,transcrib]'s ,note ,9 ! ,pla9 ,text v]sion ( ?is e,book1 molecul> /ructures 9 ! ,*emi/ry *apt] w display correctly only :5 a fix$-wid? font is us$4 ,o!r special situations 9 t *apt] are discuss$ 9 ! ,transcrib]'s ,notes at ! end ( ?is e,book4 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury ,,by ,,alfr$ ,,russel ,,wallace2 ,,pr(4 ,,william ,,ramsay2 ,,pr(4 ,,william ,,mat!w ,,fl9d]s-,,petrie2 ,,sir ,,joseph ,,norman ,,locky]2 ,,edw>d ,,caird2 ,,william ,,osl]2 ,w4 ,w4 ,,ke52 ,,pr(4 ,,elihu ,,?omson2 ,,presid5t ,,?omas ,,corw9 ,,m5d5hall2 ,,sir ,,*>les ,,w5twor? ,,dilke2 ,,capta9 ,,alfr$ ,t4 ,,mahan2 ,,&rew ,,lang2 ,,?omas ,c4 ,,cl>ke2 ,,c>d9al ,,james ,,gibbons2 ,,rev4 ,,alex&] ,v4 ,g4 ,,all52 ,,pr(4 ,,ri*>d ,j4 ,h4 ,,got!il2 ,,pr(4 ,,goldw9 ,,smi? ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs ,,publi%]s #aija ,copyright1 #aija1 by ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs4 ,copyright1 #aija1 by ,,! ,,sun ,,pr9t+ ,,& ,,publi%+ ,,association4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,evolution4 ,,by ,,alfr$ ,,russel ,,wallace1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s #c ,,*emi/ry4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,william ,,ramsay1 ,,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,,(fic] ,,( ,,! ,,legion ,,( ,,honor #cc ,,ar*,,ology4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,william ,,mat!w ,,fl9d]s-,,petrie1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,,edw>ds ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,egyptology1 ,,univ]sity ,,college1 ,,london #gc ,,a/ronomy4 ,,by ,,sir ,,joseph ,,norman ,,locky]1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,director ,,( ,,sol> ,,physics ,,obs]vatory1 ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton #aje ,,philosophy4 ,,by ,,edw>d ,,caird1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,moral ,,philosophy1 ,,glasg[ #ade ,,m$ic9e4 ,,by ,,william ,,osl]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,physician ,,to ,,hospital1 ,,johns ,,hopk9s ,,m$ical ,,s*ool #agc ,,surg]y4 ,,by ,w4 ,w4 ,,ke51 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 7,,hon471 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,surg]y ,,& ,,( ,,cl9ical ,,surg]y1 ,,jeff]son ,,m$ical ,,college1 ,,philadelphia #bag ,,electricity4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,elihu ,,?omson1 ,a4,m41 ,,ph4,d41 ,,*evali] ,,& ,,(fic] ,,( ,,! ,,legion ,,( ,,honor #bfe ,,physics4 ,,by ,,presid5t ,,?omas ,,corw9 ,,m5d5hall1 ,,ph4,d41 ,d4,,sc41 ,,ll4,d41 ,,memb] ,,national ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ce #cjc ,,w>4 ,,by ,,! ,,"r ,,hon4 ,,sir ,,*>les ,,w5twor? ,,dilke1 ,,ll4,m4 #ccc ,,naval ,,%ips4 ,,by ,,capta9 ,,alfr$ ,t4 ,,mahan1 ,,late ,u4,s4,n41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d4 #cee ,,lit]ature4 ,,by ,,&rew ,,lang1 ,,hon4 ,,fell[ ,,m]ton ,,college1 ,,ox=d #chi ,,eng9e]+4 ,,by ,,?omas ,c4 ,,cl>ke4 ,,pa/ ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,society ,,( ,,civil ,,eng9e]s #dba ,,religion3 ,,ca?olicism4 ,,by ,,c>d9al ,,james ,,gibbons #dee ,,prote/antism4 ,,by ,,rev4 ,,alex&] ,v4 ,g4 ,,all51 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,*ur* ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,! ,,episcopal ,,!ological ,,s*ool ,,at ,,cambridge1 ,,mass4 #dgg ,,! ,,jews ,,& ,,judaism4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,ri*>d ,j4 ,h4 ,,got!il #dih ,,free-,,?\ght4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,goldw9 ,,smi? #eci ,,evolution ,among ! great & f]tile sci5tific conceptions :i* h ei!r orig9at$ or become firmly e/abli%$ dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! !ory ( evolution1 if n ! greate/ ( !m all1 w c]ta9ly take its place 9 ! front rank4 ,z a p>tial explanation 7= no complete explanation is possible to f9ite intellig5ce7 ( ! ph5om5a ( nature1 x illum9ates e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 f ! /udy ( ! mo/ remote cosmic ph5om5a accessible to u to t ( ! m9ute/ organisms reveal$ by ! mo/ p[]ful microscopes2 :ile ^u ! great problem ( ! mode ( orig9 ( ! v>i\s =ms ( life--long consid]$ insoluble--x ?r[s s cle> a light t to _m biologi/s x seems to af=d z complete a solution1 9 pr9ciple1 z we c expect to rea*4 ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,limits ,,( ,,evolution ,s _m ( ! objections :i* are /ill made to ! !ory ( evolution1 & especially to t bran* ( x :i* deals ) liv+ organisms1 re/ ^u a misconception ( :at x pr(esses to expla91 & ev5 ( :at any !ory c possibly expla91 t a few words on its nature & limits seem to be necess>y4 ,evolution1 z a g5]al pr9ciple1 implies t all ?+s 9 ! univ]se1 z we see !m1 h aris5 f o!r ?+s :i* prec$$ !m by a process ( modification1 "u ! action ( ^? all-p]vad+ b my/]i\s ag5cies kn[n to u z 8natural =ces10 or1 m g5]ally1 8! laws ( nature40 ,m p>ticul>ly ! t]m evolution implies t ! process is an 8unroll+10 or 8unfold+10 d]iv$ probably f ! way 9 :i* leaves & fl[]s are usually roll$ up or crumpl$ up 9 ! bud & gr[ into _! p]fect =m by unroll+ or unfold+4 ,insects 9 ! pupa & v]tebrates 9 ! embryo exhibit a some:at simil> condition ( fold+1 & ! ^w is !re=e v applicable to an ext5sive range ( ph5om5a2 b x mu/ n be tak5 z univ]sally applicable1 s9ce 9 ! mat]ial _w !re are o!r modes ( ord]ly *ange "u natural laws to :i* ! t]ms developm5t or evolution are equally applicable4 ,! 8cont9uity0 ( physical ph5om5a1 z illu/rat$ by ! late ,sir ,william ,grove 9 #ahff1 has ! same g5]al mean+1 b evolution implies m ?an m]e cont9uity or succession--some?+ l gr[? or def9ite *ange f =m to =m "u ! action ( un*angeable laws4 ,! po9t to be especially not$ "h is1 t evolution1 ev5 if x is ess5tially a true & complete !ory ( ! univ]se1 c only expla9 ! exi/+ conditions ( nature by %[+ t x has be5 d]iv$ f "s pre-exi/+ condition ?r\gh ! action ( kn[n =ces & laws4 ,x may also %[ ! high probability ( a simil> d]ivation f a /ill e>li] condition2 b ! fur!r back we g ! m unc]ta9 mu/ be our conclusions1 :ile we c nev] make any real approa* to ! absolute beg9n+s ( ?+s4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & _m o!r ?9k]s be=e him1 h %[n t if we try to realize ! absolute nature ( ! simple/ ph5om5a1 we are inevitably l&$ ei!r 9 a contradiction or 9 "s un?9kable proposition4 ,?us1 suppose we ask1 ,is matt] inf9itely divisible1 or is x n8 ,if we say x is1 we _c ?9k x out1 s9ce all inf9ity1 h[ev] x may be /at$ 9 words1 is really un?9kable4 ,if we say !re is a limit--! ultimate atom--!n1 z all size is comp>ative1 we c imag9e a be+ to :om ?is atom seems z l>ge z an apple or ev5 a h\se does to u2 & we !n f9d x q un?9kable t ?is mass ( matt] %\ld be 9 its nature absolutely indivisible ev5 by an inf9ite =ce4 ,x foll[s t all explanations ( ph5om5a c only be p>tial explanations4 ,!y c in=m u ( ! la/ *ange or ! la/ s]ies ( *anges :i* br\ght ab\t ! actual conditions n[ exi/+1 & !y c (t5 enable u to pr$ict future *anges to a limit$ ext5t2 b bo? ! inf9ite pa/ & ! remote future are alike beyond our p[]s4 ,yet ! explanations t ! !ory ( evolution gives u are none ! less real & none ! less important1 especially :5 we comp>e its tea*+s ) ! wild guesses or ! total ignorance ( ! ?9k]s ( e>li] ages4 ,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,evolution ,if we trace1 h[ev] briefly1 ! gradual developm5t ( k & speculation on ?is subject1 we %all p]haps appreciate m fully ! advance we h really made dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! fir/ speculations on ! nature & s\rce ( ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 ( :i* we h any k1 are ^? ( ! e>ly ,greek philosoph]s1 su* z ,?ales1 ,anaxim&]1 ,anaxagoras1 & ,emp$ocles2 b z ! m important ( _! tea*+s are embodi$1 ) "s approa* to sy/em & ) mu* acut5ess ( reason+1 9 ! great poem ( ! ,lat9 au?or ,lucretius1 8,on ! ,nature ( ,?+s10 x w be suffici5t to give a sket* ( 8 ma9 conclusions1 mak+ use ( ! excell5t prose translation by ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,j4 ,munro1 ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,lucretius _h a v cle> idea ( ! inde/ructibility ( matt]4 ,he argues t ?+s _c h come out ( no?+1 & he says3 8,a ?+ nev] returns to no?+1 b all ?+s1 aft] disruption1 g back into ! fir/ bodies ( matt]40 ,he !n argues t1 z ! actual processes ( gr[?1 decay1 & o!r natural *anges are imp]ceptible to u1 !re=e 8,nature works by unse5 bodies40 ,he ju/ly claims great importance = ! demon/ration ( ! fact t 9 all matt] :atev]1 h[ev] solid & h>d x may be1 !re are vacancies1 or1 z he expresses x1 8,mix$ up 9 all ?+s !re is void or empty space40 ,he ?us anticipat$ ! mod]n doctr9e t ! molecules ( matt] d n come into actual contact4 ,he !n def9es atoms ?us3 8,fir/ bodies are solid & )\t void02 & z no?+ c be produc$ f no?+1 he concludes t ^! fir/ bodies 7atoms or molecules7 mu/ be ev]la/+1 & t !y supply matt] = ! reproduction ( all ?+s4 ,he !n goes on to prove t ^! 8fir/ beg9n+s are ( solid s+l5ess1 n =m$ ( p>ts1 b /rong 9 ev]la/+ s+l5ess40 ,he fur!r proves t ^! 8fir/ beg9n+s0 7atoms7 _c be inf9itely small1 & also t ! univ]se _c be limit$--t x is inf9ite4 ,he ?us anticipat$ ! ma9 ideas z to atoms & ! univ]se :i* h be5 held by mo/ mat]iali/ic ?9k]s d[n to our own times4 ,lucretius 0 an absolute mat]iali/1 = ?\gh he did n d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! gods he refus$ !m any %>e 9 ! con/ruction ( ! univ]se1 :i*1 he aga9 & aga9 urges1 arose by *ance1 aft] inf9ite "t1 by ! r&om motions & collisions & entanglem5ts ( ! inf9ity ( atoms4 ,he assumes "s =ces analog\s to gravitation & ! molecul> motions ( gases 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,= ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ?+s move fir/ ( !mselves2 next ^! bodies :i* =m a small aggregate & come ne>e/1 s to say1 to ! p[]s ( ! fir/ beg9n+s are impell$ & set 9 movem5t by ! unse5 /rokes ( ^! fir/ bodies1 & !y next 9 turn /ir up o!r bodies :i* are a little l>g]40 ,he also anticipat$ ,galileo z to ! equal spe$ ( all fall+ bodies :5 n *eck$ by ! air 9 ! foll[+ precise /atem5t3 8,= :5ev] bodies fall ?r\gh wat] & ?9 air !y mu/ quick5 _! desc5ts 9 proportion to _! weights1 because ! body ( wat] & subtle nature ( air _c ret>d ev]y?+ to an equal degree2 on ! o!r h&1 empty void _c (f] resi/ance to any?+ 9 any direction at any "t1 b mu/ cont9ually give way2 & = ?is reason all ?+s mu/ be mov$ & borne along ) equal velocity1 ?\gh ( unequal weights1 ?r\gh ! unresi/+ void40 ,?is is a wond]fully accurate g5]al /atem5t ( ! equal rate ( motion ( all k9ds ( matt] "u ! same =ces2 & :5 we consid] t !re is no indication ( any exp]im5tal basis = ?is conclusion1 & t no?+ equival5t to our sci5ces ( physics or *emi/ry exi/$1 we are amaz$ at ! g5]al correctness ( _m ( 8 views1 d]iv$ solely by a process ( reason+ f ! mo/ obvi\s ph5om5a ( nature4 ,he argues t1 giv5 inf9ite matt] & space & inh]5t motion1 8?+s mu/ g on & be complet$10 & 8 g5]al conclusion is ?us express$3 8,if y w appreh5d & keep 9 m9d ^! ?+s1 nature1 free at once & rid ( h] haughty lords1 is se5 to d all ?+s spontane\sly ( h]self )\t ! m$dl+ ( ! gods40 ,x is :5 he attempts to deal ) ! orig9 ( liv+ organisms t ! abs5ce ( all k ( *emi/ry1 physiology1 & hi/ology r5d]s 8 task impossible & leads him into :at seem to u ! wilde/ absurdities4 ,he has an elaborate b v unconv9c+ argum5t t s5sation c arise out ( atoms :i* h no s5sation2 &1 tak+ ! appe>ance ( worms1 etc41 9 ! e>? & 9 putrid matt] z a pro( t !y are /ill actually produc$ de novo 9 x1 he argues t at "s remote epo* ! n[ worn-out e>? 0 m f]tile1 & produc$ 9 l mann] all k9ds ( animals4 ,! fir/ human infants he supposes to h be5 =m$ at "s v remote "t 9 ! mann] foll[+3 8,= mu* heat & moi/ure w\ld !n ab\nd 9 ! fields2 & !re=e :]ev] a suitable spot (f]$ wombs w\ld gr[1 atta*$ to ! e>? by roots2 & :5 ! w>m? ( ! infants1 fly+ ! wet & crav+ ! air1 _h op5$ ^! 9 ! fulness ( "t1 nature w\ld turn to t spot ! pores ( ! e>? & con/ra9 x to yield f its op5$ ve9s a liquid mo/ l to milk4 ,to ! *ildr5 ! e>? w\ld furni% food1 ! heat raim5t1 ! grass a b$ ri* 9 abundance ( s(t d[n4444 ,:]e=e1 aga9 & aga9 ,i say1 ! e>?1 ) good title1 has gott5 & keeps ! "n ( "m1 s9ce %e ( h]self gave bir? to mank9d1 & at a "t ne>ly fix$ %$ =? e bea/ t ranges wildly ov] ! great m\nta9s1 & at ! same "t ! f[ls ( ! air ) all _! v>i$ %apes40 ,! fact t ?is mode ( orig9 comm5d$ itself to "o ( ! brighte/ intellects ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4 ,c41 enlight5$ by ! be/ ?\ght ( ! ,grecian philosoph]s1 may enable u ! bett] to appreciate ! imm5se advance made by mod]n evolutioni/s4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,real ,,/eps ,,t[>ds ,,evolution ,we h n[ a great blank ( fifte5 c5turies--! d>k ages ( human progress--aft] :i* ! era ( obs]vation & exp]im5t began1 & = ! fir/ "t m5 really set !mselves to /udy nature1 ?us lay+ ! f\ndation = all ! great !oretical advances ( our "t4 ,z lead+ to ! next great /ep 9 !ories ( evolution1 we mu/ note ! life-long obs]vations by ,ty*o ,brahe ( ! app>5t motions ( ! planets2 ! gr& discov]y ( ,kepl] t all ^! app>5tly erratic motions 7 due to _! revolution r\nd ! sun 9 elliptic orbits1 ) a fix$ relation betwe5 _! di/ance f ! sun & _! p]iods ( revolution2 & ,newton's epo*-mak+ !ory ( univ]sal gravitation by :i* all ^! facts & _m o!rs s9ce discov]$ 7 h>moniz$ & expla9$4 ,b all ?is impli$ no law ( developm5t1 & x 0 long ?\ght t ! sol> sy/em 0 fix$ & un*angeable--t "s altoge!r unkn[n or miracul\s ag5cy mu/ h set x go+1 & t x _h 9 itself no pr9ciple ( *ange or decay1 b might cont9ue z x n[ is to all et]nity4 ,x 0 at ! v end ( ! eighte5? c5tury t ,laplace ann\nc$ 8 8,nebul> ,hypo!sis10 ! fir/ attempt ev] made to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em "u ! influ5ce ( ! kn[n laws ( motion1 gravitation1 & heat1 act+ ^u an altoge!r diff]5t antec$5t condition ( ?+s--a true process ( evolution4 ,laplace suppos$ t ! :ole matt] ( ! sol> sy/em 0 once 9 a condition ( vapor1 & t x =m$ an enorm\s nebul\s mass _m times l>g] ?an ! !n kn[n dim5sions ( ! planet>y sph]e4 ,he %[$ h[1 "u ! influ5ce ( gravitation1 ?is nebula w\ld cond5se1 & t su* irregul>ities ( motion & d5sity z w\ld be sure to exi/ w\ld lead to rotation ( ! mass4 ,"u ! law ( gravitation ?is w\ld lead to out] r+s be+ left beh9d by ! contraction ( ! c5tral mass1 :i* r+s w\ld at a lat] p]iod become drawn toge!r at "s po9t ( initial great] d5sity & ?us =m planets4 ,! :ole process is admitt$ to be ma!matically demon/rable1 giv5 ! initial conditions2 b rec5t ext5sions ( our k ( ! int]planet>y & int]/ell> spaces h %[n t ! suppos$ void is really full ( invisible solid matt]1 rang+ f ! bulk ( ! small] planets d[n to ! f9e/ du/1 & x is v difficult to imag9e any possible causes :i* w\ld keep all ! solid matt] ( ! sy/em 9 a /ate ( vapor1 :5 subject1 on ! conf9es ( ! mass1 to ! cold ( int]/ell> space4 ,! antec$5t condition ( our sy/em is n[ ?\ght to h be5 ei!r :olly or p>tially meteoritic1 b 9 ei!r case we h a g5u9e !ory ( its evolution :i* has n[ be5 s ext5d$ z to include ! appe>ance ( comets & meteors1 ( nebul1 & /> clu/]s1 ( tempor>y1 p]iodic1 & color$ />s1 & _m o!r ph5om5a ( ! /ell> univ]se4 ,x is no objection to ^! gr& !ories to urge t !y d n expla9 ! orig9 ( ! matt] ( ! univ]se1 ei!r :at x is or h[ x came to be :]e we n[ f9d x4 ,we c only take "o /ep at a "t1 & ev5 if 9 ^! great] problems any fur!r advance %\ld be z yet d5i$ u1 x is /ill a great ?+ to h be5 able to take ev5 "o secure /ep into ! va/ & my/]i\s dep?s ( ! int]/ell> spaces4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,cru/ ,al?\gh ,py?agoras 7#ejj ,b4 ,c47 believ$ t sea & l& mu/ (t5 h *ang$ places1 & a few o!r obs]v]s at diff]5t epo*s came to ! same conclusion1 yet1 till q rec5t times1 ! e>? 0 g5]ally suppos$ to h be5 always v mu* z x is n[2 p spoke ( 8! et]nal hills02 & ! great m\nta9 ranges1 ! mighty rav9es & precipices1 z well z ! deep seas & oceans1 7 believ$ to be ! direct "w ( ! ,creator4 ,x 0 only 9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury t a few obs]v]s began to see ! importance ( /udy+ ! nature ( ! e>?'s cru/1 s f> z x c\ld be rea*$ 9 rav9es1 qu>ries1 & m9es2 & "o ( ! mo/ e>ne/ ( ^! /ud5ts1 ,dr4 ,hutton1 ( ,ed9burgh1 aft] m ?an ?irty ye>s ( travel & /udy1 publi%$ 8 great "w1 ,! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 :i* mu/ be consid]$ to be ! />t+-po9t ( mod]n geology4 ,he ma9ta9$ t x 0 only by obs]v+ causes n[ 9 action t we c expla9 ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! /ratifi$ & igne\s rocks2 he %[$ t ! =m] mu/ h be5 laid d[n by wat]1 & t ! l>g] "p ( !m1 conta9+ z !y d m>9e %ells & o!r fossils1 mu/ h be5 deposit$ on ! sea-bottom4 ,he %[$ h[ ra9 & riv]s1 fro/ & sn[1 w9d & heat dis9tegrat$ ! h>de/ rocks & w\ld 9 "t excavate ! deepe/ valleys2 :ile e>?quakes1 h[ev] small an elevation any "o ( !m might produce1 w\ld 9 "t raise ! sea-bottom suffici5tly high to =m1 :5 d5ud$1 m\nta9 ranges1 pla9s1 & valleys l ^? we n[ see ev]y:]e ^u ! e>?'s surface4 ,he also %[$ t ! mo/ anci5t /ratifi$ rocks1 ^? t lie at ! v base ( ! s]ies1 pres5t$ e indication ( hav+ be5 =m$ 9 exactly ! same way z ! mo/ rec5t ones4 ,h5ce he /at$ a conclusion :i* excit$ a /orm ( opposition1 9 ^! words3 8,9 ! economy ( ! _w ,i c f9d no traces ( a beg9n+1 no prospect ( an end40 ,?is 0 ?\ght to imply a d5ial ( creation1 & 0 q suffici5t at t p]iod to prev5t ! "w ( any man ( sci5ce f be+ judg$ imp>tially4 ,b al?\gh ,playfair & a few o!rs upheld ,hutton's views1 !y 7 too novel to receive mu* support by 8 contempor>ies1 & ?is 0 especially ! case z reg>ds ! sl[ & cont9u\s action ( exi/+ causes be+ suffici5t to acc\nt = all ! kn[n ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,h5ce ! belief 9 cata/rophes & cataclysms--9 great convulsions te>+ m\nta9s asund]1 & va/ floods sweep+ ov] :ole cont95ts--cont9u$ to prevail1 till f9ally bani%$ by ! g5ius & p]sev]ance ( "o man1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell4 ,8 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahcj1 & successive editions1 revis$ & (t5 greatly ext5d$1 cont9u$ to appe> till ! au?or's dea?1 =ty-five ye>s lat]4 ,z ?is "w af=ds a f9e example ( ! application ( ! pr9ciples ( evolution to ! lat] phases ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 & z x n only revolutioniz$ sci5tific op9ion 9 its own doma91 b prep>$ ! way = ! acceptance ( ! /ill m novel & />tl+ application ( ! same pr9ciples to ! entire organic _w1 x w be necess>y to %[ :at op9ions prevail$ at ! "t x fir/ appe>$ 9 ord] t we may und]/& h[ great 0 ! *ange x effect$4 ,9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! /&>d geological "w1 bo? 9 ,great ,brita9 & on ! ,cont95t1 0 ,cuvi]'s ,essay on ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,9 #ahbg a fif? edition ( ! ,engli% translation appe>$1 & !re 0 a ,g]man translation s late z #ahcj--suffici5t pro(s ( its wide popul>ity4 ,yet ?is "w ab\nds 9 /atem5ts :i* are positively ludicr\s to any "o conv]sant ) mod]n geology4 ,x nev] appeals to kn[n causes1 b aga9 & aga9 assumes =ces to be at "w = :i* no evid5ce is adduc$ & :i* are totally at v>iance ) :at we see 9 ! _w to-day4 ,a few examples ju/ify+ ^! /atem5ts mu/ be "h giv54 ,cuvi] %[s t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! !ory ( mod]n causes1 b he altoge!r rejects x1 say+ t 8! m>* ( nature is *ang$1 & none ( ! ag5ts %e n[ employs w\ld h be5 suffici5t = ! production ( h] anci5t works40 ,he adduces 8! primitive m\nta9s0 ^: 8%>p & bri/l+ ridges & peaks are indications ( ! viol5t mann] 9 :i* !y h be5 elevat$40 ,he all[s t atmosph]ic ag5cies may =m sea-cliffs1 alluvial deposits1 & taluses ( loose matt] at ! foot ( ! precipices1 b he adds3 8,^! are b limit$ effects to :i* vegetation 9 g5]al puts a /op1 & :i*1 besides1 presuppose ! exi/5ce ( m\nta9s1 valleys1 & pla9s--9 %ort1 all ! inequalities ( ! globe--& :i*1 !re=e1 _c h giv5 rise to ^? inequalities40 ,he contra/s ! calm & peaceful aspect ( ! surface ( ! e>? ) ! appe>ances discov]$ :5 we exam9e its int]ior4 ,"h1 9 ! rais$ b$s ( %ells1 ! fractur$ rocks1 ! incl9$ or ev5 v]tical /ratification1 he f9ds abundant pro(s 8t ! surface ( ! globe has be5 brok5 up by revolutions & cata/rophes40 ,he also ref]s to ! num]\s l>ge blocks ( ! primitive rocks scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( second>y =mations1 & sep>at$ by deep valleys or ev5 by arms ( ! sea f ! peaks or ridges f :i* !y mu/ h be5 d]iv$1 z fur!r pro(s ( cata/rophes2 =1 x is argu$1 !y mu/ h be5 ei!r eject$ by volcanic eruptions or c>ri$ by wat]s1 :i*1 9 ei!r case1 8mu/ h exce$$ 9 viol5ce any?+ we c imag9e at ! pres5t day10 & he !re=e concludes t 8x is 9 va9 we se>* among ! p[]s :i* n[ act ^u ! surface ( ! e>? = causes suffici5t to produce ! revolutions & cata/rophes1 ! traces ( :i* are exhibit$ 9 its cru/40 ,he is q confid5t t all ^! *anges g on rapidly1 p]iods ( cata/rophe alt]nat+ ) p]iods ( repose4 ,! pres5t surface ( ! e>? he holds to be q rec5t1 & he ma9ta9s 8t1 if any?+ 9 geology be e/abli%$1 x is t ! surface ( our globe has und]gone a great & sudd5 revolution1 ! date ( :i* _c be ref]r$ to a mu* e>li] p]iod ?an five or six ?\s& ye>s ago2 t ?is revolution ov]:elm$ & caus$ to disappe> ! c\ntries :i* 7 previ\sly inhabit$ by man1 & ! species ( animals n[ be/ kn[n2 t1 on ! o!r h&1 x laid dry ! bottom ( ! la/ sea1 & =m$ ( x ! c\ntries :i* are at ! pres5t day inhabit$40 ,& he fur!r decl>es t 8?is ev5t has be5 sudd51 in/antane\s1 )\t any gradation2 & :at is s cle>ly demon/rat$ ) respect to ?is la/ cata/rophe is n less s ) ref]5ce to ^? :i* prec$$ x40 ,! me?od foll[$ by ,lyell 0 ! v rev]se ( t ( ,cuvi]4 ,in/ead ( assum+ ha/ily t mod]n causes 7 totally inadequate1 & appeal+ con/antly to purely imag9>y & (t5 inconceivable cata/rophes1 ,lyell inve/igat$ ^! causes ) pa9/ak+ accuracy1 apply+ ! te/s ( survey & "t measurem5t1 s z 9 _m cases to prove t1 giv5 mod]ately long p]iods ( "t--n a few ?\s&s only1 b hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s--!y 7 fully adequate to expla9 ! ph5om5a4 ,he also %[$ t ! imag9>y causes ( ,cuvi] w\ld n expla9 ! facts1 = t ev]y:]e 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>? we f\nd conclusive pro(s ( v sl[ cont9u\s *anges exactly analog\s to :at n[ occur1 nev] ( great convulsions1 except q locally1 z we h !m n[4 ,he %[$ t mod]n volcanoes _h p\r$ out va/ masses ( melt$ rock dur+ a s+le eruption1 cov]+ areas z ext5sive z ^? :i* any anci5t volcano c\ld be prov$ to h eject$ 9 an equally %ort p]iod2 t /rata 7 n[ 9 process ( =mation comp>able 9 ext5t & ?ickness ) any anci5t /rata2 t organic rema9s are be+ pres]v$ 9 !m j z 9 ! old] rocks2 t ! l& is almo/ ev]y:]e ris+ or s9k+ z ( old2 t valleys are be+ excavat$ & plateaus or m\nta9s upheav$2 t e>?quake %ocks are produc+ faults b5ea? ! surface2 t vegetation is /ill prep>+ future coal b$s2 t lime/ones1 clays1 s&/ones1 metamorphic & igne\s rocks are all /ill be+ =m$2 & t1 giv5 "t1 & ! int]mitt5t or cont9u\s action ( ! causes we c n[ trace 9 op]ation1 & all ! v>i$ features ( ! e>?'s surface1 z well z all ! contortions & fractures :i* we discov] 9 its cru/1 & e o!r ph5om5on suppos$ to necessitate cata/rophes & cataclysms w be aga9 produc$4 ,9 ! massive volumes ( ! lat] editions ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology all ^! po9ts are discuss$ & illu/rat$ ) su* a weal? ( facts & su* cog5t yet cauti\s reason+ z h c>ri$ conviction to all mod]n /ud5ts4 ,x af=ds u p]haps ! v be/ pro( yet giv5 ( evolution 9 "o dep>tm5t ( ! univ]se--t ( ! surface & ! cru/ ( ! e>? we inhabit4 ,n only h all ! *ief modifications dur+ an almo/ unimag9able p]iod ( "t be5 cle>ly depict$1 b !y h 9 almo/ e case be5 %[n to be ! inevitable results ( real & comp>atively well-kn[n causes1 su* z we n[ see at "w ar\nd u4 ,! gr& g5]alizations ( ,lyell h be5 /r5g!n$ s9ce 8 dea? by m complete inve/igations ( c]ta9 ph5om5a & _! causes ?an 7 possible 9 8 day2 :ile ! only objections to !m seem to be f\nd$1 to "s ext5t1 ^u a misconception4 ,he has be5 t]m$ a 8,uni=mit>ian10 & x is alleg$ t x is unphilosophical to take ! limit$ range ( causes we n[ see 9 action1 z a measure ( ^? :i* h act$ dur+ all pa/ geological "t4 ,b nei!r ,lyell nor 8 foll[]s make any su* assumption4 ,!y m]ely say1 we d n f9d any pro( ( great] or m viol5t causes 9 action 9 pa/ times1 & we d f9d _m indications t ! great natural =ces !n 9 action--seas & riv]s1 sun & cl\d1 ra9 & hail1 fro/ & sn[1 z well z ! v texture & con/itu5ts ( ! old] rocks1 & ! mode 9 :i* ! organisms ( ea* age are pres]v$ 9 !m1 mu/ h be5 9 _! g5]al nature & magnitude v mu* z !y are n[4 ,o!r objections1 su* z t ! int]nal =ces 7 great] :5 ! e>? 0 hott]1 & t tidal effects mu/ h be5 m p[]ful :5 ! moon 0 ne>] ! e>?1 are altoge!r beside ! "q until we c obta9 m def9ite measures ( pa/ "t ?an we n[ possess 9 ref]5ce to bo? geological & cosmical ph5om5a4 ,x may well be t ! physical *anges above ref]r$ to h be5 s sl[ t !y w\ld h produc$ no p]ceptibly increas$ effect at ! epo* ( ! e>ly /ratifi$ rocks4 ,lyell's doctr9e is simply t ( real aga9/ imag9>y causes1 & he only d5ies cata/rophes & m viol5t ag5cies 9 e>ly times1 because !re is no cle> evid5ce ( _! actual exi/5ce1 & also because kn[n causes are q compet5t to expla9 all geological ph5om5a4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 too1 t uni=mit>ians h nev] limit$ ! natural =ces ( pa/ geological p]iods to ! precise limits ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce dur+ ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,:at !y ma9ta9 is1 t =ces ( ! same nature & ( ! same ord] ( magnitude are adequate to h br\ght ab\t ! evolution ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? z we n[ f9d x4 ,,organic ,,evolution1 ,,its ,,laws ,,& ,,causes ,we n[ come to t bran* ( ! subject :i* is ! mo/ important & di/9ctive ( our age1 & :i*1 9 popul> e/imation1 alone con/itutes evolution--! mode ( orig9 ( ! innum]able species ( animal & plant life :i* n[ exi/ or h ev] exi/$ ^u ! e>?4 ,! orig9 ( ! diff]5t =ms ( life has till q rec5t times be5 look$ ^u z an almo/ insoluble problem1 al?\gh a few advanc$ ?9k]s1 ev5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 p]ceiv$ t x 0 probably ! result ( "s natural process ( modification or evolution2 b no =ce or law _h be5 set =? & e/abli%$ 9 any way adequate to produce x until ! publication ( ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 9 #ahei4 ,9 ! lat] editions ( t "w1 ,d>w9 has giv5 a hi/orical sket* ( ! progress ( op9ion on ! subject4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 n[ only notice a few great writ]s :i* he has n ref]r$ to4 ,we h se5 :at an impossible & ev5 ludicr\s explanation _h to be giv5 by ,lucretius2 & f 8 day d[n to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury no advance _h be5 made4 ,ei!r ! problem 0 n ref]r$ to at all1 or ! !ological doctr9e ( a special creation 0 held to be ! only possible "o4 ,b 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! great ,fr5* naturali/1 ,buffon1 publi%$ 8 v important "w1 ,hi/oire ,naturelle1 9 fifte5 volumes 7#agdi-agfg71 9 :i*1 besides describ+ ! *>act]s & habits ( all ! animals !n kn[n1 he introduc$ mu* philosophical & speculative ?\ght1 :i* w\ld probably h be5 c>ri$ mu* fur!r _h he n felt oblig$ to con=m to ! religi\s prejudices ( ! age4 ,we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,samuel ,butl] = hav+ br\ght toge!r all ! important passages ( ,buffon's volum9\s & n[ little-read works be>+ ^u ! "q ( evolution1 & x is f 8 volume t ,i quote4 ,buffon lays /ress on ! great resemblance ( all mammalia 9 int]nal /ructure1 %[+ t ! mo/ unlike creatures may be really alike /ructurally4 ,he says3 8,! horse1 = example--:at c at fir/ sight seem m unlike mank9d8 ,yet :5 we comp>e man & horse1 po9t by po9t & detail by detail1 our wond] is excit$ r by ! resemblances ?an by ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m40 ,he !n %[s t all ! p>ts ( ! skeleton agree1 & t x is only 9 proportions1 ! increase ( "s bones & ! suppression ( o!rs1 t !y diff]1 add+3 8,if we reg>d ! matt] ?us1 n only ! ass & ! horse1 b ev5 man himself1 ! apes1 etc41 might be reg>d$ z =m+ memb]s ( "o & ! same family40 ,!n1 aft] a few m illu/rations1 he rem>ks3 8,if we once admit t !re are families ( plants & animals1 s t ! ass may be ( ! family ( ! horse1 & t ! "o may only diff] f ! o!r by deg5]ation f a common ance/or1 we might be driv5 to admit t ! ape is ( ! family ( man1 t he is b a deg5]ate man1 & t he & man h _h a common ance/or4444 ,if x 7 once %[n t we _h "r gr\nds = e/abli%+ ^! families1 if ! po9t 7 once ga9$ t among plants & animals !re h be5 ev5 a s+le species :i* _h be5 produc$ 9 ! c\rse ( direct desc5t f ano!r species1 !n !re is no fur!r limit to be set to ! p[] ( nature1 & we %\ld n be wrong 9 suppos+ t ) suffici5t "t %e c\ld h evolv$ all o!r organiz$ =ms f "o primordial type40 ,?is indicates cle>ly en\gh 8 own op9ion1 b to save himself f ! ecclesia/ical au?orities he at once adds ?is sav+ clause3 8,b no6 ,x is c]ta91 f revelation1 t all animals h alike be5 favor$ ) ! grace ( an act ( direct creation1 & t ! fir/ pair ( e species issu$ full =m$ f ! h&s ( ! ,creator40 ,su* examples ( dis>m+ religi\s prejudice are frequ5t1 b he cont9ually recurs to /atem5ts z to mutability :i* neutralize !m4 ,"h1 = example1 is a broad claim = nature z oppos$ to creation4 ,he has be5 %[+ h[ v>iable are _m animals1 & h[ *anges ( food1 climate1 & g5]al surr\nd+s influ5ce bo? _! =ms & _! habits2 & !n he exclaims3 8,:at _c nature effect ) su* means at h] disposal8 ,%e c d all except ei!r create matt] or de/roy x4 ,^! two extremes ( p[] ! ,deity has res]v$ = ,himself only2 creation & de/ruction are ! action ( ,8 omnipot5ce4 ,to alt] & undo1 to develop & r5ew--^! are p[]s :i* ,he has h&$ ov] to ! *>ge ( nature40 ,"h we h a claim = ! p[] ( nature 9 ! modification ( species :i* fully comes up to ! requirem5ts ( ! mo/ advanc$ evolutioni/4 ,x is rem>kable1 too1 h[ cle>ly he p]ceiv$ ! great factors s important = ! evolution ( organisms1 rapid multiplication1 great v>iability1 & ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,?us he rem>ks3 8,x may be said t ! movem5t ( nature turns ^u two immovable pivots--"o1 ! illimitable fecundity :i* %e has giv5 to all species2 ! o!r1 ! innum]able difficulties :i* r$uce ! results ( t fecundity & leave ?r\gh\t "t ne>ly ! same quantity ( individuals 9 e species40 ,"h ! t]m 8difficulties0 corresponds to ! 8positive *ecks0 ( ,mal?us1 & to ! 8/ruggle = exi/5ce0 ( ,d>w92 & he aga9 & aga9 ref]s to v>iability--z :5 he says3 8,h5ce1 :5 by "s *ance1 common en\gh ) nature1 a v>iation or special feature makes its appe>ance1 man has tri$ to p]petuate x by unit+ toge!r ! individuals 9 :i* x has appe>$40 ,z ,buffon ?us cle>ly und]/ood artificial selection1 ?or\ghly appreciat$ ! rapid increase ( all organisms1 & equally well saw t _! inord9ate increase 0 :olly neutraliz$ ?r\gh su* de/ructive ag5cies z hung]1 disease1 & enemies1 & z1 at ! same "t1 he _h su* unb\nd$ fai? 9 ! p[] ( nature to modify animal & vegetable =ms1 we feel assur$ t ?is great writ] & orig9al ?9k] only ne$$ fre$om to pursue ?is tra9 ( ?\ght a little fur!r & he w\ld c]ta9ly h anticipat$ ,d>w9's great discov]y ( natural selection by a :ole c5tury4 ,ev5 z x is we mu/ class him z "o ( ! great pione]s ( organic evolution4 ,! next di/9ct /ep t[>ds a !ory ( organic evolution 0 made by ! poet ,goe! at ! v end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 8 views ( ! metamorphosis ( plants4 ,he po9t$ out ! successive modifications ( ! leaf :i* produc$ all ! o!r ess5tial p>ts ( ! high] plants--! simple cotyl$ons or se$ leaves became modifi$ into ! v>i\sly =m$ leaves ( ! fully gr[n plants2 ^! aga9 7 successively modifi$ into ! calyx1 corolla1 /am5s1 & ov>y ( ! fl[]4 ,he suppos$ ?is to be due to ! increas$ ref9em5t ( ! sap "u ! influ5ce ( light & air1 & to indicate ! /eps by :i* ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! fl[] _h be5 develop$4 ,x 01 !re=e1 a !ory ( evolution2 b x 0 v unsatisfactory1 inasmu* z x 9 no way acc\nt$ = ! wond]ful v>iety ( ! floral organs1 or indicat$ any purpose s]v$ by ! mo/ prom95t & conspicu\s "p ( ! fl[]1 ! highly color$ & (t5 /rangely =m$ corolla4 ,x 0 also errone\s 9 suppos+ t ! corolla 0 a modifi$ calyx1 :]eas x is n[ kn[n to be a modification ( ! /am5s4 ,next came ! great "w ( ,lam>ck 9 ! fir/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 :i* he propos$ a g5]al sy/em ( evolution ( ! :ole animal _w4 ,h5ce he may be t]m$ ! fir/ sy/ematic evolutioni/4 ,8 sy/em has be5 r fully describ$ by ,lyell1 :o1 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 devotes a :ole *apt] to a summ>y ( 8 doctr9es2 :ile ,mr4 ,butl] gives copi\s quotations 9 ?ree *apt]s ( 8 ,evolution ,old & ,new2 & any "o :o is n acqua9t$ ) ! orig9al "w ( ,lam>ck %\ld read ^! two au?ors 9 ord] to und]/& h[ wide 0 8 k1 h[ +5i\s 8 explanations1 & 9 h[ _m important po9ts he anticipat$ ! views bo? ( ,lyell & ,d>w94 ,b he 0 half a c5tury 9 advance ( 8 age1 & 8 only alleg$ causes ( modification--*ang$ conditions1 use & disuse1 habit & ef=t--7 :olly insuffici5t to acc\nt = ! va/ range ( ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! innum]able m9ute adaptations ( liv+ organisms to _! conditions ( life4 ,he ev5 imput$ all ! modifications ( dome/ic animals to ! *ang$ conditions ( food & habits to :i* !y h be5 subject$ by man1 mak+ no ref]5ce to ! use ( selection by bre$]s1 9 ?is respect fall+ %ort ( 8 great pr$ecessor1 ,buffon4 ,! g5]al laws :i* ,lam>ck d$uces f 8 elaborate /udy ( nature are ^!3 8,fir/ly4 ,t 9 e animal :i* has n pass$ its limit ( developm5t1 ! m frequ5t & su/a9$ employm5t ( any organ develops & aggr&izes x1 giv+ x a p[] proportionate to ! duration ( its employm5t1 :ile ! same organ1 9 default ( con/ant use1 becomes ins5sibly weak5$ & det]iorat$1 decreas+ imp]ceptibly 9 p[] until x f9ally disappe>s4 8,secondly4 ,t ^! ga9s or losses ( organic developm5t1 due to use or disuse1 are transmitt$ to (fspr+1 provid$ !y h be5 common to bo? sexes1 or to ! animals f :i* ! (fspr+ h desc5d$40 ,! :ole =ce ( ?is argum5t dep5ds ^u ! second clause--! inh]itance ( ^? individual modifications due to use & disuse4 ,b no direct evid5ce ( ?is has ev] be5 f\nd1 :ile !re is a good deal ( evid5ce %[+ t x does n occur4 ,aga91 !re are _m /ructures :i* _c h be5 produc$ by use1 su*1 = example1 z ! fea!rs ( ! peacock's tra91 ! poison 9 ! s]p5t's fangs1 ! h>d %ells ( nuts1 ! prickly cov]+ ( _m fruits1 ! v>i$ armor ( ! turtle1 porcup9e1 crocodile1 & _m o!rs4 ,= ^! reasons ,lam>ck's views ga9$ few conv]ts2 & al?\gh "s ( 8 argum5ts h be5 upheld 9 rec5t ye>s1 ! fatal objections to 8 g5]al pr9ciple z a means ( expla9+ ! evolution ( organic =ms has nev] be5 ov]come4 ,betwe5 ! p]iods ( ,lam>ck & ,d>w9 _m advances 7 made :i* cle>ly po9t$ to a g5]al law ( evolution 9 nature4 ,su* 7 ,sir ,william ,grove's lectures on ! 8,correlation ( ! ,physical ,=ces10 9 #ahdb2 ,helmholtz on ! 8,cons]vation ( ,en]gy10 9 #ahdg2 & ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s essay on 8,! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis10 9 #aheb4 ,?is latt] "w 0 a complete & almo/ unansw]able argum5t = a natural process ( cont9u\s evolution ( ! :ole visible univ]se1 includ+ organic nature1 man1 & social ph5om5a4 ,x is fur!r ext5d$ 9 ! lat] editions ( ! au?or's ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 :i*1 z a coh]5t exposition ( philosophy1 co-ord9at+ & expla9+ all human k ( ! univ]se into "o great sy/em ( evolution ev]y:]e con=m+ to ! same g5]al pr9ciples1 mu/ be held to be "o ( ! greate/ intellectual a*ievem5ts ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x left1 h[ev]1 ! exact me?od ( evolution ( organisms unt\*$1 & ?us fail$ to acc\nt = ^? complex adaptations & appe>ances ( design 9 ! v>i\s species ( animals & plants :i* h always be5 ! /ronghold ( ^? :o advocat$ special creation4 ,?is difficulty 0 met by ,d>w9's !ory ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species by ,means ( ,natural ,selection1 publi%$ 9 #ahei1 & ! s]ies ( works t succe$$ x2 & to a brief sket* ( ?is !ory ! rema9d] ( our space mu/ be devot$4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( 8,,natural ,,selection0 ,al?\gh1 z we h se51 a succession ( great writ]s & ?9k]s _h = m ?an half a c5tury %[n ! necessity = "s process ( evolution z ! only rational or intelligible mode ( orig9 ( exi/+ species ( animals & plants1 z well z ( ! :ole physical univ]se1 yet ^! views 7 by no means g5]ally accept$ by ! educat$ classes1 :ile few bodies ( /ud5ts 7 less influ5c$ by !m ?an zoologi/s & botani/s1 g5]ally kn[n z naturali/s4 ,n[1 ,d>w9 wrote especially = ^! classes1 & no "o knew bett] ?an he did _! great prejudice on ?is matt]4 ,n only _h su* m5 z ,sir ,*>les ,lyell & ,sir ,john ,h]s*el express$ !mselves /rongly aga9/ all !ories ( ! transmutation ( species1 b ! univ]sal contempt & indignation ( naturali/s z well z !ologians aga9/ ,! ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 publi%$ anonym\sly a few ye>s e>li]1 & giv+ a mo/ temp]ate & ev5 religi\s exposition ( ! g5]al argum5ts = ! univ]sality ( evolution1 %[$ :at any "o might expect :o advocat$ & attempt$ to demon/rate a simil> !ory4 ,?is acc\nts = ,d>w9 writ+ to ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 9 #ahdd1 ( 8 be+ 8almo/ conv9c$ t species are n 7x is l confess+ a murd]7 immutable10 & aga91 9 #ahde1 to ! ,rev4 ,l4 ,blomefield1 t he n[ saw ! way 9 :i* new v>ieties become exquisitely adapt$ to ! ext]nal conditions ( life & to o!r surr\nd+ be+s1 & he adds3 8,i am a bold man to lay myself op5 to be+ ?\ght a complete fool1 & a mo/ delib]ate "o40 ,x is only by a consid]ation ( ! frame ( m9d ( ev5 advanc$ ?9k]s at ! "t ,d>w9 0 prep>+ 8 "w1 & rememb]+ h[ small 0 ! effect :i* _h be5 produc$ by ,buffon1 ,goe!1 ,lam>ck1 ! au?or ( ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 & ! e>li] writ+s ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 t we c adequately realize ! m>vell\s "w t he accompli%$4 ,let u n[ briefly consid] ! ess5tial nature ( ?is new !ory1 :i* 9 a few brief ye>s became ! e/abli%$ belief ( ! great majority ( ! /ud5ts ( nature1 & :i* also gave a new int]e/ 9 nature to ! :ole ?9k+ _w4 ,! !ory ( natural selection is f\nd$ ^u a few gr\ps ( ?or\ghly asc]ta9$ & univ]sally admitt$ facts1 ) ! direct & necess>y results ( ^? facts4 ,! fir/ gr\p ( facts consi/s ( ! great p[]s ( increase ( all organisms & ! circum/ance t1 not)/&+ ?is great ye>ly increase1 ! actual population ( ea* species rema9s /ation>y1 !re be+ no p]man5t increase4 ,n[1 ^! two facts 7 recogniz$ by ,buffon1 b ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 kn[n to all subsequ5t writ]s1 7 fully appreciat$ or ?\ght out to _! logical results by none ( !m4 ,lam>ck1 s f> z ,i c asc]ta91 took no notice ( !m :atev]4 ,d>w9 has giv5 illu/rations ( ^! facts 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 & ,i h add$ o!rs 9 ! second *apt] ( my ,d>w9ism4 ,t ! population ( ea* species rema9s /ation>y1 )1 ( c\rse1 consid]able fluctuations1 is bo? a matt] ( obs]vation & ( reason+4 ,! p[]s ( increase ( all creatures are s great t if !re is 9 any c\ntry room & food = a l>g] numb] ( any species !y w be produc$ 9 a ye> or two4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 to believe t1 9 a /ate ( nature1 :]e all k9ds ( animals & plants h liv$ toge!r z !y be/ c\ld = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 !re c be any important diff]5ce 9 _! numb]s f ye> to ye> or f c5tury to c5tury4 ,n[1 x is z a consequ5ce ( ^! two indisputable facts t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce necess>ily results4 ,= if e ye> ea* pair ( animals or ea* plant produces only t5 "y animals or plants1 & ?is is v f> bel[ ! av]age1 & if ! adult life ( ^! is tak5 at t5 ye>s1 aga9 bel[ ! av]age ( ! high] plants & animals1 !n1 unless "s ( ! p>5ts die1 ! :ole ( ! (fspr+ mu/ die (f e ye>2 or1 9 o!r words1 only z _m "y c survive z are necess>y to replace ! old ones t die4 ,h5ce ! dea?s mu/ always 7on ! av]age & 9 ! long run7 equal ! bir?s4 ,?is t]rible ye>ly de/ruction is an absolutely c]ta9 fact1 z well z an inevitable result ( ! two prec$+ facts1 & x is said to be due to ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,?is /ruggle is manifold 9 its nature4 ,individuals ( ! same species /ruggle toge!r = food1 = light1 = moi/ure2 !y /ruggle also aga9/ o!r species hav+ ! same wants2 !y /ruggle aga9/ e k9d ( enemy1 f p>asitic worms & insects up to c>nivor\s animals2 & !re is a cont9ual /ruggle ) ! =ces ( nature--fro/s1 ra9s1 dr\ghts1 floods1 & tempe/s4 ,^! v>i$ causes ( de/ruction may be se5 con/antly at "w by any "o :o looks = !m4 ,!y act f ! mom5t ( bir?1 be+ m especially de/ructive to ! "y2 &1 z only "o 9 t5 or fifty or a ?\s& 7accord+ to ! rate ( increase ( ! p>ticul> species7 c possibly come to ! full bre$+ age1 we feel compell$ to ask ourselves3 ,:at det]m9es ! n9e or ! =ty-n9e or ! n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e1 z ! case may be1 :i* die1 & ! "o :i* survives8 ,d>w9 calls ?is process ( ext]m9ation "o ( 8natural selection0--t is1 by ?is process nature we$s out ! weak1 ! unheal?y1 ! unadapt$1 ! imp]fect 9 any way4 ,( c\rse1 :at may be call$ *ance or accid5t produces _m dea?s ( individuals o!rwise well fitt$ to live1 b if we ?9k ( ! process go+ on day by day & ye> by ye> till only "o 9 a hundr$ ( ^? born 9 a giv5 area are left alive1 x is impossible to suppose t ! "o :i* has pass$ ?r\gh all ! dang]s & risks :i* h be5 fatal to1 say1 8 n9ety-n9e relations 0 n1 9 all ! faculties & qualities ess5tial to ! cont9uance ( ! race1 decid$ly bett] organiz$ ?an ! bulk ( ^? :i* succumb$4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] calls ! process ! 8survival ( ! fitte/10 & ?\gh ! t]m may n be /rictly accurate 9 ! case ( any "o species 9 any "o ye>1 yet :5 we consid] t ! /ruggle is go+ on e ye>1 dur+ ! :ole duration ( ea* species1 we _c d\bt t1 on ! :ole1 & 9 ! long run1 ^? :i* survive are among ! fitte/4 ,! /ruggle is s sev]e1 s incessant1 t ! smalle/ defect 9 any s5se organ1 any physical weakness1 any imp]fection 9 con/itution1 w almo/ c]ta9ly1 at "o "t or ano!r1 be fatal4 ,?is cont9ual we$+ out ( ! less fit1 9 e g5]ation1 & ) exceptional sev]ity 9 recurr+ adv]se seasons1 w produce two di/9ct effects1 :i* require to be cle>ly di/+ui%$4 ,! fir/ is ! pres]vation ( ea* species 9 ! highe/ /ate ( adaptation to ! conditions ( its exi/5ce2 &1 !re=e1 s long z ^! conditions rema9$ un*ang$1 ! effect ( natural selection is to keep ea* well-adapt$ species also un*ang$4 ,! second effect is produc$ :5ev] ! conditions v>y1 :51 tak+ advantage ( ! v>iations cont9ually occurr+ 9 all well-adapt$ & !re=e popul\s species1 ! same process w sl[ly b surely br+ ab\t complete adaptation to ! new conditions4 ,& "h ano!r fact--! normal v>iability ( all popul\s or dom9ant species1 :i* is seldom realiz$ except by ^? :o h l>gely & m9utely comp>$ ! individuals ( _m species 9 a /ate ( nature--comes into play4 ,!re are "s writ]s :o admit all ! prec$+ facts & reason+1 s f> z ! action ( natural selection 9 we$+ out ! unfit & ?us keep+ e species 9 ! highe/ /ate ( effici5cy is conc]n$1 b :o d5y t x c modify !m 9 su* a way z to adapt !m to new conditions1 because !y allege t 8! "r v>iations w n always occur at ! "r "t40 ,?is seems a /rong & real objection to _m ( _! read]s1 b to ^? :o h /udi$ ! v>iability ( species 9 nature1 x is a m]e v]bal difficulty dep5d5t on ignorance ( ! actual facts4 ,a brief /atem5t ( ! facts mu/ !re=e be giv54 ,( late ye>s1 & *iefly s9ce ,d>w9's works 7 writt51 ! v>iability ( animals & plants 9 a /ate ( nature has be5 c>efully /udi$1 by actual comp>ison & measurem5t ( scores1 hundr$s1 & ev5 ?\s&s ( individuals ( _m common1 t is1 abundant & widely di/ribut$ species2 & x is f\nd t 9 almo/ e case !y v>y greatly1 &1 :at is /ill m important1 t e organ & e app5dage v>ies indep5d5tly & to a l>ge am\nt4 ,"s ( ! be/ kn[n ( ^! facts ( v>iation are adduc$ 9 my ,d>w9ism1 & are illu/rat$ by num]\s diagrams1 & mu* m ext5sive s]ies h s9ce be5 exam9$1 always ) ! same g5]al result4 ,by l>ge v>iability is meant a v>iation ( f t5 to tw5ty-five p] c5t4 on ea* side ( ! mean size1 ?is am\nt ( v>iation occurr+ 9 at lea/ five or t5 p] c5t4 ( ! :ole numb] ( individuals1 & 9 e organ or "p z yet exam9$1 ext]nal or int]nal4 ,n[1 z ! we$+-out process is s sev]e1 only f "o 9 t5 to "o 9 a hundr$ ( ^? born surviv+ to produce "y1 ! above proportion ( v>iations af=ds ample scope = ! selection ( any v>iation ne$$ 9 ord] to modify ! species s z to br+ x into h>mony ) new or *ang+ conditions4 ,& ?is w be ! m easy & c]ta9 if we consid] h[ sl[ly l&-surfaces & climates und]go p]man5t *anges2 & ^! are c]ta9ly ! k9d ( *anges t initiate & compel alt]ations1 fir/1 p]haps1 9 ! di/ribution1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! /ructure & habits ( species4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 z an absolutely necess>y conclusion f ! facts1 if natural selection c & does keep ea* cont9ually v>y+ species 9 close adaptation to an un*ang+ environm5t1 t x pres]ves ! fixity ( its mean or av]age condition1 & almo/ e objector admits ?is4 ,!n1 giv5 a sl[ly *ang+ environm5t1 ! same p[] mu/ inevitably br+ ab\t :atev] correspond+ *ange is ne$$ = ! well-be+ & p]man5t survival ( ! v>i\s species :i* are subject$ to ^? *ang$ conditions4 ,i %all n add "h a fur!r consid]ation ( ! objections & difficulties alleg$ by critics ( ! !ory4 ,all ( ^! h1 ,i believe1 be5 fully answ]$ ei!r by ,d>w9 or myself1 _m ( ! mo/ rec5t hav+ be5 discuss$ 9 review articles4 ,suffice x to say "h t ?is !ory ( natural selection--mean+ ! elim9ation ( ! lea/ fit1 & !re=e ! ultimate 8survival ( ! fitte/0--has furni%$ a rational & precise explanation ( ! means ( adaptation ( all exi/+ organisms to _! conditions1 & !re=e ( _! trans=mation f ! s]ies ( di/9ct b alli$ species :i* occupi$ ! e>? at "s prec$+ epo*4 ,9 ?is s5se x has actually demon/rat$ ! 8orig9 ( species10 &1 by c>ry+ back ?is process /ep by /ep into e>li] & e>li] geological times1 we are able m5tally to foll[ out ! evolution ( all =ms ( life f "o or a few primordial =ms4 ,natural selection has ?us suppli$ t motive p[] ( *ange & adaptation t 0 want+ 9 all e>li] attempts at explanation1 & ?is has l$ to its v g5]al acceptance bo? by naturali/s & by ! great majority ( ?9k]s & m5 ( sci5ce4 ,! brief sket* n[ giv5 ( ! progress ( human ?\ght on ! que/ions ( ! fact & ! mode ( ! evolution ( ! mat]ial univ]se indicates h[ great has be5 ! progress dur+ ! n9ete5? z comp>$ ) all prec$+ c5turies4 ,al?\gh ! philosophical writ]s ( classical times obta9$ a few glimpses ( ! action ( law 9 nature regulat+ its successive *anges1 no?+ satisfactory c\ld be effect$ till ! actual facts _h be5 bett] asc]ta9$ by ! :ole body ( work]s :o1 dur+ ! la/ five c5turies1 h p5etrat$ ev] m & m deeply into nature's my/]ies & laws4 ,by _! labors we became possess$ ( su* a body ( c>efully obs]v$ facts t1 t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 su* ?9k]s z ,laplace & ,hutton 7 enabl$ to give u ! fir/ rudim5ts ( !ories ( evolution z appli$ to ! sol> sy/em & ! e>?'s cru/1 bo? ( :i* h be5 greatly develop$ & r5d]$ m secure dur+ ! c5tury j pass$ away4 ,9 l mann] ,buffon & ,goe! may be said to h />t$ ! idea ( organic evolution1 m sy/ematically treat$ a little lat] by ,lam>ck1 b /ill )\t any discov]y ( laws adequate to produce ! results we see ev]y:]e 9 nature4 ,! subject !n langui%$1 till1 aft] tw5ty ye>s ( obs]vation & rese>*1 ,*>les ,d>w9 produc$ a "w :i* at once satisfi$ _m ?9k]s t ! long-desir$ clew _h be5 discov]$4 ,its acceptance by almo/ ! :ole sci5tific _w soon foll[$3 x ?rew new light on almo/ e bran* ( rese>*1 & x w probably take its place1 9 ! op9ion ( future g5]ations1 z ! cr[n+ a*ievem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,,alfr$ ,,russel ,,wallace4 ,,*emi/ry ,! progress ( ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry =ms "o phase ( ! progress ( human ?\ght4 ,:ile at fir/ mank9d 0 cont5t$ to obs]ve c]ta9 ph5om5a1 & to utilize !m = indu/rial purposes1 if !y 7 f\nd suitable1 8philosoph]s10 z ! ?9k+ portion ( our race lov$ to call !mselves1 h always attempt$ to assign "s explanation = obs]v$ facts1 & to gr\p !m into simil>s & dissimil>s4 ,x 0 = long imag9$1 foll[+ ! doctr9es ( ! ,greeks & ( _! pr$ecessors1 t all matt] consi/$ ( f\r elem5ts or pr9ciples1 names :i* survive to ?is day 9 popul> language4 ,^! 7 8fire10 8air10 8wat]10 & 8e>?40 ,x 0 n until ! sev5te5? c5tury t ,boyle 9 8 ,sceptical ,*ymi/ 7#affa7 laid ! f\ndations ( ! mod]n sci5ce1 by po9t+ out t x 0 impossible to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( ! fairly num]\s *emical sub/ances kn[n 9 8 day1 or ! *anges :i* !y c be made to und]go1 by means ( ! anci5t ,greek hypo!ses reg>d+ ! con/itution ( matt]4 ,he laid d[n ! def9ition ( ! mod]n mean+ ( ! ^w 8elem5t02 he decl9$ to accept ! curr5t view t ! prop]ties ( matt] c\ld be modifi$ by its assimilat+ ! qualities ( fire1 air1 e>?1 or wat]1 & he def9$ an elem5t z ! con/itu5t ( a comp\nd body4 ,! fir/ problem1 !n1 to be solv$1 0 to det]m9e :i* ( ! num]\s =ms ( matt] 7 to be reg>d$ z elem5t>y1 & :i* are comp\nd1 or compos$ ( two or m elem5ts 9 a /ate ( comb9ation2 & to produce su* comp\nds by caus+ ! appropriate elem5ts to unite ) ea* o!r4 ,"o ( ! fir/ objects to excite curiosity & int]e/ 0 ! air :i* surr\nds u1 & 9 :i* we live & move & h our be+4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 end[$ ) a semi-spiritual & sc>cely corporeal nature 9 ! ideas ( our ance/ors1 = x does n affect ! s5ses ( sight1 smell1 or ta/e1 & ?\gh x c be felt1 yet x eludes our grasp4 ,! ^w 8gas10 moreov]1 0 n inv5t$ until ,van ,helmont devis$ x to designate v>i\s k9ds ( 8airs0 :i* he _h obs]v$4 ,! important "p :i* gases play 9 ! con/itution ( _m *emical comp\nds 0 accord+ly ov]look$2 &1 inde$1 x appe>$ to be almo/ z /rik+ a feat ( necromancy to produce a quantity ( a gas ( great volume f a small p9* ( solid p[d] z = a 8,j9n0 ( enorm\s /ature b ( delicate texture to issue f a brass pot1 z relat$ 9 ! ,arabian ,nights ,ent]ta9m5ts4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 x came to be recogniz$1 n m]ely t gases h corporeal exi/5ce1 b t !y ev5 possess weight4 ,?is1 ?\gh =e%ad[$ by ,torricelli1 ,jean ,rey1 & o!rs1 0 fir/ cle>ly prov$ by ,black1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ,ed9burgh1 9 #ageb1 ?r\gh 8 ma/]ly rese>*es1 z c>bonic acid4 ,! ignorance ( ! mat]ial nature ( gases & ( _! weight lies at ! bottom ( ! 8,phlogi/ic ,!ory10 a !ory devis$ by ,/ahl ab\t ! ye> #afij1 to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion & respiration & ! recov]y or 8r$uction0 ( metals f _! 8e>?s0 by heat+ ) *>coal or alli$ bodies4 ,accord+ to ?is inv]t$ !ory1 a sub/ance capable ( burn+ 0 imag9$ to conta9 m or less phlogi/on1 a pr9ciple :i* x p>t$ ) on burn+1 leav+ an e>? depriv$ ( phlogi/on1 or 8dephlogi/icat$10 beh9d if a metal4 ,?is e>?1 :5 heat$ ) sub/ances ri* 9 phlogi/on1 su* z coal1 wood1 fl\r1 & simil> bodies1 recov]$ ! phlogi/on1 :i* x _h lo/ on burn+1 &1 ) ! add$ phlogi/on1 its metallic "*4 ,o!r sub/ances1 su* z phosphorus & sulphur1 gave solids or acid liquids1 to :i* phlogi/on 0 n s easy to add2 b ev5 !y c\ld be rephlogi/icat$4 ,on ?is hypo!sis1 x 0 ! e>?s1 & su* acid liquids z sulphuric or phosphoric acids1 :i* 7 ! elem5ts2 ! metals & sulphur & phosphorus 7 _! comp\nds ) phlogi/on4 ,! discov]y ( oxyg5 by ,prie/ley & by ,s*eele 9 #aggd1 & ! explanation ( its functions by ,lavoisi] dur+ ! foll[+ t5 ye>s1 gave _! true mean+ to ^! ph5om5a4 ,x 0 !n recogniz$ t combu/ion 0 union ) oxyg52 t an 8e>?0 or 8calx0 0 to be reg>d$ z ! comp\nd ( a metal ) oxyg52 t :5 a metal becomes t>ni%$1 & conv]t$ into su* an e>?y p[d]1 x is be+ oxidiz$2 t ?is oxide1 on ignition ) *>coal or c>bon1 or ) comp\nds su* z coal1 fl\r1 or wood1 ( :i* c>bon is a con/itu5t1 gives up its oxyg5 to ! c>bon1 =m+ an oxide ( c>bon1 c>bonic oxide on ! "o h&1 or c>bonic 8acid0 on ! o!r1 :ile ! metal is reproduc$ 9 its 8regul9e0 or metallic condition1 & t ! true elem5ts are metals1 c>bon1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 & simil> bodies1 & n ! products ( _! oxidation4 ,! discov]y t air is 9 ! ma9 a mixture ( nitrog51 an in]t gas1 & oxyg51 an active "o1 toge!r ) a small proportion ( c>bonic 8acid0 7or1 z x is n[ t]m$1 anhydride7--a discov]y p]fect$ by ,ru!r=d1 ,black1 & ,cav5di%--& t wat] is a comp\nd ) oxyg5 ( hydrog51 previ\sly kn[n z inflammable air1 by ,cav5di% & by ,watt1 f9ally ov]?rew ! !ory ( phlogi/on2 b at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury x /ill l+]$ on1 & 0 def5d$ by ,prie/ley until 8 dea? 9 #ahjd4 ,su*1 9 brief1 0 ! condition ( *emical ?\ght 9 ! ye> #ahjj4 ,s*eele _h di$ 9 #aghf1 at ! e>ly age ( =ty-f\r2 ,lavoisi] 0 "o ( ! victims ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 hav+ be5 guillot9$ 9 #agid2 ,cav5di% _h ceas$ to "w at *emical problems1 & 0 devot+ 8 extraord9>y abilities to physical problems ( ! highe/ importance1 :ile liv+ ! life ( an ecc5tric recluse1 & ,prie/ley1 driv5 by religi\s p]secution f ,engl& to ! m tol]ant %ores ( ,am]ica1 0 enjoy+ a peaceful old age1 enliv5$ by occasional incursions into ! region ( sect>ian controv]sy4 ,! fir/ /rik+ discov]y ( our c5tury 0 t ( ! comp\nd nature ( ! alkalies & ( ! alkal9e e>?s4 ,?is discov]y 0 made by ,humphry ,davy4 ,born 9 ,cornwall 9 #aggh1 he began ! /udy ( *emi/ry1 self-taught1 9 #agif2 & 9 #agii he became director ( ! 8,pneumatic ,in/itution10 an und]tak+ f\nd$ by ,dr4 ,b$does1 at ,bri/ol1 = ! purpose ( exp]im5ts on ! curative effects ( gases 9 g5]al4 ,"h he at once made 8 m>k by ! discov]y ( ! rem>kable prop]ties ( 8laugh+ gas10 or nitr\s oxide4 ,at ! same "t he con/ruct$ a galvanic batt]y1 & began to p]=m exp]im5ts ) x 9 attempt+ to decompose *emical comp\nds by its means4 ,9 #ahja ,davy 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 a society or club :i* _h be5 f\nd$ a few ye>s previ\sly by ,b5jam9 ,?ompson1 ,c\nt ,rum=d1 = ! purpose ( in/ruct+ & amus+ its memb]s ) rec5t discov]ies 9 *emi/ry & natural philosophy4 ,9 #ahjg ,davy appli$ 8 galvanic batt]y to ! decomposition ( damp cau/ic pota% & soda1 us+ plat9um poles4 ,he 0 rew>d$ by see+ globules ( metal1 resembl+ m]cury 9 appe>ance1 at ! negative pole2 & he subsequ5tly prov$ t ^! globules1 :5 burn$1 reproduc$ ! alkali f :i* !y _h be5 d]iv$4 ,!y also comb9$ ) 8oxymuriatic acid10 z *lor9e 7discov]$ by ,s*eele7 0 !n t]m$1 =m+ ord9>y salt1 if sodium be employ$1 & ! analog\s salt1 8muriate ( pota%10 if ! alli$ metal1 potassium1 7 subject$ to combu/ion4 ,by us+ m]cury z ! negative pole1 & pass+ a curr5t ?r\gh a /rong solution ( ! *loride ( calcium1 /rontium1 or b>ium1 ,davy succe$$ 9 procur+ mixtures ) m]cury or 8amalgams0 ( _! metals1 to :i* he gave ! names calcium1 /rontium1 & b>ium4 ,di/illation remov$ mo/ ( ! m]cury1 & ! metal 0 left beh9d 9 a /ate ( comp>ative purity4 ,! alkali metals1 potassium & sodium1 7 f\nd to attack glass1 lib]at+ 8! basis ( ! silex10 to :i* ! "n silicon has s9ce be5 giv54 ,?us ne>ly ! la/ ( ! 8e>?s0 _h be5 decompos$4 ,x 0 prov$ t n m]ely 7 ! 8calces0 ( iron1 copp]1 lead1 & o!r well-kn[n metals comp\nds ( ! respective metals ) oxyg51 b ,davy %[$ t lime1 & its allies1 /rontia & b>yta1 & ev5 silica or fl9t1 7 to be reg>d$ z oxides ( elem5ts ( metallic appe>ance4 ,to complete our review ( ?is "p ( ! subject1 suffice x to say t alum9um1 a metal n[ produc$ on an indu/rial scale1 0 prep>$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #ahbg by ,whl]1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ,gtt+51 by ! action ( potassium on its *loride1 & alum9a1 ! e>?y basis ( clay1 0 %[n to be ! oxide ( ! metal alum9um4 ,inde$1 ! prep>ation ( ?is metal 9 quantity is n[ c>ri$ out at ,s*(fhaus5-on-!-,rh9e & at ! ,falls ( ,foy]s1 9 ,scotl&1 by electrolysis ( ! oxide dissolv$ 9 melt$ cryolite1 a m9]al consi/+ ( ! fluorides ( sodium & alum9um1 by a me?od diff]+ only 9 scale f t by means ( :i* ,davy isolat$ sodium & potassium 9 #ahjf4 ,to ,davy1 too1 belongs ! m]it ( hav+ de?ron$ oxyg5 f its c5tral position among ! elem5ts4 ,lavoisi] gave to ?is important gas ! "n 8oxyg510 because he imag9$ x to be ! con/itu5t ( all acids4 ,he r5am$ ! common comp\nds ( oxyg5 9 su* a mann] t ! t]m oxyg5 0 n ev5 repres5t$ 9 ! "n--only inf]r$4 ,?us a 8nitrate0 is a comp\nd ( an oxide ( nitrog5 & an oxide ( a metal2 a 8sulphate10 ( ! oxide ( a metal ) "o ( ! oxides ( sulphur1 & s on4 ,davy1 by discov]+ ! elem5t>y nature ( *lor9e1 %[$1 fir/1 t x is n an oxide ( hydro*loric acid 7or muriatic acid z x 0 !n call$72 &1 second1 t ! latt] acid is ! comp\nd ( ! elem5t *lor9e ) hydrog54 ,?is he did by pass+ *lor9e ov] :ite-hot c>bon--a sub/ance em95tly suit$ to deprive oxy-comp\nds ( _! oxyg5--& prov+ t no oxide ( c>bon is !reby produc$2 by act+ on c]ta9 *lorides1 su* z ^? ( t9 or phosphorus ) ammonia1 & %[+ t no oxide ( t9 or phosphorus is =m$2 &1 la/ly1 by decompos+ 8muriatic acid gas0 7gase\s hydrog5 *loride7 ) sodium1 & %[+ t ! only product besides common salt is hydrog54 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( ! =m] !ory t a *loride 0 a comp\nd ( ! unkn[n basis ( oxymuriatic acid ) oxyg5 & ! oxide ( a metal1 he introduc$ ! simpl] & correct view t a *loride is m]ely a comp\nd ( ! elem5t *lor9e ) a metal4 ,9 #ahac he e/abli%$ ! simil> nature ( fluor9e1 po9t+ out t on ! analogy ( ! *lorides x 0 a fair d$uction t ! fluorides are comp\nds ( an undiscov]$ elem5t1 fluor9e1 ) metals2 & t hydr(luoric acid is ! true analogue ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! tru? ( ?is =eca/ has be5 e/abli%$ ( rec5t ye>s by ,h5ri ,moissan1 :o isolat$ gase\s fluor9e by subject+ a mixture ( hydr(luoric acid & hydrog5 potassium fluoride conta9$ 9 a plat9um ,u tube to ! action ( a p[]ful electric curr5t4 ,he has rec5tly f\nd t ! tube may be equally well con/ruct$ ( copp]2 & ?is may soon lead to ! indu/rial application ( ! process4 ,! difficulty ( isolat+ fluor9e is due to its extraord9>y *emical en]gy2 = !re are few sub/ances1 elem5t>y or comp\nd1 :i* resi/ ! action ( ?is pale yell[1 suffocat+ gas4 ,9 #ahaa iod9e1 sep>at$ by ,c\rtois f ! a%es ( sea-plants1 0 %[n by ,davy to be an elem5t analog\s to *lor9e4 ,gay-,lussac subsequ5tly inve/igat$ x & prep>$ _m ( its comp\nds2 & 9 #ahbf ! la/ ( ^! elem5ts1 brom9e1 0 discov]$ 9 ! "m-liquor ( sea-salt by ,bal>d4 ,! elem5ts ( ?is gr\p h be5 t]m$ 8halog5s10 or 8salt produc]s40 ,:ile ,davy 0 p\r+ 8 rese>*es into ! a/oni%$ e>s ( ! sci5tific & dilettante _w1 ,john ,dalton1 a ,man*e/] s*ool-ma/]1 conceiv$ a !ory t has prov$ ( ! utmo/ s]vice to ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry1 & :i* bids fair to outla/ our day4 ,x _h be5 notic$ by ,w5zel1 by ,ri*t]1 by ,wolla/on1 & by ,cav5di%1 t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 t ! same comp\nds conta9 ! same con/itu5ts 9 ! same proportions1 or1 z ! phrase runs1 8possess con/ant composition40 ,wolla/on1 inde$1 _h gone "o /ep f>!r1 & _h %[n t :5 ! vegetable acid1 oxalic acid1 is comb9$ ) pota%1 x =ms two comp\nds1 9 "o ( :i* ! acid is conta9$ 9 twice z great an am\nt relatively to ! pota% z 9 ! o!r4 ,! names monoxalate & b9oxalate ( pota% 7 appli$ to ^! comp\nds1 to indicate ! respective proportions ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,dalton conceiv$ ! happy idea t by apply+ ! anci5t ,greek conception ( atoms to su* facts ! relative weights ( ! atoms c\ld be det]m9$4 ,illu/rat+ 8 views ) ! two comp\nds ( c>bon ) hydrog51 m>% gas & olefiant gas1 & ) ! two acids ( c>bon1 c>bonic oxide1 c>bonic 8acid10 he reg>d$ ! =m] z a comp\nd ( "o atom ( c>bon & "o ( hydrog51 & ! second z a comp\nd ( "o atom ( c>bon & two ( hydrog51 & simil>ly = ! two oxides ( c>bon4 ,kn[+ ! relative weights 9 :i* ^! elem5ts ent] into comb9ation1 we c d$uce ! relative weights ( ! atoms4 ,plac+ ! relative weight ( an atom ( hydrog5 equal to unity1 we h3 ,m>% ,olefiant ,c>bonic ,c>bonic ,gas ,gas ,oxide ,acid ,c>bon #f #f ,c>bon #e #f ,hydrog5 #a #b ,oxyg5 #h #af ,?us ! fir/ comp\nd1 m>% gas1 0 reg>d$ by ,dalton z compos$ ( an atom ( c>bon 9 union ) an atom ( hydrog52 or1 to reproduce 8 symbols1 z 2 :ile ! second1 olefiant gas1 on ?is hypo!sis1 0 a comp\nd ( two atoms ( hydrog5 ) "o ( c>bon1 or 4 ,simil>ly ! symbols 1 & 7 giv5 to ! two comp\nds ( c>bon ) oxyg54 ,s wat] 0 assign$ ! symbol 1 = ,dalton imag9$ x to be a comp\nd ( "o atom ( hydrog5 ) "o ( oxyg54 ,comp\nds conta9+ only two atoms 7 t]m$ by him 8b9>y02 ^? conta9+ ?ree1 8t]n>y02 f\r1 8quat]n>y10 & s on4 ,! weight ( an atom ( oxyg5 0 eight times t ( an atom ( hydrog52 :ile t ( an atom ( c>bon 0 six times z great z ! unit4 ,by assign+ symbols to ! elem5ts1 consi/+ ( ! initial lett]s ( _! names1 or ( ! fir/ two lett]s1 =mulas 7 develop$1 indicat+ ! composition ( ! comp\nd1 ! atomic weights ( ! elem5ts be+ assur$4 ,?us1 ,na,o signifi$ a comp\nd ( an atom ( sodium 7natrium71 weigh+ tw5ty-?ree times z mu* z a simil> atom ( hydrog51 ) an atom ( oxyg51 possess+ eight times ! weight ( an atom ( hydrog54 ,!re=e1 ?irty-"o p\nds ( soda %\ld consi/ ( tw5ty-?ree p\nds ( sodium 9 comb9ation ) eight p\nds ( oxyg51 =1 accord+ to ,dalton1 ea* smalle/ p>ticle ( soda conta9s an atom ( ea* elem5t1 & ! proportion is n *ang$1 h[ev] _m p>ticles be consid]$4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out by ,judge ,/allo1 ( ,philadelphia1 9 8 ,concepts ( ,physics1 t su* a hypo!sis z t ( ,dalton is no explanation2 t a fact ( nature1 z1 = example1 ! fact ( simple & multiple proportions1 is n expla9$ by be+ m9ifi$4 ,all[+ ! g5]al tru? ( ?is /atem5t1 x is1 nev]!less1 und\bt$ t *emi/ry owes mu* to ,dalton's hypo!sis--a lucky guess at fir/1 x repres5ts "o ( ! fundam5tal tru?s ( nature1 al?\gh its =m mu/ be some:at modifi$ f t 9 :i* ,dalton conceiv$ x4 ,dalton's "w 0 fir/ exp\nd$ by ,?omas ,?omson1 pr(essor at ,glasg[1 9 8 ,sy/em ( ,*emi/ry1 publi%$ 9 #ahje2 & subsequ5tly 9 ,dalton's own ,new ,sy/em ( ,*emical ,philosophy1 ! ?ree volumes ( :i* 7 publi%$ 9 #ahjh1 9 #ahaj1 & 9 #ahbg4 ,! det]m9ation ( ^! 8,con/ants ( ,nature0 0 at once foll[$ out by _m *emi/s1 ,?omson among ! fir/4 ,b *ief among ! *emi/s :o h pursu$ ?is bran* ( "w 0 ,jacob ,b]zelius1 a ,sw$e1 :o devot$ 8 long life 7#aggi-ahdh7 to ! manufacture ( comp\nds1 & to ! det]m9ation ( _! composition1 or1 z x is /ill t]m$1 ! det]m9ation ( ! 8atomic weights0--m correctly1 8equival5ts0--( ! elem5ts ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,x is to him t we owe mo/ ( our analytical me?ods1 =1 prior to 8 "t1 !re 7 few1 if any1 accurate analyses4 ,al?\gh ,lavoisi] _h devis$ a me?od = ! analysis ( comp\nds ( c>bon1 viz41 by burn+ ! organic comp\nds 9 an atmosph]e ( oxyg5 conta9$ 9 a bell-j> ov] m]cury1 & measur+ ! volume ( c>bon dioxide produc$1 z well z t ( ! residual oxyg51 ,b]zelius a*iev$ ! same results m accurately & m exp$iti\sly by heat+ ! sub/ance1 mix$ ) *lorate ( potassium & sodium *loride1 & !n e/imat+ ! hydrog5 z well z ! c>bon2 ?is process 0 aft]w>ds p]fect$ by ,liebig4 ,b]zelius1 h[ev]1 0 able to %[ t comp\nds ( c>bon1 l ^? ( o!r elem5ts1 7 in/ances ( comb9ation 9 con/ant & 9 multiple proportions4 ,9 #ahae two pap]s 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,annals ( ,philosophy by ,dr4 ,pr\t1 :i* h _h mu* influ5ce on ! progress ( *emi/ry4 ,!y dealt ) ! figures :i* 7 be+ obta9$ by ,?omson1 ,b]zelius1 & o!rs1 at t "t suppos$ to repres5t ! 8atomic weights0 ( ! elem5ts4 ,pr\t's hypo!sis1 bas$ on only a few numb]s1 0 t ! atomic weights ( all elem5ts 7 multiples ( t ( hydrog51 tak5 z unity4 ,!re 0 mu* dispute reg>d+ ?is ass]tion at ! "t1 b z x 0 contradict$ by ,b]zelius's numb]s1 ! balance ( op9ion 0 aga9/ x4 ,b ab\t ! ye> #ahdj ,dumas discov]$ an error 9 ! numb] 7#ab4ab7 giv5 by ,b]zelius z ! atomic weight ( c>bon2 & ) 8 collaborator1 ,/as1 und]took ! r$et]m9ation ( ! atomic weights ( ! common] elem5ts--= example1 c>bon1 oxyg51 *lor9e1 & calcium4 ,?is l9e ( rese>* 0 subsequ5tly pursu$ alone by ,/as1 ^: "n w always be rememb]$ = ! precision & accuracy ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,at fir/ ,dumas & ,/as incl9$ to ! view t ,pr\t's hypo!sis 0 a j "o1 b x 0 completely disprov$ by ,/as's subsequ5t "w1 z well z by t ( num]\s o!r obs]v]s4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 curi\s t a mu* l>g] proportion ( ! atomic weights approximate to :ole numb]s ?an w\ld be =etold by ! doctr9e ( *ances1 & p]haps ! la/ has n be5 he>d ( ,pr\t's hypo!sis1 al?\gh 9 its orig9al crude =m x is no long] wor?y ( cr$5ce4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notewor?y ( ! discov]ies ( ! c5tury 0 made by ,gay-,lussac 7#aggh-ahej7 9 ! ye> #ahjh4 ,9 conjunction ) ,alex&] von ,humboldt1 ,gay-,lussac _h r$iscov]$ ab\t ?ree ye>s be=e :at _h previ\sly be5 e/abli%$ by ,cav5di%--namely1 t1 z ne>ly z possible1 two volumes ( hydrog5 comb9e ) "o volume ( oxyg5 to =m wat]1 ! gases hav+ be5 measur$ at ! same temp]ature & pressure4 ,humboldt sugge/$ to ,gay-,lussac t x w\ld be well to inve/igate :e!r simil> simple relations exi/ betwe5 ! volumes ( o!r gase\s sub/ances :5 !y comb9e ) ea* o!r4 ,?is turn$ out to be ! case2 x appe>$ t almo/ exactly two volumes ( c>bonic oxide unite ) "o volume ( oxyg5 to =m c>bon dioxide2 t equal volumes ( *lor9e & hydrog5 unite to =m hydro*loric acid gas2 t two volumes ( ammonia gas consi/ ( ?ree volumes ( hydrog5 9 union ) "o volume ( nitrog51 & s on4 ,f su* facts1 ,gay-,lussac 0 l$ to make ! /atem5t t3 ,! weights ( equal volumes ( bo? simple & comp\nd gases1 & !re=e _! d5sities1 are proportional to _! empirically f\nd comb9+ weights1 or to rational multiples ( ! latt]4 ,gay-,lussac recogniz$ ?is discov]y ( 8 to be a support = ! atomic !ory2 b x did n accord ) _m ( ! !n receiv$ atomic weights4 ,! assumption t equal volumes ( gases conta9 equal numb]s ( p>ticles1 or1 z !y 7 t]m$ by him1 molcules intgrantes1 0 made 9 #ahaa by ,avogadro1 pr(essor ( physics at ,tur9 7#aggf-ahef74 ,?is !ory1 :i* has prov$ ( ! utmo/ importance to ! sci5ces bo? ( physics & ( *emi/ry1 _h no d\bt occurr$ to ,gay-,lussac1 & _h be5 reject$ by him = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,a c]ta9 volume ( hydrog51 say "o cubic in*1 may be suppos$ to conta9 an equal numb] ( p>ticles 7atoms7 z an equal volume ( *lor9e4 ,n[ ^! two gases unite 9 equal volumes4 ,! d$uction appe>s s f> q legitimate t "o atom ( hydrog5 has comb9$ ) "o atom ( *lor9e4 ,b ! result+ gas occupies two cubic in*es1 & mu/ !re=e conta9 ! same numb] ( p>ticles ( hydrog5 *loride1 ! comp\nd ( ! two elem5ts1 z "o cubic in* orig9ally conta9$ ( hydrog51 or ( *lor9e4 ,?us we h two cubic in*es conta9+1 ( uncomb9$ gases1 twice z _m p>ticles z is conta9$ 9 t volume1 aft] comb9ation4 ,avogadro's hypo!sis solv$ ! difficulty4 ,by premis+ two diff]5t ord]s ( p>ticles1 n[ t]m$ atoms & molecules1 ! solution 0 pla94 ,accord+ to him1 ea* p>ticle1 or molecule1 ( hydrog5 is a complex1 & conta9s two atoms2 ! same is ! case ) *lor9e4 ,:5 ^! gases comb9e1 or r react1 to =m hydrog5 *loride1 ! ph5om5on is "o ( a *ange ( p>tn]s2 ! molecule1 ! d\ble atom1 ( hydrog5 splits2 ! same is ! case ) ! molecule ( *lor9e2 & ea* lib]at$ atom ( hydrog5 unites ) a lib]at$ atom ( *lor9e1 =m+ a comp\nd1 hydrog5 *loride1 :i* equally consi/s ( a molecule1 or d\ble atom4 ,?us two cubic in*es ( hydrog5 *loride consi/ ( a def9ite numb] ( molecules1 equal 9 numb] to ^? conta9$ 9 a cubic in* ( hydrog51 plus ^? conta9$ 9 a cubic in* ( *lor9e4 ,! case is precisely simil>1 if o!r comp\nds ( gases be consid]$4 ,b]zelius 0 at fir/ incl9$ to adopt ?is !ory1 & inde$ w5t s f> z to *ange _m ( 8 atomic weights to make !m fit x4 ,b lat] he some:at )drew f 8 position1 = x appe>$ to him t x 0 haz>d\s to ext5d to liquids & solids a !ory :i* c\ld be held only ( gases4 ,avogadro's sugge/ion1 !re=e1 re/$ 9 abeyance until ! publication1 9 #aheh1 by ,cannizz>o1 n[ pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ,rome1 ( an essay 9 :i* all ! argum5ts 9 favor ( ! hypo!sis 7 collect$ & /at$ 9 a ma/]ly mann]4 ,x w be advisable to rev]t to ?is hypo!sis at a lat] po9t1 & to consid] o!r guides = ! det]m9ation ( atomic weights4 ,9 #ahai1 ,dulong 7#aghe-ahch71 director ( ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique at ,p>is1 & ,petit 7#agia-ahbj71 pr(essor ( physics !re1 made ! discov]y t equal am\nts ( heat are requir$ to raise equally ! temp]ature ( solid & liquid elem5ts1 provid$ quantities are tak5 proportional to _! atomic weights4 ,?us1 to raise ! temp]ature ( #ef grammes ( iron ?r\gh "o degree requires approximately ! same am\nt ( heat z is requir$ to raise ?r\gh "o degree #cb grammes ( sulphur1 #fc4e grammes ( copp]1 & s on2 ^! numb]s repres5t+ ! atomic weights ( ! elem5ts nam$4 ,9 o!r words1 equal numb]s ( atoms h equal capacity = heat4 ,! numb] ( heat units1 or calories 7"o calory is ! am\nt ( heat requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( #a gramme ( wat] ?r\gh #a ,c471 :i* is necess>y to raise ! atomic weight express$ 9 grammes ( any solid or liquid elem5t ?r\gh #a ,c4 is approximately #f4b2 x v>ies betwe5 #e4g & #f4f 9 actual "p4 ,?is af=ds a means ( det]m9+ ! true value ( ! atomic weight ( an elem5t1 z ! foll[+ example w %[3 ,! analysis ( ! only comp\nd ( z9c & *lor9e %[s t x conta9s #dg4di p] c5t4 ( z9c & #eb4af p] c5t4 ( *lor9e4 ,n[ "o gra9 ( hydrog5 comb9es ) #ce4e gra9s ( *lor9e to =m #cf4e gra9s ( hydrog5 *loride2 &1 z already rem>k$1 "o volume ( hydrog5 & "o volume ( *lor9e comb9e1 =m+ two volumes ( hydrog5 *loride4 ,apply+ ,avogadro's hypo!sis1 "o molecule ( hydrog5 & "o molecule ( *lor9e react to yield two molecules ( hydrog5 *loride2 & z ea* molecule is suppos$ to consi/ 9 ?is case ( two atoms1 hydrog5 *loride consi/s ( "o atom ( ea* ( its con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,! am\nt ( t elem5t1 !re=e1 :i* comb9es ) #ce4e gra9s ( *lor9e may give ! num]ical value ( ! atomic weight ( ! elem5t1 if ! comp\nd conta9s "o atom ( ea* elem5t2 9 t case ! =mula ( ! above comp\nd w\ld be z9c1 & ! atomic weight ( z9c1 #cb4g2 b if ! =mula is ,zu,cl#c1 ! atomic weight ( z9c w\ld be #cb4g #b2 if ,zu,cl#c1 #cb4g #c1 & s on4 ,! specific heat ( metallic z9c enables ?is "q to be solv$4 ,= x has be5 f\nd1 exp]im5tally1 to be ab\t #j4jie2 & #f4b #j4jie #fe4b1 a close approximation to #cb4g #b #fe4d4 ,! conclusion is !re=e drawn t z9c *loride is compos$ ( "o atom ( z9c 9 comb9ation ) two atoms ( *lor9e1 t ! atomic weight ( z9c is #fe4d1 & t ! molecul> weight ( z9c *loride is #fe4d 7#ce4e #b7 #acf4d4 ,inasmu* z ! relative weight ( a molecule ( hydrog5 is #b 7t ( an atom be+ #a71 z9c *loride 9 ! gase\s /ate %\ld be #acf4d #b #fh4b times t ( hydrog51 measur$ at ! same temp]ature & pressure4 ,?is has be5 f\nd1 exp]im5tally1 to be ! case4 ,! me?ods ( det]m9+ ! vapor d5sities1 or relative weights ( vapors1 are ?ree 9 numb]2 ! fir/ me?od1 due to ,dumas 7#ahbg71 consi/s 9 vaporiz+ ! sub/ance 9 "q 9 a bulb ( glass or ( porcela91 at a kn[n temp]ature1 clos+ ! bulb :ile /ill hot1 & weigh+ x aft] x is cold4 ,kn[+ ! capacity ( ! bulb1 ! weight ( hydrog5 necess>y to fill x at ! desir$ temp]ature c be calculat$1 & ! d5sity ( ! vapor ?us arriv$ at4 ,a second me?od 0 devis$ by ,gay-,lussac & p]fect$ by ,a4 ,w4 ,h(mann 7#ahfh72 & a ?ird1 pref]able = its simplicity & ease ( execution1 is due to ,victor ,mey] 7#ahha74 ,9 #aheh1 z already rem>k$1 ,cannizz>o %[$ ! connection betwe5 ^! kn[n facts1 & = ! fir/ "t att5tion 0 call$ to ! true atomic weights1 :i* 71 up to t "t1 confus$ ) equival5ts1 or weights ( elem5ts requir$ to replace "o unit weight ( hydrog54 ,^! 7 g5]ally reg>d$ z atomic weights by ,dalton & 8 contempor>ies4 ,"s exceptions _h be5 obs]v$ to ! law ( ,dulong & ,petit1 viz41 b]yllium1 or gluc9ium1 an elem5t occurr+ 9 em]alds2 boron1 ( :i* borax is a comp\nd2 silicon1 ! compon5t ( qu>tz & fl9t1 & c>bon4 ,x 0 f\nd by ,web] t at high temp]atures ! specific heats ( ^! elem5ts are high]1 & ! atomic heats approximate to ! numb] ( #f4b2 b ?is behavior is n peculi> to ^! elem5ts1 = x appe>s t ! specific heat ( all elem5ts increases ) rise ( temp]ature4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( exceptions h also be5 notic$ to ! law ( ,gay-,lussac1 :i* may be =mulat$3 ! molecul> weight ( a comp\nd 9 a gase\s /ate is twice its d5sity ref]r$ to hydrog54 ,?us equal volumes ( ammonia & hydrog5 *loride unite to =m ammonium *loride4 ,x 0 to be expect$ t ! d5sity %\ld be half ! molecul> weight1 ?us3 ,,nh#c ,h,cl ,,nh#d;,cl2 & #ec4e #b #bf4ge d5sity4 7#adc7 7#ace4e7 #ec4e ,b ! d5sity actually f\nd is only half t numb]1 viz41 #ac4cg2 & = long ?is & simil> cases 7 suppos$ to be exceptions to ! law ( ,gay-,lussac1 viz41 t equal volumes ( gases at ! same pressure exp& equally = equal rise ( temp]ature4 ,9 o!r in/ances ! gradual decrease 9 d5sity ) rise ( temp]ature c be foll[$1 z ) *loral hydrate1 ! products ( :i* are *loral & wat]4 ,x 0 recogniz$ by ,/4 ,claire ,deville 7#aheg7 t ! decrease 9 d5sity ( su* mixtures ( gases 0 due1 n to _! be+ exceptions to ,avogadro's law1 b to ! gradual decomposition ( ! comp\nd body ) rise ( temp]ature4 ,to ?is gradual decomposition he gave ! "n dissociation4 ,?is conception has prov$ ( ! utmo/ importance to ! sci5ce1 z w be se5 9 ! sequel4 ,to take ! above in/ance ( ammonium *loride1 its abnormal d5sity is due to its dissociation into ammonia & hydrog5 *loride2 & ! gas :i* is obta9$ on rais+ its temp]ature consi/s1 n ( gase\s ammonium *loride1 b ( a mixture ( ammonia & hydrog5 *loride1 :i*1 z is easily se51 occupy1 :5 sep>ate1 twice ! volume t w\ld be occupi$ by ! gase\s comp\nd4 ,( rec5t ye>s x has be5 %[n by ,br]eton ,bak] t1 if p]fectly free f moi/ure1 ammonium *loride gasifies z su*1 & t its d5sity 9 ! /ate ( vapor is1 9 fact1 #bf4ge4 ,! molecul> complexity ( gases has ?us gradually become compreh5d$1 & ! tru? ( ,avogadro's law has ga9$ acceptance4 ,& z a means ( pictur+ ! behavior ( gase\s molecules1 ! 8,k9etic ,!ory ( ,gases0 has be5 devis$ by ,j\le1 ,clausius1 ,maxwell1 ,?omson 7,"l ,kelv971 & o!rs4 ,on ! assumption t ! pressure ( a gas on ! walls ( ! vessel :i* conta9s x is due to ! cont9u$ impacts ( its molecules1 & t ! temp]ature ( a gas is repres5t$ by ! product ( ! mass ( ! molecules1 or ! squ>e ( _! velocity1 x has be5 possible to (f] a me*anical explanation ( ,boyle's law1 t at con/ant temp]ature ! volume ( a gas dim9i%es 9 proportion z ! pressure increases2 ( ,gay-,lussac's law1 t all gases exp& equally = equal rise ( temp]ature1 provid$ pressure is kept con/ant2 ! condition be+ t equal volumes ( gases conta9 equal numb]s ( molecules4 ,a /rik+ support is l5t to ?is *a9 ( reason+ by ! facts discov]$ by ,?omas ,graham 7#ahje-ahfi71 pr(essor at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 & subsequ5tly ma/] ( ! ,royal ,m9t4 ,graham discov]$ t ! rate ( diffusion ( gases into ea* o!r is inv]sely z ! squ>e roots ( _! d5sities4 ,= in/ance1 ! d5sity ( hydrog5 be+ tak5 z unity1 t ( oxyg5 is sixte5 times z great2 if a vessel conta9+ hydrog5 be made to communicate ) "o conta9+ oxyg51 ! hydrog5 w pass into ! oxyg5 & mix ) x2 &1 conv]sely1 ! oxyg5 w pass into ! hydrog5 vessel4 ,?is is due to ! intr9sic motion ( ! molecule ( ea* gas4 ,& ,graham f\nd1 exp]im5tally1 t = ea* volume ( oxyg5 :i* ent]s ! hydrog5 vessel f\r volumes ( hydrog5 w ent] ! oxyg5 vessel4 ,n[1 #d #af2 & z ^! masses are relatively #a & #af1 & _! temp]atures are equal1 ! squ>e ( _! velocities are respectively #a & #af4 ,! "q ( ! molecul> complexity ( gases be+ ?us dispos$ (1 x rema9s to be consid]$ :at are ! relative complexity ( liquid molecules4 ,! answ] is indicat$ by a /udy ( ! capill>y ph5om5a ( liquids1 "o me?od ( measur+ :i* is ! height ( _! asc5t 9 n>r[ or capill>y tubes4 ,we %all n ent] "h into detail z to ! me?od & argum5ts necess>y2 suffice x to say t ! ,hung>ian physici/ ,etvs 0 ! fir/ to indicate ! direction ( rese>*1 & t ,ramsay & ,%ields succe$$ 9 prov+ t ! complexity ( ! molecules ( mo/ liquids is n great] ?an t ( ! gases :i* !y =m on be+ vaporiz$2 & also t c]ta9 liquids1 e4g41 wat]1 ! alcohols1 & o!r liquids1 are m or less 8associat$10 i4e41 _! molecules occur 9 c\plices ( two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or m1 & z ! temp]ature is rais$ ! complexity ( molecul> /ructure dim9i%es4 ,z reg>ds ! molecul> complexity ( solids1 no?+ def9ite is kn[n1 &1 moreov]1 !re appe>s to be no me?od capable ( reveal+ x4 ,:ile ! rese>*es ( :i* a %ort acc\nt has n[ be5 giv5 h l$ to k reg>d+ ! nature ( molecules1 ! /ructure ( ! molecule has excit$ int]e/ s9ce ! e>ly ye>s ( ! c5tury1 & its inve/igation has l$ to important results4 ,! fact ( ! decomposition ( acidifi$ wat] by an electric curr5t1 discov]$ by ,ni*olson & ,c>lisle1 & ( salts into 8bases0 & 8acids0 by ,b]zelius & ,his+] 9 #ahjc1 l$ to ! belief t a close connection exi/s betwe5 electric en]gy1 or1 z x 0 !n t]m$1 8electric =ce10 & ! aff9ity :i* holds ! con/itu5ts ( *emical comp\nds 9 comb9ation4 ,9 #ahjg ,davy prop\nd$ ! !ory t all comp\nds consi/ ( two portions1 "o electro-positive & ! o!r electro-negative4 ,?is idea 0 ! result ( exp]im5ts on ! behavior ( sub/ances1 su*1 = example1 z copp] & sulphur--if portions ( ^! elem5ts be insulat$ & !n br\ght into contact !y become oppositely electrifi$4 ,! degree ( electrification is int5sifi$ by rise ( temp]ature until1 :5 comb9ation ensues1 ! electrification vani%es4 ,comb9ation1 !re=e1 accord+ to ,davy1 is concurr5t ) ! equalization ( pot5tials4 ,9 #ahab ,b]zelius br\ght =w>d an electro-*emical !ory :i* = ! foll[+ tw5ty ye>s 0 g5]ally accept$4 ,8 prim>y assumption 0 t ! atoms ( elem5ts1 or1 9 c]ta9 cases1 gr\ps ( atoms1 are !mselves electrifi$2 t ea* atom1 or gr\p ( atoms1 possesses two poles1 "o positive1 ! o!r negative2 t ! electrification ( "o ( ^! poles pr$om9ates ov] t ( ! o!r1 s t ! atom or gr\p is itself1 z a :ole1 electro-positive1 or electro-negative2 t comb9ation ensu$ betwe5 su* oppositely electrifi$ bodies by ! neutralization1 p>tial or complete1 ( _! electric *>ges2 &1 la/ly1 t ! pol>ity ( an elem5t or gr\p c\ld be det]m9$ by not+ :e!r ! elem5t or gr\p sep>at$ at ! positive or at ! negative pole ( ! galvanic batt]y1 or electrolysis4 ,= ,b]zelius1 oxyg5 0 ! mo/ electro-negative & potassium ! mo/ electro-positive ( ! elem5ts1 ! bridge betwe5 ! 8non-metals0 & ! 8metals0 be+ hydrog51 :i*1 ) nitrog51 =ms a basic1 or electro-positive1 gr\p1 :ile ) *lor9e1 etc41 x =ms electro-negative gr\ps4 ,! fact t an electric curr5t splits comp\nds 9 solution into two portions l$ ,b]zelius to devise 8 8duali/ic0 sy/em1 :i* involv$ ! assumption t all comp\nds consi/ ( two portions1 "o electro-positive1 ! o!r electro-negative4 ,?us sulphate ( magnesium & potassium 0 to be reg>d$ z compos$ ( electro-positive potassium sulphate 9 comb9ation ) electro-negative magnesium sulphate2 ! =m] 9 its turn consi/$ ( electro-negative sulphur trioxide 7,,s#c7 9 comb9ation ) electro-positive oxide ( potassium 7,k#b,o72 :ile ea* ( ^! proximate con/itu5ts ( potassium sulphate 7 !mselves compos$ ( ! electro-negative oxyg5 9 comb9ation ) electro-positive sulphur1 or potassium4 ,on contra/+ sulphur ) potassium1 h[ev]1 ! =m] 0 consid]$ m electro-negative ?an ! latt]2 s t ! gr\p ,,s#c z a :ole 0 electro-negative1 :ile ,k#b,o 0 electro-positive4 ,! symbols giv5 above1 :i* are /ill 9 univ]sal use1 7 also devis$ by ,b]zelius = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ & emphasiz+ 8 views4 ,^! views1 h[ev]1 met ) little acceptance at ! "t 9 ,engl&4 ,lavoisi]'s idea1 t oxyg5 0 ! necess>y con/itu5t ( all acids1 began ab\t ?is "t to lose gr\nd4 ,= ,davy _h prov$ ! elem5t>y nature ( *lor9e2 & hydro*loric acid1 "o ( ! /ronge/1 0 ?us se5 to conta9 no oxyg51 & ,davy express$ ! view1 f\nd$ on 8 obs]vation1 t iodic 8acid10 ,i#b,o#e1 0 devoid ( acid prop]ties until dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & t ! ess5tial con/itu5t ( all acids 0 hydrog51 n oxyg54 ,! be>+ ( ?is !ory on ! duali/ic !ory is1 t :ile1 e4g41 sulphuric acid 0 reg>d$ by ,b]zelius z ,,s#c1 conta9+ no hydrog51 & 0 suppos$ to be sep>at$ z su* at ! positive pole ( a batt]y1 ,davy's sugge/ion l$ to ! opposite conclusion t ! =mula ( sulphuric acid is ,h#b,,s#d1 & t by ! curr5t x is resolv$ into ,h#b & ,,s#d4 ,f>aday's electrolytic law1 t :5 a curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh electrolytes 9 solution ! elem5ts are lib]at$ 9 quantities proportional to _! equival5ts1 l$ to ! ab&onm5t ( ! duali/ic !ory4 ,= :5 a curr5t is pass$ 9 succession ?r\gh acidifi$ wat]1 fus$ lead *loride1 & a solution ( potassium sulphate1 ! quantities ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 f ! wat]1 ( lead & *lor9e f ! lead *loride1 & ! potassium ( ! sulphate are 9 accordance ) ,f>aday's law4 ,b 9 addition to ! potassium !re is lib]at$ at ! same pole an equival5t ( hydrog54 ,n[1 if ,b]zelius's !ory be true1 ! products %\ld be ,,s#c & ,k#b,o1 b if ! opposite view be correct1 !n ,k#b is lib]at$ fir/ & by its subsequ5t action on wat] x yields pota% & its equival5t ( hydrog54 ,?is 0 po9t$ out fir/ by ,daniell1 pr(essor at ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 & x 0 reg>d$ z a p[]ful argum5t aga9/ ,b]zelius's sy/em4 ,9 #ahcc1 too1 ,graham inve/igat$ ! phosphoric acids1 & prep>$ ! salts ( ?ree1 to :i* he gave ! names1 or?o-1 pyro-1 & meta- phosphoric acids4 ,to und]/& ! be>+ ( ?is on ! doctr9e ( dualism x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,p#b,o#e1 p5toxide ( phosphorus1 0 at t date nam$ phosphoric acid4 ,:5 dissolv$ 9 wat] x reacts ) bases1 =m+ salts--! phosphates4 ,b ! quantity ( wat] necess>y 0 n !n consid]$ ess5tial2 ,graham1 h[ev]1 %[$ t !re exi/ ?ree s]ies ( salts--"o set d]iv$ f ,p#b,o#e1c;,h#b,o1 "o f ,p#b,o#e1b;,h#b,o1 & a ?ird f ,p#b,o#e1;,h#b,o4 ,8 way ( /at+ ! fact 0 t wat] c\ld play ! "p ( a base2 = example1 ! ord9>y phosphate ( comm]ce possess$1 accord+ to him1 ! =mula ,p#b,o#e1b,na#b,o1,h#b,o1 two-?irds ( ! 8wat] ( con/itution0 be+ replac$ by oxide ( sodium4 ,liebig1 !n pr(essor at ,giess5 7#ahjc-ahgc71 f\nd$ on ^! & on simil> obs]vations ( 8 own ! doctr9e ( poly-basic acids--acids 9 :i* "o1 two1 ?ree1 or m atoms ( hydrog5 7 replaceable by metals4 ,?us1 in/ead ( writ+1 z ,graham did1 ,p#b,o#e1b,na#b,o1,h#b,o1 he wrote1 ,,po#d,na#b;,h2 & = or?ophosphoric acid ,,po#d;,h#c4 ,! gr\p ( atoms 7,,po#d71 !re=e1 exi/$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole s]ies ( or?ophosphates1 & c\ld exi/ 9 comb9ation ) hydrog51 ) hydrog5 & metals1 or ) metals alone4 ,simil>ly ! gr\p 7,p#b,o#g7 0 *>act]i/ic ( pyrophosphates & 7,,po#c7 ( metaphosphates1 = ,p#b,o#e1b;,h#b,o7,p#b,o#g7;,h#d2 & ,p#b,o#e1;,h#b,o#b7,,po#c7;,h4 ,! fir/ cle> ideas ( ! /ructure ( ! molecule 71 h[ev]1 ga9$ f ! /udy ( ! comp\nds ( c>bon4 ,x 0 difficult to apply ! duali/ic !ory to !m4 ,= few ( !m are electrolytes1 & !re=e _! products ( electrolysis1 be+ non-exi/5t1 c\ld n be classifi$4 ,nev]!less1 ,gay-,lussac reg>d$ alcohol1 ,c#b;,h#f,o1 z a comp\nd ( ,c#b;,h#d1 e?yl5e1 & ,h#b,o1 wat]2 & oxalic acid 7anhydr\s71 ,c#b,o#c1 z "o ( ,,co#b ) ,,co4 ,! discov]y ( 8isom]ic comp\nds10 i4e41 ( comp\nds :i* possess ! same ultimate =mula & yet diff] entirely 9 _! prop]ties1 =c$ ^u *emi/s ! necessity ( att5d+ to ! /ructure ( ! molecule2 = only by su* a supposition c\ld ! diff]5ce betwe5 two isom]ic bodies be expla9$4 ,9 #ahbc ,liebig discov]$ t silv] fulm9ate & silv] cyanate bo? possess$ ! empirical =mula ,ag,c,n,o2 9 #ahbe ?is 0 foll[$ by ! discov]y by ,f>aday t oil gas conta9s a hydroc>bon id5tical 9 composition ) e?yl5e1 ,c#b;,h#d1 yet diff]+ f x 9 prop]ties2 & 9 #ahbi ,whl]1 pr(essor 9 ,gtt+5 7#ahjj-ahhb71 discov]$ t urea1 a con/itu5t ( ur9e1 c\ld be produc$ by heat+ ammonium cyanate1 ,,nh#d;,,cno1 a sub/ance ( ! same =mula4 ,x !re=e became cle> t ! id5tity ( a comp\nd mu/ dep5d on "s o!r cause ?an its ultimate composition4 ,9 #ahcc ,liebig & ,whl] took an important /ep 9 elucidat+ ?is "q by _! inve/igations on b5zoic acid & acid obta9able by di/ill+ a res9 nam$ gum b5zo94 ,!y %[$ t ?is acid1 ,c#g;,h#f,o#b1 c\ld be conceiv$ z consi/+ ( ! gr\p ,c#g;,h#e,o1 to :i* !y gave ! "n 8b5zoyl10 9 comb9ation ) ,,oh2 t b5zoic aldehyde1 ,c#g;,h#f,o1 might be reg>d$ z its comp\nd ) hydrog52 t x also =m$ comp\nds ) *lor9e1 & brom9e1 & sulphur1 & replac$ hydrog5 9 ammonia 7,c#g;,h#f,o1,,nh#b74 ,!y t]m$ ?is gr\p1 b5zoyl1 a 8comp\nd elem5t0 or a 8radical40 ,?is rese>* 0 foll[$ by "o by ,rob]t ,buns51 pr(essor at ,heidelb]g1 born 9 #ahaa1 & rec5tly 7#ahii7 dead1 :i* bore ref]5ce to cacodyl1 a comp\nd ( ars5ic1 c>bon & hydrog51 9 :i* ! idea ( a radical 0 confirm$ & amplifi$4 ,! idea ( a radical hav+ ?us become e/abli%$1 ,jean ,bapti/e ,&re ,dumas1 pr(essor 9 ,p>is 7#ahjj-ahhd71 prop\nd$ ! !ory ( 8sub/itution10 i4e41 t an elem5t su* z *lor9e or oxyg5 7:i*1 be x notic$1 is electro-negative on ,b]zelius's scale7 c\ld replace hydrog5 9 c>bon comp\nds1 atom = atom1 ! result+ comp\nd belong+ to ! same 8type0 z ! "o f :i* x 0 d]iv$4 ,& ,laur5t1 w>d5 ( ! m9t at ,p>is 7#ahjg-ahec71 & ,g]h>dt1 pr(essor at ,montpeli] & at ,/rasburg 7#ahaf-ahef71 emphasiz$ ! fact t "o elem5t1 be x :at x may1 c replace ano!r )\t fundam5tally alt]+ its *emical "*1 & also t an atom ( hydrog5 c be replac$ by a gr\p ( atoms or radical1 behav+ = ! occasion l ! atom ( an elem5t4 ,x is to ,laur5t & ,g]h>dt t we owe ! def9ition ( an atom--! smalle/ quantity ( an elem5t :i* c be pres5t 9 a comp\nd2 an equival5t--t weight ( an elem5t :i* comb9es ) or replaces "o "p by weight ( hydrog52 & a molecule--! smalle/ quantity :i* c exi/ 9 a free /ate1 :e!r ( an elem5t or a comp\nd4 ,!y recogniz$1 too1 t a molecule ( hydrog51 *lor9e1 etc41 consi/s ( two atoms4 ,9 #ahdi ,wurtz1 pr(essor 9 ,p>is 7#ahag-ahhd71 & ,h(mann1 !n pr(essor 9 ! ,college ( ,*emi/ry 9 ,london1 aft]w>ds at ,b]l9 7#ahah-ahib71 discov]$ a s]ies ( comp\nds alli$ to ammonia1 ,,nh#c1 9 :i* "o or m atoms ( hydrog5 7 replac$ by a gr\p or radical1 su* z me?yl 7,,*#c71 e?yl 7,c#b;,h#e71 or ph5yl 7,c#f;,h#e74 ,wurtz ref]r$ su* comp\nds to ! ammonia 8type40 ,!y all resemble ammonia 9 _! physical prop]ties--smell1 ta/e1 etc4--z well z 9 _! p[] ( unit+ ) acids to =m salts resembl+ ammonium *loride 7,,nh#d;,cl71 & o!r ammonium comp\nds4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ,williamson1 pr(essor at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 add$ ! 8wat] type10 9 consequ5ce ( 8 rese>*es on 8mix$ e!rs0--bodies 9 :i* ! hydrog5 ( wat] might be reg>d$ z replac$ by organic radicals4 ,?us we h ! s]ies3 ,h4 ,o4 ,h42 ,,*#c4 ,o4 ,h42 ,,*#c4 ,o4 ,,*#c2 & ,,nh#c2 ,,nh#b2 ,h#c2 ,,nh7,,*#c7b2 & ,n7,,*#c7c2 ! fir/ repres5t+ comp\nds foll[+ ! wat] type1 ! latt] ! ammonia type4 ,?is sugge/ion _h be5 previ\sly made by ,laur5t1 9 #ahdf4 ,b ,williamson ext5d$ 8 views to inorganic comp\nds2 ?us1 sulphuric acid 0 repres5t$ z con/ruct$ on ! d\ble wat] type--,,ho4 ,,s#b4 ,,oh1 be+ d]iv$ f ,h4 ,o4 7,h4 ,h7 ,o4 ,h1 ! two hydrog5 atoms enclos$ 9 brackets be+ replac$ by ! radical ,,s#b4 ,to ^! types ,g]h>dt add$ ! hydrog5 & hydrog5 *loride types1 ,h4,h4 & ,h4,cl2 &1 lat]1 ,kekul1 pr(essor 9 ,bonn 7#ahbi71 add$ ! m>% gas type ,c7,h7#d4 ,! next important /ep 0 tak5 by ,frankl&1 pr(essor 9 ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 ,london2 8 "w1 h[ev]1 _h be5 anticipat$ by ,cunn ,br[n1 pr(essor at ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity1 9 a pamphlet ev5 yet little kn[n4 ,x 0 to attribute to elem5ts "o or m p[]s ( comb9ation4 ,to ^! he gave ! "n 8val5cy10 & ! capacity ( possess+ val5cy 0 call$ 8quantival5ce40 ,?us hydrog5 0 tak5 z a 8monad10 or monoval5t4 ,*lor9e1 because x unites ) hydrog5 atom to atom1 is also a monad4 ,oxyg51 hav+ ! p[] to comb9e ) two atoms ( hydrog51 0 t]m$ a dyad1 or dival5t2 nitrog5 a triad1 or trival5t2 c>bon a tetrad1 or tetraval5t1 & s on4 ,?is is evid5t f inspection ( ! =mulas ( _! comp\nds ) hydrog51 ?us3 ,h ,h ,h _/ _/ ,h----,cl2 ,h----,o----,h2 ,h----,n 2 ,c _/ ,h ,h ,h ,in/ances ( p5ta1 hexa1 & ev5 hepta-val5cy are n want+4 ,?is 0 ! key to unlock ! /ructure ( *emical comp\nds2 & ,frankl&'s views1 j /at$1 are /ill held by *emi/s4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! con/itution ( comp\nds1 *iefly ^? ( c>bon1 occupi$ ! att5tion ( *emi/s1 almo/ exclusively1 until #ahhj4 ,! plan ( action is mu* ! same z t ( a me*anician :o wi%es to imitate a complicat$ me*anism4 ,he mu/ fir/ dissect x into gr\ps ( me*anical contrivances2 ^! are next con/ruct$2 & !y are f9ally built toge!r into ! complete ma*9e4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! atoms ( c>bon are arrang$ 9 8*a9s10 z1 = example1 9 p5tyl alcohol3 ,h#c;,c----,c----,c----,c----,c----,o--- -,h ,h#b ,h#b ,h#b ,h#b ea* atom be+ tetrad1 & its 8aff9ities10 or p[]s ( comb9ation1 saturat$ ei!r ) hydrog5 or ) ^? ( neighbor+ atoms ( c>bon2 9 o!rs !y are 9 ! =m ( a 8r+10 z 9 b5z5e1 ! =mula ( :i* 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ,kekul1 viz43 ,h ,h ,c----,c _/ ,,hc ,,*2 _/ ,c,c ,h ,h or 9 bo?1 z 9 e?yl b5z5e1 ,h ,h ,c----,c _/ ,h ,h ,,hc ,c----,c----,,*4 _/ ,h ,h ,c,c ,h ,h ,"o or m atoms ( nitrog51 or ( oxyg51 may =m "p ( ! circle1 z 9 pyrid9e3 ,h ,h ,h ,h ,c----,c ,c ,c _/ _/ ,n ,,* & furfurane1 ,o 1 _/ ,c,c ,c ,c ,h ,h ,h ,h & s on4 ,by means ( conceptions su* z ^! _m int]e/+ comp\nds h be5 built up out ( ! elem5ts :i* !y conta92 e4g41 urea & uric acid1 con/itu5ts ( ur9e2 !obrom9e & caffe9e1 ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( cocoa & tea2 aliz>9e & indigo1 valuable dye/uffs2 & sev]al ( ! alkaloids1 bitt] pr9ciples conta9$ 9 plants1 ( great m$ic9al value4 ,!y h l$1 too1 to ! discov]y ( _m brilliant colors1 n[ almo/ univ]sally employ$1 to ! exclusion ( ^? less brilliant1 because less pure1 d]iv$ f plants1 & 9 "o or two cases f animals2 ! manufacture ( gun-cotton1 dynamite1 & simil> high explosives2 & to ! developm5t ( ! c&le indu/ry2 ! sug> manufacture2 to improvem5t 9 tann+1 9 brew+1 & 9 ! prep>ation ( gas & oils = illum9at+ purposes4 ,9 %ort1 x may be said t ! indu/rial progress ( ! latt] half ( ! c5tury has be5 due to ! !oretical views ( :i* a %ort sket* has j be5 giv54 ,su* =mulas1 h[ev]1 c evid5tly n repres5t ! true con/itution ( matt]1 inasmu* z ! atoms are imag9$ to lie on a plane1 :]eas x is evid5t t !y mu/ occupy space ( ?ree dim5sions & possess ! attributes ( solidity4 ,! conception :i* l$ to ! =mulation ( su* views 0 due fir/ to ,pa/eur1 9 8 lat] ye>s director ( ! in/itute kn[n by 8 "n at ,p>is1 & m directly to ,le,bel & ,van't ,h(f1 n[ pr(essor at ,b]l91 indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,9 #ahdh ,pa/eur discov]$ t x 0 possible to sep>ate ! two v>ieties ( t>t>ic acid f ea* o!r2 & t t "o :i* rotat$ ! plane ( pol>iz$ light to ! "r gave cry/als ) an extra face1 unsymmetrically dispos$ ) reg>d to ! o!r faces ( ! cry/al4 ,! v>iety1 ! solution ( :i* 9 wat] 0 capable ( produc+ left-h&$ rotation1 also possess$ a simil> face1 b s plac$ t its reflection 9 a mirror reproduc$ ! "r-h&$ v>iety4 ,pa/eur also %[$ t a mixture ( ^! acids gave cry/als n *>act]iz$ by an unsymmetrically plac$ face2 & also t ! solution 0 )\t action on pol>iz$ light4 ,^! obs]vations rema9$ unexpla9$1 until ,le,bel & ,van't ,h(f1 9 #ahgd1 simultane\sly & indep5d5tly devis$ a !ory :i* has1 up till n[1 /ood ! te/ ( rese>*4 ,x is briefly ?is3 ,imag9e two regul> tetrah$ra1 or ?ree-sid$ pyramids1 /&+ ea* on its triangul> base4 ,an idea c be/ be got by a model1 easily made by lay+ on a table ?ree lucif] mat*es s z to =m an equilat]al triangle1 & erect+ a tripod ) ?ree o!r mat*es1 s t ea* leg ( ! tripod /&s on "o corn] ( ! triangle4 ,at ! c5tre ( su* a tetrah$ron1 an atom ( c>bon is suppos$ to be plac$4 ,m>% gas1 ,,*#d1 is suppos$ to h su* a /ructure1 ea* corn]1 or solid angle ( ! /ructure 7( :i* !re are f\r71 be+ occupi$ by an atom ( hydrog54 ,?is repres5ts ! solid or /]eo*emical =mula ( me?ane or m>% gas4 ,n[1 suppose "o ( ! atoms ( hydrog5 9 ea* ( ^! /ructures to be replac$ by *lor9e1 ! gr\p 7,,oh71 or any o!r monoval5t elem5t or gr\p4 ,x is evid5t t if n exactly simil> 7ow+ to ! replacem5t n hav+ be5 made at simil> corn]s 9 ea*71 ! two /ructures c be made simil> by turn+ "o ( !m r\nd1 until ! position ( ! sub/itut+ atom or gr\p 7:i* we w t]m ,x7 co9cides 9 position ) ,x 9 ! /ation>y "o4 ,if two su* replacem5ts be made1 say1 ) ,x & ,y 9 ea*1 co9cid5ce c aga9 be made to take place2 b ! same is n ! case if ,x1 ,y1 & ,z replace ?ree atoms ( hydrog5 9 ! /ructure2 = !re is "o way ( replacem5t :i* is ! optical image ( ! o!r1 & repres5ts ! o!r's reflection 9 a mirror4 ,illu/ration3 7,tetrah$ron ,,xyz7 & 7,tetrah$ron ,,xzy7 ,n[1 x is f\nd t :5 ! f\r corn]s ( su* a /ructure are occupi$ by f\r sep>ate atoms or gr\ps1 or :5 7z ! expression goes7 ! body conta9s an 8asymmetrical c>bon atom10 if ! sub/ance or "o ( its d]ivations c be obta9$ 9 a cry/all9e =m1 ! cry/als are also asymmetric1 i4e41 arc develops a face :i* is ! mirror-reflection ( a simil> face develop$ on ! o!r v>iety2 & if a beam ( pol>iz$ light be pass$ ?r\gh ! solution ( ! sub/ance1 its plane is rotat$ to ! left if "o v>iety be us$1 &1 if ! o!r1 to ! "r4 ,?is hypo!sis ( ,le,bel's & ,van't ,h(f's has _h an enorm\s influ5ce on ! progress ( organic *emi/ry4 ,by its means ,fis*]1 n[ pr(essor at ,b]l91 has expla9$ ! reason ( ! exi/5ce ( ! enorm\s numb] ( bodies analog\s to grape & cane sug>1 & has prep>$ _m new v>ieties2 & x appe>s likely t ! t]p5es1 a class ( bodies alli$ to turp5t9e1 & compris+ mo/ ( ! sub/ances to :i* ! odor ( fl[]s is due1 may !reby f9d _! explanation4 ,x may be m5tion$ 9 pass+ t ,pa/eur1 hav+ f\nd t ord9>y m\ld de/roy$ "o v>iety ( t>t>ic acid r ?an ! o!r 9 a mixture ( ! two1 & made use ( ?is obs]vation 9 ord] to prep>e ! unatta*$ v>iety 9 a /ate ( purity1 0 l$ to /udy ! action ( organisms m or less resembl+ m\ld2 & t ?is has l$ to ! developm5t ( ! sci5ce ( bact]iology1 :i* has _h an enorm\s influ5ce on our views reg>d+ f]m5tation 9 g5]al1 & guides ! "w ( our physicians1 our surgeons 7witness ,li/]'s antiseptic treatm5t71 our sanit>y eng9e]s 9 _! e/imate ( ! purity ( dr9k+-wat] & ( ! disposal ( sewage1 ( our manufactur]s ( be] & spirits1 ( w9e-gr[]s1 & m rec5tly ( f>m]s4 ,all ^! processes dep5d ^u ! action ( organisms 9 produc+ *emical *anges1 :e!r 9 ! tissues ( ! body1 caus+ or cur+ disease1 or 9 ! production ( flavor$ alcohol f sug>1 or 9 ! manufacture ( butt] & *eese1 or 9 prep>+ ! l& = ! reception ( crops4 ,we also owe to ! g5ius ( ,van't ,h(f ! mo/ important advance ( rec5t times 9 ! region ( physical *emi/ry4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by ,ra\lt1 pr(essor at ,gr5oble1 t ! freez+-po9t ( a solv5t z a g5]al rule is l[]$ to ! same ext5t if !re be dissolv$ 9 x quantities ( sub/ances proportional to _! molecul> weights4 ,?us1 suppos+ #a4hj grams ( grape-sug> be dissolv$ 9 #ajj grams ( wat] & ! solution cool$ bel[ #j ) con/ant /irr+1 ice sep>ates sudd5ly 9 ?9 spicules1 & ! temp]ature rises to #j4ahe4 ,if #c4db grams ( cane-sug> be simil>ly dissolv$ 9 #ajj grams ( wat]1 ! freez+-po9t ( ! solution is aga9 #j4ahe4 ,n[1 #a4hj & #c4db are respectively ! hundr$? "p ( ! molecul> weights ( grape-sug> 7,c#f;,h#ab,o#f7 & cane-sug> 7,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa74 ,simil>ly1 ,ra\lt f\nd t quantities proportional to molecul> weights dissolv$ 9 a solv5t depress ! vapor pressure ( t solv5t equally1 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 raise its boil+-po9t by an equal numb] ( degrees4 ,b ord9>y salts1 su* z sodium *loride1 potassium nitrate1 etc41 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 give too great a depression ( ! freez+-po9t & too high a boil+-po9t4 ,next1 x has be5 obs]v$ by botani/s1 ,devries1 ,pfeff]1 & o!rs1 :o _h exam9$ ! asc5t ( sap 9 plants1 t if a vessel ( unglaz$ porcela91 s treat$ z to cause a film ( cupric f]rocyanide 7a slimy r$ comp\nd7 to deposit 9 ! pores ( its walls1 be fill$ ) a weak 7ab\t #a p] c5t47 solution ( sug> or simil> sub/ance1 & plung$ 9 a vessel ( pure wat]1 wat] ent]$ ?r\gh ! pores4 ,by atta*+ a monomet] to ! por\s vessel ! pressure ex]t$ by ! ent]+ wat] c\ld be measur$4 ,su* pressure 0 t]m$ 8osmotic pressure10 ref]r+ to ! 8osmosis0 or passage ?r\gh ! walls ( ! vessel4 ,su* prep>$ walls are p]meable freely to wat]1 b n to sug> or simil> bodies4 ,van't ,h(f po9t$ out t ! total pressure regi/]$ is proportional to ! am\nt ( sub/ance 9 solution1 & t x is proportional to ! absolute temp]ature1 & he %[$1 besides1 t ! pressure ex]t$ by ! sug> molecules is ! same z t :i* w\ld be ex]t$ at ! same temp]ature 7 an equal numb] ( molecules ( hydrog5 to occupy ! same volume z ! sug> solution4 ,?is may be express$ by /at+ t :5 9 dilute solution sug> molecules behave z if !y 7 pres5t 9 ! gase\s /ate4 ,"h aga91 h[ev]1 x 0 notic$ t salts t5d$ to give a high] pressure2 x 0 difficult to con/ruct a semi-p]meable diaphragm1 h[ev]1 :i* w\ld resi/ ! passage ( salt molecules1 :ile all[+ ^? ( wat] to pass freely4 ,la/ly1 ,arrh5ius1 ( ,/ockholm1 _h %[n t ! conductivity ( salt solutions = electricity may be expla9$ on ! assumption t :5 a salt1 su* z ,,kno#c is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 x dissociates into portions simil> 9 numb] & k9d to ^? x w\ld yield if electrolyz$ 7& if no second>y reactions 7 to take place74 ,su* portions 7,k & ,,no#c1 = example7 _h be5 nam$ ions by ,f>aday4 ,! conductivity ( su* solutions becomes great]1 p] unit ( dissolv$ salt1 ! weak] ! solution1 until f9ally a limit is rea*$1 aft] :i* fur!r dilution no long] increases conductivity4 ,n[ ,van't ,h(f unit$ all ^! isolat$ obs]vations & %[$ _! be>+ on ea* o!r4 ,/at$ %ortly1 ! hypo!sis is z foll[s3 ,:5 a sub/ance is dissolv$ 9 a l>ge quantity ( a solv5t1 its molecules are sep>at$ f ea* o!r to a di/ance comp>able ) t :i* obta9s 9 gases4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 capable ( indep5d5t action2 & :5 plac$ 9 a vessel ! walls ( :i* are p]meable to ! solv5t1 b n to ! dissolv$ sub/ance 78semi-p]meable membrane071 ! imprison$ molecules ( ! latt] ex]t pressure on ! int]ior surface ( ^! walls z if !y 7 gase\s4 ,van't ,h(f %[$ ! intimate connection betwe5 ?is ph5om5on & ! depression ( freez+-po9t & ! use ( vapor pressure already allud$ to4 ,he po9t$ out fur!r t ! exceptions to ?is behavior1 notic$ 9 ! case ( dissolv$ salts1 are due to _! 8electric dissociation10 or 8ionization10 z x is n[ t]m$2 & t 9 a suffici5tly dilute solution ( potassium nitrate1 = example1 ! osmotic pressure1 & ! correlat$ depression ( freez+-po9t & rise ( boil+-po9t1 are practically equal to :at w\ld be produc$ 7 ! salt to be split into its ions1 ,k & ,,no#c4 ,^! views 7 vigor\sly advocat$ by ,o/wald1 pr(essor at ,leipzig1 9 8 ,zeits*rift fr physikalis*e ,*emie1 & he & 8 pupils h done mu* to ga!r toge!r facts 9 confirmation ( ?is !ory1 & 9 ext5d+ its scope4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ! ions ,k & ,,no#c are n1 /rictly speak+1 atoms2 !y are *>g$ atoms2 ! ,k reta9s a 1 & ! ,,no#c a *>ge4 ,on imm]s+ into ! solution ! poles ( a batt]y1 "o *>g$ & ! o!r 1 ! ,k atoms are attract$ to ! pole1 & are !re dis*>g$2 z soon z !y lose _! *>ge !y are free to act on ! wat]1 :5 !y lib]ate _! equival5t ( hydrog54 ,simil>ly1 ! ,,no#c gr\ps are dis*>g$ at ! pole1 & ab/ract hydrog5 f ! wat]1 lib]at+ an equival5t quantity ( oxyg54 ,?us ! ph5om5on ( electrolysis1 s long a my/]i\s process1 f9ds a simple explanation4 ,! c\rse ( ord9>y *emical reactions is also readily realiz$ :5 view$ 9 ! light ( ?is !ory4 ,take1 = example1 ! ord9>y equation3 ,ag,n,o#c4;,aq ,na,cl4,ag ,ag,cl ,na,n,o#c4;,aq2 i4e41 solutions ( silv] nitrate & sodium *loride give a precipitate ( silv] *loride1 leav+ sodium nitrate 9 solution4 ,by ! new views1 su* an equation mu/ be writt53 ,ag4,aq ,,no#c4;,aq ,na4,aq ,cl4,aq ,ag,cl ,na4,aq ,,no#c4;,aq4 ,! comp\nd1 silv] *loride1 be+ insoluble 9 wat]1 is =m$ by ! union ( ! ions ,ag & ,cl1 & _! consequ5t dis*>ge1 =m+ an electrically neutral comp\nd2 :ile ! sodium ions1 *>g$ positively toge!r ) ! ,,no#c ions1 negatively *>g$1 rema9 9 solution4 ,"o m application ( ! pr9ciple may be giv54 ,_m obs]v]s--,&rews1 ,favre1 & ,silb]mann1 b especially ,julius ,?oms51 ( ,cop5hag51 & ,m4 ,b]!lot1 ( ,p>is--h devot$ mu* labor & "t to ! measurem5t ( ! heat evolv$ dur+ *emical reactions4 ,n[1 :ile v diff]5t am\nts ( heat are evolv$ :5 *lor9e1 brom9e1 or iod9e comb9e respectively ) sodium or potassium1 ! numb] ( heat units evolv$ on neutraliz+ sodium or potassium hydroxide ) hydro*loric1 hydrobromic1 hydriodic1 or nitric acids is always ab\t #ac1ejj4 ,h[ c ?is fact be expla9$8 ,x f9ds its explanation z foll[s3 ,^! acids & bases are ioniz$ 9 solution z %[n 9 ! equation3 ,h4,aq ,cl4,aq4 ,na4,aq ,,oh4,aq ,h4,,oh ,na4,aq ,cl4,aq4 ,wat] is ! only comp\nd =m$2 & x is produc$ by ! union ( ! hydrog5-ion orig9ally belong+ to ! acid1 & ! ,,oh or hydroxyl-ion orig9ally belong+ to ! base4 ,no fur!r *ange has occurr$2 h5ce ! uni=m evolution ( heat by ! int]action ( equival5t quantities ( ^! acids & bases4 ,x n[ rema9s to give a %ort acc\nt ( ! greate/ g5]alization :i* has z yet be5 made 9 *emi/ry4 ,x has be5 t]m$ ! 8,p]iodic ,arrangem5t ( ! ,elem5ts40 ,9 #ahfd ,newl&s1 ( ,london1 & ,lo?> ,mey]1 late ( ,tb+51 f\nd t by arrang+ ! elem5ts 9 ! ord] ( _! atomic weights c]ta9 regul>ities 7 to be obs]v$ betwe5 ea* elem5t1 & 9 g5]al ! eigh? 9 succession f x1 9 ! ord] ( _! num]ical value4 ,su* simil> elem5ts =m$ gr\ps or quantities2 :ile ! elem5ts sep>at+ !m belong to a p]iod1 h5ce ! "n 8p]iodic arrangem5t40 ,comm5c+ ) li?ium1 a light1 lu/r\s metal f\nd 9 silicate 9 c]ta9 m9]als1 we h ! foll[+ s]ies3 ,li?ium ,b]yllium ,boron ,c>bon ,nitrog5 ,oxyg5 ,fluor9e ,neon #g #i4b #aa #ab #ad #af #ai #bj ,sodium ,magnesium ,alum9um ,silicon ,phosphorus ,sulphur ,*lor9e ,argon #bc #bd4c #bg #bh #ca #cd #ce4e #dj & s on4 ,x is unnecess>y to po9t out 9 detail ! resemblances betwe5 ! elem5ts :i* /& 9 ! v]tical columns2 b x may be /at$ t ! resemblance ext5ds also to ! =mulas & prop]ties ( _! comp\nds4 ,?us ! *lorides ( li?ium & sodium are ea* :ite soluble salts1 ( ! =mulas ,li,cl & ,na,cl2 oxides ( magnesium & ( b]yllium are bo? insoluble :ite e>?y p[d]s1 ,mg,o & ,be,o 7,ge,o71 & s on4 ,newl&s1 9 8 prelim9>y sket*1 t]m$ ?is ord] ! 8,law ( ,octaves10 & pr$ict$ ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 undiscov]$ elem5ts :i* %\ld occupy unfill$ positions 9 ! table4 ,m5delef1 pr(essor at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 9 #ahfi amplifi$ & ext5d$ ^! relations2 & he & ,mey] po9t$ out t ! volume occupi$ by equal numb]s ( atoms ( su* elem5ts und]w5t a p]iodic v>iation :5 ! elem5ts are classifi$ z above4 ,! pr$iction ( undiscov]$ elem5ts 0 made by ,m5delef 9 a m assur$ mann]2 & 9 sev]al cases !y h be5 realiz$4 ,?us :at ,m5delef call$ 8ekaboron0 has s9ce be5 discov]$ by ,lecoq de ,boisb&ron & nam$1 patriotically1 8gallium02 ,m5delef's 8eka-silicon0 is n[ kn[n z 8g]manium10 discov]$ by ,w9kl]2 & 8eka-alum9um0 is n[ ,clve's 8sc&ium40 ,moreov]1 ! atomic weights ( csium1 b]yllium1 molybd5ium1 & m]cury h be5 alt]$ s t !y fit ! p]iodic table2 & fur!r rese>* has ju/ifi$ ! alt]ation4 ,! val5cy ( ^! elem5ts increases f "r to left1 z w be se5 by inspection ( ! foll[+ s]ies3 ,li,cl ,be,cl#c ,b,cl#c ,c,cl#d ,,nh#d;,cl ,na#b,o ,mg,o ,b#b,o#c ,si,o#b ,p,cl#c ,monad4 ,dyad4 ,triad4 ,tetrad4 ,triad & ,p5tad4 ,,oh#b ,,fh ,ne---- ,,s#c ,cl7,,oh7,o#c ,a---- ,dyad & ,hexad4 ,monad & ,heptad4 ,no val5cy4 ,! elem5ts ( no val5cy are ( rec5t discov]y4 ,9 #ahid ,"l ,rayleigh _h det]m9$ ! d5sity ( ! nitrog5 ( ! atmosph]e1 hav+ sep>at$ f x ! oxyg5 & c>bon dioxide :i* is mix$ ) nitrog5 9 air4 ,he f\nd x to be ( some:at high] d5sity ?an t obta9able f ammonia & o!r comp\nds ( nitrog54 ,9 conjunction ) ,ramsay he inve/igat$ atmosph]ic nitrog52 x 0 absorb$ ei!r by a me?od devis$ by ,cav5di%1 or by mak+ x comb9e ) magnesium at a r$ heat4 ,!y f\nd t ! unabsorbable residue possess$ an unkn[n spectrum1 & t its d5sity 0 ne>ly #bj4 ,to ?is new gas !y gave ! "n 8argon10 or inactive1 see+ t all attempts to cause x to ent] into comb9ation _h fail$4 ,9 #ahie ,ramsay1 se>*+ = possible comb9ations ( argon 9 m9]als1 exp]im5t$ ) "o :i* _h be5 previ\sly exam9$ by ,hillebr&1 ( ,baltimore1 & obta9$ f x helium1 a gas ( d5sity #b1 possess+ a spectrum :i* _h be5 previ\sly discov]$ 9 #ahfh 9 ! *romosph]e ( ! sun1 by ,janns51 ( ,p>is1 & nam$ helium by ,frankl& & ,locky]4 ,subsequ5t liquefaction ( crude argon by means ( liquid air1 prep>$ by a process inv5t$ simultane\sly by ,l9de & ,hampson1 gave a residue :i* 0 nam$ by its discov]]s1 ,ramsay & ,trav]s1 8neon40 ,liquid argon has yield$ two o!r gases also1 8krypon0 & 8x5on40 ,^! elem5ts =m a sep>ate gr\p 9 ! ,p]iodic ,table1 comm5c+ ) helium1 ) atomic weight1 #d2 neon1 #bj2 argon1 #dj2 krypon1 #hb2 & x5on1 #abh4 ,!y all agree 9 be+ mono-atomic1 i4e41 _! molecules consi/ ( s+le atoms2 & !y h no t5d5cy to =m comp\nds1 i4e41 !y possess no val5cy4 ,9 ?is sket* ( ! progress ( *emi/ry dur+ ! c5tury :i* has j pass$1 att5tion has be5 paid *iefly to ! progress ( ?\ght4 ,allusions mu/1 h[ev]1 be made to ! applications ( *emi/ry to indu/rial purposes4 ,! developm5t ( ! soda indu/ry1 ! prep>ation ( c>bonate ( soda & cau/ic f common salt--initiat$ 9 ,france by ,le,blanc 7#agdb-ahjf7--;has be5 develop$ by ,t5nant1 9 ,scotl&1 & ,muspea? & ,gossage1 & by ,h>greaves1 ,weldon1 & ,maetea1 9 ,engl&2 ?is process has at pres5t a s]i\s rival 9 ! ammonia-soda process1 develop$ by ,solway1 9 ,belgium1 & by ,brunn] & ,mond1 9 ,engl&4 ,! ma9 action ( sulphuric acid1 s long associat$ ) ! alkali process1 has made enorm\s /rides dur+ ! pres5t c5tury1 b is /ill1 9 ! ma91 ! orig9al process ( caus+ sulphur dioxide 9 pres5ce ( wat] to absorb ! oxyg5 ( ! air ?r\gh nitric oxide4 ,b ! sav+ ( ! oxides ( nitrog5 ?r\gh ! inv5tion ( a sulphuric acid p[] by ,gay-,lussac1 kn[n by 8 "n1 & ! re-utilization ( ^! oxides 9 ! 8,glov]0 p[]1 inv5t$ by ,john ,glov]1 ( ,newca/le1 h greatly less5$ ! co/ ( ! acid4 ,conc5tration ( ! acid 9 iron vessels is n[ common1 ! co/ ( plat9um or ( fragile glass vessels be+ !reby sav$4 ,! desulphurization ( iron & ! removal ( silicon1 c>bon1 & phosphorus by ,bessem]'s process1 modifi$ by ,?omas & ,gil*ri/ ?r\gh ! introduction ( a 8basic magnesia l9+0 = ! conv]tors1 has made x possible to obta9 pure iron & /eel f ores previ\sly reg>d$ z ( little value4 ,! use ( artificial manures1 prep>$ by mix+ refuse animal matt]s ) tetra-hydrog51 calcium phosphate1 & nitrate ( soda1 or sulphate ( ammonia1 fir/ introduc$ by ,liebig1 has creat$ a revolution 9 agricultural me?ods & 9 ! weight ( crops obta9able f a giv5 area ( soil4 ,! influ5ce ( manures on crops has be5 fully /udi$ by ,lawes & ,gilb]t = m ?an fifty ye>s 9 _! exp]im5tal f>m at ,ro?amp/ead4 ,! mo/ rem>kable advances :i* h be5 made1 h[ev]1 are due to *eap electric curr5t4 ,! electrolysis ( alum9a1 dissolv$ 9 fus$ cryolite to obta9 alum9um1 an op]ation c>ri$ out at ,s*affhaus5-on-!-,rh9e1 & at ! ,falls ( ,foy]s1 9 ,scotl&2 ! electro-deposition ( pure copp] = electric wires & cables1 electro-silv]+1 gild+1 & nickell+1 all ^! are in/ances :]e decomposition ( a comp\nd by ! electric curr5t has l$ to important indu/rial results4 ,at pres5t soda & *lor9e are be+ manufactur$ by ! electrolysis ( salt solution conta9$ 9 rock+ trays1 "o ( ! electrodes be+ m]cury1 by ! ,ca/n]-,kelln] process4 ,?is manufacture is be+ c>ri$ on at ,niag>a1 z well z 9 ,engl&4 ,b electricity z a heat+ ag5t f9ds ev]-ext5d+ application4 ,l\is ,moisson1 pr(essor at ,p>is1 l$ ! way by utiliz+ ! enorm\s heat ( ! ore 9 8 electric furnace1 !reby1 among o!r int]e/+ reactions1 manufactur+ diamonds1 small1 x is true1 ?\gh none ! less real4 ,! use ( electricity z a heat+ ag5t has receiv$ new applications4 ,phosphorus is n[ made by di/ill+ a mixture ( phosphates ( lime & alum9a ) coke2 a new poli%+ ag5t has be5 f\nd 9 8c>borundum10 a comp\nd ( c>bon & silicon1 produc$ by heat+ 9 an electric furnace a mixture ( s& & coke2 & cyanide ( potassium1 almo/ indisp5sable = ! extraction ( gold f ores poor 9 gold1 is n[ manufactur$ by heat+ a mixture ( c>bon & c>bonate ( b>ium 9 an electric furnace 9 a curr5t ( c>bon monoxide4 ,^! are b "s ( ! in/ances 9 :i* electricity has be5 adopt$ z an ag5t 9 effect+ *emical *anges2 & x may be confid5tly pr$ict$ t ! e>li] ye>s ( ! tw5tie? c5tury w witness a great developm5t 9 ?is direction4 ,x may be po9t$ out t ! lat] developm5ts ( indu/rial *emi/ry owe _! success entirely to ! gr[? ( *emical !ory2 & x is obvi\s t t nation :i* possesses ! mo/ compet5t *emi/s1 !oretical & practical1 is de/9$ to succe$ 9 ! competition ) o!r nations = comm]cial supremacy & all its concomitant advantages4 ,,william ,,ramsay4 ,,ar*,,ology ,to write ( ! progress ( ar*ology 9 ?is c5tury is sc>cely possible1 z ! idea ( ! subject 0 unkn[n a hundr$ ye>s ago2 x is1 !re=e1 ! :ole hi/ory ( its op5+ & developm5t t we h to deal )4 ,! conception ( ! hi/ory ( man be+ pres]v$ to u 9 mat]ial facts1 & n only 9 writt5 words1 0 q disreg>d$ until ! gr[? ( geology _h taught m5 to read nature = !mselves1 in/ead ( tru/+ to ! int]pretations =m$ by _! ance/ors4 ,ev5 d[n to ! pres5t ! academic view is t classical ar*ology is m important ?an o!r bran*es1 because x s]ves to illu/rate classical lit]ature4 ,look$ at z ar*ology1 x is1 on ! contr>y1 ! lea/ important bran*1 because we already "k s mu* m ( ! classical ages ?an we d ( o!rs4 ,x is only )9 ! pres5t g5]ation t x has be5 realiz$ t :]ev] man has liv$ he has left ! traces ( 8 action1 & t a sy/ematic & obs]vant /udy ( ^? rema9s w int]pret to u :at 8 life 01 :at 8 abilities & ta/es 71 & ! ext5t & nature ( 8 m9d4 ,lit]ature is b "o bran* ( ! ar*ology ( ! high] races2 ano!r--equally important = ! und]/&+ ( man--is art2 ^! two give ! highe/ & mo/ complex & *>act]i/ic view ( ! nature ( a race4 ,at ! opposite end ( ! scale are ! rude/ /one weapons :i* rema9 z ! sole traces ( ! savages :o us$ !m4 ,^! highe/ & l[e/ evid5ces ( m9d1 & all t lies betwe5 !m1 are ! doma9 ( ar*ology4 ,we n[ purpose to review ! gr[? ( ar*ology 9 contact ) geology1 :]e x conc]ns man z ! la/ ( ! l9ks ( life on ! globe2 & !n to notice ! ar*ology ( ea* c\ntry 9 turn1 z x leads on to ! times ( hi/orical record1 & s passes d[n to mod]n times4 ,a c5tury ago ! _w ( ?\ght 0 divid$ betwe5 ! old & new ideas v diff]5tly f :at is n[ ! case4 ,!n !re /ood on "o side ! idea ( a special creation ( an individual man1 at #djjj ,b4 ,c42 ! compression ( all human hi/ory into a prehi/oric age ( ab\t ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 & a fairly logical solution ( mo/ ( ! difficulties ( und]/&+ 9 a com=table teleology4 ,on ! o!r h& /ood _m :o felt ! inh]5t improbability ( su* solutions ( ! problem ( life1 & :o 7 feel+ _! way to "s m workable !ory on ! basis ( ,laplace1 ,lam>ck1 ,erasmus ,d>w91 & o!rs2 vaguely m+l+ toge!r que/ions ( physics1 geology1 ar*ology1 an?ropology1 & !ology1 ea* ( :i* we n[ see mu/ be treat$ on its own basis1 & be decid$ on int]nal evid5ce1 be=e we c v5ture to let x affect our judgm5t on o!r po9ts4 ,! great new =ce :i* ?ru/ itself 9 to divide & decide on ^! que/ions is ! sci5tific /udy ( man & 8 works4 ,/rangely %ap$ fl9ts _h be5 notic$1 b no "o _h any k ( _! age4 ,"o su*1 :5 f\nd ) ! bones ( a mammo?1 0 attribut$ to ! ,roman age1 because no p]son c\ld h br\ght elephants into ,brita9 except "s ,roman g5]al4 ,! argum5t 0 excell5t & irrefutable until geology f\nd pl5ty m rema9s ( ! mammo? & %[$ t x 0 "h long be=e ! ,romans4 ,x 0 less ?an half a c5tury ago t our eyes began to op5 to ! abundant rema9s ( fl9t-us+ man4 ,!n a s+le rude /one weapon 0 an unexpla9$ curiosity2 n[ an active collector w put toge!r 8 t5s ( ?