,illu/ration3 8,,triumphs ,,& ,,wond]s ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury40 ,?is picture expla9s & is symbolic ( ! mo/ progressive "o hundr$ ye>s 9 hi/ory4 ,9 ! c5t] /&s ! beautiful female figure typify+ ,indu/ry4 ,to ! "r are ! goddesses ( ,music1 ,electricity1 ,lit]ature & ,art4 ,navigation is not$ 9 ! an*or & *a9 lean+ aga9/ ! cap/an2 ! ,railroad1 9 ! rails & cross-ties2 ,ma*9]y1 9 ! cog-:eels1 /eam gov]nor1 etc42 ,labor1 9 ! brawny smi?s at ! anvil2 ,pott]y1 9 ! ornam5t$ vase2 ,ar*itecture1 9 ! magnific5t ,roman columns2 ,sci5ce1 9 ! figure ) quill 9 h&4 ,9 ! back ( picture are sugge/ions ( ! progress & developm5t ( our wond]ful navy4 ,above all hov]s ! angel ( ,fame ready to cr[n victori\s ,g5ius & ,labor ) ! laurel wrea?s ( ,success4 ,,triumphs ,,& ,,wond]s ,,( ,,! #ai,,? ,,c5tury ,,! ,,true ,,mirror ,,( ,a ,,ph5om5al ,,era ,a ,,volume ,,( ,,orig9al1 ,,ent]ta9+ ,,& ,,in/ructive ,,hi/oric ,,& ,,descriptive ,,writ+s1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,_m ,,& ,,m>vell\s ,,a*ievem5ts ,,:i* ,,di/+ui% ,,an ,,hundr$ ,,ye>s ,,( ,mat]ial1 ,intellectual1 ,social & ,moral ,progress ,,embrac+ ,,z ,,subjects ,,all ,,^? ,,:i* ,,be/ ,,type ,,! ,,g5ius1 ,,_s ,,& ,,en]gy ,,( ,,! ,,age1 ,,& ,,s]ve ,,to ,,br+ ,,into ,,brighte/ ,,relief ,,! ,,gr& ,,m>* ,,( ,,improvem5t ,,9 ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,doma9s ,,( ,,human ,,activity4 ,,by ,,james ,p4 ,,boyd1 ,a4,m41 ,l4,b41 ,assi/$ by a ,corps ( ,?irty-,two ,em95t & ,specially ,qualifi$ ,au?ors4 ,copi\sly & ,magnific5tly ,illu/rat$4 ,illu/ration ,,philadelphia ,a4 ,j4 ,,holman ,,co4 ,,copyright1 #ahii1 ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,isbi/]4 ,all ,rights ,res]v$4 ,,copyright1 #aija1 ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,isbi/]4 ,,introductory ,measur+ epo*s1 or eras1 by spaces ( a hundr$ ye>s ea*1 t :i* embraces ! n9ete5? c5tury /&s out 9 sublime & enc\rag+ contra/ ) any t has prec$$ x4 ,z ! legatee ( all prior c5turies1 x has enl>g$ & ennobl$ its beque/ to an ext5t unp>allel$ 9 hi/ory2 :ile x has at ! same "t1 ?r\gh a g5ius & en]gy peculi> to itself1 creat$ an orig9al end[m5t = its own enjoym5t & = ! future ri*] by f> ?an any h]et(ore record$4 ,inde$1 )\t p]mitt+ exi/+ & p>donable pride to endang] rigid tru?1 x may be said t along _m ( ! l9es ( inv5tion & progress :i* h mo/ intimately affect$ ! life & civilization ( ! _w1 ! n9ete5? c5tury has a*iev$ triumphs & accompli%$ wond]s equal1 if n sup]ior1 to all o!r c5turies comb9$4 ,!re=e1 :at m fitt+ "t ?an at its close to pass 9 pleas+ & in/ructive review ! num]\s mat]ial & intellectual a*ievem5ts t h s di/+ui%$ x1 & h contribut$ 9 s _m & su* m>vel\s ways to ! great advance & g5u9e com=t ( ! human race6 ,or1 :at c\ld prove a great] s\rce ( pride & pr(it ?an to comp>e its glori\s works ) ^? ( ! pa/1 ! bett] to und]/& & measure ! actual /eps & real ext5t ( ! progress ( mank9d6 ,or1 :at m delightful & inspir+ ?an to realize t ! sum ( ^? wond]ful activities1 ( :i* ea* read] is1 or has be51 a "p1 has gone to increase ! gr&eur ( a _w era ^: rays w p5etrate & bright5 ! com+ c5turies6 ,amid s _m & su* /rong reasons ?is volume f9ds excell5t cause = its be+4 ,its aims are to mirror a wond]ful c5tury f ! vantage gr\nd ( its clos+ ye>2 to fai?fully trace ! l9es :i* m>k its almo/ magical advance2 to give x t high & true hi/oric place :5ce its contra/s ) ! pa/ c be be/ not$1 & its light ^u ! future mo/ directly ?r[n4 ,?is task w\ld be cle>ly beyond ! p[] ( a s+le m9d4 ,s rapid has progress be5 dur+ "s p>ts ( ! c5tury1 s amaz+ h be5 results along ! l9es ( discov]y & inv5tion1 s v>i\s h be5 ! fields ( action1 t only ^? ( special k & tra9+ c\ld be expect$ to d full ju/ice to ! _m subjects to be treat$4 ,h5ce1 ! "w has be5 plann$ s z to give x a value f> beyond :at c\ld be imp>t$ by a s+le m9d4 ,ea* ( ! !mes *os5 to type ! c5tury's gr& m>* has be5 treat$ by an au?or ( special fitness1 & high up 9 8 or h] pr(ession or call+1 ) a view to secur+ = read]s ! be/ ?\ghts & facts relat+ to ! rem>kable ev5ts ( an hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 ?is respect ! volume is unique & orig9al4 ,its au?or%ip is n ( "o m9d1 b ( a corps ( m9ds1 ^: union assures :at ! occasion dem&s4 ,! scope1 "*1 & value ( ! volume fur!r appe> 9 its v l>ge numb] & practical feature ( subjects select$ to %[ ! active =ces1 ! upw>d & onw>d movem5ts1 & ! gr& results t h op]at$ )91 & triumphantly cr[n$1 an era )\t p>allel4 ,^! subjects embrace ! sci5ces ( ! c5tury 9 _! num]\s divisions & conque/s2 its arts & lit]ature2 indu/rial1 comm]cial1 & f9ancial progress2 l& & sea pr[ess2 educational1 social1 moral1 & religi\s gr[?2 9 fact1 e field ( ent]prise & a*ievem5t )9 ! space ( "t cov]$ by ! "w4 ,a volume ( su* v>iety ( subject & great ext5t af=ds f9e opportunity = illu/ration4 ,! publi%]s h tak5 full advantage ( ?is1 & h beautifi$ x 9 a mann] :i* comm5ds itself to e eye & ta/e4 ,r>ely has a volume be5 s highly & elegantly embelli%$4 ,ea* subject is illum9at$ s z to increase ! pleasure ( read+ & make an impression :i* w prove la/+4 ,z to its aim & scope1 its numb] ( specially qualifi$ au?ors1 its vigor & v>iety ( /yle & ?\ght1 its hi/oric compreh5siv5ess & exactness1 its great weal? ( illu/ration1 its sup]b me*anism1 its v>i\s o!r /rik+ features1 ! volume may readily rank z "o ( ! c5tury's triumphs1 a wond] ( indu/ri\s prep>ation1 & acceptable to all4 ,at any rate1 no su* volume has ev] mirror$ any previ\s c5tury1 & none w come to reflect ! n9ete5? c5tury ) tru] l9e & color4 ,n only is ! "w a r>e & co/ly picture1 fill$ 9 ) inspir+ details by ma/] h&s1 b x is equally a monum5t1 ^: solid base1 gr& proportions1 & elegant f9i% are 9 keep+ ) ! _s ( ! era x m>ks & ! results x honors4 ,its e inscription is a gl[+ tribute to human a*ievem5t ( :atev] k9d & :]ev] ! field ( action may lie1 & !re=e a happy means ( convey+ to tw5tie? c5tury actors ! /ory ( a "t ^: glories !y w f9d x h>d to excel4 ,may ?is picture & monum5t be view$1 /udi$1 & admir$ by all1 s t ! mom5t\s *apt]s :i* r\nd ! hi/ory ( a clos+ c5tury %all avail 9 %ap+ ! beg9n+s ( a succe$+ "o4 ,,au?ors ,,& ,,subjects ,,james ,p4 ,,boyd1 ,a4 ,m41 ,l4 ,b41 ,,wond]s ,,( ,,electricity4 ,,re>-,,admiral ,,george ,,wallace ,,melville1 ,*ief ( ,bureau ( ,/eam ,eng9e]+1 ,navy ,dep>tm5t1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,naval ,,progress4 ,,seld5 ,j4 ,,c(f91 ,a4 ,m41 ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy1 ,lafayette ,college1 ,ea/on1 ,pa4 ,,a/ronomy ,,dur+ ,,! ,,c5tury4 ,,?omas ,,meehan1 ,vice-,presid5t ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ,philadelphia4 ,,/ory ,,( ,,plant ,,& ,,fl[]4 ,,m>y ,,elizabe? ,,lease1 ,fir/ ,woman ,presid5t ( ,kansas ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities4 ,,progress ,,( ,,wom5 ,,)9 ,,! ,,c5tury4 ,,rob]t ,p4 ,,ha9s1 ,pr9cipal ,exam9] ( ,textiles1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,textile ,,progress4 ,,george ,,edw>d ,,re$1 ,s4 ,t4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,presid5t ( ,dick9son ,college1 ,c>lisle1 ,pa4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,religi\s ,,progress4 ,,james ,p4 ,,boyd1 ,a4 ,m41 ,l4 ,b41 ,,great ,,gr[? ,,( ,,libr>ies4 ,,william ,,m>t9 ,,aik51 ,f4 ,a4 ,i4 ,a41 ,=m] ,unit$ ,/ates ,sup]vis+ ,ar*itect1 ,treasury ,dep>tm5t1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury ,,9 ,,ar*itecture4 ,,h>vey ,w4 ,,wiley1 ,m4 ,d41 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,*ief ,*emi/ ( ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,progress ,,9 ,,*emi/ry4 ,,rit] ,,fitzg]ald1 ,a4 ,m41 ,dramatic ,critic 8,city ,item10 ,philadelphia4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,music ,,& ,,drama4 ,,james ,p4 ,,boyd1 ,a4 ,m41 ,l4 ,b41 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,lit]ature4 ,,morris ,,ja/r[1 ,,jr41 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,semitic ,languages1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,,! ,,records ,,( ,,! ,,pa/4 ,,major ,,h5ry ,e4 ,,alvord1 ,c4 ,e41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,*ief ( ,dairy ,division1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,progress ,,9 ,,dairy ,,f>m+4 ,,s>a ,y4 ,,/ev5son1 ,sc4 ,d41 ,secret>y ( ,dep>tm5t ( ,ar*ology & ,paleontology1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,moral ,,progress4 ,,*>les ,mc,i,n,t,i,r,e1 ,a4 ,m41 ,m4 ,d41 ,lectur] on ,sanit>y ,sci5ce1 ,lafayette ,college1 ,ea/on1 ,pa4 ,,progress ,,( ,,sanit>y ,,sci5ce4 ,,lieut5ant-,,colonel ,,ar?ur ,l4 ,,wagn]1 ,assi/ant ,adjutant ,g5]al ,unit$ ,/ates ,army4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,armies ,,& ,,arms4 ,,waldo ,f4 ,,br[n1 ,agricultural ,editor 8,c9c9nati ,gazette40 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,progress ,,9 ,,agriculture4 ,,walt] ,,lor+ ,,webb1 ,c4 ,e41 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,civil ,eng9e]+1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,,progress ,,9 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+4 ,d4 ,e4 ,,salmon1 ,m4 ,d41 ,*ief ( ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,progress ,,9 ,,! ,,animal ,,_w4 ,,major-,,g5]al ,,joseph ,,:eel]1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 & ,memb] ( ,congress f ,eigh? ,alabama ,di/rict4 ,,lead+ ,,w>s ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury4 ,,george ,j4 ,,hag>1 ,editor ( ,app5dix to ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,fairs ,,& ,,expositions4 ,,hon4 ,,brad=d ,,rhodes1 ,editor ( 8,bank]'s ,magaz9e40 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,progress ,,9 ,,co9age1 ,,curr5cy1 ,,& ,,bank+4 ,h4 ,e4 ,,van ,,deman1 ,late ,pr(essor ( ,botany & ,practical ,horticulture1 ,kansas ,/ate ,agricultural ,college4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,progress ,,9 ,,fruit ,,culture4 ,,emory ,r4 ,,johnson1 ,a4 ,m41 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,transportation & ,comm]ce1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,comm]cial ,,progress4 ,,frankl9 ,s4 ,,edmonds1 ,a4 ,m41 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,political ,sci5ce1 ,c5tral ,high ,s*ool1 ,philadelphia4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,advances ,,9 ,,education4 ,,?omas ,j4 ,,l9dsey1 ,editorial ,/aff ,philadelphia 8,ev5+ ,bullet940 8,,! ,,art ,,pres]vative40 ,,george ,a4 ,,pack>d1 ,metallurgi/ & ,m9+ ,eng9e]4 ,,progress ,,9 ,,m9es ,,& ,,m9+4 ,,john ,v4 ,,se>s1 ,art ,critic ,philadelphia 8,ev5+ ,telegraph40 ,,art ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury4 ,j4 ,,madison ,,taylor1 ,m4 ,d41 ,,& ,,john ,h4 ,,gibbon1 ,m4 ,d41 ,surgeons ,out-,pati5ts ,dep>tm5ts ( ,p5nsylvania & ,*ildr5's ,hospitals4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,advance ,,9 ,,surg]y4 ,,frank ,c4 ,,hammond1 ,m4 ,d41 ,in/ructor 9 ,gyncology1 ,jeff]son ,m$ical ,college4 ,,progress ,,( ,,m$ic9e4 ,e4 ,e4 ,,russell ,,tratman1 ,c4 ,e41 ,assi/ant ,editor ( 8,eng9e]+ ,news10 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,railroad4 ,,lu!r ,e4 ,,hewitt1 ,l4 ,b41 ,libr>ian ( ,philadelphia ,law ,association4 ,,advance ,,9 ,,law ,,& ,,ju/ice4 ,,mi*ael ,j4 ,,br[n1 ,secret>y ( ,build+ ,association ,league ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,,progress ,,( ,,build+ ,,& ,,loan ,,associations4 ,,rev4 ,a4 ,,leff+well1 ,rector ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 ,tol$o1 ,o4 ,,epo* ,,mak]s ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,wond]s ,,( ,,electricity ,i4 ,,at ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury3--,e>lie/ ,obs]vations on ,electricity --,/udy ( ,amb]--,e>lie/ ,electric ,ma*9es--,conduction ( ,electricity--,! ,leyd5 ,j>--,frankl9's ,discov]ies4 ,,ii4 ,,new ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,,electricity3--,galvanism--,! ,voltaic ,pile --,davy's ,arc-light--,! ,electro-magnet--,f>aday's ,discov]ies --,! ,induction ,coil--,fields ( ,=ce4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,telegraph3-- ,fir/ ,successful ,telegraphy--,! ,morse ,sy/em--,improvem5ts 9 ,telegraphy--,ocean ,telegraphy4 ,,iv4 ,,hello6 ,,hello6--,inv5tion ( ! ,telephone--,pr9ciple ( ! ,telephone--,transmitt] & ,receiv]--,uses ( ! ,telephone--,! ,phonograph1 ,gramophone1 & ,graphophone4 ,v4 ,,dynamo ,,& ,,motor3--,! ,fir/ ,motor--,p]fection ( ! ,dynamo--,h[ x g5]ates ,electricity--,pr9ciple & ,uses ( ! ,motor4 ,,vi4 8,,& ,,!re ,,0 ,,light30--,v>i\s ,lights ( ! ,pa/--,era ( ,electric ,light+--,arc & ,inc&esc5t ,lamps --,pr9ciples ( ,ea*--,value ( ,electric ,light4 ,,vii4 ,,electric ,,locomotion3--,pass+ ( ! ,horse & ,traction ,c>--,introduction ( ! ,trolley--,features ( ! ,electric ,railway--,! ,/orage ,batt]y & ,horseless ,c>riage4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,x ,,ray3--,discov]y ( --,:at ! ,x ,ray is--,photograph+ by ,means ( ! ,x ,ray4 ,,ix4 ,,o!r ,,electrical ,,wond]s3--,electric ,clocks--,electrotyp+ & ,electroplat+1 etc4 ,x4 ,,electrical ,,language #ai-ed ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,naval ,,progress ,i4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,sea ,,p[]3--,sea ,p[]s ?r\gh\t ! ,_w-- ,enum]ation ( ,great ,naval ,w>s4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,gr[? ,,9 ,,naval ,,/r5g?3--,am]ican ,navies at ,diff]5t ,eras--,european ,fleets --,s\? ,am]ican & ,*9ese ,navies4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,battle%ip ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t3--,! ,old ,fight+ ,frigate--,evolution ( ! ,mod]n ,man-(-,w>--,comp>ison ( ,frigate ) ,ironclad4 ,,iv4 ,,progress ,,( ,,naval ,,eng9e]+3--,nelson's ,vision--,! #ad1ejj ,miles ,/eam+ ( ! ,oregon--,revolution 9 ,me*anism & ,mat]ial--,types ( ,great ,battle%ips--,introduction & ,advantages ( ,/eam--,inv5tion ( ! ,screw ,propell]--,improvem5t 9 ,boil]s & ,eng9es-- ,! ,revolv+ ,turret--,cruis] & ,torp$o ,craft--,ph5om5al ,spe$4 ,v4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,ordnance3--,description ( ,v>i\s ,guns & ,projectiles--,p[] ( ,mod]n ,explosives4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,armor3--,its ,necessity 9 ,naval ,w>f>e--,h[ x is made1 te/$1 & put on4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,ram ,,& ,,torp$o3--,evolution ( ! ,ram-- ,introduction ( ! ,torp$o--,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,torp$oes4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,fleet3--,:5ce x sprang & h[ x has gr[n--,its ,%ips1 ,(fic]s1 & ,m5--,(ficial ,naval ,ranks--,! ,naval ,academy --,passage ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to a ,_w ,p[] #ee-hf ,,a/ronomy ,,dur+ ,,! ,,c5tury ,i4 ,,a/ronomy ,a ,,c5tury ,,ago3--,discov]y ( ,uranus4 ,,ii4 ,,h[ 8,,bode',s ,,law0 ,,promot$ ,,rese>*3--,fur!r ,discov]y ( ,planets--,cele/ial ,photography4 ,,iii4 ,,h[ ,,neptune ,,0 ,,f\nd3--,le ,v]ri]1 8,fir/ ,a/ronom] ( ! ,age40 ,,iv4 ,,meteorites3--,meteoric ,%[]s-- ,v>i\s ,l>ge ,meteorites4 ,v4 ,,d ,,meteors ,,(t5 ,,/rike ,,! ,,e>?3 --,! 8,fire-ball0 ( #ahfj4 ,,vi4 ,,a/ronomical ,,obs]vatories3 --,_! ,equipm5t & ,"w--,numb] ( ,obs]vatories4 ,,vii4 ,,improv$ ,,in/rum5ts3--,_! ,effect on ! ,sci5ce4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,spectroscope3--,its ,triumphs--,elem5ts discov]$4 ,,ix4 ,,"w ,,9 ,a ,,l>ge ,,obs]vatory3--,discov]y ( ,comets & ,nebul4 ,x4 ,,wa%+ton ,,national ,,obs]vatory3--,its ,in/rum5ts4 ,,xi4 ,,/> ,,maps ,,& ,,catalogues3--,numb] ( ,/>s--,! ,planisph]e4 ,,xii4 ,,a/ronomical ,,books ,,& ,,writ]s3--,numb] ( ,/ud5ts ( ,a/ronomy4 ,,xiii4 ,,practical ,,uses ,,( ,,a/ronomy3--,its ,help 9 ,navigation--,uses 9 ,geodesy4 ,,xiv4 ,,notable ,,a/ronomical ,,epo*s3--,clock ,regulation --,inv5tion ( ,*ronograph & ,spectroscope--,great ,telescopes4 ,,xv4 ,,disc>d$ ,,!ories3--,are ,planets inhabit$--,! ,orr]y4 ,,xvi4 ,,future ,,a/ronomical ,,problems3--,h[ long w ! ,sun endure8 #hg-ajd ,,/ory ,,( ,,plant ,,& ,,fl[] ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,botany--,! ,fa!r ( ,mod]n ,botany--,botany at ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury--,natural ,sy/em ( ,classification--,advance 9 ,/udy ( ,plant ,behavior--,illu/rations f ! ,peanut & ,grape-v9e--,plant ,motions z reg>ds ,=ms-- ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,plant ,life--,! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution --,nutrition ( ,plants--,f]tilization ( ,fl[]s--,insectivor\s & ,cruel ,plants--,vegetable ,physiology--,advance 9 ,relation to ,cryptogamic ,plants--,geographical ,botany--,h]b>iums & ,botanical ,g>d5s #aje-aad ,,progress ,,( ,,wom5 ,,)9 ,,! ,,c5tury ,woman's ,misconception ( h] ,rights--,=m] ,oppression--,cosmic & ,moral ,processes--,:at ,*ri/ianity has done = ,wom5--,h>d%ip ( ! ,paul9e ,grip--,! ,true ,mission ( ,woman--,improvem5t 9 h] ,education--,female ,occupations--,competition ) ,m5--,woman 9 ! ,lit]>y ,field--,9 ,philan?ropy & ,morals--,wom5's ,clubs --,woman 9 ,politics--,! con/antly ,broad5+ ,field ( ,woman's ,influ5ce #aae-abd ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,textile ,,progress ,antiquity ( ,textile ,indu/ry--,! ,di/aff1 ,sp9dle1 & ,loom among ,*9ese1 ,egyptians1 & ,greeks--,introduction ( ! ,sp9n+-:eel --,loom ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury--,! ,fly-%uttle--,textiles at ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury--,inv5tion ( ! ,sp9n+ ,j5ny--,arkwright's ,draw+-roll]s--,:itney's ,cotton-g9--,its ,influ5ce--,inv5tion ( ! ,sp9n+-mule--,! ,sp9n+-frame --,rapid ,improvem5ts 9 ,sp9n+ ,ma*9]y--,evolution ( ! ,sp9dle--,increase ( ,spe$--,introduction ( ! ,c>d+-ma*9e --,c>d+-combs--,adv5t ( ,p[]-looms--,description ( _! ,ma*9]y & ,products--,! ,jacqu>d ,loom--,( ,pile ,fabrics--,! ,bigel[ ,loom--,h[ ,tuft$ ,pile ,fabrics are made--,weav+ ( ,fancy ,clo?s--,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,looms--,hair-clo? ,looms--,weav+ ( ,tubul> ,fabrics--,inf9itude ( ,uses to :i* ! ,loom c be put-- ,! ,com+ ,automatic ,loom--,adv5t ( ! ,knitt+-ma*9e--,its ,wond]ful ,p]fection & ,products--,! ,c5tury's ,pat5ts ( ,textile ,ma*9]y--,beauty ( ,textile ,art--,its ,influ5ce on ,ta/e & ,com=t #abe-adf ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,religi\s ,,progress ,religi\s ,/atus 9 ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & on ! ,cont95t--,condition 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--,! ,reign ( ,skepticism--,doctr9al ,divisions 9 ! ,*ur*es--,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,revival--,v>iety & ,gr[? ( ,religions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--,fre$om ( ! ,*ur*--,k9%ip ( ,d5om9ations-- ,increase 9 ,mat]ial & ,spiritual ,=ces--,*ur* ,edifices & ,capacities--,religi\s ,population--,numb] ( ,communicants --,di/ribution ( ,communicants--,m9i/]s & ,organizations --,mission>y ,ent]prises--,s]vice ( ,religion 9 ,education1 ,philan?ropy1 & ,re=m--,gifts to ,educational ,in/itutions --,gr[? ( ,*>itable ,in/itutions--,religion & ,republican ,in/itutions #adg-aeh ,,great ,,gr[? ,,( ,,libr>ies ,antiquity ( ,libr>ies--,evid5ces ( ,civiliz$ ,progress--,"* ( ,anci5t ,writ+s--,books ( ,clay--,mesopotamian ,lit]ature --,egyptian ,hi]oglyphics--,papyrus ,manuscripts--,sacr$ ,books ( ,?o?--,greek ,libr>ies--,_! ,numb] & ,ext5t--,roman ,libr>ies--,imp]ial ,libr>y ( ,con/ant9ople--,effects ( ,*ri/ianity ^u ,lit]ature--,*ur* ,book-mak+ & ,collect+-- ,all ,books writt5 or copi$ by ,prie/s--,fate ( ,mona/ic ,libr>ies --,e>ly ,libr>ies 9 ,france--,royal ,libr>ies 9 ,europe--,! ,fr5* ,national ,libr>y--,introduction ( ,copyright--,gr[? & ,ext5t ( ,european ,libr>ies--,_! ,location & ,managem5t--,! ,briti% ,museum--,libr>ies ( ,great ,brita9--,canadian ,libr>ies --,engli% ,colonial ,libr>ies--,libr>ies ( ! ,lat9 ,republics --,ph5om5al ,gr[? ( ,libr>ies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--,wide ,ramification ( ! ,sy/em--,! ,olde/ ,unit$ ,/ates ,libr>y-- ,colonial ,libr>ies--,libr>ies ( #ahjj--,numb] f\nd$ dur+ ! ,c5tury--,/ate ,libr>ies--,s*ool-di/rict ,libr>ies--,libr>y ,sy/ems--,! ,libr>y ( ,congress--,its ,va/ ,ext5t & ,new ,repository--,copyright ,sy/em--,unit$ ,/ates ,free ,libr>ies-- ,not$ ,libr>ies ( ! ,c\ntry--,libr>ies ( ov] #ajj1jjj ,volumes --,munific5ce ( ,libr>y ,f\nd]s--,not$ ,giv]s to ,libr>ies-- ,progress 9 ,libr>y ,managem5t #aei-agj ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury ,,9 ,,ar*itecture ,engli% ,ar*itecture at ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,c5tury--,! ,que5 ,anne ,/yle--,fr5* ,ar*itecture & ,ar*itects--,ar*itectural ,/yles 9 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,italy1 ,greece1 ,turkey1 & ?r\gh\t ,europe--,canadian ,/yles & ,notable ,build+s--,e>ly ,ar*itecture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--,old ,new ,engl& & ,s\!rn ,homes--,! ,colonial ,/yles--,! ,:ite ,h\se & ,unit$ ,/ates ,capitol-- ,progress 9 ,public ,build+ ,ar*itecture--,notable ,*anges aft] ! ,w> ( #ahab--,! ,go?ic ,cottage & ,italian ,villa--,! ,fir/ ,s*ool ( ,ar*itecture--,comp>ison ( ,/yles 9 ,diff]5t ,cities--,introduction ( ,iron--,/yles = ,hotels & ,summ] ,resorts--,effect ( ,*icago & ,bo/on ,fires on ,ar*itecture-- ,h[ ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition *ang$ ,/yles--,*ur* & ,libr>y ,ar*itecture--,! ,congressional ,libr>y & ,o!r ,notable ,specim5s ( ,am]ican ,ar*itecture--,adv5t ( ! ,sky-scrap]--,g5]al ,review ( ,ar*itectural ,effects--,monum5tal ,works ! ,poetry ( ,ar*itecture #aga-aij ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,progress ,,9 ,,*emi/ry ,/atus ( ,*emical ,sci5ce at ,beg9n+ ( ! ,c5tury--,! ,c5tury's ,ma9 ,l9es ( ,progress3 ,i4 ,,inorganic ,,& ,,physical ,,*emi/ry3-- ,lavoisi]'s ,c>d9al ,propositions--,rapid ,advance ( ,*emical ,sci5ce--,sir ,humphrey ,davy's ,a*ievem5ts--,elem5t>y ,bodies ( ,eighte5? ,c5tury--,same 9 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,,ii4 ,,physical ,,*emi/ry3--,prop]ties ( ,elem5ts--,( ,matt] & ,en]gy--,rates ( ,reaction--,conditions ( ,equilibrium4 ,,iii4 ,,organic ,,*emi/ry3 --,( ,c>bon ,comp\nds--,!ory ( ,sub/itution--,atoms 9 ! ,molecule--,space ,relations--,! ,c>bon ,atom--,! ,organic ,body4 ,,iv4 ,,analytical ,,*emi/ry3--,developm5t ( ! ,bl[-pipe-- ,gas ,analysis--,electricity z a ,factor--,discov]y ( ,spectrum ,analysis4 ,v4 ,,syn!tical ,,*emi/ry3--,build+ up ( ,complex ,=ms --,syn!sis ( ,color+ ,matt]s & ,sug>s--,future ,food ( ,man4 ,,vi4 ,,metallurgical ,,*emi/ry3--,olde/ ,bran* ( ,*emical ,sci5ce --,r$uction ( ,ores--,advantage to ,agriculture4 ,,vii4 ,,agricultural ,,*emi/ry3--,utilization ( ,f]tiliz]s--,nitrog5 z a ,plant ,food --,advantages to ,practical ,agriculture4 ,,viii4 ,,graphic ,,*emi/ry3 --,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples--,dagu]reotype & ,photograph4 ,,ix4 ,,didactic ,,*emi/ry3--,! ,/ud5t & ! ,laboratory--,advantages ( ,laboratory ,tra9+4 ,x4 ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,f]m5tation3--,bact]ial ,action--,process ( ,dige/ion--,decay ( ,meats & ,vegetables-- ,/]ilization--,f]m5tation4 ,,xi4 ,,electro-,,*emi/ry3--,comb9ation ( ,c>bon ) ,metals--,uses ( ,electricity 9 ,*emi/ry4 ,,conclusion4 #aia-bjf ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,music ,,& ,,drama ,i4 ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,,music3--,lead+ ,compos]s--,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,music--,! ,great ,compos]s & _! ,works--,diff]5t ,s*ools & ,/yles ( ,composition--,analysis ( ,op]as--,musical ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,nations--,v]di & ,wagn] comp>$-- ,! ,am]ican ,op]a4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,drama3--,! ,!atre ( ! ,pa/-- ,great ,mod]n ,improvem5t--,sc5]y & ,appo9tm5ts--,actors & ,actresses--,! ,c5tury's ,illu/ri\s ,role--,!atres 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--,"* ( ,actors--,public ,e/imation ( ! ,drama #bjg-bad ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,lit]ature ,contra/ ) ,eighte5? ,c5tury ,lit]ature--,tone ( ,mod]n ,lit]ature--,h[ x types ,progress--,engli% ,lit]ature-- ,lit]ature ( ,o!r ,nations--,v>i\s ,au?ors--,engli% ,criticism ( ,am]ican ,lit]ature--,newspap] ,lit]ature--,evolution ( ! ,newspap]--,newspap]s ( ! ,nations--,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,j\rnalism--,beg9n+ ( ,newspap] ,ent]prise 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates --,colonial ,pap]s--,pap]s ( ! ,revolution--,appe>ance ( ! ,daily--,! ,p5ny ,press--,newspap] ,gr[? up to #ahfa--,w> ,j\rnalism--,! ,sunday ,newspap]--,illu/rat$ ,j\rnalism-- ,reaction 9 ,newspap] ,prices--,co/ ( runn+ a ,newspap]--,numb] ( ,_w's ,newspap]s--,! ,comic ,pap]--,evolution ( ! ,magaz9e --,gr[? ( ,magaz9e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--,"* ( ,magaz9e ,lit]ature--,adv5t ( ! ,*eap ,magaz9e--,features ( ,publication #bae-bcj ,,! ,,records ,,( ,,! ,,pa/ ,ext5sion ( ,k into ! ,pa/--,spade ( ! ,ar*ologi/-- ,g5]al ,view ( ! ,revelations--,docum5ts ( ,/one1 ,clay1 & ,papyrus--,assyrian ,revelations--,egyptian ,explorations--,eloqu5ce ( ,obelisk1 ,tomb1 & ,pyramid--,cunei=m ,scripts ( ,babylon-- ,discov]y ( ! ,rosetta ,/one--,*ampollion's ,key--,/ory ( ! ,ru9s 9 ,greece & ,rome--,revelation ( ,temples & ,/atues --,phnician ,rema9s--,! ,moabite ,/one--,ru9s 9 ,pale/9e-- ,revelations 9 ,j]usalem--,hittite ,rema9s--,cont9u+ ,int]e/ 9 ,ar*ological ,discov]y--,va/ ,importance f an ,hi/oric ,po9t ( ,view #bca-bdd ,,progress ,,9 ,,dairy ,,f>m+ ,requisites = ,successful ,dairy+--,ent]prise ( ,dairy+ ,di/ricts --,advantages ( ,dairy+--,dairy+ ,areas--,dairy+ at ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,c5tury--,e>ly ,me?ods--,! ,great ,*ange midway ( ! ,c5tury--,improvem5t 9 ,mil* ,c[s--,gr[? ( ,*eese-,mak+--,in/itution ( ,cream]ies--,application ( ,me*anics to ,dairy+--,dairy ,associations--,be/ ,dairy ,bre$s-- ,inv5tion ( ! ,sep>ator--,its ,op]ation & ,advantages--,! ,fat-te/ = ,milk--,gr[? 9 ,butt]-mak+ ,illu/rat$--,labor 9 ,dairy+--,dairy & ,food ,commissions--,dairy+ ,publications --,city ,milk ,supplies--,annual ,production ( ,*eese--,"* ( ,*eeses--,annual ,butt] ,product--,butt] & ,*eese-produc+ ,/ates--,numb] & ,value ( ,c[s--,dairy ,values z comp>$ ) ,value ( ,o!r ,products--,necessity = gu>d+ ,dairy ,int]e/s4 #bde-bfj ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,moral ,,progress ,morals among ! ,anci5ts--,moral ,precepts common to all ,communities --,evolution ( ,e?ics--,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,morals--,_s ( ! ,re=mation--,l[ ,moral ,condition ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury--,bir? ( a ,new ,moral ,epo*--,a ,national ,consci5ce--,abolition ( ,slav]y --,l>g] ,application ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,"r & ,ju/ice--,h[ ,wom5 are affect$--,effect ( ,inv5tion & ,education on ,social & ,moral ,conditions--,broad5+ ( ,woman's ,sph]e--,increase ( ,self-respect--,influ5ce ( ,wom5 on ,moral ,/atus--,legislation & ,morals--,h[ to meet ,e?ical ,problems--,bus9ess ,success & ! ,moral ,/ate--,rights & ,duties ( ,capital & ,labor--,cruelties ( ,w> & ,bless+s ( ,peace--,! ,c5tury's ,moral ,ga9--,*ang$ ,treatm5t ( ,vice & ,pov]ty--,! ,pr9ciple ( ,well-do+-- ,gr[? ( ,tol]ance & ,altruism--,a ,high] ,individual & ,public ,consci5ce #bfa-bgj ,,progress ,,( ,,sanit>y ,,sci5ce ,hygi5ic ,code ( ,moses--,hippocrates & ,disease--,sanitation & ,sanit>y ,sci5ce--,f\ndation ,rules--,_s ( ,sci5tific ,inve/igation--,effect ( ,act ( ,p>liam5t ( #ahcg--,value ( ,(ficial ,figures--,! ,riddle ( ,samson--,heal? ,reports 9 ,unit$ ,/ates--,duty ( ,sep>ate ,/ates--,mortality 9 ,london ( ,fil? ,diseases--,progress ( ,sanitation--,dim9ution ( ,sc\rges --,effect ( ,sanitation ^u ! ,weak & ,helpless--,value ( ,culture ,tubes--,discov]y ( ,disease ,causes--,( ,tri*9 9 ,pork --,communicable ,diseases caus$ by ,liv+ ,organisms--,infecti\s & ,contagi\s ,diseases--,uses ( ,biology 9 ,sanit>y ,sci5ce-- ,purification ( ,wat]s--,( ,consumption & ,*ol]a--,effects ( ,filtration--,:at ,bact]ia are--,( ,isolation & ,dis9fection-- ,mod]n ,qu>ant9es--,fumigation ( ,%ips--,l[]+ ( ,dea? ,rates --,influ5ce ( ! ,sanit>ium--,improv$ ,con/ruction ( ,dwell+s --,c>e = ,pav+ & ,sewage--,disposal ( ,refuse--,( ,food ,inspection--,/ate ,bo>ds ( ,heal?--,c>e ( ,employees--,( ,play & ,a?letic ,gr\nds--,public ,brea?+ ,spaces--,duty ( ,c>+ = ,p]sonal ,heal?--,be>+ ( ,public ,heal? on ,community & ,nation #bga-bhb ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,armies ,,& ,,arms ,armies & ,arms ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury--,alt]ation 9 ,w> ,me?ods --,european ,army ,sy/ems--,*anges made by ,napoleon--,battle ,weapons & ,tactical ,movem5ts--,gr[+ ,use ( ,cannon--,! ,congreve ,rocket--,infantry ,=mations--,! ,introduction ( ! ,rifle--,! ,crimean ,w> & ,rifl$ ,siege ,guns--,! ,italian ,w> & ,rifl$ ,cannon--,adv5t ( ! ,bree*-load]--,introduction ( ,heavy ,guns--,arms & ,tactics 9 ! ,civil ,w>--,use ( ,/eam & ,electricity 9 ,w>--,advantage ( ,railroad & ,telegraph-- ,introduction ( ,armor$ ,vessels--,siege ,artill]y--,adv5t ( ! ,ma*9e ,gun--,new ,sy/em ( ,entr5*m5t--,g]man ,milit>y ,sy/em --,com+ ( ! ,ne$le ,gun--,fr5* ,milit>y ,sy/em--,comp>ison ( ,russian & ,turki% ,me?ods--,/r5g? ( ! ,_w's ,armies-- ,unit$ ,/ates ,army ,organization--,/eel ,guns & ,smokeless ,p[d] --,improvem5t 9 ,mort>s--,! ,dynamite ,gun--,mod]n ,%rapnel-- ,sea-,coa/ ,guns--,p]fection ( ,mod]n ,rifles--,_! ,great ,range & ,p[]--,! ,gatl+ ,gun--,! ,maxim ,automatic--,introduction ( ! ,torp$o--,g5]al ,review ( ! ,increase 9 ,milit>y ,effici5cy #bhc-cjf ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,progress ,,9 ,,agriculture ,i4 ,,vicissitudes ,,( ,,e>ly ,,f>m+3--,fir/ ,national ,road--,canal ,build+--,com+ ( ,railroads--,f>m+ ,conditions be=e ! #ej's--,h>d%ips ( ,m>ket+4 ,,ii4 ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,f>m ,,implem5ts ,,& ,,ma*9]y3--,f>m]s' ,draft ^u ,nature--,! ,sickle1 ,flail1 & ,cradle--,com+ ( ,h>ve/]s--,improvem5t 9 ,?re%]s --,portable & ,traction ,eng9es--,sep>ators & ,/ack]s-- ,improvem5ts 9 ,o!r ,implem5ts4 ,,iii4 ,,improvem5t ,,9 ,,/ock3-- ,v>i\s ,bre$s ( ,cattle--,bre$+ ( ,horses1 ,%eep1 & ,sw9e --,be/ ,bre$s4 ,,iv4 ,,improvem5t ,,9 ,,f>m+ ,,me?ods3--,9 ,dra9age --,c>e ( ,animals--,b>ns & ,/abl+--,prop] ,food ,rations --,f5c+4 ,v4 ,,home ,,improvem5ts3--,home ,ar*itecture--,! ,y>d & ,g>d5--,ma9ta9+ ,soil ,f]tility--,prop] ,manures --,soil ,analysis--,use ( ,mod]n ,f]tiliz]s4 ,,vi4 ,,improvem5t ,,9 ,,agricultural ,,k3--,agricultural ,lit]ature--,f>m]s' ,clubs & ,in/itutes--,granges--,agricultural ,colleges--,exp]im5tal ,/ations--,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture--,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry--,agricultural ,newspap]s & ,p]iodicals--,summ>y ( ,agricultural ,progress #cjg-cch ,,progress ,,9 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+ ,i4 ,,an ,,introductory ,,view3--,antiquity ( ,eng9e]+--,anci5t ,roads & ,bridges--,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,advances4 ,,ii4 ,,bridges3--,primitive ,bridges--,iron & ,/eel ,bridges--,! ,brooklyn ,bridge--,niag>a ,susp5sion ,bridge--,pecos ,riv] ,viaduct--,! ,=? ,bridge-- ,rem>kable ,ar*es--,/one ,bridges4 ,,iii4 ,,caissons3--,inv5tion ( ! ,caisson--,its ,pr9ciple & ,use--,caisson ,adv5tures4 ,,iv4 ,,canals3--,! ,fir/ ,suez ,canal--,nic>agua & ,panama ,canals --,mod]n ,suez ,canal--,! ,man*e/] ,canal--,*icago ,dra9age ,canal--,:at x is =4 ,v4 ,,geodesy3--,anci5t ,me?ods ( ,e>? ,measurem5ts--,! ,c5tury's ,advance 9 ,me?ods ( ,measurem5t4 ,,vi4 ,,railroads3--,_! ,inv5tion & ,developm5t--,imm5se ,value4 ,,vii4 ,,tunnels3--,anci5t ,orig9 (--,tunnels ( ,egypt1 ,babylonia1 & ,india--,roman ,tunnels--,( ! ,mod]n ,tunnel--,advance 9 ,ma*9]y & ,con/ructive ,processes--,m\nt ,c5is ,tunnel--,tunnel ,survey+ & ,excavat+--,! ,hoosac ,tunnel--,/4 ,go?>d ,tunnel --,/4 ,clair ,tunnel--,its ,con/ruction & ,comm]cial ,effects #cci-cfj ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,progress ,,9 ,,! ,,animal ,,_w ,i4 ,,( ,,animal ,,diseases3--,effect ( ,napoleonic ,w>s--,v>i\s ,animal ,diseases--,h[ controll$4 ,,ii4 ,,increase ,,9 ,,numb] ,,( ,,animals3--,%[+ 9 ,europe1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,o!r ,c\ntries4 ,,iii4 ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,bre$s3--,%ort5+ ! ,"t ( ,gr[?-- ,developm5t ( ,dairy & ,beef ,bre$s--,improvem5t 9 ,wool ,gr[+ --,p\ltry ,bre$s--,?or\ghbr$ ,horses--,! ,am]ican ,trott]-- ,animal ,exports--,=eign ,animal ,imports--,displacem5t ( ,horses by ,me*anical ,motors--,prices ( ,animal ,products--,am]ican ,comm& ( ,_w's ,animal ,m>kets #cfa-cgd ,,lead+ ,,w>s ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury ,i4 ,,w>s ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates3--,fir/ ,w> ) ,b>b>y ,/ates-- ,indian ,w>s--,w> ( #ahab--;,battles by ,l& & ,sea--,exploits on ! ,lakes--,victory ( ,new ,orleans--,second ,w> ) ,b>b>y ,/ates --,! ,mexican ,w>--,g5]al ,taylor's ,victories--,siege ( ,v]a ,cruz--,g5]al ,scott's ,m>* & ,battles--,capture ( ,mexico-- ,results ( ! ,w>--,! ,civil ,w>1 #ahfa-fe--,secession ( ,/ates --,call+ out ! ,armies--,build+ ( ! ,navies--,! ,fir/ ,battles--,op]ations 9 #ahfb--;,battles ( #ahfc--,! ,emancipation ,proclamation--,! ,turn+ ,po9t at ,gettysburg--,op5+ ( ! ,mississippi--,*ickamauga & ,mission>y ,ridge--,battles ( #ahfd --,appomattox & ,surr5d]--,! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w>--,its ,causes--,de/ruction ( ,spani% ,fleet 9 ,manila ,bay--,de/ruction ( ,c]v]a's ,fleet--,capitulation ( ,santiago--,invasion ( ,porto ,rico4 ,,ii4 ,,=eign ,,w>s3--,w>s ( ,napoleon--,battle ( ,m>5go --,treaty ( ,ami5s--,?ird ,coalition aga9/ ,france--,battle ( ,au/]litz--,nelson's ,victory at ,trafalg>--,w>s ( ! ,f\r? ,coalition--,w>s ( ! ,fif? ,coalition--,w>s ( ! ,six? ,coalition--,battle ( ,wat]loo--,f9al ,defeat ( ,napoleon--,greek ,w>s = ,indep5d5ce--,battle ( ,nav>9o--,greek ,indep5d5ce-- ,fr5* ,revolution ( #ahcj--,poli% ,insurrection--,engl&'s ,w>s 9 ,india--,fr5* ,republic ( #ahdh--;,hung>ian ,w>s = ,indep5d5ce --,italian ,w>s--,! ,crimean ,w>--,seba/opol & ,balaklava-- ,peace ( ,p>is--,! ,indian ,mut9y--,w>s ( ! ,alliance aga9/ ,au/ria--,battle ( ,solf]9o--,dani% ,w>s--,w>s = ,g]man ,unity--,v]dict ( ,sad[a--,! ,franco-,prussian ,w>--,siege & ,capture ( ,p>is--,! ,fr5* ,republic--,! ,turco-,russian ,w>-- ,*9o-,japanese ,w>--,greco-,turki% ,w>--,int]f]5ce ( ! ,p[]s --,w>s 9 ! ,s\dan--,review ( ! ,c5tury's ,m>tial ,results #cge-dbj ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,fairs ,,& ,,expositions ,! ,primitive ,fair--,gr[? & ,influ5ce ( ,fairs--,_! ,hi/ory 9 ,diff]5t ,c\ntries--,( ,agricultural ,fairs1 ,societies1 & ,in/itutes--,_! ,orig9 & ,purpose--,national & ,/ate ,agricultural ,dep>tm5ts--,sanit>y ,fairs--,special ,exhibitions --,evolution ( ,int]national ,expositions--,! ,fir/ ,_w's ,exposition at ,london--,expositions at ,dubl91 ,p>is1 ,new ,york-- ,cont95tal ,expositions--,second & ,?ird ,expositions at ,london & ,p>is--,! ,vi5na ,exposition--,! ,c5t5nial at ,philadelphia --,description ( ,subsequ5t ,expositions at ,atlanta1 ,l\isville1 ,new ,orleans1 ,*icago1 ,na%ville1 & ,omaha--,! ,am]ican ,comm]cial ,museums #dba-ddb ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,progress ,,9 ,,co9age1 ,,curr5cy1 ,,& ,,bank+ ,i4 ,,banks ,,& ,,bank+ ,,res\rces3--,banks z ,gauges ( ,weal?-- ,civilization reflect$ 9 ,monet>y ,ma*9]y--,features ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,f9ancial ,policy--,gold ,/ore ( ,v>i\s ,c\ntries-- ,bank+ ,res\rces--,numb] & ,res\rces ( ,banks4 ,,ii4 ,,co9age ,,& ,,production ,,( ,,preci\s ,,metals3--,:y ,gold is a ,/&>d-- ,primitive ,measures ( ,value--,hi/ory ( ,co9age--,fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates ,m9t--,co9 ,ratios--,gold & ,silv] ,production & ,m9tage --,exports & ,imports ( ,preci\s ,metals--,circulation p] ,capita --,co9age ,act ( #ahgc4 ,,iii4 ,,e>ly ,,bank+ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates3 --,fir/ ,bank+ ,associations--,fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates ,bank & its ,bran*es--,e>ly ,/ate ,banks--,second ,unit$ ,/ates ,bank--,h[ x fell--,/ate ,banks & ,indep5d5t ,treasury4 ,,iv4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,legal ,,t5d] ,,notes3--,! ,treasury ,res]ve--,treasury ,notes-- ,mann] ( ,issue & ,r$emption4 ,v4 ,,! ,,national ,,bank+ ,,sy/em3-- ,=mation ( ,national ,banks--,law's & ,regulations--,numb] & ,circulation4 ,,vi4 ,,=eign ,,bank+ ,,& ,,f9ance3--,banks ( ,engl& & ! ,cont95t ( ,europe--,_! ,/r5g? & ,me?ods4 ,,vii4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,gov]nm5t ,,debt ,,s9ce #aheg3--;,gross ,receipts & ,exp5ditures --,int]e/ ,*>ges4 ,,viii4 ,,po/al ,,sav+s ,,banks3--,:y !y are n adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,ix4 ,,sav+s ,,banks ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates3--,_! ,numb] & ,/r5g?4 ,x4 ,,! ,,cle>+ ,,h\se3--,h[ conduct$--,its ,economic ,uses4 ,,xi4 ,,panics ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury ,,& ,,_! ,,causes #ddc-dgj ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,progress ,,9 ,,fruit ,,culture ,e>ly ,cultivation ( ,fruits--,beauty & ,uses ( ,fruits--,fruits br\ght to ! ,new ,_w--,culture at ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,c5tury --,e>ly ,fruit ,di/ricts--,! ,exp]im5tal ,/age--,pione]s 9 ,culture--,! ,age ( ,progress--,fir/ ,comm]cial ,or*>ds--,! ,age ( ,triumph--,spread ( ,culture 9 ,v>i\s ,/ates & ,areas-- ,revolution 9 ,sci5ce ( ,fruit ,gr[+--,success & ,failure ( ,diff]5t ,species--,v9e ,culture--,improv$ ,culture ) ,implem5ts --,home ,consumption & ,export ( ,fruits--,our ,fruits a ,favorite 9 ,europe--,apple ,culture--,uses ( ,apples--,typical ,or*>ds-- ,notable ,v>ieties--,ext5t ( ,apple ,or*>ds--,apple ,exports-- ,progress 9 ! ,culture ( ,o!r ,fruits--,v>ieties & ,be/ ,soils --,hi/ory & ,progress ( ,b]ry ,culture--,! ,citr\s ,fruits-- ,:]e & h[ gr[n--,_! ,great ,value to ,man--,g5]al ,review ( ,fruit ,culture & ,fruits #dga-dij ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,comm]cial ,,progress ,i4 ,,_w',s ,,comm]ce ,,at ,,end ,,( ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury3--,me?ods ( ,traffic --,volume ( ,trade4 ,,ii4 ,,revolution ,,9 ,,comm]ce3--,*ange f ,sails to ,/eam--,fir/ ,ocean ,/eam]s--,/eam%ip ,l9es--,*ange f ,wood to ,iron--,! ,comp\nd ,eng9e--,adv5t ( ,/eel ,vessels-- ,! ,tw9 ,screw--,imm5se ,size ( ,%ips--,_! ,great ,velocity-- ,appo9tm5t & ,s]vice4 ,,iii4 ,,improvem5t ,,9 ,,comm]cial ,,auxili>ies3 --,bett]m5t ( ,wat]ways--,%ip ,canals--,h>bor ,improvem5ts-- ,cable & ,bank+ ,facilities4 ,,iv4 ,,expansion ,,( ,,int]national ,,trade3 --,european ,comm]cial ,gr[?--,food ,importations4 ,v4 ,,trade ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates3--,ext5t ( ,dome/ic & ,=eign--,va/ ,ext5sion --,imports & ,exports--,"* (4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,m>9e3-- ,=m] ,c>ry+ ,trade--,mod]n ,c>ry+ ,trade--,decl9e ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,m>itime ,importance4 ,,vii4 ,,am]ican ,,%ipbuild+4 ,,viii4 ,,causes ,,= ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,comm]cial ,,progress3--,economic1 ,political1 & ,social ,causes4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,tw5tie? ,,c5tury ,,prospect #dia-ead ,,education ,,dur+ ,,! ,,c5tury ,education a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ago--,pe/alozzi's ,influ5ce--,froebel's ,k9d]g>t5 ,sy/em--,its ,introduction into ! ,unit$ ,/ates-- ,engli% & ,g]man ,s*ools--,great ,european ,tea*]s--,f\ndation ( ,public ,s*ool ,sy/ems 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--,! ,battles = ,public ,s*ools--,imm5sity ( ,common ,s*ool ,sy/ems--,numb] ( ,s*ools & ,pupils--,exp5diture = ,s*ools--,primitive ,s*oolh\ses--,old-"t ,tea*]s & ,me?ods--,! ,mod]n ,s*oolh\se--,improvem5ts 9 ,tea*]s & ,me?ods--,( ! ,high ,s*ool--,college & ,univ]sity--,tea*]s' ,in/itutes--,/ate ,associations--,s*ool ,publications--,national ,bureau ( ,education --,normal ,s*ools--,tea*]s' ,sal>ies--,girls' ,sem9>ies-- ,*ange to ,female ,tea*]s--,mod]n ,s*ool ,furni%+s--,text-books --,univ]sity ,c\rses ( ,lectures--,s*ools ( ,manual ,tra9+ & ,bus9ess--,education ( ! ,negro ,race--,exp]im5t ( ,book] ,t4 ,wa%+ton--,s*ool ,funds--,compulsory ,education #eae-edb 8,,! ,,art ,,pres]vative0 ,i4 ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,press3--,pr9t+ ,art 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury-- ,frankl9's ,influ5ce--,! ,h& ,press--,v>i\s ,improv$ ,presses --,com+ ( ! ,p[] ,press--,ord] ( ! ,c\ntries 9 ,pr9t+ ,progress--,impetus to ,pr9t+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--,wond]ful ,improvem5t 9 ,presses--,h[ a ,swift-motion$ ,press op]ates-- ,quadruple ,presses--,pr9t+1 ,fold+1 & ,pa/+--,c\nt+ & ,deliv]+--,! ,sextuple ,press--,its ,wond]ful ,a*ievem5ts-- ,color ,pr9t+ ,presses4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sett+ ,,( ,,type3--,! ,art at ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,c5tury--,dawn ( ,me*anical ,composition--,fir/ ,type-sett+ ,ma*9es--,! ,l9otype--,h[ x sets ,type4 ,,iii4 ,,o!r ,,ev5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,l9e3--,old ,me?ods ( spread+ ,news-- ,mod]n ,electric ,me?ods--,cables & ,ov]l& ,wires--,va/ ,ext5t ( ,newspap]s--,code ,sy/ems4 ,,iv4 ,,type-,,mak+1 ,,/]eotyp+1 ,,& ,,picture-,,mak+3--,f ,wood to ,metal ,type--,introduction ( ! ,type ,f\ndry--,! ,/]eotyp+ ,process--,h[ x pres]ves ,type --,introduction ( ,electrotyp+--,its ,advantages 9 ,pr9t+-- ,disappe>ance ( ,wood ,engrav+--,! ,art ( ,illu/ration--,triumph ( ,me*anical ,processes 9 ,pr9t+--,t5d5cy ( ! ,future #edc-egj ,,progress ,,9 ,,m9es ,,& ,,m9+ ,se>* = ,am]ican ,m9es--,progress ( ,m9+ prior to #ahjj-- ,me?ods at ,beg9n+ ( ! ,c5tury--,coal ,m9+ ,me?ods-- ,hoi/+ & ,v5tilation--,introduction ( ,/eam--,european & ,s\? ,am]ican ,m9es--,m9+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--,op5+ ( ,m9es--,v>i\s ,work+ ,appliances--,inv5tion ( ,davy's ,safety ,lamp--,! ,safety ,fuse--,m9e ,elevators--,m9+ at ! ,middle ( ! ,c5tury--,gold & ,copp] ,m9es ( ,unit$ ,/ates--,uses ( ,man ,eng9e--,hoi/+ ,ma*9es--,pump+ ,eng9es--,introduction ( ,ma*9e & ,dynamite--,uses ( ,compress$ ,air--,m9e ,v5tilation-- ,improv$ ,fans--,coal-cutt+ ,ma*9es--,plac] & ,hydraulic ,m9+ = ,gold--,! ,timb]+ ( ,m9es--,lake ,sup]ior ,iron ,m9+-- ,room ,m9+--,rise ( ,m9+ ,s*ools & ,societies--,m9+ ,laws 9 ,engl& & ,unit$ ,/ates--,unwise ,action ( ,congress--,m9+ ,claims & ,rights--,m9]s' ,qualifications #ega-ehf ,,art ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury ,i4 ,,pa9t+3--,effect ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution on ,f9e ,art--,rapid ,advance ( ,fr5* ,art--,arti/s & _! ,works--,revolution ( #ahcj--;,engli% ,art & ,arti/s--,l&scape ,art--,millet's 8,angelus0--,! ,l&se] ,family--,rusk9's ,influ5ce on ,engli% ,art--,edw9 ,abbey z a ,colori/--,works ( ,rosa ,bonheur--,lat] ,engli% ,ma/]s--,cont95tal ,arti/s--,am]ican ,ma/]s--,rise ( ,am]ican ,art ,s*ools--,_! ,influ5ce on ,art--,"s ,di/+ui%$ ,s*ools--,era ( ,excessive ,color+--,am]ican ,l&scapes--,wom5 ,arti/s ( ,am]ica--,_! ,/yle & ,influ5ce--,sc&9avian ,arti/s--,mod]n ,art 9 ,scotl&--,ma/]pieces 9 ,european ,gall]ies--,ma/]s ( ,curr5t ,art 9 ,am]ica--,"s ( _! ,great ,works4 ,,ii4 ,,sculpture3--,old ,_w ,sculptors at ,beg9n+ ( ,c5tury--,c5tres ( ! ,art--,advance 9 ,diff]5t ,c\ntries-- ,ma/]pieces--,am]ican ,sculpture--,notable ,arti/s & _! ,works --,*>act]i/ics ( ,sculptors--,effect ( ! ,columbian ,exposition --,names & ,works ( ,mod]n ,sculptors #ehg-fad ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,advance ,,9 ,,surg]y ,surg]y at ! ,dawn ( ! ,c5tury--,me?ods 9 ,e>ly ,"p ( ! ,c5tury--,discov]y ( ,an/hesia--,its ,great ,advantages-- ,antiseptic ,surg]y--,heal+ by ,fir/ ,int5t--,sett+ ( ,fractures --,mod]n ,treatm5t ( ,bone ,diseases--,( ,amputations--,control ( ,hemorrhages--,advance 9 ,w\nd ,treatm5t--,surg]y ( ! ,alim5t>y ,canal--,/oma* ,surg]y--,kidney & ,bladd] ,surg]y-- ,h]nia or ,rupture--,( ,diseases ( ,female ,organs--,mod]n ,bra9 ,surg]y--,its ,wond]ful ,advance--,a/\nd+ ,op]ations--,! ,rntg5 or ,x ,rays--,_! ,value 9 ,surg]y--,g5]al ,review ( ,surgical ,progress #fae-fcj ,,progress ,,( ,,m$ic9e ,e>ly ,m$ical ,sci5ce--,progress to ,beg9n+ ( ,n9ete5? ,c5tury --,fam\s ,anci5t ,physicians--,not$ ,s*ools ( ,m$ic9e--,m$ical ,*>latans--,evolution ( ,m$ical ,rem$ies--,important ,*anges 9 ,treatm5t--,fir/ ,am]ican ,s*ools ( ,m$ic9e--,advance 9 ,mat]ia ,m$ica--,gr[? ( ,m$ical ,associations--,m$ical ,lit]ature-- ,high ,/&>d ( ,mod]n ,m$ical ,education--,/ud5ts & ,colleges --,t5d5cy to ,special ,practice--,great ,importance ( ,mod]n ,m$ical ,discov]ies--,use ( ,an/hetics 9 ,m$ic9e--,advance 9 ,physiology & ,anatomy--,importance ( ,tra9$ ,nurses--,review ( ,m$ical ,progress #fca-fdb ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,railway ,fir/ ,railways--,va/ ,developm5t--,uses ( ,railways--,importance to ,f>m]s & ,produc]s--,v>i\s ,railway ,sy/ems--,gov]nm5t ,own]%ip & ,op]ation--,mileage ( ,railways--,! ,_w's ,great ,railways--,me?ods ( build+ & op]at+ ,railways 9 ,diff]5t ,c\ntries--,bridge ,/ructures--,use ( ,/eel ,rails--,railway ,signals--,! ,block ,sy/em--,s+le & ,d\ble ,tracks--,fir/ ,/eam ,locomotives--,weight & ,p[] ( ,mod]n ,locomotives--,! ,old-fa%ion$ ,pass5g] ,c>--,luxury ( ! ,mod]n ,palace ,c>-- ,improvem5t 9 ,freight ,c>s--,! ,mod]n ,air-brake--,advance 9 ,tra9 ,equipm5t & ,s]vice--,rates ( ,spe$--,railway ,mail ,s]vice --,pass5g] & ,freight ,rates--,railway z comp>$ ) ,wat] ,transportation--,railway ,labor--,relief ,associations & ,insurance --,m\nta9 ,railways--,rapid ,transit--,milit>y ,railways-- ,portable & ,%ip ,railways #fdc-ffd ,,advance ,,9 ,,law ,,& ,,ju/ice ,progress 9 ,int]national ,law--,its ,subdivisions--,law-mak+ ,bodies --,p[]s & ,duties ( ,legislators--,c\rts ( ,ju/ice--,duties ( ,judges--,( ,jurors--,( ,civil ,proc$ure--,codification ( ,laws--,crim9al ,jurisprud5ce--,puni%m5ts = ,crimes--,capital ,puni%m5t--,police ,p[]s--,rights ( ,m>ri$ ,wom5 "u ,law-- ,laws reg>d+ ,p>5ts & ,*ildr5--,transf] ( ,real ,e/ate-- ,copyright ,laws--,_! ,effect on ,publication--,admiralty ,laws--,( ,seam5 & ,%ipp+--,advance 9 ,corporation ,laws--,laws relat+ to ,religion--,( ,religi\s ,fre$om--,g5]al ,review ( ,legal ,progress #ffe-fgf ,,evolution ,,( ,,build+ ,,& ,,loan ,,associations ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples3--,objects & ,uses ( ,build+ ,associations-- ,explanation ( ! ,sy/em--,! ,v>i\s ,plans ( ,op]ation--,loan ,s]ies--,maturity & ,paym5t ( ,%>es--,co/ ( ,%>es & ,loans --,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,^! ,associations--,_! ,"* abroad-- ,hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,associations--,! ,fir/ ,f\nd$--,eulogies ( ,build+ ,societies--,va/ ,memb]%ip & ,capital--,managem5t 9 ,respective ,/ates--,am\nts return$ to ,memb]s--,tea*]s ( ,practical ,?rift--,value ( ,"o's ,own ,home--,com=t = ,^? ( ,mode/ ,means--,mak]s ( ,bett] ,citiz5s--,duties ( ,(fic]s & ,memb]s--,responsibility ( ,memb]s--,size & ,co/ ( ,h\ses usually built--,typical ,h\ses--,! ,social ,features ( ,build+ ,societies #fgg-fij ,,epo*-,,mak]s ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury ,/atesm51 ,orators1 & ,juri/s--,great ,g5]als--,naval ,h]oes-- ,not$ ,prea*]s & ,tea*]s--,em95t ,hi/orians--,di/+ui%$ ,editors--,not$ ,sci5ti/s--,lead+ ,philan?ropi/s--,fam\s ,inv5tors--,popul> ,noveli/s--,greate/ ,poets--,be/ ,actors & ,lyric ,dramati/s #fia-gbj ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page 8,triumphs & ,wond]s ( ! ,,xix ,c5tury0 ,frontispiece ,puck #ai ,old ,frankl9 ,electrical ,ma*9e #bj ,leyd5 ,j> #bb ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,philadelphia #bc ,induction ,coil #be ,magnetic ,fields ( ,=ce #bf ,daniell's ,cells #bg ,morse ,telegraph & ,batt]y #bg ,samuel ,f9ley ,breese ,morse #bh ,cyrus ,w4 ,field #bh ,ocean ,cable #bi ,great ,ea/]n lay+ an ,ocean ,cable #ca ,a ,/r+ ,telephone #cb ,?omas ,alva ,edison4 ,full page #cb ,a ,graphophone #ce ,a ,dynamo #cg ,! ,gold5 ,c&le/ick #ci ,an ,anci5t ,lamp #ci ,a ,tall[ ,dip #dj ,mod]n ,lamp #dj ,electric ,arc ,light #dc ,electric ,locomotive4 ,f ,electrical ,age #de ,electric ,railway--,?ird ,rail ,sy/em #dg ,geissl]'s ,tubes #di ,sciagraph or ,%ad[ ,picture #ej ,an ,augu/ ,morn+ ) ,f>ragut #ef ,briti% ,battle%ip ,maje/ic #eg ,fr5* ,battle%ip ,mag5ta #eg ,g]man ,battle%ip ,wo]? #eh ,italian ,battle%ip ,s>degna #ei ,nelson's ,flag%ip ,victory #fj ,con/itution 7#ahab7 "u ,sail4 ,p]mission ( ! arti/4 ,full page #fa ,side ,view ( ,con/itution4 ,full page #fc ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,/eam%ip ,oregon4 ,copyright by ,w4 ,h4 ,rau4 ,full page #fe ,action betwe5 ,monitor & ,m]rimac #ff ,! ,turb9ia--,fa/e/ ,craft afloat4 ,p]mission ( ,s4 ,s4 ,mc,clure ,co4 #fg ,eng9e ( ,u4 ,s4 ,/eam%ip ,p[hatan1 ,a4 ,d4 #ahdi4 ,full page #fh ,eng9e ( ,u4 ,s4 ,/eam] ,ericcson #fi ,battle ( ,trafalg>4 ,full page #ga ,! ,gr[? 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( ,puck1 pr9ce ( fairies1 ! playful spee*1-- 8,i'll put a girdle r\nd ab\t ! e>? ,9 =ty m9utes10 he _h no ?\ght t ! und]tak+ ( a boa/ful & pranki% sprite c\ld ev] be outdone by human ag5cy4 ,c\ld ! immortal b>d h liv$ to witness ! "t :5 ! girdl+ ( ! e>? by means ( ! electric curr5t became easi] & swift] ?an elf9 promise or possibility1 he mu/ h spe$ily remodel$ 8 spl5did com$y & d5i$ to ! _w its delightful1 fairy-l features4 ,an old & *>m+ /ory runs1 t ,aladd91 son ( a wid[ ( ,bagdad1 became own] ( a magic lamp1 by means ( ^: rem>kable p[]s he c\ld br+ to 8 in/ant aid ! s]vices ( an all-helpful g5ie4 ,:5 ,aladd9 wi%$ = aid ( any k9d1 he _h b to rub ! lamp4 ,at once ! g5ie appe>$ to gratify 8 desires4 ,by means ( ! lamp ,aladd9 c\ld he> ! fa9te/ :isp] ?\s&s ( miles away4 ,he c\ld annihilate bo? "t & space1 & 9 a tw9kl+ c\ld transf] himself to ! tops ( ! highe/ m\nta9s4 ,h[ ! *>m ( ?is anci5t /ory is lo/ 9 ! pres5ce ( t m>vel\s realism :i* m>ks ! a*ievem5ts ( mod]n electrical sci5ce6 ,! e>lie/ kn[n obs]vations on t subtle my/]y :i* p]vades all nature1 t sil5t en]gy ^: ph5om5a & possibilities are limitless1 & be=e :i* ev5 ! wise/ mu/ /& 9 awe1 are attribut$ to ,?ales1 a s*ol> ( ,miletus1 9 ,greece1 "s #fjj ye>s ,b4 ,c4 ,on rubb+ a piece ( amb] aga9/ 8 clo?+1 he obs]v$ t x ga9$ ! /range prop]ty ( at fir/ attract+ & !n repell+ light objects br\ght ne> to x4 ,8 obs]vations l$ to no?+ practical1 & no hi/oric m5tion ( electrical ph5om5a is f\nd till ! "t ( ,!ophra/us 7,b4 ,c4 #cda71 :o wrote t amb]1 :5 rubb$1 attract$ 8/raws1 small /icks1 & ev5 ?9 pieces ( copp] & iron40 ,bo? ,ari/otle & ,pl9y speak ( ! electric eel z hav+ p[] to b5umb animals ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,?us f> ^! simple ph5om5a only _h be5 m5tion$4 ,!re 0 no /udy ( electric =ce1 no recognition ( x z su*1 or z we "k x & turn x to practical acc\nt to-day4 ,?is seems q /range :5 we consid] ! culture & p[] to inve/igate ( ! ,egyptians1 ,phnicians1 ,greeks1 & ,romans4 ,true1 a few fairy-l /ories ( h[ c]ta9 p]sons emitt$ sp>ks f _! bodies1 or 7 cur$ ( diseases by %ocks f electric eels1 are f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh _! lit]atures1 b !y fail$ to foll[ ! way to electrical sci5ce po9t$ out to !m by ,?ales4 ,ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 a few sci5ti/s & writ]s saw fit to speak ( electrical ph5om5a z obs]v$ by ! anci5ts1 & ev5 v5tur$ to speculate ^u !m 9 _! crude way1 !re 7 no practical additions made to ! sci5ce1 & ! gr\nd laid z fall[ z x _h done s9ce ! creation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,frankl9 ,,electrical ,,ma*9e4 7,by p]mission ( ,frankl9 ,in/itute47 ,aft] a lapse ( m ?an two ?\s& ye>s f ! exp]im5t ( ,?ales1 ,dr4 ,gilb]t1 physician to ,que5 ,elizabe? 7,a4 ,d4 #aecc-afjc71 took up ! /udy ( amb] & v>i\s o!r sub/ances :i*1 :5 subject$ to friction1 acquir$ ! prop]ty ( fir/1 attract+ & !n repell+ light bodies br\ght ne> !m4 ,he publi%$ 8 obs]vations 9 a little book call$ 8,de ,magnete10 9 ! ye> ,a4 ,d4 #afjj1 & ?us became ! fir/ au?or ( a "w ^u electricity4 ,9 ?is unique & initial "w ^u simple electrical effects1 ! au?or add$ greatly to ! numb] ( sub/ances t c\ld be electrifi$ by friction1 & succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ! diff]5t degrees ( =ce ) :i* !y c\ld be made to attract or repel light bodies br\ght ne> !m4 ,=tunately = electrical sci5ce1 & = t matt] all sci5ces1 ab\t ?is "t ! influ5ce ( ,"l ,bacon's ,inductive ,philosophy began to be felt by inve/igators & sci5tific m54 ,be=e t1 ! causes ( natural ph5om5a _h n be5 back$ up by repeat$ exp]im5ts am\nt+ to practical pro(s1 b _h be5 acc\nt$ =1 if at all1 by %e] guesses or :imsical reasons4 ,bacon's me?od introduc$ h>d1 cold1 con/ant exp]im5t z ! only sure means ( f9d+ out exactly ! causes ( natural ph5om5a2 & n only ?is1 b ! necessity ( s]ies ^u s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ea* bas$ ^u ! results ( ! =m]1 & s cont9u+1 l9k by l9k1 till1 f a comp>ison ( ! :ole1 "s g5]al pr9ciple or tru? c\ld be drawn t appli$ to all4 ,?is inductive me?od ( sci5tific rese>* gave great impetus to ! /udy ( e bran* ( sci5ce1 & especially to ! unfold+ ( infallible & practical laws gov]n+ ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,= v _m ye>s electrical exp]im5ts foll[$ ! l9es laid d[n by ,dr4 ,gilb]t2 t is1 ! f9d+ ( sub/ances t c\ld be excit$ or electrifi$ by friction4 ,by & by su* sub/ances came to be call$ electrics1 & x became a "p ( ! crude electrical sci5ce ( ! "t to compute ! =ce ) :i* ^! electrics1 :5 excit$1 attract$ or repell$ o!r sub/ances ne> !m4 ,among ! able/ ( ^! inve/igators 7 ,rob]t ,boyle1 au?or ( 8,exp]im5ts on ! ,orig9 ( ,electricity10 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ,otto von ,gu]icke1 & ,francis ,hawksbee1 ! la/ ( :om communicat$ 8 exp]im5ts to ! ,engli% ,royal ,society 9 #agje4 ,otto von ,gu]icke us$ a h>d roll ( sulphur z an electric4 ,he caus$ x to revolve rapidly :ile he rubb$ or excit$ x ) 8 h&4 ,newton & ,hawksbee us$ a revolv+ glass globe 9 ! same way1 & ?us became ! p>5ts ( ! mod]n & bett] equipp$ electrical ma*9e us$ = s*ool purposes4 ,! next /ep 9 electrical discov]y1 & "o :i* m>ks an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ce1 0 made by ,/eph5 ,gray1 ( ,engl&1 9 #agbi4 ,to him is due ! cr$it ( f9d+ out t electricity f an excit$ glass cyl9d] c\ld be conduct$ away f x to objects at a remote di/ance4 ,?\gh he us$ only a pack?read z a conductor1 he ?us c>ri$ electricity to a di/ance ( sev]al hundr$ feet1 & 8 novel discov]y op5$ up :at1 = ! "t1 0 a brilliant s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 ,engl& & ?r\gh\t ,france & ,g]many4 ,out ( ^! exp]im5ts came ! k t "s sub/ances 7 natural conductors ( electricity1 :ile o!rs 7 non-conductors2 & t ! non-conductors 7 ! v sub/ances--glass1 res91 sulphur1 etc4--:i* 7 !n 9 popul> use z electrics4 ,"h 0 laid ! f\ndation ( ^? aft]-discov]ies :i* l$ to ! selection ( copp]1 iron1 & o!r metals z ! natural & !re=e be/ conductors ( electricity1 & glass1 etc41 z ! be/ insulators or non-conductors4 ,up to ?is "t an excit$ electric1 su* z a glass cyl9d] or :eel1 _h furni%$ ! only s\rce :5ce electricity _h be5 drawn = purposes ( exp]im5t4 ,b n[ ano!r great /ep =w>d 0 tak5 by ! mom5t\s discov]y t electricity1 z furni%$ by ! excit$ b quickly exhau/$ electric1 c\ld be bottl$ up1 z x 71 & s accumulat$ & pres]v$ 9 l>ge quantities1 to be drawn ^u :5 ne$$ = exp]im5t4 ,x is n kn[n :o made ?is important discov]y2 b by common cons5t ! /orage app>atus1 :i* 0 to play s conspicu\s a "p 9 aft]-inve/igations1 0 nam$ ! ,leyd5 ,j> or ,phial1 f ! city ( ,leyd5 9 ,holl&4 ,x consi/$ ( a simple glass j> l9$ inside & out ) t9foil to )9 an in* or two ( ! top1 ! t9foil ( ! inside be+ connect$ by a conductor pass+ up ?r\gh ! /opp] ( ! j> to a metallic knob on top4 ,?is j> c\ld be *>g$ or fill$ ) electricity f a common electric1 & x _h ! p[] ( reta9+ ! *>ge till ! knob on top 0 t\*$ by ! knuckle1 or "s unelectrifi$ sub/ance1 :5 a sp>k ensu$1 & ! j> 0 said to be dis*>g$4 ,by conductors atta*$ to ! knob1 guns 7 fir$ (f at a di/ance by means ( ! sp>k1 & x is said t ,dr4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 ignit$ a glass ( br&y at ! h\se ( a fri5d by means ( a wire atta*$ to a ,leyd5 j> & /ret*$ ! full wid? ( ! ,s*uylkill ,riv] at ,philadelphia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,leyd5 ,,j>4 ,at ?is /age 9 ! hi/ory ( eighte5? c5tury electricity !re ent]s a "* ^: exp]im5ts 9 electricity1 & ^: writ+s ^u ! subject1 n only br\ght him great r5[n at home & abroad1 b p]haps did m to sy/ematize ! sci5ce & turn x to practical acc\nt ?an ^? ( any contempor>y4 ,?is 0 ! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ( ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,he %[$ to ! _w t electricity 0 n creat$ by friction ^u an electric1 b t x 0 m]ely ga!r$ !re1 :5 friction 0 appli$1 f surr\nd+ nature2 & 9 pro( ( 8 !ory he invad$ ! cl\ds ) a kite dur+ a ?und]-/orm1 & br\ght d[n electricity !refrom by means ( ! kite-/r+ z a conductor4 ,! key he hung on ! /r+ became *>g$ ) ! electric fluid1 & on be+ t\*$ by an unelectrifi$ body1 emitt$ sp>ks & produc$ all ! effects commonly witness$ 9 ! dis*>ge ( ! ,leyd5 j>4 ,frankl9 fur!r e/abli%$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 positive & negative electricity1 & %[$ t ! sp>k ph5om5on on ! dis*>ge ( ! ,leyd5 j> 0 due to ! fact t ! inside t9foil 0 positively electrifi$ & ! outside t9foil negatively4 ,:5 ! inside t9foil 0 sudd5ly drawn ^u by a conductor1 ! sp>k 0 simply ! result ( an ef=t ^u ! "p ( ! two k9ds ( electricity to ma9ta9 an equilibrium4 ,by simil> reason+ he acc\nt$ = ! ph5om5on ( lightn+ 9 ! cl\ds1 & by easy /eps inv5t$ ! lightn+-rod1 z a means ( break+ ! =ce ( ! desc5d+ bolt1 & c>ry+ ! dang]\s fluid safely to ! gr\nd4 ,"h we h n only a practical result gr[+ out ( electrical exp]im5ts1 b we witness ! dawn ( an era :5 electricity 0 to be turn$ to pr(itable comm]cial acc\nt4 ,! lightn+-rod man has be5 abroad 9 ! _w ev] s9ce ! days ( ,frankl94 ,?us f>1 !n1 electrical sci5ce1 if sci5ce x c\ld yet be call$1 _h gott5 on at ! dawn ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,no electricity 0 really kn[n b t produc$ by friction ^u glass1 or "s o!r conv5i5t electric4 ,h5ce x 0 call$ frictional electricity by "s1 & /atic electricity by o!rs1 because x 0 reg>d$ z electricity 9 a /ate ( re/4 ,?\gh a ?+ fitt$ = curi\s exp]im5t1 & a con/ant invitation to sci5tific rese>*1 x _h no use :atev] 9 ! arts4 ,an excit$ electric c\ld furni% b a trivial & tempor>y supply ( electricity4 ,x exhau/$ itself 9 ! exhibition ( a s+le sp>k4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,new ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,,electricity4 ,by a happy accid5t 9 #agij1 ,galvani1 ( ,bologna1 ,italy1 :ile exp]im5t+ ^u a frog1 discov]$ t he c\ld produce alt]nate motion betwe5 its n]ves & muscles ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a fluid g5]at$ by c]ta9 dissimil> metals :5 br\ght close toge!r4 ,?\gh ?is my/]i\s fluid came to be kn[n z ! galvanic fluid1 & ?\gh galvanism 0 made to p]petuate 8 "n1 x 0 n until #ahjj t ,volta1 ano!r ,italian1 %[$ to ! sci5tific _w t really a new electricity _h be5 f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,frankl9 ,,in/itute1 ,,philadelphia4 7,f photo furni%$ by ,in/itute47 ,volta con/ruct$ :at became kn[n z ! galvanic pile1 b m l>gely s9ce z ! voltaic pile1 :i* he f\nd w\ld g5]ate electricity /rongly & cont9u\sly4 ,he us$ 9 its con/ruction ! dissimil> metals silv] & z9c1 cut into disks1 & pil$ alt]nately "o ^u ! o!r1 b sep>at$ by pieces ( clo? moi/5$ ) salt wat]4 ,?is simple g5]ator ( electricity 0 ! =]unn] ( ! m p[]ful batt]ies ( ! pres5t day1 & :i* are /ill popul>ly kn[n z voltaic cells or batt]ies4 ,b ! importance ( ,volta's discov]y did n lay m 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 electrical g5]ator ?an 9 ! great sci5tific fact t *emi/ry n[ became l9k$ indissolubly ) electricity & electrical effects4 ,! two novel & *>m+ sci5ces1 hi!rto sep>ate1 7 h5ce=? to cop]ate 9 ^? maje/ic revelations & magnific5t possibilities :i* s signally di/+ui% ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,by means ( greatly improv$ voltaic cells or batt]ies1 t is1 by j>s conta9+ acid 9 :i* 7 susp5d$ dissimil> metals1 electricity c\ld be produc$ readily & 9 some:at cont9u\s curr5t4 ,by increas+ ! numb] ( ^! cells or j>s or batt]ies1 & connect+ !m ) conductors1 ! curr5t c\ld be made /rong] & m effective4 ,9 contradi/9ction to ! old frictional or /atic electricity1 ! new became kn[n z *emical or curr5t electricity4 ,z 0 to h be5 expect$1 ,volta's inv5tion & discov]y excit$ ! :ole doma9 ( electrical sci5ce to new inve/igation1 & br\ght 9 _! tra9 a ho/ ( wond]ful results1 gr[+ m & m practical ea* ye>1 & po9t+ ! way m & m cle>ly to ! comm]cial value ( electricity z a famili>1 inexhau/ible1 & irresi/ible p[]4 ,?us1 9 #ahja1 ,ni*olson %[$ t an electric curr5t f a voltaic pile w\ld1 :5 pass$ ?r\gh salt wat]1 decompose ! wat] & resolve x into its two orig9al gases1 oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,9 #ahjg1 ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 c>ry+ electricity fur!r into ! doma9 ( *emi/ry1 %[$1 by means ( ! electric curr5t1 t v>i\s metallic sub/ances embrac$ 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 & be=e 8 "t suppos$ to be elem5t>y1 7 really dissoluble & easily resolv$ into _! compon5t p>ts1 :e!r solids1 or gases1 or bo?4 ,two ye>s lat]1 9 #ahji1 he made ! equally mom5t\s discov]y ( some?+ :i* 0 to prove a v]itable sit lux1 8,let !re be light10 = ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & illum9ate x beyond all o!rs4 ,?\gh x _h be5 kn[n almo/ f ! date ( ! fir/ voltaic pile t1 :5 ! ends ( its two conduct+ wires 7 br\ght close toge!r1 a sp>k 0 se5 to leap 9 a curv$ or arc l9e f "o wire to ! o!r1 :i* ph5om5on 0 kn[n z ! voltaic arc1 x rema9$ = ,davy to exhibit ?is arc 9 all ! beauty ( a brilliant light by us+ two *>coal 7c>bon7 /icks or electrodes1 in/ead ( ! wires1 at ! po9t ( close approa*4 ,"h 0 ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ! aft]-evolv$ arc light to be f\nd by ! end ( ! c5tury 9 e l>ge city1 & to prove su* a s\rce ( com=t & safety = _! millions ( inhabitants4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 simply t a /ream ( electricity p\r+ along a conduct+ wire w1 :5 int]rupt$ by a sub/ance su* z c>bon 7*>coal71 :i* is a sl[ conductor1 ?r[ (f a bright light at ! po9t ( int]ruption4 ,! ph5om5on has be5 v aptly lik5$ to a runn+ /ream ( wat] 9 ^: b$ a /one has be5 plac$4 ,! /one ob/ructs ! fl[ ( wat]4 ,! wat] remon/rates by an angry ripple & excit$ ro>4 ,9 ,davy's exp]im5t ) ! pieces ( *>coal1 bo? became int5sely hot :ile ! electricity 0 mak+ its brilliant arc leap f "o to ! o!r1 & w\ld1 ( c\rse1 soon be consum$4 ,he1 !re=e1 9 %[+ ! pr9ciple ( a p]man5t lum9ant1 fail$ to demon/rate its practical possibilities4 ,^! la/ 7 n to be atta9$ till ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 well along1 & only aft] v num]\s & v baffl+ attempts4 ,betwe5 #ahaj & #ahcj1 _m important laws gov]n+ electrical ph5om5a 7 discov]$1 :i* t5d$ greatly to r5d] ! sci5ce m exact1 & to give x comm]cial direction4 ,o]/$1 ( ,d5m>k1 discov]$ a means ( measur+ ! /r5g? & direction ( an electric curr5t4 ,ampre1 ( ,france1 discov]$ ! id5tity ( electricity & :at _h be=e be5 call$ galvanism4 ,rit*ie1 ( ,engl&1 made ! fir/ ma*9e by :i* a cont9u\s motion 0 produc$ by means ( ! attractions & repulsions betwe5 fix$ magnets & electro-magnets4 ,?is ma*9e 0 an e>ly sugge/ion ( ! dynamo & motor ( ! com+ ye>s ( ! c5tury4 ,x meant t electricity 0 a s\rce ( p[]1 z well z ( o!r ph5om5al ?+s4 ,9 speak+ ( ! electro-magnet 9 connection ) ,rit*ie's ma*9e1 x is prop] to say t ! electro-magnet 0 probably discov]$ betwe5 #ahbe & #ahcj1 b precisely by :om is n kn[n4 ,x diff]s f ! natural magnet1 or ! p]man5t /eel horse%oe magnet1 & consi/s simply ( a r\nd piece ( s(t iron1 call$ a core1 ar\nd :i* are wrapp$ sev]al coils ( f9e wire4 ,:5 an electric curr5t is made to pass ?r\gh ?is wrapp+ ( wire1 call$ ! helix1 ! iron core becomes magnetiz$1 & has all ! p[] ( a p]man5t magnet4 ,b z soon z ! electric curr5t ceases1 ! magnetic p[] ( ! core is lo/4 ,h5ce x is call$ an electro-magnet1 or a tempor>y magnet1 to di/+ui% x f a p]man5t magnet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,induction ,,coil4 ,:ile ! discov]y ( ! electro-magnet 0 v important 9 ! respect t x af=d$ great magnetic p[] by ! use ( a limit$ or economic galvanic =ce1 or1 9 o!r words1 by ! use ( small] & few] ,voltaic batt]ies1 x 0 n until ,f>aday began 8 spl5did s]ies ( electrical discov]ies1 9 #ahca1 t a new & exhau/less wellspr+ ( electricity 0 f\nd to lay at ! door ( sci5ce4 ,f>aday's prime discov]y 0 t ( ! induction ( electric curr5ts1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( manufactur+ electricity directly f magnetism4 ,he began 8 exp]im5ts ) :at became kn[n z an induction coil1 :i*1 ?\gh !n crude 9 8 h&s1 is ! same 9 pr9ciple to-day4 ,x consi/s ( an iron core wrapp$ ) two coils ( insulat$ wire4 ,"o coil is ( v l5g?y1 ?9 wire1 & is call$ ! second>y coil4 ,! o!r is ( %ort1 ?ick wire1 & is call$ ! prim>y4 ,:5 a magnetic curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! prim>y coil1 ) frequ5t makes & breaks1 x induces an alt]nat+ curr5t ( v high t5sion 9 ! second>y coil1 ?us p[]fully increas+ its effects4 ,9 ,f>aday's fur!r /udy ( electric induction1 he %[$ t :5 a conductor c>ry+ a curr5t 0 br\ght ne> to a second conductor x induc$ or set up a curr5t 9 ?is second4 ,s magnets 7 f\nd to h a simil> effect ^u "o ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,magnetic ,,fields ,,( ,,=ce4 ,! secret ( ^! ph5om5a 0 f\nd to lie 9 ! fact t a magnet1 or a conductor c>ry+ a curr5t1 0 ! c5tre ( a field ( =ce ( v consid]able ext5t4 ,su* a field ( =ce c be famili>ly %[n by plac+ a piece ( glass or :ite pap] spr9kl$ ) f9e iron fil+s ^u ! poles ( a magnet4 ,! fil+s w be drawn into conc5tric circles1 ^: ext5t measures ! magnet's field ( =ce4 ,s also ! ext5t ( ! field ( =ce surr\nd+ a conductor c>ry+ a curr5t may be famili>ly %[n4 ,9 ^! in/ances ! fil+s br\ght )9 ! fields ( =ce are magnetiz$4 ,s w\ld any o!r conduct+ sub/ance be1 & w\ld become capable ( c>ry+ away z an indep5d5t curr5t t :i* _h be5 induc$ 9 x4 ,"h we h ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( ! mod]n dynamo-electric ma*9e1 commonly call$ simply dynamo4 ,f>aday actually con/ruct$ a dynamo1 :i* answ]$ v well = 8 exp]im5ts1 b fail$ 9 comm]cial results because ! only s\rce ( en]gy he c\ld draw ^u 9 8 "t 0 t suppli$ by ! r co/ly voltaic cells4 ,dur+ ,f>aday's "t & subsequ5tly1 electricians 9 ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 active 9 =mulat+ fur!r laws relative to ! nature1 /r5g?1 & control ( electrical curr5ts1 & ea* ye> 0 "o ( prep>ation = ! com+ leap ( electrical sci5ce into ! va/ realm ( comm]cial conv5i5ce & pr(it4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,telegraph4 ,f ! date ( ! discov]y t electricity c\ld be conduct$ to a di/ance1 dreams 7 indulg$ t x c\ld be made a means ( communicat+ intellig5ce4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 _m attempts 7 made to c>ry intellig5t signals ov] electric wires4 ,"s ( ^! 7 q +5i\s1 b 9 ! end failures1 because ! old-fa%ion$ frictional electricity 0 ! only k9d !n kn[n & employ$4 ,ev5 aft] ! discov]y ( ! voltaic cell or batt]y1 :i* af=d$ an ample supply ( *emical electricity to op]ate a telegraphic app>atus1 ! "t 0 n ripe = successful telegraphy1 = up till #ahcj no batt]y _h be5 produc$ t 0 suffici5tly con/ant 9 its op]ation to supply ! k9d ( curr5t requir$4 ,= feasible telegraphy1 two important /eps 7 yet necess>y4 ,"o 0 ! discov]y ( ! electro-magnet1 #ahbe-cj4 ,! o!r 0 ! discov]y ( ! ,daniell's batt]y or cell1 9 #ahcf1 by means ( :i* a con/ant electric curr5t c\ld be su/a9$ = a long "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,daniell',s ,,cells4 ,b ev5 be=e ^! two indisp5sable requisites _h be5 suppli$ by human g5ius1 mu* _h be5 done to develop ! me*anical me?ods ( convey+ intellig5ce4 ,9 #ahaf1 ,ronalds1 ( ,engl&1 con/ruct$ a telegraph by means ( :i* he op]at$ a sy/em ( pi?-ball signals :i* c\ld be und]/ood4 ,9 #ahbj1 ,ampre sugge/$ t ! deflection ( ! magnetic ne$le by an electric curr5t might be turn$ to acc\nt 9 imp>t+ intellig5ce at a di/ance4 ,9 #ahbh1 ,dy>1 ( ,new ,york1 p]fect$ a telegraph by means ( :i* he made trac+s & spaces ^u a piece ( mov+ litmus pap]1 :i* trac+s & spaces c\ld be intellig5tly int]pret$ ?r\gh a pre>rang$ code4 ,a little lat]1 #ahcj1 ,b>on ,s*ill+ con/ruct$ a telegraph :i* imp>t$ motion to a set ( ne$les at ei!r end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,morse ,,telegraph ,,& ,,batt]y4 ,f ?is "t up to #ahcg1 :i* la/ ye> 0 a memorable "o 9 ! hi/ory ( telegraphy1 ! g5ius ( su* di/+ui%$ m5 z ,morse 9 ,am]ica1 ,:eat/one & ,cooke 9 ,engl&1 & ,/e9hill 9 ,muni*1 0 br\ght to be> on ! fur!r evolution ( ! telegraph4 ,:ile all ^! names h be5 associat$ ) ! inv5tion ( ! fir/ practical telegraph1 x is impossible1 ) ju/ice1 to rob t ( ,morse ( ! di/+ui%$ honor4 ,morse conceiv$ 8 inv5tion on bo>d ! %ip ,surry1 :ile on a voyage f ,havre to ,new ,york1 9 ,octob]1 #ahcb4 ,x consi/$1 z conceiv$1 ( a s+le circuit ( conductors f$ by "s g5]ator ( electricity4 ,he devis$ a sy/em ( signs1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds improv$ into ! ,morse alphabet1 consi/+ ( dots or po9ts1 & spaces1 to repres5t num]als4 ,^! 7 impress$ ^u a /rip ( ribbon or pap] by a lev] :i* held at "o end a p5 or p5cil4 ,! pap] or ribbon 0 made to move along "u ! p5cil or p5 at a regul> rate by means ( clockwork4 ,9 accordance ) ^! conceptions1 ,morse complet$ 8 in/rum5t & publicly exhibit$ x 9 #ahce4 ,he gave x fur!r publicity1 9 mu* improv$ =m1 9 #ahcg4 ,9 ?is =m x 0 entirely orig9al 9 ! important respects t ! ribbon or pap] 0 made to move by clockwork1 :ile a p5 or p5cil gave ! impressions1 ?us pres]v+ a p]man5t record ( ! message convey$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,samuel ,,f9ley ,,breese ,,morse4 ,?\gh "u sy/ems less orig9al & effective ?an t ( ,morse1 a fir/ actual telegraph _h be5 op]at$ betwe5 ,padd+ton & ,drayton1 ,engl&1 a di/ance ( #ac miles1 9 #ahci1 & "o at ,calcutta1 ,india1 = a di/ance ( #ba miles1 x 0 n until #ahdd t ! _w's era ( practical telegraphy actually set 9 "u ! ,morse sy/em1 :i* spe$ily sup]s$$ all o!rs4 ,9 t ye>1 amid ! je]s ( congressm5 & ! adv]se pr$ictions ( ! press1 ,morse erect$ ! fir/ ,am]ican telegraph l9e 9 ,am]ica1 betwe5 ,baltimore & ,wa%+ton1 a di/ance ( #dj miles1 &1 to ! confusion ( all detractors1 s5t ! fir/ message ov] x on ,may #bg ( t ye>4 ,f t date ! fame ( ,morse 0 e/abli%$ at home1 & soon became _w-wide4 ,8 sy/em ( telegraphy1 ) slight modifications1 became t ( all civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cyrus ,w4 ,,field4 ,z 0 to be expect$ 9 a c5tury s full ( ent]prise z ! n9ete5?1 a sci5ce s attractive1 s useful to civilization1 s comm]cially valuable1 s full ( possibilities1 z telegraphy1 c\ld n rema9 at re/4 ,ev]y:]e x /imulat$ to improvem5t & new inv5tion & discov]y2 & z ! c5tury progress$1 x witness$ 9 /eady succession ! wond]s ( :at became kn[n z duplex telegraphy1 t is1 ! s5d+ ( diff]5t messages ov] ! same wire at ! same "t4 ,aga91 ! c5tury witness$ ! inv5tion ( quadruplex telegraphy1 t is1 ! s5d+ ( f\r sep>ate messages ov] ! same wire1 two 9 "o direction & two 9 ano!r4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! inv5tion ( ,gray's h>monic sy/em1 by means ( :i* a numb] ( messages great] ?an f\r are transmitt$ at ! same "t ov] ! same wire2 & ?is aga9 by ,delaney's syn*ron\s multiplex sy/em1 by means ( :i* z _m z #gb sep>ate messages h be5 s5t ov] ! same wire at ! same "t1 ei!r all 9 "o direction1 or "s 9 "o direction & ! re/ 9 an opposite4 ,= a "t successful telegraphy 0 limit$ to ov]l& spaces1 ! conductors or wires1 consi/+ ( iron or copp]1 be+ insulat$ :]e !y pass$ ! support+ poles4 ,9 ! cities1 support+ poles prov$ to be unsightly & dang]\s1 & !y 7 succe$$ by und]gr\nd conduits c>ry+ insulat$ wires4 ,9 #ahci1 we read ( :at may be reckon$ ! fir/ successful exp]im5t 9 telegraph+ "u wat] by means ( an insulat$ wire1 or cable1 z a conductor4 ,! exp]im5t 0 tri$ at ,calcutta1 & "u ! riv] ,hugli4 ,9 #ahdb1 ,morse exp]im5t$ at ,new ,york ) an "u-wat] cable1 & %[$ t a successful subm>9e telegraphy 0 practical4 ,9 #ahdh1 a cable1 insulat$ ) gutta-p]*a1 0 laid "u wat] betwe5 ,new ,york & ,j]sey ,city1 & successfully op]at$4 ,9 #ahea1 a subm>9e cable 0 laid & successfully op]at$ "u ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,an ent]pris+ ,am]ican1 ,cyrus ,w4 ,field1 ( ,new ,york1 n[ took up ! subject ( subm>9e telegraphy1 & sugge/$ a cable "u ! ocean betwe5 ,irel& & ,newf\ndl&4 ,"o 0 laid 9 #aheg1 b x un=tunately p>t$ at a di/ance ( ?ree hundr$ miles f l&4 ,a second 0 laid "u ,mr4 ,field's auspices 9 #aheh1 b ! insulation prov$ faulty1 & aft] work+ imp]fectly = a mon?1 x gave out entirely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ocean ,,cable4 ,^! disa/]s1 ?\gh furni%+ mu* valuable exp]i5ce1 *eck$ ! ent]prise ( subm>9e telegraphy = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,n until #ahfa1 :5 a deep-sea cable 0 successfully laid & op]at$ betwe5 ,malta & ,alex&ria1 & 9 #ahfd1 :5 "o 0 laid across ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 did ent]prise ga9 suffici5t c\rage to d>e ano!r attempt to cable ! ,atlantic4 ,9 #ahfe1 t attempt 0 made4 ,aga9 ! cable broke1 b ?is did n dissuade f ano!r & successful attempt 9 #ahff4 ,?is signal triumph 0 ! =]unn] ( o!rs1 equally important to int]national comm]ce & ! _w's diplomacy4 ,c\ntries f> ap>t1 & isolat$ by oceans1 h1 by means ( deep-sea cables1 be5 br\ght into intimate relation1 & made %>]s ( "o ano!r's intellig5ce1 ent]prise1 & civiliz+ in/9cts4 ,:at ! ov]l& telegraph has done t[>d br++ local /ates & communities into contact1 ! subm>9e cable has done = ! remote nations4 ,9 =m1 an ocean cable diff]s mu* f ! simple wire :i* con/itutes ! conductor ( an ov]l& or ev5 und]gr\nd telegraph4 ,x is made 9 _m ways1 b mo/ly ) a c5tral core ( num]\s copp] wires1 :i* are m flexible ?an a s+le wire4 ,^! are ?ickly cov]$ ) an insulat+ mat]ial1 su* z gutta-p]*a1 aft] fir/ be+ heavily wrapp$ 9 t>r$ canvas or l mat]ial4 ,! c5tral cores may be "o1 two1 ?ree1 or ev5 m 9 numb]4 ,:]e a cable is likely to be subject$ to ! abrasion ( %ip-bottoms1 rocks1 or an*ors1 x has an out] cov]+ or gu>d compos$ ( closely unit$ /eel wires4 ,9 subm>9e telegraphy1 ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 s5d+ & receiv+ ! message are v mu* m +5i\s1 delicate1 & co/ly ?an 9 ov]l& telegraphy4 ,:]eas at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury electric telegraphy 0 an unkn[n sci5ce1 & ev5 up to ! middle ( ! c5tury 0 ( limit$ use & d\btful comm]cial value1 nev]!less ! end ( ! c5tury witnesses 9 its gr[? & application "o ( its mo/ /up5d\s m>vels4 ,f ! few miles ( ov]l& wires 9 #ahdd1 ! total mileage ( ! c5tury has exp&$ to approximately #e1jjj1jjj1 & ! subm>9e to #agj1jjj4 ,a s+le company 7! ,we/]n ,union7 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates op]ates #hjj1jjj miles ( wire1 convey+ #fj1jjj1jjj messages p] ye>1 :ile ?r\gh\t ! _w m ?an #bjj1jjj1jjj messages p] ye> s]ve ! purposes ( enlight5$ int]c\rse4 ,! capital employ$ rea*es _m hundr$s ( millions ( doll>s4 ,! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury op5$ possibilities 9 telegraphy t may be class$ z />tl+ 9 comp>ison ) its previ\s atta9m5ts4 ,x w\ld seem t ! int]v5tion ( ! famili> conduct+ wire is n absolutely necess>y to ! transmission ( intellig5ce4 ,! old & well-e/abli%$ pr9ciple ( induc$ curr5ts has lately be5 turn$ to acc\nt 9 :at is t]m$ 8telegraphy )\t wires40 ,z an in/ance1 a telegraph wire1 :5 plac$ close alongside ( a railroad track1 w take up & convey to & f ! /ations ! induc$ pulsations ( a magneto-telephone plac$ )9 a pass+ c>1 & connect$ to ! metallic ro( ( ! c>4 ,?is sy/em has be5 put to practical use on at lea/ "o railway1 & pron\nc$ feasible4 ,b a great] m>vel ?an ?is spr+s f ! discov]y ( ,h]tz1 ab\t #ahij1 t e electrical dis*>ge is ! c5tre ( oscillations radiat+ indef9itely ?r\gh space4 ,! ph5om5on is lik5$ to ! dropp+ ( a /one 9 a placid lake4 ,conc5tric undulations ( ! wat] are set up1--little waves1--:i* gradually enl>ge 9 diamet]1 & affect 9 great] or less degree ! entire surface4 ,c\ld an app>atus be inv5t$ to detect & direct ! oscillations made 9 space by an electric g5]ator1--to p]ceive1 z x 71 ! e!r undulations1 j z ! eye notes ^? on ! lake's surface8 ,9 #ahia1 ,pr(essor ,branley f\nd t ! electric vibrations 9 e!r c\ld be detect$ by means ( f9e metallic fil+s4 ,no matt] h[ good a conductor ( electricity ! metal 9 mass might be1 :5 r$uc$ to f9e fil+s or p[d] x (f]$ p[]ful resi/ance to a pass+ curr5t2 9 o!r words1 became a v poor conductor4 ,an electric dis*>ge or sp>k ne> ! fil+s greatly decreas$ _! resi/ance4 ,if ! fil+s 7 j>r$1 _! orig9al resi/ance 0 re/or$4 ,branley plac$ 8 fil+s 9 a tube1 into ei!r end ( :i* wires 7 pass$4 ,^! 7 connect$ ) a galvanomet]4 ,ord9>ily1 ! resi/ance ( ! fil+s 0 su* z to prev5t a curr5t pass+ ?r\gh !m1 & ! galvanomet] rema9$ unaffect$4 ,b :5 an electric sp>k 0 emitt$ ne> ! tube1 ! resi/ance 0 s mu* decreas$ t ! curr5t pass$ readily ?r\gh ! fil+s1 & 0 detect$ by ! galvanomet]4 ,?is is simply equival5t to say+ t ! dis*>ge ( ! electric sp>k made ! fil+s to coh]e & become a bett] conductor ?an :5 ly+ loosely 9 ! tube4 ,"h1 !n1 0 opportunity = an in/rum5t :i* _h b to regulate ! numb] ( sp>ks & indicate ! pres5ce ( ! electric waves 9 ord] to produce dots & da%es simil> to ^? us$ 9 ! common telegraph4 ,su* an in/rum5t 0 br\ght ne>e/ to p]fection by ,signor ,m>coni1 a "y ,italian1 9 #ahif4 ,) x he succe$$ 9 s5d+ electric waves ?r\gh e!r or space1 & )\t ! use ( wires1 a di/ance ( f\r miles1 ^u ,salisbury ,pla91 ,engl&4 ,lat]1 he transmitt$ messages by means ( space 7wireless7 telegraphy across ,bri/ol ,*annel1 a di/ance ( #h4g miles1 & subsequ5tly across ! ,engli% ,*annel1 a di/ance ( #ah miles4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,cl>ke1 ( ,am]ica1 has improv$ ^u ,m>coni's me?ods ( space telegraphy1 & %[n "s rem>kable results4 ,:e!r space telegraphy w ev5tually sup]s$e t by wires is "o ( ! problems t "t only c solve4 ,b su* are ! possibilities ( electrical sci5ce t we may well be prep>$ = m wond]ful revelations ?an any yet made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,ea/]n ,,lay+ ,,an ,,ocean ,,cable4 ,,iv4 ,,hello6 ,,hello6 ,telegraph 7,gr4 tele1 f>1 & graphe91 to write7 implies ! production ( writ+ at a di/ance by means ( an electric curr5t ^u a conductor4 ,telephone 7,gr4 tele1 f>1 & phone1 s\nd7 implies ! production ( s\nd at a di/ance by ! same means1 ?\gh ! ^w telephone 0 9 e>ly use to describe ! transmission ( s\nd by means ( a rod or tightly /ret*$ /r+ connect+ two diaphragms ( wood1 membrane1 or o!r sub/ance4 ,?is la/ plan ( transmitt+ s\nd came to be kn[n z ! /r+ telephone1 & x reta9$ ?is "n until ! inv5tion ( ! electric telephone4 ,l ! electric telegraph1 ! electric telephone 0 an evolution4 ,! /r+ telephone1 9 ! h&s ( ,:eat/one1 %[$1 z e>ly z #ahai1 t ! vibrations ( ! air produc$ by a musical in/rum5t 7 v m9ute1 & c\ld be transmitt$ hundr$s ( y>ds by means ( a /r+ arm$ ) delicate diaphragms4 ,b :ile ! /r+ telephone s]v$ to confirm ! fact t s\nds are vibrations ( ! atmosph]e :i* affect ! tympanum ( ! e>1 x rema9$ b a toy or exp]im5tal device till aft] electric telegraphy became an accept$ sci5ce1 t is1 9 ! ye> #ahcg & subsequ5tly4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ /eps t[>d ! evolution ( ! electric telephone 0 tak5 by ,mr4 ,page1 ( ,salem1 ,mass41 9 #ahcg1 :o discov]$ t a magnetic b> c\ld emit s\nds :5 rapidly magnetiz$ & demagnetiz$2 & t ^? s\nds correspond$ ) ! numb] ( curr5ts :i* produc$ !m4 ,?is l$ to ! discov]y1 betwe5 #ahdg & #aheb1 ( sev]al k9ds ( electric vibrators adapt$ to ! production ( musical s\nds & _! transmission to a di/ance4 ,all ?is 0 wond]ful & mom5t\s1 b a little :ile _h /ill to elapse be=e "o arose bold en\gh to admit ! possibility ( transmitt+ human spee* by electricity4 ,he came 9 #ahed1 9 ! p]son ( ,*>les ,b\rseul1 ( ,p>is1 :o1 ?\gh z if writ+ out a fanciful dream1 said1 8,we "k t s\nds are produc$ by vibrations1 & are adapt$ to ! e> by ! same vibrations :i* are reproduc$ by ! int]v5+ m$ium4 ,b ! int5sity ( ! vibrations dim9i%es v rapidly ) ! di/ance1 s t x is1 ev5 ) ! aid ( speak+-tubes & trumpets1 impossible to exce$ some:at n>r[ limits4 ,suppose t a man speaks ne> a movable disk1 suffici5tly flexible to lose none ( ! vibrations ( ! voice1 t ?is disk alt]nately makes & breaks ! curr5t f a batt]y1 y may h at a di/ance ano!r disk1 :i* w at ! same "t execute ! same vibrations40 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,/r+ ,,telephone4 ,b\rseul fur!r %[$ t ! s\nds ( ! voice ?us reproduc$ w\ld h ! same pit*1 b admitt$ t1 9 ! !n pres5t /ate ( ac\/ic sci5ce1 x c\ld n be affirm$ t ! syllables utt]$ by ! human voice c\ld be s reproduc$1 s9ce no?+ 0 kn[n ( !m1 except t "s 7 utt]$ by ! tee?1 o!rs by ! lips1 & s on4 ,! /atus ( ! telephone !n1 accord+ to ,b\rseul1 0 t voice c\ld be reproduc$ at a di/ance at ! pit* ( ! speak]1 b t some?+ m 0 ne$$ to transmit ! delicate & v>i$ intonations ( human spee* :5 x 0 brok5 into syllables & utt]ances4 ,to transmit simply voice 0 "o ?+2 to transmit ! timbre or quality ( spee* 0 ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?omas ,,alva ,,edison4 ,b\rseul made pla9 ! problem t 0 /ill be=e ! inve/igator4 ,& n[ comes "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable episodes 9 ! hi/ory ( electricity1--a *apt] ( m+l$ %ame & glory4 ,9 ! village ( ,eb]ly's ,mills1 ,cumb]l& ,c\nty1 ,pa41 liv$ a g5ius by ! "n ( ,daniel ,drawbaugh1 :o _h made a /udy ( telephony up to ! v po9t ,b\rseul _h left x4 ,he _h transmitt$ musical s\nd1 s\nd ( ! voice1 & o!r s\nds 9 ! same pit*4 ,he _h said t ?is 0 all t c\ld be done till "s means 0 discov]$ ( hold+ up ! con/ant onw>d fl[ ( ! electric curr5t along a conduct+ wire by introduc+ into su* fl[ a v>iable resi/ance su* z w\ld imp>t to simple pit* ( voice ! quality or timbre ( human spee*4 ,drawbaugh a*iev$ ?is 9 8 simple work%op z e>ly z #ahei-fj1 accord+ to evid5ce furni%$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt at ! celebrat$ trial ( ! cases :i* robb$ him ( ! "r to 8 prior inv5tion4 ,he did x by introduc+ into ! circuit a small quantity ( p[d]$ *>coal conf9$ 9 a tumbl]1 ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t 0 pass+4 ,! *>coal1 be+ a poor conductor & 9 small gra9s1 (f]$ j t k9d ( v>iable resi/ance to ! curr5t necess>y to reproduce ! tones & syllables ( spee*4 ,he transmitt$ spee* betwe5 8 %op & h\se1 & prov$ ! success he _h met ) be=e audi5ces 9 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia4 ,b he neglect$ to c>e = ! comm]cial side ( 8 discov]y1 ?\gh _m ( 8 pat5ts ant$at$ ^? :i* contribut$ to deprive him ( des]v$ honor & pr(it4 ,9 #ahfa1 ,reis1 ( ,g]many1 came into notice z ! inv5tor ( a telephone :i* transmitt$ s\nd v cle>ly1 b fail$ to reproduce syllabifi$ spee*4 ,h[ev]1 ! pr9ciple & %ape ( 8 transmitt] & receiv] 7 accept$ by ^? :o foll[$ him4 ,two m5 n[ came ^u ! sc5e :o _h rea*$ ! conclusion already arriv$ at by ,drawbaugh1 & :o became rivals ov] 8 head = ! honor & pr(it ( an inv5tion by means ( :i* ! quality ( ! voice 9 speak+ c\ld be transmitt$4 ,^! two 7 ,eli%a ,gray1 ( ,*icago1 & ,alex&] ,graham ,bell1 ( ,bo/on4 ,_! respective devices seem to h be5 ak91 & to h be5 pres5t$ to ! pat5t (fice almo/ simultane\sly2 s ne>ly s1 at lea/1 z to make !m a "p ( t long1 co/ly1 & acrimoni\s legal cont5tion ov] priority ( inv5tion :i* did n end till #ahhg4 ,bo? ,bell & ,gray rea*$ ! conclusion t ! transmission ( articulate spee* 0 impossible unless !y c\ld produce electrical undulations correspond+ exactly ) ! vibrations ( ! air or s\nd waves4 ,!y br\ght ?is simil>ity ab\t by introduc+ a v>iable resi/ance into ! electric curr5t by means ( an int]pos+ liquid1 j z ,drawbaugh _h done ye>s be=e ) 8 tumbl] ( p[d]$ *>coal4 ,bell exhibit$ 8 in/rum5t ) comp>ative success at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition 9 #ahgf 9 ,philadelphia2 b mu* _h yet to be done to p]fect a telephone ( real comm]cial value4 ,! ye>s #ahgg-gh 7 ye>s ( great activity among electricians1 ^: prime object 0 to p]fect a telephone transmitt] & receiv]1 by means ( ^: mutual op]ations at opposite ends ( a circuit all ! modulations ( spee* c\ld be pres]v$ & pass$4 ,to ?is end ,b]l9] introduc$ into a transmitt] or s5d] ! !n well-kn[n pr9ciple ( ! microphone 7,gr4 mikros1 small1 phone1 s\nd71 :i* magnifi$ ! fa9t s\nds by ! v>iation 9 electrical resi/ance1 caus$ by v>iation ( pressure at loose contact betwe5 two metal po9ts or electrodes4 ,edison quickly foll[$ ) a simil> transmitt] or s5d]1 9 :i* "o ( ! electrodes 0 ( s(t c>bon1 ! o!r ( metal4 ,!n came 7#ahgh7 ,hughes & ,blake ) s5d]s1 9 :i* bo? ( ! electrodes 7 ( h>d c>bon4 ,subsequ5tly came o!r & rapid modifications ( ! s5d]1 bo? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe1 till ! =m ( telephone n[ 9 popul> use 0 arriv$ at1 & :i*1 /range to say1 is1 9 its me?od ( secur+ ! necess>y v>iable resi/ance 9 ! circuit1 q l t employ$ by ,mr4 ,drawbaugh2 to wit1 ! introduction ( f9e c>bon granules into a small metal cup j beh9d ! vibrat+ diaphragm or disk ( ! s5d]4 ,! circuit goes into ! diaphragm 9 front1 pass+ ?r\gh ! c>bon granules & out ?r\gh ! back ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! action ( talk+ into ! s5d] causes ! granules to be agitat$1 ?us op5+ & clos+ ! circuit & produc+ ! conditions necess>y to ! transmission ( articulate spee*4 ,! diaphragm or disk is ! v ?9 cov]+ ( ! cup conta9+ ! granules4 ,x is sometimes made ( c>bon1 b g5]ally ( h>d metal1 z /eel4 ,on be+ /ruck by ! s\nd waves ( ! voice1 x vibrates to correspond4 ,! same vibrations are reproduc$ 9 ! receiv] at ! opposite end ( ! circuit1 & ?us "o li/5s to ! ph5om5on ( transmitt$ human spee*4 ,! curr5t = telephonic purposes is furni%$ by "o or m batt]ies or cells1 ^: effect is height5$ by ! pres5ce ( an induction coil4 ,! t5d5cy n[ is to make 8bipol>s0--two contacts at ! diaphragm--9 place ( a s+le contact4 ,?is /yle is becom+ m 9 vogue 9 ord] to meet ! dem&s ( long-di/ance "w4 ,to ea* telephone is atta*$ a g5]ator or device = r++ a little bell z a signal t "s "o wi%es to communicate4 ,to su* p]fection h telephones be5 br\ght t x is q possible to conv]se intelligibly at ! di/ance ( a ?\s& miles1 ) a less satisfactory s]vice at twice or ?rice t di/ance4 ,! possibilities ( cle> spee*-transmission at indef9ite di/ance are )\t measure4 ,l ! telegraph1 ! telephone has op5$ an imm5se & pr(itable indu/ry1 involv+ hundr$s ( millions ( doll>s4 ,at ! end ( ! c5tury x is1 un=tunately1 monopoli/ic2 b ! "t is ne> :5 a reasonable *>ge = s]vice w enable e bus9ess h\se to communicate ) its cu/om]s1 & :5 ev5 ! remote corn]s ( c\nties w be br\ght into t\* ) _! capitals & ) "o ano!r4 ,along ! l9es ( civiliz+ contact ! telephone fairly divides ! wond]s ( ! c5tury ) ! telegraph1 :ile = intimate intellectual communication x is a triumph ( g5ius )\t p>allel4 ,x is ! disp5s] ( spee* 9 city1 t[n1 & village2 9 factory & m9e1 9 army & navy2 ?r\gh\t gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts2 & 9 ,budape/1 ,hung>y1 x is a purveyor ( g5]al news1 l ! newspap]1 = ! 8,telephone ,gazette0 ( t city has a li/ ( regul> subscrib]s1 to :om x transmits1 at private h\ses1 clubs1 cafes1 re/aurants1 & public build+s1 its editorials1 telegrams1 local news1 & adv]tisem5ts4 ,a v natural outgr[? ( ! telephone 0 t curi\s inv5tion kn[n z ! phonograph 7,gr4 phone1 s\nd1 & graphe91 to write74 ,x is n only an in/rum5t = writ+ or pres]v+ s\nd1 b = reproduc+ x4 ,z a simple record] ( s\nd1 x 0 an in/rum5t dat+ z f> back z #ahjg1 :5 ,dr4 ,"y %[$ h[ a tun+-=k might be made to trace a record ( its own vibrations4 ,b ,"y's ?\ght _h to g ?r\gh m ?an half a c5tury ( sl[ evolution be=e ! mod]n phonograph 0 rea*$2 = 9 ! phonautograph ( ,scott1 ! logographs ( ,b>l[ & ,blake1 & ! v>i\s o!r attempts up to #ahgg to make & pres]ve trac+s ( spee*1 !re 7 no successful means ( reproduc+ spee* f ^? trac+s hit ^u4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,graphophone4 ,9 t ye> 7#ahgg71 ,edison1 9 /riv+ to make a self-record+ telephone by connect+ ) its diaphragm or disk a /ylus or metal po9t :i* w\ld record its vibrations ^u a /rip ( t9foil1 accid5tally rev]s$ ! motion ( ! t9foil s t ! trac+s ^u x affect$ ! /ylus or trac+-po9t 9 an opposite direction4 ,to 8 surprise1 he f\nd t ?is rev]se motion ( ! t9foil1 tickl+1 z x 71 ! /ylus oppositely1 reproduc$ ! s\nds :i* _h at fir/ agitat$ ! diaphragm4 ,x 0 b a /ep n[ to ! production ( 8 matur$ phonograph 9 #ahgh4 ,he made a cyl9d] ) a groov$ surface1 ov] :i* he spread t9foil4 ,a /ylus or f9e metal po9t 0 made to re/ ^u ! t9foil1 s z to produce a trac+ 9 x1 foll[+ ! grooves 9 ! cyl9d] :5 ! latt] 0 made to revolve4 ,?is /ylus 0 connect$ ) ! diaphragm ( an ord9>y telephone transmitt]4 ,:5 "o spoke into ! transmitt]1 t is1 set ! diaphragm to vibrat+1 ! /ylus impress$ ! vibratory motions ( ! diaphragm1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! waves ( ! excit+ s\nd1 9 light ind5tations ^u ! t9foil4 ,9 ord] to reproduce ! s\nds ?us regi/]$ 9 ! t9foil ( ! cyl9d]1 x 0 made to revolve 9 an opposite direction "u ! po9t ( ! /ylus1 & z ! /ylus 0 n[ affect$ by precisely ! same ind5tations x _h fir/ made 9 ! t9foil1 x c>ri$ ! id5tical vibrations x _h record$ back to ! diaphragm ( ! telephone1 & ?us reproduc$ 9 audible =m ! spee* t _h at fir/ set ! diaphragm to vibrat+4 ,! spee* ?us reproduc$ 0 t ( ! orig9al speak] 9 pit* & quality4 ,+5i\s & wond]ful z ,edison's ma*9e 01 x 0 susceptible ( improvem5t1 & soon ,bell & o!rs came =w>d ) a phonograph 9 :i* ! record+ cyl9d] 0 cov]$ ) a h>d5$ wax4 ,?is 0 call$ ! graphophone4 ,aga91 ,b]l9] improv$ ^u ! phonograph by us+ = 8 trac+ surface a horizontal disk ( z9c cov]$ ) wax4 ,by *emical treatm5t1 ! trac+s made 9 ! wax 7 et*$ into ! z9c1 & ?us made p]man5t4 ,edison made fur!r & +5i\s improvem5ts ^u 8 phonograph by atta*+ he>+ tubes = ! e> to ! s\nd receiv]1 & by ! employm5t ( an electric motor to revolve ! wax cyl9d]4 ,by ! atta*m5t ( enl>g$ trumpets & o!r devices1 e =m ( mod]n phonograph has be5 r5d]$ capable ( reproduc+ 9 great p]fection ! v>i\s s\nds ( spee*1 song1 & in/rum5t1 & has become a mo/ int]e/+ s\rce ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,v4 ,,dynamo ,,& ,,motor4 ,dynamo is f ! ,greek dunamis1 mean+ p[]4 ,motor is f ! ,lat9 motus1 or moveo1 to move4 ,dynamo is ! e-day t]m appli$ to ! dynamo-electric ma*9e4 ,motor is ! e-day t]m appli$ to ! electric motor4 ,! dynamo & motor are q alike 9 pr9ciple ( con/ruction1 yet direct opposites 9 object & effect4 ,p]haps x might be well to designate bo? z dynamo-electric ma*9es1 & to say t1 :5 su* ma*9e is us$ = ! conv]sion ( me*anical en]gy or p[] ( any k9d into electrical en]gy or p[]1 x is a dynamo4 ,:5 a rev]se result is s\ght1 t is1 :5 electrical en]gy or p[] is to be conv]t$ into me*anical en]gy or p[]1 ! ma*9e t is us$ is a motor4 ,9 practical use = mo/ purposes !y are br\ght into cop]ation1 ! dynamo be+ at "o end ( an electric sy/em1 mak+ & s5d+ =? electricity1 ! motor be+ at ! o!r end1 tak+ up su* electricity & runn+ ma*9]y ) x4 ,bo? ma*9es 7 epo*-mak+ 9 ! mid/ ( a wondr\s c5tury1 & bo? 7 results ( ^? m>vel\s evolutions 9 electrical sci5ce :i* *>act]iz$ ! e>li] ye>s ( ! c5tury4 ,we h se5 h[ ! simple glass cyl9d] or sulphur roll became1 :5 rubb$1 a g5]ator ( electricity4 ,9 a lat] *apt] ( electrical hi/ory1 we saw a new & m p[]ful g5]ator ( electricity 9 ! voltaic cell1 by means ( oppos+ metals act$ ^u *emically by acids4 ,! greate/1 gr&e/1 mo/ p[]ful1 & mo/ economic ( all g5]ators ( electricity 0 yet to come 9 ! %ape ( ! dynamo4 ,we see its beg9n+s 9 ^? inve/igations ( ,f>aday :i* l$ to ! discov]y ( ! induction coil & ! pr9ciples ( magneto-electric induction4 ,9 #ahca1 he inv5t$ a simple yet1 = t date1 wond]ful ma*9e1 :i* 0 none ! less ! fir/ dynamo 9 pr9ciple1 because he mode/ly call$ x 8,a ,new ,electrical ,ma*9e40 ,he m\nt$ a ?9 disk ( copp]1 ab\t twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 ^u a c5tral axis1 s t x w\ld revolve betwe5 ! opposite poles ( a p]man5t magnet4 ,z ! disk revolv$1 its l[] half cut ! field ( =ce ( ! magnet1 & a curr5t 0 induc$ :i* 0 c>ri$ away by means ( two collect+ bru%es1 fa/5$ respectively to ! axis & circumf]5ce ( ! disk4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ electric curr5t ev] produc$ by a p]man5t magnet4 ,! ,f>aday ma*9e & o!rs t d]iv$ ! me*anical en]gy :i* 0 conv]t$ into electric curr5t f a p]man5t magnet 7 class$ z magneto-g5]ators4 ,soon ! electro-magnet took ! place ( ! p]man5t magnet1 because x produc$ a mu* /rong] field ( =ce4 ,b !n ! electro-magnet _h to h a curr5t to excite x4 ,?is curr5t 0 suppli$ by a magneto-g5]ator1 plac$ some:]e on ! dynamo4 ,n[ came ! ?\ght1 sugge/$ by ,brett 9 #ahdh1 t ! induc$ curr5ts ( ! dynamo c\ld !mselves be turn$ to acc\nt = increas+ ! /r5g? ( ! electro-magnets us$ 9 induc+ !m4 ,?is 0 a mo/ progressive /ep 9 ! hi/ory ( ! dynamo4 ,x l$ to rapid inv5tions1 ^: pr9ciple 0 bas$ on ! fact t e dynamo c>ri$ )9 ! cores ( its magnets en\gh ( unus$ or residual magnetism to r5d] ! magnets self-excit+ ! mom5t ! ma*9e />t$4 ,s ! outside means ( magnetiz+ ! fields ( =ce ( ! dynamo pass$ away4 ,! dynamo spe$ily grew 9 size & importance4 ,! electro-magnets or fields ( =ce 7 greatly increas$ 9 numb]1 size1 & p[]4 ,!re 7 great improvem5ts 9 ! con/ruction & effici5cy ( ! wire coils or armatures :i* cut ! fields ( =ce1 & a correspond+ increase 9 _! numb]4 ,commutators & bru%es und]w5t l improvem5t4 ,s1 at la/1 ! well-nigh p]fect & all-p[]ful dynamo ( ! end ( ! c5tury 0 evolv$1 ) a capacity = deliv]+1 9 ! =m ( electricity1 n9ety p] c5t ( ! me*anical en]gy :i* set x 9 motion4 ,9 ! application ( /eam to ma*9]y1 eighty p] c5t1 & sometimes m1 ( ! en]gy suppli$ by a ton ( coal is lo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,dynamo4 ,) ! p]fection ( ! dynamo1 its uses multipli$4 ,x became a prime factor 9 electric light+4 ,trolley sy/ems sprang up 9 city1 t[n1 & village1 tak+ ! place ( horse & traction c>s4 ,9 c]ta9 places1 z 9 ! ,baltimore tunnel1 ! dynamo sup]s$$ ! eng9e = haul+ freight & pass5g] c>s4 ,! mighty dynamos :i* conv]t ! inexhau/ible en]gy ( ,niag>a ,falls into electricity s5d x _m miles away to ,buffalo1 to be appli$ to light+ & to e =m ( ma*9]y4 ,! end ( ! c5tury sees a p[] plant 9 op]ation 9 ,new ,york city capable ( furni%+ "o hundr$ ?\s& horse-p[]1 or en\gh to supply ! light+1 rapid transit1 & ?\s& & "o me*anical ne$s ( ! entire municipality4 ,! ess5tial p>ts ( an ord9>y dynamo are3 7#a47 ,! electro-magnets1 :i*1 h[ev] num]\s1 are arrang$ 9 circul> =m ^u "p ( ! framework ( ! ma*9e4 7#b47 ,! iron coils or armatures1 m\nt$ 9 a circle ^u a :eel4 ,:5 ! :eel revolves1 ! armatures pass close 9 front ( ! electro-magnets1 cutt+ ?r\gh _! fields ( =ce1 & !reby induc+ electric curr5t4 7#c47 ,! commutator1 :i* consi/s usually ( a s]ies ( copp] blocks arrang$ ar\nd ! axle ( ! armatures1 & insulat$ f ! axle & f ea* o!r4 ,! curr5t passes f ! armatures to ! commutator4 ,if ! curr5t be an alt]nat+ "o1 ! commutator *anges x into a cont9u\s "o1 & ! rev]se may also be accompli%$4 7#d47 ,! bru%es1 :i* are ?9 /rips ( copp] or c>bon1 are br\ght to be> at prop] po9ts ^u ! commutator1 mak+ connection ) ea* coil or sets ( coils4 ,!y c>ry ! correct$ curr5t to ! outside l9e or l9es4 7#e47 ,! outside l9e or l9es1 to c>ry ! curr5t away to ! motor4 7#f47 ,! pulley = /rap-belt+1 by means ( :i* ! wat] or /eam p[] us$ is made to turn ! dynamo ma*9e4 ,b we mu/ n =get ! motor z a companion ( ! dynamo1 z its indisp5sable bro!r1 9 turn+ to practical acc\nt ! electricity s5t to x4 ,z we h se51 ! motor is ! rev]se ( ! dynamo1 at lea/ 9 its effects4 ,x is f$ by ! dynamo1 & x imp>ts its p[] to ! ma*9]y :i* x is to set 9 motion4 ,x is to ! dynamo :at ! wat]-:eel is to ! wat]4 ,9 "o s5se x is an ev5 old] inv5tion ?an ! dynamo1 b its ext5d$ comm]cial application 0 n possible until ! dynamo _h rea*$ c]ta9 /ages ( p]fection4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! fir/ motor ( importance 0 t con/ruct$ by ,pr(essor ,jacobi1 ?r\gh ! lib]ality ( ! ,cz> ,ni*olas1 ( ,russia4 ,jacobi us$ two sets ( electro-magnets1 by means ( ^: mutual attraction & repulsion he rotat$ a :eel on a boat ) a p[] equal to t ( eight o>sm54 ,b z ,jacobi's electro-magnets requir$ an electric curr5t to magnetize !m1 & z !re 7 !n no means ( produc+ su* curr5t except by ! co/ly use ( ! voltaic batt]y1 8 inv5tion 0 unripe z to "t4 ,9 #ahej1 ,pr(essor ,page1 ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 con/ruct$ a motor :i* work$ +5i\sly1 b 0 /ill op5 to ! objection ( co/ 9 supply+ ! necess>y electric curr5t = ! electro-magnets4 ,?\gh v>i\s inv5tions came ab\t hav+ = _! object a comm]cially successful motor1 su* a ?+ 0 impossible till ,gramme produc$ 8 improv$ & effective dynamo 9 #ahga4 ,?is dynamo 0 f\nd to "w equally well z a motor1 & h5ce x became necess>y = electricians to greatly enl>ge _! und]/&+ ( ! nature ( electro-magnetic induction4 ,!y soon discov]$ _m curi\s ?+s respect+ ! behavior ( induc$ curr5ts1 ) ! result t rapid & simultane\s improvem5ts 7 made 9 bo? dynamos & motors4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s ( ^! discov]ies 0 t a motor automatically regulates ! am\nt ( curr5t t passes ?r\gh its circuit 9 proportion to ! "w x is call$ ^u to d2 t is1 if ! "w ! ma*9e has to d is decreas$1 ! motor atta9s a high] spe$1 :i* high] spe$ induces a c\nt] electro-motive =ce suffici5t to *eck up ! am\nt ( curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! motor4 ,s :5 ! motor is requir$ to d increas$ "w1 ! ma*9e sl[s up2 b ) ?is sl[+ up1 ! c\nt] electro-motive =ce decreases1 & consequ5tly ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! motor increases4 ,z ) ! dynamo1 "o ( ! m>vels ( ! motor is its effici5cy4 ,9 p]fect ma*9es1 n9ety to n9ety-five p] c5t ( ! electrical en]gy suppli$ c be conv]t$ into me*anical en]gy4 ,= ?is reason x has become a competitor )1 & ev5 successor (1 /eam 9 c\ntless cases1 & especially :]e wat]-p[] c be comm&$4 ,a prime motor1 9 ! %ape ( a wat]-:eel1 may be made to drive scores ( second>y motors 9 places hundr$s ( miles away4 ,! p[] develop$ by ! wat]fall at ,lauff51 ,g]many1 is transmitt$ "o hundr$ miles to ,frank=t1 ) a loss ( only tw5ty-five p] c5t ( ! orig9al horse-p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,c&le/ick4 ,9 its adaptation = practical use1 ! motor1 l ! dynamo1 assumes all sizes & embraces a ho/ ( +5i\s devices1 yet its p[] & usefulness always c5tre ar\nd1 or are conta9$ 91 its two effici5t p>ts1 its armatures & fields ( =ce4 ,we h se5 h[ 9 ! dynamo ! armatures became ! s\rce ( induc$ curr5ts by be+ made to cut ! fields ( =ce ( electro-magnets4 ,n[1 a dynamo c be made to "w 9 an opposite way2 t is1 by mak+ ! magnetic fields ( =ce rotate 9 front ( ! coils or armatures4 ,9 ! motor1 ! field ( =ce is mo/ly e/abli%$ by ! curr5t directly f ! dynamo4 ,?is curr5t passes also ?r\gh ! armature1 :i* beg9s to rotate1 ow+ to ! =ce ( ! field ^u x4 ,?is rotation ( ! armature ?r\gh ! field ( =ce produces 9 ! armature conductors an electro-motive =ce1 :i* is ! measure ( ! p[] ( ! motor1 be ! same great or small4 ,,vi4 8,,& ,,!re ,,0 ,,light40 ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,lamp4 ,m5tion ( ! 8c&le/ick ( pure gold0 7,ex4 xxv4 #ca7 may lead to ! inf]5ce t ! primitive artificial light 0 t ( ! c&le4 ,b 8c&le/ick0 9 connection ) ! light+ ( ! temple is cle>ly a misnom]4 ,! lamp 0 ! orig9al artificial light-giv]1 unless we *oose to except ! tor*2 & if less indisp5sable ?an 9 patri>*al times1 x is /ill a favorite disp5s] ( nightly *e]4 ,prior to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! lamp _h practically no evolution4 ,x 0 ! same 9 pr9ciple at t date z :5 x illum9at$ ! des]t tab]nacle4 ,ev5 ! spl5did enamel$ glass or decorat$ ,p]sian pott]y lamps ( ,damascus & ,cairo1 & ! magnific5t brass or bronze lamps ( ,greece1 ,rome1 & ! ,european ca!drals1 gave =? _! dull1 un/eady flame & noisome smoke by means ( a crude wick ly+ 9 a sauc] or simil> receptacle ( melt$ l>d1 tall[1 oil1 or "s su* combu/ible liquid4 ,a prime improvem5t 0 made 9 lamp-light+ 9 #aghc1 by ,leg]1 ( ,p>is1 :o devis$ ! flat1 metallic burn]1 ?r\gh :i* he pass$ a neatly prep>$ wick4 ,a fur!r improvem5t 0 made 9 #aghd by ,arg&1 ( ,p>is1 :o introduc$ a burn] consi/+ ( two circul> tubes1 betwe5 :i* pass$ a circul> wick4 ,! inn] tube 0 p]=at$ s z to admit ( a draught ( air to fe$ ! flame on ! inside ( ! wick4 ,9 ord] to simil>ly fe$ ! flame on ! outside ( ! wick1 he inv5t$ ! lamp *imney1 :i* 0 at fir/ a crude ?+ ( metal4 ,x1 h[ev]1 soon gave way to ! glass *imney1 :i* has up to ! pres5t tak5 on _m improv$ =ms1 design$ to secure m p]fect combu/ion & a bright]1 /eadi] gl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tall[ ,,dip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mod]n ,,lamp4 ,improvem5t 9 lamp-light+ dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury has consi/$ ( an indef9ite numb] ( inv5tions1 all aim+ at economy1 brilliancy1 /ead9ess1 conv5i5ce1 beauty1 & s on4 ,b 9 no respect has ?is improvem5t be5 m rapid & radical ?an 9 ! adaptation ( lamps to ! v>i\s combu/ible fluids t h bid = favor4 ,:ile ! v>i\s oils1 animal & vegetable1 7 almo/ solely 9 vogue z illum9ants at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 !y 7 l>gely sup]s$$ at a lat] p]iod by ! burn+-fluid kn[n z camph5e4 ,?is 0 a purifi$ oil ( turp5t9e1 :i* f\nd great favor on acc\nt ( its economy1 conv5i5ce1 cleanl9ess1 & brilliancy ( light4 ,b x 0 v volatile1 & its vapors =m$ ) air a dang]\sly explosive mixture4 ,yet ) all ?is x might h held its own = a long "t1 _h n ,gesn]1 9 #ahdf1 discov]$ t a sup]ior m9]al oil1 :i* he call$ 8k]os5e10 c\ld be readily & pr(itably di/ill$ f ! coal f\nd on ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&4 ,?is k]os5e or hydroc>bon oil spe$ily displac$ camph5e z an illum9ant4 ,its manufacture rapidly develop$ into an important indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & l>ge di/ill+ e/abli%m5ts arose1 bo? on ! ,atlantic coa/1 :]e =eign coal 0 us$1 & ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 :]ev] cannel or o!r conv]tible coal 0 f\nd4 ,) ! discov]y ( petroleum 9 pay+ quantities on ,oil ,creek1 ,pa41 9 #ahei1 !re came ab\t a great *ange 9 k]os5e lamp-light+4 ,x 0 f\nd1 ^u analysis1 t crude petroleum conta9$ ab\t fifty-five p] c5t ( k]os5e1 :i* con/itut$ its mo/ important product4 ,! manufactories ( k]os5e f cannel or o!r coal1 !re=e1 w5t out ( exi/5ce1 & new ones1 l>g] 9 size & great] 9 numb]1 sprung up = ! manufacture ( k]os5e or1 popul>ly speak+1 coal oil1 f petroleum4 ,?is illum9ant came into almo/ univ]sal favor = lamp use1 ow+ to its *eapness & brilliancy4 ,x is n free f dang] :5 improp]ly di/ill$1 b "u ! op]ation ( /r+5t laws gov]n+ its prep>ation & te/+1 dang] f its use has be5 r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,9 rural di/ricts1 9 small] t[ns & villages1 :]ev] economy & conv5i5ce are ess5tials1 & :5 beauty 9 lamp effects is desirable1 ! k]os5e illum9ant has become indisp5sable4 ,! discov]y ( petroleum help$ fur!r to light ! _w & di/+ui% ! c5tury4 ,x gave u gasol5e1 naph?a1 gas oil1 a/ral oil1 & ! v effective 8m9]al sp]m10 :i* is almo/ univ]sally us$ 9 ligh?\ses & z headlights = locomotives4 ,) ! addition ( k]os5e1 a favorite light ( ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury--! tall[ dip ( our gr&mo!rs--began to fall into disuse4 ,! homelike pictures ( h\sewives at _! annual c&le-dipp+s1 or 9 ! manipulation ( _! m\lds1 became v5]able antiques4 ,c&le-light pal$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! high] illum9ants4 ,?\gh /ill a conv5i5t light "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 x plays a gradually dim9i%+ "p amid its sup]iors4 ,"o ( ! signal triumphs ( ! c5tury has be5 ! introduction ( gas-light+4 ,?\gh illum9at+ gas made f coal 0 kn[n z e>ly z #afia1 x did n come into use1 except = exp]im5ts or 9 a v special way1 until ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 #ahji1 a few /reet lamps 7 lit ) gas 9 ,london4 ,an unsuccessful attempt 0 made to introduce gas into ,baltimore 9 #ahba4 ,betwe5 #ahbb & #ahbg1 ! gas-light began to h a feeble foo?old 9 ,bo/on & ,new ,york4 ,o!r cities began to introduce x z an illum9ant 9 /reets &1 ev5tually1 9 h\ses4 ,b ! process 0 v sl[1 ow+ to int5se opposition on ! "p ( bo? savants & common p1 :o saw 9 x a sure means ( de/ruction by poison1 explosion1 or fire4 ,x 0 n mu* be=e ! middle ( ! c5tury t prejudice aga9/ illum9at+ gas 0 suffici5tly allay$ to admit ( its g5]al use4 ,b mean:ile _m valuable exp]im5ts z to its production & adaptation 7 go+ on4 ,! mo/ productive s\rce ( illum9at+ gas 0 f\nd to be bitum9\s coal4 ,?\gh gas c\ld be produc$ by di/illation f o!r sub/ances1 su* z %ale1 lignite1 petroleum1 wat]1 turf1 res9s1 oils1 & fats1 none c\ld compete 9 quality1 quantity1 & economy ) :at is kn[n z ord9>y coal gas1 at lea/1 n until ! "t came1 q late 9 ! c5tury1 :5 x 0 f\nd t non-lum9\s gases1 su* z wat] gas1 c\ld be r5d]$ lum9\s by impregnat+ !m ) hydroc>bon vapor4 ,?is became kn[n comm]cially z wat] gas1 & x is n[ l>gely us$ 9 place ( coal gas1 because x is *eap] &1 = ! mo/ "p1 equally effective z a lum9ant4 ,gas-light+ has1 ( c\rse1 its limitations4 ,x is n adapt$ = use beyond ! range ( cities or t[ns ^: populations are suffici5t to w>rant ! l>ge exp5ditures necess>y = gas plants4 ,x is a special r ?an g5]al light4 ,yet )9 its limit$ doma9 ( use x has prov$ ( wond]ful utility1--a s\rce ( *e] = millions1 a clean1 safe1 & economic light1 a conv5i5ce f> beyond ! c&le1 ! lamp1 or any previ\s light+ appliance4 ,9 ! /reet1 x is a s\rce ( safety aga9/ ?ieves & way-lay]s4 ,9 ! slums1 x is bo? policeman & mission>y1 baffl+ ! wrong-do]1 expos+ ! secrecy t conduces to crime1 lay+ b>e ! hotb$s ( %ame4 ,x is z well a s\rce ( heat z light1 & consequ5tly conv]tible into p[] = light me*anical purposes4 ,9 ! kit*51 x is m & m becom+ a boon to ! h\sewife1 :o by means ( ! gas range escapes1 9 cook+1 mu* ( ! du/1 smoke1 worry1 & ev5 exp5se ( ! coal cook /ove & range4 ,9 ! p>lor1 libr>y1 or sick-room1 x is a *e]ful & effective sub/itute = ! coal grate1 & may be made to assume ! cosy qualities & fanta/ic %apes ( ! old-fa%ion$ wood fire4 ,co9cid5t ) ! discov]y ( petroleum1 its insep>able companion1 natural gas1 came into prom95ce z a s\rce ( bo? light & heat1 or ?is became true1 at lea/1 aft] x 0 asc]ta9$ t natural gas regions exi/$ :i* c\ld be tapp$ by wells1 & made to give =? _! gase\s product indep5d5t ( ! oil t may h at "o "t exi/$ ne> or 9 connection ) x4 ,?is natural s\rce ( light & heat became z int]e/+ to ! geologi/1 explor]1 & capitali/ z ! s\rce ( petroleum itself1 & soon e likely section 0 prospect$1 ) ! hope ( f9d+ & tapp+ ^? my/]i\s cav]ns ( e>? 9 :i* ! p5t-up lum9ant ab\nd$ 9 pay+ quantities4 ,x 0 f\nd t workable natural gas regions 7 num]\s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 especially 9 proximity to petroleum or bitum9\s coal deposits1 & little "t 0 lo/ 9 _! developm5t4 ,z if by magic1 a new & pr(itable indu/ry sprang into exi/5ce4 ,! natural gas well became almo/ z common z ! oil well1 & at times f> m awe-inspir+ z x %ot into space its volcanic bla/s :i*1 :5 ignit$ ?r\gh c>elessness1 z sometimes happ5$1 c>ri$ to ! vic9age all ! dang]s & t]rors ( ,vesuvius or ,/romboli4 ,p[]ful z 0 ! =ce ) :i* natural gas s\ght its fre$om1 wond]ful z 0 ! ph5om5on ( its escape f ! subt]ranean alembic 9 :i* x 0 di/ill$1 human g5ius quickly h>ness$ x by appliances = cons]vation & c>riage to places :]e x c\ld be utiliz$4 ,sometimes great indu/ries sprang up contigu\s to ! wells2 at o!rs1 x 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh pipes to cities _m miles di/ant1 :]e x became a light = /reet1 home1 & /ore1 & a prodigi\s en]gy 9 factory1 furnace1 =ge1 & roll+-mill4 ,9 fact1 no m>vel ( ! c5tury has be5 at once s weird & inscrutable 9 its orig9 z natural gas1 or m pot5tial z an ag5cy )9 ! areas to :i* its use is limit$4 ,! "q is ev] upp]mo/ 9 connection ) natural gas1 w x la/8 ,! gas spr+s ( ! ,caucasus ,m\nta9s h be5 burn+ = c5turies4 ,b t is :]e nature's int]nal =ces h _! correlations & comp5sations4 ,:]e x is q o!rwise1 t is1 :]e ! v5ts ( natural gas res]voirs are abnormally num]\s1 or :]e ^? res]voirs are dra9$ to ! extreme = comm]cial purposes1 n to say ?r\gh %e] wa/efulness1 ! geologi/ is ready to surmise t ! natural gas supply _c be a p]petual "o4 ,b "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t triumphs ( ! c5tury 9 ! matt] ( light came ab\t ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( electricity4 ,we h already se5 ! beg9n+s ( electric light+ 9 ! discov]y ( ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 9 #ahji1 t :5 ! ends ( two conduct+ wires1 m\nt$ ) *>coal pieces1 7 br\ght close toge!r1 a brilliant light1 9 ! %ape ( an arc or curve1 leap$ f "o piece ( *>coal to ! o!r4 ,davy's *>coal pieces or c>bons 7 consum$ by ! fi]ce heat evolv$2 b ! pr9ciple 0 e/abli%$ t an electric curr5t1 s int]rupt$1 0 a vivid light-produc]1 & might be made p]man5tly s if a sub/ance capable ( resi/+ ! heat c\ld be sub/itut$ = 8 *>coal tips1 & a g5]ator ( electricity ( suffici5t p[] & economy 9 use c\ld be sub/itut$ = 8 voltaic batt]ies or cells4 ,^u ^! two ess5tials hung ! future ( ! electric light4 ,! fir/ ess5tial1 t ( a sub/ance at ! ends ( ! wires or 9 ! mid/ ( ! electric circuit :i* w\ld resi/ ! heat1 0 soon met by ! use ( specially prep>$ & h>d graphite c>bon tips1 9 ! %ape ( c&les4 ,b ! second ess5tial1 a g5]ator ( electricity *eap] & m p[]ful ?an ! voltaic cell1 0 n met ) till ! dynamo ma*9e rea*$ an advanc$ /age ( p]fection2 t is1 ab\t #ahfg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,electric ,,arc ,,light4 ,! two gr& ess5tials n[ be+ at comm&1 inv5tion ( electric light appliances w5t on rapidly ^u two l9es1 ev5tuat+ 9 two sy/ems1 :i* became kn[n z arc light+ & inc&esc5t light+4 ,by #ahgi-hj1 ! arc light 0 suffici5tly advanc$ to meet ) favor z an illum9ant = /reets1 railway /ations1 m>kets1 & any l>ge spaces1 9 :i* places x became a sub/itute = gas & o!r lights4 ,! ess5tial features ( ! arc light are3 7#a47 ,! dynamo ma*9e1 situat$ 9 "s c5tral place1 = ! g5]ation ( electricity4 7#b47 ,conduct+ wires to c>ry ! electricity ?r\gh\t ! areas or to ! places to be light$4 7#c47 ,! arc lamp1 :i* may be susp5d$ ^u poles 9 ! /reets1 or ^u wires 9 /ores & o!r cov]$ places4 ,its me*anism consi/s ( two p5cils or c&les ( graphite c>bon1 v h>d & incombu/ible1 adju/$ above & bel[ ea* o!r s t _! tips or ends are v close toge!r1 b n 9 contact4 ,by means ( a clockwork or simple gravity device ^! c>bon tips are br\ght into contact at ! mom5t ! electric curr5t is turn$ on1 & !n are slightly sep>at$ z soon z ! curr5t has heat$ !m4 ,! air betwe5 ! heat$ tips1 hav+ also rea*$ a high temp]ature1 becomes a conductor1 & ! electricity leaps 9 ! =m ( an arc or curve ?r\gh x1 r5d]+ x brilliantly inc&esc5t4 ,%\ld ! curr5t be dim9i%$ 9 /r5g? = any reason1 ! above-m5tion$ clockwork or gravity device br+s ! c>bons a little clos] toge!r2 & %\ld ! curr5t be increas$1 ! c>bons are sep>at$ a little wid]2 ?us ! /ead9ess ( ! light is regulat$4 ,!re are also v>i\s automatic devices = ?us regulat+ ! proximity ( ! c>bons & ma9ta9+ ! ev5ness ( ! gl[4 ,! p[] ( an arc light is measur$ by c&les4 ,an ord9>y arc light "u two amp]es ( curr5t gives a light equal to tw5ty-five c&les1 :ile "u fifty amp]es ( curr5t x gives a light equal to tw5ty ?\s& c&les4 ,9 se>*lights on bo>d vessels1 & :]e v l>ge areas are to be light$1 bo? heavi] curr5ts & l>g] c>bons are us$ ?an 9 ! arc lamps = ord9>y /reet purposes4 ,no light surpasses ! arc light 9 brilliancy1 except+ ! magnesium light4 ,!re are few cities 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe t d n employ ! arc lamp z a means ( /reet1 /ation1 & l>ge-area light+1 ow+ to its sup]iority z an illum9ant & ! wond]ful polic+ effect x has ^u ! slum sections4 ,! inc&esc5t lamp1 or electric light+ by inc&esc5ce1 und]w5t a some:at long] evolution at ! h&s ( inv5tors ?an ! arc lamp1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( f9d+ a sub/ance suitable = ! production ( ! necess>y gl[4 ,! discov]y ( su* sub/ance may be accr$it$ to ,edison m fully ?an to any o!r4 ,! inc&esc5t or gl[ lamp is a glass bulb f :i* ! air is exhau/$4 ,!re passes into ! bulb a filam5t ( c>bon1 :i*1 aft] a turn or two inside ! bulb1 passes out at ! end ?r\gh :i* x ent]$4 ,:5 a curr5t f a voltaic batt]y is s5t ?r\gh ?is c>bon filam5t1 x br+s x1 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg5 )9 ! bulb1 to a high :ite heat )\t combu/ion4 ,! portion ( ?is high :ite heat :i* is radiat$ is ! light-giv+ en]gy ( ! inc&esc5t lamp4 ,metal filam5ts 7 at fir/ tri$ 9 ! bulb1 b !y quickly burn$ out4 ,c>bon filam5ts 7 at l5g? f\nd to be ! only ones capable ( resi/+ ! heat4 ,!y moreov] _h ! advantage ( *eapness1 & ( great] radiat+ en]gy ?an metals4 ,_m sub/ances1 su* z silk1 cotton1 hair1 etc41 7 us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! c>bon filam5ts1 b x 0 f\nd t /rips cut f ! inside b>k ( ! bamboo gave1 :5 br\ght to a :ite heat by an electric curr5t & !n prop]ly treat$1 ! mo/ t5aci\s & be/ conduct+ c>bon filam5t4 ,! quality ( light produc$ by an inc&esc5t lamp is a g5tl] gl[ ?an t produc$ by ! arc lamp1 & 9 color m ne>ly resembles ! light ( gas or ! oil lamp4 ,! inc&esc5t light spe$ily became = ! home1 hotel1 hall1 & limit$ cov]$ area :at ! arc light became = ! /reet & railway /ation1 &1 if any?+1 ! =m] out/ripp$ ! latt] 9 ! ext5t & value ( ! indu/ry x gave rise to4 ,9 ! arc lamp1 ! c>bon p5cils h to be r5ew$ daily4 ,9 ! inc&esc5t lamp1 ! c>bon filam5t1 ?\gh v delicate1 may la/ = q a "t1 because inc&esc5ce takes place 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg54 ,if ! favor 9 :i* ! electric light is held1 & ! great ext5t ( its use1 re/$ solely on ! "q ( *eapness ( production1 su* "q w\ld give rise to int]e/+ debate4 ,&1 inde$1 ! debate w\ld cont9ue1 if ! "q 7 ! sup]ior fitness ( electric light+ = ligh?\ses & l s]vice1 :]e extreme brilliancy does n seem to p5etrate a ?ick atmosph]e z effectively z ! m subdu$ gl[ ( ! oil lamp4 ,b ! debate ceases :5 ! "q is z to ! beauty & effici5cy ( ! electric light 9 ! home1 /reet1 /ation1 m9e1 on %ipbo>d1 & ! ?\s& & "o o!r places 9 :i* x has come to be deem$ an ess5tial equipm5t4 ,9 all su* places ! "q ( economy ( production & use is subord9ate to ! high] "q ( utility & indisp5sability4 ,,vii4 ,,electric ,,locomotion4 ,! dawn ( ! n9ete5? c5tury saw1 z vehicles ( locomotion1 ! saddl$ hackney1 ! clumsy wagon1 ! o/5tati\s /age-coa*1 ! primitive de>born1 ! lumb]+ c>riage1 ! poetic 8"o-hoss %ay40 ,! univ]sal en]gy 0 ! horse4 ,a new en]gy came ) ! application ( /eam1 & ) x new vehicul> locomotion1--easi]1 swift]1 /rong]1 = ! mo/ "p *eap]1 r5d]+ possible :at 0 hi!rto impossible z to "t & di/ance4 ,?is signal triumph ( ! c5tury may n h be5 eclips$ by ! introduction ( subsequ5t locomotive *anges1 b x 0 to be supplem5t$ by :at1 at ! beg9n+1 w\ld h pass$ = ! idle dream ( a vision>y4 ,! horse-c> came1 _h its brief day1 & w5t out ) all its inconv5i5ces1 cruelties1 & horrors be=e1 9 "p1 ! traction-c>1 &1 9 "p1 ! rapidly revolutioniz+ en]gy ( electricity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,electric ,,locomotive4 ,! fir/ conception ( a railway to be op]at$ by electricity dates f ab\t #ahce1 :5 ,?omas ,dav5port1 ( ,br&on1 ,vt41 contriv$ & mov$ a small c> by means ( a curr5t f voltaic cells plac$ )9 x4 ,9 #ahea1 ,pr(essor ,page1 ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ran a c> propell$ by electricity ^u ! /eam railway betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore1 b ?\gh he obta9$ a high rate ( spe$1 ! co/ ( supply+ ! curr5t by means ( batt]ies--! only means !n kn[n--prohibit$ ! comm]cial use ( 8 me?od4 ,) ! inv5tion ( ! dynamo z an economic & p[]ful g5]ator ( electricity1 & also ! inv5tion ( ! motor z a means ( turn+ electrical en]gy to me*anical acc\nt1 ! way 0 op51 bo? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe1 = m active inve/igation ( ! "q ( electric-c> propulsion4 ,betwe5 #ahgb & #ahhg1 diff]5t inv5tors1 at home & abroad1 plac$ 9 op]ation sev]al exp]im5tal electric railways4 ,few ( !m prov$ practical1 ?\gh ea* furni%$ a fund ( valuable exp]i5ce4 ,an und]gr\nd electric /reet railway 0 op]at$ 9 ,d5v] z e>ly z #ahhe2 b ! "o ^u ! trolley plan1 :i* prov$ suffici5tly successful to w>rant its be+ call$ ! fir/ op]at$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 built 9 ,ri*mond1 ,va41 9 #ahhh4 ,x gave su* impetus to electric railway con/ruction t1 9 five ye>s' "t1 enorm\s capital 0 emb>k$1 & ! new means ( propulsion 0 g5]ally accept$ z conv5i5t1 safe1 & pr(itable4 ,! ess5tial features ( ! electric railway are3 7#a47 ,! track ( two rails1 simil> to ! /eam railway1 7#b47 ,! c>s1 lightly yet /rongly built4 7#c47 ,! p[]-h\se1 conta9+ ! dynamos :i* g5]ate ! electricity4 7#d47 ,! fe$-wire1 usually ( /\t copp]1 runn+ ! l5g? ( ! tracks ( ! sy/em1 & support$ on poles or laid 9 conduits4 7#e47 ,! trolley-wire ov] ! c5tre ( ! track1 support$ by insulat$ cross-wires pass+ f poles on opposite sides ( ! tracks1 & connect$ at prop] int]vals ) ! fe$-wire4 7#f47 ,! trolley-pole ( metal jo9t$ to ! top ( ! c>1 & fitt$ ) a spr+ :i* presses ! :eel on ! end ( ! pole up aga9/ ! trolley-wire ) a =ce ( ab\t fifte5 p\nds1 & :i* also s]ves to conduct ! electricity d[n ?r\gh ! c> to ! motor4 7#g47 ,! motor1 :i* is susp5d$ f ! c> truck1 & passes its p[] to ! c> axle by means ( a spur ge>+4 ,! p[] requisite = an ord9>y trolley-c> is ab\t fifte5 horse-p[]4 ,! spe$ ( trolley-c>s is regulat$ 9 cities to f five to sev5 miles p] h\r1 b !y may be run1 "u favorable conditions1 at a spe$ equal to1 or 9 excess (1 t ( ! /eam-c>4 ,z a means ( city transit1 & ( rapid1 conv5i5t1 & economic int]c\rse betwe5 suburban localities & rural t[ns & villages1 ! electric traction sy/em ranks z "o ( ! greate/ wond]s ( ! c5tury4 ,! spe$ ) :i* x f\nd favor1 ! enorm\s capital x provok$ to activity1 ! /imulus x gave to fur!r /udy & inv5tion1 ! surpris+ numb] ( pass5g]s c>ri$1 g to make "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ *apt]s 9 electric annals4 ,! end ( ! c5tury sees ?\s&s ( ^! electric roads 9 exi/5ce2 a comp>atively new indu/ry involv+ ov] #ajj1jjj1jjj2 a pass5g] traffic runn+ into ! billions ( p2 a prospect t ! trolley w succe$ ! /eam-c> = all utilizable purposes )9 ! gradually ext5d+ influ5ce ( cities & t[ns ^u _! rural surr\nd+s4 ,9 speak+ ( ! pass+ ( ! horse-c> & its sub/itution by ! trolley1 a di/+ui%$ writ] has well said3 8,humanity 9 an electric-c> diff]s widely f t 9 ! horse-c>1 propell$ at ! exp5se ( animal life4 ,x is m *e]ful1 m confid5t1 m awake to ! en]gy at comm&1 m imbu$ ) ! subtlety & maje/y ( ! propell+ =ce4 ,! motor confirms ! e?ical fact t ea* introduction ( a high] mat]ial =ce into ! daily uses ( humanity lifts x to a broad]1 bright] plane1 gives its capabilities fre] & m :olesome play1 & op5s fre% vi/as = all possibilities4 ,we applaud ,frankl9 = seiz+ ! lightn+ 9 ! heav5s1 dragg+ x d[n to e>?1 & subjugat+ x to man4 ,let ?is pass z "p ( ! poetry ( physics4 ,b :5 e?ics comes to poetize1 let x be said t electricity z an appli$ =ce lifts man up t[>d heav51 quick5s all 8 appreciations ( div9e en]gy1 draws him irresi/ibly t[>d ! c5tre & s\rce ( nature's =ces4 ,!re is no dragg+ d[n & subjugation ( a physical =ce4 ,!re is only a go+ out1 or up1 ( g5ius to meet & to grasp x4 ,its univ]sal application means ! rais+ ( mank9d to its plane4 ,if electricity be ! pr9ciple ( life1 z "s suppose1 :at wond] t we all feel bett] 9 an electric-c> ?an any o!r8 ,! motor becomes a sublime motive4 ,god himself is tugg+ at ! :eels1 & we are rid+ ) ! ,inf9ite40 ,illu/ration3 ,,electric ,,railway4 ,,?ird ,,rail ,,sy/em4 ,en?usia/s say ! trolley is only ! beg9n+ ( electric locomotion1 & t !re is already 9 rapid evolution an electric sy/em :i* w sup]s$e /eam ev5 = trunk-l9e purposes4 ,9 vision1 x presumes a spe$ ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five miles an h\r in/ead ( =ty2 great] safety1 cleanl9ess1 & com=t2 & :at is mo/ mom5t\s & />tl+1 an economy 9 con/ruction & op]ation :i* w w>rant ! sacrifice ( ! billions ( doll>s n[ inve/$ 9 /eam-railway prop]ties4 ,! proposition is n to sacrifice ! /eam-railway track1 b to add to x a ?ird rail1 :i* is to c>ry ! electric curr5t4 ,!n1 by means ( fe$-conduits alongside ( ! track1 & specially con/ruct$ electric locomotives & c>s1 ! sy/em is suppos$ to rea* ! practical p]fection claim$ = x4 ,exp]im5ts ) su* an electrical sy/em1 made ^u bran* l9es ( "s ( our trunk-l9e railways1 z ! ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york ,c5tral1 & ,new ,hav5 ,h>t=d1 give mu* enc\ragem5t to ! hypo!sis t x may become ! next great /ep 9 ! evolution ( electrical sci5ce4 ,ano!r means ( electric propulsion 0 provid$ by ! inve/igations ( ,plant1 :i* result$ 9 8 inv5tion ( ! 8accumulator0 or 8/orage batt]y10 9 #ahei4 ,8 batt]y consi/s ( plates ( lead imm]s$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid4 ,by ! passage ( an electric curr5t ?r\gh ! acid1 x is electrolytically decompos$4 ,by cont9u+ ! curr5t = a "t1 fir/ 9 "o direction & !n 9 ano!r1 ! lead plates become *ang$1 ! "o at ! po9t :]e ! curr5t leaves ! cell tak+ on a deposit ( spongy lead1 & ! "o at ! po9t :]e ! curr5t ent]s ! cell tak+ on a coat+ ( oxide ( lead4 ,:5 9 ?is condition1 ! batt]y is said to be /or$1 & is capable ( s5d+ out an electric curr5t 9 any circuit ) :i* x may be connect$4 ,aft] exhau/+ itself1 x c be re-/or$ or re-*>g$ 9 ! same way z at fir/4 ,faure greatly improv$ on ,plant's /orage batt]y 9 #ahhj1 by spread+ ! oxide ( lead ov] ! plates1 ?us greatly r$uc+ ! "t 9 =m+ ! plates4 ,subsequ5tly1 fur!r improvem5ts 7 made1 till batt]ies came into exi/5ce capable ( supply+ a curr5t ( _m hundr$ amp]es = sev]al h\rs4 ,"o ( ! fir/ practical uses to :i* ! /orage batt]y 0 put 0 9 ! propulsion ( /reet-c>s2 b its weight prov$ a drawback4 ,x 0 f\nd bett] adapt$ = ! runn+ ( boats on riv]s1 &1 9 ! bus9ess ( wat]-freightage = %ort di/ances1 has 9 _m in/ances become a rival ( /eam4 ,x f\nd "o ( its mo/ int]e/+ applications 9 help+ to solve ! problem ( ! automobile1 or 8horseless c>riage10 ei!r = pleasure purposes or = /reet traffic4 ,9 ?is problem x has1 at ! end ( ! c5tury1 an active rival 9 compress$ air2 b z ! 8horseless c>riage0 is rapidly com+ into dem&1 means may soon be f\nd to utilize ! /rong & p]si/5t en]gy ( ! /orage batt]y1 )\t ! drawback f\nd 9 its great weight4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,x ,,ray4 ,an a/\nd+ electrical revelation came dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! c5tury ?r\gh ! discov]y ( ! ,x1 or unkn[n1 or ,ro5tg5 ray4 ,a h9t ( ?is discov]y 0 giv5 by ,f>aday dur+ 8 inve/igation ( ! effect ( electric dis*>ges )9 r>efi$ gases4 ,he also inv5t$ ! t]ms anode & ca?ode1 bo? ( :i* are 9 univ]sal use 9 connection ) in/rum5ts = produc+ ! ,x rays2 ! anode be+ ! positive pole or electrode ( a galvanic batt]y1 or1 9 g5]al1 ! t]m9al ( ! conductor by :i* a curr5t ent]s an electrolytic cell2 & ! ca?ode be+ ! negative pole or electrode by :i* a curr5t leaves said cell4 ,geissl] foll[$ ,f>aday ) an improv$ sy/em ( tubes = conta9+ r>efi$ gases = exp]im5tation4 ,he p>tially exhau/$ 8 tubes ( air1 introduc$ into !m p]man5t & seal$ plat9um electrodes1 & produc$ ^? wond]ful effects by ! dis*>ge obta9$ by connect+ ! electrodes ) ! t]m9als ( an electric ma*9e or induction coil1 :i* f _! novelty & beauty became kn[n z ,geissl] effects1 j z 8 tubes became kn[n z ,geissl] tubes4 ,9 ! att5uat$ atmosph]e ( ! ,geissl] tube1 ! curr5t does n pass directly f "o plat9um po9t or electrode to ! o!r1 b1 in/ead1 illum9ates ! entire atmosph]ic space4 ,:5 o!r gases are introduc$ 9 r>efi$ =m1 !y are simil>ly illum9at$1 b 9 colors correspond+ to _! composition4 ,9 8 fur!r exp]im5ts1 ,geissl] not$ t ! gases 9 ! tube behav$ diff]5tly at ! anode1 or positive t]m9al1 & ! ca?ode1 or negative t]m9al4 ,a beautiful blui% light appe>$ at ! ca?ode1 :ile ! anode assum$ ! same color z ! illum9at$ space 9 ! tube4 ,x 0 also not$ t aft] ! electric dis*>ge )9 ! tube1 !re rema9$ ^u ! inn] surface ( ! glass a fluoresc5t or phosphoresc5t gl[1 :i* 0 attribut$ to ! effect ( ! ca?ode4 ,illu/ration3 ,,geissl]',s ,,tubes4 ,?is br\ght ! /udy ( ! ca?ode rays into prom95ce1 & ?r\gh ! inve/igations ( ,pr(essor ,william ,crookes1 9 #ahgi & aft]w>ds1 a conclusion 0 rea*$ t a 8,f\r? ,/ate ( ,matt]0 really exi/$4 ,he p]fect$ tubes ( v high vacuum1 by means ( :i* he %[$ t molecules ( gas project$ f ! ca?ode mov$ freely & ) great velocity among "o ano!r1 & s bomb>d$ ! inn] walls ( ! tube z to r5d] x fluoresc5t4 ,subsequ5tly1 ,h]tz %[$ t ! ca?odic rays w\ld p5etrate ?9 %eets ( metal plac$ )9 ! tube or bulb2 & soon aft]1 ,paul ,l5>d 7#ahid7 demon/rat$ t ! ca?odic ray c\ld be inve/igat$ z well outside ( ! tube or bulb z )9 x4 ,he set an alum9um plate 9 ! glass wall ( ! bulb opposite ! ca?ode4 ,?\gh ord9>y light c\ld n p5etrate ! alum9um plate1 x 0 readily pi]c$ by ! ca?odic rays1 to a di/ance ( ?ree in*es beyond its outside surface4 ,) ^! rays1 ?us fre$ f _! inclosure1 he produc$ ! same fluoresc5t effects z _h be5 not$ )9 ! bulb1 & ev5 secur$ "s photographic effects4 ,^! ca?odic rays produc$ no effect on ! eye1 :i* prov$ _! dissimil>ity to light4 ,l5>d %[$ fur!r t ! ca?odic rays outside ( ! tube c\ld be deflect$ f _! /raight c\rse by a magnet1 t !y might pass ?r\gh sub/ances opaque to light1 & t 9 s pass+ !y might ca/ a %ad[ ( objects less opaque1 :i* %ad[ c\ld be photograph$4 ,n[ ,pr(essor ,ro5tg5 came ^u ! sc5e4 ,he _h be5 conduct+ 8 exp]im5ts 9 ,g]many1 along ! same l9es z ,l5>d1 & _h rea*$ practically ! same results z to ! p5etrative1 fluoresc5t1 & photographic effects ( ! ca?odic rays4 ,b he _h gone /ill fur!r1 &1 9 #ahif1 fairly set ! sci5tific _w aflame ) ! ann\ncem5t t all ! effects produc$ by ,l5>d 9 ! limit$ space ( a few in*es c\ld also be produc$ at long di/ances f ! tube1 & ) suffici5t int5sity to depict solid sub/ances )9 or beh9d o!r sub/ances suffici5tly solid to be imp]meable by light4 ,pr(essor ,ro5tg5 claims t 8 ,x ray is diff]5t f ! ca?odic ray ( ,l5>d & o!rs1 because x _c be deflect$ by a magnet4 ,?is claim has giv5 rise to mu* controv]sy respect+ ! real nature ( ! ,x ray1 a controv]sy n likely to end soon1 yet "o full ( inspiration to fur!r inve/igation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sciagraph ,,or ,,%ad[ ,,picture4 ,by ,x ,ray process4 ,! ess5tial features ( ! be/ approv$ app>atus design$ to produce ! ,x ray & to secure a photograph ( an invisible object1 are3 7#a47 ,a batt]y or light dynamo z a g5]ator ( ! electric curr5t1 accompani$1 ( c\rse1 by ! necess>y induction coil1 :i* %\ld be s w\nd z to give a sp>k ( at lea/ two in*es 9 l5g? 9 ! tube :]e a picture ( a simple object1 z a co9 9 a purse1 is desir$2 a sp>k ( f\r in*es 9 l5g? :]e pictures ( ! bones ( ! h&s1 feet1 or arms are desir$2 & a sp>k ( f eight to t5 in*es 9 l5g? :]e inside views ( ! *e/1 ?ighs1 or abdom5 are desir$4 7#b47 ,! second ess5tial is ! glass tube4 ,! "o 9 common use is ! ,crookes tube1 usually pe>-%ap$1 & re/+ ^u a /&4 ,into x is ins]t$ two alum9um electrodes or disks1 ! "o ?r\gh ! small] end ( ! tube be+ us$ z ! ca?ode1 & ! "o f bel[ & ne> ! l>ge end be+ us$ z ! anode4 7#c47 ,a fluoroscope ) :i* to obs]ve ! conditions inside ! tube necess>y to ! production ( ! ,x ray1 to decide ^u its prop] int5sity1 & to e/abli% ! prop] degree ( fluoresc5ce4 ,! favorite fluoroscope = ?is purpose is ! "o inv5t$ by ,edison4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( a /]eopticon1 9 :i* is a d>k *amb] aft] ! mann] ( a cam]a4 ,9 front are two op5+s1 admitt+ ( a view )9 ( bo? eyes4 ,at ! opposite1 & greatly enl>g$1 end is a scre5 :i* is r5d]$ fluoresc5t by means ( a new sub/ance 7tung/ate ( calcium7 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,edison aft] "s eighte5 hundr$ exp]im5ts4 ,su* is ! p[] ( ?is fluoroscope t x may be us$ z an indep5d5t in/rum5t 9 cases ( m9or surg]y to locate bullets or o!r objects buri$ 9 ! fle%1 ev5 be=e a photograph has be5 tak54 7#d47 ,! photographic plate1 :i* is prep>$ ) a s5sitiz$ film & m\nt$ 9 a frame z 9 ord9>y photography4 ,^u ?is film ! object to be photograph$ is laid1 say1 = in/ance1 ! human h&1 c>e be+ tak5 to h ! film or plate at a prop] di/ance f ! ,crookes tube4 ,curr5t is n[ turn$ into ! tube1 ! ,x ray is develop$1 ! film is expos$ to its effects1 & ! result is a negative %[+ ! int]ior /ructure ( ! h&1--! bones or any =eign object !re94 ,?is negative is develop$ z 9 ord9>y photography4 ,! discov]y & application ( ! ,x ray has prov$ ( imm5se value 9 m$ic9e & surg]y4 ,by its means ! physician is enabl$ to c>ry on f>-rea*+ diagnoses1 & to asc]ta9 ) c]ta9ty ! :ole int]nal /ructure ( ! human body4 ,fractures1 dislocations1 de=mities1 & diseases ( ! bones may be locat$ & _! "* & treatm5t decid$ ^u4 ,9 d5ti/ry1 ! tee? may be photograph$ by means ( ! ,x ray1 ev5 be=e !y come to ! surface1 & brok5 fangs & hidd5 fill+s may be locat$4 ,=eign objects 9 ! body1 z bullets1 ne$les1 calculi 9 ! bladd]1 etc41 may be localiz$1 & ! surg]y necess>y = _! safe removal greatly simplifi$4 ,! beat+ ( ! he>t1 movem5t ( ! ribs 9 respiration1 & outl9e ( ! liv] may be exhibit$ to ! eye4 ,x has be5 boldly sugge/$ t 9 ! ,x ray w be f\nd an ag5t capable ( de/roy+ ! v>i\s bacilli :i* infe/ ! human sy/em1 & become g]ms ( su* de/ructive diseases z *ol]a1 yell[ fev]1 typhoid fev]1 diph!ria1 & consumption4 ,ev5 if ?is be speculative z yet1 !re is /ill room = m>vel at ! actual results ( ! discov]y ( ! ,x ray1 & its future /udy op5s a field full ( ! gr&e/ possibilities4 ,,ix4 ,,o!r ,,electrical ,,wond]s4 ,! novel idea ( keep+ "t by means ( electricity orig9at$ q e>ly 9 ! c5tury1 & culm9at$ 9 two k9ds ( electric clocks1 "o mov$ directly by ! electric curr5t1 ! o!r mov$ by weights or spr+s1 b regulat$ by electricity4 ,! =m] h ! advantage ( runn+ a v long "t )\t att5tion1 b z x is impossible to keep up an unv>y+ electric curr5t1 !y are n s accurate z ! latt] 9 keep+ "t4 ,?\gh ! latt] are popul>ly call$ electric clocks1 !y are really only clocks regulat$ by electricity1 & 9 su* regulation ! electric curr5t comes to be a mo/ important ag5t1 z is prov$ at all c5tres ( a/ronomical & o!r obs]vations1 z at ,gre5wi* & ,wa%+ton4 ,at su* c5tres ! a/ronomical "t-keep] is set up s z to run z infallibly z possible4 ,?is c5tral "t-keep]1 say at ,wa%+ton1 is electrically connect$ ) o!r clocks1 at obs]vatories1 signal-s]vice /ations1 railway /ations1 clock-/ores1 city halls1 etc41 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,%\ld any ( ^! clocks lose or ga9 ! m9ute/ fraction ( "t z comp>$ ) t ( ! c5tral "t-keep]1 ! electric curr5t corrects su* loss or ga91 & s keeps all ! clocks at a "t uni=m ) "o ano!r & ) ! c5tral "o4 ,electrical devices are also (t5 atta*$ to individual clocks1 z ^? ^u city hall t[]s & 9 expos$ places1 = ! purpose ( meet+ & correct+ inequalities ( "t occasion$ by wea!r exposure1 expansion & contraction by heat & cold1 etc4 ,! fa!rhood ( ! v useful & elegant arts ( electrotyp+ & electroplat+ is 9 dispute4 ,daniell1 :ile p]fect+ 8 batt]y1 notic$ t a curr5t ( electricity w\ld cause a deposit ( copp]4 ,9 #ahca1 ,jacobi1 ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 call$ att5tion to ! fact t ! copp] deposit$ on 8 plates ( copp] by galvanic action c\ld be remov$ 9 a p]fect %eet1 :i* pres5t$ 9 relief1 & mo/ accurately1 e accid5tal ind5tation on ! orig9al plates4 ,foll[+ ?is up1 he employ$ = 8 batt]y an engrav$ copp] plate1 caus$ ! deposit to be =m$ ^u x1 remov$ ! deposit1 & f\nd t ! engrav+ 0 impress$ on x 9 relief1 & ) suffici5t firmness & %>pness to enable him to pr9t f x4 ,jacobi call$ 8 discov]y galvanopla/y 9 ! publication ( 8 obs]vations 9 #ahci4 ,x 0 b a /ep f ?is discov]y to ! application ( ! electrotyp+ process to ! art ( pr9t+4 ,a m\ld ( wax1 pla/]1 or o!r suitable sub/ance is made ( an engrav+ or ( a page ( type4 ,?is m\ld is cov]$ ) p[d]$ graphite 7black lead7 s z to make x a conductor ( electricity4 ,x is !n ins]t$ 9 a ba? conta9+ a solution ( sulphate ( copp]4 ,an electric curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! ba?1 & ! copp] is deposit$ on ! m\ld 9 suffici5t quantity to give x a h>d surface capable ( (f]+ great] resi/ance 9 pr9t+ ?an ! types !mselves1 & also ( produc+ a cle>] impression4 ,9 electroplat+1 practically ! same pr9ciple is employ$4 ,! ba? is made to conta9 a solution ( wat]1 cyanide ( potassium1 & :atev] metal--gold1 silv]1 plat9um1 etc4--x is design$ to precipitate on ! article to be electroplat$4 ,! curr5t is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! ba?1 & ! article--spoon1 knife1 =k1 etc4--to be electroplat$ receives its coat+ ( gold1 silv]1 ,g]man silv]1 plat9um1 or :atev] has be5 made ! ?ird ag5t 9 ! ba?4 ,! v>i\s mod]n subm>9e devices = ! de/ruction ( %ips1 kn[n z torp$oes1 subm>9e m9es1 etc41 dep5d ^u electricity = _! effici5cy4 ,x is ! light+ or fir+ ag5t1 & is c>ri$ to ! torp$o or m9e by means ( /\t wires or cables f "s safe %ore-po9t ( obs]vation4 ,9 railroad+1 electricity has become an indisp5sable ag5t = ! op]ation ( signal sy/ems1 op5+ & clos+ ( swit*es1 & limitation ( safety sections4 ,x moves ! drill 9 ! m9e1 sets (f ! bla/1 & supplies ! light4 ,x enables ! d5ti/ to manipulate 8 mo/ delicate tools & d 8 cleane/ & lea/ pa9ful "w4 ,9 m$ic9e x is a heal+1 soo?+ ag5t1 b\ndless 9 v>iety ( application & wondr\s 9 results4 ,x is a /imulus to ! gr[? ( c]ta9 plants1 & has giv5 rise to a new sci5ce call$ ,electro-horticulture4 ,x may be made a prolific s\rce ( heat = w>m+ c>s1 & ev5 = ! weld+ ( iron & /eel4 ,! electric fan cools our p>lors & (fices 9 summ]1 & ! electric bell simplifies h\sehold s]vice4 ,9 fact1 x w\ld appe> t1 9 contra/+ ! electrical beg9n+s ) ! electrical end+s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! space ( a ?\s& r ?an a hundr$ ye>s _h int]v5$1 & t 9 measur+ ! ag5ts :i* conduce to human com=t & conv5i5ce1 electricity is easily ! mo/ pot5tial4 ,x4 ,,electrical ,,language4 ,out ( ! v>i\s discov]ies & applications ( electricity almo/ a new language has sprung4 ,?is is especially s ( t]ms expressive ( ! measurem5ts ( electric en]gy1 & ( ! laws gov]n+ ! application ( electric p[]4 ,= a "t1 v>i\s nations measur$ & appli$ by means ( t]ms *os5 by !mselves4 ,?is l$ to a j>gon v confus+ to writ]s & inve/igators4 ,x became ne$ful to h a language m 9 common1 z 9 ph>macy1 s t all nations c\ld und]/& "o ano!r1 c\ld compute alike1 & especially imp>t _! mean+ to ^? ^: duty x became to apply discov]$ laws & actual calculations to practical electric op]ations4 ,?is 0 a difficult und]tak+1 ow+ to ! t5acity ) :i* nations clung to _! own nom5clatures & t]m9ologies4 ,b ! drift1 ?\gh sl[1 f9ally end$ at ! ,electrical ,congress 9 ,p>is 9 #ahha1 9 ! adoption ( a uni=m sy/em ( measurem5ts ( electric =ce1 & an agreem5t ^u t]ms = laws & _! application1 :i* all c\ld und]/&4 ,?ree fundam5tal units ( measurem5t 7 fir/ agre$ ^u1--! ,c5timetre 74#cid 947 z a unit ( l5g?2 ! ,gramme 7#ae4dc troy gra9s7 z a unit ( mass2 ! ,second 7#a_/fj ( a m9ute7 z a unit ( "t4 ,^! ?ree units became1 :5 ref]r$ to toge!r by _! initial lett]s1 ! basis ( ! ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 sy/em ( units4 ,n[ by ^! units ( measurem5t some?+ mu/ be measur$1 z1 = in/ance1 ! electric =ce2 & :5 s measur$1 an absolute unit ( =ce mu/ be ! result4 ,,dyne3--,?is is b a contraction ( dynam1 =ce4 ,x 0 adopt$ z ! "n ( ! 8,absolute ,unit ( ,=ce10 or ! ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 unit ( =ce1 & is t =ce :i*1 if x act = a second on "o gramme ( matt]1 gives to x a velocity ( "o c5timetre p] second4 ,,amp]e3--,electrical =ce produces electrical curr5t4 ,curr5t mu/ be measur$ & an absolute unit ( curr5t /r5g? agre$ ^u4 ,! 8,absolute ,unit ( ,curr5t0 0 settl$ z "o ( su* /r5g? z t :5 "o c5timetre l5g? ( its circuit is b5t into an arc ( "o c5timetre radius1 ! curr5t 9 x ex]ts a =ce ( "o dyne on a unit magnet-pole plac$ at ! c5tre4 ,b ! absolute unit ( curr5t z ?us obta9$ 0 decid$ to be t5 times too great = practical purposes4 ,s a practical unit ( curr5t 0 fix$ ^u1 :i* is j "o t5? "p ( ! above absolute unit ( curr5t4 ,?is practical unit ( curr5t 0 call$ ! amp]e1 9 honor ( ! celebrat$ ,fr5* electrician1 ,ampre4 ,x may be asc]ta9$ 9 o!r ways1 z :5 a curr5t is ( suffici5t /r5g? to deposit 9 a copp] electrolytic cell #a4agd grammes 7#ah4aaf gra9s7 ( copp] 9 an h\r1 su* curr5t is said to be ( "o amp]e /r5g?2 or a curr5t ( "o amp]e /r5g? is su* a "o z w\ld be giv5 by an electro-motive =ce ( "o volt ?r\gh a wire (f]+ "o ohm ( resi/ance4 ,,volt3--,?is 0 nam$ f ,volta1 ! celebrat$ ,italian electrician1 & 0 agre$ ^u z ! unit ( electro-motive =ce4 ,x is t electro-motive =ce :i* w\ld be g5]at$ by a conductor cutt+ across #ajj1jjj1jjj ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 l9es 9 a field ( =ce p] second2 or x is t electro-motive =ce :i* w\ld c>ry "o amp]e ( curr5t aga9/ "o ohm ( resi/ance4 ,,ohm3--,s call$ f ,ohm1 a ,g]man electrician4 ,x is ! unit ( resi/ance (f]$ by a conductor to ! passage ( an electrical curr5t4 ,z an absolute unit ( resi/ance1 x is equal to #a1jjj1jjj1jjj ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 units ( resi/ance4 ,z a practical unit1 & z agre$ ^u at ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,electricians 7,*icago1 #ahic71 x repres5ts ! resi/ance (f]$ to an electric curr5t at ! temp]ature ( melt+ ice by a column ( m]cury #ad4dea grammes 9 mass1 ( a con/ant cross-sectional area1 & #ajf4c c5timetres 9 l5g?4 ,?is is call$ ! int]national ohm4 ,! resi/ance (f]$ by #djj feet ( ord9>y telegraph wire is ab\t an ohm4 ,^! ?ree units--amp]e1 volt1 & ohm--are ! factors 9 ,ohm's fam\s law t ! curr5t is directly proportional to ! electro-motive =ce ex]t$ 9 a circuit1 & inv]sely proportional to ! resi/ance ( ! circuit2 t is1-- ,curr5t ,electro-motive =ce _/ ,resi/ance or1 ,electro-motive =ce ,curr5t ,resi/ance or ,resi/ance ,electro-motive =ce _/ ,curr5t4 ,,erg3--,f ! ,greek ergon1 "w1 is ! unit ( "w requir$ to move a =ce ( "o dyne "o c5timetre4 ,"o foot-p\nd equals #ac1efj ergs4 ,,calorie3--,lat9 calor1 heat1 is ! unit ( heat2 be+ ! am\nt ( heat requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( "o kilogram ( wat] "o degree c5tigrade4 ,,c\lomb3--,9 honor ( ,c4 ,a4 de ,c\lomb1 ( ,france4 ,x is ! practical unit ( quantity 9 measur+ electricity1 & is ! am\nt convey$ by "o amp]e 9 "o second4 ,,f>ad3--,f ,,f>aday1 ! physici/4 ,x is ! unit ( electric capacity1 & is ! capacity ( a cond5s] t reta9s "o c\lomb ( *>ge ) "o volt diff]5ce ( pot5tial4 ,,gauss3--,f ,c>l ,f4 ,gauss 7#aghe-ahee74 ,! ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 unit ( flux-d5sity1 or ! unit by :i* ! int5sity ( magnetic fields are measur$4 ,x equals "o web] p] normal squ>e c5timetre4 ,,gilb]t3--,! unit = measur+ magneto-motive =ce1 be+ produc$ by 4#gieh amp]e-turn approximately4 ,,h5ry3--,f ,joseph ,h5ry1 ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,! practical unit = measur+ ! induction 9 a circuit :5 ! electro-motive =ce induc$ is "o int]national volt1 :ile ! induc+ curr5t v>ies at ! rate ( "o amp]e p] second4 ,,j\le3--,! ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 unit ( practical en]gy1 be+ equival5t to ! "w done 9 keep+ up = "o second a curr5t ( "o amp]e aga9/ a resi/ance ( "o ohm4 ,nam$ f ,j4 ,p4 ,j\le1 ( ,engl&4 ,,o]/$3--,f ,o]/$1 ! electrician4 ,x is ! practical unit = measur+ electrical reluctance4 ,,watt3--,! practical electrical unit ( ! rate ( work+ 9 a circuit1 :5 ! electro-motive =ce is "o volt1 & ! int5sity ( curr5t is "o amp]e4 ,x is equal to #ajg ergs p] second1 or 4#jjacd horse-p[] p] second4 ,nam$ f ,james ,watt1 ( ,scotl&4 ,,web]3--,! practical unit = measur+ magnetic flux4 ,nam$ f ,w4 ,web]1 ( ,g]many4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,naval ,,progress ,,by ,,re> ,,admiral ,,george ,,wallace ,,melville1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,i4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,sea ,,p[]4 ,! %>e ( navies 9 ! great movem5ts :i* h m\ld$ human de/9y & %ap$ ! _w's progress1 al?\gh long obscure & und]valu$1 has met 9 our "t full recognition4 ,)9 a decade ! influ5ce ( sea p[] ^u hi/ory has become ! frequ5t !me ( hi/orians & essayi/s :o1 9 cle> & /rik+ =m1 h %[n ! c>d9al importance1 bo? 9 w> & comm]ce1 ( ! fleet--! nation's "r arm on ! sea4 ,x is fitt+1 !re=e1 t 9 ! retrospect ( a hundr$ ye>s navies %\ld h _! place2 t1 9 look+ backw>d ) hi/ory's uncl\d$ vision1 we %\ld m>k1 n only _! gr[? & *ange1 b1 z well1 _! a*ievem5t 9 "s ( ! mo/ memorable conflicts ( our race4 ,! c5tury _h b begun :51 at ,cop5hag51 ,nelson1 ) "o titanic bl[1 %att]$ ! naval /r5g? ( ,d5m>k & ! coalition ( ! ,nor!rn p[]s4 ,8 signal !re1 ev] = 8clos] battle10 told 9 few words ! life /ory ( ! ,great ,admiral1 & =e%ad[$ 8 end4 ,f\r ye>s lat]1 at ,trafalg>1 ! desire ( 8 eag] he>t 0 satisfi$1 :5 he met 9 frank fight ! fleets ( ,france & ,spa94 ,amid ! ?und]+ cannonade ( t la/ victory 8 life-tide ebb$1 be>+ ) x ! p[] ( ,france ^u ! seas & ! brok5 =tunes ( ,napoleon4 ,9 ! w> ( #ahab1 our disa/]s ^u ! l& met comp5sation 9 victory afloat4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 !n among ! feeble/ ( m>itime p[]s2 & yet ,macdon\gh & ,p]ry on ! lakes & our few frigates on ! ocean oppos$1 ) success1 ! sw>m+ squadrons ( a nation ^: naval glory1 z ,hallam says1 c be trac$ onw>d 89 a cont9u\s track ( light0 f ! days ( ! ,commonweal?4 ,! oppression ( ! ,sultan 0 end$ = a "t :51 9 #ahbg1 ! ,turki% & ,egyptian fleets 7 annihilat$1 9 sudd5 fury1 by ! alli$ squadrons 9 t brief engagem5t :i* ,well+ton t]m$ ! 8unt[>d ev5t0 ( ,nav>9o4 ,a g5]ation lat]1 ! comm& ( ! sea enabl$ ,engl& & ,france to despat*1 9 un>m$ transports1 #fc1jjj m5 & #abh guns to ! ,crimea1 & to l& !m1 )\t opposition1 = ! r$ c>nage ( ! ,alma1 ,balaklava1 ,ink]man1 & ,seba/opol4 ,foll[+ closely ^u ! disease & dea?1 ! fatuity & ! glory1 ( ! ,crimea1 came ! great w> ( mod]n times1 9 :i* ! gun afloat play$ su* a gallant "p1 z ! blockade1 ) its con/rict+ coils1 sl[ly />v$ & /rangl$ ! ,conf$]acy to dea?1 & ,f>ragut1 on inl& wat]s1 split x 9 twa94 ,pass+ ov] ! sea-fights ( ,lissa1--9 :i* imp]ial ,v5ice 0 ! /ake1--( ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,yalu1 we note1 la/ly1 ! swift & fateful actions (f ,santiago & 9 ,manila ,bay1 :i* de/roy$ once aga9 ! sea p[] ( ,spa91 won di/ant t]ritory = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & op5$ up = u a noble pa?way ( comm]cial expansion to ! utt]mo/ isl& ( ! broad ,pacific & ! va/ ,asian littoral beyond4 ,:o w say1 9 ! retrospect ( ! c5tury1 t ! fleets ( ! _w h n _h _! full %>e 9 ! mak+ ( its hi/ory8 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,gr[? ,,9 ,,naval ,,/r5g?4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates fleet1 9 ! ye> #ahjj1 compris$ #ce vessels1 #aj ( :i* 7 frigates m\nt+ #cb guns or m4 ,9 #ahab1 ,am]ica ent]$ ! li/s aga9/ a navy ( a ?\s& sail1 ) a fleet ( b #bj %ips1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* 0 a #dd-;gun frigate4 ,! op]ations ( ! ,civil ,w> 7 begun ) b #hb vessels1 #dh ( :i* 7 sail+ craft4 ,be=e ! close ( t gigantic /ruggle !re 7 add$1 by con/ruction or pur*ase1 #fgd /eam]s4 ,9 #ahih1 dur+ ! w> ) ,spa91 !re 7 borne on ! ,naval ,regi/]1 z build+ or 9 s]vice1 #ac battle%ips & #agf o!r vessels1 includ+ torp$o craft1 ) #abc conv]t$ m]*antm54 ,! total naval =ce dur+ ho/ilities 0 #bb1hcb m5 & #bchb (fic]s1 exclud+ ! ,m>9e ,corps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,augu/ ,,morn+ ,,) ,,f>ragut4 7,battle ( ,mobile ,bay47 ,at ,london1 9 #afec1 !re 0 pr9t$ 8,a ,li/ ( ! ,commonweal? ( ,engl&'s ,navy at ,sea1 9 _! exp$ition 9 ,may1 #afec1 "u ! comm& ( ! ,"r ,honorable ,colonel ,ri*>d ,deane & ,colonel ,george ,monk1 ,esquires1 ,g5]als1 & ,admirals40 ,?is qua9t record ( t e>ly "t gives ! =ce afloat z #aje %ips1 #chdj guns1 & #af1bfi m54 ,9 ,brita9's /rife = t ocean empire1 :i* is _w empire1 t fleet _h gr[n1 by ! ye> #ahjj1 to #geg vessels1 built or build+1 ) an aggregate tonnage ( #fbi1baa1 & c>ry+ #bf1eeb guns1 #cfec (fic]s1 & #aaj1jjj m54 ,! /ately ?ree-deck]1 ) its sn[y canvas & maze ( rigg+1 has vani%$ ) ! pa/2 b1 despite "t & *ange1 t mighty fleet /ill dom9ates ! seas4 ,its /r5g?1 on ,febru>y #a1 #ahih1 0 #fae vessels--#fa ( :i* 7 battle%ips1--c>ry+ a total =ce ( #aaj1jej (fic]s & m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,briti% ,,battle%ip ,,maje/ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fr5* ,,battle%ip ,,mag5ta4 ,colb]t1 :5 ! ,gr& ,mon>* 0 at ! z5i? ( 8 p[]1 f\nd ,france ) a few old & rott5 vessels1 & left h] ) a noble fleet ( #dj %ips ( ! l9e & #fj frigates1 :i*1 "u ,d',e/re1 ,jean ,b>t1 ,t\rville1 & ,duquesne1 c>ri$ h] flag to e sea4 ,a /ate pap] ( ! "t gives ! =ce at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury z #fa %ips ( ! l9e1 #db corvettes1 & a num]\s1 al?\gh unimportant1 flotilla ( small craft4 ,) ,ab\kir & ,trafalg>1 ! m>itime p[] ( ,france wa/$ away2 &1 by ! ye> #ahci1 !re 7 afloat b ?ree effective sail ( ! l9e4 ,9 #ahdj1 h[ev]1 ! revival began1 & dur+ ! mod]n era ! ,fr5* fleet has1 at times1 be5 a =midable rival ( t ( ,engl&4 ,x compris$1 9 #ahih1 #ddf vessels1 includ+ torp$o craft1 #bf ( ! total be+ battle%ips4 ,! =ce afloat numb]$ #gj1ibe1 ( all ranks & rat+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g]man ,,battle%ip ,,wo]?4 ,g]many's navy is ( mod]n creation4 ,x began1 a little less ?an half a c5tury ago1 ) "o sail+ corvette & two gunboats2 &1 9 #ahih1 compris$ #ac battle%ips & #agi o!r vessels ( all types1 c>ry+ #bc1cjb (fic]s & m54 ,! fleet ( unit$ ,italy _h its inception1 also1 )9 ! age ( /eam4 ,x 0 on ,m>* #ag1 #ahfj1 t ,italian national life began ) ! asc5sion ( ! ?rone by ,victor ,emmanuel4 ,f ! beg9n+1 ! k+dom has be5 lavi% ) its fleet1 its exp5ditures )9 ! fir/ six ye>s rea*+ #fj1jjj1jjj4 ,9 #ahih !re 7 9 ! ,italian navy #bfe vessels ( all types1 #ag ( :i* 7 battle%ips4 ,! =ce afloat 0 #bd1bjj1 ( all ranks & rat+s4 ,! ,crimean w> f\nd ,russia b little advanc$1 ei!r on ! ,black ,sea or ! ,baltic1 9 ! sub/itution ( /eam = sail4 ,s9ce t "t1 h[ev]1 %e has re-creat$ h] battle fleet1 :i* is n[ especially /rong 9 torp$o craft & cruis]s ( great /eam+ radius4 ,h] navy1 9 #ahih1 compris$ #bj battle%ips & #bfc o!r vessels1 ) a =ce ( #cb1dgg (fic]s & m54 ,japan began h] fleet 9 #ahff ) ! pur*ase ( an armor-clad f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #ahih1 %e _h a total ( #ade vessels1 built & build+--#h ( :i* 7 battle%ips--c>ry+ #bc1jjj m5 ( all ranks & rat+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,italian ,,battle%ip ,,s>degna4 ,( m9or navies little ne$ be said4 ,au/ria _h1 9 #ahih1 a fleet ( #aae vessels ( all types1 includ+ #ac battle%ips & #gi torp$o craft4 ,holl&'s =ce 0 #ahe vessels1 #c be+ battle%ips & #ic torp$o craft4 ,! fleets ( ,turkey1 ,greece1 ,spa91 & ,portugal are 8pap]-navies0 ma9ly4 ,norway & ,sw$5 h a comb9$ /r5g? ( #aga vessels ( all types4 ,d5m>k1 :i* began ! c5tury ) ov]:elm+ naval disa/] at ,cop5hag51 has n[ a =ce ( #cjjj m5 borne on #ej vessels1 half ( :i* are torp$o craft4 ,arg5t9a1 ,brazil1 & ,*ili h afloat #ajb torp$o vessels & #di ( o!r types4 ,! va/ gr[? 