,,peeps ,,at ,,heraldry ,,agents ,,america ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company #fd #ff ,,fifth ,,avenue1 ,,new ,,york ,,australasia ,,oxford ,,university ,,press #bje ,,flinders ,,lane1 ,,melbourne ,,canada ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company ,,of ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,st4 ,,martin',s ,,house1 #gj ,,bond ,,street1 ,,toronto ,,india ,,macmillan ,,company1 ,,ltd4 ,,macmillan ,,building1 ,,bombay #cji ,,bow ,,bazaar ,,street1 ,,calcutta ,illustration3 ,,plate #a4 ,,herald1 ,,showing ,,tabard ,,originally ,,worn ,,over ,,mail ,,armour4 ,illustration3 ,,peeps ,,at ,,heraldry ,,by ,,ph,,oe,,be ,,allen ,,containing #h ,,full-,,page ,,illustrations ,,in ,,colour ,,and ,,numerous ,,line ,,drawings ,,in ,,the ,,text ,,london ,,adam ,,and ,,charles ,,black #aiab ,,to ,,my ,,cousin ,,elizabeth ,,maud ,,alexander ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i4 ,,an ,,introductory ,,talk ,,about ,,heraldry #a ,,ii4 ,,the ,,shield--,,its ,,form1 ,,points1 ,,and ,,tinctures #h ,,iii4 ,,divisions ,,of ,,the ,,shield #af ,,iv4 ,,the ,,blazoning ,,of ,,armorial ,,bearings #bd ,v4 ,,common ,,or ,,miscellaneous ,,charges #ca ,,vi4 ,,animal ,,charges #ci ,,vii4 ,,animal ,,charges 7,,continued7 #dg ,,viii4 ,,animal ,,charges 7,,continued7 #ef ,,ix4 ,,inanimate ,,objects ,,as ,,charges #fc ,x4 ,,quartering ,,and ,,marshalling #gj ,,xi4 ,,five ,,coats ,,of ,,arms #gd ,,xii4 ,,pennons1 ,,banners1 ,,and ,,standards #hj ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,plate #a4 ,,herald ,,showing ,,tabard1 ,,originally ,,worn ,,over ,,mail ,,armour frontispiece ,,facing ,,page #b4 ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,leinster #h ,arms3 ,arg4 saltire gu4 ,crest3 ,monkey statant ppr41 environed round the loins and chained or4 ,supporters3 ,two monkeys environed and chained or4 ,motto3 ,crom a boo4 #c4 ,,marquis ,,of ,,hertford #af ,arms3 ,quarterly1 #ast and #dth1 or on a pile gu41 between #f fleurs-de-lys az41 #c lions passant guardant in pale or2 #bnd and #crd gu41 #b wings conjoined in lure or4 ,seymour4 ,crest3 ,out of a ducal coronet or a phoenix ppr4 ,supporters3 ,two blackamoors4 ,motto3 ,fide et amore4 #d4 ,,the ,,earl ,,of ,,scarborough #da ,arms3 ,arg4 a fesse gu4 between #c parrots vert1 collared of the second4 ,crest3 ,a pelican in her piety4 ,supporters3 ,two parrots1 wings inverted vert4 ,motto3 ,murus aneus conscientia sana4 #e4 ,,baron ,,hawke #dh ,arms3 ,arg4 a chevron erminois between three pilgrim's staves purpure4 ,crest3 ,a hawk1 wings displayed and inverted ppr41 belled and charged on the breast with a fleur-de-lys or4 ,supporters3 ,dexter1 ,neptune2 sinister1 a sea-horse4 ,motto3 ,strike4 #f4 ,,sir ,,william ,,herschel #gc ,arms3 ,arg4 on mount vert1 representation of the #dj feet reflecting telescope with its apparatus ppr41 on a chief az41 the astronomical symbol of ,uranus irradiated or4 ,crest3 ,a demi-terrestrial sphere ppr41 thereon an eagle1 wings elevated or4 ,motto3 ,coelis exploratis4 #g4 ,,the ,,flags ,,of ,,great ,,britain #hj 7#a7 ,the ,union ,jack1 7#b7 ,the ,royal ,standard4 #h4 ,a ,,crusader ,,in ,,mail ,,armour on the cover ,also fifty-five small black and white illustrations throughout the text4 444 ,the noble science once ,the study and delight of every gentleman4 ,and thus the story ,of great deeds was told4 ,,peeps ,,at ,,heraldry ,,chapter ,i ,,an ,,introductory ,,talk ,,about ,,heraldry ,what is heraldry8 ,the art of heraldry1 or armoury1 as the old writers called it1 consists in blazoning the arms and telling the descent and history of families by certain pictorial signs4 ,thus from age to age an authenticated register of genealogies has been kept and handed on from generation to generation4 ,the making and keeping of these records have always been the special duty of a duly appointed herald4 ,perhaps you think that explanation of heraldry sounds rather dull1 but you will soon find out that very much that is interesting and amusing1 too1 is associated with the study of armorial bearings4 ,for heraldry1 which1 you know1 was reckoned as one of the prime glories of chivalry1 is the language that keeps alive the golden deeds done in the world1 and that is why those who have once learnt its secrets are always anxious to persuade others to learn them too4 ,although1 says the old writer1 ,montague2 our ancestors were little given to study1 they held a knowledge of heraldry to be indispensable1 because they considered that it was the outward sign of the spirit of chivalry and the index also to a lengthy chronicle of doughty deeds4 ,now1 it is in a language that is all its own that heraldry tells its stories1 and it is unlike any other in which history has been written4 ,this language1 as expressed in armorial bearings1 contains no words1 no letters1 even1 for signs and devices do the work of words1 and very well they do it4 ,and as almost every object1 animate and inanimate1 under the sun was used to compose this alphabet1 we shall find as we go on that not only are the sun1 moon and stars1 the clouds and the rainbow1 fountains and sea1 rocks and stones1 trees and plants of all kinds1 fruits and grain1 pressed into the service of this heraldic language1 but that all manner of living creatures figure as well in this strange alphabet1 from tiny insects1 such as bees and flies and butterflies1 to the full-length representations of angels1 kings1 bishops1 and warriors4 ,mythical creatures--dragons and cockatrices1 and even mermaidens--have also found their way into heraldry1 just as we find traditions and legends still lingering in the history of nations1 like the pale ghosts of old-world beliefs4 ,and as though heavenly bodies and plants and animals were not sufficient for their purpose1 heralds added yet other letters to their alphabet in the shape of crowns1 maces1 rings1 musical instruments1 ploughs1 scythes1 spades1 wheels1 spindles1 lamps1 etc4 ,each of these signs1 as you can easily understand1 told a story of its own1 as did also the towers1 castles1 arches1 bridges1 bells1 cups1 ships1 anchors1 hunting-horns1 spears1 bows1 arrows1 and many other objects1 which1 with their own special meaning1 we shall gradually find introduced into the language of heraldry4 ,but perhaps by now you are beginning to wonder how you can possibly learn one-half of what all these signs are meant to convey1 but you will not wonder about that long1 for heraldry has its own well-arranged grammar1 and grammar1 as you know1 means fixed rules which are simple guides for writing or speaking a language correctly4 ,moreover1 happily both for teacher and learner1 the fish and birds and beasts 7as well as all the other objects we have just mentioned7 do not come swarming on to our pages in shoals and flocks and herds1 but we have to do with them either singly or in twos and threes4 ,now1 even those people who know nothing about heraldry are quite familiar with the term1 a coat of arms4 ,they know1 too1 that it means the figure of a shield1 marked and coloured in a variety of ways1 so as to be distinctive of individuals1 families1 etc4 ,but why do we speak of it as a coat of arms when there is nothing to suggest such a term8 ,i will tell you4 ,in the far-away days of quite another age1 heraldry was so closely connected with warlike exploits1 and its signs and tokens were so much used on the battle-field to distinguish friends from foes1 that each warrior wore his own special badge1 embroidered on the garment or surcoat which covered his armour1 as well as1 later on1 upon the shield which he carried into battle4 ,and this reminds us of the poor ,earl of ,gloucester's fate at the ,battle of ,bannockburn4 ,for1 having forgotten to put on his surcoat1 he was slain by the enemy1 though we are told that the ,scottes would gladly have kept him for a ransom had they only recognized him for the ,earl1 but he had forgot to put on his coat of armour6 ,on the other hand1 we have good reason to remember that the flower of knighthood1 ,sir ,john ,chandos1 lost his life because he did wear his white sarcenet robe emblazoned with his arms4 ,for it was because his feet became entangled in its folds 7as ,froissart tells us7 in his encounter with the ,french on the ,bridge of ,lussac1 that he stumbled on the slippery ground on that early winter's morning1 and thus was quickly despatched by the enemy's blows4 ,now1 the principal end for which these signs were first taken up and put in use1 says ,guillim1 was that they might serve as notes and marks to distinguish tribes1 families and particular persons from the other4 ,nor was this their only use4 ,they also served to describe the nature1 quality1 and disposition of their bearer4 ,sir ,g4 ,mackenzie goes farther1 and declares that heraldry was invented1 or1 at any rate1 kept up1 for two chief purposes3 ,first1 in order to perpetuate the memory of great actions and noble deeds4 ,secondly1 that governors might have the means of encouraging others to perform high exploits by rewarding their deserving subjects by a cheap kind of immortality4 7,to our ears that last sentence sounds rather disrespectful to the honour of heraldry47 ,thus1 for example1 ,king ,robert the ,bruce gave armorial bearings to the ,house of ,wintoun1 which represented a falling crown supported by a sword1 to show that its members had supported the crown in its distress1 while to one ,veitch he gave a bullock's head1 to remember posterity that the bearer had succoured the ,king with food in bringing some bullocks to the camp1 when he was in want of provisions4 ,some derive their names as well as their armorial bearings from some great feat that they may have performed4 ,thus3 ,the son of ,struan ,robertson for killing of a wolf in ,stocket ,forest by a durk--dirk--in the ,king's presence1 got the name of ,skein1 which signifies a dirk in ,irish1 and three durk points in pale for his arms4 ,we shall meet with numbers of other instances in heraldry where armorial bearings were bestowed upon the ancestors of their present bearers for some special reason1 which is thereby commemorated4 ,indeed1 it is most interesting and amusing to collect the legends as well as the historical facts which explain the origin and meaning of different coats of arms4 ,here are a few instances of some rather odd charges4 7,a charge is the heraldic term given to any object which is charged1 or represented1 on the shield of a coat of arms47 ,to begin with the ,redman family3 ,they bear three pillows1 the origin of which ,guillim explains--viz43 ,this coat of arms is given to the ,redman family for this reason3 ,having been challenged to single combat by a stranger1 and the day and the place for that combat having been duly fixed1 ,redman being more forward than his challenger1 came so early to the place that he fell asleep in his tent1 whilst waiting for the arrival of his foe4 ,the people being meanwhile assembled and the hour having struck1 the trumpets sounded to the combat1 whereupon ,redman1 suddenly awakening out of his sleep1 ran furiously upon his adversary and slew him4 ,and so the pillows were granted to him as armorial bearings1 to remind all men of the doughty deed which he awakened from sleep to achieve4 ,in many cases the charges on a coat of arms reflect the name or the calling of the bearer4 ,when this happens they are called allusive arms1 sometimes also canting1 which latter word is a literal translation of the ,french term1 armes chantantes1 although1 as a matter of fact1 armes parlantes is a more usual term4 ,here are some examples of allusive arms4 ,the ,pyne family bear three pineapples1 the ,herrings bear three herrings1 one1 ,camel of ,devon1 bears a camel passant2 the ,oxendens bear three oxen2 ,sir ,thomas ,elmes bears five elm-leaves2 three soles figure on the coat of arms of the ,sole family1 and to the description of the last armorial charge1 old ,guillim quaintly adds3 ,by the delicateness of his taste1 the sole hath gained the name of the partridge of the sea4 ,the arms of the ,abbot of ,ramsey furnish1 perhaps1 one of the most glaring examples of canting heraldry1 for on his shield a ram is represented struggling in the sea6 ,on the shield of the ,swallow family we find the mast of a ship with all its rigging disappearing between the capacious jaws of a whale1 whilst the ,bacons bear a boar4 ,but whoever designed the coat of arms of a certain ,squire ,malherbe must have surely been in rather a spiteful mood1 and certainly had a turn for punning4 ,for on that gentleman's shield we find three leaves of the stinging-nettle boldly charged6 ,in the armorial bearings of the ,butler family we see allusion made to their calling in the charge of three covered cups1 which commemorates the historical fact that the ancestor of the present ,marquis of ,ormonde1 ,theobald ,walter by name1 was made ,chief ,butler of ,ireland by ,henry ,,ii4 in #aaga1 an office which was held by seven successive generations of the ,ormonde family4 ,the family of ,call charge their shield very appropriately with three silver trumpets4 ,the ,foresters bear bugle horns2 the ,trumpingtons1 three trumpets4 ,three eel-spears were borne by the family of ,strathele1 this being the old name given to a curious fork1 set in a long wooden handle1 and used by fishermen to spear the eels in mud4 ,the ,graham ,briggs charge a bridge upon their coat of arms4 ,a tilting spear was granted as his armorial bearings to ,william ,shakespeare1 which he bore as a single charge2 a single spear was also borne appropriately by one ,knight of ,hybern4 ,as a last example of allusive arms1 we may quote a comparatively modern example--viz41 the coat of arms of the ,cunard family4 ,here we find three anchors charged upon the field1 in obvious allusion to ,sir ,samuel ,cunard1 the eminent merchant of ,philadelphia and the founder of the ,house of ,cunard4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,shield--,,its ,,form1 ,,points1 ,,and ,,tinctures ,nothing is more fascinating in the study of heraldry than the cunning fashion in which it tells the history either of a single individual or of a family1 of an institution1 or of a city--sometimes even of an empire--all within the space of one small shield1 by using the signs which compose its language4 ,it is astounding how much information can be conveyed by the skilful arrangement of these signs to those who can interpret them4 ,for armorial bearings were not originally adopted for ornament1 but to give real information1 about those who bore them4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #b4 ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,leinster4 ,arms4--,arg3 saltire gu3 ,crest4--,monkey statant ppr4 environed round the loins and chained or4 ,supporters4--,two monkeys environed and chained or4 ,motto4--,crom a boo4 ,thus every detail of a coat of arms has its own message to deliver1 and must not be overlooked4 ,let us begin with the shield1 which is as necessary a part of any heraldic achievement#a as the canvas of a painting is to the picture portrayed upon it4 ,footnote #a3 ,any complete heraldic composition is described as an achievement4 ,it actually serves as the vehicle for depicting the coat of arms4 ,the word shield comes from the ,saxon verb scyldan1 to protect1 but the heraldic term escutcheon1 derived from the ,greek sktos1 a skin1 reminds us that in olden days warriors covered their shields with the skins of wild beasts4 ,early ,britons used round1 light shields woven of osier twigs1 with hides thrown over them1 whilst the ,scythians and ,medes dyed their shields red1 so that their comrades in battle might not be discouraged by seeing the blood of the wounded4 ,the ,roman ,legionary bore a wooden shield covered with leather and strengthened with bars and bosses of metal1 whilst the ,greek shield was more elaborate1 and reached from a man's face to his knee4 ,homer describes neas' shield in the ,iliad thus3 ,five plates of various metal1 various mould1 ,composed the shield1 of brass each outward fold1 ,of tin each inward1 and the middle gold4 ,but whether the shield were of basket-work or metal1 whether it were borne by a savage hordesman or by a nobly equipped and mounted knight1 it has always ranked as its bearer's most precious accoutrement1 the loss of which was deemed an irreparable calamity and a deep disgrace to the loser4 ,how pathetically ,king ,david laments over the shield of the mighty which was vilely cast away1 when ,saul was slain6 ,and everyone knows that when their sons went forth to battle the ,spartan mothers admonished them to return either with their shield or upon it6 ,that they should return without a shield was unthinkable6 ,thus1 naturally enough1 the shield was chosen to bear those armorial devices which commemorated the golden deeds of its owner4 ,it was probably in the reign of ,henry ,,ii4 that shields were first used in this way2 until then1 warriors wore their badges embroidered upon their mantles or robes4 ,in studying the heraldic shield1 its shape must be considered first1 because that marks the period in history to which it belongs4#b ,footnote #b3 ,parker states that twenty-one differently shaped shields occur in heraldry1 but ,guillim only mentions fourteen varieties4 ,thus a bowed shield 7,fig4 #a7 denotes those early times when a warrior's shield fitted closely to his person1 whilst a larger1 longer form1 the kite-shaped shield1 was in use in the time of ,richard ,i4 7,fig4 #b74 ,this disappeared1 however1 in ,henry ,,iii4's reign1 giving way to a much shorter shield known as the heater-shaped 7see ,fig4 #c74 ,another form of shield had a curved notch in the right side1 through which the lance was passed when the shield was displayed on the breast 7,fig4 #d74 ,the shield of a coat of arms usually presents a plain surface1 but it is sometimes enriched with a bordure--literally border4 ,this surface is termed the field1 because1 as ,i believe1 says ,guillim1 it bore those ensigns which the owner's valour had gained for him on the