,illustration3 ,,machines ,,at ,,work ,,mary ,,elting ,,illustrated ,,by ,,laszlo ,,roth ,illustration ,copyright #aiec by ,duenewald ,printing ,corporation4 ,lithographed in the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,,machines ,,at ,,work ,illustration ,illustration ,,machines ,,at ,,work ,by ,mary ,elting ,illustration ,,illustrated ,,by ,,laszlo ,,roth ,,garden ,,city ,,books ,,garden ,,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,man-,,made ,,giants ,you could do everything that the machines in this book do4 ,for some of the jobs1 of course1 you'd have to get friends to help you4 ,but people have always been able to work and build wonderful things1 using just their muscles4 ,and they can do a very great deal more when they use their brains1 too4 ,they can invent machines to make work thousands of times easier and faster4 ,the big machine in the picture is a shovel that's used for digging an enormous hole4 ,in one bite1 its scoop can tear out a chunk of earth more than twice as tall as a man4 ,its long arm1 called the boom1 lifts the load as high as the top of a seven story building1 then swings around and drops it almost a city block away4 ,there are only a few shovels like this in the world4 ,they were especially made to work where beds of coal lie close to the surface of the earth1 covered by a layer of soil4 ,the shovels clear away the soil so that other machines can dig out the coal4 ,illustration ,when a giant shovel has cleared off one spot1 its crawlers begin to turn1 and it creeps slowly ahead4 ,but it can't travel on roads4 ,it's far too big and heavy and tall--so big1 in fact1 that it came to the mine in separate pieces4 ,forty-five freight cars were needed to haul all the parts for just one machine from the factory to the mine4 ,then experts put the parts together right where the shovel was to start digging4 ,and dig it does4 ,in one minute its scoop can bite out as much dirt as #c1fjj men could dig just using their muscles to lift ordinary hand shovels6 ,the giant shovel is one of the biggest machines ever made1 but there's another that can lift even bulkier things4 ,it is an overhead crane that works in a shipyard4 ,often the crane hoists big boilers out of ships so that repair men can work on them4 ,it is so huge that it carries another crane on its back4 ,the piggy-back crane--that's its real name--reaches down and lifts things off the deck of the ship1 too4 ,illustration3 strongman ,hammering is another kind of muscle work that ,illustration3 crane machines can do quickly and easily4 ,suppose the water pipes under your street need mending4 ,repair men have to tear up the pavement in order to reach the pipes4 ,so they bring in jack hammers to do the pounding4 ,strong blasts of air run the hammers1 and1 in no time1 the pavement is broken up4 ,illustration3 rock crusher ,crushed rock was used for making the paved street in the first place4 ,it came from a big machine called a rock crusher1 which breaks up chunks of stone into small pieces4 ,strong jaws inside the crusher chew at the stone until they have made it into bits that are just the right size4 ,illustration3 pile driver ,an even bigger pounding machine is the pile driver4 ,it can hammer a great thick log down into the ground almost as easily as a man can hammer a nail through a board4 ,one kind of pile driver does its pounding job with a steam piston4 ,another kind lifts a heavy weight and lets it bang down on top of the log1 called a pile4 ,the one in the picture works in a harbor4 ,it drives piles deep into the earth that lies under water4 ,a whole group of piles make the foundation for a pier in the harbor1 for ships to tie up alongside4 ,harbors and rivers must be kept safe for ships4 ,if mud and sand pile up in a thick layer on the bottom1 ships may get stuck4 ,so dredges go to work clearing the mud and sand away4 ,often a clean-up job takes a long time4 ,the men who run the machinery live on board the dredge1 just as sailors live on a ship4 ,illustration3 dredge ,some dredges have scoops that dig under water4 ,others1 like the one in the picture1 use giant suction pumps4 ,the mud or sand they suck up is called spoil4 ,if there's hard-caked mud on the bottom1 cutter heads break it up4 ,then it's ready to be pumped out through huge steel pipes that stretch away from the dredge like a great snake and pour the spoil out on land4 ,of course1 a dredge must stay in one place while it is working4 ,so it carries along two huge spikes called spuds4 ,these move straight up and down at the stern of the dredge4 ,when they ram into the earth underwater1 they keep the dredge from drifting4 ,illustration3 dredge ,a spud is so heavy that it pokes its own hole in the muddy bottom of a river or harbor4 ,but making holes on dry land is a different problem4 ,for instance1 you can't just poke a telephone pole into the hard ground1 or pound it in easily with a pile driver1 either4 ,so1 in many places1 a machine bores holes for telephone poles1 just the way a carpenter bores a hole with a brace and bit4 ,then the machine's long arms reach out1 lift a pole into the air and plug it down neatly into place4 ,illustration3 borer ,long ago our ancestors discovered how to use simple tools--such as hammers1 shovels1 crowbars and rollers4 ,these things seem very ordinary to us1 but they were really wonderful discoveries4 ,the clever men who invented them were providing ideas1 one by one1 which scientists and engineers used much later4 ,our great machines are combinations of many1 many things that men discovered from using simple tools4 ,,powerful ,,pushers ,the giant shovel digs2 the overhead crane lifts2 the pile driver pounds4 ,all machines multiply the power that's in the muscles of men--or of animals4 ,the pushingest animal is an elephant4 ,in some places in the world1 elephants are trained to clear land by putting their foreheads against a tree and heaving until the tree topples over4 ,a tree-dozer can out-push an elephant4 ,the one in the picture has a special forehead built in front4 ,with a slow1 steady shove1 it clears the way for roads or opens up fields for farms4 ,illustration3 tree-dozer ,farmers used to dig their fields by hand4 ,then they hitched horses to plows4 ,now a tractor does the work1 but we still measure its strength in horsepower4 ,illustration3 elephant ,,machines ,,for ,,farmers ,dan is a farmer4 ,he knows how to use almost any kind of farm machine1 and he has lots of them4 ,the most important is his tractor1 for it is busy all year round4 ,sometimes it pushes4 ,sometimes it pulls4 ,or it may stand still and lend its power to other machinery4 ,when the frost is out of the soil in the spring1 ,dan backs his tractor into the tool shed and bolts on a plow4 ,this one is a two-gang plow--it can make two furrows in the earth at the same time4 ,dan touches a lever4 ,the blades of the plow lift up so they can't dig into the farmyard and the road1 and ,dan chugs off to the field4 ,another touch on the lever sends the blades down4 ,in a few minutes1 ,dan has made the first furrows across the field4 ,now he has to turn4 ,he lifts the plow and steps on the left brake pedal4 ,while the big left wheel stands still1 the right one keeps going and turns the tractor1 ready to start the next furrows4 ,when ,dan wants to stop1 he steps on both the left and right brake pedals at once4 ,after plowing comes harrowing4 ,the tractor pulls a different implement for this job--a whole row of saucer-shaped metal discs that chew up the soil and spread it out evenly4 ,now ,dan is ready to plant corn4 ,illustration3 harrowing disc ,illustration3 corn planter rear ,the corn planter does five jobs in one trip down the