9 naval armam5ts dur+ ! c5tury may be measur$ f ! fact t ! p]sonnel ( ! lead+ navies ( ,europe1 ) ^? ( ,japan & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 compris$1 9 ! ye> #ahih1 #cfh1jbh (fic]s & m51 ) a total =ce ( #bgdi vessels ( all types1 includ+ torp$o craft4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,battle%ip1--,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t4 ,9 trac+ ! evolution ( ! mod]n man-(-w>1 x w be in/ructive to comp>e ) h] ! type ( ! sail+ age4 ,!re are two %ips ( ! old "t :i* hold *ief places 9 ! memory ( ! ,anglo-,saxon race1--! ,victory1 ,nelson's flag%ip at ,trafalg>1 & ! ,con/itution1 ^: a*ievem5ts "u ,hull1 ,ba9bridge1 & ,/ew>t1 rang ar\nd ! _w4 ,!re 71 ev5 be=e ! days ( /eam1 w>-vessels twice z l>ge & p[]ful z 8,old ,ironsides10 b ov] no sea1 9 any age1 has !re sail$ a %ip ) a m gallant record4 ,plate ,i %[s h] z %e 0 9 h] prime--be=e ! w9d1 ) all sail set4 ,on ,plate ,,ii !re is giv5 a side view ( h] hull1 :i* is ( hi/oric int]e/1 9 t x is reproduc$ f ! orig9al draw+ made 9 ,octob]1 #agif4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nelson',s ,,flag%ip ,,victory4 ,:5 h] p[] & dim5sions are comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,oregon1 our sea-fight] ( to-day1 "o sees :at "t has wr\ght4 ,! frigate c>ri$ #def m51 ! armor-clad1 #ejj2 & yet1 ) ?is approximately equal =ce1 ! ,oregon has a displacem5t #f times t ( h] fam$ pr$ecessor2 & al?\gh ! numb] ( ! guns--#dd--;is ! same 9 ea*1 %e dis*>ges a broadside #h4c times heavi] & 9 en]gy ov]:elm+ly sup]ior4 ,! spe$ ( ! battle%ip is "o half great] ?an t ( ! ,con/itution1 & %e c>ries armor v>y+ f #ah in*es to #d in*es ?ick1 :i* ! frigate :olly lack$4 ,! longitud9al section ( ! ,oregon indicates ! imm5se advance 9 o!r directions4 ,h] hull is1 = safety1 m9utely subdivid$1 & is provid$ ) eng9es = propulsion1 /e]+1 light+1 dra9age1 & v5tilation1 numb]+ 9 all #hd1 ) miles ( pip+ & hundr$s ( valves4 ,! "t-honor$ frigate 0 b a sail-propell$ gun-plat=m1 ^: wants 7 z few z h] con/ruction 0 simple2 ! /eel-clad battle%ip is a mass ( me*anism1 a float+ ma*9e-plant1 :i* = full effici5cy mu/ be mann$ by a p]sonnel n only brave & d>+ z ( old1 b exp]t 9 _m arts & sci5ces1 :i* 9 ! age ( sail 7 b rudim5t>y or unkn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,,con/itution 7#ahab7 ,,"u ,,sail4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,naval ,,eng9e]+4 8,i h j read ! project ( ,citiz5 ,fulton1 ,eng9e]1 :i* y h s5t me mu* too late1 s9ce x is "o :i* may *ange ! face ( ! _w40 ,s1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 wrote ! fir/ ,napoleon f 8 ,imp]ial camp at ,b\logne4 ,wrapp$ 9 8 day-dream ( a desc5t ^u ! ,?ames1 he saw1 ) prophetic vision1 9 ! plans ( ! ,am]ican eng9e]1 ! future ( navigation1 & he /rove to grasp--b too late--! opportunity :i* might h made 8 armada victori\s ov] w9d & tide4 ,8 words1 h[ev]1 rang tru] ?an he knew4 ,on ! sea1 z on ! l&1 ! eng9e] has inde$ 8*ang$ ! face ( ! _w20 & 9 no dep>tm5t ( human progress has 8 influ5ce be5 m radical or m f>-rea*+ ?an 9 ! me*anism1 ! scope1 & ! /rategy ( naval w>4 ,fleets move n[ ) a swiftness & surety un?\ght ( 9 ! days ( sail4 ,ov] ! same we/]n ocean :i* ,nelson1 9 8 eag] *ase ( ,vill5euve1 cross$ at b f\r knots an h\r1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates cruis] ,columbia swept1 n9ety ye>s lat]1 at a spe$ ne>ly f\r & ?ree qu>t]s times t ( 8 lagg+ craft4 ,:51 9 #ahih1 w> came1 ! great battle%ip ,oregon1 al?\gh f> to ! nor?w>d on our we/]n coa/1 0 ne$$ 9 ! di/ant battle-l9e (f ! ,cuban %ore4 ,9 #gi days %e /eam$ #ad1ejj miles1 mak+ a run :i* is )\t p>allel or approa* by any w>%ip ( any navy 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,! magnific5t manhood1 ! unconqu]able pluck1 ! eng9e]+ skill1 :i* br\ght h] j 9 "t (f ,santiago1 won _! rew>d :5 ! ,colon /ruck h] flag4 ,spe$ has be5 a det]m9+ factor 9 _m a naval action4 ,x 0 t :i* gave ! p[] to take & hold ! old-"t 8wea!r-gauge40 ,none knew its value bett] ?an ,nelson1 ! *ief fight] ( ! age ( sail4 ,once he said t !re w\ld be f\nd1 /amp$ ^u 8 he>t1 8! want ( frigates10 ! swift & nimble 8eyes ( ! fleet0 9 8 day4 ,if 8 c>e] 9 w>f>e on ! sea _h be5 a c5tury lat]1 he w\ld be f\nd =emo/ among ! advocates ( high-spe$ battle%ips & quick-fir+ guns4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n only 9 ! spe$ ( w>%ips t /eam & me*anism h revolutioniz$ fleets4 ,= example1 ! displacem5t ( ! battle%ip ( to-day is fully ?ree & "o half times great] ?an t ( h] heavie/ ance/or ( ! sail+ age4 ,) due limitation z to l5g? ( hull1 x is evid5t t ! w9d w\ld be1 at be/1 a :olly inadequate & untru/wor?y motor = ?is huge /ructure ) its great weight ( armor4 ,x is true t1 dur+ ! era ( transition1 sail & /eam 7 bo? appli$ to iron-clads--?is absurdity rea*+ its climax 9 ! ,briti% ,ag9c\rt & h] si/]s1 :i* 7 #djj feet long1 #aj1fjj tons' displacem5t1 & 7 fitt$ ) five ma/s4 ,x is said t a m]*ant /eam] n>r[ly escap$ collision at night ) "o ( ^! vessels1 believ+ f h] l5g? & rigg+ t !re 7 two %ips ahead1 betwe5 :i* %e c\ld pass4 ,:at ^! l>ge displacem5ts mean1 9 contra/ ) ^? ( pa/ days1 w be1 p]haps1 be/ illu/rat$ by ! /atem5t t ! ,italia ( #ac1fjj tons--a %ip ) :i*1 9 h] day1 ,italy *all5g$ ! criticism ( ! _w--c>ries on h] deck a weight1 9 armor & armam5t1 ( #bejj tons1 or "o f\r? m ?an t ( ,nelson's flag%ip ,victory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,con/itution ,,f ,,orig9al ,,draw+4 7,furni%$ by ! ,au?or47 ,l5g? #agd ft4 #aj ins4 ,beam #dc ft4 #f 94 ,mean ,draught #bj ft4 #j 94 ,displacem5t #bbjj tons4 ,,william ,,d\ghty1 ,fecit4 #agif1 ,oct4 ,jo%ua ,humphreys1 ( ,philadelphia1 ,design]4 ,cloghorne & ,h>tley1 ( ,bo/on1 ,build]s4 ,laun*$ ,oct4 #ba1 #agig4 ,aga91 ! l>ge/ naval gun 9 ! ye> #ahjj 0 "o fir+ b a #db-p\nd %ot1 :ile 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy we h n[ ! #ac-;in* rifle ( #fj tons1 ) a projectile ( #aajj p\nds1 & ,great ,brita9 has afloat #ahjj-p\nd] bree*-load]s :i* weigh #aaa tons4 ,be=e mon/] ordnance su* z ?is1 ! /r5g? ( man1 unaid$1 is b crude & futile4 ,he mu/ call to 8 help--z he has done--/eam z ! s\rce ( p[] = ! electric1 hydraulic1 or pneumatic eng9es1 :i* load1 elevate1 & tra9 ! gun4 ,9 summ+ up ! s]vice ( /eam1 directly or indirectly1 to ! %ip-(-w>1 x w be se5 t ! spe$ ( ! battle%ip has be5 increas$ by fully #ej p] c5t41 & t ( ! cruis] has be5 d\bl$2 t ! displacem5t ( ! battle%ip is n[ ?ree & "o half times t ( h] sail+ pr$ecessor2 & t1 s9ce ! c5tury's bir?1 ! gun has gr[n to su* ext5t t ! projectile = ! ,oregon's ma9 batt]y weighs #bf times t ( ! heavie/ %ot 9 ! ye> #ahjj4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n all4 ,/eam acts prim>ily1 z well1 to raise ! an*or1 to /e] ! %ip1 & to effect h] light+1 heat+1 dra9age1 & v5tilation4 ,to ! g5ius ( ,james ,watt !re mu/ be ascrib$ ! possibility = ! gr[? & *ange :i* h produc$ ! mod]n man-(-w>4 ,closely alli$ ) me*anism 9 ?is evolution1 has be5 ! trans=mation ( ! /ructural mat]ial ( ! hull1 :i* has pass$ f ! h&s ( ! %ipwright 9 wood to ! eng9e] :o works ) /eel4 ,! reasons = ?is are n f> to seek4 ,!y lie1 fir/ly1 9 ! great] /r5g? ( ! metal con/ruction to )/& ! vibration ( swift & heavy ma*9]y1 & ! /ra9s aris+ f ! unequal di/ribution ( massive weights 9 a hull :i* pit*es or rolls ) ! waves4 ,) wood5 %ips1 ! pres5t proportions w\ld h be5 unatta9able4 ,aga91 !re is a m>k$ sav+ 9 ! weight ( ! hull prop] ( ! /eel vessel1 :i* is n only /rong] b light]4 ,?is weight 9 ! days ( timb] av]ag$ fully "o half ( ! displacem5t2 :ile 9 ! ,oregon1 ^: tonnage1 at normal draught1 is #aj1bhh1 ! hull p]c5tage is #dd4jf1 leav+ a ga9 ov] ! wood5 vessel ( #faa tons to be appli$ to armor1 armam5t1 or equipm5t4 ,f9ally1 ! durability ( ! metal vessel1 ) adequate c>e1 greatly exce$s t ( ! wood5 w> /eam]1 ^: av]age life 0 b #ac ye>s4 ,! creation ( ! /eam ma*9]y ( navies has be5 ! a*ievem5t ( ! eng9e]s ( practically b ?ree great nations4 ,! d>+ ( ,france1 ! inv5tive g5ius ( ,am]ica1 & ! wide exp]i5ce & s\nd judgm5t ( ,great ,brita91 h unit$ 9 ?is "w4 ,our c\ntry has l$ "t & aga9 9 ! m>* ( improvem5t2 al?\gh our progress has be5 fitful1 s9ce1 m ?an a g5]ation ago1 we turn$ f ! sea to ! developm5t ( ! int]nal res\rces ( ?is cont95t4 ,limits ( space p]mit b brief review ( a hi/ory :i* has _h its full %>e ( triumphs1 n only 9 battle1 b ov] wave & w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,,oregon4 ,a contempor>y au?ority /ates t1 :5 ,briti% ,admiral ,sir ,john ,borlase ,w>r5 asc5d$ ! ,potomac ,riv]1 dur+ ! w> ( #ahab1 8 exp$ition 0 reconnoitr$ by an ,am]ican /eam]4 ,?is appe>s to be ! fir/ record ( ! use ( su* craft = milit>y purposes4 ,9 #ahad ! ,unit$ ,/ates built ! fir/ /eam w>-vessel 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,%e 0 call$ ! ,demologos1 lat] ! ,fulton1 & h] completion m>k$ truly1 z h] commission]s said1 8an era 9 w>f>e & ! arts40 ,%e 0 a d\ble-end$1 tw9-hull$ float+ batt]y ( #bdge tons1 c>ry+ tw5ty #cb-pdr4 guns1 protect$ by #d ft4 #aj 94 ( solid timb]4 ,%e 0 driv5 by a s+le c5tral paddle-:eel2 h] spe$ 0 #e miles p] h\r2 & %e 0 bo? h&y & seawor?y4 ,france1 9 #ahbj1 s5t a commission to ,am]ica to report ^u /eam vessels ( w>2 & 9 #ahcj ! ,fr5* _h n9e arm$ /eam]s afloat & n9e build+4 ,9 #ahba1 ! ,comet1 a small side-:eel]1 0 commission$ z ! fir/ /eam w>-%ip 9 ! ,briti% navy1 & 9 #ahdj1 at ! bomb>dm5t ( ,acre1 /eam vessels f\ght _! fir/ battle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,action ,,betwe5 ,,monitor ,,& ,,m]rimac4 ,! gr[? ( /eam 9 navies _h be5 ret>d$ by its application solely to paddle craft1 ^: :eels & ma*9]y 7 incapable ( protection 9 action4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahdb-dc1 h[ev]1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates built ! sloop-(-w> ,pr9ceton1 ( #ied tons4 ,?is vessel 0 ! product ( ! g5ius ( ,john ,ericsson1 ! able/ m>9e eng9e] ! _w has ev] se54 ,%e 0 ! fir/ screw-propell$ /eam w>%ip ev] built1 &1 9 o!r respects1 =e%ad[$ ! advances :i* 7 to come4 ,?us1 h] ma*9]y 0 ! fir/ to be plac$ :olly bel[ ! wat]-l9e beyond ! rea* ( ho/ile %ot2 h] eng9e 0 ! fir/ to be c\pl$ directly to ! screw %aft1 & bl[]s1 = =c$ draft1 7 ) h] fir/ us$ 9 naval practice4 ,%e 0 virtually ! h]ald ( ! mod]n era4 ,! ,pr9ceton 0 foll[$ closely by ! ,rattl]1 ! fir/ screw vessel ( ! ,briti% fleet1 & 9 #ahdc-dd ! ,fr5* #dd-;gun frigate ,pomone 0 fitt$ ) propell]s4 ,9 #ahdc1 also1 ! ,engli% ,p5elope 0 ! fir/ man-(-w> to be equipp$ ) tubul> boil]s1 & ! ye> #ahde 0 notable = ! build+ ( ! ill-fat$ ,birk5head1 ! fir/ iron vessel ( ! ,briti% fleet4 ,9 #ahej1 :5 ! ,fr5* con/ruct$ ! screw l9e-(-battle %ip ,napoleon1 ! ,engli% became al>m$1 & began ) vigor ! r5ovation ( _! navy ) reg>d to screw propulsion4 ,france1 9 #ahed1 laid ! keels ( f\r armor$ batt]ies1 ?ree ( :i*1 =m+ ! fir/ ironclad squadron 9 hi/ory1 w5t into action a ye> lat] "u ! =ts ( ,k9burn 9 ! ,crimea4 ,!y 7 ( #afjj tons' displacem5t1 c>ri$ #d in* armor & sixte5 #fh-pdr4 guns1 & _h a spe$ ( f\r knots4 ,9 #ahfb1 ,ericsson laun*$ ! fam\s ,monitor1 ! fir/ sea-go+ ironclad ) a revolv+ turret1 & an 8eng9e]s' %ip0 f keel to turret top4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,turb9ia4 ,! ,civil ,w> f\nd u ) a sail+ navy1 & left u "o ( /eam4 ,pass+ ov] its victories1 9 :i* /eam]s play$ always ! *ief "p on sea & riv]1 we come to t mo/ notable triumph ( ,*ief ,eng9e] ,i%]wood1 ! cruis] ,wampanoag ( #dbjj tons' displacem5t4 ,?is vessel1 ph5om5al 9 h] day1 /eam$ 9 ,febru>y1 #ahfh1 f ,b>negat to ,savannah1 ov] a /ormy sea1 9 #ch h\rs4 ,h] av]age 0 #af4f knots = ! run1 & #ag knots dur+ a p]iod ( six consecutive h\rs--a spe$ :i* = #aa ye>s !reaft] 0 unapproa*$ by l9] or by w>%ip4 ,9 #ahgi1 ! ,briti% despat* vessel ,m]cury1 ( #cgcj tons & #ah4hg knots1 wre/$ ! palm f ,am]ica2 b1 9 #ahic1 x 0 won aga9 = ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! triple-screw fli]s ,columbia & ,m9neapolis ( #gdge tons1 ) spe$s respectively ( #bb4h & #bc4jgc knots4 ,! laurels re/ n[ ) ! ,bu5os ,ayres1 :i*1 ?\gh built 9 ,engl& 9 #ahie1 flies ! flag ( ,arg5t9a4 ,%e has a tonnage ( #dejj & a spe$ ( #bc4bjb knots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eng9e ,,( ,u4,s4,s4,,p[hatan4 ,a4,d4 #ahdi4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,! ,briti% ironclad ,pallas1 complet$ 9 #ahff1 0 rem>kable = hav+ ! fir/ successful naval eng9es on ! comp\nd pr9ciple1 9 :i* ! /eam is admitt$ at high pressure to a small cyl9d]1 & passes !nce to a l>g] "o :i* x fills by its expansion4 ,to ,great ,brita9 ! _w owes also ! developm5t ( triple expansion1 i4 e41 ! use ( /eam successively 9 ?ree cyl9d]s4 ,?is sy/em 0 inaugurat$ 9 naval eng9es by ! ,briti%1 9 #ahhe-hf1 & is n[ univ]sally employ$4 ,prior to #ahgi1 ! boil]s ( all mod]n w>-vessels _h be5 ^? ( ! ,scot* type1 9 :i* ! flame passes ?r\gh tubes fix$ 9 a cyl9drical %ell conta9+ wat]4 ,9 t ye>1 h[ev]1 ,france began a revolution 9 ! /eam g5]ators ( navies by equipp+ a dispat*-vessel ) ! ,belleville tubul\s boil]1 9 :i* ! wat] to be evaporat$ is conta9$ )9 tubes surr\nd$ by flame conf9$ 9 an out] cas+4 ,! wat]-tube pr9ciple1 also1 bids fair to become ( univ]sal application4 ,x has _h its mo/ notewor?y naval in/allation 9 ! ,briti% cruis]s ,p[]ful & ,t]rible1 ( #ad1bjj tons & #be1hhf horse-p[]1 complet$ 9 #ahie4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,eng9e ,,( ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,,ericsson4 ,! use ( m ?an "o screw = propulsion dates back to #ahec4 ,dur+ our ,civil ,w> multiple screws figur$1 to a small ext5t1 9 ! 8t9 clads0 & l>g] monitors4 ,! application ( tw9 screws1 9 ! mod]n era1 beg9s ) ! ,briti% ironclad ,p5elope ( #ahfh4 ,france1 9 ! ye>s #ahhd-he1 blaz$ ! way = ano!r naval advance ( mu* importance 9 conduct+ a s]ies ( trials ) ! laun* ,c>pe1 equipp$ ) triple screws4 ,! sy/em1 h[ev]1 al?\gh ( mu* value1 f eng9e]+ & tactical po9ts ( view1 0 n adopt$ 9 l>ge1 high-p[]$ vessels until ! adv5t ( ! ,fr5* armor$ cruis] ,dupuy de ,lme 9 #ahij1 & ! protect$ cruis]s ,columbia & ,m9neapolis ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy 9 #ahic4 ,x has n[ won full approval 9 ! navies ( cont95tal ,europe1 & triple-screw %ips1 aggregat+ #ejj1jjj tons1 are built or build+ !re4 ,! limits ( space =bid m ?an a pass+ note ( ! triumphs ( ! eng9e] 9 torp$o craft1 ! light cavalry ( ! sea4 ,) /eam]s ( normal proportions1 ! spe$ & p[] dep5d l>gely ^u1 & increase )1 ! displacem5t4 ,z has be5 /at$1 ! maximum p]=mance ( l>ge cruis]s is n[ #bc knots on a tonnage ( #dejj4 ,^! p>ticul>s give a fa9t glimpse ( ! extraord9>y problem :i* has confront$ ! torp$o-boat design] 9 driv+ hulls (1 at pres5t1 ab\t #aej tons at a spe$ :i* n[ approximates to #cj knots4 ,) ! brilliant record ( success 9 ?is task1 !re w be l9k$ always ! names ( ,y>r[ & ,?ornycr(t 9 ,engl&1 ( ,s*i*au 9 ,g]many1 & ( ,norm& 9 ,france4 ,! a*ievem5t b rec5tly ( a ,briti% inv5tor1 ! ,hon4 ,*>les ,alg]non ,p>sons1 9 giv+ ! ,turb9ia ( #dd4e tons a spe$ ( ov] #ca knots1 has drawn ! att5tion ( eng9e]s ! _w ov] to ! possibilities ( ! /eam turb9e on ! sea4 ,?is p]=mance is ph5om5al ) su* a displacem5t4 ,! ,fr5* ,=ban1 ( #acj tons1 has made #ca4b knots1 & a report$ spe$ ( #ce knots gives a ,s*i*au boat h] tempor>y laurels z ! fa/e/ craft afloat4 ,a brief glance at ! improvem5ts :i* h made possible ^! extreme spe$s 9 cruis]s & torp$o craft w be ( int]e/4 ,! progress :i* has be5 made has be51 fir/ly1 9 ! economy 9 ! use ( /eam aris+ f high] pressures & multiple expansion2 secondly1 9 ! r$uction ( weight1 p] horse p[]1 due to increase 9 /r5g? ( mat]ials & 9 eng9e-spe$ ) ! employm5t ( =c$ draft--:i* 0 re9troduc$ by ,france--& ! wat]-tube boil]2 &1 f9ally1 9 ! application ( a m effici5t propell+ in/rum5t4 ,! advances ( half a c5tury 9 propell+ ma*9]y are %[n1 9 "s respects1 by ,plates ,,iii & ,,iv1 :i* contra/1 on ! same scale1 ! side-:eel ma*9]y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w>-/eam] ,p[hatan1 ( #ahdi1 ) ! eng9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates torp$o boat ,ericsson ( to-day4 ,! data ( ! =m] vessel are3 horse-p[]1 #aagb2 /eam pressure #ae lbs42 weight ( ma*9]y p] horse-p[] #igb lbs42 :ile1 = ! ,ericsson1 ! figures are3 horse-p[]1 #ahjj2 /eam pressure1 #bej lbs42 weight ( ma*9]y p] horse-p[]1 #ef lbs4 ,?is comp>ison1 h[ev]1 mu/ be qualifi$ by ! /atem5t t ! old] eng9e 0 = a /eam] ( ab\t #cgfj tons1 :ile ! torp$o boat is b #abj tons 9 displacem5t4 ,! contra/ lies1 !re=e1 only 9 ! r$uc$ weight ( mat]ial p] horse-p[] develop$ & 9 ! increas$ /eam pressure1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are 9 !mselves mo/ /rik+4 ,v4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,ordnance4 ,at ,trafalg>1 ! ,victory drift$ be=e ! w9d into action4 ,9 h] sl[ advance1 at a spe$ ( "o & "o half knots ?r\gh b #abjj y>ds1 %e 0 = half an h\r "u ! prolong$ fire ( #bjj guns1 & yet %e clos$1 practically unhurt1 ) h] foes1 & liv$1 n only to w9 ! day1 b to br+ undy+ glory to ! ,engli% flag4 ,:at a contra/ ! late/ sea-fight ( ! c5tury pres5ts 9 ! p[] ( mod]n ordnance z comp>$ ) ! puny guns ( ,nelson's "t6 ,our battle%ip ,oregon1 at a range ( ne>ly five miles1 ) "o #aajj-p\nd %ell1 drove ! ,colon1 an armor$ cruis]1 n only %orew>d1 b to surr5d]1 /r&+1 & wreck4 ,! l>ge/ naval guns 9 ! ye> #ahjj 7 ! long #cb & #db-p\nd]s1 smoo?-bore muzzle-load]s1 ) a range ( ab\t #abjj y>ds4 ,c>ronades--%ort pieces ) a heavy %ot b limit$ range--f\nd favor also1 especially ) ,briti% sailors1 eag] = t close-qu>t] fight+ 9 :i* ! 8,sma%]0--z ,g5]al ,melville call$ 8 c>ronade--w\ld be mo/ effective 9 %att]+ timb]s & 9 s5d+ cl\ds ( spl9t]s among ! foe4 ,! projectiles 7 sph]ical %ot1 cani/]1 & grape1 ! diabolical %riek ( ! %ell be+ yet unhe>d4 ,bo? gun & %ot 7 ( ca/ metal1 & ! m\nt 0 a wood5 c>riage on l[ trucks4 ,! tra9+1 or horizontal angle ( ! gun1 0 effect$ by rope tackles1 & ! am\nt ( elevation ( its muzzle dep5d$ ^u ! position ( a 8quo910 or wood5 w$ge1 ?ru/ b5ea? ! bree*4 ,! recoil 0 limit$ by rope 8bree*+10 pass+ ?r\gh ! cascabel1--a knob beh9d ! bree*1--& secur$ to r+-bolts 9 ! %ip's side4 ,! gun 0 h>ness$1 z a horse is1 9 ! %afts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,battle ,,( ,,trafalg>4 ,aim+ 0 l>gely a p]functory process1 s9ce ! gun _h no sights & ! %ot _h excessive 8w9dage10 its calibre be+ f "o fif? to "o ?ird in* less ?an ! bore1 mak+ its outw>d passage a s]ies ( reb\nds & its f9al direction a matt] ( *ance4 8,w9dage10 h[ev]1 0 ess5tial to facilitate muzzle-load+ & to provide = ! exp&$ diamet] ( r$-hot %ot4 ,x is true t 9 #ahja a proposition to use sights 0 made to ,"l ,nelson4 ,he1 h[ev]1 reject$ x ) ! words3-- 8,i hope we %all be able1 z usual1 to get s close to our enemies t our %ot _c miss ! object40 ,8 bl9d c\rage 9 ?is co/ 8 c\ntrym5 de>ly :51 9 #ahab-ad1 _! %ot flew wild1 :ile _! %ips 7 hull$ & _! gallant t>s fell be=e ! !n sight$ guns ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to ignite ! *>ge ! sl[-mat* 0 /ill us$1 z is %[n by ! %>p words ( a sailor ( t "t4 ,hail$ 9 ! d>kness by a ,briti% %ip & ord]$ to s5d a boat1 8 quick answ] 03-- 8,?is is ! ,unit$ ,/ates frigate ,con/itution1 ,edw>d ,preble1 commodore1 comm&+1 & ,i'll be d--d if ,i s5d a boat60 ,!n to 8 m51 sil5t & eag] by ! %r\d$ battle-lant]ns3-- 8,bl[ y\r mat*es1 boys60 ,a full crew = a #cb-p\nd] consi/$ ( #ad m54 ,an old rule z to ?is 0 "o man to e #ejj-lbs4 weight ( ! gun1 :i* w\ld give ! ,oregon #aajj m5 to h&le ! f\r #ac-;in* rifles ( h] ma9 batt]y1 or m ?an twice h] :ole crew4 ,/eam & me*anism h wr\ght a magic *ange 9 ?is4 ,! sl[-mat* rema9$ 9 use until well into ! n9ete5? c5tury1 al?\gh1 until #ahdb1 ! fl9t lock 0 g5]ally employ$ 9 ! ,briti% navy1 hav+ replac$ ! prim+ horn & mat* 9 #aghj4 ,9 #ahjg !re 0 discov]$ a composition :i* c\ld be ignit$ by friction or concussion1 & 9 #ahci ! ,fr5* _h adopt$ ! p]cussion lock1 :i* explod$ ! cap & retract$1 uncov]+ ! v5t be=e ! backw>d ru% ( ! gas c\ld /rike x4 ,lat]1 a simil> composition 0 us$ ) 8friction-prim]s10 or tubes fill$ ) meal$ p[d] & capp$ ) composition1 ! tube =m+ a tra9 lead+ to ! *>ge1 & ! composition be+ fir$ by ! friction ( a r\gh wire drawn briskly ?r\gh x4 ,p]cussion & friction h be5 9 turn l>gely displac$ by ! electric prim]1 :i* consi/s ess5tially ( a f9e wire1 or 8bridge10 pass+ ?r\gh a highly inflammable mixture4 ,! bridge (f]s a resi/ance to ! electric curr5t1 is heat$ !reby1 ignites ! composition1 & fires ! gun4 ,! old] type ( ! ca/-iron smoo?-bore gun = solid %ot rea*$ its ultimate developm5t 9 ! #fh-p\nd]1 :i* endur$ until ! adv5t ( armor4 ,9 #ahai ! sy/em ( fir+ %ells load$ ) gunp[d] f smoo?-bore guns 0 sugge/$ by ,g5]al ,paixhans1 ( ,france4 ,9 #ahbd1 x 0 introduc$ into ! ,fr5* navy1 & ab\t #ahdj into t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at ,s9ope1 9 #ahec1 ! t]rible effect ( %ell fire ^u wood5 %ips />tl$ ! _w1 :5 a ,russian fleet de/roy$ absolutely #aa ,turki% vessels1 ) _! =ce ( #djjj m54 ,! ,paixhans gun 0 modifi$ & its =m improv$ by ,admiral ,dahlgr51 ,u4 ,s4 ,n41 & 9 ! late #ej's ! armam5t--design$ by him--( ,unit$ ,/ates vessels 0 sup]ior to t ( any o!r 9 ! _w4 ,! #i1 #aa1 & #ae-;in* ,dahlgr5s =m$ ! bulk ( our guns afloat dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 ! rema9d] be+ almo/ :olly rifles ( ! ,p>rott type4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,gr[? ( ,ordnance #cbpdr #fm ,smoo?-bore1 ,muzzle-load] ,weight #cfjj lbs4 ,muzzle ,en]gy1 #fdb ,foot-tons ,u ,s 7,dahlgr57 #ddjpdr #aem ,smoo?-bore1 ,muzzle-load] ,weight #dbjjj lbs4 ,muzzle ,en]gy1 #gbgc ,foot-tons ,italian 7,arm/rong7 #bjjjpdr #ag;9 ,rifle1 ,bree*-load] ,weight #aja4e tons1 ,muzzle ,en]gy1 #eaicj ,foot-tons ,u ,s ,naval #aajjpdr #ac;9 ,rifle1 ,bree*-load] ,weight #fj tons1 ,muzzle ,en]gy1 #ccfbg ,foot-tons ,,plate ,v4 ,! resi/ance :i* sph]ical projectiles met f ! air1 _! deviation 9 flight1 ow+ to ! frequ5t lack ( co9cid5ce ( ! c5tres ( gravity & =m1 _! excessive 8w9dage10 & _! light weight relatively to calibre1 l$ to ! adoption ( ! rifl$ gun & ! cyl9drical projectile4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! =m]--mak+ ! %ot act z a screw-bolt & ! bore z a screw-?read--is v old1 !re be+ at ,woolwi* a b>rel ( ?is type be>+ date ( #aedg4 ,! objects aim$ at 9 rifl+ are to give a po9t$ cyl9drical %ot rotation on its axis t x may keep /eady dur+ flight1 & secondly1 to obta9 increas$ weight 9 ! projectile f its elongat$ =m4 ,z to ! latt] consid]ation1 x may be not$ t ! old #cb-p\nd] smoo?-bore 0 ( #f-;in* calibre1 :ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates #f-;in* rifle ( to-day ?r[s a %ot ( #ajj lbs4 weight4 ,france1 dur+ ! ,crimean ,w>1 br\ght out ! fir/ heavy rifl$ gun4 ,9 #ahfj-fa1 ,arm/rong rifles 7 introduc$ 9 ! ,briti% navy4 ,! labors ( ,krupp met su* success t at ,p>is1 9 #ahfg1 he exhibit$ a rifle weigh+ #ej tons ) a projectile ( #ajhj p\nds4 ,! ,p>rott rifle 0 br\ght out ab\t #ahef 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 0 s develop$ t 9 #ahfb x 0 ! mo/ p[]ful gun1 = its weight & size1 9 exi/5ce4 ,! adoption ( rifl+ 0 ! fir/ great /ep on ! road :i* eng9e]+ _h laid t[>d ! gr[? 9 p[] ( mod]n ordnance4 ,hav+ ?us secur$ a projectile ( great weight & mod]ate calibre :i* w\ld bore ?r\gh ! air a true pa? to ! di/ant m>k1 !re rema9$ to seek b f\r *ief elem5ts 9 ! magnific5t advance made )9 a g5]ation by ! naval artill]y ( our day4 ,^! factors 73 #a/4 ,increas$ /r5g? 9 ! mat]ial ( ! gun4 #b;d4 ,a me?od ( con/ruction :i* w\ld n only p]mit enorm\s pressures 9 ! p[d]-*amb]1 b w\ld make possible ! cont9u\s accel]ation ( ! projectile dur+ its passage ?r\gh ! bore4 #c;d4 ,an explosive :i* w\ld satisfy ! objects ( ! me?od ( con/ruction2 &1 #d?4 ,a sy/em ( load+ :i* w\ld enable guns ( great l5g? to be *>g$ ) ease4 ,! m\nt+ ( ordnance ( any weight1 its control1 & its rapid & facile h&l+ 7 b m9or matt]s ( eng9e]+4 ,9 a pap] su* z ?is1 ( limit$ l5g? & address$ to laym51 x is possible to give b a glance at ! progress 9 ! v>i\s elem5ts ( gun-con/ruction :i* h be5 not$4 ,( mat]ial1 little ne$ be said4 ,! rifle ( ,crimean days 0 a ca/-iron piece2 ,p>rott ordnance 0 ( ca/ & wr\ght iron2 & ! fir/ ,arm/rong gun 0 built ( wr\ght iron & /eel4 ,ca/ & comp\nd mat]ials1 h[ev]1 h vani%$ ) ! pa/4 ,/eel--h>d5$ & t\gh5$ to ! la/ degree by e ref9em5t ( manufacture--=ms ! 8reek+ tube0 = ! 8iron %>d0 ( ! c5tury's close4 ,! me?od ( con/ruction is ! 8built-up0 process1 %[n by ! p>tial section on ,plate ,v41 ! b>rel be+ re9=c$ by tubes :i* are %runk on--l ! tire ( a wagon-:eel--s z to produce initial compression4 ,! explosion 9 ! p[d] *amb] /ra9s & exp&s tempor>ily ! b>rel1 & ! application ( ! %r9kage pr9ciple enables a portion ( ! /r5g? ( ! tubes to be employ$ 9 prelim9>y int]nal pressure4 ,! b>rel ?us support$ c be /ra9$ by ! *>ge1 n only to its own limit ( safety1 b to an additional am\nt equal to ?is initial compression4 ,! all-/eel1 built-up gun has a possible rival 9 wire-w\nd ordnance1 a sy/em :i* replaces ! tubes1 to a great] or less ext5t1 by lay]s ( wire1 w\nd :ile 9 t5sion ar\nd ! b>rel4 ,p[d] is ! s\l ( ! gun2 x trans=ms ! huge in]t mass into a flam+ eng9e ( dea?4 ,! great developm5t ( explosives began b a g5]ation s9ce4 ,! rese>*es ( ,rob9s & ,rum=d 9 ! la/ c5tury1 & ( ,hutton 9 ! dawn ( ?is1 =m$ ! _w's k ( ! gun's int]nal balli/ics until ! ye> #ahgj4 ,to ! g5ius ( ,noble & ,abel is due ! /imulus to gr[? s9ce !n4 ,! p[d]s h kept pace ) gun-con/ruction 9 its advance4 ,! increas$ /r5g? ( ! *amb] has be5 met by heavi] & sl[-burn+ *>ges--cocoa1 br[n prismatic1 & ! l--:i* h giv5 n only great] initial velocity1 b a cont9u\s accel]ation ?r\gh bores ^: maximum l5g? has exce$$ #dg feet4 ,inde$1 to ! production ( ?is l+]+ combu/ion is due ! great l9e> dim5sion & p[] ( mod]n guns4 ,initial pressure _h its limit2 advance lay only 9 ! subsequ5t accel]ation giv5 by late ignition ( a portion ( ! *>ge4 ,gunp[d]1 h[ev]1 aft] a reign ( m ?an five hundr$ ye>s1 has be5 de?ron$4 ,! 8villa9\s saltpetre0 ( ! monk1 ) its allies1 *>coal & sulphur1 yields n[ to nitro comp\nds1 :i* produce n only f> great] en]gy1 b are z well smokeless4 ,! sea-fights ( our w> ) ,spa9 saw ! la/ cont5d+ fleets to be wrapp$ 9 a cl\d1 l+]+ & baffl+1 ( _! own mak+4 ,cordite1 "o ( ^! comp\nds 9 use abroad1 is prep>$ 9 long 8cords0 f di-nitro-cellulose & nitro-glyc]9e4 ,! new smokeless 8p[d]0 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy is made f nitro-cellulose dissolv$ 9 e!r alcohol4 ,france 0 ! fir/ 9 employ+ explosives su* z ^!1 :i*1 9 _! (f5sive & tactical advantages1 =m "o ( ! signal triumphs ( ! c5tury's la/ ye>s4 ,! long gun ( mod]n days is ( necessity bree*-load+4 ,! developm5t ( o!r elem5ts gave1 z a resultant1 great l5g?2 & ?is1 9 turn1 requir$ a sy/em ( *>g+ :i* w\ld p]mit protection = ! m5 :ile load+1 & w\ld obviate ! intol]able inconv5i5ce ( ramm+ home p[d] & %ot 9 a long muzzle-load]--an op]ation :i* 01 9 fact1 impossible beyond a c]ta9 limit ( l5g?4 ,! advocates ( ! old] con/ruction1 especially 9 ,engl&1 urg$ long & e>ne/ly its simplicity & ! sup]ior /r5g? ( a solid bree*2 b ! logic ( ev5ts 0 aga9/ !m1 & ! bree*-load] won a complete triumph4 ,x is wor?y ( note t x1 l rifl+ & ! pr9ciple ( build+ up1 0 b a revival4 ,f ! w>%ip ,m>y ,rose1 sunk 9 #aede 9 action (f ,spi!ad1 !re 7 recov]$ 9 #ahcf a numb] ( guns1 "s ( :i* are ( wr\ght iron1 built-up & bree*-load+4 ,!re are 9 use two me?ods ( clos+ ! bree* :5 ! gun is load$ f ! re>4 ,9 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 & ,am]ican ordnance an axial screw-plug is ins]t$2 9 ! ,krupp sy/em a cyl9dro-prismatic bree*-block slides 9 a horizontal op5+ cut across ! bore4 ,! =m]1 or int]rupt$ screw me*anism1 0 fir/ set =? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates' pat5t ( #ahdi to ,*amb]s4 ,9 projectiles ! t5d5cy ( ! mod]n era has be5 t[>ds simplification4 ,b>-%ot1 *a9-%ot1 & grape h disappe>$1 :ile cani/] & solid %ot are becom+ obsolete4 ,!re rema9 %rapnel z ! 8man-kill]0 ( ?is age1 & explosive %ell1 diff]5tiat$ into armor-pi]c+ & t = attack on un>mor$ /ructures4 ,lieut5ant ,%rapnel1 9 #agif1 inv5t$ ! projectile :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,9 its mod]n =m1 x consi/s ( a /eel case conta9+ lead or iron balls & a light bur/+ *>ge ( p[d]1 ignit$ by a "t-fuse c>ri$ 9 ! head4 ,?is projectile is mo/ =midable aga9/ bodies ( m51 boats1 & ! embrasures ( =ts1 s9ce1 :5 x is ruptur$1 ! balls are disp]s$1 cov]+ a wide area4 ,! use ( explosive %ell 9 high-angle dis*>ge dates back to ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,f ,paixhans' works1 8,la ,n\velle ,arme10 publi%$ 9 #ahba1 came ! /imulus to its developm5t & to its deadly s]vice1 9 our "t1 9 horizontal fire4 ,! 8common %ell0 = ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ac-;in* rifle is made ( =g$ /eel1 weighs #aajj p\nds1 & c>ries )9 x a bur/+ *>ge ( #ej p\nds ( p[d]1 ignit$ by a p]cussion fuse set 9 its base4 ,x w p5etrate #f or #g in*es ( armor & !n explode )9 ! %ip4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 8armor-pi]c+ %ell0 is manufactur$ f crucible /eel1 alloy$ ) *romium2 x is temp]$ to extreme h>dness at ! po9t1 :i* c>ries a cap ( s(t metal4 ,! function ( ! latt] w\ld appe> to be t ( a support to ! %\ld] ( ! projectile1 or z a lubricant !reto1 s9ce1 )\t ! cap1 ! %ell is brok5 or de=m$ 9 ! attack on armor ( surface h>d5$ /eel4 ,to resi/ ! cru%+ /ra9 9 its passage ?r\gh massive plate1 ! walls ( ?is %ell mu/ be s ?ick t no *>ge ( gunp[d] w bur/ x4 ,h5ce1 z a rule1 ! %ell is fir$ unload$1 al?\gh rec5tly !re h be5 adopt$ to "s ext5t bur/+ *>ges ( "s high explosive1 su* z gun-cotton1 joveite1 or picric acid4 ,9 clos+ ?is brief review ( ! progress ( ordnance1 b pass+ m5tion c be made ( matt]s m9or1 b 9 !mselves ( mu* importance4 ,gun c>riages1 or m\nts1 are n[ intricate me*anisms1 practically ! :ole s]vice ( l>ge ordnance be+ p]=m$ by electric & hydraulic ma*9]y4 ,! rapid fire pr9ciple has be5 ext5d$ to pieces ( #f-;in* calibre1 & bids fair to pass beyond t limit4 ,its success 9 increas+ l>gely ! numb] ( %ots )9 a giv5 "t lies 9 special bree*-blocks1 aim+ devices1 & prep>$ c>tridges4 ,ma*9e guns ( rifle-calibre1 p>tly or :olly automatic1 h be5 s develop$ z to be capable ( fir+ #abjj r\nds p] m9ute4 ,! dis*>ge ( high explosives 9 l>ge quantity 0 effect$ ) success by ! ,unit$ ,/ates /eam] ,vesuvius (f ,santiago4 ,! torp$o-gun afloat1 h[ev]1 w\ld appe> to be /ill 9 a t5tative condition4 ,a brief lapse into te*nical t]ms may be p]mitt$ 9 summ>iz+ ! gun's gr[? 9 p[]4 ,! t]m 8muzzle en]gy0 is us$ to describe ! "w :i* ! projectile is capable ( p]=m+ :5 x leaves ! bore4 ,x is express$ 9 foot-tons1 i4 e41 ! numb] ( tons :i* ! en]gy /or$ 9 ! %ot w\ld lift to a height ( "o foot4 ,! figures z to ?is = ! #cb-p\nd] ( ! c5tury's beg9n+1 = ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ac-;in* rifle & = ! #aaa-ton ,engli% gun1 are1 respectively1 #fdb1 #cc1fbg1 & #ed1fij foot-tons4 ,aga91 ! r\nd %ot f ! #cb-p\nd] lo/ f ! resi/ance ( ! air1 9 a range ( #abjj y>ds1 #gf p] c5t ( its en]gy2 :ile ?is loss1 ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ac-;in*1 9 a range ( #ajjj y>ds1 is b #aa p] c5t4 ,f9ally1 if ! ca/-iron %ot ( ! #cb-p\nd] 7 fir$ aga9/ armor-plate1 x w\ld lose1 9 break+ itself up1 two ?irds ( its rema9+ en]gy1 leav+ at #abjj y>ds b #ea foot-tons = effective "w2 :ile ) ! mod]n armor-pi]c+ %ell ! entire en]gy left at ! end ( ! range is exp5d$ ^u ! armor-plate4 ,x w be se5 !n t ! immeasurable sup]iority ( mod]n guns is ow+ bo? to _! great increase 9 en]gy & to _! wis] disposition ( t :i* has be5 atta9$4 ,! gun has ma9ta9$ fully dur+ ! c5tury its primacy among naval weapons4 ,x is true t1 9 !ory & on pap]1 its supremacy has at times be5 que/ion$2 b z to its two rivals1 ! ram w\ld seem to be r ! weapon ( accid5t ?an action1 & ! torp$o has yet to score 9 battle aga9/ %ips 9 motion1 :ile ! precision1 rapidity1 & p[] ( ! gun gr[ m deadly ) e pass+ ye>4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,armor4 ,armor & ! gun are natural & n[ h]$it>y foes4 ,! function ( ! "o is to resi/1 t ( ! o!r ev] to attack4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! mod]n era 9 navies1 !re has be5 ceaseless /rife = ma/]y betwe5 ^! two elem5ts ( w>%ip design1 ! gun ev] becom+ m p[]ful1 & ! armor--at fir/ ?r\gh gr[+ ?ickness & lat] ?r\gh improv$ mat]ial--oppos+ a /eadily m /ubborn front4 ,! (ficial report ( an ,engli% committee made 9 ! ye> #ahfj /ates t1-- 8,vessels clo!d 9 roll$-iron plates ( f\r & a half in*es' ?ickness are to all practicable purposes invuln]able aga9/ any projectile t c be br\ght to be> aga9/ !m at any range40 ,! advance :i* =ty ye>s h se5 may be %[n by ! s+le /atem5t t ! ,krupp #ae4g-;in* gun develops suffici5t en]gy to p5etrate at ! muzzle #dg in*es ( wr\ght iron4 ,! battle%ip is at be/ b a s]ies ( compromises1 ea* factor ( ! /ructure yield+ or gr[+ z ! skill or :im ( h] design] may indicate4 ,9 ! pres5t /age ( ?is unceas+ *ange1 ! gun w\ld appe> to be ! victor1 & ! p[] ( ?is mighty #acb-ton rifle seems sc>cely ne$$ on ! sea4 ,! di/+ui%$ *ief ( ordnance ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy1 9 8 annual report = #ahih1 says3-- 8,! developm5t ( ! #ab-;in* gun has be5 s great & its p[] s mu* increas$ t ! ,bureau is ( op9ion t h]eaft] x w be ! maximum calibre t x w be advisable to in/all on future battle%ips40 ,) armor1 z ) ! torp$o1 ! tal5t ( ,europe reap$ :]e ! g5ius ( ,am]ica _h s[n4 ,john ,/ev5s ( ,new ,j]sey 0 ! fir/ inv5tor ( mod]n times to sugge/ ! application ( armor to a float+ batt]y1 8 plans be+ submitt$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t dur+ ! w> ( #ahab4 ,!y receiv$1 h[ev]1 no s]i\s consid]ation1 & to ,france1 =ty-two ye>s lat]1 fell ! honor ( atta9+ ! fir/ practical results 9 ! build+ ( ironclads4 ,memb]s ( ! ,/ev5s family1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ ! exp]im5ts ( its f\nd]1 until by ! ye> #ahda !y _h det]m9$ ! ?ickness ( iron necess>y to /op sph]ical projectiles at po9t blank range1 & ! comp>ative resi/+ p[]s ( iron & oak4 ,^! results l$ to an appropriation by ,congress1 9 #ahed1 ( #ejj1jjj to beg9 "w ^u an ironclad1--! ,/ev5s batt]y1--:i* vessel1 h[ev]1 nev] left ! ways & 0 ev5tually brok5 up4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,armor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,armor4 ,g5]al ,paixhans1 :o revolutioniz$ naval artill]y by ! inv5tion ( ! mod]n %ell1 prophesi$1 9 an (ficial lett] to ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t 9 #ahbd1 t ! new projectile w\ld =ce ! creation ( armor$ %ips4 ,9 #ahda he recomm5d$ (ficially ! clo?+ ( vessels ) iron armor1 z a protection aga9/ 8 own missiles2 & 9 #ahec 8 words ( w>n+ met complete & t]rible fulfillm5t 9 ! annihilation by %ell guns ( ! ,turki% fleet at ,s9ope4 ,?is action 0 ! imm$iate cause ( ! introduction ( armor 9 mod]n navies4 ,! ,briti% admiralty1 9 #ahdc1 _h duplicat$ ! ,/ev5s exp]im5ts1 us+ a t>get ( #ad plates ( boil] iron rivet$ toge!r1 :i* gave a total ?ickness ( #f in*es2 & exp]im5ts on lam9at$ plat+ _h be5 also at ?is "t c>ri$ on at ,gavres1 9 ,france4 ,9 #ahde ,dupuy de ,lme1 ! fam\s naval ar*itect1 submitt$ to ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t ! fir/ ,european design = an armor$ frigate4 ,8 plans 71 h[ev]1 reject$2 & only ) ! outbreak ( ! ,crimean ,w> 0 ! con/ruction ( armor$ vessels begun4 ,on ,octob] #ag1 #ahee1 ! ?ree ,fr5* batt]ies :i* 7 ! fir/ results ( ?is new dep>ture w5t into action (f ,k9burn1 9 ! ,crimea1 sil5c+ 9 f\r h\rs =ts :i* _h held at bay ! comb9$ fleets ( ,engl& & ,france4 ,armor _h won its fir/ victory1 & _h %[n mo/ signally its position z "o ( ! ma9 factors 9 ! w>%ip design ( ! ye>s :i* 7 to come4 ,^! vessels1 ) ?ree simil> batt]ies con/ruct$ imm$iately !reaft] by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 7 clad ) solid iron plates #d in*es ?ick1 back$ by #bg in*es ( oak1 comp>ative exp]im5ts at ,v9c5nes1 ,france1 hav+ %[n ! m>k$ sup]iority ( solid ov] lam9at$ plat+4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 9 b a mo/ limit$ s5se sea-go+ %ips1 _! l[ spe$ & o!r inf]ior qualities be+ radical defects z to ?is4 ,france l$ 9 a fur!r advance1 beg9n+ 9 #aheg & complet+ 9 #ahei ! trans=mation ( ! wood5 l9e-(-battle %ip ,napoleon into ! armor$ vessel ( #ejjj tons1 :i*1 z ,la ,gloire1 is fam\s z ! fir/ sea-go+ ironclad4 ,%e c>ri$ a /rake ( #d-;in* plat+ at ! wat] l9e1 & #d-;in* plates 9 wake ( ! batt]y4 ,engl& answ]$ ! *all5ge ( h] h]$it>y foe ) ! ,w>rior1 an iron vessel ( #ibaj tons1 complet$ 9 #ahfa4 ,:ile h] rival _h a fully armor$ side1 b #bab ( ! ,w>rior's #chj feet ( l5g? c>ri$ plat+4 ,its ?ickness 0 #d in*es4 ,illu/ration3 8,la ,gloire0 7,france7 #aheg4 ,side ,armor ,iron #d 94 ,solid4 8,w>rior0 7,engl&7 #ahei4 ,side ,armor ,iron #d 94 ,solid4 ,u4,s4 ,monitor 8,passaic0 #ahfb4 ,side ,armor ,iron #c to #e 94 ,lam9at$4 ,turret ,armor ,iron #aa 94 ,lam9at$4 8,inflexible0 7,engl&7 #ahgf4 ,belt ,citadel ,armor ,iron ,s&wi*$4 8,duilio0 7,italy7 #ahgf4 ,belt ,armor ,/eel ,solid4 ,u4,s4 ,battle%ip ,oregon4 ,belt ,armor ,h>vey$ ,nickel ,/eel ,solid4 #ac 94 ,turret ,armor ,h>vey$ ,nickel ,/eel ,solid4 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,armor4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! gov]nm5t appo9t$ a special naval committee to report ^u types ( ironclads4 ,! conclusions ( ?is bo>d are ( int]e/1 9 %[+ ! /ate ( armor developm5t at t p]iod4 ,!y requir$ roll$ armor ( solid iron1 ^: m9imum ?ickness 0 #d in*es4 ,ericsson's ,monitor1 h[ev]1 c>ri$ lam9at$ plat+ f #c to #e in*es ?ick on h] l[ sides1 & #aa lay]s1 ea* "o in* ?ick1 on h] turret4 ,?is con/ruction1 :i* ! difficulties 9 ! manufacture ( solid plate necessitat$1 made ! record ( endurance ( ?is type f> f good4 ,! defect lay ma9ly ) fa/5+ bolts1 :i* broke frequ5tly1 ?us loos5+ or deta*+ ! side armor1 & ! heads or nuts ( :i*1 fly+ (f ) viol5ce :5 ! armor 0 /ruck by %ot1 became sometimes fatal missiles aga9/ ^? )9 ! turrets4 ,9 contra/ ) ?is1 ! behavior ( ! ,new ,ironsides1 clo!d ) solid armor1 0 mo/ excell5t4 ,%e 0 a casemat$ ironclad frigate ) un>mor$ ends1 h] plat+ 0 #d in*es ?ick1 & incl9$ ?r\gh\t ! citadel1 at an angle ( #cj f ! p]p5dicul>4 ,= two ye>s %e 0 subject$ to ! mo/ sev]e te/ t a w>-vessel mu/ meet1 ! toss+ & /ra9+ ( blockade duty & ! fi]y ordeal ( close action ) =tifications4 ,9 "o engagem5t1 %e su/a9$ alone a fight aga9/ ! comb9$ fire ( ! =ts 9 ,*>le/on h>bor1 &1 al?\gh /ruck on h] side-armor sixty times1 came out ( ! /ruggle unhurt4 ,! record ( ?is %ip is "o :i* does honor to ! flag4 ,! a*ievem5t ( ! ,conf$]acy dur+ ?is w>1 9 ! matt] ( armor1 0 rem>kable4 ,) iron wor? almo/ its weight 9 gold1 & ) mo/ limit$ facilities = manufactur+1 !y yet succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ "s ( ! mo/ =midable ironclads ( _! day4 ,! ,m]rimac1 = in/ance--) #c-;in* armor1 9 two lay]s ( n>r[ b>s1 at an angle ( #cj ) ! horizontal--su/a9$ no mat]ial damage to h] plat+ f ! fire ( ! ,monitor2 al?\gh _h ! full *>ge ( #cj lbs4 ( p[d] be5 us$ 9 ! #aa-;in* smoo?-bores ( ! latt]1 ! /ory w\ld h be5 diff]5t4 ,e fair bl[ w\ld h sma%$ a hole completely ?r\gh ! armor1 & driv5 a %[] ( spl9t]s ab\t ! batt]y-deck4 ,aga91 ! armor ( ! ,atlanta & ! ,t5nessee--bo? casemat$ %ips1 ) ! sides ( ! citadel incl9$ at a %>p angle to ! horizontal--0 suffici5tly /rong1 ) ! =m] vessel1 to )/&1 at #ejj y>ds1 ! #aa-;in* projectile fir$ ) a #bj-lbs4 *>ge1 &1 ) ! latt]1 ! same %ot practically at ! muzzle1 al?\gh ! #ae-;in* projectile broke ?r\gh completely 9 bo? cases4 ,x is unnecess>y to foll[ 9 detail1 ?r\gh its _m te/s 9 peace1 ! advance ( iron armor4 ,its gr[? 9 /r5g?1 z ! p[] ( ! gun develop$1 came almo/ solely f increase 9 ?ickness1 ! latt] rea*+ its maximum ) ! ,briti% ,inflexible1 complet$ 9 #ahgf1 :i* c>ries f #af to #bd in*es ( iron on h] belt & citadel4 ,?is plat+1 h[ev]1 is divid$ & 8s&wi*$0 ) wood1 !re be+1 ext]ior to ! sk91 #f in*es ( teak1 !n #ab in*es iron1 #aa in*es teak1 & an out] #ab-;in* plate4 ,z armor1 iron receiv$ its dea?-bl[ 9 ! fam\s te/s at ,spezia1 ,italy1 dur+ ! autumn ( #ahgf1 :5 ! #ajj-ton gun1 ) a full *>ge1 at a range ( #ajj y>ds1 attack$ solid & 8s&wi*0 t>gets ( iron & solid t>gets ( /eel--! s+le or aggregate ?ickness ( metal 9 ea* case be+ #bb in*es4 ,^! trials 7 und]tak5 ?r\gh ,italy's desire to build1 9 ! ,duilio & ,d&olo1 ! mo/ =midable vessels afloat4 ,/eel won ! day1 & ! ro> ( t mighty gun1 ?und]+ f ! ,spezia fir+ gr\nd1 s\nd$ ! knell ( iron armor1 depriv$ ! z yet unlaun*$ ,inflexible ( h] cr[n ( invuln]ability1 & dem&$1 ) success1 a revolution 9 ! armor manufacture ( ,europe4 ,z a compromise1 comp\nd armor1 i4e41 iron fac$ ) /eel1 became popul> = a "t4 ,z ) /eel1 its beg9n+s 7 old1 dat+ back at lea/ to ! ye> #aheg4 ,! fir/ p]fect$ comp\nd plate1 made by ,cammel ,co41 ( ,engl&1 0 te/$ at ,%oeburyness 9 #ahgg4 ,x 0 compos$ ( #e in*es ( iron ) a #d-;in* face ( /eel2 ! iron be+ rais$ to a weld+ heat & ! molt5 /eel p\r$ on its top4 ,! great heat p>tially fus$ ! contact face1 ! two metals 7 unit$1 & ! comb9ation 0 assur$ by imm$iate roll+4 ,comp\nd plates sprang 9 #ahgg f obscurity to popul>ity2 by #ahgi iron armor _h become obsolete ) progressive naval p[]s1 &1 9 #ahhj1 bo? comp\nd & /eel plates _h rea*$ su* developm5t t !y 7 close rivals1 ! lead+ competitors be+ ,cammel 9 ,engl& & ,s*neid] 9 ,france4 ,/eel1 h[ev]1 sl[ly =g$ ahead dur+ ! next decade2 &1 at its close1 comp\nd armor 0 practically out ( ! race4 ,9 /eel's victory1 its alloy ) nickel1 9 m9ute proportions1 has mat]ially aid$2 ! comb9ation imp>t+ h>dness )\t decreas+ ! t\ghness ( ! plate4 ,?is mat]ial gave sup]ior results f ! beg9n+4 ,its fir/ plate1 te/$ 9 #ahhi1 0 #i in*es ?ick2 x 0 pi]c$ by a ,holtz] %ell1 ^: body did n pass :olly ?r\gh & ^: en]gy 0 #a4f times t j necess>y to p]=ate a wr\ght-iron plate ( ! same ?ickness4 ,to ! increas$ /r5g? giv5 by nickel !re has be5 add$ a fur!r ga9 ?r\gh ! application ( face-h>d5+ processes--su* z t ( ! ,am]ican1 ,h>vey--:i* produce sup]ficial c>bonization1 trans=m+ ! surface into a high grade ( v h>d /eel1 )\t ! pron\nc$ plane ( dem>cation betwe5 ! two qualities ( metal1 z 9 ! weld ( ! comp\nd plate4 ,a #aj-;in* nickel /eel ,h>veyiz$ plate1 te/$ at ! ,indian ,head ,prov+ ,gr\nds 9 #ahib1 %[$ a /r5g? :i* previ\sly _h nev] be5 equal$ 9 ! hi/ory ( armor1 & e/abli%$ beyond "q ! value ( ! face-h>d5+ process1 :i*1 by v>i\s me?ods1 is appli$ to ! nickel-/eel plat+ ( to-day4 ,! di/ribution ( armor 9 ! developm5t ( battle%ip con/ruction is %[n by ! %ad$ sections on ,plates ,,vi & ,,vii1 & its relative ?icknesses1 on v>i\s vessels dur+ ?is progress1 by ,plate ,,viii4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,ram ,,& ,,! ,,torp$o4 ,= two ?\s& ye>s ! ram--! razor-edg$ 8beak0 ( ! swift galley--0 ! *ief naval weapon4 ,) ! adv5t ( sail-p[] & ! employm5t ( gunp[d]1 x vani%$ f ! seas2 b to reappe> :5 ! com+ ( /eam gave aga9 controllable propulsion4 ,9 #ahei !re 0 built into ! ,fr5* frigate ,mag5ta a %>p spur1--! fir/ mod]n ram4 ,briti% con/ruction ( ! mod]n era1 f ! ,w>rior d[n1 has also recogniz$ ?is weapon1 & x is to-day a factor1 al?\gh a m9or "o1 9 ! design ( all vessels ( high spe$4 ,! ram has1 h[ev]1 b a scant record ( s]vice 9 action1 :ile 9 accid5tal collision x has wr\ght m ?an once appall+ disa/]4 ,! ironclad ,m]rimac ramm$ & sank 9 ,hampton ,roads1 9 ,m>*1 #ahfb1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates sail+ sloop-(-w> ,cumb]l&1 :i*1 "u ! gallant ,morris1 w5t d[n ) guns ?und]+ & ensign fly+4 ,on ,july #bj1 #ahff1 dur+ ! action (f ! isl& ( ,lissa1 9 ! ,adriatic1 ! ,au/rian flag%ip ,f]d9& ,maximilian ramm$ ! ,italian armorclad ,re d' ,italia1 :i*1 ) _m ( h] #hjj m51 sank ) a swiftness t *ill$ ! blood ( ^? :o wat*$4 ,l ?is1 9 its sudd5 trag$y1 0 ! de/ruction ( ! ,briti% battle%ip ,victoria by h] consort1 ! ,camp]d[n1 (f ,tripoli1 ,syria1 9 ! summ] sunlight ( a ,june day 9 #ahic4 ,! ram ( ! latt] vessel cut a deep & fatal ga% 9 ! ,victoria1 :i* )9 t5 m9utes turn$ bottom upw>d & w5t d[n1 b[ fir/1 be>+ ) h] #cba (fic]s & m51 ^: unfalt]+ discipl9e gave a h]oic spl5dor to _! end4 ,despite ^! occasional in/ances ( its deadly p[]1 ! ram holds a second>y place among naval weapons4 ,to /rike a mod]n vessel at high spe$ w require m ?an ! skill ( ! swordsman4 ,! torp$o1 l ! ironclad1 0 an ,am]ican inv5tion1 ^: neglect by ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t br\ght retribution :5 ?is deadly eng9e ( w> 9 #ahfa-fe de/roy$ n a few w>-vessels fly+ our flag4 ,bu%nell ( ,connecticut dur+ ! ,revolution appe>s to h inv5t$ bo? ! subm>9e boat & ! m>9e torp$o1 ! latt] be+ fir$ by clock-"w4 ,fulton also met success 9 simil> "w dur+ ! p]iod ext5d+ f #ahja to #ahab4 ,all ( ! elem5ts ( mod]n torp$o w>f>e1 except+ ! use ( /eam1 compress$ air1 or electricity z a motive p[]1 _h be5 ?us conceiv$ by ! e>ly dawn ( ?is c5tury4 ,! torp$oes ( our day are practically ( b two classes3 ! 8m9e10 or /ation>y 7ei!r 8buoyant0 or 8gr\nd10 z its position 9 ! wat] det]m9es71 & ! automobile1 or 8fi%0 torp$o4 ,! =m] type is fir$ ei!r by clos+ an electric circuit 9 a /ation on %ore1 or by ! %ip h]self 9 contact1 or 9 electric closure4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> ne>ly ?irty vessels 7 sunk by m9es1 usually wood5 b>rels fill$ ) gunp[d] & fir$ by haul+ l9es or sl[-burn+ fuses4 ,x 0 a m9e-field ov] :i* ,f>ragut *>g$ at ,mobile ,bay1 :5 he utt]$ 8 fam\s oa? & w5t 8full spe$ ahead10 ) ! cases ( ! =tunately impot5t torp$oes /rik+ ! ,h>t=d's bottom2 x 0 a m9e :i*1 x is claim$1 sunk ! ,ma9e2 & x 0 a m9e-field :i* kept ,sampson's battle%ips f ent]+ ! h>bor ( ,santiago de ,cuba4 ,! /ation>y torp$o is n[ *>g$ ) gun cotton or o!r high explosive4 ,! orig9 ( ! mo/ prom95t ( ! automobile torp$oes is due to ,capta9 ,lupuis ( ! ,au/rian navy1 & its developm5t f #ahfd onw>d to ,:itehead1 an ,engli%man4 ,x is a cig>-%ap$ subm>9e vessel f #ad to #ai in*es maximum diamet] & f #ad to #ai feet long1 :i* is bl[n f a torp$o-tube or gun )9 ! %ip by compress$ air or an impulse *>ge ( gunp[d]4 ,tw9-screw eng9es conta9$ )9 its hull1 & driv5 by compress$ air /or$ 9 a res]voir !re91 drive x at ab\t ?irty knots spe$ ?r\gh an effective range ( #fjj y>ds4 ,9 its nose or 8w>-head0 !re is c>ri$ a l>ge *>ge ( gun cotton or o!r high explosive1 :i* is fir$ by contact ) ! enemy's hull4 ,x is provid$ ) bo? horizontal & v]tical rudd]s1 ! dep? ( imm]sion be+ regulat$ by intricate ma*9]y conta9$ 9 ! 8balance-*amb]40 ,! ,:itehead has a some:at =midable rival 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! torp$o inv5t$ by ,re> ,admiral ,h[ell1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,! automobile torp$o has nev] yet scor$ 9 battle aga9/ %ips 9 motion4 ,its position 9 ! naval w>f>e ( ! future is yet unfix$4 ,! "o c]ta9ty is1 t its bl[ :5 /ruck home is almo/ surely fatal to %ip & crew4 ,! developm5t ( ! subm>9e torp$o-boat1 ^: weapon is ! ,:itehead1 has 9 rec5t ye>s receiv$ mu* att5tion ?r\gh ! labors ( ! ,am]ican ,holl& & o!rs4 ,france1 9 ! ,gu/avus ,z$e1 ( #bfj tons1 has a div+ boat ( ?is "*1 = :i* mu* is claim$4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,fleet4 ,until ! adv5t ( ! ironclad1 ! %ips ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 equal1 if n sup]ior1 9 seawor?9ess & fight+ qualities to any 9 ! _w4 ,! high /&>d set by ! ,con/itution & h] class ( #agig 0 ma9ta9$ = sixty ye>s2 &1 especially dur+ ! p]iod f #ahdj to #ahfj1 ! (fic]s & m5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy trod ! decks ( ! f9e/ %ips afloat4 ,!y felt--z _! successors feel--t1 ton = ton & gun = gun1 !y _h no foe to fe>4 ,! e>ly /eam]s ( ! ,p[hatan class built 9 ! late #dj's 7 a cr$it to ! nation2 ! five screw frigates ( ! ,m]rimac type 7#ahef-eg7 ar\s$ ! admiration & imitation ( =eign exp]ts1 & ! five corvettes :i* foll[$ !m 9 #aheh-ei-fj1 ( :i* ! noble ,h>t=d 0 ! *ief1 bore _! full %>e 9 ! w> :i* 0 s soon to come4 ,! gallant ,ke>s>ge 0 ! lead] ( a new class introduc$ 9 #ahei4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> two vessels1 ! ,monitor & ! ,new ,ironsides1 appe>$ :i* h left la/+ traces on all battle%ip con/ruction s9ce _! day4 ,! great fleet ( monitors1 8t9-clads10 8#ij-;day gunboats10 8d\ble-end]s10 & ! l1 :i* prec$$ & foll[$ !m dur+ ^? d>k ye>s1 s]v$ _! c\ntry well4 ,) ! end+ ( t w>1 9 ! int]nal task ( recon/ruction & developm5t1 our m>itime p[] 0 neglect$ & our fleet dw9dl$ away4 ,its r5aissance dates f ! appo9tm5t ( ! fir/ ,naval ,advisory ,bo>d 9 ,june1 #ahha4 ,! gr[? s9ce !n has be5 s mu* a matt] ( national int]e/ & pride t x ne$s no detail$ rec\nt+ "h2 its results h be5 summ>iz$ previ\sly h]e94 ,! sea-go+ p]sonnel ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy includes ! l9e1 m$ical1 pay1 & m>9e (fic]s1 ! *apla9s & w>rant (fic]s--a total on ,m>* #a1 #ahii1 ( #aehi1 ) an enli/$ =ce ( #ag1aif blue-jackets & #caff m>9es4 ,! (fic]s :o s]ve on %ore are ! naval con/ructors1 civil eng9e]s1 & ! pr(essors ( ma!matics1 a total ( #fi4 ,l9e (fic]s are ! comm&]s1 navigators1 gunn]s1 &1 by rec5t law1 ! eng9e]s ( our %ips ( w>4 ,m>9e (fic]s h *>ge ( ! polic+ ( %ips & %ore-/ations & ( ! guns ( light calibre afloat4 ,! duties ( ! rema9+ (fic]s are indicat$ by _! titles4 ,! titles ( l9e (fic]s & _! relative rank1 z comp>$ ) t ( (fic]s ( ! army1 are3-- ,,navy4 ,,army4 ,admiral ,g5]al4 ,re>-,admiral ,major or ,brigadi]-,g5]al4 ,capta9 ,colonel4 ,comm&] ,lieut5ant-,colonel4 ,lieut5ant-,comm&] ,major4 ,lieut5ant ,capta94 ,lieut5ant ,junior ,grade ,fir/ ,lieut5ant4 ,ensign ,second ,lieut5ant4 ,l9e & m>9e (fic]s & naval con/ructors are educat$ at ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,academy2 all o!r (fic]s are appo9t$ f civil life4 ,! ,academy 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahde & is locat$ at ,annapolis1 ,md4 ,! c\rse comprises f\r ye>s at ! s*ool & two ye>s at sea on a naval vessel4 ,! numb] ( cadets at ,annapolis is usually ab\t #bfj4 ,x is by reason ( w>s t navies exi/1 & a few words z to our--n[ happily end$--conflict ) ,spa91 may fitly close ?is review ( naval progress4 ,! milit>y lessons ( t /ruggle h be5 fully set =? by able writ]s4 ,m important1 by f>1 ?an ^! is its tea*+ z reg>d to our /ate & future z a nation4 ,! _w has le>n$ t ! p ( ^! ,unit$ ,/ates are /irr$ /ill by ! same /]n & dauntless _s :i*1 9 ,revolution & ,civil ,w>1 has made & kept u a nation4 ,fur!rmore1 ) "o swift /roke1 ! b\nds :i* 9 !ory & 9 t]ritory circumscrib$ u h be5 swept away1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates h pass$ f a cont95tal to a _w p[]4 ,?is is n *ance4 ,x is b ! lead+ onw>d to a de/9y ^: spl5dor we may n measure n[1 ^: light & peace & prosp]ity %all trav]se a hemisph]e4 ,! "o note ( sadness 9 x all is ! memory ( ! gallant dead1 ( ! h]oes :o fell t ?is might be4 ,to !m1 9 ,cuba & ! ,philipp9es1 ,columbia--) a smile ( pride & a sob ( pa9--dr9ks 9 ! w9e ( te>s to-day1 z ! smoke ( battle fades4 ,,a/ronomy ,,dur+ ,,! ,,c5tury ,,by ,,seld5 ,j4 ,,c(f91 ,a4,m41 ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy1 ,lafayette ,college1 ,ea/on1 ,pa4 ,,its ,,progress1 ,,a*ievem5ts1 ,,& ,,notable ,,results ,a/ronomy1 ! olde/ ( all ! family ( sci5ces1 is n a :it beh9d its si/] bran*es 9 activity ( rese>* & brilliance ( discov]y4 ,! assiduity & zeal ( its devotees are m>vel\s4 ,! cele/ial field is s wide1 ! dep?s ( space betwe5 ! />s s va/1 t no assurance c ev] be giv5 to an a/ronom] t a lifetime ( fai?ful & intellig5t rese>* w be rew>d$ ) ev5 a s+le discov]y ( importance4 ,9 ?is respect x diff]s mat]ially f o!r bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,nev]!less ! pati5t labor ( ^? :o s]ve 9 its temple has r>ely fail$ to receive an adequate rew>d4 ,! discov]y made 9 ,augu/1 #ahgg1 by ,pr(essor ,asaph ,hall1 ( ,wa%+ton1 t ! planet ,m>s is att5d$ by two satellites1 is a conv9c+ illu/ration ( ?is peculi>ity ( ! pursuit ( a/ronomy z a /udy4 ,an indefatigable wat*] ( ! skies = _m ye>s1 ,pr(essor ,hall1 look+ at ?is planet at its opposition 9 #ahgg1 :5 x 0 unusually ne> to ! e>?1 0 surpris$ to note two t9y po9ts ( light q close to x2 see+ !m aga9 ! next ev5+1 *ang$ 9 _! positions relative to ,m>s1 x fla%$ ^u him t ! firm tradition t ,m>s _h no moons 0 n[ disprov$4 ,8 "n w be =ev] associat$ ) ^! two bodies1 ,deimos & ,phobos1 z _! discov]]1 al?\gh !y are b wee orbs1 only sev5 miles 9 diamet]4 ,i4 ,,a/ronomy ,a ,,c5tury ,,ago4 ,! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury f\nd ! ,cop]nican !ory ( a/ronomy well e/abli%$1 ! pr9ciples laid d[n by ,kepl] & ,newton fully elaborat$1 & ! application ( ! high] ma!matics to ! ne$s ( a/ronomy complete4 ,b !re 71 z yet1 no l>ge telescopes1 & obs]vatories 7 few4 ,9 ,g]many1 a great disposition to make obs]vations 9 ?is sci5ce & 9 meteorology 0 display$ 9 #aghc & = a few ye>s foll[+1 & ! records !n made h prov$ ( mu* value 9 confirm+ discov]ies ann\nc$ at lat] p]iods4 ,:5 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 on ,m>* #ac1 #agha1 po9t$ out a little /> 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,tw9s1 & f\nd t x _h a p]ceptible disk & a slight motion1 & 0 !re=e n a />1 b a newly f\nd planet1 to :i* ! "n ,uranus 0 soon giv51 a c>eful inspection ( ! notebooks ( previ\s obs]v]s %[$ t ,uranus _h be5 obs]v$ & record$ z a fix$ /> on tw5ty previ\s occasions 9 t c5tury4 ,"o man _h se5 x twelve times1 & made 8 record ( x on a pap] bag pur*as$ at a p]fum]'s4 ,_h he be5 a man ( suffici5t ord] & me?od to h p5n$ :at he saw on ! regul> records ( 8 obs]vatory1 to him w\ld h come ! glory ( ! great discov]y ( t c5tury4 ,,ii4 ,,h[ 8,,bode',s ,,law0 ,,promot$ ,,rese>*4 ,an errone\s guess1 if x is a good guess1 sometimes produces excell5t results4 ,9 #aggh1 ,bode1 ( ,b]l91 publi%$ a 8law0 t /ates ! di/ances ( ! v>i\s planets f ! sun4 ,x is (t5 express$ simply 9 ?is way3 ,set d[n #d1 & add to x successively ! numb]s #c1 #f1 #ab1 #bd1 etc41 & ! sums obta9$1 viz41 #d1 #g1 #aj1 #af1 #bh1 etc41 repres5t ! relative di/ances ( all ! planets f ! sun1 viz41 ,m]cury #d1 ,v5us #g1 ,e>? #aj1 ,m>s #af1 ,a/]oids #bh1 ,jupit] #eb1 etc4 ,9 ref]5ce to all ! planets !n kn[n to exi/1 ! correspond5ce ( ! alleg$ law to ! facts 0 rem>kable4 ,! "o po9t 9 :i* ! alleg$ sy/em utt]ly fail$ 0 9 requir+ ! exi/5ce ( a planet to fill ! gap betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,s boldly did ,biela press 8 convictions ( ! correctness ( ?is law ^u ! notice ( 8 fell[-work]s1 t !y resolv$1 9 #ahjj1 to divide ! zodiac into tw5ty-f\r zones1 to be apportion$ among !m1 = ! express purpose ( se>*+ = undiscov]$ planets4 ,?is well-organiz$ ef=t 01 erelong1 rew>d$ by ! surpris+ discov]y ( f\r new planets1 ! fir/ "o on ! fir/ night ( ! new c5tury1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahja1 & ?ree m soon aft]4 ,z no m seem$ to be =?com+1 ! se>* 0 rel9qui%$ 9 #ahaf4 ,a fif? 0 f\nd 9 #ahde1 & ne>ly five hundr$ s9ce4 ,s9ce #ahia photography has be5 wondr\sly s]viceable 9 f9d+ ^! bodies4 ,a s5sitive plate1 on be+ expos$ t[>d t "p ( ! sky :i* x is desir$ to exam9e1 w record all ! p]ceptible />s z r\nd disks2 :ile any planets t appe> 9 ! field ( view w1 by _! motion1 leave _! trace 9 ! =m ( elongat$ trails or /reaks1 ?us betray+ !mselves at once on ! photographs4 ,9 ?is way ,*>lois1 ( ,nice1 ,italy1 has f\nd ne>ly n9ety small planets4 ,all ^! planetoids1 z ! m9or planets are (t5 t]m$1 are q small1 be+ b tw5ty to "o hundr$ miles 9 diamet]1 & n consequ5tial memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,bode's law ?us fulfill$ its tempor>y mission2 b egregi\sly fail$ :5 ,neptune claim$ admission to a place 9 ! sol> sy/em1 = its di/ance f ! sun 0 utt]ly out ( h>mony ) t requir$ by ! law ( ,bode4 ,,iii4 ,,h[ ,,neptune ,,0 ,,f\nd4 ,! pati5ce ( ,job _h a /rong p>allel 9 ! labors ( ^? tireless toil]s to ^: m9ute computations we owe our k ( ,neptune's pa? 9 ! skies4 ,= ?is f>-(f planet 0 discov]$ n by ! use ( a telescope1 or any optical in/rum5t1 b simply by a process ( ma!matical reason+4 ,! /ory is simply ?is4 ,= sixty ye>s aft] ,uranus 0 recogniz$1 !re 7 irregul>ities 9 its motion t c\ld n be satisfactorily acc\nt$ =4 ,9 ! orbit t x 0 believ$ to pursue1 x 0 sometimes 9 advance ( its prop] position1 & sometimes x seem$ to fall beh9d4 ,sometimes x appe>$ to be drawn a little to ! "r1 & at o!r times z f> ! o!r way4 ,! ?\ght at la/ came sep>ately to sev]al p5etrat+ m9ds1 n t ! obs]vations ( its position 7 9 error1 b t ,uranus mu/ be drawn away f its suppos$ pa? by ! attraction ex]cis$ ^u x by "s unse5 body4 ,& if su* an object exi/$1 0 x a planet8 ,:]e 0 x8 ,h[ l>ge 0 x8 ,:at 0 its pa? 9 ! f>-(f e!r8 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,movem5t ,,( ,,uranus ,,& ,,neptune4 ,! inn] circle %[s ! position ( ,uranus at v>i\s dates2 ! out] circle ! position ( ,neptune4 ,! arr[s %[ ! direction t[>d :i* ,uranus 0 drawn4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdb1 ! ,royal ,society ( ,sci5ces ( ,gtt+5 propos$ z a prize "q ! full discussion ( ! !ory ( ! motions ( ,uranus4 ,x 0 specially s\ght to le>n ! cause ( ! l>ge & increas+ error ( ,b\v>d's ,tables t _h be5 reli$ ^u to %[ its motion & its precise position at any "t4 ,sev]al able ma!maticians und]took ?is intricate problem4 ,among !m 7 ,john ,c4 ,adams1 ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 ,engl&1 ,se>s ,c4 ,walk]1 ( ,wa%+ton1 a man ^: sad fate x 0 to pass away ere 8 magnific5t abilities c\ld receive ext5d$ recognition1 & ,m4 ,le ,v]ri]1 ( ,p>is4 ,work+ unkn[n to ea* o!r1 !y rea*$ simil> conclusions almo/ at ! same "t4 ,?\gh n ! fir/ to solve ! problem1 ! brilliant ,fr5*man 0 ! fir/ to ann\nce 8 result1 :i* he did by writ+ a lett] to ,dr4 ,galle1 ( ! ,b]l9 ,obs]vatory1 :]e !re 0 "o ( ! l>ge/ telescopes 9 ,europe1 & ask+ him to se>* = 8 comput$ planet1 & assign+ its suppos$ place 9 ! heav5s4 ,! v night he receiv$ ! lett] ,dr4 ,galle f\nd ! planet )9 "o degree ( ! po9t designat$4 ,! next night x _h mov$ "o m9ute ( space1 & 0 also se5 to h a p]ceptible disk4 ,?is settl$ ! "q1 & /amp$ x z a planet4 ,le ,v]ri] well m]it$ ! title be/[$ ^u him1 8,fir/ a/ronom] ( ! age40 ,,iv4 ,,meteorites4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury w be =ev] memorable = its witness+ ! clos+ c>e] & f9al de/ruction ( a fam\s comet4 ,fir/ notic$ 9 ,france1 9 #aggb1 & r$iscov]$1 9 #ahbf1 by an ,au/rian (fic] nam$ ,biela1 x be>s 8 "n4 ,8 computation %[$ t x trav]s$ its orbit 9 six & "o half ye>s4 ,:5 x reappe>$ 9 #ahdf1 & aga9 9 #aheb1 x 0 se5 to h split into two unequal fragm5ts4 ,x has n be5 se5 s9ce2 b at e "t :5 its return %\ld h tak5 place ! e>? has pass$ ?r\gh %[]s ( meteors suppos$ to be its con/itu5t p>ticles1 & to indicate its entire dis9tegration4 ,dur+ ! meteoric %[] ( #ahhe1 on ! #bg? ( ,novemb]1 a l>ge iron meteorite fell 9 ,mazapil1 ,mexico1 & *emical & physical inve/igation jo9$ to pron\nce x a "p ( ! lo/ ,biela's comet4 ,! l>ge cab9ets ( ! _w conta9 hundr$s ( specim5s ( meteorites1 kn[n to be su* by _! *emical composition1 b only a few h actually be5 se5 to fall4 ,! mo/ rem>kable fall ev] witness$ 0 t ( ,may #aj1 #ahgi1 9 ,i[a1 9 :i* ! heavie/ /one weigh$ #dcg p\nds4 ,on ,april #h1 #ahic1 an a]olite fell ne> ,osawatomie1 ,kansas1 & /ruck ! monum5t to ,john ,br[n t _h be5 erect$ ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,horace ,greeley 9 #ahfc4 ,! meteor broke (f ! left arm ( ! /atue4 ,a ,texas meteorite1 own$ by ,yale ,univ]sity1 weighs #afce p\nds4 ,a meteorite t fell 9 ,jim9ez1 9 #ahib1 n[ deposit$ 9 ! city ( ,mexico1 weighs tw5ty tons2 & "o ly+ on ! coa/ ( ,labrador1 :i* x is propos$ to br+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is said to be /ill m massive4 ,v4 ,,d ,,meteors ,,(t5 ,,/rike ,,! ,,e>?8 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght t meteors usually /rike ! e>?4 ,9 tru?1 b few ( !m d4 ,! e>? is surr\nd$ by !m1 cold1 d>k1 invisible1 because unillum9$4 ,x is only :5 !y become heat$ by rapidly imp++ on ! atmosph]e t !y c be se5 at all2 & unless !y come ne> en\gh to become subject to ! dom9ant p[] ( ! e>?'s attraction1 !y pass (f into space unnotic$1 & _! pres5ce unsuspect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,james ,h4 ,,c(f91 ,late ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy1 ,lafayette ,college1 ,ea/on1 ,pa4 ,a case 9 po9t is ! brilliant 8fire-ball0 ( ,july #bj1 #ahfj1 t mov$ rapidly ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f ,wiscons9 to ,cape ,cod1 & !n pass$ (f into ! skies4 ,! entire "t ( its visible flight ov] a pa? ( ?irte5 hundr$ miles 0 ab\t two m9utes4 ,x 0 se5 ab\t t5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,x 0 e/imat$ to be f "o hundr$ to five hundr$ feet 9 diamet]1 all[+ = an increase z x exp&$ by reason ( its /rik+ ) su* velocity ! l[] & d5s] lay]s ( ! air4 ,its size & brilliancy 7 su* z to arre/ ! att5tion ( hundr$s ( p]sons1 "s ( :om cr\*$ 9 fe>1 & ev5 alleg$ t !y he>d x hiss z x flew ov] _! heads4 ,"s fi%]m5 9 ,lake ,huron _h ropes ov] ! sides ( _! boat1 ready to spr+ into ! wat] if x came too ne>4 ,james ,h4 ,c(f91 ,,ll4 ,d41 !n ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy 9 ,lafayette ,college1 made an exhau/ive /udy ( ?is unusual ph5om5on1 &1 "u ! patronage ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 publi%$ a volume conta9+ _m obs]vations t he collect$1 ) ! ma!matical results d]iv$ f !m4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,hann1 ( ,vi5na1 ! highe/ au?ority on ?is subject1 said t x 0 ! mo/ compreh5sive /udy ( a meteor's pa? ev] accompli%$4 ,six ye>s 7 sp5t 9 mak+ ! computations4 ,self-illum9$ by ! heat evolv$ 9 /rik+ ! v>i\s lay]s ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 x became suffici5tly bright to be fir/ se5 :5 sev5ty miles above ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x 0 )9 =ty miles ( t\*+ u at ! "t x 0 ov] ! ,hudson ,riv]1 :5 ! great heat acquir$ by its rapid transit caus$ x to bur/ into two masses1 :i*--l ,biela's comet--cont9u$ to pursue sep>ate c\rses1 side by side1 until !y 7 lo/ to view 9 _! asc5d+ flight1 be+ la/ se5 f ! deck ( a vessel (f ! isl& ( ,nantucket4 ,no "p ( ! fire-ball /ruck ! e>?4 ,its orbit 0 an hyp]bola1 a curve n (t5 f\nd 9 nature1 su* t x c nev] come ne> u aga9 unless1 by ! sup]ior attraction ( "s cele/ial body1 its c\rse may be *ang$1 & a new orbit result4 ,,vi4 ,,a/ronomical ,,obs]vatories4 ,! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 at ,gre5wi*1 ,engl&1 0 f\nd$ by ,*>les ! ,second 9 #afge4 ,its ma9 purpose 0 to ext5d a/ronomical k1 s t navigators might bett] f9d ! position ( _! %ips at sea4 ,?is in/itution reta9s its prom95ce4 ,all ! longitudes on our maps are reckon$ f x1 & ,gre5wi* "t is us$ on e %ip t trav]ses ! ocean4 ,! 8,nautical ,almanac10 issu$ by ! ,obs]vatory1 0 an indisp5sable "p ( ! outfit ( e sea capta9 until1 9 #aheb1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates provid$ its own ,am]ican ,ephem]is1 a collection ( tables ( ! motions & places ( ! sun1 moon1 & planets = e day & h\r1 & occultations ( ! />s1 ) rules = calculat+ longitude & ! l4 ,_m valuable obs]vations ( ! transit ( ,v5us 9 #agfi 7 made at po9ts ne> ,philadelphia2 b almo/ sev5ty ye>s ensu$ be=e ,am]ica witness$ ! erection ( any p]man5t build+s devot$ to ! purposes ( ?is sci5ce4 ,presid5t ,john ,qu9cy ,adams1 :o 0 highly v]s$ 9 sci5ce1 & held ! position ( presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces 9 ,bo/on = tw5ty ye>s1 (t5 urg$ ?is matt] on ! att5tion ( ,congress1 b )\t success4 ,presid5t ,?omas ,jeff]son1 :o 0 also a man ( no small sci5tific in=mation1 z evid5c$ 9 8 keep+ a sy/ematic wea!r record at 8 home 9 ,monticello1 ,virg9ia1 propos$ an elaborate survey ( ! national coa/4 ,?is 0 au?oriz$ by ,congress 9 #ahjg4 ,9 ! ye> #ahcb1 9 reviv+ an act = ! cont9uance ( ! ,coa/ ,survey1 ,congress 0 c>eful to app5d ! proviso 8t no?+ 9 ! act %\ld be con/ru$ to au?orize ! erection or ma9t5ance ( a p]man5t a/ronomical obs]vatory40 ,! expect$ return ( ,halley's comet 9 #ahce aga9 /imulat$ popul> int]e/ 9 ! sci5ce1 & ar\s$ an int5se desire to provide s]viceable in/rum5ts1 & to e/abli% build+s suitable = _! c>e & use4 ,to ,williams ,college1 ,massa*usetts1 belongs ! honor ( erect+1 9 #ahcf1 ! fir/ a/ronomical obs]vatory on ?is cont95t4 ,"u its revolv+ dome 0 m\nt$ an ,h]s*elian telescope ( t5 feet focus1 :i* lat] became ! prop]ty ( ,lafayette ,college1 :]e x is /ill pres]v$4 ,9 #ahdc1 ,john ,qu9cy ,adams laid ! corn]-/one ( ! ,longwor? ,obs]vatory 9 ,c9c9nati1 & deliv]$ a commemorative address1 8 la/ great oration4 ,! con/ruction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton soon foll[$1 & be=e #ahej !re 7 f\rte5 obs]vatories e/abli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,ne>ly all ! in/rum5ts !y conta9$ 7 made abroad1 *iefly 9 ,muni* & ,london4 ,s9ce !n ! numb] has ris5 to two hundr$ recogniz$ obs]vatories1 ( :i* tw5ty-f\r are ( sup]ior ord]1 :]e sy/ematic "w is daily pursu$1 & ! results are regul>ly publi%$ 9 book =m4 ,ab\t two hundr$ obs]vatories exi/ 9 o!r nations4 ,,vii4 ,,improv$ ,,in/rum5ts2 ,,_! ,,effect ,,on ,,! ,,sci5ce4 ,! great improvem5ts 9 telescopes made dur+ ! c5tury h be5 fruitful 9 two ways2 a bett] k ( ! surface ( ! moon & ( ! planets has be5 ga9$1 & we h be5 enabl$ to le>n ) precision ! exact motions & times ( revolution ( ^! bodies & ( _! accompany+ moons4 ,?is in=mation1 by ! use ( ! laws asc]ta9$ by ,kepl] & ,la ,place1 gives u _! exact di/ance1 dim5sions1 & mass4 ,) ! increase ( telescopic p[]1 ! c5sus ( ! />ry ho/ has be5 s augm5t$ t ! numb] ( />s )9 rea* ( our mod]n in/rum5ts exce$s #abe1jjj1jjj4 ,b we _h gone little beyond ?is sort ( in=mation until ! inv5tion ( ! spectroscope4 ,previ\s to ! ye> #ahei a few meteors1 compos$ *iefly ( /one or iron1 "s ( :i* _h be5 actually se5 to fall f ! sky1 _h be5 subject$ to *emical analysis2 b outside ( ?is naught 0 kn[n ( ! physical con/itution ( o!r worlds ?an ours4 ,our ignorance on ?is po9t 0 complete4 ,all our attempts to become bett] acqua9t$ ) ! /ructure ( ! planets1 ! composition ( ! sun1 & ! nature ( ! fix$ />s w\ld probably h be5 9 va9 b = ! inv5tion ( ! spectroscope4 ,?is surpris+ in/rum5t is a ma/]-key ) :i* to unlock _m ( ,nature's my/]ies2 h] recesses are br\ght to view1 & ! f>!/ /> is subject$ to an accurate *emical analysis1 s f> z ! light t comes f x is suffici5t to disclose ! mat]ials ( :i* x is compos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,lick ,,obs]vatory1 ,,m\nt ,,hamilton1 ,,cali=nia4 ,! wondr\s use ( electricity z an ag5t = ! production ( light1 heat1 & p[] is no great] a*ievem5t1 9 its way1 ?an is ,spectrum ,analysis 9 br++ to our e>?ly laboratories ! "w ( ! ,div9e ,h& p]=m$ 9 di/ant regions ( space4 ,yet ! /ory ( ! spectroscope is easily told4 ,9 its ess5tial elem5ts x is m]ely ?is3 ,a ray ( light1 ent]+ a d>k5$ room ?r\gh a hole 9 ! w9d[ %utt]1 produces a bright beam on ! opposite wall4 ,a triangul> glass prism held close to ! crevice turns ?is beam into a b& ( ra9b[ hues4 ,if ! hole c be *ang$ into a small slit1 say "o f\r? ( an in* high & "o fiftie? ( an in* wide1 & if ! light c fur!r be made to pass 9 succession ?r\gh sev]al prisms1 in/ead ( ?r\gh "o1 ! b& w be s elongat$ !reby t its v>i\s & surpris+ m>k+s c be ?or\ghly trac$ & fully /udi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,spectroscope4 ,to ?is b& ( bright colors ,sir ,isaac ,newton gave ! "n ( ! sol> spectrum4 ,! image =m$ by ! light ( any lum9\s body1 aft] x has pass$ ?r\gh a prism1 is said to be ! spectrum ( t body4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,spectroscope ,,& ,,its ,,triumphs4 ,! spectroscope consi/s ess5tially ( ?ree tubes jo9$ 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,y1 "o ( :i* is a small telescope1 9 ! focus ( :i* a n>r[ slit is plac$ to admit ! ray ( light t is to be exam9$2 a prism1 or a rul$ grat+ t disp]ses ! light1 s z to =m a spectrum2 & a view telescope1 ) :i* to obs]ve ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! spectrum4 ,by us+ a small telescope to view ! spectrum ( ! sun1 ,fraunh(]1 a ,g]man optician1 9 #ahad1 discov]$ t ! :ole l5g? ( ! spectrum 0 cr[d$ ) d>k l9es1 v n>r[1 inde$1 b scatt]$ all ?r\gh ! sev5 hues4 ,he f\nd t sunlight1 :e!r tak5 directly or reflect$ f cl\ds or f ! moon or planets1 inv>iably gave ! same spectrum2 b 9 no case did light f ! />s give a spectrum ( ! same sort z t f ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,y]kes ,,telescope1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago4 ,l>ge/ 9 ! ,_w4 ,dr4 ,kir*h(f1 ( ,heidelb]g1 9 #ahei1 expla9$ ! orig9 ( ! d>k l9es1 & %[$ t !re are ?ree k9ds ( spectra3 fir/1 t ( an inc&esc5t solid or liquid1 :i* is always p]fectly cont9u\s1 %[+ nei!r d>k l9es nor bright2 second1 ! spectrum ( a gl[+ gas1 :i* consi/s ( bright l9es or b&s sep>at$ by d>k spaces4 ,^! l9es are *>act]i/ic ( ! *emical elem5ts t cause !m2 & s1 f ! composition ( ! bright l9es 9 a spectrum1 x is possible to tell _! orig94 ,?ird1 a spectrum cross$ by d>k l9es2 :i* occurs :5 an inc&esc5t solid is view$ ?r\gh absorb5t vapors4 ,9 ! sol> eclipse ( #ahfh1 ,m4 ,janss5 fir/ notic$ t ! sol> prom95ces gave a spectrum ( ! second k9d1 & ?us prov$ t ! prom95ces consi/ ( gl[+ gas4 ,s9ce t "t ! m>* ( discov]y has be5 exce$+ly rapid4 ,?is simple in/rum5t has ?us l$ ! way to a k ( ! elem5ts compos+ e heav5ly body1 no matt] :at its di/ance1 provid$ only x is giv+ out light int5se en\gh to rea* our gaze4 ,= ! p]fection bo? ( ! telescope & spectroscope we owe mu* to ! optical skill & me*anical dext]ity ( ! ,cl>ks & ,r[l&1 ,ha/+s & ,bra%e>1 all ,am]icans4 ,ab\t =ty *emical elem5ts h n[ be5 recogniz$ 9 ! sun4 ,! mo/ prom95t are iron1 calcium1 hydrog51 nickel1 & sodium4 ,a di/ortion1 or displacem5t1 ( "s ( ! l9es 9 ! spectrum enables u to calculate ! spe$ at :i* ! gases are ru%+ t[>d or f u4 ,a giv5 l9e 9 ! spectrum ( ,aldeb>an is displac$ t[>d ! violet 9 su* a way z to %[ t ! /> is approa*+ ! sun at ! rate ( ?irty miles a second2 :ile a simil> l9e1 9 ! case ( ,altair1 s deviates t[>d ! r$ end ( ! spectrum z to prove t x is rec$+ f ! sol> sy/em at a velocity ( tw5ty-f\r miles a second4 ,by ?is pr9ciple1 recogniz$ by ,doppl] 9 #ahdb1 ! motions ( ab\t "o hundr$ />s t[>d or f ! sol> sy/em h be5 asc]ta9$4 ,!re is no "q b t ! sol> sy/em1 z a :ole1 is /eadily mov+ away f ,sirius1 & t[>d ! con/ellation ( ,h]cules2 :e!r fa/] ?an at a rate ( twelve miles e second is /ill sc>cely decid$2 b ?is rate w\ld be ab\t a million miles a day1 or ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty million miles a ye>4 ,,ix4 ,,:at ,,is ,,done ,,9 ,a ,,l>ge ,,obs]vatory2 ,,its ,,"w4 ,a visitor :o wants to "k :at is done 9 a great obs]vatory might g to ,h>v>d "s ev5+4 ,he w\ld probably f9d ! l>ge refractor po9t$ t[>d ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 ,uranus1 or ,neptune1 ) a view ( not+ _! precise places1 s z to compute tables ( _! exact motions2 or he might f9d a labori\s obs]v] wat*+ su* d\ble />s z h consid]able prop] motion1 & mak+ draw+s ( conspicu\s nebul1 s t future a/ronom]s may be able to decide :e!r "t has wr\ght any *anges 9 _! con/itution or figure4 ,! great glass at ,pr9ceton1 "u ! *>ge ( ,pr(essor ,*>les ,a4 ,"y1 is l>gely us$ = spectroscopic "w1 exam9+ ! sun's photosph]e by day1 & not+ ! spectra ( ! />s at night4 ,spectral obs]vation is an important "p ( ! r\t9e at ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory 9 ,wiscons94 ,_m fa9t comets h be5 successfully photograph$ at ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 on ,m\nt ,hamilton1 ,cali=nia1 & else:]e by ! use ( v s5sitive plates & a long exposure4 ,s4 ,w4 ,burnham1 ( ,*icago1 is fam$ = 8 acut5ess ( vision1 te/$ 9 hav+ detect$ & measur$ ov] "o ?\s& d\ble />s :i* to o!r eyes _h appe>$ only z s+le />s4 ,! discov]y ( ^! objects belongs :olly to ! n9ete5? c5tury2 = 9 #ahjc1 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el fir/ ann\nc$ ! exi/5ce ( sid]eal sy/ems compos$ ( two />s1 "o revolv+ ar\nd ! o!r1 or bo? mov+ ab\t a common c5tre4 ,"s ( ^! b9>y sy/ems h p]iods ( z great a l5g? z fifte5 hundr$ ye>s2 & "s are z brief z f\r1 & ev5 two days4 ,"s ( !m af=d curi\s in/ances ( contra/$ colors1 ! l>g] /> r$ or orange1 & ! small] /> blue or gre54 ,x4 ,,! ,,national ,,obs]vatory ,,at ,,wa%+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,,h>kness1 ,a/ronomical ,director ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,obs]vatory1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,pr(essor ,william ,h>kness1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n41 ,m4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 is widely kn[n z ! au?or ( num]\s a/ronomical & physical pap]s & books4 ,he has also design$ a numb] ( in/rum5ts & made important discov]ies4 ,he has long be5 connect$ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,obs]vatory1 & n[ holds ! position ( ,a/ronomical ,director4 ,8 report = ! ye> #ahih %[s t ! tw5ty-six in* reflector at ,wa%+ton is n[ nightly engag$ 9 mapp+ ! relative positions ( ,rhea & ,iapetus1 ! fif? & eigh? satellites ( ,saturn1 ) ! int5tion ( secur+ a new & f9al det]m9ation ( ! mass ( t planet1 :i* has be5 h]et(ore reckon$ z "o #cdib;d ( ! sun4 ,! twelve-in* telescope is *iefly employ$ 9 /udy+ comets & a/]oids1 & on ,?ursday ev5+s is at ! s]vice ( ! public4 ,9 ! ye> #ahih1 #cggh obs]vations 7 made ) ! n9e-in* transit circle1 = :i* two m5 7 detail$1 ) ! s]vices ( five comput]s4 ,a transit circle & an altazimu? in/rum5t1 ea* turn$ out ( solid /eel1 h rec5tly be5 add$ to ! equipm5t1 & are ( a workman%ip t comp>es favorably ) any?+ ev] manufactur$ 9 ,europe4 ,x is ass]t$ t ! latt] in/rum5t w give m accurate measurem5ts ( decl9ation ?an a transit circle1 :i* is an innovation on long-*]i%$ ideas4 ,pr(essor ,simon ,newcomb1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 is ab\t to issue new tables ( ,m>s1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune1 & a 8,catalogue ( ,fundam5tal ,/>s = ! ,epo* #aijj40 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahih ?ree ?\s& copies ( ! ,am]ican ,nautical ,almanac 7 publi%$4 ,?is is b an illu/ration ( ! sci5tific labor accompli%$ at ?is busy hive ( indu/ry4 ,dur+ ! ye> ?is obs]vatory issu$ to ! navy #bcj *ronomet]s1 #bjj sextants & octants1 & #adjj o!r nautical in/rum5ts ( value4 ,,xi4 ,,/> ,,maps ,,& ,,catalogues4 ,9 ! ye> #abh ,b4 ,c4 ,hipp>*us put out a catalogue ( #ajbe />s obs]v$ at ,rhodes4 ,tw5ty su* works succe$$ ?is up to ! ye> #ahja1 :5 ,lal&e1 ( ,p>is1 br\ght out a li/ ( #dg1cij />s4 ,x w be rememb]$ t few />s h names1 except ^? kn[n to ! ,arabians ( old1 b are designat$ by _! positions 9 ! heav5s4 ,x is cu/om>y to ref] to !m by _! decl9ations & "r asc5sions1 z s _m degrees nor? or s\? ( ! cele/ial equator1 & s _m degrees1 or h\rs1 ea/ ( ! v]nal equ9ox--fifte5 degrees be+ ! equival5t ( an h\r ( "r asc5sion--j l ! latitude & longitude ( cities on a common globe4 ,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury _m cele/ial atlases & a/ronomical catalogues h be5 publi%$4 ,^! conta9 li/s ( comets & nebul1 & ! places ( ! d\ble />s & ( ! fix$ />s4 ,( ! latt] alone ov] "o hundr$ h appe>$1 ( :i* ,argel&]'s is by f> ! l>ge/1 z x conta9s ! places ( m ?an #caj1jjj />s4 ,! catalogue prep>$ by ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahde is ( great value1 conta9+ #hcgg />s4 ,y>nall's1 ( #aj1feh />s1 publi%$ 9 ,wa%+ton 9 #ahgc1 is mo/ accessible to u4 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,h4 ,f4 ,pet]s1 ( ! ,hamilton ,college ,obs]vatory1 ,cl9ton1 ,n4 ,y41 ! discov]] ( s _m a/]oids1 has prep>$ a valuable s]ies ( /> *>ts4 ,by divid+ ! heav5s into small squ>es & c>efully photograph+ ea* ( !m1 ! places ( a va/ numb] ( />s c be record$ ) f> great] accuracy ?an by ! old plan ( a sep>ate in/rum5tal measurem5t ( ! position ( ! />s4 ,by ! use ( microscopes ! det]m9ation ( _! positions c be made ) precision4 ,^! plates are pres]v$ ) c>e1 & :5 ^? ( ! same region ( ! skies1 made 9 diff]5t ye>s1 are comp>$1 any v>iation 9 ! relative positions ( ! objects c be detect$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,! p]fection ( ?is me?od ( />-mapp+ is ju/ly deem$ "o ( ! mo/ important a*ievem5ts ( ! c5tury4 ,= an amateur />-gaz] :o is n provid$ ) a set ( maps1 ,:itall's ,planisph]e is a v ready aid1 z x c be in/antly adju/$ to any day & h\r4 ,! inexp]i5c$1 & ^? :o h no in/rum5ts1 c use x ) ease & satisfaction to locate a ?\s& ( ! mo/ conspicu\s />s4 ,,xii4 ,,a/ronomical ,,books ,,& ,,_! ,,writ]s4 ,9 ,engl& ?is attractive /udy has be5 popul>iz$ *iefly by ! int]e/+ works ( ! two ,h]s*els1 :o 7 volum9\s writ]s1 ! lectures ( ,proctor1 & ! admirable comp5d ( facts s assidu\sly ga!r$ by ,g4 ,f4 ,*amb]s 9 8 delightful treatise on a/ronomy4 ,9 our own c\ntry ! heights ( !oretical a/ronomy h be5 scal$ by su* m9ds z ,b5jam9 ,pi]ce1 ! pr(\nd ma!matician ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity2 ,james ,c4 ,watson1 ( ,ann ,arbor1 ^: e>ly dea? 0 a great loss to sci5ce2 & ,simon ,newcomb1 ! g5ial savant ( ,wa%+ton4 ,*auv5et & ,loomis h taught u ! mean+ ( practical a/ronomy2 & ,olm/$1 ,"y1 ,todd1 & n a few o!rs ( di/9ction h prep>$ text-books t fully pres5t ! elem5ts ( ! sci5ce4 ,nor is ?is fasc9at+ /udy limit$ to ! /ud5ts ( ! #dhd colleges & univ]sities ( ! l&4 ,! la/ report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education %[s t 9 ! public & private high s*ools ( ! nation !re are ov] n9e ?\s& boys & sixte5 ?\s& girls pursu+ ! /udy ( a/ronomy4 ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,practical ,,uses ,,( ,,a/ronomy ,,z ,,an ,,aid ,,to ,,navigation ,,& ,,geodesy4 ,! practical value ( ?is sci5ce is be/ appreciat$ by ! navigator1 :o sees 9 ! sun & moon 8 clock1 & 9 ! />s & planets ! ready means ( le>n+ 8 latitude & longitude4 ,x is "o ( ! fir/ tasks ( ! mid%ipman to become famili> ) ! use ( ! sextant1 by :i* he works out ! problem ( asc]ta9+ ! exact place ( ! %ip ^u ! ocean4 ,navigation is helpless )\t ! assi/ance ( a/ronomy4 ,yet x is only ! ,a1 ,b1 ,c ( ! sci5ce t ! sailor has any use =2 its high] my/]ies are away beyond 8 ne$s & ( no practical pr(it to him4 ,na?aniel ,b[dit*1 ( ,salem1 ,mass41 9 #ahjb1 issu$ a book entitl$ 8,! ,new ,am]ican ,practical ,navigator10 :i* is /ill a /&>d treatise = seam54 ,8 r>e acquirem5ts z a ma!matician 7 signally display$1 & 9 a =m t has prov$ endur+1 :51 9 #ahad-ag1 he translat$ into ,engli%1 accompani$ ) copi\s notes ( 8 own1 ! pr(\nd "w1 8,cele/ial ,me*anics10 p5n$ by ! gift$ ,la ,place 9 #agii4 ,al?\gh 9 "n a translation ( a =eign book ) a comm5t>y1 x is 9 _m respects an orig9al "w4 ,pr(essor ,elias ,loomis1 :o left to ,yale ,univ]sity ?ree hundr$ ?\s& doll>s z an end[m5t fund to aid 9 prosecut+ a/ronomical rese>*1 said ( him1 9 #ahej1 8,b[dit* has probably done m = ! improvem5t ( physical a/ronomy ?an all o!r ,am]icans comb9$40 ,dr4 ,b[dit* publi%$ ! "w 9 f\r pond]\s qu>to volumes :olly at 8 own private co/4 ,^! volumes he did n expose = sale1 b g5]\sly gave !m to su* p]sons z prov$ to him _! ability to appreciate & compreh5d !m4 ,?is outlay impair$ ! =tunes ( 8 family1 b became 8 own unique monum5t4 ,?is "w rema9s "o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd ef=ts ( ma!matical rese>* on record4 ,b[dit*'s accuracy has pass$ into a prov]b4 ,he gave ! latitude ( all ! pr9cipal seaports ( ! _w ) m>k$ precision2 :ile "s ( ! longitudes are n[ f\nd to be slightly 9 error1 x is surpris+ t 8 det]m9ations ( ^? ( ,bo/on & ,philadelphia %\ld be exactly ! same z ^? obta9$ by ! be/ me?ods 9 use to-day4 ,b he makes ,san ,francisco & ,halifax sev5 miles too f> to ! ea/1 & ,new ,york eight miles too f> we/4 ,b we are to rememb] t = ?is computation ! be/ available in/rum5ts 7 ! *ronomet]s ( a c5tury ago1 & t lun> obs]vations 7 made ) ! old-"t sextant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,z5i? ,,telescope4 ,made = ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania by ,w>n] ,swasey4 ,z appli$ to geodesy1 a/ronomy has add$ a process ( asc]ta9+ geographical latitude ) m>vel\s accuracy & spe$ by ! use ( ! z5i? telescope1 an in/rum5t devis$ by ,major ,talcott 9 #ahce4 ,?is in/rum5t c be set 9 a v]tical direction ) ease1 & be po9t$ alt]nately to two />s t cross ! m]idian at a brief int]val ( "t1 ! "o nor? & ! o!r s\? ( ! z5i?4 ,difficulties t arise f refraction are avoid$1 & ! result+ latitude is quickly comput$4 ,?is me?od is l>gely employ$ 9 ! surveys ( ! public l&s1 z also 9 e/abli%+ ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,briti% ,am]ica4 ,,xiv4 ,,notable ,,epo*s ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,wor? m>k+ z epo*s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7 su* dates z ,octob] #aj1 #ahdf1 :5 ! fir/ det]m9ation ( diff]5ce ( longitude ( two places 0 made by ! use ( ! telegraph wire4 ,se>s ,c4 ,walk]1 9 ,wa%+ton1 & ,e4 ,otis ,k5dall1 9 ,philadelphia1 comp>$ _! clocks by int]*ang+ telegraphic signals1 & ?us f\nd _! respective longitudes4 ,9 #ahej1 ,pr(essor ,william ,c4 ,bond1 ( ,h>v>d ,college1 inv5t$ ! *ronograph4 ,?r\gh ! urg5cy ( ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 x 0 %[n 9 ! great exhibition ( t ye> 9 ,london1 :]e a m$al 0 aw>d$ = x4 ,! *ronograph 0 spe$ily adopt$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & toge!r ) o!r app>atus made by ,bond con/itut$ :at !re became kn[n z ! 8,am]ican me?od0 ( record+ obs]vations4 ,?r\gh x ! errors = :i* ! 8p]sonal equation0 is a p>tial rem$y are l>gely elim9at$1 & a sup]ior def9it5ess ( record is obta9$4 ,on ,augu/ #g1 #ahfi1 ! fir/ application ( ! spectroscope to ! exam9ation ( ! corona ( ! sun 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! revelation ( ! inn] my/]ies ( ! con/itution & activities ( ! great lum9>y4 ,! transit ( ,v5us t occurr$ on ,decemb] #f1 #ahhb1 0 fruitful 9 measurem5ts1 by :i* ! e/imates ( ! di/ance ( ! sun 7 r$uc$ f ! long-accept$ figures1 #ie to #ib millions ( miles4 ,yet ?is loss ( ?ree millions ( miles result$ f ! app>5tly trifl+ *ange ( reckon+ ! sun's p>allax at #h4hb1 in/ead ( #h4eg4 ,an occurr5ce ( va/ practical advantage to ! :ole nation 0 t ( ,novemb] #ah1 #ahhc1 :5 ! f\r /&>d m]idians ( railroad "t 7 adopt$ & put into use4 ,f t day ! clocks ( ! ,union 7 set to keep ei!r ,ea/]n1 ,c5tral1 ,m\nta91 or ,pacific ,coa/ "t4 ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,e4 ,b>n>d _h us$ ! magnific5t telescope ( ?irty-six in*es ap]ture1 belong+ to ! ,lick ,obs]vatory 9 ,cali=nia1 b a %ort "t be=e he a/oni%$ ! _w by discov]+ a fif? satellite ( ,jupit]1 al?\gh x appe>$ z b a fa9t speck ( light4 ,besides o!r honors = ?is a*ievem5t1 9 #ahid ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces aw>d$ him ! ,arago m$al1 ( ! value ( a ?\s& francs1 a di/9ction giv5 b twice be=e1 fir/ to ,le ,v]ri]1 = ! discov]y ( ,neptune 9 #ahdf1 & to ,asaph ,hall1 = f9d+ ! two moons ( ,m>s 9 #ahgg4 8,p]sonal equation0 is ! "n giv5 to ! am\nt ( error to :i* any p]son is habitually liable 9 attempt+ to note ! "t ( a fix$ occurr5ce4 ,:5 ! a/ronom] looks at a /> pass+ ! cross-wires ( 8 transit1 he is likely to make ! record "o or two t5?s ( a second aft] ! true "t1 or possibly a l small am\nt ( "t be=e ! actual occurr5ce1 by anticipation4 ,?is is n a matt] ( wrong int5tion1 nor due to willfulness4 ,b 9 precise obs]vations1 especially :]e comp>isons are to be made betwe5 ! records ( sev]al p]sons1 ! 8p]sonal equation0 mu/ be det]m9$1 if possible1 & all[$ =4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( correct+ ?is inaccuracy h be5 us$4 ,b ! be/ is t ( ,frank ,h4 ,bigel[1 ( ! ,nautical ,almanac ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 :o1 9 #ahij1 devis$ a process ( tak+ /> transits by photography4 ,x entirely does away ) ?is s\rce ( error1 & has prov$ ( great value4 ,,xv4 ,,disc>d$ ,,doctr9es ,,& ,,ab&on$ ,,ideas4 ,a few g5]ations ago an eight-day clock 0 to be f\nd only 9 ! homes ( well-to-d p1 & a gold wat* 0 a symbol ( weal?1 su* z to subject its we>] to a special tax4 ,9 ?is age ( doll> clocks & ,wat]bury wat*es1 almanacs are no long] indisp5sable4 ,we d n regulate our "t-pieces by ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun2 nor c a future ,jay ,g\ld lay ! f\ndation ( 8 =tune1 z did ! "o be/ kn[n by t "n1 by sett+ up rural noon-m>ks = a fix$ fee4 ,"s pleasant dreams ( pa/ decades h vani%$ 9 ! light ( rec5t k4 ,! nebul> hypo!sis1 t wondr\s conception ( ,sw$5borg1 elaborat$ by ,la ,place & esp\s$ by ,william ,h]s*el & s _m o!rs1 z af=d+ a full explanation ( ! me?od by :i* our worlds 7 %ap$ into _! pres5t =ms1 has ceas$ to h g5]al acceptance4 ,m4 ,ma$l]1 director ( ! ,dorpat ,obs]vatory 9 #ahdf1 _h a firm p]suasion t ! collective body ( />s visible to u has a movem5t ( revolution ab\t a c5tre situat$ 9 ! gr\p ( ! ,pleiades1 & correspond+ to ! /> ,alcyone4 ,b ?is notion ( a c5tral sun ar\nd :i* all ! sol> sy/em is circl+ has lo/ gr\nd4 ,! di/ortion 9 ! orbit ( ! planet ,m]cury has be5 acc\nt$ = by ! urg5t sugge/ion t !re mu/ be "s planet1 z yet undiscov]$1 t di/urbs ! regul>ity ( ,m]cury's movem5ts1 b ^: orbit is s ne> to ! sun z to baffle all ord9>y ef=ts to see x4 ,x has receiv$1 by anticipation1 ! pr5atal "n ( ,vulcan4 ,_m eyes h pe]$ mo/ int5tly into ! region indicat$1 & "s few h imag9$ !y _h f\nd :at !y s\ght4 ,a physician ( ! village ( ,org]es1 ,france1 ,m4 ,lesc>bault by "n1 on ,m>* #bj1 #ahei1 saw su* an object pass ov] ! sun's disk4 ,! skillful ,le ,v]ri] 0 mu* impress$ by ?is physician's m9ute acc\nt ( ! occurr5ce4 ,b !re 0 no confirmation ( ! alleg$ discov]y4 ,at ! "t ( subsequ5t eclipses t "p ( ! heav5s has be5 repeat$ly exam9$ closely1 b 9 va94 ,s we mu/ wait long] be=e believ+ t ,vulcan does exi/4 ,:51 9 #ahgg1 ,pr(essor ,hall1 ?r\gh ! p[]ful telescope at ,wa%+ton1 saw t ,m>s 0 att5d$ by two t9y satellites1 he put a p]man5t injunction on ! fur!r use ( ! once favorite phrase1 8,! sn[y poles ( moonless ,m>s40 ,& s ( ! "q (t discuss$ 9 ! old-"t debat+ societies1 8,are ! planets inhabit$80 ,x may /ill be left 9 ! h&s ( "y collegians1 not)/&+ ! fact t our l>ge/ telescopes give only negative te/imony4 ,9 a sol> eclipse 9 ,febru>y1 #agcf1 t 0 annul> 9 %ape1 j be=e ! sun 0 completely hidd51 ! n>r[ horn ( light seem$ to break into a s]ies ( dots1 or lum9\s po9ts1 :i*1 :5 not$ aga9 a c5tury lat] & describ$ by ,francis ,baily1 receiv$ ! "n ( 8,baily ,beads40 ,x 0 attempt$ to expla9 ?is z caus$ by ! moon's m\nta9s cutt+ (f ! la/ rays ( sunlight1 or else z produc$ by irradiation4 ,b ) ! adv5t ( /rong] telescopic p[] ! ph5om5on has come to an end4 ,david ,ritt5h\se1 ( ,norri/[n1 :om ,?omas ,jeff]son consid]$ 8second to no a/ronom] liv+10 built an orr]y wor? a ?\s& doll>s1 to illu/rate me*anically ! motions ( all ! planets1 & ?\gh ! in/rum5t is /ill treasur$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 & its duplicate at ,pr9ceton1 among ! relics ( a pa/ age1 x is assign$ to ! category ( toys4 ,mural circles1 mu* dep5d$ ^u to measure ! decl9ation ( heav5ly bodies1 h fall5 into disuse1 supplant$ by improv$ transit in/rum5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree-,,in* ,,transit1 ,,by ,,w>n] ,,swasey4 ,,xvi4 ,,problems ,,= ,,future ,,/udy4 ,_m problems are 9 /ore = ! future4 ,! field = rese>* /ill op5s wide4 ,h[ ! sol> activity is to be ma9ta9$ 0 answ]$ by ,newton 9 ! sugge/ion t comets fall+ into x kept up its supply ( matt] & en]gy4 ,wat]/on1 9 #ahec1 prop\nd$ ! ?\ght t meteoric matt] may be ! alim5t ( ! sun4 ,n[ ! preval5t !ory is t a contraction ( ! sun's volume1 con/antly 9 progress1 b s slight z to be invisible to ! mo/ p[]ful telescope1 is compet5t to furni% a heat supply equal to all t c h be5 emitt$ dur+ hi/oric p]iods4 ,pr(essor ,newcomb answ]s ! "q1 8,h[ long w ! sun endure80 by say+1 8,! physical conclusion to :i* we are l$ by a /udy ( ! laws ( nature is t ! sun1 l a liv+ be+1 mu/ h a bir? & w h an end4 ,f ! kn[n am\nt ( heat :i* x radiates we c1 ev5 9 a rude way1 calculate ! probable l5g? ( its life4 ,f fifte5 to tw5ty millions ( ye>s seems to be ! limit ( its age 9 ! pa/1 & x may exi/ a few millions ( ye>s1 p]haps five or t51 9 ! future40 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>olus ,,l9n,,u ,,( ,,sw$51 ,,fa!r ,,( ,,mod]n ,,botany4 ,?is illu/ration 0 prep>$ by a ,sw$i% society1 & repres5ts ! fam\s botani/ aft] 8 return f ! exploration ( ,lapl&1 & ) a bun* ( 8 favorite fl[] 7,l9na borealis7 9 8 h&4 ,,/ory ,,( ,,plant ,,& ,,fl[] ,,by ,,?omas ,,meehan1 ,vice ,presid5t ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ,philadelphia4 ,botany1 9 its g5]al s5se1 signifies ! k ( plants4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iods ( human hi/ory plants appeal$ to mank9d z mat]ial = food or m$ic9e2 & d[n to comp>atively rec5t times botanical /udies 7 pursu$ ma9ly 9 ^! directions4 ,dioscorides1 a ,greek1 :o liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 is ! e>lie/ writ] ( :om we h k t c lay a claim to botanical di/9ction1 b ! m$ical prop]ty ( plants 0 evid5tly ! *ief inc5tive to 8 task4 ,x 0 n until ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury t botany1 9 its broad s5se1 became a /udy1 & ,le ,cluse1 a ,fr5* physician1 :o di$ 9 #afji1 may be reg>d$ z "o ( its patri>*s4 ,/ill ! m$ical uses ( plants 7 /eadily kept 9 view4 ,! ,engli% botani/1 ,john ,g]>de1 :o 0 a contempor>y ( ,le ,cluse1 or ,clusius1 z botani/s usually call him1 wrote a rem>kable "w on botany1--rem>kable = 8 "t1--b ?is 0 /yl$ a 8,h]bal10 z 7 o!r fam\s botanical works d[n to ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,foll[+ ! ye> #agjj1 ! k ( plants individually became s ext5d$ t sy/ematic arrangem5t became desirable4 ,! fir/ real advance 9 ?is direction 0 made by ,c>l ,von ,l9n1 commonly kn[n by its ,lat9 =m1 ,l9nu1 a ,sw$e1 born 9 #agjg1 & ^: tal5ts = botanical acquirem5ts seem$ almo/ innate4 ,9 8 tw5ty-?ird ye> he saw ! ne$ ( a bett] sy/em1 & comm5c$ at once ! great "w ( botanical re=m4 ,he saw t plants ) a c]ta9 numb] ( /am5s & pi/ils 7 correlat$1 & he f\nd$ classes & ord]s on !m4 ,fl[]s ) five /am5s or six /am5s w\ld belong to 8 class p5t&ria or hex&ria1 respectively1 & ^? ) five pi/ils or six pi/ils p5tagynia1 or hexagynia1 accord+ly2 & s on up to poly&ria1 or polygynia--_m /am5s or pi/ils--( :i* our common butt]cup is an illu/ration4 ,he fur!r %[$ t two names only 7 all t is necess>y to d5ote any plant1 ! g5]ic "n & its adjective1 z1 = in/ance1 ,cornus alba1 ! :ite ,dogwood2 & t ! descriptions %\ld be brief1 cov]+ only ! ess5tial po9ts :]e9 "o species ( plant diff]$ f ano!r4 ,?is became kn[n z ! sexual sy/em4 ,x fairly electrifi$ intellig5t circles4 ,p g5]ally took to c\nt+ /am5s & pi/ils1 & l>ge numb]s took pride 9 be+ botani/s because !y c\ld trace s easily ! classes & ord]s ( ! plants !y met4 ,! gr& old man di$ 9 #aggh1 & ?\gh 8 artificial sy/em _h to give way to a m natural me?od1 he is ju/ly reg>d$ z ! fa!r ( mod]n botany4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gre5 ,,rose4 ,fl[] ) leaves = petals4 ,) ! incom+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 botany took a rapid />t4 ,x ceas$ to be a m]e h&maid to ! /udy ( m$ic9e4 ,*emi/ry1 geography1 teleology1 & inde$ ! *ief f\ndations ( biology _h become closely int]wov5 ) botanical /udies2 & ?us ! progress ( botany ?r\gh ! c5tury has to be view$ f _m /&po9ts4 ,9 classification1 :at is kn[n z ! natural sy/em has replac$ ! sexual4 ,plants are gr\p$ accord+ to _! app>5t relation%ips4 ,^? resembl+ 9 g5]al "* ! ,rose =m ! ord] ,rosace2 ! ,lily1 ,liliace4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a /rik+ *>act]i/ic is adopt$ = ! family "n1 z ,composit1 or comp\nd fl[]1 = ! daisy & a/]-fl[]$ plants2 ,umbellif]1 or umbel-fl[]+1 z 9 c>rot or p>sley2 ,legum9os1 hav+ ! se$ vessels z legumes1 l peas & beans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,head ,,( ,,:ite ,,clov]1 ,,) ,a ,,bran* ,,f ,,! ,,c5tre4 ,classification has1 h[ev]1 d]iv$ mu* assi/ance f a :olly new bran* ( ! sci5ce kn[n z ,morphology4 ,?is tea*es t all p>ts ( plants are modifications ( o!r p>ts4 ,:at ,nature may h int5d$ to be a leaf may become a /em2 ! out] s]ies ( floral envelopes1 or calyx1 may become petals2 petals may become /am5s2 & ev5 pi/ils may become leaves1 or ev5 bran*es4 ,! gre5 rose ( ! flori/s is a case 9 :i* ! leaves t %\ld h be5 *ang$ into petals to =m a p]fect rose fl[] h p]si/$ 9 cont9u+ gre5 leaves1 ?\gh masqu]ad+ z petals2 & x is n unusual to f9d 9 ! rose cases :]e ! pi/ils h rev]t$ to _! orig9al de/9ation z ! analogue ( bran*es1 & h />t$ a gr[? f ! c5tre ( ! fl[]4 ,s 9 an orange1 ! c>pels1 or divisions1 are metamorphos$ prim>y leaves4 ,two s]ies ( five ea* make ! t5 divisions4 ,sometimes ! axis />ts to make ano!r gr[?1 z not$ 9 ! rose1 b does n get f> be=e x is arre/$1 & !n we h a small orange inside a l>g] "o1 z 9 ! navel orange4 ,j ! rev]se occurs sometimes4 ,! l[] s]ies is suppress$1 & only ! upp] "o develops to a fruit+ /age1 :5 ! small r$ oranges kn[n z ! ,tang]9es are ! results4 ,illu/rations ( ^! trans=mations ( "o organ to ano!r are frequ5t if we look = !m4 ,! annex$ illu/ration %[s a condition ( ! :ite clov]1 :i*1 in/ead ( ! usual r\nd head1 has />t$ on z a raceme or spike4 ,^! w&]+s f g5]al =ms 7 =m]ly reg>d$ z mon/]s1 ( no p>ticul> use to ! botanical /ud5t1 b are n[ welcom$ z guid+ />s to ! c5tral features ( ,morphology4 ,! importance ( ?is bran* ( botany1 9 connection ) classification1 c readily be se54 ,! /udies 9 ! behavior ( plants h made rem>kable progress dur+ ! c5tury1 & ?is also d]ives mu* aid f morphology4 ,! /rawb]ry s5ds out runn]s f :i* new plants are =m$2 b1 tir+ ( ?is1 ev5tually s5ds ! runn] upw>d to act z a fl[] /alk4 ,:at might h be5 b a bun* ( leaves & roots at ! end ( ! runn] is n[ conv]t$ into a mass ( fl[]s & p$icels at ! end ( a common p$uncle4 ,9 "s cases ,nature rev]ses ?is plan4 ,aft] />t+ ! /ructure z an erect fruit-be>+ /em1 x s5ds x back to pi]ce ! gr\nd z a root %\ld d4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ by ! peanut4 ,9 ! common ,yucca1 ! m tropical species h erect /ems2 b 9 ! =m kn[n 9 g>d5s z ,adam's ne$le & ?read--,yucca filam5tosa--! erect /em is s5t d[n "u ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & is !n a rhizome1 in/ead ( a caudex1 or /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,peanut4 ,a pod magnifi$4 ,modification 9 connection ) behavior is fur!r illu/rat$ by ! grapev9e & ,virg9ia creep]4 ,! :ole lead+ %oot is "h pu%$ aside by ! developm5t ( a bud at ! base ( ! leaf1 t takes ! place ( a lead+ %oot4 ,! orig9al lead] !n becomes a t5dril1 & s]ves 9 ! economy ( ! plant by cl++ to trees or rocks1 or 9 coil+ ar\nd o!r plants 9 support4 ,great progress has be5 made 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( botany )9 rec5t ye>s4 ,d>w9 has %[n t ! t5drils ( "s plants cont9ue 9 motion = "s "t 9 ord] to f9d some?+ to cl+ to4 ,! grapev9e especially sp5ds a long "t 9 ?is labor if !re is difficulty 9 rea*+ a ho/4 ,! plant pres]ves vital p[] all ?is "t1 b no soon] is support f\nd1 ?an nutrition is cut (f1 & ! t5dril dies1 ?\gh1 h>d & wiry1 x s]ves its p>5t plant z a support bett] dead ?an alive4 ,! am\nt ( nutrition sp5t 9 su/a9+ motion is f\nd to be enorm\s4 ,a v9e t c f9d ready means ( support gr[s ) a mu* m heal?y vigor ?an "o t has difficulty 9 f9d+ x4 ,_m plants pres5t illu/rations4 ,mu* advance has be5 made 9 ! k ( ! motions ( plants z reg>ds _! v>i\s =ms4 ,gr[? 9 plants is n cont9u\s2 b is a s]ies ( re/s & advances4 ,9 o!r words x is rhy?mic4 ,! nodes1 or knots1 9 ! /ems ( grasses are re/+-places4 ,:5 a re/ occurs1 en]gy may be ex]t$ 9 a diff]5t direction1 & a *ange ( =m result4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ by ! common ,dogwood ( nor!rn woods1 ,cornus florida on ! ea/]n1 & ,cornus ,nuttallii on ! we/]n slope ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,on ! approa* ( w9t] ! leaf is r$uc$ to a bud scale1 & !n re/s4 ,:5 spr+ returns ^! scales resume gr[? & appe> z :ite bracts4 ,9 ! annex$ illu/ration ! scales t s]v$ = w9t] protection to ! buds are se5 at ! apex ( ! bracts4 ,9 o!r species ( ,dogwood ! bud scales d n resume gr[?4 ,en]gy is sp5t 9 ano!r direction4 ,9 ?is mann] we h an insight z to ! cause ( v>iation1 :i* 0 n p]ceiv$ ev5 s rec5tly z ,d>w9's "t4 ,we n[ say t v>iation results f v>y+ degrees ( rhy?mic gr[?--=ce2 & t ?is aga9 is gov]n$ by v>y+ p[]s ( assimilation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,outl9e ,,( ,a ,,:ite ,,dogwood ,,fl[] 7,cornus florida71 ,,%[+ ,,bud-,,scales ,,develop$ ,,to ,,bracts4 ,! ,d>w9ian view1 t =m results f ext]nal conditions ( :i* ! plant avails itself 9 a /ruggle = exi/5ce1 is /ill widely accept$ z a lead+ factor 9 ! orig9 ( species4 ,^? :i* c assume ! /ronge/ weapons ( def5se cont9ue to exi/ "u ! *ang$ conditions4 ,! weak] ones d n survive1 & we only "k ( !m z fossils4 ,?is is t]m$ ! doctr9e ( natural selection4 ,! orig9 & developm5t ( plant-life1 or1 z x is t]m$1 evolution1 has made rapid advancem5t z a /udy dur+ ! c5tury4 ,t !re has be5 an adaptation to conditions 9 "s respects1 z cont5d$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 & 8 foll[]s1 mu/ be correct4 ,! oak & o!r species ( trees mu/ h be5 =m$ be=e mi/letoe & o!r p>asites c\ld gr[ on !m4 ,9 ! common ,dodd]--species ( ,cuscuta--! se$s g]m9ate 9 ! gr\nd l ord9>y plants4 ,z soon z !y f9d some?+ to atta* !mselves to1 !y cut loose f "m e>? & live :olly on ! ho/4 ,z a speculation x seems plausible t all p>asites h aris5 9 ?is way4 ,"s1 l ! mi/letoe1 hav+ ! p[]1 at l5g?1 to h _! se$s g]m9ate on ! ho/-plant1 h left _! t]re/rial orig9 9 ! pa/ unc]ta94 ,a numb] ( p>asites1 h[ev]1 d n seem to live :olly on ! plants !y atta* !mselves to4 ,^! are usually de/itute ( gre5 color4 ,! ,indian pipe1 sn[ plant ( ! ,pacific ,coa/1 & ,squaw root ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates are examples2 ! =m] call$ gho/-fl[] f its pal5ess4 ,^! plants h little c>bonace\s matt] 9 _! /ructure1 & h5ce are reg>d$ z hav+ =m$ a k9d ( p>tn]%ip ) fungi4 ,?is is kn[n n[ z symbiosis1 or liv+ toge!r ( dissimil> organisms1 ea* dep5d5t mutually4 ,! fungus & ! fl[]+ plant 9 ^! cases are necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( ea* o!r4 ,!y dem& nitrog5 in/ead ( c>bonhydroids4 ,! ,squaw root1 ,conopholis ,am]icana1 ?\gh atta*$ to ! subt]ranean portions ( ! trunks ( trees1 is probably su/a9$ by ! fungus mat]ial 9 ! old b>k1 or ev5 9 ! wood1 r ?an by ! ord9>y food ( fl[]+ plants4 ,li*5s1 z x is n[ well kn[n1 are a comp\nd ( fungi & wat] we$s 7alg71 & ?is doctr9e ( symbiosis is reg>d$ z "o ( ! great advances ( ! c5tury4 ,x is b fair to say t ! doctr9e ( evolution by ! influ5ce ( ext]nal conditions 9 ! *ange ( =m1 ?\gh widely accept$ at ?is "t1 is n )\t /rong oppon5ts1 :o po9t to ! occasional developm5t or suppression ( p>ts on ! same plant1 ?\gh ! ext]nal conditions mu/ be ! same4 ,= in/ance1 !re are fl[]s t h all _! p>ts regul>1 z 9 ! petals ( a butt]cup2 & irregul>1 z 9 ! snap-dragon or fox-glove4 ,b x has be5 not$ t irregul> fl[]s h p5dul\s /alks1 :ile ! regul> ones are usually erect4 ,b once 9 a :ile1 on ! same plant1 fl[]s normally droop+ w become erect4 ,9 ^! cases ! fl[]s are regul>4 ,9 ! wild snap-dragon or yell[ toad-flax1 ,l9>ia vulg>is1 "o ( ! petals is develop$ into a long spur2 ! o!r f\r petals h1 9 e>ly life1 become connate & trans=m$ into p>ts ( ! fl[] :olly unlike ord9>y petals4 ,b n[ & !n ! orig9al petals w all develop spurs1 result+ 9 ! condition te*nically kn[n z peloria4 ,l9nu gave ?is "n to ?is condition because x 0 suppos$ to be 8mon/r\s10 or some?+ oppos$ to law & ord]4 ,?r\gh ! advance 9 morphological botany we h le>n$ to reg>d x z ! result ( "s normal law ( developm5t1 innate to ! plant1 & :i* c\ld z well be ! regul> z ! occasional condition4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is no reason :y ,nature might n make ! five-spurr$ fl[] z cont9u\s 9 a wild snap-dragon z 9 a columb9e4 ,_m simil> facts are us$ by ^? :o "q ! ,d>w9ian law ( developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,yell[ ,,toad-,,flax4 ,fl[] 9 ! peloria /ate4 ,t nutrition has m to d 9 ! evolution ( =m ?an ext]nal =ces has receiv$ mu* aid1 z a !ory1 f ! advance dur+ rec5t times ( a /udy ( ! sep>ate sexes ( fl[]s4 ,on conif]\s trees1 notably ! firs1 p9es1 & spruces1 ! male & female fl[]s are produc$ sep>ately4 ,! female1 :i* f9ally yield ! cones1 are always borne on ! mo/ vigor\s bran*es4 ,:5 ^! bran*es h _! supply ( nutrition %ort5$ & become weak1 only male fl[]s are produc$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 bran*es normally weak w at times ga9 increas$ /r5g?1 & !n ! male fl[]s give female ones4 ,?is is (t5 se5 9 corn fields4 ,! g5]ally weak tassel w h gra9s ( corn ?r\gh x4 ,x is n infrequ5t to f9d :at %\ld normally be p]fect e>s on /alks weak] ?an usual4 ,9 ^! cases ! upp] portion ( ! e> w h male fl[]s only4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gra9$ ,,corn-,,tassel4 ,9 connection ) ! doctr9e ( developm5t1 mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 dur+ ! c5tury to f]tilization ( fl[]s & ! ag5cy ( insects 9 connection !re)4 ,on ! "o h& x is cont5d$ t 9 all probability ! fl[]s 9 ! e>li] p]iods ( ! _w's hi/ory _h nei!r color nor fragrance4 ,9 ?is condition !y 7 self-f]tiliz]s1 t is1 7 fecundat$ by _! own poll54 ,9 mod]n phraseology !y 7 9 & 9 bre$]s4 ,:5 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce became necess>y1 ^? :i* c\ld get a cross ) outside races became m vigor\s 9 _! prog5y1 & ?us _h an advantage 9 ! /ruggle4 ,9 brief1 )\t an occasional introduction ( new blood1 z x might be t]m$1 !re 0 dang] ( a race dy+ out4 ,to support ?is view1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 publi%$ ! result ( a numb] ( exp]im5ts4 ,_m ( !m favor$ ei!r side1 b ! av]age 0 9 favor ( ! view t cross+ 0 advantage\s4 ,aga9/ ?is x has be5 urg$ t an av]age 9 su* cases is n conclusive4 ,if a numb]1 ?\gh ! m9or numb] ( cases1 %[$ sup]iority by close bre$+ 9 8 limit$ exp]im5ts1 a new set ( obs]vations might h *ang$ ! av]ages1 s z to make ! m9or figures 9 "o in/ance ! major 9 o!rs4 ,aga91 x is cont5d$ t to increase a plant by o!r means ?an by se$s mu/ be ! close/ k9d ( reproduction2 yet "s plants1 coeval ) ! hi/ory ( man1 h be5 cont9u$ by (fsets & are z /rong & vigor\s z ev]4 ,! ,banana is an illu/ration4 ,"u cultivation x produces only se$less fruits4 ,x is rais$ :olly f "y suck]s or (fsets f ! roots4 ,my?ology gives x a prom95t place 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 & its botanical "n1 ,musa p>adisiaca1 orig9at$ 9 ?is leg5d4 ,?\gh mu* has be5 record$ 9 ?is l9e to weak5 ! =ce ( ! speculations t fl[]s late 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>? develop$ color & sweet secretions 9 ord] to attract insects to aid 9 cross-f]tilization1 !y are /rongly support$ by ! fact t a l>ge numb] ( species1 notably ( or*ids1 are seldom f]tiliz$ )\t insect aid 9 poll9ation4 ,b !re are anomalies ev5 "h4 ,"s plants capture & lit]ally eat ! insects t %\ld be reg>d$ z _! b5efactors4 ,^! are classifi$ z insectivor\s plants4 ,"s seem to cat* ! insects 9 m]e sport1 :ile 9 ! act ( convey+ poll5 to !m4 ,^! are kn[n z cruel plants4 ,!re are num]\s illu/rations ( ?is among ! families ( ,asclepias & ,apocynum1 ! milk-we$ family4 ,9 our g>d5s a ,brazilian climb]1 ,arauga1 or ,physian?us alb5s1 is frequ5tly gr[n = its waxy fl[]s & delici\s odor1 b ! trea*]\s blossoms are frequ5tly /rung ) ! insects x has caught4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,am]ica a common wild fl[] ( "o ( ^! families1 ,apocynum &rosmfolium1 has ?is insect-cat*+ habit4 ,num]\s small insects meet dea?1 & hang to ! fl[]s l scalps to ! wild ,indian4 ,consid]able advance has be5 made 9 vegetable physiology1 ?\gh no "o has z yet be5 able to rea* ! orig9 ( ! life-p[] 9 plants4 ,! p[] t enables an oak to ma9ta9 its huge bran*es 9 a horizontal direction1 or t c lift or ov]turn huge rocks1 or split !m ap>t z ! lightn+ rifts a tree trunk1 is yet unkn[n4 ,on ! opposite page is an illu/ration ( a circum/ance frequ5tly obs]v$1 :]e9 ev5 a delicate root fibre c pi]ce a potato or o!r /ructures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,banana ,,fl[]s4 ,possibly ! greate/ botanical advance ( ! c5tury is 9 relation to cryptogamic plants1 ^? l[ organisms :i* z mildews & m\lds are mo/ famili> to p g5]ally4 ,z microscopes increase 9 p[]1 new =ms are discov]$4 ,ov] =ty ?\s& species h already be5 describ$1 & we may fairly say t !re are ne>ly half z _m =ms ( vegetable life invisible to ! nak$ eye z c be se5 by our unaid$ visual organs4 ,_! wants & behaviors are v mu* ! same z 9 ! fl[]+ plants or high] ord]s1 z !y are usually t]m$4 ,b !re is "o great diff]5ce 9 ?is1 t !y fe$ ma9ly on nitrog51 & h no use = c>bon4 ,!y c>e little = light1 b yet h an upw>d t5d5cy "u c]ta9 =ms1 z d ^? :i* seek ! light4 ,! ag>ics t revel 9 ! d>kness ( a coal m9e1 yet curve upw>d z he>tily z a corn spr\t 9 ! op5 air4 ,j z 9 fl[]+ plants1 also1 !y are mo/ly innocu\s1 & inde$ _m absolutely b5eficial to man1 a v small portion only be+ poison\s1 or connect$ ) ! diseases ( ! human race4 ,ev5 9 ^! cases _! p[] is closely gu>d$ by nature4 ,! spores ( fungi are f\nd to require su* a nice comb9ation ( conditions be=e !y g]m9ate1 t1 unless ^! occur1 !y w reta9 _! vegetative p[] _m ye>s 9 a /ate ( absolute re/4 ,! mycelium ( ! mu%room1 z ! real plant--! cobwebby portion "u gr\nd--only />ts to gr[ :5 j s _m degrees ( heat1 nei!r m nor less1 ) j s mu* moi/ure1 & ! prop] food1 are all at h& toge!r2 & l>ge numb]s are kn[n to be v select 9 ! k9d ( food !y w make use ( at all4 ,"o g5us1 kn[n z ,cordyceps1 w only />t :5 ! spore comes 9 contact ) ! head ( a cat]pill>4 ,& v>i\s species ( ! g5us w avoid a k9d ( cat]pill> t ano!r w\ld enjoy4 ,9 our own c\ntry we h "o t fe$s on ! l>vae ( ! ,may ,beetle1 & is kn[n z ,cordyceps ,melolon?4 ,9 ,au/ralia is a v pretty species1 :i* takes on ! appe>ance ( ! antl]s ( a de]4 ,?is is kn[n z ,cordyceps ,&rewsii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cruel-,,plant4 ,butt]fly caught 9 ! fl[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,potato ,,p5etrat$ ,,by ,,rootlet ,,) ,a ,,new ,,potato4 ,! mo/ m9ute ( ^! are kn[n z microbes4 ,!y are *iefly compos$ ( a s+le cell1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* is ! protoplasm1 or mat]ial 9 :i* life resides1 b ! exact nature ( :i* is /ill a my/]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,fungus 7,cordyceps ,&rewsii7 ,,gr[+ ,,f ,,! ,,head ,,( ,a ,,cat]pill>4 ,"o ( ! mo/ useful & fasc9at+ /udies 9 mod]n times is ,geographical ,botany4 ,x is f\nd to h a close relation to ! hi/ory ( man1 & to ! *anges :i* h occurr$ on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,plants foll[ man :]ev] he w&]s2 & ?\gh e o!r trace ( man %\ld be aboli%$ on ! ,am]ican cont95t1 ! plants t came ) him f ! ,old ,_w w\ld enable ! future hi/orian to foll[ 8 tracks "h pretty well4 ,no "o has any hi/orical evid5ce t :at is n[ ! ,pacific ,ocean 0 once l&1 & t ! area betwe5 ! ,pacific ,ocean & ! ,mississippi 0 once a huge sea1 b botany tells ! pla9 /ory4 ,only = botany we %\ld n "k t ! l& n[ s]v+ z ! poles 0 once )9 ! tropics2 & ma9ly by fossil gum trees on ! ,am]ican cont95t1 & ! exi/5ce /ill ( a few plants common to ,au/ralia1 h we ! k ( "s l& connection betwe5 ^! di/ant %ores4 ,isl& floras1 "s ( ! species ( :i* are n[ f\nd only 9 v limit$ areas1 tell ( l>ge tracts subm]g$ ( :i* only ! m\nta9 peaks are left z small isl&s1 lonely 9 a wide expanse ( wat]1 :ile o!r isl&s1 ) only a limit$ numb] ( well kn[n species1 tell ( new upheavals )9 mod]n times4 ,x is 9 ^! l9es *iefly t botany has advanc$ dur+ ! c5tury4 ,h]b>iums = dry & botanic g>d5s = liv+ plants are ess5tial4 ,! latt] are n z necess>y to ! /udy z =m]ly1 z ! facilities = travel br+ ! vot>ies ( ! sci5ce to di/ant places 9 a %ort "t4 ,nature furni%es ! liv+ mat]ial = /udy at a less outlay ( "t & money ?an 9 ! old way ( gr[+ ! plants = ! purpose4 ,few mod]n botanic g>d5s h ! fame ( ^? ( ! pa/4 ,x is ! great ,h]b>ium ( ,kew1 r ?an ! liv+ plants1 t makes t fam\s spot ! great s*ool = botany to-day4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 ! ,h]b>iums ( ,cambridge1 ,mass42 ,columbia ,college1 ,new ,york2 ! ,national at ,wa%+ton2 & t ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia1 are ! mo/ fam\s 9 ,am]ica4 ,,progress ,,( ,,wom5 ,,)9 ,,! ,,c5tury ,,by ,,m>y ,,elizabe? ,,lease1 ,ex-,presid5t ,kansas ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities4 ,! :ole woman "q may be briefly summ$ up z a c5tury-old /ruggle betwe5 cons]vatism & progress4 ,wom5 are mov+ irregul>ly1 & p]haps illogically1 along c]ta9 l9es ( developm5t t[>d a po9t t w probably be rea*$2 :ile cons]vatism1 halt+ & fe>ful1 is /ruggl+ bl9dly to hold po9ts & ma9ta9 l9es t mu/ be giv5 up4 ,un=tunately = ! rapidity ( wom5's advancem5t1 wom5 !mselves h no ?or\ghness1 no cle>ness1 z to ! fundam5tal cause ( _! grievances or ! ends to be atta9$1 & are n yet alive to a consci\sness ( ! fact t ! "q ( woman's rights is simply & purely a "q ( human rights1 ! basic solution ( :i*1 on ! broad plane ( ju/ice1 w solve all ! social1 political1 & indu/rial problems ( :i* ! woman "q =ms a "p4 ,! "t :5 woman suff]$ sil5tly & toil$ pati5tly )\t once que/ion+ ! ju/ice ( h] lot has happily pass$ =ev]4 ,confusion & antagonism are eng5d]$ because ( misund]/&+ ( ! real movem5t4 ,wom5 are consci\sly or unconsci\sly /ruggl+ = t selfhood :i* has hi!rto be5 d5i$ !m1 & are seek+ = opportunity to develop t p]sonality :i* ,br[n+1 ,rusk91 & o!r broad ?9k]s decl>e 8is ! good ( ! race40 ,! mo/ disc\rag+ feature ( ! situation is ! fact t wom5 z a :ole d n realize t a politically inf]ior class is a degrad$ class2 a disfran*is$ class1 an oppress$ class2 & t h] economic dep5d5ce ^u man is ! basic cause ( h] inf]iority4 ,! grievances op5ly proclaim$ by ! advocates ( woman suffrage z causes ( ho/ility are too frequ5tly *ildi%1 unreasonable1 & unwor?y ( s]i\s att5tion4 ,9 ! majority ( cases !y c5tre ar\nd "s fanci$ wrong t is a result r ?an a cause4 ,! keynote n only to ! woman "q1 b to ! labor "q may be f\nd 9 ! words ( t deep ?9k] & able writ]1 ,augu/ ,bebel3 8,! basis ( all oppression is economic dep5d5ce ^u ! oppressor40 ,! widespread discont5t ) pres5t social conditions is an augury ( hope = ! future4 ,!re is no elem5t 9 ! unre/ :i* ne$ excite grave appreh5sion4 ,?\ghtful p p]ceive cle>ly t wom5 are int5sely human1 no?+ m1 & t z human be+s !y are entitl$ n only to food1 clo!s1 & %elt]1 b to an opportunity = developm5t4 ,x is only z we are famili> ) ! oppression t has be5 ! common lot ( wom5 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( "t t we c realize t h] lot has be5 sweet5$1 h] condition ameliorat$1 & h] progress )9 ! c5tury m>vel\s inde$4 ,! woman "q1 hi/orically consid]$1 conta9s all ! physical subjugation & consequ5t inf]iority :i* con/itut$ all ! diff]5tiation betwe5 ! physical & m5tal p[]s ( m5 & wom54 ,x conta9s all ! humiliation1 unc]ta9ty1 & ultimate hope ( h] future4 ,! hi/ory ( ! woman "q is analog\s ) ! hi/ory ( ! labor "q1 ) ! diff]5ce t woman slav]y _h its orig9 9 ! peculi>ities ( h] sexual be+1 :ile ! labor]'s slav]y began :5 he 0 robb$ ( ! l& :i* is ! bir?right ( e human be+4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t woman's slav]y ant$ates ! ?ralldom ( ! ?rall1 & 80 m humiliat+1 m degrad+1 because %e 0 treat$ & reg>d$ by ! labor] z 8 s]vant1 8 inf]ior40 ,?is condition l>gely prevails among labor]s to-day1 & 0 indirectly giv5 utt]ance to a few weeks ago1 :5 "s ( ! memb]s ( ! ,am]ican ,f$]ation ( ,labor =mulat$ a traditional resolution dem&+ t 8wom5 be exclud$ f all public "w & relegat$ to ! home10--a dem& t w\ld be to "s ext5t reasonable1 & no d\bt acceptable1 to ! great army ( work+-wom51 _h ! *ivalr\s labor]s :o =mulat$ ! dem& ! ability & indu/ry to provide a home = ! wom5 :om !y w\ld r5d] paup]s by deprivation ( "w1 & = ! *ildr5 = :om _! fa!rs 7 unable to provide4 ,x is gratify+ to "k t ?is resolution 0 lo/ 9 ! committee room1 & t its =mulation 0 greet$ by ! press ( ! :ole c\ntry ) a /orm ( des]v$ disapproval4 ,inasmu* z ! rapidly increas+ numb] ( bread-w9n]s among wom5 makes x evid5t t m5 are ei!r unable or incompet5t to provide = !m1 x rema9s = ! work+-wom5 ( ! c\ntry to =mulate a resolution dem&+ t m5 be exclud$ f all "w t has hi!rto be5 consid]$ z belong+ to or peculi>ly adapt$ to wom54 ,:at an army ( mosquito-legg$ m5 f ! eat+-h\ses1 laundries1 & dry-goods e/abli%m5ts w\ld rise up to proclaim ! idiocy ( wom5 & prote/ aga9/ su* inju/ice6 ,on ! ?re%old ( ! _w's morn+1 says a di/+ui%$ writ] & work] 9 ! ,g]man ,rei*/ag ( to-day1 we may correctly assume t woman 0 man's equal 9 m5tal & physical p[]4 ,b %e became 8 inf]ior physically1 & consequ5tly dep5d5t ^u 8 b\nty1 dur+ p]iods ( pregnancy1 *ildbir?1 & *ild-re>+1 :5 h] helplessness =c$ h] to look to him = food & %elt]4 ,9 ! *ildhood ( ! race might made "r2 brute /r5g? 0 ! /&>d ( sup]iority2 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 0 crude & savage2 & ?us ?is occasional helplessness became ! mann] ( h] bondage4 ,t nature is prim>ily responsible = ! c5turies ( woman's enslavem5t !re c be no d\bt4 ,& z nature's laws are un*ang+1 ! advocates ( woman's political advancem5t w\ld d well to rememb] t woman's greate/ importance z a public factor c only beg9 :5 ! function ( mo!rhood ceases4 8,9 a real s5se1 z a factory is meant to turn out locomotives or clocks1 ! ma*9]y ( nature is design$ 9 ! la/ resort to turn out mo!rs4 ,life to ! human species is n a r&om s]ies ( r&om ef=ts2 its c\rse is set z rigidly z ! pa?way ( ! />s2 its laws are z immutable z ! laws ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians40 7,drummond's ,asc5t ( ,man47 ,nature's great "w = ! individual is reproduction & c>e ( ! species4 ,! fir/1 ,drummond t]ms ! cosmic process2 ! second1 ! moral process4 ,/ati/ics %[ t "o *ild out ( e ?ree dies be=e maturity1 & nature's task is incomplete unless at lea/ two *ildr5 be re>$ to ! adult age by e family4 ,e c\ple1 !n1 at m>riage1 assumes ! responsibility to society & po/]ity ( br++ ?ree *ildr5 into ! _w4 ,woman's "p 9 ! /up5d\s economy ( nature is fir/ & di/9ctively mo/ important1 t ( mo!rhood4 ,%e c only pay h] debt to nature1 fulfill h] mission to ! _w1 & dis*>ge h] obligations to humanity by fai?fully dis*>g+ ! duties ( mo!rhood4 ,b z ! function ( mo!rhood ceases :5 ! woman is 9 ! prime ( life1 rip5$ by exp]i5ce & =tifi$ by mat]nal ties1 %e may yet h ample opportunity to ex]t h] f>-rea*+ influ5ce 9 public "w :5 %e has exemplifi$ 9 h] own life ! words1 ,home1 ,love1 ,"m4 ,& !re is1 !re c be1 no rational objection to grant+ ! fulle/ suffrage to woman at ?is p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>y ,,elizabe? ,,lease ,hav+ locat$ ! basic cause ( h] dep5d5ce1 x w be se5 t ! only solution possible = ! complete emancipation & m5tal & physical developm5t ( woman is to r5d] h]1 ?r\gh indu/rial fre$om1 s economically indep5d5t 9 e way ( man's grudg+ b\nty t %e w scorn 8 pity1 res5t 8 abuse1 & claim h] "r to fulle/ individuality & opportunity z a human be+4 ,= c\ntless ages wom5 7 sep>at$ f ! _w by a b>ri] z effective z ! myriad-mil$ wall ( ,*9a2 vacillat+ betwe5 ! condition ( slave & sup]9t5d5t ( ! kit*52 taught no?+ b ^? flimsy accompli%m5ts t w\ld cat* ! eye ( ! prospective husb& & ma/]2 sne]$ at1 ridicul$1 & abus$ :5ev] %e attempt$ to cross ! l9e :i* ho>y prophets & patri>*al slavehold]s _h m>k$ across h] pa?2 subject to man's :im & caprice2 h] physical developm5t1 9 "t1 became meagre & crippl$4 ,& z h] m5tal faculties 7 repress$ & imprison$ 9 ! n>r[e/ circle ( fem99e op9ions1 x became difficult = h] to rise above ! mo/ commonplace trivialities ( life4 ,?us x came ab\t t ! t]m 8,weak] ,sex10 orig9ally us$ to convey only ! ackn[l$g$ tru? t wom5 are inf]ior to m5 9 physical /r5g?1 came to include ! m9d z well z body4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! position ( wom5 = long c5turies 0 inevitably "o ( extreme cruelty & oppression4 ,c\ntless bitt] & unnecess>y limitations h$g$ h] pa?way & ob/ruct$ h] developm5t f ! cradle to ! grave4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at t %e 9 "t became s inur$ to h] degrad+ s]vitude z to accept x z h] natural position4 ,madame ,de ,/al has truly said1 8,( all ! gifts & faculties :i* nature has lavi%ly be/[$ ^u woman1 %e has be5 all[$ to ex]cise fully b "o1 ! faculty to suff]40 ,! ext5t ( ?is suff]+ & ! det]iorat+ influ5ce :i* x has ex]t$ ^u ! race c nev] be e/imat$ till ,f9is is writt5 to ! /ory ( humanity4 ,9 ! noonday ( ,grecian p[] & le>n+1 woman trod n beside man z helpmate & companion1 b foll[$ z 8 slave4 ,demo/h5es def9es ! wife z ! 8be>] ( *ildr51 ! fai?ful wat*-dog :o gu>ds ! h\se = h] ma/]40 ,at ! ,c\ncil ( ,macon1 held 9 ! six? c5tury1 ! "q ( ! s\l & humanity ( wom5 0 gravely weigh$ & debat$1 pr(\nd doctors ( !ology ma9ta9+ t 8woman is n a subject b an object = man's use & pleasure40 ,= c5turies !ological div9es :ett$ _! wit on helpless woman2 & ! *ur* 9 holy zeal p]secut$ ! woman :o 0 guilty ( a fault z a 8daught] ( ! devil10 & held h] up to public contumely z ! conc5tration ( all evil4 ,*ri/ianity1 inde$1 (f]$ emancipation to wom54 ,x proclaim$ a />tl+ doctr9e1--! equality ( ! ri* & ! poor1 ! weak & ! /rong1 9 ! sight ( ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,& x became evid5t t su* tea*+s w\ld inevitably break d[n ! b>ri]s ( class & ca/e1 elim9ate inju/ice1 & u%] 9 a "t :5 all %\ld /& equal be=e ! law4 ,b alas1 ! _w1 ) ! exception ( isolat$ & individual in/ances1 has nev] be5 (f]$ an opportunity to te/ ! efficacy ( ! all-corrective pr9ciples ( ! religion :i* ,*ri/ gave to ! _w4 ,! repression ( wom5 bias$ ! re=matory t5d5cies ( ,*ri/ianity1 & r5d]$ x z ineffective z a m$ium ( relief to ! oppress$ z our "o-sid$ political sy/em ( to-day4 ,*ri/ianity1 "u mascul9e dom9ation1 0 lo/ 9 ! rubbi% ( *ur*ianity1 :i*1 pr(ess+ b fail+ to practice ! religion ( ,*ri/1 has held woman 9 ! same contempt 9 :i* %e has be5 held by all ! anci5t & idolatr\s religions ( ! _w4 ,yet despite ! fact t ! great ,ma/]1 7 ,he to come to-day1 w\ld sc>cely recognize 9 ! *ur*es a trace ( ! code :i* ,he liv$ & di$ to exemplify1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! vital pr9ciple ( religion nev] dies4 ,x ev5tually atta9s fulle/ developm5t1 & becomes id5tifi$ ) ! progress ( civilization & ! highe/ purpose ( a p4 ,!re=e1 we may rev]5tly believe t 9 ! ultimate triumph & rehabilitation ( practical ,*ri/ianity lies ! hope ( ! oppress$1 & true lib]ty n only = wom51 b = e human be+4 ,illu/ration3 ,emma ,will>d ,ev5 n[ ! mi/s are lift+4 ,! great *ange 9 ! position ( wom5--legal1 social1 & educational--)9 a hundr$ ye>s is break+ ev5 ! h>d %ell ( or?odox usage4 ,:ole d5om9ations h dropp$ ! ^w 8obey0 f ! m>riage s]vice4 ,_m m9i/]s frequ5tly omit x1 or1 if adm9i/]$1 x is pron\nc$ by ! bride ) m5tal res]vation & look$ ^u z a ^w t has only ! mo/ remote & %ad[y significance4 ,! new w9e is break+ ! old bottles2 ! _s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is too progressive = ! usages & traditions ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,mod]n *ur*ianity1 realiz+ t wom5 con/itute ?ree f\r?s ( its memb]%ip1 no long] wages a m]ciless w>f>e ^u !m4 ,x has relax$ its ,paul9e grip ^u h] ?roat1 8,i suff] n a woman to speak 9 ! *ur*es40 ,& ! m advanc$ !ological bodies h (f]$ h] ! intellectual hospitality ( ! pulpit1 :]e h] eloqu5ce is a pleas+ *ange to ^? :o h gr[n tir$ ( prea*]s' platitudes4 ,cl]ical decrees are no long] hurl$ at h] def5seless head4 ,! doors ( *ur*es1 s*ools1 & colleges are sw++ wide at h] approa*1 ?\gh !y sometimes creak on _! h+es4 ,! m9i/]s no long] op5ly advocate t ! gates ( opportunity be bolt$ & b>r$ aga9/ h]4 ,!re is ev]y?+ to /imulate hope2 ! w+s ( fem99e nature h exp&$ till a return to ! *rysalis is impossible4 ,x is true t a v l>ge numb] yet pr(ess to believe t a woman fulfills h] :ole mission 9 ! _w :5 %e makes h]self z pretty & agreeable z possible1 & devotes all h] "t & att5tion to ! dis*>ge ( dome/ic duties4 ,b !re has be5 a wond]ful modification ( op9ion s9ce ,s*op5hau] decl>$ t 8woman is n call$ to great ?+s4 ,%e pays h] debt to life by ! ?roes ( bir?1 c>e ( ! *ildr51 & subjection to h] husb&40 ,two ?+s h t5d$ to br+ ab\t ?is modification ( op9ion2 ! broad] education & increas$ opportunities = developm5t att5dant ^u ! gr[? ( individual lib]ty & republican =ms ( gov]nm5t2 & ! capability ( self-ma9t5ance due to improv$ me*anical appliances4 ,x is n m]e incl9ation on ! "p ( ! individual1 nor is x ! voice ( ! agitator1 t is br++ ab\t ^! *anges2 x is ! irresi/ible logic ( ev5ts4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s ago ! education ( wom5 9 ! mo/ progressive & weal?y families w5t little beyond read+ & writ+4 ,9 #ahai1 :5 ,mrs4 ,emma ,will>d issu$ an address to ! memb]s ( ! ,new ,york legislature advocat+ ! end[m5t ( an in/itution = ! high] education ( wom51 !re 0 n a college 9 ! c\ntry = girls4 ,9 #ahib1 ! colleges ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates numb]$ m ?an #ej1jjj female /ud5ts4 ,9 #ahhh1 ! ratio ( female /ud5ts to ! :ole numb] ( /ud5ts pursu+ a high] c\rse ( education 9 univ]sities & colleges 9 ?is c\ntry 0 #bi4c p] c5tum1 or a little m ?an "o f\r?4 ,at ! same "t ! ratio 9 ,engl& 0 #aa p] c5tum2 9 ,france1 #b p] c5tum2 :ile 9 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ,italy ! ratio 0 s slight z to be b a m]e fraction ( #a p] c5tum4 ,su* a ?+ z a female presid5t ( a college 0 unkn[n & probably undream$ ( 9 ! eighte5? c5tury2 b we le>n f ! ,report ( ! ,commission] ( ,education = #ahhg-hh t !re are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates =ty-two colleges & in/itutions = ! sup]ior in/ruction ( wom5 hav+ a woman = presid5t4 ,9 ! high & second>y s*ools1 9 #ahhh1 ov] "o half ( ! /ud5ts 7 girls4 ,& 9 ! same ye>1 tabulat$ /ati/ics reveal t #fc p] c5tum ( ! tea*]s 7 wom54 ,& ?is p]c5tage w become great] & great] z we grasp ! tru? t woman is1 by gift ( great] intuition & sympa?y1 ! natural in/ructor ( ! human race4 ,! sal>ies paid to wom5 tea*]s are grossly unfair :5 comp>$ to ! pay ( male tea*]s = ! same or less "w4 ,b z ! diff]5ce 9 comp5sation is gr[+ small] e decade1 !re is at lea/ room = hope t ?is inju/ice w soon be right$4 ,! law ( evolution is ! discov]] & =mulator ( woman's advancem5t4 ,! inv5tion & use ( gunp[d] plac$ ! peasant on an equal w>-foot+ ) ! mail$ knight4 ,! enorm\s increase 9 me*anical appliances & productive ma*9]y has tak5 woman out ( ! rank ( unpaid m5ials1 has giv5 h] leisure = m5tal developm5t1 opportunity to receive recomp5se = toil1 & is l>gely break+ d[n ! physical b>ri]s :i* _h hi!rto be5 consid]$ unsurm\ntable4 ,/ati/ics %[ t !re are =ms ( ma*9]y 9 ! op]ation ( :i* ! production ( a woman is ev5 great] ?an t ( a man1 ?us furni%+ an actual pro( ( ! falsity ( ! idea t woman is incapacitat$ = competition ) man 9 ! physical _w4 ,& ! tr5d ( ev5ts is indicat$ by ! /ati/ics giv5 9 ! ,report ( ! ,commission] ( ,labor1 f :i* we le>n t 9 "s trades & pr(essions ! p]c5tage ( wom5 engag$ has increas$ fivefold 9 ! la/ decade4 ,:ile woman's "w has always be5 a recogniz$ factor 9 ! _w's progress1 yet h] admittance to ! field ( remun]ative "w is limit$ to ! la/ "o hundr$ ye>s2 is1 9 fact1 ! prom95t feature ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!re is ov]:elm+ evid5ce t h] "w 9 e dep>tm5t to :i* %e has be5 admitt$ is z capable1 acceptable1 & 9 e way z fai?fully p]=m$ z ! "w ( h] bro!r man4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury x is e/imat$ t n m ?an #a p] c5tum ( arti/s & tea*]s ( art 7 wom52 :ile 9 #ahij wom5 compris$ #dh4jh p] c5tum1 or ne>ly "o half ( t pr(ession4 ,ne>ly ! same proportion ( increase is f\nd 9 ! ranks ( tea*]s & musicians1--wom5 n[ =m+ ov] #fj p] c5tum ( ! tea*]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re are n[ ab\t ?ree million wom5 & girls 9 ?is c\ntry :o e>n _! own livelihood4 ,& ! elev5? c5sus reveals ! />tl+ in=mation t 9 ! city ( ,new ,york !re are tw5ty-sev5 ?\s& m5 :o are support$ by _! wives4 ,yet ^! m51 useless to society1 a burd5 to ! wom5 :o support !m1 are p]mitt$ ! immunities & privileges ( law & cu/om1 :ile wom5 h equality only 9 ! duties & puni%m5ts4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury !re 7 b few occupations 9 :i* wom5 7 p]mitt$ to engage4 ,_! abilities & ambitions 7 re/rict$ to ! s*ool & ! home4 ,9 ! latt] !y receiv$ food & %elt] z comp5sation2 9 ! =m]1 b "o half or "o ?ird ! sal>y all[$ to male tea*]s4 ,! fir/ noticeable *ange 9 woman's condition1 :5 %e became some?+ m ?an a m]e h\sehold drudge1 ^: busy h&s c>d$ & wove1 spun & knit1 ! family supply ( clo?1 dates f ! fir/ bale ( cotton gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 t bale ( cotton lay ! se$s ( n only a new movem5t 9 labor1 b ! beg9n+ ( a new epo* = woman1 9 :i* h] "w & wages 7 de/9$ to take coh]5t %ape & =m4 ,9 all indu/rial progress s9ce t "t wom5 h tak5 an active "p :ile receiv+ a meagre %>e ( ! product4 ,=c$ by ! c\rse ( ev5ts to em]ge f seclusion & repression1 %e has pass$ f "o /age ( developm5t to ano!r1 always a /ep or two beh9d man 9 ! progress ( social evolution1 till ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury reveals myriad *anges & ! actual realization ( ,t5nyson's prophetic l9es 9 ! 8,pr9cess10 8,we h prudes = proctors1 d[ag]s = deans40 ,illu/ration3 ,,george ,,eliot4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s ago x 0 ! duty ( a woman to efface h]self4 ,%e 0 expect$ to make ( h]self a m5tal blank-book ^u :i* h] husb& might inscribe :at he w\ld4 ,?us x is only lately t wom5 h begun actively to compete ) m5 9 expression ( any k9d4 ,inde$1 previ\s to t "t1 ) a few notable exceptions1 !y 7 d5i$ recognition ( individual life4 ,! woman1 if unm>ri$1 0 m]g$ 9 ! family1 or1 if m>ri$1 m]g$ 9 ! husb&4 ,h] "n1 h] religion1 h] gods1 7 *ang$ on m>riage4 ,b1 m>ri$ or s+le1 ! absorption 0 complete4 ,s x has happ5$ t woman1 ?robb+ ) poetic sympa?y1 has1 ) ! exception ( ,sappho1 produc$ less high & unmi/akable poetry ?an man4 ,) m h>mony1 m music 9 h] nature1 h] v s\l attun$ to symphony & rhy?m1 %e has be5 little kn[n z a compos]4 ,) f> vision & cle> lit]>y insight1 %e has be5 suppress$ 9 art & lit]ature4 ,george ,eliot gave h] sublime lit]>y productions to ! _w "u a mascul9e nom de plume1 because ( ! prejudice ( ev5 t n remote day4 ,fanny ,m5delssohn 0 compell$ by h] family to publi% h] musical compositions z h] bro!r's4 ,m>y ,som]ville met only disc\ragem5t & ridicule 9 h] ma!matical /udies4 ,9 e sph]e1 9 e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce & art1 abuse1 inju/ice1 & ! croak+ ( reaction>y frogs h greet$ ea* /ep ( h] upw>d way4 ,! wond] is1 !n1 n t %e has accompli%$ s little1 b t %e is n 9 ! same condition to-day t %e 0 :5 ,paul ?ru/ a gag 9 h] m\? 9 ! %ape ( a ,cor9?ian text1 8,& if a woman w\ld le>n any?+1 let h] ask h] husb& at home40 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ! (t-repeat$ ass]tion t wom5 h n giv5 to ! _w z mu* evid5ce ( g5ius z m5 is a ,lilliputian ass]tion ta9t$ some:at ) envy4 8,!re has be5 no ,%akespe>e among wom510 says ! advocates ( man's supremacy4 ,) all ! _w z _! own1 & ! gates ( b\ndless opportunities sw++ wide1 !re has be5 b "o ,%akespe>e among m54 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ,george ,eliot is ! ,%akespe>e among wom5 & ,mrs4 ,br[n+ ! c\nt]p>t ( ,bacon4 ,b _! immortality has n be5 te/$4 ,!y liv$ b a little :ile ago4 ,b !re is "o woman1 at lea/1 :o has e/abli%$ h] claim ?or\ghly1 & ^: g5ius tw5ty-five c5turies h te/$4 ,sappho is truly immortal4 ,h] fame & g5ius h be5 seal$ by ! approval ( all ! great lit]ati ( ! c5turies4 ,col]idge1 :o occupies no unc]ta9 place 9 ! _w ( lett]s1 says ( h]1 8,( all ! poets ( ! _w1 ( all ! illu/ri\s arti/s ( all lit]ature1 ,sappho is ! "o ^: e ^w has a peculi> & unmi/akable poetic p]fume1 a seal ( absolute p]fection & illimitable grace40 ,sw9burne1 ! greate/ liv+ ma/] 9 ! _w ( v]bal music1 decl>es t1 8,h] v]ses are ! supreme success1 ! f9al a*ievem5t1 ( poetic art40 ,sappho's claim to immortality exce$s t ( ,%akespe>e's by tw5ty-?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,m51 view+ ! lit]>y productions ( wom51 are apt to give !m ! color & bias ( mascul9e ?\ght4 ,z in/ance ! poetic critic ( a ,new ,york p]iodical1 :o wantonly affronts ! gift$ au?or ( 8,poems ( ,passion0 by decl>+ t h] 8f]v5t v]ses are b ! burn+ ( unseemly /ubble t fails to give =? light or heat40 ,yet ,ella ,:eel] ,wilcox1 all fair-m9d$ critics w admit1 has won a place 9 ! ranks ( poetic g5ius4 ,h] poems ?rob ) human sympa?y1 & f ! exalt$ plane ( h] spl5did womanhood %e rea*es d[n1 fulfill+ ! law ( ,*ri/ly s]vice1 to lift up ! fall5 & soo! & b9d ! bruis$ & ble$+4 ,su* mascul9e criticism is dy+ out1 b x has n be5 uncommon 9 ! pa/4 ,mrs4 ,br[n+ & ,jane ,au/5 7 accus$ ( 8break+ d[n by _! writ+s ! safegu>ds ( society10 & !y 7 admoni%$ to 8cease _! lit]>y ef=ts & devote !mselves to sew+ & wa%+ di%es if !y w\ld reta9 ! *ivalr\s respect ( m540 8,jane ,eyre0 0 pron\nc$ too immoral to be rank$ z dec5t lit]ature4 8,adam ,b$e0 0 class$ z ! 8vile outp\r+s ( a lewd woman's m9d40 ,yet ,*>lotte ,bront1 ,george ,eliot1 ,mrs4 ,br[n+1 & ,jane ,au/5 h won an exalt$ & enviable place 9 ! ranks ( lit]ature4 ,_! writ+s h ?rill$1 uplift$1 & sweet5$ humanity4 ,! te/ ( lit]>y g5ius is to create a "* ( univ]sal acceptance4 ,! record ( half a c5tury has b "o _w-wide1 _w-kn[n "* ( t k9d4 ,t "* 0 creat$ by a woman4 ,9 all lit]ature1 no book s9ce ! ,bible has be5 s widely circulat$1 s ext5sively translat$1 or has s ?or\ghly comm&$ ! pr(\nd att5tion ( all classes z ,h>riet ,bee*] ,/[e's 8,uncle ,tom's ,cab940 ,mrs4 ,/[e impress$ h] g5ius ^u ! race & "t1 & m>k$ a new epo* = fre$om4 ,previ\s to ! publication ( h] book only a few m5 recogniz$ slav]y z wrong1 b a woman's sympa!tic he>t & ?robb+ g5ius laid b>e ! evil & disclos$ to a horrifi$ _w ! wrong und]ly+ slav]y4 ,9 philan?ropy & ! doma9 ( morals !re is none :o is do+ m h]oic & effective "w ?an ,mrs4 ,elizabe? ,b4 ,grannis4 ,%e deals n ) !ories1 b ) real conditions4 ,h] sympa?ies1 h] broad "w1 h] manifold *>ities1 g out to fle% & blood1 m5 & wom54 ,%e has ! intuitive faculty ( prob+ deep into human nature1 lead+ ^? %e w\ld re=m to m\rn real defects1 rejoice 9 real victories1 & hope & /ruggle = bett] ?+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,frances ,,will>d4 ,! con/antly broad5+ sph]e ( woman's usefulness is 9 a l>ge measure due to ! organiz$ =ms ( intellectual activity among wom5 kn[n z clubs4 ,half a c5tury ago club-life = wom5 0 unkn[n4 ,_! social sympa?ies 7 limit$ to ! political p>ty t claim$ ! fran*ise ( _! male relatives1 or ! *ur* at ^: %r9e ! wom5 wor%ip$4 ,b s rapid has be5 woman's developm5t 9 ?is direction t to-day wom5's clubs =m a *a9 f ocean to ocean1 b9d+ !m z "o great :ole4 ,! effect ^u ! memb]s is magical2 nature is enl>g$2 *>ity broad5$2 capacity = judgm5t increas$2 & hi!rto unsuspect$ faculties are call$ into life & p[]4 ,! fir/ organiz$ dem& by wom5 = political recognition 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 made 9 #ahdh1 at :at 0 kn[n z ! ,s5eca ,falls ,conv5tion4 ,ridicul$1 p]secut$1 kick$ l a football f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 ?is brave dem& = political recognition 0 de/9$ to become an ag5cy t w\ld "w a peaceful revolution4 ,t ! movem5t is progress+1 & w ev5tually succe$1 is ev9c$ by ! record ( half a c5tury4 ,9 t "t s*ool suffrage has be5 grant$ 9 tw5ty-?ree ,/ates & ,t]ritories1 p>tial suffrage = public improvem5ts 9 ?ree ,/ates1 municipal suffrage 9 "o1 & 9 f\r ,/ates full political equality4 ,wyom+ 0 ! fir/ ,/ate to accord citiz5%ip to h] wom51 & %e be>s te/imony to its efficacy 9 ! progress1 honor1 & sobriety ( h] p4 ,9 #ahic1 ! ,wyom+ /ate legislature pass$ resolutions highly comm5datory ( woman suffrage & its results1 & among o!r ?+s said1 8,we po9t ) pride to ! fact t aft] ne>ly tw5ty-five ye>s ( woman suffrage1 n "o c\nty 9 ,wyom+ has a poor-h\se1 t our jails are almo/ empty1 & crime1 except t by /rang]s 9 ! ,/ate1 is almo/ unkn[n40 ,f ! banks ( ! f>-(f ,volga come ! good tid+s t ev5 ,russia is prep>+ to take a great /ep 9 advance by grant+ to wom5 _m legal & political privileges n[ enjoy$ only by m54 ,engl& grant$ municipal suffrage to wom5 a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 & has m rec5tly grant$ p>tial p>liam5t>y suffrage4 ,& to ! influ5ce ( ,engli% law1 m p>ticul>ly ! ,m>ri$ ,wom5's ,act1 is l>gely due ! bett]m5t ( ! legal /atus ( wom5 ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,9 ,engl& we f9d wom5 prom95t 9 art1 lit]ature1 politics1 ! s*ool & ! *ur*4 ,:ile 9 ?is c\ntry ! middle classes h h]et(ore c>ri$ on ! suffrage agitation1 9 ,engl& x f9ds active work]s among ! pe]age4 ,woman 9 politics meets ) ! opposition ( job politicians1 b %e realizes t e /ep ( h] progress1 f ! unveil+ ( h] face to a seat 9 ! legislature ( a ,/ate1 has be5 tak5 9 ! face ( fi]ce opposition & 9 violation ( conv5tionalities & cu/oms4 ,undismay$ %e advances = ! ultimate bett]m5t ( humanity4 ,! hi/orian ( ! future w record ! n9ete5? c5tury z ! ,r5aissance ( womank9d4 ,& ! ultimate effect ^u ! human race ( hav+ individuals1 n s]vants1 z mo!rs w surpass ! progress made 9 sci5ce & 9 art4 ,! eighte5? c5tury f\nd woman an app5dage2 ! n9ete5? trans=m$ h] into an individual4 ,! wond]ful altrui/ic tw5tie? c5tury1 ^: dawn ev5 n[ is break+1 w s develop ?is individuality t wom5 w cont5d = all ! rights ( ! individual1 cop]at+ ) ! nation 9 ! fulfillm5t ( its mission1 & ) ! _w 9 ! developm5t ( ! et]nal law ( progress4 8,?r\gh ! h>% voices ( our day ,a l[1 sweet prelude f9ds its way2 ,?r\gh cl\ds ( d\bt & /orms ( fe> ,a light is break+ calm & cle>40 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,textile ,,progress ,,by ,,rob]t ,p4 ,,ha9s1 ,exam9] ( ,textiles1 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice4 ,antiquity conceals no?+ m completely ?an ! orig9 ( ! textile indu/ry4 ,back 9 ! d>k ages & beyond au!ntic records1 evid5ce is furni%$ t ?is art 0 n unkn[n4 ,egyptian mummies %r\d$ 9 f9e l95 fabrics give _! sil5t te/imony ( anci5t k1 b :5 or :]e ! art _h its inception /ill rema9s wrapp$ 9 my/]y4 ,ne>ly e nation ( ! e>? lays claim to its inv5tion at "s epo* 9 traditional exi/5ce4 ,?us ! ,*9ese attribute x to ! wife ( _! fir/ emp]or1 ! ,egyptians to ,isis1 ! ,greeks to ,m9]va2 b probably x _h its bir? 9 ! ,ori5t1 :]e ! mak+ ( clo? 0 kn[n & practic$ f ! e>lie/ times4 ,:atev] ! m]its ( rival claimants1 c]ta9 x is t = _m c5turies ! simple di/aff & sp9dle 7 ! only in/rum5ts us$ = sp9n+1 :ile ! w>p & weft 7 wov5 toge!r by h& implem5ts n less primitive 9 /ructure4 ,9 ! fir/ sp9n+ device1 a mass ( fibre 0 arrang$ on a =k$ /ick1 &1 z drawn !refrom by h&1 x 0 twi/$ betwe5 ! f+]s & w\nd on a sp9dle4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ( ,engl&1 h[ev]1 ! sp9n+-:eel replac$ ! di/aff & sp9dle1 & 9 e cottage & palace x became an indisp5sable article ( h\sehold equipm5t4 ,! "y wom5 9 all walks ( life 7 taught to sp94 ,sp9n+ became ! female occupation ( ! age1 & x is int]e/+ to note t ! mod]n t]m sp9/]1 mean+ an unm>ri$ woman ( advanc$ age1 "h _h its orig94 ,! sp9n+-:eel1 ?\gh sup]ior to ! di/aff & sp9dle1 0 yet a crude ma*9e4 ,x consi/$ ( a /& on :i* 0 m\nt$ 9 horizontal be>+s a sp9dle driv5 by a b& f a l>ge :eel propell$ by h& or foot1 & z twi/ 0 imp>t$ to ! fibre drawn ?r\gh ! f+]s1 ! result+ y>n 0 w\nd on ! sp9dle4 ,! art ( weav+ 0 n m advanc$4 ,x is true t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury f\nd ! h& loom develop$ f ! orig9al ,indian /ructure to conta9 _m ( ! ess5tials ( ! mod]n p[] loom4 ,x embodi$ ! h$dles1 ! lay1 ! take-up & let-(f beams1 ! %uttle = pass+ ! weft1 & 9 #agdj1 ,john ,kay add$ ! fly %uttle motion1 :]eby ! %uttle 0 ?r[n ?r\gh ! %$ by a sudd5 pull on ! pick+ /ick2 !n 9 #agfj1 ,rob]t ,kay1 son ( ,john ,kay1 inv5t$ ! drop box1 :]eby sev]al colors ( fill+ might be employ$4 ,brilliant z ^! a*ievem5ts 71 ! h& loom rema9$ ! crude embodim5t ( ! simple pr9ciples ( weav+ until ne> ! dawn ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :51 by ! inv5tion ( ,c>twright1 a p]iod ( developm5t 0 introduc$ 9 all l9es ( textile manufacture unsurpass$ 9 ! annals ( indu/rial progress4 ,! fir/ great /ride1 & t :i* op5$ ! door = fur!r advance1 0 ! creation ( ! sp9n+-j5ny1 9 ,engl&1 by ,h>greaves1 ab\t #agfg1 :]eby eight or t5 y>ns c\ld be spun at "o "t4 ,draw+ roll]s 7 subsequ5tly add$ by ,arkwright1 & !n trav]se motion 0 giv5 ! bobb9s 9 ord] to automatically build ! y>n into a cop4 ,x has develop$ s9ce t ! draw+-roll]s con/itut$ "o ( ! mo/ important fundam5tal improvem5ts 9 ! sp9n+ art4 ,_! function 0 to draw out ! fibres into a prop] size ( rov+1 & to fe$ ?is to be spun4 ,)\t !m ! mod]n sp9n+-frame w\ld n h be5 possible4 ,arkwright's draw+-roll]s & ,h>greaves's sp9n+-j5ny comb9$ "u ! inv5tion ( ,crompton to produce1 9 pr9ciple at lea/1 ! mod]n sp9n+-mule4 ,illu/ration3 ,,di/aff ,,& ,,sp9dle4 ,fairly good ma*9es 7 ?us provid$ on ! adv5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury = sp9n+ unlimit$ quantities ( y>n1 b ?is1 9 turn1 requir$ prop] loom /ructures to use ! same & a correspond+ supply ( raw mat]ial4 ,inv5tive g5ius 0 abroad1 & ! necessity met by ,eli ,:itney1 :o1 :ile at ! home ( ,g5]al ,gre5e1 ( ,georgia1 built ! fir/ practical ma*9e = sep>at+ cotton fibre f its se$4 ,:itney's g9 0 con/ruct$ on ! broad & simple pr9ciple t cotton fibre c\ld be drawn ?r\gh a small] space ?an ! atta*$ se$1 & ?is same pr9ciple is ! s\l & _s ( e saw-g9 ( ! pres5t day4 ,prior to ,:itney's g91 cotton fibre 0 sep>at$ f ! se$ by h&1 a day's "w be+ repres5t$ by two or ?ree p\nds ( clean$ fibre4 ,! daily product ( ! g9 n[ rea*es betwe5 ?ree & f\r ?\s& p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sp9n+ ,,:eel4 ,su* figures demon/rate ! important position tak5 by ! cotton g9 among ! develop+ ag5ts ( ! cotton gr[+ ,/ates4 ,x has r5d]$ possible & pr(itable ! cultivation ( l>ge di/ricts ( o!rwise wa/e l&s2 x has /imulat$ cotton production2 giv5 employm5t to ?\s&s ( idle h&s2 *eap5$ ! price ( cotton clo?s1 & plac$ )9 ! rea* ( ! humble/ p we>+ app>el ( f9e & beautiful texture4 ,unlimit$ supply ( raw mat]ial be+ ?us provid$1 att5tion rev]t$ to p]fect+ ! ma*9es = sp9n+ x1 & "u ! magical t\* ( ,ri*>d ,rob]ts1 ( ,man*e/]1 ,engl&1 9 #ahcj1 ! crude mule ( ,crompton took practical %ape4 ,he gave to x ! quadrant w9d+ motion1 provid$ = ! h>moni\s work+ ( ! c\nt] & copp+ fall] wires1 p]fect$ ! 8back+ (f0 & 8draw+ up0 me*anisms1 & gave att5tion to con/ruction ( details t plac$ ! mule be=e ! _w z a practical success4 ,equipp$ 9 its pres5t =m1 ! self-act+ mule pres5ts "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( complex automatic me*anisms t c be f\nd 9 ! indu/rial _w4 ,! "w ( ! att5dant is conf9$ to piec+ brok5 ends & supply+ rov+1 ! ma*9e pass+ ?r\gh ! entire cycle ( its complicat$ movem5ts )\t human direction4 ,an idea may be _h ( its delicate & accurate op]ation :5 x is consid]$ t "o p\nd ( cotton has be5 spun by x into a ?read "o hundr$ & sixty-sev5 miles long4 ,improvem5ts h be5 made1 inde$1 on ,rob]ts's mule1 b aside f *anges 9 details & =m1 ! ma*9e1 z x left ! h&s ( ?is me*anical g5ius 9 #ahcj1 rema9s un*ang$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,primitive ,,h& ,,loom4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! fly frame 0 develop$ f ! ma*9es ( ,h>greaves & ,arkwright1 b :ile x con/itut$ a great advance ov] ^! ma*9es1 x pres5t$ no radical dep>ture 9 pr9ciple4 ,we may pause "h1 z we pass ?r\gh ! ?ird decade ( ! pres5t c5tury1 to witness ! introduction ( a sp9n+-frame1 :i*1 = orig9ality ( conception & f> rea*+ influ5ce on ! textile indu/ry1 closely approximates ! a*ievem5ts ( ! pione] inv5tions ( ?is art4 ,ref]5ce is made to ! r+ frame 9 :i* ! fly] is omitt$1 ! bobb9 be+ atta*$ to ! sp9dle & revolv+ ) x4 ,on ! trav]se rail1 & surr\nd+ ea* bobb91 is secur$ a flang$ r+ hav+ loosely sprung !reon a light travel]1 ?r\gh :i* ! y>n1 z x comes f ! draw+-rolls1 is l$ to ! bobb94 ,revolution ( ! bobb9 c>ries ! travel] ar\nd ! r+ imp>t+ twi/ to ! y>n1 & z x is spun x is w\nd on ! bobb9 9 proportion to ! fe$ ( ! draw+-rolls4 ,! inv5tion ( ?is ma*9e is attribut$ to ,john ,?orpe1 ( ,rhode ,isl&1 9 #ahbh1 & s popul> did x become by reason ( decreas$ p[] necess>y to drive x1 incid5tal to ! omission ( ! fly]s1 & good quality ( y>n produc$1 t1 betwe5 #ahfj & #ahfe1 x ne>ly replac$ all o!r ma*9es 9 ,am]ica = sp9n+ cotton4 ,! spe$ ( ! r+ frame1 z well z its output1 appe>$ unb\nd$2 b at high spe$s1 "u unbalanc$ loads1 ! sp9dles 7 f\nd to vibrate 9 _! be>+s1 & ! quality ( y>n1 9 consequ5ce1 deg5]at$1 ! sp9dle be>+s became worn1 & ! limit seem$ to be rea*$ at five ?\s& revolutions p] m9ute4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! r+ frame reveal$ no vuln]able "p ( its g5]al /ructure t c\ld be improv$ s z to readily secure increas$ spe$ & /ead9ess ( ! sp9dles :5 unev5ly load$2 b ) admirable =esight1 develop+ intellects set to improve ! sp9dles !mselves1 &1 9 #ahga1 ,jacob ,h4 ,sawy] introduc$ & pat5t$ a sp9dle & be>+1 :i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ important improvem5ts 9 ! r+ frame4 ,he *amb]$ ! bobb91 & by c>ry+ ! bol/] ,t well up inside support$ ! =m] ne> its load c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,sp9n+ ,,j5ny4 ,! evolution ( ! sp9dle 0 n yet complete4 ,! ,sawy] type1 at m ?an sev5 ?\s& revolutions1 w\ld vibrate1 & ( ! _m attempts to cure ! defect none succe$$ fully until ! v simple *ange made by ,mr4 ,rabbe? 9 #ahgh4 ,he gave ! sp9dle a small am\nt ( play by mak+ ! bol/] loose 9 its support+ case1 & plac$ a pack+ betwe5 ! two4 ,a4 ,h4 ,%]man improv$ ^u ! ,rabbe? /ructure by mak+ ! bol/] & /ep 9 "o piece & omitt+ ! pack+1 ! cu%ion+ be+ dep5d5t ^u ! lubricat+ oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g9n+ ,,cotton4 ,,! ,,old ,,way1 ,,prior ,,to #ahjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g9n+ ,,cotton4 ,,! ,,new ,,way4 ,! acme ( developm5t 9 ?is small b mo/ important "p ( ! r+ frame 0 n[ rea*$2 & 9 its approv$ =m x embodies ! sleeve :irl ext5d+ into ! bobb91 ! loose1 yet adju/able bol/]1 tap]+ sp9dle1 removable /ep1 & lubricat+ res]voir4 ,su* sp9dles are capable ( unlimit$ spe$s1--tw5ty ?\s& revolutions p] m9ute h be5 giv51--& "u absurdly unbalanc$ loads !y run /eadily & ) less exp5diture ( p[] ?an ! old] =ms at _! sl[] spe$s4 ,increas$ spe$ 9 ! sp9dles1 h[ev]1 br\ght increas$ breakage 9 ! y>n1 & al?\gh /op motion devices _h be5 employ$ = sev]al ye>s1 yet economy dem&$ ready means ( piec+ brok5 ends4 ,?is has be5 provid$ rec5tly by m\nt+ ! /op clamp ^u ! rov+ rod well up ne> ! fir/ pair ( draw+ rolls1 s t on pull+ ! /op wire into place ! rov+ is at once f$ betwe5 ! draw+ rolls & issues 9 front1 ov] ! sp9dle1 to be easily piec$ by "o h&4 ,prior to ?is1 ! op]ative 0 requir$ to rea* ov] ! ma*9e1 fe$ ! rov+ to ! rolls ) "o h&1 hold ! /op wire d[n ) ! o!r1 & ! brok5 end ( y>n 9 8 tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,mule4 ,excessive balloon+ 0 also incid5tal to ! use ( high spe$ sp9dles1 &1 :ile inv5tive skill has nev] ma/]$ x1 yet ! injuri\s effects h be5 obviat$ by an +5i\s m\nt+ ( sep>ators1 "o betwe5 ea* two sp9dles4 ,aside f m9or details p]fect+ ! me*anical con/ruction1 su* has be5 ! evolution ( ! mod]n sp9n+ frame4 ,9 #ahcj1 x requir$ ! con/ant att5tion ( "o sp9n] to ov]see tw5ty sl[-runn+ sp9dles1 :]eas1 9 #ahif1 ! same att5dant c\ld1 ) less ef=t1 8t5d0 sev5ty-five or m ( ! high spe$ type2 & :]eas1 9 #agij1 :5 ! fir/ ,am]ican cotton mill 0 e/abli%$ by ,samuel ,slat] 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 !re 7 only sev5ty-five sp9dles on cotton fibre1 9 #ahcj1 ! numb] _h increas$ to #a1bdf1gjc1 & 9 #ahij1 to #ad1ahh1ajc4 ,"u su* competition no wond] ! sp9n+-:eel ( our gr&mo!rs has foll[$ ! economic law1 t ! fitte/ alone survive1 & has be5 relegat$ to ! wood-pile or g>ret1 or1 b$eck$ ) ribbons1 f9ds a re/+-place 9 ! *imney-corn] z a decorat$ curiosity4 ,its mighty rival is "h4 ,its att5dants h be5 lib]at$ to m ennobl+ pursuits4 ,! homespun has be5 replac$ by beautiful fabrics1 & ! mon/] sp9n+ frames ( to-day p\r =? _! h\rly product 9 miles ( spun fibre1 :]e ! :eels ( our gr&mo!rs 7 tax$ to ! utmo/ to produce a v small fraction ( ! am\nt4 ,to appreciate ! wond]ful *ange1 pause beside ! dome/ic :eel us$ )9 ! memory ( ! liv+1 & comp>e its 8:irr10 9 sl[ly produc+ its s+le ?read1 to ! 8buzz0 ( ! mod]n sp9n+ frame turn+ out its product f a ?\s& sp9dles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h& ,,comb ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,! production ( y>n requir$ some?+ m ?an sp9n+4 ,! fibres 9 ! mass$ cotton or wool1 z deliv]$ to ! manufactur]1 mu/ be op5$1 untangl$1 /raight5$ out1 & laid p>allel by a s]ies ( prep>+ ma*9es prior to be+ spun1 among :i* ! c>d+ eng9e ranks fir/4 ,9 ! incipi5t =m1 ?is ma*9e dates z f> back z ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :51 by h& manipulation1 two cyl9d]s cov]$ ) small tee? & work+ 9 close proximity dis9tegrat$ ! fibr\s mass2 b ! fibres 7 mu* brok5 & n ev5ly arrang$4 ,! addition ( ! work]s & /ripp]s ar\nd a rapidly revolv+ swift gave increas$ utility to ! ma*9e1 & ,bramwell's fe$1 9 #ahga1 s regulat$ ! am\nt ( fibre f$ at int]vals t ! result+ lap possess$ ! desir$ ev5 "*4 ,?is fe$ weighs ! fibre z x is f$1 /ops ! lift+ apron :ile ! scale pan dumps its load1 resets ! scale pan1 & automatically />ts ! lift+ apron to aga9 fe$ ! scale1--a cycle ( op]ations indicat+ a ne> approa* to human intellig5ce4 ,"o additional ma*9e at lea/1 ! comb1 requires notice be=e pass+ to ! all-important progress made 9 ! loom /ructure4 ,) advanc+ civilization & ref9em5t came dem&s = sup]ior fabrics1 :i* c\ld only be answ]$ by a supply ( bett] fibre4 ,su* fibre c\ld only be secur$ f ! bale by sep>at+ ! long f ! %ort1 a problem well calculat$ to tax ! +5uity ( an enlight5$ age4 ,attempts _h be5 made to d ?is by h& implem5ts n unlike ! curry-comb ( to-day1 except t ! tee? 7 long & tap]+4 ,?is rema9$ ! only means employ$ = ye>s1 :ile o!r textile ma*9]y pass$ ?r\gh its ph5om5al p]iod ( developm5t4 ,at la/1 9 #ahda1 x occurr$ to ,heilman1 :ile wat*+ a lady comb h] hair1 t a ma*9e might be con/ruct$ to comb wool by draw+ a bun* ( fibres ov] p9s4 ,he con/ruct$ a device on ?is pr9ciple1 & 9 a develop$ =m x is us$ /ill & kn[n z ! ,heilman or nip comb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,noble ,,comb ,,( #ahij4 ,9 #ahec1 ,james ,noble gave to ! _w ! circle comb1 :]e9 two flat circul> r+s1 hav+ project+ f "o face v]tical p9s1 7 m\nt$1 "o ecc5trically )9 ! o!r1 & revolv$ 9 ! same direction1 ! object be+ to dab ! fibre on ! r+s :]e !y met2 & !n z !y revolv$ & sep>at$ ! %ort fibre w\ld be drawn (f ! l>ge r+1 leav+ ! long fibre fre$ f ! %ort4 ,^! ma*9es 7 successful1 & above all !y 7 practical--! op]ation ( ! h& comb] disappe>$ f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,! sudd5 bir? & rapid developm5t ( me*anically p]fect means = prep>+ & sp9n+ fibres 7 due l>gely to ! comp>atively simple movem5ts requir$ to draw & twi/ ! y>n1 b 9 ! loom no su* problem 0 pres5t$4 ,"h ! movem5ts 7 complicat$ & v>i$1 & ! application ( p[] to ! manipulation ( ! delicate ?reads 0 n susceptible ( sudd5 & successful solution4 ,! w>ps1 /ret*$ 9 a %eet betwe5 two beams1 _h to be op5$ to =m ! %$1 ! %uttle _h to be pass$ !re?r\gh1 ! weft beat5 to place1 & means provid$ to fe$ ! w>p & to take up ( ! fabric an am\nt at ea* beat-up correspond+ to ! size ( ! weft4 ,^! 7 ! movem5ts necess>y 9 ! mo/ simple k9d ( weav+1 & ?