field4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,the several points of a shield have each their respective names1 and serve as landmarks for locating the exact position of the different figures charged on the field4 7,in describing a shield1 you must always think of it as being worn by yourself1 so that in looking at a shield1 right and left become reversed1 and what appears to you as the right side is really the left1 and vice versa47 ,in ,fig4 #e1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 mark the chief--i4e41 the highest and most honourable point of the shield--,a marking the dexter chief or upper right-hand side of the shield1 ,b the middle chief1 and ,c the sinister or left-hand side of the chief4 ,e denotes the fess point1 or centre2 ,g1 ,h1 and ,i1 mark the base of the shield--,g and ,i denoting respectively the dexter and sinister sides of the shield1 and ,h the middle base4 ,after the points of a field1 come the tinctures1 which give the colour to a coat of arms1 and are divided into two classes4 ,the first includes the two metals1 gold and silver1 and the five colours proper--viz41 blue1 red1 black1 green1 purple4 ,in heraldic language these tinctures are described as or1 argent 7always written arg371 azure 7az371 gules 7gu371#c sable 7sa371 vert1 and purpure4 ,according to ,guillim1 each tincture was supposed to teach its own lesson--e4g41 as gold excelleth all other metals in value and purity1 so ought its bearer to surpass all others in prowess and virtue1 and so on4 ,footnote #c3 ,this term for red is thought to be derived either from the ,hebrew gulude1 a bit of red cloth1 or from the ,arabic1 gulu1 a rose4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,in the seventeenth century one ,petrosancta introduced the system of delineating the tinctures of the shield by certain dots and lines1 in the use of which we have a good example of how heraldry can dispense with words4 ,thus pin-prick dots represent or 7,fig4 #f72 a blank surface1 argent 7,fig4 #g72 horizontal lines1 azure 7,fig4 #h72 perpendicular1 gules 7,fig4 #i72 horizontal and perpendicular lines crossing each other1 sable 7,fig4 #aj72 diagonal lines running from the dexter chief to the sinister base1 vert 7,fig4 #aa72 diagonal lines running in an opposite direction1 purpure 7,fig4 #ab74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,or4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,arg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,az4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,gu4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,sa4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,v4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,purpure4 ,two other colours1 orange and blood-colour1 were formerly in use1 but they are practically obsolete now4 ,furs constitute the second class of tinctures4 ,eight kinds occur in ,english heraldry1 but we can only mention the two most important--viz41 ermine and vair4 ,the former is represented by black spots on a white ground 7,fig4 #ac74d ,as shields were anciently covered with the skins of animals1 it is quite natural that furs should appear in armorial bearings4 ,ermine1 says ,guillim1 is a little beast that hath his being in the woods of ,armenia1 whereof he taketh his name4 ,footnote #d3 ,when the same spots are in white on a black field it is termed ermines1 whilst black spots on a gold field are blazoned or described as erminois4 ,many legends account for the heraldic use of ermine1 notably that relating how1 when ,conan ,meriadic landed in ,brittany1 an ermine sought shelter from his pursuers under ,conan's shield4 ,thereupon the ,prince protected the small fugitive1 and adopted an ermine as his arms4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,ermine4 ,from early days the wearing of ermine was a most honourable distinction1 enjoyed only by certain privileged persons1 and disallowed to them in cases of misdemeanour4 ,thus1 when1 in the thirteenth century1 ,pope ,innocent ,,iii4 absolved ,henry of ,falkenburg for his share in the murder of the ,bishop of ,wurtzburg1 he imposed on him as a penance never to appear in ermine1 vair1 or any other colour used in tournaments4 ,and1 according to ,joinville1 when ,st4 ,louis returned to ,france from ,egypt1 he renounced the wearing of furs as a mark of humility1 contenting himself with linings for his garments made of doeskins or legs of hares4 ,as to vair1 ,mackenzie tells us that it was the skin of a beast whose back was blue-grey 7it was actually meant for the boar1 for which verres was the ,latin name71 and that the figure used in heraldry to indicate vair represents the shape of the skin when the head and feet have been taken away 7,fig4 #ad74 ,these skins1 he says1 were used by ancient governors to line their pompous robes1 sewing one skin to the other4 ,vair was first used as a distinctive badge by the ,lord de ,courcies when fighting in ,hungary4 ,seeing that his soldiers were flying from the field1 he tore the lining from his mantle and raised it aloft as an ensign4 ,thereupon1 the soldiers rallied to the charge and overcame the enemy4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,vair4 ,cinderella's glass slipper in the fairy-tale1 which came originally from ,france1 should really have been translated fur1 it being easy to understand how the old ,french word vaire was supposed to be a form of verre1 and was rendered accordingly4 ,much might still be said about varied fields--i4e41 those which have either more than one colour or a metal and a colour alternatively1 or1 again1 which have patterns or devices represented upon them4 ,we can1 however1 only mention that when the field shows small squares alternately of a metal and colour1 it is described as checky1 when it is strewn with small objects--such as fleurs-de-lys or billets--it is described as powdered or sown4 ,a diapered field is also to be met with1 but this1 being merely an artistic detail1 has no heraldic significance4 ,therefore1 whereas in blazoning armorial bearings one must always state if the field is checky or powdered1 the diaper is never mentioned4 ,in concluding this chapter we must add that one of the first rules to be learnt in heraldry is that in arranging the tinctures of a coat of arms1 metal can never be placed upon metal1 nor colour upon colour4 ,the field must therefore be gold or silver if it is to receive a coloured charge1 or vice versa4 ,this rule was probably made because1 as we said above1 the knights originally bore their arms embroidered upon their mantles1 these garments being always either of cloth of gold or of silver1 embroidered with silk1 or they were of silken material1 embroidered with gold or silver4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,divisions ,,of ,,the ,,shield ,although in many shields the field presents an unbroken surface1 yet we often find it cut up into divisions of several kinds4 ,these divisions come under the head of simple charges1 and the old heralds explain their origin--viz43 ,after battles were ended1 the shields of soldiers were considered1 and he was accounted most deserving whose shield was most or deepest cut4 ,and to recompense the dangers wherein they were shown to have been by those cuts for the service of their ,king and country1 the heralds did represent them upon their shields4 ,the common cuts gave name to the common partitions1 of which the others are made by various conjunctions4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #c4 ,,marquis ,,of ,,hertford4 ,arms4--,quarterly #ast and #dth ,or on a pile gu3 between #f fleurs de lys az3 #c lions passant guardant in pale or4 #bnd and #crd gu3 #b wings conjoined in lure or4 ,seymour4 ,crest4--,out of a ducal coronet or1 a phoenix ppr4 ,supporters4--,two blackamoors4 ,motto4--,fide et amore4 ,the heraldic term given to these partition-lines of the field is ordinaries4 ,there are nine of these1 termed respectively1 chief1 fesse1 bar1 pale1 cross1 bend1 saltire1 chevron1 and pile4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,the chief1 occupying about the upper third of the field1 is marked off by a horizontal line 7,fig4 #ae72 the fesse1 derived from the ,latin fascia1 a band1 is a broad band crossing the centre of the field horizontally1 and extends over a third of its surface 7,fig4 #af74 ,the bar is very like the fesse1 but differs from it1 7a7 in being much narrower and only occupying a fifth portion of the field1 7b7 in being liable to be placed in any part of the field1 whereas the fesse is an immovable charge1 7c7 in being used mostly in pairs and not singly4 ,two or three bars may be charged on the same field1 and when an even number either of metal or fur alternating with a colour occur together1 the field is then described as barry1 the number of the bars being always stated1 so that if there are six bars1 it is said to be barry of six1 if eight1 barry of eight 7,fig4 #ag74 ,the pale1 probably derived from palus1 a stake1 is also a broad band like the fesse1 but runs perpendicularly down the shield1 instead of horizontally across it 7,fig4 #ah74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,the cross1 which is the ordinary ,st4 ,george's ,cross1 is pre-eminently the heraldic cross1 out of nearly four hundred varieties of the sacred sign4 ,it is really a simple combination of the fesse and pale4 ,bend is again a broad band1 but it runs diagonally across the field from the dexter chief to the sinister base4 ,it is supposed to occupy a third portion of the field1 but rarely does so 7,fig4 #ai74 ,the saltire is the familiar ,st4 ,andrew's ,cross1 owing its name probably to the ,french salcier 7see ,fig4 #bj74 ,the chevron1 resembling the letter ,v turned topsy-turvy1 is a combination of a bend dexter and a bend sinister1 and is rather more than the lower half of the saltire4 ,the ,french word chevron1 still in use1 means rafters 7,fig4 #ba74 ,the pile1 derived from the ,latin for pillar1 is a triangular wedge1 and when charged singly on a field may issue from any point of the latter1 except from the base 7,fig4 #bb74 ,if more than one pile occurs1 we generally find the number is three1 although the ,earl of ,clare bears two piles issuing from the chief4 ,many old writers1 notably amongst the ,french1 attribute a symbolical meaning to each of these ordinaries4 ,thus1 some believe the chief to represent the helmet of the warrior1 the fesse his belt or band1 the bar one of the great peeces of tymber which be used to debarre the enemy from entering any city4 ,the pale was thought by some to represent the warrior's lance1 by others the palings by which cities and camps were guarded2 the cross was borne by those who fought for the faith2 the bend was interpreted by some to refer to the shoulder-scarf of the knight1 whilst others describe it as a scaling-ladder set aslope4 ,another variety of the scaling-ladder was represented by the saltire4 ,the chevron1 or rafters1 were held to symbolize protection1 such as a roof affords1 whilst the pile suggests a strong support of some sort4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,there is a tenth ordinary1 which is known as the shakefork 7,fig4 #bc74 ,practically unknown in ,english heraldry1 it is frequently met with in ,scotch arms4 ,it is shaped like the letter ,y and pointed at its extremities1 but does not extend to the edge of the field4 ,guillim attributes its origin to an instrument in use in the royal stables1 whereby hay was thrown up to the horses 7surely this instrument must have been next-of-kin to our homely pitchfork871 and he believes the shakefork to have been granted to a certain ,earl of ,glencairne1 who at one time was ,master of the ,king's ,horse4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,many historical stories are connected with the different charges we have just been describing1 but we have only space to mention two1 referring respectively to the fesse and the saltire4 ,the former reminds us of the origin of the arms of ,austria1 which date from the ,siege of ,acre1 where our ,coeur-de-,lion won such glory4 ,it was here that ,leopold1 ,duke of ,austria1 went into battle1 clad in a spotlessly white linen robe1 bound at the waist with his knight's belt4 ,on returning from the field1 the ,duke's tunic was total gules--blood-red--save where the belt had protected the white of the garment4 ,thereupon1 his liege-lord1 ,duke ,frederic of ,swabia1 father of the famous ,frederic ,barbarossa1 granted permission to ,leopold to bear as his arms a silver fesse upon a blood-red field4 ,the saltire1 recalling the ,french form of scaling-ladder of the ,middle ,ages1 reminds us of how the brave ,joan of ,arc placed the salcier with her own hands against the fort of ,tournelles4 ,and we remember how1 when her shoulder was presently pierced by an ,english arrow1 she herself drew it out from the ghastly wound1 rebuking the women who wept round her with the triumphant cry3 ,this is not blood1 but glory6 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,in addition to the ordinaries1 there are fifteen sub-ordinaries4 ,these less important divisions of the shield are known in heraldry as the canton1 inescutcheon1 bordure1 orle1 tressure1 flanches1 lozenge1 mascle1 rustre1 fusil1 billet1 gyron1 frette1 and roundle4 ,owing to limited space1 we cannot go into detail with regard to these charges1 but we may mention that the canton1 from the ,french word for a corner1 is placed1 with rare exceptions1 in the dexter side of the field1 being supposed to occupy one-third of the chief4 ,it is often added as an augmentation of honour to a coat of arms4 ,the badge of a baronet1 the red hand1 is generally charged on a canton1 sometimes also on an inescutcheon1 and it is then placed on the field1 so as not to interfere with the family arms 7,fig4 #bd74 ,the inescutcheon is a smaller shield placed upon the field1 and1 when borne singly1 it occupies the centre 7,fig4 #be74 ,three1 or even five1 escutcheons may be borne together4 ,the bordure 7,fig4 #bf7 is a band surrounding the field1 which may be either void--that is1 bearing no kind of device--or it may have charges upon it1 as in the arms of ,england1 where the bordure is charged with eight lions4 ,the orle and the tressure are only varieties of the bordure1 just as the mascle1 rustre1 and fusil1 are variations of the diamond-shaped figure known as the lozenge 7,fig4 #bg74 ,the latter is always set erect on the field4 ,the arms of an unmarried woman and a widow are always displayed on a lozenge4 ,the mascle--a link of chain armour--is a lozenge square set diagonally1 pierced in the centre with a diamond-shaped opening1 whilst the rustre is a lozenge pierced with a round hole4 ,the fusil is a longer and narrower form of diamond4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,the billet is a small elongated rectangular figure1 representing a block of wood1 and is seldom used4 ,the gyron 7,fig4 #bh71 which is a triangular figure1 does not occur in ,english heraldry as a single charge1 but what is termed a coat gyronny is not unusual in armorial bearings1 when the field may be divided into ten1 twelve1 or even sixteen pieces4 ,all arms borne by the ,campbell clan have a field gyronny4 ,the origin of the word is doubtful2 some trace it to the ,greek for curve1 others to a ,spanish word for gore or gusset4 ,the introduction of a gyron into heraldry dates from the reign of ,alfonso ,,vi4 of ,spain1 who1 being sore beset by the ,moors1 was rescued by his faithful knight1 ,don ,roderico de ,cissnres4 ,the latter1 as a memento of the occasion1 tore three triangular pieces from ,alfonso's mantle1 being henceforward allowed to represent the same on his shield in the shape of a gyron4 ,the frette1 formerly known as a trellis1 from its resemblance to lattice-work1 is very frequent in ,british heraldry2 it also occurs as a net in connection with fish charges4 ,in the ,grand ,tournament held at ,dunstable to celebrate ,edward ,,iii4's return from ,scotland1 one ,sir ,john de ,harrington bore a fretty arg41 charged upon a sable field4 ,the roundlet is simply a ring of metal or colour1 and is much used in coats of arms at all periods of heraldry4 ,the family of ,wells bears a roundlet to represent a fountain1 whilst the ,sykes charge their shield with three roundlets1 in allusion to their name1 sykes being an old term for a well4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,in ,fig4 #bi we see an example of a shield charged with an inescutcheon within a bordure4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,blazoning ,,of ,,armorial ,,bearings ,in this chapter we shall deal with blazoning1 in which the skill of heraldry is said to lie4 ,the word blazon in its heraldic sense means the art of describing armorial bearings in their proper terms and sequence4 ,to blazon1 says ,guillim1 signifies properly the winding of a horn1 but to blazon a coat of arms is to describe or proclaim the things borne upon it in their proper gestures and tinctures 7i4e41 their colours and attitudes7 which the herald was bound to do4#a ,footnote #a3 ,our word blast1 as well as our verb to blow1 are obviously derived from the ,german blasen1 the ,anglo-,saxon blawen1 to blow1 and the ,french blasonner4 ,the herald1 as we know1 performed many different offices4 ,it was his duty to carry messages between hostile armies1 to marshal processions1 to challenge to combat1 to arrange the ceremonial at grand public functions1 to settle questions of precedence1 to identify the slain on the battle-field--this duty demanded an extensive knowledge of heraldry#b--to announce his sovereign's commands1 and1 finally1 to proclaim the armorial bearings and feats of arms of each knight as he entered the lists at a tournament4 ,footnote #b3 ,do you remember that in the ,canterbury ,tales the knight tells the story of how1 after the battle1 two young knights were found lying side by side1 each clad in his own arms1 and how neither of them1 though not fully dead1 was alive enough to say his own name1 but