\s&s ( specim5s1 w "k exactly :]e !y 7 f\nd1 _! relation ( age & ( purpose1 & _! be>+ on ! hi/ory ( man4 ,n only h work$ fl9t implem5ts be5 f\nd 9 ! riv] gravels ( ,france & ,engl&1 :]e !y 7 fir/ notic$ 9 ! middle ( ?is c5tury1 b also 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,europe1 9 ,egypt on ! high des]t1 9 ,somalil&1 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 9 ,india1 ,am]ica1 & o!r c\ntries2 & ! mo/ /rik+ feature is ! exact simil>ity 9 =m :]ev] !y h be5 f\nd4 ,s precisely d ! same types recur1 s impossible w\ld x be to say f its =m :e!r a fl9t _h be5 f\nd 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 or ,africa1 t x appe>s z if ! art ( work+ _h spread f "s s+le c5tre ov] ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! riv]-gravel fl9ts--! e>li] class--usually call$ ,paleoli?ic4 ,soon aft] ! g5]al division _h be5 made betwe5 poli%$ /one-"w ( ! lat] or ,neoli?ic times1 f\nd on ! surface1 & ! r\gh *ipp$ "w ( ! e>li] or ,paleoli?ic times1 f\nd 9 geological deposits1 a fur!r sub-division 0 made by sep>at+ ! ,paleoli?ic age into t ( ! riv] gravels & t ( ! cave-dwell]s4 ,! latt] has aga9 be5 divid$ into ?ree classes by ,fr5* writ]s1 nam$1 f _! localities1 ,m\/]i51 ,solutri51 ,magdal5i52 &1 ?\gh ^! classes may be mu* influ5c$ by locality1 !y probably h "s diff]5ce ( age betwe5 !m4 ,& n[ )9 ! la/ few ye>s a /ill e>li] k9d ( workman%ip has be5 recogniz$ 9 fl9ts f\nd 9 ,engl& on ! high hills 9 ,k5t4 ,?\gh at fir/ mu* disput$1 ! human orig9 ( ! =ms is n[ g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 & !y %[ a f> rud] ability ?an ev5 ! mo/ massive ( ! ,paleoli?ic =ms4 ,! position also ( ^! fl9ts1 9 riv] deposits ly+ on ! highe/ hills "s six hundr$ feet above ! pres5t riv]s1 %[s t ! :ole ( ! valleys has be5 excavat$ s9ce !y 7 deposit$1 & implies a f> great] age ?an any ( ! gravel b$s ( ! ,paleoli?ic ages4 ,we1 !re=e1 h pass$ n[ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury to a f> wid] view ( man's hi/ory1 & classify 8 e>li] ages 9 ,europe ?us3 ,fir/--,eoli?ic3 ,rude/ massive fl9ts f deposits #fjj feet up4 ,second--,paleoli?ic3 ,massive fl9ts f gravels #bjj feet up & less 7,a*ule574 ,?ird--,paleoli?ic--,cave-dwell]s3 ,fl9ts l ! prec$+ & flakes 7,m\/]i574 ,f\r?--,paleoli?ic--,cave-dwell]s3 ,fl9ts well work$ & f9ely %ap$ 7,solutri574 ,fif?--,paleoli?ic--,cave-dwell]s3 ,abundant bone work+ & draw+ 7,magdal5i574 ,six?--,neoli?ic3 ,poli%$ fl9t work+1 pa/oral & agricultural man4 ,:at "t ^! p]iods cov] no?+ yet proves4 ,! date ( #djjj ,b4 ,c4 = man's appe>ance1 ) :i* belief ! n9ete5? c5tury />t$1 has be5 pu%$ back by "o discov]y aft] ano!r4 ,e/imates ( f #aj1jjj to #bjj1jjj ye>s h be5 giv5 f v>i\s possible clews4 ,9 ,egypt an exposure ( #gjjj ye>s or m only gives a fa9t br[n t9t to fl9ts ly+ side by side ) ,paleoli?ic fl9ts t are black ) age4 ,i incl9e to ?9k t #ajj1jjj ye>s ,b4 ,c4 = ! rise ( ! second class1 & #aj1jjj ,b4 ,c4 = ! rise ( ! six? class w be a mod]ate e/imate4 ,pass+ n[ f ,paleoli?ic man ( ! late/ geological times ^: works lie "u ! deposit ( ages1 to ,neoli?ic man ( surface hi/ory ^: poli%$ /one tools lie on ! gr\nd1 we f9d also h[ greatly views h *ang$4 ,= ages pa/ metal-us+ man has look$ on ! beautifully poli%$ or *ipp$ weapons ( 8 =efa!rs z 8?und]bolts10 possess+ magic p[]s1 & he (t5 m\nt$ ! small] ones to we> z *>ms4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury well-f9i%$ /one weapons 7 only pres]v$ z curiosities :i* might belong to "s remote age1 b )\t any def9ite ideas ab\t !m4 ,! recognition ( long ages ( e>li] unpoli%$ /one "w has n[ put ^! m elaborate specim5s to a comp>atively late p]iod1 & yet !y are probably old] ?an ! date to :i* our =efa!rs plac$ ! creation ( man4 ,! beg9n+ ( a m intellig5t k ( su* ?+s 0 laid by ! sy/ematic excavations ( ! burial m\nds scatt]$ ov] ! s\? ( ,engl&1 :i* 0 done 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury by ,sir ,ri*>d ,colt ,ho>e4 ,a solid basis ( facts 0 laid1 :i* began to sup]s$e ! romances wov5 by ,/ukeley & o!rs 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,gradually m exact me?ods ( se>* 7 introduc$1 & 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s ,canon ,gre5well has done mu*1 & ,g5]al ,pitt ,riv]s has e/abli%$ a /&>d ( accurate & complete "w ) p]fect record+1 :i* is ! highe/ developm5t ( ar*ological /udy4 ,^! & o!r rese>*es h op5$ up ! life ( ,neoli?ic man to u1 & we see t he 0 mu* z mod]n man1 if comp>$ ) ! e>li] /age ( man z a hunt]4 ,! ,neoli?ic man made pott]y1 spun & wove l951 con/ruct$ enorm\s e>?works bo? = def5ce & = burial1 & sy/ematically made 8 tools ( ! be/ mat]ial he c\ld obta9 by comb9$ labor 9 m9+4 ,! ext5sive fl9t-m9es 9 *alk di/ricts ( ,engl& %[ long-cont9u$ labor2 & ! p]fect =m & spl5did f9i% ( _m ( ! /one weapons %[ t skill$ leisure c\ld be devot$ to !m1 & t /hetic ta/e _h be5 develop$4 ,! l>ge camps prove t a ?or\gh tribal organization prevail$1 ?\gh probably conf9$ to small clans4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury a new type ( dwell+ began to be explor$--! lake dwell+2 ?is sy/em ( build+ t[ns ^u piles 9 lakes _h ! great advantage ( protection f enemies & wild bea/s1 & a con/ant supply ( food 9 ! fi% t c\ld be hook$ f ! wat] bel[4 ,?\gh su* settlem5ts 7 fir/ f\nd 9 ! ,swiss lakes1 & explor$ !re by ,kell]1 !y h s9ce be5 f\nd 9 ,france1 ,hung>y1 ,italy1 ,holl&1 & ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,! e>li] settlem5ts ( ?is =m belong to ! ,neoli?ic age1 b only 9 c5tral ,europe4 ,9 ^! e>lie/ lake dwell+s weav+ 0 kn[n1 & ! cultivation ( flax1 grapes1 & o!r fruit & corn2 :ile ! usual dome/ic animals 7 kept & cattle 7 yok$ to ! pl\gh2 pott]y 0 abundant1 & 0 (t5 ornam5t$ ) geometric patt]ns4 ,! type ( man 0 r\nd-head$4 ,foll[+ ! ,neoli?ic lake dwell+s came ^? ( ! ,bronze age1 & z ! bronze objects are simil> to ^? f\nd 9 o!r k9ds ( dwell+s we %all notice !m 9 ! ,bronze age 9 g5]al4 ,! type ( man 0 long]-head$ ?an 9 ! e>li] lake settlem5t4 ,! dome/ication ( animals %[s an advance2 ! horse 0 common1 & ! dog1 ox1 pig1 & %eep 7 greatly improv$4 ,pott]y 0 bett] made & elaborately decorat$1 (t5 ) /rips ( t9-foil4 ,! ,bronze age m>ks a great /ep 9 man's hi/ory4 ,9 _m c\ntries ! use ( copp]1 h>d5$ by ars5ic or oxide1 0 common = long be=e ! alloy ( copp] & t9 0 us$4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 :]e ! use ( metals 0 import$1 copp] only appe>s z a native imitation ( ! import$ bronze4 ,h5ce !re is a true age ( copp] 9 l&s :]e ! use ( metals has gr[n4 ,x mu/ by no means be suppos$ t copp] exclud$ ! use ( fl9t2 x 0 n until bronze became common t fl9t 0 disus$4 ,! exi/5ce ( a ,bronze age 0 fir/ =mulat$1 z di/9ct f a ,/one age1 ab\t sev5ty ye>s ago2 & ! exi/5ce ( a ,copp] age has be5 mu* disput$ 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 b has only be5 prov$ cle>ly t5 ye>s ago1 9 ,egypt4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! bronze weapons f\nd 9 ,engl& 7 attribut$ to ! ,romans by "s writ]s1 ?\gh o!rs1 ) m reason1 argu$ t !y 7 ,briti%4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! c5tury began ! comp>ative /udy ( su* weapons ) ref]5ce to mod]n savage products4 ,! developm5t ( ! metal =ms f /one prototypes 0 po9t$ out 9 #ahaf2 ! trac+ out ( ! succession ( ! =ms & ! modes ( use appe>$ 9 #ahdg4 ,fur!r /udy cle>$ up ! details1 & )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ! full k ( ! ,bronze age 9 o!r c\ntries has left no "q z to ! g5]al facts ( ! sequ5ce ( its hi/ory4 ,9 ea* type ( tool & weapon !re appe>s fir/ a v simple =m imitat$ f ! /one implem5ts :i* 7 e>li] us$4 ,gradually ! facilities giv5 by ! ca/+ & t\ghness ( ! metal 7 us$1 & ! =ms 7 modifi$2 ornam5tation 0 add$1 & ?9 "w 9 emboss$ patt]ns gave ! /iffness & /r5g? :i* _h be5 atta9$ be=e by massive =ms4 ,! g5]al types are ! axe--fir/ a pla9 slip ( metal1 lat] develop$ ) a socket2 !n ! *isel1 g\ge1 sickle1 knife1 dagg]1 sword1 spe>1 & %ield2 p]sonal objects1 z p9s1 necklets1 bracelets1 e>-r+s1 buttons1 buckles1 & dome/ic caldrons & cups4 ,mo/ ( ^! =ms 7 f\nd toge!r1 all worn out & brok51 9 ! great bronze-f\nd]'s ho>d at ,bologna4 ,la/ly 9 ! prehi/ory ( ,europe comes ! ,iron age1 :i* s mu* belongs to ! hi/orical p]iod t we c be/ consid] x 9 notic+ sep>ate c\ntries4 ,f ! rec5t discov]ies 9 ,egypt we c ga9 "s idea ( ! date ( ^! p]iods4 ,we v5tur$ to assign ab\t #aj1jjj ,b4 ,c4 = ! rise ( ! ,neoli?ic or poli%$-/one p]iod 7x may v possibly be e>li]72 ! beg9n+ ( ! use ( copp] may be plac$ ab\t #ejjj ,b4 ,c42 ! beg9n+ ( bronze 0 p]haps #cjjj or #bjjj ,b4 ,c41 z its free use 9 ,egypt is n till #afjj ,b4 ,c42 & ! use ( iron beg9n+ ab\t #ajjj ,b4 ,c41 probably 9 ,arm5ia1 spread+ !nce ?r\gh ,europe until x rea*$ ,italy1 p]haps #gjj ye>s ,b4 ,c41 & ,brita9 ab\t #djj ,b4 ,c4 ,su* is ! briefe/ outl9e ( ! great] "p ( ! hi/ory ( man1 mass$ toge!r 9 "o g5]al t]m ( 8prehi/oric10 be=e we rea* ! little fr+e ( hi/ory ne>e/ to our own age4 ,! :ole ( ?is k results f ! "w ( ! c5tury4 ,we n[ turn to ! hi/orical ages ( ea* ( ! pr9cipal c\ntries1 to review :at advance has be5 made ev5 :]e a basis ( writt5 record has come d[n to u1 equally accessible 9 all rec5t times4 ,,egypt ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ,egypt 0 a l& ( unt\*$ & inexplicable my/]y2 ! hi]oglyphics 7 wond]$ at1 & puzzl$ ov]1 )\t any idea ( h[ !y 7 to be read1 :e!r z symbols or z lett]s4 ,! hi/ory 0 entirely d]iv$ f ! confus$ acc\nts ( ,greek au?ors1 ! li/s rema9+ ( ,mane?o's hi/ory1 writt5 ab\t #bfj ,b4 ,c41 & ! allusions 9 ! ,bible4 ,! attempt to make ev]y?+ fit to ! ideas ( ! ,greeks1 & to make ev]y?+ ref] to ! ,biblical hi/ory1 greatly ret>d$ ! und]/&+ ( ! monum5ts1 & is sc>cely ov]come yet4 ,! fir/ great /ep =w>d 0 :5 an inscription 0 f\nd at ,rosetta1 9 #agii1 writt5 9 two me?ods1 ! monum5tal hi]oglyphic & ! popul> demotic1 along ) a ,greek v]sion4 ,by #ahjb "s gr\ps ( ea* writ+ _h be5 translat$4 ,"y id5tifi$ m signs1 & ,gell1 by #ahbb1 c\ld successfully apportion ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! signs to ! ,greek words4 ,! next /ep 0 to apply ! mod]n ,coptic language1 desc5d$ f ! anci5t ,egyptian1 to ! read+ ( ! words4 ,gell _h be5 do+ s1 b x ne$$ a /ud5t ( ,coptic--,*ampollion--to c>ry ?is out ?or\ghly1 z he did 9 #ahba-cb4 ,s9ce !n advance 9 read+ has be5 only a matt] ( detail1 n requir+ any new pr9ciples4 ,! k ( ! art began ) ! admiration = ! debas$ "w ( ,roman times1 ! pr9cipal int]e/ at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,!n ! excavations among ! ,rameside monum5ts at ,!bes1 ab\t #ahbj-cj1 took att5tion back to ! age ( #aejj-ajjj ,b4 ,c4 ,! "w ( ,lepsius1 & lat] ( ,m>iette1 f #ahdj-hj1 op5$ m5's eyes to ! spl5did "w ( ! e>ly dyna/ies1 ab\t #djjj-cjjj ,b4 ,c4 ,& la/ly ! excavations ( #ahic-ii h fasc9at$ s*ol>s by a view ( ! rise ( ! civilization & ! prehi/oric p]iod be=e #ejjj ,b4 ,c4 ,?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! c5tury ! ar*ology ( ,egypt lay unt\*$2 all att5tion 0 giv5 to ! language2 & ev5 ,g>dn] ,wilk9son's f9e view ( ! civilization 7#ahcg7 dep5d$ l>gely on ,greek au?ors1 & _h no p]spective ( hi/ory 9 trac+ *anges & developm5t4 ,x is only 9 ! la/ t5 or fifte5 ye>s t any exact k has be5 acquir$ ab\t ! rise & progress ( ! v>i\s arts ( life2 ?is /udy n[ enables u to date ! sculpture1 metal "w1 pott]y1 & o!r art products z exactly z we c ^? ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! view t we n[ h ( ! rise & decay ( ?is great civilization & its connection ) o!r l&s is m complete & f>-rea*+ ?an t ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,9 ! e>ly undat$ age1 be=e ! mon>*y :i* began ab\t #dhjj ,b4 ,c41 a fl\ri%+ civilization 0 spread ov] upp] ,egypt4 ,t[ns 7 built ( brick1 z 9 lat] times2 clo?+ 0 made ( wov5 l95 & ( lea!r2 pott]y 0 mo/ skilfully =m$1 )\t ! pott]'s :eel1 h&-made1 yet ( exquisite regul>ity & beauty ( outl9e1 :ile ! v>iety ( =m is p]haps great] ?an 9 any o!r l&2 /one vases 7 made entirely by h&1 )\t a la!1 z p]fect 9 =m z ! pott]y1 & ( ! h>de/ rocks1 z diorite & granite2 wood 0 c>v$ = furniture2 ! art ( color$ glaz+ 0 common1 & 0 ev5 appli$ to glaz+ ov] l>ge c>v+s 9 rock cry/al2 ornam5ts & beads 7 wr\ght ( v>i\s /ones & preci\s metals2 ivory combs ) c>v$ figures adorn$ ! hair2 ivory spoons 7 us$ at ! table2 f9ely =m$ weapons & tools ( copp] s]v$ :]e /r5g? 0 ne$ful1 :ile m useful 7 fl9t knives & lances :i* 7 wr\ght ) a miracul\s f9i% t has nev] be5 rea*$ by any o!r p2 & games 7 play$ ) da9ty pieces made ( h>d /one & ( ivory4 ,b all ?is ta/eful skill ( #fjjj-ejjj ,b4 ,c4 _h its negative side2 9 ! arti/ic copy+ ( nature ! me*anical skill ( ^! p c>ri$ !m a v little way2 _! figures & heads ( m5 & animals are /rangely crude4 ,& !y _h no sy/em ( writ+1 al?\gh m>ks 7 commonly us$4 ,!y always buri$ ! body d\bl$ up1 & (t5 pres]v$ ! head & h&s sep>ately4 ,comm]ce 0 already active1 & l>ge r[+-galleys c>ri$ ! w>es ( diff]5t c\ntries ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,^! p 7 ! same z ! mod]n ,kabyle1 ( ,alg]ia1 & ak9 to ! ,s\? ,european races1 b ) "s negro admixture4 ,our :ole k ( ?is age has only be5 ga9$ )9 ! la/ five ye>s4 ,at ab\t #ejjj ,b4 ,c4 !re p\r$ into ,egypt a v diff]5t p1 probably f ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,hav+ f> m arti/ic ta/e1 a common] use ( metals1 a sy/em ( writ+ already begun1 & a m organiz$ gov]nm5t1 ^! fre% p />t$ a new civilization 9 ,egypt2 adopt+ readily ! art & skill ( ! e>li] race1 !y =m$ by _! union ! peculi> culture kn[n z ,egyptian1 a type :i* la/$ = f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,! same f\ndation ( a type is se5 9 ! bodily /ructure2 ! e>ly hi/orical p _h wid] heads & m sl5d] noses ?an ! prehi/oric1 b f #djjj ,b4 ,c4 d[n to ,roman times ! =m %[s no *ange4 ,f ?is union ( two able races came "o ( ! f9e/ peoples ev] se51 ! ,egyptians ( ! old k+dom1 #dejj--cejj ,b4 ,c4 ,full ( gr& conceptions1 active1 able1 highly me*anical1 & yet spl5did arti/s1 !y h left beh9d !m ! greate/ masses ( build+1 ! mo/ accurate workman%ip & exquisite sculptures 9 ! gr& pyramids & tombs ( _! cemet]ies4 ,!y p]fect$ ! art ( organiz+ comb9$ labor on ! imm5se public works4 ,9 all ^! respects no lat] age or c\ntry has advanc$ beyond ?is e>ly ability4 ,! moral "* & ideas are pres]v$ to u 9 ! writ+s ( ^! p2 & we !re read ( ! ability1 res]ve1 /eadfa/ness1 & k9dl9ess :i* we see reflect$ 9 ! lifelike portraiture ( t age4 ,aft] a p>tial decay ab\t #cjjj ,b4 ,c4 ?is civilization blossom$ out aga9 nobly 9 ! twelf? dyna/y ab\t #bfjj ,b4 ,c42 ?\gh ! works ( ?is age h>dly rea* ! high level ( ! e>li] times1 yet !y are f9] ?an any?+ t foll[$ !m4 ,at ?is p]iod m contact ) o!r c\ntries is se52 bo? ,syria & ! ,m$it]ranean 7 kn[n1 ?\gh imp]fectly4 ,to ?is succe$$ ano!r decad5ce1 seal$ by ! disa/] ( ! =eign invasion ( ! ,hyksos4 ,b ?is 0 ?r[n (f by ! rise ( a ?ird age ( brilliance--! eighte5? dyna/y1 #aejj ,b4 ,c4--:i*1 ?\gh inf]ior to e>ly times 9 its highe/ "w1 yet %9es by ! widespread ( art & luxury ?r\gh\t ! upp] classes4 ,magnific5ce became fa%ionable1 & ! l[] classes cont5t$ !mselves ) mo/ b>efac$ imitations ( co/ly w>es4 ,=eign isl&s came closely 9 contact ) ,egypt4 ,! %ips ( ! ,syrian coa/ & ,cyprus cont9ually trad$ to & fro1 ex*ang+ silv]1 copp]1 & preci\s /ones = ! gold ( ,egypt4 ,greece also trad$ its f9e pott]y ( ! ,myc5an age = ! %[y necklaces ( gold & ! r+s & amulets ) names ( ,ph>aohs4 ,egypt !n dom9at$ ! %ores ( ! we/]n ,m$it]ranean1 ! pla9s ( ! ,euphrates1 & ! f]tile ,s\dan4 ,b ?is p[] & weal? l$ to disa/]4 ,l ,rome1 lat] on1 %e c\ld n resi/ ! temptation to live on plund]2 heavy tribute ( corn 0 exact$1 l>ge numb]s 7 employ$ 9 unproductive labor1 & national disa/] 0 ! natural consequ5ce4 ,egypt nev] recov]$ ! dom9ion or ! spl5dor t 7 h]s 9 ?is age4 ,( ?is p]iod "s slight notions are giv5 u f lit]>y rema9s 9 ! ,bible & ,greek au?ors2 b ar*ology is1 s f>1 our only practical guide1 z 9 ! e>li] ages4 ,! great temples & monum5ts ( ! eighte5?-tw5tie? dyna/ies 7#afjj-aajj ,b4 ,c47 be> hundr$s ( hi/orical inscriptions1 ! tombs are cov]$ ) sc5es ( private life1 ! burials & ! ru9s ( t[ns furni% u ) all ! objects ( daily use4 ,?is age is "o ( ! fulle/ & ri*e/ 9 all hi/ory1 & h>dly any o!r is bett] kn[n ev5 9 ,greece or ,italy4 ,yet all ?is has be5 br\ght to light 9 ! c5tury1 & ! k ( ! =eign relations ( ,egypt is entirely ! result ( ! la/ fifte5 ye>s4 ,! f9al ?\s& ye>s ( ! civilization ( ,egypt is *eck]$ ) _m *anges2 sometimes indep5d5t1 z 9 ! ages ( ,%i%ak ( ,ne*o1 & ( ! ,ptolemies2 at o!r times a prey to ,e?iopians1 ,p]sians1 ,greeks1 or ,romans4 ,its arts & crafts %[ a con/ant decay1 & !re 0 b little left to resi/ ! influ5ce ( ,greek ta/e & design1 :i* ran a debas$ c\rse 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a spread ( manufactures & ( *eap luxuries into l[] & l[] classes2 & ! weal? ( ! c\ntry accumulat$ "u ! b5efic5t rule ( ! e>li] ,ptolemies 7#cjj-bjj ,b4 ,c474 ,! pr9cipal discov]ies ab\t ^! lat] ages h be5 9 ! papyri1 :i* h be5 l>gely f\nd dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,! details ( ! gov]nm5t & life ( ! c\ntry 9 ! ,ptolemaic 7#cje-cj ,b4 ,c47 & ,roman 7#cj ,b4 ,c4-#fdj ,a4 ,d47 p]iods h be5 cle>$ up2 & _m prizes ( classical lit]ature h also be5 recov]$4 ,! ar*ology ( ! ,middle ,ages 9 ,egypt has also be5 /udi$4 ,_m ( ! ,arabic build+s h be5 rec5tly clean$ & put 9 good condition1 & ! spl5did collection ( manuscripts 9 ,cairo has op5$ a view ( ! beautiful art ( ! ?irte5?-fifte5? c5turies s closely ak9 to :at 0 done 9 ,europe at ! same "t4 ,egypt is1 !n1 be=e all o!r l&s1 ! c\ntry ( ar*ology4 ,a cont9u\s hi/ory ( sev5 ?\s& ye>s1 ) abundant rema9s ( e p]iod to illu/rate x1 & a ri* prehi/oric age be=e t1 give complet5ess to ! /udy & ! fulle/ value to ar*ological rese>*4 ,,mesopotamia ,! valley ( ! ,euphrates might well rival t ( ! ,nile if x 7 sci5tifically explor$1 b unhappily all ! excavation has be5 done solely ) a view to inscription & sculpture1 & no prop] record has be5 made1 nor h any t[ns be5 exam9$1 ! only "w be+ 9 palaces & temples4 ,! e>lie/ /udy on ! gr\nd 0 by ,ri* 7#ahah-bj71 :o ga!r$ "s few sculptures & =m$ an idea ( ,assyrian art4 ,! ,fr5* ,consul1 ,botta1 excavat$ ,khorsabad 7f\nd$ #gjj ,b4 ,c47 9 #ahcd-ce1 & ,lay>d excavat$ ,nimrud 9 #ahde-dg2 ^! 7 bo? ,assyrian sites4 ,! old] ,babylonian civilization 0 t\*$ at ,ere* by ,l(tus1 9 #ahdi-eb2 & ?is age has attract$ ! mo/ important excavations made s9ce1 at ,tello by ,s>zec 7#ahgf-ha71 & at ,nippur by ,pet]s & ,haynes1 ( ,philadelphia1 dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,! cunei=m *>act]s 7 absolutely unexpla9$ until ,grotef5d1 9 #ahjj1 resolv$ sev]al ( !m by tak+ inscriptions :i* he presum$ might conta9 names ( ,p]sian k+s & comp>+ !m alongside ( ! kn[n names2 ?us--)\t a s+le fix$ po9t to />t f--he tri$ a s]ies ( hypo!ses until he f\nd "o :i* fitt$ ! facts4 ,b\rn\f 79 #ahcf7 & ,lass5 7#ahcf-dd7 rectifi$ & complet$ ! alphabet4 ,b ! cunei=m signs 7 us$ to write _m div]se languages1 z ! ,roman alphabet is us$ at pres5t2 & ! %ort ,p]sian alphabet 0 only a fraction ( ! great syllab>y ( six hundr$ signs us$ = ,assyrian4 ,rawl9son _h indep5d5tly made out ! ,p]sian alphabet1 us+ ! ,z5d & ,sanskrit = ! language4 ,he next1 f ! tril+ual ,behi/un inscription 9 ,p]sian1 ,assyrian1 & ,vannic1 resolv$ ! long ,assyrian syllab>y1 us+ ,hebrew = ! language4 ,s9ce !n o!r m obscure languages writt5 9 cunei=m h be5 work$ ) m or less success2 ! mo/ important is ! ,turanian language1 us$ by ! e>li] inhabitants ( ,babylonia be=e ! ,semitic invasion2 ?is is record$ by _m syllab>ies & diction>ies1 & translations compil$ by ! lit]>y ,semitic k+s4 ,! g5]al view ( ! civilization :i* has be5 obta9$ by ^! labors ( ! c5tury %[s x to h be5 m important to ! _w ?an any o!r4 ,cunei=m 0 ! lit]>y script ( ! _w = at lea/ six ?\s& ye>s1 ! only m$ium ( writ+ f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,! ,babylonian culture 0 almo/ c]ta9ly ! s\rce ( ! olde/ pres5t civilization--t ( ,*9a4 ,& ! arts 7 develop$ probably ev5 e>li] ?an 9 ,egypt4 ,! fir/ inhabitants 7 call$ ,sumirian 7or riv] folk7 9 di/9ction f ! ,accadian 7or highl&7 p1 :o came f ,elam d[n into ! ,euphrates valley1 br++ ) !m ! use ( writ+4 ,_! e>lie/ writ+ 0 ( figure symbols 7l ! ,egyptian & ,hittite72 b z 9 ! valley clay tablets 7 ! only mat]ial = writ+1 ! figures became gradually trans=m$ into gr\ps ( /raight l9es & spots impress$ on ! clay2 h5ce ! signs 7 =maliz$ into :at we call cunei=m4 ,! ,semitic invad]s 7 us+ cunei=m *>act]s by ab\t #cjjj ,b4 ,c4 ,! e>ly civilization 0 int5sely religi\s1 ! ma9 build+s be+ ! temples1 :i* 7 plac$ on enorm\s piles ( brick-"w4 ,! sculpture 0 at a high level 9 ! "t ( ,n>am-,s9n1 ab\t #cgej ,b4 ,c42 & yet bel[ 8 ru9s at ,nippur !re are no less ?an ?irty-five feet dep? ( e>li] ru9s1 :i* mu/ ext5d back to #fjjj or #gjjj ,b4 ,c4 ,9 e>ly times /one implem5ts 7 us$ alongside ( copp] & bronze1 z we f9d 9 ,egypt #djjj ,b4 ,c4 ,pott]y 0 well made1 & also reliefs 9 t]ra-cotta4 ,p]sonal ornam5ts ( engrav$ gems & gold-"w 7 common4 ,! ma9 l&m>ks 9 ! lat] "t ( ?is civilization are ! ,elamite invasion ( ,kudur-nan-khundi 7#bbhj ,b4 ,c47 :i* upset ! ,semitic rul]s1 & ! ,assyrian invasion ( ,tigla?-,ad> 7#abgj ,b4 ,c471 aft] :i* int]e/ c5tres 9 ! ,assyrian k+dom & its developm5t ( ! ,mesopotamian culture :i* x borr[$4 ,! ma9 build+s ( ! ,assyrian k+s 7 _! enorm\s palaces1 ! mass ( :i* 0 ( unbak$ bricks1 fac$ ) alaba/] slabs2 su* 7 ! works ( ,assurnazir-pal 7,nimrud1 #hhj ,b4 ,c471 ,s>gon 7,khorsabad1 #gaj ,b4 ,c471 ,s5na*]ib & ,assurbani-pal 7,k\yunjik1 #gjj ,b4 ,c474 ,! lat]1 ,assyrian1 =m ( ! civilization 0 to ! e>li] ,*aldean mu* :at ,rome 0 to ,greece1 a r clumsy borr[]1 :o labori\sly pres]v$ ! lit]ature & art4 ,"s ( ! ,assyrian sculpture ( animals is1 h[ev]1 p]haps unsurpass$ = vivid action4 ,! sy/ematic libr>ies1 conta9+ copies ( all ! old] lit]ature = g5]al /udy1 7 mo/ cr$itable1 ?\gh ! ,assyrian himself compos$ no?+ bett] ?an *ronicles4 ,ne>ly all t we possess ( ,babylonian religion1 & mu* ( ! hi/ory1 is 9 ! copies scrupul\sly made f ! anci5t tablets by ! ,assyrian scribes1 :o not$ e defect 9 ! orig9al ) critical fidelity4 ,! ,mesopotamian civilization has left its m>k on ! mod]n _w4 ,its religion greatly influ5c$ ,hebrew1 & !nce ,*ri/ian1 ?\ght1 ! psalms1 = in/ance1 be+ a ,babylonian =m ( piety4 ,its sci5ce fix$ ! signs ( ! zodiac1 ! mon?s ( ! ye>1 ! days ( ! week1 & ! division ( ! circle 9 degrees1 all ( :i* are n[ univ]sal4 ,& its art1 c>ri$ by ! ,phnicians1 0 copi$ by ! ,greeks & ,etruscans1 & ?us pass$ on into mod]n design4 ,,syria ,! k ( ,pale/9e 0 b slight1 & ( nor!rn ,syria no?+ to speak (1 a c5tury ago4 ,travell]s ) "s sci5tific ability1 su* z ,rob9son 7#ahch & #aheb71 ,de ,saulcy 7#ahec71 & ,van de ,velde 7#ahed71 greatly ext5d$ our view & l$ up to ! spl5did survey by ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund 7#ahff & on71 :i* exhau/$ ! surface /udy ( ! l&4 ,! m ar*ological "w ( excavation 0 begun at ,j]usalem 7#ahfg-gj71 & resum$ 7#ahib-ii7 at ,la*i%1 ,j]usalem1 etc4 ,! topographical results are all important1 & leave no?+ to be done until excavation c be freely appli$2 & ! small am\nt ( digg+ yet done has fix$ ! v>ieties ( pott]y back to #bjjj ,b4 ,c4 & giv5 "s e>ly ar*itecture4 ,b ! ru9s ( ,syria1 & inde$ ( ,turkey 9 g5]al1 are practically yet unt\*$4 ,! discov]y 7#ahfh7 ( ! inscription ( ,me%a1 ,k+ ( ,moab 7#hif ,b4 ,c471 op5$ a new prospect ( rese>* :i* _c yet be ent]$ ^u4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,syria no?+ has be5 done except ! ,g]man "w at ,s+]li1 f :i* came an ,aramean inscription ( ab\t #gdj ,b4 ,c4 ,& 9 ! s\? a l>ge numb] ( e>ly inscriptions ( ! ,arabian dyna/ies1 rea*+ back "s c5turies ,b4 ,c41 h be5 copi$2 b !re1 also1 excavation is impossible4 ,! ma9 new light f ,syria has be5 on ! ,hittite p[]4 ,burckh>dt1 9 #ahab1 _h notic$ a new k9d ( hi]oglyph at ,hama?4 ,aft] sev]al ineffective copies1 ,wright made ca/s ( ! /ones 9 #ahgb4 ,sev]al o!r su* inscriptions h be5 f\nd1 & f ^! & ! ,egyptian & ,assyrian ref]5ces to ! ,hittites we n[ realize t !y 7 a nor!rn p1 ) a great capital on ! ,euphrates1 at ,k>khemi%1 & rul+ ov] ne>ly all ,syria & ,asia ,m9or4 ,little has yet be5 fix$ ab\t ! writ+2 a few signs are read & "s h pass$ into ! ,cypriote alphabet4 ,a /rik+ pro( ( ! spread ( ,babylonian culture is se5 9 ! tablets f\nd 9 ,egypt at ,tel-el-,am>na 9 #ahhg1 :i* %[ t all ! correspond5ce betwe5 ,egypt & ,syria 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 0 c>ri$ on 9 cunei=m4 ,^! hundr$s ( lett]s give a vivid picture ( life 9 ,syria at t e>ly date4 ,,greece ,! revival ( int]e/ 9 ,greek civilization 0 at fir/ purely lit]>y1 & rema9$ s dur+ two or ?ree c5turies4 ,b dur+ ! la/ c5tury v>i\s travell]s & resid5ts abroad made collections :i* awoke an int]e/ 9 ! art2 & ?\gh mo/ ( ^! collectors 7 cont5t ) m]ely %[y sculpture1 greatly re/or$ & falsifi$ = ! m>ket1 yet "s--su* z ,hamilton--took a real ar*ological int]e/ 9 ! une>?+ & collect+ ( anci5t art4 ,! condition ( /udy at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 t _m private m5 ( weal? _h b\ght l>ge quantities ( sculpture :i* 0 b little und]/ood1 & look$ on m f a decorative ?an a sci5tific po9t ( view1 :ile !re 7 ! beg9n+s ( a s]i\s appreciation ( x :i* _h be5 j laid d[n by ,w9ckelmann4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury op5$ ) a gr& "w ( publi%+ ! pr9cipal treasures ( classical art 9 ,engl&1 :i* 0 f9ally issu$ 9 #ahji by ,payne1 ,knight1 & ,t[nley2 ?is m>ks ! highe/ po9t ( ! dilettante collect+ _s1 :i* 0 soon eclips$ by tru] k4 ,hi!rto ! be/ sculpture _h h>dly be5 kn[n b at second h& ?r\gh ,roman copies2 a clos] acqua9tance began ) ! travels ( ,dodwell1 ,gell1 & ,leake1 all 9 ! fir/ decade ( ! c5tury4 ,! free op5+ ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 #ahje1 & ! accumulation !re ( all ! be/ collections )9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury1 also s]v$ to educate a public ta/e4 ,! fir/ /ruggle ( sci5tific & arti/ic k aga9/ ! dilettante _s 0 ov] ! ,elg9 m>bles2 by #ahaf !y 7 accept$ z ! ma/]pieces :i* all lat] criticism has prov$ !m to be4 ,! g9etan & ,phigaleian sculptures1 br\ght to ,muni* & ,london1 help$ also to %[ ! nobility ( e>ly ,greek art2 s t ! la/ two g5]ations h _h a canon ( ta/e to rely ^u1 ! value ( :i* _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,foll[+ on ?is noble f\ndation1 o!r collectors work$ 9 ,greece & ,asia ,m9or1 & ! ,briti% ,museum pr(it$ by ! labors ( ,burgon1 ,fell[s1 & ,woodh\se betwe5 #ahdj & #ahfj4 ,! diplomatically support$ "w ( ,newton on ! ,mausoleum 7#aheg-eh71 & ,wood at ,ephesus 7#ahfc-ge71 fill$ out our k ( ! middle p]iod ( ,greek art 7#cej ,b4 ,c474 ,comp>atively little has be5 done s9ce !n by ,engl&1 b ! activity ( ! ,g]mans at ,olympia has giv5 u ! only orig9al ma/]piece t is kn[n--! ,h]mes ( ,praxiteles 7#cej ,b4 ,c471 & _! "w at ,p]gamon reveal$ ! great alt> belong+ to ! lat] age 7#ahj ,b4 ,c474 ,! excavations at ,a!ns 79 #ahhf7 h produc$ ! impressive /atues d$icat$ to ,a!ne ab\t #ebj ,b4 ,c41 :i* reveal ! noble rise ( ,attic sculpture4 ,b att5tion dur+ ! la/ qu>t]-c5tury has be5 l>gely fix$ ^u ! e>li] ages4 ,! discov]ies ( ,s*liemann at ,hiss>lik 7,troy1 #ahgj-hb71 ,myc5 7#ahgf71 ,or*om5os 7#ahhj-ha71 & ,tiryns 7#ahhd71 op5$ a new _w ( ?\ght & rese>*4 ,?\gh at fir/ bitt]ly attack$1 x is n[ agre$ t ^! discov]ies %[ u ! civilization ( ,greece betwe5 #bjjj & #ajjj ,b4 ,c4 ,la/ly1 dur+ t5 ye>s pa/ ,egypt has provid$ ! solid *ronology = prehi/oric ,greece by discov]ies ( trade betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 ,we c n[ v briefly e/imate ! pres5t position ( our k z ga9$ dur+ ! c5tury4 ,sett+ aside ! e>ly =eign pott]y f\nd 9 ,egypt1 :i* belongs probably to ,greece or ,italy at #ejjj & #cjjj ,b4 ,c41 we fir/ t\* a civiliz$ city 9 ! l[e/ t[n ( ,troy1 :]e metal 0 sc>cely yet 9 use1 :i* is c]ta9ly be=e #bjjj & probably ab\t #cjjj ,b4 ,c4 9 date4 ,succe$+ t is ! f9ely built second ,troy1 ri* 9 gold vases & ornam5ts1 :i*--?\gh mi/ak5 by ,s*liemann = ! ,hom]ic ,troy--mu/ yet be long be=e t1 probably be=e #bjjj ,b4 ,c4 ,aft] ! burn+ ( t come ?ree o!r rebuild+s be=e we rea* ! t[n ( ! age ( ,myc51 ab\t #aejj ,b4 ,c4 ,( ?is1 :i* 0 9 ,greece ! climax ( ! prehi/oric civilization1 !re are ! spl5did treasures f\nd at ,myc51 ! magnific5t dom$ tombs1 ! abundance ( f9e jewelry & metal-"w1 ( beautiful pott]y & glaz$ ornam5t4 ,to ?is age belong ! great palaces ( ,myc51 ,tiryns1 ,a!ns1 & o!r hill =tresses1 ( :i* h>dly m ?an ! plans c n[ be trac$4 ,& x is ?is civilization :i* trad$ eag]ly ) ,egypt1 ex*ang+ ! valu$ manufactures ( ea* c\ntry4 ,?is p]iod 0 at its full bloom f #aejj-abjj ,b4 ,c41 & began to decay by #aajj ,b4 ,c41 ?is dat+ be+ giv5 by ! contact ) ,egypt4 ,?is natural decad5ce ( art 9 ,greece 0 ha/5$ by ! invasion ( ! b>b>\s ,dorians ab\t #ajjj ,b4 ,c4 ,art1 h[ev]1 0 by no means ext+ui%$1 b only repress$ by ! tr\bles ( ! age2 & ,a!ns1 :i* 0 n conqu]$ by ! ,dorians1 0 ! ma9 c5tre ( ! revival ( ! arts4 ,o!r examples ( su* a hi/ory are famili> 9 ,egypt 7aft] ! ,hyksos invasion7 & 9 ,italy 7aft] ! ,lomb>ds71 :]e e>li] abilities revive & bloom afre% :5 vigor\s invad]s become unit$ to an arti/ic /ock4 ,aft] ! c5turies ( w>f>e a quiet] age all[$ ! gr[? ( f9e arts aga9 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 l>gely influ5c$ by ,egyptian & ,assyrian "w at second h&1 ?r\gh ! ,greek settlem5ts 9 ,cyprus & ,egypt4 ,by #fjj ,b4 ,c4 def9ite types ( sculpture 7 />t$1 & a c\rse 0 begun :i* only end$ 9 ! fall ( classical civilization4 ,! c5tury be=e ! ,p]sian invasion1 9 #dhj ,b4 ,c41 0 "o ( rapid developm5t2 & 9 sculpture & vase-pa9t+ we see t ?is c5tury c>ri$ =w>d ! arts to te*nical p]fection & ! highe/ p[] ( expression4 ,imm$iately aft] ! ,p]sian w>s came ! supreme works ( ,pheidias & ,myron1 mo/ famili> 9 ! ,p>!non & ! ,discobolus2 & 9 vase-pa9t+ comes ! rev]sal f vases drawn 9 black on a r$ gr\nd to ! block+ out ( ! gr\nd 9 black1 leav+ ! figure 9 r$1 ?us giv+ f> great] scope to ! fill+ 9 ( f9ely drawn detail4 ,! civilization ( ,a!ns 0 also at its height 9 ?is age1 "u ,p]icles1 & ! m9or arts receiv$ _! mo/ ref9$ & p]fect treatm5t4 ,aft] ?is comes no?+ b rip5+ to decay4 ,x mu/ always be rememb]$ t we h b v few examples ( orig9al "w ( ! great arti/s4 ,ne>ly all ! actual m>bles pres]v$ are copies made 9 lat] times1 :i* %[ little ( ! delicacy ( ! orig9al2 & ! few orig9al m>bles t rema9 are mo/ly ( unkn[n subjects by unkn[n m54 ,! great "w 9 ,greek ar*ology dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s has be5 comp>+ ! records ( anci5t art 79 ,pl9y1 ,pausanias1 etc47 ) ! rema9+ sculptures1 critically assign+ ! v>i\s types ( /atues to _! celebrat$ orig9als1 & ?us =m+ "s idea ( ! real hi/ory ( ,greek art4 ,f ^! /udies1 full ( detail & controv]sy1 we may briefly sum up ! *>act]i/ics ( ! pr9cipal arti/s & _! imitators4 ,at ab\t #ddj ,b4 ,c4 ,pheidias %[$ 9 ! ,p>!non ! highe/ expression ( div9e & my?ic =ms1 9 a simple & h]oic /yle :i* 0 nev] equall$4 ,half a c5tury lat] ,polykleitos foll[$ a m human expression1 us+ motives 7z 9 ! ,doryphoros71 b yet portray+ an ab/ract humanity4 ,by #ccj ,b4 ,c4 ,praxiteles br\ght ! expression ( moods to 8 works1 graceful1 animat$1 & ) a full rip5ess1 z 9 ! ,h]mes ( ,olympia1 or ! ,faun4 ,skopas1 slightly lat]1 m>k$ 8 "w by 8 great vigor & /rong p]sonality4 ,?is 0 ! second turn+-po9t1 :5 rip5ess pass$ into decay2 & 9 ,lysippos !re is m]e vivid naturalism & an impressioni/ mann] )\t mu* s\l or ?\ght1 z 9 8 ,apoxyom5os1 ab\t #ccj ,b4 ,c4 ,aft] ?is m]e triviality & g5re subjects are usual1 portraiture is a common aim1 & dignity 0 va9ly /riv5 = 9 colossal size4 ,! glorification ( %[+ dead & vanqui%$ enemies is se5 9 ! ,dy+ ,gaul & figures ( sla9 foes at ,p]gamon4 ,lat] on1 ab\t #ahj ,b4 ,c41 we see ! viol5t1 complicat$1 & /ra9+ action ( ! figures ar\nd ! great alt> ( ,p]gamon1 :i* also appe>s 9 ! gr\ps ( ! ,laocoon & ,f>nese ,bull4 ,9 ! ,grco-,roman age a consci\s artificiality took ! place ( life & expression1 z we see 9 ! ,apollo ,belvid]e1 ! ,v5us di ,m$ici1 & ! ,f>nese ,h]cules4 ,art 0 sav$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4 ,d4 by ! devotion ( portraiture1 :i* gave a s5se ( reality & conviction :i* is entirely abs5t 9 ! imag9ative works4 ,la/ly1 a pa9/ak+ /udy & admiration ( e>li] works l$1 "u ! weal?y patronage ( ,hadrian 7#acj ,a4 ,d471 to an eclectic revival :i* 0 :olly artificial1 & pass$ away )9 a g5]ation4 ,we h fix$ on sculpture z ! mo/ complete expression ( ,greek art2 9 o!r directions !re is nei!r en\gh mat]ial nor en\gh rese>* to give u a connect$ view4 ,n a s+le t[n1 h>dly a s+le h\se1 9 ,greece has be5 excavat$2 !re is no consecutive k ( ! ord9>y products & objects ( life2 & !re is v little record$ ( ! discov]ies ( ! tombs4 ,! arti/ic int]e/ ( ! sculpture & ar*itecture has />v$ o!r bran*es ( ar*ology1 & = ,greece m rema9s to be done ?an = "s less celebrat$ l&s4 ,,italy ,! int]e/ 9 ,italy at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ma9ly = ! sake ( its second-h& v]sion ( ,greek art1 & = ! ar*itecture & pa9t+ ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,on ! contr>y1 n[ ! objects f ,greece itself h f> eclips$ ! ,italian copies1 & ! int]e/ lies 9 ! e>ly ,italian civilization & its purely ,roman d]ivatives2 :ile mod]n ta/e values ! m$ival art ( ,italy f> f ! ba/>d products ( ! florid age :i* foll[$4 ,! fir/ detail$ /udies 9 ,italy 7 ^? on ,pompeii1 especially by ,gell 7#ahag71 :i* made t debas$ /yle v popul>1 & pav$ ! way = appreciation ( bett] "w4 ,! v>i\s isolat$ discov]ies ( ,etruscan tombs 7 summ$ up 9 ! admirable "w ( ,d5nis 7#ahdh71 :i* pres5t$ a g5]al view ( t civilization :i* has n be5 sup]s$$4 ,! e>li] ,italic culture has be5 exam9$ 9 _m places :]e accid5tal discov]ies h reveal$ x dur+ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & especially 9 ! sy/ematic "w ( ,zannoni1 at ,bologna 7#ahgj-ge71 & ( ,orsi1 lately1 9 ,sicily4 ,! hi/ory ( ! city ( ,rome has be5 almo/ rewritt5 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s ow+ to ! great *anges ( ! new gov]nm5t2 ^! h be5 l>gely work$ by ,lanciani1 & record$ by him & ,middleton4 ,! view ( ,italian hi/ory at pres5t beg9s 9 ! ,/one age1 :i* has be5 well /udi$1 & has l9ks ) ! lat] p]iods1 z 9 ! g5]al use ( black pott]y4 ,! e>lie/ metal objects are v simple blades ( dagg]s1 f\nd 9 graves1 m+l$ ) fl9t arr[-heads & knives4 ,! admirable ,italian plan ( pres]v+ :ole burials undi/urb$ 9 museums enables u to see ^! graves complete 9 ! ,kir*]ian ,museum4 ,a special bran* ( ! e>ly ,bronze age life 0 ! sy/em ( lake dwell+s 7natural or artificially wat] girt71 :i* ab\nd 9 ! nor!rn ,italian lakes & ov] ! pla9 ( ,lomb>dy4 ,^! t[ns 78t]ra m>e07 are arrang$ on a rectangul> plan1 & =m ! e>lie/ /age ( _m ( ! pres5t cities4 ,! full developm5t ( ! ,bronze age civilization seems to h be5 lat] ?an 9 ,greece1 at ab\t #hjj ,b4 ,c41 to :i* belong ! great discov]ies ( tombs1 weapons1 & tools at ,bologna1 & ! cemet]y ( ,fal]ii4 ,^u all ! native ,italic civilization came an entirely diff]5t influ5ce f ! immigrant ,etruscan4 ,traditionally com+ f ,asia ,m9or1 he br\ght art & religion :i* _h no relation to ! ,italic4 ,! e>lie/ ,etruscan pa9t+s are /rongly nor!rn 9 /yle1 influ5c$ by nor? ,european feel+ 7,veii74 ,b soon ! ,etruscan borr[$ l>gely f o!r races1 f ! ,greek ma9ly1 b also f ,assyria & ,egypt4 ,?us ! fasc9at+ problem 9 ,italy is to di/+ui% ! v>i\s s\rces ( ,italic1 ,etruscan1 ,grco-,etruscan1 ,ori5tal-,etruscan1 & pure ,greek1 :i* are f\nd 9 all degrees ( comb9ation be=e ,roman times1 & :i* c /ill be trac$ ?r\gh ! ,roman age4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ,etruscan ta/e are3 7#a7 ,! extrane\s objects & figures1 su* z r[s ( p5dants to a metal vase1 mon/r\s heads /&+ out f a b[l1 & /atuettes plac$ = h&les2 7#b7 9 =ms ( vases & furniture1 ! comb9ation ( _m diff]5t p>ts & curves :i* nev] =m a :ole design2 7#c7 & 9 sculpture ! l>ge r\nd head & />+ eyes4 ,9 g5]al1 an air ( clumsy adaptation by a race defici5t 9 orig9ality4 ,! glory ( ! ,etruscan 0 8 eng9e]+1 :i* he h&$ z a legacy to ,rome4 ,/range to say1 al?\gh ?\s&s ( ,etruscan inscriptions are kn[n1 & _m words are translat$1 yet ! language is seal$ to u1 & none ( ! _m attempts to read x has succe$$4 ,! sci5tific /udy ( ,etruscan tombs has be5 well foll[$ lately1 z %[n 9 ! ,flor5ce ,museum1 :]e a sep>ate room is devot$ to ea* city4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,italy ,greek art prevail$1 & _m ( ! f9e/ works belong to ?is civilization4 ,! ,greek 9 ,italy _h r diff]5t ideals to ^? ( ,greece2 he />t$ m f ! level ( ,polykleitos & ,praxiteles ?an f ! sev]e age2 8 favorite type is t ( y\? & adolesc5ce1 nev] ( maturity4 ,! grace & feel+ ( su* bronze /atues z ! ,h]mes & s-call$ ,sappho ( ,h]culaneum are peculi> to s\!rn ,italy4 ,& :5 ! ,greek arti/ p5etrat$ nor? & alli$ himself ) ! me*anical skill ( ! ,etruscan1 su* spl5did "w 0 done z ! ,orator ( ,sangu9eto4 ,rome 9 ! e>li] c5turies 0 an ,italic t[n :i* came "u ,etruscan influ5ce z ,tuscany 0 conqu]$4 ,b f ! age ( =eign conque/ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4 ,c41 ,greek art 9 a debas$ =m rul$ ov] all else1 & ran into utt] degradation 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,x 0 ?is art t ! p[] ( ,rome spread ar\nd ! :ole ,m$it]ranean1 f ,palmyra to ,brita91 & is ! p>5t ( mo/ mod]n decoration4 ,b 9 ! great recon/ruction ( ! empire "u ,diocletian ! debas$ ,greek ta/e 0 mo/ly %ak5 (f1 & ,rome w5t back to ! old ,italic-,etruscan /yle & motives4 ,! /atues h ! r\nd heads & />+ eyes ( old ,etruria2 ! ta/e = qua9t accessories1 su* z lions support+ objects1 came back & pass$ into m$ival art1 & ! exagg]at$1 l5g?y =ms ( m5 & animals reappe>$4 ,( ! ,*ri/ian p]iod ,de ,rossi's "w 9 ! catacombs has giv5 a firm base ( facts = ! ?ird to ! six? c5tury ,a4 ,d41 ! actual tomb & body ( ,sa9t ,cecilia be+ ! mo/ /rik+ result4 ,! lat] ,roman & m$ival age 9 ,italy is full ( int]e/1 b 9 t--z 9 ! re/ ( m$ival ,europe--rese>* has be5 ma9ly on ar*itecture & objects :i* are n ! result ( excavation4 ,,india ,! ,h9dus h nev] be5 *ronologi/s or hi/orians1 & _! great ,sanskrit lit]ature tells practically no?+ ab\t ! rise ( ,buddhism1 ! invasion ( ,alex&]1 or ! spread ( civilization 9 ,indo-,*9a4 ,all be=e ! ,islamic conque/ 9 ! t5? c5tury ,a4 ,d4 is 9 a mi/ ( ,puranic my?ology4 ,"h1 !n1 m ?an 9 o!r c\ntries1 ar*ology has re/or$ ! hi/ory1 & done s entirely )9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,sanskrit lit]ature 0 reveal$ to ! ,we/ by ,sir ,william ,jones at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 & ?is gave scope to ,ori5tal s*ol>s1 :ile antiquities only int]e/$ ! collector4 ,b s]i\s exploration 0 l$ by ,pr9sep1 ^: deciph]m5t ( ! ,asoka inscriptions 9 #ahcg1 :i* ranks ) ! a*ievem5ts ( ,*ampollion & ,rawl9son1 gave ! key to a mass ( inscriptions4 ,8 assi/ant1 ,cunn+ham1 excavat$ _m sites & collect$ co9s1 be+ head ( ! ,ar*ological ,survey f #ahfa to #ahhe4 ,f]gusson 0 ! hi/orian ( ,indian ar*itecture2 ,burgess has publi%$ ! cave-temples 9 we/ & s\? ,india2 ,sewell 9 ,madras & ,fhr] 9 ! nor?we/ h excavat$ & explor$1 & a few native pundits h be5 educat$ to su* rese>*4 ,! gov]nm5t1 9 f9ancial difficulty1 has )drawn f ! "w1 b ! congress ( ,ori5tali/s 9 #ahig resolv$ to e/abli% an ,indian exploration fund4 ,inscriptions ab\nd 9 ,india1 on copp] plate1 /one pill>s1 & native rock4 ,^? 9 ,sanskrit1 or mod]n v]nacul>s1 are records ( l& grants or local dyna/ies4 ,! olde/--9 two diff]5t alphabets 7( ,semitic orig97--are ! fam\s edicts ( ,asoka 7?ird c5tury ,b4 ,c471 :o has be5 call$ ,! ,buddhi/ ,con/ant9e4 ,he plac$ ^! monum5ts ( 8 p[] & religion ar\nd 8 fronti]s ( nor!rn ,india2 b _! mean+ 0 =gott5 until ,pr9sep's deciph]m5t4 ,! ,h9dus seem to h a co9age ( /amp$ silv] plate be=e ,alex&]2 b regul> co9age beg9s 9 ! ,bactrian k+doms 7#bjj ,b4 ,c4-#bjj ,a4 ,d471 ) ,greek & native inscriptions4 ,s9ce !n ! co9age is cont9u\s1 & invaluable = hi/ory4 ,no /one build+ or sculpture is old] ?an ,alex&] 7#cbg ,b4 ,c471 or c]ta9ly e>li] ?an ,asoka 7#bfd-bcc ,b4 ,c474 ,greek influ5ce is pla9 9 ! ,punjab1 b native /yle is se5 9 ! cave-temples4 ,! ri*e/ results h be5 f ! m\nds1 "s ( :i* are ru9s ( =ts or palaces1 b ! m important are ! /upas1 l(ty domes erect$ two to "o ?\s& ye>s ago to en%r9e ,buddhi/ relics4 ,^! domes are surr\nd$ ) sculptur$ reliefs ( sc5es 9 ! life ( ,buddha1 & are (t5 dat$ by inscriptions4 ,f "o lately op5$ ! ,buddha relic has be5 s5t to ! ,k+ ( ,siam1 ! only ,buddhi/ k+4 ,mu* has be5 done by ! gov]nm5t 9 publi%+ & provid+ ca/s & photographs2 b ,india yet ne$s a sci5tific ar*ologi/ to record details ) ! accuracy dem&$ by mod]n rese>*4 ,,am]ica ,ar*ological "w 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica 0 begun by ,squi] ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury1 & ! att5tion ?us drawn to ! subject has borne fruit 9 ! m accurate & sci5tific explorations connect$ ) ! survey+ & geological dep>tm5ts1 &1 above all1 ^? ( ! ,smi?sonian ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,! names ( ,:itney1 ,wright1 ,cyrus ,?omas1 ,holmes1 ,f[ke1 ,m9deleff1 & o!rs1 w be famili> to all ,am]ican read]s by _! "w ( ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 & ne$ no introduc+ "h4 ,! e>lie/ rema9s ( man 9 ,am]ica--or p]haps 9 ! _w--are ^? b5ea? ! great lava b$s ( ,cali=nia2 s9ce ^? 7 deposit$ ! riv]s h cut _! b$s ?r\gh two ?\s& to f\r ?\s& feet ( lava rock1 imply+ an erosion dur+ t5s1 or p]haps hundr$s1 ( ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,b little c be assign$1 h[ev]1 ) any c]ta9ty to a date be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 ?\gh m\nds ( refuse on bo? ocean %ores may probably belong to an age be=e any human hi/ory4 ,! mo/ important /udies h be5 ^? on ! highe/ civilization ( ! cont95t1 t ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! de/roy+ ,spani>ds pres]v$ b little ( native record1 except incid5tally1 & ! fir/ collector ( ,aztec manuscripts 0 ,b5aduci 7#agcf71 ( ^: treasures b an eigh? surviv$ 8 imprisonm5ts & p]secutions1 "o ( ! greate/ disa/]s to hi/ory4 ,! fir/ great publication ( manuscripts 0 ! magnific5t "w ( ,"l ,k+sbor\gh 7#ahcj72 & almo/ at ! same "t appe>$ ,prescott's hi/ory4 ,?\gh ! lat] rese>*es h %[n t ! l& 0 divid$ into _m small k+doms1 r ?an "u "o p[]1 z ,prescott suppos$1 yet 8 acc\nt ( ! cal5d> & *ronology ( ! ,aztecs has be5 v]ifi$ & add$ to1 & f> m has be5 done 9 read+ ! manuscripts ?an he suppos$ possible4 ,aub91 aft] ye>s ( "w 9 ,mexico1 br\ght to ,europe manuscripts ( an entirely new k9d1 %[+ a fully develop$ sy/em ( phonetic writ+1 :i* he has l>gely deciph]$ ) success1 hav+ analyz$ ov] "o hundr$ syllabic values correctly4 ,"o ( ! mo/ complete /udies has be5 t ( ! ,mayan ,qui* peoples1 & especially ( ! ,mayans ( ,yucatan4 ,9 #ahfd ,l&a's "w on ,yucatan 7writt5 #aeff7 0 r$iscov]$1 & ! acc\nt ( ! cal5d> has suffic$ to enable ,goodman to discov] ! mean+ ( a v l>ge numb] ( signs 7#ahig72 ^! enable ! num]ical docum5ts to be translat$1 & %[ t a p]iod ( z mu* z eight ?\s& ye>s 0 dealt ) by ! ,mayans1 p]haps belong+ to my?ical ages4 ,! alphabetic signs ( ,l&a h prov$ useless s f>1 & ,goodman ev5 disbelieves 9 any record except t ( numb]s4 ,sel] has %[n ! id5tical orig9 ( ! signs us$ by ,aztecs & ,mayans = ! days & mon?s4 ,little _h be5 done to make kn[n ^! rema9s until ! rec5t explorations1 ca/s1 & publications ( ,maudsley1 :o has work$ magnific5tly = sev5te5 ye>s at ,copan1 ,pal5que1 & ,*i*5-,itza2 ^!1 h[ev]1 are b ?ree ( innum]able cities ( ,guatemala & ,yucatan t ne$ exploration4 ,9 ,new ,mexico ! _m ru9s f ! ,colorado to ! ,rio ,gr&e h be5 prov$ to resemble ^? ( ! mod]n ,pueblo ,indians1 & to h none ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,c5tral ,am]ican ar*itecture2 !re are no sculptures1 & ! rock inscriptions are too primitive to be int]pret$4 ,no?+ po9ts to an ,aztec occupation1 & probably ! ance/ors ( ! pres5t p 7 ! build]s4 ,! innum]able e>?works ( ! ,mississippi valley 7 =m]ly suppos$ to belong to "s vani%$ race4 ,& ! view t !y 7 connect$ ) ! ,c5tral ,am]ican civilization is favor$ by ! pyramid m\nd1 :i* 0 h>dly kn[n o!rwise1 & by ! excell5ce ( ! m9or sculpture4 ,b !re are great diff]5ces betwe5 ! two civilizations4 ,! m\nd-build]s 7 f> inf]ior 9 metal-work+1 & _! burial cu/oms are peculi>4 ,! use ( mat]ials f bo? ea/ & we/ coa/s %[s an ext5sive comm]ce4 ,! be/ summ+ up ( ! rese>*es is t by ,pr(4 ,cyrus ,?omas1 aft] 8 ext5sive excavations4 ,he concludes t ! rema9s ( ! m\nd-build]s %[ no great antiquity2 t !y 7 =m$ by tribes l ! exi/+ ,indians2 t ! build]s 7 ( ! same culture z 7 ! ,indians :5 discov]$2 t su* m\nds cont9u$ to be made & us$ = burial dur+ ! ,european p]iod1 & t ! pr9cipal build]s 7 ! ,*]okees4 ,x w be se5 n[ h[ totally our view ( man's hi/ory has be5 *ang$ by ! /udy ( ar*ology1 & h[ fundam5tally ?is sci5ce affects our ideas ( ! pa/ & our expectations = ! future ( our race4 ,! ma9 outl9es h be5 dimly se52 b 9 e c\ntry ! great] "p yet rema9s to be done1 & 9 ,turkey1 ,p]sia1 & ,*9a mo/ important civilizations are z yet q unt\*$ by exploration4 ,! new c5tury w no d\bt see a h>ve/ f ^! l&s2 & x is to be hop$ t :at yet rema9s 9 ! safe keep+ ( ! e>? may be f\nd by able m51 :o w pres]ve x = in/ruction & enable po/]ity to trace ! =tunes ( our species4 ,india & ,am]ica are "h treat$ ) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,cotton & ,mr4 ,d4 ,mac,iver4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,fl9d]s ,,petrie4 ,,a/ronomy ,9 look+ back ov] a c5tury's "w 9 ! olde/ ( ! sci5ces1 "o is /ruck n only by ! enorm\s advance t has be5 made 9 ^? bran*es ( ! sci5ce deal+ ) ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies :i* 7 cultivat$ at lea/ eight ?\s& ye>s ago by e>ly dwell]s 9 ! valleys ( ! ,nile1 ,tigris1 & ,euphrates1 b ) ! fact t dur+ ! c5tury t has j pass$ away a p]fectly new sci5ce ( a/ronomy arose4 ,by annex+ physics & *emi/ry a/ronom]s n[ /udy ! motions ( ! p>ticles ( :i* all cele/ial bodies are compos$2 a new molecul> a/ronomy has n[ be5 firmly e/abli%$ side by side ) ! old mol> a/ronomy :i* =m]ly alone occupi$ ! ?\ghts ( />-gaz]s4 ,along ?is new l9e our k has advanc$ by leaps & b\nds1 & ! results already obta9$ 9 exp&+ & p]fect+ man's views ( nature 9 all h] beauty & imm5sity are second to none :i* h be5 g>n]$ dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,,! ,,position ,,at ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury ,x may be well be=e attempt+ to obta9 a glimpse ( rec5t progress t we %\ld try to grasp ! /ate ( ! sci5ce at ! "t :5 ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ab\t to dawn1 & ?is1 p]haps1 c be be/ accompli%$ by see+ :at m5 7 work+ at ?is p]iod1 at :i* ! greate/ activity 0 to be f\nd 9 ,g]many2 !re 0 no p]man5t obs]vatory 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e or 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,fir/ & =emo/ among ! work]s--he has1 9 fact1 be5 describ$ z 8! greate/ ( mod]n a/ronom]s0--0 ,william ,h]s*el1 a ,g]man domicil$ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! ye> #aggc he hir$ a telescope1 & ) ?is small in/rum5t he obta9$ 8 fir/ glimpses ( ! ri* fields ( exploration op5 9 ! skies4 ,f t "t onw>d he _h "o fix$ purpose 9 8 m9d1 :i* 0 to obta9 z intimate k z possible ( ! con/ruction ( ! heav5s4 ,to d ?is1 ( c\rse1 great optical p[] 0 necess>y1 & su* 0 8 en]gy t1 z l>ge in/rum5ts 7 n to be obta9$ at any price1 he set to "w & made !m himself4 ,h]s*el pres5t$ ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury n only ) a def9ite idea ( ! con/itution ( ! /ell> sy/em1 bas$ on a connect$ body ( facts & d$uctions f facts1 z glean$ ?r\gh 8 telescopes1 b obs]vations )\t numb] 9 _m fields4 ,he discov]$ a new planet1 ,uranus1 & sev]al satellites ( ! planets2 publi%$ catalogues ( nebul2 e/abli%$ ! gravitational bond betwe5 _m 8d\ble />s10 & c>ri$ on obs]vations ( ! sun1 !n suppos$ to be a habitable globe4 ,:at ,h]s*el did = obs]vational a/ronomy & d$uctions !refrom1 ,laplace did = ! fur!rance ( our k conc]n+ ! exact motions ( ! bodies compris+ ! sol> sy/em4 ,newton _h long be=e ann\nc$ t gravitation 0 univ]sal1 & ,laplace br\ght toge!r inve/igations und]tak5 to det]m9e ! validity ( ?is law4 ,^! 7 giv5 to ! _w 9 8 wond]ful book on ,cele/ial ,me*anics1 ! fir/ volumes ( :i* appe>$ 9 #agii4 ,a survey ( ! "w ( ^! two great a/ronom]s gives "o an idea ( :at 0 go+ on 9 obs]vational & ma!matical a/ronomy at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,! /udy 0 n[ de/9$ to make rapid /rides1 z n only 7 new optical in/rum5ts--"s design$ = special purposes--introduc$1 new ma!matical processes appli$1 fre% fields = rese>* op5$ up1 b ! numb] ( work]s 0 consid]ably augm5t$ by ! increas$ means available2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t ! fir/ a/ronomical p]iodical 0 f\nd$ by ,von ,za* 9 #ahjj to facilitate int]communications betwe5 ! obs]v]s4 ,! fir/ ev5+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7,janu>y #a1 #ahja7 augur$ well = progress4 ,x _h long be5 ?\ght t all ! memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em _h n z yet be5 discov]$1 & !re 0 a v notable gap betwe5 ! planets ,m>s & ,jupit]1 indicat$ by ,bode's law4 ,obs]v]s 7 organiz$ to make a ?or\gh se>* = ! miss+ planet1 portions ( ! sky be+ divid$ betwe5 !m = m9ute exam9ation4 ,x fell to ! ,italian obs]v]1 ,piazzi1 to discov] a small body :i* 0 mov+ 9 an orbit betwe5 ^! two planets on ! date nam$4 ,! c5tury ?us began ) a s5sation1 & because ! new body1 :i* 0 nam$ 8,c]es10 0 n ( suffici5t size to be accept$ z ! 8miss+ planet10 ! idea 0 sugge/$ t p]haps x 0 a fragm5t ( a l>g] planet t _h be5 bl[n to pieces 9 ! pa/4 ,an opportunity "h arose = ma!matical a/ronomy to come to ! help ( ! obs]v]1 = ,c]es soon 0 lo/ 9 ! sol> rays1 & 9 ord] to r$iscov] x1 aft] x _h pass$ conjunction1 an approximate k ( its pa? & future position 0 necess>y4 ,) ! !n exi/+ me?ods ( computation ( orbits x 0 imp]ative to h num]\s measur$ positions to use z data = ! calculation4 ,! scanty data available 9 ! case ( ,c]es 7 n suffici5t = ! application ( ! me?od4 ,! occasion discov]$ a man1 "o ( ! greate/ ma!maticians ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,k>l ,fr$]ick ,gauss1 :o1 al?\gh only tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 und]took ! solution ( ! problem by employ+ a sy/em :i* he _h devis$1 kn[n z 8! me?od ( lea/ squ>es10 :i* enabl$ him to obta9 a mo/ probable result f a giv5 set ( obs]vations4 ,?is1 ) a m g5]al me?od ( orbit computation1 also elaborat$ by himself1 0 suffici5t to enable him to calculate future positions ( ,c]es1 & on ! anniv]s>y ( ! orig9al discov]y1 ,olb]s1 ano!r great pione] 9 orbit calculations1 f\nd ! planet 9 v ne>ly ! position assign$ by ,gauss4 ,s great 0 ! curiosity reg>d+ ! o!r portions ( ! planet1 :i* 0 suppos$ to h be5 %att]$1 t num]\s obs]v]s at once comm5c$ to se>* aft] o!r fragm5ts4 ,^! 7 ! actualities ( #ahja & !reab\ts2 b ! se$ ( mu* future "w 0 s[n4 ,kant & ,laplace _h already occupi$ !mselves ) !ories z to ! _w =mation1 & spectrum analysis z appli$ to ! heav5ly bodies may be said to h be5 />t$ by ,wolla/on's obs]vations ( d>k l9es 9 ! sol> spectrum 9 #ahjb4 ,fraunh(] 0 !n a boy at s*ool4 ,9 ! same ye> ! fir/ photographic pr9ts 7 produc$ by ,w$gewood & ,davy4 ,,obs]vatories ,x has be5 /at$ t at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury !re 7 no p]man5t obs]vatories ei!r 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e or 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! end ( ! c5tury f9ds u ) two hundr$ obs]vatories all told1 ( :i* f\rte5 are s\? ( ! equator & =ty-sev5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 among :i* latt] are ! be/-equipp$ & mo/ active 9 ! _w4 ,! obs]vatory ( ,p>ramatta 0 ! fir/ e/abli%$ 7#ahba7 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by t at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 9 #ahbi4 ,( ! m mod]n s\!rn obs]vatories f :i* ! be/ "w has come we may m5tion ,cordova1 ! seat ( ,g\ld's important inve/igations1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahfh1 & ,arequipa1 a dep5d5cy ( ,h>v>d1 :5ce ! spectra ( ! s\!rn />s h be5 secur$1 erect$ /ill m rec5tly 7#ahha74 ,i believe1 b ,i d n "k1 t ! l>ge numb] ( ,am]ican obs]vatories h radiat$ f ,c9c9nati1 :]e1 9 consequ5ce ( eloqu5t appeals1 bo? by voice & p51 f ,mit*ell1 !n pr(essor ( a/ronomy1 an obs]vatory 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahde4 ,!re c be no d\bt t at ! pres5t mom5t1 ) ! num]\s well-equipp$ & active obs]vatories1 & ! c>eful & ?or\gh tea*+ e/abli%$ side by side ) !m1 :i* enables numb]less /ud5ts to use ! v>i\s in/rum5ts1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 matt]s a/ronomical1 fills ! position occupi$ by ,g]many at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,9 ,europe special obs]vatories h be5 e/abli%$ at ,meudon1 ,k5s+ton1 & ,potsdam1 s t new a/rophysical inquiries may be und]tak5 )\t int]f]+ ) ! prosecution or ext5sion ( ! important m]idional "w c>ri$ on at ,p>is1 ,gre5wi*1 & ,b]l94 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! obs]vations made by ! ,lick & ,y]kes obs]vatories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 a/rophysical4 ,"o ( ! special inquiries committ$ to ! *>ge ( ! ,sol> ,physics ,obs]vatory at ,k5s+ton at its e/abli%m5t by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t _h relation to ! possibility ( runn+ home meteorological *anges on ! e>?1 especially ^? foll[$ by dr\ght & fam9es 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! empire1 to ! v>y+ *anges 9 ! sun indicat$ by ! ebb & fl[ ( spots on its surface4 ,) ?is end 9 view obs]vations ( ! sun 7 comm5c$ 9 ,india & ! ,mauritius to supplem5t ^? tak5 at ,gre5wi*4 ,at ! same "t o!r daily obs]vations ( sun spots by a diff]5t me?od 7 comm5c$ at ,k5s+ton4 ,?is k9d ( "w 0 at fir/ consid]$ ideally useless2 we %all see lat] on :at has become ( x4 ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,telescopes ,! progress 9 a/ronomical sci5ce ?r\gh\t ! n9ete5? c5tury has naturally to a great ext5t dep5d$ ^u ! advances made bo? 9 ! optics ( ! telescope & ! way 9 :i* !y are m\nt$1 ei!r ) circles to record exact times & positions1 or made to move s z to keep a /> or o!r cele/ial objects 9 ! field ( view :ile "u obs]vation4 ,! p]fection ( def9ition & ! magnitude ( ! l5ses employ$ 9 ! mod]n in/rum5t h be5 responsible = _m important discov]ies4 ,ev] s9ce ! telescope 0 inv5t$--,galileo's l5s 0 small] ?an ^? us$ 9 spectacles--m5's m9ds h be5 conc5trat$ on produc+ in/rum5ts ( l>g] & l>g] size to fa?om ! cosmos to its inn]mo/ dep?s4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury we 71 z we h se5 already1 9 possession ( reflectors ( l>ge dim5sions2 ,h]s*el's f\r-foot mirror1 ! in/rum5t he 0 us+ 9 #ahja1 :i* _h a focal l5g? ( =ty feet1 0 capable ( be+ employ$ ) high magnify+ p[]s2 & x 0 ! judici\s use ( ^!1 on occasions :5 ! f9e/ ( wea!r prevail$1 t enabl$ him to enri* s ext5sively our k ( ! /ell> & planet>y sy/ems4 ,= ! ord9>y "w ( a/ronomy1 h[ev]1 especially :5 circles are us$1 refractors are ! m suitable in/rum5ts4 ,?is =m suff]s less f ! vicissitudes ( wea!r & temp]ature1 & is1 !re=e1 m suit$ :]e exact measurem5ts are requir$4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury a ,swiss artisan1 ,pi]re ,gu9>d1 aft] _m ye>s ( pati5t labor1 succe$$ 9 produc+ pure disks ( fl9t glass z l>ge z six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! mod]n refract+ telescope ?us became possible4 ,9 #ahjd !re 0 />t$ at ,muni* ! fam\s optical & me*anical in/itute1 :i* soon made its pres5ce felt 9 ! a/ronomical _w4 ,re=ms 9 in/rum5t mak+ 7 soon tak5 9 h&1 & "u ! lead]%ip ( ! great ,g]man a/ronom]1 ,bessel1 great /rides 7 made 9 in/rum5ts ( precision4 ,fraunh(]1 :o _h be5 sil5tly work+ away at ! !ory ( l5ses1 & mak+ v>i\s exp]im5ts 9 ! manufacture ( glass1 0 jo9$1 9 #ahje1 by ,gu9>d4 ,9 #ahji ,tr\ghton inv5t$ a new me?od ( graduat+ circles1 accord+ to ,airy ! greate/ improvem5t ev] a*iev$ 9 ! art ( in/rum5t mak+4 ,9 #ahbd ,fraunh(] successfully complet$ & p]fect$ an object-glass ( #i4i in*es 9 diamet] = ! ,dorpat ,obs]vatory4 ,?is objective might lit]ally h be5 call$ a 8giant10 = no?+ approa*+ x 9 size _h be5 previ\sly made4 ,engl&1 :i* 0 at "o "t ! exclusive seat ( ! manufacture ( refract+ telescopes1 0 n[ completely out/ripp$ by bo? ,g]many & ,france1 & = ?is we _h to ?ank 8! %ort-sight$ policy ( ! gov]nm5t1 :i* _h plac$ an exorbitant duty on ! manufacture ( fl9t glass40 ,9 #ahcc ! ,dorpat refractor 0 eclips$ by "o ( fifte5 in*es ap]ture made = ! ,pulk[a ,obs]vatory by ,m]z ,mhl]1 ,fraunh(]'s successors1 :o ab\t t5 ye>s lat] suppli$ a simil> in/rum5t to ,h>v>d ,college4 ,at t "t ,"l ,rosse emulat$ ) success ! ef=ts ( ,h]s*el & rehabilitat$ ! reflector by produc+ a metallic mirror ( six-foot ap]ture & fifty-f\r-foot focal l5g? :i* he m\nt$ at ,p>son/[n4 ,! speculum weigh$ no less ?an f\r tons4 ,to m\nt ?is imm5se mass effici5tly & safely 0 a "w ( no light nature1 b he successfully accompli%$ x1 & ev5tually bo? mirror & ! telescope1 :i* weigh$ n[ altoge!r f\rte5 tons1 7 s well c\nt]pois$ t !y c\ld be easily mov$ 9 a limit$ direction by means ( a w9dlass work$ by two m54 ,! p]fection ( ! 8see+0 qualities ( ?is in/rum5t & its enorm\s light-grasp+ p[]s 7 p>ticul>ly /rik+1 & obs]vational a/ronomy 0 consid]ably enri*$ by ! discov]ies made ) x4 ,speculum metal 0 n de/9$ to /ay2 t5 ye>s lat] 7#aheg7 ! g5ius ( ,lon ,f\cault introduc$ glass mirrors ) a ?9 coat+ ( silv] deposit$ *emically1 & ^! h n[ univ]sally sup]s$$ ! metallic ones4 ,! long supremacy ( ,g]many 9 ! matt] ( refractors 0 brok5 d[n ultimately by ! fam\s ,engli% optician & eng9e]1 ,?omas ,cooke1 ( ,york4 ,8 fir/ consid]able in/rum5t1 "o ( sev5 in*es ap]ture1 0 f9i%$ 9 #ahea2 & 9 #ahfe1 a ye> be=e 8 lam5t$ dea?1 he complet$ ! fir/ ( our pres5t giant refractors1 "o ( tw5ty-five in*es ap]ture1 = ,mr4 ,newall1 ( ,gate%ead4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! success ( ,cooke's a*ievem5t o!r l>ge refractors 7 soon und]tak54 ,alvan ,cl>ke1 ! fam\s optician ( ,cambridgeport1 ,massa*usetts1 at once comm5c$ a tw5ty-six-in* = ! ,wa%+ton ,obs]vatory4 ,! next 0 "o ( tw5ty-sev5 in*es1 made by ,grubb = ! ,vi5na ,obs]vatory4 ,object-glasses n[ grew in* by in* 9 size1 dep5d+ on ! increas$ dim5sions ( disks t c\ld be satisfactorily ca/4 ,gauti]1 ( ,p>is1 complet$ a tw5ty-n9e-&-a-half-in* = ! ,nice ,obs]vatory1 :ile ,alvan ,cl>ke made an objective ( ?irty in*es = ,pulk[a4 ,9 #ahgg ! latt] successfully complet$ ! m\nt+ ( an objective ( ?irty-six in*es = ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 b ?is imm5se l5s 0 only a*iev$ aft] a great numb] ( failures4 ,ev5 ?is l>ge object-glass 0 surpass$ 9 size by ! completion 9 #ahib ( ! =ty-in* :i* he made = ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory1 & by t made by ,gauti] = ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #aijj4 ,s mu*1 !n1 = ! l>ge/ refractors4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 s9ce ! introduction ( ! silv] on glass mirrors1 ) _! /ability ( figure & brilliant surface1 :i* c be easily r5ew$1 reflectors ( l>ge ap]tures are aga9 be+ produc$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 "o ( ?irty-six in*es ap]ture made by ,calv] = ,dr4 ,common1 :o demon/rat$ its f9e qualities & 8 own skill by ! beautiful photographs ( ! nebula ( ,orion he 0 enabl$ to secure ) x4 ,dr4 ,common himself has s9ce turn$ 8 att5tion to ! mak+ & silv]+ ( l>ge mirrors ( ?is k9d1 & ! l>ge/ he has actually complet$ & m\nt$ equatorially is "o ) a diamet] ( five feet4 ,ano!r ( ?irty-six in*es ap]ture is 9 use at ! ,sol> ,physics ,obs]vatory at ,k5s+ton4 ,! progress ( deposit+ silv] on glass has l$ ( late ye>s to important developm5ts 9 :i* plane mirrors are us$4 ,f\cault 0 ! fir/ to utilize su* mirrors 9 8 8sid]o/at10 9 :i* su* a mirror is made to move 9 front ( a horizontal fix$ telescope1 :i* may be ( any focal l5g?1 & no exp5sive dome or ris+ floor is requir$4 ,! plane mirror ( ! sid]o/at 9 ! ,p>is ,exhibition telescope is six feet 9 diamet]4 ,a v>iation ( ?is in/rum5t is ! clo/at m rec5tly advocat$ by ,lippmann4 ,! ,c\d equatorial m\nt+ also dep5ds ^u ! use ( plane mirrors2 ) su* a telescope ! obs]v] is at re/ at a fix$ eye-piece or cam]a 9 a room :i* may be kept at any temp]ature4 ,n[ t 9 a/ronomical "w eye obs]vations are indisp5sably supplem5t$ by ! employm5t ( photography1 an important modification ( ! refract+ telescope has become necess>y2 ?is 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ,ru!rfurd4 ,! ord9>y a*romatic object-glass consi/s1 z a rule1 ( two l5ses1 "o made ( fl9t & ! o!r ( cr[n glass2 b 9 ?is =m ! photographic rays are n br\ght to ! same focus z ! visual rays4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c be a*iev$ by employ+ ?ree l5ses in/ead ( two1 ea* ( diff]5t k9ds ( glass4 ,! mo/ mod]n improvem5t 9 ! telescope is due to ,mr4 ,d5nis ,taylor1 ( ,cooke ,sons1 & to ,dr4 ,s*ott & ,pr(essor ,abbe1 ^: rese>*es 9 ! manufacture ( old & new v>ieties ( optical glass h r5d]$ ,mr4 ,taylor's results feasible4 ,by ! ,taylor l5s out/&+ color is aboli%$1 all ! rays be+ br\ght absolutely to ! same focus2 su* l5ses c !re=e be us$ ei!r = visual obs]vations or = photography = spectroscopy4 ,,spectroscopic ,,a/ronomy ,! bran* ( physics :i* at ! pres5t day has assum$ su* mighty & f>-rea*+ proportions 9 a/ronomical "w is t deal+ ) spectrum analysis1 :i*1 al?\gh sugge/$ z e>ly z ! "t ( ,kepl]1 did n receive any impetus z reg>ds its application to cele/ial bodies until ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury at ! h&s ( ,wolla/on & ,fraunh(]4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 x /ill lack$ ! *emical t\* suppli$ aft]w>ds by ,kir*h(f & ,buns54 ,!y %[$ u t ! spectrum obs]v$ :5 ! light f any heat$ body is pass$ ?r\gh a prism is an index to ! *emical composition ( ! light s\rce2 ! con/itution ( a vapor :5 9 a condition to absorb light c be det]m9$ by an ext5sion ( ! same pr9ciple1 fir/ demon/rat$ by ,/okes1 ,ang/rm1 & ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 :5 ! c5tury 0 ab\t half complet$4 ,! fir/ cele/ial body t[>ds :i* ! spectroscope 0 turn$ 0 our c5tral lum9>y1 ! sun4 ,wolla/on fir/ discov]$ t its spectrum 0 cross$ by a few d>k l9es2 we le>n$ next f ,fraunh(]1 :o 9 #ahad work$ ) in/rum5ts ( great] p[]1 t ! sol> spectrum 0 cross$ n only by a few d>k l9es1 b by "s hundr$s4 ,n cont5t ) exam9+ ! light ( ! sun1 ,fraunh(] turn$ 8 in/rum5t t[>ds ! />s1 ! light ( :i* he also exam9$1 s t he may be ju/ly call$ ! inv5tor ( /ell> spectrum analysis4 ,x is n to ! cr$it ( mod]n sci5ce t f ?is "t =w>d spectrum analysis did n become a recogniz$ bran* ( sci5tific inquiry1 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,fraunh(]'s obs]vations 7 buri$ 9 oblivion = ne>ly half a c5tury4 ,! importance ( !m 0 n recogniz$ till ! orig9 ( ! d>k l9es1 bo? 9 sun & />s1 _h be5 expla9$ by ,/okes & o!rs1 z be=e /at$4 ,! l9es 9 ! sol> spectrum 7 mapp$ ) great dilig5ce by ,kir*h(f 9 #ahfa & #ahfb1 & lat] by ,ang/rm & ,?al51 & ?is 0 done side by side ) *emical "w 9 ! laboratory4 ,! *emi/ry ( ! sun 0 ?us to a great ext5t reveal$2 x 0 no long] a habitable globe1 b "o ) its visible b\nd>y at a fi]ce heat1 surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e ( metallic vapors1 *ief among !m iron1 also 9 a /ate ( inc&esc5ce4 ,to ^! metallic vapors ,ang/rm add$ hydrog5 %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,"h1 !n1 0 e/abli%$ a firm l9k betwe5 ! heav5s & ! e>?2 ! fir/ /ep to ! problem ( ! *emi/ry ( space _h be5 tak54 ,x 0 only natural t z advances 7 made ! in/rum5tal equipm5t %\ld keep pace ) !m4 ,spectroscopes 7 built on a l>g] scale2 m prisms1 :i* meant great] disp]sion1 7 employ$ to r5d] ! measurem5ts ( ! l9es 9 spectra m accurate4 ,! gr[? ( our k especially necessitat$ ! mak+ ( maps ( ! l9es 9 ! sol> spectrum1 & 9 ! spectra ( ! *emical elem5ts :i* _h be5 comp>$ ) x on a natural scale4 ,?is 0 done by ,ang/rm1 :o utiliz$ = ?is purpose ! diffraction grat+ inv5t$ by ,fraunh(]1 & def9$ ! position ( all l9es 9 spectra by _! 8wave l5g?s10 9 t5-million?s ( a millimetre or 8t5?-metres40 ,9 #ahfb ,ru!rfurd ext5d$ ,fraunh(]'s "w on ! />s by a fir/ attempt at classification4 ,two ye>s lat] ,hugg9s & ,mill] produc$ maps ( ! spectra ( "s />s4 ,donati demon/rat$ t comets gave radiation spectra1 & ,hugg9s did ! same = nebul4 ,by ^! obs]vations comets & nebul 7 %[n to be spectroscopically diff]5t f />s1 :i* at t "t 7 /udi$ by _! d>k l9es only4 ,*iefly by ! labors ( ,pick]+1 ! en]getic head ( ! ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory1 sci5ce has be5 enri*$ dur+ ! lat] ye>s by obs]vations ( ?\s&s ( /ell> spectra1 ! /udy ( :i* has br\ght ab\t ! mo/ m>vell\s advance 9 our k4 ,^! priceless data h enabl$ u n[ to classify ! />s n only by _! brightness1 or _! color1 b by _! *emi/ry4 ,next to be *ronicl$ is ! application ( ! s-call$ ,doppl]-,fizeau pr9ciple1 :i* tea*es u t :5 a light s\rce is approa*+ or rec$+ f u ! light waves are cru%$ toge!r or drawn out1 s t ! wave l5g? is *ang$4 ,! am\nt ( *ange gives u ! velocity ( approa* or recess1 s t ! rate ( movem5t ( />s t[>ds or f ! e>?1 or ! up-ru% or d[n-ru% ( ! sol> vapors on ! sun's disk c be accurately det]m9$4 ,a fur!r utilization ( ?is pr9ciple is f\nd :5 ! />s are s close toge!r t !y appe> z "o if ! plane ( motion passes ne> ! e>?4 ,a l9e common to ! spectra ( bo? />s w appe> d\ble twice 9 ea* revolution1 :5 ! motion to or f ! e>?1 or1 z x is t]m$1 89 ! l9e ( sight10 is greate/4 8,spectroscopic d\bles10 z ^! />s are call$1 yield up _m ( _! secrets :i* o!rwise w\ld elude u4 ,_! "t ( revolution1 ! size ( ! orbit1 & ! comb9$ mass c be det]m9$4 ,to return f ! />s to ! sun4 ,by ! device ( ?r[+ an image ( ! sun on ! slit ( ! spectroscope ! spectra ( sol> spots h be5 /udi$ f #ahff onw>d1 & a little lat] ! bright] portions ( ! sun's out] envelopes1 reveal$ till !n only dur+ eclipses1 7 br\ght )9 our k5 spectroscopically1 s t !y are n[ /udi$ e day4 ,,cele/ial ,,photography ,w$gewood & ,davy1 9 #ahjb1 made pr9ts on pap] by means ( silv] salts1 b x 0 n until #ahcj t ,niepce & ,dagu]re f\nd$ photography1 :i* ,arago1 9 an address to ! ,fr5* ,*amb]1 at once sugge/$ might subsequ5tly be us$ to record ! positions ( />s4 ,9 #ahci we f9d ,sir ,john ,h]s*el c>ry+ out a s]ies ( exp]im5ts s important = our correct k ( ! sequ5ce ( /eps 9 ! e>ly /ages ( photography t ,i h no hesitation 9 quot+ f "o ( ,h]s*el's manuscripts relat+ to a deposit on a glass plate ( 8muriate0 *loride ( silv] f a mix$ solution ( ! nitrate ) common salt4 ,! manuscript /ates3 8,aft] =ty-eight h\rs ! *loride _h =m$ a film firm en\gh to be> dra9+ ! wat] (f v sl[ly by a siphon4 ,hav+ dri$ x1 ,i f\nd t x 0 v little affect$ by light1 & by wa%+ x ) nitrate ( silv]1 weak1 & dry+ x1 x became highly s5sitive4 ,9 ?is /ate ,i took a cam]a picture ( ! telescope on x40 ,! orig9al ( ! above-m5tion$ photograph1 ! fir/ photograph ev] tak5 on glass1 is n[ 9 ! sci5ce collection at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( photography color$ glasses 7 fir/ us$ to inve/igate ! action ( diff]5t colors on ! photographic plate4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el 0 among ! fir/ to propose t su* inve/igations %\ld be made direct ) a spectrum1 & he1 l ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,drap]1 /at$ t he _h f\nd a new k9d ( light beyond ! blue end ( ! spectrum1 z ! photographic plate %[$ a portion ( ! spectrum !re :i* 0 n visible to ! eye4 ,advance foll[$ advance1 & 9 #ahdb ,becqu]el photograph$ ! :ole sol> spectrum1 9 colors1 ) ne>ly all ! l9es regi/]$ by ! h& & eye ( ,fraunh(]1 n only ! blue end1 b ! complete spectrum1 f ,drap]'s 8lat5t light10 z he call$ ! ultra-violet rays1 to ! extreme r$ end4 ,! fir/ photograph ( a cele/ial object 0 "o ( ! moon1 secur$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,drap] 9 #ahdj2 we _h to wait till #ahde1 s f> z ,i "k1 be=e a dagu]reotype 0 tak5 ( ! sun2 ?is 0 done by ,f\cault & ,fizeau1 :ile ! fir/ photograph ( a />--,vega--0 tak5 at ,h>v>d 9 #ahej4 ,aft] ! introduction ( ! wet-collodion process regul> photography ( ! sun's surface 0 comm5c$1 at ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's recomm5dation1 at ,kew 9 #aheh1 & ! total sol> eclipse ( #ahfj 0 made memorable by ! photographs ( ,de ,la ,rue1 :o be=e t "t _h secur$ mo/ admirable photographs ( ! moon1 z also _h ,ru!rfurd4 ,photography n[ began to pay ! debt %e ow$ to spectrum analysis4 ,! fir/ laboratory photograph ( ! spectra ( ! *emical elem5ts 0 tak5 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,mill] 9 #ahfb4 ,ru!rfurd 0 ! fir/ to secure a photograph ( ! sol> spectrum ) consid]able disp]sion by means ( prisms4 ,9 #ahfc ,masc>t und]took a complete photographic inve/igation ( ! ultra-violet portion ( ! sol> spectrum1 a "w ( no mean magnitude4 ,he1 h[ev]1 did n employ a tra9 ( prisms = produc+ ! spectrum1 b a diffraction grat+1 us+ ! light reflect$ f ! fir/ surface4 ,! fir/ photograph ( ! spectrum ( a /> 0 secur$ by ,h5ry ,drap]1 ! son ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,drap]1 "o ( ! pione]s 9 photography 9 #ahgb4 ,x 0 n till ! introduction ( dry plates 9 #ahgf t ! photography ( ! fa9t] cele/ial objects or ( _! spectra 0 possible1 z a long exposure 0 naturally requir$4 ,/ell> spectra 7 photograph$ by ,hugg9s 9 #ahgi1 & 9 ! next ye> ,drap] photograph$ ! nebula ( ,orion4 ,z ! dry plates became m rapid1 & z long] exposures 7 employ$1 revelation foll[$ revelation2 ! nebul z se5 by ! nak$ eye1 & ev5 "s />s1 7 f\nd by ! ,h5rys1 ,rob]ts1 ,max ,wolf1 ,b>n>d1 & o!rs1 to be b ! bright] k]nels ( l>ge nebul\s pat*es4 ,?is new application ( photography1 dep5d+ ^u long exposures 7! longe/ "o ,i "k ( has ext5d$ to =ty h\rs71 _h an important reflex action on ! me*anical p>ts ( ! telescope2 x 0 n only necess>y to keep ! fa9te/ /> exactly on ! same "p ( ! plate dur+ ! :ole ( ! exposure1 b night aft] night ! /ell> image mu/ be br\ght on to ! same "p ( ! plate s t ! exposure might be cont9u$4 ,a sy/em ( electric control ( ! go+ ( ! driv+-clock ( ! telescope by means ( a sid]eal clock 0 introduc$1 ! simple/ "o be+ design$ by ,russell1 ( ,sydney2 a mo/ elaborate "o by ,grubb1 ( ,dubl94 ,ano!r application ( ! me?od ( long exposures has be5 ! discov]y ( m9or planets by ! trails impress$ by _! motion among ! />s on ! photographic plates on :i* ! images ( bo? are impress$4 ,a complete spectroscopic survey ( ! />s by means ( photography 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahhf at ,h>v>d ,college1 z a memorial to ,drap]1 :o di$ :ile he 0 labor+ dilig5tly & successfully 9 secur+ advances 9 a/rophysical inquiries4 ,to c>ry on ?is "w at ,h>v>d1 ,pr(essor ,pick]+ wisely rev]t$ to ! me?od fir/ employ$ by ,fraunh(]1 & utiliz$ by ,respighi & ano!r 9 #ahga1 ( plac+ prisms 9 front ( ! object-glass4 ,9 ! photograph+ ( /ell> spectra by means ( objective prisms1 ! driv+-clock ( ! telescope mu/ n g exactly at sid]eal rate1 b at c]ta9 spe$s dep5d+ on ! brightness & position ( ! /> "u exam9ation4 ,?is is necess>y because ! image ( ! spectrum ( a /> on ! photograph is only a ?9 l9e 9 :i* x is impossible to see ! spectral l9es2 ! spectrum mu/ be broad5$1 & ?is is accompli%$ by mak+ ! /> image 8trail0 to a c]ta9 degree on ! plate4 ,?is trail+ is accompli%$ by means ( ! clock1 ! rate ( :i* is made to v>y4 ,9 ?is way ! trail ( a spectrum ( a /> on ! photographic plate is always obta9$ ( ! same wid?1 :ile ! d5sity ( ! image is made fairly con/ant by increas+ ! rate = bright />s & decreas+ x = fa9t] ones4 ,9 ?is way spectra ( ! bright] />s rivall+ 9 p]fection & detail ^? obta9$ ( ! spectrum ( ! sun itself ?irty ye>s ago h be5 obta9$4 ,su* photographs h r5d]$ a m9ute *emical classification ( ! />s possible4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ applications ( photography to spectrum analysis dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury has be5 ! utilization by ,messrs4 ,desl&res & ,hale ( a sugge/ion made by ,janss51 t by employ+ photography images ( ! sun & its surr\nd+s c be obta9$ 9 light on "o wave l5g?4 ,9 ?is way we c /udy ! di/ribution ( any "o ( ! *emical con/itu5ts ( ! sun sep>ately1 & note its behavior1 n only on ! sun itself1 b 9 ! atmosph]e :i* enfolds ! disk4 ,x is /range t1 9 spite ( ! sugge/ions ( ,faye1 & o!rs aft] him1 "o ( ! great advantages ( ! employm5t ( photography 9 a/ronomical "w1 namely1 ! abolition ( 8p]sonal equation10 has s f> be5 almo/ entirely neglect$4 ,:at 8p]sonal equation0 is c be p]haps illu/rat$ by consid]+ an obs]v] :o is obs]v+ ! transit ( a /> ov] ! wires 9 a transit in/rum5t4 ,8 object is to note ! exact "t1 to a fraction ( a second1 :5 a /> passes ea* wire2 & ?is is done by li/5+ to ! beats ( a clock ne> at h& & e/imat+ ! fractions4 ,"s obs]v]s con/antly note ! "t ei!r a little 9 advance or a little lat] ?an ! actual "t1 & ?is small di/ance betwe5 ! obs]v] & ! true times is m or less con/ant = ea* obs]v]4 ,?is diff]5ce has to be tak5 into acc\nt = e obs]vation4 ,ev5 ! use ( ! *ronograph 9 transit "w1 by :i* ! obs]vation is electrically record$1 does n entirely elim9ate ! error4 ,! photographic me?od ( transit "w has be5 exp]im5t$ on1 b1 s f> z ,i "k1 x has n yet be5 us$ at m ?an "o or two obs]vatories4 ,x w d\btless ev5tually rid u ( 8p]sonal equation0 entirely1 = ! /> image may be photograph$ & ! "t record$ by ! same curr5t ( electricity4 ,at ! end ( ! c5tury we c\ld almo/ say t except 9 relation to ! "w ( ! m]idional obs]vatories1 photographic me?ods ( record+ obs]vations _h become exclusively us$4 ,"o ( ! cases 9 :i* its utility is mo/ 9 evid5ce is 9 ! matt] ( eclipse obs]vations4 ,spectra ( ! sun's surr\nd+s conta9+ a ?\s& l9es are tak5 9 a second ( "t1 ?us replac+ five or six d\btful eye obs]vations by weal? ( results :i* h enabl$ ! rec5t va/ progress to be secur$4 ,,catalogues ,catalogues ( ! />s 7 among ! fir/ sci5tific records />t$ by man1 & s long z only ! nak$ eye 0 us$ ! "w 0 n difficult1 z only approximate positions 7 attempt$1 ev5 by ,hipp>*us2 b long be=e ! eighte5? c5tury dawn$ ! problem 0 entirely *ang$ by ! inv5tion ( ! telescope & by ! provision ( accurately divid$ circles2 n only c\ld bett] positions be record$1 b ! numb] ( />s to be catalogu$ 0 enorm\sly increas$1 &1 fur!rmore1 o!r objects1 nebul1 pres5t$ !mselves 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,9 #ahja ! /> catalogues *iefly reli$ on 7 ^? ( ,lacaille1 conta9+ ab\t ?ree ?\s& />s scatt]$ ov] ! :ole heav5s4 ,maskelyne1 :o 0 !n ,a/ronom] ,royal1 _h publi%$ 9 #agij a catalogue ( ?irty-six fundam5tal />s1 *iefly = ! purposes ( navigation4 ,! fir/ great catalogue ( ! c5tury 0 ! ,fundam5ta ,a/ronomiae ( ,bessel1 produc$ 9 #ahah4 ,?is conta9$ ?ree ?\s& two hundr$ & tw5ty-two />s4 ,! ,bonn ,dur*m/]ung1 ) its catalogue ( ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r ?\s& "o hundr$ & n9ety-eight />s 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & ! correspond+ atlas publi%$ 9 #aheg-fc1 0 ! next memorable a*ievem5t 9 ?is direction4 ,= x we h to ?ank ,bessel & ,argel&] & a p]fect sy/em ( "w4 ,ano!r monum5tal catalogue deal+ ) ! />s 9 ! s\!rn heav5s has be5 t ( ! s\!rn />s obs]v$ by ,g\ld 7#ahff74 ,:ile ! c5tury 0 clos+1 ano!r catalogue1 f> m /up5d\s ?an any?+ :i* c\ld be conceiv$ possible a few ye>s ago1 0 /eadily be+ compil$4 ,?is we owe to ! f>-sight$ness & en]gy ( ,admiral ,m\*ez1 a late director ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory4 ,! "w 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahib4 ,! :ole heav5s1 nor? & s\? alike1 h be5 divid$ into zones1 & ! *ief obs]vatories on ! e>?'s surface are busy night aft] night 9 tak+ photographs ( t "p intru/$ to !m4 ,! :ole heav5s are ?us be+ made to write _! autobiography1 & ! total ga9 to ! a/ronomy ( ! future ( ?is mo/ priceless record c p]haps be sc>cely grasp$ z yet1 al?\gh ! advantage ( be+ able at any po9t ( future "t to see on a photographic plate :at ! heav5s are tell+ n[ is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,catalogues ( ! />s h1 ( c\rse1 l$ to o!r m9or catalogues ( v>i\s classes ( />s1 b9>y1 v>iable1 & ! l4 ,9 ! lat] ye>s catalogues ( />s accord+ to _! spectra h enri*$ sci5ce4 ,! fir/ ext5sive catalogue ( /ell> spectra 0 publi%$ by ,vogel4 ,x dealt ) f\r ?\s& & fifty-"o />s1 & appe>$ 9 #ahhc2 x has s9ce be5 foll[$ by ! ,drap] catalogue1 bas$ ^u photographs ( ! spectra1 :i* conta9s a mu* l>g] numb]4 ,) reg>d to nebul1 ,h]s*el publi%$ 8 ?ird catalogue 9 #ahjb4 ,! la/ catalogue ( ?is nature is by ,drey] 7#ahhh71 & conta9s sev5 ?\s& eight hundr$ & =ty ( ^! objects4 ,9 ! "t ( ,ty*o !y c\ld be c\nt$ on ! f+]s ( "o h&4 ,,inve/igations ,,( ,,"s ,,important ,,a/ronomical ,,con/ants ,! n9ete5? c5tury 0 fruitful 9 ! det]m9ation ( _m num]ical values :i* are all important 9 enabl+ u to det]m9e ! di/ance & masses ( ! heav5ly bodies1 !reby giv+ u a firm grasp n only ( ! dim5sions ( our own sy/em1 b ( ^? scatt]$ 9 ! cele/ial spaces4 ,to take ! di/ances fir/4 ,we mu/ beg9 ) ! exact measure ( ! e>?2 = ?is we mu/ measure ! exact l5g? ( an arc ( m]idian or ( p>allel--t is1 a /ret* ( ! e>?'s surface ly+ nor? & s\? or ea/ & we/1 betwe5 places ( :i* ! latitudes are accurately kn[n 9 ! =m] case1 & ! longitude 9 ! latt]4 ,9 ei!r case we c det]m9e ! numb] ( miles :i* g to a degree4 ,beg9n+ at ! op5+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ) an arc ( m]idian ( two degrees measur$ by ,gauss1 f ,gtt+5 to ,altona1 ! arcs ( m]idian grew long] z ! c5tury grew old]1 till1 at ! close1 ! measurem5t ( an arc ( m]idian f ! ,cape to ,cairo1 embrac+ some?+ l sixty-eight degrees ( latitude1 0 moot$4 ,! measurem5ts ( arcs ( p>allel h be5 develop$ by ! rapid ext5sion ( telegraphic communications1 :i* n[ p]mit ! longitude ( ! t]m9al /ations to be det]m9$ ) ! greate/ accuracy4 ,?anks to ?is "w1 we n[ h ! size ( our planet to a few miles4 ,! pol> diamet] is #da1gji1gij feet1 b ! equator is n a circle3 ! equatorial diamet] f longitude #h degrees #ae m9utes we/ to longitude #ahh degrees #ae m9utes we/ is #da1hec1beh feet2 t at "r angles to x is #da1hej1baj feet--t is1 "s ?\s& y>ds %ort]4 ,! e>?1 !n1 is %ap$ l an orange slightly squeez$4 ,kn[+ ! e>?'s diamet]1 we c obta9 ! sun's di/ance by sev]al me?ods1 ! old "o by obs]v+ transits ( ,v5us1 "o ( :i* ,cook w5t out to obs]ve 9 #agfh1 & two ( :i* recurr$ 9 #ahgd & #ahhb2 new ones by obs]vations ( ,m>s or "o ( ! m9or planets at a favorable opposition1 & by det]m9+ ! velocity ( light4 ,! rec5t discov]y ( a m9or planet1 ,eros1 :i* 9 "o "p ( its orbit is ne>] ! e>? ?an ,m>s1 has rec5tly reviv$ int]e/ 9 ?is me?od1 & a comb9$ attack is 9 contemplation4 ,x has be5 long kn[n t light has a f9ite velocity1 b we _h to wait till ! #fj's be=e ,fizeau & ,f\cault %[$ u h[ to det]m9e its exact value4 ,! me?ods introduc$ by !m h be5 rec5tly appli$ by ,cornu1 ,newcomb1 & ,mi*elson1 & ! result+ value is slightly less ?an ?ree hundr$ ?\s& metres p] second4 ,comb9+ ?is ) ! con/ant ( ab]ration1 ! di/ance ( ! sun c be det]m9$4 ,x is wond]ful h[ ^! va/ly diff]5t me?ods agree 9 ! result+ mean di/ance4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury x /ood r\ghly at n9ety-five million miles2 ?is has be5 r$uc$ to n9ety-?ree million n9e hundr$ & sixty-five ?\s& miles4 ,! extreme diff]5ce betwe5 ! old & new values ( ! sol> p>allax1 two-fif?s ( a second ( arc1 is repres5t$ by ! app>5t bread? ( a human hair view$ at a di/ance ( ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet4 ,kn[+ ! di/ance ( ! sun1 ! way is op5 to u to det]m9e1 by a me?od sugge/$ by ,galileo1 ! di/ances ( ^? />s :i* occupy a diff]5t position among _! fell[s1 z se5 f opposite po9ts 9 ! e>?'s orbit r\nd ! sun1 po9ts "o hundr$ & eighty-six million miles ap>t4 ,we n[ "k ! di/ances ( _m su* />s1 ,bessel hav+ det]m9$ ! fir/ 9 #ahch4 ,! ne>e/ /> to u1 s f> z we "k1 is ,c5tauri1 ! light ( :i* takes f\r & a half ye>s to rea* u4 ,n _m ye>s ago ,prit*>d appli$ photography to ?is bran* ( inquiry2 we may1 !re=e1 expect a /ill m rapid progress 9 ! future4 ,) reg>d to masses4 ,we naturally mu/ fir/ "k t ( ! e>?2 hav+ its size1 if we c det]m9e its d5sity1 ! re/ foll[s4 ,! problem ( det]m9+ ! mean d5sity ( ! e>? occupi$ ! m9ds ( _m work]s dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,newton 7ab\t #agbh7 po9t$ out h[ x c\ld be d$uc$ by obs]v+ ! deviation f ! v]tical ( a plumb-l9e susp5d$ ne> a l>ge mass ( matt]--a m\nta91 ! volume & d5sity ( :i* c\ld be previ\sly det]m9$4 ,?is me?od1 :i* is v labori\s & requires ! greate/ skill & mo/ delicate in/rum5ts1 has be5 employ$ sev]al times1 by ,b\gu] & ,condam9e1 9 #agch1 at ,*imborazo2 ,maskelyne1 9 #aggd1 at ,s*ehalli5 9 ,scotl&2 & ,james1 at ,ar?ur's ,seat1 ne> ,ed9burgh4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ano!r me?od 0 introduc$ by ,cav5di%4 ,?is consi/s 9 measur+ ! attraction ( two l>ge sph]es ( kn[n size & mass1 su* z two balls ( lead on two v small & light sph]es1 by means ( a torsion balance con/ruct$ by ,mit*ell = ?is purpose4 ,! mo/ rec5t det]m9ation by ?is me?od1 & "o :i* is consid]$ to give u p]haps ! mo/ accurate value1 is t :i* is due to ! skill & +5uity ( ,pr(essor ,boys4 ,8 improvem5t consi/$ 9 con/ruct+ a mo/ delicate torsion balance2 ! attract$ sph]es consi/$ ( small gold balls susp5d$ by a qu>tz fibre c>ry+ a mirror to indicate ! am\nt ( twi/4 ,! :ole in/rum5t 0 q small1 & c\ld easily be protect$ f air curr5ts & *anges ( temp]ature1 :ile ! use ( ! qu>tz fibres r$uc$ to a m9imum "o ( ! greate/ difficulties ( ! ,cav5di% exp]im5t4 ,! value ( ! mean d5sity ( ! e>? is n[ consid]$ to be #e4f1 :i* means t if we h a globe ( wat] exactly ! same size z our own e>?1 ! real e>? w\ld weigh j #e4f times ?is globe ( wat]4 ,! e>?'s weight1 9 tons1 does n convey mu* idea1 b t x is six ?\s& trillions may int]e/ ! curi\s4 ,?is det]m9ation has enabl$ ! masses ( ! sun1 moon1 planets & satellites1 & _m sid]eal sy/ems to be accurately kn[n 9 relation to ! mass ( ! e>?4 ,,"s ,,a*ievem5ts ,,( ,,ma!matical ,,analysis ,uranus1 a planet unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 0 discov]$ by its movem5t among ! />s by ,william ,h]s*el 9 #agha4 ,x 0 n until #ahdf t ano!r major planet 0 add$ to ! sol> sy/em1 & ?is discov]y 0 "o ( ! s5sations ( ! c5tury4 ,! /ory ( ! indep5d5t discov]y ( ,neptune by ,adams & ,le ,v]ri]1 :o 7 bo? driv5 to ! conclusion t c]ta9 app>5t regul>ities 9 ! motion ( ,uranus 7 due to ! attraction ( ano!r body travell+ on an orbit outside x1 has be5 (t5 told4 ,! subsequ5t discov]y ( ! ext]nal body n f> f ! place at :i* _! ma!matical analysis _h l$ !m to believe x w\ld be se51 w =ev] be reg>d$ z a f9e triumph ( ! human intellect4 ,b ! results ( ! inquiries :i* n[ conc]n u are g5]ally ( n s s5sational a "*1 al?\gh !y lie at ! root ( our k ( cele/ial motions4 ,!y m (t5 take ! %ape ( tables & discussions relat+ to ! movem5ts ( ! bodies :i* make up our sol> sy/em4 ,gauss may be said to h l$ ! way dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury by 8 ,!oria molus corporum coele/ium solem ambi5tium4 ,?is 0 a wor?y sequel to ! ,m*anique ,cle/e1 9 :i* "w1 t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,laplace _h en%r9$ all t 0 kn[n on ! planet>y results ( gravitation4 ,9 lat] ye>s ,le ,v]ri] & ,newcomb h be5 among ! *ief work]s on :om ! mantle ( su* di/+ui%$ pr$ecessors has fall54 ,f !m ! planet & satellite tables n[ 9 use h be5 d]iv$4 ,b ! motion ( our own satellite1 ! moon1 has _h fasc9ations = o!r analy/s besides ^? we h nam$4 ,! problem1 inde$1 ( ! moon's motion is "o ( ! mo/ difficult1 & has tax$ ! +5uity ( a/ronom]s f an e>ly date4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day x is impossible to pr$ict ! exact position ( ! moon at any "o mom5t ow+ to inequalities & p]turbations1 ! exact v>y+ values ( :i* are n kn[n4 ,! two mo/ important !ories ( ! motion ( ! moon complet$ t[>ds ! middle ( ! c5tury 7 due to ,hans5 & ,delaunay4 ,! =m]'s appe>$ 9 #ahch1 ! lun> tables be+ publi%$ lat] 7#aheg71 :ile ! latt]'s 0 publi%$ 9 #ahfj4 ,hans5's !ory _h = its *ief object ! =mation ( tables2 to avoid ! inconv5i5ce ( us+ 9 8 calculations s]ies :i* sl[ly conv]ge1 he ins]t$ num]ical values ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ,hans5's solution ! problem is "o actually pres5t$ by nature1 all[ance be+ made = e kn[n cause ( di/urbance4 ,!re is "o disadvantage1 namely1 t %\ld obs]vations dem& a *ange 9 any ( ! con/ants us$1 !re is no means ( mak+ any correction 9 ! results4 ,delaunay's !ory surm\nt$ ?is difficulty1 b at ! exp5se ( /ill great] inconv5i5ce = mak+ an ephem]is4 ,! sl[ conv]g5ce ( c]ta9 s]ies involv$ an imm5se am\nt ( labor to give suffici5tly approximate results4 ,m rec5tly1 z ! c5tury 0 clos+1 ,dr4 ,br[n took up ! subject & made a fre% attempt to calculate ! motion ( our satellite4 ,x may be /at$ t he adopts all ,delaunay's modifications ( ! problem & works !m out algebraically2 b !re are _m te*nical diff]5ces :i* x w\ld be out ( place to m5tion "h4 ,en\gh has be5 /at$ to %[ t !re is n likely to be any brea* ( cont9uity 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is mo/ important problem4 ,ano!r attack on ! moon1 &1 incid5tally1 its motion1 has rec5tly be5 made by ano!r analy/1 ,pr(essor ,george ,d>w92 grappl+ ) all ! consequ5ces ( tidal friction1 he has be5 able to pres5t to u ! pa/ & future hi/ory ( our satellite4 ,beg9n+ z a "p ( ! mat]ial cong]ies f :i* subsequ5tly "s fifty million ye>s ago bo? e>? & moon1 z sep>ate bodies1 7 =m$1 x has ev] s9ce be5 ext5d+ its orbit1 & s retreat+ f>!r away f its c5tre ( motion1 :ile ! p]iod ( ! e>?'s rotation has be5 increas+ at ! same "t1 f a possible p]iod ( "s ?ree h\rs :5 ! moon 0 born1 to "o ( "o ?\s& f\r hundr$ h\rs :5 ! day & mon? w be equal1 some?+ l "o hundr$ & fifty million ye>s be+ requir$ = ! process4 ,,/ell> ,,evolution ,x 0 only 9 ! #hj's1 aft] ?\s&s ( obs]vations ( ! spectra ( />s1 nebul1 & comets _h be5 secur$1 t ! full mean+ ( ! revelations ( ! spectroscope began to dawn ^u ! _w4 ,be=e ! introduction ( spectrum analysis all />s 7 suppos$ to be suns1 & ! only diff]5ce recogniz$ among !m 0 "o ( brilliancy & ! v>iation ( brilliancy 9 ! case ( "s ( !m4 ,x ultimately came out t great classes might be recogniz$ by ! diff]5ces ( _! spectra1 :i* 7 ultimately trac$ to diff]5ces 9 _! *emi/ry & 9 _! temp]ature1 z det]m9$ by ! ext5sion ( ! spectra 9 ! ultra-violet1 ! :it] />s be+ hott] ?an ! r$ ones1 z a :ite-hot pok] is hott] ?an a r$-hot pok]4 ,next !re 0 evid5ce to %[ t a l>ge proportion ( ! />s 7 n />s at all l ! sun1 b sw>ms ( meteorites2 & 9 ?is way ! my/]i\s new />s :i* appe> f "t to "t 9 ! heav5s1 & a l>ge numb] ( v>iable />s1 7 expla9$ z aris+ f collisions among su* sw>ms4 ,! inquiry :i* dealt ) ! spectroscopic results1 hav+ ?us introduc$ ! ideas ( meteor sw>ms & collisions to expla9 _m /ell> ph5om5a1 w5t fur!r & %[$ t ! v>i\s *emical *anges obs]v$ 9 pass+ f /> to /> might also be expla9$ by suppos+ ! :ole /ell> con/itution to arise f cool meteoritic sw>ms repres5t$ by nebul1 ! *anges up to a c]ta9 po9t be+ expla9$ by a rise ( temp]ature due to cond5sation t[>ds a c5tre4 ,"h ! new view 0 oppos$ to t ( ,laplace1 advanc$ dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 t ! />s 7 produc$ by cond5sation & cool+2 b ,kelv9 _h %[n1 be=e ! new view 0 enunciat$1 t ,laplace's view 0 contr>y to !rmodynamics1 a bran* ( sci5ce :i* _h develop$ s9ce ,laplace publi%$ 8 fam\s ,exposition du ,sy/me du ,monde4 ,aft] all ! meteorites 9 ! p>5t sw>m _h be5 cond5s$ into ! c5tral gase\s mass1 t mass _h to cool4 ,s t we _h 9 ! heav5s n only />s m or less meteoritic 9 /ructure1 ( ris+ temp]ature1 b />s *iefly gase\s1 ( fall+ temp]ature4 ,x 0 obvi\s t repres5tatives ( bo? ^! classes ( />s might h ne>ly ! same mean effective temp]ature1 & !re=e m or less ! same spectrum4 ,a m9ute inquiry entirely ju/ifi$ ^! conclusions4 ,s f> _h ! detail$ *emi/ry ( ! />s be5 c>ri$ 9 ! latt] ye>s ( ! c5tury t ! "q ( /ell> evolution gave rise to t ( inorganic evolution g5]ally1 ! sequ5ce 9 ! ph5om5a ( :i* c only be /udi$ 9 ! />s1 = laboratory "w )\t /9t has %[n t 9 !m we h cele/ial furnaces1 ! heat ( :i* transc5ds t ( our mo/ p[]ful electric sp>ks4 ,9 ?is way a/ronomy is pay+ ! debt %e owes to *emi/ry4 ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,8 ,,sy/em ,al?\gh ! out] conf9es ( space h1 z we h se51 be5 compell$ to br+ _! tribute ( new k by means ( ! p5etrat+ p[] possess$ by mod]n telescopes1 & ! cam]as & spectroscopes atta*$ to !m1 ! /udy ( ! ne> has by no means be5 neglect$1 & = ! reason t 9 a/ronomy especially we mu/ cont5t ourselves 9 ! case ( ! m di/ant bodies by surmis+ :at happ5s 9 !m f ! facts ga!r$ 9 ! region :]e alone detail$ obs]vations are possible4 ,?us :at we c le>n ab\t ! sun helps to expla9 :at we disc]n mu* m dimly 9 ! case ( />s2 a /udy ( ! moon's face we are compell$ to take z %[+ u ! possibilities relat+ to ! surface condition ( o!r satellites s f> remov$ f u t !y only appe> z po9ts ( light4 ,to beg91 !n1 ) ! sun4 ,:]e a volume might be writt51 a few words mu/ suffice4 ,i h already /at$ t at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! prevail+ op9ion 0 t x 0 a habitable globe4 ,x 0 limit$ to ! fi]y ball we see4 ,at ! end ( ! c5tury x is a body ( ! fi]ce/ heat1 & ! ball we see is only a c5tral portion ( a huge & t]ribly int]e/+ me*anism1 ! out] portions ( :i* heave & ?rob e elev5 ye>s4 ,spots1 prom95ces1 corona1 ev]y?+ feels ?is ?robb+4 ,al?\gh ! discov]y ( spots on ! sun 0 among ,galileo's fir/ a*ievem5ts1 x 0 res]v$ = ! la/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to demon/rate _! almo/ p]fect p]iodicity4 ,?anks to ! labors ( ,s*wabe1 ,wolf1 ,c>r+ton1 & ,de la ,rue1 ,/ew>t1 & ,loewy1 we n[ "k t e elev5 ye>s ! spots wax & wane2 ,tac*9i & ,ricco1 dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 h prov$ t ! prom95ces foll[ suit1 & ! fact t ! corona also obeys ! same law 0 e/abli%$ dur+ ! ,am]ican eclipse ( #ahgh4 ,! /udy ( sol> physics consi/s 9 wat*+ & record+ ! !rmal1 *emical1 & o!r *anges :i* accompany ?is p]iod4 ,"s ( ^! effects c be be/ /udi$ dur+ ^? times :5 ! ball itself is cov]$ by ! moon 9 an eclipse4 ,!n ! out] portions ( ! sun are reveal$ 9 all _! beauty & maje/y1 & all ! _w goes to see4 ,b x is ! quiet daily "w 9 ! laboratory :i* has enabl$ u to /udy ! sun's place 9 relation to ! o!r />s1 & s to f\nd a *emical classification ( all ! />s t %9e4 ,f ! sun we may pass to 8 sy/em1 & fir/ consid] ! ne>e/ body to u--! moon4 ,:ile "s a/ronom]s h be5 discuss+ ! movem5ts & evolution ( our satellite1 o!rs h be5 engag$ ^u maps ( its surface1 ^u que/ions deal+ ) a lun> atmosph]e1 or a /udy ( ! orig9 ( ! pres5t con=mations & ( possible *anges4 ,! sci5ce ( sel5ology may be said to h be5 f\nd$ by ,s*rt] at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 b x requir$ ! application ( photography 9 lat] ye>s to put x on a firm basis4 ,maps ( ! moon h be5 prep>$ by ,lohrmann1 ,be] & ,mdl]1 & ,s*midt1 ! latt] %[+ ! positions ( m ?an ?irty ?\s& crat]s4 ,v errone\s notions are held by "s z to :at we may hope to d 9 ! exam9ation ( ! moon's surface by a p[]ful telescope4 ,a p[] ( a ?\s& enables u to see x z if we 7 look+ at ,york f ,london4 ,x is record$ t ,lassell once said t ) 8 l>ge/ reflector 9 a 8fit0 ( ! f9e/ def9ition he ?\ght he might be able to detect :e!r a c>pet z l>ge z ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields 0 r\nd or squ>e4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 !n1 we may well und]/& t ! "q ( *anges on ! surface has be5 rais$ f "t to "t nev] to be absolutely settl$ "o way or ! o!r4 ,by _m ! exi/5ce ( an atmosph]e is d5i$1 & ?is is a condition :i* w\ld negative *anges1 any?+ l ! geological *anges br\ght ab\t on ! surface ( ! e>?1 b ! idea is n[ held by _m t !re is /ill an atmosph]e1 ?\gh ( great t5uity4 ,! la/ few ye>s ( ! c5tury 7 r5d]$ memorable f ! lun> po9t ( view by ! publication & m9ute /udy ( a mo/ admirable s]ies ( photographs ( ! moon obta9$ by ! great equatorial ,c\d ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory by ,loewy & ,puiseaux4 ,"o ( ! *ief po9ts aim$ at has be5 to det]m9e ! sequ5ce ( ! v>i\s ev5ts repres5t$ by ! rills1 crat]s1 & wall$ pla9s1 ! m\nta9 ranges & seas4 ,?is "w is /ill 9 progress1 ! f\r? "p ( ! atlas be+ publi%$ 9 #aijj2 b en\gh has already appe>$ to indicate t ! results ( ! inquiry :5 complet$ w be ( ! mo/ important k9d4 ,! au?ors h already come to ! conclusion t ! lun> & t]re/rial sea-bottoms mu* resemble ea* o!r1 inasmu* z bo? h convex surfaces4 ,! lun> seas began by s9k+ ( va/ regions2 ! =midable volcanic eruptions ( :i* ! moon has be5 ! sc5e h tak5 place 9 times equival5t to ^? labell$ 8rec5t0 9 geological p>lance4 ,!re is evid5ce t ! axis ( ! moon has und]gone great displacem5ts1 & f\r great p]iods ( *ange h be5 made out4 ,f9ally !y /ate t !re is s]i\s gr\nd to believe t !re is an atmosph]e ( "s sort rema9+4 ,x may readily be und]/ood t ) ea* increase ( optical p[] new satellites ( ! v>i\s planets h be5 discov]$4 ,soon aft] ! discov]y ( ,neptune a satellite 0 not$ by ,lassell4 ,9 #ahdf bo? he & ! eagle-ey$ obs]v] ,dawes indep5d5tly discov]$ ano!r satellite 7,hyp]ion7 ( ,saturn4 ,lassell 0 rew>d$ 9 ! next ye> by ! discov]y ( two m satellites ( ,uranus2 b1 /range/ obs]vation ( all1 9 #ahgg ,hall discov]$ at ,wa%+ton two satellites ( ,m>s "s six or sev5 miles only 9 diamet]1 "o ( !m revolv+ r\nd ! planet 9 sev5 & "o-half h\rs at a di/ance ( less ?an f\r ?\s& miles4 ,z ! day on ,m>s is n f> diff]5t 9 duration f our own1 ?is t9y satellite mu/ rise 9 ! we/ & s\? ?ree times a day6 ,wond]ful z ?is discov]y 01 x is c]ta9ly n less wond]ful :5 we consid] x 9 connection ) a passage 9 ,gulliv]'s ,travels1 s true is x t tru? is /rang] ?an fiction4 ,swift1 9 8 satirical ref]5ce to ! inhabitants ( ,laputa1 writes3 8,!y h likewise discov]$ two less] />s1 or satellites1 :i* revolve r\nd ,m>s1 :]e( ! inn]mo/ is di/ant f ! c5tre ( ! prim>y planet exactly ?ree ( 8 diamet]s & ! out]mo/ five2 ! =m] revolves 9 ! space ( t5 h\rs2 & ! latt] 9 tw5ty-"o & a half40 ,! la/ discov]y ( ?is k9d has be5 t ( an inn] satellite ( ,jupit] by ,b>n>d 9 #ahib4 ,! planets f ,m]cury to ,saturn 7 kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! discov]y ( ,uranus by ,h]s*el's giant telescope1 n long be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 born1 & ( ,neptune1 by analysis1 t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury4 ,) reg>d to :at mod]n obs]vations h done 9 reg>d to _! physical appe>ance1 ! fir/ place 9 g5]al int]e/ mu/ be giv5 to ,saturn & ,m>s4 ,saturn has always be5 reg>d$ z ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! planet>y family on acc\nt ( its unique r+s4 ,_m subdivisions ( ! r+s1 & a dusky r+1 fir/ se5 by ,dawes & ,bond1 h be5 discov]$ dur+ ! la/ sixty ye>s4 ,! meteoritic nature ( ! r+s 0 sugge/$ by ,cl]k ,maxwell 9 #aheg1 & ,keel]'s demon/ration ( ! tru? ( ?is view by means ( ! spectroscope1 a few ye>s ago1 0 brilliant 9 conception & execution4 ,b dur+ ! la/ half ( ! c5tury ! int]e/ c5tr$ 9 ,m>s has be5 gradually increas+4 ,! draw+s made dur+ ! opposition ( #ahfb1 :5 comp>$ ) ^? made by ,be] & ,mdl] 7#ahcj-dj71 made x p]fectly cle> t 9 ?is planet we _h to deal ) "o /rangely l our own 9 _m respects4 ,!re 7 obvi\sly l& & wat] surfaces2 ! sn[ at ! poles melt$ 9 ! summ]-"t2 cl\ds 7 se5 =m+ f "t to "t1 & ! *ang+ tones ( ! wat] surfaces sugge/$ f9e & r\gh wea!r4 ,aft]w>ds came ! revelation ( ! hawk-ey$ ,s*iap>elli1 beg9n+ 9 ! ye> #ahgg1 & 8 wond]ful map ( ! planet's surface4 ,! l& surfaces1 in/ead ( be+ unbrok51 7 cut up1 z an ,engli% f>m is cut up by h$ges2 /raight l9es ( diff]5t bread?s & t9ts cross$ ! l& surfaces 9 all directions1 & at times "s ( !m appe>$ d\ble4 ,s*iap>elli naturally conclud$ t !y 7 riv]s--wat] *annels--& be+ an ,italian he us$ ! appropriate ^w canali4 ,?is1 un=tunately1 z x turn$ out1 0 translat$ canals4 ,n[ canals are dug1 ergo !re 7 digg]s4 ,f ?is ! demon/ration1 n ( ! habitability1 b ( ! actual habitation1 ( ,m>s 0 a small /ep1 & ! be/ way ( signall+ to newly f\nd k9sm5 across "s ?irty millions ( miles ( space 0 discuss$4 ,! _w ( sci5ce owes a debt ( gratitude to ,mr4 ,p]cival ,l[ell = hav+ tak5 out to ! pure air & l[ latitude ( ,arizona an eighte5-in* telescope = ! sole purpose ( accumulat+ facts t5d+ to ?r[ light ^u ?is newly rais$ "q4 ,?is he did 9 #ahid4 ,s*iap>elli has cont9u$ 8 magnific5t obs]vations ?r\gh ea* opposition :5 ! planet is mo/ favorably situat$ = obs]vation1 & s9ce #ahif ,signor ,c]ulli1 arm$ ) a fifte5-in* ,cooke1 9 ! f9e climate ( ,italy1 has jo9$ 9 ! inquiry1 s t facts are n[ be+ rapidly accumulat$4 ,x has be5 /at$ t m>k+s simil> to ! /range s-call$ 8canals0 on ,m>s are to be se5 on ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 & ev5 on ! satellites ( ,jupit]4 ,mr4 ,p]cival ,l[ell does n hesitate to proclaim himself 9 favor ( _! be+ due1 9 ,m>s1 to an intellig5t sy/em ( irrigation4 ,signor ,c]ulli claims t :]ev] se5 !y are m]e optical effects4 ,we may be well cont5t to leave to ! tw5tie? c5tury a g5]al agreem5t on ?is int]e/+ subject4 ,f9ally1 9 our survey ( our own sy/em1 come comets & meteor sw>ms4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fruitful discov]ies ( ! c5tury1 t comets are meteor sw>ms1 we owe to ! g5ius ( ,s*iap>elli1 ,a4 ,h4 ,newton1 & o!r work]s on ^? t9y cele/ial mess5g]s :i* give rise to ! ph5om5a ( 8fall+0 or 8%oot+0 />s4 ,! magnific5t displays ( #agii1 #ahcc1 #ahff1 &1 alas6 t :i* fail$ to come 9 #ahii1 we n[ "k mu/ be associat$ ) ,tempel's ,comet4 ,?is is by no means ! only case s f> e/abli%$2 ! connection w 9 ! future be clos] /ill :5 ! orbits ( ! v>i\s sw>ms obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ! ye> %all be bett] kn[n4 ,comets :i* attract public att5tion by _! brightness & gr&eur ( =m are r r>e1 &1 9 fact1 only tw5ty-five ( su* h be5 se5 s9ce #ahjj4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 ) ! great advance 9 in/rum5tal equipm5t1 be5 able to discov] _m :i* are sc>cely visible to ! nak$ eye1 & ?is has swoll5 ! numb] ( comets v consid]ably4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury we f9d t only ?irty-two 7 obs]v$1 :ile 9 ! eighte5? ?is numb] 0 m ?an d\bl$ 7sev5ty-two74 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury m ?an ?ree hundr$ 7 plac$ on record1 :i* is practically m ?an f\r times ! numb] se5 9 ! eighte5?4 ,! la/ great comet visible any consid]able "t 0 t discov]$ by ,donati 9 #aheh1 & s c>efully obs]v$ by ,bond4 ,x is un=tunate t s9ce ! importance1 9 s _m directions1 ( spectroscopic obs]vations ( comets has be5 recogniz$ !y h be5 conspicu\s by _! abs5ce4 ,,! ,,connection ,,betwe5 ,,sol> ,,& ,,t]re/rial ,,wea!r ,ev]ybody agrees t all ! en]gy utiliz$ on ?is planet ( ours1 ) ! s+le exception ( t suppli$ by ! tides1 comes f ! sun4 ,we are all famili> ) ! *anges due to ! e>?'s daily rotation br++ u n[ on ! side ( our planet illum9at$ by ! sun1 !n plung+ u into d>kness2 t *anges ( season mu/ necess>ily foll[ f ! e>?'s ye>ly j\rney r\nd ! sun is univ]sally recogniz$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is a mod]n idea t ^? sol> ph5om5a :i* prove to u consid]able *anges ( temp]ature 9 ! sun itself1 may1 & inde$ %\ld1 be e*o$ by *anges on our planet1 giv+ u !reby an elev5-ye> p]iod to be consid]$1 z well z a ye> & a day4 ,?is response ( ! e>? to sol> *anges 0 fir/ obs]v$ 9 ! cont9u\s records ( ^? in/rum5ts :i* regi/] = u ! e>?'s magnetism at any "o place4 ,! magnetic effects 7 /ronge/ :5 !re 7 m spots1 tak+ !m z indicators ( sol> *anges4 ,lamont fir/ 7)\t kn[+ x7 made ?is out1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! latt] half ( ! c5tury 7#ahea71 f ! ,gtt+5 obs]vations ( ! daily range ( ! decl9ation ne$le4 ,sab9e ! next ye> n only ann\nc$ ! same cycle 9 ! viol5ce ( ! 8magnetic /orms0 obs]v$ at ,toronto1 b at once attribut$ !m to sol> influ5ce1 ! two cycles runn+ concurr5tly4 ,x is n[ univ]sally recogniz$ t t]re/rial magnetic effects1 includ+ auror1 m9utely e*o ! sol> *anges4 ,! elev5-ye> p]iod is n "o to be neglect$4 ,next comes ! inquiry 9 relation to meteorology4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! c5tury1 :5 !re 7 practically nei!r sun-spot nor ra9fall obs]vations available1 did n hesitate to attack ! "q :e!r ! price ( :eat 0 affect$ by ! _m-or-few-spot sol> condition4 ,he f\nd ! price to be high :5 ! sun 0 spotless1 & vice v]sa4 ,by #ahgb1 h[ev]1 we _h bo? ra9fall & sun-spot obs]vations1 & ! cycle ( ! latt] _h be5 made out4 ,meldrum1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ meteorologi/ liv+ at ! "t1 & o!rs1 pron\nc$ t ! ra9fall 0 greate/ at sun-spot maximum1 &1 fur!r1 t ! greate/ numb] ( cyclones occurr$ 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies at su* times4 ,?is result ) reg>d to ra9fall 0 n g5]ally accept$1 b ,*amb]s %[$ %ortly aft]w>ds an und\bt$ connection betwe5 ! cycles ( sol> spots & b>ometric pressure 9 ! ,indian area4 ,by means ( a /udy ( ! wid5$ l9es obs]v$ 9 sun spots an attempt has be5 rec5tly made to /udy ! temp]ature1 hi/ory ( ! sun s9ce ab\t #ahgg1 & ! ye>s ( mean temp]ature & :5 ! heat 0 9 excess 77 & defect 7-7 made out1 h be5 z foll[s3 ,heat condition mean mean mean mean mean ,ye>s #ahfi #ahgf #ahha #ahhf-hg #ahia-ib #ahgj-ge #ahgg-hj #ahhb-hf #ahha-ia #ahib ,hav+ ^! sol> data1 ! next ?+ to d 0 to /udy ! ,indian ra9fall dur+ ! s\?we/ monsoon = ! ye>s #ahgg-ahhf1 ! object be+ to endeavor to asc]ta9 if ! & temp]ature pulses 9 ! sun 7 e*o$ by & pulses ( ra9fall4 ,! ,indian ra9fall 0 tak5 fir/ because 9 ! tropics ! ph5om5a are kn[n to be ! simple/4 ,x 0 f\nd t 9 _m p>ts ( ,india ! & conditions ( sol> temp]ature 7 accompani$ by & pulses1 produc+ pressure *anges & heavy ra9s 9 ! ,indian ,ocean & ! surr\nd+ l&4 ,^! occurr$ g5]ally 9 ! fir/ ye> foll[+ ! mean condition1 t is1 9 #ahgg-gh & #ahhb-hc4 ,! ra9falls at ,mauritius1 ,cape ,t[n1 & ,batavia 7 next collat$ to see if ! pulses felt 9 ,india 7 traceable 9 o!r regions surr\nd+ ! ,indian ,ocean to ! s\? & ea/4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be ! case4 ,a wid] inquiry 0 foll[$1 we are told1 ) equal success1 s t we are ju/ifi$ 9 hop+ t ! "q ( ! dep5d5ce ( t]re/rial ^u sol> wea!r has made a /ep 9 advance4 ,b j z ! g5]al public & practical m5 took little he$ ( ! connection betwe5 sun spots & magnetism until exp]i5ce taught !m t telegraphic messages (t5 c\ld n 8get ?r\gh0 :5 !re 7 _m sun spots1 s ! same public w n consid] ! connection 9 reg>d to meteorology unless ! =eca/+ ( dr\ghts & fam9es be possible4 ,! rec5t "w sugge/s t1 if ! rec5t advances 9 sol> physics be consid]$1 ! inquiries reg>d+ ra9fall may be plac$ on a firm] basis ?an !y c\ld possibly h _h 9 #ahgb1 & t su* =eca/+s may become possible4 ,:at 0 look$ = 9 #ahgb 0 a *ange 9 ! quantity ( ra9 at maximum sun spots only1 ! idea be+ t !re might be an effective *ange ( sol> temp]ature1 ei!r 9 excess or defect1 at su* times & t !re w\ld be a gradual & cont9u\s v>iation f maximum to maximum4 ,we see t ! ra9falls ref]r$ to above ju/ify ! conclusions d]iv$ f ! rec5t "w t two effects ought to be expect$ 9 a sun-spot cycle in/ead ( "o4 ,!re 0 excess ( ra9fall1 n only ne> ! sun-spot maximum1 b ne> ! m9imum4 ,if ! au?ors ( ?is communication to :i* ,i ref] are "r1 !n dr\ghts & fam9es occur 9 ,india because ! ra9 pulses1 :i* are associat$ ) ! sol>-heat pulses1 are ( %ort duration4 ,:5 !y cease ! quantity ( ra9 :i* falls 9 ! ,indian area is n suffici5t1 )\t wat] /orage1 = ! purposes ( agriculture2 !y are foll[$1 !re=e1 by dr\ghts1 & at times subsequ5tly by fam9es4 ,!y divide ! p]iod #ahgg--hi z "u3 #ahgg4 ,ra9 f pulse #ahgh4 #ahgi 7"p74 #ahgi 7"p74 ,no ra9 pulse #ahhj 7c5tral ye>74 #ahha 7"p74 #ahha 7"p74 #ahhb4 ,ra9 f pulse #ahhc4 #ahhd 7"p74 #ahhd 7"p74 #ahhe ,no ra9 pulse #ahhf 7c5tral ye>74 #ahhg 7"p74 #ahhg 7"p74 ,ra9 f pulse #ahhh4 #ahhi4 ,_! /atem5t is bas$ on ! fact t all ! fam9es :i* h deva/at$ ,india = ! la/ sev5ty ye>s h occurr$ at int]vals ( elev5 ye>s1 or !reab\ts1 work+ backw>d & =w>d f ! c5tral ye>s #ahhj & #ahhe-hf 9 ! above table1 ! middle ye>s1 t is1 betwe5 ! pulses4 ,mr4 ,willcocks1 9 a pap] read at ! ,meteorological ,congress at ,*icago1 rem>k$ t 8fam9es 9 ,india are g5]ally ye>s ( l[ flood 9 ,egypt40 ,x is n[ po9t$ out t ! highe/ ,niles foll[ ! ye>s ( ! & pulses1 z does ! highe/ ra9fall 9 ! ,indian area4 ,ev5 if ^! results1 :i* 7 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london five weeks be=e ! end ( ! c5tury1 be confirm$1 x may be po9t$ out t ,sir ,william ,h]s*el's sugge/ion ( #ahja w h requir$ a :ole c5tury = its fulfilm5t1 s sl[ly d ^? bran*es ( sci5ce move :i* h n already l$ to "s practical developm5t4 ,,norman ,,locky]4 ,,philosophy ,x is a natural illusion t makes u ?9k ( ea* c5tury z exhibit+ ! cont9u\s developm5t ( "o t5d5cy ( m9d ?r\gh a s]ies ( /ages ^: diff]5ces are only ( second>y importance1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to reg>d ! /eps f "o c5tury to ano!r z correspond+ to "s m>k$ transition ( ?\ght1 z if ! _w _h be5 sudd5ly precipitat$ into a new sph]e ( exi/5ce4 ,= "s purposes a r\gh g5]alization ( ?is k9d1 t breaks at /at$ int]vals ! cont9uity ( "t1 may1 p]haps1 be conv5i5t4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we beg9 to look at ?+s m closely1 we discov] t x is impossible ?us to cut ?r\gh ! hi/orical connection ( ev5ts1 z x 71 8) a hat*et40 ,we discov]1 = example1 t ! *>act]i/ics ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 /rongly m>k$ only 9 "o p]iod ( x2 & t :at we call ! _s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 born "s "t be=e ! ye> #ahjj1 & has nev] q prevail$ ov] o!r t5d5cies4 ,at ! same "t1 !re is an important diff]5ce indicat$ by ^! two loosely us$ names1 & z x is always easi] to def9e ?+s by contra/1 x may help u to make our subject m def9ite to consid] :at !y mean4 ,i ,x is too late n[ to 8abuse ! eighte5? c5tury10 :i* _h its good & evil1 l o!r p]iods4 ,x is commonly conceiv$ z ! era ( individualism & analysis1 ! era ( logical enlight5m5t & sceptical criticism2 &1 aga91 z ! era ( lib]ation f gr\ndless sup]/itions & fictiti\s claims ( au?ority2 ! era 9 :i* mank9d seem$ = ! fir/ "t to ?r[ (f ! weight ( ! pa/ & to ent] )\t fe> ^u ! enjoym5t ( _! e>?ly h]itage4 ,! sci5ce ( ,newton _h giv5 ! la/ bl[ to ! a/ronomy t made ! e>? ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,x _h und]m9$ & discr$it$ ! simple !ology t expla9$ ! :ole mat]ial _w z a cosmos arrang$ = ! supply ( human ne$s4 ,at ! same "t1 ! progress ( biology 0 br++ man to a consci\sness t z a physical be+ he is only primus int] p>es 9 ! animal k+dom1 & ! decay ( religi\s belief 0 mak+ him realize 8 f9itude1 ! limits ( 8 natural exi/5ce1 z1 p]haps1 he _h nev] done be=e1 at lea/ nev] s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,e>? seem$ to be disconnect$ f heav51 & ! human race ?r[n ^u its own res\rces4 ,by ! new enlight5m5t all p[]s1 ecclesia/ical or political1 7 /ripp$ ( ! my/]i\s sanctity t _h once inve/$ !m4 8,! nimbus 0 tak5 away f ! heads ( ! gods & rul]s ( ! _w40 ,e au?ority t claim$ man's homage 0 weigh$ 9 ! scales ( ! und]/&+1 &1 s weigh$1 e su* au?ority 0 f\nd want+4 ,! ,/ate _h come to be reg>d$ z only a collection ( individuals :o _h agre$ to live toge!r "u a rul] d]iv+ all 8 claims f _! cons5t1 & inve/$ ) no div9e "r to _! allegiance4 ,! ,*ur* 0 no long] a sacr$ in/itution gov]n$ by prie/s :o held _! commission directly f ,god1 b only a sort ( spiritual police ag5cy1 an ally ( ! ,/ate 9 ! re/ra9t ( vice & crime1 or1 at be/1 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries1 a society = mutual improvem5t4 ,m5 7 8free & equal10 ea* /&+ face to face ) 8 fell[s1 admitt+ no sup]iority or sup]/ition ( h]o-wor%ip 9 reg>d to any "o ( !m4 ,& ! ,deity1 if 8 exi/5ce 7 n d5i$1 t5d$ to become a m]e 8,supreme ,be+10 :o 0 remov$ to su* a di/ance f mank9d t he c\ld h>dly be rea*$ by _! rev]5ce1 /ill less by _! love4 ,at ! same "t1 ! influ5ces :i*1 9 "o po9t ( view1 seem$ to limit & n>r[ human exi/5ce1 9 ano!r po9t ( view t5d$ to lib]ate & enl>ge x4 ,if !y exclud$ ! idea ( ! inf9ite f man's life1 !y emancipat$ him f _m degrad+ sup]/itions1 :i* 9 an e>li] age _h held him 8all 8 lifetime subject to bondage40 ,& z ! pressure f above 0 light5$ ! individual seem$ to become ma/] ( himself & ( 8 de/9y4 ,if ! k+ c\ld no long] say1 8,l',etat c'e/ moi10 ! rights ( ! subject 7 v9dicat$2 if ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* 0 weak5$1 ! bonds ( free inquiry 7 brok52 if imag9ation ceas$ to fill m5 ) ! awe & wond] ( high] p[]s1 ! way 0 op5$ up = sci5tific & indu/rial developm5t2 if ,god 0 reg>d$ z unkn[able1 8! prop] /udy ( mank9d 0 man10 & t /udy c\ld n[ be pursu$ )\t fe> or h9d]ance4 ,poetry & religion might be impov]i%$1 ! s5se ( ! b9d+ =ce ( social relations might be weak5$1 b int]e/ 9 ! bett]+ ( man's e>?ly condition 0 awak5$1 & ) x came a new desire = ju/ice to all1 a new intol]ance ( human suff]+1 & a new dem& t ! lot ( ! class 8:i* is mo/ num]\s & poor0 %\ld be made less wret*$ & insecure1 &1 t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 a new turn 0 giv5 to its lead+ ?\ght1 = an ef=t 0 made to discov] 9 ! nature ( ! individual himself ! equival5t ( ^? univ]sal p[]s :i* ! enlight5m5t _h bani%$ f ! ext]nal _w & f ! life ( society4 ,r\sseau c>ri$ individualism to an extreme po9t1 at :i* x became its own correction1 & taught m5 to f9d )9 _! own s\ls ! inf9ite :i* !y c\ld no long] discov] )\t4 ,reject+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance all social conv5tions z unju/ limitations ( ! natural man1 & adopt+ ! prevail+ !ory ( ! "t1 t ! ,/ate is only ! product ( a contract betwe5 indep5d5t p]sons1 he yet discov]$ 9 ! individual ?us lib]at$ f all ext]nal pressure a 8common reason10 & 8a g5]al w10 :i* c\ld reorganize 8 life & b9d him to 8 fell[-m5 & to ,god4 ,?is great idea1 :i* appe>s 9 ,r\sseau r z a /roke ( insight1 an intuition ( g5ius--lift+ him above 8 fir/ ?\ghts & ins5sibly *ang+ _! mean+--0 grasp$ by ,kant z ! pr9ciple ( a new philosophy & work$ out 9 a compreh5sive sy/em t dealt ) all ! great problems ( ?\ght & life4 ,kant1 inde$1 seem$1 l ,r\sseau1 to beg9 on ! plane ( eighte5?-c5tury individualism1 b1 influ5c$ z he 0 by ! philosophy ( ,leibnitz1 he f ! fir/ conceiv$ ! individual z 9 himself univ]sal2 or1 to speak m exactly1 z hav+ a univ]sal pr9ciple realiz$ 9 him4 ,?us1 ?\gh 9 "o aspect ( 8 be+ man is a f9ite object among o!r objects1 conf9$ )9 limits ( space & "t1 & =m+ only a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( natural causation1 9 ano!r aspect ( x1 z a consci\s self1 he is emancipat$ f all ^! limitations4 ,=--su* is ,kant's argum5t--a kn[+ subject1 = :om ! :ole f9ite _w1 includ+ 8 own f9ite exi/5ce1 is an object ( k1 _c himself be compreh5d$ 9 t _w or limit$ by any ( its conditions4 ,z !re c be no _w ( objects except = a self1 x is impossible t su* a self %\ld be m]ely "o ( ^! objects4 ,?us1 z kn[+1 or capable ( kn[+1 all ?+s1 man _c be id5tifi$ ) any ( !m2 or if1 f "o po9t ( view1 z an individual1 he is s id5tifi$1 yet he has )9 him a univ]sal pr9ciple t c>ries him beyond ! limits ( 8 individuality4 ,& ?is contra/ %[s itself also 9 8 practical life4 ,= if z an object he appe>s to be b an animal organism1 mov$ by ! impressions ( pleasure & pa9 :i* he receives f o!r objects1 yet 9 8 inn] moral life man is reveal$ to himself z a self-det]m9+ subject1 emancipat$ f all s5su\s motives & f ! necessity ( nature :i* !y br+ ) !m1 & consci\s ( subord9ation only to ! law ( duty1 :i* is ! law ( 8 own reason4 ,& t law1 9 spite ( e pressure ( circum/ance f )\t1 & ( e impulse ( passion f )91 he kn[s t he ought to obey1 & !re=e he kn[s t he c obey x4 ,?us1 9 ,kant's !ory1 ! two extreme views ( humanity1 z natural & z spiritual1 z limit$ to a f9ite individuality1 hemm$ 9 by necessities on e side1 & yet z possess+ a univ]sal capacity ( kn[+1 & an absolute p[] ( self-det]m9ation1 ^! two views are pres5t$ 9 %>p anti!sis1 & at ! same "t held toge!r z diff]5t aspects ( "o life4 ,9 fact1 we h "h1 z x 71 compress$ into a nut%ell1 ! result ( ! :ole hi/ory ( eighte5?-c5tury individualism1 :i* began by depress+ man & end$ by exalt+ him2 :i*1 ) "o ( its voices1 seem$ to r$uce him to ! level ( an animal1 a m]e "p ( ! p>tial _w1 a transitory ph5om5al exi/5ce among o!r ph5om5a2 & !n1 ) its o!r voice1 proce$$ to recognize him z a memb] ( ! intelligible _w1 a 8spectator ( all "t & exi/5ce10 & gift$ ) ! absolute fre$om ( a w :i* c\ld be det]m9$ by no?