,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,a ,,monthly ,,magazine ,,devoted ,,to ,,the ,,promotion ,,of ,,true ,,culture4 ,,organ ,,of ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,literary ,,and ,,scientific ,,circle4 ,,vol4 ,v4 ,,june1 #ahhe4 ,no4 #i4 ,,officers ,,of ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,literary ,,and ,,scientific ,,circle4 ,president1 ,lewis ,miller1 ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,chancellor1 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,counselors1 ,the ,rev4 ,lyman ,abbott1 ,d4,d42 the ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,gibson1 ,d4,d42 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren1 ,d4,d42 ,prof4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson1 ,d4,d42 ,edward ,everett ,hale4 ,office ,secretary1 ,miss ,kate ,f4 ,kimball1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,general ,secretary1 ,albert ,m4 ,martin1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,contents ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this table of contents of this periodical was created for the ,,html version to aid the reader4 ,,required ,,reading ,the ,mechanism of the ,english ,language #dig ,home ,studies in ,chemistry and ,physics ,chemistry of ,organisms #ejj ,physics of ,organisms #ejc ,sunday ,readings ,june #g #ejd ,june #ad #ejd ,june #ba #eje ,june #bh #eje ,the ,heart ,busy ,with ,things ,about ,us #eje ,easy ,lessons in ,animal ,biology ,chapter ,,iii4 #eji ,summer ,homes for the ,city ,poor #ead ,learn to ,enjoy ,people #eag ,our ,ladies of ,sorrow #eag ,the ,nicaragua and ,panama ,routes to the ,pacific #eah ,geography of the ,heavens for ,june #ebj ,how to ,win ,chapter ,,iv4 #eba ,the ,catlin ,paintings #ebd ,george ,bancroft #ebf ,how ,perseus ,began ,to ,be ,great #ebi ,canada of ,to-,day #ebi ,some ,american ,museums #eca ,natural ,history and ,people of ,borneo #ecc ,the ,what-,to-,do ,club #ecf ,criticisms #ecg ,outline and ,programs #eci ,local ,circles #edj ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,classes #ede ,the ,chautauqua ,university #edg ,editor's ,outlook #edi ,editor's ,note-,book #eea ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,notes on ,required ,readings for ,june #eec ,course of ,reading for #ahhe-f #eed ,paragraphs from ,new ,books #eee ,talk ,about ,books #eef ,books ,received #eeg ,special ,notes #eeg ,important to ,members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 #eeh ,chautauqua ,school of ,languages1 #ahhe #eeh ,,required ,,reading ,,for ,,june4 ,,the ,,mechanism ,,of ,,the ,,english ,,language4 ,,by ,,president ,d4 ,h4 ,,wheeler1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,to us the unit of speech is the word2 historically1 the unit is the sentence4 ,it matters little which of the theories respecting the first forms of speech we adopt2 all such theories may be rejected1 and still we shall find it most reasonable to believe that man's earliest utterances were wholes1 answering in value to our sentences4 ,a revolution has been effected and we have a part of speech for our unit4 ,we construct or build our sentences out of pieces of different meaning and value4 ,our simplest sentence has two of these pieces--a subject or noun1 and a verb2 a long sentence may have a dozen or a score of pieces4 ,the making of sentences out of parts of speech is a kind of mechanics4 ,the sentence has its mechanism1 of which we usually learn the science by analyzing sentences4 ,this analytical process yields what we call the principles of syntax4 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that we learn to talk before we learn grammar1 and that multitudes of people scarcely know any unit except the sentence4 ,their vocabulary is a phrase-book1 in which every word has a fixed and unchangeable position4 ,these persons abound in the illiterate countries2 in ,italy1 for example1 the majority of the people speak only in sentences having invariable forms2 change the order of the words and you become unintelligible to them4 ,the same effect is produced by employing a synonym for any word in any sentence4 ,our people are usually more alert to variety in expression and catch meanings in forms and arrangements to which they are unaccustomed4 ,a long sentence falls1 when we take it apart1 into two large pieces2 the subject and its belongings1 and the predicate and its belongings4 ,each of these large pieces breaks up into a number of small pieces4 ,if we look carefully at the average long sentence1 we shall find that the parts are held together by a systematic and habitual principle of arrangement1 and that this changes in passing from one language to another4 ,french says 8a man good10 ,english 8a good man40 ,reverse the order of noun and adjective in either language1 and the sense is obscured for the average hearer or reader4 ,there is a number of these differences2 and therefore every language has its peculiar mechanism4 ,in mechanical type languages fall into groups4 ,greek and ,latin1 for example1 use inflections to connect the words with each other2 ,english does not employ inflections for this purpose4 ,we have a few inflected forms1 but we use them merely because they have come down to us4 ,greek syntax is inflectional2 our syntax is said to be that of flat construction1 or1 as ,i prefer to say1 it is positional4 ,the place of a word determines its function and relations in the sentence4 ,this flat construction is found in other tongues2 but ,english abounds in it and depends upon it as a principle of arrangement4 ,when we say 8proud men10 the hearer knows that the adjective proud describes the noun men4 ,in ,latin1 the adjective would have a termination to correspond in value to that of the noun1 and the two might be separated by several words4 ,our principle requires the two to keep close together4 ,if the adjective is to be modified1 we may reverse the order and write 8,men proud of their country40 ,if1 however1 the sentence is simple enough1 the adjective may move to the other end of the statement and become a predicate1 as when we say1 8,men in that country are proud of their civilization40 ,these rules show the mechanics of the adjective4 ,we expect it to precede the noun or to follow it with a dependent clause1 or to follow1 at an interval1 the verb as a predicate4 ,young writers will be helped in their work by remembering that these are principles of mechanism--that they are building their sentences1 and that the parts have their proper place and order1 just as wood1 brick and stone have in a building4 ,the foregoing illustrations are briefly stated to prepare the way for a few suggestions respecting some special mechanical contrivances of our language4 ,a general principle in grammar acts as an aggressive and conquering force2 it extends its domain1 insensibly and gradually1 but surely1 as far as possible4 ,in an inflectional age a tendency to increase and perfect inflections is discovered2 in a flat-construction age the tendency to extend the domain of flat syntax is equally manifest4 ,in our language some constructions are common now1 though at one time they were scarcely allowed4 ,this general observation is illustrated in the flat construction of a modifying clause in the nature of a relative pronoun clause4 ,for example1 8,the man we saw0 is a flat construction which has invaded the territory of the relative pronoun4 ,the sentence is cut down from 8the men whom we saw40 ,very little study has been given to these encroachments and conquests2 but they will amply reward the careful student of them4 ,the flat construction in the province of the relative is one of our devices for reducing the use of who1 which1 whose1 whom and that4 ,these words occur so frequently in the speech and on the printed page that we have quite unconsciously gone about reducing their importance1 and the results are so considerable as to merit special attention4 ,i have made some comparative studies1 having for their object something like accurate measurement of the change in the use of this class of pronouns1 since the year #afaa1 the date of the ,english ,bible of ,king ,james4 ,two great changes are easily discovered4 7#a7 ,the number of relative pronouns on a page has been reduced1 on an average1 about one half4 7#b7 ,the word that has been almost pushed out of the relative office4 ,the devices by which the use of relatives has been rendered unnecessary1 are generally forms of the flat construction4 ,the ousting of that from relative functions has been promoted by the unconscious effort to dispense with the excessive repetition of the word4 ,when used as a conjunction1 a demonstrative and a relative1 its repetition becomes tiresome to both writer and reader4 ,a careful study will show that present ,english employs that very seldom as a relative1 and much less frequently than the ,english of the last century employed it as a connective and a demonstrative4 ,in the case of that we see the operation of a principle in architectural criticism4 ,if a particular architectural device becomes common1 it becomes unfashionable4 ,its frequency offends the taste and the offense is punished by a change4 ,forty years ago the ordinary ,greek column was used on small private dwellings in many sections of this country4 ,it became so disagreeable to our taste that this column was for some time nearly out of use in public buildings4 ,that is1 like any piece in architecture1 made so common as to become unconsciously offensive4 ,the fact brings out a subtle principle of sentence mechanics--we require variety and dislike a dreary uniformity in this kind of architecture4 ,good writing in ,english1 readable ,english1 will always respond in greater or less measure to the unconscious demand of the ,english-reading mind4 ,most persons do not know what is the offending element in a dreary sentence2 they only know that 8the style0 is tiresome1 and that they can not interest themselves in the reading4 ,the good writer overcomes the difficulty by avoiding the offending elements4 ,it will usually be found that the tiresome effect is produced by repetition and uniformity4 ,the pieces used may all be good2 but we do not like to see ,greek pillars before every house along the road4 ,we tire of ,gibbon's periods1 of ,addison's perfection1 of ,macaulay's stateliness4 ,we can read a little of each with delight2 for daily diet we do not desire any of them4 ,i will now give some of the results of my comparative studies of relative pronouns in the ,english sentence4 ,i begin with the ,bible of #afaa4 ,i notice first here that the ,psalms differ from other books of the ,bible1 and ,i suppose that the difference arises from the superior directness of prayer4 ,the same difference is discoverable between the modern prayer and the sermon4 ,in the ,psalms there is one relative in each ninety-five words1 on the average2 and about four fifths of these are thats4 ,in the number of relatives1 the ,psalms approach closely to modern parsimony2 but in the use of that they exaggerate the practice of the sixteenth century4 ,many of these thats are used in a formula now seldom heard1 of which 8he that0 is a typical example4 ,in ,st4 ,matthew's record of the ,sermon on the ,mount1 there is one relative to each forty-four words2 in ,st4 ,john's gospel1 chapters one to ten inclusive1 there are two hundred and eleven relatives1 and one hundred and three are thats4 ,the proportion of relatives is one to each forty-six words4 ,in the first six chapters of ,i4 ,corinthians there are sixty relatives1 and of these twenty-seven are thats4 ,the proportion is one relative in forty-five words4 ,combining the results obtained by this counting in the ,new ,testament1 the result is one relative for each forty-five words1 and more than three sevenths are thats4 ,it is probably safe to assume that in the ,new ,testament sentence every forty-fifth word 7on the average7 is a relative pronoun1 and that three times in seven this relative is the word that4 ,in the ,psalms the relative occurs not quite half so frequently1 but four times in five this relative is that4 ,we should also remember that at least one form of sentence architecture of which the relative that is the conspicuous piece has practically disappeared in modern ,english4 8,he that dwelleth in the secret place of the most high10 is a common syntax of the ,psalms4 ,there are men who say and write 8he who would be rich20 but it is an archaic formula4 ,let us turn to ,shakspere4 ,my counting here has not been as abundant as ,i could wish1 but ,i think the results are practically correct for the plays4 ,the selections are ,richard ,,iii41 first and second scenes1 and 8,love's ,labor ,lost10 first and second acts4 ,the proportion is one relative to each ninety-three words2 and of these relatives that appears a little more frequently than three times in seven4 ,shakspere is1 therefore1 in this use of that almost exactly like the ,new ,testament2 while1 like the ,psalms1 he is modern in his parsimonious use of relatives4 ,readers with more leisure than myself may find interesting employment in examining ,addison and ,samuel ,johnson4 ,in an idle hour ,i fell upon a copy of ,burton's 8,anatomy of ,melancholy10 and found more relatives and a larger proportion of thats than in the ,new ,testament4 ,in ,samuel ,johnson there are probably fewer relatives2 his stately ,latinity avoided these mean little hinges of clauses4 ,since writing the last sentences ,i have examined the first act of ,shakspere's 8,hamlet10 and ,i find a smaller proportion of relatives than ,i have found in any work except modern poetry4 ,i find but forty-eight relatives in the whole act1 and just half are thats4 ,another thing to note is that this act contains a large proportion of flat constructions4 ,a further examination shows that the ,plays differ much in the management of connective apparatus for clauses4 ,the elevated tone and strong emotion of 8,hamlet0 account for infrequent use of the lifeless relative forms4 ,before taking up any recent author1 let me state as a general rule of proportion that present ,english uses relatives less frequently than the ,psalms and ,shakspere1 and not quite half as frequently as the ,new ,testament4 ,there is1 however1 one difference to be noted3 ,english writers have carried this reform somewhat farther than ,americans have carried it4 ,it is still further to be noted that preachers and theological writers usually have a good deal of biblical syntax1 and therefore employ relatives more freely than other writers4 ,it is a convenient place to mention the fact that in modern ,english of the best type1 ellipsis is more common than in older writers or inferior modern writers4 ,the old writers and their readers had more time than we have1 and the 8economy of attention0 was not in ,shakspere's day a recognized rule of rhetoric4 ,the inferior modern writer is afraid to trust an ellipsis to the tender mercies of the critic1 and spoils his sentences by trying to say everything4 ,ellipsis is one of the chief places for art and genius in writing4 ,as a rule1 ,american writers are in greater awe of the grammarians than ,englishmen are4 ,we shall find1 then1 more relatives in ,american than in ,english writers2 we shall find more in sermons than in other writings4 ,young ministers are often advised to cultivate a biblical style4 ,i must confess my inability to sympathize with efforts to employ religion upon the unavailing task of continuing the use of dead words and forms4 ,if we are to write and speak in dead tongues as a religious duty1 let us go back to ,greek1 at least1 if not to ,hebrew4 ,the truth is that we ought to put the ,bible into modern ,english1 and so end the unprofitable business of disagreeing about the claims of a biblical style upon the pulpit4 ,at present the contention is that in order to imitate the ,bible of #afaa1 preachers should use obsolete ,english4 ,turning now to the usage of modern writing in the employment of relative pronouns1 let us begin with a modern ,englishman4 ,i select ,mr4 ,bagehot's books1 because in him we may hope to find the high-water mark of this reform4 ,mr4 ,bagehot was an editor and a banker2 he represents the directness1 force1 and brevity of editorial and business writing4 ,his 8,lombard ,street0 is a book on the financial arrangements of the business public of ,england4 ,it is therefore practical2 but it is also essentially scientific4 ,in this book ,mr4 ,bagehot employs1 on the average1 one relative pronoun in one hundred and twenty-seven words4 ,this is a little more than one third as many as the ,new ,testament employs4 ,i call this high-water mark2 two thirds of the relatives have disappeared4 ,i am not sure of it1 but ,i think ,mr4 ,bagehot did not use that as a relative pronoun4 ,i find that about one fortieth of the relatives in the ,american edition are thats2 but it is probable that some of them were put in by the ,american printers--unconsciously1 of course--and it is possible that all have a typographical parentage4 ,in 8,money and the ,mechanism of ,exchange10 by ,professor ,jevons1 ,i can not find a relative that2 there may be a few2 but in this case1 too1 the edition is ,american4 ,accepting1 however1 the count1 let the readers measure the change from the ,psalms of #afaa1 in which eighty per cent4 of the relatives are thats1 to ,walter ,bagehot1 in whose 8,lombard ,street0 only about two per cent4 of the relatives are thats4 ,the relatives occur a little more frequently in the book of ,professor ,jevons1 just referred to4 ,by my count there is one relative in one hundred and thirteen words4 ,i have more carefully counted the relatives in the essays of ,mr4 ,james ,anthony ,froude1 and find one relative in each one hundred and twenty words4 ,i have only ,american editions of these essays1 and in these editions that is employed as a relative in a very few cases4 ,this use of that is so infrequent and so opposite to ,mr4 ,froude's ordinary practice1 that we may safely set it down as some one's blunder--possibly ,mr4 ,froude's1 more probably the ,american printer's4 ,if we accept these thats as ,mr4 ,froude's1 the per cent4 of them is so small as to deprive them of importance4 ,i thought ,i had caught ,mr4 ,froude's secret when ,i found that in his essay on ,norway he apparently wrote 8trout that0 and 8fish that40 ,mr4 ,froude is a mighty fisherman1 and it was possible that he might glorify the fish by a peculiar form of pronoun4 ,but ,i turned to the essay on 8,a ,day's ,fishing at ,cheney's10 and found 8fish which0 and 8trout which40 ,this failure to find even a fanciful explanation leaves nothing to be said except that 8some one has blundered0 into the relative thats of ,mr4 ,froude4 ,these three ,english writers--,bagehot1 ,jevons1 and ,froude--probably represent very fairly the untheological writers of our generation4 ,for a test specimen of theological writers1 ,i turn to a volume of sermons by the ,rev4 ,james ,martineau4 ,i have counted the relatives in three sermons1 8,the ,bread of ,life10 8,the ,unknown ,paths10 and 8,the ,finite and the ,infinite in ,human ,nature40 ,the relatives occur more frequently than in the non-theological writers4 ,my count shows an average of one relative in each ninety-three words4 ,the use of that is abundant4 ,out of one hundred and seven relative words1 thirty-one are thats4 ,these sermons were probably composed forty years ago1 and represent an archaic type of sermonic style1 a style largely affected by that of the ,bible of #afaa4 ,i have noted without counting1 that the sermons of ,mr4 ,spurgeon contain a higher proportion of relatives1 and that this great preacher employs that with as much frequency as ,mr4 ,martineau4 ,turning to ,american preachers1 ,i have taken up a recent sermon of ,dr4 ,john ,hall1 of ,new ,york1 and ,i find one relative in each sixty-five words1 and of these relatives more than one third are thats4 ,dr4 ,hall used in #ahhd more thats than ,james ,martineau used forty years earlier4 ,but ,dr4 ,hall is a preacher of a very biblical type1 and his choice of relatives is often dictated by partial quotation of texts4 ,passing over to non-theological writers of our time and country1 let us take the general result of countings in essays and books4 ,the average number of relatives is about ten per cent4 greater than in contemporary ,english writers1 and that is relatively employed about one fifth of the time4 ,the importance of the reduction of the use of relatives can not be properly appreciated without remembering two or three conditions of their use4 ,one fact is that there is seldom any discernible rule which is followed in the choice of that in place of which4 ,the example given from ,mr4 ,froude's practice--whether it is his or his printer's--illustrates the absence of any guidance by a rule4 ,that has no longer any standing place in the relative ranks2 it merely relieves which of a part of its work2 and in ,english writers even this supernumerary function has practically ceased to be filled by it4 ,a second condition of the use of relatives is much more important4 ,it has always been possible to build the best of ,english sentences without relatives4 ,a peculiarly animated sentence of any age will usually contain no relatives4 ,in ,dr4 ,john ,hall's sermon1 the longest sentences and the animated passages contain no relatives4 ,when he drops into a relative1 we see that the exaltation of feeling is passing off1 and the sermon is sinking to a lower level of interest4 ,it is apparently a law1 then1 that relatives are more rarely found in animated1 elevated and perfectly clear ,english than in weaker and less emotional writing4 ,a third fact is that ,i find the relatives of a sermon1 book1 or essay1 occurring in groups4 ,often there are whole pages with none2 then come three1 four1 five or more in about as many lines4 ,this grouping is almost as true of the ,bible as of modern ,english4 ,in ,dr4 ,hall's sermon1 fifty-six occur in the first and least animated half of it1 and only thirty-eight in the second half of it1 and one fifth of all the relatives of the discourse occur in groups2 take twenty-four printed lines out of the sermon1 and there will be left only about as many as ,professor ,jevons employs4 ,the effect of these groups deserves1 ,i have thought1 careful study2 but the results require more space than is now at command4 ,a single example from ,mr4 ,froude will suffice to indicate the general conclusion4 ,within thirty-six lines--taken in groups of from two to fourteen lines--,mr4 ,froude uses twenty-five relatives--or one relative in each fourteen words1 while his general average is--as above stated--one in each one hundred and twenty words4 ,how shall we describe such a use of relatives8 ,plainly they are not necessary4 ,the only explanation ,i can think of is that it is a careless habit4 ,the relatived passages are the poorest and weakest1 in all the modern ,english ,i have examined4 ,the groups of relatives are to me very significant2 they show that relative pronouns are unnecessary2 the ineffectiveness of the ,english where they occur shows that the relative is obsolescent4 ,to compress this study into a small space ,i have omitted a number of important facts4 ,i pass to the conclusions 7a7 ,i have reached4 7#a7 ,the relative pronoun 7b7 being essentially an inflectional device1 is opposed by the tendencies 7c7 prevailing in ,english syntax--tendencies to flat construction4 ,if the reader will look at 7a71 7b7 and 7c7 in the preceding sentences1 he will see specimens of the flat construction4 7#b7 ,that is dead as a relative pronoun4 ,its use is a mere carelessness4 7#c7 ,in some of the so-called idioms for the relative that1 the word is not a relative at all1 and the 8idiom0 itself is a case of flat construction4 ,in 8,all that we know10 the relative usually following the demonstrative that has been omitted4 7#d7 ,the so-called compound relative what is not a relative at all2 in our modern use it is another flat construction to reduce the employment of which and its antecedent demonstrative4 7#e7 ,i infer that the flat constructions ought to be classified and studied in schools4 ,the effect of such teaching and study will be seen in a more vigorous ,english1 and it will not be long before we shall begin to say1 8,,the ,,relative ,,pronoun ,,must ,,go40 ,,home ,,studies ,,in ,,chemistry ,,and ,,physics4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,j4 ,t4 ,,edwards1 ,d4,d4 ,director of the ,chautauqua ,school of ,experimental ,science4 ,,chemistry ,,of ,,organisms4 ,an organism is a structure endowed with life1 and acting by means of organs4 ,organic beings are of two kinds1 vegetable and animal4 ,ordinarily there is little difficulty in discriminating between them1 but there is a border line along which the two great kingdoms meet1 which is as shadowy and uncertain as that uniting1 in distant view1 the ocean and the sky4 ,it is usual to say that animals move their parts1 and that plants do not4 ,the former have locomotion1 the latter are stationary4 ,animals have nerves and receive their food in cavities2 plants do not4 ,but the most important distinction of all is that the vegetable world draws its support from the mineral world1 while the animal lives upon the vegetable4 ,illustration3 ,,showing ,,the ,,fat ,,globules ,,in ,,milk4 ,both animals and plants begin their existence with a single cell4 ,growth consists in the enlargement and multiplication of cells4 ,here the physiologist terminates his investigations1 and the chemist begins4 ,his first step1 however1 results in the destruction of the organism4 ,of him it is emphatically true1 8,he murders to dissect40 ,the moment that chemistry seeks to determine the elementary character of an organic substance1 that substance ceases to have an organic form4 ,in a sense1 therefore1 there is no such thing as organic chemistry4 ,it is a convenient term1 however1 for the study of the chemistry of substances formed by life4 ,until recently it has been supposed that the chemist could destroy organic substances1 but that he could not create them4 ,this idea is no longer held4 ,a great number of the compounds formed by plants and animals have been produced in the chemist's laboratory1 without the aid of vital force4 ,while it is undoubtedly true that many of the compounds found in plants and animals are not necessarily related to organisms1 there are usually some plain facts which differentiate organic compounds from inorganic4 ,among these may be named the following3 ,organic substances are usually composed of but few elements2 oxygen1 nitrogen1 hydrogen and carbon constituting almost all their material4 ,ten other elements are very sparingly distributed in them4 ,sixty-six elements enter into the formation of inorganic matter4 ,the atomic structure of the former is very complex2 that of the latter is simple4 ,for example3 ,a molecule of the white of egg contains #bbb atoms1 while a molecule of salt has but two4 ,again1 the compounds of organic existences are innumerable4 ,inorganic compounds are comparatively few4 ,the former are unstable1 on account of the presence of nitrogen1 while the latter are fixed and quite permanent4 ,the former are also distinguished for the many examples of isomerism they furnish4 ,isomeric compounds are those formed of the same elements in the same proportions4 ,thus1 camphene1 the oils of bergamot1 juniper1 birch1 black pepper1 lemon1 cloves1 turpentine1 ginger1 cubebs1 orange1 and many others are isomeric1 each one being composed of ten atoms of carbon and sixteen of hydrogen4 ,the difference in these volatile oils is supposed to be due to a variation of the arrangement of the atoms composing them4 ,let us now briefly consider the ,,food ,,of ,,plants4 ,this is obtained from the air and earth4 ,the former supplies carbonic acid1 and water in the form of vapor1 through the stomata of the leaves2 these are little mouths or breathing pores1 chiefly situated on the under side of the leaf4 ,they vary in number from one thousand to one hundred and seventy thousand to the square inch4 ,an apple-tree leaf of average size has one hundred thousand pores4 ,the old elm at ,cambridge1 under which ,washington stood while reviewing the ,continental army1 has been estimated to produce a crop of seven million leaves1 thus exposing a surface of five acres1 and therefore furnishing billions of stomata4 ,if the amount of carbonic acid gas in the air were much increased1 all higher forms of animal life would perish4 ,if it were materially lessened1 vegetation would soon wither and die1 involving the death of all animals1 from lack of food4 ,plants derive the element carbon from this gas4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,plant ,,starting ,,in ,,life4 ,according to ,chevandier1 an acre of beech forest annually absorbs three and one half tons of carbonic acid gas1 and from this eliminates about one ton of carbon4 ,most of the oxygen and hydrogen of plants is probably obtained from the water absorbed by leaves and roots4 ,recent experiments indicate that plants may sometimes absorb oxygen directly from the air4 ,this is especially true in the case of buds1 as may be shown by the following experiment3 ,cut twigs of willow1 oak or apple just before the buds are to unfold1 and place the ends in a little holder containing a small amount of water1 and set this in a saucer2 partially fill the saucer with quicksilver2 over the twigs invert a glass fruit jar filled with oxygen1 so that its mouth will be sealed by the quicksilver4 ,the buds will unfold1 and some of the oxygen disappear1 but if the jar be filled with hydrogen or nitrogen the buds will decay4 ,de ,saussure1#a by a somewhat similar experiment1 proved that oxygen is absorbed by the roots of plants4 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,of ,,an ,,exogenous ,,stem4 ,both gases and moisture are taken up and distributed through the cells by osmose4#b ,this may easily be shown2 cut off the end of a carrot and scoop out the central portion of the remainder1 and place in the cavity dry sugar2 this will soon be converted into a syrup1 and the sides of the carrot will have perceptibly shrunk1 from the passage of moisture out of the cells to the sugar4 ,the mineral constituents of plants are all taken up by the roots in the form of solution1 water being the great carrier by which plants are supplied4 ,the following substances are invariably present in all agricultural plants1 and in many others1 viz43 ,potash1 soda1 lime1 magnesia1 oxide of iron1 chlorine1 sulphuric acid1 phosphoric acid1 silicic acid1 and carbonic acid4 ,the chemical composition of different specimens of the same plant is found to be quite uniform4 ,,vegetable ,,nutrition4 ,young plants first feed upon the store of nourishment placed in the seed1 either in cotyledons1#c or around them4 ,soon the little roots acquire the power to take their nourishment from the earth in which they are imbedded4 ,they absorb moisture and the materials in solution1 which rise through the latest formed wood as ascending sap1 and in the cells of the growing parts1 especially the leaves1 undergo the transformations which convert inorganic into organic substances4 ,hales#d calculated that the force which impels the sap in a grapevine in summer time is five times as great as that which drives the blood through the arteries of a horse4 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,of ,,an ,,endogenous ,,stem4 ,much of the water is evaporated4 ,a large sunflower was found to exhale twenty or thirty ounces during the day1 but very little at night4 ,after the sap has been elaborated in the cells1 under the influence of air and light1 it descends just under the bark1 in the cambium layer1 and furnishes the material for the growth of cells and young buds1 and nourishes all growing parts of the plant4 ,this process takes place essentially in the earlier part of the season4 ,in late summer and autumn the circulation in the leaves is impeded by the deposition of mineral matter1 so that the plant or tree becomes gorged with the fluids which are ready to flow again at the coming of spring4 ,it is this supply which is drawn upon in the 8sugar bush40 ,a bucketful is often obtained from a single maple tree in twenty-four hours4 ,the cambium layer1 or mucilaginous material between the bark and wood1 hardens into cellular tissue and forms an annular growth4 ,this is the case in all exogenous plants4 ,if a section be made of one of them its age may be easily determined by counting the rings4 ,the other great class of plants called endogenous1 has the growing masses distributed through the stem4 ,the common cornstalk is an illustration4 ,few things are more surprising than the way in which different plants manufacture from the same elements their ,,various ,,products4 ,this is noticeable in grafting4 ,i have seen a thorn bush having one limb loaded with ,bartlett pears4 ,now the material which ascended the stem was distributed to all the branches1 but the cells in some of them manufactured it into thorn apples1 while in this branch it was transformed into delicious fruit4 ,illustration3 ,,showing ,a ,,cycas1 ,a ,,yucca1 ,,two ,,cocoanut ,,palm ,,trees1 ,,an ,,indian ,,corn ,,stem1 ,,and ,a ,,banana4 ,no doubt plants have the powers to select various materials4 ,upon the same acre of land a hundred different plants may feed and manufacture as many varieties of products1 sweet1 bitter1 sour1 poisonous1 nutritious1 fragrant1 offensive1 green1 yellow1 red1 and so on through the entire list4 ,as has already been suggested1 many vegetable products which are quite diverse in character1 are either identical or quite similar in chemical composition4 ,starch1 whether obtained from the potato1 the root of the carrot1 the kernel of corn1 the leaves of the cabbage1 or the cotyledons of the bean1 is composed of six atoms of carbon1 ten atoms of hydrogen1 and five atoms of oxygen4 ,sago1 tapioca1 bread fruit1 arrowroot1 and scores of other plant products have the same proportions4 ,woody fiber whether from the root1 stem or branch1 woven into cloth1 built into houses1 twisted into rope1 made into paper1 used as fuel1 or manufactured into furniture1 is ,c,h,o4 ,slight variations in composition often produce marked differences4 ,the introduction of the least ferment into sugar 7,c,h,o7 would break it up into two deadly poisons1 alcohol 7#b;,c,h,o7 and carbonic acid gas 7#b;,,co--two molecules of each74 ,a slight addition of oxygen spoils all the sweetness of the preserves4 ,the rhubarb manufactures oxalic acid1 the grape tartaric acid1 the apple malic acid1 the lemon citric acid1 the oak tannic acid1 from carbon1 hydrogen and oxygen1 by simply varying the number of their atoms4 ,if we add one atom of oxygen 7,c,h,o7 to the constituents of the volatile oils previously mentioned1 we form a new group comprising camphor1 wintergreen1 spearmint1 cinnamon1 bitter almonds1 and many others4 ,notwithstanding the great uniformity in the composition of various vegetable products1 it is now well understood that one crop may restore to land what another has removed1 hence the modern agricultural doctrine of ,,rotation ,,of ,,crops4 ,in southeastern ,virginia you find many pine forests in which may be traced the ridges of the corn rows4 ,these fields were planted with corn continuously1 until the soil became so impoverished that it would not yield a crop4 ,they were then abandoned and allowed to grow up to pines4 ,a better system would have secured perpetual fertility4 ,the soil of ,england produces far more than formerly1 even after the cultivation of a thousand years4 ,china furnishes a still more remarkable example of productiveness4 ,the amount of the earth's crust which is concerned in the support of life is exceeding small4 ,the natural tendency is constantly to diminish this4 ,rains and rivers bear away the best of the soil and deposit it in the lakes and seas4 ,some inhabitant of our earth in the far future1 may secure the benefit of these stores1 when the beds of the present seas and oceans shall have risen above the waters and become the continent4 ,too much pressed by the demands of the present to even think of this1 the wise farmer endeavors to return to his soil what it has lost4 ,growing crops are plowed under1 fertilizers from the thronging cities are spread upon his fields1 the seaweed cast up by the waves yields its potash1 phosphorus1 salt and iodine4 ,the islands of the ,pacific contribute their vast stores of ammonia accumulated for ages in guano beds2 marl deposited in the estuaries of ancient geologic seas feeds the cereals2 and the limestone deposits are made to give verdure to the grasses of a thousand meadows4 ,in the meantime1 nature has her own processes of restoration4 ,the crumbling of the rocks by frost1 their abrasion by water1 the accumulation of humus by decay1 and various chemical influences conspire to convert the unproductive rocks into fertile soil4 ,it would seem that this intelligent forethought1 united with the beneficent processes of nature may secure perpetual productiveness1 to the end that the earth may continue to yield its increase for the sustenance of the animal1 for1 as the ,scriptures say1 ,,all ,,flesh ,,is ,,grass4 ,directly or indirectly all animals live on plants4 ,we have roast lamb for dinner to-day1 but yesterday the lamb was browsing herbage4 ,it is an interesting fact that the nutritive qualities of bread are almost the same as those of beef--each1 in itself1 is very nearly a perfect food4 ,illustration3 ,,lean ,,meat4 ,great principles of economy regulate the use of these two articles1 in accordance with the scarcity and price of either4 ,man may live without bread if he have meat1 and vice versa1 but his system demands one of them1 or its equivalent4 ,as in the cell of the plant1 mineral substances become organized1 so1 under the influence of animal vitality does vegetable material become transformed into the constituents of a new organism4 ,the great argument against the doctrine that alcohol is a food1 lies in the fact that it does not undergo this transformation4 ,it leaves the body as it enters it4 ,but beef-steak ceases to be steak1 and bread is no longer the same2 they have become bone1 tissue1 nerve1 and all that makes a human body ,most are familiar with the marvelous processes of mastication1 digestion1 absorption and aeration1 by which food is converted into blood freighted with all that is essential to the nutrition of the human system4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,column1 ,,arches1 ,,domes1 ,,spires ,,and ,,minarets4 ,foods serve three great purposes--growth1 restoration of waste1 and supply for heat4 ,whether vegetable or animal1 they are of two classes--nitrogenous and carbonaceous4 ,the former consists of all seeds and vegetable tissues1 and flesh in animal foods4 ,the latter comprises the starch and sugar of vegetables1 and fat in animals4 ,nature seems to suggest the propriety of using both as food for man4 ,his teeth are adapted to the mastication of both1 and the varied demands of different seasons and climates furnish a not less conclusive argument in its favor4 ,it is not our design to discuss here the dietetics or even the chemistry of food4 ,there is1 however1 one branch of the subject that calls for a passing remark--the value of foods for special purposes4 ,as the agriculturist is now carefully considering the adaptation of soils to the various kinds of vegetation1 and is also inquiring into the character of those fertilizers that will continue and increase the growth-producing qualities of his land1 so the physiologist is seeking to discover the special value of different aliments for all conditions of health and disease4 ,the problem is necessarily somewhat difficult1 but the end is so desirable--nothing less than human safety1 comfort and development--that it is one of the most worthy of all the questions of science4 ,wholesome food1 cheap food1 and appropriate food for all classes and conditions is its aim4 ,what does the weary brain require8 ,what will give strength to muscle8 ,how may the impoverished blood be enriched8 ,how can vigorous1 symmetrical growth be secured to childhood and youth8 ,these are vital questions4 ,even when applied to the wants of the lower animals they are of immense importance4 ,what conditions are most favorable for fattening cattle8 ,what will give greatest strength and best sustain continuous exertion4 ,note a simple instance of one result of such inquiry4 ,in ascertaining the food value of cottonseed1 the revenue of our cotton crop is said to have been doubled4 ,in medical practice physicians are more and more inclined to depend upon their knowledge of the principles of alimentation and the adjustment of proper nourishment to the sick than upon artificial stimulants or medicines4 ,,the ,,circle ,,completed4 ,we conclude this article on the chemistry of organisms1 with the somewhat humbling reflection that to all living beings there comes a time when vitality yields to the power of those chemical forces1 which resolve them again to their original inorganic forms4 ,it can not be that this was the only and ultimate end contemplated by the ,creator1 in that sublime system of arrangement for life1 which began with the morning of creation and ended with man4 ,nature is more than a cycle of change from dead matter to vegetable form1 thence to animal life1 and thence back again to mineral substance4 ,solomon wrote3 8,the dust shall return to the earth as it was1 and the spirit shall return unto ,god who gave it20 and another has said3 8,there remains the paramount duty of rendering worthy of survival that spiritual part of our being which no merely physical power can destroy40 ,,physics ,,of ,,organisms4 ,a brief discussion of some physical characteristics of organisms will conclude our articles on 8,home ,studies in ,chemistry and ,physics40 ,the abundance of metaphorical expressions even in common language1 indicates the numerous resemblances between the living and inorganic worlds4 ,description and poetry are full of imagery4 ,a metaphor implies a resemblance between objects1 a simile suggests it1 and a comparison states it4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,dion,a1 ,,or ,,venus',s ,,fly-,,trap4 ,thus to the human mind1 the different departments of nature seem to reflect a light and beauty upon each other1 even as the 8earth-shine0 lights the moon in the absence of the sun4 ,the sky is a dome2 the groves are temples2 the sea moans and roars2 the falling cataracts laugh and shout1 and the calm lake is the smile of the ,great ,spirit4 8,language10 says ,dean ,trench1#e 8is fossil poetry40 8,architecture is frozen music40 ,many of the forms of art and devices of human invention have been suggested by ,nature4 ,the ,doric column was borrowed from some stately tree shaft4 ,the ornamented capital of the ,corinthian column was decorated by carved copies of the graceful acanthus leaves4 ,gothic architecture found its models in the tree tops of the arching forests4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,human ,,heart1 ,,showing ,,chambers ,,and ,,valves4 ,every experimenter in science is simply one who is inquiring of ,nature for her analogies1 truths1 forms1 forces1 and machines2 and like the wise and good mother that she is1 she has granted many a pregnant suggestion to the busy brains of discoverers and inventors4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,nepenthes1#f ,a ,,pitcher ,,plant ,,of ,,the ,,indian ,,archipelago4 ,,movements ,,of ,,plants4 ,plants in their action illustrate many of the principles of natural philosophy1 as if directed by intelligence4 ,turn their roots upward in the soil1 and they will invariably turn down to the moisture4 ,bend their stems to the earth and they will seek to mount upward4 ,the young sunflower greets the sun at his rising1 and turns to behold his setting4 ,unwind a twining vine1 and wind it in an opposite direction1 and it will soon assert its right to assume its own method4 ,some plants shrink from touch2 others1 like the ,venus fly-trap1#g hold out their open palms to catch flies2 many sleep2 most seem to select special places1 seasons1 and conditions4 ,they seem almost1 at times1 to be possessed of moral qualities4 ,they adapt themselves to situations4 ,if the season is dry1 they are sparing of moisture2 if the soil is scanty1 they penetrate deeper for sustenance2 if the winds are fierce1 they grow strong by struggle2 if gashed or broken1 they have 8philters for healing20 if pruned and chastened1 they yield richer fruitage4 ,illustration3 ,,skeleton ,,of ,a ,,frog4--,a ,,good ,,set ,,of ,,springs4 ,one can not help feeling that certain trees have a personality4 ,they are friendly with their shade4 ,they are proud in their loftiness1 confident in their strength1 satisfied in their usefulness4 ,other plants are almost equally interesting4 ,flowers have long been chosen to express the language of sentiment4 ,even the lowest forms of vegetable life1 like the alg1 the mosses and lichens1 arrange their parts with symmetry and beauty4 ,even the microscopic diatoms#h are exquisite in the perfection of their curves and markings4 ,,animal ,,mechanism4 ,comparative anatomy long since showed us that there is great harmony in the construction of animals4 ,a few principles seem to govern in all4 ,for example3 ,none violate the law of gravity with regard to the line of direction's falling within the base4 ,they employ the lever1 the inclined plane1 the pulley1 and the mechanical means of applying power1 precisely as we do in machinery4 ,the heart is a pump2 the stomach is a churn2 the backbone has springs2 the elbow is a hinge2 the muscles are ropes2 the nerves are telegraph wires2 the ear is a harp1 the eye is a telescope4 ,the most perfect mechanism characterizes the construction of all the animal kingdom1 but one can do little more than suggest the interest of this most fascinating subject4 ,illustration3 ,,showing ,,principle ,,of ,,venturi4 ,ex4--,s ,v is the sub-clavian vein2 ,j is the jugular vein2 ,d is the thoracic duct1 through which the chyle is poured into the blood4 ,,the ,,trades ,,among ,,animals4 ,an ancient saying declares that 8,poets are born1 not made10 and classic story informs us that ,minerva sprang full armed from the head of ,jove4 ,something like this natural perfection appears in the occupations of the lower orders of creation4 ,man is a creature of education1 absolutely unlimited in point of time in the possibilities of his development4 ,other animals1 within their own limited scope often attain an excellence superior to his4 ,note the scent of the greyhound1 the hearing of the cat1 the sight of the eagle4 ,as artisans they have few apprentices1 though it must be confessed that some are better workmen than others1 and they are not without 8bosses40 ,observe a few of their trades4 ,the brant-goose is a navigator1 which may have already found the pole4 ,the heron is a fisherman1 who carries his torch upon his breast4 ,swallows are excellent masons2 so are wasps and the caddis fly4 ,there is a spider that is a diver2 he makes his own bell and fills it with air4 ,the bee is a geometrician that never studied ,euclid4 ,the ant is a political economist1 who1 like ,joseph1 lays up supplies for a time of want4 ,there is a 8tailor bird40 ,there are hosts of hunters among the carnivora4 ,the nautilus is a 8little sailor10 and weavers are innumerable4 ,beavers unite the trades of lumbermen and civil engineers4 ,there are carpenters and paper makers1 indeed1 time would fail in the attempt to mention all the occupations pursued in this busy world of animate creation4 ,yet over all these the ,almighty has given man dominion4 ,they are but organisms impelled to their appointed tasks by unreasoning instinct1 but1 as ,sir ,william ,hamilton has said3 8,man is not an organism1 but an intelligence served by organs40 ,illustration3 ,a ,,bird',s ,,head4 ,ex4--,the mandibles form a pair of scissors4 ,the tongue is a spear4 ,,note4--,through the courtesy of ,messrs4 ,ivison1 ,blakeman1 ,taylor ,co41 of ,new ,york1 the cuts in this article are taken from two of their excellent publications1 ,gray's 8,lessons and ,manual of ,botany10 and ,hitchcock's 8,anatomy and ,physiology40 ,,sunday ,,readings4 ,,selected ,,by ,,chancellor ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4,d4 ,june #g4 ,courtesy is1 strictly speaking1 a ,christian grace4''' ,it is the offspring of charity2 and since it derives its being from divine grace2 since it is made the subject of divine command2 since it is especially calculated to smooth those little asperities which sometimes hinder even 8the living stones of the temple0 from being so perfectly joined and so fitly framed together as they should be2 since it powerfully tends1 likewise1 to remove the prejudices and to allay the enmity so generally entertained by the world toward the church2 above all1 since1 in combination with other causes it may contribute to win souls to ,god1 we surely ought not to deem it unsuitable1 but to make it ''' the subject of our particular and attentive consideration4''' ,while some professed disciples of ,christ seem to have substituted in the place of genuine courtesy a conformity to the manners and habits of ungodly men1 which very ill consists with that simplicity of character which should distinguish the remnant of true ,israelites1 there are others who1 through an honest disgust toward the impertinent fopperies of the world1 and an ill-directed fear of becoming infected with the same spirit of guile and hypocrisies1 have even run so far into the opposite extreme of churlishness as to be culpably negligent of the mere forms of civilized society4 ,the courtesy of the world is an imposing form4''' ,but the courtesy of a ,christian is not a mere form4 ,it is not the phantasm of a feeling which has no real existence4 ,it is the outward expression of an inward disposition1 the conduct which a benevolent mind will on all occasions instinctively prescribe4 ,it is the natural and unconstrained operation of unfeigned love4 ,let us but love our neighbor as ourselves1 and it will be morally impossible to violate the laws of courtesy2 for love worketh no ill to his neighbor4 ,it will teach us cautiously to avoid whatever might unnecessarily wound his feelings2 it will dispose us assiduously to study his inclination1 ease1 and convenience2 it will make us anxious to interpret his very looks1 that we may even anticipate his requests2 it will enable us cheerfully to make a sacrifice of our own gratifications with a view to his4 ,all this is perfectly easy2 it is even delightful where love exists without dissimulation2 but let this heavenly principle be wanting1 take away from the form of courtesy the power1 and it becomes an arduous and irksome task1 a yoke grievous to be borne4--,summerfield4#a ,june #ad4 ,i would not slight this wondrous world4 ,i love its day and night4 ,its flowers and its fruits are dear to me4 ,i would not willfully lose sight of a departing cloud4 ,every year opens new beauty in a star2 or in a purple gentian fringed with loveliness4 ,the laws1 too1 of matter seem more wonderful the more ,i study them in the whirling eddies of the dust1 in the curious shells of former life buried by thousands in a grain of chalk1 or in the shining diagrams of light above my head4 ,even the ugly becomes beautiful when truly seen4 ,i see the jewel in the bunchy toad4 ,the more ,i live1 the more ,i love this lovely world2 feel more its ,author in each little thing2 in all that is great4 ,but yet ,i feel my immortality the more4 ,in childhood the consciousness of immortal life buds forth feeble1 though full of promise4 ,in the man it unfolds its fragrant petals1 his most celestial flower1 to mature its seed throughout eternity4 ,the prospect of that everlasting life1 the perfect justice yet to come1 the infinite progress before us1 cheer and comfort the heart4 ,sad and dissatisfied1 full of self-reproach1 we shall not be so forever4 ,the light of heaven breaks upon the night of trial1 sorrow1 sin2 the somber clouds which overhung the east1 grown purple now1 tell us the dawn of heaven is coming in4 ,our faces1 gleamed on by that1 smile in the new-born glow2 we are beguiled of our sadness before we are aware4 ,the certainty of this provokes us to patience1 it forbids us to be thoughtfully sorrowful4 ,it calls us to be up and doing4''' ,there is small merit in being willing to die2 it seems almost sinful in a good man to wish it when the world needs him here so much4 ,it is weak and unmanly to be always looking and sighing voluptuously for that4 ,but it is of great value here and now to anticipate time and live to-day the eternal life4 ,that we may all do4 ,the joys of heaven will begin as soon as we attain the character of heaven and do its duties4 ,that may begin to-day4 ,it is everlasting life to know ,god1 to have ,his ,spirit dwelling in you1 yourself at one with ,him4 ,try that and prove its worth4 ,justice1 usefulness1 wisdom1 religion1 love1 are the best things we hope for in heaven4 ,try them on--they will fit you here not less becomingly4 ,they are the best things of earth4 ,think no outlay of goodness and piety too great4 ,you will find your reward begin here4 ,as much goodness and piety1 so much heaven4 ,men will not pay you--,god will2 pay you now1 hereafter1 and forever4--,theodore ,parker4 ,june #ba4 ,let us do all the business we can4''' ,if we can't be a lighthouse1 let us be a tallow candle4 ,some one said1 8,i can't be anything more than a farthing rushlight40 ,well1 if you can't be more1 be that2 that is well enough4 ,be all you can4 ,what makes the ,dead ,sea dead8 ,because it is all the time receiving1 never giving out anything4 ,you go every ,sunday and hear good sermons1 and think that is enough4 ,you are all the time receiving these grand truths1 but never give them out4 ,when you hear it1 go and scatter the sacred truth abroad4 ,instead of having one minister to preach to a thousand people1 this thousand ought to take a sermon and spread it till it reaches those that never go to church or chapel4 ,instead of having a few1 we ought to have thousands using the precious talents that ,god has given them4''' ,if ,god has not given us but half a talent1 let us make good use of that4 ,when ,god told the people to take their seats by fifties1 he told ,philip to get food for them4 8,what10 says ,philip1 8feed them with this little loaf8 ,why1 there is not more than enough for the first man40 8,yes1 go and feed them with that40 ,philip thought that was a very small amount for such a multitude of hungry men4 ,he broke off a piece for the first man1 and didn't miss it2 a piece for the second man1 and didn't miss it2 a piece for the third man1 and didn't miss it4 ,he was making good use of the loaf1 and ,god kept increasing it4 ,that is what the ,lord wants to do with us4 ,he will give us just as many talents as we can take care of4 ,there are many of us that are willing to do great things for the ,lord2 but few of us willing to do little things4 ,the mighty sermon on regeneration was preached to one man4 ,there are many who are willing to preach to thousands1 but are not willing to take their seat beside one soul1 and lead that soul to the blessed ,jesus4 ,we must get down to personal effort--this bringing one by one to the ,son of ,god4 ,we can find no better example of this than in the life of ,christ himself4 ,look at that wonderful sermon that he preached to that lone woman at the well of ,samaria4 ,he was tired and weary1 but he had time and the heart to preach to her4 ,this is but one of many instances in the life of the ,master from which we may learn a precious lesson4 ,if the ,son of ,god had time to preach to one soul1 can not every one of us go and do the same8''' 8,i commend you0--and in this connection1 ,i want to tell you how the ,god of all grace has kept us4 ,for nearly twenty-one years he has watched over me4 ,he has watched over me and stood by me in the hour of temptation and trial2 he has brought light to me out of darkness2 and he will do the same with you4 ,in leaving you1 young converts1 ,i would like to leave with you two ,ws--the one is ,work1 and the other is the ,word2 or1 rather1 the first is the ,word1 and the other is ,work4 ,go out and work for him1 and you will become strong ,christians4 ,there are two lives that you want to lead4 ,the one is your inner life1 that the world knows nothing of1 that the wife of your bosom knows nothing of4 ,that life is between yourself and ,god2 and if you don't lead this aright1 the outer life will not be long right4 ,let me say to you1 young converts1 read your ,bibles and you will be strong4 ,if you don't1 you will fall2 and the men who are now scoffing at this movement will say3 8,i told you you would fall back again2 the meetings have been only an emotional excitement2 only a sensation40 ,i pray that ,god ,almighty may keep you4 ,just have those two ,ws before you--the ,word and ,work--and make that your banner4--,d4 ,l4 ,moody4 ,june #bh4 ,what language1 8,father1 forgive them60 and1 in the words1 what an act1 greater than the most splendid miracles with which he marked his radiant path through the world4''' 8,forgive them60 ,is it possible8 ,with these words ''' he covers the guilty heads of his murderers with the shield of his love1 in order to secure them from the storm of the well deserved wrath of ,almighty ,god4 ,with these words1 which must have produced adoring astonishment1 even in the angels themselves1 he takes these miscreants in the arms of his compassion1 and bears them up to the steps of his ,father's throne1 in order to