m lic5s$ l /age coa*es1 & plac$ "u ! inspection ( an (fic] ( ! navy1 n bel[ ! rank ( a lieut5ant4 ,six or eight (fic]s might d ! duty = ! :ole ,unit$ ,k+dom = a "t40 ,! accid5t seems to h l$ to a fur!r inve/igation into ! g5]al "q ( ! sav+ ( life 9 cases ( %ipwreck on ! coa/s ( ,scotl&2 & on ?is subject ,mr4 ,/ev5son made ! foll[+ replies to ! qu]ies submitt$ to him by ! au?orities3-- 8,,qu]y4--,are %ipwrecks frequ5t on ! coa/s ( ,scotl& & its isl&s80 8,wrecks betwe5 ! ,fir?s ( ,=? & ,moray are m frequ5t ?an on any o!r "p ( ! coa/ ( ,scotl&4 ,?is may probably be acc\nt$ = by ! great numb] ( vessels pass+ & repass+ along t coa/4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,decemb] #agii1 a /rong gale f ! s\?-ea/ occasion$ s]i\s disa/]s on ^! %ores1 :5 upw>ds ( sev5ty sail 7 wreck$ on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,scotl&1 & _m ( _! crews p]i%$4 ,?is lam5table cata/rophe 0 ! means ( caus+ lifeboats ^u ,grea!ad's plan to be fitt$ out at ,/4 ,&rews1 ,arbroa?1 ,montrose1 ,ab]de51 ,pet]head1 & o!r places1 :i* h be5 f\nd highly useful 9 sav+ ! lives ( m>9]s4 ,?is gale 0 also ! imm$iate cause ( ! erection ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 :i* may be said almo/ entirely to h prev5t$ %ipwreck1 s frequ5t 9 ,/4 ,&rews ,bay & ! entrance ( ! ,fir? ( ,=? 9 g5]al4 8,f ! ,moray ,fir? along ! %ores ( ! ma9l& to ! entrance ( ! ,fir? ( ,clyde1 wrecks _c be said to be v frequ5t1 al?\gh ! navigation is r difficult2 b ! safety ( %ipp+ on ?is coa/ dep5ds ^u ! great numb] ( excell5t natural bays & h>b\rs ^u x4 8,9 ! ,orkney & ,%etl& ,isl&s few seasons pass )\t wrecks occurr+4 ,on ! ,lewis & ,we/]n ,hebrides %ipwrecks frequ5tly occur40 8,,qu]y4--,are ! coa/s ( ,scotl& 9 g5]al well provid$ ) ! means ( giv+ assi/ance 9 case ( %ipwreck1 or are !y defici5t 9 su* provision80 8,! coa/ ( ,scotl& is provid$ ) no o!r means ( sav+ ! crews ( vessels ?an ! assi/ance !y accid5tally meet ) f ! inhabitants along %ore4 ,! only lifeboats e/abli%$ are ^? at ! ports already m5tion$4 8,if ,capta9 ,manby's app>atus 0 g5]ally kn[n & appli$ ^u ! coa/1 x w\ld be f\nd highly b5eficial40 8,,qu]y4--,are any in/ances rememb]$ ( total %ipwrecks :]e lives lo/ might h be5 sav$ by ! lifeboat or by ,capta9 ,manby's app>atus1 at ! di/ance ( #cej or #djj y>ds (f ! coa/80 8,9 ! ye> #ahac ! #8,osc>1' ,gre5l& %ip ( ,ab]de51 ,capta9 ,innes1 w5t a%ore ^u ,girdl5ess1 at ! entrance ( ,ab]de5 ,h>b\r4 ,!re 7 on bo>d fifty-f\r p]sons1 ( :om only two 7 sav$1 by dropp+ f ! b[sprit end4 ,! %ip 0 v ne> ! %ore4 ,%e broke up ab\t tw5ty m9utes aft] %e /ruck1 & ,i h no d\bt t1 if an active p]son _h be5 on ! spot ) ,capta9 ,manby's app>atus1 ! great] "p ( ! crew ( ?is %ip might h be5 sav$4 8,9 ! w9t] ( #ahbd ! #8,dev]on' ( ,ab]de51 ,capta9 ,scott1 w5t a%ore ^u ! s&s ?ree miles nor? ( ,ab]de5 9 a gale at s\?-ea/4 ,%e 0 only ab\t #cjj y>ds f ! %ore1 & "h ! :ole crew mu/ h p]i%$ _h x n be5 = ! prompt use ( ,capta9 ,manby's app>atus4 8,e "o :o has se5 ?is app>atus mu/ h admir$ its simplicity & effect4 ,x is h[ev] difficult to see h[ its application c be v g5]ally introduc$ s z to be useful along ! :ole ext5t ( *equ]$ coa/s ( ! ,briti% dom9ions4 ,c]ta9ly at all pr9cipal ports x w\ld naturally be expect$ t bo? ?is & ! lifeboat w\ld be provid$4 8,a "t seems to be approa*+ :5 ! coa/ w be mu* m complete 9 all su* provision f ! h&s ( ! humane = ! safety ( ! m>9]4 ,we also hail ) pleasure ! ext5d+ ef=ts ( ! respective ,ligh?\se ,bo>ds on ! coa/s ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&1 z a c]ta9 means ( add+ to ! security ( t useful body ( m51 z well z to ! facilities ( h] ent]pris+ m]*ants4 ,nor c we )hold ! notice ( ! effect ( ! op]ations ( ! ,scots ,bo>d 9 ?is respect4 ,at ! entrance to ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 prior to ! erection ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 few w9t]s pass$ )\t "s disa/r\s %ipwreck4 8,ev5 aft] ! completion ( ?is ardu\s und]tak+1 until ! beacon 0 erect$ on ! ,c>r ,rock1 (f ,fif5ess1 ! fi%]man's obs]vation 0--#8,! ,c>r has always h] wreck3 if %e misses "o ye>1 %e is sure to h two ! next4' ,b s9ce ! erection ( ?is beacon 9 #ahbj till ?is date 7#ahbe71 n a s+le wreck has happ5$ on ?is "p ( ! coa/40 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,retrospect ,,( ,,mr4 ,,/ev5son',s ,,life4 ,! unconnect$ sket*es :i* =m ?is ,memoir ext5d ov] a p]iod ( ab\t =ty ye>s4 ,!y h1 z already /at$1 be5 select$ f among a l>ge mass ( docum5ts1 9 ord] to convey to ! read]1 n only "s idea ( ! great v>iety ( subjects ,mr4 ,/ev5son 0 call$ on to consid]1 b also to %[ 8 happy p[] ( deal+ ) eng9e]+ que/ions 9 ! sev]al aspects "u :i* !y 7 pres5t$ to him4 ,9 p]us+ !m1 ! read] c h>dly h fail$ to rem>k 9 h[ _m in/ances ! views ,mr4 ,/ev5son express$ 7 =eca/s ei!r ( great fundam5tal social *anges1 su* z ! sub/itution ( ! railway = ! road1 or ( small] ?