+ b itself4 8,! solit>y10 says ,ari/otle1 8mu/ be ei!r a god or a bea/10 & ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 its conception ( ! individual1 seem$ to oscillate betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r till ,kant1 awak+ to ! impossibility ( omitt+ ei!r aspect ( 8 be+1 dem&$ t he %\ld be conceiv$ z bo? at once4 ,kant ?us set ! problem ( ! future2 & if he did n solve x1 he at lea/ %[$ ! futility ( any n>r[ or "o-sid$ solution & ! direction 9 :i* an adequate solution c\ld alone be s\ght4 ,9 %ort1 ,kant ask$ ! "q to :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 all its philosophical reflection1 has be5 /riv+ to f9d an answ]4 ,= 9 philosophy1 z 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( k1 ! "w ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 "o ( m$iation & reconciliation4 ,x has be5 an endeavor to break d[n ! %>p anti!sis ( philosophical & sci5tific !ories t 0 *>act]i/ic ( an e>li] "t4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ! greate/ ?9k]s1 ! oppositions ( mat]ialism & spiritualism1 ( s5sationalism & idealism1 ( empiricism & a priori speculation1 ( individualism & socialism1 all ! great oppositions ( !oretical & practical philosophy1 :i* =m]ly 7 held to be absolute & irreconcilable1 h be5 modifi$1 re/at$1 r$uc$ to ! relative antagonism ( ! diff]5t aspects ( "o tru?4 ,! great controv]sies ( ! pa/ h ?us pass$ into a new phase1 9 :i* absolute /atem5ts pro & con h become1 z x 71 antiquat$2 & ! "q is no long] :e!r a p>ticul> doctr9e or its opposite is true1 b :at are ! elem5ts ( tru? & error 9 ea* ( !m1 & h[ we c atta9 to a compreh5sive view ( ?+s1 9 :i* ju/ice is done to bo?4 ,& if x be ask$1 :at are ! pr9ciples or ideas t h sugge/$ ?is reconcil+ "w1 & h be5 ! guides ( ! greate/ sci5tific or philosophic writ]s 9 attempt+ to a*ieve x1 ,i ?9k ! answ] mu/ be t !y are ! idea ( organic unity1 &1 z impli$ 9 t1 ! idea ( developm5t4 ,goe! & ,hegel1 9 ,g]many2 ,comte1 9 ,france2 ,d>w9 & ,sp5c]1 9 ,engl&1 are writ]s :o almo/ span ! :ole range ( diff]5ce 9 mod]n ?\ght2 b !y1 & a multitude ( o!rs 9 e dep>tm5t ( /udy1 h be5 inspir$ by ! ideas ( organism & developm5t4 ,& !y h all us$ !m some:at 9 ! same way to turn ! edge ( ! old controv]sial weapons1 or to lift ?\ght above ! 8yes0 & 8no0 ( oppos+ dogmatisms4 ,x is true t ! def9itions or int]pretations ( ! ideas ( organism & developm5t giv5 by ^! writ]s are v diff]5t1 & (t51 inde$1 s %>ply oppos$ t !y seem to br+ back ! old controv]sies 9 a new =m4 ,b ?is does n alt] ! significance ( ! g5]al fact2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! use ( an idea by any writ] is by no means always limit$ by 8 own int]pretation ( x2 &1 9 ! second place1 ! true int]pretation ( ! idea is t :i* conta9s ! secret ( its p[] & preval5ce1 & x mu/ 9 ! long run ga9 ! victory ov] all o!r int]pretations ( x4 ,we may1 !re=e1 fairly say t ^! ideas h be5 ! m>k$ ideas ( ! c5tury1 ! consci\s or unconsci\s /imulus ( its be/ ?\ght2 & t !y h be5 work+1 & are work+ /ill1 9 ! direction ( a deep] & m compreh5sive ir5icon betwe5 ! diff]5t t5d5cies ( ! human m9d ?an has be5 atta9$ 9 any previ\s /age ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,aga9/ su* a g5]al *>act]ization ( an age1 !re is ! same objection :i* ,burke indicat$ :5 he said t 8he c\ld n draw up an indictm5t aga9/ a nation40 ,we are tak+ a di/ant & g5]al view ( a p]iod1 9 :i* all its inequalities ( movem5t1 all ! ebb & fl[ ( op9ion1 are lo/ sight (1 & only "o ma9 curr5t ( ?\ght is visible4 ,we may get a /ep ne>] to ! subject by di/+ui%+ ?ree p]iods 9 ! c5tury1 9 :i* !re is a p>tial diff]5ce ( t5d5cy4 ,! fir/ p]iod1 :i* we may r\ghly def9e z la/+ well on into ! #cj's1 is1 9 ! ma91 a p]iod ( con/ruction1 ( creative ?\ght1 9 :i* ! great g]m9at+ ideas t di/+ui%$ ! c5tury are m or less adequately express$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & 9 :i* !y receive a fir/1 some:at ha/y1 application to all dep>tm5ts ( human k4 ,ideali/ic philosophy1 :i* gave ! fulle/ expression to ^? ideas1 seems = a "t to c>ry all be=e x 9 ,g]many2 & a simil> movem5t ( ?\ght1 less def9itely reflective or speculative1 enri*es ! lit]ature ( o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ! next p]iod1 la/+ until ! #gj's1 ! new ideas d n lose _! hold ^u m5's m9ds1 b !re is a c]ta9 critical recoil aga9/ !m1 a t5d5cy to expla9 !m away4 ,! fir/ premature syn!sis ( ideali/ic philosophy is attack$ by a scepticism1 :i* seems at times z if x w\ld measure back ! :ole way to ! individuali/ic mat]ialism ( an e>li] age1 or :i* only avoids t extreme to fall into a sci5tific agno/icism1 at fir/ sight ev5 m ho/ile to ! claims ( philosophy4 ,b ! lesson ( ,kant c\ld nev] be altoge!r =gott51 nor c\ld ! negative or sceptical t5d5cies ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason be p]man5tly sep>at$ f ! positive results ( 8 lat] writ+s4 ,& ! great sci5tific movem5t ( ! "t1 :i* at fir/ seem$ to draw away all int]e/ f speculative inquiry1 t5d$ 9 ! long run1 especially by ! advance ( biological /udy1 to raise metaphysical que/ions :i* ! me?ods ( sci5ce 7 incapable ( answ]+4 ,h5ce1 9 ! late/ decades ( ! c5tury1 !re has come a revival ( int]e/ 9 philosophy1 & especially 9 ! ideali/ic philosophy ( its fir/ ye>s4 ,b if philosophy has reviv$1 x is 9 a m critical & cauti\s =m1 & accompani$ by a cle> consci\sness t ! only true idealism is t :i* is able to absorb & assimilate all ! data suppli$ by empirical inve/igation1 & d ju/ice to all ! results ( ! special sci5ces4 ,! g5]al movem5t ( ?\ght 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury has ?us1 on ! :ole1 tak5 an ideali/ic direction2 b !re has come ) x also a deep] consci\sness ( ! imm5se difficulty ( a compreh5sive syn!sis2 ( ! inefficacy ( any easy monism or optimism1 t w\ld pluck ! fruit ( k be=e x is ripe2 ( ! inf9ite labor & pati5ce1 ! sympa!tic appreciation ( ! oppos+ views ( o!rs1 & con/ant & unsp>+ criticism ( our own1 :i* are ne$$ = ! con/ruction ( a true philosophy4 ,,ii ,9 a %ort article l ?is1 x is impossible to give m ?an a few indications ( ! way 9 :i* ?is ?ree-fold s*ema ( ! hi/ory ( n9ete5?-c5tury philosophy %\ld be fill$ up4 ,to give any def9ite impression1 ! writ] mu/1 s to speak1 put on ! sev5-leagu$ boots ( ,jack ! ,giant ,kill]2 9 o!r words1 h[ev] consci\s he may be ( ! tru? t dolus latet 9 g5]alibus1 he mu/ g5]alize & be cont5t to m5tion only a few lead+ names 9 illu/ration ( ! t5d5cies ( ?\ght ( :i* he speaks4 ,x is ! in/9ct ( ea* new g5]ation to v9dicate its fre$om by rebell+ aga9/ ! au?ority ( its pr$ecessors2 & :5 a new idea beg9s to influ5ce human ?\ght1 x usually1 on its fir/ appe>ance1 %[s t side :i* is mo/ antagoni/ic to ! _s ( ! pa/4 ,?us ! peculi> n9ete5?-c5tury movem5t beg9s ) a reass]tion ( ! univ]sal z aga9/ ! individual1 :i* is s emphatic t x looks l a return to ,sp9ozism4 ,s*ell+ is ! mo/ prom95t philosophical repres5tative ( ?is t5d5cy4 ,9 ! works :i* he wrote ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 he broke away ev5 f ! univ]saliz$ individualism ( ,fi*te1 & gave emphatic prom95ce to ! great philosophical commonplace--:i* _h be5 almo/ =gott5 by ! previ\s age--t !re is an id5tity :i* is bel[ or above all di/9ction1 & t ! univ]se is "o ?r\gh all its multiplicity1 & p]man5t ?r\gh all its *anges4 ,8 maxim--t !re are none b quantitative diff]5ces 9 ?+s1 & t all ^!1 ev5 ! diff]5ce ( m9d & matt]1 disappe> 9 ! 8indiff]5ce0 ( ! ,absolute--0 l a decl>ation ( w> aga9/ ! 8enlight5m5t40 ,x meant t philosophy 0 no long] cont5t to reg>d ! :ole z ! sum ( ! p>ts1 b c\ld look ^u ! di/9ction ( ! p>ts only z a diff]5tiation ( ! :ole4 ,) ,s*ell+1 inde$1 ?is diff]5tiation 0 9 dang] ( be+ r$uc$ to a m]e appe>ance & ! unity ( ! ,absolute 0 on ! po9t ( vani%+ 9 a b>e or ab/ract id5tity4 ,b 8 /rong ass]tion ( ! unity b5ea? all diff]5ce1 ( ! priority ( ! univ]sal to all p>ticul>s1 0 p]haps necess>y1 ere ! true conception ( ! organic unity ( ! _w c\ld be arriv$ at4 ,& ! correction soon came ) ,hegel1 :o ma9ta9$ t ! absolute is 8n sub/ance1 b subject40 ,= ?is meant t ! absolute is a self-diff]5tiat+ pr9ciple1 realiz+ itself 9 a _w ( diff]5ce :i* is no m]e appe>ance1 b its own ess5tial manife/ation2 & aga9--:at is ! c\nt]p>t or complem5t>y tru? to ?is--t 9 ! _w !re are 8degrees ( reality10 & t 8m9d is high] 9 degree ?an nature40 ,b ^! ideas c\ld h>dly h be5 und]/ood until ! uncompromis+ ass]tion ( ! absolute unity _h be5 made1 & until ! subjectivity ( ! ,kantian & ,fi*tean po9ts ( view _h once = all be5 set aside4 ,! philosophy ( ,hegel d]ives its p[] f ! way 9 :i* x /rikes :at1 z ,i h already said1 0 ! key-note ( ! n9ete5?-c5tury philosophy4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a philosophy ( reconciliation1 :i* attempts1 ?r\gh a criticism ( ! oppositions ( philosophical !ory1 to rea* a po9t ( view 9 :i* !y are all se5 to be subord9at$ to ! unity ( "o pr9ciple4 ,8 attack ^u ! 8law ( contradiction10 z =mulat$ by s*ola/ic logicians1 meant simply t absolute di/9ctions are unmean+1 & t ! only real diff]5ces are diff]5ces )9 a unity4 ,on ?is pr9ciple he tri$ to %[ t all ! oppositions ( ?\ght & ?+s :i* h f\nd expression 9 philosophy are relative oppositions1 :i* f9d a solution or reconciliation 9 ! life & movem5t ( ! :ole4 ,h5ce he ma9ta9$ t 9 all ! great controv]sies t h divid$ ! _w1 9 metaphysics & psy*ology1 9 e?ics & !ology1 ! combatants h really be5 co-op]ators4 ,bo? sides1 to use ! expression ( ,leibnitz1 h be5 8"r 9 :at !y affirm$ & wrong only 9 :at !y d5i$40 ,& _! conflict has be5 ! means ( ! evolution ( a full] tru? ?an t :i* 0 conta9$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ei!r p>ty4 ,9 ! second place1 ,hegel is guid$ ?r\gh\t by ! conception ( ! univ]se--&1 9 a s5se1 ( e ev5 relatively indep5d5t exi/5ce 9 x--z an organism1 e elem5t 9 :i* implies ! :ole1 e *ange 9 :i* is a phase ( its self-evolution4 ,= 8 logical doctr9e ( ! 8notion0 7z ,begriff is commonly translat$7 means simply t we d n see any?+ truly until we compreh5d x z a :ole1 9 :i* "o pr9ciple manife/s itself ?r\gh all ! diff]5ce ( ! p>ts &--j ?r\gh _! di/9ctions & _! relations--b9ds itself into "o individual--reality4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ev]y?+ j s f> z x has an indep5d5t individual exi/5ce at all is an organism4 ,la/ly1 :ile ?us conceiv+ ! univ]se z organic1 ,hegel ma9ta9$ t x is n a natural b a spiritual organism4 ,= ! limit$ scope ( a natural organism & its process _c be reg>d$ z comm5surate ) a univ]se1 :i* compreh5ds all exi/5ce1 :e!r class$ z organic or inorganic4 ,only ! consci\s & self-consci\s unity ( m9d c ov]rea* & ov]come su* extreme antagonisms1 & r$uce !m all to elem5ts 9 ! realization ( its own life4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 ?9k ( ! univ]se z an organism :i* includes nature1 b manife/s its ultimate pr9ciple only 9 ! life ( man4 ,we may add t 9 all ?is ,hegel attempt$ to %[ t he 0 only work+ out 9 ! sph]e ( speculative ?\ght :at ,*ri/ianity _h already express$ = ! ord9>y consci\sness1 accord+ to its half-pictorial me?ods ( repres5tation4 ,:ile ?is is ! g5]al mean+ ( ,hegelianism1 x mu/ be add$ t ,hegel 0 m successful 9 =mulat+ ^! ideas 9 _! logical or metaphysical =m ?an 9 apply+ !m to ! results ( ! special sci5ces ( nature1 :i* he only knew at second h&2 or ev5 to ! diff]5t prov9ces ( ! spiritual life & hi/ory ( man1 :i* he _h /udi$ m ?or\ghly4 ,9 bo? cases 8 data 7 v incomplete1 & ! sci5tific int]pretation ( !m _h n !n be5 c>ri$ f> en\gh to prep>e--z1 accord+ to ,hegel himself1 x %\ld prep>e--= ! f9al int]pretation ( philosophy4 ,!re is ano!r circum/ance to be tak5 into acc\nt1 a circum/ance :i* deeply affect$ ,hegel & all ! writ]s ( 8 "t4 ,9 ! sl[ process ( human hi/ory ! new w9e is always at fir/ p\r$ into old bottles1 & only :5 ! old bottles bur/ is an ef=t made to f9d new ones t w conta9 x safely4 ,h5ce ! developm5t ( ! new _s 9 philosophy seem$ (t5 to g h&-9-h& ) a movem5t ( re/oration 9 politics & religion :i* 0 n easily di/+ui%able f reaction4 ,j z ! politicians ( ! "t c\ld f9d = ! newly awak5$ _s ( nationality no o!r embodim5t ?an ! in/itutions ( ! anci5t rgime1 & tri$ to revive ! old sy/em de/roy$ by ! ,revolution1 ) only a few repairs & additions1 s ! great philosophical writ]s s\ght g5]ally to reanimate ! old s*eme ( life & ?\ght by means ( ! new ideas1 r ?an completely to reca/ x 9 accordance ) !m4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh ,hegel's pr9ciple ( evolution 0 z ho/ile to reaction z to revolution1 z ho/ile to an au?oritative sy/em t d5i$ ! rights ( ! individual z to m]e individualism1 8 p>ticul> doctr9es1 bo? 9 politics & !ology1 took a /rongly cons]vative t+e4 ,:5 we look m closely we see t x is only z re/oration is at ! same "t re=mation1 z x makes ! old =ms ! expression ( a new life1 t ,hegel c\ld logically def5d !m4 ,b ! =m :i* he gave to 8 ideas 0 p]plex+2 x t5d$ 9 _m m9ds to id5tify ! pr9ciple ( developm5t1 :i* means t ! future c only spr+ out ( ! pa/ & ! pres5t1 ) ! def5ce ( ! /atus quo 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to confuse ! =ces ( progress ) ^? ( revolution4 ,?us ! m$iat+1 reconcil+ p[] ( ! new doctr9e 0 = a "t obscur$1 & its effect 9 rais+ m5's m9ds above ! old levels ( controv]sy 0 delay$4 ,,iii ,9 o!r c\ntries dur+ ! e>li] decades ( ! c5tury a simil> movem5t ( ?\ght is disc]nible1 ?\gh x 0 n c>ri$ out any:]e ) ! same philosophical ?or\ghness z 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ,france ! organic idea did n f9d any v p[]ful repres5tative till ! "t ( ,comte1 & ev5 9 8 expression ( x !re is a c]ta9 ambiguity4 ,9 8 well-kn[n law ( developm5t1 inde$1 he seems to reproduce ! individuali/ic doctr9e ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & to d5y ! reality ( ! univ]sal1 bo? 9 its !ological & its philosophical =m4 ,b already 9 ! la/ volume ( 8 ,positive ,philosophy1 :5 he beg9s to deal ) human society1 he ma9ta9s t 8! individual man is an ab/raction1 & t !re is no?+ real b humanity02 & 9 8 ,positive ,politics he treats ?is unity ( mank9d z n only real1 b div9e4 ,9 t "w1 moreov]1 he makes ano!r /ep4 ,reject+ at once ! ob/ructions ( ! individuali/s & ^? ( ! sociali/s1 he rises to ! conception ( a social organism1 :i* gives play to ! competitive en]gy ( individuals1 & yet b9ds !m toge!r 9 its own m compreh5sive life4 ,9 ,engl&1 be=e ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! same _s _h f\nd a repres5tative 9 ,burke1 :o reject$ entirely ! idea ( a social contract1 & ma9ta9$ t ! ,/ate is bas$ on an unconsci\s reason ( society1 :i* is f> wis] ?an ! consci\s reason ( ev5 ! wise/ individuals4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! spirituali/ic movem5t ( ! e>li] "p ( ! c5tury took1 among ! ,engli%-speak+ p1 r a poetic & lit]>y ?an a philosophical =m4 ,& ! imp]fect attempts ( ,col]idge to transplant ,g]man ideas into ,engl&--attempts foll[$ up ) signal en]gy by ,fr$]ic ,d5ison ,maurice--h>dly con/itute an exception to ?is rule4 ,9 ?is connection1 also1 z "o :o p>tly grasp$ ! organic idea ( social life & its developm5t1 b :o gave x a some:at imp]fect & ev5 contradictory expression1 ,i may m5tion a lat] writ]1 ,?omas ,c>lyle1 ^: imag9ative g5ius & moral en?usiasm did mu* to brea! a new life into hi/ory4 ,?\gh n a philosoph] 9 any te*nical s5se1 he 01 l 8 fri5d ,em]son1 a vehicle ( philosophical ideas1 & he contribut$ greatly to scatt] ! se$ ( idealism ^u ,briti% soil4 ,8 ,calv9i/ic pessimism1 inde$1 makes a curi\s contra/ ) ! fe>less optimism ( ! new c\ntry :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,em]son2 b :e!r great m5 are to be reg>d$ z 8h]oes to be wor%ipp$10 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ! "o1 or z 8repres5tative m510 :o are to be foll[$ because !y express :at all are ?9k+1 accord+ to ! ideas ( ! o!r1 we are l$1 9 bo? cases1 to a deep] view ( ! solid>ity ( human society & ( its spiritual basis4 ,,iv ,x is difficult to det]m9e m ?an approximately ! beg9n+ ( special movem5ts ( ?\ght2 = ! diff]5t nations ( ! civiliz$ _w are n exactly contemporane\s 9 _! developm5t1 & 9 ea* nation !re are always individuals :o lag beh9d ! "t or ha/5 on be=e x4 ,b1 speak+ g5]ally1 we may say t z e>ly z ! f\r? decade ( ! c5tury a c]ta9 reaction _h set 9 aga9/ ! conclusions ( ideali/ic philosophy1 & especially aga9/ ! organic idea ( human life2 & a t5d5cy 0 ev5 %[n to rev]t1 s f> z possible1 to ! me?ods & ideas ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! reasons = ?is *ange are v>i\s4 ,9 ,g]many ! succession ( great philosoph]s _h come to an end1 & _! foll[]s 7 small] m51 :o 7 incl9$ too mu* to repeat ! =mulas1 b _h little ( ! creative p[]1 ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,m att5tion1 !re=e1 began to be paid to ! prote/s ( writ]s l ,h]b>t & ,s*op5hau]1 :o1 ev5 9 ! h\r ( its triumph1 _h criticis$ & attack$ ! prevail+ philosophy4 ,aga91 ! physical sci5ces 7 advanc+ by 8leaps & b\nds10 & !re 0 a gr[+ incl9ation to believe 9 ! univ]sal validity ( ! me*anical me?ods ( explanation to :i* !y ow$ _! success1 & ev5 9 ^? sociological & hi/orical /udies to :i* ! ideali/ic philosophy _h giv5 s great an impetus4 ,! progress ( empirical rese>* & ! increase ( ! mat]ials ( k caus$ mu* ( ! "w ( ,hegel & 8 foll[]s to seem inadequate1 if n entirely to set x aside4 ,ev5 9 ,g]many1 :]e ! new ideas _h tak5 a di/9ctly philosophical %ape1 !y seem$ to lose _! hold 9 ! controv]sies t att5d$ ! break+ up ( ! ,hegelian s*ool2 & 9 o!r c\ntries1 :]e !y nev] f\nd su* a sy/ematic expression1 !y 7 ev5 less able to resi/ ! attack n[ made ^u !m4 ,fur!rmore1 z ,i h already indicat$1 writ]s ( an ideali/ic t5d5cy1 9 _! recoil f ! enlight5m5t1 _h devot$ !mselves s mu* to an appreciation ( in/itutions d]iv$ f ! pa/ t !y seem$ to h no eyes = ! defects ( ^! in/itutions1 & to confuse evolution ) re/oration4 ,! g5]al result ( all ^! influ5ces 01 !n1 to discr$it philosophy & exalt sci5ce1 s f> z might be1 into its place4 ,ei!r ! ab/ract me?ods ( ! physical sci5ces 7 proclaim$ z adequate = ! discov]y ( all tru?1 or1 if ?is 0 se5 to be impossible1 agno/icism 0 pr(ess$ 9 reg>d to all subjects to :i* ^! me?ods c\ld n be appli$4 ,ev5 ! ph5om5a ( life 7 suppos$ to be capable ( explanation by ! action & reaction ( ! p>ts or elem5ts ( ! physical organism1 & ,huxley look$ =w>d to ! "t :5 man ) all 8 spiritual end[m5ts %\ld be %[n to be only ! 8cunn+e/ ( nature's clocks40 ,! new sci5ce ( psy*ophysics1 :i* arose 9 ,g]many & has be5 cultivat$ ) s mu* zeal by ,wundt & o!rs 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries1 seem$ to c>ry ! me?od ( physics into ! inve/igation ( m9d1 & "s ( its /ud5ts 7 ready to ma9ta9 t x 0 ! only psy*ology t des]v$ ! "n ( sci5ce4 ,d>w9's great "w on ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 9 s f> z x set aside ! idea ( special creation & ref]r$ ! 8purposiv5ess0 ( organic /ructures to a process 9 :i* ! ext]nal environm5t1 & n any inw>d p[] ( self-adaptation1 0 ! controll+ factor1 seem$ to br+ a new re9=cem5t to ! same way ( ?9k+4 ,& he & 8 foll[]s 7 n sl[ to apply ! !ory ( natural selection to ! life ( man1 z well z to t ( plants & animals4 ,f9ally1 ! hi/orical /udies1 :i* 7 n[ cultivat$ ) an en]gy to an ext5t hi!rto unexampl$1 & imm5sely ext5d$ ! k ( ! process :]eby ! pres5t has gr[n out ( ! pa/1 7 invad$ by a simil> _s2 & ! hi/orical me?od 0 ma9ta9$ to be a solv5t :i* c\ld dis9tegrate all metaphysical conceptions ( e?ics or politics or ev5 ( !ology4 ,! acc\nt ( ! g5esis ( any idea 0 reg>d$ z r$uc+ its claims to ! level ( ! elem5ts or rudim5ts out ( :i* x _h sprung1 & ?us z enabl+ ! sci5tific hi/orian to expla91 or expla9 away1 ! spiritual by ! natural 9 all human life & exp]i5ce4 ,all ?+s appe>$ aga9 to be po9t+ t[>ds a sy/em ( ?\ght :i* w\ld resolve e?ics & psy*ology into physiology1 & physiology into *emi/ry & physics4 ,at ! same "t ! victory ( ?is t5d5cy 0 always m app>5t ?an real4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 8out ( ! eat] came =? meat0--t v advance ( ! special sci5ces1 :i* 9 its e>li] /ages _h t5d$ to ?r[ all speculative ?\ght into ! %ade1 9 ! long run caus$ ! ne$ ( philosophy to be aga9 felt4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! /udy ( developm5t 9 ! organic _w1 :i* _h receiv$ s great a /imulus f ! "w ( ,d>w91 c\ld n be c>ri$ on )\t ! aid ( high] conceptions ?an 7 requir$ = ! guidance ( ! physici/4 ,! hypo!sis ( natural selection might expel ! idea ( design 9 ! crud] =m ( a special creation ( e di/9ct species2 & ! emphasis :i* x _h laid ^u ! outw>d conditions ( gr[? might seem unfavorable to ! high] conception ( an imman5t teleology ( ! organism1 b x 0 confess$ by its au?or to be an incomplete !ory ( developm5t1 & ,d>w9 himself1 :5 he turn$ 8 att5tion to ! evolution ( man1 f\nd x necess>y to supplem5t x by :at might be call$ ! conv]se !ory ( sexual selection2 ?us add+ a pr9ciple ( co-op]ation to 8 fir/ pr9ciple ( competition4 ,& ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 :o def9$ gr[? z a process ( integration & diff]5tiation1 little z he might himself int5d x1 0 really putt+ into popul> language ! ,hegelian idea ( evolution--an idea :i* necess>ily involv$ ! conception ( a self-det]m9$ end4 ,evolutioni/s might cl+1 z !y /ill cl+1 to ! belief t1 ?\gh con/antly & necess>ily speak+ ( purpose1 !y c\ld elim9ate x f ! result ( _! inve/igations by ! hypo!sis ( ,d>w91 or1 subsequ5tly1 ( ,weissmann2 b _! discussions1 especially :5 !y 7 ext5d$ to ! hi/orical developm5t ( man1 c\ld n b reawak5 ! great controv]sy :e!r 9 ! ultimate explanation ( ?+s x is m reasonable to 8level up10 or to 8level d[n10 to expla9 ! high] by ! l[]1 or ! l[] by ! high]4 ,t bo? explanations are necess>y1 nay1 t no teleology c be ( mu* wor? :i* does n presuppose a ?or\gh inquiry into ! causal connections ( p>ticul> ph5om5a1 0 admitt$ by all mod]n ideali/s4 ,b !y began to press ! "q :e!r ! unity ( ! :ole is n prior to its di/ribution into p>ts1 & does n gov]n _! relations ) ea* o!r2 &1 9 p>ticul>1 :e!r x is possible 9 ! case ( organic be+s1 & especially ( organic be+s possess$ ( consci\sness & self-consci\sness1 to be satisfi$ ) a mode ( explanation t treats !m z m]e collections ( mat]ial elem5ts :i* act & react ext]nally ^u ea* o!r4 ,:atev] its value z a provisional hypo!sis1 c su* a mode ( explanation be f9ally reg>d$ z adequate = ! explanation ( ! nature ( ! _w z a :ole1 or1 inde$1 ( any "o exi/5ce 9 x1 t has ev5 a relative indep5d5ce or sep>ate be+ ( its own8 ,b1 9 ! second place1 a revival ( ! ideali/ic philosophy 0 made necess>y by an obvi\s weakness :i* clung to ! sci5tific mat]ialism ( ! n9ete5? c5tury f ! v beg9n+4 ,! ,kantian criticism ( k1 :i* c\ld n be entirely neglect$1 _h conv9c+ly prov$ t 9 our exp]i5ce objects c be kn[n only 9 relation to a subject1 & matt] only 9 relation to m9d4 ,b1 if s1 h[ c\ld ! latt] be expla9$ by ! =m]8 ,ev5 to ^? :o _h n fully und]/ood ?is doctr9e1 x became evid5t t m9d is at lea/ co-ord9ate ) matt]1 & _c be treat$ z a m]e 8epiph5om5on0 ( x4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 !re=e1 _h to take refuge 9 ! /range notion t we are possess$ ( 8two consci\snesses03 ! consci\sness ( ideas )9 u1 & ! consci\sness ( motions )\t u2 & t nei!r ( ^! c be resolv$ into ! o!r1 ?\gh bo? are ! ph5om5a ( an unkn[able ,absolute4 ,x is 9 ?is citadel ( ignorance t ,huxley tries to intr5* himself2 b ! place 0 tak5 be=e x c\ld be occupi$4 ,! self-contradiction ( an unkn[able ,absolute1 & ! equal ?\gh less obvi\s self-contradiction ( a duali/ic sep>ation betwe5 two aspects ( our life--:i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 are nev]1 & logically c nev] be1 divid$--c\ld n long be ma9ta9$ aga9/ a criticism arm$ ) ! weapons ( ,kant & 8 ideali/ic successors4 ,already1 9 ! #ej's1 ! cry 8,back to ,kant0 0 rais$ 9 ,g]many1 &1 n long aft]1 x l$ 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica to a r5ew$ /udy ( ! ,g]man ideali/ic writ]s1 9 :i* ,dr4 ,hut*ison ,/]l+ & ! late ,pr(essor ,gre5 took a lead+ "p4 ,x 0 soon obvi\s to e "o :o _h le>n$ ! lesson ( critical philosophy t ! agno/ic dualism ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] 0 due to a fundam5tal misconception ( :at is meant by ! subjectivity ( k4 ,x 0 po9t$ out t if we h ! consci\sness ( object & subject only 9 relation to ea* o!r1 x is n necess>y to seek = ! pr9ciple ( _! unity 9 any ,t]tium ,quid :i* is nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,t :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] s\ght 9 an unkn[able ,absolute 0 89 our m\?s & 9 our he>ts02 x 0 to be f\nd 9 ! insep>able unity ( exp]i5ce1 9 :i* ! inw>d & ! outw>d are correlative elem5ts4 ,agno/icism 0 a sort ( spiritual refuge = ! de/itute con/ruct$ by ^? :o _h r5\nc$ _! h]itage3 :o1 9 o!r words1 _h by _! ab/ractions sep>at$ ! elem5ts ( exp]i5ce f ea* o!r1 & 7 ?us =c$ to seek beyond exp]i5ce = ! unity :i* !y _h lo/4 ,! true rem$y = ! evil 0 to give up su* ab/ract ways ( ?9k+ & to le>n to 8?9k ?+s toge!r02 9 o!r words1 to recognize ! organic relation ( ! inn] & ! out] life1 & to expla9 ! p>ts by ! :ole1 & n ! :ole by ! artificially sev]$ p>ts4 ,v ,! great di/+ui%+ feature ( ! la/ two decades ( ! c5tury has be5 a movem5t ( approximation1 p>tly consci\s & p>tly unconsci\s1 betwe5 ! repres5tatives ( sci5ce1 & p>ticul>ly ( ^? sci5ces t deal ) special aspects or elem5ts ( human life1 on ! "o h&1 & ! repres5tatives ( ideali/ic philosophy on ! o!r4 ,! reconcil+ ideas ( an e>li] "t h become bett] und]/ood & h %[n m effectively _! p[] to reconcile4 ,n t ?is m$iat+ p[] _h previ\sly be5 entirely unfelt4 ,ev5 9 ! "t :5 philosophy 0 mo/ discr$it$ 9 ,g]many1 ,lotze1 9 :om a cauti\s critical temp] 0 comb9$ ) deep moral & religi\s sympa?ies1 & a practical k ( ! biological & m$ical sci5ces ) c>eful /udies ( ,kant & ,hegel1 s\ght to %[ h[ an ideali/ic view ( ! univ]se & ( human life c\ld be ma9ta9$ consi/5tly ) ! fulle/ recognition ( sci5tific me?ods & results4 ,& ?\gh 8 sy/em 01 on ! :ole1 r a compromise ?an a true reconciliation ( philosophy & sci5ce1 yet x has und\bt$ly _h v great influ5ce 9 modify+ ! ideas ( ! oppos+ s*ools ( ?\ght & n>r[+ ! gr\nd ( controv]sy betwe5 !m4 ,?us ! old ,engli% empirical psy*ology1 :i* 0 repres5t$ by ! ,mills & by ,mr4 ,ba91 has gradually wid5$ its scope 9 ! h&s ( writ]s l ,pr(essor ,w>d & ,mr4 ,/\t1 at fir/ probably ?r\gh ! /udy ( ,h]b>t & !n by contact ) ! reviv$ ideali/ic movem5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may notice h[ ideali/ic writ]s1 l ,mr4 ,bradley & ,mr4 ,bosanquet1 h tri$ to absorb e lesson t c be le>n$ f empiricism1 & to %un ) ! utmo/ c>e ! v suspicion ( any?+ l dogmatism4 ,mr4 ,bradley's d5unciations ( a 8too easy monism0 & a philosophy t turns ! liv+ _w into a 8ballet ( bloodless categories0 are too well kn[n to be m ?an ref]r$ to4 ,nor is ?is ! place to discuss :e!r 8 fe> ( su* a result has n sometimes l$ him into compromises :i* are inconsi/5t ) 8 own fundam5tal pr9ciple t ! _w mu/ be conceiv$ z an intelligible sy/em4 ,9 any case1 we may fairly po9t to 8 "w & to ! "w ( o!r writ]s animat$ by a simil> _s1 z %[+ ! gr[+ preval5ce ( t reconcil+ _s :i* seeks at once to d ju/ice to all ! results ( empirical inquiry & ( ! inve/igations ( ! special sci5ces1 & yet at ! same "t to give !m a new int]pretation 9 ! light ( an ideali/ic philosophy4 ,x is impossible )9 our limits to illu/rate ?is view ( ! t5d5cies ( ! "t by fur!r ref]5ce to ! rec5t philosophical lit]ature ( ,engl& & ,am]ica1 or ( ,g]many & ,france4 ,/ill less c ,i ref] to ! num]\s books on special dep>tm5ts ( inquiry 9 e?ics & !ology1 9 sociology & 9 hi/ory1 9 :i* ! 8ideally organic view ( life & ! _w10 z we may call x1 has %[n its m$iat+ & reconcil+ influ5ce4 ,nor c ,i d m ?an ref] to ! c\nt] curr5t ( pessimism1 :i* has f\nd its mo/ di/+ui%$ repres5tatives 9 ,h>tmann & ,nietzs*e2 ! =m] a man ( great weal? ( ?\ght & dialectical p[]1 ^: philosophy is ideali/ic 9 all b its ultimate pr9ciple1 & is inde$ pessimi/ic only by an exagg]ation ( ! opposition betwe5 ! consci\s & ! unconsci\s work+ ( reason2 ! latt]1 h>dly a philosoph] at all b r a writ] ( pung5t & sugge/ive aphorisms1 w+$ ) indignant passion aga9/ preval5t op9ions--aphorisms :i* always contradict "s "o1 & (t5 contradict ea* o!r4 ,f ,nietzs*e at 8 be/ we may receive a useful w>n+ aga9/ too easily satisfy+ ourselves ) ! commonplaces ( ideali/ic optimism2 f ,h>tmann we may d]ive v consid]able help 9 e/imat+ ! difficulties t h to be met by ^? :o w\ld seek to "w out ideali/ic pr9ciples into a sy/ematic view ( ! _w4 ,b1 )\t attempt+ to ent] ^u any m detail$ criticism ( ^! or o!r important writ]s ( rec5t ye>s1 ,i %all devote ! space t rema9s to "o g5]al ?\ght z to ! pres5t /ate ( controv]sy1 9 relation to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( philosophy4 ,,vi ,ev] s9ce ! revival ( ! /udy ( ,kant1 ! ma9 conflict 9 philosophy has ceas$ to lie betwe5 mat]ialism & idealism4 ,x has r become a conflict betwe5 ^? :o take up "s position analog\s to t ( ,kant & ^? :o seek to c>ry out ! ideali/ic pr9ciple to all its consequ5ces4 ,= ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ,kant's position lay 9 8 %>p division betwe5 ! sph]es ( k & ( fai?--betwe5 a k :i* 0 conf9$ to ph5om5a & _! connection 9 exp]i5ce1 & a fai? ( practical reason1 :i* rea*$ beyond exp]i5ce to appreh5d t :i* is n\m5ally real4 ,ev5 ! agno/icism ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] might be reg>d$ z a modification ( ! ,kantian po9t ( view1 9 s f> z 8 d5ial ( ! possibility ( kn[+ ! absolute is bas$ on ,mansel's v]sion ( ! ,kantian ant9omies2 :ile 8 description ( ! 8vague consci\sness0 ( ! absolute :i* he bids u wor%ip may be reg>d$ z repres5t+ t fai? :i*1 9 ,kant's view1 enables u to pi]ce ! veil ( ! ph5om5a & grasp ! ultimate reality ( ?+s4 ,& 9 ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury !re has be5 a cont9ual g]m9ation ( simil> !ories1 !ories agree+ ) ! ,kantian philosophy at lea/ 9 mak+ "s k9d ( duali/ic division betwe5 ! sph]e ( cle>ly def9$ k & ! sph]e ( ideal or spiritual fai?1 & also 9 conf9+ ! =m] to ph5om5a :ile ! latt] is held to be capable ( ris+ 9 "s way f ! ph5om5al to ! real4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ fruits ( ! ,neo-,kantian movem5t 9 ,g]many 0 ,lange's ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism1 :i* insi/$ on ! /ricte/ int]pretation ( ! lesson ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 t sci5tific k is conf9$ to ! empirical & ph5om5al1 b :i* ma9ta9$ also ! *>t]$ fre$om ( imag9ation to fe$ our hopes ) ! idea ( a _w n realiz$1 or realizable1 "u ! conditions ( f9ite exp]i5ce4 ,&1 ) a diff]5t aim1 b 9 a simil> _s1 ,rits*l1 borr[+ "s ( 8 weapons f ,lotze1 s\ght to take away f philosophy ! "r to inve/igate ! spiritual tru?s ( religion1 & ma9ta9$ t su* tru?s 7 giv5 9 a k9d ( intuition ( fai? :i* is above criticism & :i* "s ( 8 foll[]s id5tify1 l ,kant1 ) ! dem&s or po/ulates ( ! moral consci\sness4 ,o!r writ]s1 foll[+ ,s*op5hau]1 h s\ght to emancipate ! w f ! intellig5ce & to give x an indep5d5t p[] ( e/imat+ values4 ,! great ef=t to br+ sci5ce & philosophy toge!r--:i*1 z we h se51 has *>act]iz$ ! lat] ye>s ( ! c5tury--has itself naturally giv5 rise to _m su* duali/ic compromises1 ( :i* ,lotze's philosophy 0 among ! e>lie/4 ,& x is p>tly to ,lotze's influ5ce t we owe ! t5d5cy1 visible 9 "s ( ! mo/ important rec5t contributions to philosophy1 to reg>d our actual exp]i5ce z hav+ an intuitive complet5ess :i* is beyond all analysis1 :ile reflective ?\ght on ! o!r h& is conceiv$ z hav+ a purely analytic & discursive op]ation1 :i* c grasp only ! sev]$ fragm5ts ( ! giv5 reality & connect !m ext]nally to ea* o!r1 b :i* c nev] re/ore ! organic :ole aga94 ,"h1 too1 we seem by ano!r way to be l&$ 9 ! same conclusion1 viz41 t we are p]petually pois$ betwe5 an ideal :i* we _c v]ify1 b :i* yet is held to be our only vision ( reality1 & a def9ite result ( k1 :i* only gives u :at is ab/ract & ph5om5al4 ,yet x is difficult to und]/& h[ su* an organic idea ( ! univ]se c exi/ except = ! ?9k+ intellig5ce1 & h[ ! ?\ght t grasps x c be sep>at$ f ! discursive ?\ght by :i* ! diff]5t elem5ts ( reality are br\ght into relation4 ,h[1 inde$1 c !re be any ?\ght :i* is n bo? discursive & intuitive at once1 any ?\ght :i* connects ! p>ts )\t re/+ ^u ! unity ( ! :ole to :i* !y belong8 ,all ^! diff]5t compromises are really diff]5t =ms ( ! ,kantian dualism1 b !y supply conv5i5t cities ( refuge = ^? :o are unwill+ to admit t fai? is b implicit reason1 & t x is always possible to translate its intuitions ( tru? into explicit logic4 ,!re is mu* excuse1 inde$1 9 _m cases = su* unwill+ness :5 we consid] h[ (t5 reason has pres5t$ itself z purely a critical or dissolv+ p[]1 & h[ (t5 ab/ract !ories :i* grasp only "o aspect ( ?+s h be5 set =? z complete explanations ( religion or morality or "s o!r ( ! high] int]e/s ( life4 ,x has always to be kept 9 view t x is 9 some?+ l imm$iate p]ception t tru? is giv5 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & t philosophy1 !re=e1 mu/ always be 9 a s5se toil+ aft] ! intuitions ( fai?4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 to hold t !re is any:]e an ab/ract division betwe5 ! two is to hold t fai? is ess5tially irrational2 x is to exalt x above reason 9 a way t inevitably leads 9 ! end to its be+ depress$ bel[ reason4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is view c be ma9ta9$ x mu/ lead 9 ! long run to ! rejection ( all duali/ic compromises4 ,& !re are already _m :o hold t aft] ! un/able equilibrium ( ! ,kantian !ory has be5 %ak5 !re is no secure /&+-gr\nd = philosophy %ort ( a ?or\gh-go+ idealism4 ,yet ev5 !y h le>n$ by exp]i5ce h[ dang]\s x is to snat* prematurely at ! readie/ ideali/ic int]pretation ( facts2 & !y are aw>e h[ easy x is to fall into a simple optimi/ic !ory1 :i* slurs ov] difficulties in/ead ( solv+ !m4 ,!y "k t if ,hegel or any "o ev] pret5d$1 or c\ld reasonably be int]pret$ z pret5d+1 to con/rue ! univ]se a priori1 ! pret5ce 0 futile1 & t a true & valuable idealism c be rea*$ only ?r\gh ! int]pretation ( ! data ( exp]i5ce by ! special sci5ces1 & ! re9t]pretation ( ! results ( ^! sci5ces by philosophy4 ,!y hold1 9 %ort1 t if ! well-kn[n say+ ( ,hegel is to be tak5 = tru?1 bo? ( its clauses mu/ be equally emphasiz$1 & t no philosophy c safely ma9ta9 t 8:at is rational is actual0 :i* has n gone ?r\gh all ! ef=t t is necess>y to prove t 8:at is actual is rational40 ,,edw>d ,,caird4 ,,m$ic9e ,,introduction ,= c\ntless g5]ations ! prophets & k+s ( humanity h desir$ to see ! ?+s :i* m5 h se51 & to he> ! ?+s :i* m5 h he>d 9 ! c\rse ( ! wond]ful n9ete5? c5tury4 ,to ! call ( ! wat*]s on ! t[]s ( progress !re _h be5 ! "o sad answ]--! p sit 9 d>kness & 9 ! %ad[ ( dea?4 ,politically1 socially1 & morally ! race _h improv$1 b = ! unit1 = ! individual1 !re 0 little hope4 ,cold philosophy %$ a glimm] ( light on 8 pa?1 religion 9 its v>i\s guises illum9$ 8 sad he>t1 b nei!r avail$ to lift ! curse ( suff]+ f ! s9-begott5 son ( ,adam4 ,9 ! fulness ( "t1 long expect$1 long delay$1 at la/ ,sci5ce empti$ ^u him f ! horn ( ,amal!a bless+s :i* _c be enum]at$1 bless+s :i* h made ! c5tury =ev] memorable2 & :i* h foll[$ ea* o!r ) a rapidity s bewild]+ t we "k n :at next to expect4 ,to u 9 ! m$ical pr(ession1 :o deal ) ?is unit1 & measure progress by ! law ( ! greate/ happ9ess to ! greate/ numb]1 to u ^: "w is ) ! sick & suff]+1 ! great boon ( ?is wond]ful c5tury1 ) :i* no o!r c be comp>$1 is ! fact t ! leaves ( ! tree ( ,sci5ce h be5 = ! heal+ ( ! nations4 ,measure z we may ! progress ( ! _w--mat]ially1 9 ! advantages ( /eam1 electricity1 & o!r me*anical appliances2 sociologically1 9 ! great improvem5t 9 ! conditions ( life2 intellectually1 9 ! diffusion ( education2 morally1 9 a possibly high] /&>d ( e?ics--!re is no "o measure :i* c comp>e ) ! decrease ( physical suff]+ 9 man1 woman1 & *ild :5 /rick5 by disease or accid5t4 ,?is is ! "o fact ( supreme p]sonal import to e "o ( u4 ,?is is ! ,prome!an gift ( ! c5tury to man4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,m$ic9e ,! c5tury op5$ auspici\sly1 & ^? :o 7 awake saw signs ( ! dawn4 ,! _s ( ,sci5ce 0 brood+ on ! wat]s4 ,9 ,engl& ! influ5ce ( ,john ,hunt] /imulat$ ! y\ng] m5 to ! /udy ( ! problems ( anatomy & pa?ology4 ,on ! ,cont95t ! great ,boorhaave--! ,batavian ,hippocrates--_h taught correct ways 9 ! /udy ( ! cl9ical aspects ( disease1 & ! "w ( ,hall] _h giv5 a great impetus to physiology4 ,! rese>*es ( ,morgagni _h1 z ,vir*[ _h rem>k$1 introduc$ anatomical ?9k+ into m$ic9e4 ,b !ories /ill controll$ practice4 ,"u ! tea*+ ( ,cull51 ! old idea t humors 7 ! seat ( disease _h giv5 place to a neuro-pa?ology :i* recogniz$ ! p>am\nt influ5ce ( ! n]v\s sy/em 9 disease4 ,8 colleague at ,ed9burgh1 ,br[n1 br\ght =w>d ! attractive !ory t all diseases c\ld be divid$ into two gr\ps1 ! "o caus$ by excess ( excitem5t--! /h5ic--! o!r by a defici5cy--! a/h5ic--ea* hav+ its appropriate treatm5t1 ! "o by depletion1 ! o!r by /imulation4 ,9 a c]ta9 measure ,hahnemann's !ory ( homopa?y 0 a reaction aga9/ ! preval5t !ories ( ! day1 & has surviv$ ?r\gh ! c5tury1 ?\gh 9 a mu* modifi$ =m4 ,"s ( 8 views 7 z foll[s3 8,! only vocation ( ! physician is to heal2 !oretical k is ( no use4 ,9 a case ( sickness he %\ld only "k :at is curable & ! rem$ies4 ,( ! diseases he _c "k any?+ except ! symptoms4 ,!re are int]nal *anges1 b x is impossible to le>n :at !y are2 symptoms alone are accessible2 ) _! removal by rem$ies ! disease is remov$4 ,_! effects c be /udi$ 9 ! heal?y only4 ,!y act on ! sick by caus+ a disease simil> to t :i* is to be combat$1 & :i* dissolves itself into ?is simil> affection4 ,! full doses requir$ to cause symptoms 9 ! well are too l>ge to be employ$ z rem$ies = ! sick4 ,! heal+ p[] ( a drug gr[s 9 an inv]se proportion to its sub/ance4 ,he says1 lit]ally3 #8,only pot5cies are homopa?ic m$ic9es4' #8,i recognize nobody z my foll[] b him :o gives m$ic9e 9 s small doses z to preclude ! p]ception ( any?+ m$ic9al 9 !m by means ei!r ( ! s5ses or ( *emi/ry4' #8,! pellets may be held ne> ! "y infant :5 asleep4' #8,glid+ ! h& ov] ! pati5t w cure him1 provid$ ! manipulation is done ) firm int5tion to r5d] z mu* good ) x z possible1 = its p[] is 9 ! b5evol5t w ( ! manipulator4' ,su* is ! homopa?y ( ,hahnemann1 :i* is no long] recogniz$ 9 :at !y call homopa?y to-day40--7,a4 ,,jacobi47 ,! awak5+ came 9 ,france4 ,9 #ahja ,bi*at1 a "y man1 publi%$ a "w on g5]al anatomy1 9 :i* he plac$ ! seat ( disease1 n 9 ! organs1 b 9 ! tissues or fabrics ( :i* !y 7 compos$1 :i* gave an extraord9>y impetus to ! inve/igation ( pa?ological *anges4 ,mean:ile1 ! /udy ( ! appe>ances ( organs & bodies :5 diseas$ 7morbid anatomy71 :i* _h be5 prosecut$ ) vigor by ,morgagni 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 _h be5 c>ri$ on actively 9 ,great ,brita9 & on ! ,cont95t1 & ! "w ( ,br\ssais /imulat$ a m accurate inve/igation ( local disord]s4 ,! discov]y by ,la5nec ( ! art ( auscultation1 by :i*1 ?r\gh *anges 9 ! normal s\nds )9 ! *e/1 v>i\s diseases ( ! he>t & lungs c\ld be recogniz$1 gave an imm5se impetus to cl9ical rese>*4 ,! art ( p]cussion1 discov]$ by ,av5brugg] 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & re9troduc$ by ,corvis>t1 contribut$ n a little to ! same4 ,la5nec's contributions to ! /udy ( diseases ( ! lungs1 ( ! he>t1 & ( ! abdom9al organs really laid ! f\ndation ( mod]n cl9ical m$ic9e4 ,a little lat] ,bright publi%$ 8 rese>*es on diseases ( ! kidneys1 f :i* we date our k ( ?is important subject4 ,"o ( ! mo/ complicat$ problems ( ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury relat$ to ! diff]5tiation ( ! fev]s4 ,! eruptive fev]s1 measles1 sc>let fev]1 & small-pox1 7 easily recogniz$1 & ! great gr\p ( mal>ial fev]s 0 well kn[n2 b !re rema9$ ! l>ge class ( cont9u$ fev]s1 :i* _h be5 a s\rce ( worry & dispute = _m g5]ations4 ,l\is cle>ly diff]5tiat$ typhoid fev]1 & by ! "w ( 8 ,am]ican pupils1 ,w4 ,w4 ,g]h>d & ,alfr$ ,/ill1 ( ,philadelphia1 & ,george ,b4 ,%attuck1 ( ,bo/on1 typhus & typhoid fev]s 7 def9$ z sep>ate & indep5d5t affections4 ,relaps+ fev]1 yell[ fev]1 d5gue1 etc41 7 also di/+ui%$4 ,! "w ( ,graves & ,/okes1 ( ,dubl91 ( ,j5n] & ,budd1 9 ,engl&1 ( ,drake1 ,dickson1 & ,fl9t1 9 ,am]ica1 supplem5t$ ! labors ( ! ,fr5* physicians1 & by ! ye> #ahfj ! pr(ession _h rea*$ a sure & safe position on ! "q ( ! cl9ical aspects ( fev]s4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%+ feature ( ! sci5tific m$ic9e ( ! c5tury has be5 ! ph5om5al results :i* h foll[$ exp]im5tal inve/igations4 ,:ile ?is me?od ( rese>* is n new1 s9ce x 0 introduc$ by ,gal51 p]fect$ by ,h>vey1 & c>ri$ on by ,hunt]1 x 0 n until well into ! middle ( ! c5tury t1 by ! gr[? ( rese>* laboratories1 ! me?od ex]cis$ a deep influ5ce on progress4 ,! l9es ( exp]im5tal rese>* h s\ght to det]m9e ! functions ( ! organs 9 heal?1 ! conditions "u :i* p]v]sion ( ^! functions occur 9 diseases1 & ! possibility ( ex]cis+ protective & curative influ5ces on ! processes ( disease4 ,! rese>*es ( ! physiological laboratories h enl>g$ 9 e direction our k ( ! great functions ( life--dige/ion1 assimilation1 circulation1 respiration1 & excretion4 ,p]haps 9 no dep>tm5t h ! results be5 m surpris+ ?an 9 ! gr[? ( our k ( ! functions ( ! bra9 & n]ves4 ,n only has exp]im5tal sci5ce giv5 u cle> & accurate data ^u ! localization ( c]ta9 functions ( ! bra9 & ( ! pa?s ( s5satory & ( motor impulses1 b x has op5$ an entirely new field 9 ! diagnosis & treatm5t ( ! diseases ( ^! organs1 9 c]ta9 directions ( a mo/ practical nature1 enabl+ u to resort to measures ( relief undream$ ( ev5 ?irty ye>s ago4 ,! /udy ( physiology & pa?ology )9 ! pa/ half-c5tury has done m to emancipate m$ic9e f r\t9e & ! ?raldom ( au?ority ?an all ! "w ( all ! physicians f ! days ( ,hippocrates to ,j5n]1 & we are z yet b on ! ?re%old4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,specialism ,! re/riction ( ! en]gies ( tra9$ /ud5ts to n>r[ fields 9 sci5ce1 :ile n )\t its faults1 has be5 ! mo/ important s+le factor 9 ! rem>kable expansion ( our k4 ,aga9/ ! disadvantages 9 a loss ( bread? & h>mony !re is ! comp5satory b5efit ( a great] accuracy 9 ! application ( k 9 specialism1 z is well illu/rat$ 9 ! cultivation ( special bran*es ( practice4 ,diseases ( ! sk91 ( ! eye1 ( ! e>1 ( ! ?roat1 ( ! tee?1 diseases ( wom5 & ( *ildr51 are n[ /udi$ & practis$ by m5 :o devote all _! "t to "o limit$ field ( "w4 ,:ile n )\t m9or evils1 ?is cu/om has yield$ "s ( ! great triumphs ( ! pr(ession4 ,d5ti/ry1 oph?almology1 & gyncology are bran*es :i* h be5 br\ght to a /ate ( comp>ative p]fection1 & v l>gely by ! labors ( ,am]ican physicians4 ,9 ! la/-nam$ bran* ! bless+s :i* h be5 br\ght to suff]+ wom5 are incalculable1 n only z reg>ds ! m9or ailm5ts ( life1 b 9 ! grav] & m critical accid5ts to :i* ! sex is liable4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & b5eficial re=ms ( ! c5tury has be5 9 ! attitude ( ! pr(ession & ! public to ! subject ( insanity1 & ! gradual =mation ( a body ( m5 9 ! pr(ession :o labor to f9d out ! cause & means ( relief ( ?is mo/ di/ress+ ( all human maladies4 ,! re=m movem5t inaugurat$ by ,tuke 9 ,engl&1 by ,ru% 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,p9el & ,esquirol 9 ,france1 & by ,jacobi & ,hasse 9 ,g]many1 has spread to all civiliz$ c\ntries1 & has l$ n only to an amelioration & improvem5t 9 ! c>e ( ! insane1 b to a sci5tific /udy ( ! subject :i* has already be5 productive ( mu* good4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 :ile ! treatm5t ( ! insane is c>eful & humanit>ian1 ! un=tunate affiliation ( insanity ) politics is /ill 9 _m ,/ates a s]i\s h9d]ance to progress4 ,x may be int]e/+ to take a glance at ! /ate ( m$ic9e 9 ?is c\ntry at ! op5+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!re 7 only ?ree s*ools ( m$ic9e1 ! mo/ important ( :i* 7 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania & ! ,h>v>d4 ,!re 7 only two g5]al hospitals4 ,! m$ical education 0 *iefly 9 ! h&s ( ! practition]s1 :o took /ud5ts z appr5tices = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s4 ,! well-to-d /ud5ts & ^? wi%+ a bett] class ( education w5t to ,ed9burgh or ,london4 ,!re 7 only two or ?ree m$ical j\rnals1 & v few books _h be5 publi%$ 9 ! c\ntry1 & ! pr(ession 0 dep5d5t entirely ^u translations f ! ,fr5* & ^u ,engli% works4 ,! only m$ical libr>ies 7 9 connection ) ! ,p5nsylvania ,hospital & ! ,new ,york ,hospital4 ,! lead+ practition]s 9 ! e>ly ye>s 7 ,ru% & ,physick1 9 ,philadelphia2 ,hossack & ,mit*ill1 9 ,new ,york2 & ,james ,jackson & ,john ,coll9s ,w>r51 9 ,bo/on4 ,!re 7 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 9 small] places1 m5 ( great capabilities & en]gy1 su* z ,na?an ,smi?1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,m$ical ,s*ools ( ,d>tm\? & ( ,yale1 & ,daniel ,drake 9 ,c9c9nati4 ,aft] #ahcj a rem>kable *ange took place 9 ! pr(ession1 ow+ to ! leav5 ( ,fr5* sci5ce br\ght back f ,p>is by ,am]ican /ud5ts4 ,betwe5 #ahdj & #ahgj !re 0 a great increase 9 ! numb] ( m$ical s*ools1 b ! g5]al /&>d ( education 0 l[--l[]1 inde$1 ?an _h ev] be=e be5 rea*$ 9 ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,! private s*ools multipli$ rapidly1 diplomas 7 giv5 on %ort two-ye> sessions1 & no?+ contribut$ m to ! deg5]ation ( ! pr(ession ?an ?is competition & rivalry betwe5 ill-equipp$ m$ical s*ools4 ,! re=mation1 :i* />t$ at ,h>v>d %ortly aft] #ahgj1 spread ov] ! entire c\ntry1 & ! rapid evolution ( ! m$ical s*ool has be5 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ph5om5a 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e 9 ! c5tury4 ,univ]sity au?orities began to appreciate ! fact t m$ic9e 0 a great dep>tm5t ( k1 to be cultivat$ z a sci5ce & promot$ z an art4 ,weal?y m5 felt t 9 no bett] way c\ld !y contribute to ! progress ( ! race ?an by ! e/abli%m5t ( laboratories = ! /udy ( disease & hospitals = ! c>e ( ! sick poor4 ,! b5efactions ( ,johns ,hopk9s1 ( ,sims1 ( ,v&]bilt1 ( ,pi]pont ,morgan1 ( ,/ra?cona1 ( ,m\nt-,/eph51 ( ,payne1 & ( ,levi ,c4 ,lane & o!rs h plac$ sci5tific m$ic9e on a firm basis4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,prev5tive ,,m$ic9e ,sanit>y sci5ce1 hygi5e1 or prev5tive m$ic9e may claim to be "o ( ! brighte/ spots 9 ! hi/ory ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,public hygi5e 0 cultivat$ among ! ,egyptians1 & 9 ! ,mosaic law x rea*$ a rem>kable organization4 ,! p]sonal hygi5e ( ! ,greeks 0 embrac$ 9 ! say+1 8,! fair m9d 9 ! fair body10 & ! value ( ex]cise & tra9+ 0 fully recogniz$4 ,! ,romans1 too1 9 public & private hygi5e1 7 our sup]iors 9 ! matt] ( wat] supply & ba?s4 ,b mod]n sanit>y sci5ce has a mu* wid] scope & is conc]n$ ) ! causes ( disease q z mu* z ) ! conditions "u :i* ^! diseases prevail4 ,! f\ndations ( ! sci5ce 7 laid 9 ! la/ c5tury ) ,j5n]'s discov]y ( vacc9ation4 ,h[>d1 too1 _h grasp$ ! association ( fev] ) ov]cr[d+ 9 ! jails1 :ile ! possibility ( ! prev5tion ( scurvy _h be5 %[n by ,capta9 ,cook & by ,sir ,gilb]t ,bla9e4 ,prev5tive m$ic9e 0 a blund]+1 incomplete sci5ce until bact]iology op5$ unhe>d-( possibilities = ! prev5tion ( disease4 ,be=e discuss+ "s ( ! victories ( prev5tive m$ic9e x w be well to take a brief survey ( ! gr[? ( ! foll[+ subject3 ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,bact]iology ,f ! brilliant ov]?r[ by ,pa/eur1 9 #ahfa1 & by ,ko* & ,cohn1 9 #ahgf1 ( ! !ory ( spontane\s g5]ation1 we may date its mod]n gr[?4 ,wrapp$ up 9 ?is !ory ( spontane\s g5]ation1 ^u :i* speculation rag$ c5turies be=e ! inv5tion ( ! microscope1 lies ! hi/ory ( bact]iology4 ,! anci5t ,greek & ,roman philosoph]s wre/l$ ) ! "q1 & v int]e/+ views ( ! relation ( g]m life to disease are pres]v$ to u 9 _! manuscripts4 ,) ! inv5tion ( ! microscope we c m>k ! fir/ positive /ep t[>ds ! goal ( to-day4 ,a ,jesuit prie/1 ,kir*]1 9 #afga1 0 ! fir/ to inve/igate putrefy+ meat1 milk1 & *eese ) ! crude microscope ( 8 day1 & left u indef9ite rem>ks conc]n+ 8v m9ute liv+ worms0 f\nd !re94 ,f\r ye>s aft] ,kir*] a ,dut* l95 m]*ant1 ,antonius von ,leeuw5hoek1 by improv+ ! l5ses ( ! microscope1 saw 9 ra9-wat]1 putrefy+ fluids1 inte/9al cont5ts1 & saliva1 m9ute1 mov+1 liv+ p>ticles1 :i* he call$ 8animalcul40 ,9 m$ical circles ( 8 day ^! obs]vations ar\s$ ! ke5e/ int]e/1 & ! !ory t ^! 8animalcul0 might be ! cause ( all disease 0 eag]ly discuss$4 ,ple9cz1 ( ,vi5na1 aft] mu* obs]vation ( v>i\s fluids1 putrefy+ & o!rwise1 wrote 9 #agfb t x 0 8 firm belief t ! ph5om5a ( diseases & ! decomposition ( animal fluids 7 :olly caus$ by ^! m9ute liv+ ?+s4 ,not)/&+ su* ass]tions1 f 8 day on until ,pa/eur1 ,ko*1 & ,cohn f9ally prov$ its misconceptions 9 #ahgf1 ! !ory ( spontane\s g5]ation held ! upp] h& 9 all discussions ^u ! "q4 ,! /imulus to rese>* z to ! causes ( disease along ! l9e ( bact]ial orig9 did n entirely cease to be felt1 & ! names ( ,poll5d] & ,dava9e are l9k$ toge!r 9 ! fir/ und\bt$ discov]y ( micro-organisms 9 disease1 :5 ! cause ( an?rax1 a disease ( cattle1 0 solv$ 9 #ahfc4 ,foll[+ closely ^u ,dava9e's rese>*es1 ! prim>y causes ( w\nd infection 7 work$ out1 & to ! ef=ts ( ! ,briti% surgeon ,li/] are due ! great advances ( mod]n surg]y4 ,9 rapid succession ! pres5ce ( bact]ia 0 cle>ly demon/rat$ 9 relaps+ fev]1 leprosy1 & typhoid fev]2 b f> eclips+ all =m] discov]ies1 on acc\nt ( ! magnitude ( ! difficulties enc\nt]$ & ov]come1 7 ! brilliant demon/rations ( ! cause ( consumption & alli$ diseases1 & t ( ,asiatic *ol]a1 by ,dr4 ,rob]t ,ko* 9 #ahhb & 9 #ahhd respectively4 ,f t "t onw>d innum]able work]s h satisfi$ ! critical sci5tific _w z to ! causes ( pneumonia1 diph!ria1 tetanus1 influ5za1 & bubonic plague1 besides _m diseases ( cattle1 horses1 %eep1 & o!r animals & insects4 ,hav+ glanc$ ha/ily at ! hi/ory ( bact]iology1 we may next consid] "s facts conc]n+ ! g]ms !mselves4 ,:at are !y8 ,to ! lay m9d ! words g]m1 microbe1 bact]ium1 & bacillus (t5 convey confus$ ideas ( invisible1 wriggl+1 worm-l creatures1 enemies ( mank9d1 ev] on ! wat* to ga9 a /eal?y entrance into our bodies1 :]e !y wreak h>m & dea?4 ,sci5tifically consid]$1 h[ev]1 !y are ! smalle/ ( liv+ ?+s yet kn[n4 ,!y are n animals1 b are memb]s ( ! vegetable k+dom1 & are possess$ ( def9ite yet v>y+ %apes4 ,!y consi/ ( a jelly-l sub/ance call$ protoplasm1 :i* is cov]$ 9 & held 9 place by a well-=m$ membrane ( a relatively h>d & d5se "*1 exactly simil> 9 composition to ! woody fibre ( trees4 ,accord+ to _! %ape ! bact]ia are divid$ into ?ree *ief gr\ps1 call$ respectively cocci1 bacilli1 & spirilla4 ,! cocci are sph]ical bodies & may exi/ s+ly or 9 pairs1 9 f\rs1 9 clu/]s1 or 9 *a9s4 ,9 ?is gr\p we f9d ! smalle/ bact]ia kn[n1 _m ( !m n ov] #a-aej1jjj ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! bacilli are rod-l bodies1 v>y+ mu* 9 size 9 diff]5t species & 9 memb]s ( ! same species4 ,!y are l>g] ?an ! cocci1 measur+ 9 l5g? f #a-be1jjj ( an in* to #a-djjj1 & 9 bread? f #a-abe1jjj to #a-af1jjj ( an in*4 ,_m v>ieties are possess$ ( organs ( locomotion call$ flagella4 ,! spirilla resemble ! bacilli1 except t !y are twi/$ into corkscrew %apes1 or h g5tly undulat+ outl9es4 ,^u an av]age !y are mu* long] ?an ! bacilli1 "o species be+ v long1 measur+ ab\t #a-fjj ( an in*4 ,z se5 9 ! natural /ate bact]ia are f\nd to be colorless1 b x is by ! application ( v>i\s anil9e dyes t !y are usually /udi$4 ,^! m9ute plants increase by a simple me?od ( division into two equal p>ts1 or by a m complex process ( =m+ a se$--! s-call$ spore--:i* lat] on develops into ! adult =m4 ,"u favorable conditions !y are able to multiply at an enorm\s rate2 = in/ance1 x has be5 calculat$ t a bacillus divid+ once e h\r w\ld at ! end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs h increas$ to sev5te5 millions2 & if ! division cont9u$ at ! same rate we %\ld f9d at ! end ( ! ?ird day an incalculable numb] ( billions1 ^: weight w\ld be ne>ly sev5 ?\s& five hundr$ tons6 ,b1 =tunately = our welf>e1 nature by v>i\s means r5d]s ! possibility ( su* a happ5+ entirely beyond ! slighte/ *ance ( realization1 h] greate/ b>ri] be+ ! lack ( an adequate food supply4 ,! di/ribution 9 nature ( bact]ia is wellnigh univ]sal1 occurr+ z !y d 9 ! air we brea!1 ! wat] & milk we dr9k1 ^u ! expos$ surfaces ( man & animals1 & 9 _! inte/9al tracts1 & 9 ! soil to a dep? ( ab\t n9e feet4 ,b x has be5 not$ t at v high altitudes & 9 glaci] ice none exi/1 :ile 9 ! ,arctic regions & at sea f> f l& _! numb]s are v few4 ,! conditions gov]n+ _! gr[? involve _m complex problems1 b a few ( ! *ief factors conc]n$ are moi/ure1 air1 food1 temp]ature1 & light4 ,all bact]ia mu/ h moi/ure1 else !y die soon] or lat]1 dep5d+ ^u ! h>dness ( ! species1 & none c multiply )\t x4 ,a supply ( air is by no means ess5tial to all g]ms4 ,to "s x is absolutely necess>y1 & su* g]ms are call$ a]obes4 ,to o!rs air is :olly detrim5tal1 & !y con/itute ! ana]obes1 :ile to ! majority ( bact]ia air supply is a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 & 9 consequ5ce !y are gr\p$ "u ! t]m facultative ana]obes4 ,! food supply ( _m consi/s ( dead animal & vegetable mat]ials1 a few require liv+ tissues1 :ile a small numb] c exi/ :olly ^u m9]al salts1 or ev5 ! nitrog5 ( ! air4 ,! l[e/ temp]ature at :i* "s bact]ia c multiply is ! freez+-po9t ( wat]1 & ! highe/ #agj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,h[ev]1 ! av]age range ( temp]ature suitable to ! majority lies betwe5 #fj & #ajd degrees ,fahr5heit1 #ih #b-e degrees ,fahr5heit be+ ! mo/ suitable = ! gr[? ( disease-produc+ g]ms4 ,light1 ord9>ily diffus$ daylight1 or its abs5ce1 is a matt] ( no mom5t to mo/ g]ms1 :]eas direct sunlight is a de/roy] ( all bact]ia4 ,! /udy ( ! life hi/ories ( ^! dim9utive plants excites ! wond] ( ^? :o make obs]vations ^u !m4 ,x is truly m>vell\s to "k t ^! bact]ia c accompli% 9 _! %ort lives ( possibly a few h\rs or days feats :i* w\ld baffle ! clev]e/ ( *emi/s if giv5 ye>s ( a lifetime to "w ^u4 ,!y give to ! f>m] ! good quality ( 8 crops1 to ! dairyman sup]ior butt] & *eese2 !y assi/ 9 l>ge measure 9 free+ our riv]s & lakes f h>mful pollutions4 ,"h x %\ld be /rongly emphasiz$ t ^? bact]ia :i* cause disease are only ( a few species1 all o!rs contribut+ to our welf>e 9 c\ntless ways4 ,q z a/oni%+ is ! discov]y t )9 ! root-knobs ( pease & beans live bact]ia :i* by splitt+ up m9]al salts conta9+ nitrog51 & by absorb+ nitrog5 f ! air1 give x ov] to ! plant s t x is enabl$ to gr[ luxuriantly1 :]eas1 )\t _! pres5ce1 ! till] ( ! soil might f]tilize ! gr\nd 9 va94 ,x is q possible t n alone pease & beans1 b all grasses & plants & trees dep5d ^u ! pres5ce ( su* g]ms = _! v exi/5ce1 :i* 9 turn supply man & animals ) _! means ( exi/5ce4 ,h5ce we see t ^! nitrify+ bact]ia1 z !y are call$1 if swept out ( exi/5ce1 w\ld be ! cause ( cessation ( all life ^u ! globe4 ,& argu+ backw>d1 "o prom95t au?ority /ates x z 8 belief t ! fir/ ( all life on ?is e>? 7 ^? l[ly =ms ( plants :i* only requir$ ! nitrog5 ( air or salts to enable !m to multiply4 ,limit+ obs]vation n[ to ! sph]e ( m$ic9e1 x w be readily p]ceiv$ t ! pres5ce ( bact]ial life 9 a causative relation to disease is an object ( p>am\nt reg>d4 ,! foll[+ p>agraphs w briefly treat ( ! diseases associat$ ) micro-organisms & ! common modes ( infection 9 ea*1 ! *a9 ( ev5ts subsequ5t to an infection1 & ! possibilities ( protection or cure by means ( sub/ances elaborat$ 9 ! body ( an individual or animal rec5tly recov]$ f an infecti\s disease3 ,an?rax4--,a disease *iefly ( cattle & %eep1 occasionally ( man1 is caus$ by ! ,bacillus an?racis1 discov]$ 9 #ahdi-ej by ,poll5d] & ,dava9e4 ,x ent]s ! body ?r\gh abrasions ( ! sk91 by inhalation ( ! spores1 or se$s1 into ! lungs1 or by swall[+ infect$ mat]ial4 ,leprosy4--,?is disease is caus$ by a bacillus kn[n z ,bacillus leprae1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,hans5 9 #ahgi4 ,x is d\btful if x has be5 gr[n outside ! body4 ,x is suppos$ to ent] by abrasions ( ! sk91 b x is v feebly contagi\s1 not)/&+ popul> ideas z to its suppos$ly highly contagi\s nature4 ,tub]culosis4--,all =ms ( ?is disease1 among :i* is ord9>y consumption1 are caus$ by a bacillus closely resembl+ t ( leprosy4 ,x 0 discov]$ by ,ko* 9 #ahhj-hb1 & nam$ ,bacillus tub]culosis4 ,! ways ( infection are by inhal+ ! dri$ sputum ( consumptives1 dr9k+ infect$ c['s milk1 or eat+ infect$ meat4 ,typhoid ,fev]4--,a disease ( human be+s only4 ,eb]? 9 #ahhj discov]$ ! g]m caus+ x & call$ x ,bacillus typhosus4 ,x ga9s entrance to our bodies *iefly 9 ! milk & wat] we dr9k1 :i* comes f infect$ s\rces2 a r>] me?od is by inhalation ( infect$ air4 ,diph!ria4--,a disease ( human be+s *iefly4 ,x is caus$ by a bacillus :i* 0 describ$ 9 #ahhc-hd by ,klebs & ,loeffl]1 & is kn[n z ,bacillus diph!riae1 or ,klebs-,loeffl] bacillus4 ,its mode ( entry is by inhal+ infect$ air1 or by dr9k+ or eat+ infect$ milk or food4 ,*ol]a4--,?is disease is peculi> to human be+s4 ,its native home is on ! banks ( ! riv] ,ganges 9 ,india1 :]e ,ko* 9 #ahhd 0 able to isolate its causative spirillum4 ,man is infect$ by dr9k+ contam9at$ wat] or by contact4 ,lockjaw1 or ,tetanus4--,afflicts man1 horses1 & dogs4 ,! ,bacillus tetani is ! mo/ deadly ( all kn[n bact]ia4 ,x ent]s ! body by w\nds4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 #ahhd by ,nicolai]4 ,influ5za1 or ! ,grip4--,caus$ by "o ( ! smalle/-kn[n bacilli2 discov]$ 9 #ahib by ,canon & ,pfeiff]4 ,infection spreads by ! scatt]+ ab\t by air-curr5ts ( ! dri$ nasal & bron*ial secretion ( ^? suff]+ f ! disease1 & its portal ( entry is by ! nose & bron*ial tubes4 ,pneumonia4--,caus$ by a coccus :i* gr[s 9 pairs & small *a9s4 ,x ent]s ! body by means ( ! respiratory tract4 ,x is pres5t 9 ! saliva ( tw5ty p] c5t4 ( heal?y p]sons4 ,prov$ by ,frankel 9 #ahhf to be ! cause ( ?is disease4 ,bubonic ,plague4--,9 #ahid ,kitasato & ,y]s9 isolat$ a small bacillus 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases & prov$ x to be ! cause4 ,x ent]s ! body by means ( w\nds ( ! sk91 & ?r\gh bites ( fleas f infect$ rats1 :i* are said to be "o ( ! *ief factors 9 spread+ ?is dread malady4 ,yell[ ,fev]4--,! cause ( ?is disease is /ill "u discussion4 ,su* are a few ( ! infecti\s diseases :i* we c readily attribute to ! pres5ce ( def9ite micro-organisms 9 respective cases4 ,b /range z x may seem1 ! mo/ typical ( all infecti\s diseases1 small-pox1 sc>let fev]1 measles1 & hydrophobia1 h z yet n yield$ up _! secrets4 ,?is is possibly due to ! m9ute size ( ! micro-organisms conc]n$1 :i* make x beyond ! p[] ( ! be/ microscope to demon/rate !m4 ,9 ?is connection x has rec5tly be5 %[n by ,r\x & ,noc>d t 9 ! case ( ! disease kn[n z pleuro-pneumonia ( cattle ! causative ag5t is s v small z j to be b>ely visible4 ,aga91 x is q possible t ^! diseases may be caus$ by liv+ ?+s we "k no?+ ab\t1 :i* may be q dissimil> f ! bact]ia4 ,,infection--,,its ,,processes ,,& ,,results ,9 ! =ego+ li/ ( diseases associat$ ) specific bact]ia1 att5tion has be5 drawn to ! common modes ( infection1 or1 z !y are te*nically call$1 8portals ( entry10 & x n[ rema9s to t\* ^u ! ma9 factors1 processes1 & results foll[+ ^u ! entry into ! body ( su* disease-produc+ microbes4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! normal blood has ( itself to a consid]able ext5t ! p[] ( kill+ g]ms :i* may w&] into x ?r\gh v>i\s *annels4 ,likewise ! tissue cells ( ! body 9 g5]al %[ simil> action dep5d+ ^u ! diff]5t cell gr\ps1 /ate ( heal?1 g5]al robu/ness1 & p]iod ( life4 ,! g]m-kill+ p[] v>ies 9 diff]5t individuals1 ?\gh ea* may be q heal?y4 ,consid]$ z a :ole1 ?is p[] possess$ by ! body aga9/ g]ms is kn[n z 8g5]al resi/ance40 ,& :5 by any means ?is p[] ( resi/ance is lo/ or dim9i%$1 we run grave risks ( incurr+ disease4 ,grant$ a case ( infection1 let u n[ trace up briefly :at occurs4 ,betwe5 ! p]iod :5 ! bact]ia ga9 a lodgm5t & t 9 :i* ! disease assumes a noticeable =m1 ! pati5t simply feels out ( sorts4 ,x is dur+ ?is /age t ! blood & tissues are deeply engag$ 9 ! attempt to repel ! attacks ( ! invad+ microbes4 ,) v>y+ spe$ ! g]ms multiply ?r\gh\t ! body g5]ally1 or may be at fir/ localiz$1 or ev51 z 9 lockjaw1 rema9 localiz$ ?r\gh\t ! entire disease4 ,multiply+ 9 ! tissues1 !y g5]ate 9 increas+ am\nts _! noxi\s poisons1 :i* soon cause pr(\nd *anges ?r\gh\t ! body2 ! pati5t becomes decid$ly ill1 & %[s n[ ! signs ( an unmi/akable infection4 ,does ! body n[ give up ! fight entirely8 ,no2 on ! contr>y1 ! :ite blood-cells1 ! w&]+ cells1 & ! cells ( ! tissues mo/ affect$ /ill c>ry on an unequal fight4 ,f ! lymphatic gl&s & sple51 armies ( :ite cells ru% to ! fray & attempt to eat up & de/roy ! foe1 b possibly 9 va92 ! disease runs its c\rse1 to end ei!r 9 dea? or recov]y4 ,h[1 !n1 9 cases ( recov]y1 are ! microbes f9ally ov]come8 ,?is "q involves _m complex processes :i* at pres5t are by no means ?or\ghly und]/ood1 b we w conc]n ourselves ) ! simple pr9ciples4 ,x has be5 previ\sly m5tion$ t once ! bact]ia get a good foo?old ! body is subject$ to ! action ( g5]at$ poisons1 :i* are kn[n z tox9s4 ,!y give rise to su* symptoms z loss ( appetite1 heada*e1 fev]1 pa9s & a*es1 & ev5 a /ate ( /upor or unconsci\sness4 ,9 addition to ! active w>f>e ( ! :ite blood-cells1 gr\ps ( cells ?r\gh\t ! body1 aft] recov]+ f ! fir/ rude %ock ( ! tox9s1 beg9 to tol]ate _! pres5ce1 !n effect a *ange 9 ! *emical con/itution ( ! tox9s1 & f9ally elaborate sub/ances :i* antagonize ! tox9s & de/roy _! action altoge!r1 ?us l5d+ aid to ! w>rior cells1 :i* at la/ ov]come ! invad+ microbes4 ,recov]y is br\ght ab\t1 & a m or less p]man5t degree ( immunity aga9/ ! special =m ( disease ensues4 ,n[ if we c\ld use ^! antagoniz+ sub/ances1 or1 z !y are call$1 antitox9s1 ^u o!r m5 or animals sick ) a simil> disease1 w\ld _! bodies be at once /r5g!n$ to resi/ & f9ally ov]come ! disease8 ,yes1 9 a c]ta9 majority ( cases !y w\ld1 & ?is is exactly :at sci5tific obs]v]s h not$1 work$ out1 & h successfully appli$4 ,a new art 9 ! heal+ ( disease1 :i* is spok5 ( broadly z s]um-!rapy1 or m$ication by curative or protective s]ums1 has ?us be5 discov]$4 ,! fir/ obs]v]s 9 ?is new field 7 ,pa/eur & ,raynaud 9 ,france 9 #ahgg-gh1 & ,salmon & ,smi? 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #ahhf4 ,raynaud1 by inject+ s]um f a calf :i* _h _h an attack ( c[-pox1 prev5t$ ! appe>ance ( ! disease 9 a calf fre%ly inoculat$ ) ! virul5t mat]ial ( ! disease4 ,pa/eur1 by us+ feebly infective g]ms ( f[l *ol]a1 conf]r$ immunity ^u heal?y f[ls aga9/ ! disease1 & 0 able to cure ^? :i* 7 ill4 ,salmon & ,smi? inject$ small & repeat$ am\nts ( ! elaborat$ tox9s or poisons ( ! bacillus ( hog *ol]a into heal?y sw9e1 & 7 able to conf] immunity ^u !m4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 n until ,behr+ 9 #ahib ann\nc$ 8 discov]y ( an antitox9 s]um = diph!ria1 along ) an undisput$ pro( ( its value 9 treatm5t1 t ! att5tion ( ! sci5tific _w 0 f9ally ar\s$ & /imulat$ to ! appreciation ( ! great possibilities ( s]um-!rapy4 ,/range z x may seem1 mu* opposition arose to ?is new me?od ( treatm5t1 n alone f ! lay portions ( ! community1 b ev5 f ! ranks ( ! m$ical pr(ession itself4 ,?is opposition 0 due 9 "p to misconceptions ( ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! new doctr9e1 & 9 "p to ! falsely philan?ropic prejudices ( ! pseudo-sci5tific sections ( bo? p>ties4 ,b by ! p]sev]+ "w ( ! en?usia/ic believ]s 9 s]um-!rapy1 positive conviction has n[ replac$ misconception & prejudice 9 ! m9ds ( ! majority ( its =m] oppon5ts4 ,! accumulation ( /ati/ical evid5ce1 ev5 :]e all all[ance is made = d\btful me?ods ( compilation1 %[s t ! aggregate mortality ( diph!ria has be5 r$uc$ fully fifty p] c5t4 s9ce ! introduction ( antitoxic treatm5t by ,behr+ 9 #ahib4 ,s9ce ! me?od ( prep>ation ( ! comm]cial diph!ria antitox9 illu/rates ! g5]al pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! se>* = ! production ( curative or protective s]ums = infecti\s diseases 9 g5]al1 a summ>y ( ! /eps 9 its manufacture w n[ be giv54 ,a race ( diph!ria bacilli1 :i* has be5 f\nd to yield a poison ( great virul5ce 9 alkal9e beef bro?1 is gr[n = a week or t5 days 9 ?is m$ium4 ,! tox9 is !n sep>at$ & its virul5ce exactly det]m9$4 ,x is pres]v$ 9 /]ile receptacles = imm$iate or future use4 ,! next /ep is ! inoculation ( a suitable animal ) ! tox94 ,( all animals ! horse has be5 f\nd to meet ne>ly e requirem5t4 ,su* an animal1 9 a /ate ( p]fect heal?1 receives an injection ( tw5ty cubic c5timetres ( tox91 along ) t5 or fifte5 ( /&>d antitox91 b5ea? ! sk9 ( ! neck or =e-qu>t]s1 ^u ?ree sep>ate occasions at int]vals ( five days4 ,aft] ?is x receives increas+ doses ( tox91 alone1 at int]vals ( six to eight days1 until1 at ! end ( two mon?s1 x is able to /& ) little discom=t doses ( su* /r5g? t if giv5 9 ! fir/ /age ^! doses w\ld h quickly caus$ dea?4 ,at ?is p]iod ! horse is bl$ to a small ext5t1 & its s]um te/$ to asc]ta9 if prospects are good = ! production by ! animal ( a high grade ( antitox94 ,if satisfactory progress has be5 made1 ! injections are cont9u$ = ano!r mon?1 :51 z a rule1 ! maximal degree ( antitoxic p[] 9 ! s]um w h be5 atta9$4 ,! horse is n[ bl$ to ! prop] ext5t1 ! blood be+ receiv$ 9 a /]ile j> & plac$ 9 an ice-box4 ,"h x coagulates1 & ! s]um sep>ates f x4 ,:5 ! sep>ation ( clot & s]um is complete1 ! latt] is drawn (f1 tak5 to ! laboratory1 & /&>diz$4 ,?is be+ f9i%$1 an antiseptic fluid is add$ to pres]ve ! s]um f decomposition4 ,x is !n bottl$1 labell$1 & s5t out = use4 ,9 simil> fa%ion tetanus antitox9 is prep>$2 & q rec5tly ,calmette has produc$ an antitoxic s]um = use 9 snake bite1 by inject+ horses ) m9ute increas+ doses ( snake v5om4 ,8 exp]im5ts h giv5 "s rem>kable results1 n only 9 laboratory "w1 b also 9 cases ( actual snake bite occurr+ 9 man4 ,?us bact]iological sci5ti/s1 aft] ye>s ( labori\s "w1 9 ! face ( mu* criticism & sev]e d5unciation1 may confid5tly ann\nce t !y h 9 _! possession a magic key to "o ( nature's secret doors4 ,! lock has be5 turn$4 ,! door /&s p>tly op51 & we are p]mitt$ a glimpse ( ! future possibilities to be atta9$ 9 ! great fight aga9/ disease4 ,,prev5tive ,,m$ic9e ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! diseases :i* h be5 rem>kably controll$ ?r\gh prev5tive m$ic9e3 ,small-pox4--,:ile n a sc\rge ( ! fir/ rank1 l ! plague or *ol]a1 at ! outset ( ! c5tury v>iola 0 "o ( ! mo/ preval5t & dread$ ( all diseases4 ,few rea*$ adult life )\t an attack4 ,to-day1 ?\gh outbreaks /ill occur1 x is a disease ?or\ghly controll$ by vacc9ation4 ,! protective p[] ( ! inoculat$ c[-pox is n a fix$ & con/ant quantity4 ,! protection may be = life1 or x may la/ only = a ye> or two4 ,! all-important fact is ?is3 ,t effici5tly vacc9at$ p]sons may be expos$ ) impunity1 & among l>ge bodies ( m5 7e4g41 ! ,g]man army71 9 :i* revacc9ation is practis$1 small-pox is unkn[n4 ,( "o hundr$ vacc9at$ p]sons expos$ to small-pox1 possibly "o might take ! disease 9 a mild =m2 ( "o hundr$ unvacc9at$ p]sons s expos$1 "o alone might escape--f tw5ty-five to ?irty w\ld die4 ,to be effici5t1 vacc9ation mu/ be c>ri$ out sy/ematically1 & if all ! inhabitants ( ?is c\ntry 7 revacc9at$ at int]vals small-pox w\ld disappe> 7z x has f ! ,g]man army71 & ! necessity = vacc9ation w\ld cease4 ,! difficulty arises f ! con/ant pres5ce ( an unvacc9at$ remnant1 by :i* ! disease is kept alive4 ,! ,montreal exp]i5ce 9 #ahhe is an object-lesson nev] to be =gott54 ,= eight or t5 ye>s vacc9ation _h be5 neglect$1 p>ticul>ly among ! ,fr5*-,canadians4 ,on ,febru>y #bh1 #ahhe1 a ,pullman c> conductor1 :o came f ,*icago1 :]e ! disease _h be5 slightly preval5t1 0 admitt$ into ! ,htel ,dieu4 ,isolation 0 n c>ri$ out1 & on ! #a/ ( ,april a s]vant 9 ! hospital di$ ( small-pox4 ,foll[+ h] dea? ! au?orities ( ! hospital s5t to _! homes all pati5ts :o pres5t$ no symptoms ( ! disease4 ,l fire 9 dry grass ! contagion spread1 & )9 n9e mon?s !re di$ ( small-pox ?ree ?\s& "o hundr$ & sixty-f\r p]sons4 ,x ru9$ ! trade ( ! city = ! w9t]1 & co/ millions ( doll>s4 ,!re are no reasonable objections to vacc9ation1 :i* is a simple process1 by :i* a mild & h>mless disease is introduc$4 ,! use ( ! animal vacc9e does away ) ! possibility ( introduction ( o!r disord]s1 su* z syphilis4 ,typhus ,fev]4--,until ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury ?is disease prevail$ widely 9 mo/ ( ! l>ge cities1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,europe1 & also 9 jails1 %ips1 hospitals1 & camps4 ,x 0 m widely spread ?an typhoid fev] & mu* m fatal4 ,mur*ison rem>ks ( x t a complete hi/ory ( its ravages w\ld be ! hi/ory ( ,europe dur+ ! pa/ ?ree c5turies & a half4 ,n "o ( ! acute infections seems to h be5 m dep5d5t ^u fil? & unsanit>y conditions4 ,) ! gradual introduction ( dra9age & a good wat] supply1 & ! relief ( ov]cr[d+1 ! disease has almo/ entirely disappe>$1 & is r>ely m5tion$ n[ 9 ! bills ( mortality1 except 9 a few ( ! l>g] & m unsanit>y cities4 ,! foll[+ figures illu/rate :at has be5 done 9 ,engl& )9 sixty ye>s3 ,9 #ahch 9 ,engl& twelve hundr$ & tw5ty-eight p]sons di$ ( fev] 7typhus & typhoid7 p] million ( liv+4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] ! figures 7 r$uc$ to n9e hundr$ & eighte52 9 #ahgh to ?ree hundr$ & six ( typhoid & to ?irty-six ( typhus fev]4 ,9 #ahib only "o hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 di$ ( typhoid fev] & only ?ree ( typhus p] million liv+6 ,typhoid ,fev]4--,:ile prev5tive m$ic9e c claim a great victory 9 ?is disease also1 x is less brilliant1 s9ce ! conditions :i* favor its preval5ce are n ^? specially relat+ to ov]cr[d+ z mu* z to imp]fect wat] supply & ! contam9ation ( c]ta9 ess5tial foods1 z milk4 ,x has be5 repeat$ly demon/rat$ t1 ) a pure wat] supply & p]fect dra9age1 typhoid fev] almo/ disappe>s f a city4 ,9 ,vi5na1 aft] ! introduction ( good wat]1 ! rate ( mortality f typhoid fev] fell f twelve p] t5 ?\s& ( ! inhabitants to ab\t "o4 ,9 ,muni* ! fall 0 /ill m rem>kable2 f above tw5ty-n9e p] t5 ?\s& inhabitants 9 #aheg x fell to ab\t "o p] t5 ?\s& 9 #ahhg4 ,t typhoid fev] 9 ?is c\ntry is /ill a v preval5t disease dep5ds ma9ly ^u two facts3 ,fir/1 n only is ! typhoid bacillus v resi/ant1 b x may rema9 = a long "t 9 ! body ( a p]son aft] recov]y f typhoid fev]1 & su* p]sons1 9 app>5t good heal?1 may be a s\rce ( contam9ation4 ,) _m ( ! conditions favor+ ! p]si/5ce & gr[? ( ! bacillus outside ! body we are n yet famili>4 ,! exp]i5ce 9 ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w> illu/rates h[ dang]\s is ! conc5tration toge!r ( l>ge numb]s ( individuals4 ,b1 second1 ! ess5tial factor 9 ! widespread preval5ce ( typhoid fev] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p>ticul>ly 9 c\ntry di/ricts1 is ! abs5ce ( any?+ l effici5t rural sanitation4 ,_m c\nties h yet to le>n ! alphabet ( sanitation4 ,! *ief dang] results f ! impure wat] supplies ( ! small] t[ns1 ! local h\se epidemics due to infect$ wells1 & ! milk outbreaks due to ! infection ( dairy f>ms4 ,! importance ( scrupul\sly gu>d+ ! s\rces ( supply 0 nev] bett] illu/rat$ ?an 9 ! well-kn[n & (t-quot$ epidemic 9 ,plym\?1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,! t[n1 ) a population ( eight ?\s&1 0 9 "p suppli$ ) dr9k+-wat] f a res]voir f$ by a m\nta9-/ream4 ,dur+ ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 & ,m>*1 9 a cottage by ! side ( & at a di/ance ( f sixty to eighty feet f ?is /ream1 a man 0 ill ) typhoid fev]4 ,! att5dants 7 9 ! habit at night ( ?r[+ out ! evacuations on ! gr\nd t[>ds ! /ream4 ,dur+ ^! mon?s ! gr\nd 0 froz5 & cov]$ ) sn[4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ,m>* & e>ly 9 ,april !re 0 consid]able ra9fall & a ?aw1 9 :i* a l>ge "p ( ! ?ree mon?s' accumulation ( dis*>ges 0 wa%$ into ! brook n sixty feet di/ant4 ,at ! v "t ( ?is ?aw ! pati5t _h num]\s & copi\s dis*>ges4 ,ab\t ! #aj? ( ,april cases ( typhoid fev] broke out 9 ! t[n1 appe>+ = a "t at ! rate ( fifty a day4 ,9 all ab\t twelve hundr$ 7 attack$4 ,an imm5se majority ( ! cases 7 9 ! "p ( ! t[n :i* receiv$ wat] f ! infect$ res]voir4 ,! use ( boil$ wat] & ( ice made f di/ill$ wat]1 ! sy/ematic inspection ( dairies1 ! scrupul\s sup]vision ( ! s\rces f :i* ! wat] is obta9$1 an effici5t sy/em ( sewage removal1 &1 above all1 ! mo/ scrupul\s c>e on ! "p ( physicians & ( nurses 9 ! dis9fection ( ! dis*>ges ( typhoid fev] pati5ts--^! are ! factors necess>y to r$uce to a m9imum ! incid5ce ( typhoid fev]4 ,*ol]a4--,"o ( ! great sc\rges ( ! pres5t c5tury made inroads into ,europe & ,am]ica f ,india1 its native home4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 f\nd out ! g]m1 f\nd out ! conditions "u :i* x lives1 & x is n likely t x w ev] aga9 ga9 a foo?old 9 ?is c\ntry or ,great ,brita94 ,s9ce ! la/ epidemic1 #ahgc1 ! disease1 ?\gh br\ght to ?is c\ntry on sev]al occasions1 has always be5 held 9 *eck at ! port ( entry4 ,x is communicat$ almo/ entirely ?r\gh infect$ wat]1 & ! virul5ce ( an epidemic 9 any city is 9 direct proportion to ! imp]fection ( ! wat] supply4 ,?is 0 %[n 9 a rem>kable way 9 ! ,hamburg epidemic ( #ahib4 ,9 ,altona1 :i* _h a filtration plant1 !re 7 only five hundr$ & sixte5 cases1 _m ( !m refugees f ,hamburg4 ,hamburg1 :]e ! unfilt]$ wat] ( ! ,elbe 0 us$1 _h "s eighte5 ?\s& cases1 ) ne>ly eight ?\s& dea?s4 ,yell[ ,fev]4--,! cause ( ?is disease is /ill "u discussion4 ,x has an int]e/ to u 9 ?is c\ntry f its cont9u$ preval5ce 9 ,cuba1 & f ! fact t at int]vals x makes inroads into ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 caus+ s]i\s comm]cial loss4 ,! hi/ory ( ! disease 9 ! o!r ,we/ ,india isl&s1 p>ticul>ly ,jamaica1 indicates ! /eps :i* mu/ be tak5 = its prev5tion4 ,=m]ly yell[ fev] 0 z fatal a sc\rge 9 !m z x is to-day 9 ,cuba4 ,by an effici5t sy/em ( sanitation x has be5 aboli%$4 ,! same c be done 7& w be done7 9 ,cuba )9 a few ye>s4 ,g5]al ,wood has already po9t$ out ! way 9 ! cleans+ ( ,santiago4 ,! ,plague4--,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts 9 connection ) mod]n epidemics has be5 ! revival ( ! bubonic plague1 ! mo/ dread$ ( all ! great infections4 ,dur+ ! pres5t c5tury ! disease 9 ,europe has be5 conf9$ almo/ exclusively to ,turkey & ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,s9ce #ahid1 :5 x appe>$ at ,hong-,kong1 x has gradually spread1 & !re h be5 outbreaks ( t]rible sev]ity 9 ,india4 ,x has ext5d$ to c]ta9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean ports1 & dur+ ! pa/ summ] x rea*$ ,glasg[1 :]e !re has be5 a small outbreak4 ,on ?is hemisph]e !re h be5 small outbreaks 9 c]ta9 ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ports1 cases h be5 br\ght to ,new ,york1 & !re h be5 to ,novemb] #a/ tw5ty-"o cases among ! ,*9ese 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,judg+ f ! read9ess ) :i* x has be5 *eck$ & limit$ 9 ,au/ralia1 & 9 p>ticul> ! facility ) :i* ! rec5t outbreak 9 ,glasg[ has be5 /amp$ out1 !re is v little risk t plague w ev] assume ! proportions :i* gave to x its t]rible reputation z ! 8black dea?0 ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,z ,i h already m5tion$1 ! g]m is kn[n1 & prophylactic inoculations h be5 made on a l>ge scale 9 ,india1 ) a c]ta9 measure ( success4 ,tub]culosis4--,9 all communities ! :ite plague1 z ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes calls x1 takes ! fir/ rank z a kill+ disease4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ( x "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& p die ye>ly 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 all mortality bills tub]culosis ( ! lungs1 or consumption1 heads ! li/1 & :5 to ?is is add$ tub]culosis ( ! o!r organs1 ! numb] swells to su* an ext5t t ?is disease equals 9 fatality all ! o!r acute infective diseases comb9$1 if we leave out pneumonia4 ,less ?an tw5ty ye>s ago we knew little or no?+ ( ! cause ( ! disease4 ,x 0 believ$ to be l>gely h]$it>y4 ,ko* discov]$ ! g]m1 & ) ?is h come ! possibilities ( limit+ its ravages4 ,! foll[+ po9ts ) ref]5ce to x may be /at$3 ,9 a few v r>e in/ances ! disease is transmitt$ f p>5t to *ild4 ,9 a l>ge proportion ( all cases ! disease is 8caught40 ,! g]ms are widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! sputum1 :i*1 :5 dry1 becomes du/1 & is bl[n ab\t 9 all directions4 ,tub]cle bacilli h be5 f\nd 9 ! du/ ( /reets1 h\ses1 hospital w>ds1 & mu*-frequ5t$ places4 ,a s+le individual may dis*>ge f ! lungs c\ntless myriads ( g]ms 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,dr4 ,nuttall e/imat$ f a pati5t 9 ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,hospital1 :o _h only mod]ately advanc$ consumption1 t f "o & a half to f\r & a ?ird billions ( g]ms 7 ?r[n (f 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! consumptive1 z has be5 well /at$1 is almo/ h>mless1 & only becomes h>mful ?r\gh bad habits4 ,! g]ms are conta9$ 9 ! sputum1 :i*1 :5 dry1 is widely scatt]$ 9 ! =m ( du/1 & con/itutes ! great m$ium = ! transmission ( ! disease4 ,if expectorat$ into a h&k]*ief1 ! sputum dries quickly1 p>ticul>ly if x is put into ! pocket or "u ! pill[4 ,! be>d or mu/a*e ( a consumptive is sme>$ ) ! g]ms4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ c>eful ! h&s are apt to be soil$ ) ! g]ms1 & 9 ^? :o are dirty & c>eless ! furniture & mat]ials :i* !y h&le readily become infect$4 ,:]e ! dirty habit prevails ( spitt+ on ! floor1 a room1 or ! entire h\se1 may conta9 numb]s ( g]ms4 ,9 ! majority ( all cases ! infection 9 tub]culosis is by inhalation4 ,?is is %[n by ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! disease is met 9 ! lungs1 & ! great preval5ce ( tub]culosis 9 in/itutions 9 :i* ! resid5ts are re/rict$ 9 ! matt] ( fre% air & a free1 op5 life4 ,! disease prevails specially 9 cloi/]s1 9 jails1 & 9 asylums4 ,infection ?r\gh milk is also possible2 x is d\btful :e!r ! disease is transmitt$ ?r\gh meat4 ,s widespread are ! g]ms t po/-mortem exam9ation has %[n t a v l>ge numb] ( p]sons %[ slight signs ( ! disease :o h nev] dur+ life pres5t$ any symptoms2 9 fact1 "s rec5t inve/igations w\ld indicate t a v l>ge proportion ( all p]sons at ! age ( =ty h some:]e 9 _! bodies slight tub]cul\s lesions4 ,?is %[s ! importance ( ! individual pr$isposition1 ^u :i* ! old] writ]s laid s mu* /ress1 & ! importance ( ma9ta9+ ! nutrition at its maximum4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features ( mod]n protective m$ic9e is ! widespread int]e/ t has be5 ar\s$ 9 ! crusade aga9/ tub]culosis4 ,:at has already be5 accompli%$ w>rants ! belief t ! hopes ( ev5 ! mo/ en?usia/ic may be realiz$4 ,a positive decl9e 9 ! preval5ce ( ! disease has be5 %[n 9 _m ( ! l>g] cities dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s4 ,9 ,massa*usetts1 :i* has be5 a hot-b$ ( tub]culosis = _m ye>s1 ! dea?-rate has fall5 f =ty-two p] t5 ?\s& inhabitants 9 #ahec to tw5ty-"o & eight-t5?s p] t5 ?\s& inhabitants 9 #ahie4 ,9 ! city ( ,glasg[1 9 :i* ! records h be5 v c>efully kept1 !re has be5 an extraord9>y fall 9 ! dea?-rate f tub]culosis1 & ! rec5t /ati/ics ( ,new ,york ,city %[1 too1 a simil> rem>kable dim9ution4 ,9 fight+ ! disease our *ief weapons are3 ,fir/1 education ( ! public1 p>ticul>ly ( ! poor] classes1 :o d n fully appreciate ! *ief dang] 9 ! disease4 ,secondly1 ! compulsory notification & regi/ration ( all cases ( tub]culosis4 ,! importance ( ?is relates *iefly to ! v poor & improvid5t1 f :om1 aft] all1 comes ! greate/ dang]1 & :o %\ld be "u con/ant surveillance 9 ord] t ^! dang]s may be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,?irdly1 ! f\ndation 9 suitable localities by ! city & by ! ,/ate ( sanatoria = ! treatm5t ( e>ly cases ( ! disease4 ,f\r?ly1 provision = ! *ronic1 incurable cases 9 special hospitals4 ,diph!ria4--,s9ce ! discov]y ( ! g]m ( ?is disease & our k ( ! conditions ( its transmission1 & ! discov]y ( ! antitox91 !re has be5 a great r$uction 9 its preval5ce & an equally rem>kable r$uction 9 ! mortality4 ,! m c>eful isolation ( ! sick1 ! ?or\gh dis9fection ( ! clo?+1 ! rigid scrut9y ( ! mild] cases ( ?roat disord]1 a m /r+5t surveillance 9 ! p]iod ( convalesc5ce1 & ! r\t9e exam9ation ( ! ?roats ( s*ool-*ildr5--^! are ! ess5tial measures by :i* ! preval5ce ( ! disease has be5 v m>k$ly dim9i%$4 ,! great dang] is 9 ! mild cases1 9 :i* ! disease has p]haps n be5 suspect$1 & 9 :i* ! *ild may be walk+ ab\t & ev5 go+ to s*ool4 ,su* pati5ts are (t5 a s\rce ( widespread infection4 ,! c>eful att5tion giv5 by mo!rs to ! tee? & m\? ( *ildr5 is also an important factor4 ,9 *ildr5 ) recurr+ attacks ( tonsillitis1 9 :om ! tonsils are enl>g$1 ! organs %\ld be remov$4 ,?r\gh ^! measures ! incid5ce ( ! disease has be5 v greatly r$uc$4 ,pneumonia4--,:ile !re has be5 a rem>kable dim9ution 9 ! preval5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( all ! acute infections1 "o disease n only holds its own1 b seems ev5 to h increas$ 9 its virul5ce4 ,9 ! mortality bills1 pneumonia is an easy second to tub]culosis4 ,x attacks p>ticul>ly ! intemp]ate1 ! feeble1 & ! old1 ?\gh e ye> a l>ge numb] ( robu/1 heal?y individuals succumb4 ,s frequ5t is pneumonia at advanc$ p]iods ( life t to die ( x has be5 said to be ! natural end ( old m5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 _m ways1 too1 x is a satisfactory disease1 if "o may use su* an expression4 ,x is n associat$ ) mu* pa91 except at ! onset1 ! battle is brief & %ort1 & a great _m old p]sons succumb to x easily & peacefully4 ,we "k ! cause ( ! disease2 we "k only too well its symptoms1 b ! enorm\s fatality 7f tw5ty to tw5ty-five p] c5t47 speaks only too pla9ly ( ! futility ( our means ( cure1 & yet 9 no disease has !re be5 s great a revolution 9 treatm5t4 ,! pati5t is no long] dr5*$ to dea? ) drugs1 or bl$ to a po9t :]e ! resi/+ p[]s ( nature are exhau/$4 ,we are n )\t hope1 too1 t 9 ! future an antidote may be f\nd to ! tox9s ( ! disease1 & ( late !re h be5 introduc$ sev]al measures ( great value 9 support+ ! weakness ( ! he>t1 a special dang] 9 ! old & debilitat$4 ,hydrophobia4--,rabies1 a rem>kable1 & 9 c]ta9 c\ntries a widespread1 disease ( animals1 :5 transmitt$ to a man by ! bite ( rabid dogs1 wolves1 etc41 is kn[n z hydrophobia4 ,! specific g]m is unkn[n1 b by a s]ies ( brilliant obs]vations ,pa/eur %[$ 7#a7 t ! poison has c]ta9 fix$ & peculi> prop]ties 9 connection ) ! n]v\s sy/em2 7#b7 t susceptible animals c\ld be r5d]$ refractory to ! disease1 or incapable ( tak+ x1 by a c]ta9 me?od ( inoculation2 & 7#c7 t an animal unprotect$ & inoculat$ ) a dose ( ! virus suffici5t to cause ! disease may1 by ! injection ( prop] anti-rabic treatm5t1 escape4 ,support$ by ^! facts1 ,pa/eur began a sy/em ( treatm5t ( hydrophobia 9 man1 & a special in/itute 0 f\nd$ 9 ,p>is = ! purpose4 ,:5 c>ri$ out promptly ! treatm5t is successful 9 an imm5se majority ( all cases1 & ! mortality 9 p]sons bitt5 by animals prov$ to be rabid1 :o h subsequ5tly _h ! anti-rabic treatm5t1 has be5 r$uc$ to less ?an "o-half p] c5t4 ,! disease may be /amp$ out 9 dogs by c>eful qu>ant9e ( suspect$ animals1 & by a ?or\ghly c>ri$ out muzzl+ ord]4 ,mal>ia4--,among ! mo/ rem>kable ( mod]n discov]ies is ! cause ( mal>ial fev]1 "o ( ! great maladies ( ! _w1 & a prime ob/acle to ! settlem5t ( ,europeans 9 tropical regions4 ,until #ahhj ! cause 0 q obscure4 ,x 0 kn[n t ! disease prevail$ *iefly 9 m>%y di/ricts1 9 ! autumn1 & t ! dang] ( infection 0 greate/ 9 ! ev5+ & at night1 & t x 0 n directly contagi\s4 ,9 #ahhj a ,fr5* army surgeon1 ,lav]an1 discov]$ 9 ! r$ blood-corpuscles small bodies :i* h prov$ to be ! specific g]m ( ! disease4 ,!y are n bact]ia1 b little animal bodies resembl+ ! amba--t9y little portions ( protoplasm4 ,! p>asite 9 its e>lie/ =m is a small1 cle>1 r+-%ap$ body inside ! r$ blood-corpuscle1 ^u :i* x fe$s1 gradually increas+ 9 size & =m+ )9 itself blacki% gra9s out ( ! color+ matt] ( ! corpuscle4 ,:5 ! little p>asite rea*es a c]ta9 size x beg9s to divide or multiply1 & an enorm\s numb] ( ^! break+ up at ! same "t give (f poison 9 ! blood1 :i* causes ! p>oxysms ( fev]4 ,dur+ :at is kn[n z ! *ill1 9 ! int]mitt5t fev]1 = example1 "o c always f9d ^! divid+ p>asites4 ,sev]al diff]5t =ms ( ! p>asites h be5 f\nd1 correspond+ to diff]5t v>ieties ( mal>ia4 ,p>asites ( a v simil> nature exi/ abundantly 9 birds4 ,ross1 an army surgeon 9 ,india1 f\nd t ! spread ( ?is p>asite f bird to bird 0 effect$ ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ! mosquito4 ,! p>asites rea* maturity 9 c]ta9 cells ( ! coats ( ! /oma* ( ^! insects1 & develop into peculi> ?read-l bodies1 _m ( :i* ultimately rea* ! saliv>y gl&s1 f :i*1 z ! insect bites1 !y pass ) ! secretion ( ! gl&s into ! w\nd4 ,f ?is z a basis1 num]\s obs]v]s h work$ out ! relation ( ! mosquito to mal>ia 9 ! human subject4 ,briefly /at$1 ! disease is transmitt$ *iefly by c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! mosquito1 p>ticul>ly ! ,anopheles4 ,! ord9>y ,culex1 :i* is pres5t *iefly 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 does n convey ! disease4 ,! ,anopheles sucks ! blood f a p]son infect$ ) mal>ia1 takes 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( p>asites1 :i* und]go developm5t 9 ! body ( ! insect1 ! f9al outcome ( :i* is num]\s small1 ?read-l /ructures1 :i* are f\nd 9 numb]s 9 ! saliv>y gl&s4 ,f ?is po9t1 :5 ! mosquito bites ano!r individual1 !y pass into 8 blood1 infect ! sy/em1 & 9 ?is way ! disease is transmitt$4 ,two v /rik+ exp]im5ts may be m5tion$4 ,! ,italian obs]v]s h repeat$ly %[n t ,anopheles :i* h suck$ blood f pati5ts suff]+ f mal>ia1 :5 s5t to a non-mal>ial region1 & !re all[$ to bite p]fectly heal?y p]sons1 h transmitt$ ! disease4 ,b a v crucial exp]im5t 0 made a %ort "t ago4 ,mosquitoes :i* _h bitt5 mal>ial pati5ts 9 ,italy 7 s5t to ,london & !re all[$ to bite ,mr4 ,manson1 son ( ,dr4 ,manson1 :o really sugge/$ ! mosquito !ory ( mal>ia4 ,?is g5tleman _h n liv$ out ( ,engl&1 & !re is no acute mal>ia 9 ,london4 ,he _h be5 a p]fectly heal?y1 /rong man4 ,9 a few days foll[+ ! bites ( ! infect$ mosquitoes he _h a typical attack ( mal>ial fev]4 ,! o!r exp]im5t1 ?\gh ( a diff]5t "*1 is q z conv9c+4 ,9 c]ta9 regions ab\t ,rome1 9 ! ,campania1 mal>ia is s preval5t t 9 ! autumn almo/ e "o 9 ! di/rict is attack$1 p>ticul>ly if he is a new-com]4 ,dr4 ,sambron & a fri5d liv$ 9 ?is di/rict f ! #a/ ( ,june to ! #a/ ( ,septemb]1 #aijj4 ,! te/ 0 :e!r !y c\ld live 9 ?is exce$+ly dang]\s climate = ! ?ree mon?s )\t cat*+ mal>ia1 if !y us$ /r+5t precautions aga9/ ! bites ( mosquitoes4 ,= ?is purpose ! hut 9 :i* !y liv$ 0 ?or\ghly wir$1 & !y slept ) ! greate/ c>e "u nett+4 ,bo? ( ^! g5tlem5 at ! end ( ! p]iod _h escap$ ! disease4 ,! importance ( ^! /udies _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,!y expla9 ! relation ( mal>ia to m>%y di/ricts1 ! seasonal incid5ce ( ! disease1 ! nocturnal infection1 & _m o!r hi!rto obscure problems4 ,m important /ill1 !y po9t out cle>ly ! way by :i* mal>ia may be prev5t$3 ,fir/1 ! recognition t any individual ) mal>ia is a s\rce ( dang] 9 a community1 s t he mu/ be ?or\ghly treat$ ) qu99e2 secondly1 ! importance ( ! dra9+ ( m>%y di/ricts & ponds 9 :i* mosquitoes bre$2 &1 ?irdly1 t ev5 9 ! mo/ infect$ regions p]sons may escape ! disease by liv+ 9 ?or\ghly protect$ h\ses1 9 ?is way escap+ ! bites ( mosquitoes4 ,v5]eal ,diseases4--,^! cont9ue to emb>rass ! social economi/ & to p]plex & di/ress ! pr(ession4 ,! mis]y & ill-heal? :i* !y cause are incalculable1 & ! pity ( x is t ! cross is n always borne by ! (f5d]1 b innoc5t wom5 & *ildr5 %>e ! p5alties4 ,! gonorrhal infection1 s common1 & (t5 s little he$$1 is a cause ( mu* disease 9 p>ts o!r ?an ^? fir/ affect$4 ,syphilis claims its victims 9 e rank ( life1 at e age1 & 9 all c\ntries4 ,we n[ treat x m ?or\ghly1 b all attempts to *eck its ravages h be5 fruitless4 ,physicians h two important duties3 ! incessant prea*+ ( cont95ce to "y m51 & scrupul\s c>e1 9 e case1 t ! disease may n be a s\rce ( infection to o!rs1 & t by ?or\gh treatm5t ! pati5t may be sav$ f ! s]i\s late n]v\s manife/ations4 ,we c also urge t 9 ! int]e/s ( public heal? v5]eal diseases1 l o!r infections1 %all be subject to sup]vision by ! ,/ate4 ,! opposition to measures t5d+ to ! re/riction ( ^! diseases is mo/ natural3 on ! "o h&1 f wom51 :o feel t x is an aggravation ( a %ock+ inju/ice & wrong to _! sex2 on ! o!r1 f ^? :o feel ! moral guilt 9 a legal recognition ( ! evil4 ,x is appall+ to contemplate ! frightful tra9 ( mis]ies :i* a s+le diseas$ woman may entail1 n alone on h] associates1 b on scores ( ! innoc5t--^: bitt] cry %\ld make ! oppon5ts ( legislation feel t any measures ( re/riction1 any measures ( regi/ration1 w\ld be pref]able to ! pres5t disgraceful condition1 :i* makes ( "s ,*ri/ian cities op5 bro!ls & all[s ! pure/ homes to be invad$ by ! mo/ loa?some ( all diseases4 ,leprosy4--,s9ce ! discov]y ( ! g]m ( ?is t]rible disease sy/ematic ef=ts h be5 made to improve ! /ate ( its victims & to promote ! /udy ( ! conditions "u :i* ! disease prevails4 ,! ,engli% ,leprosy ,commission has done good "w 9 call+ att5tion to ! widespread preval5ce ( ! disease 9 ,india & 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 ?is c\ntry leprosy has be5 introduc$ into ,san ,francisco by ! ,*9ese1 & into ! ,nor?we/]n ,/ates by ! ,norwegians1 & !re are foci ( ! disease 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 p>ticul>ly ,l\isiana1 & 9 ! prov9ce ( ,new ,brunswick4 ,! problem has an additional int]e/ s9ce ! annexation ( ,hawaii & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 9 bo? ( :i* places leprosy prevails ext5sively4 ,by sy/ematic measures ( inspection & ! segregation ( affect$ individuals ! disease c readily be held 9 *eck4 ,x is n likely ev] to increase among native ,am]icans1 or aga9 ga9 su* a foo?old z x _h 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,pu]p]al ,fev]4--,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ( all victories ( prev5tive m$ic9e has be5 ! almo/ total abolition ( s-call$ *ild-b$ fev] f ! mat]nity hospitals & f private practice4 ,9 _m in/itutions ! mortality aft] *ild-bir? 0 five or six p] c5t41 inde$ sometimes z high z t5 p] c5t41 :]eas to-day1 ow+ entirely to prop] antiseptic precautions1 ! mortality has fall5 to ?ree-t5?s to f\r-t5?s p] c5t4 ,! recognition ( ! contagi\sness ( pu]p]al fev] 0 ! mo/ valuable contribution to m$ical sci5ce made by ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes4 ,!re _h be5 previ\s sugge/ions by sev]al writ]s1 b 8 essay on ! 8,contagi\sness ( ,pu]p]al ,fev]10 publi%$ 9 #ahdc1 0 ! fir/ /rong1 cle>1 logical /atem5t ( ! case4 ,semmelweis1 a few ye>s lat]1 add$ ! weight ( a l>ge practical exp]i5ce to ! side ( ! contagi\sness1 b ! full recognition ( ! causes ( ! disease 0 n rea*$ until ! rec5t antiseptic views _h be5 put into practical effect4 ,,! ,,new ,,disp5sation ,,9 ,,treatm5t ,! c5tury has witness$ a revolution 9 ! treatm5t ( disease1 & ! gr[? ( a new s*ool ( m$ic9e4 ,! old s*ools--regul> & homopa?ic--put _! tru/ 9 drugs1 to give :i* 0 ! alpha & ! omega ( _! practice4 ,= e symptom !re 7 a score or m ( m$ic9es--vile1 nause\s comp\nds 9 "o case2 bl&1 h>mless dilutions 9 ! o!r4 ,! new s*ool has a firm fai? 9 a few good1 well-tri$ drugs1 little or none 9 ! great mass ( m$ic9es /ill 9 g5]al use4 ,imp]ative drugg+--! ord]+ ( m$ic9e 9 any & e malady--is no long] reg>d$ z ! *ief function ( ! doctor4 ,naturally1 :5 ! entire conception ( ! disease 0 *ang$1 !re came a correspond+ *ange 9 our !rapeutics4 ,9 no respect is ?is m /rik+ly %[n ?an 9 our pres5t treatm5t ( fev]--say1 ( ! common typhoid fev]4 ,dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury ! pati5ts 7 bl$1 bli/]$1 purg$ & vomit$1 & dos$ ) m]cury1 antimony1 & o!r comp\nds to meet special symptoms4 ,dur+ ! second qu>t]1 ! same1 ) v>iations 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,aft] #ahej ble$+ became less frequ5t1 & ! exp]im5ts ( ! ,p>is & ,vi5na s*ools began to %ake ! belief 9 ! control ( fev] by drugs4 ,dur+ ! la/ qu>t] s5sible doctors h rea*$ ! conclusion t typhoid fev] is n a disease to be treat$ ) m$ic9es1 b t 9 a l>ge proportion ( all cases diet1 nurs+1 & ba?+ meet ! indications4 ,!re is active1 sy/ematic1 c>eful1 wat*ful treatm5t1 b n ) drugs4 ,! public has n yet be5 fully educat$ to ?is po9t1 & m$ic9es h sometimes to be ord]$ = ! sake ( ! fri5ds1 & x mu/ be confess$ t !re are /ill 9 ! ranks antiques :o w\ld insi/ on a dose ( "s k9d e few h\rs4 ,! battle aga9/ poly-ph>macy1 or ! use ( a l>ge numb] ( drugs 7( ! action ( :i* we "k little1 yet we put !m into bodies ( ! action ( :i* we "k less71 has n be5 f\ght to a f9i%4 ,!re h be5 two contribut+ factors on ! side ( progress--! rem>kable gr[? ( ! skeptical _s fo/]$ by ,p>is1 ,vi5na1 & ,bo/on physicians1 &1 above all1 ! valuable lesson ( homopa?y1 ! inf9itesimals ( :i* c]ta9ly c\ld n d h>m1 & q z c]ta9ly c\ld n d good2 yet nobody has ev] claim$ t ! mortality among homopa?ic practition]s 0 great] ?an among ^? ( ! regul> s*ool4 ,a new s*ool ( practition]s has aris5 :i* c>es no?+ = homopa?y & less = s-call$ allopa?y4 ,x seeks to /udy1 rationally & sci5tifically1 ! action ( drugs1 old & new4 ,x is m conc]n$ t a physician %all "k h[ to apply ! few great m$ic9es :i* all h to use1 su* z qu99e1 iron1 m]cury1 iodide ( potassium1 opium1 & digitalis1 r ?an a multiplicity ( rem$ies ! action ( :i* is extremely d\btful4 ,! gr[? ( sci5tific ph>macology1 by :i* we n[ h _m active pr9ciples in/ead ( crude drugs1 & ! discov]y ( ! art ( mak+ m$ic9es palatable1 h be5 ( enorm\s aid 9 rational practice4 ,!re is no limit to ! possibility ( help f ! sci5tific inve/igation ( ! prop]ties & action ( drugs4 ,at any day ! new *emi/ry may give to u rem$ies ( extraord9>y pot5cy & ( z mu* usefulness z coca9e4 ,!re is no reason :y we %\ld n ev5 9 ! vegetable _w f9d = c]ta9 diseases specifics ( virtue fully equal to t ( qu99e 9 ! mal>ial fev]s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( ! mod]n treatm5t ( disease is ! return to :at us$ to be call$ ! natural me?ods--diet1 ex]cise1 ba?+1 & massage4 ,!re probably nev] has be5 a p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! pr(ession :5 ! value ( diet 9 ! prev5tion & ! cure ( disease 0 m fully recogniz$4 ,dyspepsia1 ! besett+ malady ( ?is c\ntry1 is l>gely due to improp] diet1 imp]fectly prep>$ & too ha/ily eat54 ,"o ( ! great lessons to be le>n$ is t ! pres]vation ( heal? dep5ds 9 great "p ^u food well cook$ & c>efully eat54 ,a common cause ( ru9$ dige/ion1 p>ticul>ly 9 "y girls1 is ! eat+ ( sweets betwe5 meals & ! dr9k+ ( ! abom9ations disp5s$ 9 ! *emi/s' %ops 9 ! =m ( ice-cream sodas1 etc4 ,ano!r frequ5t cause ( ru9$ dige/ion 9 bus9ess m5 is ! hurri$ meal at ! lun*-c\nt]4 ,& a ?ird factor1 mo/ important ( all1 illu/rates ! old maxim1 t m p are kill$ by ov] eat+ & dr9k+ ?an by ! sword4 ,s5sible p h begun to realize t alcoholic excesses lead inevitably to impair$ heal?4 ,a man may take f\r or five dr9ks ( :iskey a day1 or ev5 m1 & ?9ks p]haps t he transacts 8 bus9ess bett] ) t am\nt ( /imulant2 b x only too frequ5tly happ5s t e>ly 9 ! fif? decade1 j z bus9ess or political success is assur$1 ,bac*us h&s 9 heavy bills = paym5t1 9 ! =m ( s]i\s disease ( ! art]ies or ( ! liv]1 or !re is a g5]al breakd[n4 ,) ! introduction ( light be] !re has be5 n only less intemp]ance1 b a r$uction 9 ! numb] ( ! cases ( organic disease ( ! he>t1 liv]1 & /oma* caus$ by alcohol4 ,:ile temp]ance 9 ! matt] ( alcoholic dr9ks is becom+ a *>act]i/ic feature ( ,am]icans1 intemp]ance 9 ! quantity ( food tak5 is almo/ ! rule4 ,adults eat f> too mu*1 & physicians are beg9n+ to recognize t ! e>ly deg5]ations1 p>ticul>ly ( ! art]ies & ( ! kidneys1 lead+ to ,bright's disease1 :i* 7 =m]ly attribut$ to alcohol1 are due 9 l>ge "p to too mu* food4 ,nurs+4--,p]haps 9 no p>ticul> does n9ete5?-c5tury practice diff] f t ( ! prec$+ c5turies m ?an 9 ! great] att5tion :i* is giv5 to ! p]sonal com=t ( ! pati5t & to all ! accessories compris$ 9 ! art ( nurs+4 ,! physician has 9 ! tra9$ nurse an assi/ant :o c>ries out 8 directions ) a wat*ful c>e1 & :o is on ! look\t = dang]-signals1 & ) accurate notes enables him to e/imate ! progress ( a critical case f h\r to h\r4 ,! intellig5t1 devot$ wom5 :o h adopt$ ! pr(ession ( nurs+1 are n only 9 _! m9i/rations a public b5efaction1 b !y h light5$ ! anxieties :i* =m s l>ge a "p ( ! load ( ! busy doctor4 ,massage & ,hydro!rapy h tak5 _! places z mo/ important measures ( relief 9 _m *ronic conditions1 & ! latt] has be5 almo/ univ]sally adopt$ z ! only safe means ( combat+ ! high temp]atures ( ! acute fev]s4 ,)9 ! pa/ qu>t] ( a c5tury ! value ( ex]cise 9 ! education ( ! "y has become recogniz$4 ,! increase 9 ! means ( tak+ :olesome out-(-door ex]cise is rem>kable1 & %\ld %[ 9 a few ye>s an influ5ce 9 ! r$uction ( ! n]v\s tr\bles 9 "y p]sons4 ,! prophylactic b5efit ( sy/ematic ex]cise1 tak5 9 mod]ation by p]sons ( middle age1 is v great4 ,golf & ! bicycle h 9 ! pa/ few ye>s mat]ially l[]$ ! av]age incomes ( ! doctors 9 ?is c\ntry z d]iv$ f p]sons "u =ty4 ,f ! s5ile cont+5t--^? above ?is age--! av]age income has = a "t be5 rais$ by ^! ex]cises1 z a l>ge numb] ( p]sons h be5 injur$ by tak+ up sports :i* may be vigor\sly pursu$ ) safety only by ^? ) "y art]ies4 ,( ?ree dep>tures 9 ! art ( heal+1 brief m5tion may be made4 ,! use ( ! extracts ( c]ta9 organs 7or ( ! organs !mselves7 9 disease is z old z ! days ( ! ,romans1 b an extraord9>y impetus has be5 giv5 to ! subject by ! discov]y ( ! curative p[]s ( ! extract ( ! ?yroid gl& 9 ! diseases kn[n z cret9ism & myxdema4 ,! brilliancy ( ! results 9 ^! diseases has _h no p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n m$ic9e1 b x _c be said t 9 ! use ( ! extracts ( o!r organs = disease ! results h fulfill$ ! sangu9e expectations ( _m4 ,!re 0 n1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! same physiological basis1 & practition]s h us$ ^! extracts too indiscrim9ately & )\t suffici5t k ( ! subject4 ,secondly1 z ,i h already m5tion$1 we possess a sure & c]ta9 hope t = _m ( ! acute infections antitox9s w be f\nd4 ,a ?ird notewor?y feature 9 mod]n treatm5t has be5 a return to psy*ical me?ods ( cure1 9 :i* fai? 9 some?+ is sugge/$ to ! pati5t4 ,aft] all1 fai? is ! great lev] ( life4 ,)\t x1 man c d no?+2 ) x1 ev5 ) a fragm5t1 z a gra9 ( mu/>d-se$1 all ?+s are possible to him4 ,fai? 9 u1 fai? 9 our drugs & me?ods1 is ! great /ock 9 trade ( ! pr(ession4 ,9 "o pan ( ! balance1 put ! ph>macopias ( ! _w1 all ! editions f ,dioscorides to ! la/ issue ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,disp5satory2 heap !m on ! scales z did ,euripides 8 books 9 ! celebrat$ conte/ 9 ! 8,frogs02 9 ! o!r put ! simple fai? ) :i* f ! days ( ! ,ph>aohs until n[ ! *ildr5 ( m5 h swall[$ ! mixtures ^! works describe1 & ! bulky tomes w kick ! beam4 ,x is ! aurum potabile1 ! t\*/one ( success 9 m$ic9e4 ,z ,gal5 says1 confid5ce & hope d m good ?an physic--8he cures mo/ 9 :om mo/ are confid5t40 ,t /range comp\nd ( *>latan & philosoph]1 ,p>acelsus1 enc\rag$ 8 pati5ts 8to h a good fai?1 a /rong imag9ation1 & !y %all f9d ! effects0 7,burton74 ,:ile we (t5 ov]look or are ignorant ( our own fai?-cures1 doctors are j a wee bit too s5sitive ab\t ^? p]=m$ outside our ranks4 ,!y h nev] _h1 & _c expect to h1 a monopoly 9 ?is panacea1 :i* is op5 to all1 free z ! sun1 & :i* may make ( e "o 9 c]ta9 cases1 z 0 ! ,lac$emon ( ,hom]'s day1 8a good physician out ( ,nature's grace40 ,fai? 9 ! gods or 9 ! sa9ts cures "o1 fai? 9 little pills ano!r1 hypnotic sugge/ion a ?ird1 fai? 9 a pla91 common doctor a f\r?4 ,9 all ages ! pray] ( fai? has heal$ ! sick1 & ! m5tal attitude ( ! suppliant seems to be ( m consequ5ce ?an ! p[]s to :i* ! pray] is address$4 ,! cures 9 ! temples ( sculapius1 ! miracles ( ! sa9ts1 ! rem>kable cures ( ^? noble m51 ! ,jesuit mission>ies1 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! mod]n miracles at ,l\rdes & at ,/4 ,anne de ,beaupr 9 ,quebec1 & ! wond]-work+s ( ! s-call$ ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s1 are (t5 g5u9e1 & mu/ be consid]$ 9 discuss+ ! f\ndations ( !rapeutics4 ,we physicians use ! same p[] e day4 ,if a poor lass1 p>alyz$1 app>5tly1 helpless1 b$-ridd5 = ye>s1 comes to me1 hav+ worn out 9 m9d1 body1 & e/ate a devot$ family2 if %e 9 a few weeks or less by fai? 9 me1 & fai? alone1 takes up h] b$ & walks1 ! sa9ts ( old c\ld n h done m4 ,/4 ,anne & _m o!rs c sc>cely to-day d less4 ,we enjoy1 ,i say1 no monopoly 9 ! fai? bus9ess4 ,! fai? ) :i* we "w1 ! fai?1 inde$1 :i* is available to-day 9 e-day life1 has its limitations4 ,x w n raise ! dead2 x w n put 9 a new eye 9 place ( a bad "o 7z x did to an ,iroquois ,indian boy = "o ( ! ,jesuit fa!rs71 nor w x cure canc] or pneumonia1 or knit a bone2 b1 9 spite ( ^! n9ete5?-c5tury re/rictions1 su* z we f9d x1 fai? is a mo/ preci\s commodity1 )\t :i* we %\ld be v badly (f4 ,hypnotism1 introduc$ by ,mesm] 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 has _h sev]al revivals z a me?od ( treatm5t dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ c>eful /udy ( x 0 made by ,braid1 a ,man*e/] surgeon1 :o introduc$ ! t]ms hypnotism1 hypnotic1 & n]v\s sleep2 b at ?is "t no v great measure ( success foll[$ its use 9 practice1 except p]haps 9 ! case ( an ,anglo-,indian surgeon1 ,james ,esdaile1 :o1 prior to ! introduction ( an/hesia1 _h p]=m$ two hundr$ & sixty-"o surgical op]ations ^u pati5ts 9 a /ate ( hypnotic unconsci\sness4 ,ab\t #ahhj ! ,fr5* physicians1 p>ticul>ly ,*>cot & ,b]nheim1 took up ! /udy1 & s9ce t "t hypnotism has be5 ext5sively practis$4 ,x may be def9$ z a subjective psy*ical condition1 :at ,braid call$ n]v\s sleep1 resembl+ somnambulism1 9 :i*1 z ,%akespe>e says1 9 ! description ( ,lady ,macbe?1 ! p]son receives at once ! b5efit ( sleep & does ! effects or acts ( wat*+ or wak+4 ,!rapeutically1 ! important fact is t ! individual's natural susceptibility to sugge/ion is increas$1 & ?is may hold aft] ! condition ( hypnosis has pass$ away4 ,! condition ( hypnosis is usually itself induc$ by sugge/ion1 reque/+ ! subject to close ! eyes1 to ?9k ( sleep1 & ! op]ator !n repeats two or ?ree times s5t5ces sugge/+ sleep1 & sugge/+ t ! limbs are gett+ heavy & t he is feel+ dr[sy4 ,dur+ ?is /ate x has be5 f\nd t ! subjects are v susceptible to sugge/ion4 ,too mu* mu/ n be expect$ ( hypnotism1 & ! claims :i* h be5 made = x h be5 too (t5 grossly exagg]at$4 ,x seems1 z x has be5 rec5tly well put1 t hypnotism 8at be/ p]mits ( mak+ sugge/ions m effective = good or bad ?an c be done ^u "o 9 8 wak+ /ate40 ,x is f\nd to be ( v little use 9 organic disease4 ,x has be5 helpful 9 "s cases ( hy/]ia1 9 c]ta9 functional spasmodic affections ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 9 ! vici\s habits ( *ildhood1 & 9 sugge/+ to ! victims ( alcohol & drugs t !y %\ld get rid ( _! inord9ate desires4 ,x has be5 us$ successfully 9 c]ta9 cases = ! relief ( labor pa9s1 & 9 surgical op]ations2 b on ! :ole1 :ile a valuable ag5t 9 a few cases1 x has sc>cely fulfill$ ! expectations ( its advocates4 ,x is a practice n )\t s]i\s dang]s1 & %\ld nev] be p]=m$ except 9 ! pres5ce ( a ?ird p]son1 & its indiscrim9ate practice by ignorant p]sons %\ld be prev5t$ by law4 ,"o mode ( fai?-heal+ 9 mod]n days1 :i* passes "u ! rem>kable "n ( ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 is probably no?+ m ?an m5tal sugge/ion "u ano!r "n4 8,! pati5t is told to be calm1 & is assur$ t all w g well2 t he mu/ try to aid ! heal] by believ+ t :at is told him is true4 ,! heal] !n1 quietly b firmly1 ass]ts & reit]ates t !re is no pa91 no suff]+1 t x is disappe>+1 t relief w come1 t ! pati5t is gett+ well40 ,?is is precisely ! me?od :i* ,b]nheim us$ to use ) su* success 9 8 hypnotic pati5ts at ,nancy1 it]at+ & reit]at+1 9 a mo/ we>isome way1 t ! disease w\ld disappe> & ! pati5t w\ld feel bett]4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out by a rec5t writ] 7,dr4 ,h>ry ,m>%all71 ! *ief basis = ! gr[? ( ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce is t :i* und]lies e popul> fallacy3 8,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes outl9$ v cle>ly ! factors conc]n$1 %[+ 7a7 h[ easily abundant facts c be collect$ to prove any?+ :atsoev]2 7b7 h[ insuffici5t #8exalt$ wisdom1 immaculate hone/y1 & va/ g5]al acquirem5ts' are to prev5t an individual f hav+ ! mo/ primitive ideas ^u subjects out ( 8 l9e ( ?\ght2 &1 f9ally1 demon/rat+ #8! b\ndless cr$ulity & excitability ( mank9d ^u subjects connect$ ) m$ic9e4'0 ,,william ,,osl]4 ,,surg]y ,! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 made notable by "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & b5efic5t discov]ies :i* has ev] bless$ ! human race1 ! discov]y ( ! means ( prev5t+ small-pox4 ,on ,may #ad1 #agif1 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,j5n] inoculat$ ,james ,phipps4 ,:5 we rememb] t two million p]sons di$ 9 a s+le ye> 9 ! ,russian ,empire f small-pox2 t 9 #agjg 9 ,icel&1 out ( a population ( ?irty ?\s&1 sixty p] c5t41 or eighte5 ?\s&1 di$2 t 9 ,j5n]'s "t 8an adult p]son :o _h n _h small-pox 0 sc>cely met ) or he>d ( 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & t ow+ to 8 discov]y small-pox is n[ "o ( ! r>e/ diseases10 ! /rong words ,i h us$ seem fully ju/ifi$4 ,b ! eighte5? c5tury 0 n to witness ! end ( progress 9 m$ic9e4 ,! advances 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury h be5 ev5 m />tl+ & m b5efic5t4 ,:at ^! advances h be5 9 ! dep>tm5t ( m$ic9e has be5 relat$ by ,pr(essor ,osl]4 ,x is my prov9ce to speak only ( surg]y4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,tea*+ ,! fir/ advance :i* %\ld be m5tion$ is a fundam5tal "o--namely1 me?ods ( m$ical tea*+4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re 7 only ?ree m$ical s*ools 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 e/abli%$ 9 #agfe2 ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ( ,h>v>d1 e/abli%$ 9 #aghc2 & ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ( ,d>tm\?1 e/abli%$ 9 #agig4 ,! la/ report ( ! ,commission] ( ,education gives a li/ ( "o hundr$ & fifty-five m$ical s*ools n[ 9 exi/5ce 9 ?is c\ntry1 _m ( !m /ill poorly equipp$ & /ruggl+ = exi/5ce1 b a l>ge numb] ( !m /&+ 9 ! fir/ rank1 ) excell5t mod]n equipm5t1 bo? 9 tea*]s1 laboratories1 hospitals1 & o!r facilities4 ,! m$ical curriculum !n ext5d$ ov] only two ye>s or less1 & consi/$ ( c\rses ( lectures at ! mo/ by sev5 pr(essors :o1 ye> aft] ye>1 read ! same c\rse ( lectures1 )\t illu/rations & ) no practical tea*+4 ,! m$ical s*ools1 ev5 :5 connect$ ) univ]sities1 7 practically private corporations1 ! memb]s ( :i* took all ! fees1 sp5t :at money !y 7 compell$ to sp5d 9 ! ma9t5ance ( :at we n[ %\ld call ! semblance ( an education1 & divid$ ! pr(its4 ,until )9 ab\t tw5ty ye>s ?is me?od prevail$ 9 all our m$ical s*ools4 ,b ! la/ two decades ( ! c5tury h se5 a rem>kable awak5+ ( ! m$ical pr(ession to ! ne$ ( a broad] & m lib]al education1 & t1 z a pr]equisite1 ! m$ical s*ools %\ld be on ! same basis z ! dep>tm5t ( arts 9 e well-regulat$ college4 ,to accompli% ?is ! bo>ds ( tru/ees h tak5 possession ( ! fees ( /ud5ts1 h plac$ ! faculties ^u sal>ies1 & h us$ su* portion ( ! incomes ( ! in/itutions z 0 ne$$ = a con/ant & yet rapid developm5t along ! mo/ lib]al l9es4 ,,college ,,hospitals ,! fir/ /ep has be5 ! e/abli%m5t 9 connection ) mo/ s*ools ( g5]al hospitals 9 :i* ! v>i\s tea*]s 9 ! college %\ld be ! cl9ical in/ructors1 & :]e ! /ud5ts w\ld h ! means n only ( he>+ !oretically :at %\ld be done to ! sick1 b ( actually exam9+ ! pati5ts "u ! sup]vision ( _! in/ructors1 /udy+ ! cases s z to become skill$ 9 rea*+ a diagnosis & indicat+ :at 9 _! op9ion 0 necess>y 9 ! way ei!r ( hygi5e1 m$ic9e1 or surgical op]ation4 ,m ?an t1 9 mo/ ( ! advanc$ s*ools to-day ! /ud5ts assi/ ! cl9ical faculties ( ! hospitals 9 ! actual p]=mance ( op]ations1 s t :5 !y graduate !y are skill$ to a degree utt]ly unkn[n tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,,e/abli%m5t ,,( ,,laboratories ,ano!r /ep :i* 0 equally important1 & 9 "s respects ev5 m s1 has be5 ! e/abli%m5t ( laboratories connect$ ) ea* bran* ( in/ruction4 ,a laboratory ( anatomy 7! dissect+ room7 e m$ical s*ool has always _h1 b all ! o!r laboratories are rec5t additions4 ,among ^! may be nam$ a laboratory ( cl9ical m$ic9e1 a laboratory ( !rapeutics1 9 :i* ! action ( drugs is /udi$2 a laboratory ( *emi/ry1 a laboratory ( microscopy1 a laboratory ( pa?ology = ! /udy ( diseas$ tissues1 a laboratory ( embryology = ! /udy ( ! developm5t ( ! human body & ( ! embryos ( animals1 a laboratory ( hygi5e1 a laboratory ( bact]iology1 a laboratory ( ph>macy1 a surgical laboratory1 9 :i* all ! op]ations ( surg]y are done on ! cadav] by ea* /ud5t1 a laboratory ( physiology1 & 9 _m colleges private rooms 9 :i* advanc$ "w may be done = ! discov]y ( new tru?s4 ,9 all ^! laboratories1 in/ead ( simply he>+ ab\t ! exp]im5ts & obs]vations1 ea* /ud5t is requir$ to h&le ! drugs1 ! *emicals1 ! app>atus1 to d all ! op]ations1 to look ?r\gh ! microscope1 etc42 9 o!r words1 to d all t :i* is necess>y = ! prop] und]/&+ ( ! case 9 h&4 ,9 fact1 x may be said t 9 view ( ! opportunities & ! requirem5ts ( mod]n hospitals1 x is und\bt$ly true t a hospital pati5t1 ! poore/ ( ! poor1 (t5 has 8 case m ?or\ghly /udi$ & m accurately obs]v$ ?an ! weal?y pati5t :o is att5d$ at 8 home4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 s _m laboratories ) _! exp5sive app>atus & a l>ge /aff ( assi/ants mean an enorm\s increase 9 ! exp5se ( a m$ical education1 = :i* ! /ud5t does n pay any?