by their coote-armure and by their gere the heraudes knew them well8 ,probably because this last duty was preceded by a flourish or blast of trumpets1 people learnt to associate the idea of blazoning with the proclamation of armorial bearings1 and thus the term crept into heraldic language and signified the describing or depicting of all that belonged to a coat of arms4 ,the few and comparatively simple rules with regard to blazoning armorial bearings must be rigidly observed4 ,they are the following3 #a4 ,in depicting a coat of arms we must always begin with the field4 #b4 ,its tincture must be stated first1 whether of metal or colour4 ,this is such an invariable rule that the first word in the description of arms is always the tincture1 the word field being so well understood that it is never mentioned4 ,thus1 when the field of a shield is azure1 the blazon begins ,az41 the charges being mentioned next1 each one of these being named before its colour4 ,thus1 we should blazon ,fig4 #dd ,or1 raven proper4 ,when the field is sem with small charges such as fleur-de-lys1 it must be blazoned accordingly sem of fleur-de-lys1 in the case of cross-crosslets1 the term crusily is used4 #c4 ,the ordinaries must be mentioned next1 being blazoned before their colour4 ,thus1 if a field is divided say1 by bendlets 7,fig4 #cj71 the diminution of bend1 it is blazoned per bendlets1 if by a pale 7,fig4 #ah71 per pale1 or per pallets1 if the diminutive occurs1 as in ,fig4 #ca1 whilst the division in ,fig4 #cb should be blazoned pale per fesse4 ,the field of ,fig4 #ag is blazoned arg41 two bars gu4 ,all the ordinaries and subordinaries are blazoned in this way except the chief1 7,fig4 #ae71 the quarter 7blazoned per cross or quarterly7 the canton1 the flanch1 and the bordure4 ,these1 being considered less important than the other divisions1 are never mentioned until all the rest of the shield has been described4 ,consequently1 we should blazon ,fig4 #dh thus1 ,arg41 chevron gu41 three soles hauriant--drinking1 proper1 with a bordure invected sa4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,the term invected reminds us that so far we have only spoken of ordinaries which have straight unbroken outlines4 ,but there are at least thirteen different ways in which the edge of an ordinary may vary from the straight line4 ,here1 however1 we can only mention the four best-known varieties1 termed1 respectively1 engrailed1 7,fig4 #cc1 #a71 invected 7#b71 embattled 7#c71 and indented 7#d74 ,other varieties are known as wavy1 raguly1 dancett1 dovetailed1 nebuly1 etc4 ,whenever any of these varieties occur1 they must be blazoned before the tincture4 ,thus in describing the ,shelley arms1 ,fig4 #ej1 we should say3 ,sa1 fesse indented1 whelks or4 ,fig4 #cd shows a bend embattled1 ,fig4 #ce a fesse engrailed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 #d4 ,the next thing to be blazoned is the principal charge on the field4 ,if this does not happen to be one of the chief ordinaries1 or if no ordinary occurs in the coat of arms1 as in ,fig4 #ch1 then that charge should be named which occupies the fesse point1 and in this case the position of the charge is never mentioned1 because it is understood that it occupies the middle of the field4 ,when there are two or more charges on the same field1 but none actually placed on the fesse point1 then that charge is blazoned first which is nearest the centre and then those which are more remote4 ,all repetition of words must be avoided in depicting a coat of arms1 the same word never being used twice over1 either in describing the tincture or in stating a number4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,thus1 in blazoning ,lord ,scarborough's arms 7see coloured plate71 we must say3 ,arg41 fesse gu41 between three parrots vert1 collared of the second1 the second signifying the second colour mentioned in the blazon--viz41 gules4 ,again1 if three charges of one kind occur in the same field with three charges of another kind1 as in the arms of ,courtenay1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 who had three roundles and three mitres1 to avoid repeating the word three1 they are blazoned1 ,three roundles with as many mitres4 ,when any charge is placed on an ordinary1 as in ,fig4 #da1 where three calves are charged upon the bend1 if these charges are of the same colour as the field instead of repeating the name of the colour1 it must be blazoned as being of the field4 ,we now come to those charges known as marks of cadency4 ,they are also called differences or distinctions4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,cadency--literally1 falling down--means in heraldic language1 descending a scale1 and is therefore a very suitable term for describing the descending degrees of a family4 ,thus marks of cadency are certain figures or devices which are employed in armorial bearings in order to mark the distinctions between the different members and branches of one and the same family4 ,these marks are always smaller than other charges1 and the herald is careful to place them where they do not interfere with the rest of the coat of arms4 ,there are nine marks of cadency--generally only seven are quoted--so that in a family of nine sons1 each son has his own special difference4 ,the eldest son bears a label 7,fig4 #cf1 #a72 the second1 a crescent1 7#b72 third1 a mullet 7#c7--the heraldic term for the rowel of a spur#c2 the fourth1 a martlet 7#d7--the heraldic swallow2 the fifth1 a roundle or ring 7#e72 the sixth1 a fleur-de-lys 7#f72 the seventh1 a rose 7#g72 the eighth1 a cross moline2 and the ninth1 a double quatrefoil4 ,the single quatrefoil represents the heraldic primrose4 ,there is much doubt as to why the label was chosen for the eldest son's badge1 but though many writers interpret the symbolism of the other marks of cadency in various ways1 most are agreed as to the meaning of the crescent1 mullet1 and martlet--viz41 the crescent represents the double blessing which gives hope of future increase2 the mullet implies that the third son must earn a position for himself by his own knightly deeds2 whilst the martlet suggests that the younger son of a family must be content with a very small portion of land to rest upon4 ,as regards the representation of the other charges1 the writer once saw the following explanation in an old manuscript manual of ,french heraldry--namely3 ,the fifth son bears a ring1 as he can only hope to enrich himself through marriage2 the sixth1 a fleur-de-lys1 to represent the quiet1 retired life of the student2 the seventh1 a rose1 because he must learn to thrive and blossom amidst the thorns of hardships2 the eighth1 a cross1 as a hint that he should take holy orders2 whilst to the ninth son is assigned the double primrose1 because he must needs dwell in the humble paths of life4 ,footnote #c3 ,a mullet is generally represented as a star with five points1 but if there are six or more1 the number must be specified4 ,it must also be stated if the mullet is pierced1 so that the tincture of the field is shown through the opening4 ,the eldest son of a second son would charge his difference as eldest son1 a label1 upon his father's crescent 7,fig4 #cg71 to show that he was descended from the second son1 all his brothers charging their own respective differences on their father's crescent also4 ,thus1 each eldest son of all these sons in turn becomes head of his own particular branch4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,when a coat of arms is charged with a mark of cadency1 it is always mentioned last in blazoning1 and is followed by the words1 for a difference4 ,thus ,fig4 #dc should be blazoned1 ,or1 kingfisher with his beak erected bendways#d proper with a mullet for a difference gu41 thus showing that the arms are borne by a third son4 ,footnote #d3 ,the individual direction of a charge should be blazoned1 as well as its position in the field4 ,,chapter ,v ,,common ,,or ,,miscellaneous ,,charges ,after the proper charges which we have just been considering1 we come to those termed common or miscellaneous4 7,how truly miscellaneous these are we have already shown in our first chapter47 ,guillim arranges these charges in the following order3 ,celestial ,bodies4--,angels1 sun1 moon1 stars1 etc4 ,metals and ,minerals4--,under this latter title rank precious stones and useful stones--such as jewels and millstones1 grindstones1 etc41 also rocks4 ,plants and other ,vegetatives4 ,living ,creatures4--,these latter he divides into two classes--viz41 ,those which are unreasonable1 as all manner of beasts and ,man1 which is reasonable4 ,to begin with the heavenly bodies4 ,angels1 as also human beings1 are very rare charges1 though ,guillim quotes the arms of one ,maellock ,kwrm1 of ,wales1 where three robed kneeling angels are charged upon a chevron1 and also the coat of arms of ,sir ,john ,adye in the seventeenth century1 where three cherubim heads occur on the field4 ,both angels and men1 however1 are often used in heraldry as supporters4 ,charles ,,vi4 added two angels as supporters to the arms of ,france1 and two winged angels occur as such in the arms of the ,earl of ,oxford4 ,supporters1 you must understand1 are those figures which are represented standing on either side of a shield of arms1 as if they were supporting it4 ,no one may bear these figures except by special grant1 the grant being restricted to ,peers1 ,knights of the ,garter1 ,thistle1 and ,st4 ,patrick1 ,knights ,grand ,cross1 and ,knights ,grand ,commanders of other orders4 ,charges of the sun1 moon1 and other heavenly bodies are comparatively rare4 ,one ,st4 ,cleere rather aptly bears the sun in splendour1 which is represented as a human face1 surrounded by rays4 ,sir ,w4 ,thompson's shield is charged with the sun and three stars4 ,the sun eclipsed occurs occasionally in armorial bearings2 it is then represented thus3 ,or1 the sun sable4 ,the moon occurs very often in early coats of arms1 either full1 when she is blazoned the moon in her complement1 or in crescent4 ,the ,defous bear a very comical crescent1 representing a human profile4 ,of these arms1 the old herald says severely3 ,a weak eye and a weaker judgment have found the face of a man in the moon1 wherein we have gotten that fashion of representing the moon with a face4 ,the moon is certainly not in favour with ,guillim1 for1 after declaring that she was the symbol of inconstancy1 he quotes the following fable from ,pliny to her discredit3 ,once on a time the moon sent for a tailor to make her a gown1 but he could never fit her2 it was always either too big or too little1 not through any fault of his own1 but because her inconstancy made it impossible to fit the humours of one so fickle and unstable4 ,the sixth ,bishop of ,ely had very curious arms1 for he bore both sun and moon on his shield1 the sun in his splendour and the moon in her complement4 ,stars occur repeatedly as heraldic charges4 ,john ,huitson of ,cleasby bore a sixteen-pointed star2 ,sir ,francis ,drake charged his shield with the two polar stars2 whilst ,richard ,i4 bore a star issuing from the horns of a crescent4 ,the ,cartwrights bear a comet2 whilst the rainbow is charged on the ,ponts' shield1 and is also borne as a crest by the ,pontifex1 ,wigan1 and ,thurston families4 ,the ,carnegies use a thunderbolt as their crest4 ,we now come to the elements--fire1 water1 earth1 and air1 which all occur as charges1 but not often1 in armorial bearings4 ,fire1 in the form of flames1 is perhaps the most frequent charge4 ,the ,baikie family bear flames1 whilst we have seen the picture of a church window in ,gloucestershire1 where a coat of arms is represented with a chevron between three flames of fire4 ,the original bearer of these arms distinguished himself1 we were told1 by restoring the church after it had been burnt down4 ,fire often occurs in combination with other charges1 such as a phoenix1 which always rises out of flames1 the salamander1#a and the fiery sword4 ,footnote #a3 ,the salamander was the device of ,francis ,i4 of ,france1 and on the occasion of the ,field of the ,cloth of ,gold the ,french guard bore the salamander embroidered on their uniforms4 ,queen ,elizabeth chose a phoenix amidst flames as one of her heraldic charges4 ,macleod1 ,lord of the ,isles of ,skye and ,lewis1 bears a mountain inflamed--literally1 a volcano--on his shield1 thus combining the two elements1 earth and fire4 ,etna is like this1 says ,guillim2 or else this is like ,etna4 ,water1 as we know1 is usually represented by roundlets1 but the earth may figure in a variety of ways when introduced into heraldry4 ,in the arms of one ,king of ,spain it took the shape of fifteen islets1 whilst one ,sir ,edward ,tydesley charged his field with three mole-hills4 ,jewels pure and simple occur very rarely as charges4 ,a single escarbuncle was borne by the ,empress ,maud1 daughter of ,henry ,i41 as also by the ,blounts of ,gloucester4 ,oddly enough1 however1 mill-stones were held to be very honourable charges1 because1 as they must always be used in pairs1 they symbolized the mutual dependence of one fellow-creature on the other4 ,they were therefore considered the most precious of all other stones4 ,the family of ,milverton bear three mill-stones4 ,plants1 having been created before animals1 are considered next4 ,trees1 either whole or represented by stocks or branches1 are very favourite charges1 and often reflect the bearer's name4 ,thus1 one ,wood bears a single oak1 the ,pines1 a pineapple tree1 the ,pyrtons1 a pear-tree4 ,parts of a tree are often introduced into arms4 ,for example1 the ,blackstocks bear three stocks1 or trunks1 of trees1 whilst another family of the same name charge their shield with three starved branches1 sa4 ,the ,archer-,houblons most appropriately bear three hop-poles erect with hop-vines4 7,houblon is the ,french for hop47 ,three broom slips are assigned to the ,broom family2 the ,berrys bear one barberry branch2 ,sir ,w4 ,waller1 three walnut leaves4 ,amongst fruit charges1 we may mention the three golden pears borne by the ,stukeleys1 the three red cherries which occur in the arms of the ,southbys of ,abingdon1 and the three clusters of grapes which were bestowed on ,sir ,edward de ,marolez by ,edward ,i4 ,one ,john ,palmer bears three acorns1 and three ashen-keys occur in the arms of ,robert ,ashford of ,co4 ,down4 ,a full-grown oak-tree1 covered with acorns and growing out of the ground1 was given for armorial bearings by ,charles ,,ii4 to his faithful attendant1 ,colonel ,carlos1 as a reminder of the perils that they shared together at the lonely farmhouse at ,boscobel1 where the king took refuge after the ,battle of ,worcester4 ,here1 as you probably all know1 ,charles hid himself for twenty-four hours in a leafy oak-tree1 whilst ,cromwell's soldiers searched the premises to find him1 even passing under the very branches of the oak4 ,carlos1 meanwhile1 in the garb of a wood-cutter1 kept breathless watch close by4 ,on the ,carlos coat of arms a fesse gu41 charged with three imperial golden crowns1 traverses the oak4 ,in blazoning trees and all that pertains to them1 the following terms are used3 ,growing trees are blazoned as issuant from a mount vert2 a full-grown tree1 as accrued2 when in leaf1 as in foliage2 when bearing fruit1 as fructed1 or seeds1 as seeded4 ,if leafless1 trees are blazoned blasted2 when the roots are represented1 as eradicated2 stocks or stumps of trees are couped4 ,if branches or leaves are represented singly1 they are slipped4 ,holly branches1 for some odd reason1 are invariably blazoned either as sheaves or as holly branches of three leaves4 ,some of our homely vegetables are found in heraldry4 ,one ,squire ,hardbean bears most properly three bean-cods or pods2 a turnip leaved is borne by the ,damant family1 and is supposed to symbolize a good wholesome1 and solid disposition1 whilst the ,lingens use seven leeks1 root upwards1 issuing from a ducal coronet1 for a crest4 ,herbs also occur as charges4 ,the family of ,balme bears a sprig of balm1 whilst rue still figures in the ,ducal arms of ,saxony4 ,this commemorates the bestowal of the ,dukedom on ,bernard of ,ascania by the ,emperor ,barbarossa1 who1 on that occasion1 took the chaplet of rue from his own head and flung it across ,bernard's shield4 ,amongst flower charges1 our national badge1 the rose1 is prime favourite1 and occurs very often in heraldry4 ,the ,beverleys bear a single rose1 so does ,lord ,falmouth4 ,the ,nightingale family also use the rose as a single charge1 in poetical allusion to the ,oriental legend of the nightingale's overpowering love for the darling rose4 ,the ,roses of ,lynne bear three roses1 as also the families of ,flower1 ,cary1 and ,maurice4 ,sometimes the rose of ,england is drawn from nature1 but it far oftener takes the form of the heraldic or ,tudor rose4 ,funnily enough1 however1 when a stem and leaves are added to the conventional flower1 these are drawn naturally4 ,there are special terms for blazoning roses4 ,thus1 when1 as in ,no4 #g of ,fig4 #cf1 it is represented with five small projecting sepals of the calyx1 and seeded1 it must be blazoned a rose barbed and seeded2 when it has a stalk and one leaf it is slipped1 but with a leaf on either side of the stalk1 it is stalked and leaved4 ,a rose surrounded with rays is blazoned a rose in sun 7rose en soleil74 ,heraldic roses are by no means always red1 for the ,rocheforts bear azure roses1 the ,smallshaws a single rose vert1 whilst the ,berendons have three roses sable4 ,the thistle1 being also our national badge1 has a special importance in our eyes1 but next to the chiefest among flowers1 the rose1 the heralds ranked the fleur-de-lys1 because it was the charge of a regal escutcheon1 originally borne by the ,french kings4 ,numerous legends explain the introduction of the lily into armorial bearings1 but we can only add here that although the fleur-de-lys is generally used in heraldry1 the natural flower is occasionally represented--as in the well-known arms of ,eton ,college2 three natural lilies1 silver1 are charged upon a sable field1 one conventional fleur-de-lys being also represented4 ,amongst other flower charges1 three very pretty coats of arms are borne respectively by the families of ,jorney1 ,hall1 and ,chorley4 ,the first have three gilliflowers1 the second1 three columbines1 and the last1 three bluebottles 7cornflowers74 ,three pansies were given by ,louis ,,xv4 to his physician1 ,dr4 ,quesnay1 as a charge in a coat of arms1 which he drew with his own royal hand2 and to come to modern times1 ,mexico has adopted the cactus as the arms of the ,republic1 in allusion to the legend connected with the founding of the city in #acbe1 when it is said that the sight of a royal eagle perched upon a huge cactus on a rocky crevice1 with a serpent in its talons1 guided the ,mexicans to the choice of a site for the foundations of their city4 ,one last word as to cereals4 ,the ,bigland family bear two huge wheat-ears1 which1 having both stalk and leaves1 are blazoned couped and bladed4 ,as in the case of trees1 when represented growing1 wheat-ears are described as issuant out of a mount1 bladed and eared4 ,three ears of ,guinea wheat1 bearded like barley1 are borne by ,dr4 ,grandorge 7,dr4 ,big-barley72 three rie stalks slipped and bladed occur in the arms of the ,rye family2 whilst five garbes 7sheaves7 were granted to ,ralph ,merrifield by ,james ,i4 ,wheat-sheaves 7garbes7 are very favourite charges4 ,lord ,cloncurry bears three garbes in chief2 ,sir ,montague ,cholmeley bears a garbe in the base of his shield1 as does also the ,marquis of ,cholmondeley4 ,garbes and wheat-ears were also much used as crests4 ,the ,shakerleys have a sheaf of corn for their crest1 on the left of which is a little rabbit1 erect1 and resting her forefeet on the garbe2 ,sir ,edward ,denny's crest is a hand holding five wheat-ears2 whilst ,sir ,george ,crofton has seven ears of corn as his crest4 ,though quite out of order amongst cereals1 we may mention what is1 ,i believe1 a rather rare example of the representation of the fern in heraldry1 ,sir ,edward ,buckley's crest--a bull's head out of a fern brake4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,animal ,,charges ,in dealing with charges of living creatures1 we shall observe the following order3 7a7 ,animals of all sort living on the earth2 7b7 such as live above the earth2 7c7 watery creatures2 7d7 man4 ,first1 amongst the animals1 come those with undivided feet--elephant1 horse1 ass4 ,second1 those with cloven feet--bull1 goat1 stag1 etc4 ,third1 those beasts that have many claws--lions1 tigers1 bears1 etc4 ,to blazon animal charges1 many special terms are required1 describing their person1 limbs1 actions1 attitudes1 etc4 ,and as1 says ,guillim1 these beasts are to explain a history1 they must be represented in that position which will best show it4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,moreover1 each beast was to be portrayed in its most characteristic attitude4 ,thus1 a lion should be drawn erect with wide-open jaws and claws extended1 as if about to rend or tear4 ,in this posture he is blazoned rampant 7,fig4 #ch74 ,a leopard must be represented going step by step fitting his natural disposition2 he is then passant4 ,a deer or lamb being both gentle creatures1 are said to be trippant 7,fig4 #ci71 and so on2 the heraldic term varying1 you understand1 to suit the particular animal charge that is being blazoned4 ,living charges when represented on a shield must always1 with rare exceptions1 appear to be either looking or moving towards the dexter side of the shield 7see ,fig4 #ci74 ,the right foot or claw is usually placed foremost as being the most honourable limb 7see ,fig4 #ch74 ,the elephant1 having solid feet1 is mentioned first1 although the lion is really the only animal--if we except the boar's head--which occurs in the earliest armorial bearings4 ,the ,elphinstones charge their shield with an elephant passant1 whilst the ,prattes bear three elephants' heads erased4 ,this term implies that they have been torn off and have ragged edges4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #d4 ,,the ,,earl ,,of ,,scarborough4 ,arms4--,arg3 a fesse gu3 between #c parrots vert collared of the second4 ,crest4--,a pelican in her piety4 ,supporters4--,two parrots1 wings inverted vert4 ,motto4--,murus aeneus conscientia sana4 ,after describing this charge1 ,guillim rather comically gives us this story3 ,an elephant of huge greatness was once carried in a show at ,rome1 and as it passed by a little boy pried into its proboscis4 ,thereupon1 very much enraged1 the beast cast the child up to a great height1 but received him again on his snout and laid him gently down1 as though he did consider that for a childish fault a childish fright was revenge enough4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,horses1 of course1 figure largely in armorial bearings4 ,one1 ,william ,colt1 bears three horses at full speed 7,fig4 #dj74 ,so also does ,sir ,francis ,rush--probably in allusion to his name--whilst horses' heads couped--that is1 cut off smoothly--occur very frequently4 ,a demi-horse was granted as a crest to the ,lane family in recognition of ,mistress ,jane ,lane's heroism in riding from ,staffordshire to the ,south ,coast on a roan horse1 with ,king ,charles ,,ii4 behind her1 after the disastrous ,battle of ,worcester4 ,donkeys were evidently at a discount with heralds4 ,the families of ,askewe and ,ayscough bear three asses passant charged on their shield1 and there is an ass's head in the arms of the ,hokenhalls of ,cheshire4 ,oxen occur fairly often in heraldry4 ,the ,oxendens bear three oxen2 three bulls occur in the arms of ,anne ,boleyn's father1 the ,lord of ,hoo1 whilst the same arms were given by ,queen ,elizabeth to her clockmaker1 ,randal ,bull of ,london4 ,the ,veitchs bear three cows' heads erased1 a rather uncommon charge1 as female beasts were generally deemed unworthy of the herald's notice4 ,the ,veales bear three calves passant 7,fig4 #da71 anent which ,guillim adds3 ,should these calves live to have horns1 which differ either in metal or colour from the rest of their body1 there must be special mention made of such difference in blazoning them4 ,hereby1 he reminds us of the important rule for blazoning animals with horns and hoofs4 ,goats and goats' heads are often used in heraldry4 ,a single goat passant is borne by one1 ,baker2 three goats salient--leaping--occur in the ,thorold arms1 whilst the ,gotley family--originally ,goatley--charge a magnificent goat's head on their shield4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,bulls1 goats1 and rams1 when their horns differ in tincture from the rest of their body1 are blazoned armed of their horns1 these latter in their case being regarded as weapons4 ,when1 however1 special mention is made of a stag's antlers1 he is said to be attired of his antlers1 his horns being regarded as ornaments4 7,the branches of his antlers are termed tynes47 ,stags1 as you would expect1 are highly esteemed by the old heralds1 who employed various terms in blazoning them4 ,thus1 a stag in repose was lodged1 looking out of the field1 at gaze2 in rapid motion1 he was at speed or courant2 whilst1 when his head was represented full face and showing only the face1 it was blazoned as cabossed from the ,spanish word for head4 7,many of these terms we shall find in blazoning other animal charges47 ,early heralds make careful distinction between a hind or calf1 brockets1 stags and harts4 7,a hind1 you know1 is the female1 calf is the infant deer1 brocket the two-year-old deer1 stag the five-year-old1 and hart the six-year-old deer47 ,the ,harthills very properly bear a hart lodged on a hill2 a single stag1 his back pierced by an arrow1 occurs in the ,bowen arms1 and the ,hynds bear three hinds4 ,three bucks in full course are borne by the ,swifts4 ,deer's heads are very common charges1 generally occurring in threes4 ,in the coat of arms of the ,duke of ,wurtemberg and ,teck1 we find three antlers charged horizontally across the shield4 ,a reindeer is drawn in heraldry with double antlers1 one pair erect and one drooping4 ,the boar was deemed a specially suitable badge for a soldier1 who should rather die valorously upon the field than secure himself by ignominious flight4 ,both the ,tregarthens and ,kellets bear a single boar1 whilst a boar's head1 either singly or in threes1 occurs very constantly in coats of arms4 ,a boar is blazoned armed of his tusk or armed and langued1 when his tongue is shown of a different tincture4 ,moreover1 as ,mr4 ,fox-,davies reminds us in his interesting ,guide to ,heraldry1 an ,english boar's head is described as couped or erased at the neck1 but the ,scotch herald would blazon the same charge as couped and erased close4 ,the ,earl of ,vere takes a boar for his crest1 in allusion to his name1 verre being the ,latin for boar4 ,the ,grice family bear a wild boar1 formerly called a grice4 ,the ,winram family bear a single ram1 the ,ramsays of ,hitcham bear three rams on their shield4 ,a very pretty coat of arms belongs to the ,rowes of ,lamerton in ,devon1 gu3 three holy lambs with staff1 cross and banner arg34 ,foremost amongst the beasts that have many claws is the lion2 next to him come the tiger1 leopard1 bear1 wolf1 ranking more or less as the aristocrats amongst their kind1 whilst the cat1 fox1 hare1 etc41 are placed far beneath them4 ,of all the animal charges1 none is more popular amongst the heralds of all times and lands than the lion4 ,extraordinary care was taken to blazon the king of beasts befittingly4 ,fig4 #ch has already shown you a lion rampant1 and so indispensable was this attitude considered by the early heralds to the proper representation of a lion1 that if they were obliged to depict a lion passant--that is1 one that looked about him as he walked--he was then blazoned as a leopard4 ,that is why the beasts in our national arms1 although they are really lions and meant for such1 are not called so1 because their undignified attitude reduces them to the rank of heraldic leopards6 ,a lion rampant--and other beasts of prey as well--is generally represented with tongue and claws of a different tincture from the rest of his person2 he is then blazoned langued and unguled1 the latter term being derived from the ,latin for a claw4 ,a lion in repose is blazoned couchant when lying down with head erect and forepaws extended2 he is sejant--sitting2 seated with forepaws erect1 he is sejant rampant2 standing on all fours1 he is statant--standing2 standing in act to spring1 he is salient--leaping2 when his tail is forked and raised above his back1 he is said to have a queue fourche--literally a forked tail4 7,this last attitude is not often seen47 ,but when he is represented running across the field and looking back1 then the heralds label the king of beasts coward6 ,a single lion is a very frequent charge1 but two lions are rarer4 ,the ,hanmers of ,flintshire1 descended from ,sir ,john ,hanmer in the reign of ,edward ,i41 have two lions1 and we find two lions rampant combatant--that is1 clawing each other--langued armed in the ,wycombe coat of arms2 whilst one1 ,garrad of ,london1 bears two lions counter-rampant--i4e41 back to back1 and very droll they look4 ,demi-lions rampant also occur in armorial bearings4 ,the different parts of a lion are much used2 the head1 either erased or couped1 the face cabossed1 the paws1 borne either singly or in twos and threes1 and lastly1 we find the tail represented in various postures4 ,the ,corkes bear three lions' tails4 ,the tiger follows the lion and has terms of blazon peculiar to himself4 ,thus1 the single tiger borne by ,sir ,robert ,love is depicted as tusked1 maned and flasked4 ,in the arms of the ,de ,bardis family1 a tigress is represented gazing into a mirror1 which lies beside her on the ground4 ,this odd charge alludes to the fable that a tigress1 robbed of her whelps1 may be appeased by seeing her own reflection in a glass4 ,a tiger's head is used but seldom as a separate charge4 ,apparently the bear stood higher in favour with the old heralds4 ,the family of ,fitzurse charge their shield with a single bear passant1 the ,barnards have a bear rampant and muzzled1 whilst the ,beresfords' bear is both muzzled and collared4 ,the ,berwycks bear a bear's head1 erased and muzzled1 and three bears' heads appear in the arms of the ,langham1 ,brock1 and ,pennarth families4 ,a wolf is borne by ,sir ,edward ,lowe of ,wilts1 ,sir ,daniel ,dun1 and by the ,woods of ,islington4 ,a wolf's head appears very early in armorial bearings2 ,hugh1 surnamed ,lupus1 ,earl of ,chester and nephew of ,william ,i41 used a wolf's head as his badge4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,animal ,,charges 7continued7 ,after ravenous fierce beastes1 we come to dogs1 foxes1 cats1 squirrels1 etc4 ,sporting dogs are very favourite charges1 and are frequently termed talbots in heraldry4#a ,footnote #a3 ,some writers consider that the term talbot was restricted to a mastiff1 but sporting dogs--foxhounds1 harriers1 beagles1 etc4--were certainly occasionally blazoned as talbots4 7,a mastiff with short ears was termed an alant47 ,the ,carricks and ,burgoynes bear one talbot on their shield1 whilst the ,talbot family have three talbots passant4 ,the ,earl of ,perth has a sleuthhound1 collared and leashed for his crest2 that of the ,biscoe family is a greyhound seizing a hare4 ,a dog chasing another animal must be blazoned either in full course or in full chase4 ,a foxhound nosing the ground is described as a hound on scent4 ,the fox rarely figures in heraldry4 ,one ,kadrod-,hard of ,wales bore two reynards counter salient1 and the ,wylies do bear that wylie beast1 the fox2 whilst three foxes' heads erased are borne respectively by the ,foxes of ,middlesex and one ,stephen ,fox1 of ,wilts4 ,a fox's face is blazoned a mask4 ,cats occur fairly often in heraldry4 ,roger ,adams and ,john ,hills1 both of the ,city of ,london1 we are told1 bear cats2 ,sir ,jonathan ,keats charges three cats-a-mountain--wild cats--upon his shield1 as also do the ,schives of ,scotland2 the ,dawson-,damer's crest is a tabby cat with a rat in her mouth4 ,she would be blazoned as preying4 ,the dog1 fox1 and cat have each their typical meaning in heraldry4 ,the dog symbolizes courage1 fidelity1 affection1 and sagacity2 the fox1 great wit and cunning2 the cat1 boldness1 daring1 and extraordinary foresight1 so that whatever happens she always falls on her feet4 ,she was formerly the emblem of liberty1 and was borne on the banners of the ancient ,alans and ,burgundians to show that they brooked no servitude4 ,the squirrel is rather a favourite charge1 notably in the arms of landed gentry--such as the ,holts1 ,woods1 ,warrens--because the little nut-cracker is typical of parks and woodland property4 ,it occurs either singly or in pairs or trios4 ,it is always represented sejant1 and usually cracking nuts1 as seen in the arms of the ,nuthall family4 ,a hedgehog usually figures in the arms of the ,harris1 ,harrison1 ,herries1 and ,herrison families1 and is undoubtedly borne in allusion to their surname1 hrisson being the ,french for hedgehog4 ,lord ,malmesbury--family name ,harris--bears a hedgehog in his coat of arms4 ,it is generally blazoned as an urcheon in heraldry4 ,the hare occurs but rarely in ,english arms2 the ,clelands bear one as a single charge1 and the ,trussleys charge their shield with three little hares playing bagpipes1 probably in allusion to the hare's traditional love of music4 ,the rabbit--known to heralds as a coney--is oftener met with in armorial bearings2 the ,strodes of ,devon bear three conies couchant2 the ,conesbies1 three conies sejant2 the ,cunliffes1 three conies courant4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #e4 ,,baron ,,hawke4 ,arms4--,a chevron erminois between three pilgrim's staves purpure4 ,crest4--,a hawk1 wings displayed and inverted ppr4 belled and charged on the breast with a fleur de lys or4 ,supporters4--,dexter1 ,neptune1 ,sinister1 a ,sea-horse4 ,motto4--,strike4 ,three moles are borne by ,sir ,john ,twistledon1 of ,dartford1 ,kent--a mole was sometimes blazoned moldiwarp--whilst the ,rattons very aptly bear a rat4 ,we cannot say much of the toads1#b tortoises1 serpents1 grasshoppers1 spiders1 and snails which occur in heraldry4 ,footnote #b3 ,the legend which connects toads with the fleur-de-lys in the arms of ,france is too well known to need repetition here4 ,the ,gandys of ,suffolk bear a single tortoise passant1 and a tortoise erected occurs on the ,coopers' coat of arms4 ,serpents are blazoned in terms peculiar to themselves4 ,thus1 a serpent coiled1 is said to be nowed--knotted--from the ,french noeud1 a knot2 when upright on its tail1 it is erect2 gliding1 it is glissant also from the ,french2 when biting its tail1 it is blazoned embowed4 ,the ,falconers bear a serpent embowed2 one ,natterley has an adder nowed--natter is the ,german for adder--and ,sir ,thomas ,couch of ,london charges an adder curling and erect upon his shield4 ,to the ,greek1 the grasshopper signified nobility2 hence amongst the ,athenians a golden grasshopper worn in the hair was the badge of high lineage4 ,in later days the heralds considered the grasshopper a type of patriotism1 because in whatever soil a grasshopper is bred1 in that will he live and die4 ,spiders were not only held symbolical of industry1 but they were highly esteemed for their supposed properties of healing4#c ,footnote #c3 ,as regards the spider's curative powers1 ,mr4 ,thistleton ,dyer1 in his ,folklore of ,shakespeare1 tells us that only a few years ago a lady in ,ireland was famous for curing ague with a large house-spider swallowed alive1 thickly coated with treacle4 ,one family of ,shelleys bears three house-snails so termed in heraldry to imply that they carry their shells4 ,a type of deliberation in business matters and perseverance is supposed to be furnished by the common snail4 ,the creatures that live above