\gh fully und]/ood = _m c5turies1 z evid5c$ by ! ,indian & ,egyptian looms1 & z embodi$ 9 h& ma*9es ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 x 0 n till #aghg t !y 7 clo!d ) ! application ( p[]4 ,ev5 !n ! fir/ embodim5t did n emanate f ! h&s ( a weav] or eng9e]1 b f ,dr4 ,c>twright1 a cl]gyman 9 ! *ur* ( ,engl&4 ,x 0 n surpris+ t ^! looms fail$ ( _! expectations1 = ! %uttle w\ld frequ5tly get trapp$ 9 ! %$1 ! driv5 p[]-lay w\ld break out ! w>p ?reads1 ! take-up & let-(f motions 7 n graduat$ to comp5sate = ! decrease ( ! w>p & increase ( ! clo? beams1 result+ 9 ?9 & ?ick places 9 ! clo?4 ,b ?is application ( p[] to ! loom 0 ! initial /ep 9 ! indu/rial supremacy ( ! ma*9e1 :i* to-day works ) ! p]fect cad5ce ( an automaton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pla9 ,,p[] ,,loom1 #ahdj4 ,! fir/ ye>s ( ! pres5t c5tury 7 ( unsurpass$ activity 9 ! inv5tive field4 ,! sp9n]s 7 putt+ =? m y>n ?an ! h&-looms c\ld use4 ,x rema9$ = ! loom to keep pace ) ! times4 ,mill]1 9 #ahjj1 ,todd & ,horrocks 9 #ahjc1 ,john/on 9 #ahjg1 ,cotton 9 #ahaj1 ,taylor 9 #ahae1 & _m o!rs1 conc5trat$ _! ef=ts to develop ! pla9 p[]-loom2 b ! second decade ( ! pres5t c5tury saw ! old h&-loom ) its sl[ & cumbr\s movem5ts /ill mi/ress ( ! art4 ,! "n ( ,ri*>d ,rob]ts /&s prem95t at ?is p]iod1 betwe5 #ahbj & #ahbe1 z giv+ to ! p[]-loom sev]al p]fect+ t\*es 9 ! means = lett+ (f ! w>p ! small am\nt necess>y at ea* pick1 ! means = tak+ up ! f9i%$ clo?1 ! means = %$d+ ! w>p = ! passage ( ! %uttle1 & ! adaptation ( ! /op motions ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,^! *anges gave practical life to ! ma*9e1 & ov]?rew ! b>ri] t ob/ruct$ ! advance ( ! textile indu/ry4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 only a few ( ! improvem5ts add$ 9 p]fect+ ! p[]-loom1 su* z ! automatic temple to hold ! clo? ext5d$ & prev5t draw+ ( ! weft1 ! %uttle-gu>d to prev5t accid5tal jump+ ( ! %uttle f ! race1 ! p]fect weft-/op to br+ ! loom to a /& on breakage or failure ( ! weft1 ! protector me*anism to obviate a 8sma%0 :5 ! %uttle fail$ to box1 & ! loose re$1 all ( :i* /& out 9 bold relief z evid5ces ( ! progressive t5d5cies ( ! age1 & comb9$ 9 ab\t ! ye> #ahch1 m ?an a half c5tury aft] ,c>twright's fir/ conception ( ! idea1 to complete ! practical p[]-loom4 ,! loom _h n rea*$ a /age ( me*anical p]fection2 mu* yet rema9$ to be done1 b ! pla9 p[]-loom ( ?is p]iod 0 bo? a practical & f9ancial success4 ,by its imm$iate pr$ecessor1 ! h&-loom1 a good weav] & assi/ant c\ld "w f =ty to fifty picks p] m9ute1 & weave pla9 clo?4 ,by ! p[]-loom ( #ahdj1 "o weav] c\ld 8t5d0 two looms runn+ f #ajj to #abj picks p] m9ute & produce ! same clo?4 ,)\t pass+ ?r\gh ! v>i\s /eps :i* culm9at$ 9 ! p[]-loom = pla9 clo?1 n[ 9 use1 & trac+ ! causes t l$ to p]fection ( details1 ! amaz+ advance f ! anci5t & #ah?-c5tury h& loom to ! p[]-loom ( #ahdj & t ( to-day may well be %[n by comp>+ ! ma*9es !mselves4 ,su* 0 ! simple =m ( ! p[]-loom4 ,"o half ( ! w>ps 7 alt]nately rais$ & l[]$ = ! %ot ( weft2 b z a wov5 fabric is "o 9 :i* ! w>p & weft are unit$ by pass+ !m ov] & "u ea* o!r1 ! figure or patt]n ( ! clo? w be v>i$ z ! ?reads are cross$ 9 diff]5t comb9ations1 & ?is w dep5d on ! ord] ( rais+ & l[]+ ! w>p ?reads1 & ! introduction ( diff]5t *>act]s & colors ( weft4 ,?is br+s up = review ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! loom /ructure--! %$d+ me*anism & %uttle-box motions--?r\gh ^: ag5cies ! mo/ beautiful & complicat$ designs are produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,weav+4 ,,! ,,old ,,way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,weav+4 ,,! ,,new ,,way4 ,%$d+ me*anism 0 pres5t ( c\rse 9 all looms1 b 9 ! p[]-looms ( ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury x 0 conf9$ to tappets adju/$ on a revolv+ %aft1 & ! numb] ( h$dles 0 limit$ to six or eight4 ,fairly good twills & o!r l fabrics c\ld be produc$ )9 ! limits ( ! few h$dles1 b ) ! introduction ( ! 8dobbie10 or t "p ( ! loom :i* raises & l[]s ! h>ness-frames1 a new era 9 fancy weav+ 0 inaugurat$4 ,by ?is +5i\s device z _m z ?irty-six or ev5 =ty h$dles c\ld be us$ & rais$ at w to =m figures4 ,! creation ( ! dobbie belongs to ! #ai? c5tury1 & x is f\nd 9 practical =m ab\t #ahfc 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ! "n ( ! ,am]ican or ,kn[les dobbie4 ,! ess5tials are ! two cyl9d] ge>s revolv+ con/antly1 ! vibrat+ ge>s1 c>ri$ on ! end ( pivot$ arms & hav+ tee? on a "p ( _! p]iph]y1 ! h>ness jacks connect$ to ! h$dle frames1 & ! l9ks jo9+ ! vibrat+ ge>s & h>ness jacks 9 su* mann] t "p revolution ( ! =m] causes ! latt] to move ! connect$ h$dle frame1 & consequ5tly ! w>p ?reads1 up or d[n4 ,a patt]n *a9 det]m9es :at vibrator ge>s %all engage ! cyl9d] ge>s1 &1 once ! *a9 is fitt$ to ! design to be wov51 no?+ rema9s = ! loom t5d] b to ov]see ! op]ation ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,loom ,,( #ahij4 ,ano!r =m ( dobbie1 n less popul> ?an ! ,kn[les1 develop$ into a p]fect automatic device ab\t fifty ye>s ago 9 ,engl&4 ,"h two reciprocat+ knives are engag$1 "u ! direction ( a patt]n *a91 by "o ( two hook$ jacks connect$ to ! h>ness lev]s1 & ! %$ is aga9 =m$ )\t human int]v5tion4 ,o!r =ms ( dobbie /ructures h be5 evolv$ dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 b ^! two1 ) "s modifications & additions ( details1 h come ext5sively into practical use1 & repres5t ! z5i? ( developm5t at ! pres5t "t4 ,by _! aid great v>iety is r5d]$ possible 9 ! design on ! result+ fabric4 ,! figur$ tableclo?s1 damasks1 twills1 sat9s1 bord]$ & cross-bord]$ fabrics1 are n[ possible at a co/ ( a ?\s&? "p only ( t incurr$ :5 produc$ by any ( ! old types ( ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jacqu>d ,,ma*9e4 ,! subject ( %$d+1 i4 e41 ( op5+ ! w>p-?reads to af=d a passage = ! %uttle1 is s insep>ably connect$ ) ! "n ( ,jacqu>d1 t att5tion is n[ c>ri$ to t wond]ful inv5tion evolv$ 9 ! fir/ few ye>s ( ! pres5t c5tury1 & by ! use ( :i* x may truly be said t any?+ c be wov5 z figure 9 a fabric t c be design$ by ! h& ( man4 ,x is z well adapt$ = ! f9e/ silks z = heavy c>pets & figur$ velvets1 & by an op]ation !oretically s simple z to excite wond] t x rema9$ hidd5 until ?is age4 ,jacqu>d 0 a native ( ,france & exhibit$ 8 ma*9e complete 9 #ahjd1 b s bitt] 0 ! opposition t ! fir/ ma*9e 0 de/roy$ & burn$4 ,its m]its 7 cle>1 h[ev]1 & recon/ruction & g5]al adoption 9 ,france foll[$ soon aft]4 ,x has s9ce be5 appli$ n only = %$d+ b = e purpose :]e me*anical op]ations c\ld be controll$ by a patt]n4 ,9 brief1 ?is ma*9e simply controls ea* w>p ?read sep>ately by a cord hav+ a hook atta*$4 ,^! hooks are arrang$ ne> ! pa? ( a reciprocat+ griffe or frame c>ry+ cross b>s1 & are controll$1 z to engagem5t ) ! b>s1 by a c>d p]=at$ accord+ to a patt]n2 ?us any "o or any numb] ( ?reads c be rais$ at w4 ,! dobbie controls h>ness frames ea* c>ry+ a l>ge numb] ( w>p ?reads2 ! ,jacqu>d controls e ?read sep>ately4 ,! greatly increas$ capacity ( ! latt] ma*9e is app>5t4 ,?us a #aejj-;hook ,jacqu>d w d ! "w ( ?irty dobbies ( fifty jacks ea*4 ,! h&-%uttle box me*anism ( ,kay's "t has develop$ into ! ma*9e op]at$ z a slid+ or revolv+ %uttle-box controll$ by patt]n devices1 :i*1 be+ add$ to a dobbie or ,jacqu>d equipp$ loom )9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s1 pres5ts ! highe/ po9t ( p]fection atta9$ 9 ! textile art4 ,9 su* looms ! w>p ?reads1 arrang$ 9 any colors1 may be rais$ at w collectively or individually1 any "o ( t5 or twelve diff]5t color$ wefts may be introduc$ z desir$1 & comb9ations may ?us be =m$ to produce designs ( ! mo/ complicat$ nature4 ,pile fabrics1 cut1 uncut1 & tuft$1 repres5t a type q di/9ct f ^? produc$ on ! ord9>y fancy loom j describ$1 &1 9 ! =m ( velvets1 imitation animal sk9s1 & ,brussels c>pet1 7 almo/ unkn[n prior to ! inv5tion ( ,samuel ,bigel[ ( ,bo/on1 9 #ahcg4 ,fabrics ( ?is "*1 if made at all1 7 ! products ( t$i\s h& me?ods1 & on acc\nt ( ! consequ5t high price 7 ! exclusive prop]ty ( ! v weal?y4 ,c>pets ) pile surface _h be5 made by ! ,p]sians & ,turks ages ago1 by ty+ pieces ( wool5 y>n ar\nd longitud9al or w>p ?reads1 & b9d+ ! :ole toge!r by a weft at int]vals2 & su* tufts1 be+ c>efully select$ z to color1 7 made to pres5t ri* designs1 b1 l all o!r h&-produc$ fabrics1 ^! 7 ! prop]ty ( ! few4 ,! pile fabric loom ( ,bigel[ op5$ ! way = an advance 9 ! c>pet indu/ry :i* cont9ues to ! pres5t "t2 its ultimate effect be+ to place c>pets )9 ! rea* ( ! humble cottag]2 & floors :i* 7 /rewn ) bru%1 or at be/ conceal$ by ! home-made rag c>pet1 n[ became cov]$ by a s(t & beautifully figur$ fabric4 ,?is loom 0 a practical ma*9e1 & at once comm5d$ itself to ! manufactur]4 ,x consi/$ ( ! old p[]-loom provid$ ) a ,jacqu>d1 already well und]/ood1 to :i* 0 add$ an atta*m5t to introduce wires at int]vals z false weft1 & b9d ! w>p ar\nd !m by ! usual weft ?reads4 ,! wires be+ )drawn aft] a few %ots _h be5 wov51 left ! w>p loops /&+1 & ^! loops be+ =m$ "u ! dictates ( ! ,jacqu>d1 any "* ( beautiful design c\ld be produc$4 ,velvets1 brocades1 ev5 ! f9e imitation ( sealsk91 are ! simple products ( ?is =m ( p[]-loom :5 ! pile loops are cut4 ,great] *eapness 9 weav+ cut pile fabrics has be5 secur$ by a slight modification 9 ! ,bigel[ loom1 s t two fabrics c\ld be wov5 at "o "t4 ,?is idea 0 introduc$ ab\t #ahej1 & x contemplat$ weav+ ! two fabrics face to face1 keep+ !m sep>at$ by ! usual pile wires ( ,bigel[1 & pass+ ! pile ?reads f "o fabric to ! o!r4 ,^u cutt+ ! two clo?s ap>t ?r\gh ! ?reads unit+ !m1 two cut pile or velvet fabrics result$4 ,?is loom requir$ ! s]vice ( two %uttles & d\ble ! numb] ( w>p-beams1 b x work$ well1 & is to-day l>gely 9 use & well adapt$ to its purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,smi? ,,& ,,sk9n] ,,loom ,,= ,,moquette ,,c>pets4 ,! dem& = tuft$ pile fabrics1 mean+ ^? 9 :i* ! pile is =m$ f tufts or y>ns1 individually ti$ to ! f\ndation fabric1 & ( :i* ! ri* ,turki% & ,p]sian rugs are examples1 _h n be5 met by ! ,bigel[ loom2 9 fact x 0 only ab\t =ty ye>s ago t ! me*anical production ( su* fabrics became possible4 ,smi? & ,sk9n] 7 ! pione]s to ent] ?is field1 & ! fir/1 by ! aid ( ma*9]y1 to compete ) ! *eap h&-labor ( ! ori5tals4 ,! inv5tion ( a ma*9e t w select any desir$ color f a l>ge numb] ( y>ns1 c>ry x betwe5 ! w>p-?reads at ! exact spot necess>y to =m ! figure1 tie x ar\nd ^! ?reads1 cut x (f to ! l5g? necess>y to =m an ev5 & smoo? surface1 return ! unus$ portion to place1 & d all quickly1 accurately1 & ) little co/1 is an a*ievem5t t may rightly claim ! admiration ( ! indu/rial _w4 ,yet ?is is :at ! ma*9e inaugurat$ by ,smi? & ,sk9n] does to-day4 ,! g5]al movem5ts & complicat$ p>ts ( ! p[]-loom are pres5t z = weav+ a pla9 fabric1 & on beams or l>ge spools c>ri$ by a *a91 "u ! control ( a patt]n1 are arrang$ ! tuft y>ns1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y %\ld appe> 9 ! figure4 ,?r\gh ! patt]n devices ! prop] spool or beam is br\ght into position to be seiz$ by a pair ( f+]s :i* rise1 take ! spool f ! *a91 l[] x to ! w>p1 pass ! ends ( ! tuft y>n ?r\gh & ar\nd ! prop] w>p ?read1 hold !m till ! ins]tion ( a b9d+ weft1 !n1 :5 !y h be5 prop]ly cut to l5g?1 return ! spool into its place 9 ! *a94 ,?is creation ( me*anical g5ius takes rank ) ! wond]s ( ! sp9n+ mule &1 l t ma*9e1 passes ?r\gh its entire op]ation ) ! precision ( an automaton4 ,by its aid close imitations ( ! ori5tal h&-made rugs are plac$ be=e ! _w at "o qu>t] ! =m] price1 &1 z a result1 ! f9e moquette & axm9/] c>pets l5d _! beauty to ne>ly e home 9 ! l&4 ,! cr$it = improv+ ! p[]-loom s z to adapt x = weav+ fancy cassim]es & suit+s1 belongs to ,william ,crompton1 a native ( ,engl&1 :o came to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahcf1 & %ortly !reaft]1 9 ! ,middlesex ,mills at ,l[ell1 ,mass41 con/ruct$ & op]at$ ! fir/ fancy cassim]e p[]-loom1 n only 9 ?is c\ntry1 b 9 ! _w4 ,prior to ?is ! h>ness = all wool5 & wor/$ p[]-looms 0 work$ by cams1 & ! clo? 0 wov5 pla92 b ,crompton's loom ( #ahdj />t$ a new era 9 ! wool5 indu/ry1 r5d]+ x possible to produce any fancy weave by an arrangem5t ( patt]n *a9 & l>ge numb] ( h>nesses 9 connection ) ! *ange %uttle-boxes4 ,improvem5ts foll[$1 by ! sub/itution ( ! rev]se %uttle-box motion 9 #ahed1 ! p]fection ( ! g5]al loom /ructure 9 #aheg1 ! addition ( ! upright lev] h>ness motion 9 #ahfd1 & ! c5tre-/op 9 #ahgi1 s t at ! pres5t "t ?is ma*9e is adapt$ to run at high spe$s & weave at mod]ate co/ ! mo/ complicat$ designs 9 wool5 & wor/$--su* z %awls1 *ecks1 suit+s1 & all =ms ( fancy cassim]es4 ,! g5]al indu/rial activity 9 all matt]s p]ta9+ to textile manufacture betwe5 ! ye>s #ahce & #ahfj1 br\ght =? _m =ms ( looms ( special adaptation to meet ! increas+ dem&s ( society4 ,! n>r[-w>e loom appe>$ 9 ! ?ird decade ( ?is c5tury1 & ! addition ( ! dobbie1 or ,jacqu>d1 lat]1 equipp$ ?is loom = ! simultane\s production ( sev]al ribbons1 or n>r[ fabrics1 side by side1 hav+ pla9 or figur$ effect4 ,! lay 0 divid$ into sev]al re$ spaces1 & a correspond+ numb] ( %uttles1 op]at$ by rack & p9ion1 c>ri$ ! weft-?reads ?r\gh ! adjac5t w>p4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ?is c5tury1 & until ! adoption ( ! m ri* & delicate fabrics1 hair-clo? 0 ! accept$ cov]+ = furniture1 & p[]-looms = its production quickly answ]$ ! dem&4 ,!y rea*$ su* a degree ( p]fection & effici5cy 9 ?is c\ntry t almo/ ! entire indu/ry 0 c5tr$ "h4 ,?is fabric 0 made f ! hair ( horses' tails z weft1 & a /rong cotton w>p2 & z ! weft c\ld n be w\nd ^u bobb9s1 z usual1 ea* sep>ate hair 0 ins]t$ by an +5i\s device made to reciprocate ?r\gh ! %$1 & select "o out ( a bundle ( hairs cut to ! same l5g?4 ,! conception ( a p[] device capable ( ! delicate op]ation necess>y to weave hair-clo?1 c\ld nev] h be5 realiz$ except 9 a highly intellig5t manufactur+ community2 b 9 #ahgj1 ,rhode ,isl& alone produc$ on su* ma*9es ov] #fjj1jjj y>ds1 consum+ !reby ! hair ( ab\t eight hundr$ ?\s& horse-tails4 ,illu/ration3 ,,circul> ,,loom4 ,! evolution ( ! lappet loom />t$ betwe5 #ahdj & #ahej 9 ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,x s\ght to enhance ! pleas+ effect ( pla9 fabrics1 by plac+ an embroid]$ or rais$ figure ov] ! surface dur+ ! weav+ process4 ,ne> ! l[] edge ( ladies' skirts1 on ! ends ( neckties & l articles1 an embroid]$ effect 0 desirable2 & ?is has be5 secur$ by ! lappet atta*m5t to ! pres5t p[]-loom4 ,9 ?is a ne$le is m\nt$ 9 appropriate location1 usually back ( ! lay1 & ?r\gh an eye 9 ! end !re( ! lappet ?read is l$ f a suitable supply4 ,?is ne$le is normally ei!r above or bel[ ! w>p4 ,:5 a spot or figure is want$1 x is caus$ to move into ! plane ( ! opposite w>ps ( ! %$1 "u ! direction ( suitable controll+ patt]n me*anisms4 ,! %uttle be+ !n %ot1 ! lappet ?read appe>s ^u ! surface1 & x may be made to ?us appe> z (t5 z desir$2 its position be+ %ift$ z necess>y "u ! guidance ( a patt]n-*a9 to =m1 9 embroid]y effect1 any "* ( small design4 ,closely alli$ to ! lappet loom 9 ! effect produc$ is ! swivel-%uttle loom1 :i* has come ext5sively into use dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s to supply dem&s = spott$ or embroid]$ figures4 ,! loom is ( ! pla9 type1 hav+ small swivel-%uttles movable 9 c>ri] blocks1 :i* are secur$ to ! support+ b> ne> ! top ( ! lay-re$1 9 conv5i5t location to p]mit ! %uttles to be depress$ into ! %$4 ,ea* swivel-%uttle is provid$ ) a rack engag+ a suitable op]at+ p9ion to move ! %uttles simultane\sly f "o c>ri] to ! next4 ,normally ^! %uttles are held above ! w>p plane1 & ! loom 9 ?is condition weaves tabby or twill4 ,at ! desir$ mom5t1 ! support+-b> is l[]$ by a cam or ,jacqu>d to br+ ! %uttles 9 ! %$2 ! %uttles are mov$ f "o c>ri] to ! next adjac5t1 & !n all are rais$ to _! normal position above ! w>p4 ,! gr\nd weft is laid & ! beat-up takes place4 ,repetition develops a spot or figure at int]vals across ! entire fabric1 & ) ! use ( diff]5t color$ swivel-?reads ! greate/ div]sity ( embroid]$ effect is secur$ ov] ! entire gr\nd4 ,"s ( ! mo/ beautiful spott$ silks = ladies' dresses & fancy sc>fs1 nev] be=e contemplat$1 are n[ wov5 on ?is loom at prices t are v mod]ate = su* a class ( goods4 ,a radical dep>ture f ! pa?s travel$ by prior inv5tors 0 inaugurat$ ab\t #ahei1 9 adapt+ ! p[]-loom = weav+ tubul> fabrics1 result+ tw5ty ye>s lat] 9 p]fect+ a ma*9e 9 :i* ! w>p ?reads 7 arrang$ 9 circul> s]ies & ! weft laid 9 ! circul> %$ by a cont9u\sly mov+ %uttle4 ,fire-hose & l tubul> clo?s result$4 ,rapid developm5t cont9u$ f ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury1 s t ne>ly e conceivable =m ( loom1 f ! light runn+ pla9 fabric & g+ham looms to ! heavy /ructures = weav+ canvas & wire clo?1 claim$ ! att5tion ( ! inv5tor2 & 9 ?is la/ decade ( ! c5tury looms are con/ruct$ to weave any?+ t c be wov54 ,wire1 slats1 cane1 /raw1 & glass1 z well z ! light fibres ( cotton1 wool1 or silk1 are n[ easily manipulat$ on ! p[]-loom & wov5 into clo?s1 matt+s1 baskets1 cane-seats = furniture1 bottle-cov]s1 & ev] s _m irregul> =ms t1 9 ! dormant condition ( ?is indu/ry prior to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 7 q beyond consid]ation ( ! mo/ active en?usia/ ( ! art4 ,wond]ful z ^! a*ievem5ts h be51 ! re/less ambition ( inv5tive g5ius rema9s unsatisfi$4 ,improvem5ts cont9ue--especially 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "u ! fo/]+ c>e ( a lib]al pat5t sy/em--& attempts are n[ be+ made1 & ) success1 to =m ! p[]-loom into a ?or\ghly automatic ma*9e incapable ( produc+ any b ! be/ quality ( clo?4 ,^u ! breakage or undue slack5+ ( a w>p ?read1 ! loom w\ld cont9ue to weave & produce imp]fect fabric until ! att5dant _h piec$ ! brok5 end or adju/$ ! slack ?read4 ,means 7 devis$ "s ye>s ago to rem$y ?is defect1 b ) only p>tial success until ne> ! close ( ?is c5tury4 ,breakage or failure m (t5 occurr$ 9 ! weft1 h[ev]1 & ?\gh ! weft /op-motion successfully detect$ ! fault & /opp$ ! loom1 yet mu* valuable "t 0 lo/1 & con/ant att5tion 0 ne$$ to supply new fill+4 ,progressive t5d5cies ( ! clos+ ye>s ( ?is decade h s\ght to meet ?is difficulty4 ,z a result1 means are n[ provid$ :]eby1 on failure or breakage ( ! weft1 ! loom dis*>ges its imp]fect fill+ f ! %uttle1 supplies itself ) a new weft f ! hopp]1 places x 9 ! %uttle1 & cont9ues to weave4 ,su* a loom provid$ ) a w>p /op-motion is almo/ incapable ( produc+ imp]fect clo?1 & s long z ! w>ps rema9 intact & ! hopp] is kept suppli$ ) weft-bobb9s1 x w cont9ue to weave4 ,9 fact1 9 _m mills ( ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates ^! looms are n[ left to run dur+ ! d9n] h\r )\t an att5dant1 & no imp]fect clo? is produc$4 ,su* ma*9es are almo/ indep5d5t ( human att5tion1 yet !y are ! evolution ( ! old-"t h& loom4 ,j "o hundr$ ye>s ago ! h& loom1 runn+ at #dj or #ej picks to ! m9ute1 requir$ ! wat*ful c>e ( an exp]t weav]2 9 #ahdj1 ! same weav] c\ld 8t5d0 f two to f\r p[]-looms runn+ #ajj to #abj picks2 to-day he ov]sees f #aj to #af looms runn+ f #aej to #bjj picks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,knitt+ ,,ma*9e4 ,,lee4 ,! homespun1 ) its old famili> butt]nut dye1 has disappe>$4 ,! sp9n+-:eel & loom no long] occupy a "p ( e home4 ,9 _! /ead1 ! f>m]1 z he looks beyond ! ?riv+ cornfields1 beholds ! reek+ *imneys ( a ?\s& mills z !y proclaim ! maje/y ( ! p[] ma*9es4 ,! fabrics produc$ are beautiful & v>i$ 9 design1 & _! co/ s l[ z to excite wond] t su* progress c\ld h be5 ! result ( "o hundr$ ye>s ( indu/rial activity4 ,! emancipation ( knitt+1 z a dome/ic occupation1 dates f ! romantic exp]i5ces ( ,william ,lee1 a subject ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ( :om x is relat$ t :ile wat*+ ! deft f+]s ( 8 lady-love guide ! knitt+ ne$le f loop to loop1 conceiv$ ! idea ( p]=m+ ! op]ation by me*anical means4 ,x is a s+ul> co9cid5ce also t ! inv5tion ( ?is ! fir/ ma*9e = knitt+ purposes1 l t ( ! p[]-loom = weav+1 %\ld h emanat$ f ! h&s ( a /ud5t & cl]gyman1 unfamili> ) ! art4 ,lee's device 0 naturally crude4 ,x conta9$ only twelve ne$les1 arrang$ 9 a r[ ) ab\t sev5 or eight to ! in*1 b x successfully =m$ a knitt$ web4 ,fur!r progress 9 ! art 0 sl[1 on acc\nt ( ! /rong opposition to all ma*9es :i* seem$ likely to deprive ! h& artisan ( occupation4 ,! ,que5 refus$ to grant a pat5t to ,lee = ?is reason1 & knitt+ rema9$ ! exclusive pr]ogative ( wom5 = _m ye>s4 ,l ! sp9n+-:eel1 h[ev]1 ! h& knitt+-ne$le beheld a rival1 :i* 9 ! div]sity ( human wants 0 de/9$ to create "o ( ! great indu/rial pursuits ( ! age4 ,/ock+s1 l all o!r g>m5ts1 7 fir/ made by sew+ toge!r pieces ( l951 silk1 cotton1 or wool5 clo?1 result+ 9 a poorly fitt+ article1 prolific ( uncom=table seams4 ,knitt+ ! entire hose 9 a s+le piece by h& ne$les ov]came ^! defects to an ext5t1 & ! ,lee ma*9e op5$ ! way = ! production ( su* articles on a scale t n[ furni%es ! civiliz$ _w4 ,lee's ma*9e produc$ a /raight web :i* requir$ to be cut & sewn to %ape2 !n to x 0 add$ ! ribb+ device & ! n>r[+ & wid5+ atta*m5t1 to %ape ! web to fit ! body )\t cutt+2 b /ill a seam exi/$ 9 ! /ock+ :]e ! edges unit$4 ,9 #ahaf1 h[ev]1 ,m4 ,i4 ,brunel built a circul> ma*9e hav+ an endless r[ ( ne$les1 & 9 #ahca1 ,timo?y ,bailey1 ( ,new ,york1 appli$ p[] to ! knitt+ frame2 ! result be+ t at ?is "t a tubul> seamless fabric c\ld be produc$ on a p[] ma*9e4 ,! lat*-ne$le1 :i* has giv5 to ! knitt+ ma*9e great capacity & div]sity ( product1 0 n inv5t$ until ab\t #ahdg1 by ,mr4 ,aik51 ( ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,a p]iod ( developm5t !n set 9 t cont9ues to ! pres5t "t4 ,! ne$les by cam me*anism 7 made indep5d5tly op]ative 9 a circul> c>ri]2 n>r[+ & wid5+ devices to produce p\*es1 su* z ! heels & toes ( /ock+s1 7 add$1 z 0 also fe$+ me*anism = ! introduction ( diff]5t color$ y>n1 or a re9=c+ ?read4 ,su* ma*9es1 ( #ahfh & #ahgj1 w\ld =m a /ock+ or und]g>m5t well fitt$ to ! =m2 b !y requir$ ! con/ant att5tion ( a skill$ knitt]1 until patt]n me*anism 0 introduc$ to control ! "t ( introduction ( ! color$ or additional ?read1 & ! place = =mation ( ! n>r[$ or wid5$ web4 ,9 =m+ ! heel & toe pockets1 a "p ( ! ne$les are ?r[n out ( action1 & ! movem5ts to op]ate ! active ne$les are *ang$ f r\nd & r\nd1 or circul> "w1 to reciprocat+4 ,at ea* reciprocation "o or m ne$les1 at ! end ( ! s]ies1 are r5d]$ inactive1 until "o half ! requir$ pocket is =m$2 !n !y are successively return$ to action1 & circul> knitt+ resum$4 ,x may be also an additional ?read is introduc$ to re9=ce ! we>+ qualities ( ! heel & toe1 or a diff]5tly color$ y>n may be ?r[n 9 to give figure1 b all su* movem5ts are n[ automatically controll$ by a patt]n me*anism4 ,! ribb$ leg portion ( a /ock+ is =m$ ei!r 9 ! same ma*9e t fa%ions ! foot or 9 a sep>ate ma*9e to :i* ! foot is transf]r$1 b 9 ei!r case ! patt]n me*anism aga9 controls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,knitt+ ,,9 ,,! ,,old ,,way4 ,)9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ?is art has be5 s greatly improv$1 especially 9 ! hosi]y l9e1 t ! automatic ma*9e ( to-day passes ?r\gh ! entire op]ation ( knitt+ ! article1 f9i%+ x (f1 & />t+ afre% )\t o!r aid ?an a supply ( y>n4 ,moreov]1 ! ma*9e n[ to be consid]$ practical mu/ be s con/ruct$ t x w cont9ue ?us to op]ate )\t repairs or loss ( "t f mon? to mon?2 & its daily output w av]age m ?an ! old h& ma*9es c\ld accompli% 9 a week4 ,by h& knitt+ "o hundr$ loops c\ld be =m$ p] m9ute2 by ,lee's ma*9e z _m z fifte5 hundr$ 7 possible 9 ! same "t2 b to-day1 ! automatic ma*9e w av]age betwe5 #cjj1jjj & #djj1jjj loops1 & at ! same "t w produce a f9] web1 %ap$ to fit ! =m ( ! we>]4 ,su* comp>isons reveal ! vitally important progress made 9 ! knitt+ indu/ry1 ?r\gh :i* mo/ ( our und]we>1 /ock+s1 sc>fs1 neck-com=ts1 & wool5 gloves are suppli$4 ,! labor & "t sav+ devices develop$ 9 ?is class ( ma*9es1 & ! fact t unskill$ workm5 may 8t5d0 f fifte5 to tw5ty ( !m1 l>gely acc\nts = ! univ]sal adoption ( w>m & com=table we>+ app>el by all classes ( society4 ,! numb] ( pat5ts grant$ on textile ma*9]y dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury furni%es an index to ! progress made4 ,prior to #ahjj1 less ?an "o hundr$ pat5ts 7 grant$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile s9ce t "t1 & up until ,july1 #ahie1 ab\t #ae1bjj pat5ts 7 issu$1 cov]+ tangible & mat]ial improvem5ts ov] ! old /ructures4 ,! b5efic5t effects ( ^! inv5tions are atte/$ by ! wond]ful & cont9u\s r$uction 9 co/ to ! consum] ( all k9ds ( textile fabrics4 ,= ! manufactur]1 ^! h made possible increas$ production 9 a giv5 "t ) less manual labor4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! labor co/ is ab\t "o half ! total co/ ( production ( textile fabrics1 x w be app>5t t ! b5eficial effects ( any labor-sav+ device are felt z well by ! consum] z ! produc]4 ,9 #ahgj ! numb] ( textile e/abli%m5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #cjce1 giv+ occupation to #adf1hig employees1 & consum+ annually #cei1dbj1hbi p\nds ( textile fibres1 :ile 9 #ahij ! numb] ( e/abli%m5ts _h increas$ to #daad1 employ+ #eaa1hig h&s1 & consum+ ! enorm\s am\nt ( #a1egb1edh1icc p\nds ( fibres2 repres5t+ progress & gr[? 9 ! textile arts n excell$ by any o!r manufactur+ indu/ry4 ,food & clo?+ con/itute ! prim>y wants ( man4 ,! =m] grew ready = 8 use z a natural product ( ! soil4 ,! latt] he _h to produce by artificial means to af=d t protection :i* nature fail$ to provide4 ,next to agriculture1 !re=e1 man's e>ly att5tion 0 direct$ to secur+ a cov]+ = ! body4 ,look+ back ?r\gh ! vi/a ( ye>s dimm$ by ! mi/s ( v remot5ess1 we f9d ! animal & vegetable k+doms de/9$ to contribute to 8 ne$s4 ,!re 7 ! blue flax-fields2 cotton-bolls1 scatt]$ l p[d]$ sn[ ab\t ! l&1 coquett+ 9 wanton ab&on ) w9ds temp]$ by an all-wise ,p[] to ! %eph]d-wat*$ %eep2 goats roam+ ! vale ( ,ca%m]e2 silk-worms ( ,c]es1 & ! grasses ( spr+1 ov]fl[+ ) allurem5ts ( assi/ance = 8 adornm5t4 ,) ^! ess5tials has man wr\ght a mighty miracle4 ,! g5ius ( ,indu/rial ,art1 awak5$ by ! fasc9at+ influ5ce ( ,nature1 invok$ ! ,goddess ( ,inv5tion1 approa*+ h] temple n ) l\d acclaim1 z m>k$ ! h]culean /rides 9 o!r arts & sci5ces1 b mode/ly1 ?\gh t5aci\sly & mo/ effectually4 ,= n m is woman emancipat$ by ! sew+ ma*9e ?an bo? sexes by ! do+ away ( ! sp9n+-:eel1 ! h\sehold knitt]1 & h&-work$ loom4 ,n m d electricity & /eam p[] facilitate ! v>i\s occupations ( man ?an d ! _m textur$ fabrics add to 8 ne$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,knitt+ ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,way4 ,9 all ! phases ( social life is ?is indu/ry manife/4 ,if ! banquet hall is w>m$ & light$ by electricity1 s1 also1 is x adorn$ ) tape/ries1 silk5 & arti/ic1 nap]y surpass+ly smoo?1 & laces intricately wr\ght4 ,h[ l a fairy tale reads ! evolution ( textile progress6 ,conceptions1 inf9ite 9 range & v>iety1 alike pleas+ to ! eye & gratify+ to vanity1 h be5 spun1 wov51 knit1 & embroid]$1 until1 /&+ z we d at ! dawn ( ano!r c5tury1 ^u ! summit ( unp>allel$ a*ievem5ts1 we ask1 8,c ! m9d conceive1 ! he>t desire1 or ! h& execute m40 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,religi\s ,,progress ,,by ,,george ,,edw>d ,,re$1 ,s4,t4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,presid5t ,dick9son ,college1 ,c>lisle1 ,pa4 ,! clos+ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 bo? 9 ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are *>act]iz$ by a religi\s life z ph5om5al ) respect to developm5t & influ5ce z ^? ( ! eighte5? 7 ph5om5al = le?>gy & decl9e4 8,nev]10 says a writ] 9 ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review1 8has a c5tury ris5 on ,engl& s void ( s\l & fai? z t :i* op5$ ) ,anne 7#agjb71 & rea*$ its mi/y noon b5ea? ! second ,george 7#agcb-agfj71--;a dewless night succe$$ by a sunless dawn4 ,! ,puritans 7 buri$ & ! ,me?odi/s 7 n born40 ,9 ?is op9ion1 all hi/orians & essayi/s concur4 ,among ! cl]gy 7 _m ^: lives 7 ( ! ,dom9ie ,sampson ord]1 describ$ 9 ,scott's 8,guy ,mann]+0--m5 ^: lives 7 ! sc&al & reproa* ( ! *ur*2 :o op5ly taught t reason is ! all-suffici5t guide2 t ! ,scriptures are to be receiv$ only z !y agree ) ! light ( nature2 plead+ = lib]ty :ile runn+ into ! wilde/ lic5ti\sness4 ,montesquieu1 inde$1 did n hesitate to *>ge ,engli%m5 g5]ally ) be+ devoid ( e g5u9e religi\s s5tim5t4 8,if10 he says1 8! subject ( religion is m5tion$ 9 society1 x excites no?+ b laught]4 ,n m ?an f\r or five memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons are regul> att5dants at *ur*40 ,f ! colleges & univ]sities1 ! great doctr9es ( ! ,re=mation 7 well-nigh bani%$1 a ref9$ sy/em ( e?ics1 hav+ no connection ) ,*ri/ian motives1 be+ sub/itut$ = ! pr9ciples ( a div9ely reveal$ law4 ,on e side fai? seem$ to be dy+ out2 inde$1 w\ld h di$ out b = ! trem5d\s re=mation 9 life & morals induc$ by ! self-d5y+ & h]oic labors ( ! ,wesleys & _! coadjutors1 to :om1 m ?an to any beside1 ,engl& owes h] salvation f a relapse into b>b>ism1--a s]vice :i* 9 lat] ye>s won = ! ,wesleys a memorial 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,on ! ,cont95t1 religi\s conditions 7 no bett]4 ,9 ,france ! masses 7 yet reel+ amid ! excesses ( ! ,revolution4 ,voltaire & ,r\sseau 7 ! oracles & prophets ( _! times1--! popul> idols ( ! h\r4 ,voltaire1 inde$1 op5ly boa/$ t he alone w\ld laugh ,*ri/ianity out ( ! c\rt ( public op9ion1 decl>+ ! :ole sy/em to be outgr[n & p[]less4 ,g]many1 giv5 ov] to !ological speculation1 cru%$ b5ea? ! weight ( ! ,napoleonic w>s1 & torn by int]nal diss5sions1 gave b little hope t ^u h] alt>s ! dy+ fire ( ! great ,re=mation w\ld ev] aga9 flame =? z 9 ! old] & m h]oic days4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 simil> conditions prevail$1 especially dur+ ! la/ decade ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! fir/ ( ! n9ete5?4 ,=ms ( infidelity ! mo/ radical & revolt+ prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,_m ( ! lead+ /atesm51 9 private at lea/1 did n scruple to confess !mselves a!i/s or dei/s4 ,?omas ,pa9e 0 ! popul> idol2 8 8,age ( ,reason0 almo/ z common z ! ,bible itself4 ,! majority ( ! m5 tak+ "p ) him 9 ! f\nd+ ( ! gov]nm5t1 ) b few exceptions1 held !ological s5tim5ts ak9 to 81 al?\gh decl9+ to p>ticipate 9 8 viol5t & brutal assaults ^u ! ,scriptures & ! in/itutions ( ,*ri/ian society4 ,illu/ration3 ,,birm+ham ,,meet+-,,h\se 7,,anci5t74 ,speak+ ( ! e>li] days ( ! c5tury1 ,*ancellor ,k5t1 9 "o ( 8 publi%$ works1 decl>$ t 9 8 y\ng] days ! m5 ( 8 acqua9tance 9 pr(essional life :o did n av[ infidelity 7 comp>atively few4 ,bi%op ,meade1 ( ,virg9ia1 9 8 autobiography1 /ates t 8sc>cely a "y man ( culture c\ld be f\nd :o believ$ 9 ,*ri/ianity40 ,! colleges & univ]sities 7 s fill$ ) y\?ful skeptics t :51 9 #agie1 ,timo?y ,dwight assum$ ! presid5cy ( ,yale1 he f\nd b f\r or five will+ to admit t !y 7 memb]s ( *ur*es4 ,s f> did !y g 9 _! devotion to ! ,fr5* infidelity preval5t at ! "t1 t ! s5iors ( ! college 7 commonly kn[n among !mselves by ! names ( ,did]ot1 ,d',alemb]t1 ,robespi]re1 ,r\sseau1 ,danton1 & ! l4 ,h>v>d1 ,pr9ceton1 ,william & ,m>y1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1--all ! colleges inde$1--7 z ?or\ghly hotb$s ( skepticism z nurs]ies ( le>n+4 ,! p]iod1 too1 0 "o ( int]nec9e /rife among ! feeble *ur*es !mselves4 ,divisions on doctr9al l9es 7 incessant2 dep>tures f ! fai? z num]\s z !y 7 disa/r\s4 ,( ! mission>y _s s glori\sly *>act]i/ic ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re 0 n ev5 a trace4 ,up to #agic1 n a mission>y society 0 9 exi/5ce on ei!r side ( ! ocean4 ,! same 0 true ( hospitals1 asylums1 ( e =m ( organiz$ ef=t = ! reclamation ( ! masses or ! amelioration ( human ill4 ,9 ,bo/on1 z late z #ahaa1 m5 ( lit]>y or political di/9ction1 eag] to li/5 to ! m>vel\s revival prea*+ ( ! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,griff91 att5d$ 8 s]vices surreptiti\sly1 or 9 disguise1 fe>ful le/ k ( att5dance ^u religi\s s]vices ( su* vulg> "* %\ld detract f ! dignity ( _! social /&+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! times 7 bad1 ! outlook = ,*ri/ianity d>k1 ! p]iod1 nev]!less1 0 n :olly )\t gleams ( light4 ,! spiritual leav5 imp>t$ by ,:itefield 9 8 mighty prea*+ t\rs1 by ,edw>ds1 ,dwight1 ,asbury1 ,griff91 & o!rs ( equally h]oic /amp1 gradually began to "w1--sl[ly at fir/1 b ) ev] accel]at+ movem5t1--until at la/ ! triumphant successes ( ! pres5t c5tury began _! /ately m>*4 ,by degrees a new life appe>$ among ! *ur*es1 h]ald+ ! dawn ( a new & bright] day4 ,revivals ( religion1 _m ( !m p[]ful & sweep+1 broke out 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,massa*usetts1 ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ! ,c>ol9as1 ,georgia1 7 9 succession ! !atres ( movem5ts :i*1 be=e !y _h sp5t _! =ce1 _h completely revolutioniz$ ! conditions ( unfai?1 immorality1 & spiritual apa?y s long prevail+4 ,^! upheavals ( spiritual p[]1 cont9u+ dur+ ! fir/ tw5ty-five ye>s ( ! c5tury1 laid broad & deep ! f\ndations ( ! mighty a*ievem5ts ( ! *ur* :i* we are n[ to consid]4 ,h[ ext5sive1 h[ wond]ful1 h be5 ^! a*ievem5ts c p]haps be/ be und]/ood by a consid]ation ( ! *ang$ conditions m>k+ ! close ( ! c5tury4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 t ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are a religi\s p may be inf]r$ f ! amaz+ numb] & v>iety ( religions ab\nd+ & fl\ri%+ )9 our bord]s4 ,x may be d\bt$ t 9 any o!r ,*ri/ian c\ntry ( ! e>? !re c be f\nd s _m v>ieties ( religion1 s _m *ur* organizations1 s _m & div]se peculi>ities ( doctr9e1 polity1 & usage1 z "h4 ,x is a l& ( *ur*es2 *ur*es = :ites1 *ur*es = blacks2 *ur*es l>ge & *ur*es small2 *ur*es or?odox & *ur*es het]odox2 *ur*es ,*ri/ian & *ur*es pagan2 *ur*es ,ca?olic & *ur*es ,prote/ant2 *ur*es lib]al & *ur*es cons]vative1 ,calv9i/ic & ,arm5ian1 ,unit>ian & ,tr9it>ian2 repres5t+ ne>ly e phase ( ecclesia/ical & !ological ?\ght4 ,z ,am]icans h di/anc$ ! _w 9 ! ext5t & v>iety ( _! mat]ial inv5tions1 s h !y di/anc$ ! _w 9 ! ext5t & v>iety ( _! !ological & ecclesia/ical =ms4 ,! /ate _c control ! *ur*1 & ! *ur* is z free z ! /ate4 ,z a man may freely transf] 8 citiz5%ip f "o ,/ate to ano!r1 to ea* 9 turn1 s may he1 if he %all s desire1 pass f "o ecclesia/ical communion to ano!r1 until he %all h exhau/$ ! li/4 ,if1 p]*ance1 no "o ( ! "o hundr$ & =ty-?ree di/9ct d5om9ations enum]at$ 9 ! c5sus tables %all suit him1 !re rema9 innum]able sep>ate1 indep5d5t congregations1 no "o ( :i* lays claim to d5om9ational "n1 cre$1 or connection1 9 "s "o ( :i* he yet may f9d an ecclesia/ical home4 ,! pr9ciple ( division1 inde$1 has be5 c>ri$ s f> 9 ,am]ica t x w\ld be a difficult task to f9d ! religi\s body s small z1 9 ! judgm5t ( "s1 to be incapable ( fur!r division4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,/4 ,,john ,,! ,,div9e 7,,prote/ant ,,episcopal7 ,,"u ,,process ,,( ,,erection ,,9 ,,new ,,york4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! diff]5ces ( ! "o hundr$ & =ty-?ree d5om9ations into :i* our religi\s population is divid$ are1 9 _m in/ances1 s slight t1 %\ld consolidation be attempt$1 ! "o hundr$ & =ty-?ree c\ld easily be r$uc$ to a comp>atively small numb]1 & ?is ) b little *ange 9 doctr9e1 polity1 or usage4 ,consolidation into organic union1 h[ev]1 is h>dly likely to occur 9 ! ne> future1 ev5 7 su* consolidation desirable4 ,9 ! fir/ place su* a result w\ld be contr>y to ! g5ius ( ,prote/antism1 bas$1 z x is1 on ! absolute "r ( private judgm5t ) respect to matt]s ( fai? & morals1 &1 9 ! second place1 x w\ld be contr>y to human exp]i5ce4 8,religi\s controv]sies10 z ,glad/one says1 8d n1 l bodily w\nds1 heal by ! g5ial =ces ( nature4 ,if !y d n proce$ to gangr5e & mortification1 at lea/ !y t5d to h>d5 into fix$ facts1 to incorporate !mselves into laws1 "*1 & tradition1 nay1 ev5 into language2 s t at la/ !y take rank among ! data & presuppositions ( common life1 & are ?\ght z inexorable z ! rocks ( an iron-b\nd coa/40 ,9 religion1 :5 m5 sep>ate1 ! sev]ance is l ! sev]ance ( ! two e>ly fri5ds ( :om ! poet speaks3-- 8,!y p>t$1 ne'er to meet aga91 ,b nei!r ev] f\nd ano!r ,to free ! holl[ he>t f pa9+4 ,!y /ood alo(1 ! sc>s rema9+1 ,l cliffs :i* h be5 r5t asund]1 ,a dre>y sea n[ rolls betwe540 ,illu/ration3 ,,fa!r ,,dami51 ,,mission>y ,,to ,,hawaiian ,,lep] ,,colony4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! div]sities are great--increas+ r ?an dim9i%+--! 8unity ( ! _s 9 ! bonds ( peace0 ) respect to all ess5tials ( doctr9e is z rem>kable z ! div]sity 9 ! outw>d =m4 ,nev]1 inde$1 s9ce ! dawn ( ,*ri/ianity1 7 ! memb]s ( ! div]sifi$ bodies ( ! g5]al *ur* ( ,*ri/ 9 su* ?or\gh accord1 9 su* clos5ess ( atta*m5t1 ) su* g5]\s recognition ( all t is good 9 ea* ( ! sev]al bodies1 z n[4 ,ev5 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 intol]ant 9 all l&s :]e its sway is practically undisput$1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at lea/1 has caught some?+ ( ! broad] tol]ation ( ,prote/ants1 giv+ to its millions ( communicants a bett] & tru] gospel ?an 9 ^? c\ntries :]e x does n come into contact ) ,prote/antism1 :ile freely cop]at+ ) o!r *ur*es 9 v>i\s works ( philan?ropy & re=m4 ,9 ! next place1 t we are a religi\s1 a ,*ri/ian p may be argu$ f ! /eady & enorm\s increase dur+ ! c5tury ( ! mat]ial & spiritual =ces ( ! *ur* ( ,*ri/1 an increase ph5om5al ev5 amid ! wond]s ( a ph5om5al c5tury4 ,:e!r we look at ! increase ( edifices or ! multiplication ( communicants1 ! results 9 ei!r case are suffici5t = bo? congratulation & amazem5t4 ,7 x possible to obta9 f ! e>li] records exact /ati/ics ( ! actual numb] ( edifices & communicants exi/+ at ! op5+ ( ! c5tury1 comp>ison w\ld be comp>atively easy4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case1 ! records hav+ be5 imp]fectly kept & indiff]5tly pres]v$4 ,! c5sus ( #ahij1 inde$1 0 ! fir/ to furni% exhau/ive & really reliable results4 ,tak+ t c5sus z a basis1 & add+ to its figures ^? to be obta9$ f ! ye> books ( ! v>i\s bodies up to & includ+ #ahid1 ! religi\s /r5g? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,*ur*es1 #ahi1dhh2 religi\s organizations1 #aeh1fie2 orda9$ m9i/]s1 #aad1hbc2 memb]s or communicants1 #ae1bag1idh2 value ( *ur* prop]ty1 #fgj1jjj1jjj2 seat+ capacity ( *ur*es1 #dc1jjj1jjj1 :ile 9 ! #bc1jjj places :]e organizations :i* own no edifices hold _! s]vices1 accommodations c\ld be f\nd = #b1bej1jjj m4 ,9 ! majority ( ! ,prote/ant *ur*es1 at lea/ two s]vices are held on ea* ,sabba?2 9 ! ,ca?olic1 six or sev54 ,grant+ ^! premises1 x is b reasonable to say t if1 on any giv5 day1 ! entire population ( ! c\ntry %\ld desire to att5d at lea/ "o religi\s s]vice1 accommodations c\ld readily be f\nd = ! entire numb]1--ample pro( t ! spiritual int]e/s ( ! millions are by no means neglect$ s f> z privileges ( wor%ip are conc]n$4 ,x is a %[+ all ! m rem>kable :5 we consid] t all ?is va/ provision is furni%$ on ! basis ( volunt>y (f]+s1 ! /ate contribut+ n a doll> = religi\s purposes4 ,x is probable t 9 ^! *ur*es & edifices1 on ,sabba?s & on weekdays1 n less ?an #ae1jjj1jjj s]vices are held ea* ye>1 to say no?+ ( sessions ( ,sunday-s*ools1 meet+s ( ,"y ,p's ,associations1 & ga!r+s ( k9dr$ "*4 ,9 !m1 too1 n less ?an t5 millions ( s]mons & addresses on religi\s !mes are annually deliv]$4 ,! numb] ( enroll$ communicants1 or memb]s1 h[ev]1 by no means expresses ! real /r5g? ( ! religi\s life ( ! nation4 ,to get at t1 we mu/ multiply ea* ,prote/ant communicant by ! #b4e adh]5ts all[$ 9 all /ati/ical calculations4 ,proce$+ on ?is basis1 omitt+ = ! "t all ,ca?olics1 ,jews1 ,!osophi/s1 memb]s ( ,societies = ,e?ical ,culture1 ,spirituali/s1 ,latt]-,day ,sa9ts1 & k9dr$ bodies1 & multiply+ ! #ae1bjj1jjj ,prote/ant memb]s by #b4e1 we h ov] #ej1jjj1jjj z ! total ,prote/ant population ( ! c\ntry4 ,add+ to ^! #ej1jjj1jjj ! ,ca?olic population1 e/imat$ by ,ca?olic au?orities z be+ #ae p] c5t4 l>g] ?an ! numb] ( ,ca?olic communicants1 we h #eg1jfb1jjj z ! total ,*ri/ian population1 leav+ only ab\t #g1jjj1jjj :o are nei!r communicants nor adh]5ts4 ,( ! #g1jjj1jjj oppos$1 = v>i\s reasons1 to ! *ur*es1 comp>atively few are to be reckon$ z ei!r infidels or a!i/s2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x is true t ( ! #eg1jjj1jjj reckon$ z ei!r communicants or adh]5ts1 millions are ,*ri/ians only 9 "n1 ei!r nev] att5d+ ! s]vices ( ! *ur*es1 or at ! be/ only at r>e int]vals4 ,gratify+ z is ?is spl5did exhibit ( religi\s devotion on ! "p ( ! ,am]ican p1 ! fact t !re are millions 9 our l& ^: allegiance to ,*ri/ian doctr9e is b nom9al1 ) millions m ^u ^: lives religion ex]cises no appreciable influ5ce :atev]1 is a suffici5t pro( ( ! enorm\s task yet confront+ ! *ur*es ( ,*ri/1 if we are to /& be=e ! nations z ! great di/9ctive ,*ri/ian nation ( ! _w4 ,! /up5d\s ga91 h[ev]1 9 n9ety-f\r ye>s1 ( ov] #ad1hec1jgf 9 ,prote/ant *ur*es alone is a record ( religi\s progress unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,salisbury ,,ca!dral1 ,,engl&4 7,,we/ ,,front47 ,advanc+ to ! "q ( di/ribution ( ! religi\s =ces enum]at$1 we f9d t :ile ^! =ces are di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t e ,/ate & "u "o hundr$ & =ty-?ree d5om9ational names1 !y are1 nev]!less1 mass$ l>gely 9 a few d5om9ations & 9 a comp>atively few ,/ates4 ,compet5t au?orities e/imate t ! five l>ge/ d5om9ations comprise fully #fj p] c5t4 ( ! entire numb] ( communicants2 ! t5 l>ge/1 #ge p] c5t4 ,) respect to communicants1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is fir/1 ) #g1eaj1jjj2 ! ,me?odi/ 7all bodies7 second1 ) #e1dje1jgf2 ! ,bapti/ ?ird1 ) #c1gag1cgc2 ! ,presbyt]ian f\r?1 ) #a1bgh1ccb2 ! ,lu!ran fif?1 ) #a1bcc1jgb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"y ,,m5',s ,,*ri/ian ,,association ,,build+1 ,,philadelphia4 ,) respect to population1 reckon+ ! ,ca?olic population at #g1eaj1jjj--:i* figures include *ildr5 "u t5 ye>s ( age--& add+ to ! communicant /r5g? ( ! f\r o!r bodies m5tion$ ! #b4e adh]5ts all[$ = ea* communicant1 we h ! foll[+3 ,me?odi/ population1 #ah1iah1dff2 ,bapti/1 #ab1iij1hje2 ,presbyt]ian1 #e1ebe1afb2 ,lu!ran1 #d1ceh1geb2 total ,prote/ant population1 #ej1jjj1jjj2 ,ca?olic1 #g1eaj1jjj4 ,) respect to value ( *ur* prop]ty1 ! ,me?odi/s are fir/ ) #acb1jjj1jjj2 ! ,ca?olics second1 #aah1jjj1jjj2 ! ,presbyt]ians ?ird1 ) #ie1jjj1jjj2 ! ,episcopalians f\r?1 ) #hb1hce1jjj2 ! ,bapti/s fif?1 ) #hb1cij1jjj4 ,! total value ( *ur* prop]ty1 reckon+ all d5om9ations1 rea*es ! enorm\s sum ( #fgj1jjj1jjj4 ,to fur!r p>ticul>ize ) respect to ! less] gr\ps into :i* ! religi\s =ces are divid$ is impossible )9 ! limits all[$ = ?is *apt]4 ,to d x w\ld require a volume in/ead ( a *apt]4 ,! foll[+ summ>y1 h[ev]1 may suffice to %[ ! ga9 ( a c5tury ( religi\s ef=t3-- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,ye>4 ,m9i/]s4 ,organizations4 ,communicants or ,memb]s4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #ahjj #b1fea #c1jcj #cfd1hgb #ahej #be1eee #dc1jgb #c1ebi1ihh #ahgj #dg1fji #gj1adh #f1fgc1cif #ahhj #fi1hgj #ig1jij #aj1jfe1ifc #ahij #ih1ahe #aea1agb #ac1hbc1eah #ahid #aad1hbc #aeh1fie #ae1bag1idh ---------------------------------------- --------- ,:5 "o rememb]s t "o hundr$ ye>s ago x 0 a common boa/ ( infidels t 8,*ri/ianity w\ld n survive two g5]ations 9 ?is c\ntry10 ! above exhibit %[s a religi\s progress unequal$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! k+dom ( ,god 9 any l& or any age4 ,turn+ to ! field ( mission>y ef=t1 we f9d t ! spread ( ! ,*ri/ian religion by mission>y ef=ts1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! la/ "o hundr$ ye>s1 =ms "o ( ! brighte/ *apt]s 9 ! records ( human progress4 ,)9 ?is p]iod1 ! triumphs ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies h be5 f> m ?an repeat$4 ,foll[+ ^! e>ly victories ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? came on1 z all "k1 ages ( d>kness1 dre>y c5turies1 dur+ ! progress ( :i* ! p[] ( ! *ur* gradually wan$1 &1 ) respect to purely spiritual activities1 seem$ to die away4 ,! voice ( exhortation ceas$ to be he>d4 ,*ri/ian song 0 hu%$4 ,ev5 pray] clos$ its supplicat+ lips1 & ! *ur*1 ov]lad5 ) corruption1 worldl9ess1 & human ambition1 pass$ into ! ?ick d>kness ( ! long & disa/r\s eclipse ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b amid ! widespread d>kness envelop+ ! _w1 ev5 ! ages kn[n z ! 8,d>k ,ages0 7 n )\t _! gleams ( light4 ,among ! ,s>ac5s & 9 ! l&s ( ! ,ori5t1 always 7 to be f\nd h]oic m5 & wom5 toil+ ceaselessly = ! conv]sion ( hea!n nations to ! ,*ri/4 ,lat] on1 subsequ5t to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & especially dur+ ! c5turies imm$iately foll[+ ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w1 ! desire = ! ,*ri/ianiz+ ( ! _w flam$ into an all-absorb+ passion4 ,! trem5d\s labors ( ,xavi]1 ( ,loyola1 & _! foll[]s1 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe1 h long be5 ! wond] & admiration ( ! _w4 ,*eck$ 9 ,europe by ! rise ( ! great ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* turn$ its en]gies to ! acquisition ( spiritual p[] 9 o!r l&s1 & ) enorm\s success4 ,along ! banks ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 amid ! wilds ( ,canadian =e/s1 f> away on ! %ores ( ! ,great ,lakes1 !nce s\?w>d to ! ,ohio1 along ! ,mississippi1 ev5 to ! ,gulf2 9 f> ,ca?ay1 9 ,ceylon1 9 ,japan1 9 ,*9a1 9 ,africa1--ev]y:]e its mission>ies c\ld be f\nd1 he$less ( hung]1 ( cold1 ( p]il1 reckless ev5 ( life1 if by any means1 :e!r by life or by dea?1 !y might 8spr9kle _m nations0 & e/abli% ! holy emblem ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bapti/ ,,mission ,,s*ool1 ,,japan4 ,absorb$ 9 ! /ruggles go+ on 9 _! own l&s1 ,prote/ants made b little ef=t = ! ext5sion ( ! gospel 9 =eign fields1 save ! few b successful attempts made by ! ,moravians ( ,g]many1 always ! mo/ zeal\s ( all ,prote/ant bodies 9 l9es ( mission>y s]vice4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 0 lack+ 9 ! way ( mission>y ef=t 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies has be5 m ?an made good 9 ! glori\s n9ete5?1 ! di/9ctive mission>y c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,9 ! room ( sev5 societies organiz$ = _w-wide gospel evangelization at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 !re are n[ 9 ,europe & ,am]ica betwe5 sev5ty & eighty organizations1 employ+ a =ce ( ne>ly ?ree ?\s& ,am]ican & ,european mission>ies1 & p]haps f\r times t numb] ( native assi/ants4 ,full #aj1jjj1jjj are annually rais$ among ! ,prote/ant bodies alone = mission>y s]vice1 :ile ! great ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* prosecutes its "w ) a zeal equally unflagg+4 ,a brief survey ( ! progress ( a hundr$ ye>s ( mission>y ef=t w make x cle> to all m9ds t ! day is n f> di/ant :5 ! decl>ation ( ! prophet1 8,! e>? %all be fill$ ) ! k ( ! glory ( ! ,"l1 ev5 z ! wat]s cov] ! sea10 %all h abundant & magnific5t realization4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 e isl& ( ! va/ ,pacific 0 clos$ aga9/ ! gospel4 ,to-day1 ne>ly e "o is "u ! influ5ce1 m or less ext5d$1 ( ,*ri/ian civilization4 ,india1 f ,cape ,comor9 to ! ,punjaub1 f ! ,punjaub to ! ,himalayas1 f ! ,himalayas to ,?ibet1--at ^: gates ! gospel is n[ knock+1--has be5 cov]$ ) a network ( mission /ations1 s*ools1 colleges1 & *ur*es1 clos] by f> 9 its int]lac+s ?an t :i* at ! close ( ! ?ird c5tury _h spread itself ov] ! va/ empire ( ! ,cs>s4 ,( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ,sumatra1 ,java1 ,borneo1 ! ,celebes1 ,new ,gu9ea1 n to m5tion small] gr\ps ( isl&s1 are feel+ ! new life ev] imp>t$ by ! adv5t ( ! ,cross4 ,japan1 too1 hungry = re=m1 & full ( ! /ir ( ! age1 by grant+ entrance to ! gospel1 has )9 its bord]s already a num]\s ,*ri/ian population ) scores ( evangelical congregations4 ,! same is true ( ! h]mit nation1 ,corea4 ,9 ! l&s ( ,islam1 f ,bagdad to ! ,balkans1 f ,egypt to ,p]sia1 & ?r\gh\t all ,turkey1 are to be f\nd c5tres ( mission>y ent]prise1 ! va/ influ5ce ( :i* is n[ be+ s5sibly felt 9 ! *ang+ life ( ^? rem>kable peoples4 ,9 ,burmah1 & rec5tly 9 ,siam1 aft] ye>s ( pati5t & app>5tly hopeless s]vice1 fields are ev]y:]e 8:ite unto ! h>ve/40 ,*9a1 mo/ popul\s ( all hea!n l&s1 is op5 to mission>y ef=t f ,canton to ,pek+1 f ,%anghai to ,hon-,*[4 ,africa also1 once1 9 its nor!rn sections at lea/1 ! home ( ! le>n+1 ! art1 ! sci5ce1 ! religion ( ! _w1 awak5+ f ! sleep ( long & dre>y c5turies "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian civilization1 aga9 dem&s ! att5tion ( ! great nations ( ! _w4 ,ev]y:]e1 ea/1 we/1 nor?1 s\?1 x is be+ invad$ all along ! l9e ( ,cecil ,rhodes' great railway1 /ret*+ nor?w>d f ,cape ,t[n = ?ree ?\s& miles1 to meet ! tw5ty-six hundr$ pu%+ d[n f ! nor?1--f ,s5egal to ,gaboon & f ,gaboon to ! ,congo2 on ! %ores ( ,tanganyika & along ! banks ( ! ,zambesi %9e ! lights ( ! gospel1 :i*1 :]ev] x has gone1 has be5 ! h>b+] ( a new & bright] day4 ,)9 ! mighty doma9s ( our own cont95t1 ^u ! imm5se pla9s rea*+ f ,labrador to ! ,pacific1 ^u ! /]ile coa/s ( ,alaska1 9 ! l& ( ! ,montezumas1 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 f ,panama to ,t]ra-del-,fuego1 equally m>vel\s h be5 ! /eady ga9s result+ f a ,*ri/ianity ! =ces ( :i*1 l ! wat]s t enri* ! cont95t1 p5etrate all ! bays & e/u>ies ( human society & influ5ce all classes & conditions ( m54 ,look+ ^u ! trans=mations effect$ by ! labors ( a s+le c5tury ( ,*ri/ian ef=t1 "o may surely say1 8,! peoples t walk$ 9 d>kness h se5 a great light2 !y t dwell 9 ! l& ( ! %ad[ ( dea?1 ^u !m ha? ! light %9$40 ,equally wond]ful h be5 ! va/ contributions ( ! *ur* 9 ,am]ica to ! great causes ( education1 philan?ropy1 & re=m1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! l9e ( educational "w4 ,! s]vice ( ! *ur* 9 ! great cause ( education has nev] yet be5 fully recogniz$4 ,m5 =get1 :5 *>g+ ! *ur* ) ho/ility to human progress1 to fre$om ( ?\ght & action1 t until )9 a p]iod ( sev5ty ye>s ne>ly ev]y?+ accompli%$ = popul> education 0 c>ri$ out "u ! auspices ( ! *ur*es r ?an "u ! direction ( ! /ate4 ,until #ahbe1 ! /ate _h done next to no?+ ev5 9 ! developm5t ( its common s*ools4 ,9 ! great ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania1 ! sy/em _h no exi/5ce until ! ye> #ahce4 ,ev5 to-day1 among ! f\r hundr$ & fifty in/itutions ( high] education 9 ! v>i\s ,/ates1 ne>ly all owe _! f\ndation to ! en]gy & sacrifice ( ,*ri/ian m5 & wom54 ,! total gifts ( ! *ur*es to ! cause ( education1 /ill exi/5t 9 plant1 9 gr\nds & build+s1 or 9 ! =m ( end[m5t funds1 rea* ! enorm\s aggregate ( ne>ly #cej1jjj1jjj1 :ile ! total ( gifts to in/itutions ( le>n+1 l>gely f ,*ri/ian s\rces1 aggregate ne>ly #aj1jjj1jjj p] ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,me?odi/ ,,episcopal ,,hospital1 ,,philadelphia4 ,! religi\s activity ( ! c5tury is fur!r manife/$ 9 ! enorm\s sums rais$ & exp5d$ = purposes ( *>ity1 re=m1 & g5]al philan?ropy4 ,x w\ld require an octavo volume ( f\r hundr$ pages to catalogue ! v>i\s b5evol5t & *>itable organizations 9 ! city ( ,new ,york alone4 ,add to t volume ! hundr$s m :i* w\ld be requir$ to enum]ate ! additional ?\s&s to be f\nd 9 ,philadelphia1 ,*icago1 ,bo/on1--9 fact 9 e city1 t[n1 & hamlet f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 n9e t5?s ( :i* are di/9ctively ,*ri/ian1--& y h a fa9t idea1 at lea/1 ( ! va/ness ( ! spiritual =ces at "w 9 ^! clos+ ye>s ( ! c5tury = ! amelioration ( human ill1 ! dispell+ ( moral & spiritual d>kness1 & ! u%]+ 9 ( ! era ( peace & good w1 = ! com+ ( :i* ! *ur* has s ceaselessly pray$4 ,:at ^! philan?ropies are we _c 9 detail enum]ate4 ,classifi$1 !y are = ! poor1 = ! labor+ classes1 = ! sick1 = fall5 wom51 = free s*ools1 = ! ag$1 = ! bl9d1 ! deaf1 ! insane1 ! impot5t1 ! degrad$1 ! outca/1 = sailors1 = ! protection ( animals1 = city evangelization1 = home missions1 = =eign missions1 = religi\s publications1 = ! publi%+ ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 = peace1 = ,"y ,m5's ,associations1 ,"y ,wom5's ,associations1 = e cause t appeals to ! s5tim5t ( bro!rhood s *>act]i/ic ( ! age4 ,9 numb] !y are legion4 ,9 orig91 ?ree f\r?s are ! outgr[? ( t _s ( ,*ri/ian love )\t :i* !y c\ld n h be5 orig9at$1 & by :i* !y are ma9ta9$ & p]petuat$4 ,^? :o ass]t t )9 ?is c5tury ,*ri/ianity has done m = humanity ?an 9 all ! c5turies prec$+ are d\btless correct4 ,x has made m5 k9d1 made !m humane4 ,x has p5etrat$ prisons1 & ) b5efic5t *ange4 ,x has lift$ ! prison] f damp & dre>y dungeons into commodi\s /ructures1 ! pride ( city & ,/ate4 ,s f>1 inde$1 h ! re=ms inspir$ by ! gospel be5 c>ri$1 t m5 are beg9n+ to inquire :e!r ! limit has n be5 rea*$ beyond :i* x may be dang]\s to g4 ,su* are ! g5]al facts ( ! religi\s progress ( a c5tury 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,review+ !m1 we c easily disc]n ! va/ & comm&+ influ5ce ( religion--! ,*ri/ian religion--^u ! "* & =tunes ( our p4 ,among ! =ces work+ = ! upbuild+ ( ! ,republic1 religion /&s prem95t1 ! mo/ p[]ful1 ! mo/ p]vasive1 ! mo/ irresi/ible ( !m all4 ,a free *ur* 9 a free /ate1 all its edifices h be5 built by private contribution1 all its magnific5t b5efactions su/a9$ by volunt>y (f]+s1 induc$ 9 e in/ance by ! pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ian love4 ,a corporation1 x holds its va/ prop]ties = ! common good ( all4 ,a relief society1 ! scope ( its sympa?ies is z wide z ! wants ( man4 ,a univ]sity1 x does m = ! education ( ! masses ?an ! public s*ool sy/em itself4 ,an employ] ( labor1 x utilizes ! bra9s & en]gies ( ! mo/ highly educat$ body ( m5 to be f\nd 9 ! ,republic's broad doma94 ,an organiz$ b5efic5ce1 x outwat*es ,argus ) 8 hundr$ eyes1 outworks ,bri>eus ) 8 hundr$ arms4 ,an asylum1 x ga!rs )9 its protect+ arms ! halt1 ! maim$1 ! w\nd$ ( life's great battle1 com=t+ !m 9 tr\ble1 su/a9+ !m 9 adv]sity1 :ile ceaselessly po9t+ !m to ,him 8:o take? away ! s9s ( ! _w40 8,e corn]-/one x lays10 z "o has said1 8x lays = humanity2 e temple x op5s1 x op5s = ! _w2 e alt> x e/abli%es1 x e/abli%es = ! salvation ( m54 ,its spires are f+]s po9t+ heav5w>d2 its m9i/]s are mess5g]s ( good tid+s2 its ambassadors1 ambassadors ( hope2 its angels1 angels ( m]cy40 ,"u all our in/itutions re/ ! ,bible & ! s*ool-h\se1--,*ri/ianity & ,education4 ,)\t !m1 ! ,republic is impossible2 ) !m1 we h ,republican ,am]ica = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,,great ,,gr[? ,,( ,,libr>ies ,,by ,,james ,p4 ,,boyd1 ,a4,m41 ,l4,b4 ,libr>ies are z old z civilization4 ,no?+ m>ks civiliz$ progress m di/9ctly ?an ! collections ( writ+s1 :e!r on clay1 /one1 wood1 papyrus1 or p>*m5t1 :i* w5t to make up ! libr>ies ( anci5t peoples4 ,su* writ+s g5]ally relat$ to religion1 laws1 & conque/s1 & f\nd _! abode1 9 ! =m ( ar*ives1 9 capitals & temples4 ,rec5t explorations 9 ,mesopotamia reveal collections1 or libr>ies1 ( books inscrib$ on clay tablets1 _m ( ^: dates are beyond #fej ,b4 ,c4 ,^! libr>ies seem to h f\nd a home = ! mo/ "p 9 royal palaces1 & to h conta9$ works ab\nd+ 9 in/ruction = ! k+s' subjects4 ,z une>!d & _! cont5ts deciph]$1 !y ?r[ mu* valuable light ^u ! remote hi/ory1 z well z ! arts1 sci5ces1 & lit]atures ( ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,9 anci5t ,egypt collections ( hi]oglyphic writ+s 7 made 9 temples & 9 ! tombs ( k+s f ! e>lie/ kn[n dates4 ,"s hi]oglyphics /ill extant be> date prior to #bjjj ,b4 ,c41 & "o papyrus manuscript has be5 discov]$ ^: suppos$ date is #afjj ,b4 ,c4 ,:at 7 kn[n z ! sacr$ ,books ( ,?o?--=ty-two 9 numb]--con/itut$ ! ,egyptian encyclopdia ( religion & sci5ce1 & became su* a fruitful s\rce ( comm5t>y & exposition1 t by ! "t ( ! ,grecian conque/ !y _h gr[n 9 numb] ( volumes to #cf1cbe4 ,( ! libr>ies ( ! ,greeks we h little positive k1 ?\gh x is abundantly ass]t$ by late compil]s t l>ge collections ( books 7writ+s7 once exi/$ 9 ! v>i\s ,grecian cities4 ,pisi/ratus is said to h f\nd$ a libr>y at ,a!ns z e>ly z #ecg ,b4 ,c4 ,/rabo says t ,ari/otle collect$ ! fir/ kn[n libr>y 9 ,greece1 :i* he bequea!d to ,!ophra/us 7,b4 ,c4 #cbb71 & :i*1 by ! vicissitude ( w>1 f9ally f\nd its way to ,rome4 ,at ,cnidus !re is said to h exi/$ a special collection ( works ^u m$ic9e4 ,x5ophon speaks ( ! libr>y ( ,eu?ydemus4 ,euclid & ,plato are m5tion$ z book collectors4 ,b by f> ! mo/ r5[n$ book collectors ( ! ,greeks 7 ! ,ptolemies ( ,egypt1 :o ga!r$ f ,hell5ic1 ,hebrew1 & ,egyptian s\rces t wond]ful collection ( volumes1 or rolls1 :i* became fam\s z ! ,alex&r9e ,libr>y4 ,?is 0 compos$ ( two libr>ies1 "o e/imat$ at #db1hjj volumes1 or rolls1 connect$ ) ! ,academy1 ! o!r e/imat$ at #dij1jjj volumes1 or rolls1 deposit$ 9 ! ,s]apeum4 ,x is said t ^! imm5se collections 7 regul>ly catalogu$ & kept "u ! sup]vision ( compet5t libr>ians1 till consum$ by ! ,s>ac5s at ! "t ( _! conque/ ( ,egypt1 ,a4 ,d4 #fdj4 ,! ,romans at fir/ paid little att5tion to lit]ature4 ,x is n until ! la/ c5tury ( ! republic t we he> ( a libr>y at ,rome1 & !n x 0 n a native collection b a spoil ( w>4 ,x 0 captur$ f ,p]seus ( ,mac$onia & br\ght to ,rome 9 ,b4 ,c4 #afg4 ,s ,sulla captur$ ! libr>y ( ,apellicon1 at ,a!ns1 9 ,b4 ,c4 #hf1 & br\ght x to ,rome4 ,lucullus br\ght to ,rome a ri* /ore ( lit]ature f 8 ea/]n conque/s 7,b4 ,c4 #fg74 ,weal?y m5 & s*ol>s n[ began to =m libr>ies at ,rome1 "s ( :i* became v l>ge & valuable4 ,x is "h we fir/ he> ( ! d$ication ( libr>ies to ! public1--a /ep :i* made ,rome = a "t ! resort ( s*ol>s f o!r nations1 especially ,greece4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ! _m imp]ial libr>ies ( ,rome 0 t f\nd$ by ,ulpius ,trajanus4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,ulpian ,libr>y1 & 0 at fir/ f\nd$ 9 ! =um ( ,trajan1 b aft]w>ds remov$ to ! ba?s ( ,diocletian4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury !re are said to h be5 z _m z tw5ty-eight public libr>ies 9 ,rome4 ,great1 inde$1 mu/ h be5 _! de/ruction "u v>i\s vicissitudes1 = :5 ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e mov$ ! ,roman capital to ,con/ant9ople1 & f\nd$ 8 imp]ial libr>y !re1 x numb]$ b a few ?\s& books4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 greatly enl>g$ aft] 8 dea?--"s say to #ajj1jjj volumes4 ,x 0 de/roy$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #dgf1 ) ! close ( ! ,we/]n ,empire4 ,) ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity !re arose a new inc5tive to write & collect books4 ,! *ur* requir$ bo? a lit]ature & libr>ies z "p ( its organization4 ,pamphilus is said to h collect$ a libr>y ( #cj1jjj volumes1 *iefly religi\s1 at ,cs>ea 7,a4 ,d4 #cji71 8 object be+ to l5d !m out to read]s4 ,b z book-mak+ & collect+ became n>r[$ to ! *ur*1 g5]al lit]ature 0 proscrib$ & libr>ies ceas$ to fl\ri%1 except z enc\rag$ by ! mona/ic ord]s4 ,su* libr>ies 7 necess>ily small & ( a private "*4 ,_! books 7 manuscripts writt5 or copi$ by ! prie/s1 up to ! date ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,! libr>ies ( ?is class :i* grew 9 importance 7 ^? ( ! ,swiss & ,iri% mona/]ies1 n omitt+ ^? 9 ,engl&1 z at ,cant]bury & ,york4 ,! invasion ( ! ,norsem51 9 ! n9? & t5? c5turies1 0 g5]ally fatal to ! mona/ic libr>ies on bo? sides ( ! ,engli% *annel4 ,9 ,france1 ! libr>y at ,fulda seem$ to reta9 its books & respect4 ,x 0 greatly enl>g$ by ,*>lemagne1 :o also f\nd$ a m o/5tati\s "o at ,t\rs4 ,) ! revival ( le>n+1 & ) ! hope ( op5+ a wid] field to secul> lit]ature1 ,*>les ,,vi41 ( ,france1 f\nd$ a royal libr>y :i* numb]$ #aajj volumes by ,a4 ,d4 #adaa4 ,a simil> libr>y 9 ,engl&1 t ( ! ,briti% cr[n1 numb]$ #cbi volumes at ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,9 contra/ ) ^! e>ly royal ef=ts /ood t ( ,corv9us1 k+ ( ,hung>y1 ^: libr>y numb]$ #ej1jjj volumes1 mo/ly manuscripts1 9 #adij4 ,?is imp]ial collection 0 burn$ by ! ,turks 9 #aedj4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! nucleus ( ! mod]n ,laur5tian ,libr>y ( ,flor5ce 0 =m$4 ,9 #aeef1 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 or royal libr>y ( ,france1 at ,p>is1 0 end[$ by ! k+ ) p[] to dem& a copy ( e book pr9t$ 9 ,france4 ,?is p[] became ! basis ( ! copyright tax1 n[ univ]sally levi$ by civiliz$ nations1 & :i* has be5 ! means ( greatly enri*+ all gov]nm5t libr>ies4 ,9 #aeef ! royal libr>y ( ,france c\ld boa/ ( b #bjjj volumes4 ,9 #aghi x conta9$ #bjj1jjj volumes1 ! l>ge/ numb] ( any libr>y !n exi/+4 ,at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury x /ill reta9s ! di/9ction ( be+ ! mo/ ext5sive libr>y 9 ! _w1 conta9+ approximately #c1jjj1jjj volumes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,libr>y ,,( ,,congress1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,9 ,italy ! libr>ies1 ?\gh v5]able & v ri* 9 r>e collections ( manuscripts1 are n not$ = ! numb] ( books :i* repres5t mod]n lit]ature4 ,! mo/ not$ libr>y is ! ,biblioteca ,vaticana1 or libr>y ( ! ,vatican4 ,x traces a vague hi/ory back to ! fif? c5tury1 b its real f\ndation 0 9 #adee4 ,! numb] ( volumes & manuscripts on its %elves is approximately #cjj1jjj4 ,9 ,spa9 & ,portugal are national libr>ies 9 _! respective capitals1 ,madrid & ,lisbon4 ,! national libr>y ( ,spa9 conta9s "s #efj1jjj volumes & manuscripts1 :ile t ( ,lisbon conta9s ov] #bjj1jjj4 ,belgium & ,holl& are ri* 9 libr>ies4 ,! royal libr>y at ,brussels conta9s ov] #djj1jjj volumes4 ,9 #ahcj x 0 made a "p ( ! /ate ar*ives & ?r[n op5 to ! public4 ,! national libr>y ( ,holl& 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agih by unit+ ! libr>y ( ! pr9ces ( ,orange ) ! small] libr>ies ( ! defunct /ates4 ,x ?us became ! libr>y ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 b 9 #ahae x 0 conv]t$ into ! pres5t national libr>y4 ,x has a v valuable collection ( books1 numb]+ ov] #djj1jjj4 ,"o ( ! be/ arrang$ & manag$ libr>ies 9 ,europe is ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,cop5hag54 ,x 0 ?r[n op5 to ! public 9 #agic1 & has s9ce be5 conduct$ "u national auspices4 ,two copies ( e book publi%$ 9 ! k+dom mu/ be deposit$ 9 ?is libr>y4 ,its volumes h increas$ v rapidly dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & n[ numb] ov] #eej1jjj4 ,! ,royal ,libr>y ( ,sw$5 is locat$ at ,/ockholm4 ,x conta9s ov] #cej1jjj valuable volumes1 & is admirably arrang$ & conduct$4 ,! ,univ]sity ,libr>y at ,upsala is also a v valuable "o1 conta9+ #cjj1jjj volumes4 ,!re is also an excell5t libr>y ( ov] #ajj1jjj volumes connect$ ) ! univ]sity at ,lund4 ,! libr>ies ( ,norway1 ?\gh n s l>ge z ^? ( ,sw$51 are num]\s1 valuable1 & well manag$4 ,! ,univ]sity ,libr>y at ,*ri/iana conta9s ov] #ccj1jjj volumes4 ,9 ,russia1 l>ge & valuable libr>ies are n num]\s outside ( ! cities ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,mosc[1 & ,w>saw4 ,! ,imp]ial ,libr>y at ,/4 ,pet]sburg ranks z ! ri*e/ 9 ,europe1 except+ ! libr>ies ( ,p>is & ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is op5 to ! public1 & conta9s approximately #a1bjj1jjj volumes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ridgway ,,bran* ,,( ,,philadelphia ,,libr>y4 ,g]many1 ) h] multiplicity ( m9or capitals1 h] love ( books & book-mak+1 h] num]\s univ]sities1 excels e o!r ,european c\ntry 9 ! numb]1 ext5t1 & value ( h] libr>ies4 ,! l>ge/ is ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,b]l91 ) approximately #a1jjj1jjj volumes4 ,x 0 f\nd$ by ! 8,great ,elector0 ,fr$]ick ,william1 & op5$ z a public libr>y 9 #affa4 ,! ,royal ,libr>y at ,muni* long rat$ z ! l>ge/ 9 ,g]many1 ) its #a1bjj1jjj volumes1 inclusive ( pamphlets1 ! latt] numb]+ "s #ejj1jjj4 ,b x 0 ?\ght to be unfair to class s _m small & inconsequ5tial works z books1 s t ! libr>y at ,b]l9 0 giv5 prec$5ce4 ,/ill ! ,muni* libr>y is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 incunabula & o!r treasures d]iv$ f ! mona/]ies1 :i* 7 clos$ 9 #ahjc4 ,! ,univ]sity libr>y at ,muni* is also v ri* 9 simil> treasures4 ,x conta9s well nigh #ejj1jjj volumes4 ,! o!r l>ge libr>ies ( ,g]many are ! ,univ]sity libr>y at ,leipsic1 ) ov] #ejj1jjj volumes2 ! ,royal & ,city libr>y at ,augsburg1 ) #abc1jjj2 ! ,royal1 at ,bamb]g1 ) #cjj1jjj volumes2 ! ,univ]sity at ,bonn1 ) #bbj1jjj volumes2 ! ,gr& ,ducal at ,d>m/adt1 ) #djj1jjj volumes2 ! ,royal ,public1 at ,dresd51 ) #daj1jjj volumes2 ! ,univ]sity at ,erlang51 ) #ahe1jjj volumes2 ! ,city1 at ,frank=t1 ) #aij1jjj volumes2 ! ,univ]sity at ,freiburg1 ) #bej1jjj volumes2 ! ,univ]sity at ,giess51 ) #afj1jjj volumes2 ! ,ducal ,public1 at ,go?a1 ) #baj1jjj volumes2 ! ,royal ,univ]sity at ,gtt+51 ) #dij1jjj volumes2 ! ,city at ,hamburg1 ) #eaj1jjj volumes2 ! ,univ]sity at ,heidelb]g1 ) #daj1jjj volumes2 ! ,univ]sity at ,j5a1 ) #bjj1jjj volumes2 ! ,univ]sity at ,kiel1 ) #bbe1jjj volumes2 ! ,univ]sity at ,ro/ock1 ) #caj1jjj volumes2 ! ,univ]sity at ,/rassburg1 ) ov] #gjj1jjj volumes2 ! ,univ]sity at ,tb+51 ) #cbj1jjj volumes2 ! ,gr& ,ducal at ,weim>1 ) #bcj1jjj volumes2 ! ,brunswick ,ducal1 at ,wolf5bttel1 ) ov] #cjj1jjj volumes4 ,besides ^! !re are num]\s o!rs atta*$ to v>i\s univ]sities or publicly organiz$ :i* h #ajj1jjj volumes ea*4 ,9 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 ! l>ge/ libr>y is t ( ! ,imp]ial ,public1 at ,vi5na4 ,x 0 f\nd$ 9 #addj by ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,iii41 & has ev] s9ce be5 munific5tly support$ by ! ,au/rian pr9ces4 ,few libr>ies 9 ,europe conta9 m important collections or are bett] organiz$ & h\s$4 ,its volumes numb] #edj1jjj4 ,admission to its read+ room is free1 b ! books are loan$ out "u rigid re/rictions4 ,! ,univ]sity ,libr>y ( ,vi5na 0 f\nd$ by ,m>ia ,!resa1 & has gr[n v rapidly1 numb]+ ne>ly #ejj1jjj volumes4 ,9 ,vi5na alone ! numb] ( libr>ies exce$ "o hundr$1 _m ( !m ( consid]able ext5t4 ,! v>i\s univ]sity libr>ies ?r\gh\t ,au/ria-,hung>y are ri* 9 volumes1 p>ticul>ly t at ,crac[1 ) ov] #cjf1jjj volumes1 & at ,innsbruck1 ) #age1jjj volumes4 ,! ,national ,libr>y at ,budape/1 ,hung>y1 & also ! ,univ]sity at ! same place1 h ri* collections1 numb]+ #dfe1jjj & #bab1jjj volumes respectively4 ,9 ,switz]l& libr>ies are v num]\s & well conduct$4 ,! l>ge/ is t at ,basel4 ,x is call$ ! ,public ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 & numb]s #ahg1jjj volumes4 ,! next l>ge/ is ! ,city ,libr>y1 at ,zuri*1 ) #ace1jjj volumes4 ,! small] libr>ies ( ,switz]l& exce$ two ?\s& 9 numb]1 & are1 z a rule1 ri* 9 lit]>y treasures desc5d$ f ! anci5t mona/]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,public ,,libr>y ,,( ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,bo/on4 ,?\gh by no means z anci5t z "s o!rs1 ! lead+ libr>y ( ,great ,brita91 & ! second 9 ext5t & importance 9 ! _w1--! ,national1 at ,p>is1 ,france1 be+ fir/1--has _h a ph5om5al gr[?4 ,x is locat$ at ,london1 & is kn[n z ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x dates f #agec1 :5 ,p>liam5t pur*as$1 = #bj1jjj1 ! ,sir ,hans ,sloane collection1 & aft]w>ds consolidat$ !re) _m o!r valuable collections4 ,x 0 giv5 ! privilege ( copyright1 by :i* means1 & by frequ5t & =tunate private beque/s ( books1 x grew apace & became a national repository1 n only ( home-writt5 works1 b ( ! lit]ature & r>ities ( all nations4 ,! numb] ( its volumes at pres5t exce$s #a1fej1jjj4 ,london does n conta9 _m public libr>ies1 b !re are num]\s collections ( sci5tific & special works ( great value to ^? pursu+ c]ta9 l9es ( k4 ,! second l>ge/ & mo/ important collection 9 ,engl& is t ( ! ,bodleian ,libr>y ( ,ox=d1 ) "s #ecj1jjj volumes2 foll[$ by t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 ) "s #eaj1jjj volumes4 ,next 9 ext5t & importance 9 ,great ,brita9 is ! libr>y ( ! ,faculty ( ,advocates1 9 ,ed9burgh1 ,scotl&4 ,x dates f #afhb1 & conta9s at pres5t ab\t #djj1jjj volumes4 ,! libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 0 f\nd$ contemporane\sly ) ! ,bodleian1 & easily ranks z ! l>ge/ & mo/ important 9 ,irel&1 ) its #bjj1jjj volumes1 to :i* ab\t #cjjj are add$ annually4 ,:at has be5 said ( ! de>? ( public libr>ies 9 ,london is 9 "p true ( all ,great ,brita94 ,!re are n a score ( libr>ies 9 all h] ,european doma9 t numb] ov] #ajj1jjj volumes1 & x is only )9 ! n9ete5? c5tury t ! public or free libr>y sy/em began to gr[ 9 favor4 ,inde$1 su* gr[? may be said to date f z late a p]iod z #ahej1 :5 ! ,man*e/] ,free ,ref]5ce ,libr>y 0 e/abli%$4 ,x has %[n 9 fifty ye>s a mo/ m>vel\s gr[?1 & conta9s at pres5t "s #bee1jjj volumes4 ,great ,brita9 has n neglect$ to enc\rage ! use ( libr>ies among h] coloni/s4 ,at ,ottawa1 ,canada1 is ! libr>y ( ,p>liam5t4 ,x 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahae1 & grew sl[ly till #ahda1 :5 ! two libr>ies ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,canada 7 consolidat$4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly de/roy$ by fire1 & 9 #ahee re/abli%$4 ,s9ce !n x has gr[n rapidly1 & at pres5t conta9s ov] #aej1jjj volumes4 ,! ,laval ,univ]sity libr>y1 at ,quebec1 is ! next mo/ ext5sive 9 ,canada1 conta9+ ov] #ajj1jjj volumes4 ,! ,s\? ,african ,public ,libr>y 0 f\nd$ at ,cape ,t[n 9 #ahah1 & has gr[n to conta9 "s #ej1jjj volumes1 _m ( !m ( great importance z be>+ on ! languages & cu/oms ( ,african peoples4 ,9 ,au/ralia are _m libr>ies ( consid]able ext5t1 ^: volumes are1 z a rule1 free to all read]s4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! is at ,melb\rne1 & is call$ ! ,public ,libr>y ( ,victoria4 ,x is a collection ( consid]ably ov] #aej1jjj books & pamphlets1 _m ( :i* relate to ,au/ralasian !mes4 ,! ,sidney ,free ,public ,libr>y is next to t at ,melb\rne 9 importance4 ,x is said to conta9 ! l>ge/ collection ( works special to ,au/ralia 9 ! _w4 ,! book collections ( ,*9a1 & inde$ ?r\gh\t ! ,ori5t1 are by no means inconsid]able1 & ! favorite works relate to religion1 philosophy1 poetry1 hi/ory1 & ! sci5ces4 ,!y are g5]ally l>ge & ( encyclopdic /yle & proportions4 ,?us a ,*9ese hi/ory ( national ev5ts f ! ?ird c5tury ,b4 ,c4 to ! sev5te5? ,a4 ,d4 occupies sixty-six volumes1 z b\nd 9 ,european /yle = ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,libr>ies 9 ,japan are m num]\s1 conv5i5t1 & ext5sive ?an 9 ,*9a & else:]e 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,! ,univ]sity libr>y at ,tokio1 ,japan1 conta9s well nigh #bjj1jjj volumes4 ,( ,s\? ,am]ican libr>ies ! l>ge/ is ! ,national1 at ,rio ,janeiro1 ,brazil1 ) "s #bdj1jjj volumes4 ,! o!r republics ( ,s\? ,am]ica :i* pass$ ?r\gh _! w>s = indep5d5ce & _! =mative p]iods1 n to say _! int]nal jeal\sies & /rifes1 dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 h _h b little opportunity or incl9ation to collect l>ge libr>ies4 ,yet ! _s ( education is by no means dormant1 & ! nuclei ( _m libr>ies h be5 =m$1 9 :i* mu* pride is tak51 & :i* bid fair to gr[ great 9 importance z s*ol>%ip exp&s & o!r fo/]+ conditions come to prevail m g5]ally4 ,ev5 9 ! small & tumultu\s republics ( ,c5tral ,am]ica !re are "s valuable collections ( books :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 w be greatly augm5t$ & prove a s\rce ( lit]>y & national pride4 ,not)/&+ all ! ups & d[ns ( ! ,mexican republic dur+ ! c5tury1 %e has1 s9ce ! sep>ation ( *ur* & /ate 9 #aheg1 evolv$ a cr$itable educational sy/em1 & built up _m excell5t libr>ies1 especially 9 ! capital1 ,mexico4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! is ! ,national1 :i* conta9s ov] #ajj1jjj volumes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,john ,,russell ,,"y4 ,fir/ ,libr>ian ( ,new ,libr>y ( ,congress4 ,! gr[? ( libr>ies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 ph5om5al4 ,if its lead+ libr>ies h n yet mat*$ ^? ( ! old _w 9 ext5t1 !y are1 nev]!less1 unique 9 _! fre%ness1 exceptional 9 _! numb]1 orig9al 9 _! sy/ems1 & mo/ effective 9 _! uses4 ,& :at is "h said ( ! lead+ libr>ies is /ill m true ( ! small]1 = 9 no c\ntry has ! libr>y sy/em s ramifi$ z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & come d[n to su* close t\* ) ! p4 ,n only cities1 t[ns1 & ev5 villages h _! libr>ies1 b ,/ates1 s*ools1 & myriads ( special organizations1 all ( :i* are c5tres ( culture & s\rces ( lit]>y pride4 ,! olde/ libr>y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is t ( ,h>v>d ,college4 ,x 0 f\nd$ 9 #afch1 & 0 de/roy$ by fire 9 #agfd4 ,x 0 spe$ily re/or$1 & became ! recipi5t ( _m private donations1 :i* n only greatly increas$ ! numb] ( its volumes1 b plac$ x 9 possession ( a h&some end[m5t fund4 ,s9ce its removal to ,gore ,hall1 9 #ahdj1 x has be5 op5 to ! public = read+ )9 its walls1 b only ! /ud5ts ( ! univ]sity & o!r privileg$ p]sons may borr[ books4 ,its pres5t collection numb]s ov] half a million ( volumes ( books & pamphlets4 ,9 ! ye> #agjj1 two o!r libr>ies 7 f\nd$1--t ( ,yale ,college1 & t :i* aft]w>ds became kn[n z ! ,new ,york ,society ,libr>y4 ,! fir/ ( ^! grew v sl[ly until ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 x took on new life1 & at ! end ( ! c5tury conta9s "s #bej1jjj volumes4 ,! latt] also grew v sl[ly1 & 9 #aged became a subscription libr>y4 ,x is peculi>ly ! libr>y ( ! old ,knick]bock] families & _! desc5dants1 & ! numb] ( its volumes gravitates ar\nd #ajj1jjj4 ,9 #agca1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 project$ :at he call$ a 8subscription libr>y0 at ,philadelphia4 ,x 0 incorporat$ z ! ,libr>y ,company ( ,philadelphia1 & grew rapidly ?r\gh beque/s ( books & money4 ,9 #agib x absorb$ ! v valuable ,loganian ,libr>y1 & 9 #ahfi ,dr4 ,b5jam9 ,ru% left a beque/ ( ov] #a1jjj1jjj to f\nd its ,ridgeway ,bran*4 ,! build+ erect$ = ?is purpose is1 ) ! exception ( ! new ,libr>y ( ,congress /ructure at ,wa%+ton1 ! h&some/1 mo/ commodi\s1 & be/ arrang$ = libr>y purposes ( any 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! collection ( ! ,libr>y ,company ( ,philadelphia1 commonly call$ ! ,philadelphia ,libr>y1 n[ numb]s well nigh #bjj1jjj volumes4 ,( ! sixty-f\r libr>ies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates report$ to h be5 f\nd$ be=e ! ye> #ahjj1 ?irty 7 e/abli%$ betwe5 #agge & #ahjj4 ,! m important ( ^!--t is1 ^? :i* rank z #bj1jjj-volume libr>ies & ov]--are ! ,massa*usetts ,hi/orical ,society ,libr>y1 at ,bo/on1 f\nd$ 9 #agia2 ! ,georget[n ,college ,libr>y1 at ,georget[n1 ,d4 ,c41 f\nd$ 9 #agia2 ! ,d>tm\? ,college ,libr>y1 at ,hanov]1 ,n4 ,h41 f\nd$ 9 #agfi2 ! ,columbia ,college ,libr>y1 ,new ,york ,city1 f\nd$ 9 #aged2 ! libr>y ( ! ,college ( ,physicians1 at ,philadelphia1 f\nd$ 9 #aghi2 ! ,college ( ,new ,j]sey ,libr>y1 at ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity1 f\nd$ 9 #agdf2 ! ,br[n ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 at ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i41 f\nd$ 9 #agfh2 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate ,libr>y & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ,libr>y1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 f\nd$ 9 #aghi2 ! ,williams ,college ,libr>y1 at ,william/[n1 ,mass41 f\nd$ 9 #agic4 ,f ?is /&po9t we get a fair view ( ! trem5d\s /rides ( libr>y gr[? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! sixty-f\r libr>ies ( #ahjj h gr[n to well nigh f\r ?\s&1 n c\nt+ ^? ( less ?an #ajjj volumes2 & ! less ?an #ejj1jjj volumes ( #ahjj h increas$ to well nigh #cj1jjj1jjj1 omitt+ ^? 9 libr>ies ( less ?an a ?\s& volumes4 ,ov] six hundr$ libr>ies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates take rank z #bj1jjj-volume libr>ies & ov]1 at ! end ( ! c5tury2 & 9 ! six /ati/ical ye>s betwe5 #ahhh & #ahic1 :i* m>k ! greate/ ratio ( increase 9 volumes1 !re 0 a gr[? equal to #ff p] c5t ov] all t _h prec$$4 ,nor has ! c5tury be5 m triumphant & wond]ful 9 ! accumulation ( volumes & ! numb] ( book repositories ?an 9 ! v>iety ( sy/ems & multiplicity ( ag5cies by means ( :i* libr>y in=mation is arrang$ & dissem9at$4 ,conspicu\s among ^! has be5 ! inauguration & gr[? ( ! free libr>y sy/em1 by means ( :i* public funds are provid$ = ! support ( libr>ies ^: use is free to all4 ,h>dly less conspicu\s1 & p]haps ev5 m f> rea*+1 has be5 ! adoption by _m ,/ates ( ! s*ool-di/rict libr>y sy/em1 :i* draws ^u a c]ta9 proportion ( ! s*ool fund = ! collection & ma9t5ance ( ! di/rict libr>y4 ,aga91 mo/ ( ! ,/ates h e/abli%$ libr>ies ( _! own = public use1 & z c5tres to :i* may be ga!r$ & :5ce may be dissem9at$ ! k t app]ta9s to ! respective ,/ate localities4 ,special libr>y sy/ems h gr[n into great favor1 cov]+ & enc\rag+ collections ( hi/oric works1 ( sci5tific lit]ature1 ( in=mation relat+ to law1 m$ic9e1 !ology1 etc4 ,9 fact1 !re is h>dly a l9e ( inve/igation & m5tal activity t has n come to be repres5t$ 9 its libr>y collections4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,c>negie ,,free ,,libr>y1 ,,pittsburgh1 ,,pa4 ,at ! head ( all ! c5tury's libr>y triumphs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates /&s ! ,libr>y ( ,congress4 ,x is ! national repository1 & is to ! c\ntry :at ! ,briti% ,museum is to ,great ,brita9 & ! ,biblio?que ,nationale is to ,france4 ,x 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahjj1 :5 ! seat ( gov]nm5t 0 mov$ to ,wa%+ton4 ,9 #ahad x 0 burn$ by ! ,briti% soldi]s1 its home be+ !n 9 ! ,capitol1 :i* 0 also de/roy$4 ,! gov]nm5t pur*as$ ,?omas ,jeff]son's collection ( #gjjj volumes z ! nucleus ( a new libr>y4 ,?is grew to conta9 #ee1jjj volumes by #ahea1 :5 all b #bj1jjj volumes 7 aga9 de/roy$ by an accid5tal fire4 ,9 #aheb x 0 refitt$1 ! gov]nm5t appropriat+ #ge1jjj = ! purpose4 ,on ! re/oration ( its halls 9 ! ,capitol1 9 fire-pro( =m1 x began to gr[ rapidly 9 volumes4 ,9 #ahff1 x receiv$ ! #dj1jjj volumes :i* con/itut$ ! libr>y ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itute4 ,9 #ahgj1 ! privilege ( copyright 0 transf]r$ to x f ! ,pat5t ,(fice4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! annual appropriation made by ,congress1 s]v$ to give x a m rapid gr[? ?an ev]1 & to nationalize its importance4 ,x spe$ily grew ri* 9 collections ( hi/ory1 sci5ce1 law1 & e bran* ( lit]ature app]ta9+ to ?is & o!r c\ntries4 ,"u its privilege ( copyright1 two copies ( e volume desir+ su* protection are requir$ to be deposit$ )9 x4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 ere long become q fully repres5tative ( ! lit]>y productions ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 #ahhb1 x 0 augm5t$ by ! pres5tation ( ! private collection ( ! late ,dr4 ,joseph ,m4 ,ton]1 ( ,wa%+ton1 conta9+ #bg1jjj volumes & ne>ly z _m pamphlets4 ,by #ahij x _h outgr[n its ability to accommodate its collections1 & ,congress made a v lib]al appropriation = ! erection ( a new & sep>ate libr>y build+1 :i* 0 complet$ & occupi$ by #ahig-ih1 ! late ,hon4 ,john ,russell ,"y be+ its fir/ libr>ian4 ,x is ! l>ge/1 mo/ elegant1 & be/ fitt$ repository ( books 9 ! _w1 be+ capable ( accommodat+ ov] #b1jjj1jjj volumes4 ,! public are privileg$ to use its books )9 ! build+1 b only memb]s ( ,congress & c]ta9 designat$ (ficials ( ! ,dep>tm5ts may take !m away4 ,x is op5 f #i ,a4 ,m4 to #d ,p4 ,m41 except ^u ,sundays & o!r legal holidays4 ,its location is on ,capitol ,hill1 q contigu\s to ! ,capitol itself4 ,a pione] ( ! sy/em ( free libr>ies1 & ! "o :i* comes next to ! ,libr>y ( ,congress 9 ! numb] ( its volumes1 is ! ,public ,libr>y ( ,bo/on1 f\nd$ 9 #ahdh4 ,x has _h a ph5om5al gr[?1 & is ! c5tre ( a wide range ( lit]>y influ5ce4 ,its num]\s bran*es ext5d ?r\gh\t ! city & surr\nd+ t[ns1 br++ free read+ to e locality4 ,! numb] ( its volumes exce$s #gjj1jjj4 ,! free libr>y sy/em /&s sponsor = a ho/ ( libr>ies ?r\gh\t ! l>g] cities4 ,! ,public ,libr>y ( ,c9c9nati 0 f\nd$ ^u ?is basis 9 #ahfg4 ,x at once atta9$ great popul>ity & spe$ily grew till1 by ! end ( ! c5tury1 its volumes numb]$ approximately #bbj1jjj4 ,! same popul>ity & rate ( gr[? *>act]iz$ ! ,public ,libr>y ( ,*icago & t ( ,philadelphia4 ,! =m] 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahgb1 & n[ conta9s ov] #bbj1jjj volumes4 ,! latt] 0 n f\nd$ until #ahia1 b by ! ye> #aijj x grew to conta9 #bjc1ajb volumes1 ) fifte5 bran*es1 or divisions1 ?r\gh\t ! city1 & an annual circulation ( #a1ggh1chg volumes4 ,o!r libr>ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f\nd$ or rehabilitat$ dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & :i* ere its close h tak5 rank z libr>ies conta9+ ov] #ajj1jjj volumes1 are ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,libr>y1 at ,albany1 ) approximately #aij1jjj2 ! ,/ate ,libr>y at ,annapolis1 ,md41 ) #ajj1jjj volumes2 ! ,eno* ,pratt ,free ,libr>y1 at ,baltimore1 ) #afe1jjj volumes2 ! ,peabody ,in/itute ,libr>y1 at ,baltimore1 ) #abe1jjj volumes2 ! ,a!num ,libr>y1 at ,bo/on1 ) #ahe1jjj volumes2 ! ,city ,libr>y1 at ,brooklyn1 ,n4,y41 ) #abj1jjj volumes2 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 at ,*icago1 ) ne>ly #djj1jjj volumes2 ! ,newb]ry ,libr>y1 at ,*icago1 ) #abe1jjj volumes2 ! ,public ,libr>y at ,detroit1 ) #ace1jjj volumes2 ! ,cornell ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 at ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 ) #age1jjj volumes2 ! libr>y ( ! ,/ate ,hi/orical ,society1 at ,madison1 ,wis41 ) #aaj1jjj volumes2 ! ,m]cantile ,libr>y1 at ,philadelphia1 ) #age1jjj volumes2 ! libr>y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 ) #abj1jjj volumes2 ! ,a/or ,libr>y1 ,new ,york ,city1 ) #bfe1jjj volumes2 ! ,m]cantile ,libr>y1 ,new ,york ,city1 ) #bej1jjj volumes2 ! ,public ,libr>y at ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41 ) #aje1jjj volumes2 ! ,sutro ,libr>y1 at ,san ,francisco1 ) #baj1jjj volumes4 ,( ^? libr>ies f\nd$ dur+ ! c5tury 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & :i* h secur$ a rank z ov] #bj1jjj-volume libr>ies1 !re are v _m t approa* ! #ajj1jjj m>k1 & _! av]age ( volumes w\ld gravitate ar\nd #ej1jjj4 ,x is by no means true t ! importance & usefulness ( a libr>y mu/ be measur$ by its numb] ( volumes4 ,v _m ( ! be/ manag$1 s]viceable1 & popul> libr>ies conta9 ev5 less ?an #bj1jjj volumes4 ,! _s ( k :i* has creat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates su* a dem& = libr>ies has be5 happily supplem5t$ by a _s ( lib]ality4 ,n[h]e 9 ! _w h !re ris5 s _m & su* munific5t donors ( means to f\nd & support libr>ies4 ,)\t appe>+ invidi\s1 m5tion may well be made ( "s ( ^! munific5t giv]s & f\nd]s4 ,conspicu\s among !m is ,john ,jacob ,a/or1 f\nd] ( ! ,a/or ,libr>y 9 ,new ,york ,city1 ) its spl5did end[m5t fund ( #a1ajj1jjj2 ,james ,l5ox1 :o f\nd$ ! ,l5ox ,libr>y ( ,new ,york ,city1 & inve/$ 9 build+s & end[m5t #a1bdg1jjj2 ,george ,peabody1 :o f\nd$1 9 #aheg1 at ,baltimore1 ! ,peabody ,in/itute & ,libr>y1 ) an end[m5t ( #a1jjj1jjj2 ,walt] ,l4 ,newb]ry1 ( ,*icago1 :o1 9 #ahhi1 left #b1jjj1jjj to f\nd a free public libr>y 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! city2 ,john ,cr]>1 ( ,*icago1 :o left an imm5se e/ate to f\nd & end[ ! ,cr]> ,libr>y2 ,eno* ,pratt1 ( ,baltimore1 :o gave #a1aej1jjj to f\nd ! ,eno* ,pratt ,free ,libr>y2 ,dr4 ,james ,ru%1 ( ,philadelphia1 :o left1 9 #ahfi1 a beque/ ( ov] #a1jjj1jjj to =m ! ,ridgway ,bran* ( ! ,philadelphia ,libr>y2 ,&rew ,c>negie1 :o f\nd$ ! ,pittsburgh ,free ,libr>y & sev]al o!rs 9 diff]5t places4 ,! c5tury's progress 9 libr>y managem5t has kept pace ) ! gr[? ( volumes4 ,catalogu+ & arrang+ ( books h be5 r$uc$ to a sci5ce4 ,tra9+ ( libr>ians & ( /ud5ts 9 ! use ( books has become an educational c\rse 9 _m high] in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,libr>y ar*itecture & ! num]\s appliances = di/ribut+ books or r5d]+ !m accessible on ! %elves1 h all be5 improv$1 s t ! libr>y ( ! end ( ! c5tury is z mu* a s$uctive retreat z a _w ( k4 ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury ,,9 ,,ar*itecture ,,by ,,william ,,m>t9 ,,aik51 ,f4,a4,i4,a41 ,=m] ,u4 ,s4 ,sup]vis+ ,ar*itect4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! la/ c5tury !re arose 9 ,engl& a decid$ fa%ion = ,greek columns & p$im5ts1 :i* 0 br\ght ab\t by ! publication 9 #agfb ( ! discov]ies by ,/u>t & ,revett at ,a!ns1 & 0 /ill fur!r /imulat$ by ! br++ to ,engl& ( ! ,elg9 m>bles 9 #ahja1 s t e build+ ( any importance1 :e!r *ur* or s*ool or c\ntry resid5ce1 _h its portico ) ,doric1 ,ionic1 or ,cor9?ian columns4 ,?us began ! ,greek revival2 !n foll[$ ! m sl5d] columns1 ) ar*es & vaults1 ( ! ,roman2 & to ^! 7 v %ortly add$ ! cupola or ! dome & ! balu/rade ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 ,london1 ! ,bank ( ,engl& by ,sir ,john ,soane1 ! ,briti% ,museum by ,rob]t ,smirke 7a pupil ( ,soane's71 ! ,univ]sity by ,wilk9s1 7 all built e>ly 9 ?is c5tury1 z 7 ! ,fitzwilliam ,museum1 ,cambridge1 & ! ,high ,s*ool at ,ed9boro1 magnific5t colonnades adorn+ ! front ( ea*4 ,/4 ,pancras ,*ur*1 9 ,london1 has a spire ( sup]impos$ copies ( ! ,temple ( ! ,w9ds at ,a!ns--ea* small] ?an ! "o b5ea? x1--& !re are side por*es :i* reproduce ! c>yatid portico ( ! ,p&roseum4 ,b ! mo/ successful build+ 9 ,engl& :i* 0 design$ ^u ,greek l9es is ,/4 ,george's ,hall1 ,liv]pool1 :i* has a c5tral hall lit f above2 at ei!r end is a c\rt-room1 & beyond1 at "o end1 is an ,odeon1 or ,music ,hall4 ,! ta/e = classical design gradually decl9$ 9 ,engl&1 & a new cult 0 assidu\sly propagat$ ?r\gh ! writ+s ( ,pug91 ,br&on1 ,rickman1 & ,p>k]1 ^: text 0 t classicism repres5t$ paganism1 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! remodel+ ( ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 9 #ahbf1 by ,sir ,jeffrey ,wyatville1 caus$ a g5]al int]e/ 9 ! revival ( ,go?ic ar*itecture2 = "s "t1 h[ev]1 mu* illit]ate "w 0 done 9 ! adju/m5t ( old =ms to new conditions4 ,?r\gh\t ! la/ half ( ?is c5tury1 ! battle ( ! /yles has be5 ma9ta9$ by ! adh]5ts ( ! diff]+ s*ools ) v>y+ success1 &1 al?\gh !re may be notable examples to ! contr>y1 x has virtually result$ 9 ! adoption ( ,go?ic designs = ecclesia/ical build+s1 conditions be+ mu* ! same z =m]ly = ^! /ructures2 :]eas1 = secul> build+s1 ) ev]-*ang+ requirem5ts1 ! classic or ! ,r5aissance1 :i* has %[n ev5 great] pliability1 has be5 consid]$ m appropriate4 ,among ^? ^: success has be5 greate/ 9 ,go?ic "w may be m5tion$ ,sir ,*>les ,b>ry1 :o 0 knight$ = design+ ! ,p>liam5t ,build+s1 begun 9 #ahdj & complet$ tw5ty ye>s lat]2 ,george ,gilb]t ,scott1 :o did ! ,assize ,c\rts1 9 ,man*e/]1 & ,new ,museum1 ,ox=d2 ,george ,edmund ,/reet1 ^: ,law ,c\rts 9 ,london are s full ( defects 9 plan yet s excell5t 9 details2 ,alfr$ ,wat]h\se1 ^: int]e/+ 7,norman7 ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory gave sub/antial enc\ragem5t to ! use ( t]ra cotta2 ,t4 ,g4 ,jackson1 ! au?or ( mu* collegiate ar*itecture at ,ox=d & else:]e2 ,j4 ,l4 ,pi]son1 ! design] ( eight *ur*es 9 ,london2 ,william ,burgess1 ,sir ,ar?ur ,blomfield1 & ,james ,brooks1 all well kn[n = ! high "* ( _! "w1 z is also ,j4 ,d4 ,s$d+1 ^: broad sympa?ies & ref9$ _s rank$ him z "o ( ! mo/ tal5t$ m5 ( 8 day4 ,! fir/ int]national exposition 0 held 9 ,london 9 #ahea1 & ! s+le build+ 9 :i* x 0 conta9$ 0 p]haps ! mo/ m>vel\s exhibit4 ,x 0 design$ by ,sir ,joseph ,paxton1 & 0 ! fir/ example ( ! use ( iron & glass on a scale ( su* gigantic proportions4 ,! s-call$ 8,victorian ,go?ic0 0 us$ to a great ext5t = secul> "w z late z #ahgj1 & z x 0 mu* /imulat$ by ! writ+s ( ,/reet ^u ,spa9 & ,nor!rn ,italy & by ,rusk9's 8,/ones ( ,v5ice10 !re 7 frequ5t attempts at poly*romy1 %[n 9 ! use ( diff]5t color$ /one1 brick1 & t]ra cotta1 &1 9 ! ,alb]t ,memorial1 by means ( mosaic4 ,r4 ,w4 ,edis & ,e4 ,w4 ,godw9 7 among ! =emo/ practition]s ( ! "t1 b 9 spite ( ! clev]ness & boldness ( design %[n 9 "s ( _! city & suburban build+s1 nei!r !y nor o!rs c\ld prolong ! life ( ! fa%ion1 & x pres5tly yield$ to ! revival ( a previ\s "o1 & ! ,r5aissance =ms ( ! "t ( ,que5 ,anne became ! vogue1 especially = c\ntry h\ses1--n[h]e m homelike ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! suburb ( ,b$=d ,p>k1 9 ,l[!r ,lodge1 z 9 8 designs = ! ,alliance ,assurance ,company & ! new ,scotl& ,y>d1 ,norman ,%aw %[$ ! facility ( 8 clev] p5cil1 & ,erne/ ,george ,peto gave _m evid5ces ( 8 skill & ta/e2 _! "w1 h[ev]1 (t5 hav+ a flavor ( ! ,flemi%4 ,! build+ ( ! ,?ames ,embankm5t1 ! op5+ ( new /reets1--su* z ,holborn ,viaduct & ,%aftesbury ,av5ue1--) ! wid5+ & /raight5+ ( o!rs1 h done mu* = ! improvem5t ( mod]n ,london4 ,9 ,france1 !re 7 v _m important public build+s begun 9 ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( ?is c5tury1--dur+ ! reign ( ,napoleon ,i41--al?\gh "s ( !m 7 n completely f9i%$ until ! "t ( ,napoleon ,,iii4 7#ahdh-ahgj74 ,among ^? 9 ,p>is 7 ! ,arc de l'toile by ,*algr91 ! l>ge/ triumphal ar* ev] built1 be+ simil> 9 height & wid? to ! front ( ,notre ,dame ,ca!dral1 omitt+ ! upp] portion ( ! t[]s2 ,arc du ,c>\ssel by ,p]ci] ,fonta9e--bo? ^! ar*es commemorat+ ! victories ( ,napoleon2 ! *ur*es ( ! ,madele9e by ,vignon1 & ( ,/e4 ,g5evive1 9 honor ( ! great m5 ( ,france2 & ! w+ connect+ ! palaces ( ! ,tuil]ies ) ! ,l\vre1 p>allel to 7b fur!/ f7 ! riv]4 ,! ,corps ,lgislatif1 :i* 0 =m]ly ! ,palais ,b\rbon1 0 remodel$ 9 #ahjg by ,poyet1 & has = its riv] front a portico ) p$im5t su/a9$ by twelve columns1 a great] numb] ?an any o!r exi/+ build+ c %[4 ,if !re be "o /yle m ?an any o!r :i* ne$s sun%9e & a cle> atmosph]e to %[ x to advantage1 x is ! classic2 & a ,greek or ,roman temple 9 ! atmosph]e ( fog1 ra91 & sn[1 ( ,ed9boro1 ,london1 ,muni*1 or ev5 ,p>is1 does n produce at all ! same impression z if x 7 "u ! blue skies ( ,italy1 ,sicily1 or ,greece2 h[ev]1 ! frequ5t employm5t ( classical motifs s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury has contribut$1 to a degree unprec$5t$ 9 mod]n times1 t[>ds plac+ ,p>is 9 ! v =emo/ rank among ! capitals ( ! _w 9 ! dignity & impressiv5ess ( its public build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,arc ,,de ,l',,toile1 ,,p>is4 ,! enc\ragem5t giv5 to ar*itecture 9 ,france by ,napoleon ,i4 0 reviv$ by ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,! remodel+ ( ! /reets1 av5ues1 & b\lev>ds ( ,p>is1 "u ! direction ( ,b>on ,hausmann1 :ile x swept away _m l&m>ks ( m$ival ,p>is1 contribut$ wond]fully to its /ately elegance z well z to its hygi5e2 ! "w begun ^u ! ,l\vre 0 complet$ f designs by ,visconti ,lefuel1 & mu* entirely new "w erect$4 ,!re 0 a gr\p ( m51 "s ( :om br\ght ab\t ! ,neo-,grec movem5t1 ^: "w 0 especially int]e/+1 & al?\gh n ext5sively copi$1 yet ex]t$ a m>k$ influ5ce = _m ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,^! m5 7 ,labr\/e1 :o design$ ! ,libr>y ( ,/e4 ,g5evive1 ab\t #ahcj2 ,duc1 :o remodel$ ! ,palais de ,ju/ice2 ,duban1 :o built ! libr>y = ! ,s*ool ( ,f9e ,arts1 ab\t #ahde2 ,viollet le ,duc1 :o re/or$ ! ,*teau de ,pi]refonds1 & wrote treatises & diction>ies ^u ar*itecture1 furniture1 etc41 & 0 in/rum5tal 9 ! organization ( ! ,society = ! ,pres]vation ( ,hi/orical ,monum5ts4 ,/ill lat] ?an ^! works are ,vaudrem]'s ,neo-,grec ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pi]re de ,montr\ge1 built 9 #ahfj1 & ,abadie's ,byzant9e ,*ur* ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t1 /ill unf9i%$2 ,balt>d's ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,augu/91 ( brick & ca/-iron1 & ,c5tral ,m>ket1 ( ca/-iron & glass2 ,g>ni]'s ,op]a ,h\se1 ,hitorff's ,nor!rn ,railway ,/ation2 ! ,trocadro1 built = ! ,exposition ( #ahgh2 ! ,ma*9]y ,hall & ,eiffel ,t[]1 = t ( #ahhi2 toge!r ) a ho/ ( o!r public build+s1 n only 9 ,p>is1 b 9 o!r portions ( ,france1 _m ( :i* h s]v$ z examples to ! /ud5t ( ar*itecture 9 o!r l&s4 ,9 ?is connection we %\ld n =get ! debt we owe to ! ,fr5* nation4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ! ,s*ool ( ,f9e ,arts 0 f\nd$ 9 ,p>is1 :]e free in/ruction 9 pa9t+1 sculpture1 & ar*itecture is /ill giv5 to all :o pass satisfactorily ! entrance exam9ations2 & 9 ?is s*ool _m ( our successful ar*itects h receiv$ gratuit\s in/ruction f "s ( ! di/+ui%$ m5 above m5tion$4 ,9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ar*itecture ! *ief *>act]i/ics are ! ?or\gh & sy/ematic /udy ( ! plan1 & ! adaptation ( build+ mat]ials to ! conditions ( ! design4 ,o!r ,european cities besides ,p>is h pr(it$ by ! g5]al prosp]ity ( ! c5tury4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg produces ! effect ( a city ( palaces1 ! _m resid5ces ( gr& dukes & nobles1 ! numb] ( public in/itutions1 ! rid+ s*ools1--mu* us$ on acc\nt ( ! sev]ity ( ! climate1--& ev5 ! b>racks1 9 spite ( ! free use ( /ucco1 ea* contribut+ to a c]ta9 impression ( /atel9ess2 ! palace ( ! ,ar*duke ,mi*ael1 built by an ,italian1 ,rossi1 9 #ahbj1 is p]haps ! mo/ ref9$ & dignifi$4 ,muscovite ar*itecture is mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! elaborate & bulb\s domes1 curi\s n only 9 =m1 b 9 color1 ( ! *ur*es ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ( ,mosc[ & ,w>saw4 ,k+ ,l\is ( ,bav>ia1 hav+ liv$ 9 ,rome :5 ,cr[n ,pr9ce1 cultivat$ s great a fondness = ! ar*itecture ( ,greece & ,italy1 t :5 he came to ! ?rone he commission$ 8 ar*itects to design = 8 capital city ( ,muni* ! ,walhalla1 ,ruhme%alle1 ,glypto!k1 & ,p9ako!k1 aft] classical models4 ,9 ,dresd51 ! mo/ int]e/+ build+s design$ ^u ,greek or ,italian traditions are ! !atre & ! picture gall]y1 by ,semp]1 :o w long be rank$ z ! =emo/ ,g]man ar*itect ( 8 day4 ,9 ,b]l9 !re is a !atre1--unique ( its k9d1 ) /age 9 ! c5tre1 & an auditorium = w9t] use at "o end & "o = summ] at ! o!r1--design$ by ,titz2 at ,c>lsruhe1 ,/uttg>t1 & ,/rasburg !re are !atres & s*ools 9 ! same /yle4 ,! pres5t ,emp]or has add$ _m s*ools ?r\gh\t ! empire1 b !y are ( late ,g]man ,r5aissance4 ,! public build+s ( ,g]many & ,belgium %[ few designs ( int]e/ 9 rec5t ye>s2 ! ,p>liam5t ,h\se at ,b]l91 by ,wallot1 & ! ,palais de ,ju/ice at ,brussels1 by ,pola]t1 be+ colossal 9 mass & clumsy 9 detail4 ,_m ( ! private h\ses design$ 9 ! ,italian ,r5aissance 7 v elegant & attractive1 b )9 ! pa/ decade !re has be5 a woeful det]ioration 9 ! "* ( bo? surface & l9e--! grotesque replac+ ! graceful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,museum1 ,,k5s+ton1 ,,london4 ,! villages built = _! employees by ,krupp1 ! gun manufactur]1 & ,/umm1 ! mak] ( /eel1 are notable in/ances ( ! application ( private capital to ! improvem5t ( ! dome/ic conditions ( ! labor+ class4 ,9 ,au/ria1 ,vi5na has develop$ wond]fully s9ce ! days ( ,m>ia ,!resa4 ,! classic ,p>liam5t ,h\se by ,hans51 9 #ahdc1 is "o ( ! mo/ delightful ( its k9d to be f\nd any:]e2 ,s*mitt's ,go?ic t[n-hall is int]e/+1 b _c be said to be s successful 9 design2 ! ,votive ,*ur* by ,f]/el1 9 #ahef 7also ,go?ic71 ! ,op]a ,h\se by ,sicc>dsburg & ,van d] ,nll1 ) ! ,city ,!atre1 an elaborate ,r5aissance /ructure1 by ,semp] & ,hasmau]1 are all wor?y ( note4 ,! ,univ]sity ) ! two ,museum build+s1 fac+ ea* o!r ^u a small p>k1 & o!r public build+s & resid5ces along ! ,r+ ,/rasse1 are extremely satisfactory1 9 spite ( ! fact t /ucco has be5 s ext5sively employ$4 ,only a few ye>s ago ! municipality ( ,buda-,pe/h (f]$ immunity f taxation = fifte5 ye>s to all prospective build]s1 "u c]ta9 conditions z to "* & co/ ( build+s1 ) ! result t ! new] portion ( ! ,hung>ian capital 0 quickly occupi$ by build+s ( ! mo/ desirable k9d2 ! ,p>liam5t ,h\se1 ,op]a1 ,ca!dral1 ,te*nical ,s*ool1 & sev]al club-h\ses & private resid5ces1 ea* te/ify to ! _s ) :i* ! citiz5s respond$ to ?is desire to beautify ! city4 ,s9ce ! unification ( ,italy !re has be5 consid]able build+ 9 "s ( ! pr9cipal cities1 b v little ( special importance4 ,9 ,rome1 ! *anges are m p]ceptible ?an else:]e2 ! excavations ( ! ,=um1 ! embankm5t ( ! ,tib]1 ! wid5+ & /raight5+ ( ! ,corso1 & ! op5+ ( ! ,via ,nationale & o!r /reets1 h de/roy$ comp>atively little ( ! picturesque t 0 wor? reta9+1 h br\ght to light _m treasures ( art1 &1 supplem5t$ by ! dra9age ( ! ,campagna by ,pr9ce ,torlonia1 h c]ta9ly made x a heal?i] city to live 94 ,! monum5t to ,victor ,emmanuel1 ! ,national ,museum1 & ! ,braccia ,nuovo ( ! ,vatican ,museum1 are among ! few public /ructures ( int]e/2 ! _m blocks ( ap>tm5ts & t5em5ts are ord]ly & in(f5sive1 ?\gh brick & /ucco are ! mat]ials us$ 9 _! con/ruction4 ,tur9 is ! mod]n manufactur+ city1 :ile ,flor5ce pres]ves its m$ival air1 & ,v5ice dreams ( ! bygone days :5 ! spl5dor ( ! ,r5aissance attract$ ! weal?1 beauty1 & tal5t ( all ,europe to ! city ( ! ,doges4 ,bologna & ,g5oa h ea* built 9 ! suburbs a magnific5t ,campo ,santo1 or cemet]y1 ) *apels1 colonnades1 & o!r accessories ( ar*itectural value2 9 ,milan & ,naples !re are l(ty glass-cov]$ arcades ?r\gh ! c5tre ( a block & connect+ ) cross /reets1 & ! semi-circul> colonnades ( ,/4 ,francesco di ,paolo1 at ,naples1 surr\nd a piazza :i* is ! great public resort ( summ] ev5+s4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,k+ ,george a new ,a!ns has sprung up alongside ( & ov]lapp+ ! old city2 al?\gh ! nation is n weal?y1 ! individual beque/s ( c]ta9 ,greeks h giv5 h] ! ,museum1 ,univ]sity1 & ,academy1 ea* ( /rict classic design1 & a hospital ( ,byzant9e design4 ,"u ! sunny skies ( ,greece ^? build+s c]ta9ly appe> to mu* great] advantage ?an if 9 a m nor!rn atmosph]e1 & _! /atu>y & poly*romy %[ ! value ( ^! accessories to su* ar*itecture 9 ?is climate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,:ite ,,h\se1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,abdul ,aziz1 ! pr$ecessor ( ! pres5t ,sultan ( ,turkey1 _h s great a fondness = build+ t 8 extravagance 9 ?is respect 0 "o ( ! causes :i* l$ to 8 d[nfall4 ,! ,dolma ,bagt*e palace1 erect$ directly ^u ! %ores ( ! ,bosphorus f ! designs ( ,balzan1 an ,arm5ian ar*itect1 sugge/s ,spani% "w ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ,con/ant9ople & at ,!rapia1--a summ] resort at ! nor!rn end ( ! ,bosphorus1--_m ( ! =eign gov]nm5ts h built (ficial resid5ces = _! repres5tatives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,glass ,,cov]$ ,,arcade1 ,,milan4 ,z = ! ar*itecture ( our ne> neighbors on ! nor?1 ! build+s ( ,canada h be5 /urdy & sub/antial r ?an comely2 b ! long cont9uance ( cold wea!r & ! lack ( means h (t5 hamp]$ ! build]s4 ,s9ce ! completion ( ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railroad1 ! prosp]ity ( city & c\ntry seems m assur$2 ! old] cities gr[+ 9 importance & ext5t1 & new t[ns spr++ up along ! l9e to ! ,we/4 ,9 ,ottawa ! ,p>liam5t ,build+s & ! octagonal ,libr>y1 9 ,toronto1 &1 to "s ext5t1 9 ,montreal1 ! ,univ]sities' build+s1 are ,victorian ,go?ic4 ,! lat] build+s ( ! ,univ]sity 9 ,montreal1 except+ ! ,girls' ,college1 are n s int]e/+2 b !re are two railroad /ations1 a hotel1 ca!dral1 ) sev]al banks1 insurance build+s1 & resid5ces t call = m ?an pass+ notice4 ,p]haps ! f9e/ build+ 9 all ,canada is ! ,*teau ,front5ac1 9 ,quebec1--built by ,bruce ,price ( ,new ,york1--on ! ,duff]9 ,t]race1 ov]look+ ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]1 & comm&+ a view t is h>dly surpass$ on ! ,bosphorus1 ! ,rh9e1 or ! ,hudson4 ,al?\gh ! hi/ory ( ar*itecture 9 ,am]ica _c be writt5 )\t "s ref]5ce to contempor>y "w 9 ,europe1--s9ce s mu* ( our ar*itecture 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury is adopt$ f t ( our ance/ors & adapt$ to our uses1 & 9 ! la/ half s _m ( our ar*itects h /udi$ !re & s _m ( our citiz5s h travel$ !re1--! problems & _! conditions 9 ! ,old ,_w are v diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,new4 ,europe 0 already mature :5 /eam & electricity 7 introduc$2 prec$5t 0 always to be consid]$1 & mod]n requirem5ts 7 (t5 =c$ to con=m to exi/+ circum/ances4 ,!re has1 !re=e1 be5 comp>atively less *ange !re dur+ ! c5tury ?an dur+ ! pa/ ?irty ye>s ) u4 ,) our republican in/itutions1 _m ( ! mon>*ical =mulas soon became obsolete1 ?\gh ! g5]al tr5d ( our ar*itecture has be5 9 ! direction ( classic models4 ,z ! c\ntry has gr[n l>g] & m weal?y1 ! problems giv5 to ar*itects h become m complex2 less reliance c\ld be plac$ ^u prec$5t & a premium 0 plac$ ^u orig9ality1 :i*1 9 spite ( innum]able vag>ies1 has br\ght ,am]ican ar*itecture1 at ! end ( ! c5tury1 to be ! mo/ notable ( ! day4 ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ?is republic consi/$ ( h>dly m ?an a numb] ( communities ext5d+ at int]vals along ! ,atlantic seabo>d1 ) an occasional settlem5t beyond ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s & across ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,_! res\rces 7 extremely limit$1 _! wants v few1 & _! int]communication irregul>2 b _! me?ods ( liv+ 7 simple & frugal1 & _! c\rage & endurance ph5om5al4 ,among ! settl]s ( ,new ,engl& 7 _m me*anics & manufactur]s1 & ^! soon began to replace ! primitive log cab9s ) frame dwell+s2 ^? ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates 7 *iefly plant]s1 :o import$ mu* ( _! labor1 & (t5 ! bricks z well z ! glass1 h>dw>e1 tiles1 & o!r mat]ials = _! h\ses4 ,_m ( ^? :o coloniz$ ! ,middle ,/ates _h come f c\ntries 9 ,europe :]e ^! mat]ials 7 made1 & br\ght _! secrets ) !m1 :ile o!rs 7 f>m]s & /ock gr[]s1 ^: snug little cottages & enorm\s b>ns may be se5 to ?is day 9 ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury we possess$ a national /yle ( ar*itecture1 :i*1 al?\gh x _h come to u f ,italy1 ?r\gh ,france & ,engl&1 0 yet di/9ctly ,am]ican4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 almo/ exclusively conf9$ to resid5ces1 & !re 7 v few public build+s ( any description1 except c]ta9 *ur*es1--said to h be5 design$ by foll[]s ( ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 "s ( :om 7 d\btless %ip c>p5t]s :o _h /udi$ ! works ( ,sir ,william ,*amb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,capitol1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,! ,colonial /yle1 z we n[ t]m x1 0 suffici5tly ela/ic 9 its adaptability to con=m to ! requirem5ts ( ! m]*ant1 manufactur]1 or m>9] liv+ at ,salem1 ,bo/on1 or ,newport1 z well z to ^? ( ! plant] liv+ at ,*>le/on or ,savannah4 ,!re 7 c]ta9 diff]5ces1 m or less pron\nc$1 peculi> to ea* section & to ea* city1 b all h\ses 7 alike 9 ?is respect1--!re 0 no gas or wat]1 & ! op5 fireplace 0 dep5d$ ^u = heat4 ,9 ,new ,engl& ! dwell+-h\ses 7 plac$ ne> ! gr\nd2 ! *imneys built 9 an int]ior cross wall1 ! kit*51 ) its accessories1 z ne> to ! d9+-room z possible2 ! ceil+s 7 l[1 ) cornices sometimes ( pla/]1 sometimes ( wood4 ,! ro(1--:i* 0 (t5 hipp$ & (t5 ( ! gambrel %ape1 b r>ely a gable ( ev5 slope1--0 always cov]$ ) %+les1 :i* cov]+ 0 occasionally us$ also on ! ext]ior walls4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 "s ( ! *>act]i/ics 7 ! high basem5t1 broad piazzas1 frequ5tly at ! level ( ! second z well z ! fir/ /ory1 & plac$ on ! s\? & we/ sides2 ! *imney on outside walls2 ! kit*5 9 a sep>ate build+1 deta*$ f ! dwell+2 a broad hall ?r\gh ! c5tre1 giv+ access to l>ge rooms ) high ceil+s2 ! ro( q z frequ5tly hipp$ z gabl$1 & (t5--9 ei!r case--a huge fanlight set 9 a l[ gable on ! front = v5tilation ( ! attic2 dorm]s 7 seldom us$1 z ! attic 0 n inhabit$2 ! gambrel ro( 0 uncommon2 slate1 & occasionally tile or %+le1 0 us$ = ro( cov]+4 ,our fir/ public build+s ( any importance1 & :i* %[ ! influ5ce ( contempor>y "w 9 ,engl&1 7 ! ,:ite ,h\se1 design$ by ,hoban 9 #agib2 ! ,capitol1 begun by ,dr4 ,?ornton 9 #agic & complet$ by ,b4 ,h4 ,latrobe 9 #ahcj2 ! w+s1 conta9+ ! pres5t ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 7 add$ lat]2 ! dome1 design$ by ,?omas ,u4 ,walt]1 0 begun 9 #aheh1 b n complet$ until #ahgc4 ,our e>ly ,presid5ts took mu* int]e/ 9 ar*itecture1 ,wa%+ton direct+ & criticis+ ! plann+ ( ! ,capitol & build+ 8 own home at ,m\nt ,v]non1 & ,jeff]son design+ ! dome & colonnades ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 at ,*>lottesville1 & 8 own home at ,monticello4 ,massa*usetts 0 ! fir/ ,/ate to erect its capitol1--! ,/ate ,h\se 9 ,bo/on1 by ,bulf9*1 dat+ f #agie4 ,! ,city ,hall ( ,new ,york 0 our fir/ "w ( unmi/akable ,fr5* "*1 & %[s ! influ5ce ( ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,x 0 design$ by ,mang91 a ,fr5*man1 begun 9 #ahjc1 & complet$ 9 #ahab4 ,aft] ! w> ( #ahab1 _m /ate & national build+s 7 erect$2 f t "t colonnades & domes seem indisp5sable to ! prop] dignity ( ! capitol or c\rt h\se4 ,! use ( bo? brick & /one became m g5]al1 &1 = private h\ses1 ! =m ( ! gambrel ro( gradually disappe>$ 9 favor ( ! hip & gable4 ,subsequ5t to #ahcj1 ! accept$ type ( ! l>g] or m pret5ti\s h\se 0 ! ,italian villa1 ) a squ>e t[] acc5tuat+ ! front entrance1 (t5 "o /ory high] ?an ! ma9 build+2 all ro(s ( l[ pit*1 cov]$ ) t92 ! ext]ior walls fac$ ) /ucco4 ,ab\t ?is "t bay w9d[s & slid+ doors = pr9cipal rooms ( fir/ /ory1 & bett] facilities = ! use ( heat1 light1 & wat] 7 introduc$ & ! symmetrical disposition ( p>ts (t5 neglect$4 ,! v /eep po9t$ ,go?ic ro( d5ot$ ! mode/ cottage1 & ! p]=at$ wood5 trac]y ( w9d[s & por*es1 or ! b>ge-bo>ds ( gables1 became ! simple beg9n+ ( t riot\s gr[? ( jig-saw$ fretwork aft]w>ds s prom95t ^u ^? h\ses con/ruct$ ) ,mans>d or ,fr5* ro(s ( rectil9e>1 concave1 or convex =m4 ,! works & writ+s ( ,d[n+ _h mu* influ5ce at ?is "t1 & x 0 %[n n only 9 ^! ,italian villas or ,go?ic cottages1 b also 9 l&scape g>d5+ ab\t suburban resid5ces4 ,! political di/urbances 9 v>i\s c\ntries ( ,europe 9 #ahdh br\ght v _m immigrants to our %ores1 & ! discov]y ( gold 9 ,cali=nia1 9 #ahdi1 0 ! beg9n+ ( t /eady fl[ ( settl]s :i* has s9ce !n peopl$ s _m ( our ,we/]n ,/ates & ,t]ritories4 ,illu/ration3 ,,libr>y ,,build+1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,virg9ia4 7,?os4 ,jeff]son1 ,design]47 ,!n foll[$ our own ,civil ,w>1 f #ahfa to #ahfe1 & subsequ5t to t ! p]iod ( recon/ruction1 dur+ :i* "t !re 0 "s build+1 b v little ar*itecture1 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,9 #ahfi ! ,pacific ,railroad 0 complet$1 & ?is n only gave a new impetus to ,we/]n m9+ & f>m+1 b creat$ a new m>ket = ,ea/]n manufactures4 ,s great 0 ?is manufactur+ & comm]cial activity t va/ =tunes 7 made1 & !re 7 _m opportunities call+ = ! s]vices ( ar*itects2 b z !y _h hi!rto be5 r>ely employ$1 except 9 a few ( ! l>g] cities1 ^u *ur*es or public build+s1 a great proportion ( !m 7 untra9$ amateurs or self-taught c>p5t]s & masons4 ,h[ev]1 ! fir/ s*ool ( ar*itecture _h j be5 organiz$ at ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 9 ,bo/on1 & to ,william ,e4 ,w>e1--:o 0 its pr(essor ( ar*itecture f #ahff1 & :o organiz$ a simil> s*ool at ,columbia ,college1 ,new ,york1 9 #ahhj1--! pr(ession & ! public owe m ?an to any o!r "o man = well-direct$ ef=ts t[>ds ! developm5t ( su*1 qualifications z may ev5tually give a national "* to our ar*itecture4 ,^! s*ools came none too soon1 & )9 ! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s _m o!rs h be5 f\nd$ & _m travel+ s*ol>%ips end[$2 collections ( books1 photographs1 & ca/s h be5 provid$ 9 v>i\s cities2 ar*itectural p]iodicals publi%$1 & ar*itectural societies & sket* clubs =m$1 ea* ( :i* has contribut$ to ! high] education ( ! pr(ession & to ! great] appreciation by ! public4 ,prior to ?is "t1 ea* section & ea* city _h c]ta9 peculi>ities ( ar*itecture1 z ( spee*1 :i* 7 unmi/akable4 ,! :ite ,new ,engl& meet+-h\se1 ! r$ s*ool-h\se1 ! c\ntry h\se ) its kit*51 wa%-room1 & wood-%$ trail+ 9 ! re>1 or ! swell-front city h\se1 7 z *>act]i/ic z ! endless blocks ( br[n /one1 high /oop h\ses ( ,new ,york1 or ! monoton\s r[s ( r$ brick dwell+s ) :ite m>ble trimm+s ( ,philadelphia1 or ! broad v]&as & halls ( ! ,s\!rn home4 ,ca/-iron 0 ! recogniz$ mat]ial = ! front ( bus9ess build+s1 ! designs be+ *iefly 9 ! ,cor9?ian or composite ord]s1 & ! ar* or l9tel us$ indiscrim9ately2 & :5 ! dry goods /ore ( ,a4 ,t4 ,/ew>t ,co4 0 built1 9 #ahgb1 to occupy ! :ole block f ,broadway to ,f\r? ,av5ue1 & f ,n9? to ,t5? ,/reets1 x 0 ! l>ge/ & mo/ important ( its k9d4 ,be=e ?is class ( comm]cial ar*itecture disappe>$1 a front 0 design$ by ,r4 ,m4 ,hunt1 ab\t #ahgh1 = a /ore on ,broadway1 ne> ,broome ,/reet1 :]e ! pla/ic =ms ( ! tile & /ucco ( ,s>ac5ic ar*itecture 7 us$ z be+ m logical = ?is mat]ial ?an an imitation ( ,roman =ms 9 /one4 ,!re 7 n _m summ] resorts1 & a few weeks at ,s>atoga1 ,newport1 or ! ,virg9ia ,spr+s 0 ! limit ( ! annual vacation2 ! or?odox hotel 0 a rectangul> frame build+1 ) v]&a on "o or m sides1 cov]$ by a flat ro( support$ by squ>e pi]s hav+ ! height ( sev]al /ories2 ! l5g?1 wid?1 & height ( ! build+ 7 gov]n$ by no o!r proportion ?an t ( ! numb] ( gue/s4 ,9 ! ,s\? & ,we/ !re 7 virtually no hotels1 & ! belat$ travel] appli$ = food & %elt] = himself & 8 horse to ! ne>e/ fri5dly f>m4 ,^! 7 ! prevail+ conditions :5 ! n\veau ri*e appe>$ ^u ! sc5e2 to him z citiz5 prosp]ity meant a bett] home1 to ! congregation a l>g] *ur*1 to ! community a new city hall or c\rt h\se1 to ! ,/ate a m exp5sive capitol4 ,:ile ^! build+s 7 be+ ev]y:]e erect$1 9 accordance ) ! "t honor$ fa%ions ( con/ruction & ) elaborate f9i%1 ! disa/r\s conflagrations ( #ahga 9 ,*icago1 & ( #ahgb 9 ,bo/on1 call$ g5]al att5tion to ! necessity = m p]man5t build+2 & ! precautions n[ tak5 aga9/ simil> occurr5ces 7 ! beg9n+ ( ef=ts t[>d me?ods ( firepro( con/ruction4 ,granite1 m>ble1 & lime/one 7 disc>d$ 9 favor ( s&/one1 brick1 & t]ra cotta2 iron beams c>ry+ brick or concrete 7subsequ5tly holl[ t]ra cotta7 ar*es 7 introduc$1 & metal la?s 7 sub/itut$ = ! wood5 /rips to a c]ta9 degree2 b z ^! fires 7 ma9ly 9 ! bus9ess di/ricts1 su* re=ms h be5 conf9$ almo/ exclusively to comm]cial ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tr9ity ,,*ur*1 ,,new ,,york4 ,9 #ahgc ! f9ancial panic gave a *eck to _m build+ op]ations1 b x 0 ( comp>atively %ort duration1 = 9 #ahgf all ! o!r nations ( ! e>? 7 invit$ to unite ) u at ,philadelphia 9 celebrat+ ! c5t5nial anniv]s>y ( our indep5d5ce4 ,?is 0 our fir/ int]national ,exposition1 & x 0 n rem>kable t 9 our eag]ness to le>n1 & 9 ! en?usiasm ( prosp]ity1 we s\ght inspiration f all ^? peoples :o _h br\ght _! goods = our inspection4 ,at once we began to build ,que5 ,anne cottages or to remodel exi/+ h\ses ) _m bays & t[]s1 rooms set at all angles1 floors at diff]5t levels1 walls ( _m mat]ials1 & ro(s ( v>y+ slopes1 z well z to apply _m t9ts & %ades ( color )9 & )\t4 ,! summ] hotel & summ] cottage began to appe> at ! sea%ore1 9 ! m\nta9s1 & along ! %ores ( ! great lakes1 & ! w9t] resorts ( ! ,c>ol9as1 ,florida1 & ,cali=nia to attract ! seek]s = heal? & pleasure4 ,! int]ior decoration ( our h\ses 0 ! *ief lesson ( #ahgf1 & hav+ once se5 ! ,european & ,ori5tal hang+s1 drap]ies1 rugs1 & bric--brac1 we set ab\t furni%+ our rooms ) !m4 ,hi!rto ,am]ican ar*itecture _h be5 mo/ influ5c$ by ,engli% prec$5t1 & ! ,victorian ,go?ic _h able advocates1 especially 9 ,bo/on1 :]e ! ,art ,museum by ,/urgis ,brigham1 z well z _m /ores1 resid5ces1 & *ur*es by ,cumm+s ,se>s1 ,peabody ,/e>ns1 & o!rs1 %[$ mu* vigor & orig9ality4 ,william ,a4 ,pott]1 z sup]vis+ ar*itect = ! ,gov]nm5t1 adopt$ ?is /yle1 9 #ahge1 = 8 build+s at ,fall ,riv]1 ,mass41 ,na%ville1 ,t5n41 & ,cov+ton1 ,ky41 & ,r4 ,m4 ,upjohn design$ = ,h>t=d1 ,conn41 ! only ,go?ic ,/ate ,capitol 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,r4 ,m4 ,upjohn & ,h5ry ,m4 ,congdon ( ,new ,york _h already done mu* ,go?ic ecclesia/ical "w &1 ) ! possible exception ( ,grace ,*ur* 9 #ahdj1 & ,/4 ,patrick's ,roman ,ca?olic ,ca!dral 9 #ahhf by ,r5wick1 !re is no example ( ?is /yle :i* %[s su* appreciation ( proportion or ( =m1 9 mass & 9 detail1 z ,tr9ity ,*ur* 7#ahdc7 by ! fir/-nam$ ar*itect4 ,x 0 p]haps r =tunate t j z ! ,que5 ,anne fa%ion1 ) its multiplicity ( detail1 0 br\ght to u f ,engl&1 ,h4 ,h4 ,ri*>dson1 ( ,bo/on1 call$ our att5tion to ! bigness & 7almo/ brutal7 simplicity ( ! ,romanesque f ,s\!rn ,france4 ,f ! date ( ! build+ ( ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 9 ,bo/on 7#ahgf71 may be reckon$ ! p>t+ ( ! ways4 ,h]et(ore ev]y?+ we _h done ( any importance _h an ,engli% /amp ^u x2 h5ce=? ! "w t 0 done %[$ ! result ( tra9+ ( ! ,p>isian ateli] or ( ! well-fill$ sket* books ( ,cont95tal travel4 ,n only 9 ?is *ur*1 b 9 8 libr>ies at ,woburn1 ,nor? ,ea/on1 ,qu9cy1 ,mil=d1 ,burl+ton1 & ,new ,orleans1 did ,ri*>dson %[ 8 grasp ( ! subject4 ,tr9ity is unmi/akably a ,*ri/ian temple1 & its bigness mo/ conducive to ! s5se ( awe & rev]5ce4 ,8 libr>ies leave no d\bt z to _! hav+ be5 built = ! /or+ & read+ ( books2 8 /one build+s1 :e!r ! ,c\rt ,h\se & jail 9 ,pittsburg1 ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce 9 ,c9c9nati1 or private h\ses 9 ,buffalo or ,*icago1 %[ _! purpose & emphasize _! mat]ial2 8 brick build+s1 :e!r a college build+ at ,cambridge1 railway /ation at ,new ,london1 or resid5ce at ,wa%+ton1 tell _! /ory 9 brick2 & 8 c\ntry h\ses ab\t ! suburbs ( ,bo/on1 to be :at !y are1 c\ld n h be5 o!r ?an ( wood4 ,8 influ5ce ^u ! ar*itecture ( ! day 0 !re=e n surpris+1 b !re 0 a subtl5ess 9 ! "* ( 8 designs t 8 imitators c\ld nev] acquire & ev5 8 imm$iate successors c\ld n long reta9 aft] 8 p]sonality 0 lo/ to !m2 & f ! lack p>tly1 p]haps1 ( true sympa?y1 p>tly f ! modification ( conditions1 8 art may be said to h di$ ) him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,george',s ,,hall1 ,,philadelphia4 ,z ,r4 ,m4 ,hunt _h ! la/ ^w on ! ca/-iron front1 s he _h ! fir/ on ! mod]n sky-scrap]1 a peculi>ly ,am]ican production2 ! walls ( ! ,tribune ,build+1 h[ev]1 c>ry bo? _! own weight1 & t ( ! floors1 be+ built be=e ! days ( ! me?ods ( /eel skeleton con/ruction4 ,hunt 0 tra9$ 9 ,p>is1 z 0 ,ri*>dson1 & _h assi/$ 9 ! design ( ! ,pavillon de ,flore "u ,lefnel1 & he %[$ 8 appreciation ( ! ,neo-,grec movem5t 9 8 design = ! ,l5ox ,libr>y4 ,x is some:at unusual = an arti/ to d 8 be/ "w 9 8 late/ ye>s1 b surely no bett] "w ( its k9d has be5 done 9 mod]n times ?an ! resid5ces :i* he design$ = ?ree memb]s ( ! ,v&]bilt family at ,newport1 9 ,new ,york city1 & at ,biltmore1 ,n4 ,c4 ,! design :i* he left = ! ,fif? ,av5ue front ( ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 n[ be+ c>ri$ out by 8 son1 is a magnific5t ,cor9?ian ord]1 :]eas mu* ( 8 o!r "w is late ,fr5* ,go?ic4 ,t he 0 call$ ^u to design ! base = ,b>?oldi's ,lib]ty 9 ,new ,york ,h>bor1 & ! ,adm9i/ration ,build+ at ! ,int]national ,exposition ( #ahic1 & t a portrait bu/ has be5 erect$ to 8 memory1 all te/ify to ! appreciation 9 :i* he 0 held by ! pr(ession4 ,to ,mc,kim1 ,mead ,:ite1 ( ,new ,york1 we are greatly indebt$ = _! influ5ce ^u secul> ar*itecture1 & _! ,cas9o at ,newport1 built 9 #ahhj1 0 probably m f>-rea*+ 9 its effect ^u c\ntry h\ses ?an any o!r build+ at t "t4 ,among ! o!r "w f _! (fice may be m5tion$ ! ,bo/on ,public ,libr>y1 ! ,madison ,squ>e ,g>d5 7reproduc+ 9 its t[] ! ,giralda ( ,seville71 ! ,libr>y & o!r build+s = ,columbia ,college1 ! ,metropolitan & ,univ]sity ,clubs1 ! ,agricultural ,build+ 7( /aff7 9 ,*icago 9 #ahic1 n[ be+ reproduc$ 9 m>ble = ! ,brooklyn ,in/itute1 ! ,tiffany1 ! ,vill>d1 & o!r city h\ses1 & a ho/ ( c\ntry h\ses at ,newport1 ,l5ox1 & else:]e4 ,!re is ano!r ar*itect ^: tal5ts %\ld be ackn[l$g$2 = ab\t #ahhj1 :5 ! %+le h\se _h j begun to take %ape1 !re 0 none m clev] at t sort ( ?+ ?an ,w4 ,r4 ,em]son1 ( ,bo/on1 & 8 res\rces seem$ endless 9 h>moniz+ =m & color ) conditions ( sea%ore or m\nta91 z %[n 9 8 h\ses at ,b> ,h>bor1 ,milton1 ,newport1 & _m o!r summ] resorts4 ,philadelphia1 :i* _h hi!rto always be5 extremely cons]vative 9 ar*itecture1 soon began to erect "s ( ! mo/ s+ul> & fanta/ic /ructures t c\ld well be imag9$2 b =tunately ! ref9$ simplicity & f]tile orig9ality ( su* m5 z ,wilson ,eyre1 ,frank ,miles ,day ,bro41 & ,cope ,/ew>dson h prevail$1 & 9 bo? city & suburban "w !y & c]ta9 o!rs h done & are do+ mu* to c\nt]balance ! "* ( ! ecc5tricities ( _! pr$ecessors1 z %[n 9 build+s = ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania & ! ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces4 ,b ! re/less activity ( ,ea/]n loom & ma*9e %op1 & ( ,we/]n f>m & m9e1 seem$ to meet & conc5trate 9 ,*icago--! entrept = ! raw mat]ial ( ! ,we/ & ! f9i%$ product ( ! ,ea/4 ,! unprec$5t$ increase 9 value ( l&1 ! l[ price ( iron & /eel1 ) ! introduction ( high-spe$ elevators1 comb9$ to develop a new type ( sky-scrap]2 & z ! nature ( ! soil 0 entirely unlike t ( o!r cities1 ! f\ndations ( ^! build+s pres5t$ problems :i* 7 solv$ by ,*icago ar*itects 9 v>i\s ways hi!rto untri$4 ,! ,rook]y by ,burnham ,root1 ,pullman ,build+ by ,s4 ,s4 ,beman1 & ! ,auditorium 7op]a h\se1 hotel1 & (fice build+ 9 "o7 by ,adl] ,sullivan1 at ! "t ( _! completion 7 mo/ notable examples ( ar*itectural eng9e]+1 & 7 soon foll[$ by _m o!rs m or less simil>1 design$ by ,w4 ,l4 ,b4 ,j5ny1 ,holabird ,ro*e1 ,h5ry ,ives ,cobb1 & o!rs4 ,! build+s = ! ,*icago ,univ]sity1 ! ,a?letic ,club1 & ,newbury ,libr>y1 by ! la/-nam$ ar*itect1 %[ a high degree ( ability2 ! peculi>ly ri* arabesque ornam5tation design$ by ,l\is ,h4 ,sullivan1 & ! direct & rational h&l+ ( ! build+s ^u :i* x 0 us$1 are c]ta9ly indicative ( ! _s ( en?usiasm & consci5ti\sness ( a well-tra9$ m9d4 ,x is by su* *>act]i/ics t ,john ,w4 ,root 0 able to accompli% s mu* = ! advancem5t ( ar*itecture 9 ! ,we/4 ,:at ,krupp & ,/umm _h done = ! employees 9 _! works 9 ,g]many1 ,pullman det]m9$ to d = 8 m5 & _! families "h2 & a t[n1 ) dwell+s1 s*ools1 *ur*es1 wat]-works1 etc41 = _m ?\s& inhabitants 0 design$ & built by ,s4 ,s4 ,beman1 :i* has be5 report$ by exp]ts to be ! be/ ( its k9d4 ,9 ,*icago1 9 #ahic1 0 held our second int]national ,exposition2 & t ! exhibits %\ld be suitably h\s$1 "s ( ! mo/ prom95t ar*itects ( ! c\ntry 7 call$ toge!r1 build+s 7 assign$ to ea* ( !m1 & ,fr$]ick ,law ,olm/$ 0 appo9t$ to lay out ! gr\nds1 wat]ways1 & bridges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tr9ity ,,*ur*1 ,,bo/on4 ,except = ! diff]5ce 9 mat]ial1 nev] did ,rome 9 ! days ( ,augu/an magnific5ce %[ build+s simil> to ^? gr\p$ ab\t ! ,c\rt ( ,honor4 ,a ,greek w\ld surely h be5 pr\d to walk ?r\gh ! ,p]i/yle1 or to h visit$ ! ,art ,gall]ies1 & a ,roman to h saunt]$ ab\t ! ,t]m9al ,/ation or ! triumphal ar*es ( ! ,manufactures ,build+4 ,"r nobly 0 ! ,spani% aid to ,columbus ackn[l$g$ 9 ! design ( ,ma*9]y ,hall2 b to ,france1 ^: g5]osity _h tra9$ s _m ( our ar*itects1 sculptors1 & pa9t]s to d su* ?+s1 0 ! greate/ triumph 9 ! unanimity ) :i* !y _h all work$ & ! success :i* cr[n$ _! labors4 ,! build+ occupi$ by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t 0 "o ( ! few unwor?y ( its location or ( ! occasion4 ,:ile ! ar*itecture ( ! p _h be5 advanc+ /eadily = fifty ye>s1 t provid$ by ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t 9 ,wa%+ton _h be5 q z /eadily retrograd+4 ,! ,cu/om ,h\se1 ,bo/on2 ,sub-,treasury1 ,new ,york2 ! ,m9t1 9 ,philadelphia2 ! ,treasury1 ,po/ ,(fice1 & ,int]ior ,dep>tm5t build+s1 9 ,wa%+ton1 h /ood almo/ alone s9ce ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,! few ,go?ic build+s ref]r$ to previ\sly 7 hone/ & intellig5t attempts to improve ! quality ( design = ! gov]nm5t1 b ! politicians decid$ t arti/ic ability 0 n a pr]equisite = ! (fice ( ,sup]vis+ ,ar*itect4 ,s9ce #ahie1 !re has be5 "s infusion ( new life into ! design+-room1 & su* "w z ! designs by ,william ,m>t9 ,aik51 = ! ,buffalo & ,san ,francisco ,po/ ,(fices & ,c\rt ,h\ses1 ! ,d5v] & ! ,philadelphia ,m9ts1 & ! ,new ,london ,po/ ,(fice1 7 ab\t be+ mat]ializ$1 :5 once aga9 ! politicians1 :o c>$ n a :it = "o design m ?an ano!r1 int]f]$ to oblige ! gov]nm5t contractor4 ,b ! good se$ _h be5 plant$1 & ! "w ( ! pres5t incumb5t1 ,james ,knox ,taylor1 is likely to %[ a m>k$ advance ov] t ( _m previ\s ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,surety ,,company',s ,,build+1 ,,new ,,york4 ,! g5]al s*eme ( ! ,congressional ,libr>y 0 conceiv$ by ,smi?mey] ,pelz1 ! details c>ri$ out subsequ5tly by ,g5]al ,casey & 8 able assi/ants & successors1 & ! build+ op5$ to ! public 9 #ahif4 ,! exp]im5t ( ! collaboration ( sculptor & pa9t] ) ! ar*itect _h result$ s favorably 9 ,*icago1 t ! arti/s invit$ to decorate ?is build+ gladly respond$2 & al?\gh ! remun]ation 0 inconsid]able1 _! loyalty to ! c\ntry1 z to ,art1 result$ 9 su* mural decoration z _h n be5 se5 s9ce ,w4 ,m4 ,hunt decorat$ ! ,s5ate ,*amb] 9 ,albany1 or ,la ,f>ge did ! figures 9 ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 ,bo/on1 & ,/4 ,?omas ,*ur*1 ,new ,york4 ,bla%field's dome1 typify+ all ! nations ( ! e>?2 ,v$d]'s ,m9]va1 9 mosaic2 ,h4 ,o4 ,walk]'s l>ge lunettes1 illu/rat+ ,engli% poems1 & ,simmons' small lunettes1 fill$ ) exquisite little figures1 are b a few ( ! _m int]e/+ works 9 color4 ,two ( ! ma9 entrance doors ( bronze 7 model$ by ,ol9 ,l4 ,w>n]1 b he did n live to complete !m4 ,! m>ble /airway is by ,m>t9i1 & ! /atues :i* adorn ! ma9 read+-room are by ,adams1 ,b>tlett1 ,p>tridge1 ,w>d1 & o!rs4 ,! plan ( ! build+ is t ( a c5tral octagon conta9+ ! g5]al read+-room1 connect$ by w+s conta9+ ! book-/acks ) a surr\nd+ holl[ squ>e conta9+ rooms = special collections4 ,!re are ample read+-rooms = repres5tatives1 s5ators1 & ! public1 & a tunnel by :i* books are s5t to ! ,capitol4 ,?is is ! la/ build+ ( consid]able importance con/ruct$ by ! gov]nm5t1 & x 0 built on "t & )9 ! appropriation ( #f1jjj1jjj2 x may be said to be dignifi$ & suitable to its purpose1 & to be repres5tative ( ! p at ! close ( ! c5tury4 ,x n[ seems probable t ,new ,york w build ! h&some libr>y design$ by ,c>rre ,ha/+s2 ! ,egyptian l9es ( ! res]voir occupy+ ! site--emphasiz$ by ! v>y+ hues ( ! ivy = s _m seasons--w give place to ^? ( an example ( mod]n ,fr5* ,r5aissance4 ,among ! *anges incid5tal to ! gr[? ( ?is city is ! rec5t disappe>ance ( ! old ,tombs prison1 :i* 0 ano!r build+ ( ,egyptian ar*itecture1 good ( its k9d1 & q dignifi$ & impressive4 ,!re are c]ta9 o!r build+s design$ 9 ! /yle ( a c\ntry almo/ z tropical z ,egypt1 & z light & airy z t is sombre & gloomy1 b :i* seem q z appropriate = _! diff]5t purposes3 !y are ! ,cas9o ,!atre & ! ,synagogue at ,fif? ,av5ue & ,=ty-?ird ,/reet1--ea* an excell5t example ( ,s>ac5ic ar*itecture1--! =m] ( brick & t]ra cotta1 & ! latt] ( v>i-color$ s&/ones4 ,ano!r synagogue1 by ,brunn] ,tryon1 fur!r up ! av5ue & fac+ ,c5tral ,p>k1 has a decid$ ,byzant9e flavor1--! l>ge ar* acc5tuat+ ! entrance1 c>ry+ a small arcade1 & be+ surm\nt$ by ! trac]i$ dome4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ exp5sively elaborate hotel 9 ,am]ica is ! ,waldorf-,a/oria2 & al?\gh c]ta9 features ( ! ext]ior may n be ju/ifi$ by int]ior arrangem5ts1 x has c]ta9ly be5 plann$ ) a view to great com=t & luxury4 ,:ile ,new ,york has ! l>ge/ & mo/ exp5sive private resid5ces1-- ! *ief ( ^! is t ( ,cornelius ,v&]bilt1--,philadelphia has ! greate/ numb] ( small h\ses own$ by _! occupants2 & ( late ye>s1 !re are a great] numb] ( attractive homes 9 ,/4 ,l\is ?an any:]e else 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,v _m ( !m h be5 design$ by ,eames ,"y1 or by ,%epley1 ,rutan ,coolidge2 & ) mu* op5 space ab\t !m1 !y h an air ( elegance & hospitality t is lack+ to ! homes 9 mo/ o!r cities4 ,new ,york1 f its position z ! comm]cial & f9ancial c5tre ( ! c\ntry1 9 spite ( its situation on a long1 n>r[ isl&1 may be accept$ z ! typical city4 ,:at is done "h ar*itecturally is done 7only to a diff]5t degree7 else:]e1 & its gr[? horizontally 9 ! nor!rn portion ( ! city has kept pace ) its p]p5dicul> gr[? 9 ! m conge/$ bus9ess portion4 ,?is g5]al expansion has altoge!r *ang$ ! "* ( _m /reets1 ! resid5ces becom+ ap>tm5t h\ses1 & ! %ops becom+ (fice build+s f t5 to tw5ty /ories1--or ev5 m1--! masses becom+ l>g] & ! detail proportionately less prom95t4 ,! sky-l9e has entirely *ang$2 ! spire ( ,tr9ity is lo/ 9 su* surr\nd+s z ! ,b[l+ ,gre51 ,empire1 ,wa%+ton ,life1 & ,am]ican ,surety build+s1 & 9 ! vic9ity :]e ! ,tribune t[] 0 once conspicu\s1 n[ ! ,/4 ,paul ,build+ rises tw5ty-five /ories1 & ! ,ives ,syndicate ,build+ ev5 high]2 fur!r & fur!r up ,broadway1 & to ! "r & left ( x1 ^! mon/] build+s cont9ue to rise4 ,b among !m all !re is n "o :i* %[s a m ma/]ly h&l+ ( ! problem ?an ! ,surety1 :]e ! ar*itect1 ,bruce ,price1 has emphasiz$ ! entrance ) a colonnade & six figures ( mu* dignity & grace1 & has conc5trat$ ! ornam5t ab\t ! upp] "p ( ! build+1 cr[n+ x ) a f9e cornice1 :i* is m effective f ! simplicity ( ! f\r walls b5ea?4 ,?is build+ holds its own among su* o!rs z ! ,wa%+ton ,life & ,/4 ,james build+s1 ,new ,york1 or ! ,ames ,build+1 ,bo/on1 ,h>rison ,build+1 ,philadelphia1 ,s*ill] ,!atre1 ,*icago1 ,wa9wright ,build+1 ,/4 ,l\is1 or ,exam9] ,build+1 ,san ,francisco4 ,x is impossible1 9 s brief a survey ( ! field1 to enum]ate m ?an a v small fraction ( ! build+s illu/rat+ ! progress ( ! ar*itecture ( ! c5tury2 & aside f ! resid5ces1 ap>tm5ts1 & hotels :]e we live w9t] or summ]1 & comm]cial build+s 9 :i* our work+ h\rs may be occupi$1 !re are v _m examples ( *ur*es1 s*ools1 colleges1 libr>ies1 & museums1 donat$1 equipp$1 & end[$ = our in/ruction1 !atres & music halls = our ent]ta9m5t1 railroad /ations = transportation1 /orage w>eh\ses = ! safety ( valuables1 & armories = ! use ( our militia4 ,besides ^!1 !re are eng9e]+ works ( consid]able importance1 su* z ! ,eads ,bridge1 at ,/4 ,l\is1 or ! ,roebl+ ,bridge1 betwe5 ,new ,york & ,brooklyn1 & ! works ( ! sculptor ,/4 ,gaud5s1 ! ,wa%+ton ,ar* by ,/an=d ,:ite1 ! ,f>ragut & ,l9coln /atues 9 ,new ,york & 9 ,*icago1 :i* %\ld surely be m5tion$1 s9ce monum5tal works are ! poetry1 :]eas ! secul> & comm]cial works are b ! prose ( ar*itecture4 ,z we review our productions1 we %\ld c]ta9ly feel enc\rag$ to believe t if we cont9ue to meet & solve ea* problem 9 ! same direct1 hone/ way t we h be5 do+ = ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury1 !re ne$ be no misgiv+s z to ! future ( ar*itecture 9 ^! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,progress ,,9 ,,*emi/ry ,,by ,,h>vey ,w4 ,,wiley1 ,m4,d41 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,*ief ,*emi/ ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,! sci5ce ( *emi/ry1 z x is kn[n to-day1 _h its real orig9 t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,be=e & up to t "t x is true !re 7 _m great work]s 9 *emi/ry1 ^: names are associat$ ) inve/igations 9 *emical sci5ce1 su* z ,boyle1 ,/ahl1 ,black1 & ,s*eele4 ,contempor>y ) ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? mu/ also be m5tion$ p>ticul>ly ! names ( ,prie/ly 7#agcc-ahjd71 ,cav5di% & ,humphry ,davy 7#aggh-ahbi74 ,all ^! work]s _h to cont5d1 fir/ ( all1 ) errone\s !ories1 :i* made x difficult to rightly int]pret ! data ( exp]im5t4 ,! old !ory ( phlogi/on produc$ an environm5t 9 :i* x 0 difficult = true sci5tific me?ods to survive4 ,! great inve/igator1 :o did m ?an any o!r "o man to ov]turn ?is false !ory & place *emi/ry on a firm f\ndation1 0 ,lavoisi] 7#agdc-agid74 ,born ne> ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 8 sci5tific activity began ab\t #aggj1 & be=e he 0 tw5ty-five he 0 made a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,at ! age ( =ty he 0 recogniz$ z ! =emo/ sci5ti/ ( 8 age4 ,prie/ly discov]$ oxyg5 9 #aggd1 b fail$ to recognize its true relations to o!r bodies4 ,x 0 ,lavoisi] :o discov]$ oxidation 7#aggf71 an a*ievem5t :i* meant m to *emi/ry ?an ! discov]y ( oxyg54 ,! obs]vation t metals :5 heat$ 9 conf9$ air increas$ 9 weight :ile ! volume ( ! conf9$ air decreas$1 is ! crucial exp]im5t ^u :i* ! :ole sci5ce ( *emi/ry re/s4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 made mo/ rigor\sly by ,lavoisi]1 & ! app>atus :i* he us$ is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,l'cole des ,arts et ,mti]s 9 ,p>is4 ,?is app>atus1 simple 9 "* & yet almo/ p]fect 9 con/ruction1 has = ! *emi/ a peculi> significance & sacr$ness1 produc+ an impression simil> to t inspir$ 9 ! dev\t ,*ri/ian by ! relics ( ! ,cross & ! ,holy ,sepul*re4 ,9 ! brief space :i* is assign$ = a discussion ( ! progress ( *emi/ry dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 economy ( words w be secur$ by briefly trac+ "s ( ! sali5t po9ts 9 ! progress ( "s ( ! m important bran*es ( *emical sci5ce4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages1 !re=e1 w be f\nd a brief /atem5t ( :at has be5 accompli%$1 ( ! mo/ important "*1 9 ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry1 "u ! foll[+ heads3-- ,inorganic *emi/ry2 physical *emi/ry2 organic *emi/ry2 analytical *emi/ry2 syn!tical *emi/ry2 metallurgical *emi/ry2 agricultural *emi/ry2 graphic *emi/ry2 didactic *emi/ry2 *emi/ry ( f]m5tation2 & la/ly electro-*emi/ry4 ,no attempt w be made 9 ?is pap] to ent] ^u ! discussion ( ! progress :i* has be5 made 9 m$ical1 ph>maceutical1 & physiological *emi/ry4 ,! discussion outl9$ "u ! above heads does n by any means embrace ! :ole subject4 ,x w be suffici5t to indicate only ! l9es ( progress along :i* ! greate/ advances h be5 made4 ,i4 ,,inorganic ,,& ,,physical ,,*emi/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,h ,davy ,pres ,,rs4 ,! ?ree propositions e/abli%$ by ,lavoisi]1 :i* s]ve z ! f\ndation = inorganic & physical *emi/ry1 are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,bodies burn only 9 contact ) pure air4 #b4 ,! air is consum$ 9 ! combu/ion1 & ! increase 9 weight ( ! burnt body is equal to ! decrease 9 weight ( ! air4 #c4 ,9 combu/ion ! body is g5]ally *ang$1 by its comb9ation ) ! pure air1 into an acid1 & metals are *ang$ into metal calx4 ,! total numb] ( elem5t>y bodies kn[n at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury 0 probably less ?an ?irty4 ,_m _h be5 recogniz$ z su* s9ce remote antiquity1 b none ( ! non-metallic elem5ts1 except oxyg5 & sulphur1 0 kn[n1 & ev5 _! prop]ties 7 n e/abli%$ ) any degree ( precision4 ,n only did ,lavoisi] e/abli% ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( mod]n *emi/ry1 b 9 connection ) ,f\rcroy 7#agee-ahji71 ,b]?ollet 7#agdh-ahbb71 & ,guyton de ,morveau 7#agcg-ahaf71 laid ! f\ndation ( mod]n *emical nom5clature4 ,! contributions to *emical k at ?is "t 7 greatly increas$ by ! works ( ! ,sw$i% *emi/1 ,s*eele 7#agdb-aghf71 & 9 ! beg9n+ ye>s ( ! c5tury ! great "w :i* 0 accompli%$ by ,sir ,humphry ,davy advanc$ v rapidly ! g5]al k ( *emical sci5ce4 ,davy's fir/ works s]v$ to elucidate ! connection betwe5 electricity & *emical processes1 & x 0 ?r\gh ! classical exp]im5t ) an electric curr5t t he isolat$ 7#ahjg7 ! metals sodium & potassium1 & describ$ _! prop]ties4 ,?is a*ievem5t ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy's 0 ! second great /ep 9 ! progress ( *emi/ry1 aft] ! "o tak5 by ,lavoisi]4 ,by means ( ! metals sodium & potassium o!r metallic elem5ts 7 sep>at$1 notably alum9ium by ,whl] 7#ahde74 ,bas+ 8 "w ^u ! above exp]im5t1 ,sa9te ,claire ,deville develop$ ! metallurgy ( alum9ium 7#ahed71 & ,bussy isolat$ magnesium 7#ahcj74 ,9 #ahaa iod9e 0 discov]$ by ,c\rtois1 & its prop]ties exam9$ simultane\sly 7#ahad7 by ,davy & ,gay-,lussac4 ,! contributions made by ,b]zelius 7#aggi-ahdh71 :o 0 a contempor>y ( ,davy & ,gay-,lussac 7#aggh-ahej71 7 ( ! mo/ important "*4 ,b]zelius n only add$ to ! k ( inorganic *emi/ry b also e/abli%$ _m ( ! important !ories on :i* *emical action dep5ds4 ,8 elaboration ( ! employm5t ( ! bl[pipe 9 *emical analysis 0 ( ! greate/ practical value4 ,9 #ahjg ,dalton publi%$ a "w entitl$ 8,new ,sy/em ( ,*emical ,philosophy10 9 :i* 0 ann\nc$ = ! fir/ "t ! law ( ! def9ite proportions ( bodies =m+ a def9ite union4 ,! atomic !ory ( matt] 0 also develop$ by ,dalton1 :o gave x a def9ite =m & expression4 ,*emi/s n[ began to consid] ! elem5ts z def9ite inde/ructible p>ticles ( matt]1 =m+ unions among !mselves & ) diff]5t k9ds ( atoms to =m molecules1 :i* 7 consid]$ z ! units ( sub/ances4 ,z a result ( ?is supposition1 ! developm5t ( ! pr9ciple ( ! relative weight ) :i* bodies comb9e 0 ! logical consequ5ce4 ,n[ = ! fir/ "t ! elem5ts began to assume n only names & descriptions ( prop]ties b also numb]s1 %[+ ! relative weight ( _! atoms or f9al conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,x 0 only necess>y1 !re=e1 to assume ! /&>d ( comp>ison = any "o elem5t1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! relative weights ) :i* x comb9$ ) o!rs4 ,?us ! sy/em ( atomic weights 0 develop$4 ,z a result ( ! law ( *emical action1 t mo/ elem5t>y bodies exi/ 9 a condition :]e two atoms are jo9$ toge!r to =m a molecule1 x foll[s1 t 9 mo/ in/ances ! molecul> weights ( ! elem5ts are d\ble _! atomic weight4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m notable exceptions to ?is rule4 ,! supposition ( ! exi/5ce ( atoms 0 foll[$ soon by ano!r !oretical proposition1 advanc$ by ,pr\t 7#ahae74 ,assum+ t ! atomic weight ( hydrog5 0 "o1 ,pr\t's hypo!sis ass]t$ t ! atomic weights ( all o!r elem5t>y bodies 7 multiples ( t ( hydrog54 ,! mo/ rigid inve/igations ( rec5t ye>s h %[n t ,pr\t's hypo!sis is unt5able2 b ! rem>kable fact /ill rema9s1 t 9 a great _m cases ! atomic weights ( ! elem5ts are almo/ :ole numb]s1 or diff] f :ole numb]s by almo/ a half unit4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! atomic weights ( ! v>i\s elem5ts dur+ ! pa/ "o hundr$ ye>s has be5 work$ on by hundr$s ( *emi/s ^: names x w\ld be impracticable to m5tion4 ,! mo/ important ( !m are ,b]zelius1 ,cooke1 ,cleve1 ,delafonta9e1 ,dumas1 ,h]mann1 ,m>*&1 ,m>ignac 7#ahag71 ,morley1 ,noyes1 ,pel\se 7#ahjg-ahfg71 ,ri*>ds1 ,s*neid]1 ,/as 7#ahac-ahia71 & ,?ompson4 ,( all ^! work]s ,/as1 a ,belgian *emi/1 is p]haps ! mo/ r5[n$4 ,among ^? m5tion$1 ,cooke1 ,morley1 ,noyes1 ,delafonta9e1 & ,ri*>ds are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,f ! less ?an ?irty elem5ts :i* 7 kn[n at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 !re are kn[n to-day sev5ty-two ) c]ta9ty1 & p]haps "o or two m ^: id5tity has n yet be5 fully e/abli%$4 ,! *emi/s :o h become mo/ r5[n$ by ! discov]y ( elem5t>y bodies are3 ,cav5di%1 ,s*eele1 ,b]zelius1 ,whl] 7#ahjj-ahhb71 ,davy1 ,gay-,lussac1 ,prie/ly1 ,buns5 7b4 #ahaa71 ,crookes 7b4 #ahcb71 & ,ramsay4 ,! foll[+ elem5ts1 tw5ty-eight 9 numb]1 7 kn[n be=e #ahjj3 ,,elem5ts ,,kn[n ,,be=e #ahjj4 #a4 ,copp] ,kn[n to ,anci5ts4 #b4 ,gold 0 0 0 #c4 ,iron 0 0 0 #d4 ,lead 0 0 0 #e4 ,silv] 0 0 0 #f4 ,t9 0 0 0 #g4 ,c>bon 0 0 0 7,b ?ree =ms n id5tifi$ until #aghf-ahjj47 #h4 ,m]cury ,kn[n to ,anci5ts4 #i4 ,antimony ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 #aj4 ,bismu? 0 0 #aa4 ,z9c 0 0 #ab4 ,phosphorus #affi #ac4 ,ars5ic 7,isolat$7 #afig 0 7,/udi$7 #agcc #ad4 ,cobalt #agcc #ae4 ,plat9um #agce-agdh #af4 ,nickel #agea #ag4 ,hydrog5 #agff #ah4 ,nitrog5 #aggb #ai4 ,oxyg5 #aggd #bj4 ,manganese 7,/udi$ 9 comp\nds1 isolat$ at unkn[n date7 #aggd #ba4 ,b>ium #aggd #bb4 ,tung/5 #agha-aghe #bc4 ,molybd5um #aghb #bd4 ,tellurium #aghb-agih #be4 ,/rontium #agij #bf4 ,yttrium #agid #bg4 ,*romium #agig #bh4 ,b]yllium #agih ,f\r additional elem5ts 7 kn[n to exi/ be=e t date1 b !y _h n be5 isolat$ & id5tifi$4 ,^! are3-- ,,elem5ts ,,kn[n ,,b ,,n ,,isolat$ ,,or ,,exam9$ ,,be=e #ahjj4 ,*lor9e ,comp\nd kn[n #aggd ,isolat$ & /udi$ #ahaj ,titanium ,kn[n 9 comp\nds #agia ,isolat$ #ahbd ,uranium ,kn[n 9 comp\nds #aghi ,isolat$ #ahbd ,zirconium ,kn[n 9 comp\nds #aghi ,isolat$ #ahbd ,! foll[+ elem5ts1 =ty-n9e 9 numb]1 h be5 discov]$ s9ce #ahjj3-- ,,elem5ts ,,discov]$ ,,s9ce #ahjj4 #a4 ,niobium #ahja #b4 ,vanadium #ahja #c4 ,tantalum4 ,/udi$ ab\t #ahjb-ahjc 7,n yet isolat$47 #d4 ,c]ium #ahjc #e4 ,iridium #ahjc #f4 ,osmium #ahjc #g4 ,palladium #ahjc #h4 ,rhodium #ahjc #i4 ,potassium #ahjg #aj4 ,sodium #ahjg #aa4 ,calcium #ahjh #ab4 ,boron #ahjh #ac4 ,silicon #ahaj #ad4 ,iod9e #ahab #ae4 ,cadmium #ahag #af4 ,li?ium #ahag #ag4 ,sel5ium #ahag #ah4 ,brom9e #ahbf #ai4 ,alum9ium #ahbg #bj4 ,?orium #ahbh #ba4 ,ru!nium #ahbh-ahde #bb4 ,magnesium #ahcj #bc4 ,lan?anum #ahci #bd4 ,t]bium4 ,/udi$ ab\t #ahci 7,n yet isolat$47 #be4 ,erbium #ahdc #bf4 ,neodymium #ahdc #bg4 ,praseodymium #ahdc #bh4 ,rubidium #ahfj #bi4 ,csium #ahfj #cj4 ,?allium #ahfa #ca4 ,indium #ahfc #cb4 ,gallium #ahge #cc4 ,decipium4 7,"n giv5 9 #ahgh to mixture ( ,sam>ium & ,decipium47 ,isolat$ #ahgh #cd4 ,ytt]bium #ahgh #ce4 ,?ulium4 7,"n giv5 by ,cleve 9 #ahgi to a metal 9 ,gadol9ite4 ,has n yet be5 isolat$1 & elem5t>y nature is disput$47 #cf4 ,sc&ium4 ,kn[n s9ce #ahgi 7,n yet isolat$47 #cg4 ,g]manium #ahhe #ch4 ,sam>ium4 7,a "n giv5 to a metal f\nd 9 ,gadol9ite4 ,elem5t>y nature v d\btful47 #ci4 ,holmium4 7,n yet isolat$47 #dj4 ,argon #ahie #da4 ,helium #ahif #db4 ,met>gon #ahih #dc4 ,krypton #ahih #dd4 ,neon #ahih #de4 ,polonium #ahih #df4 ,coronium #ahih #dg4 ,x5on #ahih #dh4 ,monium #ahih #di4 ,e!rion 787 #ahih #ej4 ,gadol9ium 787 #ahhe #ea4 ,radium 787 #ahih ,! date 9 ea* case is t ( ! discov]y4 ,numb]s #di1 #ej1 & #ea are n yet suffici5tly well kn[n to ju/ify be+ consid]$ elem5ts1 & are !re=e prop]ly foll[$ by an int]rogation po9t4 ,,ii4 ,,physical ,,*emi/ry4 ,9 /rictly physical *emi/ry ! relations ( electricity & heat to *emical action h be5 ext5sively develop$ dur+ ! c5tury4 ,! specific heats ( ! elem5ts & ( mo/ ( _! comp\nds h be5 c>efully det]m9$1 & !rmo & physical *emi/ry "u ! lead]%ip ( su* ma/] m9ds z ,b]?ollet1 ,?ompson1 ,van't ,h(f1 & ,o/wald h be5 br\ght to ! highe/ degree ( p]fection4 ,! *emi/ n[ does n consid] t he kn[s any body until he kn[s ?or\ghly its relations to heat & to electricity4 ,! action ( light mu/ also be includ$1 b ?is subject w be m ?or\ghly discuss$ "u graphic *emi/ry4 ,! nature ( solutions has also be5 develop$ by ! /udies ( ,o/wald & ,van't ,h(f1 & z a result ( ^! /udies1 a flood ( light has be5 ?r[n ^u ! con/itution ( comp\nd bodies4 ,9 ! developm5t ( physical *emi/ry1 att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ! help af=d$ by ,newl&s 7#ahfd7 & ,m5delejeff 7#ahfi7 & o!rs1 %[+ t ! elem5ts =m gr\ps :i* t5d to recur ) a p]iodicity :i* is suffici5tly def9ite to enable ! inve/igator to =etell to "s ext5t ! prop]ties ( ! elem5ts :i* h nev] yet be5 discov]$1 & ^: exi/5ce is necess>y 9 ord] to fill up ! gaps 9 exi/+ gr\ps4 ,by ?is me?od ! exi/5ce1 atomic weight & prop]ties ( sc&ium1 gallium1 & g]manium 7 =etold ye>s be=e _! discov]y4 ,su* actual realization ( a sci5tific-prophetic me?od is "o ( ! /ronge/ indications ( ! basis ( fact ^u :i* x re/s4 ,al?\gh a rigid application ( ! pr9ciples ( ! p]iodic law is n possible1 yet its discov]y & elaboration m>k "o ( ! great =w>d /eps ( *emical philosophy4 ,if we reg>d any mat]ial sy/em by itself1 i4e41 indep5d5tly ( any o!r sy/em or influ5ce by :i* x may be surr\nd$1 we recognize x z consi/+ ( ess5tially two ?+s1--matt] & en]gy4 ,a precise def9ition ( ei!r matt] or en]gy is difficult1 if n impossible2 b :at is connot$ by ^! names is suffici5tly well und]/ood by _! well-kn[n prop]ties4 ,bo? en]gy & matt] are ess5tial to ea* & e sy/em4 ,!y are coexi/5t4 ,9 ! light ( human exp]i5ce1 we _c conceive ( "o exi/+ )\t ! o!r2 & 9 ! /udy ( any mat]ial sy/em1 consid]ation ( "o ( ^! compon5ts )\t ! o!r c only be reg>d$ z incomplete4 ,b1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 ?is has be5 ! practice1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 *emi/s h conc]n$ !mselves ) matt] *anges ( equilibria1 :ile physici/s h m especially direct$ _! att5tion to en]gy equilibria4 ,! object ( ! physical *emi/ is to foll[ equilibria *anges 9 giv5 sy/ems1 hav+ due reg>d = bo? ! matt] & en]gy involv$4 ,b]?ollet may be reg>d$ z ! fir/ true physical *emi/1 on acc\nt ( 8 classical views on mass action4 ,l>gely because ! "t 0 n ripe = x1 8 views 7 n g5]ally adopt$4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat] 7#ahfg71 ,guldb]g & ,waage gave a precise ma!matical expression ( ! law1 b /ill x attract$ v little att5tion f inve/igators4 ,a trem5d\s impetus 0 giv5 to ! subject by ! electrolytic dissociation !ory ( ,arrh5ius 7#ahhg71 & ! ext5sion ( ! additive laws ( gases to dilute solutions1 by ,van't ,h(f 7#ahhe74 ,?is 0 b a comp>atively small field 9 ! subject1 b x /imulat$ activity along ! :ole l9e1 ! wond]ful increase ( our k conc]n+ ! velocity or rates ( reaction1 ! heat *anges involv$1 & ! m>vel\s developm5t ( electrolytic *emi/ry be+ p]t95t in/ances4 ,! g5]alization ( ,gibbs1 kn[n z ! phase rule 7#ahgf71 :i* accurately /ates ! condition = equilibrium 9 ! sy/em1 & ! ,!orem ( ,le ,*ateli] 7#ahhd71 t any *ange 9 ! factors ( equilibrium f outside is foll[$ by a rev]se *ange )9 ! sy/em1 toge!r ) ! mass law1 n[ give u a consi/5t !oretical f\ndation = ! subject4 ,9 g5]al t]ms1 x may be said t all *emi/ry1 at lea/ all !oretical *emi/ry1 prop]ly belongs to ! prov9ce ( physical *emi/ry1 & ! title1 :ile 9 _m ways conv5i5t1 is mislead+4 ,,iii4 ,,organic ,,*emi/ry4 ,comp\nds conta9+ c>bon ent] into all ! products ( a liv+ cell4 ,= ?is reason ! *emi/ry ( c>bon comp\nds came to be kn[n z organic *emi/ry4 ,?is %\ld n be tak5 z a def9ition1 h[ev]1 )\t limitations4 ,_m ( ! comp\nds conta9+ c>bon are n kn[n to ent] into liv+ tissue 9 any way1 & _! connection ) x is v remote & n ess5tial4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t _m organic comp\nds1 & ^? ev5 ( mo/ importance1 conta9 "s o!r elem5t1--nitrog51 = example1--z ! significant "o4 ,:ile ne>ly all ! kn[n elem5ts c ent] into organic comp\nds1 ! va/ majority ( su* sub/ances are compos$ ( b v few4 ,= in/ance1 ^? classes ( :i* sug>1 />*1 ! fats1 etc41 are examples1 conta9 only c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog54 ,) nitrog51 sulphur1 & phosphorus add$ to ^! elem5ts1 almo/ ! entire range ( organic *emi/ry is cov]$4 ,organic *emi/ry1 !re=e1 diff]s f inorganic *emi/ry 9 t1 :ile ! numb] ( comp\nds is mu* l>g]1 ! numb] ( elem5ts involv$ is v limit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mi*ael ,,f>aday4 ,b]zelius may be reg>d$ z hav+ f\nd$ organic *emi/ry 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury4 ,z a result ( 8 analyses ( ! salts ( organic acids1 he cle>ly demon/rat$ t ! laws ( def9ite & multiple proportions hold equally = organic comp\nds & = inorganic ones4 ,! "w ( ?is ma/] 0 ably fur!r$ by ,liebig 7#ahjc-ahgc71 :o devis$ mo/ elegant me?ods = ! analytical inve/igation ( organic comp\nds1 me?ods :i* are 9 use to-day )\t any ess5tial *ange4 ,v soon1 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd t organic comp\nds exi/$ hav+ ! same p]c5tage composition1 b q dissimil> prop]ties1 physical & *emical1 z1 = in/ance1 sug> & />*4 ,o!r /rik+ examples are ,f>aday's discov]y 7#ahbe7 ( a comp\nd id5tical 9 composition ) e?yl5e1 b :olly diff]5t 9 prop]ties2 & ,whl]'s classical syn!sis 7#ahbh7 ( urea by ! trans=mation ( ammonium cyanate4 ,simil> facts 9 ! doma9 ( inorganic *emi/ry1 ?\gh n[ well kn[n1 7 at t "t want+1 & ?us ?is mo/ fruitful idea1 designat$ z isom]ism1 0 introduc$ into ! sci5ce4 ,! next great /ep 0 ! introduction ( ! !ory ( radicles1 fir/ sugge/$ t5tatively by ,b]zelius 7#ahaj71 b put =w>d 9 a def9ite way z "o ( ! results ( ! classical inve/igation on b5zoyl by ,liebig & ,whl] 7#ahcb74 ,t is to say1 a gr\p ( elem5ts1 or radicle1 c pass ?r\gh a s]ies ( comp\nds1 f "o to ! o!r1 z ?\gh ! gr\p 7 "o s+le elem5t4 ,= ye>s ?is idea 0 ! guid+ pr9ciple 9 *emical inve/igations1 & 0 mo/ useful 9 aid+ ! classification ( *emical comp\nds & br++ ord] out ( ! *aos ( accumulat+ obs]vations4 ,b ! se>* = radicles 0 9 a s5se a va9 "o4 ,we n[ "k t no radicle exi/s z su* by itself4 ,mean:ile1 ,dumas & 8 pupil ,laur5t _h introduc$ & develop$ ! !ory ( types1 :]eby all *emical comp\nds c\ld be classifi$ "u f\r types1 :i* m>k$ a di/9ct /ep 9 advance4 ,laur5t1 toge!r ) 8 colleague ,g]h>dt 7#ahaf-ahef71 recogniz$ ! %ortcom+s ( bo? ! radicle & type !ories 9 _! e>li] =ms1 & %[$ _! int]-relation1 :5 modifi$ s z to d away ) c]ta9 inconsi/5cies4 ,dumas _h be=e ?is demon/rat$ ! !ory ( sub/itution 7#ahcd71--t is1 t 9 c]ta9 comp\nds "o or m ( ! elem5ts c be driv5 out & replac$ by o!rs )\t *ang+ ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ! comp\nd4 ,= in/ance1 *loracetic acid1 9 :i* "p ( ! hydrog5 ( acetic acid has be5 replac$ by *lor9e1 conta9s all ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( acetic acid2 9 fact1 "s ( !m--its acidic prop]ties1 = example--be+ m>k$ly acc5tuat$4 ,?is !ory 0 fi]cely assail$ at fir/1 notably by ,liebig4 ,l all !ories ( sci5ce1 x 0 9 ! beg9n+ pu%$ to ! extreme1 & put =w>d to expla9 ?+s to :i* x 0 n applicable4 ,x gradually came to demon/rate its own "r to exi/5ce1 l>gely z a result ( ! "w ( ,laur5t & ,g]h>dt1 & made its influ5ce felt 9 ! exposition ( _! ideas1 to :i* ref]5ce has j be5 made4 ,! developm5t ( ^! !ories1 ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury1 0 greatly ha/5$ by ! "w ( _m brilliant inve/igators1 notably ,wurtz 7#ahag-ahhd71 ,h(mann 7#ahah-ahib71 ,williamson 7#ahbd-71 ,kolbe 7#ahah-ahhd71 & ,frankl& 7#ahbe-7 among o!rs4 ,kekul propos$ a new type1 m>% gas or me?ane4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 8 well-kn[n =mula = b5z5e1 ! />t+-po9t & f\ndation ( ! va/ class ( aromatic bodies1 0 propos$4 ,he insi/$ t ! "t _h come :5 *emi/s mu/ ask :at ^? ultimate p>ticles1 or atoms1 ( ! elem5ts !mselves 7 do+ 9 ^! comp\nds ( v>i\s types4 ,! answ] 0 a gr& "o1 & ! result1 our magnific5t /ore ( in=mation conc]n+ ! con/itution ( organic comp\nds1 or ! way 9 :i* ! atoms are connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,x is n to be inf]r$ t our k on ?is subject1 9 any "o case1 is complete4 ,f> f x6 ,mu* t is mo/ int]e/+ & important is app>5tly z remote f our grasp z ev]4 ,b we d "k some?+ ab\t ! g5]al relations ( ! atoms 9 ! molecule1 & our k1 s f> z x goes1 is def9ite & precise4 ,some:at lat]1 ,van't ,h(f & ,lebel1 at ! same "t b indep5d5tly1 introduc$ ! /udy ( ! space relations ( organic comp\nds by sugge/+ ! simple/ possible space =mula 7! tetrah$ron7 = m>% gas or me?ane1 ( :i* all o!r organic comp\nds may1 !oretically at lea/1 be reg>d$ z d]ivatives4 ,_m inexplicable relations1 especially among isom]s1 n[ became cle>4 ,! !ory 0 at fir/ bitt]ly assail$1 especially by ,kolbe4 ,x f\nd an able *ampion 9 ,wislic5us 7#ahch-71 h[ev]1 & has s ?or\ghly e/abli%$ itself1 t x may be safely said t at ! pres5t day x is ! controll+ idea 9 ! l>ge majority ( organic inve/igations4 ,! c>bon atom is *>act]iz$ by a wond]ful facility 9 unit+ n only ) o!r elem5ts1 b ) itself4 ,x w\ld ev5 appe> z ?\gh its influ5ce 9 ?is reg>d ext5d$ to o!r elem5ts unit$ ) x1 z nitrog51 = in/ance1 %[s an unexpect$ ability to unite ) nitrog5 9 organic comp\nds4 ,fur!r1 ! c>bon atom is *>act]iz$ by an unusually con/ant val5cy1 namely1 f\r4 ,^! two *>act]i/ics acc\nt = homology1 t is1 = a s]ies ( simil> comp\nds diff]+ 9 composition "o f ! o!r by--,,*#b1 & enables u to trace back all organic comp\nds to "o "m sub/ance--m>% gas or me?ane4 ,^! ideas h also be5 m or less successfully appli$ to ! /udy ( ! composition ( inorganic comp\nds4 ,! assi/ance organic *emi/ry has giv5 to ! g5]al subject is incalculable4 ,f9ally1 x may be said1 t :ile 9 ! nature ( ! case our ideas ( /ructure 9 organic comp\nds _c be reg>d$ z prov$1 or z n subject to possible future modifications1 we h1 at lea/1 a consi/5t !ory & good work+ hypo!sis4 ,a homely illu/ration ( our pres5t ideas may be drawn f ! mod]n high city build+4 ,! skeleton ( ?is build+ is made ( iron1 ab\t :i* are gr\p$ ! brick1 /one1 wood1 & o!r mat]ials to =m a complete build+4 ,s ! organic body is built on a *a9 or frame-"w or skeleton ( c>bon atoms1 ab\t :i* are gr\p$ ! atoms ( hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog51 or radicle comp\nds !re(4 ,x is n possible "h to ev5 "n "s ( ! m em95t work]s :o = a qu>t] ( a c5tury h contribut$ to our k ( organic *emi/ry4 ,?is bran* ( *emi/ry has be5 ! vogue1 & has be5 pu%$ almo/ to ! limit ( possibility s9ce #ahge4 ,_m almo/ unexplor$ fields /ill rema91 b *emi/s recognize ! fact t 9 !ory & practice organic *emi/ry has rea*$ a high degree ( p]fection1 & !y are return+ to cont9ue ! rese>*es 9 o!r fields :i* h = s long be5 almo/ neglect$4 ,,iv4 ,,analytical ,,*emi/ry4 ,no bran* ( *emical sci5ce has a m g5]al int]e/ = ! public ?an t :i* relates to ! det]m9ation ( ! mat]ials ( :i* bodies are compos$1 & ! proportions 9 :i* !y exi/4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury consid]able progress _h be5 made 9 ?is bran* ( k by ! rese>*es ( ,boyle 7#afbf-afia71 ,h(fmann1 ,m>graff 7#agji-aghj71 ,s*eele & ,b]gmann 7#agce-aghd74 ,b]zelius1 z has already be5 m5tion$1 _h add$ a new & valuable factor to *emical analysis by ! developm5t ( ! bl[pipe1 & 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury m9]al analysis 0 /ill fur!r advanc$ by ,klapro? 7#agdc-ahag71 ,rose 7#agih-ahgc71 & _m o!rs4 ,no "o man did s mu* to advance ?is bran* ( *emical sci5ce z ,fres5ius 7#ahah-ahig74 ,he collat$ & prov$ all ! propos$ me?ods ( analysis1 bo? qualitative & quantitative1 & out ( a confus$ mass ( mat]ial =m$ a logical sy/em ( proc$ure1 :i* has prov$ invaluable to ! progress ( *emical sci5ce 9 all its bran*es4 ,! volumetric me?ods ( analysis1 :i* save s mu* "t & labor )\t sacrific+ accuracy1 7 develop$ by ,gay-,lussac1 ,vauquel9 7#agfc-ahgi71 ,mohr 7#ahjf-ahgi71 ,volh>d1 ,sutton1 ,fehl+1 & ,liebig4 ,! me?ods ( gas analysis h be5 work$ out *iefly by ,buns51 ably assi/$ by ,w9kl] & ,hempel4 ,! me?ods ( det]m9+ ! elem5t>y bodies 9 organic comp\nds h be5 develop$ by ,dumas1 ,liebig1 ,w1 ,v>r5trap1 & ,kjeldahl1 to ! la/ ( :om *emical analysis owes a debt ( gratitude = ! inv5tion ( a spe$y & accurate me?od ( det]m9+ nitrog54 ,n mu* less is ! debt due to ,goo* = ! inv5tion ( ! p]=at$ plat9um crucible1 c>ry+ an asbe/os felt = secur+ precipitates by filtration1 9 a =m suitable to ignition )\t fur!r prep>ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,,crookes1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,?r\gh ! classic rese>*es ( ,arago 7#aghf-ahec7 & ,biot 7#aggd-ahfb71 pol>iz$ light has be5 made a mo/ valuable adjunct to *emical rese>*1 s]v+ z x does to measure ! quantity ( v>i\s alkaloids1 ess5tial oils1 & sug>s4 ,bas$ on ^! rese>*es ( ,biot & ,arago1 ,v5tzke1 ,soleil1 ,s*eibl]1 ,duboscq1 ,l&olt1 & ,lippi* h con/ruct$ app>atus1 :i* h made an exact sci5ce ( optical sac*>imetry4 ,optical analysis is n )\t its relation to !oretical *emi/ry1 = by x has be5 prov$ ! assumption t optically active bodies conta9 an asymmetrical c>bon atom1--t is1 "o :i* comb9es ) f\r diff]5t atoms or radicles4 ,electricity has become also "o ( ! mo/ useful factors 9 *emical analysis4 ,_m metals are easily deposit$ by electrolytic action1 & _! sep>ation & det]m9ation r5d]$ easy & c]ta94 ,*emical analysis has n only giv5 u accurate k ( ! con/itu5ts ( matt]1 b by reveal+ ! deportm5t ( molecules & gr\ps ( molecules 9 inorganic & organic comp\nds1 has op5$ up a pa? = organic & syn!tic *emi/ry :i* o!rwise mu/ h rema9$ =ev] clos$4 ,! discov]y & developm5t ( spectrum analysis is "o ( ! great a*ievem5ts ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 *emical sci5ce4 ,wolla/on1 9 #ahjb1 fir/ notic$ t ! spectrum ( ! sun's light1 :5 greatly magnifi$1 0 n compos$ ( colors gradually *ang+ f "o to ! o!r1 b t ! cont9uity ( ! colors 0 int]rupt$ by d>k b&s4 ,fraunh(]1 9 #ahad1 _h made a map ( ! sol> spectrum1 %[+ #egf ( ^! d>k l9es4 ,fraunh(] 0 entirely ignorant ( ! cause ( ^! d>k l9es1 b :5 he _h f\nd !m1 n only 9 ! light f ! sun1 b also f ! moon & ! fix$ />s1 he prop]ly conclud$ t !y 7 due to some?