field4 ,it makes trenches for two rows of corn4 ,it drops corn seeds into the trenches4 ,it drops fertilizer alongside to give food to the young plants4 ,it covers the seeds4 ,and it leaves a mark all along the field to show exactly where the tractor should go to plant the next row of seeds4 ,dan follows the mark very carefully4 ,all the rows must be exactly the same distance apart1 because the tractor will have to go through the field again to cut out the weeds after the corn starts to grow4 ,if the rows are badly spaced1 the tractor wheels will squash some of the plants4 ,illustration3 corn planter side ,illustration3 cultivator ,when ,dan was a little boy1 he used to help his father hoe the corn by hand1 getting rid of weeds and loosening the soil4 ,now he has an implement called a cultivator which does the job4 ,after the corn is well up1 ,dan pulls the cultivator through the field1 driving carefully1 with the wheels between the rows4 ,small blades on the cultivator cut through the weeds and break the soil into loose chunks4 ,the pictures show several kinds of cultivator blades4 ,all summer long the corn grows tall4 ,dan waits till the ears are dry before he harvests them1 ready for his cows and chickens to eat in winter4 ,illustration3 hand tools8 ,dan's farm is small1 so he can't afford to buy a big corn-picking machine4 ,but his neighbor ,al has one that he rents out1 and one morning ,dan drives it to his cornfield4 ,his tractor seems lost inside the picking machine4 ,gatherers that look like the pointed snouts of huge mice creep along in front of the tractor close to the ground4 ,one by one the stalks of corn go into the machine1 which snaps the ears off4 ,then revolving claws and rubber paddles rip off the husks1 and an elevator carries the clean ears back to a wagon which the tractor pulls along4 ,in a very short time1 ,dan's whole field is done4 ,corn isn't the only thing that grows on ,dan's farm4 ,he raises tomatoes for the market1 too4 ,at planting time1 he needs two helpers who ride on little seats very close to the ground behind the tractor4 ,they put the tender little tomato plants one by one into a trench which the planting machine digs1 and then a special wheel covers the roots with earth4 ,dan has some wheat fields1 too4 ,in the spring1 after the ground is harrowed1 a wide planting machine sows many rows of wheat at a time4 ,and it drops out fertilizer to feed the plants on the same trip4 ,illustration3 cornfield ,many farmers use their tractors for harvesting wheat1 but ,dan doesn't4 ,instead1 he rents a shiny red reaper which he calls a 8package job10 because it moves itself along and does the whole harvesting at once4 ,it cuts the wheat1 shakes the grain loose from the stalk and separates it from the husks4 ,if there are weeds growing in the wheat1 the machine separates the weed seeds from the wheat kernels and spills them into different bags4 ,illustration ,dan sits high in the air at the front of the machine4 ,he says he has a 8box seat40 ,behind him on a bench sits a helper who ties the bags as they fill up and puts new bags in place4 ,dan says it won't be long before somebody invents a machine that will reap the wheat1 grind the flour and bake bread right there in the field6 ,all of ,dan's machines are wonderful inventions1 but they can be dangerous1 too1 if people are careless4 ,to give himself and his helpers warning1 he has painted bright stripes and markers around open places where fingers might get caught in moving parts4 ,,eggs1 ,,too ,dan has a flock of fine white ,leghorn chickens4 ,he takes care of them by machinery1 for eggs are a crop1 too4 ,the hens live in cages with wire floors1 so that they keep very clean4 ,all their droppings go through the wire to a platform below4 ,with a special scoop1 run by his tractor1 ,dan cleans the manure from the platform and puts it in a pile to be used as fertilizer on the fields4 ,every day the chickens have their meals brought to them on a moving belt4 ,the eggs they lay drop through their nests onto another belt that carries them away4 ,finally a machine sorts the eggs according to size1 ready for packing4 ,some farmers raise chickens for the market4 ,of course1 the feathers must be taken off after the chickens have been killed4 ,there are machines for this1 too4 ,one kind has mechanical fingers that pluck the feathers as chickens go past on a moving belt4 ,illustration ,,machines ,,for ,,bigger ,,farms ,dan's neighbor ,al has a big dairy farm1 with lots of cows to milk every day1 and land enough to grow their feed4 ,besides his corn picker1 ,al has other special machines4 ,one of them cuts corn while it is still green1 chops it up fine and loads it into a truck4 ,the truck has a sort of cage over it to keep the corn from spilling out4 ,next1 ,al turns his tractor into a stationary engine which runs a blowing machine4 ,a wide belt from a pulley on the tractor turns the blower1 which shoots the chopped-up corn to the top of a storage tower called a silo4 ,the green stuff ferments in the silo and turns into wonderful food for the cows4 ,al's fields are so big that he needs larger plows than the one ,dan uses4 ,he hires an airplane to spread dust that kills plant-eating insects4 ,al plants his hayfields with a seeding machine that he pulls behind the tractor4 ,grass seed is so tiny that it can't be planted deep4 ,al's seeder sprinkles just the right amount of seed on the soil1 and then squeezes a thin covering of earth on top4 ,he says the machine 8tucks each seed to bed40 ,illustration ,after the mowing machine has cut the hay1 ,al pulls his automatic baler across the field4 ,the baler scoops the hay up1 then presses it into a box-shaped bundle1 slices it off neat and square1 and ties it with strong twine4 ,one by one the bales drop out on the field1 ready for a truck to pick them up4 ,some farmers rake their hay into long heaps called windrows before they bale it4 ,the machine that does this job has many teeth that whirl round and push the hay sidewise into the windrows4 ,the whole field has a rolling look1 like ocean waves4 ,the hay must be dry before it goes into the barn4 ,if it isn't1 it may get moldy4 ,and green hay may even be dangerous4 ,it can actually make heat enough to start a fire4 ,illustration ,to be sure his hay keeps well1 ,al has a blower that circulates air around the barn and dries the bales completely4 ,illustration ,some farmers use machines that tie the hay into round bales4 ,others don't bale it at all4 ,they use stackers to pile it into tall stacks where it is kept till the cows are ready to eat it4 ,illustration ,the stacker fits onto the tractor4 ,when it was first invented1 farmers thought it was a sort of luxury1 because it was used so seldom4 ,then they discovered that they could put it to work on other jobs1 too4 ,if a platform of boards is fitted across the forks of the stacker1 it turns into an elevator that a man can stand on4 ,then he can paint the barn or pick apples from high branches without having to climb up and down ladders4 ,,milking ,,machines ,it would take a lot of work to milk all of ,al's cows4 ,so he uses milking machines4 ,when a man milks a cow1 he squeezes with his fingers4 ,instead of fingers1 the milking machine has four soft rubber funnels that fit over the cow's teats4 ,a pump squeezes the funnels1 presses the milk out and sends it through hoses to the milk can4 ,a farmer has only two hands4 ,his milking machine has four funnels with hoses4 ,so it can work much faster1 and he can have several machines going at once4 ,illustration ,you'd never guess it1 but a cow is a nervous1 fussy animal4 ,she lets down her milk easily if the same person or the same machine