,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i ,! ,cacao ,tree--,!obroma ,cacao1 ,l9n4 ,zipp]]1 ,manufacture ( ,*ocolate etc4 #crd edition4 ,v]lag ,m4 ,krayn1 ,b]l9 ,w4 #aj4 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,*ocolate ,,& ,,o!r ,,cacao ,,prep>ations ,,by ,,dr4 ,,paul ,,zipp]]4 ,,?ird ,,edition ,,re>rang$1 ,,?or\ghly ,,revis$1 ,,& ,,l>gely ,,rewritt54 ,,editor ,,dr4 ,,phil4 ,,h]m4 ,,s*aeff] ,,food ,,*emi/ ,,& ,,manag+ ,,director4 ,,) #acb ,,illu/rations1 #ba ,,tables ,,& #c ,,plates4 ,colophon ,,b]l9 ,w4 ,,v]lag ,,von ,m4 ,,krayn4 ,,london ,,new ,,york ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon ,,ltd4 #aiae ,,spon ,,*amb]la9 ,,publi%]s ,,publi%]s #eg ,,haym>ket4 #abc-abe ,,lib]ty ,,/reet4 ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$4 ,ros5?al ,co41 ,b]l9 ,,nw4#ba1 ,alt-,moabit #aje ,preface to ! ?ird edition ( 8,! ,manufacture ( ,*ocolate0 by ,dr4 ,zipp]]4 ,x is n[ a decade s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! la/ edition1 & ow+ to cont9ual delays 9 ! compil+ ( ! pres5t volume1 ! book has be5 out ( pr9t = sev]al ye>s4 ,^! delays ensu$ because ! editor wi%$ to take into acc\nt ! mo/ rec5t det]m9ations & decrees ( ! guilds & v>i\s legislative factors connect$ ) ! indu/ry2 b he 0 at l5g? =c$ to ! conclusion t not)/&+ ! excell5t organisation & l(ty /&+ ( ! bran* "u consid]ation1 x 0 useless to wait = any?+ f9al & absolute 9 su* a field4 ,sugge/ions ( possible improvem5ts & indications ( blemi%es are !re=e e>ne/ly invit$1 9 ord] t !y may be duly all[$ = 9 ! ev5t ( a new edition4 -- ,! plan foll[$ by ,zipp]] has be5 adopt$ 9 ! ma92 a tribute due to its previ\s success4 ,yet on ! o!r h&1 ! arrangem5t ( ! book has und]gone "s alt]ation1 & is1 at lea/ 9 ! editor's op9ion1 a p]ceptible improvem5t4 -- ,all sci5tific1 indu/rial & te*nical progress has be5 treat$ z fully z possible1 ! economic "p 9 p>ticul> hav+ be5 dilig5tly reca/4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h be5 impossible = ! editor to write all ^! *apt]s )\t ext]nal aid1 8 k ( ! respective bran*es be+ by no means exhau/ive en\gh4 ,he may !re=e be all[$ to express "h 8 obligation & ?anks to all 8 fell[-work]s2 & 9 p>ticul>1 to ! ,association ( ,g]man ,*ocolate ,manufactur]s1 ,dresd52 its manag+ director1 ,h]r ,grei]t2 ! director ( ! ,cocoa ,pur*ase ,co41 ,hamburg1 ,h]r ,ritts*]1 :o contribut$ ! :ole ( ! *apt] head$2 ,comm]cial ,v>ieties ( ,cacao ,beans2 fur!r to ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,hrtel1 ,*ief ,inspector ( ! ,royal ,rese>* ,in/itute1 ,leipsic2 ,dr4 ,r4 ,bhme1 ,manag+ ,director ( ,messrs4 ,/ollw]ck ,bros4 ,*emical ,laboratory1 ,cologne2 & to ,sup]9t5d5t ,eng9e] ,s*neid]1 ( ! firm ,j4 ,m4 ,lehman1 ,dresd51 among _m o!rs4 ,m5tion mu/ also be made ( ! manufactur]s :o s k9dly plac$ mat]ial at ! editor's disposal4 ,let u hope t ! "w w meet ) a success correspond+ to ! pa9s tak5 by ! editor & publi%]s1 & prove a really s]viceable ,h&book to ! ,*ocolate ,indu/ry4 ,dr4 ,s*aeff]4 ,extracts f ! prefaces to ! fir/ & second editions4 ,! object ( ?is "w is to furni% a s\rce ( in=mation & advice = ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! bran* ( indu/ry to :i* x relates4 ,! au?or ( ?is treatise has !re=e endeav\r$ n only to describe ! manufactur+ processes2 b he has also devot$ special att5tion to ! raw mat]ials employ$1 & endeav\r$ to make !m g5]ally famili> by ref]5ce to ! lit]ature on ! subject1 z well z by provid+ a precise acc\nt ( ! *emical con/itu5ts ( ^! sub/ances & discuss+ ! consequ5tly necess>y proc$ure to be obs]v$ 9 ! c\rse ( manufacture4 ,! art ( *ocolate mak+ is no long] :at x 0 a few decades ago2 x has = ! mo/ "p pass$ f small op]ators into ! h&s ( l>ge manufactur]s4 ,a %ort hi/orical resum w s]ve z a sket* ( ?is developm5t & a cursory description ( "s =ms ( app>atus :i* h n[ m]ely hi/orical int]e/ w s]ve to %[ h[ improvem5t 9 ! indu/ry has be5 effect$4 ,*ocolate is a fav\rite & mo/ important article ( food1 & 9 t s5se x is subject to legal regulations = :i* all[ances mu/ be made1 z well z = ! mo/ suitable analytical me?ods by means ( :i* a manufactur] c asc]ta9 ! pres5ce ( unlawful mixtures 9 compet+ products1 s t kn[+ ! regulations 9 =ce1 he may avoid any infr+em5t ( ! same4 99 99 99 99 99 ,)9 ! t5 ye>s t h elaps$ s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w appe>$1 ! manufacture ( *ocolate has und]gone consid]able expansion4 ,n only has ! modus op]&i be5 simplifi$ & improv$ by ! introduction ( a numb] ( new me*anical appliances1 b ! te*nique ( ! subject has be5 s ext5d$1 bo? f *emical & me*anical po9ts ( view1 z p>tly to furni% a new /&>d 9 e/imat+ & det]m9+ cacao con/itu5ts & prep>ations4 ,! au?or has endeav\r$ to take due acc\nt ( all ^! advances1 & made a po9t ( collect+ ! mat]ial scatt]$ ?r\gh ! v>i\s pr(essional j\rnals1 sift+ or supplem5t+ :]e necess>y1 9 ord] t all engag$ 9 ! indu/ry1 ! manufactur] z well z ! food analy/ & ! eng9e]1 may be 9 a position to d]ive a vivid impression ( exi/+ conditions 9 ! *ocolate manufacture1 f ! pres5t volume4 ,9 consid]ation ( ! importance :i* sev]al bran*es ( ! indu/ry h rec5tly acquir$1 su* z ! prep>ation ( cocoa p[d]1 soluble cocoa1 cacao butt]1 pral9s & *ocolate creams1 space has be5 giv5 to descriptions ( ! respective details4 ,on ! o!r h& no attempt has be5 made to introduce calculations z to ! co/ ( manufacture1 s9ce /atem5ts to t effect w\ld possibly be r detrim5tal ?an o!rwise4 ,co/s ( production z reg>ds cacao prep>ations is subject to great v>iation1 accord+ to ! scale on :i* !y are c>ri$ out1 s t e/imates made on ! basis ( l>ge op]ations might ev5tually lead to ! conclusion t a small factory might be pr(itable1 & ) no bett] result ?an t ( creat+ undue competition 9 prices & occasion+ ev5tual failure4 ,moreov]1 ! fluctuations 9 ! m>ket price ( cacao & sug> are s frequ5t1 & !re is su* possibility ( new s\rces ( exp5se1 t calculations c only apply to ! "t :5 !y are made2 !y soon become out ( date1 & !n af=d no tru/wor?y indication ( probable pr(it & loss4 ,! section treat+ ( legislative regulations relat+ to ! trade 9 cacao prep>ations has und]gone complete revision to adapt x to exi/+ conditions4 ,to r5d] ! book m useful1 an app5dix has be5 add$ 9 :i* ! production & composition ( a few cacao prep>ations are treat$ (1 provid+ valuable data = ref]5ce4 ,dr4 ,paul ,zipp]]4 ,,cont5ts ,fir/ ,"p3 ,! ,cacao ,tree ,page ,a4 ,tree & ,beans #a a7 ,description ( ! ,cacao ,tree & its ,fruit #a b7 ,geographical ,di/ribution & ,hi/ory ( ! ,cacao ,tree #d c7 ,cultivation ( ! ,cacao ,tree2 ,diseases & ,p>asites #g d7 ,ga!r+ & ,f]m5tation #i e7 ,description ( ! ,beans #ab f7 ,! ,comm]cial ,sorts ( ! ,cacao ,bean #af #a4 ,am]ican ,cacao ,v>ieties #ai #b4 ,african ,cacao ,v>ieties #bh #c4 ,asiatic ,cacao ,sorts #cb #d4 ,au/ralian ,cacao ,sorts #cc g7 ,! ,trade 9 ,cacao & ! ,consumption ( ,cacao ,products2 ,/ati/ics #cc ,b4 ,*emical ,con/itution ( ! ,bean #dc a7 ,! ,cacao ,bean ,prop] #dc #a4 ,wat] or ,moi/ure #di #b4 ,fat #di #c4 ,cacao r$ or ,pigm5t #ei #d4 ,!obrom9e #fb #e4 ,album9 #fg #f4 ,/>* #gj #g4 ,cellulose or crude fibre #gb #h4 ,sug> & plant acids #gc #i4 ,! m9]al or a% con/itu5ts #gc b7 ,! ,cacao ,%ells #gf ,second ,"p3 ,! ,manufacture ( ,cacao ,prep>ations ,a4 ,manufacture ( ,*ocolate #he ,i4 ,! ,prep>ation ( ! ,cacao ,beans #hg #a4 ,/or+1 cleans+ & sort+ #hg #b4 ,roa/+ ! ,beans #hi #c4 ,cru%+1 hull+ & cleans+ #ajj #d4 ,mix+ diff]5t k9ds #ajh ,,ii4 ,production ( ! ,cacao ,mass & ,mix+ ) ,sug> #aji #e4 ,f9e gr9d+ & trituration #aji #f4 ,mixture ) sug> & spices #aag #g4 ,treatm5t ( ! ,mixture #aai a7 ,trituration #aai b7 ,levigation #abc c7 ,proportions = mix+ cacao mass1 sug> & spices #acf ,,iii4 ,fur!r ,treatm5t ( ! ,raw ,*ocolate #ach #h4 ,manufacture ( 8,*ocolats ,fondants0 #ach #i4 ,heat+ ,*amb]s & ,closets #ada #aj4 ,removal ( ,air & ,division #adc ,,iv4 ,m\ld+ ( ! ,*ocolate #adi #aa4 ,transf]5ce to ! ,m\lds #adi #ab4 ,! ,%ak+ ,table #aef #ac4 ,cool+ ! ,*ocolate #afb a7 ,cool+ 9 ,*amb]s4 b7 ,cool+ 9 ,closets4 ,v4 ,special ,prep>ations #agf a7 ,*ocolate ,loz5ges & ,pa/illes #agf b7 8,pral9s0 or coat$ goods #ahb ,b4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,cocoa ,p[d] & 8,soluble0 ,cocoa #aie a7 ,! v>i\s me?ods ( dis9tegrat+ or op5+ up ! tissues ( cacao #aie b7 ,me?ods ( dis9tegration #aig #a4 ,prelim9>y ,treatm5t ( ! ,beans #aig #b4 ,expression ( ! ,fat #aii #c4 ,pulv]is+ & ,sift+ ! defatt$ ,cacao #bji c7 ,dis9tegration aft] ,roa/+ #baf #a4 ,dis9tegration prior to ,press+ #bag #b4 ,dis9tegration aft] ,press+ #bbd #c4 ,op9ions to ^! me?ods #bbe ,c4 ,pack+ & ,/or+ ( ! ,f9i%$ ,cacao ,prep>ations #bbh a7 ,g5]al h9ts #bbh b7 ,suitable /orage #bbh c7 ,ma*9es = pack+ en masse #bbi ,?ird ,"p3 ,+r$i5ts us$ 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,*ocolate ,a4 ,legal enactm5ts4 ,condemn$ +r$i5ts #bcj ,b4 ,+r$i5ts all[$ #bca ,i4 ,sweet ,/uffs #bca a7 ,sug> #bca b7 ,sac*>9 & o!r sweet5+ ag5ts #bcd ,,ii4 ,k9ds ( ,/>*1 ,fl\r #bcf #a4 ,potato />* or fl\r #bcf #b4 ,:eat />* #bcf #c4 ,dextr9 #bcg #d4 ,rice />* #bcg #e4 ,arr[root #bcg #f4 ,*e/nut meal #bch #g4 ,bean meal #bch #h4 ,salep #bch ,,iii4 ,spices #bch a7 ,g5]al ,introduction #bch b7 ,vanilla #bda c7 ,vanill9 #bdc d7 ,c9namon #bdf e7 ,cloves #bdg f7 ,nutmeg & ,mace #bdg g7 ,c>damoms #bdh ,,iv4 ,o!r ,+r$i5ts #bdh a7 ,e!r oils #bdh b7 ,p]u balsam & ,gum b5zo9 #bdi ,v4 ,col\r+ ,mat]ials #bej ,f\r? ,"p3 ,exam9ation & ,analysis ( ,cacao ,prep>ations ,a4 ,*emical & microscopial exam9ation ( cacao & cacao prep>ations #bec a7 ,te/+ #bec b7 ,*emical analyses #bed #a4 ,e/imation ( moi/ure #bed #b4 ,e/imation ( a% #bee #c4 ,e/imation ( silicic acid 9 ! a% #bef #d4 ,e/imation ( alkalis rema9+ 9 cocoa p[d]s #bef #e4 ,det]m9ation ( ! fatty cont5ts #beh #f4 ,det]m9ation ( ,!obrom9e & ,caffe9e #bfc #g4 ,det]m9ation ( ,/>* #bfd #h4 ,det]m9ation ( crude ,fibre #bff #i4 ,det]m9ation ( ,cacao husk #bfg #aj4 ,det]m9ation ( ,sug> #bfi #aa4 ,det]m9ation ( ,album9ates #bga #ab4 ,inve/igation ( ,milk & ,cream ,*ocolate #bgb c7 ,microscopical-botanical inve/igation #bge ,b4 ,def9itions ( ,cacao ,prep>ations #bgi a7 ,regulations ( ! ,association ( ,g]man ,*ocolate ,manufactur]s relat+ to ! ,trade 9 ,cacao ,prep>ations #bgi b7 ,f9al ,word+ ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ! ,free ,union ( ,g]man ,food ,*emi/s = ! e/imation ( ! ,value ( ,cacao ,prep>ations #bhb c7 ,vi5na ,regulations #bhd d7 ,int]national ,def9itions #bhe ,c4 ,adult]ation ( ,cacao ,w>es & _! ,recognition #bhh a7 ,introductory #bhh b7 ,! ,pr9ciples #bhh c7 ,laws & ,enactm5ts z to ,trade 9 ,cacao ,prep>ations #bia #a4 ,belgium #bia #b4 ,r\mania #bic #c4 ,switz]l& #bid #d4 ,au/ria #bih #e4 ,g]many #cja ,fif? ,"p3 ,app5dix ,a4 ,in/allation ( a ,*ocolate & ,cacao ,p[d] ,factory 7) #b plates7 #cjd #a4 ,*ocolate ,factory 7,table ,i7 #cje #b4 ,cacao ,p[d] ,factory 7,table ,,ii7 #cjf #c4 ,app5dix conta9+ an acc\nt ( ! me?ods ( prep>ation & ! composition ( "s ,comm]cial dietetic & o!r cacao prep>ations #cjf ,,index ,a4 ,index to lit]ature #cai ,b4 ,tables #cbj ,c4 ,figures #cba ,d4 ,au?ors #cbc ,e4 ,alphabetical index to cont5ts #cbf ,"p ,i4 ,! ,cacao ,tree4 ,a4 ,tree & ,beans4 a7 ,description ( ! ,cacao ,tree & its ,fruit4 ,! cacao tree ) its clu/]s ( r$ blossom & gold5 yell[ fruits is conspicu\s ev5 9 tropical vegetation4 ,( consid]able diamet] at ! base1 x (t5 atta9s a height ( eight metres4 ,its wood is por\s & light2 ! b>k is c9namon col\r$1 ! simply alt]nat+ leaves are f #cj to #dj cm4 9 l5g? & f #aj to #ab cm4 broad1 gr[+ on /alks ab\t #c cm4 long4 ,! upp] surface ( ^! leaves is bright gre51 & ! o!r "o ( a dull] col\r1 & slightly hairy4 ,! fl[]s1 :i* are (t5 cov]$ ) hairs1 occur ei!r s+ly or unit$ 9 bun*es n only on ! ?ick] bran*es b also all along ! trunk f ! root upw>ds4 7,fig4 #a ,a47 ,! =mation ( ! fruit takes place only f ! fl[]s ( ! /em or ?ick] bran*es1 & = a ?\s& fl[]s !re is only "o ripe fruit4 ,! fl[]s 7fig4 #a ,b ,c7 are v small & ( a r$di% :ite col\r4 ,calyx & corolla are five p>tite1 ! t5 filam5ts are unit$ at _! base 7fig4 #a ,g7 & only half ( !m are develop$ to fruitful organs1 su* z be> poll5 7fig4 #a ,j7 9 _! f\r sep>ate an!r comp>tm5ts 7fig4 #a ,h74 ,! pi/il is =m$ ( five unit$ c>pels & be>s 9 ea* ( its five comp>tm5ts eight ovules4 7,fig4 #a ,e ,f74 ,! fruit is at fir/ gre51 & aft]w>ds turns yell[1 b ) /reaks & t9ts ( r$ occurr+2 _m v>ieties also are entirely crimson4 ,resembl+ our cucumb] 9 size1 %ape & appe>ance 7see fig4 #b ,a ,b71 x has a l5g? ( ab\t #be cm4 & a diamet] ( #aj cm41 & ! ?ickness ( its %ell is f #ae to #bj mm4 ,?is %ell is ( r s(t] consi/5cy ?an t ( ! g\rd1 & has five deep longitud9al *annels1 ) five o!rs ( less dep? betwe5 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 7,aft] ,b]g ,s*midt1 ,atlas47 ,a ,twig 9 bloom 7#a_/b74 ,b ,fl[] 7#c_/a74 ,c ,fl[] 9 v]tical section 7#c_/a74 ,d ,leaf ( fl[] 7#f_/a7 ,e ,bean-pod 9 v]tical section 7#f_/a7 ,f ,bean-pod 9 cross section 7#i_/a74 ,h ,an!r4 ,j ,poll54 ,! %ell encloses a s(t1 sweeti% pulp1 )9 :i* f tw5ty-five to =ty almond %ap$ se$s are rang$ 9 five longitud9al r[s1 close to ea* o!r4 ,! :ite col\r ( ^! se$s is frequ5tly t+$ ) yell[1 crimson1 or violet 7,sec4 ,fig4 #b ,c4 ,d4 ,g74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 7,aft] ,b]g ,s*midt74 ,a ,fruit ) half ( %ell remov$ 7#a_/b74 ,b ,fruit 9 cross section 7#a_/b74 ,c ,side view ( se$ 7#a_/c74 ,d ,front view ( se$ 7#a_/a74 ,e ,se$l+ 7#a_/a74 ,f ,kotyl$on or ,se$-leaf 7#a_/a74 ,g ,se$ 9 cross section 7#a_/a74 ,! fruits rip5 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ye>1 ?\gh b sl[ly dur+ ! dry season2 & ! "t ne$$ = its full developm5t is ab\t f\r mon?s4 ,x may be ga!r$ at all times ( ! ye>1 al?\gh !re are regul> ga!r+ seasons1 det]m9$ & modifi$ by ! respective climatic conditions4 ,s1 = example1 we f9d t 9 ,brazil ! pr9cipal ga!r+ takes place 9 ,febru>y & ,july1 :il/ 9 ,mexico x is 9 ,m>* & ,april4 ,9 ! primeval ,amazonian =e/s ! fruit ( ! cacao tree is ga!r$ & br\ght to m>ket at all times ( ! ye>1 :]ev] ,indian tribes obta94 b7 ,geographical ,di/ribution & ,hi/ory ( ! ,cacao ,tree4 ,! cacao tree fl\ri%es 9 a w>m1 moi/ climate4 ,x is !re=e indig5\s to tropical ,am]ica1 f #bc nor? to #ae or #bj s\? latitude4 ,consequ5tly ! area 9 :i* x gr[s comprises ! ,c5tral ,am]ican republic ( ,mexico d[n to ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama2 ,guatemala1 ! ,great] & ,less] ,antilles1 ,m>t9ique1 ,tr9idad1 ,/4 ,lucia1 ,granada1 ,cuba1 ,haiti1 ,jamaica1 ,pu]to ,rico1 ,guadel\pe1 & ,san ,dom+o2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! republics ( ,v5ezuela1 ,columbia1 ,guiana1 ,ecuador1 ,p]u & ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,brazil1 especially ! di/ricts ly+ along ! middle ,amazon4 ,9 all o!r c\ntries :]e ! cacao tree n[ fl\ri%es1 x has be5 naturalis$1 ei!r by coloni/s1 or ) gov]nm5t aid1 z 9 ,asia1 :]e ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ,java1 ,celebes1 ,amboyna & ,ceylon 9 p>ticul> are des]v+ ( m5tion2 & 9 ,cam]oon 7,bibundi1 ,victoria & ,buea71 ,b\rbon1 ,san ,?om & ! ,can>y ,isl&s 9 ,africa1 :]e ! tree is sometimes f\nd gr[+ at an elevation ( ab\t #ihj ft4 above sea level4 ,ceylon (f]s an in/ructive illu/ration ( ! zeal ) :i* ! cultivation is c>ri$ on 9 "s di/ricts4 ,accord+ to in=mation furni%$ by ,mr4 ,ph4 ,freud5burg1 late ,g]man ,consul at ,colombo1 cacao _h be5 plant$ 9 a few in/ances dur+ ! "t ,ceylon 0 9 possession ( ! ,dut*1 b only s9ce #ahai has se$ be5 di/ribut$ out ( ! botanical g>d5s at ,kalatura1 & x 0 /ill lat] be=e plant]s c\ld obta9 x f ^? e/abli%$ at ,p]ad5ija4 ,sy/ematic cultivation = comm]cial purposes 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahgb or #ahgc4 ,! pr9cipal seats ( cacao plantations are ,dumb>a1 ,kurunegalla1 ,kegalla & ,polgahawella1 toge!r ) ,nor?1 ,ea/ & ,we/ ,matala1 ,urah & ,panwila4#a ,accord+ to /ati/ical records1 ! relation betwe5 ! gr[? & export ( cacao is %[n by ! foll[+ table1 :i* also %[s ! developm5t ( its cultivation3 ,ye> ,area "u ,exports cultivation 7acres7 7cwts7 #ahgh #cjj #aj #ahgi #ejj #db #ahhj #cjjj #aba #ahha #edfj #bhc #ahhe #abhjj #gbdg #ahib #adejj #agcbg #ahie #ahbgh #bgeai #ahih #bbejj #cbfhh #aijh #cighh #fbahf ,l all o!r articles ( human food1 cacao has a hi/ory ( "s int]e/1 ! mo/ ess5tial po9ts ( :i* are "h summ>is$ f ! excell5t "w ( ,a4 ,mits*]li*4#b ,a k ( ! cacao tree 0 fir/ br\ght to ,europe 9 #aeai by ,f]n&o ,cortez & 8 troops4 ,he f\nd 9 ,mexico a v ext5sive cultivation ( cacao1 :i* _h be5 c>ri$ on = sev]al c5turies4 ,9 ! fir/ lett] address$ by ,cortez to ,*>les ! ,fif?1 he describ$ cacao beans z be+ us$ 9 place ( money4 ,cortez appli$ to ! cacao tree ! "n ( 8,cacap01 a ^w d]iv$ f ! old ,mexican designation 8,cacava-quahitl04 ,! ,mexicans call$ ! fruit 8,cacavac5tli01 ! beans 8,cacahoatl0 & ! bev]age prep>$ f !m 8,*ocolatl0#c1 said to be d]iv$ f ! root 8,cacava0 & 8,atl01 wat]4 ,?is t]m 0 adopt$ by ! ,spani>ds1 & x gave rise 9 ! c\rse ( "t to ! ^w 8,*ocolate01 :i* is n[ univ]sal4 ,! botanical def9ition ( ! typical =m ( ! cacao tree1 :i* belongs to ! family ,,buttn]iaceae1 is ref]able to ,l9naeus1 :o gave x ! "n 8,!obroma ,cacao0 7food ( ! gods1 f 8,!os01 ,god1 & 8,broma01 food74 ,probably *ocolate 0 a fav\rite bev]age ) ,l9naeus1 :o may h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! "w ( ! ,p>is physician ,bu*at1 publi%$ 9 #afhd1 9 :i* *ocolate is allud$ to z an inv5tion m wor?y ( be+ call$ food ( ! gods ?an nect> or ambrosia4 ,clusius fir/ describ$ ! cacao tree 9 8 8,plantae exoticae04 ,! ta/e = *ocolate soon spread ?r\gh\t ,spa9 aft] ! return ( ,cortez' exp$ition f ! ,new ,_w1 n1 h[ev]1 )\t enc\nt]+ "s opposition1 especially on ! "p ( ! cl]gy1 :o rais$ ! "q :e!r x 7 lawful to p>take ( *ocolate on fa/ days1 z x 0 kn[n to possess nutritive prop]ties4 ,h[ev]1 x f\nd an advocate 9 ,c>d9al ,brancatio1 :o describ$ x z an article belong+1 l w9e1 to ! necess>ies ( life1 & he !re=e held t its use 9 mod]ation c\ld n be prohibit$4 ,9 #afbd ,franciscus ,rau* publi%$ a "w at ,vi5na1 9 :i* he condemn$ ! use ( *ocolate & sugge/$ t ! monks %\ld be prev5t$ f p>tak+ ( x1 z a means ( prev5t+ excesses4 ,ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! #ag? c5tury1 ! use ( *ocolate spread f ,spa9 to ,italy1 :]e x 0 br\ght to ! notice ( ! public by ! ,flor5t9e ,antonio ,c>letti 7#afjf71 :o _h liv$ = "s "t 9 ! ,antilles4 ,! me?od ( conv]t+ cacao beans into *ocolate 0 also made kn[n 9 ,europe by ,c>letti1 :ile ! ,spani>ds _h kept x a secret4 ,"u ,!resa ( ,au/ria1 wife ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 ! habit ( tak+ *ocolate appe>s to h become v common 9 ,france aft] ! p>tial introduction ( cacao by importation f ,spa94 ,! fir/ cacao import$ f ! ,fr5* colony ( ,m>t9ique arriv$ 9 ,bre/ 9 #afgi 9 8,le ,triomphant01 ! flag%ip ( admiral d',e/res4 ,op9ion 9 ,france z to *ocolate 0 !n divid$3 ,madame ,svign1 once an admir] ( *ocolate1 aft]w>ds wrote to h] daught]3 8il v\s flatte p\r un temps et puis il v\s allume t\t d'un c\p fivre cont9ue qui v\s conduit la mort01 a !ory :i* n[adays mu/ necess>ily be reg>d$ z ridicul\s4 ,*ocolate 0 9 g5]al use 9 ,engl& ab\t ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,*ocolate h\ses1 simil> to ! c(fee h\ses ( ,g]many1 7 op5$ 9 ,london4 ,bonteko1 physician to ! ,elector ,wilhelm ( ,br&5burg1 publi%$ 9 #afgi a "w entitl$ 8,tractat van ,kruyd1 ,!e1 ,c(fe1 ,*ocolate10 9 :i* he spoke v /rongly 9 fav\r ( *ocolate & contribut$ v s5sibly to ! increase ( its consumption 9 ,g]many4 ,! fir/ *ocolate factory 9 ,g]many is said to h be5 erect$ by ,pr9ce ,wilhelm von d] ,lippe ab\t ! ye> #agef at ,/e9hude4 ,?is pr9ce br\ght ov] ,portuguese specially v]s$ 9 ! art ( *ocolate mak+4 c7 ,cultivation ( ! ,cacao ,tree2 ,diseases & ,p>asites4 ,! fir/ in=mation reg>d+ ! cultivation ( ! cacao tree 9 ,mexico is t obta9$ on ! invasion ( ! c\ntry by ! ,spani>ds4 ,prior to t "t !re is a total abs5ce ( any?+ def9ite4 ,! tree fl\ri%es be/ 9 situations :]e ! mean temp]ature is betwe5 #bd & #bh ,c4 ,! f>!r ! place ( cultivation f ! equator ! poor] is ! product4 ,! o!r mo/ ess5tial conditions are long cont9u$ moi/ure ( ! soil & a s(t1 loose texture ) abundance ( humus1 & above all1 %elt] f ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,= ^! reasons1 plant]s select = _! cacao areas gr\nd ! virg9 soil ( :i* has n be5 exhau/$ by ! cultivation ( o!r plants4 ,! plants are ei!r rais$ 9 a nurs]y until !y rea* ! mo/ suitable age = transplant+1 or ! se$s are s[n on ! gr\nd select$ = ! plantation4 ,! transport ( live se$ = new plantations is att5d$ ) "s difficulty1 s9ce ! se$s v quickly lose _! vitality4 ,c4 ,*alot#d recomm5ds t ?is vitality be pres]v$ by ga!r+ ! fruit be=e x is p]fectly ripe1 imm]s+ x 9 melt$ p>aff9 oil1 & !n wrapp+ x 9 pap]2 on :i* ! fruit may be transport$ )\t los+ any ( its nutritive qualities4 ,9 ! %elt]$ valleys ( tropical c\ntries1 :]e ! s(t soil1 ri* 9 humus1 is kept con/antly moi/ by l>ge riv]s1 ! cacao tree blossoms ?r\gh\t ! :ole ye>4 ,:5 gr[+ wild x is g5]ally isolat$ "u ! %ad[ ( l>g] trees2 :5 cultivat$1 ! "y plant is plac$ "u ! %elt] ( banana trees1 & at a lat] p]iod ( its gr[? %elt] is provid$ by ! coral 7call$ ,ery?r9a corallod5dron or ,ery?r9a indica71 fur!r kn[n z 8,c(fie-mama0 among ! ,sur9am ,dut* & madre del cacao among ! ,spani>ds4 ,yet ?is tree1 l ! ,maniok1 is said n to enjoy s long a life z ! cacao plant1 :i* sometimes rea*es an age ( =ty ye>s4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! ,ca/illoa or also ,caesalp9a da%yracis h rec5tly be5 recomm5d$ z a m la/+ protection4 ,! fact t x does n lose its leaves dur+ ! dry season 7e4 g4 on ,java1 dur+ ! ,ea/ ,monsoon7 is an additional advantage4 ,a cacao plantation requires a consid]able area1 9 ! proportion ( #ej hect>es = #bj1jjj trees4 ,! quantity ( fruit to be obta9$ f t numb] ( trees1 z an annual crop1 w\ld be wor? f #a1bjj-a1cjj4 ,9 plant+ ! se$s1 !y are set 9 r[s t are f #h to #aj m4 ap>t1 f\r or five se$s be+ plant$ )9 f #a to #b m1 ! %ad+ trees be+ plant$ betwe5 ! r[s4 ,( ea* five se$s plant$ ! great] numb] (t5 fail to g]m9ate1 ei!r 9 consequ5ce ( unfav\rable wea!r or z ! result ( attacks by insects etc42 b if m ?an "o plant gr[s1 ! weak] ones are pull$ up4 ,until ! plants are two or ?ree ye>s old1 !y are protect$ by a %$ op5 at "o side1 & !y are transplant$ aft] !y h atta9$ a height ( #c ft4 ,! *ief enemies ( tropical cultivation--we$s1 a]ial roots1 insects1 bact]ial infection--h to be provid$ aga9/ cont9ually1 s z to prev5t damage2 accord+ly if ! gr\nd be n moi/ en\gh1 x %\ld be sy/ematically wat]$1 & s dra9$ if m>%y1 = ! tree requires mo/ c>eful nurs+ if x is to develop into a prolific fruit-be>+ specim54 ,! se$ g]m9ates ab\t f\rte5 days aft] be+ plant$2 b fl[]s are n produc$ till aft] #c or #e ye>s4 ,aft] ! tree has once born fruit1 :i* may occur at ! end ( ! f\r? ye> x (t5 cont9ues to d s = fifty ye>s4 ,! tree is mo/ prolific :5 f twelve to ?irty ye>s old4 ,z 9 ! case ( all cultivat$ plants & dome/ic animals1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* does n dep5d on ! pr9cipal ( natural selection1 & among :i* life is n a cont9u\s developm5t ( endurance 9 ! face ( adv]se elem5ts1 ! cacao tree has its peculi> diseases4 ,inde$1 x w\ld seem z ?\gh x 7 beset by all v]m9 extant4 ,! read] may obta9 "s idea ( ! ext5t ( ! damage done to cacao plantations by su* noxi\s ag5ts1 if he turns up ! cle> & exhau/ive acc\nt publi%$ by ! ,imp]ial ,biological ,in/itute = ,agriculture & ,=e/ry 7,g]many74#e ,un=tunately we h n space "h to m5tion m ?an a few ( ! mo/ frequ5tly occurr+ & important diseases1 su* z ! ,,gum ,,disease1 :i* is especially de/ructive1 gum =mations 9 ! wood tissue & b>k ( ! tree ev5tually kill+ x4 ,next to be dread$ are ! v>i\s fungus gr[?s1 canc]s & canc]-l incru/ations 78,krullot507 & broom =mations4 ,x (t5 happ5s t specii ( beetle attack ! tree1 caus+ decay & rot to set 92 su* e4 g4 are ! wood-bor]1 b>k bug1 & woodbeetle4 ,o!r p>asites1 aga91 d n de/roy ! :ole tree1 b are equally detrim5tal1 z !y also preclude all prospects ( a h>ve/4 ,fruit rot & its l1 fruit canc]1 & cacao mo?s1 are notori\s 9 ?is connection4 ,!re are also sev]al l>g] creatures :i* betray a pref]5ce = ! nutriti\s fruit ( ! cacao tree1 v>i\s species ( rat1 & ! squirrel1 :i* unite to make ! plant]'s life a burd54 d7 ,ga!r+ & ,f]m5tation4 ,! ga!r+ ( ! fruit is effect$ by means ( long rods1 at ! end ( :i* is a semi-circul> knife = cutt+ ?r\gh ! /alk4 ,! fruits are !n split 9 two1 ! beans sep>at$ f ! surr\nd+ pulp & spread out on scre5s to dry1 or expos$ to ! sun on bamboo floors4 ,beans s prep>$ are describ$ z unf]m5t$4 ,9 mo/ l&s :]e cacao is cultivat$1 ano!r process is adopt$1 calculat$ to height5 ! flav\r ( ! fruit & develop its nutriti\s con/itu5ts4 ,! newly ga!r$ beans are fir/ p>tially fre$ f ! fruity sub/ances always adh]+1 !n pil$ up into heaps & cov]$ ) banana sk9s or cocoa-nut matt+1 9 ord] t !y may be %ut (f z f> z possible f all atmosph]ic influ5ce1 & s left = "s "t1 :ile ! *emical processes ( w>m+ & f]m5tation are gradually consummat+4 ,?is proc$ure is alt]nat$ ) repeat$ exposures to ! sun1 accord+ to ! maturity & species ( ! cacao bean1 & ! prevail+ wea!r conditions2 ?\gh details z to ! l5g? ( "t & numb] ( repetitions necess>y to ! production ( a m>ketable article /ill await det]m9ation4#f ,x may be tak5 z a g5]al rule t f]m5tation %\ld proce$ till ! bean1 or r ! cotyl$on1 has acquir$ ! light br[n col\r *>act]i/ic ( *ocolate4 ,?is pr9ciple is nev]!less (t5 violat$1 especially z loss ( weight 9 ! bean is (t5 intimately connect$ ) complete f]m5tation4 ,unsuffici5tly f]m5t$ v>ieties1 b :i* 7 fully ripe :5 ga!r$1 develop a violet col\r dur+ ?is process2 x is possible = !m to pass ?r\gh :at is kn[n z 8,aft] f]m5tation0 be=e rea*+ ! factory4 ,?is is n s 9 ! case ( beans develop+ f unripe fruit1 = obvi\sly ! valuable con/itu5ts ( ! cotyl$on are "h n prom95t1 & sc>cely calculat$ to f]m5t prop]ly4 ,su* c be recognis$ by _! betray+ a blui% grey col\r 9 ! dry+ processes1 & ! s(t & smoo? /ructure :i* !y !n acquire4 ,a normal progress ( f]m5tation is indicat$ :]e ! int]ior ( ! mass ( beans regi/]s1 on ! fir/ morn+ aft] ga!r+1 a temp]ature n exce$+ #cj-cc ,c1 #ce-ch on ! second day1 & on ! ?ird morn+ a temp]ature n exce$+ #dc ,c4 ,if ! out] %ells are m>k$1 ! heat+ has be5 too sev]e4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! h>ve/ season suff]s f ! p]iodical ra9s1 dry+ ov] wood5 fires#g is (t5 resort$ to4 ,! value ( _m specim5s is h]eby greatly dim9i%$ :5 ! roa/+ is c>elessly manag$1 = ! smoke mu/ on no acc\nt be all[$ to come into contact ) ! bean4 ,yet 8,smoky0 lots among ! ,/4 ,?omas1 ,accra1 & ,kam]oon sorts 7 =m]ly mu* m frequ5t 9 comm]ce ?an n[1 = ! plant] has le>n$ to avoid ?is evil4 ,aft] !y h be5 f]m5t$1 ! beans are wa%$1 or trodd5 ) ! nak$ foot1 9 "s c\ntries1 & s cleans$ f ! pulp rema9s /ill adh]+4 ,!y are !n all[$ to dry 9 ! op5 air1 & pack$ into sacks2 contact ) metal or /one is /rictly to be avoid$1 :i* z good conductors ( heat & rapid cool+ ag5ts are mo/ disadvantage\s4 ,in/ead ( pil+ ! beans up 9 loose heaps1 !y may be f]m5t$ 9 8,tanks0 made ( wood1 & :]e possible1 provid$ ) p>titions4 ,accord+ to ,k9dt1 c$> wood has be5 prov$ be/ = ?is purpose1 because ( its enorm\s resi/+ capacity4 ,x us$ to be ?\ght t 9 f]m5tation ensu$ a g]m9ation ( ! se$1#h z 9 ! prep>ation ( malt2 b ?is idea has be5 prov$ errone\s4 ,! contr>y is r ! case1 = ! process almo/ kills ! se$2 & :5 ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! latt] is tak5 into consid]ation1 & also ! fact t x only develops "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions1 x mu/ be all[$ t ! /atem5t conta9s an obvi\s tru?4 ,yet *emical *ange does take place 9 ! f]m5tation ( ! se$2 b z to its precise nature1 ow+ to ! lack ( sci5tific rese>* on ! sc5e ( op]ations1 we are /ill unable to dogmatise4 ,x w\ld !re=e be useless to discuss ! manifold !ories & speculations be>+ on ?is po9t1 & wa/e ( "t to discuss ! v>i\s k9ds ( f]m5tation & ! *emical processes !re9 involv$4 ,yet x may almo/ be tak5 = grant$1 t ! fre%-pluck$ bean conta9s a s-call$ glycoside#i :i* decomposes into grape sug>1 into an equally amyloids col\r /uff 7! s-call$ cacao-r$71 & ! nitrog5e\s alkaloids ,!obrom9e & ,kaffe92 a *ange probably incid5tal to ! f]m5tation4#aj ,! sug> might fur!r split up into ,alcohol & ,c>bonic ,acid ,gas1 al?\gh ?is is by no means e/abli%$4 ,:il/ we h lo/ our be>+s z f> z ! *emical aspect ( ?is process is conc]n$1 we are mu* m firm 9 respect to ! biological1 ?anks to rese>*es :i* ,dr4 v4 ,prey]s has conduct$ on ! spot 9 ,ceylon4 ,prey]'s#aa exp]im5ts leave absolutely no room = objection1 & x c safely be accept$ t !re are no bact]ia pres5t 9 f]m5tation1 b a fungus-l gr[? ri* 9 life1 a k9d ( yea/ by him call$ ,sac*>omyces ,!obromae1 & describ$ 9 pass+2#ab facts :i* con/itute ! gi/ ( 8 f9d+s4 ,he fur!r e/abli%es t ! pres5ce ( bact]ia (t5 notic$ is absolutely undesirable1 & t bett] results are obta9$ :5 all life is en]getically combat$1 & especially ^! bact]ia4 ,we %\ld1 !n1 be confront$ ) ! same ph5om5on 9 ! prep>ation ( cacao z are already met ) 9 be] brew+1 & ! press+ ( w9e & :i* are /ill wait$ = 9 ! prep>+ ( tea & tobacco4 ,! k]nel ( ! fre% bean1 8,nips01 is :ite & has a bitt] ta/e & alt]nates 9 col\r betwe5 :iti% yell[1 rose & violet2 ! m]e influ5ce ( sol> heat is suffici5t to produce ! br[n cacao pigm5t1 b dry+ is n s effective z f]m5tation 9 remov+ ! h>% bitt] ta/e & h5ce f]m5t$ beans are always to be pref]r$4 ,^! h (t5 acquir$ a d>k] col\r 9 ! process1 _! weight is consid]ably dim9i%$1 & _! flav\r modifi$ to an oily sweetness1 )\t los+ an atom ( ! orig9al aroma#ac4 ,comm]cially & = manufactur+ purposes only ! se$s ( ! cacao tree are ( importance4 ,! root b>k is said by ,h]r ,loy] ( ,manila to be ( m$ic9al value z a rem$y = c]ta9 common female compla9ts & is employ$ by ! natives ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s z an abortifaci5t4 ,accord+ to ,peckoldt#ad ! fruit %ell conta9s a consid]able am\nt ( mat]ial t yields mucilage & might !re=e be utilis$ z a sub/itute = l9se$4 e7 ,description ( ! ,beans4 ,! v>ieties ( ! cacao tree :i* yield ! beans at ! pres5t "t occurr+ 9 comm]ce are4 ,!obroma cacao1 ,l9n ! true cacao1 spread ov] ! wide/ area1 & almo/ exclusively cultivat$ on plantations1 ) _m v>ieties 7,crillo1 ,=a/]o etc47 & ,!obroma bicolor1 a p>ty-col\r$ cacao tree ! se$s ( :i* are mix$ ) ,brazilian & ,c>acas beans4 ,!obroma speciosum ,wild5[1 :i* yields1 l ,!obroma cacao1 ,brazilian beans 7magnific5t tree74 ,!obroma quayan5se1 yield+ ,guiana beans4 ,!obroma silve/re or =e/ cacao4 ,!obroma sub9canum1 :ite-leav$-cacao1 & ,!obroma microc>pum1 small-fruit$ cacao1 are met ) z admixtures 9 ,brazilian beans4 ,!obroma glaucum1 grey cacao1 fruits ( :i* v>iety are f\nd among ,c>acas beans4 ,!obroma angu/ifolium ! n>r[-leav$ & ,!obroma ovatifolium1 oval leaf1 may be reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( ,mexican cacao4 ,be=e describ+ ! comm]cial k9ds ( cacao1 a k ( :i* is ( fir/ importance to manufactur]s1 x is desirable to consid] ! beans 9 reg>d to ext]nal =m & microscopial /ructure1 9 ord] t ! use ( "s indisp5sable sci5tific expressions 9 ! subsequ5t description ( p>ticul> comm]cial k9ds ( cacao may be intelligible4 ,! bean1 page #c ,fig4 #b ,c-,g1 consi/s1 accord+ to ,han\sek#ae1 ( a se$-%ell1 a se$-sk9 & ! embryo or k]nel ) ! radicle4 ,! oval-%ap$ se$ is g5]ally f #af to #bh mm4 long1 #aj to #ae mm4 broad & f #d to #g mm4 ?ick4 ,at ! l[] end ( ! bean !re is a depress$1 flatt5$ & frequ5tly circul> hilum visible1 f :i* a mod]ately m>k$ l9e ext5ds up to ! apex ( ! bean :]e x =ms ! c5tre ( radiat+ longitud9al ribs-- vascul> bundles-ext5d+ to ! middle ( ! bean ?r\gh ! out] se$-coat+ back to ! hilum4 ,! out] se$ %ell 7cf4 ,fig4 #c7 is ( ! ?ickness ( pap]1 brittle1 scaly ext]nally & r$di% br[n1 l9$ ) a col\rless transluc5t membrane peel+ to ! s-call$ silv] membrane 7previ\sly b falsely kn[n z se$ envelope7 & p5etrat+ into ! convolutions ( ! k]nel 9 irregul>ly divid$ folds4 ,! %ells ( "s ( ! bett] sorts ( beans1 su* z ,c>acas1 are frequ5tly cov]$ ) a firmly adh]5t1 d5se1 r$di%-br[n p[d]1 consi/+ ( f]rug9\s loam orig9at+ f ! soil on :i* ! beans h be5 dri$ & s]v+ z a protection aga9/ ! attacks ( insects4 ,b op9ions are divid$ z to1 ! utility ( ?is process4 ,! f]m5t$ k]nel consi/s ( two l>ge cotyl$ons occupy+ ! :ole bean2 x is ( fatty lu/re1 r$di% grey or br[n col\r & (t5 pres5t a sup]ficial violet t+e2 & "u g5tle pressure readily breaks up into num]\s angul> fragm5ts ! surfaces ( :i* are g5]ally bord]$ by ! silv] membrane4 ,! fragm5ts c be easily recognis$ :5 laid 9 wat]4 ,at ! contact ( ! lobes !re is an angul> middle rib & two lat]al ribs are connect$ ) ! radicle at ! broad] end ( ! bean4 ,! ripe fre%-ga!r$ cacao-k]nel is und\bt$ly :ite & ! r$di% br[n or violet pigm5t is =m$ dur+ ! f]m5t+ ( ! bean4 ,b !re is also a :ite cacao1 ?\gh seldom met )4 ,accord+ to in=mation furni%$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,rimp] ( ,ecuador1 x is ( r>e occurr5ce & is n cultivat$ to any great ext5t4 ,9 ,tr9idad also a p]fectly :ite se$$ cacao1 produc+ l>ge fruit & f9e k]nels1 0 introduc$ f ,c5tral ,am]ica by ! curator ( ! ,botanic ,g>d5s 9 #ahic4 ,! microscopic /ructure ( ! %ell1 ,fig4 ,,iii41 pres5ts no rem>kable peculi>ity t requires to be notic$ "h4 ,! delicate inn] membrane 7fig4 #c7 coat+ ! cotyl$ons & p5etrat+ into _! folds consi/s ( sev]al lay]s4 ,connect$ ) x are club-%ap$ gl&ul> /ructures1 fig4 #d1 consi/+ ( sev]al d>k col\r$ cells t are kn[n z ! ,mits*]li* p>ticles4 ,accord+ to ,a4 ,f4 ,w4 ,s*imp]#af !y are hairs fall5 f ! epid]mis 7fig4 #d7 ( ! cotyl$on & d n orig9ate1 z 0 =m]ly suppos$1 9 ! inn] silv] membrane4 ,^! /ructures1 nam$ aft] _! discov]]1 7 =m]ly suppos$ to be algae1 or cells ( ! embryo sac1 unconnect$ ) ! tissues ( ! se$ cells4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 z true epid]moid /ructures1 simil> to ! hairs ( o!r plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,cross ,section ( ,%ell ( ,cacao ,bean 7,ts*irs*74 gfb vascul> bundles co cotyl$on pc ducts f pulp fe endoc>p1 or inn] coat ( fruit se epic>p1 or sk9 s* mucilag5\s1 or slime cells lp p>5*yma1 or cellul> tissue / skl]og5\s1 or dry cells is silv] membrane co cotyl$on gfb vascul> bundles ,^! ,mits*]li* p>ticles are n only *>act]i/ic ( ! se$ membrane1 b also ( ! entire se$ z well z ! prep>ations made f x4 ,:]ev] cacao is mix$ ) o!r mat]ials1 its pres5ce may be asc]ta9$ by microscopical detection ( ^! /ructures1 :i* are peculi> to cacao4 ,9 ! l>ge elongat$1 hexagonal cells ( ! se$ membrane !re are two o!r /ructures to be se5 ) ! aid ( high p[] 7#bej fold71 "o appe>+ z l>ge cry/all9e druses1 :ile ! o!r consi/s ( extremely f9e ne$les unit$ 9 bundles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,cross section ( ! cotyl$on1 %[+ 8,mits*]li* p>ticles0 7,moell]74 ,by addition ( petroleum _s ! =m]1 consi/+ ( fat acid cry/als1 are dissolv$1 ! latt]1 rema9+ unalt]$1 are consid]$ by ,mits*]li* to be !obrom9e cry/als1 s9ce _! cry/all9e =m closely resembles t ( !obrom9e4 ,a m sci5tific explanation has n be5 =?com+4 ,! cotyl$ons are se5 "u ! microscope to consi/ ( a tissue ( ?9 wall$ cells1 )\t cavities1 ly+ close toge!r1 & "h & !re di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! tissue1 cells ) br[ni% yell[1 r$di% br[n1 or violet col\r$ cont5ts4 ,^! latt] are ! pigm5t cells :i* conta9 ! sub/ance kn[n z cacao-r$ & analog\s to tann92 x1 toge!r ) !obrom9e1 gives rise to ! delicate ta/e & aroma ( cacao4 ,! o!r cells ( ! tissue are fill$ ) extremely small />* granules ! size ( :i* r>ely exce$s #j4jje mm42 ) !m are associat$ fat1 9 ! =m ( spe>-%ap$ cry/als1 & album9oid sub/ances4 ,9 ord] to discrim9ate betwe5 ^! sub/ances !y mu/ be /a9$ by v>i\s reag5ts4 ,accord+ to ,molis*#ag1 !obrom9e may be recognis$1 9 sections ( ! se$1 by add+ a drop ( hydro*loric acid & aft] "s "t an equal drop ( auric *loride solution 7#c 7 ,aft] "s ( ! liquid has evaporat$1 bun*es ( long yell[ cry/als ( !obrom9e auro*loride make _! appe>ance4 ,on addition ( osmic acid ! fat is col\r$ greyi% br[n4 ,on addition to ! microscopic section a drop ( iod9e solution1 or bett] iodoz9e *loride1 ! />* becomes blue1 :ile album9\s sub/ances are col\r$ yell[4 ,cacao />* granules are v small & _c well be mi/ak5 = o!r k9ds1 except ! />* ( "s spices su* z pim5to or t ( ,gu>ana1 prep>$ f ! se$s ( ,paul9na sorbilis4 ,accord+ to ,mll] ! blue iod9e col\ration ( cacao />* takes place v sl[ly & x is probably ret>d$ by ! l>ge am\nt ( fat pres5t2 b ! po9t has be5 conte/$ by ,zipp]] & lat] inve/igators4 ,9 ord] to make ! />* granules ( cacao & ! cells conta9+ cacao-r$ di/9ctly visible "u ! microscope1 x is advisable to imm]se ! section 9 a drop ( almond oil1 because ! addition ( wat] r5d]s ! object indi/9ct 9 consequ5ce ( ! l>ge am\nt ( fat pres5t4 ,ano!r excell5t m$ium = ! microscopic obs]vation ( cacao is ! solution ( #h p>ts ( *loral hydrate 9 #e p>ts ( wat]1 z recomm5d$ by ,s*imp]4#ah ,by ^! means x may easily be se5 t ! pigm5t or cacao r$ 9 diff]5t sorts ( cacao v>ies m or less 9 col\r4 ,to complete ! acc\nt ( ! microscopic *>act]s ( ! cacao cotyl$on1 m5tion mu/ be made ( ! small vascul> bundles1 g5]ally spiral1 t are di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! tissues ( ! cotyl$ons & are readily made visible by add+ a drop ( oil or a drop ( *loral hydrate solution4 f7 ,! ,comm]cial ,sorts ( ! ,cacao ,bean4 ,m9dful ( ,goe!'s dictum3 ,fri5d1 ! pa?s ( !ory are unc]ta91 & hid 9 gloom1 we propose to devote ?is *apt] to an exclusively practical discussion ( ! comm]cial value ( raw cacao1 & f ! m]*ant's po9t ( view4 ,su* diff]5ces ( op9ion prevail 9 manufactur+ circles z to ! possible uses ( ea* sep>ate sort1 t = ?is reason alone any o!r ?an a purely geographical classification w\ld sc>cely be feasible4 ,b ap>t f ?is1 v>y+ z x does ) ! protective duties impos$1 ! comm]cial value ( cacao c by no means rema9 a univ]sal con/ant2 & x mu/ be not$ t v>iations 9 ! national ta/e s]ve to height5 its in/ability4 ,?is latt] circum/ance also causes a deviation f ! ne>ly relat$ pr9cipal t ! ,mo!rl& becomes *ief consum] ( ! v>ieties gr[n 9 h] colonies4 ,! cacao sorts ( ! ,engli% ,gold-,coa/ runn+ "u ! collective "n ( ,accra1 h tak5 complete possession ( ! ,g]man m>ket2 ,tr9idad cacao enjoys imm5se popul>ity 9 ,france1 & ! ,dut* pass on ! l>g] "p ( _! ,java importations to o!r consum+ nations4 ,z reg>ds ?is latt] sort1 h[ev]1 ! fact !y are *iefly employ$ z col\r+ & cov]+ /uffs = o!r cacaos mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,9 mo/ cases ei!r ! produc+ c\ntry or a pr9cipal %ipp+ port gives its "n to ! diff]5t sorts4 ,yet p>adoxical exceptions w at once occur to ! read]4 ,! inf]ior & m$iocre ,v5ezuelan v>ieties ( ! ,b>lov5to di/rict %ipp$ f ,la ,guayra are g5]ally d5om9at$ z ,c>acas1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! capital ( ! republic ,v5ezuela1 situat$ z x is #ajjj metres above sea level 7be+ ab\t #ccjj feet71 & !re=e q outside ! cacao zone1 has practically no connection ) ! cacao trade4 ,! collective "n1 ,samana /ill holds good = ! cacaos ( ! ,dom9ican republic1 at lea/ 9 ,g]many1 al?\gh ?is outlet ( a t9y m\nta9\s p59sul> has long ceas$ to export any b v insignificant quantities4 ,consequ5tly1 & rightly1 ! ,fr5* m]*ant specifies ^! sorts z ,san*ez1 adopt+ ! "n ( ! pr9cipal cacao export+ port ( ! republic4 ,arriba1 ! *oice/ product ( ,ecuador 7port1 ,guayaquil7 takes its "n f ! ,spani% ^w arriba1 above1 ! plantations be+ situat$ along ! upp] s\rces ( ! ,rio ,guayas 7to wit1 ! riv]s ,daule1 ,v9ces1 & ,zapotal74 ,o!r ,guayaquil cacaos are nam$ aft] ! riv]s 7,balao1 ,n>anjal7 & di/ricts 7e4 g4 ,ma*ala7 :]e !y are mo/ cultivat$4 ,z 9 ! case ( s _m o!r cultivat$ plants1 di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ! v>i\s sorts are n only det]m9$ by ! diff]5t species ( tree1 b are r & pr9cipally dep5dant on ! comb9$ effect ( physical & climatic conditions4 ,s :e!r ! se$l+ ,criollo1 ! spl5did ,creole bean native to ,v5ezuela1 belongs also to ! m fruitful ,=a/]o species 7spani% =a/]o1 =eign71 a v>iety less s5sitive & consequ5tly common]1 is a problem :i* c only claim second>y consid]ation4 ,ap>t f ! geographical influ5ces m5tion$1 me?od & nicety ( proc$ure are ( prime importance 9 ! prep>ation ( ! cacao sorts4 ,yet te*nically p]fect implem5ts d n always prove ! be/ means to an atta9m5t ( ?is end2 x be+ a fact record$ by exp]i5ce t ! *emical con/itu5ts ( ! cacao bean rea* _! fulle/ developem5t 9 su* simple & primitive processes z1 e4 g4 are /ill patronis$ 9 ,ecuador & ,v5ezuela4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to obs]ve t ^! simple & primitive me?ods po/ulate nicety & c>efulness1 :i* fail+1 !re w be no lack ( defects 9 ! cacao prep>$4 ,on ! ,haiti_/,dom+o isl&1 e4 g4 a v>iety ( cacao is h>ve/$ :i* is 9 itself v pr(itable1 z /ray specim5s f9d+ _! way to ! m>ket te/ify1 b :i* z an article ( comm]ce proves mo/ unreliable1 be+ g5]ally br\ght on ! m>ket 9 su* an unprep>$ /ate1 t f]m5tation fir/ takes place on ! sea voyage1 & !n ( c\rse only 9 insuffici5t measure4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod appe> ^? disagreeable & accompany+ symptoms te*nically kn[n z 8,vice propre0 & ! beans1 :i* 7 n completely ripe 9 ! fir/ place1 d n develop fur!r1 & gre5i% break+s 9 ! sk9 become pron\nc$1 & rema9 a s\rce ( t]ror to ! manufactur+ _w4 ,all attempts made 9 ,european int]e/s to br+ ab\t an alt]ation 9 ?is deplorable /ate ( affairs h hi!rto be5 lo/ on ! indol5ce ( ! native plant]s4 ,inde$1 until ! political & economical conditions preval5t among ! mix$ ,negro population ( ,haiti_/,dom+o are ?or\ghly re=m$1 no p]ceptible improvem5t c be expect$ 9 ! qualities ( ! ,samana & ,haiti cacaos1 = :i* reason1 ) rapidly disappe>+ exceptions1 !re are sc>cely any well organis$ plantations 9 ^! p>ts4 ,turn+ to ! ,old ,_w1 we f9d 9 ! ,we/ ,african ,gold ,coa/ a typical example ( ! possibilities ( cultivation on a small scale1 "u prop] & compet5t guidance1 & ) primitive processes2 = n only z f> z quantitative progress is conc]n$1 b also 9 respect to quality1 ! v>ieties produc$ by ! natives ( ?is ,engli% colony improve f ye> to ye>4 ,kam]oon1 a di/rict :i* l ! ,gold ,coa/ has only tak5 to ! cultivation ( cacao ( late ye>s1 provides u ) an exactly opposite in/ance4 ,"h ! plantation sy/em has be5 9 =ce "r f ! comm5cem5t ( ! indu/ry1 ) all its te*nically p]fect$ implem5ts1 yet nev]!less ! p]fect+ ( ! cacao proce$s v sl[ly1 & x w be a long "t be=e ! produce ( ?is l& c lay any s]i\s claim to specification z a v>iety = consumption4 ,its l>ge proportion ( acid +r$i5t has be5 above all detrim5tal1 almo/ completely preclud+ its use z any o!r b a mix+ sort1 al?\gh "s plantations h be5 yield+ comp>atively mild cacaos n[ = sev]al ye>s4 ,we _c /ay to discuss ! problem ( causes 9 ?is in/ance1 & :e!r ! fact t ! ,=a/]o species has be5 exclusively plant$ prejudices ! developem5t ( ! cacao1 or ! climatic conditions1 mu/ rema9 an op5 "q4 ,let x be not$ 9 pass+ t ! ,=a/]o ,bean has tak5 univ]sal possession ( ,africa1 z well 9 ,kam]oon1 z 9 ! ,gold ,coa/1 on ! isl& ( ,/4 ,?omas & also 9 ! ,congo ,free ,/ate4 ,! ,bahia cacao1 aga91 owes its orig9 to ! ,=a/]o se$l+4 ,we w refra9 f any fur!r elaboration ( ?is introduction1 h[ev]1 s z n to anticipate ! foll[+ review ( ! v>i\s comm]cial sorts ( cacao4 f7 ,i4 ,am]ican ,cacao ,v>ieties4 ,a4 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,we beg9 ) ,mexico1 ! classical cacao l&1 sc>cely ( importance to ! g5]al trade1 z ! great] "p ( its entire produce1 compris+ ab\t ?ree ?\s& tons ye>ly1 is consum$ 9 its native c\ntry4 ,( ! o!r ,c5tral ,am]ican /ates1 next to ,nic>agua1 ^: l>ge ,v5ezuelan-l beans f9d _! way to ! ,hamburg m>ket f "t to "t1 ,co/a ,rica is above all wor?y ( m5tion4 ,?is /ate began to export its home produce 9 #aiab1 av]ag+ = t ye> ab\t #fj tons2 & 9 #aiji1 ! export _h already increas$ to #cej tons1 mo/ly to ,engl& & ,nor? ,am]ica1 ?r\gh ! %ipp+ port call$ ,port ,limon4 ,b4 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,columbia4 ,f ?is republic come two di/9ct sorts2 ! r>e1 r\nd$1 & native ,cauca bean1 :i* is ne>ly relat$ to ! ,m>acaibo v>iety1 & :i* cultivat$ along ! ,magdal5a riv] is 9 ! ma9 %ipp$ f ,b>anquille1 on ! ,c>ibbean sea1 occasionally also f ,bu5ev5tura on ! ,pacific coa/2 & !n ! ,tumaco ,cacao1 s nam$ f ! small %ipp+ port on ! ,ecuador bord]1 :i* resembles ! inf]ior sorts ( ! ,ecuador coa/4 ,cauca-& ,tumaco-cacaos are only seldom free f defective beans & worm-eat+s1 probably less caus$ by ! primitive processes ( prep>ation ?an ! difficult means ( communication 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!n also consid]able quantities are reta9$ = home consumption4 ,ecuador is ! home ( ! cacao ri*e/ 9 aroma1 ! c\ntry :i* fir/ develop$ ! plantation sy/em on a l>ge & well organis$ scale1 & :i* 0 /ill at ! head ( cacao-h>ve/+ l&s a few ye>s ago1 ) a ye>ly produce ( ab\t #cb1jjj tons4 ,yet al?\gh x _h increas$ ?is am\nt to #dj1jjj tons 9 ! ye> #aiaa1 ,ecuador c only take second rank among cultivat+ l&s1 ! ,gold ,coa/ com+ fir/4 ,! foll[+ & mo/ valuable v>ieties are embrac$ "u ! "n ( ! *ief %ipp+ port4 ,,guayaquil4 ,!y are3 #a4 ,arriba1 i4 e4 above1 ^! cacaos com+ f ! upp] tribut>ies ( ! rio ,guaya 7! riv]s ,daule1 ,v9ces1 ,publoviejo1 & ,zapatol74 ,! ,arribas1 l ! ,guayaquil cacaos g5]ally1 are *iefly us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( cacao p[d]s4 ,!y =m e4 g4 ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( ! ,dut* cacao p[d]s1 especially ! s-call$ sup]ior ,summ]-,arriba1 h>ve/$ f ! mon? ( ,april to ,july4 ,all t is ga!r$ 9 o!r seasons falls into ! g5]al class 8,arriba sup]ior de la poca ,! cacaos ( ! mon?s imm$iately foll[+ on ,summ]1 ! rebuscos1 aft] crop1 are z a rule ! mo/ inf]ior v>ieties ( arriba1 :il/ ! ,*ri/mas h>ve/ ( ! mon?s ( ,janu>y & ,febru>y 7cose*a de ,navidad7 (t5 yields q excell5t sorts4 #b4 ,ma*la1 second 9 importance among ! ,guayaquil sorts1 r m fatty ?an ! ariba1 & diff]+ f ?is aga9 9 ,aroma & ! col\r ( its k]nel1 :i* is ( a r d>k] br[n4 ,*ief cultivation occurs 9 ! l[ ly+ l& bord]+ on ,p]u & ly+ opposite ! isl& ( ,jambeli1 :]e ! prevail+ climatic conditions are q diff]5t f ^? 9 ! arriba di/ricts1 al?\gh ^! are n f> remov$4 ,augu/ & ,septemb] are ! h>ve/ mon?s = ,ma*ala4 ,t5 ye>s ago ?is sort 0 %ipp$ 9 l>ge measure f ! !n newly creat$ h>b\r ,pu]to ,boliv>4 ,b s9ce l>ge ocean go+ /eam]s no long] call !re1 x n[ takes ! m r\ndab\t r\te via ,guayaquil4 #c4 ,balo4 ,?is v>iety c be describ$ z a mean betwe5 ,ma*ala & ,arriba4 ,x has "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( bo?1 ! bean be+ some:at r\nd]4 #d4 ,n>anjal & ,t5gul are likewise subdivisions ( ! =ego+1 except t ! bean is "h mu* l>g] & flatt]4 ,z ! production ( all ?ree sorts1 & especially ( ,balao1 is sub/antially great] ?an :at f9ds its way to ! m>ket1 we may reasonably assume t a l>ge proportion is us$ = mix+ purposes1 & sails on comm]cial seas1 z x 71 "u false col\rs4 ,cultivat+ di/rict3 ! ,ma*ala di/rict situat$ along ! ,jambeli canal1 & ! /ret* ( coa/ wat]$ by ! riv]s ,balao & ,n>anjal4 #e4 ,pegados 7i4 e4 /uck toge!r7 or ,pelatos 7balls7 is ! description ( ! cacaos compris$ ( s]ies ( #d-aj beans roll$ toge!r1 g5]ally develop+ f ov]ripe fruit4 ,!y exp]i5ce a p>ticul> k9d ( f]m5tation1 app>5tly ! result ( ! fruity sub/ances /ill evid5t1 :i* gives ! light col\r$ k]nels a s(t aromatic flav\r4 ,= sev]al ye>s ^! sorts h r>ely be5 se5 on ! ,european m>ket1 !y be+ g5]ally res]v$ = home consumption4 #f4 ,oscuros1 i4 e4 d>k col\r$1 a refuse sort rightly view$ ) suspicion 9 manufactur+ circles--,pelotas soak$ 9 wat]1 or beans left 9 ! clefts & fissures ( ! dry+ *amb] floors4--,! black %ell ( ! bean encloses a br[ni% & dirty-look+ k]nel1 ! col\r sometimes approa*+ black3 ! :ole bean giv+ a disagreeable impression1 z x is (t5 disfigur$ ) m\ld1 & possess$ ( a disagreeable od\r4 ,= sev]al ye>s ?is v>iety s]v$ ! 8crooks0 ( ! comm]cial _w z mix+ mat]ial = ! s-call$ 8flav\r+0 ( ,ma*ala1 b x n[ aga9 appe>s z a di/9ct sort4 ,! %ipp+ port = all ^! cacao sorts is ,guayaquil2 ?\gh o!r h>b\rs also h&le valuable v>ieties4 ,su*1 = example1 are a7 ,bahia de ,c>aquz1 & ! small hav5 ( ,manta ly+ s\? ( ?is t[n1 :i* deals 9 a sort resembl+ a bl5d$ ,ma*ala-,balao1 ?\gh occasionally light br[n 9 appe>ance & ( aromatic flav\r4 ,?is cacao is g5]ally labell$ z ,c>aquz = %ort1 & is to be di/+ui%$ f ,c>aque1 ! ,fr5* t]m = ,c>acas cacao4 ,! *ief h>ve/+ mon?s are ,june & ,july2 ! ,april-,may arrivals1 h[ev]1 are usually bett]1 z ! sett+-9 ( ! ra9y season increases ! difficulties ( dry+4 ,! h>ve/ 9 #aiji rea*$ #c1jjj tons1 & is normally f #bjjj to #e1jjj tons ye>ly4 b7 ,esm]aldas1 simil> to ! =ego+1 b ( p]ceptibly inf]ior output1 possesses only a v insignificant yield 7ab\t #aej tons a ye>71 & ?is 9 spite ( ! cultivat+ capacities ( ! int]ior4 ,p]u1 ! mo/ s\!rly produc+ l& on ! we/ coa/ c likewise only boa/ ( a v insignificant yield1 *iefly de/9$ = home consumption4 ,brazil1 ) its two great sorts = consumption1 ,bahia & ,p>a cacao1 & a ye>ly production ( r\nd #cc1jjj tons1 has f ! ye>s #aijf-aiji f> outrun all o!r h>ve/+ l&s4 ,yet al?\gh x 0 able to increase ?is to #cf1bej tons 9 #aiaa x mu/ nev]!less take second place among cultivat+ l&s1 ! ,gold ,coa/ & ,ecuador prec$+4 ,a mo/ important factor on ! m>ket is includ$ "u ! specification ,bahia-cacao4 ,"h aga9 ! %ipp+ port has giv5 its "n to ! cacao sort4 ,x is h>ve/$ 9 ?ree s\!rly situat$ di/ricts1 ,ilheos1 ,belmonte1 & ,canavieiras1 & is despat*$ to ,bahia f h>b\rs ( ! same "n1 9 sail+ vessel :i* sometimes %ip a ?\s& sacks4 ,ilheos despat*es ! inf]ior ( ! two pr9cipal v>ieties 8,fair f]m5t$0 & 8,sup]ior f]m5t$0 t is1 ! fir/-nam$1 & s furni%es two-?irds ( ! ,bahia crop4 ,! cacao areas 9 ! di/rict ( ,ilheos are situat$ on r high & m\nta9\s gr\nd1 :]e arre/+ atmosph]ic conditions (t5 pr$om9ate4 ,also ! abs5ce ( any wat]way :atev] r5d]s x a necessity to despat* ! cacao to ,bahia on bea/s ( burd51 :i* dur+ ! ra9y season c sc>cely f9d a foot+ on ! beat5 tracks4 ,x is1 !n1 ! unfav\rable atmosph]ic conditions1 comb9$ ) a c]ta9 c>elessness on ! "p ( ! plant] 9 ! prep>+ processes1 :i* prejudices ! o!rwise excell5t quality ( ! ,bahia bean1 & m especially 9 ! mon?s ( ,june1 ,july & ,augu/4 ,at ?is p]iod x is no r>ity to f9d f #aj to #bj p]c5t ( wa/e beans1 & 9 g5]al only ! ,decemb]-,febru>y mon?s (f] any?+ approa*+ a gu>antee z to quality4 ,b "h no h>d & fa/ rule c be adduc$4 ,belmonte & ,canavieiras are ! di/ricts ( ! 8,sup]ior f]m5t$0 cacaos4 ,! l[] lay ( ! l& is responsible = o!r climatic conditions1 & 9 addition1 bo? h>b\rs "h are situat$ at ! m\?s ( riv]s :i* af=d an easy & sure means ( transport4 ,s ! cacao1 :i* is also bett] roa/$1--a few plant]s ev5 dry+ 9 ov5s--rea*es ! m>ket 9 a mu* bett] condition1 & fet*es at lea/ f #c-d %4 a cwt4 m ?an ! 8,fair ,f]m5t$0 v>iety4 ,9 all ?ree di/ricts1 ! beans are prep>$ 9 wood5 boxes1 cov]$ ) banana sk91 9 :i* ! ,ilheos v>iety is all[$ to f]m5t f #b-c days1 & ! sup]ior f #b-e days3 ?is aft] !y h be5 well %ak5 up4 ,9 ,belmonte consid]able dry+ takes place on ! s& !re deposit$ by ! riv] 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! h>ve/+ is g5]ally reckon$ f ,april #a/4 to ,m>* #ca/4 ,9 ,june & ,july is ! int]m$iate h>ve/1 :il/ ! mon?s f ,octob] to ,febru>y supply ! bulkie/ crops4 ,! ,bahia di/rict yields ye>ly ab\t #cc1ejj tons1 a f\r? "p ( :i* is devot$ to ! consumption ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! rema9d] *iefly go+ to ,g]many1 ,france & ,switz]l&4 ,! return is /ill on ! increase1 & l>ge /ret*es ( l& await cultivation4 ,p>a cacao is ! d5om9ation ( all ^? sorts %ipp$ f ! tracts ( l& ly+ along ! banks ( ! ,amazon & its mighty tribut>ies1 m especially f ,manaos & ,itacoati>a1 ?r\gh ,p>a1 a port situat$ on ! ea/]n arm ( ! delta4 ,^! v>ieties may be class$ z int]m$i>y betwe5 ,bahia & good ,sumana4 ,! ye>ly yield 7h>ve/ mon?s ,june-,augu/7 am\nts to ab\t #e1jjj tons1 a comp>atively small figure 9 view ( ! enorm\s expanses capable ( plant+1 :]e ! cacao tree at pres5t gr[s wild1 or at lea/ uncultivat$4 ,x is true t ! returns = #ahia rea*$ #f1ejj2 only to be dim9i%$ by half 9 #aijh4 ,france is by f> ! *ief c\ntry consum+ ,p>a cacao2 ! sort n meet+ ) especial fav\r 9 o!r /ates4 ,guiana4 ,( ! ?ree colonies belong+ to ,france1 ,holl&1 & ,great ,brita9 respectively1 :i* g "u ?is "n1 only ! int]m$iate "o1 ,dut* ,guiana1 is ( importance 9 ! _w's cacao trade4 ,x comes into consid]ation "u ! "n ( ,sur9am cacao4 ,! yield1 :i* %\ld 9 normal ye>s am\nt to ab\t #c1jjj tons 7#ahii provid+ ! record ) approximately #d1jjj tons71 has be5 consid]ably impair$ by tree diseases & p>asites4 ,! return = #aijd only am\nt$ to #hej tons1 = example4 ,b mean:ile ,holl& _h hit ^u excell5t measures to battle aga9/ ! enemies ( ! tree1 & ! ye>s #aiji & #aiaj _h 9 consequ5ce already improv$ ?is to #b1jjj tons4 ,! bean has "s resemblance to ! ,tr9idad bean1 z f> z quality is conc]n$4 ,v5ezuela1 "o ( ! e>lie/ cultivat+ l&s1 is ! home ( ! ,criollo bean1 & ( ! mo/ spl5did specim5s ( bean 9 g5]al1 sorts :i* play a prom95t "p 9 ! ,*ocolate ,manufacture4 ,! ,v5ezuelan bean is r long & r\nd1 & its k]nel ( a beautiful light br[n1 ) a mild sweet flav\r4 ,un=tunately ! plantations h rec5tly be5 int]sp]s$ ) ,=a/]o or ,tr9idad-,criollo trees--call$ 9 ,v5ezuela 8,tr9it>ios because br\ght ov] f ,tr9idad1 a species :i* requires less att5tion & be>s m fruit1 b :i* j on t acc\nt supplies common] & m$iocre beans1 sl[ly f]m5t+1 & (t5 develop+ a violet hue4 ,! prep>ation is "h ( ! simple/2 ! beans e4 g4 are dri$ on clay-cov]$ floors1 & 9 ra9y wea!r e>?y fragm5ts (t5 adh]e to !m4 ,yet su* 8,patios0 or 8,!n-dales01 7clay floors7 are only 9 use on ! small 8haci5das0 7plantations74 ,! col\r+ ( ! ,v5ezuelan bean ) an ocre-l e>? con/itutes an especial peculi>ity4 ,x is adopt$ 9 p>ticul> = ! m$ium & f9] sorts4 ,! e>? is mo/ly s5t f ! neighb\rhood ( ,*oroni to ! two l>ge %ipp+ ports ,pu]to ,cabello & ,la ,guayra1 :]e ! col\r+ or 8,e>?ification0 ( ! cacaos to be export$ ensues4 ,! e>?1 v>y+ 9 col\r f a dirty yell[ to brick-r$1 is mix$ to a ?9 pa/e ) sea-wat]1 & aft]w>ds plac$ 9 ! sun on l>ge sieves1 or spread ov] cem5t floors4 ,:]e ! col\r+ takes place imm$iately on ! plantation1 ! yell[i% br[n e>? ev]y:]e available is utilis$2 & :]e sea-wat] _c be obta9$1 z on ! ,rio ,tuy1 = example1 !re ! beans are col\r$ ) a mixture prep>$ f cru%$ & almo/ liquid cacao fruits & ?is same yell[i% br[n e>?1 z ! use ( fre% wat] is ?\ght to af=d b inf]ior protection aga9/ m\ld gr[?s4 ,su* juice-col\r$ cacaos1 & occasionally also ! ,ocum>e sorts1 are (t5 cov]$ ) a r ?ick e>?y cru/4 ,pr(essional op9ion conc]n+ ! utility ( ?is col\r+ v>ies greatly4 ,9 ,france1 ! pr9cipal c\ntry consum+ ,v5ezuelan cacao1 x is /ill ma9ta9$ t ! ?9 e>?y cru/ n only enables ! bean to resi/ ! p5etration ( mildew1 b also admits ( a k9d ( aft]-f]m5tation1 toge!r ) developem5t & pres]vation ( ! mo/ valuable con/itu5ts ( ! cacao bean4 ,col\r+ is !n ! rule = ! f9] ,c>acas sorts1 & all v>ieties %ipp$ ?r\gh ,pu]to ,cabello2 x is also 9 use at ,c>upano1 = export to ,spa94 ,! ,v5ezuelan cacaos are divid$ z foll[s1 & ) "o exception take _! names f ! *ief %ipp+ ports1 to :i* !y are br\ght 9 small sail+ vessels tapp+ ! villages dott$ along ! coa/4 #a4 ,m>acaibo cacao1 ! noble1 l>ge1 & always uncol\r$ bean f\nd on ! %ore ( ,sea ( ,m>acaibo4 #b4 ,pu]to ,cabello1 q ! f9e/ ( all cacao sorts1 ) ! foll[+ sub-classes1 ea* nam$ aft] t9y h>b\rs 9 ! vic9ity3 ,*uo1 ,borburato1 ,*i*irivi*e1 ,san ,felipe 7col\r$ ) its own peculi> light br[n e>?7 ,ocum>e1 ,*oroni4 #c4 ,c>acas cacao1 exceptionally s-call$1 al?\gh q a small proportion1 namely t br\ght ov] ! m\nta9s f ! ,rio ,tuy di/rict 9 donkey c>avans1 n[ t\*es ! republican capital4 ,la ,guayra1 r1 is ! %ipp+ port = ! s-call$ ,c>acas sorts1 to :i* belong all ! cacaos f ! f]tile ,b>lav5to di/rict ea/ ( ,la ,guayra1 a region wat]$ by two riv]s1 ,rio ,tuy & ,rio ,*ico1 & ) ! foll[+ outlets2 ,rio ,*ico 7:i* gives its "n to ! mo/ ord9>y ( sorts71 ,higu]ote1 & ,capaya4 ,! plantations h>d on ! m\nta9\s coa/al slopes produce a v f9e bean1 ( equal value ) ! ,pu]to ,cabello4 #d4 ,c>upano cacao1 a s\nd ,v5ezuelan m$ium sort1 g5]ally com+ into use uncol\r$2 ! arrivals f ! ea/]ly h>b\r ,rio ,c>ibe also belong to ?is sort1 & also ! cacaos ( ,irapa1 ,guiria1 & ,cano ,colorado1 (t5 %ipp$ f ! port ( ,tr9idad ly+ opposite4 ,f ,ango/ura 7,ciudad ,boliv>7 on ! ,or9oco & ,san ,f]n&o on ! ,apure1 only v insignificant quantities arrive4 ,!y speak ( a ,*ri/mas & a ,summ] 7,june #ba/7 h>ve/ 9 ,v5ezuela2 b ! fir/ f\r mon?s ( ! ye> are g5]ally ! mo/ productive4 ,! total produce ( ,v5ezuela am\nts to ab\t #af1jjj tons1 ( :i* z export !re fall to ,la ,guayra ab\t #h1jjj tons4 ,pu]to ,cabello ab\t #c1jjj tons4 ,c>upano ab\t #d1ejj tons4 ,m>acabio & via ,tr9idad ab\t #ejj tons4 ,c4 ,! ,antilles4 ,tr9idad produces a cacao :i* on _m plantations1 or e/ates1 z !y are call$1 receives prep>ation at ! h&s ( exp]ts1 & is v highly e/eem$ 9 comm]ce1 & especially 9 ,engl& & ,france4 ,! be/ & g5]ally slightly col\r$ sorts are specifi$ z 8,plantation01 ! m$ium 8,e/ates01 aft] ! ,engli% "n1 & ! inf]ior 8,fair ,tr9idad %ipp+ cacao ,! bean 8,tr9idad criollo0 is oval1 yet n s r\nd$ z ! ,v5ezuelan2 its k]nel is = ! mo/ "p d>k-col\r$1 /ill br[n 9 ! bett] v>ieties1 b inky black among ! inf]ior4 ,x is cu/om>y 9 ,tr9idad to trade ! cacaos z prime specim5s & to assign to !m ! "n ( a species :i* n infrequ5tly furni%es no true indication ( _! orig94 8,soconusco0 & 8,san ,antonio0 are p>ticul>ly high-s\nd+2 m5tion c fur!r be made ( 8,monts]rat01 8,la ,gloria01 8,m>aval01 8,belle ,fleur01 8,el ,reposo0 etc4 ,*ief h>ve/1 ,decemb] to ,febru>y inclusive1 by-h>ve/ ,may to ,augu/4 ,! total export f ,tr9idad am\nts to ab\t #bb1ejj tons ye>ly4 ,! sub/antially small] isl& ( ,gr5ada1 also ,briti%1 contributes ab\t #f1jjj tons a ye> to ! _w's supply4 ,ow+ to ! preval5ce ( l climatic & geological conditions1 ! yield & quality are "h ! same z on ! neighb\r+ isl& ( ,tr9idad4 ,! *ief consum] ( ! ,gr5ada cacaos is ! ,mo!rl&1 & ! same holds good = ! small ,briti% isl&s ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,/4 ,lucia & ,dom9ique1 all ( little import 9 ! g5]al trade ( ! _w4 ,m>t9ique-& ,guadel\pe-cacaos1 hail+ f ! ,fr5* isl&s s nam$1 ) a ye>ly production v>y+ f #e1jjj to #g1ejj tons1 only come into consid]ation = ! consumption ( ! ,mo!rl&1 :i* af=ds !m an abatem5t ( #ej p]c5t 9 connection ) ! t>iffs4 ,san ,dom+o1 ! l>g] & ea/]n "p ( ! ,haiti isl&1 already contributes ab\t #bj1jjj tons ye>ly to ! univ]sal h>ve/4 ,especially 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s has ! cacao cultivation "h receiv$ consid]able expansion 7yield #ahid #b1jjj tons1 #aijd #ac1ejj tons7 & z va/ suitable tracts ( l& are to h&1 ?is c\ntry w\ld ju/ify ! highe/ expectations1 if ! g5]al political & economical relations ( ! d\ble republic & a c]ta9 indol5ce ( ! plant]s1 all small f>m]s1 _h n to be all[$ =4 ,a me?odical prep>ation only seldom takes place4 ,processes are limit$ to a v necess>y dry+1 z a rule1 s t ! cacao1 excell5t 9 itself1 takes rank among ! l[e/ z a comm]cial quality4 ,! *ief ga!r+s occur 9 ! mon?s ( ,may1 ,june & ,july4 ,! %ipp+ ports are ,pu]ta ,plata on ! nor?-coa/1 ,san*ez & ,sumana on ! ,bight ( ,samana1 & ,la ,romana1 ,san ,p$ro de ,macoris & ,santo ,dom+o 7! capital7 on ! s\? coa/4 ,t9y ,samana1 situat$ on a small tongue ( l&1 & s outlet = no ext5sive region1 has giv5 its "n to ,dom+o cacao z a comm]cial sort1 z f "h ! fir/ %ipm5ts 7 dispat*$4 ,san*ez cacao1 s nam$ because ,san*ez1 :]e ! transports come f ! fruitful di/rict ( ,cibao z f> z ,la ,vega1 is ! *ief export+ h>b\r ( ! republic4 ,f ! same di/rict1 />t+ at ,santiago1 !re is yet ano!r l9e1 ?is "t runn+ nor?w>ds to ,pu]to ,plata on ! coa/4 ,! cacao ( ?is nor!rly prov9ce ( ,cibao is g5]ally held 9 high] e/eem ?an t com+ f ! s\!rn h>b\rs4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* h rec5tly develop$ an int]e/ 9 ! l& = political reasons1 h be5 promot$ to fir/ place among its cu/om]s dur+ ! la/ few ye>s2 & !n foll[ ,france & ,g]many4 ,x c only be hop$ t ?is influ5ce gr[s1 9 view ( ! !reby d\btlessly accel]at$ improvem5ts 9 ! prep>ation processes4 ,up to ! pres5t1 v>ieties free f blame are conspicu\sly r>e4 ,uni=mity z reg>ds ! weight ( ! sacks has n be5 possible1 ow+ to ! div]sity ( ! means ( transport4 ,di/ricts ly+ along ! railways1 or close to ! h>b\rs1 make use ( #hj-ajj kg4 sacks 7ab\t #agf-bbj lbs47 ,b :]e transport mu/ be made on bea/s ( burd51 sacks ( f #fe-gj kilos 7#adc-aed lbs47 are ! rule4 ,haiti cacao1 com+ f ! ,negro republic ( ! same "n1 is ! mo/ inf]ior ( all comm]cial sorts1 *iefly on acc\nt ( ! incr$ibly neglective prep>ation :i* x und]goes1 = exceptions prove t ! bean is capable ( be+ develop$ into a v s]viceable cacao4 ,beans cov]$ ) a ?ick gray col\r$ e>?y cru/1 (t5 ev5 mix$ ) small pebbles & hav+ a gritty1 & :]e heal?y1 black-br[n beak+ k]nel4 ,! 8,lib]ty & ,equality0 ( ! ,negros & ,mulattos 9 ?is corrupt$ republic are mirror$ 9 its plantation sy/em1 ! l& be+ cultivat$ b little1 & runn+ almo/ wild4 ,to effect a *ange 9 ?is /ate ( affairs1 t isl& law mu/ fir/ ( all be aboli%$1 :]eby e /rang] is prev5t$ f acquir+ l&$ e/ate 9 ,haiti4 ,! yield1 ab\t #b1ejj tons1 is *iefly export$ f ,jrmic1 !n also f ! h>b\rs ,cap ,haiti51 ,port de ,paix1 ,petit ,goave1 & ,port au ,pr9ce4 ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ! pr9cipal cu/om]s4 ,! neighb\r+ isl& ( ,cuba also deliv]s ! great] "p ( its cacao produce to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 am\nt+ to betwe5 #a1jjj & #c1jjj tons1 a fact expla9$ by geographical1 political & freight consid]ations4 ,?anks to its c>eful prep>ation1 ?is bean1 :i* resembles ! ,dom+o 9 _m respects1 is pref]r$1 & fet*es a correspond+ly high] price4 ,! %ipp+ port is ,santiago de ,cuba1 situat$ 9 ! s\?-ea/]n portion ( ! isl&4 ,jamaica1 ) its ye>ly h>ve/ ( ab\t #b1ejj tons1 pr9cipally att5ds to ! wants ( ! ,"m ,c\ntry4 ,,ii4 ,african ,cacao ,v>ieties4 ,cacao cultivation 9 ,africa is ( comp>atively rec5t date4 ,! plantations f\nd on ! ?ree isl&s ,san ,?om & ,pr9cipe 7,portuguese71 & ,f]n&o ,po 7,spani%71 ly+ 9 ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea1 are ! olde/4 ,to ! fir/-nam$ isl& may be trac$ mu* ( ! impulse giv5 to cacao plantation 9 o!r ,african di/ricts1 s rapid has be5 its success "h1 "u ! en]getic guidance ( ! skilful ,portuguese plant]1 & ! yet m effective propiti\s climatic influ5ces & fav\rable indu/rial conditions4 ,r>e sorts are n[h]e to be met )1 = ! ,=a/]o bean has conqu]$ ! :ole ( ,africa4 ,! sorts produc$ are accord+ly r adapt$ = g5]al consumption4 ,/4 ,?omas & ! ,gold ,coa/ provide a ?ird ( ! _w's pres5t-day cacao supply1 & 9 ! ,engli% colony especially1 ! geological & climatic conditions are ( su* a k9d1 t ! ,gold ,coa/ might v well become to ! raw cacao m>ket ( ! future :at ! ,brazilian prov9ce1 ,san ,paulo1 is n[ to ! c(fee trade4 ,9 ! middle ( ! 8,eighties01 ! ,swiss ,mission>y ,society plant$ 9 ! vic9ity ( _! /ation1 & s />t$ ! cultivation ( ! cacao tree n[ fl\ri%+ ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,! fir/ fruits came to ,europe 9 #ahia1 & 9 #ahid already totall$ #bj tons4 ,9 #aija x 0 #a1jjj tons1 #aijf approa*+ #aj1jjj tons1 & ! ye> #aiaa provid$ ! record ) ab\t #dj1jjj tons4 ,x is true t compla9ts 7 long & rightly lodg$ conc]n+ ! inf]ior quality1 due to c>elessness on ! "p ( ! natives 9 conduct+ ! processes ( prep>ation4 ,b s9ce ! ye> #aiji1 !re h appe>$ on ! m>ket side by side ) ! inf]ior & s-call$ curr5t qualities1 :i* /ill reta9s m or less ( ! defects ( ! e>li] produce1 ano!r & prop]ly f]m5t$ cacao1 9 no mean quantities2 x is v popul> 9 all cacao-consum+ l&s1 & fet*es f #b to #c %ill+s p] cwt4 m ?an ! curr5t qualities4 ,all ?is has be5 a*iev$ ?r\gh intellig5t & sympa!tic guidance & control ( ! small native plant] on ! gov]nm5t's "p1 )\t res\rce to any l>ge organis$ plantation sy/em4 ,accra cacao1 !n1 z ! sorts ( ! ,african ,gold ,coa/ are collectively nam$1 also promises to be ! cacao ( ! future1 if x c ma9ta9 its quantitative & qualitative excell5ce4 ,!re is inde$ no want ( soil & adequate lab\r /r5g? 9 t prov9ce4 ,ap>t f ,accra1 ,addah1 ,axim1 ,cape ,coa/ ,ca/le1 ,prampram1 ,w9ebah1 ,saltpond1 ,secondi mu/ be m5tion$ above all4 ,! *ief h>ve/ is f ,octob] to ,febru>y4 ,togo1 ! small ,g]man colony adjo9+ ! ,briti% ,gold ,coa/1 has till n[ _h only a ye>ly yield ( #bej tons 9 a v>iety resembl+ ,accra4 ,! excell5t beans prep>$ on ! plantations fet* sev]al %ill+s a cwt4 m ?an ,accra1 :il/ ! deliv]ies ( ! natives rank bel[ ! curr5t specim5s ( ?is sort4 ,its port is ,lome4 ,lagos1 ! ,briti% ,colony bord]+ on ,dahomey & ea/ ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 is wat]$ by ! ,nig] & possesses cacao export+ ports 9 ,lagos1 ,bonni & ,old ,calab>1 & exports ab\t #d1jjj tons ( a sort resembl+ ,accra1 b nev]!less n s well prep>$ & s ( inf]ior value4 ,! cacao plantations ( ! ,lagos colony1--m prop]ly kn[n z ,s\!rn ,nig]ia--lie on ei!r side ( ! great ,nig] delta1 9 l[ ly+ l& :]e ! climatic & geological conditions are q diff]5t f ^? 9 ! neighb\r+ ,g]man possession ( ,kam]oon1 9 :i* c\ntry /eep slopes & ! n>r[ coa/al /rip at ! foot ( ! ,kam]oon range1 l(ty m\nta9s1 p]haps #ac1jjj ft4 high1 con/itute ! cacao cultivat+ region4 ,consequ5tly ! same v>iety ( se$1 ! ,=a/]o1 "h produces a diff]5t k9d ( fruit4 ,! ,kam]oon bean has its own peculi> *>act]i/ics2 al?\gh !re is "s resemblance to t produc$ on ! opposite isl&s ( ,f]n&o ,po1 ,pr9cipe1 & ,/4 ,?omas2 & ! mild] sorts f ! 8,victoria0 & 8,moliwa0 plantations (t5 d duty z a sub/itute = ! latt] v>iety4 ,!re is no o!r bean :i* conta9s s mu* acid z ! ,kam]oon1 & al?\gh ?is /atem5t mu/ be modifi$ 9 view ( improvem5ts 9 rec5t ye>s1 ! fact prev5ts ! l>ge/ ( ,g]man colonial sorts f s]v+ z any o!r ?an a mix+ v>iety4 ,cultivation is ! rule ?r\gh\t ,kam]oon1 ) ! exception ( ,d\la1 & ! produce ( ! sep>ate plantations1 su* z ,victoria1 ,bibundi1 & ,moliwe1 ,bimbia1 ,debunds*a & s =?1 all ( :i* belong to l>ge ,b]l9 & ,hamburg companies1 is influ5c$ & diff]5tiat$ by v>iations 9 ! te*nique ( prep>ation4 ,!re are smoo? beans ) blacki%-br[n %ells1 & o!rs ( a r$-br[n hue & %rivell$1 "s ) traces ( fruit pulp1 & o!rs aga9 q light-col\r$1 ) occasional black specks result+ f a too ?or\gh dry+4 ,! *ief ga!r+ beg9s 9 ,septemb] & ends 9 ,janu>y4 ,exportation began 9 ! ye> #ahii ) #e cwts4 ,! produce 9 #ahih figur$ at #bjj tons & x _h 9 ! ye> #aiaj gr[n to #c1ejj tons4 ,g]many is ( c\rse ! pr9cipal consum]1 al?\gh ,engl& has s9ce #aiji b\ght v mu* ,kam]oon cacao z ,/4 ,?omas4 ,kongo is a bean resembl+ ! f9] ,/4 ,?omas1 b small] & (t5 smoky4 ,x comes on ! m>ket via ,antw]p4 ,up to ! pres5t ,fr5* ,congo has only produc$ a few ?