commend them to his mercy4 ,for know1 my readers1 that the words 8,forgive them10 mean1 in ,jesus's mouth1 not merely1 8,do not impute to them the murderous crime they have committed upon me40 ,no1 when he utters 8,forgive10 it comprehends something much more1 and embraces the whole register of sins4 ,in his mouth it means1 8,plunge their whole sinful life into the depths of the sea1 and remember no more their transgressions1 but consider these sinners henceforth as dear in thy sight1 and act toward them as such40 ,there are individuals on earth for whom no one feels inclined to pray1 because they are too depraved4 ,there are those who even dare not pray for themselves1 because their consciences testify that such worthless creatures as they are can not reckon upon being heard4 ,what a prospect is here opened to people of this description6 ,ah1 if no heart beats for them on earth1 the heart of the ,king of kings may still feel for them4 ,if among their friends not one is to be found to intercede for them1 yet1 possibly1 the ,lord of ,glory is not ashamed of bearing their names before his ,father's throne4 ,o1 what hope beams on ,calvary for a sinful world6 ,and if the great ,intercessor appears there for a transgressor1 how does his intercession succeed8 ,though a whole world should protest against it1 his prayer saves whom he will4 ,his voice penetrates the heart of the eternal ,father with irresistible power4 ,his entreaties are commands4 ,mountains of sin vanish before his intercession4 ,how highly characteristic and deeply significant is the fact that the ,lord1 with this prayer1 commences the seven expressions he uttered on the cross4 ,the words1 8,forgive them60 show us not merely the heaven of loving kindness which he carries in his bosom1 but it also darts like lightning through the gloom of the entire night of suffering1 and deciphers the mysterious position which the ,holy ,one of ,israel here occupies as ,surety1 ,mediator1 and ,high ,priest4''' ''' ,and yet the prayer for forgiveness raises its wing from the mount of suffering and passes apparently through all those eternal and unimpingeable statutes and limitations4 ,it puts aside even ,mount ,sinai and ,ebal1 and heeds not the cherub of the law1 who keeps the gate of paradise1 and is enjoined to admit only the righteous4 ,careless of his flaming sword1 it soars with seemingly unheard-of boldness above the brazen walls of the manifold menaces of the divine maledictions which inexorably close against sinners the entrance to the mansions above1 and in a most striking contrariety with the indelible inscription over the eternal sanctuary1 8,him that sinneth against me will ,i blot out of my book10 requests forgiveness and even admittance into the habitations of the blessed children of ,god1 for rebels1 blasphemers1 and murderers4--,f4 ,w4 ,krumacher4#b ,,the ,,heart ,,busy ,,with ,,things ,,about ,,us4 ,,by ,,josephine ,,pollard4 ,the eye may be trained so that it can detect the least flaw in a diamond2 the ear be so delicately attuned that the slightest variation in the harmony will be perceptible1 although there is no apparent attempt at listening1 and discord will have the same effect on the sensitive nerves1 as a blow on a fine strung instrument4 ,the engineer can not see all the working parts of his engine1 so he is obliged to cultivate his ear until each throb1 plunge1 and revolution is familiar to him1 and the whole set to a rhythmic movement1 any change in which betokens disaster4 ,an eye quick to see1 and an ear quick to hear may belong to a wide-awake1 successful business man2 but in order to become a philanthropist1 a wise1 energetic1 live ,christian1 he must have a heart to feel4 ,a father may see that his children are poorly clad1 may hear their cries of distress1 but if he has no heart to feel their needs1 he will go off and leave them to the care of charity1 as so many fathers1 and mothers too1 have been known to do4 ,this inclination to avoid cares1 to shirk responsibilities1 and to live a purely selfish life1 is the result of a defect in the cardiac region1 which might have been corrected in early youth4 ,the training of the heart begins at so early an age that it can not be known with certainty just when the child is first acted upon by the influences around it1 and it is more easily misdirected than guided aright4 ,an accomplished lady1 of considerable literary fame1 spent a great deal of time in preparing a lecture on 8,individual ,sovereignty10 which was to prove that children had rights that parents and guardians ought to respect4 ,the lecture was delivered but once1 to a very small number of people who1 while full of admiration and respect for the lecturer1 were not in favor of putting her theories into practice1 believing that a monarchy such as she proposed would make the ,land of ,liberty a place that grown people would want to get away from4 ,the great bond of brotherhood is sympathy4 8,pity and need make all flesh kin10 and 8sympathy is especially a ,christian's duty40 ,but there is an active sympathy and there is a passive sympathy2 the one sits down and broods over the calamities of life1 wrings its hands1 sheds tears1 and sighs over its own incapacity2 while the other is up and doing all it can to relieve the necessities of those perhaps less heavily burdened than itself4 8,it is not all of life to live10 nor all of life to love either2 for some in their excessive fondness will allow those whom they might control1 to walk in evil ways and indulge in unlawful passions without putting forth a restraining hand4 8,i want ,john to have a good time10 says the indulgent mother4 8,i don't want ,jennie to tire herself1 or to soil her hands doing housework4 ,what else am ,i good for80 ,so ,john grows to be a selfish1 disagreeable man1 and ,jennie an ease-loving1 self-satisfied woman1 both with hearts incapable of feeling any interest in anything that does not immediately affect their physical comfort and well-being4 ,mothers1 do not spoil your children and destroy the foundations of character4 ,let them wait upon you and do your errands2 teach them to cultivate a self-sacrificing spirit1 to feel that it is no hardship to give up their own personal comfort in order to secure the happiness of others4 ,the sacrifices should not be all on one side2 and yet we have known mothers to give up their lives rather than disappoint the children1 who must have their wishes gratified at any expense4 ,exacting children should be made to wait upon themselves1 and to practice patience and self-denial2 for the tyrannical spirit is fostered by unwise timidity and forbearance1 and many a passionate man and woman lives to regret the lack of proper discipline in youth4 ,but it lies within ourselves to correct mistakes that may have been made in our training2 and it has been truthfully said1 8,every person has two educations1 one which he receives from others1 and one1 more important1 which he gives to himself40 ,it is astonishing how much may be accomplished by one who is energetic and persevering1 careful to avail himself of all opportunities1 and to use all the spare time at his disposal4 ,ancient and modern histories and biographies are full of illustrations showing the benefits conferred upon mankind by certain individuals whose hearts were busy with the things about them4 ,it is interesting to read this record of ,general ,gordon--or 8,chinese ,gordon10 as he is familiarly called--whose valiant deeds have won him undying fame3 ,from #ahfe to #ahge ,gordon lived at ,gravesend1 employed in the duty of improving the defenses of the ,thames4 ,these were his six years of quiet peace and beneficent happiness4 8,he lived wholly for others10 writes his friend4 8,his house was school and hospital and almshouse1 in turn2 was more like the abode of a missionary than of a commanding officer of engineers4 ,the troubles of all interested him alike4 ,the poor1 the sick1 the unfortunate1 were ever welcome1 and never did suppliant knock vainly at his door4 ,he always took great delight in children1 but especially in boys employed on the river or the sea4 ,many he rescued from the gutter1 cleansed them and clothed them1 and kept them for weeks in his house4 ,for their benefit he established reading-classes1 over which he himself presided1 reading to and teaching the lads with as much ardor as if he were leading them to victory4 ,he called them his #8kings1' and for many of them he got berths on board ships4 ,one day a friend asked him why there were so many pins stuck into the map of the world over his mantlepiece2 he was told that they marked and followed the course of the boys on their voyages2 that they were moved from point to point as his youngsters advanced1 and that he prayed for them as they went1 night and day4 ,the light in which he was held by those lads was shown by inscriptions in chalk on the fences4 ,a favorite legend was #8,god bless the ,kernel6' ,so full did his classes at length become that the house would no longer hold them1 and they had to be given up4 ,then it was that he attended and taught at the ,ragged ,schools1 and it was a pleasant thing to watch the attention with which his wild scholars listened to his words40 ,the workhouse and the infirmary1 writes another1 were his constant haunts1 and of pensioners he had a countless number4 ,many of the dying sent for him in preference to the clergyman1 and he was ever ready to visit them4 ,his purse was always empty because of his free-handedness1 and he even sent some of his medals to the melting-pot in the cause of charity4 ,when another appointment removed him from ,gravesend1 there was universal regret4 ,the local newspaper paid him the following graceful and sincere tribute3 8,by general and continual beneficence to the poor1 he has been so unwearied in well-doing that his departure will be felt by numbers to be a personal calamity4 ,his charity was essentially charity1 and had its root in deep philanthropic feeling and goodness of heart2 shunning the light of publicity1 but coming even as the rain in the night-time1 that in the morning is noted not1 but only the flowers bloom and give a greater fragrance4 ,all will wish him well in his new sphere1 and we have less hesitation in penning these lines from the fact that laudatory notice will confer but little pleasure upon him who gave with the heart and cared not for commendation40 ,military glory pales before this display of missionary zeal4 ,in order to achieve any success the heart must be in the work1 and from this center of our being all true ,christian culture must begin4 ,every one can make his own destiny1 and 8,taught by time the heart has learned to glow ,for others good1 and melt at other's woe40 ,it is good to indulge the habit of looking out of ourselves1 to study the ways and needs of others1 and to keep the heart busy with things about us--the trifles1 as they are considered1 which are apt to be overlooked or made light of4 ,for there is great danger that the small philanthropies and courtesies of life will be neglected because of the large schemes that are so absorbing4 ,this kind of outlook requires1 of course1 a certain amount of insight1 or intuition1 without which we can not bring ourselves into sympathetic relations1 or prove ourselves the friend of humanity4 ,our home1 the place where we spend the most of our time1 should be the field in which to exercise our best gifts1 wherein we both sow and reap1 and which is left to us to brighten and beautify1 or to darken and disgrace4 ,the heart renewed by grace is zealous of good works1 fond of home1 and anxious to do its full duty therein4 ,it has a word of cheer for those who are cast down2 it comforts the sick2 speaks tenderly to those in trouble2 has patience with the erring2 seeks out ways of interesting the young2 is mindful of the aged1 and helpful to everybody4 8,a heart at leisure from itself1 ,to soothe and sympathize10 need never want for an opportunity2 and it is often the small attentions1 the unconsidered trifles1 that are most highly valued4 ,the heart that begins its labors in too wide a sphere will find it hard to concentrate its interests1 while a more gradual expansion will result in more satisfactory work1 and the strengthening of the magnetic current1 for on our personal magnetism depends1 to a great extent1 our influence on those with whom we associate4 ,what responsibilities rest upon fathers and mothers1 on sisters and brothers6 ,how much good and how much evil they can do in their special fields of operation6 ,that son needs a little wholesome correction from the father1 a few kind words may be all that is requisite1 but the father is busy about other affairs1 his heart is interested in things outside of his family1 and the boy slips downward for want of a restraining hand4 ,that girl would have turned out1 oh6 so differently1 if she had only had the right kind of a mother4 ,some boys and girls are not fit to be left to themselves4 ,they seem to be born without any inward monitor1 or strong moral sense4 ,the germ may be there1 but it has never been properly cultivated4 ,at a school examination the question was put1 8,what is conscience80 ,but one pupil could give the definition1 8,an inward monitor40 8,what is your idea of an inward monitor80 asked the inspector1 and away down at the lower end of the room a hand was stretched forth1 and a voice proclaimed1 8,it's an iron-clad1 sir60 ,so it is4 ,fortified to resist evil1 but to assist good2 and a 8tender conscience10 to keep up the nautical figure1 is the small convoy that supplies the soul with spiritual sustenance4 ,a conscience alive to duty will serve as an electrical alarm to notify us what is to be done and when and how we are to do it4 ,if you have sick neighbors1 and can not conveniently call upon them yourself1 send to inquire how they are and in what way you can be of service4 ,an offering of fruit or flowers will often be most acceptable to invalids or their families1 who are cheered and sustained by the thought that other hearts are sympathizing with them4 ,keep down your own sensitiveness1 and learn to make generous allowance for other people4 ,show that your zeal is not of the offensive sort1 that your politeness is deep and genuine1 that 8out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh10 and you will always be on good terms with your neighbors1 and with yourself4 ,there is a variety of ways of helping people1 and no two people may be helped in precisely the same way4 ,the most deserving are the most modest1 and it may take considerable study and observation for you to discover that ,mrs4 ,needlewise1 whose children always look so neat and well dressed1 would be thankful for the cast-off clothes which are taking up the room in your garret1 or which you give away recklessly just for the sake of getting rid of them4 ,mrs4 ,needlewise would be offended at your offering her the garments1 but friendliness1 and the exercise of a little tact1 will remove the barriers and enable you to relieve anxieties that were a continual burden4 ,a dear1 good woman whose heart was always open to the necessities of those about her1 was in her old age given to somewhat erratic impulses4 ,one morning1 much to the mortification of her family1 she seized the coffee-pot and went into a near neighbor's1 a poor but proud little woman1 who would go without rather than beg4 ,the old lady1 in her sweet way1 said to the farmer's wife that it was a pity to waste so much good coffee1 and she had brought it over for her to use4 ,the gift was accepted with a smile1 and to please the old lady the coffee was used by the good man of the house1 who sent word that he had never tasted any quite so delicious1 and should be glad to be so favored again4 ,it was the entering wedge of neighborly kindness1 and the beginning of better days for the poor family whose fortunes at that period were at a low ebb4 ,the right kind of a lift at the right time will put human nature on its feet1 and restablish the foundations that were in danger of giving way4 ,o1 the magnetizing power of love6 beginning first with the love of ,christ1 and then reaching out toward all our fellow-creatures6 ,how wide spreading1 how far-reaching in its influences6 ,home missions1 foreign missions1 small charities or large ones1 incidental acts of kindness1 thoughtful consideration for the welfare of others1 all that a self-sacrificing spirit can do is done cheerfully and without hope of reward4 ,a saintly young woman whose earthly pilgrimage ended at thirty-four1 is thus eulogized by the pastor of the church for which she labored lovingly and assiduously3 8,she gave out so much to others that she has left herself broken in fragments here and there1 and you and ,i hold this or that fragment so really that we are only hardly persuaded to acknowledge that there is an end of her earthly life for a time4 ,how simply1 purely and patiently that life was lived1 you know4''' ,many and many a time have ,i pointed to that life as an example of what people might do and might be1 if they would do as she did--be content #8to live faithfully a hidden life1'0 ,her mother says3 8,her unselfish work and devotion were marvelous4 ,it is often said of her that she crowded more into her short life than is done or experienced in the longest4 ,she shone the brightest in her daily life at home1 always serving some one1 forgetful of self4 ,her pure spirit grew so fast that the frail body could not retain it2 yet she faded so slowly1 so cheerfully and hopefully1 that we hardly believed she could not rally until the day before she left us4 ,our sunshine is gone1 but the radiance is still left in the memory of her sweet life40 ,blessed memory6 ,in this bright way she speaks of herself when laid aside from her sphere of usefulness1 and obliged to some extent to discontinue the literary work which had proved so acceptable to the public and already given her considerable fame as an author3 8,i've been occupied with turning a corner1 round which the landscape is different1 and getting used to the change4 ,i suppose it has been coming on for a good while2 at all events1 after some ten years of ruddy health and active exercise1 ,i am not to sweep any more for a while1 not to walk1 not to sing1 read aloud1 talk much1 not to hurry1 not to get tired at anything4''' ,of course it is a little queer and painful sometimes1 because1 particularly1 my father is always an invalid1 and increasingly so4 ,one dreads to be another anxiety4 ,but ,i have no real reason to fret4 ,something good will come of it1 ,i will expect4 ,i am so thankful that ,i need not give up writing that ,i will not mind the rest of my denials20 and then when her own health was declining1 and the sunset hour of her life was nearer than she thought1 she closes her letter with 8,good night1 dear4 ,health and ,god's blessing60 and it was a final 8good night10 for word soon came of her entering into communion with the saints above4 ,the more heart we put into our work1 whether it be domestic drudgery1 the care of the sick1 or 8whatsoever the hand findeth to do10 the more perfect and satisfactory it will be2 and according to the measure with which we serve others1 is meted out to us the happiness we derive from that service4 ,the sending of a letter full of kindly thought and sympathy has often brought a return far beyond the expectation of the sender4 ,a little gift1 a token of good will1 insignificant in itself1 has spoken volumes to the recipient1 and brightened a day that was full of clouds4 ,to do no more than our duty does not fill the measure of ,christian usefulness4 ,we would grieve if compelled to walk a narrow path1 fenced in on either side1 and not allowed to look to the right or left1 or to pluck the fruits that lined the road2 and ,god and his holy angels must grieve when we neglect to turn out of our path to assist others1 and make excuses for the non-performance of heart service4 ,a young lady1 very much interested in mission work1 and an active worker in a large school connected with a flourishing church1 felt offended at some of the officers of the school1 and decided to send in her resignation4 ,each ,sunday she had been accustomed to place before the children some text that they might carry with them through the week1 absorbing its teachings and principles so that they would be 8wrought out in living characters40 ,all through the week her mind dwelt upon the injustice that she felt had been done her1 and she went to the mission school the following ,sunday fully determined to give up the work which had been her delight for so many years4 ,as she entered the room her gaze rested on the text which stood out in bold lettering1 as she had printed it the previous ,sunday3 8,even ,jesus pleased not himself40 ,the arrow struck home4 ,it would never do to have that text uppermost when she handed in her resignation1 so she reversed the roll1 and there in as bold type appeared3 8,jesus1 the same yesterday1 to-day1 and forever40 ,there was no use trying to avoid the situation1 or to escape the responsibilities4 ,the teacher's work was there4 ,she knew it2 she felt it4 8,to doubt would be disloyalty2 ,to falter would be sin20 so she roused herself to greater endurance1 put more heart into work1 and had the satisfaction of hearing it said that never since her connection with the school had she given such a splendid lesson4 ,the approval of her own conscience was not the least of her compensations1 and there is no further talk of her giving up her position in the mission school4 ,we may be so situated that we can not do any great work in the world4 ,by temperament1 by education1 or by reason of ill-health we may be restricted from carrying out our ambitious schemes1 but there are none so weak1 so ignorant1 or so poor that they can not do some good in the world4 ,the ladder that reaches to heaven is not composed of wooden rungs1 or of cold1 senseless material1 but ,god has made every human being so dependent on his fellow-creatures that each one is lifted up by some one above him1 some busy heart that feels another's need and reaches out2 and when there is no looking up nor reaching out there is no growth nor spiritual attainment4 ,if you want to know people you must get near them2 first go down to their level1 and then bring them up to yours1 not waiting for any great occasion1 or a more direct revelation1 but taking advantage of small opportunities1 and making your influence felt in quiet1 unobtrusive ways4 8,and when it is all over1 and our feet will run no more1 and our hands are helpless1 and we have scarcely strength to murmur a last prayer1 then we shall see that instead of needing a larger field we have left untilled many corners of our single acre1 and that none of it is fit for the ,master's eye were it not for the softening shadow of the cross40 8,it was only a cup of water1 with a gentle grace bestowed1 ,but it cheered a lonely traveler upon the dusty road2 ,for the way was long and dreary1 and the resting places few1 ,and the sun had dried the streamlets and drank up the sparkling dew2 ,none noticed the cup of water as a beautiful act of love1 ,save the angels keeping the record1 away in that land above2 ,but the record shall never perish1 and the trifling deed shall live1 ,for heaven demands but little from those who have least to give6 8,it was only a kind word spoken to a weeping little child1 ,but the thread of its grief was broken1 and the little one sweetly smiled2 ,and nobody stayed to notice so tiny an act of love1 ,save the angels keeping the record in the wonderful book above4 ,and she who had spoken kindly went on her quiet way1 ,nor dreamt such a simple action should count at the last great day4 ,but the pitying words of comfort were heard with a song of joy1 ,and the listening angels blessed her from their beautiful home on high4 8,it isn't the world-praised wonders that are best in our ,father's sight1 ,nor the wreaths of fading laurels that garnish fame's dizzy height2 ,but the pitying love and kindness1 the work of the warm caress1 ,the beautiful hope and patience and self-forgetfulness2 ,the trifle in secret given1 the prayer in the quiet night1 ,and the little unnoticed nothings1 are good in our ,father's sight40 ,there is always some one to smile at1 somebody to give your chair to1 somebody to whom a book1 a flower1 or even an old paper1 will be a boon4 ,these small attentions will open the way to confidence1 will make it possible that in need these friends will give you opportunities to help them which1 unless you had shown thoughtfulness and regard for them1 they could never have done4 ,a quiet1 sympathetic look or smile many a time unbars a heart that needs help which you can give4 ,,easy ,,lessons ,,in ,,animal ,,biology4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,sub-,,kingdom ,,ix4--,,vertebrata4 ,though reptiles are generally regarded with aversion1 there is much of interest in their natural history1 and even they may serve some useful purpose4 ,there are four genera1 and about fifteen hundred species4 ,the respiratory organs are the same in all1 and are such as belong to air-breathing animals4 ,with few exceptions they are carnivorous2 generally sluggish in their habits1 and their sensations dull4 ,nearly all the winter they are in a state of lethargy4 ,illustration3 ,,flying ,,toad4 ,,amphibia4--,there are several species of cold blooded amphibious vertebrates which are properly neither fishes nor reptiles1 but1 having some things in common with both1 should be mentioned here4 ,their respiration is most peculiar1 as they have only gills when young1 and1 when adult1 lungs4 ,in their immature state they are fish-like1 but develop no fins2 and their limbs1 when they at length have them1 show the same articulations as those of higher animals4 ,these amphibia1 in the progress of their development undergo a series of remarkable metamorphoses4 ,they begin life as water-breathing larv4 ,in some of the lower orders the gills remain through life2 others1 when mature1 have lungs only4 ,aquatic ,newts1 two-legged ,mud-,eels1 ,toads1 and ,salamanders1 are their representatives4 ,the ,batrachia#a include the frog1 a well known1 tailless amphibian4 ,its metamorphose is peculiar4 ,the ova are deposited in a jelly-like mass at the bottom of the water1 and1 if the temperature is suitable1 develop rapidly4 ,in a few days very interesting microscopic observations are possible4 ,the embryo presents four distinct appearances before leaving the egg1 and five more before assuming its complete organization4 ,for a time it seems a soft-skinned1 scaleless fish1 breathing only as fishes do1 and having a long1 flexible tail1 used as an oar4 ,then it develops the palmated hind legs1 as assistants in its locomotion1 the caudal process diminishes1 the forelegs protrude1 true lungs are developed1 the wriggling tadpole is a frog2 abjures kinship with its still aquatic relatives1 hops to the land1 and enters on pursuits befitting its new mode of life4 ,the common frog is well known1 and we present one of a different family4 ,it is distinguished by having the ends of its toes dilated into discs1 or suckers1 by which it sticks to the smooth bark1 and is capable of its arboreal life4 ,it is often called the 8flying frog0 and the 8tree frog40 ,the webbed feet are large1 and when spread out serve to bear up the body1 as would paper kites of the same size4 ,but the animal does not fly4 ,it is active1 and leaps from branch to branch expertly1 and1 when it wants to descend1 by spreading those fan-like feet1 it comes down with less violence4 ,tree toads are noisy little creatures1 and seem to be ventriloquists1 as their voices do not indicate their true position4 ,this deception1 and their color1 make their capture more difficult4 ,,class ,,ii4--,,reptilia4 ,,order ,i4--,ophidia1#b or serpents1 are oviparous1 air-breathing vertebrates1 having round1 tapering bodies4 ,they crawl or glide on their ventral surface4 ,the serpent's body is very flexible4 ,its numerous vertebr1 concave in front1 and hemispherically convex behind1 are so jointed as to allow a free horizontal motion4 ,its progress is usually by lateral undulations1 made practicable by the great number of the vertebr1 attached flexible ribs1 and muscles along the sides1 specially arranged for prompt action on the spinal column4 ,the bones of the head are loosely jointed1 and movable1 making the mouth very dilatable4 ,the sharp teeth are hooked backward1 so that whatever is seized is likely to go down the capacious throat4 ,the entire skeleton and skin are so elastic that objects much larger than the serpent1 in its normal condition1 can be swallowed whole4 ,though without limbs1 they perform with dexterity a great variety of movements2 creep1 climb1 swim1 raise the body almost erect1 and spring from the ground4 ,there are two classes1 the poisonous and the harmless4 ,of the former the ,cobra1 ,copperhead1 ,viper1 and ,rattlesnake are representatives4 ,they have extensile fangs1 and1 along the side of the upper jaw1 a large gland1 which secrets a poisonous liquid that is injected through the hollow or grooved fangs into the wounds they inflict4 ,harmless snakes have much the same structure1 but nothing of this special arrangement4 ,,order ,,ii4--,lacertilia#c or lizards1 are snakes with short legs1 and usually much quicker in their movements than most other reptiles4 ,most species are harmless1 though a few are said to be venomous1 and1 because of them1 all are dreaded4 ,they differ much in appearance1 some being really beautiful1 and others about as hideous as reptiles can be4 ,there are an immense number and variety of lizards1 having some distinctive characteristics4 ,several extinct species1 as the ,iguanadon1#d ,megalosaurus1#e ,plesiosaurus1#f and ,ichthyosaurus1#g are known only by their gigantic fossils1 casts of which may be seen in many of our college museums4 ,,order ,,iii4--,chelonia4#h ,this name is derived from the ,greek word for tortoise4 ,the class includes all the varieties of tortoises or turtles4 ,tortoise means crooked1 or twisted1 and refers to the awkward manner in which the limbs are twisted about when in motion4 ,there are two skeletons1 the one external1 including the viscera and the whole muscular system1 which is internally attached to it4 ,the upper plate of this covering1 called the carapace1 is more or less convex1 and made up of strong elastic plates4 ,the lower1 or plastron1 is flat and smooth1 being apparently an extension of the sternum or breast bone4 ,these plates are joined together at their lateral edges1 leaving anterior and posterior openings through which the head and limbs are extended4 ,when at rest1 these are usually under the covering4 ,the head and neck are covered with a rough1 corrugated skin1 and the horny upper jaw terminates in a strong1 hooked beak4 ,they are usually distinguished as marine1 fresh water1 and land turtles4 ,the former are good swimmers1 but their movements on land are slow and awkward1 and if turned on their backs they are quite helpless4 ,some marine turtles are very large1 being from four to six feet in diameter1 and weighing from #fjj to #b1jjj pounds4 ,usually they weigh much less4 ,all are oviparous1 the female producing about one hundred and fifty hard-shelled eggs at a time4 ,for this purpose she cautiously comes ashore1 and1 dextrously using her hind flippers1 excavates a hole in the sand1 from a foot to eighteen inches in depth1 lays her eggs1 and1 having carefully covered1 leaves them to be hatched by the heat of the sun4 ,the green1 edible turtle is very valuable1 and furnishes much wholesome and delicious food4 ,the 8hawks-bill0 is seldom used for food1 but supplies the greater part of the well known 8tortoise shell0 of commerce4 ,there are many other species1 both marine and fresh-water1 whose flesh or shells are of considerable value4 ,soft ,tortoises1 ,snappers1 ,mud-,turtles1 and ,terrapins1 all have some peculiar characteristic4 ,,order ,,iv4--,loricata4#i ,this corselet or armor-covered family includes ,crocodiles and their allied species4 ,their upper parts are covered with a corselet of bony plates set in the tough1 leathery skin4 ,the jaws are long1 and have many strong1 conical teeth1 fixed in sockets4 ,the lower jaw extends back of the cranium1 and the upper is hinged and movable4 ,crocodiles belong in tropical climates1 are sluggish animals1 and live a long time if not destroyed by violence4 ,their legs are short but powerful1 and when on land they manage to wriggle1 or drag1 their immense bodies along with considerable speed4 ,they are found in ,india1 and in all the large rivers of ,africa4 ,the ,gavial of the ,ganges1 the ,crocodile1 and the ,mississippi ,alligator are closely related1 though there are some structural differences4 ,of whatever variety1 whether of the ,old ,world or of the ,new1 they are more numerous than desirable1 not being noted for either their beauty or usefulness4 ,,class ,,iii4--,aves4#aj ,birds furnish a delightful study1 and their leading characteristics are easily stated4 ,widely as they differ1 they all have a common type of structure1 and are essentially alike in those particulars that distinguish them from other orders in the animal kingdom4 ,they are all warm blooded1 feathered1 biped vertebrates1 mostly with wings fitted for flight1 and with either webbed feet for swimming1 or claws for seizing1 scratching1 and perching4 ,illustration3 ,,anatomy ,,of ,a ,,hen4 ,ex4--,a1 cranium2 ,b1 cervical vertebr2 ,g1 furcula1 or merry thought2 ,j1 sternum1 or breast bone2 ,h1 cloaca1 surrounded by the pelvic bones2 ,e1 caudal vertebr1 terminating in plowshare bone2 ,d1 lumbar vertebr1 or rump2 ,c1 ,f1 dorsal vertebr1 to which the ribs are attached4 ,there are several points of interest in the anatomy of a bird that may be used to bring out general characteristics3 7#a7 ,the long neck1 with vertebr so adjusted as to allow great freedom of movement1 makes the head a convenient prehensile organ4 7#b7 ,the skeleton is remarkably light4 ,it has fewer bones than other vertebrates2 the thin skull bones1 the dorsal vertebr1 and bones of the feet being anchylosed4#aa ,they are also harder1 of lighter material1 and filled with air1 thus having the greatest possible strength with the least weight4 7#c7 ,to make respiration sufficient during rapid flight1 an abundant supply of air not only inflates the lungs as in other animals1 but fills little membranous sacs1 or cells1 distributed through the body1 and extends even into the wing feathers4 7#d7 ,the digestive apparatus differs materially from that of either fishes1 reptiles1 or mammals4 ,the sophagus#ab before reaching the sternum is dilated into a large sack1 or crop1 and serves as a first stomach1 in which the food is softened1 and prepared for other digestive organs4 ,below this is another slight enlargement1 the walls of which are thicker1 and secrete gastric juice4 ,still further down1 the canal is enlarged into a third stomach1 the muscular gizzard1 in which the process is completed4 7#e7 ,there are no teeth set in the bone sockets1 as their weight would be inconvenient1 but the mandibles are sheathed in a horny case1 which has sharp edges1 and terminates in the beak1 or bill4 ,illustration3 ,,nests ,,of ,,birds4 ,both genera and species are very numerous1 but any two birds that can be selected differ less in their anatomy than some reptiles of the same order differ4 ,the leading orders only of this class have been selected4 ,raptores#ac 7robbers74 ,this is a mild term when used to indicate the ferocity of most birds of prey which not only plunder but destroy4 ,they are almost constantly committing murderous assaults on their weaker neighbors4 ,this is their nature1 and accords with their physical structure4 ,the strong hooked bill1 powerful legs1 feet armed with sharp claws to seize and hold their victims1 while the murderous beak is tearing off bits of flesh1 are some of their chief characteristics4 ,these murderers have representatives in nearly all countries1 but as civilization advances they become less numerous4 ,they are usually divided into three great families3 ,falcons1 ,vultures1 and ,owls4 ,the first includes all kinds of ,hawks and ,eagles4 ,true falcons reveal a predatory character1 not only by their general structure as described1 but have a special arrangement for keeping their formidable weapons in order4 ,the continual sharpness of their claws is necessary1 and to maintain it they must be kept from coming in contact with hard substances4 ,to make this practicable1 though they are not retractile1 like a cat's claws1 there not being sufficient integuments to cover them1 the bird has power to elevate their points when stepping or perching on anything likely to dull them4 ,being very powerful and rapid flyers1 falcons were in former times tamed1 and trained for catching other birds and small game4 ,falconry1 in the middle ages1 was one of the principal diversions of kings and noblemen1 lords and ladies1 and in later times the same sport was practiced in ,england under the name of 8hawking40 ,the training of the birds was a profession1 and there were teachers who became proficient in it4 ,the ,eagle1 king of birds1 belongs to this class2 he is1 perhaps1 inferior in activity and enterprise1 but is more powerful1 and his supremacy is undisputed4 ,the ,bald ,eagle adorns our ,american flag1 and is a fit emblem of national sovereignty1 though there was1 it is confessed1 some ground for ,franklin's protest1 8,the bird has a bad moral character1 and does not get his living honestly40 ,the ,gyptos1 or ,vulture ,eagle1 is the largest bird of ,europe1 and often a terror to the peasants near the ,pyrenees and ,swiss ,alps4 ,its great strength1 bold1 predatory habits1 and impetuosity in pouncing on animals exceeding itself in size1 make it more formidable than most eagles are4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,flamingo4 ,vultures are cowardly1 disgusting creatures1 and feed mostly on putrid flesh1 yet they are useful scavengers in hot climates1 devouring much animal matter that would otherwise cause pestilence and death4 ,owls are nocturnal birds of prey1 and though seldom abroad except in the darkness1 or twilight1 being often captured and confined1 they are pretty well known4 ,insessores#ad 7perching birds74 ,this term is adopted as vaguely descriptive of many species1 of which no particular mention can be made4 ,they include our common singing birds and skillful nest builders4 ,some of these build low1 among the grass1 others on branches of trees4 ,some are solitary1 and during the nesting season isolate themselves4 ,others1 as the 8sociable weavers10 unite in building them cities1 in which each pair claims a private residence4 ,cursores#ae 7runners74 ,birds of this class run rather than fly1 have no keel on the breast bone1 no well developed wings1 and their feathers are loosely put together1 without the connecting barbs that strengthen the wing feathers of others4 ,but they have strong legs1 and feet with nails rather than claws4 ,the ,ostrich is most distinguished for its size1 strength1 speed1 and peculiar feathers4 ,the ,emeu and ,apteryx belong to the same class1 the latter being tailless4 ,grallatores#af 7waders74 ,these aquatic birds are distinguished by their very long1 bare legs1 also necks and bills of like proportions4 ,herons1 ,storks1 and ,flamingoes are representatives4 ,the latter is a peculiar bird1 common in some portions of ,america1 ,southern ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,africa4 ,when walking erect it is about five feet high1 the body of a light color1 and the wings red4 ,when a number go in single file1 as such birds do1 they appear like a company of ,british soldiers in uniform4 ,as their legs are quite too long for convenience when incubating1 they construct1 of grass1 rushes1 and mud1 a little cone of sufficient height1 make their nest on the top1 and sit astride1 the long legs hanging down the sides4 ,this also protects the eggs and young from moisture in wet weather4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,albatross4 ,natatores#ag 7swimmers74 ,aquatic birds being keel breasted1 with short legs1 webbed feet1 and thin1 light1 warm covering1 delight in swimming4 ,some of these have also good flying qualities1 as ,wild ,geese1 ,swans1 ,sea-,gulls1 and ,petrels1 which spend much time in skimming over the water1 either on or above the surface4 ,this family includes the wandering ,albatross1 which is among the largest of the sea birds1 having from ten to fifteen feet expanse of the wings1 and weighing from twenty to thirty pounds2 yet it sustains itself in the air for many hours together without any apparent difficulty4 ,it is often met far out at sea1 and sailors have many superstitions respecting it4 ,like all petrels and sea-gulls1 the albatross makes its nest on crags and cliffs along the coast1 choosing places that seem inaccessible4 ,to gather the eggs of seafowls1 which are esteemed a delicacy1 and to capture the birds themselves for the feathers1 is one of the most perilous employments4 ,the adventurous fowlers are swung over precipices from five hundred to a thousand feet above the sea1 sustained simply by a rope1 that1 by breaking1 or slipping from the hands that hold it1 must hurl them to certain destruction4 ,,class ,,iv4--,mammalia 7milk givers74 ,though there are some very low species in this order1 it reaches upward and includes the highest forms of animal organization1 all of what ever degree1 that have the mammary glands1 and secrete milk for the nourishment of their young4 ,there are more than two thousand species of these in ,north ,america alone4 ,they have several distinguishing characteristics4 ,the heart is four chambered1 having two auricles and two ventricles4 ,they are warm blooded1 the blood having two kinds of corpuscles1 the red predominating1 and being globular4 ,the impure blood from the body pours into the right auricle1 passes to the right ventricle1 and thence to the lungs4 ,in the lungs1 which are spongy and full of air cells1 it is supplied with oxygen from the air freely circulating through them4 ,being thus changed to purer arterial blood1 it passes back through the left auricle to the left ventricle1 and1 by a muscular action1 is forced through the great aorta and its innumerable branches to every part of the body4 ,mammals always breathe by lungs enclosed in a membranous sack called the pleura4 ,they are viviparous1 or produce their young alive1 though some when in a very immature1 helpless state4 ,they are for convenience subdivided3 ,,order ,i4 ,monotremata4#ah ,these animals1 the lowest of mammals1 have long1 flattened beaks1 webbed feet1 and other bird-like characteristics4 ,but they are of little importance1 few in number1 and not widely distributed1 being confined mostly to ,australia and ,tasmania4 ,belonging to this class is the ,water-,mole1 with a broad1 duck-like1 horny bill4 ,it lives on worms and vegetables1 and burrows in the banks of streams1 having the opening to its quarters under the surface of the water4 ,,order ,,ii4 ,marsupial1 or pouched animals4 ,the young are brought forth in a very premature state1 but are immediately placed in a marsupium or pouch under the abdomen1 where1 attached to the little teats1 they receive their nourishment4 ,they are thus protected and carried by the mother as long as such care is necessary4 ,the opossum1 the only native marsupial of the ,united ,states1 is about twenty inches long1 exclusive of the peculiar rat-like1 prehensile tail1 by which the animal often suspends itself from the branches of trees4 ,when in danger1 it feigns death as a way of escape--and can survive injuries that would be fatal to most animals4 ,they were once very numerous in this country1 and though destructive to fruit and poultry1 are of some value4 ,their flesh is used by some1 and the skins are in demand1 the hair or coarse fur being wrought into felt4 ,,order ,,iii4 ,edentata#ai 7toothless74 ,animals without incisors1 and having separate clawed toes1 are included under this order4 ,the chief representatives are the ,armadillos1 ,sloths and ,ant-eaters4 ,armadillos#bj are remarkable animals1 with a covering of horny plates1 not unlike a tortoise shell1 but arranged in sections in a way that allows more freedom of motion4 ,some of the extinct species were of gigantic proportions4 ,a fossil armadillo found near the ,la ,plate was as large as a full grown rhinoceros4 ,the ,sloths are natives of ,south ,america4 ,they are covered with long1 coarse1 gray-and-black hair1 resembling the moss of the trees in which they live1 for these animals are arboreal1 while the other members of the order burrow4 ,ant-eaters1 of which there are several varieties1 are covered with spines like the hedge-hog4 ,even the long1 rough tongue and palate are provided with the sharp little spines with which they spear and hold their prey4 ,their claws also are fitted for digging into the ant hills1 where the food is obtained4 ,they are very inferior mammals1 but have their place1 and are useful in destroying noxious insects4 ,the giant ant-eater of ,south ,america is much the largest of the genus1 and an animal of considerable strength4 ,from its long1 bill-like snout it thrusts out its longer tongue1 and the frantic ants1 disturbed in their quarters1 on rushing out stick to it1 and are rapidly swept into the mouth4 ,when sleeping1 it is coiled up under its immense bushy tail and looks more like a little heap of dried grass than an animal4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,ant-,,eater4 ,,order ,,iv4--,sirenia#ba 7sea cows71 include the ,manatee1 found between the ,amazon and ,southern ,florida1 and the ,dugong1 of ,india4 ,they are amphibious milk givers4 ,in appearance and structure they are very unlike most mammals4 ,their forelimbs resemble fins1 having fingers or toes4 ,the hind legs are wanting1 and the tail like that of a fish1 but they suckle their young1 sometimes supporting them for the purpose with their flippers4 ,,order ,v4--,cetacea#bb 7,whales74 ,they are much the largest of mammals4 ,they live entirely in the sea1 and have in general a fish-like appearance4 ,their forelimbs are huge paddles1 the others being only rudimentary4 ,but they produce their young well developed1 and nourish them with an abundance of rich1 creamy milk4 ,the amount of blood in a large whale must be immense1 the great artery being a foot in diameter1 every pulsation of the heart forces many gallons along the channels prepared for it4 ,a single whale1 captured in #ahhd by the crew of a ,new ,london vessel1 produced whalebone and oil worth #ae1gbj1 beside other products of considerable value4 ,,order ,,vi4--,insectivora 7insect eating74 ,an order of small animals1 having well developed teeth1 the molars remarkable for their sharp cusps2 and five-toed feet furnished with claws4 ,the ,mole1 ,hedge-hog and ,shrew are examples4 ,illustration3 ,,varieties ,,of ,,bats4 ,,order ,,vii4--,cheiroptera#bc 7wing handed74 ,bats are not generally favorites1 and are by many regarded with aversion4 ,their strange and rather uncomely forms are seen on wing only in the dim twilight1 as they spend the day mostly in deserted buildings and gloomy caverns4 ,in eastern countries1 where such receptacles of the dead are common1 bats are often found in sepulchers or catacombs1 and are regarded as fit dwellers with desolation and death4 ,there are many species1 with enough variety in their appearance2 and the study of their natural history softens prejudice and reveals much of interest in their structure and habits4 ,,order ,,viii4--,rodentia#bd 7gnawing animals74 ,animals of this order have two large1 chisel-like incisors in each jaw1 and1 separated from them by a wide space1 are the molar teeth4 ,the incisors never cease growing from the roots1 but are constantly worn away by nibbling4 ,the lower jaw moves backward and forward4 ,this order includes more than half of the known mammals1 and its representatives range from the equator to the poles4 ,hares1 ,mice1 ,rats1 ,squirrels1 and ,beavers are among those best known4 ,,order ,,ix4--,ungulata#be 7hoofed animals74 ,an order of mammals most valuable to man4 ,they are grouped in two divisions1 according to the number of toes4 ,the uneven-toed ungulates include the ,elephant1 ,rhinoceros and ,horse4 ,the elephant is marked by the prolongation of the nose and upper lip into a trunk or proboscis1 which is said to contain over #dj1jjj muscles4 ,it has no canine teeth1 and incisors only in the lower jaw4 ,elephants are found in ,asia and ,africa4 ,there are two extinct species1 the mastodon and mammoth4 ,the rhinoceros is a native of ,africa and ,india4 ,it is an immense animal1 covered by a hairless skin1 which lies in folds on the body4 ,the nose bears one or two horns1 which grow sometimes three feet in length4 ,the horse includes animals having one toe upon each foot1 upon which they walk4 ,the family includes the ,ass1 ,zebra and ,quagga4 ,the even-toed ungulates include all the ,ruminates1 or cud chewing animals1 with the ,swine and ,hippopotamus4 ,the ruminants are remarkable for their peculiar method of digesting their food4 ,they possess a very peculiar stomach1 of four compartments4 ,the food1 mixed with saliva1 is swallowed and passes into a paunch where it is mingled with water1 and then forced into what is called the honey-comb stomach1 a sack in which the food is formed into cuds1 and by a muscular arrangement is forced back into the mouth to be masticated a second time before passing directly into the third stomach or manyplies1 where it is strained1 and then driven into the true stomach to be acted upon by the gastric juice and assimilated4 ,the deer is a fine representative of the ruminant1 with solid branching horns4 ,like all ruminants it has two toes4 ,there is a large class of cud-chewers having hollow horns1 which usually are not shed1 as are the solid horns4 ,the ,buffalo1 ,ox1 ,sheep1 ,goat and ,antelope belong to this division4 ,illustration3 ,,ox ,,skeleton4 #aj1 horns2 #h1 spine2 ,a1 cervical1 ,b ,b1 dorsal1 ,c1 lumbar1 ,d1 sacral1 and ,e ,e caudal vertebr2 ,f ,f1 ribs2 ,g1 sternum and cartilages2 ,r1 ossa innominata2 ,h1 scapula2 ,i1 humerus2 ,k1 radius2 ,l1 ulna2 ,n1 metacarpal2 ,s1 femur2 ,t1 patella2 ,u1 tibia2 ,v1 hock2 ,x1 metatarsal2 ,y1 small metatarsal2 ,p1 sesamoids2 ,y1 bones of tarsus1 nine in number4 ,figures near ,z3 #a1 infero maxilla2 #b1 supero maxilla2 #c1 premaxilla2 #d1 nasal2 #e1 lachrymal2 #f1 frontal4 ,figures near letter ,m1 bones of the carpus or knee1 #a1 trapezium2 #b1 cuniform2 #c1 lunar2 #d1 scaphoid2 #e1 unciform2 #f1 magnum4 ,figures near the letter ,q1 mark the three phalanges1 or small bones of the foot4 ,the ,giraffe1 an inhabitant of ,central ,africa1 and remarkable for its long neck1 is another ruminant4 ,the camel also belongs here4 ,the true camel has two fatty humps upon its back2 another species1 called the dromedary1 has but a single hump4 ,the camel has a peculiar modification of one compartment of the ruminant stomach4 ,the paunch is divided into cells which hold supplies of water4 ,,order ,x4--,carnivora 7flesh-eaters74 ,the distinguishing characteristics of this order are sharp canine teeth1 and one molar on each side in the upper and lower jaw1 longer and sharper than the rest2 and feet which are provided with toes1 generally supplied with claws4 ,according to the modifications of the feet they are divided into ,pinnigrades1 ,plantigrades and ,digitigrades4 ,the first have short1 webbed feet which they use as paddles for swimming1 and are represented by ,seals and ,walruses4 ,these are amphibious mammals of a high order4 ,they spend much of their time in the water1 and both the form and covering of their bodies are adapted to their aquatic mode of life4 ,they swim and dive with the greatest facility4 ,the soft woolly down1 close to the skin1 is covered with a coat of long1 smooth1 shining hairs which lie close to the body1 offering no resistance to their passage through the water4 ,their skins and oil are of considerable mercantile importance4 ,the ,plantigrades include those animals which in walking place the sole of the foot flat upon the ground4 ,such are ,bears and ,raccoons4 ,the ,digitigrades are those which walk on the toes1 as ,weasels1 ,foxes1 ,dogs1 ,cats1 ,lions and ,tigers4 ,,order ,,xi4--,primates are at the head of the animal kingdom4 ,the distinguishing characteristics of this class are the more erect carriage of the body1 a hand better adapted for use1 its fingers being furnished with nails1 and a thigh free from the body4 ,the order includes the ,lemurs1 ,monkeys1 ,apes and ,man4 ,the lowest division of the primates1 the lemurs1 are small animals whose bodies are covered with hair4 ,they have a fox-like face1 a pointed nose1 large ears1 and a long tail1 and they walk on all fours4 ,the monkeys have long prehensile tails1 and though their hands can be used for grasping1 the thumbs are not opposable4 ,a distinguishing mark is the number of teeth2 they have thirty-six instead of thirty-two1 as the apes and man4 ,among the monkeys are the ,baboon1 the ,howling ,monkeys1 the ,mandril1 and the ,sleepers of ,africa and ,asia4 ,the apes are more erect than the monkeys1 have no tail1 and have longer arms4 ,the division includes the ,orang-,outang of ,borneo and ,sumatra1 the ,chimpanzee1 of ,africa1 and the ,gorilla of ,africa and ,asia4 ,man commands the highest physical development among the primates4 ,in him the partially erect position of the monkey and ape becomes complete4 ,his limbs are more nearly equal in length and more perfectly developed than those of other primates1 the skull is larger1 the forehead more rounded1 and the brain nearly twice the size of that of the gorilla1 the dentition is more perfect1 the teeth being regular and rarely protruding4 ,the great distinction between man and the lower primates is that of mind4 ,he alone1 of all animals1 possesses the power of articulate speech1 of forming abstract ideas1 and of reasoning4 ,end of ,required ,reading for the ,year #ahhd-he4 ,,summer ,,homes ,,for ,,the ,,city ,,poor4 ,,by ,,helen ,,campbell4 ,who began it8 ,the germ theory4 ,this answer may be regarded as not strictly to the point1 yet it is certain that it holds the truth more nearly than any statement which might give ,new ,york or ,philadelphia as the first cause4 ,by this mysterious law1 which from time to time we encounter in settling precisely such questions1 minds entirely remote and with no kinship of faith or mutual purpose1 felt the sudden moving toward action practically simultaneous4 ,a hint of things to come had been given half a dozen years before1 but full action waited for the ,centennial year of #ahgf4 ,up to this time summer rest1 save for the rich1 had been regarded as a needless luxury4 ,increased knowledge of sanitary laws had demonstrated that change of air might be as vital a necessity for poor as for rich4 ,but that this applied also to the lowest and most helpless classes had no place save in the mind of a practical philanthropist here and there4 ,nor had it yet become a part of the creed of such workers1 and1 far less1 a subject of common discussion among those who sought the most practical methods of help1 that the children were the ones to whom such help would mean the most4 ,charity concerned itself chiefly with alleviation1 and looked in more and more hopeless dismay on the ever-increasing numbers of this army of incapables4 ,it was evident to all who walked through city streets as ,august sunshine blazed on squalid home and reeking gutter1 and gaunt women and pale1 unchildlike children came and went in noisome street and alley1 that something must be done1 but what8 ,a good woman had opened a summer home for very young children on ,staten ,island1 and in #ahgc transferred its management to the ,children's ,aid ,society on the understanding that four thousand dollars should be collected to insure its success4 ,the founder1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,stokes1 at once gave half the amount1 and the rest was quickly made up1 the headquarters for the new home being made at ,bath1 ,long ,island1 where the work still goes on with largely increased facilities4 ,beginning with the rental of a private house1 in which every inch of space was so utilized that the parlors became a sleeping room for twenty-four persons1 and the carriage house was so made over as to contain nearly sixty beds1 it has grown into one of the most efficient and beneficent of charities4 ,a week is given to each detachment1 chosen most generally from the members of the industrial schools under the direction of the ,children's ,aid ,society4 ,the children are abundantly fed1 the dietary including milk1 bread1 butter1 oatmeal1 fruits1 vegetables1 fish and meats4 ,the salt water is almost at the door1 while on the other side are woods and wild flowers1 and the children change even in a week of such life1 sometimes almost beyond recognition4 ,but there are objections to these homes1 beautiful as is their mission in many points1 and a writer in the ,new ,york ,evening ,post1 after faithful examination of this and other summer homes1 writes3 8,neither the excursions1 which are only for a day1 nor the seaside homes quite reach the best results4 ,what the pinched sufferers in alley-ways and courts1 garrets and basements need is to be sent to the country4 ,it is not enough to give them a day on the river1 though that is good as far as it goes4 ,even in seaside homes they are housed with children of their own sort2 they have the same conversation1 the same plays1 the same depressing companionship with disease and want4 ,what they need is to meet the healthy life