\gh important matt]s ( detail1 z1 = example1 ! signal lights ( our railways & /eam]s1 )\t :i* ! 8night traffic0--s popul> a feature ( mod]n travell+--c\ld n possibly be conduct$4 ,^! & _m o!r in/ances mu/ h satisfi$ ! pr(essional read] t =esight & orig9ality 7 rem>kable features ( ,mr4 ,/ev5son's "*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,ligh?\ses1 he _h exp]i5ces :i*1 x may be safely said1 none ( 8 compe]s possess$1 & ,i ?9k x w be admitt$ t 9 8 g5]al practice he display$ p[]s ( obs]vation ( a high ord]4 ,act+ z he did ) ,r5nie1 ,tel=d1 ,nimmo1 & aft]w>ds ) ,walk]1 ,george ,r5nie1 & ,cubitt1 ) all ( :om he ev] rema9$ 9 fri5dly int]c\rse1 8 exp]i5ce 0 bo? l>ge & v>i$1 & ! :ole ( 8 practice z an ,eng9e] 0 di/+ui%$ by full prelim9>y inve/igation ( 8 subject--great caution 9 =m+ 8 conclusions--elaborate prep>ation ( 8 reports & designs1 &1 z specially call$ =? at ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 ma/]ly skill1 indomitable en]gy1 & unwav]+ =titude 9 c>ry+ 8 designs into execution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,my fa!r 0 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh 9 #ahae1 & soon aft] jo9$ ! ,antiqu>ian & ,w]n]ian ,natural ,hi/ory ,societies1 tak+ an active "p at _! meet+s & communicat+ pap]s to _! proce$+s4 ,he 0 a ,fell[ ( ! ,geological & ,a/ronomical ,societies ( ,london1 a ,memb] ( ! ,smeatonian ,society1 & ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,he 0 also "o ( ! orig9al promot]s ( ! ,a/ronomical ,in/itution1 out ( :i* has gr[n ! pres5t e/abli%m5t ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory ( ,ed9burgh1 & ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! e>ly orig9 ( ! ,in/itution 0 drawn up "s ye>s be=e ,mr4 ,/ev5son's dea? at ! reque/ ( ,pr(essor ,piazzi ,smy?1 ! ,a/ronom]-,royal ( ,scotl&3-- 8,!re 0 a "y man nam$ ,k]r--an optician--9 ,ed9burgh1 :o1 on comm5c+ bus9ess1 br\ght ab\t ! =mation ( a ,club1 some:at l a ,book ,club1 = procur+ philosophical in/rum5ts = ! use ( its memb]s4 ,^! 7 m p>ticul>ly optical in/rum5ts & !odolites1 etc41 = surveyors1 :i* 7 also to h be5 l5t out = hire4 ,i ?9k ! subscription 0 a gu9ea4 ,! meet+s 71 p]haps1 mon?ly2 !y 7 held 9 ! (fice ( ,mr4 ,james ,ogilvy1 ,acc\ntant1 ,p>liam5t ,squ>e4 8,i att5d$ two1 or p]haps ?ree1 meet+s 9 ! ye>4 ,! ,club 0 =m$ be=e ,i 0 invit$ to become a memb]4 ,at ! fir/ meet+ ,i f\nd pres5t ,mr4 ,james ,bon>1 treasur] ( ! ,royal ,society2 ,mr4 ,*ri/ison1 ma!matician2 ,mr4 ,br[n1 booksell]1 opposite ! college2 ,mr4 ,ogilvy1 & ,mr4 ,k]r4 8,aft] att5d+ "o or two meet+s ( ?is v mode/ ,society = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 ,mr4 ,bon> & ,i _h "s conv]sation ^u its prospects1 & ! difficulties att5d+ su* a s*eme ( procur+ philosophical in/rum5ts1 & sy/ematis+ ! l5d+ out1 & keep+ 9 effici5t ord] !odolites1 levels1 telescopes1 etc42 & we concurr$ 9 op9ion t ! s*eme c\ld n succe$4 ,we deem$ x advisable r to endeav\r to get ,%ort's obs]vatory on ! ,calton ,hill occupi$ z a #8,popul> ,obs]vatory4' ,we spoke to "s ( ! magi/rates on ?is subject1 :o1 on ! "p ( ! t[n1 7 q fav\rable to ! idea4 ,we also appli$ to ,mr4 ,?omas ,allan1 !n an active memb] ( ! ,royal ,society1 & he jo9$ u 9 a communication to ,sir ,george ,mack5zie ( ,c\l1 :o w>mly ent]$ into our views2 & ultimately we _h an int]view ) ,pr(essor ,playfair1 :o1 9 8 mild & placid mann]1 agre$ to consid] ! subject1 b felt "s difficulty on acc\nt ( 8 colleague1 ! ,pr(essor ( ,practical ,a/ronomy4 ,aft] a "t ,pr(essor ,playfair und]took to draw up a /atem5t = ! public1 :i* he did 9 8 usual elegant & concise /yle4 ,?us1 /ep by /ep1 we succe$$ 9 obta9+ subscrib]s1 & "u ! c\nt5ance & support ( ,playfair1 _m 7 f\nd :o patronis$ ! proposal ( e/abli%+ an obs]vatory on ! ,calton ,hill4 8,our idea 0 t we might look =w>d to a ,popul> ,obs]vatory :i* w\ld n int]f]e ) ! exi/+ ,pr(essor%ip ( ,a/ronomy1 b h an e/abli%m5t to :i*1 ) our families1 we might resort 9 an ev5+ ) ! advantage ( oral & ocul> demon/rations 9 ! sci5ce ( ,a/ronomy1 treat$ aft] a popul> =m4 8,! pres5t *>act]i/ic & beautiful build+ 0 !n erect$1 & ) ! aid ( ,gov]nm5t1 x 0 furni%$ ) "s ( ! *ief in/rum5ts2 b mu* to my regret ! e/abli%m5t has be5 exclusively limit$ to ! purposes ( a sci5tific obs]vatory1 )\t any provision ( a popul> description = :i* x 0 orig9ally int5d$4 8,un=tunately !re 0 no?+ to keep our con/itution alive 9 ! m9ds ( ! public--no?+ to allure additional subscrib]s to our funds1 s z to ext5d ! build+1 & fit x ) a !atre & app>atus = popul> purposes--no ,lecture 0 e/abli%$1 &1 9 %ort1 ! orig9al object fell dead 9 ! h&s ( ! ,directors4 ,i ?us p]sonally lo/ my object 9 ?is e/abli%m5t1 & 9 all my uphill j\rneys & manifold meet+s1 ,i _h *iefly 9 view ! pleasure ( int]views ) my excell5t fri5d ! late ,?omas ,h5d]son1 ! ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,univ]sity40 99 99 99 99 99 ,pass+ f :at may be reg>d$ z ,mr4 ,/ev5son's public "* z an eng9e]1 x is only natural t ,i %\ld conclude ?is ,memoir by add+ a few p>agraphs descriptive ( 8 social be>+ z a man4 ,9 politics my fa!r 0 a decid$ cons]vative1 b he nev] took a prom95t "p 9 political or municipal affairs4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 f 8 e>lie/ days a loyal subject ( ! k+2 &1 z we f9d f 8 ,j\rnal1 a zeal\s support] ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,he says3--8,aft] my return f ! ,p5tl& ,sk]ries 9 #agid1 ,i enroll$ myself z a private 9 ! #a/ ,regim5t ( ,ed9burgh ,volunte]s rais$ z ! local ,def5d]s ( our ,firesides aga9/ ! ?reat5$ invasion by ! ,fr5*1 & s]v$ ab\t five ye>s 9 ! ranks ( t corps4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! w> became hot1 & invasion 0 fully expect$1 o!r corps ( ,volunte]s 7 embodi$1 :5 ,i 0 promot$ to be a ,lieut5ant 9 ! #8,pr9cess 7,*>lotte's7 ,royals1' & aft]w>ds ,capta9 ( ! ,gr5adi] ,company40 ,8 connection ) ! volunte]s seems to h be5 ( a v agreeable & satisfactory "*1 prov+ t su* loyal & patriotic s]vices 7 n !n & are n n[ incompatible ) ! mo/ ard5t pursuit ( ^? /udies & duties :i* are to qualify a man = ! bus9ess ( life4 ,on 8 promotion to ! ,royals he receiv$ ! foll[+ fri5dly lett] f 8 ,colonel1 ,*>les ,hope1 ,"l ,advocate1 & aft]w>ds ,"l ,presid5t ( ! ,c\rt ( ,session3-- 8#bd? ,janu>y #ahjd4 8,,sir1--,i always "p ) any ( my fri5ds 9 ! ,regim5t ) great regret1 especially su* z belong$ to ! old ,blues4 ,b ,i _c object to y\r leav+ me 9 ord] to be m ext5sively useful 9 ano!r corps4 ,i !re=e he>tily wi% y e success 9 y\r new und]tak+1 & h no d\bt t y w prove a valuable acquisition to ! discipl9e ( ! ,spe>m54 ,notify to ,capta9 ,sp5s y\r resignation1 t he may s5d = y\r arms4--,i am1 ,sir1 y\rs s9c]ely1 ,c4 ,,hope1 8,lt4-,col4 #a/4 ,r4,e4,v4 8,,mr4 ,,rob]t ,,/ev5son1 8,capt41 ,sp5s' ,company40 ,mr4 ,/ev5son rema9$ sev]al ye>s 9 8 new corps1 until he 0 oblig$1 on comm5c+ ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 to t5d] 8 resignation1 :5 he receiv$ a lett] f ,colonel ,+lis convey+ ! reque/ ( ! ,regim5t t he %\ld cont9ue z an honor>y memb] ( ! corps3-- 8,,ed9burgh1 #i? ,april #ahjg4 8,,sir1--,my anxi\s desire to h1 if possible1 devis$ means = deta9+ y among u1 mu/ plead my excuse = be+ s long ( reply+ to y\r lett]2 & x is ) mo/ s9c]e regret1 t1 aft] ! mo/ mature consid]ation1 ,i am oblig$ to express my fe>s t ! rules ( ! ,volunte] ,corps mu/ deprive u ( y\r s]vices1 9 consequ5ce ( y\r active *>ge ( a "w ( national importance1 r5d]+ y\r abs5ce f ,ed9burgh unavoidable = ye>s1 dur+ ! mon?s ( drill4 8,:ile ,i feel myself impell$1 !re=e1 to accept ( y\r pr(f]$ resignation1 ,i beg to assure y ( my own s5se1 z well z t ( all ! o!r (fic]s1 ( ! loss we su/a91 & ( our great p]sonal reg>d4 8,& ,i am direct$ to entreat y w d u ! fav\r ( cont9u+ z an honor>y memb] ( a corps :i* has be5 s mu* indebt$ = y\r zeal & ex]tions4 8,i _c conclude )\t return+ y my ?anks = ! oblig+ s5tim5t conta9$ 9 y\r lett] t[>ds myself2 & h ! hon\r to be1 ) mu* e/eem1 sir1 y\r fai?ful ob$i5t s]vant1 8,,william ,,+lis1 ,l4,c4,c41 ,l4,e4,s4 8,,capta9 ,,/ev5son1 ,etc40 ,_m ( 8 p]sonal fri5ds h record$ ! pleasant satisfaction ) :i* !y cont9u$ ?r\gh life to look back ^u ! days sp5t 9 my fa!r's company on bo>d ! ligh?\se t5d]1 :ile mak+ 8 annual inspection ( ! ligh?\ses4 ,on "o ( ^! voyages he 0 accompani$ by 8 fri5ds ,patrick ,neill1 ,,ll4,d41 ! ,botani/2 ,*>les ,oliphant1 ,writ] to ! ,signet2 & ,john ,b>clay1 ,m4,d41 ! ,anatomi/2 :o pres5t$ him ) a piece ( plate 9 remembrance ( 8! _m happy h\rs !y pass$ 9 8 company on sea & %ore40 ,on ano!r occasion 9 #ahad1 ! ,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses invit$ ,sir ,walt] ,scott to accompany !m on _! annual t\r4 ,mr4 ,lockh>t1 9 8 life ( ,scott1 says1 8,! company 7 all famili> fri5ds ( 81 ,william ,ersk9e1 !n ,%]iff ( ,orkney1 ,rob]t ,hamilton1 ,%]iff ( ,lan>k%ire1 ,adam ,duff1 ,%]iff ( ,=f>%ire1 b ! real *ief ( ! exp$ition 0 ! ,surveyor ,vic]oy1 ! celebrat$ ,eng9e] ,/ev5son1 & ,scott anticipat$ special pleasure 9 8 society40 8,i delight10 ,scott writes to ,morritt1 89 ^! pr(essional m5 ( tal5t2 !y always give y "s new lights by ! peculi>ity ( _! habits & /udies1 s diff]5t f ! p :o are r\nd$1 & smoo!d1 & gr\nd d[n = conv]sation1 & :o c say all t e o!r p]son says1 &--no?+ m40 ,i quote a s+le p>agraph f ,scott's di>y ( ?is memorable voyage1 9 :i* he gives an amus+ acc\nt ( ! fir/ l&+ ( ! ,commission]s on ! rock on :i* ! celebrat$ ,sk]ryvore ligh?\se has s9ce be5 erect$ by ,alan ,/ev5son1 :o succe$$ my fa!r z ,eng9e]1 on 8 retirem5t f ! ,scotti% ,ligh?\se ,bo>d 9 #ahdc4 8,hav+ crept ^u deck ab\t f\r 9 ! morn+10 says ,sir ,walt]1 8,i f9d we are beat+ to w9dw>d (f ! ,isle ( ,tyree1 ) ! det]m9ation1 on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 t 8 con/itu5ts %\ld visit a reef ( rocks call$ ,sk]ry ,vhor1 :]e he ?