\s& hundr$weights ye>ly1 b ! ,belgian ,congo ,free ,/ate has manag$ to a*ieve an annual output ( #ijj tons t[>ds ! close ( ! la/ decade2 & :5 ?is c\ntry takes ! ,gold ,coa/ z model1 p]haps ,congo cacao w "o day play an important rle 9 ! _w ( comm]ce4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ! small ,portuguese isl& ly+ 9 ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea1 & almo/ on ! ,equator1 produces a sort :i* enjoys imm5se popul>ity1 & especially 9 ,g]many1 :i* traces a f\r? "p ( its consumption back to ?is isl&4 ,! export figures are #ahhi #b1jjj tons4 #ahid #f1jjj tons4 #ahii #aa1ejj tons4 #aijd #ah1jjj tons4 #aiaj #ch1jjj tons4 ,^! are e/imates :i* make ! ,portuguese plant] wor?y ( all respect4 ,x is true t 8,black ivory0 has be5 utilis$ on a l>ge scale1 ! exploit+ ( black lab\r hav+ result$ 9 a boycott+ ( ^! ,/4 ,?omas sorts on ! "p ( "s ,engli% manufactur]s1 b less on acc\nt ( h>% treatm5t on ! plantations !mselves z ! mann] ( recruit+ 9 ,angola4 ,f9e ,?omas is ! description ( ^? sorts :i* h be5 us$ 9 an unmix$ condition ow+ to _! indige/ibility1 b prop]ly ga!r$ & f]m5t$4 ,! inf]ior & slightly damag$ cacaos pick$ out f ^! are call$ by ! ,portuguese plant] 8,escolas01 or assort$4 ,yet !y d n come into comm]ce "u ?is designation1 be+ mo/ly us$ = mak+ up sample collections :i* illu/rate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! & ,f9e ,?omas4 ,! latt] is trad$ ?r\gh ,lisbon 8,on ,approval ( ,sample ,all ! ,/4 ,?omas cacao trade passes ?r\gh ,lisbon2 = ! t>iff regulations ( ! ,portuguese gov]nm5t make direct connection betwe5 ! isl& & ! consum+ l& practically impossible4 ,france inde$ *ooses ! r\te via ,madeira1 unload+ & reload+1 to avoid ! additional duties4 ,! cacao is at ,lisbon /or$ 9 ! two great ,cu/om-h\ses !re1 & prep>$ = despat* to ! respective l&s4 ,f9e ,/4 ,?omas is re%ipp$ 9 ! orig9al sacks4 ,! samples are (f]$ "u v>i\s m>ks1 ei!r ! initials ( ! plant] or ! "n ( a plantation4 ,we m5tion a few ( ! be/ kn[n2 ,u4 ,b41 ,d4 ,v41 ,r4 ,o41 8,m4 ,valle ,flor01 8,boa ,entrada01 8,monte ,caf01 8,santa ,cat>9a01 8,p9heira01 8,agua ,iz01 8,colonia ,acoriana01 8,queluz01 8,gue ,gue01 8,rosema01 8,p$roma01 8,monte ,macaco ,! beans v>y1 z f> z %ell & k]nel are conc]n$1 accord+ to ! mode ( prep>ation on ! plantations & ! /ructure ( ! soil f :i* !y spr+4 ,_m :i* 7 =m]ly univ]sally e/eem$ are n[ no long] pref]r$ because ! soil 9 ! meantime has be5 work$ out2 & _m are n[ describ$ "u diff]5t m>ks4 ,yet p>ticul> *>act]i/ics /ill cont9ue2 !re are mild & /rong sorts1 smoo? & %rivell$ v>ieties :i* look z ?\gh !y h be5 wa%$1 & o!rs black l ! ,cam]oon bean4 ,all are (f]$ z ,f9e ,?omas1 & enjoy an imm5se popul>ity4 ,good m$ium ,?omas is ! comm]cial designation ( ^? cacaos hail+ f small plantations :i* h und]gone a sc>cely suffici5t prep>ation ow+ to ! lack ( prop] app>atus1 & :i* are always int]sp]s$ ) black or %am beans4 ,9 s f> z ^! are deliv]$ f l>ge plantations1 !y g5]ally owe _! orig9 to ov]ripe fruit1 probably ov]look$ 9 ! ga!r+ season2 or fruits bitt5 by ! rats :i* infe/ ?is isl& may also contribute su* beans4 ,almo/ all ^! inf]ior cacaos are sort$ 9 ! ,lisbon cu/om-h\ses1 & ?9n$ d[n to ! quality 8,m$ium ,?omas0 free f objection or 8,good ,m$ium ,?omas ,! two mon?s ( ! ,summ] h>ve/1 ,july & ,augu/1 supply a some:at bett] v>iety ( cacao1 kn[n 9 comm]ce z 8,pajol01 i4 e4 lit]ally1 8,hail+ f ! c\ntry01 :i* g5]ally fet*es a r high] price4 ,dur+ ! ,w9t] h>ve/ f ,novemb] to ,febru>y ! m$ium ,/4 ,?omas v>ieties come on ! m>ket1 b n be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 z previ\s to t po9t ( "t only ! regul> h>ve/ ( ,f9e ,/4 ,?omas comes into consid]ation4 ,all attempts on ! "p ( consum]s to effect an improvem5t 9 ! quality ( ! m$ium v>ieties h un=tunately hi!rto prov$ abortive1 = !y are reg>d$ z by-produce on ! l>g] e/ates1 & ! small ones d n possess ! app>atus necess>y = a ?or\gh prep>ation4 ,!n aga9 x is se5 t ^! inf]ior sorts are tak5 (f ! m>ket at v reasonable prices4 ,f]n&o ,po1 a m\nta9\s isl&1 situat$ imm$iately (f ,cam]oon1 may be reg>d$ z a s\rce ( supply = ! ,mo!rl&1 ,spa91 & only z su*1 = its ye>ly output ( #bejj tons ne$ fe> no competition1 ?anks to ! excessive t>iffs laid on ! produce ( o!r l&s "h4 ,! qualities "h are inf]ior to ^? f ,/4 ,?omas & ,cam]oon1 *iefly because mo/ plantation are 9 ! h&s ( blacks & consequ5tly n well manag$4 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 ,madagasc>1 ,mayotta 7,comor57 & ,runion ) _! dw>fi% yield are only wor?y ( pass+ m5tion4 ,,iii4 ,asiatic ,cacao ,sorts4 ,! only cacao plantations des]v+ ! "n on ! cont95t ( ,asia are ^? occurr+ on ! two isl&s ( ,ceylon & ,java1 bo? produc+ a sort diff]+ entirely f ! ,africans1 ! pr$om9ant se$l+ "h plant$ be+ ! ,tr9idad-,criollo4 ,! ,ceylon-,java bean is1 l ! g5u9e ,criollo1 oval %ap$1 incl9+ to a sph]e2 its k]nel is light br[n & among ! f9] sorts ev5 :iti%4 ,s bo? v>ieties are pr9cipally us$ = col\r+ & cov]+ ! cacao mass1 = nei!r has a v pron\nc$ flav\r4 ,! %ell is light br[n or r$di% br[n aft] wa%+1 & appe>s free f all traces ( pulp4 ,x sits loosely on ! k]nel1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( ! ,java bean1 & is consequ5tly (t5 met ) brok54 ,ceylon1 ) ! %ipp+ port ( ,colombo1 produces 9 a good ye> f #c1ejj to #d1jjj tons1 ab\t two-?irds ( :i* are trad$ ?r\gh ,london4 ,direct %ipm5ts to ,g]many h rec5tly be5 m & m frequ5t2 ,au/ralia also claims consid]ation z a consum+ l&4 ,! diff]5t sorts1 or r1 qualities1 = a v c>eful prep>ation ensures ! excell5ce ( ! goods1 g "u ! description f9e1 or m$ium1 or ord9>y1 & occasionally are utilis$ z typical examples4 ,! bett] sorts come exclusively f plantations1 & ! ord9>y are ! result ( native ent]prise4 ,java also produces a l>ge quantity1 ! cacao "h be+ *iefly plant$ on ! nor? side ( ?is long1 n>r[ isl&4 ,m ?an a half is export$ f ! port ( ,sam>ang1 !n foll[ ,batavia1 ,so]abaja & a few m9or places1 ) a total output ( ab\t #b1ejj tons4 ,! l>g] proportion ( ?is cacao is sold 9 ! m>kets ( ,am/]dam & ,rott]dam to ,dut* m]*ants1 :o pass x on to o!r consum+ c\ntries4 ,engl&1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia1 ,*9a & ! ,philipp9es are ! *ief cu/om]s4 ,^? sorts com+ f ! neighb\r+ isl&s ( ,celebes1 ,timor1 ,bali1 ,ambo9a & ,lombok may also be consid]$ z sub-classes ( ! ,java2 b !y d n total m ?an #ge tons4 ,,iv4 ,au/ralian ,cacao ,sorts4 ,cacao plantation 9 ,au/ralia is /ill 9 its e>ly /ages4 ,mo/ progressive is ,samoa1 :i* has increas$ its #aijj export ( #cj cwt4 to #bjj tons at ! pres5t "t1 among :i* "r excell5t qualities occur1 cull$ f ,criollo trees4 ,! det]iorat$ ,=a/]o has also rec5tly be5 plant$1 :i* we mu/ all[ to be m fruitful & less dep5d5t on c>eful nurs+4 ,! ,samoa ,criollo bean resembles ! l>ge f9e ,ceylon v>iety1 except t x has a m pron\nc$ flav\r4 ,new ,gu9ea & ,bism>ck-,ar*ipelagoes c only claim casual m5tion z exp]im5tally int]e/$ 9 cacao cultivation4 g7 ,! ,trade 9 ,cacao & ! ,consumption ( ,cacao ,products2 ,/ati/ics4 ,al?\gh cacao & cacao products h always be5 held 9 ! highe/ e/eem1 ev] s9ce !y fir/ became kn[n 9 ,europe1 yet price consid]ations long prev5t$ !m f enjoy+ ! same widespread popul>ity among ! l[] classes z tea & c(fee4 ,?anks1 h[ev]1 to ! improv$ means ( transport e/abli%$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ fifty ye>s1 :i* has *eap5$ all exotic produce1 ! dem& = ^! w>es has ( late be5 m frequ5t & urg5t1 & is reflect$ 9 ! con/antly increas+ influx ( cacao on ! ,european m>kets & ! sy/ematic op5+ out ( new regions to ! raw mat]ial1 j z correspond+ ext5sions 9 ! factory _w contribute t[>ds a r$uction 9 ! co/ ( ! products4 ,h5ce cacao may n[ be describ$ z a luxury )9 ! rea* ( ev]yman4 ,its diffusion among all grades ( ! population may be reg>d$ z a great bless+1 = 9 x has aris5 a new ,transcrib]'s ,note3 a l9e is miss+ "h m]ely a /imulant1 l tea or c(fee1 b a bev]age 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 analytically s e/abli%$4 ,x w accord+ly prove ( int]e/ to glance ?r\gh ! returns 9 connection ) ! trade 9 ^! goods1 _! importation & exportation1 comm]cial values ( ! same1 & ! relative consumption ( cacao1 tea & c(fee4 ,su* figures are always at h&4 ,! surpris+ly rapid gr[? ( ! cacao cultivation1 & ! manufacture ( cacao products1 is e4 g4 at once app>5t 9 /ati/ics furni%$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t4 ,9 #aheg ! numb] ( #e1cjd1bjg kilos ( beans 7 consum$ !re4 ,! importations ( ! ye> #ahie1 on ! o!r h&1 am\nt$ to #cb1had1gbd kilos1 hav+ 9 ! space ( #ch ye>s increas$ m ?an sixfold4 ,( ?is quantity1 almo/ ! half1 compris+ ab\t #ae1bcd1afc kilos1 is dispos$ ( retail4 ,turn+ to ! trade 9 ,g]many1 ! cacao indu/ry "h & its consumption1#ai we are aga9 greet$ ) *e]y prospects4 ,accord+ to ! (ficial inquiry1 ,g]man trade 9 ,cacao products = ! ye>s #aijg-aiaj is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,table #a4 ,no4 on (fic4 /ati/ics ,exports f ,g]many -------------------------------------- ,duty ,description ,imports to ,g]many ,free------------ inclusive ---------- #aijg #aijh #aiji #aiaj #aiaj #aijg #aijh #aiji #aiaj #fc ,cacao ,bean raw #cdeaedcdceaidjgbdhdcidac -- #acij #aahf #adbi #afbj #fd ,cacao ,%ell :ole #ee #a #f #f -- #abhjb #iijaaahbeagjjf #afh ,cacao ,butt] ,cacao ,oil #bdc #ajf #bjh #bfcbbbbcbjhjdahdidbgbiabbdfe #bjc;a,cacao ,mass1 ,gr\nd ,cacao %ells #afe #aaif #abh #eh #abe #cdcj #ceai #cfid #ebai #bjc;b,cacao #fgib #hadh #fdig #fddfbeii #cjej #ageb #bhjc #cgee ,p[d] #bjd;a,*ocolate ,*ocolate ,equival5ts #aafcf #ajjej #abaig #aeahcaeac #ejba #cfga #dfji #dgab #bjd;b,products f ,cacao ,mass1 ,cacao ,p[d]1 ,*ocolate & ,*ocolate ,equival5ts1 ,acorn1 & ,oat cacaos #abci #abha #abeh #aadjbjbg #dbfj #ddci #deee #difd ,! ye> #aiaj br\ght a total import ( #hgh1dac cwts4 ( raw cacao1 ?us ov]topp+ ! figures ( ! previ\s ye>1 :i* _h creat$ a record ) #had1dif cwts41 by #fd1ccj cwts4 ,com+ to ! geographical di/ribution1 we f9d t !y 7 import$ into ,g]many 9 ! foll[+ proportions1 namely3 ,comp>ison #aiaj #aiji ) previ\s ye>s ,briti% ,we/ ,africa cwts4 #bjf #ahj #ahi #fhf #f #did ,port4 ,we/ ,africa 7,/4 ,?omas etc47 #bci #gef #aha #bcj #eh #ebf ,brazil 7,bahia7 #abh #gfj #acg #cif - #h #fcf ,ecuador 7,guayaquil7 #ig #ded #aja #jch - #c #ehd ,dom9ican ,republic 7,samana7 #fd #icb #ff #baj - #a #bgh ,! ,re/ ( ,briti% ,am]ica #ba #bff #dj #feh - #e #jh ,v5ezuela #dj #jfh #cf #jjb - #dd #bf ,cam]oon #bj #dbf #bb #jbf - #a #dbj ,ceylon #ae #hib #ab #dhh - #c #djb ,ea/ ,indies 7,dut*7 #h #hjb #f #ggb - #b #jcj ,cuba #b #faj #c #jff - #def ,haiti #c #fgf #b #fad - #a #efb ,samoa #c #baf #b #bcj - #cad ,togo #efd #bej - #cad ,^! figures1 :i* we quote f ! ,?irty ,fir/ ,ye>'s ,report ( ! ,association ( ,g]man ,*ocolate ,mak]s1 speak volumes = ! rec5t developm5t ( ! cacao trade4 ,x is int]e/+1 9 view ( rec5t occurr5ces1 to note ! quantities despat*$ f ! v>i\s places4 ,! importations f ,/4 ,?omas1 = in/ance1 %[ a /rik+ increase4 ,!y /& at ! head ( ! raw cacao products com+ into ,g]many1 ) #bci1gef cwts41 & h pu%$ ,accras d[n to second place1 ?is v>iety hav+ fail$ to ma9ta9 its #aiji lead1 = #aiaj did n add m ?an #f1dif cwts4 to its previ\s total ( #aii1fhf cwts4 ,bahias came ?ird1 !n z n[1 ) #abh1gfj cwts4 ,?is ord] has n always rema9$ con/ant1 b has suff]$ consid]able deviations 9 progressive ye>s4 ,we give bel[ a table %[+ ! *ief cacao produc+ l&s & _! imports into ,g]many betwe5 #aijj & #aijh4 ,table #b4 ,imports 9 ,g]many 9 tons4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aijj #aija #aijb #aijc #aijd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,brit4 ,we/ ,africa ,gold ,coa/ 7,accra7 ---- ---- #eeia #icebaehji ,portuguese ,we/ ,africa 7,/4 ,?omas7 #bejafcaafj #djfibchghhdebff ,brazil 7,bahia7 #cggfhcbcij #cabeebeiihdacjd ,ecuador 7,guaquil7 #ecigidgddh #dgbhfejibgefhih ,dom9ican ,republic 7,samana7 #ehfaahecj #bddhhcaafjdefbd ,re/ ( ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica #adcfiaaief #aeddgabibcaheae ,v5ezuela 7,c>acas7 #aaehe #ieff #hicb #hbidabhjc ,cam]oon ---- #aiji #cfae #dgjg #fdge ,ceylon ---- #ajgd #cddi #ceja #digg ,ea/ ,indies 7,dut*7 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ,cuba ---- #biih #cdec #addg #ahij ,samoa ---- ---- ---- #ajac #bjch ,columbia ---- #aabf #ajdc #ebf ---- ,togo ---- ---- ---- ---- #cg via ,! ,ne!r- l&s #abba #cfci #cegf #fji ---- via ,portugal 7probably ,?omas7 #ihhaacaad #acdiabddggagcdi ,haiti #agifj #cdjd;,9 con- ---- ---- sequ5ce ( t>iff /ruggle ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- #aije #aijf #aijg #aijh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,brit4 ,we/ ,africa ,gold ,coa/ 7,accra7 #bggeidjdeifjjibegebe ,portuguese ,we/ ,africa 7,/4 ,?omas7 #dbeicdififeeeiigcjch ,brazil 7,bahia7 #dejfdfajfaficgbfbccg ,ecuador 7,guaquil7 #ecejcdficfdbdejdabcf ,dom9ican ,republic 7,samana7 #deadaeffchdjcgddegdc ,re/ ( ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica #bjjijbejcfbbicbbjhcg ,v5ezuela 7,c>acas7 #achjiafheibcfejadcef ,cam]oon #hcidaaiijabdjcacigg ,ceylon #ehic #ehhj #ghhj #fjdg ,ea/ ,indies 7,dut*7 ---- ---- #cccd #cdgb ,cuba #aief ---- #ccad #abjf ,samoa #adjj ---- #ebi #abdb ,columbia ---- ---- #geb #ffg ,togo #fj ---- #aej #ahf via ,! ,ne!r- l&s ---- ---- ---- ---- via ,portugal 7probably ,?omas7 #bhecdbgadi #ajcc ---- ,haiti ---- ---- ---- ---- ,! consumption ( cacao 9 o!r civilis$ c\ntries %[s a correspond+ increase1 al?\gh ) occasional div]g5cies & a/\nd+ relapses4 ,we give ! foll[+ table 7#c7 to indicate its progress betwe5 ! ye>s #aija & #aijh1 & to facilitate comp>ison4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 :5 mak+ use ( ?is table 7specially 9 connection ) ,g]many7 t ! fall+ (f 9 ! ye>s #aijg-h is to be attribut$ to ! abnormally bad h>ve/s & consequ5t increase 9 prices4 ,table #c4 ,import or ,consumption 9 ! ,v>i\s ,l&s 9 tons4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #aija #aijb #aijc #aijd ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica#bjffeiehbcabjgbhbhejhjhbcbafdaef ,g]many #ahdajjjjbjfjagjjbafcddjjbgajadjj ,france #agiafejjaicdcjjjbjgdaejjbagidejj ,engl& #ahijhjjjbjchfjjjahfhaaibbjedbejd ,holl& #adcgcjjjadfffbgdajgcjdgdabahddjj ,spa9 #eicajgg #ibeiigf #fjbfgeb #ehafcei ,switz]l& #dcfccjj #egjgjjj #ehefejj #fhciajj ,belgium #ahfedhg #bbggfcc #bgfggia #bgibjjh ,au/ria-,hung>y #afhfejj #ahbjajj #bjcdfjj #beajajj ,russia -- -- #aijjfhj #bjeegjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #aije #aijf #aijg #aijh ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica#cebcafdecgidhegecgebfejedbfaebic ,g]many #bifccajjcebfjejjcdeaedjjcdceaijj ,france #bagdgfjjbcdjchjjbcahjcjjbjdddejj ,engl& #baaijgabbjacbjdjbjaeidgbbajeaebj ,holl& #ajgcgdjjaabbdjjjabbaibdiaehbajjj ,spa9 #fajagab #efcfhba #efbhbci #fehjaac ,switz]l& #ebahdjj #fdffijj #gabdbjj #ehbjejj ,belgium #cjahiig #chfafhf #cbecifg #deedjha ,au/ria-,hung>y #bffhejj #ccabhjj #cdgagjj #cgjgcjj ,russia #bbbgfhj #bfgjidj #bdgcchj #behhjfj ,! relative consumption ( c(fee1 tea & cacao has also incl9$ 9 fav\r ( ! latt] z f> z ,g]many is conc]n$4 ,accord+ to ! #ai?4 ,report ( ! ,association ( ,g]man ,*ocolate ,mak]s1 ,no4 #g1 ! imports :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! cu/om-h\ses ( t c\ntry1 & int5d$ = consumption1 figur$ at ! foll[+ 9 tons2 ?\gh 9 ?is connection x is z well to rememb] t ! ,g]man ton is ab\t #ej lbs4 less ?an ! ,engli%4 ,c(fee ,cacao ,tea 7raw 9 bean7 7raw 9 bean7 #ahhf #ab #cfje #c #fhfg #afahe #ahhg #aja #hccd #d #biej #agfjj #ahhh #aad #feha #d #igih #agghd #ahhi #aac #bbhe #e #efea #ahgej #ahij #aah #abfc #f #bdfe #aiiej #ahia #abe #faab #g #jhgj #bbbaj #ahib #abb #jcai #g #dfji #bdgij #ahic #abb #aije #g #ifji #bfgfj #ahid #abb #cege #h #caii #bhdjj #ahie #abb #cijb #i #ieji #beddj #ahif #abi #hiff #ab #bjie #bdgaj #ahig #acf #ciej #ad #fibe #bhebj #ahih #aec #bgjd #ae #dfdi #cffai ,f ! above columns x w be se5 t ! importation ( c(fee has only increas$ #bd p]c5t1 t ( tea #abe p]c5t1 b t ( cacao at ! surpris+ rate ( #ccj p]c5t4 ,a comp>ison ( ! totals = c(fee1 tea & cacao 9 ! ye>s #ahhf1 #ahih #aijf w make ! proportions /ill m evid5t4 #ahhf #ahih #aijf ------------ ------------ ------------ ,c(fee #ifj #hij #hbf ,cacao #bh #hi #aef ,tea #ab #ba #ah ---------------------------------------- -------- ,total #ajjj #ajjj #ajjj ,s t :il/ 9 ! ye> #ahhf ?irty-five times z mu* c(fee z cacao f\nd its way into ,g]many1 ! imports = #ahih 7 t51 & 9 #aijf only five & a half times great] 9 ! case ( ! fir/ nam$ article4 ,x foll[s t !re has be5 a correspond+ increase z reg>ds cacao consumption 9 ,g]many4 ,a mom5t>y survey ( ! graphs 9 ,fig4 #e1 :i* we owe to ! k9dness ( ,h]r ,grei]t1 ,manag+ ,director ( ! ,association ( ,g]man ,*ocolate ,manufactur]s1 w make ?is cle> to ! read]2 & ! diagram !re illu/rates ! relative gr[? ( cacao consumption 9 ,g]many1 :5 comp>$ ) o!r c\ntries4 ,on calculat+ ! quantity ( cacao consum$ p] head ( ! population1 we get a graph 7fig4 #f7 :i* puts ! rapid increases 9 ?is direction at a glance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,ausge/ellt vom ,v]b& deuts*] ,*ocoladefabrikant54 ,sitz ,dresd5 ,v]brau* von ,rohkakao #ahif-aija 9 ,frankrei*4 ,grossbrittani54 ,holl& d5 ,v]e94 ,/aat5 v4 ,n-,a4 und ,deuts*l& 9 #ajjj ,dz4 7#ajj kg74 ,e9fuhr von ,rohkakao b] die ,deuts*e ,zollgr5ze #ahhc-aija 9 ,doppelz5tn]n4 ,proz5tuale-,/eig]ung des dur*s*nittl4 ,v]brau*s von ,kakao 79 ,bohn57 ,kaffee u4 ,tee 9 ,deuts*l& v]gli*5 mit dem ,/&e von #ahdj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,consumption ( ,cacao 9 ,g]many4 ,gramm ,kakao auf d5 ,kopf d] ,bevlk]ung ,graphical repres5tation p] head ( ! population = ! la/ #ge ye>s4 ,! curve = ! la/ t5 ye>s repres5ts enorm\s advances1 & contra/s ) ! m ev5 l9e develop$ 9 e>li] ye>s4 ,accord+ to (ficial reports1 ! av]age consumption ( cacao p] head betwe5 ! ye>s #ahfa-e am\nt$ to #jjc kg4 7tea #jjb kg4 & c(fee #ahg kg47 b _h 9 #aiaj ris5 to an av]age ( #jec kg4 p] head4 ,b4 ,*emical ,con/itution ( ! ,bean4 a7 ,! ,cacao ,bean ,prop]4 ,j z ! beans ( ! cacao fruit are includ$ "u ! botanical concept 8,se$01 s also _! *emical con/itu5ts closely resemble ^? common to e o!r se$4 ,!re are ! usual res]ve /uffs inh]it$ f ! "m plant1 :i* s]ve z su/5ance = ! yet undevelop$ organs1 & comp>e ) album5 9 ! fea!r$ _w4 ,ap>t f ! con/itu5ts incid5tal to all plant life at ?is /age1 su* z album91 />*1 wat]1 fat1 sug>1 cellulose & m9]al /uffs su* z a%1 ! cacao se$ has two o!r compon5ts peculi> to itself2 ,!obrom9e & ,cacao-r$4 ,we adjo9 a succession ( *emical det]m9ations respect+ ! quantitative proportions ( ^! sub/ances 9 ! se$1 & ?9k fur!r t we may be all[$ to cite ! results ( =e-"t inve/igators 9 ?is sph]e1 especially z _! "w has =m$ ! basis = all future op]ations1 & aga91 9 view ( ! d\bt :i* /ill prevails 9 sci5tific circles z to ! 8,normal0 composition ( ! cacao bean4 ,table #d4 ,p]c5tage ,composition ( ! ,hull$ ,bean4 ,analy/ ,pay5#bj ,lampadius#bj ,mits*]li*#bj ,con/itu5ts p]c5t ,undescrib$ ,we/ ,indies ,guayaquil ,c>acas #a4 ,wat] #ajj #cdj #efj -- #b4 ,nitrog5\s matt] #bjj #afgj #adci -- #c4 ,!obrom9e #bb -- #abj -- #d4 ,fat #ebj #ecaj #de-di #df-di #e4 ,cacao-r$ -- #bjg #cej -- #f4 ,sug> -- -- #jfj -- #g4 ,gum & ,/>* #ajj #gge #adcj #ace #h4 ,woody fibre #bj #jij #ehj -- #i4 ,a% #dj #cdc #cej -- ,table #e4 ,laube ,ald5dorff ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,con/itu5ts ,c>acas ,guayaquil,tr9idad,pu]to ,sur9am p]c5t ,cabello #a4 ,wat] #djd #cfc #bha #bif #cgf #b4 ,nitrog5\s matt] #adfh #adfh #aejf #aejc #aajj #c4 ,fat #dfah #dijd #dhcb #ejeg #eddj #d4 ,/>* #abgd #aaef #adia #abid -- #e4 ,o!r non-nitrog5\s matt] #ahej #abfd #abjf #aadi #bhcb #f4 ,woody fibre #dbj #dac #cfb #cjg -- #g4 ,a% #chf #cgb #cbb #cid #bce ,c4 ,heis* ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,con/itu5ts ,granada ,bahia ,cuba ,p>a p]c5t #a4 ,wat] #cij #ddj #cgb #cif #b4 ,nitrog5\s matt] #abde #gca #hef #abej #c4 ,fat #defj #ejcj #decj #edcj #d4 ,/>* -- -- -- -- #e4 ,o!r non-nitrog5\s matt] #cegj #cecj #cida #bfcc #f4 ,woody fibre -- -- -- -- #g4 ,a% #bdj #bfj #eij #cjf ,! analyses c>ri$ out by ,zipp]] 9 ! ye> #ahhf yield$ ! foll[+ results#ba3 ,table #f4 ,a7 ,analysis ( ! ,raw ,%ell$ ,bean 7,k]nel74 ,names ( ,sorts ,con/itu5ts ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ p]c5t ,ariba ,ma*ala ,c>acas ,pu]to ,guayaquil ,cabello #a4 ,moi/ure #hce #fcc #fej #hdj #b4 ,fat #ejci #ebfh #ejca #ecja #c4 ,cacaotannic acid1 sug>1 decomposition products1 phlobaph5e #hia #acgb #ajgf #ghe #d4 ,!obrom9e #jce #jcc #jgg #jed #e4 ,/>* #egh #hbi #gfe #ajje #f4 ,cellulose & prote9s #bbaj #adde #aihd #aehc ,prote9s ,prote9s ,prote9s ,prote9s to to to to cellulose cellulose cellulose cellulose #g4 ,9 ! ratio #gc3a #e3a #ff3a #ec3a #h4 ,a% #eab #dag #dag #dcb ,names ( ,sorts ,con/itu5ts ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- p]c5t ,sur9am ,tr9idad ,port au ,av]age ,pr9ce #a4 ,moi/ure #gjg #fbj #fid #gaa #b4 ,fat #ejhf #eaeg #ecff #eagh #c4 ,cacaotannic acid1 sug>1 decomposition products1 phlobaph5e #hca #idf #aaci #ajjb #d4 ,!obrom9e #jej #jdj #jcb #jde #e4 ,/>* #fda #aajg #hif #hcc #f4 ,cellulose & prote9s #bdac #ahdc #aeha #ahga ,prote9s ,prote9s ,prote9s ,prote9s to to to to cellulose cellulose cellulose cellulose #g4 ,9 ! ratio #h3a #f3a #ebe3a #fb3a #h4 ,a% #bgb #bhg #bib #cfj ,9 addition to ^!1 !re is an exhau/ive succession ( analyses conduct$ by ,rid5\r1#bb :i* we accord+ly submit z ,table #h4 ,foll[+ ,fils+]1#bc we _c reg>d ^! analyses z an absolutely tru/wor?y repres5tation ( ! 8,normal0 composition ( ! cacao bean1 ! values 9 />*1 album9 & a% consid]ably deviat+ f all t h be5 e/abli%$ up to ! pres5t "t4 ,among m rec5t rese>*es1 we cite ^? c>ri$ out by ,mat!s & ,fritz ,mll]4#bd ,table #g4 ,b7 ,analysis ( ! ,raw ,%ell$ ,bean 7,k]nel74 ,names ( ,sorts ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,con/itu5ts ,ma*ala p]c5t ,ariba ,guaya-,c>acas,pu]to ,sur9am,tr9i- quil ,cabello dad #a4 ,moi/ure #heb #fbe #gdh #feh #djd #ghe #b4 ,fat #ejjg #ebji #dibd #dhdj #dihh #dhad #c4 ,cacaotannic acid1 sug> & phloba- ph5e #hfa #ghd #fhe #hbe #hjh #gfi #d4 ,!obrom9e #jcj #jca #jje #jeb #jed #jdb #e4 ,/>* #iaj #aaei #ihe #ajif #ajai #hgb #f4 ,cellulose & prote9 bodies #aidc #ahag #bbaf #baba #bdci #bcjf ,prote9s ,pro ,pro ,pro ,pro ,pro ,pro to 3 3 3 3 3 3 cellulose cel cel cel cel cel cel #g4 ,9 ! ratio #fe3a #f3a #gg3a #g3a #h3a #gf3a #h4 ,a% #chi #cge #cib #djh #bhh #dab ------------------------- ,con/itu5ts p]c5t ,port au ,av]- ,pr9ce age #a4 ,moi/ure #fbg #fga #b4 ,fat #dfij #dibd #c4 ,cacaotannic acid1 sug> & phloba- ph5e #gai #ggh #d4 ,!obrom9e #jcf #jdc #e4 ,/>* #abfd #ajdc #f4 ,cellulose & prote9 bodies #bahb #badc ,prote9s ,pro ,pro to 3 3 cellulose cel cel #g4 ,9 ! ratio #gc3a #ga3a #h4 ,a% #dhb #cib ,table #h4 ,rid5\r4 ,comm]cial ,v>ieties ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,roas- ,con/itu5ts ,bahia,suri-,java ,tr9- t$ ,ariba,c>a- p]c5t nam idad,tr9- cas idad #a4 ,fat #dbajdajcdeejdcffdahidccacfha #b4 ,!obrom9e #ajh #jic #aaf #jhe #jic #jhf #aac #c4 ,album9 #gejajed #ibeaaijabjbajadajei #d4 ,glucose #ajg #abg #abc #ach #adh #jdb #bgf #e4 ,sac*>ose #jea #jce #jea #jcb #jbh #aeh #aef #f4 ,/>* #gec #cfa #eag #dih #egj #fcg #cha #g4 ,lign9 #ghf #cij #faj #efe #ehg #dfb #cbh #h4 ,cellulose #achjafbdacheacjaaifdadjgafce #i4 ,extractive by diff]5ce #hiiacec #hij #hca #ehd #ijjabgb #aj4 ,moi/ure #eif #eee #eab #fcd #bfc #eij #ffc #aa4 ,a% #cfj #cje #cca #cfj #cgj #hgc #dcf ,comm]cial ,v>ieties ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,roas- ,con/itu5ts t$ ,gra- ,ta- ,ma- ,m>a-,ave- p]c5t ,c>a- nadabasco*alacaibo rage cas #a4 ,fat #cgfcddaaejiedfhddbbjdbii #b4 ,!obrom9e #jii #jge #aae #jgf #ajc #jig #c4 ,album9 #abcf #igf #gheabfiaaefajea #d4 ,glucose #agf #aha #jid #afj #aji #adf #e4 ,sac*>ose #jea #jee #bgb #jdf #acf #jhi #f4 ,/>* #fjg #fbg #cea #ace #afi #dfg #g4 ,lign9 #ije #eee #fdd #eie #gaf #eie #h4 ,cellulose #aafiacdiabegaacbagcbaddd #i4 ,extractive by diff]5ce #ibb #igb #ibf #ijb #fgi #icj #aj4 ,moi/ure #efi #ebh #aee #ehf #efg #eah #aa4 ,a% #ejc #bga #cjf #eae #dac #cgj ,table #i4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,9 wat] --------------------------- ,no4 ,description ,moi/ ,e!r ,non- ,m9]al9- soluble -ure fatty con/i-solublea% dry tu5ts a% sub- /ances ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,/4 ,?omas ,,ii #bhb #eehg -- #bgi #aic #jhf #b ,java ,i #bgh #echh -- #cfj #afj #bjj #c ,/4 ,?omas ,i #bhb #edej -- #cja #ahe #aaf #d ,c>acas ,i #bfg #ecgh -- #cce #bab #abc #e ,pu]to ,cabello #ccd #ecbi -- #ceh #agc #ahe #f ,ma*ala #bic #ecih -- #ccd #baj #abd #g ,samana #bid #eebh -- #caj #ahe #abe #h ,accra #bid #ecid -- #cai #ahd #ace ,b4 ,p]c5tages = ! non-fatty dry sub/ances4 #a ,/4 ,?omas ,,ii -- -- #dacf #fecf #dfgb #ahfd #b ,java ,i -- -- #dccd #hcjf #cfib #dfad #c ,/4 ,?omas ,i -- -- #dbfh #gjec #dcaa #bgdb #d ,c>acas ,i -- -- #dcee #gfib #dhfh #bhbd #e ,pu]to ,cabello -- -- #dccg #hbed #cihi #dbfe #f ,ma*ala -- -- #dcji #ggfg #dijj #bhfg #g ,samana -- -- #dbgh #gbdf #dcbe #biba #h ,accra -- -- #dcab #gcih #dbfg #caca ,c4 ,p]c5tages = ! total ( a%4 #a ,/4 ,?omas ,,ii -- -- -- -- #gadi #bhea #b ,java ,i -- -- -- -- #ddde #eeee #c ,/4 ,?omas ,i -- -- -- -- #faab #chhh #d ,c>acas ,i -- -- -- -- #fcch #cffb #e ,pu]to ,cabello -- -- -- -- #dhcc #eafg #f ,ma*ala -- -- -- -- #fcji #cfia #g ,samana -- -- -- -- #eifi #djca #h ,accra -- -- -- -- #egfh #dbcb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,alkali /r5g? ,potassium,pure -----------------------------,c>bonatea% ,no4 ,description ( ( reckon$ 7m9]al ! ! f /uffs soluble9- ,alkali m9us a% soluble /r5g? ,pot4 a% ( ,c>b47 soluble a% ----------------------------- cb4 mm4 ,nitric acid4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a ,/4 ,?omas ,,ii #cf #dh #jbe #bed #b ,java ,i #ajd #fh #jgb #bhh #c ,/4 ,?omas ,i #bf #ej #jah #ahc #d ,c>acas ,i #df #dh #jcb #cjc #e ,pu]to ,cabello #ajd #ch #jgb #bhf #f ,ma*ala #bf #ef #jah #caf #g ,samana #df #fb #jcb #bgh #h ,accra #cf #dh #jbe #bid ,b4 ,p]c5tages = ! non-fatty dry sub/ances4 #a ,/4 ,?omas ,,ii #hg #aaf #jfj #eid #b ,java ,i #bdj #aeg #aff #ffe #c ,/4 ,?omas ,i #fa #aag #jdb #ffc #d ,c>acas ,i #ajf #aaj #jgc #fif #e ,pu]to ,cabello #bdj #hh #aff #fei #f ,ma*ala #fa #acj #jdb #gce #g ,samana #ajh #ade #jgd #fej #h ,accra #hc #aaa #jeh #fhb ,c4 ,p]c5tages = ! total ( a%4 #a ,/4 ,?omas ,,ii #acca #aggd #iah #ijhb #b ,java ,i #bhia #ahia #bjjj #hjja #c ,/4 ,?omas ,i #hgj #afgj #fjj #idjd #d ,c>acas ,i #acgi #adci #iej #ijea #e ,pu]to ,cabello #bijg #ajff #bjaj #gihi #f ,ma*ala #ghe -- #edj #idei #g ,samana #adij #bjjj #ajbj #higi #h ,accra #aabb #aejj #gh #ibaf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,phosphoric acid ---------------------------------------- ----- ,no4 ,description total soluble 9- ,silicic,f]ric 9 soluble acid acid wat] 9 7,si,o 7,fe#b wat] #b7 ,o#c7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a ,/4 ,?omas ,,ii #ajbdc #jbdgd #jggfi #jjaed #jjdaf #b ,java ,i #ajgec #jdffg #jfjhf #jjcjj #jjbbd #c ,/4 ,?omas ,i #aaacf #jcfba #jgeae #jjabb #jjdfd #d ,c>acas ,i #abgjh #jccib #jicaf #jjjhj #jjahd #e ,pu]to ,cabello #aadcc #jdfib #jfgda #jjbfj #jjbjg #f ,ma*ala #abhcf #jcfdg #jiahi #jjaaf #jjbjj #g ,samana #ajhha #jcbac #jgffh #jjjij #jjefj #h ,accra #aabba #jcfgb #jcedi #jjjhb #jjbhd ,b4 ,p]c5tages = ! non-fatty dry sub/ances4 #a ,/4 ,?omas ,,ii #bdgie #jeihi #ahhjf #jjcgc #jajjg #b ,java ,i #bdgij #ajgfi #adjba #jjfib #jjeag #c ,/4 ,?omas ,i #bfjib #jhdhd #agfjh #jjbhf #jajhg #d ,c>acas ,i #biahj #jgghi #bacef #jjahd #jjdbb #e ,pu]to ,cabello #bfcfa #ajhai #aeedb #jjfjj #jjdgg #f ,ma*ala #bihcg #jhdha #bacef #jjbfi #jjdfd #g ,samana #bedce #jgeaa #agicd #jjbad #jacji #h ,accra #bfjbc #jheaf #agejg #jjaia #jjfeh ,c4 ,p]c5tages = ! total ( a%4 #a ,/4 ,?omas ,,ii #cgid #iaf #bhgh #jega #aeda #b ,java ,i #bihg #abif #afia #jhcc #jfbc #c ,/4 ,?omas ,i #cgbg #abab #beae #jdjh #aeea #d ,c>acas ,i #cgid #ajab #bghb #jbdj #jedi #e ,pu]to ,cabello #caid #acaa #ahhc #jgbg #jegh #f ,ma*ala #chdb #ajib #bgej #jcdf #jeig #g ,samana #ceab #ajcg #bdge #jbie #ahjf #h ,accra #ceah #aaea #bcfg #jbeh #jhhi ,table #aj4 ,common] ,v>ieties4 ,key to ,r[ #a;b ,a ,no4 ,b ,c ,moi/ure ,d ,e!r extract ,e ,m9]al matt] ,f ,potassium ,c>bonate reckon$ on alkali soluble 9 wat] ,g ,pure a% 7m9]al matt] m9us ,k#b;,,co#c7 ,ha accord+ to ,knig1 z modifi$ by u ,hb z yield$ by ! ,w5d] process ,i ,silicic acid 7,si,o#b7 ,j ,f]ric oxide 7,fe#b,o#c7 ,k ,soluble 9 alcohol ,p#b,o#e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,raw ,fib] ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,ha ,hb ,description ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------- #a,sup]ior ,ariba1 ,summ] crop #fiebfaggdebjgechdbjdfj #b,ma*ala #ha1 ,?om ,i #ai #eidbhgigjfaiiejgejjedg #c,ma*ala #ec1 ,?om ,i #dg #fdgbegcgaebadejaebjedb #d;,cam]oon #fcfbfdagjebccdgbdfcdfd #e,?om ,i #gc1 ,samana #bg #gigbdijfhibbidfjdbjdch #f,?om ,,ii #fj1 ,samana #bj1 ,accra #bj #gcgbbhegcibbdeaedbcejj #g;,accra #fj1 ,?om ,,ii #dj #ficbbhjgcfbbeeaadjfddj #h;,a,same v>iety1#fefahifgfabadedgdjjebd m #i;,b or less #fjfbdgegafbjaeaecehdfa defatt$ #aj;,c #eehbigbfegahidfhcbjddb #aa,mon>* d\ble ,ariba7,r4 ,cie47 #geiadhjhcbbcbfjjfij -- #ab;,helios7,r4 ,cie47#gcgagbegiababegifdj -- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------- a,ariba %ells 7,r4 ,cie47 v f9e gr\nd #gagadjjgdjbbjebjgdi -- bg]ms1 ,ariba 7,r4 ,cie47 v f9e gr\nd #ffdahjbficbdcdejgdb -- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a ,b ,i ,j ,k ,description ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #a,sup]ior ,ariba1 ,summ] crop #jjagjjjebbjjfje #b,ma*ala #ha1 ,?om ,i #ai #jjagbjjcgcjjfbe #c,ma*ala #ec1 ,?om ,i #dg #jjahfjjeacjjfab #d;,cam]oon #jjafj -- #jjffi #e,?om ,i #gc1 ,samana #bg #jjafgjjgecjjfij #f,?om ,,ii #fj1 ,samana #bj1 ,accra #bj #jjbjhjjfghjjgbf #g;,accra #fj1 ,?om ,,ii #dj #jjaihjjedejjgff #h;,a,same v>iety1#jjcij -- -- m #i;,b or less -- -- -- defatt$ #aj;,c -- -- -- #aa,mon>* d\ble ,ariba7,r4 ,cie47 #jjdbj -- #jjhgg #ab;,helios7,r4 ,cie47#jjcdjjjdjjjjicj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- a,ariba %ells 7,r4 ,cie47 v f9e gr\nd #jbigf -- #jjchc bg]ms1 ,ariba 7,r4 ,cie47 v f9e gr\nd -- -- #jjehg ,table #aa4 ,analysis ( ,cacao4 ,dry product1 defatt$ & free f alkali4 ,column ,head+s ,a ,no4 ,b ,c ,defatt$ & alkali-free dry products ,d ,pure a% 7m9]al sub/ances less ,k#b;,,co#c7 ,e ,a% insoluble 9 wat] ,f ,alkal9ity ( ! insoluble a% ,nitric acid ,ga total ,gb soluble 9 wat] ,gc insoluble 9 wat] ,h ,silicic acid 7,si,o#b7 ,i ,f]ric oxide 7,fe#b,o#c7 ,key to columns head$ 8,raw ,fib]0 ,g#a ,p#c,o#e soluble 9 alcohol ,g#b aft] ,knig 7modifi$7 ,g#c z yield$ by ! ,we5d] process ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,phosphoric ,acid 7,p #bje7 ,no4 ,description ------------------------------------ ,c ,d ,e ,f ,ga ,gb ,gc ccm ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- #a,?om ,,ii #dajffahfdgbeaagbdidgjfjbeahibb #b;,java ,i #dbfbfgegcgedaeibebbiajiejadbgi #c,?om ,i #dbejffeidcecaahbfbjbjhebjagfhb #d;,c>acas ,i #dcbcgjajdijdaaabiciajghdfaaede #e,pu]to-,cabello #dbfefgjfdjef #hibfhjgaajjaaehjf #f,ma*ala #dbiagcfedhidacabiiadjhdiibadad #g,samana #dbdffedhdcegadfbefbfjghjbaghbd #h;,accra #dbhgfhehdbibaabbfagejhefeagfaj ------------------------ ,raw fibre ------------------------ ,g#a ,g#b ,g#c #i;,ariba #fdhahcja -- -- #jjicc #fdh #gaj #aj,ma*ala ,?om ,i #fcbhhjac -- -- #jjihd #gij #hfd #aa,?om ,ma*ala #ffffgeag -- -- #jjiai #ghj #hac #ab;,cam]oon #fdijgbgc -- -- #jajcj #gac #gae #ac,?om ,i ,samana #fdhdgjie -- -- #jajfd #fdh #fge #ad,?om ,,ii1 ,samana ,accra4 #fgedgfbe -- -- #jajge #fbg #gdj #ae;,accra ,?om ,,ii #fhjbgeac -- -- #jaabf #eig #fdg #af;,a #gbcdgefa -- -- -- #eec #gbd #ag;,b #fgahgfff -- -- -- #ecc #fhg #ah;,c #fbhjgdeb -- -- -- #eaj #gjd #ai,mon>* ,ariba 7,r4 ,cie47 #gebigifi -- -- #jaafe #iaf -- #bj;,helios ,ariba 7,r4 ,cie47 #gccihhhj -- -- #jabff #hgb -- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- a,%ells #gffcfghf -- -- #jjdii #igg -- b,g]ms #gbiafagc -- -- #jjhjeajah -- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,no4 ,description ,h ,i ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a,?om ,,ii #jjcgejajac #b;,java ,i #jjgjdjjebe #c,?om ,i #jjbhgjajia #d;,c>acas ,i #jjahejjdbe #e,pu]to-,cabello #jjfajjjdhj #f,ma*ala #jjbgjjjdff #g,samana #jjbabjacai #h;,accra #jjaiajjffb #i;,ariba #jjbfbjjhjf #aj,ma*ala ,?om ,i #jjbgbjjeij #aa,?om ,ma*ala #jjbhjjjggj #ab;,cam]oon #jjbdf -- #ac,?om ,i ,samana #jjbehjaafb #ad,?om ,,ii1 ,samana ,accra4 #jjcjhjajjd #ae;,accra ,?om ,,ii #jjbijjjhja #af;,a -- -- #ag;,b -- -- #ah;,c -- -- #ai,mon>* ,ariba 7,r4 ,cie47 #jjeeh -- #bj;,helios ,ariba 7,r4 ,cie47 #jjddf -- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- a,%ells #jchhdjjede b,g]ms -- -- #a7 ,see ,table #i ,a & ,table #aj4 ,! =ego+ tables provide u ) a g5]al idea ( ! *emical con/itu5ts ( ! cacao bean1 b _! di/9ctive prop]ties1 bo? *emical & physical1 /ill rema9 to be def9$1 ) :i* we accord+ly proce$1 z su* data w on ! "o h& enable u to grasp h[ loss may be avoid$ 9 ! manufacture ( cacao & *ocolate w>es1 & at ! same "t r5d] intelligible famili> processes connect$ !re)4 ,z we h se51 ! foll[+ sub/ances occur 9 cacao 9 v>y+ am\nts3 #a4 ,wat]4 #b4 ,fat4 #c4 ,cacao-r$4 #d4 ,!obrom9e4 #e4 ,album54 #f4 ,/>*4 #g4 ,cellul> tissue or cellulose4 #h4 ,small p]c5tages ( grape & cane sug>4 #i4 ,m9]al or a% /uffs4 ,l ! majority ( plants & plant products1 ! cacao bean consi/s ( vesicles or cells1 clos$ on all sides & arrang$ 9 a s]ies ( lay]s4 ,!y are con/ruct$ ( cellul> tissue or cellulose1 & conta9 fat1 album51 wat]1 />*1 !obrom9e1 cacao pigm5t1 besides sug> & salts 9 inf]ior quantities4 #a4 ,wat] or ,moi/ure4 ,!re is pres5t 9 ! bean f #f to #h p]c5t ( wat]1 a factor :i* bodes well = ! prop] g]m9ation ( ! se$1 z :5 ?is latt] is depriv$ ( moi/ure1 e4 g4 9 ! c\rse ( a too ?or\gh dry+1 x spe$ily decays4 ,wat] is /ill evid5t 9 small quantities ev5 9 ! l>ge/ & almo/ )]$ beans1 z w be se5 on comp>ison ( ! =ego+ analyses4 #b4 ,fat4 ,z a con/itu5t at ! exp5se ( :i* respiration is effect$1 fat rema9s "o ( ! mo/ important res\rces ( plant4 ,x has a tw(old excell5ce 9 ?is connection1 & fir/ly z a highly calorifaci5t & c>bonif]\s sub/ance1 & aga9 because su* a res]ve enables ! liv+ organism to oxidise ) p>ticul> ease1 :]e=e x is f\nd accumulat$ 9 some:at significant measure 9 ! majority ( se$s4 ,:5 se5 "u ! microscope x appe>s ei!r z r\nd coh]5t masses1 or z cry/all9e aggregates cle>ly di/+ui%able f ! re/ ( ! cell cont5ts on treatm5t ) a solution ( osmic acid4 ,! fat 9 ! cacao bean usually am\nts to f #ej-ef p]c5t1 or "o half ( ! total weight ( ! %ell$ beans2 ! %ell also conta9s f #d to #e p]c5t ( fat4#be ,! unf]m5t$ bean has frequ5tly1 9 addition to its bitt] ta/e1 a mo/ unpleasant flav\r1 attributable to ! rancidity ( its fatty cont5ts4 ,! raw bean conta9s r m fat ?an ! roa/$ bean1 = :il/ ! "o av]ages f #ej to #ee p]c5t1 !re is seldom m ?an #dh-eb p]c5t 9 ! o!r4 ,! cause ( ?is ph5om5on may be connect$ ) ! enri*m5t ( ! %ells 9 fat1 & 9 "s in/ances1 z :5 ! beans are ov]-roa/$1 is to be ascrib$ to ! *emical *ange :i* ! play ( burn+ heat on fatty bodies involves1 :5 a de/ructive decomposition ( ! :ole ensues1 ) =mations ( acrole9e4 ,*emically consid]$1 cacao butt] consi/s ( a mixture ( s-call$ e/]s1 or comp\nds connect$ ) e!r1 su* z ! glyc]ides ( fatty acids1 & conta9s1 9 addition to /e>9e1 palmat9e1 & laur9e#bf1 ! glyc]ide ( ara*idic acid4 ,x 0 also =m]ly suppos$ t =mic1 acetic & butyric acids 7 among ! con/itu5ts ( ?is +r$i5t1 b ! view has be5 prov$ errone\s by ,lewk[its*#bg2 simil>ly1 ! pres5ce ( !obromic acid alleg$ by ,k+zett#bh has be5 call$ into "q by ,graf4#bi ,cacao butt] is a fairly firm fat ( pleasant ta/e & smell1 :i* v>ies 9 col\r betwe5 yell[i% :ite & yell[4 ,:5 fre%ly express$1 x has frequ5tly a br[ni% %ade1 pass+ aft] a %ort "t into a pale yell[1 & turn+ almo/ :ite on long keep+4 ,! br[n col\r is due to pigm5t 9 susp5sion1 :i* becomes s$im5t 9 ! c\rse ( melt+1 :5 ! butt] asumes a normal col\r1 ref]rible to pigm5t dissolv$ 9 ! butt] oils1 & second>ily to a dissolution ( ! products ( roa/+ 9 ^! liquids1 r ?an to any matt] 9 susp5sion4 ,! pleasant smell & ta/e ( cacao butt] is probably closely alli$ to ! dissolv$ sub/ances m5tion$4 ,! fat extract$ f cacao by solv5ts diff]s ess5tially f t obta9$ by hydraulic pressure1 a fact ov]look$ 9 "s ( ev5 ! mo/ rec5t exp]im5ts1 & :i* !re=e _c be too /rongly emphasis$4 ,extract$ fat is yell[i% :ite1 sometimes approximat+ to grey1 & aft] hav+ be5 kept a long "t1 ! :ole becomes t+$ ) an actual :it5ess1 :i* fir/ attacks ! out] surface1 & !n rapidly progresses t[>ds ! c5tre 9 conc5tric pa?s1 & :i* is a sign ( rancidity4 ,its fracture is p>tly granul>1 ! smell is n s pron\nc$ z t ( express$ fat1 be+ ev5 unpleasant at times1 z 9 ! case ( faulty w>es 7b comp>e page71 & x has a ke5 ta/e4 ,cacao butt] does n1 z is g5]ally suppos$1 keep bett] ?an o!r vegetable fats1 b is equally liable to become rancid1 z ,lewk[its*#cj demon/rates4 ,by rancidity is d5ot$ t /ate ( (f5sive ta/e & smell acquir$ by fatty sub/ances on long] or %ort] keep+ & especially :5 !y are n prop]ly /or$4 ,:at *emical re-arrangem5ts ( ! respective con/itu5ts ?is /ate presupposes is v que/ionable2 ?\gh x appe>s f ! exp]im5ts ( ,lewk[its*#cj & o!rs#ca t ! =mation ( acids does n play z prom95t a "p z ! exp]im5t] is incl9$ to ?9k1 no?)/&+ ! m>k$ increase 9 quantity :i* may occur4 ,! prim>y cause ( rancidity w r be f\nd 9 ! oxidation products ( ! glyc]9e conta9$ 9 all fats4 ,! specific gravity ( cacao butt] v>ies consid]ably1 accord+ z x has be5 express$ or extract$ by means ( solv5ts4 ,:ite#cb ass]ts t x c only be det]m9$ :5 ! liquefi$ oil has be5 solidifi$ sev]al days4 ,accord+ to ,rammsb]g] ! specific gravity ( express$ butt] is #jhe2 t ( butt] extract$ by treatm5t ) e!r figures at #jieh4 ,hag] gives ! normal specific gravity ( fre% cacao butt] at #ae ,c4 z f #jie to #jieb2 /ale butt] #jide to #jidf1 & ! same figures h be5 confirm$ by o!r inve/igations1 ?\gh ,dietri*t gives #jih to #jiha at #ajj ,c4 ,! melt+ po9t is g5]ally reg>d$ z #cc ,c42 !re is 9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! two descriptions ( fat4 ,express$ fat :i* has be5 kept = "s l5g? ( "t melts betwe5 #cd ,c4 & #ce ,c41 & ^! figures rema9 con/ant1 s t x is advisable to read ! melt+ po9t ( fat :i* has be5 9 /ore "s "t r ?an t ( ! fre% press$ product1 & take ?is z a /&>d4 ,all o!r fat %[s a l[] melt+ po9t4 ,z ! melt+ po9t ( fre%ly melt$ cacao butt] %[s consid]able fluctuation1 ! liquid fat mu/ be kept 9 d>kness & cool$ ) ice = ab\t a week1 & ! read+ %\ld n be tak5 be=e ! expiration ( ?is "t1 z only !n is x possible to obta9 any def9ite & f9al result4 ,exp]im5ts on ! melt+ po9t ( cacao butt] z c>ri$ out by ,zipp]] "u special conditions yield$ ! foll[+ values2 cf4 also ,table #ab4 ,k9d ( bean ,melt+ ,c5tigrade po9t raw roa/$ ,ma*ala ,guayaquil #cde #cdj ,c>acas #cce #cdj ,ariba #ccge #cae ,port au ,pr9ce #cdbe #cch ,pu]to ,cabello #ccej #ccj ,sur9am #cdbj #cdj ,tr9idad #cdjj #cdj ,:ite & ,oldham#cc give ! foll[+ melt+ po9ts3 ,guayaquil #ccf-cci ,granada #ccj-ccc ,tr9idad #cae-cbe ,c>acas #ccj-ccf ,ceylon #cci-cdb ,fils+] & ,h5k+ f\nd#cd3 ,cauca #cba-cbd ,bahia #cbg-ccd ,porto ,plata #cca-ccf ,^! results v>y some:at1 b ! diff]5ces are to be ascrib$ to ! me?ods employ$ & to ! mann] 9 :i* ! obs]vations ( diff]5t exp]im5t]s are c>ri$ out4 ,g5]ally x may be tak5 t ! melt+ po9t %\ld n be "u #c or ov] #ce;,c4 ,! fat solidifies betwe5 #bae & #bc ,c4 7solidify+ po9t74 ,! fatty acids f ! fat melt at #dh-eb ,c42 !y beg9 to solidify at #de ,c41 ! solidify+ end+ g5]ally at #ea-eb ,c4 7see table #ab74 ,adult]ation ( cacao fat1 z _m exp]im5ts h %[n1 _c be detect$ simply by deflections 9 ! melt+ po9t4 ,bjrklund's e!r te/1#ce :i* is v suitable = ! detection ( an admixture ( extrane\s sub/ances l tall[1 wax & p>aff91 is c>ri$ out z describ$ 9 p>agraph4444 ,cacao fat1 l all o!r fats1 is saponifi$ by alkalis1 t is to say1 =ms a soap or a *emical comp\nd ( ! fatty acids ) alkalis su* z pota%1 soda1 ammonia etc4 ,on ! addition ( a m9]al acid to ! soap a salt ( ! m9]al acid & alkali is =m$1 ) ! sep>ation ( ! fatty acid4 ,! fatty acids are ( two k9ds3 #a4 ,! volatile acids or ^? :i* are volatile at #ajj-aaj ,c4 or m easily ) /eam ?an o!r vap\rs4 ,^! usually exi/ only 9 v small quantity 9 cacao fat b may consid]ably increase 9 am\nt 9 ! fat obta9$ f imp]fectly f]m5t$ beans4#cf #b4 ,! solid fatty acids are su* z are fix$1 & d n act 9 ! mann] above m5tion$3 cacao butt] consi/s *iefly ( ! glyc]ides ( ^! acids4 ,bjrklund's te/s w only detect1 z has be5 /at$1 admixtures ( wax1 p>aff91 tall[ & bodies ( a relatively high melt+ po9t4 ,ano!r me?od mu/ !re=e be adopt$ to detect fat ( l[ melt+ po9ts1 z cocoa-nut fat1 or liquid oils l cotton se$ & sesame oils4 ,! me?ods 9 use 9 connection ) cacao butt] are ! det]m9ation ( ! iod9e1 saponification & acid values1 f9d+ ! melt+ po9t ( ! fatty acids1 ! ,rei*]t-,meissl numb]1 & by means ( ,zeiss' butyro-refractomet]1 its refractive index4 ,! iod9e value indicates ! am\nt ( iod9e p]c5t absorb$ by ! fat1 & is accord+ly a measure ( ! unsaturat$ fatty acids4 ,z ^! latt] diff] 9 am\nt 9 vegetable & animal fats1 ?\gh con/ant = ea* sep>ate k9d1 x is possible by means ( ?is iod9e value to recognise a g5u9e cacao fat & to detect adult]ation4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! iod9e value is c>ri$ out by ,hulbl's#cg me?od1 & accord+ to ,fils+]1#ch x is advisable to let ! iod9e solution act on ! fat = f t5 to twelve h\rs 9 diffus$ daylight4 ,be=e det]m9+ ! iod9e value 9 cacao fat1 says ,welmans#ci ?is sub/ance %\ld be dri$ at f #ajj-aje;,c4 to expel ! acrole9e produc$ by too high roa/+1 at ! same "t avoid+ too high a temp]ature1 z acrole9e c !n be v easily reproduc$4 ,fils+] has det]m9$ ! iod9e value ( _m v>ieties ( cacao butt] ) ! foll[+ results3 ,k9d3 ,iod9e value3 ,cauca #cfb-cfg ,bahia #cfh-cga ,porto ,plata #cff-cfi ,ariba #cea-cfh ,g5u9e cacao butt] %[s an av]age iod9e value ( f #cc-cge4dj ,! saponification value or ,ktt/orf]'s numb]#da expresses ! numb] ( milligrammes ( potassium hydrate requir$ = ! complete saponification ( #a gramme ( fat1 or 9 o!r words1 ! am\nt ( potassium hydrate necess>y to ! saponification ( ! fat 9 !nts p]c5t4 ,fils+]#db gives ! am\nt z betwe5 #aib & #bjb 9 g5u9e cacao butt]1 al?\gh x usually fluctuates betwe5 #aid & #aie4 ,its det]m9ation is ! means ( detect+ adult]ations ) cocoa-nut butt] & its prep>ations4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! acid value has lately become ( importance1 especially s9ce ! introduction ( ! s-call$ ,dut* ,ha cacao or %ell butt]1 :i* is obta9$ f cacao refuse & is (t5 rancid4 ,?is value or numb] expresses ! am\nt ( potassium hydrate necess>y to neutralise ! free fatty acids 9 #a gramme ( fat1 & x is !re=e a measure ( ! am\nt ( free fatty acid4 ,z ?is con/ant has be5 v>i\sly /at$1 accord+ to ! me?ods adopt$ 7,bur/yn1 ,m]z71 ! fact mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt :5 comp>+ ! lit]ature on ! subject4 ,z ! con/ants h be5 det]m9$ by two diff]5t me?ods 7,m]z1 ,bur/yn71 ?is mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation :5 comp>+ ! v>i\s data on ! acid value ( fats4 ,:il/ ! 8,v]e9b>ung50 7,no4 #a1 #ahig7 9 a *apt] on 8,food ,fats & ,oils0 /ill recognise two di/9ct me?ods 9 ! det]m9ation ( free fatty acids1 z well z two diff]5t ways ( record+ ! results 7degree ( acidity & free acid1 calculat$ on ! oily acids7 !re occurs 9 ! supplem5t to ! rec5t m>g>9e code = ,g]many issu$ by ! ,*ancellor on ,april #a/4 #ahih1 entitl$ 8,in/ructions = *emical rese>* 9 fats & *eeses0 "u c7 a dictum t !re is only "o absolute & precise proc$ure 9 ! 8,det]m9ation ( free fatty acids 7degree ( acidity7 ,^! calculations are bas$ on ! ,bur/yn me?od1 :i* we accord+ly annex1 m especially z x is n[ 9 univ]sal use4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! me?od ( prep>ation & ! age ( ! beans1 z well z t ( ! fat all t5d to increase ! acid value4 ,! ,rei*]t ,meissl value expresses ! p]c5tage value ( ! volatile fatty acids pres5t 9 ! fat2 z already m5tion$1 !y am\nt to #af ccm1 9 cacao fat extract$ by solv5ts4 ,milk *ocolate1 says ,welmans1 yields a fat hav+ a ,rei*]t-,meissl value ( #be1 b comp>e page4444 ,! det]m9ation ( ! refractive index 9 ,zeiss butyror(ractomet] is ( value = asc]ta9+ ! purity ( cacao butt]1 & x s]ves z a control on ! iod9e value1 = accord+ to ,roques#dc ! refractive index & ! iod9e value /& 9 equal relation1 s t fat hav+ a high refractive index gives a high iod9e value & vice v]sa4 ,! refractive index ( cacao butt] ranges betwe5 #adefe-adegh at #dj;,c4 correspond+ to #df-dgh on ! scala ( ! ,zeiss butyro-refractomet]4 ,! use ( ! latt] is recomm5d$ by ,fils+] z a prelim9>y te/ = cacao butt]1 s9ce ) a normal refraction x is n necess>y to proce$ fur!r & det]m9e ! iod9e1 saponification & acid values1 nor ! melt+ po9t4 ,9 conclusion we annex table #ab1 :]e ! respective con/ants = diff]5t v>ieties ( cacao butt] w be f\nd tabulat$4#dd ,= fur!r in=mation on all ^! me?ods1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! excell5t "w ( ,r4 ,b5$ict1 entitl$ 8,analysis ( ,fats & ,waxes03 ,,vii4 ,edition1 ,b]l94 ,table #ab4 ,physical & ,*emical ,analyses ( ! ,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,press$ ,/ollw]ck ,cacao ,butt]4 ,accra ,ariba ,bahia ,guay- ,cam- aquil eroon a7 ,fat ,po9t ( refraction at #dj ,c #fdc #dfa #dfi #dfe #dfj ,melt+ ,po9t 7,pol5ske77#a7 #cca #ccb #caie #cbe #ccfe ,freez+ ,po9t 7,pol5ske7 #bjj #baee #aice #aih #bjie ,v>iations7#b7 betwe5 ,melt+ ,po9t & ,freez+ ,po9t 7,pol5ske7 #aca #aafe #abfj #abe #abgj ,rei*]t-,meissl numb] #jdi #jcc #jch #jee #jcc ,pol5ske7#b7 numb] #jej #jej #jfj #jdb #jdj ,ktt/orf] numb] #aibd #aiag #aiad #aijh #aicb ,hbl's iod9e value #cebd #cdhi #cghg #cfed #cdj ,belli]'s reaction7#d7 violet z #a z #a z #a z #a ,r4 ,cohn's reaction7#e7 a7 ,fre% fat7#f7 neg- 8 8 8 8 ative b7 ,rancid fat /rong weak pos- weak pos- pos- pos- itive pos- itive itive itive itive b7 ,fatty ,acids7#g7 ,refractive index at #dj ,c #cdfj #cdee #cdej #cddj #ccgj ,melt+ ,po9t7#h7 #ebij #ebie #eahj #ebij #ebjj v4 ,hbl's iod9e value #cehh #cfbg #chgh #cggh #cfjb ,pu]to ,?om ,tr9idad ,fluctuations ( ,cabello ,analyses ,values f mean a7 ,fat ,po9t ( refraction at #dj ,c #dfj #dfh #dfc #dfj-dfi #dfd ,melt+ ,po9t 7,pol5ske77#a7 #cbg #cbie #cbi #caie-ccfe #cbi ,freez+ ,po9t 7,pol5ske7 #bjh #ahfj #bjff #ahf-baee #bjb ,v>iations7#b7 betwe5 ,melt+ ,po9t & ,freez+ ,po9t 7,pol5ske7 #aai #adce #abcj #aafe-adce #abg ,rei*]t-,meissl numb] #jda #jee #jee #jcc-jee #jde ,pol5ske7#b7 numb] #jdj #jee #jee #jd-jf #jdi ,ktt/orf] numb] #aiaf #aiag #aiae #aijh-aicb #aiah ,hbl's iod9e value #cbgb #cgbd #ccgb #cbgb-cghg #cebh ,belli]'s reaction7#d7 z #a z #a z #a -- -- ,r4 ,cohn's reaction7#e7 a7 ,fre% fat7#f7 8 8 8 -- -- b7 ,rancid fat opal- opal- opal- -- -- esc5ceesc5ce esc5ce b7 ,fatty ,acids7#g7 ,refractive index at #dj ,c #ccej #cdgj #ccej #cce-cdg #cdah ,melt+ ,po9t7#h7 #eade #ebje #ebej #eade-ebie #ebcb v4 ,hbl's iod9e value #cche #cifj #cfjb #cche-cigh #cfij ,rem>ks 7#a7 ,exact po9t ( liquefaction difficult to obs]ve2 !re=e ! av]age ( sev]al read+s mu/ be tak54 7#b7 ,"w f ! ,imp]ial ,(fice ( ,heal? #aijg1 #bf1 #ddd-dfc4 7#c7 ,"w out ( ! ,imp]ial ,(fice ( ,heal? #aijd1 #bj1 #ede-eeh4 7#d7 ,c5tral ,j\rnal = ,g]many #aijh1 #cf1 #ajj4 7#e7 ,j\rnal = ,popul> ,*emi/ry #aijg1 #af1 #cjh4 7#f7 ,obta9$ at ! expiration ( a f\r weeks' treatm5t z recomm5d$ by ,erl5mey]4 7#g7 ,non-volatile fatty acids1 insoluble 9 wat]1 f ! det]m9ation ( ! ,rei*]t-,meissl numb]4 7#h7 ,obta9$ z "u a74 ,freez+ ,po9t 9 v>i\s cases1 #a to #h equals #dgh--,melt+ ,po9t m9us ,freez+ ,po9t3 #ebc-dgh #de4 ,we h already /at$ t !re is also cacao fat 9 ! %ells1 & ?\gh x only am\nts to "s f\r or five p]c5t1 x has long be5 ! c>e ( exp]im5t]s to recov] & realise t little z fully z possible4 ,x is comm]cially kn[n z ,dut* ,i,ia or artificial cacao butt]1 & _c be obta9$ l ! fat ( ! k]nel by me*anical means1 b is obta9$ by "s *eap solv5t l b5z5e4 ,! traces ( b5z5e are v difficult to hide1 & consequ5tly ?is %ell butt] has little comm]cial value & its manufacture is unremun]ative4 ,fils+]#de gives ! iod9e value ( %ell butt] z high] ?an t ( k]nel butt]1 & fixes x betwe5 #ci & #dj3 its acid value1 especially if ! fat is rancid1 c rea* #ej-fj ,bur/yn1 i4 e4 #ej to #fj ccm4 normal alkali = #ajj grammes ( fat4#df ,if ! free acid ( %ell butt] be c\nt]act$ ) sodium or magnesium c>bonate1 ! neutral fat !n has ! normal iod9e value ( pure cacao butt]1 namely #cfe4 ,9 a sample giv+ an abnormally high iod9e value x is always necess>y to det]m9e ! acid value1 & if ! latt] be too high1 ! fatty acids mu/ be remov$1 :5 if ! sample be unadult]at$1 ! normal iod9e value w be obta9$4 ,x may be not$ 9 pass+ t ! high acid values occurr+ 9 %ell butt] may be due 9 "p to ! acidity ( ! b5z5e employ$ z a solv5t4 ,cacao butt] has a consid]able comm]cial value1 & is consequ5tly liable to adult]ation ) _m inf]ior fats ( vegetable orig94 ,among ^! are especially beef & mutton tall[1 ! purifi$ fatty acids ( palm-nut oil1 wax1 p>aff91 /e>ic acid1 dicka fat 7nucoa butt]1 possibly7 & cocoa-nut fat1 z well z ! num]\s prep>ations ( ! la/ nam$1 v>i\sly kn[n 9 comm]ce z ,mannheim cocoa-nut butt]1 vegetal9e1 lact9e1 f9e/ plant butt]1 *ocolate butt]1 laureol vegetable butt]1 palm91 kun]ol etc4 ,o!r b less common] are ! sesame cotton-se$1 ara*idic1 m>g>9e & hazelnut oils4 ,= ! detection ( ^! & simil> adult]ates1 ! reactions & analytical me?ods describ$ are all-suffici5t4 ,b5$ict#dg discov]s t ! pres5ce ( wax & p>aff9 consid]ably dim9i%es ! saponification value1 cocoa1 nut fat increases x & l[]s ! iod9e value1 :]eas /e>ic acid raises ! acid value4 ,melt+ ,melt+ ,saponif- po9t ,po9t ( ,iod9e ication fatty acids value value ,c4 ,c4 ,cacao butt] #cj-cde #dh-eb #cd-cge #aib-bjb ,oil ( ,almonds -- #ad #ic-ajaiahie-aied ,sesame oil -- #bf-cj #ajfd-aji #ahg-aib ,e>?-nut 7,ara*is7 oil -- #bg-ca #ib-aja #aij-aig ,hazelnut oil -- #ag-be #hcb-hh #aiad-aiga ,cotton-se$ oil -- #ch-dj #ajf-aaa #aia-aig ,oleo-m>g>9e #cbd-cbe #db #dch-dhe #aie-aigd ,beef tall[ #dc-di #dc-df #ced-cfe #aicb-aih ,wax #fb-fd -- #hj-aa #ig-ajg ,p>aff9 #ch-hb -- #ci-d -- ,/e>ic acid #ga-gae -- -- #aie-bjj ,seb9 #cgf-cgh -- #dcg-dchaibd-aibf ,cocoa-nut fat #bj-bh #bd-be #h-i #bedh-bfhd *iefly #bfb-bfd ,refractive ,acid index value 9 ,zeiss's butyromet] #df-dgh ,cacao butt] #ibd-agi at #dj ,c4 ,oil ( ,almonds -- #fd-fdh at #be ,c4 ,sesame oil -- #fg-fi at #be ,c4 ,e>?-nut 7,ara*is7 oil -- #feh-fge at #be ,c4 ,hazelnut oil -- -- ,cotton-se$ oil -- #fgf-fid at #be ,c4 ,oleo-m>g>9e -- #dhf at #dj ,c4 ,beef tall[ -- #di at #dj ,c4 ,wax #ai-ba -- ,p>aff9 -- -- ,/e>ic acid #aie-bjj -- ,seb9 -- -- ,cocoa-nut fat -- #cee at #dj ,c4 ,! pres5ce ( cocoa-nut fat c also be %[n by ! e!rification ( ! fatty acids ) alcohol & sulphuric acid1 :5 ! *>act]i/ic od\r ( ! e/] ( cocoa-nut acid occurs4 ,vegetable oils1 su* z almond1 cotton-se$1 ara*idic1 sesame & hazelnut oils1 l[] ! melt+ po9t ( ! fatty acids & raise ! iod9e value4 ,sesame oil is easily detect$ by ,baud\9's reaction1 yield+ a raspb]ry coloration :il/ pure cacao butt] keeps a f9e yell[ or d>k br[n4 ,x is possible to detect ! pres5ce ( s m9ute a quantity z #a ( sesame oil1 by means ( ,baud\9's reaction4 ,! foll[+ table1 conta9+ ! analytical det]m9ations ( all fatty sub/ances :i* c possibly be employ$ 9 ! adult]ation ( cacao butt]1 w s]ve to facilitate ref]5ce to ?is subject4 ,9 addition to its use 9 ! manufacture ( c]ta9 cacao prep>ations & = lubricat+ p>ts ( ma*9]y :i* come into contact ) ! cacao etc4 cacao fat is also us$ 9 p]fum]y & especially 9 ph>macy = mak+ supposit>ies1 o9tm5ts1 etc41 b x is ( no importance 9 soap mak+4 ,z an edible fat1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 l ord9>y butt] or l>d1 cacao butt] is n us$4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ by ,b5$ikt#dh t :5 9 ! =m ( *ocolate x is z easily dige/ible 9 ! human organism z milk fat1 :i* is g5]ally reg>d$ z (f]+ mo/ fav\rable conditions = absorbtion 9 ! inte/9al canal4 ,! dige/ibility ( bo? fats v>ies f #ibc to #iech p]c5t1 & bo?1 9 ?is respect1 /& v ne> to cocoa-nut fat f :i* ! solid glyc]ides h be5 remov$1 & to ord9>y butt]1 ! =m] accord+ to ,b\rot & ,jean4#di be+ dige/ible to ! ext5t ( #ih & ! latt] #ieh p]c5t4 ,cacao butt] is obta9$ z a by-product 9 ! prep>ation ( cocoa p[d] & 9 e c\ntry :]e cocoa p[d] is produc$ !re is always a l>ge trade 9 ! =m] article4 ,t is1 ap>t f ,g]many1 especially ! case 9 ,holl&1 :]e ! mon?ly supply to ! ,am/]dam m>ket is s l>ge t dur+ #ahii "o firm alone--,van ,h\t5--_h #hee tons = sale4 ,! av]age price ( late ye>s has consid]ably increas$1 & is n[ ab\t #fd-gc c5ts p] kilogramme4 #c4 ,cacao-r$ or ,pigm5t4 ,! majority ( inve/igators int]e/$ 9 ! cacao bean h assign$ its peculi> aroma & ta/e to ! cacao-r$ :i* x develops4 ,z previ\sly po9t$ out1 ! "y fre% bean is col\rless1 ! pigm5t =m+ lat]1 z c be obs]v$ 9 _m vegetable col\r+ mat]ials1 su* z oak& c9*ona-r$1 madd]1 indigo & kola-nut r$ 7f ,/]culia acum9ata74 ,z ! lat] inve/igations ( ,hilg]#ej h %[n1 ! fre% col\rless cacao bean conta9s a dia/asic f]m5t1 z well z a glucoside body1 :i* ,c4 ,s*weitz]#ea has t]m$ glocoside or cacaon94 ,! t]m glucoside may be not$ 9 pass+ z includ+ ^? bodies1 ! great] numb] ( :i* occur 9 plants1 & :i* by treatm5t ) alkalis1 acids or f]m5ts are split up into an indiff]5t body & a sug>1 g5]ally glucose4 ,^! bodies may be *emically reg>d$ z e?yl d]ivatives ( ! respective sug>s4 ,:5 ! ripe1 :ite se$s are dri$1 ! cacao-glycoside is p>tly decompos$ by ! ag5cy ( ! above-m5tion$ dia/asic f]m5t & =mations ( grape sug>1 pure non-nitrog5\s cacao-r$1 toge!r ) !obrom9e & c(fe9e ensue4 ,^! sub/ances1 & likewise a c]ta9 am\nt ( undecompos$ cacao glycoside1 c all be detect$ 9 ! se$1 :i* has by ?is "t acquir$ a br[ni% to violet col\r4 ,! unf]m5t$ bean1 accord+ to ,s*weitz]1 has z mu* z #jf unalt]$ glucoside4 ,f]m5tation produces ! same effect z dry+1 z "h aga9 ! glyc]9e is n completely split up1 = ! cacao-r$1 isolat$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 consi/s accord+ to ,hilg] ( a mixture ( pure non-nitrog5\s cacao-r$ & "s glycoside4 ,! complete decomposition ( ! cacao glycoside c only be effect$ 9 a *emical mann]1 by boil+ ! f9ely divid$ & defatt$ se$s ) dilute acids1 a me?od :i* has made x possible to effect an exact det]m9ation ( ! diureides1 z ! treatm5t ) acid sets free ! totality ( _! !obrom9e & c(fe9e4 ,s*weitz] reg>ds ! molecule ( cacao glycoside z an e/] compris$ ( "o molecule ( non-nitrog5\s cacao-r$1 six molecules ( />*-sug> & "o molecule ( !obrom9e ) d\ble-sid$ atta*m5t & hav+ ! hypo!trical =mula ,c#fj;,h#hf,o#ae,n#d4 ,be=e ! appe>ance ( ,hilg]'s rese>*es1 all /atem5ts ( a *emical nature respect+ cacao-r$ relat$ to a mixture ( a pure non-nitrog5\s pigm5t & ! glycoside1 :i* mu/ 9 all cases be prelim9>ily obta9$1 be=e ! pure pigm5t c be prep>$4 ,t c be done#eb by treat+ ! roa/$ beans ) petroleum e!r1 :i* removes ! fat & "p ( ! free !obrom9e !n ) wat]1 to extract ! rema9+ !obrom9e1 c(fe9e1 sug> & salts1 & f9ally ) alcohol1 to extract ! cacao-r$4 ,! alcoholic residue is !n quickly dri$ on por\s plates4 ,! mat]ial ?us obta9$ is a r$di% br[n amorph\s bitt] p[d]1 :i* is sc>cely soluble 9 wat]1 easily s 9 alcohol or 9 dilute alkali1 & is reprecipitat$ by acid f its alkal9e solution4 ,x gives a sublimate ( !obrom9e :5 heat$4 ,:5 ! sub/ance is di/ill$ ) #e p]c5t ( sulphuric acid1 ! add$ glycoside is completely decompos$ into sug>1 !obrom9e & ! real cacao-r$1 :i* latt] is repres5t$ by ! =mula ,c#ag;,h#ab7,,oh7#aj4 ,x appe>s to /& 9 ne> relation to tann91 :i* x resembles 9 yield+ =mic acid1 acetic acid1 & pyrocate*9 by ! action ( cau/ic alkalis4 ,! pure non-nitrog5\s cacao-r$1 at pres5t1 is ( exclusively sci5tific int]e/2 = practical purposes only ! crude cacao-r$1 cacao-r$ glycoside1 z naturally exi/+ 9 ! bean1 is ( importance4 ,! bett] & ! m effectual ! mann] 9 :i* ! beans h be5 prep>$ by f]m5tation1 ! m int5se is ! =mation ( ! cacao r$1 especially its localisation 9 ! cells & cell tissues4 ,?is is ! reason t ! v>iations 9 col\r ( diff]5t k9ds ( bean & ! aque\s extracts :i* !y yield are s di/9ct4 ,especially is ?is noticeable 9 c>elessly dri$ beans1 9 :i* ! cotyl$on tissue is ( a dirty br[n or yell[ col\r in/ead ( be+ br[n or violet2 ! pigm5t "h is n re/rict$ to sep>ate cells b has ! appe>ance ( hav+ p5etrat$ into ! contigu\s album9\s cells4 ,! bean conta9s #bf-e p]c5t ( ! crude cacao-r$2 x is soluble 9 alcohol & 9 e!r & p>tly s 9 hot wat]1 & is completely extract$ f ! bean by weak acetic acid4 ,! crude cacao-r$ c be det]m9$ quantitatively by precipitat+ its solution ) lead acetate1 decompos+ ! lead precipitate ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 & evaporat+ ! filtrate conta9+ ! cacao-r$ to dryness4 ,! aque\s extract ( ! beans1 :i* conta9s ! cacao-r$1 is col\r$ gre5i% br[n by alkalis1 r$ by acids2 acetates give a grey to yell[i% col\r2 t9cture ( iod9e1 /ann\s *loride & m]cur\s nitrate give a rose to br[n precipitate4 ,iron & copp] salts produce grey precipitates :i* gradually become br[n to black4 ,gelat9e solution1 conta9+ alum1 & album9 give copi\s yell[ precipitates4 ,/a9s produc$ on l95 by ! col\r+ matt] ( cacao-r$ c be remov$ by treatm5t ) hot wat] & f9ally blea*+ ) a solution ( sulphur\s acid4 #d4 ,!obrom9e4 ,all ^? mat]ials :i* are reg>d$ z /imulants1 l c(fee1 tea1 cacao1 tobacco etc41 owe _! action to peculi> n]ve /imulat+ bodies1 :i* are pres5t only 9 small quantity 9 ! se$s or leaves ( ! respective plants & are t]m$ by *emi/s alkaloids & diureides4 ,! physiologically active con/itu5ts ( tea1 c(fee & cacao are consid]$1 ev5 up to to-day1 by _m au?ors z alkaloids or organic bases & especially rank$ among ! xan?9e or pur9e bases4 ,rec5t inve/igations1 h[ev]1 sep>ate ^! sub/ances f ! alkaloids 9 ! /rict s5se & comprise !m )9 a p>ticul> gr\p ( urea d]ivatives "u ! designation ( ureides2 ! ureides ( tea1 c(fee & cacao repres5t+ two molecules ( urea1 !y are to be qualifi$ z 8diureides ,a bitt] sub/ance 9 ! cacao bean _h already be5 obs]v$ by ,s*rad]1 b ,woscress5sky#ec 9 #ahda 0 ! fir/ to isolate ! diureide1 !obrom9e4 ,!obrom9e is f\nd 9 ! unf]m5t$ & f]m5t$ beans 9 two =ms2 z free !obrom9e1 :i* has be5 elim9at$ f ! glucoside by ! f]m5t 9 ! dry+ & f]m5t+ processes1 & 9 comb9ation ) glucose & cacao-r$ z a glucoside1 f :i* x c only be sep>at$ by *emical means4 ,!obrom9e /&s 9 ne> relation to caffe9e1 ! diureide ( tea & c(fee1 z w be se5 f _! *emical =mulae--9 :i* !obrom9e is %[n to conta9 "o me?yl gr\p ,,*#c1 less1 its place be+ tak5 by an hydrog5 atom2 ,caffe9e ,!obrom9e _/ _/ _/ _/ ,c#e;,,hn#b,o#c7;,,*#a7c1 ,c#e;,h#b,n#b,o#c7;,,*#a7b1 s t 9 all1 !obrom9e falls %ort ( caffe9e by only "o radical4 ,/reck]#ed 0 ! fir/ to %[ ! relation betwe5 ! two sub/ances1 :5 he succe$$ 9 conv]t+ caffe9e into !obrom9e by ! action ( me?yl oxide on silv] !obrom9e = #bd h\rs at #ajj ,c4 ,caffe9e & silv] iodide are !n =m$ & c be sep>at$ by treatm5t ) alcohol1 :i* dissolves ! caffe9e1 leav+ ! silv] iodide undissolv$4 ,e4 ,fis*]#ee 0 %[n ! relation ( !obrom9e & caffe9e to uric acid by artificial syn!sis ( bo? sub/ances f d]ivatives ( bo?4 ,fis*]1 />t+ ) monome?yl pseudo-uric acid1 conv]t$ x into #g-me?yl uric acid by di/ill+ x ) hydro*loric acid1 & aft]w>ds1 by treat+ ! lead salt ( ! latt] ) me?yl iodide & e!r1 produc$ #c-g-me?yl-uric acid4 ,t acid 0 conv]t$ into dime?yldioxy*lor-pur9e by treatm5t ) a mixture ( phosphorus oxy*loride & phosphoric p5ta-*loride1 ) subsequ5t r$uction into #c-g dime?yl-#f-;am9o-#b-oxy-pur9e1 f :i*1 by ! action ( nitr\s acid ) loss ( ! am9e gr\p1 !obrom9e 0 f9ally obta9$4 ,! syn!sis ( !obrom9e is a brilliant exploit ( ,fis*]'s1 & x is q possible t at no di/ant p]iod1 :5 a simple & *eap me?od ( production has be5 arriv$ at1 syn!tical !obrom9e w appe> comm]cially z a rival ( ! natural product4 ,at pres5t !re is no prospect ( ?is be+ imm$iately realis$1 & cacao %ells f :i* !obrom9e is n[ prep>$ are z yet 9 no dang] ( displacem5t by ! new sub/itute1 b /ill s]ve z a useful by-product 9 ! manufacture ( cacao4 ,!obrom9e & caffe9e1 l ! alkaloids or plant bases1 h a di/9ct physiological & ev5 toxic action if tak5 9 too l>ge quantities4 ,f ! exp]im5ts ( ,mits*]li* x appe>s t !obrom9e has a simil> action to caffe9e1 b is some:at less active ow+ to its be+ less soluble 9 ! ga/ric juice4 ,mits*]li*'s exp]im5ts ) frogs1 pigeons & rabbits %[ t #jje grammes kill$ a frog 9 #dj h\rs1 #jje grammes a pigeon 9 #bd h\rs1 & #a gramme a rabbit 9 less ?an #bj h\rs4 ,dea? result$ 9 all cases f cramp+ ( ! sp9al cord1 produc+ ei!r convulsions or subsequ5t p>alysis4 ,! results ( ^! exp]im5ts d n detract f ! nutritive value ( cacao1 s9ce ! human organism requires t5 times z mu* !obrom9e z rabbits to exhibit ! slighte/ toxic symptom2 9 cacao mass conta9+ #a n m5tion$ 9 discussion2 j a head's up to ,,pp = ,s,r !obrom9e1 t w\ld involve ! consumption ( #e lbs4 av]dupois ( *ocolate at once1 a practical impossibility4 ,simil> conditions prevail 9 connection ) ! use ( tea1 c(fee1 & especially tobacco1 :]e symptoms ( poison+ h be5 occasionally notic$ 7! nicot9e p]il ( excessive smok]s7 b x w\ld seem t cacao & *ocolate are ! mo/ fav\rably plac$ ( ^! /imulants z reg>ds su* toxic action4 ,x appe>s f ! exp]im5ts ( ,albanese#ef ,bondzynski1 ,gottlieb#eg & ,ro/#eh t #c p]c5t ( ! !obrom9e adm9i/]$ pass$ out 9 ! ur9e unalt]$1 :il/ on ! o!r h& #bj-cj p]c5t ( t decompos$ 9 ! organism is f\nd aga9 z monome?yl-xan?9e4 ,! l>g] proportion ( ! monome?yl xan?9e is het]oxan?9e 7 #g ,me?yl-,x7 & ! inf]ior #c ,me?yl-,x4 ,! excretion ( !obrom9e appe>s to be closely connect$ ) ! quantity ( ur9e void$1 :i* is especially increas$ by ! adm9i/ration ( !obrom9e4 ,s9ce #ahij1 z a result ( ,w4 v4 ,s*rd]'s#ei obs]vations 9 #ahhh1 t prop]ty ( !obrom9e has _h an ext5d$ application 9 practical !rapeutics2 !obrom9e has be5 us$ z a diuretic 9 kidney diseases1 &1 unlike all simil> m$ic9al ag5ts1 x ex]cises no influ5ce on ! he>t1 a circum/ance :i* ess5tially increases its !rapeutic value4 ,x c be employ$ = m$ic9al purposes1 ei!r uncomb9$ or 9 ! =m ( salicylate1 acetate & c]ta9 d\ble comp\nds1 z sodium or li?ium & !obrom9e salicylate or acetate4 ,! d\ble comp\nds kn[n z diuret91 agur9 & uroph]9 are freely soluble 9 wat] & are !re=e m readily absorb$ into ! sy/em ?an pure !obrom9e1 :i* is only ) difficulty soluble 9 wat]4 ,?r\gh ! e/abli%m5t ( !obrom9e z a m$ic9al ag5t1 = :i* we are indebt$ to ,*r4 ,gram#fj & ,g4 ,see1#fa cacao husks1 hi!rto a wa/e product 9 ! manufacture ( cacao1 h become ( value = ! prep>ation ( !obrom9e1 9 :i* _m ( ! l>ge/ ,g]man *emical factories are n[ engag$4 ,fluctuations z reg>ds ! p]c5tage ( !obrom9e 9 ! beans are s extraord9>y t !y c only be ascrib$ to ! lack ( prescrib$ & def9ite modes ( proc$ure 9 f]m5t+1 :i* obvi\sly necessitates diff]5ces 9 ! result+ products4 ,em+] f\nd f #jhh-bcd p]c5t ( !obrom9e 9 ! exam9ation ( a r consid]able numb] ( comm]cial k9ds ( cacao beans & 9 ! husks #jgf p]c5t ( ! diureide3 ,c4 ,c4 ,kell]#fb has also f\nd x 9 ! leaves & 9 ! p]ic>p4 ,cacao conta9s #jje to #jcf p]c5t ( caffe9e4 ,!obrom9e is a p]man5t :ite p[d]1 appe>s "u ! magnify+ glass z small1 :ite1 prismatic or granul> cry/als4 ,at fir/ x has only a slightly bitt] ta/e1 :i* becomes m int5se :5 x is kept 9 ! m\? = "s l5g? ( "t2 & inde$1 ! bitt] ta/e ( ! cacao bean & its prep>ations is mo/ly due to !obrom9e4 ,x sublimes at #bbj ,c4 )\t melt+4 ,?is ph5om5on expla9s :y ! ov] roa/$ bean1 t is1 ! k]nel ( beans :i* by accid5t h be5 heat$ to m ?an #acj-aej ,c4 is poor] 9 !obrom9e ?an ! husks4 ,:5 heat$ to #caj ,c4 !obrom9e melts to a cle> liquid :i* re-cry/allizes on cool+4 ,"o "p ( absolutely pure !obrom9e dissolves accord+ to ,em+] 9 #gcfe p>ts ( wat] at #ah ,c41 9 #acf p>ts at #ajj ,c4 9 #ecii p>ts alcohol 7#ij 7 at #ah ,c4 9 #ddj p>ts at boil+ 7#ij 7 po9t & 9 #hah p>ts ( boil+ absolute alcohol4 ,x dissolves 9 #bajjj p>ts ( e!r at #ag ,c4 9 #dhef p>ts ( me?yl alcohol at #ah ,c4 9 #ehh p>ts ( *lor(orm at #ah ,c4 & 9 #bgaj p>ts ( boil+ *lor(orm#fc4 ,!obrom9e is p>tly decompos$ by /rong alkalis b by cauti\s addition ( alkalis x =ms comp\nds ) !m1 :i*1 are readily dissolv$ by solutions ( sodium salicylate1 acetate or b5zoate4 ,^! d\ble comp\nds "u ! "n ( diuret91 agur9 & uroph]9 h lately become ( !rapeutic value4#fd ,sodium silicate & m p>ticul>ly trisodiumphosphate accord+ to ,brissemoret#fe are great solv5ts ( !obrom9e4 ,"o & a half molecules ( ! latt] salt c dissolve "o molecule ( !obrom9e s t 9 ?is way x is possible to prep>e a solution ( ne>ly #b p]c5t4 ,ph5ol also dissolves a l>ge quantity ( !obrom9e1 accord+ to ,maupy1#ff :o has utilis$ ?is prop]ty = ! det]m9ation ( !obrom9e4 ,! defatt$ cacao prep>ation is moi/5$ ) wat] & extract$ ) a mixture consi/+ ( #ae p]c5t ( ph5ol & #he p]c5t ( *lor(orm4 ,!obrom9e1 l caffe9e1 gives ! s call$ murexide reaction :5 evaporat$ ) *lor9e wat]--=m+ amalic acid--& :5 a wat* glass previ\sly moi/5$ ) a little fluid ammonia is held ov] ! la/ few drops at ! end ( ! op]ation4 ,! residue ?us obta9$ has a violet col\r1 :i* s]ves to di/+ui% !obrom9e readily f o!r plant bases :i* d n belong to ! xan?9e gr\p4 ,al?\gh !obrom9e is ! mo/ valuable con/itu5t ( cacao beans1 ! importance atta*$ to a great] or less] am\nt 9 ! beans z a comm]cial article 0 =m]ly mu* exagg]at$4 ,! inve/igations ( ,drag5dorff & o!rs h %[n t ! value ( v>i\s /imulants l tobacco1 c(fee & tea1 does n entirely dep5d on ! am\nt ( alkaloid or diureide b p>tly also on ! jo9t action ( all ! con/itu5ts ( ^? articles1 & x is p>ticul>ly ! aromatic bodies :i* det]m9e _! comm]cial value4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( c(fee1 = example1 ( inf]ior comm]cial value conta9 consid]ably m caffe9e ?an ! co/ly ,mocca beans4 ,! highly priz$ ,havana tobacco ranges l[] ?an ! ,sumatra k9ds 9 nicot9e cont5t1 & ! same conclusion ) reg>d to cacao w\ld probably be correct4 ,9 support ( ?is view1 att5tion may be direct$ to ! foll[+ analyses p]=m$ by ,wolfram4#fg ,p]c5tage ( !obrom9e at #ajj ,c4 ,description ,!obrom9e ,c>acas #afc #aaa ,guayaquil 7( consid]ably less value ?an ! fir/7 ,9 ! #afc ,9 ! #jig ,dom+o bean #aff %ells #jef ,bahia #afd #jga ,pu]to ,cabello 7f9e k9d7 #adf #jha ,tabasco #acd #jdb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,av]age #aef #jgf ,exclud+ ! !obrom9e 9 ! %ells :i* are n us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( cacao1 x w be se5 f ! above table t ! ,c>acas bean1 :i* is ! f9e/ & de>e/1 has an am\nt ( !obrom9e :i* is only equal to1 or ev5 a little less1 ?an t 9 ! inf]ior beans f ,guayaquil & ,dom+o4 #e4 ,album94 ,on ! pres5ce ( album9\s bodies 9 ! cacao bean1 v>y+ betwe5 #ad-ae p]c5t1 dep5ds to a great ext5t its nutritive value4 ,! album9 9 plants1 un=tunately1 is n to h& 9 a =m suitable = direct absorption & assimilation 9 ! animal organism1 9 fact1 only a fraction ( x is s available4 ,be=e consid]+ ! nutritive value ( ! album9 ( ! cacao bean x w be well to give att5tion to ! g5]al *emical & physical prop]ties ( album9 s f> z a k ( !m w assi/ 9 ! elucidation ( ! subsequ5t matt]4 ,album9\s bodies or prote9s occur ei!r dissolv$ 9 ! sap ( plants or 9 a solid 9 ! protoplasm ( plant cells2 also 9 ! =m ( granul> deposits 7,aleuron granules#fh74 ,9 cacao !y are app>5tly pres5t 9 ! ?ree diff]5t conditions4 ,! t]m vegetable album51 9 its m re/rict$ s5se1 is meant to designate a prote9 sub/ance :i* is soluble 9 wat] & is coagulable by heat4 ,! great] "p ( ! proteid :i* exi/s 9 ! se$s & sap ( plants & is coagulable by heat1 is n album9 b globul91 t is to say1 x is insoluble 9 wat]1 ?