of the country2 to make acquaintance with nature1 to learn the difference between a calf and a pig2 to have a whole new set of objects before their eyes and mind4 ,the country is a bit of heaven to such children4 ,they catch a new life from it2 they bring back into town a better tone of mind1 body and morals40 ,such had long been the conviction of a woman whose name is synonymous with every advance that has been made in wise dealing with social problems1 and who1 as she came and went in the narrow streets and stifling heat of ,philadelphia1 yearned always more and more1 to give the children some hint of what lay almost within their reach1 yet inaccessible as the poles4 ,at the meeting of ,progressive ,friends in #ahgf1 one of the earliest addresses1 and one of the most powerful in its effects1 made an impassioned appeal for an end of dreaming and theorizing1 and a life of action--action which should mean help to every human soul in need of help4 ,there was a flutter of interest and excitement as the speaker ended1 but no one made suggestion as to what form such action might take4 ,great issues were apparently ended4 ,to a gathering made up in great part of veteran ,abolitionists1 any other struggle seemed weak and puerile1 and they looked doubtfully at one another as the words ceased4 ,the wise woman saw her time1 and when the afternoon meeting brought them together1 rose in her place1 and in few words told what her eyes had seen and her heart desired4 ,a buzz of interest and of opposition was heard at once4 ,one and another stated objections2 objections made by many since then1 but that have proved no obstacle to the progress of the work4 ,such children would bring in their train1 dirt1 disease1 vermin1 foul language and general demoralization for every child in the neighborhood who came in contact with them4 8,such things are all possible1 and may all be anticipated10 said the wise woman1 who had already in her own experience demonstrated that each and all could be overcome1 8but ,i think you will find that there are ways of meeting them40 ,still objections were made1 and a warm argument was under way1 when a ,quaker wife whose eyes flashed from the shade of the close bonnet1 and whose voice held a ring not unknown even to ,quaker gentleness1 rose before the debating broad-brims3 8,i'm going to have two of those children1 if ,i have to tie my own to a tree10 she said1 and said no more4 ,more was not needed4 ,the tide had turned1 and one and another volunteered to open the doors and at least make an experiment4 ,and now1 curiously enough1 came a difficulty not even imagined2 the difficulty of securing children for the offered and waiting places4 ,fathers and mothers looked with dark suspicion on the people who requested the loan of the children4 8,shure it's none o' mine ye'll be gettin'10 said one of them4 8,makin' out it's for play ye's want 'em1 an' settin' them to work soon as our eyes is off of 'em40 8,it's not work ,i'll have child o' mine do1 long's ,i've hands that'll earn the bit an' sup she'll be takin'10 said another1 and the children themselves1 hollow-eyed and haggard1 watched the fracas with small interest4 ,the first who went out had to be compelled1 as it were1 to come in to the feast1 but never again were like measures necessary4 ,the good work went on with courage1 even with glee4 ,baths1 clean clothes1 plenty to eat1 sweet air and sunshine did their work1 and the dirty1 forlorn little wretches chosen in the beginning returned home1 imploring for longer time1 and with a new sense of life born in them4 ,season after season the same doors opened1 and as the work grew1 funds poured in2 a method formulated itself1 and the management became a model for all similar work elsewhere4 ,this is what had happened at one point1 but the germ was not a single one1 and at another in the same state1 another mind had felt the same touch1 and the same result had come4 ,the project had been talked over before it took positive form1 and talked over with a woman1 who1 from the upper chamber where long years had held her prisoner to pain1 looked out upon the world through others' eyes1 but with an insight that went to the heart of all possibilities for help4 ,the young minister who counted her word as equivalent to the united force of a dozen elders1 went home to his flock among the ,pennsylvania mountains--hard-working farmers from whom quick response could hardly have been expected--and this is the letter he wrote on a ,sunday when he had spoken to them his first word of the wish born a year before3 8,,sherman1 ,,pa41 ,june #c1 #ahgg4 8,,my ,,dear ,,mrs4 ,l43--,the ball is set in motion4 ,i took for my text this morning1 8,inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these1 ye have done it unto me10 and made the practical bearing of my words the bringing out into our homes some of the waifs and outcasts from the city4 ,one man stopped on his way home to say that he would take four4 ,in another house there is a call for a mother and a baby1 and so on through the town4 ,the enthusiasm and response of my people have delighted me4 8,next to get the money2 then to tell the children4 ,must not two weeks in this pure mountain air be felt by them in after life8 ,it seems to me that they are all but here4 8,now may ,i have the introduction you promised me to ,dr4 ,eggleston8 ,i shall try for a pass over the road to go back and forth with the children myself1 and perhaps ,i can arrange with some of these good people on the way to bring us a country lunch as the train comes along4 ,some good angel whisper it in the ear of a little one6 ,tell a tired mother there is life for her child in this fresh country air4 8,,willard ,,parsons40 ,it was an unknown name then1 but through ,dr4 ,eggleston1 then on the point of sailing for ,europe1 interest was roused4 ,the ,erie ,railway officers proved that corporations have sometimes a soul1 and full fares were reduced to half fares1 and half fares to quarter fares1 and a pass was given to ,mr4 ,parsons1 and on ,july #aith went out the first group of nine4 ,they were mere wraiths of children1 crippled1 in consumption1 enfeebled from whooping cough2 each one stamped with disease and pinched and thin for want of food4 ,it was doubtful how they could bear the journey4 ,the children who swarmed out next day 8to catch raspberries0 proved perfectly manageable1 and when their two weeks ended1 returned home transformed from sad-eyed1 prematurely old little figures1 into live children1 loaded with gifts and crying to stay longer4 ,the story has become a familiar one1 but it can never become tedious4 ,the second group gave less anxiety4 ,the work was better understood4 ,seventeen boys and girls1 each wearing a blue ribbon bow as the badge of 8country week0 children1 gathered from all quarters1 and all1 delicate1 half-starved1 suffering with hip-disease1 asthma1 and a dozen ailments1 met at the ,erie train4 ,the diary of the summer's work runs over with small absurdities1 with pathos1 with promise4 ,sixty in all shared the good provided for them at a total cost of only one hundred and eighty-seven dollars and sixty-two cents4 ,but for ,new ,york as for ,philadelphia1 it was easier to get the money than to get the children4 ,often a pale and care-worn child was the breadwinner4 8,sometimes the mother had a fear of separation1 or the feeble1 childish hands must tend baby and do the housework while mother goes out by the day4 #8,it is harder for ,jack than for any one else when the baby comes1' one mother said4 #8,the care comes on him4' ,baby was in her arms as she spoke1 but ,jack was close by1 thirteen years old1 under size1 and washing stockings at the tub60 ,in many cases the children made friends for life1 in a few the attachment formed being so strong that adoption followed4 ,for all of them was the same experience2 a fortnight or more of bliss and revelation and a return1 loaded down with bundles and boxes and bags of the things that each one chose to gather4 ,that ticks had to be washed and straw burned after the occupation of many of them1 made no apparent difference1 and even to-day1 when it is all an old story1 and board must in many cases be paid1 there is unfailing consideration for the tastes and whims of the strangers4 ,now and then there was fright and tears and long wails for mother1 soon quieted4 ,now and then rebellion and ingratitude2 sometimes lying and petty thefts1 but all yielding to kindness4 ,in ,philadelphia1 to whose markets the farmers for miles about come in1 the children were in many cases able to keep up their acquaintance1 and were often found behind the stalls1 in long talks with the friends who now and then bundled them into the great ,conestoga wagons and gave them an unexpected country week4 ,the work has grown at this point1 as in ,new ,york1 beyond any expectation1 and rooms and officers have both become necessary1 the modest reports giving small hint of the patient labor bestowed4 ,the work was long confined solely to children1 with now and then a worn-out mother smuggled in1 but the same eyes that had seen their needs were studying now into possibilities for the class just above them--the working girls4 ,of all grades1 from factory to store1 all were living on the least sum on which body and soul could be kept together1 and all needed quite as strenuously as the children1 the change from narrow1 stifling homes to country air and sights4 ,to accomplish this has been far more difficult than the first undertaking1 but has resulted in a success quite as complete4 ,the objections were natural4 ,children could be disciplined and taught even in a week's stay1 but growing or grown girls1 probably pert1 self-sufficient and generally unpleasant1 were quite another matter4 ,it was impossible to say what airs they might not put on1 or what demands they might make1 and quiet housewives turned in dismay from even the thought of such inmates4 ,the same woman who had decided that her own children should be temporarily tied up rather than to stand in the way of more needy ones1 opened her doors again1 not as a charity1 but on the lowest terms that could well be fixed1 and half a dozen girls came to her for a fortnight1 each paying two dollars per week1 and finding such interest on the investment as no dollars of their earning had ever known before4 ,the girls were gentle1 quiet1 over-worked and timid1 and so far from putting on airs1 required all the assurances that could be given to make them willing to take the good before them4 ,other doors opened at once1 and the neighborhood soon found even more interest in this phase than had attended work for the children4 ,girls in many cases clubbed together1 and it has been found1 wherever attempted1 that three dollars per week for board and washing still leaves a margin of profit for the entertainers4 ,home after home has sprung up by the seashore or in the country proper2 but the same objection applies to massing girls together that has already been mentioned as affecting the children4 ,numbers seem always to include inevitable demoralization1 and to develop unpleasant possibilities in even the most inoffensive1 and the conclusion is the same for both1 that the best results follow where private families open their doors and the workings of home life can be part of the vacation experience4 ,hints have come in silent ways stronger than any words1 that have borne fruit in many lives4 ,a new sense has been born--a sense of the beauty of order and many a quiet virtue unknown to the crowded and scrambling city life1 and the lesson has as yet reached but the alphabet4 ,it is not the intention of this article to describe any one work at length1 or to define more than the possibilities before us all4 ,more and more we have come to recognize that only in dealing directly with the individual1 can any efficient work be done1 and this principle now underlies the best that the ,associated ,charities has given us4 ,summer rest is but a phase of the wide-reaching work1 but not one holds a larger significance4 ,two or three years ago the writer recorded one case1 which1 while hardly typical1 still shows what may lie in wait for the young soul of whose possibilities we can never judge in full1 and the story is given again1 as the best illustration of what a country week may mean4 ,long ago in a dull1 old street1 making part of an equally dull and colorless part of old ,new ,york1 a very solitary child extracted such amusement from life as forty feet of back yard could afford4 ,he sat in his small rocking-chair and listened to the talk about him1 growing a little paler1 a little more uncanny all the time1 till one day when a country cousin appeared1 and1 horrified that anything so old and weazened could call itself a boy1 begged that he might go home with her4 ,there was infinite objection1 but her point was finally carried1 and the child found himself suddenly in a country village1 a great garden about the house1 a family dog and cat1 a cow1 an old horse1 and all the belongings of village life4 ,old-fashioned flowers were all about1 and the old-fashioned boy sat down in the path by a bed of spice pinks and looked at them1 his hands folded and a species of adoration on his face4 8,pick some10 said the cousin2 8pick as many as you want40 8,pick them80 repeated the old-fashioned boy4 8,i'm afraid to4 ,ain't they ,god's80 ,an hour later the seven years' crust had broken once for all1 and the child1 who had to be put to bed exhausted from his scrambles through and over every unaccustomed thing1 began to live the first day of real child life4 ,when the time came for his return he begged with such a passion of eagerness1 such storm of sobs and cries for longer stay that the unwilling aunt and grandmother left him there1 and finding the transformation1 when he did return1 beyond either comprehension or management1 sent him back to the life he craved4 ,to-day he takes rank among ,american painters1 though only heaven knows how the possibility of such development found place in this strange off-shoot of a ,philistine race4 ,but he counts his own birthday from the hour when the first sense of sky and grass and flowers dawned upon him1 and he looked upon the garden that he thought truly ,god had planted4 ,such revelation is the portion of few1 but for all it comes in degree4 ,to aid such revelation is hardly a charity4 ,is it not rather self-protection8 ,men and women in the slums are beyond much power of ours for reconstruction or reformation1 but the children can be influenced still4 ,and so let every one who looks with apprehension at the daily criminal record1 and wonders what should be done1 remember that a very small sum will be one means of giving a chance to some child born to all evil1 whose first sense of something better will come1 not through school or mission1 but through the silent teaching unconsciously working in them1 through every breath of fresh air1 every sight of blue sky and sunshine1 and green grass and trees4 ,a 8country week0 may come from a very small sum1 but it is an investment on which interest is unending1 and whoever has once made it will find that the pleasure is not for the child alone1 and that life opens up more possibilities than had come even to one's deepest dreams4 ,for those who desire more specific knowledge than that afforded by the story of the undertaking as a whole1 it is sufficient to give one or two details which will enable any one interested in further examination of the matter to obtain reports and information from headquarters4 ,for ,philadelphia these headquarters are at #aaab ,girard ,street1 from which the companies of children1 registered and numbered1 are sent out4 ,a letter addressed 8,officers of the ,country ,week10 at this number1 will always receive prompt attention1 the work having received formal organization some years since1 and owning a regular board of untiring and devoted officers4 ,they have come to include now not only children1 but tired shop-girls1 young mothers worn with care1 and working women of all orders1 and there is opportunity not only for those who are willing to open their houses without charge1 but also for those who must cover expenses1 the ,board paying wherever necessary1 a sum per child1 sufficient to cover these4 ,for ,new ,york there is perhaps a trifle less system1 but a work equally beneficent1 and for all information regarding it1 it is sufficient to address either 8,the ,tribune ,fresh ,air ,fund10 ,,the ,,tribune1 ,park ,row1 ,new ,york1 or the ,rev4 ,,willard ,,parsons1 care of ,new ,york ,tribune4 ,contributions or inquiries either will be welcomed1 and matters are now so perfectly systematized1 that distance to be traveled proves no obstacle1 and even the remotest village on the lines of the great railroads may have its share in this most beautiful and essential form of service4 ,,learn ,,to ,,enjoy ,,people4 ,,by ,,margaret ,,meredith4 ,there is one surpassing beauty of manner which1 ,i think1 might be attained by cultivation--that of taking an interest in people who are talking to you1 with the subtile added charm of seeming at leisure to enjoy them as long as they choose to stay4 ,with some it is natural4 ,i was struck to-day with the sweet graciousness of a young girl1 ill dressed 7for her7 and very busy1 who almost deceived me into wasting ten extra minutes of her precious time1 by the satisfied air with which she sat down beside me in her parlor and welcomed my inopportune appearance4 ,it was not politic1 to be sure1 for getting her cake making done1 but1 ah how politic for winning admiration6 ,of the few whom ,i have remarked1 in our busy ,american life1 as possessing this faculty supremely1 one family had long lived abroad1 and were people of leisure4 ,the look of content1 and of being established for an indefinite time1 with which any one of them sat on the sofa before a dull chance acquaintance1 was an imprint1 no doubt1 of their idle life1 but it was also the imprint of an exquisite training4 ,it was the quintessence of the aristocratic manner4 ,we do not want gilded uselessness2 far better remain as we are2 busy1 even if chiefly for ourselves2 but there are some who1 in the midst of hard work1 have been wise enough to leave spare time in their plan of life for casual meetings with their fellows4 ,i think of two women1 both1 as it happened1 the main stay of churches--churches widely removed in geography and opinion2 both were responsible in the care of those churches1 and both entered with marvelous industry into the details and into the drudgery of their work4 ,i heard a servant say of one that she had never known her to utter an impatient word when cards were handed in2 while her cordial ways won the hearts of all4 ,the other1 older and poorer1 and not versed in the ways of the world1 it was even more wonderful to see sitting hour after hour engrossed and pleased as one and another used up her morning2 though the standing puzzle among all who knew her was1 how she possibly found time for all she did4 ,this heartiness is more attractive to the small than to the great among one's friends2 for those full of attractions themselves are not so apt to be received with indifference4 ,it is those modest as to their own fascinations who are grateful for being made welcome and at home2 the shy girl just emerged from the school room to do her difficult part in society1 the old lady who is painfully conscious that she knows very little about the topics of the day1 the estimable young man of moderate capacity4 ,these must be tolerated--why should they not be made happy8 ,i know that ,i am playing with edged tools1 advising an attempt that is all too apt to end in affectation1 even in deceit1 an overdone aspect of admiration which would disgust2 but you can avoid that4 ,really1 about all you need is to deal strictly with yourself as you walk down stairs to the parlor2 force yourself to stop inwardly fuming that you are interrupted1 to accept the fact that this is not an interruption1 but probably a better occupation for you for twenty minutes than that from which you were called1 at any rate the inexorable duty of the moment1 and to be discharged as such4 ,instead of sitting half numb and self-absorbed1 talking only in the rle of a machine for receiving a caller1 try at once to throw yourself quite away from the life upstairs out into the life of your visitor4 ,the calls will consume a little more of your time1 will average a little longer1 even in spite of waiting carriages1 but they will prove a recreation instead of a weariness1 and you will gain twenty friends where you now gain one4 ,a little girl once traveled in the stage-coach with ,madame ,la ,vert1 and the child's indignant contradiction afterward3 8,she isn't a fine lady at all6 ,she's just like me1 and ,i love her10 made plain in a sentence the secret of her power4 ,why is not this sympathetic treatment of others aimed at by all8 ,why should the reigning belle be so nice with her tongue and her smile1 and the older woman1 who probably feels the want of affection far more keenly1 be quite oblivious that this same winning kindliness which she has so long ceased to exhibit1 and has replaced by the dry manner of formal endurance1 would1 perhaps as promptly as the wand of ,cinderella's god-mother1 transform some of these prim callers into life-long friends4 ,,our ,,ladies ,,of ,,sorrow4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,e4 ,a4 ,,matthews4 ,three sisters guard the lives of mortal men ,with care unvarying1 from youth to age4 ,ever around us1 though beyond our ken1 ,do they in silent ministry engage4 ,mysterious ,trio--hand in hand1 they go ,through the sad realm of human pain and woe6 ,mother of ,tears1 of bitterness1 and grief1 ,thou art1 to-day1 in many a silent room-- ,before thy steps1 death stealeth1 like a thief1 ,and turns life's sunshine into blackest gloom4 ,when hearts are rent with unavailing prayer ,for life's lost treasures1 ,mother1 thou art there6 ,dark-browed and dreadful1 ,tenebrarum1 thou6 ,bringer of unbelief1 doubt1 and despair1 ,mother of suicide1 revenge1 and gloom-- ,with frenzied look1 and maniac's awful glare-- ,when man is hated1 and when ,god denied1 ,thou standest1 mocking1 at the wretch's side6 ,but thou1 ,o ,goddess1 mild ,mother of ,sighs1 ,sweet source of pity1 patient sorrow's balm1 ,at thy mild bidding all our anguish dies1 ,and grief's wild billows soften into calm4 ,when human hearts bring sympathy and share ,the woes of others1 ,mother1 thou art there6 ,when the sad penitent laments in vain ,o'er wasted moments--thou dost hope restore-- ,to the pale captive1 and the child of pain1 ,thou bringest liberty and health once more6 ,all generous deeds and tender charities ,are in thy hands--,o1 blessed ,mother of ,sighs6 ,,the ,,nicaragua ,,and ,,panama ,,routes ,,to ,,the ,,pacific4 ,,by ,,felix ,l4 ,,oswald1 ,m4 ,d4 ,it is curious how often the first impression of experts has been confirmed by the verdict of posterity4 ,during one of his journeys of inspection ,peter the ,great visited the mouth of the ,volga ,river and pointed out the advantages of fortifying a certain promontory which a military commission1 after long controversies1 has now selected for the site of a bombproof arsenal4 ,the gold discoveries in ,upper ,california were predicted by ,sir ,francis ,drake2 those of the ,ural by ,baron ,humboldt2 and after fifty years of coast surveys1 mountain surveys1 negotiations1 reports and counter reports1 it seems now probable that two ,american ,republics will ratify the opinion of ,don ,rodrigo ,contreras1 who more than three hundred years ago called the attention of the ,spanish ,government to the advantages of the ,nicaragua ,lake system1 and its navigable effluent1 as the rudiment of an inter-oceanic canal1 and the superiority of that route over those both of ,darien and ,panama--,tehuantepec having then not yet entered into competition4 ,this ,rodrigo was the son-in-law of ,davila ,pedrarias1 the first governor of ,panama1 and in his coasting trips between the landings of the southern isthmus had probably noticed a circumstance which may yet turn the scales in the decision of the canal problem1 though it had escaped the attention of the routine sailors of a latter age1 and perhaps even of some professional engineers who confined themselves to the comparison of altimetrical surveys4 ,the matter is this3 ,along the north shore of the ,caribbean ,sea the coasts are deep and rocky1 but further south1 as the ,cordilleras decrease in elevation1 the shore is lined with sandbanks1 and can be approached only through shallow estuaries1 just as the coasts of the ,mediterranean become sandy at their southeastern extremity1 the only point where the circle of lofty coast ranges is broken by the delta of a swamp river--the depth of the shore waters being apparently proportioned to the height of the shore lands4 ,even single depressions in the chain of a long-stretched coast range are often confronted by isolated sandbanks--as if a collapse of the mountain walls had shoaled the littoral sea4 ,but at ,panama that tendency is aggravated by another cause4 ,for the last two hundred years the line of the overland route has followed the ,rio ,chagres and its western tributaries2 the adjoining hill country became studded with settlements1 and1 as usual in ,spanish colonies1 8civilization0 led to forest destruction and progressive aridity4 ,the abundant rains of the summer solstice1 which were formerly absorbed by the not less exuberant vegetation of a tropical coast region1 now reach the valley in the form of raging torrents1 saturated with the mould of the treeless hill-slopes2 and the alluvium deposited at the river mouth has thus gradually formed silt banks1 against which the repeated improvements of the estuary have proved only a temporary remedy4 ,the ,russians had a similar experience with the port of ,azof1 once the best harbor in the basin of the ,euxine2 but after the destruction of the inland forests the naked hills of the ,don revenged themselves by a hydra growth of dunes that defied all expedients of human skill1 and after diking and dredging away some ninety million roubles1 the government yielded to ,nemesis and removed the wharves to the harbor of ,taganrog4 ,in order to enable vessels of deeper draught to enter the mouth of the ,chagres1 the canal itself would have to be supplemented by a channel mole1 a marine canal of nine miles1 protected by dikes which in their turn might become a source of peril to sailing vessels approaching the estuary during the prevalence of the frequent gales which make the headlands of the southern ,caribbean so many ,guardafuis4 ,the ,bay of ,san ,juan de ,nicaragua1 on the contrary1 is remarkably free from storms1 and the ,san ,juan is not a swamp river4 ,it is the effluent of a chain of rockbound lakes1 one of them of sufficient extent to equalize the drainage of torrents from above1 so that an overflow of the ,san ,juan could be caused only by the simultaneous rising of all its lower tributaries1 aided by a northwest gale that would drive the waters of the lake toward the estuary4 ,a conjunction of that sort occurred in the summer of #ahgb1 when the ,san ,juan rose some twenty feet in as many hours2 but even then the river did not shoal its delta1 but tore out a new channel through ,costa ,rican territory1 which now receives a lion's share of the outflow2 but there is no doubt that an isolated mishap of that sort can be remedied by a short-line canal from the coast to a point above the divergence of the rival streams1 or by the same means that reclaimed the channel of the ,mississippi at ,new ,orleans4 ,further up all serious difficulties cease4 ,the rapids of the ,san ,juan can be passed by locks of moderate depth1 the total difference between the level of ,lake ,nicaragua and that of the ,atlantic being hardly twenty-five feet4 ,the lake itself will need no improvements4 ,throughout its breadth of seventy-five miles 7three fifths of the distance from ocean to ocean7 it maintains an average depth of fifteen fathoms1 has no dangerous sandbanks1 no driftwood islands1 while its undercurrents secure it against the danger of being shoaled by the floods of its affluents4 ,the project of locating the western terminus at ,port ,brito1 on the ,pacific1 would reduce the length of the canal proper to about twenty-eight miles1 and shorten the trip for vessels from our ports by nearly seven hundred miles--the distance from ,port ,brito to ,panama4 ,the question is1 if all these advantages would justify the construction of a second canal4 ,for we need not delude ourselves with the fear--or hope--that the ,panama project would be abandoned2 the present interests of the ,french stockholders1 if not the name of ,monsieur de ,lesseps1 is a guarantee that their work will be completed4 ,they have gone too far,a to retreat before the completion of a single rival2 for on the other hand it is equally sure that the ,tehuantepec scheme has lost its last hope of practical support1 since even the promise of a monopoly could hardly override the veto of ,nature4 ,it is enough to say that the ,mexican projectors admit that the proposed route through the lowest gap of the ,chimalapa ,range would require the construction of one hundred and forty locks--with the alternative of tunneling through thirty miles of granite rocks--for we know how nearly a difference of fifteen locks defeated the chances of the ,wellington canal against its ,american rivals4 ,nor should we1 in this respect1 underrate the advantages of the ,panama route4 ,the distance from ocean to ocean is only forty-eight miles1 against one hundred and fifteen at ,nicaragua1 and two hundred and twelve at ,tehuantepec1 and neither hills nor rocks oppose any obstacle that could not be overcome by the conqueror of ,suez4 ,yet there remains a consideration which in connection with the result of other comparisons must leave a preponderance of arguments in favor of ,nicaragua4 ,for three fifths of the year the valley of the ,rio ,chagres is a reeking hotbed of malaria1,b and from ,aspinwall to ,panama only dreary sandhills alternate with festering swamps4 ,nicaragua1 on the other hand1 is the healthiest region between ,chili and ,california1 and offers scenic attractions absolutely unequaled in any other part of the ,new ,world1 and which can hardly have been surpassed when the ,mediterranean peninsulas were still clad in the glory of their primeval forests4 ,i visited the lake region of ,nicaragua in #ahge1 after having seen ,california1 the ,west ,indies1 and the highlands of ,mexico1 and only here ,i relinquished my doubt that the international park of ,switzerland had1 after all1 a transatlantic rival4 ,the harbor of ,san ,juan is nearly a thousand miles from anything an ,anglo-,american would call civilization1 and since their ,walker and ,spalding experiences the natives are1 on the whole1 rather inclined to dispense with the patronage of enterprising foreigners2 but1 for all that1 the time is near when the islands of ,lake ,nicaragua will be studded with international hotels4 ,the luxuriance of the tropical hill forests is equaled in the mountains of ,oaxaca2 the climate is not superior to that of the northern ,antilles2 but the scenery of the highlands1 with their fourteen active volcanoes1 would turn the scales4 ,of the forty-six craters in the maritime ,cordilleras1 five are eruptive and nine smouldering and smoking volcanoes1 besides a score of infernillos--smoking caves and fissures1 opening in the rocks of the foothills1 as if the obstruction of the roof-chimneys had forced the subterranean fires to break a vent through the basement of the ,sierra4 ,and1 moreover1 these craters are1 with few exceptions1 of easy access from both sides of the mountains1 and at all seasons of the year4 ,the climate of ,nicaragua enjoys the advantages of the real tropics4 ,in the western hemisphere that term is as ambiguous as the 8beginning of spring40 ,at ,brownsville1 ,texas1 nearly twelve hundred miles further south than ,naples1 ,i have seen snowstorms that would appall a ,shetlander2 and even in ,mexico frosts are not confined to the upper tablelands4 ,but the traveler who reaches the fourteenth parallel has left the winter zone behind4 ,in ,leon1 near the northwest end of the lake system1 he will find butterflies in ,december1 and when he sits down to his ,christmas dinner of sweetmeats and broiled bananas1 mine host will introduce a caza-moscas1 or fly-brush boy4 ,moscas of a larger variety also infest the lagoons of the old town1 but mosquitoes are rare1 and further inland unknown1 for ,leon is the gate city of the western highlands1 one of its suburbs being only a short distance from the foothills of the ,cerro de las ,pilas1 a naked peak whose summit affords a complete panorama of the lake region and the coast range4 ,in the north the ,sierra ,madre of ,honduras looms on the horizon like a white-crested cloud1 flanked by the blue ridge of the coast range1 and the volcanic domes of the central plateau which attains its maximum altitude in the uplands of ,matagalpa4 ,but forty miles southeast of ,leon the great tableland which stretches in an almost unbroken line from ,denver across ,mexico and the highlands of ,central ,america is intersected by the basin of the ,isthmus lakes2 and here1 as if the disruption of the ,sierra had opened a vent for the furnaces of the nether world1 volcanoes and hot springs are massed in a way which to my knowledge is paralleled only in the ,island of ,java1 where a highland region of twelve hundred square miles is veiled with the almost perpetual smoke of its burning mountains4 ,about twenty miles north of ,las ,pilas the continuity of the coast range is broken1 and the main chain seems to be segregated into numerous isolated mountain groups1 each of them crowned with two or three volcanic cones4 ,at the end of the cape which forms the breakwater of the sound known as the ,estero ,real stands the volcano of ,conseguina1 the ,vesuvius of the ,new ,world4 ,in one of its last eruptions it caused an inundation by completely obstructing the outlet of the ,rio ,casco1 and in #ahce it scattered its ashes as far as ,la ,guayra and ,tehuantepec1 i4 e41 over a circle fourteen hundred miles in diameter4 ,the head of the bay is begirt by the dolerite cliffs of two other volcanoes1 one of which fronts the shore with a sheer precipice of #d1djj feet1 rising from a pedestal of rock colonnades with cavernous interspaces where trickling springs have generated a rank vegetation of climbing evergreens4 ,the same arrangement repeats itself at the head of ,lake ,managua1 where the volcano of ,monotombo rises in tower-like basalt cliffs to a vertical height of #g1djj feet4 ,professor ,vanhouten1 of the canal survey1 makes the highest point of the peak #g1gjj--;at all events a thousand feet more than the summit of ,mount ,washington4 ,the 8,south ,dome0 of the ,yosemite1 if my memory serves me right1 rises hardly #e1jjj feet above the valley1 and the granite front of the 8,captain0 considerably less than #d1jjj1 while the grandeur of the basalt coliseum is yet doubled by the mirror of the ,island ,sea1 as the first colonists translated the ,indian name of ,lake ,managua4 ,the lake is dotted with wooded islands which accompany the south shore into the strait of ,panalaya1 and where that strait opens into the broad basin of the lower lake1 the islands1 too1 expand1 two of them so much1 indeed1 as to have mountain ranges1 broad valleys and secondary lakes of their own4 ,like all the higher ridges those island mountains culminate in volcanoes2 the steep peak of ,ometepec rises to a height of #e1bjj feet1 and gives its island the form of a pyramid4 ,west1 east1 and north of both lakes volcanoes rise above the shore mountains in all directions1 and northeast of ,lake ,managua not less than seven of them stand close together1 like the peaks of the ,sieben-gebirge1 on the upper ,rhine4 ,the volcano of ,chiltepec can be recognized by its cloven peak1 the upper part of the cone having collapsed during one of its eruptions2 ,tellica and ,santa ,clara by the smoke trails of their ever-seething craters4 ,the 8,hell of ,mesaya10 sixty miles further south1 has the deepest crater of any known volcano1 as ,kilauea has the widest1 and ,stromboli the most obstreperous4 ,the upper two thousand feet of the cone form a mere shell1 and from the brink of the crater the spectator looks down into a dizzy abyss of trachite cliffs1 rent by vertical fissures1 and now and then veiled by the eruption of a smoke whirl4 ,from the hills on the east shore of the lake the prospect toward the peaks of the island mountains affords views of marvelous and almost incomparable beauty4 ,yet all along the shores of that lake land1 with the exception of the richest alluvial creek estuaries1 can be bought for three dollars an acre1 even on flat topped bluffs and near rock springs in sheltered dells1 more inviting than the finest artificial parks4 ,thus far only camping ,british sportsmen have now and then availed themselves of such opportunities1 though ,nicaragua offers hunting grounds to the lovers of nearly every kind of outdoor pastime and science4 ,geologists can watch the active operations of the ,titans that have transformed so large a portion of our planet4 ,antiquarians can here find treasures1 from the tomb of a ,toltec warrior to the monuments of a buried city2 the neighborhood of ,san ,carlos and ,mayagalpa is covered with ruins1 and on the island of ,zapotera colossal idols rise like sphinxes from the ground and from the debris of fallen temples4 ,naturalists can watch the jaguar and the tapir in their native haunts1 catch butterflies enough to stock a museum1 study the habits of five different species of quadrumana1 including the large ,coaiti 7,lagothrix paniscus71 with his spider arms and strange1 flute-like cries1 can visit the bat caves of ,dipilta or the bird islands of ,bluefield's ,lagoon1 that make ,nicaragua a zoological epitome of the ,american tropics1 and offer a winter asylum to legions of feathered refugees from the ,north4 ,in ,nicaragua the rainy season ends in ,november1 and the winters are dry and pleasant1 and far less capricious than in ,florida1 where sultry ,gulf winds so often alternate with very perceptible polar waves4 ,nicaragua will become the winter rendezvous of ,american tourists4 ,an international highway1 built by ,american engineers and ,american capital1 would soon aggregate ,north ,american settlements that would add to the charms of a tropical garden-land a feeling of security which the traveler in other parts of ,spanish ,america must generally forego2 villas1 watering places1 and hotels for the accommodation of winter guests will spring up by scores1 and the canal will soon become something more than a thoroughfare of international travel4 ,the stockholders of such an investment could well dispense with a formal protectorate1 and the obstacle of the ,clayton-,bulwer treaty,c is precisely analogous to the scruple which no politician would blame ,prince ,bismarck for setting aside in the ,congo affair4 ,in both cases ,england had for years the refusal of an opportunity which she failed to improve1 and in the unwritten by-laws of international ethics the iners non obstet is a rule which held good even in the ,black ,sea controversy4 ,besides1 the alternative of a ,french monopoly and eventual protectorate in ,panama may help to moderate the opponents of the ,monroe ,doctrine4,d ,while ,nicaragua will be visited for its own sake1 ,panama1 like ,vera ,cruz and ,cayenne1 will be shunned by northern travelers1 though considerations of proximity will secure it the inter-oceanic traffic of ,south ,america4 ,vessels carrying tobacco from ,brazil to ,peru1 or guano from ,peru to ,caracas1 will prefer the risk of the ,chagres fever swamps to the certain disadvantages of a voyage around the distant south cape of the continent4 ,nicaragua will compete with ,switzerland1 ,italy1 and the winter resorts of southern ,california1 as well as with our transcontinental railways4 ,panama will compete with ,cape ,horn4 ,a ,the ,panama ,star and ,herald reports that #fh1jjj1jjj of the total appropriation of #abj1jjj1jjj have already been expended4 ,the preliminary surveys alone cost #g1jjj1jjj francs4 ,after the plan of ,monsieur de ,lesseps the canal will be thirty feet deep1 one hundred and twenty feet wide1 and about forty-six miles long4 ,b ,panama 7the city71 too1 is one of the unhealthiest spots on earth4 ,two months ago 7,january #b1 #ahhe7 the wife of ,monsieur ,jules ,dingler1 the ,director-,general of the ,canal ,company1 succumbed to the same fever that had cost the lives of all her children4 ,dr4 ,ferdinand ,lahr1 the ,sanitary ,superintendent1 died on the same day4 ,c ,captain ,bedford ,pim1 of the ,british navy1 states various reasons that would insure the tolerance1 or even the coperation of ,great ,britain4 ,he estimates the aggregate cost at #bjj1jjj1jjj1 and believes that ,england1 under certain conditions1 would assume one half of the demanded guarantee of three per cent4 interest4 ,d ,it is a curious fact that the originator of that doctrine is not an ,american1 but a ,british statesman4 ,george ,canning1 on the eve of his departure for ,verona1 having got an inkling of a ,south-,european federation for the purpose of assisting ,spain in the reconquest of her lost transatlantic possessions1 postponed his trip and put himself in communication with the ,american minister1 in order to call the attention of our government to the favorable opportunity for asserting the claims of a counter alliance4 ,,geography ,,of ,,the ,,heavens ,,for ,,june4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,m4 ,b4 ,,goff1 ,western ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,,the ,,sun4 8',tis by thy secret1 strong attractive force1 ,as with a chain indissoluble bound1 ,thy system rolls entire2 from the far bourne ,of utmost ,saturn1 wheeling wide his round ,of thirty years1 to ,mercury1 whose disk ,can scarce be caught by philosophic eye1 ,lost in the near effulgence of thy blaze40 ,had our poet written his ,summer in #agha1 the year in which ,uranus was discovered1 instead of #agbg2 or could he have waited till #ahdf1 his 8utmost ,saturn wheeling wide his round of thirty years0 would probably have been changed and in beautifully flowing verse would have been expressed the wonderful fact of 8utmost ,neptune1 wheeling wide his round1 whose years could only be by four and sixty and one hundred told40 ,so much in one respect had astronomy grown in a little more than a century4 ,but we could have no heart to blame our poet's neglect of our 8utmost0 planets1 even had he known of their existence1 since he was so evidently in earnest in giving its due to our glorious orb1 recognized to-day as the source of all our light1 and heat1 and life4 8,from brightening fields of ether fair disclosed1 ,,child of the ,,sun1 refulgent ,summer comes1 ,in pride of youth1 and felt through ,nature's depth2 ,he comes1 attended by the ,hours ,and ever-fanning ,breezes1 on his way2 ,while from his ardent look1 the turning ,spring ,averts her blushful face2 and earth and skies1 ,all-smiling1 to his hot dominion leaves4 ''' 8,when now1 no more the alternate ,twins are fired1 ,and ,cancer reddens with the ,solar blaze1 ,short is the doubtful empire of the ,night2 ,and soon1 observant of approaching ,day1 ,the meek-eyed ,morn appears1 mother of ,dews1 ,at first faint-gleaming in the dappled ,east2 ,till far o'er ,ether spreads the widening glow2 ,and1 from before the luster of her face1 ,white break the clouds away40 ,had our poetic friend1 ,thompson1 lived in ,meadville or ,new ,york1 instead of ,london1 he would not even on the #bast of ,june1 have been so much disposed to sing3 8,short is the doubtful empire of the ,night20 for the shortest night of ,new ,york is over an hour longer than the shortest night of ,london4 ,but what were ,meadville and ,new ,york in #agbg8 ,june #bast is our longest day1 in latitude #da #cj1 a little more than fifteen hours from sunrise to sunset2 the night1 of course1 a little less than nine hours4 ,on this day the sun reaches his northern limit1 #bc #bg #c4b1 and at #b3db a4 m4 begins his southern journey2 or1 to put it astronomically1 the sun enters ,gemini1 and summer begins1 on ,june #bast1 at #a3db a4 m4 ,on the #ast1 sun rises at #d3ca a4 m41 sets at #g3bd p4 m42 on the #afth1 rises at #d3bi a4 m41 sets at #g3cb p4 m42 and on the #cjth rises at #d3cc a4 m41 sets at #g3cd p4 m4 ,many persons judging from the temperature will be inclined to think on the #bast that the sun must be at midday directly above their head2 but it will have an elevation of not more than #gc4 ,,the ,,moon ,enters upon its last quarter on the #eth1 at #f3ef p4 m42 new moon on the #abth1 at #e3cd p4 m42 first quarter1 #aith1 at #h3dj a4 m42 and full on the #bgth1 at #f3ji a4 m4 ,farthest from the earth on the #bhth1 at #ab3ed a4 m42 nearest the earth on the #acth1 at #aa3ab a4 m4 ,greatest elevation1 #ff #ef #be1 on the #acth2 least elevation1 #cj #b #dj1 on the #bgth4 ,rises on the #ast1 at #aj3ae p4 m42 sets on the #afth1 at #aj3da p4 m42 and rises on the #cjth1 at #i3bg p4 m4 ,,mercury ,will be our morning star till the #bgth1 after which it will be evening star till the end of the month4 ,on the #ast it will rise at #c3cd a4 m41 or about one hour earlier than the sun1 and can probably be seen by good eyes4 ,on the #afth1 it will rise at #c3df a4 m42 and on the #cjth1 will set at #g3ea p4 m41 or a few minutes after sunset1 but will be too near the sun to be visible4 ,its motion will be direct1 amounting to #ei #ej4 ,its diameter will decrease from #g to #e4 ,on the #eth1 at #b3jj p4 m41 will be #dh south of ,neptune2 on the #aath1 at #aj3eg a4 m41 #b #eg north of the moon2 on the #bc;d1 at #aa3jj p4 m41 #a #da north of ,saturn2 on the #bdth1 at #c3jj a4 m41 in perihelion 7nearest the sun72 and on the #bgth1 at #aj3jj a4 m41 in superior conjunction with the sun4 ,,venus1 ,although she acts the part of an evening star1 is rather 8mild0 this month4 ,she rises after the sun1 and sets on the #ast1 at #g3ef2 on the #afth1 at #h3bj2 and on the #cjth1 at #h3cc p4 m4 ,her diameter increases four tenths of a second of arc2 and she makes a direct motion of #dj #c4 ,on the #gth1 at #e3jj p4 m41 she is #a #cb north of ,saturn2 on the #acth1 at #aj3ed a4 m41 #e #dh north of the moon2 and on the #bfth1 at #c3jj p4 m41 in perihelion4 ,,mars ,has a direct motion of #bb #f2 his diameter remains constant1 #d4d1 during the month4 ,can be seen at the early dawn4 ,he rises at the following times3 ,on the #ast1 at #c3bb2 on the #afth1 at #b3ei2 and on the #cjth1 at #b3cc a4 m4 ,on the #ajth1 at #f3jj p4 m41 #a #bi north of ,neptune2 on the #ajth1 at #g3ee p4 m41 #c #ea north of the moon4 ,,jupiter 8,speaks for himself0 every evening this month4 ,on the #ast1 he rises at #aj3cd a4 m41 and on the #b;d sets at #ab3jf a4 m42 on the #afth1 rises at #i3ej a4 m41 and sets at #aa3af p4 m42 and on the #cjth1 rises at #i3jc a4 m41 and sets at #aj3bc p4 m4 ,he has a direct motion of #d #b #ca2 and his diameter decreases from #cd to #ca4f4 ,on the #agth1 at #i3dd a4 m41 he is #c #dd north of the moon4 ,it may interest the general reader to know that while he is admiring1 night after night1 this beautiful body making its way through the 8lesser lights0 of the heavens1 that the astronomer is laboring diligently to discover its properties and learn with exactness its motions4 ,from the last report of ,prof4 ,g4 ,w4 ,hough1 ,director of the ,dearborn ,observatory1 ,chicago1 we find that 8the disk of ,jupiter was observed on every favorable occasion1 and micrometric measures made on the principal spots and markings1 including the great red spot first remarked in #ahgh40 ,these observations were made principally with a view to obtaining the time of revolution of the planet on its axis2 and the result of the observations from ,september #ab1 #ahhc1 to ,june #aa1 #ahhd1 a period during which the planet made #ffj revolutions1 was a mean of #i;h4 #eem4 #ch4es41 which differs from the mean of five years' observation by #a4es42 the former mean being that much greater than the latter4 ,,saturn ,will be evening star till the #ahth2 after which date1 morning star till the end of the month4 ,on the #ast1 rises at #e3dj a4 m41 and sets at #h3bd p4 m42 on the #afth1 rises at #d3dg a4 m41 sets at #g3ca p4 m42 on the #cjth1 rises at #d3jj a4 m41 sets at #f3dd p4 m42 from which it will be seen that except during the first part of the month it will be invisible to the naked eye4 ,its diameter is #ae4f and does not change to the amount of one tenth of a second during the month4 ,on the #gth1 at #e3jj p4 m41 #a #cb south of ,venus2 on the #acth1 at #a3ai a4 m41 #d #c north of the moon2 on the #ahth1 at #f3jj p4 m41 is in conjunction with the sun2 on the #bc;d1 at #aa3jj p4 m41 #a #da south of ,mercury4 ,this planet has also been the subject of observation from the ,dearborn ,observatory1 for the purpose of detecting markings on the rings2 but 8nothing indicating a division in the outer ring has ever been noticed40 ,,uranus4 ,on the #ast1 this planet rises at #a3aj p4 m42 on the #bnd1 it sets at #a3ah a4 m42 on the #afth1 rises at #ab3ab p4 m41 and on the #agth1 sets at #ab3ah a4 m42 on the #cjth1 rises at #aa3ah a4 m41 and sets at #aa3bd p4 m4 ,decreases in diameter two tenths of a second2 and has a direct motion of #ad #cj4 ,on the #eth1 at #a4jj p4 m41 it appears stationary2 on the #aith1 at #aj3ae a4 m41 is #ee north of the moon2 on same date1 at #aj3jj p4 m41 is #ij east of the sun4 ,,neptune ,is a morning star throughout the month1 and has a direct motion of #a #j #af4 ,diameter increases from #b4e to #b4f4 ,it rises as follows3 ,on the #ast1 at #c3dg2 on the #afth1 at #b3di2 and on the #cjth1 at #a3ef a4 m4 ,on the #eth1 at #b3jj p4 m41 is #dh north of ,mercury2 on the #ajth1 at #f3jj p4 m41 #a #bi south of ,mars2 on the #ajth1 at #g3di p4 m41 #b #ba north of the moon4 ,the #bf-;inch equatorial of the ,national ,observatory at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 was during the past year chiefly employed in observations of the satellites of ,neptune1 ,uranus1 ,saturn and ,mars4 ,,how ,,to ,,win4 ,,by ,,frances ,e4 ,,willard1 ,president ,national ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,thus far ,i have been trying to impress upon you the reasons why you should cultivate individuality and independence in word and deed4 ,i have claimed that each one of you has a 8call0 to some specific work1 indicated by ,god's gifts to you of brain1 or heart1 or hand4 ,but ,i would not have you only1 or indeed chiefly1 concerned with the evolution of your powers for your own sake4 ,if you acquire1 let it be that you may dispense2 if you achieve1 that others may sun themselves in the kind glow of your prosperity4 ,the people who spend all their strength in absorbing are failures and parasites4 ,it is alike the business of the sun and of the soul to radiate every particle of light that they can muster4 ,there is reason to believe that this is precisely what they are for4 ,and so1 having made sure of your light1 strength and discipline1 strike out from the warm and radiant center of a self-poised brain and heart1 into the lives about you1 and you will find that 8,what is good for the hive is also good for the bee40 ,the luminous characters of history have done this1 always4 ,losing their lives in those of other men1 they have found them in the crest of the world's gratitude and fame4 ,what they have done on a grand scale1 we1 from identical motives1 may do on a small one4 ,such natures are as different from those who cultivate their strongest gift simply for their own sake1 as a lighthouse is different from a dark lantern4 8,self-culture0 is much in vogue nowadays1 and has for its high priests some of the most incisive minds of this or any age4 ,but self-culture stops in the middle of the sentence ,i would fain help you to utter4 ,it says3 8,make the most of your powers20 it does not say 8for others' sake as well as your own40 ,it claims that if we set the candle of our gifts upon the candlestick of modern society1 its light will inevitably radiate according to its power of shining1 and thus while brightening ourselves we shall have done our utmost toward lighting up the general gloom4 ,but self-culture forgets that a candle is no type of you and me4 ,we are human spirit-lamps1 whose rays should be directed and intensified by the blow-pipe of an unceasing purpose2 for we are all so made that unless we will to light up other lives1 we can never do so to the limit of our power4 ,self-culture is never base2 it is often noble1 but it can never be the noblest aim of all4 ,why is the memory of ,mrs4 ,browning loved beyond that of almost any poet who has sung8 ,because 8the cry of the human0 is so strong in that wondrous voice of hers4 ,why is the name carved deepest on the republic's heart that of its martyr ,president8 ,because he gave their manhood back to four millions of slaves1 and lived and toiled for his people's sake1 8with malice toward none1 with charity for all40 ,why was the lamentation well nigh universal when under the sea flashed the telegraphic message1 8,john ,stuart ,mill is dead80 ,because this quiet thinker lived for other men2 because he 8struck out from the center10 from himself1 that pitiful pivot on which so many human wind-mills turn1 and measured1 in the swift flight of its benignant thought1 the long radius between him and the remotest circle of human need2 because1 more than any other philosopher of his day1 he labored for the time when 8all men's weal shall be each man's care40 ,nay1 while ,i mourn1 as ,i have seldom mourned for an historic character1 the cloud that early dimmed1 for ,stuart ,mill1 the ,star of ,bethlehem1 ,i will not1 as a woman1 withhold from his memory the tribute of my humble gratitude4 ,but while ,i speak of all these lives1 shining like beacon lights of our own day1 ,i would not fail to point you in conclusion toward a wide-armed cross upon a lonely hillside1 while ,i repeat his words who said1 8,and ,i1 if ,i be lifted up1 will draw all men unto me40 ,dear girls1 ,,christ is the magnet of humanity1 and she has found the best vocation1 and the highest1 who brings most souls diseased within the healing power of his immortal gospel4 ,this is a work for which women have gifts preminent4 ,the ,saxon word for lady means 8a giver of bread10 and is full of beautiful significance1 but ,america's new century shall evolve another meaning1 freighted with greater blessing for humanity3 lady1 giver of the bread of life6 ,in later years we have had a revelation of our duty to the ungospeled masses1 the 8elbow heathen10 as an evangelist has called them1 to the intemperate 7who1 as a rule1 are quite beyond the hearing of the pulpit's voice71 and to the dusky dwellers in the ,zenana1 whose faces are misty with the unshed tears of generations passed in misery and shame4 ,two thirds of the ,church of ,christ are women4 ,by the freer life and richer opportunity which you and ,i enjoy2 by society's growing tolerance1 not to say its kindly appreciation1 of our activities2 by the heart transformed and the peace imparted through the gospel1 the voice of our ,redeemer pleads for our consecrated service4 ,i would not undervalue the culture of the intellect1 but would exalt the culture of the heart4 ,in all that has been written until now1 ,i have simply tried to outline the new horizon opened up to the gentler sex as the supreme outgrowth of that civilization which ,he introduced1 of whom history records the significant fact that women were 8last at his cross1 first at his sepulchre40 ,to attempt some delineation of the landscape enclosed by that far-reaching horizon is my more difficult task in the chapters now to follow4 ,many letters have come to me as a result of the articles thus far2 they bristle with questions and are eloquent with aspiration4 ,later on ,i may ask space for a 8symposium0 with these 8inquiring friends0 in the genial pages of our tolerant ,,chautauquan4 ,one speaking with authority exhorts me to 8,be practical--that's what we want60 ,as if ,i hadn't been6 ,but every mind is the prisoner of its own material and method4 ,i can but give of such things as ,i have2 can only tell what life has told to me4 ,according to my own habits of thought1 the sequence seems logical1 when ,i turn for a while from the presentation of the modern outlook for women1 with its opportunity and hope1 to the rationale of this new horizon stretching so far away4 ,let us note the pathway that has led up to this more hopeful point of view1 asking the inevitable question1 8,why does that seem natural and fitting for a young woman to do and to aspire to now1 which would have been no less improper than impossible1 a hundred years ago80 ,sweet friends1 it is because the ideal of woman's place in the world is changing in the average mind4 ,for as the artist's ideal precedes his picture1 so the ideal woman must be transformed before the actual one can be4 ,in an age of brute force1 the warrior galloping away to his adventures waved his mailed hand to the lady fair who was enclosed for safe keeping in a grim castle with moat and drawbridge4 ,but to-day1 when spirit force grows regnant1 a woman can circumnavigate the globe alone1 without danger of an uncivil word1 much less of violence4 ,we shall never span a wider chasm than this change implies4 ,all our inventions have led up to it1 and have in nothing else wrought out beneficence so great as they have accomplished here1 purely by indirection4 ,in brief1 the barriers that have hedged women