\ght x w\ld be ess5tial to h a ligh?\se4 ,l\d remon/rances on ! "p ( ! ,commission]s1 :o "o & all decl>e !y w subscribe to 8 op9ion1 :atev] x may be1 r ?an cont9ue ?is inf]nal buffet+4 ,quiet p]sev]ance on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,s41 & great kick+1 b\nc+1 & squabbl+ ^u t ( ! ya*t1 :o seems to l ! idea ( ,sk]ry ,vhor z little z ! ,commission]s4 ,at l5g?1 by d9t ( ex]tion1 come 9 sight ( ?is long ridge ( rocks 7*iefly "u wat]71 on :i* ! tide breaks 9 a mo/ trem5d\s /yle4 ,!re appe> a few l[ broad rocks at "o end ( ! reef1 :i* is ab\t a mile 9 l5g?4 ,^! are nev] entirely "u wat]1 ?\gh ! surf da%es ov] !m4 ,to g ?r\gh all ! =ms1 ,hamilton1 ,duff1 & ,i resolve to l& ^u ^! b>e rocks 9 company ) ,mr4 ,/ev5son4 ,pull ?r\gh a v heavy swell ) great difficulty1 & approa* a trem5d\s surf da%+ ov] black1 po9t$ rocks4 ,our r[]s1 h[ev]1 get ! boat into a quiet creek betwe5 two rocks1 :]e we contrive to l& well wett$4 ,i saw no?+ rem>kable 9 my way except+ sev]al seals1 :i* we might h %ot1 b 9 ! d\btful circum/ances ( ! l&+1 we did n c>e to br+ guns4 ,we took possession ( ! rock 9 "n ( ! ,commission]s1 & g5]\sly be/[$ our own great names on its crags & creeks4 ,! rock 0 c>efully measur$ by ,mr4 ,s4 ,x w be a mo/ desolate position = a ligh?\se1 ! ,bell ,rock & ,eddy/one a joke to x1 = ! ne>e/ l& is ! wild isl& ( ,tyree1 at f\rte5 miles' di/ance4 ,s mu* = ! ,sk]ry ,vhor40 ,9 family life ,mr4 ,/ev5son 0 a man ( /]l+ wor?4 ,z a husb&1 a fa!r1 & a fri5d1 he 0 rem>kably di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( selfi%ness4 ,8 ex]tions 9 =w>d+ ! progress ( "y m5 ?r\gh life 7 g5]\s & unwe>i$2 & few m5 _h m solid gr\nds ?an he = indulg+ 9 ! pleas+ reflection t1 bo? 9 8 public & private capacity1 he _h consecrat$ to b5eficial ends e tal5t committ$ to 8 tru/4 ,he 0 a man ( s9c]e & unobtrusive piety2 & al?\gh w>mly atta*$ to ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* ( ,scotl&1 ( :i* = ne>ly =ty ye>s he _h be5 an eld]1 & = _m ye>s a memb] ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 he _h no ta9t ( bigotry or ( p>ty feel+1 & he di$ calmly 9 t bless$ hope & peace :i* only an indwell+ p]sonal belief 9 ! m]its ( a ,r$eem] c imp>t to any son ( our race4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at a /atutory g5]al meet+ ( ! ,bo>d ( ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses1 :i* 0 held on ! #ac? ,july #ahej1 ! day aft] my fa!r's dea?1 ! ,commission]s record$ _! respect = 8 tal5ts & virtues 9 ! foll[+ ,m9ute3-- 8,! ,secret>y hav+ intimat$1 t ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/ev5son1 ! late ,eng9e] to ! ,bo>d1 di$ ye/]day morn+1 8,! ,bo>d1 be=e proce$+ to bus9ess1 desire to record1 _! regret at ! dea? ( ?is zeal\s1 fai?ful1 & able (fic]1 to :om is due ! hon\r ( conceiv+ & execut+ ! great "w ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 ^: s]vices 7 gratefully ackn[l$g$ on 8 retirem5t f active duty1 & w be long rememb]$ by ! ,bo>d1 & to express _! sympa?y ) 8 family on ! loss ( "o :o 0 mo/ e/imable & exempl>y 9 all ! relations ( social & dome/ic life4 ,! ,bo>d direct t a copy ( ?is resolution be transmitt$ to ,mr4 ,/ev5son's family1 & communicat$ to ea* ,commission]1 to ! diff]5t lightkeep]s & ! o!r (fic]s ( ! ,bo>d40 ,,app5dix4 ,,! ,,in*cape ,,rock4 ,an old writ] m5tions a curi\s tradition1 :i* may be wor? quot+4 8,by ea/ ! ,isle ( ,may10 says he1 8twelve miles f all l& 9 ! ,g]man ,seas1 lyes a great hidd5 rock1 call$ ,in*cape1 v dang]\s = navigators1 because x is ov]fl[$ ev]ie tide4 ,x is report$ 9 old times1 ^u ! saide rock !re 0 a bell1 fix$ ^u a tree or timb]1 :i* rang cont9ually1 be+ mov$ by ! sea1 giv+ notice to ! sayl]s ( ! dang]4 ,?is bell or clocke 0 put !re & ma9ta9$ by ! ,abbot ( ,ab]bro?ok1 & be+ tak5 d[n by a sea pirate1 a ye>e !raft] he p]i%$ ^u ! same rocke1 ) %ip & goodes1 9 ! righte\s judgem5t ( ,god40--,,/odd>t',s ,rem>ks on ,scotl&4 ,no /ir 9 ! air1 no /ir 9 ! sea1 ,! %ip 0 /ill z %e c\ld be2 ,h] sails f heav5 receiv$ no motion1 ,h] keel 0 /eady 9 ! ocean4 ,)\t ei!r sign or s\nd ( _! %ock ,! waves fl[$ ov] ! ,in*cape ,rock2 ,s little !y rose1 s little !y fell1 ,!y did n move ! ,in*cape ,bell4 ,! ,abbot ( ,ab]bro?ok ,_h plac$ t ,bell on ! ,in*cape ,rock2 ,on a buoy 9 ! /orm x float$ & swung1 ,& ov] ! waves its w>n+ rung4 ,:5 ! ,rock 0 hid by ! surge's swell1 ,! m>9]s he>d ! w>n+ ,bell2 ,& !n !y knew ! p]il\s ,rock1 ,& ble/ ! ,abbot ( ,ab]bro?ok4 ,! ,sun 9 heav5 0 %9+ gay1 ,all ?