\gh dissolv$ by solutions ( neutral salts4 ,:il/ _m prote9 sub/ances 9 aque\s solution require a temp]ature ( #ajj ,c4 be=e coagulat+1 or becom+ insoluble "u c]ta9 conditions1 o!rs coagulate at #fe ,c4 ,conc5trat$ acetic acid dissolves all album9\s bodies ) ! aid ( heat1 conc5trat$ nitric acid gives a yell[ coloration 7xantoprote9 reaction74 ,album9\s sub/ances are decompos$ :5 heat$ to #aej ,c4 develop+ a d>k col\r1 swell+ up & evolv+ an (f5sive smell1 f9ally leav+ beh9d a difficultly combu/ible coaly residue4 ,globul9s comb9e ) aque\s solutions ( alkalis su* z pota%1 soda1 ammonia etc4 produc+ alkal9e album9ates2 ) acids !y =m acid album9ates or synton9s4 ,bo? h ! prop]ty 9 common1 t :il/ !y are insoluble 9 pure wat]1 !y readily dissolve 9 slightly acidulat$ or alkal9e wat]1 z well z 9 weak sal9e solutions1 & are !n no long] coagulable by boil+4 ,album9\s bodies are conv]t$ fir/ into albumoses 7proteoses71 & !n into peptons by ga/ric & inte/9al dige/ion or by hydrolytic decomposition ) acids or alkalis1 also by ! action ( /eam "u pressure ( _m atmosph]es1 z well z by putrefaction4 ,albumoses1 ) ! exception ( het]o-albumose1 are soluble 9 wat]4 ,peptons dissolve entirely & 9 t condition are absorb$ by ! animal organism4 ,album9s are precipitat$ f _! solutions by /rong alcohol1 & 9 t way ,zipp]] succe$$ 9 precipitat+ #dbe p]c5t ( album9 f ! aque\s extract ( ,tr9idad cacao1 :i* corresponds to ab\t #be p]c5t ( ! total am\nt ( album5 9 ! bean4 ,! results ( 8 inve/igation h %[n t g5]ally m soluble album5 is pres5t 9 ! unf]m5t$ ?an 9 ! f]m5t$ bean4 ,consequ5tly1 x w\ld appe> t 9 ! f9] k9ds ( cacao beans1 9 :i* v c>eful f]m5tation has be5 c>ri$ out1 ! album91 ow+ to f]m5tative alt]ation1 is r5d]$ less soluble4 ,! con/itution ( album9 is /ill n suffici5tly kn[n1 despite ! excell5t exp]im5ts ( ,e4 ,fis*] on ?is subject2 g5]ally x is reg>d$ z hav+ ! =mula3 ,c #ebca-edcc ,h #gac- #ggc ,n #aedi-agfj ,s #jgf- #aee ,o #bjee-bbih ,accept+ a mean =mula correspond+ to ! above figures z repres5tation ( ! album5 7namely ,c#gb;,h#aab,n#ah,,s#bb71 x becomes possible to obta9 a quantitative det]m9ation ( ?is con/itu5t 9 ! plants 9 :i* x is conta9$4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 #af ( nitrog5 "h4 ,/>t+ f su* a /&po9t1 & det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( ,nitrog5 conta9$ 9 a plant1 & multiply+ by #fbe 7i4 e4 #af 71 ! am\nt ( album5 is obta9$4 ,= fur!r p>ticul>s see p>agraph #d4 ,! album5 9 cacao1 z previ\sly m5tion$1 is 9 ! =m ( globul91 t is1 9 a less soluble =m4 ,9 cacao prep>ations :i* are requir$ = invalids1 especially ^? ) affections ( ! /oma*1 x is important to h ! album5 9 a m readily soluble condition4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made ) cacao prep>ations to obta9 t result1 & lat] on1 full illu/rations & explanations w be giv5 on ?is subject4 ,fir/ ( all1 h[ev]1 x is desirable to consid] ! sci5tific me?ods employ$ to asc]ta9 ! relative dige/ibility or indige/ibility ( album54 ,pr(essor ,/utz]#fi ( ,bonn has be5 engag$ 9 det]m9+ ! action ( dige/ive f]m5ts ( ! animal organism on alim5t>y sub/ances1 & has work$ out a me?od by :i* x is possible to asc]ta9 ! proportion ( album9\s sub/ances :i* c be reg>d$ z dige/ible4 ,! me?od dep5ds ^u ! fact t saliv>y1 ga/ric & inte/9al dige/ion c be artificially imitat$ 9 ! laboratory4 ,b z ! saliv>y secretion only dige/s />* & is difficult to obta91 malt dia/ase1 :i* s]ves ! same purpose1 is us$ in/ead4 ,on ! o!r h& album9\s mat]ial is only dige/$ by juices ( ! /oma* & inte/9es z fre% obta9$ f ! muc\s membranes ( ! pig or ox4 ,if we suppose an av]age ( #af p]c5t ( total album5 9 cocoa p[d]1 ! foll[+ results w\ld probably be giv5 by ,/utz]'s me?od3 ,( #af ( total album5 !re are on an av]age3 correspond+ to p]c5tage ( ! total mass3 #gf soluble 9 ! /oma* #dge #fe #bh soluble 9 ! inte/9es #age ,album53 #ef insoluble #cej ----- ------ #afj #ajjj ,z %[n by ! exp]im5ts ( ,=/]#gj h[ev]1 artificial dige/ion does n correctly repres5t ! actual consumption ( nutrim5t 9 ! human body4 ,=/]'s exp]im5ts1 9 :i* cacao p[d] 0 adm9i/]$ to heal?y m51 gave a mu* high] value1 9 fact1 #hj p]c5t ( ! nitrog5\s sub/ance 0 dige/$1 aga9/ #fe p]c5t by ,/utz]'s artificial me?od ( dige/ion4 ,! results obta9$ by artificial dige/ion mu/ !re=e be increas$ 9 t proportion4 #f4 ,/>*4 ,/>* is "o ( ! mo/ important con/itu5ts ( cacao1 z on ! />* tak5 9 conjunction ) ! fat & album5 dep5ds ! nutritive value ( ! cacao bean4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 cacao />* is "o ( ! smalle/ k9ds :i* occur 9 ! vegetable k+dom2 consequ5tly x c easily be di/+ui%$ f ! />* granules ( o!r plants4 ,ow+ to _! m9ut5ess ! conc5tric r+s %[+ ! /ratifi$ /ructure ( ! />* granules c only be di/+ui%$ ) difficulty "u ! microscope4 ,cacao />* consi/s usually ( globul> granules1 g5]ally sep>ate1 b sometimes 9 aggregations ( two or ?ree4 ,! appe>ance "u ! microscope ( ! />* granules is cle>ly %[n 9 fig #g1 :i* repres5ts a section ( ,ariba cacao enl>g$ #gej times4#ga ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 a on ! above repres5ts ! int]cellul> spaces1 b ! cell walls1 c ! />* granules1 d ! fat cry/als1 ^? be+ ! cont5ts & /ructural elem5ts ( ! cacao cell t ! microscope w at once di/+ui%4 ,cacao />* has ! usual prop]ties ( ord9>y k9ds ( />*1 namely3 #a4 ,x is gelat9is$ by hot wat]1 t is to say1 ! wat] p5etrates betwe5 ! lay]s ( />* granules1 sep>at+ !m & caus+ by its p5etration a swell+ up ( ! />* :]eby a transp>5t mass "k z 8/>* pa/e0 is produc$4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t cacao />* is less easily gelat9is$ ?an ! />* ( o!r plants4 ,accord+ to inve/igations ( ,soltsi5's#gb1 :i* ,zipp]] unres]v$ly endorses1 ?is is n ! case1 = "u c]ta9 ess5tial conditions1 cacao />* gelat9ises j z readily z o!r k9ds ( />*4 ,! blue coloration ( />* ) iod9e4 ,?is is said to take place m sl[ly ) cacao ?an ) o!r />*es1 ?\gh we h always f\nd t once ! cacao />* is gelat9is$1 a blue coloration appe>s imm$iately on add+ a suffici5tly /rong solution ( iod9e4 ,!re are c]ta9ly o!r mat]ials 9 ! cacao bean1 su* z fat1 :i* by m or less envelop+ ! />*1 prev5t access ( wat] to ! />* granules & ?us h9d] gelat9isation2 or aga91 ! album5 & cacao-r$ may ex]t "s ret>d+ influ5ce on ! iod9e reaction1 especially if ! iod9e solution us$ is v dilute4 ,yet x is impossible to describe ! reaction z sl[4 ,accord+ to ,soltsi51 if a mixture ( two p>ts ( cacao bean ) "o "p ( calc9at$ magnesia & wat] is heat$1 a cle>-filt]+ decoction is obta9$1 :i* imm$iately assumes ! blue col\r on addition ( iod9e solution4 ,on neutralis+ ! filtrate ) acetic acid1 & add+ #c-d p>ts ( /rong alcohol1 its />* is precipitat$4 ,by boil+ ) dilute acids z well z by ! action ( f]m5ts l ! saliva1 dia/ase etc41 />* is conv]t$ into />* sug> 7glucose1 dextrose74 ,! empirical =mula = />* is ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e1 t = />* sug> is ,c#f;,h#ab,o#f1 s t 9 ! conv]sion "o molecule ( wat] is introduc$1 :]e=e its *emical nature is greatly *ang$1 & especially 9 its becom+ freely soluble 9 wat]4 ,t alt]ation all[s ( />* be+ quantitatively det]m9$1 z ! dextrose ?us produc$ has ! prop]ty ( r$uc+ an alkal9e solution ( copp] sulphate 7kn[n z ,fehl+'s solution1 aft] ! discov]]72 t is to say1 ! copp] sulphate is conv]t$ into insoluble r$ cupr\s oxide4 ,z dextrose always precipitates a def9ite am\nt ( cupr\s oxide1 ! quantity ( />* pres5t c 9 t way be det]m9$4 ,! *emical det]m9ation ( />* is only 9 a limit$ degree effectual 9 ! recognition ( an admixture ( =eign />* 9 cacao prep>ations4 ,if m ?an #aj-ae p]c5t ( />* 7calculat$ on ! crude bean7 has be5 f\nd1 !n x mu/ be assum$ t !re has be5 an admixture ( =eign />*1 b *emi/ry af=ds no means by :i* =eign />* c be di/+ui%$ f ! g5u9e />* ( ! cacao bean4 ,= t purpose ! =eign />* mu/ be m9utely obs]v$ "u ! microscope1 :i* n only s]ves to detect its pres5ce1 b gives an approximate e/imation ( ! am\nt pres5t1 & its orig94 ,great caution %\ld be ex]cis$1 or ! result may be easily exagg]at$4 #g4 ,cellulose or crude fibre4 ,we h already made ! acqua9tance ( ?is mat]ial z ! *ief con/itu5t ( ! cell walls & vascul> tissues4 ,rec5t *emical inve/igations h %[n t x consi/s ( ! anhydrides ( hexose & p5tose 7sug> comp\nds7 incru/at$ ) _m impurities1 su* z cacao-r$1 gum1 mucilage etc4 ,f a *emical po9t ( view1 cellulose has ! same =mula z />*1 viz4 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e1 or "o ( its multiples repres5t$ 9 =mula4 ,"o ( its *emical prop]ties is solubility 9 ammonio-cupric sulphate1 & aff9ity = alkalis su* z pota%1 soda1 ammonia1 causes x to swell :5 !y act on ! cell fibres4 ,we5d]'s process#gc z work$ out by ,h5neb]g is ! "o usually adopt$ = ! det]m9ation ( crude fibre 9 plants1 al?\gh rec5tly ,h4 ,sur+>1 ,b4 ,toll5s#gd & m p>ticul> ,knig#ge h po9t$ out t 9 ,we5d]'s process ! s-call$ p5tosan1 t is to say1 ! sug>-l con/itu5t ( ! composition ,c#e;,h#aj,o#e1 :i* comprises a n inconsid]able portion ( ! crude fibre1 und]goes a disproportionate alt]ation1 s t ! analytical results ?us obta9$ c by no means give an accurate repres5tation ( ! am\nt ( cellulose4 ,! crude fibre mu/ !re=e be treat$ 9 su* mann] z to elim9ate ! p5tosan4 ,= ?is purpose ! v>i\s me?ods ( ,knig1 ,mat!s & ,/reitb]g] h be5 propos$1 to :i* we %all return 9 ,book #d4 ,fils+]1 ! m]itori\s exp]im5t] on ! subject ( cacao1 has by ,knig's me?od det]m9$ ! am\nt ( crude fibre 9 a s]ies ( diff]5t v>ieties ( cacao bean1 & obta9$ ! foll[+ results z reg>ds %ell$ & roa/$ beans4 p]c5t #a4 ,pu]to ,cabello #ecg #b4 ,java #cig #c4 ,ariba ,guayaquil ,i #daj #d4 ,ariba ,guayaquil ,,ii #djg #e4 ,ma*ala ,guayaquil ,i #ddc #f4 ,p>a #dja #g4 ,sur9am ,guiana #cja #h4 ,bahia #bha #i4 ,gr5ada #caj #aj4 ,guatemala #cej #aa4 ,ma*ala ,guayaquil ,,ii #ceh #ab4 ,c>acas #cfe #ac4 ,samana #deh #ad4 ,/4 ,?om ,a ,i #dac #ae4 ,/4 ,?om ,a ,,ii #bie #af4 ,/4 ,?om ,b #cae #ag4 ,haiti #cabgf ,^! new values may be provisionally reg>d$ z normal4 ,f ^! results n only c an idea ( ! function+ ( ! cacao %ell+ ma*9e be obta9$1 b also ! pres5ce ( any occasional admixture ( husk 9 cacao prep>ations may be inf]r$1 s9ce ! husk conta9s a great deal m crude fibre ?an ! k]nel4 ,!re=e ! det]m9ation ( ! crude fibre is an important item 9 ! te/+ ( cacao prep>ations1 z !re is no d\bt t ! pres5ce ( vegetable sub/ances ri* 9 crude fibre c be detect$ by ! increase 9 ! am\nt ( cellulose4 #h4 ,sug> & plant acids4 ,! pres5ce ( glucose 9 raw cacao beans 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,s*weitz]#gg4 ,! sug> is =m$ by ! action ( ! cacao f]m5t on ! glucoside cacaon9 dur+ ! processes ( dry+ & f]m5tation4 ,9 addition to sug>1 malic & t>t>ic acids h be5 obs]v$4 ,^! sub/ances1 h[ev]1 are only ( int]e/ to ! plant physiologi/ & n to ! manufactur]1 s x is suffici5t m]ely to notice !m "h 9 pass+4 #i4 ,! m9]al or a% con/itu5ts4 ,:5 cacao beans are ignit$1 ! con/itu5ts ( an organic nature are volatilis$ & only ! non-volatile or inorganic con/itu5ts rema9 beh9d4 ,^! consi/ ( pota%1 soda1 lime1 iron magnesia1 comb9$ ) silicic acid1 phosphoric acid1 sulphuric acid & *lor9e4 ,! am\nt ( a% 9 raw & %ell$ cacao beans v>ies f #c-d 4 ,tu*5#gh f\nd #bi-c 1 ,trojan[ski#gi #bjh-cic 1 ,zipp]]#hj #bg-d 1 ,l',hote#ha #bb-d 1 ,h4 ,beckurts#hb #bbj-cge1 ,j4 ,hockauf#hc #bhd-dd p]c5t4 ,( ^? k9ds :i* are n[ mo/ 9 use1 ,ceylon gave #ccj p]c5t1 ,java #cbj & ,kam]oon #bie p]c5t4 7,beckurts74 ,quantitative analyses ( ! a% ( ! cacao beans h be5 made by sev]al inve/igators1 & ! foll[+ table gives a s]ies ( ! mo/ complete analyses1 made by ,r4 ,b5semann#hd4 ,table #ad4 ,analysis ( ! a% ( ,cacao ,beans by ,r4 ,b5semann4 ,! a% ( ! k]nel free f husk dri$ at #ajj;,c4 conta9$3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,insoluble respectively ,m>a- ,c>a- ,tr9i-,ma*- ,porto ,mean 9 dilute hydro*loric caibo cas dad ala ,cab- or nitric acid ello ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - a7 ,volatile dessicat$ #jadb #jjgf #jadd #jjgd #jaih #jabg at #ajj ,c4 b7 ,fix$ at r$ heat #jcab #affc #jeec #jfcj #ajge #jhdf ,soluble 9 dilute hydro*loric or nitric acid3 c7 ,potassium oxide #cehhicchddcjhdecjfhfbiihicbbea ,k#b,o d7 ,sodium oxide #jeae #jgff #aifd #dagc #cdbg #bafi ,na#b,o e7 ,calcium oxide ,ca,o #daah #ejcj #dfch #caab #bibc #cifd f7 ,magnesium oxide ,mg,o #aegejaeaeaafjfjafagbagefbafaci g7 ,f]ric oxide #jahb #jbag #jdia #jfbi #jcjc #jcfd ,fe#b,o#c h7 ,alum9ium oxide #jjhj #jcbf #jdij #jdcb #jcje #jcbg ,al#b,o#c i7 ,silicic acid #jbad #jbaa #jafi #jacd #jbdj #jaid ,si,o#b k7 ,phosphoric anhydride#bggdabicjbbhfbdcgjjjcebgdcaehh ,p#b,o#e l7 ,sulphuric anhydride #bfcb #bgdj #cieg #bjdb #cieb #cjfe ,,s#c m7 ,*lor9e ,cl #jbie #jcda #jdbg #jbgi #jjhe #jbhe n7 ,c>bonic anhydride #ajcdi #hdce #hiec #bghh #cdha #fhja ,,co#b o7 ,wat] ,h#b,o #ahdg #aige #bgha #aiab #abje #aidd ,oxyg5 ,o equival5t #jjff #jjgg #jjij #jjfc #jjai #jjfd to *lor9e ,9 previ\sly describ+ ! aleuron granules ( ! cacao bean x 0 m5tion$ t !y conta9 a comp>atively l>ge globoid4 ,accord+ to ,molis*#he1 :5 sections are cauti\sly heat$ on plat9um foil1 ^! globules are f\nd 9 ! a%4 ,f _! numb] !y give a *>act]i/ic appe>ance to ! a% ( cacao beans1 & ?us may s]ve z a good means ( id5tify+ cacao1 s9ce !y c be detect$ 9 ! smalle/ quantity ( a g5u9e cacao prep>ation4 ,a notewor?y fact may "h be m5tion$1 namely ! pres5ce ( a r small am\nt ( copp] 9 ! a% ( cacao beans z well z ! husks4 ,duclaux#hf 0 ! fir/ to po9t out ?is fact1 :i* sev]al o!r obs]v]s1 su* z ,skalweit#hg & ,galippe#hh h also confirm$4 ,! am\nt ( copp] 9 ! husk v>ies f #jjb to #jjbe p]c5t & 9 ! beans f #jjjji-jjjd p]c5t 7,duclaux74 ,copp] 9 simil> am\nt is f\nd 9 all k9ds ( beans & husks1 & its pres5ce is due to ! absorption ( copp] by ! plant f ! soil1 :5ce x gradually accumulates 9 ! fruit4 b7 ,! ,cacao ,%ells4 ,mo/ ( ! con/itu5ts :i* exi/ 9 ! cacao k]nels are also to be f\nd 9 ! husks & ! me?ods = isolat+ & det]m9+ !m are ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,! composition ( ! husk1 accord+ to ,laube & ,ald5dorff#hi1 is z foll[s3 ,table #ae4 ,key to ,r[ #a3 ,col #d;,a ,nitrog5\s sub/ance ,col #f;,b ,non nitrog5\s extractive ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,am\nt ( ,woody husk ,wat] #d;,a ,fat #f;,b fibre ,a% ,s& ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,p] c5t ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,c>acas #bjji #ggdaafh #eiicebiabgi #hcbahfb ,guayaquil -- #iaaabidajgedgjhacab #fgi #jba ,tr9idad #adjd #hcjaead #dbcdfjeahjj #gjf #jib ,pu]to ,cabello #adib #fdjacge #dchdgabadhc #fjf #gdf ,soconusco #aheh #fdhaiab #fdhciciaefg #hae #dga ,mean #afcc #ghcadbi #fchdegiadfi #gab #eij ,zipp]]'s analysis#ij ( ! unroa/$ husks gave ! foll[+ results3 ,table #af4 ,key to ,r[ #a abbreviations3 ,col #b ,sur9am ,sur9 ,col #c ,c>acas ,c>ac ,col #d ,tr9idad ,tr9i ,col #e ,pu]to ,cabello ,p ,cab ,col #f ,ma*ala ,ma* ,col #g ,port au ,pr9ce ,p a ,p ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,sur9,c>ac,tr9i,p ,cab,ma* ,p a ,p,ariba,mean ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,p] c5t ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,moi/ure #acjbaaijacjiabjd -- -- -- #abea ,fat #dag #dae #dgd #djj -- -- -- #dbc ,cacao tannic acid soluble 9 #hj alcohol #eaj #chj #dhg #iae -- -- -- #deh ,!obrom9e #jcc #jcj #jdj #jcb -- -- -- #jcc ,a% #gcaafgc #ggh #hii -- -- -- #ajbj ,woody fibre #adheagiiahjdaeih -- -- -- #afga ,nitrog5 -- #bbe #bac -- -- -- -- #bai ,proportion ( husk 9 ! raw se$s #adfjaejjadfhabbhafadafjjahfhaecd ,roa/$ cacao husks conta9 accord+ to ,g4 ,p>is#ia ! foll[+ con/itu5ts3 ,moi/ure #abeg p]c5t1 nitrog5\s sub/ance #adfi p]c5t1 fat #cc p]c5t1 extractives #degf p]c5t1 crude fibre #afcc p]c5t & a% #gce p]c5t4 #ej grammes ( ! husks :5 boil$ ) #ejj grammes ( wat] give #bejh p]c5t extract1 #bjfh organic sub/ance1 #dd a%1 #jba sug> 7r$uc+ sub/ance71 #jgi !obrom9e1 #jab p]c5t acid1 calculat$ z t>t>ic acid4 ,! foll[+ con/itu5ts h be5 f\nd by ,r4 ,b5semann#ib 9 ! a% ( cacao husks3 ,table #agic4 ,m>a- ,c>a- ,tr9i-,ma*ala ,porta caibo cas dad ,guayaquil ,plata ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,p] c5t ,a% dri$ at #ajj ,c4 ,i4 insoluble 9 dilute hydro*loric or nitric acid3 a7 ,volatile dessicat$ at #jaac #jdba #jigi #jcjf #abdg #ajj ,c4 b7 ,fix$ at r$ heat #aiag #dggaa #bicae #cgffb #eaeac ,,ii4 ,soluble 9 dilute hydro*loric or nitric acid3 c7 ,potassium oxide ,k#b,o #caeag #aahab #behff #bcaag #abagd d7 ,sodium oxide ,na#b,o #dahh #cbih #bgbf #abaj #bghj e7 ,calcium oxide ,ca,o #ajacd #ddeh #ejig #cejc #ddja f7 ,magnesium oxide ,mg,o #iedf #dgjc #ebjf #dhcg #djij g7 ,f]ric oxide #jfdg #jica #jcci #jieh #jdfb ,fe#b,o#c h7 ,alum9ium oxide #bha #aeed #jgaj #ahed #ajdf ,al#b,o#c i7 ,silicic acid ,si,o#b #aahj #gige #bdaf #dcba #fghj k7 ,phosphoric anhydride #ijfh #gfcj #dgjc #gbhh #gbdb ,p#b,o#e l7 ,sulphuric anhydride #cjda #adgh #ccih #agda #bjab ,,s#c m7 ,*lor9e ,cl #ajje #jbbj #ajbb #jbee #jddd n7 ,c>bonic anhydride #beded #ecii #afbij #aahcd #dbdg ,,co#b o7 ,wat] ,h#b,o #bace #bdii #bbfc #aaga #affb p7 ,oxyg5 ,o equival5t #jbbf #jjdi #jbij #jjeg #jajj to *lor9e ,z evid5c$ 9 ! prec$+ examples1 data z to ! con/itu5ts ( ! cacao husk deviate consid]ably ) diff]5t au?ors4 ,laube & ,ald5dorff1 = in/ance1 f\nd #ad-bj p]c5t1 :ile ,zipp]] obta9$ #ab-ah p]c5t ( husks4 ,^! discrepancies are ma9ly due to adh]+ s& & f]rug9\s e>? collect$ dur+ ! dry+ & f]m5t+ processes4 ,if ! beans are c>efully collect$ & kept free f e>?y sub/ances1 ! p]c5tage ( husks z aga9/ t ( ! bean w appe> mu* l[]2 x is1 inde$1 n[ possible to obta9 prop]ly treat$ beans :i* conta9 on an av]age only "s #aj p]c5t ( husks1 su* z ,ariba & ,ma*ala4 ,! husks ( ^! two v>ieties are exce$+ly woody1 & _! am\nt sometimes rea*es #ae p]c5t4 ,! late/ ma*9]y = clean+ ! beans effects s complete a sep>ation ( ! husks f ! k]nel t v little ( ! =m] rema9s 9 ! f9i%$ cacao prep>ation 7less ?an #a p]c5t 9 ?9-%ell$ beans & no m ?an #b p]c5t 9 ?ick-%ell$ beans su* z ,ariba74 ,= "s ye>s x 0 n possible to effect s ?or\gh a removal ( ! husk1 s t !re 0 always f\nd an appreciably l>ge am\nt ( %ells 9 ! f9i%$ prep>ations1 :i* r5d]$ x difficult to detect adult]ation4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! quantity ( a% pres5t 9 ! husk is d\ble t 9 ! k]nel1 x 0 possible to =m an op9ion z to ! int5tional admixture ( %ells f ! increase ( a% 9 cacao prep>ations4 ,h5ce ! a% 0 always requir$ to be det]m9$ :5 adult]ation 0 suspect$4 ,"u exi/+ conditions ! addition ( a quantity ( %ells suffici5t to increase ! p]c5tage ( a% pres5t 9 ! p[d] or *ocolate is sc>cely practicable1 s t1 = ! purpose ( detect+ small additions1 o!r me?ods mu/ be resort$ to1 su* z ! e/imation ( ! crude fibre or silica 9 ! a%#id ) ! aid ( ! microscope1 9 :i* x is possible to easily di/+ui% ! =ms ( ! cotyl$on 7k]nel7 mass & ^? ( ! husk4 ,! diagram on page #ad1 ,fig4 #c1 cle>ly %[s ! elem5t>y =ms ( ! cacao husk z repres5t$ by ,mits*]li*4 ,x illu/rates a longitud9al section ( ! husk ( ,bahia beans1 enl>g$ ab\t #ejj times1 ) six diff]5t cell elem5ts 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,fir/ ! compress$ cells ( ! epid]mis are to be se5 on ! ext]ior1 9 sev]al p>allel s]ies & succe$$ by mod]ately broad & ?9-wall$ cellul> tissue ( ! p>5*yma1 :i* sometimes pres5ts l>ge empty spaces 7s*7 ! results ( ! loos5+ ( ! cell walls ?r\gh ! =mation ( mucilage4 ,?is cellul> tissue 7lp7 is also p]meat$ by bundles ( spiral vessels 7gfb71 :i*1 ) ! dry cells1 are *>act]i/ic ( ! husk1 z !y exi/ only 9 v small quantity 9 ! k]nel4 ,!n foll[ p>allel r[s ( cells 7lp7 resembl+ epi!lial cells2 next comes a lay] ( cells ) ?ick walls1 ! dry cells 7/7 & f9ally sev]al r[s ( elongat$ ones 7lp74 ,! silv] membrane 7is7 int]poses betwe5 ! husk & ! k]nel1 fragm5ts ( :i* rema9 adh]+ to ! %ell aft] sep>ation ( ! latt]4 ,to conclude1 we f9d t ! husk ( ! cacao bean consi/s ( ! inn] coat ( fruit1 call$ endoc>p & o!r p>ts ( ! fruit cov]+1 z well z ! sk9 ( ! se$#ie4 ,! foll[+ lay]s may be di/+ui%$2 #a4 ,! pulp1 7f 9 fig4 #c7 fragile l>ge cells ) frequ5t hiatus2 #b4 ! endoc>p 7fe71 a s+le lay] ( fragile1 v n>r[ & irregul>ly arrang$ cells1 b )\t hiatus2 #c4 ! epic>p1 or sk9 7se71 polygonal & ext5d$ cells1 ) an out] wall ( "s ?ickness4 #d4 ! p>5*yma or cellul> tissue 7lp71 consi/+ ( l>ge & multi=m cells1 ) vascul> bundles 7gfb71 ! l>ge mucilag5\s or slime cells 7s*7 & #e4 ! skl]og5\s or dry cells 7/71 a s+le lay] ( vessels %ap$ l a horse%oe1 & ?ick5+ t[>ds ! int]ior1 & 9 conclusion #f4 ! silv] membrane 7is71 belong+ to ! e>li] inn] coat ( fruit1 & consi/+ ( two s+le r[s ( fat-be>+ cells4 ,9 exam9ation ( ! husks ( ! plane surface enl>g$ #afj times 7fig4 #h71 x w be notic$ t ! *>act]i/ic epid]mis 7ep7 consi/s ( l>ge & r elongat$ b irregul> polygonal cells4 ,frequ5tly on ! epid]mis may be rem>k$ a delicate network ( ! cells con/itut+ ! fruit pulp 7p74 ,b5ea? ! epid]mis lies a v delicate transv]se cellul> lay] 7qu7 foll[$ by ! p>5*yma1 z already /at$4 ,! rema9+ elem5t>y =ms are n readily obs]v$ on a plane surface b only 9 section1 ?\gh we adjo9 a few diagrams1 %[+ ! lay]s z isolat$ f ! p]ic>p2 namely1 fig4 #i p>5*yma1 a lay] ( skl]og5\s cells1 fig4 #aj1 & ! silv] membrane 7is7 ) two sup]jac5t ,mits*]li* p>ticles 7tr7 9 fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,= microscopical exam9ation1 ! husk mu/ fir/ be defatt$ ) petroleum or ord9>y e!r & !n treat$ ) dilute *loral hydrate 7#h3 #e7 to assi/ ! def9ition ( ! =ms4 ,an approximate e/imation ( ! am\nt ( husk 9 a cacao prep>ation c be made by means ( ! microscope1 adopt+ ,fils+]'s#if levigation me?od1 :i* consi/s ( conc5trat+ ^? elem5ts ( ! cacao :i* are seldom se5 ev5 9 susp5sion 9 wat]1 & :i* s9k to ! bottom :5 repeat$ly /irr$ 9 t liquid4 ,to ^! belongs fir/ ( all ! husk1 & its pres5ce & det]m9ation 9 ! levigation me?od is accord+ly greatly facilitat$4 ,! details ( ! me?od w be fur!r describ$ 9 treat+ ( husk admixtures 9 cacao prep>ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,cacao %ells are ! only by-product 9 ! cacao indu/ry1 & h be5 develop$ & exploit$ to su* an ext5t1 t a rational utilisation ( ! ev] increas+ quantities has become a matt] ( urg5t necessity4 ,!y are n us$ 9 our indu/ry1 = an admixture ( husk is n p]missible1 ev5 9 ! inf]ior k9ds ( *ocolate or cocoa p[d]1 b mu/ be reg>d$ z an adult]ation4 ,x is true t !y h be5 br\ght on ! m>ket z cocoa tea1 & aga91 h be5 coat$ ) sug>1 to make !m ta/y2 & to ?is day1 c&i$ husks con/itute a fav\rite sweetmeat ( ! population ( ,ea/ ,g]many4 ,b 9 ?is way only comp>atively inf]ior quantities ( ! by-product 7 absorb$1 & consequ5tly projects ( all k9ds h be5 sugge/$ to use up l>g] p]c5tage4 ,z we h se51 ! fatty cont5ts ( ! bean c be extract$ ) b5z9e1 & !re is a resultant #d or #e p]c5tage ( fat ( inf]ior value1 :i* is comm]cially kn[n z 8,dut* ,i,ia ,cacao ,butt]02 ! defatt$ %ells c be fur!r us$ = ! prep>ation ( !obrom9e1 z ,zipp]] has already not$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is book4 ,ka?re9]'s successors 9 ,muni*#ig employ an extract ( cacao %ells prep>$ ) hot wat]1 9 ord] to improve c(fee b]ries dur+ ! roa/+ & to give a flav\r to ! c(fee sub/itutes prep>$ f corn & malt4 ,cacao extract is also prep>$ f ! %ells#ih by fir/ treat+ !m ) wat] or /eam1 & aft]w>ds extract+ ) wat]1 & f9ally evaporat+ z f> z necess>y4 ,! ?ick extract ?us prep>$ conta9s !obrom9e1 & is int5d$ = use ei!r alone or z an addition to cacao p[d] & *ocolate4 ,/rohs*e9 9 ,b]l9#ii prep>es f ! %ells a ?ick liquid extract :i* he calls 8,m>tol ,its prep>ation 0 sugge/$ by ! fact t ! cacao husk gives evid5ce ( conta9+ a consid]able am\nt ( iron4 ,9 8,m>tol01 ! iron occurs z a tannate1 & ! prep>ation fur!r conta9s !obrom9e1 c>bohydrates1 & phosphoric acid4 ,! prep>ation is said to be us$ z a m$ic9al rem$y 9 *lorosis1 yet has sc>cely ju/ifi$ su* a /atem5t4 ,alfr$ ,mi*el ( ,eil5b]g#ajj utilises ! %ells 9 ! prep>ation ( a br[n col\r+ mat]ial4 ,! husks1 free f impurities1 are fir/ soak$ 9 s(t wat]1 ) or )\t ! addition ( sulphuric acid1 !n wa%$ & f9ally treat$ ) a /rong #ce solution ( cau/ic soda4 ,f ! alkal9e solution1 ! col\r+ matt] is precipitat$ ) acid or acid metallic salt1 collect$ on a filt]1 & aga9 wa%$4 ,?us obta9$1 x is a d>k r$di%-br[n pa/e1 possess$ ( a vitre\s fracture4 ,! yield ( col\r+ matt] is f #bj-be ( ! weight ( ! orig9al %ells4 ,by re-treatm5t ) alkali1 ! pa/e c be aga9 obta9$ 9 solution & c be us$ z requir$1 ei!r 9 liquid or pa/e =m4 ,! col\r+ matt] c be obta9$ 9 diff]5t t9ts1 ei!r by soak+ ! %ells 9 m er less dilute sulphuric acid1 or by precipitation f ! alkal9e solution at v>i\s temp]atures1 or yet aga91 by ! addition ( metallic oxides4 ,b\ssignault#aja says t 9 ,p>is briquettes h be5 made f cacao %ells1 & tw5ty-two ye>s ago1 ,zipp]]#ajb propos$ to use !m z fodd]1 especially = horses4 ,exp]im5tal "w 9 t direction 0 in/itut$1 b = v>i\s reasons1 _h to be ab&on$4 ,! "q z to a rational work+ up ( ! husk ( ! cacao bean is once m receiv+ special consid]ation1 m p>ticul>ly s9ce ! publication by ! 8,association ( ,g]man ,*ocolate ,manufactur]s0 ( a prize essay on ! subject4 ,! fodd] value ( ! husks z det]m9$ by ,mrck] is app>5t f ! foll[+ figures3 ,table #ah4 free f :ole & ,%ells du/1 :ole f9e meal du/y ,moi/ure #ijh #fej #iie ,album5 #acef #adac #abfi 8 dige/ible #fjf #gjg #dch ,fat #bfe #fgf #cif ,raw fibre #biad #behj #baee ,a% #fcb #fdd #gbf ,non-nitrog5\s extractive #cibe #djcg #ddei ,fe$+ exp]im5ts :i* 7 c>ri$ out 9 c]ta9 agricultural in/itutes %[$ t ! cacao husk /&s 9 nutritive value betwe5 good mead[ hay & :eat5 bran1 & is n only a fatt5+ fodd] = ox51 b also a valuable fe$+ mat]ial = c[s & de]#ajc4 ,^! results h be5 confirm$ by ,pr(4 ,f]uccio ,faelli 9 ,tur9#ajd4 ,! advantages ( cacao %ells z fodd]1 :5 a comp>ison ) bran is e/abli%$1 are at once app>5t4 ,two hundr$weight 7t is to say1 ab\t #bbj lbs4 av]dupois7 co/ only f six to sev5 %ill+s1 :il/ ! price ( bran v>ies betwe5 n9e & t5 %ill+s4 ,! husks also keep bett]1 = aft] hav+ be5 /or$ eighte5 mon?s1 ,pr(essor ,faelli f\nd t !y _h und]gone no alt]ation1 :il/ on ! o!r h& bran _h become s\r4 ,a fur!r advantage possess$ by ! husk is t x w absorb f\r times its weight ( wat] aga9/ ?ree times absorb$ by bran4 ,cattle n only readily get accu/om$ to ! fodd] b subsequ5tly take to x ) eag]ness4 ,! be/ results 7 obta9$ ) ,dut*1 ,swiss & ,p>mesan mil* c[s4 ,aft] #aj days fe$+ ! butt] & milk-sug> _h increas$1 z well z ! daily av]age yield ( milk f #dd to #die kilogrammes4 ,z soon z ! fe$+ ) cacao husk 0 discont9u$ ! yield ( milk decreas$4 ,faelli concludes t cacao husk1 :i* c be us$ z a fodd] up to #d kilog4 daily1 ex]cises a v fav\rable influ5ce on mil* c[s1 & he purposes to cont9ue ! inve/igation ) horses4 ,9 a report on ! ,exp]im5tal ,f>ms ( ,canada #ahih1 page #aea1 ref]5ce is made to ! manurial value ( ! husks 9 enri*+ ! soil ) nitrog5 & pota%1 a fact :i* _h already be5 po9t$ out by ,b\ssignault4 ,! future use ( ! husks appe>s !re=e to be ensur$1 & x is to be hop$ t x w all[ ( a p]man5t consumption ( ?is by-product4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,( :i* ! ,c5tral ,prov9ce has #cb1jjc acres3 ,nor? ,we/]n ,prov9ce #cfhi acres1 ,nor? ,c5tral ,prov9ce #be acres1 ,prov9ce ( ,uva #baec acres & ,prov9ce ( ,sab>agamura #aiah acres4 7,f in=mation k9dly furni%$ 9 a lett] ( ,w4 ,freud5b]g jun4 ,g]man ,consul at ,colombo47 #b ,see ref]5ces at ! end ( ?is book4 #c ,pron\nc$ ,*ocolatl4 #d ,revue des sci5ces pures et appliques #ahii1 ,no4 #d1 page #abg4 #e ,vol4 #g1 ,"p #b3 ,diseases & ,p>asites ( ! ,cacao ,tree4 ,) special ref]5ce to ! conditions obta9+ 9 ! colonies belong+ to ,g]many4 ,by ,dr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,fab]1 ,b]l9 #aiji1 ,p>ey ,spr+]4 #f ,rec5tly s-call$ f]m5t+-h\ses1 z recomm5d$ by ,l4 ,k9dt4 7,cf4 ,kultur d4 ,kakaobaues und se9e ,s*dl+e1 ,hamb\rg #aijd71 h answ]$ v well4 ,yet ! *emismus ( f]m5tation is by no means suffici5tly expla9$1 & quantitatively & qualitatively1 !re is a lack ( complet5ess 9 ! analyses be>+ on ! process4 #g ,special ov5s 7,sy/em ,mayf>?7 are also us$1 & sometimes complete heat+ & dry+ in/allations4 #h ,?is _h already be5 notic$ by ,j4 ,h9*ley ,h>t2 ,cacao 7,tr9idad #ahib74 ,x is !re=e sc>cely conceivable t ! 8,g]m9ation0 !ory %\ld h held ! field s long4 #i ,accord+ to ,s*weiz] 7,ph>mazeut4 ,ztg4 #ahih1 page #chi7 ^! sub/ances w\ld be repres5t$ by ! *emical =mula ,c#fj;,h#hf,o#ae,n#d1 correspond+ to #a molecule cacao r$1 #f molecules grape sug>1 & #a molecule ,!obrom94 #aj ,cf4 ,hilg]1 ,apo!k]-,ztg4 #ahib1 p4 #dfi4 #aa ,cf4 ,trop5pflanz] ,v4 #d1 #aija1 ,april-,numb]4 #ab ,loc4 cit4 page #afg4 #ac ,! leaves ( ! tobacco plant mu/ also be f]m5t$1 be=e !y acquire _! ri* br[n col\r & peculi> aroma4 #ad ,reports ( ! ,g]man ,ph>maceutical ,society #aijj1 ,vol4 #e1 page #aae4 #ae ,j4 ,f4 ,han\sek1 ,die ,nahrungs-und ,g5umittel aus dem ,pflanz5rei*e4 p4 #dcg4 #af ,anleitung zur mikroskopis*5 ,unt]su*ung d] ,nahrungs-und ,g5umittel4 ,j5a #ahhf4 #ag ,grundri e9] ,hi/o*emie d] pflanzli*5 ,g5ussmittel4 #ah ,see page #af loc4 cit4 #ai ,cf4 ,dr4 ,/ollw]ck4 ,! ,cacao & ,*ocolate ,indu/ries4 #bj ,mits*]li*1 p4 #eg4 #ba ,cacao & its ,prep>ation2 a few ,exp]im5ts4 #bb ,rid5\r1 ,m4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 #ahie4 ,vol4 #fg1 p4 #bjg4 #bc ,fils+]1 ,*emical ,j\rnal1 #ahhg1 p4 #bjb4 #bd ,z4 ,u4 ,n4 ,g41 #aijf4 ,vol4 #ab1 p4 #hh et seq4 #be ,! husks conta9 no fat :5 9 a fre% condition b absorb fat f ! bean :5 ! cacao is f]m5t$ & dri$2 especially s also 9 ! lat] process ( roa/+1 :5 !y become saturat$ ) x4 #bf ,klimont1 ,b]4 d4 ,dts*4 *em4 ,ges4 #cd1 #bfcf2 ,monatss*4 f4 ,*em4 #aijb 7#bc7 #ea2 #aijd 7#be7 #ibi2 #aije 7#bf7 #ecf4 #bg ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry #ahii1 p4 #eef4 #bh ,*evali] ,baudrimont1 ,dictionnaire des alt]ations4 #bi ,a*iv de ,ph>macie #ahhh1 ,vol4 #bf1 p4 #hcj4 #cj ,see previ\s ref]5ce4 #ca ,s*midt1 ,zts*r4 analyt4 ,*em4 #ahih1 vol4 #cja p4 #cja2 cf4 also ,p4 ,welmans1 ,ph>m4 ,ztg4 #ahid1 p4 #ggf4 #cb ,ph>m4 ,zeitung #ahih ,no4 #aj4 #cc ,cor4 ,assoc4 ,g]m4 ,*oc4 ,man4 #ahhi1 ,vol4 #e1 p4 #fe4 #cd ,! ,brit4 & ,colon4 ,druggi/ #ahig ,no4 #ba4 #ce ,zeits*r4 anal4 ,*emie4 #cf ,! ,rei*]t-,meissl numb] 7to be discuss$ lat]71 accord+ to a communication f ,p4 ,welmans1 rea*es #a ,bur/yn 9 ! express$ fat & am\nts to #aff cc4 9 ! extract$ fat 7no4 ( cc4 ( normal pota% solution to #ajj grammes ( fat74 #cg ,d+l]1 ,polyte*nical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #bec1 p4 #bha4 ,= details ( ! me?od comp>e also ,p4 ,welmans ,zeits*rift fr ff5tl4 ,*emie1 #aijj1 ,no4 #e4 #ch ,zeits*rift fr anal4 ,*emie #ahif1 p4 #eai4 #ci ,zeits*rift fr ff5tl4 ,*emie #aijj1 p4 #ie4 #dj ,?\gh ,/rohl ,zeit4 ,analyt4 ,*4 #ahif4 ,vol4 #ce4 p4 #aff4 has obta9$ ) a ,bahia fat an iod9e value ( #dag1 possibly exception due to "s ov]-roa/+ ( ! beans or to _! fat hav+ be5 extract$ by a petroleum e!r ( v high boil+ po9t4 ,cf4 also table #ab4 #da ,zeits*r4 ,analyt4 ,*em4 ,b4 #ba4 p4 #cid4 #db ,correspond5ce ( ! ,association ( ,g]man ,*ocolate ,manufactur]s4 #dc ,zeits*rift fr angew4 ,*em4 #ahih1 p4 #aaf4 #dd ,we are indebt$ = ?is table to ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,frits*e1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,meat ,inspector at ,cleves 7,cf4 also table ( exp]im5ts ( ,mat!s ,mll]1 loc4 cit p4--et seq474 #de ,b5$ikt-,ulz]1 ,analyse d] ,fett-und ,wa*s>t54 #e?4 edition4 #aijh4 p4 #hdj4 also ,lit]ature4 #df ,^! high p]c5tages ( acid may also be caus$ by ! high p]c5tage ( b5z9e us$ 9 ! production4 #dg ,a4 ,ruff91 ,ph>maceutis*e ,runds*au #ahii1 ,no4 #ea1 p4 #hbj4 #dh ,!rapeutis*e ,monat%efte4 #ahie4 p4 #cde & foll[+ pages4 #di ,compt4 r5dus de l'ac$4 des sci5ces de ,p>is1 ,vol4 #abc1 p4 #ehg4 #ej ,apo!k]-,zeitung #ahib1 p4 #dfi & ,deuts*e ,vi]teljahrss*rift fr ff5tl4 ,gesundheitspflege #ahic1 ,no4 #c4 #ea ,ph>maceut4 ,zeitung #ahih1 p4 #chi4 #eb ,hilg] & ,laz>us1 ,comp>e also ,s*weitz]1 ,ph>maceut4 ,zeitg4 #ahih1 p4 #chi4 #ec ,ann4 d4 ,*em4 & ,ph>m4 #ahda1 ,vol4 #da1 p4 #abe4 #ed ,ibid4 ,bd4 #aah1 pag4 #aea4 #ee ,b]l9] ,*emis*e ,b]i*te #ahig1 pag4 #ahci4 #ef ,ar*iv f4 exp]im5t4 ,pa?ol4 u4 ,ph>macol4 #ahie1 ,vol4 #ce1 pag4 #ddi4 #eg ,ibid4 #ahif1 ,vol4 #cj1 pag4 #ec4 #eh ,ibid4 #ahif1 ,vol4 #cf1 pag4 #ff4 #ei ,ibid4 #ahhh1 ,vol4 #bd1 p4 #aja4 #fj ,!rapeut4 ,monat%efte #ahij1 p4 #aj4 #fa ,sema9e mdicale #ahic1 p4 #cff4 #fb ,ph>maceut4 ,c5tralhalle #ahih1 p4 #ija4 #fc ,dekk] 7,swiss ,weekly ,j\rnal1 ,*em4 a4 ,ph>m47 #dj1 p4 #dcf1 #dda1 #dea u4 #dfc gives ! foll[+ figures at #ae ,c43 ,wat] #ahjj p>ts1 spirits #afjj1 pure alcohol #cegj1 *lor(orm #chde1 e!r #bejjj1 acetic unit #chde1 b5zol #ajjjjj & amylic alcohol #abej4 #fd ,see be=e4 #fe ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie et de ,*imie #ahih1 p4 #agf4 #ff ,ibidem #ahig1 p4 #cbi4 #fg ,zeits*rift fr analytis*e ,*emie1 ,vol4 #ah1 p4 #cdf4 #fh ,aleuron granules 7 fir/ microscopically obs]v$ by ,h4 ,molis* 7,grundri e9] ,hi/o*emie d4 pflanzl4 ,g5mittel 9 ! cellul> tissue ( ! cacao bean4 ,!y are v simil> to ! />* granules ( ! bean & conta9 )9 !m a relatively l>ge globoid lime & magnesium phosphates associat$ ) an organic sub/ance 7sug>7 :i* becomes visible 9 ! =m ( globules :5 a section is inc9]at$4 #fi ,zeits*rift fr physiologis*e ,*emie1 ,vol4 #aa1 p4 #bjg-bcb4 #gj ,hygi5is*e ,runds*au4 #aijj4 p4 #cad #cae4 #ga ,e4 ,s4 ,ba/91 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy #ahid1 p4 #cfi4 #gb ,*emis*] te*nis*] ,c5tralanzeig] #ahhf1 ,no4 #ec1 p4 #ggg4 #gc ,contributions to ! e/abli%m5t ( a rational fe$+ ( rum9ants4 ,s-call$ ,we5d]'s*e ,beitrge1 #ahfd ,numb]1 p4 #dh & also ,l&wirts*4 ,v]su*s/ation51 ,vol4 #f1 p4 #dig4 #gd ,zeits*rift fr angew&te ,*emie #ahif1 p4 #gab und #gdi4 #ge ,zeits*rift fr ,unt]su*ung von ,nahrungs-und ,g5umittel4 #ahih4 p4 #c4 #gf ,zeits*rift fr ff5tli*e ,*emie #aijj1 p4 #bbc4 #gg ,ph>maceutis*e ,zeitung #ahih1 p4 #cij4 #gh ,ar*iv d] ,ph>macie #ahfj1 ,vol4 #aec1 p4 #ei4 #gi ,beitrag zur ph>mak4 und *em4 ,k5ntnis des ,cacaos4 ,inaug4-,diss]tation ,dorpat #ahge4 #hj ,unt]su*ung5 b] ,kakao und dess5 ,prp>ate1 #ahhg4 #ha ,jahresb]i*t b] die ,=ts*ritte d] ,ph>macognosie etc4 #ahhc1 p4 #cad4 #hb ,ar*ive d] ,ph>macie #ahic1 ,vol4 #bca1 p4 #fid4 #hc ,zeits*rift des allgem4 /]4 ,apo?4-,v]e9s #ahih1 p4 #dcd4 #hd ,rep]t4 f4 anal4 ,*emie #ahhe1 ,vol4 #e1 p4 #agh2 cf4 also ! inve/igations ( ,ma!s ,mll]4 #he ,grundri e9] ,hi/o*emie d] pflanzl4 ,g5umittel1 p4 #bb4 #hf ,bullet9 de la socit *imique ,p>is #ahgb1 p4 #cc4 #hg ,ph>maceut4 ,zeitung ,vol4 #bd1 p4 #bdc4 #hh ,j\rn4 de ,ph>m4 et de ,*im4 #ahhc1 ,s]4 ,v1 ,vol4 #g1 p4 #ejf4 #hi ,knig1 ,die m5s*li*5 ,nahrungs-und ,g5umittel1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #bfa4 #ij ,zipp]]1 ,unt]su*ung5 b] ,cacao und dess5 ,prp>ate1 p4 #ee4 #ia ,zeits*r4 fr ,unt]su*ung von ,nahrungs-u4 ,g5umitteln #ahih1 ,no4 #ib ,rep]torium d] analyt4 ,*emie #ahhe1 ,vol4 #e1 p4 #agh4 #ic ,comp>e ,mat!s ,mll]1 ,z4 ,u4 ,n4 #aijf1 ,vol4 #ab1 p4 #ij et seq4 #id ,almo/ a t5? "p ( ! a% ( ! %ells consi/s ( silica4 #ie cf4 ,moell] ,mikroskopie d] ,nahrungs-und ,g5umittel4 ,b]l94 #aije4 ,,ii "p ,spr+] p4 #dab4 #if ,zts*r4 ff5tl4 ,*4 #ahii1 p4 #bg4 #ig ,g]man pat5t ,no4 #ga1 #cgc1 #h?4 ,janu>y #ahgc4 #ih ,engl4 ,pat5t ,no4 #adfbd1 ,june #af?4 #ahig4 #ii ,ph>m4 ,runds*au #ahih1 p4 #gha4 #ajj ,zts*r4 fr *emis*e ,indu/rie #ahgh1 p4 #cjc1 ,g]man ,pat5t ,no4 #baab1 ,sept4 #bd?4 #ahgh4 #aja ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 ,vol4 #ahc1 p4 #dbc4 #ajb ,zeits*rift fr ,pf]dekunde und ,pf]dezu*t #ahhh1 ,no4 #g4 ,n[adays cacao %ells are (t5 add$ to fodd]4 #ajc ,quot$ by ,fils+] ,zeits*r4 f4 ff5tl4 ,*emie #ahii1 p4 #bg4 #ajd ,communication f ! ,assoc4 ,g]man ,*oc4 ,manufactur]s1 #ai?4 ye>1 ,no4 #g4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,cacao ,prep>ations4 ,a4 ,manufacture ( ,*ocolate4 ,! ,prep>ation ( ! ,cacao ,beans4 ,up to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! manufacture ( *ocolate 0 c>ri$ on entirely by h&1 a me?od at once labori\s & ineffici5t4 ,! workman us$ to kneel d[n on ! gr\nd1 & cru% ! beans 9 iron mort>s4 ,x 0 n until #agcbaje t ,buisson introduc$ ! use ( a b5* & s r5d]$ t inconv5i5t & un:olesome practice unnecess>y4 ,ev5 to-day1 ! ,*9ese cooks on ! ,philipp9e isl&s c>ry _! *ocolate 8,factory0 ab\t ) !m1 9 :i* ! tre/le is ess5tial4 ,x fur!r comprises a small m>ble mort> & w>m$ pe/le1 & by means ( ^! ut5sils & implem5ts ! hull$ beans are p\nd$1 & ! triturat$ mass s obta9$ spread out4 ,x is !n flav\r$ ) sug> & spices4 ,) t exception1 h& lab\r 9 ! *ocolate manufacture has s9ce ! ye> #aggh be5 entirely displac$ by ma*9]y1 :5 ,doret exhibit$ ! fir/ specim5 be=e ! m$ical faculty ( ,p>is4 ,accord+ to ,bel=t de la ,roque1#ajf a ,g5oese nam$ ,bozelly _h already con/ruct$ a mill by means ( :i* he 0 able to prep>e f six to sev5 hundr$ p\nds ( *ocolate daily1 comp>+ fav\rably ) ! ?irty p\nd output yield$ by h& lab\r4 ,pelleti]#ajg1 9 #ahai1 describes a ma*9e = ! me*anical prep>ation ( *ocolate ( 8 own con/ruction1 capable ( do+ ! "w ( sev5 m54 ,! ma*9es us$ 9 ! *ocolate manufacture h s9ce t "t be5 repeat$ly improv$ & re-con/ruct$1 al?\gh always ) ?is "o end 9 view1 namely to obta9 a f9e ev5 cacao mass1 & aft]w>ds mix x z ?or\ghly z possible ) ! o!r +r$i5ts employ$4 ,! fir/ ma*9es ( ! mod]n type 7 con/ruct$ by ! ,p>isian me*anic ,george ,h]mann 7#ahja-ahhc7 9 ! ye> #ahcj1 to :i* inv5tor we are indebt$ = ! pr9ciple ( f9e gr9d+ ) v>y+ velocities1 on :i* manufacture ( *ocolate is bas$ to-day4 ,!re is at ! pres5t "t a r l>ge circle ( manufactur]s engag$ 9 ! putt+ toge!r ( special ma*9es = ! prep>ation ( cacao & cacao products1 *ocolate ap>t4 ,:e!r *ocolate manufacture be c>ri$ out on a l>ge or small scale1 x always involves ! subject+ ( ! cacao bean to a regul>ly succe$+ s]ies ( op]ations1 be=e ! result+ product kn[n z 8,*ocolate0 79 ! /rict comm]cial s5se ( ! t]m7 c be obta9$4 ,! respective op]ations succe$ ea* o!r z foll[s3 ,i4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,beans4 #a4 ,/or+1 cleans+ & sort+ ( raw beans4 #b4 ,roa/+ ! cleans$ beans4 #c4 ,cru%+1 %ell+ & cleans+ ! roa/$ bean 7remov+ ! radicles etc47 #d4 ,mix+ diff]5t k9ds ( beans4 ,,ii4 ,production ( ! ,cacao ,mass4 #e4 ,gr9d+ ! beans till !y yield a homog5\s pa/e on heat+4 #f4 ,mixture ( ! liquefi$ cacao mass ) sug>1 spices1 etc4 #g4 ,trituration by roll]s4 ,,iii4 ,prep>ation ( ! result+ ,*ocolate4 #h4 ,extraction ( air1 division & m\ld+4 #i4 ,cool+4 #aj4 ,pack+ & /or+4 ,?is repres5ts ! g5]al c\rse ( manufacture1 :i* we w n[ proce$ to describe 9 m detail1 foll[+ ! head+s giv5 above4 #a4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,beans4 #a4 ,/or+1 cleans+ & sort+4 ,"r up to ! mom5t :5 !y are to be us$ 9 ! manufacture1 ! raw cacao beans mu/ be kept z orig9ally pack$1 & /or$ 9 an airy sun-lit room2 al?\gh if !y h accumulat$ moi/ure dur+ transport or su/a9$ any mann] ( damage 9 h>ve/+1 !y %\ld !n be empti$ out ( ! sacks1 spread out ov] ! floor ( su* a room z above describ$1 & dri$ z effectively z possible4 ,x has also be5 recomm5d$ t su* beans be wa%$ ) a dilute solution ( cau/ic pota% 7#a 9 #ejjj71 & aft]w>ds dri$ rapidly4 ,unf]m5t$ beans1 ^? damag$ 9 ! h>ve/1 & ^? :i* h receiv$ no prop] f]m5tation1 develop a greyi% :ite col\r ) occasional t9ts ( violet & an unpleasant1 bitt] h]bal flav\r1 prop]ties :i* un=tunately p5etrate to ! result+ cacao products4 ,attempts h be5 made to meet ?is evil ) a s-call$ 8,second>y ,f]m5t+ ,gordian#ajh proposes 9 ?is connection t ! beans be fill$ 9 wat]-butts1 & /eep$ 9 w>m wat] = at lea/ #dh h\rs 7s t obvi\sly ! butts mu/ be kept 9 a w>m room71 at ! expiration ( :i* "t x c be p\r$ (f1 & ! beans dri$ 9 a *amb] heat$ to a temp]ature ( betwe5 =ty & fifty degrees c5tigrade4 ,!re is said to ensue an appreciable improvem5t z to flav\r & col\r1 :5 ?is process is c>ri$ out4 ,! magaz9es 9 :i* cacao beans are /or$ h sometimes an unwelcome visitor1 to wit1 a grub :i* accord+ to ,w4 ,hauswaldt#aji happ5s to attack j ! be/ k9ds ( ,c>acas & ,tr9idad4 ,z eggs ( ! grub h on sev]al occasions be5 f\nd on ! int]ior ( ! /ill un%ell$ bean1 we may assume t !y 7 deposit$ by a butt]fly 7species unkn[n1 b possibly ,ephe/ia cahiritell]1 cf4 von ,fab] loc4 cit4 page #cce7 ei!r be=e or imm$iately aft] f]m5tation1 & no lat]4 ,sometimes ^! grubs appe> on ! surface ( ! sacks1 :i* !y ov]spread 9 a few days4 ,removal ( ! infect$ packages1 op5+ ! sacks1 & exposure to ! sun1 z well z a ?or\gh cleans+ ( ! /oreh\ses1 is att5d$ ) a qualifi$ am\nt ( success4 ,! be/ plan is to de/roy ! mo?s dur+ _! p]iod ( activity 9 ! summ] mon?s ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/4 ,accord+ to ,hauswaldt1 ,/ollw]ck#aaj & ,g4 ,re9h>dt#aaa1 ?is c be effect$ by plac+ 9 ! /ore rooms l>ge1 %all[ bas9s ( wat]1 ne> :i* burn+ petroleum lamps are introduc$ on ! approa* ( dusk1 fav\rably plac$ on a pile ( bricks & /one1 s t !y cle>ly illum9ate ! reflect+ wat]4 ,! mo?s assemble r\nd ! light en masse & ei!r p]i% 9 ! wat] or flame1 a fate :i* sometimes ov]takes ev5 ! l>vae1 = !y display ! same fatal attraction = any light1 real or app>5t4 ,! wat] mu/ be *ang$ e day1 z o!rwise ! w+-du/ collect+ on its surface af=ds a means ( escape to ! insects com+ lat]4 ,z ! wea!r becomes cool]1 ! doors & w9d[s ( ! /ore-rooms %\ld be left op51 s t :5 fro/ sets 91 ! re/ ( ! maggots may be de/roy$4 ,! cleans+ & sort+ ( ! raw cacao bean is ! mo/ important factor 9 ! manufacture ( *ocolate1 & yield a manifold return1 = inf]ior & *eap] k9ds ( bean :i* h pass$ ?r\gh ^! processes c be advantage\sly mix$ ) f9] v>ieties4 ,! *ief object ( cleans+ & sort+ is ! removal ( =eign bodies & su* *ance admixtures z s&1 pebbles1 & fragm5ts ( sack+1 :i* are liable to damage ! /ones us$ 9 gr9d+ at a lat] /age ( ! prep>ation1 or communicate an unnatural & disagreeable smell to ! subsequ5t roa/ products4 ,^! admixtures are s multi=m & v>i\s t !y _c be remov$ solely by ! aid ( ma*9]y1 b mu/ be f9ally pick$ out by h&4 ,me*anical appliances are limit$ to ! removal ( pebbles1 du/1 & possible fragm5ts ( iron1 aft] :i* prelim9>y clean+ ! beans are ?r[n on /raps1 :]e !y c be pick$ by h&4 ,! collector ( ^! =eign bodies w\ld f9d himself ) a r int]e/+ /ock at ! end ( a few ye>s1 z ,wilhelm ,s*tte-,fels*e po9ts out4 ,! cleans+ ( ! raw beans 0 =m]ly c>ri$ out 9 s-call$ roll] casks1 plac$ horizontally1 & revolv+ r\nd an axle fitt$ 9 ! floor1 :5ce x pass$ upw>d1 cutt+ !m slantwise4 ,9 ?is app>atus ! beans 7 roll$ & vigor\sly rubb$ toge!r1 & aft]w>ds ! h&-pick+ succe$$4 ,m rec5tly1 ! roll] casks h be5 displac$ by rot>y cyl9drical sieves1 driv5 by motor p[]4 ,su* a ma*9e is illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #ab4 ,! beans are lift$ to a rotatory cyl9drical sieve by means ( an elevator1 :]e !y are fre$ f du/ & dirt2 9 o!r sections ( ! sieve fragm5ts ( blossom1 sack+1 or clo? are isolat$1 :il/ occasional spl9t]s ( iron are remov$ by a l>ge magnet4 ,s prep>$1 ! beans are ca/ on runn+ belts1 & "h ! h&-pick+ above-m5tion$ is c>ri$ out4 ,fig4 #ac %[s a cleans+ ma*9e = ! same purpose1 :i* has rec5tly become r popul>4 ,"h ! du/ pass+ f ! sieve is suck$ up into a du/ *amb]1 by means ( an exhau/]1 :il/ pebbles1 blossom fragm5ts1 & small beans are sep>ately isolat$4 ,! cleans$ beans pass likewise "u magnetic influ5ce1 :i* removes traces ( iron1 & f9ally succe$ to ! runn+ belt+4 ,(t5 ! beans are introduc$ into an ext5sive bru%+ ma*9e be=e roa/+1 to cleanse !m f dirt etc4 ,^! are g5]ally f\nd 9 su* factories z h circul> & cyl9d] roa/]s ) direct heat+ app>atus4 ,fig4 #ac a %[s su* a bru%+ ma*9e = cacao beans4 #b4 ,roa/+ ! ,beans4 ,! cleans$ & sort$ beans are n[ subject$ to a high temp]ature1 t is to say1 !y are n[ roa/$4 ,?is roa/+ answ]s _m purposes2 #a4 ,! aroma & flav\r ( ! bean is s develop$4 #b4 ,! />* granules are gelat9is$4 #c4 ,! h]bal con/itu5ts are s trans=m$ t ! flav\r ( ! beans becomes mild]2 a di/9ct improvem5t4 #d4 ,9 ! consequ5t dry+1 ! %ells are r5d]$ brittle1 & m easily removeable4 #e4 ,! beans !mselves c aft]w>ds be bett] gr\nd4 ,! roa/+ ( ! cacao bean does n dem& s high a temp]ature z t ( c(fee1 to effect ! above *emical & physical *anges4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! be/ temp]ature lies betwe5 #acj-adj ,c41 ?\gh deviations f ?is /&>d h rec5tly become frequ5t & consid]able1 accord+ to ! uses = :i* ! cacaos are int5d$1 & roa/+ has sometimes tak5 place at a temp]ature ev5 z l[ z #ajj ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! process ( roa/+ c be c>ri$ out 9 ! roa/+ drum or ma*9e 9 a v>iety ( ways1 z3 #a4 ,direct roa/+ ov] a coal fire1 #b4 ,pass+ ( a hot-air /ream ov] ! beans1 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 #c4 ,roa/+ by means ( gas1 ) compress$ air1 z f> z s\rces ( heat are conc]n$2 & z reg>ds %ape ( ! drum1 x is to be not$ t ! cyl9drical are mo/ 9 use4 ,! sep>ation ( ! %ells f ! k]nel 0 /ill effect$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury by /irr+ ! beans 9 wat] & s deta*+ ! inn] coat+ ( ! se$s1 ! me?od adopt$ by ,weis*$ 7,mits*]li* page #aab74 ,n till ?is /age _h be5 rea*$ 7 !y subject$ to a /rong heat1 caus+ ! %ells to spr+ (f4 ,?is me?od has at ! pres5t "t only hi/orical int]e/1 = ! s-call$ roa/+ drums1 z us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( c(fee1 are n[ univ]sal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac;a4 ,roa/+ mu/ be att5d$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 9 ord] t x may nei!r be too ?or\gh nor insuffici5t4 ,x is a great mi/ake to ?9k t ! roa/+ ma*9e c be h&$ ov] to ! c>e ( any appr5tice4 ,t nicety ( roa/+ :i* corresponds to ! v>iety & its subsequ5t utilisation con/itutes ! qualitative basis ( ! *ocolate manufactur$ lat]4 ,x is impossible = ev5 ! be/ *ocolate mak] to retrieve :at has be5 spoilt 9 ?is important prelim9>y op]ation1 :]e=e a skill$ workman1 end[$ ) a ke5 s5se ( ta/e & smell1 is always to be se5 at ! roa/+ ma*9e4 ,x has already be5 attempt$ to provide a means ( security aga9/ ov]-burn+ by ! con/ruction ( ! s-call$ safety-roa/]1 ab\t :i* w be spok5 lat]4 ,ov]roa/+ is imm$iately indicat$ by a disagreeable empyreumatic od\r 7resembl+ t ( roa/$ c(fee72 ! husks *> & ! k]nels crumble1 also betray+ a *>r+ on ! outside4 ,!re is a correspond+ly increas+ ke5ness ( flav\r1 & a transf]5ce ( !obrom9e f ! k]nel to ! husks 7cf4 page #fe74 ,f ! de/ructive di/illation ( ! cacao fat arises t volatile & pung5t acrole9e :i* is ! pr9cipal cause ( ! empyreuma ( ! ov]-roa/$ bean4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! foll[+ g5]al precautions 9 roa/+ cacao are wor?y ( note2 #a4 ! beans %\ld n rema9 too long 9 ! roa/+ drum2 #b4 !y %\ld be kept on ! /ir1 = :i* reason ! app>atus is made revolvable on its axles2 #c4 ! heat appli$ %\ld be c>efully regulat$2 & #d4 to gu>d aga9/ a loss ( aroma1 ! roa/$ beans %\ld be cool$ z rapidly z possible4 ,z ! cacao mu/ be m or less roa/$ accord+ to its quality & ultimate de/9ation1 :i* entails ! acquisition ( consid]able empirical k on ! "p ( ! workman entru/$ ) ?is process1 x w\ld be nei!r advisable nor practicable to annex def9ite in/ructions z to "t & temp]ature requirem5ts4 ,9 ! foll[+ we describe a ma*9e :i* is to be f\nd 9 mo/ factories & :i* corresponds to all ! dem&s ( te*nique4 ,f its heat+ sy/em1 x belongs to ! class ( hot-air curr5t roa/]s--direct coal fire assi/+--& 9 %ape to ! cyl9drical roa/]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad a4 ,?is ma*9e is illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #ad & %[n 9 section 9 figs4 #ad a & #ad b4 ,to prev5t loss ( heat by radiation1 to save fuel1 & preclude possibilities ( dang] f fire1 ! :ole in/allation is wall$ 94 ,driv+ %afts occur at ! back ( ! ma*9e1 & ! *>g+ app>atus is introduc$ 9 front4 ,a furnace lies directly "u ! drum1 :il/ on ei!r side are *amb]s accessible to curr5ts ( fre% air1 :i* are provid$ ) heat+ tubes & :i* admit ( a regulation ( ! air supply4 ,!y are %ut (f f connection ) ! gases f ! fire1 s t only ! fre% air heat$ "h c p5etrate to ! roa/+ products 9 ! *>g$ drum4 ,!re are w9n[+ %ovels fitt$ 9 ?is1 calculat$ to keep ! beans 9 motion & facilitate ! access ( air4 ,:5 ! hopp] is clos$1 ! gases aris+ f ! roa/ product c be l$ (f by an annex$ outlet pipe1 & !reupon cond5s$ & ! result+ liquid dra9$ (f at ! foot ( ! ma*9e4 ,= ! atta9m5t ( ! prop] degree ( roa/+1 z well z = controll+ ! :ole process1 !re is a sampl] to e ma*9e4 ,! drum is empti$ :il/ 9 motion1 its door-l front be+ turn$ aside & ! roa/$ beans transf]r$ by ! w9n[+ %ovels be=e m5tion$ to trolleys :eel$ und]nea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad b4 ,! loss ( heat by radiation is v insignificant1 z ! ma*9e is completely wall$ 94 ,any k9d ( fuel may be us$4 ,s9ce ! /ok+ z well z ! removal ( soot takes place at ! front1 sev]al ( ^! roa/]s c be set up side by side4 ,x is a great advantage ( ?is in/allation1 t by removal ( ! front ( ! drum its int]ior is laid q op51 admitt+ ( a ?or\gh ov]haul+ :i* is att5d$ ) e disadvantage = ! flav\r ( subsequ5t roa/+ lots4 ,! ma*9e "h describ$ is con/ruct$ 9 v>y+ sizes1 ) an outside capacity ( f\r hundr$ kilograms4 ,z already m5tion$ ! s-call$ safety-roa/] (f]s a c]ta9 security aga9/ ! burn+ ( ! beans z ! roa/+ boil] is lift$ out ( ! fire by means ( an automatically work+ safety regulator4 ,figs4 #ae a & b %[ a sph]ical roa/] op5 & clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae a4 ,! pr9cipal ( con/ruction is f\nd$ on ! fact t ea* roa/+ is connect$ ) a loss ( weight & x is logical t ! same quality ( beans always yields ! same loss ( weight at a c]ta9 degree ( roa/+4 ,on an av]age cacao yields a loss ( #f-g 4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! loss ( weight :i* c at fir/ be empirically asc]ta9$1 = example by a new k9d ( bean1 c be calculat$ & c be indicat$ on a regulator1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! ,roman scale4 ,:5 ! beans h lo/ ! weight 9 "q ! c\nt]poise ( ! regulator raises ! axle ( ! roa/+ sph]e by means ( :i* ! work+ ( ! :ole ma*9e is set 9 motion4 ,!re is no exception to ! rule t only beans ( "o & ! same k9d %\ld be roa/$ & brok5 up toge!r1 z ?ickness or ?9ness ( ! %ells det]m9es to a l>ge ext5t ! "t requir$ = roa/+1 & also an ev5 size ( bean is necess>y to ! smoo? op]ation ( ! break+ ma*9e4 ,! husks ( ! roa/$ cacao bean are hygroscopic1 & consequ5tly ! roa/$ un%ell$ beans conta9 m moi/ure aft] hav+ be5 kept = a "t1 ?an !y d 9 ! raw /ate2 b ! dri] ! bean is1 ! easi] x %ells4 ,! cacao is !re=e to be work$ up z quickly z possible1 or at lea/ kept 9 well cov]$ metal boxes till fur!r treatm5t c be proce$$ )4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae b4 ,z s\rces ( heat we f9d direct & indirect /ok+ ) h\se coal & coal gas1 & besides ^!1 = ! in/allations ( l>g] factories ,d[son gas is especially suitable1 z x does n involve too high a temp]ature1 & ! outlay is n s great z :5 coal-gas is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,! roa/+ ma*9e 9 fig4 #af = ,d[son or coal gas belongs to ! class ( roa/]s ) direct fir+4 ,x corresponds to ! "o diagramm$ 9 ,fig4 #ae z reg>ds *>g+ & empty+4 ,"h also ! front wall ( ! drum c be remov$1 & ! int]ior consequ5tly laid completely op54 ,! transmission ( gas is effect$ at an air pressure ( "o atmosph]e1 = ! atta9m5t ( :i* an air pump is fitt$ up 9 ! vic9ity1 capable ( fe$+ f\r ma*9es at ! same "t4 ,! drum holds ab\t #aej kilos4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! regulat+ ( ! requisite heat is 9 ?is in/ance ( ! utmo/ ease & nicety4 ,ano!r prepond]at+ advantage ( ?is ma*9e z comp>$ ) ^? heat$ ) coke or ord9>y coal is its clean op]ation & ! extraord9>y spe$ ) :i* x c be bo? />t$ & /opp$4 ,=m #c-d cbm4 ( coal gas are ne$$ = #ajj kilos ( beans1 :il/ = ,d[son gas1 :i* has n su* a high heat+ value1 mu* l>g] quantities are requir$1 & consequ5tly a /rong] framework becomes necess>y1 ?\gh "h no air pumps ne$ be put 9 op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,/eam roa/+ app>atus h n prov$ p>ticul>ly successful1 z has be5 evid5t 9 all exp]im5ts hi!rto made ) !m1 & /eam ag5cy does n appe> to be suitable = ! cacao bean1 x admitt+ ( no ?or\gh & at ! same "t ev5 roa/+4 ,yet on ! o!r h& ! hot air-curr5t roa/]s describ$ enjoy an ev] increas+ popul>ity1 p>tly because !y are heat$ indirectly1 & aga9 because !y appreciably dim9i% ! "t tak5 up 9 ! actual process1 :i* 9 o!r cases approa*es to z mu* z ?irty or =ty m9utes1 )\t expos+ ! beans to ! dang] ( burn+ or gett+ *>r$4 ,z j /at$1 ! beans %\ld be pass$ on to ! next process z spe$ily z possible1 yet on ! o!r h& be completely cool$ (f1 s z to loos5 _! %ells be=e !y arrive 9 ! break+ ma*9e4 ,!re are also special con/ructions = ?is cool+4 ,if ! roa/+ drums are fitt$ up directly on ! gr\nd1 x is effect$ by dispos+ ! beans issu+ f ^! ma*9es 9 wide baskets or sieves1 & lett+ !m cool !re be=e br++ !m to ! next process4 ,%\ld !y be situat$ at a suffici5t height1 ! beans c be sl[ly transf]r$ d[n a %oot connect$ ) ! rooms bel[1 :]e cru%+ mills await !m1 & cool$ on ! j\rney by a play ( fre% air curr5ts4 ,v mu* to ! purpose & well adapt$ z reg>ds mo/ ( ! requisite conditions1 are ! cool+ trucks ) exhau/ app>atus %[n 9 fig4 #ag4 ,^! trucks are fitt$ ) p]=at$ false bottoms & ) slid+ %utt]s at ! side4 ,aft] ! cont5ts ( ! roa/+ ma*9e h be5 dis*>g$ into ! trucks1 ^! are :eel$ ov] to ! exhau/ app>atus easily recognisable 9 ! diagram1 :]e ! cacao is s f> cool$ t subsequ5t 8aft]-roa/+0 is impossible1 :il/ ! gases giv5 (f are conduct$ by ! v5tilator4 ,?is exhau/ *amb] c be made to "w f bo? sides4 #c4 ,cru%+1 hull+ & cleans+4 ,up to t5 ye>s ago1 ! cru%+ & %ell+ ( cacao beans _h n be5 s f> p]fect$ z to effect ! complete sep>ation ( husk & radicle f all p>ticles ( k]nel1 or to prev5t loss by isolat+ & collect+ ! m9ute p>ticles ( k]nel1 :i* are drawn up ?r\gh ! exhau/ app>atus 9 conjunction ) ! lighte/ ( ! cacao %ells4 ,yet ! requirem5ts dem&$ ( a satisfactory ma*9e advanc$ to su* an ext5t t n only cacao nibs free f %ell 7 po/ulat$--an end sc>cely h>d to atta9--b %ells free f cacao nibs 7 made a fur!r ess5tial4 ,a ma*9e :i* p]=ms bo? ^! objects n only works excell5tly1 b is also economical4 ,= a solution ( ?is problem ! ,association ( ,g]man ,*ocolate ,manufactur]s1 :i* is specially int]e/$ 9 all t conc]ns ! *ocolate indu/ry1 (f]$ a prize ye>s ago2 ! firm ( ,j4 ,m4 ,lehmann 7 ! fir/ to con/ruct a ma*9e answ]+ e call made on x to p]fection4 ,fig4 #ah illu/rates a cru%+ & cleans+ ma*9e av]ag+ an output ( #bejj-cjjj kilos1 ( ! late/ & mo/ mod]n type4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! beans are fir/ brok5 into small] pieces 9 all ma*9es n[ employ$ z cru%+1 %ell+ or cleans+ app>atus1 & ! "o at pres5t "u consid]ation provides no exception4 ,an air-curr5t is made to play on ^! fragm5ts1 :i* f9ally isolates & transf]s ! loos5$ %ells to ano!r "p ( ! app>atus4 ,! cacao next succe$s to a cru%] ( regul> capacity lodg$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! ma*9e1 be+ despat*$ on an elevator4 ,! fragm5ts fall into a cyl9drical sieve1 du/ be+ deta*$ 9 ! fir/ comp>tm5t1 :il/ ! me%es ( subsequ5t comp>tm5ts gradually increase 9 size & sort ! products !re9 transmitt$ 9 correspond+ sizes4 ,!re is a groove trav]s$ by air-curr5ts--proce$+ f a v5tilator--imm$iately "u ea* comp>tm5t4 ,?is curr5t ( air c be regulat$1 i4 e4 made weak] = light] & /rong] = heavi] fragm5ts1 & !re is a v5tilator = e comp>tm5t to make ?is regulation ( ! easie/1 & 9 ?is way %ells ( equal size b specifically light] ?an1 ! cacao fragm5ts are mo/ efficaci\sly sep>at$4 ,contra/+ ) ! old] type ( ma*9e1 x works almo/ noiselessly1 all %ak+s ( grooves & sieves be+ entirely avoid$2 9 addition to :i* !re is a p]fect exclusion ( du/1 :5 ! %ells are transf]r$ into ! du/-remov+ *amb]4 ,a fur!r advantage is t !re is no we>+ out ( ! ma*9e1 except z reg>ds ! direct cru%+ app>atus1 :i* occasionally ne$ r5ew+4 ,! du/ p>ticles be=e m5tion$1 :i* possibly comprise z mu* z "o half ( ! cacao fragm5ts1 require a special k9d ( work+ up1 on diff]5t ma*9es1 be=e ! cacao /ill conta9$ !re9 c be obta9$4 ,x is a fact obvi\s & app>5t1 t ! small] ! fragm5ts ( %ell mix$ ) ?is cru%$ cacao1 ! m difficult w be _! sep>ation1 a fact ( equal importance to te*nical & analytical sci5ce1 & ! m scrupul\sly ?is process is to be c>ri$ out1 ! great] ! lavi%m5t on sieves & v5tilat+ comp>tm5ts entail$4 ,to effect ?is op]ation on ! break+ ma*9e is s]i\sly to ov]task ! latt]1 & defeats its own end1 z exp]im5ts c>ri$ out 9 ! ,*ocolate factory ( ,s*tte-,fels*e h prov$1 inasmu* z x leads v easily to mix+ ( ! products :i* are to be kept sep>ate4 ,fig4 #ai %[s su* a ma*9e = ! cleans+ ( ?is s-call$ cacao 8du/ ,! p>ticles are rais$ to a l>ge flat sieve by means ( an elevator1 aga9 sort$ 9 diff]5t sizes1 & submitt$ to air curr5ts ( correspond+ /r5g?4 ,! quantity obta9$ v>ies accord+ to ! v>iety ( cacao1 ?\gh 9 "s cases x may am\nt to #ej or #ed p]c5t4 ,:at rema9s aft] ?is process is absolutely wor?less & c only be consid]$ z refuse1 at lea/ z f> z ! *ocolate manufactur] is conc]n$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,x has become necess>y 9 mod]n manufacture t iron fragm5ts occurr+ 9 ! ma*9e n only be sep>at$ by di/9ct magnetic fields 9 ! respective ma*9es1 b t ?is also be effect$ 9 a ma*9e specially con/ruct$ = ! purpose4 ,fig4 #bj illu/rates su* an electromagnetic app>atus4 ,! advantages ( ?is sy/em are t x avoids magnets limit$ 9 /r5g?1 & by ! function+ ( /rong electro-magnets p]fect cleans+ ev5 9 ! case ( ! l>ge/ output1 z well z ma*9es ( ! mo/ simple con/ruction1 c be gu>ante$4 ,we submit ! foll[+ description ( ! ma*9e & its me?od ( work+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! ma*9e conta9s a hopp] ) slop+ groove to obta9 an ev5 introduction ( ! beans to be cleans$4 ,at ! end ( ?is !re is an electro-magnet roll]1 consi/+ ( a non-magnetis$ mantle & a magnetic comp>tm5t r\nd :i* x turns4 ,aft] trav]s+ ! slop+ groove1 ! beans succe$ to ! roll]1 meet+ x at a tang5t4 ,z soon z !y rea* ! field ( magnetism1 all iron fragm5ts are appropriat$ by ! revolv+ mantle1 :il/ ! beans !mselves d n come into contact ) ?is1 b pass directly und]nea?4 ,! iron fragm5ts are dispos$ ( sep>ately1 & outside ! magnetis+ area4 ,x is ( prime importance 9 ! prep>ation ( *ocolate & m p>ticul>ly ( cocoa p[d] 7easily soluble cacao71 t ! cru%$ mat]ial proce$+ f ! cru%+ ma*9e %\ld und]go a fur!r purification1 ) a view to sep>at+1 & remov+ ! h>d radicles4 ,^! con/itute ! gritty s$im5t ( insuffici5tly prep>$ cacao p[d]1 :5 dissolv$4 ,j4 ,m4 ,lehmann effects ! complete removal ( ! radicle by means ( 8 ma*9e ,d4 ,r4 ,g4 ,m4 ,no4 #bd1ihi 7,fig4 #ba74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,"h ! f9] sift+s f ! cru%] are transf]r$ to ! controll+ fe$]1 "u :i* a small v5tilator occurs1 :i* provides = ! removal ( any /ill rema9+ portions ( husk4 ,cacao & radicle desc5d to a %ak+ sieve1 ! f9] p>ticles pass+ ?r\gh its me%es1 :il/ ! l>g] gra9s fall into a pocket atta*$ to ! end1 z cleans$ product4 ,! =m] fragm5ts n[ succe$ to a cyl9d]1 hav+ its inn] surface pun*$ ) small cavities 7fig4 #bb7 & :ile ! cacao p>ticles rema9 9 ^? cavities dur+ ! rotation ( ! cyl9d]1 ! radicles ( m elongat$ =m are caught up by a special sep>ator 7#a7 & s prev5t$ f be+ c>ri$ r\nd ) ! re/4 ,! cacao p>ticles are !n made to fall into a tr\gh 7#c7 by a bru% 7#b7 work+ aga9/ ! cyl9d]1 & subsequ5tly urg$ =w>d by a conveyor 7#d74 ,t process is enact$ all along ! cyl9d]1 s t f9ally cacao & radicle issue f ! ma*9e completely sep>at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,! advantages1 economical & o!rwise1 att5d+ ! use ( ! above break+ & cleans+ ma*9es become app>5t :5 ! foll[+ figures1 regi/]+ results obta9$ 9 sev]al exp]im5ts1 are consid]$4 ,=m]ly ! loss exp]i5c$ 9 sort+1 roa/+1 cru%+ & hull+ av]ag$ ab\t #cj ( ! total beans1 b n[ ! employm5t ( ! above ma*9es %[s ! foll[+ satisfactory improvem5ts4 ,! loss ( #hbc kg ,ma*ala beans1 unroa/$1 am\nt$ to a total3 a7 9 pick+ #cf kg b7 roa/+ #fce c7 %ell+ #fa d7 du/ #cd ------------------ #afba kg or #bj1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! application ( ! wa/e2 #bbfg kg ( ,/4 ,?om raw cacao lo/3 a7 9 pick+ #e kg b7 roa/+ #agj c7 %ell+ #aeb d7 du/ #gi ------------------ #djf kg or #bj4 ,accord+ to ^! data ! use ( ^! ma*9es admits ( a sav+ ( ab\t #aj p]c5t m mat]ial ?an 9 =m] "w4 ,9 connection ) ^! p>ticul>s x is also ( int]e/ to consid] ! qualitative & quantitative composition ( ! v>i\s wa/e products ( ! manufacture4 ,fils+]#aab has at ! in/ance ( ! ,association ( ,g]man ,*ocolate manufactur]s1 exam9$ a mixture ( #ej p\nds ( l>ge ,ma*ala beans ) an equal quantity ( small beans1 aft] pass+ x ?r\gh a %ell+ ma*9e ( ! mo/ mod]n con/ruction1 & he ?us obta9$3 #gj p\nds ( l>ge k]nels1 #ib 8 m$ium k]nels1 #jh radicles1 #aj husk 7out] woody %ell71 #d cacao wa/e1 #f o!r loss1 ,! #d p\nds ( cacao wa/e yield$ by fur!r sift+3 a7 k]nel ,i4 sort #bej grammes1 ,,ii4 #ej ,,iii4 #bbj ,,iv4 #be b7 husk ,i4 #ahe ,,ii4 #ee ,,iii4 #cgj ,,iv4 #hj c7 cacao du/ #gbe d7 wa/e #cj e7 loss #aj ---------------- #bjjj grammes4 ,*emical analysis ( ^! portions gave ! foll[+ results3 ,p]c5tages ---------------------------------------- ------- ,a% ,s& ,fat ,fibre#aac ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- #a4 ,husk #aj ( ! raw cacao #aaae #aij #dej #bacf #b4 ,cacao wa/e #d ( ! raw cacao #dhj #jce #aedj #afca #c4 ,se$ %ells ,i4 sort #jcg ( #fgj -- #bafd #ajbi ! raw cacao #d4 ,,ii4 #jaa #gaj -- #ahci #hge #e4 ,,iii4 #jgd #gbj -- #aegf #abaf #f4 ,,iv4 #jaf #ghj -- #afdj #abgd #g4 ,cacao du/ #ade ( ! raw cacao #aage -- #bbjf #hdj #h4 ,wa/e #jjf ( ! raw cacao #gje -- #bjdd #iha ,f ^! data x is evid5t t !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! *emical composition ( ! s call$ cacao wa/e & t ( ! ext]ior ligne\s %ells4 ,f ! l>ge am\nt ( fat pres5t 9 ! =m] mat]ial x might be reg>d$1 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m1 z a cacao con/itu5t &1 = t reason1 its pres5ce 9 cacao prep>ations %\ld n be object$ to1 :ile ! husk conta9+ z mu* z #bj p]c5t ( woody fibre _c be consid]$ a cacao con/itu5t 9 ! same s5se4 #d4 ,mix+ diff]5t k9ds4 ,/ress has already be5 laid on ! v>iations 9 ta/e incid5tal to diff]5t species ( bean4 ,x has fur!r to be not$ t !y develop a mild] & m aromatic flav\r accord+ z !y h be5 m prop]ly f]m5t$1 & 9 contr>y in/ances possess an a/r+5t & ev5 acid ta/e4 ,x !re=e becomes an aim ( ! manufactur] s to improve ! flav\r ( inf]ior v>ieties by mix+ ) ! f9] z to produce a resultant cacao giv+ p]fect satisfaction to e ta/e4 ,nev]!less ! g5]al rule /ill holds good t = ! prep>ation ( ! f9e/ qualities ( *ocolate only ! bett] sorts ( bean 7z ,c>acas1 ,ariba1 ,pu]to ,cabello etc47 %\ld be employ$4 ,= inf]ior & less exp5sive w>e o!r v>ieties ( bean suffice1 ! mixture be+ obvi\sly regulat$ by ! prevail+ m>ket prices4 ,9 _m in/ances ! proportions ( su* mixtures are kept secret by ! manufactur] z matt]s ( importance1 & e individual manufactur] has 8 own me?od & specialities z reg>ds su* bl5ds4 ,we comp>e "h a few v]ifi$ bl5ds3 #a4 ,c>acas ,guayaquil ( ea* #a "p #b4 ,c>acas #a "p ,bahia #e p>ts #c4 ,m>acaibo ,m>agnon ea* #a "p #d4 ,tr9idad ,m>agnon equal p>ts #e4 ,c>acas #a "p ,m>agnon #b p>ts #f4 #a "p ,ariba #a "p ,sur9am #a "p ,tr9idad #g4 #a "p ,ariba #a "p ,tr9idad #a "p ,sur9am #a "p ,c>acas #h4 #c p>ts ,ariba #a "p ,tr9idad #a "p ,sur9am #a "p ,c>acas #i4 #a "p ,ma*ala #a "p ,/4 ,?omas ,ceylon cacaos are n us$ s mu* z mix+ v>ieties1 b almo/ exclusively z cov]+ ag5ts1 to make o!r cacaos light] col\r$ 7sometimes almo/ approa*+ yell[74 ,! beans are weigh$ (f 9 ^! proportions on a s5sitive scale1 & !n pass$ on to be gr\nd & triturat$ into cacao pa/e4 ,,ii4 ,production ( ! ,cacao ,mass4 #e4 ,f9e gr9d+ & trituration4 ,=m]ly ! roa/$1 cru%$1 & decorticat$ beans 7 frequ5tly gr\nd be=e be+ transf]r$ to ! 8,melangeur01--a ma*9e t w be describ$ lat]--1 9 :i* !y 7 !n r$uc$ to a f9] /ate ( sub-division & la/ly mix$ ) sug>4 ,= ?is gr9d+1 mills ( v>i\s con/ruction 7 employ$ 7z ,weldon1 ,p9tus etc474 ,b z "t roll$ on ! ,melangeur took ! place ( ^! prelim9>y gr9d+ mills1 & 9 ?is x 0 endeav\r$ to effect t f9e division ( ! cacao mass :i* is ess5tial to ! production ( a homog5e\s cacao & sug> int]mixture1 b )\t complete success4 ,cyl9d] roll+ ma*9es 7,fr5* me?od7 7 ! fir/ to atta9 ?is result4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! roa/$ & cleans$ k]nels are gr\nd s f9e z to become a semi-liquid :5 subject$ to heat1 & t is done :atev] ! ultimate de/9y ( ! cacao1 :e!r x be int5d$ = *ocolate or cocoa p[d]4 ,?is object is obta9$ by means ( special mills1 con/ruct$ ) 8,ov]-runn]s ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd a4 ,^! cacao mills1 :i* 7 =m]ly b seldom met ) 9 *ocolate factories1 h n[ become indisp5sable necess>ies1 s9ce !y h ! advantage3 #a4 ( r5d]+ ! cacao mass 9 ?is semi-glucose =m m easily miscible ) sug>1 a factor ( ! highe/ importance = ! common] & *eap] qualities ( *ocolate2 #b4 ( gr9d+ ! cacao z f9e z possible 9 "o op]ation & ! simple/ mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd c4 ,b side by side ) ! appreciation :i* ^! mills met )1 !re arose a correspond+ increase 9 ! dem&s made on !m1 su* z ! utmo/ nicety1 greate/ possible output1 & lea/ possible necessity ( aft]-heat+1 & ^! h be5 successively answ]$ by tw91 triple & at ! pres5t "t ev5 quadruple mills4 fig4 #bc %[s a simple gr9d+ mill :i* c only come into consid]ation 9 connection ) ! smalle/ ( bran*es1 :il/ ,fig4 #bd a & b illu/rates ano!r ) ?ree successive /ones arrang$ "o above ! o!r1 su* z w be f\nd 9 all ! l>g] factories ( to-day4 ,also a triple mill b ) gr9d/ones ( increas+ size pictur$ 9 fig4 #bd c4 ,a mill possess+ f\r pairs ( gr9d+ /ones is giv5 9 fig4 #be1 & is calculat$ to meet ea* & e conceivable dem&4 ,:il/ simple1 d\ble & triple mills are br\ght on ! m>ket 9 diff]5t sizes1 correspond+ to ! outputs requir$1 ^! quadruple mills are only con/ruct$ 9 ! l>ge/ sizes4 ,!y gr9d p]fectly1 & )\t detrim5t to ! flav\r1 deliv] quantities ( cacao figur+ at f #ajjj to #abjj kilos daily4 ,!re is naturally a l>g] output if ! fatty cont5ts ( ! cacao are consid]able1 a ?or\gh roa/+ be+ always presuppos$4 ,! axles occurr+ on ^! quadruple gr9d+ mills are connect$ ) "o ano!r by means ( spur-:eels1 & ! axles !mselves run 9 ball-be>+s1 :i* n only p]mits a p]fectly noiseless op]ation ( ! ma*9e1 b also makes ! action v easy1 t is to say1 dep5d5t on only v little motor p[]4 ,! cacao is rais$ to ! hopp] by means ( an elevator1 :]e ! quantity introduc$ into ! ma*9e is regulat$1 & !n passes betwe5 cru%]s occurr+ 9 ! middle ( ! fir/ pair ( gr9d+ /ones1 :i* x subsequ5tly leaves z a pa/y mass4 ,x is !n conduct$ along a groove into ! second mill1 & "h und]goes fur!r gr9d+1 & s to ! ?ird & f\r?1 :]e ! process c be describ$ z trituration1 = ! cacao leaves ! ma*9e 9 liquid =m4 ,only 9 ?is mann] is x possible to obta9 ! f9e/ gr\nd product1 )\t any disa/r\s accompanim5t ( excessive heat+4 ,cacao mills ) "o /one suffice = ! production ( *ocolate mass on a small scale1 b = ! manufacture ( cocoa p[d]1 tw9 or triple gr9d]s mu/ be employ$4 ,all ^! are ( ! 