into one pathway and men into another1 altogether different1 are growing thin1 as physical strength plays a less determining part in our life drama4 ,all through the vegetable and animal kingdoms the fact of sex does not widely differentiate the broader fact of life1 its environment and its pursuits4 ,hence1 the immense separateness which sex is called in to explain when we reach the plane of humanity1 is to be accounted for largely on other purely artificial grounds4 ,in ,eden it did not exist1 nor in the original plan of creation1 as stated in these just and fatherly words3 8,and ,god said1 #8,let us make man in our own image1 after our own likeness4 ,let them have dominion4' ''' ,so ,god created man in his own image1 in the image of ,god created he him1 male and female created he them1 and ,god blessed them1 and said unto them1 #8 ''' replenish the earth and subdue it ''' and have dominion over every living thing4'0 ,after the fall came the curse1 which was no part of the original design1 and from which the gospel's triumph is releasing us1 for there is 8neither male nor female in ,christ ,jesus40 ,i believe that the origin of evil came in with man's supremacy over one who was meant to be his comrade1 and that ,paradise regained will come only when the laureate's prophecy is realized3 8,two heads in council1 two beside the hearth1 ,two in the noisy business of the world1 ,two in the liberal offices of life2 ,two plummets dropped to sound the abyss of science ,and the secrets of the mind40 ,the times when a new ideal is moulded1 in church1 state1 or society1 mark the epochs of history4 ,amid what throes did ,europe pass from that of supreme authority in the church to the incomparably higher one of supreme liberty in conscience2 from the divine right of kings to the divine right of the people4 ,but there was to come a wider evolution of the same ideal1 namely1 the coequal power of the copartners1 man and woman1 in working out the problem of human destiny4 ,this newest and noblest of ideals marks the transition from physical force ruling1 to spiritual force recognized4 ,the gradual adjustment of everyday occupation1 custom and law1 to this new ideal1 marks ours as a transition period4 ,those who have the most enlargement of opportunity to hope from the change1 will1 in the nature of the case1 move on most rapidly into the new conditions1 and this helps to explain1 ,i think1 why women seem to be climbing more rapidly than men1 to-day1 the heights of spiritual power1 with souls more open to the 8skyey influences0 of the oncoming age4 ,more women study to-day than men2 a greater proportion travel abroad for purposes of culture2 a larger share are moral and religious4 ,half of the world's wisdom1 three fourths of its purity1 and nearly all its gentleness1 are to-day to be set down on woman's credit side4 ,weighted with the alcohol and tobacco habits1 ,brother ,jonathan will have to make better time than he is doing now1 if he keeps step with ,sister ,deborah across the threshold of the twentieth century4 ,for the law of survival of the fittest will inevitably choose that member of the firm who is cleanliest1 most wholesome1 most accordant with ,god's laws of nature and of grace1 to survive4 ,to the blindness or fatuity which renders him oblivious of the fact that the coming woman is already here1 our current writer of the ,w4 ,d4 ,howells and ,henry ,james school owes the dreary monotony of his 8society novel40 ,not more 8conventional0 was the style of art known as 8,byzantine10 which repeated with barren iteration its placid and colorless 8type10 than are the dudesque pages of this pair of literary martinets4 ,the 8,american novel0 will not be written until the ,american woman1 a type now to be found in ,michigan1 ,madison1 ,boston1 ,cornell1 and other universities1 shall have taken her place1 twentieth century product that she is1 beside the best survivals of young men in similar institutions1 and wrought out the ,home1 the ,church1 the ,state that are to be4 ,measuring each other on all planes1 these life partners will know each other's value1 and no appeal to the divorce court will be made to relieve them1 a few years after marriage1 from an incompatibility that has ripened into open war4 ,happy homes will dot the country from shore to shore1 in which both the man and the woman will do their best to lift the world toward ,god4 8,self-knowledge1 self-reverence1 and self-control2 these three alone lead life to a sovereign power10 and these are fast becoming essential to any ideal of womanly character which the modern age will recognize as the product of its institutions4 ,of self-knowledge1 these talks have said much4 ,self-reverence ,i would fain help you to develop in your character as a woman4 ,if my dear mother did me one crowning kindness it was in making me believe that next to being an angel1 the greatest bestowment of ,god is to make one a woman4 ,with what contempt she referred to the old ,jewish formula in which the less refined sex rolled out the words1 8,i thank thee1 ,o ,god1 that thou hast not made me a woman10 and with what pathos she repeated the gentle prayer of the other1 8,i thank thee1 ,o ,god1 that thou hast made me as it pleased thee10 with the pithy comment1 8,what could have pleased ,him better1 ,i should like to know1 than to make one so rare1 so choice1 so spiritual as woman is80 ,perhaps some of you may have thought you wanted to be a boy1 but ,i seriously doubt it4 ,you may have wanted a boy's freedom1 his independence1 his healthful1 unimpeding style of dress1 but ,i do not believe any true girl could ever have been coaxed to be a boy4 ,reverence yourself1 then1 if you would learn one of the first elements of 8,how to ,win0 in this great world race1 with its 8go-as-you-please0 terms1 but its 8,lucifer-may-take-the-hindmost0 penalty for failure4 ,what will the new ideal of woman not be8 ,she will never be written down in the hotel register by her husband after this fashion3 8,john ,smith and ,wife40 ,he would as soon think of her writing 8,mrs4 ,john ,smith and ,husband40 ,why does it not occur to any one to designate him thus8 ,simply because he is so much more than that4 ,he is a leading force in the affairs of the church2 he helps decide who shall be pastor4 7,so will she47 ,he is perhaps the village physician1 or merchant 7so she will be1 perhaps--indeed1 they are oftentimes in partnership1 nowadays1 and ,i have found their home a blessed one74 ,he is the village editor4 7,very likely she will be associate47 ,he is a voter4 7,she will be1 beyond a peradventure47 ,for the same reason you will never read of her marriage that 8the minister pronounced them man and wife0 for that functionary would have been just as likely to pronounce them 8husband and woman10 a form of expression into which the regulation reporter will be likely to fall one of these days1 it being1 really1 not one whit more ridiculous than the time-worn phrase1 8man and wife40 ,the ideal woman of the future will never be designated as 8the ,widow ,jones10 because she will be so much more than that--8a provider0 for her children1 8a power0 in the church1 8a felt force0 in the state4 ,i think ,george ,eliot is the first woman to attain the post-mortem honor of having her husband called 8her widower10 ,john ,w4 ,cross having been thus indicated in ,english papers of the period4 ,a turn about is fair play1 and the phrase is really quite refreshing to one's sense of justice4 ,the ideal woman will not write upon her visiting card1 nor insist on having her letters addressed1 to ,mrs4 ,john ,smith1 or ,mrs4 ,gen4 ,smith1 as the case may be1 but will1 if her maiden name was ,jones1 fling her banner to the breeze as 8,mrs4 ,mary ,jones ,smith10 and will be sure to make it honorable4 ,she will not be the lay figure made and provided to illustrate the fashions of ,monsieur ,worth and lesser lights of the same guild1 but will insist that the goddess ,hygiea is the only true modiste1 and will dutifully obey her orders4 ,as the ,louvre gallery proves that when men were but the parasites of the court they too decked themselves with ear-rings1 high heels1 powdered hair and gaudy garments1 so the distorted figures in the detestable fashion plates of to-day are the irrefutable proofs of woman's fractional estate2 but this will not be so to-morrow1 when she finds her kingdom--which is her own true self4 ,the ideal woman will cease to heed the cruel 8,thus far and no farther10 which has issued from the pinched lips of old ,dame ,custom1 checking her ardent steps throughout all the ages past1 and will be studious only to hear the kindly 8,thus far and no farther0 of ,god4 ,the ideal woman will play ,beatrice to man's ,dante in the ,inferno of his passions4 ,she will give him the clue out of materialism's ,labyrinth4 ,she will be civilization's ,una1 taming the ,lion of disease and misery4 ,the ,state shall no longer go limping on one foot through the years1 but shall march off with steps firm and equipoised4 ,the keen eye and deft hand of the housekeeper shall help to make its everyday walks wholesome2 the skill in detail1 trustworthiness in finance1 motherliness in sympathy1 so long extolled in private life1 shall exalt public station4 ,indeed1 if ,i were asked the mission of the ideal woman1 ,i would reply3 ,,it ,,is ,,to ,,make ,,the ,,whole ,,world ,,homelike4 ,some one has said that 8,temperament is the climate of the individual10 but home is woman's climate1 her vital breath1 her native air4 ,a true woman carries home with her everywhere4 ,its atmosphere surrounds her2 its mirror is her face2 its music attunes her gentle voice2 its longitude may be reckoned from wherever you happen to find her4 ,but 8,home's not merely four square walls40 ,some people once thought it was1 and they thought1 also1 that you might as well throw down its ,lares and ,penates as to carry away its weaving loom and spinning wheel4 ,but it survived this spoliation2 and when women ceased to pick their own geese and do their own dyeing1 it still serenely smiled4 ,the sewing machine took away much of its occupation2 the ,french and ,chinese laundries have intruded upon its domain2 indeed1 men1 by their 8witty inventions10 are perpetually encroaching on 8woman's sphere10 so that the next generation will no doubt turn the cook stove out of doors1 and the housekeeper1 standing at the telephone1 will order better cooked meals than almost any one has nowadays1 sent from scientific caterers by pneumatic tubes1 and the debris thereof returned to a general cleaning-up establishment2 while houses will be heated1 as they are now lighted and supplied with water1 from general reservoirs4 ,women are fortunate in belonging to the less tainted half of the race4 ,dr4 ,benjamin ,ward ,richardson says that but for this conserving fact it would deteriorate to the point of failure4 ,a bright old lady said1 after viewing a brewery1 distillery and tobacco factory3 8,ain't ,i thankful that the women folks hain't got all that stuff to chew and smoke and swallow down60 ,it behooves us to offset force of muscle by force of heart1 that what our strong brothers have done to subdue the material world for us1 who are not their equals in physical strength1 may be offset by what we shall achieve for them in bringing in the reign of 8,sweeter manners1 purer laws40 ,for the world is slowly making the immense discovery that not what woman does1 but what she is1 makes home a possible creation4 ,it is the ,lord's ark1 and does not need steadying2 it will survive the wreck of systems and the crash of theories1 for the home is but the efflorescence of woman's nature under the nurture of ,christ's gospel4 ,she came into the college and elevated it1 into literature and hallowed it1 into the business world and ennobled it4 ,she will come into government and purify it1 into politics and cleanse that ,stygian pool as the waters of ,marah were cleansed2 for woman will make homelike every place she enters1 and she will enter every place on this round earth4 ,any custom1 or traffic1 or party1 on which a woman can not look with favor is irrevocably doomed4 ,its welcome of her presence and her power is to be the final test of its fitness to survive4 ,all ,gospel civilization is radiant with the demonstration of this truth3 8,it is not good for man to be alone40 ,the most vivid object lesson on history's page is the fact that his deterioration is in exact proportion to his isolation from the home of woman's pure companionship4 ,to my own grateful thought1 the most sacred significance of woman's work to-day lies in the fact that she occupies the outer circle in this tremendous evolution of the ,christian idea of home4 ,ours is a high and sacred calling4 ,out of pure hearts1 fervently let us love ,god and humanity2 so shall we be ,christ's disciples1 and so shall we safely follow on to know the work whereunto we have been called4 8',tis home where'er the heart is10 and no true mother1 sister1 daughter or wife1 can fail to go in spirit after her beloved and tempted ones1 as their adventurous steps enter the labyrinth of the world's temptations4 ,we can not call them back4 8,all before them lies the way40 ,there is but one remedy2 we must bring the home to them1 for they will not return to it4 ,still must their mothers walk beside them1 sweet and serious1 and clad in the garments of power4 ,the occupations1 pleasures and ambitions of men and women must not diverge so widely from each other4 ,potent beyond all other facts of everyday experience is the rapidly increasing similarity between the pursuits of these two factions that make up the human integer4 ,when brute force reigned1 this rapport was at zero4 8,impediments to the rear10 was the command of ,csar and the rule of every warrior--women and children being the hindrances referred to4 ,but to-day there is not a motto more popular than that of the inspired old ,german1 8,come1 let us live for our children20 and as for women1 8the world is all before them where to choose40 ,no greater good can come to the manhood of the world than is prophesied in the increasing community of thought and works between it and the world's womanhood4 ,the growing individuality1 independence and prestige of the gentler sex steadily require from the stronger a higher standard of character and purer habits of life4 ,this blessed consummation1 so devoutly to be wished1 is hastened1 dear girlish hearts1 by every prayer you offer1 by every hymn you sing1 by every loving errand of your willing feet and gentle hands4 ,you are the true friends of tempted manhood1 bewildered youth and every little child4 ,the steadfast faith and loyal1 patient work you are to do1 will be the mightiest factor in woman's contribution to the solution of this ,republic's greatest problem1 and will have their final significance in the thought and purpose1 not that the world shall come into the home1 but that the home1 embodied and impersonated in its womanhood1 shall go forth into the world4 ,i have no fears for the women of ,america4 ,they will never content themselves remaining stationary in methods or in policy1 much less sound a retreat in their splendid warfare against the saloon in law and in politics4 ,the tides of the mother's heart do not change2 we can count upon them always4 ,the voice of ,miriam still cheers the brave advance1 and all along the line we hear the battle cry3 8,speak unto the children of ,israel1 that they go forward40 ,,the ,,catlin ,,paintings4 ,,by ,o4 ,t4 ,,mason4 ,if you will enter the ,national ,museum at ,washington1 and give your cane or umbrella to the venerable gentleman at the stand1 you will see some wonderful old pictures4 ,turn abruptly to your right1 cast a patriotic glance at the clothing and camp furniture of the ,father of his ,country1 and a few steps will bring you into the museum lecture room1 whose east1 south1 and west walls are covered with quaint sketches of ,american aboriginal life1 mounted in the dingiest possible black frames4 ,this is the ,catlin ,collection1 by far the most celebrated ,indian paintings in the world1 since the dreadful fire in the ,smithsonian ,institution burned up the ,stanley portraits in #ahfd4 ,a few words about this wonderful painter would certainly interest you before you begin to look at his pictures4 ,george ,catlin was born in ,wilkesbarre1 ,luzerne county1 ,pennsylvania1 in #agif4 ,his father was a lawyer1 and1 naturally1 took every pains to educate his son for that profession1 sending him at last to ,yale ,college to finish his course4 ,but that which has often happened to boys was true in ,george's case--he loved fishing and painting more than he loved the bar4 ,his law practice lasted two years1 after which he established himself in ,new ,york and ,philadelphia as a portrait painter4 ,in the year #ahcb he saw a delegation of ,indians from ,st4 ,louis1 a town of #be1jjj inhabitants1 then headquarters for the ,central ,superintendency 7see painting #caa71 and was so overwhelmed by their appearance that nothing could overcome his desire to visit them in their homes4 ,convinced that the noble savage would rapidly decline before the advance of civilization1 and realizing as if by inspiration the value which a pictorial history of the dying race would possess to future students of primitive history1 he set out alone for ,st4 ,louis1 with pen and brush1 to accomplish this noble design4 ,here he became acquainted with ,mr4 ,chouteau1 a gentleman thoroughly conversant with the ,indian country and character1 who secured for the painter a free ride to the mouth of the ,yellowstone in a little1 rude steamer called the 8,yellowstone40 ,he devoted eight years1 from #ahcb to #ahdj1 to his enterprise1 visiting forty-eight tribes of ,indians residing within ,british ,america1 the ,united ,states and ,mexico4 ,speaking of these years in after life he says3 8,i have seen them in their own villages1 have carried my canvas and colors the whole way1 and painted my portraits from life as they now stand in the gallery4 ,some of them have been taken while ,i have been paddling my canoe1 or leading my pack-horse through trackless wilds1 even at the hazard of my life40 ,on his return to the ,east from this remarkable ,odyssey1 ,mr4 ,catlin exhibited his sketches1 together with such a collection of weapons1 dress1 ornaments and implements as it will never be possible to procure again1 in ,philadelphia1 ,new ,york and ,boston1 to great crowds of visitors4 ,the papers were filled with praises respecting it4 ,the ,united ,states ,gazette says3 8,there can be no mistake or exaggeration in pronouncing the exhibition of these views of the scenery and natural history of the western country the most important and interesting object for public attention which has ever been offered to the eastern division of the ,united ,states40 ,many of ,mr4 ,catlin's friends were anxious for the government or some well founded institution to buy the collection1 but nothing was accomplished4 ,in #ahdj ,mr4 ,catlin took his pictures abroad1 prospects having been held out to him of getting a handsome price for them4 ,the ,chancellor of the ,exchequer admitted the packages free of duty1 and the whole was set up in a room #ajf feet long1 in ,egyptian ,hall1 ,piccadilly1 ,london4 ,numerous assemblages1 comprising many of the distinguished members of the fashionable and the literary world visited the entertainments and listened to the lectures of ,mr4 ,catlin4 ,it is just a little to be feared that the painter added to the genius of the artist a modicum of the showman's vanity1 in support of which theory the following is quoted from the ,london ,morning ,post3 8,this valuable collection of portraits1 landscapes1 scenes from savage life1 weapons1 costumes1 and an endless variety of illustrations of ,indian life1 real as well as pictorial1 continues to attract crowds of spectators4 ,we are happy to find our prediction fully borne out by fact1 that the exhibition only required to be made known to the public to be fully appreciated4 ,the most pleasing attention is paid by ,mr4 ,catlin and his assistants to gratify the curiosity of visitors1 to point out the peculiarities of the various subjects through which they wander1 and to explain everything which strikes the eye and attracts the observer to inquire into its use or meaning4 ,during our visit on ,saturday the company were startled by a yell1 and shortly afterward by the appearance of a stately chief of the ,crow ,indians stalking silently through the hall1 armed to the teeth and painted to the temples1 wrapped in a buffalo robe1 on which all his battles were depicted1 and wearing a tasteful coronet of war eagle's quills4 ,this personation was volunteered by a nephew of ,mr4 ,catlin1 who has seen the red man in his native wilds1 and presents the most proud and picturesque similitude of the savage warrior that can be conceived4 ,his war-whoop1 his warlike appearance and dignified movements seem to impress the assemblage more strikingly with a feeling of the character of the ,north ,american ,indian than all the other evidences which crowded the walls4 ,subsequently he appeared in another splendid costume worn by the braves of the ,mandan tribe1 also remarkable for its costly and magnificent head-dress1 in which we see the #8horns of power' assume a conspicuous place4 ,the crowds that gathered around him on each occasion were so dense that ,mr4 ,catlin could scarcely find space to explain in full detail all the costumes2 but we are glad to find he is preparing a central stage where all may enjoy a full and fair sight of #8the ,red ,man1' as he issues from his wigwam1 clad in the peculiar robes and ornaments of his tribe1 to fight1 hunt1 smoke1 or join in the dances1 festivals1 and amusements of each nation40 ,this1 of course1 smacks a little of ,buffalo ,bill1 but it pleased the ,europeans amazingly4 ,mr4 ,catlin gave exhibitions in ,waterloo rooms1 ,edinburgh2 in the ,louvre1 at ,paris1 where ,louis ,philippe gave him ample space2 and in many other ,european cities1 occupying in all about eight years4 ,during this time he published 8,manners and ,customs10 etc42 8,the ,north ,american ,portfolio20 8,eight ,years' ,travels40 ,in #ahfa he published a little work on 8,the ,breath of ,life10 certainly the funniest serious book we have ever read4 ,in #ahfb appeared 8,last ,rambles ,among the ,indians10 etc4 ,as many other people have done concerning their own handiwork1 ,mr4 ,catlin overestimated the intrinsic value of his paintings and specimens1 and made the mistake of thinking that everybody would surely be as enthusiastic as himself4 ,the ,british government did not buy the gallery4 ,even the platform and ,mr4 ,catlin's nephew could not save the ship4 ,in ,belgium financial embarrassment overtook the painter and his works4 ,the whole material was likely to go under the hammer1 when ,mr4 ,thomas ,harrison1 a wealthy ,philadelphian1 advanced the money and took the collection as security1 with the understanding that it could be redeemed4 ,this proving beyond ,mr4 ,catlin's means1 all of the paintings and specimens were transferred to ,philadelphia and stored until ,mr4 ,harrison's death1 when his widow presented the entire gallery to the ,national ,museum1 together with such dresses1 etc41 as time and moths had spared4 ,perhaps you have heard that the ,washington pictures are not the originals4 ,the facts are these3 ,after transferring his material in ,belgium to ,mr4 ,harrison1 ,mr4 ,catlin traveled throughout ,north ,america1 and even in ,south ,america1 making aboriginal sketches4 ,this second collection was exhibited for a time in the west corridor of the ,smithsonian4 ,on his death1 in #ahgb1 the pictures were packed up and stored in the ,smithsonian building until #ahgf1 when they were transferred to the ,philadelphia ,exposition4 ,they are now to be seen in the permanent exhibition there4 ,now for the pictures4 ,a great ,american ethnologist says 8,catlin is the great ,american ,indian liar20 another1 quite as eminent1 says that when he showed one of these pictures to a ,sioux ,indian1 the latter was affected to tears at the recognition of a dear friend long deceased4 ,both were right4 ,recently ,m4 ,achille ,collin1 a ,french sculptor1 was employed to produce several busts of celebrated ,indians1 from photographs and portraits1 for the ,new ,orleans ,exposition4 ,among them was ,osceola1 whose portrait is in the ,catlin gallery4 ,fortunately1 the ,museum has also ,osceola's death mask4 ,m4 ,collin found that ,catlin had placed the eyes too far apart1 and had perpetrated several other little artistic outrages1 yet the sculptor was able to rectify these and to produce a wonderful bust of the wily ,seminole4 ,in one sense everything is wrong in these paintings1 in another sense they are teeming with life and spirit4 ,a ,french critic said in the ,paris ,constitutionnel3 8,a professional painter is perfectly lost in the presence of a nature new to him1 in such singular lands1 such original colors of sky1 foliage and men40 ,you must know a language in order to appreciate its beauties1 you must know ,indian life to appreciate ,catlin4 ,his images do not pose1 they fly across the canvas4 ,m4 ,schindler1 whose lifelike portraiture of fishes has given him a world-wide reputation1 and who has lived among the ,sioux and painted them1 has the same admiration of these savage portraitures1 whose shadowy looks are ominous of their fast fading originals4 ,a workman in the ,museum whose business it is to arrange ,indian costumes says that in those things which anybody can do1 ,catlin was careless2 but in the arrangement of dress1 ornaments and weapons1 which nobody now knows how to fix1 he is an invaluable guide4 ,it may not be known to all that the numberless tribes formerly living within our domain belonged to a few well defined stocks1 recognizable by language1 institutions1 and customs4 ,east of the ,rocky ,mountains1 where most of these pictures were painted1 were the ,athapascan of the north1 the ,algonquin and ,iroquois of the east1 the ,cherokee and ,muskokee of the south1 and the ,dakotan of the west4 ,in the great interior basin were the ,shoshones1 and west of the ,sierras the ,flatheads1 ,chinuks1 and many other little known stocks4 ,the ,algonkin stock is represented in ,mr4 ,catlin's gallery by portraits and groups of ,sacs and ,foxes1 ,sheyennes1 ,blackfeet1 ,chippewas and ,ottawas1 ,crees1 ,menomonees1 ,pottawatomies1 ,kickapoos1 ,kaskaskias1 ,weeahs1 ,peorias1 ,piankeshaws1 ,mohegans1 ,delawares and ,shawnees4 ,the celebrated league of the ,iroquois by representatives from the following tribes looks down upon us as ,oneidas1 ,tuscaroras and ,senecas4 ,john ,ross1 a civilized and well educated chief1 with four other celebrated faces1 represents the ,cherokee stock4 ,the great ,muskogee or ,creek confederacy includes paintings of distinguished ,creeks1 ,choktas1 ,seminoles1 and ,yuchees4 ,most of the last two stocks were well instructed by ,protestant missionaries1 previously to their transfer into the ,indian ,territory4 ,it is this fact alone which explains their steady increase while so many other tribes have melted away4 ,it was among the ,dakotas1 however1 that ,catlin's enthusiasm first took fire and increased most fervently4 ,in addition to the many landscape and hunting pictures1 whose scenes are laid in this romantic country1 you will see staring at you from these dingy frames1 men and women of many ,dakotan tribes1 ,kansas1 ,osages1 ,ponkas1 ,omahas1 ,otoes1 ,missourias1 ,iowas1 ,mandans1 ,blackfeet ,sioux1 ,crows1 ,assiniboins1 ,winnebagos1 and ,sioux proper4 ,a few ,comanches1 ,pawnee ,picts1 ,weecos1 ,pawnees and ,arikarees1 ,flatheads and ,chinuks complete the list4 ,of all the tribes visited by ,mr4 ,catlin1 the ,mandans awaken the most lively interest1 not only by their impressive ceremonies1 but because the whole tribe were extinguished by smallpox and suicide in #ahcg1 excepting about forty who afterward fell victims to their enemies4 ,look along on the wall until you find the pictures numbered #ejd1 #eje1 #ejf and #ejg4 ,in these1 by a series of tableaux1 the painter presents to us the annual ceremony of initiation1 called the ,sun dance by the modern ,dakotas1 and witnessed two years ago by ,miss ,alice ,fletcher4 ,this ceremony continues four days and nights in succession1 in commemoration of the subsiding of the flood1 and also for the purpose of conducting all the young men1 as they arrive at manhood1 through an ordeal of voluntary torture1 which when endured entitles them to the respect of the chiefs1 to the privileges of going on war-parties1 and of taking a wife4 ,the floor and sides of the medicine lodge are ornamented with green willow boughs4 ,the young men who are to do penance by torture lie along the sides of the lodge1 their bodies covered with clay of different colors1 their respective shields and weapons hanging over their heads4 ,in the middle of the lodge the medicine man prays to the ,great ,spirit and watches the young men through their four days' fast1 preparatory to the torture4 ,near the medicine man lies a scalping knife1 and a bunch of splints which are to be passed through the flesh of the novitiates like belaying pins4 ,the ,buffalo dance takes place several times each day outside the lodge in which the young men lie4 ,the principal actors in this dance are eight men with the skins of buffaloes around them and a bunch of green willows on their backs4 ,the evil spirit1 ,okeehedee1 enters the village from the prairie1 alarming the women1 who cry for assistance and are relieved by the old medicine man4 ,okeehedee is at length disarmed of his lance1 which is broken by the women1 and he is driven by them in disgrace out of the village4 ,on the fourth day of the festival the young men are subjected to the torture1 which in many forms amounts essentially to this3 ,two gashes1 parallel and near together1 are cut quite through the skin1 either on the breast1 back or arms1 looking for all the world like those on the sides of a sheep dressed for market4 ,a wooden pin is thrust from gash to gash1 under the intervening strip of skin4 ,one end of a long and strong rawhide line is wrapped or belayed around this peg securely4 ,now comes the tug of war1 the problem always being either to tear this peg out by breaking the strip of flesh or to see how much pain the sufferer can stand4 ,he is hauled up to the roof of the lodge1 suspended from an elastic sapling1 or dragged around the camp2 finally having fastened the end of the line farthest from him to a post1 he tugs away with might and main until his flesh is torn loose4 ,turn now away from this dreadful scene and take a look at the funny side of ,indian life4 ,here is a fellow whose eager haste after a buffalo ends in being thrown on the monster's back and taking a bison ride over the prairie4 ,there the clans contend nip and tuck for mastery in the ball play4 ,on this canvas a celebrated archer is showing how many arrows he can shoot before the first one falls4 ,perhaps your delicate sensibility will not enjoy the dog dance1 where the ,sioux braves are dancing up grotesquely and biting off pieces of a heart taken raw and bleeding from a dog4 ,well1 here is a sham battle of ,mandan boys1 their school of practice every morning at sunrise1 and just there a prairie-dog village4 ,this picture1 ,no4 #ccg1 is the celebrated ,pipestone quarry on the ,couteau des ,prairies1 #cjj miles northwest of the ,falls of ,st4 ,anthony1 on the divide between the ,st4 ,peters and the ,missouri4 ,here is where from time immemorial the ,indians have obtained for making pipes that beautiful red steatite1 which the mineralogists now call catlinite1 after our hero4 ,there are many more just as strange and interesting stories hanging about this dear old ,smithsonian1 and some day ,,the ,,chautauquan may let you into the secret4 ,you notice here and there that the fatal pointer has gone quite through the noble brave1 and that accounts for solicitude about your cane and umbrella at the beginning4 ,you will find them at the door1 and don't fail to reclaim them with your check4 ,,george ,,bancroft4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,w4 ,w4 ,,gist4 ,george ,bancroft is the ,nestor of ,american men of letters4 ,born ,october #c1 #ahjj1 he received his early training at ,exeter ,academy1 and graduated at ,harvard in #ahag4 ,he is now eighty-four years old1 and his life has touched every administration in the history of our nation except ,washington's4 ,what mighty changes have been wrought in the land since ,george ,bancroft1 a manly youth1 stepped forth from his alma mater a full-fledged graduate6 ,two generations have passed away and a third is now on the stage of action4 ,webster1 ,clay1 ,calhoun and ,benton had not yet reached the zenith of their power4 ,these men have passed away1 and another group1 equally great1 of whom ,abraham ,lincoln was the central figure1 became conspicuous leaders in the most thrilling period of our history1 and have passed away likewise4 ,indeed1 there are thousands of voters to-day who were born during the exciting events of ,lincoln's administration4 ,at the time ,george ,bancroft graduated which1 in the general acceptation of the term1 marked the commencement of his life's work1 ,grant1 ,hayes1 ,garfield1 ,arthur1 ,blaine1 ,cleveland1 and ,generals ,sherman and ,sheridan had not been born4 ,some of these have won never-fading honors in events that have attracted the attention of the whole world1 and are numbered among our heroes4 ,at that time ,harvard was a very different institution from what it is now2 ,american literature was in its infancy2 ,washington ,irving had scarcely gained a recognition on the other side of the waters4 ,forty-five years ago ,bancroft held a government office and secured for ,nathaniel ,hawthorne an appointment in the ,boston ,custom ,house4 ,hawthorne was then a literary man with some reputation1 but his pen did not afford him a livelihood4 ,his great masterpieces were written during the next quarter of a century1 and twenty years have passed since the announcement of his death cast a gloom over the literary world1 while his friend and benefactor still survives in the full vigor of his intellectual powers4 ,macaulay and ,bancroft were born in the same year2 the former has been dead nearly twenty-five years2 the latter is giving finishing touches to his great history1 which merits a place with ,macaulay's and ,gibbon's4 ,george ,bancroft's father was the ,rev4 ,aaron ,bancroft1 ,d4,d41 who as a young man participated in the battles of ,lexington and ,bunker ,hill1 and who in later years won an honorable name as a theologian and man of letters1 his 8,life of ,washington0 attracting considerable attention in ,europe4 ,the son inherited many of the admirable characteristics of the father4 ,after his graduation at ,harvard1 ,george ,bancroft spent five years in ,europe1 receiving a degree from the ,university of ,gttingen1 mastering the principal modern languages1 giving special attention to the study of history1 visiting the most important nations of the continent1 and above all communing with some of the greatest minds of the age4 ,it was his rare privilege to meet1 and to enjoy the friendship of1 such men as ,wolf1 the distinguished classic scholar1 ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 ,goethe1 ,cousin1 ,alexander von ,humboldt1 ,chevalier ,bunsen1 ,niebuhr1 and others scarcely less distinguished4 ,returning to his native land in #ahbb1 he spent one year as tutor of ,greek in ,harvard1 and afterward assisted in establishing a preparatory school at ,northampton4 ,the subject of ,united ,states history already absorbed his mind1 and the next few years were spent in special study for his great work4 ,bancroft has held a number of offices4 ,in #ahch ,president ,van ,buren appointed him collector at the port of ,boston1 and he discharged the duties of the office with marked ability4 ,in #ahde he entered ,president ,polk's cabinet as ,secretary of the ,navy4 ,a number of important events of this administration are linked with his name4 ,through his influence the naval academy at ,annapolis was established1 and he introduced many needed reforms into the naval service4 ,he ordered the ,united ,states fleet to assist ,captain ,fremont in taking possession of ,california1 and as ,acting ,secretary of ,war he issued orders for the ,united ,states army to march into ,texas at the commencement of the ,mexican war4 ,in #ahdf he was appointed minister to ,england1 and held the position for three years4 ,while in ,england unusual courtesies were extended to him1 and every facility was granted for carrying on his historical researches1 official state papers and many valuable private libraries being accessible4 ,he also visited ,paris for the purpose of study1 and received valuable assistance from ,guizot and ,lamartine4 ,in #ahfg he was appointed minister to ,berlin and remained abroad a number of years1 calling forth a special commendation from ,president ,grant for his wise diplomatic services4 ,mr4 ,bancroft has done considerable literary work in addition to writing his 8,history of the ,united ,states40 ,when a young man he published a volume of poems2 he has contributed a great many articles to magazines1 and has delivered a number of memorial addresses on prominent ,americans4 ,in #ahei he prepared a paper on 8,prescott0 for the ,new ,york ,historical ,society2 also one on 8,washington ,irving40 ,in #ahfj he delivered an address in ,cleveland at the unveiling of the statue of ,commodore ,oliver ,h4 ,perry1 and ,february #ab1 #ahff1 he delivered before the two houses of ,congress a memorial address on ,president ,lincoln4 ,bancroft is known most widely1 however1 as an historian1 and his noble history is a monument more durable than granite4 ,he brought to his task a mind philosophic in character1 broad in grasp1 impartial in judgment1 believing firmly in ,god's superintending care1 rich in scholarship1 and with enough of the imaginative and poetical to quicken and vivify all his intellectual powers4 ,he has bestowed nearly sixty years of conscientious labor on this great historical work1 the first volume of which appeared in #ahcd1 fifty years ago4 ,the historian requires peculiar talent for his work4 ,he must have such patience and energy as will enable him to carry on any research that will throw light on the subject he is investigating2 he must weigh all evidence as coolly as the most unprejudiced judge2 he must not assume the part of an advocate until he has examined the subject from every standpoint and reached an unbiased conclusion2 he must grasp the real ideas and principles that underlie the events and are hastening the progress of civilization2 he must have sufficient imagination to see the events as real1 and to make his readers see them as such2 in addition1 he must have a copiousness of illustration and a fluency of language that will enable him to present his subject in an attractive form4 ,in short1 he must be a scholar1 an explorer1 a philosopher1 and a rhetorician4 ,few1 if any1 have possessed all these qualifications in a preminent degree2 ,bancroft certainly possesses them all in no small degree4 ,gibbon will doubtless ever hold an honorable place as an historical writer2 and yet he attempts to account for the rapid spread of ,christianity entirely on human grounds1 and refuses to recognize the greatest force then at work in effecting changes among the nations of the world4 ,macaulay well says of ,gibbon3 8,he writes like a man who had received some personal injury from ,christianity and wished to be revenged on it and all its possessors40 ,no such charge can be made against ,george ,bancroft4 ,he is a firm believer in ,god1 recognizes ,christianity as the most powerful factor in the progress of civilization1 and continually evinces his unfaltering belief in ,god's superintending care over human affairs4 ,the opening paragraph of his address on ,president ,lincoln may be taken as his creed on ,god in history4 ,notice how clear his statement and triumphant his faith3 8,that ,god rules in the affairs of men is as certain as any truth of physical science4 ,on the great moving power which is from the beginning hangs the world of the senses and the world of thought and action4 ,eternal wisdom marshals the great procession of the nations1 working in patient continuity through the ages1 never halting and never abrupt1 encompassing all events in its oversight1 and ever effecting its will1 though mortals may slumber in apathy or oppose with madness4 ,kings are lifted up or thrown down1 nations come and go1 republics flourish and wither1 dynasties pass away as a tale that is told2 but nothing is by chance1 though men1 in their ignorance of causes1 may think so4 ,the deeds of time are governed1 as well as judged1 by the decrees of eternity40 ,a quotation from his history will show his estimate of ,christianity3 8,to have asserted clearly the unity of mankind was the distinctive character of the ,christian religion4 ,no more were the nations to be severed by the worship of exclusive deities4 ,the world was instructed that all men are of one blood2 that for all there is but one divine nature and but one moral law2 and the renovating faith taught the singleness of the race1 of which it embodied the aspirations and guided the advancement40,e ,notice also this noble tribute to ,christianity in his history3 8,the colonists1 including their philosophy in their religion1 as the people up to that time had always done1 were neither skeptics nor sensualists1 but ,christians4 ,the school that bows to the senses as the sole interpreter of truth had little share in colonizing our ,america4 ,the colonists from ,maine to ,carolina1 the adventurous companions of ,smith1 the proscribed ,puritans that freighted the fleet of ,winthrop1 the ,quaker outlaws that fled from jails with a ,newgate prisoner as the sovereign--all had faith in ,god and in the soul4 ,the system which had been revealed in ,judea--the system which combines and perfects the symbolic wisdom of the ,orient and the reflective genius of ,greece--the system1 conforming to reason1 yet kindling enthusiasm2 always hastening reform1 yet always conservative2 proclaiming absolute equality among men1 yet not suddenly abolishing the unequal institutions of society2 guaranteeing absolute freedom1 yet invoking the inexorable restrictions of duty2 in the highest degree theoretical1 yet in the highest degree practical2 awakening the inner man to a consciousness of his destiny1 and yet adapted with exact harmony to the outward world2 at once divine and human--this system was professed in every part of our widely extended country1 and cradled our freedom4 ,our fathers were not only ,christians2 they were1 even in ,maryland by a vast majority1 elsewhere almost unanimously1 protestants4 ,now the ,protestant ,reformation1 considered in its largest influence on politics1 was the awakening of the common people to freedom of mind40,f ,in a recent private letter to ,dr4 ,buckley1 of the ,christian ,advocate1 ,bancroft uses these words quoted in that paper3 8,certainly our great united commonwealth is the child of ,christianity2 it may with equal truth be asserted that modern civilization sprung into life with our religion2 and faith in its principles is the life-boat on which humanity has at divers times escaped the most threatening perils40 ,and again3 8,the principles that govern human affairs1 extending like a path of light from century to century1 become the highest demonstration of the superintending providence of ,god40,g ,but it is not necessary to multiply quotations illustrative of his faith in the ,deity4 ,throughout the whole of his writings he manifests a devout1 reverential state of mind1 and keeps constantly before the reader the idea that ,god is the great power back of those mighty movements that stir the nations of the world4 ,the philosophic cast of his mind is clearly revealed in all his discussions of causes and results4 ,he firmly believes that 8the problems of politics can not be solved without passing behind transient forms to efficient causes10 and he ever seeks to find the real origin of an event4 ,he dates the ,american ,revolution back to the ,reformation under ,luther and ,calvin1 and in relating the events that led to a separation from the mother country he discusses with great clearness and elaborateness three points essential to the proper understanding of the subject3 ,in the first place he speaks of the emancipation of the mind at the ,reformation1 and the consequent birth of the idea of freedom4 ,in the second place he discusses the growth of this idea of freedom in the nations of ,europe and on this continent4 ,in the third place he describes with wonderful fairness the violent discussions that arose in ,england and in this country when the colonists raised a protest against the tyrannies of the mother country4 ,referring to the origin of our present liberty1 he says explicitly3 8,the ,reformation was an expression of the right of the human intellect to freedom40,h ,he thus speaks of the influence of ,luther and the ,reformation3 8,at his bidding truth leaped over the cloister walls and challenged every man to make her his guest2 aroused every intelligence to acts of private judgment1 changed a dependent1 recipient people into a reflecting1 inquiring people2 lifted each human being out of the castes of the middle age1 to endow him with individuality1 and summoned man to stand forth as man4 ,the world heaved with the fervent conflict of opinion4 ,the people and their guides recognized the dignity of labor2 the oppressed peasantry took up arms for liberty2 men reverenced and exercised the freedom of the soul4 ,the breath of the new spirit moved over the earth2 it revived ,poland1 animated ,germany1 swayed the north2 and the inquisition of ,spain could not silence its whispers among the mountains of the ,peninsula4 ,it invaded ,france2 and1 though bonfires of heretics1 by way of warning1 were lighted at the gates of ,paris1 it infused itself into the ,french mind1 and led to unwonted free discussions4 ,exile could not quench it4 ,on the banks of the ,lake of ,geneva1 ,calvin stood forth the boldest reformer of his day2 not personally engaged in political intrigues1 yet1 by promulgating great ideas1 forming the seed-plot of revolution4''' ,calvinism was revolutionary2 wherever it came it created division4''' ,by the side of the eternal mountains and perennial snows and arrowy rivers of ,switzerland1 it established a religion without a prelate1 a government without a king4''' ,it entered ,holland1 inspiring an industrious nation with heroic enthusiasm2 enfranchising and uniting provinces2 and making burghers1 and weavers1 and artisans1 victors over the highest orders of ,spanish chivalry1 the power of the inquisition1 and the pretended majesty of kings4 ,it penetrated ,scotland1 and while its whirlwind bore along persuasion among glens and mountains1 it shrunk from no danger1 and hesitated at no ambition2 it nerved its rugged but hearty envoy to resist the flatteries of the beautiful ,queen ,mary2 it assumed the education of her only son2 it divided the nobility2 it penetrated the masses1 overturned the ancient ecclesiastic establishment1 planted free parochial schools1 and gave a living energy to the principle of liberty in a people4 ,it infused itself into ,england1 and placed its plebeian sympathies in daring resistance to the courtly hierarchy2 dissenting from dissent1 longing to introduce the reign of righteousness1 it invited every man to read the ,bible1 and made itself dear to the common mind1 by teaching1 as a divine revelation1 the unity of the race and the natural equality of man40,i ,it is evident that ,bancroft has studied the ,reformation1 not simply in its outward political aspect1 but so as to understand the different shades of theological belief that influenced the minds of the great reformers4 ,his parallel between ,luther and ,calvin is a fine specimen of composition1 noted for its vigorous ,english1 clear1 discriminating judgments1 and polished style3 8,both ,luther and ,calvin brought the individual immediate relation with ,god2 but ,calvin1 under a more stern and militant form of doctrine1 lifted the individual above pope and prelate1 and priest and presbyter1 above ,catholic church and national church and general synod1 above indulgencies1 remissions and absolutions from fellow-mortals1 and brought him into immediate dependence on ,god1 whose eternal1 irreversible choice is made by himself alone1 not arbitrarily1 but according to his own highest wisdom and justice4 ,luther spared the altar1 and hesitated to deny totally the real presence2 ,calvin1 with superior dialectics1 accepted as a commemoration and a seal the rite which the ,catholics revered as a sacrifice4 ,luther favored magnificence in public worship1 as an aid to devotion2 ,calvin1 the guide of republics1 avoided in their churches all appeals to the senses as a peril to pure religion4 ,luther condemned the ,roman ,church for its immorality2 ,calvin for its idolatry4 ,luther exposed the folly of superstition1 ridiculed the hair shirt and the scourge1 the purchased indulgence1 and dearly bought1 worthless masses for the dead2 ,calvin shrunk from their criminality with impatient horror4 ,luther permitted the cross and the taper1 pictures and images1 as things of indifference2 ,calvin demanded a spiritual worship in its utmost purity4 ,luther left the organization of the church to princes and governments2 ,calvin reformed doctrine1 ritual1 and practice2 and1 by establishing ruling elders in each church1 and an elective synod1 he secured to his policy a representative character1 which combined authority with popular rights4 ,both ,luther and ,calvin insisted that1 for each one1 there is and can be no other priest than himself2 and1 as a consequence1 both agreed in the purity of the clergy40,j ,while the rhetoric of ,bancroft is not faultless1 it certainly deserves a place in our classic ,english4 ,in the discussion of grave historical and philosophical questions1 his stateliness of expression and his dignity of style challenge our admiration4 ,his descriptions are very fine1 and suggest a mind keenly alive to the beautiful and the poetical2 but they do not reveal that spontaneity so characteristic of ,irving1 nor that indefinable symmetry so noticeable in ,hawthorne4 ,if his style is sometimes declamatory1 ,i think it is generally in a connection such that the cultivated taste will pronounce it admissible4 ,thoroughly versed in the historic lore of this and other countries1 broad in his general scholarship1 remarkably free from prejudice1 an uncompromising ,american1 and yet not an ,american in a narrow and bigoted sense1 careful and systematic in his methods of labor and recreation1 unswerving in his belief in the superintending providence of ,god1 ,george ,bancroft justly merits the high place of honor and esteem so willingly accorded to him1 and his noble example should be a never-failing source of inspiration4 ,e ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #f4 ,f ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #agg4 ,g ,hist41 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #ede4 ,h ,hist41 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #ahc4 ,i ,hist41 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #ii4 ,j ,hist41 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bab4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,going ,,to ,,the ,,bottom ,,the ,,only ,,way ,,to ,,reach ,,the ,,top4--,first go to the bottom of everything which you have to do4 ,know all its principles4 ,if it be a trade1 know not only its rules1 but the reasons for them4 ,if it be merchandise in raw materials1 or in one or more manufactured articles1 be sure to learn the whole process1 from the planting of the seed1 or the digging of the ore1 to the completed fabric4 ,do this by observation1 conversation with the heads of departments1 and with workmen in different specialties4 ,this was the plan of the late ,william ,e4 ,dodge4--,from ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,buckley's 8,oats or ,wild ,oats40 ,,how ,,perseus ,,began ,,to ,,be ,,great4 ,,by ,,elizabeth ,p4 ,,allan4 ,fair ,perseus slept upon enchanted ground1 ,and to him came1 but with no stir or sound1 ,the goddess ,pallas1 whose clear1 shining eyes ,read all men's hearts that are beneath the skies4 8,many there be10 she cried1 8who dwell at ease1 ,who neither do nor dare--art thou of these8 ,or dost thou to some glorious deed aspire8 ,hast thou a heart of clay1 or soul of fire80 ,then answered ,perseus1 vehement1 8,but ,i ,would do great deeds1 though for them ,i should die4 ,point me1 ,o goddess1 to the monster's lair1 ,and give me leave to show what ,i can dare60 8,nay10 said the voice divine1 8thy stripling arm ,must first set free from danger's fierce alarm ,thy mother's life60 ,with this young ,perseus woke1 ,nor knew the peril whereof ,pallas spoke4 ,but straight to ,seriphus he hied with speed1 ,to find his ,mother ,dan in sore need1 ,and rescuing her from danger and from dread1 ,then went he forth to win the ,gorgon's head4 ,o1 sons and daughters of our happy land1 ,whose waking dreams are filled with actions grand1 ,ere yet in search of these afar you roam1 ,free every burdened heart that sighs at home6 ,,canada ,,of ,,to-,,day4 ,,by ,m4 ,,victor ,,du ,,bled4 ,an ,abridged ,translation for ,,the ,,chautauquan1 from the ,rvue des deux ,mondes4 ,canada1 for so long a time apparently forgotten by her mother country1 came out from her isolation and again called back to herself the attention of ,france by sending to the ,exposition of #ahee specimens of her products4 ,in #ahef ,m4 de ,belveze1 commander of the ,french frigate 8,capricieuse10 was sent into ,canadian waters4 ,his mission resulted in the establishment of a ,french consulate1 and the reduction of the tariff which permitted the two countries to enter upon commercial relations4 ,from #ahed to #ahfb material and intellectual progress here marched by the side of great political progress4 ,public works1 canals1 and interior colonization1 all1 during this time received a vigorous impulse4 ,there is no such thing as spontaneous generation in politics any more than in natural history4 ,questions give rise to other questions1 and the philosophy of history shows them springing up1 one after another1 from some mysterious source1 obeying a sort of atavism1 and producing often a most unexpected result4 ,excitement over representation1 fixed according to the population of the country1 gave birth to the confederacy4 ,on ,october #a1 #ahfd1 a conference assembled at ,quebec1 composed of delegates from the maritime provinces1 and from the ,canadian government4 ,after a long and stormy session1 during which threats of resorting to arms were now and then heard1 the cause of the confederation triumphed by a large majority4 ,a basis of federal union was submitted to the several legislatures for ratification1 and on ,july #a1 #ahfg1 the confederacy was established in the midst of public rejoicings4 ,they gave to the united provinces the name of the ,dominion of ,canada4 ,lower ,canada was called ,quebec1 and ,upper ,canada ,ontario4 ,the ,legislature is composed of a ,governor-general1 a sort of a constitutional viceroy1 named by the crown2 of a ,senate1 and a ,house of ,commons4 ,the ,senate consists of seventy-six members1 appointed for life by the crown1 of whom twenty-four each are from ,quebec and ,ontario4 ,the ,house of ,commons is representative1 its members being elected for five years4 ,the ,dominion now includes ,ontario1 ,quebec1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,prince ,edward's ,island1 ,british ,columbia1 ,manitoba1 and the territory of the ,north-,west1 or ,hudson's ,bay ,territory4 ,thus it is fulfilling the prediction of the great ,american statesman1 ,william ,h4 ,seward3 8,canada is destined to become the seat of a great empire1 the ,russia of ,north ,america1 but a ,russia with civilization more advanced than the ,russia of ,europe40 ,an illustrated paper of the ,dominion has published a patriotic caricature representing the ,canadian ,gulliver with a debonair and placid figure1 without any implements save his own gigantic arms and hands1 seizing and swallowing the greater part of the ,american continent1 while a crowd of ,lilliputians1 armed to the teeth1 ,turks1 ,yankees1 ,germans and ,italians1 survey him with an envious and astonished air4 ,in order to develop her resources1 and to open the way for immigration1 that her immense tracts of unused land may more rapidly become the granary of the world1 ,canada is furrowing her domains with canals and interlacing them with lines of railroads4 ,the ,grand ,trunk railway1 traversing the country from ,portland1 ,me41 to ,detroit1 has been built1 with its ,victoria bridge 7one of the most noted structures in the world7 crossing the ,st4 ,lawrence opposite ,montreal4 ,immense sums of money have been spent in order to convert the ,st4 ,lawrence into a canal4 ,and now she is constructing a transcontinental road1 which1 binding the two oceans from ,port ,moody to ,halifax1 will cross the entire confederation4 ,they expect to finish this route in #ahhf1 and it is estimated that the journey from ,liverpool or ,havre to ,japan will be a thousand miles shorter by this road than by the transcontinental routes of the ,united ,states4 ,almost in the middle of the ,dominion1 at an equal distance from the pole to the equator1 lies the territory of ,manitoba4 ,there lived in #ahfi1 a population half nomadic1 called the half-breeds1 sprung from marriages