the earth--i4e41 having wings--come next4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,various heraldic terms are in use for blazoning bird charges--viz43 ,a bird flying is volant 7,fig4 #db72 preparing to fly1 is rising 7,fig4 #dd72 when its wings are spread open1 they are displayed2 when folded1 they are close 7see ,fig4 #dc74 ,birds of prey and barn-door cocks are armed4 ,thus1 the eagle is blazoned as armed of his beak and talons2 the cock as armed of his beak and spurs2 he is also blazoned as combed and jellopped--that is1 with his crest and wattles4 ,an eagle or any other bird of prey devouring its prey is described as preying4 ,in blazoning a very old eagle1 the ,french heralds use a special term1 pam2#d our ,english equivalent would be exhausted1 thereby alluding to the popular notion that with advancing age an eagle's beak becomes so hooked that it is unable to take any nourishment1 and so dies of inanition4 ,birds that have web feet and no talons are usually blazoned membred4 ,a swan with her wings raised is said to be expansed2 a peacock with his tail displayed is said to be in his pride 7,fig4 #de72 with folded tail he is a peacock close4 ,a pelican feeding her young is a pelican in her piety 7see ,plate ,,iii472 when wounding her breast1 she is said to be vulning4 ,the crane is another bird which enjoys a blazoning term which is all its own--namely1 a crane in its vigilance4 ,it is so described when1 as in the ,cranstoun arms1 it is represented holding a stone in its foot4 ,this charge refers to the old myth1 that a crane on duty as a sentinel always holds a stone in its foot1 so that in the event of its dropping asleep the sound of the falling stone may act as an alarum4 ,footnote #d3 ,the word pam should be restricted to an expiring fish4 ,falcons are blazoned armed1 jessed and belled4 ,a falcon is usually called goshawk in heraldry4 ,swans1 geese1 ducks1 and other web-footed birds occur rarely in heraldry4 ,the ,moore family bear one swan1 the ,mellishes two1 and three swans' necks are charged upon the ,lacys' shield4 ,one1 ,john ,langford1 bears a single wild goose4 ,three wild duck volant appear in the arms of the ,woolrich family4 ,three drakes--a very favourite charge--are borne by the ,yeos4 ,the ,starkeys bear one stork1 the ,gibsons three4 ,three herons occur in the arms of ,heron1 one kingfisher in those of one1 ,christopher ,fisher 7,fig4 #dc74 ,viscount ,cullen1 whose family name is ,cockayne1 bears three cocks2 three capons are borne by the ,caponhursts2 whilst1 drolly enough1 three cocks are borne by the ,crow family4 ,the ,alcocks bear three cocks' heads4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,eagles are of such wide and constant occurrence in heraldry that we cannot attempt to do justice to them here4 ,a single eagle is borne by the ,earls of ,dalhousie and ,southesk1 and by seven families of ,bedingfield4 ,a double-headed eagle was rather a favourite charge1 and coats of arms displaying as many as six eagles are very commonly met with4 ,but an eagle blazoned close is a rare charge4#e ,parts of an eagle1 such as head1 wings1 talons1 and legs often appear in armorial bearings as separate charges4 ,ostrich feathers1 by the way1 are also introduced into heraldry1 but the ostrich itself is of very seldom occurrence4#f ,its introduction into heraldry1 dates from the time of the ,crusaders1 when ,europeans first saw the bird4 ,an ostrich is usually represented with a horseshoe in its mouth1 because it was a popular idea that an ostrich could digest iron4#g ,in ,sir ,titus ,salt's arms we find a demi-ostrich holding a horseshoe in its beak4 ,lord ,churston's shield is supported on the right by an ostrich with a horseshoe in its beak1 as is ,lord ,carysfort's1 but his ostrich is represented with a key in its beak4 ,footnote #e3 ,the eagle was sometimes called alerion by the early heralds and when blazoned as such was usually represented with neither legs nor beak4 ,footnote #f3 ,one ,jervis1 the principal founder of ,exbridge1 in ,devon1 bore six ostrich feathers1 and in the heraldry of to-day they are occasionally met with as charges4 ,the ,fetherstons bear three ostrich feathers on their shield1 and the ,earl of ,devon has seven ostrich feathers in his crest4 ,we are all familiar with the ,prince of ,wales's plumes1 but to go farther back into history1 we find that a plume of ostrich feathers was often used by ,king ,stephen as his badge1 with the motto of his own making3 ,vi nulla invertitur ordo--,no force alters their fashion--in allusion to the fold fall of the feather1 which was neither shaken nor disordered by the wind1 and therefore symbolized the condition of well-ordered kings and kingdoms4 ,in bygone times1 we are told1 some doubted whether an ostrich should be reckoned as a beast or a fowl6 ,footnote #g3 ,i'll make thee eat iron like an ostrich4 ,king ,henry ,,vi4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,three hawks are borne by the ,hawksworths2 the ,corbets bear a raven as a single charge1 whilst ,dr4 ,raven1 ,queen ,anne's physician1 bears a raven rising 7,fig4 #dd74 ,the swallow1 which is the heraldic martlet 7see ,no4 #d1 ,fig4 #cf71 occurs repeatedly as a charge in coats of arms1 very often in threes2 six is also a favourite number4 ,the ,wardes and ,temples bear five2 the ,chadwicks and ,brownlows charge the orle of their shield with eight martlets4 ,the ,pawne family bear three peacocks in their pride 7see ,fig4 #de71 and this same charge occurs in the arms of the ,peacocks of ,durham4 ,a phoenix is borne by the ,fenwicks4 ,the dove occurs occasionally in heraldry4 ,a dove with an olive branch in its beak was added as an augmentation of honour to his paternal arms by one ,walker1 when he married the only child of ,sir ,david ,gam4 ,this charge was granted to ,sir ,david after the ,battle of ,agincourt1 where he took the ,duc de ,nevers prisoner4 ,it was this same ,sir ,david who1 on being sent by the king to view the ,french ,army before the battle1 brought word to his royal master that there were men enough to kill1 enough to run away1 and enough to make prisoners4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,besides the birds already mentioned1 the parrot1 turkey1 owl1 chough1 pheasant1 woodcock1 and several others occur in heraldry4 ,amongst winged insects1 we find the bee in the arms of the ,bye family1 whilst the ,rowes of ,cheshire bear a beehive1 surrounded by buzzing bees4#h ,the bee was considered an honourable charge1 symbolizing loyalty to the chief1 thrift and industry4#i ,footnote #h3 ,lord ,lansdowne uses a beehive beset with bees as one of his crests4 ,footnote #i3 ,in blazoning the bee1 ,guillim cannot resist reminding his reader of the old saw3 ,the calf1 the goose1 and the bee1 ,the world is ruled by these three4 ,the ,burninghills bear three gadbees--horseflies--and the ,papillons1 very properly1 have three butterflies charged on their shield 7,fig4 #df74 ,in concluding this chapter let us explain the term augmentation used above4 ,by augmentation is meant any addition granted for some special reason1 to a coat of arms4 ,thus to one1 ,william ,compton1 who was about ,henry ,,viii4 and in great favour with him1 the ,king actually granted permission to add a lion passant guardant1 taken out of his own royal device1 to his paternal arms1 as an honourable augmentation4 ,in rememberance whereof1 says ,sir ,william ,dugdale1 the said ,compton at his death bequeathed to the king a little chest of ivory1 whereof the lock was gilt1 with a chessboard under1 and a pair of tables upon it4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,the arms of ,sir ,atwel-,king ,lake show a curious augmentation--viz41 a dexter arm embowed--bent--issuing from the sinister side of the shield1 holding in the hand a sword erect1 thereto affixed a banner1 bearing a cross between sixteen escutcheons1 etc4 ,these sixteen escutcheons were given to the original bearer of these arms1 ,dr4 ,edward ,lake1 a devoted adherent of ,charles ,i41 to commemorate the sixteen wounds that ,lake received at the ,battle of ,naseby4 ,lord ,nelson was granted a very pictorial augmentation of honour4 ,waves or the sea1 from which a palm-tree issues between a disabled ship on the dexter and a battery in ruins on the sinister4 ,nelson had also a crest of an honourable augmentation1 which he bore in addition to that of his family4 ,a naval crown with the chelengk1 or plume of triumph1 presented to him by the ,grand ,sultan1 ,selim ,,iii4 ,the augmentation of honour granted to the great ,duke of ,wellington took the shape of the ,union ,jack charged upon an inescutcheon1 which was superimposed upon his own shield4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,animal ,,charges 7continued7 ,fish occur rarely in heraldry1 for although they were considered typical of unfailing industry and vigilance1 always swimming against the stream and never falling asleep1 yet they were held in far less esteem by the heralds of old than either the earthy or airy creatures4 ,fish have1 of course1 their own heraldic terms for blazoning--viz43 ,a fish charged horizontally upon the field1 is naiant--swimming 7,fig4 #dg72 perpendicularly with its head upwards1 it is hauriant 7,fig4 #dh7--literally1 taking a draught2 when placed vertically with its head downwards1 it is uriant--diving2 with undimmed eyes1 it is allum--alight2 when gasping with wide-open mouth1 it is pam--exhausted4 ,a fish is also blazoned as finned of its fins1 and when 7as is always the case with the dolphin7 its tail curves towards the head1 it is embowed4 ,if the fish is feeding1 it must be described as vorant--devouring--because watery creatures always swallow their prey whole4 ,when two or three fish of the same kind are represented on a field swimming in opposite directions1 they are blazoned as contra-naiant--swimming against each other4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,mr4 ,fox-,davies quotes an example of this charge in the arms of ,peebles1 where one salmon is depicted swimming towards the dexter side of the shield1 whilst two are swimming towards the sinister4 ,this charge alludes evidently to the popular idea that for each salmon that ascends the river to spawn1 two salmon return to the sea4 ,when an eel is borne on a shield1 it is always represented in a wavy form and is usually blazoned ondoyant--literally1 wavy4 ,fish charges almost always come under the head of canting heraldry1#a so that they mostly repeat the name of their bearer1 or1 at any rate1 carry a very direct allusion to it4 ,this is the case with the families of ,dolphin1 ,godolphin1 ,salmon1 ,sole 7,fig4 #dh71 ,herring1 ,herringham1 ,bream1 ,roach1 ,sprat1 ,ellis 7who bear three eels7 and ,troutbeck 7who have three trouts74 ,these latter are blazoned fretted in a triangle1 tte--queue--literally1 netted head to tail1 whilst we are reminded that the old name for pike was luce1 when we see pikes borne by the ,lucy family4 ,crabbe of ,robslaw bears one crab2 the ,prawnes1 as you would expect1 bear prawns2 and the ,tregarthens of ,cornwall have lobster claws saltire-wise1 gules1 that last word implying that the luckless owner of those claws had been clearly boiled 7,fig4 #di76 ,footnote #a3 ,canting heraldry is derived from the ,french armes chantantes or armes parlantes1 meaning1 literally1 arms that speak4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,the escallop shell1 being pre-eminently the pilgrim badge1 was given a very honourable place in heraldry1 and occurs in the arms of many of our highest nobility1 notably in those of the ,dukes of ,bedford1 ,marlborough and ,montrose4 ,one branch of the ,shelley family bears three escallop shells 7,fig4 #ej71 and a lion between escallop shells is a common charge4 ,one ,william ,moffat bears a lion between eight escallop shells4#b ,footnote #b3 ,escallop shells are represented in such infinitely varied devices and in so many coats of arms that some lovers of heraldry make this charge a special study4 ,a fish with a ring in its mouth occurs fairly often in heraldry1 and owes its origin probably to the many old legends associating fish with coins1 rings1 gems1 etc4 ,the arms of the ,bishopric of ,glasgow1 where a salmon and a ring are depicted1 are said to allude to the fable of the distracted bride1 who1 having dropped her wedding ring into the ,river ,clyde1 besought ,st4 ,kentigern1 ,bishop of ,glasgow1 to help her to recover it4 ,in answer to the ,prelate's prayers1 a salmon was taken in due time1 with the lady's ring between his jaws4 ,and now at last we have reached those charges connected with that most noble creature1 man1 who1 as we are told1 is borne in heraldic achievements both limbwise and entire4 ,and as a man should be represented in his greatest dignity1 a king should be depicted on his throne1 a bishop in his robes1 a soldier in military habit1 and so on4 ,in the royal arms of ,seville1 we find a crowned and sceptered king on his seat royal1 wearing his ermine cape1 but as a matter of fact1 the whole human figure occurs very rarely as a charge in a coat of arms4 ,a wild man of the woods1 with a garland round his head and waist and a club on his shoulder1 standing between two forest trees1 is charged on the shield of the ,mayo family1 and ,basil ,wood bears three demi-savages1 each with a club4 ,human heads and limbs are more frequently used4 ,sir ,richard ,griffith bore three ,englishmen's heads in profile1 couped at the head and bearded2 the ,tanners of ,cornwall bear three ,moors' heads couped4 ,three infants' heads are charged on the ,fauntleroy shield couped arg3 crined or1 crined being the heraldic word for blazoning hair4 ,the ,vaughans have a very odd coat of arms--viz41 three children's heads couped1 each enwrapped about the neck with a serpent4 7,ghastly as that arrangement sounds1 the children look out at you with remarkably gleeful countenances67 ,one ,black bears three men's heads with black hair1 and the ,de la ,haye family has the rare charge of three eyes4 ,the human heart is much used in heraldry4 ,henry de ,wingham bears a winged heart1 and the shield of the ,heart family is charged with three hearts4 ,the ,cornhills bear a left hand and arm1 whilst an arm grasping the stump of an uprooted tree is appropriately borne by ,armstrong4 ,very literal arms are borne by the ,tremaynes--viz41 three right arms with clenched fists1 forming a triangle4 ,a dexter hand is a fairly common charge4 ,two arms seizing the head1 or pole1 of a hart are borne by the ,catchpoles1 and three hands occur in the armorial bearings of the ,maynards of ,medstone and those of ,wicklow1 as also in the coat of arms of the ,maynes of ,bucks4 ,the ,quartermaynes bear four right hands 7,fig4 #ea74 ,amongst other families1 the ,haddens and ,shrigleys bear a human leg4 ,in conclusion1 we must mention what ,guillim calls amphibious and exorbitant creatures1 which figure as charges in heraldry4 ,under the amphibious charges we have the beaver1 seal1 otter1 and others4 ,with the beaver we are fairly familiar1 as nowadays it occurs so frequently in the armorial bearings of persons connected in any way with ,canada4 ,it is well represented in the arms of ,lord ,strathcona4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,the otter is borne by the ,setons of ,mounie1 and also occurs as a supporter in the arms of ,lord ,balfour of ,burleigh4 ,as to what ,guillim calls exorbitant creatures1 or1 so to speak1 monsters1 we may mention the wyvern1 a species of dragon2 the griffin1 supposed to have the body and claws of a lion1 with the hooked beak1 piercing eyes1 and wings of an eagle2 the dragon2 the unicorn1 whose appearance is too well known to need description2 the cockatrice2 the mermaid2 the sea-dog1 or marine wolf2 and1 lastly1 the harpy4 ,three wyverns are borne by the ,drake family1 and two fiendish-looking wyverns act as supporters to the shield of ,lord ,clifford of ,chudleigh4 ,the red dragon is1 of course1 the badge of ,wales2 and three dragons' heads are borne by the ,stanleys4 ,the heraldic dragon is always represented as a winged monster with four legs4 ,with the unicorn1 the sinister supporter of our ,royal ,arms1 every child is well acquainted4 ,it represents ,scotland1 the royal shield of that country being supported by two unicorns4 ,of all the mythical creatures1 it is perhaps the favourite in our heraldry4 ,not only does it occur repeatedly as a supporter1 notably in the armorial bearings of ,lord ,chetwynd1 ,lord ,colchester1 and ,lord ,manners1 who each have two unicorns1 but we find it constantly represented on coats of arms4 ,according to some old writers1 it was deemed a very honourable charge1 because1 no one ever having succeeded in capturing this fabulous creature1 either dead or alive1 they account for this stubborn fact in the following cunning fashion3 ,the unicorn hath too much greatness of mind to suffer himself to be taken alive1 choosing rather to die than to be taken captive4 ,therefore1 a unicorn was considered a very suitable charge for a warrior1 who should1 of course1 share that creature's greatness of mind4 ,the ,farrington family bear three unicorns2 and the unicorn's head is not uncommon in coats of arms4 ,the ,goston family bear one as a single charge2 one ,anthony ,smith1 bears two2 whilst three are borne by a family of ,shelley4 ,the griffin is very common in heraldry1 either as a crest or a supporter4 ,lord ,churchill of ,wychwood has a griffin for his crest and one for his dexter supporter4 ,the cockatrice1 a little king amongst serpents1 is borne by the ,bogan family1 whilst one ,ellis bears a mermaid1 crined or1 with a mirror in one hand and a comb in the other 7a veritable ,loreley674 ,three sea-dogs1 or marine wolves1 are borne by one ,john ,fenner4 ,and1 lastly1 we find in ,guillim's work the presentment of a harpy as a charge on a coat of arms--a monster with a woman's head1 hair1 and face1 and the body1 legs1 and wings of a vulture1 her wings displayed and hair flottant4 ,as to the name of the bearer