+ entirely indep5d5t ( ! e>?4 ,x rema9$ = ,buns5 & ,kir*h(f1 9 #ahfj1 to po9t out ! fact t ^! d>k l9es 7 *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 *emical elem5ts exi/+ 9 ! sun & its photosph]e1 & ?is fact is ! f\ndation ( spectrum analysis4 ,! broad black b& 9 ! sun's spectrum1 call$ by ,fraunh(] ,d1 correspond$ exactly 9 position & 9 wid? ) ! yell[ b& produc$ by a flame conta9+ inc&esc5t sodium4 ,!re 0 no d\bt :atev]1 !re=e1 t ! two ph5om5a 7 due to ! same cause2 b :y 9 ! "o case %\ld ! b& be black & 9 ! o!r yell[8 ,?is "q 0 answ]$ by ! discov]y ( ! fact t a ray ( light color$ by inc&esc5t sodium1 pass+ ?r\gh a lum9\s atmosph]e ( ! same metal1 w\ld lose by absorption all ( its yell[ color1 & w\ld display a black b& :]e be=e ! yell[ color exi/$4 ,bas$ ^u ?is obs]vation1 ! developm5t ( spectrum analysis w5t =w>d ) amaz+ rapidity4 ,! hundr$s ( l9es 9 ! sun's spectrum 7 f\nd to occupy exactly ! position ( lum9\s l9es 9 ! spectra ( v>i\s metals1 & ?us x 0 possible = ! *emi/ to ext5d 8 inve/igations beyond ! limits ( ! e>?1 & di/+ui% ! *emical elem5ts 9 ! sun & 9 ! fix$ />s billions ( miles f>!r away f u ?an ! sun itself4 ,cele/ial *emi/ry has ?us become a fix$ & def9ite sci5ce4 ,b ! value ( spectral exam9ations has ext5d$ /ill f>!r4 ,_m lum9\s l9es 7 obs]v$ 9 ! spectrum :i* 7 n f\nd 9 ! spectra ( any kn[n elem5t4 ,! inf]5ce !n logically arose t !re 7 elem5ts yet undiscov]$ to :i* ^! l9es 7 due4 ,f ?is />t+ po9t inve/igations proce$$ :i* h l$ to ! discov]y ( a l>ge numb] ( elem5t>y bodies4 ,among ! important elem5ts t h be5 discov]$ by means ( spectrum analysis may be m5tion$3 csium1 rubidium1 ?allium1 indium1 gallium1 ytt]bium1 & sc&ium4 ,spectrum analysis is also extremely useful 9 prov+ ! v]ity ( suppos$ new elem5ts2 = if a suppos$ new elem5t %\ld be f\nd to give a s]ies ( spectral l9es co9cid5t ) ^? already kn[n1 x w\ld be a positive pro( ( ! fact t ! suppos$ new elem5t 0 b a mixture ( bodies already kn[n to exi/4 ,v4 ,,syn!tical ,,*emi/ry4 ,?is bran* ( *emical sci5ce has = its object ! build+ up ( ! m complex f ! simpl] =ms ( matt]4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 ,*evreul & ,whl] laid ! f\ndation ( ! sci5ce by ! syn!sis ( fatty-l bodies & urea4 ,b]!llot & ,fri$el 7#ahcb-7 9 ,france1 & ,williamson & ,frankl& 9 ,engl&1 add$ mu* to our k4 ,kolbe1 9 ,g]many1 made salicylic acid s abundantly z to bani% ! natural article f ! m>ket4 ,! syn!sis ( color+ matt]s resembl+ indigo 0 also a great bl[ to t indu/ry4 ,f ! products ( ! di/illation ( coal1 *emi/s 7 able to make ?\s&s ( valuable bodies ( ! greate/ utility4 ,_m m$ic9al sub/ances & ne>ly all ! common dyes trace _! orig9 to coal4 ,fis*] 7b4 #aheb71 9 ,g]many1 has contribut$ 8 rem>kable results 9 ! syn!sis ( sug> to ! la/ ye>s ( ! c5tury4 ,lilli5feld1 9 ,au/ria1 has gone /ill fur!r1 & has built up a body :i* has _m ( ! prop]ties ( prote91 "o ( ! mo/ highly organiz$ ( organic sub/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,bessem]4 ,9 ! inorganic _w syn!sis is n s difficult a matt] z ! va/ numb] ( comp\nds atte/4 ,by means ( ! electric furnace1 ,moissan1 9 ,france1 has succe$$ 9 unit+ c>bon ) _m ( ! metallic elem5ts1 & ?us op5$ ! pa? = new a*ievem5ts 9 pass+ directly f inorganic to organic comp\nds4 ,! progress ( *emical syn!sis has already blott$ out ! old di/9ction betwe5 inorganic & organic *emi/ry1 & we c no long] say ( organic bodies t !y are ! products ( liv+ cells4 ,organic bodies are ^? :i* conta9 a c>bon or o!r elem5t>y skeleton1 to :i* are atta*$ ! elem5ts or gr\ps ( elem5ts =m+ ! complete body4 ,! claim :i* has be5 made t syn!tical *emi/ry w\ld 9 ! ne> future produce ! food ( man1 & ?us relegate agriculture to ! doma9 ( ! useless or =gott5 arts1 is1 h[ev]1 :olly )\t sci5tific f\ndation4 ,! function ( ! f>m] w n be usurp$ by ! *emi/4 ,! future w see ! mo/ important contributions to *emi/ry com+ f ! field ( organic *emi/ry1 b x w also see ! f>m] foll[+ 9 ! furr[1 & man dep5d+ = 8 food on ! fields ( wav+ gra94 ,,vi4 ,,metallurgical ,,*emi/ry4 ,?is is ! olde/ bran* ( *emical sci5ce1 & naturally ! "o :i* 0 fur!/ advanc$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,nev]!less1 ! advances :i* ! pa/ "o hundr$ ye>s h se5 9 ?is sci5ce are mo/ surpris+4 ,gold & silv] are n[ secur$ f ores s poor z to h r5d]$ !m ( no value a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! ,bessem] process ( /eel mak+ 7#ahef7 has revolutioniz$ ! _w1 & made possible railroads & /eam%ips4 ,! basic ,bessem] process ( mak+ /eel f pig-iron ri* 9 phosphorus1 has op5$ up ri* m9es ( iron ore hi!rto valueless4 ,! basic phosphatic slag1 result+ f ?is process1 is ( ! highe/ value 9 ! fields1 & has br\ght agriculture & metallurgy into intimate relation%ip4 ,! electric furnace has made alum9ium almo/ z *eap z iron1 bulk = bulk1 & electric weld+ bids fair to take ! place ( ! old process1 ) ! *eap5+ ( metals4 ,,vii4 ,,agricultural ,,*emi/ry4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 deliv]$ a c\rse ( lectures on ! relations ( *emi/ry to agriculture1 & ^! 7 publi%$ 9 book =m4 ,9 ,france1 important contributions 7 made to agricultural *emical sci5ce by ,vauquel91 ,*evreul 7#aghf-ahhi71 & ,b\ss+ault 7#ahjb-ahhg71 :o made important rese>*es be=e ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,! mo/ important "w 9 agricultural *emi/ry1 h[ev]1 0 done by ,liebig4 ,8 a*ievem5ts s ov]%ad[$ ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors t he is g5]ally reg>d$1 al?\gh improp]ly1 z ! fa!r ( t bran* ( ! sci5ce4 ,! e>ly a*ievem5ts ( ^! work]s %[$ ! relatively small portions ( ! crops t 7 d]iv$ f ! soil4 ,! /udy ( ! a% con/itu5ts ( plants laid ! f\ndation ( rational f]tiliz+1 & ! utilization ( ! /ores ( plant food pres]v$ 9 great natural deposits4 ,beg9n+ ) ! middle ( ! c5tury1 ! att5tion ( agronomi/s 0 call$ to ! desirability ( utiliz+ ! deposits ( guano1 f\nd 9 ! isl&s along ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 ( ! deposits ( phosphate rock exi/+ 9 _m localities2 & lat]1 ( ! pota% salts1 discov]$ ne> ,/assfurt1 :i* complet$ ! trio ( available natural foods mo/ useful to plants4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( an agricultural exp]im5t /ation by ,sir ,john ,lawes at ,ro?am/ead 7#ahcd71 be=e ! middle ( ! c5tury1 set an example :i* has be5 foll[$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( exp]im5t /ations 9 all ! civiliz$ c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,"u ! great /imulus giv5 to agricultural rese>* by ^! /ations1 progress dur+ ! latt] half ( ! c5tury has be5 v rapid4 ,!re n[ exi/ 9 ,europe ne>ly "o hundr$ /ations devot$ to agricultural rese>*1 & 9 ?is c\ntry ! numb] is half z great4 ,conspicu\s a*ievem5ts1 m>k+ ! clos+ ye>s ( ! c5tury1 h be5 ! discov]y ( ! me?ods :]eby organic nitrog5 is r5d]$ suitable = plant food1 & atmosph]ic nitrog5 fix$ & r5d]$ available by legum9\s plants4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 x has be5 e/abli%$ t organic nitrog5 9 ! soil c only be utiliz$ by plants aft] x has be5 oxidiz$ by bact]ial action4 ,9 ! case ( legum9\s plants1 nitrog5 is r5d]$ available = nutrition by means ( bact]ia inhabit+ nodules 9 ! roots ( ! legumes4 ,^! two great discov]ies h prov$ ( incalculable b5efit to practical agriculture4 ,*emical sci5ce 9 its relations to agriculture has %[n t ! f]tility ( ! soil may be cons]v$ & increas$1 :ile ! magnitude ( ! crops h>ve/$ is su/a9$ or augm5t$4 ,?us1 no matt] h[ rapid may be ! increase ( population1 agricultural *emi/ry w provide abundant food4 ,,viii4 ,,graphic ,,*emi/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l\is ,,jacques ,,dagu]re4 ,! honor ( discov]+ t pr9ts c\ld be made by ! action ( light on c]ta9 salts1 su* z ^? ( silv]1 belongs to ,dagu]re1 9 #ahci4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( graphic *emi/ry is t metallic salts1 s5sitive to ! light1 :5 9 contact ) organic matt]1 suff] a complete or p>tial r$uction & are r5d]$ insoluble4 ,! int5sity ( ! r$uction is measur$ exactly by ! int5sity ( ! light4 ,:5 light is reflect$ f any object capable ( produc+ diff]5t degrees ( int5sity1 z f ! hair & face ( a man1 ! r$uction ( ! metal is greate/ by ! light f t portion ( ! physiognomy :i* gives ! greate/ reflection4 ,?us1 :5 ! unr$uc$ metallic salt is wa%$ out1 a p]man5t record1 ! negative1 ( ! object is left4 ,x is a long /ep f ! fir/ dagu]reotype to ! mod]n photograph1 b ! pr9ciple ( ! process has rema9$ un*ang$4 ,photographs 9 natural colors h ( late ye>s be5 obta9$4 ,"o me?od is by int]pos+ a film ( metallic m]cury beh9d ! s5sitive plate :i* mu/ be transp>5t4 ,! reflect$ rays ( light1 hav+ diff]5t wave l5g?s1 precipitate ! metal 9 sup]impos$ films1 correspond+ to ! wave or half-wave l5g?4 ,:5 a negative ?us =m$ is se5 by reflect$ light1 ! em]g5t rays f ! sup]impos$ films act+ z mirrors are trans=m$ into ! orig9al colors ( ! photograph$ object4 ,! v>i\s me?ods ( pr9t+ by heliotypes1 photoli?ographs1 photogravures1 etc41 are illu/rations ( ! application ( graphic *emi/ry to ! arts4 ,,ix4 ,,didactic ,,*emi/ry4 ,! lectures ( ,davy & ,f>aday 9 ,engl&1 ( ,whl] & ,liebig 9 ,g]many1 ( ,*evreul & ,dumas 9 ,france1 & ( ,silliman 7#aggi-ahfd7 9 ?is c\ntry1 made ! /udy ( *emi/ry attractive & easy dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury4 ,x 0 notic$1 h[ev]1 t ! /ud5ts :o f9i%$ ^! c\rses1 :ile well v]s$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce1 7 n able to apply !m 9 practice4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! c5tury1 !re=e1 a radical *ange 9 ! sy/em ( in/ruction 0 inaugurat$4 ,! /ud5t 0 put to "w & taught to "q nature = himself4 ,! univ]sities ( ,france & ,g]many 7 equipp$ ) work+ desks :]e /ud5ts ( *emi/ry put into practice at once ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce :i* !y he>d elucidat$ 9 ! lecture room4 ,cooke1 at ,h>v>d1 0 ! *ief apo/le ( ! laboratory me?od 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ?is me?od ( in/ruction has n[ spread1 until ev5 ! high & gramm> s*ools h _! *emical laboratories4 ,9 our univ]sities1 /ud5ts may n[ beg9 _! *emical /udies associat$ ) laboratory practice 9 ! fir/ ye> ( _! c\rse1 & cont9ue x to ! end4 ,graduates ( su* c\rses are n only gr\nd$ 9 ! !ories ( *emi/ry1 b are ?or\ghly famili> ) its practice4 ,"u ?is sy/em1 c\pl$ ) ! dem& = *emical s]vices 9 e bran* ( indu/ry1 ! numb] ( tra9$ *emi/s has spe$ily increas$4 ,at ?is "t 7#ahii7 !re are m ?an f\r ?\s& tra9$ *emi/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x4 ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,f]m5tation4 ,our k ( f]m5tation & bact]ial action is practically all compris$ 9 ! a*ievem5ts ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,prior to ?is "t x 0 kn[n t f]m5tation took place1 b its causes & "* 7 :olly my/]i\s4 ,! great "w ( ,pa/eur 7#ahei7 result$ 9 ! fact t f]m5tations 7 *iefly caus$ by ! activity ( liv+ cells1 :i* h ! capacity ( reproduction4 ,! mo/ common =m ( f]m5tation is t :]eby sug> is conv]t$ into alcohol & c>bon dioxide4 ,! "n ( ! organism t produces ?is *ange is sac*>omyces c]evisiae4 ,ano!r class ( f]m5tation is se5 9 ! process ( dige/ion4 ,?is species ( f]m5tation is typifi$ by ! action ( spr\t$ b>ley on />*1 :]eby ! />* is conv]t$ into sug>4 ,! active pr9ciple ( ! saliva1 ptyal91 has ! same prop]ty1 & :5 />*y bodies are ma/icat$1 a "p1 at lea/1 ( ! />* :i* !y conta9 is conv]t$ into sug>4 ,! active pr9ciple ( malt is kn[n z dia/ase1 & ?is1 z well z ptyal91 belongs to a class ( f]m5ts :i* are incapable ( reproduction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l\is ,,pa/eur4 ,all ! decompositions ( organic matt]1 su* z ! decay ( meats & vegetables1 are n[ kn[n to be =ms ( f]m5tation1 due to ! action ( c]ta9 organisms kn[n by ! gr\p "n ( bact]ia4 ,?is discov]y l$ naturally to ! process ( pres]v+ organic comp\nds by /]ilization4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* ?is process dep5ds are v simple4 ,if an organic body1 su* z a fruit or vegetable1 be subject$ = "s "t to a high temp]ature1--t ( boil+ wat] w usually suffice1--! f]m5tation g]ms :i* x conta9s w be de/roy$4 ,if !n x be seal$ 9 su* a way1 ei!r h]metically or ) a plug ( /]iliz$ cotton1 s t no liv+ g]m c rea* x1 decomposition _c take place4 ,c]ta9 *emicals1 su* = in/ance z salicylic acid & =maldehyde1 h ! prop]ty ( p>alyz+ or susp5d+ g]m action1 & h5ce organic bodies treat$ ) ^! sub/ances may also be protect$ aga9/ decomposition4 ,! activity ( f]m5tation is made use ( 9 ! te*nical arts4 ,bread is made light by f]m5tation1 & w9e1 be]1 & cid] are made by ! f]m5tation ( fruits & gra9s4 ,alcohol is produc$ by ! f]m5tation ( gra9s & potatoes1 _! />* hav+ previ\sly be5 conv]t$ into sug> by malt4 ,bu*n] has lately %[n t all f]m5tation is ( "o k9d1 namely1 t due to f]m5ts ( ! dia/ase type4 ,! f]m5tation produc$ by yea/1 = in/ance1 is n due1 accord+ to 8 obs]vations1 to ! liv+ cells1 b to ! products ( _! activity4 ,by de/roy+ yea/ cells1 by gr9d+ & high pressure1 & us+ _! cont5ts1 he has secur$ a vigor\s f]m5tation simil> 9 e respect to t caus$ by ! cells !mselves4 ,,xi4 ,,electro-,,*emi/ry4 ,! electric furnace1 :i* af=ds a high] heat ?an *emi/s _h be5 able to secure1 has be5 ! promot] ( great advances 9 inorganic *emi/ry4 ,moissan 7b4 #aheb71 a ,fr5* *emi/1 has be5 ! mo/ successful 9 apply+ ! heat ( ! electric furnace to analytic & syn!tic /udies4 ,"o ( ! practical results :i* has come f ^! /udies has be5 ! virtual bridg+ ov] ( ! *asm :i* has be5 suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 organic & inorganic comp\nds4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! heat ( ! electric furnace1 c>bon1 :i* is ! key/one ( organic comp\nds1 has be5 made to comb9e directly ) ! metals1 =m+ a s]ies ( bodies kn[n z metallic c>bides4 ,! c>bide ( calcium1 "u ! action ( wat]1 yields a gas kn[n z acetyl5e1 :i* by a s]ies ( reactions c be conv]t$ into alcohol4 ,?us alcohol1 :i* only a %ort "t ago 0 suppos$ to be solely ! product ( organic life1 is %[n also to result f a simple inorganic reaction su* z has be5 %[n above4 ,! importance ( electrolysis 9 metallurgical & analytical *emi/ry has already be5 notic$4 ,s rapid has be5 ! progress along ^! l9es t ! t]ms metallurgical *emi/ry & electro-*emi/ry are 9 "s respects almo/ synonym\s4 ,electricity has also be5 employ$ 9 _m ( ! *emical arts2 e4 g41 9 ! promotion ( cry/allization & purification ( organic solutions z practic$ 9 ! sug> indu/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,driv+ ,a ,,nail ,,) ,a ,,hamm] ,,made ,,( ,,froz5 ,,m]cury4 ,?\gh belong+ r to analytical ?an to electro-*emi/ry1 "o may "h m5tion ! wond]s ( t discov]y :i* belongs to ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & :i* is kn[n z 8liquid air40 ,until #ahgg air--oxyg5 & nitrog5--0 reg>d$ z a p]man5t gas4 ,oxyg5 liquefies at #cjj bel[ z]o & nitrog5 at #cbj4 ,:5 air is cool$ to ^? degrees x assumes a mi/y =m & falls l ra9drops to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,x !n gives (f vapor1 l boil+ wat]4 ,if p\r$ out on a conductor1 z iron or ice1 x assumes ! gase\s /ate s rapidly z to am\nt to an explosion4 ,! _m exp]im5ts ) x are simply wond]ful1 & ! practical claims = x are )\t end4 ,already x runs an eng9e & motor vehicles4 ,x is claim$ t x w complete ! problem ( a]ial navigation2 t x is ! com+ p[] 9 gunn]y & bla/+2 t x af=ds ! ideal sanitation2 t 9 surg]y x (f]s ! mo/ p]fect *emical caut]ization4 ,,conclusion4 ,!re is no bran* ( sci5ce t holds su* an intimate relation to ! progress & welf>e ( man z *emi/ry4 ,fir/ ( all1 x is *iefly in/rum5tal 9 provid+ him ) food & clo?+1 z has be5 %[n 9 ! p>agraph on agricultural *emi/ry4 ,9 ! second place x has ext5d$ 8 doma9 ov] matt] &1 9 connection ) physics1 has e/abli%$ ! id5tity ( ! composition ( ! univ]se ) t ( ! e>?4 ,! univ]se has ?us be5 %[n to be ( a s+le orig9 & ( uni=m prop]ties4 ,by und]/&+ ! con/itution ( matt]1 ) :i* he is surr\nd$1 man is able to utilize to ! be/ advantage ! mat]ial at 8 disposal4 ,?us inv5tion is promot$ & ! application ( *emical k 9 ! arts ext5d$4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,music ,,& ,,drama ,,by ,,rit] ,,fitzg]ald1 ,a4,m41 ,dramatic ,critic 8,city ,item10 ,philadelphia4 ,i4 ,,music4 ,music f9ds its highe/ arti/ic developm5t 9 ! happy comb9ations :i* g to make up ! op]a4 ,^! comb9ations pass$ ?r\gh v>i\s hi/oric /ages1 & rip5$ into noble maturity by ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 "u ! guid+ g5ius ( ! ,h&els1 ,moz>ts1 & ,glucks ( ! times4 ,_! legacy pass$1 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 to a ho/ ( wor?y successors1 among :om /&s1 z a c5tral figure1 ,v]di1 ! great ,italian op]atic compos]2 :ile ,wagn]1 ( ,g]many1 has /riv5 ) h]culean might to revolutionize ! lyrical drama by polemical writ+1 by tw(old au?or%ip ( words & notes1 & by a new application ( pr9ciples ga!r$ f antec$5t re=m]s4 ,8 ef=ts produc$ a commotion 9 ! art _w :i* might be comp>$ to t excit$ by ! rivalry betwe5 ,buonoc9i & ,h&el 9 ,london1 or ,picc9i & ,gluck 9 ,p>is1 b = ! fact t 9 ea* ( ^! in/ances ! cont5tion 0 betwe5 "o compos] & ano!r1 :]eas 9 ! case ( ,wagn] x 0 ! opposition ( "o compos] to all o!rs 9 ! _w1 save ! few :o1 believ+ 9 ! man1 8 tea*+s1 & 8 wond]ful p[]s ( application1 und]took propag&ism z a duty1 & endeavor$ to make proselytes to _! fai?4 ,he did n live to see ! day :5 8 ef=ts c\ld be call$ completely successful1 & 8 dea? 9 #ahhc left judgm5t q wide op5 z to 8 !oretical & practical m]its4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury closes ) ! "q /ill on z to ! p]man5ce or evanesc5ce ( 8 _m unique1 pond]\s1 & revolutioniz+ productions4 ,v]di1 :o /ill lives1 surpasses all ! compos]s ( 8 "t 9 ! beauty ( 8 melodies & ! int5sity ( 8 dramatic p[]4 ,ross9i1 ^: 8,guillaume ,tell10 :i* 0 produc$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahbi1 0 8 ma/]piece1 rul$ ! op]atic _w be=e ,v]di1 until he di$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahfh4 ,mey]be]1 ^: pr9cipal op]as are 8,les ,hugu5ots10 8,le ,prophte10 & 8,l',africa9e0 7! latt] produc$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahfe1 ! ye> aft] its compos]'s dea?71 0 reg>d$ z a rem>kable compos]1 ^: k ( effect 0 unsurpass$1 & ^: f9e intellig5ce & musical k almo/ made ! _w =give him = frequ5t lack ( inspiration4 ,halvy1 ^: only la/+ success 0 8,la ,juive10 compos$ o!r op]as1 su* z 8,*>les ,,vi410 8,la ,re9e de ,*ypre10 8,l',eclair10 & 8,les ,m\squetaires de la ,re9e10 t a*iev$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( success 9 ,france1 :i* success 0 int]rupt$ by ,halvy's dea? at ,nice 9 #ahfb4 ,g\nod1 9 #ahei1 made 8 mo/ rem>kable success ) 8 greate/ op]a1 8,fau/10 :i*1 aft] ! subject _h be5 treat$ by ,spohr1 ,l9dpa9t]1 ,s*umann1 ,b]lioz1 & o!r di/+ui%$ compos]s1 has rema9$ ! only completely successful op]a on ! subject1 al?\gh ,boito's 8,mefi/(ile0 7ano!r v]sion ( ! subject7 a*iev$ a m>k$ success 9 ,italy 9 #ahfh1 & plac$ ,boito among ! rem>kable compos]s ( ! day4 ,z = ,g\nod1 8 o!r op]as nev] equal$ 8 8,fau/40 ,next 9 m]it comes 8,romo et ,juliette0 7produc$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahfg7 & !n 8 8,mireille10 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahfd1 & 8,philmon et ,baucis10 an exquisite little comic op]a produc$ 9 #ahfj4 ,8 la/ op]a1 8,le ,tribut de ,zamora10 0 giv5 at ! ,gr& ,op]a1 ,p>is1 9 #ahha1 & fail$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,giuseppe ,,v]di4 ,donizetti1 :o di$ 9 ,b]gamo 9 #ahdh1 0 = _m ye>s "o ( ! mo/ popul> op]atic compos]s4 ,he possess$ und\bt$ ability1 b wrote c>elessly1 z ! ,italians did 9 t day4 ,b 8 op]as conta9 mu* t is beautiful1 & (t5 %[ f9e dramatic p[]4 ,8 8,lucia0 conta9s inspir$ pages1 :ile o!r portions are inexcusably commonplace4 ,! same rem>k applies to 8 8,lucrezia ,borgia10 8,la ,favorita10 & 8,m>ia di ,rohan20 :ile 9 8 comic op]as1 su* z 8,don ,pasquale0 7:i* 0 compos$ 9 ?ree weeks71 8 8,l',elisire d',amore0 & 8,la ,fille du ,rgim5t10 ,donizetti appe>s to bett] advantage4 ,!y are melodi\s & v agreeably writt54 ,8 f]tility may be imag9$ :5 y are told t he compos$ ov] sixty op]as dur+ 8 c>e]1 z well z o!r compositions4 ,bell9i1 ^: c>e] 0 a %ort "o1 z he 0 born 9 #ahjb & di$ 9 #ahce1 0 badly tra9$ & c\ld n be call$ a well-s*ool$ musician1 be+ r a musician by in/9ct4 ,b he possess$ rem>kable ability1 &1 p]ceiv+ t ! p]si/5tly florid /yle ( ,ross9i 7:i* all ! compos]s ( t "t bl9dly imitat$7 0 approa*+ an end1 treat$ 8 melodies ) a simplicity & directness t at once attract$ att5tion & met ) approval4 ,bell9i's k ( in/rum5tation 0 *ildi%1 b 8 intimacy ) ,rub9i1 ! fam\s t5or1 aid$ him 9 a*iev+ an admirable treatm5t ( ! voice4 ,8 op]as 7 v sweet & melodi\s4 ,! two op]as by :i* he w be rememb]$ are 8,la ,sonnambula0 & 8,norma10 ! latt] be+1 ) all its faults1 a great op]a4 ,ano!r tal5t$ & prolific op]atic compos] 0 ,m]cadante1 ^: 8,il ,giuram5to0 7produc$ 9 #ahcg7 a*iev$ consid]able popul>ity4 ,b ,m]cadante's successes 7 g5]ally conf9$ to ,italy4 ,he compos$ sixty op]as1 & di$ 9 #ahgj 9 ,naples4 ,pon*ielli1 :o 0 born 9 #ahcd & di$ 9 #ahhf1 w be pr9cipally rememb]$ by 8 rem>kably beautiful op]a1 8,la ,gioconda0 7produc$ 9 #ahgf71 :i*1 toge!r ) a re-writt5 v]sion ( 8 fir/ op]a1 8,i ,promessi ,sposi10 gave him great popul>ity 9 ,italy & spread 8 reputation to o!r c\ntries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bee?ov5 ,,9 ,,8 ,,/udy4 ,z = ,italy's "y compos]s t pr(ess to repres5t ! mod]n ,italian s*ool ( op]a1 !y are l$ by ,pucc9i1 ^: 8,manon ,lescaut0 & 8,la ,bohme0 are melodi\s & full ( m]it4 ,mascagni & ,leoncavallo1 ^: 8,cavall]ia ,ru/icana0 & 8,i ,pagliacci0 a*iev$ popul>ity1 h n realiz$ expectations4 ,nor has ,giordano1 ^: 8,&rea ,*5i]0 0 well receiv$ 9 ,italy4 ,bizet1 ^: 8,c>m50 is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( mod]n op]as1 di$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahge4 8,c>m50 has rema9$ 9 ! rep]toire4 ,8 o!r op]a1 8,les ,p*eurs de ,p]les10 only a*iev$ a mod]ate success4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr& ,,op]a ,,h\se1 ,,p>is4 ,"o ( ,france's greate/ musicians1 ,hector ,b]lioz1 0 born 9 #ahjc & di$ 9 #ahfi4 ,8 op]as1 8,les ,troy5s10 8,b5v5uto ,cell9i10 8 8,damnation de ,fau/10 8 8,romo et ,juliette0 symphony1 are all great & af=d$ ,wagn] a model t he imitat$ p]si/5tly4 ,9 #ahga ,france lo/ "o ( its mo/ tal5t$ op]atic compos]s1 ,aub]1 ^: 8,masaniello0 & 8,fra ,diavolo0 are two ( ! mo/ popul> op]as ev] writt5 by a ,fr5*man4 ,aub] compos$ comic op]as *>m+ly1 & 8 8,dom9o ,noir10 8,diamants de la ,c\ronne10 8,hayde10 & o!r works ( a simil> "*1 ent]ta9$ ! ,fr5* p = _m ye>s4 ,aub]'s dea? has left a vacancy t has n be5 fill$4 ,! mod]n ,fr5* compos]s _c be call$ great4 ,sa9t-,sa5s1 ^: mo/ successful "w is 8,samson et ,dalila0 7:i* is m ( an oratorio ?an an op]a1 & :i* 0 produc$ 9 #ahgg71 has compos$ o!r op]as1 su* z 8,h5ri ,,viii410 8,ascanio10 et cet]a1 :i* lack orig9ality & inspiration4 ,mass5et has compos$ 8,le ,roi de ,lahore10 8,hrodiade10 8,manon10 8,w]!r10 et cet]a1 t h _h pass+ successes4 ,bo? ,sa9t-,sa5s & ,mass5et h attempt$ to foll[ ,wagn] 9 _! sonor\s or*e/ration2 b _! works lack di/9ction4 ,! ,fr5* compos]s ( to-day h be5 demoraliz$ by ,wagn]'s affectations4 ,! dea? ( ,ambroise ,?omas1 9 #ahie1 caus$ ,france ! loss ( "o ( h] mo/ successful & accompli%$ op]atic compos]s1 ^: 8,mignon0 w be long admir$ z a v *>m+ op]a comique1 :ile 8 8,hamlet10 ?\gh conta9+ portions t are ably writt51 has nev] atta9$ outside ,france any rem>kable success4 ,illu/ration3 ,,metropolitan ,,op]a ,,h\se1 ,,new ,,york4 ,rey]1 ^: 8,sigurd0 0 produc$ 9 #ahhd ) consid]able success1 is a foll[] ( ,mey]be]4 ,8 8,salammbo0 0 produc$ 9 #ahij1 b did n attract ! att5tion expect$ outside ( ,france4 ,g]man op]a ( ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury has be5 s demoraliz$ by ! influ5ce ( ,wagn] t ! ,g]man compos]s h become little m ?an imitators ( 8 pron\nc$ mann]isms4 ,web]'s 8,d] ,freis*tz0 rema9s ! mo/ popul> ( ,g]man op]as1 j z ,v]di's 8,il ,trovatore0 is ! mo/ popul> ( ,italian op]as4 ,spohr1 ,l9dpa9t]1 & _m o!r ,g]man compos]s ( ability h be5 laid on ! %elf4 ,m>%n]1 :o di$ 9 ,hanov] 9 #ahfa1 %[$ 9 8 8,hans ,heil+0 t he 0 a foll[] ( ,web]1 z well z 9 8 8,templ> & ,jewess40 ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,,ri*>d ,,wagn]4 ,cornelius1 :o di$ 9 ,ma9z 9 #ahgd1 made 8 pr9cipal success ) 8 8,b>b] ( ,bagdad10 a comic op]a 9 :i* ! mann] ( ,wagn] 0 imitat$4 ,9 #ahfd 8,! ,cid0 0 produc$ 9 ,weim>1 b x 0 f\nd depress+ly heavy & labor$4 ,goldm>k1 a foll[] ( ,mey]be]1 made a success 9 #ahge ) 8 8,que5 ( ,saba0 t 0 n equal$ by 8 8,m]l910 produc$ 9 #ahhf1 or 8 8,prison] ( ,w>10 produc$ 9 #ahii4 ,to return to ! great lead] ( op]a--,v]di--"o may say ( him t 8 op]as are divid$ into ?ree p]iods4 ,! fir/ includ$ ! works writt5 9 ! old ,neapolitan /yle z he _h f\nd x4 ,to ?is class belong 8,nabucco10 8,attila10 et cet]a4 ,to ! second p]iod1 :i* %[s rem>kable dramatic color & beautiful melody1 belong 8,rigoletto10 8,ernani10 & 8,ballo 9 ,mas*]a0 79 :i* ,v]di began to pay att5tion to 8 in/rum5tation74 ,to ! ?ird p]iod belongs 8,ada10 :i* is 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic & rem>kable op]a1 9 :i* ! melody is wond]fully fre% & beautiful1 comb9$ ) rem>kable sci5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,edw9 ,,=re/4 8,otello0 is also a great "w1 writt5 at a "t ( life :5 mo/ compos]s retire1 & broadly dramatic 9 its treatm5t ( ! situations1 illum9at$ by ri* & expressive in/rum5tation4 ,z = 8,fal/aff10 ! late/ op]a t ,v]di has writt51 & probably ! la/ he w write1 x is ! greate/ mod]n comic op]a1 j z ,moz>t's 8,nozze di ,fig>o0 is ! greate/ comic op]a ( ! pa/4 ,x conv9ces ! _w t ,v]di's g5ius is inexhau/ible4 ,next to ,v]di comes ,wagn]1 ! an>*i/ ( music1 :o began 9 8,ri5zi0 & 8,! ,fly+ ,dut*man0 by imitat+ ! ,italian =ms ( melody4 ,9 8,tannhus]10 portions are v beautiful & melodi\s2 9 8,loh5gr910 portions are f9e2 b ,wagn]'s idea ( effect 0 bad & he nev] knew :5 to /op1 s t _m ( ! sc5es are int]m9able4 ,?is fault increas$ z ,wagn] compos$ ! 8,nibelung50 s]ies = ! crazy k+ ( ,bav>ia4 ,melody vani%$1 ! s+]s became second>y to ! or*e/ra1 :i* 0 p]si/5tly noisy4 ,wagn]'s ef=t 0 to create a new s*ool ( op]a1 9 :i* ev]y?+ %\ld be m9utely descriptive4 ,he w5t too f> & op5$ ! "q ( failure4 ,9 op]a ! voices claim ! fir/ place1 & ! or*e/ra is an accompanim5t1 s t ,wagn]'s me?od 0 radically wrong4 ,indep5d5t ( ?is1 he attempt$ to infuse life into ! 8,nibelung50 s]ies1 :]eas he adopt$ a tangl$ & *ildi% fairy-/ory t 0 m absurd ?an impressive4 ,! lat] ,wagn] op]as1 :i* ! compos] calls 8music dramas10 are tiresome & monoton\s to su* a degree t1 ) all ! rem>kable tal5t ( ,wagn]1 !y may nev] become popul>1 & may be ev5tually laid on ! %elf1 to be reg>d$ 9 ! future z musical curios4 ,! musicians ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are /eadily develop+1 & = s "y a c\ntry we h a l>ge numb] ( compos]s ( fir/-class ability1 su* z ,macd[ell1 ,foote1 ,lang1 ,*adwick1 ,gil*ri/1 & _m o!rs :o h produc$ important compositions4 ,9 op]a ! ,am]ican compos]s h done no?+1 = ! reason t !re are no opportunities = ! production ( su* works4 ,if !re 71 we %\ld soon h _m op]atic compos]s1 & %\ld spe$ily take high rank 9 ! lyric drama4 ,,ii4 ,,drama4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>lotte ,,saund]s ,,cu%man4 ,! !atre ( ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury %[s a rem>kable advance1 9 c]ta9 respects1 ov] ! !atre ( ! pa/1 :i* consi/$ ( a 8/>10 an inf]ior company1 poor sc5]y & appo9tm5ts1 et cet]a2 :]eas to-day !re are _m m really good actors & actresses1 ! !atres are f> m com=table & arti/ic1 ! sc5]y1 co/umes & details are beautiful & correct4 ,we h no ,mrs4 ,siddons1 no ,kemble1 no ,ra*el1 no ,talma2 b we are confid5t t ! actors & actresses ( to-day are l ! !atre ( to-day1--!y h m f9i%1 & ! results1 :ile !y may n rise to ! plane ( ! s*ool ( ,%akespe>e1 are ne>] nature ?an !y h ev] be54 ,! s*ool ( declamation1 :i* belong$ to ! plays ( ! pa/1 is ! sev]e/ loss ! /age ( to-day has felt4 ,! actors & actresses fail 9 elocution4 ,!y d n "k :]e to put _! emphasis4 ,!y seem lo/ :5 !y appe> 9 co/ume1 & ,%akespe>e to-day has no di/+ui%$ expon5ts4 ,! ,engli%-speak+ /age ( ! c5tury has be5 adorn$ by su* eloqu5t int]pret]s & p[]ful trag$ians z ,edw9 ,=re/1 ,*>lotte ,cu%man1 ,edw9 ,boo?1 & ,h5ry ,irv+4 ,b ?is illu/ri\s roll has be5 almo/ ext+ui%$ by dea?2 &1 especially if appli$ to ,am]ica1 ! "q may well be ask$1 :]e is ! actor or actress :o c play ,hamlet1 or ,macbe?1 or ,k+ ,le>1 or ,%ylock z we 7 wont to see !m r5d]$ by ^? ma/]s ( ! dramatic art1 or z !y %\ld be r5d]$8 ,salv9i & ,rossi h bo? pass$ away4 ,irv+ v]ges on retiracy4 ,( ! great dramatic actresses left to ! clos+ ( ! c5tury1 ,mme4 ,s>ah ,b]nh>dt /&s prem95t4 ,! day ( ! impos+ declamatory drama seems to h lo/ its lu/re at ! sunset ( ! c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sc5e ,,f ,,%akespe>e',s ,,play ,,( 8,,romeo ,,& ,,juliet40 ,b ! mod]n dramas & com$ies are act$1 ev5 9 ! small] p>ts1 ) admirable intellig5ce & effect1 & we may add t ! vice t disgrac$ ! /age ( ! pa/ is by no means s visible 9 ! !atre ( ! pres5t4 ,! co>s5ess t clung s long to ! !atre is gradually disappe>+1 & ! !atre-go]s ( to-day h discov]$ t ! !atre1 :i* 0 creat$ to ent]ta9 ! _w1 c d s )\t rec\rse to vulg>ity4 ,! !atres ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ! h&some/ & mo/ conv5i5t 9 ! _w4 ,?is ,mme4 ,s>ah ,b]nh>dt ackn[l$g$ ! o!r day1 :ile criticis+ ! !atres ( ,p>is1 :i* lack _m conv5i5ces4 ,up to )9 tw5ty-five ye>s ( ! close ( ! c5tury1 plays writt5 by ,am]ican au?ors 7 r>e4 ,manag]s _h to rely ^u ^? compos$ 9 ,europe4 ,b at pres5t ! ,unit$ ,/ates possesses _m able & successful playwrights1 j z x does its arti/s 9 all dep>tm5ts4 ,!re has n be5 a "t dur+ ! c5tury :5 ! p]sonal "* ( actors & actresses has escap$ discussion1 & sometimes viol5t criticism1 by ^? prejudic$ aga9/ ! !atre4 ,?is does n seem to h less5$ ! e/imation 9 :i* dramatic art is held1 nor to h s]i\sly dim9i%$ 9 numb] ! legion :o f9d 9 ! drama _! mo/ pleasurable recreation & ke5e/ intellectual delight4 ,9 answ] to *all5ges ( ! morality ( ! /age1 ,bronson ,h[>d has fitt+ly said3 8,i h nev] yet se5 anybody :o want$ a bad picture j because x 0 pa9t$ by a good man4 ,x is society t corrupts ! /age1 n ! /age t corrupts society40 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,lit]ature ,,by ,,james ,p4 ,,boyd1 ,a4,m41 ,l4,b4 ,9 contra/+ ! _w's n9ete5? c5tury lit]ature ) t ( ! eighte5?1 "o is impress$ ) ! _m rem>kable diff]5ces4 ,b by no means all ( su* diff]5ces are to ! discr$it ( ! old] lit]ature4 ,z in/ances1 ! prose lit]ature ( ! n9ete5? c5tury may n surpass t ( ! eighte5? 9 elegance & accuracy ( expression1 ?\gh its progress has be5 v m>k$ 9 ! div]sity ( its applications to m5tal ne$s2 & ! poetical lit]ature ( ! n9ete5? c5tury may n excel t ( ! eighte5? 9 beauty & virility1 ?\gh x has advanc$ 9 l(t9ess ( !me & t5d]ness ( mode4 ,& s1 :5 lit]ature is divid$ into its _m m9or bran*es1 z hi/ory1 philosophy1 ! sci5ces1 etc41 v>i\s features ( ! old comp>e favorably ) ! new4 ,x is 9 its g5]al tone & univ]sal aptitude t ! lit]ature ( ! n9ete5? c5tury /&s out prem95t4 ,! wond]ful intellectual activity ( ! c5tury has be51 z x 71 compell$ to g =? along lit]>y l9es q p>allel ) ^? t di/+ui% o!r fields ( activity4 ,?is may h _h a t5d5cy 9 "s in/ances to rob ! c5tury's lit]ature ( "s ( ! sweetly imag9ative elem5ts1 & to h>d5 x 9 "s ( its ess5tial =ms1 b ! process 0 necess>y to secure = x j t quality :i* w\ld be/ meet a progressive dem&4 ,z ! drift ( human en]gy 0 t[>d ! practical1 s ! dom9ant lit]>y ?\ght took on ! =m ( direct & exact expression4 ,!re 0 less & less room = ! indulg5ce ( lit]>y foible or speculative :imsicality4 ,ev5 :]e elegance ( /yle met ) occasional sacrifice1 x 0 m ?an comp5sat$ by t g5]al rise 9 lit]>y tone :i* has *>act]iz$ ! c5tury4 ,lit]ature c\ld n be untru?ful amid active inquiry & sci5tific progress4 ,x mu/ reflect1 m accurately ?an ev] be=e1 its bir? inspirations & its legitimate uses4 ,x mu/ keep ev5 pace ) ! dem&s = x4 ,a _w cry+ = intellectual bread c\ld n be put (f ) an antiquat$ /one4 ,)\t clos] analysis1 ! above is true ( ! lit]ature ( all read+ & writ+ peoples :o h kept t\* ) ! c5tury's progress4 ,b x is especially true 9 ! lit]ature ( ,engli% speak+ peoples4 ,hi/ory has1 9 accordance ) a gr[+ _s ( rese>*1 become m tru?ful1 philosophy m expressive1 & sci5ce m exact4 ,! outcrop ( books %[s ! ye>n+s ( ! c5tury1 n only z to _! numb] b z to !me & treatm5t4 ,au?ors h multipli$ z dur+ no o!r _w's era1 & ! proportion ( ^? :o h atta9$ p]man5t di/9ction 0 nev] l>g]4 8,g]man lit]ature10 says ,pr(essor ,=d1 9 8,self ,culture0 = ,febru>y1 #ahii1 8has _h its measure ( ups & d[ns1 b its fir/ age 0 its gold5 age4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury to ! pres5t day is a f> cry 9 ,g]man lett]s4 ,romanticism1 idealism1 realism--! ,fa!rl& has liv$ ?r\gh !m all4 ,& = :at8 ,9 a l& ( s*ol>s no great philosoph]2 among ho/s ( v]se-mak]s no great poet2 among innum]able /ory-writ]s1 n "o :o has become kn[n ov] a cont95t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,george ,,bancr(t4 8,/ill ^! la/ ye>s 9 ,g]many h n be5 )\t "s good "w done1 ?\gh (t5 a*iev$ "u ! spur ( wrong ideals & improp] motives4 ,f ! days ( '#dh1 :5 ,"y ,g]many felt = ! fir/ "t ! s$uctive *>m ( revolutionism1 a new feel+ has possess$ ,g]man lit]ature--a feel+ t ! pa/ is pa/ & out ( date1 pot5t once b pot5t no long]1 & t ! new age ( man dem&s new pr9ciples1 new ideals1 a new fai?4 ,& s ! mod]n lit]ature1 p>ticul>ly s s9ce #ahgj1 has be5 m>k$ by iconoclasm & />tl+ innovation2 x has disc>d$ s5tim5t & l9e writ+1 & made a plea = sci5tific me?ods1 ) ! privilege ( exhibit+ exact1 sci5tific results4 ,crimes1 disease1 & gr9n+ skeletons h be5 dragg$ =? to ! public gaze1 = art is no long] art t portrays ! ideal & n ! true4 ,su*1 9 %ort1 is ! cre$ by :i* ! reali/ic or naturali/ic s*ool has ?\ght to ov]?r[ ! old1 conv5tional1 & frivol\s1 to fo/] ! _s ( ! new nationality1 & prep>e a balm = ! w\nds ( ! poor4 8,two m5 /& to-day z lead]s ( ?is new movem5t1--,h]mann ,sud]mann & ,g]h>dt ,hauptmann1--! mo/ comm&+ figures 9 contemporane\s ,g]man lit]ature40 ,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ,unit$ ,/ates took a high & firm place 9 ! doma9 ( lit]ature1 &1 x may be said1 has evolv$ a lit]ature t 9 scope & /yle is peculi> to h] in/itutions & environm5t4 ,h] array ( au?ors1 bo? 9 numb] & reputation1 comp>es favorably ) t ( c\ntries boa/+ ( a ?\s& ye>s ( lit]>y dom9ation1 & h] lit]ature is z div]sifi$ & practical z h] activities4 ,among ! _m illu/ri\s hi/orians ( ! c5tury %e numb]s h] ,bancr(t1 h] ,hildre?1 h] ,prescott1 h] ,motley1 wor?y c\nt]p>ts ( ,engl&'s ,l+>d1 ,hallam1 ,macaulay1 ,buckle1 & ,k+lake4 ,among h] poets are ,longfell[1 ,:itti]1 ,bryant1 ,l[ell1 ,halleck1 fit companions ( ,t5nyson1 ,br[n+1 ,wordswor?1 ,scott1 ,sw9burne4 ,among h] noveli/s are ,coop]1 ,haw?orne1 ,/[e1 wor?y cong5]s ( ,dick5s1 ,?ack]ay1 & ,eliot4 ,& s1 ! comp>ison holds 9 travel1 philosophy1 !ology1 law1 & sci5ce4 ,if 9 dramatic lit]ature ! ,unit$ ,/ates has1 dur+ ! c5tury1 produc$ few au?ors ( p]man5t reputation1 & p]haps none to be comp>$ ) ,kn[les1 ,b\cicault1 ,taylor1 & ,rob]tson1 ( ! ,old ,_w1 nev]!less x _c be said ( ^! t _! plays h _h m ?an a /age value4 ,! drama ( ! c5tury 9 foll[+ ! dem& = arti/ic & comm]cial results has su/a9$ only 9 "p ! reputation ( its lit]ature4 ,b 9 lieu ( ?is p>tial decad5ce1 !re h sprung up new bran*es ( lit]ature :i* are1 9 a measure1 comp5satory4 ,among ^! are ! critical lit]ature ( arts & design1 ! lit]ature ( philology1 or ( language1 & ! lit]ature ( political & social sci5ce4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ two o!r k9ds or classes ( lit]ature :i*1 if n peculi> to ! c5tury1 h yet f\nd 9 x _! mo/ surpris+ evolution1 greate/ glory1 & wide/ influ5ce4 ,^! are ! lit]ature ( ! newspap] & magaz9e1 z di/+ui%$ f t ( ! book4 ,illu/ration3 ,,john ,g4 ,,:itti]4 ,b be=e mak+ fur!r m5tion ( ^!1 let u read some:at ( ,new ,_w lit]ature z view$ f a critical ,engli% /&po9t4 ,says ! critic1 8,engli% critics are apt to be> d[n on ! writ]s & ?9k]s ( ! ,new ,_w ) a sort ( ari/ocratic hauteur2 !y are p]petually rem9d+ !m ( _! immaturity & _! disreg>d ( ! gold5 mean4 ,am]icans1 on ! o!r h&1 are h>d to please4 ,ord9>y m5 among !m are z s5sitive to =eign c5sure z ! irritable g5ius ( o!r l&s4 ,mr4 ,em]son is p]mitt$ to impress home tru?s on 8 c\ntrym51 z #8,y\r ,am]ican eagle is v well2 b bew>e ( ! ,am]ican peacock4' ,su* rem>ks are n p]mitt$ to ,engli%m54 ,if !y po9t to any flaws 9 transatlantic mann]s or ways ( ?9k+ ) an ef=t aft] polit5ess1 x is #8! good-natur$ cynicism ( well-to-d age2' if !y comm5d transatlantic in/itutions or a*ievem5ts1 x is1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,l[ell1 #8) t pleasant ,european air ( self-complim5t 9 condesc5d+ to be pleas$ by ,am]ican m]it :i* we f9d s conciliat+4' 8,n[ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates h rea*$ _! full majority1 x is "t t ,engl& %\ld cease to assume ! attitude ( gu>dian1 & "t t !y %\ld be on ! al]t to res5t ! assumption4 ,=emo/ among ! m attractive features ( transatlantic ,am]ican lit]ature is its fre%ness4 ,! au?ority :i* is ! guide ( old nations con/antly ?reat5s to become tyrannical2 !y we> _! traditions l a *a92 &1 9 canonization ( laws ( ta/e1 ! creative laws are depress$4 ,ev5 9 ,engl& we write "u fix$ conditions2 ) ! fe> ( critics be=e our eyes1 we are all b\nd to ca/ our ideas into simil> m\lds1 & ! "n ( #8free ?9k]' has gr[n to a t]m ( reproa*4 ,bunyan's #8,pilgrim's ,progress' is p]haps ! la/ ,engli% book writt5 )\t a ?\ght ( be+ review$4 ,!re is a ga9 9 ! habit ( self-re/ra9t fo/]$ by ?is /ate ( ?+s2 b !re is a loss 9 ! consequ5t lack ( spontaneity2 & we may le>n some?+ f a lit]ature t is ev] ready = adv5tures4 ,9 ,am]ica ! love ( uni=mity gives place to impetu\s impulses2 ! mo/ extreme s5tim5ts are made audible1 ! mo/ noxi\s #8h _! day & cease to be2' & ! tru? be+ left to v9dicate itself1 ! ov]?r[ ( error1 ?\gh m gradual1 may at la/ prove m complete4 ,a ,new ,engl& poet c write ) confid5ce ( 8 c\ntry z ! l& 8#8,:]e no "o suff]s loss or ble$s ,= ?\ghts t m5 calls h]esies4' ,illu/ration3 ,,alfr$ ,,t5nyson4 8,ano!r feature ( ,am]ican lit]ature is compreh5siv5ess4 ,:at x has lo/ 9 dep? x has ga9$ 9 bread?4 ,address+ a va/ audi5ce1 x appeals to univ]sal sympa?ies4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 :]e comp>atively few h leisure to write well1 almo/ e man1 woman1 & *ild c read1 & does read4 ,books are to be f\nd 9 e log-hut1 & public que/ions are discuss$ by e scav5g]4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 :5 ! ,l[ell factory-girls 7 writ+ v]ses1 ! #8,bigl[ ,pap]s' 7 be+ recit$ 9 e smi?y4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t1 sett+ aside ! newspap]s1 !re is little t is sectional 9 ! popul> religion or lit]ature2 x exalts & despises no class1 & almo/ :olly ignores ! l9es t 9 o!r c\ntries divide ! upp] t5 ?\s& & ! l[] t5 million4 ,:]e mann]s make m51 ! p are pr\d ( _! pe]age1 b !y blu% = _! boors4 ,9 ! ,new ,_w !re are no #8,gr& ,seigniors' & no human vegetables2 & if !re are few] giants1 !re are also few] manik9s4 ,am]ican poets recognize no ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ! #8village blacksmi?' & ! #8ca/e ( ,v]e de ,v]e4' ,burns speaks = ! "o2 ,byron & ,t5nyson = ! o!r2 ,longfell[1 to ! ext5t ( 8 g5ius1 = bo?4 ,! same _s :i* glorifies labor d5\nces e =m ( despotism b t ( ! multitude4 ,fre$ ( ! excesses due to wide lic5se1 & re/ra9$ by ! good ta/e & culture ( h] nobl] m9ds1 we may anticipate = ! lit]ature ( ,am]ica1 "u ! mell[+ influ5ces ( "t1 an illu/ri\s future40 ,9 treat+ ( newspap] lit]ature1 "o _c proce$ )\t bl5d+ its orig91 /yle & aims ) ! bus9ess ent]prise t cultivates & supports x4 ,& ?is may be done all ! m *e]fully & prop]ly1 = ! reason t !re is no hi/ory m int]e/+ ?an t ( ! evolution ( ! newspap]1 & no consummation ( m5tal & physical en]gy t places ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 m vivid contra/ ) prec$+ c5turies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h5ry ,w4 ,,longfell[4 ,= ! fa!rhood ( ! newspap] we h to travel to a l& & date calculat$ to rob mod]n civilization ( "s ( its boa/fulness4 ,! olde/ kn[n newspap] is ! 8,ts+-,pao10 or 8,pek+ ,news10 m5tion ( ^: publication is made 9 ,*9ese annals z f> back z ,a4 ,d4 #gac1 :5 x 0 !n1 z n[1 ! (ficial *ronicl] ( ! acts ( ! emp]or1 ! do+s ( ! c\rt1 & ! reports ( m9i/]s4 ,x has appe>$ daily = ne>ly f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s1 9 ! =m ( a yell[-cov]$ magaz9e1 "s #c by #g in*es 9 size4 ,! pages numb] tw5ty-f\r1 & are pr9t$ f wood5 movable type4 ,two editions are publi%$1 "o on sup]ior pap]1 = ! ,c\rt & upp] classes2 ! o!r on inf]ior pap]1 = g5]al read]s4 ,its editor%ip is 9 ! ,gr& ,c\ncil ( ,/ate1 :i* furni%es to scribes or report]s ! news deem$ fit = publication4 ,z an (ficial organ1 x fir/ f9ds circulation among ! heads ( prov9ces1 & is by !m fur!r di/ribut$ to patrons4 ,?is anci5t purveyor ( news seems to h pretty fully gratifi$ ! ,*9ese ta/e = t k9d ( lit]ature2 = ev5 at ! pres5t day !re are few newspap]s 9 ! empire publi%$ 9 ! native language4 ,! few t h sprung up are conf9$ to ! l>g] cities1 z ,%anghai1 ,hongkong1 & ,pek+1 :]e !y are lib]ally patroniz$4 ,b _! circulation & influ5ce d n ext5d f> into ! int]ior1 ow+ to ! lack ( po/al facilities4 ,! mod]n ,*9ese newspap] c h>dly be call$ a native ent]prise4 ,x grew out ( ! necessity = a lit]ature & a means ( news communication :i* arose at ! "t ! ,*9ese ports 7 =c$ op5 to ! _w's comm]ce4 ,z a consequ5ce1 a majority ( ! ,*9ese publications h f\nd _! inception 9 =eign bra9s & capital1 & rema9 "u ! managem5t ( =eign]s4 ,! same is true ( ,japan1 :]e ! mod]n native newspap] practically dates f ! arrival ( ! =eign]4 ,b by reason ( _! great] m5tal & comm]cial activity1 & ! rapidity ) :i* !y adju/$ !mselves to mod]n modes ( civilization1 ! ,japanese h f> out/ripp$ ! ,*9ese 9 _! evolution ( newspap] lit]ature & ent]prise4 ,:]eas1 :at may be call$ ! fir/ mod]n ,japanese newspap] 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahgb1 !re sprang up 9 ! foll[+ tw5ty ye>s ! almo/ incr$ible numb] ( #fdh newspap]s & p]iodicals1 n only due to native capital & ent]prise1 b "u native control4 ,?is wond]ful gr[? took place1 too1 9 ! face ( ! sev]e/ code ( press laws exi/+ 9 any c\ntry4 ,9 ,europe1 ! e>lie/ inkl+s ( a newspap] lit]ature consi/$ ( news pamphlets ( infrequ5t & unc]ta9 publication1 & dep5d5t = circulation ^u tempor>y dem&4 ,! e>lie/ dep>ture f ?is /age 0 9 ,g]many1 9 #afae1 :5 ! 8,frankfurt] ,j\rnal0 0 organiz$ z a weekly publication1 = ! purpose ( 8collect+ & circulat+ ! news ( ! day40 ,antw]p foll[$ ) a simil> ent]prise 9 #afaf4 ,! fir/ attempt to d likewise 9 ,great ,brita9 0 9 #afbb1 :5 8,! ,weekly ,news0 0 f\nd$ 9 ,london4 ,none ( ^! ent]prises 7 by editors1 9 a mod]n s5se1 b by /ation]s1 9 ! l9e ( _! ord9>y trade4 ,!y did n dep5d = patronage on regul> subscrib]s1 b sold _! publications on ! /reets ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( hawk]s1 correspond+ to our mod]n newsboys1 ?\gh !y bore ! classical "n ( 8m]curies40 ,! f\ndation ( ! fir/ newspap] 9 ,france t atta9$ p]man5ce & fame 0 9 #afca4 ,x 0 call$ ! 8,gazette de ,france10 & ow$ its orig9 to a dem& = m+l$ news & orig9al discussion4 ,x 0 l>gely "u ! control ( ,ri*elieu1 &1 ( c\rse1 reflect$ 8 s5tim5ts4 ,9 ^! beg9n+s ( ! newspap]1 we f9d little or no attempt at j\rnalism1 z n[ und]/ood & practic$2 no promise & pot5cy ( a lit]ature peculi> to newspap] ent]prise4 ,! j\rnali/ _h yet to come into be+4 ,he fir/ appe>$ z a writ] ( 8news-lett]s10 g5]ally f "s capital1 or seat ( legislation1 or comm]cial c5tre4 ,8 duty 0 to keep a l9e ( ma/]s or patrons suppli$ ) news dur+ _! abs5ce f c\rt1 legislative hall1 or bus9ess m>t4 ,8 duty evolv$ into a call+4 ,8 patrons became regul> pay+ subscrib]s1 to ea* ( :om he wrote4 ,^! lett]s1 com+ f all c\ntries ( ! cont95t ( ,europe1 & cov]+ a wide field ( in=mation1 became ( great int]e/1 & _m collections ( !m are /ill 9 exi/5ce 9 libr>ies1 add+ no little to _! hi/oric value4 ,! /ep 0 easy f ?is j\rnali/ic /age to ! regul> p]iodic publication1 op5 n only to ! 8news-lett]10 b to discursive ?\ght4 ,?us1 9 #afda1 8,! ,weekly ,news10 ( ,london1 began ! publication ( p>liam5t>y proce$+s 9 addition to its budget ( 8news-lett]s40 ,?is era witness$ a rapid e/abli%m5t ( weekly newspap]s1 requir+ editorial sup]vision & regul> contributions4 ,!y 7 n )\t _! vicissitudes4 ,_m ( _! c>e]s 7 brief & m>k$ ) pecuni>y losses2 yet out ( ! wreckage sprang "s ( ! mo/ important ( ! mod]n j\rnals4 ,by #agjc ,great ,brita9 0 ripe = a daily newspap]1 & 9 t ye> "o appe>$ "u ! "n ( 8,! ,daily ,c\rant40 ,! adv5t ( ?is ent]prise gave fur!r impetus to newspap] publication4 ,! ,engli% press ( ! eighte5? c5tury rose into great popul> favor4 ,x 0 able1 & q too indep5d5t = royalty & royal c\rti]4 ,= corrupt & ambiti\s gov]nm5t x (t5 became a :ip ( scorpions1 & 9 rev5ge 0 bo? sev]ely tax$ & invidi\sly c5sor$4 ,b x seem$ to prosp] amid opposition & p]secution1 & by #aggf fifty-?ree newspap]s 7 publi%$ 9 ,london alone4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,george ,,iii4 7#agfj-ahbj7 ! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% newspap] is "o ( crim9al p]secutions1 amid :i* editors & contributors 7 repeat$ly defeat$1 & sometimes sev]ely puni%$2 yet x is d\btful if at any p]iod ! press ga9$ great] /r5g? f protract$ conflict1 or turn$ ignom9i\s p5alties into m signal triumphs4 ,x is significant t out ( ?is d>k1 tumultu\s1 & =bidd+ era sprang _m ( ! newspap]s ^: influ5ce is mo/ pot5tial to-day 9 ,engli% affairs ( /ate & 9 ! lit]ature ( j\rnalism4 ,! era m>ks ! turn 9 newspap] values4 ,! e/abli%m5t became a concrete ?+1 a lively prop]ty1 an en]gy compos$ ( practical bus9ess m9ds1 surr\nd$ & support$ by ! be/ procurable lit]>y tal5t1 adapt$ = treat+ div]sifi$ topics4 ,?us 8,! ,london ,morn+ ,*ronicle10 f\nd$ 9 #aghi1 rose to be a prop]ty 9 #ahbc :i* sold = #baj1jjj2 :ile 8,! ,morn+ ,po/0 n only gave to ,col]idge 8 fame z "o ( ! greate/ ( publici/s1 b enli/$ ! brilliant atta9m5ts ( ,mack9to%1 ,s\!y1 ,"y1 & ,moore4 ,! /urdy 8,london ,times10 :i* dates f #aghe1 & = ye>s enc\nt]$ malignant royal ho/ility1 prov$ itself /rong en\gh to brave ! gov]nm5t & at ! same "t suffici5tly ent]pris+ to introduce /eam pr9t+ & e me*anism calculat$ to give x prec$5ce z a metropolitan j\rnal4 ,z a prop]ty1 x is to-day wor? a figure incr$ible at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 & s p[]ful 0 its hold on popul> favor = ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury t no o!r daily c\ld compete ) x4 ,inde$1 x may be said to h _h a lone field up to ! e/abli%m5t ( 8,! ,daily ,news10 9 #ahdf1 8,! ,daily ,telegraph10 9 #ahee1 & 8,! ,/&>d10 9 #aheg4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury j\rnalism ( ,great ,brita9 is *>act]iz$ by its great pl5itude4 ,morn+ & ev5+ pap]s ab\nd 9 all ! c5tres4 ,! weekly pap] is /ill an important lit]>y & news factor4 ,class pap]s are num]\s & excell5t 9 _! way4 ,aga91 ! c5tury's j\rnalism is *>act]iz$ by its prop]ty value4 ,_m ( ! lead+ ,engli% j\rnals h become imm5se prop]ties wor? millions ( doll>s ea*1 & requir+ ! able/ managem5t to improve & p]petuate !m4 ,fur!r1 ! ,engli% press is *>act]iz$ by able & cons]vative1 if prosaic1 editorial me?ods4 ,its correspond5ce is cauti\s1 & cov]s e important field4 ,its news columns1 s f> z !y dep5d on ! telegraph & telephone1 are sprightly & well fill$1 b limit$ & dull :5 ! local report] is ! s\rce ( supply4 ,z already /at$1 ! annals ( ,fr5* j\rnalism began ) ! f\nd+ ( ! 8,gazette de ,france0 9 #afca4 ,! evolution ( ! ,fr5* newspap] 0 n rapid till ! eighte5? c5tury 0 well along1 :5 ! era ( ! fir/ revolution call$ = a news & lit]ature peculi> to bloody & excit+ times4 ,myriads ( newspap]s sprang into exi/5ce1 all b two ( :i* f\nd _! graves ) ! pass+ ( ! em]g5cy :i* call$ !m into be+4 ,e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury 7#ahcf7 ! introduction ( *eap j\rnalism gave great impetus to ent]prise1 & by ! middle ( ! c5tury ! numb] & circulation ( ,fr5* newspap]s _h m ?an trebl$4 ,?is rate has be51 9 great "p1 su/a9$ ?r\gh\t ! latt] half ( ! c5tury1 & ! ,fr5* p are to-day abundantly suppli$ ) a newspap] lit]ature :i* = vivacity & amplitude is unexcell$4 ,x may n h ! solid & la/+ influ5ce ( ! sob]] outcrop ( o!r nations1 b x is s+ul>ly adapt$ to a sprightly & m]curial p1 & is well su/5tative ( ! great political transition ( ! p & empire s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! evolution ( ! newspap] 9 ,g]many 0 sl[4 ,betwe5 #afae1 ! date ( ! f\nd+ ( ! 8,frankfurt] ,j\rnal10 & #agih1 :5 ! 8,allgeme9e ,zeitung0 7,g5]al ,news7 0 f\nd$ by ! booksell] ,cotta1 at ,leipsic1 no j\rnals ( a high ord] made _! appe>ance1 & x ne$$ ! inspiration ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution to beget 9 ! ,g]man m9d a desire = a liveli] newspap] lit]ature ?an _h prexi/$4 ,?us1 ! 8,zeitung0 soon sprang into great popul>ity z a purveyor ( news & z a m$ium ( discussion1 & has ev] s9ce ma9ta9$ a lead+ place 9 ! ,g]man political press4 ,x n only set ! /yle ( ! press at ! turn ( ! c5tury1 b prov$ to be a pione] 9 t wond]ful j\rnali/ic m>* :i* spread ov] all ,g]man-speak+ c\ntries dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 giv+ to !m m$ia ( news & discussion z able & influ5tial z exi/ 9 any l&4 ,by #ahgj !re exi/$ 9 ,g]many prop] #cghj newspap]s & p]iodicals2 9 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 #gjj2 9 ,switz]l&1 #cjj2 n to m5tion ! _m hundr$s pr9t$ 9 ,g]man 9 o!r c\ntries1 especially 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a proportionate increase w\ld greatly augm5t ! above figures by ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,! rise ( ,g]man socialism prov$ to be a prolific s\rce ( j\rnalism4 ,! sociali/ seems to be a born editor & lit]>y combatant4 ,he is also a great read] & bold & indep5d5t ?9k]4 ,"u ! sociali/ic dem& = a lit]ature peculi> to itself1 !re has aris5 a score ( ,g]man pr9t+-(fices & p]haps fifty political j\rnals1 a ?ird ( :i* are dailies4 ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,belgium1 ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,russia1 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 & o!r ,european c\ntries1 ! press ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has kept pace ) ! m5tal ne$s & _s ( ent]prise ( ! respective peoples4 ,inde$1 !re is no su* an accurate crit]ion ( ! g5]al make-up ( a p1 ( _! place 9 ! l9es ( progress1 ( _! influ5ce ^u civilization1 z t af=d$ by _! press4 ,! ,belgian press is nimbly comm]cial1 t ( ! ,ne!rl&s prosy & sub/antial1 :ile t ( ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries is rugg$1 accurate1 & solemnly influ5tial4 ,! ,russian press1 :]e free1 is despotic & unprogressive4 ,b x is s frequ5tly "u c5sor%ip t x c h>dly be said to reflect ) any degree ( c]ta9ty ! popul> _s ( ! empire4 ,! ,italian press is indol5t & easy-go+1 inaccurate1 spicy by spasms1 ( little relative influ5ce1 except z x has be5 improv$ s9ce ! unification ( ! ,italian ,/ates4 ,spa9 is a c\ntry ( #ah1jjj1jjj p1 b has few] newspap]s & p]iodicals ?an ! s+le ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,( ,spa9's #abjj pap]s1 only #ejj are newspap]s4 ,( ! re/1 #cjj are sci5tific j\rnals1 mo/ly mon?ly1 #ajj are devot$ to religion1 & #cj to satire1 music1 poetry1 art1 etc4 ,b>celona & ,madrid are ! great c5tres ( j\rnali/ic lit]ature4 ,! political pap]s are ! mo/ p[]ful4 ,! read+ public ( ,spa9 is limit$1 & ! av]age circulation ( a ,spani% newspap] is only ab\t #abjj copies4 ,9 ! ,new ,_w ! dem& = newspap] lit]ature dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury has prov5 q z /rong z 9 ! ,old ,_w1 &1 9 c]ta9 localities1 ev5 /rong]4 ,ev5 among ! y\?ful & tumultu\s republics ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ) _! l>ge p]c5tages ( l[] classes & illit]ates1 !re are few c5tres ( importance t d n support respectable & fairly influ5tial j\rnals4 ,! news-ga!r+ & news-consum+ _s may n be s active z else:]e1 nor ! comm]cial s5se s acute1 yet ! c5tury has laid ! gr\ndwork ( j\rnali/ic ent]prise s firmly t future ye>s c af=d to build ^u x ) c]ta9ty4 ,! same may be said ( j\rnalism 9 ,mexico & ! o!r ,lat9 republics ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b5jam9 ,,frankl94 ,9 ,canada1 ! c5tury %[s a highly complim5t>y gr[? 9 newspap] lit]ature & influ5ce4 ,great pride is tak5 9 accurate & able editor%ip1 & 9 t k9d ( managem5t :i* is be/ calculat$ to conv]t inve/m5t into p]man5t & pr(itable prop]ty4 ,:at !y lack on ! reportorial1 or /rictly newsy1 side1 !y make up 9 free1 clean1 & indep5d5t discussion4 ,! p are read]s &1 !re=e1 g5]\s support]s ( ! ent]prises design$ to supply !m ) _! p]iodical lit]ature4 ,dur+ ! c5tury ! newspap]s & p]iodicals ( ,canada increas$ 9 numb] f a v few to #hfb1 z report$ 9 #ahid4 ,( ^!1 #hg are dailies1 #ehc weeklies1 #ach mon?lies1 #c tri-weeklies1 #bb semi-weeklies1 #f bi-weeklies1 #ba semi-mon?lies1 #b qu>t]lies4 ,! l>ge/ c5tres ( circulation are ! prov9ce ( ,ont>io ) #ejg newspap]s & p]iodicals1 & ,quebec ) #acb4 ,! c5tury's gr&e/ field = j\rnali/ic opportunity has be5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"h j\rnalism has develop$ ) ! greate/ rapidity1 exemplifi$ its manifold features to ! fulle/ ext5t1 mo/ successfully prov$ its influ5ce z an educative & civiliz+ ag5cy4 ,/>t+ ) ! great & ess5tial enc\ragem5t ( fre$om1 x has f\nd unremitt+ & en]getic propulsion 9 ! unprec$5t$ gr[? ( population1 9 ! m>vel\s activities requir+ int]communication ( ?\ght1 9 an intellig5ce :i* con/antly recruit$ armies ( omnivor\s read]s1 & 9 facilities = ! prep>ation & dissem9ation ( ! lit]ature at comm&4 ,! beg9n+ ( newspap] ent]prise 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 9 ,bo/on1 9 #afij1 :5 ! 8,publick ,occurr5ces0 appe>$ "u ! auspices ( ,b5jam9 ,h>ris4 ,x 0 design$ to be a mon?ly1 & 0 pr9t$ on ?ree sides ( a fold$ %eet1 ea* side be+ only elev5 in*es long by sev5 wide4 ,x 0 suppress$ aft] its fir/ issue by ! colonial gov]nm5t ( ,massa*usetts1 ?us re/rict+ ! av5ues ( news to ! =eign j\rnals or local c(fee-h\ses4 ,b ! dem& = home news 0 n ?us to be cru%$4 ,!re sprang up a m$ium ( communication by news-lett]s1 su* z !n exi/$ 9 ,engl&2 & 9 #agjd ! po/ma/] ( ,bo/on und]took to keep c]ta9 function>ies in=m$ ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts by a p]iodical news-lett] 9 pr9t$ =m4 ,?is he call$ 8,! ,news-,lett]10 a title :i*1 ) "s1 is treat$ z t ( a newspap]4 ,x 0 to appe> weekly1 & w\ld be s5t to subscrib]s = su* reasonable sum z might be agre$ ^u4 ,aft] a lapse ( fifte5 ye>s1 )\t competition1 x _h atta9$ a subscription li/ ( only ?ree hundr$ copies4 ,a subsequ5t po/ma/] />t$ an opposition %eet 9 #agai1 call$ 8,! ,bo/on ,gazette40 ,its appe>ance caus$ him to lose 8 (fice1 b ! rival pap]s cont9u$ to exi/1 8,! ,news-,lett]0 up to ! evacuation ( ,bo/on by ! ,briti% troops 9 #aggf1 & ! 8,gazette0 up to #aged4 8,! ,bo/on ,gazette0 appe>$ on ,decemb] #ba1 #agai4 ,"o day aft]1 ,decemb] #bb1 #agai1 ,&rew ,brad=d />t$ 8,! ,am]ican ,weekly ,m]cury0 at ,philadelphia4 ,on ,augu/ #ag1 #agba1 ,james ,frankl9 />t$ 8,! ,new ,engl& ,c\rant10 on :i* ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 le>n$ ! trade ( pr9t]4 ,aft] an exi/5ce ( sev5 ye>s its publication ceas$4 ,on ,octob] #bc1 #agbe1 ,william ,brad=d />t$ 8,! ,new ,york ,gazette40 8,! ,new ,engl& ,weekly ,j\rnal0 succe$$ 8,! ,bo/on ,gazette0 & 8,c\rant0 9 #agbg4 8,! ,m>yl& ,gazette10 ! fir/ pap] publi%$ 9 t colony1 appe>$ 9 #agbg4 ,9 #agbh ,samuel ,keim] />t$ 8,! ,univ]sal ,in/ructor 9 all ! ,arts & ,sci5ces & ,p5nsylvania ,gazette10 at ,philadelphia4 ,! foll[+ ye> ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 b\ght ,keim]'s plant1 & %ort5$ ! "n to 8,! ,p5nsylvania ,gazette40 ,! fir/ pap] 9 ! colony ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 call$ 8,! ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,gazette10 0 publi%$ on ,janu>y #h1 #agca4 ,on ,novemb] #e1 #agcc1 8,! ,new ,york ,weekly ,j\rnal0 appe>$ z a rival to ! 8,gazette40 ,9 #agcf ! fir/ newspap] appe>$ 9 ,virg9ia4 ,x 0 publi%$ at ,williamsburg1 & 0 call$ 8,! ,virg9ia ,gazette40 ,9 #agci a ,g]man newspap] appe>$ at ,g]mant[n1 ,pa41 & ano!r1 9 #agdc1 at ,philadelphia4 ,all ^! pione] pap]s1 ) ! exception ( a few1 notably 8,! ,p5nsylvania ,gazette0 "u ,frankl91 & 8,! ,new ,york ,weekly ,j\rnal0 "u ,z5g]1 7 m]ely news purveyors1 or1 if any op9ions 7 express$1 !y 7 9 accord ) ! au?orities ( ! day4 ,aft] #agde ! press ( ! colonies became m indep5d5t & progressive1 9 ob$i5ce to a dem& = lit]ature be>+ ^u ! que/ions relat+ to ! com+ revolution4 ,new j\rnals ( ! weekly class sprang up ) consid]able rapidity &1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 opposition to ,engl&'s me?ods ( colonial gov]nm5t4 ,among ^! 7 8,! ,bo/on ,indep5d5t ,advocate10 />t$ "u ! auspices ( ,samuel ,adams1 9 #agdh2 8,! ,new ,hamp%ire ,gazette10 9 #agef2 8,! ,bo/on ,gazette & ,c\ntry ,g5tleman10 9 #agee2 ! 8,newport 7,r4 ,i47 ,m]cury10 9 #ageh2 8,! ,connecticut ,c\rant10 9 #agfd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,horace ,,greeley4 ,f\nd] ( 8,new ,york ,tribune40 ,by #agge1 ! comm5cem5t ( ! /ruggle = indep5d5ce1 ! colonial press numb]$ ?irty publications1 all weekly4 ,( ^!1 sev5 7 publi%$ 9 ,massa*usetts1 "o 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 two 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 ?ree 9 ,connecticut1 eight 9 ,p5nsylvania1 & ?ree 9 ,new ,york4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! w> eight new weeklies 7 add$ to ! li/1 f\r ( !m be+ 9 ,philadelphia4 ,on ,decemb] #c1 #aggg1 ! fir/ newspap]1 8,! ,gazette10 appe>$ 9 ,new ,j]sey1 & 9 #agha1 ! fir/ 9 ,v]mont1 8,! ,gazette or ,gre5 ,m\nta9 ,po/ ,boy40 ,su* 0 ! fatality ov]hang+ ! colonial press t1 ( ! sixty-?ree newspap]s :i* _h come into exi/5ce prior to #aghc1 only =ty-?ree surviv$ at t date4 ,f #aghi1 ! date on :i* ! ,con/itution w5t into op]ation1 till ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury & e>ly beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5?1 sev]al newspap]s 7 f\nd$1 mo/ ( :i* 7 ard5tly political1 &1 ?\gh employ+ writ]s ( ability1 7 bitt]ly vitup]ative4 ,! mo/ p[]ful ( ?is class 7 8,! ,aurora0 ( ,philadelphia1 ,jeff]son's lead+ organ2 8,! ,ev5+ ,po/0 ( ,new ,york1 ! organ ( ! ,f$]ali/s2 & 8,! ,am]ican ,citiz50 ( ,new ,york1 an organ ( ! ,cl9tonian democracy4 ,! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury witness$ also ! adv5t ( ! press 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley4 8,! ,c5t9el ( ! ,nor?we/]n ,t]ritory0 0 />t$ at ,c9c9nati1 ,novemb] #i1 #agic2 & 8,! ,scioto ,gazette10 at ,*illico!1 9 #agif4 ,illu/ration3 ,,john ,w4 ,,=ney4 ,f\nd] ( 8,philadelphia ,press40 ,! press ( ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury grew rapidly 9 numb]1 circulation1 & influ5ce4 ,:ile x 0 l>gely p>tisan1 ! field ( discussion gradually broad5$1 & ! news dep>tm5ts became m vivaci\s & compreh5sive4 ,_m ( ! newspap]s f\nd$ dur+ ! fir/ decades ( ! c5tury exi/ at its close1 hav+ enjoy$ _! long c>e]s ( influ5ce ) honor1 & become prop]ties ( incalculable value4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! transition f ! weekly to ! daily newspap] gradually w5t on 9 ! l>ge cities4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican daily pap]1 8,! ,am]ican ,daily ,adv]tis]10 0 publi%$ at ,philadelphia 9 #aghd4 ,) x came ! fir/ use ( report]s1 or regul>ly employ$ news-ga!r]s1 an innovation z important to ! public z ! adv5t ( ! daily itself4 ,special1 or class1 newspap]s also began to get a firm foo?old dur+ ?is p]iod4 8,! ,niles's ,weekly ,regi/]0 appe>$ 9 ,baltimore 9 #ahaa4 ,! fir/ religi\s newspap] attempt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates appe>$ at ,*illico!1 ,o41 #ahad4 ,! fir/ ( ! agricultural press 0 8,! ,am]ican ,f>m]10 :i* appe>$ at ,baltimore1 ,april #b1 #ahah1 to be foll[$ by 8,! ,pl\ghman10 at ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 9 #ahba1 & by 8,! ,new ,engl& ,f>m]10 9 #ahbb4 ,sev]al /rictly comm]cial & f9ancial pap]s f\nd an orig9 9 ?is p]iod1 ! mo/ successful ( :i* 0 8,! ,new ,orleans ,prices ,curr5t10 e/abli%$ 9 #ahbb4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! newspap]1 :e!r daily or weekly1 0 di/ribut$ only to ! regul> subscrib]1--! price ( a s+le copy on ! /reet be+ prohibitory4 ,! sl[-go+ mail facilities ( ! "t prev5t$ ! l>ge circulations t are cr$it$ to mod]n j\rnalism4 ,prior to #ahcc no lead+ newspap] c\ld ?r[ suffici5t ent]prise into its bus9ess to raise its circulation above #ejjj copies4 ,?is kept ! price ( adv]tis+ l[1 & consequ5tly limit$ a s\rce ( pr(it :i* has s9ce gr[n to enorm\s proportions4 ,! p]iod end$ ) ! adv5t ( ! p5ny press1 9 ,new ,york1 9 #ahcc4 ,! initial exp]im5t 9 ?is l9e 0 made by ,h4 ,d4 ,%ep>d ) 8 8,morn+ ,po/10 & x prov$ a failure 9 ! %ort p]iod ( ?ree weeks4 ,! next 0 8,! ,daily ,sun10 ,septemb] #bc1 #ahcc1 claim+ to be 8writt51 edit$1 set up1 & work$ (f0 by ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 ,day4 ,x rema9$ a p5ny pap] = a long "t & atta9$ a l>ge circulation4 ,x 0 reorganiz$ 9 #ahfg1 :5 ,*>les ,a4 ,dana became its editor4 ,?\gh ! price 0 put up to two c5ts1 x became "u 8 control "o ( ! mo/ pot5tial news & political factors ( ! c5tury1 & atta9$ a circulation ( ov] #ajj1jjj copies daily4 ,9 ,may1 #ahce1 ,james ,gordon ,b5nett foll[$ 9 ! tracks ( ,day ) 8,! ,new ,york ,h]ald40 ,its sprightly news columns & fanta/ic adv]tisem5ts comm5d$ x to popul> favor1 & prov$ a s\rce ( great pr(it4 ,x has s9ce greatly v>i$ its prices2 b by d9t ( /up5d\s1 if peculi>1 ent]prise1 x has gr[n into enorm\s circulation1 & become a prop]ty wor? millions4 ,9 #ahda1 ,horace ,greeley />t$ 8,! ,new ,york ,tribune10 at fir/ z a p5ny pap]1 ?\gh on an elevat$ plane4 ,x soon grew into popul> favor1 & ) its weekly & semi-weekly editions = c\ntry circulation became "o ( ! mo/ widely circulat$ & influ5tial j\rnals 9 ! c\ntry4 8,! ,new ,york ,times0 also began z a p5ny pap] 9 #ahea1 "u ! control ( ,h5ry ,j4 ,raymond4 ,illu/ration3 ,,joseph ,,m$ill4 8,*icago ,tribune40 ,:ile ! era ( a di/9ctive & popul> p5ny press 0 %ort-liv$1 x witness$ "o ( ! mo/ notable advances ( ! c5tury 9 j\rnalism4 ,x /imulat$ newspap] ent]prise ?r\gh\t ! entire c\ntry1 & j\rnals multipli$ enorm\sly4 ,! era practically end$ ) ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w> 9 #ahfa1 :i* ev5t caus$ a rise 9 ! price ( pap]1 a dem& = exp5sive correspond5ce1 telegraph news & battle sc5es1 & a consequ5t necessity = enl>g$ & quadrupl$ %eets4 ,_m ( ! p5ny pap]s w5t up to a five-c5t price "u ! /imulus ( w> excitem5t1 ! improv$ sy/em ( collect+ news1 & ! add$ exp5se ( publication4 ,?is era ( ph5om5al newspap] expansion ext5d$ ev5 to ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,x has witness$ ! wond]ful evolution ( ! newspap] 9 all its mod]n phases1--! adv5t ( ! ,sunday newspap]2 ! gr[? ( ! daily %eet to mammo? proportions2 ! incorporation ( ! ,associat$ ,press1 ) its ?\s&s ( ag5ts 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry ga!r+ & s5d+ ! m9ute/ ev5ts ( ! day2 correspond5ce f e qu>t] ( ! globe1 & cov]+ e field ( activity2 a highly improv$ & m indep5d5t editor%ip2 a greatly enl>g$1 m active1 & m consci5ti\s reportorial /aff2 ! com+ ( ! int]view]1 at fir/ an imp]t95t pe/1 b n[ recogniz$ z a valuable j\rnali/ic adjunct 9 reflect+ op9ions & s5tim5ts n o!rwise obta9able2 ! employm5t ( ! ?\s& & "o new appliances = pr9t+1 su* z /]eotyp+1 electrotyp+1 improv$ types1 typesett+ ma*9es1 rapid presses1 fold+ ma*9es1 etc4 ,by #ahhc a reaction came on 9 ! prices ( lead+ j\rnals1 & !y 7 =c$ to r$uce !m by reason ( ! /rong competition (f]$ by ! num]\s & p[]ful two-c5t j\rnals :i* _h come into be+ & _h prov5 to be valuable prop]ties4 ,inde$1 ?is reaction did n leave ! two-c5t j\rnals unt\*$1 = x br\ght _m ( t class to a "o-c5t basis1 ) ! claim t a consequ5tly increas$ circulation w\ld enhance ! pr(its f adv]tis+4 ,?is claim is a debatable "o1 & x may be safely said t mo/ ( ! newspap]s e/abli%$ ne> ! end ( ! c5tury h adopt$ a two-c5t basis z a gold5 mean betwe5 ! "o-c5t & ?ree-c5t j\rnals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,record ,,build+1 ,,philadelphia4 ,proportionally speak+1 ! gr[? ( ! press 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 z ev5 z x has be5 rapid4 ,no lead+ city is )\t press e/abli%m5ts & prom95t j\rnals1 "s ( !m conduct$ on ! l>ge/ scales ( exp5diture1--! ,we/ vy+ ) ! ,ea/1 & ! ,s\? ) ! ,nor?1 9 lib]ality & ent]prise4 ,! newspap] (fice ( ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury 0 g5]ally d+y & cramp$4 ,! abode ( _m1 especially 9 ! l>g] cities1 has become a h&some pile1 conspicu\s 9 ar*itectural effects1 capaci\s & cleanly1--fitt+ hive = ! myriad ( work]s t toil at midday & midnight 9 pursuit ( ! 8art pres]vative40 ,! annual exp5diture ( a s+le newspap] op]at$ on a l>ge scale has be5 ?us comput$3 ,editorial & lit]>y matt]1 #bbj1jjj2 local news1 #bij1jjj2 illu/rations1 #ahj1jjj2 correspond5ce1 #abe1jjj2 telegraph1 #fe1jjj2 cable1 #bg1jjj2 me*anical1 #daj1ejj2 pap]1 #fag1jjj2 bus9ess (fice1 #bai1jjj2 a total ( #b1aec1ejj4 ,ne>ly e t[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( #ae1jjj population has come by ! end ( ! c5tury to h its daily newspap]1 & few ( ev5 #ajjj population1 especially if a c\nty-seat1 are )\t _! weekly newspap]s4 ,x has become possible to conduct a rural weekly ( fair proportions & ) q readable matt] ^u a v economic basis1 by means ( a c5tral (fice 9 "s l>ge city4 ,?is (fice pr9ts & supplies to ! rural (fices1 ( :i* x may h hundr$s on its li/1 ! two outside pages ( a weekly1 leav+ to ! local (fice only ! duty ( supply+ & pr9t+ on ! inside pages its dome/ic news4 ,9 ! numb] ( its newspap]s & p]iodicals ! ,unit$ ,/ates easily leads ! _w4 ,only approximate figures = ! close ( ! c5tury are at h&2 b ^!1 = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 gravitate ar\nd a total ( #bj1jjj newspap]s & p]iodicals1 :ile ^? = o!r c\ntries :i* report are z foll[s3 ,great ,brita91 #dbbi2 ,france1 #dajj2 ,g]many1 #eejj2 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 #cejj2 ,italy1 #adjj2 ,spa91 #abjj2 ,russia1 #hjj2 ,switz]l&1 #dej2 ,belgium1 #cjj2 ,holl&1 #cjj2 ,canada1 #hfb4 ,9 ! report ( #ahid = ,unit$ ,/ates newspap]s & p]iodicals1 ! foll[+ subdivision appe>s3 ,dailies1 #ahec2 tri-weeklies1 #bi2 semi-weeklies1 #bbc2 weeklies1 #ad1jgg2 bi-weeklies1 #fb2 semi-mon?lies1 #bij2 mon?lies1 #beja2 bi-mon?lies1 #gj2 qu>t]lies1 #aig4 ,! ,/ates 9 :i* ov] "o ?\s& newspap]s & p]iodicals are pr9t$ are1 ,new ,york1 ) #bjja2 ,ill9ois1 ) #aebj2 ,p5nsylvania1 ) #adjh2 ,ohio1 ) #aajh4 ,! ,/ates next 9 ord]1 & ) a numb] ( newspap]s & p]iodicals betwe5 #ejj & #ajjj1 are1 ,i[a1 ) #igh2 ,miss\ri1 ) #ijg2 ,indiana1 ) #gec2 ,kansas1 ) #gcb2 ,mi*igan1 ) #gbg2 ,massa*usetts1 ) #ffd2 ,texas1 ) #fef2 ,nebraska1 ) #fci2 ,cali=nia1 ) #fcg2 ,wiscons91 ) #eea2 ,m9nesota1 ) #edi4 ,! c5tury's newspap] lit]ature 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 fur!r *>act]iz$ by ! introduction ( ! comic feature4 ,! comic newspap] came into be+ ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury1 b did n /rike a practical m9d$ p ) favor4 ,x 0 n until ! c5tury 0 well r\nd$ out t ! c>tooni/'s & jok]'s art came into suffici5t dem& to make a comic newspap] a comm]cial success4 ,ev5 n[ _! numb] is limit$ to a v few t c boa/ ( p]man5t success4 ,! daily newspap]s ( ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury h n be5 dissuad$ by e>li] attempts to make illu/rations a conspicu\s feature4 ,on ! contr>y1 newspap] illu/ration has gr[n to ! proportions ( a special art1 & all ( ! l>g] & bett] equipp$ dailies h organiz$ dep>tm5ts into :i* are ga!r$ photographs & engrav+s ready = reproduction z ev5ts dem&4 ,s ! correspond5t & report] h add$ to knigh?ood ( ! p5 t ( ! cam]a1 & ! sc5ic view has become an ess5tial "p ( s]i\s correspond5ce & sprightly report+4 ,an imm5se1 impos+1 & highly useful curr5t ( lit]ature fl[s ?r\gh ! magaz9es1 :i* h1 by _! numb]1 beauty1 & adaptation1 come to be a di/+ui%+ feature ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?is class ( lit]ature is usually call$ 8,p]iodical10 & x embraces ! magaz9es & reviews devot$ to g5]al lit]ature & sci5ce1 ! class magaz9es devot$ to p>ticul> bran*es ( sci5ce1 art1 or indu/ry1 & ! publications ( s*ools & societies4 ,mo/ p]iodicals publi%$ 9 ! ,engli% language are mon?lies4 ,! same is true ( ^? publi%$ on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 save t !re ! old-fa%ion$ qu>t]ly /yle is /ill mu* affect$4 ,p]iodical lit]ature f\nd a beg9n+ 9 ,france z e>ly z #affe1 9 :at is /ill ! organ ( ! ,fr5* ,academy4 ,! fir/ ,engli% p]iodical 0 publi%$ 9 #afhj1 & 0 h>dly m ?an a catalogue ( books4 ,! gr[? ( ! p]iodical or magaz9e prov$ to be v sl[4 ,up to #ahjj1 n m ?an eighty _h f\nd m5tionable exi/5ce z sci5tific & te*nical p]iodicals1 & only ?ree z /rictly lit]>y p]iodicals4 ,! adv5t ( 8,! ,ed9burgh ,review10 9 #ahjb1 gave great impetus to p]iodical lit]ature 9 ,great ,brita91 & ! p]iod f #ahdj to #ahej 0 "o ( special developm5t1 b to be surpass$ by t ( #ahfj to #ahgj1 :5 ! %ill+ magaz9e came into vogue4 ,?is class ( lit]ature also develop$ v rapidly 9 ,france dur+ ! c5tury1 ,p>is hav+ #acha p]iodicals ( all k9ds by #ahij4 ,!re 0 an equally rapid developm5t 9 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ?r\gh\t ! cont95t4 ,! ,engli% magaz9e f\nd sev]al imitators 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 mo/ ( :i* _h brief exi/5ces4 ,su* 0 ! fatality ov]hang+ ?is class ( ent]prise1 t until #ahaj b tw5ty-sev5 p]iodicals c\ld be c\nt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:ile ! next =ty ye>s 7 m>k$ by sev]al magaz9e successes1 su* z ! 8,knick]bock]10 8,graham's ,magaz9e10 & 8,putnam's ,mon?ly10 !y 71 nev]!less1 /rewn ) long l9es ( melan*oly wreckage4 ,inde$1 x 0 n until ! middle ( ! c5tury t ! dem& = magaz9e lit]ature became suffici5tly int5se to make inve/m5t 9 x pr(itable & p]man5t4 ,s9ce !n ! developm5t has be5 almo/ ph5om5al1 keep+ ev5 pace ) t ( ! newspap]4 ,at ! end ( ! c5tury ! numb] ( mon?lies publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates approximates #bhjj2 & !re are ov] #cjj =tnightlies1 #ef bi-mon?lies1 & #aib qu>t]lies4 ,^! cov] ! va/ doma9s ( g5]al lit]ature1 religion1 sci5ce1 art1 & indu/ry1 & 9 _m respects vie ) ! newspap] 9 popul>ity & influ5ce4 ,_m ( !m h develop$ into magnific5t prop]ties1 ^: value w\ld appe> incompreh5sible to our gr&fa!rs4 ,!y employ excell5t tal5t :5 special topics are treat$1 & rise to occasions ( w> or o!r excitem5t ?r\gh graphically writt5 & highly illu/rat$ articles4 ,inde$1 "o ( _! mo/ impressive features is ! high degree to :i* !y h c>ri$ ! art ( illu/ration4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! c5tury1 p]iodical lit]ature has be5 greatly exp&$ & popul>iz$ by ! introduction ( ! *eap magaz9e4 ,! old] & m dignifi$ p]iodicals _h n ?\ght ( p]man5t & pr(itable exi/5ce at a price less ?an tw5ty-five to fifty c5ts a copy2 b ^? ( ! y\ng] & t5-c5t class1 by d9t ( :at seems to be a newly discov]$ ent]prise1 h f\nd *eapness no b>ri] to comm]cial success4 ,)9 a decade !y h duplicat$ patrons ( magaz9e lit]ature by ! million1 & prov5 q z cle>ly z ! newspap]s h done t we are a nation ( read]s4 ,,! ,,records ,,( ,,! ,,pa/ ,,by ,,morris ,,ja/r[1 ,,jr41 ,,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,semitic ,languages1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,! pres5t c5tury has s _m di/+ui%+ features t x is a haz>d\s und]tak+ to summ>ize its a*ievem5ts4 ,all bran*es ( sci5ce--,philology1 ,hi/ory1 ,ma!matics1 ,m$ic9e1 ,!ology1 & ,philosophy--h felt ! /imulat+ influ5ce ( a new _s t made its appe>ance aft] ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,new me?ods ( inve/igation h n only l$ to pr(\nd modification ( views 9 all dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce1 b h br\ght ab\t consid]able additions to ! sum ( human k4 ,9 ! doma9 ( natural sci5ce1 ! discov]y ( new pr9ciples & ( hi!rto unkn[n =ces has wid5$ ! horizon ( humanity & creat$ new m5tal discipl9es2 b :ile p]haps less conspicu\s1 because n s directly connect$ ) ! actual conc]ns & ne$s ( ! pres5t1 ! f]tility ( hi/orical rese>* dur+ ?is c5tury is n less rem>kable4 ,! l>g] area n[ embrac$ "u ! caption 8hi/ory ( mank9d0 furni%es ! be/ pro( = ! success t has signaliz$ ! labors ( s*ol>s--philologi/s1 hi/orians1 & explor]s--devot$ to ! /udy ( ! pa/4 ,anci5t hi/ory no long] beg9s ) ! ,greeks or ! ,hebrews4 ,its c]ta9 limits h be5 remov$ to z remote a date z #cjjj ,b4 ,c41 :ile ! an?ropologi/1 supplem5t+ ! "w ( ! hi/orian1 has furni%$ a picture 9 detail ( ! life l$ by man 9 v>i\s qu>t]s ( ! globe dur+ t indef9ite p]iod :i* prec$$ ! rise ( culture 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,?is ext5sion ( k 9 ! doma9 ( human hi/ory is prim>ily due to ! spade ( ! explor]1 ?\gh x requir$ ! pati5ce & +5uity ( ! philologi/ & ar*ologi/ to int]pret ! mat]ial furni%$ 9 abundance by ! soil t happily pres]v$ ! records ( lo/ empires4 ,docum5ts 9 /one1 clay1 & papyrus h be5 br\ght =? f _! long re/+-places to te/ify to ! antiquity & spl5dor ( human culture4 ,by ! side ( writt5 records1 monum5ts ( e>ly civilization h be5 dug up1 palaces1 =ts1 & temples fill$ ) works ( art & skill1 to confirm by _! te/imony ! /ory pres]v$ by ^? :o belong$ to ! age ( :i* !y wrote4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,black ,,obelisk0 ,,( ,,%almanes] ,,ii41 ,,k+ ,,( ,,assyria4 ,b4 ,c4 #hfj-hbd4 7,briti% ,museum47 ,,rese>*es ,,9 ,,mesopotamia4--,! ar*ological rese>*es conduct$ dur+ ?is c5tury h def9itely e/abli%$ ! fact t ! e>lie/ civilizations fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,euphrates & 9 ! di/rict ( ! ,nile4 ,until ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 ,egypt1 ,babylonia1 & ,assyria 7 little m ?an names4 ,! _s ( skepticism :i* accompanies ! ke5 desire = inve/igation l$ s*ol>s to "q ! tales f\nd 9 classical writ]s ( ! great a*ievem5ts ( ! ,babylonians & ,egyptians4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury sc>cely a ve/ige rema9$ ( ! cities ( anci5t ,mesopotamia4 ,! site ( ,n9eveh 0 unkn[n1 & t ( ,babylon 0 9 dispute4 ,a pr(\nd s5sation 0 creat$ :51 9 #ahdb1 ,p4 ,e4 ,botta1 ! ,fr5* ,consul at ,mosul1 discov]$ ! rema9s ( a palace b5ea? a m\nd at ,khorsabad1 "s miles to ! nor? ( ,mosul on ! ea/ bank ( ! ,tigris4 ,botta's discov]y m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( an activity & exploration 9 ,mesopotamia :i* cont9ues to ! pres5t day4 ,at fir/ ! excavations 7 conf9$ to ! m\nds 9 ! nor?1 9 :i* ! palaces ( ! great ,assyrian k+s1 ,s>gon1 ,es>haddon1 ,s5na*>ib & ,asurbanibal 7or ,s>danapalus z he 0 call$ by ,greek writ]s7 7 une>!d1 z well z ! great sacr$ edifices t =m$ "o ( ! glories ( anci5t ,assyria4 ,! build+s exhum$ ab\nd 9 long s]ies ( sculptur$ slabs1 on :i* are depict$ incid5ts 9 ! campaigns ( ! k+s & 9 _! private life4 ,hi/orical records on /one & clay furni%$ ! ne$$ details 9 illu/ration ( ! sc5es1 & la/ly1 lit]>y rema9s 9 pr(usion 7 f\nd1 :i* reveal$ ! intellectual life & religi\s aspirations ( ! masses & ( ! secul> & religi\s lead]s4 ,to ,engl& & ,france belongs ! glory ( ^! e>ly explorations4 ,?r\gh ,botta & ,sir ,au/5 ,h5ry ,lay>d1 ! anci5t cities ( ,n9eveh1 ,calah1 & ,a%ur1 7 r$iscov]$4 ,b z ! field ( activity ext5d$ to ! m\nds 9 ! s\?1 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,euphrates1 o!r c\ntries1 notably ,g]many & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 jo9$ 9 ! "w4 ,! excavation ( ! rema9s ( ! city ( ,babylon 7 fir/ conduct$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son 9 #ahed1 & mu* "w 0 aft]w>d done by ,hormuzd ,rassam2 b ! mo/ notable a*ievem5ts ( rec5t ye>s are ! excavations conduct$ by ,de,sarzec1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 at ,telloh1 f #ahha to #ahie1 & ^? ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania at ,nippur1 begun 9 #ahhh1 & :i* are /ill go+ on4 ,?r\gh ^! excavations ! hi/ory ( ,babylonia has be5 c>ri$ back to ! f\r? mill5ium ,b4 ,c41 & :ile !re are /ill "s important gaps to be fill$ out1 ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria f ?is remote p]iod d[n to ! ye> #ehg ,b4 ,c41 :5 ,cyrus ! ,m$e e/abli%$ a new empire on ! ru9s ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 is tol]ably cle>4 ,h& 9 h& ) ! excavations has gone ! deciph]m5t ( ! inscriptions f\nd 9 su* abundance b5ea? ! m\nds4 ,on clay1 /one1 & metals1 rul]s inscrib$ records ( _! reigns2 & add$ to pictorial illu/rations acc\nts ( _! a*ievem5ts 9 w> z well z 9 ! int]nal improvem5ts ( _! empires4 ,clay1 s readily furni%$ by ! soil1 became ! ord9>y writ+ mat]ial bo? 9 ,babylonia & 9 ,assyria1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t an ext5sive libr>y1 embrac+ hymns & pray]s1 om5s & port5ts1 epics1 my?s1 leg5ds1 & creation /ories1 arose4 ,9 e important c5tre !re ga!r$ ar\nd ! temples bodies ( prie/s devot$ to ! pres]vation & ! ext5sion ( ?is lit]ature4 ,assyrian culture be+ b an (f%oot ( ! civilization 9 ! s\?1 ,assyria reap$ ! b5efit ( ! lit]>y "w accompli%$ by ! scribes ( ,babylonia1 & ! mo/ ext5sive collection ( ! lit]>y rema9s ( ,babylonia has come to u f a libr>y collect$ ?r\gh ! ex]tions ( ,asurbanibal1 & discov]$ 9 #ahdi by ,lay>d 9 ! ru9s ( t k+'s palace at ,n9eveh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,moabite ,,/one40 ,,ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #hej4 7,p>is1 ,museum ( ! ,l\vre47 ,monum5t d$icat$ to ! god ,kem% by ,me%a1 k+ ( ,moab 7#b ,k+s #c3d ff471 to record 8 victory ov] ! ,israelites 9 ! days ( ,ahab1 & ! re/oration ( cities & o!r works :i* he und]took by comm& ( 8 god4 ,! /one1 :i* measures #c ft4 #aj 94 #b ft4 #ad 941 & conta9s #cd l9es ( inscription 9 ! s-call$ ,ph5ician "*1 0 f\nd at ,dibn 7! ,biblical ,dibon1 ,num4 #ba3cj2 #cb3cd1 etc471 9 ! l& ( ,moab1 by ! ,g]man1 ,rev4 ,f4 ,kle91 9 #ahfh4 ,un=tunately1 soon aft]w>d x 0 brok5 9 pieces by ! ,arabs1 b ab\t two ?irds ( ! fragm5ts 7 recov]$ by ! ,fr5*man1 ,cl]mont-,ganneau1 & x is possible to give a ne>ly complete text ( ! inscription f ! pap] impression :i* 0 tak5 be=e ! /one 0 brok54 ,! basis = ! deciph]m5t ( ! cunei=m inscriptions1 z !y are call$ f ! w$ge-%ap$ *>act]s1 0 laid by ,george ,f4 ,grotef5d e>ly 9 ?is c5tury1 ^: sy/em 0 fur!r work$ out ) great +5uity by ,edw>d ,h9cks1 ,jules ,opp]t1 & ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son4 ,^! pione]s h be5 succe$$ by a l>ge cot]ie ( s*ol>s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 :o are /ill busy /udy+ ! l>ge am\nt ( mat]ial n[ =?com+ = ! elucidation ( ! pa/4 ,n m]ely h we le>n$ mu* ( ! public & (ficial ev5ts & religi\s ideas & cu/oms dur+ ! p]iod cov]$ by ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian ,empires1 b ?r\gh ?\s&s ( little clay tablets t =m$ ! legal & comm]cial ar*ives deposit$ = safe keep+ 9 ! temples1 an insight into ! life ( ! p has be5 obta9$1 ( _! occupation1 ( _! bus9ess ent]prise & comm]cial me?ods1 & ( _m phases ( social life1 su* z ! position ( wom5 & slaves1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* m>riages 7 contract$ & wills drawn up4 ,p]haps ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( ! rem>kable civilization t arose 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,euphrates is ! dom9ation ( ! prie/hood ov] all except ! purely political int]e/s ( ! p4 ,?us ! prie/s1 z scribes1 z judges1 z a/ronom]s1 z physicians1 br\ght t civilization to its high degree ( excell5ce1 :ile "u _! guidance1 likewise1 ! religion ( ! c\ntry develop$ f a crude nature wor%ip to an approa* to a mono!i/ic conception ( ! univ]se4 ,! heir ( ! ,babylono-,assyrian empire 0 ,p]sia1 :i*1 f ! days ( ,cyrus till ! adv5t ( ,alex&]1 sway$ ! =tunes ( ! anci5t _w4 ,9 all t p]ta9s to art & ar*itecture1 ,p]sia rema9$ l>gely dep5d5t ^u ,babylonia4 ,ext5sive excavations conduct$ at ,susa by ,dieulafoy1 ab\t t5 ye>s ago1 & q rec5tly cont9u$ by ,m4 de ,morgan1 h prov$ mo/ successful 9 reveal+ ! g5]al nature & int]ior decoration ( ! great royal palace at t place4 ,9 brilliant color+ ( ! brick tiles :i*1 z 9 ,babylonia1 =m$ ! common build+ mat]ial1 ! ,p]sians pass$ beyond ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ rooms 9 ! ,l\vre at ,p>is is t devot$ to ! exhibition ( ! color$ wall decorations f ! palace at ,susa1 repres5t+ su* v>i\s designs z a procession ( ar*]s & a s]ies ( lions4 ,! columns /ill /&+ at ,p]sepolis h long be5 fam\s2 & x is "h likewise t ! fir/ cunei=m inscriptions 7 f\nd :i*1 c\*$ 9 ,p]sian1 ,m$ian1 & ,assyrian1 =m$ ! po9t ( dep>ture = ! deciph]m5t ( cunei=m scripts4 ,,egyptian ,,rese>*es4--,! civilization ( ,egypt rivals 9 age & gr&eur t ( ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,"h1 witnesses to ! pa/ t surviv$ 9 ! %ape ( obelisks & pyramids gave s*ol>s 9 ?is c5tury a good />t 9 ! "w ( unravel+ ! fasc9at+ n>rative ( ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 our pres5t k ( ! hi/ory is due l>gely to ! rem>kable s]ies ( excavations :i* h be5 conduct$ 9 ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt s9ce ! e>ly decades ( ?is c5tury1 & :i* cont9ue ) unabat$ activity at ! pres5t "t4 ,! /imulus to ,egyptian rese>* 0 giv5 by ,napoleon 9 #agih1 :o1 :5 sett+ out ^u 8 ,egyptian exp$ition1 add$ to 8 /aff a b& ( s*ol>s entru/$ ) ! task ( /udy+ & prep>+ = publication ! rema9s ( antiquity4 ,! result 0 a monum5tal "w t =ms ! f\ndation ( mod]n ,egyptological /udies4 ,ano!r direct outcome ( ! exp$ition 0 ! discov]y ( ! fam\s ,rosetta /one1 9 #agii1 :i*1 conta9+ a hi]oglyphic inscription accompani$ by a ,greek translation1 s]v$ z ! basis = a tru/wor?y sy/em ( deciph]m5t ( ! anci5t language ( ! ,nile4 ,! ,fr5*man1 ,jean ,franois ,*ampollion1 & ! ,engli%man1 ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y1 %>e ! honor ( hav+ f\nd ! key t unlock$ ! my/]y ( ! hi]oglyphic script4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,babylonian ar*ology1 s "h1 excavations & deciph]m5t w5t h& 9 h&4 ,a few ye>s aft] ! adv5t ( ,botta at ,mosul1 ,m>iette inaugurat$ 9 ,egypt a s]ies ( brilliant excavations "u ! auspices ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t4 ,ab\t ! same "t ! ,g]man gov]nm5t s5t ,ri*>d ,lepsius on an exp$ition to ,egypt1 :i* result$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a l>ge ,egyptian ,museum at ,b]l94 ,9 #ahhc ,engl& ent]$ ! field ?r\gh ! =mation ( ! ,egyptian ,exploration ,fund1 & s9ce t "t a l>ge numb] ( cities 9 ,l[] ,egypt1 9 ! ,fayum di/rict1 & 9 ,upp] ,egypt h be5 une>!d4 ,ye> aft] ye> ,w4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,ed\>d ,naville1 ,f4 ,l4 ,griffi?1 & o!rs h gone to ,egypt & return$ ri*ly lad5 ) mat]ial t has f\nd its way to ! ,museum at ,ghizeh1 to ! ,briti% ,museum1 to ,bo/on1 to ,new ,york1 & to ! ,museum ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,! activity ( ! ,fr5* 0 cont9u$ aft] ! dea? ( ,m>iette1 ?r\gh ,ga/on ,masp]o1 ,e4 ,grebaut1 ,j4 ,de,morgan & ,e4 ,amel9eau1 s t ! mass ( mat]ial at pres5t available = ,egyptologi/s is exce$+ly l>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,,phil1 ,,or ,,ph>aoh',s ,,b$1 ,,on ,,an ,,isl& ,,9 ,,! ,,nile4 ,! cities ( ,memphis & ,!bes h naturally come 9 = a l>ge %>e ( ^! excavations4 ,?r\gh ! texts discov]$ )9 ! pyramids at ,!bes & ! surr\nd+ di/rict1 ! hi/ory ( ! e>ly dyna/ies 0 = ! fir/ "t reveal$4 ,at ,balas & ,nagadah1 a %ort di/ance to ! nor? ( ,memphis1 ! excavations h br\ght u face to face ) ! indig5\s population ( ! ,nile t ma9ta9$ its primitive cu/oms long aft] ^? :o f\nd$ ! real ,egyptian ,empire _h e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ! ,fayum1 notably ar\nd ,ars9oe1 at ,haw>a1 ,illahun1 & ,gurob1 traces ( e>ly =eign influ5ce--,phnician & ,greek--7 discov]$1 :ile 9 ,l[] ,egypt ! t[ns ( ,naukratis & ,tanis repres5t ext5sive ,greek settlem5ts made 9 ,egypt z e>ly1 at lea/1 z ! sev5? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,?r\gh ! magnific5t illu/rations 9 ! tombs ( ,b5i-,hassan1 :i* h rec5tly be5 c>efully copi$ by ,engli% arti/s1 almo/ all phases ( anci5t ,egyptian life h be5 reveal$4 ,?\gh dat+ f ! elev5? & twelf? dyna/ies1 ! picture t !y af=d applies to e>li] & lat] p]iods z well4 ,?us1 ?r\gh ! "w done 9 all p>ts ( ! anci5t empire1 ! l9ks unit+ ! e>lie/ p]iod to ! sway ( ! ,ptolomies & ! invasion ( ! ,romans h be5 det]m9$4 ,wond]ful *apt]s1 replete ) int]e/1 h be5 add$ to ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 & ?\gh mu* rema9s to be done1 we are mu* ne>] to a solution ?an ev] be=e ( t mo/ important problem z to ! orig9 ( ! my/]i\s ,egyptian culture4 ,we "k = a c]ta9ty t :5 ! ,egyptians came to ! region ( ! ,nile1 !y f\nd a f]tile di/rict populat$ by a p1 or by gr\ps ( p1 t _h already made "s progress on ! road to civilization1 ?\gh n yet kn[+ ! use ( metals4 ,! ,asiatic orig9 ( ! ,egyptians is reg>d$ z cle>ly e/abli%$ by s em95t an ar*ologi/ z ,m4 ,de,morgan1 ?\gh x is likely t 8 views w be some:at modifi$ by fur!r rese>*4 ,! infusion ( ,greek ideas1 we n[ "k1 beg9s at a mu* e>li] age ?an 0 =m]ly suppos$1 s t x becomes less ( a surprise to f9d1 ev5 be=e ! adv5t ( ,alex&]1 consid]able portions ( ,egypt absorb$ by =eign settl]s4 ,a notewor?y feature ( ar*ological "w 9 ,egypt dur+ ! pa/ decade has be5 ! discov]y ( a va/ am\nt ( papyri conta9+ long lo/ portions ( ,greek lit]ature4 ,! fam\s "w ( ,ari/otle on ! ,con/itution ( ,a!ns & ! poems ( ,bac*ylides may be m5tion$ z ! mo/ notable among ^! discov]ies1 & ! s\rces f :5ce ^! treasures h come seem /ill f> f be+ exhau/$4 ,,greek ,,ru9s4--,! m5tion ( ,greek lit]ature leads "o naturally to speak ( ! "w done 9 ?is c5tury 9 t l& :i* /&s s mu* ne>] to u & to mod]n culture 9 g5]al ?an ei!r ,babylonia or ,egypt4 ,:ile1 ?anks to ! activity & indu/ry ( ,greek & ,roman hi/orians1 ! records ( ! inspir+ hi/ory ( ! ,greek /ates dur+ _! mo/ glori\s epo* are well pres]v$1 ! e>li] p]iods 7 envelop$ 9 d\bt & obscurity1 :ile ( ! rema9s ( ,greece1 ( h] beautiful temples & h] fam\s works ( art1 comp>atively few ve/iges rema9$ above ! soil4 ,! mo/ notable ( ^! 7 ! ,p>!non & ! ,ere*!um1 ) _! works ( art1 t /ood on ! ,acropolis1 & x is precisely "h t "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable ar*ological discov]ies ( ! c5tury 7 made4 ,! ,p>!non dates f t glori\s p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,a!ns :i* foll[s 9 ! wake ( disa/]s 9 ! fif? c5tury1 :5 ! ,p]sians ent]$ ! city & laid wa/e its beauties4 ,! e>li] ,a!ns1 :i* rea*$ its z5i? 9 ! days ( ,pisi/ratus1 has be5 br\ght to light ?r\gh ! excavations conduct$ by ! ,greeks !mselves4 ,9 #ahhb a sy/ematic excavation ( ! ,acropolis1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,greek ,ar*ological ,society1 0 begun4 ,! f\ndations ( ! anci5t ,temple ( ,a!na t /ood close to ! mod]n ,p>!non 7 discov]$1 & num]\s works ( art1 /atues1 fragm5ts1 p$im5ts1 bases & vases1 dat+ f ! e>li] p]iod1 by means ( :i* we are enabl$ to trace ! developm5t ( ,a!nian sculpture f ! r\gh beg9n+s to ! p]fection t x rea*$ 9 ! days ( ,phidias4 ,! /yle ( ^! e>li] works diff]s totally f t :i* we _h hi!rto be5 accu/om$ to reg>d z ! type ( ,a!nian art1 & yet ev5 ! rude/ ( ! e>li] /atues possess already "s ( t *>m :i* is s /rongly felt 9 ! works ( ! lat] p]iod4 ,mo/ rem>kable1 p]haps1 among ! rema9s ( ! e>li] ,a!nians are a l>ge s]ies ( figures t appe> to h be5 set up 9 r[s )9 ! ,temple ( ,a!na4 ,x is ?r\gh ^! figures1 dat+ f v>i\s p]iods1 t we are be/ able to trace ! evolution ( ,greek art4 ,!y are unque/ionably votive (f]+s1 ! gift ( fai?ful foll[]s ( ,a!na1 &1 :ile int5d$ probably z repres5tations ( ! goddess h]self1 b little c>e 0 tak5 to give ! goddess ^? accompanim5ts 9 dress & ornam5t :i* are nev] abs5t 9 ! be/ specim5s ( ! lat] p]iod4 ,z a result ( ^! excavations on ! ,acropolis1 aid$ by ! inve/igations ( num]\s s*ol>s1 among :om ,ern/ ,curtius & ,william ,do]pfeld m]it special m5tion1 ! entire plan ( ! little sacr$ city t /ood on ! ,acropolis c n[ be trac$ 9 detail4 ,! con/ruction ( ! beautiful ,propyla by ,mnesicles1 ( :i* rema9s are /ill to be se51 has be5 det]m9$1 & v>i\s temples to ,a!na1 wor%ip$ "u ! diff]5t guises t %e assum$1 h be5 discov]$4 ,! place :]e ! great bronze /atue ( ,a!na1 "o ( ! ma/] works ( ,phidias1 /ood1 has be5 fix$1 & ?r\gh ! inscriptions f\nd on ! ,acropolis1 num]\s problems ( ,greek hi/ory h be5 solv$4 ,e "o kn[s ! /ory ( ! ,elg9 m>bles t once =m$ ! decoration ( ! friezes ( ! ,p>!non1 & :i* 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury 7 br\ght to ,london by ,"l ,elg94 ,t act1 ?\gh frequ5tly d5\nc$ z a piece ( v&alism1 has probably done m to ar\se an int]e/ 9 ,greek ar*ology ?r\gh\t ,europe ?an any?+ else4 ,ev5 ! indignation :i* ,"l ,elg9's act provok$ has s]v$ a good purpose1 n only 9 lead+ ,greece to take bett] c>e ( h] great treasures1 b 9 induc+ s*ol>s ( ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates to e/abli%1 9 ,a!ns1 ar*itectural s*ools :]e "y ar*ologi/s may be tra9$1 & :]e exp$itions c be organiz$ = ! sy/ematic inve/igation ( ! num]\s cities ( anci5t ,greece & ! surr\nd+ isl&s4 ,! mo/ important "w done ?r\gh ^! s*ools is ! excavation ( ,olympia by ! ,g]mans1 & ( ,delos & ( ,delphi by ! ,fr5*1 :ile only "s degrees less noticeable is ! "w done by a zeal\s ,greek1 ,m4 ,c>panos1 at ,dodona1 by ! ,greek ,society at ,eleusis1 ,epidaurus1 & ,tanagra1 & by ! ,am]ican ,s*ool at ,eretria & at ,argos4 ,at ,olympia ! discov]y ( ! great ,temple to ,zeus1 ! gr& !atre 9 :i* ! fam\s games took place1 ! num]\s %r9es erect$ 9 honor ( v>i\s deities t belong to ! c\rt ( ,zeus1 & ( hundr$s ( votive inscriptions commemorat+ ! victors 9 ! games1 h enabl$ s*ol>s to re/ore = u ! anci5t glories ( ! place1 & to trace ! hi/ory ( ! sacr$ city ?r\gh its p]iod ( glory to its decl9e & fall4 ,! ma/] "w ( antiquity1 ! gold5 /atue ( ,zeus made by ,phidias1 is1 alas6 =ev] lo/1 b x 0 at ,olympia t ! ,g]mans f\nd ! wond]ful /atue ( ,h]mes by ,praxiteles1 a f9d t 9 itself 0 wor? ! million m>ks sp5t by ! ,g]man gov]nm5t z a tribute to anci5t ,greece4 ,at ,delos & ,delphi1 ! c>eful "w done by ! ,fr5* has add$ to our mat]ial = trac+ ! c\rse ( ,greek religion4 ,next to ,olympia !re is1 p]haps1 no place 9 anci5t ,greece :i* _h su* a /range hold ^u ! p z ! seat ( ! great oracle at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,p>nassus4 ,! "w at ,delphi is /ill progress+1 b en\gh has be5 f\nd to ju/ify ! great reputation ( ?is religi\s c5tre 9 anci5t times4 ,we c n[ trav]se once aga9 ! sacr$ way lead+ pa/ num]\s build+s to ! great %r9e ( ,apollo1 & to ! cave f :i* ! ,py?ian prie/ess obta9$ h] inspiration4 ,few] works ( art h be5 discov]$ "h ?an 9 ,olympia1 ?\gh p]haps ! soil /ill h>bors treasures :i* ! com+ ye>s may reveal4 ,! wor%ip ( ,demet] & ! nature ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies are mu* cle>] s9ce ! successful excavations t 7 conduct$ at ,eleusis4 ,tanagra is ( int]e/ because ( ! clay figur9es1 ! manufacture ( :i* 0 "o ( ! specialties ( anci5t ,botia4 ,^? figures1 prep>$ p>tly f religi\s motives1 p>tly z a tribute to ! dead1 are valuable z illu/rations ( popul> cu/oms4 ,great cr$it is due to ! ,am]ican s*ool = ! ?or\gh mann] 9 :i* excavations h be5 conduct$ by x1 & :ile ! results are n z /rik+ z 9 "s o!r places1 s fundam5tal a problem z ! arrangem5t ( ! ,greek !atre1 :i* has be5 engag+ ! att5tion ( ar*ologi/s = ! pa/ decade1 has be5 br\ght ne>] to its solution ?r\gh excavations at ,eretria4 ,at ,argos a head ( ,h]a 0 discov]$1 :i* is n[ fam\s z "o ( ! be/ specim5s ( ! ,polycletan s*ool4 ,no sket* ( ,greek ar*ology1 h[ev] brief1 w\ld be complete )\t m5tion ( a man :o exhibit$ s+ul> devotion & r>e en?usiasm = ! /udy ( ! pa/4 ,he9ri* ,s*liemann1 by d9t ( individual ef=t1 laid b>e ! rema9s ( pre-,grecian civilization at ,myc5 & ,tiryns1 &1 prompt$ by a !ory :i* = a long "t provok$ naught b ridicule1 devot$ _m ye>s & a l>ge =tune to excavations at ,hiss>lik1 on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 :i*1 he believ$1 0 ! sc5e ( ! ,trojan ,w>4 ,at ! latt] place no less ?an n9e cities1 erect$ "o above ! ru9s ( ! o!r1 h be5 f\nd1 b ! !ory ( ,s*liemann :i* id5tifi$ ! second lay] ) anci5t ,troy1 aft]w>d kn[n to ! ,greeks z ,ilium1 has be5 %[n to be false4 ,x is ! six? lay] t repres5ts ! ru9s ( ,hom]'s ,troy4 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,hom]ic poems1 :ile bas$ ^u hi/oric ev5ts1 are n hi/ory1 & ! attempt to te/ _! suppos$ hi/orical accuracy by ! results ( excavations is n[ reg>d$ by ,greek /ud5ts z futile & unsci5tific4 ,b ?is view 9 no way dim9i%es ! cr$it due to ,s*liemann1 :o n only did m to /ir up popul> int]e/ 9 anci5t ,greece ?an any o!r man liv+1 b has illum9at$ ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,greek hi/ory :i* 7 almo/ unkn[n to ! s*ol>s ( ?is c5tury4 ,x n[ appe>s t ,phnician trad]s1 settl+ on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or & 9 di/ricts adjac5t to ! isl&s ( ! gean sea & h>bors1 :i* furni%$ a refuge = _! %ips1 gave ! fir/ impulse to ,greek art1 &1 al?\gh !y 7 outdi/anc$ by _! apt pupils1 ! traces ( ,phnician influ5ce rema9 9 ,greek ar*itecture1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ,greek cults1 d[n to ! late/ times4 ,ap>t f ! direct be>+s ( ! excavations conduct$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,greece ^u ! developm5t ( ,greek art1 ! mo/ important results ( ! "w consi/ 9 ! va/ increase ( mat]ial = ,greek hi/ory1 :i* is n[ be+ rewritt5 on ! basis ( ! _m ?\s&s ( inscriptions t h be5 f\nd 9 ! great c5tres ( anci5t ,greece4 ,z ! "w ( excavation cont9ues1 ea* ye> br+s its quota ( new facts1 & x is safe to pr$ict t ! recov]y ( anci5t ,greece w be not$ 9 future ages z "o ( ! mo/ notable a*ievem5ts ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ,,s>cophagus ,,( ,,alex&] ,,! ,,great ,,9 ,,m>ble ,,f ,,m\nt ,,p5telikon4 ,,ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #cbj4 7,imp]ial ,ottoman ,museum1 ,con/ant9ople47 ,,ph,,nician ,,ru9s4--,) ,egypt1 ,babylonia1 & ,greece we are /ill f> f hav+ exhau/$ ! field cov]$ by ar*ology 9 ?is c5tury4 ,at ,cyprus mu* has be5 done by ,lhr1 ,cesnola1 & ,ohnefals*-,ri*t]4 ,! cities ( ,cyprus are int]e/+ z =m+ a meet+-gr\nd = su* v>i\s civilizations z ,phnician1 ,egyptian1 ,proto-,grecian1 & to a limit$ ext5t ,babylono-,assyrian4 ,! result is a curi\s mixture ( art & ( equally /range syncretism 9 religi\s rites4 ,x is "o ( ! disappo9tm5ts ( s*ol>s t we z yet "k s little ( ! ,phnicians :o play$ su* an important role 9 hi/ory4 ,! traces ( ?is p ( w&]]s & m]*ants h be5 f\nd 9 tombs & votive inscriptions ?r\gh\t ! l&s bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean1 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 9 ,s\!rn ,spa91 9 ,sicily1 ,malta1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,cyprus1 ,crete1 ,italy1 & ev5 ,s\!rn ,france2 b 9 ,phnicia itself b few inscriptions h be5 une>!d1 & only scanty rema9s ( ! important cities ( ,sidon & ,tyre1 :i* once fl\ri%$ on ! coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! fate ( ^! cities1 subject$ 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies to s _m diff]5t p[]s1 is a sad "o4 ,almo/ ev]y?+ t belong$ to a high antiquity has disappe>$1 & su* scanty excavations z h be5 und]tak51 ! mo/ notable ( :i* is t ( ,um-el-,awamid by ! late ,erne/ ,r5an1 9 #ahfa1 h be5 ( little value4 ,tombs h be5 discov]$1 b only few ( !m belong to ! ,phnician p]iod 9 ! prop] s5se4 ,! ,s>cophagus ( ,e%munaz>1 k+ ( ,sidon1 ) a long ,phnician inscription1 is h[ev] a mo/ notable monum5t & ( great hi/orical importance4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable f9d )9 ! limits ( anci5t ,phnicia 0 made a few ye>s ago by ,hamdi ,bey "u ! auspices ( ! ,turki% gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! necropolis at ,sidon a s]ies ( s>cophagi 7 une>!d :i*1 belong+ to ! ,greek p]iod1 are valuable z furni%+ a specim5 ( ! art ( ,greece transplant$ 9 =eign soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,front ,,view4 ,,re> ,,view4 ,,cunei=m ,,lett] ,,f ,,la*i%1 ,,pale/9e4 ,,ab\t ,b4 ,c4 #adjj4 7,imp]ial ,ottoman ,museum1 ,con/ant9ople47 ,,rese>*es ,,9 ,,pale/9e4--,anci5t ,pale/9e1 likewise1 s full ( sacr$ recollections = millions1 has be5 *>y ( yield+ up ! treasures :i* !re is e reason to believe /ill lie some:]e b5ea? ! soil4 ,9 #ahgj1 a /one 0 f\nd 9 ! l& ( ,moab :i* commemorat$ ! victory ( ,k+ ,me%a ov] ,israel1 ab\t #hjj ,b4 ,c41 & =ms "o ( ! mo/ valuable monum5ts = trac+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,phnician alphabet1 ( :i* ! "o we use is a direct successor4 ,at ,j]usalem a s+le inscription1 belong+ probably to ! age ( ,hezekiah1 0 f\nd by accid5t at ! pool ( ,siloam4 ,?is paucity ( ar*ological returns is n due to any lack ( int]e/ 9 recov]+ ! monum5ts ( anci5t ,pale/9e4 ,9 ,g]many & ,engl&1 societies = ! exploration ( ,pale/9e h be5 9 exi/5ce = ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 & mu* important "w has be5 done by !m 9 mak+ c>eful surveys ( ! c\ntry1 9 id5tify+ anci5t sites1 & 9 add+ mat]ial to our k ( ! geography ( ! c\ntry4 ,! comb9$ opposition ( fanatical ,turks1 ,arabs1 ,*ri/ians1 & ,jews has prev5t$1 until rec5tly1 ! und]tak+ ( excavations 9 ! important c5tres ( ! c\ntry1 su* z ,j]usalem1 ,sam>ia1 ,be?lehem1 ,hebron1 & ! l4 ,a few ye>s ago ! m\nd ,tel-el-,hesy1 cov]+ ! site ( ! anci5t city ( ,la*i%1 0 ?or\ghly explor$ by ,f4 ,j4 ,bliss1 & no less ?an t5 lay]s ( cities id5tifi$ by him2 b ! results1 except = "s pott]y & a mo/ important discov]y ( a cunei=m tablet :i* belongs to ! ,el-,am>na s]ies & dates f ! fifte5? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 h be5 r disappo9t+4 ,rec5tly ,mr4 ,bliss has succe$$ 9 obta9+ p]mission to und]take excavations at ,j]usalem4 ,he has begun 8 "w by trac+ c>efully ! walls ( ! anci5t city1 b until ?is "w is pu%$ to ! ext5t ( actually digg+ d[n "s =ty feet bel[ ! level ( ! pres5t ,j]usalem1 x is n likely t significant discov]ies w be made4 ,!re are good reasons = hop+ t ! "t is n f> di/ant :5 sy/ematic "w1 su* z has be5 done 9 ,egypt1 ,babylonia1 & ,greece1 w also be und]tak5 9 ,pale/9e4 ,:5 t "t does come1 we may expect t _m ( ! problems besett+ /ud5ts ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts w f9d _! solution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ar* ,,( ,,titus1 ,,rome4 ,,hittite ,,rema9s4--,ar*ology does n only solve problems1 b frequ5tly raises new ones4 ,su* a new problem is t ( ! ,hittites4 ,dur+ ! pa/ fifte5 ye>s1 a l>ge s]ies ( monum5ts1 _m ( !m sculptur$ on rocks1 h be5 f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or1 f ! di/rict ( ,lake ,van almo/ to ! ,m$it]ranean coa/1 & notably at ,hama?1 on ! ,orontes4 ,!y all betray ! same art1 & are accompani$ by inscriptions 9 *>act]s to :i* ! "n ,hittite has be5 giv54 ,x is to be borne 9 m9d t ?is t]m ,hittite is to a l>ge ext5t a conv5tional "o1 cov]+ a s]ies ( peoples t may h belong$ to diff]5t races4 ,we he> ( ^! ,hittites 9 ! ,asiatic campaigns ( ,egyptian k+s f ! sev5te5? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 d[n to #adjj ,b4 ,c4 ,e/abli%+ an empire on ! ,orontes1 !y gave ! ,assyrians a great deal ( tr\ble1 & x 0 n until ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury t !y 7 f9ally conqu]$4 ,?\gh we "k a good deal ( ! hi/ory ( ^! ,hittites f ! records ( ,egyptians1 ,babylonians1 & ,assyrians1 _! orig9 rema9s wrapp$ 9 obscurity4 ,! ,hittite *>act]s h n yet be5 deciph]$1 al?\gh v>i\s attempts ( int]pret]s h be5 made4 ,! la/ ( ^! is t ( ,pr(essor ,pet] ,j5s51 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,m>burg1 :o believes t ! ,hittite language is a prototype ( ! mod]n ,arm5ian4 ,al?\gh a numb] ( prom95t s*ol>s h ackn[l$g$ _! acceptance ( ! ,j5s5 sy/em1 x _c be said z yet to h be5 def9itely e/abli%$1 nor is x likely t a satisfactory key w be f\nd until a l>ge bil+ual inscription conta9+ a record 9 ,hittite *>act]s ) a translation1 p]haps1 9 ,assyrian or ,aramaic1 %all h be5 f\nd4 ,su* a f9d may be expect$ at any mom5t4 ,mean:ile1 x may be said t f an e?nological po9t ( view1 x seems m plausible to reg>d ! ,hittites z a "p ( ! ,turanian /ock r ?an belong+ to ! ,aryan or ,semitic races4 ,! exploration ( ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,japan c sc>cely be said to h m ?an begun4 ,! notable s]ies ( inscriptions t recall ! p]iod ( ,indian hi/ory connect$ ) ,acoka may be reg>d$ z a specim5 ( :at we may expect :5 once ^? di/ant l&s are z ?or\ghly explor$ z ! c\ntries situat$ ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hittite ,,inscription ,,f ,,j]abis4 ,,roman ,,ru9s4--,com+ to ! la/ & greate/ ( ! empires ( antiquity1 ,rome1 a ^w %\ld be said ab\t ! activity t has *>act]iz$ ! excavations at ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii1 & rec5tly 9 ! city ( ,rome1 :i* are c>ri$ on s successfully by ,rudolfo ,lanciani4 ,:ile our k ( ,roman hi/ory has always be5 mu* m complete ?an t ( ,greece1 /ill _m que/ions ( detail h only rec5tly be5 settl$ ?r\gh ^! excavations4 ,an insight has be5 af=d$ into ! public & private life ( ! ,romans :i* supplem5ts t :i* 0 to be ga9$ f ! /udy ( ! classical writ]s4 ,europe & ,am]ica h also be5 seiz$ ) ! ar*ological fev]4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,france1 ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 ,holl&1 ,switz]l&1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! k ( ! pa/ has be5 ext5d$ ?r\gh exploration & excavation4 ,s l>ge is ! field ( ar*ology at pres5t1 t x is impossible = "o p]son to make himself famili> ) m ?an a small section2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 s close is ! sympa?y betwe5 ! v>i\s bran*es ( mank9d scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! _w t !re is no "w c>ri$ on 9 "o division ( ar*ology :i* has n its be>+s ^u _m o!rs4 ,:at ,goe! said ( human life may be said ( ar*ology3 8,wo ihr's packt1 da i/'s int]essant40 ,,progress ,,9 ,,dairy ,,f>m+ ,,by ,,major ,,h5ry ,e4 ,,alvord1 ,c4,e41 ,,ll4,d41 ,*ief ( ,dairy ,division1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,ne>ly all indu/ries h _! bran*es or specialties4 ,f>m+ is no exception1 & "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+1 highly develop$1 & remun]ative ( its bran*es is dairy+4 ,to be successful1 dairy+ requires good judgm5t1 k ( ! relations ( mod]n sci5ce to agricultural production1 con/ant /udy1 sy/em1 & close att5tion to details4 ,h5ce x is reg>d$ z among ! highe/ =ms ( f>m+4 ,! occupation is itself s /imulat+ & ! rew>ds are s sub/antial1 :5 bra9s & brawn are appli$ to x 9 judici\s comb9ation1 t dairy+ di/ricts are commonly conspicu\s z ! mo/ ent]pris+1 prosp]\s1 & cont5t$ ( ! rural communities ( _! section ( c\ntry4 ,9 all l9es ( f>m+ at lea/ "o 8money crop0 seems to be ! aim1 al?\gh ?is t]m may include animals & animal products4 ,a great disadvantage 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( f>m+ is t ! returns come at long int]vals1 p]haps b once a ye>1 :ile ! exp5ses are cont9u\s = twelve mon?s4 ,dairy+1 z conduct$ by mod]n me?ods1 di/ributes ! f>m income ?r\gh ! ye>2 ! ca% returns are mon?ly1 or (t5]1 ! p]nici\s cr$it sy/em disappe>s1 money circulates1 & at all seasons a heal?y bus9ess activity prevails 9 ! :ole community4 ,x is a notewor?y fact1 t dur+ p]iods ( agricultural depression exp]i5c$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! products ( ! dairy h ma9ta9$ relative values above all o!r f>m products1 & dairy di/ricts seem to h pass$ ?r\gh ^! p]iods ) less di/ress ?an mo/ o!rs4 ,! great] "p ( ?is c\ntry1 geographically1 be+ well adapt$ to dairy+1 ?is bran* ( agriculture has always be5 prom95t 9 ,am]ica1 & its ext5sion has kept pace ) ! op5+ & settlem5t ( new t]ritory4 ,= _m ye>s a belief exi/$ t successful dairy+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ be re/rict$ to n>r[ geographical limits1 con/itut+ a 8dairy belt0 ly+ betwe5 ! =tie? & =ty-fif? degrees ( latitude1 & ext5d+ f ! ,atlantic ,ocean to ! ,miss\ri ,riv]2 & ! true dairy+ di/ricts 7 felt to be 9 sep>at$ sections occupy+ n m ?an "o ?ird ( ! area ( ?is belt4 ,^! ideas h be5 explod$4 ,x has be5 %[n t good butt] & *eese c1 by prop] managem5t1 be made 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,g5]ally speak+1 good butt] c be pr(itably produc$ :]ev] good beef c4 ,decid$ advantages unque/ionably exi/1 9 ! climate1 soil1 wat]1 & h]bage ( c]ta9 sections2 b ^! influ5ces are l>gely "u control1 & :at is lack+ 9 natural conditions c be suppli$ by tact & skill4 ,s t1 :ile dairy+ is int5sifi$ & con/itutes ! lead+ agricultural indu/ry ov] wide areas1 includ+ :ole ,/ates1 :]e ! natural advantages are greate/1 ! indu/ry is f\nd well e/abli%$ 9 spots 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & is develop+ 9 unexpect$ places1 & "u :at might be consid]$ z v unfavorable conditions4 ,dairy+ exi/$ 9 colonial times 9 ,am]ica1 & butt] & *eese are m5tion$ among ! e>ly exports f ! settlem5ts along ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,b ?is production 0 only incid5t to g5]al f>m+4 ,dairy+1 z a specialty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 did n appe> to any ext5t until well along 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry is !re=e id5tical ) its progress 9 t c5tury4 ,?is progress has be5 truly rem>kable4 ,! wide t]ritorial ext5sion1 ! imm5se inve/m5t 9 l&s1 build+s1 animals1 & equipm5t1 ! great improvem5t 9 dairy cattle1 ! acquisition & diffusion ( k z to economy ( production1 ! revolution 9 me?ods & sy/ems ( manufacture1 ! g5]al advance 9 quality ( products1 ! wond]ful increase 9 quantity1 & ! indu/rial & comm]cial importance ( ! indu/ry1 h kept pace ) ! g5]al mat]ial progress ( ! nation & con/itute "o ( its lead+ features4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 ! keep+ ( c[s on ,am]ican f>ms 0 incid5t to ! g5]al "w1 ! c>e ( milk & ! mak+ ( butt] & *eese 7 9 ! h&s ( ! wom5 ( ! h\sehold1 ! me?ods & ut5sils 7 crude1 ! av]age quality ( ! products 0 inf]ior1 & ! supply ( our dome/ic m>kets 0 unorganiz$ & irregul>4 ,! mil* c[s 9 use belong$ to ! mix$ & indescribable h]d ( 8native0 cattle1 ) really good dairy animals appe>+ s+ly1 almo/ by accid5t1 or1 at ! be/1 9 a family develop$ by "s uncommonly discrim9at+ yet unsci5tific bre$]4 ,! c[s calv$ almo/ univ]sally 9 ! spr+1 & 7 g5]ally all[$ to g dry 9 ! autumn or e>ly w9t]4 ,w9t] dairy+ 0 practically unkn[n4 ,z a rule1 except+ ! pa/ure season1 cattle 7 insuffici5tly1 & !re=e unpr(itably1 f$ & poorly h\s$4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n & ,nor!rn ,/ates1 ! milk 0 usually set 9 small %all[ e>!n vessels or t9 pans1 = ! cream to rise4 ,little att5tion 0 paid to cool+ ! air 9 :i* x /ood 9 summ]1 or to mod]at+ x 9 w9t]1 s long z freez+ 0 prev5t$4 ,! pans ( milk (t5] /ood 9 pantries & cell>s ?an 9 milk rooms specially con/ruct$ or prep>$4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania & ! ,/ates f>!r s\?1 :]e spr+-h\ses 7 9 vogue1 milk receiv$ bett] c>e1 & sett+ x 9 e>!n crocks or pots1 /&+ 9 cool1 fl[+ wat]1 0 a usual & excell5t practice4 ,*urn+ ! entire milk 0 v common4 ,except+ ! comp>atively few in/ances :]e families 7 suppli$ ) butt] weekly1 & occasionally a *eese1 direct f ! produc]s1 ! f>m practice 0 to 8pack0 ! butt] 9 firk9s1 half-firk9s1 tubs1 & j>s1 & let ! *eese accumulate on ! f>ms1 tak+ ^! products to m>ket only once or twice a ye>4 ,n only 7 !re z _m diff]5t lots & k9ds ( butt] & *eese z !re 7 produc+ f>ms1 b ! product ( a s+le f>m v>i$ 9 "* & quality1 accord+ to season & o!r circum/ances4 ,e package _h to be exam9$1 grad$1 & sold ^u its m]its4 ,prices 7 l[4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,typical ,,dairy ,,f>m4 ,^! conditions cont9u$1 )\t mat]ial *ange1 up to ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,"s improvem5t 0 noticeable 9 cattle & appliances1 & 9 "s sections dairy f>m+ became a specialty4 ,) ! gr[? ( t[ns & cities1 ! bus9ess ( milk supply increas$ & bett] me?ods prevail$4 ,butt]-mak+ = home use & local trade1 9 a small way1 0 common :]ev] c[s 7 kept1 & 9 "s places !re 0 a surplus suffici5t to be s5t to ! l>ge m>kets4 ,v]mont & ,new ,york became kn[n z butt] produc+ ,/ates4 8,frankl9 ,c\nty butt]10 f c\nties ( ?is "n 9 ,new ,york1 ,v]mont1 & ,massa*usetts1 0 kn[n ?r\gh\t ,new ,engl&1 & ! fame ( 8,orange ,c\nty0 & 8,go%50 butt]1 f ,new ,york1 0 /ill m ext5sive4 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 & ,nor!rn ,p5nsylvania produc$ l>ge quantities ( *eese2 & ! total supply 0 s mu* 9 excess ( dome/ic dem&1 t *eese exports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ma9ly to ,great ,brita91 became e/abli%$1 & rang$ f ?ree to sev5te5 million p\nds a ye>4 ,! tw5ty-five ye>s foll[+ #ahej 0 a p]iod ( rem>kable activity & progress 9 ! dairy int]e/s ( ! c\ntry4 ,at fir/1 ! agricultural exhibitions or 8cattle %[s10 & ! ent]prise ( import]s1 turn$ att5tion t[>ds ! improvem5t ( f>m animals1 & bre$s ( cattle specially not$ = dairy qualities 7 introduc$ & began to w9 ! favor ( dairym54 ,!n ! e>ly ef=ts at cop]ative dairy+ 7 recogniz$ z successful1 & 7 copi$ until ! *eese factory became an e/abli%$ in/itution4 ,once fairly />t$1 9 ! he>t ( ! great *eese-mak+ di/rict ( ,new ,york1 ! factory sy/em spread ) mu* rapidity4 ,! 8w> p]iod0 l5t additional impetus to ! =w>d movem5t4 ,! =eign dem& = *eese grew fa/1 & ! price1 :i* 0 t5 c5ts p] p\nd & less 9 #ahfj1 rose to fifte5 c5ts 9 #ahfc1 & to tw5ty c5ts & ov] 9 #ahfe4 ,!re 7 two *eese factories 9 ,oneida ,c\nty 9 #ahed1 & tw5ty-five 9 #ahfb4 ,! sy/em spread to ,h]kim] & adjo9+ c\nties1 & 9 #ahfc !re 7 #ajj factories 9 ,new ,york1 besides "s 9 ,ohio & o!r ,/ates4 ,! numb] increas$ to #cjj 9 ! :ole c\ntry 9 #ahfe1 to #fjj 9 two ye>s m1 & to ov] #ajjj 9 #ahfi4 ,f t "t ! cop]ative or factory sy/em practically sup]s$$ ! manufacture ( *eese on f>ms4 ,e/abli%m5ts = ! mak+ ( butt] 9 quantity1 f ! milk or cream collect$ f num]\s f>ms1 soon foll[$ ! *eese factories4 ,su* are prop]ly butt] factories1 b ! "n ( 8cream]y0 has come into g5]al use = an e/abli%m5t ( ?is k9d1 & seems unlikely to *ange4 ,plac+ ! real beg9n+ ( *eese factories z a sy/em ( dairy+ 9 #ahfa or #ahfb1 ! fir/ cream]y 0 />t$ 9 #ahfa1 9 ,orange ,c\nty1 ,new ,york4 ,9 ,ill9ois1 ! fir/ *eese factory 0 built 9 #ahfc1 & ! fir/ cream]y 9 #ahfg2 9 ,i[a1 ! respective dates 7 #ahff & #ahga4 ,! effect ( ^! indu/rial e/abli%m5ts1 comp>atively new 9 k9d1 is to transf] ! mak+ ( butt] & *eese f ! f>m to ! factory4 ,orig9at+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh n[ ext5sively adopt$ 9 o!rs1 ! g5]al plan may be call$ ! ,am]ican sy/em ( associat$ dairy+4 ,! e>ly *eese-factories & cream]ies 7 purely cop]ative conc]ns1 & x is 9 ?is =m t ! sy/em has usually ext5d$ into new t]ritory1 :e!r = ! production ( butt] or *eese4 ,! c[ own]s & produc]s ( milk cop]ate & %>e1 ^u any agre$ basis1 9 organiz+1 build+ 7p]haps71 equipp+1 & manag+ ! factory & dispos+ ( its products4 ,ano!r plan is = ! plant to be own$ by a jo9t-/ock company1 compos$ l>gely1 if n :olly1 ( f>m]s1 & milk or cream is receiv$ f any satisfactory produc]2 ! factory may be all[$ a c]ta9 rate ( int]e/ on ! inve/m5t1 or may *>ge a fix$ price p] p\nd = mak+ butt] or *eese1 & !n divide ! rema9+ proce$s pro rata accord+ to ! raw mat]ial suppli$ by its 8patrons40 ,! propriet>y plan is also common1 be+ manag$ mu* l any o!r factory1 ! proprietor or company buy+ ! milk or cream f ! produc]s1 at prices mutually agre$ ^u f "t to "t4 ,& all ^! plans h _! v>iations & modifications 9 practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mod]n ,,cream]y ,,& ,,*eese ,,factory1 ,,) ,,ice-,,h\se1 ,,etc4 ,! ?ird qu>t] ( a c5tury 0 also a p]iod ( unprec$5t$ progress 9 ! application ( me*anics to ! dairy4 ,! factories & cream]ies requir$ new equipm5t1 adapt$ to manufacture ^u an enl>g$ scale1 & equal att5tion 0 paid to ! improvem5t ( appliances = f>m dairies4 ,! sy/em = sett+ milk = cream+ 9 deep cans 9 cold wat]--pref]ably ice-wat]--0 introduc$ f ,sw$51 al?\gh ! same pr9ciples _h be5 9 practice = g5]ations 9 ! spr+-h\ses ( ! ,s\?4 ,num]\s cream+ appliances1 or cream]s1 7 inv5t$1 bas$ ^u ?is sy/em4 ,%all[ pans 7 *ang$ 9 size & %ape1 & !n almo/ disappe>$4 ,butt] work]s ( v>i\s models took ! place ( b[l & ladle & ! use ( ! b>e h&4 ,*urns appe>$1 ( all %apes1 sizes1 & k9ds1 ! g5]al movem5t be+ t[>ds ! abolition ( da%]s & ! sub/itution ( agitation ( cream = viol5t beat+4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! writ] made a se>* ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice records1 :i* reveal$ ! fact t =ty or fifty new or improv$ *urns 7 claim$ annually1 & aft] reject+ ab\t "o f\r?1 ! pat5ts actually issu$ provid$ a new *urn e fifte5 days = m ?an sev5ty ye>s4 ,?is illu/rates ! activity ( inv5tion 9 ?is l9e4 ,x 0 admitt$ by all t at ?is p]iod ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 f> 9 advance ( any o!r c\ntry 9 ! v>iety & excell5ce ( its me*anical aids to dairy+4 ,! same p]iod witness$ ! organization ( dairym5 9 volunt>y associations = mutual b5efit 9 sev]al ,/ates1 ! =mation ( clubs & societies ( bre$]s ( pure-br$ cattle1 & ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ ,am]ican dairy lit]ature ( consequ5ce 9 book =m4 ,! ,am]ican ,dairym5's ,association 0 organiz$ 9 #ahjc4 ,its field ( activity 0 ea/ ( ,indiana1 & accord+ly ! ,nor?we/]n ,dairym5's ,association 0 =m$ 9 #ahfg4 ,bo? ( ^! cont9u$ 9 exi/5ce1 held p]iodical meet+s1 & publi%$ _! proce$+s = twelve or fifte5 ye>s4 ,!n ! =mation ( ,/ate dairy associations 9 ,v]mont 7#ahgj71 ,p5nsylvania 7#ahga71 ,new ,york 7#ahgg71 ,wiscons9 7#ahgb71 ,ill9ois 7#ahgd71 ,i[a 7#ahgj71 & o!r ,/ates took ! place ( ! pione] societies :i* cov]$ wid] t]ritory4 ,! ,%ort-horn bre$ l$ 9 ! introduction ( improv$ cattle to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & = a long "t ! repres5tatives ( ?is race1 import$ f ,engl&1 embrac$ f9e dairy animals4 ,%ort-horn grades =m$ ! f\ndation1 & a v good "o1 ^u :i* _m dairy h]ds 7 built up dur+ ! second & ?ird qu>t]s ( ! c5tury1 & mu* ( ?is blood is /ill f\nd 9 prosp]\s dairy+ di/ricts4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod ( greate/ activity 9 import+ improv$ cattle f abroad4 ,b ,%ort-horns h be5 s g5]ally br$ = beef qualities t ! dem& = !m is almo/ exclusively on t l9e1 & !y are no long] class$ z dairy cattle4 ,ayr%ires f ,scotl&1 ,hol/e9-,friesians f ,nor? ,holl&1 & ,j]seys & ,gu]nseys f ! ,*annel ,isl&s1 are ! bre$s recogniz$ z ( dairy excell5ce1 & ^u :i* ! indu/ry ma9ly dep5ds = improvem5t ( its mil* c[s4 ,! fir/ two nam$ are not$ = giv+ l>ge quantities ( milk ( m$ium quality2 ! o!r two bre$s1 bo? (t5 miscall$ 8,ald]ney10 give milk ( exce$+ ri*ness1 & are ! favorites ) butt] mak]s4 ,!re are also ! ,br[n ,swiss & ,simm5?al cattle f ,switz]l&1 ! ,norm&y bre$ f ,france1 & ,r$ ,poll$ cattle f ! s\? ( ,engl&1 :i* h dairy m]it1 b belong r to :at is call$ ! 8g5]al purpose0 class4 ,associations ( p]sons int]e/$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! purity ( all ! diff]5t bre$s nam$ h be5 =m$ s9ce #ahej1 & !y all record p$igrees & publi% regi/]s or h]d-books4 ,pure-br$ h]ds ( "s ( ^! diff]5t bre$s are own$ 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & half-bre$s or high] grades are f\nd :]ev] c[s are kept = dairy purposes4 ,! quality & production ( ! av]age dairy c[ 9 ,am]ica are ?us be+ /eadily advanc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,typical ,,dairy ,,c[--,,ayr%ire4 ,! developm5t ( dairy+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! clos+ decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 un9t]rupt$1 & m>k$ by ev5ts ( ! greate/ consequ5ce 9 ! entire hi/ory4 ,! importance ( two inv5tions dur+ ?is p]iod _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,! fir/ is ! application ( c5trifugal =ce to ! sep>ation ( cream f milk4 ,?is is bas$ ^u ! specific gravity ( ! milk s]um or skim milk1 & ( :atev] impure matt] may h ent]$ ! milk1 su* gravity be+ great] ?an t ( ! fatty portion or cream4 ,! dairy c5trifuge1 or cream sep>ator1 enables ! cream+ or 8skimm+0 to be done imm$iately aft] milk+1 pref]ably :ile ! milk is /ill w>m4 ,! cream c be at once *urn$1 :ile sweet2 b a bett] practice is to cure or 8rip50 x = *urn+3 ?is c be done at a comp>atively high temp]ature1 disp5s+ ) ! necessity ( s mu* ice or cold wat]4 ,! skim milk is available = use :ile /ill w>m1 q sweet1 & 9 its be/ condition = fe$+ to "y animals4 ,?is me*anical me?od is m effici5t1 secur+ m p]fect cream sep>ation ?an ! old gravity sy/em1 & ! dairy labor is v l>gely r$uc$4 ,! h&l+ & c>+ = ! milk may be ?us :olly remov$ f ! duties ( ! h\sehold4 ,a usual plan is to h a 8skimm+ /ation10 to :i* ! milk is haul$ at lea/ daily f ! produc+ f>ms 9 ! vic9ity1 & :]e "o or m sep>ators are op]at$ by p[]4 ,sep>ators are also made ( sizes & patt]ns suit$ to f>m use1 :]e !y may be op]at$ by h& or by light p[]1--electricity1 /eam1 wat]1 a horse1 a bull1 a %eep1 or a dog4 ,besides its economy & its effect ^u labor1 ?is ma*9e almo/ elim9ates ! factor ( climate 9 a l>ge "p ( dairy managem5t1 & altoge!r has work$ a revolution 9 ! indu/ry4 ,! c5trifugal sep>ator is /ill a m>vel to ^? :o see x work+ = ! fir/ "t3 ! :ole milk1 w>m1 fl[s into ! c5tre ( a /rong /eel b[l1 held 9 an iron frame2 ! b[l revolves at a rate ( #aejj to #be1jjj times p] m9ute1 & f two project+ tubes cream & skim milk fl[ 9 cont9u\s /reams to sep>ate receptacles4 ,! ma*9es c be regulat$ to produce cream ( any desir$ ?ickness or quality4 ,^! sep>ators1 ( diff]5t sizes1 are capable ( ?us skimm+ or sep>at+1 or m prop]ly1 cream+1 f #ae to #ejj gallons ( milk p] h\r4 ,a ma*9e ( /&>d factory size has a spe$ ( #fjjj to #gjjj revolutions a m9ute1 & a capacity = sep>at+ #bej gallons ( milk an h\r4 ,! _w is indebt$ to ,europe = ?is inv5tion1 at lea/ z a dairy appliance4 ,yet inve/igations 7 9 progress contemporane\sly 9 ?is c\ntry along ! same l9e1 & _m ( ! mat]ial improvem5ts 9 ! cream sep>ator & sev]al entirely new patt]ns h s9ce be5 inv5t$ "h4 ,! fir/ sep>ators 7 put into practical use 9 ?is c\ntry & ,great ,brita9 9 ! ye> #ahgi4 ,! c5tury closes ) #ce1jjj to #dj1jjj ( ^! ma*9es 9 op]ation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! second great dairy inv5tion ( ! p]iod is ! fat-te/ = milk1--be+ a quick & easy sub/itute = *emical analysis4 ,?is is "o ( ! public b5efactions ( ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ations :i*1 "u ,/ate & national end[m5t1 h be5 e/abli%$ dur+ ! la/ "p ( ! c5tury1 s t !re is n[ at lea/ "o 9 e ,/ate4 ,a numb] ( ^! h done mu* cr$itable "w 9 dairy inve/igation1 & f !m h come sev]al clev] me?ods = te/+ ! fat cont5t ( milk4 ,! me?od :i* has be5 g5]ally approv$ & is n[ almo/ univ]sally adopt$ 9 ?is & o!r l&s is nam$ = its orig9ator1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,m4 ,babcock1 ! able *emi/ & dairy inve/igator1 fir/ ( ! ,new ,york ,/ation at ,g5eva & s9ce ( ! ,wiscons9 ,/ation at ,madison4 ,?is te/] comb9es ! pr9ciple ( c5trifugal =ce ) simple *emical action4 ,! ma*9e1 on ! ,babcock plan1 has be5 made 9 a great v>iety ( patt]ns1 simple & inexp5sive = home use1 m elaborate & sub/antial = factories4 ,by !m f two to =ty samples ( milk may be te/$ at once 9 a few mom5ts2 & by slight modifications 9 ! appliances1 ! fat may be det]m9$ 9 samples ( milk1 cream1 skim-milk1 or butt]-milk4 ,?is fat te/ ( milk has wide application1 & is second only to ! sep>ator 9 advanc+ ! economies ( dairy+4 ,! p]c5tage ( fat be+ accept$ z ! measure ( value = milk = ne>ly all purposes1 ! ,babcock te/ may be ! basis = city milk inspection1 = fix+ ! price ( milk deliv]$ to city deal]s1 to *eese factories & cream]ies1 & = comm]cial settlem5ts betwe5 patrons 9 cop]ative dairy+ ( any k9d4 ,by ?is te/1 also1 ! dairyman may prove ! quality ( milk f 8 diff]5t c[s1 & 7) quantity ( milk-yield record$7 may fix _! respective value z dairy animals4 ,) p]fect app>atus 9 c>eful h&s1 ! accuracy ( ! te/ is unque/ion$1 & x is ( ! highe/ sci5tific value4 ,x %\ld be not$ t al?\gh cle>ly pat5table1 & (f]+ an indep5d5ce ?r\gh a v small royalty1 ?is priceless inv5tion & boon to dairy+ 0 freely giv5 to ! public by ,dr4 ,babcock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c5trifugal ,,cream ,,sep>ator ,,9 ,,op]ation4 ,! adv5t ( ! tw5tie? c5tury f9ds ! dairy indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates e/abli%$ ^u a plane f> above ! simple & crude dome/ic art ( ?ree or f\r g5]ations ago4 ,! mil* c[ itself1 ^u :i* ! :ole bus9ess re/s1 is m ( a ma*9e ?an a natural product4 ,! animal has be5 s br$ & develop$ to a special purpose1 t in/ead ( ! =m] %ort milk+ p]iod1 almo/ limit$ to ! pa/ure season1 x yields a comp>atively ev5 fl[ ( milk dur+ t5 or elev5 mon?s 9 e twelve2 & if desir$1 ! h]d produces z mu* 9 w9t] z 9 summ]4 ,x is n unusual = c[s to give t5 or twelve times _! own weight ( milk dur+ a ye>4 ,& ! quality has be5 s improv$ t ! milk ( _m a good dairy c[ w produce z mu* butt] 9 a week z c\ld be made f ?ree or f\r av]age c[s ( ! old5 "t4 ,in/ead ( a few homely & inconv5i5t implem5ts = use 9 ! labori\s duties ( ! dairy1 g5]ally devolv+ ^u ! wom5 ( ! f>m1 p]fect$ appliances skillfully devis$ to accompli% _! object & light5 labor are provid$ all along ! way4 ,! factory sy/em ( cop]ative or conc5trat$ manufacture has s f> tak5 ! place ( home dairy+1 t 9 entire ,/ates ! *eese vat or press is z r>e z ! h&-loom1 & 9 _m c\nties x is z h>d to f9d a f>m *urn z a sp9n+-:eel4 ,long r[s ( %9+ t9 pans are no long] se5 adorn+ rural doory>ds1 z "o drives along c\ntry roads2 b 9 _! place may be f\nd ! bright faces ( 8! wom5-folks10 :o rejoice ov] ! revolution ( mod]n dairy+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,milk ,,te/] 7,,op574 ,"h is an example ( ?is radical *ange 9 ! sy/em ( mak+ butt]3 ,nor!rn ,v]mont has always be5 a region ( l>ge butt] production4 ,/4 ,albans1 9 ,frankl9 ,c\nty1 is ! natural bus9ess c5tre4 ,dur+ ! middle ( ! c5tury ! c\ntry-made butt] came to ?is t[n to m>ket e ,tuesday f miles ar\nd4 ,! av]age weekly supply 0 #cj to #dj tons4 ,?is 0 v v>i$ 9 quality1 0 sampl$ & classifi$ ) mu* labor & exp5se1 plac$ 9 ?ree grades--prime1 fair1 & poor--& =w>d$ to ! ,bo/on m>ket1 two hundr$ miles di/ant4 ,dur+ tw5ty-five ye>s end+ 9 #ahge1 #fe1jjj1jjj lbs41 valu$ at #bj1jjj1jjj1 pass$ ?r\gh ?is little t[n4 ,all ( ?is 0 dairy butt] made ^u a ?\s& or two diff]5t f>ms1 9 z _m *urns4 ,9 #ahha1 ! fir/ cream]y 0 built 9 ?is c\nty4 ,n[1 ! ,frankl9 ,c\nty ,cream]y ,company1 locat$ at ,/4 ,albans1 has fifty-odd skimm+ /ations di/ribut$ ?r\gh ?is & adjo9+ c\nties4 ,to !m is c>ri$ ! milk f #cj1jjj c[s or m1 & ! sep>at$ cream is s5t by rail to ! c5tral factory1 :]e f t5 to twelve tons ( butt] are made e day4 ,a s+le *urn+ room = ! :ole c\nty6 ,all ( ?is butt] is ( /&>d quality1 & sold on its reputation ^u ord]s f di/ant po9ts receiv$ 9 advance ( its manufacture4 ,! price is relatively high] ?an ! av]age = ! product ( ! same f>ms fifty ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,butt]-,,mak+ ,,on ,,! ,,f>m--,,! ,,old ,,way4 ,9 "o respect dairy labor is ! same z a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,c[s /ill h to be milk$ by h&4 ,al?\gh num]\s attempts h be5 made1 & pat5t aft] pat5t issu$1 no me*anical contrivance has yet be5 a practical success z a sub/itute = ! human h& 9 milk+4 ,!re=e1 twice a day1 e day 9 ! ye>1 ! dairy c[s mu/ be milk$4 ,?is is "o ( ! ma9 items ( labor 9 ! dairy1 z well z a mo/ delicate & important duty4 ,all[+ t5 c[s p] h\r to a milk]1--:i* is pretty lively "w1--x requires ! cont9u\s labor ( an army ( #cjj1jjj m51 work+ t5 or twelve h\rs a day ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 to milk ! c[s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! indu/ry is becom+ ?or\ghly organiz$4 ,besides local clubs1 societies1 & unions1 !re are dairy associations 9 ?irty ,/ates1 mo/ ( !m incorporat$ & receiv+ f9ancial aid "u ,/ate laws4 ,9 "s ,/ates1 ! butt] mak]s & *eese mak]s are sep>ately organiz$4 ,sixte5 ,/ates provide by law = (ficials kn[n z ,dairy ,commission]s or ,dairy & ,food ,commissions4 ,^! (fic]s h a national association1 & !re are also two national organizations ( dairym54 ,at v>i\s l>ge m>kets & c5tres ( activity 9 ! comm]ce ( ! dairy1 !re are special bo>ds ( trade4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has a ,dairy ,division1 int5d$ to wat* ov] & promote ! dairy int]e/s ( ! c\ntry at l>ge4 ,dairy s*ools are ma9ta9$ 9 sev]al ,/ates1 (f]+ special c\rses ( practical & sci5tific in/ruction 9 all bran*es ( ! bus9ess4 ,^! s*ools & ! agricultural exp]im5t /ations1 ) :i* mo/ ( !m are closely connect$1 are do+ mu* orig9al rese>* & add+ to ! /ore ( useful in=mation z to ! applications ( mod]n sci5ce to ! improvem5t ( dairy me?ods & results4 ,weekly & mon?ly j\rnals1 9 ! int]e/ ( dairy production & trade1 are publi%$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,& dur+ ! la/ decade or two a numb] ( notewor?y books on diff]5t aspects ( dairy+ h be5 publi%$1 s t ! /ud5t ( ?is subject may fill a good-siz$ case ) sub/antial volumes1 te*nical & practical 9 "*4 ,! bus9ess ( produc+ milk = t[n & city supply1 ) ! accompany+ ag5cies = transportation & di/ribution1 has gr[n to imm5se proportions4 ,9 _m places ! milk trade is regulat$ & sup]vis$ by excell5t municipal ord9ances1 :i* h done mu* to prev5t adult]ation & improve ! av]age quality ( ! supply4 ,full z mu* is be+ done by private ent]prise1 ?r\gh l>ge milk companies1 well organiz$ & equipp$1 & e/abli%m5ts :i* make a specialty ( s]v+ milk & cream ( fix$ quality & exceptional purity4 ,?is bran* ( dairy+ is advanc+ v fa/1 & ^u ! sub/antial basis ( c>e1 cleanl9ess1 & improv$ sanit>y conditions4 ,*eese-mak+ has be5 transf]r$ bodily f ! realm ( dome/ic arts to t ( manufactures4 ,f>m-made *eeses are h>d to f9d any:]e1 are us$ only locally1 & make no impression ^u ! m>kets4 ,9 ! middle ( ! c5tury ab\t #ajj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( *eese 7 made ye>ly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 all ( x on f>ms4 ,at ! close ( ! c5tury ! annual production ( ! c\ntry is ab\t #cjj1jjj1jjj p\nds1 & #if or #ig p] c5t ( ?is is made 9 factories4 ,( ^! e/abli%m5ts !re are "s #cjjj1 v>y+ greatly 9 capacity4 ,new ,york & ,wiscons9 ea* h ov] a ?\s&2 ! =m] ,/ate makes ne>ly twice z mu* *eese z ! latt]1 & ! two toge!r produce ?ree f\r?s ( ! entire output ( ?is c\ntry4 ,! o!r *eese-mak+ ,/ates1 9 ! ord] ( quantity produc$1 are ,ohio1 ,ill9ois1 ,mi*igan1 & ,p5nsylvania2 b all are comp>atively unimportant4 ,m ?an n9e t5?s ( all made is ( ! famili> /&>d v>iety copi$ aft] ! ,engli% ,*$d>1 b new k9ds & imitations ( =eign v>ieties are increas+4 ,! *eese made 9 ! c\ntry1 ) ! small importations add$1 gives an all[ance ( less ?an f\r p\nds a ye> to e p]son2 b z ?irty to fifty million p\nds are /ill annually export$1 ! p] capita consumption ( *eese 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates does n exce$ ?ree & a half p\nds4 ,?is is a v l[ rate1 mu* less ?an 9 mo/ ,european c\ntries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,butt]-,,mak+--,,! ,,new ,,way4 ,great z has be5 ! gr[? ( ! factory sy/em ( butt]-mak+1 & fa/ z cream]ies are multiply+1 especially 9 ! new] & gr[+ agricultural ,/ates1 su* z ,m9nesota1 ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 & ,s\? ,dakota1 !re is /ill mu* m butt] made on f>ms 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an 9 cream]ies4 ,cream]y butt] controls all ! l>ge m>kets1 ! dairy product mak+ comp>atively little impression on ! trade4 ,b home consumption & ! supply ( small cu/om]s & local m>kets make an imm5se aggregate1 be+ fully two ?irds ( all4 ,e/imat+ ! annual butt] product ( ! c\ntry at #a1djj1jjj1jjj p\nds1 n mu* ov] #djj1jjj1jjj ( ?is is made 9 ! #hjjj or #ijjj cream]ies n[ 9 op]ation4 ,i[a is ! greate/ butt] produc+ ,/ate1 & ! "o 9 :i* ! greate/ proportion is made on ! factory plan4 ,?is ,/ate has #hej cream]ies1 only ?ree c\nties be+ )\t !m2 ab\t two fif?s are cop]ative4 ,9 ^! cream]ies ab\t #ij1jjj1jjj p\nds ( butt] are made annually f #gej1jjj c[s4 ,x is e/imat$ t 9 ! same ,/ate #ej1jjj1jjj p\nds ( butt] 9 addition are made 9 f>m dairies4 ,! total butt] product ( ! ,/ate is !re=e "o t5? ( all made 9 ! ,union4 ,i[a s5ds ov] #hj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( butt] e ye> to o!r ,/ates4 ,new ,york is next 9 importance z a butt]-mak+ ,/ate1 & !n come ,p5nsylvania1 ,ill9ois1 ,wiscons91 ,ohio1 ,m9nesota1 & ,kansas4 ,yet all ^! comb9$ make b little m ?an half ( ! annual butt] crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 no "o ( !m1 except ,i[a1 is half ( ! butt] produc$ made 9 cream]ies4 ,! av]age quality ( butt] 9 ,am]ica has mat]ially improv$ s9ce ! introduction ( ! cream]y sy/em & ! use ( mod]n appliances4 ,no butt] is import$1 & ! quantity export$ is z yet insignificant4 ,consequ5tly ! home consumption mu/ be at ! ye>ly rate ( tw5ty p\nds ! p]son1 or ab\t "o hundr$ lbs4 annually to ! family ( av]age size4 ,if approximately correct1 ?is %[s ,am]icans to be ! greate/ butt]-eat+ p ( ! _w4 ,& ! p ( ?is c\ntry also consume millions ( p\nds e ye> ( butt] sub/itutes & imitations1 kn[n z oleom>g>9e1 butt]9e1 etc4 ,mo/ ( ?is is believ$ to be butt] by ^? :o use x1 & ! ,/ate ,dairy ,commission]s m5tion$ are l>gely occupi$ 9 ! execution ( laws int5d$ to protect consum]s f ^! butt] frauds4 ,! c[s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 n c\nt$ until #ahdj1 b !y h be5 enum]at$ = e dec5nial c5sus s9ce4 ,x has requir$ f #bc to #bg c[s to e #ajj ( ! inhabitants to keep ! c\ntry suppli$ ) milk1 butt]1 & *eese1 & provide = ! export ( dairy products4 ,! export trade has fluctuat$ mu*1 b has nev] exce$$ ! product ( half a million c[s4 ,) ! clos+ ye>s ( ! c5tury1 x is e/imat$ t !re is "o mil* c[ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to e f\r p]sons4 ,?is makes ! total numb] ( c[s ab\t #ag1ejj1jjj4 ,!y are q unev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! c\ntry1 be+ l>gely conc5trat$ 9 ! great dairy ,/ates4 ,?us ,i[a leads ) a million & a half c[s1 foll[$ by ,new ,york ) almo/ z _m1 & !n ,ill9ois & ,p5nsylvania ) ab\t a million ea*4 ,! ,/ates hav+ ov] half a million ea* are ,wiscons91 ,ohio1 ,kansas1 ,miss\ri1 ,m9nesota1 ,nebraska1 & ,indiana4 ,texas is cr$it$ ) #gjj1jjj1 b v few ( !m are dairy animals4 ,9 ! ,middle & ,ea/]n ,/ates ! milk product goes v l>gely to ! supply ( ! num]\s cities & l>ge t[ns4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,we/ & ,nor?we/ butt] is ! pr9cipal dairy product4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! dairy animals ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates include ne>ly half a million :i* are pure br$1 & t ?is blood has be5 s g5]ally diffus$ t m ?an "o f\r? ( ! cattle are grades4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,dairy ,,maid4 ,! foll[+ table gives approximately an exhibit ( ! quantity & value ( ! dairy products ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ye> #aijj3-- ,c[s1 ,product4 ,rate ( ,total ,product4 ,rate (,total ,value1 ,millions4 ,product4 ,value4 ,doll>s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #aa ,butt] #acj lbs4 #a1dcj1jjj1jjj lbs4 #ah c5ts#beg1djj1jjj #a ,*eese #cjj lbs4 #cjj1jjj1jjj lbs4 #h c5ts #bd1jjj1jjj #e ,milk #chj gals4#b1jij1jjj1jjj gals4 #h c5ts#afg1bjj1jjj ,?is gives ! gr& total ( ! dairy products ( ! c\ntry a value ( #ddh1fjj1jjj4 ,if to ?is be add$ ! skim milk1 butt]milk1 & :ey1 at _! prop] fe$+ value1 & ! calves dropp$ ye>ly1 ! annual aggregate value ( ! produce ( ! dairy c[s exce$s #ejj1jjj1jjj4 ,?is may be accept$ z a cons]vative e/imate4 ,9 a classification ( ! v>i\s annual f>m products ( ! c\ntry by values1 meats & closely relat$ products /& fir/ 9 ord]1 ! corn crop second1 dairy products & ! hay crop alt]nate 9 ! ?ird & f\r? places1 & :eat occupies ! fif?4 ,hay & corn are s l>gely & directly tribut>y to ! dairy z raw mat]ials = its support1 t x is fair to place ! products ( ! dairy z second only to meat products 9 ! g5]al li/4 ,! cotton crop ( ! c\ntry is consid]$ "o ( great importance1 b dur+ rec5t ye>s x r>ely equals ! butt] crop 9 value4 ,! dairy aggregate exce$s all ! m9+ products ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates o!r ?an coal1 oil1 & gas4 ,!re nev] has be5 a ye> :5 ! entire gold & silv] product ( ! _w 0 en\gh to buy ! annual dairy products ( ?is c\ntry at ! pres5t "t4 ,^! comp>isons %[ ! comm]cial importance :i* ! dairy+ ( ,am]ica has assum$4 ,x is a bran* ( f>m+ ( su* magnitude z to comm& att5tion & ju/ify all reasonable provisions to gu>d its int]e/s4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,moral ,,progress ,,by ,,s>a ,y4 ,,/ev5son1 ,sc4 ,d41 ,secret>y ,dep>tm5t ( ,ar*ology1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,9 deal+ ) a subject s indef9ite 9 its limits z ! progress ( morals 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 x may be well to e/abli% by a brief survey ( previ\s facts "s solid basis ^u :i* to re/ ! discussion4 ,! notion ( ,duty or ( moral obligation--i4 e41 ( well-do+ view$ 9 ! ab/ract & outside ( exp$i5cy--does n appe> to h be5 br\ght =w>d by ! ,greek philosoph]s1 to :om is ma9ly due ! orig9 ( our own conceptions ) reg>d to morality4 ,ev5 ,plato1 :o dealt ) ne>ly all duties1 :ile insi/+ especially ^u ! negative duty ( committ+ no inju/ice or evil1 ev5 aga9/ "o's foes1 n[h]e sy/ematically treats ( ,duty4 ,inde$1 ! ,greek equival5t = ! ^w did n exi/ 9 8 "t1 & ! notion 0 convey$ by a p]iphrase4 ,t morals h a be>+ ^u ! welf>e & "* n only ( ! individual & ( ! family1 b ( ! :ole body politic1 0 h[ev] e>ly recogniz$4 ,!ognis1 = in/ance1 :o liv$ 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 /igmatiz$ 9 ! mo/ en]getic t]ms ! evil influ5ce ex]cis$ ^u ! de/9y ( nations by ! immorality ( ! upp] classes4 ,9 ! e>li] s*emes ( civilization1 :]e wor%ip play$ a dom9ant political rle1 morals 7 reg>d$ z "u ! protection ( ! sacr$ law4 ,wor%ip & law 7 closely unit$ 9 ! gov]nm5t1 & morals 7 includ$ 9 ^! & gov]n$ by motives ( exp$i5cy4 ,man's obligation to ! ,deity 0 !n ma9ly conf9$ to mat]ial (f]+s & propitiatory rites1 :il/ ! law dealt ) conduct 9 s f> z ord] mu/ be en=c$1 au?ority respect$1 & c]ta9 mutual rights recogniz$1 if ! welf>e ( ! nation 0 to be ma9ta9$4 ,t ! moral /&>ds ( ^! e>ly societies 7 high _c be d\bt$4 ,^? :i* prevail$ 9 anci5t ,egypt1 z pres]v$ to u 9 ! maxims ( sages1 z well z 9 c]ta9 *apt]s ( ! sacr$ books1 prove t ! rule ( conduct :i* 0 to insure to ! subjects ( ! ,ph>aohs respect & popul>ity 9 ?is _w & happ9ess 9 ! _w to come 0 9 no way inf]ior to our own4 ,! m5 :o taught _! contempor>ies 8,d n save ?y life at ! co/ ( ano!r0 _h little to le>n f ! high-br$ ,p>isians :o rec5tly escap$ unhurt f ! burn+ walls ( ! ,fr5* ,*>ity ,baza>4 ,= ! ,greek ?9k]s1 h[ev]1 :o fir/ sy/ematically dealt ) ! subject1 ,e?ics 0 a bran* ( ,politics1 i4 e41 ! ,sci5ce ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,ari/otle1 l ,socrates & ,plato1 took = ! />t+ po9t ( 8 argum5t ! sov]eign good1 or ! idea ( absolute well-be+4 ,all t man und]takes has an aim :i*1 "u analysis1 is f\nd to be ! greate/ advantage to him :o is act+4 ,accord+ly all k t5ds to ?is end2 & z all its elem5ts are m or less connect$1 !re mu/ be "o1 ! f9al end ( :i* is ess5tial2 ?is is ! political sci5ce :i* aims at ! highe/ well-be+ n only ( ea* man1 b ( man collectively1 i4 e41 ( society4 ,! nature ( ?is highe/ 8well-be+10 :i* is g5]ally t]m$ 8happ9ess10 gave rise among ,greek philosoph]s to discussions :i* h be5 reviv$ by mod]n ?9k]s4 ,x may !re=e be /at$ t 9 anci5t ?\ght1 at lea/ until ! "t ( ! ,/oics1 morals & virtue 7 /udi$1 :e!r 9 connection ) religion or ) politics1 "u ! light ( exp$i5cy r ?an "u t ( ab/ract "r1 & t 8!y 7 discuss$ z functions m ?an z moral obligations40 ,! fullness ( significance :i* at pres5t is convey$ 9 ! ^w 8,duty0 is ma9ly due to ! gradual & complex developm5t ( religi\s1 legal1 & philosophical modes ( ?\ght1 9 :i* c]ta9 human acts are reg>d$ z enjo9$ & o!rs z =bidd5 by a high] p[]1 & 9 :i* consci5ce ent]s z an important & ev] increas+ factor4 ,a s5se ( duty is ! legitimate product ( human nature "u cultivation4 ,b al?\gh we %\ld look 9 va9 among ! anci5ts = ! ab/ract notions :i* ! words 8,consci5ce1 ,duty1 & ,"r0 evoke 9 ! mod]n m9d1 we f9d 9 grop+ our way up ! /ream ( "t t g]ms ( ^! concepts _h long la9 conceal$ 9 ! precepts ( anci5t morali/s4 ,! fact ( virtue exi/$ long be=e x 0 made ! subject ( !oretical sy/ems1 & if ) ! developm5t ( ! reason+ faculty our moral code has be5 elaborat$ & our e?ical t]m9ology enri*$1 broadly speak+1 ! rules ( conduct laid d[n by civiliz$ m5 9 ! remote pa/ & ^? :i* gov]n u to-day are1 9 k9d1 virtually ! same4 ,?\ %alt n kill2 ,?\ %alt n /eal2 ,?\ %alt n covet ?y neighbor's wife2 ,?\ %alt n be> false witness1 are coeval ) ! beg9n+s ( communities4 ,x is 9 ! scope & degree ( _! application--n 9 _! nature--t ma9ly lies ! diff]5ce exi/+ 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! pa/ & ! pres5t4 ,9 ! highe/ /age ( our moral developm5t ! unselfi%ness :i* seeks gratification 9 ! welf>e ( o!rs & 9 duty accompli%$1 at ! co/ ( self1 may 9 f9al analysis be r$uc$ to a ref9$ egoism4 ,! motive held up to man by mo/ morali/s is /ill exp$i5cy4 ,! rew>d1 :e!r x is promis$ on ?is e>? or 9 ! _w to come1 is /ill a rew>d1 & to ! 8greate/ advantage ( him :o is act+40 ,moreov]1 moral /&>ds to-day1 z 9 ! pa/1 h a /rong be>+ ^u political gov]nm5t1 & x is 9 /udy+ ! developm5t ( democratic ideas t we may be/ foll[ ! evolution ( mod]n e?ics z *>act]i/ic ( our epo*2 = to ?is developm5t is due a high] s5se ( ju/ice1 ! recognition ( ! rights ( m5 & ( ! unimportance ( ! ego z comp>$ ) ! race1 all ( :i* =m di/9ctive features ( ! mod]n cre$ = :i* ! words 8altruism0 & 8humanit>ianism0 h be5 co9$4 ,x may also be said1 to ! honor ( ! pres5t c5tury1 t !re exi/s a gr[+ t5d5cy to accept ab/ract tru? & "r outside ( exp$i5cy z /&>ds ( conduct1 & to apply ^! reg>dless ( sex1 class1 or p]sons accord+ to ! inflexible logic ( a tra9$ reason4 ,two ?\s& ye>s ago ,*ri/ianity e/abli%$ itself ^u ! wreck ( anci5t civilizations1 pres]v+ t :i* 9 !m 0 immortal4 ,graft$ ^u ! ,roman _w1 ! gospel ( democracy :i* x prea*$ c\ld be accept$ z ! (ficial religion ( ! ,empire only at ! co/ ( its own purity4 ,h[ c\ld ,god & ,mammon rule toge!r8 ,h[ c\ld a ,con/ant9e rise to an und]/&+ ( ! ,tea*] :o said3 8,ye "k t !y :i* are acc\nt$ to rule ov] ! ,g5tiles ex]cise lord%ip ov] !m1 & _! great ones ex]cise au?ority ov] !m4444 ,b s %all x n be among y2 b :osoev] w be great among y %all be y\r m9i/]2 & :osoev] ( y w be ! *iefe/ %all be s]vant ( all40 7,/4 ,m>k x4 #db-dd47 ,*ri/ _h e/abli%$ religion among 8 foll[]s z di/9ct f wor%ip4 ,! p soon relaps$ into wor%ip1 :il/ = ! cl]gy !ology took ! place ( religion4 ,) ! alliance =m$ betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate 9 ! ,*ri/ian community1 mu* ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 0 necess>ily =gott52 _m ( ! p>ables 9 :i* ! ,tea*] embodi$ 8 doctr9e ( ju/ice1 ( tol]ance1 ( love & humility1 7 to lose _! liv+ =ce4 ,"u ! bann] ( fai?1 conduct sank to ! second rank4 ,! dry subtleties ( s*ola/icism help$ to cru% morality b5ea? ! words & =mul ( a le>n$ dialectic4 ,al?\gh = c5turies ! _s ( ,*ri/ cont9u$ to protect ! weak & ! l[ly1 al?\gh f ! v body ( ! ,*ur*1 !n ev] ready 9 its arrogance to ca/ its ana!mas ^u e ef=t ( man to ass]t 8 fre$om1 sprang re=m]s :o endeavor$ to re/ore to ! gospel "s ( its e>ly significance1 ! ,*ur* /ray$ ev] f>!r f its f\nd]4 ,0 ?is because1 z ,mi*elet said1 ! re=m]s !mselves ne$$ re=m+8 ,once m man f\nd himself cru%$ "u ! law :i* ,*ri/ _h decl>$ 0 made = him1 until1 at la/1 9 ! =cible words ( ,mr4 ,d>me/et]1 ( all ! ,tea*]'s lessons ,*ri/ian ,rome seem$ to rememb] only "o1 8,return unto ,cs> t :i* is ,cs>'s40 ,h[ev] fi]cely mon>*y might /ruggle aga9/ ! temporal encroa*m5ts ( ! ,*ur*1 x jo9$ ) x to repress ! p4 8,au?ority re/$ ^u a my/]y4 ,its "r came f above4 ,p[] 0 div9e4 ,ob$i5ce to x 0 a sacr$ duty & inquiry became a blasphemy40 ,!n f ! great s*ools & univ]sities ! develop+ intellect ( ,europe awak5$ to a s5se ( its rights4 ,sudd5ly !re came inquiries into ! reality ( ?is spiritual p[] ov] human s\ls & ov] ! human und]/&+ :i* ,rome claim$ to be d]iv$ f ,heav54 ,9 its revolt aga9/ dogma1 f ,abl>d & ,arnold di ,brescia to ,huss & ,wickliff1 f ,lu!r & ,pascal to ,voltaire & ,r\sseau1 ! human ?\ght /ruggl$ = fre$om "u ! bann] ( le>n+ & ( reason1 & f\ght = ! rights ( ! p aga9/ ! privileg$ few4 8,i w n speak ( tol]ance10 cri$ ,mirabeau1 9 8 plea = ! emancipation ( ! ,jews 9 ! ,national ,conv5tion 7#agia72 8! fre$om ( consci5ce is a "r s sacr$ t ev5 ! "n ( tol]ance involves a species ( tyranny40 ,at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 fre$om at la/ plant$ its /&>d 9 ,europe above ! ru9s ( despotism4 ,9 ! fi]y torr5t :i* swept away ! anci5t traditions ( ! ,*ur*1 z well z ^? ( ! ,/ate1 x seem$ = a "t z ?\gh religion z well z ! *ur*1 "r z well z might1 mu/ disappe> f ! surface ( ! e>?1 & t1 9 ! smoke ( battles & ! revelry ( reason1 tru? & morals mu/ p]i% & an>*y prevail4 ,b a moral rule is indisp5sable to society1 & 8,religion is aft] all b ! highe/ expression ( human sci5ce & ( human consci5ce40 ,its g]m1 innate 9 man1 gr[s ) 8 und]/&+ 9 its con/ant /ra9 to e/abli% a relation betwe5 himself & ! univ]se4 ,to ! moral *aos t = a brief space foll[$ ! ov]?r[ ( ! old ord] ( ?+s succe$$1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 a p]iod ( readju/m5t1 & n[1 9 ! words ( a poet ^: own m5tal processes are a type ( ^? ( 8 "t1 8,( a hopeless epo* is born a fe>less age40 ,aft] ! absolute negations ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 aft] ! viol5t controv]sies n only ( arrogant sci5ce & ( prejudic$ fai?1 b ( sci5tific & !ological s*ools int] se :i* fill ! s]i\s lit]ature ( ! la/ g5]ations1 a reconciliation betwe5 fai? & sci5ce is tak+ place1 a c]ta9 unity ( ?\ght is be+ rea*$ ) reg>d to conduct & to ! rights ( m54 ,& ! c5tury1 at its close1 %[s u ! ,prote/ant *ur*man less t5aci\s ( 8 dogma1 ! ,romani/ less c]ta9 ( ! infallibility ( ,rome1 ! s*ol> less conv9c$ ( ! infallibility ( 8 sci5ce1 ! agno/ic less boa/ful ( 8 skepticism1 ! mon>*i/ awak5$ f 8 dreams ( a div9e "r ( k+s & ( a preorda9$ subjection ( m51 ! sociali/ sob]$ ( 8 revolution>y fr5zy & repudiat+ ! extremes ( an>*y & nihilism born ( 8 e>li] tea*+s1 all m>*+ %\ld] to %\ld] "u ! bann] ( a broad tol]ance t[>d a common goal1 9 a unit$ ef=t to lift ! masses f ! dep?s ( pov]ty1 ignorance1 vice1 & (t5 crime1 to :i* c5turies ( repression seem$ to consign !m1 & seek+ 9 fri5dly cop]ation to br+ ab\t a bett] social ord]4 ,= 9 our "t has tak5 place a great broad5+ ( ! moral /&po9t f :i* ! old rules ( conduct are 9 future to be appli$4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! la/ c5tury ! equality & frat]nity ( m5 0 proclaim$ to ! ,european _w & receiv$ a baptism ( blood4 ,?is (ficial decl>ation ( ! rights ( m5 pr(ess$ to be univ]sal2 b1 l o!r disp5sations t _h prec$$ x1 9 its application x fell %ort ( ! democratic ideal4 ,all m5 7 decl>$ equal1 yet ) /rik+ inconsi/5cy ^? :o proclaim$ ! new cre$ held o!rs 9 bondage1 & race disqualification surviv$4 ,! honor ( lead+ 9 ! greate/ moral re=m :i* ! _w has se5 is due to ! ,fr5* ,revolution>y lead]s4 ,on ,febru>y #b1 #agid1 ! ,conv5tion decre$ ! abolition ( slav]y ?r\gh\t ! ,fr5* colonies1 & all slaves 7 admitt$ to ! rights ( citiz5%ip4 ,x 0 only 9 #ahcc t slav]y 0 aboli%$ 9 ! ,briti% colonies by ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 & t coolie labor 0 sub/itut$4 ,9 #ahfa ,emp]or ,alex&] ,,ii41 foll[+ ! policy inaugurat$ by 8 fa!r1 ,ni*olas ,i41 fre$ ! s]fs 9 ,russia4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* = _m reasons might h be5 expect$ to lead 9 ! movem5t1 only foll[$ 9 #ahfc4 ,! t]rible /ruggle ( ! public consci5ce aga9/ exp$i5cy & class int]e/1 :i* !n took place ^u ?is cont95t1 mu/ =m "o ( ! mo/ important lessons :i* ?is c5tury w (f] to po/]ity4 ,"r prevail$1 & ) ?is triumph ( ju/ice ! human consci5ce1 ?r[+ aside casui/ry & evasion = a "t1 fac$ its problems hone/ly & ass]t$ its own sov]eignty4 ,! consequ5ces ( ! mighty /ruggle did n /op "h4 ,once ! pr9ciples ( ab/ract ju/ice e/abli%$1 n only aga9/ might b aga9/ tradition & exp$i5cy2 once ! rights n only ( m5 7z 9 #aggf & 9 #aghi71 b ( all m51 recogniz$ 9 a broad] application ( ! pr9ciples ( a true democracy1 !re came a t5d5cy to ext5d its application to mank9d at l>ge2 & wom51 :o accord+ to _! /ation 9 life _h hi!rto be5 dealt ) !oretically z ei!r useful or ornam5tal possessions1 began to f9d _! place z memb]s ( ! community4 ,! rights ( slaves z m5 _h be5 (ficially proclaim$4 ,! rights ( wom5 z citiz5s began to be discuss$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cz> ,,alex&] ,,ii4 ,,( ,,russia4 ,9 ! widespread %ift+ ( levels :i* has tak5 place 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 affect+ directly & indirectly ! moral progress ( all classes ( society1 c]ta9 important elem5ts h ent]$ :i* _c be ov]look$ 9 ! pres5t discussion1 & :i* 9 future ages mu/ /& z prem95tly *>act]i/ic ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & ! ,anglo-,saxon asc5d5cy4 ,! reign ( ma*9]y 9 ! indu/rial _w1 ! adv5t ( /eam1 ( electricity1 ( compress$ air1 z motors1 h done away ) ! human ma*9e4 ,:e!r 9 peace or 9 w> ! skill$ workman has cr[d$ him out4 ,labor-sav+ inv5tions h done away ) ! necessity = a multiplicity ( h&s4 ,! ne$ to-day is = tra9$ heads4 ,f evaporat$ fruit & cann$ meats to heat1 light1 & int]-communication1 sci5ce is br\ght to be> ^u e detail ( exi/5ce4 ,z an imm$iate consequ5ce ( ! "p necess>ily play$ by le>n+ 9 our indu/rial & comm]cial life "u mod]n conditions1 public education has become ! ma9spr+ ( national prosp]ity4 ,fre$om & public education h made our labor+ classes ! self-respect+1 ?9k+ p !y are4 ,! human automaton ^u :i* =m]ly play$ ! gre$1 ! vice1 ! craft ( o!rs n[ holds a comp>atively small place 9 ! mod]n community1 outside ( ,lat9 ,europe4 ,! 8vile multitude10 z ,m4 ,?i]s /ill /igmatiz$ x 7be=e he turn$ republican71 no long] exi/s4 ,! _w has mov$1 & s h m54 8,if ! %uttle w\ld weave ( itself10 said ,ari/otle 9 8 apology = slav]y1 8!re w\ld be no ne$ ( slaves40 ,! miracle1 :i* seem$ impossible to ! f\nd] ( sci5ce1 has be5 accompli%$ ) ! pr$ict$ result4 ,! %uttle weaves ( itself & slav]y has disappe>$4 ,ev5 9 ,ori5tal l&s1 "u ,anglo-,saxon supremacy ! c>ry+ out ( great public works is /imulat+ a dem& = education among ! p1 & ! sum total ( ignorance & pov]ty is gradually decreas+ & mak+ way = bett] conditions2 = only a tra9$ h& guid$ by a tra9$ intellect c use ! mod]n tools4 ,?is applies to agriculture z well z to indu/ries4 ,9 ! ris+ tide ( intellectual & mat]ial progress1 woman has be5 c>ri$ along to a great ext5t unconsci\sly4 ,x is a matt] ( grave d\bt :e!r ! e>ly 8suffragi/s0 did m ?an be ! fir/ to recognize & h]ald ! logical drift ( contempor>y ev5ts4 ,x is ?r\gh high] education t woman has quietly =g$ h] way to ! place %e occupies 9 ! mod]n community1 & t %e is claim+ h] %>e ( ! common h]itage ( fre$om & indep5d5ce4 ,! prophecy embodi$ 9 ,bulw]'s 8,com+ ,race0 is be+ realiz$4 ,f ye> to ye> h] sph]e is broad5+4 ,%e is fa/ becom+ self-support+4 ,9 education %e already holds a lead+ place4 ,h] influ5ce z a mov+ =ce is becom+ pat5t4 ,x is (ficially recogniz$ to a v>y+ degree 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! civiliz$ _w1--,engl&1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,russia1 & tw5ty-two ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e %e /&s be=e ! law n only 9 h] relation to man z 8 "m1 wife1 or si/]1 b 9 a direct relation to society1 z a reason+ be+ & z a citiz54 ,illu/ration3 ,,sir ,,edw>d ,,bulw]4 ,! increas$ self-respect born 9 woman's m9d ( a consci\sness ( equal tra9+ & culture1 ! gr[+ numb] ( wom5 ^: ambitions h be5 /imulat$ to high] a*ievem5t1 & ! consequ5t increas+ influ5ce wield$ by !m 9 ! community1 sugge/ ! ?