+s 7 joyful on t day2 ,! sea-birds scream'd z !y :eel'd r\nd1 ,& !re 0 joyaunce 9 _! s\nd4 ,! buoy ( ! ,in*cape ,bell 0 se5 ,a d>k] speck on ! ocean gre52 ,sir ,ralph ! ,rov] walk'd 8 deck1 ,& he fix'd 8 eye on ! d>k] speck4 ,he felt ! *e]+ p[] ( spr+1 ,x made him :i/le1 x made him s+2 ,8 he>t 0 mir?ful to excess1 ,b ! ,rov]'s mir? 0 wick$ness4 ,8 eye 0 on ! ,in*cape ,float2 ,quo? he1 8,my m51 put out ! boat1 ,& r[ me to ! ,in*cape ,rock1 ,& ,i'll plague ! ,abbot ( ,ab]bro?ok40 ,! boat is l[]'d1 ! boatm5 r[1 ,& to ! ,in*cape ,rock !y g2 ,sir ,ralph b5t ov] f ! boat1 ,& he cut ! ,bell f ! ,in*cape float4 ,d[n sunk ! ,bell ) a gurgl+ s\nd1 ,! bubbles rose & bur/ ar\nd2 ,quo? ,sir ,ralph1 8,! next :o comes to ! ,rock ,won't bless ! ,abbot ( ,ab]bro?ok40 ,sir ,ralph ! ,rov] sail'd away1 ,he sc\r'd ! seas = _m a day2 ,& n[ gr[n ri* ) plund]'d /ore1 ,he /e]s 8 c\rse = ,scotl&'s %ore4 ,s ?ick a haze o'erspreads ! sky ,!y _c see ! ,sun on high2 ,! w9d ha? bl[n a gale all day1 ,at ev5+ x ha? di$ away4 ,on ! deck ! ,rov] takes 8 /&1 ,s d>k x is !y see no l&4 ,quo? ,sir ,ralph1 8,x w be light] soon1 ,= !re is ! dawn ( ! ris+ ,moon40 8,can/ he>10 said "o1 8! break]s ro>8 ,= me?9ks we %\ld be ne> ! %ore40 8,n[1 :]e we are ,i _c tell1 ,b ,i wi% ,i c\ld he> ! ,in*cape ,bell40 ,!y he> no s\nd1 ! swell is /rong2 ,?\gh ! w9d ha? fall5 !y drift along1 ,till ! vessel /rikes ) a %iv]+ %ock1 8,o ,*ri/6 x is ! ,in*cape ,rock60 ,sir ,ralph ! ,rov] tore 8 hair2 ,he cur/ himself 9 8 despair2 ,! waves ru% 9 on e side1 ,! %ip is s9k+ b5ea? ! tide4 ,b ev5 9 8 dy+ fe> ,"o dreadful s\nd c\ld ! ,rov] he>1 ,a s\nd z if ) ! ,in*cape ,bell1 ,! ,devil bel[ 0 r++ 8 knell4 ,,index4 ,ab]bro?ock ,abbey1 #bch4 ,ab]de5 ,h>b\r1 #acj4 ,adam1 ,rob]t1 ar*itect1 #gh1 #hj1 #ig1 #ih4 ,adie1 ,alex&]1 optician1 #ea1 #aib4 ,admiralty ,survey1 appeal =1 #aii4 ---- ,memoir (1 #bja4 ,airy1 ,sir ,g4 ,b41 #eb4 ,am]ican ,susp5sion ,bridges1 #afc4 ,&]son1 ,dr41 #e1 #f4 ,anemomet]1 #beg4 ,annan ,bridge1 #afj4 ,ardrossan ,h>b\r1 #acj4 ,arg& lamps4 ,see ,ligh?\se ,illum9ation4 ,a/ronomical ,in/itution ( ,ed9burgh1 orig9 (1 #bfe4 ,backwat]1 value (1 #aca4 ,balance crane1 #aha1 #ahb4 ,b>clay1 ,dr4 ,john1 #aai1 #bgj4 ,b>nb\gle1 =e%ore1 #bda4 ,base l9e1 measurem5t (1 #aif4 ,baxt]1 ,mr41 ar*itect1 #gh4 ,beau=t1 ,sir ,f41 #bjb4 ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se3--,dang]s ( ! rock1 #ac1 #ae2 ballad ( ,sir ,ralph ! ,rov]1 #ac1 #bgd2 8,acc\nt0 (1 #ad2 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's design ( #ahjj = a /one t[]1 #af2 improvem5ts on ,smeaton's t[] 9 design & arrangem5t ( mat]ials1 #af-bd2 ,bill ( #ahjb-c ?r[n out on f9ancial gr\nds1 #ah2 ,mr4 ,tel=d & ,mr4 ,r5nie call$ 9 to support ,mr4 ,/ev5son's design1 #ah2 ,act pass$ 9 #ahjf1 #ai2 progress ( ! "w1 #be2 att5d+ boat breaks adrift1 #bg2 life 9 ! float+ light%ip1 #ca2 boat+ betwe5 light%ip & ! rock1 #cg2 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's anxiety = ! workm51 #ci2 ,sunday "w1 #dj2 life 9 ! b>rack or beacon1 #db2 cranes inv5t$ = ! "w1 #de1 #aha2 bu/ ( ,eng9e] plac$ 9 ! t[] by ! ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 #de2 ,sir ,walt] ,scott's visit to ! t[]1 & l9es inscrib$ 9 ! album1 #dg2 exp]im5ts on pres]vation ( timb]1 #aee2 exp]im5ts on iron1 #aei2 measurem5t ( base l9e = asc]ta9+ its di/ance f ! %ore1 #aif2 cem5t rubble c(f]dams us$ at1 #beb2 obs]vations on fog & fog signals1 #bed2 ,s\!y's 8,in*cape ,rock10 #bgd4 ,b5son1 ,mr4 7,cov5t ,g>d5 ,!atre71 #fa4 ,birk5head ,docks1 #acb-aej4 ,blackwood1 ,w41 publi%]1 #c4 ,blair1 ,sir ,d4 ,hunt]1 #c4 ,bla/+1 #bjc4 ,bolts1 unscrew+ (1 by ! waves1 #beb4 ,bremonteuil1 ,m41 #bdf4 ,bridges3--,mr4 ,/ev5son's designs = ,m>ykirk1 ,annan1 ,/irl+1 & ,hut*eson /one bridges1 #afj2 high level road bridge = ,newca/le1 #afa2 bridge ( built planks1 #afb2 new =m ( susp5sion bridge1 #afb-afe2 pap] on susp5sion bridges1 #afb2 provision = flood wat]s1 #bci4 ,buoyage sy/em1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's1 #bec4 ,burn1 ,mr41 ar*itect1 #bch1 #bci4 ,canals3--,mr4 ,/ev5son's ,reports on1 ^u "o level )\t lockage1 #aaa2 ,/ra?more1 #aaa2 ,ed9burgh & ,glasg[1 #aaa2 %ip canals1 #abe2 canal betwe5 ! ,dee & ,m]sey1 #acb-aej4 ,c>r ,rock ,beacon3--,design =1 & tide ma*9e = r++ bell or s\nd+ a :i/le1 #agg4 ,ca/ iron rails4 ,see ,railways4 ,ca/ iron tracks4 ,see ,roads4 ,ca?c>t1 ,visc\nt1 #bdg4 ,catoptric sy/em4 ,see ,ligh?\se ,illum9ation4 ,cem5t4 ,see ,mort>4 ,cl]k1 ,john1 ( ,eld91 #ad1 #ae1 #ba1 #bb1 #aad4 ,coal light4 ,see ,isle ( ,may4 ,cockburn1 ,"l1 #gf4 ,c(f]dams1 cem5t rubble1 #beb4 ,colby1 ,colonel1 #fb1 #bjb4 #8,comet' /eam]1 accid5t to1 #beh4 ,corran ,f]ry1 #bce4 ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,!atre1 #fj4 ,cramond ,susp5sion ,bridge1 #afb1 #afe4 ,cranes3--,moveable jib & balance cranes inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 #de1 #aha4 ,cree*1 ,mr41 #c4 ,cri*ton1 ,mr41 ar*itect1 #ia1 #ib4 ,cubitt1 ,sir ,w41 #bfe4 ,cumbrae ,ligh?\se1 #b1 #e4 ,cycloidal talus wall1 #bdb4 ,davidson1 ,rev4 ,dr41 #b4 ,dee1 ,riv] 7,*e%ire71 #acj1 #acb-aej4 ---- wa/+ effects ( ! sea at1 #bbe4 ,dee1 ,riv] 7,ab]de5%ire71 d5sity ( salt & fre% wat] at1 #bbi4 ,dioptric sy/em4 ,see ,ligh?