squeezes on her teats with the same rhythm every day1 but any kind of change or hurry upsets her4 ,then she's hard to milk4 ,and so ,al's machine is built with a very accurate timer which makes the funnels squeeze exactly forty-eight times a minute4 ,a good farmer tries to make life calm and comfortable for his cows4 ,even the names for some things in ,al's barn have a comfortable sound4 ,the place where the cows wait to be milked is called the loafing pen4 ,the room where they stand for milking is kept perfectly clean1 and it's called the milking parlor4 ,before the machine is attached1 the cows' udders and teats must be washed clean4 ,al has fixed an upside-down shower bath for his cows4 ,he built a concrete pen with sprays coming up through the floor4 ,the showers clean the cows and make them feel so calm that he never has any trouble milking them4 ,the fanciest milking parlor of all has a machine in it called a ,rotolactor4 ,it is really a quiet1 slow merry-go-round4 ,cows amble up a ramp and step into stalls on the gently moving platform4 ,a man attaches milking machines to them1 one after the other4 ,by the time each cow has been carried halfway around the big circle1 her milk has been pumped out into a glass tank that sits on a rack above her4 ,a man takes off the rubber cups1 a ,illustration gate opens in front of the cow1 and she steps off onto another ramp that goes from the center of the merry-go-round1 underneath it and out to the barnyard4 ,twenty-five cows at a time can be milked on the ,rotolactor4 ,illustration ,automatic gadgets empty the milk from the glass tanks1 wash them1 sterilize them and get them ready for the next round4 ,all the time men are busy keeping the stalls clean and tending to the machinery4 ,most dairies milk the cows twice a day1 but the ,rotolactor milks three times4 ,,machines ,,for ,,every ,,job ,the ,rotolactor was invented for one particular kind of huge dairy4 ,but farmers everywhere like to have good machinery to do special jobs4 ,for hilly country1 there's a plow that has one of its blades higher than the other so it can work on a slope4 ,there are chisel plows that dig up hard soil by clawing at it with strong steel fingers4 ,one farmer in ,texas decided to make his tractor do the plowing all by itself1 after he had driven it once around the field to give it a start4 ,he invented a guide ,illustration ,illustration wheel that went ahead of the tractor in the furrow he had made4 ,now the guide led the tractor around in a spiral that got narrower and narrower until at last it stopped in the center of the plowed field4 ,another ,illustration ,texan1 with a bigger field and more machines1 had a larger idea4 ,he set three tractors loose without drivers1 one behind the other4 ,away they went1 round and round4 ,if one traveled too fast and caught up with the one ahead1 they stopped4 ,the only work he had to do was go out and start them up again6 ,there have even been experiments in guiding plows by remote control radio1 the way airplanes can be guided4 ,the farmer just sits under a tree and pushes buttons in a control box4 ,,cotton ,,means ,,hard ,,work ,illustration ,cotton is a crop that has always taken an enormous amount of work4 ,even after cultivating machines were invented1 men had to go through the fields twice every year and hoe out weeds around the plants by hand4 ,one farmer rigged up a contraption that made hoeing easier4 ,he hitched an air compressor to his tractor and ran hoses from the compressor to four special hoes4 ,then the escaping air jiggled the hoes in the men's hands and saved the work of swinging them up and down4 ,illustration ,nowadays some of the big cotton farmers have an easier way of solving the problem4 ,they just keep the weeds from growing in the first place4 ,as the planting machine drops the cotton seeds1 it spreads weed killer along each side of the row4 ,this killer is a particular kind of chemical that keeps the weeds from sprouting1 but it does not hurt the cotton4 ,the only weeds that grow in the field come up between rows where it's easy for a cultivator to scratch them under4 ,at cotton picking time1 machines now do the work in many places4 ,cotton is ready to pick when the little round heads of white fluff called bolls break open4 ,not all the bolls on one plant burst at the same time4 ,a man who picks by hand can tell by looking which ones are ready4 ,of course the machine doesn't have eyes1 but its tiny barbed steel fingers catch up only the opened bolls4 ,the fingers are fixed on a turning drum4 ,they pluck the cotton from the plant1 carry it around to be pulled off and blown through a big pipe into a large basket behind the driver4 ,people have been trying for at least a hundred years to invent a perfect cotton picker1 and they haven't succeeded yet4 ,the machines still can't do as careful a job as skilled men and women can do by hand4 ,,spraying ,,machines ,nobody could possibly do by hand all of the spraying that protects farmers' crops4 ,mechanical sprayers come in many shapes and sizes4 ,the most usual sort for big fields travels along behind a tractor1 shooting chemicals out from nozzles in a pipe that is twenty or thirty or even sixty feet wide4 ,some of the special sprayers are queer looking machines4 ,one of them has six squirmy arms1 bent in different directions so that they get the chemicals underneath leaves and on top as well4 ,the kind that sprays fruit trees pumps chemicals out of twelve pipes at once4 ,it works so hard and fast that farmers call it a cyclone4 ,illustration ,then there is a sprayer that can be used for several different kinds of job4 ,one day the farmer hitches it up to a tank near cattle pens4 ,as the cattle walk down a narrow path between two fences1 he sprays them with a chemical that kills bothersome insects4 ,next day1 he may want to paint his fence4 ,so he rigs the machine up differently and shoots paint onto the boards4 ,,home ,,work ,all of this sounds as if everything that a farmer could need must have been invented by now4 ,the fact is that there are new inventions coming along all the time1 and farmers themselves make many of them4 ,every day in the week some farmer is likely to think up something he needs1 then go to work making it4 ,here is a sample3 ,illustration ,many farmers specialize in raising a kind of corn called hybrid corn4 ,in order to make it grow properly1 they must pick the tassels off the tops of some of the corn plants4 ,each tassel has to be picked by hand1 and it's a slow job in a big field4 ,so one farmer rigged up a machine that gives four tassel-pickers a comfortable ride all at the same time1 and it gets the job done much more than four times as fast as before4 ,illustration ,,wonderful ,,inventions ,it would take a whole book just to list the other machines that help different kinds of farmers4 ,but here are some that are fun to know about3 ,one clever contraption attached to a tractor grabs hold of nut trees and gives them a hard shaking4 ,the nuts fall on the ground1 ready for a kind of giant vacuum sweeper to come and suck them into a truck4 ,crops that grow underneath the earth need their own sort of harvesting machine4 ,there are potato diggers and many others4 ,the sugar beet digger works in a particularly clever way4 ,machine fingers feel for the beet tops4 ,they set off a knife which cuts the tops off while other fingers lift the beet out and put it on an elevator which removes the clods of dirt as it travels4 ,once in a while the machine makes a mistake and delivers a stone1 or a chunk of mud at the end of the elevator4 ,men do nothing but throw the junk away and let the beets slide into the truck that travels alongside4 ,illustration ,a farmer always has to keep an eye on what his implements are doing1 unless he has a helper who rides along on machines like this big reaper4 ,when the tractor ,illustration pulls a cultivator or a planter1 the driver must turn his head often to see how the work is going4 ,for a long time1 farmers complained that this was a pain in the neck1 and they really meant that their necks hurt from turning so much4 ,some of them actually went back to using horses1 because they could either walk or sit behind horse-drawn machines4 ,so the farm machine makers had to change as many of the machines as they could1 placing them beside the tractor or out in front where the driver can watch what is going on4 ,tractors themselves come in many sizes and shapes4 ,some are built very high off the ground so they can pass over tall crops without hurting the plants4 ,some have four wheels that can be pushed close together for work in one field and pulled wide apart for work in another4 ,some have three wheels4 ,mostly1 farmers buy tractors the way people buy automobiles4 ,they pick a model they happen to like and then argue that it's the best in the world4 ,of course1 a little light 8cub0 tractor is easier to handle than a big one1 but it can't do the hard work of a heavy model with huge rear wheels and tires4 ,and here's something about the tires--farmers often fill them with water instead of air to give them more weight when they grip the ground4 ,in winter1 these farmers must put antifreeze not only in the radiator but in the tires as well6 ,illustration ,on enormous farms where very heavy work must be done1 there are often crawler tractors to do it4 ,instead of tires they have caterpillar treads that give a better grip on the ground4 ,then they can pull a whole string of plows the way you see them in the picture1 staggered out behind4 ,this kind of tractor was first named caterpillar by only one manufacturer4 ,but people liked the idea1 and they began to call all crawlers caterpillars4 ,a caterpillar is powerful enough to push a snow plow1 too4 ,or it can bulldoze out a hole for a watering pond or a cellar for a new building4 ,,building ,,machines ,charlie is the man who can tell you about driving a caterpillar tractor4 ,he works in a city1 helping to put up big buildings1 and he knows how to use other construction machines1 too4 ,in fact1 ,charlie grew up with machines1 for his father and his uncles and his grandfather were construction workers4 ,it often happens that families pass along their knowledge of building from the older to the younger men1 and they are very proud of their skills4 ,charlie uses the caterpillar tractor with a bulldozer blade to push heaps of earth and rock into a pile1 ready for the shovel to load on a truck4 ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,people often call the shovel a 8steam shovel10 but that's not its right name4 ,you hardly ever see a real steam shovel any more4 ,years ago the big digging machines were driven by regular steam engines4 ,before they could start to work on a job1 the men had to build a fire in the boiler and wait until they had enough steam pressure to make the shovel go4 ,of course1 this wasted a lot of time4 ,so1 when very strong gasoline and ,diesel engines came along1 builders began using them for their shovels instead of steam engines4 ,many shovels and other construction machines ride to work on long gooseneck trailers4 ,they travel faster that way than they could on their own crawlers4 ,and1 in cities1 the caterpillar treads might damage the pavement4 ,to load and unload a shovel1 the operator sets a short ramp of heavy planks against the trailer4 ,then the shovel creeps up and down on its own crawlers4 ,the kind of shovel that's used on a job depends upon the work that must be done4 ,if a basement has to be dug through hard rocky earth1 ,charlie may operate a crowd shovel1 which crawls down into the hole4 ,the shovel has a heavy dipper with teeth along the rim4 ,when it digs1 it crowds its teeth down into the ground4 ,charlie1 sitting inside the cab1 called the house1 swings the dipper outward and up1 then dumps the load into a truck4 ,illustration ,another shovel digs in the opposite way4 ,it's called a pull shovel4 ,the teeth dig down and toward the driver4 ,it can work from a bank and doesn't have to go down inside the hole at all4 ,sometimes ,charlie uses a crane to get loose earth out of a hole4 ,the crane has a long boom with wheels at the tip4 ,cables run over the wheels4 ,charlie fastens a kind of bucket called a clamshell to the cables4 ,with its mouth open1 the clamshell drops down over a heap of rocks and earth4 ,then ,charlie starts machinery that pulls up on the cable4 ,the jaws of the clamshell squeeze together and come up with a load of earth4 ,now ,charlie swings the whole crane around till the clamshell is hanging above a truck4 ,he pulls a cable that opens the bucket1 and the earth and stone tumble out4 ,after the basement for a building has been dug1 ,charlie uses the crane for other jobs4 ,men hook the cables to heavy steel beams1 and ,charlie lifts them into position4 ,illustration ,no matter what he is doing1 he has a lot to watch out for4 ,he must know which of four brake pedals to use at any moment and which of four hand levers to pull4 ,one lever works the turntable which swings the whole house around4 ,one moves the boom up and down4 ,the other two control the cables4 ,illustration ,at the same time1 ,charlie must watch what's going on outside4 ,a man stands on the job giving signals4 ,thumbs up mean 8,take the boom up40 ,thumbs down mean 8,lower the boom40 ,when the signal man points up with his first finger1 it means 8,raise the cable40 ,if he wiggles the finger1 it means 8faster40 ,when ,charlie is lifting a beam and has to hold it for a while in the air1 he says he 8takes a strain and dogs it off40 ,dogging is his word for setting the brake on the cable4 ,things are always likely to fall around a construction job1 so the men who work on the ground have steel caps in their shoes to protect their toes4 ,they wear steel helmets on their heads1 too6 ,as the building goes up1 ,charlie's crane lifts loads higher and higher4 ,after a while he has to put a jib on the boom4 ,this is an extension that makes it longer4 ,when the building goes too high for his crane to reach1 ,charlie works another crane4 ,it sits on top of the building's framework and reaches down from there4 ,illustration ,after ,charlie lifts a big steel girder into position1 other men bolt it in place then fasten it tight with rivets4 ,a man called a heater gets the rivets red-hot in a fire4 ,using tongs1 he tosses them one at a time to the catcher who reaches for them--not with a mitt but with a kind of cup4 ,the catcher pokes a rivet in a hole1 and two other men fasten it tight4 ,one of them1 the bucker1 holds the rivet in position with a bar1 and the rivet man pounds the other end flat with a rivet gun4 7,the gun works like a jack hammer1 and it makes an awful racket47 ,when you're down in the street1 it's hard to realize that there may be a heavy wind blowing across the bare girders of a tall new building4 ,high in the air1 men have to keep their balance on narrow places and walk with sure feet4 ,there are families who specialize in work far above the solid ground4 ,boys learn from their fathers how to walk safely without being afraid--although almost everyone is frightened at first4 ,and1 of course1 everyone is careful4 ,in ,new ,york a group of ,mohawk ,indians have worked on many high buildings where men like ,charlie did the beginning work4 ,illustration ,illustration ,once in a while ,charlie helps to wreck an old building