\ght t 9 "t _! legal /atus w be g5]ally e/abli%$1 z x already is n[ 9 sev]al localities4 ,mu* level+ has tak5 place s9ce ! abolition ( ! 8anci5t rgime10 n only 9 ! relations ( ! v>i\s classes compos+ society1 b 9 ! relation ( m5 & wom54 ,! process is /ill /eadily go+ on4 ,& x is n unreasonable to believe t1 ) ! gradual elevation ( ! ideals ( "o half ( ! population1--t half :i* is 9 control ( ! e>ly tra9+ ( *ildr5 ( bo? sexes1--a common /&>d ( "* & morality may 9 "t be ackn[l$g$ :i* w admit ( b "o rule by :i* ! actions ( mank9d1 )\t di/9ction ( p]sons1 class1 or sex1 may be measur$4 ,! fact t all di/9ction 9 favor ( ! privileg$ class has already be5 remov$ 9 ! eyes ( mod]n public op9ion holds out su* a hope4 ,! casui/ry :i* /ill discrim9ates betwe5 evil-do]s c b ret>d moral progress1 & ! m e>ne/ly mod]n p>5ts urge ^u _! sons ! same obs]vance ( ! laws ( hygi5e & propriety1 ( tru? & self respect1 z !y exact f _! daught]s1 ! ne>] to true civilization w society rea*4 ,! _w is yet f> f ?is goal4 ,no legislative act has z yet sav$ society f ! ravages ( vice1 s5suality1 & gre$1 & to-day e degree ( savag]y & immorality /ill exi/s 9 s-call$ civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,education1 tak+ ! ^w 9 its broade/ s5se1 c alone1 by its ref9+ influ5ce1 =ce ! savage to give way be=e reason+ man4 ,& x is by ! con/antly increas+ proportion ( educat$1 self-respect+ m5 & wom5 t ! co>s] in/9cts ( ! human race are be+ controll$ & br\ght to yield to reason4 ,by hold+ up ! same /&>ds ( conduct to humanity1 ! important place occupi$ by casui/ry & exp$i5cy1 9 ! discussion ( ! e?ical problems set be=e ! morali/1 may be r$uc$1 & a logical fac+ ( ! s]i\s issues to be met may foll[4 ,su* a result mu/ t5d to /r5g!n ! m>riage tie & ! family relation1 ^u :i* re/s ! :ole moral /ructure ( society4 ,at pres5t1 mod]n casui/ry1 if x no long] seeks to ju/ify falsehood & crime committ$ on behalf ( ,*ur* or ,/ate1 /ill exon]ates1 9 ! _w ( affairs1 ! high railroad (ficial or ! indu/rial magnate ( an infraction ( ! high] code by :i* 8 own p]sonal integrity is judg$1 provid$ t infraction is committ$ 9 ! int]e/ ( 8 con/itu5ts4 ,_m a man ( high /&+1 ^: p]sonal honor is beyond suspicion & ^: consci5ce w\ld n all[ him to take an unfair advantage ( ano!r1 does n hesitate to transgress :5 deal+ ) rival corporate bodies or ) public int]e/s4 ,h5ce ! corruption :i* prevails 9 public life to a degree dang]\s to ! commonweal?1 & :i* is 9 direct contradiction ) ! pr(ess$ /&>ds ( ! age4 ,mu/ we !n ?9k t liv+ up to ! highe/ moral /&>d is incompatible ) bus9ess success1 & agree ) ,m4 ,jules ,lematre t 8! atta9+ to moral p]fection is really possible only 9 ! solitude ( lit]>y or arti/ic pursuits1 9 ! humility ( manual labor1 or 9 ! dignity ( su* dis9t]e/$ functions z ^? ( prie/ or soldi]08 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 new conditions h creat$ new problems :i* ! public consci5ce alone c solve--z x has already solv$ t ( slav]y & ( race--) unfl9*+ logic4 ,! human m9d1 if less conc]n$ ?an x 0 9 ! days ( ,mol9a ) polemics on ! nature ( ! human w1--a "q1 by ! way1 :i* ,rome aft] elev5 ye>s & ?irty-?ree ,c\ncils d>$ n !n settle1--or ) !ological controv]sies reg>d+ ! value ( indulg5ces1 is n yet at peace ) itself4 ,inde$1 = be+ less immat]ial1 ! issues n[ be=e x = adju/m5t are1 ow+ to _! be>+ ^u practical life1 all ! m vital to ! moral heal? ( ! body politic4 ,to ! respective rights & duties ( labor & capital our be/ ?9k]s mu/ turn _! att5tion be=e an equitable solution c be rea*$4 ,t su* a solution mu/ be rea*$ _c be d\bt$1 = ! int]e/s at /ake are fundam5tal4 ,:il/ individualism 9 ?\ght & 9 conduct ass]ts itself at e turn1 nev] 7 ! pr9ciples ( organization s actively c>ri$ out among all classes ( society4 ,to ! /ra9 caus$ by ! =m+ ( trades unions & ( unit$ labor leagues = ! protection ( ! wage-e>n] is n[ succe$+ ! dang] produc$ by ! conc5tration ( capital 9 ! h&s ( p[]ful corporations & ! creation ( mighty tru/s1 ! undue ext5sion ( :i* 9 ?is c\ntry seems to ?reat5 ! prosp]ity ( ! nation & to add to its political corruption4 ,z aga9/ ^! monopolies1 public own]%ip & op]ation ( common utilities is be+ successfully tri$1 notably 9 ,engl& & ! ,briti% ,colonies1 & ! hone/ municipalization ( all community s]vice1 c>ri$ on z ! po/-(fice is c>ri$ on among u1 results 9 positive b5efit to ! p1 t is1 9 good wages & r$uc$ taxes4 ,to discuss ^! important problems w\ld encroa* ^u ! doma9 ( political economy & social sci5ce2 b !re is no d\bt t ! public morality is closely dep5d5t ^u _! solution4 ,:e!r s-call$ civiliz$ nations1 :il/ reg>d+ murd] z a capital (f5se & puni%+ duel+ :5 indulg$ 9 by individuals1 w long cont9ue to tra9 _! be/ m5 at enorm\s exp5se1 9 ord] t 9 cold blood !y may sci5tifically de/roy ! greate/ possible numb] ( o!r tra9$ & equally good m52 :e!r peaceful communities ( practical tradesm5 w "s day cease to emulate b>b>ians 9 _! rejoic+s ov] ! slaught] ( s-call$ enemies :om !y are individually prep>$ to befri5d & ^: pr[ess !y are ready to extol1 are gl>+ contradictions (f]$ by ! problem ( w> :i* mu/ be left to future g5]ations to reconcile4 ,! lead+ "p :i* ! ,anglo-,saxon race has tak5 9 urg+ arbitration z a prop] means ( settl+ int]national diff]5ces places x 9 ! =emo/ rank ( civilization2 :il/ ! ,peace ,conf]5ce propos$ by "o ( ,europe's mo/ p[]ful pot5tates1 ! ,cz> ( ,russia1 mu/ br+ a ray ( hope to ! he>ts ( ^? :o labor = ! adv5t ( univ]sal peace4 ,su* are ! great moral issues ( ! pres5t day2 & 9 ^! _m m9or ones are includ$4 ,ev]y:]e & at all p]iods ( hi/ory ! !ory ( e?ics has widely diff]$ f practical conduct4 ,! race conflict :i* is tak+ place 9 ,france z ! result ( ! ,dreyfus trial1 m ?an a c5tury aft] ! emancipation ( ! ,jews be=e ! law 0 proclaim$1 is a late illu/ration ( ?is fact4 ,to ?is1 ! corruption & failure ( ju/ice :i* rec5t exposures h reveal$ 9 ! highe/ circles ( republican ,france add peculi> significance4 ,z already /at$1 ! broad outl9es e/abli%$ 9 precept rema9 un*ang$1 & x is 9 _! logical application t lie all pres5t gr[? & future hope4 ,to trace1 ev5 9 sket*y outl9e1 ! debit & cr$it acc\nt ( mod]n ideas ^u ! v>i\s subjects involv$ 9 ! above m5tion$ issues w\ld be a s]i\s und]tak+4 ,a *apt] mu/ be devot$ to ea* nation1 = ! moral progress ( ea* diff]s z does its besett+ s94 ,moreov]1 e %ade ( op9ion mu/ be weigh$ & consid]$4 ,inh]it$ traditional views are1 9 ea* mod]n m9d1 hopelessly int]wov5 ) ! new articles ( a code ( morals :i* public op9ion is ev5 n[ evolv+ f contempor>y conditions4 8,ea* ( u10 says ,edmond ,s*r]1 8belongs to two civilizations1 t :i* is com+ & t :i* is go+2 & z we are accu/om$ to ! fir/1 we are poorly plac$ to judge or enjoy ! latt]40 ,!re nev] 0 an epo* :5 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 0 fi]c] & :5 e>?ly possessions 7 m ke5ly priz$4 ,b despite ! _m survivals :i* /ill po9t to a semi-b>b>ic inh]itance ( selfi%ness desc5d$ ?r\gh mill5niums1 a decid$ moral ga9 may1 on ! :ole1 be plac$ to ! cr$it ( our era4 ,) ! decrease ( ! sum total ( ignorance1 n only among ! l[] b among ! upp] classes1 ! sum total ( well-do+ & well-be+ has immeasurably increas$4 ,! sympa?y = suff]+ is m widespread ?an x has ev] be54 ,no middle-ag$ p]son c fail to note ! rapid *ange :i* has tak5 place 9 ! public m9d ) reg>d to ! g5]al treatm5t n only ( *ildr51 b ( animals4 ,! pres5t mode ( deal+ ) s*ool *ildr5 accord+ to _! individual capacity1 ! tru/ 9 _! honor :i* gov]ns _! relation to ! tea*]1 ! abs5ce ( any corporal puni%m5t1 =m a rec5t dep>ture 9 education well calculat$ to produce ! be/ moral results4 ,! improvem5t ( mod]n me?ods 9 relief "w z well z 9 ! treatm5t ( vice--n[ view$ m 9 ! light ( a pa?ological condition ?an 9 t ( a s9--mu/ make ?is a memorable epo* 9 ! e?ical hi/ory ( humanity4 ,no bran* ( civilization has und]gone great] *ange 9 mod]n times bo? 9 !ory & practice ?an public & private *>ity4 ,to-day ! humanit>ian endeavors to lift up ! fall5 & ! ne$y1 & almsgiv+ on ! "p ( ! well-to-d is fa/ becom+ relegat$ to ! category ( a self-indulg5ce :i* is n to be enc\rag$4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! old me?ods & ! new is giv5 9 ! =mula t 8h5ce=? ! *ief te/ ( *>ity w be ! effect ^u ! recipi5t40 ,any relief calculat$ to und]m9e self-reliance & indep5d5ce is disc\rag$ by ^? :o h 9 view ! prev5tion ( our moral ills r ?an _! relief4 ,illu/ration3 ,,capta9 ,,alfr$ ,,dreyfus4 ,inde$1 ! new s*ool prea*es sci5tific *>ity z aga9/ emotional *>ity4 ,:at x may h lo/ 9 impulse x has m ?an made up 9 effectiv5ess4 ,! attempt to tea* ! ne$y to help !mselves1 ! "w ( college settlem5ts & ( ! organiz$ ef=ts 9 ! poore/ & mo/ neglect$ di/ricts ( l>ge cities1 ) a view to fo/]+ by p]sonal contact & example habits ( ?rift & self-respect :]e ^? virtues are mo/ lack+1 are among ! true/ if m homely glories ( ! clos+ c5tury4 ,v]ily1 nev] 0 a m ?\ghtful ef=t made ev]y:]e to mitigate ! cruel di/9ctions ( race & sex1 ( weal? & pov]ty1 & to 8h>monize ! social antagonisms0 ( mod]n life4 ,nev] 0 s mu* consid]ation giv5 to ! bett]m5t ( humanity1 nor 0 ! aggregate ( e>ne/ness s great4 ,9 our m robu/ intellectual _w ! tree is judg$ by its fruit1 & acts tell1 n cre$4 ,! pr9ciple t well-do+1 unless x is dis9t]e/$1 =feits its claim to ! highe/ respect ( m51 is gr[+ 9 /r5g?1 :il/ ! feel+ is ga9+ gr\nd among ! ?\ghtful t 9 ! developm5t ( p]sonality may be f\nd a suffici5t motive = ! ex]cise ( virtue1 & t "*1 n rew>d1 be+ n hav+1 are ! highe/ aims4 ,if we resume ! moral progress ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 all[+ = its inconsi/5cies1 c>efully weigh+ its negative & positive results1 & tak+ z a balance :at is orig9al 9 its contribution to ! e?ical developm5t ( ! human race1 we w f9d t ?is contribution ma9ly lies 9 ! direction ( tol]ance & ( altruism4 ,?is altruism is di/9ct f ! *>ity ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 :i* sacrific$ self 9 a lov+ attempt to relieve individual di/ress4 ,su* pure sacrifice1 admirable z x is1 is n only n>r[ 9 its scope1 b because ( its au/]ity mu/ fail to survive 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,mod]n altruism aims at remov+ ! ma9 cause ( individual di/ress1 & sp5ds itself 9 educational ef=ts1 9 :i* ! well-do] f9ds happ9ess 9 ! consci\sness ( usefulness4 ,x is also unlike ! socialism ( ,condorcet1 :i* rea*$ d[n 9 an endeavor to make all in/itutions subs]vi5t to ! int]e/s ( ! poor] & mo/ num]\s classes1 = x aims at lift+ ^! to ! highe/ possible plane4 ,! m\nta9 summits are n to be l[]$1 b ! valleys are be+ fill$4 ,to raise ! p1 to build up1 n to te> d[n1 is ! av[$ end ( all mod]n moral ef=t1 & mu/ ev] /amp ! humanit>ian /ruggles ( ! pres5t age z di/9ct f ^? ( ! eighte5? & prec$+ c5turies4 ,) ?is we may claim an increase 9 individual fre$om1 & a p]ceptible t5d5cy to a logical & ev] broad5+ conception1 n only ( ! rights1 b ( ! duties ( citiz5%ip2 to a m hone/ recognition ( ! place assign$ by exp$i5cy to evil 9 ! social & bus9ess int]c\rse ( a practical life2 to a gr[+ scorn ( casui/ry1 & to a /rong] fai? 9 ! reality ( "r & ( ab/ract tru? z !y are reveal$ 9 e ?9k+ man's he>t1 & ! uni=mity ( :i* is reflect$ 9 ! public consci5ce4 ,,progress ,,( ,,sanit>y ,,sci5ce ,,by ,,*>les ,mc,i,n,t,i,r,e1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d41 ,lectur] on ,sanit>y ,sci5ce1 ,lafayette ,college1 ,ea/on1 ,pa4 ,s9ce bless+s bright5 z !y take _! flight1 x may be difficult to realize h[ mu* ( our pres5t happ9ess & com=t dep5d ^u ! con/antly abid+ b5efactions br\ght ab\t by ! progress ( ,sanit>y ,sci5ce 9 ! pres5t cycle4 ,! prop] c>e ( ! body & ! prev5tion ( disease1 r ?an its cure1 h occupi$ ! m9ds ( m5 f ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,moses is ! au?or ( a well-dige/$ code ( hygi5e1 & erudite s*ol>s c f9d h9ts ( ! prop] cons]vation ( heal? 9 ! ,egyptian papyri4 ,hippocrates wrote ab\t ! prev5tion z well z ! cure ( disease2 inde$1 all along ! c\rse ( "t ! ma/] m9ds ( m$ic9e attempt$ ! solution ( _m ( ! problems ( ,sanit>y ,sci5ce z eag]ly z !y s\ght = ! elixir vit or = ! univ]sal solv5t4 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 "o c tru?fully say t sanitation c\ld n be fairly t]m$ ,sanit>y ,sci5ce until its rules ( proc$ure began to be =mulat$ ) m or less exactness ^u c>eful exp]im5t & accurately record$ obs]vation4 ,sanit>y sci5ce1 z su*1 c\ld n beg9 to be until pa?ology 7a k ( ! morbid processes ( disease7 & etiology 7a /udy ( ! causation ( disease7 _h build$ ^u a sci5tific f\ndation4 ,be=e ?is all d$uctions 7 f exp]i5ce1 & _h no o!r reason ?an ! seem+ helpfulness ( ! proc$ure2 aft] ?is1 z fa/ z ! facts 7 demon/rat$1 d$uctions 7 made t det]m9$ a proc$ure :i* w\ld ( a c]ta9ty accompli% ! purpose4 ,9 ! old5 times1 dur+ an epidemic ( a contagi\s disease1 t> b>rels 7 burn$ 9 ! /reets1--& n )\t "s b5efit4 ,at ! pres5t1 ! room1 ) its cont5ts1 c be dis9fect$ ) a c]ta9ty ( de/roy+ e atom ( contagion4 ,?is diff]5ce mu/ be kept 9 m9d :5 comp>+ ! old ) ! new1 & ! true reason ( ! great advance be recogniz$ z due to ! _s ( sci5tific inve/igation1 :i* began 9 ! latt] "p ( ! la/ c5tury ) ! employm5t ( in/rum5ts ( precision 9 rese>*1 & :i* has develop$ s wond]fully up to ! pres5t t ! exp]im5tal psy*ologi/ measures ! m9ute portion ( "t x takes to =m a ?\ght4 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t ! sci5ces :i* furni% sanit>y sci5ce mu* ( its mat]ial are progress+ &1 because progress+1 *ang+2 t ! conditions desir$ to be remov$ are prevail+1 & ! necessity ( ov]com+ !m urg5t4 ,n 9 e case has ! sanit>ian fully demon/rat$ & laid d[n sci5tifically accurate data on :i* to base 8 me?od ( proc$ure4 ,h5ce x happ5s t ev5 n[ sanit>y empiricism mu/ ne$s be m+l$ ) sanit>y sci5ce1 & ! m+l+ is sometimes z mu* ( a motley z ! dress ( ! c\rt fool ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,s9ce sanit>y sci5ce _h its orig9 dur+ ! pres5t c5tury1 x w be helpful to assign a def9ite p]iod = its bir?4 ,n t any "o w\ld h ! tem]ity to dogmatically ass]t t ! sci5ce came into be+ at a fix$ date1 b r to fix a p]iod ( "t :5 ! conditions work+ ?r\gh ! ages 7 s %ap$ t1 p]=ce1 ! problems ( sanitation w\ld !reaft] be treat$ m 9 a sci5tific & less 9 an empirical me?od ?an be=e4 ,?is "t is associat$ ) ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,que5 ,victoria ( ,engl&1 s9ce ! fir/ ,act ( ,p>liam5t = ! regi/ration ( bir?s1 m>riages1 & dea?s 0 pass$ 9 #ahcg1 & ! beg9n+ made ( accurately ga!r+ in=mation :i* is to ! sanit>ian :at ! pulse is to ! physician4 ,) 8 f+]s on ?is tell-tale ( ! fl[ ( ! he>t-blood ( ! nation1 he is enabl$ to det]m9e :e!r disease is above or bel[ ! normal1 ! "* ( ! disease t ab\nds1 & its :]eab\ts4 ,kn[+ :]e to f9d any disease 9 excess1 he c /udy ! conditions & surr\nd+s1 comp>+ !m ) o!r places1 :e!r afflict$ 9 l mann] or1 m favor$1 free f ! disease4 ,by means ( ^! vital /ati/ics he c comp>e ye> ) ye>1 & tell ) a degree ( exactness h]et(ore impossible :e!r any disease is increas+ or decreas+2 he c lay 8 returns by ! side ( ! figures ( ! meteorologi/ & le>n if ! wea!r has any influ5ce on ! dea?-rate2 he c foll[ ! results ( 8 ef=ts to improve ! condition ( ! p & v9dicate 8 exp5diture ( ! public money by po9t+ to ! r$uc$ mortality rate4 ,x may seem to be a gruesome task = e physician 9 ! l& to s5d to ! prop] (ficial a notice ( ea* dea? & ( ea* pati5t suff]+ f a disease apt to be communicat$ to "s "o else2 & almo/ gh\li% = ! (fic] to sit at 8 desk1 day aft] day1 & catalogue & tabulate ^! returns4 ,b x is only a mod]n v]sion ( ! old riddle ( ,samson1 out ( ! bitt] came =? ! sweet2 = )\t ?is1 mu* ( ! progress ( sanit>y sci5ce w\ld be well-nigh impossible4 ,! act adopt$ 9 ,great ,brita9 has be5 modifi$ & improv$ ^u s9ce !n1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _m ( our cities & "s ( our ,/ates h be5 engag$ 9 a simil> ef=t4 ,z yet we h no c5tral bureau or collect+ (fice = ! nation2 nor is ?is necess>y1 if ea* ,/ate w\ld d its duty1 or1 at lea/1 ! g5]al gov]nm5t 9 t ev5t ne$ only tabulate ! returns ( ea* ( ! ,/ates4 ,! ef=t is n[ mak+1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association1 to secure a uni=m me?od ( regi/ration 9 all (fices collect+ vital /ati/ics1 by :i* ! same "n w be giv5 to ! same disease & ! same facts record$ 9 ea* return made4 ,?is w cause a little confusion at fir/ 9 ^? (fices :]e /ati/ics h be5 tabulat$ = a numb] ( ye>s1 b ! advantage w be s great z to fully repay any inconv5i5ce at ! fir/4 ,if we desire to obta9 ! full b5efits f ! advance ( sanit>y sci5ce1 we mu/ see to x t 9 e ,/ate !re is an effici5t bureau ( vital /ati/ics1 :e!r "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? or "s o!r dep>tm5t ( ! ,/ate4 ,! abs5ce ( su* a bureau reflects ^u ! intellig5ce ( ! p or ! integrity ( ! law-mak+ p[]4 ,are !re tangible results to w>rant s sweep+ an ass]tion8 is a fair "q1 s9ce at ! "t ( ! prep>ation ( ! c5sus ( #ahij ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,v]mont1 ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 & ,delaw>e 7 ! only ,/ates collect+ vital /ati/ics1 & s9ce !n b ,ma9e & ,mi*igan h be5 add$4 ,be=e quot+ figures1 x mu/ be premis$ t ev5 n[ ! returns only approximate accuracy2 !y 7 mu* m inaccurate at ! fir/1 & be=e ! g5]al regi/ration 0 und]tak5 mo/ ( ! /atem5ts are m]ely e/imates1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! geograph] :o gives ! numb] ( inhabitants 9 ,*9a1 :]e a c5sus nev] has be5 tak54 ,x may happ5 t ! b5efits are n z great z ! figures seem to %[1 b aft] mak+ all all[ance !re is great improvem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lives ,,sav$ ,,by ,,public-,,heal? ,,"w4 ,comp>ison ( dea?-rates 9 ,mi*igan f sc>let fev] & small-pox be=e & s9ce ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? 0 e/abli%$1 & f typhoid fev] be=e & s9ce its re/riction 0 und]tak5 by ! ,/ate ,bo>d4 7,compil$ f ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t's 8,vital ,/ati/ics0 ( ,mi*igan47 ,! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica0 ass]ts t two c5turies ago ! mortality ( ,london 0 #hj p] #ajjj1 :ile n[ x is b a little ov] #bj4 ,9 #ahda1 out ( e #ajj1jjj p 9 ,engl&1 #cj1jjj w\ld h di$ be=e rea*+ ! age ( #aj1 & "o half w\ld h di$ be=e !y 7 #dj ye>s old2 9 ! dec5nium #ahha-ij1 be=e #cj1jjj w\ld h di$ out ( ea* #ajj1jjj "s w\ld h liv$ to be #ag1 & "s w\ld h liv$ to be #ee be=e "o half ( ! numb] _h dep>t$ into ! unkn[n & ! h]eaft]4 ,! figures ( ! /ati/ician mu/ be quot$ aga9 & aga9 9 ! progress ( ! article1 z no m tangible evid5ce c be giv5 ( ! b5efits result+ f improv$ me?ods ( sanitation4 ,v e>ly a co9cid5ce 0 obs]v$ betwe5 ! uncleanly & ! dea?-rate4 ,neighborhoods :]e little or no c>e 0 tak5 to remove ! refuse1 :]e !re 7 f\l dra9s & a defici5t wat] supply1 7 f\nd to be ! abodes ( special =ms ( disease1--s mu* s1 t ^! diseases soon receiv$ ! "n ( 8fil? diseases40 ,act+ ^u ! sugge/ion1 ! gospel ( cleanl9ess 0 prea*$ & its practice en=c$4 ,!re 0 a 8r$d+ up0 9 its ev5tuality z ?or\gh z ! cleans+ ( ,santiago de ,cuba 9 rec5t days4 ,x did n take long to discov] t decay+ organic matt] 9 "s way 0 ! (f5d+ body1 & t ?is contam9at$ ! wat] supply4 ,wells 7 condemn$ & public wat] supplies in/all$2 means 7 s\ght to enable ! cleans+ to be con/antly c>ri$ on1 & sew]s = h\se dra9age foll[$ or accompani$ ! wat] supply4 ,9 proportion z ?is has be5 ?or\ghly done has ! dea?-rate f c]ta9 diseases dim9i%$4 ,dur+ ! la/ c5tury ! ,european armies 7 decimat$ by fev] 7typhus or relaps+7 to su* a degree t ! "w ( ! fell de/roy] at ,santiago 0 trifl+ 9 comp>ison4 ,on into ! pres5t c5tury1 ! great sc\rge ( ,great ,brita9 0 ^! same two fev]s2 s mu* s1 t 8! fev]0 meant ! dread jail or typhus fev]4 ,x 0 import$ into ?is c\ntry1 & epidemics ( 8%ip fev]0 7 ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,?us1 z late z #ahdf1 x 0 e/imat$ t 9 ,dubl9 alone !re 7 #dj1jjj cases ( fev]1 ) a total 9 ,irel& ( #a1jjj1jjj cases4 ,!re 7 #aj1jjj dea?s 9 ,liv]pool1 a city especially prone to ! disease2 :ile 9 ,ed9burgh "o p]son out ( e n9e ( ! population 0 attack$1 & "o out ( e eight ( ! sick di$4 ,turn+ f ?is acc\nt to ! m$ical returns ( ! w> = ! ,union1 !re 7 report$ only #agbc cases1 ) #egb dea?s1 to ! (fice ( ! ,surgeon ,g5]al1 & ev5 ^! a v compet5t au?ority aft] c>eful inve/igation decid$ n to be in/ances ( true typhus4 ,or turn to civil practice3 ! disease is f\nd s seldom ) u t x is n necess>y to assign to x a column along ) ! o!r diseases 9 publi%+ ! mortality returns by our heal? au?orities4 ,! dea?s f fev] 9 ,london dur+ ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & ,decemb]1 #ahih1 7 b #bif4 ,london has an e/imat$ population ( #d1ejd1gff1 & ! 8fev]0 9 ! report includ$ typhoid1 simple & ill-def9$ =ms ( fev]1 z well z typhus4 ,?is makes a dea?-rate ( b #j4bf p] #ajjj4 ,_h sanit>y sci5ce no o!r trophy1 its vot>ies c\ld /ill boa/ ( ! great b5efits to humanity br\ght ab\t by _! labors4 ,?is is b "o ( _m2 ?us1 scurvy1 ! great bane ( ! navy1 is n[ a disease t few physicians h ! mis=tune to see1 or pati5ts to endure4 ,!n t disease some:at ak9 to typhus1 & until )9 ! memory ( ! fa!rs conf\nd$ ) x1 h5ce call$ typhoid fev]1 is likewise fa/ disappe>+1 m rapidly 9 cities ?an 9 rural communities h[ev]4 ,! suppression ( typhoid proce$s ) equal /ep ) ! introduction ( a public wat] supply 9 our t[ns1 ! adoption ( ! prop] means to furni% ?is wat] unpollut$1 & ! prop] removal ( dome/ic wa/e ?r\gh sew]s1 ^: cont5ts are s treat$ z to "w no h>m aft] !y escape4 ,not)/&+ ^! great triumphs1 if boa/+ is p]missible1 ! sanit>ian's boa/ is r t 8 sci5ce1 :i* _h its beg9n+1 z we h se51 at ! "t :5 !re 0 a great awak5+ ( ! national consci5ce 9 ,briti% politics = 8! l>g] sympa?y ( man ) man10 has broad5$ ) ! ye>s ( its gr[?2 has endeavor$ to c>e = "o's bro!r s t 8 blood w\ld n cry up f ! gr\nd2 s t1 aft] =ty or fifty ye>s _h pass$1 a di/+ui%$ sanit>ian c\ld write ) lit]al accuracy3 8,:atev] c cause1 or help to cause1 discom=t1 pa91 sickness1 dea?1 vice1 or crime--& :atev] has a t5d5cy to av]t or de/roy1 or dim9i% su* cases--are matt]s ( int]e/ to ! sanit>ian2 & ! p[]s ( sci5ce & ! arts1 great z !y are1 are tax$ to ! utt]mo/ to af=d ev5 an approximate solution ( ! problems ) :i* he is conc]n$40#a ,& ! cr[n+ glory ( ! sci5ce to-day is ! c>e x be/[s ^u ! weak1 ! ignorant1 & ! helpless2 ! ef=ts x makes to ameliorate e undesirable condition ( society4 #a ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,bill+s 9 ,ziemss5's ,encyclopdia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,%[+ 8,,regi/ration ,,/ates0 ,,n[ ,,available ,,= ,,! ,,mortality ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,! ,,twelf? ,u4 ,s4 ,,c5sus 7#aijj74 ,,note4--,/ates hav+ imm$iate regi/ration ( dea?s & requir+ burial p]mits are black4 ,! only additions to ! li/ s9ce ! ,c5sus ( #ahij are ,ma9e 7#ahia7 & ,mi*igan 7#ahig74 ,x w\ld be mislead+ to inf] t all ( ^! b5efits h be5 br\ght ab\t solely ?r\gh ! collection ( vital /ati/ics1 al?\gh mu* ( x w\ld h be5 difficult )\t ! k furni%$ by ^! /ati/ics4 ,work]s 9 almo/ e bran* ( pure sci5ce h contribut$ to ! progress1--! physici/1 ! meteorologi/1 ! *emi/1 & by no means ! lea/1 ! biologi/4 ,inde$1 ) ! m rec5t inve/igations1 ! culture tube ( ! biologi/ has almo/ revolutioniz$ m$ic9e & all t p]ta9s to x4 ,sanit>y sci5ce seeks to accompli% two ends2 x purposes to prev5t disease & to promote public heal?4 ,if x seeks to prev5t disease1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! (t-quot$ cook-book1 x mu/ fir/ secure ! disease1 or :at is ess5tially ! same ?+1 "k :at causes x4 ,if ! cause be kn[n1 & we c conqu] ! cause1 we c prev5t ! disease4 ,?us a disease kn[n z tri*9 spiralis1 f ! "n ( ! p>asite invad+ ! body & caus+ sickness & dea?1 is caus$ by eat+ pork infect$ by ! tri*94 ,we c c]ta9ly prev5t tri*9 9 p]sons by =bidd+ pork2 b we also "k t ! tri*9 d n occur 9 all pork1 & t _! pres5ce c be detect$ by ! microscope4 ,if1 !n1 a sample f e slaught]$ pig is submitt$ to ! microscopi/1 ! infect$ pork c be discov]$4 ,?is is done 9 our l>ge pack+ e/abli%m5ts1 especially = t pork :i* is to be export$4 ,aga91 a ?or\gh cook+ w kill ! tri*91 ev5 if pres5t4 ,only ! grosse/ c>elessness1 consequ5tly1 c acc\nt = a case ( tri*91 &1 inde$1 x is a v r>ely occurr+ disease4 ,?is illu/rates ! importance ( a k ( ! cause ( ! disease1 to enable "o to devise a me?od = prev5t+ x4 ,9 ! /udy ( disease causes1 ! biologi/ has be5 v successful dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 & a numb] ( our communicable diseases are demon/rat$ to be caus$ by ! gr[? & developm5t ( bact]ia4 ,f ?is demon/ration 9 ! case ( "s1 a g5]al hypo!sis has be5 =mulat$1 :i* is useful z a work+ hypo!sis1 b by no means safe to call a !ory z yet4 ,?is hypo!sis is t all ( our communicable diseases are caus$ by liv+ organisms orig9at+ 9 "o p]son & convey$ to ano!r1 :]e !y beg9 to gr[1 to reproduce _! k9d & to p]=m _! life functions4 ,h5ce all communicat+ diseases are infecti\s4 ,"s ( ^! infecti\s diseases1 l measles or smallpox1 are capable ( direct communication f "o p]son to ano!r1 r5d]+ !m contagi\s2 o!rs1 l typhoid fev] & *ol]a1 are n contagi\s 9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w4 ,?is is a v excell5t di/9ction to make 9 ! use ( ^! mu* abus$ words4 ,! biologi/ has r5d]$ sanit>y sci5ce great s]vice n only 9 discov]+ ! causes ( c]ta9 diseases1 b also by aid+ to det]m9e ! nature ( ! disease 9 any outbreak4 ,x makes a va/ diff]5ce if a giv5 case is "o ( true diph!ria or n1 or ( ,asiatic *ol]a or n1 & (t5 ! symptoms alone are n conclusive4 ,"h ! biologi/ comes to our aid1 z is se5 s (t5 9 cases ( suppos$ diph!ria4 ,a portion ( ! ?roat secretion is s5t him "u su* precautions t no bact]ia f ! outside c possibly contam9ate4 ,) ?is secretion he /abs or inoculates a jelly composition :i* he has plac$ 9 a te/-tube1 /uffs a wad ( absorb5t cotton 9 ! m\? ( 8 tube & puts x 9 a w>m *amb] or incubator4 ,if !re are any microbes pres5t1 !y w beg9 to gr[1 & ! exp]t biologi/ c tell ! bact]ia f its mann] ( gr[? z readily z ! g>d5] c di/+ui% betwe5 8 radi%es & lettuce :5 !y spr\t 9 ! spr+1 & 9 ?is way is able to report ! nature ( ! g]ms4 ,if he is 9 d\bt1 he c>ries 8 cultivation fur!r & employs o!r te/s to prove 8 obs]vation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,laboratory ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania4 ,! biologi/ has also r5d]$ great aid to sanit>y sci5ce 9 discov]+ _m o!r species ( bact]ia t are helpful to man4 ,our pollut$ wat]s c\ld n be purifi$1 our air c\ld n be cle>$ f f\l odors1 nor ! prop] decomposition ( organic matt]s g on1 )\t ! aid ( bact]ia4 ,^! little vegetable gr[?s1 :ile work+ mu* h>m ^u humanity1 contribute f> m to _! com=t1 well-be+1 & happ9ess ?an !y d to _! ill4 ,possibly no bett] illu/rations c be giv5 ( ! value ( bact]iology to sanit>y sci5ce1 & ! great progress x has br\ght ab\t1 ?an to contra/ a *ol]a outbreak ( a few ye>s ago ) "o occurr+ m rec5tly2 or to po9t to ! efficacy ( purify+ wat] by ! assi/ance ( bact]ia4 ,ano!r disease1 pulmon>y consumption1 may also be notic$1 b ! triumph "h is n s m>k$ z yet4 ,! fir/ outbreak ( *ol]a 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates occurr$ 9 #ahcb4 ,9 "o special hospital 9 ,new ,york city1 #bjcj pati5ts 7 receiv$ 9 ! n9e weeks f ,july #a to ,septemb] #a1 & ( ^! #hej di$4 ,an eye-witness1 :o 0 p]sonally kn[n to ! writ]1 "o n giv5 to exagg]ation1 said t ! /ate ( dread & al>m _h be5 increas+ until1 :5 ! disease fir/ made its appe>ance 9 ,new ,york1 fully "o half ( ! population _h left ! city1 _m ( ! physicians flee+ ) ! re/4 ,!re 0 no effici5t heal? dep>tm5t1 & no organiz$ sy/em = ! protection ( ! public heal?4 ,?is g5tleman 0 a city mission>y1 &1 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 duties1 visit$ _m ( ! h\ses4 ,he m5tion$ visit+ "o ( ^! on a morn+ :5 ! fifte5? body _h be5 c>ri$ out4 ,x 0 ! "t ( ! rumble ( ! dead c>t & ! indiscrim9ate burial 9 public tr5*es4 ,contra/ ! horrors ( ?is sc5e ) ! la/ attempt ( *ol]a to invade ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 #ahic1 :51 not)/&+ its pres5ce at ! qu>ant9e /ation 9 ,new ,york h>bor1 & ! actual pres5ce ( a few well-au!nticat$ cases 9 ! city itself1 n "o ( ^! cases prov$ a focus = ! spread ( ! disease4 ,! op9ion t wat] 9 "s way acts z a convey] ( disease c be g5]aliz$ aft] a v little obs]vation4 ,to expla9 h[ x does ?is is a problem t 0 attempt$ to be solv$ by ! *emi/4 ,he add$ va/ly to our k1 b x 0 n until ! biologi/ %[$ ! pres5ce ( ! disease-produc+ bact]ia 9 wat] t a full explanation 0 possible4 ,b ! biologi/ has done m3 x has be5 f\nd1 & notably 9 ! v complete s]ies ( exp]im5ts c>ri$ on by ! ,massa*usetts ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 t ev5 an efflu5t ( a sew]1 if filt]$ ?r\gh a b$ ( s&1 is purifi$ to su* an ext5t t ! filtrate is a p]fectly safe wat] to dr9k4 ,! dang]\s organic matt] disappe>s1 & n9ety-eight p] c5t ( ! bact]ia is remov$4 ,& x is pleas+ to note1 :5 "o has s mu* to say ( ! dang]s ( bact]ia1 t ! purification is entirely br\ght ab\t by ! action ( bact]ia work+ = ! good ( man4 ,a s& filt] b$ does n purify wat] prop]ly until x has be5 9 op]ation = a few days1 :5 ! top ( ! b$ is cov]$ ) a slime 9 :i* ! bact]ia act ^u ! organic matt] 9 ! wat] & purify x4 ,! fact ( ! purification 0 kn[n be=e ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 done 0 und]/ood2 & 9 ^? cities :]e ! au?orities h act$ ^u ?is k & h purifi$ _! wat] supply1 ! influ5ce ^u ! dea?-rate ( typhoid fev] is almo/ z m>k$ z ^? already quot$ = typhus fev]1 :ile ! sc\rge ( *ol]a has be5 almo/ entirely remov$ f _! bord]s1 z _m an in/ance dur+ ! late outbreak 9 ,europe c\ld illu/rate4 ,x does n contribute to our self-e/eem to "k t mo/ ( ! wat] supplies s filt]$ are to be f\nd abroad4 ,!re is n en\gh ( 8practical politics0 9 filt] b$s to *>m ! traditional ald]man ( our cities4 ,x is n[ cle>ly prov5 t a species ( bact]ia is uni=mly pres5t 9 pulmon>y consumption4 ,?is bacillus is to be f\nd 9 ! mat]ial c\gh$ up by ^? :o are ill ) t disease4 ,x has consid]able t5acity ( life2 ! expectorat$ mat]ial c be dri$1 pulv]iz$ into du/1 & c>ri$ ab\t on ! w9d2 %\ld ! bact]ia s dri$ & c>ri$ f9d a prop] soil1 !y c gr[ & reproduce ! disease4 ,=tunately1 a comb9ation ( circum/ances is requir$ = ! contraction ( ?is disease1 or x w\ld be f> m preval5t ?an x is4 ,not)/&+1 x already claims m victims ?an any o!r s+le disease4 ,:at has sanit>y sci5ce done = its repression8 ,x is attempt+1 9 a t5tative way1 to obta9 a regi/ration ( ^? :o are consumptives1 9 ord] to tea* !m to avoid be+ possible s\rces ( infection2 to dis9fect ! dis*>ges c>ry+ ! bact]ia1 & at times ! rooms occupi$ by ! consumptives4 ,9 ,rome1 = example1 ! s]vices ( ! public dis9fectors are ask$ = z eag]ly = ! room occupi$ by a consumptive z = "o t _h be5 us$ by a p]son suff]+ f diph!ria4 ,9 ,new ,york city1 :]e ! dep>tm5t ( heal? has be5 ex]cis+ an ov]sight & c>e ov] ! consumptives1 !re has be5 a con/antly dim9i%+ dea?-rate f all tub]cul> diseases f #ahhf1 :5 ! rate 0 #d4db1 to #ahig1 :5 x 0 #b4he1 ) ! s+le exception ( #ahid1 :i* 0 l[] ?an #ahie4 ,x is too soon to pr$ict ! result1 b ! prop] c>e ( consumptives promises mu* to *eck ! ravages ( ! disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s& ,,filt] ,,b$4 ,"o ( ! *>ms connect$ ) ! great results indicat$ is ! simplicity ( ! me?ods employ$ to br+ !m ab\t4 ,:ile complex s*emes & elaborate ma*9]y may be necess>y :5ev] ! am\nt ( s]vice to be r5d]$ requires organization & division ( labor to prop]ly accompli% ! desir$ results1 ! pr9ciples are su* t !y c be execut$ 9 ! smalle/ hamlet1 & ) ! v crude/ p>aph]nalia4 ,! two great weapons ( ! sanit>ian 9 fight+ disease are isolation & dis9fection4 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,m4 ,bak]1 ! effici5t secret>y ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( ,mi*igan1 has = ye>s collect$ & tabulat$ ! results ( ! obs]v+ & non-obs]v+ ( ^! precautions 9 8 ,/ate4 ,he has a happy faculty = graphically pres5t+ ! results4 ,"o ( 8 diagrams is pres5t$ "h & ne$s no explanation4 ,9 v few ( ^! outbreaks c\ld !re h be5 any municipal dis9fect+ plant or isolat+ hospital4 ,isolation & dis9fection--b ! old qu>ant9e & fumigation "u new names6 ,:o ( u has n sympa?iz$ ) ! travel] ( ! e>li] days 9 ! ,levant1 :5 he 0 condemn$ to days & weeks ( det5tion 9 ! b>r5 laz>etto8 ,& ev5 at s comp>atively rec5t a date z ! pilgrimage record$ by ,m>k ,twa9 9 8 8,innoc5ts ,abroad10 he /ates t ! ,italians f\nd x m to _! conv5i5ce to fumigate travel]s ?an to wa% !mselves4 ,h[ v diff]5t is a mod]n qu>ant9e /ation1 su* z may be f\nd ne> any ( our m important ports on ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,if ! heal? (fic] ( ! port f9ds a contagi\s disease ^u bo>d1 he imm$iately removes ! sick to ! hospital1 & keeps ! well "u sup]vision long en\gh to see if ! disease has be5 communicat$ to any4 ,he may keep !m on %ipbo>d2 b m likely1 if ! %ip mu/ be dis9fect$1 he removes !m to ! det5tion /ation1 safely sep>at$ f ! hospital4 ,! /e]age has be5 cr[d$1 & !re is ne$ ( dis9fection ( _! p]sons & clo?+4 ,"u prop] sup]vision1 ea* is requir$ to take a ba?1 = :i* abundant facilities are furni%$2 & :ile ?is is do+ _! clo?+ has be5 plac$ 9 ! /eam dis9fect+ app>atus1 a p>tial vacuum secur$1 sup]heat$ /eam introduc$1 ! clo?+ ?or\ghly dis9fect$1 a p>tial vacuum aga9 produc$1 :]eby ! cont5ts are rapidly dri$1 & !y are ready to be put on aga9 by ! "t ! ba? is complet$4 ,! luggage is treat$ 9 ! same way1 :ile ! c>go is probably treat$ to a sulphur fumigation1--! sulphur be+ burn$ 9 furnaces & ! fumes c>ri$ to all p>ts ( ! c>go ?r\gh l9es ( hose4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a v few days1 at lea/1 all b ! sick c proce$ on _! j\rney )\t any risk ( convey+ ! disease4 ,ev]y?+ t has ?us f> be5 *ronicl$ reg>d+ ! progress ( sanit>y sci5ce has relat$ to ! dim9ution ( ! dea?-rate & ! prev5tion ( disease4 ,aft] all1 is ?is wor?y ! tell+8 ,:5 "o le>ns 8h[ ! o!r half lives10 or1 ) m re/rict$ k1 realizes to a degree ! int5sity ( ! rem>k ( a "y ,hebrew1 reply+ to a comm& ( a police (fic] to clean up1 z relat$ 9 8,! ,work]s0 by ,pr(essor ,wyk(f3 8,y tell u we've got to keep clean10 he answ]$ 9 brok5 ,engli%1 lift+ 8 voice to a %\t above ! clatt] ( ma*9es2 8:at "t h we to keep clean1 :5 x's all we c d to get bread8 ,don't talk to u ab\t disease2 x's bread we're aft]1 bread60 ,is x wor?y ( boa/+ t sanit>y sci5ce is only increas+ ! h>d%ips & add+ to ! numb] ( m\?s to be f$1 )\t op5+ up new ways to e>n "o's bread8 ,ev5 if x be s decid$1 & all ! claims ( progress ?us f> made be decl>$ want+1 !re /ill rema9s mu* wor?y ( praise4 ,sanit>y sci5ce /rives n only to prev5t disease1 b also to promote heal?1 & its progress is fully z m>k$ 9 its ef=ts at promotion z 9 ^? ( prev5tion1 al?\gh we d n possess ! cold figures ( ev5 imp]fect vital /ati/ics to demon/rate ! proposition4 ,x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t sanit>y sci5ce is wid] ?an sanitation 9 its te*nical s5se4 ,"o w\ld n c>e to ass]t t philan?ropic ef=t & sweet *>ity are resultants ( ! developm5t ( sanit>y sci5ce1--v few c>e to ass]t an evid5t untru?4 ,b ! influ5ce ( ?is /udy has be5 widespread & b5eficial4 ,! :ole r\nd ( social sci5ce is also p]meat$ ) ! tru?s demon/rat$ by ! sanit>ian1 & is likewise deeply indebt$ to its tea*+s4 ,our field broad5s greatly z we view x1 j z "o :o has be5 travel+ ?r\gh a vale ( surpass+ gr&eur1 because ( ! m\nta9 b>ri]s on ei!r side1 f9ds himself confront$ by a p>k ^: beauty is enhanc$ by its v>iety z well z its ext5t1 b\nd$1 x is true1 by ! same m\nta9s1 b m]ely a hazy def9ition ( ! di/ant horizon4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( dwell+s1 = example1 ! small1 l[ ceil$ rooms1 ^: e>!n or /one floors 7 cov]$ ) ru%es seldom remov$1 ! absorb]s ( :atev] might fall ^u ! floor2 ! unpav$1 unswept1 & unsew]$ /reet2 ! dome/ic wat] supply b a well into :i* filt]s ! wat] f ! adjo9+ cesspool1--^! & _m simil> de/roy]s ( heal? & com=t c no long] be f\nd among nations class$ z enlight5$ 9 our s*ool geographies4 ,ev5 ! improvem5ts ( half a c5tury ago--! t5em5ts improvis$ out ( ! des]t$ mansions ( ! well-to-d1 ) ! additions built on ! re> ( ! lot to increase ! d5sity ( ! population & ! r5t ( ! own] 7z well z ! dea?-rate71 are disappe>+1 & 9 _! places we f9d dwell+s capable ( furni%+ air & light to all ( ! resid5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,qu>ant9e ,,/ation4 ,!n1 9 ! matt] ( /reets1 h[ mu* m att5tion is n[ giv5 to small p>ks6 ,:5 ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury int]e/ 9 public p>ks 0 reviv$1 ! ef=ts ( ! v>i\s cities 7 direct$ to ! secur+ ( l>ge tracts ( gr\nd & beautify+ !m 9 e way4 ,!y 7 op5 to e "o1 x is true1 b too (t5 too f> remov$ to be ( use to ! subm]g+ t5?4 ,n[1 :ile n adorn+ ^! ) "o g>l& less1 ! ef=t is mak+ to break up ! conge/ion ( ! cr[d$ di/ricts by brea?+ spaces1 to ! com=t & vigor ( ^? :o mu/ make ! surr\nd+ h\ses _! homes4 ,! /reets1 too1 no long] pav$ ) ! unsightly cobble-/ones1 are made noiseless ) ! asphalt pav+ &1 :at is m to ! purpose1 c be easily cleans$ by flu%+4 ,:5 practical bus9ess1 & n practical politics1 prevails 9 ! municipality1 !re is no opportunity = ! h\sehold refuse to accumulate1 al?\gh no long] ru%es are available to receive x1 = x is regul>ly & promptly remov$4 ,! exig5cies ( trade compell$ our gov]nm5t to e/abli% its bureau = ! inspection ( meat4 ,! necessity ( an inspection ( food/uffs = export demon/rates ! possibility ( adult]ation = ! home m>ket4 ,:ile1 possibly1 ! +5uity ( ! sophi/icator has m ?an kept pace ) ! ke5ness ( ! inspector1 ! heal? ( ! p has be5 ma9ta9$1 _! com=t promot$1 & _! res\rces husb&$ by ! inspections c>ri$ on by ! v>i\s city & /ate bo>ds ( heal?4 ,! welf>e ( ! p at home1 9 _! dwell+s & at _! tables1 does n limit ! ef=ts ( ! sanit>ian4 ,he takes cognizance ( ! daily toil1 ! ceaseless gr9d1 to w9 "o's daily bread4 ,he recognizes t "s call+s are dang]\s or annoy+ to ! p1 & devises me?ods to ov]come ?is1 or fail+ 9 ?is1 insi/s t su* occupations mu/ be c>ri$ on remote f ! dwell+-place ( man4 ,o!rs1 he f9ds1 br+ dang] to ^? :o are employ$4 ,?is may n be an inh]5t dang]1 b "o acquir$ by our cr[d+ ( op]atives1 or 9 o!r ways n secur+ to !m prop] com=t2 & factory inspectors are at "w to r$uce ^! dang]s to a m9imum1 & to prev5t *ild labor z well--giv+ to y\?1 z f> z cessation f ov]mu* toil c give1 an opportunity to develop into physical manhood or womanhood4 ,! sanit>ian insi/s ^u prop] v5tilation 9 m9es1 & tries to devise ! means to remove ! dang] f ^? trades t ord9>ily are inh]5tly dang]\s4 ,! sanit>ian seeks to aid 9 ! am5ities & relaxations ( life z well4 ,! playgr\nds = *ildr51 ! a?letic gr\nds by ! riv]side at ,bo/on1 recreation pi]s 9 ,new ,york1 are examples ( ?is4 ,& all ( ^! are comp>atively rec5t ef=ts1 add+ to ! catalogue ( a*ievem5ts dur+ ! c5tury4 ,x 0 ! ar*-enemy :o1 9 ! poem ( antiquity1 said3 8,all t a man ha? w he give = 8 life40 ,b he made ! rem>k aft] mu* obs]vation1 & to ,jehovah1 unto :om ev5 he w\ld n d>e to lie2 & ! roll+ ye>s s9ce ! ,hebrew epic 0 fir/ writt5 h only add$ te/imony to ! tru? ( ! ass]tion4 ,9 ^! lat] days1 :5 ! rule & plummet are ev]y:]e appli$1 :]e ! sci5ti/ delves & classifies to seek ! cosmos 9 ! app>5t *aos1 !re 0 evolv$ out ( self-seek+ = life a high] & bett] que/1--a se>* = ^? ?+s :i* make = ! heal? ( all4 ,?is se>* has wid5$1 until _m a broad savannah has be5 trodd51 _m a m\nta9 scal$ & wild]ness explor$4 ,) its ev] ext5d+ view1 new responsibilities & great] c>es h be5 ?ru/ ^u ^? :o are endeavor+ to rule 9 ?is doma94 ,a community1 a nation1 is b a unit4 ,let "o "p suff]1 & all are 9 pa92 let "o b decay1 & rot is imm95t ev]y:]e4 ,!re c be no true social progress1 no real /ability ( gov]nm5t1 no national prosp]ity wor?y ! "n1 unless ! environm5t ( ea* individual p]mits ! enjoym5t ( p]sonal heal?1 if he individually obs]ves b ! ord9>y c>e ( self4 ,& :atev] else ( progress = sanit>y sci5ce may be grant$ or d5i$ z belong+ to our c5tury1 ! cr[n+ claim ( all1 :i* _c be tak5 f h]1 is t1 along ) ! ideas embodi$ 9 commonweal & commonweal?1 %e has add$ ! o!r ( equal dignity & wor?--,public ,heal?4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,armies ,,& ,,arms ,,by ,,lieut5ant-,,colonel ,,ar?ur ,l4 ,,wagn]1 ,assi/ant ,adjutant ,g5]al1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,a true appreciation ( ! progress made 9 ! arts & sci5ces 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury c be obta9$ only by contra/+ ! conditions f\nd at pres5t ) ^? exi/+ a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sp]m c&le & ! electric light2 betwe5 ! /age-coa* & ! rapid-fly+ express tra92 betwe5 ! flail & ! ?re%+ ma*9e2 betwe5 ! h&-loom & ! ma*9]y ( ! mod]n wooll5 mill2 betwe5 ! cruel m$ical op]ations ( five score ye>s ago & ! skillful surg]y1 ) ! use ( an/hetics1 ( ! pres5t day2 or betwe5 ! mail-c>ri] ) lett]s 9 8 saddle-bags & ! electric telegraph fla%+ news in/antane\sly f cont95t to cont95t2 m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? & ! op5+ ( ! tw5tie? c5turies4 ,b !re is sc>cely an ag5cy t has be5 employ$ dur+ ?is wond]ful c5tury = ! improvem5t ( ! condition ( man t has n be5 enli/$ = 8 de/ruction4 ,/eam1 electricity1 *emical k1 eng9e]+ skill1 & me*anical inv5tion h all be5 employ$ 9 ! sci5ce ( w>1 & ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to ! organization1 arms1 equipm5t1 supply1 tra9+1 & ev5 ! size ( armies1 has be5 s revolutioniz$ t !re is sc>cely any?+ 9 common betwe5 ! =ces t f\ght at ,m>5go & ^? employ$ 9 rec5t w>s1 except ! *>act]i/ic ( be+ arm$ & organiz$ bodies ( soldi]s "u milit>y lead]%ip4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury 0 born 9 ! mid/ ( w>4 ,all ,europe 0 an arm$ camp1 & ! conte/ betwe5 ! pr9ciples ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ! old feudal sy/em _h tak5 ! =m ( actual /rife ^u ! field ( battle4 ,a great alt]ation 0 tak+ place 9 ! me?ods ( w>2 ! old p$antic /rategy ( ! ,au/rian s*ool _h already receiv$ a rude %ock at ! h&s ( ! brilliant "y ,bonap>te1 & ! old tactical me?ods bequea!d by ,fr$]ick ! ,great 71 also1 soon to be %att]$ by ! g5ius ( ! new] & great] w>rior4 ,to appreciate ! *anges t 7 already be+ made 9 milit>y me?ods1 a brief glance at ! organization ( ! arm$ =ces 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury is necess>y4 ,! ,prussian army1 z organiz$ by ! great ,fr$]ick1 0 reg>d$ z ! f9e/ ( ! "t4 ,9 x ! mo/ exact & ma*9e-l me?ods 7 obs]v$1 ! mo/ c>eful accuracy 9 m>*+ 0 requir$1 drill 0 c>ri$ to me*anical p]fection1 volley fir+ 0 conduct$ ) ! greate/ precision1 & no skirmi%]s 7 employ$4 ,9 comp>ison ) lat] me?ods1 ! :ole sy/em may be *>act]iz$ z exact1 me?odical1 & sl[4 ,armies 7 suppli$ entirely f magaz9es1 by means ( long & cumbr\s tra9s1 & ! art ( mov+ rapidly & subsi/+ on ! c\ntry 0 /ill to be discov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,/yle ,,%rapnel4 ,! ,fr5* army produc$ by ! ,revolution1 & l$ by su* m5 z ,dugommi]1 ,ho*e1 ,moreau1 & ,bonap>te1 0 tra9$ to op]ate 9 column1 to deploy quickly into l9e1 & g5]ally to act ) cel]ity2 :ile ! impov]i%$ treasury ( ! republic compell$ its armies to live entirely ^u ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y 7 op]at+1 z ! only alt]native to />vation4 ,?is entail$ s]i\s h>d%ips to ! soldi]s1 & great di/ress to ! population ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y 7 act+1 b x m>k$ di/9ctly ! beg9n+ ( a new sy/em ( supply1 :i* contribut$ greatly to ! rapid movem5t ( armies4 ,! ,fr5* army1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 conta9$ no regim5ts1 b 0 organiz$ into demi-brigades1 ea* ( :i* consi/$ ( f\r battalions1 ea* compris+ t5 companies1 two ( :i* 7 tra9$ to act z skirmi%]s4 ,^! demi-brigades1 ) "o or m batt]ies ( artill]y1 con/itut$ a division1 to :i* a small =ce ( cavalry 0 g5]ally add$4 ,9 #ahje ,napoleon1 !n ! supreme rul] ( ,france1 made important *anges 9 ! organization ( ! army4 ,! demi-brigade 0 replac$ by ! two battalion regim5ts1 ea* regim5t n[ consi/+ ( eight companies4 ,two regim5ts =m$ a brigade1 & two brigades & a regim5t ( light infantry con/itut$ a division4 ,on ! light regim5t devolv$ ! duties ( skirmi%]s2 namely1 to h>ass & develop ! enemy be=e ! ma9 attack4 ,! divisions 7 gr\p$ into l>g] organizations kn[n z corps d'arme1 or army corps1 ea* ( :i* consi/$ ( all arms ( ! s]vice1 & 01 9 fact1 a =ce capable ( op]at+ indep5d5tly z a small army4#b ,a corps ( res]ve cavalry 0 also =m$4 ,9 numb]s ! cavalry 0 equal to "o f\r?1 & ! artill]y "o eigh? ( ! /r5g? ( ! infantry4 ,! infantry 0 arm$ ) a smoo?-bore1 muzzle-load+1 fl9t-lock musket1 :i* requir$ "s ?irty-two di/9ct motions 9 load+1 & :i* _h an effective range ( only two hundr$ y>ds1 ?\gh by giv+ x a high elevation x c\ld d "s damage at twice t di/ance4 ,?is weapon bore ab\t ! same relation to ! magaz9e rifle ( ! pres5t day t ! old-fa%ion$ sickle be>s to ! mod]n m[+-ma*9e4 ,! artill]y consi/$ ( muzzle-load+1 smoo?-bore guns1 :i* _h less ?an "o f\r? ! range ( ! mod]n infantry rifle4 ,cavalry1 be+ able to =m ) comp>ative impunity )9 close proximity ( ! oppos+ infantry1 c\ld sweep d[n ^u x 9 a headlong *>ge2 & ! use ( ! sabre on ! field ( battle1 n[ s r>e1 0 !n an almo/ inv>iable feature ( e conflict4 ,"u ,napoleon ! armies cont9u$ to 8live on ! c\ntry10 b magaz9es ( supplies 7 c>efully prep>$ to supplem5t ! exhau/$ res\rces ( ! !atre ( w>4 #b ,brigades & divisions _h long exi/$1 b ! army corps 0 a creation ( ,napoleon4 ,9 besieg+ a =tifi$ place1 ! fir/ p>allel or l9e ( batt]ies ( ! besieg]s 0 habitually e/abli%$ at ab\t six hundr$ y>ds f ! enemy's works1 a di/ance !n at long artill]y range1 b :i* w\ld n[ be "u an annihilat+ fire f infantry rifles4 ,! cannon us$ solid %ot almo/ exclusively1 ?\gh e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury a projectile1 inv5t$ by ,lieut5ant ,%rapnel1 ( ! ,briti% army1 & :i* n[ univ]sally be>s 8 "n1 0 introduc$4 ,?is consi/$ ( a ?9 ca/-iron %ell fill$ ) r\nd musket balls1 ! int]/ices betwe5 :i* 7 fill$ by p\r+ 9 melt$ sulphur or res91 to solidify ! mass & prev5t x f crack+ ! %ell :5 ! piece 0 fir$4 ,a hole 0 bor$ ?r\gh ! mass ( sulphur & bullets to receive ! bur/+ *>ge1 :i* 0 j suffici5t to rupture ! %ell & release ! bullets1 :i* !n mov$ ) ! velocity t ! projectile _h at ! mom5t ( bur/+4 ,%rapnel has at all times be5 a de/ructive missile1 ?\gh 9 its e>ly =m x 0 insignificant 9 comp>ison ) ! 8man-kill+ projectile0 :i* n[ be>s ! same designation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,congreve ,,rocket4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjf1 ! ,congreve rocket 0 add$ to ! weapons ( w>4 ,x consi/$ ( a case ( wr\ght iron1 fill$ ) a composition ( nitre1 *>coal1 & sulphur1 9 su* proportions z to burn m sl[ly ?an gunp[d]4 ,! head ( ! rocket consi/$ ( a solid %ot1 a %ell1 or a %rapnel4 ,at ! base 0 fa/5$ a /ick1 :i* secur$ /ead9ess = ! projectile 9 its flight4 ,! range ( ! rocket 0 sc>cely m ?an five hundr$ y>ds1 ?\gh a subsequ5t improvem5t1 :i* disp5s$ ) ! guide-/ick & sub/itut$ ?ree tang5tial v5ts1 increas$ ! range v consid]ably4 ,congreve rockets 7 us$ ) effect 9 ,europe 9 #ahad1 & aga9/ our raw militia at ,blad5sburg 9 ! same ye>4 ,!y seem1 h[ev]1 to h dep5d$ m ^u ! moral effect ( _! hiss+ ru% ?an ^u any really de/ructive prop]ties1 & 7 effective ma9ly aga9/ raw troops & cavalry4 ,! rocket is n[ an obsolete weapon1 hav+ made its la/ appe>ance 9 w> 9 ! ,au/rian army 9 #ahff4 ,illu/ration3 ,u4 ,s4 ,,rifle ,,musket1 #ahee4 ,! infantry ( all ! armies ( ,cont95tal ,europe1 :5 deploy$ = battle1 0 =m$ 9 ?ree ranks4 ,on ! eve ( ! battle ( ,leipsic1 ,napoleon1 f9d+ himself greatly outnumb]$ by ! allies1 ord]$ 8 infantry to deploy 9 two ranks1 9 ord] t 8 front might approximate 9 l5g? to t ( ! enemy4 ,?is =mation _h1 h[ev]1 be5 adopt$ by ! ,briti% "s ye>s be=e1 & _h be5 us$ ) great success aga9/ ! assault+ ,fr5* columns1 9 _m ( ,well+ton's battles 9 ,spa91 :]e ! /eadfa/ ,anglo-,saxon soldi]y 0 able to ma9ta9 ! 8?9 r$ l9e10 & ?r[ ! fire ( e musket aga9/ ! d5s] =mation ( its foes4 ,x 0 n until ! ,briti% troops enc\nt]$1 ^u our own soil1 an ,anglo-,saxon oppon5t z /eadfa/ z !mselves1 & bett] skill$ 9 m>ksman%ip1 t !y 7 unable to a*ieve a victory ov] _! enemies4 ,true1 our raw militia 0 ev]y:]e beat5 :5 x enc\nt]$ ! discipl9$ soldi]s ( ,great ,brita91 b our regul> troops at ,*ippewa & ,lundy's ,lane gallantly defeat$ ! *oice vet]ans ( ,well+ton's campaigns2 &1 at ,new ,orleans1 an army compos$ ma9ly ( h>dy backwoodsm51 tra9$ 9 ,indian light+1 & exp]t 9 ! use ( ! rifle1 hurl$ back1 ) frightful c>nage1 exp]i5c$ ,briti% soldi]s :o _h habitually triumph$ ov] ! be/ vet]ans ( ! ,fr5* empire4 ,! battle ( ,new ,orleans m>k$ ! introduction ( ! rifle z a =midable arm = infantry4 ,x 0 by no means a new weapon1 = x _h be5 inv5t$ 9 ,g]many 9 #adih2 b x _h n be5 us$ to any ext5t 9 milit>y s]vice1 ma9ly because ( ! sl[ness ( load+4 ,! capabilities ( ! rifle 9 ! h&s ( an army ( exp]t m>ksm5 71 h[ev]1 made s manife/ by ,jackson's great victory t ! att5tion ( milit>y m5 0 turn$ t[>ds ! weapon :i* _h enabl$ a crude army to ov]:elm ! *oice/ troops ( ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m9i ,,ball4 ,yet x 0 n until #ahej t a practically effici5t milit>y rifle appe>$4 ,?is 0 ! inv5tion ( ,capta9 ,m9i1 ( ! ,fr5* army1 & 0 ! well-kn[n 8,m9i rifle10 long famili> to troops on bo? cont95ts4 ,! weapon 0 a muzzle-load]1 & its projectile1 ! 8,m9i ball10 0 ( a conoidal %ape1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,! ball be+ slightly small] 9 diamet] ?an ! bore ( ! piece1 ! load+ 0 easily accompli%$1 & ! %ock ( ! explosion aga9/ ! cavity at ! base ( ! bullet =c$ ! lead into ! grooves ( ! bore & caus$ ! %ot to take up a rot>y motion on its axis--9 o!r words1 8to take ! rifl+40 ,rifles1 mo/ly con/ruct$ on pr9ciples simil> to ^? on :i* ,m9i's weapon 0 bas$1 7 soon 9 use 9 ! armies ( all great nations4 ,! rifle musket1 8model ( #ahee10 adopt$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,9 #ahag p]cussion caps 7 inv5t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b "s "t elaps$ be=e !y 7 introduc$ into milit>y use2 & ?\gh ! 8p]cussion rifle0 0 kn[n 9 #ahda1 ! victori\s troops :i* w5t ) ,scott 9 ! brilliant campaign f ,v]a ,cruz to ! ,city ( ,mexico1 six ye>s lat]1 7 arm$ ) ! fl9t-lock musket4 ,9 #ahcc1 ,colonel ,colt inv5t$ ! fir/ practical revolv+ pi/ol4 ,?is weapon1 especially 9 its pres5t p]fect$ =m1 is s well kn[n z to ne$ no description4 ,! fir/ patt]n ( ,colt's revolv] us$ pap] c>tridges & p]cussion caps4 ,9 ! long p]iod ( peace :i* ,europe enjoy$ aft] ! battle ( ,wat]loo1 b little *ange 0 made 9 ! organization ( ! armies ( ! great p[]s2 & 9 ! ,crimean w> 7#ahee-ef7 ! composition ( ! ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,russian armies did n diff] mat]ially f ! con/itution ( ! =ces ( ! same nations 9 ! ,napoleonic w>s4 ,m>k$ *anges _h1 h[ev]1 be5 made 9 ! nature ( ! weapons2 mo/ ( ! ,engli% & a "p ( ! ,fr5* infantry be+ arm$ ) ! rifle1 ?\gh ! ,russian infantry1 ) ! exception ( a few select$ regim5ts1 7 /ill arm$ ) ! smoo?-bore musket4 ,?\gh ! extreme range ( ! rifle at ?is "t did n exce$ eight hundr$ y>ds1 & 0 inaccurate at half t di/ance1 x 01 nev]!less1 a =midable weapon 9 comp>ison ) ! infantry musket ( ,napoleonic times4 ,rifl$ siege guns 7 employ$ by ! ,briti% at ,seba/opol1 b !y 7 n a success1 & 7 soon )drawn f ! batt]ies4 ,a /rik+ indication ( ! increas$ range ( artill]y 0 furni%$ at ,seba/opol1 :5 ! besieg]s e/abli%$ _! fir/ p>allel at a di/ance ( #acjj y>ds f ! ,russian works4 ,illu/ration3 ,,arm/rong ,,field ,,gun4 ,9 ! ,italian w> ( #ahei rifl$ cannon appe>$ = ! fir/ "t ^u ! field ( battle4 ,!y 7 employ$ by ! ,fr5*1 & to _! use 0 l>gely due ! victories ( ! ,fr5* & ,s>d9ians ov] ! ,au/rians4 ,= _m ye>s ! att5tion ( artill]i/s _h be5 devot$ to ! production ( s]viceable rifl$ artill]y1 & z e>ly z #ahdf an iron bree*-load+ rifl$ cannon _h be5 inv5t$ 9 ,france by ,major ,cavalli4 ,?is gun fir$ a %ell n dissimil> 9 %ape to ! projectile employ$ 9 ! ,m9i rifl$ musket4 ,9 #ahed1 exp]im5ts ) a ,cavalli gun gave v satisfactory results1 bo? 9 range & accuracy2 b ! bree* me*anism seem$ dang]\sly weak1 & ! rifl$ guns1 adopt$ by ! ,fr5* & us$ ) su* effect 9 ,italy1 7 muzzle-load]s4 ,9 #ahed a bree*-load+ rifl$ field-piece 0 inv5t$ by ,sir ,william ,george ,arm/rong4 ,x 0 made ( wr\ght-iron b>s coil$ into spiral tubes1 & weld$ by =g+4 ,! bree* 0 clos$ ) a screw :i* c\ld be quickly )drawn = load+ & spong+ ! gun4 ,! projectile 0 made ( ca/-iron1 ?9ly coat$ ) lead1 & 0 7) its coat+7 slightly l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! bore4 ,! lead coat+ 0 cru%$ into ! grooves by ! =ce ( ! p[d]1 ! necess>y rotation be+ ?us giv5 to ! projectile4 ,?is gun gave excell5t results 9 range & 9 rapidity & accuracy ( fire1 b x 0 n until "s ye>s aft] its inv5tion t x 0 adopt$ 9 ! ,briti% s]vice4 ,o!r bree*-load+ cannon soon appe>$2 b 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates army ! #c-;in* ,rodman muzzle-load+ rifl$ gun 0 pref]r$ to any bree*-load] !n devis$1 & 0 us$ ) great effect ?r\gh\t ! ,w> ( ,secession4 ,?is gun 0 made by wrapp+ boil] plate ar\nd an iron b>1 s z to =m a cyl9drical mass1 ! :ole be+ br\ght to a weld+ heat 9 a furnace & !n pass$ ?r\gh roll]s to unite x solidly4 ,! piece 0 !n bor$ & turn$ to ! prop] %ape & dim5sions4 ,! projectiles = rifl$ guns 7 g5]ally coat$ ) s(t metal1 or furni%$ ) an exp&+ base or cup ( simil> metal or papi] ma*2 ?\gh 9 "s sy/ems !y 7 furni%$ ) /uds or buttons :i* fitt$ into ! grooves ( ! bore4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,:itwor? gun1 ! projectile 0 made ne>ly ( ! exact size & =m ( ! bore1 s z to fit accurately into ! grooves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rodman ,,gun4 ,bree*-load+ cannon 7 n1 h[ev]1 quickly adopt$1 ow+1 p]haps1 to cons]vatism on ! "p ( artill]i/s1 & p>tly because ! guns fir/ produc$ did n seem to give appreciably bett] results 9 range1 accuracy1 or ev5 9 rapidity ( fire ?an ! muzzle-load]s4 ,n only 7 bree*-load+ cannon adopt$ ) seem+ reluctance1 b rifl$ cannon g5]ally 7 look$ ^u ) disfavor by _m artill]i/s ( ! old s*ool4 ,hoh5lohe tells ( an old ,prussian g5]al ( artill]y :o 0 s prejudic$ aga9/ ! rifl$ innovation t he reque/$1 on 8 dea?-b$1 t ! salute ov] 8 grave %\ld be fir$ ) no?+ b smoo?-bore guns4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 h[ev]1 t ! #ab-p\nd smoo?-bore ,napoleon gun long held its own aga9/ ! new rifl$ field-pieces1 z _m a bloody battle 9 our ,civil ,w> well atte/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,w9field ,,scott4 ,9 ! manufacture ( heavy guns ! ,unit$ ,/ates = "s "t l$ ! _w4 ,9 #ahfj1 ,g5]al ,rodman1 ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 produc$ ! fir/ #ae-;in* gun ev] made4 ,?is gun 0 made ( ca/-iron1 & 0 ca/ on a holl[ core1 cool$ by a /ream ( wat] pass+ ?r\gh x1 by :i* means ! metal ne>e/ ! bore 0 made ! h>de/ & mo/ d5se1 & ! t5d5cy t[>ds bur/+ 0 ?us r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,g5]al ,rodman 0 also ! inv5tor ( ! holl[ cake p[d]1 :i* consi/$ ( cakes p]=at$ ) num]\s small holes = ! passage ( ! flame1 ?us enabl+ ! p[d] to be progressively consum$1 & caus+ ! am\nt ( gas at ! la/ mom5ts ( ! dis*>ge to be great] ?an at ! in/ant ( ignition4 ,a l>ge-gra9 p[d]1 kn[n z 8mammo? p[d]10 0 aft]w>ds devis$ by him to produce ! same results4 ,x w be se5 lat] t ?is inv5tion has r5d]$ possible ! p[]ful ordnance ( ! pres5t day2 & x is p]haps n too mu* to say1 t ,rodman is really ?us ! fa!r ( ! mod]n high-p[] guns4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,w> ( ,secession ! heavie/ gun 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ! #ae-;in* ,rodman1 ! projectile ( :i* weigh$ #cbj lbs41 ! *>ge ( p[d] weigh+ #ce lbs4 ,next to ?is 0 ! #aj-;in* ,columbiad1 :i* fir$ a #ajj-lb4 %ell ) a *>ge ( #ah lbs4 ( p[d]4 ,! effective range ( ^! guns 0 a little less ?an ?ree miles4 ,! heavie/ mort> 0 ( #ac-;in* calib]1 fir$ a #bjj-lb4 %ell1 ) a *>ge ( #bj lbs4 ( p[d]1 & _h a range ( #dcbe y>ds4 ,?is mort> 01 l all o!rs !n 9 use1 manipulat$ by means ( h&spikes1 & n only 0 mu* less p[]ful1 b 0 mu* m clumsy ?an ! admirable mort> ( ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,smoo?-,,bore ,,mort>4 ,! ,crimean & ,italian w>s _h =e%ad[$ ! pass+ away ( ! old milit>y conditions & ! dawn+ ( a new era ( w>f>e4 ,b x 0 9 ! gigantic /ruggle :i* rock$ our own c\ntry = f\r ye>s t ! developm5ts ( mod]n w>f>e really comm5c$4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is great conflict ! ranges ( #ajjj to #abjj y>ds = field guns1 & ( #aejj to #bjjj y>ds = heavy guns1 7 z great z c\ld be secur$ ) any degree ( accuracy4 ,! infantry rifle ) :i* ! ,union & ,conf$]ate armies 7 arm$ _h an extreme range ( b #ajjj y>ds1 & a really effective range ( only half t di/ance4 ,! rifle 0 a muzzle-load]1 :i* requir$ n9e di/9ct motions 9 load+ besides ^? necess>y 9 prim+ ! piece ) ! p]cussion cap !n us$4 ,! tactics employ$ at fir/ 9 all arms ( ! s]vice did n diff] mat]ially f ! me?ods employ$ 9 ! ,napoleonic w>s2 & a l9e ( ,am]ican infantry deploy$ = battle 9 two ranks1 %\ld] to %\ld]1 sc>cely diff]$ 9 any?+ b ! color ( its uni=ms f ! 8?9 r$ l9e0 ( ,well+ton's w>riors4 ,all ?is 0 to be *ang$2 b x 0 n only 9 ! matt] ( arms & tactics t a revolution 0 to be effect$1 = new =ces hi!rto untri$ 7 to be employ$ 9 ! art ( w>4 ,! ,w> ( ,secession 0 n only "o ( ! mo/ gigantic conflicts ev] wag$ on e>?1 b 0 "o :i* w always be ( int]e/ to ! milit>y /ud5t because ( its rem>kable developm5ts 9 ! sci5ce ( w>f>e1 & "o :i* w ev] be a s\rce ( pride to ,am]icans because ( ! grim e>ne/ness & /ubborn valor display$ by ! cont5d+ armies4 ,f fir/ to la/1 m ?an two millions ( m5 7 enroll$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 ! f9al campaign #a1ajj1jjj m5 7 actually be>+ arms 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,union4 ,! infantry 0 organiz$ 9 companies ( "o hundr$ m51 t5 companies =m+ a regim5t4 ,at fir/1 ?ree or f\r regim5ts con/itut$ a brigade1 ?\gh x 0 aft]w>ds =m$ ( a great] numb] :5 ! regim5ts became deplet$ by ! losses ( battle4 ,?ree brigades g5]ally compos$ a division1 :i* also habitually includ$ two batt]ies ( artill]y & a small deta*m5t ( cavalry = duty z ord]lies & mess5g]s4 ,?ree or m divisions con/itut$ an army corps4 ,! cavalry 0 =m$ into brigades & divisions1 :i* 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! w> 7 comb9$ to =m1 9 ea* ( ! l>ge armies1 a corps ( cavalry4 ,x 0 9 comm& ( su* corps ( m\nt$ troops t ,%]idan1 ,j4 ,e4 ,b4 ,/u>t1 ,m]ritt1 & ,wilson a*iev$ _! great fame4 ,! batt]ies fir/ di/ribut$ to divisions1 or ev5 brigades1 7 aft]w>ds assign$ to ! army corps1 & all guns n ?us employ$ 7 gr\p$ into a corps ( res]ve artill]y4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! two factors mo/ important 9 w>f>e 7 f\nd to be two inv5tions design$ prim>ily = ! int]e/s ( peace1 namely1 ! railroad & ! electric telegraph4 ,/eam & electricity _h bo? be5 us$ 9 ! ,crimean & ,italian w>s2 b x 0 9 ! ,w> ( ,secession t !y receiv$ _! fir/ great & sy/ematic application4 ,! effect ( ! use ( railroads 9 w> n only enables armies to be m rapidly conc5trat$ ?an 0 =m]ly ! case1 b r5d]s x possible to supply !m to an ext5t & ) a c]ta9ty t w\ld o!rwise be out ( ! "q4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! supply ( an army by wagon & by rail 0 cle>ly %[n 9 ! siege ( ,p>is1 9 #ahgj-ga1 :]e six tra9s a day f$ ! :ole besieg+ army1 :ile x is e/imat$ t ne>ly t5 ?\s& wagons w\ld h be5 requir$ = ! same purpose4 ,moreov]1 ! =ce ( troops necess>ily deta*$ to protect a l9e ( railroad communications is n ne>ly s great z ! =ce t w\ld be necess>y to gu>d ! innum]able wagon or pack tra9s t w\ld o!rwise be requir$4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! be/ milit>y au?orities1 railroads1 _h !y be5 9 exi/5ce1 w\ld h enabl$ ,napoleon to conqu] ,russia1 & ) x ! _w2 :ile1 )\t ! aid ( railroads1 ! successful invasion ( ! ,s\? by ! armies ( ! ,union w\ld h be5 an impossibility4 ,x is only :ile x keeps mov+ t an army c 8live on ! c\ntry40 ,x is l a sw>m ( locu/s1 consum+ ev]y?+ )9 rea*2 & if x be compell$ to halt1 :e!r = battle or f o!r cause1 x mu/ be suppli$ f bases 9 ! re>1 or x w spe$ily dis9tegrate f hung] alone4 ,?is fact 0 fully appreciat$ by ,g5]al ,%]man1 :5 he left ,atlanta 9 8 fam\s 8m>* to ! sea20 = ?\gh he expect$ to1 & did1 live ^u ! c\ntry1 he nev]!less took ! precaution to c>ry ) him a wagon tra9 conta9+ tw5ty days' rations = 8 entire army4 ,9 ! ,w> ( ,secession ! electric telegraph fir/ appe>$ on ! field ( battle4 ,! telegraph tra9 became a prom95t feature ( all our armies2 & ! day's m>* 0 h>dly end$ be=e ! electric wire1 rapidly e/abli%$ by an exp]t corps1 connect$ ! headqu>t]s ( ! army ) ^? ( ea* army corps1 division1 & brigade4 ,b x 0 n 9 its employm5t on ! actual field ( battle t ! telegraph f\nd its mo/ valuable milit>y use4 ,x enabl$ g5]als1 sep>at$ by hundr$s ( miles1 to be 9 con/ant communication ) ea* o!r1 & r5d]$ x possible = ,grant to control f 8 headqu>t]s hut at ,city ,po9t ! movem5ts ( ! armies ( ,%]man1 ,?omas1 & ,%]idan 9 comb9$ op]ations1 :i* enabl$ ea* to p]=m1 9 h>mony ) ! o!rs1 its "p 9 ! mighty plan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sp5c] ,,c>b9e4 ,x foll[$ z naturally z day foll[s night t a %rewd & intellig5t p1 engag$ 9 a desp]ate /ruggle = self-pres]vation1 w\ld avail !mselves ( all means provid$ by milit>y sci5ce = c>ry+ out ! conte/ 9 :i* !y 7 engag$4 ,iron-clad vessels _h be5 devis$ 9 bo? ,engl& & ,france1 b !y 7 m]ely frigates design$ on ! old l9es & p>tly cov]$ ) a %ea?+ ( armor4 ,) *>act]i/ic en]gy & +5uity ! ,am]icans1 ignor+ old traditions & seek+ ! %orte/ road to ! fulfillm5t ( a manife/ want1 produc$ simultane\sly ! ,m]rimac & ! ,monitor1 ! =m] resembl+ 8a gabl$ h\se subm]g$ to ! eaves10 & ! latt] look+ l 8a ,yankee *eese-box ^u a raft40 ,^! novel vessels met 9 _! memorable combat at ,hampton ,roads1 & ! boom+ ( _! guns s\nd$ ! dea? knell ( ! old wood5 navies4 ,z ) w> vessels1 s ) fire>ms4 ,new conditions 7 met ) inv5tive g5ius & me*anical skill4 ,?\gh ! great mass ( our troops cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! conflict to use ! muzzle-load+ rifle1 bree*-load]s 7 9 ! h&s ( _m ?\s&s ( our soldi]s be=e ! close ( ! great conte/4 ,9 #ahfd ! cavalry ( ,%]idan & ,wilson & _m regim5ts ( infantry 7 arm$ ) bree*-load+ c>b9es1 :i* gave !m a great advantage ov] _! oppon5ts4 ,! effect ( ! bree*-load]s ^u ! ,conf$]ates 0 unpleasantly surpris+ to !m1 & ! ,s\!rn soldi]s are said to h rem>k$ ) dismal humor t 8! ,yankees load$ all night & fir$ all day40 ,! pr9cipal bree*-load+ arms 9 use 9 ! ,union armies 7 ! ,%>ps & ! ,sp5c]4 ,9 ! ,%>ps c>b9e ! b>rel 0 clos$ by a slid+ bree*-piece :i* mov$ at "r angles ) ! axis ( ! piece1 ! bree* be+ op5$ & clos$ by pull+ d[n & rais+ up ! trigg]-gu>d4 ,! ,sp5c] c>b9e 0 a magaz9e rifle1 & 0 greatly sup]ior to ! ,%>ps4 ,! magaz9e ( ! rifle lay 9 ! butt ( ! /ock1 & 0 capable ( hold+ sev5 c>tridges4 ,z ! c>tridge 0 fir$ & eject$ ano!r 0 pu%$ =w>d into ! bree* by a spiral spr+ 9 ! butt ( ! piece4 ,! ,sp5c] c>b9e us$ metallic c>tridges4 ,! introduction ( ^! c>tridges 0 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable advances 9 ! art ( w> made dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! c>tridge 9 use 9 #ahfd-fe is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure2 x consi/$ ( a ?9 copp] case firmly atta*$ to ! bullet conta9+ ! p[d]1 & hav+ at its base a small metallic anvil1 9 a cavity ( :i* 0 plac$ ! fulm9ate1 :i* 0 explod$ by means ( a fir+ p91 driv5 9 by a bl[ ( ! hamm]4 ,! advantages ( ! metallic c>tridge c sc>cely be ov]e/imat$2 x r5d]$ obsolete ! p]cussion cap1 & be+ wat]-pro( x did away ) ! ev]-pres5t bugbe> ( damp ammunition4 ,! old injunction1 8,put y\r tru/ 9 ,god & keep y\r p[d] dry10 has consequ5tly lo/ mu* ( its =ce2 = :ile x is to be hop$ t ! soldi] w cont9ue to place 8 reliance ^u ,provid5ce1 ! latt] "p ( ! advice c n[ be safely ignor$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,metallic ,,c>tridge ,,( #ahfd-fe4 ,among ! _m advantages possess$ by ! bree*-load] ov] ! muzzle-load]1 ! pr9cipal ones are great] rapidity ( fire1 ease ( load+ 9 any position1 dim9i%$ dang] ( accid5ts 9 load+1 & ! impossibility ( putt+ m ?an "o *>ge 9 ! piece at ! same "t4 ,?is la/ advantage is by no means slight4 ,among #bg1jjj muzzle-load+ muskets pick$ up on ! battlefield ( ,gettysburg1 at lea/ #bd1jjj 7 load$4 ,( ^! ab\t half conta9$ two *>ges1 "o f\r? held f ?ree to t5 *>ges1 & "o musket conta9$ tw5ty-?ree c>tridges4 ,! failure ( ! ,am]icans to produce dur+ ! great w> a practical bree*-load+ field-gun is d\btless due to ! fact t ! field artill]y 9 use at t "t answ]$ fully all ! requirem5ts !n exi/+4 ,ow+ to ! nature ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* ! armies 7 op]at+1 ! range ( ! #c-;in* rifl$ gun 0 fully z great z c\ld h be5 desir$2 & on ! brok5 & wood$ gr\nd :i* g5]ally =m$ our field ( battle1 ! smoo?-bore ,napoleon gun1 fir+ %rapnel & cani/]1 seem$ to h rea*$ almo/ ! acme ( de/ructiv5ess4 ,moreov]1 ! muzzle-load+ cannon1 bo? rifl$ & smoo?-bore1 7 s]v$ ) su* cel]ity z to make x a matt] ( d\bt = "s ye>s aft] :e!r ! introduction ( bree*-load+ field-guns w\ld mat]ially increase ! rapidity ( fire4 ,x 0 n until infantry fire _h greatly increas$ 9 range & rapidity t a fur!r improvem5t 9 field artill]y became necess>y4 ,9 siege artill]y1 heavy rifl$ guns ( ! ,rodman & ! ,p>rott type appe>$4 ,! ,p>rott gun 0 ( ca/ iron1 /r5g!n$ by %r9k+ a coil$ b& ( wr\ght iron ov] ! portion ( ! piece surr\nd+ ! *>ge4 ,! fam\s 8,swamp ,angel10 us$ 9 ! siege ( ,*>le/on1 0 a ,p>rott gun4 ,! sea-coa/ artill]y consi/$ ma9ly ( smoo?-bores ( l>ge calibre1 :i* 7 able to cont5d successfully ) any armor !n afloat4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! w>1 s to speak1 betwe5 guns & armor has be5 incessantly wag$ s9ce ! introduction ( ! latt]1 e advance ( armor t[>ds ! degree ( invuln]ability be+ met ) ! production ( a gun capable ( pi]c+ x4 ,! sea-coa/ artill]y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ,civil ,w> met fully e dem& to :i* x 0 subject$4 ,! ,w> ( ,secession produc$ ! fir/ practical ma*9e-gun1--! ,gatl+1--?\gh su* guns 7 n us$ to any ext5t4 ,! ma*9e-gun has1 9 fact1 pass$ ?r\gh a long p]iod ( ge/ation1 & x is only 9 rec5t ye>s t x c be said to h atta9$ its full bir?4 ,our great w> 0 also not$ = ! introduction ( torp$oes4 ,^! peculi> weapons _h1 x is true1 be5 devis$ may ye>s be=e2 & ,rob]t ,fulton _h1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 devot$ 8 inv5tive g5ius to ! production ( a subm>9e torp$o1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 nev] practically te/$ 9 w>4 ,x 0 n until ! conte/ ( #ahfa-fe t torp$oes 7 ( any practical use4 ,! high explosives ( ! pres5t day be+ !n unkn[n1 ^! torp$oes dep5d$ = _! de/ructive =ce ^u gunp[d] alone4 ,yet crude & insignificant ?\gh !y 7 9 comp>ison ) ! mighty eng9es ( de/ruction n[ kn[n by ! same "n1 !y accompli%$ great results 9 m ?an "o in/ance4 ,! de/ruction ( ! ,h\satonic (f ,*>le/on1 ! s9k+ ( ! ,tecumseh 9 ,mobile ,bay1 & ,cu%+'s d>+ de/ruction ( ! ,albem>le1 gave notice to ! _w t a new & t]rible eng9e ( w>f>e _h made its appe>ance4 ,b x 0 n m]ely by ! production ( new weapons t ! great ,am]ican w> 0 *>act]iz$4 ,x m>k$ ! turn+-po9t 9 tactics z well4 ,! fir/ ef=ts ( our great armies ( raw volunte]s 7 z crude z ! w>f>e ( untra9$ troops always is1 & x 0 =tunate t we 7 oppos$ to a foe z unpractic$ z ourselves2 b z ! troops ga9$ exp]i5ce 9 w>1 acquir$ ! necess>y milit>y in/ruction1--9 brief1 le>n$ _! trade & became regul>s 9 all b "n1--!y display$ n only a /eadfa/ pr[ess1 b a milit>y skill t plac$ ! vet]an ,am]ican soldi] at ! head ( ! w>riors ( ! _w4 ,! art ( con/ruct+ ha/y intr5*m5ts on ! field ( battle grew out ( ! quickness ( ! ,am]ican soldi] to appreciate ! necessity ( provid+ def5sive means to neutralize1 9 "s degree1 ! greatly increas$ de/ructive effect ( improv$ arms4 ,9 ?is respect he 0 ?irte5 ye>s 9 advance ( ! ,european soldi]1 = ha/y intr5*m5ts did n appe> 9 ,europe until ! ,turco-,russian ,w>4 ,true1 intr5*m5t on ! field ( battle 0 z old z w> itself2 b ! ,am]ican armies 7 ! fir/ t develop$ a sy/em ( quickly cov]+ ! entire front ( an army ) e>?works ha/ily ?r[n up 9 ! pres5ce ( ! enemy1 & (t5 actually "u fire4 ,skirmi%]s 7 no long] us$ m]ely to feel & develop ! enemy2 b 9 _m ( our battles1 notably 9 ,%]man's campaign 9 ,georgia1 ! engagem5t 0 begun1 & f\ght to ! end1 by /rong skirmi% l9es successively re9=c$ f ! ma9 body1 :i* !y gradually absorb$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! action4 ,"h1 too1 ! ,am]ican soldi] 0 fully six ye>s 9 advance ( ! ,european w>rior2 = x 0 n until ! ,g]mans _h be5 w>n$ by ! t]rific losses incurr$ 9 _! e>li] battles ) ! ,fr5*1 9 #ahgj1 t !y evolv$ f _! own exp]i5ce a sy/em ( tactics1 ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( :i* _h already be5 demon/rat$ on ! ,we/]n ,cont95t4 ,! increas$ range ( artill]y aga9 receiv$ a practical illu/ration2 = at ! siege ( ,=t ,pulaski ! ,union batt]ies fir/ op5$ fire at ranges v>y+ f #afej to #cdjj y>ds f ! ,conf$]ate =t4 ,at ! siege ( ,*>le/on %ells 7 ?r[n into ! city f a batt]y ne>ly five miles di/ant4 ,9 #ahff1 ! brief b bloody w> betwe5 ,au/ria & ,prussia sudd5ly rais$ ! latt] nation f a comp>atively subord9ate position to ! front rank ( milit>y p[]s4 ,! greatness ( ,prussia 0 born 9 ! sackclo? & a%es ( national humiliation4 ,=bidd5 by ,napoleon1 aft] h] cru%+ defeat 9 #ahjf-g1 to ma9ta9 an army ( m ?an #dj1jjj m51 h] great w> m9i/]1 ,s*>nhor/1 conceiv$ ! plan ( dis*>g+ ! soldi]s f milit>y s]vice z soon z !y _h receiv$ ! requisite in/ruction1 & fill+ _! places ) recruits4 ,9 ?is way1 ?\gh ! /&+ army nev] exce$$ ! /ipulat$ numb]1 _m ?\s&s ( ,prussians receiv$ milit>y tra9+2 & :5 ,prussia decl>$ w> aga9/ ,napoleon1 aft] 8 disa/r\s ,russian campaign1 ! dis*>g$ m5 7 call$ back into ! ranks1 & !re arose z if by magic a =midable ,prussian army ( tra9$ soldi]s4 ,! pr9ciple ( univ]sal milit>y s]vice1 ?us call$ into exi/5ce 9 ,prussia 9 "t ( w>1 _h be5 cont9u$ ?r\gh fifty ye>s ( peace1 & enabl$ ,prussia1 ) a population sc>cely m ?an half z num]\s z t ( ,au/ria1 to place ^u ! decisive field ( ,kniggrtz a l>g] army ?an t ( h] oppon5t4 ,! ,prussian sy/em1 :i* has s9ce be5 copi$ by all ! great milit>y nations ( ,europe1 is1 9 its ess5tial features1 z foll[s3 ,e able-bodi$ man 9 ! k+dom1 ^u rea*+ ! age ( tw5ty ye>s1 is available = milit>y s]vice2 & ea* ye> !re are *os5 by lot suffici5t recruits to ma9ta9 ! army at its au?oriz$ /r5g?4 ,! great body ( ! male population is ?us br\ght into milit>y s]vice4 ,!re are a few exceptions1 su* z ! only sons ( indig5t p>5ts1 & a small numb] ( m5 :o are 9 excess ( ! =ce requir$4 ,any man :o escapes ! draft = ?ree successive ye>s1 & all able-bodi$ m5 exempt$ = any cause f s]vice 9 ! regul> army1 are incorporat$ 9 ! res]ve4 ,! t]m ( s]vice 9 ! regul> army is two ye>s = ! infantry & ?ree = ! artill]y & cavalry4 ,aft] be+ dis*>g$ f ! regul> army ! soldi] passes into ! res]ve1 :]e he s]ves = f\r ye>s4 ,:ile 9 ! res]ve1 he is call$ out = two field ex]cises ( eight weeks' duration ea*1 & ! re/ ( 8 "t is available = 8 civil vocation4 ,at ! end ( f\r ye>s 9 ! res]ve he passes into ! ,l&wehr1 9 :i* he is requir$ to p>ticipate 9 only two field ex]cises ( two weeks' duration ea*4 ,aft] five ye>s 9 ! ,l&wehr prop]1 he passes into ! second levy ( ! ,l&wehr1 :]e he is free f all milit>y duty 9 "t ( peace1 ?\gh /ill liable to be call$ to arms 9 case ( w>4 ,f ! second levy ( ! ,l&wehr he passes1 at ! age ( ?irty-n9e ye>s1 into ! ,l&/urm1 :]e he rema9s until he rea*es 8 =ty-fif? ye>1 :5 he is f9ally dis*>g$ f milit>y duty4 ,! soldi] 9 ! ,l&/urm is practically free f all milit>y duty1 = t body is nev] call$ out except 9 case ( dire national em]g5cy4 ,by ?is sy/em ,prussia became n only a milit>y p[] b 8a nation 9 arms10 9 ! blaze ( ^: might ! milit>y glory ( ,au/ria & ( ,france successively melt$ away 9 humiliat+ defeat4 ,! c>eful milit>y prep>ation ( ,prussia 9 "t ( peace 0 by no means limit$ to measures = provid+ an army /rong 9 numb]s4 ,e ye> h] troops 7 assembl$ 9 l>ge bodies = practice 9 ! manuvres ( ! battlefield4 ,?is mimicry ( w>1 at fir/ lightly reg>d$ by ! milit>y lead]s ( ! o!r ,european nations1 produc$ su* wond]ful effects 9 promot+ ! effici5cy ( ! army t x has s9ce be5 copi$ 9 all ! armies ( ,europe1 & is n[ reg>d$ z ! mo/ important ( all in/ruction = w>4 ,?\gh bree*-load+ rifles 71 z we h se51 us$ 9 ! ,w> ( ,secession1 ! ,prussian army 0 ! fir/ t ev] took ! field completely arm$ ) su* weapons4 ,! ,prussian rifle 0 n new1 = x _h be5 inv5t$ by a ,?ur+ian gunsmi?1 nam$ ,dreyse1 ab\t ! "t t ! ,m9i rifle appe>$4 ,dreyse's arm 0 kn[n z ! 8zundnadelgewehr10 or ne$le-gun1 & its effect 9 ! ,au/ro-,prussian w> 0 s decisive & />tl+ z to cause muzzle-load+ rifles ev]y:]e to be relegat$ to ! limbo ( obsolete weapons4 ,yet ! ne$le-gun 0 b a sorry weapon 9 comp>ison to ^? n[ 9 use1 & 0 di/9ctly inf]ior to ! ,sp5c] c>b9e4 ,its bree* me*anism 0 clumsy1 x us$ a pap] c>tridge1 x 0 n accurate beyond a range ( ?ree hundr$ y>ds1 & its effective range 0 sc>cely m ?an twice t di/ance4 ,! ,g]man infantry f\ght 9 ?ree ranks1 & its tactics 0 n equal to t employ$ by ! ,am]ican infantry 9 ! ,w> ( ,secession4 ,! ,prussian field artill]y 0 ! mo/ =midable t _h yet appe>$1 & consi/$ ma9ly ( /eel bree*-load+ rifl$ guns1 :i* 7 class$ z #f-p\nd]s & #d-p\nd]s1 ?\gh ! l>g] piece fir$ a %ell weigh+ fifte5 p\nds1 & ! small] projectile us$ a %ell weigh+ n9e p\nds4 ,9 ! ,au/rian army ! infantry 0 arm$ ) a muzzle-load+ rifle1 & ! artill]y consi/$ entirely ( muzzle-load+ rifl$ guns4 ,! exalt$ milit>y pre/ige ga9$ by ,prussia r5d]$ x c]ta9 t %e mu/ soon ent] ! li/s 9 a conte/ ) ,france1 ^: comm&+ position 9 ,europe 0 s s]i\sly m5ac$ by ! rise ( ! new p[]4 ,=esee+ ! inevitable conflict1 ,napoleon ,,iii4 endeavor$ to prep>e = a s]i\s /ruggle4 ,! ,fr5* infantry 0 arm$ ) ! ,*assept rifle1 :i* _h an effective range ne>ly d\ble t ( ! ne$le-gun4 ,a ma*9e gun1 kn[n z ! mitrailleuse1 0 also introduc$ into ! ,fr5* army4 ,mu* 0 expect$ ( ^! new arms2 b s sup]ior 0 ! organization1 read9ess1 g5]al%ip1 & tactical skill ( ! ,prussians t ! w> 0 a practically unbrok5 s]ies ( victories = ,prussia & ! alli$ ,g]man ,/ates4 ,pr(it+ by _! exp]i5ce 9 ! c\rse ( ! conflict1 ! ,prussians =m$ _! infantry = attack 9 ?ree l9es2 ! fir/ consi/+ ( skirmi%]s1 ! second ( supports1 ei!r deploy$ or 9 small columns1 & ! ?ird ( a res]ve1 g5]ally held 9 column until x came "u su* fire z to r5d] deploym5t necess>y4 ,! skirmi%]s 7 con/antly re9=c$ f ! supports1 & f9ally f ! res]ve z ! attack progress$1 ! :ole =ce be+ unit$ 9 a heavy l9e1 & op5+ ! hotte/ possible fire :5 close en\gh to ! enemy = ! f9al *>ge4 ,9 its ess5tial pr9ciples ?is attack =mation is 9 use at ! pres5t day 9 ! armies ( all civiliz$ nations4 ,! ,prussian artill]y 0 h&l$ ) t]rible effect bo? 9 battle & siege4 ,a new demon/ration ( ! increas$ p[] ( artill]y 0 giv5 9 ! siege ( ,p>is1 9 :i* %ells 7 ?r[n f ! heights ( ,clam>t to ! ,pan?on1 a di/ance ( five miles4 ,! next ,european w> 0 ! conte/ betwe5 ,russia & ,turkey1 9 #ahgg4 ,9 ?is conflict ! ,am]ican sy/em ( ha/y intr5*m5ts 0 us$ ) success by ! ,turks1 :o 7 also arm$ ) an ,am]ican rifle1 ! ,peabody1 :i* enabl$ !m to inflict s]i\s losses ^u ! ,russians at a range ( a mile & a qu>t]4 ,ow+ to ! ,turki% intr5*m5ts & ! inf]iority ( _! own arms1 ! ,russians won _! victories ov] mu* small] armies only ) a gruesome loss ( life4 ,a fur!r impetus 0 giv5 to ! developm5t ( ! infantry rifle1 & ! ,g]man tactical exp]i5ce 0 confirm$ by ! ,russian ,g5]al ,skobeleff 9 ! decl>ation t infantry c successfully assault only 9 a succession ( skirmi% l9es4 ,! w> 9 ,turkey 0 ! la/ great ,european conflict4 ,subsequ5t campaigns ( ! ,russians 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 ( ! ,engli% 9 ,egypt1 ! ,s\dan1 & ,india1 ( ! ,japanese 9 ,*9a1 ( ! ,turks 9 ,greece1 & ! ,am]icans 9 ,cuba1 h emphasiz$ ! lessons already taught1 & demon/rat$ ! increas$ p[] ( new weapons4 ,hav+ tak5 a retrospective view ( ! milit>y =ces & weapons employ$ 9 ! w>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 let u n[ turn to a consid]ation ( ! armies & arms ( ! pres5t day4 ,! adoption ( ! sy/em ( univ]sal milit>y s]vice has increas$ ! size ( ! /&+ armies ( ! nations ( ,europe f> beyond ! proportionate increase ( _! respective populations4 ,9 r\nd numb]s1 ! /r5g? ( ! armies ( ! great p[]s is z foll[s3 ,russia1 #hfi1jjj2 ,g]many1 #ehe1jjj2 ,france1 #fah1jjj2 ,au/ria1 #cjf1jjj2 ,italy1 #bca1jjj2 ,great ,brita91 #bbb1jjj4c ,n only are ! /&+ armies great] ?an 9 ! e>ly days ( ! c5tury1 b1 ow+ to ! improv$ me?ods ( transportation & supply1 ! =ces n[ br\ght ^u ! field ( battle are va/ly l>g] ?an 9 ! days ( ,napoleon4 ,! ,fr5* army at ,m>5go 0 less ?an #cj1jjj /rong4 ,at ,au/]litz x 0 only #gj1jjj1 :i* 0 its /r5g? also at ,wat]loo4 ,9 only two battles1 ,wagram & ,leipsic1 0 ,napoleon able to place #aej1jjj m5 on ! field2 & 9 ! latt] battle ! armies ( all ,europe oppos$ to him numb]$ only #bhj1jjj4 ,9 m rec5t times ,prussia alone plac$ ^u ! field ( ,kniggrtz #bbc1jjj m5 ) :i* to oppose ! ,au/rian army ( #bjf1jjj2 & at ,gravelotte ! great ,fr5* army ( #ahj1jjj m5 0 outnumb]$ by ! ,g]man ho/ ( #bgj1jjj4 ,x is probable t 9 ! next great ,european w> m ?an a million m5 w be f\nd cont5d+ on a s+le battlefield4 ,a detail$ description ( ! armies ( all ! great p[]s w\ld prove we>isome to ! read]1 = _! po9ts ( resemblance are _m & _! g5]al *>act]i/ics are ! same4 ,! ,g]man army may be tak5 z ! mo/ p]fect specim5 ( a highly organiz$ milit>y =ce1 & a description ( its organization w\ld answ] ) slight modification = ! o!r armies ( ,cont95tal ,europe4 #c ,^! numb]s give ! peace /r5g? ( ! armies4 ,9 "t ( w> !y c easily be quadrupl$4 ,! infantry ( ! ,g]man army is organiz$ 9 companies ( #bej m5 ea*4 ,f\r companies con/itute a battalion1 & ?ree battalions compose a regim5t4 ,! brigade consi/s ( two regim5ts1 & ! division is compos$ ( two brigades ( infantry1 f\r batt]ies ( artill]y1 & a regim5t ( cavalry4 ,! army corps consi/s ( two divisions1 a body ( corps artill]y compos$ ( twelve batt]ies1 a battalion ( eng9e]s1 & a supply tra94 ,9 r\nd numb]s1 ! fight+ /r5g? ( ! army corps consi/s ( #cj1jjj m5 & #abj guns4 ,! cavalry is organiz$ 9 squadrons ( #aej sabres ea*1 five squadrons =m+ a regim5t1 only f\r ( :i* are employ$ 9 ! field1 ! fif? rema9+ at ! regim5tal depot4 ,! cavalry brigade consi/s ( ?ree regim5ts2 & ! cavalry division1 :i* is compos$ ( two brigades1 aggregates #cfjj sabres4 ,?us a small "p ( ! cavalry =ce is atta*$ to ! infantry divisions1 :ile ! bulk ( x is organiz$ into divisions compos$ ( m\nt$ troops alone1 two batt]ies ( horse artill]y be+ atta*$ to ea* cavalry division4 ,! entire milit>y =ce is divid$ into 8armies10 ea* consi/+ ( f ?ree to six army corps & two or m cavalry divisions4 ,! cavalry has ab\t "o six? & ! artill]y ab\t "o sev5? ( ! num]ical /r5g? ( ! infantry4 ,! ,g]man cavalry is arm$ ) sabre1 c>b9e1 & lance4 ,! (fic]s c>ry ! sabre & revolv]4 ,9 ! army ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! organization diff]s 9 _m respects f t ( ! ,g]man army4 ,! infantry companies ea* consi/ ( #ajf m51 includ+ (fic]s4 ,twelve companies =m a regim5t1 & ?ree regim5ts con/itute a brigade4 ,a division is compos$ ( ?ree brigades1 & ! army corps is made up ( ?ree divisions4 ,! numb] ( batt]ies assign$ to ! divisions v>ies1 z also ! am\nt ( corps artill]y4 ,9 ! army op]at+ 9 ,cuba1 ! artill]y 0 all 9 a sep>ate organization1 & 0 di/ribut$ to ! divisions only on ! eve ( battle4 ,exp]i5ce & !ory alike sugge/ f\r batt]ies = ea* division & eight batt]ies = ! corps artill]y4 ,no cavalry is assign$ to ! divisions1 b a regim5t is suppos$ to be assign$ to ea* army corps4 ,! ma9 =ce ( ! cavalry is gr\p$ toge!r into cavalry divisions4 ,! cavalry is organiz$ into troops ( #ajj sabres1 f\r troops =m+ a squadron1 & ?ree squadrons con/itut+ a regim5t4 ,?ree regim5ts =m a brigade1 & ?ree brigades a division4 ,! ,am]ican cavalry brigade is ?us ( ! same size z a ,prussian cavalry division4 ,! cavalry is arm$ ) ! sabre1 c>b9e1 & revolv]4 ,! lance is unkn[n 9 ! ,am]ican army4 ,hav+ view$ ! composition ( mod]n armies1 let u n[ see h[ !y are arm$4 ,a consid]ation ( ! p[d] n[ 9 use is a necess>y preface to a description ( ! weapons employ$ 9 ! w>f>e ( ! pres5t day4 ,! old f9e-gra9$ black p[d] famili> to e boy :o has ev] h&l$ a %otgun has pass$ completely out ( milit>y use4 ,! p[d]s n[ employ$ usually h guncotton or nitroglyc]9e & guncotton = a base4 ,!y are practically smokeless1 ! product ( _! combu/ion is almo/ entirely gase\s1 !y leave no solid residuum1 & are ( ! quality kn[n z 8sl[-burn+10 giv+ a con/antly increas+ pressure on ! projectile f ! mom5t ( ignition to ! "t :5 x leaves ! muzzle ( ! piece4 ,^! p[d]s are manufactur$ 9 ?9 %eets or small tubes or cords1 :i*1 = small arms1 are brok5 up into gra9s4 ,!y v>y 9 color f light yell[ to black4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prismatic ,,p[d]4 ,be=e ! adoption ( smokeless p[d]1 ! cake p[d] inv5t$ by ,g5]al ,rodman _h be5 highly develop$ & improv$ 9 ! =m ( 8cocoa p[d]40 ,?is 0 made 9 hexagonal prisms1 ea* p]=at$ longitud9ally1 s z to h a holl[ core4 ,^! gra9s 7 c>efully arrang$ 9 ! c>tridges s z to h ?is core cont9u\s f "o gra9 to ano!r1 9 ord] t ^u ignition ! combu/ion w\ld beg9 9 ! int]ior & produce a con/antly increas+ volume ( gas z ! ext]ior surface ( ! gra9 0 rea*$4 ,?\gh ! "t ( combu/ion 0 too rapid to be appreciat$ by ! ord9>y s5ses1 x 01 nev]!less1 q diff]5t f ! practically in/antane\s combu/ion ( ! old small-gra9 p[d]1 & 0 susceptible ( accurate measurem5t4 ,mu* difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 ov]com+ ! detonat+ t5d5cies ( ! smokeless p[d]s1 b at la/ ! requisite sl[-burn+ prop]ties 7 obta9$4 ,! smokeless p[d] = l>ge guns is made 9 c>tridges compos$ ( bundles ( /rips or cords1 or 9 ! same prismatic =m z ! cocoa p[d]1 & ! process ( combu/ion is ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mort> ,,on ,,revolv+ ,,hoi/4 ,! =m ( ! gun is dep5d5t entirely ^u ! nature ( ! p[d] us$4 ,z ! pressure ( ! gas con/antly increases ) ! burn+ ( ! p[d]1 ! maximum =ce w be rea*$ at ! mom5t ! combu/ion is complete4 ,! l5g? ( ! bore %\ld1 !re=e1 be j suffici5t to enable ! p[d] to be entirely consum$ at ! exact in/ant ! projectile leaves ! muzzle ( ! piece4 ,a %ort] bore w\ld cause mu* ( ! p[d] to be ?r[n out unconsum$1 :ile a mu* great] l5g? w\ld ret>d ! projectile by subject+ x to ! friction ( ! bore aft] ! maximum =ce ( ! p[d] _h be5 rea*$4 ,?is acc\nts = ! greatly increas$ l5g? ( ! mod]n cannon4 ,a *ange 9 ! me?od ( gun con/ruction has accord+ly become necess>y4 ,guns are no long] made ( ca/ iron1 b are 8built up0 ( /eel4 ,! explosion ( ! p[d] is1 ( c\rse1 ex]t$ 9 e direction1 aga9/ ! bore & sides ( ! piece z well z aga9/ ! base ( ! projectile4 ,?is produces two /ra9s2 a longitud9al /ra9 :i* is ex]t$ 9 ! direction ( ! axis ( ! piece1 & a transv]se /ra9 :i* t5ds to bur/ ! gun4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to h ! piece s /rong1 especially at ! po9ts ( fir/ explosion1 z to c\nt]act ^! /ra9s1 & ?us cause ! entire =ce to be ex]t$ ^u ! projectile 9 ! direction ( ! 8lea/ resi/ance40 ,?is /r5g?1 or 8initial t5sion10 is obta9$ by %r9k+ cyl9d]s ( /eel ov] ! orig9al cyl9d] ( ! piece1 ea* out] cyl9d] or jacket be+ a few ?\s&?s ( an in* small] 9 its int]ior diamet] ?an ! out] diamet] ( ! cyl9d] :i* x incloses1 & be+ exp&$ by heat+ to a suffici5t degree to enable x to be slipp$ ov] ! latt]4 ,^u cool+1 ! jacket ex]ts a con/ant & p[]ful =ce ( compression1 :i* c\nt]acts ! outw>d pressure ( ! =ce ( explosion4 ,! longitud9al /ra9 is less dang]\s ?an ! o!r1 & is usually c\nt]act$ by an int]lock+ ( "s ( ! cyl9d]s or hoops1 to :i* ! /ra9 is transmitt$ f ! bree*-plug4 ,! art ( build+ up guns has be5 ( sl[ gr[?1 ! fir/ ef=ts 9 ?is direction hav+ be5 made by ,sir ,w4 ,g4 ,arm/rong ne>ly half a c5tury ago4 ,! weight ( ! projectile ( ! pres5t #af-;in* gun 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s]vice is #bcgj p\nds2 ! *>ge ( p[d] weighs #ajfj p\nds1 & ! extreme range is m ?an #ad miles4 ,! co/ ( ea* %ot is #dej1 & :5 we consid] t ?is does n include ! we> & te> ( ! gun1 x is evid5t t money has become m ?an ev] be=e 8! s9ews ( w>40 ,n less rem>kable ?an ! improvem5t 9 cannon is ! improvem5t 9 mort>s4 ,^! mort>s are v unlike ! clumsy weapons ( t "n manipulat$ by h&-spikes1 :i* 7 kn[n 9 our great w>4 ,!y are n[ m\nt$ on a plat=m :i* turns on roll]s4 ,!y are elevat$ or depress$ by a me*anical appliance1 are load$ at ! bree*1 are accurately rifl$1 & c drop _! projectiles on ! decks ( ho/ile vessels at a range ( six miles4 ,!y are plac$ 9 gr\ps ( f\r1 ea* 9 a sep>ate pit1 "s batt]ies conta9+ z _m z f\r gr\ps1 or sixte5 mort>s4 ,9 all important sea-coa/ batt]ies bo? guns & mort>s are s arrang$ z to be fir$ by electricity1 ei!r s+ly or 9 volleys4 ,a dynamite gun has be5 devis$ by ,capta9 ,zal9sky = ! purpose1 z ! "n implies1 ( ?r[+ a projectile conta9+ dynamite4 ,attempts to fire dynamite projectiles by means ( p[d] h ?us f> fail$4 ,9 ! ,zal9sky gun ! propell+ p[] is compress$ air4 ,! projectile conta9s f fifty to sixty p\nds ( gelat9e dynamite1 ! explosion ( :i* is t]rific4 ,excell5t results h be5 obta9$ ) ,zal9sky's gun up to a range ( #bjjj y>ds1 b z ?is is insignificant 9 comp>ison ) ! enorm\s range ( high-p[] cannon us+ p[d] z a *>ge1 ! dynamite gun is /ill a weapon ( limit$ usefulness4 ,al?\gh ! dynamite gun has n z yet fulfill$ ! desir$ requirem5ts z to range1 promis+ exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 fir+ %ells *>g$ ) high explosives f mort>s us+ *>ges ( p[d]1 & x is probably a "q ( only a %ort "t be=e means w be f\nd = successfully fir+ dynamite 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! great improvem5ts 9 field artill]y make ! cannon ( ! e>ly battlefields ( ! c5tury seem1 9 comp>ison1 almo/ l h>mless toys4 ,! mod]n field gun is made ( /eel1 is rifl$1 loads at ! bree*1 & has great rapidity & accuracy ( fire4 ,! extreme range ( ! #c4b-;in* field gun 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s]vice is ab\t f\r miles4 ,?is1 9 fact1 is beyond ! ord9>y range ( human vision1 & x is b r>ely t ! gr\nd = s great a di/ance is free f features t ob/ruct ! view4 ,= ^! reasons ! fire ( field guns c seldom be utiliz$ beyond a range ( two miles4 ,! projectile ( ! #c4b-;in* field gun weighs #ac p\nds1 & ! *>ge ( p[d] #c p\nds4 ,! #c4f-;in* gun is a /ill m p[]ful weapon1 ! weight ( ! projectile & *>ge be+ #bj & #d p\nds respectively4 ,%ells are us$ aga9/ inanimate objects1 su* z e>?works or build+s2 b ! great artill]y projectile = ! battlefield is %rapnel4 ,x is n[ v diff]5t f ! crude projectile kn[n by ! same "n 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! c5tury4 ,! bullets are assembl$ 9 circul> lay]s & held 9 position by 8sep>ators10 :i* are %ort ca/-iron cyl9d]s ) hemisph]ical cavities into :i* ! bullets fit4 ,! bottom sep>ator fits by means ( lugs into recesses at ! base ( ! %rapnel1 & prev5ts indep5d5t rotation ( ! *>ge ( bullets4 ,! top sep>ator is smoo? on its upp] side1 & is kept firmly 9 place by ! head ( ! projectile1 :i* screws aga9/ x4 ,! sep>ators prev5t movem5t or de=mation ( ! bullets "u %ock ( dis*>ge1 & be+ weak5$ by radial cuts1 increase ! effect by furni%+ additional fragm5ts ( effective weight4 ,! %rapnel = ! #c4b-;in* gun conta9s #afb bullets "o half in* 9 diamet] & weigh+ #da to ! p\nd4 ,! total numb] ( bullets & individual pieces 9 ! %rapnel is #bja4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mod]n ,,%rapnel4 ,! heavy sea-coa/ guns are n[ m\nt$ ei!r 9 armor$ turrets1 en b>bette1 or on disappe>+ gun-c>riages4 ,! fir/ sy/em is v co/ly & is n g5]ally us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! second sy/em1 9 :i* ! guns are fir$ ov] a p>apet & are con/antly expos$1 is us$ only 9 r>e cases4 ,! ?ird has be5 p]fect$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ,buff+ton-,crozi] & ! ,gordon disappe>+ gun-c>riages4 ,^! c>riages enable ! gun to be load$ 9 safety "u cov] ( ! c>riage pit1 & !n to be rais$ by means ( c\nt]weights or compress$ air to a position f :i* x c fire ov] ! p>apet4 ,) tra9$ cannone]s1 ! gun c be rais$ & fir$ 9 tw5ty seconds1 & ?is brief p]iod ( exposure1 especially :5 smokeless p[d] is us$1 r5d]s x almo/ impossible = ! enemy to locate ! gun ) any degree ( accuracy4 ,! %ock ( ! recoil1 tak5 up by pneumatic or hydraulic cyl9d]s1 br+s ! piece back1 quickly b g5tly1 to ! load+ position1 :5ce x is aga9 rais$ = fir+4 ,! siege artill]y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates army consi/s ( ! #e-;in* gun1 ! #g-;in* h[itz]1 & ! #g-;in* mort>4 ,!y all use %ell1 & _! effective range is f ?ree to f\r miles4 ,:5 ! enemy is %elt]$ beh9d entr5*m5ts x is difficult to rea* him ) %rapnel fir$ f field guns4 ,field mort>s h accord+ly be5 devis$ = ?is purpose & h giv5 excell5t results4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates #c4f-;in* field mort> is rifl$1 & c>ries a %rapnel weigh+ tw5ty p\nds4 ,! weight ( ! field mort> is only #ejj p\nds1 & x c be easily c>ri$ 9 a c>t drawn by a s+le mule4 ,illu/ration3 ,,krag-,,jorg5s5 ,,rifle4 ,b great z ! improvem5ts h be5 9 artill]y1 !y are less important ?an ! *anges effect$ 9 ! infantry rifle2 = ^u ! quality ( ! infantry dep5ds1 m ?an ^u any?+ else1 ! effici5cy ( an army4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( rifles n[ 9 use 9 ! diff]5t armies ( ! _w1 b 9 _! ess5tial pr9ciples !y are v simil>4 ,all use smokeless p[d]1 & all are provid$ ) a magaz9e :i* admits ( fir+ a numb] ( %ots )\t reload+4 ,! ,spr+field rifle =m]ly 9 use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates army has be5 replac$ by ! ,krag-,jorg5s51 :i* has a magaz9e hold+ live c>tridges1 & is provid$ ) a cut-(f :i* enables ! piece to be us$ z a s+le-%oot]4 ,:5 an em]g5cy dem&s rapid fire1 ! op5+ ( ! cut-(f enables ! c>tridges 9 ! magaz9e to be fir$ 9 rapid succession4 ,! range ( ! ,krag-,jorg5s5 is #djff y>ds1 be+ practically equal to t ( ! ,maus]1 :i*1 9 ! h&s ( ! ,spani>ds1 inflict$ casualties ^u our m5 :5 !y 7 m ?an two miles f ! ho/ile position4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! p5etrat+ p[] ( ! ,krag-,jorg5s5 & ! ,spr+field is %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 tak5 f ! report ( ! *ief ( ordnance = #ahic4 ,! ,spr+field lead bullet 0 fir$ ) #fi gra9s ( black p[d]1 & p5etrat$ #c4c in*es ( poorly season$ oak1 ! bullet be+ badly de=m$4 ,) a bullet cov]$ ) a ,g]man silv] jacket ! p5etration 0 #e4c in*es1 ! bullet be+ aga9 de=m$4 ,! ,krag-,jorg5s5 us$ a bullet consi/+ ( a lead core & a cupronickel$ jacket1 :i* 0 fir$ ) #cg gra9s ( smokeless p[d]4 ,! bullet p5etrat$ well-season$ oak to a di/ance ( #bd4b in*es & 0 tak5 out 9 p]fect condition4 ,! new rifle1 at %ort ranges1 has an almo/ explosive effect & produces a %ock+ w\nd2 b at ord9>y ranges ! w\nds inflict$ by x may be almo/ *>act]iz$ z m]ciful1 = ! bullet makes a clean puncture1 & unless a vital organ is /ruck ! w\nd heals easily & quickly4 ,! old expression ( 8=ty r\nds10 s famili> to vet]ans ( ! ,civil ,w>1 is n[ obsolete2 = no soldi] n[ ?9ks ( go+ into action ) less ?an #aej c>tridges on 8 p]son4 ,n only is ! fir+ m rapid ?an 0 =m]ly ! case1 b ! light] weight ( ! c>tridge enables a great] numb] to be c>ri$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spr+field1 ,,cal4 #de 7,,lead ,,bullet74 ,,spr+field1 ,,cal4 #de 7,,g]man ,,silv] ,,jacket74 ,,krag-,,jorg5s51 ,,cal4 #cj 7,,nickel ,,/eel ,,bullet74 ,f ! rifle to ! ,gatl+ gun is only a /ep1 = ! latt] is ess5tially a collection ( rifle b>rels fir$ by ma*9]y4 ,x consi/s ( a numb]--g5]ally t5--( rifle b>rels gr\p$ ar\nd1 & p>allel to1 a c5tral %aft1 ea* b>rel be+ provid$ ) a lock4 ,by turn+ a crank at ! bree*1 ! b>rels & locks are made to revolve toge!r ar\nd ! %aft1 ! locks hav+ also a =w>d & backw>d motion1 ! fir/ ( :i* ins]ts ! c>tridge into ! b>rel & closes ! bree* at ! "t ( ! dis*>ge1 :ile ! latt] extracts ! c>tridge aft] fir+4 ,^u ! gun1 ne> ! bree*1 is a hopp] :i* receives ! c>tridges f ! fe$ case4 ,! c>tridge falls f ! hopp] into ! bree*-block ( ! upp]mo/ b>rel1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! fir/ half-revolution ( ! b>rel x is ins]t$1 ! hamm] is drawn back1 & at ! l[e/ po9t ( ! revolution ! bree* is clos$ & ! c>tridge is fir$4 ,z ! b>rel comes up 9 ! second half-revolution ! c>tridge %ell is extract$1 & :5 ! b>rel rea*es ! top x receives ano!r c>tridge4 ,! ,gatl+ gun c be fir$ at ! rate ( #ajjj to #aejj %ots a m9ute4 ,x g5]ally uses ! same c>tridge z ! infantry rifle2 b "s patt]ns ( ! gun fire a projectile an in* 9 diamet]1 & approximate closely 9 _! effect to a field gun4 ,! gun is m\nt$ ei!r on a c>riage simil> to t ( a field-piece or on a tripod4 ,gatl+ guns 7 v successfully us$ by ! ,briti% 9 ! ,zulu ,w> & 9 ! ,s\dan1 & by our own troops 9 ! battles ar\nd ,santiago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gatl+ ,,gun4 ,! ,g>dn] is a light] ma*9e gun ?an ! ,gatl+4 ,x consi/s ( two p>allel rifle b>rels1 & is op]at$ by means ( me*anism at ! bree*1 :i*1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,gatl+1 is work$ ) a crank4 ,x c fire #ejj %ots a m9ute )\t dang] ( ov]heat+1 z ! bree*es are enclos$ 9 a metallic wat]-jacket4 ,its extreme portability makes x a mo/ valuable weapon1 ?\gh its fir+ capacity is n equal to t ( ! ,gatl+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nord5felt ,,rapid ,,fire ,,gun4 ,!re are sev]al o!r types ( ma*9e guns1 b ! mo/ +5i\s1 & p]haps ! mo/ effective1 is ! ,maxim automatic gun4 ,?is has a s+le b>rel1 ab\t two ?irds ( :i*1 f ! muzzle t[>ds ! bree*1 is surr\nd$ by a wat]-jacket into :i* wat] is automatically inject$ at ea* dis*>ge1 ?us r5d]+ ov]heat+ impossible4 ,! me*anism = op]at+ ! gun is at ! bree*1 cov]+ ! rema9+ ?ird ( ! b>rel4 ,all t is necess>y is to draw back ! trigg] to fire ! fir/ %ot2 ! recoil ( ! piece aga9 cocks x1 & ! gun is !n automatically fir$1 ! process be+ kept up until ! c>tridges 9 ! fe$-belt are all exp5d$4 ,! c>tridges are f$ to ! piece by means ( belts hold+ #ccc r\nds1 two or m ( ! belts be+ jo9$ toge!r if desir$4 ,! ,maxim gun c easily fire t5 %ots a second1 & if e man at ! piece 7 kill$ ! mom5t ! fir/ %ot 0 fir$ ! gun w\ld keep on until x fir$ at lea/ #ccb m %ots4 ,! ,gatl+1 ,g>dn]1 ,maxim1 & simil> guns are kn[n z ma*9e guns4 ,( ! same g5]al family1 s to speak1 are rapid-fire guns1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 di/+ui%$ f ma*9e guns by hav+ a l>g] calibre1 load+ by h&1 hav+ only "o b>rel1 & be+ provid$ ) artificial means ( *eck+ recoil & return+ ! piece to ! fir+ position4 ,!y use metallic ammunition1 & h a bree* me*anism :i* cocks ! fir+ p9 & extracts ! empty case by ! same motion :i* op5s ! bree* = reload+4 ,rapid-fir+ guns 7 fir/ design$ z a means ( naval def5se aga9/ torp$o boats4 ,!y deliv] a rapid & easily aim$ fire1 & use projectiles ( suffici5t p[] to p5etrate ! plates ( ! boats4 ,9 ! naval s]vice ! gun is m\nt$ on a spr+ return c>riage fix$ to ! vessel1 s t ! piece1 :5 dis*>g$1 is br\ght back to ! fir+ position )\t any d]angem5t ( aim4 ,on l& a rigid c>riage is us$4 ,?is c>riage has a spade at ! end ( ! trail1 :i* is =c$ into ! gr\nd by ! recoil & holds ! gun & c>riage 9 place4 ,! pr9cipal rapid-fire guns are ! ,hot*kiss1 ,driggs-,s*ro$]1 ,nord5felt1 ,krupp1 ,canet1 & ,arm/rong1 :i* fire f five to t5 %ots a m9ute1 & use ei!r %ell or %rapnel4 ,exp]im5ts are n[ be+ made 9 diff]5t armies ) a view to adopt+ rapid-fire guns = field artill]y4 ,! pr9ciple ( rapid fire1 or 8quick fire10 has be5 successfully appli$ to guns hav+ a calib] z great z six in*es4 ,! metallic c>tridge us$ 9 rapid-fire guns is1 9 appe>ance1 simply a 8big bro!r0 ( ! c>tridge us$ 9 ! infantry rifle4 ,closely alli$ ) guns1 bo? 9 coa/ def5se & 9 naval w>f>e1 are torp$oes4 ,! crude weapons ( ?is type1 us$ 9 ! ,w> ( ,secession1 h be5 develop$ into =midable eng9es ( w>1 be=e ^: de/ructive p[] ! /ronge/ vessels are helpless4 ,= _! classification & description see 8,! ,c5tury's ,naval ,progress10 pages #hd1 #he4 ,! de/ructive p[] ( torp$oes is s well kn[n z to give !m a great moral weight z a means ( def5se4 ,! fact t ! ,g]man h>bors on ! ,baltic 7 kn[n to be protect$ by torp$oes sav$ !m f an attack by ! ,fr5* navy 9 #ahgj-ga1 & ,c]v]a's fleet 9 ! h>bor ( ,santiago1 9 #ahih1 0 safe f our squadron s long z ! m\? ( ! *annel 0 clos$ ) ,spani% torp$oes4 ,?\gh necess>ily brief1 ! =ego+ sket* w %[ t 9 ! c\rse ( ! n9ete5? c5tury armies h increas$ enorm\sly 9 size1 & 9 ! p[] ( rapid movem5t & c]ta9ty ( supply4 ,infantry has increas$ 9 relative numb]s & 9 importance4 ,ext5d$ ord] fight+1 9 :i* ! individuality ( ! soldi] comes into play1 has tak5 ! place ( ! old rigid %\ld]-to-%\ld] l9e ( battle4 ,! private soldi]'s vocation has ris51 9 _m bran*es ( ! milit>y s]vice1 f a trade to a pr(ession1 & n[1 m ?an ev] be=e1 is ext5sive tra9+ & a high ord] ( intellect necess>y = ! comm& ( armies4 ,w>s h become %ort]1 %>p]1 m decisive & m t]rible2 & increas$ emphasis has be5 plac$ ^u ! w>n+1 8,9 "t ( peace prep>e = w>40 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,progress ,,9 ,,agriculture ,,by ,,waldo ,f4 ,,br[n1 ,agricultural ,editor 8,c9c9nati ,gazette40 ,i4 ,,vicissitudes ,,( ,,e>ly ,,f>m+4 ,if ! ?\ght ent]s ! m9d ( ! read] t a y\? 787 ( sixty-sev5 is n compet5t to write ^u agricultural improvem5t = ! entire c5tury1 ! answ] is t su* improvem5t c sc>cely be said to h begun until ne> ! middle ( ! c5tury2 t ! e>ly =ties saw ! writ] at "w on a f>m2 t he has ev] s9ce liv$ on a f>m2 & t he1 !re=e1 writes f p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! improvem5ts :i* h trans=m$ agriculture f a simple art to a pr(\nd sci5ce4 ,to realize ! progress agriculture has made1 we mu/ und]/& its condition 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury1 & ! causes :i* prev5t$ improvem5t at t "t4 ,! soil 0 ri* ) ! accumulations ( c5turies1 & ! f>m] 0 at no exp5se to ei!r ma9ta9 or re/ore f]tility1 = ) b indiff]5t cultivation l>ge crops c\ld be rais$4 ,:5 a field became impov]i%$1 ) axe & tor* a new field 0 soon cle>$ f ! =e/4 ,! implem5ts 9 use 7 ( ! crude/ & mo/ly manufactur$ by ! ne>e/ blacksmi?1 & x co/ b a few doll>s to equip a f>m2 /ill !y 7 suffici5t = ! wants ( ! f>m] ( t date4 ,s x w be se5 t ! difficulty 0 n 9 ! f>m nor ) ! f>m]2 = he c\ld gr[ n only all t 0 necess>y = family use1 b m ?an en\gh to supply ! dem& = su* m>ket z he _h4 ,p]haps ! greate/ difficulty 9 ! way ( agricultural progress 0 ! want ( transportation facilities2 = a m>ket 0 ( little use to a f>m] if he 0 sep>at$ f x by a hundr$ miles or m ( roads :i*1 ?r\gh almo/ ! entire w9t]1 7 s deep ) mud t mod]n f>m]s w\ld ?9k !m utt]ly impassable1 ) /reams unbridg$ & hills ungrad$4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>d reliev+ ! f>m] ( ?is tr\ble 0 ,john ,qu9cy ,adams' message to ,congress 9 #ahbg1 :5 he recomm5d$ ! con/ruction ( ! ,national ,road1 ! ea/]n t]m9us ( :i* 0 to be 9 ,m>yl& & ! we/]n at ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,?is road 0 con/ruct$ )9 a few ye>s4 ,x 0 ! fir/ outlet = ! crops ( ! great ,we/1 & ov] x1 across ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s1 a procession ( cov]$ wagons pass$ dur+ ! entire ye>1 c>ry+ ! products ( ! f>ms to ! ,ea/]n m>kets & br++ back manufactur$ goods4 ,"o o!r av5ue 0 op5$ = ! int]*ange ( products betwe5 ^! two sections1 ! ,erie ,canal be+ complet$ 9 #ahbe1 & enl>g$ & improv$ _m ye>s lat]4 ,dur+ ! ?irties1 j prec$+ ! era ( railroads1 !re 0 almo/ a craze on ! subject ( canal build+1 & scores ( miles ( canals 7 begun :i* 7 nev] complet$1 z ) ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? decade ( ! c5tury ! railroad idea _h tak5 possession ( ! m9ds ( ! p4 ,9 "s cases ! t[-pa? ( ! canal =m$ ! roadb$ = ! railroad :i* sup]s$$ x1 & probably m l9es ( canal 7 ab&on$ ?an 7 complet$4 ,! era ( railroads--t wond]ful factor :i* 0 to revolutionize f>m+--dates f ab\t #ahcj4 ,! fir/ locomotive 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 import$ f ,engl& & plac$ ^u ! rails 9 #ahbi1 & 9 #ahcj ! fir/ ,am]ican locomotive 0 built4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 v ne> ! middle ( ! c5tury be=e ! sy/em ( railroads _h be5 complet$ s z to mat]ially improve ! condition ( agriculture2 & al?\gh ! fact may s\nd /range to "s1 ! fir/ railroad tra9 ran into ,*icago 9 #aheb4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s ( depress$ agriculture1 h[ev]1 ! population ( ! c\ntry 0 rapidly increas+4 ,:ile ! railroad sy/em ( ! c\ntry 0 develop+1 turnpikes 7 be+ built radiat+ f ! pr9cipal m>kets & railroad /ations4 ,) ! beg9n+ ( ! second half ( ! c5tury ! f>m]s awoke to ! fact t ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 a l>ge & popul\s nation1 requir+ an imm5se am\nt ( supplies1 & t improvem5ts = transportation _h be5 furni%$ s t ! m>kets 7 easily accessible4 ,be=e pass+1 h[ev]1 f ! disc\ragem5ts & difficulties ( agriculture 9 ! e>ly days1 "s practical illu/rations ( ! difficulties met ) seem necess>y to give a cle> und]/&+ ( ! condition4 ,:at w\ld ! f>m] ( to-day ?9k 7 he oblig$ to />t ) a load ( :eat 9 midw9t] ov] roads :i* cross$ unbridg$ /reams & w\nd ov] clay hills1 n a rod ( :i* 0 macadamiz$ & all ( :i* 7 poorly grad$1 sp5d+ t5 days ) a f\r-horse team to make a r\nd trip ( "o hundr$ miles ) ?irty-five bu%els ( :eat1 & sell x 9 ! m>ket = #ce c5ts a bu%el8 ,yet su* 0 ! fact :i* ! writ] _h f ! lips ( a f>m] :o _h be5 ?r\gh ?is exp]i5ce4 ,two ?\ghts may occur to ! read]--fir/1 t ?irty-five bu%els 0 a light load = a f\r-horse team1 &1 second1 t hotel bills w\ld m ?an absorb ! money receiv$ f su* a load ( :eat4 ,b bo? ( ^! are expla9$ by say+ t "o cause ( ! lightness ( ! load 0 t ! f>m] mu/ c>ry fe$ = 8 team = ! entire trip1 & ano!r1 ! unc]ta9ty ( ! condition ( ! roads2 = ?\gh he might />t ) ! roads froz5 solid & possibly worn smoo? by ! teams :i* _h prec$$ him1 he 0 liable on ! trip to meet ) a sudd5 ?aw :i* r$uc$ ! roadb$ to mort>1 s t ! :eels w\ld s9k almo/ to ! axle1 & 9 _m cases ! load w\ld be f\nd too heavy = 8 team4 ,x 0 no uncommon sight to see a score ( places to ! mile :]e ! f5ces _h be5 torn d[n & rails c>ri$ into ! middle ( ! road to be us$ 9 pry+ ! wagons out ( ! mud :5 hopelessly mir$4 ,! reason ! hotel bills did n consume ! proce$s ( ! load 0 t !re 7 none2 = ! f>m] c>ri$ 8 camp kettle1 b$d+1 & provisions ) him1 & slept 9 ! wagon dur+ 8 entire trip4 ,! same f>m] ref]r$ to1 9 tell+ 8 /ory1 said t all ! money sp5t on ! t5 days' trip 0 ?ree 8fips0 7#ah c5ts71 & t1 presumably1 0 = ?ree 8nips0 ( :iskey4 ,an int]e/+ p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 ! w9t] ( #ahdf-dg 0 9 driv+ hogs f ,&]son1 ,ind41 to ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio1 a di/ance ( ab\t #aej miles4 ,! drove 0 />t$ ) ! m]cury at z]o1 & ! fir/ difficulty met 0 9 gett+ !m across ,:ite ,riv]1 z !re 0 no bridge & ! /ream mu/ be =d$4 ,! hogs absolutely refus$ to ent] ! icy wat]1 b ! pione] ( t day 0 equal to any em]g5cy4 ,! drove 0 soon huddl$ on ! bank1 rails 7 c>ri$ f an adjo9+ field1 & a close p5 0 built ar\nd !m2 !n two plucky fronti]sm51 ) ?ick legg+s rea*+ f ankle to hips1 t[$ !m by ! e>s to froz5 %oal wat] 9 ! c5tre ( ! riv]1 & pu%$ !m across ! ice1 :5 !y 7 oblig$ to g a%ore on ! o!r side4 ,two days lat] a sudd5 & unexpect$ ?aw set 91 :5 = "o hundr$ we>y miles ! driv]s urg$ ! hogs ?r\gh mud :i* rea*$ f f5ce to f5ce1 & :i* 0 s fluid t n a trace 0 left beh9d1 z x fl[$ 9 to fill n only ! track ( ! hogs b ! foot/eps ( ! driv]s4 ,:5 aft] days ( urg+ ! hogs began to lose /r5g? & fall by ! way1 !y settl$ d[n into ! ooze1 f :i* ! m5 mu/ lift !m into wagons :i* accompani$ ! drove or 7 hir$ f f>m]s along ! road4 ,:5 ,c9c9nati 0 rea*$ x seem$ t ! wor/ tr\ble ( ! j\rney 0 ov]2 b n s1 = ! climax ( disa/] ) ?is drove 0 rea*$ at ! slaught]-h\se1 :5 = two weeks ! wea!r 0 s w>m t no slaught]+ c\ld be done1 & ! price ( pork decl9$ day by day1 until ! entire drove 0 f9ally sold at "o & ?ree qu>t]s c5ts p] p\nd dress$ weight--& dur+ ! entire "t1 bo? on ! road & 9 ! p5s1 ! hogs _h be5 los+ rapidly 9 weight e day4 ,?is 0 ! l[e/ price recall$ = hogs2 b x 0 v common to h a glut 9 ! m>ket ( "s /aple :i* r$uc$ ! price s l[ t x sc>cely paid = transportation1 & 9 "s cases made x actually unsalable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,soil ,,pulv]iz]4 ,a neighbor relates t :5 he 0 a boy1 ne$+ "s money1 8 fa!r made him ! (f] t he might h all ! corn t he w\ld %ell1 take to mill1 & m>ket ! meal 9 ,c9c9nati1 =ty miles di/ant4 ,he w5t to "w ) a w1 prep>$ a two-horse load1 & rea*$ ,c9c9nati ) x safely1 only to f9d ! m>ket glutt$ s t he c\ld n get an (f] on x4 ,a "p ( x 0 f9ally sold at #aj c5ts p] bu%el1 & ! rema9d] 0 tak5 home4 ,dur+ ! clos+ ye>s ( ! fif? decade ! prices ( /ock 7 at ! l[e/1 good dairy c[s br++ f #g to #i p] head2 ye>l+ calves f #a to #b2 ! v be/ horses1 #dj1 & /ock hogs sell+ = #a or #b ea*4 ,at ! same "t _m ( ! necessities ( life 7 sold at exorbitant prices1 & an exam9ation ( an old acc\nt book %[s ! foll[+ figures3 ,salt1 #d p] b>rel2 nails1 #f to #h c5ts p] p\nd2 calico1 #ab c5ts p] y>d2 drill+1 #be c5ts p] y>d2 clocks1 #dj ea* 7! value ( ! be/ horses674 ,"s o!r facts mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation to und]/& :y ! f>m]s did n attempt improv$ me?ods4 ,"o 0 ! condition ( ! curr5cy4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bank1 :i* x w\ld seem %\ld h af=d$ security & /ability to ! curr5cy1 _h be5 wreck$ by ! action ( ,&rew ,jackson 9 veto+ its re*>t]+ & )draw+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates funds 7at t date ab\t #dc1jjj1jjj7 f x2 & private banks _h be5 e/abli%$ ov] ! entire we/ & s\?1 a sy/em ( :at 0 !n kn[n z 8wild cat0 banks supply+ ! p ) curr5cy4 ,! man :o 0 trad+ ne$$ to c>ry 9 8 pocket at all times a 8bank detector10 to :i* he might ref] to asc]ta9 h[ _m c5ts on ! doll> ! issue ( ea* bank 0 wor?4 ,look+ back at ! condition ( affairs z describ$1 rememb]+ h[ few ! m>kets1 h[ easily glutt$1 h[ un/able ! curr5cy1 & all ! unc]ta9ties connect$ ) ! disposal ( ! f>m]'s products1 :at 0 !re to /imulate him to improve 8 me?ods or increase 8 products8 ,if1 z 0 occasionally ! case1 ! f>m] det]m9$ to improve 8 /ock1 he mu/ import f ,engl& or buy at high prices f an import]1 & !re be+ no express companies to deliv] 8 /ock1 he mu/ ei!r g 9 p]son or tru/ to private individuals to drive !m ov] ! m\nta9s or1 if small /ock1 to br+ !m 9 wagons ! entire di/ance4 ,he c\ld n af=d to c>ry on a wide correspond5ce1 = ea* individual lett] co/ tw5ty-five c5ts po/age1 if ! di/ance 0 ov] ?ree hundr$ miles4 ,x 0 n until #ahde t po/age 0 r$uc$ to t5 c5ts1 & t5 ye>s lat] x 0 r$uc$ to ?ree c5ts = lett]s ( half an ounce4 ,if any "o is incl9$ to ?r[ ! blame ^u ! f>m]s = n hav+ done _! "p to improve agriculture & br+ prosp]ity1 he %\ld consid] ! conditions "u :i* !y _h liv$ = a g5]ation2 ! unc]ta9 m>kets2 ! l[ prices ( products2 t !y mu/ con/ruct roads & bridges1 build s*oolh\ses & *ur*es1 cle> ! f>ms1 ne>ly all ( :i* 7 cov]$ ) heavy timb]2 & ! fact t all ?is "w 0 done ) ! crude/ implem5ts4 ,x w be se5 t ! f>m]s _h be5 accompli%+ wond]s & 7 wor?y ( ! highe/ praise r ?an blame4 ,) ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ half ( ! c5tury1 ! f>m]s sudd5ly awoke to ! fact t ! conditions _h become wond]fully favorable4 ,t[ns & cities 7 gr[+ up on e h&1 (f]+ new m>kets4 ,railroads & o!r means ( transportation 7 op5+ to !m4 ,inv5tive g5ius _h tak5 up ! improvem5t ( implem5ts ( agriculture1 &1 be/ ( all1 prices _h advanc$ greatly = all ! lead+ products4 ,! improvem5ts ( me?ods 9 f>m+1 :i* h n be5 less ?an ^? 9 manufactur+ & o!r call+s1 date f ?is "t1 & w be describ$ "u ! foll[+ heads3 ,improvem5ts 9 implem5ts2 9 /ock2 9 dra9age & tillage2 9 ! ma9ta9+ & increas+ ( f]tility2 9 c>e & fe$+ ( /ock2 9 & ar\nd ! f>m]'s home2 & education1 :i* includes agricultural lit]ature1 f>m]'s organizations1 & s*ools4 ,,ii4 ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,f>m ,,implem5ts ,,& ,,ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,columbia ,,h>ve/] ,,& ,,b9d]4 ,9 writ+ on ! improvem5ts 9 agriculture "o c sc>cely fail to be impress$ ) ! fact t :5ev] ! human race comes to ! po9t t x mu/ h help & make a dem& ^u nature1 %e always honors ! draft2 & z ! /eps are portray$ by :i* ! agricultural products ( ?is cont95t h be5 increas$ a hundr$ fold1 :ile ! p[] ( ! individual work] has increas$ wond]fully1 & ! labor has be5 light5$ by ma*9]y1 we c see t ^! inv5tions & improvem5ts came j z fa/ z !y 7 ne$$1 & no fa/]4 ,god has giv5 to ! human m9d su* p[]1 & to ! h&s su* skill1 t :atev] is necess>y is soon provid$ :5 ! want is made kn[n4 ,p]haps !re is no bett] way 9 :i* ?is c be trac$ ?an 9 ! appliances by :i* ! f>m] fe$s ! _w4 ,x is an int]e/+ /udy to note ! successive /eps 9 ! improvem5t ( implem5ts = ! "w ( ! f>m4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ! sickle & flail 7 all t 7 ne$$ to cut & ?re% ! gra92 & x 0 by a s]ies ( /eps t ! /eam ?re%] & ! comb9$ m[] & b9d] 7 evolv$4 ,! sickle 0 all t 0 ne$$ until population increas$ & m>kets 7 made accessible2 !n ! cradle 0 inv5t$4 ,) ! =m]1 an exp]t c\ld cut an acre a day1 & ) ! latt] f\r or m acres2 b all ! "w 0 done by human muscle4 ,! man us+ a sickle mu/ "w ) b5d$ back all day4 ,! cradle enabl$ him to "w erect1 & light5$ ! labor2 b :5 ! 8,reap] sickle0 0 inv5t$ ! labor 0 transf]r$ to brute muscle4 ,! fir/ ma*9es 7 clumsy & heavy to draw1 requir+ z mu*1 or m1 p[] to cut ! gra9 z to cut & b9d x ) ! light runn+ mod]n b9d]4 ,n[1 ! man :o swelt]$ ) b5d$ back t5 or twelve h\rs to cut an acre ( gra9 ) ! sickle 8drives 8 team afield10 & by simply guid+ x cuts & b9ds t5 or fifte5 acres a day1 & c>ries ! bundles to ! %ock r[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,?re%] ,,) ,,bl[] ,,& ,,self-,,fe$]4 ,! improvem5t 9 ?re%+ ma*9]y has be5 z m>k$ z 9 t = h>ve/+ ! gra94 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! c5tury all ! "w 0 done ) ! flail1 & on f>ms :]e a l>ge am\nt ( gra9 0 gr[n x kept a man busy a good "p ( ! w9t] to ?re% x4 ,! fir/ improvem5t 0 9 ?re%+ ! gra9 by tramp+ x out ) horses1 & ) two m5 & f\r horses1 "u ! mo/ favorable conditions1 f fifty to "o hundr$ bu%els c\ld be ?re%$ 9 a day4 ,b by bo? ^! me?ods !re 0 ! disadvantage t 9 all damp wea!r ! "w mu/ be /opp$1 z ! gra9 w\ld become s t\gh t x c\ld n be ?re%$4 ,ano!r disadvantage ( ^! me?ods 0 t x took a long "t to prep>e ! crop = m>ket1 & 9 case ( a sudd5 rise 9 price ! f>m] c\ld n take advantage ( x z he n[ c :5 8 gra9 is all ?re%$ 9 a s+le day & held 9 ! gran>y = sale4 ,9 ! ?irties1 ! fir/ ?re%+ ma*9es 7 put 9 use1 & 7 b little improvem5t ov] ! me?od ( tramp+ ) horses4 ,! ma*9es 7 ( small capacity1 & simply ?re%$ ! gra91 b did n sep>ate x f ! /raw & *aff1 bo? ( :i* op]ations _h to be done by h&2 & if ! /raw 0 to be sav$1 ei!r 9 ! b>n or 9 a /ack1 x _h to be all h&l$ ) rakes & =ks4 ,! fir/ ?re%+ ma*9e t ! writ] ev] saw 0 "o t 0 call$ 8,! ,travell]40 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ma*9es run by /ation>y horse-p[]4 ,^! 7 call$ 8*aff pil]s10 f ! fact t !y ?re%$ ! :eat b did n sep>ate x f ! /raw or *aff4 ,! fir/ horse-p[]s 7 incl9$ planes1 or endless *a9 p[]s1 z !y 7 call$1 & 7 run by ! weight ( ! horses1 ! floor revolv+ "u _! weight z !y attempt$ to g up ! grade4 ,^! 7 soon sup]s$$ by lev] p[]s1 made at fir/ = two or f\r horses1 b aft]w>d increas$ 9 size & p[] until t5 or twelve horses 7 us$2 & ab\t ?is "t ! ma*9]y = sep>at+ ! gra9 & *aff 0 add$ to ! ma*9e4 ,x almo/ seem$ to ! f>m]s at ?is "t t p]fection _h be5 rea*$ :5 two or ?ree hundr$ bu%els c\ld be ?re%$ 9 a day & also clean$2 b ! fe$+ ( ?is l>ge numb] ( horses 0 a heavy tax ^u ! f>m]s1 p>ticul>ly :5 a ra9y day w\ld int]v5e be=e ! job 0 f9i%$1 & !y 7 oblig$ to keep ! horses two or ?ree days4 ,! inv5tion & introduction ( ! m\nt$ /eam-eng9e n only sav$ ! f>m] f ?is exp5se1 b also increas$ ! p[] & d\bl$ ! daily capacity ( ! ma*9e4 ,= a %ort "t ! f>m]s 7 satisfi$ ) ?is2 b ! eng9e 0 heavy1 & (t5 ! f>m]s' teams 7 light1 & z x 0 ! rule t ea* man mu/ draw ! eng9e f 8 f>m to :]e ! next job 0 to be done1 & (t5 ! di/ance 0 great & ! roads bad1 x 0 n long until he tir$ ( ?is4 ,!n came ! traction eng9e1 :i* n only transport$ itself b also drew ! ?re%] & sep>ator4 ,ab\t ?is "t ano!r difficulty arose2 = n[ t ! ma*9e _h be5 improv$ & ! p[] increas$ s t "u favorable conditions a ?\s& bu%els c\ld be ?re%$ 9 a day1 ! h&l+ ( ! /raw became a s]i\s problem1 = x 0 impossible to build x 9 a /ack suitable = keep+ z fa/ z ! ma*9e w\ld deliv] x4 ,! fir/ /ep to light5 & exp$ite ?is labor 0 9 add+ a /raw c>ri]1 a k9d ( revolv+ plat=m1 :i* 0 atta*$ to ! sep>ator & w\ld lift ! /raw "s twelve or fifte5 feet4 ,= a ye> or two ! f>m]s 7 satisfi$ ) ?is help1 b soon f\nd t x 0 inadequate = ! "w4 ,!n ! /ack] 0 inv5t$1 a sep>ate ma*9e :i* 0 back$ "u ! /raw c>ri] to receive ! /raw1 & :i* _h1 m\nt$ on :eels1 an elevator :i* w\ld c>ry ! /raw to a height ( tw5ty-five or ?irty feet2 & n only c\ld x d ?is1 b x 0 ! "w ( a mom5t1 ) a crank at its base1 to raise x1 & x c\ld be run at any angle4 ,:5 ! ma*9e fir/ />t$1 ! /raw c>ri] 0 plac$ horizontally1 & z ! /ack grew 9 height1 x 0 rais$ until 9 ! f9i%+ out ( ! /ack x /ood at an angle ( =ty-five degrees or m4 ,! /raw c>ri] c\ld n only be rais$1 b by an +5i\s arrangem5t ( small :eels1 x c\ld be mov$ f side to side by a light pressure ) "o h&1 or by a man on ! /ack pu%+ x ) 8 =k4 ,) ?is admirable ma*9e = h&l+ ! /raw1 x seem$ z ?\gh p]fection _h be5 rea*$1 & t !re 0 n[ practically no?+ m to be desir$4 ,b x 0 n long until ! f>m] f\nd t ) ! deliv]y ( six tons ( /raw p] h\r x 0 heavy "w = six m5 to build ! /ack1 & t x 0 ! mo/ disagreeable "w ab\t ! ma*9e because ( ! du/4 ,ab\t #ahij1 "s inv5tive g5ius produc$ ! 8bl[]0 to take ! place ( ! /ack]4 ,?is is a long jo9t$ tube1 "s sixte5 or eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 m\nt$ at ! re> ( ! cyl9d] ?r\gh :i* ! /raw is =c$ by compress$ air :i* is furni%$ by ! ma*9e4 ,x c be rais$ or l[]$1 turn$ to ! "r or to ! left1 s z to deliv] ! /raw at any desir$ po9t on ! /ack4 ,x is manag$ by a man /&+ on top ( ! sep>ator ne> ! re> end1 does away entirely ) any h&s on ! /ack1 & ?us r$uces ! =ce ab\t six m54 ,"s o!r improvem5ts :i* h be5 add$ are ! putt+ ( knives 9 ! cyl9d] to cut ! b&s1 ?us sav+ "o or two h&s1 = (t5 x 0 necess>y to h a man on ea* side = cutt+ ! b&s :5 ! :eat 0 dry & ! "w 0 done ) ! greate/ rapidity4 ,!n a revolv+ plat=m1 call$ a self-fe$]1 0 add$ 9 front ( ! cyl9d]1 on :i* plat=m ! bundles c\ld be ?r[n f a wagon /&+ on ea* side1 & be c>ri$ automatically & dump$ into ! cyl9d]1 do+ away ) ! man :o =m]ly f$ ! bundles to ! ma*9e4 ,to "s ma*9es an automatic weigh] has be5 atta*$1 :i* does away ) a man = measur+ & keep+ tally ( ! :eat4 ,comp>e = a mom5t ?is mod]n ma*9]y :i*1 ) a =ce ( twelve or f\rte5 m51 w ?re% & clean = m>ket f #abjj to #afjj bu%els ( :eat p] day1 ) ! man ) ! flail labori\sly p\nd+ out t5 bu%els1 & y w get a vivid idea ( ! progress 9 agricultural ma*9]y4 ,"o some:at curi\s fact mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 ?is1 :i* is1 t ) "s ( ^! mo/ wond]ful ma*9es ! co/ ( labor is ab\t ! same x =m]ly 04 ,b ! advantage is t ! "w c be done 9 a few h\rs1 & ! f>m]'s crop be ready = m>ket to take advantage ( increas$ prices1 :ile by ! old plan ! "w w\ld rea* almo/ ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,automatic ,,m\nt$ ,,/ack] ,,) ,,fold+ ,,atta*m5t4 ,9 ! cutt+ & h&l+ ( hay !re has be5 z great improvem5t z 9 any portion ( ! f>m4 ,a fir/-class m[+ ma*9e1 new f ! %op1 c n[ be b\ght = #dj or less1 & ) x ! f>m] c drive to ! field aft] supp]1 9 ! cool ( ! day1 & 9 an h\r cut m grass1 & d x bett]1 ?an a man c\ld ) a scy! by work+ h>d all day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,disk ,,h>r[4 ,in/ead ( %ak+ out ! swa?s sl[ly ) a =k1 ) a s+le horse hit*$ to a hay t$d] ab\t two acres an h\r c be %ak5 up & left 9 su* %ape t bo? sun & w9d h p]fect access to x & cause x to cure rapidly4 ,in/ead ( rak+ ! hay labori\sly by h&1 a /eel sulky rake does ! "w easily & quickly1 do+ m 9 an h\r ?an 0 possible 9 a day ) ! h& rake4 ,on f>ms :]e ! acreage ( hay is l>ge1 a self-load] atta*$ to ! re> ( ! wagon ga!rs ! hay f ! w9dr[ & deliv]s x on ! wagon4 ,at ! b>n1 in/ead ( ! sl[ & we>isome h& pit*+1 ! hay =k & hay c>ri] deliv] x 9 ! top ( ! highe/ b>ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,acme ,,h>r[4 ,! inv5tion ( ! hay bal] enables ! f>m] n[ to cond5se 8 crop1 s t "o ?ird ( ! room = /orage =m]ly requir$ = hay w answ]2 & x also enables him to %ip x to m>ket by rail1 :]e =m]ly x 0 necess>y t x %\ld be tak5 9 wagons4 ,:ile ! pl\gh has n be5 improv$ to ! ext5t t _m ( our f>m implem5ts h be51 x is va/ly sup]ior to ^? us$ by ! pione]s1 & modifies some:at ! adage ( 8,poor ,ri*>d10 :o wrote3-- 8,he :o by ! pl\gh w\ld ?rive1 ,himself mu/ ei!r hold or drive20 = ! mod]n pl\ghman mu/ n only hold & drive1 b drive ?ree horses at t1 & turn z _m acres 9 a day4 ,ano!r adage attribut$ to 8,poor ,ri*>d0 0-- 8,pl\gh deep :ile slugg>ds sleep1 ,& y %all h corn to sell & keep40 ,b ! mod]n f>m] has le>n$ t ! dep? to :i* he pl\ghs mu/ be gov]n$ by ! nature ( 8 soil1 & t deep pl\gh+ on heavy clay l&s1 or l&s ) a crude subsoil1 is (t5 ! cause ( %ort crops & p]man5t injury to ! soil4 ,x is d\btful if 9 any l9e ( f>m implem5ts !re has be5 m improvem5t ?an 9 t ( h>r[s2 & yet ?is improvem5t dates back b ab\t a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 z previ\s to t "t ! old 8,a0 h>r[ or drag1 :i* 0 h>d on ! team & did indiff]5t "w1 0 ! only "o f\nd on mo/ f>ms4 ,m rec5tly ! cutt+ & slic+ h>r[s h be5 l>gely introduc$1 & _m o!r =ms ( improv$ h>r[s h be5 put on ! m>ket4 ,= ! prep>ation ( h>d l& = a se$ b$1 especially = small gra91 ! disk h>r[ _c be excell$4 ,b = g>d5 use1 or = pulv]iz+ sod l& :i* has n be5 too mu* compact$1 ! slic+ ,acme h>r[ is ! mo/ p]fect implem5t 9 use1 x be+ ( light draft1 easily transf]r$ f field to field1 & capable ( mak+ ! f9e/ & be/ se$-b$4 ,! cultivators 9 use h be5 greatly improv$4 ,x is necess>y to describe b two ( !m4 ,! two-horse cultivator ) f5d]s1 :i* enables ! f>m] to cultivate bo? sides ( ! r[ at once1 driv+ two horses 9 ! field in/ead ( "o1 z by ! old me?od1 has m ?an d\bl$ ! capacity ( ! individual2 z by its use he is able n only to cultivate bo? sides ( ! r[ at once1 b to disp5se entirely ) ! man :o1 "u ! old rule1 0 oblig$ to foll[ ! cultivator & uncov] ! corn4 ,?is 8f5d]0 is exce$+ly simple1 & ! only wond] is t x took ! f>m] s long to f9d out its value4 ,co/+ b a few c5ts1 x has sav$ ! f>m]s millions ( doll>s1 z previ\s to its adoption x 0 necess>y to h "o man foll[ ea* "o-horse pl[ to uncov] ! corn4 ,!re are two =ms ( ?is 8f5d]10 ! simple/ be+ a light piece ( galvaniz$ %eet iron atta*$ to ! cultivator or pl[ s z to come j betwe5 x & ! r[ ( corn2 ! o!r is 9 ! =m ( a roll+ cutt]1 & atta*$ 9 ! same way4 ,) ei!r ( ^! ! f>m] goes into ! field z soon z ! "y plants c be se5 9 ! r[1 drives 8 team a/ride ! r[1 & /irs e in* ( ! soil1 putt+ a little fre% e>? ar\nd ea* hill ( corn or potatoes )\t cov]+ a s+le plant4 ,z a s+le ,/ate gr[s "s millions ( acres ( corn1 x c be se5 t ! sav+ f ?is little inv5tion to ! f>m]s am\nts to millions ( doll>s 9 a s+le ye>4 ,! old idea ( deep cultivation ( mo/ crops has be5 prov5 to be wrong1 & mod]n implem5ts are made to cultivate ! surface to a dep? ( two or ?ree in*es r ?an to te> up ! roots ( ! plants2 & "o ( ! mo/ p]fect ( all implem5ts = ?is purpose is ! 8,planet ,junior "o-horse cultivator40 ,p]haps no o!r class ( ma*9es has reliev$ ! f>m] m ?an ! ones = plant+ ! gra92 & ) a mod]n two-horse corn plant] two r[s c be plant$ at a "t 9 *eck]$ r[s1 s t x c be cultivat$ bo? ways & ) m precision1 bo? z to alignm5t & z to ! numb] ( plants 9 a hill1 ?an by ! old h& me?od ( plant+4 ,! small gra9 is s[n by a two-horse drill arrang$ = n only ! gra91 b at ! same "t to deposit comm]cial f]tiliz] along ! r[s ( gra91 & ) a grass se$ s[] atta*$4 ,9 ! g>d5 a h& drill is us$4 ,x is easily adju/able to any siz$ se$1 f t ( ! turnip up to beans & peas1 & ! se$ is p]fectly di/ribut$ 9 /raight r[s1 :ile ! g>d5 h& cultivator does away l>gely ) ! use ( ! hoe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble ,,corn ,,cultivator4 ,"o o!r mod]n implem5t1 :i* promises to be v useful1 is 8! we$]10 & its value re/s on two facts :i* x requir$ ! f>m] _m ye>s to discov]4 ,! fir/ is t ! ?or\gh pulv]iz+ ( ! surface1 ev5 to ! dep? ( an in*1 breaks ! capill>ies & *ecks ! evaporation ( moi/ure2 b to d ?is x is necess>y t ! "w be done j z soon aft] a ra9 z ! l& w crumble1 & s9ce (t5 if a dry+ w9d bl[s ! l& gets dry 9 a few h\rs1 a ma*9e is ne$$ t w enable ! f>m] to ?us /ir a l>ge surface 9 a %ort "t2 & ?is ! we$] does1 z x is made to cov] ! wid? ( ?ree r[s at once1 & m ?an two acres an h\r c be /irr$ ) a s+le ma*9e4 ,! o!r fact :i* makes ?is implem5t ( great value is t all we$s are easily ext]m9at$ :5 9 embryo1 & ?is /irr+ ( ! soil kills e "o t is />t+4 ,"o o!r ma*9e :i* has be5 greatly improv$ is ! clov] hull]4 ,previ\s to its inv5tion1 mo/ ( ! clov] se$ 0 s[n 9 ! *aff1 & :5 clean se$ 0 requir$ x took sev]al days' "w ) f\r horses to tramp out ?ree or f\r bu%els1 & !n mu* ( ! se$ 0 left 9 ! *aff4 ,! mod]n hull] is equipp$ ) ! bl[] & self-fe$]1 & ) x f tw5ty to fifty bu%els c be hull$ & clean$ 9 a day1 ! am\nt dep5d+ on h[ well fill$ ! heads are ) se$4 ,x is q rec5tly t ma*9]y has be5 inv5t$ t relieves ! f>m] ( ! h>d "w ( plant+ potatoes by h&1 & at ! same "t does ! "w bett] ?an ! old way1 z ! ma*9e drops ! se$ at a uni=m di/ance ap>t & cov]s x p]fectly4 ,a man ) ?is ma*9e w d ! "w ( eight or t5 m5 dropp+ by h&4 ,sev]al potato digg]s1 op]at$ by horse p[]1 h also come into rec5t use4 ,!y greatly light5 & accel]ate ! "w1 & ! co/ ( gr[+ potatoes has be5 r$uc$ sev]al c5ts a bu%el by ^! inv5tions4 ,,iii4 ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,/ock4 ,p]haps x w\ld be well 9 beg9n+ to write on ?is subject to ask1 :at is 8p$igre$ /ock08 ,_m p h ! idea t p$igree+ is an arbitr>y rule adopt$ by /ock gr[]s to my/ify ! buy] & secure l>g] prices = _! /ock4 ,! fact is t x is int5d$ z a protection to ! pur*as]1 & is1 or %\ld be1 a gu>antee t ! /ock has be5 br$ along c]ta9 l9es = a suffici5t p]iod to e/abli% ! desirable qualities :i* x is wi%$ to p]petuate4 ,a rigid c5sor%ip is ex]cis$ ov] ! record books1 & x makes e "o record+ /ock1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 a detective to see t ! records are tru?ful & repres5t ! animals j z !y are4 ,x is d\btful if along any l9e ( f>m op]ations !re has be5 great] improvem5t ?an 9 ! bre$+ & c>e ( /ock2 yet !re 7 great] difficulties to ov]come 9 do+ ?is ?an 9 improv+ ! implem5ts4 ,^! difficulties may be class$ z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ! "o already allud$ to 9 ! op5+ *apt]1 to wit1 ! exp5se ( import+ & ! consequ5t high price ( ?or\ghbr$ animals2 & :5 we recall t ?is 0 at a "t :5 ! f>m]s 7 hew+ out _! homes f ! =e/1 & c\ld n obta9 l>ge prices = _! products1 x w be se5 t few f>m]s c\ld af=d to improve _! /ock4 ,second1 z to cattle & hogs1 x 0 almo/ impossible to bre$ pure /ock2 = all animals 7 all[$ to run at l>ge1 & ! woods 7 full ( 8tramp males10 :i* w\ld break ?r\gh ! f5ces & invade ! fields :]e ! improv$ /ock 0 kept4 ,?ird1 ^? engag$ 9 bre$+ /ock f\nd t !re 0 a limit :i* :5 rea*$ br\ght b>r5ness to high-br$ animals1 & 9 _m o!r cases r$uc$ ! vitality s z to invite disease4 ,t ?is evil 0 a real & s]i\s "o is %[n f ! fact t l>ge numb]s ( high-pric$ animals fail$ to produce "y among cattle1 & t _m h]ds ( p$igre$ sw9e 7 c>ri$ (f by epidemic diseases4 ,f\r?1 & p]haps ! mo/ s]i\s h9drance to improvem5t1 0 ! indiff]5ce ( f>m]s & ! want ( appreciation ( good /ock1 & ( c\rse ! f>m] :o did n want x w\ld n cop]ate 9 produc+ x4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! improvem5t ( implem5ts & /ock consi/$ l>gely 9 ! fact t tra9$ me*anics 7 responsible = ! =m]1 & !y w\ld p]fect ! implem5ts until ! f>m]s c\ld n af=d to d )\t !m2 :ile ! slip%od f>m] w\ld be satisfi$ ) 8 common /ock1 & w\ld fail to accept ! help ( ! m5 :o 7 try+ to improve x4 ,ano!r ?+ :i* f>m]s le>n$ sl[ly 0 t good /ock requires good c>e1 :i* n only means %elt] & lib]al fe$+1 b also t ! food be adapt$ to ! wants ( ! animal4 ,m f9e animals 7 ru9$ by ov]-fe$+ ) corn--a heat+ & fatt5+ diet--?an by insuffici5t food & exposure to cold & /orm4 ,x took _m ye>s to tea* ! f>m] :at a balanc$ ration 01 & :y x 0 necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mod]n ,,clov] ,,hull]4 ,%[+ ,uncle ,tom's ,/ack] & ,self-,fe$]4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to take up ea* sep>ate bre$ ( cattle & trace its s\rce1 giv+ cr$it to ! m5 :o improv$ & develop$ x1 & ! date ( ea* importation2 b ! limitations ( ?is article =bid any?+ m ?an brief m5tion ( ! m prom95t bre$s1 & _m :i* possess great m]it _c be ev5 m5tion$4 ,! improv$ cattle ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may be gr\p$ "u ?ree heads--beef1 dairy1 & g5]al purpose4 ,( ! fir/ ! ,%ort-horn holds1 p]haps1 ! highe/ place1 or c]ta9ly did = a long s]ies ( ye>s4 ,^! = _m ye>s 7 br$ "u ! "n ( 8,durham10 b ab\t a g5]ation ago ! "n began to und]go a *ange to ,%ort-horn4 ,^! animals1 :ile especially adapt$ to ! block1 are fairly good milk]s1 & "s /ra9s ( !m are sup]ior dairy c[s4 ,!y h ! quality ( e>ly maturity & produce a l>g] p] c5t ( f9e cuts ( meat ?an mo/1 if n any1 o!r bre$s4 ,^! cattle 7 fir/ import$ into ,am]ica 9 #agig1 & _m o!r importations 7 made dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,ano!r bre$ :i* closely resembles ! ,%ort-horn is ! ,h]e=d4 ,^! cattle are usually ( a uni=m color--a pale r$--) :ite face1 brea/1 & flanks1 & droop+ horns4 ,!y 7 fir/ introduc$ by ,h5ry ,clay 9 #ahag4 ,ano!r importation 0 made 9 #ahdj1 b x 0 n until #ahfj & subsequ5tly t !y 7 import$ l>gely & a 8h]d book0 e/abli%$ = !m4 ,s9ce t "t !y h multipli$ l>gely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h]e=d ,,c[4 8,,lady ,,laurel40 ,! la/ ( ! ?ree di/9ctly beef bre$s is a hornless race orig9at+ 9 ,scotl&1 & kn[n by ! "n ( ,ab]de5 ,angus1 ,gall[ay1 or ,poll$ cattle4 ,^! cattle h ! di/9ctive quality ( h>d9ess1 & z !y h v ?ick1 close hair !y are able to subsi/ on ! range )\t %elt] bett] ?an p]haps any o!r bre$4 ,! males h a rem>kable prepot5cy1 & ! cross-br$ animals v r>ely %[ horns4 ,l ! ,h]e=ds1 !y are poor milk]s2 = :ile _! milk is ri*1 ! quantity is small1 & !y usually g dry = sev]al mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,!y 7 fir/ import$ into ?is c\ntry ab\t #ahej1 & 9 #ahhc n9e hundr$ 7 import$ & di/ribut$ among ! cattle bre$]s ( ! pla9s4 ,poll$ cattle are becom+ m popul> e ye>1 & _m f>m]s n[ dehorn ! cattle ( o!r bre$s2 & ! "t is n f> di/ant :5 horn$ cattle w be ! exception & n ! rule4 ,! ,*annel ,isl& gr\p--! ,j]seys1 ,ald]neys1 & ,gu]nseys--embraces unque/ionably ! be/ butt] animals ( ! _w2 & if we are to judge by _! wide di/ribution & great popul>ity1 ! ,j]seys lead ! li/4 ,!y 7 fir/ introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahbj1 & 9 #ahej l>ge importations 7 made2 b x 0 dur+ ! decade f #ahgj to #ahhj t greate/ int]e/ 9 ! bre$ 0 awak5$ & l>ge & frequ5t importations 7 made4 ,!re has be5 a /rong & bitt] opposition to ^! cattle by _m f>m]s on acc\nt ( _! small size1 b !y h won _! way until !y are m univ]sally di/ribut$1 & are to be f\nd on m f>ms ?an any o!r bre$4 ,rem>kable yields ( butt] f ! individual h be5 record$1 _m ( !m runn+ f #ab to #ah p\nds p] week "u high fe$+ & extra c>e4 ,:ile ! ,ayr%ire possesses great m]it1 s few ( !m h be5 import$ into ?is c\ntry t x seems sc>cely wor? :ile to m ?an m5tion !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr\p ,,( ,,ab]de5-,,angus ,,cattle4 ,"u ! head ( g5]al-purpose animals come ! ,hol/e9s1 ,devon1 & ,r$ ,polls4 ,all ( ^! bre$s possess f9e qualities4 ,! ,hol/e9s 7 probably n introduc$ into ?is c\ntry until ! la/ half ( ! c5tury1 & ! 8,hol/e9 ,h]d-,book10 publi%$ 9 #ahhb1 %[s t ab\t #ejjj regi/]$ animals 7 9 ?is c\ntry at t date4 ,:ile fair beef cattle1 ! ,hol/e9s are deep milk]s1 & %[ a record ( ! l>ge/ quantity ( milk ( any bre$ 9 ,am]ica1--"s c[s giv+ ov] #ab1jjj p\nds ( milk 9 a ye>4 ,! milk1 h[ev]1 is n z ri* 9 butt] fat z t ( ! ,j]sey1 b probably !y are ! be/ bre$ ( dairy c[s = ! *eese factory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,devons are beautiful r$ cattle4 ,!y d n rank z l>ge milk]s1 b produce a sup]ior quality ( milk1 & are unexcell$ 9 ?is respect by any bre$ b ! ,j]sey4 ,"o peculi>ity ab\t ! bre$ is ! comp>ative smallness ( ! c[2 = :ile ! /e] w weigh f #adjj to #afjj p\nds1 ! c[s w av]age only f #hjj to #ajjj p\nds ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,j]sey ,,c[4 ,,ida ,,( ,,/4 ,,lamb]t4 ,! importation ( ,r$ ,polls f ,engl& is comp>atively rec5t1 & !y come ne>] fill+ ! idea ( a g5]al purpose animal ?an any o!r bre$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,! fir/ importation 0 made 9 #ahgc1 & consi/$ ( only f\r animals4 ,two ye>s lat] f\r m 7 import$1 & 9 #ahhb tw5ty-five4 ,o!r importations soon foll[$4 ,!y are ( a uni=mly *]ry-r$ color1 ) occasionally ! tip ( ! tail :ite or a little :ite ab\t ! udd]4 ,n9ety p] c5t ( ! grades are hornless4 ,!y are ( l>ge size1 mature bulls weigh+ f #ahjj to #bbjj p\nds1 & occasionally "o w exce$ #bejj p\nds4 ,c[s weigh f #aajj to #afjj p\nds1 & w av]age #abjj4 ,t !y mature e>ly ! foll[+ weights1 copi$ f ! report ( ! ,smi?field ,club1 ( ,engl&1 w %[3-- ,/e]1 tw5ty-two & "o half mon?s old1 weigh$ #acij lbs4 ,heif]1 tw5ty-"o & ?ree qu>t]s mon?s old1 weigh$ #abeh lbs4 ,/e]1 tw5ty-?ree & "o half mon?s old1 weigh$ #aejj lbs4 ,/e]1 tw5ty-two mon?s old1 weigh$ #accf lbs4 ,at ! same %[ a mature c[ 0 exhibit$ t weigh$ #aijc p\nds4 ,z dairy cattle !y %[ good records1 giv+ an av]age ( #eejj p\nds ( milk p] ye>1 & "s h exce$$ #ejj p\nds ( butt] 9 a ye>1 milk+ ov] #cjj days4 ,:ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates c %[ z good horses z any o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w1 !y are n z g5]ally di/ribut$ among ! f>m]s z are animals ( o!r bre$s ( /ock4 ,?is p]haps c be acc\nt$ =1 fir/1 f ! fact t a horse mu/ be mature1 & n less ?an six ye>s old1 be=e x c be put on ! m>ket2 & t ! l[ price ( ! s]vice--fee ( grades & scrub /allions--is too great a temptation to ! f>m] :o is 9 debt & %ort ( money4 ,/ill1 our /&>d has be5 advanc+1 & !re is a sure b sl[ bett]+ ( ! work+ /ock ( ! c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pol&-,,*9a ,,hog4 ,9 ! draft class we h ! ,norman1 ,p]*]on1 ,clydesdale1 & ,belgian1 & possibly "s o!rs1 :ile ! ,clevel& ,bay comes z ne> ! g5]al-purpose horse z any o!r bre$4 ,! importations t h giv5 u ! magnific5t horses :i* are be+ us$ 9 ?is c\ntry h be5 made *iefly f ,france1 ,engl&1 ,belgium1 & ,g]many4 ,! blood ( ! ,engli% ?or\ghbr$ & ( ! ,arab has also contribut$ to ! developm5t ( ! qualities desir$4 ,9 no o!r class ( /ock produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry has ! improvem5t be5 m m>k$ ?an 9 ! sw9e1 & :ile !re are probably half a score ( bre$s 9 ! c\ntry1 a look ?r\gh ! m>kets %[s t probably #ij p] c5t ( !m are ( ! ?ree foll[+ bre$s3 ,pol&-,*9a 7=m]ly call$ ,magie71 ,b]k%ire1 & ,duroc or ,j]sey ,r$2 al?\gh x is q possible t ! ,*e/] ,:ite might take ! ?ird place4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,b]k%ire1 ^! may be call$ di/9ctively ,am]ican bre$s1 & ev5 ! ,b]k%ire has be5 s modifi$ & improv$ z to almo/ lay claim to ,am]ican orig94 ,a few o!r bre$s are kept pure 9 ?is c\ntry1 p>ticul>ly ! ,essex1 ,york%ire1 & ,victorias2 b !y are br$ to b a limit$ ext5t & !n = a special purpose4 ,"o ?+ t makes x easy & rapid to improve sw9e is ! fact t !y mature s e>ly1 & t a new cross may be made e ye> if desir$4 ,! writ]1 liv+ 9 t "p ( ,miami ,valley1 9 ,ohio1 :]e ! ,pol&-,*9a sw9e orig9at$1 has se51 9 a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 ^! hogs *ange 9 =m & color & g5]al *>act]i/ics1 & ^! fix$ s ?or\ghly t !y c\ld be dep5d$ on to reproduce !m4 ,z ?is bre$ exi/$ 9 ! fifties1 !y 7 co>se 9 =m1 mongrel 9 color1 & sl[ 9 matur+1 requir+ f eighte5 mon?s to two ye>s to be made ready = m>ket4 ,b to-day !y are e>ly matur+1 c be put on ! m>ket at six mon?s ( age1 weigh+ f #bjj to #bej p\nds1 & are ( uni=m %ape & color4 ,!y are /ill ! lead+ bre$ ?r\gh\t ! great corn belt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! h]d-books h regi/]$ bre$+ /ock to ! numb] ( _m ?\s&4 ,! ,b]k%ire hog 0 fir/ introduc$ into ?is c\ntry 9 #ahbc1 & a second importation 0 made 9 #ahcb1 b !re 0 no sy/ematic bre$+ & c>e to pres]ve _! purity1 & grades 7 sold = pure-br$ until ! bre$ fell into disrepute2 b 9 #ahfe new importations 7 made ( ! f9e/ animals to be f\nd 9 ,engl&1 & ! m]its ( ! bre$ became univ]sally kn[n4 ,?\gh call$ a small bre$1 !y are b little bel[ ! ,pol&-,*9a 9 weight1 & grades f ,b]k%ire males on l>ge rangey s[s w give ! f9e/ possible hogs = ! block2 b ^! grades mu/ n be us$ = bre$+1 or ! /ock w det]iorate4 ,! ,am]ican ,*e/] ,:ite hog orig9at$ 9 ,*e/] ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania2 b x is believ$ t !re 0 an importation ( :ite hogs f ,engl& 9 #ahah4 ,! bre$1 until )9 less ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 0 co>se1 l>ge ( bone1 & sl[ ( maturity1 & sometimes w\ld atta9 enorm\s weight1 ne>ly #ajjj p\nds2 b 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury !y h be5 improv$ until !y are a close rival ( ! be/ bre$s we h4 ,! ,duroc-,j]sey ,r$ seems to be a di/9ctly ,am]ican bre$1 hav+ a hi/ory dat+ back to #ahbd1 b x is less ?an a half c5tury s9ce !y came into prom95ce1 & ! improvem5t made 9 !m 9 t "t has put !m ne> ! front rank4 ,"o ?+ :i* caus$ _! rapid increase 0 ! belief t !y 7 pro( aga9/ sw9e-plague & hog-*ol]a1 & !y 7 boom$ on t idea4 ,b ?is did n prove true1 & our intellig5t f>m]s h le>n$ t x is n 9 ! bre$ b 9 ! food & c>e t immunity f disease w be f\nd4 ,^! hogs are ( a beautiful r$ color1 & ( good =m4 ,! mo!rs are prolific & good nurs]s1 & !y mature e>ly1 mak+ ! *oice/ ( pig pork at an e>ly age4 ,no o!r class ( animals has be5 subject to s mu* =eign competition or has figur$ to su* an ext5t z a political factor z ! %eep1 & ?is1 = m ?an a g5]ation pa/1 has kept ! %eep indu/ry fluctuat+ betwe5 a depression :i* de/roy$ all pr(it & a boom :i* plac$ fictiti\s values on !m1 & bo? extremes h work$ h>m to ! indu/ry4 ,yet ?r\gh all ^! *anges1 ^? :o h recogniz$ ! intr9sic value ( ! %eep & /uck to ! "w ( improvem5t1 h n only f\nd ! bus9ess pr(itable b h prev5t$ ! det]ioration ( ! animals :i* ?reat5$4 ,:ile sw9e are ( no value until kill$1 ! %eep gives two c\pons 9 a ye>1 "o 9 ! fleece & ! o!r 9 ! increase1 & ! bre$] always has two di/9ct objects be=e him1--! production ( wool & mutton4 ,! bre$s ( %eep are almo/ z dissimil> z are horses f cattle1 & "s are suit$ = hot arid l&s1 :ile o!rs are adapt$ to ! ri* l[l&s ) _! abundant & succul5t h]bage4 ,! mo/ anci5t ( all bre$s is ! ,m]9o2 & ^? :o h /udi$ ?is "q trace its desc5t back 9 direct l9e1 probably1 to ! flocks ( ! patri>*s4 ,= ages !y h be5 ! clo!rs ( mank9d1 fir/ ) ! sk9 & lat] ) ! fleece1 & /ill !y ma9ta9 a high1 if n fir/1 place among diff]5t bre$s4 ,!y h be5 wond]fully improv$1 b ! improvem5t has be5 along ! l9e ( increas+ ! value ( ! fleece r ?an ! c>cass1 & x has be5 *ang$ f an animal t w\ld produce two or ?ree p\nds ( wool1 & "o :i* _h b>e belly & legs1 to "o :i* produces a fleece f ! ho(s to v ne> ! nose4 ,x is )9 b\nds to say ! weight ( ! fleece has be5 d\bl$4 ,) ! long-wool bre$s ! improvem5t has be5 design$ to develop ! c>cass & mutton qualities r ?an ! wool1 & ( ^! ! two typical bre$s are ! ,%rop%ire & ,cotswold4 ,probably ! be/ mutton lambs t are produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry are f ! ,%rop%ire rams & ,m]9o ewes4 ,! repres5tative ,cotswold is ( maje/ic port & l>ge size4 ,! wool is curly1 long1 & lu/r\s2 n dry & h>% to ! t\*1 & has b a slight am\nt ( yolk2 at maturity x ought to be eight in*es long4 ,! fleece av]ages six or sev5 p\nds4 ,,iv4 ,,improvem5t ,,9 ,,f>m+ ,,me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m]9o ,,%eep4 ,! improvem5t ( me?ods on ! f>m has be5 discuss$ to "s ext5t 9 speak+ ( implem5ts & /ock1 z _! use involves bett] me?ods2 b !re are o!r po9ts wor?y ( notice4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! is dra9age4 ,! fir/ attempts to remove surface wat] f f>m-l& 7 by ! con/ruction ( op5 dit*es2 b z ^! _h to foll[ ! natural wat]-c\rses :i* (t5 zigzagg$ ?r\gh ! fields1 !y 7 objectionable1 n only because ( mak+ bad %ap$ l&s to pl[ & cultivate1 b also because !y caus$ a wa/e ( l&1 & usually _h to be bridg$ to be cross$ ) ! wagons4 ,o!r objections to !m 7 t !y produc$ crops ( we$s to give tr\ble 9 ! fields1 & !re 0 a con/ant t5d5cy to fill up1 :i* soon impair$ _! usefulness2 or1 if kept clean$ out1 x _h to be done at heavy exp5se4 ,! fir/ attempt at und]dra9s1 or 8bl9d dit*es10 z !y 7 call$1 0 by mak+ an und]gr\nd wat]-way ) /one or timb]2 b bo? ^! mat]ials 7 f\nd objectionable1 because su* dra9s 7 easily damag$ by ! action ( craw-fi% & r>ely cont9u$ to d good "w = m ?an a few ye>s4 ,x 0 aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury t dra9 tiles made ( burnt clay 7 introduc$1 resembl+ good h>d brick 9 mat]ial2 b ! fir/ dra9s laid 7 usually ) tiles ( too small calib]1 two-in* be+ l>gely us$1 :i* 7 n only easily *ok$ b fail$ to c>ry ! wat] (f rapidly en\gh 9 a wet "t4 ,l>ge sections ( _m ( our ,/ates 7 orig9ally swampy & s ne>ly level z to make x necess>y to con/ruct op5 dit*es1 almo/ l canals1 z an outlet = ! wat] fl[+ into !m f ! dra9s4 ,^! c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be con/ruct$ by individuals1 z no man _h a "r to g on 8 neighbor's l& to op5 a dit* = ?is purpose2 s1 9 _m cases1 ?is 0 made a matt] ( legislation1 & ! l>ge op5 dit*es 7 built by taxation equitably levi$ on ! l&s4 ,by ?is means ! f>m]s 7 enabl$ to ?or\ghly dra9 l>ge areas ( c\ntry :i* o!rwise w\ld h be5 ne>ly wor?less = agricultural purposes4 ,9 "s in/ances ! e>? tak5 f ^! l>ge dit*es 0 grad$ up sev]al feet high at ! side1 & on ! top ( ?is levee a turnpike road 0 con/ruct$1 ?us giv+ a d\ble b5efit f a s+le op]ation4 ,! fir/ dra9+ ( f>ms 0 9 ! wet spots :]e1 usually1 a s+le l9e ( tiles1 laid = a mod]ate di/ance1 w\ld br+ ! p>ts ( ! field "u cultivation t o!rwise w\ld be wa/e2 b gradually ! f>m]s le>n$ t !re 7 o!r valuable effects f dra9age1 & t mo/ heavy clay l&s w\ld be b5efit$ by x suffici5tly to ju/ify ! exp5se4 ,! foll[+ incid5tal advantages h be5 le>n$3 fir/1 dra9age deep5s ! soil2 second1 x prev5ts ! kill+ out ( grass & gra9s dur+ a wet season2 ?ird1 x makes ! l& w>m]2 f\r?1 x improves ! texture ( ! soil & makes x possible to "w & plant x e>li] 9 ! spr+2 fif?1 x prev5ts wa%+ & wa/e ( manure2 six?1 x (t5 prev5ts failure ( crops 9 excessively wet seasons1 & enables !m to endure dr\ght bett] 9 dry seasons4 ,al?\gh dra9age is exp5sive x is a p]man5t improvem5t1 & 9 _m cases ! increase ( ! :eat crop 9 a s+le ye> has defray$ ! exp5se ( till+ ! l&4 ,ano!r improvem5t1 :i* seems to be ! opposite ( ?is1 is ! irrigation ( arid l&s 9 ^? p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e ! annual ra9fall is small & e summ] br+s a dr\ght4 ,9 ^! cases1 wat] /or$ 9 l>ge natural or artificial res]voirs1 or t furni%$ by sn[ melt+ on ! m\nta9s1 is utiliz$ to c>ry ! crops ?r\gh ! dry season & to enable ! f>m] to gr[ l>ge crops :]e no?+ c\ld be produc$ )\t ?is aid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble ,,corn ,,plant]4 ,p]haps 9 no o!r l9e h ! me?ods *ang$ = ! bett] m ?an 9 ! c>e ( dome/ic animals1 & ?is includes bo? %elt] & fe$+4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury1 cattle & hogs 7 usually expos$ to ! sev]e wea!r ( ! w9t] ) no o!r %elt] ?an t af=d$ by a /raw-/ack1 & ?is (t5 0 f\nd level$ to ! gr\nd by ! fir/ ( ,m>*1 leav+ !m entirely )\t %elt] at t *angeable season ( ! ye>4 ,!y 7 all[$ at all seasons to roam ov] ! f>m & ga!r _! own liv+1 & 7 turn$ into ! cornfields z soon z ! e>s 7 remov$1 :]e !y liv$ well z long z ! /alk pa/ure la/$1 aft] :i* !y dep5d$ on /raw = food until spr+2 & x 0 common to h ! cattle s poor1 z spr+ approa*$1 t _m di$ ( actual />vation1 :ile o!rs became s feeble t !y w\ld h to be lift$ to help !m on _! feet4 ,!n ! /ables = horses 7 con/ruct$ app>5tly ) ! idea t v5tilation 0 ! *ief ?+1 & ! horses /ood & %iv]$ 9 _! /alls f ! drafts t blew ?r\gh ! sides ( ! b>n & up ?r\gh ! floors ( _! /alls4 ,gradually ^! ?+s h *ang$1 until ! l>g] "p ( f>m /ock is w>mly %elt]$1 & well f$ ) a v>iety ( food4 ,succul5t food is n[ l>gely furni%$ f ensilage pres]v$ 9 silos1 f beets & o!r roots gr[n & /or$ = w9t] use1 &1 m rec5tly1 f sorghum1 :i* has be5 f\nd to reta9 its succul5ce & sweetness dur+ ! entire w9t]4 ,f>m]s h le>n$ :at is meant by a balanc$ ration1 :i* is a comb9ation ( foods t w give ! prop] proportion ( heat & fat produc]s ) ^? :i* make bone & muscle1 & t x means bo? heal? & economy to sub/itute to a c]ta9 ext5t bran & oil meal = corn1 & clov] hay = hay made f ! grasses1 & /raw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h& ,,g>d5 ,,pl[4 ,ano!r great improvem5t has be5 along ! l9e ( f5c+2 &1 9 ?is respect1 ! mo/ economical /ep ( all has be5 9 r$uc+ ! am\nt ( division f5ce on ! f>m1 keep+ only a portion ( x divid$ into fields = pa/ure1 & leav+ half or m ( ! be/ p>ts to be cultivat$ 9 a s+le inclosure on :i* /ock is nev] turn$4 ,9 mo/ ,/ates1 laws h be5 pass$ oblig+ ea* f>m] to f5ce 9 8 own /ock1 & no "o is compell$ to f5ce out 8 neighbor's4 ,! sub/itution ( wire = wood z a f5c+ mat]ial has r$uc$ ! co/ ( f5ce con/ruction ab\t "o half1 & ! wa/e ( l& occupi$ by f5ces is r$uc$ 9 ab\t ! same proportion4 ,v4 ,,improvem5t ,,9 ,,& ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,home4 ,! *ange 9 ?is direction 9 a s+le g5]ation has be5 mo/ m>k$1 & is "o ( ! sure/ signs ( prosp]ity4 ,! log cab9 has giv5 place to a sub/antial &1 9 _m cases1 an elegant home4 ,! irregul> & ill-%ap$ y>ds1 f5c$ ) rails1 :i* surr\nd$ bo? h\se & b>n1 & 9 :i* hogs & cattle 7 kept1 ) no %elt] b a rail p5 ) /raw ro(1 h disappe>$1 & rectangul> lots enclos$ ) neat f5ces & good b>ns & pigg]ies h tak5 _! place4 ,! wood-pile has retir$ f ! front y>d1 & is n[ %elt]$ 9 a wood%$ adjo9+ ! kit*52 & a neat lawn ) fl[]s & %rubb]y is no long] ! exception1 b ! rule4 ,a good g>d51 9 :i* ! new] & improv$ vegetables h tak5 ! place ( ! old sorts1 & a b]ry pat*1 well c>$ =1 af=d ! luxuries :i* !y alone c give = a p]iod ( _m weeks ea* season4 ,! wat] is no long] c>ri$ f a remote spr+1 b good wells & ci/]ns are plac$ conv5i5tly1 _m ( !m s t ! pump is 9 ! kit*5 or "u a por* atta*$ to ! h\se4 ,! cell> is usually floor$ ) cem5t1 & ! /airs lead+ to x are ( easy grade2 :ile good walks ( plank or cem5t make x a pleasure to pass f ! h\se to ! surr\nd+ outbuild+s4 ,ano!r l9e 9 :i* v great improvem5t is %[n is 9 ma9ta9+ ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,! old me?od 0 to exhau/ ! f]tility ( a field & !n cle> a new "o2 & x is d\btful if "o f>m] 9 a hundr$ c\ld h answ]$ ! "q1 8,:y does l& become /]ile aft] long cultivation80 = !y _h no conception ( :at ! *emical elem5ts ( ! soil 7 :i* are necess>y to its f]tility4 ,!re are two !ories ( f]tiliz+ & f]tility3 "o1 t ! soil is a m9e to be work$ out1 & :i* w inevitably become unproductive 9 ! process2 ! o!r1 t x is a laboratory 9 :i*1 "u ! intellig5t managem5t ( man1 =ces c be set at "w :i* w ma9ta9 & develop a p]petual f]tility4 ,mal?us1 m ?an a c5tury ago1 ann\nc$ t ! "t w\ld come be=e long :5 ! p ( ! e>? w\ld />ve because !y _h outgr[n ! f]tility ( ! soil & its productive capacity2 b aft] long cultivation1 we f9d x possible to produce on less ?an half ! cultivatable l& en\gh n only to fe$ our own nation1 b ! _w at l>ge1 & !re is no que/ion+ ! accurat5ess ( ! laboratory !ory z oppos$ to ! m9e !ory4 ,! fir/ improvem5t along ?is l9e 0 9 ! bett] sav+ & utiliz+ ( animal manures2 b :5 x 0 f\nd t ^! 7 insuffici5t1 sci5ce came to ! help ( ! f>m]4 ,! *emi/ analyz$ bo? crop & soils1 asc]ta9+ :at 0 ne$$1 & !n ! _w 0 se>*$ = ! mat]ials necess>y4 ,! elem5ts :i* =m$ our plants 7 f\nd to be fifte5 9 numb]1 b ( ^! x 0 f\nd t x 0 necess>y to furni% only ?ree1--nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%4 ,nitrog5 0 kn[n to exi/ 9 inexhau/ible quantities 9 ! atmosph]e1 =m+ sev5ty-six p] c5t ( its composition2 b ! "q 0 long unsolv$3 8,c gr[+ plants appropriate atmosph]ic nitrog580 ,f9ally1 x 0 discov]$ t plants ( ! ,legum9os family--( :i* clov] is ! be/ type & ( greate/ value = ?is purpose to ! f>m]--c\ld appropriate nitrog5 f ! atmosph]e2 & aft] c>eful rese>*1 ) ! aid ( ! microscope1 x 0 discov]$ t ?is appropriation came ab\t ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( bact]ia 9 ! roots4 ,?is fact connect$ ) ! clov] plant is "o ( imm5se importance to ! f>m]1 because nitrog5 is n only ! mo/ exp5sive elem5t ( f]tility to pur*ase1 b is likely to be lo/ bo? ?r\gh evaporation & lea*+4 ,s x c be se5 t clov] is "o ( ! mo/ valuable plants :i* c be gr[n on ! f>m1 = ! reason t ! crop c be utiliz$ z food = /ock1 :ile /ill great b5efit inures to ! soil1 z ! f]tility is l>gely /or$ 9 ! roots1 :i* _c be us$ = any o!r purpose1 & z by ! action ( ^! roots ! me*anical condition ( ! soil is greatly improv$4 ,fur!r1 ! d5se %ade ! plant af=ds induces *emical action 9 ! soil1 :i* makes plant food available t w\ld o!rwise rema9 in]t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ?+s connect$ ) f]tility is t ,god has s lock$ x up 9 ! e>? t no gre$y g5]ation c exhau/ x1 & t ! greate/ s\rce ( f]tility is ! atmosph]e1 ^: secrets are j be+ discov]$4 ,an ,engli% sci5ti/ has rec5tly ann\nc$ t by ! aid ( electricity1 furni%$ by *eap wat]-p[]1 nitrates c be manufactur$ directly f ! atmosph]e s z to r$uce _! co/ to less ?an "o f\r? :at x has h]et(ore be54 ,aga91 ! intellig5t use ( clov] w enable ! f>m] to produce 8 own nitrog5 & r$uce ! co/ ( *emical f]tiliz]s to "o half :at x usually is :5 conta9+ nitrog54 ,?is br+s u to ! "q ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,) ! s+le exception ( guano1 !y are a product ( ! la/ ?ird ( ! c5tury4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>d ! use ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s 0 by analyz+ our b>ny>d manures4 ,:5 ! *emi/ discov]$ t a ton or m :i* ! f>m] drew out labori\sly ) two horses to ! field conta9$ b tw5ty or ?irty p\nds ( actual plant food1--! rema9d] be+ wat]1 s&1 & o!r dead matt]1--! next /ep 0 to comb9e ! ?ree elem5ts ess5tial to a p]fect f]tiliz] 9 su* proportions t a s+le sack w\ld hold en\gh manure = an acre ( gr\nd2 & 9 t5s ( ?\s&s ( cases1 ! application ( ?is am\nt ( f]tiliz] has increas$ ! :eat crop f five to fifte5 bu%els p] acre1 d\bl+ ! grass crop :i* foll[$1 :i* 9 turn1 & ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! f]tiliz]1 =m$ a sw>d :i*1 by its decay1 f]tiliz$ a ?ird crop :5 x 0 turn$ "u 9 ! rotation4 ,! elem5t 9 f]tiliz]s ( next importance to nitrog5 is phosphoric acid1 & ! fir/ s\rce f :i* ?is 0 obta9$ 0 ! bones ( animals4 ,b ! supply f animals slaught]$ 0 entirely insuffici5t2 & s ! great pla9s ( ! ,we/ 7 glean$1 & t5s ( ?