\se ,illum9ation4 ,d\ble light1 #eh4 ,d\glass1 ,j4 ,n41 ,c4,e41 #dg1 #agf4 ,dr$g+1 #bjc4 ,duff1 ,%]iff1 #bch1 #bga1 #bgd4 ,duncan1 ,%]iff1 #aij4 ,dundee ,h>b\r1 #acj1 #bdi1 #bea4 ,e>l's ,palace1 ,kirkwall1 #bch4 ,ea/ ,lo?ian ,railway1 #abd4 ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's inspection (1 9 #ahac & #ahah1 #df2 fe>s z to its security1 #df2 to be rebuilt1 #dg4 ,edgewor?1 ,r41 #ff4 ,ed9burgh ,a/ronomical ,in/itution1 orig9 (1 #bfe4 ,ed9burgh1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's design = approa*es f ! ea/ by ,reg5t & ,london ,roads1 & op5+ up access to ! ,calton ,hill1 #gd2 sites = ! new ,jail1 ,c\rt ( ,ju/ici>y1 & build+s 9 ,wat]loo ,place1 #gg2 ,reg5t ,bridge1 #hh2 ,feu+ ,plan = ea/]n di/rict ( ,ed9burgh1 #ij2 improvem5t ( accesses f ! we/ & nor? & f ,granton1 #ij2 removal ( ,old ,tolboo? ,prison1 #ia2 proposal to remove ! ,univ]sity build+s1 #ie4 ,ed9burgh ,railway1 #aad4 ,ed9burgh & ,glasg[1 canal betwe51 #aaa4 ,elliot1 ,a41 ar*itect1 #gf4 ,erne1 ,riv]1 #acj4 ,ersk9e1 ,"l ,advocate1 #ai1 #bga4 ,facet reflector1 #di4 ,f5wick1 ,mr41 #afj4 ,f]ries1 #aja2 ,f]ry ,eng9e]+ illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,/ev5son's ,report on ! ,tay ,f]ries1 #ajb2 ,reports on v>i\s f]ries1 #ajh2 ,orkney & ,%etl& ,f]ry1 #ajh4 ,fi%]ies3--,mr4 ,/ev5son on ! ,scotti% fi%]ies1 #ahd2 orig9 ( ! ,%etl& h]r+ fi%]y1 #ahi2 sympiesomet] sugge/$ z a /orm w>n+ = fi%+ boats1 #aia2 habits ( fi%es1 #aic2 gases 9 air sacs ( fi%es1 #aid2 ,dr4 ,h&yside's rem>ks on1 #aid2 ,hon4 ,b4 ,f4 ,primrose on ! sl[ progress ( ! ,%etl& fi%]ies1 #aie4 ,fla%+ light1 inv5tion (1 by ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 #eg4 ,float+ light lant]n1 #eh1 #ei4 ,fog & fog signals1 obs]vations on1 #bed4 ,=e%ores1 protection (1 #bda4 ,=?1 ,riv]1 #acj1 #bec4 ,f\l]ton1 ,capta91 ,tr9ity ,h\se1 #bei4 ,f[l]1 ,j41 ,c4,e41 #aca4 ,fras]burgh ,h>b\r1 #acj4 ,fresnel1 ,a41 #fb4 ,g]man ,ocean1 ! alveus or b$ (1 #bjd1 #bje4 ,graham1 ,j4 ,gillespie1 ar*itect1 #bch4 ,granton ,h>b\r1 #ij1 #acj4 ,gregory1 ,pr(essor1 #hi4 ,haldane1 ,j41 ar*itect1 #ae4 ,hamilton1 ,t41 ar*itect1 #gf4 ,hamilton1 ,%]iff1 #bga1 #bgb4 ,h&yside1 ,dr4 ,p4 ,d41 #aid4 ,h>b\rs1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's ,reports on v>i\s1 #acj2 value ( sp5d+ bas9s =1 #acj4 ,h>ris1 ,mr41 #fj4 ,h5d]son1 ,pr(essor1 #bfh4 ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society1 #abg1 #bdf4 ,hope1 ,"l ,presid5t1 #ag1 #ah1 #bfi4 ,hope1 ,pr(essor1 #g4 ,hut*eson ,bridge1 #afj4 ,hydraulic mort>1 #bdj4 ,hydrophore1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's inv5tion (1 #bca-bce4 ,+lis1 ,colonel1 #bfi4 ,int]mitt5t light1 inv5tion (1 by ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 #eg4 ,iri% ,*annel1 cause ( heavy seas 91 #bdg2 sea r\tes across1 #bdh4 ,iron1 exp]im5ts on ! durability (1 #aei4 ,isle ( ,man ,ligh?\ses1 #h4 ---- obs]vations on fog at1 #bef4 ,isle ( ,may ,ligh?\se1 #c1 #ec1 #eh4 ,jameson1 ,pr(essor1 #g4 ,joseph1 ,samuel1 ,r4,a41 #de4 ,k9caid1 ,mr41 #bdf4 ,k9nairdhead ,ligh?\se1 #e1 #di1 #aif4 ,la+1 ,s41 #ahe1 #aie4 ,lea*1 ,dr41 #aee4 ,leslie1 ,sir ,j41 #ea1 #ajj4 ,lifeboats1 #bfj4 ,ligh?\se ,illum9ation3--e>ly modes (1 #dh2 facet reflectors & lamps1 #di2 silv]$ copp] reflectors & ,arg& lamps1 #di2 slid+ lamp c>riage1 #ea2 coal lights1 #ec2 di/9ctions among lights1 #eg2 dioptric sy/em1 #fb4 ,light%ip lant]n1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's design =1 #eh1 #ei4 ,limnoria t]ebrans1 ravages (1 on timb]1 #aee4 ,lipp+ ( jo9ts ( masonry1 #bci4 ,lo* ,eil1 #bce4 ,locomotive eng9e1 #abd4 ,lockh>t1 ,j4 ,g41 #bgj4 ,london & ,ed9burgh1 railway betwe51 #abe4 ,l[1 ,pr(essor1 #g4 ,m',adam1 ,j4 ,l41 #ff1 #fg1 #gj4 ,mack5zie1 ,murdo*1 #ach et seq4 ,manby's app>atus1 #bfa1 #bfb4 ,m>9e ,survey+1 #aif2 measurem5t ( base l9e = ,bell ,rock1 #aif2 fix+ site ( ,k9nairdhead light1 #aif2 appeal = ,admiralty ,survey1 #aii2 hi/ory ( ,admiralty ,survey1 #bja4 ,m>joribanks1 ,sir ,j41 #hi1 #ie4 ,m>ykirk ,bridge1 #fi1 #afj1 #bci4 ,melville1 ,"l1 #abf1 #afh4 ---- ,monum5t1 ,ed9burgh1 #bch4 ,m]sey1 ,riv]3 ,reports on h>b\r & dock at ,wallasey & ! ,dee1 ) connect+ %ip canal1 #acb-aej2 wa/+ effects ( ! sea at1 #bbe4 ,montrose ,bridge1 #aei1 #bdj4 ---- *ur* spire1 #bch4 ,mort>1 hydraulic1 #bdj4 ,moveable jib crane1 #aha1 #ahb4 ,m[at1 ,mr41 ( ,g>die1 #aij4 ,mullaghmore ,h>b\r1 #bde4 ,neill1 ,p41 ,,ll4,d41 #c1 #g1 #bgj4 ,ne!rl&s1 ,k+ (1 #eh4 ,newca/le1 design = high level road bridge at1 #afa4 ,new ,york ,susp5sion ,bridge1 #afg4 ,niag>a ,susp5sion ,bridge1 #afg4 ,night signal lamps1 #bdg4 ,nimmo1 ,alex&]1 ,c4,e41 #acb1 #ace1 #bbe1 #bfe4 ,nor? ,b]wick ,h>b\r1 #bej4 ,nor!rn ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 orig9 (1 #d2 ,mr4 ,smi? appo9t$ ,eng9e]1 #d2 fir/ light exhibit$ by1 #e2 ,mr4 ,/ev5son appo9t$ ,eng9e]1 #g2 annual inspections & reports on ! ligh?