8,ov]-runn]0 type1 act by _! own weight1 & consequ5tly d n involve ! disa/r\s consequ5ces :i* 7 entail$ by ! 8,"u-runn]s0 tri$ =m]ly4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! n9eties ( ! la/ c5tury1 exp]im5ts 7 made ) a view to sup]s$+ ^! types ) mills hav+ /ones ( v>y+ sizes1 & fir/ l>g] upp] /ones ( a gr9d+ pair 7 tri$1 !n l>g] "u /ones1 b nei!r h be5 able to ma9ta9 !mselves 9 ! work%op1 & ! gr9d]s ( equal size /ill hold good z ! fitte/ & mo/ popul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,attempts h rec5tly be5 made to introduce a ma*9e comb9+ mill & roll]4 ,its value lies 9 ! fact t ) a relative increase 9 ! gr9d+ rapidity1 x does n involve a great] ?an requisite heat1 & on em]g+ f ! ma*9e ! cacao %[s no defici5cies z to flav\r1 & is )al mu* f9] ?an t produc$ 9 o!r processes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,fig4 #bf %[s su* a ma*9e4 ,! mill on ?is s]ves m]ely to r$uce ! h>d k]nel to a pulp1 & ?is admits ( ! gr9d+ /ones be+ plac$ f>!r ap>t1 & s occasions no heat4 ,trituration is !n effect$ by a roll] app>atus1 = :i* op]ation ma*9es ) f\r roll]s h be5 prov$ mo/ satisfactory4 ,z su* roll] ma*9es are furni%$ ) wat]-cool+ sy/ems1 x is possible = ! cacao to be kept cool ev5 on ^!4 #f4 ,mixture ) sug> & spices4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,a ?or\gh mix+ ) sug> c only be effect$ :5 ! cacao pa/e is heat$ to a temp]ature r above ! melt+ po9t ( cacao butt]1 t is to say1 z high z f #ce to #dj ,c41 & consequ5tly ! incorporat+ ma*9e 9 :i* t op]ation is c>ri$ on is provid$ ) a /eam jacket4 ,= ?is process x is advisable to h ! *ocolate 9 a semi-liquid condition1 :]e=e ! gr\nd cacao issu+ f ! mills is transf]r$ to /eam-heat$ vessels 7fig4 #bg7 fitt$ ) taps suitable = draw+ (f ! mass z x is requir$4 ,=m]ly ! cacao mass 0 f$ into ! melangeur 9 lumps & !re liquefi$4 ,b z ?is necessitat$ ! application ( heat to ! melangeur1 att5d$ ) ! risk ( crack+ its "u-plat+1 & also a po/ponem5t ( ! mix+ processes1 :]eby consid]able "t 0 lo/1 ?is me?od no long] obta9s to-day4 ,x is at pres5t usual n only to w>m ! cacao mass be=eh&1 b ! sug> also1 by /or+ x 9 w>m *amb]s1 s t ! :ole pa/e possesses a uni=m temp]ature1 l[]+ ( temp]ature 9 ! melangeur is avoid$1 & !re is consequ5tly no wa/e ( ! heat+ /eam4 ,9 "s l>ge factories ! actual incorporation ( cacao & sug> is prec$$ by a prelim9>y mix+ ( l>ge quantities1 :i* consid]ably relieves ! /ra9 on ! melangeur1 :il/ x keeps ! ma*9e rooms z f> z possible free f sup]flu\s du/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,! mix+ ma*9e %[n 9 fig4 #bh c "h be us$ ) advantage4 ,z w be se5 on comp>+ ! illu/ration1 x is provid$ ) a %ift+ tr\gh4 ,su* a ma*9e1 :5 clos$ d[n1 is capable ( mix+ f #ajj-ejj kilos ( *ocolate4 ,! mix+ is effect$ by means ( two suitably %ap$ blades1 & ! heat+ by a /eam jacket4 ,aft] ! op]ation is complet$1 ! mix$ mat]ial is turn$ out into portable tr\ghs1 & aft] hav+ be5 kept 9 a w>m *amb] = "s l5g? ( "t1 transf]r$ to ! melangeur = fur!r treatm5t4 ,x has be5 f\nd advantage\s to keep ! *ocolate mass s obta9$ 9 suitable receptacles = sev]al days#aad1 at a temp]ature ( n less ?an #bj ,c4 & betwe5 t figure & #dj ,c4 ,s ! sug> is enabl$ to p5etrate ! entire mass1 :i* n[ proce$s to ! roll+ processes c>ri$ out 9 ! melangeur & roll+ ma*9es4 ,%ortly be=e its dis*>ge f ! latt]1 x is mix$ ) spices1 vanill91 ea!rial oils & s =?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 #g4 ,treatm5t ( ! ,mixture4 a7 ,trituration4 ,9 describ+ ! mix+ ma*9es1 we d n int5d to ent] into details reg>d+ ! ma*9es =m]ly 9 use1 b m]ely to give a brief outl9e ( ! pr9ciples illu/rat$ 9 _! con/ruction4 ,trituration 0 =m]ly produc$2 #a4 by roll]s runn+ backw>ds & =w>ds on a gr9d]2 #b4 by sev]al cones rotat+ 9 a circle on a disc-%ap$ b$2 #c4 by means ( rotat+ /ones runn+ 9 a tr\gh2 #d4 by means ( sev]al cyl9drical roll]s2 #e4 by means ( groov$ cone mov+ 9 a groov$ cas+4#aae ,at ! pres5t "t only ! type m5tion$ "u #a4 & #d4 are 9 g5]al use4 #c4 is met ) less frequ5tly1 & w be describ$ at great] l5g? 9 a subsequ5t p>agraph4 ,! ma*9es #a4 & #c4 are put into op]ation prior to ! cyl9d] roll+ mills1 :i* f9i% (f ! incorporation ( *ocolate & sug> & ! levigation process only begun 9 ! fir/-nam$4 ,! ma*9es con/ruct$ 9 ! mann] describ$ "u #c41 to :i* we n[ turn1 7 introduc$ by ,g4 ,h]mann ( ,p>is1 b are at pres5t almo/ obsolete4 ,s9ce !y h "s hi/orical int]e/ & are typical ( ! developm5t ( ! melangeur1 we annex a r\gh sket* %[+ _! g5]al con/ruction 9 fig4 #bi4 ,! ellipsoid runn]s a made ( granite "w 9 ! tr\gh i :i* is also ( granite & is fitt$ ) ! cas+ h4 ,! runn]s rotate on _! axles b s z to move 9 a circle4 ,! two arms ( ! axis b h at ! c5tre an elliptical r+ ) a quadrangul> op5+1 into :i* fits ! simil> %ap$ "p ( ! v]tical %aft c fitt$ ) ! too!d :eels1 d & d1 :i* are set 9 motion by p[] transmitt$ to ! %aft & its connections4 ,! arm b has "s play d[nw>ds1 s t x c adju/ itself v]tically accord+ to ! great] or less quantity ( mat]ial 9 ! mill4 ,! two /eel blades1 e & e1 are %ap$ to fit ! cavity ( ! tr\gh2 be+ connect$ ) ! %aft c !y revolve ) x & sweep d[n ! cacao mass adh]+ to ! sides ( ! mill4 ,betwe5 ! f\ndation k & ! tr\gh i !re is a space l into :i* /eam c be introduc$ ?r\gh f1 ! cond5s$ wat] pass+ away by g4 ,all ma*9es ( ?is k9d h n[ be5 displac$ by ! melangeur :i* is capable ( turn+ out a mu* l>g] quantity ( mat]ial ) a relatively small] exp5diture ( p[]4 ,! op]ation ( mix+ *ocolate is n a m]e mix+1 = ! pressure ex]t$ by ! runn]s is also an indisp5sable factor4 ,on t acc\nt ! ord9>y mix+ ma*9es h n prov$ s]viceable1 especially 9 ! case ( *ocolates conta9+ a small am\nt ( fat1 su* z ! *eap] k9ds1 :ile ! addition ( cacao butt] to facilitate ! work+ ( ! ma*9e w\ld consid]ably increase ! co/ ( production4 ,melangeurs are g5]ally con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple z ! edge runn] gr9d+ mills :i* are s mu* us$2 b !y diff] f !m 9 s f> z ! b$-/one revolves1 :ile ! runn]s m]ely rotate on _! axles )\t revolv+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,! melangeur ) travell+ b$-/one1 z con/ruct$ by ,lehmann1 is %[n at fig4 #cj2 x is fitt$ ) an arrangem5t = lift+ out ! runn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! b$-/one z well z ! runn]s are made ( granite4 ,ea* runn] has an axis work+ 9 plumm] blocks1 s t x c be lift$ out indep5d5tly ( ! o!r "o4 ,by t con/ruction ! runn]s are prev5t$ f tak+ an oblique position z 0 ! case ) ! mills =m]ly made1 s9ce "o runn] w\ld be =c$ d[nw>ds or tilt$ on its out] edge :5ev] ! o!r "o 0 rais$ up some:at4 ,! b$-/one ( ?is ma*9e revolves & x is easily heat$ by /eam pipes f bel[4 ,"o important advantage ( ?is ma*9e is t be+ l[ x c be v easily *>g$ & empti$4 ,! contrivance = lift+ out ! runn]s prev5ts !m ?ump+ ^u ! b$-/one t might o!rwise readily happ5 :5 />t+ ! ma*9e1 & x also less5s ! we> ( ! driv+ b&s2 moreov]1 l>ge lumps ( sug> or cacao are v readily cru%$ d[n &1 s1 ! work+ is mu* facilitat$4 ,! empty+ ( ! melangeur is readily & safely effect$1 :ile ! b$ /one is revolv+1 by hold+ a %ovel s t ! cacao is ?r[n up aga9/ ! %ovel4 ,a melangeur ( ?is con/ruction is repres5t$ by fig4 #ca2 x has ?ree runn]s & und]nea? ! b$-/one is fitt$ a /eam eng9e :i* supplies driv+ p[]1 ! exhau/ /eam be+ us$ = heat+ ! ma*9e4 ,al?\gh ?is empty+ by h& is n att5d$ ) any s]i\s drawbacks1 yet x involves loss ( "t & is r inconv5i5t1 s t ! dem& = me*anical automatism 9 ?is op]ation 0 v consid]able4 ,x is n[ "s ye>s s9ce ,messrs4 ,j4 ,m4 ,lehmann pat5t$ an app>atus = ! me*anical dis*>g+ ( ! *ocolate mass f ^! ma*9es1 b _! inv5tion /ill holds good4 ,a melangeur provid$ ) su* app>atus is %[n on fig4 #ca4 ,"h a v]tically mov+ %ovel is sunk beh9d ! outlet1 gradually damm+ ! mat]ial1 & caus+ x to rise above ! edge ( ! tank & fall ?r\gh ! op5+4 ,a second b horizontally work+ arrangem5t1 :i* 9 ?is case z 9 ! la/ is controllable by means ( a crank1 conducts ! rema9d] ( ! mat]ial to ! same %ovel4 ,s ! mat]ial is dis*>g$ )9 a few m9utes4--,^! melangeurs are built = v>y+ outputs4 ,fig4 #cb illu/rates "o ( ! l>ge/ yet con/ruct$4 ,its base has a diamet] ( #b metres1 & ! ma*9e itself has a capacity ( #e cwts4 ,to avoid ! mix+ ( du/ ) ! sug> z f> z possible1 ! :ole melangeur is provid$ ) a du/-pro( protector4 b7 ,levigation4 ,an extreme f95ess & homog5eity ( ! *ocolate mass is obta9$ 9 ! employm5t ( cyl9drical roll+ ma*9es1 = ! con/ruction ( :i* we are indebt$ to ,g4 ,h]mann ( ,p>is4 ,e k9d ( *ocolate mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh ! roll+ ma*9e at lea/ once or twice ev5 :5 f9ely p[d]$ sug> is us$1 ?\gh 9 ?is case x is less a "q ( sub-division ?an ( incorporation & int]mixture4 ,! be/ qualities are pass$ ?r\gh ! ma*9e f six to eight times1 or ev5 m4 ,! mass is f9ally f$ into ! ma*9e 9 cold blocks & s gr\nd (f4 ,granite is ! mat]ial *iefly employ$ 9 mak+ ! roll]s1 al?\gh x is n e v>iety :i* c be adapt$ to ?is purpose4 ,ap>t f ! fact t granite1 or inde$ any o!r m9]al /one1 seldom occurs 9 compact masses & free f flaws1 nei!r porphyry nor ! /one g5]ally describ$ z granite is suitable = employm5t 9 ! con/ruction ( mill roll]s4 ,a k9d is g5]ally pref]r$ :i* int]m$iates betwe5 granite & porphyry z to h>dness & possesses excell5t gr9d+ capacities1 & :i* goes by ! "n ( diorite4 ,no o!r /one c comp>e ) ?is diorite 9 respect to ! above qualities1 & ! *ief firms engag$ 9 ! con/ruction ( roll] ma*9es possess _! own qu>ries4 ,b we %all return to ?is lat]1 = rec5tly exp]im5ts ) case-h>d5$ ca/+ roll]s 7,krupp /eel7 & h>d porcela9 h yield$ v flatt]+ results4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc b4 ,we %all n[ ent] into m detail respect+ ! pr9ciple illu/rat$ by ^! roll+ ma*9es4 ,! pla/icity ( ! *ocolate mass necessitates a rotation ( ! cyl9d] surfaces 9 opposite directions ) dissimil> velocities4 ,accord+ly two or m roll]s are caus$ to "w aga9/ ea* o!r1 & 9 compliance ) ?is pr9ciple ( sub-division ) diff]5tial velocities1 _! axles are fitt$ ) :eels1 ( :i* ea* has a diff]5t numb] ( cogs4 ,s ^? roll]s furni%$ ) ! great] numb] ( tee? revolve m sl[ly1 :il/ 9 opposite in/ances !re is a correspond+ accel]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,! con/ruction ( ! ma*9es n[ 9 use diff]s m or less f t ( ! type fir/ inv5t$ by ,h]mann1 plan & elevation ( :i* appe> 9 figs4 #cc a & #cc b respectively4#aaf ,! granite roll]s at a1 a1 a are fitt$ ) an octagonal iron axle t is some:at ?ick] at ! int]ior "p & !y are m\nt$ ^u a frame z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,! sockets ( ! c5tral roll]s a are fix$ & ea* "o is held 9 position by ?ree sets screws2 ^? ( ! two o!r roll]s c be %ift$ along grooves 9 ! frame & :5 ! cyl9d]s a & a h be5 br\ght into prop] position relatively to ! cyl9d] a !y are held fa/ by ! set screws p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,= ! purpose ( ?is adju/m5t1 !re is at ea* end ( ! ma*9e a horizontal wr\ght iron %aft f t c be turn$ by ! w9* e1 & ^! %afts are fitt$ ) two endless screws d work+ 9 ! correspond+ :eels c4 ,^! occur on ! sp9dles a1 :i* screw 9 & out ( ! be>+ blocks ( ! roll]s a & a1 b turn only 9 ! fix$ coll>s b )\t be+ %ift$ f _! place4 ,! result is t on turn+ ! cranks e ! correspond+ cyl9d] a or a is mov$ ne>] to1 or fur!r f1 ! c5tral cyl9d] a1 :ile ! position ( all ( !m always rema9s p>allel4 ,! %aft ,q is set 9 motion by ! driv+ :eel ,l fitt$ ) ! loose :eel ,l4 ,x acts fir/ ^u ! cog :eel ,k :i* works 9 ! l>g] :eel ,j on ! axle ( ! c5tral roll] a4 ,t works 9 ! cog :eel ,o & ! :eel ,p fitt$ to ! roll] a driv+ !m z well z ! :eel ,m & ! p9ion ,n ( ! roll] a ,! result is t ! axle a makes #a revolutions & a #f revolutions :ile a 9 ! same "t makes only "o revolution4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,! cacao or *ocolate is suppli$ to ?is ma*9e by ! hopp] ,r :i* is plac$ betwe5 ! roll]s a & a4 ,! pa/y mass adh]+ to ! roll]s is c>ri$ =w>d by ! quick] mov+ roll] a & x is gr\nd f9] betwe5 ! roll]s a & a1 aft] :i* ! mat]ial is remov$ f a at ! out] side by an adju/able blade gg & !n falls d[n into a receptacle bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ch & #ci4 ,on ! design fig4 #cd we see a ma*9e ( m mod]n con/ruction ready m\nt$4 ,! receptacle p>ts ( ! same are arrang$ & connect$ 9 full agreem5t ) ! above m5tion$ except t ! motion is effect$ by ! driv+ p[] fitt$ to ! ma*9e on ! gr\nd on ! left side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is roll] ma*9e has long be5 appli$ 9 ! build+ ( o!r types1 & we f9d t ^!1 v>i\sly alt]$1 r5ovat$ & improv$1 are to-day an indisp5sable equipm5t 9 e *ocolate factory4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages we give a description ( "s ( ! be/-kn[n con/ructions ( ref9]4 ,! s call$ batt]y roll+ mills con/itute a rem>kable innovation4 ,x is app>5t t ! m roll]s a cyl9d] ma*9e conta9s1 & ! great] _! l5g? & diamet]1 all ! m efficaci\s w ! work+ ( ! ma*9e be4 ,batt]ies h accord+ly be5 con/ruct$1 :]eby two1 ?ree or m roll] sy/ems are comb9$1 "o to e ?ree roll]s1 & ris+ "o above ! o!r1 s t !y slant upw>ds mu* z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,z ! batt]y roll+ mills possess$ ! disadvantages t !y took up too mu* room & c\ld n be well f$ & regulat$1 !y are g5]ally replac$ by roll+ ma*9es ( f #f to #i roll]s1 fir/ con/ruct$ by ,j4 ,m4 ,lehmann4 ,^! roll+ ma*9es ( #f to #i roll]s :i* we see be=e u 9 ,figs4 #ce & #cf are really sy/ems ( #c roll]s fitt$ "o ov] ! o!r4 ,!y !re=e take up ! room ( a #c-roll] ma*9e & are q z easy to "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da a4 ,z w be se5 f ! design ( a n9e-roll] app>atus1 fig4 #cg1 ! *ocolate mass desc5ds f "o roll] sy/em to ! o!r1 & is f9e roll$ 9 a ?ird ( ! "t o!rwise requir$1 & at "o op]ation1 ) correspond+ sav+ ( lab\r4 ,! n9e roll] app>atus are provid$ ) l&+ /age & /eps1 & f$ ei!r by means ( elevators1 or f above4 ,fig4 #ch %[s a rec5t con/ruction1 ?ree roll] app>atus 7case ca/+s1 cf4 bel[7 /&+ v]tically1 :i* accord+ly takes up little room4 ,! hopp] is l[-ly+1 :il/ ! dis*>g+ is effect$ f ! upp] roll]1 & accord+ly admits ( ! occasional use ( a some:at l>g] size ( transport trolley4 ,?is type also occurs ) #f-i-ab roll]s1 z app>5t f fig4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da b4 ,:il/ ^! sy/ems 7 exclusively suppli$ ) roll]s made ( granite or h>d porcela9 up to a few ye>s ago1 x has be5 f\nd t good results are obta9$ by ! use ( ca/ roll]s1 & !y h be5 = "s "t employ$ on ma*9es ( ?ree1 f\r & five roll]s4 7,figs4 #ch1 #dj1 #da a-c47 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! non-por\s surface ( ^! /eel roll]s1 x is possible to gr9d to a f9e/ p[d]1 m]ely 9 "o op]ation1 )\t pass+ ! *ocolate ?r\gh ! ma*9e sev]al times2 & ! s-call$ 8,burn+0 ( masses :i* h n be5 prop]ly mix$ _c arise 9 ?is case1 ?\gh x is true t ! app>atus mu/ be provid$ ) wat] cool+ arrangem5ts to avoid a too excessive heat4 ,!y are specially adapt$ to ! prep>ation ( ! m ord9>y qualities1 & are ev5 occasionally employ$ = f9] *ocolates1 = obvi\sly ^! mu/ be aga9 submitt$ to a roll+ process1 :5 granite or porcela9 roll]s are pref]r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da c4 ,= ?is reason ! #f1 #i or ev5 #ab roll] mills h be5 m disc>d$ s9ce ! la/ gr9d+ process has be5 p]=m$ by granite roll]s 7cold process74 ,9 ord] to avoid ! disadvantages ( ! pulley drive1 x is 9 c]ta9 cases advisable to drive ea* ma*9e direct f an electric motor4 ,fig4 #db illu/rates a ref9+ ma*9e driv5 9 ?is mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 c7 ,proportions = mix+ cacao mass1 sug> & spices4 ,! relative proportions ( cacao1 sug>1 & spices1 z well z ( />* z 9 ! manufacture ( ! *eap] sorts1 v>y consid]ably4 ,g5]ally speak+ #ej or #fj p>ts ( sug> are add$ = #ej or #dj p>ts ( cacao mass2 ! foll[+ are a few =mulae applicable = ! production ( ^? k9ds ( pure *ocolate t are mo/ us$4 ,a4 ,hygi5ic *ocolate4 ,cacao mass ,p[d]$ sug> equal p>ts ( ea*4 ,b4 ,spic$ *ocolate4 a7 ,cacao mass #d kg ,sug> #f kg ,c9namon #gb g ,cloves #ch g ,c>damoms #af g b7 ,cacao mass #d kg ,sug> #f kg ,c9namon #acj g ,cori&] #h g ,cloves #hh g ,oil ( lemons #b g ,c>damoms #af g c7 ,cacao mass #e kg ,sug> #e kg ,cloves #hj g ,c9namon #bbj g ,mace #h g d7 ,cacao mass #e kg ,sug> #e kg ,c9namon #ajj g ,vanilla #ajj g or ,vanill9 #be g ,mace #b g ,c>damoms #db g e7 ,spani% spic$ *ocolate4 ,cacao mass #e kg ,sug> #e kg ,c9namon #aaf g ,cloves #ej g ,c>damoms #hb g ,mace #dd g ,vanilla #dj g or ,vanill9 #a g ,oil ( lemons #a g ,c4 ,vanilla *ocolates4 a7 ,cacao mass #e kg ,sug> #e kg ,c9namon #afj g ,vanilla #ej g 7or ,vanill9 #ab g7 b7 ,cacao mass #d kg ,sug> #e kg ,c9namon #aej g ,vanill9 #ae g c7 ,cacao mass #d kg ,sug> #f kg ,c9namon #abj g ,cloves #bj g ,vanill9 #af g ,! p[d]$ spices z giv5 above may be replac$ by correspond+ ess5tial oils1 b see page #bcg = rem>ks on ?is po9t4 ,if ! *ocolates made f beans ri* 9 oil conta9 too mu* fat to m\ld prop]ly1 a small p]c5tage ( _! con/itu5t cacao mass c be replac$ by cocoa p[d] made f ! same k9d ( bean1 b defatt$1 9 ! case ( ! f9] qualities2 & :5 inf]ior v>ieties are "u consid]ation1 ! same result may be atta9$ by a suffici5t increase 9 ! proportion ( _! o!r con/itu5t1 sug>1 z e4 g4 #ee-fj p>ts ( to #de or #dj p>ts ( cacao mass1 s di/urb+ ! usual equality ( ! two +r$i5ts mix$ toge!r4 ,v *eap *ocolates 9 p>ticul> are prep>$ f a small] p]c5tage ( cacao mass & %[ a correspond+ increase 9 _! sug> cont5t4 ,b if ! sug> exce$s #fe p]c5t1 x is no long] possible to m\ld ^! *ocolates1 & ! addition ( fre% cacao butt] becomes a necess>y prelim9>y to ?is op]ation1 cf4 also ! fir/ "p 9 section ,,iv4 ,su* v>ieties w\ld h a composition some:at l ! foll[+3 ,cacao mass #be p>ts ,sug> #fg ,cacao butt] #g ,spices & vanill9 z above #a ,9 ! exp]im5tal prep>ation ( samples ( *ocolate mass x is n advisable to employ l>ge quantities ( +r$i5ts1 :5 a wa/e ( mat]ial is b\nd to ensue1 b to beg9 ) mix+ small quantities ( "o or two kilos4 ,! small ,univ]sal ,knead+ & ,mix+ ,ma*9es1 ,pat5t ,w]n] ,pfleid]]1 ,type #a1 ,class ,,bs1 c "h be us$ ) advantage4 ,!y are specially int5d$ = small outputs & exp]im5tal "w2 b we %all return to _! description lat]1 aft] /at+ t !y are furni%$ ) heat+ app>atus1 /uff+ boxes & air-tight lid1 & c easily be tak5 to pieces1 greatly facilitat+ ! remov+ ( ! mass4 ,,iii4 ,fur!r ,treatm5t ( ! ,raw ,*ocolate4 #h4 ,manufacture ( 8,*ocolats ,fondants0 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,rec5tly ! creams sometimes describ$ z 9 ! head+ h enjoy$ a va/ popul>ity1 & are sold z eatable *ocolates 9 ev]-increas+ quantities4 ,z f> z c be asc]ta9$1 !y 7 fir/ manufactur$ 9 ,switz]l&1 melt readily1 & h a correspond+ly l>ge am\nt ( fat1 result+ f ! addition ( cacao butt]1 :i* di/+ui%es !m f ord9>y *ocolates4 ,:5 readily melt+ *ocolates 7 fir/ introduc$1 x 0 a prevail+ op9ion t ! requir$ prop]ty c\ld only be obta9$ by increas+ ! am\nt ( fatty cont5t4 ,n[ ! excessive evid5ce ( fat 9 *ocolates is v objectionable1 bo? z reg>ds ta/e & dige/ibility4 ,to avoid ?is1 !re=e1 ! *ocolates are treat$ me*anically1 to atta9 ! requir$ "* ( readily melt+4 ,! ma*9es us$ = t purpose are t]m$ 8,con*es01 because ! tr\gh1 9 :i* ! *ocolate is rubb$ into a long cyl9d]1 has some:at ! %ape ( a long %ell4 ,= ! work+ up ( *ocolates 9 con*es1 ! necess>y conditions are2 #a4 t ! *ocolate %\ld h be5 gr\nd p]fectly f9e1 #b4 x mu/ conta9 su* an am\nt ( fat z to become glucose on w>m+1 n inde$ s ?9 z t us$ z coat+ mat]ial1 b nev]!less s(t] ?an ! ord9>y cake-*ocolate ( good quality4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,! ma*9e c be heat$ by means ( /eam1 hot wat] pipes1 gas or *>coal /ok+1 accord+ z !y are available 9 ! place ( in/allation1 & ! temp]ature %\ld rise above #gj-hj ,c4 = fondants1 & #ej ,c4 = milk *ocolates4 ,9 factories ) wat] p[] or electricity1 cont9u\s fondant ma*9es c be work$ day & night1 b :5 only work$ dur+ ! day1 mu/ be kept w>m ov]night4 ,con/ant t5d+ ( ! ma*9e is unnecess>y1 z x works automatically4 ,aft] a treatm5t ( f #dj-dh h\rs1 ! *ocolate atta9s ! requisite "* 7i4e4 x melts readily71 & a r\nd+ (f ( ta/e1 :i* are ! prop]ties ( all good br&s4 ,milk *ocolates c also be advantage\sly prep>$ 9 ! con*e1 z also cov]+ or coat+ cacaos ( all k9ds1 :i* h>d5 consid]ably 9 consequ5ce ( ?is treatm5t4 ,figs4 #dc & #dc a %[ quadruple con*es ( ! mod]n type ) hot wat]1 :]e9 f\r tr\ghs are arrang$ 9 pairs1 & "o opposite ! o!r4 ,con*es ) only #a & #b tr\ghs are also con/ruct$1 & 9 v>i\s sizes1 ! tr\ghs sometimes hav+ a capacity ( #abe & #bjj kilos1 s t ! quadruple con*e is capable ( hold+ five or eight hundr$ kilograms 9 all4 ,! curv$ bottom ( ! tr\ghs1 z well z ! roll]s fitt$ 9 !m1 are made ( granite1 & ! front wall /rongly b5t 9 at ! corn]1 s t ! mass is =c$ ov] ! bord] ( ! front wall1 :]e !re are op5+s = its dis*>ge z well4 ,to prev5t radiation z f> z possible1 x is be/ t ! tr\ghs be wall$ 91 ! tr\ghs are ei!r wall$4 ,fig4 #dd %[s ! room ( a mod]n *ocolate factory1 ) #ae con*es4 8,*ocolats fondants0 are f a ga/ronomic po9t ( view1 ! f9e/ *ocolate product on ! m>ket1 & x is n rem>kable t ?is bran* ( ! *ocolate manufacture has witness$ a consid]able ext5sion1 & is likely to ext5d /ill m4 #i4 ,heat+ *amb]s & closets4 ,! manufacture ( *ocolate has be5 v consid]ably facilitat$ by ! introduction ( heat+ *amb]s & closets1 :i* h n[ become an indisp5sable feature ( e factory 9 ! indu/ry4 ,9 ^! *amb]s ! *ocolate :i* has /ill to be roll$1 z well z t already submitt$ to ?is op]ation1 is /or$ & kept at a temp]ature ( #fj ,c4 until x c be fur!r treat$ 7m\ld$74 ,?is mann] ( heat+ involves an appreciable *eap5+ ( ! production1 = masses :i* are dry & app>5tly require an addition ( fat recov] 9 su* a mann] dur+ a tw5ty f\r h\rs' /or+ 9 ! heat+ *amb]s t su* addition becomes unnecess>y4 ,b especially :5 *ill ca/+ roll]s are employ$1 :i* ! mass leaves 9 a v dry /ate1 ! use ( ^! heat+ *amb]s is indisp5sable4 ,!y %\ld be available 9 e factory to su* an ext5t z to f9d room = ! total output ( "o day1 ?\gh ev5 twice or ?ree times ?is am\nt might v well be provid$ =4 ,closets heat$ by /eam are be/ adapt$ = small factories1 su* z are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,!y possess d\ble doors1 are wall$ 91 & are capable ( hold+ f #cjj-djj kilos ( *ocolate mass = ea* metre ( l5g?4 ,l>g] factories %\ld furni% !mselves ) *amb]s1 :i* are m op5 to access & on ! walls ( :i* iron %elves c be introduc$1 heat$ by /eam pipes arrang$ und]nea?4 ,a typical *amb]1 measur+ #bh metres 9 bread? 7includ+ passage7 & #e metres 9 l5g? w\ld hold ab\t #b1ejj kg ( *ocolate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 #aj4 ,removal ( ,air & ,division4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,aft] em]g+ f ! f9al roll+ process1 ! *ocolate is /or$ up 9 heat+ *amb]s until x is ready to succe$ to ! m\ld+1 prior to :i*1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be fre$ f air & cut up into small portions4 ,until rec5tly1 x usually came next 9 a melangeur provid$ ) a di%-%ap$ b$-/one made ( granite1 z illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #df1 :]e x 0 knead$ & r$uc$ to a uni=m pla/icity & heat$ to ! temp]ature requir$ = m\ld+4 ,! melangeurs devot$ to ?is purpose are n[ sup]s$$ by special temp]+ ma*9es4 ,a ma*9e ( ?is rec5t con/ruction1 us$ = work+ solid & semi-liquid mat]ial1 is %[n 9 fig4 #dg4 ,! tank int5d$ z a receptacle = ! *ocolate mass is 9 ?is case made ( iron &1 to facilitate clean+1 smoo? 9 ! int]ior4 ,x runs 9 a wat]-ba?1 ! supply 9 :i* c be controll$ by /eam or cold wat]4 ,! granite runn] is provid$ ) a lift+ device1 admitt+ ( ! work+ up ( mat]ial conta9+ =eign +r$i5ts l nuts1 :ole & f9e-split4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,! mass is tak5 out ( ! ma*9e 9 lumps1 & 9 ord] t x may be r$uc$ to a temp]ature suitable = ! removal ( air 7ab\t #bf-cb ,c4 on ! outside7 x is laid to cool on wood51 m>ble or iron tables4 ,:5 ?is temp]ature is arriv$ at1 l>ge lumps ( *ocolate are introduc$ ei!r into ! air-extract+ or ! divid+ ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,aft] ! importance ( ! temp]+ processes _h at l5g? be5 recognis$1 inasmu* z ! ma9t5ance ( ! temp]ature prescrib$ is ( imm5se influ5ce on ! *ocolate subsequ5tly produc$1 & x _h on ! o!r h& be5 asc]ta9$ t su* ma*9es z describ$ above c\ld n be absolutely reli$ ^u1 = ! %ak+ tables involve an occasional excess ( temp]+1 ! idea ( a ma*9e :i* %\ld completely & automatically p]=m ?is task 0 f9ally conceiv$4 ,?is new ma*9e1 giv5 9 fig4 #dh1 & already diff]+ f all o!r temp]+ ma*9es 9 ext]nal appe>ance1 u%]s 9 an entirely fre% process respect+ ! modus op]&i prevail+ 9 ! pres5t manufacture ( *ocolate1 :i* does n fail to satisfy ! highe/ expectations4 ,x may be said to "w cont9u\sly1 = no matt] :at ! temp]ature ( *ocolate pass+ into x may be1 ! mat]ial leaves ! ma*9e at ! temp]ature desir$ )9 a lapse ( "o m9ute4 ,accord+ z m or less *ocolate has to be turn$ ov] 9 ! m\ld+ dep>tm5t1 ! ma*9e c be /opp$ or set 9 motion )\t detrim5t to its efficacy4 ,besides ?is1 x cleans almo/ automatically1 s t a quick *ange ( quality is always possible4 ,! special virtue ( ?is ma*9e is t x turns out ! mat]ial ) su* a degree ( homog5eity z has nev] be=e be5 kn[n1 mak+ m\ld+ at mu* high] temp]atures a possibility4 ,!re is yet ano!r side issue1 namely a d\bl+ ( ! life ( ! m\lds1 & f9ally1 ow+ to ! fact t ! (t5 consid]able am\nt ( wa/e mat]ial is done away ) 9 ?is process1 ! m\ld+ %op is sp>$ to "s ext5t4 ,! s]ies ( roll]s ?r\gh :i* ! *ocolate passes is ma9ta9$ at a prop] temp]ature by means ( automatic wat] app>atus4 ,! daily output ( ! ma*9e figures at #cjjj-djjj kilograms4 ,! mat]ial is pass$ on out ( ?is ma*9e to ! divid+ & m\ld+ processes4 ,! necess>y extraction ( air foll[s imm$iately on ! temp]+ process1 = ! blades ( ! scrap] !n release ! *ocolate mass f ! roll]s 9 ?9 lay]s1 betwe5 :i* air p5etrates4 ,! removal ( air is effect$ by ma*9es1 an old type ( :i* is %[n 9 fig4 #di 79 front elevation74 ,x c be w>m$ by means ( a *>coal fire plac$ 9 ! space i1 or by any o!r suitable means4 ,! *ocolate mass is f$ into ! cyl9drical hopp] a1 at ! base ( :i* occurs an ar*im$ian screw b1 :i* is propell$ by ! %aft & cog-:eel sy/em c d e 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[4 ,?us ! *ocolate mass is =c$ into ! box f1 leav+ :i* 9 cyl9drical =m1 x succe$s to ! travell+ b& h4 ,x is n[ almo/ entirely fre$ f air4 ,z ! mat]ial is pu%$ =w>d on ! b&1 x is cut (f ei!r by a knife g fix$ to ! box f1 or divid$ z f> z possible into equal p>ts by a d\ble knife ) adju/able blades correspond+ to ! weight requir$ = a *ocolate squ>e4 ,?is manipulation presupposes a fair am\nt ( skill on ! "p ( ! ma*9i/1 b ?is once atta9$1 ! division ensues z precisely & simply z c be desir$4 ,air-extract+ ma*9es ( rec5t con/ruction1 al?\gh /ill p>tially built on ! above pr9ciple1 are at ! same "t g5]ally develop$ z automatic divid+ ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,fig4 #ej %[s su* a ma*9e = solid & semi-liquid *ocolates4 ,by means ( ?is1 ! mat]ial is next conduct$ along a v]tical screw pa? 9 ev5 mass to ! horizontal screw1 & s a second fill+ ) ! h& is r5d]$ unnecess>y4 ,aft] x has be5 fre$ f air 9 ?is1 x ent]s a revolv]like cutt]1 :i* dis*>ges ! divid$ portions on a travell+ belt4 ,on ! latt] x is conduct$ to a table /&+ ne>1 :]e x is laid into m\lds4 ,! ma*9e is ( v /rong make1 & puts out f #ae-bej gr1 divid$ into approximately #aj-bejjj squ>es1 )9 a space ( t5 h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea a4 ,figs4 #ea a & b give f9ally two ( ! be/ kn[n types :i* h a v ext5sive application1 protect$ by pat5t imp]ial 7,g]many71 & built by ,j4 ,m4 ,lehmann1 ,h]m4 ,baumei/]1 ,j4 ,s4 ,petzholdt 9 ,dhl51 ,g1 ne> ,dresd5 & o!rs4 ,) ?is pat5t divid+ ma*9e ( ,j4 ,m4 ,lehmann1 solid & semi-liquid *ocolate mat]ial1 z also nut & almond *ocolates are divid$ exactly1 9 any weight f #ah to #bej grammes1 & !n conduct$ 9 /rips ( equal size to ! m\ld previ\sly m5tion$4 ,z f> z cleanl9ess1 purity1 & easy managem5t are conc]n$1 x fulfills all ! dem&s :i* c be expect$ ( ! mo/ mod]n ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea b4 ,,iv4 ,m\ld+ ( ! ,*ocolate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 #aa4 ,transf]5ce to ! ,m\lds4 ,! pieces ( *ocolate1 on em]g+ f ! divid+ processes1 are plac$ sep>ately 9 iron m\lds1 t is to say1 z f> z ?is has n already be5 done 9 ! divid+ ma*9e4 ,x is important t ^! %\ld h ! same temp]ature z ! *ocolate mass1 9 ord] to prev5t ! =mation ( spots on ! surface ( ! cakes1 & to obta9 a good & non-greyi% fracture4 ,! temp]ature = m\ld+ small] objects c be fix$ at betwe5 #bg & #cb ,c4 & = ! l>g] may be consid]ably l[]4 ,9 summ] also1 m\ld+ may be proce$$ ) at a l[] temp]ature ?an 9 w9t]4 ,accord+ to a note 9 ! ,gordian 7#ahie1 ,no4 #d7 ! m\ld+ may be c>ri$ out 9 summ]1 :5 ! atmosph]ic temp]ature is2 f #be-ca ,c1 at #bf-bge ,c #ahe-be ,c1 at #bhe-cj ,c #abe-ahe ,c1 at #ca-cbe ,c ,9 cold wea!r1 ! cakes may be m\ld$ at a temp]ature ( f #cbe-ce ,c41 accord+ to _! ?ickness4 ,:5 n manufactur$ 9 ! automatic ma*9e %[n 9 fig4 #dh1 ! mass %\ld be o!rwise controll$ z reg>ds temp]ature1 :i* %\ld be regi/]$ by a !rmomet] introduc$ !re94 ,! m\lds are = ! mo/ "p fill$ ) pla/ic & liquid *ocolates1 & _! dep?s det]m9$ & modifi$ by ! weight ( mat]ial :i* !y are de/9$ to receive4 ,fig4 #eb %[s a ma*9e :i* conducts ! semi-fluid mass to ! m\lds 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! m\lds are automatically introduc$ "u ! app>atus1 & fill$ f ! small /irr] above4 ,!y !n succe$ to ! %ak+ table & are f9ally transport$ to ! cool+ room4 ,on ?is ma*9e m\lds ( f #ge-cej mm long & #ge-bbe mm broad c safely be employ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are two diff]5t =ms 9 :i* *ocolate is sold1 namely1 t int5d$ = dome/ic purposes1 & t :i* is to be consum$ z an article ( luxury4 ,! k9ds kn[n z cake1 rock & roll *ocolate belong to ! fir/ class1 ! sev]al pieces weigh+ #ej1 #ajj1 #bjj1 #bej1 #ejj up to #ejjj grammes4 ,t9-plate is ! only mat]ial ( :i* m\lds are made2 & ^! g5]ally h a capacity r great] ?an is necess>y = hold+ ! p>ticul> quantities to be m\ld$4 ,! *ocolate is !re=e1 z describ$ above1 divid$ into giv5 weights1 & g5]ally deposit$ direct 9 ! m\lds by ! divid+ ma*9e4 ,! divid$ portions ( *ocolate are press$ d[n 9 ! m\lds by h&1 equally di/ribut$ 9 ! latt]1 & !n transf]r$ 9 ! m\lds to ! %ak+ table or comb9ation ( %ak+ tables to be describ$ lat]4 ,on ! %ak+ table ! s(t *ocolate soon p5etrates completely into all ! corn]s & impressions ( ! /amp$ t9 m\lds4 ,! removal ( ! cool$ cakes f ! m\lds is easily effect$ by press+4 ,^! m\lds are g5]ally provid$ ) f f\r to t5 ridges or ind5tations1 s t ! *ocolate c be conv5i5tly divid$1 & z requir$ = use4 ,o!rs aga9 h a simil> numb] ( comp>tm5ts4 ,! comp>tm5ts may be impress$ ) any k9d ( inscription1 s t su* in=mation z ! "n ( a firm c always be reproduc$ on ! cakes4 ,brok5 *ocolate is g5]ally ( inf]ior quality1 br\ght on ! m>ket )\t any protective cov]+4 ,9 ^? k9ds ( *ocolate :i* are kn[n z articles ( luxury a di/9ction is to be made betwe52 #a4 ,^? m\lds :i* are 9 "o piece & completely fill$ ) *ocolate1 s t ! sup]flu\s mass c be remov$ by a knife4 ,9 su* cases ! weight ( ! cakes is exactly regulat$ by ! capacity ( ! m\lds4 #b4 ,^? int5d$ = m\ld+ v>i\s figures ( fruit etc4 9 :i* two or ?ree p>ts make a clos$ space :i* is ( ! =m desir$4 ,among ! m\lds ( ! fir/ type mu/ be numb]$ ^? us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( small tablets & /icks1 & ! sweetmeats kn[n z ,napolita9s & ,croquettes4 ,! second class comprises m\lds = mak+ *ocolate cig>s & *ocolate eggs1 & also ! d\ble m\lds4 ,! m\lds = ! small] tablets1 cream /icks1 napolita9s & croquettes are also made exclusively f t9-plate1 & ! sep>ate p>ts are enclos$ 9 a /\t iron frame1 ! top ( :i* is gr\nd d[n smoo?1 s t any sup]flu\s portion ( ! fill+ c easily be scrap$ away4 ,9 t way f six to ?irty pieces c be ca/ 9 "o m\ld at ! same "t3 ! cool$ *ocolate c be releas$ f ! m\lds by g5tly tapp+ "o corn] aga9/ a table4 ,9 napolita9 m\lds protect+ hooks are atta*$1 to avoid _! su/a9+ any injury 9 ?is op]ation4 ,examples ( ! m frequ5t m\lds4 #a4 ,*ocolate ,cig>s4 ,^! are made ei!r by introduc+ ! *ocolate mass betwe5 ! two halves ( a d\ble m\ld1 ( :i* ea* corresponds to a half ( ! cig> %ape to be m\ld$ & :i* ea* fit exactly "o on ! o!r2 or else by p\r+ x into holl[ m\lds /amp$ out ( "o complete piece4 ,m\ld+ presses#aag are utilis$ 9 ! manufacture ( mat]ial en masse4 ,9 ^! ! cig>s are fill$ into iron m\lds1 aft]w>ds held toge!r by means ( iron combs1 & s introduc$ 9 to ! press4 ,= ea* size & %ape special m\lds & plates are ess5tial4 ,nei!r b>ium sulphate nor z9c :ite may be employ$ to produce an imitation ( ! a% on ord9>y cig>s1 z bo? are object$ to by heal? inspectors2 nor are !y necess>y1 = 9 phosphate ( lime 7tricalcium c>bonate7 we possess a p]fectly h>mless & at ! same "t effici5t sub/itute1 :5 x is mix$ up ) />* syrup4 ,o!r figures1 su* z fi% etc41 may also be produc$ 9 *ocolate1 by means ( ! m\ld+ press1 :5 x is furni%$ ) /amp$ m\lds1 correspond+ to ! =ms requir$4 #b4 ,*ocolate eggs4 ,^! are g5]ally made holl[1 unless !y are v small1 by press+ *ocolate 9 two halves ( an egg-%ap$ m\ld & !n unit+ ! two p>ts4 ,ano!r me?od pat5t$ by ,?4 ,b]g] ( ,hamburg#aah seems less practical4 ,a m\ld is made ( s(t %eet ca\t*\c bl[n out2 ?is is dipp$ into liquid *ocolate &1 aft] ! adh]+ coat+ has h>d5$1 ! air is let out ( ! m\ld4 ,! use ( ca\t*\c m\lds w\ld r5d] ?is me?od too co/ly1 s9ce ! alt]nation ( temp]ature soon makes ! ca\t*\c uns]viceable4 #c4 ,v>i\s figures1 fruits1 animals1 & o!r small objects4 ,d\ble m\lds are us$ = mak+ ^! objects 9 *ocolate1 consi/+ sometimes ( ?ree or f\r p>ts2 !y are made ei!r ( %eet iron1 t9n$1 or1 = m complicat$ =ms1 ! m\lds are ca/ 9 t91 b ^! latt] are n s durable z ^? ( t9n$ %eet iron ) /rong iron frames4 ,! sev]al p>ts ( ! m\lds1 aft] hav+ s(t *ocolate mass press$ into !m1 are put toge!r & excess ( mat]ial is remov$ by requisite pressure by ! use ( a press ( ! k9d made by ,a4 ,rei*e 9 ,dresd51 :i* w admit ( a l>ge numb] ( m\lds be+ plac$ 9 x at a "t4 ,by ! use ( su* a press ! m\lds are protect$ f injury1 & ! objects m\ld$ h a bett] appe>ance1 z a result ( ! uni=m z well z /rong pressure ex]t$4 ,aft] cool+1 ! m\ld$ objects are readily deta*$ f ! m\lds & !y only require to be scrap$ clean1 or fur!r ornam5t$ z may be desir$4 ,t is done 9 v>i\s ways1 = example by pa9t+ ) col\r$ cacao butt]4 #d4 ,crumb ,*ocolate4 ,?is t]m is appli$ to ! small pieces ( *ocolate ( truncat$ conical %ape1 ) f #d to #e smoo? surfaces4 ,!y are made by a ma*9e specially con/ruct$ = ! purpose by ,a4 ,rei*e 7,no4 #aeej72 x consi/s ( a f\r-corn]$ box ) a removable bottom4 ,inside ! box !re is a false bottom1 f #a to #b cm above ! o!r bottom1 :i* is fitt$ ) a removable %eet iron plate1 9 :i* p5tagonal holes are /amp$4 ,a knife c be introduc$ at "o corn] ( ! bottom ( ! box4 ,aft] suffici5t *ocolate has be5 made to p5etrate ?r\gh ! p5tagonal holes by agitat+ ! box on ! table1 ! knife is rapidly drawn across ! bottom & ! box rais$ up4 ,! %eet iron plate is !n tak5 out1 & by g5tly tapp+ "o corn] ! small pieces ( *ocolate are %ak5 out4 #e4 ,small tablets1 /icks1 fruits or figures fill$ ) cream4 ,^! are prep>$ by p\r+ ! cream cont5ts 9 ei!r wood5 or iron m\lds1 previ\sly du/$ ) a little fl\r1 & !n m\ld+ r\nd !m *ocolate 9 :atev] =m is requir$1 always tak+ c>e t ?is is kept z s(t & pla/ic z possible1 a suitable addition ( cacao butt] prov+ invaluable = ! purpose4 ,9 =m] times *ocolate m\lds 7 manufactur$ exclusively 9 ,france1 :]e ! firm ,ltang ( ,p>is enjoy$ :at 0 to all int5ts & purposes a _w monopoly4 ,b s9ce ! ye> #ahgj ! (t-m5tion$ firm ( ,rei*e 9 ,dresd5-,plau5 has tak5 up ! manufacture1 & has succe$$ 9 conqu]+ ! m>ket 9 a rem>kably %ort "t4 ,! m\lds ( ?is firm satisfy ea* & e possible requirem5t1 al?\gh x w\ld be no disadvantage if ! old type ( patt]n m\ld 7 cle>$ away at "o & ! same "t ) ! old r\t9e1 to make room = a little arti/ic skill & embelli%m5t4 ,rec5tly ,rei*e has br\ght out a special ma*9e int5d$ z an easy & practical cleans] ( 8 _m m\lds1 :i* include bonbon cutt]s & cutt+ roll]s1 numb]+ /amps1 *ocolate slic]s1 roll] ma*9e boxes etc4 ,he has lately br\ght on to ! m>ket a special ma*9e = quickly & effici5tly clean+ ! m\lds1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #ec4 ,9 "o end1 a circul> bru% is introduc$1 & aga9/ ?is ! m\lds to be clean$ are firmly press$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! l>ge numb] ( revolutions :i* ?is bru% passes ?r\gh1 ! m\lds are cleans$ ( /ill adh]+ masses ( *ocolate 9 a half or ?ird ( ! "t occupi$ :5 h& lab\r is employ$4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! %aft occurs a du/]1 spr9kl$ ) ,vi5na :ite 7a lime71 :i* poli%es (f ! m\lds previ\sly & ?or\ghly clean$ by ! circul> bru%4 ,! great advantage ( ?is ma*9e is t ! daily exp5diture on poli%+ is consid]ably r$uc$ ,"o girl c d ! "w ( two h& work]s1 :5 ?is ma*9e is employ$4 ,9 addition1 x makes possible a cont9ual t\*+ up ( ! mat]ial us$ 9 ! mak+ ( ! m\lds1 a v5tilat+ app>atus remov+ all traces ( du/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 #ab4 ,! ,%ak+ ,table4 ,! pa/y *ocolate mass fills itself into ! *ocolate m\lds spontane\sly1 9 consequ5ce ( its s(t consi/5cy4 ,yet to %>e x ev5ly ?r\gh\t ! m\ld1 s t x adapts itself to e b5d & holl[ !re occurr+1 & fur!r to br+ to ! surface any possible bubbles ( air evid5t 9 ! mass1 ! *ocolate is :il/ /ill 9 ! m\lds subject$ to brisk %ak+4 ,?is is effect$ by plac+ ! *ocolate on trays & transf]r+ ^! to ! %ak+ table1 ( :i* types & con/ruction are at ! pres5t "t manifold & v>i\s1 ! be/ & olde/ be+ giv5 9 front elevation bel[ 7,fig4 #ed74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,! movable slab a1 fitt$ ) an upright rim at its edges1 has und]nea? two project+ pieces d1 work+ aga9/ deeply too!d :eels e1 :i* fa/5$ on ! %aft b1 are driv5 r\nd by ! pulleys c4 ,! tee? ( ! :eels cat* on ! project+ pieces at e revolution ( ! %aft & pu% !m r g5tly on "o side1 & :5 ! too?-po9ts slide f "u ! slab1 x drops d[n z mu* z x has be5 previ\sly rais$4 ,ea* too? ( ! :eel com+ into contact ) ! projections1 ! same motion is repeat$ sev]al times1 caus+ ! slab to oscillate up & d[n4 ,?is oscillation ( ! slab is controll$ by means ( a h& lev] f1 occurr+ on ! %aft g1 & fix$ crosswise !reon1 s t we c only %[ x 9 cross section on ! diagram4 ,! lev] f atta*es itself to ! "u "p ( ! slab1 raises x1 & s ?r[s ! :eels out ( contact ) ! project+ pieces1 b )\t /opp+ ! rotation ( ! %aft b4 ,%ak+ tables h also witness$ consid]able improvem5ts ) ! lapse ( "t1 & we %all n[ proce$ to treat ^! 9 m detail1 especially z sev]al rec5t con/ructions (f] & illu/rate _m int]e/+ me*anical po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,an old type ( ma*9e1 t is nev]!less /ill mu* employ$1 is illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #ee4 ,"h ! slab is caus$ to osculate by %ak+ :eels introduc$ und]nea?1 ea* possess+ six1 eight1 or m tee?4 ,! slab is rais$ & l[]$ by contact ) w$ge-%ap$ p>ts1 ! effect produc$ be+ great] or less accord+ z ! m\lds are l>ge or small1 heavy or light1 & 9 proportion to ! consi/5cy ( ! *ocolate mass :i* !y conta91 e4 g4 :e!r x is solid or semi-liquid4 ,q an improv$ con/ruction is %[n 9 fig4 #ef4 ,"h ! table is atta*$ to a v]tical axle1 :i* is mov$ up & d[n by means ( a too!d :eel fix$ on its bottom end4 ,!re is also a cyl9d] arrangem5t "u ! :ole ma*9e to assi/ 9 controll+ ! v]tical motion ( ! %aft1 & z x is provid$ ) automatic lubrication1 !re is no dang] ( any we>+ out ( ! app>atus & consequ5t irregul>ity ( function+4 ,! %ak+ & j]k+ ( ! slabs is 9 itself att5d$ by a consid]able am\nt ( noise1 & :5 to ?is is add$ t caus$ by ! tables1 x w be se5 t a *ocolate factory may become to its neighb\rs a v s]i\s s\rce ( objection4 ,= ye>s attempts h !re=e be5 made to con/ruct %ak+ tables1 s t !y w\ld n cause any great] noise ?an is absolutely inevitable4 ,pneumatic contrivances & ca\t*\c h met ) "r royal success 9 ?is connection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,! mo/ rec5t & probably ! mo/ p]fectly con/ruct$ %ak+ table is giv5 9 figs4 #eg & #eg a4 ,x embodies all ! late/ improvem5ts & is self lubricat+1 a fact ( ! highe/ importance z releas+ ! /ra9 on ! att5dance1 :i* w\ld ne$ to be v p]fect to ensure abs5ce ( noise 9 ! case ( a ma*9e mak+ #hjj /rokes a m9ute4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t ! m\ld+ room is g5]ally manag$ by girls :o nei!r possess k (1 nor int]e/ 91 ! ma*9es1 ! advantages ( su* automatic lubrication become ev5 m app>5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg a4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #eh & #eh a4 ,ap>t f ! automatic lubrication1 9 itself a suffici5t gu>antee = ! effici5cy ( ! ma*9e1 screws & nuts are entirely avoid$ on ?is ma*9e4 ,! motive me*anism is also int]e/+4 ,by a special arrangem5t1 ! numb] ( revolutions 9 relation to ! numb] ( ! elevations ( ! slab is r$uc$ to "o f\r?1 viz41 f #gfj to #aij4 ,s9ce ! elevation ( ! slab c be regulat$ to z]o1 a loose pulley = %ift+ ! driv+ belt is unnecess>y2 9 addition1 ! driv+ %aft makes only a small numb] ( revolutions1 & works 9 oil4 ,! r\nd %ap$ upright s]ves to c>ry ! v]tically mov+ frame i1 :i* supports ! slab mov+ 9 an oil$ groove at s1 & :i* is support$ und]nea? by ! pivot m4 ,bo? at m & s !re is automatic lubrication4 ,! be>+s ( ! sp9dle n1 atta*$ to ! upright1 "w into left & "r screw ?reads at oo1 to :i* po9ts ! ends ( a broad lea!r belt p are atta*$1 pass+ ov] ! roll] g1 by :i* ! frame i is susp5d$4 ,! driv+ pulley k1 runn+ 9 oil1 c>ries 9 its c5tre ! f\r roll]s l1 :i* turn r\nd & r\nd ! pulley k1 s z to come into contact ) ! belt p & press x outw>ds on bo? sides4 ,at ! same "t x %ort5s ! belt 9 ! v]tical axle1 s rais+ up ! table slab i4 ,?is is repeat$ f\r times by "o revolution ( ! driv+ pulley1 s t work+ ) #aij revolutions a m9ute1 ! slab is rais$ #gfj times4 ,accord+ z ! screws oo are mov$ to or f ! c5tre1 ! v]tical movem5t ( ! slab c be increas$ or decreas$ to a po9t :5 ! slab is completely out ( action1 i4 e4 :5 ! roll]s l no long] t\* ! belt p4 ,"u fav\rable local conditions1 a numb] ( su* tables c be driv5 by "o %aft1 s t only "o pulley & a s+le driv+ belt w\ld be ne$$1 ?\gh ea* table w\ld "w q indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs4 ,su* an arrangem5t is %[n 9 figures #eh & #eh a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh b4 ,?is %ak+ table1 ?\gh only rec5tly introduc$1 has quickly made itself popul>1 & is especially suitable = ! prep>ation ( readily liquefiable *ocolate4 ,! g5tle vibratory motion produc$ by ?is %ak+ table & its exact adju/ability admit ( ! ?9ne/ cakes be+ made 9 a p]fectly uni=m ?ickness1 )\t any objectionable projections r\nd _! edges4 ,besides ! %ak+ tables ( ?is con/ruction !re are o!rs made 9 su* a way t :e!r ! m\lds are light or heavy1 small or l>ge1 ! slab is always rais$ to ! same height1 ! work+ ( ! slab be+ adju/$ by alt]+ ! numb] ( revolutions4 ,! manipulation ( ^! tables is mu* m difficult ?an t ( tables con/ruct$ z above describ$1 & t is probably ! reason :y ^! h = decades be5 sc>ce on ! m>ket4 ,! m\ld$ *ocolate spread out on trays is transf]r$ z rapidly z possible to ! cool+ *amb]1 ) :i* we %all conclude section ,,iv4 ,in/ead ( sev]al %ak+ tables alt]nately receiv+ ! m\lds1 :i* involve frequ5t *anges1 s-call$ %ak+ sy/ems 7fig4 #eh;b7 h be5 g5]ally adopt$ ( late4 ,!y consi/ ( a numb] ( %ak+ tables1 hav+ _! frames atta*$ to ea* o!r1 possess+ a common motor control1 & hav+ _! slabs arrang$ "o aft] ! o!r 9 su* a way t ! fill$ m\lds sl[ly proce$+ f ! divid+ ma*9e c be automatically conduct$ ov] !m4 ,! %ak5 m\lds are !n pass$ on to fur!r processes1 or !y ent] ! cool+ *amb]s at once4 ,! advantage ( ! %ak+ table sy/em lies 9 a r$uction ( ! numb] ( h&s1 :o only ne$ to be 9 att5dance at ea* end ( ! sy/em1 & fur!r 9 ! regul>ity1 bo? z reg>ds "t & /r5g?1 :i* prevails 9 connection ) ! %ak+ ( ea* m\ld4 #ac4 ,cool+ ! *ocolate4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! m rapidly ! m\ld$ *ocolate is cool$ ! f9] is its texture & ! m uni=m ! appe>ance ( ! fractur$ surface4 ,t is due to ! =mation ( small] cry/als ( ! fat :5 ! cool+ is rapid1 :ile 9 sl[ cool+ l>g] cry/als are =m$ & ! fracture consequ5tly becomes dull & greyi%4 ,=m]ly x 0 possible to di/+ui% *ocolate made 9 summ] f t made 9 w9t] by ! m uni=m appe>ance ( ! fracture1 t 01 9 ! latt] case1 ! result ( m rapid cool+4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 manufactur]s are no long] dep5d5t ^u favorable atmosph]ic conditions 9 t respect1 = by suitable arrangem5ts x is n[ possible to produce ! r$uc$ temp]ature requisite by artificial means4 ,! mo/ suitable cool+ *amb] is an und]gr\nd space :i* %\ld1 h[ev]1 be s situat$ z to be 9 conv5i5t communication ) ! m\ld+ room4 ,! *eape/ & simple/ place = a cool+ *amb] is a cell>1 if x be prop]ly con/ruct$ & dry1 z well z l>ge en\gh to conta9 ! quantity ( *ocolate made 9 "o day's work+4 ,! be/ temp]ature to be kept up ranges f #h to #aj ,c4 ,)9 ^? limits !re is no dang] ( ! *ocolate be+ coat$ ) moi/ure1 or t x w acquire a co>se gra9$ texture by ly+ too long4 ,! foll[+ rules w s]ve = guidance 9 reg>d to ?is po9t3 ,g5]ally1 *ocolate pres5ts ! f9e/ fracture :5 x has be5 fully levigat$ & :5 x conta9s a consid]able am\nt ( fat1 provid$ t ! fat pres5t is only cacao butt]4 ,^? k9ds :i* are n s well levigat$1 or h _h "s addition ( =eign fat ( high] melt+ po9t1 %[ an inf]ior fracture4 ,x is possible to obta9 an equally vitre\s fracture 9 a less cold cell> 7#af ,c4 & upw>ds7 :5 ! *ocolate is m\ld$ at a temp]ature correspond+ to t ( ! cell>2 to effect t1 ! *ocolate %\ld be m\ld$ at a proportionally l[] temp]ature ! w>m] ! cell> is4 ,! diff]5ce c be se5 by ! appe>ance ( pale r$ spots on ! surface4 ,:5 x is desir$ to disp5se ) artificial cool+1 ! cell> %\ld be z mu* z possible bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd2 x %\ld also be ( suffici5t height1 n less ?an #c m4 ,if ! situation & height ( ! cell> be prop]ly adju/$1 ! requisite area = dispos+ ( a daily production am\nt+ to #ejjj kilos w\ld be #djj sq4 m4 ,! cell> mu/ be well v5tilat$ & furni%$ ) d\ble w9d[s1 s plac$ z to op5 t[>ds ! nor? & ea/4 ,dis*>ges ( w>m wa/e wat]1 z well z /eam pipes or furnaces %\ld be kept z f> di/ant f ! cell> z possible4 ,! int]nal arrangem5t ( ! cell> %\ld be ( su* a nature t ! :ole ( ! *ocolate to be cool$ c be deposit$ ^u ! floor1 s9ce t is ! place :]e cool+ takes place mo/ rapidly4 ,) t object 9 view x is desirable to con/ruct brickwork pill>s ab\t #be cm high1 cov]$ ) :ite tiles4 ,passages are arrang$ betwe5 ^! pill>s4 ,! cell> %\ld be ent]$ by z few p]sons z possible &1 !re=e1 ! cool$ cakes ( *ocolate %\ld be tak5 at once1 9 ! m\lds1 to an adjo9+ room to be turn$ out & pass$ on to ! pack+ room & /ore4 ,mo/ ( ! exi/+ factories1 t h be5 e/abli%$ = any "t 7l>ge & small7 h _h to adopt artificial means ( cool+1 because 9 mo/ in/ances ! quantity ( *ocolate to be cool$ daily has1 9 c\rse ( "t1 increas$ t5fold4 ,! ma*9e rooms h be5 enl>g$1 ! numb] ( ma*9es has also be5 increas$1 :ile ! cool+ cell> has rema9$ 9 its =m]ly mode/ proportions4 ,b ^? circum/ances are n ! only reasons = hav+ rec\rse to artificial refrig]ation1 :i* is (t5 necess>y 9 consequ5ce ( ! inconv5i5t situation ( ! cell> & ! high und]gr\nd wat] level4 ,9 ! application ( artificial refrig]ation 9 a *ocolate factory x is n advisable to ha/5 ! cool+ ( l>ge quantities by produc+ too l[ a temp]ature 9 small *amb]s4 ,! cakes ( *ocolate mass by t means come out ( ! m\lds z h>d z glass1 b x is que/ionable :e!r ! consum] us+ ! *ocolate _m mon?s aft]w>ds1 w make ! same obs]vation4 ,great c>e w\ld h to be tak5 ) su* rapidly cool$ *ocolate1 to pass x gradually ?r\gh *amb]s ( a m$ium temp]ature & ?us prep>e x = exposure 9 ! pack+ rooms & w>eh\ses4 ,ev5 :5 employ+ artificial means = cool+1 ! r$uction ( ! cell> temp]ature & cool+ ^u pill>s is to be pref]r$ to ! m direct cool+ ^u a sy/em ( pipes1 :i* aft] all is no?+ else ?an a cool+ ^u ice1 z may be 9 "s in/ances ! only alt]native4 ,consequ5tly1 a well con/ruct$ cell> = cool+1 furni%$ ) a sy/em ( cool+ pipes on ! ro( is p]haps ! mo/ advantage\s arrangem5t1 especially = l>ge factories4 ,9 c>ry+ out artificial refrig]ation v>i\s k9ds ( ma*9es are us$ = r$uc+ temp]ature1 9 :i* ! desir$ effect is produc$ ei!r directly by ! cond5sation & evaporation ( suitable mat]ials1 su* z liquid c>bonic acid1 ammonia1 sulphur\s acid1 or indirectly by mak+ sal9e solutions 7calcium *loride71 cool$ bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 circulate ?r\gh a sy/em ( pipes fitt$ on ! ro( or walls ( ! space to be cool$4 ,z ! cold liquid is pump$ ?r\gh ! pipes1 x takes up heat f ! air 9 contact ) !m1 correspond+ly r$uc+ ! temp]ature ( ! cool+ *amb]4 ,! cool+ in/allations ( ! firm ( ,c4 ,g4 ,haubold1 junior1 ,*emnitz1 are among ! be/ & h long be5 ext5sively us$ 9 ! *ocolate indu/ry4 ,_! cool+ app>atus is a compress+ ma*9e1 9 :i* coolness is obta9$ by ! evaporation & recond5sation ( su* liquid gases z c>bonic acid or ammonia4 ,l all compress+ ma*9es1 x is compris$ ( ?ree ma9 p>ts4 ,i4 ,! evaporator or refrig]ator1 consi/+ ( a wr\ght iron sy/em ( pipes4 ,! latt] are plac$ 9 ! spaces ( ! plant to be cool$1 ) a s-call$ direct evaporation arrangem5t1 & are ei!r arrang$ on ! walls & ceil+1 or built 9 a special *amb] z dry or moi/ air cool]s1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! *ocolate to be cool$1 or ! use = :i* x is de/9$4 ,:il/ 9 ! =m] case cool+ is effect$ directly 9 ! rooms1 9 ! latt] ! air ( ! cool+ room is conduct$ to ! air cool]s by means ( v5tilator1 9 ord] to be cool$ & dri$ !re1 & !n aga9 introduc$ 9 ! *amb]4 ,,ii4 ,! compressor1 a gas suction & pressure pump1 work+ bo? simply & complex1 :i* draws ! refrig]at+ m$ium out ( ! evaporator1 compresses x1 & =ces x along to ! cond5s]4 ,,iii4 ,?is cond5s] consi/s ( a coil ( wr\ght iron or copp] pipes1 :i* are enclos$ 9 a b>rel & are (t5 describ$ z ! imm]sion cond5s]4 ,!re is ano!r type1 9 :i* ! pipes are unit$ to "o or m pipe-walls1 introduc$ 9 a vessel :i* collects & dra9s (f ! cond5sations4 ,9 bo? cases ! coil ( pipes is play$ ^u by a cont9ual /ream ( wat]1 9 ord] t ! gases :i* !y conta9 may be cond5s$4 ,! imm]sion cond5s] is g5]ally employ$ :5 !re is a pl5tiful supply ( *eap wat] at h&1 & ! o!r 9 contr>y cases4 ,?is latt] cond5s] is provid$ ) a sep>ate liquid 8aft]-cool]01 con/ruct$ on analogy ) ! be=e m5tion$ imm]sion cond5s]4 ,! c\nt] curr5t pr9ciple holds good 9 bo? types1 & admits ( a bett] us+ up ( ! cool+ wat]4 ,! liquid gas !n passes on to ! evaporator1 :]e x is responsible = fur!r refrig]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei;a4 ,! refrig]ator also occurs 9 ! =m ( a br9e cool]4 ,9 ?is con/ruction ! evaporat+ pipes are likewise enclos$ 9 a b>rel1 conta9+ a high p]c5tage ( salt br9e4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! refrig]at+ app>atus occurr+ on ! int]ior ( ! pipes1 ! br9e conta9$ !re9 is cool$ d[n to a v l[ temp]ature1 pump$ along to ! cool+ *amb]s1 & aft] deliv]+ its allot$ refrig]ation unit re-conduct$ to ! cool+ app>atus1 :]e x is once m subject$ to ! same s]ies ( processes4 ,a well-kn[n arrangem5t = su* artificial refrig]ation is t con/ruct$ by ,wegel9 ,hbn] at ,halle o4 ,s41 9 :i* c>bonic acid is employ$1 & x has be5 f\nd well adapt$ = use 9 *ocolate factories4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations figures #ei a & #ei b repres5t an arrangem5t ( t k9d 9 :i* ! cool+ is effect$ on cool+ trays judici\sly arrang$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei;b4 ,! refrig]at+ ma*9e is con/ruct$ on ! c>bonic acid gas compression sy/em2 x consi/s ( #a4 ! compress+ pump a1 #b4 ! cond5s] b1 & #c4 ! sy/em ( pipes c & d1 t con/itute ! refrig]ator4 ,! coil ( pipes 9 ! refrig]ator is connect$ at "o extremity ) ! compress+ pump & at ! o!r extremity ) ! cond5s]4 ,liquid c>bonic acid passes f ! cond5s] into ! coil ( pipes & is !re evaporat$4 ,! heat necess>y = t *ange is )drawn1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 f ! cool+ *amb] & f ! *ocolate plac$ 9 x1 until ! desir$ r$uction ( temp]ature is br\ght ab\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,! compress+ pump a is a peculi>ly con/ruct$ suction & pressure pump1 x draws out ( ! refrig]at+ pipes ! vaporis$ c>bonic acid by :i* !y h be5 cool$ & !n subjects x to a pressure :i* helps to effect its reconv]sion into ! liquid /ate4 ,! cond5s] b consi/s ( a coil ( pipes ov] :i* a curr5t ( cold wat] is kept fl[+ & ! compress$ c>bonic acid vap\r1 pass+ f ! compressor into ^! pipes1 is !re cool$ & cond5s$ by ! surr\nd+ wat]1 s z to be transf]r$ back to ! refrig]ator ?r\gh a valve fitt$ to x = t purpose4 ,! out] vessel ( ! cond5s] is con/ruct$ ( ca/-iron1 9 "o piece ) ! compressor frame4 ,^! cool+ arrangem5ts are con/ruct$ ei!r ) or )\t me*anical v5tilators4 ,9 figures #fc a & #fc b ! compress+ pump & cond5s] are repres5t$ z plac$ on ! gr\nd floor1 :ile ! refrig]ator is situat$ 9 ! cell> space ly+ beside !m & at a l[] level1 9 su* a mann] t bo? ! sy/ems ( cool+ pipes are n situat$ ^u ! ro( ( ! cell>1 b run along x at regul> di/ances p>allel to ! side walls ( ! cell>4 ,! compressor & cond5s] =m "o app>atus & ! =m] is driv5 by a /eam eng9e4 ,9 ! cool+ cell>1 ! refrig]ator is g5]ally fix$ to ! walls 9 su* a way t ! w>m *ocolate1 tak5 into ! cell>1 c be at once plac$ ^u ! /ages =m$ by ! sy/em ( cool+ pipes1 & s !re is "s advantage 9 hav+ ! sy/em ( cool+ pipes fitt$ along ! ro( ( ! cell>4 ,! ma*9e :i* is diagramm$ 9 fig4 #fj possesses an h\rly output ( "s #gjjjj calories1 measur$ 9 salt wat] at -#e ,c4 ,! compressor is driv5 directly by an electric motor1 & a /irr+ app>atus is put 9 motion by ! crank%aft ( ! compressor1 ! two be+ connect$ by an int]m$iate ge>+4 ,wegel9 & ,hbn] put out cool+ plants ) salt wat] cool+1 small] & m$ium siz$ plants are on ! contr>y provid$ ) s-call$ direct evaporation4 ,! diagram 9 fig4 #fa %[s an air-cool] z built ( late by ,e%]1 ,wyss ,co4 = *ocolate cool+ plants4 ,^! air cool]s are especially us$ = direct evaporation ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,!y consi/ ( ?ree gr\ps ( ribb$ wr\ght-iron pipes1 ! :ole con/itut+ a sy/em support$ 9 a frame "w ( ,u-%ap$ & angul> iron4 ,! sep>ate tubes are weld$ & b5t toge!r4 ,! ribb$ bodies are 9 !mselves squ>e %ap$1 & ap>t f ! tube op5+ h a nozzle introduc$ 9 _! c5tre1 :i* press$ firmly aga9/ ! press pipe effects a fav\rable transmission ( heat 9 ! case ( l>ge surface areas ( ! support1 ! m s z ! tubes are squ>e %ap$4 ,among ! num]\s advantages ( ?is ma*9e c be numb]$ ! abolition ( ! refrig]ator & br9e pump1 prompt & in/antane\s refrig]ation :5 ! ma*9e is />t$1 & ease ( control1 z a flange connection occurs imm$iately 9 front ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,a wr\ght iron tr\gh is fitt$ up und]nea? ! air-cool] to cat* ! wat] drops4 ,above1 & to ! left1 ! ?ree sy/ems ( ! air-cool] are connect$ by means ( a cat*4 ,9 ! =egr\nd ( ! illu/ration is giv5 a m9iature ( ! ribb$ tube sy/em1 :i* v cle>ly illu/rates ! arrangem5t ( ! sep>ate ribs4 ,a v5tilator n app>5t on ! diagram conducts air to ! tubes 9 ! cool+ *amb]1 & ^! pres5t a consid]able cool+ area1 9 addition to :i*1 ! air-/ream tak+ a p>allel direction1 resi/ance to its passage is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,ano!r me?od ( cool+#aai1 t is c>ri$ out 9 ,france consi/s 9 plac+ ! m\lds1 conta9+ cakes ( *ocolate1 ^u a travell+ belt runn+ horizontally ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! cool+ *amb]4 ,! requisite r$uction ( temp]ature is effect$ by app>atus simil> to t describ$ above 9 ,wegel9 ,hbn]'s arrangem5t4 ,! liquefi$ c>bonic acid fl[s ?r\gh a sy/em ( pipes fitt$ to ! ro( ( ! cool+ *amb]1 produc+ by its vaporisation ! necess>y cool+ & !n x passes back to ! refrig]at+ ma*9e4 ,circulation ( ! air 9 ! cool+ *amb] is provid$ = by a suitable v5tilator "u ! pipes ( ! cool+ sy/em1 gutt]s be+ fix$ to c>ry away any wat] cond5s+ ^u _! surface & prev5t x f fall+ ^u ! *ocolate4 ,! travell+ belt passes along s sl[ly t ! m\lds1 conta9+ *ocolate1 plac$ ^u x at "o end1 take f t5 to fifte5 m9utes 9 pass+ to ! o!r end :]e !y are tak5 (f & c>ri$ to ! pack+ rooms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,ano!r cool+ arrangem5t t works v well is con/ruct$ by ,t4 ,w4 ,cole ( ! ,p>k ,road ,iron ,works1 ,london ,e42 figure #fb1 repres5ts a plan ( ?is arrangem5t1 :i* has ! great advantage ( provid+ = ! exclusion ( moi/ure f ! cool+ *amb]4 ,refrig]ation is effect$1 by means ( ,cole's ,arctic-,pat5t ,dry ,cold ,air ma*9es1 by compress+ atmosph]ic air & !n all[+ x to exp&1 aft] be+ cool$ by wat] & hav+ moi/ure remov$ by suitable arrangem5ts4 ,! ma*9e is ( v solid con/ruction2 x works at a pressure ( f #gj to #hj atmosph]es & drives ! dry cool$ air ?r\gh a sy/em fitt$ 9 ! cool+ *amb] :]e ! *ocolate is spread out1 ei!r on portable trucks or on a travell+ belt1 s t x rema9s 9 ! *amb] long en\gh to become p]fectly cold4 ,! sy/em ( cool+ c be *ang$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! sudd5 removal ( ! cold *ocolate into ano!r *amb] :]e ! air is moi/1 w\ld be att5d$ ) a deposition ( wat] ^u ! goods4 ,= t reason ! goods are fir/ transf]r$1 = a %ort "t1 to a w>m *amb] 7ante-room7 :]e !y acquire a temp]ature at :i* no deposition ( moi/ure c take place4 ,! *ief advantage ( ?is arrangem5t is t x furni%es dry cold air economically1 bo? 9 summ] & also 9 a moi/ climate4 ,cole gu>antees t ?is ma*9e w effect a refrig]ation ( #e ,c42 accord+ to ! /atem5t ( ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra ! cool$ air conta9s only #dj ( moi/ure4 ,! cold air f "o ( ^! ma*9es c be l$1 by a well insulat$ run ( pipes1 to any "p ( ! factory & ?us be made available = cool+ purposes 9 diff]5t places4 ,! cool+ plants hi!rto describ$ may be classifi$ z 8,space ,cool]s01 because 9 ea* case a special comp>tm5t ( ! cool+ *amb] mu/ be utilis$4 ,! increas$ prices ( e/ate con/itute no mean objection to su* a sy/em4 ,a critical valuation ( ^! plants br+s out a few undisguisable defici5cies4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! cold is lo/ 9 ! *amb] itself1 be=e x has be5 ( any avail2 & !n aga9 ! rooms are g5]ally insuffici5tly1 sometimes ev5 n at all1 insulat$ f adjac5t & w>m] *amb]s1 :i* once m involves rais+ ( ! l[ temp]ature ess5tial 9 ! process4#abj ,detrim5tal also is ! pres5ce ( ! p]sonnel1 ! illum9ations1 & _m m9or influ5ces4 ,x is evid5t t ! l>g] ! output requir$ ! l>g] mu/ ! cool+ *amb] be1 involv+ correspond+ economical wa/e4 ,) ! recognition ( ^! evils arose ! problem ( _! abolition4 ,! aim 0 to employ small *amb]s & avoid loss ( cold air4 ,x is n[ solv$ by a sy/em already us$ 9 _m & v>i\s indu/ries1 namely1 cool+ 9 closets4 ,l>g] or small] closets may be employ$1 z requir$1 & 9 consequ5ce ( _! ?or\gh insulation may ev5 be introduc$ into ! w>me/ rooms4 ,_! pr9ciple is maximum effici5cy ) m9imum occupation ( space1 & avoidance ( loss ( cold z f> z possible4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is latt] aim1 ! refrig]ators 9 ?is case c be con/ruct$ on a small] scale ?an ^? de/9$ = an equal output ( mat]ial1 :i* are fix$ up 9 cool+ *amb]s2 or !y may be l>g]1 :i* is yet m important1 = ! effici5cy ( ! ma*9e "u consid]ation c be consid]ably increas$ by connect+ x ) "o ( ! closets4 ,!re are two sorts ( cool+ *amb]s1 ^? :i* transport ! m\lds automatically1 & ^? :i* conta9 lay]s :]e ! m\lds are plac$ "o ov] ano!r4 ,bo? types are cool$ by ! circulation ( air1 s effect$1 t cool$ air curr5ts are suck$ up by a fan out ( a tubul> sy/em fitt$ und]nea? a horizontal p>tition1 & !n =c$ along to ! *amb]s above1 :]e !y are ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! r[s ( %eet-iron1 lad5 ) m\lds1 or :]e !y play ^u ! travell+ belt :i* transports ! m\lds out ( ! cool+ *amb]s4 ,! air passes once m into ! tube *amb] on ! opposite side1 :]e x deliv]s up ! w>m? x has 9 ! meantime acquir$1 to ent] f9ally ! same sy/em ( circulation z be=e4 ,! g5]al temp]ature ( ! closets is a mean betwe5 #h ,c4 & #aj ,c41 & ! cool+ la/s f #bj-dj m9utes1 accord+ to ! /r5g? & size ( ! tablets4 ,z ! temp]ature nev] goes l[] ?an #h ,c41 x is impossible = ! tablets to become moi/ :5 expos$ to ! w>m] out] atmosph]e4 ,fig4 #fc;a %[s a ,cool+ ,*amb] built by ,j4 ,m4 ,lehmann1 :i* is adapt$ = a daily output ( "s #ajjj kilos1 & divid$ into comp>tm5ts "o above ! o!r4 ,! sections ( ?is *amb]1 :i* 9 ! illu/ration pla9ly %[s ! small am\nt ( space requir$ = its erection1 are divid$ by v]tical cross-p>titions into f\r comp>tm5ts1 ea* ( :i* is provid$ ) a %elf or /& to take a *>ge ( #aj cool+ trays1 & accessible by ?ree spr+-doors1 ?us giv+ z small ap]tures z possible & r$uc+ ! loss ( cold :5 *>g+ to a m9imum4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ea* comp>tm5t is fitt$ ) a contrivance = regulat+ &1 if necess>y1 completely cutt+ ( ! draught4 ,! position ( ! sy/em ( pipes is %[n by ! two pipe-ends to :i* x is connect$4 ,on ! opposite side1 or front ( ! *amb]1 is ! fan-drive1 ei!r a small electric motor1 or %aft+4 ,! p]=at$ cool+ trays are visible ?r\gh ! op5 doors4 ,! sides ( ! *amb] consi/ ( two lay]s ( wood ) ?ick slabs ( cork betwe5 !m4 ,all *amb]s ( ?is sy/em1 includ+ ^? ) automatic conveyance ( ! m\lds1 c be tak5 to pieces = transport1 ! s+le pieces aft]w>ds only requir+ to be fa/5$ toge!r aga9 :5 erect+ ! *amb]4--,! *amb] illu/rat$ s]ves = cool+ m\ld$ *ocolate4 ,= pral9s & ! l simil> *amb]s are suppli$1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 small] & light] 9 con/ruction4 ,fig4 #fc;b repres5ts a cool+ *amb] ) =c$ air circulation & automatic conveyance ( ! m\lds1 built by ! same firm4 ,?is *amb]1 :i*1 ow+ to ! travell+ belt convey+ ! m\lds1 is ( consid]able l5g?1 is n[h]e connect$ ) ! outside air2 ! :ole manipulation ( ! m\lds is c>ri$ on ?r\gh small adju/able op5+s at ! po9ts :]e ! travell+ b& ent]s & leaves ! *amb]4 ,! b& consi/s ( *a9s 9 l9ks on to :i* wood5 la?s are screw$ & its spe$ c be regulat$ to suit ! size ( ! tables to be dealt )4 ,! wid? ( ! belt & *amb] c at any "t be v>i$ to suit ! place ( erection & correspond ) ! l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc c4 ,z is to be se5 f ! illu/ration1 ?is cool+ *amb] requires ! m9imum ( att5dance & ?us complies ) ! pr9ciples lately adopt$ 9 all l>ge factories1 9 :i* ! t5d5cy is to sub/itute z mu* z possible me*anical appliances = manual "w4 ,x w be se5 f ! prec$+ *apt]s t ?is t5d5cy is especially m>k$ 9 ! m\ld+ dep>tm5t1 :]e automatic temp]+1 m\ld+ & m\ld-fill+ plants & %ak+ tables h already be5 introduc$4 ,9 ord] to utilise fully su* automatic plants ! la/ l9k 9 ! *a9 only 0 want+1 namely1 a suitable means ( transf]r+ ! m\lds f ! %ak+ tables to ! cool+ *amb] & ?r\gh ! latt] to ! dem\ld+ & pack+ room4 ,! purpose ( ! cool+ *amb] above describ$ is to fill up ?is gap1 & its prop] place is ?us rang$ 9 among ! automatic ma*9]y describ$4 ,?us x is t _m mod]n factories h unit$ ! above ma*9es to =m a s+le work+ plant1 z %[n by ,gr\ndplan ,fig4 #fc;c4 ,v4 ,special ,prep>ations4 a7 ,*ocolate ,loz5ges & ,pa/illes4 ,^! *iefly consi/ ( cacao mass1 sug> & spices4 ,=m]ly !y 7 made by plac+ ! semi-liquid *ocolate mat]ial on a /one slab1 furni%$ ) a rim ( uni=m height :i* s]v$ to regulate ! ?ickness ( ! goods manufactur$1 & !n roll+ out ! mass z requir$4 ,! loz5ges 7 pun*$ f ! roll$-out lay] by means ( a cutt]4 ,aft] all[+ ! mass to cool1 ^! loz5ges 7 deta*$ f ! rema9+ portions1 :i* 7 !n roll$ aga9 & ! same process repeat$4 ,pa/illes1 on ! surface ( :i* impressions ( v>y+ import1 su* z figures1 names1 firms etc4 are requir$1 may also be manufactur$ by plac+ ! s(t *ocolate mass ^u t9-plates 9 :i* depressions occur correspond+ to ! device desir$4 ,a roll] is employ$ to make ! mat]ial fit into ! depressions1 & sup]flu\s *ocolate is remov$ ) a knife4 ,^! impressions come out especially f9e1 :5 ! pa/ille m\lds are subject$ to a %ak+ on ! tables ) :i* we are already acqua9t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,yet ^! processes are becom+ obsolete1 & ! *ocolate slabs or plates are at ! pres5t "t sup]s$$ by ! two =ms ( app>atus con/ruct$ by ,a4 ,rei*e1 :i* we accord+ly describe bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! simply con/ruct$ ma*9es1 fig4 #fd1 ! mat]ial oozes ?r\gh p]=ations 9 a squ>e sieve-l arrangem5t1 at l5g? issu+ on ! %eet-iron plate fitt$ und]nea?4 ,! process is aid$ by repeat$ %ak+1 & :5 suffici5t *ocolate has p5etrat$ to ! plate1 ! box is rais$ on its h+e & *ocolate mass left ready = fur!r treatm5t4 ,by g5tle additional %ak+1 ! /ill irregul> heaps are r\nd$ (f to p]fection2 !y are n[ cool$ d[n & f9ally deta*$4 ,! coat+ ( ! loz5ges ) col\r$ sug> gra9s is effect$ by pass+ !m1 toge!r ) ! plate to :i* !y /ill adh]e1 ?r\gh a box conta9+ sug> du/4 ,?is ma*9e is sc>cely us$ n[2 9 its place come ! two con/ructions ( ,a4 ,rei*e1 z already /at$1 ! "o be+ int5d$ = solid mat]ial1 & ! o!r = semi-liquid *ocolate mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,by means ( 8 pa/ille ma*9e ,nr4 #adjia1 :i* we give 9 ,figs4 #fe & #ff1 *ocolate loz5ges ( ! mo/ div]se size c be prep>$ v rapidly & to advantage4 ,! *ocolate mat]ial1 :i* 9 ?is case is solid1 is press$ ?r\gh p]=ations 9 a metal plate & o!rwise treat$ z 9 previ\s cases4 ,9 work+ ) ?is ma*9e1 x mu/ be previ\sly & suffici5tly w>m$1 !n p>tially fill$ ) *ocolate mat]ial ( a prop] consi/5cy 7n m ?an #ge ( ! total capacity may be utilis$74 ,x is highly important 9 ! prep>ation ( loz5ges t ! mat]ial %\ld nei!r be too h>d nor too pla/ic1 b /rike a j m$ium4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,be=e press+ d[n ! plung]1 work$ by a screw1 a metal plate is laid ^u ! *ocolate to prev5t contact ) ! plung]4 ,by slight pressure1 ! *ocolate mass is =c$ ?r\gh ! p]=ations1 accord+ to ! requir$ size ( ! loz5ges1 b ! plung] mu/ n be screw$ d[n fur!r4 ,?is w admit ( ! plate on :i* ! loz5ges re/ be+ drawn out & ano!r ins]t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,to ?is ma*9e belong ! usual p]=at$ plates f1 ,fig4 #ff ( :i* !re are ?ree ( diff]5t sizes = ea* ma*9e1 z %[n by figures a b c1 also ! plates d us$ = mak+ ! p]=at$ confections :i* f9d _! way to ! ,*ri/mas ,tree4 ,^! plates are impress$ ) l>g] or small] designs1 & s make two diff]5t sizes ( goods possible4 ,a ?ird plate is suppli$ = ! manufacture ( :ole pieces 7v>i\s v>ieties ( *ocolate croquette74 ,! ma*9e works smoo?ly & noiselessly & deliv]s excell5t products4 ,if in/ead ( ! usual pla9 loz5ges1 su* ) ! "n ( a firm or o!r device are desir$1 ! correspond+ impressions mu/ be /amp$ out on ! plate 9 :i* ! *ocolate is receiv$ aft] be+ =c$ ?r\gh ! p]=ations4 ,see fig4 #ff1 g1 h1 i4 ,fig4 #fg illu/rates ! pa/ille ma*9e ,nr4 #ad #agh = ?9 *ocolate mass1 con/ruct$ by ,a4 ,rei*e 7,g]man ,pat5t #bbg #bjj74 ,x resembles ! =ego+ app>atus 9 pr9ciple & appe>ance1 be+ only di/+ui%$ by a diff]5t aim1 namely ! treatm5t ( ?9 mat]ial4 ,us$ 9 conjunction ) ! peculi> m\lds also manufactur$ by ! same firm 7m>k$ 8,durabula071 ev5 ! deepe/ impressions c be effect$ ) an enorm\s sav+ ( "t & mat]ial & 9 a mo/ practical mann]1 z w be se5 on comp>+ figs4 #fi a to d4 ,9 ord] to get ! full value out ( ?is ma*9e1 "s little practice is necess>y on ! "p ( ! workman 9 *>ge4 ,b possess$ ( an av]age am\nt ( skill1 he c soon turn out ) ?is app>atus t5 times z mu* z c be made ) ! ord9>y type ( loz5ge ma*9e4 ,= a fav\rable accommodation ( ! diff]5t pa/ille plates1 ! hurdle diagramm$ 9 fig4 #fh 7by ,a4 ,rei*e7 is q excell5t4 ,x is manufactur$ out ( "o complete %eet ( /eel1 is free f any suspicion ( sold]+1 & entirely galvanis$4 ,x ?us (f]s a /rong gu>antee z reg>ds we> & te>4 ,x may also be advantage\sly employ$ z a transport+ device4 b7 ,coat$ *ocolates1 pral9s etc4 ,^! delicacies are n[ held 9 high e/eem1 & ( late ! consumption ( pral9s & *eap] =ms ) imitative cont5ts has increas$ v consid]ably4 ,! designation pral9 7prop]ly pron\nc$ prahl97 has be5 appli$ to sug>-coat$ almonds & is d]iv$ f ! "n ( a cook 9 ! employ ( ,m>%al du ,plessis1 :i* 0 ,pral9s4 ,?is 8*ef0 belong$ to ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 & 0 ! fir/ to make ^! sweetmeats4 ,b n[ ! t]m is appli$ to sweetmeats ( v>i\s =ms1 s(t fruit-sug>1 m>malade1 cream1 nut-pa/e etc4 respectively envelop$ 9 *ocolate4 ,! special =mulae employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( diff]5t k9ds ( pral9s are compris$ 9 ! confection]'s art1 & d n ne$ to be dealt ) "h4 ,! sub/ances !mselves are call$ fondants4 ,=m]ly ! sug> 0 boil$1 plac$ ^u a slab1 & !re manipulat$ ) a spatula1 an op]ation difficult to manage1 inde$ almo/ impossible 9 ! la/ /ages4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! increas$ dem& = su* prep>ations1 ma*9es 7 introduc$ sev]al ye>s ago :]eby ! op]ation is me*anically p]=m$4 ,su* a ma*9e is %[n 9 fig4 #gj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,! b$-plate z well z all ! work+ p>ts ( ! ma*9e are con/ruct$ ( /\t copp]4 ,! work+ p>ts admit ( be+ rais$ or l[]$ by means ( ! h&-:eel above1 & !y rema9 fix$ :il/ ! b$-plate turns & its und]side is play$ ^u by wat]4 ,! ma*9e is capable ( work+ up pure fondant )\t any syrup addition1 z well z t made up ) syrup4 ,! boil$ sug> is p\r$ on ! b$-plate ( ! fondant ma*9e1 cool$ d[n f #aj-bj m9utes accord+ to ! syrup cont5t1 & to su* an ext5t t ! ma*9e c be set 9 motion1 :il/ ! work+ p>ts are gradually l[]$ to ! previ\sly m5tion$ b$-plate4 ,! sug> p\r$ out is !n cool$ by means ( ! action ( a v5tilator fitt$ on a crossbeam1 occurr+ 9 ! middle ( ! wood5 cool]1 & work+ 9 conjunction ) ! v5tilator1 9 consequ5ce :]e( a cool+ curr5t ( air is br\ght to /rike ! hot sug> c5trally4--,:5 pure sug> is us$1 ! fondant is f9i%$ )9 six m9utes1 b 9 ! case ( a syrup addition ! "t requir$ is l5g!n$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,a q rec5t type ( fondant ma*9e is giv5 9 fig4 #ga4 ,x a*ieves its end by employ+ an air-curr5t & a cyl9d] ) screw1 :i* is provid$ ) wat] cool+ app>atus4 ,! modus op]&i pres5ts _m & obvi\s advantages1 *ief among :i* is ! possibility ( conduct+ new mat]ial to ! ma*9e un9t]rupt$ly1 & fur!r ! pres]vation ( ! flav\r ( ! *ocolate work$ up4 ,! result is a production ( fir/-class quality 9 respect to ta/e & flav\r1 :i* is q ready to be pass$ on to ! next processes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,! fondant is !n dilut$ ) col\r+ matt] 9 boil+ pans1 & s prep>$ = subsequ5t treatm5t4 ,! figures :i* h to be p\r$ 9 are !n transf]r$ to gypsum m\lds1 l9$ ) />* p[d]1 & ! fondant sug> is 9 its turn p\r$ ov] ^! ei!r by means ( pans held 9 ! h& or su* z are ma*9e-driv54 ,h&-p\r+ po/ulates a consid]able am\nt ( skill on ! "p ( ! man 9 *>ge1 especially :5 ev5 weights ( ! sep>ate pieces are requir$4 ,we annex an illu/ration ( a motor-driv5 deposit+ ma*9e 7fig4 #gb74 ,! sug> is "h introduc$ into receiv]s heat$ by means ( a wat]-ba?4 ,! receiv+ boxes are mov$ "u ! outfl[ "o aft] ano!r1 aft] hav+ be5 du/$ ) p[d] & fill$ ) *ocolate1 :il/ ! adju/m5t ( ! weight ( ea* sep>ate piece is effect$ by ! op]ation ( a v +5i\s me*anism1 ev5 f #j-h grammes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,aft] a /ay ( sev]al h\rs 9 ! dry+ room1 ! molt5 figures are s h>d t !y c be rais$ out ( ! p[d] ) ! aid ( a %ovel4 ,fig4 #gc %[s su* a ma*9e1 :il/ ,fig4 #gd illu/rates a ma*9e :]e ! "w goes on unbrok5ly1 & f :i* ! *ocolate figures are remov$ ) a %ovel4 ,! sweetmeats are next dipp$ into liquifi$ *ocolate 7cov]+ /uff7 to coat !m ) a lay] ( t mat]ial4 ,! mass employ$ = ?is purpose mu/ conta9 up to #ae m butt] ?an t us$ = ord9>y *ocolate1 s t x may be kept s(t long en\gh = cont9u\s work+4#aba ,?is is p]=m$ 9 ! ma*9e fig4 #ge4 ,on a b$-plate com+ into contact ) /eam or cold wat]1 z requir$1 occur rake-l /irr]s1 & a small v5tilator introduc$ above assi/s 9 cool+ (f ! mat]ial4 ,= ! purpose ( dis*>g+1 !re is an outlet on ! rim ( ! pan4 ,= /orage ( ! temp]$ cov]+s & also = occasional alleviations ) cacao butt]1 a ma*9e illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #gf is utilis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,! dipp+ ( pral9s = ! purpose ( coat+ !m 0 =m]ly c>ri$ out by means ( a =k1 ! nucleus masses be+ dropp$ into ! coat+ mat]ial1 tak5 out ) a =k1 & plac$ ^u metal plates4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( ornam5tation 7 design$ by ! same in/rum5t4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! high] pric$ coat$ fondants1 a simil> me?od ( proc$ure is /ill 9 vogue1 al?