before putting up a new one4 ,first1 a crew of men go in and take away everything that can be used again or sold for junk4 ,with specially made crowbars1 they pry away floors and door frames4 ,they take out furnaces and plumbing fixtures4 ,then ,charlie gets to work with his crane4 ,at the end of a cable he fastens a heavy steel ball1 called a skull cracker4 ,then1 ,illustration swinging the boom1 he bashes the skull cracker into the wall of the old building4 ,over and over1 the ball strikes the mortar and bricks4 ,cracks spread1 and big chunks of the wall start tumbling to the ground4 ,in a little while ,charlie and his machine have made a heap of rubble out of a house that it took dozens of men to put up4 ,,building ,a ,,road ,illustration ,once ,charlie worked on a road-building job4 ,there he used a crane and a shovel and many other machines besides4 ,this particular road had to cross a big swamp near the ocean4 ,so the first problem was to fill up the swamp with something solid4 ,in order to get enough earth and rock for the fill1 men would have had to tear down a whole mountain4 ,instead they called in suction dredge machinery for the job4 ,the huge pumps sucked sand from the bottom of the sea and poured it through pipes onto the swampy ground4 ,when the water drained away1 millions of tons of fine white sand were left4 ,illustration ,charlie helped level the sand off with a bulldozer4 ,then he moved on to a place where a hilly spot had to be leveled4 ,there he drove a carrying scraper1 a machine with a scoop between its front wheels and its rear wheels4 ,the sharp scoop scraped up a load of earth1 and ,charlie drove off to dump it in a low spot4 ,when he got there1 a pusher blade at the back of the scoop pushed the earth out4 ,round and round he went1 without having to stop for loading or unloading4 ,other men used a different machine like the one in the picture4 ,this earth mover carried more in one load than the motor scraper1 and it was better for hauling earth longer distances4 ,for very short hauls1 ,charlie drove a fast little tractor4 ,at least it looked small compared to the giant machines4 ,it pushed a scoop in front of it like a shovel1 then lifted a load1 turned swiftly and dumped the earth where it was needed a few yards away4 ,charlie's road was going to be a special highway for speedy traffic4 ,in order to make it as safe as possible1 the crossroads had to be lifted up over the new highway4 ,crews of men built these overpasses4 ,first they used the huge earth-moving machines to make little hills on each side of the highway4 ,then they built bridges of concrete and steel between the hills4 ,at one place1 there were two houses on the exact spot where the hill for an overpass had to be made4 ,instead of tearing the houses down1 moving men just carried them away with the furniture still inside4 ,first they raised the houses off the ground with jacks4 ,next a tractor backed a wide1 low trailer up close to each house4 ,using special machinery and rollers1 the men ,illustration eased the whole building onto the trailers4 ,that same night1 the houses were set down on new foundations1 and the people went right on living in them4 ,at one place1 a big ledge of rock was in the way of the new road4 ,men called powder monkeys blasted the ledge to smithereens with explosive4 ,then ,charlie came in with his caterpillar tractor and a rock rake4 ,unlike a garden rake1 which you pull1 ,charlie's rock rake scratched up rocks and pushed them ahead of it4 ,he shoved all the loose chunks of stone away1 but several big ones were too far underground for the rake to pry them loose4 ,so ,charlie put a ripper on behind his tractor4 ,illustration ,illustration ,the ripper had strong prongs that could dig down deep and get a good hold on a boulder4 ,the frame that held the prongs was hollow4 ,for very heavy work1 ,charlie filled the hollow frame with sand to give it a lot of weight so the prongs wouldn't slip4 ,to pry out the very largest boulders1 ,charlie sometimes got another driver to hitch his caterpillar onto the ripper4 ,then the two tractors1 chugging together1 did the job4 ,after the bulldozers and scrapers and rakes had built a rough bed for the highway1 ,charlie helped to smooth it down and get it all ready for finishing4 ,he used a long six-wheel motor grader for the job4 ,the motor grader had its ,diesel engine in the rear1 above the four wheels that did the pushing4 ,the guiding wheels were way off at the front1 and in between was the scraping blade1 placed where ,charlie could watch it4 ,charlie could set the blade at almost any angle1 just as a barber can tilt a long-bladed razor4 ,and ,charlie was proud of the way he had left the road almost as smooth as a barber leaves a man's face4 ,illustration ,charlie could play tricks with the motor grader's front wheels1 too4 ,besides steering them in the ordinary way1 he often made them lean over toward the right or the left4 ,to look at them1 you'd think they were broken1 but they were only tilting to do a special job4 ,they were actually in a tug-of-war with the blade and the earth it was pushing4 ,the weight of the earth against the blade pulled the grader toward one side4 ,but the leaning of the wheels pulled in the opposite direction4 ,so the two pulls balanced each other4 ,charlie could guide the grader in a straight line without having a wrestling match with his steering wheel4 ,illustration ,charlie leaned his wheels when the grader went around a bend in the road1 too4 ,they helped the long machine to turn easily4 ,if he had to back into a ditch1 ,illustration ,illustration he didn't worry4 ,the great wheels adjusted themselves to the sloping earth4 ,all six wheels stayed on the ground1 and the machine never got hung up the way a four-wheeled automobile would4 ,illustration ,when the earth had been smoothed down1 it was time to put the hard surface on4 ,trucks brought in crushed rock to make a solid bed4 ,concrete mixers covered the rock with concrete4 ,and asphalt spreaders put a coat of asphalt on top4 ,wherever the asphalt wasn't spread evenly1 men with rakes finished the job by hand4 ,then came the tandem roller to pack it down and make the surface smooth4 ,a ,diesel engine moved the roller's great weight quickly back and forth over the asphalt4 ,in no time the road was as smooth as a table top4 ,if the driver wanted to1 he could turn his seat sideways4 ,then he could easily see whether he was guiding the roller straight forward and straight back4 ,illustration ,many people call road rollers 8steam rollers40 ,that's because the first ones really were driven by steam engines4 ,men have a lot less fuss and bother with a modern ,diesel-engined tandem4 ,there's no need to start the fire or shovel coal to keep steam up4 ,you can still see some steam rollers at work1 though1 because they are strong machines that last a long time4 ,but when one wears out1 it is replaced with a modern roller4 ,after the roller finished smoothing all the asphalt down1 ,charlie's road was ready for traffic1 but the job still wasn't quite done4 ,all along the highway the machines had left bare banks of earth4 ,these had to be protected from the weather--just the way a house is protected with a coat of paint4 ,the best coat for the earth is grass of one kind or another4 ,so ,charlie turned gardener4 ,in some places he used the motor grader again to prepare the soil so that seed could be planted4 ,with the blade of his grader hung away out at the side and pointed up in the air1 he smoothed off the steep banks4 ,running along the edge of the road1 he filled in the soft shoulders4 ,illustration ,then a seed-planter sowed the grass4 ,and finally ,charlie used