\ses1 #g2 s5d ,mr4 ,/ev5son on a visit to ! ,engli% lights1 #g2 ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 #ab2 improvem5ts 9 ligh?\se illum9ation adopt$ by1 #di2 ligh?\ses design$ by ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 #ef2 ,m9ute on ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 #bgc4 ,ordnance ,survey1 #bjb4 ,orkney & ,%etl& ,f]ries1 #ajh4 ---- ,fi%]ies1 #ahe1 #ahi1 #aie4 ,palm]/on1 ,"l1 #bde4 ,p5tl& ,sk]ries ,ligh?\se1 #f4 ,pet]head ,h>b\r1 #acj4 ,p9us m>itima major1 = *eck+ s& drift1 #bde4 ,playfair1 ,mr41 ar*itect1 #gf4 ,playfair1 ,pr(essor1 #g1 #ae1 #af1 #if1 #ajj1 #beb1 #bfg4 ,population1 prospective increase (1 #bej4 ,portpatrick ,h>b\r1 #acj1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,price1 ,h41 ,c4,e41 #aca4 ,primrose1 ,hon4 ,b4 ,f41 #aie4 ,que5sf]ry passage1 signal lamps =1 #bdg4 ,rae1 ,sir ,william1 #gg1 #ia1 #aad1 #agd1 #bch1 #beh1 #bei4 ,rails1 ca/ & malleable iron1 #abb1 #abc1 #abh4 ,railways on "o level1 #aab2 haulage on1 #aab2 l9es ( railway 9 ,scotl& laid out by ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 #aab2 ,report on ,ed9burgh ,railway1 #aad2 ca/ iron & malleable iron rails1 #abb1 #abc1 #abh2 locomotive1 #abd2 ,reports on v>i\s railway l9es1 #abd1 #abe2 uni=m gauge1 etc41 propos$ =1 #abf2 notes on railways = ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society1 #abg2 description ( p]man5t way (1 #abh2 lett] f ,george ,/eph5son1 #abh2 article on1 #bjc2 signal lamps1 #bdg4 ,reflectors4 ,see ,ligh?\se ,illum9ation4 ,r5del1 ,j4 ,m41 #aea4 ,r5nie1 ,george1 #bfe4 ,r5nie1 ,john1 #ah1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bfe4 ,ribble1 ,riv]1 #acj4 ,rit*ie1 ,pr(essor1 #g4 ,riv]s1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's ,reports on1 #acj2 value ( backwat]1 #aca2 ,tees navigation1 #aca2 ,reports by ,tel=d1 ,/ev5son1 & ,nimmo1 on h>b\rs & wet docks at ,birk5head & at ! ,dee ) connect+ %ip canal1 #acb2 improvem5t ( ! ,tay navigation1 #aea2 exp]im5ts on ! d5sity ( fre% & salt wat]1 #bbi4 ,roads3--,e>ly roads & road mak+1 #fd2 ,edgewor? & ,m',adam's sy/ems ( road mak+1 #ff2 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's sy/em ( road mak+1 #fg-gj2 ca/ iron tracks1 #fh2 /one tracks z a smoo? & durable city road1 #ga2 article on1 #bjc4 ,robison1 ,pr(essor1 #c1 #g1 #ae4 ,roseb]y1 ,"l1 #bda4 ,salt wat]1 d5sity (1 9 e/u>ies & riv]s1 #bbi4 ,s& drift1 *eck+ (1 by 8b5t0 grass & plant+ ,p9us m>itima major1 #bde4 ,scot* ,ligh?\se ,bo>d4 ,see ,nor!rn ,ligh?\se ,bo>d4 ,scott1 ,sir ,walt]1 #be1 #dg1 #id1 #bch1 #bgj4 ,sectio planography1 #bje4 ,sev]n1 ,riv]1 #acj4 ,%etl& ,f]ries4 ,see ,f]ries4 ,%etl& ,fi%]ies1 #ahe2 orig9 ( h]r+ fi%]y1 #ahi4 ,%ips1 build (1 #bdi4 ,%ipwrecks1 notes on1 #bfj4 ,signal lamps1 #bdg4 ,s9clair1 ,sir ,john1 #abe4 ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se1 #bga1 #bgb4 ,smeaton1 ,john1 #ba1 #bc1 #bd1 #bjf1 #bcf4 ,smi?1 ,capta9 ( ! #8,ore/es1' #afh et seq4 ,smi?1 ,?omas3 improvem5ts 9 ligh?\se illum9ation1 #c1 #d1 #di2 ,eng9e] to ! ,scot* ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 #d2 ,cumbrae ,ligh?\se1 #e2 ,p5tl& ,sk]ries ,ligh?\se1 #f4 ,smy?1 ,pr(essor ,piazzi1 #bfe4 ,s\!y's 8,in*cape ,rock10 #bgd4 ,sp9k1 ,j41 ,bell ,rock pilot1 #cj4 ,/4 ,&rews ,ca!dral1 #bch4 ,/4 ,magnus ,ca!dral1 #bch4 ,/eamboats1 #ajg2 regulations =1 #beh2 lights =1 #bei4 ,/eph5son1 ,george1 #aba1 #abd1 #abh4 ---- ,rob]t1 #afa4 ,/ev5son1 ,alan1 #aea1 #bga4 ,/ev5son1 ,rob]t3--bir?1 #a2 sup]9t5ds erection ( ,cumbrae ,light1 #b1 #e2 resolves to be a ,civil ,eng9e]1 #e2 /ud5t at ,&]sonian ,in/itution1 ,glasg[1 & ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 #e-g2 sup]9t5ds ,p5tl& ,sk]ries ,ligh?\se works1 #f2 appo9t$ ,eng9e] to ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\se ,bo>d1 #g2 annual inspections & ,reports on ! ,scot* ,ligh?\ses1 #g2 inspection ( & report on ,engli% lights1 #aj2 is tak5 = a ,fr5* spy1 #aj2 ,j\rnals1 #ab2 ,reports1 #ab4 ,design = ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se1 p]sonal sup]9t5d5ce ( ! "w dur+ its execution1 & incid5ts connect$ !re)1 #ac-dg2 8,acc\nt0 (1 #ad4 ,ligh?\se illum9ation1 improvem5ts 91 #di2 slid+ lamp c>riage1 #ea2 ligh?\ses 9 ,scotl& design$ by1 #ef2 inv5ts di/9ctions = ligh?