\s&s ( tons ( buffalo bones 7 ga!r$ & %ipp$ ,ea/ to f]tilize our f>ms4 ,b soon ?is s\rce began to wane2 !n two o!r s\rces1 practically inexhau/ible1 ( ?is indisp5sable elem5t 7 discov]$1--! phosphate rocks ( ! ,s\? & ! iron slag f furnaces1 ea* ( :i* is f\nd to conta9 a l>ge p] c5t ( phosphoric acid2 & :5 ! rock is dissolv$ by acids & ! slag gr\nd to an impalpable p[d] by ma*9]y1 ! f]tiliz+ elem5ts 9 bo? are f\nd to be z available & valuable z t f bones4 ,! supply ( pota% 0 obta9$ at fir/ f wood a%es1 :i* ! cle>+ ( ! f>ms & ! univ]sal use ( wood z fuel made abundant4 ,b lat]1 :5 ^! s\rces 7 no long] suffici5t1 pota% salts 7 f\nd 9 l>ge quantities :]e !y c\ld be m9$ f ! e>?1 s t n[ !re seems to be 9 sight an inexhau/ible supply ( ! elem5ts ne$$ = plant food4 ,l almo/ e re=m1 ! use ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s 0 oppos$ bitt]ly by _m f>m]s1 & /atem5ts 7 made by !m t _! effects on ! soil 7 l ^? ( :iskey or o!r /imulants on ! body1 & t ! ultimate result ( _! use w\ld be t ! soil w\ld become b>r54 ,_m refus$1 to use !m at all2 o!rs1 aft] a s+le trial made )\t intellig5ce1 d5\nc$ !m z humbugs4 ,b z !y saw on ! f>ms ( _! neighbors ! wond]ful results f _! use1 !y h be5 gradually l$ to adopt !m1 until n[1 ) mo/ f>m]s1 ! "q no long] is1 8,c ,i af=d to use comm]cial f]tiliz]s80 b r1 8,c ,i af=d to d )\t !m80 ,,vi4 ,,improvem5t ,,9 ,,agricultural ,,education4 ,to "o :o has foll[$ ! writ] to ?is po9t1 x mu/ be app>5t t ! f>m] ( to-day has made progress 9 ! k ( 8 call+ to at lea/ z great an ext5t z he has improv$ 9 8 me?ods1 & t ! t]ms 8f>m drudge0 & 8clodhopp]0 are misappli$ & %\ld be obsolete4 ,!re is no o!r indu/rial call+ 9 :i* "o t\*es nature & sci5ce at s _m po9ts1 or :i* gives su* good opportunities to develop ! p]fect man1--8! s\nd m9d 9 ! s\nd body10--z t ( ! f>m]4 ,admitt+ t n all f>m]s und]/& ?is & live up to _! privileges1 does n alt] ! fact t ! f>m (f]s a great opportunity to develop & broad5 ! m9d2 t ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury has br\ght into active op]ation =ces :i* h t\*$ & influ5c$ a l>ge p] c5t ( ! till]s ( ! soil2 & t ! leav5 ( education is work+ mightily4 ,! intellig5t1 /udi\s f>m] becomes a practical botani/ z he /udies ! gr[? & habits ( plants4 ,z he is dep5d5t m ?an any o!r man ^u ! wea!r & mu/ *ange 8 plans frequ5tly to correspond ) climatic *anges1 he becomes a meteorologi/4 ,myriads ( insects1 :i* include bo? enemies & fri5ds1 make him a /ud5t ( entomology2 & ! wond]ful al*emy ( ! soil by :i* (f5sive & poison\s matt]s are transmut$ into gold5 gra91 lusci\s fruits1 vegetables1 & fl[]s1 calls = a k ( *emi/ry4 ,! use ( mod]n ma*9]y develops 8 me*anical p[]s2 & ! man on ! f>m develops 9 m directions & has an opportunity to acquire a broad] education ?an any o!r man :o e>ns 8 liv+ by 8 own labor4 ,to su/a9 ?is /atem5t1 x is only necess>y to enum]ate ! educational opportunities & privileges n[ op5 to ! f>m] & :i* are1 to a great ext5t1 utiliz$ by him4 ,fir/1 :at ! gov]nm5t is do+ = him4 ,no o!r call+ is repres5t$ 9 ! cab9et ( ! ,presid5t1 & "t & exp]i5ce h demon/rat$ ! wisdom ( a ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4 ,n only are we di/9ctively an agricultural p1 b ! prosp]ity ( ! nation dep5ds on ! intellig5ce & prosp]ity ( ! f>m] m ?an on all o!r classes comb9$4 ,n only mu/ ! food supply ( our p be furni%$1 b ! =eign dem& mu/ be met2 & ?is gives to ! f>m]s money to sp5d1 s t ! indu/ries :i* contribute to _! wants %all %>e 9 ! g5]al prosp]ity4 ,:ile !re are _m honorable & useful call+s1 agriculture seems to be ! only "o :i* t\*es & affects all o!rs4 ,! f9ancial importance ( agriculture is %[n by ! fact t1 aft] ! wants ( ! nation 7 suppli$1 9 ! ye> #ahig we export$ 9 r\nd numb]s #fij1jjj1jjj wor? ( agricultural products1 or ne>ly #fg p] c5t ( ! entire exports2 & not)/&+ an enorm\s increase ( imports ( wool & sug>1 9 anticipation ( increas$ duties1 ! balance ( trade on agricultural products = ! ye> 0 #bhi1jjj1jjj1 & ! export ( agricultural products = ! curr5t fiscal ye> w\ld %[ /ill l>g] figures4 ,consid]+ ! specific educational influ5ces :i* are elevat+ ! f>m] & 8 call+1 we enum]ate ! foll[+3 ,agricultural lit]ature1 f>m]s' organizations1--includ+ f>m]s' clubs1 f>m]s' in/itutes1 & ! ,grange1--agricultural exp]im5t /ations1 & agricultural colleges1 all ( :i* h contribut$ _! %>e to ! intellig5ce & prosp]ity ( ! f>m]1 & all are products ( ! la/ half ( ! c5tury4 ,to give an intellig5t idea ( ! help :i* ^! influ5ces h br\ght to ! f>m]1 x is necess>y to treat !m to "s ext5t 9 detail4 ,fir/1 agricultural lit]ature4 ,all t is necess>y to an und]/&+ ( ! progress 9 ?is direction is to get "o ( ! v few s-call$ agricultural pap]s ( fifty ye>s ago & comp>e x ) ^? ( to-day4 ,n only h !y multipli$ a hundr$fold1 b :ile ! =m] l>gely conta9$ /ilt$ articles writt5 by !ori/s1 to-day e page is full ( practical in/ruction writt5 by f>m]s1 & (t5 by speciali/s :o h sp5t ye>s 9 improv+ "s l9e ( f>m+ or /ock bre$+4 ,mo/ ( our agricultural pap]s h a /aff ( paid contributors1 ne>ly all ( :om h made a success 9 "s bran* ( f>m+2 & s anxi\s are ! publi%]s ( ^! pap]s to give _! read]s all ! help possible1 t !y se>* out ! m5 :o are prosp]+ on ! f>m & engage _! s]vices z in/ructors = _! read]s4 ,! j\rnals devot$ to agriculture are numb]$ by hundr$s1 "s ( !m devot$ to a s+le l9e1--su* z %eep1 p\ltry1 or g>d5+1--& o!rs ) well classifi$ dep>tm5ts :i* give in/ruction on all po9ts4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ne>ly all ( ! weeklies h a page ( agriculture1 usually conduct$ by a f>m] or "s "o ) practical k ( f>m "w4 ,!re are no secrets 9 agriculture1 & e f>m] is ready to imp>t to all any valuable in=mation he acquires4 ,f>m]s appreciate ! value ( ^! helps & make l>ge use ( !m1 & ! circulation ( ^! pap]s is enorm\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,success ,,anti-,,clog ,,we$]4 ,by ,f>m]s' ,clubs we mean ^? organizations ( f>m]s1 gov]n$ by con/itutions & by-laws1 :o meet at /at$ times = ! discussion ( topics connect$ ) ! improvem5t ( _! call+4 ,!re are no /ati/ics available f :i* c be ga!r$ ! ext5t ( ?is movem5t1 b ,ohio reports fifty clubs & has =m$ a /ate organization4 ,9 ,mi*igan1 :]e ! clubs are organiz$ on a diff]5t basis1 #cj1jjj memb]s are report$2 !y h also =m$ a /ate organization1 :i* 0 att5d$ by #bjj delegates at ! la/ meet+4 ,indiana is b little1 if any1 beh9d ^! two ,/ates1 & ! club idea is rapidly spread+ ?r\gh ! ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,!re are two =ms ( ^! clubs1 "o ( :i* limits ! memb]%ip to twelve families1 & ! meet+s are all held at ! homes ( ! memb]s1 "o ea* mon?4 ,! advantages ( ?is plan are sev]al4 ,fir/1 ) ! club ?us limit$1 ! horses c be /abl$ & c>$ = dur+ inclem5t wea!r ( w9t]4 ,second1 ! wives ne$ prep>e b "o meal 9 ! ye> = ! club2 :ile ) ! l>ge club x is necess>y t ea* %\ld contribute to a basket d9n] = e meet+1 :i* (t5 causes z mu* tr\ble z to prep>e ! meal = ! entire club once a ye>4 ,?ird1 ! att5dance is sure to be m regul> 9 ! small club1 & "o condition ( memb]%ip is t e memb] %all be pres5t at ea* meet+ unless provid5tially deta9$4 ,f\r?1 ) a club ( ?is size e memb] c take "p 9 ! discussion1 & !re w be less dang] ( a few 8talk]s0 monopoliz+ ! "t4 ,fif?1 ! social features 9 ! small club are v mu* bett] ?an 9 ! l>ge4 ,mo/ ( ! clubs 9 ,ohio & ,indiana are organiz$ on ?is basis1 :ile 9 ,mi*igan x is probable t mo/ ( ! clubs h an unlimit$ memb]%ip4 ,! objection is sometimes urg$ t ! small club seems selfi%1 b z any twelve or ev5 six families are at lib]ty to organize a club ?is objection is n valid4 ,z _m f>m]s :o w\ld l to organize may n be able to f9d a =m ( con/itution & by-laws1 x seems prop] to give "o "h4 ,preamble4 ,recogniz+ ! fact t f>m]s ne$ an opportunity to comp>e me?ods & to cultivate _! social qualities1 & consid]+ t 8,z iron %>p5e? iron1 s a man %>p5e? ! c\nt5ance ( 8 fri5d10 9 ord] t we may be mutually helpful to ea* o!r 9 matt]s relat+ to husb&ry1 home com=t1 & economy1 we d =m ourselves into an association kn[n z ! ---- ,f>m]s' ,club fill ! blank ) ! "n y wi% to use = y\r club1 & adopt = our gov]nm5t ! foll[+3-- ,con/itution4 ,article #a4 ,! (fic]s %all be ,presid5t1 ,vice-,presid5t1 ,secret>y1 ,treasur]1 & ,libr>ian1 :o %all be elect$ annually 9 ,novemb]1 & assume _! duties 9 ,janu>y ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,article #b4 ,! duties ( ^! (fic]s %all be su* z p]ta9 to ! (fices 9 o!r organizations & are indicat$ by ! "n ( ! (fice4 ,article #c4 ,! active memb]s ( ?is club %all be engag$ 9 agricultural pursuits1 b honor>y memb]s may be elect$ by unanim\s vote4 ,honor>y memb]s are n oblig$ to att5d all ! meet+s1 b w be welcom$ to any4 ,article #d4 ,application = memb]%ip mu/ be submitt$ at ! meet+ previ\s to _! be+ ballot$ =1 & memb]s w be admitt$ on receiv+ a two-?irds vote by ballot2 b ! memb]%ip %all be limit$ to twelve families4 ,article #e4 ,am5dm5ts may be made at any regul> meet+ by a two-?irds vote ( ! active memb]s4 ,by-laws4 #a4 ,! club %all meet at ! resid5ce ( "o ( ! memb]s on ! ?ird ,?ursday ( ea* mon?1 at t5 o'clock1 invitations to :i* %all be limit$ to ! ho/ess ( ! day4 #b4 ,! club %all be call$ to ord] by ! presid5t1 aft] an h\r sp5t 9 social int]c\rse1 & ! ord] ( ex]cises %all be z foll[s3-- a4 ,read+ & approv+ m9utes ( la/ meet+4 b4 ,mon?ly record ( curr5t ev5ts4 c4 ,selections1 recitations1 essays4 d4 ,adj\rnm5t = d9n] & social int]c\rse until two o'clock4 e4 ,discussion2 s conduct$ z to avoid all que/ions ( politics & !ology4 f4 ,"q draw]4 g4 ,miscellane\s bus9ess4 ,9 ord] t ! "w ( ! club may be sy/ematic & ! "t fully occupi$1 a programme cov]+ ! entire ye> is prep>$ & pr9t$ s z to be ready = di/ribution at ! ,decemb] meet+ ( ea* ye>4 ,t ! read] may und]/& ! work+ ( ?is plan1 a few topics w be giv51 tak5 f ! programme ( ! club ( :i* ! writ] is a memb]3-- ,janu>y4 ,! club w meet at ! home ( ,mr4 44444444 ,?ursday1 ! #ai?4 ,selection 44444444444444444444444 ,mrs4 44444444 ,pap] 444444444444444444444444444 ,mr4 444444444 ,topic3 ,a review ( ! previ\s ye>4 ,ea* memb] w give 9 writ+ a /atem5t ( pr(its & losses = ! ye> "u ! foll[+ heads3-- #a4 ,g5]al crops gr[n & acreage & yield !re(4 #b4 ,:at special crops h be5 rais$4 #c4 ,/ock rais$ or h&l$4 #d4 ,:at exp]im5ts h be5 made on ! f>m4 #e4 ,:at losses ( /ock1 or crops1 & ! cause !re(4 ,june4 ,! club w meet at ! home ( ,mr4 44444444 ,?ursday1 ! #ae?4 ,selection 4444444444444444444444 ,mrs4 44444444 ,pap]3 8,h9drances to %eep rais+ & h[ to avoid !m40 ,mr4 444444444 ,topic3 ,! ,f>m]'s ,b>n4 #a4 ,relative size to f>m4 #b4 ,location & gr\nd plan4 #c4 ,arrangem5t ( /abl+1 fe$+1 & wat] conv5i5ces4 #d4 ,plan = sav+ manure4 ,ei!r a g5tleman or a lady is appo9t$ to op5 ea* topic1 aft] :i* ! subject is op5$ = "q or discussion by any memb] ( ! club4 ,dur+ "o mon? ( ! summ]1 usually ,july or ,augu/1 a picnic takes ! place ( ! regul> meet+1 at :i* a basket d9n] is s]v$4 ,f>m]s' in/itutes are1 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w1 a f>m]s' s*ool1 & :ile x is less ?an tw5ty ye>s s9ce _! fir/ organization1 ne>ly all ( ! ,/ates1 at lea/ 9 ! ,nor?1 are conduct+ !m to a great] or less ext5t4 ,z ,ohio claims ! honor ( inaugurat+ ?is movem5t1 & ! writ] is m famili> ) ! plan ( organization & ! "w ( in/itutes 9 t ,/ate ?an any o!r1 "s facts conc]n+ !m w be giv54 ,! fir/ attempt to tea* ! f>m]s by lecture c\rses 0 made late 9 ! sev5ties at ! ,ohio ,/ate ,agricultural ,college1 :5 a c\rse ( eighty lectures on subjects connect$ ) f>m int]e/s 7 giv51 all ( !m by pr(essors ( ! college4 ,?is fir/ c\rse occupi$ five weeks2 & z x 0 f\nd t b a limit$ numb] ( f>m]s c\ld be induc$ to leave _! homes & c>e ( _! /ock 9 ! w9t]1 & t ! att5dance 0 only ab\t =ty1 ! next two ye>s ! c\rse 0 %ort5$ 9 hopes t a l>g] att5dance might result1 b su* 0 n ! case4 ,!n "s "o sugge/$1 8,if ! f>m]s w n come to ! lectures1 :y n take ! lectures to ! f>m]s80 & ! outcome ( ?is sugge/ion has be5 a wond]ful success2 ! ,/ate hold+ ?ree hundr$ in/itutes 9 ! w9t] ( #ahig & #ahih1 "u a law provid+ a fund = t purpose1 & ov] a hundr$ indep5d5t in/itutes 9 addition1 by :i* is meant in/itutes 9 :i* ! local organization pays its own exp5ses & *ooses its own lectur]s & subjects4 ,! "w 9 mo/ ( our ,/ates is ?or\ghly organiz$1 a fund provid$ to meet ! exp5ses ( ! "w1 plac$ 9 "s ,/ates "u ! *>ge ( ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 & 9 o!rs 9 *>ge ( a sup]9t5d5t ( in/itutes4 ,! f>m]s h met ?is ef=t = _! improvem5t ) great en?usiasm1 & ! att5dance is usually limit$ by ! size ( ! hall provid$4 ,all p>tisan & sect>ian que/ions are rigor\sly exclud$ f ! discussions4 ,a bullet9 is issu$ 9 ! fall1 :i* gives ! names ( a l>ge corps ( lectur]s & a li/ ( subjects1 & ^! are s5t to ! (fic]s ( ! local organizations1 f :i* !y c select su* topics z !y wi% discuss$4 ,half ( ! "t ( ea* session is allott$ to ! /ate lectur]s1 :ile local tal5t is expect$ to fill ! o!r half4 ,! greate/ possible fre$om is all[$ 9 ask+ que/ions & discuss+ ! "w ( ! speak]s1 & no o!r educational influ5ce :i* has come to ! f>m] has equal$ t (f]$ by ^! meet+s4 ,at ! close ( ea* ye> ! be/ pap]s & discussions are pr9t$ 9 a bullet9 = free di/ribution among ! f>m]s1 & are giv5 out at ! meet+ ! ensu+ ye>1 or are mail$ f ! (fice ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,agriculture on application4 ,! ,grange 0 organiz$ at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 9 #ahjg1 b exi/$ only on pap] until ,janu>y1 #ahgc1 :5 ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,national ,grange conv5$ at ,georget[n1 ,d4 ,c41 ) delegates f t5 ,/ates4 ,x 0 />t$ z a secret society1 ) a ritual & degrees1 & seem$ to cat* ! popul> fancy among ! f>m]s4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,national ,grange 9 #ahgd1 ?irty-two ,/ates 7 repres5t$4 ,probably no o!r organization has made s rapid a gr[? z ?is4 ,a l>ge elem5t1 h[ev]1 ( ! memb]%ip 0 attract$ to x by ! rally+ cry ( 8,d[n ) ! middleman60 & _h little or no conception ( its educational possibilities4 ,little c\ntry /ores ) v small capital1 & manag$ by m5 ) no bus9ess tra9+1 sprang up at e cross-road1 :i*1 contr>y to ! expectation ( _! f\nd]s1 did n save money1 b result$ 9 "s valuable bus9ess education = :i* a good tuition fee 0 paid4 ,! reaction :i* set 9 made x seem = a "t z ?\gh ! entire ord] w\ld dis9tegrate2 b =tunately !re 7 wise lead]s :o _h caught ! true idea1 t ! organization mu/ be kept on an educational basis to save x f ext9ction1 & ?r\gh _! ef=ts x has become a p[] = good 9 mo/ localities1 & has be5 ( great s]vice to ! f>m]s4 ,c\nty1 /ate1 & national societies h be5 organiz$1 & no o!r l>ge bodies ( f>m]s c s quickly & ?or\ghly cop]ate 9 measures p]ta9+ to ! int]e/s ( ! f>m] z ^? belong+ to ?is ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,asp9wall ,,potato ,,plant]4 ,ano!r educational =ce ( imm5se value to ! f>m]s is f\nd 9 ! exp]im5t /ations1 :i* are e/abli%$ 9 e ,/ate ( ! ,union4 ,?is "w 0 />t$ by an act ( ,congress1 approv$ ,m>* #b1 #ahhg1 & kn[n z ! 8,hat* ,act40 ,by ?is act ! sum ( #ae1jjj p] annum 0 appropriat$ = ea* ,/ate 9 ! ,union1 to be specially provid$ by ,congress 9 ! appropriations f ye> to ye>4 ,9 addition to ?is sum1 mo/ ( ! ,/ates h made l>ge appropriations = ! pur*ase ( suitable gr\nds & ! erection ( build+s1 & to cov] ! exp5se ( pr9t+ ! reports & pamphlets :i* are s5t out free to ! f>m]s :o apply = !m4 ,to g a little f>!r1 ! que/ions requir+ inve/igation by ! agricultural exp]im5t /ations may be divid$ into ?ree pr9cipal gr\ps1 accord+ z !y are relat$ to ! soil1 to ! gr[? ( crops & vegetation1 or to dome/ic animals & _! products4 ,i4 ,! soil is /udi$-- 7#a7 ,9 its v>ieties1 z f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! f>m & ( ! ,/ate4 7#b7 ,9 its physical prop]ties1 z affect$ by tillage1 dra9age1 irrigation1 etc4 7#c7 ,9 its *emical prop]ties1 z relat$ to ! ma9t5ance ( f]tility by ! use ( f]tiliz]s & o!rwise4 ,,ii4 ,9 vegetation & crop production "s ( ! objects ( /udy are3-- 7#a7 ,v>ieties1 includ+ ! selection & dissem9ation ( new sorts2 ! elim9ation ( synonyms2 ! comp>ison ( /ra9s ( v>ieties2 ! production ( improv$ v>ieties1 etc41 etc4 7#b7 ,vegetable pa?ology1 includ+ /udies ( ru/s1 smuts1 blights1 rots1 mildews1 etc4 7#c7 ,control ( injuri\s insects4 7#d7 ,=e/ry1 embrac+ ! culture ( =e/ trees = w9d-breaks1 = timb]1 = nuts & incid5tal products4 ,,iii4 ,9 ! /udy ( animals "s ( ! problems are3-- 7#a7 ,bre$s & _! comp>ative values = diff]5t purposes4 7#b7 ,foods & fe$+1 = gr[?1 = meat1 = milk & wool4 7#c7 ,! diseases ( animals1 especially ^? ( contagi\s1 epizootic1 or p>asitic nature4 ,! /ations h done mo/ valuable "w along ^! diff]5t l9es1 & h contribut$ 9 a l>ge measure to ! introduction ( improv$ v>ieties ( c]eals1 =age crops1 & fruits4 ,9 ! case ( :eat especially1 !re c be no d\bt t ! "w ( ! /ations has be5 a factor ( great importance 9 produc+ l>ge yields1 by /imulat+ ! f>m]s to a m c>eful comp>ison ( v>ieties & ( me?ods ( culture4 ,a plan ( pur*as+ & te/+ mo/ ( ! s-call$ new v>ieties ( fruits & gra9s has be5 foll[$ by "s ( ! /ations1 ?us enabl+ ! f>m]s & fruit gr[]s to judge :e!r su* v>ieties are likely to be sup]ior to sorts already cultivat$4 ,x has be5 "p ( ! "w ( ! /ations to expose fraudul5t sales ( fruit1 /ock1 & f]tiliz]s4 ,mu* o!r "w has be5 & is be+ done1 b ! in/ances giv5 %[ ! value ( ! inve/igations made4 ,z has already be5 /at$ "u ano!r head+1 ! (fic]s ( ! exp]im5t /ations take an active "p 9 ! "w ( ! in/itutes1 & by ! frequ5t issu+ ( bullet9s & _! annual reports convey valuable in=mation to ! f>m] 9 e dep>tm5t ( 8 "w4 ,9 _m ,/ates !y h e/abli%$ read+ c\rses = ! /udy ( ,nature1 :i* are conduct$ simil>ly to ^? 9 ! ,*autauqua c\rses4 ,9 ! same connection ! "w ( ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry %\ld be notic$4 ,possibly no o!r organization ( ! gov]nm5t is do+ s mu* to save f>m]s f loss ?r\gh disease ( /ock & educat+ !m to ! same ext5t z ?is4 ,! organization is made up ( m5 ( ! highe/ sci5tific tra9+1 ^: lives are devot$ to ! /udy ( diseases ( dome/ic animals & ^: "w ext5ds to ! te/+ ( rem$ies1 ! inspection ( meats1 ! /udy ( =eign m>kets1 & ev]y?+ t p]ta9s to ! int]e/ ( ! /ock gr[]s4 ,no disease c break out 9 ! h]ds ( live /ock 9 any "p ( ! c\ntry )\t ?is bureau be+ at once notifi$ ( x1 & tra9$ (ficials are s5t to /udy all ! circum/ances connect$ ) x & to prev5t1 if possible1 su* disease f becom+ epidemic4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :5 contagi\s pleuro-pneumonia _h secur$ a foo?old 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry set to "w to /amp x out4 ,! ,old ,_w 0 p>alyz$ by ! enormity ( ! und]tak+4 ,vet]9>ians 9 ,engl& & ,cont95tal ,europe laugh$ at u & consid]$ u fit subjects = lunatic asylums4 8,hadn't !y always _h x8 ,x co/ !m millions ( doll>s annually 9 cattle1 yet !y _h be5 unable to /amp x out1 & mo/ assur$ly we c\ld n d :at ,european vet]9>ians c\ld n40 ,!y =got t we 7 ,yankees4 ,x co/ u _m good h>d doll>s t 7 repres5t$ by l>ge figures2 b we /amp$ x out1 & x has n[ be5 ye>s s9ce 8,uncle ,sam0 (ficially decl>$ ! c\ntry free f x4 ,ano!r "w :i* ?is bureau und]took 0 ! regulation ( vessels 9 :i* cattle 7 export$1 & !y r$uc$ ! losses s z to save f two to ?ree million doll>s annually 9 ! insurance ( export cattle4 ,! greate/ possible c>e is tak5 to dis9fect vessels 9 :i* cattle h be5 %ipp$1 & /rict regulations are e/abli%$ regulat+ ! size ( /alls1 v5tilation1 ! numb] ( cattle to be c>ri$ on any s+le vessel1 & e po9t :i* has a be>+ on ! heal? & com=t ( ! animals4 ,x 0 n until aft] ! ,civil ,w> t su* a ?+ z an agricultural college 0 kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 b ?r\gh ! action ( ,congress v lib]al appropriations 7 made1 :i* 9 mo/ ,/ates 7 supplem5t$ by ! action ( ! ,/ate ,legislatures1 & an agricultural college 0 />t$ 9 e ,/ate ( ! ,union4 ,9 ! beg9n+ !re 0 mu* criticism1 & )\t d\bt _m mi/akes 7 made by ^? to :om ! "w 0 assign$2 b n[ t a g5]ation has pass$1 ! f>m]s h come to und]/& bett] ! objects ( ^! s*ools1 & sci5tific m5 h be5 tra9$ to d ! "w2 & ^! m5 h gone out into o!r dep>tm5ts1 su* z ^? already describ$1 & h made possible ! spl5did a*ievem5ts :i* h already be5 h9t$ at 9 :at has be5 writt54 ,! tea*]s & (ficials ( ^! colleges h be5 exce$+ly fri5dly to ev]y?+ t c\ld help ! f>m]s1 & are 9 close t\* ) !m2 aid+ 9 ! "w ( local1 /ate1 & national organizations1 &1 9 mo/ ,/ates1 c>ry+ on ! "w ( ! exp]im5t /ations ?r\gh _! pr(essors & graduates2 & 9 _m ( !m c\rses ( lectures by practical f>m]s h be5 e/abli%$4 ,)\t "q !y are becom+ m & m helpful z ! ye>s g by1 & _! p[] = good is con/antly increas+4 ,a ,,summ+ ,,up4 ,:at has agriculture ga9$1 or r along :at l9es1 9 ! c5tury's progress8 ,a brief summ>y w\ld seem a fitt+ close ( ?is *apt]3-- 7#a7 ,! m>vel\s advance 9 me?ods & means ( transportation1 & ! consequ5t op5+ ( ! m>kets ( ! _w4 7#b7 ,! k ( ! *emical con/itu5ts ( ! soil & its managem5t 9 ! l9e ( ma9ta9+ f]tility4 7#c7 ,! appliances to light5 labor & %ort5 processes 9 ! production & h>ve/+ ( crops4 7#d7 ,increas$ k ( plants1 z to _! gr[? & cultivation1 _! fe$+ qualities1 & ! comb9ation ( ^! qualities 9 fe$+ our dome/ic animals1 by :i* we are able to r$uce ! co/ ( production ?r\gh ! e>ly maturity ( ! animals & ! ma9ta9+ ( vigor\s heal?4 7#e7 ,increas$ k ( ! value & p[] ( organization & ( agricultural lit]ature 9 help+ to a practical education = ! duties ( ! f>m4 7#f7 ,9 an increase ( home com=ts & a high] ideal ( liv+1 & an appreciation ( ! fact t ! "w ( ! f>m %\ld be subs]vi5t to ! life on ! f>m1 z 8,! life is m ?an meat1 & ! body ?an raim5t40 7#g7 ,9 no o!r c\ntry on ! globe are !re s _m till]s ( ! soil :o own _! homes1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 !re is no c\ntry :]e !re is s mu* ( patriotism4 ,:5 ,mat!w ,arnold visit$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 no?+ t he saw delight$ him m ?an ! beautiful f>ms1 ) _! com=table dwell+s & outbuild+s & ! evid5ces ( high cultivation & f]tility4 ,b "o ?+ puzzl$ him1 & t 0 ! abs5ce ( t5ant h\ses1 & he ask$1 8,:]e d ! m5 live :o cultivate ^! f>ms80 ,:5 told t 9 mo/ cases ! f>m]s 7 _! own t5ants1 he c\ld sc>cely express 8 a/oni%m5t4 ,pr9ce ,kropotk91 ( ,russia1 :o has travel$ 9 ?is c\ntry & paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! condition ( agriculture1 says 9 8 summ+ up3 8,am]ican agriculture (f]s an impos+ sight2 n 9 ! :eat fields ( ! f> ,we/1 :i* w soon become a ?+ ( ! pa/1 b by ! developm5t ( rational agriculture & ( ! =ces :i* promote x4 ,read ! description ( an agricultural exhibition 9 a small t[n 9 ,i[a1 ) #gj1jjj f>m]s camp+ ) _! families 9 t5ts dur+ ! fair week1 /udy+1 le>n+1 buy+ & sell+1 & enjoy+ life4 ,y see a national fte1 & y feel t y deal ) a nation 9 :i* agriculture is held 9 respect4 ,or read ! publications ( ! scores ( exp]im5t /ations1 ^: reports are publi%$ by ?\s&s & scatt]$ broadca/ ov] ! c\ntry1 & are read by ! f>m]s & discuss$ at c\ntless f>m]s' meet+s1 & y w feel t ,am]ican agriculture is a real =ce1 imbu$ ) life1 :i* no long] fe>s mammo? f>ms1 & ne$s n1 l a *ild1 cry = protection40 ,! future ( agriculture 9 ?is c\ntry seems safe1 & no class ( m5 c look ! future 9 ! face ) m ( confid5ce ?an ^? :o till ! soil4 ,,progress ,,9 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+ ,,by ,,walt] ,,lor+ ,,webb1 ,c4,e41 ,assi/ant ,pr(4 ( ,civil ,eng9e]+1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,i4 ,,an ,,introductory ,,view4 ,if we broadly def9e civil eng9e]+ z ! art ( con/ruction1 !n ! bir? ( ! art is z old z ! em]g5ce ( man f savag]y4 ,! savage :o holl[s out a log ( wood 9 ord] to con/ruct a canoe has tak5 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! art ( %ipbuild+2 & :5 he has con/ruct$ a hut1 h[ev] rude1 to take ! place1 z an abode1 ( ! cave holl[$ out by nature1 he has mov$ "o /ep ne>] to ^? triumphs ( build+ con/ruction :i* satisfy man's necessities1 com=ts1 & /hetic desires4 ,f ?is /&po9t civil eng9e]+ is z old z ! olde/ ( ! arts & sci5ces4 ,n only is civil eng9e]+ an anci5t art1 b :5 ! ar*ologi/ po9ts to "s ( ! ma/]pieces ( build+ con/ruction :i* h be5 lit]ally hidd5 f view by ! dbris ( c5turies1 & describes ! old roads :i* ! dis9tegrat+ =ces ( nature1 work+ = c5turies1 h n be5 able to de/roy1 x is natural to assume t 9 _m features ! civil eng9e]+ ( ! pres5t day is b a copy ( anci5t "w1 or1 at lea/1 t !re has be5 comp>atively little real progress4 ,x may be claim$ t bridges are v old1 t canals1 ligh?\ses1 & roads ant$ate ! ,*ri/ian era1 & t ev5 ! anci5t ,egyptians knew t ! e>? is r\nd1 & _h made a r\gh computation ( its diamet]4 ,b x w be %[n t ev5 9 ^! cases !re has be5 an enorm\s advance1 n only 9 ! "* & magnitude ( ! "w done1 b also 9 ano!r feature ( civil eng9e]+ :i* is frequ5tly ov]look$1 namely1 ! economy ( labor & mat]ial4 ,civil eng9e]+ has be5 def9$ z ! art ( do+ well ) "o doll> :at any bungl] c d someh[ ) two doll>s4 ,?is def9ition1 al?\gh v loose & "o-sid$1 nev]!less conta9s a v important tru?4 ,if by improv$ me?ods a canal or a bridge c be con/ruct$ = "o half to "o ?ird ( :at x w\ld h co/ by old] me?ods1 !n ! _w has advanc$1 9 t x may h two or ?ree canals or bridges at ! same co/ ( labor z w\ld h be5 previ\sly requir$ = ! con/ruction ( "o4 ,:5 we add to ?is a va/ improvem5t 9 quality1 an improvem5t t w\ld h be5 previ\sly impossible at any co/1 ! _w's advance is h>dly measurable by any /&>d4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t _m eng9e]+ works1 ju/ly consid]$ ma/]pieces at ! "t ( _! con/ruction1 c\ld n[ be replac$ by a mu* bett] /ructure = a comp>atively small "p ( _! orig9al co/4 ,?is /atem5t n only applies to v old con/ructions1 b ev5 to "s ( ! great eng9e]+ works ( ! latt] half ( ?is c5tury4 ,"s ( ^! recon/ructions h actually occurr$1 z is illu/rat$ 9 ! ,victoria tubul> bridge at ,montreal1 or ! ,roebl+ susp5sion bridge at ,niag>a ,falls1--describ$ lat]4 ,9 fact1 ! progress 9 civil eng9e]+ dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury is *iefly made up ( ! enorm\s advances :i* h be5 made dur+ ! latt] half ( ! c5tury4 ,x %\ld n be argu$ t ^! rec5t con/ructions are *eap]1 because 8ev]y?+ is *eap] n[40 ,! g5]al scale ( wages has advanc$1 & ! total co/ ( con/ruction is *eap]1 only because improv$ me?ods ( "w h r$uc$ ! labor requir$ to produce f9i%$ build+ mat]ial f ! raw product & to erect t mat]ial into a /ructure4 ,!re=e 9 consid]+ 9 detail ! con/ruction ( ! great ma/]pieces ( ?is c5tury1 we %\ld n lose sight ( ! enorm\s advance 9 g5]al me?ods ( "w1 :i* has r5d]$ x possible to h all ( ^! /ructures :i* s m9i/] to ! prosp]ity ( ! _w1 at su* a r$uc$ co/ 9 labor4 ,a complete discussion ( ! c5tury's progress 9 civil eng9e]+ w\ld require a treatise on all mod]n practice z well z a description ( ne>ly all ( ! great eng9e]+ ma/]pieces 9 exi/5ce1 b ! limitations ( ?is article utt]ly preclude ! possibility ( ev5 a %ort discussion ( all ! bran*es ( ! sci5ce1 to say no?+ ( a detail$ description ( all ( ! examples4 ,! foll[+ discussion w !re=e be conf9$ to ^? bran*es 9 :i* ! advance has be5 mo/ notable1 ev5 to ! unsci5tific read]1 ! progress be+ illu/rat$ by brief /atem5ts reg>d+ ! mo/ typical con/ructions4 ,,ii4 ,,bridges4 ,n only is !re evid5ce t bridges ( ! simple/ =ms h be5 us$ f prehi/oric times1 b ! eng9e]+ _w has be5 frequ5tly surpris$ at ! discov]y1 9 semi-b>b>\s l&s :]e !re 0 evid5tly no sci5tific k ( bridge con/ruction1 ( a bridge :i*1 9 its me*anical analysis1 is a rude example ( "s "o ( ! m complicat$ types n[ 9 use4 ,b ^! bridges are always small1 & are con/ruct$ ) an utt] disreg>d ( t economy ( con/ruction :i* is "o ( ! great triumphs ( mod]n bridge eng9e]+1 be+ uselessly /rong 9 "s p>ts1 consid]+ _! weakness 9 o!rs4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury !re 0 n a wr\ght-iron or /eel bridge 9 exi/5ce4 ,disreg>d+ /one ar*es = ! pres5t1 all o!r bridges 7 made ( wood--) ! exception ( a few bridges ( ca/ iron1 :i* 7 con/ruct$ dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,b ca/-iron is unsuitable = pieces requir+ t5sile /r5g?2 x is also difficult to ca/ v l>ge pieces ) any assurance ( uni=mity4 ,! be/ exi/+ examples ( ca/-iron bridges are1 !re=e1 ^? ( ! ar* type2 b ^! are v heavy 9 proportion to _! real /r5g?1 & w\ld n[ be mu* m co/ly ?an1 z well z inf]ior to1 /eel bridges ( equal /r5g?4 ,!re=e ! great advance 9 bridge "w dur+ ?is c5tury consi/s 9 ! developm5t ( /eel bridge con/ruction1 & a brief description w be giv5 ( a few bridges :i* repres5t ! *ief types4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brooklyn ,,susp5sion ,,bridge4 ,,brooklyn ,,bridge4--,! susp5sion bridge betwe5 ,new ,york & ,brooklyn is ! l>ge/ bridge ( its k9d 9 exi/5ce1 &1 until ! con/ruction ( ! 8,=?0 bridge1 0 ! longe/ cle> span ev] built4 ,e "o is s famili> ) ?is /up5d\s /ructure t only a few /atem5ts w be made1 :i* may give a bett] idea ( ! unprec$5t$ problem :i* confront$ ! great eng9e]1 ,john ,a4 ,roebl+4 ,:5 look+ at ! exce$+ly graceful design ( ! t[]s1 "o is apt to =get t a l>ge "p ( ! /ructure ( ea* t[] is hidd5 f view4 ,! bottom ( ! f\ndation ( ! pi]1 on ! ,new ,york side1 is #gh feet bel[ mean high tide1 & spreads ov] an area #agb feet long & #ajb feet wide4 ,! pressure ex]t$ by ! caisson on its base is ab\t #aad1jjj tons1 or #f tons p] squ>e foot4 ,?is great area1 #ced feet bel[ ! p>apet ( ! t[]s1 is a surface consi/+ p>tly ( b$-rock & p>tly ( a mat]ial s compact t x 0 f\nd1 to be almo/ impossible to drive an iron b> into x4 ,d[n bel[ ! mud1 bel[ all dang] ( sc\r1 f> bel[ ! dep? :]e ! dread$ t]$o navalis c de/roy ! timb] 9 ! caissons1 ^! pi]s re/ on an immovable f\ndation1 & are an imp]i%able monum5t ( man's skill4 ,! floor ( ! bridge is support$ by f\r cables1 ea* conta9+ #fcjj wires4 ,ea* wire is suppos$ to be subject$ to a /ress ( ab\t #egj p\nds1 & to h an ultimate /r5g? ( #cdjj p\nds4 ,to say t ea* cable is pull$ by a =ce ( #c1eia1jjj p\nds conveys b little real impression to ! m9d--z little z to say t x w\ld require a pull ( ov] #ba1jjj1jjj p\nds to break x4 ,& !re are f\r su* cables6 ,! ma9 span1 includ+ ! weight ( ! cables1 weighs ab\t #ejjj tons4 ,"s int]e/+ facts conc]n+ ! caissons "u ! pi]s ( ?is bridge w be giv5 "u ! head+ ( 8,caissons40 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,niag>a ,,railway ,,ar*4 ,,niag>a ,,railway ,,ar*4--,! railway susp5sion bridge1 con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,john ,a4 ,roebl+ across ! ,niag>a gorge 9 #ahec-ee1 0 ju/ly consid]$ a monum5t to ! skill ( a great eng9e]1 a monum5t ( ! _w's progress2 & yet s rapid has be5 ! advance 9 ! art ( bridge eng9e]+1 t ?is great /ructure is already a ?+ ( ! pa/1 & has n[ be5 replac$ by ano!r bridge :i* bett] fulfills ! increas$ requirem5ts4 ,x 0 n t ,roebl+'s bridge 0 an eng9e]+ failure1 b t ! l>ge increase 9 ! weight & l5g? ( tra9s n[ requires a mu* /rong] bridge4 ,!re 7 sev]al =midable conditions confront+ ! eng9e] :o design$ ! /eel ar* :i* has n[ replac$ ! susp5sion bridge4 ,= "o ?+1 a heavy railroad traffic 0 us+ ! old bridge4 ,! int]ruption ( railroad traffic = ev5 a few day's is a s]i\s matt]4 ,ext5d ! "t to sev]al mon?s1 & ! consequ5ces are too s]i\s = tol]ation4 ,& ?us x became necess>y to s plan & con/ruct ! ar* t bo? /ructures w\ld occupy ! same site1 n int]f]e ) ea* o!r1 & n int]f]e ) ! runn+ ( tra9s4 ,x is an amaz+1 almo/ inconceivable1 triumph ( con/ructive skill t ?is 0 accompli%$ s t 8n a s+le tra9 0 delay$1 & traffic on ! highway floor 0 susp5d$ only = ab\t two h\rs ea* day1 :ile ! upp] floor sy/em 0 be+ put 940 ,! second rigid requirem5t 0 ! necessity = con/ruct+ ! ar* )\t any 8false works0 und]nea?4 ,( c\rse x 0 n practicable to susp5d ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! ar* dur+ con/ruction1 f ! old bridge1 z x 0 n design$ = su* a load4 ,nor w\ld x h be5 possible to plant false works 9 ! deep & swift curr5t ( ! ,niag>a ,riv]4 ,& s x became necess>y to make ea* half ( ! bridge self-support+1 z x hung out ov] ! rag+ torr5t a di/ance ( ab\t #bge feet f ! abutm5ts1 until ! two project+ arms c\ld be jo9$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,! illu/ration does n %[ ! indep5d5ce ( ! ar* f ! old bridge4 ,if ! old bridge _h n be5 !re 7z 0 virtually ! case1 s f> z support giv5 by x is conc]n$71 ! indep5d5ce ( ^? arms rea*+ out ov] ! riv] w\ld h be5 m app>5t4 ,add to all ^! rigor\s conditions ! m>vel\s fact t ! erection ( ?is great ar* 0 begun on ,septemb] #ag1 #ahif1 & t ! bridge 0 te/$ on ,july #bi1 #ahig 7only #cae days aft]w>d71 & we h "h "o ( ! greate/ triumphs ( eng9e]+ :i* c\ld be imag9$4 ,,pecos ,,riv] ,,viaduct4--,! orig9al location ( ! ,galve/on1 ,h>risburg1 & ,san ,antonio ,railway includ$ a section ( ab\t #be miles :i* 0 v difficult to op]ate1 on acc\nt ( its v heavy grades & %>p curvature4 ,aft] "s ye>s ( /udy & survey+1 a l9e 0 f\nd :i* w\ld save #aa4b miles 9 di/ance1 #cgh feet ( rise & fall1 & #aicc degrees ( curvature1 besides be+ free f l& slides :i* ?reat5$ ! old l9e at _m po9ts4 ,b ! great economic advantages 9 ! exp5ses ( op]at+ c\ld only be obta9$ at ! co/ ( an almo/ unprec$5t$ /ructure1--a viaduct #bahj feet long1 :i* %\ld cross ! ,pecos ,riv] at an elevation ( #cbj feet #aj in*es above ! wat] surface4 ,!re are two bridges 9 ,europe :i* span v deep gorges by ar*es1 :i* are high] above ! wat] ?an ?is viaduct1 b 9 su* cases ! dep? ( gorge is ( no eng9e]+ importance4 ,!re is also a viaduct1 = a n>r[-gauge railway 9 ,bolivia1 #hjj feet long & ) a height ( #ccf feet f ! rails to ! wat]4 ,b ! ,pecos viaduct is built to c>ry /&>d-gauge railway traffic ov] a valley ne>ly half a mile wide1 & at su* a height t a tra9 mov+ ov] x appe>s dim9utive4 ,! /one t[]s 9 ! illu/ration appe> small1 b !y are con/ruct$ to a height ( ov] #ej feet above ! ord9>y level ( ! wat]1 to all[ = possible floods4 ,! longe/ 8b5ts0 h a height ( #bda feet #j in*es4 ,no 8false works0 7 us$ 9 erect+ ! bridge4 ,! 8travel]10 %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 _h an arm #abd feet #f in*es long4 ,aft] complet+ ! con/ruction on "o side ( ! riv] 7includ+ "o half ( ! 8susp5d$0 span imm$iately ov] ! riv]71 ! travel] 0 tak5 ap>t1 load$ on c>s & transport$ by rail a di/ance ( ne>ly #dj miles1 9 ord] to rea* ! o!r side ( ! valley4 ,!n ! con/ruction 0 c>ri$ on z be=e1 until ! two halves ( ! susp5d$ span met 9 ! c5tre4 ,! "w ( erection began ,novemb] #c1 #ahia1 & on ,febru>y #bj1 #ahib 7only #ajh days lat]71 ! two halves ( ! susp5d$ span 7 connect$4 ,a portion ev5 ( ?is "t 0 lo/ by inclem5t wea!r & unavoidable delays4 ,?is light 8spid]-web0 me?od ( con/ruction = cross+ v high valleys 0 orig9at$ by ,am]ican eng9e]s1 ! fir/ notable in/ance ( x be+ ! con/ruction ( ! 8,k9zua0 viaduct1 on ! ,n4 ,y4 ,l4 ,e4 ,w4 ,r4 ,r41 :i* has a l5g? ( #bjej feet & a height ( #cjb feet above ! wat]--figures :i* are only slightly less ?an ! above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir? ,,( ,,=? ,,bridge4 ,,g5]al ,,view4 ,,=? ,,bridge4--,! next type ( bridge to be consid]$ has = its example ! l>ge/ bridge 9 ! _w--! 8cantilev]0 cross+ ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 9 ,scotl&4 ,! economic design ( bridges ( ?is type1 on ! basis ( ! me*anical pr9ciples involv$1 is n only an a*ievem5t ( ?is c5tury1 b ( ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury4 ,nev]!less1 we may f9d illu/rations ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 ! /one l9tels 9 an ,egyptian temple2 9 a r\gh wood5 bridge erect$ by ,indians 9 ,canada1 ne> ! l9e ( ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railroad2 & 9 a bridge erect$ ov] two hundr$ ye>s ago 9 ,?ibet1 & discov]$ 9 #aghc by ,lieut5ant ,davis1 ( ! ,engli% embassy to ! c\rt ( ! ,te%oo ,lama4 ,! pr9ciple ( ^! bridges is v graphically %[n by a photograph made at ! "t ( ! con/ruction ( ! ,=? bridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pecos ,,riv] ,,viaduct4 ,?is bridge jo9s two sections ( ,scotl& :i* _h be5 previ\sly sep>at$ by an arm ( ! sea1 :i* c\ld only be cross$ by a t$i\s f]ry4 ,ev5 ?is f]ry 0 frequ5tly ti$ up by fog or by ! /rong gales :i* s (t5 bl[ up ! *annel4 ,! preval5ce ( heavy w9d pressure dem&$ t special att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ?is feature1 & ! mo/ elaborate te/s ev] made ( ! effect ( w9d on a bridge /ructure =m$ a "p ( ! prelim9>y "w4 ,! e/u>y1 = a di/ance ( ne>ly fifty miles1 is nev] less ?an two miles wide1 except at ?is "o place1 :]e x is b little m ?an "o mile wide1 ) ! add$ advantage ( hav+ ! isl& ( ,in*g>vie ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ! *annel4 ,! *annel on bo? sides is ab\t two hundr$ feet deep1 :i* w\ld =bid ! location ( a pi] at any place except on ?is isl&1 :i*1 be+ compos$ ( basaltic trap rock1 furni%$ a suffici5t f\ndation at a comp>atively slight dep? bel[ ! surface4 ,to secure ! maximum rigidity consi/5t ) economy 9 weight1 ! 8v]tical columns0 ( ! t[]s 7 spac$ #abj feet ap>t at ! base1 b only #cc feet ap>t at ! top4 ,! t[]s are #ccj feet high4 ,z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 ! cross-sectional dim5sions ( ! cantilev]s dim9i% rapidly bo? 9 wid? & height1 s t al?\gh ! weight ( ! /eel p] runn+ foot at ! t[]s is #bc tons1 x becomes only a little ov] two tons p] foot at ! c5tre4 ,! /ructure is exceptionally rigid4 ,! picture ( any gigantic /ructure1 especially :5 well proportion$1 utt]ly fails to give an adequate idea ( ! size ( its compon5t p>ts4 ,x is difficult to realize f ! illu/ration t ! f\r tubul> 8v]tical columns0 on ea* ma9 pi] are twelve feet ea* 9 diamet] at ! base--l>ge en\gh = 8a coa* & f\r0 to drive into1 if !y 7 laid horizontally4 ,ov] #ej1jjj tons ( /eel 7 us$ 9 ! ma9 spans4 ,! total co/ ( ! :ole /ructure 0 ov] #c1bjj1jjj 7#af1jjj1jjj74 ,,/one ,,ar*es4--,! n9ete5? c5tury has b little to claim z to ! developm5t ( /one ar*es4 ,! me*anical !ory ( _! /resses is p]haps bett] und]/ood n[ ?an ev]1 & ! l>ge/ masonry ar* 9 exi/5ce 7! ,cab9 ,john ar*1 hav+ a span ( #bbj feet1 c>ry+ ! ,wa%+ton aqu$uct ov] a creek7 is a piece ( ,am]ican "w ( ?is c5tury4 ,b x %\ld n be =gott5 t m ?an five hundr$ ye>s ago !re 0 con/ruct$ at ,trezzo1 ,italy1 a granite ar* ( #bea feet span4 ,?is ar* 0 un=tunately de/roy$ 9 #adbg4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ar*es 9 exi/5ce 0 design$ & built by an 8un$ucat$0 /one-mason at ,pont-y-,prydd1 ,wales1 9 #agej4 ,a rigor\s analysis ( its /ra9s--( :i* ! design] probably knew no?+--%[s t ! 8l9e ( resi/ance0 passes almo/ exactly ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! ar* r+4 ,! mo/ highly educat$ eng9e] ( ! pres5t day c\ld d no bett]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! developm5t ( ! !ory has be5 %[n by ! successful con/ruction ( an exce$+ly bold design = a bridge on ! ,b\rbonnais ,railway1 9 ,france4 ,! span is #abd feet1 & ! rise only #f4ib feet4 ,! design 0 consid]$ s v bold t a model ( ! ar* 0 fir/ con/ruct$ & te/$ be=e ! design 0 f9ally adopt$4 ,! ext5sion ( ! use ( /one ar*es1 especially ^? ( v l>ge size1 is d\btless prev5t$ by _! excessive initial co/ ov] ! co/ ( a /eel /ructure ( equal span & /r5g?4 ,s9ce a /one ar* is g5]ally consid]$ m beautiful ?an a /eel bridge1 ! /hetical elem5t (t5 dem&s ! con/ruction ( /one ar*es 9 public p>ks 9 situations :]e a metal /ructure w\ld be m economical4 ,! great r$uction 9 ! co/ ( /eel dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 due to improv$ processes ( manufacture1 g5]ally r5d]s ! co/ ( a /eel bridge1 ev5 ) a prop] all[ance = ma9t5ance1 repairs1 & r5ewals1 *eap] ?an a /one ar*1 unless ! span is %ort4 ,,iii4 ,,caissons4 ,! use ( compress$ air to keep back ! wat] t w\ld naturally fl[ ?r\gh ! soil into a deep excavation is a comp>atively rec5t idea4 ,9 #ahci ,m4 ,trig]1 a ,fr5* eng9e]1 conceiv$ ! idea ( s9k+ an iron cyl9d] ?r\gh tw5ty metres ( quicks& 9 ! valley ( ! ,loire ,riv]1 9 ord] to rea* a valuable coal deposit :i* 0 kn[n to be locat$ b5ea? ! riv]4 ,a *amb] ) doors1 su* z is n[ call$ an air-lock1 0 con/ruct$ at ! top ( ! cyl9d]4 ,to pass into ! cyl9d] ! l[] door1 op5+ d[nw>d1 0 clos$1 & :5 ! air 9 ! *amb] 0 at atmosph]ic pressure1 ! upp] door1 also op5+ d[nw>d1 0 op5$4 ,^u ent]+ ! *amb] ! upp] door 0 %ut1 & air 0 pump$ 9 until ! pressure equal$ ! pressure 9 ! cyl9d] und]nea?1 :i* 0 also ! pressure necess>y to keep back ! wat] f ! excavation4 ,! l[] door c\ld !n be op5$ & ! work+ *amb] ent]$4 ,to pass out1 ! rev]se process 9 inv]se ord] 0 necess>y4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ pneumatic caisson ev] sunk1 al?\gh su* plans _h be5 propos$ & ev5 pat5t$ 9 ,engl& sev]al ye>s be=e4 ,! idea 0 ess5tially ! pres5t plan1 b ! process has be5 improv$ & enl>g$4 ,! requir$ pressure is sub/antially t due to ! weight ( a column ( wat] z high z ! dep? ( ! base ( ! caisson bel[ ! wat] surface4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,/4 ,l\is bridge1 ! bottom ( ! caisson 0 sunk to #aji feet #h in*es bel[ ! wat] surface1 :i* requir$ an air pressure ( ab\t #dg p\nds p] squ>e in* 9 ! work+ *amb]4 ,su* a pressure is dang]\s to ^? work+ 9 x4 ,! m5 lit]ally 8live fa/40 ,great ex]tion is easily made1 b is foll[$ by correspond+ exhau/ion aft] leav+ ! caisson4 ,^? hav+ he>t disease1 or :o h be5 debilitat$ by previ\s excesses1 are liable to be s]i\sly affect$--g5]ally by a =m ( p>alysis :i* has be5 specifically nam$ by physicians ! 8caisson disease40 ,at ! ,/4 ,l\is bridge1 :5 work+ at ! greate/ dep?s1 ! m5 7 only work$ f\r h\rs p] day1 9 two-h\r %ifts4 ,facilities 7 likewise provid$ to h !m ba!1 re/1 & take hot c(fee on com+ out ( ! work+ *amb]4 ,heal?y m51 :o obs]v$ ^! & simil> precautions1 7 n p]man5tly affect$ by ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=mal ,,op5+ ,,( ,,suez ,,canal4 ,procession ( ,%ips 9 ,canal1 ,novemb] #af1 #ahfi4 ,! caissons ( ! ,new ,york & ,brooklyn susp5sion bridge are ! l>ge/ ev] con/ruct$1 & a bald acc\nt ( "s ( ! exp]i5ces enc\nt]$ is fairly dramatic4 ,"u su* air pressures ! flame ( a c&le w return :5 bl[n out1 & s ! dang] ( fire inside ! wood5 caissons became v s]i\s4 ,"o ev5+ a fire 0 discov]$ 9 "o ( ! caissons1 caus$ presumably by a workman hold+ a c&le tempor>ily aga9/ ! wood5 ro( :ile se>*+ = 8 d9n] pail4 ,:5 discov]$ x 0 app>5t t ! fire _h burn$ out a cavity 9 ! solid timb] ro(1 & ! supply ( compress$ air 0 fa/ turn+ ^? timb]s into a mass ( liv+ coal4 ,two pipes capable ( ?r[+ "o & "o half in* /reams _h be5 provid$ = ?is express cont+5cy1 & ! two /reams 7 turn$ on z quickly z possible4 ,all night ! fight w5t on4 ,at #d ,a4 ,m41 :5 ! wat] 0 p\r+ out ( ! orifice ( ! cavity z fa/ z x 0 s5t 9 by ! hose1 x seem$ z if ! cavity mu/ h be5 ?or\ghly flood$ & ! fire out4 ,to make sure ( ! absolute ext9ction ( ! fire1 bor+s 7 made1 :i* %[$ t ! fire _h work$ its way along individual timb]s1 especially ^? :i* 7 8fat0 ) res91 & t ! f\r? ro( c\rse 0 /ill a mass ( burn+ timb]4 ,x 0 !n decid$ t ! caisson mu/ be flood$1 :i* 0 done by pump+ 9 #a1cej1jjj gallons ( wat]4 ,aft] flood+ ! caisson = two & "o half days1 x 0 pump$ out & ! "w exam9$4 ,x requir$ ! s]vices ( eighte5 c>p5t]s1 work+ day & night = two mon?s1 to repair ! damage caus$ by t fire4 ,:5 ! ,brooklyn caisson 0 tw5ty-five feet bel[ ! wat] level1 ! b\ld]s enc\nt]$ became s l>ge t bla/+ became necess>y4 ,b bla/+ inside ( a caisson 0 hi!rto an untri$ exp]im5t4 ,x 0 fe>$ t ! m5 w\ld be injur$2 t _! e>-drums w\ld break by a sudd5 explosion 9 t conf9$ space "u heavy air pressure2 t a 8bl[ out0 might occur1 i4 e41 t ! compress$ air might sudd5ly escape pa/ ! edges1 & t an infl[ ( wat] w\ld !n dr[n ! m54 ,at fir/ a pi/ol 0 fir$1 gradually us+ heavi] *>ges2 !n a small bla/ 0 set (f4 ,enc\rag$ by _! fre$om f result+ complications1 ! bla/s 7 gradually increas$1 until !y f9ally us$ z heavy bla/s z 0 desir$1 ! m5 simply /epp+ into an adjo9+ *amb] to avoid fly+ fragm5ts2 & an increase 9 ! rate ( progress 0 at once app>5t1 ! caisson be+ l[]$ f twelve to eighte5 in*es1 r ?an only six in*es1 p] week4 ,! caissons ( ! bridge across ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 ,scotl&1 are examples ( ! great developm5t ( ! caisson idea4 ,! pneumatic caisson ( ,trig]1 9 #ahci1 _h b "o air lock1 ?r\gh :i* mu/ pass m51 excavat$ mat]ial1 & con/ructive mat]ial = l9+s1 etc4 ,?is plan meant sl[ & exp5sive "w4 ,! caissons ( ! ,brooklyn bridge 7 a va/ improvem5t ov] ?is plan1 bo? on ! score ( economy & safety4 ,9 ! ,=? bridge ! caissons 7 made almo/ :olly ( iron1 ?us avoid+ ! dang] ( ! fire :i* s ne>ly wreck$ ! caisson ( ! ,brooklyn bridge4 ,! c>eless or premature op5+ ( ! doors ( air locks1 :i* once ne>ly caus$ a s]i\s accid5t on ! ,brooklyn caisson1 0 r5d]$ impossible by a v elaborate sy/em ( int]lock+4 ,! effici5cy ( ! app>atus = remov+ excavat$ mat]ial f ! compress$ air *amb] 0 also greatly increas$4 ,electric lights 7 us$ in/ead ( gas or c&les4 8,,freez+ ,,process40--,?is process is m5tion$ "h on acc\nt ( ! analogy ( its object to t ( pneumatic caissons--s9k+ a %aft ?r\gh excessively s(t wet soil4 ,! process is v rec5t1 x hav+ be5 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,poets*1 ( ,prussia1 9 #ahhc4 ,x has be5 us$ only 9 a v few cases up to ! pres5t "t1 b :]e x has be5 us$ x has accompli%$ results :i* 7 practically unatta9able by ord9>y me?ods4 ,a v brief description ( "o in/ance ( its use w expla9 ! g5]al idea4 ,= _m ye>s eng9e]s _h be5 baffl$ 9 _! attempts to s9k a %aft ?r\gh #ajg feet ( quicks& at ! ,c5trum m9e1 ne> ,b]l91 ,g]many4 ,dr4 ,poets* sunk sixte5 pipes 9 a circle ar\nd ! propos$ location ( ! %aft1 & 9 ?irty-?ree days _h succe$$ 9 produc+ a froz5 circul> wall six feet ?ick1 )9 :i* ! excavation 0 readily made & ! %aft suitably l9$4 ,! freez+ is accompli%$ by circulat+ a freez+ liquid 7*loride ( calcium7 ?r\gh ! tubes4 ,aft] ! %aft is complet$ ! pipes c be ?aw$ loose f ! wall ( ice by simply circulat+ a hot liquid in/ead ( a cold "o4 ,! pipes c !n be r$rawn un9jur$1 & us$ ov] aga9--a consid]ation ( no small advantage4 ,! process is n *eap4 ,x w\ld seldom1 if ev]1 be us$ :]e ! m common me?ods are practicable2 b = pass+ ?r\gh v s(t & wet soils x is frequ5tly ! only possible me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,man*e/] ,,%ip ,,canal4 ,,iv4 ,,canals4 ,hi/ory records ! con/ruction ( a %ip canal across ! ,suez ,i/hmus z e>ly z #fjj ,b4 ,c42 t x cont9u$ 9 use = ab\t #adjj ye>s & 0 !n ab&on$4 ,x 0 v small2 all traces ( x are n[ utt]ly lo/4 ,! au!ntic records ( x are v meagre1 & !y s]ve only to %[ ! great antiquity ( ! canal idea4 ,! n9ete5?-c5tury progress on ?is l9e1 !re=e1 consi/s 9 ! enorm\sly great] magnitude ( ! works accompli%$ 9 ! solution ( ! great subsidi>y problems involv$1 & 9 ! improvem5t 9 me?ods ( "w :i* has r5d]$ ^! great /ructures possible4 ,! limitations ( ?is article utt]ly =bid ev5 a brief description ( all ! great canals :i* h be5 con/ruct$ dur+ ?is c5tury1 & x mu/ !re=e be conf9$ to a few /atem5ts reg>d+ ! m important & typical con/ructions4 ,x might be ?\ght t no discussion ( n9ete5?-c5tury canals w\ld be complete )\t a m5tion ( ! ,nic>agua & ,panama canal projects4 ,b ^! /up5d\s works1 :i* w eclipse any?+ ( ! k9d :i* ! _w has ev] se51 are n yet accompli%$ facts4 ,! tw5tie? c5tury w be well "u way be=e a trip 8ar\nd ! ,horn0 w become unnecess>y4 ,! successful completion ( "o ( ^! canals w1 v probably1 s r$uce ! dem& = ! o!r t its con/ruction w be indef9itely po/pon$4 ,^! canals w n be fur!r consid]$4 ,,suez ,,canal4--,?is great "w p]mits a r$uction ( ab\t #cgej miles 9 ! l5g? ( a voyage f ,we/]n ,europe to ,india4 ,comp>$ ) "s ( ! o!r great canals ( ! _w1 its con/ruction 0 easy4 ,! total l5g? betwe5 t]m9i is ab\t #aja /atute miles1 ( :i* ab\t n9e miles requir$ no excavation2 sixte5 miles m requir$ only a slight excavation to make ! *annel ( suffici5t dep? ?r\gh exi/+ dry depressions1 call$ 8lakes20 & ! rema9+ sev5ty-six miles ( excavation 7 cut *iefly ?r\gh a s(t alluvial soil4 ,at only "o po9t did ! excavation rea* fifty or sixty feet 9 dep?1 & "h also 0 f\nd ! only in/ance ( rock excavation4 ,ev5 ?is rock 7gypsum7 0 s s(t t "p ( x 0 excavat$ by ! /eam %ovels4 ,ab\t #hj1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds ( mat]ial 7 remov$4 ,if ?is mat]ial _h be5 load$ on to c>s c>ry+ tw5ty-five cubic y>ds p] c>1 made up into tra9s ( tw5ty c>s p] tra91 & ! tra9s 7 /rung along at ! rate ( five p] mile1 x w\ld h requir$ #cb1jjj miles ( su* tra9s to transport ! mat]ial t 0 excavat$4 ,"w 0 actually begun 9 #ahjj4 ,! ,vic]oy ( ,egypt orig9ally agre$ to furni% ! labor]s requir$1 & at "o "t ab\t #cj1jjj labor]s 7 ?us employ$4 ,on a *ange ( adm9i/ration 9 ,egypt1 ! new ,vic]oy refus$ to furni% ! native labor1 & x !n became necess>y to import labor f ,europe1 & to supplem5t ?is insuffici5t & high-pric$ supply ( labor by v l>ge dr$g+ ma*9es1 or /eam %ovels1 ( :i* ab\t sixty 7 employ$4 ,! task ( supply+ wat] = ! va/ army ( workm5 0 an eng9e]+ feat ( no mean "* & co/1 z ! entire r\te lies ?r\gh an arid des]t4 ,a sy/em ( wat]works1 hav+ its s\rce at ,cairo1 on ! ,nile1 & di/ribut+ ! wat] ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! canal1 0 !re=e con/ruct$4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( #ahfi1 ! wat]s ( ! ,r$ & ,m$it]ranean seas 7 jo9$1 l>ge arid depressions _h be5 trans=m$ into great lakes1 & ocean-go+ vessels 7 sail+ ?r\gh :at _h be5 a des]t4 ,! canal is #bf feet deep1 #gb feet wide at ! bottom1 ! sides slop+ v>iably1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! mat]ial1 ! result+ wid? at ! top v>y+ f #aij to #cbh feet4 ,al?\gh n deep en\gh = ! v l>ge/ vessels afloat1 x w accommodate ! great bulk ( ocean travel1 includ+ w> vessels4 ,! total co/ ( ?is "w1 includ+ ! breakwat]s1 ligh?\ses1 etc41 at ea* t]m9us1 01 approximately1 #bj1jjj1jjj1 or #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,complete ,,rock ,,cut4 ,,*icago ,,dra9age ,,canal4 7,dep? #ce feet47 ,unlike mo/ canals1 ! ,suez canal has no locks4 ,! orig9al plan ( ! ,panama canal did n include locks1 b ! revis$ plan provid$ = !m1 9 ord] to save excessive cutt+4 ,! ,nic>agua canal s*eme necess>ily includes locks4 ,! wat] = ! ,suez canal comes directly f ! seas :i* are connect$4 ,a canal ) locks necess>ily requires an ample wat] supply f "s riv] or fre%-wat] lake4 ,if ! ,suez canal _h be5 con/ruct$ at a high] level ?an ! ,m$it]ranean & ,r$ seas1 _h be5 suppli$ ) wat] f ! ,nile1 & _h1 !re=e1 be5 con/ruct$ ) suitable locks at ea* end 7z 0 actually recomm5d$ by "s eng9e]s71 ! co/ ( con/ruction1 z well z ! p]petual exp5se ( ma9t5ance1 w\ld h be5 greatly 9 excess ( its actual co/4 ,& s ! fact t x 0 possible to con/ruct ! canal )\t locks1 & )\t provid+ = a supply ( wat]1 0 a great advantage t facilitat$ ! promotion ( ! ent]prise4 ,,man*e/] ,,canal4--,?is canal1 hav+ a total l5g? ( only ?irty-five & "o half miles1 has trans=m$ ! city ( ,man*e/]1 ,engl&1 f an inl& city to a seaport4 ,actual excavation 0 begun 9 ,novemb]1 #ahhg1 & j six ye>s aft]w>ds ! :ole canal 0 fill$ ) wat]4 ,x has a dep? ( #bf feet1 & a wid? at ! bottom ( f #abj to #agj feet1 ?us giv+ a great] capacity ?an ! ,suez canal or ! propos$ ,panama canal4 ,"s ( ! greate/ difficulties involv$ arose f ! necessity ( provid+ = ! exi/+ canals & railroads ) :i* t busy portion ( ,engl& is s cr[d$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ feat ( eng9e]+ 0 ! drawbridge c>ry+ ! ,duke ( ,bridgewat]'s canal at ,b>ton4 ,?is small canal1 hav+ orig9ally a dep? ( only f\r & "o half feet1 "h crosses ! ,riv] ,irwell4 ,x 0 ju/ly consid]$ a great feat ( eng9e]+ :5 ,james ,br9dley con/ruct$ ! canal1 dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 s t x cross$ ! riv] on a viaduct4 ,a wat]way cross+ a wat]way on a viaduct 0 !n a new idea4 ,b ?is old canal 0 con/ruct$ consid]ably above ! desir$ level ( ! ,man*e/] canal1 & yet1 ( c\rse1 n s high t a ma/$ %ip might pass "u x4 ,!re=e a draw became necess>y4 ,to add to ! complication1 ! wat] supply ( ! small canal be+ some:at limit$1 x 0 consid]$ v undesirable to lose a tr\ghful ( wat] 7r\ghly1 #bjj1jjj gallons7 ea* "t ! draw 0 op5$4 ,to all[ ?is wat] to fl[ into a tank & !n pump x back w\ld consume too mu* "t1 to say no?+ ( ! exp5se4 ,!re=e ! bridge mu/ sw+ ) ! tr\gh full ( wat]4 ,t requir$ gates at ea* end ( ! draw1 z well z at ! ends ( ! canal on ea* abutm5t4 ,^! gates 7 comp>atively simple2 b ! difficult problem 0 to ensure a wat]-tight jo9t betwe5 ! ends ( ! draw tr\gh & ! correspond+ ends ( ! canal4 ,temp]ature *anges1 z well z _m o!r consid]ations1 w\ld preclude ! possibility ( mak+ ev5 a fairly tight jo9t by sw++ ! draw to a close fit ) ! abutm5ts4 ,! desir$ result 0 accompli%$ by plac+ at ea* end ( ! draw a v %ort ,u-%ap$ /ructure1 hav+ ! same cross section z ! cross section ( ! tr\gh1 & hav+ bevel$ ends fitt+ correspond+ bevels on ! ends ( ! tr\gh4 ,^! bevel$ ends are fac$ ) rubb]4 ,to op5 ! draw ! gates are clos$1 ! wat] betwe5 ! gates at ea* end 7a comp>atively small am\nt7 is dra9$ (f & wa/$1 ! ,u-%ap$ w$ges are rais$1 & ! draw is !n free to turn4 ,! w$ges are op]at$ by hydraulic rams4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an 8,,atlas0 ,,p[d] ,,bla/ ,,"u ,a ,,travel+ ,,cableway4 ,,*icago ,,dra9age ,,canal4 ,,*icago ,,dra9age ,,canal4--,x w probably be a surprise to _m p to le>n t ?is 8dra9age0 canal has a great] cross section ?r\gh\t ! 8e>?-"w0 sections ?an any %ip canal 9 exi/5ce1 & is only exce$$ ?r\gh ! rock sections by ! ,man*e/] canal4 ,! city ( ,*icago obta9s its wat] supply f ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,! 8intake0 pipe 0 at fir/ locat$ comp>atively ne> ! %ore4 ,z ! population ( ! city grew & ! volume ( its sewage increas$1 x 0 obs]v$ t ! wat] supply 0 becom+ contam9at$4 ,! ,*icago ,riv]1 into :i* ! sewage 0 empti$1 became s f\l t ! odor 0 intol]able4 ,! v evid5t fact ( ?is odor probably _h m to d ) ! promotion & accompli%m5t ( ! means ( relief adopt$ ?an ! f> less evid5t b v dang]\s pollution ( ! wat] supply4 ,an ext5sion ( ! intake pipe to a po9t sev]al miles f %ore by means ( a tunnel 7:i* 0 9 itself a notable feat ( eng9e]+7 only def]r$ ! "t :5 ! wat] supply w\ld aga9 be fatally contam9at$ if ! sewage cont9u$ to fl[ into ! lake4 ,x 0 accord+ly det]m9$ to dispose ( ! sewage by dis*>g+ x into an artificial *annel :]e x might become dilut$ ) wat] f ,lake ,mi*igan1 & !nce pass f ! wat]%$ ( ! ,great ,lakes to ! wat]%$ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,! level ( ,lake ,mi*igan is s high t !re 0 no tr\ble ab\t obta9+ ! requisite grade1 & ! divide betwe5 ! wat]%$s is s l[ t ! dep? ( ! requir$ cutt+ at ! summit 0 n =bidd+4 ,b :y h su* a l>ge canal8 ,x 0 requir$ t ! sewage %\ld be dilut$1 s z n to become (f5sive to ! inhabitants ( ! region ?r\gh :i* ! canal mu/ pass4 ,! law "u :i* ! "w 0 au?oriz$ requir$ t ! fl[ %\ld be #fjj1jjj cubic feet p] m9ute1 & t ! m9imum wid? at ! bottom ( ! *annel mu/ be #afj feet4 ,accord+ to ! well-kn[n laws ( hydraulics1 x 0 se5 t a deep canal w\ld h a great] capacity p] unit ( excavation ?an a v wide %all[ canal4 ,?is is especially true ?r\gh ! sections ( deepe/ cut1 s9ce excavation above ! wat] l9e adds no?+ :atev] to ! capacity = fl[4 ,! sections adopt$ call$ = a dep? ( wat] ( #bb feet4 ,! side walls 9 rock are practically v]tical1 ! wid? ( *annel be+ #afj feet at ! bottom & #afb feet at ! top4 ,9 e>?work ! cross section is l>g] ?an 9 rock1 ?us r$uc+ ! velocity ( fl[ & dang] ( sc\r+ ! banks4 ,! wid? ( *annel at ! bottom is #bjb feet1 ! wid? at ! wat] surface be+ #bij feet1 & ! side slopes #b horizontal to #a v]tical4 ,a v exp5sive feature ( ?is great "w 0 ! necessity = con/ruct+ a div]sion *annel = ! ,despla9es ,riv] ?r\gh\t t portion ( ! riv] valley occupi$ by ! canal4 ,lack ( space =bids a fur!r discussion ( ?is feature4 ,! canal dra9s into ! ,despla9es ,riv] at a po9t :]e ! slope ( ! riv] is s great t !re w nev] be dang] t a /rong we/ w9d or an unusual l[]+ ( ! level ( ,lake ,mi*igan c possibly cause ! curr5t to fl[ ea/w>d4 ,"w on ! canal 0 comm5c$ only aft] _m ye>s ( discussion1 plann+1 legislation1 litigation1 & bitt] opposition by ! v>i$ int]e/s :i* consid]$ !mselves m or less injur$4 ,b ! "w 0 actually comm5c$ 9 ,july1 #ahib4 ,! e/imat$ excavation 0 approximately #dj1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds--ab\t "o half t ( ! ,suez canal2 b ! l5g? is only #bi miles1 comp>$ ) #aja miles = ! ,suez canal4 ,! total co/ 0 e/imat$ at some?+ ov] #bg1jjj1jjj4 ,on ,augu/ #bb1 #aijj1 ! ,congressional ,riv] & ,h>bor ,committee approv$ ! "w z f> z complet$4 ,v4 ,,geodesy4 ,x may be t _m1 :o h read ( ! incr$ulity ( all ,europe :5 ! voyages ( navigators dur+ ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies fir/ demon/rat$ ! sph]icity ( ! e>?1 w be surpris$ to le>n t ?is k _h be5 acquir$ almo/ two ?\s& ye>s be=e1 & _h s9ce !n be5 =gott54 ,to ,erato/h5es1 a ,grecian1 belongs ! honor ( fir/ mak+ a measurem5t 7ab\t ! ye> #bcj ,b4 ,c47 ( ! size ( ! e>?1 :i*1 :ile v rude & inaccurate1 us$ ! same fundam5tal pr9ciple z is n[ employ$ by geodesi/s4 ,b ! appliances ( ^? anci5t ,grecians & ( ! ,arabians1 :o lat] c>ri$ on ! "w1 7 exce$+ly crude4 ,ev5 dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 :5 ! ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 & ,dut* 7 work+ v h>d on ! problem1 & 7 gradually obta9+ results :i* came clos] & clos] to ^? n[ kn[n to be correct1 ! appliances = measur+ angles 7 s r\gh & inaccurate t x 0 only possible to ass]t t ! e>? is sph]ical1 ) a diamet] ( ab\t #gijj miles4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury 0 ne>ly pa/ :5 ,pic>d fir/ us$ spid] l9es to det]m9e ! 8l9e ( collimation10 or ! true l9e ( sight1 9 a telescope4 ,?is m>k$ a new era 9 me?ods ( "w1 b ! eighte5? c5tury 0 ab\t half gone :5 x 0 fir/ au?oritatively prov5 t ! e>? is n a sph]e1 b is m truly an 8oblate sph]oid10--su* a figure z w\ld be obta9$ by flatt5+ a sph]e at ! poles4 ,"s idea ( ! accuracy ( ! "w done1 ev5 at ?is /age1 may be obta9$ by consid]+ t ! comput$ flatt5+ is s slight t if we _h a p]fect reproduction ( ! e>?1 r$uc$ to a diamet] ( #ab in*es1 ! flatt5+ w\ld be less ?an #a_/be ( an in*--almo/ imp]ceptible ev5 to a tra9$ eye4 ,! v highe/ m\nta9 w\ld be consid]ably less ?an #a_/ajj ( an in* 9 height on su* a sph]e4 ,! pres5t m>vel\s /ate ( ! sci5ce is due to ! great improvem5ts :i* h be5 made 9 ! con/ruction & use ( angle-measur+ in/rum5ts & ( 8base b>s20 also to ! developm5t ( ! ma!matical !ory & processes involv$1 notably t ( ! 8me?od ( lea/ squ>es40 ,z an illu/ration ( ! accuracy atta9able 9 ! con/ruction ( !odolites1 ! writ] rec5tly made an elaborate te/ ( ! error ( ! c5t]+ ( "o ( ^! angle-measur+ in/rum5ts4 ,( c\rse no direct measurem5t is possible4 ,! result is bas$ on a long s]ies ( obs]vations1 :i*1 :5 comb9$ accord+ to c]ta9 ma!matical pr9ciples1 w give ! desir$ result4 ,! error 0 ?us comput$ to be =ty-two million?s ( an in*4 ,to realize :at is meant :5 an angle is measur$ ) a 8probable error0 ( a few hundr$?s ( a second ( arc1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t "o second ( arc on a circle #aj in*es 9 diamet] is less ?an #a_/djjjj ( an in*4 ,! accuracy :i* has be5 atta9$ 9 ! measurem5t ( base l9es is n easily realiz$ by a layman4 ,an eng9e] realizes ! practical impossibility ( measur+ a l9e twice & obta9+ precisely ! same result to ! f9e/ unit ( measurem5t4 ,! initiat$ are !re=e able to appreciate ! a*ievem5t ( measur+ a base l9e hav+ a l5g? ( ov] n9e miles1 ) a 8probable error0 ( less ?an "o five-million? ( its l5g?4 ,! words 8probable error10 z us$ above1 h a sci5tifically exact mean+1 b !y may be tak5 by ! un9itiat$ z repres5t+ a measure ( ! precision obta9$4 ,at ab\t ! close ( ! la/ c5tury ! great ma!matician1 ,laplace1 _h decl>$ t ! results ( ! surveys :i* _h !n be5 made 7 inconsi/5t ) ! !ory t ! =m ( ! e>? is exactly t ( an oblate sph]oid4 ,t =m w\ld require t ! equator & all p>allels ( latitude %all be true circles1 & t all m]idian sections %all be equal ellipses4 ,laplace %[$ t ! discrepancies betwe5 ! actual results obta9$ & ! results :i* ! !ory w\ld call = are too great to be consid]$ z m]e inaccuracies 9 ! "w done4 ,) ! ext5sion1 dur+ ?is c5tury1 ( ! great geodetic surveys1 c>ri$ on by ! v>i\s gov]nm5ts ( ! _w1 m & m evid5ce has develop$ t ! m]idian sections ( ! e>? are n equal1 :i* is equival5t to say+ t ! equator is n a p]fect circle4 ,?is has l$ to ! next /age1 :i* has be5 to prove t ! =m ( ! e>? may be m closely repres5t$ by an 8ellipsoid0 ?an by a sph]oid1 t is1 t e section ( ! e>? is an ellipse4 ,sev]al calculations h be5 made to det]m9e ! l5g? & location ( ! pr9cipal axes ( su* a figure4 ,b ^! calculations are consid]$ unsatisfactory1 because evid5ce has develop$ t ! true =m ( ! e>? _c be repres5t$ ev5 by an ellipsoid4 ,?is figure is symmetrical above & bel[ ! equator4 ,!re are reasons = believ+ t ! s\!rn hemisph]e ( ! e>? is slightly l>g] ?an ! nor!rn1 & t ! =m ( ! e>? is m ne>ly t ( an 8ovaloid10--a figure ( :i* ! ord9>y h5's egg is an exagg]at$ example4 ,all ! above =ms1 ! sph]e1 sph]oid1 ellipsoid1 & ovaloid are geometrical =ms :i* repres5t ) m & m exactness ! true =m ( ! e>?1 b ev5 ?is increas+ exactness w n acc\nt = ! discrepancies & irregul>ities :i* h be5 f\nd at v>i\s places1 & :i* _c be expla9$ on ! gr\nd ( inaccurate "w4 ,geodesi/s h be5 =c$ to ! conclusion t ! true =m ( ! e>? is n a regul> geometrical =m1 b is a 8geoid10 t is1 l ! e>? & l no?+ else1 unless we admit ! exagg]at$ comp>ison t x is 8l a potato40 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t ! words 8=m ( ! e>?0 d n ref] to ! actual surface ( m\nta91 valley1 or ocean bottom1 b to ! actual ocean surface1 & to ! surface :i* ! free ocean w\ld assume if x c\ld p5etrate into ! he>t ( ! cont95ts4 ,! a/\nd+ accuracy ( ! "w done may be appreciat$ :5 we consid] t ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! 8geoid0 & ! m accurate ma!matical =ms are di/ances :i* %\ld be measur$ 9 feet r ?an 9 miles4 ,= _m purposes1 x is suffici5tly exact to consid] ! e>? z a sph]e4 ,= "s v precise "w x is necess>y to consid] x z a sph]oid4 ,! m exact =ms h little or no utilit>ian value1 & ! va/ am\nt ( "w t has be5 sp5t on ^! rese>*es has be5 due to man's ?ir/ = k z su*1--due to ! same en?usiasm :i* advances ! sci5ces 9 fields :i* only broad5 man's k ( ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,,vi4 ,,railroads4 ,! a*ievem5ts ( eng9e]+ skill on ! l9e ( bridges1 canals1 tunnels1 etc41 h be5 great1 b _! effect is insignificant comp>$ ) ! social revolution t 0 creat$ by ! inv5tion & developm5t ( railroads4 ,! railroads ( ?is c\ntry repres5t a value ( ab\t #ab1jjj1jjj1jjj--"o six? ( ! national weal?4 ,_! pay-rolls include ab\t #hej1jjj employees--#a_/bh ( ! work+ population4 ,!y support1 directly or indirectly1 ab\t #e1jjj1jjj p4 ,!y collect an annual rev5ue ( ab\t #a1bjj1jjj1jjj1 :i* is great] ?an ! value ( ! comb9$ products ( gold1 silv]1 iron1 coal1 & o!r m9]als1 :eat1 rye1 oats1 b>ley1 potatoes1 & tobacco1 produc$ by ! entire nation4 ,su* a /up5d\s social in/itution requires special discussion1 & x w be f\nd treat$ sep>ately "u ! head+ ( 8,evolution ( ! ,railway40 ,,vii4 ,,tunnels4 ,tunnels are ( exce$+ly anci5t orig91 if by tunnels we include all artificial und]gr\nd excavations4 ,f prehi/oric times natural caves h be5 us$ z burial places1 &1 foll[+ ?is practice1 tunnels & artificial rock *amb]s h be5 cut out by k+s & rul]s 9 ,!bes1 ,nubia1 & ,india dur+ p]iods s anci5t t we call ! /udy ( _! hi/ory ar*ology4 ,nor 7 ! anci5t tunnels conf9$ to tombs4 ,! ,babylonians con/ruct$ tunnels ?r\gh mat]ial s s(t t a l9+ ( brick masonry _h to be us$ to su/a9 ! "w4 ,! ,romans con/ruct$ a tunnel ov] ?ree & "o half miles long to dra9 ! wat]s ( ,lake ,fuc9o4 ,ab\t #cj1jjj labor]s 7 occupi$ on ?is "w = elev5 ye>s4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury c h>dly boa/ ( works t repres5t a great] am\nt ( labor 7measur$ 9 m]e days ( "w7 ?an "s ( ^! anci5t monum5ts ( con/ructive skill1 b ! ma/]pieces ( ?is c5tury are works :i* h be5 greatly aid$ & ev5 r5d]$ possible by ?ree mod]n inv5tions1--compress$-air drill+ ma*9es1 mod]n explosives1 & ! compress$-air process us$ 9 subaque\s "w4 ,! advance 9 me?ods ( tunnel survey+ is z great & ne>ly z important4 ,progress 9 excavat+ tunnels is necess>ily sl[1 because ! work+ face is s small t only a few m5 c "w !re at a "t1 & ! rate ( advance dep5ds ^u !m4 ,z an illu/ration3 al?\gh ! ,mont ,c5is tunnel belongs to ! latt] half ( ?is c5tury1 ! fir/ bla/ be+ made 9 #aheg1 yet = ! fir/ f\r ye>s h& drill+ 0 employ$1 :5 ! av]age progress 0 ab\t n9e in*es p] day4 ,!n ma*9e drill+ ) compress$ air 0 adopt$1 :5 ! rate ( advance 0 multipli$ five times4 ,! inv5tion ( compress$-air drills simultane\sly solv$ two difficulties3 7#a7 ,! compress$ air furni%es an extremely conv5i5t & safe =m ( p[]1 :i* enables holes to be drill$ mu* m rapidly ?an x is possible to drill !m by h&4 7#b7 ,! compress$ air1 aft] do+ its "w1 is exhau/$ into ! tunnel1 & ?us furni%es a cont9u\s supply ( fre% air4 ,! necessity = v5tilation has (t5 requir$ ! con/ruction & op]ation ( exp5sive v5tilat+ plants4 ,add to ^! improvem5ts ! light+ ( ! tunnel1 ev5 dur+ con/ruction1 by electric lights :i* consume no oxyg51 & ! comp>ison betwe5 anci5t & mod]n me?ods becomes especially m>k$4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( explosives1 h>d rock 0 sometimes brok5 by build+ wood fires next to ! rock1 & !n1 :5 ! rock _h become v hot1 cool+ x sudd5ly ) wat]4 ,! sudd5 contraction w\ld split ! rock4 ,v5tilation 0 attempt$ by wav+ fans at ! tunnel entrances4 ,) tor*es & fires to consume ! preci\s oxyg51 & no effective v5tilation1 x is a wond] h[ ^? e>li] tunnels 7 con/ruct$4 ,! compress$ air me?ods = subaque\s "w w be ref]r$ to "u a special case4 ,! ess5tial pr9ciples h already be5 describ$ "u caissons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,am]ican ,,portal1 ,,/4 ,,clair ,,tunnel4 ,,nor? ,,( ,,detroit1 ,,mi*4 ,,tunnel ,,survey+4--,! tunnel survey+ develop$ dur+ ?is c5tury is "o ( ! m>vels ( survey+ "w4 ,if a tunnel is to be sev]al miles 9 l5g?1 n only is ! excavation comm5c$ at ea* end1 b "o or m int]m$iate %afts are frequ5tly sunk to ! level ( ! tunnel1 & excavation is ext5d$ 9 ea* direction f ! %afts4 ,x is extremely important t ^! sections ( ! tunnel %\ld 8meet0 exactly4 ,if !y %\ld fail to d s by any appreciable am\nt1 ! necess>y modifications are frequ5tly co/ly & !re=e ju/ify ! mo/ elaborate precautions 9 ! survey+ "w1 especially s9ce ! survey+ co/s mu* less ?an ! consequ5ces ( su* a blund]4 ,! ,hoosac tunnel is ov] #be1jjj feet long4 ,! head+ f ! ea/ end met ! head+ f ! c5tral %aft at a po9t #aa1bgd feet f ! ea/ end & #aefc feet f ! %aft4 ,! error 9 alignm5t 0 five sixte5?s ( an in*1 t ( levels 8a few hundr$?s10 error ( di/ance 8trifl+40 ,! correct$ alignm5t 0 !n c>ri$ on t[>d ! head+ f ! we/ end1 :i* x met at a po9t #aj1ach feet 7ne>ly two miles7 f ! we/ end & #bjef feet f ! %aft4 ,"h ! error ( alignm5t 0 #i_/af ( an in* & t ( levels ab\t #a-e_/h in*es4 ,! survey+ "w ( ! spiral tunnels on ! ,/4 ,go?>d ,railway 7to be describ$ lat]7 is ano!r example ( m>vel\sly accurate "w "u peculi>ly unfavorable circum/ances4 ,,/4 ,,go?>d ,,tunnel4--,to appreciate ! magnitude ( ! problem involv$1 ( :i* ?is great tunnel is ! cr[n+ feature1 "s idea %\ld be obta9$ ( ! ,alp9e topography ly+ betwe5 ,sil551 9 ,switz]l&1 & ,bodio1 9 ,italy1 less ?an =ty miles ap>t4 ,! idea ( connect+ ,switz]l& & ,italy by a railroad pass+ ov] or ?r\gh ! ,alps1 by utiliz+ ! ,/4 ,go?>d ,pass z f> z possible1 dates back to #ahej1 or ev5 e>li]4 ,an ent]prise ( su* magnitude c\ld be consummat$ only aft] ye>s ( discussion1 plann+1 survey+1 negotiations1 & ev5 int]national agreem5ts4 ,9 #ahga a treaty 0 f9ally ratifi$ betwe5 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & ,switz]l&1 by :i* ! con/ruction & f9anci]+ 0 duly au?oriz$4 ,on ,augu/ #g1 #ahgb1 ! contract = ! con/ruction 0 sign$1 ) a proviso t ! "w mu/ be complet$ )9 eight ye>s4 ,on ,april #cj1 #ahhj1 ! advance head+s met1 & soon !reaft] ! mails 7 regul>ly c>ri$ ?r\gh1 al?\gh ! tunnel 0 n actually complet$ 9 ! specifi$ "t4 ,! r\te adopt$ 0 bold en\gh to /agg] ! f9anci]1 if n ! eng9e]4 ,/>t+ f ,sil551 ,switz]l&1 x requir$ a climb ( ne>ly #bjjj feet to rea* ,gs*551 ! adopt$ nor!rn portal ( ! tunnel4 ,?is w\ld require an av]age grade ( #bjj feet p] mile 9 ! t5 miles ( di/ance1 or an actual grade ( #cgj feet p] mile 9 ! upp] "p ( ! l9e1 if ! riv] valley 7 foll[$4 ,! l9e 0 !re=e 8develop$10 t is1 ! di/ance 0 purposely increas$ by adopt+ an indirect l9e1 9 ord] t ! grade might be less4 ,x 0 f\nd possible to run ! l9e f ,sil55 to ,pfaff5sprung1 a di/ance ( ab\t six miles1 on ! comp>atively l[ grade ( #acg feet p] mile4 ,at ?is po9t ! l9e sudd5ly plunges into ! m\nta91 & curves ar\nd 9 a circle1 :i* is1 r\ghly1 #bjjj feet 9 diamet]1 :ile x cont9ues an upw>d grade ( #aba feet p] mile4 ,aft] trav]s+ #dhde feet ( su* tunnel1 ! l9e aga9 em]ges into ! op5 air1 hav+ turn$ ne>ly ?ree f\r?s ( a circle 9 ! solid rock4 ,ab\t #bjjj feet f>!r on ! l9e actually crosses itself1 ! upp] l9e !re be+ #afg feet high] ?an ! l[] l9e1 :i* is at t po9t )9 ! tunnel4 ,by ?is device1 :i* is call$ a spiral1 ! l9e is run at a practicable grade1 & an elevation ( #afg feet is surm\nt$ by introduc+ #fihf feet ( 8developm5t40 ,ne> ! entrance ( ! ,leggi/e9 tunnel1 ! l9e is less ?an #ejj feet away 7horizontally7 f a l[] "p ( ! l9e1 :i* is ab\t #cej feet l[] 9 elevation4 ,space =bids a fur!r description ( ?is climb ( #bjjj feet to ,gs*551 :]e ! l9e plunges into ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & does n aga9 em]ge until x has trav]s$ n9e & "o qu>t] miles1 & has rea*$ ! s\!rn slope ( ! ,alps4 ,ev5 "h ! portal is #cgee feet above sea level1 & ! valley d[n to ,bodio is /eep] 9 places ?an ! valley ( ! ,reuss4 ,f\r spirals are us$ 9 desc5d+ ab\t #bfej feet 9 an air l9e di/ance ( less ?an #ai miles4 ,9 "o place ev5 ! upp] l9e1 :]e x crosses ! l[] l9e1 is 9 solid rock4 ,imag9e /&+ 9 ! gloom ( a tunnel & consid]+ t v]tically b5ea? y\r feet--m ?an #ajj feet fur!r d[n 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?--!re is ano!r tunnel belong+ to ! same l9e ( road4 ,! great majority ( tunnels are /raight4 ,a few h curves at "o or bo? ends1 b n[h]e else 9 ! _w c be f\nd su* examples ( spiral tunnels c>v$ out ( ! liv+ rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,/4 ,,clair ,,tunnel1 ,,nor? ,,( ,,detroit1 ,,mi*4 ,,/4 ,,clair ,,tunnel4--,a glance at a map ( l[] ,canada & ,mi*igan w %[ t all ! rail traffic ( l[] ,canada1 & ev5 t f ,montreal & ,quebec1 t passes z f> we/ z ,*icago1 mu/ ei!r cross ! ,detroit ,riv] at ,detroit or ! ,/4 ,clair ,riv]1 at or ne> ,port ,huron4 ,plans = bridg+ ! riv] h be5 frequ5tly made1 b ! ,canadian gov]nm5t has /eadily refus$ p]mission4 ,! traffic along ! riv] 9 #ahif am\nt$ to ov] #ce1jjj1jjj tons1 or m ?an 0 %ipp$ at ! ports ( ei!r ,new ,york1 ,london1 or ,liv]pool1 & greatly 9 excess ( t :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! ,suez canal4 ,su* traffic mu/ n be imp$$ ev5 by a drawbridge2 & !re=e a tunnel 0 ! only alt]native4 ,! problem 0 9 _m respects unique4 ,bor+s %[$ t ! tunnel mu/ pass ?r\gh clay & occasional pockets ( quicks&1 & !re=e x w\ld be necess>y to employ a pneumatic me?od4 ,brunel _h us$ a 8%ield0 on ! ,?ames tunnel half a c5tury be=e2 b all ( ! e>li] tunnels con/ruct$ by ?is me?od 7 mu* small]1 & ! difficulty & dang] increase v rapidly z ! size increases4 ,9 #ahhf ! 8,/4 ,clair ,tunnel ,company10 virtually a creature ( ! ,gr& ,trunk ,railway ,company1 0 organiz$1 & 9 #ahhh "w 0 begun4 ,aft] a false />t1 made by s9k+ %afts :i* 7 aft]w>ds ab&on$1 op5 cutt+s 7 comm5c$ at ea* end1 :i* 7 ext5d$ to po9ts #fjjj feet ap>t1 betwe5 :i* ! tunnel 0 excavat$ & l9$4 ,! circul> l9+1 hav+ an outside diamet] ( #ba feet1 is ( ca/ iron1 made 9 segm5ts :i* are bolt$ toge!r1 hav+ /rips ( wood ?ree sixte5?s ( an in* ?ick plac$ 9 ! jo9ts4 ,liquid asphalt 0 freely us$ z a pres]vative & to make tight jo9ts4 ,! tunnel 0 excavat$ = ne>ly #bjjj feet on ea* side z an ord9>y op5 tunnel until ! excavation 0 actually "u ! riv]2 !n a diaphragm ) air locks 0 built on ea* side1 & t "p ( ! tunnel ly+ "u ! riv]--#bbij feet 9 l5g?--0 con/ruct$ "u air pressure4 ,sev]al curi\s facts 7 develop$ dur+ ! con/ruction4 ,! mat]ial excavat$ outside ( ! %ields 0 ?r[n inside1 load$ on to c>s1 & haul$ by mules to ! diaphragm4 ,x 0 f\nd t horses c\ld n "w 9 compress$ air4 ,mules c\ld d s1 b ev5 !y 7 sometimes affect$ by 8! b5ds10 a disease ak9 to p>alysis1 :i* frequ5tly occurr$ among ! m54 ,! %ields 7 =c$ =w>d by tw5ty-f\r hydraulic rams1 ea* hav+ a capacity ( #abe tons1 or #cjjj tons = ea* %ield4 ,usually a =ce ( #abjj to #aejj tons 0 suffici5t4 ,mu* gas 0 enc\nt]$1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its explosiv5ess1 prev5t$ ! employm5t ( bla/+ to break up ! b\ld]s :i* 7 frequ5tly f\nd4 ,! advantages ( electric light+ 9 compress$ air "w 7 exemplifi$ 9 ?is tunnel4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahij1 ab\t "o ye> aft] ! %ields 7 plac$ on ea* side ( ! riv]1 !y met ne> ! c5tre4 ,! progress ( ea* %ield av]ag$ ne>ly t5 feet p] day4 ,consid]+ ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! co/ ( great eng9e]+ "w exce$s ! orig9al e/imate1 x is rem>kable to note t 9 ?is case ! actual co/ 7#b1gjj1jjj7 0 less ?an ! orig9al e/imate1 :i* 0 ab\t #c1jjj1jjj4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,progress ,,9 ,,! ,,animal ,,_w ,,by ,d4 ,e4 ,,salmon1 ,m4,d41 ,*ief ( ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t4 ,i4 ,,( ,,animal ,,diseases4 ,! w>s ( ,napoleon1 :i* 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury s s]i\sly affect$ ! gov]nm5ts & in/itutions ( ,europe1 _h an equally m>k$ influ5ce ^u ! developm5t ( ! animal indu/ry 9 ! c\ntries t 7 br\ght )9 ! sph]e ( ! milit>y op]ations4 ,?is *apt] ( ! hi/ory ( t p]iod appe>s to h be5 neglect$ by writ]s :o h indu/ri\sly delv$ into details ( subjects ( f> less int]e/ & importance4 ,en\gh has be5 *ronicl$ by v>i\s hi/orians1 h[ev]1 to %[ t 9 _m cases ^? engag$ 9 successful op]ations = improv+ ! bre$s ( dome/icat$ animals 7 =c$ to ab&on ! "w to :i* !y _h devot$ _! lives1 & = :i* long /udy & exp]i5ce _h specially fitt$ !m1 & to become units 9 ! va/ armies :i* 7 organiz$ only to melt away 9 ! bloody & disa/r\s campaigns ( t epo*4 ,b x 0 n ! m5 alone t 7 tak54 ,! be/ horses 7 seiz$ = ! use ( ! (fic]s & ! cavalry1 = ! artill]y & ! transportation tra9s4 ,! %eep & sw9e 7 slaught]$ = ! subsi/5ce ( ! armies1 & ! cattle 7 driv5 (f = ! same purpose4 ,nei!r ! *oice/ flocks & h]ds nor ! mo/ magnific5t individuals produc$ by ! bre$]'s art escap$4 ,! fruits ( _m ye>s ( pati5t ef=t 9 selection & 9 guid+ ! =ces ( h]$ity 7 blott$ out2 ! animals left 7 few & inf]ior4 ,to cr[n all ^! disa/]s1 ! mo/ deadly =ms ( contagion 7 ga!r$ f _! hid+ places ) ! animals t 7 seiz$1 ! plagues :i* ^! caus$ 7 propagat$ among ! va/ aggregation ( bea/s t 7 requir$ = ! s]vice ( ! armies1 &1 f9ally1 !y 7 dissem9at$ ?r\gh\t all sections to :i* ^! armies p5etrat$4 ,! agriculturi/s ( ,great ,brita91 ?anks to ! isolation due to ! consid]able expanse ( wat] :i* sep>ates _! t]ritory f ! ma9l&1 escap$ n only ! invasions ( arm$ & de/ructive ho/s1 b also ! pe/il5ces :i* accompani$ !m4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! f>m]s ( ! cont95t 7 /ruggl+ to save a few ( _! rema9+ animals f ! ravages ( gl&]s1 r9d]pe/1 foot-&-m\? disease1 pleuro-pneumonia1 & o!r plagues1 ^? ( ! ,briti% ,isles 7 p]fect+ ! "w ( _! ance/ors )\t mole/ation4 ,^! circum/ances1 lo/ sight ( by _m1 expla9 to a c]ta9 ext5t ! app>5tly m>vel\s success ( ! ,briti% husb&m5 9 develop+ s _m bre$s ( horses1 cattle1 %eep1 & sw9e to ! wond]ful p]fection :i* we see at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! favorable climate1 toge!r ) ! abundant & nutriti\s h]bage1 h und\bt$ly be5 factors 9 ! production ( ! ,briti% bre$s1 b ! p[] & opportunity to select ! be/ animals & reta9 ^! = bre$+ purposes mu/ also h _h great influ5ce4 ,! effect ( contagi\s diseases 9 ret>d+ ! developm5t ( animal life may be appreciat$ f ! e/imate1 c>efully made1 t 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! cattle plague 7r9d]pe/7 alone de/roy$ 9 ,europe two hundr$ million head ( cattle1 valu$ at sev5 billions ( doll>s4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 cattle plague1 pleuro-pneumonia1 & foot-&-m\? disease 7 p>ticul>ly disa/r\s to ! animal indu/ry ( ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 & unque/ionably1 also1 ?r\gh\t ,asia1 :i* appe>s to h be5 ! orig9al habitat ( ^! plagues4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ird ( ?is c5tury ! developm5t ( vet]9>y sci5ce1 toge!r ) ! enactm5t ( sanit>y legislation & ! en=cem5t ( intellig5t measures ( repression1 h practically eradicat$ ! cattle plague f ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 & we h only to note1 z important1 its invasion ( ,great ,brita9 9 #ahfe1 :i* l$ to ! adoption ( ! pres5t mo/ excell5t sanit>y organization1 & ! ext5sive outbreak on ! cont95t foll[+ ! ,franco-,prussian w>4 ,dur+ ! la/ six ye>s ?is plague has swept ov] l>ge sections ( ! ,african cont95t1 de/roy+ ne>ly e bov9e animal 9 ! regions fir/ invad$1 & _h x n be5 = ! =tunate & timely discov]y ( a successful me?od ( prev5tive inoculation1 ! cattle indu/ry w\ld h be5 absolutely annihilat$4 ,pleuro-pneumonia1 almo/ equally de/ructive ) cattle plague & mu* m p]si/5t1 0 widely dissem9at$ ov] ! cont95t ( ,europe dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & rea*$ ,engl& ab\t #ahdj4 ,_m ye>s 7 lo/ 9 futile cont5tions ov] ! subject ( contagion1 & x 0 n until ! la/ tw5ty ye>s t vigor\s measures = its ext]m9ation 7 en=c$4 ,9 ! meantime ! contagion _h be5 c>ri$ to ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,africa1 :]e x has s9ce rema9$ domicil$1 a con/ant s\rce ( loss to ! cattle gr[]s4 ,! losses f ?is disease 9 ,europe are n[ comp>atively unimportant1 b 9 ! c\ntries ( ,asia & ,africa1 & 9 ,au/ralia1 x is /ill a great incubus4 ,foot-&-m\? disease1 less fatal 9 its effects ?an ! o!r maladies m5tion$1 appe>s to be m difficult to control1 &1 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! c5tury1 we f9d x prevail+ ext5sively ov] ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ,cont95tal ,europe4 ,! diseases :i* h mo/ s]i\sly affect$ ! developm5t ( o!r species ( animals are ! gl&]s ( horses1 ! v>iola ( %eep 7%eep-pox71 & ! ?ree diseases ( sw9e kn[n 9 ,europe z erysipelas1 sw9e pe/1 & sw9e plague4 ,^! h be5 extremely preval5t & fatal 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe4 ,gl&]s1 sw9e pe/1 & sw9e plague h be5 br\ght to ! ,am]ican cont95t1 & h be5 ev5 m de/ructive "h ?an 9 _! anci5t habitat4 ,! diseases :i* at pres5t are reg>d$ z mo/ s]i\s attract$ b little att5tion at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 or 7 unkn[n4 ,tub]culosis has n[ become ! great sc\rge ( dairy c[s & o!r highly br$ cattle1 ru9+ _m ( ! be/ h]ds & ?reat5+ ! heal? ( ! consum]s ( milk1 if n also ( beef4 ,texas fev]1 a disease ( cattle fir/ /udi$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b n[ kn[n to be widely dissem9at$ ov] ! ,s\? ,am]ican1 ,african1 & ,au/ralian cont95ts1 has dur+ late ye>s ret>d$ op]ations = improv+ & increas+ ! /ock ( cattle1 & has s]i\sly re/rict$ ! m>ket+ ( animals f ! infect$ di/ricts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?or\ghbr$4 ,?is brief summ>y relative to contagi\s diseases & _! effects is all ! att5tion t c be giv5 9 ?is article to conditions :i* ?r\gh all hi/oric times h be5 important1 &1 9 _m cases1 h be5 supreme 9 _! influ5ce ^u ! t5d5cies & developm5t ( ! animal population4 ,z ! tw5tie? c5tury approa*es1 h[ev]1 ! influ5ce ( ! animal plagues is on ! wane1 & ) a few m ye>s ( active sci5tific inve/igations !y w all be s ?or\ghly controll$ t ! disa/r\s visitations ( ! pa/ c nev] be repeat$1 & !y w n ev5 be a h9drance or m5ace to ! /ock gr[]4 ,,ii4 ,,increase ,,9 ,,numb]s4 ,z might be expect$1 !re has be5 an increase 9 ! numb]s ( ! dome/icat$ animals held 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ! _w1 b ?is increase has be5 f> f uni=m1 & _c be measur$ ei!r by ! gr[? ( ! population or ! degree ( prosp]ity4 ,evid5tly ! d5sity ( population1 ! developm5t ( manufactures1 & ! f]tility ( ! soil h _h mu* influ5ce4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom !re 7 #a1ejj1jjj horses 9 #ahjj1 & b #b1jjj1jjj 9 #ahih4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! cattle _h increas$ f #e1jjj1jjj to #aa1jjj1jjj2 ! %eep f #be1jjj1jjj to #ca1jjj1jjj2 & ! sw9e f #c1jjj1jjj to #c1gjj1jjj4 ,?us1 :ile ! cattle d\bl$ 9 numb]s dur+ ! c5tury1 ! horses increas$ b "o ?ird1 ! %eep "o f\r?1 & ! sw9e "o f\r?4 ,z 9 ! same p]iod ! population ( ! c\ntry 0 augm5t$ f #af1bjj1jjj to #dj1jjj1jjj1 or two & "o half times1 x is n difficult to see :y ,engl& has become ! _w's greate/ m>ket = animals & animal products4 ,x is important to note ! increase 9 animals 9 a few ( ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,9 ,france !re 7 #a1hjj1jjj horses at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 & !re 7 #c1dah1jjj 9 #ahif4 ,! cattle increas$ f #f1jjj1jjj to #ac1ccd1jjj2 ! sw9e f #d1ejj1jjj to #f1djj1jjj2 ! goats f #hjj1jjj to #a1ejj1jjj2 :ile ! %eep decreas$ f #cj1jjj1jjj to #ba1bjj1jjj4 ,t is1 9 r\nd numb]s1 ! horses1 cattle1 & goats d\bl$1 ! sw9e increas$ ne>ly #ej p] c5t1 b ! %eep 7 dim9i%$ "o f\r?4 ,! population advanc$ f #bg1cej1jjj to #ch1ejj1jjj1 or ab\t #dj p] c5t4 ,9 ,g]many1 f #ahbh to #ahib1 ! horses increas$ f #b1ejj1jjj to #c1hcf1jjj2 ! cattle f #i1ggj1jjj to #ag1ejj1jjj2 ! goats f #gjj1jjj to #c1jjj1jjj2 ! sw9e f #d1ejj1jjj to #ab1agd1jjj2 & ! %eep decreas$ f #ag1cjj1jjj to #ac1fjj1jjj4 ,! population increas$ dur+ ! same "t f #bi1gjj1jjj to #di1ejj1jjj4 ,9 ,european ,russia1 f #ahbh to #ahhh1 ! horses 7 increas$ f #ab1jjj1jjj to #bj1jjj1jjj2 ! cattle f #ai1jjj1jjj to #bc1hdj1jjj2 ! %eep f #cf1jjj1jjj to #dg1ejj1jjj2 :ile ! sw9e decreas$ f #ae1hjj1jjj to #i1bjj1jjj4 ,! population dur+ ?is p]iod increas$ f #de1jjj1jjj to #ij1jjj1jjj4 ,^! are ! c\ntries 9 :i* !re is mo/ int]e/ on acc\nt ( _! influ5ce ^u ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,9 reg>d to ,europe z a :ole1 ow+ to ! lack ( /ati/ics1 we c only e/imate approximately z to ! condition at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,f su* data z are available x appe>s t !re 7 ab\t #bj1fjj1jjj horses1 #fa1hjj1jjj cattle1 #aeg1ejj1jjj %eep1 & #cf1fjj1jjj sw9e4 ,! population ( ,europe at t "t is plac$ at #age1jjj1jjj4 ,9 ! ye> #aijj !re w be 9 ,europe n f> f #dd1bej1jjj horses1 #ajh1jjj1jjj cattle1 #ahj1ege1jjj %eep1 & #ef1hjj1jjj sw9e4 ,! population w rea* ab\t #chj1jjj1jjj4 ,f ^! figures x w\ld appe> t1 tak+ all ( ,europe1 ! human population has increas$ m rapidly ?an h any ( ^! species ( dome/icat$ animals4 ,9 o!r words1 ! population is #b4ag times :at x 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 :ile !re are b #b4ad times z _m horses1 #a4ge times z _m cattle1 #a4ee times z _m sw9e1 & #a4ad times z _m %eep4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wat]+ ,,! ,,c[s4 ,?is gr[+ defici5cy 9 ! /ock ( animals1 c\pl$ ) an increas+ consumption ( meat p] capita1 has l$ to ! importation ( great numb]s ( animals & l>ge quantities ( meats & o!r animal products4 ,! result+ trade has /imulat$ ! production ( animals 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia1 & ,arg5t9a1 9 all ( :i* !re has be5 a m>vel\s developm5t4 ,!re are no reliable /ati/ics z to ! numb] ( animals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,"s h e/imat$ t !re 7 only #cjj1jjj horses1 #fjj1jjj cattle1 & #fjj1jjj %eep2 b ! writ] is ( ! op9ion t !re 7 f #ejj1jjj to #a1jjj1jjj horses1 at lea/ #c1jjj1jjj head ( cattle1 & f #b1jjj1jjj to #c1jjj1jjj %eep4 ,9 #ahdj1 ) a population ( #ag1jfc1jjj1 !re 7 #d1cjj1jjj horses1 #ad1ijj1jjj cattle1 #ai1cjj1jjj %eep1 & #bf1cjj1jjj sw9e2 :ile 9 #ahii ! numb] is plac$ at #ae1hjj1jjj horses & mules1 #dd1jjj1jjj cattle1 #ci1jjj1jjj %eep1 & #ch1fjj1jjj sw9e4 ,9 #ahhh ! horses ( ,canada numb]$ #a1ajj1jjj1 ! cattle #c1gij1jjj1 ! %eep #b1fjj1jjj1 & ! sw9e #a1bje1jjj4 ,9 ! same ye> ,mexico 0 cr$it$ ) #b1jjj1jjj horses1 #c1jjj1jjj cattle1 #b1jjj1jjj %eep1 & #e1jjj1jjj goats4 ,tak+ ! :ole ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & mak+ all[ances = ! increase s9ce #ahhh 9 ,canada & ,mexico1 x may be fairly assum$ t at ! close ( ! c5tury !re w be ab\t #ai1jjj1jjj horses & mules1 #ee1jjj1jjj cattle1 #ej1jjj1jjj %eep1 & #dj1jjj1jjj sw9e4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,arg5t9a f> out/rips all o!r c\ntries 9 animal production4 ,! horses1 :i* 9 #ahfd numb]$ #c1hge1jjj1 _h increas$ by #ahie to #d1ddg1jjj2 ! cattle increas$ 9 ! same p]iod f #aj1bae1jjj to #ba1gjb1jjj2 ! %eep1 f #bc1aaj1jjj to #gd1chj1jjj4 ,! population 9 #ahie 0 only #c1ifd1jjj4 ,9 ,uruguay !re 71 9 #ahie1 #djb1cdh horses1 #e1bdh1jjj cattle1 & #ad1ccc1jjj %eep4 ,9 ,p>aguay !re 71 9 #ahif1 #bdf1jjj horses & #b1ajj1jjj cattle4 ,! la/ returns f ,*ili 7#ahhb87 give #dej1jjj horses1 #a1ecj1jjj cattle1 & #b1ejj1jjj %eep4 ,z to ! condition 9 ,brazil1 we h no reliable /ati/ics4 ,! animal indu/ries ( ,au/ralasia h %[n ! mo/ wond]ful developm5t dur+ ! c5tury4 ,9 #ahjj1 !re 7 b #bjj horses1 #ajdj cattle1 & #fajj %eep4 ,9 #ahaj1 !re 7 #aacj horses1 #ab1ddj cattle1 #be1ijj %eep1 & #iedj sw9e4 ,9 #ahif1 !re 7 #a1ibc1eed horses1 #ab1gja1fjj cattle1 #aaj1ebd1jjj %eep1 & #a1jjj1jjj sw9e4 ,9 ,asia !re are l>ge numb]s ( animals1 b x is impossible to give /ati/ics1 except = ,briti% ,india1 :]e1 9 #ahie1 !re 7 #a1aeb1jjj horses1 #di1jjj1jjj cattle1 & #ag1bjj1jjj %eep4 ,mr4 ,simonds endeavor$ to asc]ta9 ! numb] ( ea* class ( live /ock 9 ! _w 9 #ahij1 & 8 conclusions may be accept$ z approximately correct4 ,he plac$ ! total numb] ( horses 9 all c\ntries at #fc1dfi1jjj1 ! asses & mules at #aj1cah1jjj1 ! cattle at #cji1hjg1jjj1 ! %eep at #ehh1ice1jjj1 ! sw9e at #ajb1ebf1jjj1 & ! goats at #ei1iga1jjj4 ,,iii4 ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,bre$s ,,( ,,animals4 ,! increas$ numb] ( animals n[ held 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w does n give an adequate idea ( ! enl>g$ production ( animal food products1 z comp>$ ) "o hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,dur+ ! la/ c5tury !re has be5 con/ant improvem5t 9 ! v>i\s bre$s ( animals1 ) a view to p]fect _! =m & %ort5 ! "t requir$ = _! gr[?4 ,! bre$] has le>n$ h[ to /imulate developm5t1 & has fix$ ! quality ( e>ly maturity1 ?r\gh h]$it>y influ5ce1 until x is n[ transmitt$ ) ! same regul>ity z are o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,cattle are no long] f$ until !y are ?ree or f\r ye>s old be=e be+ s5t to ! but*]1 & x has be5 f\nd t !y c be made to yield an equal quantity ( beef ( bett] quality at eighte5 mon?s to two ye>s4 ,x is ! fle% ( su* "y animals :i* has be5 mu* discuss$ "u ! title ( 8baby beef40 ,n only is ?is beef comm5d$ on acc\nt ( its t5d]ness1 its high nutritive value1 & ! m ev5 di/ribution ( fat ?r\gh ! muscul> tissue1 b because ?is %ort5+ ( ! fe$+ p]iod enables ! f>m] to produce a greatly increas$ quantity ( human food f ! same numb] ( acres4 ,t is1 by r$uc+ ! age at :i* bullocks are m>ket$ f ?ree & "o half ye>s1 z 0 =m]ly ! rule1 to tw5ty mon?s1 x is possible = ! same f>m to produce "o ?ird m animals 9 a giv5 s]ies ( ye>s4 ,x may be admitt$ t n all ( ! /ock ( beef-produc+ animals1 nor ev5 ! great] "p ( x1 has acquir$ ?is extreme degree ( e>ly maturity1 b mo/ ( x has develop$ some:at 9 ?is direction4 ,! l>ge-bon$1 gaunt1 & long-horn$ cattle ( ,texas h ne>ly disappe>$1 & ev5 9 ,mexico !y are be+ rapidly replac$ by o!rs ( bett] quality4 ,! mo/ important fact is t bre$s exi/ :i* c be dep5d$ ^u = ! spe$y trans=mation ( ! entire /ock ( cattle :5 ! necessity arises4 ,a simil> ha/5+ ( matur+ has be5 accompli%$ ) ! mutton bre$s ( %eep1 ) num]\s v>ieties ( sw9e1 & to a consid]able ext5t ) p\ltry4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,temp]ance ,,society4 7,,h]r+47 ,! developm5t ( ! dairy bre$s ( cattle has also be5 rem>kable4 ,x c be be/ appreciat$ by contra/+ ! half wild c[s ( our ,we/]n pla9s1 :i* yield b two or ?ree qu>ts ( milk a day at _! be/1 & none = half ( ! ye>1 ) ! highly specializ$ types :i* produce tw5ty to ?irty qu>ts daily :5 9 full fl[1 & ) :i* ! milk secretion cont9ues f ye> to ye> )\t int]ruption4 ,! yield ( butt] has be5 increas$ equally ) t ( milk1 & among ! dairy bre$s !re are "s :i* are specially valu$ because ( _! aptitude = butt] production4 ,:ile ! unimprov$ c[ yields b "o f\r? to "o half p\nd ( butt] a day1 good specim5s ( ! be/ bre$s produce f "o & "o half to ?ree p\nds1 & 9 num]\s in/ances /ill great] quantities4 ,9 ! production ( wool !re has also be5 a wond]ful advance4 ,! fibre has be5 increas$ 9 l5g?1 ! fleece has be5 di/ribut$ m uni=mly ov] ! surface ( ! body1 & ! quality ( ! fibre has be5 modifi$ to con=m to ! requirem5ts = manufactur+ ! inf9ite v>ieties ( fabrics dem&$ by mod]n civilization4 ,! fleece ( to-day is probably ?ree times z heavy z t ( a c5tury ago4 ,! improvem5t 9 ! ,m]9o type has be5 truly wond]ful4 ,n only h ! beautiful long & silky wools ( ! ,ramb\illet & ,saxony bre$s be5 develop$ by p]si/5t selection1 b ! body ( ! ,m]9o1 =m]ly small & almo/ useless = its fle%1 has be5 br\ght to a /&>d closely approa*+ t ( ! be/ mutton bre$s4 ,x is un=tunate t ! *anges ( fa%ion h1 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury1 made ! production ( ! extra f9e wools less pr(itable ?an ! co>se v>ieties1 & t1 z a consequ5ce1 _m flocks :i* _h be5 br$ to ! v highe/ degree ( p]fection 9 ?is direction h gone to ! %ambles1 & _! peculi> po9ts ( excell5ce h be5 lo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,art ,,critics4 7,,gebl]47 ,) p\ltry1 a va/ numb] ( v>ieties & /ra9s h be5 develop$1 among :i* ! mo/ fa/idi\s ta/e may readily f9d its ideal4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 p]fect$ f ! /&po9t ( utility1 :ile ) o!rs ! guid+ pr9ciple has be5 purely /hetic4 ,?us !re are bre$s :i* are *>act]iz$ by _! size1 rapid gr[?1 & excell5ce ( fle%2 o!rs :i* h be5 develop$ simply z egg-produc+ ma*9es & :i* h ev5 lo/ ! mat]nal in/9ct = incubation2 & /ill o!rs 9 :i* ! beauty1 ! complication1 & ! p]fection ( ! fea!r+ con/itute ! pr9cipal claims to att5tion4 ,! /&>d weights ( ! heavy v>ieties1 su* z ,brahmas & ,co*9s1 is n[ #aa lbs4 to #ab lbs4 = cocks1 & #h lbs4 to #i lbs4 = h5s4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re has be5 develop$ a di/9ct ,am]ican class ( m$ium weight f[ls1 ( :i* ! ,plym\? ,rocks & ,wy&ottes are ! mo/ popul> v>ieties4 ,! cocks ( ^! v>ieties weigh f #h lbs4 to #i lbs41 & ! h5s #f lbs4 to #g lbs4 ,!y are valu$ bo? = _! fle% & = egg production4 ,! rapid multiplication ( v>ieties by mod]n bre$]s is illu/rat$ by ! ,wy&ottes1 :i* came into exi/5ce dur+ ! la/ ?ird ( ! c5tury1 & ( :i* !re are n[ five di/9ct v>ieties3 ! ,silv]1 ,gold51 ,:ite1 ,buff1 & ,black4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fr5* ,,coa*-,,horse 8,,gladiator40 ,! bre$]'s art has be5 mo/ successfully br\ght to be> 9 /imulat+ ! function ( egg production4 ,n _m ye>s ago1 an av]age yield ( #abe to #aej eggs annually f ! h5s ( ev5 a small flock 0 consid]$ all t x 0 possible to obta91 b at pres5t !re are v>ieties :i* may be reli$ ^u to produce m ?an #bjj eggs annually4 ,9 "s in/ances1 x is alleg$ t an av]age ( ne>ly #cjj eggs a ye> has be5 rea*$ 9 small flocks :i* h be5 giv5 special c>e4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t !re has also be5 great improvem5t 9 ! v>i\s bre$s ( horses4 ,! heavy draught horses h be5 br$ into a m compact =m1 ) bett] legs & feet & less sluggi% disposition4 ,! mo/ noticeable advance has1 h[ev]1 be5 9 ! light] grades ( horses1 & ?is has l>gely be5 accompli%$ by infus+ ! blood ( ! ,engli% ?or\ghbr$4 ,! ,fr5*1 by sy/ematically bre$+ ! heavy m>es ( ! c\ntry to ?or\ghbr$ /allions ) c>eful selection ( ! (fspr+1 produc$ an extremely valuable bre$ ( c>riage-horses1 kn[n !re z ! demi-sang1 & :i* h be5 import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates z ,fr5* coa*-horses4 ,^! animals1 beautiful 9 =m & action1 h be5 br\ght to a high degree ( p]fection1 & ! bre$ is s well e/abli%$ t its good qualities are reliably transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,!re are also ,g]man coa*-horses & simil> bre$s 9 sev]al o!r c\ntries1 :i* h be5 e/abli%$ by foll[+ ! same g5]al plan z t adopt$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,^! bre$s are peculi>ly ! product ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & are 9 _! mo/ valuable condition z ! c5tury closes4 ,! ,am]ican trott+ horse has )\t d\bt be5 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable triumphs ( ! bre$]'s art :i* ! c5tury has se54 ,orig9at+ 9 consid]able obscurity1 b und\bt$ly ow+ mu* ( its excell5ce to ! ?or\ghbr$1 ! trott] 0 born ) ! c5tury1 & has cont9ually increas$ its spe$ until ! v end4 ,x n[ gives promise ( cont9u+ its evolution ?r\gh at lea/ a consid]able "p ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,9 ! decade f #ahjj to #ahaj1 ! be/ record$ spe$ at ?is gait 0 #b3ei2 f #ahaj to #ahbj1 ! "t 0 l[]$ to #b3dh2 f #ahcj to #ahdj1 x rea*$ #b3ca2 f #ahdj to #ahej1 ! limit 0 #b3bh2 f #ahej to #ahfj1 #b3ai2 f #ahfj to #ahgj1 #b3ag2 f #ahgj to #ahhj1 #b3ab2 f #ahhj to #ahij1 #b3jh2 & f #ahij to #ahih1 #b3jc4 ,?is extraord9>y & con/antly progress+ increase 9 spe$ dur+ ! c5tury has excit$ ! int]e/ & admiration ( ! _w4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q g5]ally admitt$ t too mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to spe$ & n en\gh to disposition1 size1 con=mation1 & s\ndness1 to br+ ! animals to _! highe/ value = o!r ?an rac+ purposes4 ,ow+ to ! relatively small ext5t ( agricultural t]ritory & ! great developm5t ( manufactures1 ,great ,brita9 has become ! be/ m>ket 9 ! _w = animals & animal products4 ,! pur*ases ( cattle1 %eep1 beef1 & mutton h be5 p>ticul>ly l>ge4 ,consid]+1 fir/1 ! importations ( cattle1 x is f\nd t dur+ ! five ye>s f #ahfa to #ahfe inclusive1 ! av]age numb] 0 #agd1agg2 f #ahff to #ahgj1 ! av]age 0 #aid1idg2 f #ahga to #ahge1 #bae1iij2 f #ahgf to #ahhj1 #bgb1gde2 f #ahha to #ahhe1 #chg1bhb2 f #ahhf to #ahij1 #dch1jih2 f #ahia to #ahie1 #ddh1aci2 & = ! two ye>s #ahif & #ahig1 #eij1dcg4 ,?is unp>allel$ gr[? 9 ! consumption ( =eign cattle has _h a m>k$ influ5ce 9 enc\rag+ ! developm5t ( ! cattle indu/ry ( "s o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 & ,arg5t9a4 ,! export trade ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has develop$ ev5 m rapidly ?an ! import trade ( ,great ,brita94 ,9 #ahga ?is traffic 0 9 its infancy1 & b #bj1ecj head ( cattle 7 export$1 valu$ at #djj1jjj4 ,by #ahgi ! numb] _h increas$ to #acf1gbj1 valu$ at #h1cjj1jjj4 ,!n came ! ,briti% re/rictions prohibit+ ,am]ican cattle f leav+ ! docks :]e l&$1 & requir+ _! slaught] on ^! docks )9 t5 days f _! arrival4 ,^! regulations 7 a rude %ock to ! ,am]ican cattle gr[]1 & l$ to measures "h = ! control & eradication ( ! cattle diseases :i* 7 cit$ by ! ,engli% au?orities z ! cause ( _! unfavorable action4 ,al?\gh ! pleuro-pneumonia1 ab\t :i* mo/ appreh5sion 0 express$1 has long s9ce be5 extirpat$1 & an elaborate inspection s]vice has be5 organiz$ to prev5t any affect$ animals f leav+ our %ores1 ! re/rictions h be5 cont9u$4 ,=tunately1 ! trade 0 only tempor>ily emb>rass$1 & has cont9u$ its gr[? not)/&+ ?is ob/ruction4 ,9 #ahhi ^! exports fir/ exce$$ #bjj1jjj1 & ! foll[+ ye> rea*$ #cid1hcf4 ,s9ce t "t ! numb] has fluctuat$ betwe5 #bhg1jjj & #cib1jjj1 until #ahih1 :5 x rea*$ ! enorm\s aggregate ( #dci1bee1 valu$ at #cg1hjj1jjj4 ,n q all ( ^! cattle h gone to ,great ,brita91 b t has be5 ! de/9ation ( by f> ! great] "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pac+ ,,horse 8,,/> ,,po9t]40 ,,"t1 #a ,m4 #ei ,s4 ,! exports ( %eep h v>i$ widely1 accord+ to ! fluctuations ( ! m>kets at home & abroad4 ,f #ahgj to #ahgc ! numb] v>i$ f #ci1jjj to #ff1jjj2 f #ahgd to #ahhi1 x v>i$ f #aaj1jjj to #ccg1jjj4 ,9 #ahij ! exports 7 b #fg1ejj2 9 #ahia1 #fj1ijj2 9 #ahib1 #df1ijj2 & 9 #ahic1 #cg1bjj4 ,beg9n+ ) #ahid1 ! exports ( %eep aga9 increas$1 rea*+ 9 t ye> #acb1jjj2 9 #ahie !y 7 #dje1jjj2 & 9 #ahif1 #dia1jjj4 ,9 #ahig !re 0 a decrease to #bdd1jjj1 & 9 #ahih a fur!r decrease to #bjj1jjj1 valu$ at #a1bac1jjj4 ,! export trade 9 horses & mules 0 inconsid]able1 v>y+ f #bjjj to #hjjj a ye> until #ahie1 :5 #ad1jjj horses & #dhjj mules 7 %ipp$ to =eign ports4 ,?is trade increas$ 9 #ahif to #be1abf horses & #fecd mules1 toge!r valu$ at ab\t #d1jjj1jjj4 ,9 #ahig a fur!r increase 0 made to #ci1ecb horses & #ggec mules1 ! value be+ #e1djj1jjj4 ,&1 f9ally1 9 #ahih !re 7 export$ ! l>ge/ numb] ev] s5t f ?is c\ntry1 am\nt+ to #ea1aej horses & #fiif mules1 valu$ at #f1fia1jjj4 ,sw9e are n export$ 9 v l>ge numb]s1 z !y d n /& %ipp+ well4 ,! l>ge/ numb] s5t abroad 0 #aeh1eha1 9 #ahgd1 ! value ( :i* 0 #a1fbe1hcg4 ,9 #ahig & #ahih !re 7 only #af1hjj export$ ea* ye>4 ,v few ( ^! cross ! ocean4 ,?is resum ( ! developm5t ( ! int]national traffic 9 live animals & ! /atus ( ! animal indu/ry w\ld n be complete )\t "s ref]5ce to ! m>kets = animal products4 ,! quantity ( =eign meat consum$ 9 ,great ,brita9 is mo/ rem>kable4 ,! imports ( fre% beef1 :i* f #ahfa to #ahfe av]ag$ b #ae1ggb cwts41 _h increas$ 9 ! ye>s #ahia to #ahie to an av]age ( #b1jbj1ffh cwts41 & 9 #ahig exce$$ #c1jjj1jjj cwts4 ,! proportion ( ?is suppli$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates is indicat$ by ! returns = #ahif1 giv+ a total ( #b1fei1gjj cwts4 ( import$ beef1 ( :i* ?is c\ntry furni%$ #b1jgd1fdd cwts4 ,great ,brita9 also import$ #c1aic1bgf cwts4 ( fre% mutton 9 #ahig1 m ?an n9e t5?s ( x be+ froz5 c>casses f ,arg5t9a & ,au/ralasia4 ,( fre% & salt$ pork1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates suppli$ #d1ahc1hjj cwts4 out ( a total ( #f1efc1fhh cwts4 ,! pr9cipal o!r animal products import$ by t c\ntry are1 #a1gej1jjj cwts4 ( l>d1 #bgf1deh cwts4 ( rabbits1 & #a1fhc1haj1jjj eggs4 ,! cont95t ( ,europe consumes consid]able quantities ( l>d & salt$ pork1 :i* are l>gely furni%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 not)/&+ ! unfavorable attitude ( ! gov]nm5ts t[>ds su* traffic & ! exi/5ce ( _m annoy+ & injuri\s regulations4 ,fre% meats f ,am]ica h be5 practically exclud$4 ,! ,briti% m>kets = dairy products & wool h also _h consid]able influ5ce ^u ! prosp]ity ( ! animal indu/ries 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! rapidly increas+ dem& = dairy products is wor?y ( att5tion4 ,9 #ahgg !re 7 import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom #a1fcg1djc cwts4 ( butt] & m>g>9e4 ,9 #ahig ! imports _h be5 rais$ to #c1bag1hja cwts4 ( butt] & #icf1edc cwts4 ( m>g>9e1 or a total ( #d1aed1cdd cwts41 be+ two & "o half times ! quantity import$ 9 #ahgg4 ,! quantity ( *eese import$ 9 #ahgg 0 #a1fec1ibj cwts41 & _h increas$ to #b1fjc1fjh cwts4 9 #ahig4 ,! c\ntry supply+ ! l>ge/ quantity ( butt] 9 #ahif 0 ,d5m>k1 ) ,france second1 ,sw$5 ?ird1 ,holl& f\r?1 & ,au/ralasia fif?4 ,ne>ly all ( ! m>g>9e came f ,holl&4 ,! l>ge/ quantity ( *eese came f ,canada1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be+ second1 ) less ?an half ! quantity furni%$ by h] neighbor to ! nor?1 & ,holl& ?ird4 ,! quantity ( wool import$ by ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,belgium1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 & o!r consum+ c\ntries1 increas$ f #bjj1jjj tons1 9 ! decade #ahba-ahcj1 to #c1cjj1jjj tons 9 #ahga-ahhj4 ,?is wool came pr9cipally f ,au/ralia1 ,riv] ,plate1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,russia1 & ,spa94 ,! excess ( imports ( wool into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ov] ! exports 71 9 #ahib1 #cab1bag1aaa lbs41 & 9 #ahif1 #chc1hde1dej lbs4 ,( ! total quantity import$ by ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 #ahif1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates suppli$ b #d1ejj1jjj lbs41 :ile ,au/ralasia furni%$ #dgg1fjj1jjj lbs42 ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 #gj1jjj1jjj lbs42 ,briti% ,ea/ ,indies1 #dc1jjj1jjj lbs42 ,natal1 #ba1jjj1jjj lbs42 ,france1 #bj1jjj1jjj lbs42 ,turkey1 #af1ejj1jjj lbs42 & ,belgium1 #aa1djj1jjj lbs4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! la/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 to displace horses & adopt me*anical motors4 ,! great increase ( /eam railroads1 cable c>s1 electric c>s1 bicycles1 & automobile vehicles has s r$uc$ ! dem& = ^! animals t _! value has decreas$ ov] fifty p] c5t4 ,:ile !re is /ill a good m>ket = horses suitable = c>riage use1 = drays1 = army s]vice1 & = agricultural purposes1 buy]s are becom+ m critical & ! future is unc]ta94 ,z x is five or six ye>s aft] a bre$+ e/abli%m5t is />t$ be=e any ( ! horses produc$ c be plac$ ^u ! m>ket1 ! effect ( ?is unc]ta9ty is to disc\rage w\ld-be horse bre$]s & influ5ce !m t[>d o!r ent]prises4 ,illu/ration3 ,,automobile ,,or ,,horseless ,,c>riage4 ,! end ( ! c5tury also f9ds ! %eep indu/ry 9 a depress$ condition on acc\nt ( ov]-production4 ,! va/ quantities ( wool gr[n 9 ,au/ralasia & ,s\? ,africa h clogg$ ! m>kets to su* an ext5t t ,au/ralian wool 9 ! ,london m>ket has dropp$ f #ae;d4 p] p\nd 9 #ahgg to #h;d4 9 #ahig1 & ,s\? ,african wool f #ae;d4 to #g;d4 dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,o!r wools h fall5 9 ab\t ! same proportion4 ,al?\gh %eep are rais$ = ! production ( mutton z well z wool1 & ! t5d5cy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 t[>ds ! bre$+ ( mutton %eep1 ! value ( ^! animals has be5 r$uc$ ab\t "o half4 ,!re h be5 p]iods ( depression ) ! cattle & sw9e indu/ries1 b prices h be5 well su/a9$4 ,! ,european m>kets are ye>ly requir+ l>g] supplies1 & ! /ock ( beef-produc+ cattle 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 proportion to ! population1 is rapidly dim9i%+4 ,! decreas$ numb] is 9 a slight degree c\nt]balanc$ by e>li] maturity2 b :5 due all[ance is made = ?is1 x is pla9 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates has n ! surplus ( beef :i* x boa/$ a few ye>s ago4 ,at ! same "t1 our meat trade 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w is ?reat5$ ) m s]i\s competition f ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,au/ralasia1 & ev5 ,russia4 ,! c5tury closes 9 a p]iod ( wond]ful a*ievem5ts 9 ! ext5sion ( transportation facilities & 9 ! education ( ! masses 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! produc] 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,africa1 & ,au/ralasia keeps abrea/ ) ! mo/ enlight5$ /ock-gr[]s ( ,europe & ,am]ica 9 8 k ( ! be/ bre$s1 ! mo/ economical me?ods ( fe$+1 & ! mo/ desirable h&l+ ( 8 products4 ,!re is no animal product s p]i%able b t x c n[ be s5t f ! antipodes to ,london 9 good condition4 ,all ( ?is has br\ght surpris+ *anges 9 ! traffic betwe5 diff]5t c\ntries & 9 ! modification ( indu/ries to meet new conditions4 ,! produc]s ( ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! _w are aggressively ent]+ our ne>e/ m>kets4 ,competition is becom+ m int5se1 & comm]cial rivalry is assum+ m ! appe>ance ( w>f>e ?an h]et(ore4 ,! nations ( ! _w are actively engag$ 9 assi/+ _! p 9 ?is /ruggle4 ,!y diffuse in=mation z to ! be/ & mo/ economical me?ods ( production1 !y seek out new m>kets1 !y subsidize transportation l9es1 !y assi/ 9 ! introduction ( new k9ds ( goods1 !y su/a9 _! subjects 9 ! mo/ aggressive practices1 !y exclude ! products ( compet+ c\ntries by t>iffs & ho/ile s5tim5t1 by discrim9ations1 by unpack+1 delay+1 or damag+ goods1 "u ! pretext ( inspection1 & by burd5some *>ges & regulations4 ,"s c\ntries h gone s f> z to absolutely prohibit compet+ products = compreh5sive b indef9ite sanit>y reasons4 ,! outcome ( ?is comm]cial w>f>e _c be =ese54 ,! /ruggle has be51 & is1 fi]ce/ ov] ! int]national traffic 9 animals & animal products4 ,! greate/ =ces ( ! _w are to-day cont5d+ z to :at ! future %all be4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has only rec5tly begun to realize t x also mu/ take "p 9 ?is comm]cial /ruggle1 if x w\ld reta9 m>kets = its products & secure prosp]ity = its p4 ,its trade has be5 unju/ly prohibit$ & discrim9at$ aga9/1 its m]*ants h be5 unfairly treat$ & insult$1 & its prote/s h be5 treat$ ) ill-disguis$ contempt4 ,not)/&+ all ^! ef=ts at repression1 ,am]ican trade has gone on increas+ at an amaz+ rate1 ! =be>ance ( ! gov]nm5t hav+ be5 f> ov]balanc$ by ! en]gy ( ! p4 ,hav+ gr[n to be "o ( ! greate/ p[]s ( ! _w1 ) magnific5t res\rces yet undevelop$1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w no d\bt ma9ta9 its position & cont9ue to supply ! m>kets ( ! _w ) ! be/ animals1 ! be/ meats1 & probably ) ! be/ dairy products4 ,,lead+ ,,w>s ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury ,,by ,,major ,,g5]al ,,joseph ,,:eel]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,army4 ,i4 ,,w>s ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,! progress ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 ev]y?+ t p]ta9s to civilization1 arts1 & sci5ces1 has be5 great] ?an ! total progress 9 any decade ( c5turies 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & ?is is equally true 9 reg>d to ! art & sci5ce ( ,,w>2 = ! exp5diture ( blood & treasure 9 ! prosecution ( ! w>s & ! fight+ ( ! battles ( ?is c5tury f> exce$s t ( any o!r l p]iod4 ,! fir/ ye> ( ! n9ete5? c5tury dawn$ ^u ! ,unit$ ,/ates at peace ) ! _w4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahjj1 ,napoleon1 f9d+ t he c\ld n co]ce ! "y nation into 8an entangl+ alliance10 & fe>+ le/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld jo9 ,engl& 9 oppos+ him1 f\nd x 8 be/ policy to conclude a peace4 ,! brilliant a*ievem5ts ( ! newly organiz$ navy1 "u ,commodore ,truxton1 n only illum9at$ ^! e>ly pages ( our hi/ory1 b e/abli%$ a pre/ige nev] yet =feit$2 = ! hi/ory ( ?is bran* ( our s]vice is unp>allel$ f ! fir/ ef=t1 dur+ ! ,revolution1 ( ,esek ,hopk9s1 to t ( ,george ,dewey at ,manila1 & ,sampson & ,s*ley at ,santiago4 ,,w> ,,) ,,b>b>y ,,/ates4--,9 #ahjc ! ,unit$ ,/ates det]m9$ to end ! piracy ( ! ,b>b>y ,/ates1 & an exp$ition "u ,commodore ,preble 0 s5t to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! ,philadelphia1 :ile pursu+ a pirate1 0 gr\nd$ (f ! coa/ ( ,tripoli1 & captur$ by ! ,tripolitans1 :o made slaves ( ! crew & prison]s ( ! (fic]s4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahjd1 ,capta9 ,decatur1 ) sev5ty-six m5 f 8 %ip1 ! ,intrepid1 bo>d$ ! ,philadelphia1 kill$ or drove (f ! ,moors1 fir$ ! vessel1 & return$ )\t ! loss ( a man1 al?\gh fi]cely attack$ by ! %ore batt]ies4 ,9 ,july1 ,commodore ,preble1 ) 8 squadron1 laid siege to ,tripoli1 b 8 bomb>dm5t 0 ineffective4 ,g5]al ,eaton1 consul to ,tunis1 induc$ ,hamet1 ! bro!r ( ,yusef1 :o _h usurp$ ! sov]eignty ( ,tripoli1 to furni% him a troop ( ,arab cavalry & a company ( ,greeks4 ,) ^!1 & a b& ( ,tripolitan rebels & a =ce ( ,am]ican sailors1 he cross$ ! ,b>can ,des]t1 /orm$ & captur$ ,d]ne1 an ea/]n seaport ( ,yusef4 ,! latt] 0 glad to make peace1 & a treaty 0 sign$ ,june #d1 #ahje4 ,,indian ,,w>s4--,f #ahji to #ahaa fight+ ) ! ,indians 9 ! ,s\? & ,nor?we/ 0 con/ant4 ,g5]al ,h>rison & ! celebrat$ ,indian *ief ,tecumseh 7 ! pr9cipal actors4 ,,w> ,,( #ahab4--,! conte/ betwe5 ,engl& & ,france = ! dom9ion ( ! seas 0 ! cause ( ! w> ( #ahab4 ,engl& decl>$ ! ,g]man & ,fr5* coa/ to be 9 a /ate ( blockade4 ,napoleon1 9 #ahjf1 made ! same decl>ation reg>d+ ,briti% ports4 ,9 #ahjg1 ,engl& prohibit$ trade ) ! coa/ ( ,france4 ,am]ican comm]ce 0 injur$ & almo/ de/roy$ by ! comb9$ action ( ! two p[]s4 ,f\r ye>s 7 consum$ 9 negotiations1 ) con/ant aggressions on ! "p ( ,engl&1 & on ,june #ai1 #ahab1 ,congress decl>$ w>4 ,! great error ( ! campaign 0 ! attempt$ invasion ( ,canada4 ,_h ! w> be5 made entirely ^u ! seas1 an e>ly peace might h ensu$4 ,! w> began on ! ,lakes1 &1 repuls$ 9 ! ef=t to make a /& on ! ,canada %ore1 & fall+ back1 ,hull surr5d]$ ,detroit1 ,augu/ #e4 ,aga91 at ,que5/[n1 ,octob] #ac1 ! ,am]icans 7 defeat$ ) ! loss ( a ?\s& m54 ,altoge!r ! fir/ ye> ( ! w> 0 a disa/r\s "o on l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,commodore ,,/eph5 ,,decatur4 ,at sea1 ! navy1 consi/+ ( n m ?an a half-doz5 frigates1 ) its magnific5tly discipl9$ (fic]s1 _h be5 em95tly successful4 ,on ,augu/ #ac1 ! ,essex1 ,capta9 ,port]1 captur$ ! ,briti% sloop ,al]t2 on ,augu/ #ai1 ,capta9 ,hull1 comm&+ ! ,con/itution1 de/roy$ ! ,gu]ri]e (f ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce2 ,octob] #ah1 ! ,wasp1 ,capta9 ,jones1 captur$ ! ,frolic1 b lat] 9 ! day bo? ! ,frolic & ! ,wasp fell into ! h&s ( ! ,briti% %ip ,poicti]s4 ,octob] #be1 ,capta9 ,decatur1 ) ! frigate ,unit$ ,/ates1 captur$ ! ,mac$onian (f ! ,azores2 on ,decemb] #bi1 aft] a desp]ate fight 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic1 ,capta9 ,ba9bridge1 comm&+ ! ,con/itution1 defeat$ ! ,briti% %ip ,java4 ,! campaign ( #ahac op5$ on ! ,canadian fronti] ) ! sev]al divisions 9 comm& ( ,g5]als ,h>rison1 ,de>born1 & ,hampton4 ,on ,june #h1 ,g5]al ,w9*e/]1 ) eight hundr$ ,k5tuckians1 drove ! ,briti% & ,indians1 "u ,proctor1 f ,fr5*t[n1 on ! ,riv] ,rais91 b return+ ) a =ce ( fifte5 hundr$1 !y oblig$ ,w9*e/] to surr5d]1 :i* he only cons5t$ to d "u ,proctor's promise to protect ! ,am]icans f ! ,indians2 :i* promise ,proctor trea*]\sly disreg>d$1 & m>*$ away1 leav+ ! sick & w\nd$ ,k5tuckians to be massacr$4 ,h5ce=? ! ,k5tucky w> cry 01 8,rememb] ! ,riv] ,rais910 & _m 7 ! ,briti% & ,indians :o _h cause to dread t slogan4 ,may #e1 ,g5]al ,h>rison1 re9=c$ by ,g5]al ,gre5 ,clay & 8 ,k5tucky troops1 repuls$ ! ,briti% & _! dusky allies "u ,tecumseh4 ,july #ba1 !y return$ f\r ?\s& /rong1 b 7 aga9 repuls$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,commodore ,,p]ry ,,at ,,battle ,,( ,,lake ,,erie4 ,! ,am]icans1 by wond]ful ex]tion & h>d "w1 built & equipp$1 at ,erie1 a squadron ( n9e %ips ) fifty-five guns1 ! comm& ( :i* 0 giv5 to ,commodore ,p]ry4 ,septemb] #aj1 ,p]ry won 8 gr& victory on ,lake ,erie1 ov] ! ,engli% squadron ( six %ips & sixty-?ree guns4 ,?is 0 ! turn+ po9t ( ! w>1 & ,p]ry's "n goes d[n to po/]ity ) ! immortal names t nev] die4 ,on ,octob] #e1 ,g5]al ,h>rison1 convey$ by ,p]ry's %ips1 l&$ 8 =ces 9 ,canada & completely de/roy$ ,proctor's army1 ,tecumseh be+ among ! sla94 ,s end$ ! w> 9 ! ,nor?we/4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,g5]al ,de>born 0 fight+ ) v>y+ success 9 ,upp] ,canada4 ,jackson1 9 ! ,s\?1 0 av5g+ ! ,=t ,mimms massacre1 f9ally cru%+ ! ,creeks e>ly 9 ! next ye>4 ,! ,briti%1 "u ! odi\s ,admiral ,co*rane1 plund]$ & ravag$ & burn$ ev]y?+ 9 rea*1 f ,lewi/[n to ! ,c>ol9a coa/1 seiz+ ! negroes & sell+ !m 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,dur+ ?is ye> ! ,am]ican navy cont9u$ to be successful1 meet+ few losses1 ?\gh ! fight+ 0 ev5 m desp]ate4 ,july #e1 #ahad1 ! ,am]icans defeat$ ! ,briti% at ,*ippewa2 & on ! #be? 0 f\ght ! battle ( ,lundy's ,lane1 :]e ,g5]als ,br[n & ,scott 7 w\nd$4 ,9 ?is desp]ate battle1 eight hundr$ m5 7 lo/ on ei!r side2 & ?\gh ! battle 0 undecisive1 x _h ! effect ( a victory = ! ,am]icans4 ,augu/ #ad1 five ?\s& troops1 "u ,g5]al ,ross1 7 l&$ on ! ,patux5t1 &1 defeat+ ,g5]al ,w9d]1 :o made a /& ) a h&ful ( m5 ne> ,blad5sburg1 proce$$ to ! city ( ,wa%+ton4 ,aft] burn+ ! capitol & ,:ite ,h\se1 & o!r build+s1 !y ha/ily )drew4 ,! attempt to take ,baltimore prov$ abortive1 & on ,septemb] #ad ! ,briti% remb>k$4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ,key wrote ! 8,/> ,spangl$ ,bann]40 ,augu/ #ae1 ! enemy 7 repuls$ at ,=t ,erie ) ! loss ( "o ?\s& m51 & a mon? lat] 7 f9ally driv5 back4 ,! :ole ,briti% squadron on ,lake ,*ampla9 surr5d]$ to ,commodore ,mac,donough aft] a t]rific fight = sev]al h\rs1 on ,septemb] #ag1 & on ! same day ! ,briti% army ( twelve ?\s& 0 =c$ to retreat f ,plattsburg by ,g5]al ,macomb's =ce ( =ty-five hundr$4 ,9 ,florida ! ,spani>ds _h all[$1 if n enc\rag$1 ! ,engli% to use _! t]ritory to fit out exp$itions aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,jackson1 ) two ?\s& m51 took possession ( ,p5sacola on ! #g? ( ,novemb]1 driv+ out ! ,briti%4 ,decemb] ! #bh? ! ,briti% op5$ fire on ,new ,orleans2 aga91 on ,janu>y #a1 #ahae2 & on ,janu>y #h ,pack5ham1 ) twelve ?\s& m51 made 8 supreme ef=t4 ,jackson's =ce 0 n[ ab\t six ?\s&4 ,! ,briti% 7 driv5 to _! %ips aft] los+ two ?\s& kill$ & w\nd$1 _! g5]al be+ among ! sla94 ,! ,am]ican loss 0 sev5 kill$ & six w\nd$4 ,! w> 0 kept up on ! ocean until ,m>*1 ! la/ capture be+ t ( ! ,briti% brig ,p5gu9 by ! ,am]ican sloop-(-w> ,hornet1 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic4 ,! treaty ( ,gh5t _h be5 sign$ on ! #bd? ( ,septemb]1 #ahad1 & ! news ( ! glori\s victory at ,new ,orleans rea*$ ,wa%+ton simultane\sly ) t ( ! sign+ ( ! treaty4 ,! w> _h be5 s di/a/eful to ! p ( ,new ,engl& t ,massa*usetts & ,connecticut _h pass$ laws directly antagoni/ic to ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ho/ilities betwe5 ! ,f$]al & ,/ate gov]nm5ts 7 fe>$1 :i*1 p]haps1 7 only av]t$ by ! end+ ( ! w>4 ,! issues lead+ to ! w> ( #ahab 7 left unsettl$ by ! treaty1 b ,engl& nev] aga9 attempt$ to int]f]e ) ,am]ican %ipp+4 ,,second ,,w> ,,) ,,b>b>y ,,/ates4--,imm$iately on ! close ( ! w> ( #ahab1 ! ,alg]ians1 suppos+ t ! ,am]ican navy 0 badly crippl$1 began aga9 _! depr$ations on ,am]ican comm]ce4 ,commodore ,decatur 0 s5t to ! ,m$it]ranean ) a squadron1 & once m gave !m an ,am]ican drubb+4 ,june #ag1 #ahae1 he de/roy$ two ,alg]9e vessels2 ,june #bh1 9 front ( ! city ( ,algi]s1 he dem&$ ! release ( all ,am]ican prison]s1 indemnification = all prop]ty de/roy$1 & a rel9qui%m5t ( all claims = tribute f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,dey quickly ass5t$ to ! t]ms1 & sign$ a treaty ( peace4 ,tunis1 ,tripoli1 & ,morocco 7 likewise br\ght to t]ms1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?us tak+ ! lead ( all ! o!r p[]s 9 its det]m9ation to break up ! piracy ( ! ,b>b>y ,/ates4 ,,mexican ,,w>4--,! ,republic ( ,texas became1 by its own reque/ & by ,act ( ,congress1 "o ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,july #d1 #ahde4 ,mexico prep>$ = w>2 ! ,unit$ ,/ates took measures to protect ! new ,/ate4 ,m>* #h1 #ahdf1 ,g5]al ,za*>y ,taylor m>*$ ) fifte5 hundr$ m5 to a po9t on ! ,rio ,gr&e opposite ,matamoras1 :]e he erect$ ,=t ,br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s*ool%ip ,,s>atoga4 ,to ! secret>y ( w>1 ,william ,l4 ,m>cy1 & to ,g5]al ,w9field ,scott 0 due ! plan ( campaign1 ! battles ( :i*1 l in/antane\s fla%es ( victory f ! beg9n+ ( ! w> until its close1 illum9e ! pages ( ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,!n1 z n[1 ,congress 0 sl[ to respond to ! ne$s ( ! milit>y bran* ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,april #bd1 #ahdf1 ho/ilities began4 ,g5]al ,taylor advanc$ into ,mexico &1 ,may #h1 won ! brilliant victory ( ,palo ,alto1 & aga91 ! next day1 ! battle ( ,resaca de la ,palma4 ,taylor's =ce 0 less ?an "o ?ird ! numb] ( ! enemy1 ^: loss 0 "o ?\s&4 ,^! two battles cru%$ ! fl[] ( ,santa ,anna's army4 ,taylor return$ to ! relief ( ,=t ,br[n1 :]e ! brave g>rison _h su/a9$ a cannonade = #afh h\rs4 ,septemb] #bd1 ,mont]ey & its g>rison ( n9e ?\s& m5 7 tak5 by ,g5]al ,taylor ) six ?\s&4 ,febru>y #bc1 #ahdg1 ,taylor ga9$ ! glori\s victory ( ,bu5a ,vi/a1 9 :i* ! ,mexican loss 0 #bjjj1 ! ,am]ican1 #gad4 ,at times ! ,mexicans 7 )9 a few y>ds ( ,bragg's guns4 8,a little m grape1 ,capta9 ,bragg10 0 ,taylor's celebrat$ ord]1 ! execution ( :i* decid$ ! day4 ,! ,am]ican loss 0 sev]e 9 (fic]s4 ,taylor's =ce1 deplet$ by m ?an two ?irds1 :i* _h be5 s5t to re9=ce ,g5]al ,scott1 0 b>ely =ty-five hundr$2 ! ,mexican troops numb]$ tw5ty ?\s&4 ,capta9 ,fremont1 assi/$ by ,commodores ,sloat & ,/ockton1 _h subjugat$ ,cali=nia2 ,g5]al ,ke>ney & ,colonel ,doniphan1 ,nor!rn ,mexico4 ,doniphan defeat$ ! ,mexicans at ,bracito1 ,decemb] #be1 #ahdf1 & at ,sacram5to1 ,febru>y #h1 #ahdg1 & took possession ( ,*ihuahua1 a city ( =ty ?\s& inhabitants1 & m>*$ to jo9 ,g5]al ,wool at ,saltillo1 ,m>* #bb4 ,e>ly 9 ,janu>y1 #ahdg1 ,g5]al ,scott rea*$ ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,gr&e1 :]e he await$ ! eight ?\s& troops s5t by ,g5]al ,taylor4 ,?is rais$ 8 =ce to twelve ?\s&4 ,^! 7 l&$ at ,sacrificios4 ,! ,am]icans deb>k$ j bel[ ,v]a ,cruz betwe5 sunset & t5 o'clock on ! night ( ,m>* #h )\t a s+le accid5t4 ,) wond]ful skill ! inve/iture ( ,v]a ,cruz & ! ca/le ( ,/4 ,john de ,ulloa 0 complet$4 ,on ,m>* #bb ! ,gov]nor ( ,v]a ,cruz 0 summon$ to surr5d]4 ,day & night ! mort> batt]ies play$ ^u ! city1 ! fleet ably assi/+2 & on ! #bi? ! />s & /ripes float$ above ! walls ( city & =tress4 ,! ,am]icans lo/ b two (fic]s & a few soldi]s4 ,april #ah1 ! magnific5t victory at ,c]ro ,gordo1 :]e ?ree ?\s& ,mexicans 7 captur$1 0 won2 ,april #ai1 ,jalapa 0 tak52 ,april #bb1 ,pecote1 ! /ronge/ ( ,mexican =ts1 0 captur$2 & ,may #ae1 ,puebla surr5d]$ to ,g5]al ,wor?4 ,t5 ?\s& prison]s1 sev5 hundr$ cannon1 t5 ?\s& /&s ( arms1 & ?irty ?\s& %ot & %ells 7 captur$ )9 two mon?s4 ,:5 ! army ent]$ ,puebla x numb]$ b =ty-five hundr$4 ,re9=cem5ts rea*+ him1 ,scott set out f ,puebla to ! valley ( ,mexico on ,augu/ #g4 ,augu/ #bj1 ! heights ( ,contr]as 7 assail$ & tak51 & ! battle ( ,*urubusco--) n9e ?\s& ,am]icans aga9/ ?irty ?\s& ,mexicans--0 f\ght & won4 ,septemb] #h1 ,mol9o del ,rey 0 tak52 ,septemb] #ac1 ! heights ( ,*apultepec4 ,! ,mexicans fl$ f ! capital1 & ! victori\s ,am]ican army m>*$ 9 & took possession ( ! city1 ,septemb] #ad1 #ahdg4 ,"h ,scott & 8 noble w>riors re/$ until ! treaty 0 conclud$ at ,guadalupe ,hidalgo1 ,febru>y #b1 #ahdh1 & peace 0 proclaim$1 ,july #d1 by ,presid5t ,polk4 ,guadalupe ,hidalgo1 ,new ,mexico1 & ,cali=nia 7 c$$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ae1jjj1jjj paid to ,mexico1 & ! debts due f ,mexico to ,am]ican citiz5s 7 assum$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,! ,,civil ,,w>4--,x is n "h ! place to rehe>se or to discuss ! causes :i* l$ to ,am]ica's ,civil ,w>1 a w> p]haps ! mo/ /up5d\s record$ 9 hi/ory4 ,look+ backw>d1 aft] ! bloody foot-pr9ts h be5 well nigh oblit]at$ by ! gr[? ( a g5]ation1 we c see t ! tr5d ( human progress1 ! political problems confront+ ! f$]at$ ,/ates1 9 ! solution ( :i* 7 evolv$ elem5ts ( discord1 ! inh]it$ antagonism betwe5 ! ,puritans ( ! ,nor? & ! ,cavali]s ( ! ,s\?1 all comb9$ to make ! conflict inevitable4 ,= m ?an a decade ( ye>s grievances _h be5 gr[+ & rumbl+s 7 he>d1 l ! imprison$ fires b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 until ! election ( ,abraham ,l9coln z ,presid5t1 pl$g$ to a policy believ$ to be inimical to ! ,s\?1 caus$ ! outbur/ ( ! volcano1 ^: fi]ce fires & molt5 lava = f\r ye>s spread desolation ov] ! l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rob]t ,e4 ,,lee ,,at ,,*apultepec4 ,"t & mild] judgm5t h v ne>ly smoo!d away ! wr9kles ( discord1 & ! close ( ! c5tury f9ds ! nation a reunit$ p1 ^: new compact is writt5 9 ! life-blood ( h] sons on ! battlefields ( ! rec5t w> ) ,spa94 ,decemb] #bj1 #ahfj1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a2 ,janu>y #i1 #ahfa1 ,mississippi2 ,janu>y #aj1 ,florida2 ,janu>y #aa1 ,alabama2 ,janu>y #ah1 ,georgia2 ,janu>y #bc1 ,l\isiana1 & ,febru>y #a1 ,texas1 "o by "o ass]t$ _! suppos$ "r to )draw f ! f$]al compact1 & enact$ ord9ances ( secession 9 _! sev]al /ate conv5tions4 ,ea* ,/ate1 z x took action1 claim$ & possess$ itself ( all gov]nm5t prop]ty1 =ts1 guns1 ammunition1 )9 its bord]s1 & arm$ its militia = g>rison duty4 ,a conv5tion ( delegates f ! sec$$ ,/ates1 held ,febru>y #d1 #ahfa1 at ,montgom]y1 ,alabama1 organiz$ a new f$]ation1 to be kn[n z ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 *ose ,jeff]son ,davis ,presid5t & ,alex&] ,/eph5s ,vice-,presid5t1 & set ! :ole ma*9]y ( a provisional gov]nm5t 9 work+ ord]4 ,july #bj1 ,ri*mond became ! capital ( ! ,s\!rn ,conf$]acy4 ,virg9ia sec$$ ,april #ag2 ,arkansas1 ,may #f2 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,may #bj1 & ,t5nessee1 ,june #h4 ,k5tucky decl>$ neutrality4 ,l9coln1 ^u assum+ ! executive *air1 ,m>* #d1 #ahfa1 f\nd ! treasury deplet$1 ! army ( only sixte5 ?\s& m5 scatt]$ 9 ! ,we/1 & _m ( its be/ (fic]s already ) ! ,conf$]acy4 ,! navy _h be5 sadly neglect$ by ,congress1 p>tly because ?is bran* ( ! s]vice _h be5 /eadily antagoniz$ by ! ,we/1 s t at ! beg9n+ ( ! w>1 bo? z to vessels & armam5t1 x 0 by no means 9 a condition = active s]vice4 ,z 9 ! army1 "s ( its mo/ valuable (fic]s _h esp\s$ ! cause ( _! native ,/ates1 & ! ,s\? ,atlantic & ,gulf ports1 be+ 9 possession ( ! new f$]ation1 left ! ,unit$ ,/ates vessels no place ( refuge4 ,) unlimit$ means at comm&1 ! ,union navy increas$ ! numb] ( its vessels to #ehh--ge ( !m ironclads--) #dddc guns & #cj1jjj m51 be=e ! end ( #ahfb4 ,torp$oes & /eel rams 7 fir/ us$ dur+ ?is w>1 & monitors1 j inv5t$1 7 us$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,) a nucleus ( #aj vessels1 ar\nd :i* to build its navy1 ! ,conf$]acy _h1 by ,novemb]1 rais$ ! numb] to #cd4 ,until ! blockade became effective1 8cotton 0 k+20 =1 9 ,octob]1 #ahfa1 ! ,na%ville1 runn+ out ) a heavy consignm5t1 br\ght back into ,*>le/on 9 ex*ange a c>go wor? #c1jjj1jjj4 ,vessel aft] vessel 0 b\ght f ,engli% %ipbuild]s1 among !m ! celebrat$ ,alabama1 :i*1 9 ! f\rte5 mon?s ( h] s]vice1 captur$ sixty-n9e prizes1 & de/roy$ t5 million doll>s' wor? ( m]*&ise4 ,! armor$ ram ,/onewall 0 b\ght 9 ,france4 ,april #ab1 #ahfa1 ,=t ,sumt]1 9 ,*>le/on h>bor1 0 =c$ to surr5d] to ! ,conf$]ates1 & ! fir/ %ot at ! old flag u%]$ 9 ! long1 bitt] /ruggle4 ,troops 7 call$ = by ,l9coln4 ,lieut5ant-,g5]al ,scott1 ! vet]an h]o ( ,mexico1 0 9 comm& ( ! army4 ,9 ?ree mon?s1 ?ree hundr$ ?\s& m5 7 9 ! field4 ,"o hundr$ ?\s& _h sw>m$ to ! ,conf$]ate ranks4 ,g5]al ,mc,clellan 0 s5t to ! front &1 aft] ! resignation ( ,scott 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ye>1 0 made comm&] ( ! army4 ,july #ba1 ! battle ( ,bull ,run 0 f\ght4 ,! ,union troops 7 disa/r\sly r\t$ & retreat$ 9 confusion to ,wa%+ton4 ,! army did little m dur+ ?is ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca/le ,,william4 ,,milit>y ,,prison1 ,,gov]nor',s ,,isl&1 ,,new ,,york ,,h>bor4 ,april #ba1 aft] sett+ fire to & de/roy+ ! ,navy ,y>d & %ips1 ,norfolk 0 evacuat$ by ! ,union =ces4 ,! frigate ,m]rimac1 :i* _h be5 sunk1 0 rais$ by ! ,conf$]ates1 plat$ ) iron1 r5am$ 8,virg9ia10 & became ! sc\rge ( ! %ipp+ (f ! ,virg9ia coa/4 ,! navy1 z is usual1 & because ( its v organization1 got 9 its effective "w mu* e>li] ?an did ! army1 & ! seizure ( ! =ts & ports on ! coa/ ( ! sec$$ ,/ates began at once4 ,=t ,hatt]as 0 tak5 ,augu/ #bi2 ,port ,royal1 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,novemb] #g4 ,novemb] #g a naval (fic]1 by ov]haul+ an ,engli% mail /eam] & tak+ (f ,messrs4 ,mason & ,slidell1 :o _h be5 appo9t$ commission]s ( ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates to ,france & ,engl&1 v ne>ly caus$ a complication ) ! latt] p[]4 ,mr4 ,sew>d's diplomacy settl$ ! incid5t amicably1 & ! commission]s 7 all[$ to proce$ ^u _! mission1 :i*1 h[ev]1 prov$ futile4 ,by ! close ( ! ye>1 ,m>yl&1 ,k5tucky1 & ,miss\ri1 at fir/ d\btful1 7 securely 9 ! ,union1 ?\gh _m ( _! citiz5s 7 9 ! ,s\!rn army4 #ahfb4--;,febru>y #f1 ,g5]al ,grant1 comm&+ ! army ( ! ,t5nessee1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,commodore ,foote & 8 gunboats1 captur$ ,=t ,h5ry1 on ! ,t5nessee ,riv]1 &1 on ! #af?1 ,=t ,donelson on ! ,cumb]l&4 ,! ,f$]al =ces _h rea*$ ! numb] ( f\r hundr$ & fifty ?\s&1 ( :i* ,mc,clellan _h two hundr$ ?\s&4 ,may #bc1 at ,front ,royal1 & ,may #be1 at ,w9*e/]1 8,/onewall0 ,jackson defeat$ ! ,union troops & =c$ !m across ! ,potomac4 ,banks1 ,fremont1 & ,mc,dowell1 conc5trat+ _! =ces1 bore d[n on ,jackson1 :o slipp$ ?r\gh _! l9es1 &1 on ,june #i1 defeat$ ,%ields at ,=t ,republic4 ,! cry ( ! ,nor!rn press 01 8,on to ,ri*mond10 & ,mc,clellan endeavor$ to obey ! comm&4 ,he _h arriv$ n f> f ! city1 betwe5 ! ,york & ,james riv]s1 :5 he 0 defeat$ 9 ! bloody battle ( ,sev5 ,p9es1 ,may #ca & ,june #a4 ,! ,conf$]ate ,g5]al ,john/on 0 w\nd$1 & ,g5]al ,lee 0 assign$ to ! comm& ( ! army ( ,nor!rn ,virg9ia1 :i* he reta9$ until ! end4 ,! ,sev5 ,days' battles1 f ,june #be to ,july #a1 7 f\ght at fe>ful co/ to ! ,conf$]ates2 nev]!less1 8x 0 a glori\s victory10 & ! siege ( ,ri*mond 0 rais$4 ,lee advanc$ t[>d ,wa%+ton1 met ! armies ( ,banks & ,pope1 & defeat$ !m 9 ! second battle ( ,bull ,run1 ,augu/ #bi & #cj1 & at ,*antilly1 ,septemb] #a & #b1 =c+ ,pope's army to retreat to ,wa%+ton4 ,! clamor 9 ! ,s\? _h be51 8,on to ,wa%+ton40 ,lee cross$ ! ,potomac at ,h>p]'s ,f]ry & took twelve ?\s& prison]s4 ,mc,clellan1 :o _h be5 recall$1 met ! ,conf$]ates at ,%>psburg 7,antietam71 ,septemb] #ag1 & f\ght a battle ) undecisive results4 ,ea* side lo/ ab\t t5 ?\s& m51 & ,lee return$4 ,! ,union army "u ,burnside1 :o _h sup]s$$ ,mc,clellan1 met a fe>ful repulse at ,fr$]icksburg1 ,decemb] #ac1 ) a loss ( f\rte5 ?\s&4 ,! ,conf$]ate loss 0 five ?\s&4 ,decemb] #ca1 ,janu>y #a & #b1 0 f\ght ! t]rible battle ( ,murfreesboro1 ,t5nessee1 :]e ,bragg's =ce 0 #ce1jjj1 & 8 loss 9 kill$1 w\nd$1 & miss+1 #aj1dff4 ,rosecrans's =ce 0 #dc1djj1 & 8 loss #ab1eie4 ,m>* #h1 ! ,virg9ia attack$ ! ,union fleet at ,=tress ,monroe & de/roy$ ! ,cumb]l& & ! ,congress4 ,! next day1 ! ,monitor attack$ ! ,virg9ia1 &1 aft] five h\rs' fight+1 succe$$ 9 disabl+ h] s t %e return$ to ,norfolk4 ,! ,virg9ia 0 de/roy$ by ! ,conf$]ates be=e evacuat+ ,norfolk1 ,may #aj4 ,admiral ,f>ragut1 ) a fleet ( #de vessels1 ent]$ ! ,mississippi & bomb>d$ ! =ts ( ,/4 ,philip & ,jackson4 ,despis+ ! fe> ( m9es & torp$oes1 he cont9u$ on 8 c\rse1 defeat+ ! ,conf$]ate fleet1 &1 toge!r ) ,g5]al ,butl]1 ent]$ ,new ,orleans ,april #be4 ,dur+ ?is ye> ! navy1 ) ! assi/ance ( l& =ces1 _h retak5 all important ports on ! ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,georgia coa/s1 s]i\sly int]f]+ ) ! blockade runn+1 ^u :i* ! ,conf$]acy dep5d$ = its =eign supplies4 ,! ye> #ahfb clos$ ) no advantage hav+ be5 ga9$ on ei!r side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]als ,,rob]t ,e4 ,,lee ,,& ,,/onewall ,,jackson4 #ahfc4--,on ,janu>y #a1 ,l9coln issu$ ! ?reat5$ ,emancipation ,proclamation4 ,?is de/roy$ ! la/ hope ( ! ,conf$]acy = recognition by ,engl&4 ,no ev5t ( importance occurr$ be=e ! middle ( spr+1 :5 ,hook]1 :o _h reliev$ ,burnside1 made ano!r advance ^u ,ri*mond1 & 0 r\t$ by ,lee & ,jackson at ,*ancellorsville1 ,may #b1 & on ! #e? 0 =c$ across ! ,rapidan ) a loss ( sev5te5 ?\s&4 ,! ,conf$]ate loss 0 less ?an five ?\s&4 ,9 ,jackson's dea? ! ,conf$]acy receiv$ a bl[1 ! consequ5ces ( :i* may nev] be e/imat$4 ,lee's army aga9 cross$ ! ,potomac = an invasion ( ! ,nor?4 ,! ,union =ces1 "u ,meade1 m>*$ 9 an almo/ p>allel l9e ) ,lee's ?r\gh ,m>yl& into ,p5nsylvania4 ,!y met & f\ght at ,gettysburg1 ,july #a1 #b1 & #c1 "o ( ! decisive battles ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,lee 0 =c$ to aga9 retire beyond ! riv]4 ,! ,union c\ld well af=d ! loss ( tw5ty-?ree ?\s& m51 b ,lee's loss ( tw5ty ?\s& ( ! *oice troops ( 8 army 0 irrep>able4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,grant _h be5 s5t to op5 ! ,mississippi1 & aft] a six weeks' siege1 on ,july #d1 ,vicksburg1 ) ne>ly ?irty ?\s& prison]s & va/ quantities ( /ores1 fell into 8 h&s4 ,^! two almo/ simultane\s victories greatly enc\rag$ ! ,nor?1 & =m$ ! turn+ po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! w>4 ,july #i1 ,banks's victory at ,port ,hudson accompli%$ ! desir$ possession ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,bragg1 :o _h be5 sorely press$ by ,rosecrans1 made a /& at ,*ickamauga1 defeat+ ! ,union ,g5]al ,rosecrans1 ,septemb] #ai & #bj1 & =c+ him to retreat to ,*attanooga1 :]e he 0 besieg$ by ,bragg4 ,grant1 ) ,%]man1 com+ to 8 aid1 ! battles ( ,look\t ,m\nta9 & ,mission>y ,ridge 7 f\ght1 ,novemb] #bc & #be1 & ,bragg 0 driv5 back into ,georgia4 ,! ,f$]al navy 0 gradually tak+ possession ( ! :ole coa/1 & ,*>le/on 0 tightly blockad$4 ,9 ,m>* ! ,conf$]ate %ip ,na%ville 0 sunk 9 ! entrance ( ! ,savannah ,riv]4 ,dur+ ?is ye> bo? gov]nm5ts 7 =c$ to resort to conscription4 ,l9coln ord]$ a draft1 &1 9 ,july1 a ?ree days' riot 9 consequ5ce prevail$ 9 ,new ,york1 dur+ :i* two million doll>s' wor? ( prop]ty 0 de/roy$4 #ahfd4--;,9 ,m>*1 ,grant 0 put 9 comm& ( ! :ole ,union army1 ! grade ( lieut5ant-g5]al hav+ be5 reviv$ 9 8 behalf4 ,he left ,%]man 9 comm&1 repair$ to ,wa%+ton1 &1 ,may #c1 />t$ on ! ?ird campaign aga9/ ,ri*mond1 ) a =ce ( "o hundr$ & =ty ?\s&4 ,%]man1 ) "o hundr$ ?\s&1 0 to m>* to ,atlanta4 ,! :ole /r5g? ( ! ,union army at ?is "t 0 ab\t sev5 hundr$ ?\s&4 ,grant _h sp5t "s weeks 9 =mulat+ 8 plans ( campaigns1 f ! ma9 features ( :i* he nev] deviat$4 ,! ,union _h at la/ f\nd ! man1 & at ! same "t _h acquir$ ! wisdom to leave ! conduct ( ! w> to 8 judgm5t2 prov+1 also1 t 8!re is no w> on record t has n giv5 its man to ! _w or %ap$ ! de/9y ( "s o!r40 ,cross+ ! ,rapidan1 ,grant enc\nt]$ ! ,conf$]ates1 & ! fight+1 on ! #e?1 #f?1 & #g?1 ( ! battles ( ! ,wild]ness1 0 t]rific1 b ! result undecisive4 ,at ,spottsylvania he f\ght f ! #h? to ! #ah? ) fe>ful loss4 ,june #a1 he 0 repuls$ at ,cold ,h>bor1 & aga9 on ! #c;d1 & fight+1 m or less desultory1 cont9u$ 9 t vic9ity until ! #ab?4 ,s9ce ! op5+ ( ! campaign1 ! ,union army _h lo/ sixty ?\s& m52 ! ,conf$]ate ?irty ?\s&4 ,grant mov$ on ,pet]sburg & began ! siege :i* la/$ f ,june until ! next ,april4 ,! we/]n "p ( ,virg9ia _h sec$$ f ! ea/]n portion1 &1 ,june #bj1 0 admitt$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,ulysses ,s4 ,,grant4 ,to div]t ,grant1 &1 if possible1 to raise ! siege ( ,pet]sburg1 9 ,july1 ,lee s5t ,g5]al ,e>ly to ?reat5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore1 :i* he accompli%$ )\t1 h[ev]1 affect+ ,grant's position4 ,return+ lad5 ) spoils1 ,e>ly turn$1 & driv+ back ! ,f$]al troops invad$ ,p5nsylvania1 burn+ ,*amb]sburg1 & came back aga9 br++ va/ quantities ( supplies4 ,%]idan 0 s5t to dispose ( ,e>ly & to ravage ! valley4 ,at ,w9*e/]1 he met & defeat$ ,e>ly 9 a v sev]e fight on ,octob] #bj1 almo/ de/roy+ ! =ce "u t g5]al's comm&4 ,%]man set out = ,*attanooga on ,may #g1 m>*+ t[>ds ,atlanta4 ,at ,dalton he met ,g5]al ,john/on's army ( fifty ?\s& m54 ,john/on's ma/]ly retreat f ,dalton to ,atlanta is unrival$ 9 milit>y hi/ory4 ,he made a /& f ,may #be to ,june #d at ,dallas1 b1 be+ outflank$1 0 oblig$ to fall back4 ,! next /& 0 made at ,great ,k5esaw1 on ,june #bb1 :5 he repuls$ ! ,f$]als4 ,on ! #bg?1 ,%]man made a p[]ful assault1 b 0 aga9 repuls$ ) a loss ( f\r ?\s&1 ,john/on's loss be+ f\r hundr$2 b1 aga9 outflank$4 ,john/on 0 =c$ across ! ,*attahoo*ie1 & ,july #aj f\nd ! ,conf$]ate army entr5*$ 9 ,atlanta4 ,john/on's retreat+ tactics caus$ ! p to clamor = a 8fight+ lead]10 & ,davis1 9 transf]r+ ! comm& f ,john/on at su* a crucial "t1 committ$ a grave error4 ,john/on 0 sup]s$$ by ,g5]al ,hood1 ^: *ief ambition 0 to fight1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 0 a great mi/ake 9 judgm5t4 ,on ! #bj?1 #bb;d1 & #bh? ( ,july1 ,hood assault$ ! l9es ( ! besieg]s1 only to be repuls$ aga9 & aga94 ,9 ^! fights m m5 7 lo/ ?an dur+ ,john/on's long1 skillful retreat4 ,an injudici\s movem5t by ,hood sep>at$ 8 comm&1 oblig+ him to evacuate ,atlanta1 ( :i* ,%]man1 on ,septemb] #b1 took possession4 ,9 its advance on ,atlanta1 ! ,union army _h lo/ ?irty ?\s& m54 ,hood sav$ 8 army & made 8 way t[>ds ,na%ville1 hop+ to div]t ,%]man f ,georgia4 ,at ,frankl91 ,novemb] #cj1 he met ,g5]al ,s*(ield1 & drove him back to ,na%ville1 f :5ce ,g5]al ,?omas made a sortie1 & fell ^u ,hood's troops1 ,decemb] #ae1 completely r\t+ !m4 ,9 ! two fights1 ,hood lo/ 9 kill$1 w\nd$1 & captur$ ov] elev5 ?\s&4 ,) ! remnant he escap$ into ,alabama1 & ^! f9ally rea*$ ,john/on1 p>ticipat$ 9 8 la/ fight ) ,%]man1 & 7 surr5d]$ at ,raleigh ) ! troops ( _! old comm&]4 ,novemb] #ad1 ,%]man burn$ ,atlanta1 cut all telegraph l9es & began 8 8,m>* to ! ,sea10 ravag+1 deva/at+1 & utt]ly de/roy+ ev]y?+ 9 8 rea*4 ,he 0 oppos$ by ! ,conf$]ate cavalry1 :i* successfully def5d$ ! cities ( ,macon & ,augu/a1 ^u :i* ! ,conf$]acy ma9ly dep5d$ = ! manufacture ( munitions ( w>4 ,%]man ent]$ ,savannah on ,decemb] #bb1 ! advance hav+ co/ him only #efg m5 kill$ & w\nd$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%]man',s ,,m>* ,,to ,,! ,,sea4 ,on ,june #ai1 ! celebrat$ sea fight betwe5 ! ,ke>s>ge & ! ,alabama took place (f ,*]b\rg1 ,france4 ,! ,alabama 0 sunk aft] a five h\rs' fight4 ,admiral ,semmes 0 rescu$ by ! ,de]h\nd1 belong+ to an ,engli% g5tleman1 & ?us sav$ f capture4 ,augu/ #e1 ,commodore ,f>ragut1 ov]com+ ! ,conf$]ate ram ,t5nessee & ! gunboats1 sail$ into ,mobile ,bay1 comm&+ 8 fleet f ! ma9top ( 8 flag%ip4 #ahfe4--,! op5+ ( ! campaign ( #ahfe f\nd ,grant's army /ill be=e ,pet]sburg4 ,on ,april #b1 he ord]$ an attack along 8 :ole l9e1 :i* _h be5 s l5g!n$ t ! l9es ( ,lee's deplet$ army 7 v ?94 ,! ,conf$]ates 7 driv5 back ) heavy loss4 ,lee telegraph$ to ,davis3 8,my l9es are brok5 9 ?ree places2 we c hold ,pet]sburg no long]4 ,ri*mond mu/ be evacuat$ ?is ev5+40 ,t night ,admiral ,semmes1 9 ob$i5ce to ord]s1 de/roy$ ! ,conf$]ate fleet 9 ! ,james ,riv]4 ,ri*mond 0 9 ! possession ( ! ,union =ces ! next day1 & on ,april #d ,l9coln held a reception 9 ,davis's vacat$ mansion4 ,lee attempt$ to break ?r\gh ,grant's l9es at ,appomattox1 b closely pursu$ by ,%]idan1 & f9d+ fur!r retreat impossible1 he surr5d]$ ) ab\t tw5ty-six ?\s& m5 on ! #i? ( ,april4 ,grant's magnanim\s t]ms 7 wor?y ( 8 fame4 ,! troops 7 p>ol$ on condition ( promise n to take up arms until ex*ang$4 ,! (fic]s 7 p]mitt$ to keep baggage & side arms1 & all 7 to reta9 _! horses1 z1 ,grant said1 8!y w\ld be ne$$ 9 ! crops40 ,illu/ration3 ,,lee',s ,,surr5d] ,,at ,,appomattox4 ,turn+ nor?w>d f ,savannah1 ,%]man cont9u$ 8 m>* & rea*$ ,fayetteville1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,wilm+ton _h be5 captur$ e>ly 9 ! ye> by a l& & naval =ce4 ,john/on _h be5 re9=c$ by ! g>rison :i* _h be5 =c$ to evacuate ,*>le/on & ! remnant ( ,hood's army1 & _h sev]al sev]e fights1 ) no decisive results1 ) ,%]man1 :o ent]$ ,raleigh2 & "h1 on ,april #bf1 ,john/on's army surr5d]$ on ! same t]ms giv5 by ,grant4 ,decemb] #ca & ,janu>y #a ,=t ,fi%] 0 captur$1 & on ,janu>y #ab ,wilm+ton 0 ent]$ by ! ,f$]als2 ,febru>y #ah1 ,*>le/on 0 captur$4 ,! regul> battles dur+ ! ,civil ,w> numb]$ #hib4 ,l9coln call$ 9 all = #b1fij1jjj m54 ,!re 7 actually 9 s]vice #a1dij1jjj4 ,!re 7 #djj1jjj disabl$2 #cjd1cfi p]i%$2 #bbj1jjj 7 captur$1 & #bf1jjj di$ 9 captivity4 ,! exp5ses ( ! w> 7 #c1ejj1jjj p] day4 ,! national debt 0 #b1gjj1jjj1jjj4 ,?is great ,am]ican ,w> 0 f\ght on bo? sides ) a c\rage & =titude nev] be=e exp]i5c$ 9 ! annals ( w>f>e4 ,z comp>$ ) ! /atem5ts ( =ces & losses 9 battles ( ,european armies1 ! casualties 9 ! battles ( ! ,civil ,w> 7 ?ree & f\r times z great4 ,& ?is proves t 9 ! ,am]ican ,w> ea* side met 8foe-m5 wor?y ( _! /eel40 ,^! ov]:elm+ly fe>ful casualties are n to be expla9$ o!rwise4 ,& ea* section respects ! o!r m ?an be=e ! w>--a w> 9 :i* ! conqu]$ felt n1 nor said1 peccavi1 & 9 :i* surr5d] to great] numb]s & heavi] artill]y involv$ no sacrifice ( belief 9 ! tru? & ju/ice ( _! cause4 ,0 !re ev] an arm$ /rife t br\ght =? great] g5]als or m knightly valor1 undim9i%$ c\rage & unfl9*+ =titude on ! "p ( combatants8 ,toge!r mu/ ! names ( ,grant & ,lee g d[n to po/]ity z great types ( ! ,am]ican soldi]1--! "o1 noble & g5]\s 9 victory2 ! o!r1 ?\gh a h]o uncr[n$ by success1 a w>rior /ill m h]oic 9 defeat4 ,,! ,,spani%-,,am]ican ,,w>4--,! proximate causes ( ! w> ) ,spa9 are t]sely set =? 9 ! ,jo9t ,resolution decl>+ ! indep5d5ce ( ,cuba & dem&+ ! )drawal ( ,spani% sov]eignty !refrom1 :i* says3-- 8,:]eas1 ,! abhorr5t conditions :i* h exi/$ = m ?an ?ree ye>s 9 ! isl& ( ,cuba1 s ne> our own bord]s1 h %ock$ ! moral s5se ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h be5 a disgrace to ,*ri/ian civilization1 culm9at+ z !y h 9 ! de/ruction ( a ,unit$ ,/ates' battle%ip1 ) #bff ( its (fic]s & crew1 :ile on a fri5dly visit 9 ! h>bor ( ,havana1 & _c long] be endur$1 z has be5 set =? by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 8 message to ,congress ( ,april #aa1 #ahih1 ^u :i* ! action ( ,congress 0 invit$2 !re=e1 8,resolv$1 by ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 9 ,congress assembl$3 8,fir/1 ,t ! p ( ! isl& ( ,cuba are1 & ( "r ought to be1 free & indep5d5t4 8,second1 ,t x is ! duty ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to dem&1 & ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates does h]eby dem&1 t ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,spa9 at once rel9qui% its au?ority & gov]nm5t 9 ! isl& ( ,cuba1 & )draw its l& & naval =ces f ,cuba & ,cuban wat]s4 8,?ird1 ,t ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates be1 & he h]eby is1 direct$ & emp[]$ to use ! entire l& & naval =ces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & to call into ! actual s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! militia ( ! sev]al ,/ates to su* ext5t z may be necess>y to c>ry ^! resolutions into effect4 8,f\r?1 ,t ! ,unit$ ,/ates h]eby disclaims any disposition or int5tion to ex]cise sov]eignty1 jurisdiction1 or control ov] said ,isl&1 except = ! pacification !re(1 & ass]ts its det]m9ation :5 t is complet$ to leave ! gov]nm5t & control ( ! ,isl& to its p40 ,?is resolution 0 sign$ by ! ,presid5t at #aa4bd o'clock ,a4 ,m41 ,april #bj1 #ahih4 ,illu/ration3 ,,morro ,,ca/le1 ,,santiago1 ,,cuba4 ,x 0 on ,febru>y #ae1 #ahih1 t ! cata/rophe ref]r$ to--! bl[+ up ( ! ,ma9e--occurr$4 ,on ,april #be1 ! =mal decl>ation ( w> 0 made4 ,spa9 _h ?ree fleets1--,admiral ,c]v]a's fly+ squadron1 ! ,asiatic fleet "u ,admiral ,montejo1 & ,admiral ,cam>a's fleet ( heavy armor$ vessels4 ,! ,am]ican navy is always ready = em]g5cies1 & ev5 ) ! grudg+ appropriations made by ,congress1 ! 8new navy10 :ile n possess+ vessels ( su* l>ge size z ^? ( "s o!r nations1 0 mu* m =midable ?an 0 g5]ally suppos$4 ,congress1 appreh5d+ ! outcome1 _h giv5 ! ,presid5t #ej1jjj1jjj to put ! c\ntry on a w> foot+4 ,9 reply to ! call = #abe1jjj volunte]s1 five times t numb] (f]$ !mselves4 ,x _h be5 m ?an fifty ye>s s9ce ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h enc\nt]$ a =eign foe1 & s9ce ! close ( ! ,civil ,w>1 = a ?ird ( a c5tury1 peace _h reign$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,admiral ,,george ,,dewey4 ,april #be1 by cable to ,hong ,kong1 ,commodore ,dewey 0 ord]$ to f9d & de/roy ! ,spani% ,asiatic fleet1 :i* he proce$$ to d on ,may #a/1 )\t ! loss ( a s+le man4 ,ent]+ ,manila ,bay1 scorn+ torp$oes & m9es1 8 wond]ful battle at ,cavite is ! admiration ( ! _w4 ,s*ley1 ) 8 fly+ squadron1 wat*$ 9 ,hampton ,roads = an attack by ! enemy on ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,havana 0 blockad$ by ,sampson's squadron ,april #bb1 & 8 se>*lights se5 f ! ,cuban capital 7 z ! h&writ+ on ! sky1 =$oom+ ,spani% rule4 ,8 tactics 7 to take no risk ) 8 vessels :ile await+ ! appe>ance ( ! ,spani% %ips1 s he fail$ to return ! greet+ ( ! %ore batt]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma9 ,,deck ,,( ,,cruis] ,,*icago4 ,! fir/ casualties ( ! w> 7 9 ,c>d5as h>bor ,may #aa1 :5 ^u ! ,w9sl[1 :ile *as+ a decoy gunboat too f> "u ! fire ( ! l& batt]ies1 ,ensign ,bagley & f\r sailors 7 ! fir/ m5 ( ! navy to lay d[n _! lives4 ,x 0 kn[n t ,c]v]a _h sail$ f ,cadiz t[>d ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,sampson made a t\r ( ,porto ,rico to hunt ! ,spani>d1 :o my/]i\sly elud$ ! sight ( ! ,am]icans4 ,san ,juan 0 bomb>d$ on ,may #ab4 ,on ,may #cj ,s*ley1 :o 9 ! meantime _h arriv$ (f ,santiago1 dispat*$3 8,i h se5 ! enemy's %ips ) my own eyes40 ,c]v]a _h !n be5 9 ! h>bor t5 days4 ,on ! #ca/1 ,s*ley comm5c$ a bomb>dm5t1 & ! =ts at ! m\? ( ,santiago h>bor & ! vessels )9 repli$ = an h\r4 ,june #a ,sampson came1 & all hope ( escape = ,c]v]a 0 cut (f4 ,on t night ,lieut5ant ,hobson execut$ 8 bold1 h]oic plan ( s9k+ ! ,m]rimac 9 ! *annel ( ! h>bor1 :i* 0 accompli%$ )\t ! loss ( "o ( 8 sev5 co-h]oes1 al?\gh subject$ to a deadly fire f =ts & vessels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dewey',s ,,guns ,,at ,,manila4 ,! fir/ troops l&$ on ,cuban soil 7 ! m>9es1 #fej 9 numb]1 "u ,lieut5ant-,colonel ,hunt+ton4 ,?is battalion _h be5 on bo>d ! ,pan!r s9ce ,may #bb1 & ! m5 7 eag] to l&4 ,aft] ,sampson _h %ell$ ! %ore & adjac5t hills & woods1 on ! aft]noon ( ,june #aj ! l&+ 0 made & ! ,am]ican flag rais$ = ! fir/ "t on ,spani% t]ritory 9 ! we/4 ,no ,spani>ds 7 se5 until aft] ! t5ts _h be5 erect$ & ! ev5+ %ad[s 7 fall+4 ,!n = five nights & days !re 0 no sleep = ^! m51 ?an :om !re 7 no great] h]oes 9 ?is %ort1 %>p w>4 ,) few exceptions !y receiv$ _! 8baptism ( fire10 & nobly did !y acquit !mselves4 ,i am told t :5 almo/ utt]ly exhau/$ ! fir/ platoon rea*$ ! summit ( ,cusco hill1 s exactly 9 unison 0 _! fire t ! ,spani%1 believ+ t ma*9e guns 7 op5+ ^u !m1 turn$ & ran1 nev] aga9 mak+ a /&4 ,! fir/ to consecrate ! soil ) 8 life's blood 0 ,dr4 ,john ,blair ,gibbs1 :o left a #aj1jjj practice 9 ,new ,york to g z surgeon ( ! battalion1 & :o _h greatly ende>$ himself to bo? (fic]s & m54 ,s]geant ,goode1 "o ( ! f9e/ subalt]ns 9 ! corps1 & f\r m5 7 kill$4 ,! good condition & heal? ( ?is battalion dur+ ! :ole campaign 7 due to ! f9e organization ( ! commiss>iat & ! /rict discipl9e ma9ta9$ 9 ?is corps4 ,g5]al ,%aft] arriv$ (f ,santiago1 ,june #bj1 ) a =ce ( #ggc (fic]s & #ad1efd m54 ,g5]al ,g>cia1 ! ,cuban comm&]1 ) f\r ?\s& insurg5ts1 0 at ,assuad]o1 eighte5 miles we/4 ,!re he1 ,%aft]1 & ,sampson held a consultation4 ,on ! #bb;d1 ! disemb>km5t ( troops 0 begun4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #bc;d1 ,g5]al ,lawton ) 8 division advanc$ to ,juragua4 ,major-,g5]al ,:eel]1 aft] l&+ #ifd ( 8 =ce1 pursuant to ,g5]al ,%aft]'s ord]s1 mov$ rapidly to ! front1 &1 pass+ ?r\gh ,lawton's l9es1 pu%$ on to ,las ,guasimas1 attack+ & defeat+ ,g5]al ,l9>es on ! morn+ ( ,june #bd4 ,! entire ,am]ican =ce 0 press$ =w>d "u ,g5]al ,:eel]1 ,g5]al ,%aft] be+ deta9$ on ! %ips to att5d to ! l&+ ( ! armam5t & supplies4 ,on ! #bi?1 ! comm&+ g5]al left 8 %ips & pit*$ 8 camp on ! ,santiago road1 & on ! next day ord]s 7 giv5 = an attack along ! :ole l9e4 ,9 c>ry+ out ^! ord]s1 ,g5]al ,lawton ) ab\t six ?\s& m5 attack$ ,el ,caney1 a small t[n ab\t five miles nor? ( ,santiago4 ,! g>rison consi/$ ( #ebj m51 ! def5ses be+ "o block-h\se & a %ore =tification4 ,x 0 n until f\r o'clock t ,g5]al ,lawton's success 0 complete4 ,8 loss 0 #dcg kill$ & w\nd$1 & b #cj ( ! enemy succe$$ 9 escap+ & rea*+ ! ,spani% l9es4 ,:ile ,lawton 0 mov+ on ,el ,caney1 ! cavalry division1 unm\nt$1 & ,k5t's infantry division 7 ord]$ to move =w>d4 ,cross+ ,san ,juan ,riv] at a po9t ab\t five hundr$ y>ds f ! enemy's =tifications on ,san ,juan ridge1 ! left ( ! cavalry re/$ on ! ma9 ,santiago road & ! infantry =m$ to ! left ( ! cavalry4 ,^! troops 7 subject$ to a v heavy fire 9 advanc+ f ,el ,pozo1 9 cross+ ! riv] & 9 =m+ on ! o!r side2 !y1 h[ev]1 mo/ bravely *>g$ ! enemy 9 _! /rong position on ,kettle ,hill & ,san ,juan ridge1 & drove !m precipitately f _! /rong =tifications2 ! ,am]ican loss be+ #aed kill$ & #iig w\nd$4 ,?is plac$ ! ,am]icans 9 a position comm&+ ! =tifications ar\nd ! city ( ,santiago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,joseph ,,:eel]4 7,copyright by ,aim ,dupont1 #ahii47 ,! ,spani% fleet1 consi/+ ( five armor$ cruis]s ( #g1jjj tons & #b torp$o-boat de/roy]s1 attempt$ to escape f ,santiago at #i4cj o'clock on ,sunday morn+1 ,july #c1 j n9e weeks aft] ! de/ruction ( ,montejo's fleet4 ,s*ley & ,sampson de/roy$ ! vessels & made prison]s ( #gj (fic]s & #afjj m52 #cej 7 kill$ & #afj w\nd$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,truce ,,be=e ,,santiago4 ,fight+ m or less sev]e occurr$ until ! #aj?1 :5 negotiations = surr5d] 7 inaugurat$1 result+ 9 ! capitulation ( ,santiago1 ,july #af1 ! ,spani% =tifications1 tw5ty-f\r ?\s& prison]s1 & a l>ge am\nt ( arms & ammunition4 ,at noon on ,sunday1 ,july #ag1 #ahih1 ! ,am]ican flag 0 hoi/$ ov] ! headqu>t]s at ,santiago4 ,g5]al ,miles />t$ on ! invasion ( ,porto ,rico1 ,july #be1 & rea*$ ,guanica at daylight next morn+4 ,he l&$ ) ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ m51 m>*$ t[>d ,yauco1 five miles di/ant1 :i* he ent]$ aft] a skirmi%1 & 0 receiv$ en?usia/ically by ! citiz5s1 z he also 0 at ,ponce1 :]e he 0 jo9$ by ,g5]al ,wilson1 :o _h come ) ! w> %ips1 & :o 0 made gov]nor4 ,! army cont9u$ on to ,san ,juan along ! milit>y road1 meet+ v little opposition4 ,july #bf1 ! ,fr5* ambassador1 ,m4 ,jules ,cambon1 act+ = ,spa91 made ov]tures = peace4 ,! protocol 0 sign$ on ,april #ba1 by ,m4 ,cambon & ,secret>y ( ,/ate ,day4 ,a cessation ( ho/ilities 0 proclaim$4 ,at ! v mom5t ( ! sign+ ( ! protocol1 ! la/ naval battle took place at ,manzanilla1 ,cuba1 & an artill]y engagem5t at ,aybonito 9 ,porto ,rico4 ,illu/ration3 ,,agu9aldo1 ,,! ,,tagal ,,lead]4 ,! "o-hundr$-days ,spani%-,am]ican w> 0 conclud$ by ! treaty ( ,p>is4 ,x w be only 9 ! retrospect t we may tell ! results ( ?is conflict4 ,z ! future unfolds !m to our view1 x may be t x w h be5 m mom5t\s 9 its consequ5ces ?an we c n[ det]m9e4 ,"o ?+ x has prov$1 t is1 t ?is nation is really reunit$2 =1 f all sections & f all grades ( life1 m5 flock$ toge!r to fight & conqu] "u ! old ,/>s & ,/ripes4 ,,ii4 ,,=eign ,,w>s4 ,,napoleonic ,,w>s4--,! long conte/ betwe5 ,france & ,au/ria began :5 ! ,girondi/ m9i/ry ( ,france decl>$ w>1 ,april #bj1 #agib4 ,by ! execution ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 ,janu>y #ba1 #agic1 ! ,revolution ?rew d[n ! gauntlet to all anci5t ,europe4 ,engl&1 ^: sympa?ies _h hi!rto be5 m or less ) ,france1 began to take measures to br+ ab\t m cordial relations ) ! o!r p[]s ( ,europe4 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,au/ria1 ,prussia1 & ,russia1 = ! "t seem$ to =get _! sev]al grievances z !y f\nd !mselves confront$ ) a totally new move on ! *essbo>d ( ,european autonomy4 ,! ye> #agid saw ! ,fr5* ,revolution progress+ triumphantly1 & all ,europe1 except ,engl& & ,au/ria1 appe>$ acquiesc5t 9 apa!tic indiff]5ce4 ,9 #agie ! royali/s made a supreme ef=t to recov] p[]1 b 7 cru%$ by ! 8,man ( ,de/9y10 & ! ,directory1 consi/+ ( five memb]s1 ( :om ,c>not 0 "o1 came into p[]4 ,dom9at$ by ! m>tial g5ius ( ,c>not1 8! organiz] ( victory10 ! ,directory won ! confid5ce ( ! army4 ,s*]]1 ! comm&]1 lack$ ! qualifications to und]take a successful campaign aga9/ ,au/ria1 & ,bonap>te1 succe$+ him1 soon infus$ 8 own _s into ! army & b\nd x to himself ) a devotion t nev] fail$4 ,e>ly 9 ! ye> #ahjj1 ,napoleon1 hav+ be5 made fir/ consul1 took up 8 abode 9 ! old palace ( ! k+s ( ,france1 ! ,tuil]ies4 ,! hi/ory ( ,napoleon = ! ensu+ fifte5 ye>s is ! hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,x is1 !re=e1 be/ to beg9 ) ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 ord] to appreciate ! situation at ! dawn ( ! n9ete5?4 ,au/ria & ,engl&1 ) sev]al small ,g]man pr9cipalities1 7 /ill 9 arms aga9/ ,france4 ,! plans & movem5ts ( ! armies "u ,napoleon %[$ him to be v]ily a ma/] 9 milit>y skill4 ,op5+ ?is campaign1 he left ,mass5a ) ab\t eight ?\s& soldi]s to hold ! t]ritory f ,nice to ,g5oa1 s z to keep ! ,au/rian army 9 ,italy busy4 ,he s5t ! ,rh9e army1 "u ,moreau1 to ?reat5 ,bav>ia & to secure ! mo/ important position betwe5 ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube4 ,moreau drove ! ,au/rians to ,ulm1 & dispos$ 8 left flank to support ,napoleon4 ,meantime1 he himself 0 recruit+ ano!r army = op]ations on ! ,po4 ,b>on de ,melas1 comm&+ ! ,au/rian troops 9 ,nor!rn ,italy1 besieg$ ,mass5a 9 ,g5oa1 :i*1 aft] sev]e suff]+1 surr5d]$1 leav+ ,de ,melas free to jo9 ! army ( ! ,po4 ,napoleon 0 betwe5 de ,melas & ,au/ria4 ,g5]al ,ott1 ) eighte5 ?\s& m51 attempt$ to rea* ,plac5tia1 b ,lannes1 ) twelve ?\s&1 defeat$ him at ,montebello1 =c+ him back to ,alles&ria4 ,napoleon ha/5$ across ! ,po to ,/radella to int]cept ,de ,melas & prev5t 8 break+ ?r\gh ! ,fr5* l9es to ,plac5tia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,napoleon1 #ahad4 7,,meissoni]47 ,! night ( ,june #ac1 #ahjj1 ! ,fr5* army 0 scatt]$1 wat*+ along ! ,po & ! ,tess9o = ! ,au/rians1 :ile _! army1 =ty ?\s& /rong1 ) t5 ?\s& m n f> di/ant1 0 ready at daybreak ( ! #ad? to cut its way ?r\gh ! armies ( ,france1 & rea* ,plac5tia4 ,! ,fr5* =ce 0 b eighte5 ?\s&1 b ,victor ) 8 division held 8 position firmly1 & ! great lead]1 ,kell]man1 0 9 comm& ( ! cavalry4 ,backw>d & =w>d surg$ ! battle ) v>y+ =tune1 & at noon victory seem$ p]*$ ^u ! bann]s ( ,au/ria4 ,de ,melas 0 s c]ta9 t ! battle 0 won t he gallop$ back to ,alles&ria & s5t dispat*es to t effect to ! gov]nm5ts ( ,europe4 ,g5]al de ,za* 0 left 9 comm& to conduct ! pursuit & to drive ! ,fr5* across ! ,scrivia4 ,napoleon1 dismay$1 hop+ aga9/ hope t ,desaix1 :om he _h s5t t[>ds ,novi ! day be=e to look out 9 t qu>t] = ,de ,melas1 might he> ! ?und]s ( ! battle & return1 saw him 9 ! di/ance1 hurry+ ) 8 troops1 :o1 ?