the strangest machine of all4 ,it chugged and puffed and spit out great mouthfuls of hay1 which fell over the newly-planted grass6 ,the hay protected the grass seed and kept it moist until its roots were growing strongly in the soil4 ,,more ,,road ,,work ,the road was finished now1 but some of the machines still had work ahead of them4 ,in fact1 road work is never ended4 ,all summer long1 tractors pull mowing machines beside the highways1 cutting the grass4 ,brush and small trees must be kept cleared away so that drivers can see ahead4 ,in winter1 the motor graders and the snow plows can keep the road clear4 ,but in places where heavy snow piles up into drifts1 caterpillar tractors often push special snow plows that eat through the drifts with powerful whirling blades4 ,with one motion these plows dig out the snow and throw it off to one side of the road4 ,illustration ,the caterpillar treads work better in snow than wheels with tires4 ,so the 8cats0 are used all winter long in the ,far ,north4 ,there they even pull whole trailer trains on runners4 ,the one in the picture is hauling ,muskeg schooners1 which are really trailer houses on sleds4 ,muskeg is an ,indian word for swamp4 ,the cats pull the schooners over frozen1 snow-covered swamps4 ,you may wonder why anyone wants to use a trailer home in the roadless wastes of the ,far ,north4 ,the fact is that men work there the year round1 prospecting for oil4 ,when they think they have located oil there or anywhere else1 well-drilling machinery goes to work4 ,,drilling ,,machines ,everybody knows that oil wells and derricks go together4 ,the tall derrick towers are needed to hoist drilling equipment in and out of the hole4 ,illustration ,when men start to drill a well1 they fasten a cutting tool1 called a bit1 to a piece of pipe which hangs upright in the derrick4 ,machinery turns the whole thing round and round1 so that the bit grinds down into the earth4 ,when one length of pipe1 called a joint1 has almost disappeared into the hole1 men screw another joint onto the top of it4 ,now the engine turns the double-length pipe1 and the bit digs down deeper4 ,men1 working on the floor and high up in the derrick1 hoist more and more joints into position and screw them together as the bit goes on down4 ,after a while1 the bit gets dull4 ,a new one must be put on4 ,so1 strong cables that run over wheels at the top of the derrick begin lifting the whole string of pipe out4 ,joint by joint1 they unscrew the pipe and stack it out of the way4 ,when the last joint comes up1 men change the bit4 ,then back the pipe goes1 joint after joint1 into the hole4 ,wells must often be drilled more than two miles deep before the bit breaks through into an underground reservoir of oil4 ,that means that the string of drilling pipe must be two miles long4 ,the machines that help to handle it are very strong1 but on many rigs1 men have to use their own muscles a great deal1 too4 ,for deep drilling1 the most modern rigs have a lot of fine new machinery4 ,automatic tongs take a tight grip on the drilling pipe when it is being unscrewed4 ,men used to work the tongs by hand4 ,mechanical hands ,illustration now keep the bottom joints from dropping back into the hole1 and arms high up in the derrick do the job of stacking the pipe4 ,the skillful men who work with the pipes and the machinery call themselves roughnecks4 ,the driller is the one who actually controls the drilling pipe4 ,he never says he is digging a well4 ,he says he is 8making hole40 ,illustration ,almost all deep wells are now drilled by the turning pipe and bit1 which are called a rotary rig4 ,but sometimes you can see an old-fashioned cable rig at work4 ,it makes hole with a bit that pounds its way down into earth and rock4 ,a cable raises the bit1 and then lets it fall down with a bang that chips away a hole4 ,on both kinds of rig1 the hole is cleaned out with water4 ,the water turns the rock dust into mud1 which is then pumped out4 ,the cable rig idea is about two thousand years old6 ,that long ago ,chinese drillers made water wells1 salt wells and even oil wells4 ,the picture shows what one of these ancient rigs was like4 ,look first of all at the long board attached to the rope that goes up over a roller and down into the well4 ,then look at the platform behind the board4 ,men jumped from this platform down onto the board4 ,that jerked on the rope and pulled the drilling bit up in the well hole4 ,when a man jumped off the board1 the bit fell down and chipped away some rock4 ,round and round a whole crew of men raced1 jumping onto the board and climbing back onto the platform as fast as they could4 ,still it took a long time to drill a well--sometimes as long as ten years4 ,illustration ,now look at the big wheel turned by a bull at the right4 ,this wheel lifted the pipe made of hollow bamboo that you see at the left4 ,the pipe was actually a bailer4 ,every once in a while the men poured water into the hole1 let the bailer down and hauled up mud4 ,then the bit could go on drilling4 ,oil workers today still call the wheel which winds up cable 8the bull wheel40 ,,pipeline ,,machines ,when a well brings in oil1 a new group of men and machines go to work4 ,they lay a pipeline1 through which the oil can be pumped to factories called refineries4 ,some pipelines are hundreds of miles long4 ,after surveyors have decided just where the line should go1 bulldozers clear away brush1 push over trees1 heave big boulders to one side1 making a wide pathway across country4 ,in many places1 the pathway is good enough for trucks to follow4 ,they bring in lengths of pipe and lay them down end to end4 ,where the going is rough1 a caterpillar tractor carries the pipe1 one length at a time1 hanging from a side-boom4 ,now welding crews go to work fastening the ends of the pipe-lengths together4 ,when they have finished1 the 8hot-dope gang0 comes along4 ,they are men who cover the pipe with a wrapping and then with a hot asphalt mixture to protect the metal4 ,meantime1 a wonderful machine called a trencher has been at work4 ,this is a cat attached to a rig which ,illustration ,illustration looks very much like an old-fashioned water wheel4 ,each bucket on the wheel has steel teeth4 ,the cat turns the wheel and pulls it forward4 ,the buckets scoop up earth1 and spill it out onto a belt that dumps it in a heap at one side4 ,the trencher plugs ahead1 uphill and down1 digging a ditch just the right width and depth4 ,following behind the trencher1 cats with booms hoist up the snaky pipeline and ease it over into the trench4 ,finally1 bulldozers backfill the trench4 ,that is1 they cover the pipe with the dirt that the trencher left alongside4 ,on one job1 the men had to work at top speed in the desert and in rocky1 mountainous country4 ,they were all so glad they'd finally succeeded in getting the pipeline built that they put on a celebration4 ,whooping and hollering1 they tossed their sweat-stained hats into the trench in front of the bulldozer as it backfilled the last few feet of earth4 ,illustration ,even after that there was one more tool that had work to do before oil could be pumped through their pipeline4 ,it is a peculiar gadget that looks like a bunch of cowboy spurs hooked up with pieces of tin can and some old plates4 ,the weird contraption is called the go-devil1 and it has the job of traveling1 perhaps hundreds of miles1 inside the pipe1 pushing out anything that could clog the line4 ,water pumped into the line behind the go-devil forces it through the pipe4 ,in one line1 the go-devil brought out chunks of wood1 pieces of rock--and several rabbits1 skunks and rattlesnakes that had decided the pipe would make good