\gh su* manipulation presupposes a high degree ( skill on ! "p ( ! me*anics are at ! ma*9e4 ,= articles ( m g5]al consumption1 :e!r ornam5t$ or n1 ma*9es h be5 introduc$ = ! purpose by div]s manufactur]s1 "s ( :i* function excell5tly4 ,two ( t k9d :i* 9 e way respond to ! calls made on !m are "h describ$1 b we %all n wa/e "t & lab\r ov] ! m complicat$ & exp5sive ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,! fir/ me?od ( coat+ fondants1 pat5t$ by ,a4 ,rei*e ( ,dresd5-,plau51 is n bas$ on me*anical pr9ciples1 b r relies on a s]ies ( small appliances1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #gg4 ,! jacket$ cas+ a1 fig4 #gg conta9s wat]1 & into x ! pan conta9+ coat+ mat]ial c be plac$3 t is kept 9 a liquid condition by heat+ ! wat] 9 ! jacket by _s lamps or gas jets und]nea?4 ,! adjo9+ vessel b is clos$ on all sides1 fill$ ) wat]1 & also kept w>m 9 ! same mann]2 x s]ves = ! prep>atory w>m+ ( ! objects to be coat$1 :i* are spread ^u a wire network1 & = t purpose two ( ^! wire frames c be hung ^u ! hooks inside ! box4 ,! mass dropp+ f ! wire frame is convey$ into ! cov]+ box a1 by means ( a %eet ( metal plac$ above x2 c s]ves z an app>atus = turn+1 & we give x on a l>g] scale 9 fig4 #gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,! trac+s h & i 9 fig4 #gi %[ ! cross section & top view ( ! wire grat+s1 on :i* cyl9drical & ball-%ap$ sug> goods are deposit$4 ,! o!r two k9ds ( grat+ are illu/rat$ at ,l & ,m 7fig4 #hj74 ,! size ( ! me%es ( ! sieve grat+s dep5ds on t ( ! c5tres to be coat$4 ,! me?od ( cov]+ is z foll[s3 ,! c5tres = ! pral9s etc4 are plac$ 9 ! cavities ( ! grat+s1 &1 z soon z "o ( ! grat+s is full1 ! latt] is cov]$ up by ! f9e-me%$ grat+ ! half ( ! cross-section ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gi & ! full view 9 ,fig4 #hj 7see ,k & ,n respectively71 ,k repres5t+ ! cov]-grat+4 ,bo? grat+s are held simultane\sly by ! op]ator at _! h&les & !n dipp$ toge!r 9 ! liquid cov]+ conta9$ 9 ! vessel a1 ,fig4 #gg1 aft] :i* ! sup]flu\s cov]+ mass is remov$ by knock+4 ,! grat+s are n[ deposit$ on ! me*anism ,c1 ,figs4 #gg or #gh1 z ! case may be1 ! top sieve remov$ & a %eet ( pap] or a metal plate put 9 its place4 ,x is !n turn$ by h& to ! opposite side1 ! grat+ ) ! impressions is remov$ & ! cov] c5tres are f\nd ly+ 9 regul> ord]1 & at regul> di/ances ap>t1 on ! metal plate4 ,! object ( ! int]vals betwe5 ! cov]$ c5tres is to prev5t ! runn+ toge!r ( ! latt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,beans & r+s are only dipp$ up to ! middle1 & ! process repeat$ ) ! o!r half ( ! c5tre aft] ! fir/ half has cool$4 ,?is ensures a pleas+1 r\nd appe>ance1 & has fur!r ! advantage t ! cov] grat+ ne$ n be put on dur+ ! op]ation4 ,:5 dipp+ cyl9drical or ball-%ap$ c5tres1 ! grat+ ,k :i* has fir/ be5 remov$ on dipp+1 is at once transf]r$ to ! heat]1 to prev5t x cool+ & )draw+ too mu* w>m? f ! cov]+ mat]ial at ! next imm]sion4 ,! dipp+ ( pral9s etc4 is exce$+ly easy if ! new type ( dipp+ ma*9e is us$1 a full view ( :i* is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ha & :i* has ! highly appreciable advantage ( simultane\sly cool+ ! dipp$ c5tres4 ,all ! p>ts are1 9 ! ma91 work$ by h&1 only ! %ak+ & /irr+ contrivances & ! cool+ fan requir+ to be driv5 by motor p[]4 ,! middle piece c>ries ! actual dipp+ app>atus1 und]nea? :i* ! tank hold+ ! cov]+ *ocolate is fix$1 :ile ! lef?& sidepiece s]ves = fe$+2 z _m z f\r op]ators c be engag$ simultane\sly at ! latt]1 ! "w consi/+ ( lay+ ! c5tres 9 ! grat+s correspond+ to ! m\ld+s desir$4 ,! con/ruction ( ^! grat+s is1 9 ! ma91 simil> to ! /amp$ trays ( ,anton ,rei*e1 b !y are n provid$ ) h&les & are despat*$ along ! guide-rails by h&4 ,! fill$ grat+ is !n plac$ 9 a frame1 :i* is dipp$ by means ( a w9* into ! liquid *ocolate4 ,! top grat+ on ! dipp+ frame is adju/able1 & ! object ( ?is grat+ is to keep ! c5tres d[n1 z )\t ?is arrangem5t "s ( ! c5tres might rise to ! surface ( ! cov]+4 ,! top grat+ is1 be=e comm5c+ to dip1 pu%$ ov] ! fill$ grat+ ) ! c5tres & is ?us imm]s$ ) !m4 ,! frame hav+ be5 remov$1 ! %ak] is put 9 action to remove ! sup]flu\s mat]ial f bo? ! grat+s & ! c5tres4 ,! grat+ is drawn out aft] use f bel[ ! top grat+ & transf]r$ to a book-%ap$ ejector1 on "o side ( :i* is a metal %eet cov]$ ) pap]4 ,! :ole ( ! c5tres are !n dis*>g$ on to ! %eet1 by rev]s+ ! two flap-sections4 ,! %eet conta9+ ! cov]$ c5tres is !n transf]r$ to ! cool+ app>atus at ! "r1 9 :i* x is gradually l[]$ on a 8pat]no/]0 app>atus by turn+ r\nd a h&le4 ,x is !n conduct$ to ! left by an endless b&1 & f9ally dis*>g$ 9 a cool$ /ate by ! ma*9e4 ,! v5tilator %\ld be suppli$ ) air f ! cell>s & is arrang$ to bl[ x out 9 ! opposite direction to ! goods 9 ! cool+ app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,! %ape ( ! design-grat+s is reproduc$ 9 high relief on ! goods1 & x w !re=e be readily und]/ood t fur!r designs or fancy %apes c be made on ! grat+s4 ,= ! production ( semi-dipp$ goods or su* z are dipp$ r\nd & rema9 uncov]$ at ! bottom1 a device is atta*$ to ! /rik+ ge> :i* r5d]s x possible to regulate ! dep? ( ea* imm]sion at w4 ,! tank conta9+ ! cov]+ mat]ial is surr\nd$ by a wat]-jacket1 :i* is heat$ by /eam4 ,! heat ( ! wat] is indicat$ by a !rmomet]4 ,! receptacle conta9+ ! cov]+ c easily be drawn out t[>ds ! front4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! :ole ( ! outside ( ! ma*9e1 :i* also con/itutes a complete wat]-jacket1 is heat$ by /eam1 & f9ally ! ejector4 ,! grat+s conta9+ ! impressions are tak5 out ( ! ejector aft] use & transf]r$ to ! fe$+ side to be us$ aga91 s t1 at ! v mo/1 f\r grat+s are requir$ = ea* design4 ,! daily output ( ! ma*9e is #cjj-fjj kilos1 & ! size ( ! grat+s #bhj by #djj millimetres1 ! output naturally dep5d+ on :e!r ! ma*9e is op]at$ by two1 ?ree or m p]sons4 ,b4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,cocoa ,p[d] & 8,soluble0 ,cocoa4 a4 ,! v>i\s me?ods ( dis9tegrat+ or op5+ up ! tissues ( cacao4 ,! comp>atively high fat cont5t ( pure cacao1 :i* w\ld det] c]ta9 p]sons1 especially ^? suff]+ f /oma* disord]s1 f tak+ x1 has giv5 rise to ! n[ ext5sive dem& = a cacao prep>ation conta9+ a less am\nt ( fat & ! con/itu5ts ( :i* are capable ( be+ easily assimilat$ 9 ! human organism4 ,at ! same "t ! desire to obta9 a cacao prep>ation easily capable ( complete & uni=m susp5sion 9 milk or wat] may h play$ its "p1 z ?is quality1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! prep>ation c rapidly & )\t difficulty be r5d]$ ready = consumption1 is obvi\sly a great advantage4 ,! be/ way to obta9 ?is appe>$ to be ! pulv]isation ( ! cacao1 :i*1 :5 r$uc$ to a p[d]1 m readily satisfies ! above conditions4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x 0 n possible to pulv]ise cacao :i* /ill conta9$ its full am\nt ( natural fat1 x became necess>y to devote att5tion to ! op]ation ( extract+ ! cacao butt]4 ,x is _m ye>s s9ce ! fir/ appe>ance ( c]ta9 prep>ations 9 ,g]many :i* w5t "u ! "n ( 8,cacogna01 & :i* _h be5 depriv$ ( _! fat to ! ext5t ( #bj-be 4 ,?is problem1 h[ev]1 0 recognis$ & attempts & all mann] ( exp]im5ts made to solve x at a mu* e>li] p]iod 9 ,holl&4 ,! f\nd] ( ! well-kn[n ,dut* firm ( ,j4 ,c4 van ,h\t5 ,sons 9 ,weesp1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 van ,h\t51 0 ! fir/ to attempt ! expression ( ! fat f cacao 7#ahbh7 & to treat x ) *emical ag5ts ) a view to op5+ up or br++ ab\t ! dis9tegration ( ! tissues1 9 ord] to r5d] ! cacao a fit & welcome article ( food1 n only = heal?y p]sons1 b also = invalids & convalesc5t p]sons4 ,x 0 n until ! ,dut* cocoa ?us manufactur$ _h be5 introduc$ into ,engl& & ,g]many1 :]e1 z well z 9 ,holl&1 x became v popul>1 t manufactur]s 9 ,g]many & ,switz]l& began to devote _! att5tion to ! treatm5t ) *emical ag5ts4 ,! consumption ( s-call$ 8soluble0 cocoa has increas$ to su* an ext5t ( late ye>s t x is n[ almo/ z l>ge z t ( *ocolate goods4 ,! t]m 8soluble01 z n[ g5]ally appli$ to cocoa p[d]s1 is und\bt$ly a misnom]1 inasmu* z su* prep>ations are practically n soluble at all4 ,we h !re=e t]m$ cocoa = dr9k+ purposes 9 ?is book 8dis9tegrat$0 cacao1 z ! processes describ$ 9 ! foll[+ pages only r5d] ! elem5ts ( cacao1 z1 = in/ance1 ! cellulose1 capable ( susp5sion 9 liquids4 ,x w\ld be q impossible to r5d] cacao1 by any special treatm5t1 soluble 9 ! real s5se ( ! t]m1 z is ! case ) salt or sug>4 ,x w ?us be readily und]/ood t ! expression 8dis9tegrat$0 is correct] & m logical ?an ! t]m 8soluble ,! degree to :i* dis9tegration has be5 c>ri$1 i4 e4 ! effici5cy ( ! op5+-up processes adopt$1 is m>k$ by ! abs5ce ( any s$im5t wor? speak+ ( 9 ! bev]age prep>$ ) boil+ wat]1 ev5 aft] x has be5 left /&+ "s "t4 ,! great] ! p[] ( susp5sion ( ! prep>ation1 ! less p>ticles ( cacao w settle to ! bottom1 & ! high] ! bev]age w be e/eem$4 ,! dis9tegrat+ ag5ts are1 9 practice1 appli$ ei!r to ! raw or roa/$1 b o!rwise untreat$ beans1 or to ! m or less defatt$ cacao1 z foll[s3 a7 by treat+ ! cacao ) hot wat]1 )\t or "u pressure2 b7 by treatm5t ) alkalis1 su* z c>bonate ( kali or sodium1 c>bonate ( magnesia 7,dut* me?od71 spirits ( ammonia 7sal-ammoniac7 & c>bonate ( ammonia 7,g]man me?od74 ,! *emical & physical effects br\ght ab\t by ^! ag5ts consi/ *iefly 9 ! swell+ or /eep+ ( ! cellulose by ! action ( ! alkalis1 z a consequ5ce ( :i* !y s9k less rapidly 9 liquids ?an w\ld be ! case ) untreat$ cacao4 ,a fur!r effect is ! p>tial neutralisation ( ! acids pres5t1 besides :i* ! cacao-r$ or pigm5t is also attack$1 a result :i* may be reg>d$ z less desirable1 z ! cacao-r$ is ! secret] ( ! aroma1 :i* naturally suff]s ) x4 ,if ! cacao is treat$ ) /eam or hot wat]1 ! />* is apt to gelat9ise1 & ! acids to beg9 to f]m5t4 ,z ! treatm5t ) /eam1 = ! reasons giv5 above1 is n[adays r>ely practis$1 we w at once proce$ to consid] ! me?od ( dis9tegrat+ cacao mo/ 9 use4 ,modifications ( ! me?ods ( manufacture be>+ on ?is po9t w be dealt ) 9 _! place "u ! correspond+ head+ lat] 9 ?is book4 b4 ,me?ods ( ,dis9tegration4 #a4 ,prelim9>y ,treatm5t ( ! ,beans4 ,! me?od ( manufacture ( dis9tegrat$ cocoa comprises ! foll[+ op]ations3 a7 ,! clean+ & sort+ ( ! raw bean2 b7 ,roa/+2 c7 ,%ell+1 break+ & gr9d+2 d7 ,treatm5t ) alkalis or wat]2 e7 ,expression ( ! fat or cacao butt]2 f7 ,pulv]is+4 ,! ord] ( ! above processes is subject "u c]ta9 conditions to v>i\s modifications aris+ f ! fact t ! alkalis are appli$ at v>i\s /ages 9 ! c\rse ( manufacture1 i4 e43 ,i4 be=e roa/+2 ,,ii4 dur+ roa/+2 ,,iii4 aft] roa/+1 & fur!r a7 be=e press+2 b7 aft] press+ 7treatm5t ( ! defatt$ beans74 ,! clean+ & sort+ ( ! raw beans1 or1 9 %ort1 ! complete treatm5t to :i* ! raw cacao is subject$ 7a to c7 is 9 all me?ods effect$ by ! same ma*9es1 a description ( :i* has be5 giv5 on pages ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,re/ ( l9e miss+ ,"s manufactur]s proce$ at once to treat ! cacao ) alkali on completion ( ! above op]ations4 ,c4 ,/hle#abb effects ! dis9tegration ( cacao by subject+ ! beans to ! *emical action ( a mixture ( ammonia & /eam1 at a temp]ature n exce$+ #ajj ,deg4 ,c4 ,! next process 7roa/+7 is !n suppos$ to draw out ! ammonia introduc$ into ! mat]ial1 :i*1 be+ volatile1 easily escapes1 & enables ! flav\r to develop4 ,piep]#abc moi/5s ! raw beans ) wat]1 to :i* alkali has be5 add$1 & ?is has ! effect ( neutralis+ ! acids pres5t 9 ! bean2 aft]w>ds ! beans are f]m5t$1 dri$ & roa/$4 ,! f]m5tation is describ$ z r5d]+ ! p>ticles ( album9 or prote9 bodies easily dige/ible & fur!r imp>ts to ! beans a f9e1 r$di% br[n col\r4 ,?is process is !re=e no?+ b an aft]-f]m5tation ( ! cacao "u ! influ5ce ( alkalis4 ,f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 ! process does n possess ! advantages :i* ,piep] claims = x1 ) ! exception ( ! really evid5t improvem5t 9 col\r4 ,?is effect c1 h[ev]1 be obta9$ equally well by suitable treatm5t ) wat] alone4 ,g4 ,w5dt#abd has pat5t$ a me?od ( improv+ ! col\r & facilitat+ ! dis9tegration ( cacao1 9 :i* ! beans are treat$1 be=e roa/+1 ) lime wat] & milk ( lime 7lime solutions7 & fur!r wa%$ ) ! solution dur+ roa/+4 ,we n[ turn to ! me?ods ( dis9tegration by means ( fix$ alkalis 7c>bonate ( magnesia1 pota% & sodium7 fir/ employ$ by ! ,dut*1 conc]n+ :i* ! foll[+ description w be useful4 ,! clean$ beans are fir/ v sup]ficially roa/$1 to facilitate w9n[+1 & ! cacao ?us treat$ 7half roa/$ cacao7 brok5 z small z possible1 :i* is an equally important factor 9 ! %ell+ & w9n[+ processes4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ "h t ! less ! cacao has be5 roa/$1 ! f9] x %\ld be brok54 ,! mat]ial is !n impregnat$ by "o ( ! above-m5tion$ alkal9e solutions1 :i* is spray$ on to ! beans4 ,! *ief ag5t employ$ is pota% 7c>bonate ( potassium7 9 ! proportion ( #a-b 7#c at ! outside7 p>ts ( pota% to #bj-cj p>ts ( wat]1 = e hundr$ p>ts ( ! defatt$ mat]ial to be treat$4 ,"s manufactur]s use sodium or a mixture ( sodium & c>bonate ( magnesia 9 place ( ! pota%4 ,z soon z ! cacao has be5 uni=mly impregnat$ by ! alkal9e solution1 ! roa/+ process %\ld be complet$4 ,/ill m c>e %\ld be devot$ to ! roa/+ ( cacao = pulv]is+ ?an is requir$ 9 ! case ( eat+ *ocolates1 z ta/e & smell play a m important "p & ! po9t ( complete roa/+ is n s easily recognis$4 ,! cacao be+ r\ghly brok5 & ! %ells remov$1 ! second roa/+ process mu/ ( c\rse be conduct$ ov] a l[ fire4 ,! mo/ suitable ma*9es = ?is purpose are ! l>ge roa/+ ma*9es illu/rat$ on page #ic1 ,fig4 #ad1 z 9 ^! ma*9es !re is little possibility ( ov]-roa/+1 ev5 :5 deal+ ) l>ge quantities & ! ma*9e is int5sely heat$2 ano!r advantage is ! easy accessibility ( ! roa/+ drum1 :i* c be imm$iately expos$ by remov+ ! front cov]1 = clean+2 clean+ is v necess>y 9 roa/+ ma*9es4 ,brok5 & moi/5$ cacao *>s mu* m readily ?an raw beans :i* h n be5 depriv$ ( _! %ells4 ,if x is n possible to ?or\ghly clean ! int]ior ( ! roa/+ drum1 z is (t5 ! case ) sph]ical roa/]s1 ! p>ticles ( cacao rema9+ 9 ! drum cont9ually und]go re-roa/+1 f9ally fall+ 9 a completely *>r$ /ate into ! cacao1 !reby greatly prejudic+ its ta/e4 ,if necess>y1 ! cacao c n[ be pass$ ?r\gh ! break+ ma*9e aga91 f :i* x is transf]r$ to ! triple cacao mill1 :i* provides = f9e gr9d+4 ,! mat]ial is !n deposit$ 9 heat$ pans 7see page #aag1 ,fig4 #bg7 :]e x rema9s until ready = ! next process1 ! expression ( ! fat4 ,! object ( ! f9e gr9d+ 9 ! mill is to r5d] ! cacao on be+ gr\nd aga9 aft] ! defatt+ process1 easily capable ( be+ sift$1 & to obta9 a prep>ation :i*1 on be+ mix$ ) hot wat]1 leaves z little s$im5t z possible4 #b4 ,expression ( ! ,fat4 ,hydraulic presses are n[adays exclusively us$ = ?is mo/ important op]ation 9 ! manufacture ( 8soluble0 cocoa4 ,! me?ods ( press+ h1 9 common ) ! o!r op]ations 9 ! c\rse ( manufacture1 und]gone consid]able modification & improvem5t4 ,accord+ to ,macqu] 7see ,mits*]li*1 ,s4 #eh7 ! butt] 0 extract$ dur+ ! la/ c5tury by pulv]is+ ! se$s1 boil+ !m 9 wat] & cleans+ ! fat1 :i*1 on cool+1 congeal$ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 by re-melt+4 ,accord+ to ,desprez 7see ,mits*]li*1 ,s4 #eh71 burn$1 %ell$ & f9ely pulv]is$ beans 7 spread to a height ( #ab-ae in*es on co>se l95 or canvas1 :i* 0 spann$ across a vessel conta9+ boil+ wat]1 to expose ! f9e p[d] ?or\ghly to ! action ( ! hot vap\r4 ,! p[d] 0 !n press$1 9 l95 bags1 betwe5 two t9 plates1 :]eby "s #ej ( pure cacao butt] 0 obta9$4 ,at a lat] p]iod ! heatable hydraulic pot-presses came into use4 ,! mass _h1 h[ev]1 to be introduc$ into ^! pots ti$ up 9 a clo? or sack1 to facilitate :i* x 0 previ\sly treat$ ) wat]1 =m+ a ?icki% syrup v conv5i5t = press+4 ,all ^! me?ods1 h[ev]1 7 att5d$ ) ! great disadvantage t ! cocoa1 aft] be+ /or$ "s "t1 acquir$ a grey col\r1 or became m\ldy4 ,to avoid ^! undesirable results presses 7 con/ruct$ :i* r5d]$ x possible to liquefy ! mass )\t any fur!r treatm5t 9 ! receptacle 9 :i* ! press+ 0 conduct$4 ,su* a press1 likewise act+ hydraulically1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hb on ! opposite page4 ,?is ma*9e ex]ts a total pressure ( #cbjjjj kilogrammes & works ) #djj atmosph]es4 ,! con/ruction ( ! ma*9e is simil> to t ( ! well-kn[n types ( presses us$ by oil manufactur]s = ! prep>ation ( vegetable oils4 ,:5 press+1 h[ev]1 ! pots conta9+ ! cacao mu/ be r5d]$ wat]-tight bo? at ! top & bottom1 to prev5t ! liquid cacao f escap+1 :ile su* provision is n necess>y 9 ! case ( ! oil presses4 ,! /opp+ up ( ! press-pots is effect$ by means ( a side-h&le1 & arrangem5ts are provid$ = heat+ ! pots bo? f above & bel[4 ,! ma*9e illu/rat$ has #d pots1 arrang$ "o above ! o!r1 :i* c be drawn out on guide-rails t[>ds ! front ( ! ma*9e4 ,dur+ press+1 !y close telescopically ) ! pi/on arrang$ und]nea? ea* pot4 ,! pump :i* supplies ! wat] = ! hydraulic pressure1 works p]fectly automatically1 increases ! pressure accord+ to ! quantity ( fat :i* has run (f & keeps ! pressure at its maximum or at any degree requir$4 ,) ^! presses x is possible to extract1 )\t difficulty1 #he & ev5 m ( ! total fat ( ! cacao bean4 ,if press+ is c>ri$ on at too high a temp]ature1 a pale1 :iti% grey butt] is ! result4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a little att5tion is paid by ! op]ator at ! press1 ! butt] obta9$ is usually p]fectly cle>1 z x is fir/ conduct$ ?r\gh a horse-hair pad cov]$ ) l951 or a camel-hair cu%ion #ae millimetres 9 ?ickness4 ,suffici5t att5tion is n always paid to ! op]ation ( press+1 s t x (t5 happ5s t "s ( ! cacao escapes ) ! butt]1 :i* is especially ! case if ! pressure has be5 increas$ too rapidly at ! beg9n+4 ,if ! butt] is extract$ = use 9 ! factory itself1 ! escape ( ! cacao ) x is ( no s]i\s consequ5ce2 if1 h[ev]1 ! butt] is int5d$ = sale = comm]cial purposes1 its appe>ance is a mo/ important factor1 :]e=e x is advisable to filt] ! impure fat imm$iately aft] press+4 ,x is true t1 9 mo/ factories1 ! butt] is 9 su* cases m]ely remelt$ to all[ ! impurities to settle to ! bottom1 ?is "p be+ !n submitt$ aga9 to ! same treatm5t1 :ile ! re/ ( ! butt] is dispos$ ( on ! m>ket4 ,if filt]+ is necess>y1 ! butt] filt] %\ld be us$1 :i*1 fir/ con/ruct$ 9 ,holl&1 has be5 9 use = a long "t !re4 ,! pr9ciple ( ^! filt]s is to pass ! butt] ?r\gh hang+ tubes made ( a filt]+ mat]ial simil> to flannel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,! firm ( ,volkm> ,hnig ,co4 con/ructs special cocoa butt] filt]s :i* c be obta9$ ?r\gh ! firm ( ,j4 ,m4 ,lehmann4 ,figs4 #hc & #hc;a %[ ?is type ( filt] 7cross & v]tical section71 ! mann] ( work+ ) x be+ ! foll[+3 ,z soon z ! butt] has pass$ ?r\gh ! hair sieve 9 ! upp] "p ( ! app>atus1 :i* removes l>g] objects su* z pieces ( wood etc41 x ent]s ! hang+ filt] tubes1 :i*1 to facilitate clean+1 are int]*angeable4 ,! filt] butt] accumulates 9 ! l>ge space provid$ = ! purpose & is )drawn ?r\gh a tap4 ,an obs]v+ glass is atta*$ to ! app>atus = ! purpose ( wat*+ ! height ( ! butt]1 & ! :ole filt] is wat]-jacket$1 ! wat] be+ heat$ by a /eam coil fix$ 9 ! bottom ( ! app>atus4 ,a !rmomet] is fix$ to ! side ( ! filt]1 = regulat+ ! temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #hc & #hc a4 ,! degree to :i* cocoa p[d]s %\ld be defatt$ is an important "q :i*1 "s ye>s ago1 =m$ ! subject ( mu* controv]sy4 ,! relation betwe5 ! p]c5tage ( fat conta9$ 9 ! orig9al cacao k]nel1 ! express$ butt] & ! defatt$ cacao mass is %[n 9 tables #ai & #bj4 ,! ta/e ( defatt$ cacao is1 z is well kn[n1 all ! bett] = be+ defatt$ to a l[ degree1 & x is ?is :i* con/itutes ! great advantage ( cocoa prep>$ accord+ to ! ,dut* me?od1 ! rema9+ cacao cont5t ( :i* is "s #bd-cc p]c5t1 s t1 tak+ #ej p]c5t z ! av]age quantity ( fat conta9$ 9 ! cacao1 only ab\t #cd-eb p]c5t ( ! :ole is remov$ f ! mass4 ,if ! expression ( ! butt] is c>ri$ to a fur!r degree1 ! cacao w c]ta9ly become m easily capable ( susp5sion 9 liquids#abe1 b su* treatm5t is detrim5tal to its flav\r#abf1 :i* is apt to become woody or bitt]4 ,! ,table #ai4 ,p]c5tage ( butt] to be extract$4 ,p]c5tage ( fat to rema9 9 ! ,fat cont5t ( k]nel f9i%$ cocoa p[d] #ej #ea #eb #ec #ed #ee #ef ,weight ( butt] to be express$ 79 proportion to ! :ole mass7 #cc #bed #bfi #bhd #bih #cac #cbh #cdd #cb #bfe #bgh #bi #cji #cbd #ccc #cec #ca #bge #bi #cjd #cai #ccc #cdh #cfb #cj #bhf #cj #cad #cbi #cdc #ceg #cga ,fatty ,cacao #bi #bif #ca #cbd #cch #ceb #cff #ch #bh #cjf #cai #ccc #cdg #cfb #cge #chi #bg #cae #cbi #cdb #cef #cg #chd #cig #bf #cbd #cch #cea #cfe #cgh #cib #dje #be #ccc #cdg #cf #cgc #chg #dj #dac ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- #bd #cdb #cee #cfi #chb #cie #djh #dba #bc #cea #cfd #cgg #ci #djc #daf #dbi #bb #cei #cgb #che #cih #da #dbc #dcf #ba #cfg #ch #cib #dje #dah #dc #ddc ,non-fatty ,cacao #bj #cge #chh #dj #dac #dbe #dch #de #ai #chc #ci #djg #db #dcb #dde #deg #ah #ci #djb #dae #dbg #dci #dea #dfc #ag #cig #da #dbb #dcd #ddf #deh #dg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,dim9ution 7#af77djd77dag77dbi77dd7 7#deb77dfd77dgf7 9 value ,k4 7#ae77daa77dbd77dce77ddg77dei77dga77dhb7 ------------------------------------ ,table #bj4 ,p]c5tage ( butt] rema9+ 9 ! f9i%$ cocoa p[d]4 ,weight ( butt] to be express$1 ,fat cont5t ( k]nel 9 proportion to ! :ole mass #ej #ea #eb #ec #ed #ee #ef #cj #bhf #cj #cad #cbi #cdc #ceg #cga ,fatty #ca #bge #bi #cjd #cai #ccc #cdh #cfb ,cacao #cb #bfe #bgi #bid #cji #cbc #cch #cec #cc #bed #bfi #bhd #bii #cac #cbh #cdc #cd #bdb #beh #bgc #bhh #cjc #cah #ccc #ce #bca #bdf #bfb #bgg #bib #cjh #cbc #cf #bai #bcd #be #bff #bha #big #cac ,non- fatty #cg #bjf #bbb #bch #bed #bg #bhf #cjb ,cacao #ch #aid #ba #bbf #bdb #beh #bgd #bi #ci #ah #aig #bac #bc #bdf #bfb #bgi #dj #afg #ahc #bj #bag #bcc #be #bfg #da 7#aec7 #afi #ahf #bjc #bb #bcg #bed #db 7#ach77aee7 #agb #ai #bjg #bbd #bda #dc 7#abc77ad7 7#aeh7 #age #aic #baa #bbh ,dim9u- tion 9 #dd 7#ajg77abe77adc77af7 #agi #aif #bad value ,k4 #de -- 7#aji77abg77ade7 #afd #ahb #bj #df -- -- 7#aaa77ac7 7#adh7 #afg #ahe #dg -- -- -- 7#aac77acb77aea7 #ag #dh -- -- -- -- 7#aae77ace77aed7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd;a4 /atem5t1 made by c]ta9 manufactur]s & w\ld-be connoisseurs1 t ! bitt] ta/e peculi> to ! acid produc$ 9 cacao dur+ f]m5tation is ! real aroma ( ! cacao1 is und\bt$ly errone\s4 ,x c\ld1 9 ! same way1 be said ( tea & its acids1 ! bitt]]1 ! bett]2 :i* w\ld ( c\rse end 9 ! de/ruction ( ! true flav\r4 ,equally errone\s is ! !ory t bitt] cacao is m consi/5t4 ,su* cacao mu/1 previ\s to consumption1 ei!r be m sweet5$ ?an usual or1 if ! same quantity ( sug> is put 91 less ( ! bev]age c be tak54 ,:51 = in/ance1 v ?9 c(fee is made1 ! beans1 on col\r+ an abnormally l>ge quantity ( wat]1 are said to be /rong]1 i4 e4 to yield m4 ,! consi/5cy ( all su* bev]ages is1 h[ev]1 only a matt] ( ta/e1 & x w\ld !re=e be useless to discuss ! subject 9 detail2 "s p]sons pref] /rong tea1 :i* has be5 brew$ a qu>t] ( an h\r1 o!rs simply p\r boil+ wat] ov] ! tea leaves & !n dr9k ! bev]age imm$iately4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 safely be tak5 t ! highe/ am\nt ( butt] :i* c be express$ f cacao )\t prejudic+ ! flav\r ( ! f9i%$ p[d] is #ff p]c5t ( ! total fat cont5t4 ,manufactur]s n[adays try z a rule to express z mu* butt] z possible1 z ! butt] has a high price on ! m>ket1 & ?is t5d5cy naturally has ! effect ( l[]+ ! quality ( ! cocoa4 ,we ?us come across cocoa p[d]s conta9+ only #bj1 #ag1 #ae p]c5t ( fat & ev5 less4 ,( c\rse no?+ c be said aga9/ ! production ( su* cocoas1 provid$ !y are sold at a l[] price ?an cocoas m ri* 9 fat & ! public are aw>e t !y are pur*as+ a non-fatty prep>ation1 besides :i* ! expression ( s high a p]c5tage ( ! fat alone r5d]$ cocoa a fit regul> bev]age = c]ta9 classes ( invalids & p]sons suff]+ f disord]s ( ! /oma*4 ,! only s]i\s drawback 9 ?is case is ! great v>iability ( ! fat cont5t1 :i* fluctuates betwe5 #ac & #ce p]c5t4 ,su* fluctuations are absolutely impossible 9 ! case ( any o!r article ( food :i* is manufactur$ & sold :olesale1 or1 at any rate1 buy]s "k 9 all su* cases exactly :at !y are pur*as+2 ?is is a po9t to :i* s]i\s att5tion mu/ be call$4 ,x is v mu* to be regrett$ t ! ,association ( ,g]man ,*ocolate ,mak]s#abg has decl9$ to foll[ up ?is matt]1 :ile ! ,union ( ,g]man ,food ,*emi/s1 aft] consid]able controv]sy1 advocat$ a di/9ct legal classification ( non-fatty cocoa p[d]s conta9+ up to #bj p]c5t ( fat4#abh ,we w\ld pref] ! ,dut* prep>ations1 :i* h rema9$ ! same up to ! pres5t day1 s-call$ fatty cocoas conta9+ m ?an #be p]c5t ( fat1 to be classifi$ specially & ^? prep>ations :i* conta9 less ?an ?is p]c5tage ( fat to be t]m$ 8highly defatt$0 or 8dry0 cocoas1 ! names appli$ to bo? k9ds be+ ( little importance z long z ! public has ! means ( cle>ly recognis+ ! di/9ction 7see tables #ai & #bj74 ,"s #ag p]c5t mu/ be tak5 z ! m9imum p]missible butt] value1 :i* w\ld mean ! expression ( ab\t #hj p]c5t ( ! total fat cont5t1 or two-?irds ( ! cacao mass itself2 cocoa p[d]s ) only #ae p]c5t or less ( butt] are to be reg>d$ z inf]ior 9 quality & %\ld n be produc$4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ^! sugge/$ limits are1 at any rate = ! pres5t1 n likely to be realis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd;b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he;a4 ,! pressure obta9$ by means ( ! press+ devices above describ$ is naturally n suffici5t = ! production ( su* highly defatt$ cocoas4 ,/rong] presses are !re=e necess>y1 "o ( :i*1 a v p[]ful app>atus1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hd4 ,?is ma*9e1 at ! pres5t "t ! mo/ p[]ful cocoa butt] press 9 ! _w1 br+s a pressure ( ov] "o million kilos to be> on ! cacao mass1 work+ ) #djj atmosph]es1 & ?us r5d]s x possible to express z mu* z #ij p]c5t ( ! total fat cont5t ( ! bean4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is press is exactly ! same z t %[n 9 ,fig4 #hb1 ! pump ,fig4 #hd;a hav+1 h[ev]1 ?ree pi/ons or plung]s in/ead ( "o2 x works1 l ! o!r ma*9e1 automatically1 i4 e41 aft] ! l>ge quantity ( wat] requir$ at ! comm5cem5t has be5 f$ into ! press1 ! l>ge plung] is put out ( ge> at a pressure ( #e atmosph]es2 ! two small] pi/ons are !n put into action toge!r1 & produce ! enorm\s pressure ( #djj atmosph]es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he;b4 ,aft] defatt+1 ! express$ cacao cakes are all[$ to cool d[n1 = :i* purpose !y are transf]r$ to flat trays or o!r suitable receptacles1 & pulv]is+ & sift+ ! p[d] ?us obta9$ comm5c$4 #c4 ,pulv]is+ & ,sift+ ! ,defatt$ ,cacao4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( proce$+ ) ^! op]ations1 su* z treat+ ! express$ cacao 9 ! melangeur already describ$ 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is book 7cf4 #cj-cb figs47 or pass+ x ?r\gh ! c5trifugal sift+ ma*9e 7cf4 #hd;b & #hh figs47 ) :i* we are n[ acqua9t$4 ,at a "t :5 ! melangeur 0 to a c]ta9 ext5t ! univ]sal ma*9e ( ! manufactur]1 x 0 almo/ exclusively utilis$ = pulv]isation1 t up-to-date division ( lab\r :]eby ?is ma*9e is limit$ to mix+ 7& v prop]ly s limit$1 z its "n implies7 & ! prep>ation ( cacao p[d]s on ! contr>y assign$ to m effici5t con/ructions hav+ !n n z yet be5 adopt$4 ,we annex a description ( "o or two specially con/ruct$ arrangem5ts = ! pulv]isation & sift+ ( cacao1 z manufactur$ by ,j4 ,m4 ,lehmann & already repeat$ly te/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,fir/ !re is ! cacao cake cru%] 7figs4 #he;a & #he;b71 :i* r$uces ! press$ cake into r l>ge pieces ab\t ! size ( a walnut1 previ\s to its be+ pulv]is$ ei!r 9 ! melangeur1 c5trifugal sift+ ma*9e or "s simil> app>atus4 ,x has be5 furni%$ ) "o 7fig4 #he;a7 & 9 "s cases ev5 ) two 7fig4 #he;b7 pair ( too!d or cogg$ roll]s1 & ! cacao 9 ?is latt] type ( con/ruction is cru%$ z small z a pea1 :i* r$uction1 al?\gh x is by no means ess5tial1 consid]ably relieves ! /ra9 on ! pulv]is+ ma*9e & is also 9 "s sort a protection aga9/ unnecess>y wa/e ( mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,!n aga91 !re is ! s-call$ pulv]is] %[n 9 fig4 #hf4 ,?is is 9 pr9ciple an edge-mill ) revolv+ b$-/one & runn]s1 bo? made ( granite4 ,! co>sely brok5 press cakes are f$ into ! mill ?r\gh a hopp] provid$ ) a slide1 & are r$uc$ to a loose p[d] ( firmly fix$ col\r1 escape ( du/ be+ prev5t$ by ! hood fitt$ to ! mill4 ,by turn+ a crank1 a lat]al slid+ door is op5$1 & an arrangem5t inside is set 9 motion1 by :i* ! gr\nd cacao is turn$ out ( ! mill4 ,! pressure ( ! runn]s c be dim9i%$ & ev5 completely nullifi$4 ,= cacao t has be5 ?or\ghly defatt$ 78dry0 cocoa71 ! h>dness ( :i* dem&s a m effici5t treatm5t ?an is possible 9 ^! ma*9es1 !y be+ only calculat$ to press or at ! mo/ ex]t a rubb+ effect1 !re are ! cru%]s prop]1 call$ mills built 9 pulv]is+ plants = dry cocoas z illu/rat$ on fig4 #hg4 ,! press$ cacao1 already brok5 up to "s ext5t 9 a prelim9>y cru%] 7cf4 figs4 #he;a & b71 is sy/ematically conduct$ ?r\gh ! mill by an elevator provid$ ) hopp] & fe$+ app>atus4 ,on ! int]ior ( ! ma*9e1 :i* is completely plat$ ) /eel-plates1 !re is a cross-arm z on a w9dmill1 :i* passes ?r\gh a l>ge numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute4 ,*iefly ow+ to its ?ra%+ effect1 ! cacao 9 ! mill is f9e gr\nd1 )\t any rubb+ or ex]tion ( pressure z 9 ! melangeur & o!r ma*9es4 ,! out] "p ( ! frame consi/s ( a grat+ ) v>i\s wid?s ( hole1 :i* c be readily *ang$4 ,! :ole ( ! p[d] :i* has atta9$ a c]ta9 degree ( f95ess falls ?r\gh ^! me%es & is s despat*$ f ! ma*9e at once1 an additional advantage :5 comp>+ ?is mill ) ! melangeur1 9 :i* all ! p[d]1 ev5 t suffici5tly gr\nd1 mu/ rema9 till ! f9al dis*>g+1 mu* to ! detrim5t ( its flav\r & aroma4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,! p[d]$ cacao next succe$s to ! sift+ op]ations1 aft] x has fir/ cool$ a little1 & = ^! ! c5trifugal sift+ ma*9es are us$ 9 ! ma94 ,special c>e mu/ be tak5 t su* app>atus z is us$ is n too dim9utive to deal ) ! quantities ( cacao introduc$1 z ?is is extremely injuri\s to ! ma*9e4 ,x is fur!r to be not$ t no type ( sift] :atev] c yield good results if x has n be5 especially con/ruct$ = dry cacaos4 ,we h be=e u 9 fig4 #hh c5trifugal sift+ ma*9e con/ruct$ on "o ( ! l>ge/ scales4 ,9 ?is cacao is introduc$ 9 ! floor ( ! sieve ?r\gh a fe$]1 & by means ( an elevator4 ,! sift+ cyl9d] is spann$ ) silk or bronze gauze1 & conceals 9 its int]ior a r\gh sort ( prelim9>y sieve1 ! purpose ( :i* is to prev5t ! l>g] unp[d]$ pieces p5etrat+ to ! silk gauze4 ,!re is a v5tilator inside ?is r\gh sieve1 :i* produces & transmits an air curr5t1 s t ! me%es are kept op54 ,"u prop] guidance x is practically impossible = ! ma*9e to break d[n1 al?\gh ! sieve mu/ be cleans$ twice daily1 an op]ation sc>cely requir+ m ?an two or ?ree m9utes1 z x is n necess>y fir/ to remove ! "p "u consid]ation4 ,because ( ?is easy mann] ( clean+1 ! c5trifugal sift] f> excels all o!rs1 z ! plan sift]1 ! latt] g5]ally hav+ to be dism\nt$ be=e ?is op]ation c be proce$$ )4 ,! p[d] issues f ! fir/ outlet ( ! sieve4 ,!re is a second1 :]e bo? prelim9>y & cyl9d] sieve transmit _! ov]fl[1 & ?is is !n aga9 conduct$ to ! pulv]is] 9 ord] to be work$ up once m4 ,pulv]is]s & sift+ app>atus c be s comb9$ by means ( conveyors & elevators t !y "w automatically1 :i* is always ( imm5se advantage :]e a l>ge daily output is 9 "q4 ,b press$ cakes :i* are to be conduct$ ?r\gh ! ma*9e 9 brok5 pieces mu/ fir/ be treat$ 9 a prelim9>y cru%] 7cf4 figs4 #he;a & b74 ,fig4 #hh;a %[s "o ( ! plansieves ( ! firm ,baumei/]1 & protect$ by pat5t1 :i* also f9ds employm5t = ! siev+ ( cacao p[d]4 ,?is ma*9e possesses f\r r\nd sieves ly+ "o ^u ano!r1 on :i* ! mat]ial to be siev$ is mov$ by a crank driv+ p[] j z on a h& sieve1 s t ! surface ( ! sieve is fully employ$4 ,! sieves possess nei!r projection nor haul+ ge>1 ! siev+ is effect$ )\t pressure or friction1 & ! p[d] is !re=e loose & woolly4 ,a bru%+ arrangem5t revolves )\t any me*anism1 driv5 solely by ! peculi> movem5t ( ! plansieve1 "u ! :olly flat sieves1 & ?is bru%+ arrangem5t any cacao p[d] :i* may adh]e to ! sieve & s prev5ts a displacem5t ( ! t5sion1 z f> z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,9 ! foll[+ illu/ration we give z an example ! arrangem5t ( a pulv]is+ plant ) pulv]is]s 7cf4 fig4 #hf7 = a second "t4 ,! prelim9>y cru%] receives ! cakes1 & !n a conveyor br+s ! brok5 pieces along to ! elevator1 :i* 9 its turn fe$s ! fill+ box ( ! pulv]is]1 ! connection betwe5 ! two be+ e/abli%$ by a slid+ plat=m4 ,! dis*>g$ mat]ial succe$s on a l&+ :]e x is cool$ d[n a little4 ,a second conveyor br+s x to ! elevator ( ! sift+ ma*9e4 ,:il/ ! f9e p[d] is tak5 up 9 b>rels collectively introduc$ "u ! app>atus1 ! rema9d] ( ! cacao passes along to ! conveyor fir/ m5tion$1 is mix$ ) o!r brok5 pieces ( cacao cake1 & s returns to ! pulv]is]4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! ,dut* me?od ( dis9tegration1 m5tion mu/ be made ( ! process adopt$ by ,mos] ,co4 9 ,/uttg>t#abi1 :]e ! cleans$1 %ell$ & moi/5$ beans are enclos$ 9 a rotat+ drum1 s t !y c be subject$ to ! influ5ce ( ammonia & wat] vap\r1 produc$ f a solution ( ammonium c>bonate1 :i* is pass$ ?r\gh ! holl[ int]ior ( ! drum4 ,! beans are !n roa/$ & s fre$ ( sup]flu\s ammonia1 aft] :i* foll[ 9 regul> ord] ! processes ( gr9d+1 defatt+ & pulv]is+4 ,aft] ?is description ( ! ,dut* & o!r well-kn[n me?ods ( dis9tegration obta9+ 9 ! manufacture ( cocoa p[d]1 we %all n[ proce$ to describe su* ( ! rema9+ processes z seem to des]ve m5tion4 c4 ,dis9tegration aft] ,roa/+4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! foll[+ me?ods ( proc$ure & ! ,dut* & o!r processes previ\sly ref]r$ to is t 9 ! =m] ! beans are nei!r impregnat$ ) alkalis be=e nor dur+ ! roa/+1 b aft] x has be5 c>ri$ out1 & ! impregnation occurs sometimes prior1 & at o!r times subsequ5t1 to ! expression ( ! fat4 ,! sev]al /ages ( treatm5t :i* proce$ ?is process succe$ ea* o!r 9 ! same ord] z 9 ! prep>ation ( *ocolate1 cleans+1 sort+1 roa/+1 cru%+1 %ell+ & trituration foll[+ "o aft] ! o!r4 ,b if ! treatm5t ) alkali is to take place be=e ! fat is express$1 ! cacao passes f ! gr9d+ mill direct to ! app>atus 9 :i* x is subject$ to ! action ( a solution ( pota% or "s o!r alkali4 #a4 ,dis9tegration prior to ,press+4 ,! sy/em ( impregnat+ ! gr\nd b z yet undefatt$ beans ) alkali 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,g]many by ,otto ,rg]1 ,lockwitzgrund4 ,! pr9ciple features ( ! ,rg] process are simil> to ^? ( o!r me?ods at pres5t frequ5tly met )1 s t a detail$ description w\ld seem to be r sup]flu\s4 ,melangeurs may be conv5i5tly employ$ 9 ! treatm5t ( cacao mass 9 a liquid /ate ) alkalis1 su* z we h previ\sly describ$1 & illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #hf on page #baj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij a4 ,z prep>+ ma*9es = dis9tegration1 ! knead+ & mix+ app>atus %[n 9 work+ position 9 fig4 #bh1 page #aah1 & 9 fig4 #ij a ) tilt$ tr\gh = empty+ are specially con/ruct$ & pat5t$ & q des]ve ! popul>ity !y h acquir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia a4 ,_! con/ruction & me?od ( work+ are describ$ on page #aah4 ,o!r well-kn[n ma*9es = ! purpose are ! 8,univ]sal0 mix+ & knead+ ma*9es pat5t$ by ,w]n] ,pfleid]]1 :i* are %[n 9 figs4 #ij b & #ij c4 ,z reg>ds ! g5]al outl9es ( _! con/ruction1 x w suffice to ref] to ! excell5t descriptions ( ! ma*9es :i* occur 9 ! catalogues issu$ by ?is firm4 ,m5tion _c fail to be made1 h[ev]1 ( ! circum/ance t 9 ^! ma*9es ! evaporation ( ! alkal9e solv5t is also effect$4 ,! work+ ( ! knead+ arms facilitates ! escape ( vap\r f ! mass & prev5ts ov]heat+ f contact ) ! walls ( ! app>atus4 ,und]nea?1 ! tr\gh is provid$ ) a d\ble jacket1 t is heat$ by /eam4 ,to ma9ta9 connection ( ! /eam & wat] pipes :il/ ! tr\gh is rev]s$ !re are two flexible metal tubes4 ,bo? are screw$ to ! fix$ pipes4 ,= c>ry+ away ! vap\r giv5 (f !re is a t9 plate cov] to ! tr\gh1 provid$ ) a *>g+ ap]ture & a *annel inside to cat* ! moi/ure collect+ on ! cov] & dis*>ge x4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is to be empti$1 ! cov] is rais$ & a receiv] adapt$ to ! size & =m ( ! ma*9e is s plac$ t ! *>ge c be div]t$ into x4 ,! tilt+ ( ! ma*9e is effect$ me*anically1 & dep5ds on ! work+ ( a lev]4 ,s z to prev5t spurt+ ( ! liquid mat]ial :5 dis*>g+1 ! /irr+ arms c be /opp$ = a "t4 ,f ?is 8,univ]sal0 ,knead] & ,mix] ! special type 8,vacuum ,knead]01 sy/em ,w]n]-,pfleid]]1 is di/+ui%$1 z its "n implies1 by a vacuum arrangem5t4 ,z se5 on illu/rations #ia a & b1 ?is comprises a pyramid-l cov] made ( ca/ iron1 & %utt+ d[n air-tight1 :i* is provid$ ) indi>ubb] caulk+1 & b9d+ screws1 & is fitt$ up = /eam heat+4 ,x moves on ! frame ( ! ma*9e & is c\nt]pois$ ) weights1 s z to facilitate its rais+ & l[]+4 ,on ! front "p ( ! lid !re is a small ap]ture pan$ 9 ) glass1 & opposite on ! int]ior 9 a specially protect$ comp>tm5t occurs an electric light arrangem5t1 :i* admits ( ! cont9ual obs]vation ( ! mat]ial dur+ ! work+ up processes4 ,9 addition1 small quantities ( cacao mass c be introduc$ on removal ( ! glass pane )\t lift+ up ! lid2 s t ! advantages ( ! ap]ture are tw(old4 ,! upp] "p ( ! cov] tap]s (f into a suction pipe1 :i* itself t]m9ates 9 a flang$ support int5d$ z a f9i% to ! conduit f ! airpump4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia b4 ,! knead+ tr\gh ( ! ma*9e is made ( ca/ iron1 provid$ ) a false bottom1 & fitt$ up = heat+ ) hot wat] or /eam to a pressure ( #g atmosph]es1 or = cool+ d[n ) cold wat]4 ,by way ( rapid dis*>g+1 ! tr\gh is c\nt]pois$ ) weights1 & c easily be tilt$ ov] by means ( a h& w9*4 ,its int]ior1 z also ! knead+ %ovels1 are clean sc\r$1 & ! be>+s ( ! %ovels /opp$ ) easily adju/able /uff+ boxes4 ,^! /uff+ boxes 7,g]man ,pat5t7 are s fitt$ 9 t no greas+ sub/ances :atev] c p5etrate to ! cacao mass1 :i* is ( ! highe/ importance1 z 9 ! case ( ! ord9>y /uff+ boxes grease is suck$ up into ! knead+ tr\gh by ! action ( ! air pumps & ! mat]ial conta9$ 9 ?is s r5d]$ impure4 ,! /eam & wat] conduit to & fro is effect$ by means ( supple metallic hose1 :i* foll[ ! movem5t ( ! tr\gh z x is tilt$4 ,! vacuum knead+ ma*9es h acquir$ great importance 9 ! manufacture ( milk *ocolates1 :]e x is *iefly a "q ( r$uc+ mixtures ( cacao1 sug>1 & cond5s$ milk to a requisite ?ickness4 ,lately ! value ( ! ma*9e has be5 reg>d$ z consi/+ 9 ! ma9 ( ! possibility ( prep>+ cacao "u vacuum :i* x af=ds4 ,x is easy to und]/& t ! treatm5t ( ! cacao "u vacuum dem&s a mu* l[] temp]ature & takes place 9 ab\t half ! "t requisite = op5 ma*9es1 :]e x mu/ be c>ri$ out aga9/ ! con/ant & contr>y influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e1 ap>t f ! fact t ! vacuum knead] pres]ves ! aroma f> bett]4 ,! alkali solution us$ 9 dis9tegration may be prep>$ 9 vats fitt$ ) draw-(f cocks1 or1 9 small factories1 9 glass c>boys su* z are us$ = ! conveyance ( acids4 ,( ! fix$ alkalis1 pota% is pref]able1 s9ce x is a natural con/itu5t ( t]re/rial plants & !re=e ( ! cacao bean1 & s its employm5t introduces no =eign +r$i5t4 ,magnesium c>bonate seems to f9d fav\r 9 _m qu>t]s1 b we consid] x less suitable z be+ insoluble 9 wat]1 & !re=e c only be incorporat$ ) ! cacao mass 9 a /ate ( susp5sion4 ,x is suffici5t to h a pota% solution "s #ij or #ie /rong1 answ]+ to ! requirem5ts ( mod]n m$ical treatises4#acj ,! salt is soluble 9 an equal quantity ( wat]4 ,9 prep>+ ! solution1 ! be/ plan is to dissolve a kn[n quantity 9 f #c to #d times z mu* wat] at ! temp]ature ( ! room & !n by dilut+ ) wat] r$uce ?is composition to ! requir$ /r5g?4 ,z = ea* #ajj kilos ( cacao /ill undefatt$ f #b to at ! mo/ #c kilos ( pota% & f #ae to #bj kilos ( wat] are requir$1 ?is #b or #c kilos ( ! salt %\ld be dissolv$ 9 ab\t #aj litres ( wat] & ! solution aft] dilut$ ) ! rema9d] ( ! wat]4 ,9 us+ volatile alkalis1 :i* are nev]!less fall+ into disuse m & app>5tly no long] ma9ta9 _! reputation1 ord9>y ammonium c>bonate :i* may be easily obta9$ 9 p[d] =m at any *emi/'s1 or a solution ( ammonia1 su* z spirits ( sal-ammoniac1 may be us$4 ,! =m] is easily soluble 9 ab\t five p>ts ( wat]4 ,f to #c kilograms ( ammonium c>bonate are g5]ally reckon$ = e #ajj kilos ( undefatt$ cacao mat]ial1 & ?is am\nt is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ! :ole ( ! salt be+ at once introduc$ into f #ae to #cj litres1 z :5 small] quantities are us$ !re ensues a decomposition ( ! salt & "o ( ! products ( decomposition1 ! c>bonate ( ammonium1 rema9s undissolv$4 ,! spirits ( sal-ammoniac op]ate mu* m effectively ?an ! ammonium c>bonate on acc\nt ( _! high p]c5tage ( ammonia1 & s only a ?ird z mu* ( ?is sub/ance may be employ$1 & g5]ally ev5 small] quantities prove q suffici5t4 ,consequ5tly #ajj kilos ( defatt$ cacao %\ld be mix$ ) #je-a kilo ( ammonia solution 7specific gravity #jif71 previ\sly dilut$ ) #bj or at ! mo/ #bi litres ( wat]4 ,! mixture %\ld be prep>$ 9 glass c>boys imm$iately be=e use1 because ( ! volatility ( ammonia4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( ! cacao1 salt solution & cacao are toge!r introduc$ into a melangeur1 or bett] into ! knead+ & mix+ ma*9e1 & ! app>atus be+ set 9 work+ ord]1 /eam ent]s1 & removes ! quantities ( wat] :i* h be5 add$1 z well z ! volatile alkalis4 ,:e!r all ! wat] has be5 driv5 (f or no c only be judg$ f ! consi/5cy ( ! mass aft] treatm5t1 & x is j ?is t r5d]s ! process ( little value4 ,! cacao mat]ial issu+ f ! ma*9e mu/ be j z liquid z :5 x comes out ( ! triturat+ mills1 & s long z x appe>s z a glucose sub/ance1 :i* v (t5 happ5s :]e unsuitable mix+ ma*9es are employ$1 s surely w x conta9 wat]1 & ?is may lead to ! gr[? ( m\ld or to ! cacao develop+ a grey col\r :5 pack$ 9 boxes4 ,if ! cacao _c be suffici5tly dri$ 9 ^! ma*9es1 x mu/ be transf]r$ to "s sort ( dry+ plant 7:]e ! temp]ature is ab\t #dh ,c471 & !re depriv$ ( its /ill rema9+ moi/ure4 ,:5 volatile alkali is us$1 knead+ & mix+ ma*9es _c v well be disp5s$ )1 z !y "w up ! cacao mat]ial mu* m ?or\ghly & admit ( a bett] di/ribution ( ! ammonia ?an ! melangeur or incorporator4 ,9 ?is case x is advisable t ! entire process be c>ri$ out 9 "s ap>tm5t sep>at$ f ! o!r rooms ( ! factory1 9 ord] t ! pung5t smell ( ammonia may n be communicat$ to o!r products1 a fur!r evil connect$ ) ?is me?od ( dis9tegration4 ,at ! same "t provision mu/ be made = ! escape ( ! dis*>g$ gas ?r\gh flues lead+ out into ! op5 air4#aca ,! treat$ cacao1 :5 p]fectly free f wat] & volatile alkali1 !n passes on to ! press1 pulv]is] & sift+ ma*9e successively1 ! sev]al op]ations be+ proce$$ ) exactly z describ$4 ,9 ! orig9al process ( ,rg]'s1 ! defatt$ & dis9tegrat$ cacao is dri$ aft] x has be5 r$uc$ to small] pieces1 & !n mix$ ) fat 9 su* proportions z seem requisite & desirable1 s t x is possible 9 ?is me?od to re-imbue a dis9tegrat$ cacao ) its orig9al p]c5tage ( fatty cont5ts4 #b4 ,dis9tegration aft] ,press+4 ,9 ?is process1 :i* may no long] be adopt$ z f> z we c asc]ta9 ! me*anically prep>$ beans are roa/$1 cru%$ & decorticat$1 !n gr\nd 9 mills1 defatt$1 & f9ally ! cakes are brok5 up into a r\gh p[d] & treat$ ) alkali 9 ! mann] above describ$4 ,c>e mu/ "h be tak5 to use z little wat] z possible 9 dissolv+ ! alkali4 ,x is be/ to employ pota% exclusively1 = x has be5 f\nd t ! la/ traces ( volatile alkali are extremely difficult to remove f defatt$ cacaos z decompos$ by ! solution1 & !re is no means ( neutralis+ ! ammonia )\t at ! same "t caus+ mat]ial damage to ! flav\r & aroma ( ! product treat$4 ,! conc5trat$ solution ( alkali may be conv5i5tly spray$ on ! p[d] :ile ! latt] is subject$ to a con/ant /irr+1 an op]ation be/ effect$ 9 ! melangeur4 ,! f9al dry+ is c>ri$ out 9 hot closets1 provid$ ) an effective v5tilator suitable to ! purpose4 ,aft] x has be5 ?or\ghly dri$1 ! cacao next succe$s to ! pulv]is+ & sift+ processes4 ,"s me?ods ( r5d]+ cacao soluble rema9 to be m5tion$1 :]e9 no alkali :atev] is us$1 & 9 :i* ! dis9tegration is effect$ by means ( ei!r wat] or /eam4 ,! fir/ process ( ! k9d 0 inv5t$ by ,lobeck ,co ( ,dresd5#acb 9 ! ye> #ahhc4 ,! cacao beans1 ei!r raw1 roa/$1 decorticat$1 gr\nd or o!rwise me*anically treat$ are expos$ to heat & ! action ( /eam "u high pressure 9 a clos$ vessel1 !n subsequ5tly p[d]$ & dri$4 ,! process has little to recomm5d x & has n be5 able to e/abli% itself accord+ly1 = h]eby ! />* 9 ! cacao is gelat9is$1 & acid f]m5tation is introduc$1 su* z does n fail to damage ! f9al product4 ,!n aga91 !re is a dang] ( ! cacao becom+ m\ldy 9 ! /ore rooms1 aft] be+ treat$ by ?is process4 ,a second me?od1 pat5t$ by ,gdke1 ,g]man ,pat5t ,no4 #ic #cid1 #ag ?4 ,jan4 #ahie1 consi/s 9 dis9tegrat+ by means ( wat] 9 a less practical mann]4 ,! roa/$1 decorticat$ b z yet ungr\nd beans are moi/5$ ) wat]1 & subsequ5tly dri$ at a temp]ature ( #ajj ,c4 aft] :i* succe$ ! processes ( gr9d+1 defatt+1 pulv]is+ & s =?4 ,?is process has also fail$ to e/abli% itself to any effect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 our op9ion any "o ( ^! me?ods skilfully & prop]ly c>ri$ out w yield a m>ketable1 hygi5ic & :olesome product1 ?\gh "s ( !m c boa/ ( _! own p>ticul> advantages4 ,?is holds good = ! s-call$ 8,dut*0 me?od 9 p>ticul>1 ?\gh x is op5 to ! objection t ! cacao s prep>$ is comb9$ ) an extrane\s product & t ! comb9ation rema9s "r up to ! mom5t ( consumption4 ,consid]$ f ?is po9t ( view1 dis9tegration ) fix$ alkalis is g5]ally less advisable ?an ! optional treatm5t ) wat] or volatile alkali1 b x may be tak5 = grant$ t ea* manufactur] _h bett] decide ! sev]al details be/ adapt$ to 8 own p>ticul> outfit4 ,a well made soluble cocoa p[d] %\ld h a pure br[n col\r1 )\t any suspicion ( grey1 %\ld be p]fectly dry1 & feel light & s(t :5 f9ely divid$1 s betray+ t prop]ty :i* ! ,fr5* designate "u ! t]m 8impalpable ,! peculi> aroma ( ! cacao mu/ be reta9$1 & especially %\ld ! prep>ation be pres]v$ f ! slighte/ ta9t ( any ammonia comb9ation1 its ta/e be+ kept pure & cacao-l1 any h9t ( alkal9ity indicat+ defect 9 ! mann] ( dis9tegration4 ,ov] & above delicacy ( aroma & ta/e1 t *>act]i/ic describ$ z 8solubility0 con/itutes a ma9 crit]ion ( quality 9 ! eyes ( ! consum+ public4 ,to asc]ta9 t only an empirical te/ c be employ$4#acc ,ab\t #ge grammes ( cocoa p[d] are introduc$ into "s #aej grammes ( hot milk or hot wat] conta9$ 9 a graduat$ beak]1 & !n ! quantity ( s$im5t :i* s9ks to ! bottom ( ! vessel 9 a giv5 "t is not$4 ,! m sl[ly a s$im5t is =m$ & ! small] x is1 ! great] ! 8solubility0 ( ! cocoa4 ,if x becomes necess>y to give ! cacao an additional flav\r+1 ! spices or e!r-oils g5]ally employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( *ocolate may be us$ 9 ! c\rse ( pulv]isation1 & %ortly be=e sift+4 ,c4 ,pack+ & ,/or+ ( ! f9i%$ ,cacao ,prep>ations4 ,*ocolate w keep 9 its orig9al condition = ye>s1 :5 protect$ f atmosph]ic influ5ce4 ,x is !re=e g5]ally1 & especially :]e ! f9] qualities are conc]n$1 pack$ up imm$iately aft] x leaves ! la/ process1 & ornam5t$ *ocolates are previ\sly v>ni%$ ) an alcoholic solution ( b5zo9 & %ellac 7see page #bej74 ,! inf]ior qualities are usually pack$ 9 pap] & wood5 boxes1 b ! sup]ior fir/ 9 t9-foil & subsequ5tly 9 pap]4 ,cocoa p[d] arrives pack$ 9 p>*m5t boxes z a rule1 & also 9 c>dbo>d or t9 boxes4 ,al?\gh pack+ 9 p>*m5t or wax$ pap] is hygi5ically & economically m advantage\s ?an t9-foil pack+1 ! latt] is nev]!less to be pref]r$1 n only because x is a bett] pres]vative ( ! aroma evid5t 9 ! spices add$1 b also because x prev5ts an evil :i* also 9 ! end leaves its m>k on cacao1 :5 /or$ a v long "t1 to wit1 ! developm5t ( rancidity4 ,?is is expla9$ by ! fact t ! t9-foil /icks to ! *ocolate1 & s h9d]s ! p5etration ( air4 ,accord+ to an act dat+ f ,june #be?4 #ahig1 & 9 =ce 9 ,g]many 7,rei*sgesetzblatt ,no4 #bb71 metal-foil conta9+ m ?an "o p]c5t ( lead may n be us$ 9 ! pack+ ( snuff1 *ew+ tobacco & *eese4 ,:at holds good = o!r articles ( consumption mu/ also apply to cacao prep>ations1 :5 !y are s pack$ t !y come fir/ ( all into contact ) metal-foil1 & n ) pap]4 ,t9-plat+ also1 conta9+ 9 its coat+ m ?an #a ( lead & 9 ! sold]+ m ?an #aj is also inadmissible 9 ! *ocolate indu/ry4 ,al?\gh x is said t ! :ole ( ! t9-plate fitt+s made 9 ,g]many are con/ruct$ accord+ to an imp]ial /&>d1 yet x may occasionally s happ5 t *eap pack+ mat]ial does n correspond & answ] to ! legal requirem5ts4 ,! manufactur] c only protect himself aga9/ possible prosecution = contrav5+ or neglect+ ! articles ( ?is act by obta9+ a writt5 gu>antee z to ! quality ( ! t9-plate suppli$4 ,! rooms :]e *ocolate w>es are /or$ %\ld n be too w>m1 & x is indisp5sable t !y be kept dry1 = heat accel]ates ! volatilisation ( _! aroma & also ! rancidity to :i* cacao is liable1 :il/ moi/ure spoils ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! *ocolate & promotes ! gr[? ( m\ld4 ,?is developm5t ( m\ld1 :i* is fir/ noticeable aft] long /orage 9 damp1 d>k w>eh\ses1 is pr9cipally due to ! gr[? ( a fungus :i* ,roy] has nam$ 8,cacao-odium#acd ,z ! num]\s wrapp+s 79 t9-foil1 pap]1 etc47 are at pres5t only effect$ by h& lab\r1 !y mean an appreciable increase 9 ! price ( ! goods4 ,?is is ( less mom5t = ! *ocolate tablets z ! small napolita9s & ! l4 ,!re=e attempts h (t5 be5 made to effect ?is wrapp+ by means ( ma*9es#ace1 & ,i h se5 among o!rs two models = napolita9s1 "o on a l>ge & ! o!r on a small scale1 ! prop]ty ( a ,hamburg *ocolate factory1 & con/ruct$ by ! firm ( ,a4 ,savy ,co41 ,p>is1 :i* same ma*9es 7 said to effect ! wrapp+ 9 t9-foil1 fold+ & additional pack+ 9 pap]1 z also ! f9al clos+1 automatically & well2 b j z ,i reque/$ to be %[n ! ma*9es1 ,i 0 told t !y 7 = ! "t be+ n 9 work+ ord]4 ,s9ce !n ,i h he>d no m ( ! matt]1 & regret t ! firm ( ,savy ,co41 :o h a bran* 9 ,dresd51 h n be5 able to answ] sev]al lett]s :i* ,i s5t !m inquir+ = fur!r p>ticul>s4 ,x mu/ be t ! ma*9es h fail$ to answ] _! purpose1 = o!rwise !y w\ld h be5 assur$ ( a he>ty reception1 no matt] h[ de> !y might h be54 ,s = ! nonce our *ocolate pack+ mu/ dep5d on h& lab\r4 ,q a diff]5t arrangem5t obta9s 9 respect to cocoa p[d]1 :i* 0 also orig9ally pack$ up 9 pap] bags by h&4 ,?is op]ation is to-day despat*$ 9 ma*9es1 z also 9 ! case ( o!r p[d] sub/ances1 l too?-p[d]1 dyes1 pat5t foods1 soap p[d]1 etc41 & ?is ev5 9 ! smalle/ ( factories4 ,x is true t ! ma*9e built a decade ago by ,l4 ,wagn] 9 ,heilbronn & at t "t describ$ by ,zipp]] 9 our second edition1 :i* 0 to wrap up a doz5 packets simultane\sly1 seems to h fail$1 = x is no long] con/ruct$2 yet its place has be5 tak5 by a succession ( o!r ma*9es :i* h /ood ! te/s ( _m ye>s4 ,! pr9ciple has be5 alt]$1 _m packets at "o "t n be+ fill$1 b always "o only1 & ! advantage lies 9 ! fact t ! ma*9e fills m exactly & ) a high] degree ( uni=mity z reg>ds ! weights ( ! sev]al packets4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ib & #ic4 ,ap>t f ! 8,ma*9es = pack+ en masse0 ,co41 ,ltd4 ,b]l91 :o put out sev]al automatic fill]s1 special m5tion may "h be made ( ! firm ( ,fritz ,kilian1 ^: automatic fill] & pack] 8,ideal0 7fig4 #ib7 = quantities ( f #be-bejj grammes1 & 8,triumph0 7fig4 #ic71 = quantities ( f #a-ajj grammes1 h bo? long e/abli%$ _! "r to a place 9 e factory1 _! excell5ce be+ pr$om9ant4 ,,footnotes3 #aje ,see ,mits*]li*1 page #aaa4 #ajf ,practical ,guide to ,*ocolate ,manufacture 7no date giv574 #ajg ,comptes r5dus de l',exposition1 quot$ by ,b4 de la ,roque4 #ajh ,gordian1 ,a41 ,g]man ,*ocolate & ,sug> ,indu/ries1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #bb4 #aji ,correspond5ce ( ! ,association ( ,g]man ,*ocolate ,manufactur]s #ahgh1 p4 #ag4 #aaj ,correspond5ce ( ,ass4 ,g]man ,*ocolate ,manufactur]s #ahia1 ,no4 #e4 #aaa ,ibid #ahia1 ,no4 #g4 #aab ,zeits*rift fr ff5tli*e ,*emie #ahih1 p4 #haj4 #aac ,! det]m9+ ( ! fibre is rea*$ by ! ,we5d] me?od4 #aad ,= t purpose boxes ) h&les & hav+ a capacity ( f #aj to #fj litres are employ$1 z well z ! portable tr\ghs previ\sly m5tion$4 ,! transport ( ! *ocolate mass also takes place 9 boxes made ( compress$ /eel plates 7,siem5s-,m>t971 galvanis$ or o!rwise1 e4 g4 z manufactur$ by ! ,/amp & ,press ,works at ,brackw$e ne> ,bielefeld4 ,! firm ( ,a4 ,rei*e & o!rs also make simil> boxes4 #aae ,muspratt ,encyclop4 ,h&bu* d] te*n4 ,*emie4 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aij1 #aijb4 #aaf ,?is description is tak5 f ,muspratt1 ,encycl4 ,h&b4 d4 ,te*n4 ,*emie1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ahjh & ,mits*]li*3 ,d] ,kakao u4 die ,s*okolade p4 #aae4 #aag ,con/ruct$ by ,a4 ,rei*e1 ,%eet ,iron ,works 9 ,dresd5-,plau54 #aah ,g]man pat5t ,no4 #fbghd4 #aai ,villon-,gui*>d1 ,dictionnaire de ,*imie indu/rielle1 ,vol4 #a ,*ocolat4 #abj ,%\ld su* rooms ev5tually be insulat$1 ! be/ mat]ial = ?is op]ation are 8,cork/one ,plates01 z manufactur$ by v>i\s firms 7e4 g4 ,kork/e9-,w]ke ,coswig i4 ,sa41 etc474 #aba ,?is ext5sive employm5t ( cacao butt] 9 ! prep>ation ( cov]+ mat]ial on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r ! consequ5tly increas$ co/ ( *ocolates ri* 9 fat1 h hi!rto prov$ ! *ief objection to ! prep>ation ( cocoa p[d] defici5t 9 fatty cont5ts1 :i* we %all discuss lat]4 #abb ,d4,r4,p4 ,no4 #fffjf4 #abc ,d4,r4,p4 #gdbfj ( ,sept4 #crd4 #ahic4 #abd ,d4,r4,p4 ,no4 #aghhig1 ( ,july #ae?1 #aijd 7reg4 #ae? ,nov4 #aijh74 #abe ,?is h[ev]1 is true only to a c]ta9 degree1 comp4 ,neumann1 ,! ,use ( ,cacao z a ,food ,prep>ation1 ,muni* ,b]l9 #aijf1 pag4 #ig ff4 #abf cf4 ,z4,u4,n4,g4 #aijj1 vol4 #ah p4 #aga4 #abg ,see enactm5ts ( ! #af4i4aijg & #aj4aa4aiji 7,coburg73 ,notices ( ! ,association ( ,g]man ,*ocolate ,mak]s ,,xxx1 ,no4 #a #ba4i4aiji1 pag4 #a4 #abh ,cf4 ,z4,u4,n4,g41 ,bd4 #ah ,nos4 #a & #b 7#aiji7 p4 #agh4 #abi ,eng4 ,pat5t ,no4 #bjdcf1 #bd4 #aa4 #ahia4 #acj ,! pota% n[ g5]ally 9 use is prep>$ f ! c>bon ( residu>y molasses1 & is te*nically consid]$1 v pure4 ,x is suppli$ by ,dr4 ,h5sel ,co41 ,blum5?al 7,hanov]74 #aca ,! special model ( ! ,univ]sal ,mix] & ,knead] has = ?is purpose 7ap>t f ! metal lid %utt+ d[n air-tight7 a /eam dra9 pipe1 :i* is fitt$ ) a v5tilator & l$ into ! op51 s t ! vap\rs & *emical exhalations c escape )\t caus+ any damage4 #acb ,g]man ,pat5t ,no4 #cj #hid4 ,see also ,*emik]-,zeitung #ahhf1 p4 #adca4 #acc ,cf4 ,r4 ,o4 ,neumann1 loc4 cit4 page #ih & foll[+ pages4 #acd ,beckurts ,ph>mac4 ,jahresb]i*t #ahhc-hd1 p4 #iij4 #ace ,! 8,ma*9es = pack+ en masse0 ,co4 ,ltd4 ,b]l91 h rec5tly /rongly recomm5d$ _! 8wrapp+ ma*9es1 = c5tres ( any %ape or consi/5cy1 :i* "w automatically1 t is to say1 x is only necess>y to heap ! c5tres 9 cont9u\s succession 9 ! ma*9e1 :5 !y are urg$ =w>d & wrapp$ 9 pap] or o!r mat]ials1 be+ f9ally despat*$ out ( ! ma*9e automatically4 ,! wrapp]s may be simple or d\ble1 loose1 or tight fitt+40 ,_! employm5t 9 ! pack+ ( *ocolate tablets is especially recomm5d$4--,& s ! problem w\ld be solv$6 ,un=tunately ,i am 9 want ( p]sonal guidance1 nev] yet hav+ se5 ! ma*9es 9 work+ ord]1 & s n be+ able to submit any op9ion z to _! effici5cy4 ,ev5 if !y are really able to deal ) l>g] tablets1 yet ! m critical problem reg>ds ! small] goods1 especially 9 connection ) ! wrapp+ 9 t9-foil4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,+r$i5ts us$ 9 ! manufacture ( *ocolate4 ,a4 ,legal enactm5ts4 ,condemn$ +r$i5ts4 ,*ocolate is a mixture ( cacao mass ) sug>1 to :i* usually spices & ev5 cacao butt] are also add$4 ,! sug> g5]ally am\nts to r m ?an "o half 7#fj p]c5t7 ( ! total mixture4 ,spices su* z c9namon1 vanilla1 cloves1 nutmeg1 mace1 c>damoms1 z well z cacao butt]1 or p]fumes l p]uvian balsam1 are only add$ 9 small quantity s z to improve or alt] ! flav\r z requir$4 ,rec5tly1 ! e!real oils ( ! spices h be5 us$ = ?is purpose z well z artificially prep>$ aromatic sub/ances1 su* z vanill91 = example4 ,fl\r & />*#acf1 al?\gh ! latt] is seldom us$1 are p]missible +r$i5ts 9 *eap] k9ds ( *ocolate b only :5 ! fact ( ! addition is pla9ly /at$4 ,! k9ds ( fl\r usually employ$ are :eat & potato fl\rs1 rice-/>* & arr[root1 dextr9 &1 less frequ5tly1 oat1 b>ley1 acorn1 *e/nut1 or rye fl\r4 ,9 c]ta9 =ms ( dietetic *ocolate1 sug> be+ injuri\s to invalids1 x is replac$ by sac*>92 ano!r mat]ial1 su* z a legum9\s fl\r f beans1 peas or l5tils1 mu/ be employ$ 9 its place4#acg ,9 "s k9ds ( fancy *ocolate1 h>mless col\rs1 t9cture ( b5zo9 etc4 are us$4 ,b4 ,+r$i5ts all[$ ,i4 ,sweet ,/uffs4 a7 ,sug>4 ,bo? cane & beetroot sug> are employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( *ocolate4 ,z ?is naturally possesses a br[ni% col\r1 br[ni% :ite z well z :ite sug> is us$ = mix+ ) ! cacao mass4 ,! k9ds ( sug> us$ are3 #a4 ,sug> du/1 a :ite cry/allisable & v f9e p[d]4 #b4 ,cry/al or granulat$ sug>1 consi/+ ( loose1 pla9 cry/als1 & suitable = almo/ all purposes 9 ! manufacture4 #c4 ,sug> fl\r ,i1 ,,ii1 & ,,iii :i* is a difficultly cry/allisable sug> conta9+ an am\nt ( molasses increas+ ) ! numb]1 & x is ( a m or less br[n col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,! *ocolate manufactur] nev]!less requires ! sug> to answ] to c]ta9 *>act]s4 ,x mu/ dissolve 9 half its weight ( w>m wat] =m+ a sweet syrup4 ,! syrup mu/ h no action on ei!r r$ or br[n litmus pap] i4 e4 h nei!r acid nor alkal9e reaction1 & on no acc\nt coagulate boil+ milk4 ,! sug> is usually add$ to ! cacao mass 9 ! =m ( a v f9e p[d] & sometimes 9 a co>s] condition1 ?\gh t is n to be recomm5d$4 ,by us+ f9ely p[d]$ sug>1 ! roll+ ( ! cacao mass is consid]ably facilitat$ & ! manufacture is accel]at$4 ,! sug> mu/ be p]fectly dry1 z damp sug> yields a dull *ocolate :i* readily crumbles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,= gr9d+ ! sug>1 ! s call$ edge-runn] mill z %[n 9 figure #id 0 =m]ly employ$4 ,x is l ! melangeur con/ruct$ ( a firmly fix$ b$-/one & two cyl9drical runn]s4 ,! pulv]is$ mat]ial issu+ f su* an app>atus mu/ !n be pass$ ?r\gh "o ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( sift+ ma*9es1 :]e ! f9] p>ts fall ?r\gh ! me%es ( a silk5 sieve1 :il/ ! r\gh] are dis*>g$ at ! end ( ! arrangem5t3 = small factories su* ma*9es z ! drum sift]s illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #ie1 & = ! l>g] ^? c5trifugal sift]s :i* h already be5 fully describ$4 ,! con/ructions = gr9d+ h ( late be5 consid]ably p]fect$4 ,! mo/ practical arrangem5ts = pulv]is+ all k9ds ( granulat$ sug> & s-call$ lump sug>1 are ^? comb9$ gr9d+ & sift+ in/allations su* z are execut$ by ! firm ( ,j4 ,m4 ,lehmann 9 ,dresd54 ,! gr9d+ is "h effect$ by dis9tegrators 7revolv+ arms1 etc47 simil> to ^? us$ 9 ! pulv]is+ ( cocoa p[d] z describ$ on page #bab4 ,! output ( ^! dis9tegrators#ach is extraord9>ily l>ge1 & ! h>d] & dri] ! gr\nd sug> is1 ! f9] ! pulv]is$ mat]ial result+4 ,we annex a diagram ( ! ma*9e 9 fig4 #if4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,! granulat$ or lump sug> is fill$ into ! hopp] & !nce lead along a conveyor to be gr\nd 9 ano!r "p ( ! ma*9e1 & c be controll$ z reg>ds quantity4 ,! blades1 :i* pass ?r\gh ab\t #cjjj revolutions a m9ute1 seize ! sug> & sw+ x aga9/ ! ribb$ walls ( ! mantle1 aft] :i* x falls 9 small] fragm5ts on a grat] fitt$ 9 ! "u "p ( ! app>atus4 ,! sug> :i* passes ?r\gh ! grat+ is n[ conduct$ by conveyor & elevator to ! sift+ arrangem5t1 :il/ ! r\gh] mat]ial is aga9 :irl$ r\nd by ! blades4 ,?is sift+ arrangem5t consi/s ( a cyl9drical sieve1 on ! int]ior ( :i* !re occur revolv+ arms :i* provide = ! despat* ( mat]ial ?r\gh ! v>i\s sieves4 ,! r\gh] /uff :i* rema9s is remov$ by h& or "s o!r me*anical means & transport$ to ! hopp] once m4 ,a *amb] plac$ above ! ma*9e & connect$ ) ! gr9d+ app>atus by means ( pipes provides = ! protection ( ! ma*9e aga9/ du/4 ,su* in/allations are con/ruct$ 9 v>i\s sizes & fa%ions1 & possess imm5se outputs 7up to ev5 #ejjj kilogrammes daily74 ,t !y mu/ be built 9 special %ops is cle> f ! fact t s l>ge a quantity ( du/y sug> sacks ne$ transport+ aft] ! processes are complet$4 ,x is fur!r to be not$ t ! f95ess ( ! sug> corresponds to ! me%-"w ( ! sieves1 :i* z we h previ\sly /at$1 c be *os5 ) any size ( hole desir$1 yet ?is naturally influ5ces ! ma*9e1 & rec5tly a v high /&>d ( f95ess has be5 g5]ally dropp$1 & r\gh] sift+s are n[ made1 z :5 ! sug> is too f9e4--e4 g4 9 ! case ( ! *eap] qualities--x absorbs too mu* ( ! fatty cont5ts1 & s necessitates ! addition ( cacao butt]1 :il/ on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! *ocolate is ( a f9] quality1 ! sug> is suffici5tly r$uc$ 9 ! trituration to :i* ! mix$ mat]ial is subject$4 b7 ,sac*>9 & o!r sweet5+ ag5ts4 ,ap>t f ! sug>1 :i* is su* an important factor 9 ! *ocolate manufacture1 m5tion mu/ also be made ( ano!r sweet5+ mat]ial1 =m]ly frequ5tly us$ z a sub/itute = sug>1 b n[ only to be obta9$ at ! apo!c>y's on exhibition ( a m$ical ord]1 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 legal re/rictions :i* h rec5tly come 9 =ce4 ,x is call$ ,fahlb]g sac*>91 & aga9 zuck]91 sykor91 cry/allose1 8,s/oss ,h*/0 & sykose4 ,sac*>9 is n l sug> a c>bohydrate naturally produc$ by plants1 b a d]ivative ( ! aromatic comp\nds :i* ! *emi/ has artificially con/ruct$ f ! products ( ! di/illation ( coal4 ,sac*>9 is b5zoyl-sulphonimide1 & x has ! *emical =mula _/ ,,co ,c#f;,h#d ,,nh ,,s#b_/ ,x is a :ite1 cry/all9e p[d]1 s exce$+ly sweet t its ta/e c be p]ceiv$ 9 a dilution ( #a 9 #gjjjj4 ,x is only slightly soluble 9 cold wat] 7#a3 #djj7 b m easily s 9 hot wat] 7#a3 #bh74 ,! mat]ial kn[n z easily soluble sac*>9 is its sodium salt4 ,x conta9s #ij p]c5t ( sac*>9 & is ! mo/ easily dige/$ comp\nd ( sac*>94 ,= te*nical1 dome/ic & m$ic9al purposes ! soluble sac*>9 :i* is only f #cjj-dej times z sweet z sug> is employ$4 ,besides be+ unf]m5table sac*>9 has v slight antiseptic prop]ties2 accord+ to ,l4 ,n5cki#aci ! dige/ibility ( album9 is less affect$ by x1 9 ! proportion usually add$ to articles ( food1 ?an by ,rh9e w9e1 or by a sug> solution ( equal sweetness4 ,sac*>9 is entirely unalt]$ 9 ! human organism1 h5ce x =ms a welcome sweet5+ mat]ial = invalids suff]+ f diabetes1 corpul5ce or diseases ( ! /oma* to :om ord9>y sug> is injuri\s4 ,! sub/ances kn[n z dulc9 & gluc9 are analog\s to sac*>9 9 sweet5+ prop]ty1 ! fir/ be+ ph5etol-c>bamid & ! latt] a monosulphonate ( amido-triaz9e4 ,! late/ sub/ance ( ?is class is t]m$ 8sucram90 & consi/s ( ! ammonium salt ( sac*>94 ,x is readily soluble 9 wat]1 less s 9 alcohol & is #gjj times sweet] ?an sug>4 ,x c be obta9$ ei!r 9 ! pure =m or mix$ 7#bj p]c5t7 ) sug>4 ,9 *ocolate mak+1 sac*>9 is at pres5t ( little importance1 ow+ to ! relatively small volume requir$ z comp>$ ) sug>4 ,rec5tly x has aga9 be5 recomm5d$ to ! ext5t ( #jgf p]c5t z a sweet5+ mat]ial = cocoa p[d]4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be ( value 9 cocoa p[d]s to be consum$ by invalids & p]sons n able to take sug>1 al?