\gh worn & tir$1 7 eag] = ! fight1 & ,napoleon saw already ! tide ( battle turn$4 ,desaix _h f\nd no trace ( ! ,au/rians1 b he _h he>d ! s\nd ( battle at day dawn1 & he knew t ,de ,melas 0 !re1 & t !re he 0 ne$$1 & n at ,novi4 ,he r\s$ 8 division1 & ha/5$ back to ,napoleon4 ,a %ort conf]5ce ) 8 *ief1 to ^: que/ion+ he answ]$1 8,! battle is lo/1 b x is only ?ree o'clock1 !re is yet "t to w9 ano!r10 & ! battle ( ,m>5go1 glori\s 9 its consequ5ces to ,napoleon1 /up5d\s 9 its c>nage1 0 won2 b ,desaix1 ! brave palad91 lay dead ^u ! field4 ,de ,melas return$ f ,alles&ria to meet ! victori\s army he _h left--fly+ 9 disord]--?or\ghly r\t$4 ,on ,decemb] #b1 ,moreau & ,ney won ! field ( ,hoh5l9d51 & ! 8peace ( ,luneville0 0 conclud$1 ,febru>y #i1 #ahja4 ,! result ( ?is campaign 0 ! cession ( ,au/ria's /rongholds 9 ! ,tyrol & ,bav>ia to ,france1 z also a numb] ( important hold+s 9 ,italy4 ,france secur$ ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e1 ! ,belgian prov9ces & ,tuscany1 & ! k+ ( ,naples clos$ 8 h>bors to ,engl&4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahjb1 by ! 8treaty ( ,ami5s10 peace 0 conclud$ ) ,engl&4 ,! coalition ( ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 ,russia1 & ,prussia1 ) ,france aga9/ ,engl&1 9 #ahjj1 fom5t$ by ,napoleon1 broke d[n 9 #ahja1 aft] ,nelson's battle ( ,cop5hag54 ,engl& _h secur$ ! supremacy ( ! sea & dom9ion ov] ,india1 rescu$ ,portugal1 ,naples1 & ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur* f ,france1 & re/or$ ! ,sublime ,porte to ,turkey4 ,f9d+ ,napoleon aga9 militat+ aga9/ h] int]e/s1 & res5t+ 8 encroa*m5ts1 ,engl& decl>$ w> aga9/ ,france 9 ! spr+ ( #ahjc4 ,russia esp\s$ ! cause ( ,engl&1 ,prussia held (f1 & ,au/ria 0 fri5dly1 ?\gh n 9 fight+ trim4 ,! ?ird coalition compris$ ,engl&1 ,russia1 & ,au/ria4 ,p[]less to hurt ,engl& on ! seas1 ,napoleon1 :o _h ! ye> previ\s be5 proclaim$ emp]or1 attack$ ,au/ria1 invad$ h] t]ritory1 captur$ h] army at ,ulm1 proce$$ to ,vi5na1 & occupi$ a great "p ( ! valley ( ! ,danube4 ,on ,decemb] #b1 #ahje1 ! 8,battle ( ! ,?ree ,emp]ors0 7! battle ( ,au/]litz7 0 f\ght4 ,! 8,peace ( ,pressburg10 conclud$ ,decemb] #bf1 left ,au/ria %orn ( h] anci5t pre/ige1 h] title ( ,g]man ,empire1 & ( a great "p ( h] possessions4 ,! 8,sun ( ,au/]litz0 melt$ ! ?ird coalition4 ,9 ! meantime ! battle ( ,trafalg>1 won by ! immortal ,nelson1 cru%$ ! naval p[] ( bo? ,france & ,spa94 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahjf1 ,prussia decl>$ w> aga9/ ,france1 &1 to ! amazem5t ( ,europe1 alone und]took to engage armies flu%$ f _! rec5t victories & /ill 9 ,g]many4 ,octob] #ad1 ,napoleon utt]ly defeat$ ! ,prussians at ,j5a & ,au]/adt1 & ent]$ ,b]l9 a conqu]]1 ! k+ hav+ fl$ to ,knigsb]g4 ,russia came to ! aid ( ,prussia1 b arriv$ too late to accompli% any?+ except to *eck ! advance ( ! ,fr5*1 ^: armies w9t]$ on ! ,vi/ula4 ,! next summ]1 h[ev]1 ! ,russians met _! f9al defeat 9 ?is campaign at ,fri$l&1 & ,knigsb]g 0 tak54 ,! 8,treaty ( ,tilsit0 end$ ! op]ations ( ?is f\r? coalition ,july #g1 #ahjg4 ,! fif? coalition aga9/ ,napoleon compris$ ,engl&1 ,au/ria1 ,spa91 & ,portugal4 ,! decisive battle ( ?is campaign 0 at ,wagram1 ,july #e & #f1 #ahji1 & t]rible z 7 ! consequ5ces ( 8 defeat to ,au/ria1 s crippl$ 0 ,napoleon t he will+ly grant$ ! armi/ice ( ,znaim & conclud$ ! 8,peace ( ,vi5na40 ,:5 ! fif? coalition end$1 ,napoleon _h acquir$ ! ,illyrian prov9ces & "p ( ! ,tyrol = ,france1 & ev5tually ! ,emp]or's daught]1 ,m>ia ,l\isa1 = 8 wife4 ,illu/ration3 ,,admiral ,,horatio ,,nelson4 ,9 #ahab came w> ) ,russia1 & t mo/ disa/r\s campaign :i* co/ ,france m ?an ?ree hundr$ ?\s& soldi]s & ,napoleon 8 empire4 ,russia1 ,engl&1 ,prussia1 & ,sw$5 =m$ ! coalition n[1 & ,turkey _h made peace ) ,russia4 ,napoleon cross$ ! ,niem5 9 ,june1 halt$ at ,wilna to put 8 new conscripts 9 bett] ord]1 address$ words ( sympa?y to ,pol&1 & took measures to keep ,au/ria conciliat$4 ,! ,russians retreat$ be=e him4 ,he met & f\ght & defeat$ !m at ,smol5sk1 ,augu/ #ag2 !y retreat$ 9 good ord]1 burn+ & de/roy+ all 9 _! rea*4 ,! t]rible battle ( ,borod9o 0 f\ght ,septemb] #g2 ! defeat$ ,russians aga9 retreat$ 9 good ord]1 pursu+ ! same tactics4 ,napoleon rea*$ ,mosc[ ,septemb] #ae1 b ! h]oic measure ( ,russia 9 de/roy+ t city 0 equal 9 its results to sev]al victories4 ,octob] #ae1 ! ,fr5* troops comm5c$ _! fe>ful retreat4 ,! ,russian armies grew bold1 !y h>ass$ ! ,fr5* troops1 weak f hung] & cold1 & f ,mosc[ to ,wilna _! progress 0 "o cont9ual gu]illa w>f>e4 ,f ,wilna1 _! flight to ,france1 ,decemb] #e1 0 ev5 m disa/r\s4 ,( ! gr& army t set out 9 ! spr+ n "o f\r? ev] return$4 ,affairs 9 ,spa9 _h f>$ badly = ,france4 ,well+ton defeat$ ! ,fr5* army 9 ,spa91 & f9ally expell$ x4 ,france1 ?\gh sometimes %ak5 9 h] devotion by ! conscription t 0 dra9+ h] *ildr5's blood1 /ill _h fai? 9 ,napoleon1 & 9 #ahac1 hav+ rais$ ano!r gr& army1 he und]took to subjugate ,prussia4 ,8 fir/ victory 0 on ! pla9 ( ,lutz54 ,! ,prussians & ,russians retreat$ 9 good ord] ?r\gh ,dresd54 ,napoleon pursu$ & drove !m f ,bauk51 on ,may #bj & #ba1 & e/abli%$ 8 headqu>t]s at ,dresd54 ,au/ria n[ jo9$ ! allies4 ,9 _! attack ^u ,dresd51 ,augu/ #bf & #bg1 !y 7 defeat$1 b ,russian troops & ! ,k+ ( ,bav>ia com+ up made ,napoleon's position unt5able4 ,! allies 7 await+ him at ,leipsic4 ,! battle rag$ = ?ree days1 & ,napoleon )drew on ,octob] #ai1 utt]ly defeat$4 ,janu>y #bc1 #ahad1 ,napoleon1 hav+ rais$ ano!r army1 left ,p>is to assume comm&4 ,! allies--,engl&1 ,au/ria1 ,prussia1 & ,russia--7 m det]m9$ ?an ev] to cru% him4 ,_m battles 7 f\ght1 & ! =tunes ( w> v>i$4 ,blu*] defeat$ him at ,la ,po?i]s on ! #a/ ( ,febru>y4 ,napoleon 0 ! victor at ,mont5au2 unsuccessful at ,soissons1 ,m>* #c2 victori\s at ,cravonne1 ,m>* #g2 & defeat$ by ,blu*] at ,laon1 ,m>* #i4 ,) m ?an half 8 army lo/1 ,napoleon worri$ ! allies 9 _! re>2 b ,blu*] m>*$ on ,p>is4 ,! pre/ige ( ,napoleon & ,france 9 ,europe 0 at an end4 ,! ,empress & ! reg5cy retir$ to ,blois4 ,on ,m>* #ca ,p>is surr5d]$1 & ! ,emp]or ( ,russia & ! ,k+ ( ,prussia ent]$ ! city4 ,a provisional gov]nm5t1 ) ,talleyr& at its head1 depos$ ,napoleon on ,april #b1 & on ,april #f he abdicat$4 ,may #cj1 ! ,fir/ ,peace ( ,p>is 0 conclud$ betwe5 ,france & ! allies4 ,france 0 to h h] b\nd>ies z !y 7 9 #agib1 & also h] =eign possessions1 except ,tobago1 ,/4 ,lucia1 & ,mauritius1 :i*1 ) ,malta1 7 c$$ to ,engl&4 ,! ,b\rbons1 9 ! p]son ( ,l\is ,,xviii41 7 re/or$2 b ! ,fr5* p 7 n cont5t1 s t :5 ,napoleon appe>$ at ,cannes on ,m>* #a1 #ahae1 he 0 greet$ ) joy1 ev5 by ! troops s5t out to oppose him4 ,?is a/oni%+ news 0 communicat$ to ! ,congress ( ! ,allies assembl$ at ,vi5na4 ,! alli$ armies at once ga!r$ on ! bord]s ( ,france1 ,well+ton l&$ 9 ,fl&]s1 & ,blu*]'s ,prussians jo9$ him4 ,well+ton1 f9d+ ,napoleon 9 front ( him1 fell back to ,wat]loo1 le/ ! approa* ( ! ,prussians %\ld be cut (f4 ,napoleon hurl$ 8 =ce on ,blu*] at ,fluores1 & victori\sly drove him f ! field on ! #ae?4 ,ney1 :o _h be5 s5t to confront ,well+ton1 f\ght at ,quatre ,bras1 & ! foll[+ day jo9$ ,napoleon4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,june1 #ahae1 ,napoleon made 8 supreme & f9al ef=t to recup]ate 8 lo/ =tunes & to ree/abli% 8 empire4 ,! /ory ( ! battle ( ,wat]loo1 ?an :i* none ev] f\ght 0 m decisive 9 its consequ5ces1 has be5 told & retold4 ,! battle 0 at fir/ undecid$1 victory seem+ to incl9e to ,napoleon1 ?\gh ! ,engli% & ,g]mans ) unfl9*+ h]oism /ill held ! field until ! aft]noon1 :5 ,blu*]1 ) 8 ,prussians1 at la/ arriv$4 ,napoleon p]ceiv$ t ! supreme mom5t 0 at h&1 & t 8 only hope 0 to cru% ,well+ton be=e ,blu*]'s advanc+ columns c\ld be ?r[n into l9e ( battle4 ,he s5t =w>d 8 magnific5t ,imp]ial ,gu>d4 ,!y *>g$ ) *ivalric spl5dor1 f\ght ) h]oic desp]ation1 7 repuls$1--& ! /> ( ,napoleon set to rise no m4 ,f9d+ 8 cause irretrievably lo/1 leav+ ! remnant ( 8 army 9 comm& ( ,m>%al ,s\lt1 ,napoleon fl$ &1 fail+ to f9d a passage to ,am]ica1 surr5d]$4 ,?is battle1 magnific5t 9 its results1 ensur$ to ,engl& a long peace1 & rais$ h] to ! fir/ rank1 = milit>y pr[ess1 among ! nations ( ! _w4 ,napoleon's skill at ,wat]loo 0 up to ! highe/ /&>d ( 8 mo/ glori\s "w2 b he 0 ov]:elm$ by prepond]ance 9 numb]s4 ,8 entire =ce ) :i* he conduct$ ?is campaign 0 b>ely #ajd1jjj1 :ile ! comb9$ armies ( ,well+ton & ,blu*] numb]$ #bbj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,napoleon',s ,,retreat ,,f ,,wat]loo4 ,! ,congress ( ,vi5na re/or$ ! anci5 rgime1 replac+ de?ron$ mon>*s ^u _! h]$it>y doma9s1 b ! p>cel+ out ( ! small] t]ritories %[$ ! ,p[]s to be q z arbitr>y z ,napoleon himself4 ,! semi-decade ( passive submission to ! 8policies ( pr9ces0 0 brok5 9 #ahbj by g5]al revolts 9 ,europe4 ,spani%-,am]ican colonies1 indignant at ,fr5* int]f]5ce 9 ,spani% matt]s1 began _! /ruggles = indep5d5ce4 ,,greek ,,w> ,,= ,,indep5d5ce4--,s9ce ! capture ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks1 9 #adec1 ,greece _h be5 subject to ,turkey4 ,out ( ! defeats ( sev]al rebellions aga9/ ! gre$1 tyranny1 & brutality ( ! ,moslem1--p>ticul>ly f ! revolutions ( #aggj & #agij1--;grew ! secret society ( ! ,hetria1 cem5t+ ! union ( ! ,greeks = ! /ruggle beg9n+ 9 #ahba4 ,x is claim$ t t5 ?\s& ,greeks 7 slaught]$ )9 a few days1 & ?irty ?\s& 9 less ?an ?ree mon?s4 ,mahm\d1 hav+ fail$ 9 #ahbe to cru% ! rebellion1 call$ ,mehemet ,ali1 ! ,pa%a ( ,egypt1 to 8 aid4 ,mehemet s5t ,ibrahim1 8 son1 ) 8 army & navy1 tra9$ 9 ! tactics ( ,european w>f>e1 into ! ,peloponnesus4 ,victory & deva/ation m>k$ 8 c\rse4 ,nev] 0 gr&] c\rage nor l(ti] brav]y display$ ?an by ! ,greeks4 ,! siege ( ,missolonghi la/$ f ,april #bg1 #ahbe1 until ,april #bb1 #ahbf4 ,a!ns 0 captur$1 ,june #b1 #ahbg4 ,! fleets ( ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,russia 7 cruis+ on ! coa/s to prev5t attacks by ! ,turks on ! isl&s4 ,approa*+ ! bay ( ,nav>9o1 !y 7 attack$ by ! ,turks & ,egyptians1 ^: comb9$ fleets 7 !reupon annihilat$ on ,octob] #bj1 #ahbg4 ,! ,sultan 0 =c$ by ! p[]s to cons5t to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( ,greece1 & 8 delay to d s 0 puni%$ by ,cz> ,ni*olas1 :o decl>$ w>1 cross$ ! ,balkans1 & at ,adrianople 9 #ahbi compell$ ! ,sultan to recognize h] indep5d5ce1 grant ,*ri/ian gov]nors to ,s]via1 ,moldavia1 & ,walla*ia1 & to yield ,bess>abia to ,russia4 ,,m9or ,,european ,,w>s4--,! ,fr5* ,revolution ( #ahcj1 plac+ ,l\is ,philippe on ! ?rone ( ,france1 br\ght ab\t ,belgium's indep5d5ce4 ,! ,poli% insurrection ( #ahca-cb lo/ ,pol& h] la/ ve/ige ( lib]ty1 en*a9+ h] irretrievably "u ! tyranny ( ,russia4 ,f #ahdj to #aheb ,engl& 0 engag$ 9 quell+ p]iodic w>s 9 h] ,indian possessions4 ,9 #ahda1 h] army1 numb]+ sev5te5 ?\s& m51 p]i%$ 9 _! retreat f ,afghani/an4 ,s ) ,france 9 ,algi]s & ,morocco4 ,& revolts 9 ,spa9 7 m or less successful4 ,9 #ahdb1 ,engl&'s w> ) ,*9a1 caus$ by seizure ( opium1 result$ 9 ! cession by ,*9a ( ,hong ,kong1 ! fre$om ( five o!r ports1 & #ba1jjj1jjj indemnity4 ,9 #ahdh1 ! revolution>y _s broke out fi]cely1 & ! p made /rong leaps = lib]ty & con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,france1 x ov]?rew ,l\is ,philippe1 e/abli%+ a republic1 ) ,l\is ,napoleon ,presid5t4 ,9 all ,europe its e*o res\nd$4 ,riots 9 ,vi5na =c$ ,mett]ni* to flee to ,engl&2 ,f]d9&1 to take refuge 9 ! ,tyrol & to abdicate 9 favor ( 8 son1 ,francis ,joseph4 ,fr$]ick ,william 0 compell$ by ! conditions 9 ,b]l9 to promise a con/itution4 ,! ,frank=t ,assembly1 9 #ahdi1 (f]$ ,fr$]ick ,william ! title & pr]ogative ( ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 & ?\gh1 because ( 8 respect = ! ,hapsburgs1 he decl9$ ! honor1 he /ill took advantage ( ! s5tim5t t prompt$ ! (f] to s /r5g!n ! dyna/y t lat] x might be held4 ,hung>y rose aga9/ ,au/ria 9 #ahdh1 & almo/ won indep5d5ce4 ,kossu? proclaim$ ,hung>y a republic1 & ,ni*olas imm$iately s5t aid to ,au/ria4 ,! ,russian army1 #acj1jjj /rong1 jo9$ ! ,au/rians4 ,! ,hung>ians retreat$ to ,temesv>1 :]e !y 7 defeat$ ) great slaught]1 & ,georgy surr5d]$1 ,augu/ #i1 #ahdi4 ,! "n ( ,haynau1 ! ,au/rian comm&]1 is held 9 execration = 8 awful cruelty to ! conqu]$4 ,9 ! meantime ,italy rose4 ,lomb>dy drove out ! ,au/rians4 ,*>les ,alb]t1 k+ ( ,s>d9ia1 _h decl>$ w> on ,au/ria & cross$ ! ,m9cio1 ,april #h1 #ahdh4 ,radetsky1 comm&+ ! ,au/rians1 lo/ ,gorto & yield$ ,pes*i]a 9 ,may1 b 9 ,june he =c$ ! ,papal troops1 :o 7 assi/+ ,*>les ,alb]t1 to surr5d]1 & completely r\t$ ! ,italians at ,cu/ozza1 ,july #be1 & ent]$ ,milan4 ,*>les ,alb]t 0 aga9 defeat$ by ,radetsky at ,nov>i1 ,m>* #bc1 #ahdi1 & ,v5ice 0 captur$ ,augu/ #bc4 ,*>les ,alb]t resign$ 8 cr[n to 8 son1 ,victor ,emmanuel1 & di$ %ortly aft]4 ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 0 =c$ to flee f ,rome4 ,mazz9i e/abli%$ ! ,roman republic 9 ,novemb]4 ,au/ria1 by ! close ( ! summ] ( #ahdi1 _h rega9$ control ( h] disput$ possessions4 ,l\is ,napoleon1 tak+ "p aga9/ ,italy1 occupi$ ,rome ) 8 troops1 ,july #b1 #ahdi1 & drove out ,mazz9i & ,g>ibaldi4 ,,! ,,crimean ,,w>4--,9 #ahec1 ,l\is ,napoleon want$ w>4 ,he fom5t$ tr\ble betwe5 ! ,porte & ,ni*olas1 :i* end$ by a decl>ation ( w> by ,russia4 ,! ,cz> claim$ & dem&$ ! protectorate ( ,*ri/ians 9 ,turkey4 ,au/ria1 ,france1 & ,engl& oppos$ ! dem&4 ,ni*olas _h intimat$ to ! ,briti% m9i/] at ,/4 ,pet]sburg t ,engl& & ,russia %\ld %>e ! p>tition ( ,turkey1--%[+ t he 0 ready to c>ry out ! w & aims ( ,pet] ! ,great & ,ca!r9e4 ,! ,russian army 0 ?r[n across ! ,pru? into ,moldavia1 & 0 at fir/ wor/$ by ! ,turks4 ,9 def]5ce to ! wi%es ( ,au/ria & ,prussia1 ,ni*olas )drew 8 army f ! ,danubian prov9ces1 & s secur$ _! neutrality4 ,he dislodg$ ! ,turki% fleet at ,s9ope1 ,novemb] #d1 #ahec4 ,engl& & ,france alli$ ) ,turkey & decl>$ w> aga9/ ,russia1 ,m>* #bh1 #ahed4 ,! alli$ fleets & troops proce$$ to ! ,black ,sea4 ,seba/opol 0 ! great ars5al ( ,russia4 ,tw5ty-sev5 ?\s& ,engli%1 ?irty ?\s& ,fr5*1 & sev5 ?\s& ,turks 7 l&$ 9 ! ,bay ( ,eupatoria1 ?irty miles above ,seba/opol1 ,septemb] #ad1 #ahed1 t[>ds :i*1 five days lat]1 ! s\!rly m>* began4 ,! allies wad$ ! riv] ,alma "u t]rific fire f ! l>ge ,russian army1 & won a brilliant victory4 ,! attack 0 rem>kable 9 t x won victory ov] sup]ior numb]s 9 seem+ly impregnable positions1 & 9 spite ( (ficial blund]s4 ,m5ts*ik(f1 ! ,russian g5]al1 )drew ! crews f ! %ips 9 ! h>bor & put !m1 eighte5 ?\s& /rong1 9 comm& ( ! batt]ies4 ,) 8 own army he m>*$ out ( ,seba/opol1 leav+ tw5ty-five ?\s& def5d]s to ! city4 ,admiral ,kornil(f & 8 able assi/ant1 ,colonel ,von ,todleb51 und]took to /r5g!n ! def5ses & to inspire ! troops4 ,on ,octob] #ag1 ! siege guns ( ! allies 7 9 position4 ,! ,engli% /orm$ ! suburbs ( ! city1 ! ,malak(f & ! ,r$an2 ! ,fr5* /orm$ ! city4 ,bo? 7 unsuccessful4 ,russian troops p\r$ into ,seba/opol1 & invit$ battle outside ( ! =tifications4 ,at ! h>bor ( ,balaklava1 ,turki% troops recoil$ f ! ,russian advance1 & ,sir ,col9 ,campbell1 ) ! ,highl& ,brigade1 sav$ ! %ipp+ & /ores by timely *eck to ! ,russians4 ,! battle ( ,balaklava1 ,octob] #be1 gave ! t[n to ! ,briti% aft] /ubborn fight+1 m ?an two ?irds ( ! ,light ,brigade hav+ be5 sacrific$ to ,"l ,lucan's miscon/ruction ( ord]s4 ,at ,ink]man1 on ,novemb] #e1 sixty ?\s& ,russians1 9 fog & ra91 surpris$ ! ,briti% ,h\sehold ,gu>ds1 & = six h\rs va9ly /rove to cru% !m4 ,g5]al ,bosquet1 ) ! g5ius ( ! soldi]1 guess$ ! po9t ( sev]e/ attack1 & s5t re9=cem5ts to ! ,gu>ds4 ,! ,russians 7 f9ally driv5 back4 ,little good result$ f ^! two /ubborn battles4 ,w9t] put an end to active op]ations4 ,ra91 hurricanes1 insuffici5t %elt]1 lack ( supplies1 & extreme cold produc$ fe>ful mis]y among ! soldi]s4 ,russia suff]$ z sev]ely z did ! allies1 besides hav+ _h h] fleet on ! ,black ,sea de/roy$ & h] army beat54 ,9 ,april1 #ahee1 ! bomb>dm5t began aga94 ,9 ,may ! allies captur$ ,k]t* & ,y5ikale1 ?us cutt+ (f ,russian supplies f ! ,caucasian prov9ces4 ,9 ,june1 ,m>%al ,pelissi] succe$$ ,canrob]t & successfully /orm$ ,manelon2 &1 aft] ! abortive attacks1 ,june #ah1 ( ! ,fr5* on ! ,malak(f & ! ,engli% on ! ,r$an1 ,g5]al ,simpson succe$$ ,"l ,raglan4 ,augu/ #af1 ! ,russians cross$ ,t*]naya1 b 7 repuls$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,on ,septemb] #h ! ,fr5* c>ri$ ! ,malak(f2 ! ,briti% fail$ to c>ry ! ,r$an4 ,! ,russians set fire to ! city & %ips & retir$ to ! nor!rn "p ( ! h>bor1 :]e !y held /rongly intr5*$ positions opposite ! alli$ armies & beyond ! rea* ( ! alli$ fleets4 ,russia 0 driv5 f ! ,black ,sea1 _h lo/ h] pre/ige 9 ! ,baltic ,sea1 ,bom>sund1 on ! ,al& isl&s1 & ! ars5al ( ,sweaborg1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,f9l&4 ,%e _h sav$ ,cron/adt1 &1 at t]rible sacrifice1 _h captur$ ,k>s f ! ,engli% ,g5]al ,williams ) 8 army ( ,turks4 ,h] va/ t]ritory 0 comp>atively intact4 ,! nations 7 n satisfi$4 ,! ,peace ( ,p>is increas$ ! pre/ige ( ,l\is ,napoleon2 x po/pon$ ! ,ea/]n ,"q by putt+ ! ,*ri/ian subjects "u ! nom9al protection ( ! ,p[]s1 b virtually "u t ( ! ,sultan4 ,! treaty ( peace 0 sign$ ,m>* #cj1 #ahef4 ,,w>s ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/4--,9 #aheg1 ! ,indian ,mut9y 0 caus$ by ! introduction ( ,enfield rifles4 ,delhi 0 tak5 aft] desp]ate fight+1 ,septemb] #bj4 ,cawnpore & ,luckn[ 7 ! !atre ( horrible sc5es4 ,! rebellion 0 f9ally cru%$ 9 #ahei4 ,9 ! meantime w> ) ,p]sia 0 begun & end$ by ! recapture ( ,h]at1 9 ,afghani/an4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aheg1 ,engl& & ,france made w> on ,*9a & captur$ ,canton4 ,!y secur$ _m concessions by ! ,treaty ( ,ti5 ,ts91 & #b1jjj1jjj indemnity4 ,,w> ,,betwe5 ,,au/ria1 ,,france1 ,,& ,,s>d9ia4--,9 #ahei1 ,l\is ,napoleon made a secret alliance ) ,italy4 ,g5]al dis>mam5t 0 propos$4 ,s>d9ia agre$ to x2 ,au/ria /ood alo(4 ,on ,april #be1 #ahei1 ,au/ria ord]$ ! dis>mam5t ( ,pi$mont4 ,on ! #bg?1 ,k+ ,victor ,emmanuel proclaim$ w>4 ,on ! #cj?1 ,fr5* troops 7 9 ,tur94 ,on ,may #ac1 ,l\is ,napoleon himself disemb>k$ at ,g5oa1 :]e he 0 met by ,victor ,emmanuel4 ,! ,au/rian =ces cross$ ! ,tic9o1 en r\te = ,milan1 b hesitat$1 because ( ! ,fr5* advance4 ,! op5+ battles at ,montebello & ,bale/ro1 ,may #bj1 #cj1 & #ca1 7 favorable to ! allies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,capture ,,( ,,! ,,malak(f4 ,at ,mag5ta1 ,june #d1 ! ,au/rians met ) t]rible defeat4 ,! =ces ( ! allies numb]$ #ee1jjj1 & _! loss 0 #djjj2 ! ,au/rian army ( #ge1jjj lo/ #aj1jjj kill$ & w\nd$ & #gjjj prison]s4 ,! conqu]ors ent]$ ,milan on ,june #h4 ,francis ,joseph fell back to ! l9e ( ! ,m9cio1 & at ,solf]9o ! decisive battle ( ! campaign 0 f\ght on ,june #bd4 ,napoleon comm&$ ! alli$ armies1 :i* numb]$ ab\t #aej1jjj2 !y f\ght = sixte5 h\rs aga9/ ! ,au/rian =ce ( #agj1jjj1 ga9+ a fe>ful victory4 ,?is battle co/ ,au/ria #bj1jjj m52 ! ,fr5* lo/ 9 kill$ & w\nd$ #ab1jjj & ! ,s>d9ians #ejjj m54 ,! allies cross$ ! ,m9cio & laid siege to ,pes*i]a1 b :ile all ,europe expect$ ano!r fight1 an armi/ice ( five weeks 0 agre$ to1 & ,napoleon1 unkn[n to 8 ally1 met ,francis at ,villafranca & made a peace1 ^u :i* 0 bas$ ! ,treaty ( ,zuri*1 sign$ ,novemb] #aj4 ,au/ria gave ,lomb>dy to ,napoleon = ! k+ ( ,s>d9ia1 z also ! =tresses ( ,mantua & ,pes*i]a4 ,italy 0 to become a conf$]ation1 ) ! ,pope z presid5t1 ( :i* ,au/ria 0 to be a memb]1 because ( h] hold+s 9 ,v5etia4 ,tuscany & ,mod5a 7 to be re/or$ to _! pr9ces4 ,g>ibaldi's brilliant conque/ ( ,sicily & ,naples1 9 #ahfj1 & ,s>d9ia's gr[+ p[]1 />tl$ ,europe1 b ! nations d>$ n int]f]e4 ,! g5]al p>liam5t ( ,italy met 9 #ahfa1 at ,tur91 & made ,victor ,emmanuel k+ ( ,italy4 ,rome1 "u ! ,pope1 & ,v5etia1 "u ,au/ria1 7 z yet dismemb]$ f 8,"y ,italy40 ,,w> ,,) ,,d5m>k4--,*ri/ian ,,ix4 succe$$ to ! ?rone ( ,d5m>k ,novemb] #ae1 #ahfc4 ,he endeavor$ to incorporate ,s*leswig ) ,d5m>k2 ! ,g]man population repudiat$ him & appeal$ to ! ,conf$]acy4 ,! ,diet s5t troops into ,hol/e94 ,bism>ck induc$ ,au/ria to jo9 ,prussia 9 sett+ aside ! ,london treaty ( #ahec1 & ! alli$ troops =c$ ! ,danes back to ! intr5*m5ts ( ,duppel4 ,! capture ( ,duppel by ! ,prussians1 ,april #ah1 prov$ ! effici5cy ( ne$le guns & rifl$ cannon4 ,june #bb1 ! allies cross$ ! *annel to ! ,isl& ( ,als5 &1 on ! #bh?1 captur$ ! ,dani% /ronghold ,d5new]ke1 hi!rto consid]$ impregnable4 ,! ,treaty ( ,vi5na1 ,octob] #cj1 #ahfd1 clos$ ! w>4 ,prussia & ,au/ria toge!r 7 to control ! du*ies4 ,,! ,,sev5 ,,weeks' ,,w>4--,! arrangem5t betwe5 ,prussia & ,au/ria respect+ ! ,dani% du*ies caus$ ! 8,sev5 ,weeks' ,w>0 ( #ahff4 ,bism>ck induc$ ,victor ,emmanuel to =m an alliance aga9/ ,au/ria1 ,m>* #bg4 ,! ,prussians1 on ,june #g1 )\t a bl[ =c$ ! ,au/rians to retire f ,hol/e91 ignor+ ! prote/ ( ! ,f$]al ,diet4 ,au/ria 0 n prep>$ = w>4 ,h] army1 toge!r ) t ( ,saxony1 am\nt$ to two hundr$ & sev5ty-"o ?\s&4 ,) ,prussia1 fully equipp$ & on a w> foot+ ) ?ree armies1 besides ! res]ves1 ! gr& total e/imat$ at ?ree hundr$ ?\s&1 ! result 0 a =egone conclusion4 ,prussia decl>$ w>1 ,june #ae1 #ahff1 aga9/ ,hanov]1 ,hesse1 & ,saxony1 & next day ?rew h] armies into ! ho/ile /ates4 ,on ! #ag? ,francis ,joseph publi%$ 8 w> manife/o4 ,italy decl>$ w>1 on ! #bj?1 aga9/ ,au/ria & ,bav>ia4 ,9 f\rte5 days ,prussia's imm5se army 0 mobiliz$4 ,9 five days ! nor!rn /ates to ! ,ma9 7 dis>m$1 & ! ,saxon army 0 =c$ to retreat t[>d ,bohemia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,battle ,,( ,,mag5ta4 ,g5]al ,b5$ek 0 comm&] ( ! ,au/rians4 ,^u news ( ,prussian victories1 he advis$ ,francis ,joseph to make t]ms ( peace ) ,william4 ,prussia f\ght = ,g]man unification2 ,au/ria to protect h] pride4 ,x 0 suppos$ ! ,au/rians w\ld fir/ ent] ,saxony & dispute ! ,prussian advance1 b ,bism>ck _h det]m9$ ! w> %\ld be brief1 = ,prussia 0 n[ ma/] ( ! situation4 ,on ,june #bc1 ! ,prussian army m>*$ f ?ree po9ts t[>ds ,joseph/adt1 :]e ,b5$ek 0 prep>+ to fight4 ,on ! #bg? ! ,au/rians 7 driv5 back at ,soor1 next day at ,skalitz1 & on ! #bi? at ,gits*54 ,ar*duke ,leopold1 on ! #bh?1 & ,c\nt ,clam ,gallas1 at ,gits*51 bo? attack$ ! enemy 9 disob$i5ce ( ord]s1 & ?us =c$ ,b5$ek to fall back f 8 /ronge/ position t[>ds ,kniggratz4 ,! ,au/rians 7 also defeat$1 on ! #bh?1 at ,knig9h( & ,s*we9s*adel1 & _! loss by ?is "t numb]$ ov] ?irty-five ?\s&4 ,b5$ek ask$ p]mission to retreat into ,moravia & await re9=cem5ts1 b news ( ! ,au/rian victory ov] ! ,italians at ,cu/ozza rea*$ ,vi5na1 & imm$iately battle 0 enjo9$ ^u ,b5$ek4 ,b5$ek plac$ five hundr$ guns 9 position1 spann+ a league betwe5 ! ,elbe & ,bi/ritz4 ,on ,july #b1 ! k+ ( ,prussia assum$ comm& ( ! ,prussian ho/s & ord]$ attack = ! next day4 ,! ,cr[n ,pr9ce1 sev]al miles away ) 8 army1 receiv$ ord]s at f\r o'clock 9 ! morn+ ( ! #c;d to advance 8 ,silesian army f ,knig9h(4 ,at eight o'clock1 ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les1 ) a hundr$ ?\s&1 attack$ ! ,au/rian c5tre ly+ aga9/ ,sad[a4 ,g5]al ,h]w>?1 ) f\r hundr$ ?\s& m51 attack$ ! ,au/rian "r4 ,! :ole ,au/rian army 0 hurl$ aga9/ ^! two comm&s = five h\rs4 ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les =c$ passage ?r\gh ! ,bi/ritz & took ,sad[a1 b c\ld n take ! heights4 ,at "o o'clock retreat 0 be+ consid]$1 b ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce com+ up ) 8 troops ! heights 7 tak5 at f\r o'clock4 ,! fight+ on bo? sides 9 ?is battle 0 det]m9$ & h]oic4 ,! ,prussian loss 0 ov] t5 ?\s&1 & ! ,au/rians lo/ tw5ty-sev5 ?\s& kill$ & w\nd$1 n9ete5 ?\s& prison]s1 ) #agd cannon & #aa colors4 ,at ,lissa1 on ,july #bj1 ! ,au/rian navy de/roy$ ! ,italian fleet4 ,july #bb1 an armi/ice ( f\r weeks 0 grant$4 ,! ,peace ( ,prague 0 conclud$ ,augu/ #bc4 ,h] defeat co/ ,au/ria ,v5etia & ! quadrilat]al1 namely1 ! =tresses ( ,pes*i]a1 ,mantua1 ,v]ona1 & ,legnano1 depriv$ h] ( any "p 9 ,g]many or ,g]man affairs1 & ,hol/e9 & ,s*leswig1 & oblig$ h] to pay #dj1jjj1jjj ?al]s1 "o half ( :i* %e 0 to reta9 9 lieu ( ! du*ies4 ,au/ria em]g$ f ! 8,sev5 ,weeks' ,w>0 ) h] ideas some:at lib]aliz$1 & ?\gh h] t]ritory 0 dim9i%$ h] progress & prosp]ity increas$4 ,! dual-,au/ro-,hung>ian empire 0 =m$ by ,francis ,joseph1 he rul+ at ,vi5na z ,emp]or ( ,au/ria & at ,buda ,pe/h z k+ ( ,hung>y4 ,?is w> also end$ ! ,g]manic conf$]ation ( #ahae1 & ! ,nor? ,g]man ,conf$]ation "u ,prussia arose4 ,at ! peace ( ,vi5na1 ,octob] #c1 ,au/ria recogniz$ ! k+dom ( ,italy1 & ) ! acquisition ( ,v5etia & ! quadrilat]al =tresses ! 8,sev5 ,weeks' ,w>0 _h greatly help$ on ! cause ( 8,unit$ ,italy40 ,9 ,april1 #ahfd1 ,l\is ,napoleon s5t an army ( tw5ty-five ?\s& to su/a9 ! ,au/rian ,ar*duke ,maximilian on ! ?rone ( ,mexico4 ,at t "t ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 occupi$ ) ! ,civil ,w>4 ,?is end$1 ,napoleon 0 summ>ily requir$ to )draw 8 =ces f ! ,am]ican cont95t1 :i* he did4 ,maximilian 0 ?us left to 8 fate1 &1 aft] be+ condemn$ by c\rt m>tial1 0 %ot at ,qu]t>o1 ,june #ai1 #ahfg4 ,,! ,,franco-,,prussian ,,w>4--,pr9ce ,leopold1 ( ,hoh5zoll]n1 0 (f]$ ! ?rone ( ,spa9 aft] ,isabella _h fl$ f ,madrid4 ,leopold decl9$1 b ,napoleon dem&$ t ! ,emp]or ,william %\ld gu>antee nev] to p]mit ,leopold to accept4 ,william refus$ to acc$e to ! dem&1 & ,napoleon1 urg$ by ! w> p>ty1 decl>$ w> ,july #ai1 #ahgj4 ,on ! same day ! ,conf$]ation plac$ its =ces 9 ! h&s ( ,william1 z did ! ,s\? ,g]mans4 ,?is spontane\s upris+ ( all ,g]many 0 unlook$ =4 ,napoleon's army numb]$ ?ree hundr$ & t5 ?\s& m54 ,9 t5 days ,william _h ne>ly half a million soldi]s ready to m>* aga9/ ! enemy4 ,augu/ #b1 ! fir/ fight took place at ,sa>brck51 a little t[n ov] ! ,g]man fronti]4 ,napoleon & ! "y ,pr9ce ,imp]ial 7 pres5t1 & ! =ce ( ,uhlans 0 driv5 back4 ,augu/ #d1 ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,prussia drove ! "r w+ ( ,mac,mahon's army back at ,weiss5burg1 & on ! #f?1 aga9 0 ,mac,mahon defeat$ at ,wr?4 ,! ,g]mans1 hav+ sep>at$ ,mac,mahon's army1 advanc$ into ,alsace4 ,9 ! meantime ,g5]al ,/e9metz c>ri$ ,spi*]5 by /orm1 & ! :ole ,g]man army w5t =w>d4 ,toge!r ) ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce1 ,/e9metz1 on ! #ad? ( ,augu/1 defeat$ ,m>%al ,baza9e1 at ,c\rcelles1 :o retreat$ to ,metz1 & !n endeavor$ to pu% on ) 8 hundr$ ?\s& m5 to ,*alons4 ,von ,moltke hurri$ on ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce to int]cept ,baza9e1 & at ,m>s la ,t\r 0 f\ght ! fi]ce/ battle1 s f>1 ( ! w>4 ,on ei!r side ! losses am\nt$ to sev5te5 ?\s&4 ,gravelotte 0 f\ght1 on ,augu/ #ah1 betwe5 ! armies ( ,/e9metz & ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce1 ,k+ ,william comm&+ 9 p]son4 ,! battle la/$ all day betwe5 two hundr$ ?\s& ,g]mans & "o hundr$ & eighty ?\s& ,fr5*4 ,! ,g]mans lo/ tw5ty ?\s& m51 & succe$$ 9 =c+ ,baza9e into ,metz4 ,al?\gh1 9 "o sort1 an undecisive battle1 ,gravelotte p]haps settl$ ! fate ( ! ,empire4 ,mac,mahon's plan 01 ) 8 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five ?\s& m5 reorganiz$ at ,*alons1 to prev5t ! ,g]man advance on ,p>is4 ,he 0 ov]rul$ & s5t to ! relief ( ,baza9e4 ,defeat$ 9 sev]al small fights1 ,mac,mahon 0 oblig$ to fall back on ,s$an4 ,! heights & ridges above ,s$an once occupi$ by ho/ile troops1 surr5d] or annihilation 0 ! outcome4 ,mac,mahon 0 w\nd$1 !n ,ducrot1 & ! comm& fell to ,wimpff54 ,s$an 0 =c$ to surr5d]1 ,septemb] #a1 & ,napoleon himself gave 8 sword to ,k+ ,william4 ,p>is 0 madd5$4 ,! ,empress escap$ to ,engl&4 ,napoleon 0 tak5 to ! ca/le ( ,wilhelm%he4 ,a mon? _h h>dly pass$ s9ce ! outbreak ( ! w>1 & "o ( ! two great ,fr5* armies ) ! ,emp]or _h be5 captur$2 ! o!r 0 besieg$ 9 ,metz4 ,gambetta & o!r prom95t m5 9 ,p>is set up ! gov]nm5t ( ! national def5se4 ,a republic 0 proclaim$4 ,! def5se ( ,p>is 0 zeal\sly und]tak54 ,l>ge supplies ( provisions 7 ga!r$4 ,=tifications 7 /r5g!n$4 ,! siege began ,septemb] #ai1 #ahgj1 & end$ ,janu>y #bh1 #ahga4 ,! dire/ fam9e att5d$ x4 ,gambetta left ,p>is 9 a balloon1 & at ,t\rs succe$$ 9 =m+ ! army ( ! ,loire & ! army ( ! ,nor?4 ,bo? 7 defeat$4 ,/rasb\rg 0 captur$1 & ,metz surr5d]$ ) a hundr$ & sev5ty-?ree ?\s& m51 among !m ?ree m>%als ( ,france4 ,! entire ,g]man loss 9 ?is w> 0 #abi1gjj m54 ,janu>y #ag1 #ahga1 ,?i]s 0 elect$ ,presid5t ( ! ,?ird ,republic4 ,kn[+ ! impossibility ( fur!r resi/ance1 ) half a million ,g]man soldi]s1 flu%$ & inspir$ by con/ant success1 on ! soil ( ,france1 & ,p>is 9 _! anaconda coils1 he c\nsel$ t peace be ask$4 ,?i]s1 ,favre1 & ,pic>d negotiat$ ) ,william & ,bism>ck4 ,an armi/ice ( tw5ty days 0 p]mitt$1 t ! ,national ,conv5tion !n at ,bordeaux might ratify t]ms4 ,9 ! meantime ! h\se ( ,hoh5zoll]n rea*$ ! summit ( its gratifi$ ambition1 :51 on ,m>* #ah1 ,william 0 cr[n$ at ,v]sailles1 ,emp]or ( ,g]many4 ,! cession ( ,alsace & ,lorra9e1 & #a1jjj1jjj1jjj indemnity1 0 ! price ( peace4 ,no patriot "n 9 all hi/ory des]ves m rev]5ce ?an t ( ,l\is ,adolphe ,?i]s4 ,^u him devolv$ ! task ( mak+ peace ) ! ,g]man foe1 ( quell+ ! civil w>1 & ( s manag+ ! f9ances ( ,france1 t h] p )9 two ye>s 7 enabl$1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( ! _w1 to pay ! enorm\s indemnity extort$ by ! ,g]mans1 &1 by ,septemb]1 #ahgc1 ! la/ franc 0 paid & ! la/ ,g]man s5t9el remov$ f ! soil ( ,france4 ,! civil w> betwe5 ! ,republic & ! ,commune settl$ ! "q once = all1 t ,p>is1 acc\ntable = all ! errors & vicissitudes ( ! c\ntry1 is n ,france1 & !re is e reason to hope t out ( ! unequal$ horrors ( ^? awful days ( c>nage ! republican gov]nm5t ( ,france arose to rema9 9 p]petuity4 ,g>ibaldi1 tak+ advantage ( ! fall ( ,l\is ,napoleon1 & c>+ n = ! k+'s promises1 took possession ) 8 troops ( ! city ( ,rome1 ,septemb] #bj1 #ahgj1 & on ,july #b ( ! next ye> ,victor ,emmanuel erect$ 8 ?rone 9 ! ,quir9al4 ,,turco-,,russian ,,w>4--,9 #ahge1 ! ,bosnians1 ,turki% subjects1 revolt$4 ,!y ma9ta9$ _! /ruggle1 & ! enrag$ ,turks s5t ,mohamm$an troops among ! def5seless ,bulg>ians1 de/roy+ unnumb]$ ?\s&s ( m51 wom51 & *ildr54 ,cz> ,alex&] decl>$ w> ,april #a1 #ahgg4 ,8 army cross$ ! ,balkans & occupi$ ,%ipka ,pass4 ,osman ,pa%a develop$ unexpect$ milit>y g5ius & skill4 ,= five mon?s he *eck$ ! onw>d m>* ( ! ,russians & won _w-wide admiration by 8 def5se ( ,plevna4 ,by ! fir/ ( ,decemb] ,plevna 0 inve/$ completely by ! ,russians4 ,driv5 back :5ev] attempt+ to make a sortie1 />vation compell$ ,osman to surr5d] ) =ty-f\r ?\s& troops4 ,adrianople 0 occupi$4 ,! ,treaty ( ,san ,/efano 0 wre/$ 9 sight ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,x greatly r$uc$ ,turki% p[] 9 ,europe1 & con/itut$ ,russia heir to ,turkey 9 ,europe4 ,bulg>ia 0 to be protect$ by fifty ?\s& ,russian troops = two ye>s & to h a ,*ri/ian gov]nor4 ,?ree mon?s lat]1 ,engl& =m$ a secret treaty ) ,turkey1 secur+ ,cyprus & agree+ to protect ,turkey 9 ,asia4 ,au/ria1 too1 0 dissatisfi$1 & ! treaty ( ,b]l9 0 made 9 #ahgh1 to rectify ! balances ( ! nations4 ,russia 0 by ?is treaty damag$ 9 pre/ige &1 %orn ( triumphs1 0 giv5 only ,asiatic prov9ces4 ,turkey 0 /ripp$ ( all real p[] 9 ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l\is ,,adolphe ,,?i]s4 ,,*9o-,,japanese ,,w>4--,9 ,japan's decl>ation ( w> aga9/ ,*9a1 ,augu/ #a1 #ahid1 %e set =? succ9ctly ! provocation =c+ h] to ?is action4 ,%e said t ,korea _h be5 br\ght into ! notice ( ! nations ( ! _w by h] ef=ts2 t ,*9a con/antly _h int]f]$ ) ,korea's gov]nm5t1 insi/5tly pos+ z h] suz]a92 t :5 an insurrection 9 ,korea broke out ,*9a s5t troops into ,korea1 & t :5 ,japan1 "u ! treaty ( #ahhe1 also s5t troops to assi/ ,korea to quell ! rebels1 ask+ ,*9a's cop]ation 9 ! ef=t1 ,*9a refus$ h] rightful dem&2 t ,*9a's c\rse t5d$ to keep up ! tr\ble indef9itely1 s t ! only c\rse left = ,japan 0 to decl>e w>4 ,z ) ,g]many a score ( ye>s previ\sly1 :5 ! "t came ,japan 0 ready1 n only ) munitions ( w>1 b ) bett] topographical k ( ! enemy's c\ntry ?an !y !mselves possess$4 ,! ,emp]or1 ^: dyna/y ant$ates ! ,*ri/ian era1 gave 8 p a con/itution1 & /ret*+ 8 h& t[>ds ,korea he help$ h] 9 ! same direction4 ,he _h ,japan's army & h] navy drill$ by exp]t ,european (fic]s4 ,ars5als & ext5sive manufactories = ! implem5ts ( w> 7 />t$1 ) ,european sup]9t5d5ts4 ,! late/ & be/ ( %ips 7 bo? b\ght at =eign m>ts & made at home4 ,h] /ud5ts 7 to be f\nd 9 ! univ]sities ( ! _w4 ,h] ag5ts 7 s5t to /udy 9 _! capitals ! economy ( e gov]nm5t & ! ma*9]y ( _! executive dep>tm5ts4 ,to f9d ! be/ & assimilate x seem$ ! pr9ciple ( h] progression1 s t bo? 9 milit>y skill & ! k ( diplomacy %e acquir$ ! ability to hold h] place among ! nations ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,a w> alone 0 ne$$ to prove t ?is 0 a fact4 ,japan's navy consi/$ ( f\r armor$ cruis]s & eight vessels ( #cjjj tons ea*4 ,?is 0 a mu* light] fleet ?an t ( ,*9a1 b swift]4 ,*9a's navy _h be5 tra9$ by an able ,engli% naval *ief1 ,capta9 ,lang4 ,h] outfit ( %ips 01 p]haps1 sup]ior to t ( ,japan1 consi/+ ( five armor$ vessels1 n9e protect$ cruis]s1 & torp$o boats besides4 ,! pr9cipal battle ( ?is ,*9o-,japanese w> 0 f\ght on ,septemb] #ae at ,p+ ,yang1 an old capital ( ,korea1 situat$ at ! meet+ ( sev]al roads4 ,! ,japanese l&$ troops at ,g5san1 on ! nor!a/1 & at ,hwang-jo1 on ! nor?we/1 coa/ ( ,korea4 ,^! =m$ ! "r & left w+s ( ! army ^: c5tre1 "u ,g5]al ,nodju1 advanc$ f ,se\l1 ab\t "o hundr$ miles to ! s\?1 ( :i* ! ,japanese 7 already 9 possession4 ,only "o w+ ( ! army met opposition 9 its m>*1 a small battle hav+ be5 f\ght4 ,! =ces1 s f> z we c le>n1 7 betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty ?\s& ( ,*9ese & betwe5 ?irty & =ty ?\s& ( ,japanese4 ,japan's tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( sci5tific prep>ation1 h] /udy ( ! art ( w>1 ! practicability ( h] /rategic movem5ts1--admir$ by ! soldi]s ( ! _w1--left ,*9a1 ) h] old semi-b>b>ian me?ods1 no *ance = victory4 ,! battle 0 a bloody "o2 ! defeat$ ,*9ese fl$ until !y 7 on ! o!r side ( ! ,yalu ,riv]1 9 ,man*ooria4 ,sev5 hundr$ 7"s acc\nts say f\rte5 ?\s&7 ,*9ese 7 captur$1 two ?\s& kill$ & w\nd$4 ,! army cont9u$ fight+ & conqu]+ until practically ! prov9ce ( ,man*ooria 0 9 ,japan's possession1 z well z ! p59sula ( ,liaotung1 t]m9at+ ) ,port ,ar?ur4 ,! battle ( ,yalu1 or ,hai ,yun ,tao1 af=d$ ! fir/ practical te/ ( mod]n vessels1 guns1 & projectiles 9 ,asiatic wat]s4 ,p+ ,yang has be5 call$ ,*9a's ,s$an1 & ,yalu1 ,japan's ,trafalg>4 ,japan _h n9e cruis]s & two conv]t$ cruis]s :]e) to fight twelve ,*9ese w>%ips & f\r torp$o boats4 ,x is said t ,japan us$ melanite %ells4 ,! fleet ( ,*9ese w>%ips1 convoy+ transports ) t5 ?\s& troops1 ent]$ ! ,yalu ,riv]4 ,! next day1 ,septemb] #ag1 ! ,japanese fleet1 "u ,admiral ,ito1 w5t out to meet !m4 ,a ,european (fic] on a ,*9ese vessel says3 8,pass+ along ! ,*9ese l9e1 ! ,japanese p\r$ z heavy a fire z !y c\ld br+ to be> ^u ea* %ip 9 succession1 &1 :ile !y _h sea-room1 circl$ r\nd _! oppon5ts4 ,! ,japanese /ate t no ,japanese w>-%ip 0 lo/ & only ?ree s]i\sly injur$40 ,a ,*9ese (fic] says3 8,z soon z ! ,*9ese on ! port side _h br\ght _! guns to be> & _h obta9$ range accurately1 ! ,japanese w\ld "w ar\nd & attack ! />bo>d side40 ,f\r %ips 7 de/roy$ & two badly injur$4 ,"o ( ! ,*9ese %ips 0 said to h be5 hit two hundr$ times4 ,! ,*9ese ironclads t escap$ 7 lat] sunk (f ,wei ,hai ,wei4 ,port ,ar?ur1 captur$ ,octob] #ba1 0 fill$ to ov]fl[+ ) ammunition1 gra91 & o!r supplies4 ,*9a made ?ree in=mal ov]tures = peace4 ,f9ally1 ,li ,hung ,*ang w5t f ,ti5ts9 to ,%imonoseki1 to make t]ms1 on ! #ai? ( ,m>*1 #ahie4 ,by ! treaty !re made1 ,may #ag1 ,*9a recogniz$ ! indep5d5ce & autonomy ( ,korea1 c$$ c]ta9 t]ritory 9 ,man*ooria1 all ! isl&s 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! bay ( ,liaotung & ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,yell[ ,sea1 ,=mosa1 & all isl&s belong+ to x1 & ! ,pescadores gr\p4 ,two hundr$ million ,kup+ taels 7 exact$ z indemnity1 to be paid 9 eight in/allm5ts1 "o e six mon?s4 ,! inhabitants 7 to sell out & leave1 or 9 two ye>s to be ,japanese subjects4 ,russia1 ,g]many1 & ,france recomm5d$ t ,japan %\ld n p]man5tly possess ! p59sula ( ,f5g ,tan1 & ,japan agre$ to _! sugge/ions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cavalry ,,*>ge ,,at ,,gravelotte4 7,a4 ,,de ,,neuville47 ,illu/ration3 ,,battle ,,( ,,yalu ,,riv]4 ,=mosa1 z a /rategetical po/1 is ( ! greate/ value4 ,korea & ,japan n[ control absolutely ! ,japan ,sea4 ,x 0 only aft] f\r mon?s ( fight+ t ,japan completely conqu]$ ! ,=mosans & _h all h] new possessions "u h] control4 ,*9a paid ,japan an additional #cj1jjj1jjj = ! release ( ,port ,ar?ur & ,liaotung p59sula4 ,*9a 0 well pleas$4 ,b 9 ,april1 #ahig1 ,russia h]self _h obta9$ possession ( ,port ,ar?ur & ,tali5 ,wan1 & 9 ,decemb] ! ,g]mans receiv$ ,kaio ,*ao1 ! f9e/ naval /ation ( ! prov9ce ( ,%antung4 ,france subsequ5tly obta9$ ,kwang-,*au1 ! be/ port ( ,wangsi2 & ,engl&1 ?\gh n jo9+ ^! p[]s 9 ! dem& 9 favor ( ,*9a 9 #ahie1 obta9$ ,wei ,hai ,wei 9 #ahig4 ,,greco-,,turki% ,,w>4--,9 #ahie1 ! fe>ful atrocities committ$ by ! 8unspeakable0 ,turk began to assume appall+ proportions4 ,dur+ ?ree ye>s "o hundr$ ?\s& ,cretans 7 murd]$4 ,febru>y #h1 #ahig1 ! ,cretans proclaim$ union ) ,greece4 ,! ,greeks1 unable long] to endure ! suff]+s ( _! k9dr$1 det]m9$ to help !m4 ,pr9ce ,george left = ,crete ) a torp$o flotilla ,febru>y #aj2 ,colonel ,vassos1 aide-de-camp to ! k+1 foll[$ ) fifte5 hundr$ m5 & two batt]ies on ! #ac?4 ,pr9ce ,ni*olas l$ a regim5t ( artill]y to ! ,!ssalian fronti]s4 ,! p[]s s5t a collective note ( prote/ to ,greece1 b x 0 n he$$4 ,colonel ,vassos l&$ 9 ,crete on ! #ad?4 ,sailors f ! fleet ( ! p[]s occupi$ ! coa/ t[ns ( ,crete4 ,pa%a ,b]ovit* resign$ & return$ to ,con/ant9ople4 ,greek res]ves ralli$ promptly4 ,volunte]s (f]$4 ,colonel ,vassos e/abli%$ headqu>t]s 9 ! m\nta9\s int]ior at ,sphakia4 ,m>* #ah1 ! p[]s blockad$ ,crete4 ,on ! #bg?1 ,cr[n ,pr9ce ,con/ant9e proce$$ to ! ,turki% fronti]4 ,on ,april #e1 ! p[]s decl>$ no ga9 %\ld accrue to ! combatant :o approa*$ ,!ssalian bord]s4 ,april #h1 ?ree ?\s& ,greeks cross$ ne> ,krania1 began fight+1 & 7 driv5 back4 ,on ,april #ag ,turkey decl>$ w>4 ,on ! #ah?1 a battle ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 9 ,mil\na ,pass1 cr[n$ ,turki% arms ) victory4 ,ano!r h>d f\ght battle1 at ,rev5i1 discomfit$ ! ,greeks4 ,greeks pass$ ! ,arta ,riv] & ,greek ironclads bomb>d$ ,prevessa4 ,on ! #ai?1 ! ,turks 7 9 ,!ssaly & ! ,greeks 9 retreat to ,l>issa4 ,aft] t]rific battles ,tornavo & ,l>issa1 on ! #be?1 fell into ! h&s ( ! ,turks4 ,colonel ,smol5ski f\ght desp]ately at ,vale/9o1 b _h to yield2 & ,volo also fell to ! ,turks4 ,! ,turks occupi$ ,ph>saos on ,may #f4 ,greece ask$ ! p[]s = peace1 ,may #h2 ,cretan autonomy 0 agre$ to1 & ,turkey p]mitt$ armi/ice on ! #ae?4 ,! w> clos$4 ,turkey 0 =c$ to yield all ,!ssalian t]ritory1 & ,crete 0 reliev$ ( ,turki% oppression4 ,greece 0 =c$ to )draw all support f ,crete & pay #bj1jjj1jjj indemnity4 ,! rem>kable feature ( ?is w> 0 ! int5sely h>d fight+ f />t to close1 & ! disposition ( ! p[]s to assi/ ,turkey by int]f]+ ) ! ,grecian navy4 ,frequ5tly ! ,au/rians help$ ! ,turks by plac+ _! guns 9 position4 ,x 0 only :5 ! ,sultan conqu]$ ,!ssaly & ?reat5$ to keep x t ! p[]s int]pos$4 ,! crime committ$ by ! p[]s aga9/ civilization & ,*ri/ianity by _! action seems incr$ible1 ev5 ?\gh ! peace ( ,europe 0 !reby secur$4 ,,engl&',s ,,w>s ,,9 ,,! ,,s\dan4--,! ,kh$ive ( ,egypt _h obta9$ great loans f ,europe4 ,engl& & ,france took f9ancial control ( ! c\ntry4 ,arabi ,pa%a inaugurat$ a rebellion & =tifi$ ,alex&ria4 ,_m ,europeans 7 murd]$1 & ,engl& bomb>d$ ! city1 tak+ possession ,july #ab1 #ahhb4 ,g5]al ,wolseley1 at ,tel el ,kebir1 ,septemb] #ac1 f\ght & defeat$ ,arabi1 :o fl$ leav+ two ?\s& dead4 ,france )drew f ! f9ancial arrangem5t4 ,! ,engli% rema9$ to put ! ,egyptians 9 condition = self-gov]nm5t4 ,engl& has rema9$ ev] s9ce4 ,mohamm$ ,ahm$ arose 9 ! ,s\dan1 proclaim+ himself ,el ,mahdi1 ! ,mussulman ,messiah4 ,! b>b>ian hordes flock$ to 8 bann]4 ,he defeat$ ! ,egyptians 9 f\r engagem5ts1 ,octob]1 #ahhc4 ,! ,anglo-,egyptian =ce ( t5 ?\s& m51 "u ,g5]al ,hicks1 0 de/roy$1 only two escap+4 ,g5]al ,gordon 0 s5t to ! relief ( ! ,egyptian army4 ,he rea*$ ,kh>t\m1 ,febru>y #ah1 #ahhd4 ,! ,mahdi/s besieg$ ! city4 ,gordon s5t = re9=cem5ts4 ,engl& 0 s sl[ 9 s5d+ !m t !y arriv$ two days too late4 ,kh>t\m 0 captur$ ?r\gh trea*]y1 & ,gordon1 ! mo/ belov$ ( ,engli% soldi]s = 8 sa9tly & h]oic "*1 0 put to dea? on ,janu>y #bg1 #ahhe4 ,g5]al ,sir ,horatio ,h]b]t ,kit*5] 0 made ,sird> 9 #ahij4 ,he />t$ f ,cairo ) "o ?\s& ,briti% & fifte5 ?\s& ,egyptians1 black & fellah troops1 build+ a road across ! des]t z he advanc$1 & eng9e]+ 8 gunboats up ! ,nile4 ,! di/ance f 8 base1 at ,cairo1 to 8 fir/ /oreh\se1 at ,wady ,halfa1 is eight hundr$ miles4 ,april #h1 #ahih1 0 f\ght ! battle ( ,atb>a1 a =t at ! po9t :]e ! ,atb>a ,riv] ent]s ! ,nile4 ,"h ,mahmud1 ! comm&] ( ! b>b>ians1 0 captur$ & 8 army ( twelve ?\s& infantry de/roy$4 ,osman ,digna got away ) ! great] "p ( ! cavalry1 numb]+ f\r ?\s&4 ,! =ce 0 ab\t a mon? rea*+ ,wady ,ham$1 &1 ,septemb] #a1 0 9 sight ( ,omdurman4 ,! ,sird>'s l9e 0 drawn up 9 cresc5t =m1 ) ,omdurman & ,kh>t\m = its c5tre4 ,9 ?is position 0 f\ght ! fir/ battle ( ,eg$a1 9 :i* tw5ty-two ?\s& ( ! ,d]vi%es fell4 ,! ,khalifa & ,osman ,digna fl$ ) a scant h&ful ( foll[]s1 & are n[ said to be b&its 9 ! ,kord(an4 ,! numb] ( ! annihilat$ army ( ! ,mahdi/s w nev] be kn[n4 ,! ,briti% loss ( :ites 0 less ?an two hundr$1 & ! native loss less ?an ?ree hundr$4 ,! fire ( ! b>b>ians 0 g5]ally too high to effect great injury4 ,septemb] #b w be a m>k$ day 9 ,engl&'s cal5d>4 ,! ,sird> m>*$ into ,kh>t\m1 ! ,union ,jack 0 rais$1 & b5ea? its float+ crosses 8 *apla9s p]=m$ ,gordon's fun]al c]emonies on ! spot :]e he 0 sla9 ne>ly f\rte5 ye>s be=e4 ,,! ,,bo] ,,w>4--,by ! treaty ( #ahha ,great ,brita9 claim$ suz]a9ty ov] ! ,s\? ,african 7,transvaal7 ,republic & ,orange ,free ,/ate4 ,^! ,republics claim$ t by ! treaty ( #ahhd ,great ,brita9 gave up h] claim ( suz]a9ty4 ,"h arose an issue :i* 0 aggravat$ by ! discov]y ( diamonds at ,kimb]ley & ( gold at ,johannesburg1 foll[$ by ! ,jameson raid1 :i*1 %orn ( its disguise1 0 notice to ! ,bo]s t ,great ,brita9 desir$ & design$ to occupy & absorb _! two ,republics4 ,! diplomatic w> w5t on = ye>s betwe5 ,presid5t ,krug]1 ( ! ,transvaal1 & ,mr4 ,*amb]la91 ,great ,brita9's ,colonial ,secret>y4 ,x culm9at$ 9 an ultimatum on ! "p ( ,krug]1 on ,octob] #i1 #ahii1 :i* ,*amb]la9 reject$4 ,bo? sides _h be5 prep>+ = ?is1 & on ,octob] #aa1 ! outbreak ( ! w>1 ,great ,brita9 _h already an army ( #be1jjj m5 9 ,s\? ,africa1 :ile ! ,bo]s _h mobiliz$ an equal1 if n sup]ior1 army ( effectives4 ,! ,bo]s imm$iately invad$ ,natal & ,cape ,colony1 %utt+ up ,g5]al ,:ite & 8 army 9 ,ladysmi?1 & ,colonel ,p[ell & 8 =ces 9 ,mafek+4 ,kimb]ley 0 also besieg$4 ,! initial battles 7 num]\s1 fi]ce1 & g5]ally favorable to ! ,bo]s4 ,great ,brita9's eyes 7 spe$ily op5$ to ! gravity ( ! situation4 ,%e hurri$ l>ge re9=cem5ts to ! sc5e till h] armies f> outnumb]$ ^? ( ! ,bo]s4 ,yet h] be/ g5]als1 z ,bull] at ,tugela ,riv]1 & ,me?u51 at ,mag]sfonte91 cont9u$ to meet ) disa/r\s defeats4 ,"l ,rob]ts1 9 connection ) ,g5]al ,kit*5]1 0 s5t1 ,janu>y #aj1 #aijj1 to sup]s$e ! blund]+ g5]als1 & to organize a new campaign4 ,x 0 se5 t direct battle aga9/ ! ,bo]s 0 b\nd to end 9 defeat4 ,s ,rob]ts 0 provid$ ) an ov]:elm+ army1 e/imat$ at #bbe1jjj1 & he at once ent]$ ^u a w> ( /rategy4 ,8 nor?w>d advance 0 g5]al along 8 l9es1 ?us keep+ ! ,bo]s divid$4 ,he flank$ !m out ( _! /rongholds4 ,by ,febru>y he _h invad$ ! ,orange ,free ,/ate1 & rais$ ! siege ( ,kimb]ley4 ,on ,febru>y #bg he captur$ ,g5]al ,cronje & 8 =ce ( #djjj m51 & on ,m>* #ac took possession ( ,bloemfonte91 ! ,free ,/ate capital1 :5ce he issu$ a proclamation annex+ ! republic "u ! "n ( ,orange ,riv] ,colony4 ,on ,febru>y #bh ! siege ( ,ladysmi? 0 rais$1 & %ortly aft] t ( ,mafek+4 ,! ,bo]s cont9u$ to fight dogg$ly1 all ! :ile inflict+ heavy losses on _! enemy1 b resi/ance 0 futile aga9/ su* ov]:elm+ odds4 ,!y 7 gradually =c$ f "o position to ano!r 9 ! direction ( ,pretoria1 ! ,transvaal capital4 ,on ,m>* #e ,presid5ts ,krug] & ,/eyn jo9$ 9 peace proposals1 :i* 7 reject$4 ,on ,m>* #ab !y made an appeal to ! nations = m$iation4 ,all refus$ to m$iate4 ,on ,m>* #bg ! ,bo]s lo/ _! able/ g5]al 9 ! p]son ( ,g5]al ,j\b]t1 :o di$ at ,pretoria4 ,by ,may #ab ,kroon/ad1 ! second ,free ,/ate capital1 _h fall5 into ,"l ,rob]ts' h&s4 ,! ,vaal ,riv] 0 !n cross$ & ! ,transvaal invad$4 ,on ,may #ca ! ,briti% army ent]$ ! important t[n ( ,johannesburg1 & ha/5$ t[>d ,pretoria1 :i* 0 captur$ on ,june #e1 #aijj4 ,presid5t ,krug] & ,g5]al ,bo?a _h left a few days be=e1 ! =m] 9 ! direction ( ! ,portuguese port ( ,lor5zo ,m>ques1 ! latt] ) ! remnant ( ! ,bo] army to ! m\nta9s beyond ,pretoria4 ,on ,septemb] #c ,"l ,rob]ts decl>$ ! ,transvaal annex$ to ,great ,brita9 "u ! "n ( ! ,vaal ,riv] ,colony4 ,g5]als ,bo?a & ,de ,wet cont9u$ a gu]rilla w>f>e f> pa/ ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,presid5t ,krug] accept$ ! protection ( ,holl&1 & sail$ ?i!r on ,octob] #bj1 #aijj4 ,"l ,rob]ts arriv$ 9 ,engl& 9 ,decemb]1 #aijj1 to receive 8 honors4 ,at ! turn ( ! c5tury ! ,s\? ,african problem 0 a mo/ we>y+ "o = ,great ,brita94 ,,! ,,box] ,,upris+4--,! defeat ( ,*9a by ,japan 9 #ahid1 ! ambition ( ,european p[]s to occupy h] ports & enl>ge _! 8sph]es ( influ5ce10 ! om9\s ?reats to p>tition h] t]ritory1 s\r$ ! ,man*u dyna/y & ! p ( nor!rn ,*9a aga9/ =eign]s4 ,! ,empress ,d[ag] depos$ ! "y ,emp]or1 seiz$ ! re9s ( gov]nm5t1 & cat]$ to t reaction>y & ho/ile _s :i* culm9at$ 9 ! 8,box]0 upris+4 ,^! mobs began ! de/ruction ( missions1 ! murd] & expulsion ( mission>ies1 & conc]t$ attack aga9/ ev]y?+ t savor$ ( =eign direction & influ5ce4 ,! ,*9ese regul> soldi]s 7 ei!r helpless be=e !m or 9 sympa?y ) !m4 ,by ,may1 #aijj1 all ! p[]s repres5t$ at ,pek+ /ood agha/ at ! />tl+ fact t _! respective legations 7 beleagu]$ 9 ,pek+1 & liable to be murd]$4 ,w>%ips 7 in/antly ord]$ to ,taku4 ,by ,june #a1 #aijj1 tw5ty-?ree vessels _h report$1--n9e ,russian1 ?ree ,briti%1 ?ree ,g]man1 ?ree ,fr5*1 two ,am]ican1 two ,japanese1 "o ,italian4 ,a =ce ( #bjjj soldi]s 0 l&$ f ^!1 & imm$iately />t$ = ,pek+1 "u comm& ( ! ,briti% ,re>-,admiral ,seym\r1 = ! rescue ( ! legations4 ,?is =ce 0 defeat$ by ! 8,box]s10 & compell$ to retreat to ,ti5-,ts9 ) heavy loss4 ,an attempt to torp$o ! ,taku h>bor 0 res5t$ by ! w>%ips4 ,!y bomb>d$ & blew up ! ,taku =ts4 ,9 ?is action ! ,am]ican w>%ips did n p>ticipate4 ,! 8,box]s0 sw>m$ 9 ,ti5-,ts91 & an alli$ =ce ( #djjj m5 0 s5t ?i!r to capture x4 ,9 _! fir/ attack1 on ,july #i1 !y 7 repuls$ ) heavy loss4 ,be+ re9=c$ up to #gjjj m51 _! second attack1 on ,july #ac1 0 successful4 ,! city 0 tak51 & made ! base ( fur!r op]ations aga9/ ,pek+1 #hj miles up ! ,pei-ho4 ,! allies 7 fur!r re9=c$1 & />t$ = ,pek+ ) an army ( #af1jjj m54 ,!y met ! ,*9ese army ( #cj1jjj m5 at ,pei-,tsang1 & aft] a sev]e battle on ,augu/ #e1 drove !m f _! =tifications ) great loss4 ,! ,*9ese ralli$ at ,yang-,tsun1 b 7 aga9 defeat$ by ! allies on ,augu/ #f4 ,!y (f]$ no fur!r s]i\s resi/ance to ! allies1 :o mov$ swiftly on ,pek91 inve/$ x1 &1 on ,augu/ #ad1 brea*$ its walls & ent]$ x 9 triumph4 ,! legations 7 reliev$ aft] an imprisonm5t ( ne>ly ?ree mon?s4 ,two m9i/]s1 "o ( ,japan1 ! o!r ( ,g]many1 _h be5 murd]$4 ,! o!rs _h escap$ dea? only by conc5trat+ & def5d+ !mselves 9 ! ,engli% comp\nd4 ,! alli$ =ces occupi$ ! city = a "t1 & !n ^? ( ,russia & ! ,unit$ ,/ates )drew1 leav+ a /rong legation gu>d4 ,! ,*9ese gov]nm5t appo9t$ ,li-,hung-,*ang & ,pr9ce ,*+ m9i/]s to meet m9i/]s ( ! p[]s to arrange t]ms ( settlem5t4 ,aft] mon?s ( conf]5ce a protocol 0 sign$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aija1 :i* 0 suppos$ to conta9 ! g]ms ( future settlem5t4 ,b !re 0 t 9 ! ,*9ese situation :i* 0 b\nd to tax ! diplomacy ( ! _w dur+ _m ye>s ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,a ,,review ,,( ,,m>tial ,,results4--,! hi/ory ( ! _w %[s t successful w> adds to ! glory & pre/ige ( ! victori\s nation1 & ?is is p>ticul>ly exemplifi$ by ! w>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,france1 s long victori\s1 dazzl$ ! _w4 ,at ,wat]loo1 h] glory 0 cl\d$4 ,napi]1 9 8 clos+ words ( ! hi/ory ( ^! ev5ts ( ! tw5ty ye>s ( w> & turmoil1 %[$ h[ ?or\ghly ! ,engli% p appreciat$ t _! greatness & p[] 7 due to ! glory a*iev$ by ! arms ( ,brita9's *ivalr\s sons4 ,:ile ,engl& 0 cov]+ h]self ) glory1 h] (fspr+1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 tea*+ h]1 9 ! w> ( #ahab1 t be+ n[ ( age 8 pockets 7 n aga9 to be turn$ inside out1 a lesson :i* !reaft] %e he$$4 ,greece1 ?robb+ ) ! impulse ( fre$om1 a*iev$ h] indep5d5ce1 display+ all ! h]oism ( h] ,hell5ic ance/ry4 ,! ,mexican w> add$ greatly to ! glory ( ,am]ican arms & result$ 9 ! acquisition ( a va/ t]ritory1 ^: inhabitants quickly assimilat$ !mselves to ! requirem5ts ( ,am]ican citiz5%ip4 ,! ,revolution ( '#dh b s]v$ to consolidate ! p[] ( ,prussia1 lay+ ! f\ndation = ! ,imp]ial cr[n to re/ ^u ! head ( h] k+1 :ile fitt+ ,france = h] future solid republican c>e]4 ,! ,crimean w>1 except t x *eck$ ! policy ( ,russia1 produc$ few results 9 comp>ison ) ! va/ am\nt ( blood & treasure s lavi%ly sp5t4 ,! victories ( ,mag5ta & ,solf]9o illum9$ aga9 ! eagles ( ,france4 ,! 8,sev5 ,weeks' ,w>10 :ile /ill fur!r consolidat+ ,g]many "u ,prussia1 0 n )\t its bless+s = ,au/ria1 & advanc$ 8,"y ,italy0 greatly t[>d ! goal ( h] ambition4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! appeal to arms 0 made to decide ! que/ions moot$ s9ce ! nation's bir?4 ,"o effect ( ?is w> 0 to %[ ! wond]ful pr[ess & soldi]ly qualities ( ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,! ,franco-,prussian w> lift$ ! dignity ( ,hoh5zoll]n to its height1 end$ =ev] ! ,empire ( ,france 9 a cru%+ fall1 & taught ! lesson ( sci5tific prep>ation = w>1 ?an :i* no sci5ce is m wor?y ( int5se /udy & application 9 all its bran*es4 ,! ,*9o-,japanese w> 0 a triumph ( a gr[+ civilization ov] semi-b>b>ism1 & =e%ad[s ! prom95t rle t ,japan may be call$ ^u to play 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,! enl>gem5t ( h] t]ritory 0 a fitt+ rew>d = h] unselfi% *ampion+ ( h] weak] si/]1 ,korea4 ,! ,greco-,cretan-,turki% w> %$ no glory on ! ,turki% nor on ! s-call$ ,*ri/ian nations1 & w /& on hi/ory's page z a cr[n+ %ame to ,european civilization4 ,! op5+ ( ,africa by ,g5]al ,kit*5] & 8 great a*ievem5ts read l old-"t /ories1 & ! tw5tie? c5tury may see great results 9 ,africa f ?is wond]ful campaign4 ,! w> ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) ,spa91 f\ght because x 0 impossible long] to all[ ! atrocities ( h] rule on ?is hemisph]e at our v doors1 has br\ght conditions n dream$ (1 & :i*1 "u ! provid5ce ( ,god1 may lead to great] results 9 ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian civilization ?an we n[ may compreh5d4 ,! ,bo] w> _h little in/igation on ! "p ( ,great ,brita91 except gre$4 ,its managem5t reflect$ no cr$it on h] milit>y g5ius1 weak5$ h] 9 ! eyes ( nations1 & entail$ a loss ( life & money f :i* %e w n recov] 9 g5]ations4 ,! ,*9ese di/urbance did n rise to ! dignity ( w>1 b op5$ problems ( />tl+ intricacy & mom5t = all ! p[]s4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,fairs ,,& ,,expositions ,,by ,,george ,j4 ,,hag>1 ,editor ( ,app5dix to ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,russell ,wallace1 9 a rec5t "w1 argues t ! n9ete5? c5tury is altoge!r unique 9 t x inaugurat$ a new era4 ,to grasp its m>vel\s a*ievem5ts1 he tells u1 x %\ld be comp>$ ) a long hi/orical p]iod1 r ?an ) ano!r c5tury1 h[ev] happily select$4 ,! progress x environs is set d[n z almo/ :olly mat]ial & intellectual1 & ! palm = complet5ess is giv5 to ! mat]ial4 ,debatable z 8 conclusion may be1 !re c be no dispute ei!r z to ! qualitative or quantitative progress 9 ! mat]ial advancem5t ( mank9d 9 ! c5tury n[ clos+4 ,9 ! pres5t retrospect ! broad] view becomes app>5t1--t ! mat]ial & ! intellectual h be5 alli$ =ces t h con/antly pu%$ =w>d side by side1 "o devis+ 9 ! solitude t g5ius ne$s = expansion1 ! o!r %[+ to ! _w ! realizations ( ?\ght t 9 practical application b5efit all4 ,! evolution ( ! int]national exposition ( to-day is a conspicu\s result ( ?is mat]ial & intellectual w$lock4 ,x seems a long "t betwe5 ! fair t 0 held to all[ p n closely settl$ to pur*ase ! ord9>y commodities ( life1 food1 clo?+1 & h\sehold belong+s1 & ! great expositions to :i* ! nations ( ! _w br+ ! surpass+ embodim5ts ( native ?\ght4 ,measur$ by ye>s1 ! "t is really beyond computation2 b measur$ by results1 m]e "t is annihilat$1 & ! progress t ! evolution illu/rates is f\nd to h kept a /eady pace ) man's physical necessities & intellectual gr[?4 ,! mom5t ,necessity has %[n t mank9d ne$$ some?+ to make life bright]1 happi]1 or m com=table to pass ?r\gh1 ,intellect has und]tak5 ! task ( creat+ x & has fa%ion$ out ! ,mat]ial4 ,9 ! great expositions ( to-day are se5 ! effects ( ! m>vel\s influ5ce :i* sprang f ! fair z a m>ket1 in/itut$ s long ago t no call = ! records is answ]able4 ,( ?is k9d1 only a v few rema94 ,!n came ! fair design$ to promote ! useful arts & manufactures2 ! fair to advance agriculture & alli$ indu/ries2 & ! fair to %[ special articles1 to commemorate hi/orical ev5ts1 & to aid int]e/s ( l>ge public conc]n4 ,"u an ev]-increas+ expansion1 /imulat$ by popul> favor1 ! fair1 ) ! comm]cial feature ab&on$ or hav+ x only z a re/rict$ bran*1 became ! exhibition to %[ a l>g] developm5t ( ! arts1 sci5ces1 & me*anical trades2 to celebrate great public occurr5ces on a gr&] scale ?an e>li] fairs _h done2 to promote special indu/ries1 local or national2 to aid education by p]man5t displays ( natural or manufactur$ products2 & to promote ! comm]cial int]c\rse ( ! _w4 ,f ! fir/ ( ?is class ( exhibitions came ! int]national und]tak+s1 fir/ kn[n z _w's fairs1 & aft]w>d z int]national exhibitions & expositions4 ,9 "s "o ( ^! classes may be f\nd e k9d ( a display ( products1 irrespective ( its purpose or individual "n4 ,! developm5t ( ! mod]n exhibition f ! e>ly fair has be5 conf9$ to no "o c\ntry nor p4 ,ev]y:]e ! purpose & process h be5 ! same4 ,a few ye>s *ang$ ! old-"t m>t1 :]e p w5t to buy :at !y knew !y w\ld f9d1 to ! conv5i5t place :]e tradesm5 plac$ on view ! ?+s !y knew p w\ld ne$ & buy1 z well z articles (f]$ at a v5ture t p :o really didn't ne$ !m might be tempt$ to pur*ase because ( novelty or o!r quality4 ,?us1 ! b>ga9 c\nt] & ! dep>tm5t /ore are sev]al hundr$ ye>s old] ?an ! ?rifty h\sewife ( to-day reckons4 ,trade competition1 !n z n[1 l$ to a broad5+ ( plans1 rival ef=ts1 & special attractions4 ,p began to att5d fairs to see :at 0 new1 z well z to buy2 & soon1 le/ !y %\ld tire ( sightsee+1 x became necess>y to provide means = ent]ta9+ !m4 ,pun* & ,judy came on ! sc5e ) p]5nial popul>ity4 ,juggl]y a/\nd$ ! "y & fasc9at$ _! eld]s4 ,danc+ & wre/l+ r+s prov$ sportive magnets ( annually increas+ /r5g?4 ,! fair n[ began to *ange f a /rictly comm]cial und]tak+ to an occasion = holiday hil>ity1 & soon trade & amusem5t 7 /ruggl+ = ! ma/]y4 ,9 _m places1 hil>ity l$ to excesses1 & excesses to crime4 ,public op9ion dem&$ ! =ceful int]v5tion ( ! law1 & "o by "o ! mo/ demoraliz+ fairs 7 suppress$1 ! notori\s ,donnybrook clos+ its long c>e] ( debau*]y & light+ 9 #ahee4 ,! display ( m]*&ise & ! ga!r+ ( cu/om]s at ! mo/ not$ fairs 9 "t became really enorm\s1 & = _m ye>s ! great fairs ( ! day 7 held on op5 & ext5sive pla9s4 ,!n1 too1 ! fair assum$ an importance t l$ fir/ ! local au?orities1 & aft] !m high] dignit>ies1 to seek to turn x to _! individual advantage4 ,= a "t no fair c\ld be held 9 ,great ,brita9 )\t a special grant f ! cr[n1 & x 0 a widely obs]v$ cu/om = royal or ecclesia/ical au?orities to give p]mission to a t[n or village t _h suff]$ "s mis=tune to hold a fair z a means ( ree/abli%+ itself4 ,! fam\s fair ( ,/4 ,giles's ,hill1 ne> ,man*e/]1 ,engl&1 0 in/itut$ z a rev5ue to ! bi%op by ,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,t x 0 a valuable monopoly is %[n by ! facts t its jurisdiction ext5d$ sev5 miles ar\nd ! city1 & t all m]*ants :o sold w>es )9 t circuit1 unless at ! fair1 =feit$ !m to ! bi%op4 ,a curi\s evid5ce ( e>ly int]national int]e/ 9 ! fair1 z well z ( its importance & influ5ce1 is f\nd 9 ! records ( #acad1 :5 ,k+ ,philip ( ,france s5t a =mal compla9t to ,k+ ,edw>d ,,ii4 ( ,engl&1 to ! effect t ! m]*ants ( ,engl& _h ceas$ frequ5t+ ! fairs 9 8 dom9ions ) _! wood & o!r goods1 to ! great loss ( 8 subjects4 ,philip entreat$ ,edw>d to p]suade1 &1 if necess>y1 to compel1 ,engli% p to frequ5t ! fairs ( ,france z =m]ly1 promis+ !m all possible security & enc\ragem5t4 ,z a purely comm]cial in/itution1 ! fair _h its be/ day :5 p 7 widely sep>at$4 ,! increase ( population1 ! developm5t ( new life & activity by gr[+ communities1 ! op5+ ( means ( travel betwe5 di/ant po9ts1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( /ores & m>kets1 7 all fatal to ! comm]cial fair4 ,to-day1 9 all ,europe1 only ?ree really great annual fairs ( ?is "* rema91--^? ( ,nijni-,novgorod1 9 ,russia2 ,beaucaire1 9 ,france2 & ,leipsic1 9 ,g]many4 ,! same conditions t br\ght ! popul> usefulness ( ! comm]cial fair to an end 7 ! =ces f :i* ! fair z an expon5t ( indu/rial a*ievem5t has be5 develop$1 & ! mat]ial progress ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is to be trac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,muni* ,,exposition1 #ahed4 ,= ! mod]n fair 9 all ( its =ms ! _w is indebt$ to ! ,society ( ,arts1 ( ,london1 an organization ^: fame 9 ,am]ica 0 s great t ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 9 solicit+ correspond+ memb]%ip1 decl>$ t he w\ld e/eem x a great honor to be admitt$ & also to be p]mitt$ to contribute tw5ty gu9eas to be exp5d$ 9 premiums4 ,:at ?is ,society 9 its e>ly days did = ,great ,brita9 x did also = civilization4 ,x organiz$ ! fir/ exhibition ( specim5s ( improvem5ts 9 ! useful arts & manufactures 9 #agfj2 /imulat$ native +5uity by judici\s aw>ds ( prizes & premiums = exhibits ( exceptional m]it2 & ext5d$ its p[]ful influ5ce to fo/] art1 sci5ce1 me*anical & agricultural indu/ry1 & ! fi%]y trade & colonial comm]ce ( ! c\ntry4 ,( ! _m influ5ces ( ?is ,society t came to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x may be que/ion$ if any _h a m la/+ b5efit = bo? p & c\ntry ?an t :i* gave bir? to ! me*anics' in/itutes4 ,!re are p /ill liv+ :o are able to recall h[ ! l>ge cities 9 ! ,ea/]n & ,middle ,/ates vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( two great & k9dr$ in/itutions--! me*anics' in/itute & ! appr5tices' libr>y4 ,philadelphia l$ ! cities 9 ! matt] ( "t1 h] ,frankl9 ,in/itute be+ f\nd$ 9 #ahbd4 ,f\r ye>s aft]w>d ! ,am]ican ,in/itute 0 *>t]$ 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,aft] ^! came ! ,massa*usetts ,*>itable ,me*anics' ,association 9 ,bo/on1 ! ,m>yl& ,in/itute 9 ,baltimore1 & num]\s o!rs1--^? m5tion$ be+ ! pr9cipal ones t /ill ma9ta9 annual or o!r exhibitions4 ,at fir/1 ! exhibitions ( ^! in/itutes1 l ! fir/ "o ev] held "u ! patronage ( a national gov]nm5t1--t 9 ,p>is 9 #agih1--7 compos$ ( v>i\s articles loan$ by _! own]s4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 ! popul>ity ( ! in/itutes & ! aw>d+ ( prizes & diplomas br\ght to ! exhibitions specim5s ( ! h&icraft ( memb]s & fri5ds1 & ! ris+ lights 9 ! arts & manufactures became eag] to secure ! recognition ( _! g5ius t su* aw>ds e/abli%$4 ,?us1 ! influ5ce ( ! pr9cipal surviv+ in/itutes has spread f> beyond local limits4 ,purely national exhibitions h nev] f\nd mu* popul> favor 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 z a :ole p we decide to hold "o = a purpose ( g5]al int]e/1 we pref] to set a l>ge table & invite ! univ]se to help u celebrate4 ,9 ,france1 ! fir/ national exhibition 0 a loan exhibition4 ,its effect1 h[ev]1 0 s imm$iate t ! gov]nm5t repeat$ x ! same ye>1 organiz$ m elaborate ones 9 #ahja & #ahjb1 & decid$ to hold !m tri5nially !reaft]--a c\rse t has s9ce be5 int]rupt$ by political exig5cies4 ,^! exhibitions 7 project$ to illu/rate ! progress ( ,france only4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re h be5 no ,/ate exhibitions1 except+ agricultural fairs1 = :i* outside cop]ation has n be5 invit$4 ,! life ( ! ,am]ican agricultural fair is almo/ measurable by ! full c5tury4 ,?is1 too1 _h its orig9 9 ,engl&4 ,! fa!r ( ! ,am]ican sy/em ( comb9$ agricultural fairs & cattle %[s 0 ,elkanah ,watson1 a native ( ,plym\?1 ,mass41 :o sp5t ! great] "p ( 8 life 9 promot+ l>ge public measures besides agriculture & education4 ,9 #ahjg he remov$ f ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 to ,pittsfield1 ,mass41 :]e he engag$ 9 g5]al & exp]im5tal agriculture & cattle-rais+4 ,8 ef=ts to improve local f>m+ conditions & to raise a sup]ior bre$ ( cattle attract$ widespread int]e/1 & ?is sugge/$ to him t an annual exhibition ( cattle & ( f>m products1 result+ f a m pa9/ak+ sy/em ( cultivation ?an 0 commonly foll[$1 w\ld prove ( mat]ial advantage to ! f>m]1 ! bre$]1 & ! g5]al public4 ,accord+ly1 he induc$ 8 f>m+ fri5ds 9 ! c\ntry to contribute specim5s ( improv$ bre$s ( cattle & ( sup]ior products ( ! soil2 & ! fir/ exhibition or fair 0 held 9 #ahaj4 ,?is1 ) mode/ prizes = ! be/ exhibits1 prov$ a complete success4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,orleans ,,exposition4 #ahhd4 7,illum9ation ( ,horticultural ,build+ on ,*ri/mas ,night47 ,enc\rag$ by ! results ( 8 initial ef=ts1 he w5t to ,bo/on to solicit pecuni>y aid = a second & mu* l>g] exhibition4 ,al?\gh he 0 at t "t widely kn[n = 8 public-spirit$ philan?ropy1 & also z ! f\nd] ( ! influ5tial ,b]k%ire ,agricultural ,society1 8 appeals = aid br\ght him little save d]ision4 ,to %[ h[ small conc]n 0 felt by bus9ess & public m5 t[>d ! f>m+ indu/ry1 a s5t5ce 9 a lett] f ex-,presid5t ,john ,adams to ,mr4 ,watson is suffici5t3-- 8,y w get no aid f ,bo/on2 comm]ce1 lit]ature1 !ology1 m$ic9e1 ! univ]sity1 & univ]sal politics are aga9/ y40 ,! ex-,presid5t 0 correct 9 8 judgm5t4 ,mr4 ,watson did n receive a s+le favorable response to 8 appeals2 yet he lo/ n a p>ticle ( fai? 9 ! wisdom ( 8 und]tak+4 ,) ! cop]ation only ( ! f>m]s 9 8 c\nty1 ,mr4 ,watson succe$$ 9 arrang+ annual exhibitions until #ahaf1 :5 he return$ to ,albany4 ,! same ye> he organiz$ ! fir/ agricultural society 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 & began e/abli%+ fairs & cattle %[s 9 ! ne>-by c\nties4 ,9 #ahai he secur$ ! passage ( an ,act by ! ,legislature appropriat+ #aj1jjj annually = six ye>s = ! promotion ( agriculture & dome/ic manufactures1 conditional on a l am\nt be+ rais$ by ! agricultural societies 9 ! diff]5t c\nties4 ,a ,/ate ,society 0 incorporat$ 9 #ahcb1 to :i* c\nty societies 7 direct$ to report1 :ile x1 9 turn1 _h to r5d] a comb9$ report to ! ,legislature annually4 ,s9ce !n an agricultural dep>tm5t has become an indisp5sable "p ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! v>i\s ,/ates & ,t]ritories1 ev5 ( ^? t are popul>ly believ$ to be only metallic produc]s4 ,! "* ( ! /ate & c\nty agricultural fair has be5 und]go+ a radical *ange = _m ye>s1 especially 9 sections ?ickly settl$ or ne> l>ge cities1 & ! *ief attractions h pass$ f ! exhibition ( sleek dome/ic animals & *oice fruits ( ! soil to horse-rac+ & bicycle conte/s4 ,innovations =eign to ! _s & int5tion ( ! fair h already wr\ght its ru9 9 _m places & are ?reat5+ x g5]ally4 ,( ,am]ican fairs 9 ! orig9al comm]cial s5se1 ^? held dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 to aid ! "w ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,sanit>y ,commission on ! battlefield & 9 ! camp & hospital1 w always be hi/orically conspicu\s4 ,dur+ ^? memorable f\r ye>s x is d\btful if !re 0 a s+le city1 t[n1 or village 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates t did n put =? a special ef=t to provide necessities & conv5i5ces = ! soldi]s & sailors t 7 n suppli$ by ! gov]nm5t1 & ! fair 0 ! mo/ popul> =m ( rais+ ! ne$ful money4 ,exhibitions ( special articles1 possess+ ! features ( /ate1 national1 & int]national comb9ations1 & indep5d5t ( any locality1 ev5t1 or p]iod ( "t1 are gr[+ 9 frequ5cy4 ,_m ( ^! h a pr$om9at+ te*nical int]e/1--z ! int]national exhibitions ( fi%]ies & fi%]y me?ods1 ( life-sav+ me?ods & app>atus1 ( =e/ry products & sy/ems ( =e/ pres]vation1 & ( railway appliances2 :ile o!rs comb9e ! te*nical & popul> features1 z ! exhibitions ( electrical app>atus1 ( improv$ food prep>ations1 ( bicycles1 ( automobile vehicles1 & ( wood-work+ & labor-sav+ ma*9]y4 ,special exhibitions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t possess a l>ge popul> int]e/ include ! annual %[+ ( ! art associations & leagues 9 ! pr9cipal cities1 & ! annual horse1 dog1 & sportsm5's %[s 9 ,new ,york city4 ,among !m also are to be not$ ! p]man5t expositions 9 ,philadelphia & ,*icago--bo? rem9d]s ( ! greate/ int]national expositions t _h be5 held up to _! day4 ,! ,philadelphia exposition is held 9 ,memorial ,hall1 ! build+ erect$ 9 ,fairm\nt ,p>k by ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania at a co/ ( #a1ejj1jjj1 & us$ = ! ,art ,gall]y ( ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition 9 #ahgf4 ,x n[ conta9s an art & indu/rial collection simil> to ! fam\s ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum 9 ,london4 ,! ,*icago exposition is 9 ! =m] ,art ,palace ( ! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition 9 #ahic1 &1 hav+ be5 end[$ by ,m>%all ,field ) #a1jjj1jjj1 is n[ kn[n z ! ,field ,columbian ,museum4 ,its mo/ conspicu\s feature is a collection %[+ ! developm5t ( ! railway1 & ! next1 its =e/ry exhibits4 ,9 ! l9e ( p]man5t expositions1 ,philadelphia is to be cr$it$ ) two comm]cial museums ( f>-rea*+ influ5ce t w be consid]$ fur!r on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eiffel ,,t[]4 ,,p>is ,,exposition1 #ahhh4 ,! fir/ exhibition ( ! indu/ries ( all nations 0 t held 9 ,hyde ,p>k1 ,london1 9 #ahea4 ,x 0 an outgr[? ( ! annual exhibitions ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 be=e m5tion$1 & 0 at fir/ design$ to be only a national ent]prise1 b on a m ext5d$ scale ?an ! =m] exhibitions ( ! ,society4 ,! late ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 husb& ( ,que5 ,victoria1 h[ev]1 conceiv$ ! idea ( ?r[+ ?is p>ticul> exhibition op5 to ! indu/ry ( ! _w4 ,8 sugge/ion at once met ! favor ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,society1 z well z ( ! lead+ manufactur]s ( ,engl& & ! g5]al public4 ,a royal w>rant 0 procur$ appo9t+ a commission to 8manage an exhibition ( ! works ( indu/ry ( all nations10 & ( ?is body ,pr9ce ,alb]t became presid5t4 ,on ,febru>y #ba1 #ahej1 ! commission]s felt ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ a public ann\ncem5t t ! build+ w\ld cov] an area ( f sixte5 to tw5ty acres2 t x w\ld be ready = ! reception ( goods by ,janu>y #a1 #ahea2 & t ! exhibition w\ld be op5$ to ! public on ,may #a1 foll[+4 ,! plans = a build+ submitt$ by ,sir ,joseph ,paxton 7 accept$ aft] a l>ge numb] _h be5 consid]$4 ,!y call$ = a va/ /ructure ( iron & glass1 some:at simil> to ! great cons]vatory he _h erect$ = ! ,duke ( ,devon%ire at ,*atswor?4 ,a contract 0 sign$ ) ,messrs4 ,fox & ,h5d]son = ! con/ruction ( ! build+1 "u :i* !y 7 to receive #gi1hjj1 & ! mat]ials ( ! build+ 7 to rema9 _! prop]ty4 ,on ,febru>y #c1 ! complet$ /ructure 0 =mally deliv]$ to ! commission]s4 ,x _h an extreme l5g? ( #ahea feet & an extreme bread? ( #djh feet1 ) an additional projection on ! nor? side1 #icf feet long by #dh feet wide4 ,:ile ! erection ( ! build+ 0 9 progress1 ,dr4 ,lyon ,playfair 0 *os5 to decide & classify ! wide range ( articles t 0 s\ght to be br\ght toge!r "u ! g5]al title ( 8,objects ( ,indu/rial & ,productive ,art40 ,he arrang$ ^! "u f\r great sections3 ,raw ,mat]ials1 ,ma*9]y1 ,manufactures1 & ,f9e ,arts1 & !y 9 turn 7 divid$ & subdivid$ into a va/ numb] ( classes & small] divisions4 ,! collect+ ( national exhibits 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( di/rict committees 9 all ! pr9cipal t[ns & manufactur+ localities1 & 9 response to invitations ext5d$ to all ! ,briti% colonies & ! v>i\s =eign gov]nm5ts1 ne>ly e c\ntry 9 ,europe1 almo/ e ,/ate 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,union1 ! ,s\? ,am]ican republics1 ,india1 ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 & ! f>-(f isl&s ( ! seas1 s5t objects t swell$ ! total e/imat$ value ( exhibits--exclud+ ! r5[n$ ,koh-i-noor diamond--to #a1gha1ibi4 ,! exhibition 0 op5$ by ,que5 ,victoria on ! appo9t$ day1 & 0 cont9u$ till ,octob] #aa4 ,! total numb] ( exhibitors 0 ab\t #ae1jjj4 ,dur+ ! #aad days ! exhibition 0 op5 a total ( #f1jfc1ihf p]sons visit$ x1 a daily av]age ( #db1aaa4 ,! l>ge/ numb] 9 a s+le day 0 on ,tuesday ( ! clos+ week1 #aji1iae4 ,an attempt to asc]ta9 ! numb] ( =eign visitors develop$ ! unexpect$ result t n mu* m ?an #dj1jjj =eign]s visit$ ,london beyond ! annual av]age ( #ae1jjj4 ,! f9ancial result ( ! exhibition 0 really rem>kable4 ,! total receipts f all s\rces am\nt$ to #ejf1jjj1 & ! total exp5ditures to ab\t #ccj1jjj1 leav+ a surplus ( #agf1jjj1 :i* 0 subsequ5tly increas$ to #ahf1dcf4 ,! di/9ctions ( all k9ds t 7 aw>d$1 ,c\ncil & prize m$als & 8hon\rable m5tions10 aggregat$ #ejhd4 ,x is "h int]e/+ to note1 z %[+ ! truly int]national "* ( ! fir/ _w's exhibition1 t =eign gue/s occupi$ two-fif?s ( ! exhibition space & receiv$ ?ree-fif?s ( ! honors4 ,briti% exhibitors ( ma*9]y1 manufactures 9 metal1 & manufactures 9 glass & porcela91 took m prizes ?an all ! =eign]s comb9$4 ,=eign]s l$ 9 ! numb] ( prizes = textile fabrics1 f9e arts1 & miscellane\s manufactures2 & 9 ! section ( raw mat]ials = food & manufactures ! =eign exhibitors ga9$ ne>ly f\r times z _m prizes z ! ,briti%4 ,?is exhibition develop$ a numb] ( features t %\ld be borne 9 m9d :5 consid]+ ^? t came aft] x4 ,x 0 an exp]im5t 9 an untri$ field2 x 0 compris$ 9 a s+le build+2 & x 0 self-support+4 ,9 all respects x 0 a m>vel\s a*ievem5t4 ,x made ! late ,pr9ce ,consort ! 8fa!r10 & ! ,society ( ,arts ! pione] promot]s1 ( ! int]national exposition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\rt ,,( ,,honor ,,f ,,p]i/yle4 7,_w's ,columbian ,exposition1 ,*icago1 #ahic47 ,! b5eficial influ5ce ( ! fir/ _w's exhibition began to be felt imm$iately4 ,an exhibition ( ! arts & manufactures ( ,irel& 0 held 9 ,cork 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 & ! ,royal ,dubl9 ,society1 :i* _h be5 hold+ simil> exhibitions tri5nially1 got up a mu* l>g] "o ?an usual1 ?r\gh ! g5]\s pecuni>y aid ( ,william ,d>gan1 9 #ahec4 ,! ,dubl9 exhibition1 unlike t ( ,cork1 0 int]national 9 scope4 ,am]ican visitors to ! ,london exhibition br\ght home ) !m a pretty l>ge inspiration = a simil> ef=t1 & be=e ! close ( #ahea a numb] ( citiz5s ( ,new ,york _h associat$ !mselves = t purpose4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aheb1 ! corporation ( ! city ( ,new ,york grant$ a lease = five ye>s ( ,res]voir ,squ>e1 on ! conditions t a build+ ( iron1 glass1 & wood %\ld be erect$ !reon1 & t ! entrance fee to ! propos$ exhibition %\ld n exce$ fifty c5ts4 ,9 ,m>*1 ! ,legislature incorporat$ ! ,association = ! ,exhibition ( ! ,indu/ries ( all ,nations1 ) a capital ( #bjj1jjj t might be increas$ to #cjj1jjj4 ,subsequ5tly1 ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t con/itut$ ! build+ a bond$ w>eh\se & exempt$ =eign exhibits f ! paym5t ( duties4 ,?is exhibition 0 !re=e a private ent]prise1 hav+ no o!r (ficial recognition ?an t m5tion$4 ,x 0 also an un=tunate affair f beg9n+ to end4 ,! location 0 !n ?ree or f\r miles f ! he>t ( ! city2 ! area 0 entirely inadequate = ! purpose2 ! day ( op5+ _h to be po/pon$1 because ( ! incomplete condition ( ! build+2 & f9ancially ! ent]prise 0 a huge failure4 ,! exhibition 0 op5$ ,july #ad1 #ahec1 ) mu* c]emony1 al?\gh /ill sc>cely half ready = exhibits or visitors1 & 0 cont9u$ = #aai days4 ,!re 7 ab\t #dhjj exhibitors1 some:at m ?an "o-half be+ =eign4 ,! total co/ ( ! exhibition 0 ne>ly #a1jjj1jjj1 & ! receipts 7 #cdj1jjj4 ,al?\gh a f9ancial failure1 & a disappo9tm5t 9 _m ways1 ?is fir/ int]national exhibition 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 productive ( mu* good4 ,! success ( ! ,london exhibition also ar\s$ ! ,fr5* to dep>t f ! exclusively national "* ( _! =m] exhibitions & to inaugurate "o op5 to ! _w4 ,?is 0 done "u ! direct auspices ( ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t1 :i* und]took to comb9e c]ta9 features ( bo? ! ,london & ! ,new ,york ent]prises2 h5ce1 ! fir/ int]national exhibition held 9 ,p>is 0 practically a private s*eme support$ by (ficial gu>antees4 ,a fur!r dep>ture 0 "h made 9 ! matt] ( build+1 &1 in/ead ( ! s+le great /ructure1 !re 7 ! ,palais de l',indu/rie1 ! ,palais des ,beaux ,arts1 ! ,panorama1 & ?ree small] build+s = agricultural implem5ts1 c>riages1 & a v>iety ( less co/ly articles4 ,ano!r innovation 0 "h introduc$1 a p>tial return to ! me?ods ( ! comm]cial fair1 9 ! sett+ ap>t ( exhibit+ spaces on ! op5 gr\nd4 ,! ma9 build+1 ! ,palais de l',indu/rie1 0 erect$ by a jo9t-/ock company on ! ,*amps ,elyses1 & provid$ a floor space ( #a1ggj1jjj squ>e feet4 ,x 0 built ( glass1 /one1 & brick1 & 0 #hjj feet long by #cej feet wide4 ,! v>i\s build+s co/ ab\t #e1jjj1jjj1 & ! ,palais de l',indu/rie 0 erect$ = a p]man5t /ructure4 ,?is exhibition 0 op5$ on ,may #ae1 #ahee1 & clos$ on ,novemb] #ae1 foll[+4 ,x 0 visit$ by #d1ecc1dfd p]sons4 ,besides ,france & h] colonies1 fifty-?ree =eign /ates & tw5ty-two colonies belong+ to !m s5t exhibits4 ,9 all !re 7 #bj1hci exhibitors1 ^? ( ,france & h] colonies pr$om9at+ by only ab\t #ejj4 ,! exhibits 7 classifi$ on ! ,london plan1 !re be+ 9 ea* case ?irty classes altoge!r4 ,exclud+ ! ma9 build+1 :i* ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t acquir$1 ! exhibition co/ ab\t #b1bej1jjj4 ,betwe5 ! fir/ & second ,london exhibitions !re 7 _m indu/rial & art displays 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & colonies & on ! ,cont95t1 among :i* %\ld be not$ ^? ( ,new ,brunswick & ,madras 9 #ahec1 ,muni* 9 #ahed1 & ,ed9burgh & ,man*e/] 9 #aheg4 ,! second ,london exhibition 0 und]tak5 by a commission head$1 z ! fir/1 by ! ,pr9ce ,consort1 "u a gu>antee fund ( #b1bej1jjj4 ,:ile x 0 9 c\rse ( prep>ation ! ,pr9ce ,consort di$1 & = a :ile a heavy pall hung ov] ! s*eme4 ,! commission "h introduc$ ! ,fr5* idea ( sep>ate build+s4 ,! site 0 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & ! ma9 /ructure 0 built ( brick1 glass1 & iron1 0 ne>ly rectangul> 9 %ape1 & cov]$ an area ( ab\t sev5 acres4 ,) ! annexes ! total area "u ro( 0 ab\t tw5ty-?ree acres4 ,illu/ration3 ,,woman',s ,,build+4 7,_w's ,columbian ,exposition1 #ahic47 ,?is exhibition 0 op5$ by ! ,duke ( ,cambridge on ,may #a1 #ahfb1 & rema9$ op5 = #agg days4 ,x 0 visit$ by #f1baa1ajc p]sons1 a daily av]age ( #cf1cbi1 its receipts 7 :olly absorb$ by exp5ses1 & a slight deficit 0 left4 ,=eign exhibitors numb]$ #ag1hfa1 & receiv$ m ?an #ijjj prizes4 ,9 #ahfc ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t ann\nc$ t an exhibition w\ld be held 9 ,p>is 9 #ahfg1 t 0 int5d$ to be m completely univ]sal 9 "* & m compreh5sive 9 plan ?an any t _h ev] be5 held4 ,! ,*amp de ,m>s1 ! great p>ade-gr\nd on :i* ! ,ecole ,militaire fac$1 conta9+ ab\t #aaa acres1 0 plac$ at ! disposal ( ! commission]s by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is space 0 erect$ ! pr9cipal build+1 an oval /ructure ma9ly ( iron1 #afjg feet long & #abdf feet wide1 t co/ #b1ceg1jjj4 ,9 plann+ ?is build+ ! conv5i5ce ( exhibitors & visitors 9 ready access to ! exhibits ( any desir$ c\ntry or class 0 giv5 ! pref]5ce ov] ar*itectural effect4 ,"h1 aga91 0 a diffusion ( exhibits 9 deta*$ build+s1 & a notewor?y novelty 0 ! res]vation ( gr\nd on ! p>k surr\nd+ ! ma9 build+ = ! erection by =eign exhibitors ( special build+s = ! display ( articles t c\ld n be accommodat$ 9 ! ma9 /ructure4 ,?is feature became ! mo/ popul> "o ( ! entire exhibition1 = x gave a mo/ graphic illu/ration ( ! ar*itecture1 mann]s1 cu/oms1 & c\ntless peculi>ities ( ! peoples ( ! _w4 ,! exhibition 0 op5$ by ! ,emp]or on ,april #a1 #ahfg1 & 0 clos$ on ,octob] #ca1 foll[+4 ,! numb] ( visitors 0 upw>d ( #ae1jjj1jjj1 a daily av]age ( ne>ly #gj1jjj1 & ( exhibitors1 #ea1hai4 ,9 all1 #ab1idd m$als & gr& prizes ( honorable m5tion 7 aw>d$4 ,f beg9n+ to end ! exp5ses 7 #d1eif1gfd1 & ! receipts aggregat$ #b1hbb1jjj4 ,! national & municipal gov]nm5ts contribut$ #a1bjj1jjj ea*1 :i* add$ to ! receipts ( ! exhibition prop] creat$ a surplus ov] exp5diture ( #fbf1jjj4 ,london's ?ird exhibition1 f ,may #a till ,septemb] #cj1 #ahga1 0 project$ z ! fir/ ( an annual s]ies t %\ld sep>ately promote a di/9ct bran* ( indu/rial ef=t4 ,?irty-?ree =eign c\ntries 7 repres5t$2 !re 7 approximately #djjj art & #gjjj indu/rial exhibitors2 & ! visitors numb]$ #a1adb1jjj4 ,! second 9 ! s]ies1 9 #ahgb1 0 conf9$ to pr9t+1 pap]1 music1 musical in/rum5ts1 jewelry1 cotton goods1 & f9e arts2 & ! ?ird1 9 #ahgc1 0 devot$ to ! g5]al subject ( cook]y4 ,great z 0 ! univ]sal exposition ( ,p>is 9 #ahfg1 t at ,vi5na 9 #ahgc f> surpass$ x 9 ext5t & gr&eur1 al?\gh its pecuni>y success 0 sev]ely affect$ by an epidemic ( *ol]a1 a f9ancial crisis1 & local extortions4 ,z ea* ( ! prec$+ int]national exhibitions _h develop$ a di/9ctive feature1 s ?is ( ,vi5na introduc$ ! cu/om ( hold+ _w's congresses = ! discussion ( great problems ( univ]sal application4 ,! exhibition 0 op5$ on ,may #a & clos$ on ,novemb] #c1 foll[+4 ,turn/iles record$ ! entrance ( #g1bed1fhg visitors4 ,!re 7 ab\t #gj1jjj exhibitors1 ^: display1 9 ext5t & co/l9ess1 exce$$ t ( ,p>is 9 #ahfg4 ,! gross receipts 7 ab\t #b1jjj1jjj1 & exp5ditures ab\t #i1hej1jjj1 mak+ a defici5cy ( "s #g1hej1jjj1 :i* ! ,gov]nm5t liquidat$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 repres5t$ by #fdc exhibitors1 m ?an half ( :om 7 aw>d$ prizes4 ,?is br+s ! record up to ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition1 at ,philadelphia1 9 #ahgf1 & cov]s ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! c5tury4 ,! actual "w ( mak+ ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition began on ,m>* #c1 #ahga1 :5 ,congress pass$ an ,act creat+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5t5nial ,commission4 ,?is au?oriz$ ! ,presid5t to appo9t a commission] & an alt]nate f ea* ,/ate & ,t]ritory1 on ! nom9ation ( ! respective gov]nors4 ,! appo9tm5ts 7 promptly made1 & f ! :ole body ( commission]s ! foll[+ 7 *os5 = ! pr9cipal executive (fic]s3 ,presid5t1 ,joseph ,r4 ,hawley1 ( ,connecticut2 ,vice-,presid5ts1 ,alfr$ ,t4 ,go%orn1 ( ,ohio1 ,ore/es ,clevel&1 ( ,new ,j]sey1 ,john ,d4 ,creigh1 ( ,cali=nia1 ,rob]t ,l[ry1 ( ,i[a1 & ,rob]t ,mallory1 ( ,k5tucky2 ,director-,g5]al1 ,alfr$ ,t4 ,go%orn2 ,secret>y1 ,john ,l4 ,campbell1 ( ,indiana2 ,assi/ant ,secret>y1 ,dorsey ,g>dn]2 ,c\nselor & ,solicitor1 ,john ,l4 ,%oemak]4 ,details ( organization & managem5t 7 ve/$ 9 an ,executive ,committee4 ,on ,june #a1 #ahgb1 ,congress pass$ an ,act creat+ ! ,c5t5nial ,bo>d ( ,f9ance1 ) l>ge p[]s4 ,?is ,bo>d e/imat$ t ! co/ ( ! exhibition w\ld be #aj1jjj1jjj1 & apportion$ %>es ( capital /ock = ?is am\nt among ! sev]al ,/ates & ,t]ritories1 on ! basis ( population4 ,subsequ5tly1 a ,bo>d ( ,rev5ue 0 appo9t$ & ve/$ ) au?ority to collect subscriptions & o!r funds4 ,despite ! f9ancial panic ( ! summ] ( #ahgc1 prep>ations progress$ s favorably t on ,july #c ,presid5t ,grant issu$ a proclamation recit+ t ! "o-hundr$? anniv]s>y ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld be celebrat$ by hold+ an int]national exhibition ( arts1 manufactures1 & ! products ( ! soil & m9e1 9 ,philadelphia1 9 #ahgf1 op5+ ,april #ai & clos+ ,octob] #ai1 & invit+ ! nations ( ! _w to take "p 9 bo? ! celebration & ! exhibition4 ,9 response to a =mal invitation issu$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ?irty-two =eign gov]nm5ts s5t favorable replies = !mselves & _! colonies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,agricultural ,,build+4 7,atlanta ,exposition1 #ahie47 ,! city ( ,philadelphia plac$ at ! disposal ( ! commission]s a tract 9 ,fairm\nt ,p>k1 aggregat+ #bcf acres1 = ! pr9cipal build+s1 & also made proportionately l>ge allotm5ts = ! exhibition ( live/ock & agricultural implem5ts4 ,five pr9cipal build+s 7 erect$4 ,! ,ma9 ,exhibition ,build+ 0 9 ! =m ( a p>allelogram1 #ahhj feet long & #dfd feet wide1 ) projections at ! c5tre ( ! longe/ sides #daf feet long1 & at ! c5tre ( ! %ort ones #baf feet long4 ,! build+ 0 erect$ on pi]s ( masonry1 wr\ght-iron columns support+ wr\ght-iron ro( trusses =m+ ! sup]/ructure1 ! sides ( :i* = "s di/ance above ! gr\nd 7 f9i%$ betwe5 ! columns ) panel$ brick "w4 ,?is build+ cov]$ #ba4dg acres1 _h a floor space ( #icf1jjh squ>e feet1 & co/ #a1fjj1jjj4 ,! ,art ,gall]y & ,memorial ,hall1 design$ to be a p]man5t /ructure1 0 erect$ on an em95ce 9 ! ,lansd[ne ,plateau4 ,x is built ( granite1 glass1 & iron1 9 ! mod]n ,r5aissance /yle ( ar*itecture1 on a t]race sev]al feet above ! level ( ! ,plateau1 & co/ #a1ejj1jjj4 ,! dim5sions are3 l5g?1 #cfe feet2 wid?1 #baj feet2 height1 #ei feet4 ,f ! c5tre ( ! /ructure rises a dome ( iron & glass1 #aej feet 9 height1 surm\nt$ by a figure ( ,columbia ) out/ret*$ h&s4 ,?is build+ 0 erect$ by ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania1 & is n[ us$ z a p]man5t art & indu/rial museum4 ,ma*9]y ,hall 0 #adjb feet long & #cfj feet wide1 ) an annex on ! s\? side #baj by #bjh feet1 & ! ma9 build+ & annex _h toge!r a floor space ( #eeh1ddj squ>e feet1 or ne>ly ?irte5 acres4 ,! total co/ 0 #gib1jjj4 ,horticultural ,hall1 ne> ! ,art ,gall]y1 0 built by ! city ( ,philadelphia = p]man5t uses4 ,x exhibits ! ,moori% ar*itecture ( ! twelf? c5tury1 is #chc feet long by #aic feet wide1 & is #gb feet high to ! top ( ! lant]n4 ,its co/ 0 #bea1icg4 ,! ,agricultural ,build+ 0 erect$ ( wood & glass1 ! gr\nd plan %[+ a p>allelogram #fcj feet long by #dfe feet wide1 & a nave #hbf feet long & #ajj feet wide cross$ by ?ree transepts1 & co/ ab\t #cef1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma*9]y ,,hall4 7,atlanta ,exposition1 #ahie47 ,o!r notewor?y edifices 7 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t ,build+1 #ejd feet long by #cjj feet wide1 prep>$ to exhibit ! v>i\s functions ( ! public s]vice2 ! ,wom5's ,pavilion1 cov]+ an area ( an acre1 & ) its exhibits ( woman's h&iwork f ! fifte5 lead+ nations ( ! _w con/itut+ ! fir/ display ( ! k9d ev] attempt$ on a l>ge scale2 tw5ty-six build+s erect$ by ,/ate & ,t]ritorial gov]nm5ts2 & _m o!rs put up by =eign gov]nm5ts or exhibitors4 ,be=e ! exhibition clos$ !re 7 m ?an two hundr$ build+s on ! gr\nd4 ,an int]e/+ feature ( ?is exhibition 0 ! obs]vance ( ,/ate ,days1 :5 ! gov]nors ( ! ,/ates1 ) _! (ficial /affs & a l>ge foll[+ ( citiz5s1 made c]emonial visits & held receptions 9 ! sev]al ,/ate build+s4 ,!re 7 also num]\s o!r special days1 :5 ho/s ( p unit$ 9 a common int]e/1 religi\s1 frat]nal1 social1 milit>y1 aquatic1 or educational1 add$ ?\s&s to ! ord9>y att5dance4 ,dur+ ! exhibition #i1iaj1iff p]sons ent]$ ! gr\nds1 ( :om #g1bej1fbj paid ! full rate ( fifty c5ts1 #gec1fcd paid tw5ty-five c5ts ea*1 & #a1ijf1fib _h free entry4 ,! exhibition repres5t$ an outlay ( all k9ds & by all int]e/s ( ab\t #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t aid$ x ) a loan ( #a1ejj1jjj1 :i* 0 repaid2 ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania appropriat$ #a1jjj1jjj1 & ! city ( ,philadelphia gave #a1ejj1jjj4 ,f e po9t ( view x 0 an unqualifi$ success4 ,two ye>s aft] ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition ano!r "o 0 held 9 ,p>is1 :i* n only exce$$ all previ\s ones 9 t city 9 size & magnific5ce1 b made an unprec$5t$ display ( works ( art & lit]ature4 ,on ?is occasion ab\t "o hundr$ acres 7 set ap>t = ! v>i\s build+s1 ! exhibitors numb]$ "s eighty ?\s&1 ! gross receipts 7 upw>d ( #b1ejj1jjj1 & #af1jcb1gbe visitors 7 regi/]$4 ,! ?ird _w's exhibition 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 held 9 ,new ,orleans dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahhd-he1 & 0 plann$ to commemorate ! c5t5nial ( ! fir/ export ( cotton f ,am]ica4 ,! conception 0 an outgr[? ( ! exposition 9 ,philadelphia1 & 0 fir/ c>ri$ out on a limit$ scale 9 ,atlanta 9 #ahha1 & on a l>g] "o 9 ,l\isville 9 #ahhc4 ,"u ! belief t ! cotton c5t5nial %\ld be celebrat$ 9 ! *ief city ( ! cotton belt1 ! ,national ,cotton ,plant]s' ,association jo9$ he>tily 9 ! s*eme sugge/$ by ,major ,e4 ,a4 ,burke1 ( ,new ,orleans1 = a univ]sal exhibition 9 t city1 9 :i* ! great indu/ry ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates %\ld play ! mo/ prom95t "p4 ,congress aid$ ! movem5t by an ,act incorporat+ ! ,_w's ,indu/rial & ,cotton ,c5t5nial ,exposition1 &1 fur!r1 made a loan ( #a1jjj1jjj & appropriat$ #cjj1jjj = a ,f$]al ,build+4 ,railroad & o!r corporations subscrib$ = #ejj1jjj 9 /ock1 ! ,/ate ( ,l\isiana appropriat$ #ajj1jjj1 & ! city ( ,new ,orleans contribut$ a simil> sum = ! erection ( a p]man5t ,horticultural ,hall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,woman',s ,,build+4 7,na%ville ,exposition1 #ahig47 ,=mal invitations 7 s5t out to all =eign gov]nm5ts by ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t at ,wa%+ton1 commission]s 7 appo9t$ = ! sev]al ,/ates & ,t]ritories1 & ! "t ( ! exposition 0 fix$ = ,decemb] #a1 #ahhd1 to ,may #ca1 #ahhe4 ,! site select$ 0 ! ,upp] ,city ,p>k1 an unimprov$ tract ( #bde acres1 & 9 its c5tre 0 erect$ ! ,ma9 ,build+1 a /ructure built :olly ( wood1 #acgh feet long & #ije feet wide1 & ) a cont9u\s ro( pr9cipally ( glass4 ,! entire build+ cov]$ a space ( ?irty-?ree acres4 ,a ,music ,hall capable ( seat+ #aa1jjj p]sons 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! c5tre ( ?is build+1 & a ,ma*9]y ,hall 9 ! re>4 ,an ext5sion at ! s\!rn end1 #egj by #abj feet1 0 devot$ to mills & factories 9 op]ation1 & at "r angles ) ?is ext5sion 0 a build+ giv5 up to sawmills4 ,! ,f$]al ,build+1 plann$ = ! exhibits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t & ( ! ,/ates1 0 #hhe feet long by #efe feet wide1 & 9 g5]al /yle & con/ruction con=m$ to ! ,ma9 ,build+4 ,horticultural ,hall1 built ( iron & glass1 is #fjj feet long1 #ajj feet wide 9 ma9 /ructure1 & has a c5tral transept c>ry+ out ! extreme wid? to #aid feet4 ,! ,art ,build+1 ( corrugat$ iron & glass1 /ood ne>ly 9 front ( ! ,ma9 ,build+1 & 0 #bej long by #ajj feet wide1 ) a rotunda #ej feet squ>e 9 ! c5tre4 ,two o!r notewor?y build+s 7 erect$ by ! ,mexican ,gov]nm5t1 "o 9 ! /yle ( a native haci5da1 ) an int]ior gall]y = ! display ( horticulture & bird-life2 ! o!r = native m9]als4 ,exclud+ ^? ( ,mexico1 ! v>i\s build+s cov]$ an area ( #b1fgc1ehh squ>e feet1 or sixty-two acres1 & all build+s cov]$ ab\t sev5ty-six acres4 ,among ! special features ( ?is exposition 7 ! display ( woman's "w1 "u *>ge ( ,mrs4 ,julia ,w>d ,h[e2 ( ! "w ( ! color$ race1 "u *>ge ( ! late ,blan*e ,k4 ,bruce2 ( ! cultivation ( cotton & manufacture ( ! fibre2 & ( ! cultivation1 h>ve/+1 & prep>ation = m>ket ( rice & sug>4 ,on ,may #e1 #ahhi1 ano!r univ]sal exposition 0 op5$ 9 ,p>is4 ,?is 0 also a commemorative "o1 m>k+ ! c5t5nial ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 & because ( its political "* only ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,switz]l& accord$ x (ficial recognition1 al?\gh mo/ ( ! ,european gov]nm5ts enc\rag$ individual p>ticipation4 ,! exposition1 despite ?is feature1 0 a gr& success because ( its unusual ext5t & compreh5siv5ess & its di/9ctive features4 ,?is exposition co/ #h1fjj1jjj1 & _h ab\t #fj1jjj exhibitors & m ?an #bh1jjj1jjj report$ visitors1 ! great] numb]1 ( c\rse1 be+ ,fr5*4 ,! mak+ ( ! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition1 to commemorate ! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ,columbus1 began soon aft] ! close ( ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition 9 ,philadelphia4 ,x 0 at fir/ propos$ to create a p]man5t exposition1 to be held 9 ,wa%+ton 9 #ahib1 to illu/rate ! progress ( ,nor?1 ,c5tral1 & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & a bo>d ( promotion 0 organiz$4 ,by #ahhi1 h[ev]1 a /rong popul> s5tim5t _h be5 ar\s$ = a m compreh5sive display1 & citiz5s ( ,wa%+ton1 ,new ,york1 ,*icago1 & ,/4 ,l\is vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 press+ on a special committee ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate ! advantages ( _! respective cities4 ,a c]tificate to ! effect t subscriptions to ! am\nt ( #e1jjj1jjj _h be5 made 9 ,*icago decid$ ! controv]sy 9 favor ( t city4 ,on ,april #be1 #ahij1 ,congress pass$ an ,act giv+ a legal /atus to a ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition1 to be held "u ! auspices & sup]vision ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 ! organiz+ corporation to gu>antee ! subscription ( #aj1jjj1jjj & ! paym5t ( #ejj1jjj be=e ! national commission]s %\ld (ficially recognize ! site (f]$ by ! corporation = ! exposition4 ,on ,decemb] #bd1 foll[+1 ,presid5t ,h>rison ann\nc$ ! =?com+ exposition1 to be op5$ on ,may #a1 #ahic1 & invit$ ! nations ( ! _w to p>ticipate 9 x4 ,congress appropriat$ 9 v>i\s sums a total ( #c1bch1bej 9 money & au?oriz$ ! co9+ ( #e1jjj1jjj s\v5ir fifty-c5t pieces 9 silv] to be sold = ! b5efit ( ! exposition4 ,! managem5t 0 ve/$ 9 a ,national ,commission ( two repres5tatives ( ea* ,/ate & ,t]ritory & ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & eight f ! c\ntry at l>ge4 ,! site 0 ,jackson ,p>k1 on ! %ore ( ,lake ,mi*igan1 to :i* 0 add$ ! ,midway ,plaisance tract ( #hj acres1 mak+ an aggregate gr\nd area ( #fcc acres4 ,on ! ma9 gr\nd m ?an #aej notewor?y build+s 7 erect$4 ,! ,midway ,plaisance 0 devot$ to amusem5ts & ! illu/ration ( ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! _w4 ,"h1 ! mo/ conspicu\s ( a multitude ( great & curi\s objects 0 ! gigantic revolv+ & pass5g]-c>ry+ ,f]ris ,:eel4 ,all ( ! exposition build+s prop] 7 con/ruct$ ( wood1 iron1 & glass1 9 comb9ation ) a mat]ial kn[n z 8/aff10 made by unit+ pla/] & jute fibre 9 wat]1 9 ! =m ( a pa/e4 ,z all ext]ior surfaces 7 pa9t$ :ite1 ! exposition gr\nds became popul>ly kn[n z ! ,:ite ,city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,art ,,build+4 ,,exact ,,reproduction ,,( ,,! ,,p>!non4 7,na%ville ,exposition1 #ahig47 ,! pr9cipal build+s1 ) _! co/1 7 ^? ( ,manufactures & ,lib]al ,arts1 ! l>ge/ ( all1 #afhg by #ghg feet1 #a1ejj1jjj2 ,ma*9]y1 #a1bhe1jjj2 ,f9e ,arts1 #fgj1jjj2 ,agriculture1 #fah1jjj2 ,adm9i/ration1 #dce1jjj2 ,electricity1 #dja1jjj2 ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 #djj1jjj2 ,live ,/ock1 #che1jjj2 ,transportation1 #cgj1jjj2 ,horticulture1 #cjj1jjj2 ,m9es1 #bfe1jjj2 ,fi%]ies1 #bbd1jjj2 ,woman's1 #ach1jjj2 ,=e/ry1 #ajj1jjj2 & a brick imitation ( a mod]n ,unit$ ,/ates battle%ip1 ) complete armam5t & equipm5t1 #ajj1jjj4 ,=eign gov]nm5ts appropriat$ a total ( #f1ega1ebj = _! respective build+s & exhibits1 ,france lead+ ) #fej1jjj1 & be+ foll[$ by ,japan1 #fcj1jjj2 ,brazil1 #fjj1jjj2 ,g]many1 #bad1bjj2 & ,au/ria1 #adi1ajj2 & ! ,/ates & ,t]ritories1 a total ( #f1jbj1hej4 ,! entire co/ ( con/ruction 0 #ah1cbb1fbb4 ,accord+ to ! orig9al ,act ( ,congress1 ! build+s !n complet$ 7 d$icat$ on ,columbus ,day1 ,octob] #ba1 #ahib1 ) pray]1 music1 & an oration by ,*auncey ,m4 ,depew1 & dur+ t week a numb] ( ,/ate build+s 7 also d$icat$4 ,! exposition 0 =mally op5$ ) exce$+ly brilliant c]emonies on ,may #a1 #ahic1 & 0 clos$ ) an entire lack ( =mality on ,octob] #cj1 foll[+1 9 consequ5ce ( ! assass9ation ( ,c>t] ,h>rison1 mayor ( ,*icago1 two days be=e4 ,up to ,novemb] #ab1 ! receipts f all s\rces aggregat$ #cc1bij1jfe1 & ! exp5ditures1 #ca1aag1cec4 ,! total numb] ( paid admissions1 exclud+ ^? prior to ! op5+ & aft] ! clos+1 0 #ba1dgg1bah1 & ( all1 #bg1ebi1djj2 smalle/ s+le-day numb]1 #aj1gia2 l>ge/1 on 8,*icago ,day10 #gbi1bjc4 ,9 all !re 7 #fe1dbb exhibitors1 & m$als 7 aw>d$ to #bc1geg ( !m1 ! jury exam9+ & report+ on m ?an #bej1jjj sep>ate exhibits4 ,pres5t space w only p]mit ! briefe/ summ>iz+ ( ?is greate/ ( all int]national expositions hi!rto held1--mat*less 9 ext5t1 9 complet5ess ( composition1 9 gr&eur ( sett+4 ,a pleas+ evid5ce ( ! influ5ce ! und]tak+ 0 expect$ to yield is f\nd 9 ! rem>kably l>ge numb] ( int]national congresses t 7 held dur+ its progress4 ,?is feature alone call$ = #abde sep>ate sessions1 at :i* !re 7 #eigd speak]s & a special att5dance ( m ?an #gjj1jjj p]sons1 *iefly adults4 ,almo/ e conceivable bran* ( human ?\ght & ef=t _h its individual congress4 ,p>ticul>ly noticeable among ^! =mal ga!r+s 0 ! ,p>liam5t ( ,religions1 9 :i* ,*ri/ian1 ,prote/ant1 ,ca?olic1 ,jew1 & ,buddhi/ exp\nd$ _! doctr9al beliefs & n>rat$ ! /ory ( _! sect>ian progress & hopes4 ,! ,cotton ,/ates' & ,int]national ,exposition1 op5$ 9 ,atlanta on ,septemb] #ah1 #ahie1 _h its orig9 9 two purposes3 ! fir/1 to give ! indu/rial conditions ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates a m adequate display ?an !y _h at ,*icago1 ow+ to ! con/itutional inability ( _! ,legislatures to appropriate public money = su* a purpose2 ! second1 to promote l>g] trade relations betwe5 ! ,s\? & ! ,lat9-,am]ican republics & ) ,europe4 ,x 0 set on foot by private ent]prise1 & receiv$ its l>ge/ (ficial aid f ! city c\ncil ( ,atlanta1 :i* appropriat$ #ge1jjj4 ,pi$mont ,p>k1 a tract ( #ahi acres1 two miles f ! c5tre ( ! city1 & memorable because trav]s$ by ! rifle-pits ov] :i* ,g5]al ,%]man ?rew %ells into ! city ?irty-"o ye>s be=e1 0 select$ z ! site4 ,9 a natural dip ( ! gr\nd an artificial lake 0 con/ruct$1 cov]+ ?irte5 acres1 & ar\nd x ! pr9cipal build+s 7 erect$4 ,n only ! ,s\!rn1 b _m ( ! ,nor!rn & ,we/]n ,/ates aid$ ! ent]prise ) special build+s & exhibits4 ,( ! ?irte5 l>ge build+s1 t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t occupi$ ! mo/ conspicu\s site4 ,! ,adm9i/ration ,build+ 0 a reproduction ( portions ( ,bl>ney ,ca/le1 ! ,t[] ( ,london1 ,w>wick ,ca/le1 ! ,rhe9/e9 9 ,g]many1 & ,/4 ,mi*ael's1 on ! coa/ ( ,brittany4 ,on a consid]able elevation 0 ! ,auditorium1 a f\r-/ory build+ ) a dome surm\nt$ by a /atue ( ,music4 ,! l>ge/ build+ 0 t devot$ to ,manufactures & ,lib]al ,arts1 & ! mo/ orig9al ( all 9 design 0 ! "o set ap>t = ,m9]als & ,=e/ry1 :i* 0 con/ruct$ entirely ( wood f ! diff]5t ,s\!rn ,/ates 9 its natural condition1 ) ! b>k on4 ,! ,f9e ,arts & ! ,woman's ,build+s 7 ! %[ie/1 & ! ,negro ,build+ 0 made attractive by specim5s ( ! indu/ry ( negroes 9 f\rte5 ,/ates4 ,! exposition 0 clos$ ,decemb] #ca1 & co/ ab\t #b1jjj1jjj4 ,! int]national exposition at ,na%ville1 op5 f ,may #a to ,octob] #cj1 #ahig1 0 a commemoration ( ! "o-hundr$? anniv]s>y ( ! admission ( ,t5nessee into ! ,union1 & _h = its special attraction a reproduction ( a numb] ( notable build+s ( antiquity4 ,! orig9al plan provid$ = an exposition 9 #ahif1 ! true c5t5nial ye>1 b ! projectors enc\nt]$ unusual opposition 9 _! ef=ts to procure ! necess>y funds1 & x 0 n till e>ly 9 #ahig t ! incorporators 7 able to beg9 ! creation ( ! ,c5t5nial ,city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr& ,,c\rt1 ,,omaha ,,exhibition1 #ahih4 7,night view47 ,we/ ,side ,p>k1 a =m] race-c\rse 9 ! suburbs ( ,na%ville1 ) _m natural attractions 9 runn+ wat] & =e/ gr[?s1 0 select$ z ! site1 & ,c5t5nial ,city 0 made = ! brief "t ( ! exposition a full-fl$g$ municipality1 ) a mayor1 bo>d ( ald]m51 & a comb9$ police & fire dep>tm5t4 ,! reproduction ( notable build+s %[$ on a r$uc$ scale ! ,p>!non1 ! ,pyramid ( ,*eops1 ! ,alamo ( ,texas1 ! ,blue ,grotto ( ,capri1 a glimpse ( ! ,rialto ( ,v5ice1 &1 9 ! beautiful ma9 entrance1 a type ( e>ly ,egyptian ar*itecture4 ,a flag/aff #bej feet high1 cotton & tobacco fields1 ,v5etian gondolas1 ,vanity ,fair1 a typical ,*9ese f>m1 an abundance ( /atues ( classical & my?ological subjects1 wat]fall & old-"t :eel at "w1 ,lake ,ka!r9e1 ,ell5 ,isl&1 ! umbrella f\nta91 & a l>ge field = a?letic sports1 7 among ! pleasurable features4 ,! ,/ate made a /rong %[+ ( its indu/rial developm5t & ( its ri*es yet 9 res]ve4 ,9 all #aij acres ( gr\nd 7 occupi$4 ,! total receipts 7 #a1jhg1bbg1 & ! exp5ditures balanc$ to a c5t4 ,a unique exp5se feature 0 t1 exclud+ ! prelim9>y "w1 ! wom5 rais$ ! money & paid ! entire runn+ co/ ( ! ,woman's ,dep>tm5t4 ,! turn/iles regi/]$ #a1hhf1gad entrances4 ,?is exposition 0 succe$$ 9 #ahih by ! ,trans-,mississippi & ,int]national ,exposition at ,omaha1 an und]tak+ design$ to %[ :at _h be5 accompli%$ by ! pione]s & _! *ildr5 9 ! great ,trans-,mississippi ,valley1 & especially 9 a ,/ate t =ty-?ree ye>s be=e 0 an unorganiz$ t]ritory 9 ! va/ tract kn[n z ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase4 ,! site 0 a plateau j nor? ( ! city1 & 9 plann+ ! display e consid]ation 0 giv5 to orig9ality4 ,except+ t ! gr\nds con/itut$ a second ,:ite ,city1 f ! use ( 8/aff10 z at ,*icago1 e feature ( design & con/ruction possess$ /rik+ elem5ts ( diff]5ce f all simil> ef=ts 9 ! pa/4 ,! managem5t 0 "u ! presid5cy ( ,gurdon ,w4 ,wattles1 & ! exposition 0 =mally op5$ by ,presid5t ,mc,kinley1 :o1 9 ! ,:ite ,h\se at ,wa%+ton1 press$ an electric button t />t$ ! great eng9e4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t erect$ a build+ ( ! classic /yle1 foll[+ ! ,ionic ord]4 ,x 0 surm\nt$ by a colossal dome support+ a copy ( ,b>?oldi's /atue ( 8,lib]ty ,enlight5+ ! ,_w10 & _h a floor space = exhibits ( ab\t #ej1jjj squ>e feet4 ,! ,gov]nm5t also recogniz$ ! importance ( ! ev5t by issu+ a special set ( commemorative po/age /amps4 ,f9e arts 0 exhibit$ 9 a tw9-dom$ build+1 a /ructure 9 two p>ts1 ) an elaborate p]i/yle betwe5 !m1 & all "u "o great ro(4 ,:at af=d$ ! masses ! greate/ delight 7 ! e?nological exhibits & ! in/ructive & amus+ sc5es on ! ,midway ,res]ve4 ,^! includ$ an ,indian village1 ) repres5tatives f e tribe betwe5 ,alaska & ,florida1 a ,*9ese village1 an ,arabian encampm5t1 a ,moori% t[n1 a ,swiss village1 a ,cairo /reet1 ! ent]ta9+ ,egyptian ,pyramid1 & ! gigantic pass5g]-c>ry+ ,%]man ,umbrella--a me*anical m>vel op]at$ by electricity1 & "o hundr$ feet high] ?an ! ,f]ris ,:eel ( ,*icago4 ,!re 0 also a picturesque lagoon or canal1 half a mile long & #aej feet wide at its n>r[e/ "p1 t]m9at+ 9 an artificial lake trefoil 9 %ape & #djj feet across4 ,! exposition 0 op5$ on ,june #a & 0 clos$ on ,octob] #ca4 ,9 t "t x 0 visit$ by m ?an #b1fjj1jjj p1 ! l>ge/ s+le-day att5dance be+ #ih1ghe4 ,! total receipts 7 n q #b1jjj1jjj1 & ! exp5ditures 7 ab\t #a1ejj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma9 ,,build+1 ,,national ,,export ,,exposition1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,sept4 #ad ,,to ,,nov4 #cj1 #ahii4 ,?is completes ! record ( ! mo/ notable expositions & ! incid5tal hi/ory ( _! developm5t1 f ! comm]cial fair ( ! previ\s c5tury up to ne> ! close ( #ahii4 ,!re rema9s to note a =m ( p]man5t exhibition t has be5 purposely res]v$ = ?is po9t4 ,! ,comm]cial ,museum1 ( :i* ,philadelphia has ! two mo/ effective examples 9 exi/5ce1 is a purely comm]cial developm5t1 yet an educational text-book ( unique & extraord9>y compass4 ,?\gh ! ,philadelphia ,comm]cial ,museum & ! simil> dep>tm5t ( ! ,philadelphia ,b\rse 7 bo? project$ be=e ! =eign trade ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h rea*$ ! enorm\s volume t caus$ wond] & al>m alike all ov] ! _w1 bo? h _h a p[]ful1 direct1 & imm$iate influ5ce 9 br++ ab\t a great] appreciation abroad ( ,am]ican products4 ,! comm]cial museums /& betwe5 ! ,am]ican produc] & ! =eign factor4 ,!y in=m ! =m] :]e special articles are ne$$ & ! latt] ( reputable firms :o c supply _! ne$s4 ,by a l>ge corps ( travel+ ag5ts1 an enorm\s correspond5ce1 & a direct cop]ation ) ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t & its repres5tatives1 ^! museums keep 9 ! close/ possible t\* ) ! comm]cial int]e/s ( ! _w4 ,all ?is is indep5d5t ( ! exhibition feature1 a va/ dep>tm5t 9 :i* ! pr9cipal economic productions1 fir/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & !n correspond+ly ( ! _w1 are spread be=e ! eye ( ! visitor4 ,9 ?is connection %\ld also be not$ ! fact t _m ( our comm]cial repres5tatives abroad h e/abli%$ at _! headqu>t]s collections ( ,am]ican products t are p>ticul>ly ne$$ 9 _! respective localities4 ,9 all ( ! =ego+ a s+le text has be5 kept 9 m9d3 ,:at has be5 ! influ5ce ( ! fair1 ! exhibition1 ! int]national exposition8 ,ready answ]s h be5 sugge/$ by ! sev]al items ( co/ & att5dance4 ,ano!r answ] may be div9$ 9 _! frequ5cy & univ]sality4 ,& at ! close ( ?is survey ( m ?an a hundr$ ye>s1 probably ! be/ answ] ( all is to be f\nd 9 ! ef=ts 9 ?is l9e ) :i* "o c5tury is clos$ & ano!r op5$4 ,^! include ! ,great] ,am]ican ,exposition at ,omaha1 ,july-,novemb]1 #ahii1 a comm]cial success1 & a revelation ( trans-,mississippi pione]+ ent]prise4 ,?is 0 supplem5t$ by ! ,export ,exposition & ,_w's ,comm]cial ,congress1 ! fir/ ( ! k9d ev] held "u ! jo9t auspices ( ! ,comm]cial ,museum & ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute ( ,philadelphia1 9 t city1 9 ,septemb]-,novemb]1 #ahii4 ,!n foll[$ ! ,univ]sal ,exposition 9 ,p>is1 9 #aijj4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z especially elaborate & successful4 ,x beautifi$ ! ,*amp de ,m>s & ,place des ,invalides ) h&some indu/rial palaces1 br\ght into p]man5t exi/5ce ! two ,palaces ( ,f9e ,arts & ! ,alex&] ,,iii4 ,bridge1 l9$ ! banks ( ! ,se9e ) ! 8,/reet ( ,nations10 & sw>m$ ! ,trocad]o ) ! _w's colonization4 ,ov] #ej1jjj1jjj witness$ its panoramic sc5es4 ,its exp5se 0 l>gely provid$ = by prior sales ( tickets on a bond$ plan4 ,! c5tury turn$ ) a prospective ( ! ,pan ,am]ican ,exposition at ,buffalo & ,int]national at ,glasg[ 9 #aija2 ! ,ohio ,c5t5nial & ,int]national at ,tol$o 9 #aijb2 ! ,int]national at ,liege1 ,belgium1 9 #aijc2 & ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase ,c5t5nial at ,/4 ,l\is 9 #aijd4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,progress ,,9 ,,co9age1 ,,curr5cy1 ,,& ,,bank+ ,,by ,,hon4 ,,brad=d ,,rhodes1 ,editor ( 8,bank]'s ,magaz9e40 ,i4 ,,banks ,,& ,,bank+ ,,res\rces4 ,! hi/ory ( nation build+ conta9s no p>allel to ! progress & developm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! pa/ "o hundr$ ye>s1 & ! mo/ accurate & /rik+ indication ( ?is rem>kable gr[? may be se5 9 ! evolution ( our curr5cy & bank+ sy/ems4 ,z ! v>iations 9 temp]ature & ! *anges 9 atmosph]ic pressure are measur$ by ! !rmomet] & b>omet]1 s are ! fluctuations 9 a c\ntry's weal? gaug$ by ! banks & o!r f9ancial in/itutions4 ,likewise ! degree ( civilization to :i* a c\ntry has atta9$ is reflect$ by ! p]fection ( its monet>y ma*9]y4 ,aft] hav+ tri$ ne>ly e unwise exp]im5t condemn$ by ! tea*+s ( hi/ory1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has f9ally rea*$ a position :]e its curr5cy meets ! two fundam5tal requirem5ts ( s\nd f9ance1 namely1 7#a7 ! /&>d ( value is t 9 use among ! great comm]cial /ates ( ! _w2 7#b7 all ( ! curr5cy is ei!r directly or indirectly conv]tible into ! /&>d co94 ,despite "s m9or faults 9 our f9ancial sy/em :i* make ! ma9t5ance ( ! p>ity ( ! sev]al k9ds ( curr5cy a cumb]some & exp5sive op]ation1 & prev5t ! banks f r5d]+ t full degree ( assi/ance to comm]ce & indu/ry :i* !y w\ld af=d "u laws t did n unnecess>ily re/rict _! rightful functions1 all our money responds to ! two ess5tial te/s--safety & conv]tibility2 :ile ! banks h be5 among ! mo/ p[]ful factors 9 plac+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! front rank ( ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,our f9ances may be lik5$ to a triangle1 ( :i* ! base--! gold /&>d--has be5 9 actual exi/5ce s9ce #ahgi 7mu* long] ?an t 9 law71 & ! o!r side--safety--also assur$1 want+ b ano!r addition--ela/icity--to complete ! symmetrical & p]fect figure4 ,t ?is la/ requisite ( a s\nd curr5cy w be suppli$ by ! wisdom & +5uity ( our p1 is n to be d\bt$4 ,!re are two respects 9 :i* ! f9ancial policy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is unique 9 comp>ison ) mo/ o!r great comm]cial c\ntries2 fir/1 its gold res]ve is unprotect$ by ! devices 9 use else:]e1 z x does n *>ge a premium on gold z ! ,bank ( ,france does :5 gold is want$ = export1 nor c x protect ! gold res]ve by rais+ ! rate ( disc\nt z ! great banks ( ,europe may d2 second1 bank+ is practically free & anti-monopoli/ic4 ,"u ^! conditions we h rea*$ a place t may well excite ! a/oni%m5t ( ! old-_w c\ntries4 ,our /ock ( metallic money1 z e/imat$ by ! ,director ( ! ,m9t1 9 #ahih1 0 #ibe1jjj1jjj 9 gold & #fch1jjj1jjj 9 silv]4 ,no o!r nation own$ s mu* gold4 ,only "o--,*9a--own$ z mu* silv]1 b x _h no gold1 & ! p] capita ( silv] 9 ,*9a is only #a4if aga9/ #h4ef 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,our /ock ( gold is m ?an d\ble t ( ,great ,brita91 great] by a hundr$ millions ?an t ( ,france1 & also exce$s t ( ,g]many & ,russia4 ,( our silv] /ock1 #efa1ejj1jjj is a full legal t5d]1 & #gf1gjj1jjj a limit$ legal t5d]1 ! latt] sum repres5t+ ! subsidi>y co9s4 ,9 our bank+ p[] ! situation is equally =tunate4 ,mulhall def9es bank+ p[] z ! paid-up capital ( banks1 ! deposits exclusive ( sav+s banks1 & ! am\nt ( conv]tible pap] money4 ,he %[s ! gr[? ( ?is =m ( weal? to h be5 z foll[s1 f #ahdj to #ahid3-- ,,millions ,,p\nds ,,/]l+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,great ,unit$ ,france4 ,g]many4 ,o!r ,total4 ,brita94 ,/ates ,/ates ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ahdj #acb #ij #af #ab #eh #cjh #ahid #ifj #a1jcj #cef #bca #gfj #c1ccg ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,9 ! two great ess5tials ( f9ancial /r5g?--! quantity ( metallic money & bank+ p[]--we h f> out/ripp$ e o!r nation4 ,?is is an unfail+ sign ( our advance t[>d a position ( comm]cial & indu/rial supremacy4 ,! sceptre ( f9ancial p[] has cross$ ! ,atlantic f ,europe to ! ,new ,_w4 ,we are gradually acquir+ comm& ( ! _w's m>kets1 & 9 "t we %all see our banks--ev] ! h&maids ( comm]ce--ext5d+ _! op]ations to ! mo/ di/ant qu>t]s ( ! e>? & c>ry+ ev]y:]e ! b5efic5t influ5ces ( mod]n civilization4 ,new ,york z a f9ancial c5tre has be5 gr[+ ) a/oni%+ rapidity 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,f #ahgi to #ahii ! banks belong+ to ! ,new ,york ,cle>+-,h\se ,association increas$ _! deposits f #bed1gjj1jjj to #iaj1ejj1jjj1 & _! specie--*iefly gold--f #ed1gjj1jjj to #bjb1fjj1jjj1 ! latt] item hav+ ab\t d\bl$ 9 ! pa/ two ye>s1 be+ #ajd1gjj1jjj 9 #ahig1 & #bjb1fjj1jjj1 z above /at$1 9 #ahii4 ,! aggregate ( bank+ in/itutions 9 ! city--national banks1 /ate banks1 tru/ companies1 & sav+s banks1 exclusive ( private bank+ firms--_h1 ab\t ,janu>y #a1 #ahii1 capital1 surplus1 & pr(its am\nt+ to #caa1fjj1jjj2 deposits ( #b1jdg1hjj1jjj2 & total res\rces ( ne>ly #b1ejj1jjj1jjj4 ,"o bank--! ,national ,city--) ov] #add1jjj1jjj ( deposits1 is ! l>ge/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 :ile ! ,b[]y ,sav+s ,bank1 ) #aba1jjj depositors & #fg1jjj1jjj ( deposits1 is ! l>ge/ ( its k9d 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! pres5t /atus ( ! diff]5t classes ( banks 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is fairly %[n by ! foll[+ table compil$ f ! ,annual ,report ( ! ,comptroll] ( ! ,curr5cy1 = ! ye> #ahih3-- ,,pr9cipal ,,items ,,( ,,res\rces ,,& ,,liabilities ,,( ,,all ,,classes ,,( ,,banks ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 ,,july #ad1 #ahih4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,national ,/ate ,banks4,loan ,tru/ ,banks4 ,companies4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,loans #b1aea1geg1fee #hac1gdi1hjceci1afb1dde ,unit$ ,/ates bonds #bhe1cef1ijj #d1ahe1cjd #cd1ahf1ddj ,o!r bonds #bej1fhi1cge #abg1ejj1dhd #aei1gia1cab ,ca% #dib1hhb1gbd #acc1hgg1acc #bb1bej1hfb ,capital #fbb1jaf1gde #bcc1ehg1cec #aja1bbh1eee ,surplus & pr(its #ccb1iga1fdc #aji1eed1eai #ig1fdc1fff ,deposits #b1jgf1bbf1egf #iab1cfe1djf #ffb1ach1cig ,total res\rces #c1igg1fge1ddea1cef1jhd1hjj #idb1dfb1agi ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,sav+s ,private ,total4 ,banks4 ,banks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,loans #a1jgj1gge1biceg1bjf1haid1fcb1fcb1jae ,unit$ ,/ates bonds #adj1jbi1gbf #ibg1dgc #dfd1fhe1hdc ,o!r bonds #hcd1fgj1dia #c1eii1jib #a1cgf1bej1ged ,ca% #cb1ibh1cbc #e1heg1acb #fhg1gif1agd ,capital #ah1ecf1acj #af1gba1gej #iib1jij1ecc ,surplus & pr(its #ahg1dge1iga #e1jib1cda #gcb1gch1adj ,deposits #b1jbh1bjh1dji #fb1jhe1jhd #e1gda1jbc1hgb ,total res\rces #b1bda1cdd1iia #ia1dcf1chg #h1fji1jjc1hjb ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,!re 7 #cehb national banks t report$1 & #eijc o!r banks1 a total ( #idhe4 ,! total bank+ funds1 t is1 capital1 surplus & pr(its1 & individual deposits1 ( all banks report+1 am\nt$ to #g1daf1cee1efh4 ,we _c get a correct und]/&+ ( ^! figures )\t go+ back to e>li] dates & mak+ comp>isons4 ,9 #agih !re 7 tw5ty-five /ate banks 9 ! c\ntry1 aga9/ #cife report+ to ! ,comptroll] ( ! ,curr5cy 9 #ahih1 :i* is p]haps ab\t #ij p] c5t ( ! total ( su* in/itutions n[ exi/+4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago ! capital ( ! /ate banks 0 less ?an tw5ty millions1 comp>$ ) #bcc1iga1fdc n[ report$4 ,!y _h1 all told1 b #ad1jjj1jjj ( specie--half z mu* z is n[ held by "o ,new ,york city bank alone4 ,_! circulation 0 only #i1jjj1jjj1 comp>$ ) m ?an #bjj1jjj1jjj ( national bank circulation n[ out/&+4 ,! national banks also %[ a rem>kable gr[?4 ,9 #ahfi !re 7 #afbj banks 9 op]ation1 report+ #dbj1hjj1jjj capital1 #edg1ijj1jjj individual deposits1 #ag1ejj1jjj specie1 & #a1eag1gjj1jjj total res\rces4 ,?irty ye>s lat] ! numb] ( banks _h increas$ to #ceij1 :ile ! capital 0 #fjh1cjj1jjj1 ! individual deposits #b1bcb1ajj1jjj1 & specie #cga1hdc1djj1 :ile ! total res\rces _h increas$ to #d1djc1hjj1jjj4 ,! total weal? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahie 0 e/imat$ at m ?an #hj1jjj1jjj1jjj1--;f> exce$+ 9 ! aggregate t ( any o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,x is expect$ t ! c5sus ( #aijj w %[ our total weal? to be m ?an #ajj1jjj1jjj1jjj1 or probably d\ble t ( ,great ,brita91 ! next ri*e/ nation4 ,b :ile ! nation is pil+ up weal? at an unexampl$ rate1 x _c be said t ?is is a l& 8:]e weal? accumulates & m5 decay40 ,great 9 its mat]ial res\rces1 ! c\ntry 0 nev] be=e /rong] 9 ^? elem5ts :i* con/itute ! *ief reliance ( national p[]4 ,a unit$ citiz5%ip1 possess+ an hone/y t adv]sity _c sully & an intellig5ce t :5 once ar\s$ p5etrates ! mo/ cunn+ly conceal$ economic sophi/ries1 work+ out ! problems ( ! future "u laws & conditions assur+ to ! individual ! l>ge/ opportunities1 po9ts to a developm5t 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury 9 no wise inf]ior to t ( ! hundr$ ye>s prec$+4 ,,ii4 ,,co9age ,,& ,,production ,,( ,,preci\s ,,metals4 ,! prevail+ sy/ems ( co9age 9 ?is c\ntry & among all great comm]cial nations are ! result ( developm5t & gr[?4 ,gold & silv] h become ! pr9cipal money metals by a process ( natural selection1 :i* has *os5 ! in/rum5ts be/ suit$ to ! purpose4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 & "u ! laws ( developm5t1 ne>ly all ! great trad+ c\ntries ( ! _w h select$ gold z ! /&>d ( value4 ,9 ! future1 gold itself may give way to some?+ bett]1 = x only relatively meets ! ess5tials ( a p]fect /&>d4 ,among ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,ori5tal peoples1 cattle 7 g5]ally us$ z a /&>d ( value4 ,! mod]n rupee ( ,india is ! old ,sanscrit ^w r\pa1 a h]d4 ,capital is b ! e/imate ( ,roman ri*es 9 cattle4 ,! ,lat9 pecus1 cattle1 is ! root ( pecunia1 ri*es1 & ! orig9 ( our ^w pecuni>y4 ,! ,icel&]s measur$ values 9 dri$ fi%2 ! ,hudson ,bay c\ntry 9 sk9s2 ! e>ly ,virg9ians 9 tobacco2 ! ,indians ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada 9 wampum2 ! ,*9ese1 ev5 9 rec5t times1 9 squ>es ( press$ tea2 ! ,africans 9 b>s ( salt & slaves4 ,^! primitive devices gradually gave way1 "u ! dem&s ( int]national trade1 to ! use ( metals z /&>ds ( value4 ,t91 copp]1 gold1 silv]1 & iron all 7 us$1 &1 at fir/1 pass$ by weight4 ,gov]nm5t co9age ( money is ?\ght to date f ! sev5? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 & is cr$it$ to ! ,lydians & to ,pheidon ( ,argos1 ! (ficial /amp be+ a gu>antee ( ! hone/y1 weight1 & purity ( ! co9s4 ,mod]n co9age dates f ! re=mation ( ! co9age ( ,rome "u ,con/ant9e1 :o introduc$ ! gold solidus ( #c4jb 9 value1 & a silv] co9 ( l weight b ( relative value4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,julian1 ?is silv] piece1 call$ siliqua1 0 giv5 su* value z t tw5ty-f\r ( !m equal$ a gold solidus4 ,9 ! ,franki% ,empire1 "u ! ,m]ov+ian k+s1 ! relative values ( ! solidus & siliqua fluctuat$ greatly4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury1 on acc\nt ( ! sc>city ( gold1 !re 0 a gradual transition to ! silv] /&>d1 & a silv] unit1 also call$ a solidus1 0 sub/itut$ = ! gold solidus1 ! =m] be+ divid$ into twelve p5ce4 ,?is silv] solidus aft]w>ds became ! %ill+ ( ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,at fir/ #cjj p5ce 7 co9$ out ( a p\nd ( silv]2 b "u ,pep9 ! numb] 0 r$uc$ to tw5ty-two solidi ( twelve p5ce ea*--#bfd p5ce--out ( a p\nd ( silv]4 ,"u ,*>lemagne x 0 provid$ t only #bdj p5ce1 or tw5ty solidi ( acc\nt1 %\ld be /amp$ out ( a p\nd ( silv]1 & ?is sy/em 0 introduc$1 ) m or less success1 9 :at is n[ ,france & ,g]many4 ,z to =m1 x has rema9$1 up to ! mo/ rec5t p]iod1 ! basis n only ( ! c\ntries ( ,*>lemagne's ,empire b ( ,engl&4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 came a p]iod ( co9age debasem5t :i* culm9at$ 9 #aeea4 ,a ?or\gh co9age re=m 0 effect$ "u ,elizabe? 9 #aefj4 ,! fir/ l>ge co9ages ( gold 9 ,engl& 7 made "u ,james ,i4 ,^! cont9u$ until ! dea? ( ,william ,,iii41 9 #agja4 ,/ill1 silv] cont9u$ to be ! /&>d metal1 & 9 #afie ano!r attempt 0 made to re=m ! curr5cy by a reco9age ( ! silv] pieces1 mo/ ( :i* _h be5 clipp$ or worn1 into a new full-weight silv] co94 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 soon export$1 9 spite ( a r$uction ( ! curr5t value ( ! gu9ea1 9 #agag4 ,! gold /&>d 9 ,engl& ga9$ a ne>ly complete victory by act ( ,p>liam5t 9 #aggd1 :i* provid$ t silv] co9s n ( full weight 7!re 7 h>dly any o!rs7 ne$ n be accept$ 9 paym5ts ( m ?an tw5ty-five p\nds1 except by weight4 ,?is provision1 aft] sev]al r5ewals1 became p]man5t 9 #agih4 ,9 #agig co9age ( silv] 0 susp5d$1 & ! s+le gold /&>d practically introduc$1 ?\gh its op]ation 0 some:at int]f]$ ) by ! exi/5ce ( a pap] curr5cy4 ,9 #ahaf ! pres5t ,engli% monet>y sy/em 0 introduc$4 ,x held fa/ to ! gold /&>d1 by ! provision t silv] pieces %\ld be us$ only z divisional co9s1 & ) a legal-t5d] p[] limit$ to =ty %ill+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,m9t1 ,,philadelphia4 ,prop]ly speak+1 !re 0 no co9age 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! colonial p]iod4 ,m>yl& _h a m9t at "o "t1 & "o or two ( ! o!r ,/ates1 b !y practically am\nt$ to no?+4 ,9 ! e>ly colonial p]iod ! sub/itutes = co9s 7 wampum & bullets1 z 9 ,massa*usetts2 sk9s & furs1 z 9 ,new ,york2 tobacco1 z 9 ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia4 ,! co9s 9 use be=e ! ,revolution 71 to "s ext5t1 ^? ( ,engl&1 b m l>gely ^? ( ,spa91 circulat$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & travel+ up to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! unit ( acc\nt 0 ! ,spani% mill$ doll> or piece-(-eight1 ?\gh1 up to #agge1 acc\nts 7 kept 9 p\nds1 %ill+s1 & p5ce1 a p\nd consi/+1 !n z n[1 ( tw5ty %ill+s1 & a %ill+ ( twelve p5ce 8colonial0 or 8p\nd0 curr5cy4 ,f\r p\nds ( ?is 8colonial curr5cy0 7 reckon$ z equal to ?ree p\nds /]l+4 ,?is colonial composite sy/em ( curr5t co9s 0 regulat$ by co9age t>iffs4 ,su* a t>iff1 issu$ 9 #agej1 valu$ "o ounce ( silv] at six %ill+s & eightp5ce1 ! ,spani% mill$ doll> at six %ill+s1 ! gu9ea at tw5ty-eight %ill+s1 & ! ,engli% cr[n at six %ill+s & eightp5ce4 ,all =eign co9s 7 valu$ 9 proportion to ! value ( ! ,spani% piece-(-eight4 ,"s ( ! colonies /amp$ ! %ill+1 :i* con/itut$ a l>ge "p ( ! money 9 circulation4 ,x1 h[ev]1 v>i$ greatly 9 value 9 ! diff]5t colonies4 ,?us1 ! ,spani% doll> equal$ five %ill+s 9 ,georgia2 eight 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,new ,york2 six 9 ,virg9ia1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,rhode ,isl&2 sev5 & sixp5ce 9 ,m>yl&1 ,delaw>e1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,new ,j]sey2 ?irty-two & sixp5ce 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,! ,spani% doll> itself1 ) :i* ^! comp>isons 7 made1 0 frequ5tly bel[ legal weight1 &1 !re=e1 v>i$ 9 value4 ,:]e ! pieces m5tion$ 9 ! t>iff ( #aggf 7 ( full weight1 ! ratio !re e/abli%$ 0 ! ,engli% ratio ( "o to #ae4ba1 ! ratio = bullion be+ ne>ly ! same4 ,aft] ! t>iff ( #aggf _h be5 9 op]ation = six ye>s1 ! colonies began to feel ke5ly ! difficulties caus$ by ! v>iety ( co9s con/itut+ _! metallic circulat+ m$ium1 & ! ne$ ( a special ,am]ican co9age 0 frequ5tly express$4 ,9 #aghb1 ,rob]t ,morris1 sup]9t5d5t ( f9ance1 submitt$ to ! ,congress ( ! ,conf$]ation a s*eme = a national co9age & ! e/abli%m5t ( an ,am]ican m9t1 :i* met ) approval4 ,jeff]son recomm5d$ ! decimal sy/em1 ) ! doll> z ! unit4 ,nei!r ( ^! proposals 0 c>ri$ into effect till1 9 #aghf1 ! ,congress ( ! ,conf$]ation *ose z ! monet>y unit ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! doll> ( #cge4fd gra9s ( pure silv]1 :i* unit _h its orig9 9 ! ,spani% pia/] or mill$ doll>1 !n ! basis ( ! metallic circulation ( ! ,engli% colonies 9 ,am]ica4 ,?is ,am]ican doll> 0 nev] co9$1 !re n be+ at ! "t a m9t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,act ( ,april #b1 #agib1 e/abli%$ ! fir/ monet>y sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! bases ( ! sy/em 73 ,! gold doll>1 conta9+ #bd4ge gra9s ( pure gold1 & /amp$ 9 pieces ( #aj1 #e1 & #b4ej1 d5om9at$ respectively eagles1 half-eagles1 & qu>t]-eagles2 ! silv] doll>1 conta9+ #cga4be gra9s ( pure silv]4 ,a m9t 0 e/abli%$4 ,! co9age 0 unlimit$1 & !re 0 no m9t *>ge4 ,! ratio ( gold to silv] 9 co9age 0 #a3ae4 ,bo? gold & silv] 7 legal t5d]4 ,! /&>d 0 d\ble4#d ,! ,act ( #agib und]valu$ gold1 :i* 0 !re=e export$4 ,! ,act ( ,june #bh1 #ahcd1 0 pass$ to rem$y ?is by *ang+ ! m9t ratio betwe5 ! metals to #a3af4jjb4 ,! latt] act fix$ ! weight ( ! gold doll> at #be4h gra9s1 b l[]$ ! f95ess f #j4iaf to #j4hiibbe4 ,! f9e weight ( ! gold doll> 0 ?us r$uc$ to #bc4b gra9s4 ,! ,act ( #ahcd und]valu$ silv] z t ( #agib _h und]valu$ gold1 & silv] 0 attract$ to ,europe by ! m favorable ratio ( #a3ae4 ,! ,act ( ,janu>y #ah1 #ahcg1 0 pass$ to make ! f95ess ( ! gold & silv] co9s uni=m4 ,! legal weight ( ! gold doll> 0 fix$ at #be4h gra9s1 & its f9e weight at #bc4bb gra9s4 ,! f95ess 0 !re=e *ang$ by ?is act to #j4ijj & ! ratio to #a3ae4ihh4 ,silv] cont9u$ to be export$4 ,! ,act ( ,febru>y #ba1 #ahec1 r$uc$ ! weight ( ! silv] co9s ( a d5om9ation less ?an #a1 :i* ! ,acts ( #agib1 #ahcd1 & #ahcg _h made exactly proportional to ! weight ( ! silv] doll>1 & provid$ t !y %\ld be legal t5d] to ! am\nt ( only #e4 ,"u ! ,acts ( #agib1 #ahcd1 & #ahcg !y _h be5 full legal t5d]4 ,by ! ,act ( #ahec ! legal weight ( ! half doll> 0 r$uc$ to #aib gra9s1 & o!r fractions ( ! doll> 9 proportion4 ,! co9age ( ! fractional p>ts ( ! doll> 0 res]v$ to ! gov]nm5t4 #d ,?is 0 true s f> z ! law 0 conc]n$1 b n actually1 z may be se5 by read+ ! s5t5ces imm$iately foll[+ ! above /atem5t4 ,! ,act ( ,febru>y #ab1 #ahgc1 provid$ t ! unit ( value ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be ! gold doll> ( ! /&>d weight ( #be4h gra9s1 & t !re %\ld be co9$ besides ! foll[+ gold co9s3 ,a qu>t]-eagle1 or two &-a-half doll> gold piece2 a ?ree-doll> gold piece2 a half-eagle1 or five-doll> piece2 an eagle1 or t5-doll> piece2 & a d\ble eagle1 or tw5ty-doll> piece1 all ( a /&>d weight proportional to t ( ! doll> piece4 ,^! co9s 7 made legal t5d] 9 all paym5ts at _! nom9al value :5 n bel[ ! /&>d weight & limit ( tol]ance provid$ 9 ! act = ! s+le piece1 & :5 r$uc$ 9 weight !y %\ld be legal t5d] at a valuation 9 proportion to _! actual weight4 ,! silv] co9s provid$ = by ! ,act 7 a trade doll>1 a half-doll> or fifty-c5t piece1 a qu>t]-doll>1 & a t5-c5t piece1 ! weight ( ! trade doll> to be #dbj gra9s troy2 ! half-doll>1 twelve & a half grams2 ! qu>t]-doll> & dime1 respectively1 "o half & "o fif? ( ! weight ( ! half-doll>4 ,! silv] co9s 7 made legal t5d] at _! nom9al value = any am\nt n exce$+ #e 9 any "o paym5t4 ,own]s ( silv] bullion 7 all[$ to deposit x at any m9t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to be =m$ into b>s or into trade doll>s1 & no deposit ( silv] = o!r co9age 0 to be receiv$4 ,section #b ( ! jo9t resolution ( ,july #bb1 #ahgf1 recit$ t ! trade doll> %\ld n !reaft] be legal t5d]1 & t ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury %\ld be au?oriz$ to limit ! co9age ( ! same to an am\nt suffici5t to meet ! export dem& = x4 ,! ,act ( ,m>* #c1 #ahhg1 retir$ ! trade doll> & prohibit$ its co9age4 ,t ( ,septemb] #bf1 #ahij1 discont9u$ ! co9age ( ! "o-doll> & ?ree-doll> gold pieces4 ,! ,act ( ,febru>y #bh1 #ahgh1 direct$ ! co9age ( silv] doll>s ( ! weight ( #dab gra9s troy1 ( /&>d silv]1 z provid$ 9 ! ,act ( ,janu>y #ah1 #ahcg1 & t su* co9s1 ) all silv] doll>s !ret(ore co9$1 %\ld be legal t5d] at _! nom9al value = all debts & dues1 public & private1 except :]e o!rwise expressly /ipulat$ 9 ! contract4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury 0 au?oriz$ & direct$ by ! fir/ section ( ! act to pur*ase f "t to "t silv] bullion at ! m>ket price !re(1 n less ?an #b1jjj1jjj wor? nor m ?an #d1jjj1jjj wor? p] mon?1 & to cause ! same to be co9$ mon?ly1 z fa/ z pur*as$1 into su* doll>s4 ,a subsequ5t act1 t ( ,july #ad1 #ahij1 enact$ t ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury %\ld pur*ase silv] bullion to ! aggregate am\nt ( #d1ejj1jjj ounces1 or s mu* !re( z might be (f]$1 ea* mon?1 at ! m>ket price !re(1 n exce$+ #a4jj = #cga4be gra9s ( pure silv]1 & to issue 9 paym5t !re( ,treasury notes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 su* notes to be r$eemable by ! gov]nm5t1 on dem&1 9 co91 & to be legal t5d] 9 paym5t ( all debts1 public & private1 except :]e o!rwise expressly /ipulat$ 9 ! contract4 ,! act direct$ ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury to co9 ea* mon? #b1jjj1jjj ounces ( ! silv] bullion pur*as$ "u ! provisions ( ! act into /&>d silv] doll>s until ,july #a1 #ahia1 & !reaft] z mu* z might be necess>y1 to provide = ! r$emption ( ! ,treasury notes issu$ "u ! act4 ,! pur*as+ clause ( ! ,act ( ,july #ad1 #ahij1 0 repeal$ by ! ,act ( ,novemb] #a1 #ahic4 ,! ,w> ,rev5ue ,act ( ,june #ac1 #ahih1 au?oriz$ & direct$ ! co9age ( /&>d silv] doll>s to ! am\nt ( n less ?an "o & "o half million doll>s a mon?1 f ! bullion 9 ! ,treasury pur*as$ "u ! ,act ( ,july #ad1 #ahij4 ,! ,act ( ,june #i1 #ahgi1 made ! subsidi>y silv] co9s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates legal t5d] to ! am\nt ( #aj4 ,! m9or co9s are legal t5d] to ! am\nt ( tw5ty-five c5ts4 ,! foll[+ (ficial figures give1 by p]iods ( t5 ye>s1 ! co9age ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,m9t to ! pres5t "t3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,ye>s4 ,gold4 ,silv]4 ,m9or4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #agic-agii #fif1ecj4jj #a1baf1aeh4ge #ej1aaa4db #ahjj-ahji #c1jfg1jfg4ej #c1aed1fhg4ge #afd1hfe4gi #ahaj-ahai #b1cdh1iae4jj #f1ajg1ijc4ge #afb1ecd4jg #ahbj-ahbi #b1egi1jag4ej #ad1ghg1cbg4fe #agh1cgb4gj #ahcj-ahci #ag1gde1dbb4ej #bh1aab1acf4fj #ccd1haj4ba #ahdj-ahdi #eh1iji1dci4jj #bb1bbc1gcc4jj #cfj1hdj4cc #ahej-ahei #ceb1iae1jei4jj #dg1bch1hac4jj #a1ace1ehj4jc #ahfj-ahfi #bij1ghf1aca4jj #ac1fcg1fjg4ij #h1ejd1jgj4jj #ahgj-ahgi #cgj1gah1hhc4ej #adb1aif1agh4fj #b1bca1jji4ej #ahhj-ahhi #daa1gff1bgg4jj #cje1hfi1jha4bj #h1abg1cje4ef #ahij to ,june #cgd1hjf1bbe4jj #acf1bdh1eja4fe #g1efd1hdi4fe #cj1 #ahig ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a1hhf1cch1ieh4jjgbj1gib1abi4hebh1had1ee h4bf ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ------------------------------ ,ye>s4 ,total4 ------------------------------ #agic-agii #a1ifb1hjj4ag #ahjj-ahji #f1chf1fba4jd #ahaj-ahai #h1fai1efa4hb #ahbj-ahbi #ag1edd1gag4he #ahcj-ahci #df1aib1cfi4ca #ahdj-ahdi #ha1did1jab4cc #ahej-ahei #dja1bhi1ddc4jc #ahfj-ahfi #cab1ibg1hjh4ij #ahgj-ahgi #eae1adf1jga4fj #ahhj-ahhi #gbe1gfb1ffc4gf #ahij to ,june #eah1fai1egf4cj #cj1 #ahig ------------------------------ #b1fce1ide1fdf4ja ------------------------------ ,at ?is writ+ ! report ( ! ,director ( ! ,m9t has n be5 publi%$1 b ! co9age = ! full ye> #ahig may be /at$ z foll[s3 gold1 #gf1jbh1dhd2 silv]1 #ah1dhf1fig2 & = ! ye> #ahih1 gold1 #gg1ihe1geg2 silv]1 #bc1jcd1jcd4 ,f ,janu>y #a to ,june #cj1 #ahii1 ! co9age 03 gold1 #fe1iae1jbj2 silv]1 #ab1ghj1dda4 ,x is sometimes ?\ght t ! silv] doll>s are n a full legal t5d]1 b ?is is n s4 ,!y are an unlimit$ legal t5d] = all debts1 public & private4 ,! ,treasury does n1 9 practice1 r$eem silv] doll>s 9 gold1 b successive ,secret>ies ( ! ,treasury h ann\nc$ _! read9ess to d s1 if necess>y to keep ! silv] doll>s f depreciat+1--t is1 pres]ve _! p>ity1--:i* ! law directs4 ,silv] c]tificates & gold c]tificates are n legal t5d]1 b entitle ! hold] to receive ! k9d & am\nt ( co9 nam$ on _! face4 ,! value ( gold bullion 9 a doll> ( t metal is #ii4iiaabe c5ts1 or practically #ajj c5ts4 ,! value ( ! silv] bullion 9 a doll> ( t metal is ab\t #de c5ts4 ,x v>ies1 h[ev]1 ) ! fluctuations 9 ! m>ket value ( silv]4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! bullion value ( a silv] doll> & ( a gold doll> diff]s greatly1 b ! equality ( ! pur*as+ p[] ( ! two co9s is due to ! fact t ! silv] doll>s are receivable = public & private debts1 t !y are indirectly ex*angeable = gold1 by deposit+ !m 9 ! banks1 & t ! gov]nm5t is pl$g$ to r$eem !m 9 gold1 if necess>y to pres]ve _! p>ity ) gold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,m9t1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 ,z e>ly z #ahbf ! ,unit$ ,/ates began to export dome/ic gold1 beg9n+ ) an export ( #a1jef1jhh ( gold co9 & bullion1 & receiv+ an import ( #fgh1gdj4 ,up to #ahig ! gr& total ( exports ( gold co9 & bullion am\nt$ to #b1ahf1bch1eda1 & ! total imports to #a1aab1ach1gff1 an excess ( exports ov] imports ( #a1jgd1jii1gge4 ,9 #ahih ! imports ( gold co9 & bullion into ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 #abj1cia1fgd1 & ! exports #ae1djf1cia1 mak+ ! net imports #ajd1ihe1bhc4 ,f #ahba to #ahig ! gr& total ( exports ( silv] co9 & bullion f ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #a1aeb1fhh1ggf1 & ! imports #gcj1cbe1hha1 mak+ an excess ( exports ov] imports ( #dbb1cfb1hie4 ,9 ! fiscal ye> #ahih1 ! silv] imports 7 #cj1ibg1gha1 & ! exports #ee1aje1bci1 mak+ ! excess ( exports #bd1agg1deh4 ,! total product ( gold 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f #agib up to #ahif 0 #b1aac1jcd1gfi1 & ( silv] #a1ddd1igj1jjj1 mak+ a gr& total ( ! preci\s metals ( #c1eeh1jjd1gfi4 ,! total value ( ! entire _w's production ( gold1 betwe5 ! ye>s #adic & #ahif1 0 #h1ihc1cbj1fjj1 & ( silv] #aj1eef1gjj1hjj1 mak+ a gr& total ( gold & silv] ( #ai1edj1jba1djj4 ,z a comp>ison ( ! money /atus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! c5tury1 ! foll[+ figures are int]e/+3 ,9 #ahjj ! population 0 #e1cjh1dhc2 ! e/imat$ bank notes out/&+1 #aj1ejj1jjj2 ! e/imat$ specie 9 ! c\ntry1 #ag1ejj1jjj2 ! total money 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bh1jjj1jjj2 ! specie 9 ! ,treasury1 #a1ejj1jjj2 ! money 9 circulation1 #bf1ejj1jjj2 ! am\nt p] capita1 #d4ii4 ,9 #ahih ! population 0 #gd1ebb1jjj2 ! total co9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+ bullion 9 ! ,treasury1 #a1dih1iic1bdi2 total pap] money1 #a1ach1ddj1abf2 total money ( all k9ds1 #b1fcg1dcc1cge2 co91 bullion1 & pap] money 9 ! ,treasury1 #gii1ecg1dhj2 total circulation1 #a1hcg1hei1hie2 circulation p] capita1 #bd4ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>p5t]s' ,,hall1 ,,philadelphia4 7,fir/ ,site ( ,fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates ,bank47 ,p]haps no law relat+ to ! co9s & curr5cy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 s widely discuss$1 or has borne m directly on ! attitude & influ5ce ( political p>ties ?an ! ,co9age ,act ( #ahgc4 ,?is act grew out ( a proposition to revise our co9age laws1 made by ,john ,jay ,knox to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 9 ,april1 #ahgj4 ,mr4 ,knox1 9 8 r\gh draft ( a bill1 provid$ = a silv] doll> ( #chd gra9s1 to be a legal t5d] = sums n exce$+ #e4jj4 ,?us1 ! /&>d silv] doll> ( #dab gra9s 0 elim9at$4 ,x did n appe> 9 ! bill z x pass$ ! ,s5ate1 ,janu>y #aj1 #ahga1 nor 9 t report$ to ! ,h\se1 ,m>* #i1 #ahga4 ,! bill und]w5t protract$ & ?or\gh discussion1 & on ,may #bg1 #ahgb1 0 pass$ 9 ! ,h\se4 ,z pass$1 x conta9$ ! orig9al provision = co9+ a silv] doll> ( ! weight ( #chd gra9s--twice ! weight ( ! silv] half doll>4 ,^! doll>s 7 to be a legal t5d] = am\nts n exce$+ #e4jj4 ,! ,s5ate am5d$ ?is ,h\se bill1 by sub/itut+ a trade doll> ( ! weight ( #dbj gra9s = t ( #chd gra9s1 at ! same "t pres]v+ ! legal-t5d] limit ( #e4jj4 ,9 ! am5d$ =m1 x pass$ ! ,s5ate1 ,janu>y #ag1 #ahgc1 & ! ,h\se1 ,febru>y #g1 #ahgc1 & became a law4 ,x w be se5 t ! /&>d silv] doll> ( #dab gra9s 0 nev] 9 ! bill1 & c\ld n1 !re=e1 h be5 secretly omitt$1 z 0 aft]w>ds *>g$4 ,x 0 omitt$ f ! fir/ draft1 & all ?r\gh1 because none 7 be+ co9$1 & ^? t _h be5 co9$ 7 export$1 ! silv] bullion 9 !m be+1 at t "t1 wor? m z bullion ?an co94 ,by jo9t resolution ( ,congress1 approv$ ,july #bb1 #ahgf1 ! trade doll>s provid$ = 9 ! act 7 depriv$ ( _! legal-t5d] quality4 ,x 0 suppos$ !y w\ld circulate 9 ,*9a1 b !y prov$ useless ev5 = t purpose4 ,,iii4 ,,e>ly ,,bank+ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,! fir/ banks 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ow$ _! orig9 to ,rob]t ,morris & ,alex&] ,hamilton4 ,morris1 z e>ly z #agfc1 conceiv$ ! plan ( a bank to assi/ 9 develop+ ,am]ican trade1 & 9 #aggi1 ,hamilton propos$ ! organization ( 8,! ,company ( ! ,bank ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,^! plans did n mature1 b 7 foll[$1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,?omas ,pa9e1 by an association ( n9ety-two subscrib]s to a fund ( #cjj1jjj p\nds ,p5nsylvania curr5cy to support ! ,revolution>y army4 ,?is association became kn[n z ! ,p5nsylvania ,bank4 ,x comm5c$ bus9ess ,july #ag1 #aghj1 & aft] a c>e] ( a ye> & a half1 dur+ :i* "t x greatly aid$ ! gov]nm5t 9 furni%+ army supplies1 its affairs 7 w\nd up4 ,on ,may #ag1 #agha1 ,hamilton pres5t$ ! plan ( a bank to ,congress1 :i* 0 to be truly national1 & 8creat$ av[$ly to aid ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,its "n 0 to be ! ,bank ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ) a subscription ( #djj1jjj 9 gold & silv]1 & its notes1 payable on dem&1 to be receivable = duties & taxes 9 e ,/ate4 ,congress approv$ ! plan1 & ,morris1 !n ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,f9ance1 publi%$ x1 ) an address %[+ its advantages to ! gov]nm5t & p1 !n suff]+ f ! ill effects ( a depreciat$ curr5cy4 ,! ,bank ( ,nor? ,am]ica 0 organiz$ ,novemb] #a1 #agha1 & began bus9ess ,janu>y #g1 #aghb4 ,x cr$itably fulfill$ its mission 8to aid ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 &1 aft] ! expiration ( its *>t]1 became a ,/ate in/itution4 ,9 #ahfd x ent]$ ! national bank+ sy/em1 ?\gh reta9+ its old "n4 ,?is bank 0 foll[$ by ! ,bank ( ,new ,york1 :i* began bus9ess ,june #i1 #aghd1 & by ! ,massa*usetts ,bank1 :i* began bus9ess ,july #e1 #aghd4 ,,fir/ ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,bank4--,?is in/itution grew out ( ! recomm5dations ( ,alex&] ,hamilton1 & =m$ a "p ( 8 s*eme ( /r5g!n+ ! public cr$it & br++ ab\t a clos] union ( ,/ates4 ,8 plan 0 incorporat$ into a bill :i* pass$ ! ,s5ate ,janu>y #c1 #agia1 & ! ,h\se1 ,janu>y #bj1 #agia4 ,wa%+ton sign$ x ,febru>y #be1 #agia4 ,! bill 0 hotly oppos$ z uncon/itutional by ,secret>y ( ,/ate ,?omas ,jeff]son1 ,attorney-,g5]al ,edmund ,r&olph1 & 9 g5]al by repres5tatives f ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,! capital ( ! bank 0 fix$ at #aj1jjj1jjj1 "o fif? ( :i* 0 to be subscrib$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,! rema9d] 0 subscrib$ by individuals1 & two h\rs aft] ! op5+ ( ! books ! capital 0 ov]subscrib$ to ! am\nt ( #djjj %>es4 ,! c5tral bank 0 locat$ at ,philadelphia1 & aft]w>ds bran*es 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1 ,baltimore1 ,wa%+ton1 ,norfolk1 ,*>le/on1 ,savannah1 & ,new ,orleans4 ,bus9ess 0 fir/ op5$ 9 ,c>p5t]s' ,hall1 ,philadelphia1 ,decemb] #ab1 #agia4 ,9 ,july1 #agig1 ! site 0 remov$ to a new build+ on ,?ird ,/reet1 bel[ ,*e/nut1 & x rema9$ !re till ! dissolution ( ! bank1 ) ! exception ( a brief removal to ,g]mant[n 9 #agih1 dur+ ! epidemic ( yell[ fev]4 ,?\gh ?is bank prov$ a pr(itable ent]prise = ! gov]nm5t1 x fail$ to secure a r5ewal ( its *>t] 9 #ahaa1 *iefly because s _m ( its %>es _h pass$ into =eign h&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gir>d ,,bank1 ,,philadelphia4 7,second ,site ( ,fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates ,bank47 ,,e>ly ,,/ate ,,banks4--,f #agij to #ahaa ! numb] ( ,/ate banks increas$ f f\r to eighty-eight2 _! circulation f #b1ejj1jjj to #bb1gjj1jjj2 _! capital f #b1ejj1jjj to #db1faj1jjj4 ,9 ! same "t ! metallic circulation ( ! c\ntry rose f #i1jjj1jjj to #cj1jjj1jjj4 ,^! banks fail$ to meet ! monet>y necessities ( ! ,w> ( #ahab1 & 9 #ahad practically all ( !m s\? ( ,new ,engl& susp5d$ specie paym5ts4 ,_! notes 7 p\r$ out 9 all d5om9ations f six c5ts upw>d1 &1 ) co9 r$emption /opp$1 !y depreciat$ rapidly4 ,?is l$ to great f9ancial di/ress 9 #ahah-ahbj1 & to excessive bank failures4 ,! s]i\sness ( ! g5]al situation1 & ! decl9+ cr$it ( ! gov]nm5t1 l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! second ,bank ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,second ,,bank ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4--,9 ,octob]1 #ahad1 ,secret>y ,dallas laid a report be=e ,congress1 9 :i* he deprecat$ ! unc]ta9 am\nt & value ( ! pap] curr5cy4 8,!re exi/s10 he said1 8at ?is "t no adequate circulat+ m$ium common to ! citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! money$ transactions ( private life are at a /&1 & ! fiscal op]ations ( ! gov]nm5t labor ) extreme inconv5i5ce40 ,he !n recomm5d$ z ! rem$y ! e/abli%m5t ( a national bank+ in/itution4 ,a bill1 bas$ ^u ,dallas's plan = su* an in/itution1 fail$ ( passage 9 ! ,h\se 9 #ahad1 & aga9 9 #ahae1 ?\gh pass$ by ! ,s5ate4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 f9ally pass$ 9 an am5d$ =m1 b 0 veto$ by ,presid5t ,madison4 ,on ,decemb] #bd1 #ahae1 ,mr4 ,dallas laid be=e ,congress ano!r plan = a national bank4 ,a bill 0 fram$ au?oriz+ su* an in/itution1 ) a capital ( #ce1jjj1jjj1 #g1jjj1jjj ( :i* 7 to be subscrib$ by ! gov]nm5t1 ! c5tral bank to be at ,philadelphia1 ) p[] to e/abli% bran*es1 paym5ts to be made 9 specie at all times unless o!rwise au?oriz$ by ,congress4 ,?is bill pass$ bo? ,h\ses ( ,congress1 & 0 sign$ by ,presid5t ,madison1 ,april #aj1 #ahaf4 ,:5 ! subscription books ( ?is bank 7 clos$1 x 0 f\nd t ! subscriptions fell %ort ( ! au?oriz$ #ce1jjj1jjj by #c1jjj1jjj1 :i* am\nt 0 tak5 by ,/eph5 ,gir>d4 ,! bank c\ld n l5d m ?an #ejj1jjj to ! gov]nm5t )\t au?ority ( ,congress1 0 to be ! fiscal ag5t ( ! ,treasury1 & to receive deposits ( public moneys4 ,no notes ( a less d5om9ation ?an #e4jj 7 to be issu$1 & ! p5alty = refus+ to pay notes or deposits 9 specie on dem& 0 twelve p] c5t p] annum until paid4 ,x began bus9ess ,janu>y #g1 #ahag4 ,ow+ to ! imp5d+ f9ancial crisis & bad managem5t1 ! bank v]g$ rapidly t[>d insolv5cy1 b 0 resuscitat$ "u ! vigor\s managem5t ( a new presid5t1 ,langdon ,*eves1 :o 0 elect$ ,m>* #f1 #ahai4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,ni*olas ,biddle 9 #ahbc1 :o 0 de/9$ to see ! fall ( ! great in/itution4 ,! national bank incurr$ ! ho/ility ( ! ,/ate banks1 :i* call$ x a mon/] because x refus$ to all[ ! notes ( ! local banks to accumulate z deposits 9 its bran*es )\t r$emption4 ,v>i\s ,/ates pass$ discrim9at+ laws aga9/ x4 ,jackson1 9 8 message to ,congress 9 #ahbi1 attack$ ! con/itutionality ( ! law e/abli%+ x1 & *>g$ t x _h 8fail$ 9 ! great end ( e/abli%+ a uni=m & s\nd curr5cy40 ,at ?is "t ! ,bank 0 an impos+ in/itution ) its capital ( #ce1jjj1jjj1 its public deposits ( six to sev5 million1 its private deposits ( a l am\nt1 its circulation ( #ab1jjj1jjj1 its annual disc\nts ( #dj1jjj1jjj1 its annual pr(its ( ov] #c1jjj1jjj1 its palatial e/abli%m5t 9 ,philadelphia1 its tw5ty-five bran*es ?r\gh\t ! ,union1 its five hundr$ employees1 its /ock di/ribut$ ?r\gh ne>ly all p>ts ( ! _w1 & its notes curr5t at p> at home & abroad4 ,jackson's message 0 n receiv$ favorably by ,congress4 ,8 av]sion1 x 0 ?\ght1 0 due r to 8 belief t ! ,bank 0 8 enemy ?an to any dislike ( a national bank4 ,! gr[+ ho/ility betwe5 him & ,h5ry ,clay induc$ ! latt] to make ! r5ewal ( ! ,bank's *>t] a political issue4 ,:5 ! bill re*>t]+ ! ,bank 0 pass$ 9 ,july1 #ahcb1 ,jackson veto$ x1 *>g+1 9 ! ma91 t ! ,bank 0 a monopoly4 ,?is br\ght ! "q ( ! fur!r exi/5ce ( ! ,bank fully into ! ar5a ( politics1 9 ! presid5tial election ( #ahcb1 ) ! 8,h]o ( ,new ,orleans0 on "o side1 & on ! o!r 8mon/] monopoly10 8,old ,nick's money10 & 8,clay's rags40 ,jackson won1 & spe$ily decid$ to remove ! public deposits f ! ,bank4 ,?is decision precipitat$ a bitt] w> betwe5 ,jackson & ,congress4 ,b ,jackson did n sw]ve f 8 purpose4 ,by #ahce x became app>5t t ! ,bank c\ld n secure a r5ewal ( its *>t] f ,congress4 ,z a confession ( its defeat1 & j ?irte5 days be=e ! expiration ( its f$]al *>t]1 ! ,bank obta9$ f ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,febru>y #ah1 #ahcf1 a *>t] = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bank ( ,p5nsylvania1 = a p]iod ( ?irty ye>s4 ,%orn ( its importance1 9 a re/rict$ field1 yet ) enorm\s capital1 x fell into l>ge bond & /ock inve/m5ts ( que/ionable value4 ,its tr\bles 7 aggravat$ by bad managem5t4 ,x susp5d$ dur+ ! panic ( #ahcg & ! next ye>1 & aga9 = ! la/ "t 9 #ahda4 ,biddle resign$ ! presid5cy 9 #ahdj1 & f\r ye>s lat] di$ poor & brok5-he>t$4 ,?us p]i%$ :at is sometimes call$ ! ?ird ,bank ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 its pr$ecessor1 ! second ,bank ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 hav+ fall5 a victim to political intrigue & loss ( pre/ige4 ,! %>ehold]s lo/ _! entire inve/m5t ( #bh1jjj1jjj1 b ! circulat+ notes 7 all paid1 & also ! deposits4 ,! gov]nm5t got back its inve/m5t ( #g1jjj1jjj1 & made #f1jic1afg besides1 f its connection ) ! ,bank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,second ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,bank1 ,,philadelphia4 ,,n[ ,,cu/om ,,h\se4 ,,/ate ,,banks ,,& ,,indep5d5t ,,treasury4--,aft] ! removal ( deposits f ! ,bank ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,septemb] #bf1 #ahcc1 ! public rev5ues 7 deposit$ 9 select$ ,/ate banks1 sometimes call$ 8pet banks40 ,9 #ahcf eighty-eight ,/ate banks 9 tw5ty-f\r ,/ates held public deposits to ! am\nt ( #di1cgg1ihf4 ,z ! ,/ate banks _h ?r[n _! influ5ce aga9/ ! national bank1 !y 7 rew>d$ by all[+ !m to use ! public money intru/$ to !m z a basis ( ext5d+ _! loans & = enorm\s issues ( _! own notes4 ,banks 7 />t$ = ! sole purpose ( issu+ notes :i* !y c\ld use 9 buy+ public l&s4 ,z a consequ5ce ! gov]nm5t lo/ heavily ?r\gh ! depreciation ( ^! notes & ! failure ( ! banks4 ,on ,july #aa1 #ahcf1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury issu$ a circul> =bidd+ ! receipt ( any?+ b specie 9 paym5t = public l&s4 ,?is caus$ a run on ! banks & aid$ 9 ha/5+ ! f9ancial crisis ( #ahcg4 ,an act ( ,congress ( ,june #bc1 #ahcf1 au?oriz+ ! call+ 9 ( #cg1dfh1hei ( ! public funds deposit$ 9 ! ,/ate banks1 = purposes ( di/ribution1 =c$ ! susp5sion ( specie paym5ts by all su* banks1 ) v few exceptions4 ,! unsatisfactory trial ( bo? f$]al & ,/ate banks z cu/odians ( ! public funds l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( :at became kn[n z ! indep5d5t ,treasury sy/em1 by :i* ! gov]nm5t collects its money & keeps x 9 ! h&s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasur] or sub-treasur]s1 mak+ disbursem5ts :5 requir$4 ,an act putt+ ?is sy/em into effect became law ,july #d1 #ahdj1 b 0 repeal$ ! next ye>4 ,x 0 repass$ ,augu/ #f1 #ahdf1 & rema9$ 9 op]ation until ! passage ( ! ,national ,curr5cy ,act 9 ,febru>y1 #ahfc1 :i* gave ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury ! "r to designate c]ta9 national banks z depositories ( public funds4 ,!re 7 9 su* banks1 on ,febru>y #d1 #ahii1 ,unit$ ,/ates deposits am\nt+ to #ha1abj1hgc1 secur$ by ,unit$ ,/ates bonds belong+ to ! banks & deposit$ 9 ! ,treasury1 am\nt+ to #hi1ajj1bdj4 ,prior to ! adoption ( ! national bank+ sy/em ! c\ntry _h a some:at disa/r\s exp]i5ce ) :at has be5 kn[n z 8wild-cat0 banks4 ,_m ( !m 7 organiz$ = ! sole purpose ( issu+ notes !y nev] int5d$ to pay4 ,:ile !y 7 num]\s & dang]\s1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 a numb] ( ,/ates ! lead+ banks c>ri$ on only a legitimate bus9ess1 & ,/ate banks z !y exi/ to-day comp>e favorably 9 _! managem5t ) ! national banks4 ,,iv4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,legal-,,t5d] ,,note4 ,! fir/ act au?oriz+ ! issue ( legal-t5d] notes1 kn[n popul>ly z gre5backs1 0 approv$ by ,presid5t ,l9coln1 ,febru>y #be1 #ahfb4 ,x provid$ = ! issue ( #aej1jjj1jjj 9 notes1 9 d5om9ations ( n less ?an #e4jj4 ,hold]s ( ^! notes c\ld deposit !m ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasur] or assi/ant treasur]s 9 any sum n less ?an #ej4jj1 or any multiple !re(1 & receive ,unit$ ,/ates bonds be>+ six p] c5t int]e/4 ,! fir/ notes 7 issu$ ,m>* #aj1 #ahfb4 ,an act au?oriz+ a second issue ( #aej1jjj1jjj 0 sign$ by ! ,presid5t1 ,july #aa1 #ahfb4 ,( ^! #ce1jjj1jjj 7 to be 9 d5om9ations ( less ?an #e4jj4 ,a ?ird issue ( #aej1jjj1jjj 0 au?oriz$ ,m>* #c1 #ahfc1 b ?is act depriv$ ! legal-t5d] note ( its conv]tibility into six p] c5t bonds at ! option ( ! hold]4 ,! )drawal ( ?is privilege work$ no p>ticul> h>d%ip at ! "t1 = bond issues & v>i\s int]e/-be>+ c]tificates 7 pl5ty dur+ ! p]iod ( w>4 ,b aft] ! w> _h clos$ & ! issues ( new securities _h ceas$1 ! abs5ce ( ?is provision began to prev5t ! absorption ( ! legal-t5d] notes4 ,! highe/ am\nt ( legal-t5d] notes out/&+ at any date 0 on ,janu>y #c1 #ahfd1 #ddi1cch1ijb4 ,_! depreciation 0 ha/5$ by ! issue ( ! %ort-"t int]e/-be>+ securities 9 l>ge am\nts4 ,dur+ #ahfb ! av]age gold premium 0 #aac4c2 dur+ #ahfc1 #ade4b2 dur+ #ahfd1 #bjc4c4 ,9 ,july1 #ahfd1 ?is premium rea*$ its highe/ po9t1 an av]age ( #beh4a4 ,9 #ahfe ! c\ntry began to feel ! necessity ( a contraction ( ! curr5cy1 ) a view to z e>ly a resumption ( specie paym5ts z ! bus9ess int]e/s w\ld p]mit1 & ! ,congress express$ ! public s5tim5t by an almo/ unanim\s resolution4 ,on ,m>* #ab1 #ahff1 an act 0 approv$ call+ = ! retirem5t & cancellation ( n m ?an #aj1jjj1jjj ( legal t5d]s )9 six mon?s1 & !reaft] n m ?an #d1jjj1jjj dur+ any "o mon?4 ,! effect 0 to r$uce ! legal t5d]s out/&+ on ,decemb] #ca1 #ahfg1 to #cef1jjj1jjj4 ,?is r$uction1 toge!r ) ! rapid paym5t ( notes ( o!r classes1 us$ z curr5cy1 l$ to s sudd5 a contraction ( ! circulat+ m$ium1 & su* /r+5cy 9 ! money m>ket1 t ,congress1 by act ( ,febru>y #d1 #ahfh1 prohibit$ ! fur!r r$uction ( ! legal-t5d] notes4 ,! am\nt out/&+1 ,octob] #a1 #ahgb1 0 #cef1jjj1jjj1 & on ,janu>y #a1 #ahgd1 #chb1igi1hae1 ! increase be+ due to a con/ruction on ! "p ( secret>ies ( ! ,treasury to ! effect t !y _h p[] to reissue retir$ notes :i* 7 held z a res]ve4 ,on ,june #bj1 #ahgd1 ,congress enact$ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates notes out/&+ & to be us$ z "p ( ! circulat+ m$ium %\ld n exce$ #chb1jjj1jjj1 & t no "p !re( %\ld be held or us$ z a res]ve4 ,ano!r attempt 0 made 9 #ahge to r$uce ! aggregate ( legal-t5d] notes1 prep>atory to ! resumption ( specie paym5ts4 ,! ,resumption ,act ( ,janu>y #ad1 #ahge1 au?oriz$1 among o!r ?