between the ,french ,canadians and the ,indians4 ,they spoke the ,french language1 and professed the ,catholic religion4 ,after the delivery of this country by the ,hudson's ,bay ,company to the ,dominion1 the government determined to direct toward it a stream of ,english emigration4 ,they sent a governor and some surveyors to reside at ,winnipeg1 the capital4 ,but the natives warned them they might look for trouble if they attempted to place1 without consulting them1 new inhabitants upon the land which they and their ancestors1 from time immemorial1 had held and enjoyed4 ,the government was not to be frightened1 and so the conflict came4 ,the half-breeds obliged the governor to leave1 and constituted a provisional government1 with a president at its head4 ,they then drew up a declaration1 of which the following is the preamble3 8,we1 the representatives of the people1 assembled in council at ,fort ,garry1 ,november #bd1 #ahfi1 after having invoked the ,god of nations1 ''' solemnly declare1 in the name of our constitution and in our own name1 before ,god and men1 that we refuse to recognize the authority of ,canada1 which pretends to have the right to command us and impose upon us a despotic form of government40 ,later1 however1 they changed their opinion1 and entered into negotiations with the federal government4 ,but at the moment when all things had been arranged without bloodshed1 the ,english colonists1 who were very numerous around ,lake ,winnipeg1 rose in insurrection against the half-breeds4 ,the president of the latter1 ,louis ,riel1 who took upon himself the rle of dictator1 had the leading mutineers seized1 and their chief1 named ,scott1 was tried1 condemned and shot4 ,far from establishing his authority1 this execution discouraged the natives themselves1 and when two battalions of militia under ,col4 ,wolseley arrived on the ground1 they were welcomed as liberators by the half-breeds1 and ,riel1 with his leading accomplices1 fled to the ,united ,states4 ,a compromise was then effected1 and ,manitoba was annexed to the ,dominion as an autonomous province4 ,it sends to ,parliament two senators and five representatives4 ,winnipeg contains #cj1jjj inhabitants1 and property has increased its value to an extraordinary degree1 as the following anecdote will show3 ,a parishioner of ,archbishop ,tach1 obliged to leave the country1 sought the archbishop1 and excusing himself for not being able to pay the rent of his church pew1 offered as part payment a small piece of land2 8scarcely what would pay for a low mass10 timidly said the poor man4 ,ten years later that land brought #ad1jjj4 ,in spite of the expenses occasioned by her canals and railroads1 the people of the ,dominion are1 perhaps1 among all the tax-payers of the civilized world1 those upon whom the smallest rates are levied4 ,there is no standing army1 only a simple militia of about #ej1jjj men4 ,the total expenses of government in #ahhd amounted to #bh1gcj1aeg4 ,the receipts for the same year were #cf1hjj1jjj4 ,the minister of finances1 in making out his estimates for the year #ahhe placed them as follows3 ,expenses1 #bi1haa1fci2 receipts1 #ca1jjj1jjj1 which were to be raised as follows3 ,duties1 #bj1jjj1jjj2 excises1 #e1ejj1jjj2 postoffice returns1 #a1ijj1jjj2 public works1 #c1jjj1jjj2 interest on investments1 #gej1jjj2 other sources1 #hjj1ijj4 ,duties on goods supply the source of two thirds of all the receipts4 ,in #ahhj they adopted a very strict system1 which1 without any distinction1 exacts duties from ,english goods as from any other nation4 ,on the other hand1 ,england has granted to them the right of concluding treaties of commerce with foreign nations4 ,the only difference of opinion in regard to the question of tariff existing between the two parties is that the liberals wish the laws of entrance to be more moderate than the conservatives have made them1 but neither of them will adopt the cosmopolitan theories of ,european free trade4 ,the ,english compare protection to a bullet1 ,canadian tariff to a museum of instruments of torture1 and declare that in following the example of the ,united ,states1 the ,dominion has forgotten the fable of the frog which wished to become as large as an ox4 ,the ,canadians hold that they shall do what they think best for their country1 and that duties are the taxes least inconvenient to raise2 that they save national work2 and that they not only have made up the deficits of the past1 but have put into the treasury an excess1 so they have been able to reduce them to the amount of two and one-fourth millions dollars4 ,the tariff for protection has become a tariff for revenue4 ,since #ahec especially1 public instruction has made great progress4 ,these people who1 under the patronage of the crown of ,england1 have realized the ideal conception of a conservative and ,christian republic1 hold that public schools are among the luxuries of a young nation1 and do not hesitate to impose upon themselves heavy sacrifices1 as they believe they will result in good to their children4 ,in the province of ,quebec alone1 government expended during the year #ahhb-hc1 #cej1jjj for school buildings1 while the contributions paid directly by the people amounted to more than #b1jjj1jjj4 ,in a population of #a1cei1jbg inhabitants1 statistics show that there are #e1jci schools of different grades2 #g1baa professors and teachers1 and #bde1bbe scholars1 making an average of one scholar for every six inhabitants4 ,as to universities and colleges1 they do not come under the school regulations1 but are independent institutions1 which1 however1 may receive appropriations from the government on condition of making a report each year to the superintendent4 ,when in a school district there live a number of families who profess a different religion from that of the majority1 they have the right to have for their children separate schools1 under the care of three officials1 chosen by them4 ,thus ,catholics and ,protestants have equal privileges1 and everything is done to secure respect for religion1 independence to the citizen1 and his active and constant interest in educational matters4 ,the circulars of the present superintendent1 ,m4 ,ouimet1 define in clear terms the spirit of the school laws in ,quebec3 8,in our system of primary instruction we first teach the children the catechism of true religion1 in order that they may know how to serve ,god2 then the manuals of agriculture and of design1 in order to put them in condition to serve their country4 ,for ,god and country6 ,behold the words which the ,canadian legislature has inscribed on the walls of her educational institutions4 ,the state unites itself to the two systems of religion in the matter of education1 and does not authorize any school to be atheistical1 but demands of it to be ,christian before it accords help4 ,it does not provide that one church shall be helped rather than another4 ,full and entire liberty it demands1 and from this comes perfect harmony among the people40 ,religious liberty marches by the side of educational liberty4 ,each church supports itself2 the state no longer takes cognizance of clergy or congregations1 to protect them1 to annoy them1 or to persecute4 ,they can1 as the citizens1 found a university1 a college1 or a school4 ,men such as ,labelle and ,racine have accomplished wonderful results in planting in the most barren regions1 at the peril of their lives1 strong and flourishing colonies4 8,go west10 incessantly repeated ,horace ,greeley to young ,americans4 8,go north1 ,french ,canadians and ,catholics10 said ,father ,labelle1 with a prophetic foresight4 ,canadian literature only dates back to #ahdj4 ,before that time it was made up of songs4 ,such a literature was absolutely essential to the gay and sociable race who consoled itself1 in all its troubles1 with stanzas4 ,there was a time when ,france held the government under control by her songs4 ,did any ,canadian patriot attract attention by some great deed8 ,at once a song was written4 ,was the question that of elections8 ,they addressed themselves to some crude poet1 and sharp1 malign couplets soon overran the country4 ,the festival of ,st4 ,jean ,baptiste has furnished many a contribution to this list1 and ,sir ,george ,cartier owes in great part his popularity to the fact that he composed one for the first banquet1 in #ahcd4 ,often among the remote rural districts are found people possessing magnificent tenor voices1 which would make the fortune of an impressario who would come from the other side of the water to look them up4 8,we are yet amateurs10 said one of their writers to me4 ,without endorsing this very modest judgment1 one can but admit that up to the present time our ,american cousins have been more occupied with making history than with writing it4 ,action has absorbed thought4 ,they have run1 closely pressed on all sides1 to the conquest of political liberties4 ,the books which they published during their unsettled national history partook of the character of the times1 as the great work of ,garneau will show1 which was a revelation to his countrymen1 and was of more value to them than an army1 since it assured them of a nation's faith and the certainty of success4 ,the greater part of the writers have been obliged to tax their ingenuity for a livelihood1 and too often politics1 that deceptive siren1 keeps them from those severe studies which alone will bring talent to maturity4 ,in poetry1 ,,mm4 ,crmazie and ,louis ,frchette have left behind them all rivals4 ,high inspiration1 poetic fervor1 appreciation of nature1 and love of country have made them true poets4 ,one can not read without emotion some of the productions of ,m4 ,crmazie4 ,his patriotic songs1 which seem to have been breathed from the very heart of the country itself1 in a language harmonious and vibrating1 do not for an instant decline in interest or power4 ,the verses of ,m4 ,frchette are written in a graceful style1 and possess a youthful freshness4 ,in history1 ,,mm4 l',abb ,casgrain1 ,benjamin ,sulte and ,joseph ,tass have become distinguished4 ,m4 ,tass1 in his book 8,canadians of the ,west10 tells of the pioneers of the ,american continent1 those who penetrated into the icy regions of the pole1 who crossed the ,rocky ,mountains1 and spread over the fertile plains of ,mexico2 and has shown that of them all the ,french in the ,canadian settlements were the only ones who treated the ,indians honorably and kindly1 and who succeeded in winning their respect and affection4 ,the group of prose writers and romancers is increasing every day4 ,one of the best1 without doubt1 is ,m4 ,j4 ,c4 ,tach1 the author of three legends1 each of which characterizes an epoch in the history of the ,indians4 ,m4 de ,gasp1 with his 8,ancient ,canadians10 and ,m4 ,joseph ,marmette1 with his historic romances have acquired a well merited reputation4 ,what1 then1 shall be the aim in the future of ,canadian literature8 ,to acquire new strength and vigor without ceasing the study of the past2 to revive the glorious annals2 to gather with a pious care its legends2 to identify itself also with the present2 to paint the manners and the contemporaneous social life2 to note and to report the majestic symphony of their land2 never to lose sight of the thought of ,carlyle1 that the universe is a temple as well as a workshop4 ,such will be the duty of ,canadian writers4 ,the ,canadians through all the years since their country passed out of the hands and the control of the ,french1 have clung to them with great affection1 drawn by some profound and mystic instinct1 by the lines of heredity1 the power of traditions1 the religion of memory4 ,they are not ignorant of the fact that if they had remained united to ,france1 they would not now have1 in all probability1 their free social and religious institutions2 they would likely have formed an administrative colony such as ,algeria4 ,they know that it was ,england who sent them1 under hard circumstances1 perhaps1 to the school of liberty1 and to her they are indebted for their prosperity1 but they look to ,france still as their mother country4 ,why should not that country give them some more solid proof of its affection8 ,while with ,south ,america the annual exchanges of ,france are counted by the hundred million1 and great numbers of ,french people emigrate there1 her total commerce with ,canada does not exceed #ae1jjj1jjj1 and it is with great difficulty that she has commenced to send thither a few of her citizens4 ,why should not ,french emigration direct itself toward a country where wages are good1 the soil fertile1 where property offers itself to all1 and where a welcome is awaiting them8 ,why should not the ,french go to visit the ,canadians and learn of them how a people became and remain free8 ,,some ,,american ,,museums4 ,,by ,,clarence ,,cook4 ,under this heading it is intended to give in successive numbers of ,,the ,,chautauquan descriptions of the principal ,art ,museums of our country3 ,the ,museum of ,fine ,arts in ,boston1 the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,art in ,new ,york1 the ,pennsylvania ,academy of the ,fine ,arts in ,philadelphia1 and the ,corcoran ,art ,gallery in ,washington4 ,we begin in the present number with the ,boston ,museum4 ,in the year #ahgj the trustees of the ,boston ,museum of ,fine ,arts were organized under a charter from the ,massachusetts legislature4 ,it was not1 however1 until #ahgf that a building was erected in which the pictures1 casts1 antiquities1 engravings and objects of curiosity which formed the nucleus of its present extensive collections could be exhibited to the public4 ,up to the time when the first portion of the present building was erected1 the amateur or the student of the fine arts in ,boston or its neighborhood had been obliged to take a good deal of trouble1 and to spend much time1 if he would see the few objects that existed there--in public institutions or in private houses--in the domain of painting1 sculpture1 antiquities1 or in that of the minor arts--now classed together in popular speech under the incorrect title of bric-a-brac4 ,beside the permanent exhibition of the pictures which belonged to it1 the ,athenum ,library had generously devoted some of its rooms every season for several successive years to the exhibition of pictures painted by ,american artists1 an exhibition answering to those held yearly by the ,national ,academy of ,design and the ,pennsylvania ,academy of the ,fine ,arts4 ,beside these regular exhibitions1 there had been many occasional ones of importance1 such as that of the ,spanish pictures belonging to the ,duc de ,montpensier1 which gave to those of us who had not visited ,europe1 the opportunity of seeing respectable specimens of the works of ,zurbaran1 ,herrera1 ,morales1 ,murillo1 ,ribalta and ,velasquez4 ,there was also in the ,athenum a small but well selected collection of plaster-casts of antique sculpture1 so that for a long time this institution was an art center of no little value and importance4 ,the ,athenum was not1 however1 an art institution1 but a library1 and the time came when the increase of the library made it necessary to give up its art collections and devote all its space to books4 ,the collections of the ,athenum were the most important1 both in number and in value1 to be found in ,boston1 but there were many interesting objects scattered about which it was felt would be of much greater service to the community if they could be brought together under one roof1 and made to work in common for the education of the whole community4 ,the late ,francis ,c4 ,gray had bequeathed to ,harvard ,college his large and valuable collection of engravings together with a fund for its maintenance1 and it was found that its usefulness1 whether for purposes of enjoyment or as a means of education was very much restricted by its being so far away from the capital4 ,yet it had been impossible to find a proper place for it in ,boston1 and it therefore remained shut up in ,cambridge4 ,the ,institute of ,technology had formed1 under the direction of ,prof4 ,william ,r4 ,ware1 a collection of architectural ornament1 but as this was lodged in the ,institute building it could only be seen and studied at such times as suited the convenience of the professors and their pupils4 ,the ,social ,science ,association had called the attention of the public to the need that existed of a large and complete collection of casts of antique sculpture4 ,but--what to do with such a collection1 could it be brought together8 ,in a city like ,boston1 a want so deeply felt could not long remain unsatisfied1 and the matter having been widely discussed1 and a general interest created in the public mind1 the first steps were taken with generous unanimity1 and as has been stated1 a charter was procured from the legislature1 the ,museum was organized by the naming of trustees1 and the city having given a site1 no difficulty was met with in raising a subscription of #bfa1jjj toward a building4 ,the plans of ,messrs4 ,sturgis and ,brigham1 submitted in competition1 were selected1 and on the #c;d of ,july1 #ahgf1 one wing of the front of the building was opened to the public4 ,this was filled by the collections of the ,athenum1 and by the ,gray collection of engravings1 both permanently loaned to the ,museum1 by the casts of antique sculptures purchased with funds bequeathed by the late ,charles ,sumner1 the ,egyptian collections presented by ,mr4 ,c4 ,granville ,way1 and valuable gifts from ,mr4 ,lawrence and other persons4 ,the space at the disposal of the trustees was soon overcrowded1 and in #ahgh a fresh subscription of #abf1jjj having been raised1 the front was completed and opened to the public in #ahgi4 ,at the present time of writing the need is seriously felt for more room1 and it is hoped that the means may soon be provided for taking a third step toward the completion of the original plan of the building4 ,the building containing the collections of the ,boston ,museum of ,fine ,art is constructed of red brick and terra cotta on a basement of granite4 ,it stands in the new quarter of the city1 and is built like all other structures in that part of the city1 on piles4 ,it is rather ornate in its character1 and compared with its massive neighbor1 ,trinity ,church1 has a somewhat effeminate look1 but it is solidly built1 and planned with great good sense1 and with a steady view to convenience4 ,on entering1 the visitor finds himself in a large hall1 in the center of which rises an ample staircase conducting to the second floor4 ,at the right and left are doorways leading to the rooms containing the casts from antique sculpture4 ,by taking either of these doorways we can make the circuit of the whole series of apartments1 but as the present arrangement is only temporary1 awaiting the completion of the building for a logical disposition of the material1 it may be better to pass at once to the rear of the hall1 and taking the door at the left hand1 enter ,,the ,,egyptian ,,room4 ,the contents of this room were chiefly collected between the years #ahbh and #ahcc1 by a ,scotch gentleman1 ,mr4 ,robert ,hay4 ,after his death they were purchased by ,mr4 ,c4 ,granville ,way1 of ,boston1 and presented to the ,museum in #ahgb4 ,several fine pieces of sculpture1 collected in ,egypt in #ahce by the late ,mr4 ,john ,lowell1 the founder of the ,lowell ,institute1 have been added to this room by the gift of ,mr4 ,lowell's heirs4 ,the valuable and interesting casts from bas-reliefs and statues are the gift of ,general ,charles ,g4 ,loring1 the director of the ,museum1 to whose zeal and efficiency the institution owes so much of its usefulness4 ,the room is finely lighted by large windows1 and ,general ,loring1 who is much interested in botany1 generally keeps here a few fine specimens of tropical plants1 especially such as belong to ,egypt4 ,thus1 on the occasion of my last visit1 ,i had the pleasure of seeing there a fine specimen of the papyrus plant waving its graceful fans in salute to ,pasht and ,amenophis1 hard by4 ,the giant figure of ,amenophis ,,iii41 the ,memnon of the ,greeks 7#aejj ,b4 ,c47 is a cast from the granite original in the ,british ,museum4 ,near it is the statue of ,pasht1 the ,cat-headed1 in black granite1 with the cartouch of ,amenophis ,,iii41 and there are also several blocks of red granite1 probably portions of a throne1 with a few fragments of sculpture--the colossal head of a king1 pieces of the lid of a sarcophagus in green basalt1 and two capitals cut out of sandstone1 showing the lotos and papyrus forms4 ,in the center of the room are several mummy cases1 and in glass cases are disposed mummied heads1 skulls1 hands and feet1 with mummies of animals1 the cat1 the dog1 the dog-faced ape1 the hawk and the ibis4 ,in one of these cases is a hand still bearing a ring on the fourth finger4 ,the remaining cases contain very interesting specimens of mummy-cloth of various dates and quality1 one of the most important being a robe of justification supposed to be worn in the trial of the deceased before ,osiris4 ,it is sixteen feet in length by six feet nine inches in width1 and has a fringe4 ,the remaining contents of this room consist of various objects gathered from the tombs and from the mummy cases in such number and variety as to make it impossible to describe them in the narrow space at my command4 ,but while there can be no doubt as to the value of the collection as a means of study in a field of wide interest and importance1 it may be said1 so far as art is concerned1 the ,way collection is of less value than the ,abbott collection in the ,historical ,society of ,new ,york ,city4 ,each collection1 however1 supplements the other in a most interesting way1 and taken together1 they enable a student to make a fair beginning in the study of ,egyptian antiquity4 ,,the ,,first ,,greek ,,room ,opens directly from the ,egyptian ,room1 and contains casts of archaic and early ,greek sculpture4 ,here will be found the ,lions from the gate of ,mycen1 the funeral slabs of ,orchomenos1 of ,aristion1 and of the soldier of ,marathon1 the ,dresden ,pallas1 the relief of ,demeter1 ,persephone1 and ,triptolemus1 from ,athens1 and the so-called ,leucothea1 and the infant ,bacchus from the ,villa ,albani1 with several interesting archaic reliefs from the same collection4 ,there have lately been added to the ,museum a number of the funeral slabs or stele discovered at ,athens and preserved in the museum there1 objects of great beauty and interest1 properly belonging1 either in this room or in immediate connection with it1 but placed for temporary convenience1 in the ,roman and ,renaissance ,room4 ,the most important objects in this ,first ,greek ,room are the casts from the sculptures of the eastern and western ,pediments of the ,temple of ,minerva at ,egina1 consisting of five figures from the eastern pediment and ten from the western1 arranged as they are believed to have been originally4 ,passing from this room to ,,the ,,second ,,greek ,,room ,we find ourselves in the midst of a group of statues1 most of them of the ,praxitelean type and making too sharp a contrast by their grace and sensuous refinement to the hardness and severity of the contents of the room just left4 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that owing to the small space at the command of the ,museum authorities it has not been possible to follow a strict chronological order1 and we must therefore be content for the present to follow the arrangement of the separate rooms4 ,we have1 therefore1 here1 the casts from the ,parthenon frieze1 the ,theseus and the ,fates from the eastern and the ,ilissus from the western ,pediment of the same building1 with the ,torso of the ,victory1 also from the eastern ,pediment1 together with several figures from the temple of the ,wingless ,victory 7,nik ,apteros7 on the acropolis4 ,but space fails us to enumerate all the casts contained in the rooms devoted to antique sculpture2 and why attempt a mere catalogue8 ,the ,venus of ,milo is here1 and the lately discovered ,hermes with the infant ,dionysus1 the ,niobe and her daughter1 the ,ludovisi ,mars1 the ,diana of the ,louvre1 the ,apollo ,belvidere1 the ,eirene and ,plutus1 the ,faun of ,praxiteles1 and the glorious mask of the ,ludovisi ,juno4 ,indeed1 we miss few works of prime importance1 and there are many casts here that can not be found elsewhere in ,america1 and which are yet essential to even a superficial study of the rise and progress of ,greek sculpture4 ,passing on1 we come to the other rooms where are the ,laocon1 the ,dying ,gladiator1 the younger ,agrippina1 the ,sophocles1 the ,demosthenes1 the ,menander1 the sculapius1 the ,discobulus1 the ,silenus and the infant ,bacchus1 and the ,boy taking a ,thorn from his ,foot 7the ,spinario71 with many another famous and less famous work1 enabling us to carry on the study until the stream dies away to rise again in new beauty in the art of the early ,italian ,renaissance4 ,while no capital piece can be said to be wanting to this collection there remain many pieces to be added which are needed for fullness of knowledge1 but every year sees important acquisitions1 and there can be no doubt1 judging from the past history of the ,museum1 that if the wished for addition to the building could be made1 the missing gaps in the sculpture would speedily be filled up by gift4 ,but before leaving the antique rooms we must mention the two sarcophagi from ,vulci1 now deposited in the ,museum1 and which1 it is earnestly to be hoped1 will become its property1 since they are not only deeply interesting in themselves1 but have an added value from their great rarity4 ,they represent the bodies of two married pair reposing upon the lids of the two sarcophagi1 as on the marriage-bed4 ,the finer of the two groups is carved in alabaster1 the other is in travertine2 the one in alabaster has a monumental beauty and sweet dignity that is surpassed by nothing of the kind that exists1 and considering its great beauty and rarity it is said there is only one other example of this treatment of the subject1 and that is in the ,vatican4 ,crossing the ,hall of ,entrance1 to which we have returned1 we find ourselves in the last of the antique sculpture rooms1 where are placed some of the most interesting of the ,roman works just enumerated4 ,nothing would be gained by an attempt to catalogue the rooms at present1 as their contents are likely to be changed at any time when the projected enlargement of the ,museum is carried out4 ,the space in this portion of the building1 the addition built in #ahgi1 answering to that occupied in the older portion by the first and second ,greek ,rooms1 is here thrown into one large apartment filled with the ,,casts ,,of ,,architectural ,,ornaments4 ,the principal object here is the cast of the ,caryatid ,portico of the ,pandroseion1 one of the portions of the complex structure generally called the ,erechtheium1 from the name of one of its parts dedicated to the worship of ,erechtheus4 ,the ,portico with its ,caryatids is given here of the full size of the original1 and is so placed 7until the great court can be built in which these large objects are to be shown7 that a good view of it can be obtained from a considerable distance1 while it is well lighted by a large window at one side4 ,the remaining objects in this room are casts in great numbers from ,greek and ,roman architectural ornament1 from the ornament of the ,italian ,renaissance1 from the ,alhambra1 from the ,gothic buildings of ,france1 ,germany and ,england1 the specimens from ,england including twelve out of the thirty angels composing the so-called angel choir of ,lincoln ,cathedral4 ,these figures of angels playing on musical instruments are of the thirteenth century1 and are among the most beautiful works of their time4 ,in this room again we find it impossible to do justice to our subject2 the variety is too great and the range of artistic development covered by the example too extensive to be dismissed in less than an entire article1 and even that would be insufficient4 ,turning to the right at the end of this room we come to ,,the ,,italian ,,renaissance1 ,where the works of ,michelangelo1 ,donatello1 ,ghiberti1 ,luca della ,robbia1 and a few other such names meet us in some of their best works4 ,here is the ,lorenzo of ,michelangelo with the statues of ,day and ,night1 the ,david of ,donatello1 the ,cupid of ,michelangelo with his unfinished bas-relief of the ,virgin and ,child1 the ,mercury of ,john of ,bologna1 and various bas-reliefs of the time with the singing boys of ,donatello and those of ,luca della ,robbia4 ,here1 too1 is the cast of the trial plate1 8,the ,sacrifice of ,isaac10 made by ,ghiberti in competition with ,brunelleschi and ,donatello for the ,florence ,baptistery ,gates1 interesting in itself1 and in connection with that most important event in the history of modern art4 ,the last room on this floor is filled with specimens of ,greek1 ,roman1 and ,asia ,minor pottery1 with a sufficient number of examples of the sculpture1 pottery1 and glass of ,cyprus1 a small but well-chosen group of figurines from ,tanagra1 and the results of the late researches at ,assos by the members of the ,american ,society of ,archology4 ,this room is full of interesting objects1 but it is uncomfortably crowded and necessarily ill-arranged4 ,in the next article we shall describe the contents of the second floor of the ,museum4 ,,natural ,,history ,,and ,,people ,,of ,,borneo4 ,report of a lecture delivered ,march #gth in the ,national ,museum of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 by ,mr4 ,wm4 ,t4 ,hornaday1 ,chief ,taxidermist of the ,museum4 ,the island of ,borneo is the home of the ,head-hunter1 the land of the orang-utan1 the ,garden of the ,sun1 and perhaps even the sepulchre of the missing link4 ,there is a possibility of its being the cradle of a great empire which shall be at the zenith of its glory when the greatness of the ,united ,states shall have passed away1 like that of ,greece and ,rome1 and ,washington have become the ,athens of ,america4 ,the center of human progress will probably eventually move into regions now peopled by savages only1 and the ,kaffir or ,dyak of the thirtieth century will perhaps study the archology of the ,yankee with the same interest that we now bestow upon the ruins of ,carthage and ,mycen4 ,borneo is situated nearly in the middle of the ,malay ,archipelago4 ,its greatest length is #hej miles1 greatest width #fcj miles1 and its area is #aib1jjj square miles4 ,the whole of ,new ,england1 the ,middle ,states and ,virginia could be set down in the evergreen forests1 which everywhere cover its surface1 and still be surrounded by a wide belt of jungle4 ,the whole interior is very mountainous4 ,the rivers and creeks are the highways of ,borneo1 and other roads are practically unknown4 ,nothing could be more arduous1 and full of risk to life and limb1 than overland travel through such dense forests and over such rugged mountains as confront the explorer at every step4 ,the interior is practically an uninhabitable wilderness4 ,even in this age of daring and persevering travelers1 no white man has ever crossed the island from one side to the other4 ,the interior is still a land of mystery1 whence come marvelous accounts of a race of men with tails1 with detailed descriptions of their appearance and habits1 stories implicitly believed by many natives4 ,the climate of ,borneo is what one would least expect1 considering its equatorial position4 ,the temperature is very agreeable all the year round4 ,the mercury usually stands at #hj ,fahrenheit in the morning1 #hh at midday1 seldom reaching #ij1 and never exceeding #ic4 ,the annual variation of temperature is only #bd--;from #fi to #ic4 ,usually there are about #bjj rainy days in the year1 and from #aeh to #agh inches of rain4 ,the vegetation of ,borneo is probably unsurpassed by that of any other country in the world1 either in luxuriance1 economic value1 or1 the possession of wonderful forms4 ,on the spurs of ,mount ,kina ,balu are found four species of pitcher plants 7,nepenthes71 of marvelous size and form and gorgeous colors4 ,the largest pitchers of ,nepenthes rajah measure thirteen inches in length1 twenty in circumference1 and hold five pints of water4 ,among the curiosities of vegetation is the tapang tree1 which1 in lieu of spur roots1 throws out enormous slab-like buttresses4 ,the cocoa palm bears a bountiful crop of nuts1 which in turn yield oil and a coarse kind of sugar4 ,the sago palm yields the valuable pearl sago of commerce4 ,the areca palm produces the betel-nut1 which1 together with a fresh pepper-leaf and a bit of moist lime1 is in the mouth of nearly every ,east ,indian native in lieu of tobacco4 ,the nipa palm yields salt1 toddy1 excellent syrup and sugar1 and the leaves are made into kadjangs for boat awnings and roofing material for houses4 ,the gomouti palm produces the best toddy1 and the cabbage is esteemed by the natives as food4 ,the nibong palm is valuable for its timber4 ,the primeval forests are rich in timber trees1 one of which1 the bilian1 furnishes wood which seemingly never decays4 ,bamboo grows abundantly in the interior1 and is of great use to the natives4 ,of the many fruits of the forest we can only refer to the durian4 ,in size and shape it resembles a roundish pineapple1 and is set all over with sharp conical spines1 three fourths of an inch long1 and stout enough to pierce the hide of a rhinoceros4 ,when the fruit is ripe1 the pod opens of its own accord4 ,although the smell of the pod is most offensive1 we find inside four or five large cells1 in each of which are from three to five horse-chestnuts1 coated thickly with the most delicious paste that ever tickled the palate of man4 ,the agricultural products consist of sago1 gambier1 rice1 sugar-cane and cotton1 which is grown to a limited extent by the ,dyaks4 ,the cultivation of coffee is now engaging the attention of enterprising ,english planters1 and may eventually become the most important industry of the island4 ,the whole island teems with animal life in great variety of forms4 ,it would appear1 judging from the success of ,mr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 to be a paradise for the entomologist4 ,this gentleman once collected seventy-six species of beetles in one day1 many of which were new and of remarkable form1 and during his stay of fifteen months in ,sarawak he took over #ejj species4 ,there are a number of handsome species of butterflies1 including the magnificent ,ornithoptera ,brookana4 ,this butterfly is eight inches in width1 and of a rich1 velvety black color1 on which is a broad band of metallic green scales1 resembling a humming-bird's feathers4 ,of all insects ,borneo is richest in moths4 ,at one place1 on a mountain top1 ,mr4 ,wallace took #bjj specimens in a single night1 representing #acj species4 ,in the same place he took in twenty-six nights #a1cjj specimens of moths4 ,the fishes include quite a variety of fresh-water species1 among which may be mentioned the curious tree-climbing perch1 the thread-fish1 the celebrated gourami1 the jumping-fish1 or ,periophthalmus1 which hops about on land in search of small crustaceans stranded by the receding tide2 and the very rare and curious little fish known to icthyologists as ,luciocephalus pulcher4 ,the ,malays capture a great many fish in small streams by poisoning the water with an extract made from the pounded roots of the tuba plant1 and either spearing or netting the fish when they rise to the surface to breathe4 ,among the reptiles1 the most important is the crocodile1 which attains a maximum length of seventeen feet1 and is very destructive to human life4 ,it seldom happens that a person escapes or is rescued1 after being seized in this burly reptile's powerful jaws4 ,some years ago the ,sarawak government began a war of extermination against the crocodiles1 by offering a reward of #ce cents a foot for all killed in the ,territory4 ,in #ahgh1 #bff crocodiles were killed1 and #gch paid out in rewards4 ,i discovered a crocodile's nest containing fifty-five eggs4 ,the native crocodile hunters use hook and line4 ,the hook1 or alir1 as it is called by the ,malays1 is a simple contrivance made of wood1 tied at the end of a tough bark rope4 ,another saurian1 the gavial1 is found in ,borneo4 ,it is not unlike that of the ,ganges1 called by ,dr4 ,gray1 ,tomistoma schlegelli4 ,this species inhabits the headwaters of some of the rivers1 and is rarely seen4 ,in the swampy forest near the coast1 small reptiles are very abundant4 ,there are pythons in ,borneo twenty-four feet long4 ,two twelve-foot specimens were brought to me1 and a monster python twenty feet six inches long1 ,i purchased alive in a cage1 and put to death for its skin and skeleton4 ,notwithstanding the contrary opinion of many observers1 ,i think it can not be said with truth that ,borneo is rich in bird-life4 ,there are #cib species on the island4 ,the finest bird is the argus pheasant4 ,in life its plumage has a soft1 velvety richness which is never seen in a dry specimen4 ,these birds are extremely shy1 and are taken by the natives in snares4 ,hornbills of several varieties are numerous4 ,a bird of great commercial value is the swallow which builds the edible nest1 so dear to the palate of the ,chinese mandarin4 ,these nests are built in caves1 and are of a gelatinous substance resembling white glue4 ,their shape is like a small soup ladle with a broad1 flat handle about an inch long4 ,there are two kinds of nests1 the white and the black1 the former being most prized4 ,a picul 7#acc pounds7 of these is worth from two to three thousand dollars4 ,borneo is favored with a great variety of very interesting mammals4 ,so far as is at present known1 there are ninety-six species1 thirty-three of which are not found elsewhere4 ,in apes and monkeys the island is especially rich4 ,at the head of the list is the huge1 red-haired orang-utan1 of which we will speak presently4 ,then comes the long-nosed monkey1 with its immense flabby proboscis4 ,the ,nasalis is a large species of monkey1 found in the same localities as the orang1 always over the water1 and usually in large troops4 ,it is something marvelous to watch a troop of monkeys1 when terrified by an attack with firearms4 ,they head directly away from the danger1 and gallop madly through the tree-tops along the larger branches4 ,another interesting mammal is the long-armed ape1 ,hylobates concolor4 ,this animal is extremely wary1 and so rapid in its flight as to render pursuit exceedingly difficult4 ,the flying lemur is also found here4 ,another curious monkey is the tarsier1 a small1 nocturnal animal4 ,the krah1 ,macacus cynomolgus1 actually swarms in the low trees along the river banks4 ,the clouded leopard1 the otter-cat1 and civet cats of two species occur1 and also several other small members of the cat tribe4 ,two species of bear are found1 the smallest known4 ,the ,indian elephant occurs in the extreme northeastern part of the island2 also the rhinoceros and tapir4 ,these three are very rare4 ,the thin-haired deer is very common in ,sarawak ,territory1 and is frequently noosed by the natives4 ,the muntjac1 or rib-faced deer1 is occasionally met4 ,wild hogs are very abundant and destructive4 ,they sometimes measure forty inches at the shoulder1 and are good swimmers4 ,many beautiful squirrels are found here1 and also1 remarkable bats1 the bear cat1 otter1 porcupines1 and other small mammals which fall an easy prey to the hunter-naturalist4 ,the orang-utan is found only in ,borneo and ,sumatra1 but is more abundant in the former island4 ,it is most numerous in the ,sarawak ,territory4 ,this animal occupies the fourth highest place in the animal kingdom--first1 man2 second1 gorilla2 third1 chimpanzee2 and fourth1 orang-utan4 ,this name signifies 8,jungle-man10 and is derived from two ,malay words1 8orang10 man1 and 8utan10 jungle4 ,the latter word is usually corrupted into 8otang0 or 8outang40 ,the animal itself is rare and difficult to find4 ,in ,august1 #ahgh1 ,i went on a hunting expedition for orangs to the ,sadong ,river1 at the mouth of which ,i settled and commenced prospecting4 ,one day two men arrived from the headwaters of the ,simujan ,river4 ,they said they had seen two mias 7orangs71 and suggested that ,i should go up to their village for a week or so4 ,this ,i did1 and was very successful1 taking thirty-one orangs during my first month4 ,in my visit of three months ,i secured forty-three orangs4 ,of these twenty-seven fell to my rifle1 the remainder being shot for me by natives4 ,our plan of hunting was to paddle leisurely up and down the streams in a ,malay sampan1 or dug-out canoe1 and watch the tree-tops on both sides as far back as we could see4 ,i was armed with a ,maynard rifle and field glass1 while three stout ,malays or ,dyaks furnished the motive power at the paddles4 ,once in sight of an orang it was a comparatively easy matter to send a ball into its breast4 ,on one occasion1 while paddling up the ,simujan ,river on a bright forenoon in ,september1 the ,malay suddenly exclaimed 8,mias6 ,mias6 ,tuan60 ,the other paddlers backed water at once1 but we saw nothing until the boat had been backed several yards4 ,then we espied simply the knee of a large orang which was lying asleep on a branch about twenty feet above the water1 and twenty yards from us4 ,its body was completely hidden by the foliage1 so ,i stood up in the boat and fired at its leg to arouse it4 ,it started up instantly1 growling hoarsely with pain and rage1 and started to swing away with a reach that was surprising in its length4 ,fortunately1 the water was deep2 there were no screw-pines to hinder our progress1 and in a moment our sampan was directly under the old fellow1 who then climbed high into the tree-top to escape us4 ,it was a huge old mias chappin1 the species with the expanded cheeks1 long-haired1 big and burly4 ,it growled savagely at us1 and one of my ,malays kept saying1 8,chappin6 ,mias ,chappin6 ,fire1 sir1 fire6 ,that's ,mias ,chappin4 ,big--big40 ,my companions were all intensely excited1 but ,i knew the old fellow was ours1 and waited for a good shot4 ,in a moment the opportunity came1 and ,i fired twice in quick succession at the orang's breast4 ,it stopped suddenly1 hung for a moment by its hands1 then its hold gave way1 and it came plunging downward1 snapped off a large dead limb on the way1 and fell broadside into the water1 with a tremendous splash which sent the spray flying all over us4 ,as we seized the arms and pulled the massive head up to the surface of the water1 the old fellow gave a great gasp1 and looked reproachfully at us out of his half-closed eyes4 ,i will never forget the strange1 and even awful sensation with which ,i regarded the face of the dying monster4 ,there was nothing in it in the least suggestive of anything human1 but ,i felt as if ,i had shot some grim and terrible gnome or river-god--a satyr1 indeed4 ,it was a perfect giant in size1 larger than even the natives had ever seen before4 ,its head1 body and limbs were of grand proportions1 and its weight could not have been much1 if any1 less than #aij pounds4 ,this individual is now in the ,national ,museum1 to the extreme left of the group of orangs in the ,mammal ,hall4 ,the tallest specimen ,i secured measured four feet six inches1 but my largest one1 that just described1 measured half an inch less in height4 ,there are two species of orang found in ,borneo3 ,simia ,wurmbii1 characterized in the males by very broad1 flat cheek calossities1 and ,simia satyrus4 ,english naturalists recognize a third species1 ,simia morio1 but without any tenable grounds for doing so4 ,orangs in a state of nature are seldom if ever seen on the ground4 ,at night this animal builds a nest in the forks of a tree or on the top of a small sapling1 by breaking off a quantity of green boughs1 and piling them in the crotch4 ,on these he lies upon his back1 grasping with hands and feet the largest branches within reach4 ,orangs are perfectly harmless to human beings unless brought to bay on the ground4 ,they are then as fierce as tigers4 ,their food consists of wild fruits1 particularly the durian when in season1 the tender shoots of the ,pandanus1 and the leaves of certain trees4 ,although the aboriginal inhabitants of ,borneo are divided into several tribes and scores of sub-tribes or clans1 they may with reasonable exceptions be described as one body1 or sub-race1 viz43 ,dyaks4 ,in general terms1 a ,dyak may be described as a ,bornean semi-savage1 of ,malay extraction1 with straight black hair1 a yellowish brown complexion1 and smooth face of the ,malay type4 ,he is rather below medium stature1 but athletic1 and of active and warlike disposition4 ,he is usually clad only in a bark loin-cloth1 but sometimes wears a sleeveless jacket1 and particularly in war1 on which occasions it is made of skins or padded cloth4 ,he is armed with sword and spear1 and possibly the sumpitan also for blowing poisoned arrows4 ,he invariably lives in the jungle1 in a long house-village set up high on posts4 ,although he has no religion whatever1 and worships nothing1 he has profound regard for the rights of property1 respects his wife1 and treats her and his children with the highest consideration4 ,his sustenance is rice1 fowls1 pigs and fruit grown by himself1 wild animals slain in the forest1 and wild fruit1 supplemented by a few things which he receives in exchange for wax1 gum1 rattans and gutta1 although these are generally given for brass-wire1 beads1 cloth and other ornaments4 ,he has no written languages1 builds no monuments1 makes no pottery1 and only one kind of coarse cloth1 carves rather neatly in wood1 and works but little in iron4 ,his bearing is independent1 dignified1 respectful4 ,he is a trustworthy friend1 but a dangerous foe4 ,in my judgment the aboriginal inhabitants of ,borneo may be divided into four great tribes3 ,the ,kyans1 ,mongol ,dyaks1 ,land ,dyaks and ,sea ,dyaks4 ,this classification differs very widely from any hitherto proposed4,k ,the ,kyan tribe is numerically the greatest1 probably exceeding a quarter of a million4 ,they are less civilized than the other tribes1 are exceedingly warlike and aggressive4 ,they decapitate their slain enemies1 and keep the cleaned skulls as trophies4 ,the ,mongol ,dyaks inhabit northeastern ,borneo4 ,they have been greatly influenced by contact with the ,chinese1 with whom they have intermarried4 ,in appearance they resemble the other ,dyaks4 ,the ,land ,dyaks inhabit the country lying between the ,sadong ,river and the headwaters of the ,sambas1 extending southward to the ,kapurce1 and an unknown distance beyond4 ,they live inland1 and differ in certain customs from their neighbors1 the ,sea ,dyaks4 ,the ,land ,dyaks are the only people in ,borneo who burn their dead4 ,the warriors1 though brave1 are not fond of war for its own sake1 nor are they possessed with an insatiable desire for plunder1 as are the ,kyans1 and formerly the ,sea ,dyaks also4 ,their social customs closely resemble those of the ,sea ,dyaks4 ,the ,sea ,dyaks consist of seven clans1 and occupy all the territory between the ,rejang and ,sadong rivers1 from the sea-coast southward to the ,kapurce4 ,the ,sarawak government estimates their number at #ij1jjj1 and the ,land ,dyaks at #ce1jjj4 ,the color of a typical ,sea ,dyak is dark brown1 with a strong tinge of yellow4 ,his hair is long and of a glossy black1 and falls on his shoulders in graceful locks4 ,the ,dyaks are happy and contented4 ,their wants are few1 their diseases fewer1 and their crimes fewer still4 ,in hospitality1 human sympathy and charity1 they are not outranked by any people living1 as far as ,i know1 and their morals are as much superior to ours as our intelligence is beyond theirs4 ,if happiness is the goal of human existence1 the ,dyak is much nearer to it than we4 ,in this instance1 at least1 the highest civilization has not evolved the most perfect state of society4 ,is it possible that man reaches his highest moral development in a state of savagery8 ,is it then really true that as we increase in civilized intelligence1 our capacities and propensities for wickedness increase likewise1 and if so1 will this always be the case with mankind8 ,k ,for elaborate discussions of these tribes the reader must consult ,mr4 ,hornaday's book1 8,ten ,years in the ,jungle1 with ,rifle and ,knife10 which has been announced by its publishers1 ,messrs4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 as nearly ready for circulation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am here because ,god has sent me to do a work that no other being could do but myself4 ,had there not been room for me1 ,god had not made me4 ,had ,i not been needed in ,america1 ,god had not placed me in ,america4 ,had ,i not work in the nineteenth century1 ,i had not been born4''' ,i have a place--am sent of ,god on a mission1 and if ,i perform it ,god shall acknowledge that ,i have done ,his will4--,from ,sermons by ,bishop ,simpson4 ,,the ,,what-,,to-,,do ,,club4,l ,the ordinary village fails to get the best out of life4 ,a candid examination of average boys or girls of the town or country1 brought up without the influence of outside advantages1 too often reveals the fact that they are not1 in refinement1 in resources or in thought1 the equal of city young people4 ,there is a painful feeling that they are narrow4 ,indeed1 they feel this themselves1 and complain that they have 8no opportunities40 ,at the same time the narrow life does not shield them from temptation1 and there are almost as many young men in ,america going to ruin under the narrowing influences of country and town life as in the whirl of cities4 ,among women the influence is evident4 ,they are1 it is true1 largely free from the temptations of frivolity1 extravagance and dissipation1 but they are subject to temptations of no light weight4 ,their few interests lead them to gossiping1 prying and criticising4 ,lines of class distinction are drawn so painfully tight that their lives become narrow in sympathies and associations4 ,very largely they lack independence of spirit to help them dare untried lines of conduct4 ,many of our ,american villages and 8corners0 are the most trying places in the land in which to live4 ,few dare to try improvements1 enthusiasm meets little or no response1 ideas travel slowly4 ,village life looks ideal to one wearied by the rush and wickedness of a city1 but there is in it a peculiarly benumbing influence which is all the more difficult to contend against because so silent in its action4 ,yet there are two of the best conditions for high living in the surroundings of town and country4 ,there are leisure and quiet4 ,anything which will impregnate this rare life with enthusiasm and energy will furnish the happiest conditions for noble action and steady growth4 ,it is not an easy problem for a reformer in such a locality1 but we believe ,mrs4 ,campbell in her 8,what-to-do ,club0 offers a solution which will rarely fail among girls and women4 8,the ,what-to-do ,club0 is an unpretending story1 but it has a practical grip on this question4 ,it introduces us to a dozen or more village girls of varying ranks4 ,one has had superior opportunities2 another exceptional training2 two or three have been 8away to school20 some are farmers' daughters2 there is a teacher1 two or three poor self-supporters--in fact1 about such an assemblage as any town between ,new ,york and ,chicago might give us4 ,but while there is a large enough company to furnish a delightful coterie1 there is absolutely no social life among them4 ,the differences in their opportunities they have exaggerated until they feel that their interests are as unlike as those of ,fijis and ,bostonians4 ,they look at each other with curiosity merely1 and all of them are bored by the dullness of their lives4 ,mrs4 ,campbell puts a wise woman into their midst4 ,this woman's experience has taught her that the barrier between women of different sets is largely their ignorance of each other1 their belief that they have nothing in common4 ,she finds something in common for these girls4 ,by a little tact1 exerted at a village gathering1 she interests them in herself4 ,a second stroke of policy finds them gathered in her parlor and she clinches her work by giving them an insight into practical employments--not pleasures1 mind you--but work1 for women at home4 ,the interest excited quickens them all4 ,they become alert1 capable1 quick-witted1 and suddenly see in each other much of which they had never before dreamed4 ,the false barriers between women invariably fall before a common interest4 ,show them how strangely their minds and lives are alike and the sympathy of similarity makes friends of them4 ,so the girls of the 8,what-to-do ,club0 found1 at any rate4 ,their meetings became voyages of discovery4 ,their discoveries were ,el ,dorados to many a one of their number perplexed by the want of pin-money1 or worse still1 of bread-money4 ,simple1 practical1 at-home occupations for leisure hours was the first study1 and it is marvelous what a number they found4 ,one young lady undertakes strawberry culture1 and in a single season clears1 off a quarter of an acre1 #aed4fe4 ,better still1 her vigorous out-of-door life transforms a pair of pale1 hollow cheeks until they are rosy and plump1 and awakens healthful interest which soon makes a happy heart out of a very discontented one4 ,a half acre put into small fruits1 currants1 raspberries and blackberries1 opens the way for an active young philanthropist to start a fund for a future kindergarten for her father's employs4 ,it does more4 ,it opens the young lady's eyes to the dignity of work1 puts a bond of sympathy between her and the people who work for her1 and strengthens the common sense of her whole family4 ,our strawberry girl tries poultry and finds it the most delightful of employments4 ,it pays her1 too1 one season's work yielding a clear profit of #hf4ef on an expenditure of #gc4dj4 ,bees1 with their fascinating history1 their exciting family affairs1 their industrious honey making1 and their clear1 unfailing profit came in for one young ,busybody's attention1 and in a single season this young merchant clears #aac4id4 ,one girl tries silk worms and sends to the club this report of her summer's work3 ,one ounce of eggs #e #jj ,fixtures for cocoonery #e #jj ------ #aj #jj #cf pounds stifled cocoons at #a per pound #cf #jj ------ ,profit #bf #jj ,one of the best discoveries which the club makes is of the possibilities in fruit canning1 jelly making1 and1 best of all1 fruit evaporating4 ,like 8,dorothy0 of the 8club10 when we read of the wonders of the latter we burned to 8live in an orchard and evaporate everything that grows40 ,how wonderful it seemed to these girls to whom fruit preserving had been bounded by the limits of the fruit closet and the demands of the table1 to put up jelly for market1 to 8take in0 canning for people too busy to do their own1 to dry fruit in that wonderful evaporator1 which would sell in any market in the country4 ,it is not strange that these new ideas put into their lives new possibilities4 ,it showed them that there was something to do at home1 something which was more than a paying employment4 ,for these out-of-door interests are more4 ,they are health-giving1 awakening pursuits4 ,the girl that engages in such enterprises wins more than a few dollars2 she cultivates the business faculty and arouses a dormant independence which makes a new creature out of her4 ,this new interest in the lives of ,mrs4 ,campbell's girls gave them an interest1 at first in purely money making enterprises1 but it soon knit them into friends4 ,their friendship spread until they found themselves reading1 studying1 planning1 as one body4 ,the influence in the story energizes the community4 ,it is1 perhaps1 quite possible that in a real club we might meet with more discouragements1 but it is impossible that we fail entirely4 ,town and country need more improving1 enthusiastic work to redeem them from barrenness and indolence4 ,our girls need a chance to do independent work1 to study practical business1 to fill their minds with other thoughts than the petty doings of neighbors4 ,a ,what-to-do ,club is one step toward higher village life4 ,it is one step toward disinfecting a neighborhood of the poisonous gossip which floats like a pestilence around localities which ought to furnish the most desirable homes in our country4 ,l ,the ,what-to-do ,club4 ,a ,story for ,girls4 ,by ,helen ,campbell4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahhe4 ,,criticisms4 ,,by ,,chancellor ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4,d4 ,the 8,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle10 with the general ,chautauqua movement1 has had its share of criticism4 ,its advantages have been pointed out1 and sometimes magnified4 ,its managers have had their attention called to the dangers and defects of the system4 ,personally1 ,i enjoy adverse criticism and the practical counsel which it has brought quite as much as words of praise1 for praise may paralyze effort1 while the goad of the critic is likely to stimulate both ingenuity and resolution4 ,the members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 have from the beginning been encouraged to express freely to the ,superintendent of ,instruction their dissatisfaction with either text-books or methods4 ,as a result of this freedom1 vigilance has been promoted1 and many improvements have been from time to time introduced4 ,the aims of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 