\gh x w nev] come into g5]al use4 ,! detection ( sac*>9 has acquir$ increas$ importance 9 ,g]many s9ce ! pass+ ( ! acts ( ,octob] #a/ #ahih & ,july #g? #aijb1 regulat+ ! trade 9 artificial sweet5+ mat]ials4 ,accord+ to ,zipp]]'s exp]im5ts1 x may be detect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a mixture ( #e grammes ( ! f9ely p[d]$ sub/ance ) #ajj ccm ( wat] is all[$ to /& = #b h\rs1 occasionally /irr$ & aft]w>ds filt]$4 ,! filtrate is acidulat$ ) ?ree drops ( hydro*loric acid & evaporat$ to #bj ccm1 !n %ak5#adj ) #ej ccm ( e!r 9 a sep>ator & left /&+ = a day to sep>ate into two lay]s4 ,! e!r solution is sep>at$ & evaporat$ to dryness 9 a beak]1 ! residue be+ mix$ ) #ja gramme ( resorc9 & #d-e drops ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid#ada 7,brn/e9s te/74 ,! mixture is !n heat$ ov] a small ,buns5 flame & ! melt$ mat]ial saturat$ ) normal sodium hydrate4 ,! appe>ance ( a /rong fluoresc5ce indicates ! pres5ce ( sac*>94 ,sac*>9 c also be easily recognis$ by ! sweet ta/e ( ! e!r residue4 ,,ii4 ,k9ds ( ,/>*1 ,fl\r4 ,! *ief k9ds ( />* us$ 9 *ocolate mak+ are rice />*1 arr[root1 potato />* & :eat />*1 occasionally also small quantities ( dextr9e4 #a4 ,potato />* or fl\r4 ,potato />* is a :ite or fa9tly yell[i% p[d] 9 :i* s+le1 gli/5+ granules c be se5 by ! nak$ eye4 ,"u ! microscope ! granules appe> mo/ly s+le ) evid5t /riae1 usually ) po9t$ ends conta9+ ! nucleus2 !y are also ecc5tric 9 /ructure4 ,?is />* r>ely conta9s fragm5ts ( tissue4 ,x is prep>$ by fir/ treat+ f9ely divid$ p>$ potatoes ) #a p]c5t4 dilute sulphuric acid1 !n wa%+1 dry+ & gr9d+ ! />*4 #b4 ,:eat />*4 ,:eat />* c be obta9$ ei!r f cru%$ :eat or f :eat5 fl\r by treatm5t ) wat] aft] ! nitrog5\s con/itu5t1 glut51 has be5 sep>at$ by knead+4 ,x am\nts to ab\t #fj-gj p]c5t ( ! gra94 ,"u ! microscope ! granules appe> to diff] consid]ably 9 size4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ f potato />* by ! ne>ly c5tral hilum1 surr\nd$ by fa9tly m>k$ conc5tric /riae1 & aga9 by ! granules be+ m frequ5tly adh]5t4 ,:eat fl\r r ?an ! />* is g5]ally us$ 9 *ocolate mak+4 #c4 ,dextr94 ,:5 />* is heat$ to betwe5 #bjj & #baj ,c4 x is conv]t$ *iefly into dextr9 or />* gum ) a little sug>4 ,dextr9 is a :ite to yell[i% & ta/eless p[d] ) a peculi> smell2 x diff]s f />* 9 be+ readily soluble 9 wat]4 ,x gives a r$di% col\r ) an aque\s solution ( iod9e4 ,fehl+'s solution is unaffect$ by dextr9 9 ! cold1 b on long cont9u$ heat+ x is r$uc$ to r$ cupr\s oxide4 #d4 ,rice />*4 ,rice />* is obta9$ f inf]ior k9ds ( rice & f rice wa/e by treatm5t ) wat]4 ,x appe>s "u ! microscope z small granules or oval bodies ( v>i\s sizes4 ,accord+ to _! position ! granules always seem to be polygons1#adb =m$ by coalesc5ce4 ,x is ?us easily di/+ui%$ f ! previ\sly m5tion$ />*es4 #e4 ,arr[root4 ,sev]al k9ds ( />*1 obta9$ f ! tub]s ( v>i\s species ( plants are comm]cially kn[n "u ?is "n4 #a4 ,we/ ,indian arr[root1 f ,m>anta arund9acea1 is a f9e & almo/ :ite p[d]4 ,"u ! microscope x always appe>s to consi/ ( pe> or sp9dle-%ap$ granules ) ecc5tric hilum4 #b4 ,ea/ ,indian arr[root is obta9$ f v>i\s species ( g+] plants4 ,x is a f9e :ite p[d] & is se5 "u ! microscope z s+le granules ) well m>k$ ecc5tric hilum & closely /ratifi$ at ! sp9dle-%ap$ ends4 ,x mu* resembles ,guiana arr[root1 :i* is obta9$ f v>ieties ( ,yam4 #c4 ,que5sl& arr[roots f species ( ,cycas & ,canna1 appe> z flat1 co>se & mo/ly s+le granules4 ,!y c be easily di/+ui%$ f o!r k9ds ( />* by ! l>ge size ( ! granules4 #d4 ,brazil arr[root1 f ! ,manihot plants :i* belong to ! ord] ( ,euphorbiaceae4 ,"u ! microscope ! granules appe> comp\nd1 ! p>ts be+ ( a drum or sug> loaf %ape ) _m conc5tric /riae4 #f4 ,*e/nut meal4 ,*e/nut or m>on meal also comes "u consid]ation 9 ! *ocolate indu/ry4 ,! appe>ance ( ! />* granules is mo/ *>act]i/ic4 ,!y are p>tly s+le & p>tly compos$ ( two individual granules4 ,! s+le granules1 accord+ to ,j4 ,f4 ,hanausek#adc1 appe> 9 su* a v>iety ( =ms z to defy a summ>is$ description4 ,frequ5tly !y occur oval1 sp9dle1 club1 or flat kidney %ap$1 resembl+ ^? ( ! legum9\s family2 b especially to be notic$ is ! triangul> cont\r ( "s granules1 z well z "s ) project+ po9ts4 ,! c5tral nucleus & its cavity are g5]ally di/9ct1 b ! /ratification is v slight or q unrecognisable4 #g4 ,bean meal4 ,( ! legum9\s meals t ( beans is *iefly us$ z an adjunct 9 cocoa p[d]s & *ocolate1 sweet5$ ) sac*>91 on acc\nt ( its relatively l>ge proportion ( album9\s sub/ance & small am\nt ( />*4 ,! meal is g5]ally obta9$ f ! se$ ( ! common :ite bean4 7,phaseolus vulg>is47 ,! />* granules "u ! microscope appe> oval or long kidney %ap$1 ) di/9ct nucleus cavities & furr[s1 z well z a di/9ctly m>k$ /ratification4 ,_! l5g? av]ages f #jjcc to #jje mm4 ,! meal has a disagreeable legum9\s ta/e :5 cook$1 b t disappe>s :5 ! meal is slightly roa/$4 #h4 ,salep4 ,salep :i* is n[ v seldom us$ z an admixture to *ocolate 7,rakah\t ( ! ,arabs7#add is an amylace\s p[d] prep>$ f ! tub]s ( v>i\s k9ds ( or*ids4 ,"u ! microscope salep appe>s z fairly l>ge transluc5t masses :i* consi/ ( an agglom]ation ( v delicate wall$ cells giv+ ! />* reaction ) iod9e4 ,,iii4 ,spices4 a7 ,g5]al ,introduction4 ,we _c too /rongly recomm5d ! manufactur] to pulv]ise ! spices1 e4 g4 c9namon1 cloves & ! l1 himself1 = su* z are b\ght ready pulv]is$ h frequ5tly be5 adult]at$ ) admixtures ( wood1 fl\r or b>k4 ,?is is ! m ess5tial z sometimes pulv]is$ c9namon is di/ill$ ) /eam to obta9 an extract ( its e?yl oil1 & !n ! residue1 :i* is ( consid]ably inf]ior value z reg>ds aroma1 sold z g5u9e c9namon p[d]4 ,su* adult]ation c nei!r be demon/rat$ "u ! microscope nor *emically1 s t x is impossible to protect oneself aga9/ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,! edge runn] mill & siev+ app>atus describ$ 9 connection ) ! pulv]is+ ( sug> also adapt !mselves to r$uc+ spices1 al?\gh g5]ally o!r ma*9es are us$ = ?is purpose1 ei!r ! well-kn[n ball mills#ade consi/+ ( a holl[ sph]ical ball revolv+ r\nd its axle1 inside :i* ! spices are %ak51 cru%$ & completely pulv]is$ by ! action ( a numb] ( heavy metal balls1 or 9 o!r cases pulv]is+ mills & /amp+ arrangem5ts prop]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,! foll[+ /amp arrangem5t1 %[n 9 fig4 #ig1 is v practical 9 ! pulv]isation ( all mann] ( spices1 & is driv5 by a =ce ( #ae ,h4,p4 ,! /rong frame1 :i* is wall$ 9 ) iron1 is du/-pro(4 ,:il/ ! /amp] is be+ rais$1 ! pots are revolv$ r\nd _! axles1 & s ! sub/ances to be pulv]is$ are mix$ toge!r4 ,o!r ma*9es mu* us$ 9 pulv]is+ are se5 9 fig4 #id4 ,ano!r small] pulv]is+ mill is pictur$ 9 fig4 #ih4 ,?is ma*9e is adapt$ = a middle siz$ production4 ,! gr9d+ arrangem5t 9 :i* ! pulv]is+ takes place is conically built & is made completely ( granite2 ! regulation is effect$ by means ( a work+ beam1 ! batt+ arm ( :i* is fitt$ on to ! upp] "p ( ! app>atus4 ,a siev+ ( ! mat]ial to be pulv]is$ does n g5]ally take place 9 ?is ma*9e4 ,= small production = example = confection]s :o manufacture *ocolate also incid5tally1 "o c also use ! ma*9es pictur$ 9 ! figs4 #ie #ii1 ! me?od ( work+ ( :i* may be at once und]/ood4 ,! diff]5t degrees ( f95ess ( ! mat]ial to be pulv]is$ are rea*$ by pass+ ! p[d] ?r\gh drum sieves ( diff]5t wid?s ( me% & all ! sieves are set 9 motion at ! same "t by ! ma*9es4 ,vanilla4 ,only ! mo/ important features ( ! spice s valuable 9 *ocolate mak+ w be notic$1 s9ce ! *>act]i/ic aroma ( ! true vanilla has be5 to a l>ge ext5t supplant$ 9 practice by artificially prep>$ vanill94 ,vanilla is ! fruit capsule ( an or*id1 ,vanilla planifolia1 :i* is g5]ally cultivat$ ) ! cacao tree1 z ! same climate & soil suit !m equally4 ,accord+ to ,mll]1 ! %oots ( ! vanilla are fa/5$ to ! cacao tree1 on ! b>k ( :i* !y soon /rike root4 ,! a]ial roots & t5drils !n put =? fle%y leaves1 9 ! axils ( :i* arise l>ge od\rless & dull col\r$ fl[]s :i* yield aft] a lapse ( two ye>s long ?9 capsules4 ,! capsules are fill$ ) a transp>5t balsam1 9 :i* ! black se$s are imb$d$4 ,x is 9 ! balsam t ! vanill91 :i* gives vanilla its unequall$ aroma1 is produc$4 ,! fre% ga!r$ vanilla fruit 7see ! inve/igations ( ,w4 ,busse#adf conta9s no free vanill9 or m]ely an inf9itesimal quantity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,x is r develop$ by subsequ5t treatm5t 9 :i* heat appe>s to be necess>y4 ,vanill91 l cocoa-r$ & !obrom9e1 is =m$ by ! splitt+ up ( a glucoside by f]m5tative action4 ,9 "s k9ds ( vanilla1 pip]onal1 an aromatic body1 :i* occurs 9 l>g] quantities 9 ,heliotropium europaeum & p]uvianum1 has also be5 obs]v$4 ,! comm]cial k9ds ( vanilla come f ,mexico1 ,tahiti1 ,runion1 ,mauritius1 ,mayotte1 ,sey*elles1 ,ceylon & ,java1 :i* 9 #ahia produc$ respectively3 ,runion 7,b\rbon7 #ej-fe1jjj kilos ,mexico #ee1jjj 8 ,mauritius #ac-ae1jjj 0 ,mayotte 7,comoro ,isl&s7 #h-aj1jjj 8 ,sey*elles #d- #f1jjj 0 ,! be/ comm]cial k9ds ( vanilla come f ,mexico1 ,b\rbon1 & ,mauritius1 & comm& a high] price ?an ! o!r k9ds4 ,! quantity is gaug$ by ! l5g? 7#aj-bd cm71 & plumpness ( ! pods4 ,f9e quality is fatty & d>k col\r$1 inf]ior quality is dry & r$di%4 ,! outside ( ! pods 9 ! ,b\rbon vanilla1 conta9s highly e/eem$ vanill9 cry/als1 :i* are want+ 9 ! ,mexican v>iety4 ,vanilla fl[]s 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 is ga!r$ 9 ! foll[+ mon?s ( ,may1 ,june1 & ,july1 & is prep>$ 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb] ! fir/ in/alm5t ( ! new h>ve/ arrives 9 ,m>seilles1 :i* is ! *ief comm]cial place = vanilla4 ,! mo/ important op]ation1 9 prep>+ vanilla is to atta9 ! prop] degree ( dryness4 ,?is is arriv$ at n[adays by ! use ( calcium *loride4 ,! pods are fir/ plac$ 9 a metallic box l9$ ) wool :i* is plac$ 9 w>m wat] s z to sup]ficially dry !m2 !y are !n transf]r$ to a suitable con/ruct$ dry+ closet conta9+ calcium *loride & all[$ to rema9 !re = #bj-cj days4 #ajj p\nds ( vanilla are reckon$ to require #dj p\nds ( calcium *loride4 ,! great advantage ( ?is process is t ! fruit1 s dri$1 bett] reta9s its aroma4#adg ,insuffici5tly dri$ vanilla does n keep1 b soon becomes m\ldy1 :il/ ov]heat$ vanilla keeps well1 b is brittle1 breaks easily & consequ5tly has little comm]cial value4 ,vanilla cov]$ ) m\ld 7,asp]gillus rep5s & ,mucor circ9elloides7 is s\ght to be improv$ 9 v>i\s ways & is sold z ( inf]ior quality4#adh ,x is wor? obs]v+ t ^? p]sons :o 9 ! c\rse ( bus9ess h&le vanilla %[ *>act]i/ic symptoms ( poison+4 ,x affects ! eyes & n]v\s sy/em & produces eruptions on ! sk94 ,! compla9t1 h[ev]1 is n ( a dang]\s nature1 = ! workm5 quickly become accu/om$ to vanilla s t1 aft] recov]+ f ! fir/ attack1 !y c resume "w )\t risk to heal?4#adi ,on acc\nt ( its high price1 vanilla is mu* subject$ to adult]ation2 ei!r by an admixture ( ! m cum>9-smell+ vanill9 7,pompona or ,la ,guayra ,vanilla ,vanilla ,pompona ,s*i$]7 or o!r less valuable vanilla fruit2 sometimes pods t h be5 depriv$ ( vanill9 by extraction ) alcohol are us$ = t purpose2 _! col\r & appe>ance be+ re/or$ by imm]sion 9 t9cture ( b5zo9 & coat+ ) cry/als ( b5zoic acid1 p[d]$ glass etc4 ,9 d\btful cases ( adult]ation ! vanill9 mu/ be quantitatively det]m9$4 ,t c be done by ,w4 ,busse's me?od#aej1 9 :i* ! vanilla is extract$ ) e!r 9 a ,soxhlet's app>atus4 ,! extract is %ak5 ) a solution ( sodium bisulphite1 ! vanill9 !n set free ) sulphuric acid & ! dis5gag$ sulphur\s acid remov$ by a /ream ( c>bon dioxide4 ,! vanill9 is !n %ak5 out ) e!r & on evaporat+ (f ! e!r1 vanill9 is left 9 a pure condition4 ,busse f\nd by ?is me?od 9 ,ea/ ,african vanilla #baj p]c5t ( vanill91 9 ! ,ceylon #adh p]c5t1 & 9 ! ,tahiti v>iety f #aee to #bjb p]c5t4 ,9 ,am]ica ! s-call$ vanilla extract1 in/ead ( vanilla1 is us$ & x l5ds itself to adult]ation mu* m easily ?an natural vanilla4 ,william ,hesse has giv5 me?ods & results obta9$ 9 ! inve/igation ( ! extract4#aea #e4 ,vanill94 ,vanilla 9 ! *ocolate indu/ry has rec5tly be5 almo/ entirely sup]s$$ by ! use ( artificially prep>$ vanill91 :i* s]ves z a complete sub/itute = ! ess5tial & valuable con/itu5t ( vanilla4 ,9 comp>+ vanill9 ) vanilla1 reg>d mu/ be _h to ! am\nt ( vanill9 9 ! latt]1 :i* may v>y to ! ext5t ( #ej p]c5t accord+ to :e!r ! vanilla 0 damp1 dry1 fre% or /or$4 ,! f9e/ k9ds ( vanilla seldom conta9 m ?an #b p]c5t4 ( vanill9 & 9 _m k9ds x v>ies betwe5 #je & #be p]c5t4 ,x may also happ5 t vanilla ) #je to #aj p]c5t may be equally z f9e 9 appe>ance z "o ( high p]c5tage1 h5ce ! aroma value mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,9 addition to possess+ a uni=m & p]man5t p]fume vanill9 is *eap] 9 price4 ,vanill9 occurs naturally n only 9 vanilla b also 9 v small am\nt 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( raw sug>1 9 potato sk9s & 9 ,siam b5zo92 x c be produc$ artificially f conif]9 :i* is obta9$ f p9e wood1 or by ! oxidation ( eug5ol1 a sub/ance conta9$ 9 oil ( cloves1 f bo? ( :i* ,tiemann & ,w4 ,ha>mann#aeb fir/ prep>$ x 9 #ahgb4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ t5 ye>s a numb] ( processes h be5 discov]$ :]eby vanill9 c be artificially produc$4 ,! read] :o is int]e/$ 9 ?is subject w f9d x fully discuss$ 9 a pap] by ,j4 ,alts*ul 9 ,no4 #ea ( ! ,ph>mazeutis*e ,c5tralhalle #ahie4 ,! competition :i* arose ?r\gh ! processes ( ,ha>mann & ,reim] ( ,holzm9d5 & ,g4 de ,laire ( ,p>is1 ^: products ow+ to pat5t rights _h controll$ ! m>ket f ! comm5cem5t1 produc$ a /eady decrease 9 ! price ( vanill94 ,! foll[+ table drawn up by ,j4 ,r\*#aec %[s ! revolution 9 price :i* has occurr$ 9 ?is article & h[1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 a small bus9ess ) l>ge pr(its has be5 trans=m$ into a l>ge bus9ess ) small pr(its4 ,! v>iation 9 ! price ( vanill93 ,m>ks p] ,kilo4 #ahgf #ahgg #ahgh #ahgi #ahha #ahhb #ahhd #ahhe #gjjj #djjj #bdjj #afjj #afjj #afjj #ijj #ijj #ahhf #ahhh #ahij #ahib #ahic #ahie #ahig #gjj #gjj #gjj #gjj #gjj #efj #ajh ,! *emical =mula ( vanill9 is ,c#f;,h#c7,,o*#c7 7,,oh7,,*o2 x melts betwe5 #hb-hc ,c4 & sublimes at #abj ,c4 ,! col\rless f\r-sid$ cry/als h a /rong vanilla od\r & ta/e1 are difficultly soluble 9 cold wat]1 easily 9 hot wat] & v readily soluble 9 alcohol4 ,vanill9 is mu* adult]at$4 ,cum>91 ! aromatic pr9ciple ( ! melitot 7meliotus (fic9alis7 & ( tonqu9 beans etc41 c be prep>$ *eaply & x is fraudul5tly us$ 9 l>ge or small quantity to imitate ! vanill9 aroma4 ,a sample ( vanill9 b\ght 9 ,switz]l& 0 f\nd by ,hefelmann#aed to conta9 #bf p]c5t ( antifebr94 ,! ,am]ican 8vanilla cry/als0 consi/ ( a mixture ( vanill9 & antifebr91 or vanill91 cum>9 & b5zoic acid2 latt]ly t article is /at$ to consi/ only ( cum>91 antifebr9 & sug>4 ,! melt+ po9t ( g5u9e vanill9 is a *>act]i/ic indication4 ,admixtures ( vanillic acid & antifebr9 cause depression ( ! melt+ po9t 7#d-h ,c4 accord+ to ! am\nt & "* ( ! two sub/ances ,welmans7#aee4 ,= ! quantitative det]m9ation ( vanill9 9 mixtures1 ,welmans takes advantage ( its behavi\r t[>ds cau/ic alkalis1 ) :i*1 l ph5ol1 x =ms comp\nds t are easily soluble 9 wat]1 b sp>+ly s 9 alcohol4 ,! process is z foll[s3 #a gramme ( ! sub/ance is plac$ 9 a cyl9d] ( #bjj ccm capacity ) #be ccm ( alcohol1 #be ccm ( approximately semi-normal alcoholic pota% & #b or #c drops ( ph5olph?ale9 solution & agitat$ until completely dissolv$4 ,! excess ( alkali is !n titrat$ ) semi-normal hydro*loric acid1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! /r5g? ( ! alcoholic pota% aft] add+ #be ccm ( alcohol is asc]ta9$4 ,! numb] ( cubic c5timetres consum$ is multipli$ by #jjgf1 ! semifactor = vanill94 ,9 ! case ( vanilla sug>1 #aj grammes are treat$ ) #ej ccm ( wat] to dissolve ! sug>1 !n ! alcoholic pota% is add$ & ! op]ation c>ri$ out z be=e describ$4 #a gramme ( vanill9 requires #f3 #eh ccm ( normal pota% 7 #jcfhdb g ,,koh74 ,,o*#c _/ ,c#f;,h#c7,,oh7 3 ,,koh ,,*o #aeb 3 #ef #a 3 x ,if cum>9 is suspect$ to h be5 add$ to ! vanill9 x c be detect$ & sep>at$1 accord+ to ,zipp]]'s exp]im5ts1 by ! me?od ( ,w4 ,h4 ,hess & ,a4 ,b4 ,prescott4#aef ,! sub/ance is dissolv$ 9 e!r & ! solution %ak5 up ) a weak solution ( ammonia4 ,! vanill9 w be f\nd 9 ! aque\s lay] 9 ! =m ( an ammonium comp\nd1 :il/ ! cum>9 w be dissolv$ by ! e!r4 ,! vanill9 c be id5tifi$ by ! s&al-wood oil reaction z describ$ by ,bonnema1#aeg & ! cum>9 c be det]m9$ by direct weigh+4 ,! f9ancial advantage 9 us+ vanill9 9 place ( vanilla is app>5t4 ,! av]age price ( vanilla is n[ #de to #ej %ill+s p] kilo4 ,b z #be grammes ( vanill9 are equal 9 p]fume to #a kilo ( vanilla &1 at ! rate ( #ce %ill+s p] kilo1 t quantity co/s only #aj vanilla is ne>ly sixty times de>] ?an vanill94 ,! consumption ( vanill9 has increas$ to an enorm\s ext5t1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,h5n+ has e/imat$ ! consumption dur+ #ahig-ahih at ov] #ajjjjj ounces4 ,! same au?or po9ts out ! rem>kable fact t ?is enorm\s consumption ( vanill9 has sc>cely any effect on ! dem& = vanilla pods1 ! m>ket value ( :i* is n only ma9ta9$ b has a t5d5cy to increase4 ,9 ord] to h x 9 a f9ely divid$ condition1 z requir$ = ! factory1 x is recomm5d$ to rub ! vanill9 d[n ) sug>1 9 ! proportion ( #ajj grammes ( vanill9 to #b kilos ( sug>1 9 ! foll[+ mann]2 #ajj grammes ( vanill9 are dissolv$ 9 #ejj grammes ( hot alcohol & ?is solution add$ to #b kilos ( f9ely p[d]$ sug>2 !n ! :ole is plac$ 9 a rotatory comfit boil] & dri$ by a bla/ ( w>m air at #dj ,c4 ,:il/ vanilla mu/ be v c>efully pack$ t x may n become mildew$ & det]iorate1 vanill9 on ! o!r h& keeps v well 9 su* mixtures s long z !y are kept f damp1 :i* might cause ! sug> to f]m5t & ?us gradually decompose ! vanill94 d7 ,c9namon4 ,!re are ?ree comm]cial k9ds ( c9namon 9 ,europe4 #a4 ,ceylon c9namon1 :i* repres5ts ! f9e/ k9d1 is ! b>k ( ,c9namomum ceylanicum1 a native ( ! isl& ( ,ceylon4 ,! b>k is v light & brittle1 seldom m ?an #je mm ?ick1 ext]nally yell[i% br[n ) long /ripes1 :il/ x is some:at d>k] on ! inside4 ,its fracture is %ort & fibr\s1 & a trav]se section %[s ext]nally a %>ply def9$ light col\r ) a d>k] inside zone4 #b4 ,cassia or ,*9ese c9namon is f ,c9namomum ,cassia1 a tree :i* gr[s wild 9 ! =e/s ( ,s\!rn ,*9a4 ,! b>k is ?ick] ?an t previ\sly describ$1 (t5 #b mm ?ick4 ,x is 9 s+le tubes1 h>d] & ?ick] ?an ! ,ceylon k9d1 ) frequ5tly adh]5t fragm5t>y tissues ( ! corky lay]4 ,! col\r is a greyi% br[n1 ! fracture ev51 ) a light zone 9 ! section4 #c4 ,malab> or wood c9namon consi/s ( ! less valuable k9ds & is d]iv$ f diff]5t v>ieties ( c9namon trees :i* h be5 plant$ 9 ! ,sunda & ,phillip9e isl&s4 ,9 appe>ance x resembles ! ,*9ese m ?an ! ,ceylon c9namon4 ,! aromatic ta/e ( c9namon is due to ! e!real c9namon oil :i*1 9 ,ceylon c9namon1 am\nts to #a p]c5t2 ! a% %\ld n exce$ #de p]c5t4 ,an e!real oil is also pres5t 7ab\t #ah p]c5t47 9 ! leaves ( ! ,ceylon c9namon tree1 b x is q diff]5t f ! b>k oil1 resembl+ 9 its prop]ties m ! oils ( cloves & pim5to4 ,on acc\nt ( its p5etrat+ od\r & pung5t ta/e its employm5t 9 *ocolate mak+ is little to be recomm5d$4 ,x _c be too mu* insi/$ on t ) spices l c9namon1 cloves1 etc4 ! manufactur] %\ld gr9d !m himself & n pur*ase !m 9 f9e p[d]1 z ! latt] is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) admixtures ( wood1 meal b>k1 etc4 ,?is is m to be recomm5d$ z gr\nd c9namon has frequ5tly be5 depriv$ ( ! e!real oil by di/illation ) /eam & ! b>k !n flav\r$ ) a small am\nt ( c9namon oil & sold z p[d]$ c9namon4 ,su* an adult]ation c be detect$ nei!r *emically nor microscopically4 e7 ,cloves4 ,cloves are ! incompletely develop$ fl[]s ( ! clove tree1 ,c>yophyllus>omaticus ( ! ,myrtaceae4 ,! mo/ important comm]cial k9ds are ! ,zanzib>1 ,amboyna1 & ,p5ang cloves4 ,! aromatic pr9ciple ( cloves is an e!real oil :i* !y conta9 to ! ext5t ( #ah p]c5t4 ,! adult]ation ( cloves is mu* ! same z 9 ! case ( c9namon4 ,g5u9e cloves %\ld n give m ?an #f p]c5t ( a%4 f7 ,nutmeg & ,mace4 ,nutmeg is ! se$ k]nel ( ! fruit ( ,myri/ica mos*ata kn[n z ! nutmeg tree1 :i* is indig5\s to ,malacca4 ,9 ! ?ick p]ic>p ( ! fruit1 resembl+ ! apricot1 is f\nd ! br[n se$ surr\nd$ by a deep r$ reticul> mantle4 ,?is la/ is ! se$ mantle or arillus & :5 sep>at$ f ! k]nel is kn[n comm]cially z mace4 ,! furr[s on ! surface ( ! nutty se$s are fill$ ) a :ite mass :i* consi/s ( lime1 9 :i* ! nuts h be5 laid aft] dry+ 9 ord] to protect !m f ! attack ( insects4 ,! aromatic con/itu5t ( nutmeg & ( mace is also an e!real oil4 ,! se$s conta9 #h-ae p]c5t ( e!real oil ) #be p]c5t ( a fatty oil2 mace conta9s #d-ae p]c5t ( e!real oil & #ah p]c5t4 ( fatty oil4 ,z bo? spices occur 9 comm]ce 9 :ole pieces1 adult]ation is n to be fe>$4 g7 ,c>damoms4 ,( ^! !re are two k9ds on ! m>ket3 #a4 ,! small or ,malab> c>damoms4 #b4 ,! long or ,ceylon c>damoms4 ,bo? are ! fruit1 al?\gh v diff]5t 9 =m1 ( a species ( ! g+] plants :i* is indig5\s to ,ceylon & ,malab>4 ,! ,malab> c>damom is ?ree corn]$ oblong & ab\t #a cm 9 size4 ,9 ! f9e br[n p]ic>ps are enclos$1 adh]+ toge!r1 #f-h angul> se$s1 #c mm 9 size1 hav+ a pung5t aromatic ta/e4 ,! ,ceylon c>damom is f\r times l>g] ?an ! ,malab> k9d4 ,! grey br[n p]ic>p encloses ab\t #bj d>k greyi% br[n se$s ab\t #f mm l>ge4 ,! aroma ( ! ,ceylon c>damom is due to an e!real oil :i* x conta9s 9 quantities sometimes rea*+ #f p]c5t4 ,madras & ,malab> c>damoms conta9 #d-h p]c5t ( e!real oil4 ,z ! ,ceylon c>damoms are *eap] ?an ! ,malab> k9d a confusion ( ! two se$s might possibly be to ! disadvantage ( ! buy]1 b ! above description ( _! relative size w\ld suffice to di/+ui% !m4 ,exact acc\nts ( ! *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 ! *emical & microscopical inve/igation z well z ( ! impurities & adult]ations ( ! mat]ials previ\sly m5tion$ z be+ us$ 9 cacao prep>ations are to be f\nd 9 volume ,,ii ( ! 8,v]e9b>ung5 zur e9heitli*5 ,unt]su*ung und ,beurteilung von ,nahrungs-und ,g5umittel s[ie ,gebrau*sgeg5/nd5 fr das ,deuts*e ,rei*0#aeh to :i* ^? :o desire fur!r to inve/igate ?is subject are ref]r$4 ,,iv4 ,o!r ,+r$i5ts4 a7 ,e!r oils4 ,z previ\sly rem>k$ 9 ! case ( vanill91 x is becom+ m & m ! cu/om to sub/itute p]fume sub/ances = p[d]$ spices4 ,?is practice is q ju/ifi$ s9ce ! entire p]fume ( a spice is made use ( & ! wor?less woody & indige/ible fibre is ?us exclud$ f ! f9i%$ prep>ation4 ,! foll[+ are ! e!r oils us$ 9 practice3 #a4 ,c9namon oil1 #b4 ,clove oil1 #c4 ,c>damom oil1 #d4 ,cori&] oil1 #e4 ,nutmeg oil 7e!real71 #f4 ,mace oil 7e!real74 ,! am\nt ( e!r oil t %\ld be us$ 9 place ( ! correspond+ spice is a matt] ( ta/e4 ,! maximum p]c5tage ( ! oil 9 ! respective spice might s]ve z a /&>d1 z = example 9 ! case ( c9namon oil1 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! b>k to ! ext5t ( #a p]c5t1 ab\t ! hundr$? "p ( ! oil w\ld be requir$ to correspond ) ! prescrib$ weight ( ! b>k4 ,b z ! yield ( oil f "o & ! same k9d ( spice v>ies to a consid]able ext5t accord+ to season & locality1 ! p]c5tage value c only be us$ z a g5]al guide1 & ! f9al decision mu/ be always regulat$ by ! ta/e4 ,! e!real oils c be incorporat$ 9 ! cacao prep>ations 7mass1 p[d] etc47 ei!r 9 a _s solution or gr\nd d[n ) sug>4 ,! latt] me?od is naturally only us$ :5 sug> is to be add$ to cacao prep>ations4 ,to prep>e ! alcoholic solution #aj p>ts ( ! e!real oil are dissolv$ 9 #ij p>ts ( /rong alcohol4 ,! mixture ( oil ) sug> c be made by triturat+ #be p>ts ( ! e!real oil ) #ajj p>ts ( sug> 9 a porcela9 mort> & gr9d+ d[n ) ! pe/le until ! sug> & oil are intimately mix$4 ,( ! alcoholic solution x is necess>y to take #aj p>ts1 & ( ! oil-sug> #dj p>ts to "o "p ( e!real oil4 ,,ii4 ,p]u balsam & ,gum b5zo94 ,p]u balsam is at pres5t v mu* us$ z a p]fume 9 *ocolate mak+4 ,x is obta9$ f ! ,papilionace\s ,myroxylon ,p]eira :i* is indig5\s to ! we/]n "p ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,x is a ?ick1 br[ni% black1 liquid balsam :i* 9 ?9 lay]s appe>s transp>5t & has a peculi> smell & burn+ ta/e2 x is almo/ completely soluble 9 alcohol1 *lor(orm1 & acetic e!r4 ,! aromatic sub/ance ( ?is balsam is c9namen1 :i* consi/s ess5tially ( ! e/]s ( b5zoic & c9namic acids & b5zyl alcohol toge!r ) an alcoholic body 8,p]uviol01 :i* has ! smell ( honey4 ,9 addition to c9namen 7#ga-gg p]c5t7 ! balsam also conta9s a res9 e/] 7#ac-ag p]c5t74 ,accord+ to ,k4 ,diet]i*1 ,p]u balsam is ! bett] = conta9+ m c9namen & less res9 e/]4 ,p]u balsam is adult]at$ ) fatty oils1 copaiva1 gurjun-balsam1 /orax1 colophony1 turp5t9e1 & tolu balsam4 ,9 reg>d to ! *emical inve/igation ( ?is balsam ! "w ( ,k4 ,diet]i*#aei may be consult$4 ,! ,sumatra b5zo9 is ! mo/ important ( ! comm]cial k9ds = *ocolate mak+4 ,x is obta9$ f "o ( ! ,/yracae1 ,/yrax b5zo91 & is a r$di% grey mass 9 :i* sep>ate ti]s ( res9 are emb$d$4 ,b5zoic acid & vanill9 are ! mo/ important con/itu5ts4 ,x is adult]at$ ) ,palembang b5zo91 colophony1 damm]1 /orax1 & turp5t9e4 ,respect+ ! *emical inve/igation ( comm]cial b5zo9 ! above-m5tion$ "w ( ,k4 ,diet]i* may also be ref]r$ to4 ,b5zo9 is almo/ exclusively us$ = ! prep>ation ( *ocolate v>ni% & sweets laqu]1 :i* are prep>$ by dissolv+ f #be to #de grammes ( ! laqu] body 9 #ajj grammes ( /rong _s4 ,! laqu] body may conta9 v>y+ quantities ( b5zo9 & blea*$ %ellac4 ,! decorations ( *ocolate are pa9t$ ) ?is laqu] 9 ord] to give !m a gli/5+ appe>ance & great] durability4 ,v4 ,col\r+ mat]ials4 ,! foll[+ col\r+ mat]ials are p]mitt$ by ! ,g]man law ( ! #ad? ,may #ahgi to be us$ = sug> goods & consequ5tly also = *ocolate & cacao prep>ations4 ,:ite3 f9e/ fl\r />*4 ,yell[3 saffron1 saffl[]1 turm]ic4 ,blue3 litmus1 indigo solution4 ,gre53 sp9a* juice z well z mixtures ( ! p]mitt$ blue & yell[ col\rs4 ,r$3 c>m9e1 co*9eal1 madd] r$4 ,violet3 mixtures ( ! h>mless blue & r$ col\rs4 ,br[n3 burnt sug>1 licorice juice4 ,black3 *9ese ink4 ,9 ! meantime a numb] ( comp>atively h>mless anil9e col\rs h be5 p]mitt$ 9 ,au/ria = col\r+ sug> goods & liqueurs1 & ev5tually also = cacao prep>ations4#afj ,z 9 ! au?or's op9ion !re is no gr\nd = object+ to _! use 9 o!r c\ntries1 a li/ ( !m is giv5 "u _! comm]cial & sci5tific designations4 ,r$3 ,fu*s9 ,rosanil9e hydro*loride1 soluble 9 wat] & alcohol4 ,acid ,fu*s9 or ,fu*s9 ,s or ,rub9 ,sodium or calcium acid salt ( rosanil9e disulphonic acid1 soluble 9 wat]4 ,rocell9 or ,roscell9 7,fa/ ,r$7 ,sulpho oxyazonaphtal91 soluble 9 wat]4 ,bordeaux & ,ponceau r$ product ( ! comb9ation ( naphtol-disulphonic acid ) diazo-comp\nds ( ,xylol & high] homologues ( b5zol1 soluble 9 wat]4 ,eos9 ,tetrabrom-fluorescen1 soluble 9 wat] & alcohol4 ,phlox9 ,tetrabromo-di*lor-fluorescen1 soluble 9 wat]4 ,ery?ros9 ,tetra iodio-fluorescen1 soluble 9 wat]4 ,blue3 ,aliz>9 blue ,dioxyan?raqu9one-qu9ol9e1 slightly soluble 9 alcohol4 ,anil9e blue ,tripli5ylrosanil9e1 soluble 9 alcohol4 ,wat] blue ,triph5ylrosanil9e1 sulphonic acid soluble 9 wat]4 ,indul9e ,azodiph5yl blue sulphonic acid & its d]ivatives1 soluble 9 alcohol4 ,yell[3 ,acid yell[ ,r or fa/ yell[ ,r ,sodium amidoazob5zol-sulphonate1 soluble 9 wat]4 ,tropa$l9 #jjj or ,orange ,i ,sulphoazob5zoll ,greek3 alpha-naph?ol1 soluble 9 wat]4 ,naph?olyell[ ,sodium salt ( d9itro--naph?ol sulphonic acid1 soluble 9 wat]4 ,violet3 ,me?ylviolet ,hexa-& p5ta-me?ylp>a-rosanil9e hydro*loride1 soluble 9 wat] & alcohol4 ,gre53 ,mala*ite gre5 ,tetrame?yl-diamidotriph5yl-c>b9ol hydro*loride1 soluble 9 wat] & alcohol4 ,! above1 z well z ! foll[+ col\rs3 7blue7 am>an?1 brilliant blue & indigosulfone1 7r$7 ery?ros91 also acid yell[ ,s1 orange ,l & light gre5 ,s ,f1 h 9 ! meantime be5 accept$ by ! ,am]ican ,foods ,act z p]fectly h>mless = col\r+ any & all articles ( food4#afa ,= "s "t pa/ ,e4 ,m]ck ( ,d>m/adt has suppli$ a p]fectly h>mless gre5 col\r+ mat]ial "u ! "n ( *lorophyll1 9 alcoholic & 9 wat] solutions1 z well z te*nical *lorophyll1 = col\r+ oils & fats1 :i* is ! unalt]$ leaf gre5 & is ! be/ gre5 col\r+ ag5t = articles ( food & !re=e = cacao prep>ations4 ,! *lorophyll :i* is soluble 9 fat has also be5 recomm5d$ l "s ( ! anil9e col\rs :i* are soluble 9 fat1 z = example3 ,indul9 #f ,b 7blue71 ,sudan yell[ ,g1 ,sudan ,,iii 7r$71 & ,gallocyan9 7violet7 = col\r+ cacao butt]2 b 9 reg>d at lea/ to ! anil9e col\rs m5tion$1 no au?oritative sanction = _! use has yet be5 giv54 ,,footnotes3 #acf ,fl\r c be m easily bl5d$ ?an />* ) ! cacao mass1 z ! granules ( />* are only ) difficulty cru%$4 #acg ,rec5tly 9 "s inf]ior k9ds ( cocoa p[d] a quantity ( oatmeal has (t5 be5 add$ 7up to #e p]c5t71 caus+ ! prep>ation to ?ick5 :5 x is boil$ ) wat]4 #ach ,/ill bett]1 z less productive ( du/1 !re be+ a less rapid circulation ( air1 & also n s wa/eful1 are ! dismembrators z built by ,paul ,franke ,co4 #aci ,*emik]-,zeitung #ahii4 ,rep]t4 ,no4 #ch1 p4 #cgb4 #adj ,*emik]-,zeitung #ahhi1 p4 #djh4 #ada ,beckurts ,annual ,report ( ,ph>maceutical ,progress etc4 #ahhh1 p4 #cjg4 #adb ,see ,mll] p4 #aad4 #adc ,die ,nahrungs-und ,g5umittel aus dem ,pflanz5rei*e p4 #adj4 #add ,?is consi/s ( #ae p>ts ( defatt$ cacao1 #bjj p>ts ( arr[root #ej p>ts ( salep & fifty p>ts ( vanilla-sug>4 #ade ,krupps ,iron ,works supply ! late/ con/ructions1 /rongly to be recomm5d$4 #adf ,arbeit5 des kais]l4 ,gesundheitsamtes ,vol4 #ae p4 #a-aac & ,zeits4 f4 d4 ,unt]su*4 von ,nahrungs-und ,g5umitteln ,vol4 #c #ba4-be4 ,janu>y4 #adg ,d] ,trop5pflanz] #ahih1 p4 #bd4 #adh ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts #ahig1 ,vol4 #df1 p4 #ci-dj4 #adi ,comp>e ,giesel]1 ,vanillev]giftung51 ,bonn #ahif2 ,arn+ 7,deuts*4 m$4 ,wo*5s*rift #ahig1 pag4 #dce7 & ,gu]9 7,annales d'occuli/ique1 #ahie #d4 ,octob]74 #aej ,arbeit5 aus dem ,kais]l4 ,gesundheitsamte #ahii4 #aea ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,*em4 ,society #ahii1 ,vol4 #ba1 p4 #gai & ,*em4 ,ztg4 ,rep4 #ahii1 p4 #bge4 #aeb ,b]i*te d] ,deuts*5 ,*emis*5 ,gesells*aft ,vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #fih & ,fri$lnd]1 ,=ts*4 d] ,!ef>b5fabrikation1 ,b]l9 #ahhh1 p4 #ehc & else:]e4 #aec ,l'tat actuel de l'indu/rie de la p>fum]ie en ,france4 ,revue ,gnrale des sci5ces pures et appliques1 ,p>is #ahig1 p4 #ffc4 #aed ,*em4 ,zeit4 ,rep]t4 #ahih1 p4 #aha4 #aee ,ph>m4 ,zeit4 #ahhh1 p4 #fcd & ,ph>m4 ,c5tralhalle #ahih1 p4 #fgc4 #aef ,zeits*r4 fr angew&te ,*emie #ahii1 p4 #dbh4 #aeg ,ph>maceutis*e ,c5tralhalle #ahih1 p4 #ceg4 #aeh ,b]l9 #ahii1 ,jul4 ,spr5g]1 page #ec et seq4 #aei ,k4 ,diet]i*1 ,die ,analyse d] ,h>ze1 ,balsame und ,gummih>ze1 ,b]l9 #aijj1 page #gf4 #afj ,regulation ( #bb & ,janu>y #ahif4 #afa ,see also ,f>b5zeitung #aiji1 vol4 ,,xv1 pages #cja1 #cdh1 #cib & #dcf4 ,"p ,,iv4 ,exam9ation & ,analysis ( ,cacao ,prep>ations4 ,a4 ,*emical & microscopical exam9ation ( cacao & cacao prep>ations4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations w s]ve z an introduction to ! *emical & microscopical exam9ation ( cacao prep>ations calculat$ to be ( special value to ! food *emi/1 correspond+ z !y d to ! /ate ( sci5tific progress at ! pres5t day & special att5tion be+ paid to ! critical treatm5t ( ! me?ods ( analysis etc4 adopt$4 a7 ,te/+4 ,?is is a po9t ( great importance1 inasmu* z x directly influ5ces ! result ( ! analysis ( cacao goods4 ,?is is especially ! case :5 deal+ ) cocoa p[d]s1 z ! te/ is liable to v>y consid]ably accord+ to ! am\nt ( moi/ure conta9$ 9 ! prep>ation & ! degree ( f95ess ( ! p[d]4 ,9 ! case ( cocoa p[d]s1 ! sample %\ld be tak5 repeat$ly f a l>ge supply1 & f all p>ts ( ! mat]ial to ensure gett+ an av]age sample4 ,! samples tak5 %\ld be ( uni=m volume & %\ld1 be=e proce$+ to apply ! te/1 be closely mix$ toge!r1 be+1 if possible1 fir/ pass$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve4 ,! mat]ial ready = ! foll[+ exp]im5ts %\ld !n be plac$ 9 t91 or bett] /ill1 glass receptacles ) well-fitt+ corks or /opp]s4 ,pap] wrapp+s or c>dbo>d-boxes are n to be recomm5d$1 z ! p[d] is apt to become dri] or moi/] accord+ to ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e to :i* ! packets are expos$4 ,! mo/ suitable quantity = exp]im5tal purposes is1 9 ! case ( bo? *ocolate & cocoa p[d]1 z well z butt] & cov]+ mat]ial1 #ajj kilogrammes4 ,:5 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( =eign fat 9 cacao prep>ations1 h[ev]1 z well z e/imat+ ! a% cont5t ( p[d]1 up to #bej kilogrammes ( sample mat]ial c be us$4 ,9 ,g]many ! regulations ( ! ,comm]cial ,ag5cies ( ! gov]nm5t public food *emi/s obta9 :5 sampl+ & analys+ cacao prep>ations4#afb b7 ,*emical ,analyses4 ,! analyses ( all cacao prep>ations f a *emical po9t ( view are conduct$1 almo/ )\t exception1 ) ! object ( det]m9+ ! values = moi/ure--m9]al matt] 7e/imation ( ! am\nt ( ! c>bonic acid alkalis & ! silicic acid7--fat 7e/imation ( =eign fat7--!obrom9e & c(fe9e--sug>--/>* 7=eign />*es7--album9\s matt] & raw fibre4 ,! la/ regulation may also be ext5d$ to ! e/imation ( ! quantity ( %ell pres5t4 #a4 ,e/imation ( moi/ure4 #e grammes ( mat]ial 7i4 e4 f9e-cru%$ *ocolate mass7 are left to dry 7if possible 9 a d\ble-wall$ glyc]9e dry+ *amb]7 = ab\t #f h\rs at a temp]ature ( #aje ,deg4 ,c41 ! loss ( weight ( ! mat]ial be+ e/imat$ z moi/ure4 ,! dry+ %\ld n be cont9u$ long] ?an #f h\rs1 z fatty mat]ial is liable aft] ! expiration ( ?is "t to recov] "s ( its weight1 ow+ to ! oxyg5 ( ! air ent]+ into *emical comb9ation ) ! fat :i* rises to ! surface or deta*es itself f ! mat]ial4 ,:5 analys+ *ocolate1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t ! mass f melt+ d[n & runn+ toge!r at "o po9t4 ,if ?is occurs1 ! foll[+ treatm5t mu/ be adopt$3 ,a %all[ wat*-glass is fill$ ) ab\t #aj grammes ( s&1 well wa%$ & dri$1 a v f9e s& su* z s-call$ sea-s& be+ pref]able to o!rs1 ! glass !n transf]r$ to ! dry+ closet1 cool$1 & f9ally #e grammes ( ! f9e-cru%$ *ocolate add$4 ,! mixture is !n deposit$ = a p]iod ( #f h\rs 9 ! dry+ *amb]1 at a temp]ature ( #aje ,deg4 z indicat$ above & ! weight ( ! s& d$uct$ :5 f9ally calculat+ ! value ( ! moi/ure4 ,if z l[ a quantity z #e p]c5t ( gelat9e has be5 add$ to ! *ocolate1 z mu* z #aj p]c5t ( wat] c be add$ )\t 9 any way affect+ ! appe>ance ( ! mat]ial1 al?\gh su* a proce$+ is exce$+ly detrim5tal to ! ta/e & durability ( ! prep>ation4 ,su* *ocolates usually h a dull surface &1 if /or$ 9 a w>m place1 are apt to break up & become pal] 9 col\r2 ?is result c1 h[ev]1 be prev5t$ by an extra addition ( fat4 ,too high a#afc fat cont5t po9ts 9 any case ( additions ( gelat9e4 ,p4 ,onfroy#afd det]m9es ! addition ( gelat9e by boil+ #e grammes ( *ocolate *ips 9 #ej cubic c5timetres ( wat]1 add+ #e cubic c5timetres ( a solution conta9+ #aj p]c5t ( lead acetate1 & !n filt]+ ! :ole4 ,if gelat9e is pres5t 9 ! *ocolate1 ! liquid1 on a few drops ( saturat$ picric acid be+ add$1 leaves a yell[1 amorph\s s$im5t4 ,if ! addition ( gelat9e is v trifl+1 ! gelat9e is held 9 *eck or neutralis$ by ! tannic acid4 ,! defatt+ is !n effect$ by e!r & ! *ocolate /irr$ up ) #ajj cubic c5timetres ( hot wat]4 #e-aj cubic c5timetres ( a solution ( lye conta9+ #aj p]c5t ( alkali & ab\t #aj cubic c5timetres ( ! above-m5tion$ lead acetate solution are add$4 ,! comp\nd ( gelat9e & tannic acid is soluble 9 ! hydrate ( ! alkali1 & is aft]w>ds re-deposit$ by ! action ( ! lead acetate1 s t x c easily be detect$ by means ( picric acid 9 ! neutralis$ filtrate4 ,z picric acid is incapable ( effect+ ! deposition ( ! !obrom9e1 ! deposition obs]v$ c only be caus$ by ! pres5ce ( gelat9e4 ,l gelat9e & glue1 ! addition ( a quantity ( adragan? has ! p[] ( b9d+ ! moi/ure & sav+ ! fat4 ,a me?od ( e/imat+ ! quality ( ?is vegetable gum1 ( :i* at ! mo/ #b p]c5t %\ld be pres5t1 has rec5tly be5 describ$ by ,welmans2 ?is me?od is expla9$ on page 444 9 ! microscopic section4 #b4 ,e/imation ( a%#afe3 #e grammes ( mat]ial are heat$ 9 a plat9um vessel1 pan or flat tray1 ! latt] or o!r simil> %all[ receptacle be+ ! mo/ suitable1 hold+ f #be to #cj cubic c5timetres4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 :5 heat+ t ! extremity ( ! ,buns5 flame only t\*es ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,! result+ gases are !n ignit$1 & ! completely *>r$ mass press$ or /irr$ to a p[d] by means ( a plat9um wire or rod hamm]$ flat at ! end2 ! pan %\ld be frequ5tly made to revolve & its cont5ts cont9ually /irr$ dur+ heat+1 c>e be+ tak51 too1 to hold x slant+ ! :ole "t4 ,! pan %\ld be held 9 ?is way ov] a mod]ate flame until ! a% assumes almo/ a :ite col\r4 ,z soon z ?is occurs1 ! pan %\ld be cool$ d[n & ! a% uni=mly saturat$ ) a conc5trat$ wat]y solution ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 :]eon ! vessel is plac$ 9 ! dry+ *amb] & dri$ at a temp]ature ( #ajj ,deg4 ,c4 ,! cont5ts ( ! pan are !n heat$ aga9 v cauti\sly ov] ! ,buns5 flame1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! bottom ( ! vessel is only all[$ to become r$-hot v gradually & to rema9 s = a v %ort "t2 ! pan is !n cov]$ up & transf]r$ to ! dessicator to be cool$1 &1 on ! completion ( ?is process1 its weight det]m9$4 ,aft] repeat+ ! saturat+ process ) ! solution ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 dry+ & heat+ = a %ort "t z previ\sly describ$1 ! accuracy ( ! weight fir/ obta9$ is aga9 te/$4 #c4 ,e/imation ( silicic acid 9 ! a%3 ,:5 exam9+ cocoa p[d]s & *ocolate mass1 ! det]m9ation ( ! silicic acid cont5t ( ! a% is sometimes a necessity1 z ?is facilitates ! detection ( any %ells :i* may h be5 add$4#aff ,! a% ( ! cacao bean conta9s only betwe5 #jbe & #aj p]c5t ( silicic acid1 :ile t ( ! %ell %[s on analysis z mu* z #i p]c5t2 x mu/1 h[ev]1 be tak5 into consid]ation t an unusually high value = silicic acid 9 ! f9i%$ p[d] might be caus$ by impurities 9 ! *emical or o!r ag5ts us$ to effect ! dis9tegration ( ! cacao4 ,! signs ( ! pres5ce ( an extraord9>y quantity ( silicic acid are1 accord+ to ,c4 ,r4 ,fres5ius 7,introduction to quantitative analysis7#afg a high] p]c5tage ( ! a% itself ?an usual1 & ! quantity ( a% us$ = ! te/ %\ld n be too small2 x %\ld fur!r be rememb]$ t c]ta9 cacao prep>ations1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! ,dut* cocoa p[d]s1 conta9 l>ge quantities ( c>bonic m9]al matt]1 & ! special treatm5t expla9$ by ,fres5ius :5 deal+ ) su* prep>ations sep>ately %\ld be appli$4 #d4 ,e/imation ( alkalis rema9+ 9 cocoa p[d]s4 ,! a% obta9$ f #e grammes ( cocoa p[d] is wa%$ out ( ! plat9um pan into an ord9>y wat] glass or tumbl]1 di/ill$ wat] only be+ us$ = ?is purpose1 aft]w>ds f9ely cru%$ ) a glass rod & heat$ to boil+ po9t4 ,! liquid is !n all[$ to settle1 filt]$ & re-wa%$4 ,at ?is /age #e cubic c5timetres ( n_/#a sulphur\s acid are add$1 ! liquid aga9 heat$ to boil+ po9t & titrat$ ) #b_/n or n_/#d alkal9e lye4 ,9 ?is way ! quantity ( add$ c>bonic m9]al matt] is det]m9$1 9 addition to ! am\nt ( c>bonate pres5t 9 ord9>y cocoa p[d]s1 :i* is =m$ f ! organic acid m9]als :5 ! a% is produc$4 ,welmans has det]m9$ ^! values 9 ! commone/ v>ieties ( beans & plac$ ! results obta9$ at our disposal = ! second edition ( ?is book4 ,^! results are z foll[s3 a7 ,un%ell$ roa/$ beans ,ariba ,ariba ,c>acas ,c>acas ,p] c5t4 ,i ,,ii ,i ,,ii ,a% #daih #djb #geb #dcgf ,soluble 9 wat] #afih #aff #acd #afgf ,insoluble 9 wat] #be #bcf #fah #bgj ,alkali 7consid]$ z pota%7 #jfdag #jfdag #jeif #jiicf ,guayaquil ,tr9idad ,/4 ,p] c5t4 ,?om ,a% #eab #cf #cib ,soluble 9 wat] #baa #aefe #afjd ,insoluble 9 wat] #cja #bjce #bcb ,alkali 7consid]$ z pota%7 #jhd #aabe #jfg b7 ,%ell$1 roa/$ beans3 ,pu]to ,ariba ,ariba ,c>acas ,c>acas ,p] c5t4 ,cabello ,i ,,ii ,i ,,ii ,a% #cfb #cgja #cdi #chde #cfb ,soluble 9 wat] #agb #adbc #acae #agf #afb ,insoluble 9 wat] #aij #bbgc #bage #bjh #bjj ,alkali 7pota%7 #jfjc #jcbc #jchh #jhgbe #jddgh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,alkali 9 p[d]$ cacao ) #cc p]c5t ( fat calculat$ #jhjh #jdcf #jeb #aafi #jfjj ,a%1 calculat$ z above #dhbb #diei #dfgf #eaeb #dhe ,guayaquil ,tr9idad ,/4 ,p] c5t4 ,?om ,a% #cibf #cbgg #cbg ,soluble 9 wat] #adgf #agbg #acd ,insoluble 9 wat] #bde #aee #aic ,alkali 7pota%7 #jdjb #jdbji #jdjdh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,alkali 9 p[d]$ cacao ) #cc p]c5t ( fat calculat$ #jed #jeid #jedb ,a%1 calculat$ z above #ebf #dci #dch ,^! tables %[ t3 #a4 ,! a% ( cocoa p[d] 7conta9+ #cc p]c5t ( fat7 is nev] m ?an #ee p]c5t4 #b4 ,! maximum am\nt ( alkali 7calculat$ z pota%7 is #ab p]c5t4 #c4 ,! a% soluble 9 wat] is always less ?an t insoluble 9 wat]4 ,a rev]se proportion %[s a l>g] am\nt ( alkali1 t is1 alkali has be5 add$4 ,9 addition to ! importance ( det]m9+ ! am\nt ( alkali 9 cocoa p[d]1 x is v desirable t analytical *emi/s %\ld agree z to ! me?ods to be adopt$1 s9ce ! det]m9ations ( alkali seldom agree & may diff] z mu* z #jc p]c5t4#afh ,! me?od ( calculat+ ! results %\ld also be def9$1 t is to say1 an agreem5t %\ld be arriv$ at z to :e!r ! alkali %\ld be express$ z ,k#b,o1 ,k#b;,,co#c or ,na#b;,,co#c4afi ,cacao :i* has be5 r5d]$ miscible by means ( ammonia1 sometimes conta9s a small am\nt ( ammonia1 probably 9 comb9ation ) an organic acid4 ,to detect x1 ! ,cocoa p[d] %\ld be di/ill$ ) wat]1 :i* gives an alkal9e di/illate1 z ! ammonia salt w\ld be decompos$ at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,! ammonia c be volumetrically det]m9$ 9 ! di/illate ) sulphuric acid4#agj #e4 ,det]m9ation ( ! ,fatty ,cont5ts4 ,9 ?is op]ation #e grammes ( ! f9e/ p[d]$ bean i4 e4 ! f9e/ cocoa p[d] 79 ! case ( *ocolate1 :i* mu/ be f9ely flak$1 #aj grammes7 %\ld be mix$ ) an equal quantity ( ev5ly gra9$ qu>tz s& 9 a w>m$ mort>1 & !n transf]r$ p] filt] to a ,soxhlet's app>atus1 :]e9 x c be extract$ ) e!r = f #aj to #ab h\rs at a /ret*4 ,! previ\sly weigh$ c>boy1 :i* n[ conta9s ! fatty cont5ts 9 solution1 is plac$ on a wat] ba?1 & ! e!r extract$ z f> z possible1 aft] :i* ! fatty residue rema9+ is dri$ by fir/ introduc+ ! vessel 9 a wat] ov5 & aft]w>ds all[+ x to /& = #b h\rs 9 a dessicator4 ,! increase ( weight 9 ! flask is due to e!r extract1 consi/+ almo/ exclusively ( fat4 ,x is true t small proportions ( !obrom9e w h be5 simultane\sly dissolv$ 7p]haps ab\t #ja g47 b no special significance ne$ be atta*$ to !m4 ,if x %\ld seem advisable to avoid ev5 ?is slight drawback1 petroleum e!r ) a boil+ po9t ( #ej ,c4 %\ld be employ$ in/ead ( ! ord9>y v>iety4 ,welmans#aga has fur!r describ$ a quick & practical me?od = det]m9+ fat 9 cacao & its prep>ations1 :i* is n only ( value z a *eck on ! extraction me?od1 b also s]ves z a det]m9ation ( ! con/itu5ts soluble 9 wat]4 ,x is c>ri$ out z foll[s3 #e grammes ( ,cocoa p[d] or cacao mass1 :i* ne$ n be v f9e1 or #aj grammes ( *ocolate are /irr$ = "s m9utes 9 a sep>ator or cyl9d] ) #ajj ccm ( e!r 7saturat$ ) wat]7 until coh]5t p>ticles are no m visible1 t is to say1 until ! factory degree ( f95ess has be5 atta9$4 ,9 two m9utes all w h gone to p[d] ev5 if ! *ocolate has n be5 rubb$ d[n b is 9 pieces2 #ajj ccm ( wat] 7saturat$ ) e!r7 are !n add$1 & ! mixture agitat$ until a complete emulsion takes place4 ,) p[d]$ cacao1 especially ^? k9ds ri* 9 fat1 t occurs 9 to #a m9ute1 & ) *ocolate 9 #b m9utes4 ,x is !n all[$ to re/ until ! emulsion sep>ates1 :i* at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( #ae-bj ,c4 usually occurs 9 #f-ab h\rs 9 ! case ( *ocolate1 & #ab-bd h\rs ) cacao4 ,! great] "p ( ! wat] sep>ates fir/ &1 usually1 am\nts to #ij-ih ccm ) *ocolate & #gj-hf ccm ) cocoa4 ,! p[d]y portion ( ! cocoa or *ocolate floats on ! surface ( ! aque\s lay] at ! bottom ( ! e!r lay]4 ,only husk1 s&1 p>ticles ( cacao beans1 add$ />*1 etc4 accumulate at ! bottom ( ! sep>ator & are to be remov$ ) ! aque\s lay]1 :i* 9 ! case ( *ocolate conta9s ! sug>1 b usually no trace ( fat4 ,! e!r lay]1 :i* freely sep>ates f ! emulsion 9 ! "t m5tion$1 is q cle> & f #be to #ej ccm c g5]ally be pipett$ (f & an aliquot "p p\r$ into a measur+ cyl9d] or graduat$ tube1 or into a #be or #ej ccm flask4 ,if ! e!r solution ( fat is n suffici5t 9 quantity1 ! sep>ation c be effect$ aft] remov+ ! aque\s liquid by twirl+ r\nd ! sep>ator4 ,! turbidity soon disappe>s & ! non-fatty p>ticles quickly s9k to ! bottom4 ,! e!r solution ( fat c also be exam9$ arometrically1 z ) milk fat1 by ,soxhlet's arometric me?od1 aft] =c+ x by means ( an india rubb] ball1 into a pipette or burette1 b ! con/ants to be us$ 9 t case h n be5 asc]ta9$4 ,aft] ! e!r has be5 di/ill$ (f1 9 ! normal mann]1 ! weight obta9$ mu/ be calculat$ = #ajj ccm & a small correction made4 ,= example1 if #ej ccm ( ! e!r solution ( fat give a residue ( #jh gramme1 !n #ajj ccm repres5ts #af gramme4 ,b ?is #af gramme has n be5 obta9$ f #ajj ccm ( ! orig9al 7wat] saturat$7 e!r1 b f #ajj-x ccm1 x repres5t+ ! numb] ( cubic c5timetres correspond+ to #af gramme ( cacao butt] &1 z ! specific gravity ( cacao butt] is ne>ly #a2 ! equation becomes 7#ajj-af73 #ajj #af3 x2 x #afj_/ihd #afbg gramme2 s t ! #e grammes ( sub/ance w\ld conta9 #afbg gramme ( fat or #cbed p]c5t4 ,! rema9+ aque\s solution conta9s ! :ole ( ! con/itu5ts ( cacao or *ocolate :i* are soluble 9 wat]4 ,x is measur$ into a graduat$ cyl9d] & its volume asc]ta9$4 ,!n1 aft] ! entire am\nt has be5 evaporat$ to dryness1 ! residue is calculat$ on a p]c5tage basis4 ,! foll[+ proc$ure1 h[ev]1 is pref]able4 #aj ccm ( ! liquid are evaporat$ & ! residue well dri$ 9 a vacuum be=e x is weigh$4 ,multiply+ ! asc]ta9$ weight by #aj1 we obta9 ! am\nt ( cacao or *ocolate soluble 9 wat] & pres5t 9 #e & #aj grammes ( ei!r sub/ance respectively4 ,! am\nt ( sug> 9 ! aque\s extract c be det]m9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 #ej ccm ( ! extract are heat$ 9 a wat] ba? & ?us sep>at$ f e!r2 aft]w>ds #b ccm ( lead acetate are add$ & ! :ole imm$iately transf]r$ to a special k9d ( filt] pap]4 ,! solution is n[ pol>is$ 9 ! usual way & ! numb] ( grammes ( sug> ?us asc]ta9$ conv]t$ into ccm by division 7#aee be+ ! unit7 & !n ! result subtract$ f #ajj1 :i* gives ! volume ( wat] pres5t 9 #ajj ccm ( sug> solution1 & s by fur!r division until ! p]c5tage ( sug> 9 *ocolate is f9ally obta9$4 ,if ! pol>isation yields m sug> ?an ! weight ( ! total residue1 x is an indication t dextr9e is pres5t z an adult]ation4 ,! quantitative det]m9ation ( dextr9e1 :i* is sometimes add$ to cocoa p[d] z well z to *ocolate1 = l gelat9e & tragacan? x holds wat] toge!r & s ensures a sav+ ( fat1 is be/ c>ri$ out 9 ,p4 ,welman's pol>is+ me?od4#agb ,z ! am\nt ( fat obta9$ f #e grammes ( a cacao prep>ation does n suffice = te/s ( purity1 a l>g] quantity mu/ be extract$ 9 ord] to c>ry out ! foll[+ inve/igations4 ,?is has ref]5ce to #a4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! melt+ po9t2 #b4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! iod9e value 7,welman7#agc2 #c4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! saponification value2 #d4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! acid value2 #e4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! ,rei*]t-,meissl value2 #f4 ,pol5's value#agd2 #g4 ,cohn's inve/igation#age2 #h4 ,melt+ po9t ( ! fatty acids2 #i4 ,refraction ( ! fatty acids2 #aj4 ,iod9e value ( ! fatty acids2 #aa4 ,det]m9ation ( ! refractive index at #dj ,c4 9 ,zeiss' butt] refractomet]4 ,! foll[+ process is usually adopt$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! melt+ po9t ( cacao fat3 ,! melt$ fat is suck$ up a glass capill>y tube1 ! int]nal diamet] ( :i* does n exce$ #b mm 7fluctuat+ betwe5 #ah mm & t measurem5t7 to some:at above ! "p ( ! tube :i* is graduat$ into t5?s1 & !n s mu* ( ! capill>y tube cut (f z suffices to make ! fat column !re half ! height ( ! bulb ( ! m]cury !rmomet] us$ 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,z fre% molt5 fat has a v v>iable melt+ po9t1 x is absolutely ess5tial t ! fat 9 ?is exp]im5t be all[$ to cool ab\t a week 9 "s d>k *amb]1 &1 because only aft] ! expiration ( ?is p]iod c ! melt+ po9t be designat$ z a con/ant1 n to proce$ ) ! fur!r det]m9ation until ?is necess>y /age has be5 rea*$4 ,to c>ry out ?is det]m9ation ! capill>y tube is atta*$ to ! bulb ( ! m]cury !rmomet] by means ( a rubb] r+ 9 su* a mann] t ! column ( fat occurs directly 9 ! middle4 ,! :ole app>atus is n[ hung 9 a te/ tube ( #b cm int]nal diamet]1 :i* is j s f> fill$ ) wat] t ?is c only p5etrate to ! fat 9 ! capill>y tube :i* is op5 at bo? ends f ! "u side4 ,to regulate ! fl[ ( heat1 ?is te/ tube is fur!r introduc$ into a beak] also fill$ ) wat]1 :i* is heat$ fir/4 ,z soon z ! fat is melt$1 ! wat] p5etrates to ! capill>y tube & pu%es along ! fat column4 ,! read+ is n[ tak5 at once ! degree regi/]$1 ! !rmomet] %[+ ! melt+ po9t ( ! fat4 ,we ne$ n "h laun* on an exact description ( ! above m5tion$ det]m9ation1 b w only /ay to po9t out ! (t-m5tion$ book ( ,r4 ,b5$ikt's1 entitl$ 8,analyses ( ,k9ds ( ,fat & ,wax01 z enl>g$ & issu$ by ,f4 ,ulz] aft] ! dea? ( ! au?or 7,b]l9 edition1 ,j4 ,spr+]74 ,%\ld a d\bt arise 9 comp>+ ! results giv5 by ^! six te/s1 :i* may happ5 ) "s k9ds ( ord9>y cacao butt]1 ! employm5t ( ,bjrklund's empirical e!r te/#agf or ,fils+]'s alcohol-e!r te/ is to be recomm5d$1 :i* latt] is c>ri$ out z foll[s4#agg #c grammes ( cacao butt] are dissolv$ 9 #f grammes ( e!r at #aj ,c4 ,%\ld ! result+ solution be cle>1 ?is is an indication t no wax is pres5t4 ,! solution is !n introduc$ 9 its te/ tube into wat] at #j ,c4 & ! l5g? ( ! "t :i* transpires be=e x beg9s to become cl\dy or to deposit floccul5t matt]1 obs]v$1 also ! temp]ature :5 ! solution aga9 becomes cle>4 ,if ! solution becomes turbid be=e t5 m9utes h elaps$ ! cacao butt] is n q pure4 ,pure cacao butt] becomes turbid 9 f #aj to #ae m9utes at #j ,c4 & cle> aga9 at f #ai-bj ,c42 an admixture ( #e p]c5t ( tall[ r5d]s ! solution turbid at #ai-bj ,c4 9 #h m9utes & x becomes cle> aga9 at #bb ,c42 #ae p]c5t ( tall[ give a turbid solution 9 f #d-e m9utes at #j ,c4 t becomes cle> aga9 at #bbe-bhe ,c4 ,fils+]#agh has sugge/$ a modification ( ,bjrklund's te/4 ,9 8 me?od #b grammes ( ! fat are dissolv$ 9 a graduat$ tube 9 a mixture ( #d p>ts ( e!r 7,s4 ,g4 #jgbe77 & #a "p ( alcohol 7,s4 ,g4 #jhaj74 ,pure cacao butt] %\ld rema9 cle> aft] "s lapse ( "t1 :]eas =eign fats & m especially tall[ prep>ations cause a sep>ation4 ,b ,lewk[its*#agi ma9ta9s t ?is te/ is n be reli$ on1 z g5u9e k9ds ( cacao butt] w cry/allise out f ! e!r alcohol solution at #i ,c4 & "s at #ab ,c4 ,yet we are nev]!less ( ! op9ion t liquid fats are ( no great mom5t at ! pres5t "t1 = !y always involve a consid]able l[]+ ( ! melt+ po9t & s greatly impair ! fracture ( ! *ocolate4 ,fats su* z tall[1 or ! l1 mu/ be us$1 & ^! are detect$ bo? by _! flav\r & by ,bjrklund's te/4 ,adult]ation is !re=e v r>ely met ) 9 ! ,g]man *ocolate indu/ry1 ?anks to ^! facts & ! rigid self-control practis$ by ! ,association ( ,g]man ,*ocolate ,manufactures & ! %>p sup]vision ex]cis$ by ! inspectors ( articles ( consumption 9 t c\ntry4 ,! only regul>ly occurr+ adult]ations are connect$ ) ! prep>ation ( ,cocoa p[d] & consi/ 9 sub/itutions ( f9ely gr\nd cacao husk2 ! detection ( :i* /ill rema9s mo/ difficult & unc]ta92 & ev5 "h x is r ! ,dut* firms :i* are culpable2 & g5]ally speak+ x is a trick ( small] manufactur]s1 :o consid] su* an admixture z q ! normal proc$ure4 #f4 ,det]m9ation ( ,!obrom9e & ,caffe9e4 ,me?ods = ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! quantity ( !obrom9e are s num]\s t x w\ld be impossible "h to ent] into ! detail ( _! advantages & disadvantages4 ,( ! diff]5t processes adopt$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! cacao diureide p]haps only ,em+]'s is wor?y ( consid]ation at pres5t1 & ?is is describ$ fully 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs1 z be/ correspond+ to our pres5t k ( ! subject & its requirem5ts1 & mo/ des]v+ recomm5dation to *emi/s & food analy/s on acc\nt ( its reliability4 ,= ! practical te/+ ( cacao prep>ations ! splitt+ up ( ! diureide has no special advantage & s we c at once proce$ to treat ( ! comp\nd p>ticle1 ?\gh r incl9$ to ma9ta9 t ! diureide has v little importance on ! :ole1 = x e/abli%es no basis f :i* we c judge ( ! quality ( ! v>i\s products4 ,! proc$ure 9 ,em+]'s process is z foll[s3 #aj grammes ( p[d]$ bean ( cacao prep>ation are plac$ 9 a weigh$ glass flask1 !n /irr$ up ) #ajj grammes ( petroleum e!r & all[$ to settle4 ,! petroleum e!r is next c>efully p\r$ (f1 )\t di/urb+ ! s$im5t1 & ! treatm5t repeat$ sev]al times4 ,aft] ! la/ decantation1 ! residue is well dra9$1 !n dri$ 9 ! flask & weigh$4 ,! diff]5ce 9 weight ( ! residue & ! =m] figure repres5ts ! am\nt ( fat4 ,an aliquot portion ( ! residue 7ab\t #e grammes7 is !n boil$ ) #ajj grammes ( a #c-d p]c5t /rong sulphuric acid 9 a flask connect$ ) a reflux cond5s]1 until cacao r$ is giv5 z a resultant1 a task :i* occupies ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are !n p\r$ into a beak]1 & neutralis$1 :il/ hot1 ) b>ium hydroxide4 ,! :ole is !n mix$ ) s& 9 a bas9 & evaporat$ to dryness2 aft]w>ds ! dry residue is introduc$ into a ,soxhlet app>atus on a pap] cone1 & !re extract$ = #e h\rs ) #aej grammes ( *lor(orm4 ,! latt] is c>efully di/ill$ (f & ! residue dri$ = a p]iod ( "o h\r at #ajj ,c4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 ! sep>ation ( ! two diureides is n necess>y & 9 comm]cial analyses x is suffici5t to /ate ! am\nt ( ea* sep>ate sub/ance aft] ! removal ( fat by means ( "s suitable solv5t4 ,b %\ld ! splitt+ up be desir$1 !n ,em+]'s me?od %\ld be adopt$1 :i* dep5ds on ! solubility ( caffe9e 9 c>bon tetra*loride4#ahj ,) t object1 ! mixture ( fat1 !obrom9e & caffe9e is treat$ 9 ! flask ) #ajj grammes ( c>bon tetra*loride & repeat$ly agitat$ = "o h\r4 ,aft] filtration1 ! c>bon tetra*loride1 :i* n[ conta9s fat & caffe9e1 is di/ill$ (f4 ,! !obrom9e left undissolv$ 9 ! flask & ! filt] us$ to filt] ! c>bon tetra*loride solution are !n extract$ ) boil+ wat]1 ! solution is filt]$ & evaporat$ to dryness1 ! residue repres5t+ !obrom9e4 ,! sep>ation ( caffe9e & !obrom9e c also be effect$ by cauti\s treatm5t ) cau/ic soda1 s dissolv+ ! !obrom9e & leav+ ! caffe9e unt\*$ 9 its entirety4#aha 7,cf4 ,ri$]]47 #g4 ,det]m9ation ( ,/>*4 ,?is c only be ( importance 9 r>] in/ances1 z ! />* naturally pres5t 9 raw cacao g5]ally v>ies betwe5 #i & #aj p]c5t1 & !re is no *emical me?od ( sep>at+ =eign matt] f cacao />*4 ,b %\ld ! necessity arise1 a det]m9ation c be c>ri$ out z foll[s4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! />* m easily gelat9isable1 ! fat is fir/ remov$ by treat+ #e grammes ( cocoa p[d] or #aj grammes ( a cacao prep>ation ) e!r & !n ) an #hj solution ( alcohol to sep>ate any sug>1 !obrom9e & cacao r$4 ,! residue is !n mix$ ) wat] & subject$ to a /eam pressure ( f ?ree to f\r atmosph]es1 :i* conv]ts ! />* into a soluble body kn[n z amylo-dextr9e4 ,?is op]ation is g5]ally c>ri$ out 9 an autoclave or /rong copp] vessel#ahb provid$ ) an air-tight & removable cov]1 ! op5 flask1 conta9+ ! sample to be gelat9is$ 7#a "p ( cacao & #bj p>ts ( wat]7 be+ plac$ 9 ! vessel half imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,aft] screw+ on ! lid1 ! temp]ature ( ! int]ior ( ! vessel is rais$ to #acc-add ,c4 correspond+ to a pressure ( #d atmosph]es1 & ma9ta9$ at t pressure = ?ree or f\r h\rs 9 ord] to all[ ! action to proce$ on ! mass = gelat9isation ( ! />*4 ,! flask is !n remov$ f ! app>atus & ! cont5ts all[$ to settle = a few m9utes2 ! liquid is filt]$ hot1 ! filtrate am\nt+ to ab\t #bej or #cjj ccm aft] ! filt] has be5 wa%$ a few times ) hot wat]4 ,only ! cell fibre rema9s on ! filt]1 :il/ ! />* is dissolv$ 9 ! filtrate4 ,?is is n[ heat$ ) #bj ccm ( hydro*loric acid 9 a flask connect$ ) a reflux cond5s]1 :]eby ! />* is conv]t$ into dextrose4 ,! sug> solution is neutralis$ ) sodium c>bonate1 cl>ifi$ ) basic lead acetate1 any excess ( ! latt] be+ remov$ ) sodium sulphate1 f9ally filt]$1 & ! :ole made up to #ejj ccm4 ,! sug> is det]m9$ 9 ?is solution by titration ) alkal9e copp] sulphate solution & f ! numb] ( cubic c5timetres requir$ = ! precipitation ( ! r$ cupr\s oxide1 ! quantity ( sug> c be asc]ta9$4 ,z #ii p>ts ( />* are equal to #ajh p>ts ( dextrose or grape sug>1 ! foll[+ calculation mu/ be made4 dextrose />* dextrose 3x4 #ajh3ii f\nd ,9 ! det]m9ation ( sug> ) copp] sulphate x is m advantage\s to foll[ up ,f4 ,allih9's#ahc me?od1 9 :i* ! cupr\s oxide is r$uc$ by hydrog5 gas to metallic copp]1 weigh$ z su*1 & s ! sug> calculat$1 or ! cupr\s oxide c be collect$ on an asbe/os filt] & weigh$ 9 t condition4 ,! cupr\s oxide mu/ be previ\sly wa%$ ) hot wat]1 alcohol & e!r1 :i* mu/ be completely remov$ by subsequ5t dry+ 9 ! air ba?1 s9ce an error ( ev5 #a milligramme w\ld s]i\sly affect ! f9al result4 ,!n aga91 ! am\nt ( sug> may be det]m9$ by pol>isation1 a process :i* has also its own p>ticul> advantages4 ,! *emical det]m9ation ( />* is only 9 a limit$ degree effectual 9 a recognition ( an admixture ( =eign />* 9 cacao prep>ations4 ,if m ?an #aj-ae p]c5t ( />*1 z calculat$ on ! crude bean1 has be5 f\nd1 x mu/ c]ta9ly be assum$ t !re is an admixture ( =eign />*1 b *emi/ry af=ds no assi/ance by :i* =eign />* may be sep>at$ f ! g5u9e />* ( ! cacao bean4 ,= t purpose ! =eign />* mu/ be obs]v$ "u ! microscope1 :i* n only s]ves to detect its pres5ce b af=ds a means ( e/imat+ ! am\nt pres5t to an approximate degree1 & its *>act]i/ics4 ,great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$1 or ! result may be easily exagg]at$4 ,/&>d prep>ations1 i4 e4 :i* h a kn[n p]c5tage ( />* con/itu5t1 prove v s]viceable :5 comp>+4 ,if ,welman's agitation me?od has be5 us$ = det]m9+ ! fat1 ! />* w be f\nd 9 ! s$im5t4 ,! am\nt ( =eign />* c also be det]m9$ by ,posetto's#ahd me?od1 :i* dep5ds on ! int5sity & p]man5cy ( ! iod9e reaction4 ,9 ! latt] te/ #b grammes ( ! p[d]$ or f9ely divid$ cacao prep>ation are boil$ ) #bj ccm wat] 9 a te/ tube = #b m9utes1 cool$1 & )\t di/urb+ ! liquid1 #bj ccm ( wat] & #e ccm ( iod9e solution 7#e grammes ( iodide & #aj grammes ( potassium iodide 9 #ajj ccm ( wat]7 are add$4 ,! liquid f g5u9e cacao1 accord+ to ! v>iety us$1 turns br[ni% or light blue1 *ang+ 9 a %ort "t 7#ab m9utes at ! mo/7 to br[n & r$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 *ocolate or a cacao prep>ation adult]at$ ) n m ?an #aj :eat5 or potato />*1 *e/nut1 maize or comm]cial dextr9e1 w give a blue coloration la/+ = #bd h\rs4 ,x mu/ be not$ t ! result 9 ,posetto's te/ is influ5c$ by ! am\nt ( alkali1 s t ) dis9tegrat$ cacao1 = in/ance1 a consid]able quantity ( iod9e has to be add$ be=e ! blue coloration takes place1 & ?is m especially if ! potassium c>bonate employ$ conta9$ cau/ic alkali4 ,su* prep>ations f9ally become col\r$1 b g5]ally %[ a mix$ col\r 7blue & yell[73 gre5 to gre5i% br[n4 #h4 ,det]m9ation ( crude ,fibre4 ,?is c be c>ri$ out 9 two ways2 ei!r by ,knig's new process z employ$ by ,fils+] = cacao or by ! old] me?od ( ,we5d]'s#ahe z foll[s3 #c grammes ( ! defatt$ & atmosph]ically dri$ sub/ance are boil$ = h\r ) #bjj ccm ( a #abd p]c5t solution ( sulphuric acid4 ,x is all[$ to settle1 !n decant$1 & ! residue boil$ twice ) ! same volume ( wat]4 ,! decant$ liquids are all[$ to settle 9 cyl9d]s & ! s$im5t add$ to ! re/ ( ! sub/ance1 :i* is !n boil$ half an h\r ) #bjj ccm ( a #abe p]c5t solution ( cau/ic pota%1 filt]$ ?r\gh a weigh$ filt] & ! residue twice boil$ ) #bjj ccm ( wat]4 ,! cellulose-l sub/ance collect$ on ! filt] is wa%$ fir/ ) hot wat]1 !n ) cold1 aft]w>ds ) alcohol1 & f9ally ) e!r4 ,aft] be+ dri$ & weigh$1 x is inc9]at$ & ! necess>y corrections made = a%4 ,! process work$ out by ,h5neb]g is ! "o usually adopt$ = ! det]m9ation ( crude fibre 9 vegetable matt]4 ,rec5tly ,h4 ,sur+] & ,b4 ,toll5s#ahf & m p>ticul>ly ,knig#ahg h po9t$ out t 9 ,we5d]'s process ! s-call$ p5tosan 7sug> d]ivative7 ( ! composition ,c#e ,h#aj ,o#e1 :i* comprises a n inconsid]able portion ( crude fibre1 w\ld und]go a disproportionate alt]ation1 s t ! analytical results ?us obta9$ w\ld n repres5t ! am\nt ( cellulose correctly4 ,! crude fibre mu/ !re=e be treat$ 9 su* a mann] z to elim9ate ! p5tosan4 ,knig atta9s t result by treat+ #c grammes ( ! defatt$ sub/ance ) #bjj ccm ( glyc]9e 7#abc sp4 gr47 conta9+ p] litre #bj grammes ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 "u a pressure ( ?ree atmosph]es1 = "o h\r4 ,x is !n filt]$ ?r\gh an asbe/os filt] :il/ hot1 & aft] be+ successively wa%$ ) hot wat]1 alcohol & e!r1 x is weigh$1 inc9]at$ & ! a% weigh$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two weigh+s expresses ! am\nt ( a%-free crude fibre4 ,fils+] has det]m9$ by ,knig's me?od ! am\nt ( crude fibre 9 a s]ies ( diff]5t v>ieties ( bean1 ! results ( :i* h already be5 giv5 on page #gb4 ,:i* process is ! bett] has yet to be e/abli%$1 & 9 issu+ results z data ! me?od employ$ has always to be indicat$ ow+ to ! _m v>iations :i* arise4 #i4 ,! det]m9ation ( cacao husk1 :i* w be = ! mo/ "p a matt] ( asc]ta9+ ! am\nt ( raw or crude fibre1 c\ld =m]ly only be effect$ by means ( ! microscope4 ,9 #ahii ,fils+]#ahh propos$ a me?od ( levigation :i* accord+ to ,p4 ,welman's#ahi gives tru/wor?y results4 ,manifold treatises h be5 devot$ to ! subject1 & x w\ld be advisable to turn a few ( ^! up & comp>e ! details ( ! acc\nts4#aij ,9 ?is me?od1 :i* works be/ ) ! modifications sugge/$ by ,drawe 7see bel[7 #e grammes ( cocoa or *ocolate are defatt$ ) e!r & dri$1 !n gr\nd 9 a mort> aft] a little wat] has be5 add$1 & levigat$ ) ab\t #ajj ccm ( wat] 9 a cyl9d]4 ,! liquid is all[$ to re/ = "s "t & ! susp5d$ matt] p\r$ (f almo/ to ! s$im5t1 :i* is aga9 %ak5 up ) fre% wat]1 all[$ to settle1 & ! op]ation repeat$ until all ! f9e p>ticles h be5 float$ (f & ! wat] ov] ! s$im5t no long] becomes cl\dy1 b rema9s cle> aft] ! co>se & heavy p>ticles h settl$ d[n4 ,! p[d]y s$im5t is collect$ on a wat* glass1 dri$ 9 ! wat] ba?1 & aft] be+ cool$ d[n 9 a desiccator1 weigh$4 ,! weigh$ residue is !n s(t5$ ) cau/ic soda & glyc]9e & exam9$ "u ! microscope4 ,! pres5ce ( any cotyl$on p>ticles mu/ be c>efully obs]v$1 su* z h escap$ sep>ation 9 ! gr9d+ & levigation1 & :e!r p>ticles ( husk or epid]mis or g]m prepond]ate4 ,) prop] levigation only traces ( cacao sub/ance1 especially "h recognisable by ! cacao />*1 %\ld be pres5t4 ,! s&1 :i* always adh]es to ! %ells 9 ! f]m5t+ & dry+ op]ations1 is also easily recognis$ & _m indications z to ! nature ( ! article "u inve/igation c be not$ by ! use ( a simple magnify+ glass appli$ to ! wa%$ residue on ! wat* glass be=e dry+4 ,exam9$ 9 t way1 a sample ( s-call$ ,cocoas f un%ell$ beans gave f #f to #h p]c5t ( husk2 usually good cacao p[d] %[s a maximum ( #be husk4 ,x is true t f ?is ,fils+]-,drawe proc$ure ! correct p]c5tage ( %ell c only be e/imat$ 9 v r>e in/ances1 = :5 x is necess>y to be absolutely fair to all conc]n$ 9 ! manufacture1 ! cacao mu/ be s (t5 wa%$ until no gra9s ( cacao />* are visible "u ! microscope2 & s ! result is (t5 too small1 m especially 9 ! case ( ! f9] qualities4 ,b :5 all p>ticles ( />* h be5 remov$1 ! f9] p>ticles ( %ell h (t5 be5 tak5 along ) !m4 ,yet :5 ! residue c]ta9ly exce$s ! /&>d p]c5tage ( %ell1 x may be tak5 = grant$ t adult]ation ) husks has be5 c>ri$ to excess1 or t ! cleans+ processes h n be5 effectively c>ri$ out4 ,!re is no o!r me?od :i* yields ! same degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,! result obta9$ by ! levigation me?od c be controll$ by ! previ\sly m5tion$ me?ods ( ,we5d] or ,fils+]1 z well z by ! det]m9ation ( any silica 9 ! a% 7page #bef74 ,latt]ly ! admixture ( cacao husk ) ! *eap] k9ds ( cocoa p[d] has l>gely increas$1 !re=e ! det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( husk 9 cacao prep>ations has become ( special importance4 #aj4 ,det]m9ation ( sug>4 ,!re are ?ree me?ods = ! quick det]m9ation ( sug>1 two ( !m pol>imetric & ! ?ird consi/+ ( tak+ ! specific gravity ( ! solution obta9$ by %ak+ up ! cacao ) wat]4 ,x is z well to note t 9 all ^! me?ods ! result includes ! normal am\nt ( sug> 9 cacao1 :i* ,welmans#aia gives at #jge-b 9 cocoa & #jd-aj p]c5t 9 *ocolate4 ,t s\rce ( error is ( no special significance1 =1 z ,welmans has %[n1 x is comp5sat$ = 9 ! c\rse ( ! succe$+ op]ations1 s t ^! me?ods are ( s]vice4 ,= (ficial inve/igations "u ?is head ! /atutes ( ,may #ca/ #ahia & ,may #bg? #ahif respectively toge!r ) ! in/ructions issu$ by ! c\ncil conc]n+ ! c>ry+ out ( ! process 7,b]l91 ,july #i? #ahif1 & ,nov4 #h? #ahig1 ,e7 con/itute a /&>d4 ,!y read z foll[s3 8,half ! normal weight 7#acjbd g7 ( *ocolate is damp$ ) alcohol & !n w>m$ = #ae m9utes ) #cj ccm ( wat] on ! wat] ba?4 ,:ile /ill hot1 x is p\r$ on to a wet filt]1 ! residue aga9 treat$ ) hot wat]1 & until ! filtrate ne>ly am\nts to #ajj ccm4 ,! filtrate is to be mix$ ) #e ccm ( basic lead acetate solution1 all[$ to /& = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 !n cl>ifi$ ) alum & a little alum9a1 made up to a def9ite volume 7#aaj ccm7 & pol>is$40 ,b x is to be not$ t ^! in/ructions are n exhau/ive en\gh1 & prove p>ticul>ly defici5t z reg>ds ! employm5t ( wat]1 also ?r\gh _! non-obs]vation ( ! errors :i* c arise 9 us+ basic lead acetate1 ?\gh x is true t ^! are only ( a m9or "*4 ,! ,b]l9 *emi/ ,jes]i* 7ex (ficio7 _h a r hot dispute ) ! (ficial ov] ! matt]1 :o decl>$ t 8 results 7 false 9 spite ( all prote/1 until he f9ally prov$ t x 0 n ^! results b ! process advis$ by law :i* lack$ correctness4 ,he describ$ ! r5contre 9 v lucid if dra/ic detail to an assembly ( (ficial *emi/s4 ,some?+ simil> happ5$ to ! pres5t editor1 :o 9 8 (fice ( sworn *emi/ 0 call$ ^u to det]m9e ! am\nt ( sug> & />* pres5t 9 c]ta9 crumb *ocolates on ! "o h&1 & ! am\nt ( cacao mat]ial on ! o!r4 ,z ! (ficial inspectors insi/ on _! prescriptions be+ c>ri$ out ) scrupul\s exactitude1 he f\nd x necess>y to give a d\ble result1 ! "o 9 accordance ) ^! prescriptions1 & ! o!r :5 d\ble ! am\nt ( wat] 0 us$1 tak+ c>e to expla9 ! :ole matt] at l5g?4 ,b x occasion$ "s surprise1 & f9ally ! task ( inve/igat+ & te/+ 0 )drawn & giv5 to ano!r4 ,ano!r pol>imetric me?od1 recomm5d$ by ,woy#aib1 is c>ri$ out z foll[s4 ,two portions ( half ! normal weight 7#acjbd grammes7 ( rasp$ or %av$ *ocolate are plac$ 9 #ajj ccm & #bjj ccm flasks respectively1 moi/5$ ) alcohol1 !n treat$ ) hot wat] & /irr$ up till ! sug> is dissolv$4 #d ccm ( basic lead acetate solution are add$ to ea* flask1 by :i* means ! *ocolate 9 susp5sion loses its viscosity4 ,aft] be+ cool$1 ! solutions are made up to ! m>ks1 well mix$ & filt]$4 ,two quickly filt]+ liquids are ?us obta9$1 :i* are !n pol>is$ 9 #bjj mm tubes4 ,) *ocolate conta9+ meal1 ! temp]ature mu/ n exce$ #ej ,c4 ,f ! two pol>isations1 ! foll[+ equation results3 a 7#ajj-x7 b7#bjj-x71 9 :i* a & b are ! results ( pol>is+1 & x ! volume ( ! insoluble sub/ances1 includ+ ! lead precipitate1 conta9$ 9 ! half normal weight4 ,! product ( ! equation gives ! am\nt ( sug> pres5t4 ,woy's me?od has ! great advantage ( avoid+ ! error due to ! volume ( ! undissolv$ cacao & lead precipitate4 ,! ?ird me?od1 z adopt$ by ,zipp]]#aic1 is z foll[s3 #ej grammes ( *ocolate1 f9ely divid$ ) an iron grat] or rasp1 are treat$ ) exactly #bjj ccm ( cold wat]1 frequ5tly /irr$ = #d h\rs1 !n p\r$ on to a previ\sly moi/5$ & well wrung po9t$ bag4 ,! specific gravity ( ! filtrate is tak5 9 an araeomet]1 specially con/ruct$ = ! purpose by ,gre9] ( ,muni* on l9es sugge/$ by ,zipp]] himself4 ,on ! scale ( ! araeomet] is giv5 ! p]c5tage am\nt ( sug> 9 ! *ocolate1 f #e to #e p]c5t1 ) subdivisions ( "o p]c5t1 s t ! read+ c be quickly tak51 )\t correction4 ,9 ! det]m9ation ( sug> by weight1 ! *ocolate is fir/ defatt$ ) e!r1 ! sug> extract$ ) alcohol1 !n inv]t$1 ! inv]t$ solution treat$ ) ,fehl+'s solution & ! copp] precipitate weigh$4 ,! process has little to recomm5d x1 be+ tr\blesome & admitt+ ( a l>ge m>g9 ( errors4 ,"h aga9 mu* has be5 writt5 ( late#aid conc]n+ ! two =m] me?ods1 _! liabilities to error & ! avoidance ( ^!1 yet )\t br++ to light any?