+ l an equival5t4 ,h5ce ! ne$ 9 all ( our be/ mod]n m$ical s*ools = end[m5ts1 9 ord] t su* "w may be c>ri$ on prop]ly1 & yet ! /ud5t n be *>g$ su* fees z to be practically prohibitory1 except+ = ! ri*1 or at ! lea/ ! well-to-d4 ,i d n hesitate to say t at ! end ( ! second ye> _m a dilig5t /ud5t ( to-day is bett] fitt$ to practise m$ic9e ?an 0 ! graduate ( half a c5tury ago4 ,,anatomical ,,mat]ial ,"o ( ! mo/ important means ( ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 & especially ( surg]y1 is a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! anatomy ( ! human body4 ,no "o w\ld ?9k ( plac+ an eng9e] 9 *>ge ( a complicat$ piece ( ma*9]y1 :o _h nev] become intimately acqua9t$ ) all ! p>ts ( su* a ma*9e1 s t he c\ld take x to pieces & put x toge!r aga9 ) ease & intellig5ce4 ,yet1 until comp>atively rec5tly1 ?is k ( anatomy 0 bo? requir$ (1 & yet at ! same "t ! means ( obta9+ x 0 =bidd5 to1 ! m$ical /ud5t4 ,if he p]=m$ an op]ation & 0 guilty ( neglig5ce or error1 due to 8 want ( anatomical k1 he 0 liable to a suit = malpractice4 ,yet 8 only means ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! anatomy ( ! human body 0 by /eal+ ! bodies ( ! dead4 ,9 ,engl&1 up to #ahcb1 ?is 0 equally true4 ,a regul> traffic 9 human bodies exi/$ !re z well z "h1 &1 by reason ( its p]ils1 ! co/ ( bodies = dissection 0 v great2 b x 0 only a "q ( money4 ,9 8 te/imony be=e ! ,p>liam5t>y ,committee1 ,sir ,a/ley ,coop] made a %iv] run d[n ! backs ( ! noble lords :o li/5$ to him :5 he said t 9 ord] to dissect ! body ( any ( !m x 0 only necess>y = him to pay en\gh4 ,! l>ge pecuni>y pr(its ( su* bus9ess1 :5 ! supply 0 v small1 l$ to ! horrible atrocities ( ,burke & ,h>e 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #ahcb4 ,!y delib]ately murd]$ a consid]able numb] ( p]sons1 & sold ! bodies to ! dissect+ rooms 9 t city4 ,! discov]y ( _! crimes f9ally l$ to ! passage ( ! ,anatomy ,act1 :i* has be5 9 =ce 9 ,great ,brita9 ev] s9ce4 ,simil> violations ( gravey>ds 9 ?is c\ntry h l$ to ! passage 9 v>i\s ,/ates ( some:at simil> laws1 usually giv+ = dissection ! bodies ( ^? :o 7 s poor 9 fri5d%ip t no "o w\ld sp5d ! money necess>y = _! burial4 ,ev5 to-day1 9 a l>ge numb] ( our ,/ates1 ! =m] anomal\s condition ( affairs exi/s4 ,! increase ( anatomical mat]ial :i* has result$ f ! enactm5t ( wise & salut>y laws = ?is purpose has giv5 a great impetus to ! /udy ( anatomy1 & has produc$ a f> bett] educat$ class ( physicians 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,! enlight5$ s5se ( ! community has p]ceiv$ t to d5y ! m$ical s*ools ! means ( prop]ly tea*+ anatomy 0 a fatal mi/ake1 & result$ 9 an ignorance ( :i* ! community 7 ! victims4 ,z a result1 x is possible n[1 by law1 9 mo/ ,/ates to obta9 a reasonable numb] ( cadav]s1 n only = ! /udy ( anatomy1 b = ! p]=mance ( all ! usual op]ations4 ,,m$ical ,,libr>ies ,along ) ?is !re has be5 ?r\gh\t ?is c\ntry a m>k$ movem5t 9 favor ( m$ical libr>ies4 ,x is to ! cr$it ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t ! :ole _w is debtor to u1 n only = ! =emo/ m$ical libr>y 9 ! _w1 t ( ! surgeon-g5]al ( ! army 9 ,wa%+ton1 b also = ! magnific5t index-catalogue1 n only ( ! books1 b all ! j\rnal articles 9 e language 9 ! _w4 ,no bett] inve/m5t ( money 0 ev] made ?an ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is libr>y1 & its alli$ museum1 & ! publication ( ! index-catalogue4 ,,embryology ,z a result ( all ^! means & me?ods ( /udy1 & z a "p ( ! great educational & sci5tific movem5t ( ! c5tury1 m$ical m5 n[ take a :olly diff]5t view ( ! normal & abnormal /ructures ( ! human body4 ,! /udy ( embryology has %[n u t _m ( ! deviations f ! normal developm5t ( ! human body are easily expla9$ by embryology4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important *anges 9 our idea1 = example1 ( tumors is due to ! fact t ! /udy ( embryology & ( ! tissues ( ! embryo h %[n u t diseas$ /ructures1 :i* lack explanation entirely1 :5 comp>$ ) ! adult human tissues1 readily f9d _! explanation & fall into an unexpect$ ord] :5 comp>$ ) ! tissues ( ! embryo4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 has ! /udy ( embryological tissues ?r[n a flood ( light on diseas$ /ructures1 b we h obta9$ new views ( ! relation ( man to all creatures1 l[] 9 ! scale ( life4 ,l>gely ow+ to ! doctr9e ( evolution1 we n[ recognize ! fact t1 s f> z 8 body is conc]n$1 man is k9dr$ to ! brutes2 t 8 diseases1 )9 c]ta9 limitations1 are id5tical ) simil> diseases ( ! l[] animals2 t 8 anatomy & physiology are1 9 ess5ce1 ! same z ! anatomy & physiology ( ! l[] animals1 ev5 ! v l[e/1 & t _m ( 8 diseases c be be/ /udi$ 9 ! l[] animals1 because ^u !m we c make exact exp]im5ts :i* w\ld be impossible 9 man4 ,:ile x is true t ea* animal has disord]s :i* are peculi> to itself1 & t x is n subject to "s ( ! disord]s to :i* man is a victim1 &1 p] contra1 t man is a victim to "s disord]s f :i* animals d n suff]1 yet1 tak+ !m z a :ole1 ! diseases ( man & ( animals1 & ! action ( rem$ies on bo?1 are practically id5tical4 ,to ?is ,i %all h occasion to ref] aga94 ,,pa?ology ,among ! laboratories :i* ,i m5tion$1 "o ( ! mo/ important is t ( pa?ology & morbid anatomy1 or ! /udy ( diseas$ tissues & organs4 ,! fir/ "w on pa?ology writt5 9 ?is c\ntry 0 by "o ( our be/-kn[n surgeons1 ! late ,samuel ,d4 ,gross1 & "o ( 8 mo/ important contributions to surgical progress consi/$ 9 8 p]si/5t advocacy ( ! ne$ = ! /udy ( pa?ology z a basis = all our means ( cure4 ,?is is evid5t1 if we consid] ! illu/ration ,i us$ a mom5t ago ( a /eam-eng9e4 ,unless he kn[s precisely ! defects ( su* a ma*9e1 ! influ5ce ( fre% or salt wat] on a boil]1 ! influ5ce ( ru/1 ! effect ( oils1 entirely ap>t f ! m]e me*anism ( ! eng9e1 an eng9e] might make ! mo/ s]i\s mi/ake1 result+ 9 fatal damage1 bo? to ! ma*9e & probably to life4 ,s1 surgical pa?ology is ! /udy ( ! processes ( disease1 ! alt]ations 9 ! m9ute /ructure ( tissues & organs1 )\t :i* no surgeon c be fitt$ = 8 task1 mu* less c he be call$ an accompli%$ surgeon4 ,all ( ^! laboratories m>k ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sci5tific & ! empirical me?od4 ,! old /ud5t ( m$ic9e w5t f case to case1 he>d _m a good maxim1 & le>n$ _m a useful trick2 b1 aft] all1 x 0 only an empirical k :i* he obta9$4 ,x did n g to ! f\ndation ( ?+s1 x 0 n sci5tific1 z is ! collegiate in/ruction ( to-day4 ,hav+ n[ glanc$ rapidly at ! improvem5t 9 m$ical in/ruction1 let me turn next to a few ( ! pr9cipal discov]ies :i* h made ! surg]y ( to-day s mu* sup]ior to ! surg]y ( a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,,an,,/hesia ,aft] vacc9ation1 ! mo/ important m$ical ev5t ( ! c5tury is ! discov]y ( an/hesia4 ,:ile !re 7 "s prior attempts at an/hesia1 practically x dates f ,octob] #af1 #ahdf1 :5 ,dr4 ,john ,c4 ,w>r51 9 ! ,massa*usetts ,g5]al ,hospital1 fir/ p]=m$ a major surgical op]ation1 )\t inflict+ ! slighte/ pa94 ,i _c ent] into ! m]its ( ! v>i\s claimants = ! cr$it ( fir/ us+ an an/hetic1 b e!r 0 !n = ! fir/ "t publicly adm9i/]$ by ,morton1 & ! v sponge :i* 0 !n us$ is n[ a preci\s trophy ( ! ,massa*usetts ,g5]al ,hospital4 ,i may1 p]haps1 quote f an address :i* ,i deliv]$ be=e ! ,m$ical & ,*irurgical ,faculty ( ! ,/ate ( ,m>yl&1 at _! c5t5nial anniv]s>y1 9 ,april1 #ahii1 ! foll[+ 9 relation to an/hesia3 8,! news w5t l wildfire1 & an/hesia 0 soon introduc$ into e cl9ic & at almo/ e op]ation ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4 ,prior to t "t a surgical op]ation 0 att5d$ ) horrors :i* ^? :o live 9 ^! days _c appreciate4 ,he 0 ! be/ surgeon :o c\ld p]=m any op]ation 9 ! lea/ possible "t4 ,! :ole object ( new me?ods ( op]at+ 0 to %ort5 ! p]iod ( frightful agony :i* e pati5t _h to endure4 ,e second ( suff]+ sav$ 0 an incalculable boon4 ,to submit to any op]ation requir$ !n a h]oism & an endurance :i* is almo/ incompreh5sible to u n[4 ,all ( ! m mod]n1 delib]ate1 c>eful1 pa9/ak+ op]ations1 involv+ m9ute dissection1 amid n]ves & blood-vessels1 :5 life or dea? dep5ds on ! accuracy ( almo/ e t\* ( ! knife1 7 absolutely impossible4 ,x 0 beyond human endurance quietly to submit "o's self = an h\r1 = an h\r & a half1 = two h\rs1 or ev5 long]1 to su* physical agony4 8,x is a /rik+ comm5t>y on ! imm$iate results ( an/hesia to le>n t1 9 five ye>s be=e ! introduction ( e!r1 only "o hundr$ & eighty-f\r p]sons 7 will+ to submit !mselves to su* a dreadful ordeal 9 ! ,massa*usetts ,g5]al ,hospital--an av]age ( ?irty-sev5 op]ations p] annum1 or ?ree p] mon?4444 ,dur+ ! la/ ye>1 9 ! same hospital--a ,mecca = e surgeon ! _w ov]--ov] ?irty-sev5 hundr$ op]ations 7 p]=m$4 ,x is n an uncommon ?+ at ! pres5t day = any "o ( ! m active surgeons ( ?is c\ntry to d z _m z f\r or five hundr$ op]ations 9 a ye>4 ,i h kn[n z _m z n9ete5 op]ations to be done 9 ! ,jeff]son ,m$ical ,college ,hospital 9 a s+le day--equall+ six mon?s' "w 9 ,bo/on be=e ! introduction ( e!r40 ,! next ye>1 #ahdg1 witness$ ! introduction ( *lor(orm by ,sir ,james ,y4 ,simpson1 ( ,ed9burgh4 ,until ,i became acqua9t$ ) ! /rik+ figures j quot$1 ,i _h (t5 wond]$ at ! hospital sc5e 9 t mo/ t\*+ /ory1 ,rab & ,8 ,fri5ds1 by ! late gift$ & well-belov$ physician1 ,dr4 ,john ,br[n1 ( ,ed9burgh4 ,n[adays /ud5ts d n ru% into ! surgical amphi!atre :5 !y le>n t an op]ation is to be done1 b x is tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse1 = practically e day _m op]ations are done 9 mo/ ( our l>ge hospitals4 ,b1 at ! "t :5 ,rab's mi/ress 0 op]at$ ^u1 an op]ation1 z has be5 /at$1 0 a v r>e ev5t4 ,few _h ! =titude to endure its dreadful pangs4 ,n[1 ?anks to ! bless$ sleep ( an/hesia1 suff]]s f ev5 ! mo/ dreadful disord]s c h long & difficult op]ations done1 accurate & t$i\s dissections made1 & yet feel n a tw+e ( pa94 ,besides g5]al an/hesia by e!r1 *lor(orm1 & a few o!r ag5ts1 !re h be5 introduc$ sev]al means = produc+ 8local an/hesia10 i4e41 ag5ts :i* de/roy ! s5sibility ( ! "p ( ! body to be op]at$ ^u :ile n produc+ unconsci\sness4 ,freez+ ! "p by ice & salt1 or by a quickly evaporat+ spray ( rhigol5e or *loride ( e?yl1 are sometimes us$4 ,b coca9e & a some:at simil> sub/ance1 euca9e1 h ( late be5 m ext5sively us$ on man1 aft] _! h>mlessness _h be5 fir/ %[n by exp]im5ts on animals4 ,9 #ahhe ,corn+1 ( ,new ,york1 inject$ a solution ( coca9e z ne> to ! sp9al cord z 0 possible1 & produc$ ins5sibility ( all ! body bel[ ! po9t ( injection by ! effect ( ! coca9e ^u ! sp9al cord4 ,a few ye>s ago ,qu9cke1 ( ,kiel1 9 ,g]many1 devis$ a means ( punctur+ ! sp9al canal itself 9 ! lumb> region 7! l[e/ "p ( ! small ( ! back7 = ! purpose ( draw+ (f "s ( ! fluid = exam9ation4 ,?is sugge/$ to ,bi]1 !n ( ,kiel1 :o 0 app>5tly ignorant ( ,corn+'s "w1 t coca9e c\ld be inject$ ?r\gh a holl[ ne$le ins]t$ into ! sp9al canal by 8lumb> puncture0 & s produce an/hesia ( all ! body bel[ ?is po9t4 ,?is me?od 0 publi%$ by him 9 #ahii1 & 0 soon repeat$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ,france1 h[ev]1 x has be5 practis$ m ?an else:]e1 ,tupp]1 ( ,p>is1 hav+ successfully done ov] two hundr$ op]ations by 8sp9al an/hesia40 ,all ( ! body bel[ ! diaphragm c ?us be depriv$ ( s5sibility4 ,! me?od w probably nev] replace e!r & *lor(orm1 b 9 _m cases is a valuable aid to ! surgeon4 ,b x has its dang]s & its inconv5i5ces4 ,! ideal an/hetic is n t :i* de/roys s5sibility & yet leaves ! pati5t p]fectly consci\s1 z sp9al an/hesia does4 ,a pati5t to :om ,i rec5tly propos$ x = c]ta9 special reasons reject$ x1 say+1 ) probable tru?1 t %e c\ld nev] be> ! /ra9 ( ly+ on ! table p]fectly consci\s ( all t 0 be+ done & fright5$ by any surgical em]g5cy :i* might easily arise 9 su* a long1 difficult1 & dang]\s op]ation4 ,! ideal an/hetic is t :i* w aboli% pa9 & consci\sness )\t dang] to life4 ,! tw5tie? c5tury w und\bt$ly see ! discov]y ( ?is safe & effici5t an/hetic4 ,,antisepsis ,b ! limits ( surgical progress 7 n yet rea*$4 ,let me quote aga9 f ! address be=e allud$ to3 8,ev5 ! introduction ( an/hesia1 h[ev]1 did n rid surg]y ( all its t]rors4 ,! acute pa9 ( ! op]ation 0 aboli%$1 b ! aft]-suff]+1 z ,i "k only too well1 9 my e>ly surgical days1 0 some?+ dreadful to see4 ,! p>*$ lips ( ! poor suff]]1 toss+ uneasily dur+ sleepless nights2 w\nds reek+ ) pus1 & pati5ts dy+ by scores f blood-poison+1 f erysipelas1 f tetanus1 f gangr5e1 7 only too famili> sights 9 ! pre-antiseptic days4 ,!n1 aga91 !re arose "o ( ^! deliv]]s ( ! human race ^: "n c nev] be =gott5 & ^: fame w la/ s long z "t %all endure4 ,j5n]1 ,w>r51 & ,li/] are a triumvirate ( names ( :i* any pr(ession may well be pr\d4 ,?ank ,god1 !y all sprang f virile ,anglo-,saxon lo9s6 ,no praise1 no rew>d1 no fame is too great = !m4 ,t ,"l ,li/] /ill lives to see ! triumph ( 8 m>vell\s s]vices to humanity is a joy to all ( u4 ,& :5 ! pr(ession arose en masse1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 at ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,b]l91 & at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association 9 ,montreal1 & welcom$ him ) *e] aft] *e]1 x 0 b a feeble expression ( gratitude = b5efits :i* no words c express4 8,be=e ,li/]'s day erysipelas1 tetanus1 gangr5e1 & blood-poison+ 9 its v>i\s phases 7 ! con/ant att5dant ( e surgeon4 ,!y 7 dread$ gue/s at almo/ any op]ation2 & :5 9 r>e cases we obta9$ prim>y union )\t a drop ( pus1 )\t fev]1 & ) b little suff]+1 x 0 a m>vell\s a*ievem5t4 ,n[ x is precisely rev]s$4 ,! surgeon :o does n get prim>y union )\t a drop ( pus1 ) no fev]1 & ) little suff]+1 asks himself--:at 0 ! fault 9 my te*nic8 ,to op5 ! head1 ! abdom51 or ! *e/ ?irty ye>s ago 0 almo/ equival5t to sign+ ! dea?-w>rant ( a pati5t4 ,! e>ly mortality ( ov>iotomy 0 ab\t sixty p] c5t42 two out ( ?ree di$4 ,n[ _m a surgeon c po9t to a s]ies ( "o hundr$ abdom9al op]ations ) a fatality ( only two or ?ree p] c5t4 ,:5 ,sir ,sp5c] ,wells record$ 8 fir/ "o ?\s& cases ( ov>iotomy x 0 calculat$ t aft] d$uct+ ! ye>s :i* ! pati5ts :o di$ f ! op]ation w\ld h liv$ _h no op]ation be5 done ! net result ( ! ?\s& cases 0 an addition ( tw5ty ?\s& ye>s to human life4 ,"o ?\s& ov>iotomies "u antiseptic precautions at ! pres5t w\ld c]ta9ly add at lea/ ?irty ?\s& ye>s to human life4 ,w\ld n su* a gu]don be en\gh = any man8 8,?is1 too1 is a direct result ( labori\s laboratory rese>*es1 beg9n+ ) ! inve/igations ( ,liebig & ,pa/eur on f]m5tation4 ,li/] w5t /ill fur!r4 ,ev5 be=e ! discov]y ( ! bact]ia ( suppuration1 ( tetanus1 & ( erysipelas he %[$ u exp]im5tally h[1 by surgical cleanl9ess1 we c\ld avoid all infection & s bani% ^! pe/s f our hospitals & br+ life & heal? to _m :o o!rwise w\ld h p]i%$ f op]ations :i* are n[ p]fectly safe4 8,! mortality ( comp\nd fractures 9 ! pre-antiseptic days 0 ab\t sixty p] c5t4 ,x 0 "o ( ! mo/ dread$ ( all accid5ts4 ,its mortality n[ is p]haps n ov] ?ree p] c5t41 & ! mortality f sepsis aft] su* a fracture1 9 ! h&s ( well-in/ruct$ surgeons1 is almo/ nil4 ,prior to ,li/]'s day ! mortality ( major amputations v>i$ f fifty to sixty-?ree p] c5t4 ,n[ x is f t5 to tw5ty p] c5t4 ,& s ,i might g on ) op]ation aft] op]ation & %[ h[ !y h become s safe t "o ne$ n dread any1 sav+ exceptional cases4 8,^! two mod]n discov]ies1 an/hesia & antisepsis1 h utt]ly revolutioniz$ mod]n surg]y4 ,!y h made possible op]ations :i*1 by reason ( _! l5g? & pa9 & dang]1 7 utt]ly unju/ifiable 9 =m] days1 b are n[ ! daily occupation ( a busy surgeon4 ,&1 f> bett] ?an ?is1 !y h enabl$ u to br+ to homes & he>ts1 :i* o!rwise w\ld h be5 brok5 up & wrung ) sorr[1 ! com=t ( life re/or$ to de> ones ^u :om dep5d$ ! happ9ess & support ( ! families4 ,translate figures into happy he>ts & prosp]\s homes if y c1 & !n y c tell me :at ,w>r5 & ,li/] h done = humanity60 ,! result ( ^! two wond]ful discov]ies has be5 to sep>ate u f ! surgical pa/1 z by a great gulf4 8,great !ologians1 su* z a ,calv9 or a ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 7 !y recall$ to life1 c\ld disc\rse z le>n$ly z ev] ( pr$e/9ation & free w2 great prea*]s1 z a ,bee*] or a ,spurgeon1 c\ld /ir our s\ls & w>m our he>ts z ( old2 great juri/s1 z a ,ju/9ian or a ,m>%all1 c\ld exp\nd ! same pr9ciples ( law :i* hold good = all "t2 great =5sic orators1 z a ,burke or a ,web/]1 c\ld conv9ce u by ! same argum5ts & ar\se u by ! same invectives or ! same eloqu5ce t made our fa!rs will+ captives to _! silv] tongues4 ,b to-day1 s rapid has be5 our surgical progress1 a ,velpeau1 a ,sir ,william ,f]guson1 or a ,pancoa/1 all ( :om h di$ )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 c\ld n tea* mod]n surgical pr9ciples nor p]=m a mod]n surgical op]ation4 ,ev5 our e-day surgical vocabul>y--/aphylococcus1 /reptococcus1 infection1 immunity1 antisepsis & asepsis1 tox9 & antitox9--w\ld be un9telligible j>gon to him2 & our mod]n op]ations on ! bra91 ! *e/1 ! abdom51 & ! pelvis w\ld make him wond] :e!r we _h n lo/ our s5ses1 until1 see+ ! almo/ uni=m & almo/ pa9less recov]ies1 he w\ld ?ank ,god = ! magnific5t progress ( ! la/ half-c5tury1 :i* _h v\*saf$ su* magical1 nay1 su* almo/ div9e1 p[] to ! mod]n surgeon40 ,,! ,,surg]y ,,( ,,w> ,"o ( ! imm$iate consequ5ces ( ! introduction ( ! antiseptic me?od has be5 a rem>kable mitigation ( ! horrors ( w>4 ,our rec5t w> ) ,spa9 has prov$1 & ! pres5t milit>y op]ations 9 ! ,philipp9es & ( ! ,briti% 9 ,s\? ,africa w /ill fur!r prove1 its advantages4 ,witness a little book writt5 by ,pr(essor von ,esm>*1 ( ,kiel1 ,g]many1 ) ! apt title1 ,! ,fight ( ,humanity ,aga9/ ! ,horrors ( ,w>2 ) an app5dix1 entitl$1 8,! ,sam>itan on ! ,battle-field40 ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable means = ! pres]vation ( human life is c>ri$ by e soldi] 9 a mod]n civiliz$ army z a "p ( 8 regulation outfit1 a 8,fir/ ,aid ,package0 = ! treatm5t ( any w\nd or injury2 & "o ( ! mo/ valuable & int]e/+ pap]s read be=e ! ,am]ican ,surgical ,association1 at its meet+ 9 ,*icago 9 #ahii1 0 by ,pr(essor ,s5n on ! 8,fir/ ,aid ,package40 ,?is fir/ aid package conta9s an antiseptic dress+1 :i* c be appli$ to all b ! grave/ w\nds = ! purpose ( prev5t+ infection1 :i* is ! pr9cipal dang] to life aft] accid5t or injury4 ,! univ]sal te/imony ( our surgeons 9 ,cuba 0 t by its use mo/ w\nds 7 prev5t$ f becom+ infect$1 &1 !re=e1 inflam$1 & t ! numb] ( op]ations 0 greatly dim9i%$ by reason ( its use4 ,,bact]iology ,9 exp]im5tal sci5ce1 two me?ods ( progress are obs]v$2 fir/1 9 actual practice c]ta9 me?ods are adopt$ because !y are f\nd to be ! mo/ advantage\s & useful1 ?\gh we _c expla9 :y x is s--i4e41 practice out/rips !ory4 ,aga91 z a result ( exp]im5tal inve/igation1 c]ta9 facts are discov]$ :i* expla9 :y ! practical me?ods j allud$ to are ! be/1 & ?is 9 turn sugge/s fur!r improvem5ts 9 our practice--i4e41 !ory out/rips practice & enl>ges its doma94 ,?us out/ripp+ !ory1 ! practical advance made by ,li/] 0 an example ( ! fir/4 ,8 /rik+ results 9 turn /imulat$ sci5tific obs]v]s to make new discov]ies ( ! greate/ importance1 & ?us sci5ce imm5sely improv$ & wid5$ our practical me?ods4 ,no def9ite ye> or day c be assign$ z ! bir?-date ( ,"l ,li/]'s antiseptic me?ods1 z we c1 = in/ance1 = vacc9ation or = an/hesia4 ,we may assume1 at lea/ = ?is c\ntry1 ! summ] ( #ahgf z ! />t+-po9t4 ,dur+ t ye> ,"l ,li/] att5d$ ! ,int]national ,m$ical ,congress held 9 ,philadelphia1 & demon/rat$ 8 !n me?ods & conv9c$ a few surgeons ( _! imm5se advantages4 ,ev5 be=e t date !re _h be5 v _m exp]im5ts & obs]vations1 especially on ! blood4 ,9 #ahfc ,dava9e1 9 ,france1 _h discov]$ little rod-l bodies 9 ! blood 9 wool-sort]s' disease1 or an?rax1 :i* he nam$ f _! %ape 8bact]ia10 or 8little rods40 ,?is "n has be5 adopt$ = all =ms ( g]ms1 ?\gh _m ( !m are n rod-l 9 _! %ape4 ,n until #ahha 0 ! cause ( inflammation & suppuration 7! =mation ( pus or 8matt]07 discov]$4 ,9 t ye> ,og/on1 ( ,ab]de51 publi%$ exp]im5ts :i* he believ$ demon/rat$ ! fact t c]ta9 bact]ia 7 ! cause ( suppuration4 ,s9ce !n ?is has be5 amply confirm$ n only by exp]im5ts ^u animals1 b by obs]vation 9 man4 ,9 #ahhb ,rob]t ,ko*1 ( ,b]l91 discov]$ ! cause ( tub]culosis1 a little rod-l body1 :i* is nam$ ! 8bacillus0 ( tub]culosis4 ,9 #ahhc ,fehleis5 discov]$ ! g]m ( erysipelas1 & 9 #ahhg ,nicolai] & ,ros5baum discov]$ ! bacillus ( tetanus or lockjaw4 ,s rec5t h be5 ! discov]ies 9 bact]iology :i* h l$ to va/ improvem5ts 9 our me?ods ( treatm5t ( w\nds & ! p]=mance ( op]ations4 ,:ile ! pr9ciples e/abli%$ by ,"l ,li/] h rema9$ un*ang$1 ! details 9 ! treatm5t h be5 greatly simplifi$ & made m effici5t4 ,= ! in=mation ( ! g5]al read]1 let me /ate a few facts4 ,bact]ia are divid$ into two pr9cipal classes1 9 accordance ) _! =m4 ,"o1 kn[n z 8cocci10 f ! ,greek ^w coccus--8b]ry0--may be lik5$ to billi>d-balls4 ,"s ( ^! occur 9 bun*es1 :i* h be5 lik5$ to bun*es ( grapes1 & h5ce are call$1 aga9 f a ,greek t]m1 8/aphylococci40 ,o!rs are arrang$ 9 *a9s1 l beads1 & are call$ 8/reptococci40 ,^! la/ are v mu* m virul5t & dang]\s ?an ! /aphylococci4 ,bo? ( ^! produce pus or matt]1 & !y are ! mo/ widely diffus$ & mo/ common =ms f\nd 9 infect$ or suppurat+ w\nds4 ,"o =m is ! cause ( erysipelas4 ,a second =m1 kn[n z 8bacilli10 may be lik5$ to a lead-p5cil4 ,among ! v>i\s bacilli t h be5 discov]$ are ^? ( tub]culosis1 gl&]s1 tetanus or lockjaw1 etc4 ,i omit _m o!rs f\nd 9 m$ical disord]s1 z !y d n conc]n ?is pap]4 ,h[ important ^! discov]ies are may be se5 by ! foll[+ facts3 ,tub]culosis1 next to t ( suppuration1 is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ widely ext5d$ infection to :i* man1 z well z animals1 is liable4 ,we are all famili> ) x 9 ! =m ( 8consumption10 b ! non-m$ical read] is1 p]haps1 n aw>e ( ! fact t x affects n only ! lungs1 b also ! b[els 9 consumption ( ! b[els2 ! bones1 z is se5 by e surgeon almo/ daily1 & especially z ! cause ( ! crook$ backs se5 9 sp9e diseases2 9 ! jo9ts1 z is se5 9 hip-jo9t disease1 :ite swell+ ( ! knee1 ankle-jo9t disease1 & simil> disease ( all ! o!r l>ge jo9ts ( ! body2 9 ! bra91 9 tub]cul> m5+itis2 9 ! abdom9al cavity1 9 tub]cul> p]itonitis2 9 ! sk91 9 c]ta9 =ms ( ulc]ation1 commonly call$ lupus2 9 ! gl&s1 z 9 ! swoll5 gl&s1 or 8bun*es10 9 ! neck1 & endless o!r v>ieties :i* ,i ne$ n "n4 ,! bacillus ( lockjaw is f\nd 9 great abundance ar\nd /ables1 & ?is expla9s ! fact t ho/l]s1 driv]s1 cavalrym51 all ( :om _h to d ) horses1 are especially liable to attacks ( lockjaw4 ,moreov]1 c]ta9 bact]ia ?rive be/ :5 expos$ to ! op5 air4 ,o!r bact]ia1 & among !m ! bacilli ( lockjaw1 ?rive be/ :5 ! air is exclud$1 & ?is expla9s ! dang] ( tread+ on a ru/y nail1 :i* is popul>ly & rightly kn[n z peculi>ly liable to produce lockjaw4 ,! reason is n because x is a nail1 nor because x is old1 nor because x is ru/y1 b because f ! e>? 9 :i* x lies x is mo/ apt to be ! means ( introduc+ into a punctur$ w\nd ! bacilli ( lockjaw4 ,su* a w\nd ble$s b v little1 ! blood soon cru/s & excludes ! air1 & if any ( ! bacilli ( lockjaw h be5 c>ri$ into ! body1 !y f9d 9 su* a clos$ w\nd1 f :i* ! air is exclud$1 ! mo/ favorable conditions = gr[? & infection ( ! :ole body4 ,kn[+ ^! facts f exp]im5t1 ! treatm5t is cle>4 ,lay op5 su* a w\nd & dis9fect x4 ,^! two =ms1 ! 8cocci10 or b]ry-l bact]ia1 & ! 8bacilli10 or rod-l bact]ia1 comprise ! great majority ( dang]\s bact]ia4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re is an enorm\s numb] ( bact]ia :i* are n dang]\s2 "s ( !m are entirely h>mless ev5 if introduc$ into ! human body4 ,o!rs are ! bact]ia ( decomposition1 or putrefaction1 :i* are kn[n z 8saprophytic0 bact]ia4 ,all ( ! h>mless ones are kn[n z 8non-pa?og5ic10 t is1 non-produc]s ( disease4 ,^? :i* produce disease are kn[n z 8pa?og5ic10 & ^? :i* produce suppuration z 8pyog5ic0 or pus-produc+ bact]ia4 ,all ( ^! bact]ia are plants1 & n1 z is v frequ5tly suppos$1 animals ( a l[ =m4 ,! dang] f _! introduction into ! body c be be/ appreciat$1 p]haps1 by ! /atem5t ( ,belfield1 :o e/imat$ t a s+le bact]ium :i* weighs1 approximately1 only ! #a-dj1jjj1jjj "p ( a gra91 if giv5 pl5ty ( food & pl5ty ( 8elb[ room10 w\ld s rapidly develop t 9 ?ree days x w\ld =m a mass weigh+ #hjj tons6 ,x is ! old /ory ( ! blacksmi? :o 0 to get a p5ny = ! fir/ nail1 two = ! second1 f\r = ! ?ird1 & s on till a set ( %oes w\ld co/ m ?an ,crsus c\ld pay =4 ,! effect ( ! bact]ia has be5 det]m9$ by exp]im5t to be proportionate to ! dose4 ,a cubic c5timetre is a cube two-fif?s ( an in* on ea* side4 ,"o-t5? ( su* a cube ( pure culture ( "o bact]ium 7,proteus vulg>is7 conta9s #bbe1jjj1jjj bact]ia1 & if inject$ "u ! sk9 ( a rabbit w produce dea?4 ,less ?an #ah1jjj1jjj w produce no effect :atev]4 ,( "o k9d ( /aphylococcus1 if #bej1jjj1jjj are introduc$ "u ! sk9 ( a rabbit !re w be produc$ a small abscess1 b x requires #a1jjj1jjj1jjj to produce spe$y dea?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ( ! bacillus ( lockjaw x requires only #ajjj to produce dea?1 s virul5t is ?is g]m4 ,moreov]1 _! effect on tissues & p]sons 9 diff]5t /ates v>ies v mu*4 ,?us1 x is f\nd t :5 a c]ta9 numb] ( bact]ia are inject$ into ! cavity ( ! abdom5 ( an animal1 if ! animal is heal?y & ! p]itoneum 7! ?9 l9+ membrane ( ! abdom57 is heal?y1 ! animal w recov] p]fectly well2 b if ! p]itoneum be scrap$ & torn 7& x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! heal?y p]itoneum is devoid ( s5sation71 t ! same dose :i* be=e 0 h>mless w n[ produce a viol5t p]itonitis & v likely dea?4 ,! practical lesson f ?is exp]im5t ^u animals is v evid5t4 ,e surgeon :o op5s ! abdom5 is mo/ c>eful1 if possible1 n to injure ! p]itoneum1 b manipulates ) ! greate/ c>e le/ fatal results foll[ any s]i\s injury to t membrane4 ,s1 too1 if ! g5]al heal? be impair$1 x is f\nd t an injection f :i* a heal?y animal w\ld recov] w be foll[$ by fatal consequ5ces if ! g5]al heal? is bel[ p>4 ,aga91 if an animal has a simple fracture ( 8 ?igh-bone1 & t is ! only injury t he receives1 no infection f ! ext]ior hav+ occurr$1 he w make a good recov]y2 b if at ! same "t he receives a lac]at$ w\nd1 x may be ev5 9 ano!r "p ( ! body1 & ?is w\nd1 n be+ c>$ = mo/ scrupul\sly1 becomes infect$1 ! infection w fa/5 on ! di/ant spot ( lea/ resi/ance1 ! brok5 ?igh-bone1 & w produce a mo/ dang]\s & v frequ5tly fatal =m ( inflammation4 ,i ne$ sc>cely po9t out 9 ?is connection1 z 9 fact ?r\gh\t ?is entire consid]ation ( bact]iology1 h[ important a "p 9 its developm5t has be5 play$ by exp]im5t ^u animals4 ,! exp]im5tal facts j /at$ are ( vital importance 9 ! treatm5t ( surgical diseases1 & evid5tly c\ld n h be5 det]m9$ ^u mank9d4 ,x is n too mu* to say t _h vivisection be5 re/rict$ or prohibit$ ! surg]y ( to-day w\ld be ! b>b>\s surg]y ( ?irty ye>s ago4 ,ev5 grant+ t an enorm\s numb] ( ! bact]ia are h>mless1 ! wond] is t ) s _m foes on e h& we live an ord9>y lifetime4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 9 ! human body !re is n only a lack ( food suffici5t & 8elb[ room0 en\gh = !m to "w _! dire effects1 b !re is t :i* 8makes = righte\sness0 9 our physical organization z well z 9 our s\ls4 ,! mom5t t bact]ia are introduc$ into ! human body a c]ta9 numb] ( cells ha/5 to de/roy !m4 ,^! are call$ 8phagocytes0 or dev\r+ cells1 because !y eat up ! bact]ia4 ,:e!r ! pati5t survives or dies dep5ds on :e!r ! bact]ia get ! upp] h& ( ! phagocytes or ! phagocytes ! upp] h& ( ! bact]ia4 ,^! /atem5ts are v easy to make1 b ! results h only be5 obta9$ by prolong$ & labori\s inve/igations 9 ! laboratory & by exp]im5ts ^u animals :i* h demon/rat$ ^! facts4 ,! bact]ia are recogniz$ by v>i\s me?ods3 ,fir/1 by =m4 ,_m :i* are id5tical 9 appe>ance1 h[ev]1 diff] greatly 9 effects4 ,a h&ful ( turnip-se$ & a h&ful ( rape-se$ look v mu* alike1 b if !y are plant$ ! plants diff] s greatly t we c recognize ! diff]5ce 9 ! se$ by ! diff]5ce 9 ! crop2 h5ce ! second me?od ( recogniz+ diff]5ces 9 bact]ia is by plant+ !m4 ,diff]5t me?ods h be5 practis$4 ,"s are s[n on ! raw surface ( a potato2 o!rs on bread pa/e2 o!rs 9 c]ta9 jelly-l mat]ials1 su* z gelat9e or ag>-ag>4 ,x 0 soon f\nd z a result ( ^! exp]im5ts t ! bact]ia fl\ri%$ be/1 "s 9 "o soil1 "s 9 ano!r4 ,aga91 ! crops ( m\ld :i* come f !m diff] greatly 9 color1 "s be+ black1 "s r$1 "s :ite1 "s yell[1 etc4 ,a ?ird me?od also is by /a9+ !m ) v>i\s dyes1 :5 x is f\nd t "s bact]ia w take "o /a9 be/1 o!rs w take ano!r1 & s on ?r\gh ! :ole li/4 ,at fir/ x 0 ?\ght t ^! bact]ia exi/$ *iefly 9 ! air1 & h5ce 9 ,li/]'s e>ly me?ods p[]ful spray-produc+ app>atus 7 us$2 b :ile x is true t !y d exi/ 9 ! air1 x is f\nd t ?is is n ! pr9cipal s\rce ( infection4 ,!re is no sub/ance 7:i* has n be5 dis9fect$7 t is n cov]$ ) ! g]ms ( ^! little plants4 ,!y exi/ 9 our food & dr9k2 b ! inte/9e is1 "o may say1 a natural home 9 :i* _m exi/ )\t h>m to ! body4 ,= surgical purposes _! exi/5ce is mo/ important1 fir/1 9 ! e>?1 :]e1 z ,i h already %[n1 ! bacillus ( lockjaw is mo/ frequ5tly f\nd4 ,s1 too1 ! bacillus ( wool-sort]s' disease 7,an?rax7 exi/s 9 ! e>?4 ,if an animal dy+ ( an?rax is buri$1 worms com+ f ! c>cass up ?r\gh ! gr\nd c>ry ! infection1 s t o!r animals graz+ ov] ?is surface w become readily infect$4 ,! means by :i* we c avoid infection f ! e>? is v evid5t1 viz41 e p]son :o has be5 run ov] by ! c>s or :o has fall5 on ! gr\nd & brok5 8 leg1 etc41 mu/ h ! w\nd mo/ c>efully cleans$ f all dirt4 ,if ?is is scrupul\sly done ! dang] ( tetanus or o!r simil> e>?-born bact]ial disease is almo/ no?+4 ,a /ill great] dang] to e pati5t1 h[ev]1 is f\nd 9 ! clo?+1 9 ! sk91 & all dress+s :i* are appli$ to w\nds4 ,! sk9 is full ( bact]ia ( ! mo/ dang]\s k9d2 ev5 ! spotless h&s ( ! bride1 9 ! eyes ( ! surgeon1 are dirty4 ,no "o c t\* a w\nd ) ord9>ily clean h&s )\t infect+ x4 ,all clo?+1 dress+s--e4g41 l9t & s(t l95 rags1 & su* l--are full ( bact]ia ( ! mo/ dang]\s k9d4 ,p]haps ! mo/ dang]\s place is ! space "u ! nails ( ! surgeon's h&1 = ! m]e me*anical removal ( any dirt "u ! nails by cleans+ !m does n make !m clean surgically4 ,! nails mu/ be cut %ort & prep>$ 9 a way ,i %all m5tion directly1 or !y are full ( p]il to any pati5t into ^: w\nd a non-dis9fect$ f+] is introduc$4 ,aga91 ano!r s\rce ( infection :i* ?irty ye>s ago we nev] ?\ght ( is our in/rum5ts4 ,!n in/rum5ts 7 wa%$ ) soap & wat] & 7 made clean to ! eye1 b !y 7 /ill cov]$ ) invisible dea?-deal+ bact]ia :i* hid especially 9 ! jo9ts & irregul>ities ( ! surface ( all in/rum5ts4 ,all ( ^! some:at detail$ /atem5ts lead up to a consid]ation ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! old surg]y & ! new4 ,?irty ye>s ago :5 an op]ation 0 to be p]=m$ or an accid5t c>$ = we laid out our in/rum5ts :i* 7 visibly clean1 us$ !m ) h&s :i* 7 z clean z ^? ( any g5tleman1 & appli$ s(t l95 rags1 l9t1 & o!r dress+s4 ,to-day we "k t ^! app>5tly clean in/rum5ts1 h&s1 & dress+s are cov]$ ) bact]ia1 :i* produce infection1 &1 !re=e1 suppuration1 & frequ5tly run riot 9 blood-poison+1 erysipelas1 lockjaw1 & dea?4 ,h[ does a mod]n surgeon p]=m an op]ation8 ,all bact]ia c be kill$ by heat4 ,cold has no effect ^u !m1 b ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] 7#bab ,fahr47 is suffici5t to de/roy !m all usually )9 fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes2 h5ce1 fir/1 in/rum5ts are all boil$2 &1 secondly1 dress+s are ei!r /eep$ 9 su* solutions z h be5 f\nd to de/roy ! bact]ia1 su* z c>bolic acid or corrosive sublimate1 or o!r prep>ations1 or1 /ill bett]1 are plac$ 9 /]iliz]s1 t is to say1 metal cyl9d]s1 :i* are !n fill$ ) /eam1 usually "u pressure1 s z to obta9 a temp]ature ( #bdj ,fahr41 & ?us make sure ( ! dea? ( ! bact]ia4 ,un=tunately1 our h&s _c be boil$ or /eam$1 b ! mod]n surgeon fir/ uses soap & wat] mo/ vigor\sly ov] 8 h&s & arms up to ! elb[4 ,! nails are cut %ort & ! scrubb+-bru% is especially appli$ to ! nails s z to clean ! f+]s at ! ends4 ,!n by v>i\s means1 su* z pure alcohol1 :i* is "o ( our be/ dis9fectants1 or solutions ( corrosive sublimate1 & o!r means too te*nical to m5tion1 ! h&s are /]iliz$4 ,rubb] gloves are frequ5tly us$1 s z to preclude infection1 z !y c be /eam$ to #bdj ,fahr4 ,remov+ at lea/ 8 out] clo?+1 ! surgeon puts on a cotton g[n :i* has be5 /eam$ & s made free f bact]ia4 ,n a few surgeons also we> /]iliz$ caps1 s t any bact]ia 9 ! hair w n be sift$ into a w\nd1 & "s we> respirators ( /]ile gauze ov] ! m\? & be>d = ! same reason4 ,all ! dress+s h be5 /]iliz$ by sup]heat$ /eam4 ,all ! ?reads by :i* blood-vessels are ti$ h be5 ei!r boil$ or o!rwise /]iliz$4 ,all ! mat]ial = sew+ up ! w\nds1 & ! ne$les ) :i* !y are sewn1 h be5 simil>ly dis9fect$4 ,! sk9 ( ! pati5t is also /]iliz$1 usually ! day be=eh&1 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* ! surgeon's h&s h be5 dis9fect$1 & are dis9fect$ a second "t j at ! mom5t ( ! op]ation4 ,if ! case is "o ( accid5t1 su* z a cru%$ leg f a trolley-c>1 all ( ! dirt is mo/ c>efully wa%$ away ) soap & wat]1 & ! p>ts are dis9fect$1 n only on ! ext]ior1 b also by prolong$ wa%+ ) "s cleans+ ag5t 9 ! int]ior ( ! w\nd1 ! pati5t be+ "u ! influ5ce ( e!r1 ( c\rse4 ,x is easily se5 f su* a description ( a mod]n op]ation t no case c receive due c>e 9 "o ( our mod]n homes1 ev5 ! be/4 ,! facilities d n exi/1 & h5ce surgeons are m & m decl9+ to d op]ations1 :e!r = accid5t or disease1 9 private h\ses1 except 9 a case ( absolute necessity1 & a happy cu/om is gr[+ m & m 9 favor ) ! community ( hav+ all op]ations & all accid5ts c>$ = 9 a well-equipp$ hospital4 ,,results ,,( ,,mod]n ,,surg]y ,z ! result ( our ability to p]=m op]ations )\t pa91 ?anks to an/hesia1 & our ability to p]=m op]ations )\t infection1 &1 !re=e1 almo/ )\t dang]1 ?anks to antisepsis1 ! range ( mod]n surg]y has be5 enorm\sly increas$4 ,unless "o has liv$ ?r\gh ! old surg]y & into ! new he sc>cely c appreciate ?is wid5+ ( ! field ( op]ative surg]y4 ,?irty ye>s ago1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great dang] ( op5+ ! head1 ! *e/1 or ! abdom51 or1 9 fact1 ( mak+ an incision any:]e ab\t ! body1 ! surgeon nev] d>$ to int]f]e until he 0 oblig$ to d s4 ,h5ce1 n only 7 _m mod]n op]ations n ev5 ?\ght (1 b 9 obscure cases we _h to wait until "t & disease develop$ symptoms & physical signs su* t we 7 sure ( our diagnosis1 & !n1 kn[+ t dea? w\ld foll[ if we did n int]f]e1 we v5tur$ to op]ate4 ,n[ we anticipate su* a fatal t]m9ation1 & 9 mo/ cases c av]t x4 ,9 p]haps no class ( cases has ! b5efit ( ?is immunity f infection & dang] be5 %[n ?an 9 ! obscure diseases ( ! bra9 & ! abdom54 ,to-day1 if we are unc]ta9 z to :e!r !re is s]i\s dang] go+ on :i*1 if un*eck$1 w result 9 dea?1 we delib]ately op5 ! "o cavity or ! o!r1 9 ord] to f9d out ! exact /ate ( affairs4 ,suppos+ t ! mis*ief is trifl+1 or ev5 t !re is no mis*ief1 we !n "k h[ to deal ) ! symptoms :i* h be5 puzzl+ u4 ,s f> z ! exploratory op]ation is conc]n$1 ! pati5t recov]s f x 9 a %ort "t1 &1 meantime1 p]haps has also be5 cur$ ( ! symptoms :i* 7 be=e s ill und]/ood4 ,if any s]i\s disease is f\nd1 9 ! majority ( cases we c cope ) x successfully4 ,be=e ! days ( antisepsis & an/hesia ! field ( op]ation 0 greatly re/rict$1 & practically ! removal ( tumors1 amputations1 & a few o!r op]ations 7 all t 7 done4 ,n[ all ! !n inaccessible organs are attack$ ) an intrepidity born ( an assurance ( safety4 ,recov]y usually sets ! seal ( approval on ! judgm5t ( ! surgeon4 ,?irty ye>s ago1 tak+ all op]ations toge!r1 fully "o-?ird ( our pati5ts di$1 _m ( !m (t5 f slight op]ations :i* 7 foll[$ by infection4 ,to-day1 includ+ ev5 ! f> m grave op]ations :i* are n[ done1 ! g5]al mortality w sc>cely exce$ five p] c5t41 & _m surgeons are able1 9 a s]ies ( sev]al hundr$ op]ations1 to save n9ety-sev5 out ( e hundr$ pati5ts6 ,,s]um ,,treatm5t ,ano!r rem>kable rec5t discov]y1 ! result ( num]\s & c>eful inve/igations 9 ! laboratory1 is a :olly new means ( treatm5t1 viz41 t me?od :i* is kn[n z orrho!rapy1 or s]um!rapy1 or ! treatm5t by inject+ c]ta9 antitox9s "u ! sk9 by a hypod]matic syr+e4 ,x w\ld lead me too f> to ent] into ! !ory ^u :i* ^! 7 fir/ us$4 ,suffice x to say t 9 ! blood ( an animal t has pass$ ?r\gh a c]ta9 disord] ! liquid "p ( ! blood conta9s an antidote or antitox94 ,if a c]ta9 am\nt ( ?is is inject$ "u ! sk9 ( an animal or man suff]+ f ! same disord] 9 its incipi5t /ages1 ! antitox9 prev5ts ! developm5t ( ! disease4 ,! use ( ?is me?od has ?us f> be5 mu* m m$ical ?an surgical1 & its results 9 diph!ria & o!r m$ical disord]s h be5 p]fectly m>vell\s4 ,9 surg]y1 h[ev]1 less favorable results h be5 obta9$1 b 9 all probability 9 ! future we %all be able to d = "s ( our surgical disord]s :at ! physician c d to-day = diph!ria4 ,= ! results 9 diph!ria1 see ,pr(essor ,osl]'s pap]4 ,!re has also be5 discov]$ ano!r means :i* 9 surg]y has r5d]$ "s valuable s]vice4 ,f c]ta9 organs1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ?yroid gl& 7! gl& ^: enl>gem5t produces goitre71 we c obta9 a v pot5t extract ( great value4 ,9 cases ( goitre v notewor?y results h already be5 obta9$ by ! adm9i/ration ( ! ?yroid extract4 ,a numb] ( o!r organs 9 ! body ( animals h be5 us$ to combat c]ta9 disord]s 9 ! human body ) advantage4 ,! *ief developm5t ( bo? ( ^! new =ms ( m$ication1 h[ev]1 w take place 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,( ,,precision ,ano!r direction 9 :i* ! c5tury has se5 enorm\s progress is 9 ! introduction ( in/rum5ts ( precision4 ,:5 ,i 0 a /ud5t 9 ! e>ly #fj's1 in/ruction 9 microscopy 0 conspicu\s only by its abs5ce f our m$ical curriculum4 ,n[ e /ud5t :o graduates is m or less ( an accompli%$ microscopi/1 & c>ries into 8 practice ! me?ods & obs]vations :i* ! microscope furni%es4 ,at ! same p]iod ,i rememb] be+ greatly int]e/$ 9 a discussion :i* two ( my tea*]s _h z to :e!r x 0 possible to make an application accurately to ! vocal *ords 9 ! l>ynx4 ,n[ e tyro 9 m$ic9e makes su* applications to ! l>ynx z a r\t9e proc$ure 9 cases requir+ x1 & simil> me?ods h be5 appli$ by ! oph?almoscope to exam9e ! int]ior ( ! eye2 ! rh9oscope1 to exam9e ! int]ior ( ! nose2 ! otoscope1 = exam9ation ( ! e>2 & o!r simil> in/rum5ts = exam9+ all ! o!r holl[ organs 9 ! body4 ,if ,i add to ^! ! hypod]matic syr+e2 ! aspirator1 :i* may be describ$ z a l>ge hypod]matic syr+e = suction in/ead ( injection2 ! cl9ical !rmomet]1 :i* 0 introduc$ 9 ! late #fj's2 ! hemo/atic =ceps1 = controll+ hemorrhage by seiz+ ! blood-vessels & clamp+ !m till we h "t to tie !m2 & o!r in/rum5ts int5d$ to facilitate our op]ative me?ods1 x w be se5 at once t ! armam5t>ium ( ! mod]n surgeon is v diff]5t f t ( 8 pr$ecessor at ! beg9n+1 or ev5 at ! middle1 ( ! c5tury4 ,,! ,r,,ntg5 ,,ray ,"o ( ^? extraord9>y discov]ies :i* />tle ! :ole _w came ne>ly at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahie-if4 ,at t "t a mode/ pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,wrzburg ann\nc$ t he c\ld readily see ! skeleton inside ! body ?r\gh ! fle%6 ,naturally1 ! fir/ ann\ncem5t 0 receiv$ ) almo/ absolute incr$ulity2 b v soon 8 discov]y 0 confirm$ f all sides1 & x has n[ tak5 its place among ! recogniz$ ph5om5a ( sci5ce4 ,by means ( c]ta9 rays1 :i*1 be+ ( unkn[n nature1 7 call$ 8,x0-rays1 aft] ! well-kn[n ma!matical ,x1 or unkn[n quantity1 ,pr(essor ,rntg5 has %[n u t n only c ! bones be se51 b t almo/ e sub/ance 9 ! body c be se5 & reproduc$ 9 pictures4 ,! reason = ?is is because !y are all ob/acles to ! passage ( ^! ,x-rays & s produce %ad[s on a s5sitiz$ photographic plate4 ,if ! exposure is suffici5tly prolong$ ! rays p5etrate ev5 ?r\gh ! bones & act ^u ! photographic plate1 s t no %ad[ rema9s4 ,if ! rays are all[$ to p5etrate = a %ort] "t ! bones %[ d5se %ad[s1 & "o c get a light %ad[ ( ! s(t p>ts4 ,if ! exposure is /ill %ort]1 !n we c recognize ! d5se %ad[ ( ! bone1 ! mu* less d5se %ad[s ( ! muscles1 & ! /ill light] %ad[s ( ! lay] ( fat imm$iately "u ! sk94 ,! he>t c be se5 beat+1 & its %ad[ is n[ a well-recogniz$ feature 9 skiagraphs ( ! *e/4 ,at fir/ x 0 ?\ght impossible to discov] any?+ inside ! bony skull1 b !re are n[ on record ne>ly a score ( in/ances 9 :i* bullets h be5 detect$ )9 ! skull1 & aft] treph9+ h be5 f\nd & remov$ exactly at ! location indicat$4 ,x is a v common ?+ n[ to locate a piece ( /eel or o!r simil> =eign bodies )9 ! eyeball by ! me?od ( ,dr4 ,sweet1 or "s simil> me?od1 )9 "o or two millimetres 7a millimetre is "o-tw5ty-fif? ( an in*74 ,x is n[ well recogniz$ t ev5 /ones 9 ! kidney w ?r[ %ad[s suffici5tly /rong = !m to be recogniz$1 & by not+ _! level 9 relation to ! v]tebr we c tell precisely 9 :at "p ( ! kidney to make ! incision 9 ord] to f9d & remove !m4 ,x has happ5$ to myself & _m o!r surgeons 9 ! pa/ to cut d[n ^u a kidney1 believ+ t !re 0 a /one 9 ! kidney1 only to f9d t we _h be5 misl$ by ! app>5tly cle> symptoms ( su* a =eign body4 ,9 future no su* mi/ake %\ld be made by any surgeon )9 rea* ( a skilful skiagraph]4 ,un=tunately1 gall /ones & num]\s o!r =eign bodies1 vegetable sub/ances su* z beans1 corn1 wood1 etc41 be+ z transp>5t to ! ,x-rays z are ! s(t p>ts1 are n reveal$ by means ( ?is new me?od ( inve/igation2 b cavities 9 ! lung1 abscesses 9 bone1 & simil> diseases :i* produce ?9n+ ( ! lung1 bone1 & o!r su* organs1 & s light5 in/ead ( deep5 ! %ad[s1 c n[ be recogniz$ by means ( light spots 9 ! pictures z well z o!rs by means ( a %ad[4 ,i spoke a mom5t ago ( ! ne$ ( a 8skilful0 skiagraph]1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re may be ! same diff]5ce 9 ! p]sonal skill1 &1 !re=e1 9 ! reliability ( ! results 9 skiagraphy z !re is 9 photography4 ,a poor photograph] w get v diff]5t results f a skilful "o1 ev5 if he uses precisely ! same quality ( plates & precisely ! same cam]a4 ,p]sonal skill & exp]i5ce 9 ! skiagraph] is1 !re=e1 "o ( ! mo/ important elem5ts 9 success4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ also t ! ,x-rays 9 n a few cases may mislead u4 ,i h1 p]sonally1 fractur$ a bone on acc\nt ( de=mity1 tak5 an ,x-ray picture imm$iately aft] ! op]ation1 ! picture %[+ n ! slighte/ evid5ce ( a fracture1 :i* ,i absolutely knew exi/$4 ,moreov]1 =eign bodies f\nd on ! outside ( ! p]son may mislead u1 z1 = example1 ! metal "p ( susp5d]s1 a co9 9 "o's pocket1 & su* l4 ,!y look 9 ! picture z if !y 7 inside r ?an outside ! body1 & any article ! %ape or size ( :i* w\ld n reveal its nature might easily be mi/ak5 = a =eign body )9 ! pati5t4 ,!re=e1 9 _m cases only an exp]t c det]m9e precisely :at ! skiagraph means4 ,i especially m5tion ?is1 because !re is a t5d5cy at pres5t to utilize skiagraphs 9 c\rt 9 ord] to conv9ce ! jury t su* a picture is an evid5ce ( malpractice4 ,su* pictures always ne$ an int]pret] 9 ord] to judge correctly ( _! mean+4 ,x is precisely z if ! jury 7 ask$ to look ?r\gh a microscope4 ,i h be5 myself accu/om$ to use ! microscope = ?irty ye>s1 b !re are _m in/ances ev5 yet 9 :i* ,i am oblig$ to ask a pa?ologi/ or bact]iologi/ :at ,i really am look+ at 9 ! microscope4 ,:ile "o may make a mi/ake ( small mom5t 9 "s cases1 yet if a man's life or lib]ty or purse is at ! m]cy ( a jury :i* does n "k h[ to int]pret a skiagraph1 &1 may1 !re=e1 give a v]dict :i* is 8precisely wrong10 z ,pr(essor ,l9coln1 my old tea*] ( ,lat91 us$ to call _m ( our translations1 x w be a v s]i\s matt] & lead to gross inju/ice4 ,,city ,,& ,,village ,,hospitals ,ano!r great improvem5t 9 our means ( c>+ = our surgical pati5ts is ! e/abli%m5t ( hospitals all ov] ! l&4 ,^!1 happily1 are n limit$ to our great cities1 b 9 e c\ntry t[n & n a few l>ge villages small b well-equipp$ & well-manag$ hospitals h be5 e/abli%$ :i* h done incalculable good4 ,x is n too mu* to say t e city or t[n e/abli%+ su* a hospital is repaid a hundr$fold4 ,,tra9$ ,,nurses ,! tra9$ nurse has =tunately come to /ay4 ,9 fact1 our antiseptic me?ods z above describ$ h made ! tra9$ nurse indisp5sable4 ,! old nurse1 :o1 by _m clumsy exp]im5ts on h] pati5ts1 _h obta9$ a c]ta9 rule-(-?umb k ( ! c>e ( ! sick1 c no long] assi/ 9 a surgical op]ation or prop]ly c>e = any surgical pati5t4 ,! mod]n nurse mu/ ( necessity be a well-educat$1 well-tra9$ woman1 kn[+ ?or\ghly mod]n antiseptic me?ods1 & on ! al]t to obs]ve e symptom ( improvem5t & e signal ( dang]4 ,)\t a well-tra9$ nurse x is impossible at ! pres5t day prop]ly to c>e = any s]i\s surgical case1 & ,i gladly be> witness to ! intellig5ce1 fidelity1 & skill ( scores ( nurses :o h assi/$ me1 & )\t :om ,i %\ld h felt z "o blade ( a scissors )\t its fell[4 ,,special ,,op]ations ,amputations & ,comp\nd ,fractures4--,hav+ n[ trac$ ! diff]5t modes ( ?\ght :i* h aid$ surgical progress 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury & ! improv$ means ( inve/igation1 let u turn f9ally to ! progress 9 individual op]ations4 ,z to amputations & comp\nd fractures1 ,i h already indicat$ ! imm5se improvem5ts :i* h foll[$ ! introduction ( an/hesia1 & especially ( antisepsis1 :i* h br\ght ! mortality ( amputations d[n f fifty or sixty p] c5t4 to t5 or fifte5 p] c5t41 & 9 comp\nd fractures1 once s dread$1 s9ce ! mortality 0 n infrequ5tly z high z two out ( ?ree1 to a relatively insignificant dang]4 ,tumors4--,9 no dep>tm5t1 p]haps1 has ! introduction ( antisepsis1 & ! use ( catgut & silk ligatures aft] ! antiseptic me?od1 br\ght ab\t a great] improvem5t ?an 9 op]ations = tumors4 ,! />tl+ reluctance ( ,sir ,a/ley ,coop] to op]ate on ,k+ ,george ,,iv4 = s simple & small a tumor z a w51 le/ erysipelas might foll[ & ev5 de/roy 8 life1 is 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ! success & !re=e ! boldness ( mod]n surgeons4 ,tumors 9 all p>ts ( ! body1 :e!r !y be ext]nal or int]nal1 :e!r !y involve ! wall ( ! *e/ or are inside ! abdom51 are n[ remov$ ) almo/ p]fect safety4 ,an/hesia has made x possible to dissect out tumors 9 s dang]\s a region z ! neck1 :]e ! surgeon is confront$ ) adhesions to ! jugul> ve91 ! c>otid art]y1 & ! n]ves ( ! neck & ( ! arm1 ) ! greate/ impunity4 ,su* an op]ation n uncommonly la/s f ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r to an h\r & a half1 & involves (t5 ! removal ( two or ?ree in*es ( ! jugul> ve9 & _m ( ! l>ge n]ves1 ! removal ( :i* a few ye>s ago w\ld h be5 deem$ an impossibility4 ,goitre4--,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances ( progress is op]ations on goitre4 ,writ+ 9 #ahgf1 ! late ,pr(essor ,samuel ,d4 ,gross not$ x z some?+ rem>kable t ,dr4 ,gre51 ( ,portl&1 ,ma9e1 _h remov$ sev5 goitres ) two dea?s1 & ! late ,dr4 ,maury1 ( ,philadelphia1 _h extirpat$ two goitres ) "o dea?4 ,9 m>k$ contra/ to ?is ,pr(essor ,ko*]1 ( ,b]ne1 9 #ahie1 report$ "o ?\s& cases1 ( :i* eight hundr$ & sev5ty 7 non-canc]\s1 & he lo/ ( ^! la/ b elev5 cases1 or a little ov] "o p] c5t4 ,9 #ahih he report$ six hundr$ additional cases1 ) only "o dea? 9 ! five hundr$ & fifty-six non-canc]\s cases1 or a mortality ( only #j4a p] c5t4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t an op]ation :i* a few ye>s ago 0 excessively fatal has become almo/1 "o might say1 a p]fectly safe op]ation4 ,surg]y ( ! ,bones4--,op]ations on bones1 ap>t f amputations1 %[ also a simil> improvem5t4 ,9 cases ( de=mity foll[+ fracture we n[ d n hesitate to cut d[n ^u ! bone & refracture x or remove ! de=m$ portion1 jo9 ! ends toge!r1 dress ! "p 9 pla/] ( ,p>is to secure fixation1 & h ! pati5t recov] ) little or no fev] & no suppuration4 ,above ! elb[ a l>ge n]ve runs 9 a furr[ 9 ! arm bone1 & 9 case ( fracture ?is is liable to be torn & a portion ( x de/roy$4 ,! result ( x is p>alysis ( all ! muscles on ! back ( ! =e>m f ! elb[ d[n & consequ5t inability to ext5d ei!r wri/ or f+]s1 mak+ ! h& almo/ useless4 ,9 a numb] ( cases ! n]ve has be5 s\ght = & f\nd1 b ! ends h be5 too f> ap>t = successful union & sew+ !m toge!r4 ,9 su* cases we d n hesitate n[1 9 ord] to br+ ! two ends ( ! n]ve toge!r1 to remove "o or two in*es ( ! arm bone1 wire ! %ort5$ bone1 sew ! n[ approximat$ ends ( ! n]ve toge!r1 put ! arm 9 pla/]1 & z soon z ! w\nd is heal$1 ) appropriate lat] treatm5t to ! muscles we c obta9 9 a reasonable numb] ( cases a p]fect1 or almo/ p]fect1 union ( ! n]ves ) a re-e/abli%m5t ( ! usefulness ( ! h&4 ,9 v _m cases ! bones are de=m$ z a result ( rickets1 & 9 "s cases 9 consequ5ce ( hip-jo9t disease4 ,9 su* cases ! leg is crook$ or flex$1 & _c be us$ = walk+4 ,su* cases ( /iff jo9ts & crook$ legs are n[ op]at$ on1 "o might say1 :olesale4 ,at ! ,int]national ,m$ical ,congress1 held 9 ,cop5hag5 9 #ahhd1 ,pr(essor ,macew51 ( ,glasg[1 report$ #ahjj op]ations on #abfg limbs 9 #gjd pati5ts1 9 :i* he _h sawn or *isell$ ?r\gh ! bones s z to fracture !m1 plac$ !m 9 a /raight position1 & aft] a few weeks ! bone has become consolidat$ & ! leg or arm made /raight4 ,e "o ( ^! op]ations 0 successful1 except+ five cases1 & ev5 ^! dea?s 7 n due to ! op]ation1 b to "s o!r disord]1 su* z an unexpect$ attack ( pneumonia1 diph!ria1 or sc>let fev]4 ,surg]y ( ! ,head & ,bra94--,9 ! surg]y ( ! head we f9d "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable illu/rations ( ! mod]n progress ( surg]y4 ,fractures ( ! skull h be5 ! mo/ dang]\s & fatal ( accid5ts until )9 a %ort "t4 ,( c\rse1 _m ( !m mu/ necess>ily1 ev5 n[1 be fatal1 f ! widespread injury to ! bones & ! bra94 ,b our mod]n me?ods1 by :i* we c dis9fect ! cavities ( ! e>1 ! nose1 & ! m\?1 ) :i* ^! fractures (t5 communicate1 & ?r\gh ^! av5ues become infect$1 are s successful t su* cases1 in/ead ( be+ look$ ^u z hopeless1 are 9 a majority ( in/ances foll[$ by recov]y4 ,ev5 gun-%ot w\nds1 9 :i* ! ball may rema9 inside ! cavity ( ! head1 are successfully dealt )1 unless ! injury produc$ by ! ball has be5 necess>ily fatal f ! />t4 ,fluhr]1 ( ,new ,york1 has report$ a v rem>kable case ( gun-%ot w\nd1 9 :i* ! ball ent]$ at ! =ehead1 trav]s$ ! entire bra91 0 deflect$ at ! back ( ! skull1 & !n pursu$ its c\rse f>!r d[nw>d 9 ! bra94 ,by treph9+ ! skull at ! back he f\nd ! ball1 pass$ a rubb] dra9age tube ?r\gh ! entire bra9 f front to back1 & _h ! satisfaction ( see+ ! pati5t recov]4 ,until #ahhd x 0 excessively difficult to locate ) any degree ( accuracy a tumor )9 ! bra91 b 9 t ye> ,dr4 ,b5nett1 ( ,london1 = ! fir/ "t accurately locat$ a tumor )9 ! skull )\t !re be+ ! slighte/ evid5ce on ! ext]ior ( its exi/5ce1 mu* less ( its location4 ,mr4 ,godlee 7surgeons 9 ,engl& are n call$ 8,dr410 b 8,mr407 treph9$ ! skull at ! po9t indicat$1 f\nd ! tumor1 & remov$ x4 ,true1 ?is pati5t di$1 b ! possibility ( accurately locat+ a tumor ( ! bra91 rea*+ x & remov+ x1 0 n[ demon/rat$1 :i* is f> m important to humanity at l>ge ?an :e!r ?is individual pati5t surviv$ or n4 ,s9ce !n !re h be5 a v l>ge numb] ( tumors successfully remov$4 ,! late/ /ati/ics are ^? ( ,von ,b]gmann1 ( ,b]l91 9 #ahih4 ,he collect$ #bgc op]ations = bra9 tumors1 ( :i* #afi 7#fa4i p] c5t47 recov]$1 & #ajd 7#ch4a p] c5t47 di$4 ,?is is by f> ! be/ p]c5tage ( results s f> report$1 b !re is reason to believe t ) ! con/ant improvem5t 9 our ability to locate su* tumors & 9 our me?ods ( remov+ !m1 ! mortality rate w be /ill fur!r less5$4 ,ev5 m successful ?an ! surg]y ( bra9 tumors has be5 ! surg]y ( abscess ( ! bra94 ,i h no available /ati/ics ( ! exact numb]s1 b x is c]ta9 t sev]al hundr$ h be5 op]at$ on1 & ) ev5 bett] success ?an 9 ! case ( bra9 tumors4 ,! mo/ frequ5t cause = su* abscesses is old & neglect$ disease ( ! e>4 ,no *ild suff]+ f a 8runn+ f ! e>10 :i* is especially apt to foll[ sc>let fev] & o!r simil> disord]s1 %\ld be all[$ to pass f "u ! mo/ skill$ treatm5t until a cure is effect$4 ,?is is ! commone/ cause ( abscess ( ! bra94 ,! inflammation 9 ! e>1 :i* beg9s 9 ! s(t l9+ ( ! cavities ( ! e>1 f9ally ext5ds to ! bone1 & aft] ye>s ( int]mitt5t dis*>ge1 w sudd5ly develop an abscess ( ! bra91 :i*1 if n reliev$1 w c]ta9ly be fatal4 ,prompt surgical int]f]5ce alone c save life1 &1 happily1 ?\gh we _c promise recov]y 9 all1 a v l>ge p]c5tage ( success is assur$4 ,9 epilepsy1 z a result ( injuries ( ! head1 9 a mod]ate numb] ( cases1 we c obta9 a cure ( ! disease by op]ation1 b 9 ! great majority ( cases1 &1 "o may say1 practically 9 all ( ! cases 9 :i* ! epilepsy orig9ates 8( itself10 t is to say1 )\t any kn[n cause1 x is useless to op]ate1 c]ta9ly at lea/ aft] ! epileptic habit has be5 =m$4 ,possibly 7 op]ation done at ! v beg9n+ we might obta9 bett] results ?an exp]i5ce ?us f> has %[n u is possible4 ,v _m cases ( idiocy are con/antly br\ght to surgeons 9 ! hope t some?+ c be done = ^! lam5table *ildr54 ,un=tunately1 at pres5t surg]y holds out b little hope 9 su* cases4 ,9 a few exceptional in/ances x may be be/ to op]ate1 b a prud5t surgeon w decl9e to d any op]ation 9 ! va/ majority ( cases4 ,surg]y ( ! ,*e/ & ,he>t4--,! *e/ is ! region ( ! body :i* has %[n ! lea/ progress ( all1 & yet ev5 "h ! progress is v m>k$4 ,:51 z a result ( pleurisy1 fluid accumulates on "o side ( ! *e/1 ev5 displac+ ! he>t1 we n[ d n hesitate to remove an in* or two ( "o or m ribs & ?or\ghly dra9 ! cavity1 ) n only a reasonable1 b 9 a majority ( cases1 "o may almo/ say1 a c]ta91 prospect ( cure4 ,we h also ent]$ ^u ! road :i* w lead u 9 "t to a secure surg]y ( ! lung itself4 ,a few cases ( abscess1 ( s]i\s gun-%ot w\nd1 att5d$ by o!rwise fatal hemorrhage1 & ev5 ( tub]cul> cavities 9 ! lungs h be5 successfully dealt )1 b ! tw5tie? c5tury w see1 ,i h no d\bt1 brilliant results 9 ?oracic surg]y4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ injuries ( ! *e/ has rec5tly assum$ a new importance1 viz41 w\nds ( ! he>t itself4 ,9 sev]al in/ances an op5+ has be5 made 9 ! bony & muscul> walls ( ! *e/1 & a w\nd ( ! he>t itself has be5 sew$ up4 ,! numb] is z yet small1 b !re h be5 sev]al recov]ies1 :i* lead u to believe t "h1 too1 ! limits ( surg]y h by no means be5 rea*$4 ,surg]y ( ! ,abdom54--,( ! abdom5 & ! pelvis a v diff]5t /ory c be told4 ,^! cavities might almo/ be call$ ! playgr\nd ( ! surgeon1 & ! rem>kable results :i* h be5 obta9$ w>rant u 9 believ+ t ev5 great] results are 9 /ore = u 9 ! future4 ,9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is article ,i spoke ( ! advantages ( ! /udy ( ! pa?ological anatomy or ! diseas$ condition ( individual organs4 ,p]haps no bett] illu/ration ( ! value ( ?is c be giv5 ?an 9 ! /udies ( app5dicitis4 ,?is op]ation has be5 "o ( ! contributions to ! surg]y ( ! _w 9 :i* ,am]ica has be5 =emo/4 ,:ile !re 7 "o or two e>li] pap]s1 ,will>d ,p>k]1 ( ,new ,york1 9 #ahfg1 fir/ made ! pr(ession li/5 to him :5 he urg$ t abscesses appe>+ above ! "r gro9 %\ld be op]at$ on & ! pati5t's life sav$4 ,b x 0 n until ,fitz1 ( ,bo/on1 9 #ahhh1 publi%$ 8 pap]1 9 :i* he po9t$ out1 z a result ( a /udy ( a s]ies ( po/-mortem exam9ations ( p]sons dy+ f su* an abscess above ! "r gro91 t ! app5dix 0 ! seat ( ! tr\ble1 t ?is s frequ5t disease 0 rightly und]/ood & rightly treat$4 ,z a result ( ! facts ga!r$ 9 8 pap]1 ! treatm5t 0 p]fectly cle>1 n only t we ought to op]ate 9 cases ( abscess1 b t 9 ! case ( pati5ts suff]+ f two or m attacks1 & (t5 f ev5 "o attack ( app5dicitis1 ! app5dix %\ld be remov$ to prev5t su* abscess4 ,! mortality 9 cases 9 :i* su* an abscess has =m$ is1 p]haps1 q tw5ty or tw5ty-five p] c5t41 :]eas1 if pati5ts are op]at$ on 89 ! int]val10 t is to say1 betwe5 attacks1 :5 ! abdom9al cavity is free f pus1 ! mortality is sc>cely m ?an two or ?ree p] c5t41 & may be ev5 less ?an t4 ,surgeons are (t5 ask$ :e!r app5dicitis is n a fad1 & :e!r our gr&fa!rs ev] _h app5dicitis1 etc4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 my e>ly pr(essional days1 app5dicitis 0 well kn[n4 ,x 0 call$ 8localiz$ p]itonitis0 or localiz$ 8abscess10 b :ile ! disease 0 v frequ5t1 its relation to ! app5dix 0 n recogniz$ until f 8 /udy ( its pa?ology an ,am]ican po9t$ x out4 ,ev5 n[ ,european surgeons1 ) a few exceptions1 are n alive to ! ne$ = op]ation 9 su* cases4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! great preval5ce ( grippe dur+ ! la/ few ye>s has increas$ ! numb] ( cases ( app5dicitis1 bo? ( !m be+ cat>rhal conditions ( ! l9+ membrane ( ! same cont9u\s tract ( ! lungs1 ! m\?1 ! /oma*1 & ! inte/9es4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fatal accid5ts t c befall a pati5t is to h an ulc] ( ! /oma* p]=ate s t ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* escape into ! g5]al abdom9al cavity4 ,until #ahhe no "o v5tur$ to op]ate 9 su* a case4 ,9 an inaugural diss]tation by ,t9k]1 ( ,philadelphia1 two hundr$ & ?irty-two cases ( su* p]=at+ ulc]s ( ! /oma* 7 report$1 ( :i* "o hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree recov]$1 a mortality ( #dh4ha p] c5t4 ,9 n a few ( !m1 if prompt in/ead ( late surgical help _h be5 invok$1 a v diff]5t result w\ld h be5 report$4 ,if no op]ation _h be5 done1 ! mortality w\ld h be5 "o hundr$ p] c5t4 ,9 canc] ( ! /oma* itself we are able1 z a rule1 to make a positive diagnosis only :5 a p]ceptible tumor is f\nd4 ,by t "t s _m adhesions h =m$1 & ! infection has involv$ ! neighbor+ gl&s to su* an ext5t1 t x is impossible to remove ! tumor1 b ! /ati/ics ev5 "h are n )\t enc\ragem5t1 at lea/ = com=t if n = life4 ,9 _m cases ! tumor has be5 remov$ & ! /oma* & inte/9e jo9$ toge!r by v>i\s devices1 & ! mortality1 :i* is necess>ily great1 has be5 r$uc$ by ,cz]ny to twelve p] c5t4 & by ,c>le to sev5 p] c5t4 ,ev5 ! entire /oma* has be5 remov$ 9 sev]al cases1 & recov]y has foll[$ 9 ab\t "o-half4 ,mo/ ( ^! pati5ts1 h[ev]1 h di$ f a return ( ! disease4 ,:51 z a result ( swall[+ cau/ic lye or o!r simil> sub/ances1 ! gullet 7! sophagus7 becomes contract$ to su* an ext5t t no food c be swall[$1 we n[ e/abli% an op5+ into ! /oma* ?r\gh :i* a tube is ins]t$ at meal-"t1 & ! pati5t has 8 breakfa/1 d9n]1 & supp] p\r$ into 8 /oma* ?r\gh ! tube4 ,if ! /ricture ( ! sophagus is f malignant disease1 ( c\rse ?is only prolongs life by prev5t+ a horrible dea? by />vation1 b 9 cases 9 :i* x is non-malignant life is indef9itely prolong$4 ,! mortality ( su* an op]ation is v small4 ,by a freak ( nature or by disease ! /oma* sometimes is n>r[$ 9 ! middle1 =m+ :at is call$ an 8h\r-glass /oma*40 ,9 su* a case we op5 ! abdom51 make an op5+ into ! two p>ts ( ! /oma* & unite ! two s t we re-e/abli% ! s+le cavity ( ! /oma*4 ,! mortality ( ! op]ation is v slight1 eight p] c5t4 ,aga91 sometimes ! /oma* becomes unduly dilat$1 ?us int]f]+ s]i\sly ) its function4 ,a numb] ( surgeons 9 su* cases h simply fold$ ov] ! wall ( ! /oma* ^u itself & h sew$ ! two lay]s toge!r1 tak+ a plait or 8tuck0 9 ! /oma* wall1 & h re/or$ x to its normal capacity & function4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important advances has be5 made 9 ! treatm5t ( gall /ones4 ,! bile 9 ! gall bladd] is 9 a /ate ( quiesc5ce1 :i* is favorable to a deposit ( cry/als f ! bile4 ,^! cry/als become agglut9at$ toge!r into l>g] or small] solid masses call$ gall /ones4 ,sometimes ! numb] ( ^! is v small1 f "o to f\r or five2 sometimes !y accumulate 9 enorm\s numb]s1 sev]al hundr$s hav+ be5 report$ 9 a numb] ( in/ances4 ,:5 !y are small !y c escape ?r\gh ! duct ( ! gall bladd] into ! b[el & create no di/urbance1 b :5 !y are l>ge1 s t !y _c make _! escape1 !y n uncommonly are causes n only ( s]i\s discom=t & prolong$ ill-heal?1 b (t5 prove fatal4 ,n[adays "o ( ! safe/ op]ations ( surg]y is to op5 ! abdom5 & ! gall bladd] & remove ?is m5ace to life1 & ! great majority ( su* pati5ts recov] )\t any unt[>d symptoms4 ,ev5 l>ge abscesses ( ! liv]1 &1 :at is /ill m extraord9>y1 l>ge tumors ( ! liv]1 are n[ remov$ successfully4 ,a ye> ago all ( ! report$ cases ( tumor ( ! liv] 7 collect$ :i* _h be5 op]at$ f #ahhh to #ahih1 sev5ty-six 9 all4 ,! t]m9ation 9 two cases 0 unkn[n1 b ( ! o!r sev5ty-f\r1 sixty-?ree recov]$ & elev5 di$1 a mortality ( only #ad4i p] c5t4 ,! surg]y ( ! inte/9es by itself is a subject :i* c\ld well occupy ! entire space all[$ to ?is article4 ,i c only1 9 a v sup]ficial way1 outl9e :at has be5 done4 ,h]nia or rupture is a condition 9 :i* ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! abdom9al wall a loop ( ! b[el escapes4 ,if x c be replac$ & kept )9 ! abdom5 by a suitable truss ?is 0 ! be/ we c\ld d till )9 ! la/ t5 or fifte5 ye>s4 ,! safety & ! pa9lessness ( mod]n surg]y :i* h result$ f ! introduction ( an/hesia & antisepsis are su* t n[ no p]son suff]+ f su* a h]nia1 unless = "s special p]sonal reason1 %\ld be all[$ to rely ^u a truss1 :i* is always a m or less trea*]\s means ( reta9+ ! h]nia4 ,we op]ate on all su* cases n[ ) impunity4 ,coley has rec5tly report$ a s]ies ( six hundr$ & ?irty-n9e cases1 all ( :i* recov]$ ) ! exception ( "o pati5t4 ,ev5 9 *ildr51 if a truss worn = a reasonable "t1 a ye> or s1 does n cure ! rupture1 op]ation af=ds an admirable prospect ( cure4 ,e n[ & !n a b& =ms inside ! abdom51 /ret*+ l a /r+ across ! cavity4 ,if a loop ( b[el slips "u su* a b&1 x c be easily und]/ood t total arre/ ( ! inte/9al cont5ts ensues1 a condition incompatible ) life4 ,!re are o!r causes = su* 8inte/9al ob/ruction10 :i* are too te*nical to be describ$ 9 detail1 b ?is may be tak5 z a type ( all4 ,x is impossible1 ( c\rse1 to tell be=e op5+ ! abdom5 precisely ! cause ( ! ob/ruction1 b ! fact is quickly det]m9$ 9 mo/ cases4 ,if we op5 ! abdom5 promptly1 we c cut su* a b& or remove ! o!r causes ( ob/ruction 9 ! majority ( cases1 & if ! op]ation has n be5 too long delay$1 ! prospect ( entire recov]y is good4 ,! mortality :i* has foll[$ su* op]ations has be5 consid]able1 & by t ,i mean1 say1 ov] tw5ty p] c5t41 b a v l>ge numb] ( ! fatal cases h be5 lo/ because ! op]ation has be5 delay$4 ,9 fact1 x may be /at$ v positively t ! m]e op5+ ( ! abdom5 to f9d out precisely ! nature ( any disease or injury is att5d$ ) b little dang]4 ,if fur!r surgical int]f]5ce is requir$1 ! dang] w be increas$ proportionately to ! ext5t & gravity ( su* int]f]5ce4 ,b 8exploratory op]ations10 z we call !m1 are n[ und]tak5 con/antly ) almo/ uni=m success4 ,ev5 9 canc] ( ! b[el1 we c prolong life1 if we _c save x4 ,canc] ( ! b[el soon] or lat] produces 8ob/ruction0 & s de/roys life1 b 9 su* cases we c ei!r make a p]man5t op5+ 9 ! b[el above ! canc]1 & s relieve ! con/ant pa9 & di/ress :i* is caus$ by ! ob/ruction1 or1 9 a great _m cases1 we make an op5+ 9 ! b[el above ! canc]1 & ano!r bel[ x1 &1 by unit+ ! two op5+s1 if ,i may s express x1 8side-track0 ! cont5ts ( ! b[el4 ,if ! canc] has no adhesions & ! pati5t's condition all[s ( x1 we c cut out ! entire portion ( ! b[el conta9+ ! canc]1 unite ! two ends1 & ?us re-e/abli% ! cont9uity ( ! inte/9al canal4 ,z mu* z eight feet1 ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! entire l5g? ( ! b[el1 h be5 remov$ by ,%eph]d1 ( ,montreal1 & yet ! pati5t recov]$ & liv$ a heal?y life4 ,simil>ly 9 gun-%ot w\nds1 /ab w\nds1 etc41 involv+ ! inte/9e1 ! mod]n surgeon does n simply /& by ) fold$ h&s & give opium & morph9e to make ! pati5t's la/ few h\rs or days relatively com=table1 b he op5s ! abdom51 f9ds ! v>i\s p]=ations1 closes !m1 & recov]y has foll[$ ev5 9 cases 9 :i* z _m z sev5te5 w\nds ( ! inte/9e h be5 produc$ by a gun-%ot w\nd4 ,! kidney1 until ?irty ye>s ago1 0 deem$ almo/ beyond our rea*1 b n[ entire volumes h be5 writt5 on ! surg]y ( ! kidney1 & x is1 "o might say1 a frequ5t occurr5ce to see ! kidney expos$1 sew$ fa/ if x is loose1 op5$ to remove a /one 9 its int]ior1 dra9$ if !re be an abscess1 or1 if x be hopelessly diseas$1 x is remov$ 9 its entirety4 ,! o!r kidney1 if n diseas$1 becomes equal to ! "w ( bo?4 ,( ! pelvic organs1 x w\ld n be becom+ to speak 9 detail1 b "o op]ation ,i c sc>cely omit3 namely1 ov>iotomy4 ,"o ( my old tea*]s 0 ,wa%+ton ,l4 ,atlee1 :o1 ) 8 bro!r1 0 among ! fir/ ov>iotomi/s 9 ?is c\ntry :o plac$ ! op]ation on a firm f\ndation4 ,i he>d a v di/+ui%$ physician 9 #ahfb1 9 a lecture to 8 m$ical class1 d5\nce su* m5 z 8murd]]s02 b to-day h[ diff]5tly does ! entire pr(ession look ^u ! op]ation6 ,in/ead ( condemn+ ! surgeon because he did remove su* a tumor1 ! pr(ession w\ld condemn him because he did n remove x4 ,! op]ation _h its rise 9 ,am]ica4 ,ephraim ,mc,dowell1 ( ,k5tucky1 9 #ahji1 fir/ did ! op]ation :i* n[ reflects s mu* cr$it ^u mod]n surg]y4 ,! mortality ( ! ,atlees 0 ab\t "o 9 ?ree4 ,n[1 ow+ to ! imm5se improvem5t introduc$ by ! antiseptic me?ods1 ! dea?s1 9 compet5t h&s1 are n ov] five p] c5t41 or ev5 ?ree p] c5t4 ,! limits ( ?is article compel me to /op ) ! /ory v imp]fectly told1 b yet1 p]haps1 x has be5 suffici5t 9 detail to %[ some:at ( ! a/oni%+ progress ( surg]y )9 ! c5tury1 b especially )9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury4 ,ab\t two decades ago "o ( ! =emo/ surgeons ( ,london1 ,mr4 ,eri*s51 said1 9 a public address1 t 8surg]y _h rea*$ its limits40 ,h[ %ort 0 8 vision is %[n by ! fact t surg]y at t "t 0 j at ! beg9n+ ( its mo/ brilliant mod]n *apt]4 ,we h rea*$1 9 _m respects1 app>5tly1 ! limits ( our success1 b j z an/hesia & antisepsis & ! ,rntg5 rays h op5$ new fields :olly unsuspect$ until !y 7 proclaim$1 s ,i h no d\bt t ! tw5tie? c5tury w see means & me?ods devis$ :i* w put to %ame ! surg]y ( to-day z mu* z ! surg]y ( to-day puts to %ame t ( ?irty ye>s ago1 & /ill m ( a c5tury ago4 ,! me?ods by :i* ?is w be atta9$ w be by ! m ?or\gh & sy/ematic /udy ( disease & injury1 s z to bett] our means ( diagnosis1 & s prep>e u = imm$iate surgical int]f]5ce1 in/ead ( delay+ x1 z we n[ d 9 _m cases1 = want ( c]ta9 k2 by ! use ( new *emical & ph>maceutical means to p]fect our antisepsis & possibly to introduce o!r me?ods ( treatm5t2 b1 above all1 we %all obta9 progress by ! exact exp]im5tal me?ods ( ! laboratory4 ,we c nev] make progress except by try+ new me?ods4 ,new me?ods mu/ be tri$ ei!r on man or on animals1 & z ! =m] is n all[able1 ! only way rema9+ to u is to te/ all new me?ods1 drugs1 & applications fir/ ^u animals4 ,he :o re/ricts1 &1 /ill m1 he :o w\ld aboli% our pres5t exp]im5ts ^u animals1 is1 9 my op9ion1 ! wor/ foe to ! human race1 & to animals1 z well1 = !y1 z well z human be+s1 obta9 ! b5efit d]iv$ f ! me?od4 ,he may prate ( 8 humanity1 b he is ! mo/ cruel man alive4 ,w4 ,w4 ,,ke54 ,,electricity ,! great importance :i* electricity has atta9$ 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( human activity is s con/antly evid5t t we h difficulty 9 realiz+ h[ %ort is ! "t :i* has be5 occupi$ 9 its developm5t4 ,! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury mu/ ev] rema9 memorable1 n only = ! great advances 9 ne>ly all ! useful arts1 b = ! peculi>ly rapid electric progress1 & ! pr(\nd effect :i* x has _h ^u ! lives & bus9ess ( ! p4 ,9 ! prec$+ c5tury we f9d no evid5ces ( ! application ( electricity to any useful purpose4 ,few ( ! m important pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce 7 !n kn[n4 ,frankl9's inv5tion ( ! lightn+-rod 0 n int5d$ to utilize electric =ce1 b to gu>d life & prop]ty f ! p]ils ( ! ?und]-/orm4 ,! num]\s in/ructive exp]im5ts 9 frictional electricity1 ! fir/-kn[n =m ( electric manife/ation except lightn+1 made cle> c]ta9 pr9ciples1 su* z conduction & insulation1 & s]v$ to di/+ui% ! two opposite electric conditions kn[n z positive & negative4 ,frankl9's kite exp]im5t confirm$ ! long-suspect$ id5tity ( lightn+ & electric sp>ks4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! discov]y by ,alex&] ,volta1 9 #agii1 ( 8 pile1 or batt]y1 t electricity c\ld take its place z an ag5t ( practical value4 ,volta1 :5 he made ?is great discov]y1 0 foll[+ ! "w ( ,galvani1 begun 9 #aghf4 ,b ,galvani 9 8 exp]im5ts mi/ook ! effect = ! cause1 & s miss$ mak+ ! unique demon/ration t two diff]5t metals imm]s$ 9 a solution c\ld set up an electric curr5t4 ,volta1 a pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,pavia & a =eign memb] ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,engl&1 communicat$ 8 discov]y to ! presid5t ( ! society 9 ,m>*1 #ahjj1 & br\ght to ! notice ( ! _w ! fir/ means = obta9+ a /eady fl[ ( electricity4 ,be=e ?is ev5t electric en]gy _h be5 kn[n to ! exp]im5t] 9 pretty effects ( attraction & repulsion ( light objects1 9 fitful fla%es ( insignificant p[]1 or1 z x appe>$ 9 nature1 9 ! fe>ful bur/s ( en]gy dur+ a ?und]-/orm1 uncontroll$ & erratic4 ,! analog\s & closely relat$ ph5om5a ( magnetism _h already f\nd an important application 9 ! navigator's compass4 ,! simple/ facts ( electro-magnetism1 ^u :i* mu* ( ! lat] electrical developm5ts dep5d1 rema9$ entirely unkn[n until ne> ! close ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,magnetism itself1 z exemplifi$ 9 load/one or 9 magnetiz$ iron or /eel1 _h long be=e be5 consi/5tly /udi$ by ,dr4 ,gilb]t1 ( ,col*e/]1 ,engl&1 & 9 #afjj 8 great "w1 ,de ,magnete1 0 publi%$4 ,x is a fir/ example1 & an excell5t "o1 too1 ( ! application ( ! inductive me?od1 s fruitful 9 aft]-ye>s4 ,! re/ra9ts :i* a sup]/iti\s age _h impos$ ^u nature /udy 7 gradually remov$1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury j pa/ occasional decid$ enc\ragem5t began to be giv5 to physical rese>*4 ,x 0 ?is condition :i* put into ! h&s ( ,humphry ,davy1 ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 9 ,london1 at ! op5+ ( ! c5tury1 a voltaic batt]y ( "s #bej pairs ( plates4 ,) ?is a rem>kably fruitful era ( electric discov]y began4 ,9 #ahjb ,davy fir/ %[$ ! electric arc or 8ar*0 on a small scale betwe5 pieces ( c>bon4 ,he also laid ! f\ndation = future electro-*emical "w by decompos+ by ! batt]y curr5t pota% & soda1 & ?us isolat+ ! alkali metals1 potassium & sodium1 = ! fir/ "t4 ,?is 0 9 #ahjg1 & ! result 0 n only to greatly advance ! y\?ful sci5ce ( *emi/ry1 b to attract ! att5tion ( ! _w to a new p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! sci5tific work]1 electric curr5t4 ,a fund 0 soon subscrib$ by 8a few zeal\s cultivators & patrons ( sci5ce10 int]e/$ 9 ! discov]y ( ,davy1 & he _h at 8 s]vice 9 #ahja no less ?an #bjjj cells ( voltaic batt]y4 ,) ! int5se curr5ts obta9$ f x he aga9 demon/rat$ ! wond]ful & brilliant ph5om5on ( ! electric arc1 by fir/ clos+ ! circuit ( ! batt]y ?r\gh t]m9als ( h>dwood *>coal & !n sep>at+ !m = a %ort di/ance4 ,a magnific5t ar* ( flame 0 ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! sep>at$ ends1 & ! light f ! *>coal pieces 0 ( dazzl+ spl5dor4 ,?us 0 born into ! _w ! electric arc light1 ( :i* !re are n[ _m hundr$s ( ?\s&s burn+ nightly 9 our own c\ntry alone4 ,davy probably nev] imag9$ t 8 brilliant exp]im5t w\ld soon play s important a "p 9 ! future light+ ( ! _w4 ,he may nev] h reg>d$ x z ( any practical value4 ,9 fact1 _m ye>s elaps$ be=e any fur!r attempt 0 made to utilize ! light ( ! electric arc4 ,! reason = ?is is n difficult to discov]4 ,! batt]ies 9 exi/5ce 7 crude & gave only _! full p[] = a v %ort "t aft] ! circuit 0 clos$4 ,!y 7 subject to ! v s]i\s defect ( rapid pol>ization1 :]eby ! activity 0 at once r$uc$4 ,a long p]iod elaps$ be=e ?is defect 0 remov$4 ,davy 9 8 exp]im5ts _h also not$ ! v int5se heat ( ! electric arc1 & f\nd t b few sub/ances escap$ fusion or volatilization :5 plac$ 9 ! heat$ /ream betwe5 ! c>bon electrodes4 ,"h aga9 he 0 pione] 9 v important & q rec5t electric "w1 employ+ ! electric furnace1 :i* has already giv5 rise to sev]al new & valuable indu/ries4 ,! conduction ( electricity along wires naturally l$ to ef=ts to employ x 9 signall+4 ,z e>ly z #aggd attempts 7 made by ,le ,sage1 ( ,g5eva1 to apply frictional electricity to telegraphy4 ,8 "w 0 foll[$ be=e ! close ( ! c5tury by o!r simil> proposals4 ,volta's discov]y soon gave a r5ew$ impetus to ^! ef=ts4 ,x 0 easy en\gh to /op & />t a curr5t 9 a l9e ( wire connect+ two po9ts1 b some?+ m ?an t 0 requisite4 ,a good receiv]1 or means = recogniz+ ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( curr5t 9 ! wire or circuit1 did n exi/4 ,! art _h to wait = ! discov]y ( ! effects ( electric curr5t ^u magnets & ! production ( magnetism by su* curr5ts4 ,curi\sly1 ev5 9 #ahjb ! fact t a wire convey+ a curr5t w\ld deflect a compass ne$le 0 obs]v$ by ,romagnosi1 ( ,tr5te1 b x 0 aft]w>ds =gott51 & n until #ahai 0 any real advance made4 ,x 0 !n t ,o]/$1 ( ,cop5hag51 %[$ t a magnet t5ds to set itself at "r angles to ! wire convey+ curr5t & t ! direction ( turn+ dep5ds on ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,! /udy ( ! magnetic effects ( electric curr5ts by ,arago1 ,ampre1 & ! production ( ! electro-magnet by ,/urgeon1 toge!r ) ! v valuable "w ( ,h5ry & o!rs1 made possible ! completion ( ! electric telegraph4 ,?is 0 done by ,morse & ,vail 9 ,am]ica1 & almo/ simultane\sly by work]s abroad1 b1 be=e ,morse _h ent]$ ! field1 ,pr(essor ,joseph ,h5ry _h exemplifi$ by exp]im5ts ! work+ ( electric signall+ by electro-magnets ov] a %ort l9e4 ,x 0 ,h5ry1 9 fact1 :o fir/ made a practically useful electro-magnet ( s(t iron4 ,! hi/ory ( ! electric telegraph tea*es u t to no s+le individual is ! inv5tion due4 ,! ,morse sy/em _h be5 demon/rat$ 9 #ahcg1 b n until #ahdd 0 ! fir/ telegraph l9e built4 ,x connect$ ,baltimore & ,wa%+ton1 & ! funds = defray+ its co/ 7 only obta9$ f ,congress aft] a sev]e /ruggle4 ,?is c easily be und]/ood1 = electricity _h n up to t "t ev] be5 %[n to h any practical usefulness4 ,! success ( ! ,morse telegraph 0 soon foll[$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( telegraph l9es z a means ( communication betwe5 all ! l>ge cities & popul\s di/ricts4 ,sc>cely t5 ye>s elaps$ be=e ! possibility ( a transatlantic telegraph 0 moot$4 ,! cable laid 9 #aheh 0 a failure4 ,a few words pass$1 & !n ! cable broke d[n completely4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be due to defects 9 con/ruction4 ,a r5ew$ ef=t to lay a cable 0 made 9 #ahff1 b disappo9tm5t aga9 foll[$3 ! cable broke 9 mid-ocean & ! "w aga9 ceas$4 ,! great task 0 successfully accompli%$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 & ! pluck & p]t9acity ( ^? :o 7 /ak+ _! capital1 if n _! reputations = bus9ess sagacity1 7 amply rew>d$4 ,ev5 ! lo/ cable ( #ahff 0 f\nd1 splic$ to a new cable1 & complet$ soon aft] z a second work+ l9e4 ,! delicate in/rum5ts = ! work+ ( ^! long cables 7 due to ! g5ius ( ,sir ,william ,?omson1 n[ ,"l ,kelv91 ^: o!r in/rum5ts = electrical measurem5t h = ye>s be5 a great factor 9 secur+ precision bo? 9 sci5tific & practical te/+4 ,! numb] ( cables jo9+ ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n hemisph]es has be5 increas$ f "t to "t1 & ! op5+ ( a new cable is n[ an ord9>y occurr5ce1 call+ = little or no especial note4 ,! introduction ( ! electric telegraph 0 foll[$ by ! inv5tion ( v>i\s signall+ sy/ems1 ! mo/ important be+ ! fire-al>m telegraph1 z sugge/$ by ,*ann+ & work$ out by ,f>m]4 ,we n[1 also1 h automatic clock sy/ems1 9 :i* a ma/] clock controls or gives movem5t to ! h&s ( di/ant clock dials by electric curr5ts s5t out ov] ! connect+ or circuit wires4 ,automatic electric signals are made :5 fire breaks out 9 a build+1 & al>ms are simil>ly rung :5 a burgl> breaks 94 ,n only d we h telegraphs :i* pr9t words & *>act]s1 z 9 ! /ock 8tick]10 b 9 ! =m kn[n z ! telautograph1 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,eli%a ,gray1 ! s5d] writes 8 message1 :i* writ+ is at ! same "t be+ reproduc$ at ! receiv+ end ( ! l9e4 ,ev5 pictures = draw+s are 8wir$0 by special in/rum5ts4 ,! desirability ( mak+ "o wire connect+ two po9ts d a l>ge am\nt ( "w1 & ?us avoid+ ! addition ( new l9es1 has l$ to two rem>kable developm5ts ( telegraphy4 ,9 ! duplex1 quadruplex1 & multiplex sy/ems sev]al messages may at ! same "t be trav]s+ a s+le wire l9e )\t int]f]5ce "o ) ! o!r4 ,9 ! rapid automatic sy/ems ! work+ capacity ( ! l9e is increas$ by special automatic transmitt+ ma*9es & rapid record]s1 & ! electric impulses 9 ! l9e itself foll[ ea* o!r ) great spe$4 ,improvem5t 9 ?is field has by no means ceas$1 & new sy/ems = rapid transmission are yet be+ work$ out4 ,! object is to enl>ge ! c>ry+ capacity ( exi/+ l9es connect+ l>ge c5tres ( population4 ,! names ( ,:eat/one1 ,/e>ns1 ,edison1 & ,delaney are prom95t 9 connection ) ?is "w4 ,= use 9 telegraphy ! orig9ally crude =ms ( voltaic batt]y1 su* z ,davy us$1 7 replac$ by ! m p]fect types su* z ! con/ant batt]y ( ,daniell1 ! nitric-acid batt]y ( ,grove1 dat+ f #ahcf1 & ! c>bon batt]y ( ,buns51 fir/ br\ght out 9 #ahdb4 ,su* 0 ! p[] ( ! ,grove & ,buns5 batt]ies t att5tion 0 aga9 call$ to ! electric arc & to ! possibility ( its use = electric illum9ation4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d t sugge/ions 7 soon made = electric-arc lamps1 to be op]at$ by ^! m p[]ful & con/ant s\rces ( electric curr5t4 ,! fir/ example ( a work+ type ( an arc lamp 0 t br\ght to notice by ,w4 ,e4 ,/aite1 9 #ahdg1 & 8 description ( ! lamp & ! conditions "u :i* x c\ld be work$ is a rem>kably exact & full /atem5t1 consid]+ ! "t ( its appe>ance4 ,/aite ev5 anticipat$ ! mo/ rec5t phase ( developm5t 9 arc light+1 namely1 ! enclosure ( ! light 9 a p>tially air-tight globe1 to prev5t too rapid wa/e ( ! c>bons by combu/ion 9 ! air4 ,9 a public address at ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 9 #ahdg1 he advocat$ ! use ( ! arc1 s enclos$1 9 m9es1 z obviat+ ! dang] ( fire4 ,b x 0 a long "t be=e ! electric arc acquir$ any importance z a practical illum9ant4 ,!re 01 inde$1 no hope ( its success s long z ! curr5t _h to be obta9$ f batt]ies consum+ *emicals & z9c4 ,! exp5se 0 too great1 & ! batt]ies soon became exhau/$4 ,9 spite ( ?is fact1 occasional exhibitions ( arc light+ 7 made1 notably 9 #ahef1 by ,lacassagne & ,?i]s1 9 ! /reets ( ,p>is4 ,= ?is s]vice !y _h inv5t$ an arc lamp involv+ :at is kn[n z ! diff]5tial pr9ciple1 aft]w>ds appli$ s ext5sively to arc lamps4 ,! l5g? ( ! arc or ! di/ance betwe5 ! c>bons ( ! lamp 0 controll$ ) great nicety1 & ! light ?us r5d]$ v /eady4 ,ev5 z late z #ahge batt]ies 7 occasionally us$ to "w s+le electric arc lamps = public exhibitions1 or = demon/ration purposes 9 ! sci5tific dep>tm5ts ( s*ools4 ,! discov]y ( ! means ( effici5tly g5]at+ electricity f me*anical p[] con/itutes1 h[ev]1 ! key-note ( all ! wond]ful electrical "w ( ! clos+ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x made electrical en]gy available at l[ co/4 ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 a mo/ wor?y successor ( ,davy at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 9 /udy+ ! relations betwe5 electric curr5ts & magnets1 made ! exce$+ly important obs]vation t a wire1 if mov$ 9 ! field ( a magnet1 w\ld yield a curr5t ( electricity4 ,simple z ! discov]y 01 its effect has be5 /up5d\s4 ,foll[+ 8 sci5ce = its own sake1 he unwitt+ly op5$ up possibilities ( ! greate/ practical mom5t4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! future dynamo electric ma*9e 0 discov]$ by him4 ,?is 0 9 #ahca4 ,f>aday's inve/igations 7 s complete & 8 d$uctions s ma/]ly1 t little 0 left to be done by o!rs4 ,electro-magnetism 0 supplem5t$ by magneto-electricity4 ,bo? ! electric motor & ! dynamo g5]ator 7 n[ pot5tially pres5t ) u4 ,f>aday cont5t$ himself ) po9t+ ! way1 leav+ ! te*nical eng9e] to foll[4 ,9 "o ( ,f>aday's exp]im5ts a copp] disk m\nt$ on an axis pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre 0 revolv$ betwe5 ! poles ( a l>ge /eel magnet4 ,a wire t\*$ ! p]iph]y ( ! disk at a select$ position ) respect to ! magnet1 & ano!r 0 9 connection ) ! axis4 ,^! wires 7 unit$ ?r\gh a galvanomet] or in/rum5t = detect+ electric curr5t4 ,a curr5t 0 not$ z pres5t 9 ! circuit s long z ! disk 0 turn$4 ,"h1 !n1 0 ! embryo dynamo4 ,! c5tury clos$ ) s+le dynamo ma*9es ( ov] #ejjj horse-p[] capacity1 & ) s+le p[] /ations 9 :i* ! total electric g5]ation by su* ma*9es is #ge1jjj to #ajj1jjj horse-p[]4 ,s p]fect is ! mod]n dynamo t out ( #ajjj horse-p[] exp5d$ 9 driv+ x1 #iej or m may be deliv]$ to ! electric l9e z electric en]gy4 ,! electric motor1 n[ s common1 is a ma*9e l ! dynamo1 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( action is simply rev]s$2 electric en]gy deliv]$ f ! l9es becomes aga9 me*anical motion or p[]4 ,soon aft] ,f>aday's discov]ies 9 magneto-electricity attempts 7 made to con/ruct g5]ators ( electricity f p[]4 ,b ! ma*9es 7 small1 crude1 & imp]fect1 & ! results necess>ily meagre4 ,pixii1 9 ,p>is1 "o ye> aft] ,f>aday's discov]y 0 ann\nc$1 made a ma*9e :i* embodi$ 9 its con/ruction a simple commutator = giv+ ! curr5ts a s+le direction ( fl[4 ,?is is ! prototype ( ! commutators n[ f\nd on :at are call$ cont9u\s-curr5t dynamos4 ,aft] ,pixii foll[$ ,saxton1 ,cl>ke1 ,:eat/one & ,cooke1 ,e/ohr]1 & o!rs1 b n until #ahed 0 any v notable improvem5t made or sugge/$4 ,9 t ye> ,sor5 ,hjor?1 ( ,cop5hag51 describ$ 9 a pat5t specification ! pr9ciple ( caus+ ! electric curr5ts g5]at$ to trav]se coils ( wire s dispos$ z to re9=ce ! magnetic field ( ! ma*9e itself4 ,a ye> subsequ5tly ! same idea 0 aga9 m cle>ly set out by ,hjor?4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( ! mod]n self-excit+ dynamo1 ! field magnets ( :i*1 v weak at ! />t1 are built up or /r5g!n$ by ! curr5ts f ! armature or revolv+ "p ( ! ma*9e 9 :i* p[] is consum$ to produce electricity4 ,9 #ahef ,dr4 ,w]n] ,siem5s1 ( ,b]l91 well kn[n z a great pione] 9 ! electric arts1 br\ght out ! ,siem5s armature1 an innovation m valuable ?an any o!r made up to t "t4 ,?is 0 subsequ5tly us$ 9 ! p[]ful ma*9es ( ,wilde & ,ladd4 ,x /ill survives 9 magneto call-bell app>atus = su* "w z telephone signall+1 9 explod]s = m9es & bla/+1 & 9 ! simpl] types ( electroplat+ dynamos4 ,! decade betwe5 #ahfj & #ahgj op5$ a new era 9 ! con/ruction & work+ ( dynamo ma*9es & motors4 ,x is notable = two advances ( v great value & importance4 ,dr4 ,pacc9otti1 ( ,flor5ce1 9 #ahfj1 describ$ a ma*9e by :i* true cont9u\s curr5ts resembl+ batt]y curr5ts c\ld be obta9$4 ,up to t "t ma*9es gave ei!r rapidly alt]nat+ or fluctuat+ curr5ts1 n /eady curr5ts 9 "o direction4 ,! ,pacc9otti con/ruction1 9 modifi$ =ms1 is n[ almo/ univ]sally employ$ 9 dynamo ma*9es1 & ev5 :]e ! =m is n[ q diff]5t ! ,pacc9otti type has be5 at lea/ ! =]unn]1 & has und]gone modifications to suit special ends 9 view4 ,briefly1 ,pacc9otti made 8 armature ( a r+ ( iron ) iron projections betwe5 :i* ! coils ( insulat$ wire 7 w\nd4 ,al?\gh full descriptions ( ,pacc9otti's r+ armature & commutator 7 giv5 out 9 #ahfd1 8 "w attract$ b little att5tion until ,gramme1 9 ,p>is1 ab\t #ahgj1 br\ght out ! relatively p]fect ,gramme ma*9e4 ,9 ! mean "t ! o!r great developm5t ( ! decade took place4 ,al?\gh ,hjor? _h1 z /at$ be=e1 put =w>d ! idea t a dynamo g5]ator might itself furni% curr5ts = magnetiz+ its own magnets1 ?is valuable sugge/ion 0 n app>5tly work$ out until #ahff1 :5 a ma*9e 0 con/ruct$ = ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ self-excit+ ma*9e 9 exi/5ce4 ,:eat/one read a pap] be=e ! ,royal ,society 9 ,febru>y1 #ahfg1 8,on ! ,augm5tation ( ! ,p[] ( a ,magnet by ! ,reaction !reon ( ,curr5ts ,induc$ by ! ,magnet ,itself40 ,?is action lat] became kn[n z ! reaction pr9ciple 9 dynamo ma*9es4 ,z (t5 happ5s1 ! idea occurr$ to o!r work]s 9 sci5ce almo/ simultane\sly1 & ,dr4 ,w]n] ,siem5s also read a pap] 9 ,b]l9 ab\t a mon? e>li] ?an t ( ,:eat/one1 cle>ly describ+ ! reaction pr9ciple4 ,fur!rmore1 a pat5t specification _h be5 fil$ 9 ! ,briti% ,pat5t ,(fice by ,s4 ,a4 ,v>ley1 ,decemb] #bd1 #ahff1 cle>ly %[+ ! same pr9ciple ( action1 & he 01 !re=e1 ! fir/ to put ! matt] on record4 ,! "t 0 ripe = ! appe>ance ( ma*9es closely resembl+ ! types n[ 9 su* ext5d$ use4 ,gramme1 9 #ahgj1 adopt+ a modifi$ =m ( ! ,pacc9otti r+ & commutator1 & employ+ ! reaction pr9ciple1 fir/ succe$$ 9 produc+ a highly effici5t1 compact1 & durable cont9u\s-curr5t dynamo4 ,! ,gramme ma*9e 0 imm$iately recogniz$ z a great te*nical triumph4 ,x 0 9 a s5se ! culm9ation ( _m ye>s ( developm5t1 beg9n+ ) ! e>ly attempts imm$iately foll[+ ,f>aday's discov]y1 already ref]r$ to4 ,gramme con/ruct$ 8 revolv+ armature ( a s(t iron wire r+1 ^u :i* r+ a s]ies ( small coils ( insulat$ wire 7 w\nd 9 successive radial planes4 ,^! coils 7 all connect$ ) a cont9u\s wire & f ! junctions ( ! coils "o ) ano!r connections 7 tak5 to a range ( copp] b>s insulat$ f ea* o!r1 con/itut+ ! commutator4 ,9 #ahgb ,von ,hefn] ,alt5eck1 9 ,b]l91 modifi$ ! r+ w9d+ ( ,gramme & produc$ ! 8drum w9d+10 :i* avoid$ ! necessity = ?read+ wire ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! iron r+ z 9 ! ,gramme con/ruction4 ,! sev]al coils ( ! drum 7 /ill connect$1 z 9 ,gramme's ma*9e1 to ! successive /rips ( ! commutator4 ,9 mod]n dynamos & motors ! armature1 usually con/ruct$ ( %eet-iron pun*+s1 is a r+ ) projections z 9 ,pacc9otti's ma*9e1 & ! coils ( wire are 9 mo/ cases w\nd sep>ately & !n plac$ 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! projections1 con/itut+ 9 fact a =m ( drum w9d+4 ,9 ! e>ly #gj's a few ,gramme r+ & ,siem5s drum ma*9es _h be5 appli$ to ! runn+ ( arc lights1 "o ma*9e = ea* light4 ,!re 7 also "s ,gramme ma*9es 9 use = electroplat+4 ,at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition1 held at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf1 b two exhibits ( electric-light+ app>atus 7 to be f\nd4 ,( ^! "o 0 ! ,gramme & ! o!r ! ,wallace-,f>m] exhibit4 ,! ,wallace-,f>m] dynamo ma*9e is a type n[ obsolete4 ,x 0 n a good design1 b ! ,wallace exhibit conta9$ o!r examples reflect+ great cr$it on ?is ,am]ican pione] 9 dynamo "w4 ,"s ( ^! ma*9es 7 v simil> 9 con/ruction to lat] =ms :i* w5t into v ext5sive use4 ,! l>ge se>*-lights occasionally us$ 9 night illum9ation dur+ ! exhibitions 7 op]at$ by ! curr5t f ,wallace-,f>m] ma*9es4 ,! ,gramme exhibit 0 a rem>kable exhibit = its "t4 ,?\gh n ext5sive1 x 0 mo/ in/ructive4 ,!re 7 f\nd 9 x a dynamo runn+ an arc lamp2 a l>ge ma*9e = electrolytic "w1 su* z electroplat+ or electrotyp+1 &1 mo/ novel & int]e/+ ( all1 "o ,gramme ma*9e driv5 by p[] 0 connect$ to ano!r by a pair ( wires & ! second run z a motor4 ,?is 9 turn drove a c5trifugal-pump1 & rais$ wat] :i* fl[$ 9 a small fall or cat>act4 ,a ye> or two previ\sly ! ,gramme ma*9e _h be5 accid5tally f\nd to be z excell5t an electric motor z x 0 a g5]at+ dynamo4 ,! crude motors ( ,jacobi1 ,from5t1 ,dav5port1 ,page1 ,v]gnes1 ,gaume1 & _m o!rs1 7 ?us r5d]$ obsolete at a /roke4 ,! fir/ public demon/ration ( ! work+ ( "o ,gramme ma*9e by ano!r 0 made by ,fonta9e at ! ,vi5na ,exhibition ( #ahgc4 ,"h1 !n1 0 a =e%ad[+ ( ! great electric-p[] transmission plants ( to-day2 ! sugge/ion ( ! electric /ation furni%+ p[] z well z light1 &1 to a less degree1 ! promise ( future railways us+ electric p[]4 ,replace ! c5trifugal pump ( ?is mode/ exhibit by a turb9e :eel1 rev]se ! fl[ ( wat] s z to cause x to drive ! electric motor s t ! ma*9e becomes a dynamo1 &1 9 l mann]1 make ( ! dynamo a motor1 & we exemplify 9 a simple way rec5t great ent]prises us+ wat]-p[] = ! g5]ation ( curr5t to be transmitt$ ov] l9es to di/ant electric motors or lights4 ,! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition also m>ks ! beg9n+--! v bir?1 x may be said--( an electric inv5tion de/9$ to become1 be=e ! close ( ! c5tury1 a mo/ pot5t factor 9 human affairs4 ,! speak+ telephone ( ,alex&] ,graham ,bell 0 !re exhibit$ = ! fir/ "t to ! savants1 among :om 0 ! di/+ui%$ electrician & sci5ti/ ,sir ,william ,?omson4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w a /ructure ( copp] wire & iron spoke to a li/5+ e>4 ,nay1 m1 x bo? li/5$ to ! voice ( ! speak] & repeat$ ! voice at a f>-di/ant po9t4 ,! in/rum5ts 71 moreov]1 ! acme ( simplicity4 ,)9 a ye> _m a boy _h con/ruct$ a pair ( telephones at an exp5diture = mat]ial ( only a few p5nies4 ,9 its fir/ =m ! transmitt+ telephone 0 ! c\nt]p>t ( ! receiv]1 & !y 7 rev]sible 9 function4 ,! transmitt] 0 9 reality a m9ute dynamo driv5 by ! arial voice waves2 ! receiv]1 a vibratory motor work$ by ! vibratory curr5ts f ! transmitt] & reproduc+ ! arial motions4 ,?is arrangem5t1 mo/ beautiful 9 !ory1 0 only suit$ = use on %ort l9es1 & 0 soon aft]w>ds replac$ by v>i\s =ms ( c>bon microphone transmitt]1 to ! production ( :i* _m inv5tors _h turn$ _! att5tion1 notably ,edison1 ,hughes1 ,blake1 & ,hunn+s4 ,9 mod]n transmitt]s ! voice wave does n furni% ! p[] to g5]ate ! telephone curr5t1 b only controls ! fl[ ( an already exi/+ curr5t f a batt]y4 ,9 ?is way ! effects obta9able may be made suffici5tly p[]ful = transmission to li/5]s #aejj miles away4 ,!re is no ne$ to dwell "h ^u ! enorm\s sav+ ( "t secur$ by ! telephone & ! pr(\nd effect its introduction has _h ^u bus9ess & social life4 ,! situation is too palpable4 ,nev]!less1 few us]s ( ?is wond]ful inv5tion realize h[ mu* ?\ght & skill h be5 employ$ 9 work+ out ! details ( ex*ange swit*bo>ds1 ( signall+ devices1 ( und]gr\nd cables & ov]head wires1 & ( ! speak+ in/rum5ts !mselves4 ,few ( ^? :o talk betwe5 ,bo/on & ,*icago "k t 9 do+ s !y h = ! exclusive use ( _! voices a total ( ov] #a1jjj1jjj p\nds ( copp] wire 9 ! s+le l9e4 ,!re probably n[ exi/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone betwe5 #ge1jjj & #ajj1jjj miles ( h>d-drawn copp] wire = long-di/ance telephone s]vice1 & ov] #aej1jjj miles ( wire 9 und]gr\nd conduits4 ,!re are upw>d ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( a million telephones 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &1 includ+ bo? ov]head & und]gr\nd l9es1 a total ( m ?an half a million miles ( wire4 ,approximately "o ?\s& million conv]sations are annually convey$4 ,! possibility ( sub-oceanic telephon+ is frequ5tly discuss$1 b ! problem ?us f> is n solv$4 ,x involves grave difficulties1 & we may hope t its solution is to be "o ( ! advances :i* w m>k ! tw5tie? c5tury's progress4 ,! adv5t ( ! telephone 9 #ahgf seem$ to /imulate inv5tion 9 ! electric field to a rem>kable degree4 ,its imm$iate comm]cial success probably act$ also to inspire confid5ce 9 o!r propos$ electric ent]prises4 ,great] att5tion ?an ev] be=e began to be giv5 to ! problem ( electric light+4 ,an electric arc lamp1 probably ! only "o 9 regul> use1 _h be5 in/all$ at ,dung5ess ,light-h\se 9 #ahfb1 aft] a long set ( trials & te/s4 ,x 0 f$ by a ,holmes magneto-electric ma*9e ( ! old type1 v l>ge & cumbr\s = ! "w4 ,num]\s *anges & improvem5ts _h be=e #ahgh be5 made 9 arc lamps by ,s]r91 ,duboscq1 & _m o!rs4 ,b ! display ( electric light dur+ ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahgh 0 ! fir/ memorable use ( ! electric light on a l>ge scale4 ,! spl5did illum9ation ( ! ,av5ue de l',opra 0 a gr& object-lesson4 ,! s\rce ( light 0 ! 8electric c&le0 ( ,paul ,jablo*k(f1 a ,russian eng9e]4 ,x 0 a /rik+ly orig9al & simple arc lamp4 ,in/ead ( plac+ ! two c>bons po9t to po9t1 z _h be5 done 9 ne>ly all previ\s lamps1 he plac$ !m side by side1 ) a /rip ( bak$ kaol9 betwe5 !m4 ,! c&le s =m$ 0 support$ 9 a suitable hold]1 :]eby1 at ! l[] end1 ! two p>allel c>bons 7 connect$ ) ! circuit t]m9als4 ,by a suitable device ! arc 0 />t$ at ! top & burn$ d[n4 ,! electric c&le seem$ to solve ! problem ( all[+ complicat$ me*anism = fe$+ ! c>bons to be disc>d$2 b x surviv$ only a %ort "t4 ,ow+ to un=ese5 difficulties x 0 gradually ab&on$1 aft] hav+ s]v$ a great purpose 9 direct+ ! att5tion ( ! _w to ! possibilities ( ! electric arc 9 light+4 ,inv5tors 9 ,am]ica 7 n idle4 ,by ! close ( #ahgh1 ,bru%1 ( ,clevel&1 _h br\ght out 8 s]ies sy/em ( arc lights1 includ+ special dynamos1 lamps1 etc41 & by ! middle ( #ahgi _h 9 op]ation ma*9es ea* capable ( ma9ta9+ sixte5 arc lamps on "o wire4 ,?is 01 inde$1 a great a*ievem5t = t "t4 ,we/on1 ( ,new>k1 _h also 9 op]ation circuits ( arc lamps1 & ! ,?omson-,h\/on sy/em _h j />t$ 9 comm]cial "w ) eight arc lamps 9 s]ies f a s+le dynamo4 ,maxim & ,full]1 9 ,new ,york1 7 work+ arc lamps f _! ma*9es1 & capital 0 be+ rapidly inve/$ 9 new ent]prises = electric light+4 ,"s ( ! great electric manufactur+ conc]ns ( to-day _h _! beg9n+ at t "t4 ,c5tral light+ /ations began to be e/abli%$ 9 cities1 & ! use ( arc lights 9 /reet illum9ation & 9 /ores grew rapidly4 ,m p]fect =ms ( arc lamps 7 inv5t$1 bett] g5]at+ dynamos & regulat+ app>atus br\ght out4 ,factories = arc-light c>bon mak+ 7 built4 ,! fir/ special electrical exhibition 0 held 9 ,p>is 9 #ahha4 ,9 ! e>ly #hj's1 also1 ! bus9ess ( arc light+ _h become firmly e/abli%$1 & soon ! bulk ( ! "w 0 done "u two ( ! lead+ sy/ems4 ,^! 7 aft]w>ds br\ght toge!r "u "o control1 ?us secur+ 9 ! app>atus manufactur$ a comb9ation ( ! good features ( bo?4 ,until ab\t #ahib ne>ly all ! arc lamps 9 use 7 work$ "u ! s]ies sy/em1 9 :i* ! lights are connect$ "o aft] ano!r on a circuit & trav]s$ by ! same curr5t4 ,?is curr5t has a /&>d value1 or is a con/ant curr5t4 ,sometimes z _m z a hundr$ lamps 7 on "o wire4 ,z ! ma9s = ! supply ( inc&esc5t lamps at con/ant pressure1 or pot5tial1 7 ext5d$1 att5tion 0 m /rongly turn$ to ! possibility ( work+ arc lights !refrom4 ,)9 a few ye>s ( ! close ( ! c5tury ?is plac+ ( arc lamps 9 bran*es f ! same ma9s :i* supply inc&esc5t lamps became common1 & ! enclosure ( ! arc 9 a p>tially air-tight globe1 a proc$ure advocat$ by ,/aite1 9 #ahdg1 0 reviv$ by ,h[>d1 ,m>ks1 & o!rs = sav+ c>bons & att5tion to ! lamp4 ,! enclos$ arc lamp 0 also f\nd to be especially adapt$ to use 9 bran*es ( ! inc&esc5t lamp circuits1 :i* _h 9 cities become greatly ext5d$4 ,! increas+ employm5t ( alt]nat+ curr5ts 9 ! di/ribution ( electric en]gy has l$ also to ! use ( alt]nat+ curr5t arc lamps1 & special curr5t-regulat+ app>atus is n[ be+ appli$ on a l>ge scale to ext5d$ circuits ( ^! lamps4 ,x c be se5 f ^! facts t ! art is /ill rapidly progress+ & ! field ev] wid5+4 ,a little ov] tw5ty ye>s ago practically no arc lamps 7 us$4 ,at ! close ( ! c5tury1 !y 7 numb]$ by hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,! annual consumption ( c>bons 9 ?is c\ntry has rea*$ two hundr$ millions4 ,almo/ simultane\sly ) ! beg9n+ ( ! comm]cial "w ( arc light+1 ,edison1 9 a successful ef=t to provide a small electric lamp = g5]al di/ribution 9 place ( gas1 br\ght to public notice 8 c>bon filam5t inc&esc5t lamp4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( progress _h previ\sly be5 made by v>i\s work]s 9 attempt+ to r$uce ! volume ( light 9 ea* lamp & increase ! numb] ( lights = a giv5 p[] exp5d$4 ,=ms ( inc&esc5t arc lamps1 or semi-inc&esc5t lamps1 7 tri$ on a consid]able scale abroad1 b none h surviv$4 ,s1 also1 _m attempts to produce a lamp giv+ light by pure inc&esc5ce ( solid conductors prov$ = ! mo/ "p abortive4 ,edison himself work$ = ne>ly two ye>s on a lamp bas$ ^u ! old idea ( inc&esc5t plat9um /rips or wires1 b )\t success4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ?is lamp caus$ a heavy drop 9 gas %>es1 long be=e ! problem 0 really solv$ by a ma/]ly /roke 9 8 c>bon filam5t lamp4 ,curi\sly1 ! ne>e/ approa* to ! c>bon filam5t lamp _h be5 made 9 #ahde1 by ,/>r1 an ,am]ican1 :o describ$ 9 a ,briti% pat5t specification a lamp 9 :i* electric curr5t pass$ ?r\gh a ?9 /rip ( c>bon kept x heat$ :ile surr\nd$ by a glass bulb 9 :i* a vacuum 0 ma9ta9$4 ,/>r _h exhibit$ 8 lamps to ,f>aday1 9 ,engl&1 & 0 prep>+ to con/ruct dynamos to furni% electric curr5t = !m 9 place ( batt]ies1 b sudd5 dea? put an end to 8 labors4 ,! specification describ+ 8 lamp is p]haps ! e>lie/ description ( an inc&esc5t lamp ( any promise1 & ! subsequ5tly record$ ideas ( inv5tors up to ! "w ( ,edison seem n[ to be almo/ 9 ! nature ( retrograde movem5ts4 ,none ( !m 7 successful comm]cially4 ,/>r1 :o 0 only tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 is report$ to h di$ ( ov]work & worry 9 8 ef=ts to p]fect 8 inv5tion4 ,8 ideas 7 evid5tly f> 9 advance ( 8 "t4 ,! ,edison lamp diff]$ f ^? :i* prec$$ x 9 ! extremely small section ( ! c>bon /rip r5d]$ hot by ! curr5t1 & 9 ! p]fection ( ! vacuum 9 :i* x 0 m\nt$4 ,! filam5t 0 fir/ made ( c>boniz$ pap]1 & aft]w>ds ( bamboo c>bon4 ,! mod]n inc&esc5t lamp has = ye>s pa/ be5 provid$ ) a filam5t made by a *emical process4 ,! c>bon =m$ is exce$+ly homog5e\s & ( uni=m electric resi/ance4 ,edison fir/ exhibit$ 8 lamp 9 8 laboratory at ,m5lo ,p>k1 ,new ,j]sey1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahgi2 b be=e x c\ld be prop]ly utiliz$ an enorm\s am\nt ( "w _h to be done4 ,8 task 0 n m]ely ! improvem5t ( an art already exi/+2 x 0 ! creation ( a new art4 ,special dynamo ma*9es _h to be inv5t$ & con/ruct$ = work+ ! lamps2 swit*es 7 ne$$ = connect+ & disconnect+ lamps & gr\ps ( lamps2 met]s = measur+ ! consumption ( electric en]gy 7 want$2 safety fuses & cut-(fs _h to be provid$2 electroli]s or fixtures to support ! lamp 7 requir$2 &1 la/ly1 a complete sy/em ( und]gr\nd ma9s ) appurt5ances 0 a requisite = city plants4 ,ev5 ! /eam-eng9es = driv+ ! dynamos _h to be remodell$ & improv$ = electric "w1 & t5 ye>s ( electric light+ developm5t did m t[>ds ! ref9em5t & p]fection ( /eam-eng9es ?an fifty ye>s prec$+4 ,/ead9ess ( lights meant ! pres]vation ( /eady spe$ 9 ! driv+ ma*9]y4 ,! ,pe>l ,/reet /ation 9 ,new ,york ,city 0 ! fir/ in/allation = ! supply ( curr5t = inc&esc5t light+ 9 a city di/rict4 ,! con/ant pressure dynamos 7 gradually improv$ & enl>g$4 ,! details ( all p>ts ( ! sy/em 7 made m p]fect1 & 9 ! h&s ( ,edison & o!rs ! inc&esc5t lamps1 orig9ally ( high co/1 7 mu* *eap5$ & ! quality ( ! production 0 greatly improv$4 ,lamps orig9ally co/ "o doll> ea*4 ,! be/ lamps t are made c be _h at pres5t = ab\t "o-fif? t price4 ,millions ( inc&esc5t lamps are annually manufactur$4 ,great light+ /ations furni% ! curr5t = ! work+ ( ^! lamps1 "s /ations conta9+ ma*9]y aggregat+ _m ?\s&s ( horse-p[] capacity4 ,n only d ^! /ations furni% electric en]gy = ! work+ ( arc lamps & inc&esc5t lamps1 b1 9 addition1 = innum]able motors rang+ 9 size f ! small desk fan ( "o-t5? horse-p[] up to ^? ( hundr$s ( horse-p[]4 ,! l>g] sizes replace /eam or hydraulic p[] = elevators1 & _m are us$ 9 %ops & factories = driv+ ma*9]y su* z pr9t+-presses1 ma*9]y tools1 & ! l4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t x 0 well kn[n t a good dynamo :5 rev]s$ c\ld be made a s\rce ( p[]1 few electric motors 7 9 use until a consid]able "t aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fir/ light+ /ations4 ,ev5 9 #ahhd1 at ! ,philadelphia ,electrical ,exhibition1 only a few electric motors 7 %[n4 ,n until #ahhf or !reaft] did ! 8motor load0 ( an electric /ation beg9 to be a factor 9 its bus9ess success4 ,! motors suppli$ are an advantage\s adjunct1 inasmu* z !y provide a day load1 increas+ ! output ( ! /ation at a "t :5 ! light+ load is small & :5 ! ma*9]y 9 consequ5ce w\ld1 )\t !m1 h rema9$ idle4 ,! gr[? ( ! application ( electric motors 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! c5tury has be5 ph5om5al1 ev5 leav+ out ( consid]ation _! use 9 electric railways4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago an electric motor 0 a curiosity2 fifty ye>s ago crude examples run by batt]ies 7 only to be occasionally f\nd 9 cab9ets ( sci5tific app>atus4 ,ma*9]y ,hall1 at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition ( #ahgf1 typifi$ ! mill ( ! pa/1 nev] aga9 to be reproduc$1 ) its huge eng9e & l9es ( heavy %aft+ & belts convey+ p[] to ! diff]5t tools or ma*9es 9 op]ation4 ,! mod]n mill or factory has its eng9es & dynamos locat$ :]ev] conv5i5t1 its electric l9es & num]\s motors connect$ !reto1 & ea* ( !m ei!r driv+ comp>atively %ort l9es ( %aft+ or atta*$ to drive s+le pieces ( ma*9]y4 ,! wild]ness ( belts & pulleys :i* us$ to *>act]ize a factory is gradually be+ cle>$ away1 & electric di/ribution ( p[] sub/itut$4 ,moreov]1 ! light+ ( ! mod]n mill or factory is done f ! same electric plant :i* di/ributes p[]4 ,! electric motor has already p>tly revolutioniz$ ! di/ribution ( p[] = /ation>y ma*9]y1 b z appli$ to railways 9 place ( animal p[] ! revolution is complete4 ,! p]iod :i* has elaps$ s9ce ! fir/ introduction ( electric railways is b>ely a doz5 ye>s4 ,x is true t a few t5tative exp]im5ts 9 electric traction 7 made "s "t 9 advance ( #ahhh1 notably by ,siem5s1 9 ,b]l91 9 #ahgi & #ahhj1 by ,/eph5 ,d4 ,field1 by ,t4 ,a4 ,edison1 at ,m5lo ,p>k1 by ,j4 ,c4 ,h5ry1 by ,*>les ,a4 ,van ,depoele1 & o!rs4 ,if we look f>!r back we f9d ef=ts su* z t ( ,f>m]1 9 #ahdg1 to propel railway c>s by electric motors driv5 by curr5ts f batt]ies c>ri$ on ! c>s4 ,^! ef=ts 71 ( c\rse1 doom$ to failure1 = economical reasons4 ,electric en]gy f prim>y batt]ies 0 too co/ly1 & if x _h be5 *eap]1 ! types ( electric motor us$ yield$ s small a return ( p[] = ! electric en]gy sp5t 9 driv+ !m t comm]cial success 0 out ( ! "q4 ,^! e>ly ef=ts 71 h[ev]1 in/ructive1 & may n[ be reg>d$ z highly sugge/ive ( lat] "w4 ,traction by ! use ( /orage batt]ies c>ri$ on an electric c> has be5 tri$ repeat$ly1 b appe>s n to be able to compete ) sy/ems ( direct supply f electric l9es4 ,! plan survives1 h[ev]1 9 ! electric automobile1 _m ( :i* h be5 put into s]vice )9 a ye> or two4 ,! electric automobile is n well fitt$ = c\ntry t\r+2 x is be/ adapt$ to cities1 :]e facilities = *>g+ & c>+ = ! batt]ies c be _h4 ,moreov]1 ! electric c>riage is ( all automobile c>riages ! mo/ easily controll$1 mo/ ready2 x emits no smell or hot gases & is ne>ly noiseless4 ,ab\t #ahej1 ,hall1 a well-kn[n in/rum5t mak] ( ,bo/on1 catalogu$ a small toy electric locomotive dragg+ a c> ^u rails :i* 7 insulat$ & connect$ ) a /ation>y batt]y ( two ,grove cells4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 sold z a piece ( sci5tific app>atus1 & appe>s to be ! fir/ example ( an electrically driv5 vehicle connect$ by roll+ contacts to an immovable en]gy s\rce4 ,o!r e>ly exp]im5t]s1 su* z ,siem5s1 ,field1 & ,daft1 subsequ5tly to ,hall1 us$ 9 actual railway "w ! supply by insulat$ tracks4 ,?is 0 supplant$ lat] by ov]head insulat$ wires or by ! insulat$ ?ird rail4 ,siem5s ,halske1 ( ,b]l91 us$ a special =m ( ov]head supply 9 #ahha1 & dur+ ! electrical exhibition 9 ,p>is 9 t ye>1 a /reet tramway l9e 0 run by !m4 ,lat]1 ,edison exp]im5t$ ) a ?ird-rail-supply l9e at ,m5lo ,p>k2 & at ,portru%1 9 ,irel&1 an actual railway 0 put 9 op]ation by ,siem5s ,halske1 us+ ! ?ird-rail sy/em4 ,?is 0 ab\t #ahhc4 ,! p[] ( ! ,portru% railway 0 t ( a wat]-:eel driv+ ! g5]at+ dynamo4 ,! mod]n ov]head trolley1 or "u-runn+ trolley1 z x is call$1 seems to h be5 fir/ inv5t$ by ,van ,depoele1 & us$ by him 9 practical electric railway "w ab\t #ahhf & !reaft]4 ,! univ]sality ( ?is inv5tion = ov]head supply m>ks ! device z a really important advance 9 ! art ( electric traction4 ,van ,depoele 0 also a pione] 9 ! use ( an und]gr\nd conduit1 :i* he employ$ successfully 9 ,toronto 9 #ahhd4 ,! names ( ,edw>d ,m4 ,b5tley & ,walt] ,h4 ,knight /& out prom95tly 9 connection ) ! fir/ use ( an und]gr\nd conduit1 tri$ "u _! plans 9 ,augu/1 #ahhd1 at ,clevel&1 on ! tracks ( ! horse-railway company4 ,we h b>ely outl9$ ! hi/ory ( ! electric-motor railway up to ! beg9n+ ( a p]iod ( wond]ful developm5t1 result+ 9 ! almo/ complete replacem5t by electric traction ( horse traction or tramway l9es1 all )9 an int]val ( sc>cely m ?an t5 ye>s4 ,! ye> #ahhh may be said to m>k ! beg9n+ ( ?is "w1 & 9 t ye> ! ,sprague ,company1 ) ,frank ,j4 ,sprague at its head1 put into op]ation ! electric l9e at ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 us+ ! "u-runn+ trolley4 ,mr4 ,sprague _h be5 associat$ ) ,edison 9 e>ly traction "w1 & 0 well kn[n 9 connection ) electric-motor "w 9 g5]al4 ,! ,ri*mond l9e 0 ! fir/ l>ge und]tak+4 ,x _h ab\t ?irte5 miles ( track1 num]\s curves1 & grades ( f ?ree to t5 p] c5t4 ,! ent]prise 0 "o ( great h>dihood1 & b = ample f9ancial back+ & det]m9ation to sp>e no ef=t or exp5diture conducive to success1 mu/ c]ta9ly h fail$4 ,! motors 7 too small = ! "w1 & !re _h n be5 f\nd any prop] sub/itute = ! metal commutator bru%es on ! motors--a s\rce ( endless tr\ble & ( an enorm\s exp5se = repairs4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,ri*mond in/allation1 kept 9 op]ation z x 0 9 spite ( all difficulties1 s]v$ z an object-lesson1 & _h ! effect ( conv9c+ ,mr4 ,h5ry ,m4 ,:itney & ! directors ( ! ,we/ ,end ,/reet ,railway1 ( ,bo/on1 ( ! feasibility ( equipp+ ! entire railway sy/em ( ,bo/on electrically4 ,mean:ile ! m]g+ ( ! ,van ,depoele & ,b5tley-,knight int]e/s into ! ,?omson-,h\/on ,electric ,light ,company br\ght a new factor into ! field1 ! ,sprague int]e/s be+ likewise m]g$ ) ! ,edison ,g5]al ,electric ,company4 ,! ,we/ ,end ,company1 ) two hundr$ miles ( track 9 & ar\nd ,bo/on1 began to equip its l9es 9 #ahhh ) ! ,?omson-,h\/on plant4 ,! success ( ?is great und]tak+ left no d\bt ( ! future ( electric traction4 ,! difficulties :i* _h s]i\sly ?reat5$ future success 7 gradually remov$4 ,! electric railway progress 0 s great 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t ab\t ,janu>y #a1 #ahia1 !re 7 m ?an two hundr$ & =ty l9es 9 op]ation4 ,ab\t ?irty ?\s& horses & mules 7 replac$ by electric p[] 9 ! s+le ye> ( #ahia4 ,9 #ahib ! ,?omson-,h\/on int]e/s & ^? ( ! ,edison ,g5]al ,electric ,company 7 m]g$ 9 ! ,g5]al ,electric ,company1 an ev5t ( unusual importance1 z x br\ght toge!r ! two great competitors 9 electric traction at t date4 ,o!r electric manufactur]s1 *ief among :i* 0 ! ,we/+h\se ,company1 also ent]$ ! field & became prom95t factors 9 railway ext5sion4 ,9 a few ye>s horse traction 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates on tramway l9es virtually disappe>$4 ,_m cable l9es 7 conv]t$ to electric l9es1 & projects su* z ! ,bo/on ,subway began to be plann$4 ,n ! lea/ ( ! advantages ( electric traction is ! high] spe$ atta9able ) safety4 ,! com=t & cleanl9ess ( ! c>s1 light$ brilliantly at night1 & heat$ 9 w9t] by ! same s\rce ( en]gy :i* is us$ to propel !m1 are important factors4 ,all ^! ?+s1 toge!r ) ! great ext5sion ( ! l9es into suburban & c\ntry di/ricts1 & ! int]connection ( ! l9es ( "o di/rict ) ^? ( ano!r1 _c fail to h a decid$ly b5eficial effect ^u ! life1 habits1 & heal? ( ! p4 ,:ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada h be5 & /ill are ! !atre ( ! enorm\s advance 9 electric traction1 z 9 o!r electric "w1 _m electric c> l9es h 9 rec5t ye>s be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,great ,brita9 & on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,c\ntries l ,japan1 ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,africa1 & ,s\? ,am]ica h also 9 op]ation _m electric trolley l9es1 & ! "w is rapidly ext5d+4 ,mo/ ( ?is "w1 ev5 9 ,europe1 has be5 c>ri$ out ei!r by importation ( equipm5t f ,am]ica1 or by app>atus manufactur$ !re1 b foll[+ ,am]ican practice closely4 ,! bulk ( ! "w has be5 done ) ! ov]head wire & "u-runn+ trolley1 b !re are notable in/ances ( ! use ( electric conductors 9 und]gr\nd slott$ conduits1 *ief ( :i* are ! great sy/ems ( /reet railway 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,9 ,*icago ! application ( motor-c>s 9 tra9s ^u ! elevat$ railway foll[$ directly ^u ! practical demon/ration at ! ,_w's ,fair ( ! capabilities ( ?ird-rail electric traction on ! ,intramural ,elevat$ ,railway1 & ! sy/em is rapidly ext5d+ s z to include all elevat$ city roads4 ,a few ye>s w d\btless see ! great *ange accompli%$4 ,! motor-c>1 or c> propell$ by its own motors1 has also be5 introduc$ ^u /&>d /eam roads to a limit$ ext5t z a supplem5t to /eam traction4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! in/allations are ! "o at ,nantasket1 ,massa*usetts1 & t betwe5 ,h>t=d & ,new ,brita91 9 ,connecticut4 ,a numb] ( special high-spe$ l9es1 us+ simil> plans1 h gone into op]ation 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! problem ( con/ruct+ electric motors ( suffici5t robu/ness = heavy "w & controll+ !m effectively 0 n an easy "o1 & ! difficulties 7 increas$ greatly because ( ! plac+ ( ! motors "u ! c> body1 expos$ to wet1 to du/ & dirt ( road4 ,! advantage ( ! motor-c>1 or motor-c> tra91 is t ! traction or hold ^u ! track increases ) ! increase ( ! weight or load c>ri$4 ,x is ?us able to be accel]at$ rapidly aft] a /op1 & also climb /eep grades )\t slipp+ its :eels4 ,nev]!less1 !re are circum/ances :i* favor ! employm5t ( a locomotive at ! head ( a tra91 z 9 /eam practice4 ,?is is ! case 9 l9es :]e a tra9 ( coal or ore c>s is drawn by electric m9+ locomotives4 ,_m su* plants are 9 op]ation1 &1 at ! same "t ! electric p[] is us$ to drive fans = v5tilat+1 pumps = dra9age1 electric hoi/s1 etc41 besides be+ us$ = light+ ! m9es4 ,! tra9s 9 ! tunnels ( ! ,metropolitan ,und]gr\nd ,railway ( ,london h = _m ye>s be5 op]at$ by /eam locomotives ) ! inevitable escape ( /eam1 f\l1 suffocat+ gases1 & m or less soot4 ,a numb] ( ye>s ago ! tunnel ( ! ,city & ,s\? ,london ,railway 0 put into successful op]ation ) electric locomotives draw+ ! tra9s ( c>s1 & ! nuisance caus$ by /eam avoid$4 ,?is "w recalls ! e>ly ef=ts ( ,field1 ( ,daft1 & ,b5tley & ,knight 9 provid+ an electric locomotive = replac+ ! /eam plant ( ! elevat$ roads 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,well-conceiv$ z _m ( ^! plans 71 electric traction _h n rea*$ a suffici5t developm5t1 & ! ef=ts 7 ab&on$ aft] sev]al m or less successful trials4 ,x is n[ se5 t ! motor-c> tra9 may advantage\sly replace ! locomotive-drawn tra9 9 su* in/ances z ^! elevat$ railways4 ,! ?ree l>ge/ & mo/ p[]ful electric locomotives ev] put into s]vice are ^? :i* are employ$ to take tra9s ?r\gh ! ,baltimore & ,ohio ,railroad tunnel at ,baltimore4 ,!y h be5 9 s]vice ab\t sev5 or eight ye>s1 & are fully equal 9 p[] to ! l>ge /eam locomotives us$ on /eam roads4 ,frequ5tly tra9s ( c>s1 includ+ ! /eam locomotive itself1 are drawn ?r\gh ! tunnel by ^! huge electric eng9es1 ! fires on ! /eam ma*9es be+ = ! "t *eck$ s z to prev5t f\l+ ! air ( ! tunnel4 ,!re 0 op5$1 9 ,london1 9 #aijj1 a new railway call$ ! ,c5tral ,und]gr\nd1 equipp$ ) tw5ty-six electric locomotives = draw+ its tra9s4 ,! electric & p[] equipm5t1 :i* embodi$ 9 itself ! late/ results ( ,am]ican practice1 0 also manufactur$ 9 ,am]ica to suit ! ne$s ( ! road4 ,o!r simil> railways are 9 contemplation 9 ,london & 9 o!r cities ( ,europe4 ,z on ! elevat$ roads 9 ,new ,york ,city1 ! replacem5t ( und]gr\nd /eam traction1 :]e x exi/s1 by electric traction is evid5tly only a "q ( a few ye>s4 ,an electric railway may exemplify a p[]-transmission sy/em 9 :i* p[] is deliv]$ to mov+ vehicles4 ,b ! di/ances s cov]$ are n g5]ally m ?an a few miles f ! g5]at+ /ation4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 abundant wat]-p[] exi/s1 z at ,niag>a1 or :]e fuel is v exp5sive & p[] is to be _h only at great di/ances f ! place at :i* x is to be us$1 electricity furni%es ! mo/ effective means = transmission & di/ribution4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahhj & #ahij ! device call$ alt]nat+ curr5t trans=m] 0 develop$ to a consid]able degree ( p]fection4 ,x is1 9 reality1 a modifi$ induction coil1 consi/+ ( copp] wire & iron1 :]eby a curr5t s5t ?r\gh "o ( its coils w induce simil> curr5ts 9 ! o!r coils ( app>atus4 ,x has ! great advantage ( hav+ no mov+ p>ts4 ,f>aday1 9 #ahca1 discov]$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! mod]n trans=m]4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 w ! curr5t 9 "o coil ( ! app>atus g5]ate by induction a new curr5t 9 an entirely sep>ate coil or circuit1 b by suitably proportion+ ! w9d+s we may ex*ange1 z x 71 a l>ge l[-pressure curr5t = a small b high-pressure curr5t1 or vice v]sa4 ,?is ex*ange may be made ) a v small p]c5tage ( loss ( en]gy4 ,^! valuable prop]ties ( ! trans=m] h r5d]$ x ( supreme importance 9 rec5t electrical ext5sion4 ,! fir/ use made ( x1 9 #ahhe-hf1 0 to trans=m a high-pressure curr5t into "o ( l[ pressure 9 electric light+1 enabl+ a small wire to be us$ to convey electric en]gy at high pressure1 & )\t mu* loss1 to a long di/ance f ! /ation4 ,?is en]gy at high pressure rea*es ! trans=m] plac$ )9 or close to ! build+ to be light$4 ,a l[-pressure safe curr5t is convey$ f ! trans=m] to ! wires connect$ to ! lamps4 ,9 ?is way a curr5t ( two ?\s& volts1 an unsafe & unsuitable pressure = inc&esc5t light+1 is ex*ang$ = "o ( ab\t "o hundr$ volts1 :i* is q safe4 ,9 ?is way1 also1 ! supply /ation is enabl$ to rea* a cu/om] too f> away to be suppli$ directly ) curr5t at "o hundr$ volts1 )\t enorm\s exp5se = copp] conductors4 ,! alt]nat+ curr5t trans=m] n only greatly ext5d$ ! radius ( supply f a s+le /ation1 b also enabl$ ! /ation to be conv5i5tly locat$ :]e wat] & coal c\ld be _h )\t difficulty4 ,x also p]mitt$ ! di/ant wat]-p[]s to become s\rces ( electric en]gy = light+1 p[]1 or = o!r s]vice4 ,= example1 a wat]-p[] locat$ at a di/ance ( fifty to "o hundr$ miles or m f a city1 or f a l>ge manufactur+ c5tre :]e co/ ( fuel is high1 may be utiliz$ z foll[s3 ,a p[]-/ation w be locat$ ^u ! site ( ! wat]-p[]1 & ! dynamos !re9 w g5]ate electricity at1 say1 two ?\s& volts pressure4 ,by means ( /ep-up trans=m]s ?is w be ex*ang$ = a curr5t ( ?irty ?\s& volts = transmission ov] a l9e ( copp] or alum9um wire to ! di/ant consumption area4 ,"h !re w be a set ( /ep-d[n trans=m]s :i* w ex*ange ! ?irty-?\s&-volt l9e curr5t = "o ( s l[ a pressure z to be safe = local di/ribution to lamps1 to motors1 etc41 ei!r /ation>y or ^u a railway4 ,! same transmission plant may simultane\sly supply en]gy = light+1 = p[]1 = heat1 & = *>g+ /orage batt]ies4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be employ$ bo? day & night4 ,^! long-di/ance p[] transmission plants are g5]ally spok5 ( z 8two-phase10 8?ree-phase10 or 8polyphase0 sy/ems4 ,be=e #ahij no su* plants exi/$4 ,a l>ge numb] ( su* in/allations are n[ work+ ov] di/ances ( a few miles up to "o hundr$ miles4 ,!y diff] f :at are kn[n z s+le-phase alt]nat+ sy/ems 9 employ+1 in/ead ( a s+le alt]nat+ curr5t1 two1 ?ree1 or m1 :i* are s5t ov] sep>ate l9es1 & 9 :i* ! electric impulses are n simultane\s1 b foll[ ea* o!r 9 regul> succession1 ov]lapp+ ea* o!r's dead po9ts1 s to speak4 ,e>ly sugge/ions ( su* a plan1 ab\t #ahhj1 & !reaft]1 by ,bailey1 ,deprez1 & o!rs1 bore no fruit1 & n until ,tesla's ann\ncem5t ( 8 polyphase sy/em1 9 #ahhh1 0 mu* att5tion giv5 to ! subject4 ,a widespread int]e/ 9 ,tesla's "w 0 invok$1 b sev]al ye>s elaps$ be=e eng9e]+ difficulties 7 ov]come4 ,?is "w 0 done ma9ly by ! te*nical /affs ( ! l>ge manufactur+ companies1 & x 0 necess>y to be done be=e any notable p[] transmissions on ! polyphase sy/em c\ld be e/abli%$4 ,aft] #ahib ! gr[? became v rapid4 ,! falls ( ,niag>a e>ly attract$ ! att5tion ( eng9e]s to ! possibility ( utiliz+ at lea/ a fraction ( ! p[]4 ,x 0 se5 t sev]al hundr$ ?\s& horse-p[] might be drawn f x )\t mat]ially affect+ ! fall1 itself equival5t to sev]al millions ( horse-p[]4 ,a gigantic p[]-/ation has lately be5 e/abli%$ at ,niag>a1 tak+ wat] f a di/ance above ! falls & deliv]+ x bel[ ! falls ?r\gh a long tunnel :i* =ms ! tail race4 ,t5 wat]-:eels1 locat$ 9 an imm5se :eel-pit ab\t two hundr$ feet deep1 ea* :eel ( a capacity ( five ?\s& horse-p[]1 drive l>ge v]tical %afts1 at ! upp] end ( :i* are locat$ ! l>ge two-phase dynamos1 ea* ( five ?