are unique4 ,the provision of text-books precisely adapted to these unique aims has been one of the ever-present problems4 ,if our readers were children in the school room1 and daily recitations were practicable1 it would be easy to find suitable text-books on every subject in the curriculum4 ,if these readers were chiefly high school or college graduates desiring advanced courses of reading1 it would be comparatively easy to provide standard works written by specialists for specialists1 and assuming on every page a large measure of knowledge already possessed by the reader4 ,if it were the aim of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 to study one subject at a time1 and that for a long time1 exhaustively1 from its alphabet to its 8last word10 it would not be difficult to find numerous text-books on that subject adapted to every variety of capacity and attainment4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 is not1 however1 designed for school children1 nor for advanced readers1 nor for specialists4 ,it has enrolled but few names of members under eighteen years of age4 ,its members are 8out of school40 ,it rejoices in thousands of college graduates1 but these take up its readings not for advanced study as post-graduates1 but to review under favorable conditions the scholastic studies of former years1 and in some cases1 perchance1 to make amends for carelessness and superficiality during those years of unappreciated opportunity4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 is therefore a 8school of reading at home0 for college graduates who desire1 whatever the motive1 to review the college course1 and for people who1 having been deprived of early educational opportunity1 desire by a general course of reading to place themselves in sympathy with the school and college world2 to know something of the educational courses now being pursued by their children2 to test their own powers by a survey of the varied field of letters1 and thus by our four years' superficial course of reading prepare for special studies further on4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 aims to provide1 therefore1 first for the four years' general course1 and afterward for the special studies4 ,the scope of the four years' course is the usual college curriculum4 ,with this aim we began4 ,to this aim we adhere4 ,the success of the scheme in promoting intellectual quickening and activity has been attested by thousands who have tried it for several years4 ,here lies the chief cause of our embarrassment4 ,it is difficult to provide books precisely adapted to the needs of our peculiar constituency4 ,the ,superintendent of ,instruction and the ,counselors have felt this from the beginning4 ,heavy and elaborate books discourage a class which we are anxious to lure into the love of literature4 ,books too much abridged fail to satisfy more mature minds4 ,old books may be behind the times1 or1 although acknowledged to be standards1 may not for the reasons above given be fully adapted to our readers4 ,as for new books--every one knows how hard it is to secure them1 and how easily a flippant criticism may destroy the confidence of the uninitiated in them4 ,notwithstanding these embarrassments we have tried to do our best1 providing old books where the council could agree upon them1 and new books where they seemed to be absolutely necessary4 ,it is not to be expected that any book1 especially any new book1 will meet with universal approval4 ,as for criticism--well1 who knoweth the ways of critics with the new books6 ,did not ,samuel ,taylor ,coleridge say of ,burke's essay on 8,the ,sublime and the ,beautiful10 8,it seems to me a poor thing80 ,did not ,horace ,walpole call ,goldsmith 8an inspired idiot80 ,did not ,dr4 ,johnson pronounce ,fielding a 8blockhead80 ,does not ,hume affirm that 8no page of ,shakspere is without glaring faults80 ,was not the manuscript of ,thackeray's 8,vanity ,fair0 rejected because the critic to whom it was submitted pronounced it 8without interest80 ,some books of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 have excited unfavorable criticism--religious books by those who do not care to read religious books at all1 and think it an impertinence to obtrude them upon the general reader2 certain scientific books because 8not up to the times10 or the critic being himself a scientific specialist is certain that the views of our specialist are 8unsound40 ,concerning one of the books on the list1 a correspondent says3 8,it is useless--worse than useless2 it is harmful4 ,its style is involved1 obscure1 bombastic1 florid1 #8highfalutin'1' diffuse1 disfigured by straining after effect1 by the effort for fine writing1 and by many evil features carefully to be avoided40 ,i do not quote the above as a specimen of classic ,english1 but as indicating the temper of the writer1 whose letter is accompanied by nineteen manuscript pages of closely written criticisms upon the condemned volume4 ,concerning this same book1 a high authority in ,english to whom it was submitted1 has said3 8,it is a clear1 compact1 and readable statement of the laws and principles of speech40 ,a ,boston writer of ability had said3 8,this little volume is the very best text-book for any one desiring to perfect himself in the laws and principles of speech4 ,it is grammar1 rhetoric and composition combined1 and is doubly worth its price40 ,a ,philadelphia critic had said3 8,a better treatise could not be placed in the hands of a student who has not been initiated into the intricacies which make prose composition an intolerable bore to the young40 ,other and equally strong commendations of this book might be quoted1 commendations which were received from trustworthy authorities before it was placed on our list4 ,i submitted the volume to one of the best literary critics in the country1 who called attention to some errors which needed correction4 ,owing to the illness of the author1 or for some other reason1 his attention was not called to the corrections required1 and therefore numerous minor defects1 which would have been carefully remedied by its competent and scholarly author1 appeared in the new edition4 ,dr4 ,johnson made six thousand alterations in the second edition of 8,the ,rambler40 ,but for the oversight1 for which ,i fear ,i must acknowledge myself responsible1 the volume under consideration would have been thoroughly revised4 ,many local circles have as leaders men of literary ability and scholarship who1 prepared for such wise service by the humility which comes from years of educational experience1 have pointed out these defects1 at the same time fairly representing the true value of the book1 and putting emphasis upon its admirable instructions which1 by hyper-criticism1 may have been lost sight of4 ,concerning another book on the course1 a critic says3 8,as a close student of the classics for years past1 ,i must say that ,i think there is very little scholarship displayed or employed in ,prof4 ,wilkinson's work on ,greek literature4''' ,further1 the arrangement is senseless1 even harmful4 ,literature is a growth1 and largely the reflex of the people's life and thought4 ,it must then be treated historically1 and not in the topsy-turvy fashion of ,prof4 ,wilkinson40 ,the same writer proposed another series of works on ancient ,greek literature1 as a substitute for the two volumes of ,prof4 ,wilkinson4 ,the series he proposed1 however1 contained an amount of matter which would prove utterly discouraging to our readers and which would cost ten times as much as the more condensed work of ,dr4 ,wilkinson4 ,besides all this1 the work of ,dr4 ,wilkinson meets the object of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,when one gets into the world of criticism1 he finds himself among 8doctors0 who 8disagree40 ,i have quoted one view of ,dr4 ,wilkinson's text-books1 presented by our unknown critic4 ,now for another4 ,dr4 ,howard ,crosby1 of ,new ,york1 a most finished scholar and close critic1 and a judge of both ,english and ,greek literature1 says3 8,dr4 ,wilkinson's ,greek course is clear1 attractive1 judicious in its treatment of the subject1 and fills a valuable place in literature40 ,of the second volume1 the same scholar says3 8,the new volume is thoroughly attractive4 ,it is fully up to the high standard of the other40 ,such commendation as this sustained our earliest judgment of the works in question4 ,prof4 ,frieze1 of the ,latin ,department of the ,university of ,michigan1 says3 8,i have not yet seen the #8,preparatory ,latin ,course in ,english1' though ,i was favored with a copy of the ,greek4 ,i have only to say that if the ,latin equals the ,greek it can not fail to be a contribution to classical culture both for classical and ,english scholars1 of very great value4 ,i have been delighted with a perusal of ,prof4 ,wilkinson's critical notices1 his own translations1 and his selections of the translations of others1 and ,i sincerely congratulate him on the admirable style in which he has presented the matter1 as well as the character of the matter itself1 and the plan of the whole work40 ,prof4 ,a4 ,c4 ,kendrick1 ,d4,d41 head of the ,department of ,greek in the ,university of ,rochester1 says3 8,the plan of the work is quite unique1 yet certainly adapted to the wants of a large and increasing class of young persons in our country4 ,its execution seems to me very felicitous2 it is marked by the taste and scholarship which were to be expected from its accomplished author40 ,dr4 ,alvah ,hovey1 ,president of the ,theological ,institution1 writes to ,dr4 ,wilkinson3 8,in these latter days ,i do not often read a volume through from beginning to end without omitting a chapter1 paragraph1 or sentence4 ,but ,i have read in this way your #8,preparatory ,greek ,course1' simply because it is so instructive and captivating a volume that ,i could not persuade myself to pass over any word of it unread40 ,the ,rev4 ,a4 ,p4 ,peabody1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 late of ,harvard ,university1 writes3 8,i have looked through ,mr4 ,wilkinson's #8,preparatory ,greek ,course in ,english1' and am prepared to give it my warmest commendation4 ,it supplies a need which is more and more felt from year to year1 for two reasons1 one for which ,i rejoice1 the higher standard of culture that prevails in society at large2 the other1 inevitable1 yet to me a subject of regret1 the diminishing disposition on the part of well-educated people to study the classical languages40 ,the ,boston ,watchman adds to such commendations as the above the following testimony3 8,the plan is an ingenious one1 and is carried out with spirit4 ,it need not be said that the fine literary taste and critical acumen of ,prof4 ,wilkinson are shown to much advantage4 ,only by a fair trial can the practical worth of such a series be proved4 ,we have found pleasure in reading the volume40 ,in suggesting to ,dr4 ,wilkinson the idea of this 8,after-school ,series10 ,i requested him3 #a4 ,to give in two volumes the substance of what the college boy in his preparatory and college course would learn of ,greek literature--not the language1 but the literature2 #b4 ,to put into his books as far as possible the method and spirit of the college recitation room1 discussing collateral topics1 introducing biographical and classical incidents1 and employing illustrations from modern life and literature2 to put his individuality into the work1 so that teacher and pupils might be brought into friendly relations1 and thus something of the animation and enthusiasm of the recitation room be enjoyed by solitary students4 ,it is ,dr4 ,wilkinson's attempt to realize this idea that produces the impression upon one critic of the 8uninstructive chattiness0 of the author4 ,to a man who has just spent eight years in the study of the classics1 and who makes them a specialty1 there may be some things in ,dr4 ,wilkinson's book which are not instructive2 to people for whom the book was written1 there is not an uninstructive page in the book4 ,perfection in the recitation room may not be possible4 ,qualities in the viva voce teacher which attract and delight and benefit one student may not so favorably impress1 and may sometimes almost annoy1 another4 ,a member of the ,circle writes 7in reference1 no doubt1 to ,dr4 ,wilkinson's book73 8,one author frequently converses1 as it were1 with the reader1 telling him in a friendly way of the many things he will relate after a while4''' ,the book has caused the ,circle to be ridiculed1 and ,i could not think it was not without cause40 ,i can readily see how a college graduate1 just released from the recitation room1 with lofty ideals of scholarship1 and with really a vast amount of knowledge1 might depreciate with a tone of contempt such a work as that of ,dr4 ,wilkinson4 ,i can see1 too1 how that smile of contempt from a scholar with local reputation might annoy and afflict less cultivated people belonging to a local circle who1 devoted to an institution1 are anxious that it and its text-books should receive the commendation of cultivated men4 ,just such commendation ,dr4 ,wilkinson's books have received4 ,there may be now and then a slight tone of 8chattiness40 ,there may be too frequent 8forecasting of plan and purpose10 but on the whole the ,professor's work is admirably done1 and has received the unqualified approval of our best students1 men and women of the highest culture1 eminent professors of ,greek and ,latin who fully understand and appreciate the aim of the author4 ,i can assure my correspondent that there is nothing in ,dr4 ,wilkinson's books to cause the ,circle or the books to be 8ridiculed0 by any true scholar4 ,a recent university graduate1 and ,i have no doubt a brilliant scholar1 writes3 8,i wonder if it is safe to hint that1 while the ,chautauqua ,idea is a noble and praiseworthy one1 it is possible that the working out of the ,idea may be defective8''' ,when the members of the ,circle read so faithfully the works prescribed1 giving in many cases time that can ill be spared1 it is but just that the very best should be given them to study1 that alone will be of profit to the members1 and help them to grow40 ,the same writer pleads for 8vigorous supervision by scholars and authorities on the respective subjects as the only thing that will enable the ,chautauqua ,idea to be carried out in a way that will help1 and make them better and stronger in thought and life40 ,this sentiment meets my heartiest approval4 ,indefatigably and conscientiously have the ,superintendent of ,instruction and the ,counselors sought to do this very work for the readers who seek their direction4 ,it would surprise our friends to examine our budget of criticisms pro and con1 from all classes of people2 from public school teachers1 college professors1 ministers1 post-graduates1 classicists1 scientists1 so called 8self-made men10 and people who1 professing to know almost nothing1 seek advice and offer counsel4 ,we have diligently sought to profit by the things which have been said4 ,our readers must see the difficulties which encompass us2 the wide diversity of opinion concerning certain books1 and the impossibility of securing works which will receive universal approval4 ,there are persons who do not believe in popular education at all4 ,a recent correspondent1 a man of immense wealth1 wrote3 8,mechanics and sewing women should confine themselves to industrial education1 and not aspire to the knowledge of literature and art40 ,would it be possible to produce works on literature and art for the people which a man of that type could approve8 ,an author of some pretensions1 without much reputation in literary lines1 tried to place a work of his own on the list of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 in lieu of one on the same subject already adopted4 ,failing to win a place for his own1 he proceeded in another book savagely to criticise the preferred volume4 ,would it be possible for this disappointed author to approve any book on his specialty that might be placed upon our course8 ,a certain youthful professor in an ,american college sneered at the idea of anybody enjoying the poetry of ,homer or of ,virgil unless he could read it in the original4 ,would it be possible for this literary fop to appreciate the books which seek to present the best thoughts of the old authors in classic ,english8 ,dear fellow-student3 ,feel free to offer criticisms which may be helpful to the ,board of ,counsel4 ,we do not modify our policy for every criticism received4 ,but we weigh conscientiously and carefully all that is said in favor of or against the prescribed books4 ,from year to year our course has been modified4 ,i stand ready at all times to accept the best books2 to abandon the best we have for anything better that may be placed within our reach4 ,and as our experience broadens1 helpful criticisms multiply1 and authors understand our peculiar needs1 we shall approach more and more nearly to the ideals which now shine above us4 ,do not1 ,i beseech you1 fail to protest against false1 querulous and impertinent criticisms1 and against that hyper-criticism which delights in nothing so much as in pointing out faults and defects1 losing sight of the great things in excessive eagerness to detect slight inaccuracies4 ,remember that no book is placed upon the course that does not have the personal approval of the best critics1 and remember1 moreover1 that it will never be possible to provide a book which is above criticism4 ,as one of our ,counselors writes3 8,good books have always been criticised upon some points adversely4 ,plato freely criticises ,homer4 ,quintilian criticises ,cicero4 ,cicero criticises ,demosthenes4 ,addison criticises ,milton4 ,and in each instance no doubt real faults were pointed out4 ,the most enlightened ,french critics used to pooh-pooh ,shakspere4 ,they did likewise with ,dante40 ,college students1 with all their admiration for the professors under whom they moved through four years of study1 have some foibles and defects to report and laugh at2 but on the whole they honor the men who made them and led them4 ,the authors of our text-books are our professors4 ,on the whole they have done their work well4 ,it is proper to note their faults and avoid them1 but in defending them1 and in being proud of them1 and in rejoicing in the course of reading which they have provided1 we have the endorsement of wise1 scholarly and experienced educators4 ,finally1 let us learn the characteristics of the true critic1 and according to the measure of our ability let us seek to possess them3 8,a critic must have breadth1 accuracy1 sympathy1 reverence1 and love4 ,he must have no partialities1 and no aversions4 ,he must not be captious1 but just40 ,,outline ,,and ,,programs4 ,,outline ,,of ,,required ,,readings ,,for ,,june4 ,first ,week 7ending ,june #h74--a4 8,the ,mechanism of ,english10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #b4 ,sunday ,readings for ,june #g1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,week 7ending ,june #ae74--a4 8,easy ,lessons in ,animal ,biology10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #b4 ,sunday ,readings for ,june #ad1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,third ,week 7ending ,june #bb74--a4 8,home ,studies in ,chemistry10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #b4 ,sunday ,readings for ,june #ba1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fourth ,week 7ending ,june #cj74--a4 8,the ,heart ,busy with ,things ,about ,us10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 #b4 ,sunday ,readings for ,june #bh1 in ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,,programs ,,for ,,local ,,circle ,,work4 ,,first ,,week ,,in ,,june4 #a4 ,a ,review ,lesson--,the ,history of ,alexander4 #b4 ,selection--8,the ,prayer of ,agassiz40 ,by ,whittier4 #c4 ,reading--,story of 8,perseus40 ,from 8,the ,heroes40 ,by ,charles ,kingsley4 ,see 8,talk ,about ,books10 in ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,may1 #ahhe2 also poem in present number4 ,music4 #d4 ,conversazione--,the ,cause of the ,trouble between ,england and ,russia4 #e4 ,selection--8,davie2 an ,epistle to a ,brother ,poet40 ,by ,burns4 #f4 ,critic's ,report4 ,,second ,,week ,,in ,,june4 #a4 ,selection--,alcibiades4 ,from 8,plutarch's ,lives10 or from 8,the ,young ,folks' ,plutarch40 #b4 ,a ,paper on ,our ,local ,birds4 #c4 ,recitation--8,pegasus in ,pound40 ,by ,longfellow4 ,music4 #d4 ,essay--,alchemy4 ,beside giving definition and history1 allusion might be made to its introduction into fiction4 ,see ,goethe's 8,faust10 ,scott's 8,kenilworth0 and 8,antiquary10 ,bulwer's 8,last ,days of ,pompeii10 ,hawthorne's 8,birth ,mark10 ,hoffman's 8,sand ,man0 in 8,weird ,tales10 and many other works which these will suggest4 #e4 ,a ,general ,talk on the ,rebellion in the ,canadian ,provinces4 #f4 ,a ,paper on ,richard ,grant ,white4 ,,third ,,week ,,in ,,june4--,,monthly ,,parlor ,,meeting4 ,music4 #a4 ,a ,paper on the ,practical ,education of ,american ,girls4 #b4 ,a ,character ,sketch--,louis ,agassiz4 ,music4 #c4 ,selection--8,the ,tragedy of the ,night ,moth40 ,by ,carlyle4 #d4 ,a ,sketch of 8,edie ,ochiltre10 the ,beggar in ,scott's 8,antiquary40 ,music4 #e4 ,essay--,the ,parthenon2 its ,history1 ,description1 and ,scattered ,remains4 #f4 ,a ,talk on ,alaska4 ,music4 ,,fourth ,,week ,,in ,,june4--,,closing ,,evening4 #a4 ,a ,report ,presenting a ,summary of the ,year's ,work4 #b4 ,selection--8,song of the ,greeks40 ,by ,thomas ,campbell4 ,music4 #c4 ,essay--,science and ,art in ,housekeeping4 #d4 ,recitation--,the ,dinner ,hour4 ,from 8,lucille10 ,part ,i41 ,canto ,,ii41 #bc;d and #bdth stanzas4 ,music4 #e4 ,a ,paper on ,schliemann's ,researches in ,troy4 #f4 ,a ,half-hour ,good-by ,social4 ,the following suggestions are also offered for the closing exercises3 ,a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 banquet followed by toasts4 ,a luncheon party and charades4 ,readings connected with any part of the year's work1 illustrated by tableaux4 ,an evening of games1 such as 8,characters0 or 8,twenty ,questions10 in which one of the company selects a character or an object1 and is then to be questioned by all the rest until they find out what he has in mind4 ,the questions must be asked in such a way that the reply can be 8yes10 8no10 or 8,i don't know40 ,the company who can not guess rightly before the twentieth question is to be considered dull4 8,throwing ,light0 is also interesting4 ,one of the party begins to tell a story1 concealing all names4 ,when any one thinks he knows what it is about he raises his hand1 takes up the story1 and goes on with it until a third is enlightened and proceeds with the narrative1 and so on until it is evident to all in the room4 ,,local ,,circles4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,mottoes4 8,we ,study the ,word and the ,works of ,god40--8,let us keep our ,heavenly ,father in the ,midst40--8,never be ,discouraged40 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,memorial ,,days4 #a4 ,,opening ,,day--,october #a4 #b4 ,,bryant ,,day--,november #c4 #c4 ,,special ,,sunday--,november1 second ,sunday4 #d4 ,,milton ,,day--,december #i4 #e4 ,,college ,,day--,january1 last ,thursday4 #f4 ,,special ,,sunday--,february1 second ,sunday4 #g4 ,,founder',s ,,day--,february #bc4 #h4 ,,longfellow ,,day--,february #bg4 #i4 ,,shakspere ,,day--,april #bc4 #aj4 ,,addison ,,day--,may #a4 #aa4 ,,special ,,sunday--,may1 second ,sunday4 #ab4 ,,special ,,sunday--,july1 second ,sunday4 #ac4 ,,inauguration ,,day--,august1 first ,saturday after first ,tuesday2 anniversary of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 at ,chautauqua4 #ad4 ,,st4 ,,paul',s ,,day--,august1 second ,saturday after first ,tuesday2 anniversary of the dedication of ,st4 ,paul's ,grove at ,chautauqua4 #ae4 ,,commencement ,,day--,august1 third ,tuesday4 #af4 ,,garfield ,,day--,september #ai4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the great value in doing solid reading is that it enhances the value of all other experience4 ,a member of the class of '#hg1 writing from ,,rome1 ,,italy1 says3 8,i think the course for this year particularly interesting1 especially for our party1 which is to spend the spring months among the ruins of that noble capital1 ,athens40 ,the reading our friend has been doing has recommended itself to her foreign friends1 who have made many inquiries about the course of reading1 even wishing to be enrolled as members of our great ,circle4 ,the teacher over seas1 like the tourist1 finds benefit in the work4 ,a member of the class of '#hc1 writing from ,,bulgaria1 says3 8,the time from six to seven in the morning is all that ,i can spare from my other work1 but it makes the day brighter to begin it in this way1 and so ,i read and study and think1 and get charming glimpses of home circles4 ,next year ,i mean to have a circle here1 and hope to know enough of the language to put some of the best things into ,bulgarian40 ,on the home side of the ,atlantic1 circle life seems to be vigorous and growing4 ,the organizations of past years hold to the work1 and many new fields are opened monthly4 ,at ,,brockville1 ,,ontario1 the 8,island ,city0 branch of thirteen members was organized last ,october4 ,a simple but very effective method of work has been followed1 that of appointing examiners on each subject1 different members being appointed from time to time1 so that all may be kept interested4 ,they have had for president a college graduate to help them over tough places in their classics1 and a practical chemist is proving the marvels of chemistry to them4 ,,liverpool1 ,,nova ,,scotia1 sends an encouraging word of the progress of their circle1 formed in #ahhc1 and now boasting twelve active members4 ,the plan for the evening's work in this circle is very good4 ,introductory exercises of prayer1 minutes of last meeting1 roll call1 responded to by quotations1 and a select reading1 precede the evening drill1 which is an informal conversation on one or more of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 studies1 conducted by a leader4----,we quite agree with our friend at ,,niagara1 who thinks that ,chautauquans ought to know that there are other places in ,,ontario beside ,toronto where circles are doing good work1 and that their town is one of them4 ,if all the ,ontario towns have as bright and brave circles as ,niagara1 we most certainly hope we shall hear from them4 8,in ,december1 #ahhb10 so their history runs1 8we formed a triangle1 with angles of various degrees of acuteness or obtuseness1 but did not commence work till ,january1 and being three months behind time we found the work rather heavy1 but in proof of our zeal can report that not one of us that year ever missed any of our fortnightly meetings4 ,in ,october1 #ahhc1 we were joined by another member1 not less acute1 and #8stood four-square to all the winds that blow4' ,we expected to form a real circle1 with all our angularities smoothed off1 but find ourselves this year with the original three1 but from sickness and other reasons have had our meetings sadly broken in upon1 so that we need to use our motto1 #8,never be discouraged4' ,so far we have all enjoyed the work4 ,we all lead busy lives1 without our ,chautauqua studies1 but we hope that they will give to our lives sweetness and strength1 and breadth and power4 ,many of us have done more reading each year than the course1 but then such reading is apt to be desultory1 and the fact of studying with others gives greater interest4 ,we have generally kept the memorial days1 and we all hope to visit ,chautauqua some time40 ,a step has been taken in western ,,maine to form a ,chautauqua association4 ,,auburn1 ,,lewistown and adjoining towns have many members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,in ,march a meeting was held in ,auburn1 and after a banquet a motion was passed providing for an associated circle of all the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4s of ,western ,maine4 ,true to the ,chautauqua instinct1 they are going to have a summer meeting4 ,,maranocook is the chosen place1 and ,june is the time4 ,western ,maine ,chautauquans have the hearty good wishes of us all for a delightful summer session4 ,at their ,march meeting1 these friends passed a just and appreciative resolution of gratitude to ,chancellor ,vincent for the happy thought that conceived the ,chautauqua ,idea1 and the untiring and well directed zeal that has made it so efficient4----,at ,,woodfords1 ,,maine1 the 8,arlington0 circle of fourteen members held twenty-five meetings during the winter4 ,such zealous work justifies their claim that they possess the 8enchanted number0 for a circle4 ,the ,arlington proposes a parlor entertainment for a near day4 ,,greenland ,n4 ,h4 has two very strong ,chautauqua organizations1 the 8,baketel0 circle and the 8,spare ,minute ,class40 ,founder's ,day was celebrated with great clat by these warm admirers of ,chancellor ,vincent4 ,a public meeting was held in the town hall1 with exercises of song1 recitation1 reading and tableaux4 ,the last tableau was so characteristic it deserves a description4 ,it was 8,the ,chautauquans at ,home10 and represented the entire local circle and spare minute class at work4 ,one was rocking the cradle and reading1 another was at the ironing table with an open book1 and several were sewing and studying at the same time4 ,a happy close to the evening was a presentation to the honored president of the circle1 the ,rev4 ,o4 ,s4 ,baketel1 of an elegant easy chair4 ,among the senior circles it is pleasant to be able to count in that of ,,north ,,groton1 ,n4 ,h4 ,the secretary says3 8,the #8,angle' has kept silent since #ahhb1 thinking that only two was a small number to report as a local circle1 yet all this time we have met at every opportunity1 for reading and questioning4 ,we had long wished for guidance in home study1 and the #8course' was eagerly taken as soon as heard of4 ,this year two earnest '#hhs have joined us4 ,with us #8,chautauqua has come to stay4' #8,for1' as ,dr4 ,vincent said at ,framingham1 #8goals yet grander wait our winning on the mountains by and by4'0 ,and now we have a nautical circle4 ,the first mate1 so we imagine1 has sent us notes from the log-book1 running over their whole course4 ,perhaps their sailing may guide another crew3 8,we have read in ,,the ,,chautauquan1 from month to month1 many interesting reports from local circles1 which have been like fresh breezes to our own sails4 ,one would judge from reading that success was stamped upon all methods of circle work4 ,we have thought sometimes that a part of the unwritten history of such work might be helpful4 ,we suspect that--way back in the annals--some things were undertaken that did not turn out just right1 and a few chapters from out that experience might save many a small boat from going to pieces in dangerous waters4 ,in general1 the #8,vincent' circle1 of ,,west ,,brattleboro1 ,,vermont1 has had fair sailing from port to port1 set down on the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 line of travel4 ,four years ago a few of us began floating1 not knowing enough ourselves of whither we were bound1 to give a general invitation for #8all aboard4' ,at last1 reinforced1 we tried to go in two separate boats1 which kept just near enough together1 and just far enough apart1 to render such a division of the crew unnecessary1 to say the least4 ,one year we failed to set sail soon enough1 and came in late at every port4 ,this year we make one crew1 under one efficient captain1 a few only compelled by circumstances1 or preferring to go in their own little skiffs4 ,october #a1 #ahhd1 we set sail1 and made directly for the shores of ,greece4 ,landing under the direction of two well chosen generals1 we scattered to spy out the land1 bringing in such reports as we were able1 at the time appointed4 ,on the evening of ,november #c;d we gathered to do reverence to the memory of one who had wished us #8,godspeed4' ,about that time experiments in chemistry furnished us with illumination4 ,since the observance of that memorial day1 we have known that we were still landed upon the shores of ,greece1 but reports concerning the country and its people1 past and present1 have been few1 for finding ourselves in danger of forgetting1 rather never having known1 our #8mother tongue1' we have spent some time in practice of the #8art of speech1' and1 loyal to our native land1 we have observed some of its festivals1 and repeated to each other words from those we all delight to honor40 ,for faithful work few circles can exceed that in ,,franklin1 ,,mass4 ,the circle numbers sixty-six members1 nineteen of them being of the class of '#hh4 ,meetings are held fortnightly4 ,not one regular meeting has been omitted since ,october #a1 #ahhc4 ,the president1 although pastor of a large church1 has been absent but five times since the circle was formed--,november1 #ahhb4 ,the work done at these meetings is solid review of past readings4 8,founder's ,day0 was observed by accepting an invitation from the 8,star0 circle1 ,,foxboro1 ,,mass41 to visit them and engage in a 8,question ,match0 on ,greek ,history1 after which a bountiful collation was served1 and a social time enjoyed by all4 ,each heart felt grateful to ,chancellor ,vincent for the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4----,at ,,rockport1 ,,mass41 the circle has fallen from fifteen to five1 but the five faithful seem to enjoy their work too well to need any commiserating4 ,they are so interested in their studies they actually don't realize they have grown smaller--a method of taking things which removes the stings from all falls in fortune4 ,the 8,granite0 circle turns each alternate meeting into a ,round-,table1 and finds that the plan works capitally4 ,the circle is anticipating the pleasure of going in a body to ,framingham ,assembly this summer4 ,,massachusetts is the banner ,state again4 ,at ,,cochesett twenty-four members form a circle of 8,plymouth ,rocks40 ,the ,longfellow memorial was their first experience with special days2 a successful experiment1 too1 we judge1 for they have decided to continue the plan for the remainder of the year4 ,cochesett is an ,assembly offspring--a child of ,framingham1 which gave the first interest to its zealous founder4----,the 8,philomaths10 of ,,new ,,bedford1 send greetings to all our fraternity4 ,since their reorganization in ,october the circle has resolved itself into groups of six or seven1 which hold weekly round-tables for thorough study4----,it is wonderful what enormous interest some circles get on their investments4 ,here is the 8,bryant10 of ,,worcester1 ,,mass41 actually making #ajj per cent4 in less than two years4 ,in the fall of #ahhc they began with twenty members1 to-day they number forty4 ,is it far-fetched to attribute something of their success to the 8question basket10 which forms an important part of their program8----,the 8,alphas10 thirty-two in number1 of ,,attleborough1 send us some capital hints for our programs4 ,at a ,greek evening recently1 ten of their number were selected to give brief descriptions of ,greek heroes--the rest of the company guessed the hero described4 ,a half hour was also spent at the ,mardigras1 and a friend1 fresh from the carnival scenes1 described his experiences among the merry masqueraders4 ,at an hour of electrical experiments a very happy device was exhibited recently before the circle4 ,the electricity played over tin-foil1 with grooves an eighth of an inch apart1 and through a stencil-like arrangement showed to the surprise of the circle the illuminated letters1 8,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c40----,the ,saturday ,union1 of ,,lynn1 ,,mass41 is doing most effective work for the ,chautauquans of its vicinity1 and a strong body of workers it has to serve4 ,by a late issue we notice that there are in the city six circles1 and the list of ,chautauquans1 which appears with their residences in the same paper1 includes #aad names4 ,this 8goodly companie0 has given a course of lectures this winter2 the seventh in the course was on 8,electricity0--and by a lady who1 we are happy to say1 illustrated her talk by apparatus of her own making4 ,our ,chautauqua women6 ,how proud we are growing of their ability1 their pluck1 their womanliness6----,,north ,,brookfield',s circle has recently been favored by a poem on 8,the ,chautauqua ,idea10 also by a woman4----,it would be unjust to allow a mistake1 which found its way into last month's 8,local ,circles10 to go uncorrected4 ,at the ,longfellow celebration held by the ,chautauquans of ,boston and vicinity1 there were five hundred instead of fifty persons present4 ,the treasurer of the 8,hall on the ,hill0 to be erected at ,framingham this year1 paid a well deserved compliment to the 8,clio0 circle1 of ,,providence1 ,r4 ,i41 when he said that he wished there were more circles like the 8,clio40 ,these energetic friends took ,chancellor ,vincent at his word last summer1 when he promised to lecture for any circle which would pledge #bjj to the 8,hall on the ,hill40 ,they raised the money1 had their lecture1 and are satisfied4 ,their hard work seems to have only whetted their intellectual appetites1 for they have had a long list of brilliant talks by distinguished men in addition to regular circle work4 ,by the way1 the ,new ,england branch of the class of '#hg was to hold a meeting in ,providence in ,april1 and the 8,clio0 was to act as hostess4 ,what was done8 ,a ,providence neighbor of the 8,clio0 is the 8,channing0 circle of twenty-five members4 ,we notice that these ,providence friends use a very pretty and appropriate heading on their letter paper4 ,at the top of the sheet1 in the corners1 appear the names of president1 vice president and secretary1 and below 8,headquarters of the ,channing ,circle of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c40 ,a party of ,,danbury1 ,,conn41 ,chautauquans went abroad one night not long ago to see 8,athens in the ,golden ,age40 ,a delightful time these tourists had4 ,they made the passage of the ,mediterranean ,sea1 and at ,athens visited the ,acropolis1 went to the ,areopagus to listen to ,pericles1 called on ,xantippe1 and did a hundred more interesting things1 at last coming home via 8,plymouth ,rock40 ,the 8,nestors10 however1 do much beside travel4 ,they have an excellent method of working the question box1 which is an inevitable part of their program4 ,the questions are gathered just before adjournment1 and shuffled1 each member drawing one4 ,the first exercise after roll call at the next meeting is the answering of these queries4 ,the imaginary trips which our ,danbury friends like so well1 the 8,alpha0 circle1 of ,,norwich1 makes a part of each evening's work4 ,when they journeyed from ,boston to ,new ,york they went with ,howells in a 8,sleeping ,car40 ,they have lived over1 on paper1 all the preparations for the trip abroad1 the life on the steamer1 and have done the sight-seeing of the ,british ,isles4 ,these tourists have enlivened their travels by many a happy device4 ,once it was a conversazione1 and again1 in preparation1 perhaps1 for their visit to ,athens1 a pronouncing match on ,greek proper names4 ,what wonder they have had a phenomenal growth6 ,last year there was not a circle in ,norwich1 now there are six4 ,when the 8,alpha0 organized last fall1 it was with eleven members1 to-day they have fifty4 ,nothing to be surprised at1 perhaps4 ,it seems to have been 8good growing weather0 for the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 throughout ,new ,england4----,,meriden1 ,,conn41 has had the common experience1 the circle having increased to sixty-six members4 ,they have found the key to the mastery of the ,greek names and chemical terms4 ,the pronouncing matches have unlocked the doors and the fortunate ,meridenites are able to talk glibly on their ,grecian rambles4 ,a second circle1 8,hanging ,hills ,class10 was organized last fall in ,meriden4 ,it has grown to twenty members1 who are doing superior work4 ,this class observed ,longfellow's ,day appropriately4 ,the '#hi outlook must be very promising in ,meriden4----8,a small twig of the great ,new ,england branch10 the 8,endeavor10 of ,,stratford1 calls itself1 and a healthy fruit-bearing twig1 if small1 we should call any circle that can double its membership1 as it has done1 in less than a year4 ,a splendid move has been made by the ,chautauquans of ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,the circles had never united there for public work until1 ,april #ith1 after a deal of planning and much labor the various local circles in the city1 with one from ,,jersey ,,city1 held a public meeting at the ,broadway ,tabernacle4 ,chancellor ,vincent was secured to deliver the address4 ,a large and enthusiastic audience1 numbering about #a1bjj persons1 was present4 8,school after ,school1 or the ,every-day ,college0 was the theme of the address4 ,the friends who had prepared the meeting were more than jubilant over the way the interesting lecture 8took0 among their guests1 and declared that though some of them had long been members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 all of them received new vistas of the work4 ,after the lecture the ,chancellor held a reception1 at which the members of the following ,new ,york circles were received by him3 ,the 8,garfield10 8,irving10 8,unique10 8,spare ,moment10 8,central10 8,park ,avenue10 and the 8,round-,table10 of ,jersey ,city4----,,brooklyn has a 8,pierian0 spring1 at which twenty-five devotees of the muses 8drink deep0 and joyously4 ,essays1 debates1 recitations1 quizzes1 poems1 and chemical experiments are the draughts these friends draw from their well4 ,so happy are they in their festivities that another year they hope to see a sister welling up by their side4----,at ,,randall',s ,,island1 ,,new ,,york ,,city1 there is one of those steady1 hard-working circles1 which by their fruits so favorably impress the people who watch them4 ,the 8,excelsior0 has been in existence for two years and has a roll of seventeen persons4 ,a program full of good points is carried out at their regular sessions1 which are interrupted only by ,memorial services4 ,the secretary finds1 he writes1 that the influence and example in regard to ,chautauqua work is shown by an increased attendance and membership4----,when circles increase in geometrical ratio--and a little over--year after year1 it is not strange that a time should come when the leader inquires 8,what shall we do80 ,at ,,glens ,,falls four graduates1 eleven '#hfs1 twenty-three ,pansies1 and fifty-nine ,plymouth ,rocks--ninety-seven in all--form the circle4 ,it is an unwieldy number to study together1 but1 writes the secretary1 8,we are fearful that division into smaller circles will greatly lessen the membership4 ,we are considering for next year this plan3 ,we shall have our general meetings as at present and encourage the formation of sections for special meetings1 making the leaders of the sections1 together with the officers of the general circle1 an executive committee40 ,the plan is good1 and if the monthly joint meetings are made 8state occasions10 there will be but little danger of the sections losing ground4----,at ,,troy the monthly meetings are conducted in an admirable way--not one of the least of the secrets of their success is their habit of sending out cards with the program1 and some such stirring word as this3 8,we hope every member will be prepared with some facts on ,no4 #f 8,no4 #f0 was a conversazione on 8,our ,territories04 ,let us make it a success4 ,our whole course is highly remunerative to one who reads4 ,make your hours count for profit4 ,we have all the time there is4 ,not everything that comes to us and asks a little of our time should be granted audience or gratification40 ,a similar plan is followed by the 8,mettowee0 circle1 of ,,granville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a 8,round-,table0 on a recent program was1 8,what we have seen 7mentally or otherwise7 during the past week40 ,if the ,glens ,falls people will make their monthly meetings big enough to arouse the pride of the members of the section1 the result will not be doubtful4----,,shushan1 ,n4 ,y41 has two circles4 ,the younger of the two is reported as 8fast becoming one of the fixed and instructive institutions of the village10 a state that the three-year-old circle of ,,deansville is already in1 we surmise1 from the report of the work of its membership4 ,the ,deansville circle holds an annual public meeting1 at which an entertainment is provided and refreshments served4 ,preparations are being made for this year's meeting4----,a 8,crescent0 has appeared in ,,knoxboro since the year #ahhe began4 ,though so late in beginning that they are obliged to devote almost all their time to the readings1 and are too busy to prepare elaborate programs1 the interest has not flagged since the start4 ,the 8,crescent0 has ten members4----,,syracuse has always been one of the most interesting of the local centers of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,their graduates1 of whom one is the genial ,secretary of ,chautauqua1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,duncan1 have organized a chapter of the 8,s4 ,h4 ,g40 ,they propose to hold monthly meetings1 and to pursue one of the special courses of study4 ,the membership of this new class is eleven now1 and there will be yearly 8more to follow40----,the 8,philomathean10 of ,,lancaster1 ,n4 ,y41 opening with #aj members1 has grown to fifteen beside honorary and local members4 ,constant variety in programs1 no 8set way10 and hard work have been the maxims of their success4 ,the 8,broadway0 circle1 of ,,camden1 ,n4 ,j41 puts in after a program of remarkably good timber1 and the outline of their thorough organization1 this healthy testimony3 8#8,broadway' circle is busily engaged in promoting this home study1 and the older we grow the more we are able to discern the many blessings derived from it2 the more we read and study the books the more does it stimulate our interest and thirst for knowledge40----,at ,,phillipsburg1 ,n4 ,j41 the circle has met this year with a sad loss in the death of ,mrs4 ,f4 ,b4 ,holbert4 ,mrs4 ,holbert was a member of the class of '#hd1 the president of the circle in ,phillipsburg at the time of her death1 and a most zealous friend of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,to her the circle at ,phillipsburg owes its existence4----,at ,,bridgeport a circle of eight was organized in ,october1 #ahhd4 ,a faithful leader has helped to keep them interested and alive1 and already they write that a taste for solid reading has been acquired by the members4----,a local circle has been organized at ,,east ,,orange1 with eighteen members4 ,the favorite name1 8,alpha10 has been given the class4 ,one of their late meetings of unusual interest was the celebration of ,longfellow's birthday1 at which1 among other exercises1 we notice what must have been a particularly pleasing number1 8,the ,better ,land10 illustrated by tableaux4 ,the genial1 kindly associations of circles are one of their greatest charms4 ,how the kindly attention1 the pleasant surprises kindle the hearts and knit the affections6 ,,carlisle1 ,,pa41 circle has recently experienced all the delight of doing one of these pleasant deeds4 ,the birthday of their president1 ,dr4 ,whitney1 was celebrated by a genuine surprise4 ,a game of chess at a neighbor's was the bait which enticed him from home1 where1 on his return1 the ,chautauquans of his circle1 thirty-one strong1 greeted him with good cheer and good wishes4 ,it pays to slip into our ,chautauqua life many of these pleasant little affairs4----,several notices of ,longfellow celebrations held by ,,pennsylvania circles reached us too late for the ,may issue of ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,at ,,bethlehem1 where there is a 8thoroughly congenial0 circle of ten1 the day was appropriately observed4 ,this circle has found a scheme of study which it reports works very well for them4 ,the time from #g3cj to #aj3jj p4 m4 on the evening of meeting is divided into half-hour periods4 ,these periods are all but one devoted to quizzes on the subjects laid down in ,,the ,,chautauquan outline1 the extra period being given to a discussion of the works of some well known author4----,at ,,pittsburgh the 8,hiawatha0 observed the day with an excellent program1 carried out before many friends4 ,this circle--fifteen in number--is one of last fall's harvest4 ,their motto1 8,bound to ,win10 tells the stuff they're made of4----,the wide-awake circle at ,,new ,,wilmington1 ,,pa41 prepared a program covering ,founder's day1 and ,longfellow's1 and reported a 8royal good time0 for their trouble4 ,there are twenty-four members in the circle2 their unanimous verdict is3 8,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 has been a source of intellectual growth to us4 ,and we have been led by it to take a wider view of the possibilities of life40----,a very good program of a ,longfellow service comes from ,,plymouth4 ,we notice an analytical study among the numbers1 and would commend such services to the circles as particularly profitable4----,the ,,lock ,,haven circle1 at its ,longfellow evening1 paid a high compliment to the circle at ,,renovo1 by reading the program carried out by the latter on a previous evening1 and sending their greetings and congratulations to the ,renovo ,chautauquans1 that they have grown so strong and enthusiastic in but one year's readings4----,we are always sorry to miss in geography1 but we will 8own up20 we did in the ,april issue4 ,the 8,golden ,flower0 is not a ,tennessee1 but a ,pennsylvania blossom1 and ,,hatboro is a ,keystone town4 ,the 8,golden ,flower0 has sent a series of really model programs recently4----,from a friend at ,,gilmore1 ,,pa41 we learn of the 8,foster ,brook0 circle4 ,this class was organized in ,october1 #ahhb1 with twenty-one members1 but in a few months its course was rudely broken by the death of one of their young but zealous members1 ,mr4 ,henry ,howe1 of the class of '#hf4 ,the work was again taken up1 but ,february1 '#hd1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,howe1 father of the former1 and a member of the same class1 was laid away by the side of his son4 ,though so tried by sorrow our friends have bravely followed their work1 saddened1 yet rejoicing4----,it is an experience that many circles have1 we imagine1 this of the ,,tunkhannock circle1 of finding that their second year's reading goes much more easily than the first1 and that they have time for many things in their circle which once they did not have4 ,one good thing that the 8,tunkhannock0 occasionally slips in is important items of news from the secular press4----,the 8,mountaineers10 of ,,clearfield1 is one of the many1 many circles brought into the field by ,chancellor ,vincent's kindling fervor4 ,it is an '#hh circle1 and numbers fifteen members4 ,reviews1 readings1 and conversation supplement the programs of ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,the reviews1 particularly1 they have found valuable4 ,each book is taken up after being read1 questions made out on it1 and answers given by the circle4 ,outlines of the books are also sometimes prepared4 ,this latter plan we do not remember to have noticed in the reports before1 but we know it to be a very effective method for reviewing the facts or arguments in a book4----,we rarely open our monthly budget of letters without finding a ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 representative4 ,this month we have a program from the 8,wesley ,chapel0 circle1 a good one1 of course1 like all the ,chautauqua work done in ,washington4 ,an interesting item on it is 8,the ,public ,buildings of ,athens10 illustrated by photographs4 ,a ,,middletown1 ,,md41 letter suggests a new way of managing a local circle4 8,we are the #8,mayflower' circle1 numbering five10 our friend writes1 8,as we are active members of a literary society1 which meets weekly1 we have no circle meetings1 but talk over our readings1 and ,chautauqua in general1 when opportunities offer4 ,we are earnest and interested1 and expect to enter upon next year's work with increased knowledge1 zeal1 and numbers40 ,a bed of ,,kentucky ,pansies is filling all the air of ,,hardinsburg with sweetest fragrance4 8,of all the red letter days in our circle calendar10 writes one of them1 8,longfellow's day is the brightest4 ,we send you a program of our last celebration1 and a delightful evening we had carrying it out4 ,a year ago we thought we could not have another ,longfellow's evening as pleasant as was that4 ,we feel assured that the evening just passed was more nearly what such an evening should be4 ,in looking back from this standpoint upon the past year1 we are inspired for renewed energies and work for the years to come40----,another ,pansy of ,kentucky1 from ,,bewleyville1 writes3 8,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 has been of immense benefit to me4 ,my irregular habits of study and desultory reading1 instead of strengthening1 had enervated my mind4''' ,my ,,chautauquan and books are a great source of pleasure to some of my acquaintances who are not pursuing the course40 ,,chillicothe1 ,,ohio1 has1 in the ,walnut ,street ,m4 ,e4 ,church1 an enthusiastic band of twenty-two workers1 who report themselves as 8progressing finely40 ,at a recent meeting a lecture on the 8,art of ,speech10 by the able ,episcopalian rector of the city1 was greatly enjoyed by the class4 ,it must be that a millennium has reached the circle of ,,erie1 ,,michigan4 ,if there is another circle in the country that can say as much1 we should like to know where they are and how they do it4 ,the ,eries are forty-five in number1 and though some of the members live six miles apart1 and the meetings are held at the houses1 yet through all the past long and dreary winter there was an average attendance of more than three fourths of the membership4 8,and10 thus writes our correspondent1 8each member is expected to do whatever the committee may assign him4 ,we never have a failure4 ,the program is always carried out to the letter40----,at ,,casnovia1 a circle of nine was organized in ,october last4 ,like nearly all our students1 they are extremely busy people1 but yet thorough in their work4 ,they hold informal meetings for discussions and conversation on the readings of the month4----,the first of ,january a circle was organized at ,,milford1 ,michigan1 composed of twelve ladies1 not all of them '#hhs1 there being a sprinkling of graduates and seniors to give direction to 8,plymouth ,rock0 enthusiasm4----8,one more ,michigan circle0 is heard of at ,,jonesville4 ,the circle started out with twelve members1 and is keeping up a working membership of nine4 ,the meetings are very enjoyable1 every one taking part in the most interesting and informal way4----,last ,october a wave of ,chautauqua enthusiasm passed ,,dundee1 ,michigan1 which resulted in organizing a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 of six members4 ,they call the new organization 8,longfellow's0 circle1 and hope with the next year the numbers will increase4 ,the circle has observed all memorial days1 which have proved of great benefit and interest4----,evidently the 8wave0 has not left ,michigan yet1 for we have just received a card telling of the organization and election of officers of a new circle at ,,greenville4 ,success to their efforts4----,a sample of the work which the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 helps the student to do1 the ,,grand ,,rapids1 ,michigan1 circle furnishes in a recent program4 ,the exercises included1 in brief1 papers which took 8broad1 quick views40 ,articles upon ,thucydides1 ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,herodotus1 ,sappho1 ,greek ,mythology1 ,british ,association for the ,advancement of ,science1 ,american ,soil1 ,life of ,longfellow1 and a review of ,longfellow's novel1 8,hyperion40 ,this circle has made a big stride since last year1 its membership having increased from twenty-three to thirty-seven4----,the new pronoun which troubled some of our students has been employed by a correspondent from the circle at ,,jackson1 ,,mich4 ,perhaps his zeal to fill up this 8long felt want0 in language will make more clear to our readers the use of 8thon40 ,these circle notes are very suggestive3 8,we meet weekly at the home of one of the members1 a system we have found to be an improvement on that of meeting in a public hall4 ,chautauqua's special sphere of influence is in the home2 it is here #8thon' expects to do work which will be lasting1 and eventually permeate every department of life4 ,it will then be easily understood why #8thon' should find home and its associations a more congenial place of meeting than a public hall4 ,our meetings are conducted much in the usual manner1 except1 perhaps1 our mode of managing a #8discussion4' ,to this feature we make special claim as being the originators4 ,the leader of these talks1 whose duty it is to #8keep the ball rolling1' is1 with the subject1 chosen a week beforehand4 ,each of the members is expected to inform #8thonself' on the topic thus allotted1 and to be prepared to give an opinion or ask questions4 ,richard ,grant ,white's language articles1 #8,the ,art of ,speech1' and #8,the ,temperance ,teachings of ,science1' have already been dealt with in this profitable and interesting way40 ,we are glad to be able to introduce ,,indiana this month with a clipping from a private