of this hideous charge1 the old herald is discreetly silent4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,inanimate ,,objects ,,as ,,charges ,under this heading so many and such various objects are included that we cannot attempt to mention one half of the items in this miscellaneous collection4 ,first come crowns1 mitres1 croziers 7a crozier is borne by an ,irish family of that name71 swords1 maces1 etc41 all of which represent estate and dignity4 ,then come books1 billets1 pens 7one ,cowpen bears three pens71 single letters of the alphabet1 notably ,y and ,t 7three ,t's are borne by the ,tofte family71 musical instruments--i4e41 violin1 organ-pipes1 harp1 etc4 7the harp appears in the arms of one ,harpham74 ,musical instruments signified that their bearers were men of a well-composed and tempered judgment2 whilst the ,book symbolized primarily the ,word of ,life2 the pen1 the wisdom of the learned2 and the single letters stood for the thoughts of absent or silent scholars4 ,in the ,conroy arms1 the field is charged with an ancient book1 open1 indexed1 edged or4 ,this charge represents the honourable and hereditary office of ,leanachie bard and herald to the ,o',connors1 ,kings of ,connaught4 ,the motto under the coat of arms signifies that history once written in this book cannot be destroyed by time4 ,it was the privilege of the ancient bard of the tribe to stand alone with the new-made ,king upon the sacred mount of ,carn ,fraoich and there to deliver into his hands the white wand or sceptre of royalty4 ,mechanical objects follow next--ploughs1 harrows 7the ,harrows bear three harrows71 scythes1 spades1 cartwheels 7the latter occur in the arms of ,carter and ,cartwright74 ,these are all typical of husbandry1 and suggest agricultural industry on the part of the original bearers4 ,chaucer's son-in-law1 ,sir ,payne ,roet--derived doubtless1 from the ,french rouet1 a wheel--bore three wheels on his shield1 and in blazoning this coat of arms 7,fig4 #eb71 ,guillim quotes ,pliny's fable of the ,roman farmer who was accused to the authorities of being a magician1 because his fields were fruitful1 whilst those of his neighbour were barren4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,wait1 said the farmer1 and ,i will show you my conjuring tools2 and therewith he produced his plough and a cartwheel4 ,from this anecdote we gather that ,sir ,payne ,roet must have been distinguished as an agriculturist4 ,then come the implements for making clothes as well as some items of dress4 ,wool-cards are borne by the ,cardingtons2 shuttles by the ,shuttleworths2 ,sir ,john ,maunsel bears three maunches 7sleeves72 the ,bartlelots1 gloves2 the ,hose family bear stockings2 the ,arthurs of ,ireland three boots1 blazoned as three ,irish brogues2 the ,huths have a hat 7hut being the ,german for hat74 ,one family of ,palmers charges their shield with three palmer's staves2 another has a pilgrim's scrip4 ,the ,spences bear three penny-pieces1 this latter charge symbolizing commerce4 ,workman's tools--pickaxes1 hammers1 levels1 squares1 hatchets1 nails1 plummets1 etc4--had all great heraldic significance4 ,the pickaxe was to remind its bearer whence he was digged2 the level that his actions must be justified by the rule of reason and justice2 the square taught the cultivation of an even judgment2 the nails1 fixity of purpose2 the plummet1 prudence in fathoming the problems of life4 ,the objects wrought by these tools follow4 ,first1 come works of masonry4 ,one ,oldcastle bears a tower triple-towered2 ,sir ,edward ,mansel1 a tower with a scaling ladder against it2 whilst three castles occur in the arms of the ,scarborough family4 ,the heralds1 be it noted1 made a great distinction between a tower and a castle1 when charging either upon a shield4 ,for1 whereas a tower must never occupy the whole of the field1 a castle extendeth itself all over the shield from one side to the other4 ,three arches are borne by the ,archers2 the ,trowbridges bear a bridge4 ,keys occur fairly often1 being borne either singly or in threes4 ,the ,bells very properly bear bells1 and these latter we also find in the ,dobell coat of arms1 which affords an excellent example of canting heraldry 7,fig4 #ec74 ,one1 ,stratford1 bears three trestles meant to imply their bearer's love of hospitality4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,amongst other inanimate charges are flesh-pots1 bellows1 lamps4 ,the ,lamplaws bear three lamps2 cups are borne by ,bowles1 ,warcupp1 and ,butler2 dishes are borne by the ,standish family 7a boar's head in a golden dish was a rather favourite charge71 as were also clocks1 watches1 dials1 etc4 ,next we find ships and all things pertaining to them4 ,the ,earl of ,caithness bears a ship2 the ,cavells bear three sails2 the ,chappels have an anchor4 ,three anchors are a fairly common charge4 ,objects connected with hunting1 hawking1 and fishing come next4 ,the ,hatheways bear a hunter's horn2 the ,langhornes three bugles2 the ,plankes1 three hawk-bells1 whilst a lure with a line and ring1 all a falconer's decoy1 are borne by one1 ,lie1 a suitable name1 seeing that a falconer is ever used to deceive4 ,three mascles1 representing the meshes of a net1 are borne by the ,belgraves1 whilst a net enclosing three sturgeons is introduced into the ,sturgeons' coat of arms1 and is blazoned as a fret4 ,the ,medvilles bear three fishing-hooks4 ,now we come to objects associated with games--chessmen1 dice1 balls1 etc4 ,one of ,charles ,v4's generals bore as his arms a ball with two balloons1 with the motto1 ,the harder ,i am struck1 the higher ,i mount4 ,then we have military weapons and implements1 cannon1 battering-rams1 swords1 lances1 as well as banners1 drums1 trumpets1 clarions1 etc4 ,guillim blazons the ,earl of ,cumberland's arms as three murthering shots4 ,one ,bowman bears three bows1 whilst arrows#a and swords are of constant occurrence1 the latter borne either singly or crossed salter-wise4 ,footnote #a3 ,an arrow has its peculiar terms of blazon4 ,it is armed of its head1 flighted of its feathers1 whilst a bundle of arrows is a sheaf4 ,an arrow with a blunt head is known in heraldry as a bird-bolt4 ,on the ,earl of ,lindsey's shield there are three battering-rams in the first and fourth quarters1 and a shattered castle triple-towered is represented in the second and third quarters4 ,the origin of this unusual coat of arms is historical4 ,one ,robert ,bertie1 afterwards created ,earl of ,lindsey1 was serving in the army1 which1 during ,queen ,elizabeth's reign1 laid siege to ,cadiz under the ,earl of ,essex's command4 ,when the ,english troops made a furious onslaught on the gates of the city1 every inhabitant within its walls strove to drive back the enemy1 the old women flinging down heavy stones from the ramparts4 ,one of these missiles felled young ,bertie to the ground1 so that when1 after the taking of ,cadiz1 the youth was knighted for his gallant conduct that day1 the newly made knight exclaimed3 ,the squire was knocked down by an old woman with a stone1 but the general bade him arise a knight4 ,all kinds of escutcheons were also charged upon a shield1 as well as helmets and gauntlets4 ,trophies and tokens of martial victory also occur in heraldry1 such as chaplets1 torses--the wreath surrounding the helmet--along with the more melancholy charges--fetters1 shackles1 chains1 denoting the subjection and captivity of the vanquished4 ,bridles1 bits1 buckles1 and stirrups are of frequent occurrence in heraldry4 ,lord ,stanhope bears three stirrups1 buckles1 and straps1 whilst spurs are borne very appropriately by the ,knights4 ,before closing this chapter we must mention that besides the charges emblazoned on the shield1 which we have been considering at some length1 a coat of arms has certain accessory ornaments4 ,these are known as the crest1 helmet1 mantling1 supporters--we have spoken of the latter elsewhere--scrolls1#b and mottoes4 ,the crest1#c which is the only part of armorial bearings which is in constant use1 is the device placed above an escutcheon1 and originally worn upon a helmet1 but it now occurs on a coronet1 wreath1 or cap4 ,footnote #b3 ,the ribbon bearing the motto is called heraldically escroll--scroll4 ,footnote #c3 ,crest is obviously derived from crista1 a bird's comb or crest4 ,its heraldic term is cognizance1 because the crest worn upon his helmet served to insure recognition of a leader by his followers on the battle-field4 ,as regards the representing of helmets in armorial bearings1 the following rules must be noted3 ,a king's helmet must be gold1 six-barred1 full face1 and open2 a duke's helmet is steel with five gold bars1 and set slightly in profile2 baronets and knights have also steel helmets with no bars--these must be drawn full faced with visor raised2 steel helmets are also used by esquires1 visor down1 with gold ornaments and represented in profile4 ,full-faced helmets denote authority1 side-faced ones symbolize attention and obedience towards superiors4 ,mantling or lambrequin is the term used for the mantle or a piece of scarf-like drapery1 attached to the helmet and showing jagged and torn edges to suggest the cuts received in battle4 ,generally1 however1 we find the mantling in heraldry takes the shape of graceful flowing outlines4 ,in the motto we have1 no doubt1 the survival of the war-cries2 many 7besides expressing the name of the bearer or some allusion to the charges on the coat of arms7#d contain very interesting historical references--viz41 the ,grip ,fast of the ,earl of ,rothes recalls how his ancestor rescued the good ,queen ,margaret from the river1 where she and her palfrey were drowning1 and exhorted her to grip fast to his belt4 ,footnote #d3 ,as1 for instance1 ,fare fac1 the ,fairfax motto1 or the ,weare's motto1 ,sumus--we are--whilst the motto of the ,clerks of ,penicuik1 ,free for a blast1 alludes to their crest1 a man blowing a horn4 ,this refers to the odd condition under which the ,barony of ,penicuik is held--viz41 that the proprietor must sit on a piece of rock called the ,buckstone1 and wind three blasts of a horn whenever the sovereign shall come to hunt on the ,borough ,muir1 near ,edinburgh4 ,the motto is generally placed beneath the escutcheon1 but we sometimes find it above the crest4 ,,chapter ,x ,,quartering ,,and ,,marshalling ,in these ,peeps at ,heraldry1 we can only glance at much that should still be mentioned if space permitted4 ,we must say something1 however1 about quartering and marshalling1 two very important departments in heraldry4 ,hitherto1 we have dealt with shields bearing only one coat of arms1 but now we must speak of those which bear more than one4 ,quartering means dividing the shield into quarters1 so that several coats of arms may be represented on the same escutcheon4 ,fig4 #ed shows the simplest form of quartering--viz41 by two lines1 fess-wise and pale-wise4 ,this arrangement gives room for four different coats of arms1 but if it is necessary to represent more than four1 the shield is further cut up into the requisite number of divisions1 then blazoned according to that number--e4g41 quarterly by eight1 by twelve1 and so forth4 ,it also sometimes happens that in a shield already quartered1 each quarter has to be quartered again1 and this arrangement is known in heraldry as compound quartering4 ,the four original quarters are then blazoned as grand quarters1 the secondary ones as quarterly quarterings4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,one of the chief uses of quartering is to record the alliances between different families1 generally made through marriage4 7,the arms of the ,duke of ,portland afford a good example of a shield bearing a record of such alliances4 ,for in the first and fourth grand quarters quarterly we find the arms of the ,bentincks--the original family arms2 in the second and third quarterlies the ,cavendish arms appear2 whilst on the second and third grand quarters the arms of ,scott are represented1 thus recording the alliance of the house of ,bentinck with those of ,cavendish and ,scott47 ,a husband may only add the arms of his wife's family to his own when she is heiress or co-heiress of her own line4 ,he then bears those arms on what is called an escutcheon of pretence1 which he charges on his own family coat4 ,all the sons of an heiress or co-heiress may use their mother's arms after she is dead as quarterings with those of their father1 dividing the shield as in ,fig4 #ed and placing their paternal arms in the first and fourth quarters and their maternal in the second and third4 ,when three coats of arms are to be represented on a shield1 the most important occupies the first and fourth quarters4 ,a familiar example of this is furnished by the royal arms of ,great ,britain1 where we see the lions of ,england in the first and fourth quarters1 the lion rampant of ,scotland in the second1 and the harp of ,ireland in the third4 ,the ,earl of ,pembroke1 in #acdh1 was the first subject1 so ,mr4 ,hulme tells us1 who quartered his arms4 ,when a great number of quarterings are charged upon the shield1 the order in which these quarterings are marshalled#a or arranged is very important1 the original arms being always placed in the upper dexter of the field--that being the most honourable point--and the other arms following in the sequence in which they were introduced into the family coat of arms4 ,footnote #a3 ,marshalling means the art of grouping or arranging various coats of arms on one and the same shield4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #f4 ,,sir ,,william ,,herschel4 ,arms4--,arg4 on mount vert1 representation of the #dj ft4 reflecting telescope with its apparatus ppr4 on a chief az3 the astronomical symbol of ,uranus irradiated or4 ,crest4--,a demi terrestrial sphere ppr4 thereon an eagle1 wings elevated or4 ,motto4--,coelis exploratis4 ,there were two methods of marshalling in early heraldry4 ,one was known as dimidation1 which means cutting a coat of arms in half1 pale-wise1 and matching it with another half of another coat of arms1 so as to make one achievement of the two joined halves4 ,thus1 when a wife's arms were to be represented on the same shield as her husband's1 both coats were halved1 and then placed upon the shield1 the husband's arms occupying the right side1 and those of the wife the left4 ,as you can imagine1 however1 the result of this chopping and joining was seldom satisfactory and sometimes very comical1 as1 for example1 in the arms of ,yarmouth1 where half a lion is running to join half a herring6 ,the second method of marshalling was by impalement4 ,this term means the joining together of different coats of arms by a pale4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,in this arrangement the shield was divided pale-wise as before 7,fig4 #ee shows the shield divided ready to receive the two coats71 but the whole of each coat was crowded respectively into each side of the shield1 the right side being charged with the husband's arms1 the left with his wife's4 ,naturally1 however1 in order to suit this arrangement1 the arms suffered a certain amount of alteration4 ,nowadays1 according to ,mr4 ,fox-,davies1 the following rules are observed with regard to the arms of man and wife--viz43 ,if the wife is not an heraldic heiress the two coats are impaled4 ,if the wife be an heraldic heiress or co-heir1 in lieu of impalement1 the arms of her family are placed on an escutcheon1 being termed an 'escutcheon of pretence1' because 444 the husband pretends to the representation of her family4 ,a widow may have the coat of arms borne by her husband and herself marshalled1 not on a shield1 but on a lozenge1 whilst an unmarried daughter may bear her father's arms on a lozenge also1 but without a crest4 ,finally1 under the head of marshalling comes the arrangement of all the accessories1 of the shield of which we spoke in our last chapter4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,five ,,coats ,,of ,,arms ,in this chapter we must say a few words about the five achievements which are shown in the coloured plates4 ,these represent respectively the armorial bearings of a duke1 marquess1 earl1 baron1 and baronet4#a ,footnote #a3 ,we have to apologize to our readers for the omission--owing to want of space--of an example of the armorial bearings of a viscount4 ,to begin with ,no4 #a4 ,this coat of arms belongs to the ,duke of ,leinster1 and should be blazoned--as you will know by this time--viz43 ,arg 3 a saltier gu 3 crest1 a monkey statant ppr 3 environed about the middle with a plain collar and chained or4 2 supporters1 two monkeys1 environed and chained as the crest2 motto1 ,crom aboo--literally ,crom to victory1 ,crom being the name of an old castle belonging to the ,fitzgeralds4 ,now1 in this achievement the trio of monkeys tell the story1 not of their bearer's grand deeds1 but of the noble feat performed by one of their own ancestors4 ,and this is the monkey's story3 ,long1 long ago1 in the reign of ,edward ,i41 ,john ,fitz-,thomas ,fitzgerald 7later first ,earl of ,kildare1#b but at that time only an infant71 was staying in the ,castle of ,woodstock1 when the building suddenly broke into flames4 ,in the first panic caused by the fire no one remembered the poor baby lying helpless in his cradle2 but when1 later on1 some of the servants went back to search for him1 they found only the smouldering remains of his cradle on the charred floor of the burnt-out nursery4 ,distracted with remorse1 they wandered about the smoking ruins1 vainly seeking for the child4 ,suddenly1 a queer chattering attracted their attention to one of the high1 blackened towers of the castle1 and there1 outlined against the sky1 stood the pet ape of the household1 holding the baby boy safe and sound in his long1 hairy arms6 ,on this occasion1 the monkey had put his betters to shame1 and had saved the helpless life which they had left to perish4 ,footnote #b3 ,the eldest son of the ,duke of ,leinster is the ,marquess of ,kildare4 ,in gratitude for