headquarters6 ,now the powerful pumps could go to work shoving oil through the line4 ,,mining ,,machinery ,oil pumps today are much better and stronger than the first pumps ever built1 but they are direct descendants of the ones that were invented for use in ,english coal mines long ago4 ,in fact1 those early pumps were the great-granddaddies of all modern machines4 ,illustration ,illustration ,coal miners in ,england had dug so far beneath the surface of the earth that the shafts and tunnels were in danger of filling up with water4 ,neither manpower nor the power of horses hitched to pumps could do the tremendous job of keeping the mines dry4 ,something much stronger was needed4 ,in order to find a new kind of power1 inventors began experimenting with steam4 ,the first workable steam engines were made to pump out coal mines more than two hundred years ago4 ,after a while steam engines began to pull trains over rails and drive ships through the water4 ,they ran threshing machines on farms4 ,then inventors used their new knowledge about power to make other kinds of engines driven by gasoline or electricity or oil4 ,illustration ,at last some of this new machinery began to work its way back into the mines4 ,power driven elevators carried the men up and down shafts to their work4 ,but the miners still did all the coal digging and loading by hand4 ,today many miners use power-driven drills for digging4 ,mechanical loaders pick up the loose coal and put it into small cars on the tracks in the tunnel4 ,a little electric locomotive pulls the cars away to the elevator which hoists them up above ground4 ,the most remarkable digger of all is the one you'll see on the next page4 ,it rolls along a track deep underground until it comes to the place where its operator wants to cut coal4 ,he pushes a control1 and the machine's long neck reaches up4 ,the cutting head1 at the end of the neck1 starts biting into the coal4 ,the head does its work much faster and easier than men with hand tools ever could4 ,illustration ,outside the mine1 machines sort the coal according to size and load it into railroad cars4 ,illustration ,unloading machinery empties the cars in many places1 too4 ,there's one coal yard where a woman1 pushing buttons1 controls machines that do everything--unload cars1 store the coal according to its size in tall bins1 and load the trucks that will deliver it to customers4 ,this is how the yard works3 ,each railroad car empties its coal in a stream onto a moving belt4 ,the belt carries the coal to a machine called a giraffe1 which works like an escalator4 ,the giraffe lifts the coal into a tall hopper4 ,illustration ,the woman who runs the coal yard sits in an office with a big window1 where she can look out and see everything that's going on4 ,when a truck has backed up to a hopper1 ready to load1 she pushes a button4 ,coal drops down out of the hopper onto another giraffe which lifts it into the body of the truck4 ,as soon as the truck is filled1 push goes a button and the loading stops4 ,,loaders1 ,,lifters ,,and ,,such ,moving belt machines work at other jobs1 too4 ,they load sand into trucks and cargo into ships4 ,on some piers1 huge vacuum cleaners empty ships full of sugar or wheat4 ,at ports on the ,great ,lakes1 machines reach down into ore-carrying ships and unload them with great speed4 ,at the end of each of these unloaders hangs a clamshell bucket4 ,just above the bucket is a little room where a man sits and watches what goes on4 ,he signals to the operator1 telling him just where to drop the bucket so it can pick up a mouthful of ore4 ,the ship can be unloaded by two men who do nothing but signal to each other and push levers4 ,but usually there are several machines working at the same time so that the job goes as quickly as possible4 ,when iron ore has been turned into steel bars or wheels or gears1 another kind of lifter can handle them4 ,this one does its work with a huge electro-magnet that holds heavy weights when electricity is running through it4 ,the operator drops the magnet onto the load of iron or steel that he wants to lift4 ,then he turns on the electricity which makes the magnet and the piece of metal stick together4 ,the operator moves the load wherever it is supposed to go4 ,then he turns off the electricity4 ,the magnet lets loose and is ready for another job4 ,,machines ,,for ,,lumber1 ,,too ,machines dug and loaded and delivered the coal that keeps your house warm4 ,machines helped cut the lumber that went into building your house1 too4 ,far out in the woods1 power-driven saws sliced quickly through the trunks of great trees4 ,caterpillar tractors hauled the logs out along rough forest trails4 ,perhaps the cats1 using booms1 lifted the logs onto extra-long trailers behind trucks and started them on the way to the sawmill4 ,or the cats may have snaked the logs to a river so they could float downstream to a sawmill4 ,illustration ,no matter how the logs reached the sawmill1 they were put at last onto belts which pushed them against huge whirling saws4 ,a whole set of saws1 all whining and screaming at once1 turned the thick log into boards4 ,other machines planed the boards to make them smooth and then cut them to exactly the right sizes4 ,finally lift-trucks picked up great piles of board at once1 whizzed them away and hoisted them elevator-fashion into high stacks4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,brain ,,power ,illustration ,the operators of most machines sit where they can see what they are doing1 or where they can get signals from helpers4 ,but there is one that does things in a new way4 ,its operator just watches television in his cab4 ,he never sees the parts of his machine at work4 ,instead1 he looks at the television screen4 ,a television camera on the roof of the building photographs what is going on below4 ,this is what the eye of the camera sees3 ,one machine that gathers up pieces of scrap metal and dumps them into a squeezer2 the squeezer that presses the scraps into neat bundles2 a conveyor that loads the bundles into a railroad car4 ,the operator watches the moving picture4 ,then he pushes levers that control the loaders and other levers that send a car on its way when it is full4 ,the only thing he can't do is switch on a regular ,,tv program and watch a show while he works6 ,illustration ,the time may come when people who operate other kinds of machines will find television helpful in many ways4 ,meantime1 scientists who know how television works also know how to make the most wonderful machines of all4 ,instead of saving muscle-power1 these machines save brain-power4 ,they solve very complicated mathematical problems at lightning speed4 ,in fact1 they are called 8thinking machines40 ,they add1 subtract1 multiply1 divide and do figuring that many college professors can't even do4 ,partly for fun1 and partly to discover new things1 the thinking-machine experts have also invented mechanical animals4 ,they've made turtles that can walk all around a room without bumping into anything4 ,they've made a little wire-whiskered mechanical mouse that can actually sniff about until it finds something it is supposed to find--just the way a real mouse sniffs out a piece of cheese4 ,the machine-mouse even 8remembers0 where it went1 and it runs straight to its cheese the next time4 ,the machines you've read about in this book are mostly outdoor machines1 operated by one man or a small crew of men4 ,these are only a few of the marvellous inventions that you can find at work every day4 ,of course1 there are hundreds and thousands of others in factories1 making cloth1 shaping automobile parts1 printing books1 doing the important work the world