letter to the lady here so honored3 8,,wabash1 ,,ind4 8,i want to tell you how our local circle of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 honored itself last night in deciding to be called the #8,frances ,willard' circle1 and1 furthermore1 to observe your birthday as a memorial day4''' ,we have in our circle1 as you may suppose1 a number of ladies active in the work of the ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 ,our circle numbers thirty-two4 ,it was organized in '#gi1 but never christened until last night4 ,the vote on the name was unanimous40 ,from ,,albion1 ,,indiana a friend writes3 8,we have organized a circle here consisting of twenty-four members4 ,prof4 ,e4 ,c4 ,white1 superintendent of schools1 is our leader2 and is greatly interested in our circle and its work4 ,we meet each week1 at the residences of the members1 taking them alphabetically4 ,the majority of the teachers in our public schools belong to the circle1 and all the members are much interested in their work40----,and still another from the same state1 from ,,fowler1 says3 8,we organized in ,october1 #ahhd1 with nine members2 the circle now numbers fourteen members1 of four different classes4 ,one item of each program is a question drawer1 questions to be taken from suggestions of the weekly readings4 ,if any question is not answered by the circle1 it is assigned to some member to be answered at the next meeting4 ,i find this stimulates all to read carefully1 as no one can know just what part of the week's reading is to be investigated4 ,this is a most interesting feature1 and we can get those to engage in this who will do nothing else4 ,we have two members living at a distance who are only present in person occasionally1 but always present in manuscript when on program1 so we call them our #8paper members4'0----,a ,chautauqua circle was organized at ,,ligonier1 ,indiana1 in ,october1 #ahhd1 with a membership of seventeen1 and named the 8,ligonier ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle40 ,in it are represented three denominations4 ,the programs are so varied as to avoid monotony in the exercises4 ,one night the committee gave topics for brief essays1 on another1 questions to be answered at next meeting4 ,the members of the circle pronounce the prescribed course of study excellent and interesting in its details1 and feel grateful for a plan so far-reaching and so beneficent in its results4 ,bryant's1 ,milton's1 and ,longfellow's days were observed by devoting to them and their works the entire evening4 ,a knot of cardinal and old gold ribbon constitutes the circle's badge4 ,the circle is highly pleased with the motto 8,let us be seen by our deeds10 and many of the members express themselves satisfied with their name1 8,plymouth ,rocks40----,we have received the list of names of the members1 fifteen in all1 which form the circle of ,,brookville1 ,ind4 ,we are hoping to receive some of the ,brookville circle's experiences soon4 ,the 8,peripatetics0 of ,,chicago1 ,,ill41 is an organization formed last fall4 ,there are twelve members4 ,the circle1 we fear1 is not using the local circles' reports right1 if1 when they read them1 they feel almost discouraged at the little they have accomplished4 ,the whole spirit of ,chautauqua is1 8what has been done can be done10 and our work is mainly to show by actual example what has been done4 ,the 8,peripatetics0 have too many opportunities for doing superior work1 living as they do1 in such a city as ,chicago1 to grow discouraged4----,the death of ,richard ,grant ,white has been a great loss to ,chautauquans4 ,his admirable 8,studies in ,english0 had met the warmest reception1 and when they were cut short by his death all our readers felt they had met a personal loss4 ,it was this feeling that led a ,chicago circle to add to their resolutions of respect passed upon ,mr4 ,white's death1 a clause stating that as a feeble expression of their regard and1 as a token of respect to his memory1 their local circle be hereafter known as the 8,richard ,grant ,white40----,for novel diversions1 commend us to the 8,alpha10 of ,,quincy4 ,this circle has sandwiched a great amount of fun in with its solid work this winter1 nor has it been to the injury of the work4 ,on ,college day they had a sleigh ride1 not long after a mock trial2 they have introduced a paper1 the ,symposium1 which gives an opportunity for numberless hits1 and on ,valentine's day the ,symposium furnished the entertainment1 each member having sent to the editor an anonymous piece of poetry4----,a circle was organized in ,,sterling last ,october1 and has now nine members4 ,they have no officers1 and each meeting is conducted by the lady at whose house it is held4 ,their informal way of doing things has some advantages4 ,an invalid member is mentioned1 who1 like many others1 finds relief in affliction by having something to do1 and doing it religiously4 ,on one of the last evenings of ,september1 a few ,morrisonians met and organized the 8,alpha ,society10 of ,,morrison1 ,,illinois4 ,they number fifteen1 and have accomplished much by the winter's work4 ,the plan has been to take the outline of required reading1 as laid down in ,,the ,,chautauquan1 and prepare the lesson as thoroughly as possible by the use of books and encyclopdias4 ,at the meetings the class recites the lessons learned the week before4 ,occasionally they have an essay1 or select reading4----,a circle of twenty members was organized in ,,jacksonville1 ,ill41 last ,october1 with the ,rev4 ,h4 ,e4 ,butler1 pastor of ,congregational ,church1 as president4 ,they have given special attention thus far to the ,greek course1 enlarging the reading1 and bringing in other authors as far as possible4 ,now that the ,greek is nearly finished the circle is bringing chemistry into prominence4----,the 8,oakland0 circle1 of ,,chicago1 ,illinois1 was organized in ,february1 #ahhd1 and belongs to the 8,pansy0 class4 ,it has a good constitution1 and hopes to survive till the graduation of its members4 ,this circle is composed entirely of ladies1 among whom are representatives of six churches in the ,south ,division of the city4 ,the meetings1 which are held semi-monthly at the houses of the members1 are well attended4 ,absent members are informed by postal cards of the place of the next meeting1 the parts assigned them on the program1 and the author from whom quotations are to be given4 ,those who are absent three times in succession are expected to present a suitable excuse to the society4 ,at the close of the year a reception was given1 to which each member invited a gentleman friend4 ,a fine literary and musical program was rendered1 and refreshments were served4 ,the guests1 among whom were ministers1 lawyers1 army officers1 and members of the ,chicago ,board of ,trade1 were called upon to express their opinions of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,a most enjoyable evening was spent4 ,a flourishing circle has existed at ,,portage1 ,,wisconsin1 for three years4 ,it is only one of three1 however1 for last year the pastor of the ,m4 ,e4 ,church organized a circle which is still active1 and this year the ,presbyterian pastor started a third4 ,the mother circle is undenominational1 as best becomes her position4 ,one feature of this circle's year is its annual reception4 ,let the secretary tell how it is managed3 8,we have heretofore held a reception at the close of each year1 to which were invited the people of the place presumed to be most interested in education4 ,the exercises have always been highly commended1 and our work well appreciated by those in attendance--indeed1 we consider our best missionary work has been done by this means--and many members added through the instrumentality of a sugar-coated dose of hard work 7or its results1 rather74 ,many people would attend a party1 to whom a literary meeting of any kind is a #8delusion and a snare4'0 ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,classes4 ,,class ,,of #ahhe4--8,,the ,,invincibles40 8,press on1 reaching after those things which are before40 ,,officers4 ,president--,j4 ,b4 ,underwood1 ,meriden1 ,conn4 ,vice ,president--,c4 ,m4 ,nichols1 ,springfield1 ,ohio4 ,treasurer--,miss ,carrie ,hart1 ,aurora1 ,ind4 ,secretary--,miss ,m4 ,m4 ,canfield1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,executive ,committee--,officers of the class4 99 99 99 99 99 ,after ,commencement1 what8 ,more of the same sort1 undoubtedly--of a better sort1 if possible4 ,the members of the class of '#he are now near enough to the 8finish0 to arrive at some more or less mature conclusions as to the future4 ,they find that the word 8commencement0 is to be no misnomer1 and is not even to be criticised4 ,for after four years of reading and study the students find that they have not come to the end1 but only to the beginning4 ,the matter selected for them has been so good1 so substantial1 and really so inspiring1 as a whole1 that an immortal1 if not divine1 sort of hunger for the best in literature1 science1 art1 philosophy1 has been created in their minds1 and they could hardly stop if they desired4 ,the aggregate amount of literary and scientific information which has been acquired is really large1 and much of it has been retained as a permanent fund of knowledge1 but this has proved to be but a small part of the benefit that has been derived4 ,thousands of people have just begun to find out how little they really know1 and how much they ought yet to learn1 to satisfy their own ideas and notions as to what is required to make one1 not learned1 indeed1 but reasonably well informed6 ,and what they think they need to know1 they feel sure that they have now discovered how to learn1 and have acquired habits of reading and thinking which will make the processes easy and enjoyable1 instead of laborious and tiresome4 ,they have already looked beyond bounds into the green fields and pastures new of that which is best1 most beautiful1 and grandest in the domain of thought1 and suggestion1 and philosophical research and discovery1 as brought out by poets1 philosophers1 statesmen and philanthropists1 and they are likely to pass through the ,golden ,gate and out from the ,temple on the hill into a still broader fraternity of thought and action1 whose limits will correspond with those of the world itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a breezy letter from the plains of ,dakota contains the following3 8,i have been studying entirely alone1 and have found the course a blessing that can not be valued4 ,here1 quite removed from society1 while winter winds howl round my cabin home1 ,i find help1 companionship and pleasure in the studies of the dear #8,home ,college4' ,the most attractive corner of my little room is the one where my beloved books lie on the home-made shelves4 ,my little ones love them too1 and there is scarcely a time when ,i need help but what ,i can find it in my books40 99 99 99 99 99 ,one young lady from ,massachusetts1 who hopes to hear the 8,chautauqua ,chimes10 writes3 8,i have a class of girls in ,sunday-school1 and want so much the help ,i think ,i shall be able to find at ,chautauqua4 ,the course has been just what ,i needed1 and ,i know ,i have grown1 mentally and morally1 since joining the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c40 99 99 99 99 99 ,this from a gentleman in ,kansas3 8,if health will permit ,i hope to be one to enter in under the ,arches among the #8,invincibles4' ,i must be one of the oldest of the '#hes4 ,i was fifteen days old at the battle of ,waterloo1 and1 if ,i am spared till my next birthday1 ,i shall have arrived at the bounds allotted to man in the ,bible40 99 99 99 99 99 ,one '#he writes3 8,i hope to receive my diploma at ,chautauqua1 but1 ,i am a busy mother with six children1 and can not always plan so long ahead4 ,i have had the greatest pleasure and satisfaction in the course1 for1 with a family of wide-awake boys and girls about me1 ,i have found it is very necessary to refresh myself and keep well informed on all subjects40 99 99 99 99 99 ,one enthusiastic lady from ,texas writes3 8,i have gathered through four years of delightful reading an intellectual bouquet1 whose fragrance ,i hope to wear about me when ,i pass1 not only through the ,arches at ,chautauqua1 but when ,i pass through the #8,beautiful ,gates' to the ,celestial ,city40 99 99 99 99 99 ,another testifies3 8,i am one of the busy mothers and housekeepers who pursue the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 course under numerous and varied difficulties1 but find my enthusiasm increasing as the four years draw to a close40 99 99 99 99 99 ,from ,massachusetts3 8,i intend to still #8press on' after ,i graduate--in fact1 ,i hope always to be a ,chautauquan40 99 99 99 99 99 ,wisconsin contributes3 8,i like our motto and our name1 and ,i love the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,though reading alone1 it has always been an inspiring thought that many thousands are reading the same course40 99 99 99 99 99 ,another3 8,i regret that the course is so nearly finished1 but the spirit it has awakened within me has enabled me to #8,press on1 reaching after those things which are before4'0 ,,class ,,of #ahhf4--8,,the ,,progressives40 8,we study for light1 to bless with light40 ,,class ,,organization4 ,president--,the ,rev4 ,b4 ,p4 ,snow1 ,biddeford1 ,maine4 ,vice ,presidents--,the ,rev4 ,j4 ,t4 ,whitley1 ,salisbury1 ,maryland2 ,mr4 ,l4 ,f4 ,houghton1 ,peoria1 ,illinois2 ,mr4 ,walter ,y4 ,morgan1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio2 ,mrs4 ,delia ,browne1 ,louisville1 ,kentucky2 ,miss ,florence ,finch1 ,palestine1 ,texas4 ,secretary--,the ,rev4 ,w4 ,l4 ,austin1 ,new ,albany1 ,ind4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the 8,progressives0 of ,new ,england are true to their name1 and most encouraging reports are received from circles and those who are studying alone4 ,a young man teaching school in a remote village in ,connecticut writes3 8,i feel far below the standard of our class1 but am determined to do the best ,i can1 ,god helping me4 ,leisure moments are delightfully spent in reading or meditation4 ,hope to complete the course in #ahhf1 and then go on with extra readings40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the class of #ahhf is deeply bereaved by the removal to higher duties and joys of a most worthy member1 ,mrs4 ,emma ,webster ,darling1 wife of the ,rev4 ,j4 ,k4 ,darling1 of ,chelsea1 ,vermont4 ,she died on the morning of ,easter ,sunday4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one of our busy workers1 ,a4 ,m4 ,t41 of ,ontario1 ,canada1 has made an attractive little devotional book1 8,my ,work1 or ,conditional ,promises10 for every day in the month4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a young lady from ,boston writes3 8,i have devoted to ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 work at least forty minutes every day since ,i have been a member1 and would gladly do more if time would allow40 99 99 99 99 99 ,from the snow hills of ,maine comes this cheerful testimony3 8,i sometimes envy people their riches1 but am thankful for the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 every day of my life1 for ,i am a farmer's daughter1 and so situated that ,i am debarred from the enjoyments of most young people1 and would often be very lonely were it not for the books of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,hopkinton tent1 at ,framingham1 has been secured for headquarters1 and will be made comfortable4 ,if the ladies of '#hf who contemplate visiting ,framingham next summer will remember that they are a 8committee of the whole0 on decorations1 the tent can doubtless be made homelike and attractive at little expense4 ,bring something to brighten it1 if only a penny ,japanese fan4 ,,class ,,of #ahhg4--8,,the ,,pansies40 8,neglect not the gift that is in thee40 ,,officers4 ,president--,the ,rev4 ,frank ,russell1 ,mansfield1 ,ohio4 ,western ,secretary--,k4 ,a4 ,burnell1 ,esq41 #aej ,madison ,street1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,eastern ,secretary--,j4 ,a4 ,steven1 ,m4,d41 #afd ,high ,street1 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,treasurer--,either ,secretary1 from either of whom badges may be obtained4 ,executive ,committee--,the officers of the class4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,new ,england ,pansies seem to be more active of late than their fellow blossoms farther west4 ,the following report of their reunion represents something of their enthusiasm3 ,the ,new ,england branch of the class of #ahhg ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 held its spring meeting in the chapel of ,union ,congregational ,church1 ,providence1 ,april #c;d1 #ahhe4 ,about one hundred members were present4 ,after a short time spent in social intercourse1 the meeting was called to order by the president1 the ,rev4 ,f4 ,m4 ,gardner1 for ,rhode ,island4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 study song was sung1 which was followed by the secretary's report of the meeting in ,boston2 the minutes were duly approved4 ,it was voted that the committee on headquarters be increased by the addition of ,mr4 ,jeffers1 of ,pawtucket1 and ,mrs4 ,morrill1 of ,allston4 ,mr4 ,gardner1 in his own bright manner1 gave some account of the efforts of the committee in preparing for class headquarters at ,lakeview1 and stated reasons why the plan suggested at the ,boston meeting should be postponed1 though not abandoned4 ,inasmuch as several members of our class have been afflicted by the loss of loved ones from their homes1 it was voted that a committee be appointed to present resolutions at this meeting expressing the sympathy of the class with them in their bereavement4 ,the musical and literary exercises were opened with a fine piano solo1 which was followed by a pleasing quartette4 ,then an address on 8,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 vs4 ,social ,pastimes10 by the ,rev4 ,n4 ,t4 ,dyer1 of ,middleboro1 was delivered4 ,mr4 ,dyer being unable to be present because of illness1 ,mrs4 ,dyer most creditably took his place4 ,the address was a convincing statement of the advantages of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 and could it be circulated among those not interested in the course1 would undoubtedly influence many to enroll in the ,circle4 ,mrs4 ,emily ,c4 ,fletcher1 of ,pawtucket1 read a poem written for the occasion1 from which we extract the following1 referring to the influence of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c43 8,it has cleared the brow of discontent1 ,made happy the lowly one1 ,cheering the home and its social hall1 ,enliv'ning the tasks begun4 8,it takes from age the mournful thoughts1 ,that often the heart will shroud1 ,it lifts the life to a higher sphere1 ,silvering ev'ry dark cloud40 ,after music1 and an address on ,lakeview1 resolutions of sympathy to those of the circle who had met with bereavements were adopted4 ,the association then adjourned1 after which a delightful reunion was enjoyed by the members4 99 99 99 99 99 ,two members of the class of '#hg have recently left us for the 8better life30 ,miss ,grace ,f4 ,cook1 who died ,march #bb1 at ,vilas1 ,wisconsin1 after a protracted illness1 and ,mrs4 ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,osborne1 of ,kingston1 ,new ,york1 who died at her home1 ,march #afth4 ,,class ,,of #ahhh4--8,,the ,,plymouth ,,rocks40 8,let us be seen by our deeds40 ,,class ,,organization4 ,president--,the ,rev4 ,a4 ,e4 ,dunning1 ,d4,d41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,vice ,presidents--,prof4 ,w4 ,n4 ,ellis1 #ajh ,gates ,avenue1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y42 the ,rev4 ,wm4 ,g4 ,roberts1 ,bellevue1 ,ohio4 ,secretary--,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,taylor1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio4 ,treasurer--,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,taylor1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio4 ,all items for this column should be sent1 in condensed form1 to the ,rev4 ,c4 ,c4 ,mc,lean1 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,florida4 ,class badges may be procured of either ,president or ,treasurer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our circle in ,ouray1 ,colorado1 in the midst of the ,rocky ,mountains1 numbers ten4 ,the picturesque spot where live these '#hhs is about a day's journey from the railroad4 ,they name themselves after the ,indians1 8,uncompahgee10 who once wigwamed there4 ,they have their 8round-table10 and keep up their weekly meetings4--,another circle1 of three1 has been organized among the 8,rockies10 at ,gunnison1 ,colorado1 and meets weekly4 ,our '#hhs have reached the ,indian ,territory4 ,at ,chouteau we have one hard worker1 who1 having commenced in ,february1 has nearly caught up with the class4--,at the confluence of the ,missouri and ,vermillion ,rivers we have an enthusiastic class of ten4 ,lawyers1 teachers1 journalists1 milliners1 and busy wives1 with a 8,pansy0 for the president1 compose the class4 ,they conduct their class weekly1 on the 8conversational plan10 which they claim affords grand opportunity for interchange of opinions and sentiments4--,a circle of five ladies and one lone gentleman compose the 8,clio10 of ,clark1 ,dakota4 ,so delighted are they that they never adjourn for any other engagements4--,the 8,kankakee10 of ,illinois1 thirty-eight regular and four honorary members1 meets fortnightly4 ,their ,shakspere program was so full that a portion was postponed until the next meeting4 ,an honorary member has delighted them with an address upon 8,water40--,the twelve members of 8,calumet10 ,carthage1 ,ill41 were favored with a visit and instructive talk from ,chancellor ,vincent4--,we were greatly surprised to receive a letter from our old friend1 the ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,hyatt1 president of our circle in ,whiteland1 ,ind4--,ten young persons of ,dubuque1 ,iowa1 compose the 8,circle of ,athens40 ,an excellent motto have they selected3 ,sapientiam petimus4 ,that their search for wisdom is eager is evinced by the fact that they have in a most interesting manner pursued the studies in spite of all allurements4 ,the memorial days have been appropriately observed1 and ,longfellow's day celebrated by a banquet4--,seven constitute 8,alpha10 of ,barnesville1 ,ohio4 ,they began ,january #a1 and have nearly completed their studies4 ,they expect to begin on time next year4--,the 8,athena10 of ,wanskuck1 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i41 is composed of fifteen busy people1 who are delighted with the studies4--,from the programs of the 8,hamilton10 of ,lowell1 ,mass41 we are satisfied that the forty members are truly among our liveliest coming ,chautauquans4 ,they have largely experimented in chemistry and electricity4 ,this circle mourns the loss of one of its best members in ,mrs4 ,benjamin ,robinson1 who endeavored to brave a ,new ,england storm1 in order to attend one of the meetings1 and lost her life4--,seventeen regular and three honorary members represent a circle in ,joplin1 ,mo4 ,nothing but illness has caused an absence at 8roll call40 ,once a week they follow ,chautauqua program4 ,success has marked their public as well as private meetings4--,one from ,maine has taken fresh courage since reading ,chancellor ,vincent's article in the ,april ,,chautauquan1 8,how to ,work ,alone40--,the 8,riversides10 of ,milford1 ,n4 ,h4 7eight members71 have finished the year's studies4--8,zeta ,phi10 of ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 are seven 8zealous learners40 ,they observe all special days1 having essays upon given subjects4--,a zealous lady of '#hg class organized seven earnest and hopefuls into the 8,i4 ,x4 ,l410 of ,newport1 ,ky4--,clamida 7state not named7 boasts of two enthusiastic circles4 ,the secretary of one strongly objects to our name1 repudiating the idea that we have anything in common with the 8,pilgrim ,fathers40 ,she is even tired of a reference to their trials1 and believes1 with another1 that the 8,pilgrim ,mothers0 are more worthy of 8toasting10 closing with 8,seriously1 why were we thus afflicted80 ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,university4 ,a ,,teaching ,,method4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,,richard ,s4 ,,holmes1 ,a4,m4 ,i desire in this paper to make some very plain answers in a very plain way to a question which has come to me in varying forms1 from various sources4 ,it is a practical question1 and concerns the possibilities of that department of ,chautauqua work which aims to bring the advantages of the higher education within the reach of those large classes of our population which have been hitherto debarred from them4 ,naturally1 the question originates with the very people whom the enterprise seeks to aid1 and strangely enough is shared by those whose culture and education should have been a barrier to such a doubt4 ,men who would gladly avail themselves of any real advantages for education brought within their reach1 and within their means1 yet unwilling to make the pecuniary outlay which the effort might involve1 until convinced that the correspondence system offers real advantages1 hesitate1 and say3 8,we are favorably impressed with the idea as given in your announcements1 but are not sure that it can be put into practical operation2 before attempting the work it may demand1 we are compelled to ask1 how is the work to be done8 how can teaching by correspondence be made practically successful8 ,show us the method1 that we may understand40 ,still others1 men of advanced education1 of approved excellence of judgment1 men engaged in professional life1 have said1 8,we concede that education by the means you propose is possible under certain favorable conditions1 but we doubt the practicability of attempting by such a means to cover the wide field of general education40 ,straightway they fall to instancing particular subjects as illustrations of the truth of their statement4 ,now the proof of the pudding is in the eating2 and if this paper succeed in furnishing tastes of this particular pudding which shall be palatable and shall create a favorable opinion as to the worth of the whole1 the service rendered to the cause will be valuable4 ,i propose1 therefore1 without invading the province of any of the gifted teachers who act as ,directors of the different ,departments and ,schools in the ,chautauqua ,school of ,liberal ,arts1 as we shall hereafter call what has been known as the ,university1 to show1 if possible1 how a person of good natural endowment1 at the maximum of his mental strength1 and with earnest devotion to his work can acquire a knowledge of a language1 literature1 or science by correspondence alone4 ,i will make three preliminary remarks4 ,first1 the student must bring to this work the same earnestness that he gives to that pursuit of his daily life upon which he has been or may be dependent for his livelihood4 ,second1 in the study of language by correspondence1 the path marked out by the experience of the ages is the path in which the correspondence student must go4 ,the gateway of that path is the grammar of the language2 and no student can pass through it till he possess the key which shall unlock its bars4 ,to own a grammar is therefore a necessity4 ,i am ready to believe that in oral teaching of a language1 actual study of grammar1 as grammar1 may be put over into the final years of the course1 giving the early years to the undisputed control of synthetic methods2 but for the correspondence student1 a grammar is an essential4 ,third1 the student must be willing to follow the most minute directions of his teacher1 without question1 no matter how simple or how difficult a matter their performances may seem to be4 ,to obey is the first essential to success4 ,let us now look at a method for learning a language or science4 ,it is not given as the method in use in the schools1 but only as a means of showing that the thing proposed is possible4 ,there should be for the beginner four papers for every lesson2 or four kinds of work to be done4 ,first--,there should be a paper stating principles to be learned1 and adding complete references to the text-book upon which they are based1 that the student may add to his teacher's dictum1 the confirmation of his own research4 ,let it be distinctly noted that this paper is to contain statements of principles to be learned1 and is not to be a mere budget of directions to paragraphs and sections of a text-book4 ,the advantages to be gained by such a method of study are too obvious to need elaboration here4 ,second--,there should be a paper giving abundant and apt illustrations of those principles1 derived from the best sources1 adapted to the pupil's knowledge1 and different from any which have been otherwise brought to his notice4 ,these illustrations of principles should be memorized by the student and should form the basis of the paper containing the test of the student's work4 ,third--,there should be a paper giving examples for practice in these same principles2 examples for transliteration1 phonic representation1 or translation in case of a foreign language1 examples for experimentation1 classification1 or analysis in case of a science or literature4 ,fourth--,there should be a paper of examination or question1 for the purpose of testing the student and revealing the character of the work he has done4 ,these questions should be framed with the utmost care and skill of which the teacher is master1 and should act as a quickening impulse to the student4 ,this paper should be in a sealed envelope1 and should not be opened till all the work of the other three papers has been done1 and the student feels that his lesson is learned4 ,in addition to what has been suggested1 there should be required in the study of language1 as soon as the student can correctly pronounce1 a regular exercise in memorizing from some standard author1 and daily repetitions aloud of what is thus given to the memory4 ,in the case of ,english1 ,latin1 and ,greek1 this seems to me indispensable4 ,this last suggestion1 it will be noticed1 contains a hint that the pronunciation of a language can be taught by correspondence4 ,it is a hint which ,i am prepared to assert as a proposition1 and to defend as far as the ,latin and ,greek languages are concerned4 ,the amount of matter given in the lesson should be enough to require one week for its preparation by a student able to devote from one to two hours daily to study4 ,when the papers of a lesson have been fully mastered1 and the student feels that all he can do upon it is done1 the whole work should be at once sent back to the teacher4 ,now1 to guard against loss of time1 such as would occur were the student compelled to wait without work after he has forwarded his lesson recitation to the teacher until the necessary exchange by post has been made1 two lessons should be sent out by the teacher at the first assignment4 ,this plan would wholly avoid what might be costly delay where student and teacher were separated by the width of the continent or the ocean4 ,as soon as the first recitation paper reaches the teacher's hand1 his immediate duty is to forward the next lesson of the series1 and so regularly through the whole course of instruction4 ,he will now at his leisure examine the paper which has come into his possession1 while the student is engaged upon the second of his lessons4 ,what shall be the teacher's work with this returned paper8 ,certainly not one of correction4 ,now begins his real work of teaching4 ,first1 there must be a careful and painstaking inspection of each line of the student's work4 ,second1 every error must be plainly marked1 so that the eye of the student will not fail to observe it4 ,third1 plain reference should be made to those sections and paragraphs of the grammar or text-book which have been violated4 ,fourth1 a word of encouragement1 advice1 suggestion1 or warning should be added to each paper1 drawn from the teacher's wide and varied experience1 and which will be practically helpful to the pupil4 ,it must be carefully noted that in this treatment of the recitation paper1 the teacher has made no correction1 has told nothing1 but has simply indicated errors1 and thrown the student back upon his own resources to correct his own work4 ,this is one of the elements of true teaching4 ,the return of this critically marked paper to the student brings us to consider another important process in this work1 and that is the review by the student of his first lesson work1 or his second period of study upon it4 ,there has enough time elapsed since it was last in his hands to have it come now with all the force of a new lesson1 and to enable him to look at it judicially4 ,the critical investigation which follows has a three-fold value4 ,first1 it is a review4 ,second1 it is a means for accurate self-test4 ,third1 it is a monitor1 under whose warning all future lesson work is subjected to the careful scrutiny which the former criticism suggests4 ,two things still remain to be done with the returned lesson paper4 ,one to make a separate classified list of the errors it contained2 the other to date it1 file it1 and lay it carefully away for reference4 ,the classified list of errors will serve as a check against the commission of like errors1 or an aid in detecting any that may have been carelessly made4 ,at first the list will be large1 but after a little it will grow less and less rapidly1 till finally its utter lack of growth will be the surest mark of the pupil's excellence of attainment4 ,such is an outline for a possible method of conducting educational work by correspondence4 ,it presents a method which ,i believe is practical1 which is drawn from an experience of years in the class room1 and which is in harmony with established principles of educational philosophy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a touching bit of experience has been sent us by a member of the class of '#hh4 ,the writer had persuaded his son to join a circle1 but1 as he writes1 8,he attended one meeting of the circle and came home very much discouraged1 declaring that he would not attend another meeting1 urging as his reasons that he compared unfavorably with others1 and that he would never be able to pronounce those horrid ,greek names1 etc4 ,i tried to encourage him and advanced several arguments trying to show him what a great advantage this course of reading would be to him1 but finally gave it up1 fearing if ,i urged him so strongly he would become disgusted4 ,i determined then to take the four years' course of study myself1 thinking that by having the books in our home1 and sometimes relating anecdotes1 incidents and historical facts gathered from these readings1 that my boys might become interested for themselves4 ,it is impossible for me to give my children the advantages of a liberal education1 as my heart longs to do1 and by getting them interested in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 ,i hope to make up to them in some degree their loss of a college education40 ,,editor',s ,,outlook4 ,,an ,,american ,,diplomat4 ,there is very general regret1 at home and abroad1 that the new administration has removed ,professor ,james ,russell ,lowell from the office of ,american minister at the court of ,st4 ,james4 ,there is no disposition to complain2 but there is some natural wonderment4 ,mr4 ,lowell was an ideal ,american diplomat2 he represented worthily the people as well as the government of the ,united ,states4 ,it is no disparagement to his successor to say that no other ,american can quite fill the place ,mr4 ,lowell has made for himself4 ,it should be remembered that we1 fortunately1 have very little proper diplomatic business anywhere in the world2 and whenever any serious negotiation is to be undertaken1 it can be done at ,washington4 ,our important treaties are made in the national capital2 and our gravest foreign affairs are always directly administered by the ,secretary of ,state4 ,since ,franklin it has seldom happened that a minister has been entrusted with any grave duties or burdened with any serious responsibilities4 ,even during the civil war ,mr4 ,seward managed at ,washington the more serious business of the foreign department4 ,in this generation1 we have had some successful foreign ministers2 but their success has in every case been in non-official or extra-official lines4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,washburne1 our minister in ,paris during the ,franco-,german war1 won a high reputation1 not as a diplomat of his country1 but as an ,american minister entrusted1 by an act of international courtesy1 with the rights and welfare of ,prussians in ,paris4 ,as the agent of the ,berlin government during the war and siege1 ,mr4 ,washburne endeared himself to the large ,german population of ,paris by his kindness1 common sense1 and energy in caring for a body of subjects of a hostile country4 ,no one but a typical ,american could have done this work at all well4 ,a man trained to diplomacy would have failed4 ,it needed a man who could put his character and ,american office into a breach made by war1 and devise means of providing for an extemporaneous necessity4 ,most men would have failed2 ,washburne succeeded because he was a typical ,american of the largest pattern--able1 frank1 tireless1 resourceful4 ,in ,england1 ,mr4 ,lowell has1 under different circumstances1 developed a new line of diplomatic representation4 ,he has represented the character and culture of the ,american people4 ,the average politician supposes himself to be the typical ,american2 the fact that we are ashamed of him is the sufficient proof that he is thoroughly mistaken4 ,in what do ,americans broadly differ from most other1 if not all other1 peoples8 ,is it not in this1 that we are the great reading nation of the world8 ,our culture goes down to the bottom and reaches out to the extremities of our life4 ,we have no class distinctions1 no titled magnates1 no rights of birth-privilege2 and in the school rooms of the land the rich and the poor meet together1 and our great newspapers go into the hands of both rich and poor4 ,we are not so distinctly a nation of commercial people as we are a nation of people under an unexampled influence of general culture4 ,a ,professor who was much more than a professor2 a man of the world who was also a man of books2 an alert and quick1 practical man who was also a poet2 a gentleman who was1 first of all1 manly2 a diplomat who was at home in a school room1 could lecture on any literary theme1 could instruct the educated ,englishman in the history of his own men of letters2 an ,american who knew ,shakspere1 ,milton1 ,bunyan1 the ,english ,bible1 and every shred of ,english art and song and event by heart--such a man has ,mr4 ,lowell been in ,england4 ,he was at home there on those levels of life and heights of achievement which are common to us and ,englishmen2 and his leadership there in literature and learning conferred honor on us in the precisely most honorable things in our character as a people4 ,we simply are not philistines--hard dogmatists of dollars and precedents--we are a thoughtful1 informed1 studious and brainy people who despise wealth which is not held for the service of truth1 well-being and progress4 ,no man could represent us so well as a poet1 teacher1 essayist and scholar like ,mr4 ,lowell4 ,he could represent us at the level of those ideals and achievements of which we are not ashamed4 ,we despise nothing so heartily as illiterate wealth2 no other people on earth equal us in contempt for the commerce which has only sordid aims and results4 ,the ,american merchant builds schools1 museums1 churches1 asylums1 hospitals--if he does not we despise him4 ,the problem in selecting the best foreign representatives is to secure men who will represent our national character4 ,our diplomacy is unimportant4 ,such as we have to do can be carried on at ,washington4 ,we want ministers abroad who will be typical ,americans1 whose conspicuous position will display in them the best and truest results of our unique social and political system4 ,if they are honored abroad1 as ,mr4 ,lowell has been in unusual ways and measure1 the honor is given to us and glorifies us4 ,there is always a fool to say that our minister is more ,english than ,american--simply because ,englishmen respect him4 ,it is a poor kind of criticism1 and fortunately there is less and less of it in the press4 ,we all stand better abroad1 command more honest respect1 are better understood in our best characteristics1 because ,james ,russell ,lowell has represented us in ,london4 ,may his successor succeed to the full measure of this representative office4 ,the most distinguished honor ever conferred upon an ,american has come to ,mr4 ,lowell4 ,the ,english press1 representing the best public opinion of that nation1 invites him to remain41 in ,england 8as the unofficial representative of ,american literature1 learning1 manners1 and knowledge of the world40 ,nothing like that can be found in the long history of diplomacy4 8,he has been10 says one great journal1 8a sort of guest-friend of ,england10 and it then describes him as 8the most eminent ,american of this generation10 and adds1 8,englishmen of all ranks and stations recognize in ,mr4 ,lowell a faithful and jealous guardian of the interests of his country1 and a type of all that is best in its intellectual and moral character40 ,there is not a word in all these encomiums which is not a eulogy of the ,american people4 ,,the ,,cholera4 ,the disease called ,asiatic ,cholera is at home in ,india4 ,it travels1 at long intervals1 into ,europe4 ,there have been eight3 or nine of these visitations during the century4 ,the disease travels with man and his belongings2 and since intercourse between ,asia and ,europe has become more swift and abundant1 there is a tendency to more frequent visits of the dreaded scourge4 ,in fact1 however1 this tendency has been overcome by sanitary science4 ,until last year1 cholera had not been in ,europe for sixteen years4 ,it arrived the last previous time in #ahff and tarried into the next year4 ,during all the intervening years1 there was cholera on the ,ganges1 and an increasing flow of humanity between the two continents2 yet sixteen years elapsed between the visits4 ,last year cholera landed from ships at ,toulon and ,marseilles in southern ,france1 and produced general alarm in ,europe4 ,it swept around all the ,european coasts of the ,mediterranean1 and in the especially filthy towns caused a large mortality4 ,it has doubtless wintered in ,europe1 and its second year is usually the worst4 ,it can begin early and use the long summer for its desolating work4 ,this is the second summer4 ,it is probable that cholera will be a large feature of the health and mortuary reports of the year4 ,european travel will be restricted by the caution which the prevalence of this disease inspires4 ,american resorts for ,americans will be unusually popular4 ,will cholera visit us8 ,in previous ,european visits it has always looked in upon us1 sometimes the first1 sometimes the second year4 ,in #ahff1 it did not come1 but did come in #ahfg4 ,but the visit of that year was less baneful than any other we have had4 ,in #ahhd1 we escaped2 can we escape in #ahhe8 ,no doubt exists that we can4 ,it is only a question of effective quarantine4 ,the faithful discharge of their duties by all health officers at ports would exclude the unwelcome guest4 ,and1 at our principal port1 where the danger is greatest1 there is good reason to believe that the fidelity1 wisdom and vigilance are equal to the emergency4 ,cholera is more likely to penetrate to us by some little-used door2 the front gate will be securely guarded4 ,at the smaller doors1 there ought to be no danger4 ,but there is danger1 and it is probably too much to hope that there will be adequate watchfulness4 ,there is1 even at ,new ,york1 a long line of accidents to be reckoned with4 ,it would not be surprising1 however1 if cholera got a foothold among us from the ,west ,indies1 landing in some southern port4 ,if it comes1 what then8 ,it should not be very successful in its work of death4 ,it could be stamped out in any city with a well organized health force4 ,in ,new ,york1 a few cases would not be cause for any alarm--not half so much as if the cases were in some small and careless community4 ,still it is most probable that if it effects a landing it will travel over the country4 ,we have had warning enough4 ,it is a filth disease which can be cornered and killed by cleanliness1 if the cleanliness foreruns it4 ,if we wait to clean up filthy quarters in our towns until the disease arrives1 it will then be too late to clean4 ,we shall have a good measure of the sanitary condition of our cities1 if the cholera visits them4 ,it will do its terrible work in the unclean quarters of unclean towns4 ,it will not stop there4 ,once established in a filthy quarter1 cholera easily thrusts its arms into adjacent clean places4 ,if the long and loud warning has been heeded1 there will be little to fear from cholera4 ,the cleanliness of our towns will discourage and expel the intruder4 ,what can individuals do8 ,keep cool and in good health4 ,all epidemic diseases fix upon the infirm1 the debilitated1 and the fearful4 ,the mortality from cholera is only about one death for four cases4 ,in some epidemics of it1 the rate is one in three cases2 but among people who are well fed and in fair conditions of comfort1 and have proper care1 there are five chances of recovery to one of death4 ,the high rate of mortality in some towns results from want of care and medicine4 ,popular rumor exaggerates the danger of death from cholera4 ,it is a case of ogne ignotum pro magnifico--we know so little about it that we magnify the danger beyond all warrant of the actual facts4 ,some of our danger--perhaps most of it--will come from the enthusiasm of the reporters4 ,last ,january these enthusiasts discovered genuine ,asiatic cholera in ,st4 ,louis4 ,they were sure of it4 ,the evidence was perfect1 they said4 ,of course there never was1 and never will be1 a case of ,asiatic cholera in ,st4 ,louis in ,january4 ,but after summer begins1 the 8,lo here0 will begin to alarm the timid4 ,there are sure to be many false reports2 the true one may be in the bundle4 ,let us hope it will not be--and keep cool4 ,we hope that inland quarantines will not be resorted to if the disease appears among us4 ,they are useless as well as inhuman4 ,they shut the intruder out of the gate1 and he crawls under the fence4 ,if cholera gets upon this continent1 safety will be secured only by cleanliness of streets and houses4 ,clean people may die in clean streets1 but it will be because there are unclean people in neighboring streets to receive and breed the disease4 ,nor should the well fly from the sick4 ,the nurses and priests are safest in ,italian cities4 ,those who fly1 do so when it is too late1 and carry the disease with them4 ,and1 after all1 cholera may not visit us in #ahhe4 ,a ,,review ,,of ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,year4 ,a very marked indication of the success of the ,chautauqua ,idea is the increase of imitations of our work2 and this runs parallel with an increase of efforts to promote systematic culture among grown people4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson used to say that he did all his hard study when he was a boy1 and he very properly lamented it4 ,it is one of the strangest things in modern civilization that1 except among a small body of professors and specialists1 the world does its studying entirely in early life4 ,if the chance to study1 or the compulsion to study1 be wanting in the first twenty years1 the door is supposed to be shut forever4 ,the ,chautauqua movement tried to expose the folly of this method1 and to show that persons whose education was neglected in youth may secure culture in middle life1 or even in old age4 ,history gave us examples enough2 but ,chautauqua has made thousands of new examples to illustrate the perfect practicalness of adult study4 ,the success of ,chautauqua has drawn general attention to the subject4 ,a variety of plans for promoting the education of adults are coming before the public4 ,we do not regard any of them as rivals2 they will enlarge our public as well as make smaller centers of such culture4 ,the members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 who have gone with us over the subjects of this year will do well to look back over the road and see precisely what they have gone over4 ,they will probably notice that their study and reading has not interfered with their regular pursuits and duties4 ,they have been able to add these studies to their customary tasks and interests4 ,it is a kind of gratuity1 therefore1 which they have received4 ,it is so much in addition to other results of annual effort4 ,they will further see that the amount of this study and reading is considerable4 ,good method has made odd minutes yield a bulk which would require weeks of consecutive and unbroken effort4 ,the effect on the mind is better and more permanent because the study has been continued through a year4 ,a college man of our acquaintance says that ,professor ,time does better work than any of his colleagues4 ,our ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 members have had the instruction of ,professor ,time4 ,those who are finishing the course will do well to remember that they have learned how to learn without a living teacher4 ,this is the best thing the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 has done for you--this helping you to study alone4 ,a power of this sort ought to be cultivated and kept4 ,the contents of any course of education should be small in comparison with the attainments which it renders possible4 ,this large1 broad1 life-long self-education lies in the power to study alone without the fear of a master or the ordeal of an examination before one4 ,this power colleges fail to give1 and it is one of their weaknesses that they can not give it4 ,when the taskmaster stopped1 ,samuel ,johnson said that he stopped learning4 ,we may doubt it1 but in a sense ,johnson was right4 ,if any reader has acquired the power to go on alone by pursuing the course1 he has a rare piece of wealth1 a capital which may produce the widest and best culture4 8,,liberty ,,enlightening ,,the ,,world40 ,the ,new ,york ,world has done wondrously well to raise #cj1jjj by a popular subscription for the setting up of the ,bartholdi statue in ,new ,york harbor4 ,our readers know that this colossal statue of 8,liberty ,enlightening the ,world0 is a present from the ,french people1 but that there has been no provision made for the cost of setting up the great work of ,french art4 ,various attempts to raise the necessary #ajj1jjj have yielded but small results1 and when the ,world took hold of the matter the failure had become a very disagreeable joke for the press4 ,other newspapers have engaged in public enterprises4 ,the ,new ,york ,herald sent a ship into the ,arctic ,ocean in search of the ,pole4 ,the ,new ,york ,tribune maintains by the subscriptions of its readers a 8,fresh-,air ,fund0 which gives thousands of children an outing in the country during the hot months4 ,the enterprise of the ,world is1 if possible1 more praiseworthy1 and its success in rescuing a lost cause is as honorable as it is unexpected4 ,the subscriptions have been made by people of all conditions and fortunes1 by boys and girls1 by merchants1 artists and laborers4 ,a popular interest in the subject has been created1 a great deal of information imparted1 many mistakes corrected1 and a popular support secured for a work of art4 ,the work is in the line of large and healthy philanthropy1 and the ,world deserves unstinted credit4 ,let us all hope that it will carry the cause through to entire success4 ,we are1 as a nation1 still poor in public statuary4 ,we have some good pieces and not a few failures4 ,perhaps many persons have feared that the ,bartholdi statue is another monstrosity4 ,let them take courage2 the ,world has presented excellent evidence that the work is equal to its mission4 ,the ,french people are to have a small edition of it set up in ,paris1 and eminent ,french critics are unsparing in their praise of it4 ,of course we can not be too confident of the effect of a statue higher than ,trinity steeple or the pillars of the ,east ,river bridge1 set up so as to face the sea and meet the eyes of the world entering the harbor of ,new ,york4 ,on that point there is excellent artistic judgment in favor of the success of the audacious conception of the artist4 ,we may now regard the plan as certain to be carried out at no distant day1 and if it succeeds it will be one of the wonders of the world4 ,a statue rising to the height of three hundred and seventeen feet above the waves--the familiar figure of ,liberty confronting the world in our chief ,american city--will be a unique and impressive piece of art1 if it be not an utter failure4 ,the if is not a large doubt2 only the small doubt which attends the most perfect human work which is as yet untried4 ,the ,world's popular subscription had passed #ce1jjj when these lines were sent to press1 on the #bhth of ,april4 ,,editor',s ,,note-,,book4 ,a highly successful 8,chautauqua ,day0 has been carried out at the ,new ,orleans ,exposition1 under the leadership of ,prof4 ,e4 ,a4 ,spring1 ,prof4 ,w4 ,f4 ,sherwin and the ,rev4 ,a4 ,h4 ,gillet4 ,an audience of over #e1jjj people met in ,music ,hall to hear ,bishop ,mallalieu on 8,the ,relation of ,chautauqua to the ,home and ,society10 ,prof4 ,sherwin on 8,the ,story of ,chautauqua10 talks from ,wallace ,bruce and the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,gillet1 and music from the ,mexican ,band4 ,the great crowd was given ,chautauqua badges and ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 circulars1 and taught the ,chautauqua salute--the latter in compliment to ,seor ,payen1 the leader of the ,mexican ,band1 and the pet of the ,exposition4 ,one of the audience remarked on leaving the hall3 8,i have been at every day entertainment here since the beginning1 and this has been the most successful1 the best managed1 the most interesting occasion there has been40 99 99 99 99 99 ,there has been an almost breathless attention given throughout the world during the past month to the attitude of ,england and ,russia4 ,words have been weighed and steps measured with the nicest exactness4 ,affairs which in other times would take up columns are given corners4 ,the prevalent opinion has been that war must come1 though peace negotiations are being vigorously pushed4 ,could war be held off twenty years it might be that we should be so much wiser that arbitration might be made to prevail4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the most active business which the ,united ,states ,navy has had for years was caused by the ,isthmus troubles4 ,our treaty with ,new ,granada guarantees free and uninterrupted passage across the ,isthmus4 ,to secure this a force of #ejj men and four ships was placed at ,aspinwall after the insurgents had burned the city4 ,they thence proceeded to ,panama1 which they succeeded in restoring to order4 ,not an easy thing to do1 with the natives sympathizing generally with the rebels1 and very suspicious of the 8,gringoes10 as they call us1 and with the ,french determined to have the credit of whatever restoration could be made4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 de ,lesseps is firmly convinced of the advantages to ,america of the ,panama ,canal1 prophesying in a recent letter that it will reanimate our merchant marine1 will greatly enlarge our internal business1 and make us1 in short1 commercial kings4 ,it can hardly be doubted that were any one of the great schemes for interoceanic communication in operation1 our whole system of exchange would be modified and our business multiplied4 ,the chief question seems to be now1 is the ,panama ,canal1 ,mr4 ,eads's ,tehuantepec ,ship ,railway1 or the ,nicaragua ,canal likely to be the best for the ,united ,states8 99 99 99 99 99 ,the recent conviction of two 8saints0 charged with polygamy is having a wholesome effect4 ,the law which makes such a decision possible in ,utah is the ,edmunds bill1 by which a man believing it right to have more than one living or undivorced wife at a time maybe challenged as a juryman4 ,under this law it is extremely difficult for a ,mormon brought to trial to escape sentence1 and the sentence is such that the fear of it will more than probably take a great deal of charm out of the doctrine of 8spiritual wives40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the biographical department of the scrap-book compiler has had great opportunities to grow rich in anecdotes of ,general ,grant this past month4 ,his prolonged illness and the wonderfully sustained interest and sympathy of the public have led to many letters and stories getting into print which otherwise might never have been known4 ,all of this matter but shows more and more clearly how just is our love and reverence for 8our hero40 99 99 99 99 99 ,for the benefit of the international copyright there were held in ,new ,york recently1 on two afternoons1 ,authors' ,readings4 ,a notable galaxy of literary characters gathered on the stage4 ,among them were ,george ,william ,curtis1 ,professor ,charles ,carroll1 ,julian ,hawthorne1 ,will ,carleton1 ,w4 ,d4 ,howells1 the ,rev4 ,robert ,collyer1 ,prof4 ,h4 ,h4 ,boyesen1 ,bishop ,potter1 ,mark ,twain1 ,edward ,eggleston1 ,henry ,ward ,beecher1 and others4 ,the audience which greeted the readers was large and appreciative4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one of the most horrible accidents of the month of ,april was the collapse of eight nearly completed tenement houses in ,new ,york ,city4 ,twelve persons were injured in the fall4 ,the investigation discloses a deliberate intention on the part of the contractor to use the poorest material obtainable1 and a criminal--whether intentional or not--neglect on the part of building authorities to prevent his plan4 ,indeed1 contractors who are honest in their work1 state the commission cares more for the fee which puts a contract through than for the material put into the building4 ,a vigorous public sentiment which would put a few such criminals into ,state prison might prove beneficial4 99 99 99 99 99 8,arbor ,day0 is extending its conquests4 ,its latest subject is none other than the ,province of ,ontario1 whose ,minister of ,education sends out a communication to all teachers asking that in the interest of sanitation and sthetics the #hth of ,may be set apart as a holiday in every rural and village school1 for grading school grounds1 laying out walks1 and setting out trees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hon4 ,b4 ,g4 ,northrop1 in a letter dated ,april #dth1 writes3 8,sixteen states have adopted #8,arbor ,day1' and to that result the article in ,,the ,,chautauquan1 and extracts quoted from it1 have greatly contributed40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,bureau of ,education sends out a pamphlet on 8,arbor ,day40 ,it will help many a teacher to an interest in the scheme1 and will tell him what trees to select1 how to plant them1 and how to arrange a program suitable for the holiday4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the trouble which we have with foreign tongues sometimes enables us to heartily appreciate the blunders of the foreigner who tries our ,english tongue4 ,we can not possibly make worse blunders with ,french than a late number of the aristocratic ,rvue des deux ,mondes1 when in its attempts to express in ,english the idea of a candidate favoring a railway it said1 8,my politic is railway40 99 99 99 99 99 ,one might almost call ,lord ,tennyson's verses on 8,the ,fleet0 the literary sensation of the month4 ,it is rather difficult to see just why the verses deserve the unstinted ridicule ,american papers have given them4 ,certainly they are tame1 but ,lord ,tennyson is an old man--a man whom this generation ought to honor for the noble pleasure he has left to it and to its posterity4 ,were his lines much worse1 courtesy demands that we remember that with age comes decay4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the new ,minister of ,education in ,greece1 where the four ,gospels are used as a reading book by the advanced classes in the primary department of the public schools1 proposes to introduce them into the higher schools4 ,the purity of the diction of the four ,gospels makes them1 regardless of other considerations1 most desirable reading for children who are just forming their literary style4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is a sort of fashion which common sense people will be glad to adopt--the run on plain food which ,london society is said to be having4 ,the ,prince of ,wales began it by cutting down every mnu over which he presided1 and he has had a larger following than usual--both the people who always follow and those whose good sense decides what they do1 taking up the custom4 ,it would be a wise lesson for both dinner givers and hotel keepers to learn that the quality of a dinner can not possibly depend upon the number of dishes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bringing out a successful novelty in flowers or vegetables1 is to a nurseryman what a bonanza mine is to a westerner1 or a flowing well to an oil producer4 ,the present season has several3 ,there is a new lettuce with leaves like the oak1 a red celery1 a celery which blanches naturally and bears leaves like an ostrich plume2 a pansy with blossoms two and one fourth inches in diameter2 a zinnia round as a ball1 and a mignonette with spikes twelve to fifteen inches in length1 and of pure white4 ,perhaps the greatest novelty about the business this spring is the fact that in the cities the safe deposit vaults are receiving thousands of pounds of invaluable seeds for keeping--treasures quite as priceless to the seedsmen as the jewels which repose beside them are to their owners4 99 99 99 99 99 ,another compliment to ,america6 ,when ,m4 de ,lesseps1 the new member of the ,french ,academy1 was installed1 in ,april1 he delivered1 it is said1 the shortest speech ever delivered by an incoming ,academician4 ,thereupon ,m4 de ,rnan complimented him on adopting the pithy1 pointed style of l',amerique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are very glad to introduce the ,chautauqua ,town and ,country ,club1 a new branch of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 for the study of agriculture4 ,everybody is expected to do something in this novel society of practical out-of-door work4 ,everybody must raise a plant1 or cultivate a bed1 or care for an animal4 ,a well known ,orange ,co41 ,n4 ,y41 farm is to be the working headquarters of the new organization1 and its course of reading and experiment is under the control of ,mr4 ,charles ,barnard4 ,chancellor ,vincent honors the organization with his supervision1 a guarantee of success1 and the headquarters of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 have been extended to take in the business of the ,c4 ,t4 ,c4 ,c4 ,in ,july we hope to give our readers a broader look at this charming club4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we called attention recently to ,dr4 ,warren's entertaining theory of the whereabouts of the garden of ,eden4 ,and now we have another explorer for this land-one ,moritz ,engel1 of ,dresden1 who locates it about seventy miles southwest of ,damascus4 ,herr ,engel makes his theory almost as entertaining and plausible as does ,dr4 ,warren his4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the article on the 8,natural ,history and ,people of ,borneo10 which appears in this issue of ,,the ,,chautauquan1 is in reality an outline of a book1 8,ten ,years in a ,jungle10 written by ,mr4 ,hornaday1 and soon to be published by ,messrs4 ,scribner's ,sons4 ,this work is to be fully illustrated and furnished with maps1 and will give much desirable information on many of the points but lightly touched in the article4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one of the most magnificent pieces of architecture in the world is about to be erected in ,st4 ,petersburg as a votive chapel commemorating the murder of the ,emperor ,alexander ,,ii41 of ,russia4 ,it stands over the spot where he fell1 is to be erected by donations from the entire nation1 will cost #aj1jjj1jjj1 and will be completed1 it is expected1 in #ahia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,james ,anthony ,froude says in a recent article that the best histories are those which are written by men who hate 8moral evil0 and love 8moral good10 and who are 8afraid to tell lies0 to defend their theories2 as examples1 he mentions1 ,herodotus1 ,thucydides1 ,tacitus1 and ,carlyle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the readers of ,,the ,,chautauquan are familiar with the ,chautauqua ,assembly ,daily ,herald1 the organ of the ,chautauqua meetings4 ,the forthcoming volume will contain all the best things said on the ,chautauqua platform and in all the meetings during the coming session1 with comments on the great men who frequent ,chautauqua during the months of ,july and ,august4 ,in short1 it will depict in all its interesting details the unique life of the great ,assembly4 ,this paper1 with its nineteen issues1 is the necessary supplement to the ,,the ,,chautauquan1 just as the ,assembly is the supplement to the work of the year4 ,every reader of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 every reader of ,,the ,,chautauquan1 every lover of ,chautauqua should have the ,assembly ,daily ,herald4 ,for rates and address see advertisement in this impression4 99 99 99 99 99 ,evening ,high ,schools are becoming a permanent feature in the school system of a number of our large cities4 ,they deserve the heartiest support of educators and municipal authorities4 ,in ,cincinnati there is an evening high school similar in requirements to the upper grade grammar school2 in ,st4 ,louis one which prepares students for the ,polytechnic school of ,washington ,university2 one in ,new ,york which1 in #ahhc1 had an average attendance of #iea pupils2 another in ,boston which1 in ,october #ahhd1 enrolled #a1eib pupils4 ,the character and the patronage are proofs sufficient that such institutions are in demand4 ,a late circular from the ,bureau of ,education declares that 8it is an institution which has come to stay1 and that it has a more important future than can now be understood40 99 99 99 99 99 ,a hopeful sign to temperance workers is the favor with which the scientific temperance education bill has been meeting in the legislatures of various states4 ,during the winter of #ahhd-e this bill became a law in ,nevada1 ,alabama1 ,wisconsin1 ,missouri1 ,maine1 ,new ,jersey1 ,oregon1 ,nebraska1 ,pennsylvania1 and ,kansas1 making in all fourteen states which require instruction in public schools concerning the physiological effects of stimulants and narcotics4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,notes ,,on ,,required ,,readings ,,for ,,june4 ,inoculation for cholera is the latest preventive4 ,a number of people have tried it in ,valencia1 ,spain1 and with perfect success1 the authorities contend4 ,cholera virus is used4 ,the patient becomes prostrated with a tumor in about twenty-four hours1 but usually recovers in a couple of days4 ,certainly1 if as sure as speedy1 humanity has found a boon4 ,it will be wiser1 however1 to wait until the cholera attacks ,valencia before trusting too implicitly to inoculation for cholera4 99 99 99 99 99 ,unbounded curiosity has been displayed at the ,new ,orleans ,exposition1 over the 8,woman's ,department40 ,in spite of fate ,mrs4 ,julia ,ward ,howe and her co-workers have succeeded in making it a success1 and in getting a fair representation of what women can do4 ,they have a literary department filled with scores of volumes written by women1 a woman's exchange1 samples of ten thousand kinds of fancy work1 of course1 and1 better than that1 of engraving1 wood-carving1 drawing1 silk culture and weaving2 a novel niche is made by a display of patents taken out by women1 and by blacksmith work and forging done by women4 ,could they transport a cottage with its inmates and let the work of home-making go on day after day1 they would add the crown to their department4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mrs4 ,elizabeth ,cady ,stanton in the ,north ,american makes the remarkable statement that women have never been benefited by ,christianity1 but that their elevation is altogether due to the spread of ,teutonic respect for noble women4 ,one must naturally conclude that ,mrs4 ,stanton has not studied her history thoroughly4 ,her statements sound very much like an attempt to build up a theory without respect to the facts in the case4 ,certainly no fact is better established than that with the spread of the doctrines of ,christ came the elevation of women4 ,,chemistry4 #a4 8,de ,saussure10 s-sr1 ,horace ,benedict4 7#agdj-agii47 ,a ,swiss naturalist who traveled extensively and made valuable contributions to science4 ,much of his time and attention were given to mountain researches4 ,he constructed the best hygroscope1 the instrument which indicates a change in the degree of moisture in the atmosphere4 ,the cyanometer1 an instrument for measuring the degrees of blueness in the sky1 was also invented by him4 #b4 8,osmose40 ,the tendency of fluids1 when placed in contact1 to mix4 #c4 8,cotyledons40 ,the seed lobes which surround and nourish young plants4 ,endogenous plants1 or inside growers1 such as ,indian corn1 have only one cotyledon1 while exogens1 or plants that grow by making external additions1 have two1 as seen in the young pea4 #d4 8,hales10 ,stephen4 7#afgg-agfa47 ,an ,english clergyman who gave much time to scientific study4 ,he was the author of several works1 among which was a book on the physiology of vegetables1 entitled 8,statical ,essays10 which has been translated into several languages4 #e4 8,dean ,trench10 ,richard ,chevenix4 7#ahjg-47 ,a ,british clergyman4 ,in #ahef he was made ,dean of ,westminster1 and in #ahfd ,archbishop of ,dublin4 ,his publications are numerous1 including poetical1 theological1 philological1 and historical works4 #f4 8,venus fly-trap10 or diona4 ,this curious plant is a native of the sandy bogs of ,north ,carolina4 ,it is a perennial plant1 whose leaves grow from its roots4 ,in the midst of them there grows a leafless stem1 about six inches high1 which terminates in a cluster of white flowers4 ,the long1 slender leaves bear at their extremities a second leaf1 which has been compared to two eyelids joined at their bases2 this leaf is fringed with stiff1 bristly hairs1 and on the upper surface there are three very delicate bristles on each side1 so placed that a fly can not walk over the leaf without touching one of them4 ,as soon as touched the two parts of the leaf instantly close over the victim and hold it in their embrace until death follows1 and the insect is partly absorbed4 ,the sensitiveness of the plant resides entirely in these bristles on the surface of the leaves4 ,the juice from the glands attracts the insects1 and the plant receives nourishment from their bodies1 which are partly dissolved in a liquid which exudes from the leaves4 #g4 8,nepenthes10 or pitcher plants4 ,a genus of plants whose leaves form receptacles for water4 ,the plants are natives of the swamps in the ,east ,indies and ,australia4 ,the linear-lanceolate leaves have at their extremities a long1 spiral stem1 at the end of which is attached an urn1 or pitcher1 of narrow cylindrical form1 from six to twelve inches long1 in the different species1 which are of the same color as the leaves1 in some varieties1 in others spotted with red1 and still others are of a blood red color4 ,the pitcher is terminated by a lid which is sometimes closed4 ,the pitcher is always partly filled with watery liquid4 ,honey is secreted around the mouth of the pitcher1 and insects are found within it1 which have been lured by the honey4 ,these are supposed to contribute to the nourishment of the plant4 ,for further description1 see the article on 8,borneo10 in the present number of ,,the ,,chautauquan4 ,there are some varieties of the pitcher plant found in the ,united ,states4 #h4 8,diatoms10 ,a species of microscopic plants belonging to the ,alg or sea weeds1 growing in both salt and fresh water4 ,for a long time they were thought to belong to the animal kingdom1 and were classed among the animalcules1 as they had the strange power of secreting from the water silicious shells4 ,they grew in some places in such abundance as to form large beds of their shelly remains1 the material of which is used for the polishing powders known under the name of tripoli4 ,the species found now are exactly like the fossils4 ,ehrenberg says3 8,species are to be found1 in a living state1 in situations where they have been propagated from times far anterior to the existence of man40 ,they may be obtained by allowing the water in which they grow to stand for a time1 and then pouring off all but the slimy part at the bottom4 ,the diatoms may often be seen to move a little in the water1 from which it was supposed they belonged to the animal kingdom4 ,professor ,bailey describes one very interesting species1 as follows3 8,at one moment the needle-shaped frustules lie side by side1 forming a rectangular plate2 suddenly one of the frustules slides forward a little way1 the next slides a little also1 and so on through the whole number4 ,these motions are constantly going on1 and with such rapidity that the eye can scarcely follow them4 ,the cause of the motion is wholly unknown1 but it is probably mechanical and not vital40 ,one species in its growth takes on a fanlike appearance and is exceedingly beautiful4 ,fossil diatoms have been found in all the strata of rock formations4 ,these with some of the minute creatures of the animal kingdom have left greater records of themselves than most of the higher forms of life4 ,extensive deposits of their silicious shells are found in various parts of the world4 ,the city of ,richmond1 ,va41 stands on a layer of them which is eighteen feet in thickness4 ,,errata4--,the first line of the second experiment1 page #dda of ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,may1 should read3 8,a body is buoyed up in water by a force equal to the weight of the water it displaces40 ,,sunday ,,readings4 #a4 8,summerfield10 ,john4 7#agih-ahbe47 ,an ,american divine4 ,he was born in ,england1 and moved to ,new ,york in #ahba4 ,he visited many of the large cities1 where his eloquence drew crowds to listen to his sermons4 ,he founded the ,american ,tract ,society4 #b4 8,krumacher10 ,friedrich ,adolph4 7#agfh-ahde47 ,an eminent ,german theologian1 pastor of the ,reformed ,church at ,crefeld1 and later pastor at ,bremen4 ,he was the author of many works1 both in prose and poetry4 ,,animal ,,biology4 #a4 8,batrachia10 b-trk-4 #b4 8,ophidia10 -fid-4 #c4 8,lacertilia10 l-ser-til-4 #d4 8,iguanodon10 i-gun-don4 ,this gigantic fossil reptile was discovered in the year #ahhb1 in the ,wealden beds of ,kent and ,sussex1 also in the ,isle of ,wight1 by ,dr4 ,mantell4 ,the enormous bones were very abundant1 and from a close study of them1 it has been estimated that the extreme length of the reptile must have been twenty-eight or thirty feet1 of which the head was three1 and the tail thirteen feet4 ,it stood higher above the ground than any reptile now in existence4 ,the teeth1 which bear a remarkable resemblance to the teeth of the ,american lizard1 the iguana1 from which it was named1 show that the animal was herbivorous4 ,it probably fed on the trees growing along the borders of swamps and streams1 and was able to lift its body for this purpose on its hind legs4 #e4 8,mega-lo-saurus40 ,the word comes from the ,greek1 as do nearly all the words in this list1 and means great lizard4 ,the bones found in the rocks of the ,oolite formation1 the one next below the ,wealden1 show the animal to have been terrestrial and carnivorous4 ,it fed upon smaller reptiles and the young of the larger orders4 ,its huge body was supported on four large1 strong legs1 the hind ones being estimated to have had a length of nearly six feet4 ,the length of the animal must have been thirty or forty feet4 ,in the first estimates made of all these saurians1 their size was overestimated1 the body of the iguanodon having been given as seventy feet in length1 and the megalosaurus as sixty or seventy feet4 #f4 8,plesi-o-saurus40 ,the word means like a lizard4 ,it is a remarkable fossil sea-reptile1 which shows a long1 snake-like neck1 in which there are thirty-three vertebr1 ten more than in the longest neck of any bird4 ,the body and head are comparatively short4 ,its whole length1 when living1 was probably twenty-five or thirty feet4 ,buckland describes it as follows3 8,to the head of a lizard it united the teeth of a crocodile1 a neck of enormous length1 resembling the body of a serpent1 a trunk and tail having the proportions of an ordinary quadruped2 the ribs of a chameleon1 and the paddles of a whale40 ,there were fifty teeth in each jaw4 ,conybeare says of it3 8,that it was marine is evident from its paddles2 that it may have occasionally visited the shore1 the resemblance of its extremities to those of the turtle may lead us to conjecture2 its motion must have been1 however1 very awkward on land2 its neck must have impeded its progress through the water4 ,may it not therefore be concluded--since1 in addition to these circumstances1 its respiration must have required frequent access to the air--that it swam upon or near the surface1 arching back its neck like the swan1 and occasionally darting it down at the fish which happened to float within its reach8 ,it may1 perhaps1 have lurked in shoal water along the coast1 concealed among the sea weed1 and1 raising its nostrils to the surface from a considerable depth1 may have found a sure retreat from the assaults of dangerous enemies1 while the flexibility of its neck may have compensated for the want of strength in its jaws and its incapacity for swift motion through the water1 by the suddenness and agility of the attack which it enabled it to make on every animal fitted for its prey which came within its reach40 #g4 8,ichthy-o-saurus0 7fish-lizard74 ,this animal1 which also is known only by its fossil remains1 must have been about thirty feet long4 ,it had enormous eyes1 a long and large head1 a mouth armed with powerful teeth1 and a short neck4 ,the body was fish-like in form1 and the four paddles1 resembling those of a whale1 were comparatively small4 ,the tail was long and gradually flattened toward the end2 it was the principal organ of locomotion4 ,they were very active in their movements1 and consequently were dangerous enemies to all other animals living in the sea4 ,their food consisted chiefly of fishes4 #h4 8,chelonia10 k-lon-4 #i4 8,loricata10 lri-ct4 #aj4 8,aves10 vs4 #aa4 8,anchylosed10 angk-losed4 ,united2 made fast2 stiffened4 #ab4 8,esophagus10 e-sofa-gus4 ,the passage leading to the stomach1 through which the food and drink pass4 #ac4 8,raptores10 rap-tres4 #ad4 8,insessores10 in-ses-sres4 #ae4 8,cursores10 cur-sres4 #af4 8,grallatores10 gral-l-tores4 #ag4 8,natatores10 nat-a-tres4 #ah4 8,monotremata10 mono-trema-t4 #ai4 8,edentata10 -denta-t4 #bj4 8,armadillos10 ar-ma-dills4 #ba4 8,sirenia10 s-rni-4 #bb4 8,cetacea10 s-ts-4 #bc4 8,cheiroptera10 k-ropte-r4 #bd4 8,rodentia10 r-densh-a4 #be4 8,ungulates10 ung-lates4 #bf4 8,pinnigrades10 pinni-grades4 #bg4 8,plantigrades10 plant-grades4 #bh4 8,digitigrades10 digi-ti-grades4 99 99 99 99 99 ,those who wish to carry on further the study of ,animal ,biology will find a wide range of reading on the subject awaiting them4 ,we append a list1 but are unable to give publishers and prices3 8,comparative ,zology10 by ,james ,orton2 8,methods of ,study in ,natural ,history10 by ,agassiz2 8,principles of ,zology10 by ,agassiz and ,gould2 8,elementary ,biology10 by ,huxley and ,martin2 ,wood's 8,illustrated ,natural ,history20 ,jones's 8,animal ,creation20 8,elements of ,zology10 by ,holder2 ,packard's 8,zology20 ,nicholson's 8,manual of ,zology20 8,winners in ,life's ,race3 or1 ,the ,great ,backboned ,family10 by ,arabella ,b4 ,buckley2 8,life and her ,children3 or1 ,glimpses of ,animal ,life from the ,amba to the ,insects10 by ,miss ,buckley4 ,for special studies3 ,lyell's 8,antiquity of ,man20 ,blumenbach's 8,natural ,history of ,man20 ,huxley's 8,elementary ,lessons in ,physiology20 8,sea-side ,studies in ,natural ,history10 by ,agassiz2 ,taylor's 8,half-hours at the ,seaside20 ,dana's 8,corals and ,coral ,islands20 ,duncan's 8,transformation of ,insects20 ,packard's 8,guide to the ,study of ,insects20 ,coues's 8,key to ,north ,american ,birds20 ,jordan's 8,popular ,key to the ,birds1 etc41 of the ,northern ,united ,states20 8,birds of ,north ,america10 by ,baird1 ,brewer and ,ridgeway2 ,baird's 8,mammals of ,north ,america20 ,scammon's 8,marine ,mammals of ,north ,pacific20 ,coues's 8,fur-bearing ,animals of ,north ,america20 ,huxley's 8,manual of ,vertebrates20 8,tropical ,nature10 by ,wallace 7a work on reptiles72 8,check ,list of ,north ,american ,reptiles and ,batrachians10 by ,e4 ,d4 ,cope2 8,game ,fishes of the ,united ,states10 by ,g4 ,brown ,goode2 8,blind ,fishes of the ,mammoth ,cave10 in 8,american ,naturalist10 vol4 vi41 p4 #f2 ,holder's 8,american ,fauna20 ,agassiz's 8,development of ,osseous ,fishes20 ,gunther's 8,introduction to the ,study of ,fishes20 ,packard's 8,guide to the ,study of ,insects10 also his 8,half ,hours with ,insects20 ,wood's 8,strange ,dwellings10 8,natural ,history10 and 8,homes ,without ,hands20 ,burmeister's 8,entomology20 ,lubbock's 8,ants1 ,bees1 and ,wasps20 ,mc,cook's 8,agricultural ,ants of ,texas20 8,crustacea of the ,united ,states ,exploring ,expedition10 by ,j4 ,d4 ,dana2 8,the ,lobster and ,lobster ,fishing10 by ,w4 ,w4 ,wheildon2 8,barnacles10 by ,j4 ,s4 ,kingsley2 8,the ,cray ,fish10 by ,huxley2 8,terrestrial ,air-breathing ,mollusks of the ,united ,states10 by ,w4 ,g4 ,binney2 8,our ,sea ,anemones10 by ,a4 ,e4 ,verrill2 8,the ,atlantic and ,depths of the ,sea10 by ,thompson2 ,leidy's 8,fresh ,water ,rhizopods20 ,pritchard's 8,infusoria40 ,serial publications containing much matter in regard to these subjects are ,popular ,science ,monthly1 ,american ,journal of ,science1 ,american ,naturalist1 ,smithsonian ,contributions1 ,annals and ,magazine of ,natural ,history1 and ,nature4 ,,course ,,of ,,reading ,,for #ahhe-f4 ,roman ,history and ,latin ,literature4 ,studies in ,italian ,history1 ,biography1 and ,art4 ,political ,economy4 ,studies in ,human ,nature4 ,studies in ,robert ,browning4 ,electricity4 ,philosophy1 ,international ,law1 etc41 etc4 ,the books for the course will soon be announced4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent4 ,,new ,,haven1 ,,ct41 ,april #bg1 #ahhe4 ,,paragraphs ,,from ,,new ,,books4 8,look there1 my dearies60 and she pointed to a little blue and white tea-pot on the high mantel-shelf above the hearth1 on which they were sitting4 8,last night1 when they'd taken ,ben away1 and ,i couldn't finish t' psalm1 and ,i couldn't do much more praying than a little bairn thet's flayed and troubled in t' dark night1 ,i lifted my eyes to thet tea-pot1 and ,i knew t' words thet was on it1 and they wer' like an order and a promise--a' in one2 and ,i said1 #8,there6 thet's enough1 ,lord6' and ,i went to my bed and slept1 for ,i knew there 'ud be a deal to do to-day1 and nothing weakens me like missing my sleep40 8,and did you sleep1 ,martha80 8,ay1 ,i slept4 ,it wasn't hard wi' t' promise ,i'd got40 ,then ,phyllis took a chair and stood upon it and carefully lifted down the tea-pot4 ,it was of coarse blue and white pottery1 and had been made in ,staffordshire when the art was emerging from its rudeness1 and when the people were half barbarous and wholly irreligious--one of half a dozen that are now worth more than if made of the rarest china1 the 8,blue ,wesley ,tea-pot20 rude little objects1 yet formed by loving1 reverential hands to commemorate the apostolic labors of ,john ,wesley in that almost savage district4 ,his likeness was on one side1 and on the other the words1 so often in his mouth1 8,in ,god we trust40--,from 8,the ,hallam ,succession10 by ,amelia ,e4 ,barr4 99 99 99 99 99 ,discriminate in the use of ,,and and ,,to4 ,instead of saying 8,go and see them before you leave20 8,try and help him obtain a place20 8,come and meet our friends at my house20 say 8,go to10 8,try to10 and 8,come to40 ,discriminate in the use of the word ,,artist4 ,keep artist to designate the higher order of workmen2 as painters1 sculptors1 musicians1 architects1 and the like4 ,don't use it to designate barbers1 laundrymen1 tailors1 etc4 ,discriminate in the use of ,,bad4 ,don't say 8,i have a bad cold20 say 8a severe cold40 ,as colds are never good1 we should not say they are bad4 ,we can have slight colds1 or severe colds1 but not bad colds4 ,discriminate between ,,bad and ,,badly4 ,don't make the mistake1 so frequently made1 of saying 8,i feel very badly40 ,use bad4 ,badly is an adverb1 and should not be employed4 ,one might as well say 8,i feel happily10 instead of happy4 ,discriminate between ,,balance and ,,remainder or ,,rest4 ,don't say 8,the balance of the library remained unsold20 8,he spent the balance of the evening at home20 8,the balance of the money he left in their keeping20 8,we will now have the balance of the toasts40 ,use rest or remainder4 ,balance denotes the excess of one thing over another4 ,discriminate in the use of ,,depot4 ,the best critics contend that we should not call a railway-station a depot4 ,a depot is a place where goods or stores of any kind are kept4 ,discriminate between ,,had ,,rather and ,,would ,,rather4 ,don't say ,i had rather not do it2 say ,i would rather not do it4 ,discriminate in the use of ,,polite and ,,kind4 ,don't say 8your polite invitation was received20 8,you are very polite in being so obliging20 8,they gave us a polite reception40 ,use kind4 ,discriminate in the use of ,,such and ,,so4 ,don't say1 8,such a handsome bonnet20 8,such a lovely girl20 8,such a rough road40 ,use so handsome1 so lovely1 etc4--,from 8,discriminate40,m 99 99 99 99 99 ,,one ,,means ,,of ,,helping ,,russia4--,but there is no obstacle which can not be overcome by energy1 spirit of sacrifice1 and courage4 ,the ,russian despotism must and will be destroyed2 for it is not permitted to the stupid obstinacy of one1 nor to the infamous egotism of a few1 to arrest the progress and light of a nation of a hundred million souls4 ,we can only wish the mode of execution of the unavoidable may be the least disastrous1 least sanguinary1 and most humane4 ,and there is a force which can strongly contribute to this--it is the public opinion of ,european countries4 ,it is strange1 but quite true2 ,russian governmental circles are much more impressed by what is said about them in ,europe than by the wailing of all ,russia from the ,white ,sea down to the ,euxine4--,from 8,russia ,under the ,tzars10 by ,stepniak4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,golden ,,prime ,,of '#di4--;,a knowledge of the characteristic features of the mining days of #ahdi is essential to a full appreciation of the good sense and political wisdom shown by the miners as a class4 ,merchants1 mechanics1 farmers existed but to supply the miners2 and the gold of the mines was the chief resource of ,california4 ,four fifths of the able-bodied male population were living in the mineral belt1 or were on their way thither1 when the working season of #ahdi opened4 ,only four years before there had been but five hundred ,americans in ,california2 in ,february1 #ahdh1 but two thousand2 by ,december1 #ahdh1 this number had grown to six thousand2 by ,july1 #ahdi1 to fifteen thousand2 and by ,december1 #ahdi1 to fifty-three thousand4 ,chiefly owing to the gold rush of #ahdh-ec the center of population of the ,united ,states moved eighty-one miles farther west4 ,within four years after the spring of #ahdi the population of the new state was #cjj1jjj1 and more than #bfj1jjj1jjj had been dug from the gold fields4--,from ,charles ,howard ,shinn's 8,mining ,camps40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,wise ,,man',s ,,view ,,of ,,life4 8,look on the ,spirit as the rider6 take ,the ,body for the chariot1 and the ,will ,as charioteer6 regard the ,mind as reins1 ,the ,senses the steeds1 and the things of sense ,the ways they trample on4 ,so is the ,soul ,the ,lord that owneth spirit1 body1 will1 ,mind1 senses1 all2 itself unowned4 ,thus think ,the wise6 8,he who is unwise drives with reins ,slack on the neck o' the senses2 then they romp1 ,like restive horses of a charioteer4 8,he that is wise1 with watchful mind and firm1 ,calms those wild ,fire1 so they go fair and straight1 ,like well trained horses of a charioteer40 --,edwin ,arnold's 8,the ,secret of ,death40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,amy ,,allston',s ,,report ,,of ,,strawberry ,,culture4--,on the #bgth of ,may ,janet and ,i picked our first berries for market1 and from that time on we were truly busybodies4 ,we worked early and late1 being careful to have dresses short enough not to injure the vines4 ,it was hard work for our bent1 weary backs1 as it grew warm1 but we knew it must be done4 ,mother1 ,janet1 ,will and ,pete did good service1 and little ,cecy cheered us from her wagon under a neighboring tree4 ,in about five weeks the harvest was over1 and after taking breath1 we counted our gains4 ,,dr4 ,cost of plants 7#c1fcj7 #aa #hj ,cost of picking #aj #be ------ ,total #bb #je ,,cr4 ,by #a1agh quarts of berries1 at an average of #ae;c4 per qt4 #agf #gj ------- ,net profit on one quarter acre #aed #fe ,if we had to pay expenses of plowing1 weeding1 manure1 etc41 it would have greatly lessened the profits4 ,on the other hand the season was backward1 and the yield was not large1 they tell me1 in consideration of the fine condition of the plants and the cultivation they received1 which was better than we could give a larger plot4 ,at all events we set out half an acre more the ,august after4--,from ,helen ,campbell's 8,what-to-do ,club40 ,m ,discriminate4 ,a ,companion to 8,don't40 ,a ,manual for ,guidance in the ,use of ,correct ,words and ,phrases in ,ordinary ,speech4 ,by ,critic4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #cj cents4 ,,talk ,,about ,,books4 ,a happy thought was carried into successful execution in the publication of 8,the ,hundred ,greatest ,men40,n ,the editor conceived the idea that a 8natural history of civilization ought to be1 not so much a narration of events1 as a description of men and things10 and hence for many years busied himself in making a collection of portraits and antiquities as a preparation for his work4 ,the great men of all ages have been grouped into eight classes1 and treated under the following divisions of the book3 ,poetry1 art1 religion1 philosophy1 history1 science1 politics1 and industry4 ,introductions have been written for these different departments by ,matthew ,arnold1 ,taine1 ,max ,mller1 ,rnan1 ,noah ,porter1 ,dean ,stanley1 ,prof4 ,helmholtz1 ,j4 ,a4 ,froude1 and ,john ,fiske4 ,the general introduction is by ,emerson4 ,only those characters have been selected who have stood the test of time without diminution of fame4 ,a portrait accompanies each sketch1 and many of these have been obtained at great expense of time and trouble4 ,the sketches themselves are word-paintings of the character1 the life1 and the times of the men1 and the wonder is that in such brief space so much information can be given4 ,the volume is a veritable art gallery4 ,a story of much delicacy of touch1 and with some strong delineation of character1 is 8,the ,hallam ,succession0,o of ,amelia ,c4 ,barr4 ,the placing of the story could hardly be more picturesque4 ,mrs4 ,barr opens with ,english life of the first of the present century1 carries us to a plantation near ,new ,orleans1 through 8,sam0 ,houston's ,texan struggles1 and finally to the long1 low1 verandahed house of a ,texas plantation4 ,the varied setting gives the variety to a story of faithful love and devotion4 ,the many pleasing touches given in the descriptions of the characters are the finest features of the book4 ,a fair example is the paragraph quoted on another page of this impression1 which in its true and delicate pathos is rarely equaled4 ,one or two selections taken from 8,the ,harnt that ,walks the ,chilhowee10 one of the eight stories that make up the volume1 8,in ,the ,tennessee ,mountains10,p will show the style and aim of these unique writings1 which are just now attracting so much attention4 ,this 8harnt10 or ghost1 was supposed to be that of a poor1 deformed little creature1 who some time before had been shot1 and1 as every one thought1 killed4 ,he himself had been falsely accused of taking a man's life4 ,his death1 however1 had been a mistake1 and it was the real man who walked the mountain in search of food4 ,simon ,burney1 an 8uncouth and densely ignorant0 mountaineer1 sought out the helpless1 forlorn little specter1 for whose capture #bjj reward had been offered1 and said3 8,i ain't a-goin' ter help no man break the law an' hender jestice2 but ef ye will go an' stand yer trial ,i'll take keer of ye4 ,an' arter the jury hev done let ye off1 ye are welcome ter live along o' me at my house till ye die40 ,and after the trial and the clearance1 this rough friend was as good as his word1 and 8ungrudgingly gave of his best ''' and worked early and late that there might be enough to divide40 8,a prince could not have dispensed hospitality with a more royal hand40 ,the author closes by saying3 8,the grace of culture is1 in its way1 a fine thing1 but the best that art can do--the polish of a gentleman--is hardly equal to the best that nature can do in her highest moods40 ,all of the stories are full of interest1 and show great love for humanity4 ,the author1 in a bright1 cheery way1 true to the life which she represents1 portrays the strong and noble natures found in the lowest walks of life4 8,a ,book of ,sermons10,q by ,bishop ,simpson1 will meet with a warm welcome everywhere4 ,to those who have heard him preach1 who have listened to his eager1 impassioned words1 and have been borne onward by the tide of his eloquence1 it may seem that to merely read the words--to have them without the powerful influence1 the magnetic personality1 behind them--is to possess the letter without the spirit4 ,but such will be happily surprised4 ,the book bears witness that ,bishop ,simpson was a great sermonizer1 as well as a great speaker4 ,by the aid of a little imagination as one reads1 he can see again the spare form1 and the face lighted up with enthusiasm and love2 can hear the voice rapidly and earnestly uttering the words which point out plainly and simply the way of life4 ,while1 without this help1 those who never heard him will find great pleasure and profit in reading the book4 ,no one who knows ,dr4 ,buckley but expects good things from his pen1 and he has given to young men a particularly useful volume in 8,oats or ,wild-,oats80,r ,advice is as difficult a thing to prescribe judiciously as it is to take pleasantly4 ,it is very liable to be insipid1 preachy1 to lack verve qualities1 which young men particularly abominate2 it is very little of it readable4 ,but these talks of ,dr4 ,buckley's abound in readable qualities4 ,they are directly to the point1 and full of clear-cut common sense4 ,they advise young men in the practical matter of choosing a profession1 and in making a success of it4 ,the talks come from a man who1 even if he 8never worked a half day on a farm in his life10 has observed and conversed with hundreds of farmers2 who knows from what he has heard and learned from their confessions to him just where they make their business1 social1 intellectual1 and religious mistakes2 and who is not afraid to express what he believes to be their dangers1 and their strong points4 ,as with farming1 so with all the trades and professions4 ,he knows his ground1 and treats it in a tone a trifle blunt1 perhaps1 but nevertheless full of force and conviction4 ,mr4 ,marvin1 an ,englishman who for several years has lived in ,russia1 and is thoroughly acquainted with the character1 the policy1 and the wishes of that government1 has1 in writing 8,the ,russians at the ,gates of ,herat10,s tried to impress more deeply upon the ,english people the necessity of immediate effort in order to secure themselves in the possession of the entrance to ,india4 ,the steady advance of ,russia for years past toward this empire has been carefully traced1 and all the treacherous devices by which she has gained ground are exposed4 ,the popular opinion that colossal mountain ranges lie between the ,russian possessions and ,india has been shown to be an error2 the new route over which they are passing is such that one could 8drive all the way four-in-hand40 8,no surrender10 must be the motto of every ,englishman as regards ,penjdeh1 and 8,hands off10 in respect to all places leading directly to ,herat1 says the author4 ,a careful study of this book will give one a clear idea of this complicated movement4 ,the 8,old ,farm0,t was one that had been for years without a tenant1 for its owner feared to lease it lest its old fashioned house and belongings might not suit the new comer1 and he would want it changed4 ,at last one was found willing1 glad to take it just as it was4 ,one bright ,october day a business man from the great city1 broken down in health1 took possession of it with his family4 8,a year of retirement and rest will restore his vigor and save him for the future10 said the doctor4 ,very soon the early tastes of the naturalist1 for such he had been1 awoke1 and the days were spent in seeking1 gathering and studying specimens of minute animal life1 or 8the other tenants of the farm10 as he called them4 ,the conversations held regarding them make up the main part of the work4 ,spiders1 moths1 bees1 wasps1 and ants are among those described at length2 their history and habits are very accurately given4 ,the blending of the story with the natural history makes an exceedingly interesting book4 ,n ,the ,hundred ,greatest ,men4 ,with ,portraits1 reproduced from ,fine and ,rare ,steel ,engravings4 ,edited by ,wallace ,wood1 ,m4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #f4jj4 ,o ,the ,hallam ,succession4 ,a ,tale of ,methodist ,life in ,two ,countries4 ,by ,amelia ,e4 ,barr4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 #ahhe4 ,p ,in the ,tennessee ,mountains4 ,by ,charles ,egbert ,craddock4 ,boston3 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co4 ,price1 #a4be4 ,q ,sermons by ,bishop ,matthew ,simpson4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers1 ,franklin ,square4 #ahhe4 ,r ,oats or ,wild-,oats8 ,common ,sense for ,young ,men4 ,by ,j4 ,m4 ,buckley1 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,s ,the ,russians at the ,gates of ,herat4 ,by ,charles ,marvin4 ,with ,maps and ,portraits4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #ej cents4 ,t ,tenants of an ,old ,farm4 ,by ,henry ,c4 ,mc,cook1 ,d4,d4 ,illustrated from ,nature4 ,new ,york3 ,fords1 ,howard ,hulbert4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #b4ej4 ,,books ,,received4 ,the ,women of the ,reformation4 ,by ,mrs4 ,annie ,wittenmyer4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 ,cincinnati3 ,cranston ,stowe4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #b4jj4 ,preparation for ,reading ,xenophon4 ,by ,james ,m4 ,whiton1 ,ph4,d41 and ,mary ,b4 ,whiton1 ,a4,b4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton and ,company4 #ahhe4 ,assyriology2 ,its ,use and ,abuse4 ,by ,francis ,brown4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 #ahhe4 ,elias ,power1 of ,ease-in-,zion4 ,by ,john ,m4 ,bamford4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 ,cincinnati3 ,cranston ,stowe4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #he;c4 ,wondrous ,love4 ,a ,collection of ,songs and ,services for ,sunday-schools4 ,by ,geo4 ,f4 ,root and ,c4 ,c4 ,case4 ,cincinnati3 ,the ,john ,church ,publishing ,co41 #gd ,west ,fourth ,street4 ,the ,century ,magazine1 ,vol4 ,,xxix4 ,new ,series1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,century ,co4 ,composition and ,rhetoric4 ,by ,g4 ,p4 ,quackenbos1 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton and ,company4 #ahhe4 ,the ,spinning ,wheel of ,tamworth4 ,by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,a4 ,smith4 ,new ,york3 ,national ,temperance ,society and ,publishing ,house1 #eh ,reade ,street4 #ahhd4 ,the ,secret of ,death and ,other ,poems4 ,by ,edwin ,arnold4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,delivered from ,afar4 ,by ,ralph ,roberts4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 ,cincinnati3 ,cranston ,stowe4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,a ,child's ,garden of ,verses4 ,by ,robert ,louis ,stevenson4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 #ahhe4 ,harriet ,martineau4 ,by ,mrs4 ,f4 ,fenwick ,miller4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahhe4 ,grammar of ,old ,english4 ,by ,edward ,sievers1 ,ph4,d4 ,boston3 ,ginn1 ,heath ,co4 #ahhe4 ,hygiene for ,young ,people4 ,by ,a4 ,b4 ,palmer1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,a4 ,s4 ,barnes ,co4 #ahhe4 ,krusi's ,drawing ,tablets4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahhe4 ,select ,spelling and ,pronouncing ,lessons4 ,new ,york2 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,hygiene and ,physiology4 ,by ,j4 ,d4 ,steele1 ,ph4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,a4 ,s4 ,barnes ,co4 #ahhe4 ,one of the ,duanes4 ,by ,alice ,king ,hamilton4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #a4be4 ,harriet ,martineau's ,autobiography4 ,edited by ,maria ,weston ,chapman4 ,boston3 ,houghton1 ,mifflin and ,company4 #ahhe4 ,russia ,under the ,tzars4 ,by ,stepniak4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 #ahhe4 ,twenty-eight ,breakfasts4 ,by ,emily ,raymond4 ,toledo3 ,blade ,printing and ,paper ,co4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #aj cents4 ,graded ,review ,questions4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,giffin and ,david ,maclure4 ,new ,york3 ,a4 ,lovell ,co41 #af ,astor ,place4 #ahhe4 ,leonard and ,gertrude4 ,by ,pestalozzi4 ,translated and abridged by ,eva ,channing4 ,boston3 ,ginn1 ,heath ,co4 #ahhe4 ,herbert ,spencer's ,philosophy4 ,examined by ,james ,mc,cosh1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 ,redemption in ,prophecy4 ,by ,john ,g4 ,wilson4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #a4be4 ,the ,handy ,companion4 ,j4 ,r4 ,holcombe ,co41 ,publishers4 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,personal ,traits of ,british ,authors4 ,by ,e4 ,t4 ,mason4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,a ,hand-,book of the ,united ,brethren in ,christ4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,shuey1 ,a4,m4 ,dayton1 ,o43 ,united ,brethren ,publishing ,house4 #ahhe4 ,anth4 ,by ,mrs4 ,g4 ,w4 ,chandler4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 ,cincinnati3 ,cranston ,stowe4 #ahhe4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,at the ,sign of the ,blue ,boar4 ,a ,story of the ,reign of ,charles ,,ii4 ,by ,emma ,leslie4 ,new ,york3 ,phillips ,hunt4 #ahhe4 ,life of ,edward ,thompson1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 late a ,bishop of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church4 ,by his son1 ,edward ,thompson1 ,m4,a4 ,cincinnati3 ,cranston ,stowe4 #ahhe4 ,,special ,,notes4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,stationery4--,an entirely new design in stationery will be sold at ,chautauqua and other ,assemblies this season4 ,it is the only authorized ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 stationery4 ,a new and uniform ,chautauqua badge has also been devised1 and will be on sale at the various ,assemblies4 ,this badge bears different emblematic designs1 suitable for the different orders in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,it will take the place of all other badges1 except the garnet badge of the graduates1 worn on ,commencement day4--,r4 ,s4 ,,holmes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the ,april issue of ,,the ,,chautauquan we gave the credit of the management of the ,school of ,cookery at ,lake de ,funiak to ,mrs4 ,emma ,p4 ,ewing4 ,we were wrong4 ,mrs4 ,ewing was not at the ,florida ,chautauqua1 but ,mrs4 ,sophie ,w4 ,knight1 of ,grand ,rapids1 ,michigan1 was1 and a very delightful series of lessons in the art of cookery she gave4 99 99 99 99 99 ,chautauqua never fails to provide something new for its devotees4 ,this summer the novelty is a mineral spring4 ,the waters have been in the laboratory of an eminent chemist1 and are pronounced rich in healthful qualities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,errata4--,the name of ,l4 ,w4 ,sabin appeared among the graduates in ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,february under ,missouri2 it should have appeared under ,iowa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,the ,,class ,,of '#hh4--,so much having been written pro and con1 respecting our class name1 it is proposed to have the entire class vote for or against the name4 ,the circles will send their vote1 giving the number in favor and against present name4 ,those who are not in circles can send their votes as individuals4 ,in order to insure insertion the vote must be sent to the ,rev4 ,c4 ,c4 ,mc,lean1 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,fla41 before the #ast of ,june4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chautauqua ,,day ,,at ,,ocean ,,grove4--,at ,ocean ,grove1 ,n4 ,j41 arrangements have been made to graduate all ,chautauquans who have completed the course of study and prefer to receive their diploma there2 and the #bith of ,july next has been set apart as a 8,chautauqua day10 for the graduation ceremonies and other exercises appropriate to the occasion4 ,chancellor ,vincent1 ,superintendent of ,instruction1 and other officers of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 will be present1 and a large number of the pupils of the young and vigorous 8,people's ,college10 representing all parts of the country1 from the ocean to the ,rocky ,mountains1 are expected to witness and take part in the interesting exercises while enjoying the amenities of that charming seaside town4 ,there is1 at ,ocean ,grove1 a local circle comprising a membership of nearly sixty4 ,many of the members are as full of enthusiasm as our honored superintendent1 with all his deep devotion to the institution he has conducted to such a high degree of prosperity and usefulness1 can desire1 and the necessary preparations for the 8,chautauqua day0 will be made under its direction4 ,the president of the ,ocean ,grove ,association1 the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,stokes1 is also president of the local circle4 ,he is a zealous ,chautauquan1 and to his influence and example must be attributed much of the zeal1 industry and enthusiasm that have made the local circle so interesting and profitable to members and visitors4 ,all members of the class of '#he who can not go to ,chautauqua to receive their diplomas within the sacred shades of our beloved alma mater1 but may be able to make a visit for the purpose to ,ocean ,grove1 will be cordially welcomed1 and it is suggested that they will do well to give as early notice as practicable of their intentions in that regard4 ,communications on the subject should be addressed to the ,secretary of the ,ocean ,grove ,local ,circle1 ,mrs4 ,lulu ,pile ,little4 ,,important ,,to ,,members ,,of ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,the ,chautauqua ,assembly ,daily ,herald will be printed in the grove at ,chautauqua1 and issued as a morning paper in ,august1 #ahhe4 ,it will begin ,saturday1 ,august #a1 and continue every day for nineteen days4 ,nobody can keep well informed on the ,chautauqua movement without the ,assembly ,herald4 ,it will tell you nearly everything that is done4 ,it will cost #a4jj for the season1 and it will contain stenographic reports of all the scientific1 philosophical1 and other lectures delivered at the ,chautauqua meetings1 together with elaborate reports of all meetings held there the coming season4 ,the price is very low4 ,the ,assembly ,daily ,herald and ,,the ,,chautauquan at one time1 #b4be4 ,this offer is good only till ,august #ast4 ,members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 will find a great many valuable hints and suggestions in the reports of meetings published in the ,assembly ,daily ,herald1 also more than seventy splendid lectures4 ,some 8local circles0 use the ,herald to assist them in conducting their work during the winter months4 ,send in your names early1 before the press of business is upon us at ,chautauqua4 ,,chautauqua ,,school ,,of ,,languages1 #ahhe4 ,,lewis ,,miller1 ,pres't4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4,d41 ,sup't of ,instruction4 ,,chautauqua ,,school ,,of ,,hebrew4 ,,instructors ,,and ,,lecturers4 ,,william ,m4 ,,harper1 ,ph4,d41 ,principal4 ,professor in ,baptist ,union ,theological ,seminary1 ,morgan ,park1 ,illinois4 ,,charles ,r4 ,,brown1 ,professor in ,newton ,theological ,institution1 ,newton ,center1 ,massachusetts4 ,,david ,a4 ,m',,clenahan1 ,m4,a41 ,pastor of ,united ,presbyterian ,church1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,anderson1 ,m4,a41 ,professor in ,theological ,institute1 ,tuscaloosa1 ,alabama4 ,,regular ,,courses ,,of ,,instruction4 #a4 ,the ,elementary ,class will be made up of those who have no knowledge of the language4 ,it will make about sixty recitations1 three each day 7one on ,saturday74 #b4 ,the ,intermediate ,class will be made up of those who have once studied ,hebrew1 but desire to renew this study from the beginning4 ,the class will begin with the first principles1 and the work will differ from that of the ,elementary ,class rather in amount than in character4 #c4 ,the ,progressive ,class is intended for those who have had training in the elementary principles of ,hebrew1 but who wish to become familiar with the details of the language4 #d4 ,the ,advanced ,class will do work of an advanced character4 ,it is intended for those who are thoroughly familiar with the grammar of the language1 who have at command a large vocabulary1 and who have read large portions of the ,hebrew ,bible4 ,the members of the ,intermediate1 ,progressive and ,advanced ,classes will be divided into four ,extempore sections1 each of which will read1 during the four weeks1 forty hours under the care of an instructor4 ,i4 ,special ,courses4 ,in the ,chautauqua ,school of ,hebrew1 instruction will be given1 if desired1 in the following special courses3 #a4 ,aramaic4--,one hour a day with ,professor ,william ,r4 ,harper1 ,ph4,d41 ,morgan ,park1 ,ill4 #b4 ,advanced ,hebrew ,grammar4--,one hour a day with ,professor ,william ,r4 ,harper1 ,ph4,d4 #c4 ,hebrew ,new ,testament4--,one hour a day with ,professor ,j4 ,j4 ,anderson1 of ,tuscaloosa1 ,ala4 ,,ii4 ,lectures4 ,in the various courses of lectures given at ,chautauqua1 during the session of the ,summer ,school1 there will be a number bearing upon topics relating to ,old ,testament study4 ,the principal of the school will1 in addition1 give a series of ten studies on 8,modern ,criticism of the ,hexateuch40 ,,iii4 ,general ,information4 ,attention is invited to the following items3 ,time4--,the ,chautauqua ,school of ,hebrew will open ,august #dth1 at #b p4 m41 and continue until ,august #cast1 at #ab m4 ,tuition ,fee4--,the tuition fee will be #aj4jj1 payable to the ,secretary of the ,chautauqua ,assembly4 ,this sum includes admission to the grounds4 ,boarding can be obtained at from #d to #f per week4 ,books4--,the books needed for the several classes will be furnished at the opening of the school1 or may be obtained in advance from the ,american ,publication ,society of ,hebrew1 ,morgan ,park1 ,ill4 ,books for the ,special ,courses must be ordered in advance4 ,correspondence4--,those who desire further information1 are requested to correspond with the ,principal1 ,,william ,r4 ,,harper1 ,morgan ,park1 ,ill4 ,,college ,,of ,,english4 ,w4 ,d4 ,m',,clintock1 ,a4,m41 ,director4 ,summer ,term1 #ahhe4 ,i4 ,,english ,,language4 #a4 ,anglo-,saxon4 7a7 ,beginners4--,sweet's 8,anglo-,saxon ,primer40 7b7 ,advanced4--,sweet's 8,anglo-,saxon ,reader10 and ,lounsbury's 8,english ,language40 #b4 ,essentials of ,english4 ,introduction of the ,scientific ,study of ,english ,grammar4 ,ten lectures during ,teachers' ,retreat4 ,,ii4 ,,english ,,literature4 #a4 ,shakspere1 ,hamlet4 ,four weeks4 #b4 ,english ,lyric ,poetry4 ,studies in the ,analysis and ,criticism of ,poetry4 ,two weeks4 ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,college ,,of ,,modern ,,languages4 ,,prof4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,worman1 ,,ph4,d41 ,director4 ,,prof4 ,a4 ,,lalande1 ,associate1 ,school of ,french4 ,the ,college of ,modern ,languages1 under the direction of the distinguished teacher and author1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,worman1 will open ,july #aath1 and continue in session for six weeks4 ,for full information concerning the ,,college ,,of ,,modern ,,languages for the coming season1 address as follows3 ,german1 ,italian1 and ,spanish1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,worman1 ,vanderbilt ,university1 ,nashville1 ,tenn41 for ,french1 ,prof4 ,a4 ,lalande1 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,,academia ,,of ,,latin ,,and ,,greek4 ,,edgar ,l4 ,,shumway--,principal4 ,for information concerning the 8,academia of ,latin and ,greek10 see the announcements in ,,the ,,chautauquan for ,april and ,may1 or address ,,edgar ,l4 ,,shumway1 ,rutgers ,college1 ,n4 ,j4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,obvious punctuation errors repaired4 ,page #eac 7illustration caption71 8paletta0 changed to 8patella0 7,s1 femur2 ,t1 patella2 ,u1 tibia27 ,page #eai1 8nterspaces0 changed to 8interspaces0 7cavernous interspaces where trickling springs7 ,page #eba1 8be0 added 7from which it will be seen7 ,page #ebd1 8,picadilly0 changed to 8,piccadilly0 7,egyptian ,hall1 ,piccadilly1 ,london7 ,page #ebh1 8,calvanism0 changed to 8,calvinism0 7,calvinism was revolutionary7 ,page #ecd1 8durion0 changed to 8durian0 7we can only refer to the durian7 ,page #eda1 repeated word 8of0 removed 7a method of taking things7 ,page #ede1 8gradest0 changed to 8grandest0 7best1 most beautiful1 and grandest7 ,page #edh1 8unfaverably0 changed to 8unfavorably0 7he compared unfavorably with others7 ,page #eeh1 8,chautauquo0 changed to 8,chautauqua0 7printed in the grove at ,chautauqua7