that monkey's devotion1 ,john ,fitzgerald adopted a monkey for his crest1 whilst two additional apes act as supporters to the ,duke of ,leinster's shield4 ,thus1 you see1 in this case it is the golden deed of a far-away monkey that heraldry keeps alive4 ,the arms of the ,marquess of ,hertford are very pretty ones1 and afford a good example of the use of the pile as an augmentation of honour4 ,it is introduced into the first and fourth grand quarters1 bearing the charge of three lions1 whilst the second and third quarters are occupied by two wings conjoined by lure4 ,these arms1 being precisely the same as those of the ,duke of ,somerset1 serve to remind us that the ,marquess of ,hertford1 whose family name is also ,seymour1 is a descendant from one and the same ancestor4 ,for whereas the wings in the coat of arms represent the armorial bearings of the ,seymours1 the pile was an augmentation of honour granted by ,henry ,,viii4 to ,sir ,john ,seymour on the occasion of the ,king's marriage with ,lady ,jane ,seymour1 his daughter4 ,the same crest1 a phoenix rising out of flames surmounting a ducal coronet1 does duty for both achievements1 but whereas the ,duke of ,somerset's supporters are a unicorn and a bull1 the ,marquess of ,hertford has two blackamoors1 which are blazoned--viz41 wreathed about the temples or1 sa 3 habited in short golden garments2 adorned about the waist with green and red feathers2 each holding in his exterior hand a shield1 az 3 garnished or1 the dexter charged with the 'sun in splendour1' gold1 the other with a crescent1 silver4 ,motto1 ',fide et amore'--',with faith and love4' ,the ,earl of ,scarborough's coat of arms shows no quarterings4 ,here the field is divided fesswise and charged with three parrots 7they are usually termed popinjays in heraldry74 ,a pelican in her piety is the crest1 whilst we find parrots again with wings inverted as supporters4 ,these arms are of great antiquity1 having been adopted by ,sir ,marmaduke ,lumley1 who derived them from his mother1 ,lucia1 co-heiress of the ancient house of ,thweng in the beginning of the fourteenth century4 ,their motto is1 ,a sound conscience is a wall of brass4 ,baron ,hawke's achievement hints very plainly at the grand naval feats performed by the founder of the house1 ,edward ,hawke1 the gallant sailor1 who1 at the early age of thirty-one1 was made ,admiral of the ,white4 ,his brilliant victory over the ,french in #agdg1 when he captured six large ships of the enemy's line1 is matter of history4 ,his arms are ,arg 3 a chevron erminois between three pilgrims' staves purple1 the crest1 a hawk rising1 beaked1 belled1 and charged on the breast with fleur-de-lys or 2 whilst most appropriately the supporters of this naval hero's shield are--dexter supporter1 ,neptune in a sea-green mantle1 crowned with an eastern coronet or1 his dexter arm erect1 darting downwards his trident sa 3 headed silver1 resting his sinister foot on a dolphin1 also sable 2 sinister supporter1 a sea-horse1 sustaining in his fore-fins a banner1 arg 3 the staff broken ppr4 ,motto1 ,strike4 ,the fifth coat of arms1 a very pictorial one1 was assumed by the great astronomer and musician1 ,sir ,william ,herschel1 and serves as our example of a baronet's armorial bearings4 7,you will note that it has no supporters1 and that the baronet's badge1 a sinister hand charged on an escutcheon1 is placed on the dexter side of the field47 ,this coat of arms tells the story of its bearer's grand discovery of the new planet1 ,uranus4#c ,footnote #c3 ,we strongly advise our readers to refer to ,a ,peep at the ,heavens for further information on this point4 ,this ,herschel achieved with the aid of a telescope of his own making4 ,and so very properly a telescope#d with all its apparatus is represented on the field1 whilst the astronomical symbol of ,uranus is charged in the chief4 ,the crest is a demi-terrestrial sphere with an eagle thereon1 wings elevated4 ,motto1 ,the heavens having been explored4 ,footnote #d3 ,sir ,william ,herschel made and erected a telescope #dj feet long at ,slough1 completing it in #aghg4 ,so this coat of arms1 you see1 shows the result of the labours of its original bearer1 along with the telescope which was instrumental in making the wonderful discovery4 ,and now a few last words about the frontispiece4 ,this shows the herald in his tabard1 which1 as the official habit of heralds1 has remained unchanged in ,great ,britain ever since the office of herald was first instituted4 ,the tabard--really1 a tunic--was originally worn over mail armour1 being blazoned back and front1 as it is now1 with the arms of the sovereign for the time being4 ,though the general name of tabard was given to this particular kind of official garment1 it was further distinguished by the term of tunique1 when worn by the ,king-at-,arms4 ,it was then made of riche fyne velvet4 ,when worn by the heralds1 the tabard was known as a plasque1 and made of satin1 whilst the pursuivant's tabard was called a coat of arms1 and made of damask silk4 ,a ,king-at-,arms ranks first amongst heraldic officials4 ,it is his duty to direct heralds1 to preside at their chapters1 and to him belongs the jurisdiction of arms4 ,we have three ,english ,kings-of-,arms1#e styled respectively1 ,garter1 ,clarencieux1 and ,norroy4 ,the officer attached to the ,order of the ,bath is also styled ,bath ,king-at-,arms4 ,footnote #e3 ,the term of ,king-at-,arms is also sometimes employed4 ,scotland has her ,lyon ,king-of-,arms1 ,ireland her ,ulster ,king-of-,arms4 ,we have three chief heralds and six subordinate or provincial ones--viz41 ,york1 ,lancaster1 ,chester1 ,windsor1 ,richmond1 and ,somerset4 ,on the accession of ,george ,i41 two more were appointed and styled the ,hanover ,herald1 and ,gloucester ,king-at-,arms4 ,a pursuivant is an attendant upon the herald1 and belongs to the third or lowest order of heraldic officers4 ,there are four ,english pursuivants1 styled respectively1 ,rouge ,croix1 ,blue ,mantle1 ,rouge ,dragon1 and ,portcullis4 ,three pursuivants belong to the ,court of ,lyon in ,scotland--,unicorn1 ,carrick1 and ,bute4 ,on the cover we have the figure of a ,crusader in his mail armour1 bearing on his breast the badge of a red cross charged upon a white field4 ,looking at the massive1 closely knit armour portrayed in our illustration1 we can easily understand that the wearer encased within it must have suffered cruelly in the ,east1 when the burning sun poured down upon his metal armour1 and that1 as a natural consequence1 the surcoat of some woven fabric was introduced1 to be worn over the coat of mail as a protection against the scorching rays of the sun4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,pennons1 ,,banners1 ,,and ,,standards ,pennons1 banners1 and standards are so closely associated with heraldry that we must not leave them altogether unnoticed4 ,in the ,middle ,ages three distinct classes of heraldic flags appear to have been in use in ,england4 ,illustration3 ,,plate #g4 ,,the ,,flags ,,of ,,great ,,britain4 #a4 ,the ,union ,jack4 #b4 ,the ,royal ,standard4 ,the first was the pennon2 this was an armorial lance flag1 narrow and tapering1 and was the mark of knightly rank4 ,sometimes it was triangular in form1 but it was oftener forked or swallow-tailed at the fly4 ,it was borne on a lance1 and served as the personal ensign of the bearer1 being charged with his badge or some other part of his armorial bearings4 ,the banner was a square flag1 very often representing the whole coat of arms of the bearer1 in exactly the same way as a shield was blazoned4 ,a banner was carried by all above the rank of a knight1 kings included4 ,an emperor's banner was #f feet square1 a king's #e1 a nobleman's only #c4 ,the standard was the third variety of early heraldic flags4 ,it was chiefly in use in the fifteenth century1 though some standards were certainly in use some fifty years sooner4 ,in old days the term standard was loosely applied to any large flag on which a badge and motto were represented2 in fact1 there is no doubt that the standard was originally designed for the special purpose of displaying armorial bearings4 ,nevertheless1 a standard proper was a tapering flag1 richly embroidered1 and slit slightly at the narrow end4 ,the standard of an emperor or king was #aa yards long when it was planted before his pavilion1 but when it was carried into battle it was reduced to #i yards in length4 ,it is1 therefore1 quite incorrect to speak of the square banner on which our royal arms are blazoned as a standard1 for it is most distinctly a banner4 ,it displays1 as you all know1 the armorial bearings of the sovereign fully blazoned1 just as they are marshalled in the royal shield4 ,this banner should only be hoisted over a palace when the king or some member of the royal family is actually in residence4 ,in the ,navy1 the ,royal ,standard--falsely so-called--is considered the supreme flag of ,great ,britain1 and is only flown on a ship when the monarch1 or someone belonging to the royal family1 is on board4 ,the ,union ,jack is the national banner of ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 ,it represents the three united crosses of ,st4 ,george for ,england1 the saltire of ,st4 ,andrew for ,scotland1 and the cross of ,st4 ,patrick for ,ireland4 ,st4 ,george's ,cross is red on white2 ,st4 ,andrew's is white on blue2 ,st4 ,patrick's 7saltire-shaped like ,st4 ,andrew's7 is red on white4 ,some writers have derived the word jack from ,jacques for ,james ,i41 because he was the monarch who united the flags of ,england and ,scotland2 but this is held to be incorrect4 ,the old heraldic name for a surcoat was jacque1 hence obviously our word jacket1 which recalls the ,german jacke for coat1 and therefore undoubtedly jaque survives in the ,union ,jack1 which is intended to represent the national arms1 and thus certainly fulfils the purposes of a coat of arms4 ,the ,union ,jack first came into use after ,james ,i4's accession1 when ,england and ,scotland became united4 ,till then1 the ,english flag bore ,st4 ,george's ,cross1 a rectangular red cross on a white field1 whilst the ,scotch flag showed the white diagonal cross of ,st4 ,andrew on a blue ground4 ,the union of the two flags was effected by retaining the blue field of ,st4 ,andrew's ,cross1 whilst the red field of the ,english flag was represented by adding a narrow border of that colour to the limbs of ,st4 ,george's ,cross4 ,the heraldic term for this addition is fimbrication--literally bordering4 ,this combined flag remained in use till #ahja1 when1 ,ireland having joined the ,union1 it became necessary to incorporate the cross of ,st4 ,patrick into the national banner4 ,but1 lest it should be thought that either of the diagonal crosses took precedence of the other1 care was taken that the white and red borders of each should be alternately uppermost4 ,the ,lord ,lieutenant of ,ireland flies the ,union ,jack with the harp of ,ireland on an escutcheon charged upon it4 ,so also does the ,governor of ,india1 but in this case the ,union ,jack bears the ,star of ,india in the centre1 charged with a rose1 and surmounted by an imperial crown4 ,we have three flags constantly in use nowadays1 which are always spoken of as ensigns4 ,these are3 ,first1 the ,red ,ensign1 a plain red flag1 bearing a ,union ,jack in a canton on the dexter side4 ,this is know as the ,ensign of ,england1 and when displayed at sea distinguishes all vessels not belonging to the ,royal ,navy4 ,second1 the ,white or ,st4 ,george's ,ensign2 the original banner of ,st4 ,george with a jack cantoned in the first quarter4 ,this is the ensign of the ,royal ,navy4 ,third1 the ,blue ,ensign1 a plain blue field with the ,union ,jack cantoned in the dexter side4 ,this is the ensign of the ,naval ,reserve4 ,the ,admiralty flag1 displaying a yellow anchor and cable set fesswise on a red field1 may be grouped with the three ensigns4 ,as regards military flags1 the cavalry standards--banners properly--are the true survivals of the knightly banners of the ,middle ,ages4 ,the colour of the field repeats that of the regimental facings1 and each standard bears the number1 motto1 and specific title of its own regiment1 as well as its own heraldic badge4 ,upon these standards are also blazoned the regimental honours1 such as ,waterloo1 ,alma1 ,lucknow1 thus commemorating the services rendered by that corps to their country4 ,infantry regiments have their colours1 or1 properly1 pair of colours4 ,one of these is the sovereign's colour1 always crimson1 displaying a ,union ,jack1 charged with the regimental device2 the other is the regimental colour1 repeating the tincture of the facings4 ,upon this the honours and devices of the regiment are charged1 whilst a small jack is cantoned on the dexter side of the flag4 ,the regimental colours of the ,guards is the ,union ,jack4 ,the ,royal ,artillery have neither colours nor standards4 ,it would be curious to note the various forms of banners which have been in use since the days when the old ,roman general hoisted a small truss of hay as his ensign1 but surely one of the queerest flags that ever found its way into history was that displayed by our own ,henry ,v41 when1 in #adbj1 he made his entry into ,paris1 riding between ,charles ,,vi4 and ,philippe1 ,duke of ,burgundy4 ,for then1 we are told1 that1 amongst other banners1 the ,english monarch bore a lance with a fox-tail attached to it1 for being a great hunter of foxes1 this was his own personal badge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,here we must close our ,peeps at ,heraldry1 but please1 dear eyes1 that have been peeping with me up to this point1 do not close too4 ,otherwise the object with which this little book has been written--namely1 to open your eyes to the rudiments of heraldry1 so that1 having begun with a peep1 you may go on to take an exhaustive view of the art and its developments--will be sadly defeated4 ,for this small volume pretends to be nothing more than a simple introduction1 a path-finder1 to that fascinating language1 in which the golden deeds of chivalry and patriotism1 of science and philanthropy1 are kept alive from age to age in all quarters of the civilized world4 ,,glossary ,,of ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,terms ,,to ,,be ,,met ,,with ,,in ,,heraldry ,abased1 applied to a charge placed lower than its usual position4 ,accolle1 side by side4 ,accrued1 fully grown4 ,achievement1 complete heraldic emblazonment4 ,addorsed1 back to back4 ,agroupment1 grouping of two or more shields to form one achievement4 ,ailettes1 part of mail armour for protecting neck4 ,appaume1 open hand1 showing palm 7,fig4 #ea74 ,armnie1 ermine4 ,armes parlantes1 allusive arms4 ,armory1 heraldry4 ,aspersed1 scattered over4 ,assurgeant1 rising from the sea4 ,barbute1 chin-piece of helm4 ,bardings1 horse-trappings4 ,basilisk1 cockatrice1 produced from egg1 laid by cock and hatched by a toad on a dunghill4 ,basinet1 steel cap2 part of old armour4 ,beacon1 fire chest of burning combustibles set on a pole with a ladder against it4 ,bezant1 disc-like coin4 ,birdbolt1 arrow with a blunt head4 ,breys1 horse curbs4 ,brisure1 mark of cadency4 ,caltrap1 or ,cheval-trap1 used to maim horses in battle4 ,cameleopardel1 mythical beast4 ,chape1 or ,crampet1 decorated top of sheath4 ,chatloup1 fabulous horned animal4 ,chess-rook1 chess piece4 ,chevronel1 small chevron4 ,chimera1 legendary beast4 ,cinque-foil1 leaf or flower of five foils4 ,closet1 bar diminished to half its width4 ,cloue1 nailed1 nail-heads showing4 ,conjoined in lure1 wings united2 tips in base4 ,contourne1 facing to the sinister4 ,cornish-chough1 crow with red beak and legs4 ,coronet1 badge of ,peer2 ,duke's1 with eight strawberry-leaves of equal height above rim2 ,marquis's1 four strawberry-leaves alternating with four pearls on points of same height as leaves2 ,earl's1 same as ,marquis's1 but pearls raised above leaves2 ,viscount's1 with twelve silver balls on coronet2 ,baron's1 with six silver balls set close to rim4 ,ctise1 diminutive bend4 ,coupled-close1 half a chevronel4 ,cresset1 a beacon4 ,crusilly1 sown with cross crosslets4 ,cubit-arm1 human arm couped at elbow4 ,debased1 reversed4 ,debrusied1 when an ordinary surmounts an animal or other ordinary4 ,decollated1 said of a decapitated lion4 ,decrescent1 half-moon1 with horns to the left4 ,defamed1 said of a lion looking backwards4 ,degraded1 set on steps4 ,demembered1 figure cut into bits1 with original figure left unaltered4 ,depressed1 surmounted4 ,dimidiated1 cut in halves pale-wise1 and one-half removed4 ,doubling1 lining of a mantle4 ,eaglet1 little eagle4 ,embowed1 bent4 ,embrued1 blood-stained4 ,endorse1 a little pale4 ,enfiled1 pierced with a sword4 ,enhanced1 raised towards the chief4 ,ensigned1 ornamented4 ,erne1 eagle4 ,escroll1 ribbon bearing motto4 ,erminites1 fur1 white1 with black spots1 and a red hair each side of spots4 ,fermail1 a buckle4 ,ferr1 horseshoe4 ,fetter-lock1 chain and padlock4 ,fillet1 diminutive of chief4 ,fitched1 pointed at base4 ,flexed1 bowed and bent4 ,fylfot1 curious cruciform figure4 ,gadbee1 horse-fly4 ,gambe1 or ,jambe1 leg of beast of prey4 ,gorged1 encircled round the throat4 ,gradient1 walking4 ,grand quarters1 four primary divisions of the shield4 ,greeces1 steps4 ,guige1 a shield-belt4 ,hames1 parts of horse harness4 ,hastilude1 tournament4 ,hatchment1 achievement of arms in a lozenge-shaped frame placed over residence of a lately deceased person4 ,heights1 applied to plumes rising in rows above one another4 ,hirondelles1 swallows4 ,hoist1 depth of flag from chief to base4 ,hurst1 clump of trees4 ,jessant1 shooting forth4 ,ladycow1 ladybird4 ,lambel1 label4 ,lion morn1 lion sans claws or teeth4 ,luce1 ,lucy1 a pike4 ,lymphad1 old galley4 ,membered1 used to denote legs of birds4 ,nag1 often used for horse4 ,opinicus1 fabulous beast4 ,oriflamme1 square scarlet banner with three tails4 ,overt1 with open wings4 ,panache1 a plume arranged fan-wise4 ,pascuant1 grazing4 ,pean1 a fur4 ,pelt1 for hide4 ,pheon1 pointed spear-head4 ,potent1 variety of heraldic cross2 also fur2 also a crutch4 ,prasin1 green4 ,purfled1 bordered4 ,ragully1 cut off roughly4 ,rebated1 snapped off4 ,retorted1 intertwined4 ,reynard1 fox4 ,roundle1 a circular figure2 when gold1 a bezant2 when silver1 a plate2 when gules1 a torteau2 when azure1 a hurt2 when sable1 a gunstone2 when vert1 a pomme4 ,roussant1 about to fly4 ,sallet1 a kind of helm4 ,sarcelle1 sawn through the centre4 ,shelldrake1 kind of duck4 ,tenne1 or ,tawny1 deep orange colour4 ,timbre1 the true heraldic crest4 ,torse1 crest-wreath1 made of two skeins of silk twisted together4 ,tressure1 a subordinary4 ,tricked1 sketched in outline with pen and ink4 ,trussed1 said of birds with closed wings4 ,tun1 barrel or cask4 ,tynes1 branches of a stag's antlers4 ,varvals1 small rings4 ,verdy1 sown with leaves4 ,vol1 two wings conjoined4 ,undy1 wavy4 ,unguled1 hoofed4 ,zona1 old word for fesse4 ,,billing ,,and ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,printers1 ,,guildford ,,beautiful ,,books ,,for ,,boys ,,girls ,,with ,,illustrations ,,in ,,colour ,,similar ,,to ,,those ,,in ,,this ,,volume ,,price #a_/ ,,net ,,each ,,tales ,,of ,,english ,,minsters ,,series ,by ,,elizabeth ,,grierson ,,each ,,volume ,,containing #f ,,full-,,page ,,illustrations 7#b ,,of ,,them ,,in ,,colour7 ,large crown #hvo41 paper boards1 with picture in colour on the cover ,,canterbury ,,lincoln ,,durham ,,st4 ,,albans ,,ely ,,st4 ,,paul',s ,,hereford ,,york ,,price #a_/f ,,net ,,each ,,red ,,cap ,,tales ,,from ,,scott ,,stolen ,,from ,,the ,,treasure-,,chest ,,of ,,the ,,wizard ,,of ,,the ,,north ,by ,s4 ,r4 ,,crockett ,,each ,,volume ,,containing #h ,,full-,,page ,,illustrations ,,in ,,colour ,large crown #hvo41 cloth1 with picture in colour on the cover ,,waverley ,,the ,,pirate1 and ,a ,,legend ,,guy ,,mannering ,,of ,,montrose ,,the ,,antiquary ,,fortunes ,,of ,,nigel ,,rob ,,roy ,,quentin ,,durward ,,ivanhoe ,,published ,,by ,a4 ,,and ,c4 ,,black4 #d1 #e ,,and #f ,,soho ,,square1 ,,london1 ,w4 ,,price #a_/f ,,net ,,each 7,continued7 ,large crown #hvo41 cloth 7#g-c_/d #e-a_/b ins471 with picture in colour on the cover ,,peeps ,,at ,,many ,,lands ,,and ,,cities ,,each ,,containing #ab ,,full-,,page ,,illustrations ,,in ,,colour ,this series of ,little ,travel ,books for ,young ,people who are of an age to be interested in the countries of the world and their peoples has steadily grown on account of its wide popularity4 ,each book is written in a simple and very attractive style 7avoiding the strings of numbers1 names and places that are the unavoidable features of the school geography71 and thus the child gains valuable instruction and a vivid interest in countries1 great cities1 and peoples through the sheer pleasure of reading and by examining the beautiful illustrations4 ,the youthful reader becomes absorbed in descriptions of how children work and play1 and in the way of living1 in the various countries of the world4 ,the volumes are handsomely bound and splendidly illustrated in colour1 and young people may now possess a series as attractive to them as ,black's ,colour ,books are to the older folk4 ,,volumes ,,in ,,the ,,series ,,australia ,,england ,,italy ,,portugal ,,belgium ,,finland ,,jamaica ,,rome ,,berlin ,,france ,,japan ,,russia ,,burma ,,germany ,,kashmir ,,scotland ,,canada ,,greece ,,korea ,,siam ,,ceylon ,,holland ,,london ,,south ,,africa ,,china ,,holy ,,land ,,morocco ,,south ,,seas ,,corsica ,,hungary ,,new ,,york ,,spain ,,denmark ,,iceland ,,new ,,zealand ,,sweden ,,edinburgh ,,india ,,norway ,,switzerland ,,egypt ,,ireland ,,paris ,,turkey ,,wales ,for ,larger ,volumes in this ,series see p4 #e of this ,list ,,price #a_/f ,,net ,,each 7,continued7 ,large crown #hvo41 cloth1 with picture in colour on the cover ,,peeps ,,at ,,many ,,lands 7,,in ,,french7 ,,published ,,under ,,the ,,title ,,of ,,les ,,beaux ,,voyages ,,each ,,volume ,,containing #ab ,,full-,,page ,,illustrations ,,in ,,colour ,arrangements have been made to issue the volumes in the ,peeps at ,many ,lands ,series in ,french4 ,the letterpress will not be a translation into ,french of the ,english text1 but in most cases will be an entirely new description of the countries dealt with1 written in a bright and vivacious style by well-known ,frenchmen1 and the beautiful illustrations in colour1 which form such an attractive feature of the ,english ,edition1 will be retained4 ,the series will be edited1 with a preface1 by ,,jean ,,aicard1 of the ,acadmie ,franaise4 ,,en ,,chine ,par ,,judith ,,gautier1 de l',acadmie ,goncourt ,,le ,,maroc ,par le ,comt4 ,,haillot1 dtach ,casablanca ,,aux ,,indes ,par le ,capitaine ,,pionnier1 ,charg de ,mission ,,egypte ,par ,,jean ,,bayet1 docteur en droit ,,le ,,japon ,par ,,judith ,,gautier1 de l',acadmie ,goncourt ,in ,preparation3 ,a ,,travers ,,la ,,russie ,,la ,,palestine ,,indo ,,chine ,,les ,,alpes ,l',,alsace-,,lorraine ,,peeps ,,at ,,nature ,each containing #af full-page illustrations 7#h of which are in colour7 ,,wild ,,flowers ,,and ,,their ,,wonderful ,,ways ,,the ,,heavens ,,british ,,land ,,mammals ,,bird ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,seasons ,,peeps ,,at ,,history ,each containing #h full-page illustrations in colour as well as numerous black and white thumb-nail sketches in the text ,,canada ,,india ,,japan ,,scotland ,,peeps ,,at ,,great ,,railways ,each containing #h full-page illustrations in colour as well as numerous black and white thumb-nail sketches in the text ,,the ,,london ,,north-,,western ,,railway ,,the ,,north-,,eastern ,,great ,,northern ,,railways ,,price #a_/f ,,net ,,each 7,continued7 ,,beautiful ,,britain ,,each ,,containing #ab ,,full-,,page ,,illustrations ,,in ,,colour ,large square demy #hvo41 boards1 with picture cover ,cambridge ,the ,isle of ,wight ,the ,thames ,canterbury ,london ,the ,trossachs ,the ,channel ,islands ,oxford ,north ,wales ,the ,firth of ,clyde ,stratford-on-,avon ,wessex ,the ,english ,lakes ,leamington and ,windsor and ,eton ,the ,isle of ,man ,warwick ,this is a new series of colour-books produced at a popular price1 and they are the most inexpensive books of this character which have ever been produced4 ,they therefore make a significant epoch in colour-printing1 bringing for the first time a high-class colour-book within the reach of all4 ,the illustrations are by well-known artists1 and their work has been reproduced with the greatest accuracy1 while the printing reaches an exceedingly high level4 ,the authors have been selected with great care1 and are well known for the charm of their style and the accuracy of their information4 ,,price #a_/f ,,each ,,black',s ,,picture ,,series ,,for ,,young ,,people ,,each ,,containing #eh ,,illustrations1 #cb ,,of ,,which ,,are ,,in ,,colour ,crown #dto41 with picture in colour on the cover ,the ,british ,empire in ,pictures ,the ,british ,isles in ,pictures ,by ,h4 ,,clive ,,barnard ,europe in ,pictures ,m4,a41 ,b4,,litt4 ,how ,other ,people ,live ,the ,world in ,pictures ,beasts and ,birds ,,nature ,,books ,,for ,gardens in their ,,young ,,people ,by ,c4 ,,von ,,wyss ,seasons ,pictures of ,british ,history4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,,hoskyn ,the underlying charm of these fascinating books for children will be found in their delightful simplicity4 ,rich in beautifully coloured illustrations1 they should prove a valuable means of conveying to the childish imagination delicate first impressions of the subjects dealt with4 ,,price #c_/f ,,net ,,each ,,peeps ,,at ,,many ,,lands ,,and ,,cities ,larger ,volumes in the style of the popular ,one ,shilling and ,sixpenny ,,peeps ,,at ,,many ,,lands ,,series 7see page #b of this ,list7 ,,each ,,containing #cb ,,full-,,page ,,illustrations ,,in ,,colour ,extra large crown #hvo41 cloth1 with picture in colour on cover ,,the ,,british ,,empire ,,oceania ,by ,,frank ,,fox 7,,australia1 ,,new ,,zealand and ,,south ,,seas7 ,by ,,frank ,,fox ,,the ,,far ,,east ,,the ,,world 7,,china1 ,,japan and ,,korea7 ,by ,,ascott ,r4 ,,hope ,by ,,frank ,,elias ,,price #c_/f ,,net ,by ,rev4 ,,charles ,a4 ,,hall ,,the ,,open ,,book ,,of ,,nature ,a ,,book ,,of ,,nature ,,study ,,for ,,young ,,people #af ,,full-,,page ,,illustrations ,,in ,,colour1 ,,also #aad ,,reproductions ,,in ,,black ,,and ,,white ,,from ,,photographs1 ,,as ,,well ,,as ,,numerous ,,illustrations ,,in ,,the ,,text ,large crown #hvo41 cloth ,,price #c_/f ,,each ,,life ,,stories ,,of ,,animals ,large crown #hvo41 cloth ,,the ,,black ,,bear ,,the ,,lion ,by ,h4 ,,perry ,,robinson ,by ,,agnes ,,herbert #h full-page ,illustrations #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by in ,colour by ,j4 ,,van ,,oort ,,harry ,,dixon ,,the ,,cat ,,the ,,rat ,by ,,violet ,,hunt ,by ,g4 ,m4 ,a4 ,,hewett #h full-page ,illustrations #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by in ,colour by ,,adolph ,,birkenruth ,,stephen ,,baghot ,,de ,,la ,,bere ,,the ,,dog ,,the ,,squirrel ,by ,g4 ,e4 ,,mitton ,by ,t4 ,c4 ,,bridges #h full-page ,illustrations #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by in ,colour by ,,john ,,williamson ,,allan ,,stewart ,,the ,,fowl ,,the ,,tiger ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,hurst ,by ,lieut4-,col4 ,a4 ,f4 ,,mockler-,,ferryman #h full-page ,illustrations #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by in ,colour by ,,allan ,,stewart and ,,harry ,,dixon ,,maude ,,scrivener ,,price #c_/f ,,each 7,continued7 ,,all ,,with ,,full-,,page ,,illustrations ,,in ,,colour ,large crown #hvo41 cloth ,by ,,frank ,,elias ,,the ,,first ,,voyages ,,of ,,glorious ,,memory 7,retold from ,hakluyt7 #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,norman ,,wilkinson1 ,r4,b4,a41 ,r4,i4 ,by ,,oliver ,,goldsmith ,,the ,,vicar ,,of ,,wakefield #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,j4 ,,massey ,,wright ,by ,,dudley ,,kidd ,,the ,,bull ,,of ,,the ,,kraal ,a ,tale of ,black ,children #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,a4 ,m4 ,,goodall ,by ,,ascott ,r4 ,,hope ,,beasts ,,of ,,business #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,g4 ,,vernon ,,stokes and ,,alan ,,wright ,,stories #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,dorothy ,,furniss ,by ,,daniel ,,defoe ,,robinson ,,crusoe #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,john ,,williamson ,by ,,captain ,,cook ,,cook',s ,,voyages #h full page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,john ,,williamson ,by ,,mungo ,,park ,,travels ,,in ,,africa #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,john ,,williamson ,by ,,elizabeth ,,grierson ,,the ,,life of ,,st4 ,,paul ,,for ,,young ,,people #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,oswald ,,moser1 ,r4,i4 ,translated and abridged by ,,dominick ,,daly ,,the ,,adventures ,,of ,,don ,,quixote #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,stephen ,,baghot ,,de ,,la ,,bere ,by ,,dean ,,farrar ,,eric2 or1 ,little by ,little #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,g4 ,d4 ,,rowlandson1 and #gh in ,black and ,white by ,,gordon ,,browne ,,st4 ,,winifred',s2 or1 ,the ,world of ,school #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,dudley ,,tennant1 and #aeb in ,black and ,white by ,,gordon ,,browne ,,julian ,,home ,a ,tale of ,college ,life #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,patten ,,wilson ,by ,,john ,,finnemore ,,the ,,story of ,,robin ,,hood ,,and ,,his ,,merry ,,men #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,allan ,,stewart ,,the ,,wolf ,,patrol ,a ,story of ,baden-,powell's ,boy ,scouts #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,h4 ,m4 ,,paget ,,jack ,,haydon',s ,,quest #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,j4 ,,jellicoe ,,price #c_/f ,,each 7,continued7 ,,all ,,with ,,full-,,page ,,illustrations ,,in ,,colour ,large crown #hvo41 cloth ,by ,,hume ,,nisbet ,,the ,,divers #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by the ,author ,by ,lieut4-,col4 ,a4 ,f4 ,,mockler-,,ferryman ,,the ,,golden ,,girdle #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,allan ,,stewart ,by ,,stanley ,,waterloo ,a ,,tale ,,of ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,the ,,cave ,,men #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,simon ,,harmon ,,vedder ,by the ,rev4 ,r4 ,c4 ,,gillie ,,the ,,kinsfolk ,,and ,,friends ,,of ,,jesus #af full-page ,illustrations in ,colour and ,sepia ,by ,,dorothy ,,senior ,,the ,,king ,,who ,,never ,,died ,tales of ,king ,arthur #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,frank ,,watkins ,by ,,andrew ,,home ,,by ,a ,,schoolboy',s ,,hand #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,strickland ,,brown ,,from ,,fag ,,to ,,monitor #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,john ,,williamson ,,exiled ,,from ,,school #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,john ,,williamson ,by the ,,duchess ,,of ,,buckingham ,,and ,,chandos ,,willy ,,wind1 ,,and ,,jock ,,and ,,the ,,cheeses #eg ,illustrations by ,j4 ,s4 ,,eland 7#i full-page in ,colour7 ,,price #f_/ ,,each ,,all ,,with ,,full-,,page ,,illustrations ,,in ,,colour ,small square demy #hvo41 cloth1 gilt top ,with ,introduction by ,,john ,,ruskin ,,grimm',s ,,fairy ,,tales #ab full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,charles ,j4 ,,folkard ,by ,sir ,,walter ,,scott ,,the ,,tales ,,of ,a ,,grandfather #bj full-page ,illustrations in ,colour ,by ,mrs4 ,,alfred ,,sidgwick and ,mrs4 ,,paynter ,,the ,,children',s ,,book ,,of ,,gardening #ab full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,mrs4 ,,cayley-,,robinson ,by ,,frank ,,finn1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,z4,s4 ,,talks ,,about ,,birds #cf ,illustrations 7#af of which are full-page in ,colour7 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,tregarthen ,,the ,,life ,,story ,,of ,a ,,fox #ab full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,countess ,,helena ,,gleichen ,by ,miss ,,conway and ,sir ,,martin ,,conway ,,the ,,children',s ,,book ,,of ,,art #af full-page ,illustrations in ,colour from ,public and ,private ,galleries ,,price #f_/ ,,each 7,continued7 ,,all ,,with ,,full-,,page ,,illustrations ,,in ,,colour ,small square demy #hvo41 cloth1 gilt top ,by ,g4 ,e4 ,,mitton ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,the ,,railway #ab full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,allan ,,stewart ,,the ,,children',s ,,book ,,of ,,stars ,preface by ,sir ,,david ,,gill1 ,k4,c4,b4 #af full-page ,illustrations 7#aa in ,colour7 and #h smaller ,figures in the text ,,the ,,children',s ,,book ,,of ,,london #ab full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,john ,,williamson ,by ,,elizabeth ,w4 ,,grierson ,,children',s ,,tales ,,of ,,english ,,minsters #ab full-page ,illustrations in ,colour ,,the ,,children',s ,,book ,,of ,,celtic ,,stories #ab full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,allan ,,stewart ,,the ,,children',s ,,book ,,of ,,edinburgh #ab full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,allan ,,stewart ,,children',s ,,tales ,,from ,,scottish ,,ballads #ab full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,allan ,,stewart ,by ,,ascott ,r4 ,,hope ,,adventurers ,,in ,,america #ab full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,henry ,,sandham1 ,r4,c4,a4 ,,the ,,adventures ,,of ,,punch #ab full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,stephen ,,baghot ,,de ,,la ,,bere ,by ,s4 ,r4 ,,crockett ,,red ,,cap ,,tales ,stolen from the ,treasure-,chest of the ,wizard of the ,north #af full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,simon ,,harmon ,,vedder ,,red ,,cap ,,adventures ,being the ,second ,series of ,red ,cap ,tales ,stolen from the ,treasure-,chest of the ,wizard of the ,north #af full-page ,illustrations by ,,allan ,,stewart and others ,,gulliver',s ,,travels #af full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,stephen ,,baghot ,,de ,,la ,,bere ,by ,,john ,,bunyan ,,the ,,pilgrim',s ,,progress #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,gertrude ,,demain ,,hammond1 ,r4,i4 ,edited by ,g4 ,e4 ,,mitton ,,swiss ,,family ,,robinson #ab full-page ,illustrations in ,colour by ,,harry ,,rountree ,by ,,harriet ,,beecher ,,stowe ,,uncle ,,tom',s ,,cabin #h full-page ,illustrations in ,colour and many others in the text ,,published ,,by ,a4 ,,and ,c4 ,,black1 #d1 #e ,,and #f ,,soho ,,square1 ,,london1 ,w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,note represents italic text4 represents bold text4 7,the prices in the ,book ,list at the end were in bold text4 ,as the symbol used to represent bold text in the main part of the book was the same as the character used for #j in the ,book ,list1 the 'bold text' indicator was omitted from this section to avoid conflict47 ,sundry missing or damaged punctuation has been repaired4 ,both hyphenated and non-hyphenated variants of many words occur in this book4 ,all have been retained4 ,the book contains many heraldic terms1 derived from ,french1 ,arabic1 etc4 ,any illustration which interrupted a paragraph has been moved to a more convenient location1 between paragraphs4 ,some chapters contain many ,footnotes1 usually marked 99 and on each page they occur4 ,to avoid confusion1 the ,footnotes have been numbered sequentially within each chapter1 and indented and placed below their relative paragraph4 ,page #di3 ,the ,legends of the ,fleur-de-,lys can be found here3 7https3_/_/7 travelfranceonline4com_/fleur-de-lys-fre nch-monarchys-emblem_/ ,page #gd3 'repectively' corrected to 'respectively'4 ,these represent respectively the armorial bearings4444 ,page #ge3 ,some armorial descriptions use spaced colons4 ,these have been retained as printed4 ,page #hj3 ',on the cover we have the figure of a ,crusader in his mail armour1 bearing on his breast the badge of a red cross charged upon a white field4' ,the ,crusader's badge would appear to be somewhere behind his shield1 or perhaps under his surcoat4