needs done4 ,but1 no matter how marvellous and complicated they are1 they will never be as wonderful as the men who have invented them and built them and used them4 ,when we talk about machines1 we're really talking about people4 ,,funny ,,names ,some machines resemble animals in the way they look or the things they do1 and so they have animal names4 ,besides the caterpillar with its crawler treads and the crane with its long neck1 here are some others3 ,illustration ,,alligator ,,grab--a tool used to pick up things that get dropped into oil well holes4 ,,camel-,,back ,,crane--this one has a hump in its boom4 ,,fishtail ,,bit--a drilling tool which is shaped like a fish's tail4 ,,kangaroo ,,plow--a plow equipped with strong springs so it can hop over rocks or tree stumps1 instead of getting caught on them4 ,,sheep',s ,,foot ,,tamper--a heavy road roller with spikes that pack earth down1 the way a flock of sheep does4 ,,worm ,,loader--a long screw that twists round and round to push its load along4 ,,index airplane duster1 #bf asphalt spreader1 #fe bailer1 #cd baler1 automatic1 #bf-bg beet digger1 #db bit1 #fi blower1 #bh boom1 #i1 #di1 #ea1 #ee1 #gd1 #he 8box seat10 #bb bucker1 #ec bulldozer1 #de1 #ee1 #eg1 #fa1 #fg1 #gd1 #gg bull wheel1 #gc1 #gd cable rig1 #gb catcher1 #ec caterpillar1 #de1 #df1 #fj1 #fg1 #fh1 #gd1 #gg1 #he cats1 #fh cement mixer1 #fe chicken picker1 #bd-be ,chinese drillers1 #gc-gd chisel plow1 #cb clamshell1 #di1 #hd coal digger1 #ha coal loaders1 #ha coal mining1 #i1 #gh-hc corn cutter1 #be corn picking machine1 #ba corn planter1 #ai cotton picker1 #cg-ch cotton planter1 #cg crane1 #aj1 #di-eb1 #ed1 #he crawler tractor1 #de crawlers1 #aj1 #dh1 #di crowd shovel1 #di 8cub0 tractor1 #dd cultivator1 #ba cutter heads1 #ae cutting head1 #ha cyclone1 #ci derrick1 #fi ,diesel engine1 #dg dipper1 #di 8dogging10 #eb dredges1 #ad-ae driller1 #gb driverless plow1 #cb-ce earth mover1 #eh egg machinery1 #bd egg sorter1 #bd electro-magnet1 #hd escalators1 #hc-hd farm machines1 #ah-de giraffe1 #hc go-devil1 #gg-gh gooseneck trailer1 #dh grader1 #fa-fd grass planter1 #bf harrow1 #ah hay baler1 #bf-bg hay blower1 #fg hay rake1 #bg hay stacker1 #bh-bi heater1 #ec hoe1 compressed air1 #cf1 #cg 8hot-dope gang10 #gd house1 #di house moving1 #eh jackhammers1 #ab jib1 #eb joint1 #gj lumbering machinery1 #he-hf magnet crane1 #hd 8making hole10 #gb manure scoop1 #bd mechanical mouse1 #hi milking machine1 #bi-cb mining1 machinery #gh-hc motor grader1 #fa-fd1 #fg motor scraper1 #eg mowing machine1 #bf ,muskeg schooner1 #fi nut harvester1 #da oil wells1 #fi-gd ore unloaders1 #hd overhead crane1 #aj 8package job10 #bb piggy-back crane1 #aj pile driver1 #ac pipelines1 #gd-gh plow1 #ag1 #ah1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce post-hole digger1 #af potato digger1 #db powder monkey1 #fj power shovel1 #dg-dh pull-shovel1 #di pumps1 #gh-hj reaper1 #bb1 #db rig1 #gj ripper1 #fa rivet gun1 #ec rivet man1 #ec road building machines1 #ee-fh rock crusher1 #ab rock rake1 #fj rotary rig1 #gb rotolactor1 #cj-cb roughnecks1 #gb scraper1 #fa seed planter1 #fg shovel1 #i1 #dg-dh1 #di signals1 #eb1 #hd1 #hh silage blower1 #bf skull cracker1 #ed snow plow1 #de1 #fg spraying machines1 #ch-ci spud1 #ae squeezer1 #hi steam engines1 #hj steam roller1 #ff steam shovel1 #dg-dh suction dredge1 #eg tandem roller1 #fe tassel picker1 #dj-da television1 #hh1 #hi 8thinking machines10 #hi tomato planter1 #bb tongs1 #gj tractor1 #ag1 #ah1 #dd1 #de1 #eh1 #fa trailer houses1 #fi tree-dozer1 #ag tree-shaker1 #da trencher1 #gd-gg turntable1 #ea turtle1 #hi two-gang plow1 #ah vacuum unloaders1 #hd welding crew1 #gd well drilling1 #fi-gd wheat planting machine1 #bb windrower1 #bg wrecker1 #ed ,illustration ,the author and the artist wish to thank the following for their help in making this book possible3 ,miss ,elsie ,eaves1 ,manager1 ,business ,news ,department1 ,engineering ,news-,record2 ,margaret ,gossett2 ,mr4 ,harold ,spitzer2 ,the ,lamp1 published by the ,standard ,oil ,company 7,new ,jersey72 the ,caterpillar ,corp42 the ,general ,motors ,corp41 the ,new ,jersey ,bell ,telephone ,co42 the ,florida ,land ,clearing ,equipment ,co42 the ,walker-,gordon ,laboratory ,co42 the many manufacturers of digging1 road-building and other specialized machines2 a bumper crop of tractor and farm implement makers2 and farmer friends who proudly showed their equipment in action4 99 99 99 99 99 #a4ej ,,machines ,,at ,,work ,by ,mary ,elting ,illustrated by ,laszlo ,roth ,there are machines to dig1 to hammer1 to push--to do every kind of heavy job and to make work thousands of times easier and faster4 ,on farms1 in the mines1 in cities where huge buildings are built and out in the woods where powerdriven saws slice through great trees1 many kinds of special machines do many kinds of remarkable jobs4 ,can you imagine a giant shovel so huge that it took #de freight cars to haul it from factory to mine8 ,do you know that there is a machine that plucks the feathers off chickens1 ones that pick corn1 dig potatoes8 ,inventors of machines work on everything--they even had fun making a mechanical mouse that can sniff about until it finds a piece of 8cheese0 and then 8remember0 and run straight to it next time6 ,as marvelous and complicated as all these machines are1 the author points out that no inventions will ever be as wonderful as the men who invented them--and the men who make them work4 ,you will find this book an exciting companion to ,,trains ,,at ,,work1 ,,ships ,,at ,,work1 ,,trucks ,,at ,,work4 ,garden ,city ,books ,garden ,city1 ,new ,york 99 99 99 99 99 ,,trucks ,,at ,,work ,by ,mary ,elting ,illustrated by ,ursula ,koering ,this is a book about the sort of trucks that you see every day1 as well as the most wonderful out-of-the-way trucks that you may not yet have discovered4 ,it tells of city trucks1 with their endless and fascinating cargoes1 trucks that help on the farm1 and trucks that rumble along the country roads hauling anything from horse-stables to houses4 ,the author also tells you how the drivers arrange their routes1 and how they learned to foil hijackers--and the pictures will tell you just as much as the text4 ,you can see how a truck is loaded so that nothing gets smashed or spoilt2 and how a truck ,roadeo tests the skill of the men who drive the huge trailer rigs4 ,there is lots of fun here besides useful information4 ,garden ,city ,books ,garden ,city1 ,new ,york 99 99 99 99 99 ,,four ,,informative ,,books ,illustration3 ,,trucks ,,at ,,work ,every kind of truck4444 loads they haul1 the way the drivers4444 arrange their routes1 how to foil4444 hijackers and how a truck ,roadeo4444 is run are vividly presented in story and colorful pictures4 ,,illustrated ,,by ,,ursula ,,koering ,illustration3 ,,ships ,,at ,,work ,freighters and tankers1 tugs and giant ocean liners are shown in action4 ,vivid text and colorful pictures take you right through the world of ships and show you the life of the men who sail them4 ,,illustrated ,,by ,,manning ,,de ,v4 ,,lee ,illustration3 ,,trains ,,at ,,work ,many different kinds of locomotives1 trains and special cars are all shown in action4 ,you can see the different jobs engineers1 brakemen and signalmen do4 ,colorful pictures show railroading realistically and in full detail4 ,,illustrated ,,by ,,david ,,lyle ,,millard ,,machines ,,at ,,work ,machines that dig1 hammer1 push--in non-technical language1 the author explains the fascinating things they do1 how they work and something about the men who run them4 ,full-color pictures show each machine in action4 ,,illustrated ,,by ,,laszlo ,,roth ,,all ,,by ,,mary ,,elting ,,garden ,,city ,,books--,,garden ,,city--,,new ,,york