\s& horse-p[]4 ,! electric en]gy f ^! ma*9es is 9 "p rais$ 9 pressure by huge trans=m]s = transmission to di/ant po9ts1 su* z ! city ( ,buffalo1 & a l>ge portion is deliv]$ to ! num]\s manufactur+ plants locat$ at mod]ate di/ances f ! p[]-/ation4 ,besides ! supply ( en]gy = light+1 & = motors1 includ+ railways1 o!r rec5t uses ( electricity to :i* we h n yet allud$ are spl5didly exemplifi$ at ,niag>a4 ,davy's brilliant discov]y ( ! alkali metals1 sodium & potassium1 at ! op5+ ( ! c5tury1 %[$ ! great *emical en]gy ( ! electric curr5t4 ,its actions 7 aft]w>ds c>efully /udi$1 notably by ! illu/ri\s ,f>aday1 ^: discov]ies 9 connection ) magnetism & magneto-electricity h be5 briefly describ$4 ,! electric curr5t 0 f\nd to act z a mo/ pot5t *emical =ce1 decompos+ & recompos+ _m *emical comp\nds1 dissolv+ & deposit+ metals4 ,h5ce1 e>ly 9 ! c5tury arose ! art ( electroplat+ ( metals1 su* z electro-gild+1 silv]-plat+1 nickel-plat+1 & copp] deposition z 9 electrotyp+4 ,^! arts are n[ practis$ on a v l>ge scale1 & naturally h affect$ ! :ole c\rse ( manufactur+ me?ods dur+ ! c5tury4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ! introduction ( dynamo curr5t1 electrolysis has come to be employ$ 9 huge plants1 n only = sep>at+ metals f ea* o!r1 z 9 ref9+ !m1 b 9 addition = sep>at+ !m f _! ores1 = ! manufacture ( *emical comp\nds be=e unkn[n1 & = ! *eap production ( num]\s sub/ances ( use 9 ! v>i\s arts on a l>ge scale4 ,va/ quantities ( copp] are ref9$1 & silv] & gold (t5 obta9$ f residues 9 suffici5t am\nt to pay well = ! process4 ,at ,niag>a also are works = ! production ( ! metal alum9um f its ores4 ,simil> works exi/ at o!r places "h & abroad :]e p[] is *eap4 ,?is metal1 :i* competes 9 price ) brass1 bulk = bulk1 0 only obta9able be=e its electric r$uction at #be to #cj p] p\nd4 ,! metal sodium is also extract$ f soda4 ,a l>ge plant at ,niag>a also uses ! electric curr5t = ! manufacture ( *lor9e = blea*1 & cau/ic soda1 bo? f common salt4 ,*lorate ( potassium is also made at ,niag>a by electrolysis4 ,! field ( electro-*emi/ry is1 inde$1 full ( great future possibilities4 ,l>ge furnaces heat$ by electricity1 a s+le "o ( :i* w consume m ?an a ?\s& horse-p[]1 exi/ at ,niag>a4 ,9 ^! furnaces is manufactur$ f coke & s&1 by ! ,a*eson process1 an abrasive mat]ial call$ c>borundum1 :i* is almo/ z h>d z diamond1 b q l[ 9 co/4 ,x is made into slabs & into :eels = gr9d+ h>d sub/ances4 ,! electric furnace furni%es also ! means = produc+ artificial plumbago1 or graphite1 almo/ p]fectly pure1 ! raw mat]ial be+ coke p[d]4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( p[] f ,niag>a is also consum$ = ! production 9 special electric arc furnaces ( c>bide ( calcium f coke & lime4 ,?is is ! s\rce ( acetyl5e gas1 ! new illum9ant1 :i* is g5]at$ :5 wat] is br\ght into contact ) ! c>bide4 ,! high temp]ature ( ! electric furnace ?us r5d]s possible *emical actions :i* "u ord9>y furnace heat w\ld n take place4 ,h5ri ,moissan1 a ,fr5* sci5ti/1 well kn[n = 8 brilliant rese>*es 9 electric furnace "w1 has ev5 %[n t real diamonds c be made "u special conditions 9 ! electric furnace4 ,he has1 9 fact1 probably practis$ 9 a small way :at has occurr$ on a gr& scale 9 nature1 result+ 9 diamond fields su* z ^? at ,kimb]ley4 ,"o problem less is ?us left to be solv$4 ,! electro-*emical & k9dr$ arts are practis$ n alone at ,niag>a1 b at _m o!r places :]e p[] is *eap4 ,ext5sive plants h gr[n up1 mo/ly )9 ! five ye>s be=e ! close ( ! c5tury4 ,all ( ! great developm5ts 9 ?is field h come ab\t )9 ! la/ decade4 ,! use ( electricity = heat+ is n conf9$ to electric furnaces1 9 :i* ! exce$+ly high temp]ature obta9able is ! factor giv+ rise to success4 ,:ile x is n likely t electricity w soon be us$ = g5]al heat+1 special in/ances1 su* z ! w>m+ ( electric c>s 9 w9t] by electric heat]s1 ! op]ation ( cook+ appliances by electric curr5t1 ! heat+ ( sad-irons & ! l1 give evid5ce ( ! possibilities %\ld !re ev] be f\nd means = ! g5]ation ( electric en]gy f fuel ) su* high effici5cy z eighty p] c5t4 or m4 ,pres5t me?ods give1 "u mo/ favorable conditions1 b>ely t5 p] c5t41 n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! en]gy value ( ! fuel be+ unavoidably wa/$4 ,ano!r application ( ! heat+ p[] ( electric curr5ts is f\nd 9 ! ,?omson electric weld+ process1 ! developm5t ( :i* has practically tak5 place 9 ! pa/ t5 ye>s4 ,9 ?is process an exce$+ly l>ge curr5t1 at v l[ electric pressure1 trav]ses a jo9t betwe5 two pieces ( metal to be unit$4 ,x heats ! jo9t to fusion or s(t5+2 ! pieces are pu%$ toge!r & weld$4 ,"h ! heat is g5]at$ 9 ! solid metal1 = at no "t dur+ ! op]ation are ! pieces sep>at$4 ,! curr5t is usually obta9$ f a weld+ trans=m]1 an example ( an extreme type ( /ep-d[n trans=m]4 ,curr5t at sev]al hundr$ volts pass$ into ! prim>y w9d+ is ex*ang$ = an enorm\s curr5t at only two or ?ree volts 9 ! weld+ circuit 9 :i* ! "w is done4 ,! pres5t uses ( ?is electric weld+ process are num]\s & v>i$4 ,pieces ( mo/ ( ! metals & alloys1 be=e reg>d$ z unweldable1 are capable ( be+ jo9$ n only to pieces ( ! same metal1 b also to diff]5t metals4 ,electric weld+ is appli$ on ! l>ge scale1 mak+ jo9ts 9 wires or rods1 = weld+ wagon & c>riage :eel tires1 = mak+ b>rel-hoops & b&s = pails1 = axles ( vehicles1 & = c>riage fram+4 ,x has giv5 rise to special manufactures1 su* z electrically weld$ /eel pipe or tube1 wire f5c+1 etc4 ,x is us$ = weld+ toge!r ! jo9ts ( /eel c>-rails1 = weld+ tee? 9 saws1 = mak+ _m p>ts ( bicycles1 & 9 tool mak+4 ,an in/ance ( its peculi> adaptability to unusual conditions is ! weld+ ( ! iron b&s emb$d$ )9 ! body ( a rubb] vehicle tire = hold+ ! tire 9 place4 ,= ?is purpose ! electric weld has be5 f\nd almo/ ess5tial4 ,ano!r bran* ( electric developm5t conc]ns ! /orage ( electricity4 ,! /orage batt]y is bas$ ^u pr9ciples discov]$ by ,ga/on ,plant1 & appli$1 s9ce #ahha1 by ,bru%1 by ,faure1 & o!rs4 ,"s ( ! l>g] light+ /ations employ z res]voirs ( electric en]gy l>ge batt]ies *>g$ by surplus dynamo curr5t4 ,?is is aft]w>ds drawn ^u :5 ! consum]'s load is heavy1 z dur+ ! ev5+4 ,! /orage batt]y is1 h[ev]1 a heavy1 cumbr\s app>atus1 ( limit$ life1 easily de/roy$ unless gu>d$ ) skill4 ,if a =m n possess+ ^! faults be ev] f\nd1 ! field ( possible application is almo/ limitless4 ,! above by no means complete acc\nt ( ! progress 9 electric applications dur+ ! c5tury j clos$ %\ld prop]ly be supplem5t$ by an acc\nt ( ! accompany+ great advances reg>d$ f ! purely sci5tific aspect4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only possible to make a brief ref]5ce !reto )9 ! limits ( ?is article4 ,! sci5tific /udy ( electricity & ! application ( ma!matical me?ods 9 its treatm5t has kept busy a ho/ ( work]s & drawn ^u ! res\rces ( ! able/ m9ds ! age has produc$4 ,gauss1 ,web]1 ,ampre1 ,f>aday1 ,maxwell1 ,helmholtz1 are no long] ) u4 ,( ! e>ly f\nd]s ( ! sci5ce we h yet su* m5 z ,"l ,kelv91 =m]ly ,sir ,william ,?omson1 ,masc>t1 & o!rs1 /ill zeal\s 9 sci5tific "w4 ,foll[+ !m are a l>ge numb]1 notable = valuable contributions to ! progress ( electrical sci5ce1 9 discov]ies1 9 rese>*1 & 9 ma!matical treatm5t ( ! v>i\s problems pres5t$4 ,mod]n magnetism took =m 9 ! h&s ( ,r[l&1 ,hopk9son1 ,ew+1 & _m o!r able work]s4 ,maxwell's electro-magnetic !ory ( light is confirm$ by ! brilliant rese>*es ( ! late ,dr4 ,h]tz1 too e>ly lo/ to sci5ce4 ,h]tz prov$ t all lum9\s ph5om5a are 9 ess5ce electrical4 ,! wireless telegraphy ( to-day is a direct outcome ( ,h]tz's exp]im5ts on electric waves4 ,x is b little m ?an t5 ye>s s9ce ,h]tz ann\nc$ 8 results to ! _w4 ,8 "w1 supplem5t$ by t ( ,branly1 ,lodge1 ,m>coni1 & o!rs1 made wireless telegraphy a possibility4 ,! wond]ful ,x-ray1 & ! ri* sci5tific h>ve/ :i* has foll[$ ! discov]y by ,rntg5 ( invisible radiation f a vacuum tube1 0 prec$$ by mu* inve/igation ( ! effects ( electric dis*>ges 9 vacuum tubes1 & ,hittorf1 foll[$ by ,crookes1 _h giv5 special /udy to ^! effects 9 v high or ne>ly p]fect vacua4 ,crookes1 ?\gh especially enri*+ sci5ce by 8 "w1 miss$ ! peculi> ,x-ray1 :i*1 nev]!less1 mu/ h be5 emitt$ f _m ( 8 vacuum tubes1 n only 9 8 h&s1 b 9 ^? ( subsequ5t /ud5ts4 ,x 0 z late z #ahif t ,rntg5 ann\nc$ 8 discov]y4 ,s9ce t "t sev]al o!r s\rces ( invisible radiation h be5 discov]$1 m or less simil> 9 effect to ! radiations f a vacuum tube1 b emitt$1 s+ul> z ! fact is1 f r>e sub/ances extract$ f c]ta9 m9]als4 ,leav+ out ( consid]ation ! great value ( ! ,x-ray to physicians & surgeons1 its effect 9 /imulat+ sci5tific inquiry has almo/ be5 incalculable4 ,! r5ew$ /udy ( effects ( electric dis*>ge 9 vacuum tubes has already1 9 ! "w ( su* inve/igators z ,l5>d1 ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 & o!rs1 app>5tly c>ri$ ! subdivision ( matt] f> beyond ! "t-honor$ *emical atom1 & has gone f> t[>ds %[+ ! ess5tial unity ( all ! *emical elem5ts4 ,x is z unlikely t ! my/]y ( ! mat]ial univ]se w ev] be completely solv$ z x is t we c ga9 an adequate conception ( inf9ite space or "t4 ,b we c at lea/ ext5d ! range ( our m5tal vision ( ! processes ( nature z we d our real vision into space dep?s by ! telescope & spectroscope4 ,!re c n[ be no "q t electric conditions & actions are m fundam5tal ?an _m hi!rto s reg>d$4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury clos$ ) _m important problems 9 electrical sci5ce unsolv$4 ,:at great or f>-rea*+ discov]ies are yet 9 /ore1 :o c tell8 ,:at valuable practical developm5ts are to come1 :o c pr$ict8 ,! electrical progress has be5 great--v great--b aft] all only a "p ( t gr&] advance 9 s _m o!r fields4 ,! h&s ( man are /r5g!n$ by ! control ( mighty =ces4 ,8 electric l9es trav]se ! m\nta9 passes z well z ! pla9s4 ,8 electric railway scales ! ,jungfrau4 ,b he /ill sp5ds 8 be/ ef=t1 & has always done s1 9 ! con/ruction & equipm5t ( 8 eng9es ( de/ruction1 & n[ exhau/s ! m9es ( ! _w ( valuable metals1 = %ips ( w>1 ^: ultimate goal is ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,9 ?is also electricity is made to play an increas+ly important "p4 ,x tra9s ! guns1 loads !m1 fires !m4 ,x works ! signals & ! se>*-lights4 ,x v5tilates ! %ip1 bl[s ! fires1 & lights ! d>k spaces4 ,p]haps all ?is is necess>y n[1 &1 if s1 well4 ,b if a fraction ( ! va/ exp5diture entail$ 7 turn$ to ! enc\ragem5t ( advance 9 ! arts & employm5ts ( peace 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 c x be d\bt$ t1 at ! close1 ! n9ete5? c5tury might come to be reg>d$1 9 spite ( its a*ievem5ts1 z a r wa/eful1 semi-b>b>\s transition p]iod8 ,,elihu ,,?omson4 ,,physics ,on ,janu>y #g1 #afaj1 ,galileo1 turn+ 8 telescope t[>ds ,jupit]1 0 ! fir/ to see ! beautiful sy/em ( t planet 9 :i* ! univ]se is epitomiz$4 ,he _h already /udi$ ! v>iegat$ surface ( ! moon1 & he _h se5 ! spots ^u ! sun4 ,a little lat]1 9 spite ( ! feeble p[] ( 8 in/rum5t1 he _h discov]$ t ! sun rotates ^u an axis1 & some?+ ( ! wond]ful nature ( ! planet ,saturn _h be5 reveal$ to him4 ,! ov]:elm+ evid5ce ?us af=d$ ( ! tru? ( ! hypo!sis ( ,cop]nicus made him its *ief expon5t4 ,! "t _h come = man to "k1 z he _h nev] kn[n or ev5 dream$ be=e1 8 true relation to ! univ]se ( :i* he 0 s insignificant a "p4 ,9 a s+le ye> ne>ly all ( ^! capital discov]ies 7 made4 ,x 0 truly an era ( intellectual expansion2 nev] be=e & nev] s9ce has man's intellectual horizon enl>g$ ) su* enorm\s rapidity4 ,"o ne$s little imag9ation to %>e ) ?is ard5t philosoph] ! en?usiasm ( ! mom5t :51 because "s1 fe>+ ! evid5ce ( _! s5ses1 refus$ to look ?r\gh ! sl5d] tube1 he wrote to ,kepl]3 8,oh1 my de> ,kepl]1 h[ ,i wi% we c\ld h "o he>ty laugh toge!r6444 ,:y are y n "h8 ,:at %\ts ( laught] we %\ld h at ?is glori\s folly60 ,galileo di$ 9 #afdb1 & 9 ! same ye> ,newton 0 born4 ,:5 tw5ty-f\r ye>s old he 8began to ?9k ( gravity ext5d+ to ! orb ( ! moon10 & be=e ! end ( ! c5tury he _h discov]$ & e/abli%$ ! great law ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,?us1 at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! f\ndations ( mod]n physics 7 9 place4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury !y 7 mu* built ^u1 b x 0 ! n9ete5? t witness$ n only ! greate/ advance 9 detail1 b ! mo/ important g5]alizations made s9ce ! "t ( ,galileo & ,newton4 ,9 endeavor+ to pres5t to ! intellig5t b p]haps unsci5tific read] a brief review ( ! accompli%m5ts ( t 8wond]ful c5tury0 9 ! doma9 ( physics1 "o mu/ n attempt m ?an an outl9e ( great] ev5ts1 & x w be conv5i5t to arrange !m "u ! sev]al pr9cipal subdivisions ( ! sci5ce1 accord+ to ! usually accept$ classification4 ,,heat ,al?\gh m ?an "o philosoph] ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies sugge/$ ! id5tity ( heat & molecul> motion1 ! impression made 0 n la/+1 & up to v ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! caloric !ory 0 accept$ almo/ )\t dispute4 ,?is !ory impli$ t heat 0 a subtle fluid1 def9ite quantities ( :i* 7 add$ to or subtract$ f mat]ial sub/ances :5 !y became hot or cold4 ,z c>efully conduct$ exp]im5ts seem$ to %[ t a body weigh$ no m or no less :5 hot ?an :5 cold1 x 0 necess>y to attribute to ?is fluid call$ caloric ! my/]i\s prop]ty ( impond]ability1 t is1 unlike all =ms ( ord9>y matt]1 x possess$ no weight4 ,to avoid call+ x matt]1 x 0 by _m class$ ) light1 electricity1 & magnetism1 z "o ( ! impond]able ag5ts4 ,v>i\s o!r prop]ties 7 attribut$ to caloric1 necess>y to ! reasonable explanation ( a /eadily increas+ array ( exp]im5tal facts4 ,x 0 decl>$ to be ela/ic1 its p>ticles be+ mutually self-repell5t4 ,x 0 ?\ght to attract ord9>y matt]1 & an +5i\s !ory ( caloric 0 con/ruct$1 modell$ ^u ,newton's fam\s b errone\s corpuscul> !ory ( light4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,joseph ,black1 pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sities ( ,glasg[ & ,ed9burgh1 develop$ 8 !ory ( lat5t heat1 :i*1 al?\gh f\nd$ ^u a false notion ( ! nature ( heat1 0 a mo/ important contribution to sci5ce4 ,! d[nfall ( ! caloric !ory mu/ be l>gely cr$it$ to ! "w ( a fam\s ,am]ican :o publi%$ ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts j at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,b5jam9 ,?ompson1 g5]ally kn[n z ,c\nt ,rum=d1 0 born 9 ! t[n ( ,woburn1 ,massa*usetts1 9 #agec4 ,8 incl9ation t[>ds physical exp]im5tation 0 /rong 9 8 e>ly y\?1 & he receiv$ mu* in/ruction & inspiration f ! lectures ( ,pr(essor ,john ,w9?rop1 ( ,h>v>d ,college1 "s ( :i* he 0 enabl$ to att5d "u try+ conditions4 ,hav+ receiv$ special (ficial consid]ation by appo9tm5t to (fice "u "o ( ! colonial gov]nors1 he 0 accus$ at ! break+ out ( ! ,revolution>y ,w> ( a lean+ t[>ds ,toryism1 & 0 ?us prev5t$ f mak+ 8 c>e] among 8 own p4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-two ye>s he fl$ to ,engl&1 return+ to ,am]ica only = a brief p]iod 9 comm& ( a ,briti% regim5t4 ,9 ,engl& he soon became em95t z an exp]im5tal philosoph]1 & 9 #aggh became a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,he aft]w>ds ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! ,elector ( ,bav>ia1 by :om he 0 made a ,c\nt ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,9 #agii he return$ to ,london & f\nd$ ! 8,royal ,in/itution10 :i* 0 de/9$ dur+ ! next hundr$ ye>s to surpass all o!r f\ndations 9 ! ri*ness & importance ( its contributions to physical sci5ce4 ,x 0 :ile at ,muni* t ,rum=d made 8 fam\s exp]im5ts on ! nature ( heat1 to :i* he _h be5 l$ by obs]v+ ! great am\nt ( heat g5]at$ 9 ! bor+ ( cannon4 ,f9d+ t he 0 able to make a consid]able quantity ( wat] actually boil by ! heat g5]at$ by a blunt bor+ tool1 he conclud$ t ! supply ( heat f su* a s\rce 0 practically inexhau/ible & t x c\ld be g5]at$ cont9u\sly if only ! motion ( ! tool "u friction 0 kept up4 ,he decl>$ t any?+ :i* c\ld ?us be produc$ )\t limitation by an insulat$ body or sy/em ( bodies c\ld n possibly be a mat]ial sub/ance1 & t "u ! circum/ances ( ! exp]im5t1 ! only ?+ t 0 or c\ld be ?us cont9u\sly communicat$ 0 motion4 ,c\nt ,rum=d's conclusions 7 n = a long "t accept$4 ,davy1 ! brilliant pr(essor & eloqu5t lectur] at ! newly e/abli%$ ,royal ,in/itution1 esp\s$ ! me*anical !ory ( heat & made ! /rik+ exp]im5t ( melt+ two pieces ( ice by rubb+ !m toge!r remote f any s\rce ( heat4 ,8 contempor>y1 ,?omas ,"y1 :o ov]turn$ ,newton's corpuscul> !ory ( light & %[$ t x 0 a wave ph5om5on1 also advocat$ ,rum=d's notion ( ! nature ( heat1 b ev5 among physici/s ( high rank x _h made little headway z late z ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 ! eigh? edition ( ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 publi%$ 9 #ahef1 ! imm$iate pr$ecessor ( ! curr5t issue1 heat is def9$ z 8a mat]ial ag5t ( a peculi> nature1 highly att5uat$40 ,& ?is1 9 spite ( ! fact t previ\s to t date ! me*anical !ory _h be5 completely prov$ by ! labors ( ,may]1 ,j\le1 ,helmholtz1 & ,william ,?omson 7,"l ,kelv974 ,by ^! m5 a solid f\ndation = ! !ory _h be5 f\nd 9 a great physical law ( su* importance t x is ju/ly consid]$ to be ! mo/ f>-rea*+ g5]alization 9 natural philosophy s9ce ! "t ( ,newton4 ,"s acc\nt ( ?is law & its discov]y w be giv5 lat] 9 ?is pap]4 ,among ! mo/ important ( ! c5tury's contributions to our k ( heat mu/ be includ$ ! "w ( ,f\ri]1 z embodi$ 9 8 ,!orie ,analytique de la ,*aleur1 publi%$ 9 #ahbb4 ,joseph ,f\ri] 0 born 9 #agfh1 & di$ 9 #ahcj4 ,he belong$ to t spl5did gr\p ( philosoph]s ( :i* ! ,fr5* nation may always be pr\d1 ^: "w con/itutes a l>ge "p ( ! lu/re ( intellectual ,france dur+ h] mo/ brilliant p]iod1 ! lat] ye>s ( ! eighte5? & ! e>li] ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,8 contempor>ies includ$ su* m5 z ,laplace1 ,arago1 ,lagrange1 ,fresnel1 & ,c>not4 ,f\ri] wrote especially ( ! movem5t ( heat 9 solids1 & z 8 !sis dep5d$ 9 no way on ! nature ( heat x w always be reg>d$ z a classic4 ,8 assumption t conductivity 0 indep5d5t ( temp]ature 0 %ortly prov$ to be errone\s1 b 8 g5]al argum5t & conclusions 7 n greatly affect$ by ?is discov]y4 ,8 "w is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful examples yet produc$ ( ! application ( ma!matics to physical rese>*1 & ma!matical & physical sci5ce 7 equally enri*$ by x4 ,9 its broad] aspects 8 law ( conduction includes ! transf] ( electricity 9 good conductors1 & is ! real basis ( ,ohm's law4 ,"o ( ! mo/ skillful & successful exp]im5t]s 9 heat 0 also a ,fr5*man1 ,h5ri ,victor ,regnault 7#ahaj-gh74 ,he greatly improv$ ! con/ruction & use ( ! !rmomet]1 & 0 ! fir/ to discov] t ! indications ( an air !rmomet] & "o ( m]cury did n exactly agree1 because !y did n exp& 9 ! same degree = equal increases ( temp]ature4 ,8 mo/ important "w 0 on ! expansion ( gases1 vapor pressure1 specific heat ( wat]1 etc41 & = c>eful1 pati5t measur+ he _h a positive g5ius4 ,until he prov$ ! contr>y x _h be5 assum$ t all gases _h ! same coeffici5t ( expansion1 & ,boyle's law t ! volume ( a gas 0 inv]sely proportional to its pressure _h n be5 que/ion$4 ,8 tables ( ! ela/ic =ce ( /eam h be5 ( imm5se practical value1 b 8 /udies ( ! expansion ( gases are ( great] int]e/ because !y h po9t$ ! way to "o ( ! mo/ important accompli%m5ts ( ! c5tury1 ! liquefaction ( all kn[n gases4 ,dur+ ! e>li] ye>s ( ?is c5tury x 0 ! cu/om to consid] vapors & gases z q di/9ct =ms ( matt]4 ,vapors always came1 by evaporation1 f liquids1 & c\ld always be 8cond5s$0 or r$uc$ to ! liquid =m )\t difficulty1 b x 0 n ?\ght possible to liquefy ! s-call$ 8p]man5t0 gases4 ,! fir/ man to attack ! problem sy/ematically 0 ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 :o1 be=e ! end ( ! fir/ ?ird ( ! c5tury1 _h liquefi$ sev]al gases1 mo/ly by produc+ !m by *emical reactions "u pressure4 ,sev]al ( ! m easily r$ucible gases or vapors1 su* z ammonia1 sulphur\s acid1 & probably *lor9e1 _h be5 previ\sly liquefi$ by cold1 b a qu>t] ( a c5tury elaps$ aft] ,f>aday's rese>*es be=e ! true relation ( ! liquid & gase\s /ates ( matt] 0 und]/ood1 & x 0 f\nd t bo? increase ( pressure & l[]+ ( temp]ature 71 9 g5]al1 ess5tial to ! liquefaction ( a gas4 ,x 0 ,?omas ,&rews1 ( ,belfa/1 :o fir/ %[$1 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 #ahfc1 t !re 0 a cont9uity 9 ! liquid & gase\s /ates ( matt]1 t = ea* sub/ance !re 0 a critical temp]ature at :i* x became a homog5e\s fluid1 nei!r a liquid nor a gas3 t above ?is temp]ature great pressure w\ld n liquefy1 :ile bel[ x ! sub/ance might exi/ z p>tly liquid & p>tly gas4 ,he po9t$ out ! fact t = ! s-call$ p]man5t gases ?is critical temp]ature mu/ be exce$+ly l[1 & if su* temp]ature c\ld be rea*$ liquefaction w\ld foll[4 ,subsequ5t progress 9 ! liquefaction ( gases came ab\t by foll[+ ?is sugge/ion4 ,v l[ temp]atures 7 produc$ by subject+ ! gas to great r$uction 9 volume by pressure1 remov+ ! heat ( compression by conduction & radiation1 & !n by sudd5 expansion its temp]ature 0 greatly l[]$4 ,z e>ly z #ahgg two ,fr5*m51 ,pictet & ,cailletet1 _h succe$$ 9 liquefy+ oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog51 & air4 ,dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s great improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! me?ods ( accompli%+ ^! trans=mations1 s t to-day x is easy to produce consid]able quantities ( all ( ! pr9cipal gases 9 a liquid =m1 & by c>ry+ ! r$uction 9 temp]ature /ill fur!r portions ( ! liquid may be *ang$ to ! solid /ate4 ,! mo/ important "w along ?is l9e has be5 done by ,wroblewski & ,olszewski1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,crac[1 & ,pr(essor ,dew>1 ( ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,london4 ,temp]atures z l[ z ab\t two hundr$ & fifty degrees ,c4 bel[ ! freez+-po9t ( wat] h be5 produc$1 ! 8absolute z]o0 be+ only two hundr$ & sev5ty-?ree degrees ,c4 bel[ t po9t4 ,^! exp]im5ts promise to ?r[ mu* light on ! nature ( matt]1 & !y are especially int]e/+ z reveal+ its extraord9>y prop]ties at extremely l[ temp]atures4 ,among ! mo/ curi\s & sugge/ive is ! fact t ! electrical resi/ance ( pure metals dim9i%es at a rate :i* indicates t at ! absolute z]o x w\ld vani%1 & ^! metals w\ld become p]fect conductors ( electricity4 ,! dynamics ( heat1 or 8!rmo-dynamics10 0 an important field ( rese>* 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 on acc\nt ( its practical application to ! improvem5t ( ! /eam-eng9e4 ,! sci5ce 0 creat$ by ,c>not1 :o1 9 spite ( ! fact t 8 views reg>d+ ! nature ( heat 7 errone\s1 discov]$ "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ relations among ! quantities involv$1 & discuss$ _! applications to ! heat eng9es ) great skill4 ,subsequ5t contributors to ! !ory & practice ( !rmo-dynamics 7 ,clausius1 ,rank9e1 ,"l ,kelv91 & ,pr(essor ,tait4 ,! me*anical !ory ( heat naturally l$ up to :at has already be5 ref]r$ to z ! mo/ important g5]alization 9 physical sci5ce s9ce ! "t ( ,newton1 ! doctr9e ( ,,! ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,en]gy ,?is pr9ciple puts physics 9 its relation to en]gy :]e *emi/ry has long be5 9 its relation to matt]4 ,if matt] 7 n cons]vative1 if x c\ld be creat$ or de/roy$ at w1 *emi/ry w\ld be an impossible sci5ce4 ,physics is put ^u a solid f\ndation by ! assumption ( a l cons]vatism 9 en]gy2 x c nei!r be creat$ nor de/roy$1 al?\gh x may appe> 9 _m diff]5t =ms :i* are1 9 g5]al1 mutually int]conv]tible4 ,_m m5 h contribut$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is great pr9ciple1 b x 0 actually discov]$ & prov$ by ! labors ( ?ree or f\r4 ,al?\gh x 0 practically all done be=e ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 its g5]al popul> recognition did n come until a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat]4 ,! doctr9e 0 fir/ di/9ctly =mulat$ by ,rob]t ,may]1 a ,g]man physician1 :o publi%$ 9 #ahdb a sugge/ive pap] on 8,! ,=ces ( ,inorganic ,nature10 :i*1 h[ev]1 attract$ little or no att5tion4 ,may] _h n approa*$ ! problem f an exp]im5tal /&-po9t1 b at ab\t ! same "t x 0 attack$ mo/ successfully f ?is side by a "y ,engli%man1 ,james ,prescott ,j\le1 son ( a weal?y brew] ( ,man*e/]1 ,engl&4 ,j\le made ! fir/ really accurate det]m9ation ( ! me*anical equival5t ( a giv5 quantity ( heat1 a physical con/ant :i* ,rum=d _h tri$ to measure1 rea*+ only a r\gh approximation4 ,sub/antially ,j\le's result 0 t ! heat en]gy necess>y to raise ! temp]ature ( any giv5 mass ( wat] "o degree ,fahr4 is ! equival5t ( ! me*anical en]gy requir$ to lift t mass ?r\gh a height ( sev5 hundr$ & sev5ty-two feet aga9/ ! =ce ( ! e>?'s attraction2 &1 conv]sely1 if a mass ( wat] be all[$ to fall ?r\gh a di/ance ( sev5 hundr$ & sev5ty-two feet "u ! action ( gravity1 & at ! end ( its motion be in/antly arre/$1 ! heat g5]at$ w suffice to raise its temp]ature "o degree ,fahr4 ,( su* va/ importance is ?is num]ical coeffici5t t x has be5 call$ ! gold5 numb] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,s9ce ,j\le's "t x has be5 r$et]m9$ by sev]al physici/s1 notably by ,pr(essor ,r[l&1 ( ,baltimore1 ! g5]al conclusion be+ t ,j\le's numb] 0 some:at1 b n greatly1 too small4 ,! fir/ cle> & full exposition ( ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy 0 giv5 by ,j\le 9 a popul> lecture 9 ,man*e/] 9 #ahdg1 b x attract$ little att5tion until a few mon?s lat]1 :5 ! au?or pres5t$ 8 !ory at a meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 ,ev5 among sci5tific m5 x w\ld h pass$ )\t comm5t or consid]ation _h x n be5 = ! pres5ce ( ano!r "y ,engli%man1 !n z little kn[n z ,j\le himself1 :o began a s]ies ( rem>ks1 appreciative & critical1 :i* result$ 9 mak+ ,j\le's pap] ! s5sation ( ! meet+4 ,?is 0 ,william ,?omson1 :o _h be51 only a ye> be=e1 at ! age ( tw5ty-two ye>s1 appo9t$ pr(essor ( natural philosophy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 n[ kn[n z ,"l ,kelv91 ! mo/ v]satile1 brilliant1 & pr(\nd /ud5t ( physical sci5ce :i* ! c5tury has produc$4 ,f t day to ! dea? ( ,j\le 7#ahhi7 ^! two m5 7 closely associat$ 9 ! demon/ration & exploitation ( a great pr9ciple ( :i* !y 7 at fir/ almo/ ! sole expon5ts among ,engli%-speak+ p4 ,by an int]e/+ co9cid5ce1 9 ! same ye> 9 :i* ,j\le ann\nc$ ! result ( 8 exp]im5ts1 ! ,physical ,society ( ,b]l9 li/5$ to a pap] almo/ id5tical ) ,j\le's 9 "* & conclusions1 b prep>$ q indep5d5tly1 by a "y ,g]man physician1 ,h]man von ,helmholtz1 de/9$ to rank at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 9 #ahic1 z "o ( ! v fir/ ma!maticians ( ! age1 d\btless ! fir/ physiologi/ ( 8 "t1 & z a physici/ ) :om n m ?an "o o!r ( ! n9ete5? c5tury may be comp>$4 ,helmholtz's pap] 0 reject$ by ! editor ( ! lead+ sci5tific j\rnal ( ,g]many1 b 8 "w 0 s important t he mu/ always %>e ) ,j\le & ,kelv9 9 ! glory ( ?is epo*-mak+ g5]alization4 ,ev5 a brief sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy w\ld be incomplete if m5tion 7 n made ( ! "w ( ,tyndall4 ,al?\gh by orig9al rese>* he contribut$ 9 no small degree to ! demon/ration ( ! !ory1 x is ma9ly ?r\gh 8 wond]ful skill 9 popul> pres5tation ( ! pr9ciples ( physical sci5ce t he becomes relat$ to ! great movem5t ( ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,8 ma/]ful exposition ( ! new !ory 9 a c\rse ( lectures at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 giv5 9 #ahfb & publi%$ 9 #ahfc "u ! title ,heat z a ,mode ( ,motion1 0 ! means ( mak+ ! intellig5t public acqua9t$ ) its beauty & pr(\nd significance1 & ! hi/ory ( sci5ce af=ds no m admirable example ( ! possibilities & wisdom ( popul> sci5tific writ+ ?an ?is book4 ,z = ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy itself x is n too mu* to say t dur+ ! la/ half ( ! c5tury x has be5 ! guid+ & controll+ _s ( all sci5tific discov]y or ( inv5tion ?r\gh ! application ( sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,,light ,! revival & f9al e/abli%m5t ( ! undulatory or wave !ory ( light is "o ( ! glories ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ! cr$it = x is due to ,?omas ,"y1 an ,engli%man1 & ,fresnel1 a ,fr5*man4 ,newton _h conceiv$1 esp\s$1 &1 ow+ to ! great au?ority ( 8 "n1 almo/ fix$ ^u ! le>n$ _w ! corpuscul> or emission !ory1 :i* assumes t all lum9\s bodies emit /reams ( m9ute corpuscles1 :i* are reflect$1 refract$1 & produce vision4 ,_m ord9>y optical ph5om5a 7 expla9$ by ?is hypo!sis only ) great difficulty1 & "s 7 q unexpla9able4 ,! transmission ( a di/urbance or vibratory motion by means ( waves1 z 9 ! case ( s\nd1 0 a well-recogniz$ pr9ciple1 & ,"y & ,fresnel appli$ x mo/ successfully to ! ph5om5a ( light4 ,wave motion1 9 a g5]al way1 is only possible 9 a s5sibly cont9u\s m$ium1 su* z wat]1 air1 etc41 & ! !ory t light 0 a vibratory di/urbance transmitt$ by means ( waves necessitat$ ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a m$ium ?r\gh\t all space 9 :i* light travell$4 ,:at is kn[n z ! e!real m$ium1 at fir/ a purely imag9>y sub/ance1 b ^: real exi/5ce is practically e/abli%$1 satisfies ?is dem&1 & ! hypo!sis t light is transmitt$ by waves 9 su* a m$ium1 orig9at+ 9 a vibratory di/urbance at ! s\rce1 has be5 ( ine/imable value to physical sci5ce4 ,! "w ( ,?omas ,"y 0 done 9 ! v fir/ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,he 0 = two ye>s pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution j f\nd$ by ,c\nt ,rum=d1 & he 0 ! fir/ to fill t *air4 ,9 #ahja1 9 a pap] pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society1 he argu$ 9 favor ( ! undulatory !ory1 %[+ h[ ! int]f]5ce ( waves w\ld expla9 ! color ( ?9 plates4 ,8 pap]s 7 n1 = sev]al ye>s1 receiv$ favorably1 & !y 7 sev]ely criticis$ by ,"l ,br\gham4 ,augu/us ,fresnel foll[$ ,"y1 b q indep5d5tly1 ab\t t5 ye>s lat]1 & by him ! undulatory !ory receiv$ elaborate exp]im5tal & ma!matical treatm5t4 ,9 ! mean "t ano!r ,fr5*man _h made a capital discov]y 9 optics1 :i* seem$ at fir/ to be q incompatible ) ! wave !ory4 ,?is 0 ! discov]y ( :at is kn[n z pol>ization ( light by ,malus1 a ,fr5* eng9e]1 :o hit ^u x :ile inve/igat+ d\ble refraction ( cry/als1 = a /udy ( :i* ! ,fr5* ,in/itute _h (f]$ a prize 9 #ahjh4 ,malus f\nd t :5 light fell ^u a surface ( glass at a c]ta9 angle a portion ( ! reflect$ light appe>$ to h acquir$ entirely new prop]ties 9 reg>d to fur!r reflection1 & ! same 0 true ( t "p ( ! beam :i* 0 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! glass4 ,! light ?us affect$ 0 incapable ( fur!r reflection "u c]ta9 conditions1 & z ! beam seem$ to behave diff]5tly accord+ to h[ x 0 pres5t$ to ! reflect+ surface1 ! t]m pol>ization 0 appli$ to ! ph5om5on4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! two rays into :i* a s+le beam ( light 0 split by a d\bly refract+ cry/al 7a ph5om5on :i* _h long be5 kn[n7 7 affect$ 9 ?is way1 & t light 0 pol>iz$ by refraction z well z by reflection4 ,malus 0 a believ] 9 ! corpuscul> !ory ( light1 b x 0 %ortly prov$1 fir/ by ,?omas ,"y1 t ! ph5om5on ( pol>ization 0 n only n oppos$ to ! wave !ory1 b t t !ory furni%$ a rational explanation ( x4 ,?is explanation1 9 brief1 assumes t ord9>y light is a wave produc$ by a vibratory motion conf9$ to no p>ticul> plane1 ! direction ( vibration be+ at "r angles to ! direction ( ! wave1 & 9 any1 or1 9 rapid succession1 9 all azimu?s4 ,:5 light is pol>iz$ ! vibratory motion 9 ! e!r is re/rict$ to "o p>ticul> =m1 a l9e if plane pol>iz$1 a circle or an ellipse if circul>ly or elliptically pol>iz$4 ,?is simple hypo!sis has be5 f\nd q adequate1 & ?r\gh its application to ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( pol>ization1 toge!r ) ! application ( ,"y's !ory ( ! int]f]5ce ( waves to ! production ( color1 ! undulatory !ory ( light 0 firmly e/abli%$ be=e ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,!re 7 _m not$ philosoph]s1 h[ev]1 :o /ood out long aga9/ x1 notably ,brew/]1 ! mo/ fam\s ,engli% /ud5t ( optics ( ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 :o decl>$ t 8 8*ief objection to ! undulatory !ory 0 t he c\ld n ?9k ! ,creator guilty ( s clumsy a contrivance z ! fill+ ( space ) e!r 9 ord] to produce light40 ,9 /udy+ ! nature ( light x became v important to "k h[ fa/ a light wave travell$4 ,a tol]ably good measure ( ! velocity ( light _h be5 made long be=e by means ( ! eclipses ( ,jupit]'s moons & by obs]vations ^u ! positions ( ! />s z influ5c$ by ! motion ( ! e>? 9 its orbit4 ,x 0 f\nd to be approximately "o hundr$ & eighty ?\s& miles p] second1 a spe$ s great t x seem$ impossible t x %\ld ev] be measur$ by us+ only t]re/rial di/ances4 ,?is extremely difficult problem has be5 solv$1 h[ev]1 9 a mo/ satisfactory mann] by n9ete5?-c5tury physici/s4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t 9 a uni=m motion velocity is equal to space or di/ance divid$ by "t4 ,if1 !n1 ! "t occupi$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh a giv5 di/ance c be measur$1 ! velocity is at once kn[n4 ,z ! velocity ( light is v l>ge1 unless ! di/ance is enorm\sly great1 ! "t w be extremely small1 & if mod]ate di/ances are to be us$ ! problem is to measure v small int]vals ( "t v accurately4 ,light w travel "o mile 9 ab\t ! "o hundr$ & eighty-six? ?\s&? "p ( a second1 & if by us+ a mile z ! di/ance ! velocity ( light is to be det]m9$ )9 "o p] c5t41 x is necess>y to be able to detect diff]5ces ( "t z small z ab\t "o tw5ty-million? ( a second4 ,?is has be5 made possible by ! use ( two di/9ct me?ods4 ,f\cault1 on ! sugge/ion ( ,arago1 us$ a rapidly revolv+ mirror1 a me?od introduc$ by ,:eat/one1 ! ,engli% electrician1 :o us$ x 9 f9d+ ! duration ( an electric sp>k4 ,! ess5tial pr9ciple is t a mirror may be made to revolve s rapidly t x w *ange its position by a measurable angle1 :ile light :i* has be5 reflect$ f x passes to a some:at di/ant fix$ mirror & returns to ! mov+ reflector4 ,9 ! o!r me?od a too!d :eel is revolv$ s rapidly t a beam ( light pass+ betwe5 two consecutive tee? to a di/ant fix$ mirror is cut (f on its return to ! :eel by ! too?1 :i* has mov$ =w>d :ile ! light has made its j\rney4 ,?is me?od 0 fir/ us$ by ,fizeau4 ,9 ei!r me?od1 if ! spe$ ( rotation is kn[n1 ! "t is readily f\nd4 ,9 po9t ( "t1 ,fizeau 0 ! fir/ to attack ! problem1 :i* he did ab\t #ahdi4 ,f\cault 0 p]haps a ye> lat] 9 gett+ results1 b 8 me?od is g5]ally consid]$ ! be/4 ,bo? me?ods h be5 us$ by o!r exp]im5t]s1 & v important improvem5ts 9 ,f\cault's me?od 7 made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,mi*elson ab\t #ahgh4 ,mi*elson's me?od increas$ enorm\sly ! precision ( ! measurem5ts1 & x has be5 appli$ by him & by ,newcomb1 n only = ! bett] det]m9ation ( ! velocity ( light 9 air1 b = ! solution ( _m o!r relat$ problems ( fir/ importance4 ,mi*elson's f9al det]m9ation ( ! absolute velocity ( light 79 ! e!r7 is ev]y:]e accept$ z au?oritative4 ,ano!r discov]y 9 optics entirely accompli%$ dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury & ( ! v fir/ importance is g5]ally kn[n z 8,spectrum ,analysis40 ,?is discov]y has n yet ceas$ to excite admiration & ev5 amazem5t1 & especially among ^? :o be/ und]/& x4 ,by its use hi!rto unkn[n sub/ances h become kn[n2 to ! physici/ x is an in/rum5t ( rese>* ( ! greate/ p[]1 & p]haps m ?an any?+ else x promises to ?r[ light on ! ultimate nature ( matt]2 to ! a/ronom] x has reveal$ ! composition1 physical condition1 & ev5 ! motions ( ! mo/ di/ant heav5ly bodies1 all ( :i* ! philosophy ( a hundr$ ye>s ago w\ld h pron\nc$ absolutely impossible4 ,! beg9n+ ( spectrum analysis 0 9 #ahjb1 :5 an ,engli%man1 ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 obs]v$ d>k l9es int]rupt+ ! sol> spectrum :5 produc$ by a good prism ^u :i* ! sunlight fell aft] pass+ ?r\gh a n>r[ slit4 ,ab\t t5 ye>s lat]1 ,fraunh(]1 at ,muni*1 a skilful work] 9 glass & a ke5 obs]v]1 discov]$ 9 ! spectrum ( light f a lamp two yell[ b&s1 n[ kn[n z ! sodium1 or 8,d0 l9es4 ,comb9+ ! ?ree ess5tial elem5ts ( ! mod]n spectroscope1 ! slit1 ! prism1 & ! obs]v+ telescope1 he saw 9 ! spectrum ( sunlight 8an almo/ c\ntless numb] ( d>k l9es40 ,he 0 ! fir/ to use a grat+ = ! production ( ! spectrum1 us+ at fir/ f9e wire grat+s & aft]w>ds rul+ f9e l9es ^u glass1 & ) ^! he made ! fir/ accurate measures ( ! l5g? ( light waves4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 compreh5d ! full import ( ! problem :i* he ?us br\ght to ! att5tion ( physici/s4 ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s lat] ,sir ,john ,h]s*ell /udi$ ! bright l9e spectra ( diff]5t sub/ances & f\nd t !y might be us$ to detect ! pres5ce ( m9ute quantities ( a sub/ance ^: spectrum 0 kn[n4 ,:eat/one /udi$ ! spectrum ( ! electric arc pass+ betwe5 metals1 & 9 #ahgd ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,drap] publi%$ a v important pap] on ! spectra ( solids ) increas+ temp]ature4 ,al?\gh q 9 ! d>k z to ! real nature ( ! ph5om5a ) :i* !y 7 deal+1 ^! obs]v]s pav$ ! way = ! spl5did "w ( ! two ,g]mans1 ,kir*(f & ,buns51 :o1 ab\t #ahfj1 f\nd ! key to ?is wond]ful problem & made ! sci5ce ( spectrum analysis sub/antially :at x is to-day4 ,its fundam5tal pr9ciples may be consid]$ z few & comp>atively simple4 ,waves ( light & radiant heat orig9ate 9 e!r di/urbances produc$ by molecul> vibration1 & h impress$ ^u !m all ( ! important qualities ( t vibration4 ,molecules ( diff]5t sub/ances diff] 9 _! modes ( vibration1 ea* produc+ a wave peculi> to & *>act]i/ic ( itself4 ,a useful analogy may be f\nd 9 ! fact t :5 "o li/5s to ! music ( an or*e/ra )\t see+ x x is easy to recognize ! tones t come f ea* ( ! sev]al in/rum5ts1 ! *>act]i/ic vibrations ( ea* be+ impress$ ^u ! waves 9 air :i* c>ry ! s\nd to ! e>4 ,s delicate & s sure is ?is impression ( vibration peculi>ities t x is ev5 possible to "k ! mak] ( a viol91 = in/ance1 by a *>act]i/ic timbre :i* mu/ h its physical expression 9 ! s\nd wave4 ,! e>1 m p]fect ?an ! eye1 analyzes ! resultant di/urbance into its compon5t p>ts s t ea* elem5t may be attribut$ to its prop] s\rce4 ,unaid$1 ! eye _c d ?is ) light1 b ! spectroscope sep>ates ! v>i\s modes ( vibration :i* make up ! confus$ :ole1 s t v>ieties ( molecul> activity are recognizable4 ,! spe$ at :i* a s\rce ( s\nd is approa*+ or rec$+ f ! e> c be asc]ta9$ by not+ ! rise or fall 9 pit* due to ! cr[d+ toge!r or /ret*+ out ( ! s\nd waves1 & 9 ! same way ! motion ( a lum9\s body is kn[n f ! increase or decrease ( ! refrangibility ( ! elem5ts ( its spectrum4 ,inde$1 _h n9ete5?-c5tury sci5ce accompli%$ no?+ else ?an ! discov]y ( spectrum analysis1 x w\ld h m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( a new epo*4 ,by ?is device man is put 9 communication ) e consid]able body 9 ! univ]se1 includ+ ev5 ! invisible4 ,! 8go+s on0 ( ,sirius & ,algol1 ( ,orion & ! ,pleiads are report$ to him across enorm\s /ret*es ( millions ( millions ( miles ( space1 empty save ( ! e!real m$ium itself1 by ?is mo/ wond]ful 8wireless telegraphy40 ,& x is by ! vibratory motion ( ! invisibly small t all ( ?is is reveal$2 ! inf9itely little has enabl$ u to conqu] ! inconceivably big4 ,_m important contributions to ! !ory & practice ( spectrum analysis h be5 made s9ce ! "t ( ,kir*(f & ,buns51 only two or ?ree ( :i* c be ref]r$ to "h4 ,in/rum5tal me?ods by :i* spectra are produc$ & exam9$ h be5 greatly p]fect$1 & ?is is especially true ( :at is kn[n z ! 8diffraction grat+0 fir/ us$ by ,fraunh(]4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago ,ru!r=d1 ( ,new ,york1 con/ruct$ a rul+ eng9e by means ( :i* grat+s on glass & spectrum metal 7 rul$ ) a precision greatly exce$+ :at _h be=e be5 possible4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,r[l&1 ( ,baltimore1 made a notable advance 9 ! con/ruction ( a screw f> m p]fect ?an any be=e made1 produc+ grat+s ( a f95ess & regul>ity ( spac+ f> ahead ( any o!rs1 & especially by ! capital discov]y ( ! concave grat+1 by means ( :i* ! mo/ beautiful results h be5 obta9$4 ,v rec5tly ,mi*elson1 ( ,*icago1 has inv5t$ ! e*elon spectroscope1 :i*1 al?\gh greatly re/rict$ 9 range1 exce$s all o!rs 9 p[] ( analysis ( spectral l9es4 ,9 8 h&s ?is in/rum5t has be5 mo/ effective 9 ! /udy ( ! influ5ce ( a /rong magnetic field ^u ! "* ( ! spectrum f light produc$ !re91 a mo/ int]e/+ ph5om5on fir/ obs]v$ by ,zeeman & "o :i* promises to reveal mu* conc]n+ ! relation ( molecul> activity to light & to magnetic =ce4 ,! developm5t ( spectrum analysis 0 necess>ily accompani$ by a recognition ( ! id5tity ( radiant heat & light4 ,! /udy ( radiant heat1 :i* 0 c>ri$ on dur+ ! e>li] ye>s ( ! c5tury by ,leslie1 & lat] by ,melloni & ,tyndall1 by :at might be call$ !rmal me?ods1 has be5 indu/ri\sly pursu$ dur+ ! la/ two decades by processes simil> to ^? adopt$ = visual radiation4 ,! mo/ notable contribution to ?is "w is ! inv5tion ( ! bolomet]1 by ,langley1 :o1 at ,allegh5y1 & lat] at ,wa%+ton1 has made exhau/ive /udies ( sol> radiation 9 invisible regions ( ! spectrum1 especially among ! waves ( great] l5g? ?an ^? ( r$ light1 :]e he has f\nd absorption l9es & b&s simil> 9 "* to ^? obs]v$ 9 ! visible spectrum4 ,he has also /udi$ ! absorption ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 ! relation ( en]gy to visual effect1 & _m o!r int]e/+ problems1 ! solution ( :i* 0 made possible by ! use ( ! bolomet]4 ,m5tion mu/ also be made ( ! inv5tion by ,mi*elson ( an int]f]5ce comp>ator1 by means ( :i* l9e> measurem5ts by optical me?ods c be accompli%$ ) a degree ( accuracy hi!rto unhe>d (4 ,) ?is in/rum5t ,mi*elson has det]m9$ ! l5g? ( ! int]national prototype metre 9 t]ms ( ! wave l5g? ( ! light ( a p>ticul> spectral l9e1 ?us furni%+ = ! fir/ "t a satisfactory natural unit ( l5g?4 ,by f> ! mo/ important contribution to ! !ory ( light made dur+ ! la/ half ( ! c5tury is t ( ,maxwell1 :o1 9 #ahgc1 ann\nc$ ! proposition t electro-magnetic ph5om5a & light ph5om5a h _! orig9 9 ! same m$ium1 & t !y are id5tical 9 nature4 ,?is f>-rea*+ conclusion has be5 g5]ally accept$ & =m$ ! basis ( mu* ( ! mo/ important "w 9 physical rese>* 9 process ( elaboration z ! c5tury clos$4 ,to "s ( ?is ref]5ce w pres5tly be made4 ,,electricity ,,& ,,magnetism ,9 no o!r dep>tm5t ( physical sci5ce h su* rem>kable developm5ts occurr$ dur+ ! pa/ c5tury z 9 electricity & magnetism1 = 9 no o!r dep>tm5t h ! practical applications ( sci5tific discov]y be5 s num]\s & s f> rea*+ 9 _! effect ^u social conditions4 ,9 a brief review ( ! contributions ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to ! evolution ( ! telegraph1 telephone1 trolley-c>1 electric light+1 & o!r means ( utiliz+ electricity1 x w be possible to consid] only a v few ( ! fundam5tal discov]ies ^u :i* ! enorm\s & r complex sup]/ructure ( to-day re/s4 ,happily ^! are few 9 numb]1 & _! pres5tation is all ! m important because ( ! fact t 9 ! popul> m9d !y are n accord$ t significance to :i* !y are entitl$1 if1 inde$1 !y are rememb]$ at all4 ,! fir/ great /ep 9 advance ( ! electricity ( ,frankl9 & 8 contempor>ies 7& 8 pr$ecessors = two ?\s& ye>s7 0 tak5 v ne> ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 b x mu/ be reg>d$ z ! beg9n+ ( n9ete5?-c5tury electricity4 ,two ,italian philosoph]s1 ,galvani & ,volta1 contribut$ to ! inv5tion ( :at is kn[n z ! galvanic or voltaic batt]y1 ! output ( :i* 0 n at fir/ di/9ctly recogniz$ z ! electricity ( ! old] s*ools4 ,by ?is beautiful discov]y electricity 0 = ! fir/ "t enslav$ to man1 :o 0 n[ able to g5]ate & control x at times & 9 su* quantities z he desir$4 ,al?\gh ! voltaic batt]y is n[ ne>ly obsolete z a s\rce ( electricity1 its inv5tion mu/ always be reg>d$ z "o ( ! ?ree epo*-mak+ ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ce dur+ ! pa/ "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s4 ,= ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury x 0 practically ! only s\rce ( electricity1 & dur+ ?is "t & by its use ne>ly all ( ! mo/ important discov]ies 7 made4 ,ev5 9 ! fir/ decade ( ! c5tury _m brilliant results 7 rea*$4 ,among ! mo/ notable 7 ! rese>*es ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 :o1 by ! use ( ! mo/ p[]ful batt]y !n con/ruct$1 resolv$ ! hi!rto unyield+ alkalies1 discov]+ sodium & potassium1 & at ! same "t exhibit$ 9 8 lectures 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,london ! fir/ electric arc light1 ! ance/or ( ! millions t n[ turn night into day4 ,! co/ ( g5]at+ electricity by means ( a voltaic batt]y is relatively v great1 & ?is fact /ood 9 ! way ( ! e>ly developm5t ( its applications1 al?\gh _! feasibility 0 p]fectly well und]/ood4 ,)\t any o!r important inv5tion or discov]y ?an t ( ! voltaic batt]y mu* w\ld h be5 possible1 includ+ bo? electric light+ & ! electric telegraph4 ,inde$1 electric telegraphy _h long be5 a possibility1 ev5 be=e ! "t ( ,galvani & ,volta1 b its actual con/ruction & use 0 almo/ necess>ily po/pon$ until a second capital discov]y came to remove mo/ ( ! difficulties4 ,?is 0 ! discov]y ( a relation betwe5 electricity & magnetism1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* _h long be5 suspect$ & e>ne/ly s\ght4 ,a ,dani% pr(essor1 ,hans ,*ri/ian ,o]/$1 0 =tunate 9 hitt+ ^u an exp]im5t :i* demon/rat$ ?is relation & op5$ up an entirely new field ( inve/igation & inv5tion4 ,:at ,o]/$ f\nd 0 t :5 a conductor1 z a copp] wire1 c>ry+ an electric curr5t1 0 br\ght ne> a freely susp5d$ magnet1 l a compass ne$le1 ! latt] w\ld take up a def9ite position ) ref]5ce to ! curr5t4 ,?us an electric curr5t mov$ a magnet1 act$ l a magnet 9 produc+ a 8magnetic field40 ,! subject 0 quickly tak5 up by almo/ e physici/ 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,arago f\nd t iron fil+s w\ld cl+ to a wire ?r\gh :i* a curr5t 0 pass+1 & he 0 able to magnetize /eel ne$les by means ( ! curr5t4 ,ampre1 ano!r ,fr5* physici/1 /udi$ ,o]/$'s wond]ful discov]y bo? exp]im5tally & ma!matically1 & 9 an incr$ibly %ort "t s develop$ x z to des]ve ! title ( creator ( ! sci5ce ( electro-dynamics4 ,! fir/ to make :at is kn[n z an electro-magnet 0 an ,engli%man nam$ ,/urgeon1 :o us$ a b> ( s(t iron b5t 9 a horse%oe =m 7z _h long be5 common 9 mak+ p]man5t /eel magnets71 &1 aft] v>ni%+ ! iron = insulation1 a s+le coil ( copp] wire 0 wrapp$ ab\t x1 ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t f a batt]y 0 pass$4 ,!re 7 ?us two ways ( produc+ visible motion by means ( an electric curr5t3 t ( ,o]/$'s simple exp]im5t1 9 :i* a susp5d$ magnetic ne$le 0 deflect$ by a curr5t1 & t made possible by ! production1 at w1 ( an electro-magnet4 ,! application ( bo? ( ^! ideas to ! con/ruction ( an electric telegraph 0 quickly attempt$1 & two diff]5t sy/ems ( telegraphy grew out ( !m4 ,"o1 dep5d+ on ,o]/$'s exp]im5t1 0 develop$ 9 ,engl& fir/ & aft]w>ds 9 ,europe2 ! o!r1 t involv+ ! use ( signals produc$ by an electric magnet1 0 develop$ 9 ,am]ica1 & 0 g5]ally kn[n z ! ,am]ican me?od4 ,x has long ago sup]s$$ ! fir/ me?od 9 actual practice4 ,its possibility dep5d$ on p]fect+ ! electro-magnet & especially on an und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples on :i* t p]fect+ dep5d$4 ,= ! complete & satisfactory solution ( ?is problem we are indebt$ to ! mo/ fam\s /ud5t ( electricity ,am]ica has produc$ dur+ ! c5tury1 ,joseph ,h5ry4 ,9 #ahbi1 :ile a tea*] 9 ! academy at ,albany1 ,new ,york1 ,h5ry exhibit$ an electro-magnet ( enorm\sly great] p[] ?an any be=e made1 involv+ all ( ! ess5tial features ( ! magnet ( to-day4 ,! wire 0 insulat$ by silk wrapp+1 & _m coils 7 plac$ ^u ! iron core1 ! int5sity ( magnetization be+ ?us multipli$4 ,h5ry /udi$1 also1 ! be/ =m & arrangem5t ( ! batt]y "u v>y+ conditions ( ! conductor4 ,an electro-magnetic telegraph _h be5 decl>$ impossible 9 #ahbe1 by ,b>l[1 an ,engli%man1 :o po9t$ out ! app>5tly fatal fact t ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! curr5t 0 proportional to ! l5g? ( ! conduct+ wire & t ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t w\ld be ?us s mu* r$uc$ = ev5 %ort di/ances z to become too feeble to be detect$4 ,h5ry %[$ t :at is kn[n z an 8int5sity batt]y0 w\ld ov]come ?is difficulty1 discov]+ exp]im5tally & indep5d5tly ! beautifully simple law %[+ ! relation ( curr5t to electro-motive =ce :i* ,ohm _h ann\nc$ 9 #ahbg4 ,he also inv5t$ ! pr9ciple ( ! relay1 by :i* ! action ( a v feeble curr5t controls ! op]ation ( a m p[]ful local sy/em4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! ess5tial features ( ! s-call$ ,am]ican sy/em ( telegraphy are to be cr$it$ to ,h5ry1 :o _h a work+ l9e 9 8 laboratory z e>ly z #ahcb4 ,morse made use ( ! sci5tific discov]ies & inv5tions ( ,h5ry1 & by 8 indefatigable labors & p]si/5t fai? ! comm]cial value ( ! ent]prise 0 really e/abli%$4 ,9 ! mean "t consid]able progress 0 made 9 ,europe4 ,b>on ,s*ill+1 a ,russian ,c\ncillor ( ,/ate1 devis$ & exhibit$ a ne$le telegraph4 ,! two illu/ri\s ,g]man physici/s1 ,gauss & ,web]1 e/abli%$ a successfully work+ l9e two or ?ree miles long 9 #ahcc1 & ?is sy/em 0 comm]cially develop$ by ,/e9heil 9 #ahcg4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one made _m important contributions1 al?\gh us+ ! ne$le sy/em1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds ab&on$4 ,be=e ! middle ( ! c5tury ! comm]cial success ( ! electro-magnetic telegraph 0 assur$1 & 9 ! matt] ( ! transmission ( messages di/ance 0 practically annihilat$4 ,o]/$1 ,arago1 ,ampre1 ,/urgeon1 & ,h5ry _h made x possible to conv]t electricity into me*anical en]gy4 ,motors ( v>i\s types _h be5 inv5t$1 & ! possibility ( us+ ! new s\rce ( p[] = runn+ ma*9]y1 c>s1 boats1 etc41 0 fully recogniz$4 ,sev]al attempts _h be5 made to d ^! ?+s1 b ! great co/ ( produc+ ! curr5t by means ( a batt]y /ood 9 ! way ( success4 ,ano!r epo*-mak+ discov]y 0 necess>y1 namely1 a me?od ( rev]s+ ! process & conv]t+ me*anical en]gy into electricity4 ,?is 0 suppli$ by ! g5ius ( ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 :o _h succe$$ ,davy 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution at ,london4 ,9 #ahca ,f>aday discov]$ induction1 ! key to ! mod]n developm5t ( electricity4 ,he %[$ t :ile ,o]/$ _h prov$ t a curr5t ( electricity w\ld g5]ate a magnetic field & set a magnet 9 motion1 ?is process 0 rev]sible4 ,a magnet set 9 motion 9 a magnetic field by a /eam-eng9e or any o!r s\rce ( p[] w\ld produce1 9 a conductor prop]ly arrang$1 a curr5t ( electricity1 & ?us ! dynamo came into exi/5ce4 ,9 ?is brilliant inve/igation he 0 almo/ anticipat$ by ,h5ry1 :o 0 work+ at ,albany along ! same l9es1 b "u mu* less favorable conditions4 ,inde$1 9 sev]al ( ! mo/ important po9ts1 ! ,am]ican actually did anticipate ! ,engli%man4 ,ne>ly half a c5tury elaps$ be=e ?is mo/ important discov]y 0 suffici5tly develop$ to become comm]cially valuable1 & x is impossible 9 ?is place to trace ! /eps by :i*1 dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 ! production & utilization ( electricity z exi/+ to-day 0 accompli%$1 z a result ( :i* ! c5tury clos$1 z "o might say1 9 a blaze ( light2 & x is unnecess>y1 because mo/ p h witness$ ! spread ( ! fire :i* ,f>aday & ,h5ry k9dl$4 ,f>aday's discov]y ( induction furni%$ ! basis ( t m>vell\s improvem5t ^u ! telegraph by :i* actual spee* is transmitt$ ov] hundr$s & ev5 ?\s&s ( miles4 ,9 connection ) ! inv5tion ( ! telephone ! names ( ,philip ,reiss1 ,graham ,bell1 ,eli%a ,gray1 & ,dolbe> w always be m5tion$1 ea* ( :om1 d\btless indep5d5tly1 hit ^u a way ( accompli%+ ! result ) m or less success4 ,to ,bell1 h[ev]1 belongs ! honor ( hav+ fir/ practically solv$ ! problem & ( devis+ a sy/em :i*1 ) num]\s modifications & improvem5ts1 has come into ext5sive use 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,no o!r application ( electricity has come into su* univ]sal use1 & none has contribut$ m to ! com=t ( life4 ,:ile x is d\btless true t s9ce ,f>aday's "t no discov]y comp>able ) 8 9 real importance has be5 made1 ! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s h n lack$ 9 results ( sci5tific rese>*1 "s ( :i* may1 9 ! n di/ant future1 eclipse ev5 t 9 ! value ( _! practical applications4 ,among ^! mu/ be rank$ ,cl]k ,maxwell's !ory ( electric waves & its beautiful v]ification 9 #ahhh by ! "y ,g]man physici/1 ,h]tz4 ,?is brilliant /ud5t ( electricity succe$$ 9 actually produc+1 detect+1 & controll+ ^! waves1 & out ( ?is discov]y has come ! 8wireless telegraphy0 :i* has be5 s rapidly develop$ )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,_m o!r discov]ies 9 electricity ( great sci5tific int]e/ & practical promise h be5 record$ 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! c5tury1 b ! necess>y limits ( ?is article =bid _! consid]ation4 ,no acc\nt ( ! progress ( physical sci5ce dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury w\ld be ev5 approximately complete )\t m5tion ( o!r inve/igations ( pr(\nd significance4 ,= in/ance1 ! /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( s\nd has yield$ results ( great sci5tific & "s practical value4 ,! application ( ! !ory ( int]f]5ce by ,?omas ,"y2 ! publication ( ,helmholtz's great "w1 ! ,tonempf9dung51 9 :i* 8 !ory ( h>mony 0 fir/ fully pres5t$2 ! publication ( ,"l ,rayleigh's treatise2 ! inv5tion & con/ruction by ,knig ( ac\/ic app>atus1 ! be/ example yet furni%$ ( sci5tific h&icraft2 all ( ^! m>k important advances1 n only 9 ac\/ics b 9 g5]al physics z well4 ,! phonautograph ( ,scott & ,knig1 by :i* a graphic record ( ! vibrations ( ! vocal *ords 0 made possible1 0 +5i\sly conv]t$ by ,edison into a spee* record+ & reproduc+ ma*9e1 ! phonograph1 by :i* ! mo/ m>vell\s results are accompli%$ 9 ! simple/ possible mann]4 ,! c5tury is also to be cr$it$ ) ! discov]y & developm5t ( ! art ( photography1 :i*1 al?\gh n ( ! fir/ importance1 has contribut$ mu* to ! pleasure ( life1 & z an aid to sci5tific inve/igation has become q indisp5sable4 ,! wond]fully beautiful exp]im5ts ( ,sir ,william ,crookes1 on ! passage ( an electric dis*>ge ?r\gh a high vacuum1 & o!r ph5om5a connect$ ) :at has be5 call$ 8radiant matt]10 begun ab\t a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago & cont9u$ by him & o!rs up to ! pres5t "t1 laid ! f\ndation = ! brilliant "w ( ,rntg5 9 ! discov]y & /udy ( ! s-call$ 8,x0-rays1 ! real nature ( :i* is n yet und]/ood4 ,_! fur!r inve/igation by ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 ,becqu]el1 & o!rs1 seems to h reveal$ new =ms & phases ( radiation1 a full] k ( :i* is likely to ?r[ mu* light on obscure problems relat+ to ! nature ( matt]4 ,conc]n+ ! 8,nature ( ,matt]10 ! able/ physici/s ( ! c5tury h ?\ght & writt5 mu*1 & d\btless our pres5t k ( ! subject is mu* m ne>ly ! tru? ?an t ( a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! molecul> !ory ( gases has met ) su* complete exp]im5tal v]ification1 & is s 9 accord ) all obs]v$ ph5om5a1 t x mu/ be accept$ z ess5tially correct4 ,z to ! ultimate nature ( :at is call$ matt]1 z di/+ui%$ f ! e!real m$ium1 :at is kn[n z ! 8vortex !ory ( atoms0 has receiv$ ! mo/ consid]ation4 ,?is !ory 0 develop$ by ,"l ,kelv9 out ( ,helmholtz's ma!matical demon/ration ( ! inde/ructibility ( a vortex r+ :5 once =m$ 9 a m$ium possess+ ! prop]ties :i* are g5]ally attribut$ to ! e!r4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable z well z ! mo/ promis+ fact relat+ to physical sci5ce at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is ! great & rapidly increas+ numb] ( well-organiz$ & spl5didly equipp$ laboratories 9 :i* orig9al rese>* is sy/ematically plann$ & c>ri$ out4 ,:5 "o reflects t = ! mo/ "p dur+ ! c5tury j end$ ! advance ( sci5ce 0 m or less ( ! nature ( a gu]rilla w>f>e aga9/ ignorance1 x seems safe to pr$ict = t j beg9n+ victories m glori\s ?an any yet won4 ,t4 ,c4 ,,m5d5hall4 ,,w> ,x is d\btful h[ f>1 ev5 if z civilians we get ov] our natural dislike ( talk+ ( milit>y *ange z 8progress10 !re has be5 any consid]able advance 9 ! l>g] aspects ( milit>y sci5ce )9 ! c5tury4 ,! g5ius ( ,bonap>te1 work+ ^u ! f\ndations laid by ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 e/abli%$ a c5tury ago pr9ciples :i* are ess5tially applicable to ! milit>y matt]s ( ! pres5t day2 & al?\gh ! sci5tific developm5ts ( artill]y & musketry h affect$ ! dispositions ( battle-fields1 ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! art ( prep>ation = w> & ( /rategy /& :]e !y /ood be=e4 ,s*>nhor/ 0 ! ,prussian (fic] :o began to r$uce ! ,napoleonic milit>y sy/em to rules applicable to ! use ( ,g]man armies4 ,"u ,bonap>te ! :ole managem5t ( ! army 0 too (t5 conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( ! man ( g5ius1 & ! actual me?od ( ,napoleon _h ! defect t1 fail+ ! man ( g5ius at ! head ( ! army1 x broke d[n4 ,! ma9 *ange made by ! ,g]mans1 :o foll[$ ,s*>nhor/1 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5tury has be5 to codify ! ,napoleonic sy/em s t x 0 possible to m g5]ally dec5tralize 9 practice )\t impair+ its ess5ce4 ,!y h also e/abli%$ a division ( its supply dep>tm5t 7"u a ,m9i/] ( ,w>7 f ! 8bra9 ( ! army10 z ,mr4 ,sp5s] ,wilk9son has well call$ x1 :i* manages ! prep>ation = ! /rategy ( w> & ! /rategy itself4 ,^! s-call$ ,prussian pr9ciples ( dec5tralization & 8initiative0 are1 h[ev]1 n new & n ,prussian1 & may be discov]$ 9 ! conv]sations ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te4 ,! ,fr5* 9 #ahgj _h =gott5 8 tea*+1 & ! ,g]mans _h reta9$ x4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 ! case t ! numb] ( m5 plac$ 9 ! field by ! milit>y p[]s hav+ increas$1 ! intellig5t initiative ( corps comm&]s & ev5 ( g5]als comm&+ divisions has become ! m ess5tial4 ,x is impossible t ! great g5]al /aff c give ord]s 9 advance :i* w cov] ! responsibility ( all ! inf]ior g5]als1 & bra9s h to be add$ 9 all ranks to ob$i5ce4 ,! comm&]-9-*ief 9 ! field _c ) advantage dr[n himself 9 details1 & he c only provide 9 8 ord]s an outl9e sket* :i* 8 subord9ates 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! field ( op]ations h to fill 94 ,! 8initiative ( subord9ates0 is b ! natural division ( labor4 ,if ,i1 a civilian /ud5t ( milit>y politics1 r ?an a milit>y exp]t1 h be5 call$ ^u to write ^u ! milit>y progress ( ! c5tury1 x mu/ be because ( a desire to br+ l>gely into ! acc\nt ! *anges 9 milit>y organization :i* on ! cont95t ( ,europe h made x p]man5tly national1 & :i* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates made x tempor>ily national dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 & w\ld make x s aga9 9 ! ev5t ( any fre% /ruggle on a great scale 9 :i* ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t might become involv$4 ,al?\gh ! 8arm$ nation0 has replac$ 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,switz]l&1 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 ,italy1 ,r\mania1 & ,bulg>ia ! small] pr(essional armies ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! popul> belief t ! num]ical /r5g? ( field armies has enorm\sly increas$ is n s completely well f\nd$ z at fir/ sight might be suppos$4 ,x is true t ea* nation c put into ! entire field ( w>f>e l>g] numb]s ?an t nation c\ld put into ! field a c5tury ago4 ,b x is /ill n beyond ! b\nds ( possibility t 9 c]ta9 cases small armies may produce results z rem>kable z ^? :i* att5d$ ,briti% op]ations 9 ! ,p59sula 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh !re w1 ^u ! :ole1 9 future cont95tal w>s1 be l>g] armies 9 ! field1 no "o g5]al is likely p]sonally to h&le or to place ^u a field ( battle a l>g] army ?an t ) :i* ,napoleon trav]s$ ,europe be=e he invad$ ,russia4 ,! pr9ciples ( pure milit>y sci5ce z set =? 9 books h n be5 greatly *ang$ dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! ,prussian ,clausewitz only expla9$ = u ! doctr9es ( ,bonap>te2 & ! late/ writ]s--su* z ! ,fr5*m5 ,d]rcagaix & ,lewal--only cont9ue ,clausewitz4 ,! !ory ( ! arm$ nation has receiv$ ext5sion1 b1 aft] all1 ! ,prussian sy/em 9 its ess5tials dates f ,j5a1 & ! /eps by :i* x has produc$ ! admirable exi/+ armies ( ,france1 ,au/ria1 & ,r\mania h be5 b sl[4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates /& ap>t4 ,_! res\rces are s fabul\sly great t !y & !y alone are able to wait = w> be=e mak+ w> prep>ations4 ,no p[] w attack ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,all p[]s w submit to _m ?+s & yield _m /rong po9ts r ?an fight ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! only t]ritorial neighbors ( ! republic are n only n 9 a position to ent] into milit>y rivalry ) h] on ! ,am]ican cont95t1 b are n advanc+ _! milit>y e/abli%m5ts ) ! gr[? ( _! or ( h] population4 ,!y are ( !mselves n only unable to attack1 b equally unable 9 ! long run effectively to resi/ h]4 ,! :ole "q1 !n1 un=tunately = u ,europeans1 is a ,european "q1 & ,i ne$ make b little ref]5ce to happi] l&s across ! great] seas4 ,9 ,europe ! ,unit$ ,k+dom /&s absolutely ap>t4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! ,briti% ,empire dep5ds less ^u our armies ?an on our fleets4 ,india is g>rison$ by a small b co/ly army1 suffici5t = pres5t ne$s1 b insuffici5t to meet _! probable gr[?4 ,! home army1 kept ma9ly 9 ,engl& & ,irel& 7& 9 ,irel& n[ only because life is *eap 9 ,irel& & ! c\ntry heal?y & well fitt$ = ! drill & discipl9e ( troops71 has be5 *iefly a nurs]y = ! :ite army 9 ,india1 & w be = t 9 ,s\? ,africa & 9 ,india4 ,! exp$itions :i* ! c\ntry is oblig$ to s5d f "t to "t across ! seas h b a dome/ic int]e/1 & are unimportant :5 view$ f a _w-wide milit>y /&-po9t4 ,9 ! ev5t ( w> ! att5tion ( ! c\ntry w\ld be conc5trat$ ^u h] fleets1 ) a view to reta9 t comm& ( ! sea )\t :i* h] old-fa%ion$ army w\ld be useless4 ,belgium has an old-fa%ion$ army ( ano!r type4 ,a small =ce ( conscripts is 8drawn0 & ! m5 are all[$ to f9d sub/itutes = money4 ,b ,belgium & ! o!r small] ,p[]s1 except ,switz]l&1 ,r\mania1 & ,bulg>ia1 may be neglect$ 9 our survey4 ,switz]l& has develop$ an excell5t army ( a special local type1 a *eap b highly effici5t militia1 ! mo/ int]e/+ po9t ab\t :i* is t1 :ile field artill]y is suppos$ to be difficult ( creation & only to be obta9$ ^u a co/ly & regul> sy/em1 ,switz]l& produces an excell5t field artill]y ^u a militia foot+4 ,! g>rison artill]y militia ( ,great ,brita9 h long] tra9+ ?an ! field artill]y ( ! ,swiss ,f$]ation1 b ! results ( ! tra9+ are v diff]5t4 ,simil>ly1 :ile cavalry is suppos$ to be 9 ! same position z artill]y 9 ^! matt]s1 ,hung>y produces a good cavalry ^u a militia sy/em4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to ! native army 9 ,india t we h to turn if we want to see :at long s]vice cavalry 9 pa/ c5turies us$ to be1 = 9 ^! days ( %ort] s]vice cavalry at lea/ has suff]$ a decl9e1 &1 s f> f cavalry1 on ! :ole1 pres5t+ u ) a picture ( milit>y progress 9 ! c5tury1 ! cavalry ( ! pres5t day is n to be comp>$ ) ! cavalry ( ! pa/4 ,r\mania & ,bulg>ia1 al?\gh small c\ntries1 h rem>kable armies ( ! mo/ mod]n type1 ( great /r5g? :5 consid]$ proportionately to _! populations2 b ^! ne$ n come "u our exam9ation1 because sub/antially !y are on ! ,prussian plan4 ,russia diff]s f ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,au/ria 9 hav+ an imm5se peace army4 ,h] peace army is inde$ z l>ge z t ( ! :ole ( ! ,triple ,alliance1 & ! enorm\s di/ances ( ,russia & ! difficulties ( mobilization & conc5tration =ce h] into ! ret5tion & developm5t ( a sy/em :i* is n[ peculi> to h]self4 ,! armies ( ,russia resemble m closely 7al?\gh on a f> l>g] scale7 ! old armies ( ! "t be=e ! *anges :i* foll[$ #ahff ?an ! ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & ,au/rian armies ( to-day4 ,italy is decreas+ h] army1 & has be5 driv5 by h] f9ancial /raits to completely spoil a sy/em :i* 0 nev] good except on pap]4 ,x is d\btful :e!r n[ 9 a sudd5 w> ! ,italians c\ld put into ! field any ?or\ghly good troops1 except _! ,alp9e battalions1 :i* are equal to ^? ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,au/rian sy/em does n diff] suffici5tly f ^? ( ,g]many & ( ,france to be wor?y special note1 al?\gh x may be said 9 pass+ t ! ,au/rian army is n[ consid]$ by compet5t obs]v]s to be excell5t4 ,we may take z our type ( ! armies ( to-day ^? ( ,g]many & ( ,france4 ,^! armies are also normal z reg>ds _! co/4 ,great ,brita9 hav+ no conscription1 & be+ 9 ! habit ( pay+ de>ly = all s]vices1 is extravagant 9 h] milit>y exp5diture = ! results obta9$4 ,switz]l& & ,russia1 ) _! diff]5t sy/ems1 & = diff]5t reasons1 obta9 _! armies v *eaply2 & if we wi% to "k ! co/ ( ! mod]n milit>y sy/em x is to ,g]many & to ,france t we %\ld turn4 ,^? :o w\ld /udy ! ,fr5* or ,g]man army = !mselves w f9d a l>ge lit]ature on ! subject4 ,! pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! e/abli%m5t ( an arm$ nation ^u ! mod]n ,prussian scale1 improv$ aft] ! exp]i5ces ( #ahff & aga9 aft] ^? ( #ahgj1 are expla9$ 9 ! "w ( ,von d] ,goltz1 ,! ,nation 9 ,arms4 ,^? :o w\ld foll[ ^! pr9ciples into _! detail$ application1 & see h[ ! armies are divid$ betwe51 & n\ri%$ & suppli$ f ! milit>y di/ricts ( "o ( ! great c\ntries1 w f9d ! facts set =? 9 su* publications z ! illu/rat$ ,annual ( ! ,fr5* ,army1 publi%$ ea* ye> by ,plon1 ,n\rrit1 et ,cie41 or 9 ! (ficial h&books publi%$ by ! ,librairie ,militaire ,baudo94 ,9 ! "t ( ,bonap>te & ev5 9 ! "t ( ! ,second ,empire 9 ,france army corps 7 ( v>y+ /r5g?1 & !re 0 no c]ta9 k on ! "p ( adm9i/rators less admirable ?an ! fir/ ,napoleon himself ( ! exact numb]s ( m5 :o c\ld be plac$ 9 ! field4 ,9 #ahgj ,l\is ,napoleon 0 :olly mis9=m$ z to 8 own /r5g? & z to t ( 8 oppon5ts1 :i* 71 h[ev]1 accurately kn[n to ,von ,moltke4 ,9 ^! days su* confusions & difficulties are impossible4 ,! army corps ( ! great milit>y p[]s are ( equal /r5g? & w\ld be equally re9=c$ 9 ! extraord9>ily rapid mobilization :i* w\ld imm$iately prec$e & imm$iately foll[ a decl>ation ( w>4 ,! *ief *anges 9 ! c5tury h be5 a great] exactitude 9 ^! respects1 a g5]al increase ( numb]s 7especially a great increase 9 ! /r5g? ( field artill]y71 & 9 ^! la/ ye>s a gr\p+ ( ! army corps into armies1 :i* exi/ 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,russia ev5 9 "t ( peace1 ) all _! g5]als & /affs nam$ ready = w>4 ,9 ea* ( ! great milit>y c\ntries ! army is guid$ by ! c\nsel ( a g5]al /aff4 ,ar\nd ! *ief ( ! /aff & ! ,m9i/] ( ,w> are ! 8g5]als ( armies10 & 9 ,france a pot5tial g5]alissimo 7:o on ! outbreak ( w> w\ld (t5 be sup]s$$ by ano!r g5]al 9 ! actual comm&74 ,9 ! case ( ,g]many ! comm& w\ld n[ be ex]cis$ by ! "y ,emp]or4 ,9 ! case ( ,france x w\ld be ex]cis$ by ! g5]alissimo1 ) ! *ief ( ! /aff z 8 8,b]?i]0 or major-g5]al4 ,enorm\sly important duties 9 ! case ( armies s unwieldy z ! entire =ces ( ! fir/ l9e & ( ! second l9e 9 ,g]many or ,france & ( ! fir/ l9e 9 ,russia w\ld be ex]cis$ by ! 8g5]als ( armies40 ,^! g5]als 9 "t ( peace are call$ 8inspectors ( armies0 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,au/ria1 & !y inspect gr\ps ( army corps :i* w\ld be unit$ 9 w> to =m ! armies :i* ^! g5]als w\ld actually comm&4 ,^! g5]als also =m ! c\ncil ( w> or pr9cipal promotion bo>d & committee ( advice = ! g5]alissimo & *ief ( ! /aff4 ,9 ,g]many & 9 ,au/ria-,hung>y ! ,g]man ,emp]or & ! ,emp]or-,k+ respectively are virtual g5]al inspectors-9-*ief ( ! :ole army1 b 9 ,france & 9 ,russia !re is less unity ( comm&4 ,! ,m9i/] ( ,w> 9 ,russia1 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ,france is int5d$ to be at ! head ( ! supplies ( ! army 9 "t ( w>1 direct+ ! adm9i/ration f ! capital1 & n tak+ 8 place 9 ! field4 ,! ,prussian sy/em1 z f> z ! m5 are conc]n$1 0 adopt$ aft] ! disa/]s ( ,prussia e>ly 9 ! c5tury1 9 ord] to pass great numb]s ( m5 ?r\gh ! ranks )\t attract+ att5tion by keep+ up a l>ge peace army4 ,! sy/em is n[ ma9ta9$ by ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ,france = a diff]5t reason4 ,su* p[]s desire to h an enorm\s =ce = w>1 b1 = budget>y reasons1 to keep ) ! flag 9 "t ( peace ! smalle/ =ce :i* is consi/5t ) tra9+ ! m5 suffici5tly to enable !m ^u mobilization to be br\ght back to _! regim5ts z real soldi]s4 ,x is ^! consid]ations :i* h induc$ ! y\ng] & m ?\ghtful ( ! ,prussian g5]als to =ce on ,g]many a r$uction ( ! p]iod ( infantry s]vice to two ye>s4 ,! army 9 "t ( peace becomes a m]e tra9+-s*ool = w>1 & ! s]vice is made z %ort z possible1 giv5 ! necessity ( turn+ out a man :o = "s ye>s w cont9ue to h ! traditions ( a soldi]4 ,x is a "q :e!r some?+ has n be5 sacrific$1 9 ,france1 at all ev5ts1 to uni=mity4 ,a long] p]iod ( tra9+ is und\bt$ly necess>y to make an effici5t cavalry soldi] ?an is necess>y to make an effici5t infantry private2 & a man :o has s]v$ ab\t two & a half ye>s only 9 a cavalry regim5t _c 9 ! majority ( cases be br\ght back into ! cavalry aft] he has return$ to civil life4 ,cavalry1 9 ! mod]n armies1 is likely to be a dim9i%+ =ce z w> goes on4 ,! armies w ent] ^u w> ) a numb] ( infantry :i* c be kept up1 ! losses ( w> be+ suppli$ by res]ve m5 z good z ! m5 ( ! fir/ l9e2 b ea* army w ent] ^u w> ) a =ce ( cavalry :i* w be rapidly de/roy$ if x is mu* us$1 & :i* w n be replac$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! res]ve cavalry ( :i* ! ,fr5* press boa/s is a pap] =ce1 & ! pret5d$ mobilization ( two ( its regim5ts a f>ce4 ,! ,fr5* w\ld take ! field ) ! cavalry ( ! fir/ l9e only1 sev5ty-n9e regim5ts ( five hundr$ horses 7all ov] six ye>s old71 or less ?an half ! eighty-f\r ?\s& cavalry ) :i* ,napoleon m>*$ 9 #ahab4 ,! same ?+ might possibly be said ( artill]y z is said ( cavalry b = ! fact t ,switz]l& tells a diff]5t /ory z to ! possibility ( rapidly tra9+ artill]ym5 ) a consid]able measure ( success4 ,! ,fr5* improvis$ artill]y ( ! latt] "p ( ! w> ( #ahgj 7 also a cr$itable =ce1 :ile x 0 discov]$ to be impossible to create a cavalry4 ,! effici5cy ( ! res]ves 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,au/ria is te/$ by ! call+ out ( l>ge portions ( !m e ye> = tra9+1 & !y are f\nd1 z f> z ! infantry g1 ?or\ghly compet5t = ! "w ( w>4 ,! difficulties z reg>ds cavalry are s obvi\s t x is becom+ m & m recogniz$ by ,g]many & by ,france t ! cavalry w h to take ! field z !y /& 9 peace1 & t _! res]ve m5 w h to be kept back ) a view to ! selection among !m ( ^? :o are fit to s]ve z cavalry1 & ! relegation ( ! great] numb] to ! tra9 & o!r s]vices :]e ability to ride & manage horses is m necess>y ?an ! sm>tness ( a good cavalryman4 ,france & ,g]many nom9ally look =w>d to ! creation ( two k9ds ( armies 9 "t ( w>1 "o ( ! fir/ l9e to take ! field at once1 & ! o!r to gu>d ! communications & g>rison & support ! =tresses1 b 9 fact x is ! int5tion ( ^! p[]s to divide _! armies into ?ree--a field army ( ! fir/ l9e1 a field army ( ! second l9e1 out ( :i* fre% army corps w at once be creat$ on ! outbreak ( w>1 &1 ?irdly1 a t]ritorial army = communications & = =tress purposes & z a la/ res]ve4 ,x is a portion ( ! ,fr5* & ,g]man sy/em t ea* army corps ( ! fir/ l9e--& ! same w\ld be ! case 9 w> ) ! second l9e corps--has its sep>ate organization ( ammunition tra9 & baggage tra91 & draws z l>gely z possible its supplies f its own t]ritorial di/rict4 ,! peace /r5g? ( ! great mod]n armies is = ,france & ,g]many ab\t five hundr$ ?\s& m5 ea*1 & ! w> /r5g? betwe5 f\r million & five million m5 ea*4 ,! peace /r5g? ( ,russia is n[ ov] n9e hundr$ ?\s& m54 ,( ! w> armies ! tra9+ is n uni=mly complete1 b !re are 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,au/ria1 & ,r\mania suffici5t res]ves ( clo?+ & rifles to equip ! w> armies ( ^? p[]s = ! field4 ,! co/ ( ! sy/em ( a mod]n army is v mu* less ?an t ( ! old-fa%ion$ armies4 ,! ,unit$ ,k+dom sp5t till lately 7includ+ loan money7 ab\t eighte5 million p\nds /]l+ ^u h] army1 ,india r>ely less ?an f\rte5 million p\nds /]l+ & an av]age ( fifte5 million p\nds1 & ! ,briti% ,empire1 outside ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & ,india1 two million p\nds1 or an av]age ( ?irty-five million p\nds /]l+ 9 all ^u l& =ces4 ,! exp5diture ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ^u l& =ces has be5 p]man5tly increas$ to an enorm\s ext5t by ! ,s\? ,african w> & _c n[ be e/imat$4 ,! exp5diture ( ,france & ,g]many ^u l& =ces is greatly less2 & ( ,russia1 l>ge z is h] peace army1 less aga94 ,b ,france & ,g]many 9 ! ev5t ( w> c imm$iately ea* ( !m place millions ( arm$ m5 9 ! field 9 prop] army =mation & ) adequate comm&1 :]eas ! ,unit$ ,k+dom c place a d\btful ?ree corps 9 ! field 9 ,india ) great difficulty1 &1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 no organiz$ =ce at all at home )\t an incr$ible am\nt ( reorganization & wa/e ( "t aft] ! decl>ation ( w>4 ,x is cont5d$ by ! au?orities responsible = ! ,briti% army t two army corps c\ld be plac$ 9 ! field at home1 & elaborate pap] arrangem5ts exi/ = ?is purpose2 b ! facts are z ,i /ate !m1 & n z !y are pr(ess$ to be4 ,x is pret5d$ t ?ree corps ( regul>s 7 despat*$ to ,s\? ,africa4 ,b ! cavalry & artill]y 71 9 fact1 creat$ by lavi% exp5diture a long "t aft] ! w> _h begun & aft] disa/]s caus$ by _! non-exi/5ce4 ,c5traliz$ z is ! adm9i/rative sy/em ( ,france & ,g]many 9 ev]y?+ except w>1 ! necessities ( mod]n w>f>e h =c$ ^u ! gov]nm5ts ( ^? c\ntries a l>ge am\nt ( dec5tralization z conc]ns milit>y matt]s1 & ! less effici5t milit>y ma*9es ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & ( ,russia are f> m c5traliz$ ?an are ! m effici5t ma*9es ( ,g]many & ( ,france4 ,! army corps di/ricts h 9 ! latt] c\ntries s mu* autonomy z to recall to ! political /ud5t ! f$]al organization ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates r ?an ! gov]nm5t ( a highly c5traliz$ mod]n p[]4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z w> breaks out1 ! milit>y /ates ( "t ( peace w\ld be gr\p$1 & ! f\r or five gr\ps kn[n z 8armies10 also1 ( c\rse1 !oretically1 br\ght toge!r "u ! direct+ eye ( ! g5]alissimo4 ,9 ! case1 at all ev5ts1 ( ,g]many1 unity ( direction is p]fectly comb9$ ) dec5tralization & individual initiative4 ,! mode 9 :i* a mod]n army on ! anticipation ( w> prep>es itself = ! field is extraord9>ily rapid 9 po9t ( "t z comp>$ ) ! mode f\nd necess>y 9 ! "t ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te2 & x is ?is rapidity ( mobilization & conc5tration :i* /rikes ! obs]v] z ! greate/ *ange or progress ( ! c5tury 9 connection ) armies4 ,b x is a m]e consequ5ce ( railroads & telegraphs1 & is only ! application to milit>y purposes ( ^? increas$ facilities ( locomotion :i* h play$ s great a "p 9 ! progress ( ! c5tury4 ,mobilization is1 ( c\rse1 ! union at po9ts fix$ be=eh& ( ! m5 ( ! res]ves :o br+ ! army up to its w> foot+1 & ! clo?+ & equipm5t ( ^! m51 & ! di/ribution to ! mobiliz$ regim5ts ( _! full mat]ials ( w>4 ,! cavalry & horse artill]y kept ^u ! fronti] are n[ 9 a condition ( p]man5t read9ess 9 ! pr9cipal milit>y c\ntries1 z !y w\ld be us$ to cov] ! mobilization ( ! rema9d] ( ! army4 ,! mom5t mobilization is accompli%$ conc5tration takes place--on ! fronti] 9 ! case ( ! pr9cipal p[]s4 ,ne> ! l9e ( conc5tration are =ts1 :i* play a great] "p 9 ! ,fr5* s*eme ( def5ce ?an !y d 9 ! ,g]man4 ,! ,fr5* 9 ! days ( _! weakness aft] #ahgj bo? con/ruct$ a l9e ( intr5*$ camps & built a k9d ( wall ( ,*9a along ! mo/ expos$ portion ( _! ea/]n fronti]2 :]eas ! ,g]mans are prep>$ to rely ^u _! field armies1 support$ by a few imm5se =tresses1 su* z ^? 7on _! we/]n fronti]7 ( ,metz & ,/rasburg4 ,! ,fr5* keep 9 front ( _! =tresses at ,nancy a /rong division1 :i* is virtually always on a w> foot+1 & bo? 9 ,france & ,g]many ! fronti] corps are at a high] peace /r5g? ?an ^? ( ! int]ior1 & are meant to take ! field at once s z to help ! cavalry & horse artill]y to protect ! mobilization & conc5tration ( ! rema9d]1 &1 if possible1 to di/urb ! mobilization & conc5tration ( ! foe4 ,^? :o w\ld /udy mod]n armies = !mselves %\ld visit ,nancy & ,metz1 b %\ld n neglect ! ,swiss annual manuvres4 ,! "w ( ! recruit ( ,g]many & ( ,france1 dur+ 8 two ye>s' or ne>ly ?ree ye>s' tra9+ z ! case may be1 is z h>d z any human "w2 & ! populations ( ! cont95tal c\ntries submit1 n on ! :ole unwill+ly1 f patriotic motives1 to a slav]y ( :i* ! m =tunate inhabitants ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h no conception4 ,! ,briti% or ! ,belgian paid recruit w\ld mut9y if =c$ to "w z works ! virtually unpaid & ill-f$ recruit ( ,russia1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ,france4 ,! enorm\s loss to _m indu/ries :i* is caus$ by ! )drawal ( ! m5 at ! age ( tw5ty1 j :5 !y are mo/ apt to become skill$ workm51 is 9 ! op9ion ( "s ,g]mans comp5sat$ = by ! habit ( discipl9e & ! moral tone ( /iffness & endurance :i* is communicat$ to ! soldi] = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,?is is p]haps m true ( ! ,g]man "* ?an x is ( ! inhabitants ( ! o!r c\ntries2 & 9 ,france1 at lea/1 ! soldi] tra9+ ( ! entire population is a heavy drawback to indu/rial & to intellectual life4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 z w be se5 9 ! conclud+ passage ( ?is article1 o!r consid]ations to be tak5 into acc\nt1 "s ( :i* tell ! o!r way4 ,! "o successful exception to ! prevail+ milit>y sy/em ( ! day is to be f\nd 9 ,switz]l&1 :i* has a v *eap army ( ! militia type1 b "o :i* is1 nev]!less1 pron\nc$ effici5t by ! be/ judges4 ,! mobilization ( ,switz]l& 9 #ahgj 0 m rapid ?an t ( ei!r ,g]many or ,france1 &1 great z are ! /rides t bo? ,france & ,g]many h made 9 rapidity ( organization & z reg>ds numb]s s9ce #ahgj1 ! ,swiss also h reorganiz$ _! mobilization sy/em s9ce t "t1 & are /ill able1 at a mu* less proportional co/1 to place 9 ! field at lea/ z l>ge a proportional =ce z ,g]many1 & ?is =ce believ$ to be effici5t1 al?\gh n l>gely provid$ ) cavalry4 ,! greate/ *ange 9 ! battle-fields ( ! future1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( a few ye>s ago1 w be f\nd 9 ! developm5t & increas$ /r5g? ( ! artill]y4 ,a mod]n army1 :5 x takes up a position1 has miles ( front almo/ entirely occupi$ ) guns1 & ! guns h to fire ov] ! infantry1 because !re is no room = su* numb]s ( guns to be us$ 9 any o!r way4 ,! attack+ side 7if bo?1 inde$1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 d n attempt attack7 w be *iefly occupi$ 9 obta9+ positions on :i* to place its guns1 & ! repeat+-rifle itself1 deadly z is its fire1 _c cont5d at ranges ov] a ?\s& y>ds1 unless ! riflem5 are heavily intr5*$1 ) ! improv$ %rapnel fire ( mod]n guns4 ,! e>ly engagem5ts ( a w> w1 inde$1 be engagem5ts ( cavalry mass$ ^u ! fronti] on ! second day ( mobilization1 s rapid w ! op5+ ( w> 9 ! future be4 ,?is cavalry w be accompani$ by horse artill]y & foll[$ by light infantry1 con/antly practis$ 9 rapid m>*+ 9 "t ( peace1 or by m\nt$ infantry4 ,b ! great battle-fields ( ! lat] weeks w be battle-fields1 above all1 ( artill]y4 ,! numb]s engag$ w be s great t ! heavie/ ( all ! responsibilities ( ! g5]als w be ! fe$+ ( _! troops dur+ ! battles prolong$ dur+ sev]al days1 :i* w probably occur1 & x is d\btful h[ f> ! old g5]als 7(t5 gr[n unwieldy 9 "t ( peace7 w be able to /& ! daily & nightly /ra9 ( w>4 ,jom9i has said t :5 bo? sides are equally /rong 9 numb]s1 9 c\rage1 & 9 _m o!r elem5ts ( =ce1 ! great trag$y ( ,borod9o is ! typical battle4 ,lewal has po9t$ out t 9 ! battles ( ! future su* equality mu/ be expect$3 8,! battle w beg9 on ! outbreak ( w> 9 ! op]ations ( ! fronti] regim5ts4 ,! great masses z !y come to ! field w p\r into a fight already rag+4 ,! battle w be imm5se & prolong$40 ,promotion w probably be rapid among ! g5]als1 ow+ to incompet5ce & retirem5t1 & c]ta9ly among o!r (fic]s ow+ to _! exposure 9 ^! days ( smokeless p[d]1 :5 good %ots c pick (f (fic]s 9 a mann] unkn[n 9 w>s :i* h hi!rto occurr$4 ,:e!r x w be possible to get armies to advance "u heavy fire aft] ! (fic]s h be5 kill$ is d\btful1 :5 we rememb] t mod]n armies consi/ ( ! :ole population1 c[>ds & brave m5 alike1 & t regim5tal cohesion is weak5$ by ! sudd5 infusion ( an ov]:elm+ proportion ( res]ve m5 at ! la/ mom5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ,g]man army ! res]ve m5 w be few] 9 ! fir/ l9e ?an 9 ! ,fr5*1 & ! regim5tal sy/em m available 9 ! field1 :ile on ! ,fr5* side ! great] milit>y aptitude ( ! ,fr5* race may p]haps be c\nt$ ^u to rem$y ! comp>ative defect4 ,! ,prussians make up = ! inf]ior milit>y aptitude ( ! ,g]man p by patriotism1 discipl9e1 & ! conf]r+ ( honor & ( civil employm5t1 9 aft] life1 on all :o d _! duty 9 w>4 ,!y also provide m effectively ?an d ! ,fr5* aga9/ incapacity 9 high place4 ,above all1 h[ev]1 we %\ld atta* importance to ! wisdom ( successive ,k+s ( ,prussia 9 treat+ ! ,prussian army z an almo/ sacr$ in/itution1 & 9 con/antly work+ 9 "t ( peace to make x & keep x a p]fect in/rum5t ( w>4 ,! weake/ po9t1 relatively speak+1 9 ! ,fr5* organization1 & ! /ronge/ po9t1 relatively speak+1 9 ! ,g]man1 is ! (fic]+ ( ! second & ?ird l9e4 ,! "o-ye>-volunte] sy/em gives ! ,g]mans excell5t 8t]ritorial0 (fic]s1 :ile ! ,fr5* h be5 =c$ virtually to aboli% x z impossible ( successful application 9 a c\ntry s jeal\s ( privilege z is mod]n ,france4 ,! t]ritorial infantry regim5ts ( ,france w\ld be excell5t = ! def5ce ( =tresses1 b w\ld = field purposes be inf]ior to t "p ( ! ,prussian l&wehr :i* w\ld rema9 ov] aft] ! completion ( ! res]ve corps4 ,! res]ve cavalry regim5ts ( ,france h be5 creat$ 9 ord] to provide promotion & s9ecure appo9tm5ts1 & w\ld n produce a cavalry fit = true cavalry s]vice 9 ! field4 ,x w\ld c>ry u beyond ! prop] limits ( ?is article to expla9 h[ x is t ! ,fr5* c\ld create a field artill]y ( ! second l9e 9 "t ( w> :i* w\ld probably be sup]ior to t ( ,g]many4 ,?is =ms a set-(f aga9/ "s o!r inf]iority ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! newe/ po9t 9 ! developm5t ( mod]n armies is ! rec5t sep>ation 9 ! ,g]man army ( ! cavalry int5d$ = patrol duties f ! cavalry int5d$ = fight+ 9 ! field4 ,we h _h to face ! same problem 9 ,s\? ,africa1 b ?is condition ( our w> 0 peculi>4 ,x has be5 said t ! hi/ory ( w>f>e is ! hi/ory ( ! /ruggle among weapons1 & t ea* *ange 9 tactics & ev5 9 /rategy has come f sci5tific *ange affect+ weapons4 ,9 ! c5tury we h se5 ! *ange f ! smoo?-bore to ! rifle & f ! ord9>y to ! repeat+ rifle4 ,we h se5 ! modifications ( artill]y1 :i* are beg9n+ to give an application ( ! quick-fir+ pr9ciple to field artill]y1 & ! use ( high explosive %ells1 likely to affect by _! explosion ev5 ^? :o are ne> ! bur/+ %ell & :o are n /ruck by its fragm5ts4 ,smokeless p[d] has alt]$ ! look ( battles & has r$uc$ _! noise4 ,x provides excuse = ! incompet5t4 ,x w\ld be easy1 h[ev]1 to exagg]ate ! importance ( ^! *anges z reg>ds tactics1 & /ill m ) reg>d to /rategy1 :ile ) tactics we are n "h conc]n$4 ,! great cont95tal milit>y nations h hi!rto n all[$ !mselves to be mu* affect$ by ! *anges 9 ! weapons1 & _m ( ! mod]n fads :i* are adopt$ 9 small armies are condemn$ by ! lead]s ( ^! great =ces4 ,! ,briti% ma*9e guns1 = example1 l ,briti% m\nt$ infantry1 are g5]ally reg>d$ on ! cont95t z a fancy ( our own4 ,all nations h _! milit>y fads1 except1 p]haps1 ! sev]ely practical ,g]mans4 ,russia has its dragoon organization1 f :i* x is rec$+2 ,am]ica has h] dynamite gun2 ! ,fr5* h _! subm>9e torp$o-boats4 ,our ma*9e guns are n ?\ght mu* m ( by mo/ ,prussians ?an ! /eam-gun ( #ahdd1 ridicul$ by ,dick5s 9 ,m>t9 ,*uzzlewit4 ,if great *ange 0 to h be5 made 9 ! art ( w> by mod]n weapons1 "o w\ld h ?\ght t ! fir/ ?+s to disappe> w\ld be all ve/ige ( protective armor & ! use ( cavalry 9 ! field4 ,yet protective armor has be5 rec5tly re/or$ to z l>ge a proportion ( _m armies z us$ x 9 ! w>s ( ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 & ! use ( cavalry 9 ! field is def5d$ z /ill possible by all ! highe/ au?orities on ! cont95t4 ,my own op9ion on su* matt]s is t ( a layman & %\ld be wor?less1 b x agrees ) t ( sev]al di/+ui%$ milit>y writ]s4 ,i confess t ,i d\bt :e!r 9 future w>s betwe5 good armies1 su* z ^? ( ,france & ,g]many1 x w be possible to employ cavalry on ! field ( battle1 & ,i g s f> z to ?9k t ! direct (f5sive1 /ill believ$ 9 by ! ,prussians1 w be f\nd to h become too co/ly to be possible4 ,our ,s\? ,african exp]i5ce is n1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ by cont95tal au?orities z conclusive4 ,! au?or ( ,ironclads 9 ,action1 ,mr4 ,wilson1 :o has made a v ?or\gh /udy ( ! future ( naval w>1 has po9t$ out ) great =ce ! mo/ /rik+ difficulties ( w> 9 ! future z caus$ by ! enorm\s conc5tration ( =ces 9 a p>ticul> tract ( c\ntry4 ,! result ( t conc5tration mu/ be great difficulties ab\t supply1 prolong$ battles ( an indecisive k9d lead+ to exposure1 abs5ce ( sleep1 & to conditions :i* w\ld =m ! sev]e/ /ra9 = pr(essional m5 ( w>1 :ile ^? :o w n[ be subject to !m w be ! ord9>y population1 n v specially w>riors1 except s f> z patriotism may 9 "s cases make up z reg>ds c\rage & endurance = abs5ce ( milit>y tradition4 ,! va/ numb] ( w\nd$ w be expos$ = long] p]iods ?an 0 ! case 9 _m ( ! e>li] w>s2 b :5 we rememb] ,leipsic1 & ,dresd51 & ! retreat f ,mosc[1 x is aga9 easy to see t ! *ange is r 9 ! direction ( g5]alization ( conditions1 :i* 7 =m]ly exceptional1 ?an a *ange to conditions :olly )\t prec$5t4 ,i h all ?r\gh ?is article writt5 ( ,g]many & ,france z ! mod]n milit>y c\ntries to be tak5 z a /&>d 9 all comp>isons4 ,! ,fr5* h imitat$ ! ,g]mans v closely s9ce ! w> ( #ahgj4 ,b1 al?\gh imitation is g5]ally feeble1 x mu/ always be borne 9 m9d t ! ,fr5* p h great] milit>y aptitude ?an ! ,g]man1 & t unless beat5 at ! beg9n+ ( a w> !y are always 9 ! highe/ degree =midable4 ,! p]fection ( sy/em is to be f\nd 9 ,g]many1 & ! peculi>ities ( ! ,g]man sy/em are ! comb9ation ( enlight5$ patriotism 9 all its individuality ) iron discipl9e4 ,! sy/em is s /rong t unless well manag$ x w\ld cru% out individual responsibility2 b ! sy/em itself enc\rages ?is individual responsibility all d[n ! gradations ( ! army to ! humble/ non-commission$ (fic] & ev5 to ! deta*$ private4 ,! univ]sality ( promotion by a c]ta9 high /&>d ( m]it & ! abs5ce ( jobb]y are m ?or\ghly obta9$ 9 ,g]many ?an 9 any o!r army1 & ,"l ,wolseley's criticisms on ! #ahih manuvres ( our own army1 criticisms r5ew$ 9 #aijj1 9 :i* he told u t no "o _h done well 9 ! field1 & t ?is prov$ t no "o c\ld h done 8 duty dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 w\ld be impossible 9 ,g]many1 & mu/ h %ock$ milit>y op9ion ?r\gh\t t c\ntry4 ,x is n unusual to assume t ! enorm\s milit>y e/abli%m5ts ( ! cont95t ( ,europe are an almo/ unmix$ evil4 ,b ?is may p]haps be disput$ on two gr\nds4 ,9 "s cases1 su* z t ( ,italy1 ! army acts z a k9d ( r\gh national univ]sity 9 :i* ! v>i$ life ( di/ricts (t5 discordant is fus$ into a patriotic :ole1 dialects are =gott51 & a common language le>n$4 ,9 ! case ( ,france ! new milit>y sy/em is a p[]ful eng9e ( democracy4 ,!re is a ,fr5* pr9ce 7n ( ! blood7 s]v+ at ?is mom5t 9 a squad ( :i* ! corporal is a "y peasant f ! same dep>tm5t4 ,a few ye>s ago ,i f\nd ! ,duc de ,luynes1 :o is also ,duc de ,*aulnes & ,duc de ,*evreuse1 ! own] ( ,dampi]re1 ! p]sonal fri5d ( k+s1 s]v+1 by 8 own wi%1 =1 z ! elde/ son ( a wid[1 he 0 exempt1 z a private ( dragoons1 & respectfully salut+ "y (fic]s1 "s ( :om 7 8 own t5ants4 ,! mod]n milit>y sy/em ( ! cont95t1 9 ! case ( ,france & ,g]many at lea/1 may also1 ,i ?9k1 be %[n to h told 9 favor ( peace4 ,x is possible = u to occasionally dem& a w> ) ! great] fre$om1 because we d n z a rule "k :at w> means4 ,^? ( u :o h se5 some?+ ( x ) our own eyes are a v small m9ority4 ,b e inhabitant ( ,france & ,g]many has ! reality ( w> br\ght home to him ) ! k t ^? ( 8 own k9 w\ld h to furni% _! tribute ( 8cannon fle%0 7z ! ,fr5* & ,g]mans call x7 at ! outbreak ( any w>2 & ! influ5ce ( ! :ole ( ! wom5 ( bo? c\ntries is p[]fully ex]t$ 9 consequ5ce ^u ! side ( peace4 ,,*>les ,w4 ,,dilke4 ,,naval ,,%ips ,9 ! conditions ( naval w>f>e ! c5tury n[ clos$ has se5 a revolution unp>allel$ 9 ! rapidity ( ! transition & equall$ 9 degree only by ! *anges :i* foll[$ ! g5]al introduction ( cannon & ! ab&onm5t ( o>s 9 favor ( sails = ! propulsion ( %ips ( w>4 ,! latt] /ep 0 consequ5t1 ultimately1 ^u ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w & ( ! sea-passage to ,india by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,! voyage to ^? di/ant regions 0 too long & ! remot5ess f ports ( refuge too great = r[+ galleys1 a class ( vessels ^: con/ruction unfitt$ !m = develop+ great size & = cont5d+ ) heavy wea!r4 ,! *ange ( motive p[] made possible & entail$ a diff]5t disposition ( ! fight+ p[]1 ! ma9 batt]y weight ( %ips be+ transf]r$ f ! b[s & /]ns--end-on fire--to ! broadsides4 ,! comb9ation ( ^! two new factors caus$ %ips & fleets necess>ily to be f\ght 9 a diff]5t mann] f =m]ly--entail$1 to use ! te*nical ^w1 new tactics4 ,! innovations ?us briefly m5tion$1 ?\gh equally radical1 7 mu* m gradual 9 _! progress ?an ^? witness$ by our g5]ation4 ,! latt] h occurr$ n m]ely )9 ! lifetime b )9 ! memory ( _m :o are /ill among u4 ,!y are embrac$1 easily & entirely1 )9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,victoria4 ,x has be5 said1 plausibly1 t if a naval (fic] :o di$ half a c5tury ago c\ld revisit ! e>? he w\ld f9d himself m at home 9 ! %ips ( ,elizabe? ?an 9 ^? ( h] pres5t successor4 ,no su* sudd5 & %>p contra/ tr\bl$ ! seam5 ( ! e>li] era4 ,x is true & int]e/+ to note t ! battle ( ,lepanto 9 #aegc1 al?\gh a few vessels ( broadside type !re9 ex]cis$ a decisive influ5ce1 0 f\ght *iefly by galleys1 :ile 9 ! conte/ ) ! ,spani% ,armada 9 ! ,engli% ,*annel fifte5 ye>s lat] sail+ %ips play$ ! lead+ "p2 b :ile ! fact gives a valuable assi/ance to precision ( memory by fix+ an approximate date :5 ! "o type 0 def9itely supplant$ by ! o!r1 x rema9s t ! turn+-po9t ?us indicat$ 0 rea*$ long aft] cannon & sails fir/ 7 us$ afloat1 & t ano!r c5tury elaps$ be=e ! galley 0 def9itively ab&on$4 ,,bird',s-,,eye ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,transition ,a few dates w illu/rate ! swiftness ( our rec5t trans=mations4 ,9 #ahch1 :5 ! ,fr5* navy r$uc$ ,san ,juan de ,ulloa1 ! pr9cipal def5ce ( ,v]a ,cruz1 & 9 #ahdj1 9 ! ,briti% attack ^u ,acre1 ! fight+ p[] 0 :olly 9 sail+ %ips su* z _h f\ght at ,trafalg> ?irty-five ye>s be=e4 ,two small paddle /eam]s t[$ ! ,fr5* frigate into position1 :ile ! f\r ,briti% vessels ( ! same type contribut$ only a desultory addition to ! broadsides ( sev5 sail+ %ips ( ! l9e1 :i* compell$ ! surr5d] ( ! =tress4 ,! fir/ screw %ip ( ! l9e 9 ! ,briti% navy 0 laun*$ 9 #aheb2 ! la/ sail+ %ip ( t class w5t out ( commission 9 #ahfj4 ,all alike1 ! %ips ( ,v]a ,cruz & ( ,acre1 & _! %ort-reign+ successors1 ! /eam frigates & %ips ( ! l9e1 are n[ z mu* ?+s ( ! pa/1 9 sails1 9 eng9es1 & 9 guns1 z are ! galleys ( ,lepanto & ! %ips ( ! ,armada4 ,by #ahgj x _h be5 recogniz$ ev]y:]e t a type ( vessel correspond+ 9 ess5tial features ) ! pres5t armor$ battle-%ips _h displac$ all competitors4 ,! span ( a s+le g5]ation _h se5 ! transition ( ! %ips ( ,drake & ,nelson to ^? ( our own day4 ,! c>e] ( ,f>ragut 0 run 9 ! int]m$iate p]iod4 ,8 success = ! mo/ "p 0 a*iev$ & 8 r5[n won ) vessels sub/antially ( ! old] type1 b ) auxili>y /eam-p[]4 ,x is almo/ ne$less to rem>k t ?is seem+ly abrupt transition is b "o incid5t 9 ! />tl+ progress made dur+ ! c5tury 9 all ! arts ( peace z ( w>4 ,l ! o!rs1 x is due to an intellectual activity1 great] probably ?an t ( our pr$ecessors1 & direct$ s9ce ! peace ( #ahae less ^u ext]nal political int]e/s ?an ^u sci5tific inve/igation1 & ^u ! application ( ! results to ! improvem5t ( processes ( e k9d4 ,! *anges 9 conception & 9 developm5t ( ! in/rum5ts ( naval w>f>e result f ! increas$ p[] ( deal+ ) refractory mat]ial :i* has be5 acquir$ by sci5tific & practical m5 9 ! laboratory & ! work%op4 ,?us view$1 ?\gh s rapid 9 realization z to am\nt to a revolution1 n only is ! *ange se5 to be ! outcome ( a long1 ?\gh sil5t prep>ation1 b x is br\ght also into its due relation to ! g5]al movem5t ( ! age1 & f\nd to %>e its special *>act]i/ics4 ,our ance/ors ( ! eighte5? c5tury _h _! own problems1 noble & absorb+1 b *iefly political 9 "*4 ,:ile new worlds 7 be+ ga!r$ into ! embrace ( ,european civilization1 ! lead+ p[]s /ruggl+ among !mselves = pre-em95ce 9 ! "w1 & :ile ! h>ve/ 0 rip5+ = ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 sci5ce crept =w>d1 b sl[ly & sil5tly1 ! pre-occupation ( ! few1 n ! int]e/ ( ! _m4 ,! object ( ! pres5t article is to describe ! type ( w> vessel preval5t univ]sally among civiliz$ nations :5 ! n9ete5? c5tury op5$1 & to trace hi/orically ! sequ5ce ( ideas & ( facts :i* h result$ 9 ! type ^: g5]al acceptance is se5 n[ 9 ! practice ( ! *ief naval /ates4 ,,sail+ ,,%ips ,,& ,,broadside ,,batt]ies ,:5 ! n9ete5? c5tury began1 ! %ips t cont5d$ = ! control ( ! sea 71 & = two c5turies _h be51 sail+ %ips ) broadside batt]ies3 ! guns1 t is1 7 di/ribut$ along bo? sides f ! b[ to ! /]n on "o1 two1 ?ree1 or f\r decks4 ,f ! l>ge/ d[n1 all 7 ( ?is type until ! v smalle/ class 0 rea*$4 ,9 ! latt]1 :i* c\ld sc>cely be consid]$ fight+ %ips1 ! gun p[] 0 at times conc5trat$ into a s+le piece1 :i* swept f side to side r\nd ! horizon1 ?us anticipat+ p>tially ! mod]n turret$ ironclad ) its conc5trat$ revolv+ batt]y4 ,! arrangem5t ( guns 9 broadside involv$ anomalies & inconv5i5ces :i* seem mo/ s+ul> :5 fir/ not$4 ,a %ip 9 *ase ( ano!r1 = in/ance1 _h no guns :i* ?rew /raight ahead4 ,if x 7 wi%$ to fire1 9 ord] to cripple ! flee+ enemy1 x 0 necess>y to deflect f ! c\rse2 & 9 ord] to br+ mo/ ( ! guns on "o side into play ! vessel _h to sw+ r\nd ne>ly at "r angles to ! direction ( pursuit4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 lo/ bo? "t & gr\nd4 ,broadside fire--! di/ribution ( guns 9 broadside--re/s1 h[ev]1 ^u an un*angeable condition1 :i* controls n[ z x did a c5tury ago4 ,%ips !n 7 f ?ree to f\r times z long z !y 7 broad2 ! proportion n[ is1 l5g? f f\r to six times ! bread?--or beam1 z x is te*nically call$4 ,!re=e1 except 9 small vessels1 :]e ! conc5tration ( ! :ole weight t c be c>ri$ 9 batt]y gave b "o piece effective aga9/ a probable t>get1 a full developm5t ( fire requir$ ! utilization ( ! long side ( ! %ip r ?an ( its %ort cross-section4 ,?is is precisely analog\s to ! necessity t an army has ( deploy+ into l9e1 f any ord] ( m>*1 9 ord] to develop its full musketry fire4 ,! me*anical atta9m5t ( ! la/ c5tury did n p]mit ! con/ruction ( s+le guns t w\ld conta9 ! weight ( ! :ole batt]y ( a big %ip3 b ev5 _h x1 guns are n want$ bigg] ?an w p5etrate _! t>get mo/ effectively4 ,:5 an ounce ( lead w kill a man x is useless to fire a p\nd4 ,! limit ( p5etration once rea*$1 x is numb]s1 n size1 t tell3 & numb]s c\ld be _h only by utiliz+ ! broadside4 ,?is condition rema9s op]ative n[2 b z mod]n battle-%ips pres5t two or m k9ds ( t>get--! heavy armor$ & t :i* is light armor$1 or unprotect$--! application ( ! pr9ciple 9 practice becomes m complicat$4 ,batt]ies n[ are necess>ily less homog5e\s ?an !y once 71 because t>gets v>y m4 ,,disappe>ance ,,( ,,b[ ,,fire ,! adoption ( broadside batt]ies foll[$1 !re=e1 necess>ily ^u increase ( size & consequ5t l5g?1 b n ^u t only4 ,x is in/ructive to obs]ve t ! sail+ fight+ %ip 0 d]iv$1 9 "p1 at lea/1 f ! galley1 & its resemblance 9 =m to ! latt] is traceable = at lea/ a c5tury aft] ! g5]al disuse ( ! o>4 ,z ! galley1 h[ev]1 0 small1 x c\ld conc5trate its fire advantage\sly 9 "o or two pieces1 = :i* small numb] ! cross-section (f]$ a suffici5t l9e ( emplacem5t3 & z1 :5 x c\ld move at all1 x c\ld move 9 any direction1 !re 0 a fur!r advantage 9 be+ able to fire 9 ! direction ( its motion4 ,h5ce1 b[ fire prevail$ 9 galleys to ! end1 al?\gh ! great galleasses ( ,lepanto & ! ,armada _h accept$ broadside batt]ies 9 great "p1 & :5ev] ! galley type has recurr$1 z on ,lake ,*ampla9 dur+ our ,revolution>y ,w>1 b[ fire has pr$om9at$4 ,! sail+ %ip1 on ! contr>y1 0 limit$ z to ! direction 9 :i* %e c\ld move4 ,tak+ h] z ! c5tre ( a circle1 %e c\ld n /e] directly = mu* m ?an half ! po9ts on ! circumf]5ce4 ,b[ fire consequ5tly 0 mu* less b5eficial to h]1 &1 fur!r1 x 0 f\nd t1 = reasons n necess>y to p>ticul>ize1 h] sail+1 /e]+1 & manuvr+ 7 greatly b5efit$ by ! lev]age ( sails c>ri$ on ! b[sprit & its booms1 project+ =w>d ( ! b[1 :]e !y int]f]$ decisively ) "r-ahead fire4 ,= all ^! reasons1 b[ fire disappe>$ & broadside fire prevail$2 b ! fundam5tal "o to be rememb]$ is ! great] developm5t ( fire conf]r$ by great] l5g?4 ,all %ips--except ! v small ones kn[n z s*oon]s1 cutt]s1 & gunboats--7 broadside vessels1 mov$ by canvas :i* 0 c>ri$ commonly on two or ?ree ma/s2 b into ! p>ticul>s ( ! sails x is presum$ read]s w n c>e to ent]4 ,be+ ?us homog5e\s 9 g5]al *>act]i/ics1 ! %ips ( ?is era 7 divid$ commonly into ?ree pr9cipal classes1 ea* ( :i* _h subdivisions2 b x 0 recogniz$ !n1 z x is n[ 9 !ory ?\gh too little 9 practice1 t su* multiplication ( species is h>mful1 & our =]unn]s1 by a process ( gradual elim9ation1 _h settl$ d[n ^u c]ta9 cle>ly def9$ m$ium types4 ,! smalle/ ( ! ?ree pr9cipal classes ( fight+ %ips 7 call$ sloops-(-w>1 or corvettes4 ,^! _h sometimes two ma/s1 sometimes ?ree2 b ! p>ticul> feature t diff]5tiat$ !m 0 t !y _h b "o r[ ( guns 9 broadside1 on an uncov]$ deck4 ,! (fices dis*>g$ by ?is class ( vessel 7 v>i\s1 b 9 ! appreh5sion ( ! writ] !y may be consid]$ rightly z be+ above all ! protectors or de/roy]s ( comm]ce 9 transit4 ,all %ips ( w>1 ( c\rse1 contribut$ to ?is end2 b ! direct prey+ ^u comm]ce1 ^u m]*ant %ips1 ^: resi/+ p[] 0 small1 0 done mo/ economically by small vessels ( relatively small p[]4 ,hav+ a giv5 am\nt ( tonnage to devote to comm]ce de/roy+1 _m small vessels are m effective ?an a few big ones ( unnecess>y =ce4 ,su* be+ ! nature ( ! attack1 ! resi/ance mu/ be simil> 9 k9d4 ,t is1 a flock ( m]*ant %ips be+ liable to attack by _m small adv]s>ies1 sev]al small protectors w\ld be m effici5t ?an "o or two l>ge ones4 ,sloops-(-w> s]v$ also z despat* vessels & look\ts ( a fleet1 b 7 less well adapt$ to ?is s]vice ?an ! frigate 04 ,,! ,,frigate ,,& ,,h] ,,guns ,?is latt] celebrat$ & favorite class ( %ip /ood next 9 ord] ( p[] above ! corvette1 ) :i* x might also be said to h bl5d$2 = al?\gh 9 ! frigate class !re 7 two1 or at ! mo/ ?ree1 rates t pr$om9at$ va/ly 9 numb]s ov] all ! re/1 yet ! "n cov]$ _m diff]+ degrees ( =ce4 ,! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! frigate 0 t x c>ri$ "o complete r[ ( guns ^u a cov]$ deck--^u a deck1 t is1 :i* _h ano!r deck ov] x4 ,on ?is upp] or sp> deck !re 7 also guns--m or few]--b light] 9 weight ?an ^? on ! cov]$ deck1 usually /yl$ ! ma9 deck4 ,! two pr9cipal classes ( frigates at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury 7 ! ?irty-two-gun & ! ?irty-eight-gun4 ,t is1 !y c>ri$ nom9ally sixte5 or n9ete5 guns on ea* side2 b ! enum]ation is mislead+1 except z a matt] ( comp>ison1 = guns ( "s classes 7 n c\nt$4 ,%ips g5]ally _h a few m cannon ?an _! rate impli$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ?irty-two-gun frigate ,essex1 = example1 c>ri$ at fir/ tw5ty-six long twelves on ! ma9 deck1 ) sixte5 c>ronades & two *ase guns on ! sp> deck4 ,above ^! two classes came ! =ty-f\r-gun frigate1 a v p[]ful rate1 :i* 0 favor$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy & receiv$ a developm5t ( /r5g? !n unprec$5t$4 ,be+ su* z "h describ$1 ! frigate 0 ess5tially1 ?\gh n exclusively1 ! app5dage ( a fleet ( l9e-(-battle %ips4 ,w>s are decid$ n by comm]ce de/roy+ nor by raids1 h[ev] vexati\s1 b by fleets & armies1 by great organiz$ masses--t is1 by cru%+1 n by h>assm5t4 ,b %ips ( ! l9e1 to p]=m _! function1 mu/ keep toge!r1 bo? :5 cruis+ & :5 on ! field ( battle1 9 ord] to put =? _! /r5g? 9 comb9ation4 ,! innum]able deta*$ s]vices t mu/ be dis*>g$ = e great organiz$ =ce ne$ = a fleet to be done by vessels ( inf]ior /r5g?1 yet s /rong t !y _c be int]cept$ or driv5 (f lightly by e :ipp]-snapp] ( an arm$ %ip t comes along4 ,moreov]1 a fact n always realiz$1 spe$--spe$ to ha/5 on a mission1 to ov]take a foe1 or to escape pursuit--dep5ds ^u size1 ma/s t c c>ry sail & hold way amid heavy seas4 ,h5ce ! frigate1 n ! light] sloop1 0 indicat$ = ! mom5t\s duties ^u :i* dep5d$ ! intellig5ce & ! communications ( ! fleet4 ,su* lead+ consid]ations are ne$$ to be /at$ & to be kept 9 m9d1 = !y affect$ ! w>f>e ( ! la/ decade ( ! c5tury q z really z !y did t ( ! fir/1 & a pap] w\ld inde$ be incomplete :i* conf9$ itself to indicat+ po9ts ( diff]5ce ( progress1 s-call$1 & fail$ to recognize ^? ess5tial & p]man5t conditions :i* "t w nev] remove4 ,frigates & sloops h disappe>$ 9 "n & =m1 9 motive p[] & 9 armam5t4 ,_! ess5tial functions rema91 & w rema9 :ile w> la/s4 ,,duties ,,( ,,! ,,frigate ,! tru? ( ?is /atem5t w be evid5t f a brief m5tion ( ! duties frigates actually us$ to p]=m4 ,:ile att5d+ ! fleet1 n m]ely a "p ( x1 ! frigates 7 ?r[n out f> 9 advance & on ea* side1 z cavalry on l& sc\rs ! c\ntry t[>ds or ?r\gh :i* ! army advances4 ,! di/ance to :i* !y w\ld be ?us deta*$ w\ld sometimes am\nt to "o hundr$ or two hundr$ miles1 & ! abs5ce to days1 rejo9+ be+ assur$ by ! assignm5t ( a r5dezv\s1 or by an adequate k ( ! admiral's int5d$ movem5ts4 ,x w be recogniz$ t :5 ?us alone frigates might meet equal or sup]ior =ces1 to resi/ or to escape f :i* bo? /r5g? & spe$ 7 ne$$4 ,an extreme & p>ticul> case ( su* s]vice 0 ! wat*+ ( an enemy's port by "o or m frigates1 :5 !y _h to keep close to ! entrance1 al?\gh a fleet might be )94 ,aga91 frigates 7 plac$ 9 c]ta9 c5tral positions1 r5dezv\s kn[n only to ! sup]ior (fic]s1 :]e !y cruis$ /eadily1 hav+ in=mation z to ! :]eab\ts ( ! fleet1 or in/ructions = expect$ vessels4 ,!y 7 !re c5tres ( intellig5ce1 r\nd :i* ! movem5ts ( ! :ole body revolv$4 ,:5 ! fleet 0 actually 9 t\* ) a ho/ile fleet1 9 pursuit1 or :5 expect+ battle1 ! frigates 7 plac$ betwe5 _! own =ce & ! enemy2 ne>]1 h[ev]1 to ! latt]1 z ! ess5tial po9t 0 to keep k ( 8 :]eab\ts & probable int5tions4 ,su* a position 0 at times extremely expos$4 ,! frigates _h to avoid equally capture & be+ driv5 & %ak5 (f2 !y mu/ keep close1 yet n be caught4 ,:5 engagem5t ensu$ !y pass$ ?r\gh to ! (f side ( _! own fleet1 :]e !y 7 disp]s$ at int]vals abrea/ ! ma9 l9e1 l ! file clos]s ( a milit>y l9e a%ore4 ,"h !y fulfill$ "o special purpose1 besides o!rs4 ,z ! fleet f\ght ) broadsides only1 its %ips 7 rang$ "o ahead ( ! o!r4 ,consequ5tly signals made on ! ma/s ( ! admiral c\ld n be se5 always by ^? ahead or a/]n ( him2 b ! frigates 9 ! o!r l9e made ! same signals1 8repeat$10 z x 0 said1 :]e !y c\ld be read m c]ta9ly4 ,b frigates did also m haz>d\s "w4 ,!y w5t to crippl$ %ips ( ! l9e & t[$ !m into o!r positions1 into or out ( fire1 & at times ! admiral summon$ a frigate alongside to c>ry a message to "s "p ( ! battle4 8,i notic$10 says ,m>ryatt1 9 "o ( 8 novels1 8! look ( pride on ! faces ( our (fic]s :5 x appe>$ t ! loss on bo>d our frigate 0 great] ?an t ( "s ( ! %ips 9 ! l9e40 ,= su* (fices x is evid5t !re 7 want$ a /r5g? & a weight :i* ! corvette did n h4 ,a corvette w\ld make poor "w ( t[+ a heavy %ip1 & c\ld n c>ry z surely ! sail ne$$ to ma9ta9 a position4 ,at ! same "t x %\ld be obs]v$ t excess ( size above ! requirem5ts /at$ %\ld be exceptional4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! writ] ! =ty-f\r-gun frigate 9 h] day possess$ a fight+ =ce & a weight ( body 9 excess ( t requir$ by ! ord9>y functions ( h] nom9al class4 ,= exceptional reasons1 a few ( ! type 7 p]missible 9 a l>ge navy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be inf]r$ f ! long exp]i5ce ( ! ,briti% navy1 & ! resultant practice1 t %ips ( tw5ty-eight1 tw5ty-f\r1 & tw5ty guns1 ?\gh (t5 /yl$ frigates1 7 n f\nd satisfactory z su*4 ,9 ! di/ribution ( tonnage betwe5 size & numb]s1 a mean mu/ be f\nd2 & x mu/ be add$ t a j mean is a v diff]5t ?+ f a compromise4 ,^! consid]ations also apply to pres5t-day problems4 ,,e>ly ,,%ips ,,( ,,! ,,l9e ,9 ! fleet-%ip1 likewise ! %ip ( ! l9e1 z ! op5+ c5tury /yl$ ! class ( vessel kn[n 9 ! clos+ days z ! battle-%ip1 our pr$ecessors _h rea*$ a mean conclusion4 ,! l9e-(-battle %ip1 or ! %ip ( ! l9e1 z m usually call$1 diff]$ f ! frigate g5]ically1 9 t x _h two or m cov]$ decks4 ,!re 7 "o or two cases ( %ips ) f\r decks1 b1 z a rule1 ?ree 7 ! extreme2 & %ips ( ! l9e 7 r\ghly class$ z two or ?ree deck]s4 ,"u ^! heads two-deck]s c>ri$ 9 _! two c5turies ( hi/ory f fifty to eighty-f\r guns2 ?ree-deck]s f n9ety to "o hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,! increase 9 numb] ( guns1 result+1 z x did1 f increase ( size1 0 n ! sole ga9 ( %ips ( ! l9e4 ,! bigg] %ips got1 ! heavi] 7 _! timb]s1 ! ?ick] _! plank+1 ! m imp5etrable1 !re=e1 _! sides4 ,!re 0 a ga91 9 %ort1 ( def5sive z well z (f5sive /r5g?1 analog\s to ! protection giv5 by armor4 8,z ! enemy's %ips 7 big10 wrote a r5[n$ ,briti% admiral1 8!y took a great deal ( drubb+40 ,betwe5 ! great extremes ( /r5g? indicat$ by fifty & "o hundr$ & tw5ty guns--^: exi/5ce at "o & ! same "t 0 ! evid5ce ( bl9d hi/orical developm5t1 r ?an ( intellig5t relative processes--! navy ( a c5tury ago _h settl$ ^u a mean1 to appreciate :i* ! ma9 idea & purport ( ! %ip ( ! l9e mu/ be grasp$4 ,! ess5tial function ( ! %ip 8( ! l9e0 01 z ! "n implies1 to act 9 comb9ation ) o!r %ips 9 a l9e ( battle4 ,to d ?is 0 ne$$ n only fight+ p[]1 b manuvr+ ability--spe$ & h&9ess--& 9 ord] t ^! qualities might approa* homog5e\sness ?r\gh\t ! fleet1 & s promote action 9 conc]t1 ! acceptance ( a mean type 0 ess5tial4 ,to c>ry ?ree decks ( guns1 a %ip _h to expose above wat] a side disproportionately high relatively to h] l5g?1 h] dep?1 & h] hold ^u ! wat]4 ,%e consequ5tly drift$ rapidly :5 h] side 0 turn$ to ! w9d2 :ile1 if h] l5g? 0 increas$1 & s h] hold on ! wat]1 %e ne$$ m "t & room to tack & to we>--t is1 to turn ar\nd4 ,%ips ( ?is class also 7 g5]ally--?\gh n necess>ily--sl[4 ,,advantages ,,( ,,! ,,sev5ty-,,f\rs ,! two-deck$ %ip 0 sup]ior 9 spe$ & 9 h&9ess1 & = t reason1 ev5 :5 act+ s+ly1 %e c\ld put =? su* p[] z %e possess$ m quickly & m c]ta9ly4 ,b ^! qualities 7 mo/ conspicu\sly valuable :5 %ip _h to act ) %ip4 ,! great secret ( milit>y success1 conc]t$ action 9 masses1 0 9 ! h&s ( ! two-deck$ %ip1 because 9 h] 7 unit$ to ! highe/ po9t individual p[] & facility = comb9$ action4 ,& ?is 0 true n only ( two-deck]s 9 g5]al1 b ( ! p>ticul> species kn[n z ! sev5ty-f\r-gun %ip4 ,%ips bel[ t rate lack$ individual fight+ p[]4 ,%ips above x1 ! eighty & eighty-f\r1 lo/ manuvr+ p[] because ( _! great] l5g? & weight4 ,"u ! conditions ( sail a fleet ( sev5ty-f\rs c\ld get out ! :ole p[] ( ! =ce m surely & m rapidly ?an ! equival5t numb] ( guns 9 %ips ( any o!r k9d4 ,?us (f5sive p[] dictat$ its survival4 ,to our own day x reads ! lesson t (f5sive p[]1 ! s9e qu non ( a milit>y organization1 lies n m]ely 9 ! greate/ /r5g? ( ! s+le %ips1 b 9 ! uni=mity ( _! action & rapidity ( _! movem5ts1 z conducive to ! quick putt+ =? ( ! /r5g? ( ! :ole body at once & 9 mutual support4 ,x may be ask$ naturally1 :y1 !n1 7 !re any %ips bigg] or small] ?an ?is favor$ type8 ,= small]1 ! answ] is t %ort %ips ( light] draught are be/ suit$ = %oal or intricate navigation4 ,! %oals ( ,holl& =bade heavy %ips to ! ,dut* navy1 mat]ially r$uc+ its fight+ /r5g?4 ,be=e ,france ent]$ our ,revolution>y /ruggle ! ,briti% s5t only sixty-f\rs to op]ate ^u our comp>atively %all[ coa/s & b>s4 ,z reg>ds bigg] %ips1 !y 7 useful exceptionally1 z 7 =ty-f\r-gun frigates1 & = ! foll[+ reason3 ,e l9e ( battle has ?ree p>ticul>ly dang]\s po9ts--! c5tre1 because !re ! l9e1 if pi]c$1 divides into ! two small] fragm5ts2 & ! flanks1 or ends1 because ! extremities are support$ less easily by ! re/ ( ! =ce ?an ! c5tre is1 "o extremity be+ f>!r f ! o!r ?an ! c5tre is f ei!r4 ,su* local weakness c\ld n be rem$i$ by ! use ( two %ips1 =1 if ! l9e 7 prop]ly clos$1 "o ( !m c\ld fire at ! enemy only ?r\gh or ov] ! o!r4 ,! sole way ( giv+ ! /r5g? !re requir$ 0 by conc5trat+ x into individual %ips1 ei!r by putt+ on ! additional batt]y1 :i* gives a ?ree-deck]1 or by mak+ ! sev5ty-f\r heavi]1 result+ 9 an eighty-gun %ip on two decks4 ,^! /rong] vessels 71 !re=e1 /ation$ 9 ! c5tre or on ! flanks ( a l9e ( battle4 ,! p>ticul> functions1 ! raison d'tre1 ( ! ?ree lead+ classes ( %ips ( w>--! sloop1 ! frigate1 & ! %ip ( ! l9e--h n[ be5 /at$4 ,x rema9s to give an acc\nt ( ! *ief features ( ! armam5t c>ri$ on _! broadsides1 z describ$4 ,,batt]ies ,,sev5ty-,,five ,,ye>s ,,ago ,:5 ! n9ete5? c5tury began1 batt]ies ( %ips 7 compos$ ( two pr9cipal classes ( guns3 ! long gun & ! %ort gun1 or c>ronade4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! lay 9 ! way ! weight ( metal all[$ = ea* 0 utiliz$4 ,! long gun1 z its "n implies1 0 comp>atively long & ?ick1 & ?rew a small ball ) a heavy *>ge ( p[d]4 ,! ball1 !re=e1 flew swiftly1 & _h a long range4 ,a c>ronade ( ! same weight 0 %ort & comp>atively ?91 c\ld use only a small *>ge ( p[d]1 le/ x bur/1 & ?rew a l>ge ball4 ,its %ot1 !re=e1 mov$ sl[ly & _h %ort range4 ,fir$ at a t>get--a %ip's side--)9 range ( bo? guns1 ! %ot f ! long gun p5etrat$ quickly1 ! wood _h n "t to spl9t] badly1 & a clean hole 0 ! result4 ,! c>ronade's %ot1 on ! contr>y1 be+ bo? l>g] & sl[]1 p5etrat$ ) difficulty1 all ! surr\nd+ wood felt ! /ra9 & broke up into spl9t]s1 leav+ a l>ge jagg$ hole1 if ! %ot got ?r\gh4 ,^! effects 7 call$ respectively pi]c+ & sma%+1 & are reproduc$1 9 measure1 ^u t>gets repres5t+ ! side ( a mod]n ironclad4 ,!y h be5 lik5$ famili>ly to ! effect ( a pi/ol-ball & ( a /one ^u a w9d[ pane3 ! "o goes ?r\gh clean1 ! o!r cra%es4 ,! sma%+ ( ! c>ronades1 :5 fully realiz$1 0 worse ?an p5etration1 & 0 greatly dread$2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 a %ip :i* fe>$ !m 9 an oppon5t might keep out ( _! range4 ,?is exp$i5t 0 s effective t c>ronades1 :i* did great damage until _! tactics 7 und]/ood1 gradually fell into disfavor4 ,nev]!less1 !y rema9$ 9 use till aft] ! peace ( #ahae4 ,9 #ahad ! batt]y ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,essex 0 *iefly c>ronades1 & _! inadequate range 0 a l>ge factor 9 h] defeat4 ,at ! p]iod 9 "q guns ( all sorts fir$ only non-explosive projectiles1 solid or holl[ %ot4 ,! de/ructive %ell ( ! pres5t day 0 us$ only by pieces call$ mort>s1 9 v]tical fir+1 :i* w be spok5 ( f>!r on4 ,su* 7 n m\nt$ on ! %ips ( ! fleet g5]ally1 nor us$ aga9/ %ipp+1 except :5 pack$ 9 a small h>bor4 ,!y did n ent] into naval w>f>e prop]4 ,! ram & ! torp$o ( pres5t w>f>e 7 unkn[n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 practis$ a =m ( fight+ :i* is ?\ght n[ to h disappe>$ =ev]1 namely1 bo>d+ & fight+ h&-to-h& on ! deck4 ,ev5 !n1 h[ev]1 bo>d+ did n decide ! ma9 issue ( a sea-fight1 except occasionally 9 v small vessels4 ,! deck ( a l>ge & fre% %ip 0 n to be rea*$ easily4 ,bo>d+ 0 l ! cavalry *>ge t r\ts a wav]+ l9e2 ! %ip _h be5 beat5 at ! guns be=e x occurr$4 ,! real fight+ 0 done by ! long guns & c>ronades dispos$ 9 ! broadsides4 ,besides rapidity & precision ( fire1 always invaluable1 ! two oppon5ts s\ght advantage ( position by manuvr+4 ,!y clos$1 or !y kept ap>t1 accord+ to _! und]/&+ ( ! o!r's weight & k9d ( batt]y4 ,ea* tri$1 :5 possible1 to lie across ! b[ or ! /]n ( ! enemy1 = !n 8 guns rang$ f end to end ( ! ho/ile %ip1 :ile ! latt]'s broadside c\ld n reply4 ,fail+ ?is extreme advantage ( position1 ! ef=t 0 made s to place "o's self t ! oppon5t's guns c\ld n be>--= !y swept only a few degrees be=e & abaft ! broadside--:ile y\r own c\ld4 ,if ?is also 0 impossible1 ! conte/ants lay side to side at a great] or less di/ance1 & ! affair became an artill]y duel4 ,,briti% ,,& ,,fr5* ,,/yles ,,( ,,fight+ ,besides ^! recogniz$ advantages ( position1 !re 0 also a "q ^u :at "p ( ! enemy ! fire %\ld be direct$4 ,9 ?is !re 7 two pr9cipal s*ools ( tactics1 "o ( :i* aim$ at ! hull1 to break d[n ! fire ( ! ho/ile %ip & de/roy h] fight+ m51 :ile ! o!r s\ght1 by po9t+ high]1 to cut away ! sails1 rigg+1 & ma/s1 r5d]+ ! foe helpless4 ,! latt]1 9 g5]al1 0 ! policy ( ! ,fr5*2 ! =m]1 &1 x may be affirm$1 ! m surely successful1 0 ! practice ( ! ,briti%4 ,! two s*ools f9d _! c\nt]p>t 9 ! tactical consid]ations :i* n[ affect ! "q ( rapid-fire & ( heavy guns1 ea* ( :i* has its appropriate t>get1 cov]+ 9 ! latt] case ! motive p[]1 9 ! =m] ! p]sonnel4 ,^! ?ree lead+ classes ( vessels1 ) _! functions1 armam5ts1 & tactics ( ! s+le %ip1 z describ$1 p]=m$ 9 _! day & dur+ ! great m>itime conte/s ( two c5turies all ! duties t at any "t c be requir$ ( a m>itime fight+ organization4 ,by !m ! control ( ! sea 9 ! l>ge/ s5se 0 disput$ & 0 det]m9$2 by !m comm]ce 0 attack$1 & by !m x 0 protect$4 ,!y !mselves h pass$ away1 b ! milit>y factors rema9 ! same4 ,! ma/]y ( ! sea & ! control ( its comm]ce--( :i* blockade is b a special case--are n[ & mu/ rema9 always ! *ief ends ( m>itime w>4 ,! ends cont9u+ ! same1 ! gr& disposition ( navies--_! /rategy--reposes ^u ! same pr9ciples t x ev] did4 ,simil>ly1 :ile ! *anges 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( %ips w cause ! individual vessel to be f\ght 9 mann]s diff]5t f its pr$ecessors1 ! h&l+ ( masses ( %ips 9 battle--fleet tactics--mu/ proce$ on ! same g5]al pr9ciples z ( old4 ,! c5tre & ! two extremities ( all ord]s are always ! po9ts ( dang]2 conc5tration ^u "o or two ( ! ?ree1 h[ev] effect$1 mu/ be always ! pr9ciple ( action4 ,^! ?