+ :i* calls = a specially detail$ treatm5t 9 ?is book4 #aa4 ,det]m9ation ( ,album9ates4 ,! det]m9ation ( album9 is frequ5tly requir$ 9 ! analysis ( cacao p[d] & is necess>y to ! asc]ta9m5t ( its nutritive value4 ,! det]m9ation ( nitrog5 is det]m9$ by mix+ #je grammes ( f9ely p[d]$ bean ) soda lime & burn+ ! mixture 9 a tube4 7,?is det]m9ation ( nitrog5 is a necess>y "p ( ! process47 ,?us ammonia is =m$1 :i* is pass$ ?r\gh a kn[n quantity ( sulphuric acid4 ,:5 ! combu/ion is f9i%$1 ! acid solution is titrat$ ) a /&>d solution ( b>ium hydroxide1 & f ! quantity consum$ ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 is calculat$4 ,b z ! diureides also conta9 nitrog5 7#caa ( ! !obrom9e & caffe9e pres5t7 ! nitrog5 correspond+ to ?is am\nt mu/ be d$uct$ f ! total quantity ( nitrog5 yield$ by combu/ion & ! rema9d] multipli$ by #fbe w indicate ! am\nt ( album5 pres5t z a con/itu5t4 ,ano!r & bett] me?od ( det]m9+ ! nitrog5 is by ,kjeldahl's#aie process4 ,x has be5 frequ5tly subject$ to modifications1 b 0 orig9ally c>ri$ out z foll[s4 #jbe grammes ( ! nitrog5\s sub/ance 7cacao prep>ation7 is heat$ on ! s& ba? toge!r ) #bj ccm ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid & a little quicksilv]1 till ! solution becomes col\rless or only ( a v pale yell[4 ,aft] dilut+ ) ab\t #bjj ccm ( wat]1 x is made alkal9e by ! addition ( soda lye 7:i* mu/ ( c\rse be entirely free f nitrog51 ! same rem>k apply+ to ! sulphuric acid us$7 &1 potassium or sodium sulphide be+ add$1 x is !n di/ill$1 & ! ammonia giv5 (f collect$ & det]m9$ z above describ$4 ,z ?is me?od also det]m9es ! total am\nt ( nitrog51 an all[ance mu/ be made = ! nitrog5 9 ! !obrom9e & caffe9e be=e multiply+ ! result by #fbe4 ,?is modification is /ill to be recomm5d$ z ! be/ & mo/ reliable4 ,9 r>e cases an excessive am\nt ( album5 may be due to ! admixture ( e>?-nut cake or gelat9e4 ,z to ! detection ( ! latt] adult]ation1 see page #bed4 ,bil]y/#aif says t e>?-nut cake c be recognis$ by its high p]c5tage ( album5 cont5t1 am\nt+ to betwe5 #de & #dg p]c5t4 #ab4 ,inve/igation ( ,milk & ,cream ,*ocolate4 ,! te/s be>+ on ^! products really con/itute a *apt] 9 !mselves1 :i* has acquir$ special importance ow+ to ! great popul>ity !y enjoy & ! consequ5tly greatly increas$ production4 ,accord+ to ! unanim\s op9ion ( ! ,association ( ,g]man ,*ocolate ,manufactur]s & ! ,free ,union ( ,g]man ,food ,*emi/s1 express$ :5 consid]+ ! respective claims ( su* *ocolates1 x is *iefly if n exclusively a matt] ( det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( milk or cream1 :i* ought n to be bel[ #abe or #aj1 always suppos+ ! milk or cream to be a sub/itute = sug>1 & ?is means !re=e t ! quantity ( cacao mat]ial 9 ! *ocolate product %\ld on no acc\nt s9k bel[ #cb4 7,cf4 p4 #bhc ,no4 #c4 ,abs4 #e47 ,! me?od employ$ 9 ! inve/igation is g5]ally ! same z t sugge/$ by ,laxa 9 8 treatise on 8,milk ,*ocolates0#aig al?\gh x has be5 consid]ably improv$ by ,bai] & 8 colleagues4#aih ,x is "h a matt] ( work+ backw>ds f ! det]m9ation ( ! fatty & nitrog5\s compon5ts 7or case9e7 to ! am\nt ( milk or cream 9 ! *ocolate4 ,?is pres5ts a c]ta9 am\nt ( difficultly z x is n only necess>y to det]m9e ! milk1 b also to e/abli% t nei!r skimm$ or :ipp$ mat]ial 7ei!r 9 "p or entirely7 has be5 employ$4 ,yet x is possible "h to proce$ ) absolute c]ta9ty1 z ,bai]#aii conv9c+ly demon/rates1 by tak+ into consid]ation ! relative proportion ( milk fat1 call$ caseum or case9e4 ,if x is desir$ f9ally to *>act]ise ! respective *ocolates1 det]m9ations ( ! quantity ( milk fat pres5t & ! am\nt ( milk product us$ become ess5tial4 ,bai] gives bo? z calculable 7cf4 footnote #a7bjj1 ! ,rei*]t-,meissl numb] ( ! total fat be+ asc]ta9$1 & f ?is1 subtract+ ! ,r4-,m4 numb] ( ! cacao fat pres5t#bja ! quantity ( milk fat1 f9ally ! am\nt ( case9e1 milk sug>1 m9]al matt] & o!r factors4 ,no details ( ?is some:at ext5sive calculation are prov$ 9 ! orig9al4#bjb ,we give ! foll[+ regulations 7,laxa-,bai]7 = c>ry+ out ! det]m9ation ( ! case9e1 toge!r ) ! necess>y =mula4 #bj grammes ( f9e divid$ *ocolate are loosely introduc$ into a ,soxhlet's extract+ app>atus1 & !re extract$ ) e!r = a p]iod ( #af h\rs4 ,( ! residue1 #aj grammes are us$ = te/+ 9 connection ) case9e1 & ?is aft] ! e!r has evaporat$4 ,^! are mix$ up 9 mort> ) gradual & ev5 addition ( a #a solution ( sodium oxalate1 s t no lump =mations occur1 & !n br\ght into a m>k$ c>boy ( #bej ccm capacity1 until #bjj ccm ( ! sodium oxalate solution h be5 us$4 ,! c>boy is !n provid$ ) an asbe/os net1 & heat$ by means ( a flame f ! "u side1 until its cont5ts are br\ght to boil4 ,! m\? ( ! c>boy is cov]$ ) a small funnel :i* has be5 h]metically seal$ at its n>r[] end4 ,!n boil+ oxalate solution is p\r$ into ! vessel up ! b5d1 & x is !n all[$ to /& ov] till ano!r day1 %ak+ h[ev] be+ (t5 repeat$1 !n fill$ ) sodium oxalate solution up to ! m>k1 agitat$ ) a regul> motion1 & !n filt]$ ?r\gh an ord9>y filt]4 ,to #ajj ccm ( ?is solution #e ccm ( an uran\s acetate solution 7#e /rong7 & drop by drop & ) repeat$ /irr+ a #cj solution ( acetic are add$ until !re is a deposit4 7,?is w require f #cj to #abj drops1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( case9e pres5t47 ,!n an extra #e drops ( acetic acid c be add$4 ,?is causes ! deposit to /& out cle>ly f ! liquid matt] & x c be readily sep>at$ by c5trifugalis+4 ,aft]w>ds x c be wa%$ out ) #ajj ccm ( solution1 ( :i* #e ccm are uran\s acetate & #c ccm acetic acid #c /rong1 until ! sodium oxalate c no long] be se5 on add+ calcium *loride 7i4 e4 aft] ab\t ?ree repeat$ c5trifugalisations74 ,! cont5ts ( ! tube are !n r9s$ on to ! small filt] by means ( ! wa% fluid1 /irr$ 9 a ,kjeldahl c>boy ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid & copp] oxide1 & ! quantity ( nitrog5 f\nd conv]t$ into case9e by multiply+ ) ! factor k #fcg4--;,be>+ 9 m9d ! quantity ( fat1 ! p]c5tage ( case9e 9 ! orig9al *ocolate is calculat$4#bjc ,9 ! foll[+3 b signifies ! total ( fatty cont5t ( ! *ocolate#bjd1 a ! ,rei*]t-,meissl numb] ( ! total fat1 & ,k ! am\nt ( case9e z e/abli%$ by ! ,laxa-,bai] me?od 7nitrog5 cont5ts times #fcg74 7a - #a7 b ,fur!r3 #a4 ,! desir$ quantity ( fat #a4 ,f ----------------- equal is to ! ,r4,m4,n4 a1 ( ! total fat #bg less t ( ! cacao fat 7#aj7 multipli$ by ! total am\nt ( fat & divid$ by ! av]age ,r4,m4,n4 = butt] fats #bg4 #b4 a7 ,e #aaa ,k #b4 ,! total am\nt ( album5 ,e is equal to ! am\nt ( case9e ,k multipli$ #aaa ,k #acb by #aaa1 z ?is con/itutes ab\t #ij ( b7 ,m ------------------------ ! =m]2 & z ! album5 ,e1 milk sug> #ajj ,m & ! m9]al con/itu5ts ,a 7,a% ,v7 are pres5t 9 ! milk 9 ! proportion ( #aaa ,k #bad #ajj 3 #acb 3 #bad1 ?is yields ! =mula c7 ,a ------------------------- giv5 9 b c4 #ajj #c4 ,t ,f ,e ,m ,a #c4 ,! total quantity ( milk /uff ,t is equal to ! total ( fatty cont5ts1 album51 milk1 sug> & a%4 #d4 x ,q k #d4 ,! fatty con/itu5cy ( ! orig9al milk or cream to be calculat$ f ! ,f =mula x ,q times k1 :]e ,q is ! ,q ----- quoti5t result+ :5 ! am\nt ( fat ,k k con/4 ,9 ! case ( milk3 ,f is divid$ by t ( case9e ,k1 & k k#a #cae ! normal case9e consi/5cy ( av]age k#b #cje milk prep>ation4 ,or x v>ies z ! k#c #bg numb]s k#a etc4 indicate 9 ! case ( k#d #be cream & s =?4 ,high] p]c5tages #aj ?an ^? giv5 d n come into consid]ation4 c4 ,microscopic-botanical inve/igation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,a4 ,p>5*yma ( ! cotyl$on aft] removal ( fat & treatm5t ) ,iod9e *loral hydrate1 a3 p>5*yma cells ) />*1 b3 ) cacao r$4 ,b4 ,aleuron p>ticles ) globois 7,molis*7 f p>5*yma cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,a4 ,mits*]li* p>ticles4 ,b4 ,se$ cells1 above ) />* bodies1 und]nea? ) violet col\r+ matt] 7cacao r$7 ly+ 9 *loral4 ,c4 ,s]ies ( yea/ g]ms4 ,d4 ,?reads ( extrane\s gr[?4 ,e4 ,epid]mis & lay] ( cells occurr+ on ! out] %ell 7enl>g$ #cdj times74 ,cacao is to no great ext5t p>ticul>ly *>act]is$ anatomically4 ,! p>5*yma cells fig4 #ajj are *iefly to be notic$1 conta9+ ei!r fat1 album9 7protoplasm7 aleuron granules1 pigm5t1 or cacao />*4 ,! />*1 z already rem>k$1 consi/s ( especially small globul> granules1 mo/ly sep>ate1 b also two or ?ree adh]5t4 ,x is some:at m difficult to gelat9ise ?an o!r k9ds ( />*1 & x is col\r$ blue by iod9e some:at m sl[ly ?an _m o!r />* granules1 especially 9 ! prep>ations conta9+ fat4 ,cacao prep>ations :i* h be5 dis9tegrat$ by fix$ alcalis1 diff] 9 ?is respect2 accord+ to ,welmans1 iod9e fir/ =ms col\rless iod9e comp\nds1 & n until ! alkali has be5 saturat$1 is ! blue col\r develop$4 ,9 su* cases1 c>e mu/ be tak51 t an excess ( iod9e is pres5t4 ,9 e/imat+ ! am\nt ( =eign />*1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! conspicu\s blui%-black granules ( ! =eign />*1 :i* imm$iately /rike ! eye1 are n ov] e/imat$1 :i* may easily occur4 ,= control obs]vations1 mixtures conta9+ v>i\s kn[n am\nts ( />* %\ld be tri$ comp>atively4 ,! pigm5t cells & ! epid]mis ) ! ,mits*]li*'s p>ticles 7figs #aja & #ajb7 %\ld be notic$ z well z ! *>act]i/ic globoids1 :i* occur 9 ! a% ( ! cotyl$on tissues 7comp>e page #fg74 ,! outside %ell1 m or less woody accord+ to ! orig9 ( ! bean1 consi/s ( f\r lay]s ( cells2 ?is is be/ recognis$ by ! l>ge cells ( ! pr9cipal tissue1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by _! =m z well z by _! ?ick5$ side walls f ! tissue ( ! cotyl$on4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ?is lay] consi/s ( ! l>ge numb] ( co>se spiral vessels1 :i* exce$ ^? ( ! se$ lobes 9 size1 & f9ally1 ! inn] elem5ts ( ! /one cell lay]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( _! limit$ developm5t are seldom to be discov]$4 ,! smoo?1 f9e br[n col\r$1 & light refract+ fragm5ts1 :i* frequ5tly appe> q /ructureless & h _! fibr\s "* made p]ceptible only aft] treatm5t ) cau/ic alkali1 mu/ be reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( ! inn] "p ( ! husk or ! se$ membrane4 ,! be/ obs]v+ m$ium is a solution ( *loral hydrate or almond oil1 z well z dilute sulphuric acid & glyc]9e4#bje ,! sub/ance is always to be defatt$ ) e!r1 be=e ! microscopical exam9ation4 ,a complete extraction ( ! fat1 accord+ to ,welmans1 c occur only ) exce$+ly ?9 cutt+s1 9 :i* e cell ( ! section w\ld be op]at$ on1 or 9 p[d]$ prep>ations1 :5 ! cells h be5 completely torn asund] by me*anical pulv]isation4 ,! fat is n extract$ by solv5ts f intact cells1 z ! cell walls are imp]meable by !m4#bjf ,! detection ( =eign />* is possible only by use ( ! microscope2 by means ( /&>d prep>ations an approximate e/imate may be made z to ! am\nt & k9d ( meal add$4#bjg ,! exam9ation ( />* is especially facilitat$ by ,h4 ,leffmann & ,w4 ,beam's#bjh c5trifugal me?od3 ! sample susp5d$ 9 wat] is subject$ to rotation = a %ort "t 9 ! c5trifugal app>atus4 ,! pres5ce ( =eign />* is %[n by a :ite lay] 9 ! result+ s$im5t4 ,?is lay] c be collect$ & microscopically exam9$ = =eign />* & husk4 ,9 ! case ( cacao prep>ations1 x is always well to di/+ui% betwe5 unimportant traces & quantities t ju/ify objection4#bji ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,a4 ,silv] membrane ) ! hairs 7,mits*]li* p>ticles7 tr1 & ! cry/als f & ,k4 ,b4 ,cocoa p[d]3 c ,cotyl$on tissue ) cells ( fat & col\r+ matt]1 p %ell p>5*yma1 sp sp]iods1 d lay] ( dry cells4 ,a means ( detect+ tragacan? 9 cacao prep>ations1 has lately be5 describ$ by ,welmans#baj4 #e grammes ( ! cacao prep>ation are to be mix$ ) suffici5t dilute sulphuric acid 7#a3 #c7 to =m a ?ick pulp1 !n ) #aj drops ( solution ( iod9e 79 potassium iodide7 & "s glyc]9e4 ,a portion ( ! mixture is exam9$ "u ! microscope 7enl>g$ #afj times74 ,! entire field ( view n[ appe>s to be ?ickly s[n ) c\ntless blue dots1 "s globul>1 o!rs irregul>1 among :i* are especially to be notic$ ! l>ge tragacan? cells1 resembl+ potato />*1 :i* are n se5 9 cocoa p[d] t is free f tragacan?1 :5 simil>ly prep>$ z an object2 ! small blue dots1 due to cacao />*1 are visible only 9 ! d5sely occupi$ portions4 ,an admixture ( ! c>ob1 :i* has be5 seldom obs]v$1 c be easily recognis$ "u ! microscope by ! *>act]i/ic r$di% wr9kl$ tubes ( ! fruit pulp1 :i* are also col\r$ violet by treatm5t ) a w>m solution ( cau/ic pota%4 ,! pres5ce ( e>?-nut or e>?-nut cake c be detect$ by ! aid ( ! microscope on treatm5t ) *loral hydrate1 by ! *>act]i/ic saw too!d epid]mis cells ( ! husk ( ara*is se$4 ,hazelnut & walnut pulp1 s f> z !y are to be met ) 9 cacao prep>ations1 c be di/+ui%$ "u ! microscope by %r$s ( ! tissue ( ! se$ husks1 9 :i* broad /reaks ( spiral vessels1 ly+ close on "o ano!r1 are di/9ctly prom95t4 ,if 9 addition ! woody fruit %ell be admix$1 x c be detect$ by ! great numb] ( cells4 ,b4 ,def9itions ( ,cacao ,prep>ations4 ,! foll[+ =mulae h be5 compil$ by ! ,association ( ,g]man ,*ocolate ,manufactur]s = ! purpose ( fix+ ! def9ition ( cacao1 & we may say t we agree ) same 9 ! ma91 z !y satisfy all j claims1 & keep pace ) ! progress made 9 consequ5ce ( ! introduction ( ! mod]n ma*9]y n[ 9 use1 bo? f a sci5tific & practical po9t ( view4 ,only 9 a few po9ts are we ( diff]5t op9ion1 & h ref]r$ to su* cle>ly 9 _! place4 a7 ,regulations ( ! ,association ( ,g]man ,*ocolate ,manufactur]s relat+ to ! ,trade 9 ,cacao ,prep>ations 7cocoa1 *ocolate & *ocolate goods74 7,revision ( ,septemb] #af? #aijg47 ,i4 #a4 ,cacao mass is ! product obta9$ by simply gr9d+ & m\ld+ roa/$ & %ell$ cacao beans & no sub/ance h&l$ "u ?is "n may conta9 any admixtures ( =eign matt]4 #b4 ,dis9tegrat$ cacao mass is cacao :i* has be5 treat$ ei!r ) alkalis1 alkal9e e>?1 or /eam4 #c4 ,cocoa p[d]1 fre$ ( oil 7also soluble1 dis9tegrat$ cacao7 is ! result+ product :5 ! cacao bean is decorticat$1 roa/$ & m or less fre$ f its oil or also dis9tegrat$ 9 p[d] =m4 ,cocoa p[d]1 cacao f :i* oil has be5 extract$1 dis9tegrat$ & soluble cacao may on no acc\nt conta9 =eign +r$i5t o!r ?an an addition ( roots & spices4 ,9 ! case ( cacaos dis9tegrat$ ) alkalis or alkali e>?s1 n m ?an #c ( alkali or alkali e>? may be us$ 9 ! process2 !y may n conta9 m ?an #h ( a%1 reckon$ on cacao mat]ial ) #ef ( cacao butt]4 #d4 ,*ocolate4 ,! designation 8,*ocolate0 may only be appli$ to ^? confections :i* are prep>$ by ! addition ( cacao butt]1 vanilla1 vanill91 c9namon1 cloves or o!r spices to roa/$ & %ell$ beans or to a dis9tegrat$ mixture ( cacao & sug>4 ,! p]c5tage am\nt ( sug> may n exce$ #gj1 & ! occasional addition ( o!r sub/ances 7m$ic9al1 meals1 & ! l7 is admissible1 b ! total p]c5tage ( ^! & ! sug> may n exce$ #gj4baa #e4 ,food *ocolates1 *ocolates = imm$iate consumption1 & dess]t *ocolates4 ,= ^! confections ! same pr9ciples hold good1 ) ! exception t "h additions ( nuts1 almonds & milk /uffs are p]missible1 up to a p]c5tage n exce$+ #e 9 total1 )\t any decl>ation ( ! goods be+ necess>y4 #f4 ,*ocolate p[d] is a mixture ( cacao mat]ial :i* may be dis9tegrat$ & m or less fre$ f oil1 ) an am\nt ( sug> n exce$+ #gj at ! mo/4 ,spices z 9 ! case ( *ocolate4#baa #g4 ,cacao butt] is ! fat obta9$ f ! decorticat$ bean or cacao mat]ial4 ,,ii4 ,! foll[+ are especially to be reg>d$ z adult]ations ( ! goods m5tion$ "u ,i4 f #a to #g4 #a4 ,=eign fats2 #b4 ,%ells & o!r wa/e cacao products 7du/ or se$72 #c4 ,meal1 ?\gh ?is is n expressly giv52 #d4 ,col\r+ matt]2 ! col\r+ ( ! surface ( figures is p]missible2 #e4 ,s-call$ fat economis]s1 su* z adragan?1 gelat9e1 & dextr9e4 ,an addition ( sub/ances = m$ic9al or dietetic purposes is p]missible1 ?\gh 9 su* cases ! goods mu/ be decl>$4 ,! addition ( any fats o!r ?an cacao butt] 7i4 e4 ( any =eign fat7 or ( %ells or wa/e products to cacao or *ocolate or to cacao or *ocolate goods is also n p]missible ev5 :5 ^! are designat$ 9 su* a mann] t ! words *ocolate & cacao d n occur 9 _! description4 ,,iii4 ,decl>ation ( ,add$ ,+r$i5ts4 ,! decl>ation mu/ be transcrib$ 9 legible script & =m1 z e4 g4 8,meal0 s z to be readily und]/ood by all1 & compos$ 9 ,g]man4 ,! decl>ation mu/ occur toge!r ) ! description ( cont5ts & z "p ( ! same on despat*+ orig9al packages 9 retail transactions4 ,9 :olesale trade ! decl>ation mu/ occur on all (f]s1 quotations1 bills & all boxes1 etc4 provid$ ) description ( cont5ts4 ,:5 (f]$ = sale or exhibit$ 9 an unpack$ condition1 e box etc4 conta9+ ! goods mu/ h su* a decl>ation introduc$ s z to be visible to e buy] 9 ! premises1 :]e possible2 or ! decl>ation %all be plac$ on ! goods !mselves4 #a4 ,skimm$ milk *ocolates mu/ be lit]ally describ$ z su*1 & mu/ be manufactur$ ) at lea/ #aj ( skimm$ milk p[d] or ! correspond+ quantity ( skimm$ milk prop]4 ,addition ( ord9>y milk or its p[d] is p]missible & ne$ n be decl>$2 #b4 ,milk *ocolate mu/ be manufactur$ ) ord9>y milk conta9+ at lea/ #c ( fat1 & 9 su* a mann] t at lea/ #aj ( milk p[d] or ! correspond+ quantity ( milk prop] are employ$2 #c4 ,cream *ocolate mu/ be prep>$ f cream conta9+ at lea/ #aj ( fat1 & 9 su* a mann] t at lea/ #aj ( a cream p[d] or ! correspond+ am\nt ( cream1 9 ea* case conta9+ #ej ( milk fat1 are employ$4 ,x may be v>i$ to ta/e ) milk prop] or its p[d]1 )\t any fur!r decl>ation be+ necess>y4 ,^! p]c5tages repres5t a m9imum4 ,x rema9s at ! manufactur]'s *oice :e!r he %all employ l>g] quantities ( cream or milk4 ,! associat$ firms are fur!r recomm5d$ to annex ! foll[+ gu>antees3 a7 t ! p[d] ( milk prop] conta9 at lea/ #bf ( fat & be prep>$ f a milk gu>ante$ z pure2 b7 t ! cream p[d] conta9 at lea/ #dj ( milk or be prep>$ f cream conta9+ at lea/ #aj ( fat4 ,x is especially emphasis$ t ^! quantities are m9imums1 & e manufactur] is free to add z mu* cream or milk z he pleases4 ,we p>ticul>ly recomm5d ! procur+ ( a gu>antee f ! milk purveyor z to its purity = e deliv]y 9 ord] to be cov]$ aga9/ f9es 9 case ! product %\ld prove to conta9 an insuffici5t am\nt ( fat4 ,analytical te/+s ( trial samples are also to be recomm5d$4 ,by way ( comp>ison we ref] to ! 8,pr9ciples = ,e/imat+ ,cacao ,products & _! ,food ,value0 det]m9$ by ! ,free ,union ( ,g]man ,food ,*emi/s 9 _! #h? annual assembly at ,heidelb]g 7#aiji7 & f9ally e/abli%$ 9 _! #aj? held at ,dresd5 7#aiaa71 :i* are said to h f\nd g5]al acceptance f ! #a/ ,july1 #aiab4 b7 ,f9al ,word+ ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ! ,free ,union ( ,g]man ,food ,*emi/s = ! e/imation ( ! ,value ( ,cocoa & ,cacao ,prep>ations4 ,i4 ,cacao mass is ! product :i* is purely & simply obta9$ f ! roa/$ & %ell$ cacao bean by gr9d+ & m\ld+4 ,cacao mass may n conta9 any k9d ( =eign sub/ance4 ,traces ( %ell may only be pres5t 9 m9or quantity4 ,! wa/e product fall+ 9 ! cleans+ ( ! bean mu/ n be add$ to ! cacao mass1 nor may x be work$ up into cacao mat]ial sep>ate & ap>t f o!r cacao4 ,cacao mass %[s #be-e ( a% & conta9s #eb-eh ( fat4 ,dis9tegrat$ cacao is su* mat]ial z is treat$ ) alkalis or alkal9e e>?s1 ammonia or its salts1 "u pressure ( /eam4 ,,ii4 ,cocoa p[d]1 cacao t has be5 press$ & its oil remov$1 soluble ,cocoa & dis9tegrat$ cacao are synonyms = cacao mass :i* has be5 r$uc$ to p[d] =m aft] !y h be5 p>tially sep>at$ f fat by expression "u heat2 & g5]ally treatm5t ) alkalis or _! c>bonates1 alkal9e e>?s1 ammonia1 & ammonia salts "u a /rong /eam pressure are presuppos$4 ,cocoa p[d] conta9+ "u #bj ( fat1 z well z t treat$ ) spices 7aromatis$ or sc5t$7 mu/ be decl>$ accord+ly4 ,cocoa p[d] may n conta9 any k9d ( =eign sub/ance4 ,traces ( %ell may only be pres5t 9 m9or quantity4 ,! wa/e product fall+ 9 ! cleans+ ( ! bean may nei!r be add$ to ! cocoa p[d] nor itself work$ up into su* a p[d]4 ,! add$ alkali or alkal9e e>?s may n exce$ #c ( ! raw mat]ial4 ,only p[d]$ cacao & cocoa p[d] :i* has be5 treat$ ) ammonia & its salts "u /rong /eam pressure %[s f #c to #e ( a% on cacao mass conta9+ #ee ( fat4 ,cocoa p[d]s dis9tegrat$ ) alkalis & alkal9e e>?s mu/ n %[ m ?an #h ( a% on cacao conta9+ #ee ( fat4 ,! p]c5tage ( wat] mu/ n rise above #i4 ,,iii4 ,*ocolate is a mixture ( cacao mat]ial ) beetroot or cane sug> & a proportionate admixture ( spices 7vanilla1 vanill91 c9namon1 cloves & s =?74 ,_m *ocolates conta9 ap>t f t an addition ( cacao butt]4 ,! p]c5tage ( sug> may n am\nt to m ?an #fh4 ,addition ( sub/ances = dietetic & m$ic9al purposes is p]missible1 & !n ! total ( sug> & su* addition mu/ n exce$ #fh ( ! :ole4 ,ap>t f ! addition ( spices no o!r vegetable admixtures are p]missible4 ,nor may *ocolate conta9 any =eign fat or =eign m9]al con/itu5ts4 ,cacao %ells may only be pres5t 9 fa9t traces4 ,! wa/e product fall+ 9 ! cleans+ ( ! bean mu/ n be add$ to ! cacao mass1 nor may x be work$ up into cacao mat]ial itself4 ,*ocolates :i* conta9 meal1 almonds1 walnuts1 hazelnuts & milk /uffs mu/ be provid$ ) a decl>ation indicat+ su* addition precisely1 & "h aga9 ! total addition ( =eign +r$i5ts %all n exce$ #fh 4#bab ,! p]c5tage ( a% con/itu5t %all n exce$ #b4e4 ,,iv4 ,cov]+ or coat+ mat]ial mu/ satisfy ! requirem5ts hold+ good = *ocolate ev5 :5 ! coat$ goods be> decl>ations 9 :i* ! words cacao or *ocolate d n expressly occur1 al?\gh admixtures ( nuts1 almonds & milk /uffs n exce$+ a total ( #e may be made )\t decl>ation4 ,v4 ,*ocolate p[d] may n conta9 m ?an #fh ( sug>4 ,,vi4 ,cacao butt] is ! fat obta9$ f ! hull$ bean or cacao mass4 ,milk & ,cream ,*ocolates4 #a4 ,cream1 milk & skimm$ milk-*ocolates are products :i* are manufactur$ ) addition ( cream1 milk 7skimm$ or unskimm$7 9 a natural1 ?ick5$ or dry =m4 ,!y mu/ be decl>$ z cream1 milk or skimm$ milk *ocolates4 #b4 ,! fat cont5t ( full milk %\ld am\nt to at lea/ #c p]c5t1 & t ( cream itself #aj p]c5t4 ,if ! full milk or cream is add$ 9 a cond5s$ or dri$ /ate1 ^! +r$i5ts mu/ be 9 correspond+ proportions4 ,z x is at pres5t n possible to produce a cream p[d] conta9+ at lea/ #ee p]c5t ( fat1 ! normal prep>ation ( ?is class is1 = ! "t be+1 repres5t$ by a production conta9+ #e4e p]c5t ( milk fat 9 ! =m ( cream & milk4 #c4 ,milk *ocolate prep>$ f skimm$ milk mu/ conta9 at lea/ #ab4e p]c5t ( dri$ milk or skim-milk1 & 8,cream0 *ocolates n less ?an #aj p]c5t ( cream or full-cream p[d]4 #d4 ,! p]c5tage ( ! milk or cream prep>ation add$ mu/ 9 all *ocolates be d$uct$ only f ! p]c5tage ( ! sug>1 i4 e4 ! cacao cont5t ( all *ocolates conta9+ ^! +r$i5ts mu/ be ! same z 9 ! case ( ! common] v>ieties4 ,special notice4 ,9 ! case ( butt] *ocolates1 9 :i* ! cream is replac$ by pure cacao fat1 ! same regulations naturally obta92 ?us ! am\nt ( butt] add$ mu/ be n less ?an #e4e p]c5t4 ( ! :ole1 & ! butt] %\ld be us$ 9 place ( ! sug> only4 7,regulations relat+ to ! mann] ( exam9+ *ocolates z to ! pres5ce ( ! prescrib$ quantities ( ! above +r$i5ts w probably be issu$ 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> or two47 c4 ,vi5na ,regulations4 ,! ,assembly ( ,microscopical & ,food ,*emi/s 9 ,vi5na1 held on ! #ab?-#ac? ,octob] #ahig1 ! object ( :i* 0 to fix a 8,codex ,alim5t>ius ,au/riacus01 also arriv$ at "s j & appreciable def9itions1 :i* are well wor?y ( repetition "h3#bac #a4 ,*ocolate %\ld consi/ ( a mixture ( cacao1 ,au/rian sug> capable ( f]m5tation1 fur!r an addition ( spices 7c9namon1 cloves1 vanilla or vanill97 am\nt+ to z mu* z #a p]c5t ( ! :ole4 #b4 ,cacao mass %\ld consi/ ( ! roa/$ & %ell$ cacao bean1 gr\nd & m\ld$1 only4 #c4 ,cocoa ,p[d] %\ld be a prep>ation obta9$ f cacao mass only by ! p>tial expression ( ! #ej p]c5t ( fat :i* ! latt] conta9s & frequ5tly treat$ ) alkalis4 ,! alkalis may rea* #b p]c5t ( ! :ole1 & ! object ( ! treatm5t ) !m is to effect ! dis9tegration ( ! tissues ( cacao or to r5d] ! cacao 8soluble d7 ,int]national ,def9itions4 ,an ,int]national ,congress ( ,*ocolate & ,cocoa ,manufactur]s 0 f9ally held 9 ,b]ne on ,augu/ #ba/-#bcrd #aiaa1 :i*1 unlike ! meet+ held by ! ,:ite ,cross 9 ,g5eva 7#aijh71 ! object ( :i* 0 ! prev5tion ( food adult]ations1 0 really int]national & att5d$ by num]\s manufactur]s f ,belgium1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,holl&1 ,italy1 ,mexico1 ,au/ria1 ,hung>y1 ,russia & ,switz]l&1 ! total numb] ( visitors am\nt+ to #bej4bad #a4 ,cacao ,mass4 #a4 ,cacao mass is obta9$ by roa/+ or dry+#bae cacao beans :i* h previ\sly be5 well clean$ & fre$ f ! %ells & du/4 ,cacao mass c ei!r be dis9tegrat$1 i4 e4 8soluble0 or untreat$ ) dis9tegrat+ ag5ts1 i4 e4 8insoluble ,cacao :i* has be5 treat$ accord+ to #e is 9 ! real & bus9ess s5se ( ! t]m to be reg>d$ z a pure article ( food1 see+ t ! treatm5t ) alkal9e c>bonates or pure alkali is a purely *emical1 or te*nical1 op]ation4 ,su* cacao may !re=e be ju/ly t]m$ 8pure #b4 ,cacao mass may conta9 a quantity ( add$ cacao butt] proportionate to ! prescrib$1 or suitable1 fat cont5t ( ! cacao prep>ation to be made4 #b4 ,cocoa ,p[d]4 #c4 ,cocoa p[d] %\ld consi/ ( defatt$1 or fatty1 pulv]is$ cacao mass4 #d4 ,cocoa p[d] :i* has be5 op5$ up by means ( alkalis or o!rwise is t]m$ 8soluble0 or dis9tegrat$ cacao4 ,dis9tegrat$ cacao :i* has be5 treat$ z describ$ "u #e may 9 ! real & bus9ess s5se ( ! ^w be reg>d$ z a 8pure0 article ( food1 z ! treatm5t ) alkal9e c>bonates or pure alkalis is a purely *emical1 or te*nical1 op]ation4 ,su* cacao may1 !re=e1 be ju/ly t]m$ 8pure #e4 ,! quantity ( alkali us$ to effect ! treatm5t describ$ %\ld n exce$ #egebaf grammes ( pota% or ! equival5t ( ano!r alkal9e c>bonate1 to #ajj grammes ( dry defatt$ cacao4 ,,iii4 ,cacao ,butt]4 #f4 ,cacao butt] consi/s ( ! fat obta9$ f ei!r untreat$ or dis9tegrat$ cacao4 ,,iv4 ,*ocolate & ,*ocolate ,p[d]4 #g4 ,*ocolate is a mixture ( cacao mass & sug>1 ) or )\t ! addition ( cacao butt]4 ,on pulv]is+ *ocolate1 *ocolate p[d] is obta9$4 #h4 ,bo? *ocolate & *ocolate p[d] may1 if ! me?ods ( manufacture require x1 be prep>$ f p>tially defatt$ cacao mass4 #i4 ,! am\nt ( cacao mass & cacao butt] conta9$ 9 *ocolates & *ocolate p[d]s %\ld be at lea/ #cb p]c5t#bag ( ! :ole4 ,v4 ,milk ,*ocolate4 #aj4 ,milk *ocolate %\ld consi/ ( a mixture ( cacao mass1 cacao butt]1 sug> & milk or milk p[d]4 ,! quantity ( cacao mass & cacao butt] conta9$ 9 su* prep>ations %\ld am\nt toge!r to at lea/ #be p]c5t#bah ( ! :ole4 #aa4 ,all *ocolates :i* are br\ght on to ! m>ket "u ! "n ( milk *ocolate1 mu/ conta9 at lea/ #abe p]c5t ( milk or milk p[d]4 #ab4 ,no milk us$ = ! prep>ation ( milk *ocolate may conta9 any pres]v+ ag5t4 ,,vi4 ,cov]+ ,matt]4 #ac4 ,! def9itions ( *ocolate prop] apply also to cov]+ mat]ial4 #ad4 ,cov]+ *ocolate may1 )\t special designation1 conta9 up to #e p]c5t ( its weight z sold ( almonds1 nuts1 milk or milk p[d]4 ,all o!r additions mu/ be cle>ly decl>$ on ! packages 9 :i* ! cov]+ mat]ial is sold1 or 9 ! invoices ref]r+ to x4 ,,vii4 ,flav\r+ matt] 7,spices74 #ae4 ,all mat]ial 7spices etc47 us$ = flav\r+ cacao prep>ations mu/ be h>mless4#bai ,key to horizontal text ,,ht ,=bidd5 col\r+ matt]s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,"n ( cacao ,adult]ation ,mode ( ,detection ,ref]5ce prep>ation ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,*ocolate a7 ,microscopically #bgg ,cacao mass b7 ,by excess 9 glucose #bfd ,coat$ ,meal 7k9d c7 ,by decreas+ ! am\nt ,goods n /at$7 ( a% ,cov]+ -- ,*ocolats a7 ,by increas+ ! am\nt fondants ,cacao husks ( a% & ! am\nt ( & sawdu/ silicic acid 9 ! a% #bef b7 ,me?od ( levigation #bfg c7 ,det]m9ation ( fibre #bff d7 ,microscopically #bge a7 ,melt+ po9t #bfj b7 ,iod9e value -- ,=eign fats c7 ,saponification value -- & oils d7 ,refractomet] te/ -- e7 ,bjrklund's te/ #bfa ,bad 7rancid7 a7 ,acid value #bfj cacao-butt] b7 ,rei*]t-,meissl numb] -- ,yell[ o*re ,r$ f]ric ,increase 9 ! ,,htoxide am\nt ( a% -- ,brickdu/ ,coal only obs]v$ ,cacaolol 9 s\p p[d]s2 ,z9c :ite & only us$ heavy sp> ,analytically 9 ! a% -- to imitate ! a% ( *ocolate cig>s2 ,besides inorganic ,increase 9 ! weight+ am\nt ( a% -- mat]ial ,s& ,clay ,pol>isation ,dextr9e by ,welmans' process #beh ,excess ( sug> a7 ,pol>imetric te/ #bfi b7 ,arometric te/ #bgj c7 ,decrease 9 a% -- ,excess ( cacao,det]m9ation ( am\nt ( fat #beh butt] ,excess ( wat],det]m9ation ( moi/ure #bed ,gelat9e ,picric acid te/ & album9 det]m9ation -- ,tragacan? ,microscopically #bgg ,e>?-nut ,microscopically #bgh ,e>?-nut-cake ,det]m9ation ( album9 #bga ,walnut- & ,microscopically #bgh hazelnut pulps ,cocoa- ,husk ,p[d] ,=eign fat ,z ) *ocolate -- ,meal ,c4 ,adult]ations ( ,cacao w>es & _! ,recognition4 a7 ,introductory4 ,cacao prep>ations are subject to manifold & v>i\s k9ds ( adult]ation4 ,! foll[+ table gives a li/ ( prov$ adult]at+ ag5ts1 & conta9s 9 ! la/ column b "o h9ts z to h[ su* =eign additions c be detect$1 :i* h9ts are giv5 9 m detail on v>i\s pages 9 ?is edition1 ! numb]s ( :i* are annex$ 9 ! la/ column4 ,bases = ! judgm5t ( cacao prep>ations appe> on ! "o h& 9 ! def9itions & =mulas previ\sly giv51 & on ! o!r 9 ! r\gh] & f9] adult]ations :i* we _h ! opportunity ( detect+4 ,we give ^! bases once m1 at lea/ su* z we deem necess>y to a prop] e/imation ( ! purity ( cacao goods1 & 9 g5]al r incl9e to ! pr9ciples :i* ,fils+] has work$ out = ! ,imp]ial ,heal? ,(fice 7,g]many7 & :i* receiv$ a he>ty reception at ! h&s ( ! v>i\s unions connect$ ) ! trade4 b7 ,! ,pr9ciples4 ,*ocolate1 ,cacao mat]ial1 & cocoa p[d] 7defatt$ & dis9tegrat$ cacao7 may on no acc\nt conta9 any k9d ( =eign vegetable mixtures l />*1 meal1 peanut cake1 hazel nut & walnut admixtures1 nor cacao %ells nor yet wa/e products1 nei!r may x conta9 any m9]al /uffs or =eign fats4 ,*ocolates ) meal addition mu/ conta9 on ! wrapp] a concise & def9ite decl>ation ( su* addition on ! wrapp]4 ,! pres5ce ( cacao %ells is detrim5tal to ! nutriti\s value ( ! cacao prep>ation1 be+ little suit$ = human consumption1 z !y conta9 a l>ge quantity ( woody sub/ance1 & ap>t f ?is1 always occur ) adh]+ s& & e>?4 ,! removal ( su* %ells is s9ce ! p]fect+ ( ! clean+ ma*9]y int5d$ = ! purpose1 become a v easy matt]1 & s none b v inf]ior quantities are p]missible4 ,any additional %ells 7ev5 :5 decl>$1 & v f9e gr\nd7 are illegal4 ,! addition ( spices or _! correspond+ e!real oils are all[$1 & z su* may be consid]$ almonds & nuts1 m especially 9 ! case ( coat+ mat]ial & s =?1 al?\gh !y are subject to compulsory decl>ation4 ,! same conditions prevail 9 ! case ( *ocolate enamell+ & coat+ mat]ial z = ord9>y *ocolate1 & 9 p>ticul> !y mu/ be free f all k9d ( =eign fats & cacao %ells4 ,! use ( dyes 7e>?-& t>-col\r+ matt]7 :i* are int5d$ z sub/itutes = a p]c5tage ( cacao1 & n m]ely z ornam5tal1 is n p]missible2 & su* dyes z are objectionable f a hygi5ical /&po9t are impossible1 ev5 :5 !y are us$ = decorat+ purposes4 ,cacao mat]ial conta9s on an av]age f #c-d ( a% & f #ej-ee ( fat4 ,admixtures ( glue1 tragacan? or dextr9e are n p]missible1 :5 !y are int5d$ to conceal an addition ( wat] or to save ! use ( exp5sive cacao fat4 ,cocoa p[d] conta9s arbitr>y quantities ( fat1 & %[s accord+ly a v>y+ quantity ( a% to correspond ) ! am\nt ( fat express$4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to decl>e ! quantity ( fat conta9$ 9 q a g5]al mann] & some?+ 9 ! foll[+ grade3 skimm$ milk cacao "u #be ( fat1 cacao fre$ f oil1 fatty & ord9>y milk *ocolate up to a p]c5tage n exce$+ #ce4bbj ,= ! same reason x is necess>y to conv]t ! e/abli%$ a% cont5ts1 possibly ( cacao mat]ial ) #ej ( fat1 or none at all4 ,x is mo/ to ! purpose to conv]t 9 ! case ( dry mat]ial :i* has be5 fre$ ( fat1 z occasionally consid]able am\nts ( moi/ure rema9 ov] f ! processes ( prep>ation4 ,cocoa p[d] :i* has be5 dis9tegrat$ )\t ! use ( potassium1 sodium or magnesia ag5ts 7c>bonic acid7 w !re=e %[ ! same a% cont5ts z ! correspond+ mat]ial fre$ f oil1 :il/ t ( cacao dis9tegrat$ by means ( ! fix$ alkalis w be great]4 ,! a% cont5ts ( p[d] fre$ ( oil may nev]!less n exce$ #c 1 correspond+ to a total #g 4 ,! mixture ( cocoa p[d] & sug> is n p]missible4 ,*ocolates1 *ocolate fondants & coat+ mass conta9 v>iable quantities ( sug> & fat2 accord+ly no limits c be assign$ to ! a% cont5ts ( ^! prep>ations4 ,a unanimity ( op9ion z to ! lea/ possible am\nt ( cacao = ! *emical e/imation ( *ocolate has become an urg5t necessity4 ,h]eby x %\ld be e/abli%$ t 9 good *ocolate ! fatty cont5ts1 ap>t f ! sug>1#bba exce$ a def9ite p]c5tage4#bbb ,a m9imum p]c5tage ( #ce ( cacao mass 9 *ocolate de/9$ = export1 :i* mu/ possibly be cov]$1 has be5 fix$ by ! c\ncil ( comm]ce4 ,z p]c5tage ( *ocolate 9 cacao ! d\ble quantity ( non-fatty cacao mat]ial mu/ be tak51 on ! supposition t raw cacao conta9s on an av]age #ej ( fat4 c7 ,laws & ,enactm5ts z to ,trade 9 ,cacao ,prep>ations4 ,s f> traffic 9 cacao has only be5 br\ght "u legal control 9 ?ree ,european c\ntries1 namely ,belgium1 ,r\mania1 & ,switz]l&4 ,we annex 9 ! foll[+ pages a resum ( ! legal prescriptions app]ta9+ !reto1 z be+ ( especial importance to export+ manufactur]s4 #a ,belgium4 ,! ,belgian royal decree ( ! #ah? ,novemb] #ahid e/abli%$ on ! basis ( ! law = articles ( consumption1 ,augu/ #d? #ahij1 & article #ded to #deg1 #ejj to #ejc1 & #efa ( ! p5al code book runs 7accord+ to ! 8,moniteur ,belge0 ( ! #crd & #d? ,decemb]1 #ahid1 z foll[s3 ,art4 #a4 ,x is illegal to sell1 expose or hold 9 possession = sale1 or to transmit1 any o!r product z 8all cocoa0 ?an ! fruit ( ! cacao tree1 raw & prep>$ by roa/+1 hull+ & gr9d+ ) or )\t addition ( spices1 & f9ally m\ld$ into tablets or r$uc$ to p[d] =m4 ,x is p]missible to sell1 expose or h 9 possession = sale1 or to transmit su* cacao z has suff]$ a loss ( butt] by express+1 provid$ t ! am\nt ( ?is +r$i5t is n dim9i%$ by m ?an #bj ( ! :ole1 "u ! designation 8cocoa or cocoa p[d]02 & aga9 "u ! designation 8alkal9is$ cacao0 7cacao alcal9is7 su* z has _h its alkali cont5t increas$ 9 special treatm5t by n m ?an #c ( ! total weight4 ,! decl>ation 8alkal9is$0 is n1 if a matt] ( m]e possession or transmittance 9 export1 to be consid]$ z necess>y4 ,cacao :i* has be5 prep>$ o!r ?an z above describ$ may only be sold1 expos$ or held 9 possession = sale1 or transmitt$1 "u a special label :i* decl>es ?is special mann] ( prep>ation next to ! ^w 8cacao0 or "u a label t does n conta9 ! ^w 8cacao0 at all4 ,! ^w 8alkal9is$0 or any o!r words :i* indicate alt]ations or additions 9 ! natural composition ( ! cacao mu/ be introduc$ on ! label 9 di/9ct & simil> type to ! ^w 8cacao ,cacao 9 :i* ! proportion ( alkali am\nts to m ?an #c is reg>d$ z injuri\s1 & ! sale1 hav+ & hold+ 9 possession or despat* ( same = sale is illegal4 ,art4 #b4 ,x is illegal to sell1 h 9 possession or expose = sale1 or to transmit any product :atev]1 "u ! designation 8*ocolate01 t is n manufactur$ exclusively f %ell$ cacao1 & t 9 a m9imum proportion ( #ce1 & ord9>y sug>1 ) or )\t admixture ( spices4 ,products :i* ?\gh conta9+ ! requisite #ce ( %ell$ cacao are also made ( o!r sub/ances ?an ^? above signifi$ may only be sold1 held 9 possession1 expos$ or transmitt$ = sale "u a label t cle>ly describes ! nature ( su* +r$i5ts next to ! ^w 8*ocolate0 & 9 ! same type1 or "u a label t does n conta9 ! ^w 8,*ocolate0 at all4 ,9 ! case indicat$ by impress+ !m on ea* sep>ate tablet4 ,products :i* conta9 less ?an #ce ( cacao may only be sold1 held 9 possession1 expos$1 or transmitt$ = sale "u ! designation 8cacao bonbons0 or "s simil> description1 f :i* ! ^w *ocolate has be5 rigidly exclud$4 ,art4 #c4 ,entries ( ! labels prescrib$ = ! products ( irregul> composition 9 articles #a & #b mu/ be made on ! invoices despat*$ ) ! goods4 ,art4 #d4 ,! box1 case or wrapp] etc4 conta9+ cacao or *ocolate :i* is sold1 expos$1 held 9 possession or transmitt$ = sale mu/ be> ! "n & address ( ! manufactur] or sell]1 or at lea/ "s regul> & au?oris$ trade m>k4 ,art4 #e4 ,! articles ( ?is decree1 z f> z !y ref] to *ocolate1 are only applicable to ord9>y *ocolates 9 tablet1 block1 sph]ical or p[d] =m1 n h[ev] to cream & v>i\s sug> confections 9 *ocolates 7su* z pral9s1 pa/illes etc474 ,art4 #f4 ,any infr+em5t ( ! articles ( ?is decree w incur a f9e 9 accordance ) ! code ( f9es issu$ on ,aug4 #d? #ahij1 ov] & above ! ord9>y p5alties4 ,art4 #g4 ,our ,bo>d ( ,trade & ,agriculture is h]eby entru/$ ) ! c>ry+ out ( ?is decree1 :i* %all come into =ce on ,april #a/ #ahie4 #b4 ,r\mania4 ,! royal enactm5t ( ?is l& respect+ ! heal? sup]vision ( foods & dr9ks & ! trade 9 foods & dr9ks1 articles #aed1 #aee1 #aef & #aeg ( ! ,heal? act ( ! #aa? ,septemb]1 #ahie1 says ! 8,bulet9ul directiunei g5]ale a s]viciului sanit>0 #ahie1 ,no4 #ah & #ai1 pages #bgg et seq4 ,no4 ,,xiii1 ,article #acg4 ,no product may be sold1 expos$ or held 9 possession or transmitt$ = sale1 "u ! designation cacao1 o!r ?an ! se$ ( ! fruit obta9$ f ! tree 8,!obroma ,cacao ,x may be br\ght on ! m>ket raw1 roa/$1 or p[d]$ aft] roa/+4 ,"u ! designation 8,cocoa p[d]1 defatt$01 su* may be sold z has suff]$ loss ( butt] by extraction1 provid$ t !re /ill rema9s a m9imum #bb ( cacao butt] 9 ! product4 ,z dis9tegrat$ cacao may be sold su* p[d] z does n conta9 m ?an a maximum #b ( sodium or potassium c>bonate4 ,art4 #ach4 ,x is illegal to sell or expose = sale artificially dy$ & pulv]is$ cacao1 & also su* z has be5 mix$ ) />* meals1 =eign fats or any o!r =eign +r$i5ts4 ,x is 9 l mann] illegal to mix cocoa p[d] ) %ells1 & ! =m] may n conta9 m ?an a maximum #ae ( p[d]$ %ell4#bbc ,art4 #aci4 ,"u ! designation 8,*ocolate01 only ! food/uff prep>$ f a mixture ( roa/$ & p[d]$ bean & sug>1 ) or )\t admixture ( aromatic +r$i5ts1 z vanilla1 c9namon & ! l sub/ances1 may be sold & expos$ = sale4 ,art4 #adj4 ,! manufacture & sale1 z also ! exposure = sale ( *ocolate f cacao t does n answ] ! sev]al dem&s ( ?is decree1 articles #acg & #ach1 z well z ( *ocolate t is mix$ ) />*1 meals1 m9]al & artificially col\r$ sub/ance1 is illegal4 #c4 ,switz]l&4 ,! association ( analytic *emi/s 9 ?is c\ntry h issu$ a book entitl$ 8,! ,swiss ,book ( ,nutriti\s ,/uffs & ,articles ( ,su/5ance01 :]e ! me?ods & /&>ds prevail+ 9 rese>* "w connect$ ) su* sub/ances are f9ally e/abli%$ = ,switz]l&4 ,?is "w s]v$ z a guide z reg>ds articles ( su/5ance up to ! "t :5 ! ,swiss food act came into =ce1 & we accord+ly annex a few extracts f x1 deal+ ) our subject1 cacao prep>ations4 ,def9itions4 #a4 ,cacao mass is obta9$ by gr9d+ & m\ld+ ! %ell$ & roa/$ cacao bean1 )\t any admixture :atev]1 or extraction ( butt]4 #b4 ,cacao fre$ ( oil is cacao t has be5 r$uc$ by f #bj to #ce z reg>ds its butt] cont5ts by means ( pressure "u heat4 #c4 ,dis9tegrat$ cacao4 ,! roa/$ beans are treat$ ) c>bonic acid alkalis 7g5]ally potassium7 subject$ to pressure "u ammonia or /eam1 & s ! cellul> tissue ( ! album9\s sub/ance dis9tegrat$ or brok5 up & conv]t$ into a soluble modification 7peptone & alkal9\s album9ate74#bbd ,! s treat$ beans are next dri$1 r$uc$1 defatt$ & pulv]is$4 #d4 ,*ocolate is ! description ( a mixture ( cacao & sug> :i* comes into comm]ce ei!r m\ld$ or 9 p[d] =m4 ,! p]c5tage ( sug> am\nts to betwe5 #dj & #gj4 ,admixture ( o!r sub/ances ?an cacao1 sug> & ! usual spices mu/ be reg>d$ z adult]ations4#bbe #e4 ,*ocolate & cacao 7p[d]$ or m\ld$7 may be aromatis$ ) ! foll[+ sub/ances3 vanilla1 b5jam9 gum1 tolu & p]u balsam1 c9namon1 cloves & nutmeg4 #f4 ,*ocolate fondants are *ocolates ) an unusually l>ge proportion ( sug> & fatty cont5ts4 #g4 ,milk *ocolate is a prep>ation prep>$ f milk1 sug> & cacao4 ,x may n conta9 ! pres]v+ mat]ials dis-all[$ = milk1 su* z boracic acid1 borax1 =mic aldehyde & d]ivatives ( ! aromatic s]ies4 ,x comes into comm]ce 9 p[d] =m4 #h4 ,cov]+ or coat+ mat]ial is a mixture ( cacao1 sug>1 spices1 ) almonds & hazel nuts4 ,?is prep>ation is almo/ exclusively employ$ = bonbon confection]y4 #i4 ,m$ic9al ,*ocolate is a *ocolate or cacao prep>ation conta9+ additions ( m$icam5ts4 ,te/s & ,def9itions always to be appli$4 #a4 ,t\* te/4 #b4 ,reaction4 #c4 ,microscopical exam9ation4 #d4 ,exam9ation ( ! fat4 #e4 ,e/imation ( cacao butt]4 #f4 ,det]m9ation ( sug>4 #g4 ,det]m9ation ( a%4 ,te/s & ,def9itions ev5tually necess>y4 #h4 ,det]m9ation ( moi/ure4 #i4 ,det]m9ation ( !obrom9e4 #aj4 ,det]m9ation ( />*4 #aa4 ,det]m9ation ( cellulose4 ,guide to ,classification3 ,unripe1 badly f]m5t$ cacao beans & ^? :i* h be5 attack$ by insects or m\ld or h suff]$ dur+ transport f ! influ5ce ( salt-wat]1 %\ld nev] be us$ = manufactur+ purposes4 ,goods prep>$ f su* beans h an unpleasant ta/e1 :i* x is impossible to get rid ( by ! v>i\s op]ations 9 ! c\rse ( manufacture4 ,! use ( all su* beans is to be reg>d$ z adult]ation4 ,! te/s to be appli$ = det]m9+ !m are ta/+1 microscopical exam9ation & p]haps ! e/imation ( ! common salt conta9$ 9 !m4 ,all good *ocolates are ( a f9e br[n col\r4 ,grey-col\r$ or spott$ *ocolate are objectionable4 ,spots or ! grey col\r allud$ to may be caus$ ei!r by damp or heat4 ,at an ord9>y temp]ature ! fracture ( ! *ocolate is h>d1 glassy & ev54 ,! quality ( ! fracture con/itutes an excell5t basis 9 judg+ ( ! mann] & me?ods employ$ 9 work+ up ! raw mat]ial4 ,cacao & *ocolate t become ?ick & pulpy on boil+ are 9 all probability adult]at$ ) meal1 />*1 dextr9e or res94 ,! foll[+ are to be consid]$ z adult]ations3 #a4 ,admixtures ( cacao or o!r %ells1 & sawdu/4 #b4 ,admixtures ( =eign />*1 meals1 ca/ania & res94 #c4 ,admixtures ( m9]al sub/ances l o*re1 clay & s&4 #d4 ,! sub/itution ( *eap] fats1 su* z beef & pork dripp+1 almond1 poppy se$1 cocoa-nut & vasel9e oils4 ,limitations4 #a4 ,= cacao mat]ial4 ,a% ,maximum3 #e 7,porto ,cabello #dfe7bbf ,m9imum3 #b 7,sur9am #bbe7 ,cacao butt] ,maximum3 #ede 7,ma*alla #edjf7 ,m9imum3 #dhj 7,porto ,cabello #dehg74bbf #b4 ,= cacao fat4 ,melt+ po9t #bi to #cce ,c42 freez+ po9t #bd to #be ,c42 refraction at #dj ,c41 #df to #dibbf2 iod9e value #cd to #cg2 po9t ( saponification1 #aib to #bjb4 #c4 ,dis9tegrat$ cacao3 ! am\nt ( add$ alkali is n to exce$ #c4 ,9 no case %all ! a% cont5t be m ?an #h4 ,?is figure is n inconsi/5t ) ! above /at$ maximum a% cont5t1 z dis9tegrat$ or soluble cacao is manufactur$ f a mixture ( sev]al sorts ( cacao1 9 ea* ( :i* 7al?\gh !y h be5 defatt$7 !re is n m ?an #e ( a%4 #d4 ,*ocolate3 al?\gh at ! pres5t "t !re are no limits fix$ = cacao & sug>1 x may nev]!less be safely assum$ t ! fat & sug> toge!r may n exce$ #hj to #he1 & t ! re/ %all be pure non-fatty cacao mat]ial1 9 ! proportion ( f #ae-bj4 ,! a% 9 a good *ocolate does n exce$ #ce4 #e4 ,milk *ocolate3 "h ! sep>ate +r$i5ts require a ?or\gh dry+4 ,if ! p]c5tage ( moi/ure am\nts to z mu* z five p]c5t1 ! :ole prep>ation is objectionable & liable to lose its h>d consi/5cy4 #f4 ,*ocolate la noisette1 oat1 meat & m$ic9al *ocolates4 ,! te/+ ( ^! takes two *ief directions3 #a4 ,x mu/ be e/abli%$ t ! +r$i5ts giv5 on ! label are ( good quality1 & #b4 t only ! +r$i5ts !re m5tion$ occur 9 ! packet4 ,! con/itu5ts & _! proportions %all be decl>$ on ! wrapp]s 9 ! case ( m$ic9al *ocolate4 ,on ! #a/ ,july !n1 9 ! ye> #aiji1 ! act pass$ 9 connection ) foods & articles ( consumption ,decemb] #e?1 #aije came into =ce 9 ,switz]l&4 ,!reby ! :ole ( ,swiss trade 9 su* food/uffs & articles ( consumption is sy/ematically controll$4 ,( ! #bfh articles :i* are g5]ally repres5tative1 we annex "h ^? conc]n+ cacao1 p[d] & *ocolate1 namely1 nos #adf to #adi4 ,art4 #adf4 ,"u ! designation cacao or cacao p[d] only ! pure1 unalt]$ or only p>tially defatt$ natural product may be br\ght into comm]ce4 ,a cacao p[d] may only be describ$ z soluble :5 x has be5 treat$ ) c>bonic acid alkalis or dis9tegrat$ ) /eam4 ,soluble cacao may only conta9 #c add$ alkalis on ! outside4 ,art4 #adg4 ,"u ! designation *ocolate1 only a mixture ( cacao & sug> ) or )\t addition ( cacao butt] & spices is to be und]/ood1 & no o!r may be br\ght on ! m>ket z su*4 ,! p]c5tage ( sug> 9 *ocolate may n exce$ #fh4bbg ,art4 #adh4 ,cacao & *ocolate may n conta9 />*1 meal1 =eign fat1 m9]al sub/ances1 col\r+ matt] & s-call$ fat economis]s 7dextr9e1 gelat9e1 res9 & tragacan?7 & only traces ( cacao %ell4 ,!y may n be gritty nor f\l smell+ nor o!rwise spoilt4 ,art4 #adi4 ,special products ( cacao & *ocolate ) addition ( oats1 milk1 acorns & hazel nuts mu/ be decl>$ accord+ly 7z oat cacao1 milk *ocolate etc474 ,fancy confections fall also "u ?is obligation4 ,cacaos & *ocolates :i* are put on ! m>ket 9 packets1 boxes & packages mu/ conta9 ! "n ( ! firm on ! wrapp]1 or "s m>k ( ! manufactur] or salesman :i* is recognis$ 9 ,switz]l&4 ,if sac*>9e1 dulc9e or o!r artificial sweet/uffs are add$ to *ocolate1 su* admixture mu/ be decl>$ on ! wrapp]4#bbh #d4 ,au/ria4 ,legal control ( ! traffic 9 cacao prep>ations 9 ?is c\ntry may be expect$ 9 ! ne> future4 ,au/ria is inde$ already 9 possession ( a law 7dat$ ,janu>y #ai?1 #ahif7 conc]n+ ! traffic 9 articles ( consumption1 al?\gh ! special det]m9ations h hi!rto n rea*$ p]fection1 & ! treatm5t ( ! sep>ate detail$ articles mu/ proce$ gradually4 ,z 9 ,switz]l&1 ! ,association ( ,food ,*emi/s & ,analy/s "h h work$ out designs = a 8,codex alim5t>ius au/riacus ,! "w ( ?is code commission is ( a purely private nature & accord+ly no (ficial importance accrues to x1 b x is none ! less recognis$ by all ,au/rian *emi/s & has indirectly 7& ev5 9 law c\rts7 ab\t ! same weight z ! op9ion ( an exp]t1 especially z ! s+le articles ( consumption are almo/ exclusively limit$ to speciali/s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we !re=e introduce ! mo/ important po9ts ( ?is code :i* be> on our subject1 al?\gh v>i\s alt]ations mu/ be made 9 ^! z !y succe$ to legal recognition1 = s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! code _m *anges h develop$ z reg>ds ! me?ods ( rese>*4 ,i4 ,cacao ,mass4 ,def9ition4 ,"u cacao mass is to be und]/ood ! mat]ial con/itut+ a regul> & uni=m d\gh :5 w>m$1 :i* has be5 exclusively prep>$ & manufactur$ f ! %ell$ cacao bean4 ,+r$i5ts4 ,cacao mat]ial conta9s ! same +r$i5ts *emically z ! %ell$ bean4 ,microscopical inve/igation %\ld only reveal ! pres5ce ( se$ k]nel1 & n p>ticles ( root1 :i* %\ld be remov$ 9 ! c\rse ( prep>ation4 ,! a% may n exce$ #cebbi1 ! fibre #cbbi1 & ! />* #aje4 ,! am\nt ( fat figures at betwe5 #dh & #eb p]c5t4 ,,ii4 ,cocoa p[d]4 7,pulv]is$ cacao1 defatt$1 & dis9tegrat$47 ,def9ition4 ,h]eby is und]/ood ! /eam$ prep>ations or ! p[d] obta9$ by express+ at lea/ half ! total fat f ord9>y cacao mat]ial & fur!r gr9d+ & sift+4 ,*>act]i/ics4 ,! cocoa p[d] %all on boil+ ) #bj to #cj times its volume ( wat] yield a susp5sion1 9 :i* !re are no traces ( lumpy =mation1 & :i* does n %[ a s$im5t aft] ! expiration ( a few m9utes4#bcj ,%\ld !re be any su* s$im5t1 x %all be exam9$ "u ! microscope4 ,cocoa p[d] %all be sift$ & gr\nd free f meal1 & may n1 on sift+ ?r\gh a mill] gauze 7,no4 #ab7 %[ m ?an #e ( mat]ial on ! sieve4 ,! *emical composition ( cocoa p[d] is modifi$ accord+ to ! degree ( defatt+4 ,if #cj p>ts out ( #ajj are defatt$1 :i* is ! usual proc$ure4 ,if #cj p>ts fat are express$ f #ajj p>ts cacao mat]ial1 :i* usually happ5s1 !n ! cocoa p[d] conta9s #cj fat1 #e a%#bca1 #ce fibre1 & #ac4 ,! am\nt ( moi/ure %all n exce$ #f4 ,! fat %all be pure cacao butt]4 ,addition ( alkalis is n all[$4 ,microscopical inve/igation z "u ,i4 ,,iii4 ,*ocolate4 ,def9ition4 ,*ocolate is ! cacao mat]ial ev5ly & regul>ly work$ up ) cane sug> 7ref9$1 ord9>y or co>se74 ,! completely uni=m pa/y mass1 :5 w>m$1 is all[$ to set 9 m\lds & !n =ms pieces ( fatty appe>ance1 f9ely granul> or close fracture 7tablets1 blocks74 ,good *ocolate consi/s ( #dj to #ej p]c5t ( cacao mass & #ej to #fj p]c5t ( sug>4 ,x may also conta9 a small am\nt ( h>mless aromatic sub/ances4 ,%\ld ! sum ( ! cacao fat & sug> 9 *ocolate am\nt to ov] #he p]c5t1 x is t]m$ 8,sweetmeat *ocolate01 & %\ld ! sum ( ^? +r$i5ts be m ?an #ij p]c5t1 ! *ocolate is to be decl>$ z 8,v sweet ,all ! +r$i5ts 9 *ocolate1 aft] d$uct+ ! sug>1 %all be pres5t 9 ! same relative proportion & 9 ! same condition z 9 pure cacao mass 7comp>e ,i74 ,sweet5$ *ocolate is an exception1 9 s f> z x has _h 9 its prep>ation an addition ( cacao butt]4 ,f9e k9ds are also prep>$ ) an addition ( defatt$ cacao4 ,unm\ld$ *ocolate or *ocolate p[d] %all answ] to ! same requirem5ts4 ,,iv4 ,cacao surrogate & *ocolate surrogate4 ,def9ition4 ,cacao prep>ations conta9+ admixtures ( meal are to be describ$ z surrogates4 ,! addition ( o!r sub/ances ?an meal is inadmissible4 ,abs5ce ( cacao husk is also requir$ z 9 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii4 ,mixtures ( cacao p[d]1 sug> & meal are also to be reg>d$ z surrogates4 ,! ext5t ( ! addition ( meal is to be di/9ctly not$ by ! sell] on ! article sold4 ,v4 ,c\v]ture 7coat+ mass74 ,def9ition4 ,?is includes v>i\s prep>ations ( pure cacao butt] & *ocolate 7or mixtures ( *ocolate ) cacao butt] & cacao mass71 :i* =m a ?9 liquid1 :5 w>m$1 & are us$ = coat+ or p\r+ ov] confection]y4 ,all o!r sub/ances 7roa/$ hazel nuts or almonds & ! l7 %all be decl>$4 ,inve/igation4 ,to be c>ri$ out )\t exception ) all cacao prep>ations3 #a4 ,det]m9ation ( fat4 ,! fat is extract$ f ! dry sub/ance :i* has be5 mix$ ) an indiff]5t body 7s&7 by pure & absolutely dry e!r 7di/ill$ ov] sodium7 or by petroleum e!r4 ,cacao mass & *ocolate mu/ fir/ be %av$ or rasp$4 #b4 ,je/+ ( ! fat4 a7 ,det]m9ation ( ! melt+ po9t 9 a capill>y tube 7?ree days aft] ! fat has be5 melt$ into ! tube74#bcb ,pure cacao butt] usually melts at #cc ,c4 b7 ,det]m9ation ( ! iod9e value2 usually #cej ) pure cacao fat4 ,x is fur!r recomm5d$ to make a refractometric det]m9ation1 :i* 9 a ,zeiss butt]-refractomet] mu/ be #dfe at #dj ,c4 #c4 ,! microscopic te/ ( ! sub/ance1 f :i* ! fat & ! sug> h be5 remov$4 ,! foll[+ are also ess5tial3 ,i4 ,) cacao mass4 ,! det]m9ation ( fibre & a%4 ,,ii4 ,cacao p[d]4 ,det]m9ation ( moi/ure at #ajj ,c41 ( ! fibre & a% & exam9ation ( ! a% 7quantitative det]m9ation ( phosphoric acid & pota%74 ,,iii4 ,*ocolate4 ,det]m9ation ( ! sug> by pol>isation ( ! aque\s solution4 ,,iv4 ,surrogates4 ,det]m9ation ( ! />*4 ,if x is consid]$ necess>y to proce$ fur!r1 !n3 #a4 ,det]m9ation ( !obrom9e by a modification ( ,wolfram's me?od1 ! me?od employ$ is to be exactly /at$4#bcc #b4 ,9 ! det]m9ation ( />*1 ! gelat9isation is to be c>ri$ out "u /eam pressure & ! inv]t$ sug> gravimetrically det]m9$ ) ,fehl+'s solution4 ,an op9ion ( ! quality ( ! prep>ation c be =m$ f ! ta/e1 smell & col\r ( ! sample on boil+ ) wat]4 #e4 ,g]many4 ,9 ,g]many1 un=tunately1 !re is at pres5t no law1 :i* regulates ! trade 9 cacao goods4 ,x is true t !re exi/s ! decree ( ! #ad? ,may1 #ahgi respect+ ! trade 9 food1 alim5t>y sub/ances & come/ibles1 :i* conta9s ! usual p5al enactm5ts 9 reg>d to adult]ation ( food mat]ials (f]$ = sale4 ,! enactm5ts are supplem5t$ ) data relat+ to ! adm9i/ration ( ! law1 among :i* a def9ition ( *ocolate1 z well z ! means ( judg+ z to ! quality or its adult]ation1 are treat$ (4 ,b ^? data d n 9 all respects apply to exi/+ conditions1 nor d !y deal fully ) ! "q z to :at admixtures are to be p]mitt$ or prohibit$1 = 9 ! introduction to ! app5dix ,a1 !re is ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8,l ! =m] provision1 ! pres5t "o is n int5d$ to be an exhau/ive description ( all subjects ( ! k9d ref]r$ to1 b a compilation ( ^? examples :i* appe> to be especially calculat$ to s]ve z an illu/ration ( legislative requirem5ts40 ,! data ref]r$ to h n an (ficially au?oritative significance1 & !y _c be reg>d$ z hav+ e/abli%$ validity 9 connection ) ! adm9i/ration ( ! law by ! police or by legal au?orities4 7,see3 ,comm5t>y by ,mey]-,f9k5burg1 page #aaf47 ,ev5 ! complete publication ( ! 8,v]e9b>ung5 zur e9heitli*5 ,unt]su*ung von ,nahrungs-und ,g5umitteln s[ie ,gebrau*sgeg5/nd5 fr das ,deuts*e ,rei*01 collect$ at ! in/ance ( ! national heal? dep>tm5t1 w n h ! effect ( giv+ c]ta9ty 9 ! law relat+ to ! manufacture ( *ocolate4 ,t section ( ! 8,v]e9b>ung501 :i* deals ) cacao products1 0 publi%$ 9 ,book ,,iii 7,b]l91 ,julius ,spr+] #aiab7 pages #fh-ha1 b ! conditions 9 ,g]many are at pres5t only simil> to ^? exi/+ 9 ,switz]l& & 9 ,au/ria4 ,! 8,v]e9b>ung50 are no?+ m1 ?an a valuable semi(ficial guide = ! valuation & exam9ation ( food & come/ibles1 ! provisions ( :i*1 n be+ obligation>y1 h no legal effect4 ,!y h long be5 9 ne$ ( a ?or\gh revision1 z rec5t sci5tifical results te/ify1 & inde$ 8,! ,volunt>y association ( ,g]man ,food ,*emi/s0 h = ye>s be5 engag$ 9 su* revision4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ! prosecution ( v>i\s manipulation :i* c]ta9ly des]ve to be object$ to1 su* z ! prep>ation ( cacao or *ocolate f undecorticat$ beans1 w\ld be difficult to c>ry out4 ,! ,association ( ,g]man ,*ocolate ,manufactur]s has prote/$ aga9/ t unsuitable /ate ( affairs1 & s9ce a rem$y is to be look$ = only f ! enactm5t ( a law regulat+ ! trade 9 cacao products1 t association prep>$ a draft act1 at its ,,xvii4 annual meet+ at ,leipsic on ! #ae? ,janu>y #ahic1 & has submitt$ x to ! gov]nm5t heal? dep>tm5t4 ,t draft is 9 accordance ) ! provisions pr9t$ on pages #bca & #bcb a-e4 ,! provisions ( ! association 9 ref]5ce to ! trade 9 cacao products also conta9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs3 #b4 ,x is n to be consid]$ adult]ation or c\nt]feit1 )9 ! mean+ ( ! law 7 #aj7 relat+ to trade 9 food mat]ials1 come/ibles or articles ( consumption 7( #ad? ,may #ahgi1 ,rei*sgesetzblatt page #ade73 #a4 ,:5 ! productions ref]r$ to "u a1 b1 c are mix$ ) meal or o!r sub/ances = m$ic9al purposes1 provid$1 !y are ( a "* by :i* !y are di/9ctly recognisable1 or are kept 9 /ock or (f]$ = sale "u a designation di/+ui%+ !m f *ocolate1 cacao mass1 or cacao p[d]4 #b4 ,:5 cov]+ or coat+ mat]ial1 or sweetmeat *ocolate is mix$ ) burnt almonds or hazel nuts to ! ext5t ( #e 4 #c4 ,adult]ation )9 ! mean+ ( ! law dat$ ,may #ad? #ahgi1 #aj 7,rei*sgesetzblatt1 page #ade7 comprises3 #a4 ,! addition ( =eign fat to *ocolate1 cacao mass or cacao butt]4 #b4 ,! addition to *ocolate1 cacao mat]ial or cocoa p[d] ( cacao husk1 meal or o!r sub/ances1 except 9 ! cases m5tion$ on page #bgi1 #b1 pos4 #a & #b4bcd #c4 ,! addition ( col\r+ mat]ials to *ocolate4 #d4 ,! addition to *ocolate or *ocolate surrogates ( any b cane sug>s 7beetroot sug>74 #d4 ,z already po9t$ out1 ! t]ms ( ?is propos$ legislative /ep naturally comm& approval & we %\ld be ! fir/ to welcome ! appe>ance ( a 8,deuts*es ,leb5smittelbu*0 or "s simil> "w#bce1 int5d$ to s]ve z an au?oritative regulation ( ! trade 9 cacao prep>ations & z a protection ( hone/ manufactur]s aga9/ ! unc]ta9ty n[ att5d+ legal proce$+s4 ,9 t case1 o!r civilis$ c\ntries might be expect$ to foll[4 ,,footnotes3 #afb ,zts*r4 ff5tl4 ,*4 #aijj1 page #cbd1 #cbe4 #afc ,zts*r4 ff5tl4 ,*4 #aijj1 p4 #dgh4 #afd ,j\rn4 de ,ph>m4 et ,*im4 #ahih1 ,vol4 #b1 page #g4 #afe ,see also ,f>n/e9] ,z4 ,u4 ,n4 ,g41 vol4 #bc 7#aijg71 page #cjh4 #aff ,see ,f>n/e9]'s me?od1 ,z4,u4,n4 ,g41 ,vol4 #ac 7#aijg71 page #cjh4 #afg #f?4 edition1 #bnd vol41 page #fdd4 #afh ,comp>e3 ,froehn] ,lhrig1 ,z4,u4,n4 ,g4 ,,ix 7#aijc71 p4 #beg & ,lhrig ibid4 ,,ix p4 #bfc4 #afi cf4 ! me?ods ( ,f>n/e9] ,z4,u4,n4 ,g4 ,,xiii1 #aijg p4 #cjh4 #agj cf4 also ,f>n/e9] ,z4,u4,n4 ,g4 ,,xvi #aijh1 p4 #fdb yet accord+ to in=mation f ,dr4 ,bhme f ! laboratory ( ,/ollw]k ,bros1 blu+ f r$ or violet litmus pap] %\ld also take place 9 ! case ( cacao prep>$ ) pota%1 & on ! contr>y ! ,kurkuma br[n n result4 #aga ,zts*r4 fr ff5tl4 ,*emie #aijj1 page #cjd4 #agb ,zts*r4 fr ff5tl4 ,*emie #aijj1 page #dha4 #agc ,ibid4 #aijj1 pages #hf et seq4 #agd ,arbeit5 aus dem ,kais]l4 ,gesundh4-,amt #aijd1 page #bj4 #age ,zts*r4 f4 ff5tl4 ,*emie #aijg1 page #cjh4 #agf ,=s*ungsb]i*te b] ,leb5smittel etc4 #ahif1 ,,iii page #bge1 also ,beckurt's ,jahresb]i*t d] ,ph>mazie #ahif1 page #gdf4 #agg ,zts*r4 f4 anal4 ,*4 vol4 #c1 page #bcc4 #agh ,zts*r4 f4 anal4 ,*41 vol4 #ai1 page #bdf4 #agi ,j\rnal ( ,society = ,*em4 ,rese>* #ahii1 page #eef4 #ahj ,! solubility ( caffe9e 9 c>bon tetra*loride is said by ,em+] to be #a3ajj1 b ,s*]r ma9ta9s t a mu* l>g] quantity is requir$4 #aha ,m]ck's ,catalogue ( ,react+ ,ag5ts 7#bnd4 ,edition1 page #hh7 gives a conv5i5t me?od ( det]m9+ ! pres5ce ( !obrom9e & caffe9e 7,g]>d's reaction74 ,we annex an extract4 ,g]>d's ,reaction on ,!obrom9e4 ,a mixture ( #jje g ( !obrom9e1 #c ccm ( wat] & ccm ( soda wa% is decompos$ ) #a ccm ( a silv] nitrate solution #aj p]c5t /rong1 heat$ to #fj ,c4 & ! solution s obta9$ cool$ d[n4 ,x !n gelat9ises v p]ceptibly4 ,caffe9e does n give ?is reaction4 ,cf4 ,ph>maceutical & ,*emical ,j\rnal #aijf1 p4 #dgf4 ,apo?4-,ztg4 #aijf1 p4 #dcb4 ,ph>m4 ,ztg4 #aijf1 p4 #eab4 ,*emical ,leaflet #aijf ,,ii1 p4 #afg among o!rs4 #ahb ,soxhlet's s-call$ /eam dige/]1 z con/ruct$ by ,ess] ( ,muni*4 #ahc ,zts*r4 f4 anal4 ,*4 #ahhb1 ,vol4 #bb1 page #ddh4 #ahd ,giornale di ,f>macia1 di ,*imica etc4 #ahih4 #ahe ,lectures = ! ,e/abli%m5t ( ,rational ,fe$+ ( ,animals 7,we5d]1 ,lectures71 vol4 #ahfd1 p4 #dh4 ,cf4 also 8,l&wirts*aftl4 ,v]su*s/ation501 vol4 #d1 page #dig4 #ahf ,j\rnal ( ,appli$ ,*emi/ry #ahif1 p4 #gab #gdi4 #ahg ,a new process = ! det]m9ation ( crude fibre 9 food /uffs4 ,z4,u4,n4 u4 ,g4 #ahih1 p4 #c4 #ahh ,zts*r4 ff4 ,*emie #ahii1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bi4 #ahi ,ibid4 #ahii1 vol4 #cb1 p4 #dgi4 #aij ,b4 ,fis*] ,grnhag51 ,z4 ,u4 ,n4 u4 ,g4 #aijb1 ,v1 p4 #hc4 ,p4 ,drawe1 ,zts*r4 ff4 ,*4 #aijc1 ,,ix1 p4 #afa4 ,g4 ,lag]heim1 ,z4 ,u4 ,n4 u4 ,g4 #aijb1 ,v1 p4 #hc4 ,j4 ,deck]1 ,s*weiz4 ,w*s*r4 f4 ,*em4 u4 ,ph>m4 #aijh1 #dj1 p4 #dfc4 ,h4 ,lhrig1 ,b]i*t d4 *em4 ,unt]s4-,amtes ,*emnitz #aije4 #aia ,ph>maceutis*e ,zeitung #ahhi1 p4 #hdg4 #aib ,zts*r4 f4 ff5tl4 ,*em4 #ahih1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bbd u4 #bbe4 #aic ,unt]su*ung5 b] ,kakao und dess5 ,prp>ate1 page #dh4 #aid ,see ,a4 ,leys1 ,j\rn4 ,ph>m4 et ,*im4 #aijb 7#f71 #af1 p4 #dga4 ,a4 ,/eimann1 ,zts*r4 ff5tl4 ,*4 #aijc1 #i1 p4 #bci u4 #bfa4 ,p4 ,welmanns1 ibid4 #aijc1 #i1 p4 #ic u4 #aae4 ,r4 ,woy1 ,s*weiz4 ,wo*5s*r4 f4 ,*em4 u4 ,ph>m4 #aijc1 #da1 p4 #bg4 ,a4 ,/eimann1 ibid4 #aijc1 #da1 p4 #fe4 ,fr4 ,david ,shne1 ,zts*r4 ff5tl4 ,*4 #aijd1 #aj1 p4 #g4 ,h4 ,lhrig1 ,b]i*t d4 *em4 ,unt]s4-,amtes zu ,*emnitz1 #aije1 p4 #dc4 ,f4 ,bordas ,t\pla91 ,compt4 r5dues #aije1 #adj1 p4 #ajih4 #aie ,zts*r4 f4 analyt4 ,*emie1 vol4 #bb1 p4 #cff4 #aif ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie et ,*mie #ahgg1 page #bi4 #aig ,z4,u4,n4 u4 ,g4 #aijd1 #g1 p4 #dga4 #aih ,ibid4 #aiji1 #ah1 p4 #af et seq4 #aii ,ibid4 p4 #ag4 #bjj ,z4 ,u4 ,n4 & ,g4 #aiji1 ,,xviii p4 #ai4 #bja ,a ^w ab\t ! ,r4-,m4 numb] seems n out ( place "h4 ,bai] inde$ gives x z an av]age #aj b x v>ies consid]ably1 z 8 own inve/igations %[ 7#h te/s ( press$ or extract$ fats71 :]e !re are fluctuations ( #afe--bcg4 ,in=mation k9dly volunte]$ by ,pr(4 ,hrtel & our own exp]i5ce conv9ces u t su* fluctuations proce$ g5]ally f ! ,glyc]9e employ$1 :i* has itself a ,r4-,m4 numb]1 sometimes ev5 am\nt+ to #aj4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to fix ! /&>d ( ,glyc]9e us$ 9 ! exp]im5t1 only too mu* neglect$ 9 pr(essional inve/igations4 #bjb ,loc4 cit4 p4 #ba4 #bjc ,z />t+ po9t x may be tak5 = grant$ t ! ,r4 ,m4 numb] = milk *ocolate is at a m9imum #cge1 = cream *ocolate #ee assum+ t #aj cream possesses ! ,r4 ,m4 numb] #cj & #bj t betwe5 #ei-f4 ,v>i\s r\ndab\t calculations are s avoid$1 :5 ! p]c5tages ( cream are ?us imm$iately conv]t$ into ! ,r4 ,m4 numb]1 & ! me?od is q adequate = e/imat+ purposes4 #bjd ,me?od ( ,laxa-,bai]1 comp>e ,z4 ,u4 ,n4 & ,g4 #aiji1 ,,xviii p4 #ah & #ai4 #bje ,comp>e3 ,welmans ,zeits*rift fr ff5tl4 ,*emie #aijj1 page #dhj4 #bjf ,! read] :o w\ld fur!r consid] ! =m elem5ts ( cacao is ref]r$ to ! excell5t pap] by ,py 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,ph>m4 et ,*imie #ahie4 ,vol4 #a1 page #eic4 #bjg ,comp>e3 ,e4 ,gu5ez1 ,revue int]nationale des falsifications des d5res alim5taires #ahie4 ,vol4 #i1 pages #hc-hd4 #bjh ,*emik]-,zeitung #ahij4 ,vol4 #ad1 ,rep4 page #dh4 #bji ,zeits*rift fr ff5tli*e ,*emie #aijj1 page #dhj4 #baj ,cf4 ,bey!on1 ,ph>m4 ,c5tral-,halle #dg1 page #gdi4 #baa ,comp>e page #bhc & ! rem>ks !re4 #bab ,!re may be1 h[ev]1 an enorm\s diff]5ce4 #bac ,report & /5ogr4 prot4 publ4 by ! p]iodical ,nahrungsmittel-,unt]su*ung u4 ,hygi5e2 ,p]tes1 ,wi51 page #fj4 #bad ,comp4 ,dr4 ,bhme1 ,! ,*ocolate & ,confection]y ,indu/ries1 ,,vi #aiaa1 ,no4 #cg4 ,! assembly came to an agreem5t on all po9ts discuss$1 & x w\ld be well to repeat ! resolutions "h4 #bae ,dissimil> to all o!r exi/+ def9itions & adapt$ to ! new me?od ) slightly roa/$ beans only4 #baf ,i4 e4 ab\t #bc-be kilos ( pota% to #ajj kilos ( cacao mass4 #bag ,?us satisfy+ ! dem&s ( ! ,free ,association ( ,g]man ,food ,*emi/s4 #bah ,w\ld ?us be too little accord+ to ! regulations "u ,,ii4 #bai ,cocoa p[d] may ?us1 accord+ to int]national cu/om1 also be flav\r$ ) spices4 #bbj ,cf4 9 ?is connection page #bjd & tables #ai #bj4 #bba ,accord+ to rec5t resolutions ( ! ,free ,union 7cf4 page #bhb7 ! p]c5tage ( sug> 9 *ocolate 7toge!r ) additions = m$ic9al & dietetic purposes7 may n exce$ a total #fh2 b !re is no fix$ /&>d = ! fatty cont5ts1 except 9 ! case ( milk *ocolates etc4 #bbb ,! excessive use ( cacao butt] z an admixture has lately assum$ l>ge proportions4 ,9 comm]ce !re are to be f\nd _m prep>ations designat$ z 8pure cacao & sug>0 :i* conta9 only #ae or #bj ( cacao ) #ej ( fat1 :i* are said to met a ne$ ( ! public1 b ! ma9t5ance w sc>cely hold wat]4 #bbc ,! ,r\manian law admits ( ! sale ( a cacao prep>$ f ! un%ell$ bean & only precludes second>y admixtures ( %ell4 #bbd ,bett] albumose1 or /ill bett] n includ$ at all1 z ?is conv]sion ( ! album5 is by no means prov$4 #bbe ,accord+ly an addition ( cacao butt] w\ld be objectionable4 ,b ) #gj ( sug>1 admixture ( cacao butt] is unconditionally necess>y1 :]e by ! pure cacao mat]ial s9ks to betwe5 #aj & #bj4 #bbf ,editor's note3 ,^! figures are subject to correction1 z !y d n tally ) ! majority ( accept$ results4 #bbg ,cf4 note on page #bid "u #b4 #bbh ,:il/ 9 ,g]many su* admixture is n p]missible at all4 #bbi ,editor's note3 ,^! values w\ld seem to require "s revision1 z g5]ally only ! v inf]ior cacaos1 l ,/4 ,?om1 ,dom+o1 ,cuba & ,haiti1 %[ a l[] a% p]c5tage ?an #ce2 ,ariba1 ,porto ,cabello1 ,c>acas & ,guayaquil cacaos %[ a high] p]c5tage ! same rem>k applies also to ! fibre cont5t4 #bcj ,?is also requires revision1 z on boil+ #ge grammes cacao ) #bej grammes wat] !re w always be a s$im5t aft] ! solution has /ood = "s m9utes4 #bca ,requir+ revision4 ,cf4 rem>ks on previ\s page & also ! values ( raw fibre f\nd by ,fils+]4 ,editor's note4 #bcb ,requires revision1 comp>e page #bfa4 ,editor's note4 #bcc ,we w\ld pref] ,em+]'s me?od4--,editor's note4 #bcd ,cf4 above1 #b1 #a & #b4 #bce ,! 8,deuts*e ,nahrungsmittelbu*0 issu$ by ! ,association ( ,manufactur]s & ,deal]s ,trad+ 9 ,articles ( ,consumption has un=tunately only complex$ matt]s z x 0 a private und]tak+ & has endeav\r$ to sanction v>i\s usages1 bett] t]m$ misusages1 su* z ! use ( =bidd5 pres]v+ & cons]v+ ag5ts1 artificial col\r+ /uffs etc4 ,x is true t ! "p connect$ ) cacao prep>ations con/itutes a glori\s exception1 & also t !re are rec5t indications ( an agitation to re=m ! :ole code4 ,book #e4 ,app5dix4 ,a4 ,in/allation ( a *ocolate & cacao p[d] factory4 ,9 con/ruct+ a new factory & fix+ ! situation ( ! build+s1 ! fir/ ?