\ses1 viz41 fla%+1 int]mitt5t1 & d\ble lights1 #eg2 design = float+ light lant]n1 #ei2 ,report on dioptric sy/em ( illum9ation1 #fb4 ,sy/em ( road mak+1 #fg-gj2 ca/ iron tracks = roads1 #fh2 /one tracks1 #ga4 ,improvem5t ( ,ed9burgh3--design = approa*es f ! ea/ by ,reg5t & ,london ,roads1 & op5+ up access to ,calton ,hill1 #gd2 ,report on sites = new ,jail & ,c\rt ( ,ju/ici>y & build+s 9 ,wat]loo ,place1 #gg2 build+ plan = ea/]n di/rict ( ,ed9burgh1 #ij2 improvem5t ( accesses f ! nor? & we/ & f ,granton1 #ij2 visit to ! jails ( ,engl&1 #ia2 ,old ,tolboo? ,prison1 #ia2 ,report on removal ( ,univ]sity build+s1 #ie4 ,f]ries3--,reports on1 illu/rat$ by ^? ( ! ,tay1 #ajb2 ,reports on v>i\s f]ries1 #ajh4 ,report on canals on "o level )\t lockage1 #aaa2 ,reports on railways1 #aab2 uni=m gauge1 etc41 propos$ = railways1 #abf2 notes on railways = ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society1 #abg2 description ( p]man5t way1 #abh4 ,h>b\rs & ,riv]s3--,reports on1 #acj2 ,tees navigation1 #aca2 ,reports on h>b\r & wet docks at ,birk5head1 & h>b\r at ,helbre on ! ,dee ) connect+ %ip canal1 #acb-aej2 ,tay riv] improvem5ts1 #aea4 ,pres]vation ( timb]3--exp]im5ts on1 #aed2 pres]vation ( iron1 #aei4 ,bridges3--designs = ,m>ykirk1 ,annan1 ,/irl+1 & ,hut*eson /one bridges1 #afj2 design = high level road bridge at ,newca/le1 #afa2 bridge ( built planks1 #afa2 new =m ( susp5sion bridge1 #afb1 #afe4 ,design = ,wolf ,rock ,ligh?\se1 #afh4 ,design = ,c>r ,rock ,beacon1 #agg2 proposal to use ! tide = toll+ a bell or s\nd+ a :i/le1 #agh4 ,inv5ts ! moveable jib & balance cranes1 #aha4 ,fi%]ies3--notes on ! ,scot*1 #ahd2 orig9 ( ! ,%etl& h]r+ fi%]y1 #ahi2 sugge/ion = us+ ! sympiesomet] z a /orm w>n+1 #ia2 exp]im5ts on air sacs ( fi%es1 #aid4 ,m>9e survey1 #aif2 measurem5t ( base l9e1 #aif2 mode ( asc]ta9+ positions ( ligh?\ses1 #aif2 appeal = ,admiralty ,survey & ,sail+ ,directions1 #aii4 ,contributions to ,encyclopdia ,britannica & ,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia1 #bjc2 alveus or b$ ( ! ,g]man ,ocean1 #bjd1 #bje2 sectio planography1 #bje2 wa/+ effects ( ! sea on ! e/u>ies ( ! ,m]sey & ,dee1 #bbe2 discov]y t ! salt wat] fl[s up ! b$s ( riv]s 9 a /ream di/9ct f ! outfl[+ fre% wat]1 #bbi2 inv5ts ! hydrophore1 #bca4 ,wide range ( subjects on :i* ,mr4 ,/ev5son gave advice1 #bcf2 ar*itectural reports1 #bcf2 extracts f e>ly ,reports1 #bci4 ,retrospect ( life1 #bfd4 ,/ew>t1 ,pr(essor ,dugald1 #g1 #ig4 ,/irl+ ,bridge1 #afj4 ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton ,railway1 #abe4 ,/onehav5 ,h>b\r1 #acj4 ,/one tracks4 ,see ,roads4 ,/ra?more ,canal1 #aaa4 ---- ,railway1 #abd4 ,susp5sion ,bridges4 ,see ,bridges4 ,sympiesomet]1 #aia4 ,tay ,f]ries1 #ajb4 ---- ,riv]1 #acj1 #aea1 #bea4 ,tees1 ,riv]1 #acj1 #aca4 ,tel=d1 ,?omas1 #ah1 #abg1 #acb1 #adi1 #bfe4 ,?ames1 ,riv]1 #bcd4 ,?omas1 ,capta91 ,admiralty ,survey1 #adj1 #bja4 ,tidal sc\r1 #bea4 ,timb]3--exp]im5ts on durability (1 #aee2 ravages ( ! ,limnoria t]ebrans on1 #aeg2 *>r+1 #aeh2 creosot$ #aei4 ,t\r de ,cord\an1 #di1 #fc4 ,tr9ity1 cycloidal sea wall at1 #bdb4 ,walk]1 ,james1 ,c4,e41 #gc1 #agf1 #bfe4 ,wat]3--exp]im5ts on ! d5sity ( fre% & salt wat] at ! ,dee1 #bbi2 ,?ames1 ,lo* ,eil1 etc41 #bce2 hydrophore = obta9+ specim5s (1 #bca4 ,watt1 ,james1 #abe1 #abf1 #afg4 ,waves1 action (1 9 unscrew+ bolts1 #beb4 ,we>1 ,riv]1 #acj4 ,wilson1 ,capta91 #dc4 ,w9* ,*a9 ,bridge1 #afc4 ,wolf ,rock ,ligh?\se3--design =1 #afh2 ,j\rnal ( visit to1 #afh-age2 t[] built 9 #ahgj1 #age4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,t4 ,,& ,a4 ,,con/able1 ,,pr9t]s ,,to ,,h] ,,maje/y1 ,,at ,,! ,,ed9burgh ,,univ]sity ,,press4 ,,footnotes #a ,mr4 ,r&all assum$ ! "n ( ,davidson aft] succe$+ to ! e/ate ( ,muirh\se4 #b ,acc\nt ( ! ,bell ,rock ,ligh?\se4 ,drawn up by desire ( ! ,commission]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses1 by ,rob]t ,/ev5son4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahbd4 #c #g? ,septemb] #ahjg4 #d ,! t5d] 0 nam$ aft] ! great ,eng9e]4 #e ,sp9k's boat 0 too l>ge to come close to ! rock4 #f ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ,ligh?\ses1 #ahfa1 p4 #hf4 #g ,translation also by ,dr4 ,gregory3--8,9 ! reign ( ,george ! ,?ird1 ! fa!r ( 8 c\ntry1 9 ! second ye> ( ! ,provo/%ip ( ,sir ,john ,m>joribanks1 ,b>onet1 ( ,lees1--,! citiz5s ( ,ed9burgh hav+ made ?is new & magnific5t access ov] ! neighb\r+ hill to ! capital city1 accord+ to ! plan ( ,rob]t ,/ev5son1 ,civil ,eng9e]1 ord]$ ! "n ( ! ,reg5t1 ,george ,augu/us ,fr$]ick1 to be inscrib$ on ?is bridge40 #h ,f :i* ,fig4 #ad has be5 made4 #i ,! essays mo/ fav\rably notic$ are ^? ( ,mr4 ,alex&] ,scott1 ,mr4 ,george ,rob]tson1 ,mr4 ,george ,d\glas1 ,mr4 ,john ,ru?v51 ,mr4 ,james ,dickson1 ,mr4 ,james ,walk] 7,c>ron71 ,mr4 ,james ,walk] 7,lauri/on71 ,mr4 ,john ,fras]1 ,mr4 ,john ,wo!rspoon1 ,mr4 ,john ,moore1 & ,mr4 ,john ,baird4 #aj ,notice ( ! ,ravages ( ,limnoria t]ebrans on ,creosot$ ,timb]4--,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 vol4 iv4 & vol4 viii4 #aa ,vol4 ii4 p4 #abi4 #ab ,vol4 ii4 p4 #aif4 #ac ,a ,sket* ( ! ,in/itution & ! progress ( ! ,hydrographical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,admiralty1 f its fir/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! ye> #agie4 #ad ,vol4 x4 p4 #eg4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$2 occurr5ces ( inconsi/5t hyph5ation h n be5 *ang$4 ,index n *eck$ = prop] alphabetization or correct page ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration fac+ page #gg3 cr$it l9e n entirely readable4