+s1 :i* _c v>y1 =m1 !re=e1 no "p ( a pap] :i* deals ) *anges4 ,,!y ,,_h ,,_! ,,break-,,d[ns ,,!n1 ,,too ,!re %\ld be add$ = ! g5]al public ! caution t ! difficulties1 ! imp]fections1 & ! frequ5t halt+ /ate ( %ips-(-w> 9 commission = sea s]vice at ! pres5t day are no new ?+s4 ,to ! naval hi/orian famili> ) ! correspond5ce ( ! pa/ !y are ! inevitable att5dants ( all gov]nm5t action1 :]e9 ! mo/ economical me?ods are always dom9at$1 hi/orically1 by consid]ations ( exp$i5cy :i* are political 9 "*4 ,! necessity ( keep+ ! public 9 good-humor1 & ( n lay+ op5 po9ts ^u :i* opposition c enl>ge1 induces app>5t economies1 :i* sacrifice n only economy1 b ! be/ results4 ,?is is a great evil1 z yet app>5tly insep>able f public ent]prises z di/+ui%$ f private ones4 ,if any "o supposes t ! %ips ) :i* ,great ,brita9 ov]?rew ,napoleon1 & ) :i* ,nelson & 8 contempor>ies won _! z yet unp>allel$ victories1 7 always or g5]ally 9 good mat]ial condition1 he is greatly mi/ak54 ,:at is diff]5t 9 our day1 app>5tly1 is a t5d5cy 9 %ips to rely = _! repairs & mat]ial effici5cy m ^u dock-y>ds & work%ops ?an ^u _! own res\rces1 a disposition also to be unduly disc\rag$ by imp]fections 9 ! motive eng9]y4 ,w> w correct ?is or w> w fail4 ,9 ma9ta9+ effici5cy :ile keep+ ! sea1 q z mu* z 9 fight+ skill1 lay ! supreme excell5ce ( (fic]s l ,nelson & ,j]vis4 ,m5 n[ ought to appreciate bett] ?an !y d :at difficulties ( ?is sort seam5 und]w5t a hundr$ ye>s ago & h[ !y refus$ to yield to !m4 8,! diff]5ce betwe5 myself & ! ,fr5* m>%als10 ! ,duke ( ,well+ton is report$ to h said1 80 z :5 a man />ts on a j\rney ) a new h>ness4 ,:at if some?+ gives way1 z 9 w> some?+ is sure to g wrong8 ,%all y /op or g back = a workman8 ,n s2 hit* up ! break ) a bit ( rope1 or :atev] comes h&y1 & g on4 ,t is :at ,i did40 ,! succession ( cause & effect :i* has produc$ ! pres5t %ip-(-w> w be trac$ 9 rapid outl9e1 9 ord] to leave z mu* room z may be = ! description ( ! ess5tial feature ( ! %ip h]self z %e n[ exi/s4 ,two *ief factors concur to a %ip-(-w>--motive p[] & fight+ p[]4 ,! displacem5t ( sails by eng9es1 & ! progressive developm5t ( ! latt]1 are features ( ! g5]al progress ( ! c5tury4 ,! eng9es ( a %ip-(-w> are diff]5tiat$ f ^? ( m]*ant %ips *iefly by ! necessity ( protection4 ,?is affects _! design1 :i* mu/ be subord9at$ to ! requirem5t ( be+ z f> z possible bel[ ! wat]-l9e4 ,! fur!r great protection n[ af=d$ is incid5t r to ! use & developm5t ( armor z a "p ( ! fight+ p[]4 ,fight+ p[] divides into (f5sive & def5sive4 ,armor n[ repres5ts ! latt]4 ,! fight+ %ip 9 e age is ! product ( ! race betwe5 ! two1 & 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ?is 0 unprec$5t$ 9 ! gr\nd cov]$ & 9 ! rapidity ( ! pace1 due to ! increas$ p[] ( deal+ ) mat]ials1 already allud$ to4 ,,conte/ ,,( ,,armor ,,& ,,projectile ,! mod]n conte/ began ) ! introduction ( horizontal %ell fire 9 ! ?ird decade ( ! c5tury4 ,?is t]m mu/ be expla9$4 ,x has be5 said t all %ips' guns up to #ahae ?rew non-explosive projectiles4 ,9 practice ?is is true2 al?\gh ,nelson alludes to c]ta9 %ell suppli$ to him = trial1 :i* he 0 unwill+ to use because he wi%$ n to burn 8 prizes1 b to take !m alive4 ,a %ell is a holl[ projectile fill$ ) p[d]1 ! idea ( :i* is t ^u rea*+ ! enemy x w bur/ into sev]al pieces1 ea* capable ( kill+ a man1 & ! flame n impossibly sett+ woodwork on fire4 ,x 0 necess>y t ! p[d] )9 %\ld n explode f ! combu/ion ( ! c>tridge ( ! gun1 = if x did its =ce1 comb9$ ) ! latt]1 might bur/ ! gun2 yet ! process t %\ld result 9 bur/+ mu/ beg9 at t mom5t or else x w\ld n take place at all4 ,?is difficulty 0 met by a %ort column ( h>d1 compress$ p[d] call$ ! fuse1 :i* ext5d$ f ! outside to ! inside ( ! %ell4 ,! out] end 0 inflam$ by ! *>ge ( ! gun1 b f its d5sity x burn$ sl[ly1 s t ! *>ge ( ! %ell 0 n enk9dl$ = five1 t51 or m seconds4 ,?is exp$i5t 0 9 use ov] a c5tury ago2 b ow+ to imp]fections ( manufacture1 no c]ta9ty 0 atta9$ t ! fuse might n be driv5 9 or brok5 by ! =ce ( ! dis*>ge1 or ! %ell itself be crack$ & s explode prematurely4 ,%ell1 !re=e1 7 fir$ ) v light *>ges2 &1 to obta9 suffici5t range--g f> en\gh--!y 7 us$ 9 v %ort1 v ?ick guns1 call$ bombs or mort>s1 to :i* great elevation 0 giv54 ,su* fir+1 because ! %ell flew high 9 ! air1 0 call$ v]tical fir+1 9 contradi/9ction to ! fire ( ! long gun or c>ronade1 call$ horizontal fire because _! projectiles rose little above ! level4 ,! de/ructiv5ess ( %ell f ord9>y guns 0 s obvi\s1 especially = =ts to use aga9/ wood5 %ips1 t ! difficulties 7 gradually ov]come1 & horizontal %ell fire 0 introduc$ soon aft] ! cessation ( w>s all[$ m5 "t = ?\ght & *ange4 ,b al?\gh ! idea 0 accept$ & ! fact realiz$1 practice *ang$ sl[ly1 z x t5ds to d 9 ! abs5ce ( em]g5cy4 ,9 ! attack on ,v]a ,cruz1 9 #ahdh1 ,f>ragut 0 pres5t1 & 0 greatly impress$1 z ) a novelty1 by ! effect ( :at he call$ ! 8%ell %ot10 a hybrid t]m :i* aptly expresses ! transition /ate ( m5's m9ds at ! "t4 ,i rememb] an (fic] :o ent]$ ! navy 9 #ahdj tell+ me ! respectful awe & di/ru/ ) :i* 8 sup]iors !n reg>d$ ! new weapon1 a v few ( :i* = ea* gun 7 suppli$ t5tatively4 ,t5 ye>s m1 h[ev]1 saw a great *ange1 & 9 #ahec ! attack ( ! ,russian squadron ( wood5 sail+-%ips ^u ! ,turki% vessels 9 ! ,bay ( ,s9ope gave an object-lesson t ar\s$ ! naval _w to :at wood5 %ips mu/ expect f horizontal %ell fire4 ,9 a few m9utes ?ree out ( sev5 ,turki% frigates 7 9 flames2 :ile ( n9e sail+-%ips & two /eam]s only "o ( ! latt] escap$4 ,,horizontal ,,%ell ,,fire ,! ,crimean ,w> foll[$ quickly1 & 9 #ahed ! wood5 /eam%ips ( ! l9e ( ! allies1 vessels id5tical 9 fight+ *>act]i/ics ) ^? ( ,trafalg>1 attempt$ to sil5ce masonry works at ,seba/opol4 ,?\gh ! disa/] 0 n s great1 ! lesson ( ,s9ope 0 reaffirm$4 ,l\is ,napoleon1 a ?\ghtful man ?\gh sc>cely a man ( action1 _h =ese5 ! difficulty1 & _h already direct$ ! con/ruction ( five float+ batt]ies :i* 7 to c>ry armor4 ,be=e ! w> end$ ^! vessels attack$ ! =ts at ,k9burn1 :i* !y compell$ to surr5d]1 los+1 !mselves1 no m5 except by %ells t ent]$ ! gun ports4 ,_! armor 0 n pi]c$4 ,horizontal %ell fire _h call$ = iron armor1 & ! two1 z oppos+ factors1 7 n[ e/abli%$ 9 ! recognition ( m54 ,! conte/ betwe5 ! two sums up ! progression & ! fluctuations ( milit>y ideas :i* h result$ 9 ! battle-%ip ( to-day1 :i*1 z ! fleet-%ip1 rema9s ! dom9ant factor 9 naval w>f>e1 n only 9 actual fact b 9 pres5t probability4 ,f ! fir/ feeble beg9n+s at ,k9burn to ! pres5t "t1 al?\gh ! /rife has wax$ greatly 9 degree1 x rema9s un*ang$ 9 pr9ciple & 9 k9d4 ,to exclude ! %ell1 because1 />t+ z "o projectile1 x became _m aft] p5etration1 9 :at does x diff] f exclud+ ! rapid-fire gun1 ^: projectiles are _m f ! fir/1 & p5etrate s+ly8 ,!re occurr$1 h[ev]1 "o s+ul> developm5t1 an ab]ration f ! normal l9e ( advance1 ! *ief manife/ation ( :i*1 f local & tempor>y conditions1 0 9 our own c\ntry4 ,?is 0 ! transi5t pr$om9ance ( ! monitor type & idea2 ! iron-clad vessel1 ) v few v heavy guns1 m\nt$ 9 "o or two circul> revolv+ turrets1 protect$ by v heavy armor4 ,! monitor type embodi$ two ideas4 ,! fir/ 0 ! extreme ( def5sive p[]1 ow+ to ! smallness ( ! t>get & ! ?ickness ( its armor--! hull ( ! vessel ris+ b little above ! wat]--! turret 0 sub/antially ! only t>get4 ,! second 0 an extreme compression ( (f5sive p[]1 ! turret conta9+ two ( ! heavie/ guns ( ! day1 consequ5tly guns ( ! heavie/ p5etration1 :i* c\ld fire1 n 9 "o direction1 nor 9 sev]al1 b 9 all directions z ! turret revolv$1 & :i* 7 practically ! sole armam5t ( ! %ip4 ,! def5sive p[] ( ! monitor 0 absolute up to ! extreme resi/+ endurance ( its armor4 ,its (f5sive p[] mu/ be consid]$ relatively to ! t>get to :i* its guns 7 to be oppos$4 ,if mu* 9 excess ( t t>get's resi/ance1 !re 0 wa/e ( p[]4 ,actually 9 our ,civil ,w> monitors 7 oppos$ to =tifications1 except 9 "o or two in/ances :5 !y _h to cont5d ) ! imp]fect /ructures :i* ! ,conf$]ates c\ld put afloat4 ,! t>get1 !re=e1 0 n 9 excess ( _! gun p[]4 ,moreov]1 be+ = coa/ w>f>e1 ! monitor !n 0 necess>ily ( small draught & small tonnage4 ,h] batt]y weight1 !re=e1 mu/ be small1 & consequ5tly l5t itself to conc5tration into two guns1 j z ! batt]y weight ( a s*oon] a c5tury s9ce f\nd its be/ disposition 9 "o long trav]s+ gun4 ,?is 0 ! infancy p]iod ( ! iron-clad %ip4 ,! race betwe5 guns & armor 0 b>ely begun1 & manufactur+ processes /ill 7 crude4 ,z ^! improv$1 ) a/\nd+ rapidity1 ! successful production ( rifl$ cannon ( ev]-increas+ dim5sions & p5etrative =ce impos$ an increas$ armor protection1 :i* at ! fir/ 0 obta9$ *iefly by an increase ( ?ickness1 i4e41 ( weight4 ,z guns & armor got heavi]1 %ips _h to be bigg] to c>ry !m1 &1 if bigg]1 ( c\rse long]4 ,b ! monitor idea1 admirably suit$ to small %ips1 _h n[ fa/ hold ( m5's m9ds--9 ,engl& especially1 = ! ,unit$ ,/ates laps$ into naval somnol5ce aft] ! w>--& x 0 c>ri$ irreflectively into vessels ( huge dim5sions ^: hulls rose mu* above ! wat]4 ,weight = weight1 ! p[] ( ! gun out/ripp$ ! resi/ance ( armor1 & x soon became evid5t t ev5 9 a l>ge %ip p]fect protection c\ld be giv5 only to a "p ( ! /ructure4 ,pass+ ov] int]m$iate /eps1 ! extreme & f9al developm5t ( ! monitor idea 0 rea*$ 9 ! ,inflexible1 plann$ 9 #ahgf by ! ,briti% ,admiralty1 built 9 ! foll[+ ye>s1 & /ill 9 s]vice4 ,?is vessel 0 ( elev5 ?\s& eight hundr$ & eighty tons displacem5t4 ,%e 0 ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty feet long1 & ( t l5g? only ! c5tral "o hundr$ & t5 feet _h protection1 b t 0 by armor two feet ?ick1 :ile armor$ p>titions ext5d$ f ea* end ( ?is side belt across ! vessel1 =m+ a box "o hundr$ & t5 feet long by sev5ty-f\r broad4 ,)9 ?is box 7 two turrets1 ea* ) sixte5 in*es ( armor1 & c>ry+ two guns :i* ?rew a %ell ( a ton weight4 ,,! ,,com+ ,,( ,,! ,,monitor ,! fir/ monitor has be5 call$ an epo*-mak+ %ip1 = %e began an era4 ,! ,inflexible 0 also epo*-mak+1 = %e clos$ ! era ( ! monitor pure & simple4 ,^u a developm5t ( ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty feet ( l5g? %e c>ri$ only f\r guns1 ( :i* x is n too mu* to say t _! p[] 0 v f> 9 excess ( almo/ all t>gets t c\ld be oppos$ to !m4 ,if1 inde$1 h] possible oppon5ts c\ld h c>ri$ su* an armor z h] own all ov] _! expos$ surface1 h] guns w\ld h be5 no heavi] ?an ne$$1 & ! fewness mu/ be accept$2 b ?is 0 n ! case4 ,l h]self1 %ips ( twelve ?\s& tons mu/ h a p5etrable t>get f> exce$+ 9 surface ! almo/ impregnable box %e pres5t$4 ,! unreasonabl5ess ( ! result /ruck m5 at once1 ?\gh ( c\rse %e _h advocates4 ,z an exception1 su* a %ip might pass2 z a type1 nev]4 ,x 0 po9t$ out t guns ( v small p[] c\ld pi]ce ! expos$ ends ab\t ! wat]-l9e1 & t1 z wat] ent]$ by num]\s holes1 %e w\ld n only s9k l[]1 b = con/ructional reasons1 n necess>y "h to give1 %e w\ld lose /ability rapidly--become liable to ov]set4 ,if "u su* conditions %e attempt$ to turn r\nd1 ! incl9ation vessels take 9 s do+ w\ld be en\gh alone to cause h] to capsize4 ,h] def5d]s did n d5y ?is2 b !y said t ! likelihood ( h] expos$ ends be+ s riddl$ 0 too slight to ju/ify al>m4 ,"u artill]y conditions1 !n1 ?is reply 0 plausible1 ?\gh x soon ceas$ to be s4 ,ev5 !n1 h[ev]1 x 0 true t a %ip ) only f\r guns t fir$ v sl[ly1 & ) su* an expos$ surface1 0 liable to s]i\s injury f a nimble antagoni/ fir+ _m guns rapidly4 ,! def5sive weakness ( ! ,inflexible is app>5t2 h] (f5sive p[]1 great z 9 ! aggregate x 01 0 mu* impair$ by lack ( prop] developm5t1 by undue compression into v few guns1 ! l>g] "p ( ^: effect 0 wa/$1 except 9 ! r>e in/ances :5 !y /ruck a t>get n (t5 to be enc\nt]$4 ,b ?is 0 n ! only d$uction f h] /r5g? ?r\gh ! excess ( conc5tration4 ,v l>ge guns fire v sl[ly1 yet !y are z subject to inaccuracy f ! motion ( ! %ip z is ! smalle/ piece4 ,:]e ! t>get is miss$1 x is immat]ial :e!r ! %ot weighs a ton or a p\nd2 & a gun t fires t5 times to ano!r's once has t5 times ! *ance ( hitt+4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 tak+ ! ,inflexible z %e 01 t a %ip ( ! same weight & l5g? ) t5 guns 9 broadside--tw5ty altoge!r--& ) simil> armor ov] h] eng9es only1 w\ld h at ! lea/ a fair *ance aga9/ ! ,inflexible1 & w\ld be mu* m effici5t aga9/ vessels ) av]age armor4 ,ea* ( h] t5 guns fir+ once a m9ute1 :ile ! ,inflexible's cannon requir$ five m9utes = dis*>ge1 w\ld give ov] t5 %ots to "o4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,inflexible ,:ile ! ,inflexible 0 build+ !re 0 born ! idea ^: pres5t maturity en=ces ! ab&onm5t ( ! pure monitor1 except = vessels comp>atively small & = special purposes4 ,ma*9e guns1 ! ,gatl+1 & ! mitrailleuse 7 already kn[n1 & ! pr9ciple 0 be+ appli$ to ?r[ projectiles ( a p\nd weight & ov]1 :i* 7 automatically load$ & fir$1 requir+ only to be aim$4 ,^u ^! foll[$ ! rapid-fire gun1 ( weight greatly exce$+ !irs1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* may be said to be t x is load$ by h&1 b ) ammunition s prep>$ & me*anism = load+ s simple & exp$iti\s z to p]mit a rate ( fir+ h]et(ore unp>allel$4 ,! highe/ ext5sion ( ?is pr9ciple is rea*$ 9 ! five-in* gun1 up to :i* size ! c>tridge & ! projectile make a s+le package call$ fix$ ammunition1 :i* is plac$ by "o motion4 ,toge!r !y weigh n9ety-five p\nds1 ab\t z mu* z an av]age man c h&le 9 a seaway1 ! projectile itself weigh+ fifty p\nds4 ,!re are1 x is true1 six-in* rapid-fire guns1 b 9 !m ! c>tridge & %ell are plac$ sep>ately1 & x is que/ionable :e!r su* increase ( effect1 ?r\gh great] weight1 z !y give is n ga9$ at a loss ( due rapidity4 ,! ,inflexible exemplifi$ 9 an extreme =m ! elem5ts ( (f5sive & def5sive /r5g? & weakness4 ,f\r guns ( enorm\s calibre & no o!r batt]y1 except pieces s light z to be useless aga9/ ! ?9ne/ armor1 an imp5etrable wall1 cov]+ a v limit$ area1 & ! rema9d] ( ! hull expos$1 to be cut to pieces by a batt]y ( num]\s light cannon4 ,:5 to ! latt] ! rapid-fire idea 0 successfully appli$1 multiply+ _! effici5cy ?ree or f\rfold1 h] position1 z an example to be foll[$1 became unt5able4 ,! monitor idea1 :i* refus$ to utilize ! broadside = develop+ fire1 & aim$ *iefly at m9imiz+ ! t>get1 evid5tly ne$$ qualification aft] a c]ta9 mod]ate limit ( size 0 pass$2 & t limit ( size 0 :5 ! entire weight ( batt]y ! %ip c\ld c>ry suffic$ only = two1 or1 at ! mo/1 f\r guns ( p[] great en\gh to pi]ce heavy armor4 ,/rictly1 9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]1 ! monitor type %\ld n prevail beyond ! size t c be> only "o turret4 ,9 ! /rife ( guns ) armor1 !re=e1 increase ( p[] 9 guns1 out/ripp+ cont9ually ! increase ( resi/ance 9 armor1 call$ = bigg] %ips to be> ! increas$ armor weight1 till ! latt] c\ld n possibly be plac$ all ov] ! %ip's body4 ,h5ce ! expos$ t>get1 ^u :i* plays ! small] batt]y ( rapid-fire guns4 ,to compreh5d fundam5tally ! subsequ5t developm5t1 we mu/ recur to ! rudim5t>y idea t a %ip ( w> possesses two *ief factors1 motive =ce & fight+ =ce1 ! latt] be+ compos$ ( guns ma9ly & ( m54 ,correspond+ to ^! two *ief p[]s !re 7 ( old1 & !re are /ill1 two vuln]able elem5ts1 two t>gets1 ^u "o or ! o!r ( :i* ho/ile ef=t logically & practically mu/ be direct$4 ,a c5tury ago ! ,fr5*1 aim+ at sails & sp>s1 s\ght ! de/ruction ( ! motive =ce2 ! ,briti% direct$ _! fire ^u ! guns & m54 ,9 /rict analogy n[1 ! heavy guns seek ! motive p[]1 ov] :i* ! heavie/ armor is conc5trat$2 ! rapid-fire guns1 se>*+ ! o!r portions ( ! %ip1 aim at ! guns & m5 !re /ation$4 ,,battle-,,%ips ,,( ,,?is ,,day ,! logical outcome ( ^! lead+ ideas is realiz$ 9 ! pres5t battle-%ips z foll[s3 ,!re are two turrets1 protect$ by armor1 ! ?icke/ t c be giv5 !m1 consid]+ ! o!r weights ! %ip has to c>ry1 & ( ! highe/ resi/+ quality t processes ( manufacture c develop4 ,armor ( simil> "* & weight protects ! sides ab\t ! eng9es4 ,9 ea* turret are guns ^: p[] corresponds to ! armor :i* protects !m4 ,_! prop] aim--n1 ( c\rse1 always rea*$--is ! heavy armor$ "p ( ! enemy1 *iefly ! eng9es1 ! motive p[]4 ,:5 !y /rike outside ( ?is t>get1 z (t5 mu/ happ51 !re is excess ( bl[1 & consequ5t wa/e4 ,! turrets are sep>at$1 =e & aft1 by a di/ance z great z possible1 to m9imize ! dang] ( a s+le %ot or any o!r local incid5t disabl+ bo?4 ,! fact t ! ends ( %ips1 be+ comp>atively %>p1 are less wat]borne & _c support extreme weights1 *iefly limits ?is sev]ance ( ! turrets4 ,betwe5 ! two1 & occasionally be=e or abaft !m1 is di/ribut$ ! broadside rapid fire ( ! %ip1 :i* 9 its developm5t is 9 contradi/9ction to ! compress$ fire ( ! monitor4 ,?is fire is rapid because ! guns are _m & because individually !y c fire fa/4 ,?us1 ! turret gun1 twelve or ?irte5 in* 9 bore1 fires once 9 five m9utes2 ! five-in* rapid-fire gun ?rice 9 "o m9ute4 ,! rapid-fire batt]y aims outside ( ! heavie/ armor4 ,:5 x /rikes t1 unless x *ance to ent] a gun port1 its effect is lo/2 b z mu* ! great] "p ( ! %ip is p5etrable by x1 ! *ance ( wa/+ p[] is less ?an 9 ! case ( ! heavi] guns4 ,z mo/ ( a %ip's company are outside ! protection ( ! heavie/ armor1 ! rapid-fire gun aims1 z did ! ,briti% 9 ! old l9e-(-battle %ip1 at ! p]sonnel ( ! enemy4 ,! read] w compreh5d t 9 ! application ( ^! lead+ ideas !re is consid]able v>iety 9 detail4 ,! two turrets may be look$ ^u at pres5t z ! lea/ v>iable factor2 & 9 dispos+ armor all practice agrees t ! turrets & eng9es receive ! greate/ protection4 ,b h[ to di/ribute ! total available weight ( armor gives rise to v>ieties ( practice :i* f9d _! reflection 9 simil> v>iety 9 ! sizes & numb]s ( ! rapid-fire guns1 to ^: p5etrative =ce !re is a correspond+ ?ickness ( armor4 ,= example1 two battle-%ips n[ build+ = ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy h f\r ?irte5-in* guns 9 turrets1 & 9 broadside f\rte5 five-in*1 tw5ty six-p\nd]1 & six "o-p\nd] rapid-fire guns2 betwe5 ! two classes !y h f\r eight-in* guns1 also m\nt$ 9 small] turrets1 sup]impos$ on ! ma9 turrets4 ,a %ip s9ce design$ w h ! same ?irte5-in* gun fire1 b 9 place ( ! eight-in* & five-in* w h f\rte5 six-in* rapid-fire guns4 ,an exp]t (fic]1 discuss+ ^!1 says3 8,9 ! =m] ! weight ( fire p] m9ute is two ?\s& & fifty p\nds on ! broadside & five hundr$ ahead or a/]n1 :ile ) ! latt] plan x is only "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & fifty on ! broadside & five hundr$ ahead & a/]n4 ,b ! ma9 objection to ! second plan is t ! volume ( effective fire is enorm\sly dim9i%$ by ! omission ( eight-in* guns4 ,! l>g] area cov]$ ) _! armor is fairly safe f ! six-in* gun at fight+ ranges1 :]eas ! eight-in* projectile at any range1 & at ev5 a consid]able angle ( incid5ce1 w p5etrate x40 ,9 ! judgm5t ( ! pres5t writ] ! weight ( ?is argum5t dep5ds ^u :at is beh9d ! armor ! eight-in* only w p5etrate4 ,if batt]y & m51 x is /rong1 if n decisive2 if motive p[] only1 n4 ,,hi/ory',s ,,tea*+ ,,& ,,! ,,future ,! object ( ?is pap] has be5 n to pres5t an accumulation ( details1 b to elucidate ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! details re/4 ,! latt]1 :5 correct1 are b ! application ( pr9ciples to practice4 ,subject to ! imp]fections att5dant on all human "w1 ! writ] is p]suad$ t ! greate/ errors 9 practice--& especially ! lack ( homog5e\sness :i* *>act]izes ! pres5t battle-%ips--arise *iefly f ! failure to ref] back to pr9ciples4 ,until w> has giv5 u ! abundant exp]i5ce :i* l$ our pr$ecessors to ! broadside sev5ty-f\r z ! rule1 ) occasional exceptions1 we mu/ dep5d ^u reason+ alone = ! solution ( our problems2 & ! reason] keeps )9 ! limits ( safety only by con/ant ref]5ce to fundam5tal facts4 ,! "o exp]i5ce ( w> :i* %ips really contempor>y h _h 0 9 ! battle ( ! ,yalu4 ,its tea*+s lose "s value f ! fact t ! well-drill$ ,japanese us$ _! weapons to advantage1 :ile ! ,*9ese 7 ill tra9$2 /ill1 "s fair inf]5ces c be made4 ,! ,japanese _h a great _m rapid-fire guns1 ) few v heavy ones1 & _! vessels 7 n battle-%ips prop]ly s-call$4 ,! ,*9ese1 besides o!r vessels1 _h two battle-%ips ) heavy armor & heavy guns4 ,victory rema9$ ) ! ,japanese4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! writ] two probable conclusions c be rea*$3 ,t rapid-fire guns 9 due proportion to ! entire batt]y w beat d[n a %ip dep5d5t ma9ly ^u turret guns2 t is1 betwe5 two %ips ^: batt]ies are alike ! issue ( ! conte/ w dep5d ^u ! "o or ! o!r ga9+ fir/ a pr$om9ance ( rapid fire4 ,t done1 ! turret guns ( ! pr$om9ant %ip w give ! f9al bl[s to ! eng9es & turrets ( ! o!r1 ^: own turret guns _c be us$ ) ! necess>y delib]ation "u ! prepond]ant /orm ( projectiles n[ turn$ ^u !m4 ,! o!r conclusion1 ev5 m c]ta9 ?an ! fir/1 is t rapid-fire guns alone1 :ile !y may det]m9e an action1 _c make x decisive4 ,despite ! well-e/abli%$ sup]iority ( ! ,japanese rapid fire 9 t action1 ! ,*9ese battle-%ips1 ?\gh ov]borne1 7 n tak54 ,_! heavie/ armor be+ unpi]c$1 ! eng9es & turret guns rema9$ effective1 & !y )drew unmole/$4 ,,battle-,,%ips ,,t ,,are ,,too ,,l>ge ,! battle-%ip con/itut$ z describ$ rema9s = ! pres5t ! fight+ %ip ^u :i* ! issues ( w> w dep5d4 ,! type is accept$ by all ! lead+ naval /ates1 ?\gh ) consid]able v>iations 9 size4 ,z reg>ds ! latt] feature1 ! writ] believes t ! enorm\s tonnage rec5tly giv5 is excessive1 & t ! reasons :i* support x1 too num]\s & v>i\s to be enum]at$ at l5g?1 h ! foll[+ fundam5tal fault3 !y look too mu* to ! developm5t ( ! individual %ip & too little to ! fact t ! prime requisite ( ! battle-%ip is facility = co-op]at+ ) o!r %ips ( its own type--facility 9 manuvr+ toge!r1 facility 9 mass+1 facility also 9 subdivid+ :5 occasion dem&s4 ,x may be rem>k$1 too1 t ! increase ( size has gone mu* m to increase ( def5sive p[] ?an ( (f5sive--a result s contr>y to ! univ]sal tea*+s ( w> z ( itself to sugge/ paus+4 ,does ! pres5t hold out any probabilities ( important *anges 9 ! ne> future1 ( revolution>y *anges8 ,no4 ,= tw5ty-five or ?irty ye>s n[ we h be5 expect+ f ! ram & f ! torp$o results :i* w\ld displace ! gun f its supremacy ( c5turies4 ,^? results1 h[ev]1 are n yet visible4 ,no "o disputes ! trem5d\s effects ( ! ram & ( ! torp$o :5 successfully us$2 b ,i believe ,i am correct 9 say+ t ! great prepond]ance ( pr(essional op9ion does n attribute to !m a c]ta9ty1 or an approa* to c]ta9ty1 impair+ ! pr$om9ance ( ! gun4 ,?is is n ! conclusion ( m]e cons]vation 9 a pr(ession naturally cons]vative4 ,! fluctuations ( pr(essional op9ion h be5 suffici5tly m>k$ & ! matt] suffici5tly argu$ to dispose ( t cont5tion4 ,nor is ?is supremacy ( ! gun probably a transi5t matt]1 liable to pass away ) improvem5ts great] ?an ^? ( ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,! advantage ( ! gun dep5ds ^u conditions probably p]man5t--^u its great] range1 its great] accuracy1 its great] rapidity4 ,! individual effect ( ea* %ot may be less ?an t ( a torp$o or ( a ram ?ru/2 b1 z 0 said 9 comp>+ v heavy guns ) rapid fire1 ! probability ( _m hits prevails ov] ! possibilities ( "o great bl[4 ,,! ,,gun ,,& ,,! ,,torp$o ,9 none ( ^! features is ei!r ( ! o!r weapons likely to ov]take ! gun4 ,! torp$o relies ma9ly ^u /eal?1 ! ram ma9ly ^u a happy *ance = effective use4 ,bo? /eal? & *ance h _! place 9 w>2 /ratagem & read9ess1 ea* 9 place1 may contribute mu*4 ,b ! decisive issues ( w> dep5d ^u ! h&l+ ( masses ) cel]ity & precision1 accord+ to c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples ( recogniz$ univ]sality4 ,afloat1 su* mass$ =ce1 to be wield$ accurately & rapidly1 mu/ consi/ ( units n too num]\s because ( _! smallness--z torp$o craft w\ld be--nor too unwieldy because ( _! size4 ,we may n be able to det]m9e yet1 9 advance ( prolong$ exp]i5ce ( w>1 j :at ! happy mean may be correspond+ 9 pr9ciple to ! old sev5ty-f\r1 b we may be reasonably sure t x w be some:]e 9 ! ranks ( ! pres5t battle-%ips2 & t 9 ! range1 accuracy & rapidity ( _! gun-fire--especially :5 act+ 9 fleets--w be f\nd a protection :i* ! small vessels t rely ^u ! torp$o or ram alone w n be able to ov]come1 ?\gh !y may 9 r>e in/ances elude4 ,conc]n+ ! frigates & sloops ( our pr$ecessors1 _! place is n[ tak51 & _! duties w be done1 by ! classes ( vessel kn[n g5]ically z cruis]s1 protect$ or unprotect$4 ,! protection1 ! def5sive elem5t ( /r5g?1 has ref]5ce ma9ly to ! eng9es1 to ! motive p[]4 ,! batt]y1 ! (f5sive factor1 t5ds ^u ! :ole to rev]t m & m to ! developm5t ( fire1 to utiliz+ ! l5g? ( ! vessel by multiply+ ! numb] ( guns & dim9i%+ _! individual size2 & ! t5d5cy is increas$ by ! fact t1 z su* %ips are expect$ to fight only vessels ( _! own k9d1 _! probable t>get is p5etrable by light guns4 ,spe$ is ! great elem5t 9 ! effici5cy ( cruis]s1 & :atev] ! spe$ 9 smoo? wat]1 a great advantage inures to l>g] %ips 9 heavy w9ds & seas4 ,z = 8armor$0 cruis]s1 ( :i* !re are _m1 !y belong r to ! class ( battle-%ips ?an ( cruis]s4 ,:atev] ! advantages ( ! p>ticul> %ips1 ! "n sugge/s a regrettable confusion ( purpose1 &1 9 practice1 a /ill m regrettable dep>ture f homog5eity4 ,a4 ,t4 ,,mahan4 ,,lit]ature 8,"t & space10 a noble philosoph] has obs]v$1 8are b halluc9ations40 ,x may be s1 & f ! po9t ( view ( ! metaphysician ours may h be5 m]ely a 8s-call$ n9ete5? c5tury40 ,c]ta9 x is t to judge lit]ature 9 blocks ( c5turies is to make a conv5i5t b illogical cross-division4 ,! e>ly1 & p]haps ! mo/ important1 lit]>y influ5ces ( ! c5tury 7 9 exi/5ce long be=e #ahja4 ,?us1 if we look at :atev] is n[ call$ f9 de sicle1 at viol5t antagonism to tradition & conv5tion1 at discont5t ( e sort ) ev]y?+--) rank1 weal?1 morality1 law1 m>riage1 ! family--we f9d t ?is passion 0 z noisy & self-complac5t a hundr$ ye>s ago z x is to-day4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 ! lurid playgr\nd ( 8,new ,wom510 full ( :at !y suppos$ to be new ideas4 ,! ,g]man drama ( #aghj-ahjj1 n[ be/ rememb]$ by ! p>ody call$ 8,! ,rov]s10 9 ! ,anti-,jacob91 0 replete ) ! humorless p>adoxes & /ra9$ situations ( ,ibs54 ,! %orte/ way to an und]/&+ ( ! antiquity ( our 8new ideas0 is1 9 fact1 a /udy ( ! ,poetry ( ! ,anti-,jacob94 ,romance1 aga91 z f> z romance dep5ds = h] effects on desp]ate de$s1 on ! rhetoric ( noble brig&s1 on ! phantasms ( ! %eet$ dead %iv]+ d[n d>k passages among skeletons1 on clank+ *a9s1 & on di/ress$ damsels1 0 z mu* alive 9 ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury z at any age ( lit]>y hi/ory4 ,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 ,brg]1 ,mrs4 ,radcliffe1 all foll[+ 9 ! ,go?ic wake ( hone/ ,horace ,walpole & 8 ,ca/le ( ,otranto1 7 prep>+ ! gr\nd = ,scott & ,dumas4 ,once m ! old 8popul>0 elem5ts s necess>y to lit]ature 7:i*1 l ,antu1 rega9s vigor on t\*+ "m-e>?7 _h be5 :olly abs5t f ! poetry & prose ( ! la/ reign+ ,/u>t & ( ! fir/ two ,hanov]ian k+s ( ,engl&4 ,b1 ab\t #aggj-aghj1 lit]ature _h return$ to its ar*aic popul> s\rces4 ,p]cy _h made volks-li$] fa%ionable1 ,f]gusson & ,burns _h reviv$ ! ru/ic muse ( ,scotl&1 & ,macph]son _h giv5 mank9d a draught1 ?\gh an adult]at$ draught1 f ! cup ( ! sorc]ies ( ! ,celtic en*antress4 ,9 opposition to ! urban self-re/ra9t & cont5t$ complac5cy ( ! ,augu/an age1 ,r\sseau _h prea*$ ! pleasures ( virtue1 s5tim5t1 & ( a 8bless$ /ate ( ,nature02 "y ,w]!r _h gott5 him a /ool to be sad ^u1 l ,ma/] ,/eph53 weep+ 0 ! mode4 ,r\sseau1 z ,mr4 ,pat] once obs]v$ 9 conv]sation1 0 8! gr&mo!r ( u all10 & z te>ful z ,mrs4 ,gummidge 9 ,david ,copp]field4 ,mean:ile ! 8emancipation0 born ( sci5ce _h set 92 p ?\ght !y knew all ab\t ev]y?+2 ! eld] ,d>w9 c\ld expla9 ! univ]se )\t a ,god1 q z easily z any mod]n ,d>w9ian1 if n s elaborately4 ,he may n h be5 always correct 9 8 !ories & facts1 /ill1 !re !y 71 & !y 7 8emancipat+40 ,yet1 f> f be+ laugh$ out ( c\rt by ! gratify+ progress ( sci5ce1 a m my/ical religion & a life m au/]e _h come 9 f ! prea*+ ( ,wesley1 :o 0 practically ! p>5t ( our neo-,ca?olicism 9 its v>y+ =ms4 ,! 8,ox=d ,movem5t10 ) all ! /range aft]-symptoms :i* x has left beh9d x1 is directly desc5d$ f ,wesley4 ,?us romance1 s5tim5t1 fre$om & v>iety 9 poetic =m1 philan?ropy1 revolt aga9/ ! pa/1 return to & rev]5ce = ! pa/1 sci5tific d\bt1 we>9ess ( life1 love ( nature1 wi/ful belief1 relapse on ! =ms ( ! ,*ur*1 & ev]y?+ else :i* /amps ! lit]ature ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7 alive & active 9 ! la/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! ye> #ahja made no sudd5 break4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury m]ely w5t on evolv+ ! pr9ciples1 revolution>y or reaction>y1 ( ! la/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,?us ,crabbe1 ! precursor ( :oev]1 ,engli%man1 ,am]ican1 ,fr5*man1 or ,slav1 has writt5 ( ! sombre trag$ies ( ! poor1 0 born 9 #aged4 ,blake1 ^: p]fectly un-,augu/an rhapsodies & my/ic lyrics 7 made fa%ionable ab\t #ahgj1 0 born 9 #ageg1 out ( due "t1 = 8 be/ side is ,elizabe?an 9 quality4 ,burns1 born 9 #agei1 is z mu* at home 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury z ,tol/o1 :ile ,godw9 c\ld n be m 8advanc$10 or ,m>y ,woll/onecraft m ( 8a ,new ,woman10 if ! =m] belong$ to our 8,=w>d ,lib]als0 & ! latt] p]orat$ at congresses ( h] sex4 ,! fir/ tw5ty-five ye>s ( ,miss ,au/5 belong to ! eighte5? c5tury2 yet1 except = a c]ta9 8old-fa%ion$0 primness ( /yle1 %e is ! fir/1 &1 beyond all d\bt1 ! greate/ ( all n9ete5?-c5tury 8reali/ic0 noveli/s ( dome/ic life4 ,=1 ?\gh a 8reali/10 %e is a humori/1 & ! comb9ation is almo/ unexampl$4 ,y\r common reali/ is a gloomy ?+1 ) no m s5se ( ! comic ?an ,m4 ,zola4 ,( ! new poets1 revolution>y 9 metre & matt]1 ,wordswor?1 ,scott1 ,col]idge1 & ,s\!y 7 born 9 #aggj-aggd2 !y 7 mature be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury dawn$4 ,8 nor!rn home1 among ! hills & lakes1 fitt$ ,wordswor? to be ! au/]e & my/ical poet ( nature & ( man 9 relation to nature4 ,born a poet1 8 g5ius 0 det]m9$ by 8 environm5t1 :ile 8 ard5t sympa?y ) ! ,revolution at once turn$ 8 att5tion to ! unreg>d$ poor1 & inspir$ 8 n :olly successful attempt to %ake (f ! trammels ( ,augu/an 8poetic diction10 ! survival ( ! ,lat9ism ( ,boileau & ,pope4 ,lat]1 ( c\rse1 ,wordswor? became ! ,tory1 ! patriot1 ! ,*ur*man1 & ! ,/amp ,collector4 ,b 8 poetical cre$ he nev] consci\sly *ang$1 ?\gh he (t5 laps$ f x unconsci\sly4 ,if ,scott 0 to be a poet at all he 0 fat$ to be influ5c$ by ! ,new ,_w1 n 9 its emancipat$ ideas1 b 9 its wi/ful return to ! ,old ,_w ( reiv]s1 spe>m51 claymores1 gobl91 gho/1 & fairy4 ,! ,bord] ballads lull$ 8 cradle & 7 ! joy ( 8 *ildhood & manhood4 ,all tradition murmur$ to him h] *>ms ( ,bord] & ,highl& leg5d2 e ru9$ abbey & ca/le _h its tale = him2 to ,ettrick & ,y>r[ he ne$$ n to say1 l ,lady ,john ,scott1 8,h y no message = me80 ,he nev] _h a t\* ( ! ,augu/an horror ( m\nta9 & torr5t1 nev] a t\* ( ! ,augu/an contempt ( 8,b>b>ism40 ,walpole's ,ca/le ( ,otranto & ,mrs4 ,radcliffe's novels ( t]ror w5t to ! mold+ ( 8 g5ius1 z ! novels ( ,miss ,edgewor? 7born #agfg7 sugge/$ fiction ab\t ! lives & mann]s ( 8 own p4 ,9 8 return to ! pa/ he came1 l ,lamb1 on ! ,elizabe?an drama1 &1 unlike ,lamb1 on ! unpubli%$ docum5ts ( ! ,tudor age1 ! age ( desp]ate resi/ance to ,engl&4 ,b ,scott w\ld nev] h be5 exactly ! poet t he 0 if he _h n he>d 8,*ri/abel0 recit$4 8,*ri/abel10 ! entirely orig9al utt]ance ( a g5ius :i*1 at fir/1 0 a *ild ( ! enlight5m5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! e>ly ideas ( ,col]idge 7 ! ideas ( ,r\sseau & ( ,b]n>d9 de ,sa9t ,pi]re1 :o 01 l ,col]idge1 b m en]getically1 a seek] = an ideal l& :]e pantisocracy might fl\ri% & a cl[n might be ! poet's 8bro!r40 ,9 poetry1 9 poetic =m1 ,col]idge 0 ! real & d>+ innovator1 inspir$ by ! eighte5? c5tury reaction aga9/ conv5tion1 & play$ on l an olian h>p by e w9d ( 8 my/ic _s4 ,8 reaction 0 too viol5t ev5 = ,lamb2 8 orig9ality too extreme ev5 = ,wordswor?4 ,9 him1 ( all our lat] poets1 ! 8unconsci\s self0 0 ! /ronge/ & ! mo/ free1 & ( all our poets he _h ! h>de/ battle ) ! dull ,augu/an survival 9 su* critics z ,jeffrey4 ,to !m all ! rip5$ fruit ( ! blossom+ "t ( ! late eighte5? c5tury1 ! poetry ( ,scott & ( ,wordswor?1 0 b dimly intelligible1 b ,col]idge 0 ! mo/ un9telligible ( all4 ,f ! ,g]many ( ! late eighte5? c5tury came "o ( ,scott's spr+s ( poetic action2 f ! ,l5ore ( ,brg] 7a popul> ballad rewritt57 & f ! ,gtz von ,b]li*+5 ( ,goe!4 ,^! 7 ! days :5 ,scott long$ to possess a skull & cross-bones1 & 9 a love-lett] dilat$ on 8 *oice ( a sepul*re4 ,b :at came to ,col]idge f ,g]many 0 ! late eighte5? c5tury's reaction aga9/ ! truly 8common-s5se0 ideas ( ,hume1 ! philosophy ( ,kant1 ,s*ell+1 & ,fi*te4 ,9 ?is field1 too1 he 0 un9telligible 7& no wond]71 b he 0 b adapt+ ! ideas ( #aggj-ahjj1 & ! neo-,hegelians ( ,ox=d are do+ ! same ?+4 ,a reaction aga9/ ! mat]ialism ( common-s5se 0 inevitable2 ,mesm]1 ,sw$5borg1 & ,kant began :at survives 9 ! h&s ( ! ,ma/] ( ,balliol & ( ,pr(essor ,william ,james4 ,9 a m rec5t g5]ation ,byron prolong$ ! ,w]!rism ( ,w]!r1 ,byron be+ ?us a gr&son ( ,r\sseau1 :ile he borr[$ 8 =m1 & borr[$ x v ill1 f :at ,scott borr[$ ( ,col]idge4 ,! g5ius ( ,byron is n conte/$ by ! sane1 b except 9 satire x seldom f\nd cle> & adequate1 because x s\ght hurri$1 he$less1 & tumultu\s1 expression4 ,scott _h a bett] e> & 0 n s reckless an improvisatore4 ,poems t c endure are n writt5 l ,byron's1 9 ! brief leisure ( fa%ionable indu/ry4 ,we admire ! native impetus ( ,byron1 8 gift ( satire1 8 s5sitiv5ess to elem5tal =ce 9 nature & 9 man1 b we _c und]/& ! furore :i* 0 s mu* ! *ild ( 8 title1 8 beauty1 8 recklessness1 & 8 /udi\sly cultivat$ air ( my/]y4 ,mr4 ,l5ville1 z report$ by ,mr4 ,folair1 said t ,ni*olas ,nickleby 0 8a regul> /ick ( an actor1 & x's only ! my/]y ab\t him t has caus$ him to g d[n ) ! p "h1 ?\gh ,l5ville says he don't believe !re's any?+ at all 9 x40 ,a lat] age mu/ p>tly adopt ! same !ory ( ,byron's orig9al & unp>allel$ success 9 ,europe z well z 9 ,engl&4 ,he 0 my/]i\s ,manfr$1 he 0 ,*ilde ,h>old1 he 0 ! ,corsair2 a h]o ( ,mrs4 ,radcliffe's1 ) an ,ori5tal air & a gloomy secret & a he>t burn+ ) indignation aga9/ ! unwor?y species ( m54 ,:at _h ,byron done8 ,ev5 ,goe! 0 curi\s1 believ+ wild anecdotes2 n[ we really d n c>e :at ,byron did1 recogniz+ 9 him1 8 g5ius1 & 8 pose1 n s mu* ! 8,satanic10 z ! result ( hy/]ia & madness 9 8 race4 ,satanism1 f ( old1 has be5 ma9ly hy/]ia4 ,! elem5t ( p]sonal reclame 9 ,byron has fad$1 & ) x fades 8 reputation z an e>?-%ak+ poet4 ,attempts to revive t fame 9 our day1 attempts to br+ u back to 8! noble poet10 are respectable1 be+ bas$ on loyalty to ! ta/e ( our great-gr&fa!rs & gr&mo!rs 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,b ! ef=ts are futile4 8,byron10 says ,mr4 ,sa9tsbury1 8seems to me a poet di/9ctly ( ! second class1 & n ev5 ( ! be/ k9d ( second1 inasmu* z 8 greatness is *iefly d]iv$ f a sort ( p>ody1 a sort ( imitation ( ! qualities ( ! fir/4 ,8 v]se is to ! greate/ poetry :at melodrama is to trag$y1 :at pla/] is to m>ble1 :at p9*beck is to gold40 ,su*1 h[ev] unpopul> !y may be1 are my own c&id s5tim5ts1 = ?\gh f *ildhood ,i c\ld & did read all our great poets ) pleasure1 x 0 n ) ! k9d ( pleasure :i* ,byron 9 8 satire & 8 declamation c\ld occasionally give me4 ,he is monoton\s1 he is rhetorical1 8 v]sification is (t5 incr$ibly bad1 & he is m obscure1 ma9ly by d9t ( hurry1 bad pr9t+1 & bad gramm>1 ?an ,mr4 ,br[n+4 ,?us ,byron leaves u impress$ z ) a va/1 ev5 volcanic1 yet d&ifi$ =ce1 untra9$ & (t5 misdirect$4 ,ei!r by nature1 or 9 reaction1 he pr(ess$ sympa?y ) ! ,augu/an s*ool ( ,que5 ,anne's reign1 & sid$ ) ,pope 9 ! long qu>rel z to :e!r ,pope is a poet4 ,ev5 ! mod]n oppon5ts ( ,byron mu/ recognize 9 him qualities :i* won ! admiration & affection ( ,scott & ,%elley4 ,9 ,%elley we _h a true *ild ( ! revolution1 ! ,aufkl>ung1 & ! lat] eighte5? c5tury4 ,8 boyhood trifl$ ) *emical sci5ce 7probably n !n popul> ) ! human boy72 8 adolesc5ce 0 giv5 to conv]t+ s*ool-girls into 8de> little a!i/s40 ,8 social ideas1 l ^? ( "s advanc$ mod]ns1 aim$ at ! absolute de/ruction ( ! family2 & ! moral ( ,laon & ,cy?na w5t f> beh9d ! morals ( ! mo/ backw>d savages1 :o make ince/ a capital (f5ce4 ,%elley1 a boy all 8 life1 0 m boyi%ly devot$ to de/ruction ?an ev5 ! newe/ writ]s on ! relations ( ! sexes4 ,9 8mak+ all ?+s new0 bo? he & !y are1 9 fact1 relaps+ on a condition ( society :i*1 if x ev] exi/$1 is s old t x may be call$ 8pre-human10 & is contr>y to nature1 z f> z we c /udy human nature 9 ! lea/ develop$ ( tribes4 ,8 ideas conduct$ ,%elley to ! trag$y & f>ce ( 8 c>e]3 8 des]tion ( "o "y wife1 foll[$ by h] suicide1 & 8 m>riage ) ano!r1 9 entire opposition to 8 own op9ions4 ,9 lit]ature he began at s*ool ) a dev\t foll[+ ( ,mrs4 ,radcliffe2 :ile1 9 ,que5 ,mab & ,ala/or1 vigor\s b vague & mi/y ,*ilde ,h>old1 w&]+ 9 ,no ,man's ,l&1 he fir/ display$ 8 orig9ality 9 poetical =m4 ,8 p]sonal "* be+ noble & g5]\s 9 ! highe/ degree1 8 sympa?y ) ! poor & ! oppress$ be+ a true passion1 ,%elley's errors arose f ! fix$ idea t almo/ e human ord9ance mu/1 be+ old1 be necess>ily bad4 ,he w\ld recognize t !re is1 aft] all1 some?+ "r 9 ! six? comm&m5t1 b did n draw ! inf]5ce t a gleam ( reason might also be f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! re/ ( ! ,decalogue4 ,! /ate ( society !n1 z always1 provok$ revolt1 b ! /ate ( society 0 griev\s1 n because its moral laws 7 bad1 b because its laws 7 n obey$4 ,%elley _h no turn = n>rative1 &1 9 su* poems z ,! ,revolt ( ,islam1 x is ! spl5did meteoric g5ius1 ! unexcell$ music t captivate4 ,9 lyrics he 0 probably ! mo/ orig9al =ce s9ce ! ,elizabe?an age3 8 v]se is a s++ & so>+ flame4 ,9 ,adonis 8 righte\s indignation c>ries him =w>d l an angel ) a sword ( fire2 & ,! ,wit* ( ,atlas is a triumph 9 a new 8fairy way ( writ+40 ,8 is ! ,muse ( cl\ds & />s1 ( sea & tempe/1 ( all ! aspects1 &1 9 appe>ance1 mo/ caprici\s =ces ( ! _w1 yet 8 is also ! ,muse ( fl[]s & peaceful woods1 ( dejection & ( delight4 ,:at ! born rebel1 ,milton1 might h be5 )\t ! f\ndation & trammels ( ,puritanism1 t ,%elley 01 ?\gh 8 wild & t5d] lyric note 0 ev5 m exquisite ?an ,milton's4 ,nei!r 01 9 ! full s5se1 human1 = bo? 7 )\t humor1 z may be se5 9 _! humor\s pieces4 ,keats1 b ?ree ye>s y\ng] ?an ,%elley 7#agie71 0 m a true *ild ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,8 social ideas1 ?\gh ( c\rse lib]al1 7 m 9 abeyance2 he 0 m exclusively an arti/2 & 8 art 0 m controll$ by ! reviv$ ,elizabe?anism ( ,leigh ,hunt 7#aghd74 ,t s+ul> man1 :o _h s mu* ta/e1 & s mu* ( x bad2 s int5se a !ory ( social b5evol5ce1 & s ke5 a belief t x 0 m bless$ to receive ?an to give1 8ow$ little0 79 ! way ( lit]ature7 8to any b ! old ma/]s1 & _m contempor>ies ow$ n a little to him40 ,few ow$ m1 = good & bad1 ?an ,keats4 ,virgil he _h f\nd out = himself1 & _h translat$ :5 a s*oolboy4 ,sp5s]1 too1 he f\nd = himself1 & ,greece he discov]$ afre% 9 ,lemprire's ,diction>y & 9 ,*apman's ,hom]4 ,b ?is sup]ficial euphuism & elaborate v]bal qua9tness he p>tly d]iv$ at second h& f ,leigh ,hunt4 ,t some?+ 9 ,leigh ,hunt :i* sugge/$ ,h>old ,skimpole to ,dick5s1 & 8 viol5t conception ( ,! ,cockney ,s*ool to ,lockh>t1 0 n hidd5 f ,keats1 & inspir$ him ) "s bitt] words4 ,x 0 :at he d]iv$ f ,hunt t gave occasion to ,keats's assailants1 :o 7 m ( political ?an ( lit]>y p>tisans4 ,lockh>t1 or ,wilson1 or bo?1 ) ! ,qu>t]ly review]1 9 attack+ ,endymion 7 attack+1 !y ?\ght1 a memb] ( an affect$1 effem9ate1 & radical cot]ie4 ,keats himself1 matur+ ) ! sudd5ness ( g5ius1 look$ on ,endymion z ?or\ghly immature4 ,b kill$1 or ev5 disc\rag$1 by 8 critics he 0 n1 & on a page ( a copy ( ,lamia :]e 8 publi%]s spoke ( 8 disc\ragm5t he wrote 8,?is is a lie40 7,! copy is 9 ! possession ( ,canon ,a+]47 ,keats1 l ,burns1 :om he s int5sely admir$ & s un]r+ly judg$ z a man & a poet1 0 8 own be/ critic4 ,despite 8 boyi% lusci\sness ( ta/e1 & ! fev] ( lett]s writt5 :5 dy+1 !re 0 no manli] or m *ivalr\s s\l 9 ,engl& ?an t ( ! poet ( ! odes to ! night+ale & to autumn4 ,keats at 8 be/ atta9$ %e] p]fection ( language1 ( emotion1 & ( ?\ght4 ,z he advis$ ,%elley to be1 he 0 n cont5t ) less ?an fill+ all ! rifts ) pure gold4 8,untaught10 l ! m9/rel ( ,odysseus1 he comb9$ a ,greek cl>ity & l>g5ess ( mann] ) t romance :i* ,greece does n lack1 b :i* he possess$ 9 a degree m conspicu\s1 at lea/ to read]s :o are n ,greeks4 ,?\gh he has n be5 & _c be imitat$1 he has suppli$ to ,t5nyson & ! be/ mod]ns a /&>d & an ideal4 ,t ! ,%akespe>ian copi\sness ( humanity & humor & dramatic g5ius w\ld ev] h be5 8 no?+ indicates1 b :at writ] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 except ,scott1 has possess$ a l>ge %>e ( ^! qualities8 ,9 poetry1 n "o1 & x 0 9 prose t ,scott wore 8 fragm5t ( ! cloak ( ,%akespe>e4 ,= ! c5tury has n produc$1 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica1 a great dramatic poet4 ,x is to fiction1 to ,scott1 ,dick5s1 ,?ack]ay1 ,/ev5son1 ,m]$i?1 ,haw?orne1 ,george ,eliot1 t we mu/ look = ! humor & humanity & passion :i*1 e>li]1 f\nd _! vehicle 9 ! drama4 ,ours is a read+ r ?an a see+ c5tury1 ?\gh ?is does n expla9 ! reason :i* made ! great noveli/s incapable ( writ+ = ! /age4 ,( ! o!r poets ( ! e>ly c5tury1 ,campbell1 ,rog]s1 ,moore1 ,l&or1 ,hogg1 & ! ladies1 ,mrs4 ,hemans1 & ,l4 ,e4 ,l41 & ,b$does1 space does n p]mit u to treat4 ,l&or's audi5ce has n increas$2 ,rog]s has none2 ,campbell is be/ rememb]$ = w> songs :i* ,i fe> are ov]rat$2 ,hogg1 despite "s exquisite passages 9 ,kilm5y1 & "s admirable songs1 suff]s f 8 c\ntrym5's exclusive devotion to ,robbie ,burns4 ,:5 ,scott turn$ to fiction 7#ahad7 ! curr5t ( popul> ta/e at once *ang$ into t *annel4 ,byron _h /ill 8 vogue2 ,keats1 ,%elley1 & ,col]idge !n sang only to ! few initiat$2 ,wordswor? 0 pa/ 8 prime2 & ) ! g5]al public no?+ 0 really popul> b fiction1 & t fiction 0 ,scott's4 ,miss ,au/5 is probably mu* m widely appreciat$ to-day ?an :5 %e di$1 little not$ by ! _w1 9 #ahag4 ,a criticism ( ,scott's novels1 :i* fir/ made fiction supreme & f> above poetry 9 ! e/imation ( 8! read+ public10 _c be attempt$ 9 ?is place4 ,! be/ e/imate ( ,scott1 if f> f mo/ favorable1 is 8 own1 9 ! introduction to ,! ,=tunes ( ,nigel4 ,8 faults ( prolixity1 ha/e1 indiff]5ce to delicacy ( /yle1 & ev5 to gramm>2 8 8big b[-w[0 ve9 7z he calls x72 ! /ilt$ !atrical language ( 8 ,ca!r9e ,glov]s & ,hel5 ,macgregors--all ^! defects1 ) 8 ha/y d5\m5ts 7z ( ,%akespe>e & ,molire71 are pat5t1 are confess$1 & probably det] _m read]s f mak+ pr(it ( 8 humor1 8 ri* k ( & sympa?y ) all human nature1 8 infrequ5t b exquisite t\*es ( passion1 8 trag$y & com$y4 ,none ! less1 ,scott is ! ma9 /ock ( ! fiction ( ! c5tury4 ,m5 may n[ h m m9ute k1 ?\gh s wide a k has none2 may h m wit1 if less humor2 may eag]ly hunt = all t ,scott loa!d & avoid$ 9 our animal nature2 may1 inde$ mu/1 practise a m c>eful /yle1 b all ! noveli/s are1 willy-nilly1 *ildr5 ( ,scott & ,miss ,au/54 ,dick5s1 inde$1 ow$ m to ,smollett 7"o ( ,scott's *ief favorites71 ,?ack]ay ow$ m to ,field+1 ! 8,kaily>d ,s*ool0 ow$ m to ,galt 7#aggi--ahci74 ,b ,scott is 8! fa!r ( ! re/10 above all1 ( ,dumas2 & ,miss ,au/5 is ! "m4 ,"l ,lytton & ,mr4 ,disraeli _h1 especially at fir/1 a t+e ( ,byronism1 lat] develop+ on _! own l9es3 ,mr4 ,disraeli's political2 ,"l ,lytton's multif>i\s1 includ+ ! l9e ( mod]n my/icism1 n[ (t5 work$4 ,scott liv$ to be int]e/$ 9 ,lytton1 & might h se5 7?\gh probably he did n see !m7 ! little-not$ beg9n+s ( ,br[n+ & ,t5nyson1 ab\t #ahcj4 ,:at he did see1 & admire1 0 ! p]=mance ( ,coop]1 ) :om actual & liv+ ,am]ican fiction may p]haps be said to take its rise4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,coop] 0 reg>d$ z ! ,scott ( ,am]ica2 & x is to be regrett$ t ,lockh>t did n excise a spl5etic p]sonal ref]5ce to ,coop] 9 ,sir ,walt]'s ,j\rnal4 ,he 0 old1 tir$1 & fatigu$ ) ! pressure ( society 9 ,p>is :5 he wrote4 ,coop] _h ! g5ius to appropriate ! unwork$ fields ( ,am]ican patriotic seaf>+ life1 & ( ! mann]s ( ! ,r$ ,man2 he is 8,coop] ( ! wood & wave40 ,eag]ly 7 8 works read by boys1 :5 ,?ack]ay 0 a boy1 & :5 ,i 0 a boy4 ,nev] %all 8 read]s =get ! 8,long ,c>ab9e10 to :om ,?ack]ay 0 devot$1 & ,uncas1 & ,*+a*gook4 8,/ill we love ! ,delaw>e1 ,& /ill we hate ! ,m+os40 ,d\btless ,coop]'s ,indians are n 8reali/ically0 treat$1 ?\gh !re is inf9itely m ( tru? 9 8 dignifi$ hunt]s & w>riors ?an p conv]sant only ) ! ,r$ ,man ( to-day are ready to believe4 ,b ,coop]1 probably1 does n live ) ! immortality ( 8 fir/ r5[n$ successor1 ,haw?orne1 :o1 = secure p]fection ( =m1 is to mod]n fiction :at ,keats is to mod]n poetry4 ,l ,scott1 ,haw?orne is ! un=c$ fruit ( 8 ance/ry & ! society into :i* he 0 born--a ,puritan1 n a ,cavali] arti/1 ) a backgr\nd ( au/]e fai? & ( old sup]/ition1 diff]5tiat$ f t ( ! ,cov5ant]s by ! %ad[ ( deep =e/s & ( /ruggles ) ! ,indians & ! wild ?+s ( ! woods4 ,^! _h pass$ into mell[ memories1 z1 = ,scott1 _h pass$ ! age ( wit*es1 fairies1 reiv]s1 & claymores4 ,entirely1 9 ! ,sc>let ,lett]1 z by way ( h]$it>y influ5ce 9 ! ,h\se ( ,sev5 ,gables1 ,haw?orne reproduc$ :at 0 old1 mak+ x poetically endur+4 ,8 ,mosses f an ,old ,manse1 & o!r brief tales set ! fa%ion1 except by ,poe1 long unfoll[$1 ( ! conte4 ,nei!r au?or has be5 excell$ 9 8 own portion ( ?is field4 ,haw?orne's haunt$ consci5ces1 ,poe's treasure tale1 8 detective /ories1 & 8 tales ( t]ror rema9 unequall$1 ?\gh s pr(usely imitat$4 ,?is epo*1 say f #ahcj to #ahee1 0 a k9d ( classical int]space 9 ! lit]ature ( ! c5tury4 ,france1 preoccupi$ by w> 9 ! fir/ ?irty ye>s ( ! age1 n[ awoke to h] own fam\s romantic era1 ) ,hugo1 ,dumas1 ,musset1 ,gauti]1 ,george ,s&1 ,sa9te-,beuve1 ,mrime--names ( ! highe/4 ,g]many1 to ! non-,teutonic _w1 is1 9 poetry1 repres5t$ by ,he9e1 &1 9 sci5ce1 philosophy1 philology1 & hi/ory by a galaxy ( innovators +5i\s & indu/ri\s4 ,am]ica saw ,haw?orne1 ,poe1 ,l[ell1 ,holmes1 ,:itti]1 ,ticknor1 ,prescott1 ,motley1 ,longfell[1 ,bryant1 ,em]son1 9 _! prime2 :ile ,engl& _h ,c>lyle1 ,t5nyson1 ,newman1 ,br[n+1 ! ,bronts1 ,k+sley1 ,?ack]ay1 ,dick5s1 & ,rusk91 all recogniz$ & fl\ri%+4 ,we look ar\nd & see1 z ,mr4 ,/ev5son says 9 a lett]1 t 8! suns h set10 :ile we are sc>cely consci\s ( new dawns4 ,:o c expla91 by circum/ances ( social evolution & hi/orical ev5t1 ! ris+ & ! sett+ ( su* con/ellations ( g5ius8 ,x is n en\gh to speak ( ! democratic dem&1 naturally indiff]5t to /yle1 = nev] 0 /yle ! object ( su* anxi\s rese>*1 except 9 o!r ages ( euphuism4 ,enc\ragem5t is ev5 ov]abundant2 8ma/]pieces0 are ann\nc$ e week1 & =gott5 e ye>4 ,x may be ! prejudice ( ho>y eld1 b ,i mu/ confess t our new lit]ature does n seem to me to %[ su* promise ( p]man5ce z ! lit]ature ( #ahcj-ahfj gave1 &1 s f>1 has fulfill$4 ,has fulfill$ 9 spite ( our sne]s at ! 8e>ly ,victorian10 :i* 0 n sociali/ic1 or evolutioni/ & ,d>w9-ridd51 & 0 8respectable10 & did av]t its eyes f all t mo/ p 9 real life don't c>e to />e at4 ,?is 8prud]y0 0 no new ?+4 ,! ,greeks1 9 except "s late decad5ts & 9 ! old com$y1 h a 8prudi%0 lit]ature4 ,! ,lat9 classics are n 9 ! ta/e ( ,m4 ,zola4 ,! age ( ,*auc]1 ! age ( ,elizabe?1 7 grossly frank1 t ( ! ,re/oration 0 frankly lewd1 b we h s\ght out _m inv5tions ov] :i* ,s$ley & ,ro*e/] w\ld n h c>$ to l+]4 ,_! grossness 0 gay2 ours is morbidly squalid4 ,su* ?+s are abs5t f ! "w ( ,haw?orne & ,holmes1 ,longfell[1 ,dick5s1 ,?ack]ay1 & ! re/4 ,su* ?+s we n[ treat (1 greatly d>+1 & someh[ our eld]s appe> apt to outlaugh & outlive u z humori/s1 noveli/s1 & poets4 ,x is /range4 ,into ! m]its ( t rem>kable middle age ( ! c5tury we _c ent] 9 mu* detail4 ,t5nyson holds unimp]ill$ ! ?rone ( ! poet ( ! "t4 ,t 8 ?\ght is n especially p5etrat+1 :e!r he deals ) ! intricacies ( human "*1 or ) ! problems ( ! univ]se1 may be readily admitt$4 ,b ,i am unaw>e t any poet has yet 8got ! absolute into a corn]10 or solv$ ! problems ( ! univ]se4 ,t5nyson1 m ?an p suppose1 01 p]sonally1 a my/ic1 ) 8 own my/ic exp]i5ces2 & 8 philosophy 0 influ5c$ by !m4 ,he 8foll[$ ! ,gleam40 ,nei!r 9 ! ,idylls ( ! ,k+ nor 9 plays1 0 dramatic r5d]+ ( "* 8 =te4 ,8 =te 0 *>m1 & music1 & ! int]pretation ( nature4 ,9 ^! he is ! equal ( ! ,mantuan1 is ! ,virgil ( ! mod]n _w1 8gold5 bran* among ! %ad[s40 ,moreov]1 he has inf9ite v>iety3 f ,m>iana to ,fatima & ,rizpah2 f ! ,lotos-,eat]s1 :i* 8adds a new *>m0 aft] ! ,farie ,que5e1 to ! ,nor!rn ,f>m]1 f ,ulysses to ,cross+ ! ,b>4 ,! e>ly ,morte d',ar?ur is ( unsurpass$ nobility & magic2 ! la/ poem1 ,cross+ ! ,b>1 is no less pre-em95t 9 ^! qualities4 ,t5nyson1 9 %ort1 _h g5ius2 new1 z all g5ius is new1 & no occasional defects ( ta/e or temp] c impair ! spl5dor & ri*ness ( 8 gift to ! _w1 nor ! immortality ( 8 fame4 ,8 contempor>y1 ,br[n+1 _h ! mis=tune to attract1 by 8 faults1 ! p :o wi% to believe !mselves clev]1 because !y labor at appreciat+ passages :i* ! poet _h made obscure4 ,d>kness is n dep?1 nor is obscurity a m]it4 ,f 8 lett]s x is pla9 t ,mr4 ,br[n+ _h n ! gift ( lucid expression2 f 8 poems x is manife/ t he _h n1 9 a high degree1 ! gift ( v]bal music & ( *>ms4 ,8 gift ( ! grotesque1 v real & orig9al1 0 also 8 sn>e4 ,9 ,*ri/mas ,eve & ,ea/] ,day1 ) ,m5 & ,wom51 we h ! true ess5ce ( ,br[n+ at 8 be/2 we h 8 dramatic lyrics1 ) _! amaz+ abundance ( "* & v>iety ( measure4 ,aft] ! fir/ fasc9at+ volume ,! ,r+ & ! ,book became monoton\s4 ,"o song 9 ,p>acelsus1 to myself1 seems wor? all ! dissection ( "* 9 ! blank v]se4 ,!re are _m :o f9d a k9d ( spiritual help 9 su* pieces z ,prospice4 ,!re are ?\s&s :o f9d 9 ,m5 & ,wom5 a sort ( intellectual enjoym5t 7or ent]ta9m5t7 :i* !y c d]ive f no o!r poet :o ev] liv$4 ,an en]gy1 life1 & sympa?y1 break+ =? 9 fre%1 unhe>d-( ways2 vocal 9 /range1 pi]c+1 untri$ measures3 ^! are ! imp]i%able qualities ( ,br[n+4 ,look at 8 r5d]+ ( ! ,agamemnon3 su* is 8 v]sion ( life4 ,! poetry ( s*ylus is n !re3 8c>m9a desunt02 b !re is a new1 odd1 unexpect$ r5d]+ ( ! trag$y4 ,s poignant & brok51 sad1 glad1 grotesque1 & pitiful1 0 ,br[n+'s r5d]+ ( life4 ,he 0 8ev] a fight]03 no poet is m exempt f :9+ & despair4 ,de/9y l9k$ him ) ,mrs4 ,br[n+1 ^: g5ius1 s9c]e & orig9al1 is apt to be obscur$ by palpable faults ( mann]1 emotion1 & ev5 rhyme1 on :i* x is sup]flu\s to dwell4 ,h] m]its1 & "s ( h] defects1 made ,mrs4 ,br[n+ ! mo/ popul> ( wom5 poets 9 ,engl&1 except1 p]haps1 ,miss ,+el[4 ,bo?1 9 ! cr[d ( accompli%$ v]sifi]s1 appe> z true poets1 ?\gh bo?1 no d\bt1 fail to rea* ! place ( ,miss ,*ri/9a ,rossetti1 :o nev] c be popul>4 ,! matt] ( popul>ity is full ( puzzles & p>adoxes4 ,t5nyson 0 popul>1 yet great because he is popul>4 ,!re 0 a mom5t :5 popul>ity )\t p]man5ce might h be5 expect$ = ,longfell[4 ,! excell5ce ( 8 moral int5tions 0 !n m obvi\s ?an ! poetry4 ,su* e>ly pieces z ,excelsior & ,! ,psalm ( ,life yield odd results on analysis4 ,b n mu* bett] c be said = ! ,que5 ( ! ,may1 & = p>ts ( ,! ,mill]'s ,daught]4 ,9 ^! is a m>vell\s dext]ity 9 s9k+4 ,b s9k1 & rema9 sunk1 0 z little *>act]i/ic ( ,longfell[ z ( ,t5nyson4 ,he 0 a true poet1 9 8 lyrics1 ev5 9 8 translations1 z well z 9 ,evangel9e1 & t excell5t exp]im5t ,hiawa?a1 :]e ! measure ( ! ,f9ni% popul> poems is appli$ to ! n dissimil> leg5ds ( ano!r woodl& race4 ,b ,longfell[ lack$ t undef9able quality ( ! r>e1 ! /range1 ! hi!rto unhe>d yet delightful note :i* n[ & aga9 is he>d 9 ! v]se ( ,edg> ,poe4 ,he 0 an ,i%maelite 9 lit]ature1 8 h& aga9/ e man's h&1 & h5ce seems to be less admir$ :]e he 0 p]sonally kn[n ?an 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,x is n ! fam\s ,rav51 b su* pieces z ,to ,hel51 ! ,sleep]1 & at mo/ a doz5 o!rs :i* give ,poe 8 high place 9 ! judgm5t ( 8 admir]s4 ,n 8 ideas1 b ! beauty ( 8 haunt+ l9es1 conf]s on him ! laurel4 ,( ,bryant1 z a rule1 & ( ,:itti] almo/ always1 ! rev]se is ! tru?4 ,! acceptability ( _! ideas1 ! ref9$ simplicity1 n ! natural magic1 ( _! =m1 are _! claims to r5[n4 ,except 9 a few places1 z 9 su* z 8 ,commemoration ,ode1 ,mr4 ,l[ell is bett] rememb]$ = ! wit & vigor ( 8 ,bigl[ poems ?an = 8 s]i\s v]se1 at lea/ 9 ,engl&2 :ile ,em]son's prose has prec$5ce "h ov] 8 poetry4 ,! wisdom ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 bl5d$ ) 8 happy1 c\rage\s temp]1 made ,em]son a corrective ,c>lyle1 :ile ,?oreau is ! complem5t ( ,em]son4 ,conc]n+ ! great ,victorian noveli/s1 ,?ack]ay & ,dick5s1 s mu* is daily writt5 t rem>k is sup]flu\s4 ,a ma/] ( obs]vation ( all t _h r>ely be5 obs]v$1 a g5]\s he>t1 an orig9al & abundant humori/1 ! greate/ s\rce ( mir? 9 our c5tury1 ,dick5s appe>s to we> less well ?an 8 rival4 ,! unapproa*$ m]its ( ,?ack]ay's /yle mu/ pres]ve him 9 lit]ature2 8 pa?os is r>e & un=c$2 8 =m ( humor is z p]man5t z t ( ,field+1 & z successfully mat*$ by 8 phras+4 ,ev5 8 v]se1 mir?ful or melan*oly1 does n fade1 & has its own place on ! bord]l& ( poetry4 ,george ,eliot's fame1 too1 mu/ revive ! success ( h] e>li] & m humor\s novels1 be=e %e became too fond ( ! ,sp5c]ian philosophy1 & took h]self too s]i\sly1 a natural result ( adulation4 ,*>lotte ,bront1 9 ! same way1 has be51 z x 71 r$iscov]$ amid a *orus ( fre% applauses1 & ) p]haps r too curi\s inve/igations4 ,9 ,am]ica1 aft] ,haw?orne1 ,dr4 ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes & ,mrs4 ,bee*] ,/[e 7 ! noveli/s mo/ g5]ally admir$ 9 ,engl&1 :5 ,?ack]ay & ,dick5s 7 v]g+ to _! decl9e4 ,x is1 inde$1 to be regrett$ t ,dr4 ,holmes did n write m fiction :5 9 8 prime4 ,8 excell5t & orig9al ,elsie ,v5n]1 & ,gu>dian ,angel1 ) _! humor\s pictures ( real life & _! ?read ( phantasy1 half my/ical1 half sci5tific1 bord] 7z (t5 9 ! ,poet & ,pr(essor at ! ,breakfa/ ,table7 on ! gr\nd ( 8psy*ical rese>*40 ,dr4 ,holmes 0 n m]ely1 9 v]se & prose1 an exquisite wit1 b a man ( r>e k1 a man ( sci5ce1 & a /urdy def5d] ( ! purity ( ! language4 ,mrs4 ,bee*] ,/[e1 on ! o!r h&1 took ! _w by /orm ) a vivid tract 9 ! =m ( fiction2 a book n[ n easy to criticise1 b :i* c /ill move to laught] & te>s4 ,x is my 8insul> ignorance0 :i* prev5ts me f appreciat+ o!r ,am]ican fictions ( t age1 be=e ! days ( writ]s /ill happily liv+ & work+3 ,m>k ,twa91 ,bret ,h>te1 ,w4 ,d4 ,h[ells1 ,h5ry ,james1 & scores ( o!rs1 :o1 be+ "h to speak = !mselves1 %all n be comm5t$ ^u 9 ?is place4 ,) ,mr4 ,h[ells1 z a critic1 ,i h tri$ to break lances1 :ile ready to admit "o ( 8 ma9 cont5tions1 t ! art ( ,scott1 ,?ack]ay1 ,dick5s1 & o!rs ( our fa!rs w\ld h pr(it$ mu* by be+ a f9] art1 by cond5sation1 by omission1 by avoidance ( ! sup]flu\s4 ,b t our mod]n fiction is a great] art1 t romance & /ory-tell+ & adv5ture are obsolete1 or ought to be obsolete1 t ,i c nev] admit :ile human nature is human nature4 ,mank9d w nev] be cont5t1 9 fiction1 ) tales ( ! psy*ology ( ! ord9>y p]son2 ord9>y z we are1 we desire to be1 l ,hom]'s ,h]acles1 conv]sant ) great adv5tures4 ,mr4 ,h[ells p]haps may ?9k ,ari/otle a ,greek snob :5 he ma9ta9s t trag$y mu/ f9d its !me 9 ! sorr[s ( ! god-desc5d$ k+s4 ,are n ! griefs ( ! poor or ( ! middle classes z poignant8 ,!y are2 b !y d n involve su* heights & dep?s ( =tune1 rais+ or wreck+ :ole /ates1 z d ! woes 8( ,!bes1 or ,atreus's l9e40 ,! fall ( ,pr9ce ,*>les f an h\r ev5 ( %ad[y royalty1 f ! lead]%ip ( an army1 f ! wond]+ admiration ( ,europe & ! applause ( ,voltaire into ! subject & dep5d5t sot is an example ( mod]n hi/orical trag$y2 9 its elevation & its decl9e m apt to move 8pity & t]ror0 ?an ! circum/ance t a j\rnali/ has tak5 to dr9k4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,am]ica1 s 9 t ( ,engl&1 ,i _c ent] into ! m]its ( liv+ noveli/s 9 s wide a task z ! brief review ( a c5tury4 ,mr4 ,m]$i?1 z a vet]an ( ! #fj's1 has %[n1 p]haps1 fully :at is ! nature ( 8 a*ievem5t2 he %9es z a creator ( "* 7! highe/ praise7 & z a writ] ) a ?or\ghly orig9al view ( ! _w1 z a poet & z a wit4 ,t 8 mann] is entirely =tunate1 & n r t+$ ) wilful ecc5tricities l ^? ( ,br[n+ & ,c>lyle1 c sc>cely be disput$4 ,an accompli%$ "y noveli/ has admitt$ to me t 8 mann] is 8cat*+10 & t he has to /ruggle aga9/ half-consci\s ef=ts at imitation4 ,o!rs d n /ruggle2 & mo/ gr[ old] be=e !y are able to write l !mselves1 ) _! own voices4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,/ev5son 0 caught n[ & !n1 8 own voice be+ orig9al inde$1 b yet full ( memories ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 & ev5 ( ! ,cam]onian writ]s4 ,to my m9d ,mr4 ,/ev5son 0 ! greate/1 or1 at lea/1 ! mo/ enjoyable1 ( our noveli/s s9ce ,george ,eliot1 excell+ 9 matt] & =m1 ?\gh probably always prev5t$ by ?w>t+ circum/ances f do+ himself complete ju/ice4 ,he practically reviv$ 9 ,engl& ! novel hi/orical1 n[ s abundantly practis$1 & practis$ ) _s1 by ,mr4 ,/anley ,weyman1 ,mr4 ,an?ony ,hope1 ,dr4 ,conan ,doyle1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,w4 ,mason1 & a regim5t ( foll[]s4 ,! novel sci5tific1 z 9 ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,wells1 & ! novel ( adv5ture1 8beyond ! b\nds ( kn[n romanticism10 z 9 ,mr4 ,rid] ,hagg>d's works1 ) ! detective novel & ! ,ori5tal & imp]iali/ic romances ( ,mr4 ,kipl+1 prove t man w n be satisfi$ ) dome/ic realism alone4 ,i nev] ?\ght he w\ld6 ,mr4 ,kipl+'s a/oni%+ p[]s ( vision1 8 habit ( ru?lessly cutt+ ! sup]flu\s1 & 8 amaz+ comm& ( te*nicalities1 help to acc\nt = 8 _w-wide fame4 ,b ! greate/ ( ^! is vision1 n an acquir$ result ( ?\ght1 b a gift ( ,heav54 ,! age has also produc$ a weal? ( novels ) a purpose4 ,w\ld t ! au?ors c\ld be induc$ to /ate _! purposes squ>ely1 9 undecorative treatises6 ,b ,i confess t ! treatises w\ld n be read4 ,! specialism ( mod]n sci5ce has also invad$ fiction1 & "s au?ors f9d a c\nty or a p>i% wide en\gh = ! "w ( a lifetime4 ,! di/rict has its dialect1 & :o c reprove x :5 spok5 by ! creatures ( ,mr4 ,b>rie & ,mr4 ,crockett8 ,?is k9d ( fiction is ! result ( our desire to le>n 7?r\gh novels7 ab\t ! lives ( all sorts & conditions ( m54 ,enf91 ! :ole scope ( mortal exi/5ce is n[ ! f>rage libelli ( ! noveli/s :o range f prehi/oric man to ,be?nal ,gre52 f ,?rums to ,c5tral ,africa4 ,!re is n ! same eag]ness to read hi/ory1 :i* ,james ,,ii4 reg>d$ z 8m in/ructive1 & q z amus+40 ,my he>t is "h ) ,k+ ,james1 & ,i confess to ga9+ m ent]ta9m5t f ,c>lyle's ,fr$]ick ! ,great ?an f mo/ novels4 ,! e>li] hi/orians1 f ,scott to ,c>lyle1 ,macaulay & ,fr\de1 plac$ ! human int]e/ 9 ! front rank4 ,!y conceiv$ t hi/ory _h to d ) human be+s ( passions1 caprices1 moods1 loves1 & hates1 dwell+ 9 a _w ( int]e/+ co/umes1 arms1 ar*itecture1 ideas1 & beliefs4 ,?us ,c>lyle1 ) mu* rese>*1 creat$ 8 ,cromwell or 8 ,fr$]ick1 z ,scott creat$ 8 ,que5 ,m>y1 8 ,l\is ,,xi41 8 ,james ,,vi41 or 8 ,cromwell 9 ,wood/ock1 :o is n too remote f ,c>lyle's4 ,= ^! reasons ,scott1 ,fr\de1 ,c>lyle1 & ,macaulay really are 8amus+0 z well z in/ructive hi/orians4 ,:5 in/itutions & con/itutions _h to be describ$ !y 7 plac$ 9 sep>ate comp>tm5ts1 z 9 ! works ( ,hallam & ,bi%op ,/ubbs4 ,hi/orians /udi$ manuscripts1 ( c\rse1 b x 0 n held t only ! unpr9t$ 0 ! valuable1 t a new survey ( kn[n matt] 0 absolutely valueless4 ,9 ! end ( ! c5tury we h hi/ory :i* is n 8z int]e/+ z a novel0 7l t ( ,prescott1 ,motley1 ,fr\de1 & ,macaulay71 b v f> f gay4 ,novelty ( rese>* is1 q ju/ly1 insi/$ ^u 7?\gh rese>* is z old z ,hem+burgh1 & 0 mu* advanc$ by ,gibbon1 ,c>t]1 ,rym]1 ,walpole1 ,tytl]1 & s on7 till1 by a natural error1 e scrap won f a wild]ness ( *>t]s is valu$ beyond its des]ts4 ,! human int]e/ is fr[n$ ^u2 movem5ts ( =ces1 political & social1 are treat$ 9 pref]5ce to p]sonal "* & adv5ture4 ,meticul\s accuracy is insi/$ ^u1 till n]v\s /ud5ts are actually afraid to publi%4 ,ev5 ,momms51 greate/ ( orig9al /ud5ts1 is reg>d$ z frivol\s1 ev5 ,curtius z 8popul>0 by ! mod]n s*ool4 ,x is natural to man to run into ^! excesses ( reaction4 ,fr\de is n (t5 accurate1 ,macaulay has prejudices1 ev5 ,mr4 ,freeman 0 n s\nd ab\t ,knights' ,fees & ab\t a c]ta9 palisade4 ,n[ ! public does n c>e ab\t ,knights' ,fees or ab\t ! ,manor1 mu*2 nor ev5 ab\t ! obscure e>ly hi/ory ( civic in/itutions4 ,9 fact1 ev5 ref]5ces to au?orities fright5 away "p ( ! public1 ^: timidity ,i d n applaud4 ,! results ( our frivolity & ( ! port5t\s gravity ( "s mod]n hi/orians is t1 s9ce ,mr4 ,gre51 sc>cely any writ] ( hi/ory is read except = exam9ations4 ,z long z hi/orians decl>e 7(t5 ) p]fect tru?7 t _! own works are n lit]ature1 b some?+ f> m awful & solemn1 namely sci5ce1 hi/ory mu/ be unpopul>4 ,b we are only wait+ = a man ( g5ius z accurate z ! mo/ meticul\s1 & z int]e/+ z ! agreeably irresponsible ,fr\de4 ,( sci5ce ,i am n to treat1 s ,i am disp5s$ f rem>ks on our sci5tific mod]n hi/orians4 ,x is c]ta9 t 9 collect+ & pr9t+ & cal5d>+ docum5ts ! age 9 all c\ntries has %[n praisewor?y indu/ry1 :ile ,mr4 ,p>kman 9 ,am]ica1 l our mid-c5tury hi/orians1 0 n too sci5tific to be readable4 ,( !ology1 except :5 recomm5d$ by ! art ( a ,newman or a ,j[ett1 no?+ is "h to be said2 ?\gh ,i c\ld *e]fully say a good deal1 especially ab\t ,biblical criticism4 ,b t is sci5ce1 ?\gh sc>cely ! sort ( sci5ce :i* has be5 def9$ z 8organiz$ common-s5se40 ,! poetry ( ! late c5tury 9 ,engl& boa/s ! names ( ,rossetti1 ,william ,morris1 ,mat!w ,arnold1 & ,mr4 ,sw9burne4 ,x is t+$1 9 ! =m] ) m$ivalism d]iv$ f ! ,italians & ,*auc]2 :ile 9 ,mr4 ,sw9burne e conceivable lit]>y influ5ce1 f ! ,greeks to ,baudelaire1 f ! ,elizabe?ans to ,victor ,hugo1 makes itself abundantly conspicu\s4 ,^! poets1 y\ng] ?an ,mat!w ,arnold1 are n mu* influ5c$ by ,wordswor?1 ?\gh by ,%elley ,mr4 ,sw9burne 0 influ5c$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,arnold 0 a mod]n1 academic1 het]odox ,wordswor?1 & (t5 a truly delightful poet4 ,he /ood mu* alo( f ! contempor>y lit]ature ( 8 day1 & 8 lett]s prove t he 0 no f]v5t admir] ev5 ( ,t5nyson or ,br[n+4 ,8 own poetry has be5 to _m1 z to myself1 full ( delightful passages1 :e!r he wrote ( ! ,ox=d c\ntry-side1 or ( ,wordswor?'s hills1 ( 8! %orn & p>cell$ ,oxus10 or ( ! moan+ sea t ,sophocles long ago he>d z he he>d x on ,dov] bea*4 ,he 0 our greate/ mod]n elegiac poet2 a ma/] ( ! ,dirge4 ,( ! liv+1 aga91 no criticism c be (f]$2 we only note ! names1 & real if v v>i\s m]its1 ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,bridges1 ,mr4 ,watson1 ,mr4 ,davidson1 ,mr4 ,dobson1 ,mr4 ,b5son1 ,mr4 ,?ompson1 ,mr4 ,h5ley1 ,mr4 ,gosse1 ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,philips1 ,mrs4 ,m>riott ,watson1 ,mrs4 ,maynell1 ,mr4 ,kipl+1 8a ne/ ( s++ birds40 ,x w\ld be imp]t95t1 & inde$ p]il\s1 to 8draw invidi\s di/9ctions10 z ! und]graduate said ab\t ! major & m9or prophets3 nor is x = ?is c5tury to sift ! poetic %eep f ! goats1 :o1 9 an age t reads little poetry1 are greatly guilty ( mu* v]se4 ,! unassum+ & decri$ art ( criticism rema9s4 ,essays are ( no "o age2 !re are simil> excell5ces 9 e good essayi/ s9ce ,montaigne4 ,we h no ,hazlitt1 ,lamb1 or ,leigh ,hunt1 b we _h ,mr4 ,/eph5son & ,mr4 ,pat]1 s unlike 9 all b consci\s int]e/ 9 /yle1 & rem9isc5ce ( ! be/ models4 ,inde$1 essay writ+ is almo/ an unpractis$ art1 z ! public 8has no use = x10 any m ?an = ! lett] ,h on ! ,s&wi* bo>ds4 ,a fairly bad noveli/ c live2 to an appall+ly bad noveli/ ! workh\se unfolds its awful valves4 ,9 lit]>y criticism ,mr4 ,arnold /ood alone 9 8 age1 & ,mr4 ,arnold's lit]>y income1 x is kn[n1 surpris$1 :5 /at$1 ! ,commission]s ( ,income ,tax3 n by its afflu5ce4 ,( liv+ critics x w\ld be 9 ! highe/ degree dang]\s to say a ^w1 ?\gh _m words1 bo? ( praise & dispraise1 might be said ( a p]son ( reckless "*4 ,t 7) obvi\s exceptions7 mo/ critics are m5 intimately famili> ) :at is be/1 f ,hom] to ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,philips1 few /ud5ts w\ld v5ture to av]4 ,t we 7= am ,i n ! lea/ ( all critics1 & n wor?y to be call$ a critic87 are entirely devoid ( ignorance1 p]sonal bias1 likes1 dislikes1 prejudices1 pet av]sions1 indol5ce1 we are n s bl9dly conceit$ z to ma9ta94 ,we h be5 taught by _m c5turies ( creative g5iuses1 f ,!ocritus to ! late/ prote/+ popul> noveli/s1 to "k our prop] place1 & we take refuge 9 8confession & avoidance40 ,! new c5tury w n "k our names :5 we pass :]e ,d5nis & :]e ,cibb] are1 unless ,mr4 ,rob]t ,bu*anan writes a new ,dunciad4 ,! c5tury1 ev5 if we are 9 full decad5ce 7( :i* we are n ! be/ judges71 has be5 glori\s 9 lit]ature1 & holds its own well ) any 9 mod]n hi/ory4 ,engli% itself has pass$ f ! occasionally /ilt$ ,augu/an survival1 ?r\gh ! novelties ( ,macaulay1 ,de ,qu9cey1 & ,c>lyle1 & ! e>ly decorat$ ( ,mr4 ,rusk91 into slip%od slang 9 "o extreme1 & euphuism 9 ! o!r4 ,b ! ma9 /ream keeps its c\rse1 & ,engli% may be writt5 ) p]fect purity1 & ) new flu5cy & v>iety1 by ! m5 = :om ! task is res]v$ by fate4 ,b :at does ! c5tury bequea? by way ( intellectual motive8 ,little b ! m or less trans=m$ =ces ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re is sci5ce1 b sci5ce1 happily1 is beg9n+ to be aw>e t %e is n really omnisci5t4 ,conceivably h] foot is on ! bord] ( a new region1 (t5 surmis$1 nev] explor$1 full ( light on ! problems ( _s & matt]4 ,h5ce1 inde$1 might come a new =ce 9 lett]s4 ,aga91 ! social ideas ( #agej-ahjj may take practical %apes ( incalculable mom5t\sness1 b ^! w\ld n = long be favorable to lit]ature4 ,or1 less probably1 ! return on ! pa/ may assume practical %ape1 ?\gh ?is elem5t ( ! lat] eighte5? c5tury may seem1 z f> z lett]s g1 to be exhau/$4 ,9 brief1 z ,i began by say+1 ! division ( lit]>y p]iods by measures ( "t is a cross-division4 ,?is peculi>ity ! la/ hundr$ ye>s possess3 t lit]ature n[ blossoms on a f> wid] field4 ,engli%-speak+ ,am]ica _h1 inde$1 a lit]ature long be=e ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce2 b x 0 n a lit]ature = e read] ( to-day4 ,n[1 & = long1 ! ,/ates h tak5 _! own "p 9 hi/ory1 fiction1 poetry1 & all o!r bran*es ( lett]s4 ,g]many came back into _w lit]ature aga9 j at ! end+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 aft] unreg>d$ ages ( neglect4 ,russia & ! ,sc&9avian ,nor? awoke ab\t ! same "t1 & daily wid5 _! influ5ce1 z does ,belgium 9 ! sun%9e ( ,maet]l9ck4 ,france1 ( c\rse1 has 9 all "t be5 9 ! =emo/ rank2 :ile to balance ,am]ica1 ,russia1 & ! ,nor?1 ,italy & ,spa9 h sc>cely held ! place :i* ?r\gh s _m c5turies 0 _! own4 ,su* *anges 9 national lit]atures resemble ! political wax+s & wan+s ( national =tunes4 ,! ,engli%-speak+ peoples may h _! eclipse2 p]haps x is h]ald$ by a mod]n comp>ative defici5cy 9 humor :i*1 if ,engl& & ,am]ica cease to laugh1 w die out ( a pr(\ndly solemn _w4 ,9 ! =ego+ rem>ks little has be5 said ab\t ! lit]ature ( ! c5tury except among ,engli%-speak+ peoples4 ,n be+ a ,mezz(anti1 ,i am n p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ! lit]ature ( all languages1 & x is a va9 ?+ to speak ( books at second h&4 ,x 0 n ! n9ete5? b ! eighte5? c5tury t saw ,g]many re-ent] ! field ( pure lit]ature1 z di/+ui%$ f t ( s*ol>%ip & sci5ce4 ,s9ce ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ) _! poets1 ,g]man writ]s _h ma9ly be5 devot$ to !ology & classical criticism4 ,lat9 0 ! language ( ! le>n$4 ,_m asc]ta9able causes1 9 ! middle & end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & d\btless _m causes :i* _c be asc]ta9$1 awoke aga9 ! ,teutonic g5ius4 ,! victories ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great gave ,g]mans patriotism & confid5ce 9 _! own tongue4 ,! philosophic & social works :i* prelud$ to ! ,fr5* ,revolution /irr$ ! ,g]man m9d & requir$ popul> expression4 ,?us ,kant wrote 9 8 own native spee* 9 reaction aga9/ ! sceptical philosophy ( ,david ,hume1 & ,kant became ! fa!r ( ! long array ( ,g]man metaphysicians f ,hegel & ,fi*te to ,s*op5hau] & ,h>tmann4 ,_! philosophy 8_c be briefly /at$1 especially 9 ,fr5*10 z "o ( !m said1 b its g5]al effect has be5 r to c\nt]act mat]ialism by mak+ x pretty pla9 t human nature is n s simple & easily to be expla9$ z ! ,scotti% philosoph]s 7 apt to suppose4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,col]idge gave an ,anglican he>t to ! new ,g]man philosophy1 :i* also influ5c$ ,hamilton1 & /ill affects ! philosophical tea*+ ( ,ox=d4 8,x is nons5se1 b is x ! "r sort ( nons5se80 ask$ ! late ,pr(essor ,sidgwick 7a ,cambridge man7 :5 /ruggl+ ) ! exam9ation pap]s ( a ,hegelian und]graduate4 ,m important z lit]ature 7 ! d\ble influ5ces ( return on ! m$ival pa/ & ( inspiration by ! new political & social ideas :i* gave ! impulse to ! g5ius ( ,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 ,brg]1 & o!rs4 ,goe! began z ! *ild ( ,r\sseau1 b z a *ild :o _h read ,kant1 & drunk deep ( ! romance ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,d\btless 8 is ! greate/ "n ( mod]n ,g]many1 bo? z a /ud5t ( life1 ( nature1 ( hi/ory1 & ( ?\ght4 ,he 0 ! spiritual p>5t ( ,scott1 ) 8 ,gtz von ,b]li*+51 &1 ) ,ri*t]1 ( ,c>lyle4 ,?r\gh himself & 8 ,engli% or ,scotti% disciples1 ,goe! has be5 ! mo/ f]tile s\rce ( *ange 9 ! lit]ature ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 extreme old age1 curi\s to say1 he gave ! fir/ impulse to ! /udy ( e>ly religion z display$ 9 ! obscure rites & beliefs ( ! ,au/ralian natives3 a !me remote en\gh f 8 effect on ! poetry ( ,mat!w ,arnold4 ,probably ! two p>ts ( 8 ,fau/ & 8 ,roman ,lyrics are ! mo/ popul>1 &1 z lit]ature1 ! mo/ p]man5t p>ts ( 8 "w1 ) ,w]!r1 ,wilhelm ,mei/]1 & ,elective ,aff9ities1 9 prose4 ,s*ill]1 beg9n+ ) ! boyi% romanticism ( ,! ,robb]s1 became a k9d ( classic 9 8 lat] dramas4 ,less+ & ,w9ckelmann 7 ! mo/ s\nd & f]tile influ5ces 9 criticism4 ,! ,laocoon rema9s indisp5sable4 ,! patriotic lyri/s resurrect$ ! national _s ( ! ,teutonic race1 & ,he9e1 ,hebrew by race & half ,fr5* 9 "*1 comb9$ ! *>act]i/ics ( ,lucian1 ,burns1 & ,voltaire4 ,wolf1 writ+ 9 ,lat9 7& ,i believe t 8 "w on ,hom] has nev] atta9$ a ?ird edition1 & has nev] be5 translat$ into ,engli%71 became ! p>5t1 = good or evil1 ( :at is call$ ! ,high] ,criticism1 ,la*mann introduc+ ! pa9fully conjectural t5d5cies ( t intellectual ex]cise4 ,its application to scriptural texts is notori\s1 b n precisely z "p ( lit]ature4 ,l o!r ,european c\ntries1 ! ,g]many ( ! close ( ! c5tury is n rem>kable = respl5d5t g5ius 9 poetry or fiction1 ?\gh novels ab\nd4 ,! sci5tific1 hi/orical1 & s*ol>ly lit]ature is ( va/ pr(usion4 ,9 ?or\ghness & tireless pati5ce1 ,g]many is ! tea*] ( ! _w1 :ile 9 curi\s contra/ to h] practical g5ius is ! love ( "s ( h] s*ol>s = baseless conjecture4 ,! 8insul>ity0 ) :i* ! ,engli% are *>g$ is a matt] ( reproa* by ,fr5* s*ol>s aga9/ ,g]many4 ,"s sets ( ideas1 long famili> 9 ,am]ica1 ,engl&1 & ! ,lat9 nations1 are only n[ beg9n+ to rea* ,g]man classical s*ol>s4 ,to write an acc\nt ( ! *anges 9 ,fr5* lit]ature dur+ ! c5tury is impossible )9 mod]ate space4 ,! revolution>y & ,napoleonic w>s 7 unfavorable to ! lit]>y art1 & ! head ( s great a poet z ,&r ,*ni] fell "u ! guillot9e4 ,till ab\t #ahbe-ahcj ! ,re/oration 0 accompani$ by lit]ature 9 ! old classic /yle ( ,boileau & ( ! ,augu/an age1 only enliv5$ by ! romantic if some:at affect$ /yle ( t great rhetorician1 ,*teaubri&4 ,! ye> #ahcj is ! sacr$ ye> ( ,fr5* romanticism1 draw+ its ideals p>tly f ! ,g]man romantic movem5t1 p>tly f ,scott & ,%akespe>e1 read1 ( c\rse1 only 9 translations4 ,ev]y?+ 0 n[ to be m$ival1 ,spani%1 & passionate3 ! drama 0 to be emancipat$ f ,ari/otle1 also read 9 translations4 ,z f> z classicism w5t ! "y adv5tur]s _h no m ,greek ?an ,%akespe>e or ,scott4 ,b !y _h ! colossal & ,titanic g5ius ( ,hugo1 exquisitely sweet1 rapid1 /range1 & v]satile 9 lyric3 pot5t1 if inflat$1 9 ! drama & ! novel4 ,!y _h ! *>m+ humor & exquisite ta/e ( ,?ophile ,gauti]2 ! fev]i% passion & ma/]y 9 v]se ( ,alfr$ de ,musset2 ! delicate1 dreamy1 & w&]+ _s ( ,gr>d de ,n]val2 & ! manly1 c\rage\s1 humor\s1 & unwe>i$ vigor1 9 drama & 9 fiction1 ( ,alex&re ,dumas4 ,?is 01 inde$1 an extraord9>y g5]ation1 by f> ! greate/ s9ce t ( ,corneille1 ,rac9e1 & ,molire4 ,_m o!rs might be nam$3 ! res]v$ =ce & incisive irony ( ,mrime2 ! le>n$ & g5ial criticism ( ,sa9te-,beuve2 ! inexhau/ible tal5t ( ,george ,s&1 & ! mighty ,balzac1 ! mak] & f\nd] ( ! mod]n "w ( introspection4 ,probably1 ( all ^! writ]s1 ,dumas & ,balzac h ex]cis$ mo/ influ5ce on lat] fiction 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,flaub]t cont9u$1 ) pa9ful elaboration1 ! traditions ( ,balzac2 f ,flaub]t1 & r\nd him1 grew up ,daudet & ,m4 ,zola1 & ! ,gonc\rts4 ,poetry1 aft] ,lam>t9e1 dw9dl$ into ! prett9esses ( ! ,p>nasse & ! ecc5tricities1 too obvi\sly int5tional1 ( ,baudelaire1 ,v]la9e1 & ! ,symboli/es4 ,lit]>y art1 at ! end ( ! c5tury1 became too self-consci\s1 too fond ( argum5t ab\t ideals & me?ods1 ! tattle ( ! /udio4 ,great m5 h n ?us dissipat$ _! en]gy2 !y h done :at !y c\ld d2 !y h n talk$ ab\t h[ !y did x4 ,:at ,engli% lit]ature 0 borr[$ f ,france1 at ?is "t1 is m 9 ! nature ( words ?an "w4 ,criticism has be5 a *ima]a bomb9ans 9 vacuo1 *att]+ ab\t realism1 naturalism1 symbolism1 ! use ( docum5ts1 & s =?4 ,! defects1 r ?an ! m]its1 ( ,france h be5 imitat$2 a squalid pessimism is easily affect$4 ,! clos+ c5tury has se5 ,russia awake1 z ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury beheld ! lit]>y revival ( ,g]many4 ,russian poetry has only rea*$ ! le>n$ among u3 ! novels ( ,turgu5ieff1 ,du/oiefsky1 & ,tol/o are read 9 translation1 ) curiosity1 antipa?y1 en?usiasm1 & an abs5ce ( t emotion4 ,x is v long s9ce ,t]5tianus ,maurus rem>k$ t ! =tunes ( a book dep5d$ on ! ta/e ( ! read]4 ,(t5 he is favorably impress$1 n by ! actual m]it ( ! /ory z a /ory or z a "w ( lit]>y art1 b by its appeal to 8 private s5tim5ts1 z ( socialism1 pessimism1 toryism1 or :atev] !y may be4 ,possibly ! vehem5t admir]s ( "s ,russian writ]s h be5 ?us misguid$4 ,9 any case1 no qualifi$ critic ?9ks t 8 op9ion ( works :i* he _c read 9 ! orig9al language is ( any value4 ,= ?is reason ,i ne$ n (f5d or please ! read] by (f]+ any un9/ruct$ s5tim5ts ab\t ! great ,sc&9avian dramati/1 ,dr4 ,ibs52 or conc]n+ ! "w ( ,signor d',annunzio1 or ! plays ( ,m4 ,maet]l9ck4 ,to pron\nce ea* ( ^! g5tlem5 a ,%akespe>e or s*ylus is n unusual 9 cultivat$ circles2 x rema9s = ! new c5tury to ratify or qua% ! v]dict4 ,9 ! mean "t1 h ! approv+ critics tak5 ! precaution ( read+ s*ylus & ,%akespe>e8 ,,&rew ,,lang4 ,,eng9e]+ ,! mat]ial prosp]ity ( ! la/ c5tury is due to ! co-op]ation ( ?ree classes ( m53 ! man ( sci5ce1 :o lives only = tru? & ! discov]y ( nature's laws2 ! inv5tor1 eag] to apply ^! discov]ies to money-mak+ ma*9es & processes1 & ! eng9e]1 tra9$ 9 ma!matical inve/igation & 9 k ( ! physical conditions :i* gov]n 8 pr(ession1 :i* is ! me*anical application ( ! laws ( nature4 ,eng9e]+ is sometimes divid$ into civil1 milit>y1 & naval eng9e]+4 ,! t]m civil eng9e]+1 :i* w be "h describ$1 is (t5 us$ by writ]s z cov]+ /ructural eng9e]+ only1 b x has a mu* wid] mean+4 ,! logical classification is3 /atical eng9e]+1 includ+ t ( all fix$ bodies1 & dynamical1 cov]+ ! movem5t ( all bodies by ! developm5t & application ( p[]4 ,/atical eng9e]+ c be aga9 subdivid$ into /ructural eng9e]+1 or t ( railways1 highways1 bridges1 f\ndations1 tunnels1 build+s1 etc42 also1 into hydraulic eng9e]+1 :i* gov]ns ! application ( wat] to canals1 riv] improvem5ts1 h>bors1 ! supply ( wat] to t[ns & = irrigation1 disposal ( sewage1 etc4 ,dynamical eng9e]+ c be divid$ into me*anical eng9e]+1 :i* cov]s ! con/ruction ( all prime motors1 ! transmission ( p[]1 & ! use ( ma*9es & ma*9e tools4 ,closely alli$ is electrical eng9e]+1 ! art ( ! trans=mation & transmission ( en]gy = traction1 light+1 telegraphy1 telephon+1 op]at+ ma*9]y1 & _m o!r uses1 su* z its electrolytic application to ores & metals4 ,!n we h ! comb9$ application ( /atical1 me*anical1 & electrical eng9e]+ to :at is n[ call$ indu/rial eng9e]+1 or ! production ( articles useful to man4 ,?is may be divid$ into agricultural1 m9+1 metallurgical1 & *emical eng9e]+4 ,surely ?is is a va/ field1 & c only be ha/ily describ$ 9 ! sket* :i* we are ab\t to give4 ,,/ructural ,,eng9e]+ ,?is is ! olde/ ( all4 ,we h n be5 able to surpass ! works ( ! pa/ 9 gr&eur or durability4 ,! pyramids ( ,egypt /ill /&1 & w /& = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,roman bridges1 aqu$ucts1 & sew]s /ill p]=m _! duties4 ,joseph's canal /ill irrigates ,l[] ,egypt4 ,! great wall ( ,*9a1 runn+ = fifte5 hundr$ miles ov] m\nta9s & pla9s1 conta9s "o hundr$ & fifty millions ( cubic y>ds ( mat]ials & is ! greate/ ( artificial works4 ,no mod]n build+ comp>es 9 gr&eur ) ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & ! m$ival ca!drals %ame our puny imitations4 ,^! mighty works 7 built to %[ ! piety ( ! ,*ur* or to gratify ! pride ( k+s4 ,"t & money 7 ( no acc\nt4 ,all ?is has n[ be5 *ang$4 ,capital controls1 & ! "q ( "t1 money1 & usefulness rules ev]y?+4 ,h5ce come sci5tific design & labor-sav+ ma*9]y4 ,! eng9e] ( our mod]n works fir/ calculates ! /resses on all _! p>ts1 & proportions !m accord+ly1 s t !re is no wa/e ( mat]ial4 ,h& labor has giv5 place to /eam ma*9]y4 ,all p>ts are int]*angeable1 s t !y c be made & fitt$ toge!r 9 ! lea/ possible "t1 z is se5 e day 9 ! con/ruction ( a /eel-fram$ (fice build+4 ,our workm5 receive mu* high] wages ?an 9 ! pa/1 :ile "t & co/ h be5 dim9i%$4 ,,railways ,! greate/ eng9e]+ "w ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ! developm5t ( ! railway sy/em :i* has *ang$ ! face ( ! _w4 ,beg9n+ 9 #ahbi ) ! locomotive ( ,george ,/eph5son1 x has ext5d$ ) su* /rides t1 aft] sev5ty ye>s1 !re are #dff1jjj miles ( railways 9 ! _w1 ( :i* #aij1jjj miles are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_! co/ is e/imat$ at =ty ?\s& millions ( doll>s1 ( :i* t5 ?\s& millions belong to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! rapidity ) :i* railways are built 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada contra/s /rongly ) :at has be5 done 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 ( ! en]gy ( ,russia 9 build+ #cjjj miles ( ,sib]ian railway 9 five or six ye>s4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates an av]age ( #fadg miles 0 complet$ e ye> dur+ t5 successive ye>s1 & 9 #ahhg !re 7 built #ab1ihb miles4 ,! physical difficulties ov]come 9 ,sib]ia are no great] ?an h be5 ov]come "h4 ,?is rapid con/ruction is due to sev]al causes1 ! mo/ pot5t ( :i* has be5 ! ne$ ( ext5d+ railways ov] great di/ances ) little money4 ,h5ce !y 7 built economically1 & at fir/ 9 n z solid a mann] z ^? ( ,europe4 ,/eep] gradi5ts1 %>p] curves1 & light] rails 7 us$4 ,?is r5d]$ necess>y a diff]5t k9d ( roll+-/ock suitable to su* con/ruction4 ,! swivell+-truck & equaliz+-beam enabl$ our eng9es to run safely on tracks :]e ! rigid ,european eng9es w\ld soon h be5 9 ! dit*4 ,our c>s 7 made long]1 & by ! use ( longitud9al fram+ mu* /rong]4 ,a great economy came f ! use ( anneal$ ca/-iron :eels1 ) h>d5$ tires1 all 9 "o piece1 in/ead ( be+ built up ( spokes1 hubs1 & tires 9 sep>ate p>ts4 ,^! :eels n[ seldom break1 & co/ mu* less ?an ,european :eels4 ,z !re are "s elev5 million c>-:eels 9 use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! result+ economy is great4 ,x 0 soon se5 t long] c>s w\ld c>ry a great] proportion ( pay+ load1 & ! m c>s t "o eng9e c\ld draw 9 a tra91 ! less w\ld be ! co/4 ,x 0 n until ! inv5tion by ,bessem] 9 #ahfd ( a /eel ( quality & co/ t made x available = rails t mu* heavi] c>s & locomotives c\ld be us$4 ,!n came a rapid increase4 ,z soon z ,bessem] rails 7 made 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! co/ fell f #age p] ton to #ej1 & n[ to #bf4 ,be=e t "t a wood5 c> weigh$ sixte5 tons1 & c\ld c>ry a pay+ load ( fifte5 tons4 ,! ?irty-ton eng9es ( ^? days c\ld n draw on a level ov] ?irty c>s weigh+ #ijj tons4 ,! press$ /eel c> ( to-day weighs no m ?an ! wood5 c>1 b c>ries a pay+ load ( fifty tons4 ,! heavie/ eng9es h n[ drawn on a level fifty /eel c>s1 weigh+ #cgej tons4 ,9 ! "o case ! pay+ load ( an eng9e 0 #dej tons2 n[ x is #bejj tons4 ,/eep grades soon develop$ a bett] brake sy/em1 & ^! heavi] tra9s h l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! automatic brake work$ f ! eng9e1 & also automatic c\pl]s1 sav+ "t & _m lives4 ,! capacity ( our railways has be5 greatly increas$ by ! use ( electric block-signals4 ,! p]fect+ ( bo? ! railway & its roll+-/ock has l$ to rem>kable results4 ,we h no accurate /ati/ics ( ! e>ly op]ation ( ,am]ican railways4 ,9 #ahfg ,poor's ,manual e/imat$ _! total freight tonnage at #ge1jjj1jjj & ! total freight receipts at #djj1jjj1jjj4 ,?is 0 an av]age rate p] ton ( #e4cc4 ,9 #ahii ,poor gives ! total freight tonnage at #ige1ghi1ida tons1 & ! freight receipts at #ibb1dcf1cad1 or an av]age rate p] ton ( n9ety-five c5ts4 ,_h ! rates ( #ahfg prevail$1 ! additional ye>ly co/ to ! public w\ld h be5 #d1bge1jjj1jjj1 or suffici5t to replace ! :ole railway sy/em 9 two & a half ye>s4 ,?is is an illu/ration only1 b a v /rik+ "o4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t su* high rates ( freight z ^? ( #ahfg w\ld h *eck$ traffic4 ,?is mu* c surely be said3 ! r$uction 9 co/ ( op]at+ our railways1 & ! consequ5t fall 9 freight rates1 h be5 pot5t factors 9 enabl+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates to s5d abroad la/ ye> #a1def1jjj1jjj wor? ( exports & flood ! _w ) our food & manufactur$ products4 ,,bridge ,,build+ ,9 e>ly days ! build+ ( a bridge 0 a matt] ( great c]emony1 & x 0 consecrat$ to protect x f evil spirits4 ,its con/ruction 0 controll$ by prie/s1 z ! title ( ! ,pope ( ,rome1 8,pontifex ,maximus10 indicates4 ,railways *ang$ all ?is4 ,in/ead ( ! picturesque /one bridge1 ^: long l9e ( l[ ar*es h>moniz$ ) ! l&scape1 !re came ! /raight gird] or high truss1 ugly inde$1 b quickly built1 & co/+ mu* less4 ,bridge con/ruction has made great] progress 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an abroad4 ,! heavy tra9s t we h describ$ call$ = /rong] bridges4 ,! l>ge ,am]ican roll+-/ock is n us$ 9 ,engl&1 & b little on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 z ! wid? ( tunnels & o!r ob/acles w n all[ ( x4 ,x is said t !re is an av]age ( "o bridge = e ?ree miles ( railway 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 mak+ #fc1jjj bridges1 mo/ ( :i* h be5 replac$ by new & /rong] ones dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,?is dem& has br\ght into exi/5ce _m bridge-build+ companies1 "s ( :om make ! :ole bridge1 f ! ore to ! f9i%$ product4 ,be=e ! adv5t ( railways1 highway bridges 9 ,am]ica 7 made ( wood1 & call$ trusses4 ,few ( !m exi/$ be=e railways4 ,! l>ge riv]s & e/u>ies 7 cross$ 9 horse-boats1 a trip m dang]\s ?an an ,atlantic voyage n[ is4 ,a few small] riv]s _h wood5 truss bridges4 ,al?\gh orig9ally inv5t$ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 !y 7 re9v5t$ by ,am]ican c>p5t]s4 ,"s ( ,burr's bridges are /ill /&+ aft] m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s' use4 ,?is %[s :at wood c d :5 n ov]/ra9$ & protect$ f wea!r & fire4 ,! com+ ( railways requir$ a /rong] type ( bridge to c>ry conc5trat$ loads1 & ! ,h[e truss1 ) v]tical iron rods1 0 inv5t$1 capable ( #aej-;foot spans4 ,ab\t #ahfh iron bridges began to take ! place ( wood5 bridges4 ,die-=g$ eyeb>s & p9 connections all[$ ( long] panels & long] spans4 ,"o ( ! fir/ long-span bridges 0 a s+le-track railway bridge ( #djj-;foot span ov] ! ,ohio at ,c9c9nati1 :i* 0 consid]$ to be a great a*ievem5t 9 #ahgj4 ,! ,k9zua viaduct1 #caj feet high & ov] half a mile long1 belongs to ?is era4 ,x is ! type ( ! num]\s high viaducts n[ s common4 ,ab\t #ahhe a new mat]ial 0 giv5 to eng9e]s1 hav+ great] /r5g? & t5acity ?an iron1 & comm]cially available f its l[ co/4 ,?is is basic /eel4 ,aft] _m exp]im5ts1 ! prop] proportions ( c>bon1 phosphorus1 sulphur1 & manganese 7 asc]ta9$1 & uni=mity result$4 ,! op5-he>? process is n[ g5]ally us$4 ,?is new *emical metal1 = su* x is1 is fifty p] c5t4 /rong] ?an iron1 & c be ti$ 9 a knot :5 cold4 ,! effect ( improv$ devices & ! use ( /eel is %[n by ! weights ( ! #djj-;foot ,ohio ,riv] iron bridge1 built 9 #ahgj1 & a bridge at ! same place1 built 9 #ahhf4 ,! bridge ( #ahgj 0 ( iron1 _h panels twelve feet long1 & its height 0 =ty-five feet1 & span #djj feet4 ,! bridge ( #ahhf 0 ( /eel1 _h panels ?irty feet long1 & its height 0 eighty feet4 ,its span 0 #eej feet4 ,! weights ( ! two 7 ne>ly alike4 ,! cantilev] design1 :i* is a revival ( a v anci5t type1 came into use4 ,! great ,=? ,bridge1 9 ,scotl&1 #afjj-;foot span1 is ( ?is /yle1 z are ! #ejj-;foot spans at ,p\ghkeepsie1 & n[ a new "o is be+ design$ to cross ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ne> ,quebec1 ( #ahjj-;foot span4 ,?is is probably ne> ! economic limit ( cantilev] con/ruction1 b ! susp5sion bridge c be ext5d$ mu* f>!r1 z x c>ries no dead weight ( compression memb]s4 ,! ,niag>a ,susp5sion ,bridge1 ( #haj-;foot span1 built by ,roebl+1 9 #aheb1 & ! ,brooklyn ,bridge1 ( #afjj feet1 built by ,roebl+ & 8 son1 tw5ty ye>s aft]1 m>k$ a wond]ful advance 9 bridge design4 ,?irty ye>s lat]1 :5 a new bridge ( #afjj feet 0 want$ to cross ano!r "p ( ! ,ea/ ,riv] at ,new ,york1 ! same l9es ( con/ruction 7 foll[$1 & !y w be foll[$ 9 ! #bgjj-;foot span1 design$ to cross ! ,nor? ,riv] "s "t 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! only radical advance is ! use ( a bett] /eel ?an c\ld be _h 9 e>li] days4 ,/eel-ar*$ bridges are n[ sci5tifically design$4 ,su* are ! new ,niag>a ,bridge1 ( #hdj-;foot span1 & ! ,alex&ra ,bridge at ,p>is4 ,x is curi\s to see h[ little is said ab\t ^! beautiful bridges1 :i* ! public takes z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,if !y _h be5 built fifty ye>s ago1 _! eng9e]s w\ld h receiv$ ! same praise z ,rob]t ,/eph5son or ,roebl+1 & ju/ly s1 z !y w\ld h be5 m5 ( exceptional g5ius4 ,:5 ^! bridges 7 built1 9 #ahih1 ! pa? _h be5 made s cle> by ma!matical inve/igation & ! comm& ( a bett] /eel1 t ! task seem$ easy4 ,t :i* m>ks m cle>ly ?an any?+ else ! great advance 9 ,am]ican bridge build+1 dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s1 is ! recon/ruction ( ! fam\s ,victoria ,bridge1 ov] ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 above ,montreal4 ,?is bridge 0 design$ by ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 & ! /one pi]s are a monum5t to 8 eng9e]+ skill4 ,= =ty w9t]s !y h resi/$ ! great fields ( ice borne by a rapid curr5t4 ,_! dim5sions 7 s lib]al t ! new bridge 0 put ^u !m1 al?\gh f\r times z wide z ! old "o4 ,! sup]/ructure 0 orig9ally made ( plate-iron tubes1 re9=c$ by tees & angles1 simil> to ,/eph5son's ,m5ai ,/raits ,bridge4 ,!re are tw5ty-two spans ( #bdj feet ea*1 & a c5tral "o ( #ccj feet4 ,p]haps ^! tubes 7 ! be/ t c\ld be _h at ! "t1 b !y _h outliv$ _! usefulness4 ,_! int]iors _h become greatly corrod$ by ! conf9$ gases f ! eng9es & ! dripp+s f ! *emicals us$ 9 cold-/orage c>s4 ,_! height 0 insuffici5t = mod]n l>ge c>s1 & ! conf9$ smoke made !m s d>k t ! numb] ( tra9s 0 greatly limit$4 ,x 0 decid$ to build a new bridge ( op5-"w con/ruction & ( op5-he>? /eel4 ,?is 0 done1 & ! comp>ison is z foll[s3 ,old bridge1 sixte5 feet wide1 s+le track1 live load ( "o ton p] foot2 new bridge1 sixty-sev5 feet wide1 two railway tracks & two c>riage-ways1 live load five tons p] foot4 ,! old iron tubes weigh$ #aj1jjj tons1 co/ #b1gac1jjj1 & took two seasons to erect4 ,! new truss bridge weighs #bb1jjj tons1 has co/ betwe5 #a1cjj1jjj & #a1djj1jjj1 & ! "t ( con/ruction 0 "o ye>4 ,dur+ 8 exp]i5ce ! writ] has se5 ! roll+-load ( bridges increase f #bjjj to #djjj p\nds p] l9eal foot ( track1 ) an extra all[ance = conc5trat$ loads4 ,! mod]n high (fice build+ is an int]e/+ example ( ! evolution ( a high-viaduct pi]4 ,su* a pi] ( ! requir$ dim5sions1 /r5g!n$ by m columns /rong en\gh to c>ry _m floors1 is ! skeleton frame4 ,enclose ! sides ) brick1 /one1 or t]ra-cotta1 add w9d[s1 & doors1 & elevators1 & x is complete4 ,=tunately = ! /ability ( ^! high build+s1 ! effect ( w9d pressures _h be5 /udi$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! designs ( ! ,k9zua1 ,pecos1 & o!r high viaducts4 ,all ?is _h be5 ?or\ghly work$ out & kn[n to our eng9e]s be=e ! fall ( ! ,tay ,bridge 9 ,scotl&4 ,t disa/r\s ev5t l$ to v c>eful exp]im5ts on w9d pressures by ,sir ,b5jam9 ,bak]1 ! v em95t eng9e] ( ! ,=? ,bridge4 ,8 exp]im5ts %[$ t a w9d gauge ( #cjj squ>e feet area %[$ a maximum pressure ( ?irty-five p\nds p] squ>e foot1 :ile a small "o ( "o foot & a half squ>e area regi/]$ gu/s ( =ty-"o p\nds p] squ>e foot4 ,! mod]n elevat$ railway ( cities is simply a v long railway viaduct4 ,"s idea may be ga9$ ( ! life ( a mod]n rivet$-iron /ructure f ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,manhattan ,elevat$ ,railway ( ,new ,york4 ,^! roads 7 built 9 #ahgh-gi to c>ry uni=m loads ( #afjj p\nds p] l9eal foot1 except ,second ,av5ue1 :i* 0 made to c>ry #bjjj4 ,! /resses 7 bel[ #aj1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,^! viaducts h c>ri$ 9 tw5ty-two ye>s ov] #be1jjj1jjj tra9s1 weigh+ ov] #c1jjj1jjj1jjj tons1 at a maximum spe$ ( tw5ty-five miles an h\r1 & are /ill 9 good ord]4 ,bridge eng9e]s ( ! pres5t day are free f ! difficulties :i* confront$ ! e>ly design]s ( iron bridges4 ,! ma!matics ( bridge design 0 und]/ood 9 #ahgj1 b ! proportion+ ( details _h to be work$ out individually4 ,e new span 0 a new problem4 ,n[ ! eng9e] tells 8 draughtsman to design a span ( a giv5 l5g?1 height1 & wid?1 & to c>ry su* a load4 ,by ! light ( exp]i5ce he does ?is at once4 ,connections h become /&>diz$ s t ! duplication ( p>ts c be c>ri$ to its fulle/ ext5t4 ,ma*9e tools are us$ to make e "p ( a bridge1 & p[] rivet]s to fa/5 !m toge!r4 ,great accuracy c n[ be _h1 & ! sizes ( p>ts h increas$ 9 a rem>kable degree4 ,we h n[ great bridge companies1 :i* are s completely equipp$ ) appliances = bo? %op draw+s & con/ruction t ! old joke becomes almo/ true t !y c make bridges & sell !m by ! mile4 ,all improvem5ts ( design are n[ public prop]ty4 ,all t ! bridge companies d is done 9 ! fi]ce light ( competition4 ,mi/akes mean ru91 & ! fitte/ only survives4 ,hav+ su* p[]ful aids1 ! ,am]ican bridge eng9e] ( to-day has advantages ov] 8 pr$ecessors & ov] 8 ,european bre?r51 :]e ! ,am]ican sy/em has n yet be5 adopt$4 ,! ,am]ican sy/em gives ! greate/ possible rapidity ( erection ( ! bridge on its pi]s4 ,a span ( #eah feet1 weigh+ #ajjj tons1 0 erect$ at ,cairo on ! ,mississippi 9 six days4 ,! p>ts 7 n assembl$ until !y 7 put ^u ! false works4 ,european eng9e]s h sometimes ord]$ a bridge to be rivet$ toge!r complete 9 ! mak]'s y>d1 & !n tak5 ap>t4 ,! adoption ( ,am]ican "w 9 su* bridges z ! ,atb>a 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ! ,gokteik viaduct 9 ,burmah1 #cbj feet high1 & o!rs1 0 due to l[ co/1 quick deliv]y & erection1 z well z excell5ce ( mat]ial & con/ruction4 ,,f\ndations1 ,,etc4 ,bridges mu/ h f\ndations = _! pi]s4 ,up to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury eng9e]s knew no bett] way ( mak+ !m ?an by lay+ b>e ! b$ ( ! riv] by a pump$-out c(f]dam1 or by driv+ piles into ! s&1 z ,julius ,cs> did4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury1 ,m4 ,trig]1 a ,fr5* eng9e]1 conceiv$ ! fir/ plan ( a pneumatic f\ndation1 :i* l$ to ! pres5t sy/em ( compress+ air by pump+ x into an inv]t$ box1 call$ a caisson1 ) air locks on top to enable m5 & mat]ials to g 9 & out4 ,aft] ! s(t mat]ials 7 remov$1 & ! caisson sunk by its own weight to ! prop] dep?1 x 0 fill$ ) concrete4 ,! limit ( dep? is t 9 :i* m5 c "w 9 compress$ air )\t injury1 & ?is is n mu* ov] "o hundr$ feet4 ,! f\ndations ( ! ,brooklyn & ,/4 ,l\is bridges 7 put d[n 9 ?is mann]4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,p\ghkeepsie bridge ov] ! ,hudson 9 #ahhg-hh1 x became necess>y to g d[n #ace feet bel[ tide-level be=e h>d bottom 0 rea*$4 ,ano!r process 0 inv5t$ to take ! place ( compress$ air4 ,timb] caissons 7 built1 hav+ d\ble sides1 & ! spaces betwe5 !m fill$ ) /one to give weight4 ,_! tops 7 left op5 & ! ,am]ican s+le-bucket dr$ge 0 us$4 ,?is bucket 0 l[]$ & lift$ by a v long wire rope work$ by ! eng9e1 & ) x ! s(t mat]ial 0 remov$4 ,by mov+ ?is bucket to diff]5t p>ts ( ! caisson its s9k+ 0 p]fectly controll$1 & ! caisson f9ally plac$ 9 its exact position1 & p]fectly v]tical4 ,! int]nal space 0 !n fill$ ) concrete laid "u wat] by ! same bucket1 & levell$ by div]s :5 necess>y4 ,:ile ?is "w 0 go+ on1 ! gov]nm5t ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 9 ,au/ralia1 call$ = bo? designs & t5d]s = a bridge ov] an e/u>y ( ! sea call$ ,hawkesbury4 ,! conditions 7 ! same z at ,p\ghkeepsie1 except t ! s(t mud rea*$ to a dep? ( #afj feet bel[ tide-level4 ,! designs ( ! eng9e]s ( ! ,p\ghkeepsie bridge 7 accept$1 & ! same me?od ( s9k+ op5 caissons 79 ?is case made ( iron7 0 c>ri$ out ) p]fect success4 ,! erection ( ?is bridge involv$ ano!r difficult problem4 ,! mud 0 too s(t & deep = piles & /ag+1 & ! cantilev] sy/em 9 ?is site w\ld h increas$ ! co/4 ,a /ag+ 0 built on a l>ge pontoon at ! %ore1 & ! span erect$ ^u x4 ,! :ole 0 !n t[$ out to ! bridge site at high tide4 ,z ! tide fell1 ! pontoon 0 l[]$ & ! /eel gird] 0 plac$ g5tly on its pi]s4 ,! :ole op]ation 0 complet$ )9 six h\rs4 ,! o!r five spans 7 plac$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! same sy/em 0 foll[$ aft]w>ds by ! eng9e] ( ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railway 9 plac+ ! spans ( a bridge ov] ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 9 a v rapid curr5t4 ,x is n[ us$ 9 replac+ old spans by new ones1 z x int]rupts traffic = ! lea/ possible "t4 ,! solution ( ! problems pres5t$ at ,hawkesbury gave ! second introduction ( ,am]ican eng9e]s to bridge build+ outside ( ,am]ica4 ,! fir/ 0 9 #aghf1 :5 an ,am]ican c>p5t] or %ipwright built a bridge ov] ,*>les ,riv] at ,bo/on1 #adgj feet long by =ty-six feet wide4 ,?is bridge 0 ( wood support$ on piles4 ,8 "w ga9$ = him su* r5[n t he 0 call$ to ,irel& & built a simil> bridge at ,belfa/4 ,tunnell+ by compress$ air is a horizontal application ( compress$-air f\ndations4 ,! e>? is support$ by an iron tube1 :i* is add$ to 9 r+s1 :i* are pu%$ =w>d by hydraulic jacks4 ,a tunnel is n[ be+ made "u an arm ( ! sea betwe5 ,bo/on & ,ea/ ,bo/on1 "s #adjj feet long & sixty-five feet bel[ tide4 ,! int]ior l9+ ( iron tub+ is n us$4 ,! tunnel is built ( concrete1 re9=c$ by /eel rods4 ,?is w effect a consid]able economy4 ,success 9 mod]n eng9e]+ means do+ a ?+ 9 ! mo/ economical way consi/5t ) safety4 ,! ,sa9t ,clair tunnel1 :i* c>ries ! ,gr& ,trunk ,railway ( ,canada "u ! outlet ( ,lake ,huron1 is a successful example ( su* "w4 ,_h ! ,nor? ,riv] tunnel1 at ,new ,york1 be5 design$ on equally sci5tific pr9ciples1 x w\ld probably h be5 f9i%$1 :i* n[ seems problematical4 ,! con/ruction ( rapid-transit railways 9 cities is ano!r bran* ( eng9e]+1 cov]+ /ructural1 me*anical1 & electrical eng9e]+4 ,"s ( ^! railways are elevat$1 & are m]ely railway viaducts1 b ! favorite type n[ is t ( subways4 ,!re are two k9ds1 ^? ne> ! surface1 l ! ,di/rict railways ( ,london1 ! subways 9 ,p>is1 ,b]l91 & ,bo/on1 & t n[ build+ 9 ,new ,york4 ,! ,s\? ,london & ,c5tral ,london1 & o!r ,london projects1 are tubes sunk fifty to eighty feet bel[ ! surface & requir+ elevators = access4 ,^! are made on a plan devis$ by ,grea!ad1 & consi/ ( ca/-iron tubes pu%$ =w>d by hydraulic rams1 & hav+ ! space outside ( ! tube fill$ ) liquid cem5t pump$ into place4 ,! con/ruction ( ! ,bo/on subway 0 difficult on acc\nt ( ! small wid? ( ! /reets1 _! great traffic1 & ! necessity ( und]p9n+ ! f\ndations ( build+s4 ,all ( ?is 0 successfully done )\t di/urb+ ! traffic = a s+le day1 & reflects great cr$it on ! eng9e]4 ,ow+ to ! great wid? ( ,new ,york /reets1 ! problem is simpl] 9 t respect1 b requires skill 9 design & organization to complete ! "w 9 a %ort "t4 ,al?\gh _m times z long z ! ,bo/on subway1 x w be built 9 ne>ly ! same "t4 ,! design1 :]e 9 e>?1 may be comp>$ to t ( a /eel (fice build+ tw5ty miles long1 laid flat on "o ( its sides4 ,! r$uplication ( p>ts saves "t & labor1 & is ! key to ! anticipat$ rapid progress4 ,ne> ! surface ?is subway is built 9 op5 excavation1 & tunnell+ is conf9$ to rock4 ,! con/ruction ( p[]-h\ses = develop+ en]gy f coal & f fall+ wat] requires mu* /ructural besides electrical & me*anical eng9e]+ ability4 ,! ,niag>a p[]-h\se is int5d$ to develop #ajj1jjj horse-p[]2 t at ! ,sault ,/e4 ,m>ie z mu*2 t on ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 at ,mass5a1 #gj1jjj horse-p[]4 ,^! are huge works1 requir+ tunnels1 rock-cut *amb]s1 & masonry & concrete 9 walls & dams4 ,!y cov] l>ge ext5ts ( t]ritory4 ,! contra/ 9 size ( ! coal-us+ p[]-h\ses is int]e/+4 ,! new p[]-h\se n[ build+ by ! ,manhattan ,elevat$ ,railway1 9 ,new ,york1 develops 9 ! small space ( #bjj by #djj feet #ajj1jjj horse-p[]1 or z mu* p[] z t utiliz$ at ,niag>a ,falls4 ,"o ( ! mo/ useful mat]ials :i* mod]n eng9e]s n[ make use ( is concrete1 :i* c be put into conf9$ spaces & laid "u wat]4 ,x co/s less ?an masonry1 :ile z /rong4 ,?is is ! revival ( ! use ( a mat]ial us$ by ! ,romans4 ,! writ] 0 once all[$ to climb a ladd] & look at ! con/ruction ( a dome ( ! ,pan!on1 at ,rome4 ,he f\nd x a monoli?ic mass ( concrete1 & h5ce )\t ?ru/4 ,x is a bett] piece ( eng9e]+ con/ruction ?an ! dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 built fifte5 hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,! dome ( ,columbia ,college ,libr>y1 9 ,new ,york1 is built ( concrete4 ,concrete is a mixture ( brok5 /one or gravel1 s&1 & ,portl& cem5t4 ,its virtue dep5ds ^u ! uni=m good quality ( ! cem5t4 ,! use ( ! rot>y kiln1 :i* exposes all ! conta9$ mat]ial to a uni=m & con/ant int5se heat1 has revolutioniz$ ! manufacture ( ,portl& cem5t4 ,! eng9e] c n[ dep5d ^u its uni=mity ( /r5g?4 ,:eels1 axles1 bridges1 & rails h all be5 /r5g!n$ to c>ry _! increas$ loads2 b1 /range to say1 ! splices :i* hold 9 place ! ends ( ! rails1 & :i* are really %ort-span bridges1 are n[ ! weake/ "p ( a railway4 ,! angle-b> splice has b "o-?ird ( ! /r5g? ( ! rail1 & its /r5g? _c be increas$1 ow+ to its want ( dep?4 ,jo9ts g d[n "u e pass+ :eel1 & ! ends ( ! rails we> out long be=e ! re/4 ,?is is n an insignificant detail4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ by ! (fic]s ( "o ( ! trunk l9es t a splice ( prop] design & /r5g? w\ld save ye>ly en\gh 9 track labor 7mo/ ( :i* is exp5d$ 9 tamp+ up l[ jo9ts7 to buy all ! new rails & fa/5+s requir$ 9 "s "t4 ,x w\ld save mu* m ?an t 9 ! we> ( roll+-/ock4 ,a p]fect jo9t w\ld be an economic device next 9 value to ! ,bessem] /eel rail4 ,"h is a place = sci5tific & practical skill4 ,,hydraulic ,,eng9e]+ ,?is is "o ( ! olde/ bran*es ( eng9e]+1 & 0 develop$ be=e ! la/ c5tury4 ,! irrigation works ( ,asia1 ,africa1 ,spa91 ,italy1 ! ,roman aqu$ucts1 & ! canals ( ,europe1 are examples4 ,hydraulic works _c be con/ruct$ 9 ignorance ( ! laws :i* gov]n ! fl[ ( wat]4 ,! action ( wat] is rel5tless1 z ru9$ canals1 ob/ruct$ riv]s1 & wa%$-out dams te/ify4 ,! pr9cipal additions ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to hydraulic eng9e]+ are ! collection ( l>g] /ati/ics ( ! fl[ ( wat] 9 pipes & *annels1 ( ra9fall1 run-(f1 & available supply4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ! g]ms ( disease c be reta9$ by ord9>y s& filt]s1 & x is n[ an e/abli%$ fact t pure dr9k+ wat] & prop] dra9age are a sure prev5tive ( typhoid & simil> fev]s4 ,v f\l wat] c be made potable4 ,exp]im5ts %[ t ! wat] ( ! ,s*uylkill ,riv] at ,philadelphia1 :i* conta9s #djj1jjj g]ms 9 ! space ( less ?an a cubic in*1 0 s mu* purifi$ by filt]+ t only sixty rema9$4 ,?is is a discov]y ( sanit>y sci5ce1 b ! application ( x is ?r\gh /ructural eng9e]+1 :i* designs & executes ! filt] b$s ) great economy4 ,! removal ( sewage1 aft] hav+ be5 done by ! ,etruscans be=e ! f\ndation ( ,rome1 became a lo/ art dur+ ! dirty ,d>k ,ages1 :5 fil? & piety 7 deem$ to be connect$ 9 "s my/]i\s way4 ,x 0 res]v$ = good ,john ,wesley to po9t out t 8,cleanl9ess is next to godl9ess40 ,n[ sewage works are z common z ^? = wat] supply4 ,"s ( !m h be5 ( great size & co/4 ,su* are ! dra9age works ( ,london1 ,p>is1 ,b]l91 ,bo/on1 ,*icago1 & ,new ,orleans4 ,a v difficult "w 0 ! dra9age ( ! ,city ( ,mexico1 :i* is 9 a valley surr\nd$ by m\nta9s1 & elevat$ only f\r to five feet above a lake hav+ no outlet4 ,attempts to dra9 ! lake _h be5 made 9 va9 = six hundr$ ye>s4 ,x has lately be5 accompli%$ by a tunnel six miles long ?r\gh ! m\nta9s1 & a canal ( ov] ?irty miles1 ! :ole "w co/+ "s #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,! dra9age ( ,*icago by locks & canal into ! ,ill9ois ,riv] has co/ "s #ce1jjj1jjj1 & is well wor? its co/4 ,sci5tific rese>* has be5 appli$ to ! design+ ( high masonry & concrete dams1 & we "k n[ t no well-design$ dam on a good f\ndation %\ld fail4 ,! dams n[ build+ across ! ,nile by ord] ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t w create ! l>ge/ artificial lakes 9 ! _w4 ,! wat] ?us /or$ w be ( ine/imable value 9 irrigat+ ! crops ( ,l[] ,egypt4 ,_! co/1 al?\gh great1 w n exce$ ! sums sp5t by ! lavi% ,kh$ive ,ismail on useless palaces1 n[ fall+ to decay4 ,! ,suez ,canal is "o ( ! l>ge/ hydraulic works ( ! la/ c5tury1 & is a notable in/ance ( ! displacem5t ( h& labor by ! use ( ma*9]y4 ,ismail began by impress+ a l>ge "p ( ! peasant population ( ,egypt1 j z ,rameses _h done ov] #cjjj ye>s be=e4 ,^! un=tunate p 7 set to dig ! s& ) rude hoes1 & c>ry x away 9 baskets on _! heads4 ,!y di$ by ?\s&s = want ( wat] & prop] food4 ,at la/ ! ,fr5* eng9e]s p]suad$ ! ,kh$ive to let !m introduce /eam dr$g+ ma*9]y4 ,a light railway 0 laid to supply provisions1 & a small dit* dug to br+ pure wat]4 ,! numb] ( m5 employ$ fell to "o-f\r?4 ,ma*9]y did ! re/4 ,b = ?is ! canal w\ld nev] h be5 f9i%$4 ,! ,panama ,canal n[ uses ! be/ mod]n ma*9]y1 & ! ,nic>agua ,canal1 if built1 w apply /ill bett] me?ods1 develop$ on ! ,*icago dra9age canal1 :]e mat]ial 0 h&l$ at a less co/ ?an has ev] be5 done be=e4 ,russia is bett] suppli$ ) int]nal wat]ways ?an any o!r c\ntry4 ,h] riv]s rise ne> ea* o!r1 & h long be5 connect$ by canals4 ,x is /at$ t %e has ov] #fj1jjj miles ( int]nal navigation1 & is n[ prep>+ ! con/ruction ( canals to connect ! ,caspian ) ! ,baltic ,sea4 ,! ,erie ,canal 0 "o ( v small co/1 b its influ5ce has be5 surpass$ by none4 ,! 8w9n+ ( ! ,we/0 0 ha/5$ _m ye>s by ! con/ruction ( ?is "w 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury4 ,two horses 7 j able to draw a ton ( goods at ! spe$ ( two miles an h\r ov] ! wret*$ roads ( ^? days4 ,:5 ! canal 0 made ^! two horses c\ld draw a boat c>ry+ #aej tons f\r miles an h\r4 ,mud1 or1 9 o!r words1 friction1 is ! great enemy ( civilization1 & canals 7 ! fir/ ?+s to dim9i% x1 & aft] t railways4 ,! ,erie ,canal 0 made by eng9e]s1 b x _h to make its own eng9e]s fir/1 z !re 7 none available 9 ?is c\ntry at t "t4 ,^! self-taught m51 "s ( !m l& surveyors & o!rs lawy]s1 %[$ !mselves ! equals ( ! ,engli%m5 ,br9dley & ,smeaton1 :5 !y locat$ a wat] r\te ?r\gh ! wild]ness1 hav+ a uni=m desc5t f ,lake ,erie to ! ,hudson1 & :i* w\ld h be5 s built if !re _h be5 en\gh money4 ,! "q n[ is :e!r to enl>ge ! capacity ( ?is canal by enl>g+ its prism & locks1 or to increase spe$ & move m boats 9 a season by electrical appliances4 ,! la/ me?od seems m 9 l9e ) ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,!re %\ld be a wat]way f ! ,hudson to ,lake ,erie l>ge en\gh = vessels able to navigate ! lakes & ! ocean4 ,a draft ( tw5ty-"o feet c be _h at a co/ e/imat$ at #bjj1jjj1jjj4 ,! deep5+ ( ! ,*icago dra9age canal to ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 & ! deep5+ ( ! ,mississippi itself to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 is a logical sequ5ce ( ! fir/ project4 ,! ,nic>agua ,canal w\ld !n =m "o "p ( a great l9e ( navigation1 by :i* ! products ( ! int]ior ( ! cont95t c\ld rea* ei!r ! ,atlantic or ,pacific ,ocean4 ,! co/ w\ld be small comp>$ ) ! result+ b5efits1 & "s day ?is navigation w be built by ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! deep5+ ( ! ,s\?we/ ,pass ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] f six to ?irty feet by ,james ,b4 ,eads 0 a great eng9e]+ a*ievem5t4 ,x 0 ! fir/ application ( ! jetty sy/em on a l>ge scale4 ,?is is m]ely conf9+ ! fl[ ( a riv]1 & ?us increas+ its velocity s t x secures a deep] *annel = itself4 ,! improvem5t ( h>bors foll[s closely ! increas$ size ( ocean & lake vessels4 ,! approa* to ,new ,york h>bor is n[ be+ deep5$ to =ty feet1 a ?+ impossible to be done )\t ! l>ge/ application ( /eam ma*9]y 9 a suction dr$ge boat4 ,! great increase ( urban population1 due to /eam & electric railways1 has made works ( wat] supply & dra9age necess>y ev]y:]e4 ,"s ( ^! are on a v gr& scale4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is is ! ,croton ,aqu$uct ( ,new ,york z x n[ is1 & z x w be h]eaft]4 ,?is "w 0 ?\ght by its design]s to be on a scale l>ge en\gh to la/ = all "t4 ,x is n[ less ?an sixty ye>s old1 & ! population ( ,new ,york w soon be too l>ge to be suppli$ by x4 ,x is able to supply #bej1jjj1jjj to #cjj1jjj1jjj gallons daily1 & its co/1 :5 ! ,cornell dam & ,j]ome ,p>k res]voir are f9i%$1 w be a little ov] #ib1jjj1jjj4 ,x is n[ sugge/$ to /ore wat] 9 ! ,adirondack ,m\nta9s1 #bjc miles away1 by dams built at ! outlet ( t5 or twelve lakes4 ,?is w equalize ! fl[ ( ! ,hudson ,riv] s z to give #c1jjj1jjj1jjj to #d1jjj1jjj1jjj gallons daily4 ,x is !n propos$ to pump #a1jjj1jjj1jjj gallons daily f ! ,hudson ,riv] at ,p\ghkeepsie1 sixty miles away1 to a height suffici5t to supply ! city by gravity ?r\gh an aqu$uct4 ,?is wat] w\ld be filt]$ at ,p\ghkeepsie1 & we n[ "k t all impurities c be remov$4 ,if ?is s*eme is c>ri$ out1 ! total supply w be ab\t #a1cjj1jjj1jjj gallons daily1 or en\gh = a population ( f #ab1jjj1jjj to #ac1jjj1jjj p]sons4 ,by putt+ 9 m pumps1 filt]-b$s1 & conduits1 ?is supply c be increas$ =ty p] c5t41 or to #a1hjj1jjj1jjj gallons daily4 ,?is wat] w\ld fill e day a lake "o mile squ>e by t5 feet deep4 ,?is is a fair example ( ! scale ( ! eng9e]+ works ( ! n9ete5? & tw5tie? c5turies4 ,by ! application ( mod]n labor-sav+ ma*9]y1 ! co/ ( ?is "w c be s f> controll$ t ! co/ to ! city ( ,new ,york p] #a1jjj1jjj gallons w\ld be no great] ?an t ( ! pres5t ,croton supply4 ,all works ( hydraulic eng9e]s dep5d on wat]4 ,b :at w happ5 if ! wat] all dries up8 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,spa91 ,turkey1 & ,syria h suff]$ f dr\ghts1 caus$ cle>ly by ! de/ruction ( _! =e/s4 ,! dem& = pap] to pr9t books & newspap]s ^u1 & = o!r purposes1 is fa/ conv]t+ our =e/s into pulp4 ,we _c ev5 say1 8,aft] u ! deluge10 = x w seldom ra9 9 ^? evil days4 ,:5 ! ra9s d come1 ! sponge-l vegetation ( ! =e/s be+ gone1 ! /reams w be torr5ts at "o "t ( ! ye> & dri$ up dur+ ! re/1 z we n[ see 9 ! arid regions ( ! ,we/4 ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+ ,?is is employ$ 9 all dynamical eng9e]+4 ,x cov]s ! designs ( prime motors ( all sorts1 /eam1 gas1 & gasol9e reciprocat+ eng9es2 also /eam & wat] turb9es1 w9d-mills1 & wave-motors4 ,x comprises all means ( transmitt+ p[]1 z by %aft+1 ropes1 pneumatic pressure1 & compress$ air1 all ( :i* seem likely to be sup]s$$ by electricity4 ,x cov]s ! con/ruction ( ma*9e tools & ma*9]y ( all k9ds4 ,x ent]s into all ! processes ( /ructural1 hydraulic1 electrical1 & indu/rial eng9e]+4 ,! special improvem5ts are3 ,! almo/ univ]sal use ( rot>y motion1 & ( ! r$uplication ( p>ts4 ,! /eam-eng9e is a ma*9e ( reciprocat+1 conv]t$ into rot>y1 motion by ! crank4 ,! progress ( me*anical eng9e]+ dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury is measur$ by ! improvem5ts ( ! /eam-eng9e1 pr9cipally 9 ! direction ( sav+ fuel1 by ! inv5tion ( int]nal combu/ion or gas-eng9es1 ! application ( electrical transmission1 &1 late/1 ! practical developm5t ( /eam turb9es by ,p>sons1 ,we/+h\se1 ,delaval1 ,curtis1 & o!rs4 ,9 ^! a jet ( /eam imp+es ^u buckets set ^u ! circumf]5ce ( a :eel4 ,x 0 cle>ly indicat$ by ! ,italian eng9e] ,bronca1 9 #afbi1 b he 0 too e>ly4 ,! "t 0 n ripe1 & !re 7 !n no ma*9e tools giv+ ! p]fection ( workman%ip requir$4 ,_! advantages are t _! motion is rot>y & n reciprocal4 ,!y c develop spe$ ( f #ejjj to #cj1jjj revolutions p] m9ute1 :ile ! highe/ ev] atta9$ by a reciprocat+ eng9e is n ov] #ajjj4 ,_! !rmodynamic losses are less1 h5ce !y consume less /eam & less fuel4 ,x is a v int]e/+ fact t ! basic inv5tion ^u :i* n only /eam turb9es & electric dynamos1 b1 inde$1 all o!r p>ts ( me*anical eng9e]+1 dep5d1 is ( su* remote antiquity t we "k no?+ ( its orig94 ,?is is ! :eel :i* ,glad/one said 0 ! greate/ ( man's me*anical inv5tions1 z !re is no?+ 9 nature to sugge/ x4 ,duplication ( p>ts has l[]$ ! co/ ( all products4 ,clo?+ is "o ( ^!4 ,! p>ts ( ready-made g>m5ts & %oes are n[ cut into %ape 9 numb]s at a "t1 by %>p-edg$ templates1 & !n fa/5$ toge!r by sew+-ma*9es4 ,me*anical eng9e]+ is a good example ( ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,millions ( doll>s are exp5d$ on ma*9]y1 :5 sudd5ly a new discov]y or inv5tion ca/s !m all into ! scrap heap1 to be replac$ by ^? ( great] e>n+ capacity4 ,prime motors d]ive _! en]gy ei!r f coal or o!r comb9ations ( c>bon1 su* z petroleum1 or f gravity4 ,?is may come f fall+ wat]1 & ! old-fa%ion$ wat]-:eels ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 sup]s$$ 9 ! n9ete5? by turb9es1 fir/ inv5t$ 9 ,france & s9ce greatly p]fect$4 ,^! are us$ 9 ! electrical transmission ( wat]-p[] at ,niag>a ( #ejjj horse-p[]1 & =m a v important "p ( ! plant4 ,! o!r gravity motors are w9d-mills & wave-motors4 ,w9d-mills are an old inv5tion1 b h be5 greatly improv$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! use ( ! self-reef+ :eel4 ,! great pla9s ( ! ,we/ are subject to sudd51 viol5t gales ( w9d1 & unless ! :eel 0 automatically self-reef+ x w\ld (t5 be de/roy$4 ,little has be5 writt5 ab\t ^! :eels1 b _! use is v widely ext5d$1 & !y p]=m a mo/ useful function 9 indu/rial eng9e]+4 ,!re h be5 va/ numb]s ( pat5ts tak5 out = wave-motors4 ,"o 0 inv5t$ 9 ,*ili1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* furni%$ a con/ant p[] = f\r mon?s1 & 0 utiliz$ 9 saw+ planks4 ,! action ( waves is m con/ant on ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,am]ica ?an else:]e1 & "s auxili>y p[]1 su* z a gasol9e eng9e1 :i* c be quickly />t$ & /opp$1 mu/ be provid$ = use dur+ calm days4 ,! prime co/ ( su* a ma*9e ne$ n exce$ t ( a /eam plant1 & ! co/ ( op]at+ is mu* less ?an t ( any fuel-burn+ eng9e4 ,! sav+ ( coal is a v important problem4 ,9 a wid] s5se1 we may say t ! sav+ ( all ! great /ores :i* nature has laid up = u dur+ ! pa/1 & :i* h rema9$ almo/ unt\*$ until ! n9ete5? c5tury1 is ! great problem ( to-day4 ,petroleum & natural gas may disappe>4 ,! ores ( gold1 silv]1 & plat9um w n la/ =ev]4 ,trees w gr[1 & iron ores seem to be practically inexhau/ible4 ,*emi/ry has add$ a new metal 9 alum9um1 :i* replaces copp] = _m purposes4 ,"o ( ! greate/ problems ( ! tw5tie? c5tury is to discov] "s *emical process = treat+ iron1 by :i* oxidation w n take place4 ,coal1 next to gra91 is ! mo/ important ( nature's gifts2 x c be exhau/$1 or ! co/ ( m9+ x become s great t x _c be obta9$ 9 ! c\ntries :]e x is mo/ ne$$2 wat]1 w9d1 & wave p[] may take its place to a limit$ ext5t1 & great] use may be made ( ! wa/e gases com+ f bla/ or smelt] furnaces1 b z ne>ly all en]gy comes f coal1 its use mu/ be economiz$1 & ! greate/ economy w come f pulv]iz+ coal & us+ x 9 ! %ape ( a f9e p[d]4 ,inv5tions h be5 made try+ to deliv] ?is p[d] into ! fire-box z fa/ z made1 = x is z explosive z gunp[d]1 & z dang]\s to /ore or h&le4 ,if ?is c be done1 !re w be a sav+ ( coal due to p]fect & smokeless combu/ion1 z ! admission ( air c be entirely regulat$1 ! same bla/ :i* ?r[s 9 ! p[d] furni%+ oxyg54 ,"s inve/igators h e/imat$ t ! sav+ ( coal w be z great z tw5ty p] c5t4 ,?is means #ajj1jjj1jjj tons ( coal annually4 ,bitum9\s coal w !n be z smokeless z an?racite1 & c be burn$ 9 locomotives4 ,cities w be free f ! nuisance ( wa/$ coal1 :i* we call soot4 ,?is process w be ! be/ k9d ( me*anical /ok+1 & w prev5t ! necessity ( op5+ ! doors ( fire-boxes4 ,! boil]-rooms ( /eam%ips w no long] be 8float+ hells10 & ! fir+ ( l>ge locomotives w become easy4 ,ano!r problem ( me*anical eng9e]+ is to det]m9e :e!r x w be f\nd m economical to trans=m ! en]gy ( coal1 at ! m9es1 into electric curr5t & s5d x by wire to cities & o!r places :]e x is want$1 or to c>ry ! coal by rail & wat]1 z we n[ d1 to su* places1 & conv]t x !re by ! /eam or gas eng9e4 ,9 favor ( ! fir/ me?od x c be said t hills ( refuse coal n[ repres5t+ lock$-up capital c be burn$1 & ! co/ ( transportation & h&l+ be sav$4 ,electric en]gy c n[ transport p[] 9 high voltage economically betwe5 coal-m9es & mo/ l>ge cities4 ,! second me?od has ! advantage ( n dep5d+ on "o s+le s\rce ( supply1 t may break d[n1 b 9 hav+ ! en]gy /or$ 9 coal-pockets ne> by ! place ( use1 :]e x c be appli$ to sep>ate units ( p[] ) no fe> ( failure4 ,x seems probable t a comb9ation ( ! two sy/ems w produce ! be/ results4 ,:]e p[] c be s5t electrically f ! m9es = less co/ ?an ! coal c be transport$1 t me?od w be us$4 ,to prev5t /oppage ( works1 ! sep>ate motors & a /ore ( coal1 to be us$ 9 cases ( em]g5cy1 w /ill be ne$$1 j z has be5 describ$ z necess>y to ! comm]cial success ( wave-motors4 ,,electrical ,,eng9e]+ ,any attempt by ! writ] ( ?is article to trace ! progress ( electricity w\ld be b a va9 repetition1 aft] ! admirable mann] 9 :i* ! subject has be5 treat$ 9 a =m] pap] ( ?is s]ies by ,pr(essor ,elihu ,?omson4 ,we c only once m emphasize ! fact t x is by ! union ( f\r sep>ate classes ( m9ds--sci5tific discov]]s1 inv5tors1 eng9e]s1 & capitali/s--t ?is va/ new indu/ry has be5 creat$1 :i* gives direct employm5t to ?