+ to be consid]$ is _! conv5i5t arrangem5t4 ,x is !re=e advisable to rely ^u an exp]i5c$ p]son = ! plan to be adopt$1 & !n to leave ! prop] con/ruction ( ! works 9 ! h&s ( ! ar*itect4 ,small op]ations c be c>ri$ on 9 any build+1 b 9 ! case ( l>g] works a well devis$ arrangem5t ( ! ma*9es & appliances mu/ be decid$ ^u be=e h&1 t w admit ( rational &1 to "s ext5t1 automatic work+4 ,9 case ( erect+ small works :i* w require only "o manag]1 ! be/ plan w\ld be to h ! :ole manufacture c>ri$ out on "o /ory1 or at ! mo/ two /ories1 to facilitate sup]vision4 ,! case is diff]5t ) l>ge works1 9 :i* ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts are controll$ by especially qualifi$ p]sons4 ,tables ,i & ,,ii#bcf repres5t1 9 section1 a *ocolate factory & a cacao p[d] factory4 ,z bo? plans repres5t only a model section1 !y s]ve only to %[ ! mo/ conv5i5t arrangem5t ( ! ma*9es ) ea* o!r4 ,9 reality !re w\ld be m or less ma*9es ( ! same k9d plac$ toge!r4 ,su* arrangem5ts might1 ) modifications1 s]ve = m$ium siz$ works1 z well z = l>g] ones4 ,9 t s5se ! foll[+ explanations ( ! two plans are to be und]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii ,longitud9al ,section ( a model ,*ocolate ,factory ,= explanation ( figures see text4 ,zipp]]1 ,manufacture ( ,*ocolate etc4 #crd edition4 ,v]lag ,m4 ,krayn1 ,b]l9 ,w4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii ,longitud9al ,section ( a model ,cocoa ,factory ,= explanation ( figures see text4 ,zipp]]1 ,manufacture ( ,*ocolate etc4 #crd edition4 ,v]lag ,m4 ,krayn1 ,b]l9 ,w4 #aj4 #a4 ,*ocolate factory 7,table ,i74 ,by means ( ! lift 7#a7 all ! raw mat]ials1 sug>1 cacao1 pack+ mat]ials1 etc4 are c>ri$ up to ! /ore rooms 7#b74 ,9 ^! occur ! ma*9es = cleans+ & pick+ ! raw cacao beans4 ,! raw cacao is f$ into ! elevator boxes 7#c71 above ! cleans+ ma*9e 7#d7 :]e x is fre$ f du/2 x passes to ! cont9u\s b& 7#e7 :]e x is pick$ & !n falls into ! movable boxes 7#f74 ,x is !n transf]r$ to ! hopp]s 7#g7 & is f$1 by op5+ a slide 9 ! hopp]s1 into ! roa/+ ma*9e 7#h74 ,! capacity ( ! hopp]s is suffici5tly l>ge = hold+ ! quantity ( beans = *>g+ ! roa/+ ma*9e4 ,aft] ! roa/+ is complet$1 ! cacao is empti$ into ! trucks 7#i7 & c>ri$ to ! exhau/ arrangem5t 7#aj7 :]e ! beans are cool$ d[n & ! vap\r giv5 (f is pass$ out into ! op5 air4 ,at ! same "t1 ! roa/+ *amb] is suck$ out ?r\gh ! funnel %ap$ tube fitt$ to ! cov] ( ! *amb]4 ,! roa/$ cacao is !n pass$ to ! boxes 7#aa7 to be convey$ by ! elevator to ! cru%+ & cleans+ ma*9e 7#ab74 ,aft] be+ cleans$1 ! cacao is c>ri$ 9 trucks 7#ac7 to ! hopp]s 7#ad7 by :i* !y are f$ into ! mills 7#ae7 9 ! l[] floor4 ,! sug> mill & ! sift+ app>atus 7#bg7 plac$ ne> ! cru%+ & cleans+ ma*9es are also f$ by a hopp] f above4 ,! du/ sug>1 !re produc$1 is c>ri$ by ! lift 7#a7 to ! ma*9e room on ! fir/ floor4 ,cacao & sug> are !re suppli$ to ! incorporator 7#af7 to be work$ toge!r1 be=e be+ pass$ to ! roll+ mill 7#ag71 :]e ! f9al rubb+ is effect$4 ,aft] pass+ once or (t5] ?r\gh ! mill1 ! f9i%$ *ocolate mass is !n tak5 to ! hot room 7#ah7 :]e x rema9s 9 boxes until fur!r treat$ & x is !n tak5 to ! m\ld+ room4 ,9 ! incorporator 7#ai7 ! mass acquires ! consi/5ce necess>y = m\ld+ & also ! requisite temp]ature4 ,! mass is !n tak5 9 lumps to ! divid+ ma*9e 7#bj7 & cut into pieces ( ! desir$ size & weight4 ,on ! table 7#ba7 ! m\lds1 ly+ ^u bo>ds1 are fill$ ) ! pieces ( *ocolate & !y are !n tak5 to ! %ak+ table 7#bb74 ,f ?is !y succe$ to ! cool+ arrangem5t1 :i* consi/s ( an endless *a9 provid$ ) travell+ /ages at def9ite & regul> int]vals4 ,! latt] moves sl[ly ?r\gh ! artificially cool$ room & f9ally br+s ! m\lds to ! outlet 7#be7 :]e ! *ocolate is remov$4 ,x is !n transf]r$ on ! lift to ! pack+ & despat*+ ap>tm5ts specially res]v$ = ^! op]ations1 b n di/9ctly noticeable on our section4 #b4 ,cacao p[d] factory 7,table ,,ii74 ,! c\rse ( manufacture ( cacao p[d] is ! same z 9 ! manufacture ( *ocolate1 up to ! po9t :]e ! cacao has pass$ ?r\gh ! cru%+ & cleans+ ma*9es 7#ab74 ,! brok5 beans are !n tak5 by ! elevator 7#bg7 to ! ma*9e = sep>at+ ! radicles 7#bh7 & !nce ?r\gh ! hopp] 7#ad7 to ! mills 7#ae74 ,! liquid cacao mass1 pass+ f ^! mills1 runs into ! pans 7#bi7 f :i* z mu* requir$ = *>g+ ! hydraulic presses z is c be drawn up by cocks4 ,! accumulator 7#ca7 supplies all ! presses ) wat]4 ,! press$ cakes are fir/ put into ! boxes ( ! frame 7#cb74 ,9 an adjo9+ room is ! automatic cacao pulv]iz+ app>atus4 ,x is f$ ?r\gh ! prelim9>y cru%] 7#cd7 f :i* ! cacao is tak5 by ! worm & elevator 7#ce7 to ! pulv]is] 7#cf74 ,! p[d]$ cacao is !n tak5 by a worm & elevator to ! sift+ ma*9e 7#ch74 ,! sift$ p[d] falls into ! tub 7#ci7 :ile ! co>s] portion is c>ri$ back aga9 to ! pulv]is] 7#cf74 ,! arrangem5ts = treat+ & ! dis9tegrat+ cacao p[d] c be provid$ 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,9 bo? plans1 ! boil] & eng9e h\se are to be und]/ood z plac$ 9 an adjo9+ build+4 ,,footnotes3 #bcf ,bo? are designs ( ! firm ,j4 ,m4 ,lehmann1 by :om !y h be5 oblig+ly plac$ at our disposal4 ,app5dix ,conta9+ an acc\nt ( ! me?ods ( prep>ation & ! composition ( "s ,comm]cial dietetic & o!r ,cacao prep>ations4 ,! foll[+ /atem5ts & recipes h no pret5sion to be complete2 !y are only introduc$ to s]ve z a brief summ>y ( ^? comm]cial cacao prep>ations1 n[ 9 comm]ce1 :i* are mixtures ( v>i\s k9ds ( sub/ances ) cacao or *ocolate & are l>gely us$ = dietetic purposes4 ,not)/&+ its necess>y incomplet5ess1 ! foll[+ acc\nt1 :i* has be5 collect$ f v>i\s s\rces1 w satisfy practical requirem5t1 s9ce ! manufactur]1 z well z ! food *emi/1 frequ5tly desires to obta9 in=mation at once1 t ev5 a complete te*nical libr>y is n always able to supply4 ,m$ic9al *ocolates h n be5 consid]$ 9 ! foll[+ li/1 s9ce !y belong to ! prov9ce ( ph>macy4 ,acorn-cacao ,mi*aelis' conta9s accord+ to an analysis by ,r4 ,fres5ius3 ,total nitrog5 #bbi p]c5t1 album9 #hac p]c5t1 sug> #beag p]c5t1 />* #bcci p]c5t1 fat #addb p]c5t1 tann91 express$ z gallotannic acid #aif p]c5t1 cellulose #ahh p]c5t4 ,acorn-cacao ( ,h>twig ,vogel ( ,dresd5 conta9s wat] #ge p] c5t1 a% #chh p]c5t1 fat #afed p]c5t1 album9 #aabe p]c5t1 c>bohydrates #chgf p]c5t1 tann9 #bej p]c5t4#bcg ,acorn-cacao ( ,?4 ,timpe ( ,magdeburg conta9s 9 ! dry sub/ance3 album9 #achh p]c5t1 tann9 & cacao-r$ #ecg p]c5t1 c>bohydrates etc4 #ffda p]c5t1 fat #ajfb p]c5t1 a% #cgc p] c5t4#bch ,acorn-cacao c be prep>$ by mix+ #aj p>ts ( pure cacao mass1 #bj p>ts defatt$ cacao p[d]1 #e p>ts roa/$ b>ley meal1 #ce p>ts ( ! meal f %ell$ & roa/$ acorns 7or #aj p>ts ( an aque\s extract ( roa/$ acorns71 #cj p>ts p[d]$ sug>1 & #b p>ts pure calcium phosphate4 ,acorn-*ocolate is a mixture ( #ajj p>ts %ell$ & roa/$ acorns ) #ejj p>ts sug> & #djj p>ts cacao mass 9 addition to spices4 ,acorn-malt-cacao 7,diet]i*7 is prep>$ by mix+ #a kilo ( acorn malt extract 7,diet]i*-,helf5b]g7 ) #f kilos ( sug> 7du/71 & #c kilos defatt$ cacao4 ,acorn-malt-*ocolate 7,diet]i*7 is prep>$ by accurately mix+ #b kilos acorn malt extract 7,diet]i*-,helf5b]g7 ) #c kilos ( p[d]$ sug> & #d kilos ( cacao mass4 ,album9\s *ocolate & cacao4 ,riquet ,co4 ( ,leipsic h protect$ a process by v>i\s pat5ts#bci = 8,! production ( a ta/y & g5u9e *ocolate or cocoa p[d]#bdj ri* 9 album9\s con/itu5ts40 ,! k]nels ( ! ?or\ghly roa/$ bean are work$ up ) a mixture 787 ( wat] & dry album51 all[$ to /& = "s "t1 ! wat] evaporat+1 & !n ! beans are work$ up once m4 ,in/ead ( wat] an aque\s sug> solution may also be employ$1 & fur!r ! addition ( album5 may occur at any /age#bda & 9 p>ticul> :5 sug> solution is fir/ tak51 !n ! album5 & sug> necess>y = ! *ocolate mix$ up1 & f9ally ! cacao mat]ial 7) additions ( cacao oil7 add$4 ,/ill bett] 7?an ! sug> solution7 w\ld x be1 if ! album5 7 incorporat$ 9 ! *ocolate or cocoa mat]ial 9 ! =m ( a mixture ) "s emulsion 7671 especially a mixture ) milk4 ,b>ley-*ocolate is prep>$ by mix+ #a kilo ( prep>$ b>ley meal#bdb #d kilos p[d]$ sug> & #d kilos cacao mass4 ,! m\ld$ *ocolate is to be coat$ ) v>ni%4 ,cacao & *ocolate prep>ations conta9+ milk are prep>$ accord+ to ,a4 ,d5ay]1 ,brussels 7,g]man pat5t ,no4 #aabbbj1 #d ,febru>y #ahii7 by evaporat+1 9 ! op5 air1 a mixture ( milk & sug> to ! consi/5cy ( cream1 & to ! hot mass1 defatt$ or n defatt$ cacao is add$ 9 ! =m ( p[d]4 ,! result+ mixture is spread out 9 ?9 lay]s & expos$ to ! influ5ce ( a temp]ature ( #hj-ajj;,c4 9 a r>efi$ atmosph]e1 !n f9ally completely dri$ at a l[] or ord9>y temp]ature "u ! same conditions4 ,cacao-egg-cream 7s call$ ,african pun*7 is ?us prep>$3 #aj yolks ( eggs are beat5 up ) #cjj grammes ( syrup 7#a "p sug> to #b p>ts wat]7 &1 :il/ be+ cont9ually :isk$ up1 #ejj grammes ( cacao ess5ce 7see next p>agraph7 are add$4 ,! :ole is to be ic$ be=e be+ consum$4 ,cacao-ess5ce is prep>$ by mac]at+ #abe grammes ( defatt$ cacao1 #b grammes vanilla1 #b grammes c9namon1 #jge gramme cloves1 #jc gramme mace & #jaj gramme ( g+] ) #gej grammes ( pro( _s & #bej grammes ( wat] = #h days1 & !n filt]+ into hot syrup1 :i* is prep>$ ) #eej grammes ( sug> & #gej grammes wat]4 ,cacao-liqueur4 ,a well te/$ recipe = ! prep>ation ( ?is liqueur is to ! foll[+ effect3 ,defatt$ cacao #bjj grammes1 c9namon p[d] #e grammes1 vanill9 #jb gramme1 are dige/$ = #f days ) #aejj grammes ( wat] & #agjj grammes ( alcohol 7#ij7 & !n mix$ ) #bfjj grammes syrup 7#adjj p>ts sug> & #abjj p>ts ( wat]7 & filt]$4 ,cacaol1 #gj p>ts cocoa p[d]1 #aj p>ts oatmeal1 #age p>ts sug>1 #be p>ts common salt4 ,cacao-malt is a mixture ( #bjj p>ts defatt$ cacao1 #ejj p>ts sug> ) an aque\s extract ( #cjj p>ts ( kiln dri$ malt4 ,cacaoph5 ,sieb]ts 7,cassel7 is a mixture ( cacao p[d] ) fl\r1 sug> & milk album94 ,x %[s ! foll[+ numb]s on analysis3 fat #acbc p]c5t1 wat] #gg p]c5t1 album9 #bdbe p]c5t1 soluble c>bohydrates #agie p]c5t1 insoluble c>bohydrates 7/>*7 #bfff p]c5t1 woody fibre #bbg p]c5t1 a% #ee p]c5t 7calcium oxide #jhb p]c5t1 phosphoric acid 7,p#c,o#e7 #jed p]c5t74 ,*ildr5's-,nhrpulv] 7,lehmann-,b]l97 is a mixture ( meat extract1 cacao p[d]1 salep1 sug> & specially treat$ oy/] %ells4 ,*ocleau1 7,rei*>dt7 a glucose *ocolate mat]ial 9 t9 tubes4 ,*ocolate-cream-syrup 7= arat$ wat]s73 #abe grammes ( rasp$ *ocolate1 #fb grammes cacao p[d] & #cbe grammes ( wat] are well mix$ & to ?is add #adh grammes infusion ( quillaia 7#ah74 ,aft] /&+ "s "t add ! cont5ts ( a pot ( cond5s$ milk ) #ge grammes ( boric acid & make up ) #ch litres ( sug> syrup 7am]ican recipe74 ,*ocolat dige/if 7,vi*y *ocolate7 is a mixture ( *ocolate ) ab\t #e p]c5t ( sodium bic>bonate4 ,*ocolate-heal?-be]1 ,j4 ,s*olz 7,g]man pat5t ,no4 #bhhai74 ,an extract is prep>$ f #aj kilos ( cacao beans1 :i* h be5 kiln-dri$ at #ge ,c41 %ell$1 brok5 9 small pieces & dige/$ = half an h\r ) twice _! weight ( di/ill$ wat] at #fb ,c41 !n boil$ = ano!r half an h\r & f9ally all[$ to /& = #dh h\rs at a temp]ature ( #ge ,c41 ) an addition ( a solution ( #aj kilos ( sug> 9 di/ill$ wat]1 !n once m boil$ until "o half ( ! wat]1 orig9ally add$1 has be5 evaporat$4 ,x is filt]$1 9 z w>m a condition z possible1 9 ord] to sep>ate pieces ( cacao & fat1 & ! extract is ready = use4 ,! brew+ process is simil> to t ( brew+ ,bav>ian be]4 ,aft] ! f9i%$ wort obta9$ 9 t process has be5 boil$ = #c h\rs1 #ajj litres are tak51 = :i* #ce kilos ( pale kiln-dri$ b>ley meal h be5 us$1 & to ?is are add$ #bjj grammes ( ! be/ ,bav>ian hops & #ab kilos ( cacao extract4 ,! :ole is once m boil$ & ! subsequ5t op]ation !n c>ri$ out z usual4 ,! f]m5tation 7at #ge ,c47 occupies #g-h days & ! /orage 9 ! f9+ vats #c-d weeks4 ,*ocolat rtablire1 a ,vi5na speciality1 conta9s r$uc$ metallic iron1 dri$ meat1 pea & :eat fl\r1 sug> & cacao 9 unc]ta9 proportions4 ,*ocolate-syrup 7= soda & seltz] wat]74 #bej grammes ( defatt$ cacao p[d] are rubb$ d[n ) #b litres ( boil+ wat] 9 a porcela9 bas9 on a /eam ba?1 until x is 9 ! condition ( an uni=mly ?ick mass & !n #a kilo pot ( cond5s$ milk & #be kilos ( p[d]$ sug> are add$1 & :5 ! sug> is dissolv$ ! vessel is cool$4 ,aft] cool+1 ! fatty p>ticles on ! surface are c>efully remov$1 & !n #cj grammes ( comm]cial vanilla extract & #cj grammes ( mucilage 7f gummi arabicum7 are add$1 & ! :ole filt]$ ?r\gh a /\t cotton clo? 7am]ican recipe74 ,*ocolate-t9cture 7cacao-t9cture7 is prep>$ by mac]at+ #a kilos ( defatt$ cacao p[d] ) #aj kilos ( dilute alcohol = #h days & !n filt]+4 ,corn-cacao conta9s accord+ to ,notnagel#bdc3 wat] #faj p] c5t41 fat #afif p]c5t1 album9oids #aiha p]c5t1 !obrom9e #jfh p]c5t1 fibre #ccj p]c5t1 non-nitrog5\s extractives #dhfi p]c5t1 a% #ddf p]c5t4 ,! prep>ation "u ! microscope is %[n to conta91 9 addition to ! con/itu5ts ( cacao1 a l>ge am\nt ( oat />*1 & x may be reg>d$ z correspond+ to a mixture ( equal p>ts ( defatt$ cacao & oat meal1 bas$ on ! above analysis & ,knig's mean value4 ,cov]+ or coat+ mat]ials h ! foll[+ composition3 #ej sug>1 #cj-ce fat & #bj-ae cacao mat]ial free f fat1 :]eby 7especially 9 ,belgium1 e4 g4 ,brussels7 x is 9 "p supplant$ by almonds1 nuts etc4 ,9 su* cases ! iod9e value ( ! fat is equal to #da-db4 ,diabetic *ocolate has ! foll[+ composition4#bdd ,nitrog5\s sub/ance #ajjg p]c5t1 fat #bedg p]c5t1 levulose #aich p] c5t1 />* & cellulose #beai p]c5t1 besides non nitrog5\s sub/ances #aded p]c5t1 sac*>9 #je p]c5t1 m9]al con/itu5ts #bae p]c5t4 ,9 ?is =mula !re is a disproportionately high p]c5tage ( />* & cellulose &1 9 t respect1 ! composition appe>s to be irrational1 s9ce ! introduction ( c>bohydrates into food = diabetics %\ld be avoid$ z mu* z possible4 ,a m rational prep>ation w\ld be a simple mixture (3 #ej p>ts levulose #ej p>ts cacao mass1 & #jbe p>ts vanill94 ,aufre*t's recipe = diabetic cacao is z foll[s3 cocoa p[d] #ejj grammes levulose #bjj :eat fl\r #bhj sac*>9 #e aromatic sub/ances #ae ,9 ?is recipe1 also1 ! sub/itution ( levulose = :eat meal is to be recomm5d$4 ,diabetic cacao c be prep>$ accord+ to ,j4 ,apt ( ,b]l9 by ! foll[+ pat5t$ process 7,g]man pat5t ,no4 #aaf #agc1 #cj4 #a4 #aijj74 ,! />* is fir/ gelat9is$ by long boil+ ( ! co>sely p[d]$ cacao1 ! mass !n dri$ 9 a vacuum & heat$1 or roa/$ at #acj to #adj ,c4 9 ord] to c>amelise ! gelat9is$ />* 7674 ,be=e be+ boil$1 x is recomm5d$ to de-fat ! cacao 7) petroleum e!r1 = example674 ,in/ead ( c>amelis+ ! gelat9is$ />* by heat direct1 x c be fir/ conv]t$ into sug> by means ( acid1 !n heat$ to c>amelisation & z mu* cacao fat add$ z may be desirable4 ,9 ord] to increase its capability ( emulsify+1 dri$ album9 is to be add$4#bde ,dictamnia ( ,gr\lt & ,b\tron-,russel is compos$ ( cacao1 prep>$ :eat fl\r1 />*1 sug> & vanilla4 v4 ,donat's album9 *ocolate 7,g]man pat5t ,no4 #hb #dcd7 is prep>$ by mix+ dri$ album9 9 p[d] or 9 pieces ) *ocolate or cacao mass1 damp$ ) a liquid m$ium1 :i* does n dissolve album91 su* z b5zol1 petroleum e!r1 e!r1 acetone1 me?yl or e?yl alcohol4 ,! mass is fur!r treat$ 9 ! mix] & f9ally aft] be+ completely mix$1 ! add$ liquid is all[$ to evaporate4 ,eucas9-*ocolate & cacao are prep>ations conta9+ #bj p]c5t ( eucas9 7ammonium case9ate74 ,eucas9 is prep>$ by ,maj]t ,eb]s ( ,grnau-,b]l94 ,galactog5-,cacao1 ,?iele ,holzhause-,b>leb5 ne> ,magdeburg1 conta9s #cj-cb p]c5t ( galactog51 an easily soluble & natural prep>ation ( milk album91 :i* is prep>$ f skimm$ milk & conta9s #gj p]c5t album91 #ce-d p]c5t fat z well z #ae-agi p]c5t phosphoric acid4 ,galactog5-amylace\s cacao1 conta9s :eat5 fl\r 9 addition to #bj-bb p]c5t galactog54 ,galactog5-,speise-,s*okolade 7eat+ *ocolate ) #cj p]c5t galactog5 & ,galactog5-,ko*-,s*okolade 7cook+ *ocolate7 are also prep>$4 ,plasmon1 ,jropon1 ,somatose & lacto-egg-p[d] are simil> products to galactog51 & are met ) 9 comm]ce comb9$ ) cacao mass & *ocolate 7see plasmon cacao74 ,gaugau is a *ildr5's tea 7,vi5na7 & consi/s ( cacao husk4 ,haema *ocolate3 #be-cj p>ts cocoa p[d]1 #be-bj p>ts meal 7potato />*71 #de p>ts sug>1 #e p>ts haemoglob9 & common salt4 ,hansa-,sac*>9-,cacao is defatt$ cacao1 :i* conta9s ab\t #je p]c5t4 sac*>9 7#bgj times z sweet z sug>71 #cj p]c5t fat & #bj p]c5t album9oids 7,hahn-,holf]t74 ,h>didalik1 an ,asiatic *ocolate1 is compos$ accord+ to ,*evalli] ( #db p>ts cacao1 #ahj p>ts sug>1 #aab p>ts />* fl\r1 #fd p>ts rice fl\r & #c p>ts vanilla4 ,h5sel's ,nhr-,cacao1 is a mixture ( defatt$ cacao-p[d] ) v>i\s inorganic salts1 su* z calcium c>bonate & phosphate2 ! a% ( ?is prep>ation 0 f\nd to conta9 a l>g] am\nt ( sulphuric acid1 soda & iron1 ?an is pres5t 9 normal cacao4 ,! fat am\nt$ to only #ec p]c5t4 ,homeopa?ic-,*ocolate ( ,e4 ,krepl91 ,lehrte1 consi/s ( #ce p]c5t pure cacao mass1 #bj p]c5t slightly roa/$ :eat fl\r & #de p]c5t4 sug> 7,hag]74 ,husson's ,mixture conta9s ! foll[+ mat]ials3 ,arr[ root #ejj1 oat meal #ejj1 p[d]$ sug> #ejj1 p[d]$ sago #djj1 cacao #ej1 calcium phosphate #ej1 vanilla #a4 ,hygiama resembles cacao 9 appe>ance & flav\r & 0 introduc$ into comm]ce by ,dr4 ,!9h>dt's ,nahrungsmittel-,gesells*aft ( ,cann/att 7,wurtemb]g74 ,x is prep>$ f cond5s$ milk ) ! addition ( a specially prep>$ c]eal & defatt$ cacao4 ,x conta9s #bbh p]c5t ( album91 #ff p]c5t fat1 #ebh p]c5t soluble c>bohydrates1 #aje p]c5t insoluble c>bohydrates1 #be p]c5t food salts1 #d p]c5t moi/ure4 ,icel&-moss-*ocolate conta9s #aj p]c5t ( icel& moss gelat9e4 ,kaffa 7,fcule ori5tale7 is a mixture ( #ejj p>ts cacao mass1 #abej p>ts rice fl\r1 #bej p>ts groats1 #bej p>ts ,icel& moss gelat9e1 #bcjj p>ts />*1 #gej p>ts salep1 #ajjj p>ts sago1 #fjjj p>ts sug> & #ej p>ts vanilla4 ,kola-,*ocolate is prep>$ by mix+ #djj grammes ( cacao mass1 #dej grammes sug>1 #ajj grammes kola se$s 9 p[d]1 #dj grammes cacao fat & #e grammes vanill9 sug> 7#c p]c5t74 ,kraft-,*ocolate 7,m]+'s74 ,?is is a trade prep>ation 9 :i* cacao butt] is conv]t$ into an emulsion1 probably by means ( oleic acid1 & is ?us r5d]$ m dige/ible4 ,kraft-*ocolate %\ld conta9 #ba p]c5t ( easily dige/ible fat4 ,lipan9-,*ocolate conta9s #dbch p]c5t fat1 album9 #hjg p]c5t41 />* #bg p]c5t1 sug> #cadd p]c5t1 9 addition to non-nitrog5\s sub/ances #ahai p]c5t1 a% #jfh p]c5t1 z well z "s vanill9 & ,p]uvian balsam 7,aufre*t74 ,malt-cacao accord+ to ,franz ,abels 7,g]man pat5t ,no4 #if #cah1 #i4 ,may #ahif7 is prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! cacao mass aft] be+ mix$ ) malt meal is defatt$ by /rong hydraulic pressure 9 ord] t ! malt may be p]meat$ ) cacao fat4 ,x is !n pulv]iz$4 ,malt-cacao-syrup or malt$ *ocolate is prep>$ by mix+ #bdj grammes malt extract & #bd ccm vanilla extract ) ab\t #iej grammes ( *ocolate syrup4 ,vanill9 or ess5ce ( c9namon may be us$ in/ead ( vanilla extract4 ,?is prep>ation s]ves = ! mak+ ( am]ican eff]vesc+ lemonade4 ,malt-*ocolate4 #b kilos ( f9ely p[d]$ malt & #c kilos p[d]$ sug>1 bo? well dri$1 are mix$ 9 small quantities ) #d kilos cacao mass 9 ! mix+ ma*9e4 ,! tablets are to be coat$ ) v>ni% to pres]ve !m4 7,e4 ,diet]i*47 ,malt-extract-*ocolate4 #d kilos ( ! f9ely rubb$ d[n cacao mass1 conta9$ 9 ! mix+ ma*9e1 are intimately mix$ ) #a kilo dri$ malt extract & #d kilos p[d]$ sug>4 ,! f9i%$ tablets are to be coat$ ) v>ni%4 7,e4 ,diet]i*47 ,malto-legum9ose-cacao gives ! foll[+ numb]s on analysis3 wat] #gch p]c5t1 nitrog5\s sub/ance #aiga p]c5t 7#ahbf p]c5t dige/ible71 !obrom9e #jga p]c5t1 maltose #ahh p]c5t41 dextr9 etc4 #cec p]c5t1 />* #bghb p]c5t1 besides non-nitrog5\s extractives #ach p]c5t1 fibre #bcf p]c5t1 a% #did p]c5t pota% #agd p]c5t1 phosphoric acid #aea p]c5t4 ,meat-extract-*ocolate is prep>$ by plac+ #ejj grammes ( meat extract 7,cibil's or ,liebig's7 9 a porcela9 bas9 & evaporat+ z mu* z possible on ! wat] ba?3 #dg kilos ( p[d]$ sug> are !n add$ & ! :ole rubb$ d[n ) ! pe/le until ! extract is homog5e\s4 #e kilos ( cacao mass are add$ & ! *ocolate f9i%$ 9 ! mix]4 ,! m\ld$ tablets mu/ be coat$ ) v>ni% 7,diet]i*74 ,milk-cacao is prep>$ ) #a kilo ( cond5s$ milk 7prep>$ 9 a vacuum ) ! addition ( #aj p]c5t ( milk-sug>#bdf #ejj grammes milk sug> & suffici5t p[d]$ arr[root to produce a pa/e1 :i* is !n roll$ out1 brok5 up & lightly bak$4 ,?is milk biscuit is gr\nd & pass$ ?r\gh a f9e hair sieve4 #gej grammes ( ! pulv]iz$ milk biscuit are !n c>efully mix$ ) #bej grammes ( defatt$ cacao & #aj grammes ( an aromatic mixture & ! prep>ation f9ally pres]v$ 9 metallic boxes4 ,a m bitt] milk-cacao c also be prep>$ ) #ej kilos cacao p[d] & #ej kilos pure milk p[d]4 ,?is proportion may also be v>i$1 s t m milk p[d] may be us$1 z = example #dj kilos cacao p[d] & #fj kilos pure milk p[d] or #cj kilos cacao p[d] & #gj kilos pure milk p[d]4 ,a sweet-milk-cacao c be obta9$ ?us3 a7 #cj kilos cacao p[d]1 #bj p[d]$ sug>1 #ej pure milk p[d] b7 #bj kilos cacao p[d]1 #cj p[d]$ sug>1 #ej pure milk p[d]1 c7 #ae kilos cacao p[d]1 #ce p[d]$ sug>1 #ej pure milk p[d]4 ,milk-*ocolate is prep>$ ) #bh kilos ( cacao mass1 #cf kilos ( p[d]$ cane sug>1 #bd kilos ( milk p[d] & #ab kilos ( cacao butt]4 ,! mat]ial is v f9ely roll$ at #fj-gj;,c4 9 ! gr9d+ ma*9e describ$ on page #jjj1 & ! f9i%$ mass n all[$ to rema9 9 ! hot closet1 b almo/ imm$iately m\ld$ & pack$4 ,! mild k9ds ( cacao 7,ariba1 ,c>acas1 ,ceylon1 ,java7 are ! mo/ suitable = mak+ milk *ocolate4 ,9 ! manufacture ( pure milk cacao1 ! cacao p[d] is work$ up = "s "t 9 ! w>m$ mix+ ma*9e1 ! sug> & ! milk p[d] be+ add$ successively4 ,cacao prep>ations1 :i* are only us$ z bev]ages ) wat]1 %\ld h at lea/ two p>ts ( pure milk p[d] to "o "p ( cacao p[d] 9 ord] to yield a suitable prep>ation4 ,mutase-cacao ) #bj p]c5t mutase3 conta9s wat] #eff p]c5t1 fat #bebd p]c5t#bdg1 album9 #bhca p]c5t1 fibre #cha p]c5t41 !obrom9e #afg p]c5t1 non-nitrog5\s extractives #cjgb p]c5t1 a% #fbf p]c5t4 ,mutase-*ocolate 7) #bj p]c5t mutase7 conta9s #af-ag p]c5t ( album94 ,mutase is an album9 prep>ation obta9$1 )\t ! use ( *emical reag5ts1 f nutritive plants1 also conta9+ ! nutritive salts ( ! plant 7#aj p]c5t74 ,mutase conta9s #fj p]c5t4 ( album94 ,nhrsalz-cacao 7,lahmann71 i4 e4 8,food-salt cacao ,x conta9s wat] #h p]c5t1 nitrog5\s sub/ance #age p]c5t1 !obrom9e #agh p]c5t1 fat #bhbf p]c5t1 />* #aaji p]c5t1 non-nitrog5\s extractives #bfbd p]c5t1 fibre #dba p]c5t1 a% #dg p]c5t 7pota% #aff p]c5t1 phosphoric acid #aef p]c5t74 ,nhrsalz-cacao or *ocolate is prep>$ by mix+ a vegetable extract 7f legum9\s plants7 ) cacao or *ocolate4 ,! analysis ( ,lahmann's ,nhrsalz-*ocolate gave ! foll[+ numb]s3 fat #bde p]c5t1 a% #acf p]c5t1 wat] #ajh p]c5t1 album9 #fbe p]c5t1 phosphoric acid 7,p#b,o#e7 #jdd p]c5t4 ,nhr-und ,heilpulv]4 7,food & heal?-p[d]7 ( ,dr4 ,koeb5 conta9s sug>1 cacao1 poll>ds & acorn c(fee4 7,hag]'s ,h&bu* d] ,ph>maceutis*5 ,praxis474 ,natur-cocoa & natur-*ocolate 7natural cacao etc47 ,sp9dl]1 ,/uttg>t 7,g]man pat5t ,no4 #dgbbf7 are obta9$ by mix+ cacao mass ) hot honey4 ,?is effects a defatt+ ( ! cacao mass by spontane\s sep>ation ( ! fat4 ,! defatt+ c be suitably c>ri$ fur!r by press+4 ,in/ead ( us+ honey1 ! defatt+ c be c>ri$ out ) syrups1 malt extract1 cond5s$ milk1 fruit juices or plant mucilage 7extracts f pulse74#bdh ,nuco-cocoa is a mixture ( cacao ) 8nuco01 :i* is a highly prais$ prep>ation ( album94 ,! analysis ( nuco cacao gave a% #djf p]c5t1 moi/ure #f p]c5t1 fat #aebc p]c5t1 album9 #dg p]c5t1 ! iod9e value ( ! fat is #hf4 ,! fragm5ts ( tissue "u ! microscope appe> completely analog\s to t ( e>? nut 7ara*is hypogaea74 ,nuco-cacao is consequ5tly no?+ m ?an a mixture ( defatt$ cacao ) defatt$ e>? nut 7e>? nut cake74 ,oat-cocoa1 ,hall5s] 7half & half7 conta9s #fe p]c5t moi/ure1 #da p]c5t m9]al con/itu5ts1 #hid p]c5t organic sub/ances 7conta9+ #dc p]c5t nitrog5\s matt]7 dige/ible album9 #adg p]c5t1 fat #agb p]c5t1 !obrom9e #jgg p]c5t1 />* & o!r non-nitrog5\s extractives #dhic p]c5t1 cellulose #ce p]c5t4 ,?is is evid5tly a mixture ( equal p>ts ( oat meal & cacao p[d] z ! "n implies4 ,oat-cacao ,kassel] 7,hans5 ,co47 is prep>$ accord+ to ! ,g]man pat5t ,no4 #icejj1 #bh? ,june #ahif1 by mix+ oat meal ) cacao4 ,?is mixture is m\ld$1 press$ &1 aft] be+ wrapp$ 9 p]=at$ t9 foil1 defatt$ by e!r4 ,x conta9s #gb p]c5t moi/ure1 #ce p]c5t m9]al sub/ances1 #hic p]c5t organic sub/ances1 :i* are compos$ ( nitrog5\s sub/ance #ci p]c5t dige/ible album9 #ahh p]c5t1 fat #ahc p]c5t1 !obrom9e #jdf p]c5t1 />* & o!r non-nitrog5\s extractives #ddid p]c5t1 cellulose #bi p]c5t4#bdi ,x is likewise a mixture ( #ej p]c5t ( oat meat ) #ej p]c5t ( cacao4 ,oat-cocoa c be simply prep>$ by mix+ cacao p[d] ) an equal "p ( prep>$ oat meal1 su* z is produc$ by ,hoh5lohe's ,prs]vefabrik1 by ,knorr ( ,heilbronn & by ! ,quak] ,oats ,company4 ,9 ord] to cov] ! ta/e ( ! oat meal #a-b p]c5t ( sodium *loride is to be add$4 ,j4 ,b]lit1 ,g]man pat5t ,no4 #gbddi1 describes ! foll[+ me?od = ! prep>ation ( oat-cacao1 ,oats are clean$1 bruis$1 slightly roa/$ & gr\nd4 ,! p[d] is wett$ & by means ( a knead+ ma*9e work$ up to a pa/e :i* is dri$ 9 a vacuum1 f9ally gr\nd & mix$ ) defatt$ cacao 9 ! requir$ proportions4 ,palam\d des ,turcs consi/s ( cacao mass1 rice-meal1 />* & s&al wood4 ,peptone-cocoa conta9s3 wat] #djh p]c5t1 nitrog5\s sub/ance #bjef p]c5t1 albumose #hbe p]c5t1 peptone #dda p]c5t1 !obrom9e #ajc p]c5t1 sug> #diea p]c5t1 besides non-nitrog5\s con/itu5ts #icg p]c5t1 woody fibre #adc p]c5t1 m9]al sub/ance #dag p]c5t 7pota% #aig p]c5t1 phosphoric acid #aba p]c5t74 ,peptone-p[d]-cocoa 7#bj p]c5t7 is prep>$ by mix+ #bj p>ts ( ,ko*'s meat peptone 9 ! =m ( extract ) #ej p>ts ( sug> & #dj p>ts cacao p[d]4 ,peptone-*ocolate conta9s #aj p]c5t ( dry peptone4 ,plasmon-*ocolate & cocoa conta9s #bj p]c5t plasmon#bej 7,siebold74 ,racah\t des ,arabes see page #jj1 note4 ,raspb]ry *ocolate 7,s>otti71 ,g]man pat5t #ahagfj & #bjdfjc1 prep>$ ) addition ( ! juice ( ! raspb]ry4 ,sac*>9-cocoa gives ! foll[+ results on analysis3 wat] #gbf p]c5t1 nitrog5\s sub/ance #bje p]c5t1 !obrom9e #bji p]c5t1 fat #cbbe p]c5t1 sac*>9 #jd p]c5t1 />* #acjb p]c5t1 non-nitrog5\s extractives #acea p]c5t1 woody fibre #ebg p]c5t1 a% #eic p]c5t1 7pota% #baf p]c5t1 phosphoric acid #afi p]c5t74 ,see also ,hansa-,sac*>9-cacao on page4 #jj4 ,somatose-cocoa ) sug> & somatose-*ocolate conta9s ab\t #aj p]c5t somatose#bea2 ! fir/ prep>ation conta9s #bjga p]c5t total nitrog5\s sub/ance1 & ! latt] #ajbd p]c5t1 ( :i* ab\t consi/s ( soluble nitrog5\s comp\nds4 7,mansfeld47 ,! fir/ prep>ation c\ld be readily prep>$ by mix+ #aj p>ts ( somatose 7,f>bw]ke ,bay] 4 ,cie41 ,elb]feld7 ) #ej p>ts ( sug> & #dj p>ts ( cocoa p[d]4 ,!obromade 7!obrom9e7 is a dry extract f cacao husks4 ,dr4 ,!s5's ,proviant comes into comm]ce 9 ! =m ( *ocolate & is *ocolate ) an addition ( album94 ,its analysis gives ! foll[+ results3 ,album9 #bje p]c5t1 !obrom9e #jef p]c5t1 fat #cigi p]c5t1 c>bohydrates a7 7soluble7 #bfie p]c5t1 b7 7insoluble7 #eff p]c5t1 a% #bbe p]c5t1 wat] #aeg p]c5t4 ,a simil> product to ,!s5's ,proviant results f mix+3 album9 #abe p>ts1 fat 7cacao butt]7 #aj p>ts1 fat 7cocoa nut butt] #ge p>ts1 sug> #be p>ts1 cacao #de p>ts4 ,tropon-cocoa is a v>y+ mixture ( tropon1 #ae-cc p]c5t1 ) cacao p[d]4 ,a tropon cocoa conta9+ #bj p]c5t ( tropon gave on analysis3 wat] #ege p]c5t1 album9 #chdi p]c5t1 fat #bggg p]c5t41 fibre #cgf p]c5t1 a% #dea p]c5t1 !obrom9e #af p]c5t41 extractives #bbgh p]c5t4 ,tropon-*ocolate is a *ocolate conta9+ #be p]c5t tropon4#beb ,tropon-,oat-cocoa conta9s #bj p]c5t ( tropon1 #cj p]c5t ( oat meal & #ej p]c5t ( cocoa p[d]4 ,wacaca des ,indes consi/s ( #fj p>ts cacao p[d]1 #afe p>ts sug>1 #h p>ts c9namon1 #b p>ts vanilla & "s t9cture ( amb]gris4 ,:ite *ocolate conta9s sug> #cjjj p>ts1 rice meal #hfj p>ts1 potato fl\r #bej p>ts1 cacao butt] #bej p>ts1 gum arabic #abe p>ts & vanilla t9cture #ae p>ts4#bec ,,footnotes3 #bcg ,hahn-,holf]t1 ,spezialitt5 und ,geheimmittel1 page #cjj4 #bch ,ph>mazeutis*e ,zeitung #ahhh1 page #eab4 #bci ,g]man pat5t ,no4 #ahbgdg 7,jan4 #d? #aije7 #ahbgdh 7,may #d? #aijf74 #bdj ,g]man pat5t ,no4 #ahigcc 7#bf? ,febru>y #aijf71 #ahigcd 7,dec4 #aa? #aijf74 #bda ,:i* w\ld seem to be ! only prop] employm5t ( ! total pat5t claim4 #bdb ,accord+ to ,diet]i* 7,neues ,ph>mazeutis*es ,manual1 #g4 edition page #aia7 prep>$ b>ley meal is obta9$ z foll[s3 #a kilo b>ley fl\r is firmly press$ into a suitable metallic 7t97 vessel1 s t x is ab\t full & !n heat$ on a wat] ba? = #cj h\rs 9 all4 ,aft] ! lapse ( #aj h\rs ! p[d] is remov$ & gr\nd 9 a mix] !m aga9 plac$ 9 ! vessel & re-heat$ = #aj h\rs4 ,aft] twice repeat+ ?is manipulation1 ab\t #ijj grammes ( a r$di% mass w be obta9$ :i* is prep>$ b>ley meal4 #bdc ,apo!k]-,zeitung #aijj1 page #aha4 #bdd ,comp>e ,aufre*t1 ,ph>m4 ,zeitung #aiaj1 page #eeh4 #bde ,! absurdity ( ?is process is too evid5t to ne$ rem>k2 w\ld x n h be5 bett]1 if ! process _h n _h ! sanction ( ! pat5t m>k8 ,! treatm5t1 :i* ! cacao "h und]goes1 is s b>b>\s1 t ! product mu/ always be spoil$4 ,! only po9t atta9$ is ! complete gelat9isation ( ! />*1 :i* by fur!r heat+ is to "s ext5t conv]t$ into dextr94 ,c>ameliz+ _c & w n take place by heat+ gelat9is$ />* 9 mixtures ) a dry sub/ance1 z x occurs 9 cacao4 ,b 9 addition1 ! claim is weak t cacao s mi/reat$ w\ld be especially suitable = diabetics1 s9ce cacao s]ves t purpose a great deal bett]4 ,! addition ( album9 e prop]ly dis9tegrat$ is n at all new1 = mixtures ( album9 & cacao h exi/$ = a v long "t4--,editor's note4 #bdf ,in/ead ( :i* pure milk p[d] may also be us$4 #bdg ,all cacao prep>ations1 to :i* album9 is add$1 require a l>ge am\nt ( cacao butt] z ! album9oids l>gely absorb ! fat4 #bdh ,! composition ( ! prep>ation mu/ be /at$ on ! wrapp] z su* t]ms z 8,natur-cacao0 & 8,natur-*ocolate0 are liable to lead ! pur*as] a/ray4--,editor's note4 #bdi ,alfr4 ,b$dies1 ,ueb] ,kakao]nhrung1 ,b]l9 #ahig4 #bej ,plasmon is an album9oid prep>ation f milk1 to :i* a little sodium bic>bonate is add$ to effect complete solution4 #bea ,somatose is a nutritive prep>ation made f meat & conta9s ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( ! muscle fle% exclusively 9 ! =m ( an easily soluble albumose4 #beb ,tropon is a mixture ( #b p>ts fle% album9 7f muscle fle% & fi%7 & "o "p plant album94 #bec ,! prep>ation mu/ also be> on ! wrapp] a /atem5t ( its composition 9 ord] n to mislead ! pur*as]4 ,a4 ,index to lit]ature4 ,9 ! foll[+ li/ are specifi$ 9 *ronological ord] only ^? works & memoirs :i* ref] to ! culture ( cacao & ! manufacture ( cacao prep>ations4 ,! rema9+ lit]ature on ! subject1 s f> z x ref]s to ! sci5tific side1 has already be5 m5tion$ 9 ! =m ( footnotes4 a7 ,cultivation4 ,jumelle ,h5ry1 ,le ,cacaoy]1 sa culture et son exploitation dans t\s les pays de production1 ,p>is #aijj4 ,j4 ,h9*ley ,h>t1 ,f4 ,l4 ,s41 ,cacao1 ,a treatise on ! cultivation & cur+ ( cacao4 ,,ii4 ,edition4 ,tr9idad #aijj4 b7 ,te*nology4 ,dictionnaire te*nologique ou n\veau ,dictionnaire univ]sel des arts et mti]s et de l'conomie indu/rielle p> une socit de savans et d'arti/es4 ,p>is #ahbc et #ahbd4 ,tomes #d et #e4 ,j4 ,j4 ,r4 von ,pre*tl's ,te*nologis*e ,encyclopdie1 ,/uttg>t ,bd4 ,,iii und ,supplem5t-,bd4 ,,ii4 ,/uttg>t #ahei4 ,mits*]li*1 ,a41 ,d] ,kakao und die ,s*okolade4 ,b]l9 #ahei4 ,zipp]]1 ,p41 ,die ,neu]ung5 9 d] ,fabrikation von ,s*okolad5 und dies5 v]w&t5 ditetis*5 ,produkt54 ,*emik]-,zeitung #ahib ,no4 #eh2 #ahic ,no4 #ed2 #ahie ,no4 #ba4 ,gordian1 ,a41 ,die deuts*e ,s*okolad5-und ,zuck]w>5-,indu/rie4 ,hamburg #ahie4 ,gordian1 ,zeits*rift fr die ,kakao-1 ,s*okolad5 und ,zuck]w>5-,indu/rie etc41 ,hamburg1 seit #ahif4 ,de ,bel=t de la ,roque1 ,l41 ,guide practique de la ,fabrication du *ocolat4 ,p>is #ahie4 ,fils+]1 ,f41 ,=ts*ritte 9 d] ,fabrikation von ,s*okolade und ihr v]w&t5 ditetis*5 ,prp>at5 9 d5 ,jahr5 #ahie-ahii1 ,*emik]-,zeitung #ahig1 ,no4 #bb des ,jahres #ahig2 ibid4 #ahih1 ,no4 #db des ,jahres #ahih2 des ,jahres #ahii1 ibid4 #ahii1 ,no4 #dh4 ,spam]'s1 ,o41 ,bu* d] ,erf9dung51 ,gew]be und ,indu/rie54 ,leipzig #ahig1 ,b& ,,iv4 ,muspratt's ,!oretis*e1 praktis*e und analytis*e ,*emie 9 ,anw5dung auf ,kn/e und ,gew]be1 begonn5 von ,f4 ,/ohmann und ,b4 ,k]l1 h]ausgegeb5 von ,h4 ,bunte4 ,brauns*weig #ahih1 ,bd4 ,,vi4 ,villon1 ,a4 ,m41 ,dictionnaire de ,*imie indu/rielle1 cont5ant les applications de la *imie l'indu/rie1 la metallurgie1 l'agriculture1 la ph>macie1 la pyrote*nie et aux arts et mti]s4 ,p>is #ahih1 ,tome premi]4 ,lueg]s1 ,o41 ,lexikon d] gesamt5 ,te*nik und ihr] ,hilfswiss5s*aft54 ,/uttg>t und ,leipzig #ahii4 ,ettl+1 ,d] ,kakao1 se9e ,kultur und ,b]eitung1 ,b]l9 #aijc4 ,k9dt1 ,die ,kultur des ,kakaobaues und se9e ,s*dl+e4 ,hamburg #aijd4 ,fab]1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,c4 von1 ,die ,krankheit5 und ,p>asit5 des ,kakaobaums4 ,b]l9 #aiji4 7,arb4 aus d] ,kais4 ,biolog4 ,an/alt f4 ,l&und ,=/wiss5s*aft74 ,b4 ,tables4 ,table #a4 ,g]man ,imports & ,exports ( cacao products #aijg-aiaj #ce #b4 ,imports 9 ,g]many #aijj-aijh #cg #c4 ,imports or ,consumption 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries #ch #d_/e4 ,analysis ( hull$ bean #c_/dd #f_/g4 ( raw %ell$ bean 7k]nel7 #d_/de #h4 ( ,rid5\r #de #i4 ( roa/$1 %ell$ cacao 7,mat!s ,mll]7 #df #aj4 ( common] v>ieties ( cacao 7,mat!s ,mll]7 #dg #aa4 ( cacao 7defatt$ & free f alcali7 #dh #ab4 ,physical & *emical analysis ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( press$ ,/ollw]ck ,cacao ,butt] 7,fritzs*e7 #ef #ac4 ,con/itu5ts ( diff]5t fats & oils conta9$ 9 cacao #eh #ad4 ,analysis ( ! a% ( cacao beans by ,r4 ,b5semann #gd #ae4 ,composition ( cacao %ells 7,laube ,ald5dorff7 #gf #af4 ,analysis ( unroa/$ cacao husks 7,zipp]]7 #gf #ag4 ,con/itu5ts conta9$ 9 ! a% ( roa/$ cacao husks by ,r4 ,b5semann #gg #ah4 ,fodd] value ( cacao husks 7,ma]ck]7 #hc #ai4 ,p]c5tage ( butt] to be extract$ #bjc #bj4 ,p]c5tage ( butt] rema9+ 9 ! f9i%$ cacao p[d] #bjd #ba4 ,adult]ation & _! detection #bhi ,c4 ,illu/rations4 ,page ,fig4 #a4 ,bran* ( cacao tree ) blossom & leaves #b ,fig4 #b4 ,fruit & s+le se$s 9 long & cross section #c ,fig4 #c4 ,cross section ( ! cacao %ell 7enl>g$7 #ad ,fig4 #d4 ,cross section ( edge ( se$ leaf 7enl>g$7 #ae ,fig4 #e4 ,graph %[+ consumption ( raw cacao #dj_/da ,fig4 #f4 ,graph p] head ( population 9 ,g]many #db ,fig4 #g4 ,gra9s & />* 9 cacao bean 7section ( ariba1 enl>g$ #gej times7 #gj ,fig4 #h4 ,plan ( cacao %ell 7enl>g$7 #hj ,fig4 #i4 ,spongy p>an*yma 7enl>g$7 #hj ,fig4 #aj4 ,dry cells or sk]eides 7enl>g$7 #hj ,fig4 #aa4 ,silv] membrane ) ,mits*]li* p>ticles 7enl>g$7 #ha ,fig4 #ab4 ,prelim9>y cleans+ ma*9e 7,j4 ,m4 ,lehmann7 #ij ,fig4 #ac4 ,prelim9>y cleans+ ma*9e 7,j4 ,m4 ,lehmann7 #ia ,fig4 #ac a4 ,bru%+ ma*9e = cacao beans 7,bau]mei/]7 #ib ,fig4 #ad4 ,cyl9drical roa/+ ma*9e 7,lehmann7 #ic ,fig4 #ad a & b4 ,same 9 section #id_/ie ,fig4 #ae a & b4 ,sph]ical safety roa/]s 7,bau]mei/]7 #if_/ig ,fig4 #af4 ,roa/] ) gas heat+ 7,lehmann7 #ih ,fig4 #ag4 ,cool+ c>riage ) exhau/] 7,lehmann7 #ii ,fig4 #ah4 ,cru%] & cleans] 7,lehmann7 #aja ,fig4 #ai4 ,du/ cleans] 7,lehmann7 #ajc ,fig4 #bj4 ,electro-magnetic select+ ma*9e 7,lehmann7 #ajd ,fig4 #ba4 ,se$ pick+ ma*9e 7,lehmann7 #aje ,fig4 #bb4 ,se$ pick+ 7sectional draw+7 #ajf ,fig4 #bc4 ,simple cacao mill 7,lehmann7 #aaj ,fig4 #bd a4 ,triple cacao mill 7,lehmann7 #aaa ,fig4 #bd b4 ,triple cacao mill 7,bau]mei/]7 #aab ,fig4 #bd c4 ,triple cacao mill 7,franke7 #aac ,fig4 #be4 ,f\rfold cacao mill 7,lehmann7 #aae ,fig4 #bf4 ,cacao mill & roll] app>atus comb9$ 7,bau]mei/]7 #aaf ,fig4 #bg4 ,w>m+ ?r\gh 7,lehmann7 #aag ,fig4 #bh4 ,prelim9>y mix+ ma*9e 7,lehmann7 #aah ,fig4 #bi4 ,fir/ melangeur 7,h]mann7 #aai ,fig4 #cj4 ,design ( mod]n melangeur 7,franke7 #aba ,fig4 #ca4 ,mod]n melangeur ) outlet at side 7,lehmann7 #abb ,fig4 #cb4 ,l>g] melangeur ) cov] & outlet 7,lehmann7 #abd ,fig4 #cc a4 ,design ( fir/ roll] ma*9e1 front elevation 7,savy7 #abe ,fig4 #cc b4 d4 ,plan #abe ,fig4 #cd4 ,lat] ma*9e 7,savy7 #abf ,fig4 #ce4 ,mod]n six roll] ma*9e by ,lehmann #abg ,fig4 #cf4 ,n9e roll] app>atus 7,bau]mei/]7 #abh ,fig4 #cg4 ,same 9 design #abi ,fig4 #ch4 ,?ree roll] ma*9e ) ca/ iron roll]s 7,lehmann7 #acj ,fig4 #ci4 #b ?ree roll] ma*9es1 atta*$ to a 8,batt]y0 #acj ,fig4 #dj4 ,?ree roll] ma*9e ) ca/ iron roll]s 7,franke7 #aca ,fig4 #da a & b4 ,f\r & five roll] ma*9es ) ca/ iron roll]s 7,lehmann7 #acb_/c ,fig4 #da c4 ,five roll] ma*9e ) ca/ iron roll]s 7,bau]mei/]7 #acd ,fig4 #db4 ,?ree roll] ma*9e ) electric motor 7,lehmann7 #ace ,fig4 #dc4 ,front elevation ( triturat+ ma*9e 7,con*e7 by ,franke #ach ,fig4 #dc a4 ,con*e 7,lehmann7 #aci ,fig4 #dd4 ,con*e room 7,lehmann7 #adj ,fig4 #de4 ,w>m+ closet ) /eam heat+ 7,lehmann7 #adb ,fig4 #df4 ,small melangeur ) "o runn] 7,lehmann7 #adc ,fig4 #dg4 ,d4 mod]n con/ruction 7,lehmann7 #add ,fig4 #dh4 ,mod]n temp]+ ma*9e 7,lehmann7 #ade ,fig4 #di4 ,design ( air exhau/+ ma*9e 7,lehmann7 #adg ,fig4 #ej4 ,air exhau/+ ma*9e 7,lehmann7 #adg ,fig4 #ea a & b4 ,*ocolate divid+ ma*9es 7,lehmann & ,bau]mei/]7 #adh_/i ,fig4 #eb4 ,m\ld+ & lay]+ ma*9e 7,lehmann7 #aej ,fig4 #ec4 ,rei*e's m\ld cleans+ & poli%+ ma*9e #aee ,fig4 #ed4 ,design ( %ak+ table #aef ,fig4 #ee4 d4 7,lehmann7 #aeg ,fig4 #ef4 d4 7,lehmann7 #aeg ,fig4 #eg4 d4 mod]n con/ruction 7,lehmann7 #aeh ,fig4 #eg a4 d4 ,front elevation #aei ,fig4 #eh1 #eh a4 & b4 ,%ak+ table batt]ies 7,lehmann7 #afj_/a ,fig4 #ei a4 & b4 ,cool+ plant 7,wegel9 ,hbn]7 #afe_/f ,fig4 #fj4 d4 p]spective #afg ,fig4 #fa4 ,mod]n air cool+ app>atus 7,es*]1 ,wyss ,co47 #afi ,fig4 #fb4 ,cool+ plant ( ,cole's ,arctic ,pat5t ,dry ,cold ,air ,ma*9e #agj ,fig4 #fc a4 & b4 ,cool+ *amb]s by ,lehmann #agc_/d ,fig4 #fc c4 ,automatic m\ld+ & cool+ plant by ,lehmann #age ,fig4 #fd_/fe4 ,pa/ille ma*9es 7,rei*e7 #agg ,fig4 #ff a-i4 ,m\lds to ^! ma*9es #agh ,fig4 #fg4 ,pa/ille ma*9es = ?9 *ocolate mat]ial 7,rei*e7 #agi ,fig4 #fh4 ,pa/ille & pral9 metal hurdle 7,rei*e7 #ahj ,fig4 #fi4 ,m\ld metal ,durabula ,rei*e #aha ,fig4 #gj4 ,fondant ma*9e 7,lehmann7 #ahc ,fig4 #ga4 d4 mod]n con/ruction 7,lehmann7 #ahd ,fig4 #gb4 ,fondant ca/+ ma*9e 7,lehmann7 #ahe ,fig4 #gc4 ,fondant p[d]+ (f ma*9e1 = hurdles 7,lehmann7 #ahf ,fig4 #gd4 d4 non-/op 7,lehmann7 #ahg ,fig4 #ge4 ,coat+ ma*9e 7,lehmann7 #ahh ,fig4 #gf4 ,/irr+ app>atus = coat+ mat]ial 7,lehmann7 #ahh ,fig4 #gg_/gh4 ,coat+ or dipp+ ma*9es 7,rei*e7 #ahi ,fig4 #gi_/hj4 ,grat+ to ^! #aij_/a ,fig4 #ha4 ,mod]n dipp+ ma*9e con/ruct$ by ,lehmann #aic ,fig4 #hb4 ,cacao press1 #djj atmosph]es 7,lehmann7 #bja ,fig4 #hc a4 ,cacao butt] filt]1 design 7,hnig ,co47 #bjb ,fig4 #hd4 ,cacao press on l>g] scale 7,lehmann7 #bje ,fig4 #hd a4 ,pump = cacao press 7,lehmann7 #bjf ,fig4 #hd b4 ,cacao cake cru%] 7,seek7 #bjg ,fig4 #he a4 d4 7,bau]mei/]7 #bjh ,fig4 #he b4 d4 7,lehmann7 #bji ,fig4 #hf4 ,pulv]is] 7,lehmann7 #baj ,fig4 #hg4 ,pulv]is+ & sift+ ma*9e 7,lehmann7 #baa ,fig4 #hh4 ,c5trifugal sift+ ma*9e1 mod]n con/ruction 7,lehmann7 #bac ,fig4 #hi4 ,automatic pulv]is+ plant 7,lehmann7 #bae ,fig4 #ij a4 ,mix+ ma*9e 7,lehmann7 #bag ,fig4 #ij b4 ,univ]sal knead+ & mix+ ma*9e 7,w]n] ,pfleid]]7 #bah ,fig4 #ia a4 ,vacuum knead]1 clos$ 7,w]n] ,pfleid]]7 #bai ,fig4 #ia b4 ,vacuum knead]1 op5 & upturn$ 7,w]n] ,pfleid]]7 #bba ,fig4 #ib4 ,fill+ & pack+ ma*9e #bbi ,fig4 #ic4 d4 8,triumph0 7,fritz ,kilian7 #bbi ,fig4 #id4 ,edge-runn] mill #bca ,fig4 #ie4 ,drum sift+ ma*9e 7,lehmann7 #bcb ,fig4 #if4 ,comb9$ sug>-gr9d+ & sift+ app>atus 7,lehmann7 #bcc ,fig4 #ig4 ,spice & /amp+ app>atus 7,lehmann7 #bci ,fig4 #ih4 ,pulv]is+ mill 7,savy7 #bdj ,fig4 #ii4 ,sift+ ma*9e 7,savy7 #bda ,fig4 #ajj4 ,p>5*yma ( ! cotyl$on1 enl>g$ #bge ,fig4 #aja4 ,cocoa p[d]1 enl>g$ #bgf ,fig4 #ajb4 d4 enl>g$ #bgg ,plate ,i3 ,! ,cacao ,tree 8 ,,ii3 ,*ocolate factory 7design7 #cje 0 ,,iii3 ,cocoa p[d] factory 7design7 #cjf ,d4 ,au?ors4 ,alphabetical index4 ,page ,abels1 ,franz1 #cac ,albanese1 #fd ,ald5dorf ,laube1 #dd1 #gf1 #gg ,allihn1 ,f41 #bfe ,alts*ul1 ,j41 #bdd ,abt1 ,j41 #caa ,arn+1 #bdc ,aufre*t1 #caj1 #caa ,bai]1 #bgb1 #bgc ,ba/91 ,e4 ,s41 #gj ,baudrimont ,*evali]1 #ej ,baudon91 #ei ,bau]mei/]1 ,h41 #adh1 #bad ,bay] ,co41 #cag ,beam ,leffmann1 #bgf ,beckurts1 ,h41 #gd1 #bbh1 #bcf1 #bfa ,b$dies1 ,alfr41 #caf ,b5$ict1 #ee1 #eg1 #ei1 #bfa ,b5semann1 ,r41 #gd1 #gg ,b]g ,s*midt1 #b1 #c ,b]g]1 ,?41 #aec ,b]lit1 ,j41 #caf ,bey?i51 #bgg ,bilt]i/1 #bgb ,bjrklund1 #ec1 #bfa1 #bfb ,boehme1 ,dr4 ,ri*41 #beh1 #bhe ,brn/e91 #bcf ,bondzynski ,gottlieb1 #fd ,bonnema1 #bde ,bonteke1 #f ,bordas ,t\pla91 #bga ,b\rot ,jean1 #ei ,b\ssignault1 #hc ,bozelli1 #he ,branlatio1 #f ,brissemoret1 #fe ,bu*at1 #f ,buisson1 #he ,bur/yn1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee ,busse1 ,w41 #bda1 #bdc ,c>letti1 ,antonio1 #f ,*alot1 ,c41 #g ,*>les ,v41 #e ,*evali] ,baudrimont1 #ej ,cibil1 #cad ,clusius1 #f ,cohn1 #ef1 #bfj ,cole1 #agj ,cortez1 ,f]n&o1 #e ,david ,shne1 #bga ,dekk]1 #fe1 #bfg ,d5ay]1 ,a41 #cjh ,desprez1 #aii ,diet]i*1 ,e41 #cjg1 #cjh1 #cac1 #cad ,dietri*1 ,k41 #ea1 #bdi1 #bej ,d+l]1 #ec ,donat1 von1 #caa ,dove1 #he ,d[son1 #ig ,drag5dorff1 #ff ,drave1 #bfg1 #bfh ,ducleaux1 #ge ,em+]1 #fe1 #bfc1 #bfd ,es*] ,wyss ,co41 #afh ,e/]1 #bfd d',e/res1 #f ,ettl+1 ,k41 #cbj ,fab]1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,c4 von1 #h1 #hg1 #cbj ,faelli1 ,pr(41 #hc ,fahlb]g1 #bcd ,f>n/e9]1 #bee1 #bef1 #beh ,fehl+1 #ga1 #bcg1 #bga ,fils+]1 #dd1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed1 #eg1 #gb1 #ha1 #hc1 #ajg1 #bfa1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bhh1 #bii1 #cai ,fils+] ,h5k+1 #eb ,fis*]1 ,b4 ,grnhag51 #bfg ,fis*]1 ,emil1 #fc1 #fh ,=/]1 #fi ,franke1 ,paul ,co41 #bcc ,fres5ius1 ,c4 ,r41 #bef ,freud5b]g1 ,ph41 #d ,freud5b]g1 ,w41 #e ,fritzs*e1 ,dr41 #ee ,gdke1 #bbe ,galippe1 #ge ,gr>d1 #bfd ,giesel]1 #bdc ,goe!1 ,j4 ,w41 #af ,gordian1 #hg1 #cai ,gottlieb ,bondzynski1 #fd ,graf1 #ej ,gram1 ,*r41 #fd ,grei]t1 #ci ,gre9]1 #bgj ,gr\lt ,b\tron-,russel1 #caa ,grnhag51 ,b4 ,fis*]1 #bfg ,gruson1 #bci ,gu5ez1 ,e41 #bgg ,gu]91 #bdc ,ha>mann1 ,w41 #bdd ,ha>mann ,reim]1 #bdd ,hnig1 ,volkm> ,co41 #bjb ,hrtel1 #bgc ,hag]1 #ea1 #cab ,hahn-,holf]t1 #cjg1 #cab ,hanausek1 ,j4 ,v41 #ab1 #bch ,haus5 ,co41 #cab1 #caf ,h>t1 ,j4 ,h9*ley1 #aj ,h>twig ,vogel1 #cjg ,haubold1 ,c4 ,g41 #afd ,hauswaldt1 ,w41 #hg1 #hh ,hefelmann1 #bde ,heis*1 ,c41 #dd ,h5k+ ,fils+]1 #eb ,h5neb]g1 #gb1 #bfg ,h5n+1 #bdf ,h5sel1 ,dr4 ,co41 #bbb ,h]mann1 ,g41 #hf1 #abj1 #abc1 #abf ,hess ,prescott1 #bde ,hesse1 ,william1 #bdc ,hilg]1 #aa1 #fj1 #fa ,hilg] ,laz>us1 #fa ,hockauf1 #gd ,hoh5lohe1 #caf van ,h\t51 ,c4 ,j41 #ei1 #aie von ,hbl1 #ec1 #ef ,husson1 #cab ,jean ,b\rot1 #ei ,jes]i*1 #bfi ,ka?re9]1 #hb ,kell]1 ,c4 ,c41 #fe ,kilian1 ,fritz1 #bbi ,k9dt1 ,l41 #i1 #aj1 #cbj ,k+zett1 #ej ,kjeldahl1 #aga ,klimont1 #ej ,knorr1 #caf ,kno*1 #cag ,koeb51 ,dr41 #cae ,knig1 #gb1 #gf1 #bff1 #bfg ,kttsdorf]1 #ed ,krepl91 ,e41 #cab ,krupp1 #abe1 #bci ,lahmann1 #cae ,lag]heim1 ,g41 #bfg de ,laire1 ,g41 #bdd ,lampadius1 #dc ,laube ,ald5dorff1 #dd1 #gf1 #gg ,laxa1 #bgc1 #bgd ,laz>us ,hilg]s1 #fa ,leffmann ,beam1 #bgg ,lehmann1 ,b]l91 #cji ,lehmann1 ,j4 ,m41 #ajj1 #aje1 #aba1 #acb1 #adh1 #agb1 #bjb1 #baj1 #bcc ,ltang1 #aed ,lewk[its*1 #ej1 #ea1 #bfb ,leys1 #bga ,l',hte1 #gd ,liebig1 #cad ,l9n1 #f ,lobeck ,co41 #bbd ,loh]1 #aa ,l\is ,,xiv41 #ahb ,l\is ,,xvi41 #f ,lueg]1 ,o41 #cbj ,lhrig1 ,h41 #bfg1 #bga ,macqu]1 #aii ,ma]k]1 #hb ,maj]t ,eb]s1 #caa ,mansfeld1 #cag ,mat!s1 #gb ,mat!s ,fritz ,mll]1 #de1 #gd1 #gg ,maupy1 #ff ,mayf>?1 #aj ,meissl-,rei*]t1 #ec1 #ee1 #bfj1 #bgc1 #bgd ,m]ck1 ,e41 #beb1 #bfd ,m]+1 #cac ,m]z1 #ed ,mey]-,f9k5burg1 #cjb ,mi*aelis1 #cjf ,mi*el1 ,alfr41 #hb ,mits*]li*1 ,a41 #e1 #ac1 #dc1 #fc1 #he1 #ib1 #abf1 #aii1 #bgf ,moell]1 #ae1 #af1 #gi1 #bcg1 #bda ,molis*1 #af1 #fg1 #ge ,mos] ,co41 #baf ,mll]1 ,mat!s ,fritz1 #de1 #gd1 #gg ,muspratt1 #abj1 #abf1 #cbj ,n5cki1 ,l41 #bce ,neumann1 ,r4 ,o41 #bjc1 #bbf ,notnagel1 #caj ,oldam ,)e1 #eb ,onfroy1 ,p41 #bee ,p>is1 ,g41 #gf ,pay51 #dc ,peckoldt1 ,?41 #ab ,pelleti]1 #hf ,petzholdt1 ,j4 ,s41 #adh ,piep]1 #aih ,p9tus1 #aji du ,plessis1 #ahb ,pol5ske1 #ef ,posetto1 #bff ,pral91 #ahb von ,pre*tl1 #cai ,prescott ,hess1 #bde ,prey]1 ,dr4 ,a4 von1 #aa ,py1 #bgg ,rammsb]g]1 #ea ,rau*1 ,f41 #f ,rei*>dt1 #cji ,rei*e1 ,anton1 #aai1 #aeb1 #aec1 #agh1 #ahb1 #ahi ,rei*]t-,meissl1 #ec1 #ee1 #bfj1 #bgc1 #bgd ,re9h>dt1 ,g41 #hh ,rid5\r1 #dd1 #de ,ri$]]1 #bfd ,rimba*1 ,dr4 ,c41 #ac ,riquet ,co41 #cjg ,rocques1 #ee ,roque1 ,bel=t de la1 #he1 #cai ,ro/1 #fd ,r\*1 #bdd ,roy]1 #bbh ,rg]1 ,otto1 #bag1 #bbd ,ruff91 ,a41 #eg ,savy1 ,a4 ,co41 #bbh ,s>otti1 #cag ,s*imp]1 ,a4 ,f4 ,w41 #ac1 #af ,s*midt1 #ea ,s*midt ,b]g1 #b1 #c ,s*rad]1 #fb ,s*olz1 ,j41 #cji ,s*rd]1 ,w4 von1 #fd ,s*tte-,fels*e1 ,wilh41 #ajb ,s*weitz]1 ,c41 #aa1 #fj1 #fa11 #gc ,seck1 ,gebr41 #bjg ,see1 ,g41 #fd ,svign1 ,madame de1 #f ,sieb]ts1 #cji ,siebold1 #cag ,skalweit1 #ge ,soltsi51 #ga ,soxle?1 #bei1 #bfd1 #bgc ,spam]1 ,o41 #cbj ,sp9dl]1 #cae ,/hle1 ,c41 #aig ,/e9mann1 ,a41 #bga ,/ollw]ck1 ,dr4 ,w41 #cd ,/ollw]ck ,bro?41 #ef1 #hh1 #beh ,/reck]1 #fb ,/reitb]g]1 #gb ,/rohl1 #ed ,/rohs*e91 #hb ,/utz]1 ,a41 #fi ,sur+> ,toll5s1 #gb1 #bfg ,!9h>dt1 ,dr41 #cab ,!resia ( ,au/ria1 #f ,!s51 ,dr41 #cag ,?iele ,holzhause1 #cab ,timpe1 ,?41 #cjg ,toll5s ,sur+>1 #gb1 #bfg ,t\pla9 ,bordas1 #bga ,trojan[sky1 #gd ,ts*ir*1 #ad ,tu*51 #gd ,ulz]1 ,b5$ict-1 #eg1 #bfa ,villon1 #cbj ,villon-,gui*>d1 #afi ,wagn]1 ,l41 #bbi ,we5d]1 #gb1 #ajh1 #bff ,wegel9 ,hbn]1 #afe ,weldon1 #aji ,welmans1 #e1 #ec1 #ee1 #bde1 #beh1 #bfj1 #bff1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bga1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bgg ,w5dt1 ,g41 #aih ,w]n] ,pfleid]]1 #acg1 #bai ,:ite1 #ea ,:ite ,oldam1 #eb ,william1 ,pr9ce ( ,lippe1 #f ,william ( ,br&5b\rg1 #f ,wolfram1 #ff ,wos]ess5zky1 #fb ,woy1 ,rud41 #bgj1 #bga ,zeiss1 #ee1 #bfa ,zipp]]1 #af1 #dd1 #eb1 #gd1 #gf1 #gg1 #hc1 #bbi1 #bgj ,e4 ,index4 ,page ,accra-,cacao1 #ag1 #bi ,acid b5zoic1 #bdc ,acid hydro*loric1 #af ,acid yell[1 #bea ,acids1 solid1 fatty1 #ec ,acids volatile1 #ec ,acids1 sug> & plant--1 #gc ,acid value1 det]m9ation (1 #ed ,acorn-,cacao1 ,mi*aelis1 #cjf ,acorn-,cacao1 ,h>twig ,vogel1 #cjg ,acorn-,cacao1 ,?4 ,timpe1 #cjg ,acorn-,*ocolate1 #cjg ,acorn-,malt-,cacao1 ,diet]i*1 #cjg ,acorn-,malt-,*ocolate1 #cjg ,acrole91 =mation (1 #ej1 #ic ,adragan?1 #bee ,adult]ation ( cocoa goods & its detection1 #bhh ,african cacao v>ieties1 #bh ,air1 removal (1 #adc ,air extract+ ma*9es1 #add ,album91 #fg ,album9ates1 det]m9ation (1 #bga ,album9\s *ocolate & cocoa1 #cjg ,albumoses1 #fg ,alcohol e!r te/1 ,fils+]'s1 #bfb ,aleuron granules1 #fg ,aliz>9 blue1 #bea ,alkali solution1 #bbb1 #bbd ,alkalis = soluble cocoa1 #aif1 #baf1 #bbb ,alkalis fix$1 #aih ,alkalis rema9+ 9 ! cocoa1 e/imation (1 #bef ,alkaloids1 #fc ,am>an?1 #bea ,am]ican cacao v>ieties1 #ai ,ammonia1 #afd ,analysis ( cacao1 #dh ,analysis ( cacao-butt]1 #eh ,analysis ( mixtures ( diff]5t bl5ds1 #aji ,analysis ( ! raw %ell$ bean1 #dd1 #de ,analysis ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( press$ ,/ollw]ck cocoa butt]1 #ef ,analysis ( wa/e products1 #ajh ,analysis & exam9ation ( cocoa prep>ations1 #bec ,anil9 blue1 #bea ,anil9 col\rs p]missible1 #bej ,antifebr91 #bde ,aroma ( ! bean1 #ei ,arriba cacao1 #ag1 #bj ,arr[root1 #bcg ,arctic ,ma*9es1 ,cole's1 #agj ,artificial refrig]ation1 #afc ,a%1 e/imation (1 #bee ,a% or m9]al con/itu5ts1 #gc ,a% rema9+ 9 raw & %ell$ cacao beans1 #gd ,asiatic cacao v>ieties1 #cb ,asp]gillus1 #bdb ,au/ralian cacao v>ieties1 #cc ,automatic divid+ ma*9es1 #adf ,automatic fill+ & pack+ ma*9e #bbi ,bahia ,cacao1 #bb ,bahia de ,c>aquez1 #ba ,balao1 #ba ,b>ley-,*ocolate1 #cjh ,batt]y-,ref9]s1 #acb ,batt]y-,%ak+ ,tables1 #afj ,beans1 9 g5]al1 #a ,beans1 description (1 #ab ,beans1 prelim9>y treatm5t (1 #aig ,beans1 prep>ations (1 #he ,bean meal1 #bch ,b5zoic acid1 #bdc ,b5zoic t9cture1 #bdc ,b5zo91 gum-1 #bdi ,bjrklund's e!r te/1 #bfb ,bordeaux r$1 #bea ,botanical def9ition ( ! cacao tree1 #e ,brazil cacao1 #bb ,brilliant blue1 #bea ,br9e = cool+ purposes1 #afe ,bru%+ ma*9e = cacao beans1 #hi ,burn+ ( *ocolate mass1 avoid+ x1 #acd ,butt] ( ,cocoa1 #eh1 #ach1 #ahg1 #aie1 #bhd1 #bhf ,buttn]iaceae1 #e ,butyro-refractomet]1 #ee ,by-products 9 ! cocoa indu/ry1 #ha ,cacaohoatel1 #e ,cacao beans1 #a ,cacao beans1 description (1 #ab ,cacao beans1 prep>ation (1 #he ,cacao beans1 prelim9>y treatm5t (1 #aig ,cacao blanco1 #ac ,cacao butt]1 #eh1 #ach1 #ahg1 #aie1 #bhd1 #bhf ,cacao butt] filt]s1 #bjb ,cacao butt]1 p]c5tage to be extract$1 #bjc ,cacao butt]1 rema9+ 9 ! f9i%$ cocoa1 #bjd ,cacao cake cru%]1 #baj ,cacao egg-cream1 #cjh ,cacao ess5ce1 #cjh ,cacao fruit & fl[]s1 #a1 #b ,cacao glycoside1 #fj ,cacao husk1 det]m9ation (1 #bfg ,cacao liqueur1 #cjh ,cacao1 malt1 #cjh ,cacao mass1 production (1 #aji1 #bhb1 #bhe ,cacao mills1 #aaj ,cacao plantation1 #g ,cacao p[d]1 #aje1 #ahg1 #aie1 #baj1 #bhb1 #bhe1 #bij ,cacao p[d]-factory1 in/allation (1 #cjf ,cacao prep>ations1 def9ition (1 #bgi ,cacao presses1 #aii ,cacao r$1 #dc1 #ei ,cacao %ells1 #a1 #b1 #gf1 #hb ,cacao soluble1 #aje1 #aie ,cacao1 sub/ances (1 #di ,cacao t9cture1 #caj ,cacao tree1 cultivation1 diseases & p>asites1 #g ,cacao tree1 description (1 #a ,cacao tree1 di/ribution & hi/ory1 #d ,cacao & *ocolate prep>ations conta9+ milk1 #cjh ,cacaol1 #cjh ,cacaoph5 ,sieb]ts1 #cji ,cacap1 #e ,cacava-quahitl1 #e ,cacogna1 #aie ,caesalp9a1 #g ,caffe9e1 det]m9ation (1 #bfc ,c>acas1 #ag1 #be ,c>aquez1 #ba ,c>bonic acid = cool+ purposes1 #afd ,c>damoms1 #bdh ,c>damom oil1 #bdi ,c>ob 9 ! cacao1 #bgh ,c>upano cacao1 #be ,ca/illoa1 #g ,cauca bean1 #bj ,cellulose or crude fibre1 #gb1 #bff ,c5trifugal sift+ ma*9e1 #baj ,ceylon ,cacao1 #e1 #cb ,*emical & microscopical exam9ation ( cocoa prep>ations1 #bec ,*emical con/itution ( ! bean1 #dc ,*e/nut meal1 #bch ,*ildr5's ,nhrpulv]1 #cji ,*ill$ metal roll]s1 #abe1 #acj ,*oclean1 #cji ,*ocolate1 manufacture (1 #he1 #bhc ,*ocolate-cig>s1 #aeb ,*ocolate cool+ plants1 #aff ,*ocolate cream syrup1 #cji ,*ocolate croquettes1 #aha ,*ocolate1 crumb-1 #aec ,*ocolate dige/if1 #cji ,*ocolate1 divid+ x1 #adc ,*ocolate eggs1 #aec ,*ocolate factory1 in/allation (1 #cje ,*ocolate1 ,fondants-1 #ach1 #ahi ,*ocolate1 heal?-be]-1 #cji ,*ocolate1 hygi5ic1 #acf ,*ocolate loz5ges & pa/illes1 #agf ,*ocolate1 milk-1 #ada1 #bbb1 #bgb1 #bhd1 #bhf ,*ocolate1 m\ld+ x1 #aej ,*ocolate m\lds v>i\s1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aed ,*ocolate p[d]1 #bhc1 #bhf ,*ocolate raw1 treatm5t (1 #ach ,*ocolate rtablire1 #cji ,*ocolate spic$1 #acf ,*ocolate syrup1 #caj ,*ocolate t9cture 7cacao t9cture71 #caj ,*ocolate vanilla1 #acf ,*ocolate v>ni%1 #bej ,*ocolatl1 #e ,*ri/mas tree articles1 #aha ,c9*ona r$1 #fj ,c9namon1 #bdf ,c9namon oil1 #bdi ,clean+ ma*9e = m\lds1 #aed ,clean+ ma*9e = beans1 #ij1 #ia ,clean+1 /or+ & sort+ ( ! beans1 #hg ,cloves1 #bdg ,clove oil1 #bdi ,coat$ *ocolates1 #ahb1 #ahg ,coat+ mat]ials1 #ach1 #ada1 #ahb1 #ahg1 #bhc1 #bhf1 #caj ,c(fie-mama1 #g ,cole's ,arctic ,ma*9es1 #agj ,col\r ( ! cotyl$on1 #i ,col\r+ ( cocoa p[d]1 #bjd ,col\r+ mat]ials1 #bej ,coloration ( />* ) iod9e1 #ga ,columbia1 #ai ,comb9$ cocoa mill & ref9]1 #aaf ,comm]cial k9ds ( cacao1 #ab1 #af ,comm]cial value ( raw cacao1 #ag ,compressor1 #afd ,composition ( ! hull$ bean1 #dc ,con*es1 #ach ,cond5s]1 #afe ,con/itu5ts1 m9]al or a%-1 #gc ,con/itu5ts ( cacao husks1 #gf ,con/itu5ts 9 a% ( cacao husks1 #gg ,con/itution ( ! bean1 *emical1 #dc ,consumption ( cocoa products1 #cc1 #ch1 #db ,consumption ( c(fee1 cocoa & tea1 comp>ison1 #ci ,cool+ cell>s1 #afh ,cool+ *amb]s1 #afb ,cool+ ! *ocolate1 #afb ,cool+ ! roa/$ beans1 #ajj ,cool+ trucks ) exhau/ app>atus1 #ajj ,copp] 9 ! a% ( beans & husks1 #ge ,cori&] oil1 #bdi ,corn cacao1 #caj ,co/a ,rica1 #ai ,cotyl$on1 #ae ,cov]+ or coat+ mat]ials1 #ach1 #ada1 #ahb1 #ahg1 #bhc1 #bhf11 #caj ,cream *ocolate1 exam9ation (1 #bgb1 #bhd ,criollo1 #ah ,crude fibre1 #gb1 #bff ,crumb *ocolate1 #aec ,cru%+ ( cocoa & sug> lumps1 #abb1 #baj ,cru%+1 hull+ & clean+ ( ! beans1 #ajj ,cru%+1 hull+ & clean+ ma*9es1 #aja ,cry/al sug>1 #bca ,cuba1 #bh ,cultivation ( ! cacao tree1 #g ,cum>91 #bdd1 #bde ,decl>ation ( add$ +r$i5ts1 #bha ,defatt$ cocoa1 #bjc1 #bjh ,def9itions ( cocoa prep>ations1 #bgi ,deposit+ ma*9e1 #ahf ,description ( ! beans1 #ab ,dextr91 #bcg ,dextrose1 #ga1 #bfe ,diabetic *ocolate1 #caj ,diabetic cocoa1 #caa ,dictamnia1 #caa ,dietetic cocoa prep>ations1 #cjf ,diorit roll]s1 #abe ,dipp+ ma*9e1 #aib ,dipp+ ( pral9s1 #ahg1 #ahi ,diseases ( ! cocoa tree1 #g ,dis9tegrat+ ! cocoa tissues1 #aie ,dis9tegration1 me?ods (1 #aig ,dis9tegration be=e roa/+1 #aig ,dis9tegration aft] roa/+1 #baf ,dis9tegration prior to press+1 #bag ,dis9tegration aft] press+1 #bbd ,dis9tegrators1 #bcc ,di/ribution ( ! cacao tree1 #d ,diureides1 #fb ,diuret91 #fd ,divid+ ma*9es1 #adh1 #adi ,division ( *ocolate1 #adc v4 ,donat's album9 *ocolate1 #caa ,d\ble cocoa mills1 #aad ,d[son gas1 #ig ,dry cocoas1 #bjh ,dulc91 #bce ,durabula-m\lds1 #ahb ,du/ p>ticles 9 cacao beans1 #ajb ,dut* cocoas1 #aie1 #bjc ,dut* ,i,ia cocoa butt]1 #hb ,e>? nut 9 ! cocoa1 #bgh ,eas91 #bea ,ecuador1 #bj ,electric motors1 #acd1 #afh ,electro-magnetic metal extract+ ma*9e1 #ajc ,ery?r9a indica1 #g1 #h ,ery?ros91 #bea ,esm]aldas1 #bb ,e/ates1 #bf ,e/imation ( alkalis rema9+ 9 ! cocoa p[d]1 #bef ,e/imation ( album9ates1 #bga ,e/imation ( a%1 #bee ,e/imation ( cocoa husk1 #bfg ,e/imation ( crude fibre1 #bff ,e/imation ( ! fatty cont5ts1 #beh ,e/imation ( moi/ure1 #bed ,e/imation ( silicic acid 9 ! a%1 #bef ,e/imation ( />*1 #bfd ,e/imation ( !obrom9e & caffe9e1 #bfc ,e!r oils1 #bdh ,e!r te/1 ,bjrklund's1 #bfb ,eucas9 *ocolate & cocoa1 #caa ,evaporator1 #afd ,exam9ation & analysis ( cocoa prep>ations1 #bec ,exports f ,g]many1 #ce ,extraction ( cocoa butt]1 #aie1 #aii1 #bjc1 #bjd ,fair %ipp+ cocoa1 #bf ,fat conta9$ 9 cocoa1 #di ,fat conta9$ 9 cocoa %ells1 #eg ,fat1 extraction (1 #aie1 #aii1 #bjc1 #bjd ,fatty cont5ts1 det]m9ation (1 #beh ,f]m5tation ( ! beans1 #i1 #fj1 #aih ,f]m5tation second>y1 #hg ,f]m5tation tanks1 #aj ,f]n&o ,po1 #cb ,fibre1 det]m9ation (1 #ajh ,fibre crude1 #gb1 #bed1 #bff ,fibre woody1 #ajh ,fils+]'s alcohol e!r te/1 #bfb ,filt]s = cocoa butt]1 #bjb ,flav\r ( ! f9i%$ cocoa p[d]1 #bjf1 #bbf ,flav\r+ matt] 7spices71 #bhg ,fl\r1 #bcf ,fodd] value ( ! husks1 #hc ,fondant *ocolate1 #ach1 #ahb ,fondant ma*9es1 #ahc1 #ahd ,food salt cocoa1 #cae ,food & heal? p[d]1 #cae ,=a/]o1 #ai ,fu*s91 #bea ,galactog5 cocoa1 #cab ,ga!r+ & f]m5tation ( ! beans1 #i ,gauga1 #cab ,gelat9e1 #bee ,geographical di/ribution & hi/ory ( ! cacao tree1 #d ,g]m sep>at+ ma*9e1 #aje ,globoids1 #ge1 #bgf ,globul9s1 #fh ,gluc91 #bce ,glucose1 #ga1 #ach ,glycoside1 #aa1 #fj1 #bec ,gold ,coa/1 #bh ,granite roll]s1 #abc ,granulat$ sug>1 #bca ,gr9d+ & trituration ( ! cocoa mass1 #aji ,guadel\pe cacaos1 #bf ,gu>ana pa/e1 #af ,guayaquil cacaos1 #ag1 #bj ,guiana1 #bc ,gum b5zo91 #bdi ,gum disease1 #h ,haema *ocolate1 #cab ,haiti cacaos1 #bg ,hansa sac*>9 cocoa1 #cab ,h>didalik1 #cab ,hazelnut pulp 9 cocoa1 #bgh ,heat+ ( ! cocoa mass1 #aag ,heat+ tr\gh1 #aag ,heat+ *amb]s & closets1 #ada1 #adb ,heliotropium1 #bdb ,h5sel's ,nhr-cacao1 #cab ,het]o albumose1 #fh ,het]o xan?9e1 #fd ,hi/ory ( ! cacao tree1 #d ,homeopa?ic *ocolate1 #cab ,hull$ bean1 composition (1 #dc ,hull+ ! cacao beans1 #ajj ,husks ( cocoa1 #gf1 #hb1 #bfg ,husks1 fodd] value (1 #hc ,husson's mixture1 #cab ,hydraulic presses1 #aii ,hygiama1 #cab ,hygi5ic *ocolate1 proportions = mix+ x1 #acf ,icel& moss *ocolate1 #cac ,imports to ,g]many1 #ce1 #cg ,imports or consumption 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries1 #ch ,index1 refractive-1 #ee ,indigo1 #fj ,indigosulfone1 #bea ,indul9e1 #bea ,+r$i5ts add$1 decl>ation (1 #bha ,+r$i5ts condemn$1 #bcj ,+r$i5ts us$ = *ocolate1 #bcj ,iod9e value1 #ec1 #ed ,java cacao1 #ag1 #cc ,kaiffa1 #cac ,kam]oon cacaos1 #ai1 #bi ,k]nels1 analysis (1 #dd1 #de1 #gf ,knead+ & mix+ ma*9es1 #bag ,kola *ocolate1 #cac ,kola nut1 #fj ,kongo1 #cj ,kraft *ocolate1 #cac ,lagos1 #bi ,legum9\s meals1 #bch ,levigation ( *ocolate1 #ha1 #abc ,lipan9 *ocolate1 #cac ,loss ( weight by roa/+1 #if ,loz5ges1 #agf ,mace1 #bdg ,mace oil1 #bdi ,ma*alla1 #bj ,mala*ite gre51 #bea ,malt cacao1 #cac ,malt cacao-syrup or malt$ *ocolate1 #cac ,malt *ocolate1 #cac ,malt extract-*ocolate1 #cac ,malto-legum9ose cacao1 #cac ,manioc1 #g ,manufacture ( cocoa p[d] & soluble cocoa1 #aie ,manufacture ( cocoa prep>ations #he1 #bhb ,manufacture ( *ocolate1 #he1 #bhc ,m>acaibo1 #be ,m>t9ique cacaos1 #bf ,meat-extract-*ocolate1 #cad ,melangeurs1 #aba1 #abb1 #abd1 #bji11 #bag ,melt+ kettle1 #ahg1 #ahh ,melt+ po9t ( ! cocoa butt]1 #eb1 #aag1 #bfa ,me?ylviolet1 #bea ,mexican cacaos1 #ai ,microscopic-botanical inve/igation1 #bge ,microscopic-*emical exam9ation ( cocoa prep>ations1 #bec ,milk *ocolate1 manufacture (1 #ada1 #bbb1 #bhf1 #cad ,milk cocoa1 #cad ,milk & cream *ocolate1 exam9ation (1 #bgb1 #bhd ,a m bitt] milk cocoa1 #cad ,milk cocoa sweet1 #cad ,mill & ref9] comb9$1 #aaf ,m9]al or a% con/itu5ts1 #gc ,mits*]li* p>ticles1 #ac ,mix+ cocoa p[d] ) alkalis1 #bbc ,mix+ diff]5t k9ds ( cocoa1 #ajh1 #aji ,mix+ ma*9es1 #aah1 #baj1 #bag ,mixture ) sug> & spices1 #aag ,moi/ure1 conta9$ 9 cocoa1 #di ,moi/ure 9 cocoa p[d]1 #bbb ,moi/ure1 e/imation (1 #bed ,monome?yl xan?9e1 #fd ,motors1 electric1 #acd1 #afh ,m\lds1 #aea1 #aeb ,m\ld clean+ ma*9es1 #aed ,m\ld+ ! *ocolate1 #adi ,m\ld+ ma*9es1 #aej ,mucor circ9elloids1 #bdb ,murexide reaction1 #ff ,mutase-cacao1 #cae ,mutase-*ocolate1 #cae ,nhrsalz-cacao 7,lahmann71 #cae ,nhr- und ,heilpulv]1 #cae ,naphtolyell[1 #bea ,n>anjal1 #ba ,natural cocoa & *ocolate1 #cae ,nic>agua cacao1 #ai ,nips1 #aa ,nuco-cacao1 #cae ,nutmeg1 #bdg ,nutmeg oil1 #bdi ,oat-cocoa ,b]lit1 #caf ,oat-cocoa ,hall5s]1 #caf ,oat-cocoa ,kassel]1 #caf ,(ficial enactm5ts respect+ ! trade 9 cocoa prep>ations1 #bhj ,(ficial enactm5ts respect+ ! trade 9 cocoa prep>ations -- ,belgium1 #bia -- ,r\mania1 #bic -- ,switz]l&1 #bid -- ,au/ria1 #bih -- ,g]many1 #cja ,oidium ( cocoa1 #bbh ,oils1 e!r-1 #bdh ,oil sug>1 #bdi ,op5+ up ! cacao tissues1 #aie ,orange ,i1 #bea ,orange ,l1 #bea ,ornam5t$ goods1 #aha1 #ahi ,oscuros1 #ba ,packet fill+ ma*9e1 #bbh ,pack+ & /or+ ( f9i%$ cocoa prep>ations1 #bbg ,palam\d des ,turcs1 #caf ,p>a cacao1 #bc ,p>asites ( ! cacao tree1 #g ,pa/illes1 #agf ,pa/ille ma*9es1 #agg1 #agi ,pat]no/]1 #aib ,pegados1 #ba ,pelatos1 #ba ,peptons1 #fh ,peptone-cocoa1 #caf ,peptone-*ocolate1 #cag ,peptone-p[d]-cocoa1 #cag ,p]c5tage ( butt] to be extract$1 #bjc ,p]c5tage ( butt] rema9+ 9 ! f9i%$ cocoa1 #bjd ,p]u1 #bb ,p]u balsam1 #bdi ,p]uviol1 #bdi ,phlox91 #abc ,pigm5t1 #ei ,plansieves = cocoa p[d]1 #bad ,plantation1 #bf ,plasmon *ocolate & cocoa1 #cag ,pol5's value1 #bfj ,ponceau r$1 #bea ,porcela9 roll]s1 #bae1 #acc ,porphyry roll]s1 #abc ,potato />*1 #bcf ,p[d]1 *ocolate-1 #bhc ,pral9s1 #ahb1 #ahg1 #ahi ,prelim9>y cru%]s1 #bab ,prep>ation ( ! cacao beans1 #he ,presses1 hydraulic-1 #aii ,production ( ! cocoa mass1 #aji ,proportions = mix+ cocoa mass1 sug> & spices1 #acf ,prote9s1 #fg ,proteoses1 #fh ,pu]to ,cabello1 #be ,pulv]isation ( ! cocoa1 #aie ,pulv]isation ( ! se$s1 #aii ,pulv]is]s1 #baj1 #bcc1 #bci ,pulv]is+ plant1 #baa1 #bab ,pulv]is+ & sift+ ! defatt$ cocoa1 #bji ,pulv]is+ ! sug>1 #bcc ,quadruple cocoa mills1 #aae ,racah\t des ,arabes1 #cag ,raspb]ry *ocolate1 #cag ,raw fibre1 #bed ,raw %ell$ bean 7k]nel7 analysis (1 #dd1 #de ,ref9+ ma*9es 7roll]s71 #abf1 #acd ,ref9] & mill comb9$1 #aaf ,refractive index1 #ee ,refractomet]-butyro1 #ee ,refrig]ation1 artificial-1 #afc ,rei*]t-,meissl value1 #ee ,removal ( air & division ( ! *ocolate1 #adc ,rice />*1 #bcg ,roa/+ ! cacao beans1 #hi1 #aii ,roa/+ ma*9es1 #ic ,root b>k ( cacao1 ! use ( x1 #aa ,roscell91 #bea ,sac*>91 #bcd ,sac*>9-cocoa1 #cag ,salep1 #bch ,samana1 #ag ,samoa1 #cc ,san ,antonio1 #bf ,san ,?omas1 #cj ,san*ez1 #ag1 #bg ,santo ,dom+o1 #bg ,saponification ( cocoa fat1 #ec1 #ed ,second>y f]m5t+1 #hg ,se$ membrane ( ! bean1 #aa1 #ae ,semi-dipp$ goods1 #aib ,%ak+ tables1 #aef ,%ak+ table-batt]ies1 #afj ,%ellac blea*$1 #bej ,%ell ( ! cacao bean1 #ad1 #gf ,%ell+ ( ! cacao beans1 #ajj ,sift+ ! defatt$ cocoa1 #bji ,sift+ ma*9es1 #baj1 #bcb ,silicic acid 9 ! a% ( cocoa1 #bef ,silv] membrane1 #gi ,simple cocoa mills1 #aaj ,soconusco1 #bf ,soluble cocoa1 #aje1 #aie ,somatose-cocoa ) sug>1 #cag ,somatose-*ocolate1 #cag ,spices & sug>1 #aag1 #bch1 #bhg ,spic$ *ocolate1 proportions = mix+ x1 #acf ,/>* clean+ ma*9es1 #ahf1 #ahg ,/>*1 coloration (1 ) iod9e1 #ga ,/>* det]m9ation (1 #bfd1 #bgg ,/>* =eign 9 cocoa1 #bge ,/>* granules1 #af1 #gj1 #bge ,/>*1 k9ds (1 #bcf ,/>* p[d]1 #ahe ,/>* sug>1 #ga ,/ati/ics ( ! cocoa trade1 #ce ,/eel roll]s1 #abe1 #acj ,/irr+ ma*9es1 #ahg ,/or+ & pack+ ( f9i%$ cocoa prep>ations1 #bbg ,/or+ & sort+ ( ! beans1 #hg ,sub/ances album9\s1 #fg ,sub/ances occurr+ 9 cacao1 #di ,sucram91 #bce ,sug>1 det]m9ation (1 #bfi ,sug> & plant acids1 #gc ,sug> & spices1 #aag1 #bca1 #bch1 #bhg ,sug>1 boil+ x1 #ahc ,sug> du/1 #bca ,sug> fl\r1 #bca ,sug> pulv]is+ ma*9es1 #bcc ,sug> sift+ ma*9es1 #bcb ,suisse ,fondant ma*9es1 #ach ,sur9am cacao1 #bc ,sweetmeats1 #ahf ,sweet5+ /uffs1 #bca ,sweets laqu]1 #bej ,sykor91 #bcd ,sykose1 #bcd ,syrup1 #ahc ,temp]ature 9 cool+ *amb]s1 #agb ,temp]ature 9 heat+ *amb]s1 #ada ,temp]ature = *ocolate fondant & milk *ocolate1 #ada ,temp]ature = m\ld+ *ocolate1 #aej ,temp]ature = roa/+ ! beans1 #hi ,temp]+ ma*9es1 #add1 #ade1 #ahh ,t5guel1 #ba ,te/+ ! cocoa p[d] & *ocolate1 #bec ,!obroma cacao1 #e1 #ab ,!obromade1 #cag ,!obrom9e1 #af1 #dc1 #fb1 #bfc ,dr4 ,!s5's ,proviant1 #cag ,/4 ,?omas1 #cj ,t9 boxes1 #bbg ,t9cture ( b5zo91 #bdc ,togo1 #bi ,trade 9 cocoa1 #cb ,tragacan? 9 cocoa goods1 #bgg ,treatm5t ( ! cocoa mixture1 #aai ,tr9idad-,criollo1 #bf1 #cb ,triple cocoa mills1 #aaa ,trituration ( ! cocoa mass1 #aji1 #aai ,tropa$l91 #bea ,tropon-cocoa1 #cag ,tropon-*ocolate1 #cah ,tropon-oat-cocoa1 #cah ,tr\gh1 heat+-1 #aag ,tumaco-cacaos1 #bj ,ureides1 #fb ,uroph]91 #fd ,vacuum knead]1 #bbj ,vanilla1 #bda ,vanilla-*ocolate1 proportions = mix+ x1 #acf ,vanill91 #aai1 #bda1 #bdc ,vascul> bundles1 #af ,v5ezuelan cacao1 #ag1 #bd ,volatile acids1 #ec ,wacaca des ,indes1 #cah ,walnut pulp 9 ! cocoa1 #bgh ,wa/e products 9 clean+1 #ajf ,wa/e products 9 sift+1 #ajg ,wa/e products 9 sort+1 roa/+1 cru%+ & hull+1 #ajg ,wat] blue1 #bea ,wat] cool+ ( /eel roll]s1 #aca ,wat] or moi/ure conta9$ 9 ! cacao1 #di1 #bed ,weigh+-ma*9es1 #adh1 #adi ,:eat />*1 #bcf ,:ite *ocolate1 #cah ,woody fibre1 #ajh ,yell[ acid ,r1 #bea ,zuck]91 #bcd ,,anton ,,rei*e ,a4 ,g4 3,,dresd53 ,manufactur] ( ,*ocolate ,m\lds1 decorat$ t9 ,boxes etc4 ,,e/abli%$ #ahgj ,*ocolate ,m\lds ( e description late/ are 8,platt9ol0 ,m\lds :i* imp>t a ri* lu/re & f9i% to ! *ocolate ,*ocolate ,drop ,presses = ,pa/e ,*ocolate = h& & = liquid *ocolate1 ,automatic ,p[] ,*ocolate ,cov]+ ,app>atus ,ma*9e = granulat$ ,*ocolate 7,/reussel-,ma*9e7 ,decorat$ ,t9 ,boxes ,,write ,,= ,,catalogues ,,& ,,prices ,ab\t #bjjj employees ,j4 ,m4 ,,lehmann ,,dresd5 ,f\nd$ ,olde/ & l>ge/ ,eng9e]+ ,works = ,f\nd$ #ahcd ! con/ruction ( mod]n ,ma*9es = #ahcd ! ,manufacture ( ,cocoa & ,*ocolate ,,p>is1 ,,new ,,york1 #a1 ,passage ,/4 ,pi]re ,amelot4 #ac_/ae1 ,laight ,/reet4 ,sole ,ag5ts = ,great ,brita93 ,bramigk ,co41 ,london ,e1 #e1 ,aldgate ,hydraulic ,cocoa ,presses ,illu/ration3 ,hydraulic ,cocoa ,presses4 ,total ,pressure ov] #ajjj ,tons ,pressure on ! ,cocoa ov] #d ,tons p] squ>e in*4 ,/ronge/ ,press 9 ! m>ket = ! ,extraction ( ,cocoa ,butt] ,automatically work+ ,pulv]is+ ,plants = ! ,manufacture ( ,pure & ,soluble ,cocoa ,execution ( complete in/allations4 ,alt]ations 9 exi/+ sy/ems c>ri$ out aft] ! mo/ approv$ me?ods4 ,plans & ,e/imates at reque/4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,lehmann ,,dresd5 ,f\nd$ ,olde/ & l>ge/ ,eng9e]+ ,works = ,f\nd$ #ahcd ! con/ruction ( mod]n ,ma*9es = #ahcd ! ,manufacture ( ,cocoa & ,*ocolate ,,p>is1 ,,new ,,york1 #a1 ,passage ,/4 ,pi]re ,amelot4 #ac_/ae1 ,laight ,/reet4 ,sole ,ag5ts = ,great ,brita93 ,bramigk ,co41 ,london ,e1 #e1 ,aldgate ,illu/ration3 ,melangeurs ,melangeurs ( late/ con/ruction ,capacities f to #f ,cwt4 ,) automatic dis*>ge1 sav+ ,"t & ,lab\r4 ,easy h&l+ & economical work+ ,illu/ration3 ,ref9+ ,ma*9e ,ref9+ ,ma*9es ) #c1 #d1 #e1 #f & #i roll]s ( granite or *ill$ metal 7/eel7 ) wat]-cool+ ,v l>ge output1 great sav+ ( space & driv+ p[]4 ,extraord9>y ,f95ess ( ! f9i%$ mat]ial ,j4 ,m4 ,,lehmann ,,dresd5 ,f\nd$ ,olde/ & l>ge/ ,eng9e]+ ,works = ,f\nd$ #ahcd ! con/ruction ( mod]n ,ma*9es = #ahcd ! ,manufacture ( ,cocoa & ,*ocolate ,,p>is1 ,,new ,,york1 #a1 ,passage ,/4 ,pi]re ,amelot4 #ac_/ae1 ,laight ,/reet4 ,sole ,ag5ts = ,great ,brita93 ,bramigk ,co41 ,london ,e4 #e1 ,aldgate ,*ocolate ,cool+ ,plants improv$ con/ruction ,me*anical ,cool+ ,plant 9 conjunction ) ,temp]+ & ,m\ld+ ,ma*9es ,illu/ration3 ,cool+ ,plant ,melt+ ,pan1 automatic ,temp]+ ,ma*9e1 "o or m ,m\ld+ ,ma*9es1 ,%ak+ ,tables & cont9u\sly work+ ,cool+ ,*amb] ) =c$ air circulation ,l>ge/ output4 ,great ,sav+ ( "t & ,lab\r4 ,automatic conveyance ( ! full m\lds ov] ! %ak+ table & ?r\gh ! cool+ *amb] to ! pack+ room1 & conveyance ( ! empty m\lds back to ! m\ld+ ma*9e ,kun/an/alt vorm4 ,,etzold ,,kiessl+ ,a4-,g4 ,,crimmits*au1 ,,saxony ,! ,*romoli?ographic ,in/itute ,pat5t ,fold+ ,fancy ,pap] ,boxes ( all k9ds1 = comm]cial & o!r purposes1 ,%[c>ds1 ,labels1 ,wrapp]s etc41 ,cal5d>s1 ,catalogue ,cov]s1 ,reproductions ( articles ( m]*&ise 9 actual col\rs1 ,insets & ,adv]tis+ ,novelties ,colophon ,speciali/s 9 ,*ocolate ,wrapp]s & ,boxes ,illu/ration3 ,cocoa ,pulv]is] ,illu/ration3 ,*ocolate ,temp]+ ,ma*9e ,all ma*9es = ! manufacture ( ,*ocolate1 ,cocoa & ,confection]y ,paul ,franke ,co4 ,eng9e]+ ,works ,leipzig-,bhlitz-,ehr5b]g ,catalogues & ,e/imates on dem& ,illu/ration3 ,/rong ,hydraulic ,cocoa ,press ,m4 ,,krayn1 ,v]lagsbu*h&lung1 ,,b]l9 ,w4 #aj ,9 me9em ,v]lage ers*i553 ,die ,*emie 9 indu/rie1 ,h&w]k und ,gew]be von ,joseph ,sp5nra?1 weil4 ,direktor d] gew]bli*5 ,s*ul5 d] ,/adt ,aa*54 ,fnfte v]mehrte und v]bess]te ,auflage1 be>beitet von ,dr4 ,l4 ,s5d]4 ,e9 ,lehrbu* zum ,gebrau* an ,s*ul51 s[ie zum ,selb/unt]ri*t4 ,preis bros*4 ,mk4 #c4fj1 k>t4 ,mk4 #c4ij4 ,die ,b$i5ung und ,w>tung elektris*] ,anlag5 und ,mas*95 von ,joseph ,sp5nra?1 weil4 ,direktor d] /dt4 gew]bl4 ,s*ul5 und d] ,kgl4 ,baugew]bes*ule 9 ,aa*54 ,zweite1 voll/ndig neu be>beitete u4 b$eut5d erweit]te ,auflage v4 ,dipl4-,+4 ,franz ,m5ge4 ,i4 ,e9fhrung 9 die ,grundlag5 d] ,elektrote*nik4 ,mit #bjg ,abbildung5 und #a ,tafel4 ,,ii4 ,e9fhrung 9 d5 ,bau und die ,wirkungsweise d] ,/rom]zeug]4 ,mit #baj ,abbildung54 ,preis pro ,b& bros*4 ,mk4 #b4hj1 k>t4 ,mk4 #c4be4 ,preis komplett ,i4_/,,ii4 bros*4 ,mk4 #e4ej1 k>t4 ,mk4 #f4--4 ,temp]aturmeme?od54 ,h&bu* zum ,gebrau* bei praktis*5 ,temp]aturmessung5 von ,bruno ,?ieme4 #ce ,figur5 im ,text4 ,preis bros*4 ,mk4 #d4--1 geb4 ,mk4 #e4--4 ,re*5hilfsbu*4 ,b]e*nung/abell5 fr ,h&el und ,indu/rie1 insbesond]e fr j$e ,lohn-und ,akkordb]e*nung1 na* langjhrig] ,erfahrung h]ausgegeb5 von ,g4 ,s*u*>dt4 ,d4 ,r4 ,g4 ,m4 ,dritte v]bess]te ,auflage4 ,preis geb4 ,mk4 #e4--4 ,fr grere ,betriebe un5tbehrli*6 ,dur* e9e ganz neu>tige1 ges*tzte ,regi/]-,anordnung v]mittelt das ,s*u*>dt's*e ,re*5-,hilfsbu* s*nell/e ,auff9dung d] gewns*t5 ,zahl54 ,d] ,praktis*e ,lohnre*n]4 ,h&bu* fr j$e ,lohnb]e*nung von ,g4 ,s*u*>dt4 ,preis geb4 ,mk4 #b4--4 ,es s9d 9 diesem ,bu*e die ,lohnstze von #g-ge ,pf4 9 ,int]vall5 von #b ,pf4 aufg5omm51 f]n] au* die hufig bli*5 ,lohnstze von #ah1 #bb1 #bh1 #cb ,pf4 ,die ,/und5e9teilung ergibt die ,ueb]si*t von bis #ii ,/und54 ,fr kle9]e und mittl]e ,betriebe un5tbehrli*6 ,die ,kontrolle indu/riell] ,betriebe4 ,praktis*e ,anleitung zur ,dur*fhrung e9] mod]n5 ,betriebskontrolle von ,g4 ,s*u*>dt4 ,preis bros*4 ,mk4 #a4fj4 ,d] praktis*e ,mas*95wrt]4 ,anleitung fr ,mas*9i/5 und ,heiz] s[ie zum ,unt]ri*t 9 te*nis*5 ,s*ul5 von ,paul ,braus]1 ,ob]+5ieur des ,dampfkessel-,revisions-,v]e9s fr d5 ,regi]ungsbezirk ,aa*5 und ,joseph ,sp5nra?1 weil4 ,direktor d] gew]bli*5 ,s*ul5 d] ,/adt ,aa*54 ,vi]te v]bess]te und v]mehrte ,auflage4 ,mit #db ,holzs*nitt54 ,preis k>t4 ,mk4 #a4ej4 ,d] praktis*e ,heiz] und ,kesselwrt] von ,paul ,braus]1 ,ob]+5ieur des ,dampfkessel-,revisions-,v]e9s fr d5 ,regi]ungsbezirk ,aa*5 und ,joseph ,sp5nra?1 weil4 ,direktor d] gew]bli*5 ,s*ul5 d] ,/adt ,aa*54 ,sieb5te v]bess]te ,auflage mit #fj ,holzs*nitt54 ,preis k>t4 ,mk4 #a4hj4 ,zu bezieh5 dur* j$e ,bu*h&lung od] direkt vom ,v]lag ,m4 ,,krayn1 ,v]lagsbu*h&lung1 ,,b]l9 ,w4 #aj ,fr alle ,kalkulationsbros6 ,re*5-,resultate ,tabell5 zum ,ables5 d] ,resultate von ,multiplikation5 und ,division5 79 ,bru*teil5 und ganz5 ,zahl57 von #a bis #ajjj ,zum praktis*5 ,gebrau* fr ,/ckzahl-1 ,lohn-und ,proz5tb]e*nung51 s[ie fr j$e ,art ,kalkulation ,preis gebund5 #aj ,m>k ,h]ausgegeb5 von ,f4 ,,triebel1 ,kais]li*] ,revisor d] ,rei*sdruck]ei ,die ,papi]v]>beitung von ,,max ,,s*ub]t weil& ,fabrikdirektor a4 ,d41 ,pr(4 a4 d4 ,knigl4 te*n4 ,ho*s*ule zu ,dresd5 ,i4 ,b&3 ,die ,k>tonnag5-,indu/rie ,praktis*es ,h&bu* fr ,te*nik]1 ,k>tonnag5-,fabrikant5 und ,bu*b9d] ,mit #dgi ,illu/ration5 und #b ,mu/]beilag5 ,preis bros*i]t #aj4--,m>k1 gebund5 #aa4ej ,m>k ,,ii4 ,b&3 ,die ,buntpapi]-1 ,tapet5-1 ,briefums*lag-1 ,dt5-od] ,papi]sack-1 ,papi]ws*e-und photographis*e ,papi]-,fabrikation ,praktis*es ,h&bu* fr ,te*nik]1 ,buntpapi]-1 ,tapet5-und ,dt5fabrikant5-,direktor5 ,mit #bgh ,illu/ration5 ,preis bros*i]t #aj4--,m>k1 gebund5 #aa4ej ,m>k ,i4 u4 ,,ii4 ,b&1 zusamm5 bezog41 bros*4 #ah4--,m41 geb4 #bj--,m4 ,ausfhrli*] ,prospekt gratis ,zu bezieh5 dur* j$e ,bu*h&lung od] direkt vom ,v]lag 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation h be5 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+ & punctuation rema9s un*ang$4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic1 bold ?us bold1 und]l9e ?us und]l9e & ,gesp]rt ?us ,gesp]rt4 ,subscripts are %[n ?us n & sup]scripts n4 ,page #fd4 8cacao-r$1 :i* latt] is repres5t$ by ! =mula ,c#ag;,h#ab7,,oh7#aj40 ,! fir/ digit 9 ! #aj is illegible 9 ! orig9al1 #a is a be/ guess4 ,page #aei4 8,by a special arrangem5t1 ! numb] ( revolutions 9 relation to ! numb] ( ! elevations ( ! slab is r$uc$ by "o f\r?1 viz41 f #gfj to #aij40 by correct$ to 8to0 ,"p ,,iii section head+s add$ ,page #bei4 8,= example1 if #ej ccm ( ! e!r solution ( fat give a residue ( #hh gramme1 !n #ajj ccm repres5ts #af gramme4 ,b ?is #f gramme4440 correct$ to #j4h gramme & #a4f gramme respectively4 ,page #cji4 8) #ch litres ( )e sug> syrup 7am]ican recipe740 )e remov$ ,page #acd 8,= ?is reason ! #f1 #i or ev5 #ab roll] mills h be5 m disc>d$ s9ce ! la/ gr9d+ process has be5 p]=m granite roll]s 7cold process740 correct$ to p]=m$ by ,9 ord] to fit )9 wid? con/ra9ts _m ( ! l>g] tables h be5 split & und]l9+ & italic m>k+s h be5 omitt$4 ,! foll[+ spell+s h be5 /&>dis$3 ,arctic & ,artic1 ,arctic us$4 by-product & bye-product4 by-product us$4 p]c5t1 p]c5t41 p] c5t1 p] c5t41 & p]-c5t4 p]c5t us$4