\s&s1 &1 z ,bacon said #cjj ye>s ago1 has 8end[$ ! human race ) new p[]s40 ,,metallurgy ,,& ,,m9+ ,all ! processes ( metallurgy & m9+ employ /atical1 hydraulic1 me*anical1 & electrical eng9e]+4 ,coal1 )\t railways & canals1 w\ld be ( little use1 unless electrical eng9e]+ came to its aid4 ,x 0 e/imat$ by ! late ,"l ,arm/rong t ( ! #dej1jjj1jjj to #ejj1jjj1jjj tons ( coal annually produc$ 9 ! _w1 "o-?ird is us$ = /eam production1 "o-?ird 9 metallurgical processes1 & "o-?ird = dome/ic consumption4 ,?is la/ item seems l>ge4 ,x is ! mo/ important manufactur+ indu/ry 9 ! _w1 z may be se5 by comp>+ ! coalless condition ( ! eighte5? c5tury ) ! coal-us+ condition ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,next 9 importance comes ! production ( iron & /eel4 ,/eel1 on acc\nt ( its great co/ & brittl5ess1 0 only us$ = tools & special purposes until pa/ ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,?is has be5 all *ang$ by ! inv5tion ( 8 /eel by ,bessem] 9 #ahfd1 & op5-he>? /eel 9 ! furnace ( ,siem5s1 p]fect$ "s tw5ty ye>s s9ce by ,gil*ri/ ,?omas4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates h tak5 ! lead 9 /eel manufacture4 ,9 #ahgc ,great ,brita9 made ?ree times z mu* /eel z ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates makes twice z mu* z ,great ,brita91 or =ty p] c5t4 ( all ! /eel made 9 ! _w4 ,mr4 ,c>negie has expla9$ ! reason :y1 9 epigrammatic phrase3 8,?ree p\nds ( /eel billets c be sold = two c5ts40 ,?is /imulates rail & wat] traffic & o!r indu/ries1 z he tells u "o p\nd ( /eel requires two p\nds ( ore1 "o & "o-?ird p\nds ( coal1 & "o-?ird ( a p\nd ( lime/one4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! ,/ates bord]+ on ! lakes h creat$ a traffic ( #be1jjj1jjj tons ye>ly ?r\gh ! ,sault ,/e4 ,m>ie ,canal1 :ile ! ,suez1 :i* supplies ! wants ( half ! population ( ! _w1 has only #g1jjj1jjj1 or less ?an ! tonnage ( ! little ,h>lem ,riv] at ,new ,york4 ,,indu/rial ,,eng9e]+ ,?is leads u to our la/ topic1 = :i* too little room has be5 left4 ,indu/rial eng9e]+ cov]s /atical1 hydraulic1 me*anical1 & electrical eng9e]+1 & adds a new bran* :i* we may call *emical eng9e]+4 ,?is is pre-em95tly a *ild ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & is ! conv]sion ( "o ?+ into ano!r by a k ( _! *emical con/itu5ts4 ,:5 ,dalton fir/ appli$ ma!matics to *emi/ry & made x quantitative1 he gave ! key :i* l$ to ! discov]ies ( ,cav5di%1 ,gay-,lussac1 ,b]zelius1 ,liebig1 & o!rs4 ,?is new k 0 n lock$ up1 b at once giv5 to ! _w1 & made use (4 ,its fir/ application on a l>ge scale 0 made by ,napoleon 9 enc\rag+ ! manufacture ( sug> f beets4 ,! new products 7 g5]ally made f :at 7 call$ 8wa/e mat]ial40 ,we n[ h ! manufacture ( soda1 blea*+ p[d]s1 anil9e dyes1 & o!r products ( ! di/illation ( coal1 also coal-oil f petroleum 7kn[n fifty or sixty ye>s ago only z a horse m$ic9e71 acetyl5e gas1 celluloid1 rubb] goods 9 all _! num]\s v>ieties1 high explosives1 cem5t1 artificial manures1 artificial ice1 beet-sug>1 & ev5 be] may n[ be includ$4 ,?r\gh _m ages1 ! al*emi/s1 grop+ 9 ! d>k1 & 9 ignorance ( nature's laws1 wa/$ _! "t 9 try+ to f9d :at !y call$ ! philosoph]'s /one1 :i* !y hop$ w\ld trans=m ! bas] metals into gold4 ,if su* a ?+ c\ld be f\nd x w\ld be a curse1 z x w\ld take away "o ( ! mo/ useful in/rum5ts we h--a fix$ /&>d ( value4 ,9 a little ov] "o hundr$ ye>s1 ^? work+ by ! light ( sci5ce h f\nd ! true philosoph]'s /one 9 mod]n *emi/ry4 ,! value ( only a "p ( ^! new products exce$s ! nom9al value ( all ! gold 9 ! _w4 ,! value ( our me*anical & *emical products is great1 b x is surpass$ by t ( food products4 ,if ^! did n keep pace ) ! increase ( population1 ! !ories ( ,mal?us w\ld be true--b he nev] saw a mod]n reap]4 ,! /eam-pl\gh 0 inv5t$ 9 ,engl& "s fifty ye>s s9ce1 b ! great use ( agricultural ma*9]y dates f our ,civil ,w>1 :5 s _m m5 7 tak5 f agriculture4 ,x became necess>y to fill _! places ) ma*9]y4 ,)\t trac+ ! /eps :i* h l$ to x1 we may say t ! common type is :at is call$ 8! b9d]10 & is a ma*9e drawn *iefly by animals1 & 9 "s cases by a field locomotive4 ,x cuts1 rakes1 & b9ds %eaves ( gra9 at "o op]ation4 ,sometimes ?re%+ & w9n[+ ma*9es are comb9$ ) x1 & ! gra9 is deliv]$ into bags ready = ! m>ket4 ,diff]5t ma*9es are us$ = cutt+ & b9d+ corn1 & = m[+ & rak+ hay1 b ! mo/ important ( all is ! gra9-b9d]4 ,! ext5t ( _! use may be kn[n f ! fact t #ge1jjj tons ( tw9e are us$ by ^! ma*9es annually4 ,x is e/imat$ t !re are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #a1ejj1jjj ( ^! ma*9es1 b z ! h>ve/ is e>li] 9 ! ,s\?1 !re are probably n ov] #a1jjj1jjj 9 use at "o "t4 ,z ea* ma*9e takes ! place ( sixte5 m51 ?is means t #af1jjj1jjj m5 are releas$ f f>m+ = o!r pursuits4 ,! 8man ) ! hoe0 has disappe>$ f ! real _w1 & is only to be f\nd 9 ! dreams ( poets4 ,x is fair to assume t a l>ge "p ( ^! #af1jjj1jjj m5 h gone into manufactur+1 ! op]at+ ( railways1 & o!r pursuits4 ,! use ( agricultural ma*9]y1 !re=e1 is "o explanation ( :y ! ,unit$ ,/ates produces eight-t5?s ( ! _w's cotton & corn1 "o-qu>t] ( its :eat1 "o-?ird ( its meat & iron1 two-fif?s ( its /eel1 & "o-?ird ( its coal1 & a l>ge "p ( ! _w's manufactur$ goods4 ,,conclusion ,x is a v int]e/+ "q1 :y 0 ?is great developm5t ( mat]ial prosp]ity delay$ s late8 ,:y did x wait until ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & !n all at once increase ) su* rapid /rides8 ,x 0 n until mod]n times t ! reign ( law 0 greatly ext5d$1 & m5 7 insur$ ! product ( _! labors4 ,!n came ! union ( sci5ti/s1 inv5tors1 & eng9e]s4 ,s long z ^! ?ree classes work$ sep>ately b little 0 done4 ,!re 0 an antagonism betwe5 !m4 ,anci5t writ]s w5t s f> z to say t ! inv5tion ( ! ar* & ( ! pott]'s :eel 7 b5ea? ! dignity ( a philosoph]4 ,"o ( ! fir/ great m5 to take a diff]5t view 0 ,francis ,bacon4 ,macaulay1 9 8 fam\s essay1 quotes him z say+3 8,philosophy is ! relief ( man's e/ate1 & ! end[m5t ( ! human race ) new p[]s2 increas+ _! pleasures & mitigat+ _! suff]+s40 ,^! noble words seem to anticipate ! fam\s def9ition ( civil eng9e]+1 embodi$ by ,tel=d 9 ! *>t] ( ! ,briti% ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s3 8,eng9e]+ is ! art ( controll+ ! great p[]s ( nature = ! use & conv5i5ce ( man40 ,! se$ s[n by ,bacon 0 long 9 produc+ fruit4 ,until ! laws ( nature 7 bett] kn[n1 !re c\ld be no practical application ( !m4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury a great intellectual revival took place4 ,9 lit]ature appe>$ ,voltaire1 ,r\sseau1 ,kant1 ,hume1 & ,goe!4 ,9 pure sci5ce !re came ,laplace1 ,cav5di%1 ,lavoisi]1 ,l9nu1 ,b]zelius1 ,prie/ley1 ,c\nt ,rum=d1 ,james ,watt1 & ,dr4 ,frankl94 ,! la/ ?ree 7 among ! e>lie/ to br+ ab\t a union ( pure & appli$ sci5ce4 ,frankl9 imm$iately appli$ 8 discov]y t frictional electricity & lightn+ 7 ! same to ! protection ( build+s by lightn+-rods4 ,c\nt ,rum=d 7^: exp]im5ts on ! conv]sion ( p[] into heat l$ to ! discov]y ( ! cons]vatism ( en]gy7 sp5t a long life 9 contriv+ useful inv5tions4 ,james ,watt1 "o ( ! few m5 :o h unit$ 9 !mselves k ( ab/ract sci5ce1 great inv5tive faculties1 & r>e me*anical skill1 *ang$ ! /eam-eng9e f a wor?less rattletrap into ! mo/ useful ma*9e ev] inv5t$ by man4 ,to d ?is he fir/ discov]$ ! sci5ce ( !rmodynamics1 !n inv5t$ ! necess>y appliances1 & f9ally con/ruct$ !m ) 8 own h&s4 ,he 0 a v exceptional man4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re 7 few eng9e]s :o _h receiv$ any sci5tific education4 ,mo/ ( !m work$ by _! con/ructive in/9cts1 l beav]s1 or f exp]i5ce only4 ,x took a lifetime to educate su* an eng9e]1 & few became em95t until !y 7 old m54 ,n[ !re is 9 ! pr(ession a great army ( "y m51 mo/ ( !m graduates ( te*nical s*ools1 good ma!maticians1 & well v]s$ 9 ! art ( exp]im5t+4 ,! exp]im5ts ( und]graduates on cem5ts1 concrete1 ! fl[ ( wat]1 ! impact ( metals1 & ! /eam-eng9e1 h add$ mu* to ! g5]al /ock ( k4 ,"o ( ! pres5t causes ( progress is t all discov]ies are publi%$ at once 9 te*nical j\rnals & 9 ! daily press4 ,! publication ( descriptive indexes ( all sci5tific & eng9e]+ articles z fa/ z !y appe> is ano!r mod]n contrivance4 ,=m]ly sci5tific discov]ies 7 conceal$ by cryptograms1 pr9t$ 9 a dead language1 & hidd5 9 ! ar*ives ( le>n$ societies4 ,ev5 s late z #ahba ,o]/$ publi%$ 8 discov]y ( ! uni=mity ( electricity & magnetism 9 ,lat94 ,eng9e]+ works c\ld h be5 design$ & useful inv5tions made1 b !y c\ld n h be5 c>ri$ out )\t comb9ation4 ,corporate organization collects ! small sav+s ( _m into great sums ?r\gh sav+s-banks1 life insurance companies1 etc41 & uses ?is conc5trat$ capital to con/ruct ! va/ works ( our days4 ,?is c\ld n cont9ue unless fair divid5ds 7 paid4 ,ev]y?+ n[ has to be design$ s z to pay4 ,"t1 labor1 & mat]ial mu/ be sav$1 & he ranks highe/ :o c be/ d ?is4 ,inv5tion has be5 enc\rag$ by lib]al pat5t laws1 :i* secure to ! inv5tor prop]ty 9 8 ideas at a mod]ate co/4 ,comb9ation1 organization1 & sci5tific discov]y1 inv5tive ability1 & eng9e]+ skill are n[ unit$4 ,x may be said t we h ga!r$ toge!r all ! inv5tions ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & call$ !m works ( eng9e]+4 ,?is is n s4 ,eng9e]+ cov]s mu* m ?an inv5tion4 ,x includes all works ( suffici5t size & intricacy to require m5 tra9$ 9 ! k ( ! physical conditions :i* gov]n ! me*anical application ( ! laws ( nature4 ,fir/ comes sci5tific discov]y1 !n inv5tion1 & la/ly eng9e]+4 ,f>aday & ,h5ry discov]$ ! electrical laws :i* l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! dynamo1 :i* 0 p]fect$ by _m m9ds4 ,eng9e]+ built su* works z ^? at ,niag>a ,falls to make x useful4 ,an ignorant man may inv5t a safety-p91 b he _c build ! ,brooklyn ,bridge4 ,! eng9e]-9-*ief comm&s an army ( exp]ts1 z )\t specialization little c be done4 ,8 is ! compreh5sive design1 = :i* he alone is responsible4 ,su* is ! evolution ( eng9e]+1 :i* began z a craft & has end$ z a pr(ession4 ,9 pa/ times1 civilization dep5d$ ^u milit>y eng9e]+4 ,w>riors at fir/ us$ only ! weapons ( ! h&4 ,!n came milit>y eng9e]+1 appli$ bo? to attack & def5ce1 & culm9at+ 9 ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]4 ,! civilization ( to-day dep5ds greatly ^u civil eng9e]+1 z we h tri$ to %[4 ,x has *ang$ ! face ( ! _w & br\ght all m5 ne>] toge!r4 ,x has improv$ ! condition ( man by sanit>y appliances & l[]+ ! co/ ( food4 ,x has %[n t ?r\gh ma*9]y ! workman is bett] educat$1 & 8 wages are increas$1 :ile ! pr(its ( capital increase also4 ,x has made repres5tative gov]nm5t possible ov] va/ areas ( t]ritory1 & is democratiz+ ! _w4 ,?\ghtful p]sons h ask$1 w ?is new civilization la/1 or w x g ! way ( its pr$ecessors8 ,surely ! answ] is3 all dep5ds on good gov]nm5t1 on ! /ability ( law1 ord]1 & ju/ice1 protect+ ! rights ( all classes4 ,x w cont9ue to gr[ ) ! gr[? ( good gov]nm5t1 prosp] ) its prosp]ity1 & p]i% ) its decay4 ,,?omas ,c4 ,,cl>ke4 ,,religion ,,ca?olicism ,x is no unnatural curiosity t tempts u to recollect ourselves at ! end ( a c5tury & consid] ! ga9s & losses ( ?ree g5]ations1 our inh]itance f ! pa/1 our own adm9i/ration ( ! same1 & ! prospects ( our desc5dants4 ,religion c only ga9 f su* a survey1 = %e is a _w tea*] on s l>ge a scale t all ord9>y human me?ods ( comp>ison & summ>y are too dw>f$ & insuffici5t = h]4 ,h] message is to all humanity2 h5ce only ! mo/ univ]sal crit]ia are rightly applicable to h]4 ,x seems to me t t is especially true ( ! olde/ hi/orical =m ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* is ,roman ,ca?olicism4 ,! ,roman ,*ur* has _h a message = all humanity 9 e age ev] s9ce ,sa9t ,clem5t p5n$ 8 fam\s epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 or ,sa9t ,victor caus$ ! ,*ri/ian _w to meet 9 special c\ncils = ! solution ( a univ]sal difficulty4 ,x is no m]e co9cid5ce t1 at ! op5+ ( ! la/ c5tury ( ?is my/ical & wond]ful cycle ( two ?\s& ye>s1 ! ,bi%op ( ,rome %\ld aga9 address ! _w 9 tones ^: mod]ation & sympa?y recall ! temp] & ! argum5ts ( ,sa9t ,clem5t1 8 f>-away pr$ecessor & disciple ( ,sa9t ,pet]4 ,! ye> #ahjj 0 a v di%e>t5+ "o = ,ca?olicism4 ,x /ill /ood erect & hopeful1 b 9 ! mid/ ( a political & social wreckage1 ! result ( a c5tury ( scepticism & de/ructive criticism t act$ at la/ z sp>ks = an ungov]nable popul> fr5zy1 dur+ :i* ! old ord] appe>$ to pass away =ev] & a new "o 0 inaugurat$ ) e manife/ation ( joy4 ,! tree ( political lib]ty 0 ev]y:]e plant$1 & ! peoples ( ,europe promis$ !mselves a life ( unalloy$ com=t = all future "t4 ,ca?olicism 0 ! religion ( ! majority ( ^! p1 & 0 cunn+ly oblig$ to be> ! brunt ( all _! compla9ts1 ju/ifi$ & unju/ifiable2 al?\gh ! au?orities ( ,ca?olicism _h long prote/$ aga9/ _m ( ! grave/ abuses ( ! p]iod1 su/a9$ 9 =mal defiance ( ! pr9ciples & in/itutions ( ! ,ca?olic religion4 ,! new ,cs> ?reat5$ to be m t]rible to ! indep5d5ce ( religion ?an any anci5t "o1 & ! rev5ues & e/abli%m5ts by :i* ,ca?olicism _h kept up its public /&+ & e>n$ ! e/eem & gratitude ( ! p 7 swept away or quasi ru9$4 ,all ! acquir$ *>ges & duties ( ! pa/ 7 left to ! ,ca?olic religion2 yet ! means to c>ry !m on 7 tak5 away1 sometimes by op5 viol5ce1 sometimes by insidi\s measures1 b always by gross inju/ice4 ,! f9al incid5ce ( ?is inju/ice 0 on ! common p1 s9ce ! ,*ur* 01 aft] all1 only ! adm9i/rator ( v mu* t %e 0 ?us dispossess$ (4 ,) ?is ov]turn+ ( all ! conditions ( ,ca?olic life came new problems1 new trials1 & a p]iod ( indef9ite1 unc]ta9 circum/ances t 7 f9ally set at re/ only at ! ,congress ( ,vi5na 9 #ahae1 by :i* an end 0 put to ! political *anges t began ) ! ,revolution ( #aghi4 ,! modus viv5di !n rea*$1 & soon consecrat$ by a s]ies ( concordats1 has rema9$ sub/antially ! basis ( ! deal+s ( ,ca?olicism ) ! gov]nm5ts ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,only "o =mal & p]man5t violation ( ?is legal situation has tak5 place1 ! viol5t & unju/ dispossession ( ! ,holy ,see by ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,h\se ( ,savoy1 9 flagrant violation ( e title t c\ld be invok$ by a legitimate civil p[]4 ,else:]e ,ca?olicism has und]gone mu* suff]+1 bo? 9 ! /ates ( ! ,old ,_w & 9 ! republics ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,b1 ! above vital conflict ap>t1 ! old c5tury clos$ ) no v acute or intol]able condition ( ?+s1 al?\gh !re is mu* t does n reply to our ideas ( fairness & ju/ice4 ,,! ,,vatican ,,c\ncil ,! *ief ev5t ( ! c5tury1 f ! po9t ( view ( ,roman ,ca?olicism1 is und\bt$ly ! hold+ ( ! ,vatican ,c\ncil4 ,s9ce ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t ! bi%ops ( ! ,ca?olic _w _h n met 9 common "u ! guidance ( ! ,bi%op ( ,rome4 ,! grave/ int]e/s ( religion seem$ at /ake aft] m ?an a c5tury ( public infidelity & ! ov]?r[ ( all =m] safegu>ds ( fai?4 ,! "* ( doctr9al au?ority & its visible tangible possessor 7 decl>$ by ! dogma ( ,papal infallibility4 ,! g5u9e relations ( reason & revelation 7 set =? 9 unmi/akable language4 ,! tr\bles t foll[$ ! close ( ! ,c\ncil 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe 7 nei!r s]i\s nor long-liv$1 s9ce its tea*+s 7 9 keep+ ) ! g5]al s5se ( ,ca?olicism4 ,x promot$1 notably1 mutual respect & concord among ! bi%ops & gave to ! multitudes ( ,ca?olics 9 ! ,old & ,new ,worlds a new sign ( ! unity & int]nal vigor ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! sc5es ( ! ,c\ncil are indelibly fix$ 9 my memory1 = ,i 0 ! y\nge/ & humble/ ( ! six hundr$ & sixty-sev5 bi%ops :o compos$ x4 ,a ,g5]al ,c\ncil is ! v highe/ act ( ! life ( ! ,*ur*1 s9ce x pres5ts )9 a small compass1 & at once1 all ! movem5ts t h be5 develop+ 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 & (f]s to all ! fai?ful & to all outside ! ,*ur* /raight=w>d answ]s to all ! great ecclesia/ical problems t come up = settlem5t4 ,_h ! ,vatican ,c\ncil be5 f9i%$ x w\ld h tak5 up ! grave subject ( ecclesia/ical discipl9e4 ,t is res]v$ = ! reop5+ ( ! ,c\ncil at "s future date4 ,,! ,,missions ,,( ,,ca?olicism ,x is incumb5t on ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* to spread ! tea*+s ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ?is by ,8 own div9e comm&3 8,go+1 !re=e1 tea* all nations40 ,9 ?is la/ c5tury %e has n be5 unfai?ful1 any m ?an 9 o!rs4 ,no portion ( ! v9ey>d has be5 neglect$2 ! m>tyr's blood has wat]$ "s p>ts m abundantly1 b 9 all ! mission>y has toil$ )\t ceas+1 has sp5t himself4 ,9 ! ,f> ,ea/ ,ca?olic missions h be5 c>ri$ on 9 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,?ibet1 ,tonk94 ,9 e "p ( ,africa1 nor!rn1 c5tral1 & s\!rn1 ! prie/s & nuns ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* h prec$$ ! explor] or foll[$ ! trad] & ! m9] ) ! bless+s ( religion4 ,9 ! /ill pagan p>ts ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica h] mission>ies are f\nd all ?r\gh ! c5tury4 ,!y h kept up _! vigils 9 ! ,holy ,l&1 & 9 g5]al h made a notable progress4 ,! inv5tions ( ! age h be5 b5eficial by op5+ up new l&s & by mak+ transit easy & rapid1 ?us recall+ "s ( ! conditions :i* conduc$ to ! orig9al spread ( ! religion ( ,jesus4 ,a multitude ( noble s\ls h devot$ all to ! enlight5m5t ( ! b>b>ian & pagan _w4 ,& :ile ,i disp>age no l&1 & d n und]value ! good int5tions & ef=ts ( ^? outside our pale1 ,i _c pass ov] 9 sil5ce ! ,fr5* nation1 :i* has giv5 m abundantly ?an any1 p]haps m abundantly ?an all o!rs1 ( prie/s1 si/]s1 & funds = ! ess5tial duty ( ,ca?olicism4 ,! "w ( ! ,propagation ( ! ,fai? & ! ,sem9>y ( ,=eign ,missions at ,p>is des]ve a special s\v5ir z (t5 z ,ca?olic missions are m5tion$4 ,,! ,,popes ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury ,six ,popes rul$ ! ,*ur* 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury3 ,pius ,,vii41 ,leo ,,xii41 ,pius ,,viii41 ,gregory ,,xvi41 ,pius ,,ix41 & ! pres5t v5]able pontiff1 ,leo ,,xiii4 ,9 ! p]son ( ,pius ,,vii4 !y h kn[n :at m>tyrdom 0 l1 also ! %ame & humiliation ( be+ subject to a civil p[] absolute 9 its "* & prone to unw>rantable int]f]5ce ) ! ecclesia/ical p[]1 ev5 to contempt ( its mo/ anci5t & v5]able rights4 ,9 ,gregory ,,xvi4 & ,pius ,,ix4 !y le>n$ ! purposes & ! p[] ( ^? :o 9 ,europe h succe$$ to ! m5 ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,9 ,leo ,,xiii4 _! l9e1 ! olde/ l9e ( rul]s on ! e>?1 c boa/ ( a mo/ enlight5$ m9d & a v sympa!tic he>t4 ,long "t a bi%op ( an important see be=e he 0 made ,pope1 he has be5 at ! level ( e task impos$ ^u ! ,papacy4 ,9 a p>ticul> mann] he has be5 ! patron ( ecclesia/ical /udies1 by 8 s*ol>ly encyclicals on philosophy1 ,scripture1 hi/ory1 & o!r bran*es ( le>n+4 ,a noble specim5 ( ?is activity is 8 late lett] to ! bi%ops ( ,france on ! /udies ( ! cl]gy4 ,8 _s is ! ,*ri/ian _s ( reconciliation & concord1 yet )\t sacrifice ( ! immemorial rights & ! solemn obligations ( ! ,apo/olic ,see4 ,he may n live to see ! re/oration ( 8 indep5d5ce1 & ! rep>ation ( ! wrong inflict$ ^u ! ,holy ,see1 b he c ma9ta9 a prote/ t w =ev] invalidate among ,ca?olics ! claim ( ! actual gov]nm5t & keep op5 ! ,roman "q until x is rightly settl$4 ,ca?olics _c =get t ! ,pope = ! "t be+ is1 accord+ to ,ca?olic doctr9e1 ! successor ( ,sa9t ,pet] 9 all 8 rights & privileges z ! visible head ( ! ,*ur*1 appo9t$ by ,jesus ,himself4 ,h5ce1 among o!r duties1 he has to safegu>d ! approv$ traditions & ! g5]al legislation ( ! pa/1 to protect ! /atus ( ! ,*ur* z giv5 ov] to him1 & to h& x d[n undim9i%$ to 8 own successor4 ,precisely because he is ! head ( ! ,*ur* he may n licitly alt] its organic & regul> life1 or arbitr>ily ab&on ! almo/ sacrosanct ways along :i* 8 pr$ecessors h mov$1 or give up lightly ! in/itutions 9 :i* religion has gradually f\nd a sett+ = itself4 ,i v5ture to say t ?is elem5t ( fixity 9 ! attitude ( ! ,apo/olic ,see w be m appreciat$ 9 ano!r age1 m con/ructive & ar*itectonic ?an ! pa/1 less qu]ul\s & de/ructive1 ev5 if less d>+ & brilliant4 ,=ev] to pull d[n & scatt]1 & nev] to build up & p]fect1 _c be ! f9al purpose ( human society4 ,x is p]haps wor? rem>k+ t ! av]age reign ( ! ,popes 0 mu* long] 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ?an 9 any o!r1 be+ ov] sixte5 ye>s1 & t two successive reigns1 ^? ( ,pius ,,ix4 & ,leo ,,xiii41 repres5t fifty-f\r cont9u\s ye>s ( ,*ur* gov]nm5t at ,rome1 a ph5om5on n witness$ s9ce ! f\ndation ( t ,*ur* by ,sa9t ,pet] & ,sa9t ,paul4 ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,hi]>*y ,dur+ ?is c5tury ! ,holy ,fa!r has be5 able to re/ore ! ,ca?olic hi]>*y 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,holl&1 & to create x anew 9 ,india4 ,?is means ! ord]ly managem5t ( ! works & ! purposes ( ! ,ca?olic religion1 s9ce ! episcopate is ! div9ely in/itut$ organ = its spread & its adm9i/ration4 ,9 _m l&s a num]\s episcopate has sprung up4 ,9 our own belov$ c\ntry x has gr[n almo/ at ! rate ( "o see = e ye> ( ! c5tury4 ,! apo/olic activity ( ! episcopate has be5 usually beyond reproa*4 ,! c>e ( s\ls1 ! creation ( p>i%es1 build+ ( *ur*es1 conv5ts1 s*ools1 & *>itable in/itutions has gone on 9 e diocese ( ! ,ca?olic _w4 ,"s bi%ops h di/+ui%$ !mselves by _! sanctity ( life & _! love = ! poor2 o!rs by _! le>n+ & _! skill 9 _! writ+ works ( utility = ! fai?ful2 o!rs by _! holy m>tyrdoms1 bo? 9 pagan & ,*ri/ian l&s2 o!rs by devotion to great works ( common *>ity & utility--ne>ly all by _! exempl>y lives & ! consci5ti\s p]=mance ( _! duties4 ,no nation has a monopoly ( ?is outp\r+ ( ! highe/ sac]dotal devotion2 & no nation or p1 z f> z ,i c le>n1 has be5 )\t a /eady succession ( rem>kable bi%ops1 m5 :o w\ld h done honor to any age ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory4 ,i believe t x is ! con/ant & edify+ s]vice ( ! episcopal body :i* is *iefly responsible = ! improvem5t 9 le>n+1 morality1 & labori\s enlight5$ zeal on ! "p ( ! cl]gy1 diocesan & mona/ic1 :i* x seems j to claim = ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 "s l&s ! episcopal (fice is fre] ?an 9 o!rs1 & its b5efic5t activity is m imm$iate & visible4 ,9 all ! bi%ops h kept ! bond ( unity1 (t5 at no inconsid]able sacrifice ( p]sonal com=t4 ,nei!r s*ism nor h]esy ( any =mal & notewor?y nature has be5 connect$ ) ! episcopal (fice4 ,x w\ld ill become me to discrim9ate :]e ! m]its are s equal4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 be p]mitt$ to rejoice ) my c\ntrym5 at ! end ( ! c5tury t ! life & ! tea*+s ( a ,c>roll1 a ,*ev]us1 a ,brut a ,neumann1 a ,dubois1 h n be5 )\t salut>y effect1 & h set a %9+ m>k = ! imitation ( all com+ g5]ations4 ,p>ticul>ly h su* m5 inculcat$ habitual c\rtesy & *>ity 9 deal+ ) all ^? :o did n %>e ! fai? ( ,ca?olics4 ,!y 7 fre% f ! /orms ( =eign religi\s hatr$ & infidel intol]ance1 & knew by p]sonal exp]i5ce ! b5efit ( mutual good und]/&+ & p]sonal respect4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p>ticul>ly1 ! ,ca?olic episcopate has be5 v active 9 provid+ = ! mo/ fundam5tal spiritual ne$s ( _! flocks--*ur*es = religi\s s]vices1 prie/s = ! adm9i/ration ( sacram5ts1 s*ools = ! pres]vation ( ! reveal$ ,*ri/ian fai?1 orphanages = ! little waifs & ca/aways ( society4 ,:e!r %ort or long1 ! p]iods ( gov]nm5t ( ^! ,*ur* rul]s h nev] be5 idle nor m>k$ by self-indulg5ce4 ,almo/ e "o has left "s monum5t ( fai? z a contribution to ! g5]al good ( ,ca?olicism4 ,i w\ld nei!r exagg]ate nor boa/1 yet x occurs to me1 aft] _m ye>s ( s]vice1 travel1 & obs]vation1 t few ages ( ,*ri/ianity c %[ a m labori\s & elevat$ episcopate ?an ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! recruit+ ( ! diocesan cl]gy has be5 ! grave/ duty ( ?is episcopate1 = religion lives by & = m54 ,x c get along )\t weal? or monum5ts1 b n )\t intellig5t tea*]s ( its t5ets & fai?ful obs]v]s ( its precepts4 ,9 keep+ ) ! decrees ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t diocesan sem9>ies h be5 op5$ :]e x 0 possible1 & else:]e prov9cial in/itutions ( a simil> "*4 ,bo? fl\ri% 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & gr[ m num]\s ) e decade4 ,! old] cl]gy1 long drawn f ! v5]able s*ools ( ,europe1 h left a sweet odor among u1 ! pure/ odor ( self-sacrific+ lives1 ( devotion to poor & scatt]$ flocks1 ( pati5t1 uncompla9+ cont5tm5t ) ! circum/ances ( pov]ty & humility4 ,!re is no diocese 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e !re _c be he>d tales ( ! h>d%ips & brave lives ( ! ecclesia/ics :o laid ! f\ndations ( religion4 ,we rememb] !m always1 & hold _! names 9 b5$iction4 ,! y\ng] g5]ation ( our cl]gy enjoys advantages d5i$ to _! pr$ecessors2 b we consid] t !y owe x to ^? pr$ecessors if !y h a degree ( leisure to p]fect ! culture ( _! m9ds1 & a fai?ful ,ca?olic p to ask = ! b5efits :i* mu/ accrue f great] le>n+1 if x be solid & well direct$4 ,yet ,i _c admit t our old] cl]gy 7 defici5t 9 ! le>n+ ( ! s*ools4 ,! names ( ,engl& & ,corcoran are at once on our lips1 n to speak ( a long array ( o!rs almo/ equally entitl$ to di/+ui%$ m5tion4 ,if ! ext]nal conditions ( ! diocesan cl]gy h improv$1 _! relations to ! ,*ur* au?ority h be5 safegu>d$ ) ev5 great] e>ne/ness & effici5cy4 ,! dispositions ( synods1 prov9cial c\ncils1 & ! ?ree pl5>y c\ncils ( ,baltimore h1 we are happy to say1 _h little to d ) que/ions ( doctr9e4 ,!y h all be5 held = ! improvem5t ( discipl9e & notably = ! welf>e ( ! cl]gy4 ,9 ! same direction1 also1 h t5d$ ! num]\s decisions & in/ructions f ! ,roman congregations1 ^: wisdom has nev] be5 invok$ by u 9 va91 & ^: sympa?y = our conditions we gratefully ackn[l$ge4 ,,! ,,congregation ,,( ,,! ,,propag&a ,any acc\nt ( ! good influ5ce ( ! ,holy ,see on our ecclesia/ical conditions w\ld be unju/ & incomplete if ! ,congregation ( ! ,propag&a ,fide 7 omitt$4 ,to x we owe an unceas+ surveillance1 full ( prud5ce & intellig5ce4 ,f its (fices h come to ! bi%ops regul>ly c\nsel1 w>n+1 enc\ragem5t1 co-op]ation4 ,x has be5 em95tly j & fair1 also fe>less 9 ! application ( ! pr9ciples1 ! _s1 & ! lett] ( canonical discipl9e4 ,its action is a calm & grave "o1 m>k$ by retic5ce & pati5ce & t composure :i* belongs to ! highe/ judicial decisions4 ,b ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,canada owes x an undisput$ debt ( gratitude4 ,! mo/ le>n$ c>d9als ( ! c5tury & ! be/ ecclesia/ical tal5t h co-op]at$ 9 ! creation ( its legislation1 :i* ne$ n fe> ! criticism ( any le>n$ & hone/ judicial body ( m54 ,,religi\s ,,ord]s ,,& ,,communities ,9 ! religi\s ord]s & communities ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* possesses a v anci5t auxili>y =ce t has r5d]$ incalculable help dur+ ! c5tury4 ,by _! numb]s1 _! /rong inh]it$ traditions1 _! c5tral gov]nm5t1 _! will+ ob$i5ce1 & _! o!r res\rces !y h come ev]y:]e to ! aid ( ! bi%ops & ! diocesan cl]gy4 ,(t5 !y bore alone & = a long "t1 & at great sacrifices1 ! :ole burd5 ( religion4 ,_! praise is rightly on all sides1 & _! works speak = !m1 :5 _! mode/y & humility =bid !m to praise !mselves4 ,! missions ( ,ca?olicism 9 ?is c5tury1 z 9 o!rs1 h l>gely fall5 to !m4 ,!y /ood 9 ! brea* = ! cause ( education :5 ! *ur*es 7 too poor & few to op5 colleges4 ,!y h giv5 c\ntless missions & retreats1 & 9 g5]al h n sp>$ !mselves :5 call$ ^u = works ( g5]al utility4 ,!y & _! works are ( ! ess5ce ( ,ca?olicism1 & !y ought rightly to fl\ri% 9 any l& :]e !y are free to live accord+ to ! precepts & ! _s ( _! f\nd]s1 :o are (t5 canoniz$ sa9ts ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,i %all n be say+ too mu* :5 ,i ass]t t among ! invaluable s]vices r5d]$ to ! ,*ur* by ,ca?olic wom5 ( all conditions ( life--no unique ?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,ca?olicism--^? r5d]$ by ! wom5 ( religi\s communities are ( ! fir/ rank ( m]it4 ,prim>y ,ca?olic education1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at lea/1 w\ld h be5 almo/ impossible )\t _! devotion4 ,x is ow+ to !m t ! orphans h be5 collect$ & c>$ =1 ! sick h\s$ & %elt]$1 ! poor & helpless & ag$1 ! crippl$ & ! bl9d1 look$ aft] regul>ly & lov+ly4 ,!y surely walk 9 ! foot/eps ( ,jesus1 do+ good :]ev] !y g4 ,! p]5nial note ( sanctity 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* %9es especially 9 !m4 ,cont5t ) food & clo?+ & %elt]1 !y devote _! lives1 (t5 9 ! v fl[] ( y\? & heal? & beauty1 to ! weak & ne$ful memb]s ( ,*ri/ian society4 ,he mu/ ne$s be a ,div9e ,ma/] :o c s /eadily *>m into ,8 s]vice ! pure/ & ! mo/ affectionate ( he>ts1 & cause !m to put aside delib]ately = love ( ,him ev5 ! mo/ ju/ifiable ( human atta*m5ts4 ,?is argum5t = ,*ri/ianity is n new2 x 0 urg$ by ,sa9t ,ju/9 ! ,m>tyr on ! lib]t9e _w ( ! ,anton9es4 ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,*ri/5dom ,?r\gh\t ?is c5tury ! ,roman ,*ur* has desir$ & s\ght by all practical means ! re/oration ( ! =m] unity ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,ea* succe$+ ,pope has appeal$ to ! anci5t b sep>at$ ,*ur*es ( ! ,ori5t1 rem9d+ !m ( ! pa/ on5ess & ! ne$ ( union ) t see :i* all _! records proclaim ! rock & c5tre ( unity4 ,simil>ly1 appeals h be5 issu$ to ! divid$ ,*ri/ian communities ( ! ,we/1 z :5 ,pius ,,ix4 wrote to ! memb]s ( ! ,prote/ant _w be=e ! ,vatican ,c\ncil1 & :5 ,leo ,,xiii4 lately address$ 8 fam\s encyclical on ! ,unity ( ! ,*ur* to all m5 ( good w )9 ! ,anglican pale4 ,su* ef=ts may seem p]functory2 b !y h 9 our eyes a deep mean+4 ,!y proclaim ! doctr9e ( unity t is cle>] ?an ! noonday sun f ! tea*+s ( ,jesus2 !y make a fir/ /ep 9 ! direction ( its re/oration2 !y keep alive ! _s ( *>ity 9 _m he>ts1 & !y /ir up c\ntless pray]s = ! consummation ( an end t few believ+ ,*ri/ians any long] consid] unnecess>y4 ,already ! cank]-worms ( d\bt & indiff]5ce are gnaw+ at ^? la/ f\ndations ( ! old inh]it$ ,*ri/ian religi\s beliefs t /ill work$ b5efic5tly outside ! pale ( ,ca?olic unity1 b are n[ disappe>+ f ! public consci\sness because1 too (t51 !y are no long] elem5ts ( private conviction4 ,9 ! realm ( fai?1 z 9 t ( nature1 !re is an aft]-gl[1 :5 ! c5tral sun has sp5t its =ce2 b 9 bo? t gl[ is ! h]ald ( coldness & d>kness4 ,to ^? :o no long] all[ 9 _! he>ts any ,*ri/ian belief1 ,ca?olicism has /rongly appeal$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury by its tea*+s on ! "r use ( reason 9 matt]s ( fai?1 ! claims ( religion on ! m9d & ! he>t ( man1 ! b5efits ( ,*ri/ianity1 & its sup]iority ov] all o!r =ms ( religion--9 a ^w1 by ! con/ant expos ( all ! motives ( cr$ibility :i* c\ld affect a sane & "r m9d t _h dive/$ itself ( prejudice & passion4 ,,conv]sions ,,to ,,ca?olicism ,n ! lea/ rem>kable %>e ( ! hi/ory ( ,ca?olicism is se5 9 ! /ream ( conv]sions t began 9 ! v /ress ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution & has n ceas$ to fl[ s9ce !n4 ,f e l& ( ! ,old & ,new ,worlds hundr$s ( ?\s&s h return$ ( _! own volition to ! anci5t fold :]e9 we firmly believe is kept ! sacr$ deposit ( sav+ tru?4 ,!y h come to u f ! pulpits ( oppos+ religions & f ! work%ops ( an unbeliev+ sci5ce4 ,e condition ( life1 & bo? sexes1 h s5t u num]\s s\ls4 ,v _m ( ^! conv]sions h be5 unsolicit$ & unexpect$4 ,"s ( !m meant an accession ( weal? or social pre/ige or high rank4 ,o!rs br\ght ) !m ! belov$ tribute ( uncommon intellig5ce1 exp]i5ce ( life & m51 acquir$ erudition1 ! highe/ gifts ( /yle & oratory4 ,v _m h come f ! middle walks ( life1 & signifi$ no m ?an a great we>9ess ( pursu+ %ad[s = ! reality ( div9e tru?1 & ! excessive goodness ( ! ,holy ,_s ( ,god :i* bl[e? :]e x li/e?4 ,( ?is army ( conv]ts "s h be5 drawn by ! conviction t ! ,bible alone1 )\t an int]pret] & a witness div9ely gu>ante$1 c\ld n suffice z a rule ( fai?4 ,o!rs h be5 mov$ by ! inc>nation 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! _s & functions ( au?ority )\t :i* no society c exi/4 ,/ill o!rs h come back to ! ,"m ( all *ur*es1 ?r\gh a deep he>t-we>9ess at ! endless dilapidation ( div9e tru? outside ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,"s h s\ght & f\nd ?r\gh ! /udy ( hi/ory ! op5 door to ! tru?4 ,o!rs aga9 ?r\gh ! /udy ( art & its functions 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,9 :atev] way !y return$ to ! unity ( ! orig9al %eepfold1 !y are an eloqu5t witness to ! innate vigor & ! immortal *>m ( ! ,*ri/ian tru? z pres]v$ 9 ,ca?olicism4 ,= !y h come 9 unconditionally4 ,_! return has work$ b5eficially1 n only = !mselves1 b = ^? ( ! ,ca?olic fai?1 :om x has consol$ & enc\rag$ = _! /eadfa/ness1 :ile ! non-,ca?olic _w _c b feel t t religion is wor?y ( respect1 ev5 ( /udy1 :i* c =ev] draw s _m m5 & wom5 out ( ! ranks ( its adv]s>ies1 ev5 at ! sacrifice ( _m ?+s :i* are usually held de> by society4 ,,! ,,relations ,,) ,,civil ,,au?ority ,be+ a g5u9e & _w-wide religion1 ,ca?olicism c\ld n b come into contact ) ! p[]s 9 :i* re/s ! social au?ority4 ,9 _m cases ! fundam5tal relations ( bo? h be5 settl$ by docum5ts ( a quasi con/itutional "* kn[n z concordats4 ,!y are b9d+ on bo? p>ties1 yet 9 m ?an "o case ! supreme au?ority ( ,ca?olicism has _h reason to compla9 ( _! violation ei!r 9 lett] or 9 _s4 ,important po9ts l ! fre$om ( episcopal elections1 ! managem5t ( ecclesia/ical rev5ues1 ! fre$om ( access to & communication ) ! ,holy ,see1 h be5 tamp]$ ) or op5ly aboli%$4 ,9 a g5]al way ,ca?olics are f> f be+ cont5t ) ! actual adm9i/ration ( ^! quasi treaties betwe5 ! civil & ! ecclesia/ical p[]s 9 ! ,old ,_w & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica--yet !y respect !m & desire to live up to _! requirem5ts4 ,x is to be hop$ t 9 ! new c5tury !re w be less suspicion ( ! truly b5efic5t int5tions ( ! ,*ur*1 & less hamp]+ ( ! common organs ( h] exi/5ce & "w4 ,9 a c5tury fill$ ) revolutions z no o!r ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has comport$ h]self ) dignity & equity1 & manag$ to f9d ! correct via m$ia 9 ?is great tangle ( oppos+ & mutually de/ructive =ms & !ories ( gov]nm5t4 ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,9 our own belov$ c\ntry we h e reason to be ?ankful t ! lib]ty to wor%ip ,god accord+ to ! dictates ( consci5ce is gu>ante$ by ! ,con/itution1 & has ent]$ deeply into ! convictions ( our fell[-citiz5s4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 by h] own con/itution1 is deeply sympa!tic ) our national life & all t x /&s =4 ,%e has ?riv$ 9 ! atmosph]e ( lib]ty1 & seeks only ! protection ( ! common law1 t equal ju/ice :i* is dealt out to all4 ,%e is ! olde/ hi/orical & cont9u\s gov]nm5t on ! e>?1 & x is no small index ( ! value ( our in/itutions & _! durability t !y make provision = ! life & ! "w ( s va/ & s ag$ a society4 ,x w\ld also seem to %[ t1 ?r\gh a long c\rse ( c5turies1 ,ca?olicism held z its own g5u9e political tea*+s only su* z 7 f9ally compatible ) ! mo/ p]fect & univ]sal citiz5%ip kn[n to hi/ory4 ,:5 ?is nation 0 =m+1 ! fir/ ,ca?olic bi%op 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & my fir/ pr$ecessor 9 ! see ( ,baltimore1 ,john ,c>roll1 accept$ & p]=m$ satisfactorily ! grave/ public duty ( a citiz51 an embassy to ano!r p = ! b5efit ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,!reby he left to u all an example & a tea*+ t we %all ev] *]i%1 ! example ( self-sacrifice z ! prime duty ( e citiz51 & ! tea*+ t patriotism is a holy conviction to :i* no ,ca?olic1 prie/ or layman1 c hold himself =eign or apa!tic4 ,a ,ca?olic layman ( ! same di/+ui%$ family1 ,*>les ,c>roll ( ,c>rollton1 ?rew 9 8 lot ) ! patriots f ! beg9n+1 & by ^w & de$ s]v$ ! cause ( ,am]ican lib]ty1 :ile he liv$ to see x fl\ri% & in=m m & m ! m9ds & he>ts ( ! fir/ g5]ation ( ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,9 future c5turies1 z 9 ?is1 8 "n w be held 9 honor & b5$iction z a sign] ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,8 ,ca?olic belief & conduct w =ev] be a pot5t enc\ragem5t to ! *ildr5 ( 8 own fai?4 ,he 0 ! fir/ layman to contribute notably to ! cause ( ,ca?olic education1 & ! native =mation ( ! prie/hood1 by ! e/abli%m5t ( a college = t purpose4 ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,*ur* ,,& ,,education ,we h done our be/ 9 ^! t5 decades to provide ! be/ education = our p & our prie/s4 ,intimately conv9c$ t g5]al education )\t religion is de/9$ to be an evil r ?an a bless+1 we h creat$ all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates a sy/em ( prim>y education 9 p>o*ial s*ools t has co/ u & yet co/s u ! grave/ sacrifices & entails ! heavie/ solicitudes4 ,yet we feel t we are s]v+ ! cause ( ,god & c\ntry by indoctr9at+ our ,ca?olic y\? ) p]suasions ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ,8 holy attributes1 ( ! true nature ( vice & virtue1 ( consci5ce & s91 ( ! spiritual & ! temporal1 ( ! prop] purposes ( life1 ( puni%m5t & rew>d 9 an immortal life4 ,we believe t ,*ri/ianity is bett] ?an paganism2 also t ,*ri/ianity is some?+ simple1 positive1 hi/orical1 t c & ought to be taught f ! cradle to ! grave1 good = all conditions1 = bo? sexes1 & = e situation 9 life ?is side ( ! common grave4 ,believ+ ?is1 we h %ap$ our conduct accord+ly1 & tru/ to ,god = ! issue4 ,9 su* matt]s x imports m to be "r 9 pr9ciple ?an to be successful4 ,our second>y sy/em ( education has gone on f ! f\nd+ ( ! ,republic4 ,colleges = boys & academies = girls h ris5 up 9 e ,/ate & ,t]ritory1 h be5 support$ by ! fai?ful p1 & are do+ an incalculable good4 ,z our means increase & o!r advantages (f]1 we hope to improve !m2 ,ca?olicism is no /agnant pool1 b a field = e good private initiative t respects "r & tru?4 ,9 ! ,ca?olic ,univ]sity ( ,am]ica1 f\nd$ 9 ! la/ decade ( ! c5tury by ,pope ,leo ,,xiii4 & ! ,ca?olic hi]>*y1 aft] due & l5g?y delib]ation1 & made possible by ! magnific5t g5]osity ( a ,ca?olic woman1 we h c5tr$ our hopes ( a sy/em ( high] education t %all embody ! be/ traditions ( our anci5t ,*ur* & ! approv$ ga9s ( our own times4 ,am]ican ,ca?olics h n dispos$ 9 ! pa/ ( great weal?1 inh]it$ or e>n$2 h5ce all ^! works mean an incr$ible devotion & int5sity ( good w & su/a9$ sacrifices4 ,:]ev] ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has be5 /rong & successful1 s*ools ( e k9d fl\ri%4 ,i ne$ only recall ! fact t ! idea1 ! con/itution1 ! functions1 ! influ5ces ( a univ]sity 7 unkn[n 9 ! _w until %e creat$ ! type 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & gave ov] to mank9d a new factor 9 civil & religi\s life--! p[] ( organiz$ le>n+4 ,,! ,,social ,,movem5t ,?r\gh ! :ole c5tury "o l9e ( ?\ght & action has be5 gradually dis5gag+ itself f all o!rs & dom9at+ !m4 ,t is ! social movem5t1 or ! t5d5cy t[>ds a m ev5ly j & natural conception ( all ! relations t arise f ! common dwell+ ( mank9d 9 organiz$ society4 ,x has long tak5 ! =m ( in/itutions & plans = ! bett]m5t ( ! conditions ( ! p1 ( woman1 ( all :o suff] or ?9k !y suff] f ! actual organization ( society4 ,if !re is some?+ ,utopian 9 c]ta9 plans or hopes1 !re is too mu* t is ju/ifiable at ! root ( o!r attempts to reorganize our social conditions4 ,n to speak ( ! undesirable inh]itances ( ! pa/1 ! new conditions creat$ = ! common man by ! spread ( indu/rialism & comm]cialism h (t5 be5 pa9ful 9 ! extreme1 & h ar\s$ bo? viol5t prote/s & deep sympa?y4 ,by ! help ( ,god we h aboli%$ ! reproa* ( slav]y 9 e civiliz$ l&1 b we he> f ! labor+ multitudes a vague cry t !y are already 9 ! ?roes ( a return to t accurs$ in/itution4 ,"h ! doctr9es ( ,ca?olicism are em95tly 9 accord ) ! "r conception ( human nature1 ! functions ( au?ority & mutual help or *>ity1 ! duty to live1 & ! "r to all ! necess>y means = t end4 ,%e is sympa!tic1 hi/orically & naturally1 to ! toil+ masses1 :o1 aft] all1 =m ev]y:]e ! bulk ( h] adh]5ts1 & h be5 always ! mo/ docile & affectionate ( h] memb]s4 ,x is %e :o creat$ 9 ! _w ! practical work+ idea ( a common humanity1 ! basis ( all g5u9e social improvem5t4 ,! trials ( ,ca?olicism h come m (t5 f ! luxury & ! s9 ( ^? 9 high places ?an f ! disaffection ( its great masses4 ,z ?is movem5t has ga!r$ =ce1 & pass$ f !ories into ! doma9 ( action1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ?r\gh h] head1 has foll[$ x ) att5tion & respect4 ,! :ole pontificate ( ,leo ,,xiii4 is rem>kable = acts & docum5ts :i* h pass$ into ! hi/ory ( social endeavor 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,8 p]sonal *>ities1 l>ge & enlight5$1 are z no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! f>-rea*+ acts l ! refusal to condemn ! association ( ! ,knights ( ,labor4 ,8 encyclical on ! ,condition ( ,work+m5 recalls ! only possible l9es ( a f9al concord betwe5 labor & capital--! _s & tea*+s ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! be/ ,fri5d our common humanity ev] _h4 ,9 ! same way1 8 late/ encyclical on ,jesus ,*ri/1 ) :i* ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! c5tury closes1 emphasizes ! true basis = ! re/oration ( peace & h>mony & ju/ice betwe5 ! poor & ! ri*1 betwe5 ! produc]s ( capital & ! capital t /imulates & regulates production4 ,we may be confid5t t ! papacy ( ! future w n %[ less enlight5m5t & sympa?y 9 its attempts to solve ^! delicate & grave problems ) ! lea/ inju/ice & ! greate/ *>ity4 ,,lights ,,& ,,%ad[s ,x w\ld be idle to d5y or to palliate ! _m %ad[s t fall across ! hi/ory ( ,ca?olicism 9 ! c5tury t has elaps$4 ,i sc>cely ne$ ref] to ! weaknesses & errors ( h] individual *ildr53 su* acts %e repudiates1 & :5 %e c *a/ises rem$ially4 ,b ! ,*ur* has n recov]$ t va/ inh]it$ moral p[] ov] ! public life :i* x enjoy$ be=e ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,9 _m ways ! consequ5ces ( a!ism1 mat]ialism1 & ev5 ( deism1 h be5 d$uc$ into mann]s & in/itutions1 to ! detrim5t ( ! anci5t ,*ri/ian morality4 ,! /]n] ,*ri/ian virtue ( previ\s c5turies1 f\nd$ on ! ,*ri/ian revelation1 has be5 =c$ out ( ! public life ( :ole peoples4 ,exp$i5cy1 opportunism1 moral c[>dice h (t5 triumph$ ov] ! pla9 "r & ! fair tru?4 ,! pr9ciple has be5 e/abli%$ t ,god is on ! side ( ! great battalions1 is ev] ) ! /rong m5 ( blood & iron4 ,anci5t & v5]able sov]eignties h be5 hypocritically dispossess$4 ,small nationalities h be5 eras$ f ! _w's political map1 & ! hi/ory ( ! ne> pa/ almo/ ju/ifies ! rumors ( imp5d+ /eps 9 ! same direction4 ,) ! increase ( greatness 9 /ates comes an increase ( w>like p]ils1 n only f comm]cial rivalry1 b f t root ( ambition & dom9ation :i* gr[s 9 e he>t1 unless *eck$ & subdu$ 9 "t1 & :i* 9 ! pa/ has be5 too (t5 ! s\rce ( viol5t inju/ice on ! greate/ scale4 ,^! de$s & pr9ciples we believe to be a necess>y result ( naturalism1 ( ! exclusion ( ! sup]natural & reveal$ elem5ts ( ,*ri/ianity f our public life1 & n only ^!1 b o!rs ( a grav] "*1 t mu/ "o day foll[ f _! logical & un*eck$ evolution4 ,divorce1 a cause ( ru9 9 e l&1 gr[s ) rapidity 9 _m civiliz$ nations1 s mu* s t n only ,ca?olicism1 its invet]ate enemy1 is %ock$1 b ,*ri/ian m5 ( e p]suasion believe t "s public & au?oritative /eps ought to be tak5 to prev5t ! pollution ( ! family life1 t fix$ & natural s\rce ( public morality4 ,religion has be5 (ficially ?ru/ out ( ! sy/ems ( education1 9 e grade1 & ! "y m9d taught t x is q a private & unimportant ?+4 ,?us1 "u ! plea ( indiff]5ce1 _m ,/ates h practically made !mselves ! *ampions ( t agno/icism :i* is ! ar*-enemy n only ( religion1 b also ( patriotism f "t immemorial connect$ ) religion4 ,! av]age man soon ceases to make great sacrifices1 above all to die = ! public good1 :5 he is satisfi$ t !re is no o!r life1 or t x is n wor? :ile liv+ = ! unc]ta9ties ( approval & rew>d by an et]nal ,god1 :o is j & true & holy4 ,,reasons ,,= ,,enc\ragem5t ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ca?olic man or woman kn[s t !re are great spiritual =ces at "w 9 ! _w1 h[ev] unhappily its public life may be develop+ f ! view-po9t ( ,*ri/ian morality4 ,!re are innum]able lives guid$ by ! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian virtue1 "s ( !m ev5 culm9at+ 9 ! highe/ sanctity4 ,?\gh n all su* are kn[n to m51 yet n a few become public examples & incitem5ts to virtue4 ,ev5 outside ( ! ,ca?olic fai? !re are n a few :o regulate _! lives by ! natural virtues & also by inh]it$ ,*ri/ian virtues t "w sometimes unconsci\sly1 b ^: practice c only be pleas+ to our common ,fa!r4 ,sweet ,*>ity is yet a que5 9 ,*ri/ian l&s2 h] s]vices & utility are too great to p]mit h] de?ronem5t4 ,great mis=tunes ( any k9d /ill t\* ! he>ts ( m5 t are ,*ri/ian yet :5 _! m9ds h become cl\d$ by indiff]5ce to1 or dislike (1 ! sup]natural v]ities4 ,luxury & weal?1 great] p]haps ?an ! _w has yet se51 are /ill consci\s ( duties to ! common weal4 ,educational in/itutions ( e "* & philan?ropical ent]prises ( e v>iety h fl\ri%$ on ! means ?us provid$4 ,b f our po9t ( view x is bett] t all su* ph5om5a1 to be la/+1 %\ld h _! root & orig9 9 ,*ri/ian purposes & belief4 ,x is yet true1 z x 0 ( old on ! hill-sides ( ,juda3 8,except ! ,"l build ! h\se1 !y labor 9 va9 t build x4 ,except ! ,"l keepe? ! city1 he wat*e? 9 va9 t keepe? x40 7,psalm #abf47 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,ca?olicism ,we ent]ta9 no d\bt t ! organization :i* has wea!r$ ! /orms & /ress ( s _m c5turies w cont9ue to d s 9 ! future4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has ! promises ( h] ,div9e ,f\nd] t ! gates ( hell %all n prevail aga9/ h]4 ,h[ c\ld %e d\bt ( h] future8 ,x does n seem likely t any vicissitudes c arise :i* h n _! c\nt]p>t or analogy 9 ! pa/1 s old is %e on ?is e>?1 & s _m are ! =ms ( gov]nm5t & ! k9ds ( human culture ) :i* %e has liv$4 ,we are confid5t t %e w be equal to all ! em]g5cies ( ! future1 = :ile ! ,*ur* is always id5tical ) & pres5t to h]self 9 a consci\s way1 h] *ildr5 & h] ag5ts may gr[ 9 exp]i5ce & wisdom1 z !y und\bt$ly d1 & may br+ bo? ( ^! factors to be> ^u ! future problems ( our common humanity4 ,( "o ?+ we may feel c]ta93 %e w nev] cease to desire & to "w = t efficaci\s unity ( all ,*ri/5dom1 :i* is ! p]man5t wi% ( its ,holy ,f\nd]1 & = :i* h] bi%ops & prie/s h nev] ceas$ to pray 9 ^? op5+ words ( ! ,roman ,canon ( ! ,mass t we repeat daily3 8,!re=e1 ,o ,mo/ ,clem5t ,fa!r1 we suppliantly pray to ,!e ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ ,our ,"l444 especially = ,?y ,holy ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :i* may/ ,?\ v\*safe to pacify1 keep1 unite1 & gov]n ?r\gh\t ! _w40 ,,james1 ,,c>d4 ,,gibbons4 ,,prote/antism ,! motives :i* h act$ ^u religion 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ei!r by way ( directly enhanc+ its p[] or by re/rict+ its influ5ce1 are ^!3 7#a7 ,humanit>ianism2 7#b7 ,! ,hi/orical ,_s2 7#c7 ,sci5ce2 7#d7 ,nationalism4 ,al?\gh ! c\rse ( religi\s hi/ory has v>i$ some:at 9 diff]5t c\ntries z well z 9 ! diff]5t ,*ur*es1 yet x is possible to =m an approximate picture ( ! resultant ( ^! =ces :i* w reveal ! progress ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god 9 ! _w4 ,i ,! fir/ ( ^! motives--humanit>ianism--has p[]fully influ5c$ ! ,*ri/ian _w by ass]t+ ! rights ( man1 lib]ty1 equality & ! _s ( frat]nity1 ! s5se ( human bro!rhood4 ,! g]ms ( ! humanit>ian movem5t may be trac$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 z 9 ! tea*+ ( ,less+ & ,h]d] & ,r\sseau2 9 religi\s movem5ts l ! ,great ,awak5+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! revival 9 ,engl& "u ,wesley & ,:itefield1 9 t5tative ef=ts = ! abolition ( slav]y 7,hopk9s & ,cl>kson71 & prison re=m 7,john ,h[>d74 ,b ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 di/+ui%$ above all ! o!r ,*ri/ian c5turies 9 ! results a*iev$ by ! s5tim5t ( humanity4 ,x has l$ to ! abolition ( slav]y "u ,engli% rule1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 ,russia2 to _m re=m movem5ts ( e k9d & degree1 :]ev] !re exi/$ actual or lat5t tyranny1 :i* robb$ humanity ( its inh]5t privileges4 ,! humanit>ian s5tim5t is ,*ri/ian 9 its orig91 d]iv$ prim>ily f ! conviction ( ! inc>nation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/4 ,*ri/ appe>s 9 hi/ory z ! lead] ( humanity 9 ! /ruggle = fre$om4 ,sl[ly b surely ev] s9ce ,8 adv5t1 ! _w ( man has be5 mov+ =w>d to ! atta9m5t ( ! ideal ( humanity reveal$ 9 ,him4 8,ye %all "k ! tru? & ! tru? %all make y free4 ,& if ! ,son ( ,god %all make y free1 ye %all be free inde$40 ,! progress t[>ds fre$om inspir$ by ,him :o taught ! fa!rhood ( ,god & ! bro!rhood ( m5 has be5 accompli%$ 9 ! face ( great h9d]ances & long rev]ses1 ov]com+ ob/acles :i* w\ld h be5 insup]able )\t ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ! movem5t t[>ds human fre$om seems almo/ to h rea*$ its culm9ation4 ,)9 ! sph]e ( religion ! progress is mo/ manife/ 9 ! spread ( ,*ri/ian missions1 :i* /& out 9 any review ( ! c5tury z "o ( its mo/ extraord9>y a*ievem5ts4 ,x might be ju/ly designat$ z a mission>y age4 ,s int5se & p]si/5t has be5 its devotion to ! gospel ( ,*ri/ z ess5tial = man t :5 ! c5tury clos$ x might be truly said t ! r\nd _w _h be5 girdl$ ) ,*ri/ian missions1 ^: results are m significant = civilization1 z well z = religion1 ?an any /ati/ics c reveal4 ,! mission>y has be5 ! pione]1 x is becom+ increas+ly evid5t1 ( mom5t\s *anges yet to appe>4 ,! s5tim5t ( humanity has op]at$ z a motive 9 ! /udy ( human hi/ory1 giv+ to hi/orical inquiry a new int]e/ & impetus4 ,no age has be5 s fruitful 9 ! results ( hi/orical rese>*1 ) conclusions ( vital importance = e dep>tm5t ( life1 b *iefly ?is1 t an indep5d5t place has be5 v9dicat$ = humanity1 z hav+ a life ( its own di/9ct f & above ! natural ord] ( ! physical _w4 ,! /udy ( man z he appe>s 9 hi/ory has t5d$ to /r5g!n fai? 9 ! ess5tial tru?s ( religion1 op5+ up z x has done ! deep] k ( ! nature ( man to :i* ! religion ( ,*ri/ appeals2 = ! mod]n me?od ( /udy+ hi/ory1 z comp>$ ) e>li] me?ods1 consi/s 9 seek+ = ^? inw>d subjective moods ( ! human s\l :i* lie b5ea? cre$s or in/itutions1 & n solely 9 ! accurate description ( ! objective fact4 ,! facts ( human life call = int]pretation1 & = ?is ! hi/orian mu/ se>*4 ,?us has be5 born :at is almo/ a new dep>tm5t ( inquiry--! philosophy ( hi/ory 7,hegel & _m o!rs74 ,diff] z d ^! attempts at a philosophy ( hi/ory1 !y yet possess "o rul+ idea--! conviction ( a developm5t 9 ! life ( humanity :5 view$ z a :ole4 ,! idea ( developm5t controll$ ! high] intellectual life ( ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury4 ,x 0 appli$ ) important results to ! /udy ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 by ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,ne&]1 ,giesel]1 ,baur1 ,ro!1 ,buns51 & _m o!rs1 by ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,mhl]1 9 8 ,symbolik1 & by ,john ,h5ry ,newman1 9 h[ev] "o-sid$ & imp]fect mann]4 ,! doctr9e ( developm5t f\nd its classic =mula 9 ! l9es ( ,t5nyson3 8,yet1 ,i d\bt n ?r\gh ! ages ,"o increas+ purpose runs1 ,& ! ?\ghts ( m5 are wid5$ ,) ! process ( ! suns40 ,! influ5ce ( ! doctr9e ( developm5t has be5 felt 9 ! /udy ( ,scripture1 lead+ to a recognition ( progressiv5ess 9 ! div9e revelation1 ^: record has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts 7,mozley1 ,rul+ ,ideas 9 ! ,e>ly ,ages74 ,by means ( ?is tru? h be5 ov]come1 till !y n[ seem unwor?y1 ! objections to ! ,old ,te/am5t on ! gr\nd t x gave sanction to cruelty1 deceit1 or an imp]fect morality4 ,b ! inf]5ce has also foll[$ t ! revelation ( ,god to humanity mu/ be se>*$ = 9 ! sacr$ records1 & ev5 by ! light ( close critical scrut9y1 if ! div9e utt]ance is to be di/+ui%$ f crude misappreh5sions or misapplications4 ,=ms ( lit]>y expression1 curr5t usages1 ! hi/orical environm5t ( ! "t--= ^! all[ance mu/ be made z _! influ5ce is recogniz$4 ,! sci5ce ( biblical criticism has ga9$ f ! /udy ( g5]al hi/ory a l>g] k ( ! nature ( man1 :i*1 9 turn1 has made ! /udy ( ! ,bible m pr(\nd & ?or\gh1 because m real & human ?an 7 ! biblical /udies ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! prim>y "q :i* x has be5 f\nd necess>y to ask 9 reg>d to any doctr9e or in/itution is n :e!r x is true--= ! canons ( tru? may v>y ) ! relative position ( ! inquir]2 b1 r1 :at does x mean8 ,:5 ! mean+ ( ! record is se51 ! "q ( its tru? has answ]$ itself4 ,! effect ( ^! /udies1 ev5 ( :at is call$ ! 8high] criticism10 has n less5$ ! au?ority ( ! ,bible or *ang$ ! "* ( ,*ri/ianity z 8a religion ( ! book02 b _! t5d5cy has be5 to v9dicate ! unique & ess5tial place ( ! ,bible 9 lit]ature z conta9+ ! v]itable record ( a div9e revelation4 ,"s ?+s1 inde$1 h be5 *ang$3 ! ord] 9 :i* ! books ( ! ,bible 7 writt5 is n ! ord] 9 :i* !y /&2 "s ( !m are ( composite au?or%ip1 ^: v>i\s p>ts 7 writt5 at diff]5t times2 ! traditional *ronology1 kn[n z ,us%]'s 7#afef71 has be5 ab&on$1 nor is !re any?+ 9 ! ,bible :i* places x 9 opposition to ! tea*+s ( geology relative to ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* man has occupi$ ! e>?2 ! hi/orical ord] ( prie/ & prophet has be5 rev]s$1 s t ! voice ( prophecy comes be=e ! decl9e into ritual 7,wellhaus5 & o!rs74 ,popul> misappreh5sions t5d to vani% 9 ! light ( a true insight & int]pretation1 su* z t ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis 0 int5d$ to be an infallible record ( ! div9e ord] 9 ! creation ( ! _w4 ,t a simil> acc\nt ( ! creation is f\nd 9 ,babylonian lit]ature only %[s t ! ,bible writ] 0 illu/rat+ by ! be/ sci5tific k ( ! "t ! va/ly high] spiritual tru? ) :i* ! ,bible op5s1 t ! creation is ! "w ( ,god1 ?us lead+ man to ! wor%ip ( ,god & away f ! l[] wor%ips ( sun & moon & all ! ho/s ( ,heav54 ,! me*anical conceptions z to ! mode ( inspiration & revelation t5d to give way be=e a l>g] & tru] conception ( ! process by :i* ! revelation is made--t ,god speaks to man actually & au?oritatively ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( ! ev5ts ( life4 ,?us revelation becomes a liv+ process1 & all lat] hi/ory may become a comm5t>y on sacr$ hi/ory1 r5ew+ & confirm+ ! primal utt]ance ( ,god to ! s\l ( man4 ,mu*1 x is true1 yet rema9s to be done 9 bridg+ ! gulf betwe5 ! le>n$ & sci5tific int]pretation ( ! sacr$ record & ! popul> appreh5sion1 :i*1 =m$ 9 ! uncritical mom5ts ( y\?1 (t5 p]si/s to mature ye>s & con/itutes a s\rce ( confusion & weakness4 ,a simil> situation 0 se5 9 ! ,middle ,ages 9 ! wide brea* :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! s*ola/ic !ologians & ! popul> m9d4 ,a new dep>tm5t has be5 add$ to religi\s inquiry 9 ,comp>ative ,religion1 :i* aims at an imp>tial inve/igation & free f prejudice1 & is also mov$ by ! s5tim5t ( a common humanity to respect all utt]ances ( religi\s feel+ 9 ! s\l ( man4 ,h[ widely ! n9ete5? c5tury has advanc$ 9 ?is respect is se5 by recall+ a /atem5t ( ,dr4 ,johnson3 8,!re are two objects ( curiosity--! ,*ri/ian _w & ! ,mohamm$an _w4 ,all ! re/ may be consid]$ z b>b>\s40 ,"o ( ! mo/ repres5tative monum5ts ( religi\s s*ol>%ip 9 ! la/ c5tury is ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]'s ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/4 ,"s inquir]s 9 ?is unfamili> dep>tm5t h work$ "u ! impression t ^! anci5t religions 7 equal 9 value to ! ,*ri/ian revelation2 o!rs ev5 h ?\ght !m to be 9 "s respects sup]ior4 ,&1 9 g5]al1 ! fir/ effect ( ! discov]y t !re 0 tru? 9 o!r religions _h a t5d5cy to weak5 ! claim ( ,*ri/ianity to be ! absolute religion4 ,b z ! results ( ! /udy h be5 plac$ 9 _! normal p]spective1 x becomes evid5t t !y only confirm ! words ( ,/4 ,paul1 t ,god has at no "t left ,himself )\t witnesses 9 ! _w4 ,revelation also is se5 to h be5 a univ]sal process2 & pr(\nd spiritual motives are to be disc]n$ b5ea? ! div]se manife/ations ( ! religi\s in/9cts4 ,yet1 on ! :ole1 ! prepond]at+ judgm5t leads to ! conclusion t ,*ri/ianity conta9s ! l>g]1 ev5 ! absolute1 tru?2 t :ile x confirms "s features 9 ^! religions z true1 x condemns o!rs z false2 t ,*ri/ianity also has = "o ( its ess5tial *>act]i/ics an assimilative p[]1 :i* n only enables1 b =ces1 x to appropriate z its own any aspects ( tru? conta9$ 9 o!r religions1 :i* h n hi!rto be5 illu/rat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,nor is ! famili> te/ appli$ to religions :olly indef5sible :i* judges !m by _! hi/orical fruits or associations4 ,9 accordance ) ?is te/1 ,confucianism is repres5t$ by ,*9a1 ,h9duism by ,india1 ,buddhism by ,ceylon & ,siam1 ,mohamm$anism by ,turkey1 ,*ri/ianity by ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! influ5ce ( ! humanit>ian s5tim5t may be fur!r trac$ 9 s(t5+ ! asp]ities ( "s =ms ( traditional !ology1 z1 = example1 ! ,calv9i/ic doctr9e ( election ) its alt]natives ( reprobation or pret]ition4 ,^! c]ta9ly h n be5 ! favorite doctr9es :i* h comm5d$ !mselves to ! _s ( ! age4 ,! ef=t has be5 made to br+ ! doctr9e ( ! atonem5t )9 ! limits ( human exp]i5ce4 ,x has be5 f\nd impossible to pres5t ! doctr9e ( endless puni%m5t aft] ! mann] ( an e>li] age4 ,_m causes h comb9$ to deep5 ! s5se ( my/]y 9 :i* is envelop$ ! de/9y ( man1 & !re has be5 begott5 9 consequ5ce an unwill+ness to dogmatize :]e 9 e>li] times su* a reluctance 0 n felt4 ,9 ?is connection may be m5tion$ two religi\s bodies1 :i* took _! rise ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury--,univ]salism1 proclaim+ ultimate salvation = all m52 & ,unit>ianism1 ass]t+ ! dignity ( man & 8 div9e end[m5t4 ,b 9 all ! ,*ur*es alike has ! same humaniz+ =ce be5 felt1 lead+ to ef=ts 9 !ological recon/ruction 9 ord] to make x app>5t t ! prim>y tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity are n m]ely arbitr>y pr9ciples or arrangem5ts unrelat$ to life & to ! ne$s ( ! s\l1 b t 9 _! ess5tial quality !re is con=mity ) ! l>g] reason ( humanity1 ) t feel+ = ! inh]5t wor? ( ?+s out ( :i* reason proce$s1 & ) :i* its conclusions mu/ con=m4 ,,ii ,?us f> ! humanit>ian s5tim5t has be5 reg>d$ 9 its comb9ation ) ,*ri/ian fai?1 & z giv+ new =ce & di/9ction to ,*ri/ian life & ?\ght4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ n[ be not$ t ! same =ce work+ ap>t f ! ,*ur*1 & (t5 9 opposition to x1 has be5 a limitation to ,*ri/ian progress4 ,9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution humanit>ianism 0 associat$ ) a negative1 de/ructive t5d5cy1 :i* ov]?rew ! ,*ur*1 dis[n$ ,god & immortality1 & set up 9 ! place ( deity a s-call$ ,goddess ( ,reason4 ,?is negative t5d5cy has cont9u$ to exi/ & has f\nd influ5tial manife/ation4 ,x has attempt$ ! deification ( humanity1 z ?\gh ! human race 7 wor?y 9 itself ( be+ an object ( wor%ip4 ,x has exalt$ man at ! exp5se ( ,god1 conceiv+ ( humanity z alone immortal1 z compet5t to /e] its own c\rse )\t sup]natural direction4 ,x has weak5$ ! s5se ( nationality1 has injur$ & endang]$ family life1 has tak5 away ! highe/ sanctions f morality1 & has r$uc$ religion f be+ a revelation f ,god to a purely subjective process 9 ! s\l ( man1 wor?y ( respect1 b )\t au?ority4 ,x has creat$ an abnormal s5sitiv5ess 9 _m directions4 ,x has sway$ sociali/ic movem5ts aim+ at ! rights ( man & seek+ to a*ieve univ]sal happ9ess1 b ) an antagonism sometimes lat5t1 sometimes express$1 to ,god & ,*ri/ & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! prejudice rema9s :i* _h its bir? 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 t religion is a creation ( prie/s = _! own selfi% ends1 & ! ,*ur* an ag5cy = robb+ humanity ( its rights1 lib]ty1 equality1 & frat]nity4 ,pr9ciples & convictions l ^! f\nd utt]ance 9 ! philosophy ( ,comte 7#aghi-aheg71 :o call$ himself ! 8f\nd] ( ! religion ( humanity10 & :o propos$ ! s*eme ( a humanit>ian ,*ur*1 limit$ by no national b\nd>ies1 ^: only deity 0 man1 ^: ritual f\nd a place only = great m5 :o _h be5 ! b5efactors ( ! race4 ,!ology & metaphysics 7 disc>d$ z outgr[n me?ods ( expla9+ ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 & 9 ! place !y vacat$ /ood ! s-call$ 8,positive philosophy0 :i* reject$ all sup]natural influ5ce4 ,! ,*ur* ( humanity _h1 inde$1 no hi/ory & 0 a failure f its bir?4 ,b ! comb9ation1 fir/ se5 9 ,comte1 ( humanit>ianism ) ! me?ods & pr9ciples ( natural sci5ce1 has be5 ! mo/ =midable oppon5t aga9/ :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 ev] call$ to /ruggle4 ,x has be5 repres5t$ 9 ,engl& by ,john ,/u>t ,mill & by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & _m o!rs4 ,to ! influ5tial writ+s ( ?is s*ool ( ?9k]s is due 9 great measure ! widespread1 deep-seat$ scepticism s9ce ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,to ! same cause1 by way ( reaction1 are ow+ ! spirituali/ic movem5t1 ! s-call$ 8,*ri/ian ,sci5ce0 & o!r k9dr$ t5d5cies t[>ds a crude sup]naturalism4 ,^? :o ent]$ ! controv]sy 9 behalf ( ,*ri/ianity & aga9/ ! adh]5ts ( ! ,positive philosophy suff]$ at fir/ = ! lack ( any adequate philosophical me?od on :i* to re/ 9 ! ef=t to ov]come ?is /up5d\s alliance betwe5 a humanit>ianism work+ = ! improvem5t ( social conditions 9 comb9ation ) natural sci5ce1 ^: po/ulates involv$ ! d5ial ( ! miracle1 & inde$ ( all sup]natural ag5cy 7agno/icism74 ,x seem$ = a "t z ?\gh ! philosophy ( ,hegel w\ld s]ve ! purpose ( a /ronghold to :i* ,*ri/ian w>riors might resort :ile 9 ! /ress ( a conflict :i* involv$ n only ! readju/m5t ( ,*ri/ian doctr9es to _! new environm5t1 b also ! ma9t5ance ( ! idea ( ,god1 ( ! k+dom ( ,god 9 ?is _w & ( a future life = ! immortal s\l4 ,9 ,g]many sy/ems ( !ology 7 work$ out on ! basis ( ,hegelian pr9ciples1 :i*1 z int]pret$ by or?odox !ologians1 /ood = a pr9ciple ( surpass+ value if x c\ld be ma9ta9$--t ! life ( humanity1 :ile dep5d5t 9 ! pres5t ord] on physical conditions1 0 yet above ! life 9 ext]nal nature ) :i* ! natural sci5ces deal2 t ! v def9ition ( humanity implies ! p[] ( ris+ to ! k ( ,god4 ,nature has no k or consci\sness ( ,god1 or intimation ( immortality4 ,x is 9 bondage to natural law & )\t fre$om4 ,! life ( humanity mu/ n be /udi$ f ! po9t ( view ( natural sci5ce1 b is se5 9 ! records ( human hi/ory4 ,! influ5ce ( ,hegel deep5$ ! int]e/ 9 hi/orical inquiry at a mom5t :5 ! absorption 9 ! natural sci5ces ?reat5$ to ga9 ! asc5d5cy4 ,b ! ,hegelian philosophy1 = reasons :i* x is n possible "h to r5d]1 fail$ to accompli% ! s]vice expect$ f x4 ,x may be t ! failure 0 tempor>y only1 & because x 0 n fully und]/ood4 ,!re arose a s*ool ( ?9k]s--! ,hegelian left w+--:o1 :ile reta9+ _! int]e/ 9 hi/ory1 yet fell "u ! influ5ce ( ! presuppositions ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,?us ,/rauss1 9 8 ,leb5 ,jesu1 conceiv$ ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ z a casual product ( ! human imag9ation1 :ile ,feu]ba*1 9 8 ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 rea*$ ! conclusion t religion beg9s & ends 9 a subjective process 9 ! s\l4 ,?us1 in/ead ( ov]com+ ! ,positive philosophy1 ,g]man ?\ght gravitat$ to ! same result1 ) ?is diff]5ce p]haps1 t x assum$ ! =m ( pan!ism r ?an ( a!ism4 ,9 ! ,tb+5 s*ool1 l$ by ,f4 ,c4 ,baur1 ^: contributions to ! /udy ( ,*ur* hi/ory are yet ( high value1 !re 0 res]ve ab\t ! miracle1 if n its tacit d5ial1 & a conception ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* z a product ( human orig9 r ?an ! purpose ( ,*ri/4 ,b ! effect ( ,/rauss 0 b5eficial 9 t x s5t inquir]s back to ! /udy ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ & ( ,8 age4 ,nev] be=e 0 att5tion s conc5trat$ ^u ! life ( ,jesus1 z illu/rat$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( biographical works1 too l>ge to be enum]at$ "h4 ,z a result ( ^! /udies1 ! conviction gr[s t :ile !re is a local aspect ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 s t ,he reflect$ ! peculi> op9ions & liv+ int]e/s ( ,8 age1 & avail$ ,himself ( curr5t beliefs1 yet ,he 0 also inf9itely above ,8 "t4 ,:at ,he 0 & did & said 9 ,pale/9e n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s ago mu/ be supplem5t$ by :at ,he has be5 to ! _w 9 subsequ5t ages1 or :at ,he is & is do+ 9 ! pres5t age4 ,:ile ,*ri/ian ?9k]s 7 /ruggl+ ) ! problems rais$ by ! ,positive philosophy1 ! natural sci5ces 7 comm&+ 9 an increas+ degree ! _w's att5tion1 until ,d>w9 made 8 great discov]y ( a law ( evolution1 :5 x seem$ z ?\gh natural sci5ce _h become ! arbit] & f9al tribunal be=e ^: judgm5ts ! _w mu/ b[4 ,!n !re foll[$ ! %>p1 ev5 bitt] conflict betwe5 sci5ce & !ology1 :5 sci5tific m5 ^: lives _h be5 sp5t 9 devotion to ! /udy ( natural ph5om5a 7 tempt$ to write expositions ( religi\s hi/ory 9 ord] to %[ ! fallaci\sness ( ! religi\s attitude1 & !ologians1 accu/om$ only to ! po/ulates ( ! spiritual sph]e1 v5tur$ into ! doma9 ( sci5ce to put a spiritual int]pretation on its conclusions & discov]ies4 ,x 0 a confus+ & pa9ful mom5t :5 a subtle scepticism p]vad$ ! ,*ur*es & haunt$ ev5 ! m9ds ( ,*ri/ian believ]s4 ,n[ t ! smoke ( ! battle has cle>$ away1 :ile _m trag$ies are disclos$1 x does n appe> t ! ,*ur*es h be5 weak5$ by ! /rife or h yield$ any ess5tial tru? or conviction4 ,! belief 9 ,god1 & 9 8 creation & gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 ! inc>nation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/1 ! miracle = :i* ,*ri/ /&s1 & pre-em95tly ! miracle ( ,8 resurrection--9 a ^w1 ! sup]natural int]pretation ( life1 rema9s un%ak54 ,x is unju/ to *>ge1 z has sometimes be5 done1 di%one/y & a _s ( evasion aga9/ ^? :o1 :ile ! fi]ce battle 0 9 progress1 kept sil5ce1 unable to def5d by cog5t argum5t :at yet !y *]i%$ /ill z true4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury !re came ef=ts at ! recon/ruction ( !ology 9 ord] to a bett] adju/m5t ( ! increase ( k reg>d+ ! nature ( ,god & ,8 relation to ! _w4 ,! doctr9e ( ,god z imman5t 9 ! _w1 & n only transc5d5t or above & ap>t f x1 has prov$ valuable 9 reconcil+ _m ( ! discov]ies ( hi/ory & ( natural sci5ce ) ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,ef=ts h also be5 made to simplify !ology by ! r$uction ( ! l>ge & complex1 ev5 conflict+1 mass ( ,*ri/ian t5ets & beliefs1 giv5 9 hi/ory or repres5t$ 9 v>i\s ,*ri/ian sects1 to a few simple pr9ciples 9 :i* all mu/ agree1 re/+ = _! confirmation n on metaphysics1 b on ! g5u9e ,*ri/ian in/9cts z reveal$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!re has be5 atta9$ also a bett] philosophical me?od = meet+ ! difficulties & p]plexities ( ! age4 ,b ^! attempts at ! bett] int]pretation ( reveal$ religion1 & ! =mation ( m consi/5t !ological sy/ems1 h f\nd a tempor>y rival 9 ef=ts to create1 fir/ ( all1 a bett] sy/em ( 8natural !ology10 z x may be call$1 :i* %all take acc\nt ( ! doctr9e ( evolution & o!r discov]ies ( natural sci5ce s9ce ,paley's "t & ! day ( ! ,bridgewat] ,treatises4 ,^? :o aim at a reconciliation ( religion ) sci5ce treat ! idea ( evolution z a m$iat+ pr9ciple by :i* ! conflict betwe5 sci5ce & religion may be ov]come4 ,?is ef=t is ! m significant1 9 view ( ! popul> int]e/ 9 evolution--a ^w :i* has become almo/ ! wat*word ( ! age4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! invasion ( religi\s t]ritory by sci5tific m5 7,huxley1 ,tyndale1 ,haeckel1 & o!rs71 & ! c\nt]-invasion ( sci5tific t]ritory by philosoph]s & !ologians1 give promise ( "s mutual und]/&+ 9 ! future4 ,,iii ,x rema9s n[ to turn to ano!r mo/ pot5t motive :i* has affect$ ! =tunes ( religion 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x may be call$ ,nationalism1 mean+ by ! t]m t high] conception ( ! life ( ! /ate or nation1 sl[ly b mo/ effectively ass]t+ itself ?r\gh\t ! n9ete5? c5tury1 nev] ap>t f religi\s convictions1 always inde$ 9 _! support & fur!rance4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is po9t1 we turn aga9 to ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 z giv+ ! mom5tum1 bo? directly & by way ( reaction1 to ! conception ( ! sacr$ness ( ! /ate1 z an ultimate fact 9 ,god's gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,9 t fe>ful outbur/ ( ! ,fr5* p1 _! long p5t-up indignation 0 v5t$ no less aga9/ ! /ate ?an aga9/ ! ,*ur*--! "o a device ( k+s & lawgiv]s = hold+ mank9d 9 subjection1 z ! o!r 0 a s*eme = ! same end by a design+ prie/hood4 ,! humanit>ian s5tim5t receiv$ 9 consequ5ce at ?is impressive mom5t a direction ( antipa?y to nationality z an evil to be ov]come1 or at lea/ to be kept 9 subjection to "s high] pr9ciple1 if ! rights ( man 7 to be secur$4 ,some?+ ev5 ( ?is negative mood ent]$ into ! =mation ( ! ,am]ican ,con/itution1 :]e !re is to be not$ a s+ul> omission ( any ref]5ce to ,deity z ! au?or & pres]v] ( ! national life4 ,on ! cont95t ( ,europe !re 0 ! ph5om5on ( ,napoleon build+ on ! ru9s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :ile yet pres]v+ ! de/ructive motives :i* inspir$ x4 ,napoleon reviv$ ! dream ( empire1 9 ^: expansive embrace ! nations ( ,europe 7 to be subord9at$1 if n suppress$ altoge!r4 ,he propos$ to recon/ruct ! map ( ,europe1 z ?\gh nationalities & cr[ns 7 purely human artificial arrangem5ts to be dispos$ ( at 8 sov]eign pleasure4 ,! failure ( ! ,fr5* nation1 its demon/rat$ inability to d ! prop] "w ( a /ate1 z well z ! fact t ! c>e] ( a ,napoleon 0 possible1 indicates inh]5t weakness 9 all ! nations ( ,europe at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!y exi/$ ei!r 9 repose1 & ev5 /agnation1 aft] ! long turmoil ( ! age ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 av]se to *ange1 di/ru/ful ( en?usiasm1 or 7 cont5t to /rive = purely selfi% aims4 ,9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple t ! p exi/$ = ! /ate1 rul]s foll[$ _! p]sonal :ims1 indiff]5t to moral sanctions1 he$less ( ! gr[+ evils call+ al\d = r$ress4 ,su* 9 p>ticul> 0 ! condition 9 ,france4 ,x 0 bett] 9 ,engl&1 b ev5 !re ! same t5d5cy exi/$1 manife/$ 9 ! unnecess>y ali5ation ( ! ,am]ican colonies4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re has be5 a reaction aga9/ nationality dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! nations h be5 =c$ to /ruggle aga9/ ?is opposition1 & ?r\gh ! /ruggle !y h atta9$ _! rebir?1 _! purification4 ,! subject is connect$ ) ! =tunes ( religion 9 _m ways4 ,! indiff]5ce to nationality1 ! di/ru/ ( ! nation z incompet5t = ! exig5cies ( life1 ! plac+ ( an ab/ract humanity z an ideal above nationality1 s t to labor directly = ! int]e/s ( humanity ap>t f ! well-be+ ( ! nation1 & ev5 9 its defiance1 became ! motive ( re=m]s--^! *>act]i/ics1 :5 se5 9 ! religi\s sph]e1 h l$ to a reaction aga9/ ! v>i\s =ms ( ,prote/antism1 & especially z repres5t$ 9 ! /ate ,*ur*es4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :i* 9 all its hi/ory has subord9at$ national di/9ctions to ! high] int]e/s ( a common ,*ri/5dom1 _h fall5 into ineffici5cy 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & 0 no long] reckon$ a =ce wor?y ( consid]ation1 ei!r by religi\s ?9k]s or by /atesm54 ,b 9 ! fir/ ?ird ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re came a *ange1 :5 ! ,roman ,*ur* arose f its le?>gy to meet ! dem& impos$ ^u x by ! timid fe>s ( /atesm5 & ecclesia/ics1 z ! safegu>d ( religion & morality1 :]e national ,*ur*es or p>ticul> ,*ur*es 7 ?\ght to h fail$4 ,! ,napoleonic aspiration aft] univ]sal empire & ! frantic ef=t to realize x by re>rang+ or suppress+ nationalities has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! religi\s _w 9 ! ef=t to re/ore a ,*ri/ian empire ) ! ,papacy at its head1 z 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! effect ( ?is ambition may be se5 9 ,g]many & o!r c\ntries1 b is mo/ cle>ly manife/ 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! ,ox=d ,movem5t 7#ahcc7 appe>s z an unnational1 if n anti-national1 upris+ 9 behalf ( "s imp]fectly conceiv$ cosmopolitan ,*ur* designat$ z 8,ca?olicity40 ,! date ( ! 8,movem5t10 z ,newman fix$ x1 0 ,keble's s]mon on ! 8,apo/acy ( ! ,national ,*ur*40 ,?is same feel+1 t national exi/5ce is inf]ior 9 importance to humanit>ian re=ms or to ! expression ( religion 9 "s o!r %ape ?an 9 any p>ticul> or national ,*ur*1 has be5 %[n 9 ! break ) ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* 9 ,scotl&1 or 9 ! difficulties exp]i5c$ 9 ,g]many 9 consolidat+ ! =ms ( ,prote/antism 9 a /rong /ate ,*ur*1 or 9 ! aspirations aft] "s univ]sal =m ( religion to be accompli%$ by a p>liam5t ( religions4 ,b5ea? ^! v>i\s s*emes !re is ! common pr9ciple t humanity is a wor?i] object ( devotion ?an ! /ate1 & con/itutes a high] ideal 9 ^: cause to labor4 ,?is conviction1 x may be add$1 has be5 /r5g!n$ va/ly by ! extraord9>y way 9 :i*1 dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! :ole _w has be5 br\ght toge!r by ! mat]ial =ces ( /eam & electricity4 ,t !re is "h a great tru? no "o c d5y1 b ! po9t to be notic$ n[ is t nationality has be5 at a disadvantage 9 ! competition ) humanity4 ,out ( ! necessities ( ! situation !re has be5 born ! _s ( a deep] inquiry into ! place & significance ( ! nation z ! indisp5sable m$ium by :i* ! highe/ result c be secur$ = ! _w at l>ge4 ,?us we h ! /udies 9 ?is direction ( ,g]man /ud5ts1 ,hegel & ,/ahl1 ,tr5del5burg & ,blunts*li1 ,maurice 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ,am]ica ,mul=d 9 8 book ,! ,nation1 all ( !m combat+ ! motive ( ,comte & sett+ =? ! ess5tial1 ev5 ! et]nal1 significance ( nationality4 ,! anci5t doctr9e is /ill pres]v$ t ! p exi/ = ! /ate1 b x is ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd t ! /ate also exi/s = ! p1 = ! fre$om ( ! individual man1 s t ?r\gh ! /ate ! rights ( man are bett] subs]v$ & m securely gu>ante$ ?an by an exclusive "o-sid$ devotion to ! cause ( an ab/ract humanity4 ,z ! n9ete5? c5tury drew to its close1 x became increas+ly app>5t t ! nations _h em]g$ f ! depression 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd :5 ! c5tury op5$4 ,am]ica may be said to h atta9$ ! consci\sness ( nationality 9 its highe/ =m 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,civil ,w>1 & to h ent]$ f t "t ^u a new c>e]4 ,9 t awful conflict1 ^: orig9 dates back to ! rise ( ! anti-slav]y movem5t1 may be disc]n$ ! issue ( ! c5tury--humanit>ianism1 on ! "o h&1 cont5d+ = ! rights ( man1 c>eless1 if ne$ be1 = ! national unity if only a great re=m c\ld be secur$2 & on ! o!r h&1 ! nation1 sl[ly realiz+ t slav]y 0 a =ce ho/ile to national unity & integrity1 & on ?is gr\nd dem&+ its suppression4 ,! two attitudes 9 ?is in/ance appe> organically relat$1 :ile yet !y spr+ f di/9ct & sep>ate motives4 ,9 #ahgj ,g]many & ,italy took _! places 9 ! family ( nations4 ,nor %\ld !re be omission to m5tion ,greece1 :i*1 aft] its subsid5ce = hundr$s ( ye>s1 aga9 atta9$ its national indep5d5ce4 ,x has become fur!r app>5t t x is to ! ,prote/ant nations1 ,am]ica1 ,engl&1 & ,g]many1 t ! lead+ place mu/ be conc$$1 toge!r ) ! det]m9ation ( ! _w's =tunes4 ,& to ^! mu/ be add$ ,russia1 :i* is also outside ! pale ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,^? nations rema9+ 9 alliance ) ! ,papacy are1 = ! pres5t at lea/1 9 an inf]ior position4 ,! triumphant ass]tion ( ! spiritual significance ( nationality 9 ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has made x fur!r app>5t t ! =ces work+ = religion1 & especially = its ,prote/ant =ms1 7 /rong] ?an ! =ces 9 opposition4 ,! nation ent]s ! ar5a ( ! controv]sy z a spiritual =ce1 assum+ z a fir/ pr9ciple ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ,8 sup]natural gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,nev] 0 ?is tru? m impressively illu/rat$ ?an 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ,l9coln1 :o1 :5 he became ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! supreme crisis ( its hi/ory1 ceas$ to be indiff]5t to religion & pass$ into a dev\t belief 9 ! my/]i\s control ( ! de/9y ( ! nation by a sov]eign1 omnipot5t h&4 ,z ! indiff]5ce to nationality 0 among ! causes ( religi\s d\bt & ( ! weakness 9 ! ,*ur*es 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury1 s ! triumphant ass]tion ( nationality has contribut$ to turn ! tide t[>ds !i/ic belief & ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,to give a full exposition ( ! inn] relation%ip ( ! nation to religion & ! ,*ur*es is n possible "h1 b "s rem>ks may be (f]$ :i* w t5d to illu/rate _! organic connection4 7#a7 ,9 any l>ge hi/orical survey ! nation appe>s z guid$ by religi\s lead]s4 ,religion is se5 to h fl\ri%$ 9 proportion z ! nation is consci\s ( its /r5g? & de/9y4 ,:5 ! ,roman ,empire broke d[n ! nationalities & m]g$ !m 9 a l>ge composite unity1 x broke d[n also religi\s fai?s1 & its own religion z well1 till scepticism 0 ! result & a consequ5t immorality4 ,all attempts to build up religion on ! basis ( empire1 z di/9ct f nationality1 end$ 9 failure4 7#b7 ,! ,*ri/ian religion t5d$ f ! fir/ to break up ! empire & to re/ore nationality4 ,ultimately x became manife/ t ! cause :i* und]m9$ ! ,roman ,empire & accompli%$ its d[nfall 0 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,9 its ,ea/]n half ! empire 0 resolv$ into nationalities4 ,9 ! ,we/ a ,*ur*1 ,lat9 ,*ri/5dom1 rose ^u its ru9s1 b )9 ?is ,lat9 ,*ri/5dom ! _s ( nationality began at once to "w1 =c+ its way aga9/ ! opposition ( ! ,papacy1 till1 9 ! age ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 :5 nationality 0 felt z a consci\s motive1 x sund]$ ,lat9 ,*ri/5dom into fragm5ts4 7#c7 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 its =m z a :ole is simply ! hi/ory ( a nation f its bir? ?r\gh all its =tunes4 ,nev] did religion rise to a div9] & full] expression ?an "u ! realization ( ! conviction t ,god 0 protect+ ! nation & det]m9+ its c>e]4 ,! ,hebrew prophets 7 prim>ily /atesm51 devot$ to ! nationality1 z ! inc>nation ( ! div9e w1 9 ^: =tunes 7 reveal$ ! div9e purpose4 ,any nation :i* has n ! simil> conviction t x is ! *os5 p ( ,god1 & call$ to "s important task1 _c ma9ta9 its indep5d5ce & integrity1 & has no future4 ,?is conviction to-day inspires ! lead+ nations ( ! _w4 7#d7 ,! nation m$iates betwe5 humanit>ianism & individualism4 ,9 s]v+ its own ends & seek+ to accompli% its mission1 x works = ! good ( all1 & also = ! fre$om ( ! individual man4 ,! t5d5cy ( humanit>ianism z a motive ap>t f ! high] life ( ! /ate1 or ap>t f its imp]sonation 9 ,*ri/ z its head & lead]1 is to weak5 individualism & to defeat ! v end x wi%es to subs]ve1 ! a*ievem5t ( ! rights ( man4 ,humanity z a :ole lacks ! visible1 tangible embodim5t ( ! nation4 ,x has n yet ! consci\sness ( itself nor ( its unity4 ,x _c respond to ! ne$s x awak5s4 ,x does n1 z a :ole1 realize its relation%ip to ,god1 nor is x plac$ 9 su* a position z to make x feel ! ne$ ( ,god4 ,x is 9 dang] ( becom+ an ab/raction 9 s f> z x exi/s )\t relation%ips4 ,b ! nation is close at h&1 ne>1 & felt z a moral p]sonality or be+1 seek+ ideal ends :i* are also )9 ! b\nds ( possibility4 ,humanity z a :ole und]takes no ent]prises :i* make x tremble z x comes to unkn[n1 trackless seas4 ,b :5 ! nation comes to great crises1 :]e human wisdom is p[]less to direct its c\rse1 x falls back in/9ctively & by necessity ^u ! belief 9 ! guidance ( ,god4 ,?us ! nation z a :ole appe>s 9 a high] =m ( p]sonality ?an individual m5 c a*ieve1 ev5 ! greate/ m51 & s prep>es ! way = ! belief 9 ! /ill high]1 ! invisible1 inf9ite p]sonality ( ,god4 7#e7 ,! nation z a moral p]sonality & dep5d+ ^u ,god becomes ! safegu>d ( morals4 ,if !re has be5 a decl9e 9 morality 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 z "s ma9ta91 %[n 9 ! g5]al weak5+ ( moral sanctions1 or by ! increase ( divorce & indiff]5ce to ! sacr$ness ( family life1 x mu/ be attribut$ 9 "s measure to ! indiff]5ce to nationality f ! "t t political lib]alism re/+ on an ab/ract humanit>ianism1 or 9 comb9ation ) a sci5tific naturalism1 ga9$ ! asc5d5cy4 ,s f> z ?is t5d5cy has 9 any degree invad$ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* x has be5 p[]less to effect a *ange = ! bett]4 ,! great m5 :om humanity is direct$ to wor%ip d n con/itute a moral /&>d1 nor c sci5tific po/ulates be made a basis = moral culture2 = nature is at lea/ unmoral1 if n1 z "s ass]t1 immoral1 & x is only z act$ ^u by man t nature gives response to ! increas+ purpose ( ! _w4 ,religi\s tru?s--! p]sonality ( ,god1 ,8 creation & gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 immortality1 & ! fre$om ( ! w--^! are %att]$1 we are told1 8by ! great et]nal iron laws ( ! univ]se10 or 8are 9 hopeless contradiction ) ! mo/ solid tru?s ( empirical sci5ce40 ,& s1 x mu/ be add$1 are ! sanctions ( e?ics & moral law4 ,x is :5 we turn to ! /ate1 to ! moral p]sonality ( ! nation1 t we enc\nt] o!r laws & liv+ =ces :i* re/ore :at an empirical sci5ce or a transc5d5tal humanit>ianism has brok5 d[n4 ,"h ! supreme te/ is spiritual--! well-be+ ( ! nationality4 ,! /ate mu/ build ^u ! family z its corn]-/one2 x mu/ en=ce ^? moral laws :i* ! hi/ory ( nations1 z well z human exp]i5ce 9 its be/ e/ate1 reveal to be ! inmo/ expression ( ! normal life ( man4 ,! beg9n+ ( a new c5tury may seem l an artificial division ( "t1 b ! self-consci\sness ) :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury clos$1 ! ef=ts at introv]sive e/imates ( its place 9 hi/ory & ( ! "w x _h accompli%$1 indicate some?+ m ?an a conv5tional b>ri] to be pass$4 ,prophecies 9 reg>d to ! new age may be futile1 = ,god res]ves to ,himself ! k ( ! future4 ,b x is mu* if we c to any ext5t read ! mean+ ( ! pa/ & detect ! s\rces ( its /r5g? & weakness4 ,& = ! re/1 ,*ri/ian fai? & hope are inext+ui%able1 look+ =w>d to ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ideal--t high] unity :]e ,*ri/ appe>s z ! embodim5t ( humanity & ! voice ( its ye>n+ = a p]fect bro!rhood2 :]e ! nation also ackn[l$ges ,him z its ov]lord1 s t1 9 ! words ( ,*ri/ian prophecy1 ! k+doms ( ?is _w %all become ! k+dom ( our ,god & ( ,8 ,*ri/4 ,9 t ideal conception1 ! dom9ium belongs to ! /ate1 & ! m9i/]ium to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,,alex&] ,v4 ,g4 ,,all54 ,,! ,,jews ,,& ,,judaism ,! op5+ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury f\nd ! ,jew bl9d$ by ! light ( a new sun1 ! rays ( :i* 7 beat+ ^u ! ,ghetto & 7 =c+ him to take (f1 "o by "o1 ! _m g>m5ts ) :i* he _h clo!d himself dur+ ! ho/ile ,middle ,ages4 ,= ! ,jew ^! ,middle ,ages did n end ) ! ,re=mation & ! ,r5aissance2 b only disappe>$ 9 ! trans=mation br\ght ab\t gradually by ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury sees him putt+ on "s ( ^! g>m5ts aga91 & try+ to save 8 own w>m? f be+ lo/ 9 ! coldness ( ! outside _w4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! ,jew has pass$ ?r\gh m upheavals ?an _m nations h dur+ ?ree or f\r times ! numb] ( ye>s4 ,:at outw>d /ruggles has he n be5 call$ ^u to exp]i5ce2 ?r\gh :at alt]nat+ seasons ( joy & sorr[ has he n pass$6 ,:at *anges ev5 )9 8 own body has he n su/a9$6 ,! mod]n ,european & ,am]ican _w has _h a h>d fight to f9d its way into its pres5t *ang$ condition2 b mu* h>d] by f> 0 ! task laid ^u ! ,jew2 &1 :e!r he has succe$$ or n1 he has made an hone/ fight4 ,evid5ces ( ! /ruggle ab\nd on e h&1 & ! road is /rewn ) _m a dead hope & _m a lo/ opportunity4 ,! ,jew 0 b\nd m firmly to anci5t traditions2 & s int]wov5 7 ^! anci5t traditions ) 8 :ole be+ t ! new life into :i* he came _h ( necessity to be bl5d$ ) ! old4 ,! tale ( ! ,jew ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is a record ( 8 endeavor to d ju/ice to ! two dem&s :i* 7 made ^u him3 ! "o f ! outside _w--to fit himself to take 8 place wor?ily & d 8 "w side by side ) ! o!r citiz5s ( ! /ate 9 :i* he liv$2 ! o!r f )9 8 own ranks--to h>monize 8 religi\s belief ) 8 new po9t ( view & to adapt 8 religi\s ex]cises to mod]n social conditions4 ,,emancipation ,,( ,,! ,,jews ,! /ruggle ( ! ,jews 9 ! v>i\s ,european c\ntries = civil rights & = equality be=e ! law 0 long drawn out1 & 0 m>k$ by v>y+ =tunes dep5d5t ^u ! political conditions ( ^! c\ntries4 ,m ?an sev5ty ye>s ( ! c5tury _h pass$ be=e ?is /ruggle _h be5 f\ght out4 ,?\gh x is true t a beg9n+ 0 made 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria 7#agej & #agha71 to ,france belongs ! honor ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to really d away ) ! mass ( anti-,jewi% legislation :i* ! c5turies prec$+ _h pil$ up4 ,on ! #bg? ( ,septemb]1 #agia1 ! ,national ,assembly at "o /roke remov$ all ! disabilities "u :i* ! ,jews _h be5 liv+--di/9ctive dress1 special ,jew's oa?1 ,jew's tax1 =c$ resid5ce 9 c]ta9 localities1 etc4 ,f ,france1 & "u ! influ5ce :i* t c\ntry !n ex]cis$1 ! emancipation ( ! ,jews spread to ,belgium & ,holl&1 & to "s ( ! /ates ( ,g]many2 b ! re/ ( ,europe 0 n yet ready = ?is emancipation4 ,! reaction :i* m>ks ! p]iod betwe5 #ahad & #ahdh made itself felt ^u ! ,jews1 re/or+1 9 _m places1 ! disabilities "u :i* !y _h =m]ly liv$4 ,! 8,jud5gass50 became once m inhabit$1 & ! pr9ciples ( fre$om & lib]ty = all memb]s ( ! /ate seem$ to h be5 wellnigh =gott54 ,! ,revolution ( #ahcj /ay$ ! d[nw>d c\rse 9 "s ( ! ,g]man /ates2 b x 0 n until #ahdh t ! second great p]iod 9 ,jewi% emancipation came ab\t4 ,9 ! break+ d[n ( old in/itutions x 0 natural t ! exceptional laws aga9/ ! ,jews %\ld g also4 ,! ,g]man ,p>liam5t ( #ahdh1 at ,frank=t1 =cefully proclaim$ ! doctr9e ( religi\s lib]ty2 & ( ?is p>liam5t a ,jew1 ,gabriel ,riess]1 0 vice-presid5t4 ,b x 0 n until ! =mation ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 9 #ahga1 t ! emancipation ( ! ,jews1 :i* _h gradually made its way 9 ! v>i\s /ates1 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh = ! :ole ( t empire4 ,9 #ahfg1 a decree 0 issu$ 9 ,au/ria by virtue ( :i* all citiz5s 7 decl>$ equal be=e ! law1 & 9 #ahgj ! walls ( ! ,ghetto fell 9 ,rome4 ,9 #ahgd1 ,jews 7 admitt$ to ! rank ( citiz5s 9 ,switz]l&4 ,9 #ahgh1 ! ,congress ( ,b]l91 ! lead+ _s ( :i* 7,disraeli7 0 ( ! ,jewi% race1 dem&$ equal rights = ! ,jews liv+ 9 ! ,balkan ,p59sula4 ,^! rights 7 accord$ by ! v>i\s /ates !re1 ) ! exception ( ,r\mania2 :i*1 9 spite ( ! treaty & 9 spite ( ! promises made at ! "t1 /ill cont9ues to refuse to all[ ! ,jews liv+ )9 its bord]s to become citiz5s or to treat !m z an integral "p ( ! population4 ,9 ,turkey ! laws :i* put c]ta9 re/rictions ^u non-,mohamm$an citiz5s 7 s5sibly *ang$ 9 #ahci2 s t ! ,jews liv+ 9 ! dom9ions ( ! ,sultan suff] f no exceptional legislation4 ,! cause ( ,jewi% emancipation 9 ,engl& suff]$ no su* sudd5 *anges z x did on ! cont95t4 ,x proce$$ by regul> /ages ?r\gh ! abrogation ( ! ,act ( ,te/ 9 #ahbh1 ! admission ( ,jews z citiz5s ( ,london 9 #ahcj1 z %]iffs 9 #ahce1 z magi/rates 9 #ahde1 & 9 #aheh z memb]s ( ,p>liam5t by ! removal ( ! words 8^u ! fai? ( a ,*ri/ian0 9 ! oa? tak5 by ! memb]s4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! emancipation 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh long drawn out & fi]cely conte/$1 0 m effective ?an any:]e else1 ow+ to ! fact t x 0 progressive 9 "* & bas$ ^u ! idea ( rights dem&$ & n ^u t ( favors grant$4 ,no?+ 0 ask$ ( ! ,jews 9 ,engl& o!r ?an t !y be good citiz5s ( ! /ate2 :ile ! :ole cont95tal legislation reg>d+ !m1 f ! "t ( ,napoleon on1 _h on ! "p ( ! legislators only "o object 9 view--to break up ! cohesion ( ! ,jews z a body & to pave ! way = _! disappe>ance z a di/9ctive gr\p4 ,! idea t emancipation 0 a favor & n a "r br\ght x ab\t t ! ,jews !mselves aid$ 9 _! own dis9tegration4 ,!y believ$ t x 0 _! duty to %[ !mselves m patriotic ?an 7 ! o!r citiz5s ( ! /ate 9 :i* !y liv$1 z !y 7 receiv+ great] favors4 ,& s1 ev5 ?\gh ,jews h sat 9 ! p>liam5ts ( v>i\s cont95tal /ates1 !y h ) few exceptions /eadfa/ly refus$ to ackn[l$ge !mselves to be 9 any way repres5tatives ( _! bre?r51 & 9 "s cases 7notably 9 ,france7 dur+ ! la/ few ye>s h ei!r rema9$ sup9ely indiff]5t :5 ,jewi% que/ions 7 be=e _! sev]al p>liam5ts1 or h ev5 aid$ ^? ^: agitation 0 direct$ aga9/ _! fell[-,jews4 ,9 ,engl&1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,jewi% memb]s ( ,p>liam5t h nev] =gott5 t1 9 addition to _! int]e/s z citiz5s ( ,engl&1 !y h a duty to p]=m to ! ,jews1 :om !y also repres5t1 & !y h !re=e be5 able1 :ile giv+ _! be/ s]vices to ! /ate1 to be also useful to _! co-religioni/s4 ,x may be due to ?is cause t ! emancipation ( ,jews on ! cont95t has 9 no way be5 able to /em ! recrudesc5ce ( anti-,semitism2 :ile x has und\bt$ly done ?is 9 ,engl&4 ,! opposite effect is mo/ cle>ly se5 9 ,algi]s1 :]e ! :olesale emancipation ( ! ,jews 9 #ahgj1 ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,crmieux1 t bold *ampion ( 8 p1 has 9 a l>ge measure contribut$ to make ! riots possible :i* h 9 late ye>s be5 witness$ 9 t ,fr5* colony4 ,nei!r ! population ( ,alg]ia nor ! ,jews !re 7 at t "t ready = su* a measure2 x did n !re=e come z ! result ( a developm5t among ! p1 b z some?+ impos$ ^u !m by ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 addition to ,r\mania1 ,russia is practically ! only c\ntry :i* has refus$ to ent] ! ,european conc]t1 & :i* by means ( laws & ord9ances repres5ts /ill ! d>k p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x has turn$ ! prov9ces on its we/]n bord]s into a trem5d\s ,ghetto1 & driv5 ! ,jews to exile by mak+ life )9 t pale practically impossible4 ,ev5 ,portugal 9 #ahba1 & ,spa9 9 #ahfh 7! two c\ntries f :i* ! ,jews _h be5 bani%$ = a great numb] ( ye>s71 op5$ _! doors to !m once m2 ?\gh few ,jews h v5tur$ to return to ! ,p59sula1 despite ! fact t 9 #ahhf a committee 0 =m$ 9 ,madrid = ! promotion ( ,jewi% immigration into ,spa94 ,,! ,,w&]+ ,,jew ,! ,w&]+ ,jew is n ! ,jew ( leg5d1 b ! ,jewi% p ( hi/ory4 ,! dislocation ( l>ge ,jewi% bodies1 :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,middle ,ages1 has be5 kept up dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury2 & ?is dislocation has1 z 9 =m] times1 pr(\ndly modifi$ ,judaism 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries4 ,f ! fifte5? c5tury on to ! n9ete5?1 ho/ile legislation on ! "p ( ,we/]n ,europe _h be5 cont9ually driv+ ! ,jews to ! ,ea/4 ,! expulsion f ,spa9 & ,portugal1 at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 =c$ sev]al hundr$ ?\s& into ,turkey2 :ile ! h>d%ips :i* !y _h to suff] 9 ! small] ,g]man /ates & 9 ,au/ria caus$ l>ge numb]s to seek a refuge 9 ,pol& & ,russia4 ,! tide comm5c$ to turn we/w>d ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ?\gh b&s ( ,jews f ,pol& _h be5 driv5 into ,g]many1 ,italy1 & ,holl& 9 ! t]rible ye>s ( ! ,*melnicki p]secutions 7#afdh-afea74 ,! readmission ( ,jews into ,engl&1 ! relative k9dness ( ,fr$]ick ,william ( ,prussia & ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 aid$ a c]ta9 sl[ b cont9u\s infiltration f ,pol&1 s t at ! end ( ! eighte5? or ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ^! ,poli% ,jews 7 to be f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ,g]many1 ,holl&1 & ,engl&4 ,?is sl[ migration back aga9 to ,we/]n ,europe took on1 h[ev]1 mu* l>g] proportions 9 ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 b be=e ?is c\ld happ5 a /rong movem5t /ill f>!r we/w>d _h already tak5 place4 ,jews 7 among ! e>lie/ settl]s on ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,!y 7 9 ne>ly e case ( ,spani% or ,portuguese desc5t1 hav+ come f ,holl& & ,engl& to ! possessions :i* ^! p[]s held on ! new cont95t4 ,9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ! tide ( immigration f ,g]many 0 at its height1 a l>ge numb] ( ,jews f ! s\!rn /ates & ! ,rh9e region f\nd _! way to ^! %ores4 ,! ,russian atrocities ( #ahhb & ! foll[+ ye>s caus$ a great] %ift+ ( ! ,jewi% population we/w>d ?an c be p>allel$ at any previ\s "t4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t betwe5 ! ye>s #ahhb & #aijj fully "o million ,russian ,jews left _! homes 9 ! pale ( settlem5t1 f9d+ new dwell+-places 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 & ,france4 ,! l>ge/ numb] 7probably half a million7 came to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,unt[>d economic conditions exi/+ 9 ,galicia1 & ! frequ5t outbreaks ( anti-,semitism !re1 =c$ out dur+ ! #ij's a l>ge numb] ( ,galician ,jews2 & 9 #ahii & #aijj ! ho/ility ( ! ,r\manian gov]nm5t has made x impossible = ?\s&s ( ,jews to rema9 9 a c\ntry 9 :i* mo/ ( !m _h be5 born2 &1 "u circum/ances ! l ( :i* has h>dly ev] be=e be5 se51 b&s ( ! ,r\manian ,jews h be5 w&]+ ov] ,europe1 seek+ ! means by :i* to come to ! ,am]ican cont95t 9 ord] !re to e/abli% !mselves anew4 ,!re are betwe5 t5 & elev5 million ,jews to-day 9 ! _w3 ( ^!1 ab\t n9e million live 9 ,europe2 "o million 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada2 ?ree hundr$ & fifty ?\s& 9 ,africa2 ?ree hundr$ & fifty ?\s& 9 ,asia2 & sixte5 ?\s& 9 ,au/ralasia4 ,,communal ,,organization ,all ^! *ang$ circum/ances v>i\sly modifi$ ! organization ( ! ,jewi% communities4 ,napoleon's attempt 9 #ahjg1 z ! result ( ! ,sanh$r9 :i* he _h conv5$ 9 ,p>is1 to f\nd ?is organization ^u a mod]n basis1 divid+ ! ,jews ( ,france into c]ta9 consi/ories & arrondissem5ts1 _h an effect n only ^u ,france1 b also ^u ^? c\ntries :i* = a "t 7 "u 8 influ5ce 7,holl&1 ,belgium1 etc471 & ev5 ^u _m ( ! ,g]man /ates4 ,9 #ahjh su* consi/ories 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,we/phalia & ,cassel2 9 #ahji1 an ,ob]ra? 0 creat$ 9 ,bad52 & 9 #ahbh & #ahca an ,ob]kir*5beho]de 9 ,wrtemb]g4 ,x 0 due also to ,napoleon t 9 ,france & ,g]many ! ,jews 7 oblig$ to adopt family names1 !y hav+1 9 mo/ cases1 /ill reta9$ ! ,ori5tal cu/om ( simply add+ to _! own prnom5 t ( _! fa!r4 ,prussia 0 ! only "o ( ! ,g]man /ates :i* 0 n s affect$4 ,!re ! /ate ex]cises a sup]visory influ5ce1 compell+ all ! ,jews to be memb]s ( ! ,jewi% community1 b 9 no way fur!r regulat+ ! communal life4 ,:5 ! ,re=m t5d5cies comm5c$ to make !mselves felt 9 ! l>g] ,jewi% communities1 ! ,or?odox memb]s safegu>d$ _! own int]e/s by mak+ use ( ! law pass$ 9 #ahgc1 ma9ly ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! ,jew ,lask]1 :i* enabl$ ! p to decl>e !mselves 8confessionslos0 & =m _! own synagogues1 ?us ne>+ 9 a measure ! sy/em foll[$ 9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries4 ,9 ,engl& & ,am]ica no su* organization 0 effect$1 z ! /ate does n !re take cognizance ( ! religi\s belief ( ! p4 ,9 bo? ^! c\ntries attempts h be5 made by ! ,jews !mselves to organize "u "o head ^u a purely religi\s basis1 b )\t mu* success4 ,9 ,france !re is a ,*ief ,rabbi ( ! ,jews :o is recogniz$ by ! /ate z _! rabbi & head4 ,b ! ,*ief ,rabbi ( ! ,jews 9 ! ,briti% ,empire1 ?\gh he is nom9ally ! head ( ! ,jews 9 ! k+dom1 has no actual position z su*1 & is ev5 n recogniz$ by c]ta9 s*ools ( ,jews !mselves4 ,! ,sef>dim1 or desc5dants ( ,spani% & ,portuguese ,jews1 h always kept !mselves di/9ct1 & h _! own ,*ief ,rabbi1 or ,haham4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdj1 ! m lib]al-m9d$ elem5t among ! ,london ,jews cut !mselves loose f ! ,unit$ ,synagogue & =m$ a ,re=m p>ty1 _! example be+ foll[$ 9 ,man*e/] & ,brad=d4 ,nei!r !y nor ! rec5t immigrants f ,russia1 :o h =m$ _! own 8,f$]ation ( ,synagogues0 recognize ! au?ority ( ! ,*ief ,rabbi4 ,?is m congregational sy/em has be5 c>ri$ to its utmo/ limits 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ea* congregation is a law unto itself & absolutely rejects any int]f]5ce on ! "p ( any l>g] body4 ,f "t to "t a desire has be5 manife/$ to sup]s$e ?is purely congregational sy/em by "s =m ( union4 ,! late ,dr4 ,isaac ,m4 ,wise1 ( ,c9c9nati1 _h at v>i\s times attempt$ to br+ ! ,jews ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates toge!r ) an au?oritative synod at _! head4 ,out ( ?is & o!r attempts h come ! ,c5tral ,conf]5ce ( ,am]ican ,rabbis & ,! ,union ( ,am]ican ,congregations 7f\nd$ 9 #ahgc71 :i* n[ comprises ab\t n9ety-"o congregations4 ,^! organizations1 h[ev]1 d n by any means repres5t ei!r all ( ! ,jewi% m9i/]s or all ( ! ,jewi% congregations1 & ! ,union itself is m]ely a delib]ative body hav+ no p[] to d any?+ 9 ! int]nal affairs ( "o ( its con/itu5t synagogues4 ,s9ce ! union ( ,am]ican ,jewi% congregations comprises only su* z /& ^u a ,re=m plat=m1 a union ( ,or?odox congregations 0 =m$ 9 ,new ,york two or ?ree ye>s ago1 & x is hop$ t ?is organization w d mu* t[>ds b9d+ toge!r ! v _m congregations ( ^? :o adh]e /rictly to traditional ,judaism4 ,b ! organization ( ,jews z a *ur* has n be5 f\nd suffici5t4 ,spread ov] s l>ge a portion ( ! e>? & com+ "u su* v>y+ influ5ces1 x 0 inevitable t ! !ological diff]5ces :i* already exi/$ %\ld gr[ apace1 & a great cleavage be made betwe5 ! ,or?odox & ! ,re=m w+ ( ! synagogue4 ,x 0 e>ly felt t "s m secul> bond mu/ be f\nd :i* %\ld unite ! ,jews ( v>i\s p]suasions = common & conc]t$ action4 ,! fir/ attempt 9 ?is direction 0 nobly made by ,n>cisse ,lev51 ,eug5e ,emanuel1 ,*>les ,nett]1 & a few o!rs1 9 f\nd+ 7#ahhj7 ! 8,alliance ,isralite ,univ]selle0 9 ,p>is1 ^: object x 0 to aid 9 remov+ ,jewi% disabilities :]ev] !y might exi/1 & to raise ! spiritual condition ( _! coreligioni/s 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 ,ea/]n ,europe1 & ,we/]n ,asia by ! f\nd+ ( s*ools4 ,f ^! small beg9n+s ! ,alliance has gr[n to be an important factor 9 ! cons]vation ( ,jewi% int]e/s4 ,fai?ful to its programme1 x has e/abli%$ a l>ge numb] ( elem5t>y & te*nical s*ools1 & has int]v5$ actively 9 ,alg]ia1 ,morocco1 ! ,turki% ,empire1 & ,p]sia :5ev] ,jews or ,jewi% int]e/s 7 9 any way ?reat5$4 ,its attempt1 h[ev]1 to repres5t ! :ole ,jewi% p has n be5 successful2 = ! reason t x has be5 alli$ too closely ) ,fr5* national int]e/s2 & side by side ) ! 8,alliance ,franaise0 x has be5 an active propag&i/ ( ! ,fr5* language & ( ,fr5* culture 9 ! ,ea/4 ,?is "o-sid$ness ( its "w is be/ se5 9 ! fact t by its side simil> organizations h be5 creat$ 9 o!r c\ntries1 8,! ,bo>d ( ,delegates ( ,am]ican ,israelites0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 8,! ,anglo-,jewi% ,association0 9 ,engl&1 8,! ,israeli-tis* ,alliance0 9 ,au/ria1 & ! 8,deuts*e ,geme9debund0 9 ,g]many4 ,at "o "t x 0 hop$ t ! ,b'nai ,b'ri?1 e/abli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #ahdc1 by ,isidor ,bus*1 ,julius ,bi51 & o!rs1 w\ld =m su* a union ( ,jews1 :]e ! !ological diff]5ces w\ld be elim9at$4 ,b ?\gh ?is ord]1 :i* has #cae lodges 91 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 has e/abli%$ itself 9 su* c\ntries z ,g]many1 ,r\mania1 ,au/ria1 ,alg]ia1 ,bulg>ia1 & ,egypt1 & despite ! good "w x has s f> done1 ! m]e fact t x is a secret organization prev5ts x f /&+ =? z ! repres5tative ( int]national ,jewry4 ,:]e1 !n1 & 9 :at mann] is su* a body to be f\nd8 ,,economic ,,conditions ,! economic condition ( ! ,jews 9 ! l>ge ,ea/]n ,european ,ghettos is1 naturally1 extremely bad4 ,huddl$ toge!r1 ei!r 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ( l>ge t[ns or 9 villages :]e !y =m ! great] "p ( ! population1 !y are compell$ to live (f & on ea* o!r4 ,cr[d$ into c]ta9 walks ( life by anti-,jewi% legislation or anti-,jewi% s5tim5t1 few ( !m c ga9 m ?an suffici5t to keep body & s\l toge!r4 ,9 ,galicia x has be5 e/imat$ t five ?\s& ,jews p]i% e ye> f typhus-fev]4 ,! ,jewi% wax-m9]s 9 ,boryslav1 to take b "o in/ance1 7 =c$ out ( ! m9es & r$uc$ to utt] />vation1 = no o!r reason b because !y 7 ,jews4 ,! failure ( ! h>ve/s 9 ,s\!rn ,russia dur+ ! la/ few ye>s has r$uc$ ! wage-e>n]s 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry to ! position ( dep5dants ^u ! *>ity ( o!rs2 b ! ,jews :o live !re 9 su* l>ge numb]s d n ev5 b5efit f ! assi/ance s5t by ! gov]nm5t4 ,simil> conditions prevail almo/ cont9ually 9 ! re/ ( ! ,russian pale & 9 ,r\mania4 ,! /&>d ( life has naturally be5 l[]$ among ^! p & _! g5]al morale has n come out ( ! trial unsca!d4 ,nor mu/ x be =gott5 t ! viol5t dislocation ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p1 su* z has tak5 place among ! ,jews dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 has naturally di/urb$ exi/+ economic conditions1 n only among ! ,jews !mselves1 b also among ^? into ^: mid/ !y came4 ,^! outca/s f ,ea/]n ,europe did n come to virg9 soil z did ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs1 b to cities & t[ns :i* 7 already fill$ ) a prolet>iat engag$ 9 ! eag] fight = life4 ,! ,jews ( ,b]l91 ,p>is1 ,london1 & ,new ,york1 _h _! h&s full ) ! prop] c>e ( ! ne$y ones already 9 _! mid/4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t ! ,jews z a p are ri*4 ,! prolet>iat among !m is proportionately mu* l>g] ?an x is among o!r p2 & ?us x came ab\t t ! ,jewi% qu>t]s 9 all ! l>ge cities 7 already well fill$ :5 !y 7 7almo/ at a mom5t's notice7 call$ ^u to receive d\ble or triple ! numb] !y already held4 ,! actual numb] ( ! ,jewi% poor 0 !reby greatly increas$2 = _m a family t _h be5 weal?y or 9 easy circum/ances 9 ,russia1 ,galicia1 or ,r\mania1 _h be5 r$uc$ to want & be5 compell$ to take its place among ^? :o ne$$ ! help ( _! bre?r54 ,?is help 0 freely & *e]fully giv5 all ! _w ov]4 ,great sacrifices 7 made by ! ri*] ,jews to meet ! press+ ne$s ( ! h\r1 &1 ) no help f ! outside _w1 except+ ! ,london ,mansion ,h\se ,fund 9 #ahhb1 ! ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s ( immigrants 7 c>$ =4 ,! ,jewi% *>itable organizations1 ! developm5t ( :i* has be5 dur+ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! brighte/ spot 9 ,jewi% communal life1 rose to ! dem&s ( ! occasion1 & ! m ?an pr9cely munific5ce ( ,b>on & ,b>oness ,maurice de ,hirs*1 9 reg>d to ! ,russian ,jews1 may ju/ly be look$ ^u ) pride4 ,new ,ghettos1 h[ev]1 7 =m$ 9 ne>ly all ! cities to :i* ^! immigrants came2 & ?is "n = ! habitat ( ! poor] ,jews became aga9 famili>1 aid$ by ! popul>ity :i* "s mod]n noveli/s _h giv5 to x4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages & d[n to our own "t ! ,jews _h be5 =c$ by ! /ate to live ap>t 9 su* ,ghettos2 sometimes = _! own protection1 sometimes to pres]ve ! outside _w f contact ) !m4 ,! mod]n ,ghetto is a volunt>y ga!r+ ( ! ,jews = ! purpose ( mutual help & f a feel+ ( reciprocal obligations4 ,to ! outside obs]v] x pres5ts an unsightly appe>ance2 x is ! abode ( poor p1 & its population is usually /range 9 dress1 mann]s1 & spee*4 ,! sweat+ sy/em 7:i* 9 "o =m or ano!r is to be f\nd 9 all ^! ,ghettos7 has be5 a dreadful inc5tive t[>ds gr9d+ ! face ( ! poor2 & ! results ( too great a ho>d+ are (t5 q app>5t2 s t ! g5]al morality ( ! ,jews 9 ^! ,ghettos has suff]$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,a p ignorant ( ! language ( _! new home are a prey to ! evil-int5d$1 :o make use ( _! ignorance = _! own comm]cial & political advancem5t4 ,?is has be5 notably se5 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 :]e a lax city gov]nm5t has p]mitt$ ! vampires ( society to fa/5 _! fangs ^u ! ,ghetto & to produce conditions :i* call = ! active int]f]5ce ( all ^? =ces :i* seek to /amp out crime & vice4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 to "o :o is acqua9t$ ) ! inn] life ( ! ,ghetto ! virtues :i* h hi!rto *>act]iz$ ! ,jews--indu/ry & sobriety--are /ill to be f\nd !re2 mu* m frequ5tly ?an 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! ri*] classes congregate1 & ^: weal? enables !m to )draw _! do+s f ! public gaze4 ,its memb]s are z indu/ri\s z bees 9 a hive2 & ?\gh extremely litigati\s1 drunk5ness is unkn[n & actual crime is comp>atively r>e4 ,9 ord] to correct ! abuses ( ! ,ghetto1 two ?+s are absolutely necess>y--! increase ( ! actual numb] ( ,jews !re mu/ be /opp$1 & ! cr[d+ into c]ta9 di/9ct fields ( "w mu/ be br\ght to an end4 ,a det]m9$ ef=t has already be5 made to =ce ! new immigrants into less cr[d$ p>ts ( ! l& to :i* !y come4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ?is is be+ done by ! ,unit$ ,hebrew ,*>ities1 & notably by ! ,b'nai ,b'ri?4 ,a di/9ct clanni% feel+ has1 h[ev]1 to be ov]come1 & a fe> ( v5tur+ into an unkn[n c\ntry :]e ! immigrant w be surr\nd$ by p :o d n und]/& 8 peculi> social & religi\s cu/oms4 ,t ! ,jew has tak5 by pref]5ce to c]ta9 bran*es ( trade & "w is due to ! fact t anti-,jewi% legislation has = c5turies clos$ _m walks ( life to him1 & ! guild organization exclud$ him rigor\sly f _m sph]es ( activity4 ,!n1 too1 8 ri*ly develop$ home life has induc$ a c]ta9 di/a/e = occupations :i* take ! wage-e>n] out ( 8 home & away f 8 family4 ,t1 h[ev]1 ^! inh]it$ in/9cts c easily be ov]come is cle>ly se5 :5ev] ! occasion (f]s4 ,ev5 9 ,am/]dam1 :]e ?ree-f\r?s ( ! diamond indu/ry is 9 ! h&s ( ,jews1 !re are to be f\nd ,jewi% cobbl]s1 cig>-mak]s1 plumb]s1 c>pet-weav]s1 mattress-mak]s1 wat*-mak]s1 etc4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,end ( ,london !re are1 x is true1 t5 ?\s& ,jews :o are engag$ 9 ! clo!s-mak+ trades1 b ! re/ ( ! =ty ?\s& ,jewi% wage-e>n]s ( ?is qu>t] are scatt]$ ov] all possible bran*es ( "w--masonry1 metal-work+1 textile indu/ries1 furniture-mak+1 cap-mak+1 & ! l4 ,! same is true ( ,new ,york1 :]e1 al?\gh ! numb] ( ,jews employ$ 9 ! tailor+ indu/ries is disproportionately l>ge1 ! foll[+ li/ ( ,hebrew unions %[s h[ f> afield ! ,jewi% workman has gone3 ,cap-,mak]s1 ,cap-,block]s1 ,%irt-,mak]s1 ,mattress-,mak]s1 ,purse-,mak]s1 ,lib]ty ,musical ,union1 ,jewi% ,*orus ,union1 ,jewell]s' ,union1 ,t9-,smi!rs' ,union1 ,bill-,po/]s1 ,wait]s' ,alliance1 ,ar*itectural ,ironwork]s1 ,hebrew ,typographical ,union1 ,tobacco ,cutt]s1 ,pap]-,mak]s1 ,bookb9d]s4 ,! same is relatively true ( all o!r c\ntries :]e ,jews live 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,x is a popul> misconception t ! ,jew has an innate di/a/e = agriculture4 ,8 cont9u$ comm]cial life1 =c$ ^u him = _m c5turies1 has1 x is true1 disaccu/om$ ! ,jew to ! life ( a till] ( ! soil4 ,b ! ,jewi% /ate 0 l>gely an agricultural "o2 ! legislation ( ! ,bible & ! lat] ,law ,books 0 cle>ly int5d$ = an agricultural p2 & ,jews h nev] %[n an unwill+ness to return aga9 to ! soil4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,russia !re are to-day #bbe ,jewi% colonies ) a population ( #ajj1jjj4 ,9 ,pale/9e !re are n[ m ?an tw5ty colonies ) a population ( m ?an #ejjj1 & simil> agricultural colonies h be5 e/abli%$ at v>i\s times 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 & ! ,arg5t9e ,republic4 ,9 _m cases1 x is true1 ^! colonies h n yet become self-support+1 b ?is has be5 due 9 a l>ge measure to maladm9i/ration & to ! peculi> conditions "u :i* ! colonies 7 f\nd$4 ,x _c be d5i$ t a goodly "p ( ! ,jewi% prolet>iat belongs to ! ,sociali/ p>ty4 ,! :ole ,biblical sy/em is 9 itself n )\t a ,sociali/ t+e2 & ! two great f\nd]s ( ! mod]n sy/em1 ,lasalle & ,m>x1 7 ,jews4 ,x is no wond] t 9 ,russia _m ( ! lead+ an>*i/s 7 ( ! ,jewi% race1 = ! ,jew suff]$ !re f ! evils :i* ,nihilism 0 int5d$ to correct t5 times m ?an did 8 fell[-,russian4 ,b ! ,jew is by nature peace-lov+2 & "u m favorable circum/ances1 & ) ! opportunity ( a great] developm5t ( 8 faculties1 ,socialism 9 8 mid/ has no v active life2 ! ,jew v soon becom+ an ard5t p>tisan ( ! exi/+ /ate ( affairs4 ,,int]nal ,,religi\s ,,developm5t ,! facility ) :i* ! ,jews atta* !mselves to *ang$ circum/ances /&s out *>act]i/ically ?r\gh _! :ole hi/ory4 ,x might1 inde$1 be said ) "s %[ ( tru? t ?is pliability is ! weak side 9 ! ,jewi% "*4 ,! read9ess ( ! ,jew to be almo/ any?+ & n simply 8 own self has be5 "o ( ! factors produc+ a c]ta9 ill w aga9/ him4 ,disraeli 0 ! mo/ j+o ( all imp]iali/s 9 ,engl&2 ,lask]1 ! mo/ ard5t advocate ( ! newly con/itut$ ,g]man ,empire4 ,?is pliability is ! result ( ! w&]+ life he has l$ & ! v>i\s civilizations ( :i* he has be5 a "p4 ,he _h to f9d 8 way into ,hell5ism 9 ,alex&ria1 into ,moori% culture 9 ,spa91 into ,slavism 9 ,russia & ,pol&4 ,:5 ! fir/ wave ( ! mod]n _s comm5c$ to break f ,france ea/w>d ov] ! :ole ( ,europe1 x rea*$ ! ,jew also4 ,:ile 9 ,france ! new _s 0 l>gely political1 9 ,g]many x 0 m spiritual4 ,9 its political =m z well z 9 its spiritual =m x react$ n only ^u ! political condition ( ! ,jew1 b especially ^u 8 m5tal attitude4 ,! new _s 0 int5sely mod]n1 int5sely cosmopolitan1 int5sely ,occid5tal1 & int5sely inductive4 ,! ,jew _h pres]v$ to a great degree 8 d$uctive1 ,ori5tal1 p>ticul>i/ic1 & anci5t mode ( ?\ght & aspect ( life4 ,! two =ces 7 b\nd to meet4 ,z a great oak is met by ! /orm1 s 0 ,israel set ^u by ! fury ( ?is t]rible onslaught4 ,x is ( int]e/ to see 9 :at mann] he em]g$ f ?is /orm--:e!r he has be5 able to b5d to its fury1 to lose p]haps "s ( 8 leaves & ev5 "s ( 8 bran*es1 b to *ange only 9 su* a way z to be able to /& upright aga9 :5 ! /orm is pa/4 ,?is great cla% ( ideas has produc$ :at is kn[n z ! ,re=m movem5t4 ,x _h its orig9 9 ,g]many "u ! spiritual influ5ces ( ! reg5]ation ( ,g]man lett]s produc$ by su* m5 z ,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 ,h]d]1 ,less+1 & ,m5delssohn4 ,x 0 aid$ 9 a l>ge measure by ! fact t ! gov]nm5t 9 ,g]many1 al?\gh di/9ctly oppos$ to any?+ :i* militates aga9/ ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s1 mixes itself v seldom 9 ! int]nal affairs ( ! ,jewi% communities4 ,?is ,re=m movem5t has color$ ! religi\s developm5t ( ,judaism dur+ ! ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! c5tury :i* is pa/4 ,! heat ( ! controv]sy is n[ wellnigh sp5t4 ,_m ( ^? :o /ood 9 ! front ranks h pass$ away1 s t a m j e/imate ( its value c be rea*$4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( trem5d\s upheavals1 ( great physical z well z m5tal pa94 ,_m a congregation 0 split 9 twa91 _m a family disrupt$4 ,at "o "t x look$ z if two di/9ct bodies ( ,jews w\ld em]ge f ! /ruggle1 & ! union ( ,israel be de/roy$ =ev]4 ,a common enemy--anti-,semitism--jo9$ ! two =ces toge!r = a common def5ce2 & ! dang] ( su* a split is n[ fairly a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury f\nd ! ,jews ( ,middle ,europe at ! l[e/ intellectual & social po9t !y _h up till !n rea*$4 ,! effect ( ! long ,jewi% ,middle ,ages 0 pla9ly visible4 ,few great m9ds lit up ! d>kness1 & an intellectual torpor seems to h spread its pall ov] ev]y?+4 ,a passive uni=mity ( practice prevail$ 9 all ! communities1 :e!r ,sef>dic 7,spani% & ,portuguese7 or ,a%k5azic 7,g]man & ,poli%72 a uni=mity1 because actual intellectual life _h be5 made to run 9 "o s+le groove4 ,! ,talmud _h be5 ! great sav+ ( ,judaism 9 ! pa/4 ,9 ! intellectual ex]cise :i* its /udy necessitat$1 ! m9d ( ! ,jew _h be5 giv5 a field 9 :i* x c\ld rove at w4 ,liv+ ap>t f ! re/ ( ! _w1 ) a wide jurisdiction ov] 8 own affairs1 ,talmudic law 9 its late/ developm5t 0 /ill ! law supreme = ! ,jew4 ,! ,jewi% ,ghetto _h ev]y:]e ! same aspect2 ! language 9 common use 01 9 all ! ,a%k5azic communities1 ! ,judo-,g]man 9 "o ( its v>i\s =ms4 ,a c]ta9 sev]ity 9 evaluat+ ^? ?+s :i* 7 "p ( ! outside _w made itself felt4 ,!re 0 ample "t & ample occasion = ! practice ( all ^? =ms & c]emonies ) :i* ! ,judaism ( ! ,middle ,ages _h will+ly & gladly f5c$ 9 ! law4 ,!re _h be5 little occasion = ! practice ( ! beautiful arts or = ! cultivation ( lett]s4 ,life 9 ! ,ghetto 0 n necess>ily gloomy1 b x 0 solemn4 ,! law 0 n felt z a burd51 b x requir$ ! :ole individual att5tion ( ^? :o b\nd !mselves by x1 f e>ly morn till late at night1 f ! cradle to ! grave4 ,!re 0 no place = ?+s t come f outside1 because !re 0 no "t to devote to !m4 ,b ! new ,european _s 9 its ,fr5* political =m 0 knock+ h>d at ! gates ( ! ,ghetto4 ,little by little x made its way "h & !re1 into all sorts ( nooks & corn]s4 ,x 0 b\nd 9 "t to be he>d by "s ( ^? liv+ beh9d ^! gates4 ,! "n ( ,moses ,m5delssohn is indissolubly connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,g]man ,judaism dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 due to him t a vehicle 0 f\nd :i* ! new _s c\ld use4 ,himself a /rictly obs]vant ,jew1 he felt ! pulse ( ! new era4 ,! fri5d ( ,less+ & ( ,nicolai1 he ent]$ fully into ! revival :i* 0 !n mak+ itself felt4 ,?r\gh 8 translation ( ! ,p5tateu* 7#aggh1 etc47 into ,high-,g]man1 he prep>$ ! way = ! fur!r introduction ( ,g]man writ+s to ! ,jewi% masses4 ,?is 0 b\nd to br+ ) x a l>g] culture & a great] fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,_m ( 8 fri5ds1 su* z ,wessely1 ,h]tz-,homb]g1 & ,david ,fri$l&]1 /ood by 8 side 9 ?is "w4 ,) ! introduction ( ! ,g]man language & ,g]man lit]ature1 bett] & m mod]n s*ools 7 ne$$ 9 :i* secul> education %\ld g h& 9 h& ) ! =m] "o-sid$ religi\s tra9+4 ,david ,fri$l&] 0 ! fir/ to f\nd a s*ool 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! t]m2 & he 0 foll[$ by ,jacobson 9 #ahja1 at ,sees51 ,we/phalia1 & at ,cassel1 & by ,johlson1 at ,frank=t1 9 #ahad4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #aghc & #ahjg su* mod]n ,jewi% s*ools arose 9 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,d5m>k1 ,france1 & ev5 9 ,pol&4 ,lit]ature 0 cultivat$1 & ! fir/ ,jewi% j\rnal 7?\gh /ill 9 ,hebrew7 0 publi%$ 9 ,knigsb]g1 #aghc 7,hameassef--! ,collector74 ,! ,gesells*aft d] ,freunde1 f\nd$ 9 ,b]l9 9 #agib1 0 di/9ctly int5d$ = ! spread ( ?is mod]n culture2 yet ,m5delssohn's own position 0 q an unt5able "o4 ,he 0 a ?or\ghly ,or?odox ,jew 9 practice1 b 8 m5tal attitude 0 t ( a mod]n ,g]man4 ,he 0 & he 0 n a re=m]4 ,he held t x matt]$ little :at philosophical position a ,jew held1 ! ,jew mu/ obs]ve all ! c]emonies connect$ ) ! fai?2 ^! 7 b9d+ ^u him by ! m]e fact ( 8 hav+ be5 born into ! ,cov5ant4 ,x is !re=e no wond] t 8 translation 0 put "u ! bann 9 ,hamburg1 ,altona1 ,fu]?1 ,pos51 etc4 ,8 fri5d ,fri$l&] wi%$ to make ( ! synagogue a sort ( ,e?ical ,culture ,society2 & ,jacobson's prea*+ 9 ,b]l9 conta9$ v little ( :at 0 di/9ctly ,jewi%4 ,! salons ( ,b]l91 ,knigsb]g1 & ,vi5na1 :i* 7 presid$ ov] by brilliant wom51 :o 7 m or less imm$iate disciples ( ,m5delssohn1 nurtur$ ! cosmopolitan _s :i* 0 b\nd to be de/ructive ( practical ,judaism4 ,t ?is fruit on ! ,tree ( ,k rip5$ too quickly is se5 f ! fact t all ! desc5dants ( ,m5delssohn1 ,fri$l&]1 & o!rs1 l$ a/ray by ?is cosmopolitan _s & ! philosophic pres5tation ( ,*ri/ianity by ,s*lei]ma*]1 h all become devot$ memb]s ( ! ,lu!ran ,*ur* & h be5 completely lo/ to ,judaism4 ,x 0 natural t ^! new influ5ces %\ld influ5ce also ! tra9+ ( ! mod]n rabbis4 ,secul> education _h be5 introduc$ into prim>y s*ools1 & 9 "s places--z1 = in/ance1 ,lomb>dy1 9 #ahbj--! gov]nm5t dem&$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( secul> k f ! c&idates = rabb9ical positions4 ,! ,jew also desir$ t 8 lead]s %\ld h ! same tra9+ z he gave 8 *ildr51 t !y %\ld be educat$ 9 ! same atmosph]e 9 :i* he himself _h gr[n up4 ,! old rabb9ical sem9>ies1 or ,ye%ibot1 9 :i* ! in/ruction 0 entirely on ,talmudic l9es1 _h already run _! c\rse2 ! /udy _h be5 f\nd insuffici5t by ! pupils !mselves1 & ! s*ools ( ,frank=t1 ,fu]?1 ,metz1 ,hamburg1 & ,halb]/adt _h all be5 clos$ = want ( /ud5ts4 ,! ne$ ( a mod]n sem9>y 0 felt q e>ly dur+ ! c5tury2 & 9 #ahji1 a ,lehr]-,sem9> 0 f\nd$ 9 ,cassel4 ,! e>lie/ regul> sem9>y = ! tra9+ ( rabbis1 h[ev]1 0 f\nd$ 9 ,padua 9 #ahbi4 ,9 ,g]many attempts _h be5 made 9 ! ye> #ahdj1 b ^! attempts 7 unsuccessful4 ,! fir/ mod]n sem9>y 0 n f\nd$ 9 ,g]many until ! ye> #ahed 7,breslau74 ,!n foll[$ ,b]l91 9 #ahgb2 ,c9c9nati1 9 #ahgc2 ,budape/1 9 #ahgf4 ,simil> in/itutions exi/ n[ 9 ,london1 ,p>is1 & ,vi5na4 ,9 ! fir/ convulsions ( ! ,m5delssohn p]iod ! way 0 pav$ = ! second p]iod ( ! ,re=m movem5t :i* cov]s ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! real issues t\*$ ! c5tral po9t ( ,jewi% life1 ! synagogue4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t dur+ ?is p]iod ! *ief que/ions 7 n s mu* !ological z /hetic4 ,! /hetic side ( life c\ld n be l>gely cultivat$ 9 ! ,ghetto2 & ! =m ( ! s]vice _h greatly deg5]at$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 s _m additional pray]s & songs & hymns _h be5 add$ t ! ritual 0 l>gely ov]burd5$1 & (t5 t5d$ r to /ifle ?an br+ out ! religi\s s5se !y 7 int5d$ to cons]ve4 ,contact ) ! outside _w creat$ & fo/]$ ?is /hetic s5se1 & ! influ5ces ( ! writ+s ( su* m5 z ,less+ & ,m5delssohn 0 l>gely 9 ?is direction4 ,z ?is /hetic s5se made its way into ! homes1 s also did x c>ve out its way into ! synagogue4 ,dem&s 7 he>d = a %ort] s]vice2 = ! organ to accompany ! *ant+ ( ! read]2 = ! ,g]man language 9 "s ( ! pray]s & = ! ,g]man s]mon4 ,ea* po9t 0 bitt]ly conte/$2 = ! ,or?odox w+ _h be=e x ! :olesale apo/asy ( ! ,salon ,jews4 ,9 ord] to introduce ! v]nacul> into ! s]vice & into ! s]mon1 private synagogues 7 op5$ by small cot]ies 9 ,cassel 7#ahji71 ,sees5 7#ahaj71 ,dessau 7#ahab71 & ,b]l9 7#ahae74 ,9 ,s\!rn ,g]many ! use ( ! v]nacul> 0 introduc$ betwe5 ! ye>s #ahag & #ahah1 also 9 ,hung>y ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,abraham ,*or94 ,9 "s c\ntries ! gov]nm5t gave its active aid4 ,9 ,vi5na1 9 #ahbj1 ,g]man 0 made obligatory1 & z e>ly z #ahad ,dani% 9 ,cop5hag54 ,! greate/ *anges1 h[ev]1 7 made 9 ! ,hamburg temple 7"u ,kley & ,salomon1 #ahah71 :]e n only ! s]vice 0 made m /hetic & ! ,g]man language introduc$1 b c]ta9 pray]s ref]r+ to ! ,messianic "t 7 ei!r omitt$ or alt]$4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t ! ,or?odox rabbis 9 ,g]many1 ) ! support ( ! rabbis 9 v>i\s o!r c\ntries1 prote/$ aga9/ su* a c\rse4 ,! gov]nm5t ev5 look$ askance at ^! ,re=m proce$+s1 & 9 #ahag & #ahbc ord]$ a numb] ( ^! private synagogues to be clos$4 ,a fur!r cause = displeasure 0 ! introduction 9 #ahad ( ! confirmation ( *ildr5 9 ,g]man1 to replace or supplem5t ! old ,b>mitzvah1 a cle> imitation ( ! c]emony 9 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* ( ,g]many4 ,despite opposition1 h[ev]1 ! confirmation f\nd its way into ,b]l91 ,hamburg1 ,frank=t1 ,cassel1 ,cop5hag51 etc4 ,?is /hetic revolution 9 ! synagogue c\ld n1 h[ev]1 long rema9 ! only outw>d sign ( ! new life4 ,! great weakness ( ! ,re=m movem5t has be5 t x has lack$ a philosophic basis2 &1 z 9 its fir/ beg9n+s1 ) ! exception ( ,hamburg1 x took little note ( ! *ang$ po9t ( view f :i* ^? :o f\ght = re=m look$ at ! old !ological ideas4 /hetic re=m 0 ! "w l>gely ( individual p]sons & individual congregations4 ,no attempt _h be5 made ei!r to =mulate ! philosophic basis ^u :i* ! re=m /ood1 or to provide a body :i* %\ld regulate ! =m :i* ! new ord] ( ?+s 0 to take on4 ,two attempts 7 made to rem$y ^! evils1 bo? closely relat$ "o to ! o!r4 ,! fir/ 0 cry/alliz$ 9 :at is n[ kn[n z ! 8,sci5ce ( ,judaism02 by :i* is meant ! untrammell$1 sci5tific inve/igation ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,jews4 ,! want ( ?is 0 sev]ely felt j 9 ^? c5tres :]e re=m _h tak5 up its abode2 & ^? :o assi/$ at its bir? did s ) ! av[$ purpose ( gett+ at ! real k]nel ( ,judaism by su* inve/igation1 & ( free+ t k]nel f ! accretions ( ages4 ,!y saw also t "s means _h to be f\nd by :i* ! result ( ^! rese>*es c\ld be br\ght be=e ! p4 ,! ,m5delssohn p]iod _h also felt ?is2 b its organ _h be5 writt5 9 ,hebrew1 & c\ld n1 !re=e1 appeal to ^? :o wi%$ = ! intellectual advancem5t ( ! ,jews ^u mod]n l9es4 ,! ,society = ,culture & ! ,sci5ce ( ,judaism 9 ,b]l9 7f\nd$ #ahai7 />t$ a j\rnal1 ) ,l4 ,zunz z editor4 ,?\gh x only liv$ dur+ ! ye>s #ahbb & #ahbc1 x 0 ! =]unn] & ! model = _m ( its k9d t foll[$ aft]4 ,9 #ahce appe>$ ,geig]'s ,sci5tific ,j\rnal = ,jewi% ,!ology1 & 9 #ahcg a regul> weekly 0 e/abli%$ by ,l4 ,philippson1 ! ,allgeme9e ,zeitung des ,jud5?ums4 ,ar\nd ^! & o!r j\rnals :i* quickly sprang up !re ga!r$ a cot]ie ( hi/orians1 philologi/s1 & /ud5ts ( lit]ature :i* 9 ! fifty ye>s betwe5 #ahcj & #ahhj has built up a sci5ce :i* has ext5d$ its inve/igations into e corn] ( ,jewi% life 9 ! pa/1 & has foll[$ to _! s\rces ! v>i\s l9es ( developm5t :i* h appe>$ f "t to "t4 ,a full e/imate ( :at has be5 done w be app>5t only :5 ! great ,jewi% ,encyclopdia w be ready :i* is n[ 9 c\rse ( publication 9 ,new ,york4 ,zunz1 ,geig]1 ,kro*mal1 ,rapoport1 ,frankel1 ,lw1 ,/e9s*neid]1 ,graetz1 ,luzzatto1 & ,reggio are only a few ( ! names ( ^? :o gave up _! lives to ?is "w4 ,mo/ ( ! e>ly labor ( ^! m5 0 n dry-z-du/ inve/igation pure & simple1 b 0 int5d$ to h a be>+ ^u ! actual life1 ^u ! burn+ que/ions :i* 7 !n agitat+ ,jewi% ?\ght4 ,?is is cle>ly se5 9 ! j\rnal ( :i* ,zunz 0 editor1 & 9 8 ,gottesdi5/li*e ,vortraege1 ! basis ( ne>ly all ! "w done aft] him1 b :i* 0 evid5tly writt5 to give ! hi/ory ( prea*+ 9 ! synagogue 9 ord] to ju/ify ! %ort5+ ( ! ritual & ! introduction ( ! ,g]man s]mon4 ,! second attempt 0 to f\nd or create "s c5tral body :i* w\ld remove ! purely p]sonal elem5t out ( ! ,re=m movem5t4 ,9 #ahcg ,geig] _h call$ 8 fri5ds to a conf]5ce at ,wiesbad5 = ! purpose ( =mulat+ :at !y consid]$ to be ! ess5ce ( ,judaism4 ,9 #ahdd a second su* rabb9ical conf]5ce 0 held 9 ,brunswick1 l>gely at ! sugge/ion ( ,l4 ,philippson4 ,simil> conf]5ces 7 held at ,frank=t 9 #ahde1 & at ,breslau 9 #ahdf2 = 9 ! mean "t ! ,re=m ,g5oss5s*aft _h be5 creat$ at ,b]l91 :i* w5t beyond all previ\s attempts & dem&$ "s positive /atem5t ( ! !ological position :i* x & its fri5ds occupi$4 ,! ,frank=t assembly n prov+ satisfactory1 ! ,b]l9 society w5t ahead to e/abli% its own synagogue2 add$ a ,sunday s]vice 7:i* 9 a %ort :ile became ! only s]vice71 & "u ! guidance ( ,s4 ,holdheim def9itely broke ) traditional ,judaism1 remov+ ne>ly all ! ,hebrew f its s]vice1 abbreviat+ ! pray]-book /ill fur!r1 & dim9i%+ ! numb] ( obs]vances4 ,9 ,europe ?is ,re=m synagogue 9 ,b]l9 has gone to ! fur!/ extreme2 & ?\gh x has 9 a measure kept its memb]s )9 ! pale ( ,judaism1 x has nei!r be5 a great p[] nor has x f\nd imitators4 ,! hope 0 g5]ally express$ t a m g5]al synod w\ld be held1 to :i* ! previ\s conf]5ces 7 look$ ^u z simply prep>atory4 ,! ye> #ahdh1 h[ev]1 put a /op to all normal developm5t2 & x 0 only aft] a numb] ( ye>s t ! "q 0 aga9 tak5 up4 ,9 #ahfi a synod 01 inde$1 held at ,leipsic1 att5d$ by eighty-"o memb]s2 & 9 #ahga at ,augsburg1 att5d$ by fifty-two1 bo? "u ! presid5cy ( ,pr(4 ,m4 ,laz>us4 ,^! synods dealt1 9 a _s ( mod]ate re=m1 ) que/ions relat+ to ! ritual1 synagogue obs]vance1 ! admission ( proselytes1 etc4 ,! g5]al /& !re tak5 w\ld to-day be look$ ^u z cons]vative2 dogmatic que/ions 7 h>dly t\*$ ^u except+ s f> z !y recogniz$ ! pr9ciple ( developm5t 9 ,judaism bo? z a religi\s belief & z a =m ( religi\s ex]cise4 ,x 0 fondly hop$ t ^! synods w\ld become a c\rt1 :i* w\ld def9e & regulate :atev] que/ions might arise4 ,b x 0 n to be4 ,! synod repres5t$ only a "p ( ! ,jewi% _w ev5 9 ,g]many4 ,n only did ! l>ge body ( ! ,or?odox /& aside1 b ev5 ! s-call$ ,cons]vatives left ! conf]5ces1 z !y c\ld n agree ) "s ( ! resolutions accept$ !re4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! ,franco-,prussian w> div]t$ ! att5tion ( all ,g]man citiz5s2 & t5 ye>s lat] ! anti-,semitic movem5t succe$$ 9 driv+ ! ,jew back into himself4 ,jewi% religi\s life 9 ,g]many has !re=e rema9$ /ation>y s9ce t "t1 ! ,or?odox & ,cons]vative p>ties be+ l>gely 9 ! asc5dant1 leav+ to ano!r l&--,am]ica--! task ( c>ry+ fur!r ! "w :i* x _h comm5c$4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ?is arre/$ developm5t1 ! ,re=m movem5t has _h a great influ5ce also ^u ,or?odox ,jews 9 ,g]many4 ,x produc$ ! s-call$ hi/orical s*ool1 :i* has ! ,breslau ,!ological ,sem9>y = its c5tre2 & x call$ =? by way ( opposition ! neo-or?odoxy ( ,s4 ,r4 ,hirs*1 ( ,frank=t1 :i* seeks r to und]/& ! dep?s ( ! law ?an simply to foll[ x 9 compliant ob$i5ce4 ,! /hetic movem5t ( ! e>li] p]iod has also left its traces1 & especially 9 ! ,cons]vative congregation has succe$$ 9 introduc+ a s]vice m 9 consonance ) our mod]n ideas ( wor%ip4 ,9 #ahdj1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! movem5t 9 ,g]many1 ! attempt 0 made to introduce a c]ta9 re=m 9 ! s]vice ( "s ( ! ,london synagogues4 ,! measure dem&$ 0 exce$+ly small--! %ort5+ ( a few pray]s & ! omission ( o!rs1 :i* 7 n suppos$ to be 9 consonance ) pres5t ideas4 ,! ,or?odox p>ty did n1 h[ev]1 see its way to grant ^! reque/s2 &1 :5 ! ,re=m]s prote/$1 e/abli%$ _! own synagogue1 & issu$ _! own pray]-book1 !y 7 imm$iately plac$ "u ! bann bo? by ! ,sef>dim & ! ,a%k5azim4 ,?is congregation has n be5 ( mu* importance1 & s9ce its inception has made no fur!r *anges4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,re=m 9 ,am]ica1 ! ,engli% movem5t w\ld /ill be class$ z ?or\ghly cons]vative4 ,x 0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t ! ,re=m movem5t develop$ its full capacity & bore its mo/ p]fect fruit4 ,9 a new l&1 :i* 0 untrammell$ by traditions ( ! pa/1 & :]e ! congregational sy/em became ! basis ( ,jewi% communal life1 ! ideas :i* ! ,g]man ,re=m]s _h s[n _h a mo/ fruitful gr\nd 9 :i* to gr[4 ,x _c be said t ! ,re=m movem5t "h 0 actually />t$ by ! ,g]mans1 = already1 9 #ahbe1 "o ( ! congregations 9 ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 made up almo/ entirely ( ,sef>dic ,jews1 _h develop$ 8,! ,re=m$ ,society ( ,israelites02 & ! =mation ( ! society seems to h be5 due1 n only to ! dem& = an /hetic s]vice1 b to an attempt to =mulate a cre$ :i* %\ld omit all ref]5ce to ! com+ ( ! ,messiah1 ! return to ,pale/9e1 & ! bodily resurrection4 ,?is attempt at =mulat+ a ,!i/ic ,*ur*1 h[ev]1 0 unsuccessful2 & x 0 n until ! adv5t f ,g]many 9 ! #ej's & #fj's ( rabbis :o _h be5 influ5c$ by ! movem5t 9 ,g]many t re=m comm5c$ to make itself felt "h4 ,m]zba*] 9 ,new ,york1 ,isaac ,m4 ,wise 9 ,albany & ,c9c9nati1 ,s4 ,hirs* 9 ,philadelphia1 ,david ,e9horn 9 ,baltimore1 are only a few ( ! names ( ^? :o f\ght 9 ! ?ick ( ! fight4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahdc ! fir/ real ,re=m congregations 7 e/abli%$1 ! ,temple ,emanu-el 9 ,new ,york & ,h> ,s9ai 9 ,baltimore4 ,x _c be my purpose "h to trace ! hi/ory ( ! movem5t 9 ?is c\ntry2 suffice x to say t ! untrammell$ fre$om :i* exi/$ "h v soon play$ havoc ) mo/ ( ! in/itutions ( ! ,jewi% religion4 ,ea* congregation & ea* m9i/] be+ a law to itself1 %ort5$ ! s]vice1 excis$ pray]s1 & did away ) obs]vances z x ?\ght be/4 ,n t ! lead]s did n try1 f "t to "t1 to regulate ! measure ( re=m to be introduc$1 & to evolve a plat=m ^u :i* ! movem5t %\ld /&4 ,rabb9ical conf]5ces 7 held = t purpose 9 ,clevel& 7#ahef71 ,philadelphia 7#ahfi71 ,c9c9nati 7#ahga71 & ,pittsburg 7#ahhe74 ,:ile 9 ! e>li] conf]5ces ! attempt 0 made to f9d "s au?oritative /atem5t ^u :i* all p>ties c\ld agree1 9 ! subsequ5t ones ! attempt 0 giv5 up4 ,!y became m & m meet+-places simply = ! advanc$ ,re=m w+ ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,! position ( ?is w+ ( ! ,re=m$ synagogue may be/ be se5 9 ! decl>ation ( pr9ciples :i* 0 publi%$ by ! ,pittsburg conf]5ce4 ,x decl>$ t ,judaism pres5ts ! highe/ conception ( ! ,god idea2 t ! ,bible conta9s ! record ( ! consecration ( ! ,jewi% p2 t x is a pot5t in/rum5t ( religi\s & moral in/ruction2 t x reveals1 h[ev]1 ! primitive ideas ( its own age2 t its moral laws only are b9d+2 & t all c]emonies !re9 orda9$ :i* are n adapt$ to ! views & habits ( mod]n civilization are to be reject$2 t all ,mosaic & rabb9ical laws regulat+ diet1 prie/ly functions & dress1 are =eign to our pres5t m5tal /ate2 t ! ,jews are no long] a nation1 & !re=e d n expect a return to ,pale/9e2 t ,judaism is a progressive religion1 always /riv+ to be 9 accord ) ! po/ulates ( reason2 t ! belief 9 bodily resurrection1 9 ! exi/5ce ( a hell & a p>adise1 are to be reject$2 & t x is ! duty ( ,jews to p>ticipate 9 ! great task ( mod]n times to solve on ! basis ( ju/ice & righte\sness ! problems pres5t$ by ! transitions & evils ( ! pres5t organization ( society4 ,su* a plat=m z ?is c\ld n fail to ar\se int5se opposition on ! "p ( ! ,or?odox ,jews1 & to lose = ! conf]5ce ev5 "s ( its m cons]vative adh]5ts4 ,z 9 ,*>le/on1 9 #ahbe1 a plat=m ( ,!ism 0 "h po/ulat$1 :i* 0 b]eft ( all di/9ctively ,jewi% *>act]i/ics1 & :i* practically meant a break+ away f hi/oric ,judaism4 ,?is position ( ! advanc$ ,re=m]s is also manife/$ 9 ! /& :i* !y h tak5 9 reg>d to ! necessity ( ! ,abrahamic cov5ant4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,c5tral ,conf]5ce ( ,am]ican 7,re=m$7 ,rabbis1 held at ,baltimore 9 #ahha1 a resolution 0 pass$ to ! effect t no initiatory rite or c]emony 0 necess>y 9 ! case ( "o desir+ to ent] ! ,cov5ant ( ,israel1 & t su* a "o _h m]ely to decl>e 8 or h] int5tion to wor%ip ! "o sole & et]nal ,god1 to be consci5ti\sly gov]n$ 9 life by ,god's laws1 & to adh]e to ! sacr$ cause & mission ( ,israel z m>k$ out 9 ,holy ,writ4 ,! s]vice 9 ,re=m synagogues 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has kept pace ) ?is developm5t ( doctr9e1 or r ) ?is sl\gh+-(f ( s mu* t is di/9ctively ,jewi%4 ,! obs]vance ( ! second-day fe/ivals has be5 entirely aboli%$1 z well z ! sep>ation ( ! sexes & ! cov]+ ( ! head 9 pray]4 ,! ritual has be5 gradually %ort5$1 ! anci5t language ( pray] 7,hebrew7 has be5 pu%$ fur!r & fur!r into ! backgr\nd1 s t 9 "s congregations ! s]vice is altoge!r ,engli%2 & 9 a few congregations an additional s]vice on ,sunday1 int5d$ = ^? :o _c att5d ^u ! regul> ,sabba?-day1 has be5 introduc$4 ,only "o congregation1 ,s9ai 9 ,*icago1 has foll[$ ! old ,b]l9 ,re=m synagogue & has entirely aboli%$ ! s]vice on ,friday night & ,saturday morn+4 ,b :atev] criticism "o might l to (f] on ! ,re=m movem5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x des]ves great praise = ! s]i\s attempt x has made to und]/& its own position & to squ>e its obs]vance ) t position4 ,x has also be5 mo/ active 9 its mod]n in/itutional developm5t4 ,x has c]ta9ly beautifi$ & spiritualiz$ ! synagogue s]vice2 x has f\nd$ a ,union ( ,am]ican ,hebrew ,congregations1 & a sem9>y 7,hebrew ,union ,college 9 ,c9c9nati74 ,x has publi%$ a ,union ,pray]-book & a ,union ,hymn-book1 & has giv5 great c>e to ! developm5t ( ! ,confirmation & ! bett]+ ( ! ,sunday-s*ool4 ,x has tri$ to make ! synagogue a c5tre = ! religi\s & spiritual developm5t ( its memb]s2 & x _c be d5i$ t ! v l>ge mass ( educat$ ,jews 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 s f> z !y h any affiliation ) ! synagogue1 belong to ! ,re=m w+4 ,b at ! same "t1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t !re is a v l>ge body ( ,or?odox & ,cons]vative ,jews1 ^: numb] has be5 greatly increas$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ?r\gh ! influx ( ,russian1 ,galician1 & ,r\manian ,jews4 ,x w\ld be outside ( my prov9ce 7 ,i to attempt to criticise ei!r ! "w or ! results ( ,re=m ,judaism 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b x is a "q 9 ! m9ds ev5 ( "s ( ! lead+ ,re=m]s !mselves h[ f> success has be5 atta9$ 9 develop+ ! religi\s s5tim5t ( _! p 9 ! direction ( a pure ,!ism uncolor$ by any ,jewi%1 or1 z !y call x1 ,ori5tal obs]vances4 ,!y !mselves confess t ! ,sunday-s]vice movem5t has n develop$ z !y _h hop$ x w\ld1 & a numb] ( !m feel t 9 weak5+ ! hold :i* specific ,jewi% obs]vances h always _h on ! ,jewi% p1 !y are do+ away ) "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful inc5tives to ! rek9dl+ ( ! religi\s flame among ! ,re=m$ ,jews4 ,re=m ,judaism )\t "s c5trifugal =ce is b\nd to cont9ue on ! road x has once tak54 ,! logical outcome ( ! pr9ciples =mulat$ at ! ,pittsburg conf]5ce is a gradual developm5t into an e?ical ,!ism )\t any di/9ctive ,jewi% color+4 ,! lead] ( advanc$ ,re=m ,judaism 9 ?is c\ntry has rec5tly said t ,judaism mu/ be reca/ along ! l9es ( a univ]sal e?ical religion2 t !n all di/9ctive ,jewi% elem5ts ( ! synagogue symbolism w pass away1 & t su* a d5ationaliz$ ,jewi% temple w seek a clos] alliance ) ,unit>ianism & ,!ism1 & ) !m1 p]haps 9 a few decades1 w =m a new ,*ur* & a new religion = unit$ humanity4 ,t su* a t5d5cy is inh]5t 9 ,re=m ,judaism is se5 also 9 ! =mation ( ! ,society ( ,e?ical ,culture 9 ,new ,york4 ,! lead] ( ?is movem5t is ! son ( a =m] prom95t rabbi ( ! lead+ ,re=m congregation 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 seek+ to br+ out ! und]ly+ e?ical pr9ciples ( ,judaism1 he has gone entirely outside ! pale ( ! anci5t fai?2 & ! movem5t w\ld n conc]n u "h 7 x n t ne>ly all ! memb]s 7at lea/ ( ! p>5t society 9 ,new ,york7 are ,jews1 ^: evid5t desire x is n to be recogniz$ z su*1 at lea/ s f> z religi\s c]emonies & social affiliations are conc]n$4 ,! society does n ev5 be> ! "n ,jewi%1 b ) a c]ta9 lean+ t[>ds lib]al ,*ri/ianity tries to f9d a basis = ! morality & e?ics ( ! old synagogue outside ! sph]e ( sup]natural religion4 ,:ile ! ,e?ical ,culture ,society has be5 q a p[] 9 c]ta9 l9es ( *>itable & educational "w1 x may reasonably be que/ion$ :e!r x has any future z a =m ( ,*ur* organization4 ,! inborn long+ ( man = "s hold ^u ?+s :i* are sup]natural w lead _m ( its memb]s to seek satisfaction else:]e4 ,t !y w seek x 9 ! ,jewi% synagogue is h>dly probable1 see+ h[ ! racial & o!r ties h be5 brok5 or at lea/ greatly loos5$4 ,!y or _! *ildr5 w glide r into "s =m ( ! dom9ant ,*ur*1 possibly1 9 ! sw++ ( ! p5dulum1 into "s or?odox =m ( t ,*ur*4 ,i _c help quot+ ! words ( an intellig5t outside obs]v] ( ! ,jewi% "q1 ! ,"r ,hon4 ,james ,bryce1 ,m4 ,p43 8,if ,judaism becomes m]ely ,!ism1 !re w be little to di/+ui% its pr(essors f ! p]sons1 n[ pretty num]\s1 :o1 :ile ,*ri/ian 9 "n1 sit loose to ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,jewi% !i/s w be almo/ z apt z ! *ildr5 ( o!r !i/s to be caught up by ! movem5t :i* c>ries ! sons & daught]s ( evangelical ,anglicans & ( ,noncon=mi/s t[>ds1 or all ! way to1 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome40 ,:]e1 !n1 is ?is c5trifugal =ce to be f\nd1 :i* w hold toge!r ! v>i\s elem5ts 9 ,israel1 no matt] :at _! !ological op9ions may be8 ,,anti-,,semitism ,be=e attempt+ to answ] ?is "q1 a ^w mu/ be said 9 reg>d to ! anti-,semitic movem5t1 ! recrudesc5ce ( :i* has s pr(\ndly affect$ ! ,jewi% p dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a ^w only1 because ! facts are ( too rec5t date to ne$ a detail$ /atem5t "h4 ,! great ma/]-m9d1 ,zunz1 writ+ 9 ,g]many 9 #ahcb1 believ$ t p]secution = religi\s belief c\ld n )/& ! onslaughts ( ! new era4 ,!odore ,re9a*1 "s fifty ye>s lat]1 ass]t$ t anti-,semitism 0 impossible 9 ,france4 ,h[ sadly has a dm5ti be5 giv5 to ! hopes ?us express$1 especially 9 ^! two c\ntries6 ,i pass ov] ! outbreaks aga9/ ! ,jews dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ev5 ! ,damascus blood-accusation 9 #ahdj1 & ! =cible baptism ( little ,edg> ,mort>a 9 #aheh2 !y 7 believ$ to belong to ! old ord] ( ?+s1 ) :i* ! new1 at lea/ 9 t direction1 _h no?+ 9 common4 ,i conf9e myself simply to ! mod]n =m ( anti-,judaism1 :i* has be5 dignifi$ ) ! "n ( anti-,semitism4 ,x is h>d = a ,jew to speak ( ^! ?+s ) composure or ) ! judicial m9d ( a m]e *ronicl] ( ev5ts4 ,nei!r emancipation f )\t nor ,re=m f )9 has be5 able to /ay ! h& ( ! de/roy] ( ,israel's peace4 ,x has be5 cont5d$ t 9 mo/ c\ntries ! ,jews 7 n ready to be emancipat$2 t 9 "s ! non-,jewi% population 0 n suffici5tly advanc$ to make emancipation effective4 ,! fir/ may be true 9 reg>d to ! ,alg]ian ,jews2 ! second1 9 reg>d to ^? 9 ,r\mania2 b x is n true ( ! o!r nations on ! ,european cont95t4 ,/>t+ 9 ,g]many1 p]haps z a political move on ! "p ( ,bism>ck1 x spread into ,russia1 ,galicia1 ,au/ria1 ,r\mania1 & ,france4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! c\ntries x n only f\nd expression 9 ! exclusion ( ! ,jews f all social int]c\rse ) _! fell[s1 b 9 ,russia produc$ ! riots ( #ahha & #ahhb2 9 ,au/ria & ,bohemia ! turbul5t sc5e 9 ! ,rei*/ag1 & ev5 ! pillag+ ( ,jewi% h\ses & ,jewi% synagogues2 9 ,r\mania x receiv$ ! active support ( ! gov]nm5t & r$uc$ ! ,jews !re to practical p5ury2 :ile 9 ,france x %[$ itself 9 accusations aga9/ ! ,jews :i* = b>b>ity c\ld mat* any t 7 br\ght aga9/ !m 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! *>ges aga9/ ! ,jews are v>i$ 9 _! "*4 ,9 ,g]many !y h be5 blam$ = exploit+ ! agricultural class & = s]v+ ! int]e/s ( ! ,lib]al p>ty1 =gett+ t ,leo & ,/ahl1 ! f\nd]s ( ! ,or?odox p>ty 9 ,prussia1 7 !mselves ,jews1 & t ,disraeli 9 ,engl& 0 born ( ! same race4 ,! mo/ fooli% accusations on almo/ e conceivable subject h be5 lodg$ aga9/ !m by su* m5 z ,ahlw>t1 ,/ck]1 ,lueg]1 & ,drumont2 & 9 late ye>s ! old & fooli% *>ge t ! ,jews use ! blood ( ,*ri/ian *ildr5 9 ! mak+ ( ,passov] bread has be5 reviv$1 9 ord] to infuriate ! populace2 despite ! fact t popes1 ecclesia/ics1 & ho/s ( ,*ri/ian pr(essors h decl>$ ! accusation to be purely imag9>y & malignant4 ,! false *>ge t a ,jewi% (fic] 9 ,france _h betray$ secrets ( 8 gov]nm5t 0 suffici5t to unloos5 ! mo/ savage attacks ^u ! ,jews :i* ! mod]n _w has se54 ,! fact :i* /&s out 9 ! :ole agitation is n t ! *>ges h be5 made1 9 mo/ cases by m5 :o s\ght 9 "s way or o!r to fi% 9 tr\bl$ wat]s1 b t ^! *>ges f9d a ready e*o & a ready response among ! p at l>ge4 ,x emphasizes s cle>ly t ! ,jews are a def5celess p1 ) no means ( effectually w>d+ (f attacks2 & ?\gh 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria societies ( ,*ri/ians h be5 =m$ = ! purpose ( combat+ anti-,semitism1 !re is no p[] :i* c effectually ent] ! li/s 9 _! behalf4 ,?is 0 notably se5 9 ! great ,london demon/ration ( #ahhb1 :5 ! petition sign$ by ! =emo/ memb]s ( ,*ur* & /ate nev] ev5 rea*$ ! ,cz>1 to :om x 0 address$4 ,among ! few bright spots on ! _w's *>t are ^? c\ntries inhabit$ by ! ,anglo-,saxon race4 ,anti-,semitism is unkn[n 9 ,engl& 7?\gh ! attempt has be5 made to fix ! blame = ! ,bo] w> on ! ,jews72 & ! in/itutions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h up till n[ prev5t$ ! entrance "h ( ! disease1 ?\gh 9 ! mild =m ( social anti-,semitism :i* deb>s ,jewi% *ildr5 f private s*ools & ,jewi% p f clubs & summ] hotels1 x has ins9uat$ itself into "s ( ! ,ea/]n cities1 notably into ,new ,york4 ,,zionism ,!re c be no d\bt t next to ! ,re=m movem5t ! pr(\nde/ modification ( ! =ces )9 ,judaism has come ab\t dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! c5tury ?r\gh ! rise & progress ( ! ,zioni/ movem5t4 ,x has be5 said by "s t ,zionism is ! expression ( ,jewi% pessimism1 by o!rs t x is ! highe/ =m ( ,jewi% optimism4 ,i v5ture to say t x is bo?4 ,! emancipation ( ! ,jews has n be5 able to d away ) anti-,semitism2 hi/ory has repeat$ itself "t & "t aga94 ,:5 ! ,jews ( a c\ntry 7 few 9 numb] & ( little influ5ce1 !y l$ a tol]ably secure exi/5ce2 b z soon z _! numb] increas$ & _! influ5ce comm5c$ to be felt1 anti-,semitism 0 ! effective weapon 9 ! h&s ( _! oppon5ts4 ,9 s f>1 !n1 z ,zionism takes acc\nt ( ?is fact1 x is pessimi/ic2 = conditions 9 ! future w h>dly diff] f ^? 9 ! pa/4 ,x sees ! ,w&]+ ,jew ( hi/ory cont9u+ /ill 8 dre>y m>* ?r\gh ! ages1 nev] at re/ & nev] able to effect a quiet & ev5 developm5t ( 8 own =ces4 ,x expla9s ?is ph5om5on f ! fact t ,israel has 9 all ! *ang$ circum/ances /riv5 to ma9ta9 its racial id5tity1 & z ?is racial id5tity has a religi\s side z well1 t ! two comb9$ may well be call$ a sep>ate national exi/5ce2 t a p hold+ t5aci\sly to ?is sep>ate exi/5ce1 b hav+ no home ( its own1 mu/ become1 :5 occasion dem&s1 ! scape-goat & ! play-ball ( o!r =ces4 ,x recognizes anti-,semitism z cont9ually exi/5t1 & 9 s f> ! oppon5ts ( ,zionism may be "r 9 say+ t its rise is ! result ( ! anti-,jewi% movem5t4 ,x is ! ,jewi% answ] f ! ,jewi% po9t ( view4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,zionism is optimi/ic 9 believ+ t real help = ! ,jews c only come f )9 _! own body2 & t ! ,jewi% "q w only be solv$ :5 ! ,jews return to t po9t 9 _! hi/ory :5ce !y set out on _! w&]+s1 & aga9 f\nd a p]man5t home to :i* all ! p]secut$ c flee & f :i* a light w g =? to e nook & corn] ( ,jewry4 ,x does n hope t all ,jews w return to ,pale/9e1 b x believes t only 9 a national c5tre c ! c5trifugal =ce be f\nd :i* w hold ! ,jews toge!r 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries ( _! soj\rn4 ,:5 ,!odore ,h]zl1 a littrateur 9 ,vi5na1 publi%$ 9 #ahig 8 pamphlet on ! ,jewi% /ate1 he little imag9$ t x w\ld call =? an e*o 9 e c\ntry 9 :i* ! ,jews 7 scatt]$4 ,he 0 n ! fir/ to attempt ?is solution ( ! problem4 ,f>-see+ ,russian ,jews be=e him _h1 _m ye>s previ\s to t1 prop\nd$ ?is me?od ( deal+ ) ! "q1 & x _h be5 practically ! assumption ^u :i* ! ,judaism ( ! pa/ _h be5 built up4 ,re=m ,judaism1 9 rel9qui%+ ! hope ( a return1 & 9 cutt+ out f ! pray]-book all m5tion ( ,pale/9e & ! re/oration1 broke "o ( ! /ronge/ l9ks :i* b\nd ! ,judaism ( to-day ) t ( ! pa/1 & ca/ aside a great ideal1 ! realization ( :i* _h be5 a light to ! feet ( ! ,jews s9ce ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple4 ,! idea ( a 8,mission0 has tak5 its place1 ! prea*+ ( a pure ,mono!ism4 ,! ,zioni/ congresses 7:i* h n[ be5 held dur+ f\r successive ye>s7 h f\nd ! plat=m1 s (t5 s\ght = 9 va9 dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ^u :i* all ,jews1 reg>dless ( !ological op9ions & ( economic !ories1 c /&4 ,!y repres5t ! old unity ( ,israel2 = ,or?odox1 ,cons]vative1 ,re=m1 & ev5 ! purely racial ,jew are to be f\nd !re z well z 9 ! ,zioni/ societies :i* h gr[n up 9 e ,jewi% community1 :e!r 9 ,europe or 9 ,africa1 9 ,nor? or 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ev5 9 ! di/ant ,philipp9es4 ,! ,or?odox ,jew mu/ be1 by 8 v pr(ession1 a ,zioni/2 b he (t5 d\bts :e!r ! plan z =mulat$ by ,dr4 ,h]zl is feasible1 & holds himself alo(1 wait+ = ! realization ( 8 hopes at ! h&s ( o!rs1 or = "s sup]natural sign ( div9e assi/ance4 ,! v fact t ! ,jewi% oppon5ts ( ,zionism 7& !y are ! only oppon5ts x has7 come f v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,jewi% camp is 9 itself a pro( ( ! above /atem5t4 ,! ,or?odox compla9 t "s ( ! lead]s ( ! movem5t are n suffici5tly ,jewi%2 ! ,re=m1 t "s are too ,jewi%4 ,t ?is opposition is exce$+ly /rong _c be d5i$4 ,! dem& made t ! ,jew %\ld ass]t himself fir/ & =emo/ z a ,jew has be5 di/a/eful to _m :o 7 so>+ 9 ! my/ic hazes ( ,univ]salism1 or :o _h hop$ to get out ( ,judaism z x 7 by ! back door1 )\t be+ se5 by ! _w at l>ge4 ,b ev5 9 ^? circles :i* d n =mally affiliate ) ,zionism1 or :o at times ev5 oppose x1 !re has ( late ye>s be5 a v /rong revival ( ,jewi% feel+ & a movem5t t[>ds a /rong] expression ( t feel+4 ,g]many is honeycomb$ ) societies = ! /udy ( ,jewi% lit]ature2 ! ,hebrew language has be5 reviv$1 notably 9 ,russia1 n only z a =m ( lit]>y expression1 b also z a vehicle ( social int]c\rse2 ,france has its ,society ( ,jewi% ,/udies2 ,am]ica & ,engl& h _! ,jewi% ,hi/orical ,societies1 & _! ,jewi% ,*autauqua movem5ts2 ,jewi% national societies h sprung up among ! /ud5ts ( ,g]man & ,au/rian univ]sities--all influ5ces--t5d+ 9 ?is "o direction4 ,,! ,,tw5tie? ,,c5tury ,z we look ahead into ! c5tury :i* is n[ op5+ & ca/ our eye ov] ! =ces :i* ! ,jews w br+ into its life1 we c easily see t ^! =ces t5d 9 v>i\s directions4 ,we h fir/ ! ,or?odox w+ ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 :i* /&s ^u ! broad basis ( :at ! pa/ has evolv$4 ,x holds firmly to ! inspiration ( ! biblical ^w & ! div9e "* ( its int]pretation z h&$ d[n 9 ! oral law2 x tries to regulate its life by ,talmudic ord9ances z evolv$ 9 ! late/ law books1 & is unwill+ to make any b /hetic concessions to *ang$ circum/ances1 believ+ t we mu/ adh]e /rictly to all ! "t-honor$ c]emonies ( ! synagogue4 ,at its side /& ! ,cons]vatives1 :o are will+ to make "s concession to pres5t dem&s1 b believe t ^! concessions %\ld be mo/ sp>+ly & grudg+ly made1 & :o !ologically1 at lea/ 9 !ory1 occupy ! same position z d ! ,or?odox4 ,x is safe to say t ! great] numb] ( ,jews 9 ! ,we/]n ,european /ates belong to ?is w+ ( ! synagogue4 ,betwe5 ! ,cons]vatives & ! ,e?ical ,culturi/s /&s ! ,re=m p>ty1 m num]\s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an any:]e else1 ^: position x is h>d to def9e & 9 ^: mid/ !re are v>i\s %ades ( op9ion & ( practice4 ,all ! ,re=m]s h op5ly or tacitly brok5 ) ,talmudic ,judaism--! m cons]vative among !m seem to believe t a new ,judaism c be built up ^u ! ,bible1 only )\t its traditional int]pretation2 :ile ! advanc$ body d n ev5 look ^u ! ,bible z b9d+1 b m]ely z a />t+-po9t = a fur!r developm5t4 ,!y d n consid] ! ,bible z inspir$ 9 ! old accept$ s5se ( ! t]m2 !y welcome biblical criticism z an aid to ! und]/&+ ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( _! p2 !y d n believe 9 ! special election ( ,israel1 & h a well-def9$ abhorr5ce ( any?+ l a cre$4 ,!y are practically ,!i/s ) a ,jewi% racial color+4 ,nor d !y believe 9 ! com+ ( a p]sonal ,messiah2 r1 9 ! adv5t ( a ,messianic "t 9 :i* righte\sness & good-w %all prevail & all ! e>? ackn[l$ge ! "o ,god4 ,to br+ ab\t ?is "t is1 accord+ to !m1 ! ,mission ( ! ,jew--a phrase v curr5t 9 ^! latt] days1 ! fulfill+ ( :i* has be5 made ! pretext = dejudaiz+ ,judaism1 s z to make x acceptable to non-,jews4 ,mr4 ,oswald ,john ,simon1 ( ,london1 has ev5 gone fur!r4 ,he believes t if ! ,re=m p>ty is e>ne/ 9 its pret5sions1 x ought--z x did once be=e 9 its hi/ory--to become an active mission>y p[]4 ,a few ye>s ago he attempt$ to f\nd a ,jewi% ,!i/ic ,*ur*1 :i* %\ld 9 no way be color$ by ,jewi% c]emonial4 ,! movem5t 01 ( c\rse1 a failure4 ,! orig9al attempt1 "s n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 l$ to ! f\nd+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & ,jews !mselves h suff]$ too mu* f mission>ies ( o!r fai?s to take to ?is "w ) pleasure4 ,b1 9 addition to ^!1 !re is also a l>ge body ( ,jews ^: connection ) ! synagogue is purely nom9al1 & :o "k ( x only :5 !y ne$ ! s]vices ( its sanction or ! respectability ( its connections4 ,! hold :i* ! ,jewi% ,*ur* has ^u !m is small inde$1 & _m ( !m hope1 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 to d(f _! ,jewi% gab]d9e4 ,! op5 or conceal$ pressure ( anti-,semitism 7p>ticul>ly on ! cont95t ( ,europe7 :i* makes x impossible = ! ,jew z su* to atta9 to social di/9ction or political position w drive mo/ ( ^! into ! arms ( ! dom9ant ,*ur* ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y live4 ,9 a rem>kable article publi%$ 9 ! ,deuts*e ,jahrb*] ( ,octob]1 #aijj1 a writ] :o uses ! nom de plume ( ,b5$ictus ,levita op5ly urges ^? ( 8 fell[-,jews :o h become e/rang$ f ! synagogue to h _! *ildr5 baptiz$1 9 ord] t !y may n suff] z _! p>5ts h1 b may become really believ+ ,*ri/ians1 s9ce _! affiliation ) ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has become necess>y 9 ! mod]n ,*ri/ian /ate4 ,ano!r ,g]man ,jew at ab\t ! same "t advises 8 bre?r5 to decl>e !mselves 8,confessionslos10 s z to become lo/1 n 9 ,*ri/ianity1 b 9 8,deuts*tum40 ,a simil> reque/ 0 made to ! ,jews ( ,r\mania1 9 #aijj1 by ! hi/orian ,x5opol ( ,bu*>e/4 ,!re is little fe> t ?is advice ( :olesale apo/asy w f9d _m adh]5ts1 not)/&+ ! fact t an unusually l>ge numb] ( conv]sions h tak5 place 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria1 due :olly to pressure f )\t r ?an to conviction f )94 ,! defection ev5 ( comp>atively l>ge numb]s c1 h[ev]1 h>dly affect ! ,jewi% cause z a :ole2 = ^! numb]s liv+ on ! p]iph]y1 or ev5 beyond x1 h be5 ( little s]vice to ! ,jewi% cause2 & all ?r\gh ! ages ,jews h made j su* contributions z ^! to ! g5]al society 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,zionism is a /rong prote/ aga9/ ^! weakl+s1 & t ! com+ c5tury w witness ! ,jews divid$ into two camps n necess>ily ho/ile to ea* o!r1 ! ,zioni/s & ! ,non-,zioni/s--^? :o plead = a cons]vation ( ! old en]gy & ! old ideals1 & ^? :o look =w>d to ! dis9tegration ( ,judaism & its gradual pass+ away into o!r =ces4 ,t ,judaism c only cons]ve its =ce if t =ce is atta*$ to a racial & national basis is se5 cle>ly 9 ! fact t j ^? ,jews 9 ,g]many :o h be5 mo/ l\dly clamor\s aga9/ ! ,zioni/s propose to h n[ :at !y call a ,g]man 8,jud5tag10 :i* c c]ta9ly mean no?+ unless x become ,zioni/ 9 its t5d5cy4 ,confid5t 9 ?is hope1 we ( ! ,h\se ( ,israel look calmly into ! future4 ,! message ( ! prophet ( old is full ( mean+ = u3 8,?us sai? ! ,"l ,god3 behold ,i1 ev5 ,i1 w bo? se>* my %eep & seek !m out1 z a %eph]d seeke? out 8 flock 9 ! day t he is among 8 flock :i* is scatt]$1 & ,i w deliv] !m out ( all places :]e !y h be5 scatt]$ 9 ! cl\dy & d>k day40 ,we c e*o ! s5tim5ts express$ by a ,*ri/ian ,zioni/1 ,george ,eliot1 _m ye>s ago3 8,revive ! organic c5tre2 let ! unity ( ,israel :i* has made ! gr[? & =m ( its religion be an outw>d reality4 ,look+ t[>ds a l& & a polity1 our disp]s$ p 9 all ! ends ( ! e>? may %>e ! dignity ( a national life :i* has a voice among ! peoples ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/--:i* w plant ! wisdom & skill ( our race s t x may be1 z ( old1 a m$ium ( transmission & und]/&+4 ,let t come to pass1 & ! liv+ w>m? w spread to ! weak extremities ( ,israel1 & sup]/ition w vani%1 n 9 ! lawlessness ( ! r5egade1 b 9 ! illum9ation ( great facts :i* wid5 feel+ & make all k alive z ! "y (fspr+ ( belov$ memories40 ,,ri*>d ,j4 ,h4 ,,got!il4 ,,free-,,?\ght ,! hi/ory ( religion dur+ ! pa/ c5tury may be describ$ z ! sequel ( t dissolution ( ! m$ival fai? :i* comm5c$ at ! ,re=mation4 ,! va/ process ( dis9tegration proce$s by degrees1 is v>i$ by reaction>y ef=t1 & gives bir? to new !ories 9 its c\rse4 ,9 our day ! completion ( ! process & a new dep>ture seem to be at h&4 ,a %>p l9e _c be drawn at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! lead]s ( religi\s ?\ght 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies hav+ be5 to a great ext5t ! lead]s1 & _! works ! text-books1 ( ! n9ete5?4 ,at ! ,re=mation ,prote/antism ?rew (f ! yoke ( ,pope & prie/1 prie/ly control ov] consci5ce ?r\gh ! confessional1 prie/ly absolution = s91 & belief 9 ! magical p[] ( ! prie/ z consecrator ( ! ,ho/1 besides ! wor%ip ( ! ,virg9 & ! sa9ts1 purgatory1 relics1 pilgrimages1 & o!r incid5ts ( ! m$ival sy/em4 ,o/5sibly1 ,prote/antism 0 f\nd$ on fre$om ( consci5ce & ! "r ( private judgm5t4 ,9 reality1 x reta9$ ,*ur* au?ority ov] consci5ce 9 ! %ape ( dogmatic cre$s & ord9ation te/s4 ,x besides en=c$ belief 9 ! pl5>y inspiration ( ! ,bible1 by :i* ! ex]cise ( private judgm5t 0 n>r[ly conf9$4 ,n = "s "t did x ev5 r5\nce p]secution4 ,9 grimly ,calv9i/ic ,scotl& a boy 0 hang$ = impugn+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! ,anglican ,*ur*1 susp5d$ by ! w ( ! ,tudor sov]eigns betwe5 ,ca?olicism & ,prote/antism1 oscillat$ f side to side1 produc+ by "o ( its oscillations ! great civil w>4 ,x burn$ h]etics 9 ! reign ( ,james ,i4 ,all ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es except ! ,bapti/s1 :o at fir/ 7 objects ( p]secution1 fell "u ! dom9ion ( ! /ate1 :i* repaid !m = _! submission & support by end[m5ts1 temporal privileges1 & p]secution ( diss5t4 ,?\gh ,prote/antism produc$ a multitude ( sects1 especially 9 ,engl& at ! "t ( ! ,commonweal?1 h>dly any ( !m 7 free-?9k+ or sceptical2 ^? ( any importance1 at all ev5ts1 7 9 "s s5se dogmatic & 7 an*or$ to ! inspiration ( ! ,bible4 ,nor is x easy to convict ,hobbes1 bugbe> ( ! or?odox z he 01 ( scepticism or ev5 ( het]odoxy4 ,! expression ( het]odox op9ions1 inde$1 w\ld h be5 a violation ( 8 own pr9ciple1 :i* makes religion absolutely an affair ( ! /ate1 to be regulat$ by a despotic gov]nm5t1 & conf9es lib]ty to ! recesses ( ?\ght4 ,x is true t 9 mak+ religion a political in/itution1 v>iable at a despot's w1 he cov]tly d5i$ t x 0 div9e4 ,"u ! ,re/oration religi\s ?\ght & controv]sy slept4 ,! nation 0 we>y ( ^? subjects4 ,! lib]ty = :i* m5 !n /ruggl$ 0 political1 ?\gh ) political lib]ty 0 b\nd up religi\s tol]ation1 :i* a*iev$ a p>tial triumph "u ,william ,,iii4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 to meet ! /orm1 reorganiz$ h]self at ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t on l9es practically trac$ = h] by ! ,jesuit4 ,a comp>ison ( ,su>ez ) ,?omas ,aqu9as %[s ! *ange :i* took place 9 _s z pla9ly z a comp>ison ( ! ,jesuit's m]etrici\s fane ) ! ,go?ic *ur*es %[s ! *ange 9 religi\s ta/e4 ,papal autocracy 0 /r5g!n$ at ! exp5se ( ! episcopate1 & furni%$ at once ) a gu>d & a propag&i/ ma*9]y ( extraord9>y p[] 9 ! ,ord] ( ,loyola4 ,t ! pl5>y inspiration ( ! ,bible 9 ! ,vulgate v]sion1 & includ+ ! ,apocrypha1 %\ld be reaffirm$ 0 a second>y matt]1 inasmu* z ! ,*ur* ( ,rome holds t x is n %e :o d]ives h] cr$5tials f ,scripture1 b ,scripture :i* dep5ds = ! atte/ation ( its au?ority ^u h]4 ,%e n[ alli$ h]self m closely ?an be=e ) ! ,ca?olic k+s1 ) ,philip ,,ii41 & aft]w>ds ) ,l\is ,,xiv41 :o paid h] = h] support ( political absolutism by sangu9>y p]secution ( h]etics4 ,%e h]eby p>t$ ) h] ,hildebr&ic supremacy ov] ! p[]s ( ! _w1 ?\gh %e did n1 l ! ,anglican ,*ur*1 recognize ! div9e "r ( k+s4 ,! lib]al & peace-mak+ movem5ts :i* _h be5 set on foot1 or 7 aft]w>ds set on foot1 )9 h] pale1 su* z ! ,oratory ( ,div9e ,love1 :i* held ju/ification by fai? & wi%$ to compromise ) ! ,prote/ants1 7 effectually put d[n4 ,jans5ism1 :5 x appe>$1 ) its half-,calv9i/ic !ory ( ,grace1 %>$ ! same fate4 ,gallicanism aft]w>ds1 hav+ nationality to back x1 0 m successful4 ,b x br\ght no fre$om ( consci5ce2 x 0 m]ely a rep>tition ( ! despotic p[] ov] consci5ce betwe5 ! ,k+ & ! ,pope4 ,9 ,spa91 & = ! mo/ "p 9 ,italy1 ,rome1 by ! aid ( ! ,jesuit & ! ,inquisition1 completely succe$$ 9 kill+ free-?\ght4 ,9 ,france1 :]e !re 0 no ,inquisition1 h] triumph 0 n s complete4 ,%e succe$$ only 9 driv+ scepticism into disguise & subt]fuge4 ,! ,commonweal? ( ,holl& did ,france & ! _w 9 g5]al ! imm5se s]vice ( af=d+ a pr9t+ h\se = free-?\ght :i* 0 on ! conf9es ( ,france1 b beyond ! rea* ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t4 ,desc>tes1 )\t directly assail+ ! fai? ( ! ,*ur*1 plant$ 9 h] face ! /&>d ( ?or\gh-go+ reason & entitl$ himself to a place 9 ! ,index4 ,gr[+ s5suality & love ( pleasure br\ght ) !m laxity ( belief & impati5ce ( prie/ly control4 ,! au?ority ( ! cl]gy 0 impair$ by _! sc&al\s weal? & vice1 :i* at ! same "t enhanc$ ! odium ( _! p]secut+ tyranny4 ,at la/ came ,voltaire1 ,did]ot1 ! ,encyclopdia1 & ,r\sseau4 ,) lit]>y clev]ness unmat*$ & an incomp>able g5ius = subtle attack1 comb9$ ) a w9n+ philan?ropy1 ,voltaire conv]t$ & drew into ! "w ( demolition1 to !m suicidal1 ! ?rones ( ,l\is ,,xv41 or r ( ! ,pompad\r1 ( ,ca!r9e1 & ,fr$]ick4 ,! influ5ce ext5d$ ev5 to ,spa91 :]e ,ar&a1 & to ,portugal1 :]e ,pombal reign$4 ,! ,pope 0 con/ra9$ to dissolve ! ,ord] ( ,jesus4 ,z ,voltaire demoli%$ 9 ! "n ( ,reason1 ,r\sseau demoli%$ 9 ! "n ( ,nature1 tak+ an artificial society by /orm4 ,helvtius w5t to ! l5g? ( extreme mat]ialism2 b ,voltaire1 ! ma/]-_s ( ! movem5t1 rema9$ a !i/1 & ,r\sseau 0 ev5 = compulsory !ism z ! f\ndation ( ! /ate4 ,! ,revolution also1 :5 x came1 ?\gh viol5tly & pr(anely anti-,*ri/ian1 0 9 ! ma9 !i/1 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,t]ror held its ,fea/ ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 ) ,robespi]re = high prie/4 ,a!ism1 9 ! p]sons ( ,*aumette & ,ana*>sis ,clootz1 w5t to ! guillot9e4 ,"o h>dly kn[s :at to say ab\t ! ,la/ ,w & ,te/am5t ( ,jean ,mesli]1 ! prie/ :o aft] ?irty ye>s' s]vice z a c\ntry cur bequea!d to 8 p>i%ion]s a pr(ession ( a!ism4 ,! "w appe>s to h pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ,voltaire4 ,x urges ! argum5ts aga9/ natural !ology 9 a v =cible z well z ?or\gh-go+ way4 ,b x seems1 :5 x appe>$1 to h made little impression & c be m5tion$ hi/orically only z an indication ( ! mask$ f]m5t ( ! "t4 ,engl& _h a s]ies ( dei/s1 ,tol&1 ,t9dal1 ,coll9s1 ,*ubb1 & ! re/1 n m5 ( mu* m>k1 ?\gh seek]s ( tru? aft] _! measure & 9 _! day4 ,! ecclesia/ical polity ( ,engl& 0 comp>atively mild1 & !re 0 no?+ to provoke indignant resi/ance to cl]ical tyranny l t :i* 0 provok$ by ! cases ( ,calas & ,la,barre4 ,%aftesbury1 a dei/ ( a high] /amp1 01 ) 8 8moral ta/e10 a philosoph] = m5 ( ta/e1 & c\ld little /ir ! common _w4 ,9 def5ce ( or?odoxy came =? ,bi%op ,butl]1 ) a "w :i* w be memorable =ev] z a model ( e>ne/ & solemn inquiry into ! deepe/ que/ions1 ?\gh its fundam5tal assumption is unw>rantable1 s9ce we %\ld expect ! difficulties ( natural !ology n to be reproduc$ b to be dispell$ by revelation4 ,butl]'s tone 9 discussion 0 an effective rebuke to ^? :o _h treat$ ,*ri/ianity ) levity z an obsolete int]f]5ce ) ! pleasures ( ! _w4 ,8 pr(\nd analysis ( ! moral nature ( man 9 l mann] rebuk$ ! %all[ & cynical !ories :i* resolv$ ev]y?+ into self-love2 ?\gh "h aga9 8 assumption ( ! au?ority ( consci5ce z a div9ely implant$ monitor has by mod]n inve/igation be5 disall[$4 ,butl]1 h[ev]1 ) all 8 piety & 8 or?odox conclusions1 mu/ ess5tially be reckon$ among rationali/s4 ,he frankly admits t ! use ( our reason is ! only means we h ( arriv+ at tru?1 nev] appeal+ f x to ,*ur* au?ority4 ,he :o recognizes reason z supreme mu/ be deem$ rationali/1 let 8 own reason lead him or mislead him z x may4 ,?is is ! vital l9e ( cleavage :i* runs ?r\gh ! :ole religi\s hi/ory & divides ! religi\s _w at ! pres5t day4 ,butl] _h a popul> %ield-be>] 9 ,paley1 an extremely acute & effective ?\gh n pr(\nd writ]4 ,paley's suppos$ pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5t ,creator f ! design visible 9 creation told greatly at ! "t & long cont9u$ to tell2 ?\gh we n[ see t ! univ]se1 unlike ! wat*1 pres5ts t]rible pro(s ( undesign z well z app>5t pro(s ( design2 n to m5tion t 9 ! case ( ! univ]se1 ?\gh adaptation is visible1 ! aim is n reveal$4 ,paley's ,horae ,paul9ae1 h[ev]1 is ab\t ! only piece ( hi/orical apologetics :i* has 9 any degree surviv$ ! de/ructive influ5ce ( mod]n criticism4 ,w>burton h>dly calls = m5tion4 ,9 8 ,div9e ,legation he is "r en\gh 9 say+ t ,moses did n tea* ! immortality ( ! s\l2 b ! notion t ! ,mosaic disp5sation mu/ h _h div9e support because x c\ld af=d to disp5se ) t doctr9e w\ld n[ only provoke a smile4 ,among lit]>y apologi/s we c sc>cely reckon ,johnson4 ,yet he 0 a liv+ def5ce1 intellectual z well z moral1 ( 8 religion4 ,t he speculat$1 we _c d\bt1 & we "k t he 0 n satisfi$ ) ! pro(s ( ! immortality ( ! s\l2 b he suppress$ d\bt 9 himself & fr[n$ x d[n 9 o!rs4 ,he 0 well ju/ifi$ 9 treat+ ) contempt ! po/hum\s works ( ,bol+broke1 :i* h n ! slighte/ =ce or value beyond _! lit]>y =m4 ,bol+broke's scepticism1 h[ev]1 _h a c]ta9 effect if x inspir$ ,pope's ,univ]sal ,pray]4 ,9 ,hume1 on ! o!r h&1 we h ! mightie/ ( all sceptics 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! t]m1 inasmu* z he 0 purely a d\bt] & seems h>dly to h felt ! desire ( arriv+ at any positive result4 ,he :o has giv5 rise to s mu* controv]sy 0 himself uncontrov]sial4 ,8 writ+s1 consid]$ z ! vehicle ( 8 op9ions1 are ! p]fection ( lit]>y art4 ,ov] common m9ds ! tea*] :o m]ely susp5ds judgm5t1 seem+ n to be 9 que/ ( positive tru?1 c nev] h mu* influ5ce2 b ,hume _h great influ5ce ov] cultivat$ m5 ( ! _w4 ,8 argum5t aga9/ ! cr$ibility ( miracles1 ?\gh x became z /&>d on "o side z ,paley's apologue ( ! wat* ^u ! o!r1 w h>dly be> exam9ation4 ,assum+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ,8 c>e = man z ,8 "w1 :i* ,hume does n op5ly d5y1 !re is no presumption aga9/ ,8 revelation ( ,himself 9 ! only conceivable way1 :i* is by an int]ruption ( ! g5]al c\rse ( ?+s2 !re is r a presumption t ,he w\ld s reveal ,himself4 ,nor c x be ma9ta9$ t no degree ( evid5ce1 say t ( a multitude ( sci5tific m51 aft] provid+ all possible safegu>ds aga9/ deception1 w\ld satisfy u ( ! fact4 ,gibbon's great "w is in/9ct ) ! t5d5cy ( m5 ( ! _w 9 ! g5]ation ( ,voltaire1 ,horace ,walpole1 & ,hume4 ,its _s is id5tical ) t ( ,hume's philosophy & hi/ory4 ,x is ( fir/-rate importance 9 ! religi\s controv]sy z hav+ op5$ ! tr5*es hi/orically aga9/ reveal$ religion 9 und]tak+ to acc\nt = ! success ( ,*ri/ianity by natural causes4 ,b its cynical treatm5t ( t :i*1 on any hypo!sis1 0 ! prevail+ & =mative =ce is unphilosophical & detracts l>gely f ! value ( ! "w4 ,he :o c\ld imag9e t man _h be5 happie/ 9 ! ,roman ,empire "u ! ,anton9es 0 an apt p>tisan ( ,"l ,nor?4 ,gibbon no d\bt imag9$ himself a ri* patrician ( 8 gold5 era4 ,w\ld he h lik$ to be a ,roman slave8 ,cony]s ,middleton 9 8 ,free ,inquiry into ! ecclesia/ical miracles glanc$ at ! cr$ibility ( ! ,gospel miracles & _h ?us p>tly pav$ ! way = ,gibbon4 ,among ! dis9tegrat+ =ces may be c\nt$ ,unit>ianism1 :i* 0 gr[+ among ?9k]s1 & probably be=e v long became ! mask = pr(\nd] scepticism 9 ,prote/ant ,europe z x did aft]w>ds 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,we f9d x 9 ,engl& on ! eve ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 comb9$ ) sci5ce 9 ,prie/ley & ) ma!matics & philosophy 9 ,price4 ,among ! apologetic & def5sive =ces may be numb]$ ! practical v9dication ( ,*ri/ianity by a c]ta9 revival ( piety 9 ! ,anglican ,*ur* :i* produc$ ,wilb]=ce1 ,c[p]1 & ! ,evangelicals1 & /ill m by ! religi\s crusade ( ,john ,wesley4 ,wesley's a*ievem5ts1 h[ev]1 7 among ! poor & illit]ate1 & 7 consequ5tly demon/rations ( ! p[] ( ,*ri/ianity r ?an ( its tru?4 ,8 ,*ur* _h ! advantage ( be+ born1 n l o!r ,prote/ant ,*ur*es 9 doctr9al controv]sy1 b 9 evangelical reaction aga9/ ! impiety & vice ( ! age4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 n undogmatic2 besides :at might be call$ ! dogma ( sudd5 conv]sion1 x implicitly accept$ n only ! lit]al inspiration ( ,scripture1 b ! bulk ( ! ,anglican ,articles1 to :i* 0 aft]w>ds add$1 z an ord9ation te/1 g5]al agreem5t ) ! m important ( ,wesley's s]mons4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution br\ght on a /rong reaction aga9/ ! free-?\ght :i* _h be5 hide\sly trave/i$ 9 ! blasphem\s follies1 & sulli$ by ! crimes1 ( ! ,jacob9s4 ,9 ,engl& ! ,tory mob1 ) true in/9ct1 sack$ ! libr>y & laboratory ( ,prie/ley4 ,col]idge1 :o1 l o!r "y m5 ( intellect1 _h hail$ ! revolution>y dawn1 %>$ ! reaction1 & comb9+ 9 a curi\s way ,g]man metaphysic ) ,engli% or?odoxy & ,e/abli%m5t>ianism1 produc$ a religi\s sy/em :i* p]haps entitles him to high place among ,engli% !ologians 9 ! prop] s5se ( t t]m1 z d5ot+ a philosophic inquir] into ! nature ( ! ,deity & ! relations betwe5 ! ,deity & man2 ?\gh1 z 8 guid+ light 0 philosophy1 n au?ority or tradition1 he may 9 t respect be numb]$ among ! promot]s ( free-?\ght & ( ! results to :i* x 0 ultimately to lead4 ,su* free-?9k+ z !re 0 naturally took a turn answ]+ 9 viol5ce to ! repression4 ,tom ,pa9e assail$ or?odoxy1 n ) fre$om only1 b ) enmity ! mo/ virul5t4 ,?\gh f> f an attractive1 he is by no means an unimportant figure4 ,8 criticisms ( ! cr$ibility & morality ( ,scripture1 unle>n$ & co>se z !y 71 w5t1 n ov] ! heads ( ! p l ! high-fly+ & metaphysical speculations1 b /raight to _! und]/&+s & _! he>ts4 ,x 0 difficult = apologetic f5c]s to p>ry su* home ?ru/s4 ,! same sort ( effect has be5 produc$ by ! irrev]5t frankness ( ,+]soll 9 our own day4 ,%elley ru%$ f ! religion ( ,eldon into :at he took = ,satanism2 ?\gh 8 ,satan is really ! p[] ( good1 :ile ! ,god ( ,eldon1 z view$ by him1 is ! ,devil4 ,wreck$1 body & s\l1 by ! ,?irty ,ye>s' w>1 & aft]w>ds /ifl$ "u a gr\p ( petty despotisms1 ,g]many 0 = a "t lo/ to intellectual progress4 ,h] *ur*es & _! cl]gy1 ! ,lu!ran cl]gy at lea/1 7 9 a v l[ condition4 ,:5 h] intellect began to "w aga91 x 0 9 a recluse & highly speculative way1 ! natural consequ5ce ( its exclusion f politics & o!r fields ( action1 toge!r ) ! complete sev]ance ( ! academical elem5t f ! p4 ,h5ce1 f ,leibnitz & ,less+ onw>d1 !re 0 a tra9 ( metaphysical philosophies1 ea* ( !m pr(ess+ to f9d 9 our consci\sness a key to ! my/]y ( ,be+ & an acc\nt ( ,god1 ( ,8 c\nsels1 & ( ! relation betwe5 ,him & man4 ,9 d]ision ( su* speculations x 0 said t to ! ,fr5* belong$ ! l&1 to ! ,engli% ! sea1 to ! ,g]mans ! air4 ,ess5tially incapable ( v]ification1 ^! !ories w5t on %ift+ 9 nebul\s succession &1 ) ! exception ( t ( ,kant1 may n[ be said to h vani%$1 leav+ sc>ce a rack beh9d4 ,ev5 ( ! great ,hegel little rema9s4 ,leibnitz1 ) 8 8be/ ( all possible worlds10 h>dly surviv$ ,c&ide4 ,/ill1 we mu/ speak ) respect & gratitude ( ^! ef=ts ( m9ds1 p[]ful 9 _! way & devot$ to tru?1 to solve = u ! great my/]y4 ,speculation s free c\ld n fail to promote g5]al fre$om ( ?\ght1 & ! treatm5t by ^! ?9k]s ( ! popul> & e/abli%$ religion 0 z philosophic z possible1 ?\gh1 ) ! exception ( ,feu]ba*1 !y 7 !i/s4 ,by ,less+ mu* 0 done = ! recognition ( all religions & ! promotion ( univ]sal tol]ation4 ,pres5tly1 h[ev]1 came direct criticism ( ! ,bible1 ! way to :i*1 long be=e1 _h be5 light$ by ,sp9oza4 ,x assum$ a /range =m 9 ! "w ( ,paulus1 :o appli$ to ! ,gospel miracles a solv5t some?+ l t :i* ,euhem]us _h appli$ to ! ,pagan ,pan!on1 r$uc+ !m to natural occurr5ces turn$ into miracles by a dev\t imag9ation4 ,! miracul\s fi% ) ! co9 9 its m\? 0 a fi% :i* w\ld sell = ! co94 ,! miracul\s fe$+ ( ! five ?\s& 0 br\ght )9 ! compass ( belief by suppos+ t !y 7 n fa/+1 b _h only gone )\t a regul> meal4 ,*ri/'s walk+ on ! wat] 0 8 hold+ out a h& f ! %ore to ,pet] :o _h leap$ into ! wat] to asc]ta9 :e!r x 0 really ,*ri/ t 0 walk+ on ! %ore4 ,f> m s]i\s1 & a />tl+ bl[ to or?odoxy1 0 ! ,life ( ,jesus1 by ,/rauss1 :o und]took to expla9 ! ,gospels on ! my?ical !ory1 %[+ t ! reput$ incid5ts ( ! life ( ,jesus & 8 miracles 7 my?ical fulfilm5ts ( ,old ,te/am5t prophecies & aspirations4 ,f ?is1 8 fir/ !ory1 ,/rauss aft]w>ds p>tly rec$$1 & 9 8 second ,life ( ,jesus1 aft] a critical exam9ation ( ! au?orities1 he comes to ! conclusion t 8few great m5 h exi/$ ( ^: hi/ory we h s unsatisfactory a k z t we h ( ,jesus40 ,! figure ( ,socrates1 he ?9ks1 ?\gh f\r hundr$ ye>s old]1 is beyond all comp>ison m di/9ct4 ,! mom5t\s /ep1 h[ev]1 _h be5 tak54 ,jesus _h become ! subject ( a biography f\nd$ on critical exam9ation ( ! mat]ials1 & ,/rauss is "r 9 say+1 z he does 9 8 second ,life1 t :5 ! biography 0 s]i\sly tak5 up ! doom ( ! !ological conception 0 seal$4 ,lives ( ,*ri/1 includ+ ev5 ! mo/ popul> ( !m1 h[ev] !y may pret5d & /ruggle to be or?odox1 are really1 z ,/rauss says1 de/ructive ( ! !ological conception1 :ile !y d n help to confirm our loyalty to hi/orical tru?4 ,f]d9& ,*ri/ian ,baur & 8 ,tb+5 s*ool appli$ hi/orical criticism to ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 %[+ ! conflict 9 x ( ! ,paul9e ) ! ,petr9e t5d5cy1 & br++ x altoge!r1 z well z its s\rce1 )9 ! pale ( human hi/ory4 ,hi/orical criticism ( ! ,gospels 0 fur!r$ by ! progress ( hi/orical criticism 9 g5]al1 %[n by su* a "w z ,niebuhr's ,hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,wolf's treatm5t ( ! ,hom]ic poems _h already m>k$ ! bir? ( a critical _s1 :i* 0 aid$ by hi/orical & ar*ological discov]ies ( all k9ds1 z well z by ! gr[+ influ5ce ( sci5ce on ! me?ods ( religi\s & an?ropological speculation4 ,!re 0 an evangelical reaction aga9/ rationalism 9 ,g]many ) a tra9 ( controv]siali/s & comm5tators reput$ z or?odox4 ,yet ev5 9 ^!1 m or less ( a rationali/ und]tone is p]ceiv$4 ,!re is a t5d5cy m or less app>5t to m9imize ! sup]natural1 to ?r[ ! miracles into ! backgr\nd1 & dwell r on ! spiritual significance ( ,*ri/'s "* & words4 ,?is is v conspicu\s 9 ,ne&]1 ! head ( ! l9e4 ,an or?odox ,engli% div9e su* z ,mr4 ,rose might well1 aft] a survey ( ,g]man !ology1 make a r m\rnful report4 ,9 ,holl&1 ev] ! l& ( free speculation1 criticism advanc$ )\t fe>1 & at la/ by ! p5 ( ,ku55 arraigns ! au!nticity1 antiquity1 & au?ority ( ! hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to an ext5t totally subv]sive ( _! "* z records ( a primeval hi/ory1 mu* m z organs ( a div9e revelation4 ,g]man philosophy _h m+l$ ) ,engli% !ology ?r\gh ,col]idge4 ,g]man criticism ( ! ,bible did n lag mu* beh9d4 ,milman's ,hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 deal+ ) ! subject 9 ! _s ( an ord9>y hi/ory1 treat+ patri>*s z ,arab %eiks & m9imiz+ miracles1 gave a s]i\s %ock to or?odox s5tim5t 9 ,engl&4 ,ev5 :at 0 deem$ or?odox 9 ,g]many appe>$ rationali/ic to ! ,anglican div9es4 ,to ! evangelicals especially1 ^: lead] 0 ,simeon1 & :o occupi$ _m ( ! fa%ionable pulpits1 any?+ l critical treatm5t ( ! sacr$ hi/ory seem$ impiety4 ,yet !y1 ) _! inw>d p]suasion ( conv]sion & spiritual union ) ! ,savi\r1 z well z ! ,quak] ) 8 inn] light1 or ! ,roman ,ca?olic ) 8 implicit fai? 9 ! ,*ur*1 7 really beyond ! critic's rea*4 ,a long l9e ( ,briti% lead]s ( ?\ght & controv]siali/s succe$s4 ,rationali/ & het]odox 9 diff]5t degrees 7 ,?omas ,arnold1 ,fr$]ick ,maurice1 ,/anley1 ,j[ett1 ! writ]s ( ,essays & ,reviews1 & ,rob]tson1 ( ,brighton4 ,decid$ly sceptical 7 ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,c>lyle1 & ,james ,an?ony ,fr\de4 ,reaction on ! ,high ,*ur* side f\nd lead]s 9 ,pusey1 ,newman1 & ,hurrell ,fr\de4 ,! evangelical pulpit combat$ at once rationalism & ,high ,*ur*4 ,! /ate ,*ur* 0 awak5$ f its long torpor1 & "u ! inspiration ( its ,high ,*ur* p>ty /rove to reanimate its ,convocation4 ,fr$]ick ,maurice impress$ m by 8 "* ?an by 8 writ+s1 :i* 7 fatally obscure4 ,he 0 rationali/ en\gh to be depriv$ ( 8 pr(essor%ip 9 an ,anglican college4 ,at ! same "t he c\ld p]suade himself t subscription to ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles 0 no bondage b a security = free ?\ght4 ,to 8 yoke-fell[1 ,k+sley1 is to be trac$ 8muscul> ,*ri/ianity10 a r suspici\s adaptation ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt to our times4 ,b ! pair ex]cis$ m influ5ce z social mission>ies1 /riv+1 9 conjunction ) ,?omas ,hughes1 to give ! labor movem5t a religi\s turn1 ?an z religi\s philosoph]s or critics4 ,?omas ,arnold1 ! head-ma/] ( ,rugby1 0 a man ( noble "*1 p[]ful m9d1 & int5se e>ne/ness ( purpose4 ,he 0 a firm believ] 9 ,*ri/ianity z a reveal$ religion4 ,b he held a mo/ lib]al view ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he w\ld h admitt$ to x all ! sects ( diss5t]s & h id5tifi$ x z f> z possible ) ! nation4 ,8 !ory ( ! id5tity ( ! ,*ur* ) ! nation probably came to him f 8 passionate /udy ( ! anci5t commonweal?s4 ,he =got t ! philosoph]s ( ,greece1 ?\gh !y might sacrifice a cock to sculapius1 7 really outside ! /ate religion1 & t ! /ate religion made ! *ief ( !m dr9k hemlock4 ,pr9ce ( educators z he 01 he sometimes laid too heavy a /ra9 on 8 pupils1 & prematurely develop$ _! speculative t5d5cies4 ,9 ! case ( ,cl\gh especially1 m5tal heal? & vigor seem to h be5 impair$ by premature developm5t4 ,) ,?omas ,arnold may be c\pl$ 8 fri5d ,:ately1 :o1 ?\gh1 z ,primate ( ! /ate ,*ur* ( ,irel&1 he held ! mo/ equivocal ( prelacies1 01 by reason ( 8 /rong und]/&+1 8 fe>less "*1 & 8 %rewd wit1 ess5tially an iconocla/ & a rebuk] ( ecclesia/ical pret5sions1 z well z a vigor\s promot] ( education4 ,8 ke5 say+s flew abroad1 b 8 p]sonal influ5ce 0 great] ?an 8 influ5ce z a div9e4 ,8 ,hi/oric ,d\bts 0 an apologetic jeu d'esprit :i* told greatly 9 its day4 ,bi%op ,connop ,?irlwall 0 a man ( fir/-rate p[]4 ,at ,cambridge he _h set out z a rationali/1 translat+ ,g]man !ology ( a het]odox ca/ & ,niebuhr's ,hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,b 8 intellect 0 curb$ by a bi%opric1 & ?\gh he deliv]$ lib]al *>ges & p]sonally ex]t$ a lib]al influ5ce1 he 0 lo/ to ! direct s]vice ( reason4 ,ar?ur ,/anley 0 ,arnold's be/ boy1 8 mo/ devot$ adh]5t1 & 8 model biograph]4 ,he embrac$ ,arnold's !ory ( ! ,*ur* z coext5sive ) ! nation & c>ri$ 8 !ory ( ! supremacy ( ! /ate s f> z to feel a c]ta9 sympa?y ) 8,bluidie ,mack5zie0 z ! def5d] ( a /ate ,*ur* aga9/ ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,cov5ant]s ( ,scotl&4 ,8 "n 0 = a "t a t]ror to all ! or?odox1 ,high ,*ur* or ,l[4 ,yet !re 0 little t 0 t]rible ab\t him4 ,! sweetness ( 8 "* 0 rem>kable4 ,8 lib]ality ( religi\s s5tim5t 0 b\ndless4 ,b he _h little ( ! logical or critical faculty1 & %[$ sc>cely ! desire1 /ill less ! ability1 to make 8 way to def9ite tru?4 ,8 passion 0 hi/ory1 & ! hi/orical picturesque 0 8 =te4 ,9 a haze ( ?is to ! la/ he float$1 com+ to no det]m9ate conclusion4 ,8 be/ works1 ap>t f biography1 are n 8 comm5t>ies or s]mons1 b 8 lectures on ! hi/ory ( ! ,russian ,*ur* & 8 ,s9ai & ,pale/9e2 al?\gh we _c help smil+ :51 9 8 ,s9ai & ,pale/9e1 we see him hunt+ ) passionate int]e/ & implicit fai? = ! imag9>y sc5es ( my?ical ev5ts4 ,/anley's yoke-fell[1 ,j[ett1 0 a man ( a diff]5t ca/ ( m9d & ( high] calibre1 z all ! _w n[ kn[s4 ,b 9 him also1 ?\gh f diff]5t causes1 !re 0 ! same want ( incl9ation to grasp or capacity = grasp+ def9ite tru?4 ,^! two m5 7 em95tly typical ( an age ( religi\s dissolution1 :5 p felt ! gr\nd ( fai? giv+ way "u _! feet & 7 /riv+1 by "s sort ( compromise1 to save !mselves f fall+ into ! abyss4 ,t ,j[ett _h drift$ v f> away1 n only f or?odoxy1 b f 8 belief 9 ,*ri/ianity z a miracul\s revelation1 & ev5 f belief 9 our k ( ! hi/orical "* ( ,*ri/1 ! po/hum\s publication ( 8 lett]s has pla9ly %[n4 ,h[ he c\ld h reconcil$ x to 8 consci5ce to rema9 a cl]gyman1 to hold ! cl]ical head%ip ( an ,anglican college1 to p]=m ! s]vice & adm9i/] ! sacram5t1 x is n easy to see4 ,we c only say t ! position 0 f\nd t5able by "o ( ! mo/ upright & dis9t]e/$ ( mank9d4 ,j[ett's def5ce probably 0 & is ! def5ce ( o!rs1 & ! indication ( spread+ d\bt4 ,cl]gym5 are educat$ m5 & c h>dly be pro( aga9/ t :i* is c>ry+ conviction to o!r m9ds4 ,rob]tson1 ( ,brighton1 z an eloqu5t prea*] & spiritual lead]1 r on ! rationali/ side1 is n to be =gott54 ,9 8 s]mons !re is an evid5t t5d5cy to lib]alize ,*ri/ianity & to pres5t x e?ically z a religion ( purity & love r ?an z a miracul\s revelation :i* did n escape ! ke5 sc5t ( al>m$ or?odoxy & expos$ ! prea*] to "s social p]secution4 ,by ?is "t a /rong curr5t 9 an opposite direction _h begun to fl[4 ,! religi\s movem5t 0 closely connect$ ) ! political movem5t1 especially :]e !re 0 a /ate ,*ur*4 ,al>m$ by ! progress ( lib]alism1 :i* _h c>ri$ ! ,p>liam5t>y ,re=m bill & ?reat5$ to )draw f ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& ! support ( ! /ate1 "s ( ! cl]gy began to look ab\t = a new f\ndation ( _! au?ority1 & ?\ght t !y f\nd x 9 apo/olical succession & ! sac]dotal !ory ( ! sacram5ts4 ,! lead]s ( ! movem5t 7 ,pusey1 pr(essor ( ,hebrew at ,ox=d2 ,h5ry ,newman1 a ,fell[ ( ,oriel ,college2 &1 9 its op5+1 ,hurrell ,fr\de1 9 ^: ,life ( ,becket its _s & aims are pla9ly reveal$4 ,x took practically ! %ape ( an attempt to return to ! prie/ly ,middle ,ages4 ,ox=d1 ) its m$ival colleges1 ! ,fell[s ( :i* 7 !n cl]ical & celibate1 =m$ ! natural sc5e ( su* an attempt4 ,pusey1 :o1 by 8 academical rank1 gave 8 "n to ! movem5t1 0 a man ( mona/ic "* & m9d1 ) a piety int5se b au/]e & gloomy en\gh almo/ to cl+ to su* a doctr9e z ! irremissibility ( po/-baptismal s94 ,h5ry ,newman 0 a man ( g5ius1 a writ] ) a mo/ *>m+ & p]suasive /yle1 great p]sonal fasc9ation1 & extraord9>y subtlety ( m9d4 ,:at he lack$ 0 ! love ( tru?2 sy/em1 n tru?1 0 8 aspiration2 & z a reason] he 0 extremely sophi/ical1 h[ev] hone/ he might be z a man4 ,9 ?is respect he pres5t$ a s+ul> contra/ to 8 bro!r1 ,francis ,newman1 9 :om ! love ( tru? 0 ! rul+ passion1 int5se & uncompromis+1 :ile he 0 totally devoid ( ! gifts ( imag9ation ) :i* ,h5ry 0 end[$4 ,h5ry ,newman's attempt to revive m$ival doctr9es pres5tly l&$ him1 ) 8 imm$iate foll[+1 9 ! m$ival ,*ur*4 ,pusey 0 illogical en\gh to refuse ! leap4 ,he 0 also believ$ to be r /rongly atta*$ to ! lead]%ip & spiritual director%ip :i*1 z a magnate ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 he enjoy$4 ,he w5t s ne> to ! br9k z1 9 8 ,ir5icon1 to av[ t no?+ sep>at$ him f ,rome b ! unmeasur$ autocracy ( ! ,pope & ! excessive wor%ip ( ! ,virg91 bo? ( !m m]e que/ions ( degree4 ,mann+ 9 "t foll[$3 an aspir+ hi]>* :o w\ld probably h /ay$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& if !y _h made him a bi%op4 ,pass+ into ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 he became a ,c>d9al1 an active intrigu] ( ! ,vatican1 & an extreme ,ultramontane1 outvy+ ,newman1 :o1 :5 ! conv]t's fir/ ec/asy 0 ov]1 might be said to be conv]t$ r ?an *ang$4 ,! m$ivaliz+ movem5t ow$ mu* to ! fasc9ations ( m$ival art4 ,! ,go?ic *ur*es & ca!drals & ! ,go?ic ru9s ( abbeys h be5 v p[]ful cons]vators & propagators ( ! fai? ( _! build]s4 ,x is curi\s t ?is talisman %\ld h be5 r5\nc$ by ! ,*ur* ( ,rome 9 favor ( ! hea!n /yle1 ( :i* ,/4 ,pet]'s is ! p>agon1 magnific5t b1 9 a religi\s s5se1 unimpressive4 ,by ! progress ( ,tract>ianism ,briti% ,prote/antism 0 al>m$ & inc5s$4 ,! ,ox=d ,convocation 0 ! sc5e ( a pit*$ battle br\ght on by a bold deliv]ance ( ,w>d1 a disciple ( ,newman1 m logical & d>+ ?an 8 ma/]1 :o exult+ly proclaim$ t ,engli% cl]gym5 7 embrac+ 8! :ole cycle ( ,roman doctr9e40 ,w>d1 aft] a /ruggle :i* 0 a sort ( ,armag$don ( ,high & ,l[ ,*ur*1 0 condemn$ & depriv$ ( 8 degree4 ,newman's conv]sion spe$ily foll[$4 ,! rationali/s1 su* z ,/anley & ,j[ett1 vot$ on lib]al gr\nds aga9/ ! condemnation ( ,w>d4 ,a /orm f ! o!r qu>t] 0 rais$ by ,essays & ,reviews1 a collection ( sev5 essays writt5 by cl]gym5 ( ! rationali/ic s*ool1 hav+ = its object ! lib]aliz+ ( inquiry 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! manife/o at ! "t creat$ an imm5se s5sation1 ?\gh 9 ! pres5t advanc$ /ate ( doctr9al dis9tegration x w\ld almo/ pass unnotic$4 ,"o ( ! essays1 ! mo/ innoc5t1 x is true1 :i* nev]!less committ$ ! au?or to ! g5]al object ( ! comb9ation1 0 writt5 by ! pres5t ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 & caus$ ! ,high ,*ur* cl]gy to prote/ aga9/ 8 appo9tm5t z a bi%op4 ,! glove ?us ?r[n d[n 0 tak5 up by ! ,high ,*ur*m54 ,! writ]s 7 arraign$ = h]esy be=e ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 &1 z ,c>lyle said1 y _h a b5* ( old ,briti% judges1 8l ,roman augurs1 debat+ ) iron gravity que/ions ( prev5i5t grace1 sup]v5i5t moon%9e1 & ! color ( ! bi%op's nightm>e if t happ5$ to turn up40 ,be=e ! same tribunal 0 arraign$ ,col5so1 a mission>y bi%op ( ,s\? ,africa & an em95t ma!matician1 ^: ari?metical in/9cts _h l$ him to exam9e ! num]ical /atem5ts ( ! ,p5tateu*1 ) highly h]etical results4 ,bo? ! essayi/s & ,bi%op ,col5so escap$ conviction4 ,! ,committee ( ,privy ,c\ncil1 if x 0 judicial1 0 also political1 & x 0 resolv$1 if possible1 to av]t a rupture 9 ! /ate ,*ur*4 ,vet]an lawy]s _h little difficulty 9 f9d+ gr\nds = acquittal :5 !y did n *oose to convict4 ,! language ( ! impugn$ writ+s 0 seldom s precise z to defy ! p[] ( int]pretation4 8,ei!r ! passage means :at ,i say1 or x has no mean+10 ?und]$ ! c\nsel = ! prosecution4 8,is x n possible1 ,mr4 ,blank1 t ! passage may h no mean+80 0 ! reply ( ! judge4 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,voysey1 h[ev]1 succe$$ 9 obta9+ ! honor ( a conviction4 ,t5d]$ a week to retract1 he ?ank$ ! c\rt = ! opportunity !y _h giv5 him ( reject+ ! (f] ( repur*as+ 8 once *]i%$ position 9 ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* by proclaim+ himself a hypocrite4 ,hampd51 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,!ology at ,ox=d1 =m$ ano!r object ( ,high ,*ur* attack4 ,he _h be5 condemn$ by ! univ]sity on acc\nt ( doctr9es alleg$ to be anti-,tr9it>ian1 & 8 appo9tm5t by a ,:ig m9i/ry to a bi%opric caus$ a r5ewal ( ! onslaught1 :i*1 h[ev]1 only s]v$ by its failure to emphasize ! fact t ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 0 9 complete subjection to ! /ate4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 ! g5]al commotion1 prom95tly figur$ ,wilb]=ce1 ,bi%op ( ,ox=d1 son ( ! great evangelical & philan?ropi/1 a man gift$1 dext]\s1 & v]satile1 :o w\ld h made a fir/-rate advocate or politician1 balanc+ himself ) "o foot on 8 h]$it>y ,evangelicism1 ! o!r on ,high ,*ur*man%ip1 to :i*1 9 8 he>t1 z a hi]>*1 he incl9$4 ,a "* s ambigu\s c\ld make little impression1 h[ev] great 8 abilities might be4 ,james ,an?ony ,fr\de _h be5 a foll[] & fell[-work] ( ,newman4 ,b on ,newman's secession he n only hung back1 b viol5tly recoil$ & produc$ a highly sceptical "w1 ,! ,nemesis ( ,fai?1 :i* entail$ 8 resignation ( a cl]ical fell[%ip 9 an ,ox=d college4 ,!n he exemplifi$ ! /range v>iations ( ! age by com+ out z an hi/orian 9 ! colors ( ,c>lyle4 ,c>lyle himself is n to be left out ( sight 9 an acc\nt ( ! progress ( religi\s ?\ght2 = 8 ,scot* ,calv9ism1 transmut$ into h]o wor%ip1 has tak5 a /rong hold1 if n on ! di/9ct convictions1 on ! s5tim5t & temp] ( ! nation4 ,if he has adm9i/]$ :olesome rebuke to ! self-complac5cy ( democracy ) its ballot-box1 he has also set up a wor%ip ( =ce & k9dl$ a _s ( viol5ce totally subv]sive ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 ) 8 silv] %afts1 0 r a connoisseur 9 all l9es ?an a s]i\s philosoph] or !ologian2 b he also1 ) 8 conv]sion ( ,god into ! 8n ourselves :i* makes = righte\sness10 did some?+ 9 8 light b ins9uat+ & *>m+ way to =w>d dis9tegration4 ,b 9 #ahgd-gg appe>$ ,sup]natural ,religion1 a se>*+ & uncompromis+ inquiry into ! hi/orical evid5ces ( sup]natural ,*ri/ianity4 ,! book1 ?\gh attack$ on second>y po9ts ) p]haps sup]ior le>n+ by ,bi%op ,lightfoot1 ,bi%op ,we/cott1 & o!rs1 _c be said to h met ) any g5]al answ]4 ,supplem5t$ 9 "s respects by ,dr4 ,m>t9eau's ,seat ( ,au?ority 9 ,religion & o!r works on ! same side1 x sets =? ! sceptic's case aga9/ ! sup]natural4 ,miracles1 says criticism1 belong to an age ( ignorance4 ,) ! dawn ( k !y dim9i%4 ,9 its m]idian light !y disappe>4 ,! ,jews 7 em95tly addict$ to belief 9 miracles4 ,!re 0 ,satanic miracle z well z div9e2 nor c any di/9ction be drawn z a matt] ( evid5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,z little c any di/9ction be drawn 9 po9t ( evid5ce betwe5 ! ,gospel miracles & ! ecclesia/ical miracles1 :i* nev]!less ,prote/ants reject4 ,! miracles ( "o sort1 ! demoniac1 are b\nd up ) ! ,jewi% belief 9 possession by p]sonal devils1 f :i* all ef=ts to dis5tangle !m s z to resolve !m into cures ( lunacy by moral influ5ce are va94 ,! f\r ,gospels & ! ,acts1 :i* comprise ! hi/oric evid5ces1 are all anonym\s1 all ( unc]ta9 au?or%ip4 ,! fir/ ?ree ,gospels are evid5t incru/ations ^u an old] docum5t :i* is lo/ & ab\t :i* no?+ is kn[n4 ,9 n "o ( ! five cases c ! exi/5ce ( ! book be trac$ to ! "t ( ! ev5ts or a "t s ne> ! ev5ts z to preclude ! gr[? ( fable 9 a highly sup]/iti\s & totally uncritical age4 ,! pres5tation ( ,*ri/'s "* & tea*+ 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 :i* is ,alex&rian1 is f> f id5tical ) ! pres5tation 9 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 :i* are ,jewi%4 ,!re are irreconcilable discrepancies betwe5 ! ,gospels z to matt]s ( fact1 notably 9 reg>d to ! g5ealogy ( ,*ri/1 ! l5g? ( 8 mission1 ! ,la/ ,supp]1 ! day ( ! ,crucifixion1 ! details ( ! ,resurrection & ! ,asc5sion4 ,su* miracles z ! miracul\s d>kness1 ! e>?quake1 ! r5d+ ( ! veil ( ! ,temple1 ! op5+ ( ! tombs & ! app>ition ( ! dead 9 ! /reets ( ,j]usalem1 be+ totally unconfirm$ by hi/ory or by any record$ effect1 /agg] belief4 ,su* te/imony z ,/4 ,paul be>s to ! ,resurrection is second h&1 is t ( a conv]t 9 ! ec/asy ( conv]sion1 & is manife/ly uncritical4 ,8 own en?usiasm is intelligible on m]ely human gr\nds4 ,we may be sure t _h ,god become inc>nate to save man1 absolutely conclusive pro( ( t fact w\ld h be5 v\*saf$4 ,b ! pro( is n suffici5t to e/abli% any?+ n o!rwise p]fectly cr$ible1 f> less to e/abli% ! miracul\s ,bir?1 ! ,resurrection1 & ! ,inc>nation4 ,su* 9 broad outl9e is ! case ( ,rationalism aga9/ ,sup]natural ,religion pres5t$ by ! "w j m5tion$ & its allies4 ,! effects are visible ev5 9 ,high ,*ur* writ+s4 ,9 ! writ+s ( lib]als1 ( c\rse1 !y are /ill m visible4 ,j[ett _h come to ! conclusion t our s\rces ( k ab\t ,*ri/ _h be5 r$uc$ to a s+le docum5t1 no long] 9 exi/5ce1 :i* =m$ ! basis ( ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels4 ,! desire to m9imize ! sup]natural & ?r[ x into ! backgr\nd1 br++ ! p]sonal "* ( ,*ri/ & 8 e?ical tea*+ into ! =egr\nd1 is n[ manife/ 9 ,engli%1 z x has long be5 9 ,g]man1 div9es4 ,x is conspicu\s 9 ! v popul> & colorably or?odox works ( ,dr4 ,f>r>4 ,9 8 ,life ( ,lives ! sup]natural has little place4 ,!re is an evid5t t5d5cy ?r\gh\t to dis5tangle f x ! "* & moral tea*+4 ,responsibility = belief 9 ! ,godhead ( ,*ri/ seems to re/ on ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil4 ,9 ! ,life ( ,*ri/ we see r$uc$ to a natural occurr5ce ! miracle ( ,gad>a1 :]e ! devils ca/ out ( ! m5 ent] into ! h]d ( sw9e4 ,x is ne$less to say t ) ! miracul\s elem5t ( ^! occurr5ces _! value z evid5ce = ! sup]natural disappe>s4 ,scotl& g5]ally rema9$ fa/ b\nd by h] ,we/m9/] ,confession4 ,!re _h be5 a p]iod ( lib]alism m>k$ by ! appe>ance ( 8,jupit]0 ,c>lyle2 ,rob]tson1 ! hi/orian2 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 & o!r philosoph]s & m5 ( m9d4 ,b ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& be+ democratic1 its fai? 0 9 ! keep+ ( ! p1 :o 7 imp]vi\s to criticism & naturally oppos$ to innovation4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ! ?aw came1 ha/5$ p]haps by ! collision betwe5 ! /ate ,*ur* ( ,scotl& & ! ,free ,*ur*4 ,! ,we/m9/] ,confession1 x seems1 has n[ be5 tacitly laid aside1 & ,scot* !ology has _h its ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ^: critical views on ! ,old ,te/am5t e>n$ him removal f 8 pr(essorial *air4 ,ano!r book :i* 9 its day />tl$ ! _w & awak5$ all ! e*oes ( or?odox al>m 0 ,buckle's ,hi/ory ( ,civilization1 9 :i* ! *>act]s ( nations & ! progress ( humanity 7 trac$ to physical influ5ces1 exclud+ ! moral & by implication ! !i/ic elem5t4 ,its !sis 0 support$ by an ov]:elm+ display ( le>n+4 ,?\gh n expressly1 x 0 9 its t5or ho/ile to religi\s belief4 ,( ,buckle's "w less is n[ he>d1 b x _h an influ5ce 9 its day1 p]haps m 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 its native l&4 ,am]icans1 x seems1 7 captur$ bo? by ! boldness ( ! !ory & by ! impos+ display ( erudition4 ,9 ! l9e ( le>n$ & dispassionate rese>* ,france has produc$ ,r5an1 ^: ,life ( ,jesus especially made a va/ impression on ,europe1 & /ill probably ex]cises an influ5ce by virtue n only ( ! boldness ( ! speculation & ! int5se int]e/ ( ! subject1 b ( ! extreme beauty ( ! /yle4 ,! "w1 h[ev]1 is "o 9 :i* imag9ation acts /rongly on hi/ory4 ,x lacks critical basis2 n t ! au?or fails fully to set out 8 au?orities1 b t 9 8 n>rative he fails to discrim9ate among !m4 ,"o incid5t is treat$ z real1 ano!r z my?ical1 to suit ! requirem5ts ( poetical conception1 )\t reason assign$ = ! di/9ction4 ,!re seems no reason1 = example1 :y ! miracle ( ! rais+ ( ,laz>us %\ld be treat$ z hi/orical1 ?\gh 9 ! s5se ( impo/ure or illusion1 :ile o!r miracles are treat$ z totally unhi/oric4 ,nor is ! portrait free f a ,fr5* & slightly s5su\s ca/4 ,f ! :ole body ( ,r5an's hi/ories ( ,israel1 ( ,*ri/1 & ( ! e>ly ,*ur* ! sup]natural is entirely exclud$4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* has n suff]$ f criticism--hi/orical1 lit]>y1 or sci5tific--9 ! same way z ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es1 t is1 int]nally1 because x dep5ds n s mu* on intellectual conviction z on ecclesia/ical organization1 & re/s comp>atively little on ! au?ority ( ! ,bible4 ,its prie/hood has n be5 affect$ l ! cl]gy ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& or ! m9i/ries ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es4 ,b x has ev]y:]e be5 los+ ! educat$ classes1 or reta9$ a "p ( !m1 n s mu* f conviction--/ill less f speculative conviction--z because its alliance is cong5ial to political & social reaction4 ,its inability to come to t]ms ) sci5ce has be5 %[n by ! rec5t case ( ,/4 ,george ,miv>t1 & sci5tific em95ce among ,roman ,ca?olics is r>e4 ,9 ,italy1 ! c5tre ( ! sy/em1 :ile ! poor] classes /ill flock to ! liquefaction ( ! blood ( ,/4 ,janu>ius at ,naples or ! exudation ( ! bones ( ,/4 ,&rew at ,amalfi1 /ill climb ! ,holy ,/aircase on _! knees or make pilgrimages to ! ,h\se ( ,loretto1 ! g5]al tone ( intellig5ce is describ$ z sceptical1 ?\gh ari/ocratic families1 m especially ^? ( ,papal creation1 adh]e to ! ,papacy on political & social r ?an on religi\s gr\nds4 ,ne> to ! %r9e ( ,ignatius ,loyola /&s ! /atue ( ,giordano ,bruno1 on ! spot ( 8 m>tyrdom by fire1 8d$icat$ to him by ! age :i* he =esaw40 ,attempts h be5 made to lib]alize ! ,*ur* ( ,rome & enable x to float ) ! curr5t ( ! day1 b !y h fail$4 ,pio ,nono = a "t put himself at ! head ( ! popul> & lib]al movem5t 9 ,italy4 ,b he soon f\nd1 z ,c>lyle said1 t x 0 an al>m+ und]tak+4 ,lam5nais's attempt at lib]alization end$1 aft] a long intellectual agony1 9 8 own secession4 ,! comb9$ attempt ( ,lacordaire to lib]alize ecclesia/ically1 & ( ,montalemb]t to lib]alize politically1 _h a sc>cely less melan*oly result2 bo? ( !m di$ "u ! %ad[ ( ,papal displeasure or ( t ( ! ,jesuit p>ty1 by :i* ! ,papacy 0 controll$4 ,! defiantly reaction>y _s ( ,ultramontanism de ,mai/re has prevail$4 ,! ,jesuit has rul$ at ! ,vatican4 ,"u 8 guidance ! ,papacy has proclaim$ ! infallibility ( ! ,pope & ! ,immaculate ,conception ( ! ,virg91 ?us break+ completely & f9ally ) reason & ) all :o1 l ! 8,old ,ca?olics0 9 ,g]many1 rema9$ 9 "s degree )9 t pale4 ,x has ga9$ 9 its own despite 9 respectability & influ5ce by deprivation ( its temporal p[]1 aga9/ :i* ! ,prison] ( ! ,vatican /ill hopelessly prote/s4 ,9 ,france ! national religion1 aboli%$ & p]secut$ by ! ,jacob9s1 0 re/or$ = a political purpose by ,napoleon4 ,! new ,*>lemagne 0 requit$ ) ! degradation ( ! ,pope1 :o came to ,p>is to cr[n him on ! morr[ ( ! murd] ( ! ,duc d',enghi5 & broke ! be/ traditions ( ! ,holy ,see by fail+ to veto ! divorce f ,joseph9e4 ,id5tifi$ ) political reaction "u ! re/or$ ,b\rbons1 ! ,*ur* ne>ly suff]$ wreck 9 ! revolution by :i* !y 7 ov]?r[n4 ,%e rema9$ ! object ( int5se & p]secut+ hatr$ to ! revolution>y & republican p>ty4 ,pla9tively1 :5 ! ,orleans mon>*y fell1 %e *ant$ ,dom9e salvum fac populum4 ,joy\sly1 :5 ! ,empire succe$$1 %e *ant$ ,dom9e salvum fac ,imp]atorem4 ,b ! ,empire 9 its turn fell4 ,! ,*ur* has cont9u$ to ally h]self ) political reaction & ari/ocratic ho/ility to ! ,republic1 ?\gh %e has latt]ly be5 receiv+ h9ts f ! ,vatican t ! ,republic is /rong1 t ! mon>*ical & imp]ial pret5d]s bo? are weak4 ,! consequ5ce is a viol5ce ( ho/ility on ! "p ( ! ,radicals & ,sociali/s :i* assails n only mona/ic frat]nities1 b educational in/itutions & ev5 *>itable in/itutions 9 cl]ical h&s1 & has produc$ an infidel lit]ature c>ry+ blasphemy to ! height almo/ ( fr5zy & culm9at+ 9 a comic ,life ( ,*ri/4 ,! (ficial _w ( ,france is almo/ =mally infidel1 & a religi\s expression w\ld be v injuri\s to a politician4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*ur* braves & exasp]ates public reason ) app>itions ( ! ,virg9 & ! miracles ( ,l\rdes4 ,ov] mo/ ( ! wom51 ! prie/ /ill holds sway4 ,( ! m51 n _m are se5 9 *ur*es4 ,! g5]al attitude ( ! educat$ t[>ds religion seems to be n s mu* t ( ho/ility z t ( total indiff]5ce1 a /ate ( e/rangem5t m hopeless ?an ho/ility itself4 ,!re is 9 ,france a ,prote/ant ,*ur*1 ( :i* ,guizot 0 an em95t memb]1 & :i* 9 8 "t 0 r5ew+ its life4 ,b !re 0 a s*ism 9 x betwe5 an evangelical p>ty & a p>ty :i* 0 entirely rationali/1 ,guizot belong+ to ! fir/1 8 son-9-law to ! second2 & rationalism seems to h prevail$4 ,) ! ,prote/ant p>ty ( ,france 0 alli$ an evangelical p>ty 9 ,switz]l&1 ( :i* ,v9et 0 ! mo/ eloqu5t div9e4 ,b 9 ,v9et1 z 9 lib]al div9es g5]ally1 we f9d an incl9ation to re/ on ! spiritual r ?an on ! sup]natural4 ,9 ! city ( ,calv9 g5]ally op9ions appe> to reign m oppos$ to ! religion ( ,calv9 ?an ^? = :i* he burn$ ,s]vetus4 ,b ( ! dis9tegrat+ =ces criticism--! ,high] ,criticism z x is ! fa%ion to call x--has by no means be5 ! only "o4 ,ano!r1 & p]haps 9 rec5t times ! m p[]ful1 has be5 sci5ce1 f :i* ,voltaire & ! e>li] sceptics receiv$ little or no assi/ance 9 _! attacks2 = !y 7 unable to meet ev5 ! suppos$ te/imony ( fossils to ! ,flood4 ,x is curi\s t ! be>+ ( ! ,newtonian a/ronomy on ! ,biblical cosmography %\ld n h be5 be=e p]ceiv$2 mo/ curi\s t x %\ld h escap$ ,newton himself4 ,8 sy/em pla9ly contrav5$ ! idea :i* made ! e>? ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 ) heav5 above & hell bel[ x1 & by :i* ! cosmography alike ( ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t is p]vad$4 ,yet ! ,/> ( ,be?lehem rema9$ little di/urb$ z an article ( fai?4 ,! fir/ de/ructive bl[ f ! region ( sci5ce 0 p]haps dealt by geology1 :i* %[$ t ! e>? _h be5 gradually =m$1 n sudd5ly creat$1 t its antiquity immeasurably transc5d$ ! or?odox *ronology1 & t dea? _h come into ! _w long be=e man4 ,geologi/s1 sc>$ by ! e*oes ( _! own tea*+1 7 fa9 to %elt] !mselves "u allegorical int]pretations ( ,g5esis totally =eign to ! int5tions ( ! writ]2 mak+ out ! 8days0 ( ,creation to be ons1 a v]sion :i*1 ev5 if accept$1 w\ld n h acc\nt$ = ! entrance ( dea? into ! _w be=e ! creation ( man4 ,^? :o att5d$ ! lectures ( ,buckl& & o!r geologi/s ( t g5]ation well recollect ! %ifts to :i* sci5ce _h rec\rse 9 its ef=ts to avoid collision ) ! cosmogony suppos$ to h be5 dictat$ by ! ,creator to ! reput$ au?or ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,t ! n>rative ( ,g5esis c\ld hold its gr\nd s long aga9/ sci5ce 0 due at once to its dignity1 :i* e>n$ = x ! praise ( ,long9us1 & to its approximation to sci5tific tru? 9 describ+ ! univ]se z ! "w ( a s+le m9d4 ,^! *>act]i/ics h ev5 9 ! day ( geology & ,d>w9 rais$ up = x su* an apologi/ z ,mr4 ,glad/one1 ^: def5ce1 h[ev]1 am\nts to ?is1 t ! ,creator1 9 giv+ an acc\nt ( 8 own "w to ,moses1 came rem>kably ne> ! tru?4 ,! gr& cata/rophe1 h[ev]1 0 ! discov]y ( ,d>w94 ,?is assail$ ! belief t man 0 a di/9ct creation1 ap>t f all o!r animals1 ) an immortal s\l specially brea!d into him by ! au?or ( 8 be+4 ,x %[$ t he _h be5 develop$ by a natural process out ( l[] =ms ( life4 ,x %[$ t in/ead ( a fall ( man !re _h be5 a gradual rise1 ?us cutt+ away ! gr\nd ( ! ,r$emption & ! ,inc>nation1 ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ! or?odox cre$4 ,= ! hypo!sis ( creation g5]ally 0 sub/itut$ t ( evolution by "s unkn[n b natural =ce4 ,n only to reveal$ or sup]natural b to natural religion a heavy bl[ 0 dealt by ! disclosure ( wa/$ ons & abortive species :i* seem to preclude ! idea ( an intellig5t & omnipot5t design]4 ,! *ief int]pret]s ( sci5ce 9 its be>+ on religion 71 9 ,engl&1 ,tyndall & ,huxley4 ,tyndall always decl>$ himself a mat]iali/1 ?\gh no "o c\ld less des]ve ! "n if x impli$ any?+ l grossness or disreg>d ( ! high] s5tim5ts4 ,he />tl$ ! _w by 8 decl>ation t matt] conta9$ ! pot5tiality ( all life1 an ass]tion :i*1 ?\gh x has be5 f\nd difficult to prove exp]im5tally1 !re c be less difficulty 9 accept+1 s9ce we see life 9 rudim5t>y =ms & 9 diff]5t /ages ( developm5t4 ,huxley wield$ a tr5*ant p5 & 0 an uncompromis+ s]vant ( tru?4 ,a bitt] controv]sy betwe5 him & ,ow5 arose out ( ,ow5's t5d5cy to compromise4 ,he came at "o "t to ! extreme conclusion t man 0 an automaton1 :i* w\ld h settl$ all religi\s & moral que/ions out ( h&2 b 9 ?is he seem$ aft]w>ds to feel t he _h gone too f>4 ,an automaton automatically reflect+ on its automatic "* is a be+ :i* seems to defy conception4 ,! connection ( action ) motive1 ( motive ) "* & circum/ance1 is :at nobody d\bts2 b ! precise nature ( ! connection1 z x is n subject1 l a physical connection1 to our inspection1 defies scrut9y1 & our consci\sness1 :i* is our only in=mant1 tells u t our ag5cy 9 "s qualifi$ s5se is free4 ,mat]iali/s or physici/s su* z ,tyndall & ,huxley1 or _! c\nt]p>ts on ! ,cont95t1 w\ld console u = ! loss ( religion by sub/itut+ ! maje/y ( law4 ,b ! idea ( law implies a law-giv] or an intellig5t & au?oritative impon5t ( "s k9d4 ,!re is no maje/y 9 a m]e sequ5ce1 ev5 ! mo/ inv>iable & on ! l>ge/ scale1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* alone physical sci5ce c prove4 ,! all-embrac+ philosophy ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] excludes n only ! sup]natural b !ism 9 its ord9>y =m4 ,yet !ism 9 a subtle =m may be ?\ght to lurk 9 x4 8,by cont9ually seek+10 he says1 8to "k1 & be+ cont9ually ?r[n back ) a deep5$ conviction ( ! impossibility ( kn[+1 we may keep alive ! consci\sness t x is alike our highe/ wisdom & our highe/ duty to reg>d t ?r\gh :i* all ?+s exi/ z ! ,unkn[able40 ,9 ?is & subsequ5t passages he evid5tly looks ^u ! ,unkn[able z an object ( rev]5ce1 o!rwise x w\ld h>dly be our highe/ duty to reg>d x z t ?r\gh :i* all ?+s exi/1 or to ma9ta9 any p>ticul> attitude t[>ds x4 ,b ,unkn[abl5ess 9 itself excites no rev]5ce1 ev5 ?\gh x be suppos$ inf9ite & et]nal4 ,no?+ excites our rev]5ce b a p]son1 or at lea/ a ,moral ,be+4 ,!re l+]s 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s m9d ! belief t ! pres5t limit ( our k is ! veil ( ! ,deity4 ,_h ! ,d>w9ian discov]ies be5 kn[n to ,s*op5hau] !y w\ld h conspir$ ) ! e>li] discov]ies ( sci5ce & ) 8 pitiless survey ( ! human lot to confirm him 9 ! belief t ?is 0 ! wor/ ( all possible worlds4 ,amid ! g5]al di/raction ev5 pessimism has f\nd adh]5ts1 & a ,european v]sion ( ,buddhism promis+ f9al relief f ! mis]ies ( consci\s exi/5ce has be5 accept$ z an anodyne by tr\bl$ m9ds4 ,positivism1 ! "w ( ,comte1 totally disc>ds belief 9 ,god & treats !ism 9 all its =ms z m]ely a mode ( contemplat+ ph5om5a & a /ep 9 ! c\rse ( human progress4 ,yet ! ,positivi/ feels ! ne$ ( a religion1 & = ! wor%ip ( ,god he sub/itutes ! wor%ip ( ,humanity4 ,humanity is an ab/raction & an imp]fect ab/raction1 ! c\rse ( ! human race hav+ n yet be5 run4 ,x _c he> pray] or respond 9 any way to adoration4 ,! adh]5ts ( ,comte's religion1 !re=e1 are few1 ?\gh ^? ( 8 philosophy are m num]\s1 & ! religi\s ,comti/s appe> to be r en?usia/s ( ,humanity ?an wor%ipp]s ( ! ab/raction4 ,a conspicu\s ?\gh equivocal place among ! def5d]s ( reveal$ religion 9 ,engl& 0 held by ,mansel1 pr(essor ( moral & metaphysical philosophy at ,ox=d & aft]w>ds dean ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,attempt+ 9 8 ,bampton lectures to make philosophy fall on its own sword1 he fell on 8 own sword 9 ! attempt4 ,he ma9ta9$ t ,god1 be+ absolute1 c\ld n be appreh5d$ by ! f9ite intellig5ce ( man1 & t ! f9ite morality ( man 0 n ! same z ! absolute morality ( ,god4 ,h5ce ! passages ( ! ,bible :i* seem$ to conflict ) human morality really transc5d$ x & 7 moral miracles4 ,9 ?is ,mansel 0 reviv+ ! !ory ( ,ar*bi%op ,k+ & ,bi%op ,br[ne1 :o _h ma9ta9$ t our k ( ,god 0 n actual1 b m]ely analog\s4 ,! inf]5ce 0 promptly drawn by ,mansel's oppon5ts t :at c\ld n be appreh5d$ c\ld n be matt] ( belief1 & t he _h !re=e cut away ! possibility ( belief 9 ,god4 ,!y ev5 cont5d$ t he 0 too anti-!i/ic1 s9ce he did away ) all possibility ( rev]5ce = ! ,unkn[n4 ,to d5y ! id5tity ( human ) div9e morality & ass]t t :at 0 immoral ) man 0 moral ) ,god 0 to sev] ! moral relation betwe5 ,god & man1 &1 9 effect1 to de/roy morality altoge!r4 ,we c\ld conceive ( only "o morality1 & acts ascrib$ to ,god :i* violat$ t morality mu/ be to u immoral4 8,if10 said ,john ,/u>t ,mill 9 ! f]vor ( e?ical prote/1 8an ,almighty ,be+ tells me t ,i %all call t righte\s :i* is wick$ or g to hell1 to hell ,i w g40 ,to meet ! inroads ( sci5ce on ,biblical cosmogony & cosmography rec\rse 0 _h to allegorical int]pretation4 ,b allegorical int]pretation _c be =c$ ^u a writ] :5 x manife/ly is n 9 8 m9d4 ,! writ] or writ]s ( ,g5esis und5iably int5d$ 8 or _! /atem5ts to be tak5 lit]ally4 ,!y meant t ! e>? 0 really creat$ 9 six days1 z ! ,f\r? ,comm&m5t assumes2 t ! =mation ( ,eve out ( a rib ( ,adam1 ! temptation ( ,eve by ! s]p5t1 & all ! actions ( ! an?ropomorphic ,god1 :o walks 9 ! g>d5 at ev5+ & makes g>m5ts = ,adam & ,eve1 7 actual ev5ts4 ,to foi/ ^u !m allegorical int]pretation is to falsify _! te/imony4 ,besides1 in/ead ( hav+ ! facts ( ! creation reveal$ to u we are left to int]pret allegory at a v5ture4 ,rec\rse has be5 _h to ! !ory ( p>tial inspiration1 admitt+ hi/orical & ev5 moral errors 9 ,scripture1 b sett+ !m d[n to ! human elem5t 9 ! composition1 :i* has to be recogniz$ )\t prejudice to t elem5t :i* rema9s div9e4 ,su* a collaboration ( infallibility ) fallibility1 bo? hi/orical & moral1 is a desp]ate hypo!sis1 especially :5 ! object 0 to reveal vital tru?s to man4 ,nor c\ld man di/+ui% ! human elem5t f ! div9e )\t be+ himself inspir$ & ?us above ! ne$ ( revelation4 ,a condesc5sion ( ! div9e to ! primitive %ortcom+s & ab]rations ( humanity is a solution surely oppos$ to any conceivable purpose ( revelation4 ,ano!r l9e ( def5ce has be5 ! hypo!sis1 :i* may be call$ quasi-inspiration1 r$uc+ ! inspiration ( ! ,scriptures to a supreme degree ( ! same sort ( inspiration :i* we recognize 9 a great poet or a great au?or ( any k9d4 ,?is is m]e play+ ) ! t]m 8inspiration10 & little bett] ?an an equivoque4 ,x may be1 & we hope x is1 true t ! ,au?or ( our be+ manife/s ,himself 9 :atev] is morally gr& & elevat+4 ,b ?is belief is v diff]5t f a belief 9 ! special inspiration ( ! ,bible4 ,evolution1 aga91 :i* at fir/ 0 repell$ z a!i/ic1 is n[ adopt$ by "s z ! key to revelation & ! solution ( all difficulties connect$ ) x4 ,?is w\ld make ,god 9 ,8 revelation ( ,himself to man1 )\t app>5t motive1 subject ,himself to a physical or quasi-physical law1 ! k ( :i* has be5 )held f man till ! pres5t "t4 ,an imp]fect revelation ( ! div9e "*1 "o = example :i* %\ld exhibit ! ju/ice ( ,god )\t ,8 m]cy1 w\ld be a deception ( man in/ead ( a revelation4 ,besides1 evolution repels f9ality1 & we c\ld h no assurance t ! manife/ation ( ! div9e nature 9 ,*ri/ & ! ,gospel w\ld be f9al4 ,x is ne$less to say h[ manife/ly all ^! !ories h _! orig9 9 controv]sial necessity1 h[ totally ali5 !y are to ! view tak5 hi!rto by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es ( ! ,scriptures1 & h[ unlikely x is t ,god1 9 reveal+ ,himself to man = ! purpose ( human salvation1 %\ld h *os5 a me?od su* z w\ld entail inevitable miscon/ruction = _m c5turies & po/pone ! true int]pretation ( ,8 "* & deal+s to an age ( human criticism & sci5ce4 ,! e?ics ( ,*ri/ianity h hi!rto comp>atively escap$ sy/ematic criticism & are /ill g5]ally & (ficially pr(ess$4 ,an appeal to ! pr9ciples ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt cont9ues to comm& =mal respect4 ,b ,*ri/'s view ( ?is _w z evil & 8 r5unciation ( x = ! ,k+dom ( ,god h be5 practically laid aside by all b specially religi\s m54 ,*ri/'s moral code 01 9 its direct be>+1 only p]sonal or social1 politics & comm]ce n hav+ come )9 ! view ( ! tea*] ( ,galilee4 ,9 reg>d to public & int]national conc]ns1 ! abjuration ( 8 pr9ciples is mo/ /rik+4 ,9 t sph]e ,*ri/ian meekness1 m]cy1 & self-sacrifice are be+ op5ly sup]s$$ by maxims drawn f ! ,d>w9ian ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce & by av[als ( ! "r ( ! /rong4 ,ev5 pr(ess$ m9i/]s ( ,*ri/ h be5 p&]+ to ,imp]ialism & ! lu/ ( w>4 ,9 tru?1 by a /range turn ( ev5ts1 ,*ri/ian e?ics1 9 que/ions betwe5 nation & nation & 9 que/ions conc]n+ humanity at l>ge1 h be5 pass+ out ( ! h&s ( ! or?odox tea*]s ( sup]natural ,*ri/ianity into ^? ( m5 :o recognize only ! human "* & e?ical tea*+s ( life4 ,pr(essor ,seeley 9 8 e>li] days _h made a great impression ) 8 ,ecce ,homo1 an attempt to br+ ! "* ( ,*ri/ ne>] to ! he>t ( humanity4 ,! "w 0 decid$ly pieti/2 yet a rationaliz+ t5d5cy 0 sc5t$ 9 x by ! ,evangelicals1 ^: lead]1 ,"l ,%aftesbury1 d5\nc$ x4 ,its au?or promis$ a !ology4 ,b :51 aft] ye>s ( reflection & subjection to ! influ5ces ( a mov+ "t1 ! !ology came1 "u ! title ( ,natural ,religion1 x 0 a total disappo9tm5t4 ,religion 0 r$uc$ by x to en?usiasm1 n exclusively ,*ri/ian or ev5 !i/ic1 b ( any k9d1 su* z en?usia/ic love ( c\ntry or ( art4 ,m9ds ( ! f9] ca/ h pres]v$ ! religi\s _s1 :ile !y h ?r[n (f ! %ackles ( cre$ & ev5 reg>d$ ! :ole religi\s "q z matt] ( d\bt & susp5se4 8,!re lives m fai? 9 hone/ d\bt1 ,believe me1 ?an 9 half ! cre$s40 ,?is is ! p]vad+ _s ( ,t5nyson's poems1 & ( su* a "w z ,amiel's di>y1 b x mu/ manife/ly be conf9$ to a circle ( m9ds su* z ^? ( ,t5nyson & ,amiel4 ,agno/icism is ! condition into :i* a l>ge numb] ( educat$ m9ds h be5 m or less consci\sly pass+ or drift+4 ,b :ile 9 "s ( !m a religi\s _s /ill prevails & ! hope is *]i%$ ( a new religi\s dawn1 o!rs seem to h f9ally settl$ 9 ! conviction t !ological inquiry is hopeless & t our k mu/ =ev] be b\nd$ by t :i* our s5ses & sci5ce tell u ab\t ! laws or =ces ( our own _w4 ,reluctance to give up belief 9 ! unse5 _w & p]haps /ill m unwill+ness to ?9k t ! lov$ ones :o are lo/ by dea? are lo/ =ev] h giv5 bir? to ,spiritualism4 ,x w h>dly be ?\ght necess>y to comm5t on an illusion :i* has be5 s (t5 & s decisively expos$4 ,its v "n is beli$ :5 ! spirits h to mat]ialize be=e !y c make _! exi/5ce kn[n or hold conv]se ) ^? :o evoke !m4 ,! alleg$ communications f ! _s _w ?r\gh su* a m$ium z ,plan*ette h be5 trivial1 almo/ fatu\s4 ,x is n[ =gott5 t ! movem5t began ) table-turn+1 z ?\gh spirits _h a special aff9ity = tables4 ,among ! anti-!i/ic1 or at lea/ ! anti-ecclesia/ical1 influ5ces & ! solv5ts ( our religi\s sy/em may be reckon$ ! f\ndation ( sy/ems ( morality indep5d5t ( ! div9e sanction4 ,paley's def9ition ( virtue is 8! do+ good to mank9d 9 ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god & = ! sake ( ev]la/+ happ9ess40 ,?is is ! !i/ic view4 ,oppos$ to x is ! ,utilit>ian sy/em1 g5]ally connect$ ) ,b5?am's "n1 :i* f9ds ! sole & suffici5t motive & rew>d ( virtue 9 ! promotion ( our well-be+ "h4 ,s long z a sy/em aims at p]fection & beauty ( "* :i* transc5d temporal happ9ess !re is 9 ! philosophy a !i/ic elem5t1 pat5t or lat5t4 ,b ( p]fection & beauty ( "* ! ,utilit>ian philosophy 9 its ?or\gh-go+ =m takes no acc\nt4 ,! weak5+ ( religi\s belief z a social influ5ce on ! cons]vative side is v m>k$ & excites ! fe>s ( /atesm51 "s ( :om1 ev5 if !y are ,prote/ants1 are incl9$ to look ) complac5cy on ! ,papacy z a bulw>k aga9/ social revolution4 ,! drudge re/$ 9 dull cont5tm5t ) 8 lot :ile he c\ld believe t h]eaft] ! p>ts ( ,dives & ,laz>us w\ld be rev]s$ & full am5ds w\ld be made to him = 8 privations 9 ?is life4 ,?is hope hav+ vani%$1 he is resolv$1 if he c1 to h a %>e ( ! good ?+s ( ! pres5t _w4 ,t ?is s5tim5t helps to set see?+ ! caldron ( sociali/ic & communi/ic agitation1 all :o are famili> ) labor lit]ature mu/ be aw>e4 ,x w\ld probably be f\nd t an>*ism & a!ism g5]ally w5t toge!r4 ,z ! natural consequ5ce ( ! loos5$ hold ( religion ov] ! nations1 !re has be5 a g5]al t5d5cy 9 ,europe t[>ds dise/abli%m5t4 ,9 ,italy1 ! seat ( ! ,papacy1 dise/abli%m5t is complete4 ,9 ,spa91 :ile ,ca?olicism is /ill recogniz$ z ! exclusive religion ( ! nation1 ! imm5se rev5ues ( ! cl]gy h be5 secul>iz$1 mona/]ies h be5 dissolv$1 & religion has be5 almo/ r$uc$ to a dep>tm5t ( ! /ate4 ,9 ,france ! process has gone /ill fur!r ?an 9 ,spa91 & religion may almo/ be said to be n only a dep>tm5t1 b a despis$ dep>tm5t1 ( ! /ate4 ,9 ,irel& ! /ate ,*ur* has be5 dise/abli%$4 ,a bill has be5 br\ght 9 = ! dise/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,wales1 & 9 ,engl& dise/abli%m5t seems to be approa*+1 its adv5t be+ ha/5$ by ! collision ( ritualism ) ! anti-,roman & anti-sac]dotal _s ( ! nation4 ,popul> education has ev]y:]e be5 l>gely secul>iz$1 & t process is /ill go+ on4 ,sunday-s*ools or o!r second>y influ5ces c sc>cely c\nt]vail ! g5]al bani%m5t ( religion f ! tra9+ ( ! *ild4 ,religion pass$ f old to ,new ,engl& 9 ! =m ( a refugee ,prote/antism ( ! mo/ int5sely ,biblical & ! mo/ au/]e k9d4 ,x _h1 notably 9 ,connecticut1 a code ( moral & social law :i*1 if fully c>ri$ into effect1 mu/ h fe>fully d>k5$ life4 ,x produc$ 9 ,jona?an ,edw>ds ! philosoph] ( ,calv9ism1 f ! me%es ( ^: pr$e/9>ian logic x has be5 f\nd difficult to escape1 ?\gh all su* reason+s are practically rebutt$ by our indefeasible consci\sness ( fre$om ( *oice & ( responsibility z att5dant !reon4 ,new ,engl& ,puritanism 0 intol]ant1 ev5 p]secut+2 b ! religi\s f\nd] & prophet ( ,rhode ,isl& proclaim$ ! pr9ciples ( p]fect tol]ation & ( ! entire sep>ation ( ! ,*ur* f ! /ate4 ,! ice ( ,new ,engl& ,puritanism 0 gradually ?aw$ by comm]ce1 non-,puritan immigration f ! old c\ntry1 & social influ5ces1 z mu* z by ! =ce ( intellectual emancipation2 ?\gh 9 f\nd+ univ]sities & s*ools x _h 9 fact prep>$ = its own ultimate subv]sion4 ,unit>ianism 0 a half-way h\se ?r\gh :i* ,massa*usetts pass$ into ?or\gh-go+ lib]alism su* z we f9d 9 ,em]son1 ,?oreau1 & ! circle ( ,brook ,f>m2 & aft]w>ds into ! iconoclasm ( ,+]soll4 ,! only ,prote/ant ,*ur* ( mu* importance to :i* ! ,new ,_w has giv5 bir? is ! ,univ]sali/1 a natural (fspr+ ( democratic humanity revolt+ aga9/ ! belief 9 et]nal fire4 ,en?usiasm unillum9at$ may /ill hold its camp-meet+s & s+ 8,rock ( ,ages0 9 ! grove "u ! />s4 ,! ma9 support ( or?odox ,prote/antism 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates n[ is an (f-%oot f ! old c\ntry4 ,x is ,me?odism1 :i*1 by ! p]fection ( its organization1 comb9+ /rong m9i/]ial au?ority ) a democratic p>ticipation ( all memb]s 9 ! active s]vice ( ! ,*ur*1 has s f> n only held its own b enl>g$ its bord]s & increas$ its p[]2 its p[]1 p]haps1 r ?an its spiritual influ5ce1 = ! "t comes :5 ! fire ( en?usiasm gr[s cold & class meet+s lose _! f]vor4 ,! memb]%ip is mo/ly drawn f a class little expos$ to ! di/urb+ influ5ces ( criticism or sci5ce2 nor has ! education ( ! m9i/]s hi!rto be5 g5]ally su* z to br+ !m into contact ) ! argum5ts ( ! sceptic4 ,! "* & int5sity ( ! movem5t 9 ,europe h be5 greatly influ5c$ by ! exi/5ce ( /ate ,*ur*es & ! degrees ( obnoxi\s privilege :i* ! /ate ,*ur*es sev]ally h possess$4 ,:]e ! yoke ( ! e/abli%m5t 0 heavy1 z 9 ,france "u ! ,b\rbons1 free-?\ght has be5 la%$ into fury2 :]e1 z 9 ,engl&1 ! ecclesia/ical polity has be5 comp>atively mild1 x has tak5 ! g5tl] =m ( evangelical diss5t4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury !re 7 fa9t relics ( /ate ,*ur*es1 ,*ur*es1 t is1 recogniz$ & protect$1 ?\gh n end[$1 by ! /ate4 ,b !re has be5 little to irritate scepticism or provoke x to viol5ce ( any k9d1 & ! transition has accord+ly be5 tranquil4 ,speculation1 h[ev]1 has n[ arriv$ at a po9t at :i* its results 9 ! m9ds ( ! m inquir+ cl]gy come into collision ) ! dogmatic cre$s ( _! ,*ur*es & _! ord9ation te/s4 ,especially does awak5$ consci5ce rebel aga9/ ! ironclad ,calv9ism ( ! ,we/m9/] ,confession4 ,h5ce attempts1 hi!rto baffl$1 to revise ! cre$s2 h5ce h]esy trials1 sc&al\s & ineffective4 ,:o c und]take to say h[ f> religion n[ influ5ces ! inn] life ( ! ,am]ican p8 ,outw>dly life 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates at lea/1 is /ill religi\s4 ,*ur*es are well ma9ta9$1 congregations are full1 (f]tories are lib]al4 ,x is /ill respectable to be a *ur*-go]4 ,anglicanism1 p>tly f its connection ) ! ,engli% hi]>*y1 is fa%ionable among ! weal?y 9 cities4 ,we note1 h[ev]1 t 9 all pulpits !re is a t5d5cy to glide f ! spiritual into ! social1 if n into ! mat]ial2 to edge away f ! pessimi/ic view ( ! pres5t _w ) :i* ! ,gospels are in/9ct2 to att5d less exclusively to our future1 & m to our pres5t /ate4 ,social reunions1 picnics1 & side-%[s are gr[+ 9 importance z p>ts ( ! ,*ur* sy/em4 ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 if he c\ld n[ come among 8 p1 w\ld h>dly f9d himself at home4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* _h come out to ,am]ica 9 evil companion%ip ) ,spani% conque/4 ,toge!r ) ! ,spani% colonies %e decay$1 & h] hi/ory dur+ ! pa/ c5tury 9 ,s\? ,am]ica appe>s to h be5 t ( a mis]able decl9e :i* c\ld add no?+ to religi\s ?\ght or hi/ory4 ,mexican lib]alism1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,ju>ez1 ca/ (f allegiance to h]1 & a prie/ d>$ n %[ himself 9 ! dress ( 8 ord] on ! /reet4 ,9 ,fr5* ,canada ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has reign$ ov] a simple peasantry1 h] own f ! beg9n+1 ?or\ghly submissive to ! prie/hood1 will+ to give freely ( its little /ore = ! build+ ( *ur*es :i* t[] ov] ! hamlet1 & suffici5tly firm 9 its fai? to ?rong to ! fane ( ,/4 ,anne ,beaupr = miracles ( heal+4 ,%e has kept ! habitant ignorant & unprogressive1 b made him1 aft] h] rule1 moral1 insi/+ on e>ly m>riage1 on rem>riage1 controll+ 8 habits & amusem5ts ) an almo/ ,puritan /rictness4 ,probably ,fr5* ,canada has be5 z good & z happy z any?+ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* _h to %[4 ,! prie/hood 0 ( ! ,gallican s*ool4 ,x liv$ on good t]ms ) ! /ate1 ?\gh 9 ,fr5* ,canada ! /ate 0 a conqu]or4 ,f fe> ( ,new ,engl& ,puritanism x _h kept its p loyal to ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! ,revolution>y w>4 ,f fe> ( ,fr5* a!ism x kept its p loyal to ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! w> ) ,france4 ,x sang ,te ,deum = ,trafalg>4 ,s ?+s 7 till ! o!r day4 ,b !n came ! ,jesuit4 ,he got back1 f ! subs]vi5cy ( ! ,canadian politicians1 ! l&s :i* he _h lo/ aft] ! conque/ & ! suppression ( 8 ,ord]4 ,he supplant$ ! ,gallicans1 captur$ ! hi]>*y & prevail$ ov] ! great ,sulpician ,mona/]y 9 a /ruggle = ! pa/orate ( ,montreal4 ,o!r influ5ces h ( late be5 work+ = *ange 9 a direction nei!r ,gallican nor ,jesuit4 ,railroads h brok5 into ! rural seclusion :i* favor$ ! asc5d5cy ( ! prie/4 ,popul> education has made "s way4 ,newspap]s h increas$ 9 numb] & are m read4 ,! peasant has be5 gr[+ re/ive "u ! burd5 ( ti! & fabrique4 ,_m ( ! habitants g into ! ,nor!rn ,/ates ( ! ,union = "w1 & return to _! own c\ntry br++ ) !m republican ideas4 ,am]icans :o h be5 %unn+ cont95tal union f dread ( ,fr5*-,canadian pop]y may lay aside _! fe>s4 ,x 0 a critical mom5t = ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* :5 %e und]took to ext5d h] doma9 to ! ,am]ican ,republic4 ,%e _h !re to enc\nt] a g5ius radically oppos$ to h] own4 ,! remnant ( ,ca?olic ,m>yl& c\ld d little to help h] on h] l&+4 ,b %e came 9 =ce ) ! flood ( ,iri%1 & aft]w>ds ( ,s\? ,g]man1 emigration4 ,h[ f> %e has be5 successful 9 hold+ ^! h] lieges w\ld be a "q difficult to decide1 z x w\ld involve a r impalpable di/9ction betwe5 =mal memb]%ip & zeal\s atta*m5t4 ,t %e loses ! zeal\s atta*m5t ( a great "p ( !m 9 two or ?ree g5]ations1 & t ( ! ,s\? ,g]mans m quickly ?an t ( ! ,iri%1 is :at y are commonly told4 ,conv]sions ( native ,am]icans fly+ f ! di/ractions ( controv]sy to ! repose ( unity "u au?ority !re h be51 b ! numb] probably has n be5 l>ge4 ,9 ,am]ica1 z 9 ,engl&1 ,ritualism has s]v$ ,roman ,ca?olicism z a t5d]4 ,! critical "q 0 h[ ! religion ( ! ,middle ,ages c\ld succe$ 9 mak+ itself at home "u ! ro( ( a democratic republic1 ! animat+ _s ( :i* 0 fre$om1 intellectual & spiritual z well z political1 :ile ! wit ( its p 0 prov]bially ke5 & _! nationality 0 jeal\s z well z /rong4 ,! ,papacy may call itself univ]sal2 9 reality1 x is ,italian4 ,dur+ its soj\rn 9 ! ,fr5* dom9ions ! ,popes 7 ,fr5*2 o!rwise !y h be5 ,italians1 native or domicil$1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! ,flemi% ,adrian ,,vi41 ?ru/ into ! *air ( ,/4 ,pet] by 8 pupil1 ,*>les ,v41 & by ! ,italians treat$ ) contumely z an ali5 intrud]4 ,! great majority ( ! ,c>d9als always has be5 & /ill is ,italian4 ,national susceptibilities1 !re=e1 7 pretty sure to be ar\s$4 ,9 meet+ ! difficulties ( h] new situation ,rome has %[n a c]ta9 measure ( pliability4 ,%e has n ?ru/ ! intol]ance & obscurantism ( ! encyclical 9 ! face ( ! disciples ( ,jeff]son4 ,%e has paid all due homage to republican in/itutions1 ali5 ?\gh !y are to h] own _s1 z h] uni=m action 9 ,european politics hi!rto has prov$4 ,%e has made little %[ ( relics4 ,%e has ab/a9$ f miracles4 ,! adoration ( ,m>y & ! sa9ts1 ?\gh ( c\rse fully ma9ta9$1 appe>s to be less prom95t4 ,comp>$ ) ! m$ival ca!dral & its multiplicity ( side *apels1 alt>s1 & images1 ! ca!dral at ,new ,york /rikes "o z ! temple ( a some:at rationaliz$ v]sion4 ,aga9/ ,puritan intol]ance ( ,pop]y1 if any remnant ( x rema9$1 ! ,ca?olic vote has be5 a suffici5t safegu>d4 ,to "p ( ! ,am]ican p1 especially to weal?y ,new ,york1 ! purple ( ! c>d9alate & ! pomp ( ,ca?olic wor%ip h ( late be5 by no means uncong5ial4 ,yet betwe5 ! _s ( ,am]ican nationality1 ev5 9 ! mo/ dev\t ,ca?olic1 & t ( ! ,jesuit or ! native liegeman ( ,rome1 !re _c fail to be an opposition m or less acute1 ?\gh x may be hidd5 z f> z possible "u a dec5t veil4 ,?is 0 se5 9 ! case ( ,fa!r ,heck]1 :o _h begun 8 c>e] z a ,sociali/ at ,brook ,f>m1 &1 z a conv]t to ,ca?olicism1 f\nd$ a mission>y ord]1 ! keynote ( :i* 0 t 8man's life 9 ! natural & secul> ord] ( ?+s is m>*+ t[>ds fre$om & p]sonal indep5d5ce40 ,?is he describ$ z a radical *ange1 & a radical *ange x und\bt$ly 0 f ! s5tim5ts & ! sy/em ( ,loyola4 ,condemnation by ,rome c\ld n fail to foll[4 ,education has evid5tly be5 ! sc5e ( a subt]ranean conflict betwe5 ! ,jesuit & ! m lib]al1 or1 :at is mu* ! same ?+1 ! m ,am]ican section4 ,! ,am]ican & lib]al head ( a college has be5 depos$1 "u decor\s pret5ces1 x is true1 b /ill depos$4 ,envoys h come out f ,rome to arbitrate & compose4 ,"s ( ! ,ca?olic prelates1 x appe>s1 are v will+ to %[ _! lib]ality by co-op]at+ 9 *>itable "w ) ! cl]gy ( ,prote/ant *ur*es2 o!rs decl9e t association4 ,"o prelate1 at all ev5ts1 is an active politician & a conspicu\s wor%ipp] ( ! flag4 ,o!rs /rictly conf9e !mselves to ! ecclesia/ical sph]e4 ,! laity 9 g5]al seem to take little acc\nt ( ^! v>iations1 reg>d+ !m r z p]sonal peculi>ities ?an z divisions ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! ,am]ican or any o!r bran* ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* fre$om ( inquiry & advance 9 ?\ght are ( c\rse impossible4 ,no?+ is possible b immobility1 or reaction su* z t ( ! ,syllabus4 ,dr4 ,br[nson1 l ,heck]1 a conv]t1 %[$ aft] 8 conv]sion some?+ ( ! _s ( free inquiry belong+ to 8 =m] /ate1 ?\gh r 9 ! l9e ( philosophy ?an 9 t ( !ology1 prop]ly speak+4 ,b if he ev] dep>t$ f or?odoxy he return$ to x & made a p]fectly edify+ end4 ,9 our survey ( ! religi\s _w we are apt to leave out ( sight a f\r? "p or m ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,:5 ! ,anglican ,bi%ops "s ye>s ago 7 *all5g$ to say :e!r !y 7 or 7 n 9 communion ) ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 t is ) ! ,*ur* ( ,russia1 _! answ] 0 9 effect t ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* 0 s remote t !y c\ld n tell4 ,! ,russian ,*ur* has be5 & is1 9 tru?1 remote f ! life1 ! progress1 ! ?\ght1 & ! controv]sies ( ! o!r memb]s ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,x has pass$ ?r\gh no crisis1 und]gone no *ange analog\s ei!r to ! ,re=mation or to ! ,roman ,ca?olic reaction4 ,su* conflicts or controv]sies z x has _h h be5 c]emonial1 n doctr9al or spiritual4 ,its great re=m]1 if he c be s call$1 ,nicon1 0 a ?or\gh-go+ c]emoniali/ & initiat$ no doctr9al innovation4 ,! movem5t ( its non-con=mi/s1 ! ,/>ov]s1 is n a c\nt]p>t ( t ( ,prote/ant non-con=mi/s1 b a rituali/ic reaction4 ,x diff]s !ologically f ! ,roman ,ca?olic & ! ,anglican *ur*es on ! article 9 ! ,cre$ respect+ ! procession ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,b its m practical gr\nds ( diff]5ce probably are its abhorr5ce ( images & ( in/rum5tal music & its practice ( baptism by imm]sion4 ,x is m sacram5tal ?an ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 adm9i/]+ ! ,eu*>i/ z well z baptism to infants4 ,:ile x abhors images1 x adores pictures1 provid$ !y are ar*aic & n works ( art1 hav+ an in/9ctive p]ception ( ! t5d5cy ( art to op5 ! door = humanity4 ,b x is less sac]dotal1 compulsory m>riage ( ! cl]gy1 in/ead ( celibacy1 be+ its rule4 ,mona/ic x is1 b its mona*ism is ( ! ,ea/]n & eremitic type1 n l ! active mona*ism ( ! ,franciscan1 ! ,dom9ican1 or ! ,jesuit4 ,! ,russian ,*ur* is int5sely national1 a "* /amp$ ^u x by ! long /ruggle = indep5d5ce aga9/ ! ,mohamm$an ,t>t>s4 ,! head ( ! nation is ! head ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,cz> is ,pope1 z ! ,emp]or practically 0 ( t ,byzant9e ,*ur* ( :i* ! ,russian ,*ur* is ! daught]4 ,he presides ov] ! ecclesia/ical c\ncils4 ,! abolition ( ! ,patri>*ate remov$ ! la/ rival ( 8 p[]4 ,pet] ! ,great1 :5 ask$ to re/ore ! (fice1 exclaim$1 8,i am y\r ,patri>*10 flung d[n 8 hunt+ knife on ! table1 & said1 8,!re is y\r ,patri>*40 ,attempts h be5 made bo? by ,gallicans & ,anglicans to negotiate a union ) ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* z a c\nt]poise to ! ,papacy4 ,b !y h be5 baffl$ by ! int5se nationality & antiquat$ ritualism r ?an by ! diff]5ce ab\t an article 9 ! ,a?anasian ,cre$4 ,! up%ot has be5 ! intellectual immobility ( ! ,russian ,*ur*1 ^: comp>tm5t 9 ! !ological hi/ory ( ! la/ c5tury is a blank4 ,su* is ! position 9 :i* at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury ,*ri/5dom seems to h /ood4 ,outside ! pale ( reason--( reason2 we d n say ( tru?--7 ! ,roman ,ca?olic & ,ea/]n ,*ur*es2 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* re/+ on tradition1 sac]dotal au?ority1 & belief 9 pres5t miracles2 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* support$ by tradition1 sac]dotal au?ority1 nationality1 & ! p[] ( ! ,cz>4 ,scepticism _h n eat5 into a ,*ur*1 pres]v$1 l t ( ,russia1 by its isolation & intellectual torpor2 ?\gh "s wild sects _h be5 g5]at$1 & ,nihilism1 ?reat5+ ) de/ruction ! ,*ur* z well z ! /ate1 _h appe>$ on ! sc5e4 ,into ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* scepticism _h eat5 deeply1 & _h deta*$ f h]1 or 0 rapidly deta*+1 ! intellect ( educat$ nations1 :ile %e seem$ resolutely to bid defiance to reason by h] ,syllabus1 h] decl>ation ( ,papal infallibility1 h] proclamation ( ! ,immaculate ,conception ( ,m>y4 ,outside ! pale ( traditional au?ority & am5able to reason /ood ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es1 urg5tly press$ by a "q z to ! suffici5cy ( ! evid5ces ( sup]natural ,*ri/ianity1 above all1 ( its vital & fundam5tal doctr9es3 ! ,fall ( ,man1 ! ,inc>nation1 & ! ,resurrection4 ,! ,anglican ,*ur*1 a fabric ( policy comp\nd$ ( ,ca?olicism )\t a ,pope & ,biblical ,prote/antism1 0 9 ! ?roes ( a /ruggle betwe5 ^? two elem5ts1 l>gely antiqu>ian & ( little importance comp>$ ) ! vital "q z to ! evid5ces ( revelation & ! div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ! ,prote/ant *ur*es g5]ally /heticism _h prevail$4 ,ev5 ! mo/ au/]e ( !m _h introduc$ ,*ur* art1 fl[]s1 & ta/eful music2 a t5d5cy :i*1 ) ! increas$ crav+ = rhetorical novelty 9 ! pulpit1 seem$ to %[ t ! simple ,^w ( ,god & ! glad tid+s ( salvation 7 los+ _! p[] & t human attractions 7 ne$$ to br+ congregations toge!r4 ,! la/ proposal _h be5 t dogma1 includ+ ! belief 9 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 hav+ become unt5able %\ld be ab&on$1 & t !re %\ld be =m$ a ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ) a ritual & sacram5ts1 b )\t ! ,*ri/ian cre$1 ?\gh /ill look+ up to ,*ri/ z its f\nd] & tea*]2 an organization :i*1 hav+ no def9ite object & be+ held toge!r only by individual fancy1 w\ld n be likely to la/ long4 ,! task n[ impos$ on ! liegem5 ( reason seems to be t ( review+ rev]5tly1 b freely & imp>tially1 ! evid5ces bo? ( sup]natural ,*ri/ianity & ( !ism1 frankly reject+ :at is unt5able1 & if possible lay+ new & s\nd] f\ndations 9 its place4 ,to e/imate ! gravity ( ! crisis we h only to consid] to h[ great an ext5t our civilization has hi!rto re/$ on religion4 ,x may be f\nd t aft] all our be+ is an insoluble my/]y4 ,if x is1 we c only acquiesce & make ! be/ ( our pres5t habitation2 b :o c say :at ! advance ( k may br+ =?8 ,ef=t seems to be ! law ( our nature1 & if cont9u$ x may lead to heights beyond our pres5t k54 ,9 any ev5t1 unless our inmo/ nature lies to u1 to cl+ to ! unt5able is worse ?an useless2 !re c be no salvation = u b 9 tru?4 ,,goldw9 ,,smi?4 ,,! ,,end ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$2 occurr5ces ( inconsi/5t hyph5ation h n be5 *ang$4 ,r$undant *apt] titles h be5 remov$4 ,! "n 8,van 't ,h(f0 always 0 mispr9t$ z 8,van't ,h(f0 9 ! orig9al book4 ,t mispr9t has be5 reta9$ "h4 ,page #dj ( ! ,*emi/ry *apt] uses ,dalton's symbols = ! f\r atoms 9 five molecules3 a circle ) horizontal l9es 7hl71 a circle ) v]tical l9es 7vl71 a circle ) a dot 9 its c5t] 7cd71 & a holl[ circle 7hc74 ,if y\r text view] _c display ^? symbols1 ! five molecules1 9 sequ5ce1 are3 hl-cd1 cd-vl-cd1 vl-hc1 hc-vl-hc1 & cd-hc4 ,o!r pages 9 ! ,*emi/ry *apt] conta9 diagrams ( molecul> /ructures4 ,^? diagrams only display prop]ly :5 a fix$-wid? font is us$4 ,subscripts 9 ! ,*emi/ry *apt] are %[n full-height1 e4g41 ,h#b,o4 ,text sometimes expresses fractions ) a da% in/ead ( a sla%4 ,t notation has be5 reta9$ "h4 ,page #df3 ,! orig9al book us$ 8,zu0 z ! symbol = z9c4 ,page #abb3 8entirely *ang$ by0 0 pr9t$ z 8*>g$02 *ang$ "h4 ,page #aci3 8b>ometric0 0 pr9t$ z 8b>ometic02 *ang$ "h4