+s1 ! retirem5t & cancellation ( legal t5d]s till ! am\nt out/&+ %\ld be r$uc$ to #cjj1jjj1jjj2 #ce1cah1ihd 7 retir$ "u ?is law1 b fur!r r$uction 0 prohibit$ by act ( ,may #ca1 #ahgh4 ,! am\nt out/&+ at t date 0 #cdf1fha1jaf1 & ?is has cont9u$ to ! pres5t "t1 no new issues hav+ be5 au?oriz$4 ,on ,janu>y #a1 #ahgi1 ! resumption ( specie paym5ts took place z provid$ 9 ! act ( ,janu>y #ad1 #ahge4 ,at ?is latt] date1 ! only legal-t5d] co9 recogniz$ by law 0 ! gold co94 ,b1 9 ,febru>y1 #ahgh1 ! co9age ( /&>d silv] doll>s 0 au?oriz$1 & !y 7 to be a legal t5d] = all debts1 unless o!rwise expressly /ipulat$ 9 ! contract4 ,?is l$ to ! claim on ! "p ( ^? :o favor$ silv] t ! r$emption ( legal-t5d] notes1 provid$ = 9 co9 9 ! act ( #ahge1 c\ld be effect$ by ! use ( silv] doll>s4 ,b ! g5]al1 & d\btless s\nd1 con/ruction ( ! law ( #ahge has be5 t x 0 an express contract to r$eem ! legal-t5d] notes 9 ! co9 !n recogniz$ z legal t5d]1 & 9 no o!r2 & s ! ,treasury has r$eem$ legal t5d]s s9ce #ahgi1 9 gold1 :5 ! same is dem&$4 ,9 #ahfi ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt1 ! b5* n be+ full1 decl>$ ! acts au?oriz+ legal-t5d] notes to be uncon/itutional4 ,b subsequ5tly1 ! b5* hav+ its full quota ( n9e1 ! ,c\rt su/a9$ ! con/itutionality ( ! acts1 on ! gr\nd1 ma9ly1 t !y 7 a prop] ex]cise ( ! w> p[] ve/$ 9 ! ,congress4 ,9 #ahhc ! ,c\rt decid$ t ! reissues ( ^! notes1 made 9 "t ( peace1 7 con/itutional4 ,at ! "t ( ! resumption ( specie paym5ts !re 7 #ace1jjj1jjj 9 gold & bullion on h& to provide = ! r$emption ( su* notes z might be pres5t$4 ,by ,act ( ,july #ab1 #ahhb1 x 0 provid$ t :5 ! r$emption res]ve ( gold co9 & bullion 9 ! ,treasury fell bel[ #ajj1jjj1jjj1 ! issue ( gold c]tificates %\ld cease4 ,?is is held to indicate t ,congress reg>d$ #ajj1jjj1jjj z ! limit bel[ :i* ! r$emption res]ve %\ld n be p]mitt$ to fall4 ,if ?is res]ve _h n be5 call$ ^u to be> o!r burd5s1 !re w\ld probably nev] h be5 any d\bts z to its suffici5cy4 ,9 #ahgh1 h[ev]1 began ! co9age ( silv] doll>s & ! issue ( silv] c]tificates4 ,^! notes 7 kept at p> 9 gold by _! int]*angeability 9 ! op]ations ( comm]ce = legal-t5d] notes4 ,!y 7 ?us an indirect *>ge on ! gold res]ve4 ,f #ahgh to #ahij !y 7 increas$ at ! rate ( ov] #b1ejj1jjj a mon?4 ,9 t ye> 7,july #ad1 #ahij7 an act 0 pass$ provid+ = ! issue ( ,treasury notes 9 ! pur*ase ( silv] bullion1 :i* provid$ also = ! co9age ( "s ( ! bullion pur*as$ into silv] doll>s4 ,^! ,treasury notes 7 r$eemable bo? 9 gold & silv]1 & z ! gov]nm5t nev] avail$ itself ( its option to r$eem 9 silv] :5 gold 0 dem&$ = !m1 ^! notes z !y 7 issu$ became a fur!r burd5 on ! gold res]ve provid$ = ! legal-t5d] notes4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #ahic ! legal-t5d] notes1 silv] c]tificates1 & ,treasury notes _h rea*$ an aggregate ( ne>ly #hjj1jjj1jjj1 all dep5d+ on ! ,treasury res]ve = gold r$emption4 ,?is r$uction ( ! p]c5tage ( gold held to ! am\nt ( ! dem& liabilities rais$ d\bts z to ! ability ( ! gov]nm5t to ma9ta9 gold paym5ts1 & ! legal t5d]s & ,treasury notes 7 pres5t$ = r$emption4 ,! depletion ( gold 0 s great t on "o or two occasions !re 0 dang] t ! res]ve w\ld be exhau/$1 & resort 0 _h to ! sale ( bonds to procure gold to repl5i% ! res]ve4 ,! issue ( fur!r ,treasury notes 0 /opp$ by ! repeal ( ! act ( #ahij 9 ,novemb]1 #ahic1 & s9ce ?is repeal confid5ce 9 ! ability ( ! ,treasury to ma9ta9 gold r$emptions has be5 gradually re/or$4 ,"u ! provisions ( ! ,act ( ,may1 #ahgh1 ! legal-t5d] notes :5 r$eem$ _c be cancel$4 ,!y mu/ be paid out aga91 & !re=e :5 reissu$1 !y may aga9 be pres5t$ = r$emption4 ,?is con/itutes ! s-call$ endless *a9 by :i* ! gold 9 ! ,treasury is always liable to be drawn out4 ,v4 ,,! ,,national ,,bank+ ,,sy/em4 ,! desirability ( p]fect+ ! bank+ & curr5cy sy/em ( ! c\ntry 0 readily p]ceiv$ on ! break+ out ( ! ,civil ,w> 9 #ahfa4 ,secret>y ,*ase 9 two annual reports1 ^? ( #ahfa & #ahfb1 recomm5d$ a sy/em ( national banks1 ^: sup]vision %\ld be by national au?ority1 & ^: issues ( notes %\ld be bas$ on deposits ( bonds ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,aft] sev]al unsuccessful attempts1 a bill1 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,%]man1 pass$ bo? ,s5ate & ,h\se1 & became a law ,febru>y #be1 #ahfc4 ,?is act embodi$ ! ess5tial features ( ,mr4 ,*ase's reports4 ,"u x ! fir/ *>t] 0 issu$ to ! ,fir/ ,national ,bank ( ,philadelphia4 ,! =mation ( national banks proce$$ v sl[ly at fir/4 ,9 ord] to hold out great] inducem5ts = ! ,/ate banks to ent] ! national sy/em1 ! act 0 am5d$ on ,june #c1 #ahfd4 ,! fir/ report ( ! ,comptroll] ( ! ,curr5cy1 ,novemb] #bh1 #ahfc1 %[$ t only #acd national banks _h be5 organiz$ up to t date2 b :5 ! act ( ,june #c1 #ahfd1 w5t into op]ation1 new banks 7 =m$ m frequ5tly4 ,a m rapid increase took place aft] ! passage ( ! act ( ,m>* #c1 #ahfe1 impos+ a tax ( #aj p] c5t on ! circulat+ notes ( ,/ate banks4 ,?is increase 0 f #fch banks 9 ,janu>y1 #ahfe1 to #aeac 9 ,octob] ( ! same ye>2 ) an increase 9 capital ( f #ace1fah1hgd to #cic1ahg1bjf2 & 9 circulation ( f #ff1gfi1cge to #aga1cba1ijc4 ,prior to #ahfi national banks 7 requir$ to make _! reports on fix$ dates1 b aft] ,m>* #c1 #ahfi1 !y 7 requir$ by law to make _! reports to ! ,comptroll] five times a ye> on "s pa/ date fix$ ^u by ! ,comptroll]4 ,,national ,,bank ,,laws ,,& ,,regulations4--,! national banks are "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,comptroll] ( ! ,curr5cy1 :o is appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t on ! recomm5dation ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury4 ,8 sal>y is #ejjj a ye>4 ,a national bank may be organiz$ by any numb] ( p]sons n less ?an five1 on p]mission ( ! ,comptroll]4 ,! capital requir$ is n less ?an #ej1jjj 9 any case1 & ?is m9imum applies only to t[ns ! population ( :i* does n exce$ #fjjj2 9 cities hav+ a population exce$+ #ej1jjj1 ! m9imum capital is #bjj1jjj4 ,= places hav+ a population ov] #fjjj & n exce$+ #ej1jjj1 ! capital requir$ is #ajj1jjj4 ,"o half ( ! capital mu/ be paid 9 be=e ! bank is au?oriz$ to beg9 bus9ess1 & ! rema9d] 9 in/allm5ts ( n less ?an #aj p] c5t on ! entire am\nt ( ! capital1 z frequ5tly z "o in/allm5t at ! end ( ea* succe$+ mon? f ! "t x is au?oriz$ to beg9 bus9ess4 ,capital /ock is divid$ into %>es ( #ajj ea*4 ,! banks are manag$ by a bo>d ( n less ?an five directors1 *os5 by ! /ockhold]s4 ,executive (fic]s ( ! bank--presid5t1 vice-presid5t1 ca%i]1 & assi/ant ca%i]--are *os5 by ! directors4 ,%>ehold]s are individually liable = ! debts1 contracts1 & engagem5ts ( ! bank to ! ext5t ( ! am\nt ( _! /ock !re91 at ! p> value1 9 addition to ! am\nt inve/$ 9 su* %>es4 ,?is is :at is kn[n z ! d\ble liability ( %>ehold]s1 & is "o ( ! features add+ to ! /r5g? ( ! sy/em4 ,national banks are designat$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury to act z deposit>ies or cu/odians ( public money4 ,su* deposits are secur$ specially by a deposit ( ,unit$ ,/ates bonds ) ! ,treasury4 ,all national banks be=e comm5c+ bus9ess are requir$ to transf] & deliv] to ! ,treasur] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z security = _! circulat+ notes1 ,unit$ ,/ates regi/]$ bonds to an am\nt n less ?an "o f\r? ! capital :]e ! capital is #aej1jjj or less1 & to ! am\nt ( #ej1jjj :]e ! capital is 9 excess ( #aej1jjj4 ,^! bonds mu/ be tak5 by ! banks :e!r !y issue circulation or n4 ,circulat+ notes are issu$ to national banks on a deposit ( ,unit$ ,/ates bonds ) ! ,treasur]4 ,notes are limit$ to #ij p] c5t ( ! p> value ( ! bonds1 also to #ij p] c5t ( ! capital ( ! bank4 ,!y are ov]-secur$1 & no hold] ( !m has ev] lo/ a doll> by reason ( ! failure ( a bank4 ,! notes are secur$ by ! gov]nm5t bonds1 !re be+ a diff]5ce ( ! #aj p] c5t betwe5 ! p> ( ! bonds & ! notes issu$1 & ! bonds ne>ly always comm& a premium4 ,!y are fur!r secur$ by ! fir/ li5 on ! assets ( ! bank1 includ+ ! d\ble liability ( %>ehold]s1 by a #e p] c5t r$emption fund 9 ! ,treasury1 & also by ! m>g9 betwe5 ! capital & ! am\nt ( notes p]mitt$4 ,national bank notes are r$eemable at ! c\nt]s ( ! issu+ banks & at ! ,treasury 9 8lawful money0 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is t]m1 z commonly us$1 means legal-t5d] money1 & 9 practice1 p]haps1 gold co9 or legal-t5d] notes4 ,res]ves ( national banks are ! am\nts ( money kept on h& to pay _! deposits & curr5t *ecks & drafts4 ,?is res]ve is to be kept 9 lawful money1--gold & silv] co9 or c]tificates1 & ,unit$ ,/ates curr5cy c]tificates or legal-t5d] notes4 ,!re are ?ree c5tral res]ve cities1 namely1 ,new ,york1 ,*icago1 & ,/4 ,l\is4 ,national banks 9 ^! ?ree cities mu/ keep a res]ve ( #be p] c5t aga9/ _! deposits1 & ?is am\nt mu/ be kept 9 _! own vaults4 ,!re are tw5ty-f\r o!r res]ve cities :i* are also requir$ to keep a res]ve ( #be p] c5t1 b "o half ( t am\nt may be due f o!r banks 9 ,new ,york & o!r c5tral res]ve cities1 approv$ z res]ve ag5ts by ! ,comptroll] ( ! ,curr5cy4 ,banks outside ( ^! res]ve cities mu/ keep a res]ve ( #ae p] c5t1 ?ree fif?s ( :i* may be due f approv$ res]ve ag5ts 9 ! res]ve cities or c5tral res]ve cities4 ,9 times ( panic :5 !re is a run on banks !y may use ?is res]ve to pay _! depositors1 & x (t5 happ5s t ! res]ve falls bel[ ! am\nt requir$ by law4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! ,comptroll] may notify ! banks to make good ! defici5cy2 fail+ to comply ) ?is reque/ )9 ?irty days1 !y may be clos$4 ,national banks are n p]mitt$ to make loans on real e/ate4 ,! regulations prescrib$ by ! law = ! managem5t ( ^! in/itutions are v /r+5t1 supplem5t$ by a sy/em ( exam9ation & reports4 ,9 #ahif ! ,comptroll] ( ! ,curr5cy e/imat$ t ! gov]nm5t _h made a net pr(it ( #aeg1dci1bdh4ih out ( ! rev5ues d]iv$ f ! national banks4 ,x 0 e/imat$ 9 ! same report t ! av]age p]c5tage ( divid5ds paid to cr$itors ( insolv5t national banks 0 #ge p] c5t4 ,!re h be5 no losses on circulation4 ,9 #ahgh ! ,comptroll] e/imat$ t ! annual losses ^u all ! curr5cy issu$ by ,/ate & private banks am\nt$ to #e p] c5t annually4 ,! national banks are n monopoli/ic4 ,any body ( five reputable citiz5s c =m "o by gett+ toge!r #ej1jjj capital4 ,! total %>es ( ! national banks are approximately #cjj1jjj4 ,pr(its on national bank /ock are n exorbitant4 ,= a p]iod ( tw5ty-n9e ye>s ! net e>n+s on capital & surplus h be5 only a little ov] #g p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,b\rse1 ,,p>is4 ,s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! national bank+ sy/em #eaga banks h be5 organiz$1 ( :i* #abbd h gone into liquidation1 #cfh h become insolv5t1 & #cegi are 9 op]ation 7,febru>y #d1 #ahii74 ,!re is a m>k$ fall+ (f 9 ! numb] ( new national banks organiz$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,9 #ahij !re 7 #cjg organiz$1 b 9 #ahih !re 7 only #ej organizations report$1 & t 0 ! highe/ numb] report$ s9ce #ahic4 ,! capital ( ! national banks is also decreas+1 b ! deposits %[ a l>ge increase4 ,at pres5t ! ,/ate banks are ga9+ 9 numb]s m rapidly ?an ! national banks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bank ,,( ,,engl&1 ,,london4 ,,pr(it ,,on ,,national ,,bank ,,circulation4--,_m suppose t national banks make an undue pr(it on ! privilege !y h ( issu+ notes to circulate z money1 bas$ on a deposit ( bonds ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates treasur]4 ,(ficial figures disprove ?is4 ,! total national bank notes out/&+1 ,febru>y #d1 #ahii1 0 #bjc1fcf1ahd4ej4 ,! law p]mits ^! banks to issue notes to ! ext5t ( #ij p] c5t ( _! capital4 ,?is capital1 on ,febru>y #d1 #ahii1 0 #fjh1cja1bde4 ,!re=e !y might h _h notes at issue on t date to ! am\nt ( #ede1hga1abj4ej1 in/ead ( only #bjc1fcf1ahd4ej4 ,?is is conclusive evid5ce t !re is no sub/antial pr(it 9 ! issu+ ( su* notes4 ,9 ! figures furni%$ by ! ,comptroll] ( ! ,curr5cy = #ahih1 he %[s t ! pr(it :i* a national bank c\ld make by tak+ out circulation on a deposit ( #ajj1jjj ( ,unit$ ,/ates bonds1 on ,octob] #ca1 #ahih1 0 less ?an #a p] c5t4 ,on t date eight lead+ banks _h no circulat+ notes at all out4 ,! meagre pr(its ( national banks expla9 :y !y d n supply an adequate pap] curr5cy4 ,! re/rictions on !m make x impossible to r5d] any sub/antial assi/ance to bus9ess 9 ?is respect4 ,?is is especially true 9 times ( panic4 ,possess+ gigantic /r5g?1 !y are compell$ to see ! indu/ries ( ! c\ntry attack$ by d\bt & di/ru/1 & are unable to g to _! aid because ( ! re/ra9ts :i* =bid !m to ex]cise _! legitimate functions4 ,,vi4 ,,=eign ,,bank+ ,,& ,,f9ance4 ,mo/ =eign c\ntries issue metallic money only1 except ^? t are on a pap] basis4 ,9 g5]al ! pap] curr5cy is issu$ by banks1 _m ( :i* are m or less remotely associat$ ) ! gov]nm5t4 ,"s ( ^! banks issue notes on ! security ( ! gov]nm5t or o!r /ocks & bonds1 :ile _m emit notes bas$ on no special =m ( security1 b ^u ! g5]al assets ( ! bank4 ,z comp>$ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re are b few banks 9 ! pr9cipal =eign c\ntries4 ,engl& has less ?an "o hundr$2 ,scotl& less ?an a doz52 ,canada b ?irty-eight *>t]$ banks4 ,z 9 o!r =eign c\ntries1 ! ,canadian banks h num]\s bran*es affiliat$ ) ! head (fice4 ,national banks 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are prohibit$ f hav+ bran*es4 ,! ,bank ( ,france1 ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 ! ,imp]ial ,bank ( ,g]many1 ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,bank1 ! ,imp]ial ,bank ( ,russia1 are all m or less intimately associat$ ) _! respective gov]nm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g]man ,,bank1 ,,brem54 ,! ,bank ( ,engl& 0 incorporat$ by royal *>t]1 ,july #bg1 #afid1 its incorporators l5d+ #a1bjj1jjj to ! gov]nm5t1 9 return = :i* ! ,bank 0 p]mitt$ to issue notes to a l am\nt4 ,x _h a practical monopoly up to #ahbf1 & ev5 n[1 x is believ$1 no bank )9 a radius ( #fe miles ( ,london may issue notes4 ,x has susp5d$ specie paym5ts m ?an once4 ,9 #ahdd1 ! bank+ & issue dep>tm5ts ( ! ,bank 7 sep>at$4 ,"o fif? ( ! res]ve may be silv]1 ?\gh 9 practice ! res]ve is kept 9 gold co9 & bullion4 ,its notes are bas$ on gold1 except #af1hjj1jjj1 :i* are secur$ by ! gov]nm5t debt & o!r securities4 ,x is compell$ to buy all gold (f]$ at a fix$ price1 pay+ = x 9 notes4 ,s x mu/ r$eem all notes on dem& 9 gold4 ,:5 s r$eem$ !y are cancel$ &1 aft] five ye>s1 burn$4 ,no notes ( a less d5om9ation ?an five p\nds are issu$4 ,! ,bank *ecks gold exports by rais+ ! rate ( disc\nt4 ,! build+ cov]s ab\t f\r acres ( gr\nd1 & employs ov] elev5 hundr$ p]sons4 ,x is ! key/one ( ! entire sy/em ( ,briti% cr$it1 & comm&s ! assi/ance ( ! ,gov]nm5t :5 ne$$4 ,! ,scot* banks issue notes on _! own cr$it to ! am\nt out/&+ at ! "t ( ! passage ( ! ,bank ,act 9 #ahdd4 ,_! rate ( int]e/ is said to be ! same at all ( _! ?\s& (fices4 ,a unique feature ( ! ,scot* bank+ sy/em is t ( ca% cr$its1 by means ( :i* a p]son ( good cr$it may get 8 *ecks ca%$ )\t a deposit ( actual money1 ! banks simply ent]+ ! cr$its on _! books4 ,! ,bank ( ,france has a monopoly ( note issues1 *>ges a premium on gold = export1 & may r$eem its notes 9 ei!r gold or silv]4 ,! ,imp]ial ,bank ( ,g]many & a few o!r ,g]man banks issue notes on gold & o!r securities1 & fur!r am\nts on _! g5]al cr$it4 ,beyond a fix$ sum1 call$ ! em]g5cy circulation1 a tax ( five p] c5t is levi$4 ,o!r ,european banks are g5]ally model$ on ! same lead+ pr9ciple--a c5tral bank ( issue1 ) num]\s bran*es1 & associat$ ) ! ,gov]nm5t directly or indirectly4 ,! ,imp]ial ,bank ( ,russia issues notes practically cov]$ by gold & r$eemable 9 t co94 ,japan tri$ a sy/em ( national banks comb9$ ) ,gov]nm5t pap] money1 b is n[ sub/itut+ a sy/em ( bank notes issu$ by ! ,bank ( ,japan4 ,,vii4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,gov]nm5t ,,debt ,,s9ce #aheg4 ,9 #aheg ! ,gov]nm5t ow$ only #aj1jjj1jjj ov] & above ! ca% held 9 ! treasury4 ,at ! break+ out ( ! ,civil ,w> ! debt _h increas$ to ab\t #hj1jjj1jjj4 ,by ,augu/ #ca1 #ahfe1 x _h increas$ to #b1gef1jjj1jjj1 ) an int]e/ *>ge ( #aej1jjj1jjj4 ,9 tw5ty-eight ye>s1 d[n to ,june #cj1 #ahic1 ! ,gov]nm5t ext+ui%$ #a1iag1ejj1jjj ( its debt1 paid #b1cfd1jjj1jjj = int]e/ on its debt1 & #aah1jjj1jjj = premium on bonds r$eem$1 mak+ a gr& total ( #d1djj1jjj1jjj1 or an annual av]age paym5t ( #aeg1jjj1jjj = ! entire p]iod4 ,! rise & fall ( ! public debt f ,july #a1 #aheg1 to ,july #a1 #ahih1 appe> m fully 9 ! foll[+ table4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,ye>s4 ,total debt4 ,debt less ca% 9 ! ,treasury4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #aheg1 ,july #a #bh1fii1hca #i1iih1fba #ahfj1 0 #a #fd1hdb1bhg #ei1ifd1djb #ahfa1 0 #a #ij1ehj1hgc #hg1gah1ffj #ahfb1 0 #a #ebd1agf1dab #eje1cab1geb #ahfc1 0 #a #a1aai1ggb1ach #a1aaa1cej1gcg #ahfd1 0 #a #a1hae1ghd1cgj #a1gji1deb1bgg #ahfe1 ,augu/ #ca #b1hdd1fdi1fbf #b1gef1dca1ega #ahgc1 ,july #a #b1bcd1dhb1iic #b1aje1dfb1jfj #ahgi1 0 #a #b1bde1die1jgb #a1iif1dad1ije #ahhi1 0 #a #a1fai1jeb1ibb #ige1ici1gej #ahic1 0 #a #a1ede1ihe1fhf #hch1ifi1dge #ahie1 ,decemb] #a #a1gjh1hga1fgj #idh1dgg1fab #ahif1 ,july #a #a1gfi1hdj1cbc #iee1big1bec #ahig1 0 #a #a1hag1fgb1ffe #ihf1fef1jhf #ahih1 0 #a #a1gif1eca1iie #a1jbg1jhe1dib ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,9 #ahfe ! annual int]e/ *>ge on ! public debt 0 #aej1igg1fig4 ,9 #ahih x 0 only #cd1chg1djh4 ,f #agia to #ahih ! gross receipts ( ! ,gov]nm5t 7 #cj1edg1jfc1ccf4jf & ! gross exp5ditures #bi1gfh1eig1bcg4bd4 ,! net ord9>y receipts1 :i* d n include loans or proce$s f ! issue ( ,treasury notes1 7 #dje1cba1cce4bj = ! fiscal ye> end$ ,june #cj1 #ahih1 & ! net ord9>y exp5ditures1 :i* d n include paym5ts on acc\nt ( premiums or int]e/ on ! public debt1 7 #dje1ghc1ebf4eg4 ,,viii4 ,,po/al ,,sav+s ,,banks4 ,_m believe t a sy/em ( po/al sav+s banks c\ld be g5]ally introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,su* banks d\btless appeal to ^? :o h m confid5ce 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ?an 9 any association ( individuals4 ,_! safety may be conc$$1 = :5 ! ,gov]nm5t fails o!r in/itutions are likely to g ! same way4 ,b :5 p deposit money 9 a po/al sav+s bank1 !y make a loan to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,?is implies t ! ,gov]nm5t mu/ be a p]petual borr[]1 :]eas1 until rec5t ye>s1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 a debt-pay+ nation1 & 9 ! c\rse ( affairs may soon be aga94 ,unless we are to h a l>ge p]man5t debt1 ! deposits 9 po/al sav+s banks w\ld h to be inve/$ 9 g5]al securities4 ,su* inve/m5ts c\ld n well be made by ! po/-(fice (ficials ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 ^! banks h be5 9 exi/5ce = ab\t ?irty-eight ye>s1 & _! numb] has gr[n to ab\t #ab1jjj1 ) m ?an #f1jjj1jjj depositors4 ,! sy/em prevails 9 a numb] ( o!r c\ntries4 ,! m conc5trat$ & pat]nal sy/em ( gov]nm5t preval5t 9 c\ntries hav+ ^! banks r5d]s _! managem5t a mu* less difficult problem ?an x w\ld be 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) our l>ge areas1 va/ numb] ( po/-(fices1 & g5]al div]sity ( conditions4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 ! deposits 9 ! po/al sav+s banks are made at ! money ord] po/-(fices 9 a pass book held by ! depositor4 ,)drawals are made by fill+ up blank =ms1 & ^! )drawals may be made at any money ord] po/-(fice4 ,deposits are inve/$ 9 ! public debt1 & ! rate ( int]e/ is ab\t two & "o half p] c5t4 ,! po/al sav+s banks ( ,great ,brita9 conta9 deposits approximat+ #ebg1jjj1jjj2 ^? ( ,france1 #aeb1jjj1jjj2 ^? ( ,italy1 #ij1jjj1jjj2 ^? ( ,belgium1 #fg1jjj1jjj2 ^? ( ,canada1 #ca1jjj1jjj4 ,,ix4 ,,sav+s ,,banks ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,!re are no wor?i] f9ancial in/itutions 9 ! c\ntry to-day ?an ! sav+s banks4 ,mo/ ( ^! are organiz$ on :at is kn[n z ! mutual plan4 ,!y h no capital1 no /ockhold]s1 & all ! assets are held 9 tru/ = ! b5efit ( ! depositors4 ,!y are manag$ by a bo>d ( tru/ees1 :o s]ve )\t pay4 ,! inve/m5ts :i* ! banks are p]mitt$ to make are g5]ally re/rict$ to high-class securities insur+ safety4 ,! sav+s banks 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 especially1 are closely re/rict$ 9 inve/+ _! funds1 & failures 9 rec5t ye>s are almo/ unkn[n4 ,a deposit 9 "o ( ^! banks is h>dly less safe ?an an inve/m5t 9 ,gov]nm5t bonds4 ,! sav+s banks are ! prim>y s*ools ( economy & ?rift1 & ,i believe t an ext5sion ( ! mutual sav+s bank sy/em ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 "u prop] legal safegu>ds1 w\ld be ( ! greate/ b5efit to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! deposits 9 banks ( ?is k9d are usually limit$ by law to am\nts n exce$+ #cjjj to "o depositor1 z !y are n int5d$ to be us$ by ! weal?i] class ( p4 ,! foll[+ /ati/ics w be f\nd int]e/+4 ,,sav+s ,,banks ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #aheg-ahig4 7,/atem5t ( condition = ea* p]iod ( t5 ye>s47 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #aheg #ahfg #ahgg ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,numb] ( banks #bca #cga #fge ,numb] ( depositors #dij1dbh #a1ahh1bjb #b1cie1cad ,am\nt ( deposits #ih1eab1ifhccg1jji1debhff1bah1cjf ,av]age to ea* depositor #bjj #bhc #cfa ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- #ahhg #ahig ---------------------------------------- --------- ,numb] ( banks #fhd #ihj ,numb] ( depositors #c1dah1jac #e1bja1acb ,am\nt ( deposits #a1bce1bdg1cgaa1ici1cgf1jce ,av]age to ea* depositor #cfa #cgb ---------------------------------------- --------- ,9 addition to ! mutual & /ock sav+s banks 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a sy/em ( s*ool sav+s banks1 introduc$ into ! s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,j4 ,h4 ,?iry1 ( ,long ,isl& ,city1 ,n4 ,y41 is wor?y ( m5tion4 ,su* banks h be5 v successful 9 inculcat+ habits ( ?rift & economy among ! *ildr5 ( ! c\ntry4 ,x4 ,,! ,,cle>+-,,h\se4 ,a cle>+-h\se may be def9$ z an in/itution = sav+ "t1 money1 & labor4 ,its und]ly+ pr9ciple is t ( sett+ (f "o claim aga9/ ano!r4 ,a bank 9 a l>ge city receives e day 9 its mail a great numb] ( *ecks or drafts drawn on banks 9 ! same place4 ,x does n pres5t ^! *ecks directly to ! banks on :i* !y are drawn = paym5t1 b s5ds !m by mess5g] to ! cle>+-h\se4 ,let u say1 = illu/ration1 t ! ,fir/ ,national ,bank pres5ts to ! cle>+-h\se *ecks on o!r banks am\nt+ to #ajj1jjj4 ,at ! same "t ! o!r banks s5d to ! cle>+-h\se *ecks !y h receiv$ drawn on ! ,fir/ ,national ,bank1 aggregat+ #ge1jjj4 ,a paym5t ( #be1jjj 9 money to ! ,fir/ ,national ,bank w be all ! ca% requir$ to pay *ecks repres5t+ #age1jjj4 ,! economy 9 ! use ( money is /ill bett] illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ /atem5t ( an actual transaction4 ,on a day 9 ! latt] "p ( #ahih ! ,bank ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york took to ! ,new ,york ,cle>+-,h\se *ecks on o!r banks am\nt+ to #ae1fdg1ehc4hb1 & o!r banks br\ght *ecks aga9/ x am\nt+ to #ae1fdg1dja4he4 ,! sum ( ^! items 0 #ca1bid1ihe4fg1 & !y 7 paid ) #aha4ig 9 money1 :i* repres5ts ! cr$it balance due to ! ,bank ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,?is in/ance %[s :at l>ge transactions may be effect$ ) small sums ( money by employ+ prop] bank+ ma*9]y4 ,banks multiply ! usefulness ( money _m fold4 ,! ,new ,york ,cle>+-,h\se ,association 0 organiz$ ,septemb] #ac1 #ahec1 & ! fir/ cle>+ made by ! ,association took place on ,octob] #aa1 #ahec4 ,! banks belong+ to ! ,new ,york ,cle>+-,h\se ,association report$ on ,april #a1 #ahii1 loans & disc\nts1 #ggi1iea1ajj2 deposits1 #hih1iag1jjj2 specie1 #ahg1aad1cjj2 circulation1 #ac1hgj1fjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,york ,,cle>+-,,h\se4 ,,cle>+-,,h\se ,,loan ,,c]tificates4--,^! are simply devices t ! banks h inv5t$ = use 9 times ( panic4 ,!y are issu$ by a committee ( ! ,cle>+-,h\se ,association on ! deposit ( approv$ securities by ! bank desir+ !m1 & are us$ only to settle balances betwe5 ! banks4 ,!y are n money1 b s]ve a useful purpose 9 dim9i%+ ! dem& = money2 = :5 ! banks agree to accept ^! c]tificates among !mselves1 x makes t mu* money available to be loan$ or paid to depositors4 ,9 #ahic1 & 9 o!r ye>s ( f9ancial /r+5cy1 ! issue ( ^! c]tificates af=d$ great relief to bus9ess int]e/s & sav$ ! c\ntry f "s ( ! mo/ disa/r\s results consequ5t ^u su* panics4 ,^! c]tificates are n to be conf\nd$ ) cle>+-h\se gold c]tificates issu$ by ! ,association on deposits ( gold co94 ,!y are us$ 9 mak+ paym5ts ( balances betwe5 banks1 & obviate ! necessity ( frequ5tly pass+ ! actual co9 f h& to h&4 ,on ,april #aa1 #ahih1 ! cle>+s at ! ,new ,york ,cle>+-,h\se = t day am\nt$ to #ceb1hhb1efg--! l>ge/ am\nt ev] report$ up to t "t4 ,! balances to be paid 9 money 7 #ag1cde1deb1 or only ab\t five p] c5t4 ,= ! ye> #ahih ! bank cle>+s at ,new ,york 7 #da1iga1gha1fhd1 & = ! :ole c\ntry1 #fh1gej1jjj1jjj4 ,an inve/igation ( ! am\nt ( cr$it pap] us$ respectively 9 ! :olesale & retail trade 0 made by ! ,comptroll] ( ! ,curr5cy 9 #ahif4 ,9 8 report = t ye> ! ,comptroll] says3 8,f ! face ( ! returns ! conclusion to be drawn is t #fg4d p] c5t ( ! retail trade ( ! c\ntry is transact$ by means ( cr$it pap] 7*ecks71 t #ie4c p] c5t ( ! :olesale trade is s c>ri$ on1 #ie4a p] c5t ( bus9ess o!r ?an m]cantile1 & #ib4e p] c5t ( all bus9ess40 ,,xi4 ,,panics ,,& ,,_! ,,causes4 ,a panic is g5]ally due to inflation & speculation1 & ^!1 ( c\rse1 h _! orig9 9 v>i\s s\rces n easily det]m9$4 ,an unusual increase 9 ! production ( preci\s metals1 b\ntiful crops1 a speculative craze tak+ possession ( ! public--su* z ! tulip mania 9 ,holl&--all ^! & _m o!r causes lead to speculation4 ,! fall 9 prices due to a /oppage 9 speculation br+s on ! panic4 ,sometimes ! cata/rophe is produc$ by w> or rumors ( w>1 (t5 by ! mo/ trivial circum/ances1 & n infrequ5tly )\t any app>5t cause4 ,be=e ev]ybody _h desir$ to buy2 !y n[ became z eag] to sell1 & ?is ru% to conv]t securities & commodities into money precipitates a panic4 ,crises may be divid$ into comm]cial & f9ancial4 ,! la/ "o 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :atev] may h be5 its ultimate developm5ts1 0 9 its inception & culm9ation ess5tially a f9ancial panic4 ,! ,treasury & ! banks 7 bo? reg>d$ ) m or less di/ru/4 ,panics or crises m or less sev]e h occurr$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahad1 #ahah1 #ahbf1 #ahcg-ci1 #ahdh1 #aheg1 dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 #ahfa-fe1 #ahgc1 #ahhb1 #ahhd1 #ahij1 #ahic4 ,"s ( ^! %\ld h>dly be call$ panics1 z !y 7 m]e local di/urbances4 ,diff]5t causes h be5 giv5 = ea* ( ^! revulsions4 ,ov]trad+ & speculation 7 d\btless responsible = !m4 ,! panic ( #aheg 0 co9cid5t ) l>ge net imports ( m]*&ise4 ,on ,augu/ #bd1 #aheg1 ! onw>d wave ( prosp]ity1 :i* _h be5 /eadily ris+ to a great height1 receiv$ a *eck by ! failure ( ! ,ohio ,life ,insurance & ,tru/ ,co41 foll[$ by num]\s o!r failures4 ,on ,octob] #d e bank 9 ,new ,york1 except ! ,*emical1 susp5d$ specie paym5ts1 & !y did n resume until ,decemb] #ab4 ,! speculation 9 gold 9 #ahfi culm9at$ 9 :at is kn[n z ! ,black ,friday panic1 ,septemb] #bd1 #ahfi4 ,fiske & ,g\ld 7 conduct+ a speculation 9 gold1 & s\ght to corn] x4 ,!y =c$ ! price up to a high figure1 b ! ,gov]nm5t sudd5ly appe>$ z a sell] ( gold & broke ! 8corn]40 ,! ye> #ahgc witness$ ano!r revulsion ( confid5ce & ano!r disruption ( ! comm]cial & f9ancial affairs ( ! c\ntry4 ,bus9ess _h long be5 unduly exp&$1 & ! collapse f9ally came4 ,! failure1 on ,septemb] #ah1 ( ! honor$ firm ( ,jay ,cooke ,co41 :i* _h n only be5 id5tifi$ ) ! build+ ( ! ,nor!rn ,pacific ,r4 ,r4 b _h be5 a /rong support] ( ! cr$it ( ! ,gov]nm5t :5 x 0 9 ! dire/ di/ress1 0 ! fir/ bad news4 ,h\se aft] h\se fell4 ,! ,/ock ,ex*ange clos$ its doors on ,septemb] #bj1 & did n reop5 !m until ,septemb] #cj4 ,m ?an fifty ,/ock ,ex*ange firms susp5d$1 & sev]al ( ! lead+ bank+ in/itutions ( ,new ,york & o!r cities _h to /op bus9ess4 ,dur+ ?is panic ! ,new ,york ,cle>+-,h\se ,association issu$ cle>+-h\se c]tificates to ^? ( its memb]s :o ne$$ available funds1 & dur+ ! tr\ble issu$ #bd1iae1jjj ( !m4 ,9 ,may1 #ahhd1 x issu$ #bd1iae1jjj2 9 ! #ahij panic1 #af1fde1jjj2 9 #ahic1 #da1dij1jjj4 ,foll[+ ! resumption ( specie paym5ts ! times 7 good = sev]al ye>s4 ,! production ( ! preci\s metals 0 av]ag+ #ge1jjj1jjj or m p] ye>4 ,f #ahgi to #ahhc we import$ ab\t #aij1jjj1jjj ( gold4 ,railroad con/ruction rea*$ a high] po9t ?an 0 ev] record$1 ei!r be=e or s9ce1 ne>ly #dj1jjj miles ( track hav+ be5 laid 9 five ye>s4 ,all seem$ well1 :5 ano!r collapse came 9 ,may1 #ahhd4 ,?is 0 prec$$ by ! failure ( ,grant ,w>d1 & x 0 foll[$ by ! failure ( ! ,m>9e & ! ,metropolitan ,ranks4 ,! disclosures ( bad fai? on ! "p ( m5 occupy+ positions ( great tru/1 made ! #ahhd panic "o ( di/9ct *>act]i/ics ( its own4 ,! previ\s activity 9 all l9es ( ent]prise may h made ! revulsion timely1 b individual di%one/y greatly aggravat$ ! situation4 ,! panic ( #ahij1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 b a reflection ( ! great ,b>+ failure 9 ,london 9 ! fall ( t ye>4 ,?is cra% 0 due to ,s\? ,am]ican speculations1 & 0 "o ( ! greate/ failures ( mod]n times4 ,x is ! op9ion ( _m well-in=m$ f9anci]s t ?is 0 "o ( ! causes :i* op]at$ to produce ! panic ( #ahic 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 reg>d to ! pur*ase ( silv]1 d\bts z to ! t>iff1 defici5cy 9 rev5ues--all1 p]haps1 _h _! %>e 9 creat+ di/ru/4 ,b back ( ^! 7 ! conditions sup]9duc$ by an era ( inflation & speculation4 ,! #ahic panic bore mo/ heavily ^u ! banks4 ,!re 0 a cont9u$ dem& ^u ! ,treasury = gold1 & ! deposits 9 banks 7 )drawn s rapidly t hundr$s ( failures ensu$4 ,! p]iod ( depression cont9u$ = ne>ly ?ree ye>s1 & has be5 succe$$ by an era ( g5]al prosp]ity1 :i* x is hop$ may be long cont9u$4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,progress ,,9 ,,fruit ,,culture ,,by ,h4 ,e4 ,,van ,,deman1 ,late ,pr(4 ( ,horticulture1 ,kansas ,/ate ,agricultural ,college4 ,f ! e>lie/ hi/ories ( civilization we le>n t ! cultivation ( fruits has be5 a delightful pa/ime & also a sub/antial means ( liv+4 ,_! tempt+ colors1 fragrant p]fumes & lusci\s flavors are unequal$ 9 comb9$ attractiv5ess & satisfaction to ! human s5ses by any?+ else among all ! products ( nature4 ,_! juices are at once appetiz+1 nutriti\s1 & :olesome4 ,millions ( p h subsi/$ ^u !m l>gely1 f "t out ( m9d4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n a matt] ( wond] t our =efa!rs1 :5 !y came to ! %ores ( ?is ,new ,_w1 br\ght ) !m se$s1 cutt+s1 & plants ( ! be/ fruits !y _h at _! old homes4 ,?us x 0 t ! apple1 pe>1 pea*1 plum1 *]ry1 grape1 olive1 date1 almond1 ,european walnut & *e/nut1 & _m o!r less valuable fruits 7 fir/ cultivat$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,,! ,,beg9n+4--,previ\s to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re _h be5 consid]able developm5t 9 fruit culture 9 ! colonies4 ,small apple or*>ds 7 q common 9 ! settlem5ts1 f ,new ,engl& to ! ,c>ol9as4 ,! pe>1 pea*1 plum1 grape1 & a few o!r fruits 7 cultivat$ 9 less degree4 ,! ,spani% _h introduc$ ! pea* & orange 9 ,florida1 & ! ,fr5* _h plant$ ! grape & pe> 9 _! sp>se settlem5ts 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley & ne> ! ,great ,lakes4 ,!re are to-day1 & yet 9 a heal?y condition1 ne> ,detroit1 ,mi*igan1 sev]al imm5se pe>-trees f ^! fir/ plant+s1 t are ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s old4 ,! ,ca?olic fa!rs plant$ ! v9e & ! olive1 & occasionally ! date palm1 at _! mission /ations along ! ,rio ,gr&e & on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,?us we see t :5 ! ye> #ahjj u%]$ 9 ! c5tury n[ clos+1 !re 7 _m feeble beg9n+s 9 ! way ( fruit culture scatt]$ ov] ! ,cont95t4 ,! ,indians1 contr>y to :at we might h suppos$1 help$ mat]ially 9 ! di/ribution ( "s ( ! or*>d fruits4 ,9 #agii1 :5 ,g5]al ,sullivan made 8 fam\s raid aga9/ ! tribes :i* compos$ ! hi/oric 8,six nations10 he f\nd be>+ apple or*>ds 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,canada & ,mi*igan ! ,indians occasionally plant$ ! apple & pe>4 ,! tribes liv+ along ! ,gulf ( ,mexico _h pea*-trees 9 _! little cultivat$ pat*es1 hav+ obta9$ ! se$s f ! ,spani>ds2 & to-day we f9d ! desc5dants ( ^! ,spani% or 8,indian0 pea*es commonly gr[n ?r\gh\t all ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & to "s ext5t all ov] ! pea*-gr[+ sections ( ,am]ica4 ,,! ,,exp]im5tal ,,/age4--,dur+ ! life ( ! g5]ation :i* exi/$ = ! fir/ ?irty or m ye>s ( ! c5tury ! culture ( fruits 0 /ill pr9cipally 9 ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,"s ( ! =eign species & v>ieties _h n prov$ satisfactory1 & !y 7 be+ critically te/$ or ab&on$4 ,new v>ieties 7 be+ orig9at$ on our own soil4 ,our native fruits 7 be+ br\ght "u culture1 too1 & ) ! mo/ satisfactory results 9 _m cases4 ,x 0 le>n$ t we _h 9 !m ! f\ndation ( almo/ unlimit$ developm5t4 ,_! prog5y has revolutioniz$ "s l9es ( fruit culture4 ,?is is especially true 9 our v9ey>ds & b]ry-fields4 ,!re 7 m5 ( noble & patriotic ca/ ( m9d1 :o devot$ _! lives to ! developm5t ( ?is lovely & :olly humane "w4 ,!y des]ve to rank beside ! h]oes ( our battlefields4 ,_! victories 7 ^? ( peace1 & 7 foll[$ by an increase ( ! delightful products ( ! or*>d1 v9ey>d1 & g>d54 ,once t our =efa!rs 7 free f ! bondage ( ,european gre$1 ?is art ( peace kept pace ) our civilization on o!r l9es4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! :ole li/ ( our sci5tific atta9m5ts or mat]ial indu/ries t c %[ m sub/antial progress4 ,nor is !re a nation on e>? t has s ri*1 v>i$1 & adaptable soils1 toge!r ) climatic conditions s admirably & g5]ally suit$ to fruit culture2 nor a p m alive to _! opportunities 9 ?is direction4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,progress4--,dur+ ! g5]ation ( fruit gr[]s :o liv$ f ab\t #ahcj until ! "t ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ! region ly+ betwe5 ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s & ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 & ext5d+ f ! ,ottawa ,riv] 9 ,canada to ! m\nta9s ( ,t5nessee1 :i* is n[ ! great apple b9 ( ,am]ica1 z well z its gran>y1 0 be+ rapidly fill$ ) en]getic settl]s4 ,^! pione]s c>ri$ ) !m c>efully select$ se$s1 cutt+s1 & trees ( ! be/ v>ieties ( fruits kn[n 9 _! ,ea/]n & ,s\!rn homes4 ,^! 7 plant$ 9 ! ri*1 virg9 soil ( ! new t]ritory1 :i* 0 !n kn[n z 8,! ,we/40 ,"u ! happy influ5ces ( a cong5ial climate & c>eful cultivation1 !y develop$ into fruitful or*>ds & v9ey>ds1 yield+ f9] specim5s1 &1 9 "s cases1 l>g] crops ?an _h ev] be5 kn[n 9 ! old] p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is gave a great impetus to ! culture ( fruits4 ,! fir/ l>ge comm]cial or*>ds ( ! apple1 pea*1 & pe> 9 ! c5tral ,unit$ ,/ates 7 !n be+ plant$ 9 ,mi*igan1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 & ,k5tucky4 ,! ,s\? _h n yet awak5$ to a k ( h] possibilities 9 fruit culture4 ,"u slave labor ! l& 0 almo/ solely giv5 up to cotton & tobacco4 ,florida _h n !n ev5 dream$ ( h] wond]ful developm5ts 9 orange culture4 ,9 ,miss\ri1 ,kansas1 ,arkansas1 ,texas1 & ! great ,nor?we/1 :]e n[ !re are fruit plantations ( almo/ unp>allel$ ext5t1 only ! fir/ trees & plants 7 be+ set1 & x 0 only ?\ght possible t "s day fruits c\ld be produc$ 9 abundance !re4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9 & ,pacific ,/ates _h sc>cely be5 he>d (1 ev5 z ,t]ritories1 & only an occasional plantation ( v9es & trees ar\nd "s mission /ation c\ld be f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cocoanut ,,tree1 ,,palm ,,bea*1 ,,fla4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,triumph4--,at ! close ( ! ,civil ,w>1 :i* _h some:at di/ract$ ! att5tion ( our p bo? ,nor? & ,s\? f ! progress ( ! peaceful arts1 !re 0 a great expansion ( our rural population4 ,! love ( travel _h tak5 possession ( _m :o _h be5 9 ! armies4 ,!y 7 no long] cont5t ) ! n>r[ b\nd>ies & ! poor l&s ( ! old ,ea/]n f>ms4 ,!y want$ new fields = _! en]gies4 ,! build+ ( ! great railroad sy/ems across ! cont95t solv$ ! "q ( ! settlem5t ( ! 8,f> ,we/10 & ! my?ical 8,am]ican ,des]t0 t 0 suppos$ to lie ?is side ( x4 ,! prairies 7 cov]$ ) home/ead]s' %anties1 sod h\ses1 & 8dug-outs40 ,! =e/s ( ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91 ,m9nesota1 ,miss\ri1 & ,arkansas fell be=e ! axe ( ! pione]4 ,! 8,boys 9 ,blue0 :o _h se5 ! natural advantages ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 :ile !re on ! dread err& ( w>1 began ! rehabilitation ( ! c\ntry !y _h help$ to deva/ate4 ,!y took ) !m _! ,yankee notions & ,we/]n vim1 & plant$ _m k9ds ( f>m crops1 trees1 v9es1 & b]ry bu%es ^u ! old plantations :]e little else ?an cotton & tobacco us$ to gr[4 ,florida 0 v]itably turn$ into a g>d5 ( orange trees & truck pat*es4 ,! *ocolate hills & ri* black l&s ( ,texas 7 plant$ to grapes1 pea*es1 & b]ries4 ,! dry pla9s & mesas ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region1 t 7 naturally almo/ devoid ( vegetation1 7 irrigat$ & made to produce ! mo/ delightful fruits 9 abundance4 ,! giant =e/s ( ,oregon & ,wa%+ton 7 invad$ by ! lumb]man & ! homeseek]1 & 9 _! /ead 7 plant$ trees :i* yield$ ! l>ge/ & be/ ( fruits4 ,& ,cali=nia1--:at %all we say ( h] wond]ful valleys1 grassy foo?ills1 & timb]$ m\nta9 slopes8 ,all ( ! fruits ( ! temp]ate zones are gr[+ !re1 & 9 "s places ! h>di] ( ! tropical k9ds succe$4 ,cali=nia is inde$ a l& ( fruits4 ,tak+ ! :ole ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 except ! froz5 regions ( ! ,briti% possessions1 & ,alaska1 :]e few cultivat$ fruits c be gr[n2 & half-civiliz$ ,mexico1 :]e progress is sc>cely kn[n2 ! la/ ?irty-five ye>s h witness$ su* advancem5ts 9 fruit culture z seem almo/ beyond belief4 ,x has truly be5 an age ( triumph4 ,n only has ! t]ritory ( its successful culture be5 wond]fully ext5d$1 b ! :ole plan & sci5ce ( fruit-gr[+ has be5 almo/ revolutioniz$4 ,old ?+s h l>gely pass$ away4 ,new v>ieties1 new me?ods ( culture & new m>kets = ! products ( ! fruit f>m h be5 f\nd4 ,"s ( ! old v>ieties h be5 reta9$1 b _m new ones h be5 orig9at$ "h2 "s by *ance & o!rs by sci5tific bre$+4 ,valuable k9ds t _h long be5 ly+ 9 obscurity h be5 br\ght into public favor4 ,o!rs h be5 import$ f =eign c\ntries4 ,almo/ ! entire _w has be5 ransack$ 9 ord] to obta9 fruits t might prove ( value to u4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod ( unp>allel$ progress ! exp]im5ts ( =m] ye>s _h %[n ! success or failure ( ! diff]5t species & v>ieties already 9 cultivation 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 & n[1 at its close1 aft] ne>ly =ty ye>s m ( exp]i5ce1 !re is sc>cely a section )9 ! entire doma9 ( ,nor? ,am]ican fruit culture :]e x is n q well kn[n :at is & :at is n adapt$ to ea* locality4 ,! me?ods ( culture are *ang$ f ! old ones1 :i* 7 l>gely ^? practic$ 9 ,europe1 to su* z h be5 evolv$ by ! peculi> necessities ( our soil1 climate1 & v>ieties4 ,?is is especially true ( our v9ey>ds2 =1 except on ! ,pacific slope1 :]e ! =eign grapes succe$1 our native v9es require mu* less sev]e prun+1 & a mu* m roomy trellis ^u :i* to gr[ ?an ^? old k9ds4 ,! fir/ v9ey>ds 7 plant$ v ?ickly & tra9$ by ! /ake me?od1 :i* is ! ,fr5* & ,g]man /yle4 ,i rememb] work+ 9 su* v9ey>ds j prior to #ahgj1 & ( see+ ! dw>f+ & dw9dl+ effect ^u ! v9es4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d is n[ se5 ?is side ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 because our ,am]ican grapes w n endure su* treatm5t & cont9ue to be> well4 ,horse culture has 9 a great measure succe$$ h& culture4 ,)\t su* a *ange x w\ld be impossible to pr(itably cultivate ! va/ /ret*es ( or*>ds1 v9ey>ds1 & b]ry-fields t are to-day f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! common pl[ & h>r[ 7 ab\t ! only tools available ?irty or =ty ye>s ago4 ,!y are n[ supplem5t$1 & 9 "s cases sup]s$$1 by v>i\s k9ds ( cultivators1 we$]s1 & improv$ pl[s & h>r[s4 ,!y are made to c>ry out ! mod]n idea ( frequ5t b %all[ /irr+ ( ! soil4 ,?is me?od ( culture di/urbs ! roots b little & reta9s ! moi/ure 9 ! soil1 by keep+ ! surface f9ely pulv]iz$1 ?us =m+ a 8du/ mul*40 ,"s ( ^! tools are s made z to enable "o man ) "o horse to easily cultivate tw5ty-five acres p] day1 & ) a two or ?ree horse implem5t1 to ?or\ghly pulv]ize ! surface ov] fifty or m acres 9 t "t4 ,! t5d5cy dur+ ! la/ half c5tury has be5 t[>ds head+ or*>d trees l[]4 ,! old /yle 0 to h !m ) trunks s tall t a horse c\ld walk "u ! bran*es4 ,l[ heads h ! advantage ( giv+ ! w9ds less pur*ase ^u ! roots1 ! fruit is m easily ga!r$1 & ! sun is less likely to scald ! trunks4 ,! old idea ( our =efa!rs 01 t apples 7 *iefly to be us$ = mak+ cid]1 pea*es = br&y1 & grapes = w9e4 ,we h become a nation ( fruit-eat]s1 z comp>$ ) our pr$ecessors & ! ,europeans4 ,! greate/ impetus ev] giv5 to ,am]ican fruit culture came f ! increas$ dem& 9 our own c\ntry = fre% fruit4 ,x is a /aple article ( diet "h1 r ?an a luxury1 z x is 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,europe4 ,ne>ly all ( our fre% fruits are consum$ 9 ! homes ( our p1 or export$4 ,a v little is made into cid]1 br&y1 or w9e1 & ! l>g] "p ( ! rema9d] is dri$ or cann$4 ,! proportion ( grapes made into w9e ea/ ( ,cali=nia is trifl+1 :ile !re x is consid]able4 ,! enorm\s production & consumption ( b]ries ( v>i\s k9ds by ! ,am]icans is unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w2 & ne>ly all ( ?is has come ?r\gh ! developm5t ( our wild b]ries4 ,in/ead ( buy+ l>gely ( =eign fruits & _! products1 except su* z are /rictly tropical & _c be gr[n )9 our bord]s only 9 a limit$ way1 we h ne>ly /opp$ _! importation1 & h1 9 turn1 become export]s4 ,! rapid increase 9 our population dem&s m & m fruit1 & x is n to be wond]$ at t our imports ( oranges & lemons is increas+2 b if x 0 n = our home production ( ^! fruits ! pres5t am\nt w\ld be m ?an d\bl$4 ,our rais9s & dri$ prunes h almo/ driv5 out ! =eign products1 & _! quality is s good t !re is a gr[+ dem& = !m 9 ,engl& & "s o!r =eign c\ntries4 ,! same is true ( our cann$ & pres]v$ fruits4 ,our apples br+ ! highe/ price ( any t rea* ! m>kets ( ,europe1 & ! dem& = !m is increas+4 ,fre% pe>s & pea*es h also be5 s5t to ,engl& 9 limit$ quantities f z f> we/ z ,cali=nia & ,oregon4 ,our oranges also h an enviable reputation !re because ( _! beauty & delici\s flavor4 ,our apples are s5t to ,mexico1 ,*9a1 & ,japan4 ,! /reet v5d]s ( ,bombay1 ,india1 cry _! sale ) great gu/o3 8,am]ican apples6 true ,am]ican apples60 & sell !m at a price :i* w\ld require m ?an a :ole day's wages ( a good workman to buy a s+le "o4 ,! _w is beg9n+ to "k ! value & goodness ( our fruits4 ,we are sell+1 inside _! da9ty sk9s1 a portion ( our sun%9e & wat]2 = ! gold51 p9k1 & crimson t9ts are f ! gl[+ sun1 & ! wat]1 :i* is ! ma9 "p ( all fruits1 is fre% f nature's f\nta94 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,apple ,,culture4--,f ! fir/ settlem5t ( ! c\ntry well into ! pres5t c5tury1 ! pr9cipal purpose = :i* apples 7 cultivat$ 9 ,am]ica 0 to make cid]4 ,?is 0 a common bev]age 9 ,engl& & on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 :5ce our =efa!rs came4 ,"h !y introduc$ ! ,old ,_w cu/om ( dr9k+ h>d cid] 89 season & out ( season40 ,9 #agba1 9 "o 8t[n0 ne> ,bo/on1 :]e9 liv$ ab\t =ty families1 !re 7 made 9 "o ye> ?ree ?\s& b>rels ( cid]1 & 9 ano!r ( two hundr$ families1 ne> t5 ?\s& b>rels4 ,?is is fifty b>rels to ! family1 :i* seems ample = a great _m dr9ks p] day = ea* p]son1 ) pl5ty left to sell to ! cid]-lov+ citiz5s ( ,bo/on4 ,colonel ,john ,taylor ( ,virg9ia wrote1 9 #ahac1 ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s lat]3 8,! apple w furni% "s food = hogs1 a luxury = ! family 9 w9t]1 & a heal?y liquor = ! f>m] & 8 labor]s all ! ye>40 ,b h>d cid] did n always satisfy4 8,applejack10 :i* is ! /ronge/ k9d ( br&y1 suit$ ! ta/e ( _m ( ! old-fa%ion$ folk mu* bett]4 ,! ,virg9ia g5tleman1 ! ,dut* burgh]1 ^: ample acres front$ ^u ! ,hudson1 ! solemn ,philadelphia ,quak] & ! /aid ,puritan ( ,new ,engl&1 all lov$ _! dram & took x frequ5tly4 ,besides alcoholic liquors1 v9eg> 0 made 9 consid]able quantities4 ,b z late z ! middle ( ?is c5tury !re 0 sc>cely a good family apple or*>d to be f\nd1 su* z we n[ h1 ) v>ieties arrang$ to rip5 f e>ly to late4 ,nor 7 !re _m comm]cial or*>ds ( consequ5ce4 ,! fam\s or*>d ( ,rob]t ,l4 ,pell1 9 ,ul/] ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 0 a rem>kable exception4 ,x consi/$ ( #bj1jjj trees1 all ( ! ,yell[ & ,gre5 ,newt[n apples4 ,fruit f ?is or*>d sold at :olesale 9 ,london1 ,engl&1 9 #ahde1 at ! enorm\s price ( #ba4jj p] b>rel1 b ! next ye> ! price _h fall5 to #f4jj 9 ,new ,york city1 ready = =eign %ipm5t4 ,?is or*>d gradually fell into decay1 & 0 n soon foll[$ by o!rs ( s l>ge acreage4 ,! ,newt[n apple prov$ unsuitable = g5]al culture1 & is n[ gr[n only 9 two localities ) mu* success4 ,9 ! m\nta9 8coves10 or %elt]$ slopes & valleys1 ( ! ,blue ,ridge1 9 ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 :]e x is call$ 8,albem>le ,pipp910 !re are _m or*>ds t produce z f9e fruit z any f ! ,pell or*>d1 & x n[ sells f #e4jj to #ab4jj & m p] b>rel 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! high] foo?ills ( ,cali=nia & ,oregon ?is v>iety does equally well1 & apples f !re are be+ sold 9 ,engl& dur+ ?is clos+ p]iod ( ! c5tury at almo/ fabul\s prices4 ,9 ! old days1 if an or*>d furni%$ an abundance ( apples = cid]1 br&y1 v9eg>1 apple butt]1 "s = dry+1 & a few ( fair quality t w\ld keep = w9t] use1 x 0 all t 0 expect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pack+ ,,apples ,,= ,,export1 ,,9 ,,or*>d ,,( ,,mr4 ,,pay1 ,,/4 ,,ca?>9es1 ,,ont4 ,mo/ ( ! trees 9 ^? old or*>ds 7 inf]ior se$l+s1 & x is no wond] t ! p ( ^? days did n use apples z we d4 ,a few ( !m 7 v good1 & x is f su* *ance favorites t we h pres]v$ to u1 by graft+1 ! ,baldw9 ,w9esap & hundr$s m t fill our or*>ds to-day4 ,we h develop$ a new race ( ,am]ican se$l+s4 ,mo/ ( ! old v>ieties t 7 s highly e/eem$ across ! ocean are n[ r>ely m5tion$4 ,our new] & bett] k9ds h l>gely supplant$ !m4 ,z "t advanc$ m *oice v>ieties 7 add$1 until we may n[ confid5tly boa/ ( hav+ ! be/ apples 9 exi/5ce4 ,:oev] has eat5 our delici\s ,grimes ,gold51 ,jona?an1 & ,nor!rn ,spy1 ne$ n look = bett] k9ds1 because !y _c n[ be f\nd4 ,inde$1 ! "n 8,seek-no-f>!r0 has be5 triumphantly appli$ to "o v>iety4 ,h[ev]1 we are /ill seek+ & expect+ to produce by skillful bre$+1 if n to f9d1 o!rs :i* may be ev5 bett] ?an ^? we n[ possess4 ,a hi/ory ( ! recogniz$ & nam$ v>ieties ( apples ( ,am]ican orig9 w\ld be a book 9 itself4 ,x %\ld beg9 almo/ ) ! fir/ settlem5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury ! ,e>ly ,h>ve/1 ,baldw91 ,swa>1 ,esopus ,spitz5b]g1 ,rhode ,isl& ,gre5+1 ,yell[ ,bellfl[]1 & a few o!rs :i* are yet popul>1 7 already graft$ into hundr$s ( or*>ds1 "s ( !m be+ z f> we/ z ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,william ,coxe1 9 8 excell5t book on fruits1 publi%$ 9 #ahag1 m5tions #ajj k9ds4 ,william ,pr9ce1 ( ,long ,isl&1 :o kept ! fir/ nurs]y ( note1 _h #aaf v>ieties ( apples 9 8 publi%$ li/ 9 #ahbe1 ( :i* ab\t half 7 ( ,am]ican orig94 ,n[ !re are ne>ly #ajjj k9ds (f]$ by ! nurs]ym5 ( ! c\ntry1 & ! books on pomology conta9 ne>ly #ejjj v>ieties1 a l>ge "p ( !m be+ ,am]ican4 ,truly ?is is progress4 ,we h ! be/ & by f> ! mo/ ext5sive apple c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,! l>ge/ apple or*>ds 9 ! _w are 9 ,am]ica4 ,! bigge/ ( all belongs to ,f4 ,wellh\se ,son1 ( ,kansas1 9 :i* !re are #afjj acres4 ,!re are o!rs 9 ,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 ,colorado1 & ,new ,mexico t are ne>ly z l>ge4 ,! v>iety pr9cipally gr[n 9 ^! or*>ds is ! ,b5 ,davis4 ,x is a ?rifty1 rugg$ gr[]1 a mo/ productive be>]1 & a h&some apple to sell4 ,its brilliant r$ /ripes1 l>ge size1 & ability to keep1 make up = its defici5cy 9 flavor4 ,x is1 to-day1 ! bus9ess apple ( ,am]ica4 ,baldw9 is ! bus9ess apple ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,bo? ^! v>ieties are well kn[n 9 e m>ket ( ?is c\ntry1 & :]ev] our apples are export$4 ,! fir/ gov]nm5t record ( export$ apples 0 9 #ahba1 :5 8#fh1fdc bu%els10 or ab\t #bb1gha b>rels ( apples1 7 s5t abroad4 ,9 #ahig !re 7 #b1cga1adc b>rels export$1 :i* is ! l>ge/ quantity ev] %ipp$ to =eign c\ntries 9 "o ye>4 ,dur+ ! same ye> !re 7 also export$ ne>ly #ca1jjj1jjj p\nds ( dri$ apples1 #id1jjj gallons ( v9eg>1 & #gej1jjj gallons ( cid]4 ,c]ta9ly ?is is a good %[+ = ! surplus products ( ,am]ican apple or*>ds4 ,! ye> #ahih gave a light] yield1 b #ahii w1 p]haps1 ab\t equal x4 ,,! ,,pe>4--,:oev] has eat5 a delici\s little ,seckel pe> mu/ "k t its equal 9 ri*ness & spicy flavor is n to be f\nd4 ,?is little gem is "o ( ! triumphs ( ,am]ican fruit culture4 ,h[ f> beyond & above ! old 8*oke0 pe> ( our gr&fa!rs' days is ?is "o1 & _m m ( ! delici\s pe>s t gr[ 9 our or*>ds & g>d5s to-day6 ,pe> gr[+ 0 only a side issue until lately4 ,a few trees 7 plant$ ab\t our =efa!rs' h\ses or 9 ! edge ( ! apple or*>ds2 b ^! 7 (t5 spr\ts f "s neighbor's se$l+ trees4 ,z ! appetite = good fruit increas$1 ! false idea t pe>s %\ld be gr\nd & press$ into cid]1 call$ p]ry1 decreas$1 until n[ no "o ?9ks ( wa/+ ?is delici\s fruit by mak+ x into an intoxicat+ dr9k4 ,! ,b>tlett is our mo/ popul> pe> ( good quality4 ,x orig9at$ 9 ,b]k%ire1 ,engl&1 ab\t #aggj1 :]e x 0 call$ ,williams4 ,:5 br\ght to ,am]ica e>ly 9 ?is c5tury & plant$ at ,dor*e/]1 ,mass41 ! orig9al "n 0 lo/1 & x 0 r5am$ 9 honor ( ,eno* ,b>tlett1 :o fir/ propagat$ & di/ribut$ ! trees & grafts4 ,! old tree1 f :i* came ! millions t h be5 & are n[ a s\rce ( delight & pr(it to our p1 is /ill 9 be>+ condition at ,dor*e/]1 & ,i h lately eat5 z good ,b>tlett pe>s f x z ev] 7 gr[n4 ,! v>iety fl\ri%es bett] 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 its old home1 & e ye> l>ge %ipm5ts ( ! fruit are s5t to ,engl& & sold at a v high price4 ,"s fifty ye>s ago !re 7 br\ght f ,*9a se$s ( a type ( a pe> t 0 entirely new to ?is c\ntry1 & 0 call$ by u ! 8,s&0 pe>4 ,! only app>5t reason = giv+ x ?is "n is1 t x is gritty1 h>d1 & little bett] to eat ?an s mu* s&4 ,b ! se$s made trees t grew ) rem>kable vigor & 7 mu* alike1 & s 0 _! fruit4 ,f ?is /ock came up a se$l+ "s ?irty ye>s ago1 9 ! g>d5 ( ,pet] ,kieff]1 9 ,philadelphia1 t has almo/ revolutioniz$ pe> gr[+ 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is suppos$ to be ! result ( a cross betwe5 a ,*9ese ,s& pe>-tree & a ,b>tlett t /ood ne> ea* o!r1 al?\gh ?is is m]e supposition4 ,! fruit is only ( m$ium quality1 & "s say x is v poor2 b x is l>ge1 v beautiful :5 fully mature1 late 9 rip5+1 & endures r\gh h&l+ ) z little h>m z s _m potatoes4 ,x is v popul> ) ! cann]s4 ,! greate/ po9t 9 its favor is ! fre$om ( ! tree f blight1 its vigor & almo/ nev]-fail+ & abundant be>+4 ,x is ! bus9ess pe> ( to-day1 despite its inf]ior quality4 ,,! ,,pea*4--,:5 ! pea* 0 fir/ plant$ 9 ,am]ica by ! ,spani% & ,fr5*1 & lat] by o!r nationalities1 !re 0 little ?\ght ( x ev] becom+ a great comm]cial fruit4 ,! trees t sprang f ! se$s br\ght across ! ocean grew s luxuriantly & bore s abundantly t _! prog5y 0 soon scatt]$ f> & wide4 ,pea* trees 7 e>ly f\nd gr[+ wild1 l our native trees1 :]ev] se$s _h be5 dropp$ by travel]s or hunt]s4 ,!re 0 no attempt at comm]cial pea* or*>d+ until well into ! pres5t c5tury1 & = ! fir/ half ( ?is !re 7 sc>cely m ?an a few se$l+ or*>ds plant$ = family use or = mak+ br&y4 ,9 "s sections dri$ pea*es 7 an article ( trade be=e any comm]cial pea* or*>ds1 9 ! true s5se1 _h be5 plant$2 b !y 7 always ! product ( wom5's "w1 & 7 prep>$ "u ! disadvantage\s conditions ) :i* !y are usually hamp]$4 ,x is no wond] t ! grade 0 l[1 = ! pea*es 7 g5]ally ( poor quality1 & no o!r mode ( dry+ 0 !n kn[n ?an on bo>ds & wood5 trays1 expos$ 9 ! op5 air to flies1 mo?s1 & du/4 ,all t 0 s5t to m>ket 0 fir/ tak5 9 at ! /ores :]e ! c\ntry p came to trade1 & x 0 a mix$ mess1 inde$1 t 0 ?us collect$4 ,:at fre% pea*es 7 sold br\ght a v l[ price1 r>ely m ?an tw5ty-five c5ts p] bu%el4 ,e>ly 9 ! c5tury budd$ pea*-trees 7 almo/ unkn[n 9 ,am]ica4 ,a few 7 br\ght ov] f ,france & ! fruit h\ses ( ,engl&1 all ( :i* did v well "h4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 soon le>n$ t !re 7 se$l+s ( ,am]ican orig9 t 7 equal to ! be/ ( ! =eign k9ds4 ,among ! fir/ ( ^! 7 ,hea?1 ,e>ly ,york1 ,tillotson1 & ,oldmixon ,cl+ & ,free4 ,a little lat]1 two l>ge yell[ free/ones came up by accid5t on ! premises ( ,william ,craw=d1 ( ,middlet[n1 ,n4 ,j41 "o rip5+ e>ly & ! o!r late4 ,e>ly ,craw=d & ,late ,craw=d are1 aft] m ?an sixty ye>s ( trial1 /ill v popul> ^u ! m>kets4 ,_m o!r k9ds1 once popul>1 h long s9ce be5 disc>d$ & =gott54 ,j be=e our ,civil ,w> ! ,hale pea* 0 discov]$ &1 be+ e>li] ?an any k9d !n kn[n1 x became v popul>4 ,ab\t #ahfe1 ! ,amsd51 ,alex&]1 & "s o!rs came to notice4 ,!y 7 a mon? e>li] ?an ! ,hale4 ,a pea*1 call$ ,pe5-to1 0 import$ f s\!rn ,*9a ab\t ! same "t1 t rip5$ /ill a mon? e>li]2 b z x belong$ to a v diff]5t race f our o!r pea*es1 & 0 exce$+ly t5d]1 x has be5 f\nd suitable only to ,florida & o!r semitropical regions4 ,! mo/ popul> pea* ( ! pres5t day is ! ,elb]ta4 ,x 0 orig9at$ by ,samuel ,h4 ,rumph1 ( ,georgia1 ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,its l>ge size1 creamy1 yell[ color1 & good flavor1 add$ to its productiv5ess1 make x v acceptable to bo? gr[] & consum]4 ,! mo/ ext5sive pea* or*>ds 9 ,am]ica are locat$ 9 ,georgia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\!rn ,miss\ri1 ,we/]n ,colorado1 & ,cali=nia4 ,a few are ea* m ?an a ?\s& acres 9 ext5t4 ,! adv5t ( pat5t evaporat+ ma*9es1 ab\t #ahgj1 aid$ greatly 9 ! production ( high grade dri$ fruits ( all k9ds1 & ! pea* %>$ 9 ! progress4 ,cali=nia & ,oregon alone %ipp$ 9 a s+le rec5t ye> ne>ly #dj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( dri$ pea*es4 ,! pea* is cann$ m ?an any o!r fruit1 z may be se5 ^u ! %elves ( any groc]y /ore1 or 9 ! fruit closets ( ! c\ntry h\sewives4 ,:e!r eat5 fre% f ! trees1 s]v$ up ) cream & sug> 7a da9ty di% unkn[n 9 ,europe71 evaporat$ or cann$1 ! pea* is "o ( ! bless+s ( our great c\ntry4 ,,! ,,plum4--,!re are ?ree g5]al classes ( plums gr[n 9 ,am]ica to-day1 ! ,european1 ,am]ican1 & ,japanese4 ,european plums 7 introduc$ "h at an e>ly day1 b 7 gr[n v sp>+ly until )9 ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s4 ,! pr9cipal reason = ?is is ! pres5ce ( a deadly enemy to ! plum1 apricot1 & "s o!r fruits1 commonly kn[n z ! plum curculio4 ,x is a little enemy b a mighty "o2 = x deposits its eggs 9 ! "y fruit1 & !y soon hat* into little grubs t "w _! way into ! fruit & cause x to die & drop (f4 ,we/ ( ! ,cont95tal divide !re are none ( ^! insects4 ,!re ! soil1 climate1 & all else seem to conspire to enable ! plum-gr[] to prosp]4 ,great prune or*>ds are plant$ 9 ! f]tile valleys f ,new ,mexico & ,colorado we/w>d4 ,"s ( !m cov] ?\s&s ( acres 9 a body1 & ! yield is enorm\s4 ,! ra9less autumns ( ,cali=nia p]mit ! dry+ ( ! fruit 9 ! op5 air & 9 ! mo/ economical & p]fect way4 ,f an infant indu/ry tw5ty ye>s ago x has n[ gr[n s great t1 9 #ahig1 ,cali=nia alone produc$ ne>ly #ih1jjj1jjj p\nds ( dri$ prunes4 ,oregon1 ,wa%+ton1 ,idaho1 & "s o!r we/]n ,/ates are almo/ equally well suit$ to ?is indu/ry4 ,ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s plum-gr[+ is n s easy4 ,! curculio damages all classes ( plums to "s ext5t1 b ! ,european k9ds seem to be mu* less able to endure its attacks ?an any o!r4 ,?is l$ to ! selection & cultivation ( ! be/ v>ieties ( our sev]al native species4 ,_! fruit is n s l>ge or s ri*ly flavor$ z "s ( ! =eign k9ds1 b mu* ( x is v good1 & ! brilliant r$1 purple1 & yell[ colors are greatly admir$4 ,! ,japanese plums are ( q rec5t introduction4 ,! beg9n+ 0 9 #ahgj1 :5 ! ,kelsey1 :i* is ! l>ge/1 ! late/ to rip51 & ab\t "o ( ! lea/ valuable v>ieties ( ?is class 0 br\ght to ,cali=nia4 ,lat] importations h br\ght u _m v valuable k9ds4 ,! trees be> well1 ! fruit is mo/ly l>ge1 h&some1 ( good quality1 & resi/s ! /+s ( ! curculio q z well z our native k9ds4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & promis+ /eps 9 plum-gr[+ is only beg9n+ to be made1 9 ! cross+ ( ! ?ree classes nam$4 ,! mo/ skillful & pati5t work] 9 ?is field is ,lu!r ,burbank1 ( ,cali=nia1 :o has already produc$1 by artificially poll5iz+ ! fl[]s1 "s mo/ excell5t v>ieties4 ,"s ( ^! new v>ieties are l>g] ?an any plums ev] be=e se51 delici\s 9 flavor1 & blood-r$ to ! /one4 ,,! ,,*]ry4--,away back 9 ! hi/ory ( our c\ntry1 *]ry trees 7 plant$ "h & !re1 b only = family use4 ,! li/ ( v>ieties 0 meagre4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 s\r1 bitt]1 or small4 ,n[ we h hundr$s ( nam$ v>ieties & ( all grades ( color1 f creamy yell[ to black1 & bo? sweet & s\r1 e>ly & late4 ,9 ,wa%+ton1 ,oregon1 & ,cali=nia ! *]ry does bett] ?an 9 any ( ! regions f>!r ,ea/4 ,! fir/ *]ries ( ! season to rip5 are 9 ! fam\s ,vaca ,valley ( ,cali=nia1 & sometimes %ipm5ts f !re rea* ,new ,york z e>ly z ,april #a4 ,! l>ge/ *]ry trees 9 ,am]ica are f\nd 9 ! foot-hill regions ( ,p5nsylvania & ,virg9ia4 ,trees are sometimes se5 !re t h trunks ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 ) a spread ( bran*es ( m ?an fifty feet4 ,su* trees sometimes yield m ?an fifty bu%els ( fruit at a "t4 ,,! ,,apricot4--,all ov] ! ,ea/]n & ,c5tral ,/ates ! apricot is almo/ an entire failure because ( ! ravages ( ! plum curculio4 ,aft] _m ye>s ( trial its culture !re has be5 almo/ ab&on$1 except by ^? :o are will+ to foll[ ! j>r+ ( ! trees to cat* ! insects4 ,across ! ,cont95tal divide1 :]e ?is enemy does n exi/1 ! apricot fl\ri%es z well or bett] ?an any:]e else 9 ! _w4 ,x is "o ( ! pr(itable fruits f we/]n ,colorado to ! %ores ( ! ,pacific4 ,cali=nia dri$ & s5t to m>ket 9 "o ye> ov] #cj1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,!re is also a great am\nt ( apricots cann$ !re e ye>1 a l>ge "p ( :i* are %ipp$ all ov] ! _w4 ,,! ,,qu9ce4--,al?\gh s\r & unfit = eat+ f ! h&1 ! qu9ce is "o ( our mo/ delici\s fruits :5 cook$4 ,no /ore ( sweetmeats is complete )\t a g5]\s supply ( qu9ce jelly4 ,?is fruit delights 9 a moi/ soil & a cool b n sev]e climate4 ,h[ev]1 x succe$s v well ov] ! ma9 "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,almo/ e home plot has a tree or two4 ,9 we/]n ,new ,york _m comm]cial qu9ce or*>ds h be5 plant$ )9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s1 "s ( !m be+ ( =ty acres 9 ext5t4 ,,am]ican ,,grape ,,culture4--,9 no dep>tm5t ( ,am]ican pomology has !re be5 m rem>kable advancem5t ?an 9 grape-gr[+4 ,x 0 ! belief ( ^? :o fir/ began to gr[ fruits "h1 t ! grapes ( ,canaan1 ,p]sia1 ,greece1 & ,rome1 :i* 7 br\ght d[n ?r\gh ! ages to ! v9ey>ds ( mod]n ,europe1 w\ld gr[ equally well 9 ,am]ica4 ,"o great reason = ?is belief 0 ! abundance ( wild grapes ( _m k9ds t 7 f\nd f ,nova ,scotia to ,texas4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s ! pione]s ( civilization did 9 ,new ,engl&1 at ,roanoke ,isl&1 & at ,jame/[n1 0 to make w9e ( ! native grapes4 ,! ,spani>ds 9 #aefd also made w9e ( ! wild grapes ( ,florida4 ,aft] te/+ ! w9e & f9d+ x inf]ior to t produc$ 9 _! old homes1 !y 7 m det]m9$ to gr[ v9ey>ds ( ! *oice/ grapes ( ,europe4 ,! ,fr5* e/abli%$ a v9ey>d ( ?is k9d 9 ,virg9ia1 & ano!r 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois2 & ,william ,p5n did ! same ne> ,philadelphia 9 #afhc4 ,! mo/ notable attempt t 0 made 0 by ,john ,james ,duf\r1 a native ( ,switz]l&4 ,he came to ,am]ica 9 #agif1 & at once set ab\t do+ ! wise/ ?+ t he c\ld h done1 by fir/ visit+ & critically exam9+ ! v9ey>ds t _h already be5 />t$4 ,he 0 n favorably impress$ by :at he saw1 = ! ,european v9es _h done v poorly1 because ( "s unkn[n disease or weakness t seem$ to cause !m to make b feeble gr[?1 or gradually dw9dle & die4 ,! cause has s9ce be5 f\nd to h be5 ! fungus diseases & insect pe/s t are peculi> to ! ea/]n half ( ,am]ica4 ,b ,duf\r ?\ght ! "r v>ieties _h n be5 tri$1 except a few t he f\nd ne> ,philadelphia4 ,f ^! he secur$ a />t1 & 9 #agii organiz$ a /ock company ) #aj1jjj 9 capital1 to plant a v9ey>d1 ,h5ry ,clay be+ "o ( ! /ockhold]s4 ,a tract ( #fcc acres 0 select$ ne> ,lex+ton1 ,ky41 & !re he began "w 9 ! mo/ en?usia/ic mann]4 ,he induc$ two ( 8 bro!rs to come f ,switz]l& to jo9 him1 & !y br\ght o!r v>ieties ( _! be/ grapes4 ,b aft] ?ree ye>s' trial he gave x up z a hopeless ef=t & turn$ 8 att5tion to ! cultivation ( our native grapes4 ,! beg9n+ ( successful grape culture 9 ,am]ica may be said to h be5 made by ,duf\r1 9 8 next or second attempt1 :i* 0 9 #ahjb1 at ,vevay1 ,ind41 on ! banks ( ! ,ohio1 & ) a v>iety ( ! wild ,vitis labrusca1 or fox grape1 f\nd ne> ! ,s*uylkill ,riv] be=e ! ,revolution>y ,w>4 ,x 0 at fir/ call$ ! 8,cape0 grape1 f a mi/ak5 notion t x _h be5 br\ght f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,x 0 also kn[n by sev]al o!r names4 ,al?\gh ?is grape 0 ! fir/ ( a v long li/ ( native v>ieties :i* h made our c\ntry fam\s 9 grape culture1 x has long s9ce be5 entirely ab&on$ = bett] k9ds4 ,b ! v9ey>d at ,vevay1 plant$ l>gely ( ?is v>iety1 0 ! fir/ really successful "o 9 ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s+le ,,v9e ,,( 8,,lady ,,de ,,cov]ly0 ,,grape 7,,se$less7 ,,gr[n ,,by ,j4 ,p4 ,,on/ott1 ,,m>yville1 ,,cal4 ,! next =w>d /ep 0 ! introduction ( ! ,isabella & ,catawba1 bo? hav+ orig9at$ 9 ,am]ica1 n long previ\s to #ahbj1 al?\gh ( unkn[n p>5tage2 b1 p]haps1 z ! results ( accid5tal cross+ betwe5 our native wild grapes & "s ( ! =eign k9ds4 ,! ,isabella is suppos$ to h orig9at$ 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & 0 br\ght f !re by ,mrs4 ,isabella ,gibbs & plant$ 9 h] g>d5 9 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 :]e x came to ! notice ( ,william ,r4 ,pr9ce 9 #ahaf1 :5 9 full be>+4 ,he nam$ x ,isabella 9 h] honor1 & introduc$ x to ! g5]al public4 ,! ,catawba is suppos$ to h orig9at$ z a se$l+ ne> ! ,catawba ,riv]1 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 b 0 n g5]ally kn[n until ,major ,john ,adlum1 ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 f\nd x 9 be>+ on ! premises ( ,mrs4 ,s*oll1 a tav]n keep] ( ,cl>ksburgh1 ,md4 ,he 0 at once delight$ ) its good qualities1 & plant$ x 9 8 exp]im5t gr\nds at ,georget[n 9 #ahai1 & introduc$ x to ! fruit-lov+ public soon aft]4 ,! next impetus to grape culture 0 caus$ by ! introduction ( ! ,delaw>e & ,concord4 ,! exact orig9 ( ! ,delaw>e is n kn[n1 b x came to public notice ab\t #ahee1 ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,?omson & ,george ,w4 ,campbell1 ( ,delaw>e1 ,o4 ,x 0 le>n$ aft]w>ds t ! same v>iety 0 gr[+ 9 #ahej1 9 ! g>d5 ( a ,swiss immigrant1 ,paul ,h4 ,provo/1 at ,fr5*t[n1 ,n4 ,j4 ,x may be t x orig9at$ at ?is place f a *ance se$1 & t cutt+s 7 !nce c>ri$ to ,ohio4 ,x is evid5tly a cross betwe5 ! =eign species & "o ( our natives1 & is to-day ab\t ! be/ ( all ! grapes gr[n 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,! ,concord is a pure native se$l+1 produc$ by ,ephraim ,w4 ,bull1 ( ,concord1 ,mass41 & fir/ %[n to ! public at ,bo/on 9 #ahec4 ,x has prov$ itself to be ! greate/ bless+ ( all grapes t h ev] be5 gr[n 9 ,am]ica4 ,its ?rift9ess & reliability "u all circum/ances are unequal$4 ,x is n only good 9 itself1 b x has be5 ! p>5t ( a race ( se$l+s :i* h fill$ our v9ey>ds1 g>d5s1 & m>kets ) ! mo/ delici\s grapes1 & at a v slight co/ ( labor or money4 ,:oev] ga!rs or buys a basket ( blue-black ,concord or ,word51 purple ,brighton or opal ,niag>a1 %\ld r5d] a sil5t ?ank-(f]+ to ! memory ( ,ephraim ,w4 ,bull1 :o made _! exi/5ce a possibility4 ,! fir/ comm]cial v9ey>d ( importance 0 plant$ by ,ni*olas ,longwor?1 on ! hills ov]look+ ! ,ohio ,riv]1 ab\t t5 miles bel[ ,c9c9nati1 & x 0 l>gely ( ,catawba4 ,_m o!rs foll[$ 8 example1 & f ab\t #ahcj to #ahfj s great an int]e/ 0 %[n t ! hills bord]+ ! ,ohio = _m miles 7 dott$ ) v9ey>ds4 ,b mildew & black rot deva/at$ !m & almo/ de/roy$ _! usefulness4 ,^! diseases are n[ l>gely ov]come by spray+ ) a solution ( sulphate ( copp]4 ,9 nor!rn ,ohio1 ab\t ,clevel& & ,s&usky1 & on ! isl&s ne> ! s\!rn %ore ( ,lake ,erie1 ! ,catawba 0 plant$ ) mu* bett] success1 ow+1 p]haps1 to ! climate n be+ s favorable to grape diseases4 ,! lake region ( we/]n ,new ,york is p]haps m d5sely plant$ ) grapes ?an any section ea/ ( ,cali=nia4 ,?\s&s ( c>loads ( grapes ( high quality are %ipp$ f !re e ye>4 ,! ,s\!rn ,/ates h awak5$ some:at to ! importance ( grape culture4 ,"s ( ! poore/ s&y l&s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,florida h be5 plant$ to v9es & f\nd to produce1 :5 f]tiliz$1 excell5t grapes4 ,texas is also a mo/ productive grape region4 ,_! e>l9ess causes !m to f9d a ready m>ket 9 ! ,nor?4 ,b 9 all ( ,nor? ,am]ica !re is no section :]e ! grape fl\ri%es ) su* wond]ful success z 9 ,cali=nia & o!r regions beyond ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,!re ! t5d]e/ & mo/ delici\s ( all ! grapes ( ,france1 ,italy1 ,p]sia1 & ,pale/9e rip5 _! lusci\s clu/]s b5ea? ! gl[+ skies4 ,! grapes ( ,e%col1 ,i imag9e1 did n surpass ^? n[ gr[n 9 ,cali=nia1 ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 & ,idaho4 ,all up & d[n _! f]tile valleys & foot-hills may be se5 great /ret*es ( v9ey>d aft] v9ey>d4 ,! rais9 indu/ry alone is imm5se2 & ! product is ( su* high quality & is produc$ at s l[ co/ t ! importation ( ,european rais9s is becom+ less ea* ye>1 & may soon be practically at an end4 ,we h already begun export+ our rais9s to ,engl& & o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,ov] #ajc1jjj1jjj p\nds1 fill+ #ejjj c>s1 7 %ipp$ f ,cali=nia alone 9 "o ye>4 ,s+le clu/]s ( grapes h frequ5tly be5 gr[n 9 ,cali=nia t weigh$ f t5 to fifte5 p\nds1 & f\r or five p\nd clu/]s are v common4 ,truly1 ,am]ica is a l& ( grapes4 ,,! ,,b]ries4--,am]ica /&s alone 9 ! popul> use ( b]ries4 ,except 9 ! matt] ( gooseb]ries & currants1 :i* are r pl5tiful 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe1 & a few /rawb]ries & raspb]ries !re & 9 ,japan1 !re are v few b]ries gr[n outside ( ,am]ica4 ,! /rawb]ry 0 f\nd wild "h 9 all sections4 ,! fruit 0 small b ( mo/ delici\s flavor4 ,a few ( ! v>ieties gr[n 9 ! "m c\ntry 7 br\ght ov] "h1 b !y did n fl\ri%4 ,ab\t #ahcd ,c4 ,m4 ,hovey1 ( ,cambridge1 ,mass41 grew "s se$l+s ( ! old ,p9e /rawb]ry1 :i* is an (f%oot ( ! wild /rawb]ry ( ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & 8 introduction ( v>ieties nam$ ,hovey & ,bo/on ,p9e m>k$ ! fir/ /ep 9 our mod]n /rawb]ry culture4 ,next came ! ,wilson1 :i* orig9at$ ab\t #ahej on ! gr\nds ( ,john ,wilson1 ( ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,?is v>iety really popul>iz$ ! gr[+ ( /rawb]ries1 because ( its h>d9ess & productiv5ess4 ,soon aft] ?is ! ,cresc5t 0 f\nd at ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,o!r k9ds 7 soon orig9at$ f se$ by exp]im5t]s1 & *ance se$l+s 7 f\nd com+ up 9 all fruit-gr[+ regions4 ,x 0 n long until !re 7 hundr$s ( nam$ v>ieties ( good quality & t bore abundantly4 ,)9 ! la/ decade or two !re h be5 hundr$s m orig9at$ by ! mo/ skillful hybridiz]s us+ our native species & ! =eign ones also4 ,o!rs j z good 7 pick$ up :]ev] !y *anc$ to gr[ f se$4 ,?us1 we n[ h ! mo/ wond]ful assortm5t ( v>ieties ( ! /rawb]ry 9 ! _w4 ,!y are e>ly1 m$ium1 & late4 ,! facilities = %ipp+ are s conv5i5t t1 n[1 x is possible to h /rawb]ries 9 ! fancy m>kets almo/ e day ( ! ye>1 f "s section ( our great c\ntry4 ,9 ! flu% ( ! season !y are s *eap & abundant t ! poor c enjoy !m along ) ! ri*4 ,f little g>d5 pat*es fifty ye>s ago1 & v small ones too1 we h n[ come to gr[ !m by ! ?\s& acres4 ,! raspb]ry is ano!r ( our delici\s b]ries4 ,at fir/ our pione]s 7 satisfi$ ) ^? !y c\ld ga!r f ! wild bu%es4 ,foll[+ ! same plan t 0 us$ ) mo/ o!r fruits1 ! ,european raspb]ries 7 br\ght ov] ! sea & plant$ 9 ! g>d5s ( ,am]ica4 ,b !y did poorly1 & ab\t #ahej our p began to plant ! native v>ieties4 ,^! grew & bore well4 ,n[ we h hundr$s ( ! v *oice/ nam$ k9ds1 black1 r$1 purple1 & yell[1 e>ly & late1 & m be+ orig9at$ e ye>4 ,! hi/ory ( ! gooseb]ry is almo/ id5tical ) t ( ! raspb]ry4 ,! =eign k9ds1 al?\gh be>+ v mu* l>g] fruit ?an our native k9ds1 7 ru9$ by mildew4 ,ab\t #ahde ,abel ,h\ghton1 ( ,massa*usetts1 grew a se$l+ f ! wild b]ry1 :i* 0 nam$ ,h\ghton1 & f ?is came ano!r se$l+1 ! ,d[n+1 :i* 0 orig9at$ at ,newburgh1 ,n4 ,y41 "s ye>s lat]4 ,^! two v>ieties are n[ among our v be/ k9ds4 ,s9ce ! b5efits ( spray+ ) fungicides h be5 kn[n1 ! l>g] & mild] flavor$ ,engli% k9ds are be+ gr[n ) consid]able success4 ,! blackb]ry is f\nd native only 9 ,am]ica4 ,x has be5 "o ( ! mo/ useful ( all our wild fruits f ! e>lie/ settlem5t ( ! c\ntry1 & 0 us$ by ! aborig9es = c5turies be=e4 ,until ab\t #ahdj !re 0 n en\gh ?\ght giv5 to blackb]ry culture to make ! lea/ attempt 9 t direction1 :5 ,capta9 ,lovett1 ( ,bev]ly1 ,mass41 gave ! "n ,dor*e/] to a *ance v>iety1 & di/ribut$ x4 ,soon aft] #ahej ! ,lawton 0 tak5 f its wild habitat on ! banks ( ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,?is v>iety 0 ! fir/ really good blackb]ry t 0 nam$ & di/ribut$4 ,! ,kitat9ny foll[$ ab\t t5 ye>s lat]1 hav+ be5 f\nd wild 9 ! m\nta9s ( we/]n ,new ,j]sey4 ,at lea/ two :ite v>ieties1 & sev]al hav+ p9k b]ries1 t 7 f\nd gr[+ wild1 7 nam$ & s5t out4 ,^! novelties are yet cultivat$ by a few amateur horticulturi/s4 ,x may seem /range to say t we h :ite & r$ blackb]ries1 b x is a fact4 ,at ?is date we h _m k9ds ( lat] introduction1 "s e>ly & "s late1 & ( mo/ delici\s flavor4 ,p]haps all ,am]icans "k t cranb]ry sauce goes ) ,?anksgiv+ turkey4 ,no c\ntry 9 ! _w has s _m cranb]ries z ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! bogs ( ,cape ,cod are fam\s = ?is fruit1 & ! ,pilgrims ( ,plym\? colony knew ( !m1 & s]v$ !m on _! ru/ic tables4 ,n[ ! wild m>%es along ! ,atlantic are ne>ly all "u cultivation1 & ! product has be5 increas$ _m fold4 ,fully #a1jjj1jjj bu%els are m>ket$ :5 ! crop is good4 ,! same is be+ done ) ! bogs 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,great ,lakes4 ,cranb]ries gr[ 9 untold quantities on ! m>%es ( ,alaska4 ,,citrus ,,fruits4--,:5 ! ,spani>ds invad$ ,florida 9 se>* ( gold !y br\ght ) !m se$s ( ! citrus fruits f ! regions ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,!re ! orange1 lemon1 & lime 7 plant$ 9 ! g5ial climate ( our ,s\!rn bord]s4 ,! fruit 0 c>ri$ hi!r & ?i!r1 & soon escap$ ! b\nds ( ! cultivat$ areas4 ,! =e/s 9 places 7 fill$ ) wild orange trees1 ! mo/ ( :i* bore fruit ( poor quality4 ,:5 ! tide ( immigration set s\?w>d aft] ! ,civil ,w>1 ^! wild groves 7 budd$ to good v>ieties1 & new l& 0 cle>$ & plant$ ) small se$l+s4 ,^! 7 budd$ to good v>ieties 9 due "t4 ,orange culture 0 soon a fix$ indu/ry 9 ,florida4 ,?is increas$ rapidly up to ! "t ( ! sev]e freeze ( #ahid-ie1 :5 !re 7 %ipp$ ov] #e1jjj1jjj boxes4 ,s9ce !n ! results ( ! freez+ ( ! trees has greatly less5$ ! product1 b x is /eadily increas+ aga94 ,! lemon has attract$ mu* less int]e/ ?an ! orange1 b ,i h se5 "o lemon or*>d 9 ,florida ( m ?an two hundr$ acres1 & !re are _m small] ones4 ,! lime is b little call$ =1 & is !re=e gr[n m z a novelty ?an = comm]cial purposes4 ,! pomelo1 by "s misnam$ 8grape-fruit10 is a v l>ge1 :olesome1 & delici\s citrus fruit t is becom+ q popul> :]e x gr[s1 & 9 ! nor!rn m>kets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,orange ,,or*>d ,,( ,,lyman ,,phelps1 ,,san=d1 ,,fla4 ,9 ,cali=nia ! orange 0 fir/ plant$ by ! mission fa!rs c5turies ago4 ,! fir/ real or*>d is said to h be5 plant$ at ,san ,gabriel 9 #ahjd4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( gold 9 t f>-away region v few orange or*>ds exi/$ !re1 & !y 7 ( small size4 ,up to #ahgb v little m ?an ?is 0 done1 :5 ! f\nd+ ( ! colony at ,riv]side1 & ! =tunate introduction ( ! ,bahia or ,navel orange f ,brazil by our gov]nm5t1 at ?is juncture1 0 ! />t ( prosp]\s citrus culture on t coa/4 ,n[ !re are annually ab\t #e1jjj1jjj boxes ( oranges s5t out ( t ,/ate alone1 & ! am\nt is /eadily increas+4 ,a l>ge "p ( ^! are ( ! ju/ly fam\s ,navel v>iety4 ,lemon gr[+ is also becom+ a great indu/ry !re4 ,or*>ds ( "o hundr$ acres are r common1 & "s are fully five times l>g]4 ,ov] #b1jjj1jjj boxes ( lemons 7 produc$ ! pa/ season4 ,,! ,,olive4--,among ! hi/oric fruits ( ,pale/9e & s\!rn ,europe ! olive holds a conspicu\s place4 ,num]\s b futile attempts 7 made 9 e>ly times to e/abli% x 9 ,virg9ia & along ! ,atlantic coa/1 ! climate !re prov+ unsuitable4 ,b 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ,cali=nia ! olive is p]fectly at home4 ,! fir/ olive or*>d ( consequ5ce 0 plant$ by ,ellwood ,coop]1 at ,santa ,b>b>a1 9 #ahgb1 & 9 #ahgf he made oil f ! fruit gr[n on ! trees4 ,n[ !re are _m ext5sive or*>ds 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is e/imat$ t !re are ne>ly #b1jjj1jjj olive trees n[ gr[+ 9 t ,/ate4 ,! oil & pickl$ fruit are /eadily becom+ popul> 9 our fancy m>kets 9 competition ) ! =eign product4 ,illu/ration3 ,,olive ,,or*>d1 ,,quito ,,ran*1 ,,ne> ,,san ,,jose1 ,,cal4 ,,! ,,fig4--,v little is done 9 fig culture ea/ ( ,cali=nia1 al?\gh ! trees are n t5d] along ! ,gulf coa/1 except 9 case ( extremely sev]e w9t]s4 ,9 ,cali=nia x is a decid$ success1 comm]cially z well z = m]e pleasure4 ,! pa/ ye> dri$ figs to ! am\nt ( ne>ly #d1jjj1jjj p\nds 7 s5t to m>ket1 & ! quantity has be5 con/antly increas+ = sev]al ye>s4 ,,! ,,p9eapple4--,^? :o h nev] se5 p9eapples gr[+ are apt to ?9k !y are produc$ on trees4 ,?is is f> f ! fact4 ,!y gr[ on ! tips ( /alks ab\t two feet high4 ,! plants h l>ge n>r[ leaves t clu/] at ! gr\nd1 f ! c5tre ( :i* ^! /alks spr+4 ,a few pat*es 7 plant$ on ! isl&s ne> ! ,florida coa/ 9 #ahfj1 b x is only ab\t fifte5 ye>s s9ce ! fir/ vigor\s attempts 7 made to gr[ ?is delici\s fruit 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,florida is ! only region )9 our c\ntry :]e ! climate is suffici5tly moi/ & w>m = x to fl\ri%4 ,along ! ea/ coa/1 f ,rock ,l$ge s\?w>d1 & on ! we/ coa/ bel[ ,tampa1 are ! mo/ favorable sections4 ,_m acres are devot$ to its culture !re4 ,fro/s damage ! plants sometimes1 b !y soon recov]4 ,9 c5tral ,florida1 _m acres are gr[n "u %$s4 ,^! are made ( frame-"w1 :i* is cov]$ ) slats or b\ghs z a protection f fro/4 ,upw>ds ( #c1jjj1jjj fruits ( m>ketable size are n[ produc$ 9 ,florida annually4 ,,o!r ,,fruits4--,! date is j beg9n+ to be set 9 ! arid regions ( ,arizona & s\!rn ,cali=nia1 & ) good prospects ( success4 ,already _m trees are 9 be>+1 & ! fruit is ( excell5t quality4 ,! *oice/ v>ieties h be5 import$ f ,africa4 ,! guava is be+ gr[n 9 ! w>m p>ts ( ,florida & ,cali=nia4 ,! mango has be5 fruit$ 9 ! w>me/ p>ts ( ,florida & ,cali=nia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p9eapple ,,field ,,at ,,palm ,,bea*1 ,,fla4 ,,nuts4--,! sweet almond ( s\!rn ,europe has long be5 te/$ 9 ,am]ica1 b n[h]e ) success except 9 ,cali=nia1 :]e !re are almond or*>ds ( sev]al hundr$ acres ea*4 ,! ,p]sian 7wrongly call$ ,engli%7 walnut is a great success 9 ! ri*] l&s ( ,cali=nia1 :]e or*>ds ( maje/ic trees h be5 9 full be>+ = _m ye>s4 ,( our native nuts ! pecan is ! be/ ( all1 & x is ab\t ! only "o t has s f> prov$ wor?y ( cultivation4 ,x is f\nd 9 a wild /ate 9 ,ill9ois1 ,miss\ri1 & ,nebraska1 & s\?w>d to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,! creek & riv] bottoms suit x be/1 b x w d v well on almo/ any ri* l&4 ,on "s ( ! hammock l&s ( ,florida hundr$s ( acres are n[ plant$ to ! pecan4 ,! l>ge/ pecan or*>d is t ( ,f4 ,a4 ,sw9d51 ( ,br[nwood1 ,texas1 :i* cov]s ov] five hundr$ acres1 & is be+ increas$ f ye> to ye>4 ,our native *e/nut is ( bett] quality ?an ! =eign k9ds1 b ! nuts are mu* small]4 ,! l>ge/ are f ,japan1 "s ( :i* are two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,_m ( ^! *oice k9ds h be5 import$1 & o!rs 7 orig9at$ f se$s1 :i* are n[ be+ plant$ 9 or*>ds4 ,! be/ ( ! ,european *e/nuts h also be5 import$1 & new k9ds h be5 gr[n "h f ! nuts4 ,ne>ly all ( ^! v>ieties succe$ 9 ,am]ica1 & _m small or*>ds h be5 plant$4 ,"s h graft$ spr\ts f our native *e/nut /umps & small trees ) ^! improv$ k9ds1 & f\nd !m to gr[ & be> abundantly4 ,! cocoanut is /rictly tropical1 & c only be gr[n 9 ! v w>me/ p>ts ( ,florida4 ,x w n endure z l[ a temp]ature z ! p9eapple )\t injury4 ,z a comm]cial v5ture its culture w probably nev] pay 9 ,am]ica1 b = ornam5tal purposes & z an int]e/+ novelty x is already a success f ,lake ,wor? s\?w>d4 ,! wav+ plumes ( ?is giant palm are a s\rce ( con/ant delight to ^? :o are privileg$ to see !m4 ,! huge clu/]s ( nuts are inde$ an int]e/+ sight4 ,surely we h a great & fruitful c\ntry1 f ! cranb]ry bogs ( arctic ,alaska to ! wav+ cocoanut groves ( ,florida4 ,?is c5tury closes & ! new "o beg9s ) wond]ful advances 9 fruit culture beyond ^? ( a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,comm]cial ,,progress ,,by ,,emory ,r4 ,,johnson1 ,a4,m41 ,as/4 ,pr(4 ( ,transportation & ,comm]ce1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,comm]cial activity has ?ree phases1 trade1 %ipp+1 & %ipbuild+4 ,9 ea* ( ^! ?ree phases ( comm]ce ! n9ete5? c5tury has witness$ a rem>kable progress4 ,! expansion ( bo? dome/ic & int]national trade has f> exce$$ ! anticipations ( ^? :o liv$ a hundr$ ye>s ago2 & ! ag5cies ( transportation by wat]1 ! num]\s auxili>ies ( comm]ce & ! %ipbuild+ indu/ries1 h und]gone a te*nical revolution s complete1 & ) consequ5ces s b5efic5t to our social & indu/rial life1 z to make ! comm]cial progress ( ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s "o ( ! sali5t features ( ! hi/ory ( ! c5tury4 ,we %all bett] appreciate ! nature & scope ( ! comm]cial progress ( ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s1 if we glance = a mom5t at a picture ( ! comm]ce ( ! _w at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,i4 ,,ma9 ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,comm]ce ,,at ,,! ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! volume ( trade1 bo? dome/ic & =eign1 0 necess>ily kept )9 proportions relatively small z comp>$ ) pres5t traffic1 because ( ! sl[ness & high co/s ( inl& transportation4 ,dome/ic inl& traffic is directly dep5d5t ^u facilities = wat] & l& transportation1 & until ! railroad came into use1 "s sev5ty ye>s ago1 only ^? c\ntries hav+ num]\s navigable riv]s or well-develop$ canal sy/ems c\ld ext5d _! comm]ce mu* beyond ! cities & di/ricts adjac5t to tide wat]4 ,9 all ages s9ce ! _w became civiliz$ en\gh to engage 9 comm]ce1 an ov]l& traffic by c>avan or wagon has be5 c>ri$ on2 b ! am\nt ( commodities c\ld n be l>ge1 & ! k9ds ( goods transport$ 7 necess>ily limit$ to articles ( high value p] unit ( bulk or weight4 ,su* an inl& traffic z ?is did n e/abli% ! basis = a l>ge coa/wise or ov]-sea comm]ce4 ,at pres5t1 bulky commodities produc$ long di/ances f ! sea-ports comprise a l>ge portion ( int]national traffic1 & supply ! coa/ cities ) ! raw mat]ials f :i* !y manufacture ! articles !y contribute to swell ! volume ( =eign trade4 ,:5 ! means 7 want+ = ! inl& transportation ( ^! bulky commodities1 only a few c\ntries1 su* z ,phnicia1 ! ,italian cities1 ,portugal1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & ! ,briti% colonies 9 ,am]ica1 c\ld develop an important m>itime comm]ce4 ,dur+ ! pa/ fifty ye>s1 ! improvem5ts 9 transportation h be5 su* z to enable all indu/rial c\ntries1 inl& z well z m>itime1 to engage ext5sively 9 ! _w's trade4 ,comm]ce has become g5]al2 & c\ntries l ,switz]l& & ,saxony readily m>ket _! w>es ! _w ov]4 ,! volume ( =eign trade1 z late z a hundr$ ye>s ago1 0 really small1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! mo/ important comm]cial nations4 ,! imports & exports ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 #ahjj am\nt$ to ab\t #cfj1jjj1jjj1 :i*1 = a population ( approximately #ah1jjj1jjj1 w\ld be ab\t #bj p] capita4 ,at t "t ! trade ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 0 ab\t "o t5? :at x is n[4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! =eign comm]ce ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom am\nts to ne>ly #ajj = ea* inhabitant ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ?irte5 ,briti% colonies 9 ,am]ica & ! orig9al commonweal?s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 all m>itime ,/ates ) navigable riv]s1 & _! indu/ries1 lumb]+1 fi%]ies1 production ( food products & tobacco1 call$ = ! ex*ange ( l>ge quantities ( commodities ) ! manufactur]s ( ! home c\ntry1 & ) ! tropical isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,= _! "t1 !n1 ^! ,/ates 7 l>ge trad]s4 ,! /ati/ical in=mation :i* we possess ( _! comm]ce is meagre1 b we "k t ! total trade ( ! colonies ) ! "m c\ntry 9 #aggj 0 ab\t #ac1jjj1jjj a ye>1 or some?+ ov] f\r doll>s p] p]son4 ,!re 0 a trade ( consid]able proportions ) ! ,we/ ,indies1 "s ) ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries & ,africa1 &1 aft] ! colonies became ,/ates1 ) ! ,ea/ ,indies & ! ,ori5t2 b 9 all probability ! =eign trade ( ! ,am]icans did n rea* t5 doll>s p] capita until aft] #agij4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 9 spite ( ! v rapid gr[? ( population 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t has cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! n9ete5? c5tury1 our =eign trade is equal to tw5ty-five doll>s p] p]son4 ,x is :5 ! comm]ce ( ! eighte5? c5tury is view$ f ! /&po9t ( ! transportation ag5cies by :i* x 0 s]v$--! size1 spe$1 & effici5cy ( ! %ips--t ! contra/ ) pres5t conditions becomes mo/ /rik+4 ,two hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! #efj %ips own$ at ,london av]ag$ #aeg tons4 ,a c5tury ago1 a vessel ( #cjj tons 0 /ill consid]$ a l>ge %ip1 & z late z #ahdj vessels ( t size trad$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,india & ,*9a4 ,! ,gr& ,turk1 ( #efd tons1 built 9 #agia1 0 probably ! l>ge/ %ip built 9 ,am]ica up to t "t4 ,dur+ ! f\r? decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury num]\s vessels ( ov] #ajjj tons 7 con/ruct$1 & 9 #ahdj ! ,great ,brita9 ( #cjjj tons 0 ord]$4 ,9 h] day ! ,great ,brita9 0 m ( a m>vel ?an is ! rec5tly laun*$ ,oceanic1 ( #bh1ejj tons displacem5t4 ,:5 we consid] t ^! small vessels 9 use a c5tury ago took f a mon? to six weeks to cross ! ,atlantic1--_! spe$ be+ ab\t "o ?ird t ( ! freight /eam]s ( to-day1--we realize ! great diff]5ce 9 ! effici5cy ( ! m]*ant m>9e ( ! pres5t z comp>$ ) t by :i* comm]ce 0 s]v$ 9 #ahjj4 ,! effici5cy ( ! %ips1 h[ev]1 does n dep5d alone ^u _! size & spe$4 ,! comm]cial auxili>ies :i* enable vessels to ent] & cle> h>bors )\t delay1 & to load & unload c>goes quickly1--ligh?\ses1 beacons1 buoys1 spaci\s :>ves & docks equipp$ ) me*anical appliances = h&l+ freight1--make x possible = vessels to sp5d a great] portion ( ! "t at sea4 ,a m]*ant m>9e to-day has fully five times ! effici5cy t "o ) an equal tonnage _h a c5tury ago4 ,we %all bett] see h[ ?is has be5 br\ght ab\t1 by briefly review+ ! te*nical revolution :i* has tak5 place 9 ocean navigation dur+ ! pa/ sev5ty ye>s4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,te*nical ,,revolution ,,9 ,,comm]ce4 ,dur+ ! fir/ f\r decades ( ?is c5tury ! wood5 sail+ vessel 0 ! sole c>ri] ( ocean traffic1 & 9 ! con/ruction & op]ation ( su* %ips ! ,am]icans _h special advantages & manife/$ peculi> +5uity4 ,= =ty ye>s ! ,am]ican sail+ clipp]1 ^: f9e l9es made x /an* & spe$y1 _h be5 8! type & model ( excell5ce 9 %ip-build+20 b be=e ! middle ( ! c5tury ! supremacy ( ! wood5 clipp]-%ip _h be5 de/roy$1 & ! te*nical sup]iority ( /eam & iron _h be5 demon/rat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,clipp] ,,%ip4 ,!re are six di/9ct /eps 9 ! te*nical evolution ( ! ocean l9] ( ! pres5t day1--six *anges :i* m>k ! epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sub/itution ( /eam & /eel = sail & wood4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! evolution 0 tak5 :5 ! /eam eng9e & ! paddle-:eel took ! place ( w9d & sails4 ,l mo/ epo*-mak+ *anges1 ?is "o 0 made sl[ly2 inde$1 x 0 prec$$ by ?irty ye>s ( hesitation & cons]vative exp]im5tation4 ,rob]t ,fulton1 tak+ advantage ( ideas & plans :i* he _h obta9$ 9 ,europe1 produc$ 8 ,cl]mont 9 #ahjg1 & demon/rat$ ! practicability ( ! /eam%ip = riv] traffic4 ,five ye>s lat]1 ,h5ry ,bell ( ,scotl& con/ruct$ ! ,comet1 ! fir/ pass5g] /eamboat built 9 ,europe1 a vessel only =ty feet long1 t5 & "o half feet 9 wid?1 & ( f\r horse-p[]4 ,! ,cl]mont 0 some:at l>g]1 hav+ a l5g? ( #acj feet1 a beam ( eighte5 feet1 & a hold six feet 9 dep?4 ,%e succe$$ 9 mak+ five miles an h\r aga9/ /ream4 ,^! little vessels attract$ great att5tion1 & ! problem ( con/ruct+ %ips t c\ld cross ! ocean by /eam p[] began to be /udi$4 ,9 #ahai1 ! ,savannah 0 fitt$ ) eng9es & cross$ ! ,atlantic1 us+ bo? /eam p[] & sails1 b ! vessel did n prove a success1 & h] eng9es 7 tak5 out ! foll[+ ye>4 ,inde$1 x 0 n until #ahcc t a vessel /eam$ all ! way across ! ,atlantic2 & ?is %ip1 ! ,royal ,william1 a ,canadian craft ( f\r or five hundr$ tons1 0 able to make ! trip f ,quebec to ,graves5d on ! ,?ames only by /opp+ = coal at ,picton1 ,nova ,scotia1 & ,c[es ne> ,portsm\?1 ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rob]t ,,fulton4 ,! fir/ /eam%ips to cross ! ocean )\t recoal+ 7 ! ,sirius & ,great ,we/]n1 :i* arriv$ 9 ,new ,york ! same day1 ,april #bc1 #ahch1 ! =m] vessel hav+ sail$ f ,london & ! latt] f ,liv]pool4 ,?is a*ievem5t on ! "p ( ^! two wood5 craft1 nei!r "o capable ( c>ry+ m ?an sev5 hundr$ tons1 creat$ a great impression4 ,! ,new ,york 8,c\ri] & ,enquir]0 said1 9 its issue ( ,april #bd1 #ahch3-- 8,:at may be ! ultimate fate ( ?is excitem5t--:e!r or n ! exp5se ( equipm5t & fuel w admit ( ! employm5t ( ^! vessels 9 ! ord9>y packet s]vice--we _c pret5d to =m an op9ion2 b ( ! entire feasibility ( ! passage ( ! ,atlantic by /eam1 z f> z reg>ds safety1 com=t1 & dispat*1 ev5 9 ! r\ghe/ & mo/ boi/]\s wea!r1 ! mo/ skeptical man mu/ n[ cease to d\bt40 ,! employm5t ( /eam%ips 9 ! regul> packet s]vice 0 assur$ 9 #ahci1 :5 ,samuel ,cun>d f\nd$ ! fam\s ,engli% l9e t /ill be>s 8 "n1 & ord]$ f\r /eam]s ( mod]ate size t co/ betwe5 f\r & five hundr$ ?\s& doll>s ea*4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 wood5 vessels1 & x 0 n until #ahef t ! cons]vative ,cun>ds con/ruct$ any iron %ips4 ,! con/ruction ( iron %ips = ocean navigation m>ks ! second important phase ( ! te*nical evolution ( ! pa/ c5tury's comm]ce4 ,x began on a small scale ab\t #ahcj1 & 9 #ahcg an iron vessel1 ,! ,ra9b[1 ( six hundr$ tons 0 built2 b ! fir/ l>ge iron /eam] 0 ord]$ 9 #ahdj1 & 0 ! fam\s ,great ,brita9 be=e ref]r$ to1 con/ruct$ by ,brunel1 ! eng9e] :o subsequ5tly built ! un=tunate naval mon/rosity1 ! ,great ,ea/]n4 ,! completion ( ! ,great ,brita91 9 #ahdc1 0 an important ev5t 9 ! progress ( ocean navigation1 n only because %e 0 five times ! size ( h] l>ge/ iron pr$ecessor1 b also because ( ! fact t ,brunel decid$1 :ile build+ ! vessel1 to adopt ! screw = propell+ ! %ip4 ,! sub/itution ( ! screw in/ead ( paddle-:eels repres5ts a ?ird phase ( ! te*nical evolution ( ocean navigation4 ,john ,ericsson1 :o subsequ5tly built ! fam\s ,monitor1 _h demon/rat$ ! practicability ( ! screw z a propell] 9 #ahcf1 &1 ?ree ye>s lat]1 ! ,ar*im$es1 ( two hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 tons1 0 fitt$ ) a screw4 ,x 0 ! success ( ! ,ar*im$es t l$ ,brunel to adopt ! screw on ! ,great ,brita94 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cl]mont4 ,,fulton',s ,,fir/ ,,/eamboat4 ,! sup]iority ( ! screw ov] paddle-:eels1 & ! great] m]its ( iron %ips comp>$ ) wood5 vessels1 h long be5 accept$2 b ! adoption ( iron z a mat]ial & ( ! screw = a propell] came ab\t sl[ly4 ,inde$1 iron %ip-build+ made little progress 9 ,great ,brita9 be=e #ahej1 & 9 ?is c\ntry wood 0 adh]$ to till mu* lat]4 ,"o reason :y ! ,engli% did n *ange to ! screw & iron m quickly 0 probably ! great influ5ce ex]t$ by ! p[]ful ,cun>d l9e1 ^: cons]vatism caus$ x to hold to wood5 %ips until #ahef4 ,! ,great ,ea/]n1 f9i%$ z late z #ahei1 0 an iron %ip1 b 0 fitt$ ) bo? screw & paddle-:eels4 ,( ! total tonnage built 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 #ahec1 ab\t tw5ty-five p] c5t 0 /eam tonnage & a little m ?an tw5ty-five p] c5t 0 ( iron4 ,at ! pres5t "t ?ree f\r?s ( all ,briti%-built vessels are /eam]s1 & no wood5 %ips are built 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,am]ica 0 sl[ 9 *ang+ f wood to iron1 because ! co/ ( iron 0 s high4 ,we _h wood 9 abundance1 num]\s y>ds = ! con/ruction ( wood5 vessels1 & 7 ! build]s ( ! be/ type ( wood5 %ips4 ,9 #ahec1 ! ye> j ref]r$ to = ,great ,brita91 tw5ty-two p] c5t ( ! tonnage ( ! vessels built 9 ?is c\ntry 0 9 /eam%ips1 b only an inappreciable portion 0 9 iron vessels4 ,! adh]5ce ( ,am]ican %ip-build]s & own]s to wood is well illu/rat$ by ! action tak5 by ! own]s ( ! fam\s b un=tunate ,am]ican ,coll9s l9e1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahdg4 ,! company began1 9 #ahej1 to run f\r palatial /eam]s1 built )\t reg>d to co/1 & suppli$ ) luxuri\s appo9tm5ts1 "s ( :i* are reta9$ 9 vessels ( ! pres5t day2 b ! company built ! %ips ( wood & propell$ !m ) paddle-:eels4 ,! great ,am]ican %ip-build+ firm1 ,william ,cramp ,sons1 f\nd$ 9 #ahej1 did n beg9 con/ruct+ iron %ips till #ahgj4 ,ev5 9 #ahih1 ! tonnage ( wood5 vessels con/ruct$ 0 "o & a half times ! /eel & iron tonnage4 ,ab\t tw5ty-six p] c5t ( our m]*ant m>9e1 =eign & dome/ic1 is n[ made up ( iron & /eel vessels4 ,! next important /ep 9 m>itime progress1 foll[+ ! adoption ( iron & ! screw1 0 tak5 ab\t #ahgj1 :5 ! comp\nd eng9e came into g5]al use4 ,?\gh ! comp\nd eng9e _h be5 us$ on a small vessel 9 ,france z e>ly z #ahbi1 x 0 fir/ ext5sively adopt$ z ! result ( ! rapid developm5t 9 /eam navigation :i* took place 9 ! sev5ties4 ,9 ! comp\nd eng9e ! /eam1 in/ead ( be+ us$ 9 only "o cyl9d] 9 pass+ f ! boil] to ! cond5s]1 ex]ts its =ce 9 two or ?ree cyl9d]s1 & ev5 9 f\r1 9 ! quadruple expansion eng9es4 ,?is results 9 a great economy 9 ! am\nt ( fuel us$4 ,9 ! e>li] m>9e eng9es ! pressure ( /eam 9 ! boil]s 0 ?irte5 p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 & ! consumption ( coal p] horse-p[] p] h\r 0 five & "o half p\nds2 :]eas1 at ! pres5t "t1 a pressure ( two hundr$ p\nds p] squ>e in* is ma9ta9$1 & ! fuel us$ has be5 r$uc$ to less ?an "o & a half p\nds p] h\r = ea* indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,t5 ye>s aft] ! comp\nd eng9e came into g5]al use1 ! *eap5$ co/ ( /eel made x possible to adopt /eel 9 ! place ( iron 9 ! con/ruction ( hulls4 ,?is may be reg>d$ z m>k+ a fif? epo*-mak+ /ep 9 ! progress ( comm]ce2 because ! /eel %ip 0 /rong]1 light]1 & able to c>ry m c>go ?an iron vessels ( ! same size4 ,! sub/itution ( /eel = iron 9 ! ,briti% y>ds 0 made rapidly4 ,9 #ahgi1 only t5 & a qu>t] p] c5t ( ! tonnage con/ruct$ on ! ,clyde 0 ( /eel2 b 9 #ahhi ! p] c5t _h ris5 to n9ety-sev54 ,dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s !re h be5 _m improvem5ts made 9 ! con/ruction & appo9tm5ts ( %ips2 b ! m important *anges h consi/$ 9 divid+ vessels1 by means ( bulkheads1 into sev]al wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 & 9 sub/itut+ tw9 screws = ! s+le screw4 ,! ,inmans plac$ tw9 screws on ! ,city ( ,new ,york 9 #ahhh1 & s9ce !n _! use has become g5]al on ! l>g] ocean l9]s4 ,! tw9 screws add some:at1 ?\gh n greatly1 to ! spe$ ( vessels2 b !y r5d] %ips mu* saf] & less liable to be disabl$4 ,an ocean /eam] ) tw9 screws & wat]-tight comp>tm5ts c suff] any "o ( ! common accid5ts--su* z break+ ( "o ( its %afts1 los+ "o ( its screws1 hav+ its rudd] damag$1 or "o ( its eng9es give out1 or hav+ its side punctur$ by collision--)\t be+ disabl$4 ,al?\gh ocean travel /ill has its dang]s1 ! risks at ! pres5t "t are f> less ?an !y 7 a half or a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago4 ,illu/ration ,! te*nical progress ( comm]ce dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury is well summ>iz$ by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,fry 9 8 book on ! ,hi/ory ( ,nor? ,atlantic ,/eam ,navigation1 writt5 9 #ahie4 ,he says3-- 8,! ,comet ( #ahab has multipli$ into twelve ?\s& /eam%ips1 measur+ ov] sixte5 million tons4444 ,h] tw5ty tons h be5 multipli$ into a %ip ( eighte5 ?\s&2 h] =ty feet to six hundr$ & n9ety-two feet2 & h] f\r horse-p[] to ?irty ?\s& 9 a s+le %ip4 ,sym+ton's f\r-in* cyl9d] has gr[n to "o hundr$ & tw5ty in*es2 ! pressure ( /eam 9 ! boil] has increas$ f ?irte5 p\nds to two hundr$ p\nds on ! squ>e in*2 ! two hundr$ & =ty-?ree knots1 ! maximum ( ! ,great ,we/]n 9 #ahch1 to five hundr$ & sixty2 & ! av]age spe$ f #h4b to #bb4ja knots1 :ile ! consumption ( coal has decreas$ f ab\t five & "o half to "o & "o half p\nds p] indicat$ horse-p[] p] h\r40 ,! c5tury's naval te*nical progress is epitomiz$ 9 ! ,:ite ,/> l9]1 ! ,oceanic4 ,! l5g? ( ?is mammo? vessel is ov] an eigh? ( a mile1 be+ #gje feet1 #f in*es4 #ac feet long] ?an ! ,great ,ea/]n 04 ,:5 load$1 ! ,oceanic draws #cb feet1 #f in*es ( wat]1 & on t draft h] displacem5t is #bh1ejj tons4 ,! figures = ! ,great ,ea/]n 7 #be feet1 #f in*es1 & #bg1jjj tons4 ,! capacity ( h] eng9es is #bh1jjj horse-p[]1 or two & "o ?ird times ! capacity ( ^? 9 ! ,great ,ea/]n4 ,! pressure 9 h] boil]s is #aib p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 or t5 or twelve times t 9 ! boil]s ( h] fam\s pr$ecessor4 ,?\gh n built = spe$1 ! ,oceanic c av]age #ejj miles a day1 or sixty p] c5t m ?an ! ,great ,ea/]n did4 ,! ,oceanic w accommodate #djj fir/-class pass5g]s1 #cjj second-class1 #ajjj ?ird-class1 & a %ip's company ( #cid1 mak+ a total ( #bajd p]sons4 ,9 ?is reg>d1 h[ev]1 h] figures are =tunately less ?an ^? ( ! ,great ,ea/]n1 = t vessel 0 design$ to c>ry #djjj p]sons1 besides crew4 ,^! figures reg>d+ pass5g] accommodations indicate 9 a =ceful way ! great advancem5t t has be5 made 9 ! com=ts ( ocean travel dur+ ! pa/ =ty ye>s4 ,,iii4 ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,comm]cial ,,auxili>ies4 ,! progress ( comm]ce dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 promot$ n only by ! evolution ( %ips ( great spe$ & capacity1 b also by ! improvem5ts made 9 num]\s o!r auxili>ies ( comm]ce4 ,*ief among ^! aids to comm]cial activity h be5 ! bett]m5t ( natural wat]ways & ! con/ruction ( %ip-canals1 ! improvem5ts ( h>bors1 ! lay+ ( cables1 & ! ext5sion ( int]national bank+ facilities4 ,! improvem5ts ( su* riv]s z ! ,rh9e1 ,danube1 ,hudson1 & ,mississippi1 & ( su* natural wat]ways z ! *a9 ( ,great ,lakes 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are conspicu\s in/ances ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! canalization ( natural wat]ways has be5 und]tak5 = ! promotion ( traffic4 ,t "p ( ! ,rh9e ,riv] traffic :i* passes ,emm]i* & ,mannheim am\nt$ to #b1hjj1jjj tons a ye> f #ahgb to #ahge1 b by #ahie x _h increas$ to #aj1cjj1jjj tons4 ,! traffic on ! riv]s ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 accord+ to c5sus /ati/ics1 increas$ f #ah1idf1ebb tons1 9 #ahhj1 to #bi1dhe1jdf tons1 9 #ahhi2 & s9ce t ye> ! increase mu/ h be5 consid]able4 ,! effect ( ! improvem5t ( wat]ways ^u comm]ce is mo/ /rik+ly %[n 9 ! case ( our ,great ,lakes4 ,9 ! sev5ties1 ! dem&s ( traffic 7 = *annels & h>bors #ab feet 9 dep?4 ,dur+ ! next decade x 0 necess>y = ! ,unit$ ,/ates to increase ! dep? to #af feet2 & 9 ! n9eties ! *annels _h to be made deep en\gh to accommodate vessels ( #bj feet draft4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! traffic on ! ,lakes is probably ov] #gj1jjj1jjj tons annually4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahih ! freight t pass$ ! locks at ! ,sault ,/4 ,m>ie equal$ #ba1jjj1jjj tons1 two & a half times ! tonnage pass+ ! ,suez ,canal4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ird ( ! n9ete5? c5tury six important ocean %ip-canals h be5 op5$2 ! ,suez1 op5$ 9 #ahfi2 ! ,rott]dam ,canal1 9 #ahgb2 ! canal connect+ ,am/]dam directly ) ! ,nor? ,sea1 #ahgg2 ! canal across ! ,i/hmus ( ,cor9?1 #ahic2 ! ,man*e/] ,canal1 #ahid2 & ! ,baltic or ,kiel ,canal1 f9i%$ 9 #ahie4 ,! ,panama ,canal 0 begun 9 #ahhb1 & ! con/ruction ( ! ,nic>agua ,canal 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahhi2 b ! date ( ! completion ( ^! mo/ important works is /ill problematical4 ,9 ! improvem5t ( its h>bors e gov]nm5t has be5 active4 ,?irty ye>s ago a dep? ( #bc feet 0 consid]$ ample1 b aft] #ahhj x became necess>y to adopt #bg feet z ! /&>d4 ,dur+ ! pa/ five ye>s ! l>g] seaports h requir$ h>bors ) #cj feet ( wat] 9 ord] to accommodate ! l>ge/ ocean vessels1 & ! limit has by no means be5 rea*$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t has j rec5tly1 #ahii1 au?oriz$ ! deep5+ ( ,new ,york h>bor to #ce feet4 ,z not$ be=e1 ! ,oceanic c be load$ to a draft ( #cb feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,oceanic1 #ahii4 ,,l>ge/ ,,%ip ,,afloat4 7,tonnage1 #ag1jjj3 l5g?1 #gje ft4 #f 942 bread?1 #fh ft4 #d 947 ,! docks ( ! great seaports h be5 improv$ at a co/ ( _m millions ( doll>s4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is ,liv]pool may be cit$4 ,! city's position gave x great comm]cial possibilities1 b a tr\blesome b> at ! m\? ( ! ,m]sey1 & a tide ) a rise & fall ( ?irty feet made ! con/ruction ( its h>bor & docks a difficult matt]4 ,! problem 0 solv$ by ! con/ruction1 "u public control1 ( a l>ge numb] ( commodi\s wet docks ) gates :i* are op5$ only a few h\rs a day1 dur+ high tide4 ,^! h>bor improvem5ts h made possible ,liv]pool's ph5om5al expansion 9 comm]ce dur+ ! pa/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 an increase t has giv5 ! city ?ird place among ! seaports ( ! _w1 ) an annual tonnage ( vessels ent]$ & cle>$ ( #af1jjj1jjj tons4 ,! a*ievem5ts ( ,man*e/] dur+ ! pa/ decade are ev5 m notable ?an ^? ( ,liv]pool4 ,man*e/] is situat$ on a small /ream ?irty-five miles f ! ocean2 b %e has become a seaport = ! l>ge/ ocean vessels1 & has docks & :>ves equipp$ ) ! mo/ improv$ appliances4 ,h] dock-%$s1 = in/ance1 are tw9 /ructures1 ?ree /ories 9 height1 & ! arrangem5ts = h&l+ freight are su* t goods are tak5 directly f ! %ips to any "o ( ! ?ree /ories ( ! %$s4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! gov]nm5t & private corporations are rapidly improv+ ! h>bor facilities ( our ports4 ,dur+ ! pa/ decade ! ,gulf ports h receiv$ especial att5tion1 ) ! result t a l>ge "p ( our export trade is n[ mov+ ?r\gh ! ,gulf h>bors4 ,z an in/ance ( :at private corporations are do+1 m5tion may be made ( ! fact t a railway corporation has rec5tly complet$ a :>f 9 ,new ,orleans t co/ #b1jjj1jjj4 ,besides ^! h>bor improvem5ts1 ! erection ( m & bett] ligh?\ses & signals has made ! approa* ( vessels saf]4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau has also done mu* to less5 ! dang]s ( navigation by its wea!r =eca/s & its w>n+s ( approa*+ /orms4 ,al?\gh ! ,bureau 0 e/abli%$ only tw5ty-n9e ye>s ago1 & 9 a small way1 its s]vices h s increas$ & 9 su* a practical mann] z to h come to be reg>d$ z indisp5sable by ! comm]cial int]e/s4 ,! fir/ successful trans-,atlantic cable 0 laid 9 #ahff2 at ! pres5t "t !re are #agj1jjj miles ( subm>9e telegraphs 9 use4 ,! cables n[ us$ = comm]cial purposes numb] #cbj & include ab\t #aej1jjj miles ( l9es1 ! o!r #bj1jjj miles be+ %ort gov]nm5t l9es connect+ =ts1 batt]ies1 signal-/ations1 & ligh?\ses4 ,! total co/ ( ^! cables has be5 ab\t #bej1jjj1jjj4 ,! influ5ce ( ! cable ^u comm]ce has be5 s great z to revolutionize ! me?ods ( int]national trade t prevail$ a c5tury ago2 inde$1 ocean telegraphy has made x no m difficult to effect int]national sales & pur*ases ?an x is to make dome/ic ex*anges4 ,) ?irte5 cables 9 successful op]ation betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe1 we h _h no difficulty 9 build+ up an imm5se trade across ! ,atlantic2 b1 ) no trans-,pacific l9e1 we are exp]i5c+ mu* difficulty 9 secur+ a l>ge place 9 ! trade ( ! ,ori5t4 ,( c\rse ! developm5t ( our comm]ce ) ! ,ea/ is condition$ by num]\s o!r factors2 b no "o d\bts t ! con/ruction ( ! propos$ ,pacific cable w be ( assi/ance to our comm]cial progress 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,among ! o!r ag5cies t h promot$ ! progress ( comm]ce1 m5tion %\ld be made ( ! ext5sion & improvem5t ( int]national cr$it sy/ems & bank+ facilities4 ,9 ?is reg>d ! ,unit$ ,k+dom leads ! nations ( ! _w1 ,london be+ ! cle>+-h\se = a l>ge "p ( ! _w's trade4 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ! ,ne!rl&s h also develop$ good facilities = int]national bank+2 b ! ,unit$ ,/ates has n yet done s4 ,our m]*ants are /ill oblig$ to settle mo/ acc\nts ?r\gh =eign banks1 b x is probable t our rec5t acquisition ( =eign possessions w cause u to e/abli% "s sy/em ( int]national banks4 ,,iv4 ,,expansion ,,( ,,int]national ,,trade ,,dur+ ,,! ,,c5tury4 ,9 ! introductory p>agraph ( ?is pap] x 0 /at$ t ! comm]cial progress ( ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s is "o ( ! sali5t features ( ! hi/ory ( ! c5tury2 &1 9 contra/+ ! comm]ce ( a hundr$ ye>s ago ) t ( ! pres5t1 a few figures 7 cit$ t indicat$ 9 a g5]al way ! gr[? t ! =eign trade ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates has enjoy$4 ,! expansion ( int]national trade dur+ ! c5tury m]its full] pres5tation & analysis4 ,accurate figures = ! :ole _w's trade are n obta9able = ! e>li] ye>s2 & if x 7 possible to pres5t comp>ative /ati/ics ( ! int]national trade ( ! _w1 z a :ole1 ! comp>isons w\ld n be s in/ructive z ^? :i* pres5t ! progress ( ! comm]ce ( ^? c\ntries :i* rank highe/ among trad+ nations4 ,accord+ly x w be mo/ pr(itable to conf9e our /ati/ics & analytical /udy to ! comm]ce ( ,great ,brita91 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! progress :i* ! comm]ce ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom has made dur+ ! c5tury is %[n by ! foll[+ table1 giv+ ! imports1 exports1 & total trade = ! ye>s #ahjj1 #ahci1 #ahig1 & ! annual av]age = alt]nate qu9qu5nial p]iods betwe5 #ahee & #ahij4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,gr[? ,,( ,,comm]ce ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,ye>s4 ,imports4 ,exports4 ,total ,trade4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #ahjj #adh1hgf1jjj #baj1bdj1jjj #cei1aaf1jjj #ahci #cjj1dgd1jjj #cba1efd1jjj #fbb1jch1jjj #ahef-fj #hij1gbc1jjj #fjd1hed1jjj #a1die1egg1jjj #ahff-gj #a1dbe1icf1jjj #iad1ehf1jjj #b1cdj1ebb1jjj #ahgf-hj #a1hfb1gge1jjj #ihj1hah1jjj #b1hdc1eic1jjj #ahhf-ij #a1hig1ceb1jjj #a1dec1fie1jjj #c1cea1jdg1jjj #ahig #b1aid1icb1ebd #a1dca1eih1cde #c1fbf1ecj1hfi ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,dur+ ! fir/ f\r decades ( ! c5tury1 ! gr[? ( ! comm]ce ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ?\gh consid]able1 0 n rapid1--! figures = #ahci %[+ an increase ( #gc p] c5t ov] ^? = #ahjj1--;b dur+ ! fif?1 six?1 & sev5? decades ! progress 0 ph5om5al4 ,! value ( ! exports 9 #ahgc1 z comp>$ ) #ahci1 %[s a ga9 ( #cgi p] c5t1 & ! total =eign trade increas$ ne>ly #dej p] c5t2 t is1 x 0 five & a half times z mu* 9 #ahgc z x 0 ?irty-f\r ye>s previ\s4 ,s9ce #ahhj1 ! quantities ( imports & exports h l>gely increas$1 b ! fall 9 prices has be5 su* z to make ! increase 9 ! total value comp>atively small4 ,! comm]ce ( ! ,g]man ,/ates dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury did n gr[ v rapidly until aft] #ahej4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury ! great ,cont95tal w>s r5d]$ comm]ce ne>ly impossible4 ,peace 0 re/or$ 9 #ahae1 b ! ,g]man ,/ates _h nei!r political nor comm]cial unity4 ,ea* ,/ate _h a t>iff :i* appli$ aga9/ all o!r ,/ates4 ,gradually a ,zollv]e91 or cu/oms union1 grew up1 :i*1 by #ahed1 _h come to include all ! ,g]man ,/ates except ,au/ria1 ,hol/e91 ,meckl5burg1 ,lau5burg1 & ! ?ree ,hanse t[ns1 ,hamburg1 ,lbeck1 & ,brem54 ,9 #ahff1 ! ,nor? ,g]man ,f$]ation 0 organiz$1 & ?is pav$ ! way = ! =mation ( ! ,g]man ,empire 9 #ahga4 ,! ,zollv]e9 made comm]cial progress possible1 & political unity gave x a great impulse4 ,! /ati/ics ( ! ,g]man trade be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,zollv]e9 are v meagre4 ,a ,g]man au?ority1 ,otto ,huebn]1 e/imates ! value ( ! total import & export trade ( ! ,g]man ,/ates to h be5 #cji1jai1bjj 9 #ahej1 & #ejd1ihh1bjj 9 #ahee4 ,! value ( ! imports ( ,hamburg1 ! *ief port ( ,g]many1 rose f an annual av]age ( #ib1cbj1jej = ! five-ye> p]iod #ahea-ee1 to #aeg1ffj1dgb dur+ ! half decade #ahff-gj4 ,! gr[? ( ,g]many's =eign comm]ce dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s has be5 ph5om5al1 & h] trade is n[ second only to t ( ,great ,brita94 ,9 #ahha1 ! imports 7 valu$ at #gjd1ijd1jjj1 & ! exports at #gjg1igh1jjj1 be+ slightly m ?an ! imports2 :]eas1 by #ahij1 ! imports _h ris5 to #ihf1fda1jjj1 & ! exports to #gib1fbj1jjj1 a sum ne>ly a hundr$ million doll>s less ?an ! value ( ! imports4 ,! =eign trade ( ! c\ntry1 p>ticul>ly 9 imports1 has cont9u$ its rapid gr[? s9ce #ahij1 ! figures = #ahig be+1 imports #a1bca1gef1hfb1 & exports #igg1ddg1aih1 a total trade ( #b1bji1bjd1jfj4 ,! =eign trade ( ,france at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury consi/$ ( #hj1ejj1jjj wor? ( imports & #ei1jjj1jjj ( exports1 a total ( #aci1ejj1jjj4 ,! ,cont95tal w>s1 up to #ahae1 7 ev5 m disa/r\s to ,fr5* trade ?an !y 7 to ,g]man2 b ) ! re/oration ( peace1 comm]cial progress began1 & betwe5 #ahae & #ahca ! total trade increas$ f #aai1bjj1jjj wor? to #afh1aeb1jjj wor?4 ,! gr[? by decades s9ce #ahcj has be5 z foll[s3 ,9 #ahdj1 ! value ( ! total =eign trade 0 #bgh1chc1bjj2 9 #ahej1 #ceh1gdh1djj2 9 #ahfj1 #hje1fei1bjj2 9 #ahga1 #a1bdb1gfe1fjj2 9 #ahhj1 #a1fdj1gab1cjj2 & 9 #ahij1 #b1jjc1eeg1eaf4 ,^! figures %[ t ! rapid expansion ( ,fr5* comm]ce began ab\t #ahej4 ,! highe/ po9t 0 rea*$ 9 #ahia2 b s9ce !n !re has be5 a slight fall+ (f 9 ! total trade1 due to a decrease 9 imports4 ,9 #ahia1 ! value ( ! imports 0 #a1aee1igc1caj2 9 #ahig1 #iia1ecg1ejj4 ,! exports 7 valu$ at #ibj1hci1acj 9 #ahia2 & at #ibf1iih1cjj 9 #ahig4 ,! total trade = ^! ye>s 0 #b1jgf1hab1ddj = #ahia1 & #a1iah1ece1hjj = #ahig4 ,dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury ,france _h a /rong balance ( trade 9 h] favor3 t is1 %e sold m commodities ?an %e b\ght2 & betwe5 #ahbe & #ahdj ! exports & imports ab\t balanc$ ea* o!r2 b s9ce t date1 ) ! exception ( ! ye>s #ahga to #ahge1 :5 ! huge w> indemnity 0 paid1 ! balance ( trade _h be5 unfavorable1 z w\ld naturally be expect$ ( a c\ntry su* z ,france1 ^: p are ext5sively engag$ 9 manufactur+4 ,france1 z well z ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ,g]many1 ,belgium1 ,switz]l&1 & o!r ,european c\ntries1 imports raw mat]ials & food 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! decl9e 9 ! value ( ,fr5* trade1 ?\gh due to fall+ prices r ?an to a decrease 9 ! quantities ( commodities1 has giv5 ! ,fr5* p mu* conc]n4 ,x is n probable1 h[ev]1 t ?is decl9e is due to p]man5t causes4 ,! population & indu/ries ( ,france h n rea*$ a /ation>y /age2 !y are go+ to increase & cause a natural gr[? 9 ! c\ntry's =eign comm]ce4 ,! comm]cial progress ( ,france1 h[ev]1 c h>dly be s rapid z t ( ,g]many & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! are ! c\ntries ^: comm]cial vitality is /ronge/1 & ( ^! two c\ntries1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates possesses great] natural res\rces & l>g] possibilities1 indu/rial & comm]cial4 ,! progress ( ! comm]ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates m]its a some:at clos] survey ?an has be5 giv5 its ?ree lead+ rivals 9 trade4 ,v4 ,,! ,,trade ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dur+ ,,! ,,c5tury4 ,! economic progress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s is mo/ cle>ly indicat$ by ! gr[? ( its =eign & dome/ic comm]ce4 ,be+ a new c\ntry1 busi$ ) occupy+ & develop+ our l>ge t]ritory1 our dome/ic comm]ce has be5 ( enorm\s proportions4 ,) ne>ly two hundr$ ?\s& miles ( railroads1 compris+ f\r n9?s ( ! total railway mileage ( ! _w1 ) our *a9 ( ! ,great ,lakes & our admirable sy/em ( navigable riv]s1 x has be5 possible to exploit our natural res\rces on a l>ge scale1 & to develop an inl& traffic sev]al times ! volume ( our =eign comm]ce4 ,our int]national trade1 h[ev]1 al?\gh small] ?an our dome/ic traffic1 has be5 l>ge ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 has gr[n rapidly1 especially s9ce ! ye> #ahej1 ! p]iod ( ! ,civil ,w> except$1 & is n[ increas+ 9 su* a mann] z to give our =eign rivals mu* conc]n4 ,! progress ( our =eign trade dur+ ?is c5tury is %[n by ! foll[+ table conta9+ ! /ati/ics ( ! value ( our m]*&ise imports1 exports1 & total =eign trade = ea* decade1 beg9n+ ) #agij4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,imports ,,& ,,exports ,,( ,,m]*&ise ,,by ,,decades ,,f #agij ,,to #ahih4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,ye>4 ,exports4 ,imports4 ,total ,trade4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #agij #bj1bje1aef #bc1jjj1jjj #dc1bje1aef #ahjj #gj1iga1ghj #ia1beb1gfh #afb1bbd1edh #ahaj #ff1geg1igj #he1djj1jjj #aeb1aeg1igj #ahbj #fi1fia1ffi #gd1dej1jjj #add1ada1ffi #ahcj #ga1fgj1gce #fb1gbj1ief #acd1cia1fia #ahdj #abc1ffh1icb #ih1beh1gjf #bba1ibg1fch #ahej #add1cge1gbf #agc1eji1ebf #cag1hhe1beb #ahfj #ccc1egf1jeg #cec1faf1aai #fhg1aib1agf #ahgj #cib1gga1gfh #dce1ieh1djh #hbh1gcj1agf #ahhj #hce1fch1feh #ffg1ied1gdf #a1ejc1eic1djd #ahij #heg1hbh1hfd #ghi1caj1dji #a1fdg1aci1jic #ahih #a1baj1bia1iac #faf1jdi1fed #a1hbf1cda1efg ---------------------------------------- -------- ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury1 ! expansion ( our =eign trade 0 n especially rapid4 ,! ,cont95tal w>s1 la/+ f #agic to #ahae1 & our own w> ) ,engl&1 f #ahab to #ahae1 int]f]$ consid]ably ) int]national trade4 ,probably our t>iffs ( #ahaf1 #ahbd1 & #ahbh _h ! effect !y 7 int5d$ to accompli%1 & re/rict$ some:at ! volume ( our =eign comm]ce4 ,! *ief reason1 h[ev]1 :y our trade progress 0 mu* m rapid aft] #ahej 01 t x 0 n until ab\t t "t t ! means ( inl& transportation became develop$ suffici5tly to make possible a l>ge dome/ic traffic4 ,:5 our c5tral ,we/ 0 able to ex*ange commodities on a l>ge scale ) ! seabo>d1 !n our =eign comm]ce began to increase rapidly4 ,! gr[? ( our imports 0 v rapid = ! p]iod ( fifte5 ye>s1 #ahgi to #ahic1 _! value hav+ ris5 f #dde1ggg1gge to #hff1djj1ibb2 b s9ce !n !re has be5 a %>p decl9e to #faf1jdi1fed4 ,our exports1 h[ev]1 h increas$ 9 a ph5om5al mann] dur+ ! pa/ decade4 ,prior to #ahig1 ! highe/ po9t 0 rea*$ 9 #ahib1 :5 ! value ( ! exports 0 #a1jcj1bgh1adh4 ,9 #ahig1 ! value 0 #a1jej1iic1eef1 & 9 #ahih 7! (ficial ye> end+ ,june #cj71 ! value1 z %[n by ! =ego+ table1 0 #a1baj1bia1iac4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is great increase 9 our exports ! total =eign trade ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has n decreas$ 9 value dur+ rec5t ye>s1 al?\gh !re has be5 a consid]able fall 9 prices & a l>ge fall+ (f 9 our importations4 ,our total trade1 dur+ ! fiscal ye> #ahih1 0 mu* l>g] ?an x 0 9 #ahij1 & fell only #aj1jjj1jjj %ort ( ! value rea*$ 9 ! record-break+ ye> ( #ahib4 ,! cal5d> ye> #ahih %[s a l>g] trade ?an has be5 %[n by any previ\s ye>1 ! value be+ #a1hfh1ebc1jeg4 ,! lead+ indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates be+ agriculture1 our exports consi/ l>gely ( v>i\s products ( ! f>m4 ,9 #ahih ! export$ agricultural products 7 valu$ at #hec1fhc1egj1 & compris$ #gj4ed p] c5t ( our total sales abroad4 ,9 spite ( ^! l>ge figures1 ! prepond]ance ( agricultural ov] o!r products is be+ r$uc$ ) consid]able rapidity by ! gr[? 9 ! exportation ( manufactures4 ,be=e #ahgf our exports ( manufactures 7 less ?an #ajj1jjj1jjj a ye>2 :]eas1 9 ! cal5d> ye> #ahih1 !y 7 #cgj1ibd1iid4 ,9 #ahhj1 agricultural exports compris$ #hc4be p] c5t ( our exports1 & manufactures #ab4dh p] c5t2 & 9 ! cal5d> ye> #ahih1 a ye> ( exceptionally l>ge =eign sales ( food products1 agriculture furni%$ only #fi4jf p] c5t1--less ?an sev5 t5?s ( ! exports1 :ile manufacture suppli$ #bd4if p] c5t1 or "o f\r? ( ! total4 ,! ye> #ahih is a notable "o 9 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican manufactures1 = x 0 !n1 = ! fir/ "t1 t we sold to =eign]s m ( our manufactures ?an we b\ght ( !irs4 ,a table %[+ ! total =eign trade ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f #aghi to #ahih1 ! fir/ elev5 decades ( our national exi/5ce1 has rec5tly be5 prep>$ by ! ,bureau ( ,/ati/ics 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasury ,dep>tm5t4 ,x %[s ! total imports & exports ( m]*&ise & specie1 & on :i* side ( our trade acc\nt ! gr& balance comes4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,total ,,trade ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates #aghi-ahih4 ,m]*&ise ,exports #cj1ieb1bjb1ihe ,imports #bi1igi1ifa1dhg ---------------- ,excess ( ,exports #igb1bda1dih ,gold & ,silv] ,exports #c1djj1fbc1eha ,imports #a1idj1aej1cbj ---------------- ,excess ( ,exports #a1dfj1dgc1bfa ,m]*&ise & ,gold & ,silv] comb9$ ,exports #cd1ceb1hbf1eff ,imports #ca1ibj1aaa1hjg ---------------- ,excess ( ,exports #b1dcb1gad1gei ,! table %[s t we h export$ ne>ly ?irty-"o billion doll>s wor? ( commodities1--ab\t a billion doll>s m ?an we h pur*as$4 ,x also %[s t we h s5t out ( ! c\ntry #a1dfj1dgc1bfa m ( ! preci\s metals ?an we h receiv$4 ,our exports ( m]*&ise & gold & silv] comb9$ exce$ our total imports by ! l>ge sum ( #b1dcb1gad1gei4 ,if ! /ati/ics ( our imports & exports = ea* ye> s9ce #aghi be consult$1 x w be f\nd t dur+ ! eighty-sev5 ye>s prec$+ #ahgf !re 7 b sixte5 ye>s :5 our exports ( m]*&ise exce$$ our imports4 ,! balance ( trade 0 ne>ly always 8unfavorable40 ,s9ce #ahgf1 h[ev]1 ! balance has ne>ly always be5 on ! o!r side1 !re hav+ be5 only ?ree ye>s :5 our exports did n exce$ our imports4 ,9 return = some?+1 we h giv5 =eign c\ntries ne>ly two & a half billion doll>s wor? m ( commodities & preci\s metals ?an we h receiv$ 9 return4 ,a "p ( ?is l>ge sum1 possibly "o f\r?1 has be5 paid to =eign]s = freights on our import$ commodities1 & we h also sp5t l>ge sums 9 =eign travel4 ,! *ief reason :y we h export$ m ?an we h import$ is1 t we h be5 borr[+ =eign capital to use 9 con/ruct+ railroads & factories & 9 develop+ our f>ms & m9es4 ,prior to #ahgf1 we receiv$ #a1jhd1cci1iab m ?an we export$2 we accumulat$ a l>ge =eign debt4 ,s9ce #ahgf1 we h cont9u$ to borr[ abroad2 b we h be5 able to liquidate a "p ( our =m] debts1 & also to ex*ange l>ge am\nts ( commodities & preci\s metals = capital2 =1 s9ce #ahgf1 our exports h exce$$ our imports by #c1eag1jed1fga4 ,if our pres5t l>ge excess ( exports ov] imports cont9ues1 we %all soon become a cr$itor nation ) l>ge sums inve/$ abroad4 ,! hi/ory ( our =eign trade is highly gratify+ to our national pride2 our a*ievem5ts h be5 signal1 well-nigh cont9u\s1 & h be5 m m>k$ dur+ ! latt] decades ( ! c5tury ?an at any previ\s "t4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican m>9e1 h[ev]1 pres5ts a some:at diff]5t picture4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,m>9e ,,9 ,,=eign ,,& ,,dome/ic ,,comm]ce4 ,9 colonial days m>itime indu/ries held an important place4 ,! location ( ! colonies adjac5t to ! ocean1 _! dep5d5ce ^u ! "m c\ntry = manufactures & ^u ! ,we/ ,indies = tropical products1 _! ne$ ( =eign m>kets = _! timb]1 fi%1 tobacco1 & food products1 & _! abundant supply ( lumb] = %ipbuild+1 all t5d$ to make !m a seaf>+ p4 ,?is fondness = ! sea 0 especially int5se 9 ,new ,engl&1 :]e ! returns ( agriculture 7 relatively meagre4 ,! long ,revolution>y ,w> de/roy$ _m %ips & int]f]$ s]i\sly ) ocean comm]ce1 b ! /ruggle gave ! coloni/s :at 0 ( m value ?an %ips1--a _s ( v5ture & h>dihood4 ,hundr$s ( %ips & ?\s&s ( seam5 engag$ 9 private]+1 & :5 ! w> end$ ! m>itime in/9cts ( ! ,am]icans 7 /rong] ?an !y _h be5 :5 ! decl>ation ( political & comm]cial indep5d5ce 0 decl>$ 9 #aggf4 ,! imbecility ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t "u ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation & ! re/rictions plac$ ^u int]/ate traffic prev5t$ any consid]able m>itime progress betwe5 ! ,peace ( ,p>is & ! inauguration ( a truly national gov]nm5t "u ! ,con/itution4 ,b a /able gov]nm5t1 s\nd cr$it1 & uni=m national laws = ! regulation ( comm]ce gave ! m>itime in/9cts ( ! ,am]icans a *ance to ass]t !mselves1 & ! tonnage ( our %ips grew rapidly l>g]4 ,our tonnage regi/]$ = ! =eign trade 0 only #abc1hic tons 9 #aghi2 by #agie x _h gr[n to #edi1dga tons2 9 #ahjj x am\nt$ to #ffg1ajg tons2 dur+ ! next five ye>s x increas$ to #gdd1bbd tons1 & by #ahaj x _h rea*$ #iha1jai tons4 ,su* a gr[? z ?is 9 tw5ty ye>s1 f su* small beg9n+s1 0 truly rem>kable4 ,! ,am]ican %ips soon cr[d$ mo/ =eign vessels out ( our comm]ce4 ,9 #agij we c>ri$ only #dj4e p] c5t ( our imports & exports2 b by #agie we _h secur$ #ij p] c5t2 &1 ) ! exception ( a %ort p]iod dur+ & imm$iately foll[+ ! ,w> ( #ahab1 x 0 n till fifty-two ye>s lat] t z mu* z "o f\r? ( our =eign trade 0 c>ri$ "u =eign flags4 ,moreov]1 we n only c>ri$ our own comm]ce1 b we also ent]$ l>gely into ! c>ry+ trade ( o!r c\ntries4 ,! great ,european w> crippl$ ! comm]cial activities ( ,european c\ntries1 & made x easi] = our %ips to ga9 control ( our own comm]ce & to secure employm5t z c>ri]s = =eign m]*ants4 ,dur+ ! fifte5 ye>s f #agic1 ! ye> ( ! outbreak ( ! ,european w>1 to #ahjh1 :5 ! blockade ( ,european ports & ! capture ( ,am]ican %ips & seam5 l$ u to attempt to prohibit our %ips tempor>ily f engag+ 9 =eign trade1 our m]*ant m>9e rose f a position ( obscurity to a place ( great prom95ce on ! high seas4 ,z long z ocean comm]ce 0 c>ri$ 9 wood5 vessels1 ! m>itime int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates cont9u$ to prosp]4 ,! ,w> ( #ahab-ae1 ! panic ( #ahai1 & ! competition ( =eign vessels aft] ! re/oration ( peace 9 ,europe1 gave our m>9e a setback1 s t x 0 n until #ahdg t our tonnage 9 ! =eign trade exce$$ ! figures = #ahaj2 b dur+ ! p]iod ( fifte5 ye>s1 f #ahdf to #ahfa1 our tonnage increas$ #aej p] c5t4 ,:5 ! ,civil ,w>1 :i* prov$ s disa/r\s to ! %ipp+ int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 broke out 9 #ahfa1 our tonnage regi/]$ 9 ! =eign trade equal$ #b1dif1hid tons1--! highe/ po9t x has ev] rea*$4 ,! ,am]ican sail+ clipp] 0 = ne>ly half a c5tury ! mi/ress ( ! seas4 ,z ,j4 ,r4 ,soley says3 8,x 0 9 ^! %ips t = ne>ly half a c5tury n only ! l>ge/ freights ( ! _w 7 c>ri$1 b ! f9e/ & mo/ pr(itable z well4 ,m]*ants hav+ valuable c>goes to export w\ld wait = ! sail+ ( a favorite clipp]1 & m]*ants ) goods to import w\ld in/ruct _! correspond5ts to wait 9 l mann]40 ,z late z #ahej ! high] grades ( commodities 7 almo/ always %ipp$ 9 ! /an* & spe$y ,am]ican clipp] %ip4 ,s9ce #ahfa ! ,am]ican m>9e 9 ! =eign trade has play$ a rle ( decreas+ importance4 ,?ree causes acc\nt = ?is4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury our comm]cial rivals began to sub/itute iron %ips = wood52 b we 7 n able to adopt ! bett] mat]ial 9 ! con/ruction ( our %ips because ( ! high co/ ( iron 9 ?is c\ntry at t "t4 ,great ,brita9 c\ld build ! iron %ips mu* *eap] ?an we c\ld1 & %e soon began to displace u 9 ! c>ry+ trade ( ! o!r c\ntries4 ,& x 0 n long be=e %e began also to c>ry a l>ge %>e ( our own =eign comm]ce4 ,! second cause = our m>itime decl9e 0 ! ,civil ,w>4 ,9 #ahfa our tonnage regi/]$ = ! =eign trade 0 #b1ejj1jjj tons2 by #ahff x _h fall5 to #a1chg1gef tons1 a loss ( ov] a million tons4 ,dur+ ! w> p]iod1 ne>ly #hjj1jjj tons ( our %ipp+ 7 sold abroad2 #aaj1jjj tons 7 captur$ by ,conf$]ate cruis]s2 & o!r casualties occurr$4 ,( c\rse !re 7 no %ips built = our m]*ant m>9e dur+ ! /ormy ye>s ( ! w>4 ,:y1 x may be ask$1 did we n re/ore our %ips aft] ! w> & rega9 our =m] pr\d place on ! high seas8 ,= ! simple1 ?\gh possibly unsatisfy+1 reason t we did n f9d x pr(itable to d s4 ,capital is inve/$ :]e ! prospects = pr(it are be/1 & ! inducem5t to put money into ,am]ican %ips = ! =eign trade 0 n /rong4 ,x /ill co/ m to build %ips 9 our c\ntry ?an x did 9 ,europe1 & ! exp5ses ( op]at+ !m :5 con/ruct$ 7 great]4 ,moreov]1 our rivals _h gott5 possession ( ! lion's %>e ( ! _w's c>ry+ trade1 & w\ld n release any portion ( _! bus9ess )\t a ke5 /ruggle4 ,at ! same "t ! ,am]ican capitali/ 0 (f]$ _m opportunities = ! inve/m5t ( 8 prop]ty 9 dome/ic ent]prises4 ,dur+ ! qu>t] ( a c5tury :i* foll[$ ! w>1 we devot$ our en]gies & capital to build+ our railroads1 op5+ ! ,we/1 exploit+ our m9]al & =e/ res\rces1 & build+ ! mills & factories ^: products are n[ rapidly ent]+ =eign m>kets 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,am]ica's economic activities 7 indu/rial r ?an comm]cial4 ,! result ( ^! g5]al causes has be5 ! decl9e ( our %ipp+ 9 ! =eign trade f two & a half million tons 9 #ahfa to less ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( a million tons 9 #ahih2 b x seems t ! l[-wat] m>k has be5 rea*$ & t ! tide is turn+4 ,! man :o writes ! hi/ory ( our m]*ant m>9e on ! high seas dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! tw5tie? c5tury w1 9 all probability1 write a record ( rapid progress4 ,we h already made mu* headway 9 sub/itut+ /eel = wood5 %ips2 & ,am]ica's =emo/ iron manufactur]1 ,mr4 ,&rew ,c>negie1 says t /eel %ips c n[ be built z *eaply on our ,atlantic coa/ z !y c be built on ! ,clyde4 ,fur!rmore1 ! opportunities = inve/m5t 9 dome/ic indu/ries are becom+ few] & less allur+1 & !re are good reasons = ?9k+ ,am]ican capitali/s w be dispos$ f n[ on to put _! v5tures 9 %ips to sail =eign seas4 ,! attitude ( ,am]ican capitali/s1 h[ev]1 w dep5d v l>gely on ! m>itime policy adopt$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t policy %\ld unque/ionably be z lib]al z ! policy adopt$ by our rivals 9 comm]ce4 ,:atev] diff]5ces ( op9ion may rightly exi/ z reg>ds specific measures = ! re/oration ( ! ,am]ican m>9e to ! high seas1 all p>ties %\ld agree z t\*+ ! ju/ice & necessity ( treat+ our m>itime int]e/s z g5]\sly z ,great ,brita9 deals ) ! own]s ( h] mighty m>9e4 ,our dome/ic m>9e1 be+ free f =eign competition1 has _h a prosp]ity z great z ! adv]sity ( our =eign m>9e4 ,! pres5t tonnage ( dome/ic %ipp+ is ne>ly #d1jjj1jjj tons1 our gr[? dur+ ! p]iod s9ce ! ,civil ,w> hav+ be5 ne>ly a million tons4 ,! traffic on our nor!rn lakes n[ employs #cbef vessels1 canal boats1 & b>ges1 ) a total tonnage ( #a1dcg1ejj tons2 & two ?irds ( ?is tonnage consi/s ( /eam%ips4 ,9 #ahhh our lake tonnage 0 only #hgd1ajb tons2 ! gr[? dur+ a decade hav+ be5 ne>ly #hj p] c5t4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k t ! increase or decrease 9 ! effici5cy ( a m>9e dur+ ! la/ few decades is n measur$ by ! gr[? or decl9e 9 ! tonnage /ati/ics4 ,! mod]n /eam%ip1 aid$ by ! _m comm]cial auxili>ies t facilitate x 9 receiv+ & dis*>g+ its c>go1 is a mu* m effici5t transportation ag5t ?an 0 its small] pr$ecessor propell$ by sails1 & load$ & unload$ ma9ly by human labor4 ,our pres5t dome/ic m>9e ( #d1jjj1jjj tons is at lea/ twice z effective z 0 ! dome/ic %ipp+ ( #c1jjj1jjj by :i* we 7 s]v$ a g5]ation ago4 ,,vii4 ,,am]ican ,,%ipbuild+4 ,"o great aid to ! a*ievem5t ( m>itime greatness is a /rong %ipbuild+ indu/ry1 & e nation ) comm]cial aspirations endeavors to e/abli% ! bus9ess ^u a sure f\ndation4 ,= "s c\ntries1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 t is mu* easi] ?an = o!rs2 & t is "o reason :y ,great ,brita9 has s easily succe$$ 9 ma9ta9+ h] place z mi/ress ( ! seas4 ,! bus9ess ( build+ %ips 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to be us$ 9 =eign trade1 has pass$ ?r\gh a gold5 age ( triumphs1 foll[$ by a p]iod ( decl9e & disc\ragem5t1 & x is n[ ent]+ ^u an epo* ( revival4 ,! gold5 age came 9 ! days ( wood5 vessels4 ,x began 9 e>ly colonial times & la/$ until ! middle ( ?is c5tury1 :5 ! _w began to buy iron %ips ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,! magnitude ( our %ipbuild+ indu/ry at ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is indicat$ by ! fact t dur+ ! decade beg9n+ ) #ahej ! tonnage built 9 our y>ds equal$ #c1ihh1cgb tons1 an annual av]age ( ne>ly #djj1jjj tons4 ,dur+ ! ?ree ye>s #ahed-ef we con/ruct$ ov] a million & a half tons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eam] ,,campania ,,( ,,! ,,cun>d ,,l9e4 ,! decl9e 9 ,am]ican %ipbuild+ set 9 %>ply aft] ! ,civil ,w>1 &1 9 spite ( ! cont9u$ gr[? ( our dome/ic m>9e1 ! tonnage con/ruct$ by ,am]ican build]s /eadily decl9$ until #ahhf1 :5 only #ie1dec tons 7 built4 ,! causes ( ?is decl9e h be5 /at$ 9 :at has be5 said reg>d+ ! sub/itution ( iron & /eel vessels = wood54 ,! p]iod ( decl9e seems n[ to be safely pass$1 = we are annually build+ ov] #bjj1jjj tons on an av]age1 & e indication po9ts to rapid progress 9 ! ne> future4 ,:at is m indicative ( progress ?an ! increase 9 ! tonnage con/ruct$ is ! gr[? 9 ! p]c5tage ( /eam]s & iron & /eel %ips built1 z comp>$ ) ! wood5 sail+ %ips turn$ out4 ,dur+ ! decade #ahgb-ha1 we built #hjj1jjj tons ( /eam]s & #bbd1jjj tons ( iron & /eel %ips2 9 ! decade foll[+1 we con/ruct$ #a1bjj1jjj /eam tons & #dhe1jjj tons ( iron & /eel vessels2 & f #ahia to #ahih our y>ds turn$ out #gcj1dcb tons ( /eam%ips & #edc1hej tons ( iron & /eel vessels4 ,z ^! figures indicate1 ! recon/ruction ( our m]*ant m>9e is progress+ ) a fair degree ( rapidity4 ,at ! pres5t "t "o half our tonnage consi/s ( /eam]s2 b our p]c5tage ( iron & /eel is /ill small z comp>$ ) o!r c\ntries4 ,ov] sev5 t5?s ( our tonnage consi/s ( wood5 %ips1 :]eas our *ief comm]cial rival has practically no wood5 vessels :atev]4 ,only #g p] c5t ( ! ,fr5* m>9e consi/s ( wood5 %ips1 & 9 ! case ( ,g]many less ?an #e p] c5t4 ,! outlook = iron & /eel %ipbuild+ is s promis+ t a rapid increase 9 iron & /eel tonnage is c]ta9 to come4 ,l>gely ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! recon/ruction ( our navy1 num]\s l>ge plants = ! con/ruction ( /eel %ips h be5 e/abli%$ at ,ba?1 ,philadelphia1 ,wilm+ton1 ,baltimore1 ,newport ,news1 ,san ,francisco1 & o!r seaports4 ,cities on ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 & especially ^? on ! ,great ,lakes1 are engag$ 9 build+ %ips ( iron & /eel4 ,!re are sev]al /eel plants 9 ! ,lake ports1 & 9 !m we h built ! l>g] "p ( our /eel tonnage4 ,our iron %ips h be5 built *iefly 9 ! seabo>d y>ds4 ,dur+ ! pres5t ye>1 #ahii1 ! ,am]ican y>ds are busy con/ruct+ vessels bo? = ! navy & = our m]*ant fleet1 & new y>ds are be+ e/abli%$4 ,hav+ begun sell+ crude & /ructural iron & /eel & v>i\s classes ( ma*9]y 9 ,europe1 ev5 9 ,great ,brita91 we %all ere long be sell+ iron & /eel %ips4 ,! excell5ce ( our navy has br\ght u ord]s = w> %ips1 & ! skill & inv5tion ( our %ipbuild]s w br+ u =eign ord]s = m]*antm54 ,,viii4 ,,causes ,,acc\nt+ ,,= ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,comm]cial ,,progress4 ,! comm]cial progress ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! sali5t phases ( :i* h be5 depict$ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 has be5 ! result ( ?ree sets ( causes1 economic1 political1 & social4 ,! economic causes ( mo/ importance are ! improvem5ts 9 transportation1 ! reorganization ( indu/ry on a l>ge scale1 ! accumulation ( capital1 toge!r ) ! gr[? ( corporations & cr$it in/itutions :]eby ! utility ( capital has be5 enhanc$1 & ! discov]y ( l>ge /ores ( gold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cramp',s ,,%ipy>d ,,on ,,! ,,delaw>e4 ,transportation is ! h&maid ( trade4 ,:atev] enables ?is h&maid to d h] "w *eap] & quick] enl>ges ! scope & volume ( ! _w's comm]ce4 ,:5 "o consid]s t x co/ ne>ly f\r times z mu* 9 #ahge to %ip :eat f ,new ,york to ,liv]pool z x did tw5ty ye>s lat]1 & fully ?ree times z mu* f ,*icago to ,liv]pool1 "o c readily und]/& h[ transportation has remov$ h9drances to comm]ce4 ,*eap & rapid transportation has made an ext5sive comm]ce possible1 b x has be5 ! organization ( indu/ry on a l>ge scale t has creat$ ! *ief dem& = comm]ce4 ,indu/ry at ! pres5t "t is1 to a l>ge ext5t1 s organiz$ z be/ to promote ! t]ritorial & int]national division ( labor2 & ea* l>ge produc] reg>ds ! :ole _w z 8 m>ket4 ,! am\nt ( comm]ce requir$ increases ) ! conc5tration & specialization ( indu/ry1 & ) e wid5+ ( ! produc]'s m>ket4 ,x has be5 ! accumulation ( capital & its increas$ availability = purposes ( production t h made possible ! organization ( indu/ry on its pres5t basis1 & enabl$ m5 to con/ruct ! highly develop$ transportation sy/em by means ( :i* comm]ce is accompli%$4 ,! mat]ial progress ( ! pa/ c5tury is unprec$5t$4 ,indu/ry has creat$ weal? z ) ! t\* ( a magic w&2 & ?is rapidly gr[+ weal? has be5 made available capital ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! corporation :i*1 by means ( /ocks & bonds1 has ga!r$ into giant organizations ! prop]ty ( hundr$s & ev5 ?\s&s ( individuals4 ,! indu/rial corporations h be5 greatly assi/$ 9 _! "w ( conc5trat+ & apply+ capital1 by ! banks & o!r in/itutions t h enl>g$ cr$it & made a giv5 am\nt ( prop]ty capable ( p]=m+ a mu* l>g] "w4 ,! expansion ( indu/rial cr$its1 fur!rmore1 has be5 greatly facilitat$ by ! issue ( gov]nm5t bonds 9 l>ge am\nts dur+ ! c5tury4 ,^! /ate obligations con/itute excell5t bus9ess securities1 ( :i* banks1 o!r corporations1 & individuals make ext5sive use4 ,su* are "s ( ! factors t h promot$ ! accumulation ( capital & increas$ ! volume ( comm]ce4 ,money is n capital1 b an adequate supply ( a s\nd & /able m$ium ( ex*ange is ess5tial to indu/rial & comm]cial progress4 ,twice 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w ! discov]y ( l>ge supplies ( ! preci\s metals has giv5 a great impetus to indu/ry & trade3 once1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,spani% galleys br\ght to ,europe ri* treasure f ! silv] m9es ( ,am]ica2 & aga91 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ! ri* f9ds ( gold 7 made 9 ,au/ralia & ,cali=nia4 ,! v rapid increase 9 ! comm]ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! _w at l>ge1 :i* began ab\t #ahej1 0 9 no small degree ! result ( ! ris+ prices :i* foll[$ ! discov]ies ( gold4 ,! clos+ decade ( ! c5tury is witness+ a simil> occurr5ce4 ,= _m ye>s prices decl9$ rapidly2 ! dem&s made ^u ! _w's gold supply 7 rapidly increas$ at a "t :5 ! annual output 0 decl9+4 ,f #ahej to #ahgj ! annual output ( gold av]ag$ ov] #acj1jjj1jjj2 x !n decl9$ s rapidly t x am\nt$ to only a little ov] #ajj1jjj1jjj a ye>1 9 #ahhe & #ahhf4 ,x 0 only #aah1hdh1gjj 9 #ahij2 b ! pres5t annual production is ne>ly #cjj1jjj1jjj1 & ! fall 9 prices has be5 *eek$ = a :ile at lea/4 ,! v rapid enl>gem5t 9 comm]ce dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s mu/ h be5 facilitat$ by ! rec5t increase 9 ! annual production ( gold4 ,a second g5]al cause acc\nt+ = ! _w's progress 9 comm]ce is political--! comm]cial policy foll[$ by ! lead+ nations ( ! _w4 ,up to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 practically e c\ntry /rove to promote its trade1 navigation int]e/s1 & its p[] z a nation by means ( ! m]cantile sy/em1--a sy/em ( /rict & detail$ regulation ( =eign trade by means ( t>iffs & navigation laws4 ,ea* c\ntry /rove to det]m9e ! nature ( its int]national trade1 & endeavor$ to c>ry on its comm]ce 9 its own %ips4 ,9 ! case ( "o c\ntry1 at lea/1 ! m]cantile sy/em 0 em95tly successful4 ,great ,brita9 ent]$ ! great ,napoleonic w>s ) a p[]ful naval & m]*ant m>9e1 & em]g$ f t /ruggle ! unque/ion$ mi/ress ( ! ocean4 ,h] indu/ries also1 z well z h] %ips1 7 /rong] ?an ^? ( o!r c\ntries2 & %e soon conclud$ t bo? h] =eign trade & h] %ipp+ w\ld pr(it by do+ away ) ! re/rictions ( ! m]cantile sy/em1 & adopt+ ! policy ( entire comm]cial fre$om4 ,%e made no mi/ake1 = h] indu/ries & comm]ce h wond]fully prosp]$4 ,! success ( free trade & fre$om ( comm]ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom _h mu* influ5ce ^u o!r c\ntries1 &1 dur+ ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 sev]al c\ntries began to move cauti\sly 9 ! direction t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom _h tak54 ,!y soon f\nd1 h[ev]1 t = !m free trade & %ipp+ meant ,briti% trade & %ipp+1 because ( _! inability to compete successfully ) _! p[]ful rival2 &1 dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury1 ! dom9ant comm]cial & m>itime policy outside ( ! ,briti% ,isles has be5 "o provid+ = ! regulation ( trade by t>iffs1 & = ! promotion ( ! m]cantile m>9e by po/al paym5ts & b\nties4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! two mo/ p[]ful comm]cial rivals ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom are ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,g]many2 & _! trade policy is "o ( regulation in/ead ( fre$om4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 judg+ by results1 t bo? ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & h] competitors h act$ wisely1 & t 9 bo? cases ! means adopt$ 7 su* z conditions dem&$4 ,! ?ird cause ( ! _w's comm]cial progress dur+ ! pa/ c5tury has be5 colonial expansion4 ,g]many1 ,france1 & o!r c\ntries1 influ5c$ by ! great success ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 h e/abli%$ colonies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 & assum$ control ov] unciviliz$ peoples1 until !re are n[ #abe colonies1 protectorates1 & dep5d5cies4 ,^! #abe regions comprise two fif?s ( ! l& surface ( ! globe1 & conta9 "o ?ird ( its population4 ,^! colonies & protectorates import annually ov] #a1ejj1jjj1jjj wor? ( commodities1 & ( ?is l>ge sum m ?an =ty p] c5t is b\ght f "m c\ntries4 ,! la/ nation to adopt ! policy ( colonial expansion is ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h] pr9cipal colony1 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 hav+ be5 made a "p ( h] possessions because ( our desire to secure a l>g] %>e ( ! trade ( ! ,ori5t4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,tw5tie? ,,c5tury ,,prospect4 ,! _w is ent]+ ^u ! tw5tie? c5tury ) ! nations ( ! e>? b\nd to ea* o!r by mu* clos] relations ?an exi/$ a hundr$ ye>s ago1 & *ief among ! =ces t draw ! c\ntries ( ! _w toge!r is comm]ce4 ,x is comm]ce1 m ?an any?+ else1 t has br\ght ab\t ! exi/+ organization ( indu/ry 9 :i* ea* nation is dep5d5t ^u e o!r4 ,! nations ( ! _w are mutually dep5d5t1 b _! int]e/s are n id5tical4 ,9 ! future1 z !y h done 9 ! pa/1 nations w compete ) ea* o!r1 ea* /riv+ to secure = itself a maximum ( economic advantage2 & ?is competition w cont9ue to take ! =m ( comm]cial rivalry4 ,! great int]national /ruggles ( ! pres5t day are be+ c>ri$ on to secure trade advantages2 & at no "t 9 ! pa/ h ^? conte/s be5 m e>ne/ ?an !y n[ are4 ,! conflicts ( ! tw5tie? c5tury w be comm]cial /ruggles1 & !y w be int5se4 ,9 ! c5turies :5 ,phnicia1 ,greece1 ,c>?age1 ,rome1 & ,v5ice 7 successively p[]ful1 ! ,m$it]ranean 0 ! !atre ( comm]cial activity & int]national rivalry4 ,! navigators & explor]s1 ^: exploits clos$ ! m$ival p]iod & inaugurat$ ! mod]n era1 c>ri$ ! _w's comm]ce f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,atlantic & transf]r$ ! c5tres ( national greatness f ! s\!rn to ! we/]n & nor!rn nations ( ,europe4 ,! great indu/rial c\ntries ( ! pres5t are ^? ( ,europe & ,am]ica adjac5t to ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,^! c\ntries orig9ate ! l>g] "p ( ! _w's comm]ce2 & ! ma9 /reams ( int]national trade are ^? :i* connect ^! c\ntries ) ea* o!r & ) ^? regions ( ! e>? less highly develop$ indu/rially4 ,! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 j nor? ( ! ,tropic ( ,canc]1 & ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 a %ort di/ance s\? ( t l9e1 7 ! only b>ri]s :i* nature plac$ across an o!rwise cont9u\s wat] r\te ar\nd ! e>? 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,^! b>ri]s div]t$ ! l9es :i* ! _w's l>ge/ volume ( traffic t5ds to foll[ f> to ! s\? ar\nd ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica1 or did s until #ahfi1 :5 ,europe ov]came ! b>ri] ( mo/ consequ5ce to h] by ! con/ruction ( ! ,suez ,canal4 ,s9ce ! op5+ ( t wat]way ,europe has enjoy$ advantages = int]national trade sup]ior to ^? enjoy$ by our c\ntry4 ,our regions mo/ highly develop$ indu/rially are tribut>y to ! ,atlantic & ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,to ! ea/ ( u lies ,europe1 a region ( great indu/rial advancem5t1 dem&+ little m ?an our surplus food products & raw mat]ials2 to ! s\? are ! c\ntries ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic ly+ along ! l9e ( ! _w's second>y comm]cial r\tes2 c\ntries1 moreov]1 ^: trade we c secure only 9 direct competition ) ,europe1 :i* has already =e/all$ u at _m po9ts4 ,9 pu%+ _! trade we/w>d ! indu/rial ,/ates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--& !y are f\nd 9 ! ea/]n half ( our c\ntry--f9d t ! possibilities ( a traffic by l& are re/rict$ )9 n>r[ b\nds by ! heavy co/s ( a long haul ov] ! elevat$ ,cordill]an ,m\nta9 ranges1 :ile %ipm5ts by wat] h to take ! circuit\s & exp5sive r\te ar\nd ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,until an i/hmian canal is con/ruct$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates w be h&icapp$ 9 its competition ) ,europe = ! trade ( all c\ntries bord]+ ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates looks =w>d to ! com+ c5tury1 confid5t ( %>+ l>gely 9 ! _w's comm]ce4 ,) an enorm\s & rapidly gr[+ =eign trade1 & ) h] indu/ries s5d+ _! w>es into all qu>t]s ( ! globe1 ! future ( h] trade is c]ta94 ,%all we also become a great m>itime nation8 ,%all we be z successful 9 ! age ( /eel /eam%ips z we 7 9 ! days :5 our clipp]-%ips1 8^? /rong-w+$ gulls 9 timb]1 put swift girdles ar\nd ! e>?80 ,unque/ionably1 yes6 ,! comm]cial advantages :i* our rivals h possess$ = half a c5tury h ne>ly all disappe>$4 ,our m>itime in/9cts are n dead2 & :5 we aga9 turn our att5tion 9 e>ne/ to ! "w ( int]national navigation1 we %all 8w9 anew ! wide-rea*+ seas our sires lov$ & occupi$ s well40 ,,education ,,dur+ ,,! ,,c5tury ,,by ,,frankl9 ,s4 ,,edmonds1 ,a4,m41 ,as/4 ,pr(4 ( ,political ,sci5ce1 ,c5tral ,high ,s*ool1 ,philadelphia4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 *>act]iz$ by a deep & abid+ int]e/ 9 popul> education4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s ago !re 7 _m close obs]v]s :o /rongly oppos$ all attempts to provide s*ools = ! masses1 le/ !y %\ld be educat$ above _! /ation 9 life4 ,?is feel+ 0 p>ticul>ly /rong 9 cons]vative c\ntries l ,engl&4 ,x l$ ! ,duke ( ,well+ton to rem>k to "o :o 0 expla9+ to him ! "w ( ,joseph ,lanca/]1 8,take c>e :at y are ab\t2 = unless y base all ?is on religion1 y are only mak+ s _m clev] devils40 ,s c>eful a critic z ,alexis de ,tocqueville1 aft] 8 visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahca1 wrote to ,j>$ ,sp>ks3 8,are ! effects ( education uni=mly good8 ,does n a man :o obta9s an education above 8 social condition become an unquiet citiz580 ,! fir/ triumph ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ! conque/ ( ?is fe>2 & !re is to-day a g5]al belief t x is ! duty ( ea* community to provide a well-develop$ s*ool sy/em1 t ea* *ild may h an opportunity = mak+ ! be/ & highe/ use ( 8 p[]s & capabilities4 ,p]haps no s+le elem5t has contribut$ m to ?is *ange 9 ! popul> attitude t[>ds s*ools ?an ! writ+s ( ! great gr\p ( ?9k]s :o1 ) l(ty ideals & ke5 acum51 h devot$ !mselves to ! /udy & discussion ( educational que/ions4 ,g]many has be5 =emo/ 9 its contributions to educational lit]ature4 ,=emo/ 9 "t z 9 influ5ce is ,john ,h5ry ,pe/alozzi 7#agdf-ahbg74 ,al?\gh end[$ ) an 8unrival$ incapacity = gov]nm5t10 ,pe/alozzi has yet become an inspiration to mod]n p$agogy1 because ( 8 love = tea*+ & ! t5d] sympa?y ( 8 nature4 ,aft] v>i\s educational exp]im5ts1 he op5$1 9 #ahje1 a s*ool at ,yv]dun1 on ! ,lake ( ,neuf*atel1 :i* soon won = him a ,european reputation1 & became a c5tre ( int]e/ to educators f all ,europe4 ,! ,emp]or ( ,russia gave him a p]sonal pro( ( 8 favor1 & ,fi*te1 ! great ,g]man philosoph]1 decl>$ t he saw 9 ,pe/alozzi & 8 labors ! dawn+ ( a new era = humanity4 ,9 8 writ+s & 9 8 tea*+ ,pe/alozzi emphasiz$ ! importance ( ! home 9 education2 he ass]t$ ! tru? t all in/ruction is bas$ on obs]vation3 8,nei!r books nor any product ( human skill1 b life itself1 yields ! basis = all education20 & 9 a g5]al way he aim$ to develop ! *ild ?r\gh 8 own p]sonal activity1 r ?an to furni% him ) useful facts4 ,! mo/ em95t ( ,pe/alozzi's disciples 0 ,fri$ri* ,froebel 7#aghb-aheb71 ! f\nd] ( ! k9d]g>t54 ,aft] a v>i$ c>e] z a =e/]1 /ud5t at ,j5a1 etc41 ,froebel w5t to ,yv]dun 9 #ahjh1 & = two ye>s 0 a co-labor] ) ,pe/alozzi4 ,! impulse :i* he "h receiv$ nev] lo/ its =ce4 ,x br\ght him to consid] ! problems ( elem5t>y education1 & f9ally l$1 9 #ahcg1 to 8 e/abli%m5t ( ! fir/ k9d]g>t5 at ,blank5burg 9 ,?ur+ia4 ,8 idea may be well express$ 9 8 own words1--8,i c conv]t *ildr5's activities1 en]gies1 amusem5ts1 occupations1 all t goes by ! "n ( play1 into in/rum5ts = my purpose1 & !re=e trans=m play into "w4 ,?is "w w be education 9 ! true s5se ( ! t]m40 ,8 great !ory 0 ideali/ic--he believ$ 9 ! unity ( ! univ]se1 9 ! ess5tial h>mony ( ! _w4 ,x 0 ! duty ( ! tea*] to fit ! *ild = 8 place 9 human society4 ,?is c\ld be be/ done if ! *ild 0 tak5 at a v e>ly age & prep>$ = life 9 an ord9>y s*ool4 ,! k9d]g>t51 or *ild-g>d51 is ?us a s*ool :]e a *ild le>ns social life1 :]e 8 play is sy/ematiz$ & 8 activities are direct$4 ,! av]age c\rse ( /udy takes hold ( ! *ild :5 he is six ye>s ( age2 ! k9d]g>t5 usually fills 9 ! two prec$+ ye>s4 ,z an educational in/itution1 ! k9d]g>t5 has met ) little public support 9 ,europe1 al?\gh 9 ,p>is !re are a numb] ( 8mat]nal s*ools10 :i* correspond closely to ,froebel's plan4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,miss ,elizabe? ,peabody became ! fir/ apo/le ( ! movem5t4 ,! idea ( c>+ = ! *ildr5 bel[ ! regul> s*ool-age won in/ant favor1 & 9 a numb] ( l>ge cities k9d]g>t5s 7 op5$ "u private auspices4 ,z _! success became cle>] & m positive1 !y 7 tak5 "u ! control ( ! public4 ,9 #ahif-ig1 ! report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education %[s t !re 7 #ajgg k9d]g>t5s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates connect$ ) ! public-s*ool sy/ems ( cities hav+ m ?an #djjj population1 ) an enrollm5t ( #ha1iaf pupils4 ,! ,int]national ,k9d]g>t5 ,union1 =m$ = ! purpose ( 8ga!r+ & dissem9at+ k ( ! k9d]g>t5 movem5t ?r\gh\t ! _w10 has aid$ greatly 9 /imulat+ an intellig5t int]e/ 9 ,froebel's ideals 9 ,am]ica4 ,none ( ! great ,g]man philosoph]s has be5 honor$ ) a m loyal cult ?an ,johann ,fri$ri* ,h]b>t 7#agge-ahda71 :o direct$ g5]al att5tion to ! necessity ( /udy+ ! pr9ciples ( education4 ,9 8 writ+s & lectures :ile pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+51 ,h]b>t />t$ an inquiry into ! !oretical basis ( in/ruction4 ,he f\nd ! f9al aim ( all education to c5tre 9 ! =mation ( moral "*1 :ile ! key/one ( in/ruction is int]e/4 8,! f9al aim ( in/ruction is morality4 ,b ! ne>] aim :i* in/ruction 9 p>ticul> mu/ see be=e itself 9 ord] to rea* ! f9al "o1 is _m-sid$ness ( int]e/40 ,h]b>t's influ5ce 9 ar\s+ & direct+ ?\ght has be5 mo/ felt 9 ,g]many1 b 9 ,am]ica 8 "n has be5 tak5 by "o ( ! mo/ active educational associations1 8,! ,national ,h]b>t ,society40 ,illu/ration3 ,,pe/alozzi4 7,! ,p]ry ,pictures4 ,copyright1 #ahih1 by ,e4 ,a4 ,p]ry1 ,mald51 ,mass47 ,next to ,g]many 9 its li/ ( great educational ?9k]s mu/ come ,engl&4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury !re 7 no 8public s*ools0 9 ,engl&1 9 ! ,am]ican s5se ( ! t]m4 ,! great prep>atory s*ools1--,eton1 ,rugby1 ,h>r[1 ,w9*e/]1 etc41--al?\gh call$ 8public0 by ! ,engli%1 7 9 reality end[$ bo>d+-s*ools1 :]e z a rule only ! *ildr5 ( ! ri* c\ld be f\nd4 ,g5]al education 0 c>$ = by ! village s*ools "u ! direction ( ! vic> ( ! p>i%1 & usually presid$ ov] by eld]ly dames ) v>i$ degrees ( atta9m5ts4 ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! "w ( ,&rew ,bell & ,joseph ,lanca/] began to ar\se "s int]e/4 ,work+ indep5d5tly1 ! "o 9 ,india & ! o!r 9 ,london1 bo? develop$ ! same me?od ( provid+ g5]al in/ruction at a m9imum ( co/1 by us+ ! m advanc$ pupils to in/ruct ! beg9n]s4 8,by ! aid ( monitors10 said ,lanca/]1 8"o ma/] c tea* a ?\s& boys40 ,9 #agih1 ,lanca/] op5$ ! fir/ ,engli% s*ool ( ?is k9d 9 ,s\?w>k1 ,london1 plac+ ?is inscription ov] ! door3 8,all t w may s5d _! *ildr5 & h !m educat$ freely1 & ^? t d n wi% to h education = no?+ may pay = x1 if !y please40 ,9 #ahjh1 ! ,royal ,lanca/]ian ,society 0 organiz$1 to agitate = m s*ools2 & al?\gh its "n 0 *ang$1 9 #ahad1 to ,briti% & ,=eign ,s*ool ,society1 its "w has cont9u$ d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 #ahah1 ,lanca/] came to ,am]ica1 & 0 at once plac$ 9 g5]al *>ge ( ! public s*ools ( ,philadelphia4 ,he 0 made pr9cipal ( a model s*ool = tra9+ tea*]s1 :i* is believ$ to h be5 ! fir/ attempt at a normal s*ool 9 ,am]ica4 ,aft] ext5sive agitation 9 ,new ,york1 9 ,canada1 :]e 9 #ahbi he receiv$ an appropriation f ! legislature to enable him to />t 8 monitorial s*ools1 & ev5 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,lanca/]'s "w 0 done4 ,probably ! greate/ tea*] ( ! c5tury 9 ,engl& 0 ,?omas ,arnold1 ^: "* w long live 9 lit]ature ?r\gh ! lov+ portraiture ( 8 pupils4 ,:ile contribut+ little ( importance to ! sci5ce ( p$agogy1 he 0 yet able to "w a revolution 9 ! g5]al conception ( tea*] & pupil1 & _! relations to ea* o!r4 ,he insi/$ t 8 tea*]s mu/ cont9ue _! /udies aft] !y _h secur$ positions1 & s rais$ pr(essional ideals4 8,! pupil10 said he1 8mu/ dr9k f ! runn+ f\nta91 & n f ! /agnant pool40 ,8 sympa?y gave him r>e p[] to m\ld ! "* ( boys4 ,he tru/$ 8 boys & !y became wor?y ( x4 8,x is a %ame to tell ,arnold a lie6 ,he always believes "o10--0 ! common say+4 ,z a consequ5ce1 !re w5t out f ,rugby ,s*ool f #ahbg to #ahdb1 ! ye>s ( ,arnold's headma/]%ip1 a gr\p ( clean1 heal?y1 :ole-s\l$ boys1 well fitt$ to become lead]s 9 ,engli% life4 ,_m contributions h be5 made to ! lit]ature ( p$agogy dur+ ! c5tury1 b !re is none t has attract$ m att5tion or /imulat$ m e>ne/ discussion ?an ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s 8,education40 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 book1 ,sp5c] asks ! "q :i* ar\s$ ! educational _w1--8,:at k is ( mo/ wor?80 ,x at once direct$ inquiry into ! v he>t ( educational !ory4 ,! c\rse ( /udy1 ! ord] 9 :i* subjects %\ld be consid]$1 ! "t to be giv5 to ea*1--all ^! problems 7 vitally conc]n$ ) ! answ] to ?is "q4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s solution won in/ant favor3 8,h[ to live10 said he1 8t is ! ess5tial "q = u4444 ,& ?is1 be+ ! great ?+ ne$ful = u to le>n1 is1 by consequ5ce1 ! great ?+ :i* education has to tea*4 ,to prep>e u = complete liv+ is ! function :i* education has to dis*>ge40 ,?is po9t ( view l$ to ! acc5t+ ( useful & practical subjects4 ,! human body %\ld be /udi$1--?is is necess>y to fulfill ! fir/ law ( nature1 self-pres]vation4 ,! natural sci5ces %\ld be an ess5tial "p ( education3 ?is is necess>y = our acqua9tance ) ! _w 9 :i* we mu/ live & "w4 ,hi/ory & social sci5ce %\ld be /udi$3 t ea* "o may become fully 9 t\* ) ! society 9 :i* he =ms a unit4 ,naturally1 little "t w\ld be left = bran*es t 7 /hetic or cultural1 & s ,sp5c] w\ld h ! /ud5t give b 8 surplus "t to ^!4 ,b ! important ?+ 0 t he %\ld "k himself1 8 _w1 & 8 society1 s t he w\ld be fitt$ to d 8 "w 9 ! mo/ complete way4 ,8 practical influ5ce ^u education is be/ se5 9 ! great increase ( appreciation = ! natural sci5ces1 :i* has l$ to ! introduction ( nature obs]vation & /udy1 ev5 9 ! mo/ elem5t>y s*ools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,froebel1 ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,k9d]g>t5s4 7,! ,p]ry ,pictures4 ,copyright1 #ahih1 by ,e4 ,a4 ,p]ry1 ,mald51 ,mass47 ,9 ,am]ica !re h be5 important contributions to educational !ory dur+ ! c5tury4 ,!re has be5 a p]fect flood ( educational books1 pamphlets1 & p]iodicals1 ^: m]it is s great z to extort ev5 reluctant admiration f =eign critics4 ,:ile !re has be5 mu* unev5ness 9 quality1 yet ,am]icans h no reason to feel a%am$ ( _! contribution to p$agogical lit]ature4 ,! be/ "w has be5 done 9 ! discussion ( specific que/ions1 r ?an 9 an elaboration ( g5]al ideals4 ,adm9i/ration1 ) its manifold problems1 has appeal$ /rongly to ! ,am]ican g5ius2 & consequ5tly ! greate/ names ( ! c5tury are ^? ( m5 :o h devot$ !mselves to "s practical "w1 ! ideals & details ( :i* !y h ?or\ghly ma/]$1 & s h left endur+ monum5ts ( _! lives' "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,?omas ,,arnold1 ,,( ,,rugby1 ,,engl&4 7,c\rtesy ( ,! ,s*ool ,j\rnal1 ,new ,york47 ,! great a*ievem5t ( ! c5tury 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( free & public s*ools4 ,l mo/ ( ! nation's intellectual impulses1 ?is _s seems to h come f ,new ,engl&4 ,!re1 ! democratic ideals ( ! p l$ to an e>ly appreciation ( ! necessity = univ]sal education4 ,!re c be little d\bt t x 0 f ! ,puritan settlem5ts 9 ,massa*usetts t ! orig9al impulse t[>d univ]sal education came4 ,?us1 9 #afdg1 ! ,colonial ,assembly requir$ t ea* t[n conta9+ "o hundr$ families %\ld e/abli% a gramm> s*ool to prep>e y\?s = ! univ]sity4 ,dur+ colonial times m & m s*ools 7 /eadily e/abli%$4 ,b ! movem5t1 :i* 0 zeal\sly support$ 9 ,new ,engl& & enc\rag$ 9 ! ,middle ,/ates1 especially by ! ,fri5ds1 met ) opposition 9 ! ,s\?1 :]e education 0 consid]$ a family duty1 & n )9 ! prov9ce ( ! ,/ate4 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 0 accompli%$ 9 an educational l9e prior to ! ,revolution dep5d$ ^u ! _s ( ! individual colonies2 consequ5tly1 !re 0 ! wide/ possible div]g5ce 9 ! policies & me?ods ( diff]5t localities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,old ,,log ,,s*oolh\se4 ,b z soon z ! ,revolution _h be5 accompli%$1 & indep5d5ce _h become a fact1 a r5ew$ int]e/ 9 g5]al education 0 evid5t4 ,x is exce$+ly int]e/+ to wat* ! developm5t ( ! po9t ( view t free s*ools 7 a necessity = ! exi/5ce ( ! republic1 & h5ce mu/ be e/abli%$ by ! ,/ate4 ,! e>ly fa!rs ( ! nation 7 n sl[ to recognize ?is4 ,9 ! words ( ,frankl91 8,a ,bible & newspap] 9 e h\se1 a good s*ool 9 e di/rict--all /udi$ & appreciat$ z !y m]it--are ! pr9cipal support ( virtue1 morality1 & civil lib]ty40 8,9 proportion z ! /ructure ( a gov]nm5t gives =ce to public op9ion10 said ,wa%+ton1 8x is necess>y t public op9ion %\ld be enlight5$40 ,& ,jeff]son1 ) 8 broad philosophical appreciation ( democracy1 />t$ ! battle aga9/ ! ideas ( ,gov]nor ,b]keley1 ( ,virg9ia1 :51 9 #aggi1 he introduc$ into ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ,virg9ia a bill provid+ = ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools 8= ! free tra9+ ( all free *ildr51 male & female40 ,! half c5tury f #agij to #ahdj is ! p]iod ( ! battle = free public s*ools4 ,x 0 a h>d fight1 complicat$ 9 _m ,/ates by local que/ions & conditions t r5d]$ success almo/ hopeless4 ,"s oppos$ f ! old po9t ( view t education 0 an individual matt]1--ea* %\ld get = himself j s mu* z 0 possible4 ,o!rs rais$ ! objection ( co/1--if taxation 0 propos$1 0 x "r to take money f "o gr\p to educate ! *ildr5 ( ano!r8 ,religi\s disputes h9d]$ progress1--_m ( ! d5om9ations _h f\nd$ sect>ian s*ools1 & 7 unwill+ to see !m replac$ by public s*ools1 :]e no cre$ w\ld be taught4 ,especially1 9 "s ,/ates1 z 9 ,p5nsylvania1 :]e ,sw$e1 ,g]man1 ,scot*1 ,iri%1 & ,engli% liv$ side by side1 did ! race problem ent] z a p]plex+ elem5t4 ,%\ld any language o!r ?an ,engli% be taught8 ,:at respect %\ld be giv5 to ! traditions & cu/oms ( ea* race-gr\p8 ,moreov]1 :5 ! cons]vatism began to yield to progress1 x compromis$ ) great reluctance4 ,at fir/1 provision 0 made :]eby ! *ildr5 ( ! poor %\ld h _! s*ool fees paid by ! ,/ate4 ,!n public s*ools 7 />t$ exclusively = ! poor1 :i* 7 br&$ ) ! /igma ( 8paup] s*ools40 ,b ^! difficulties only s]v$ to increase ! ardor ( ! public-s*ool advocates1 & at l5g? _! success 0 complete4 ,"s episodes ( ! /ruggle des]ve special m5tion4 ,horace ,mann 7#agif-ahei7 has be5 call$ ! ,/4 ,paul ( education 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 #ahcg1 ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education 0 creat$ 9 ,massa*usetts1 & ,horace ,mann 0 appo9t$ its fir/ secret>y4 ,= twelve ye>s he labor$ ) unflagg+ en]gy to build up ! public int]e/ 9 education4 ,by spee* & by p51 he awak5$ 9 8 ,/ate an appreciation ( ! value ( ! public s*ool sy/em t has nev] s9ce decay$4 ,he e/abli%$ on an endur+ basis ! bus9ess side ( education 9 ! ,/ate1 by sy/ematiz+ ! s*ool funds4 ,! p]sonal sacrifice 0 enorm\s4 ,he address$ public meet+s all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,:5 he f\nd t no arrangem5ts _h be5 made at ,pittsfield to prep>e ! s*oolh\se = 8 meet+1 ,horace ,mann & ,gov]nor ,briggs !mselves swept out ! build+ & set x 9 ord]4 ,"o ( 8 fir/ int]e/s 0 ! provision ( good tea*]s4 ,9 ord] to spur ! ,assembly to its duty1 he begg$ f 8 fri5ds ! sum ( #aj1jjj1 :i*1 ) an equal sum appropriat$ f ! /ate treasury1 0 us$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,massa*usetts normal s*ools at ,lex+ton & ,b>re 7#ahci74 ,outside ( 8 adm9i/rative "w1 8 fame mu/ re/ ^u 8 /an* advocacy ( ! pr9ciple ( 8! obligation ( a ,/ate1 on ! great pr9ciples ( natural law & natural equity1 to ma9ta9 free s*ools = ! univ]sal education ( its p40 ,9 ,p5nsylvania1 ! h]o ( ! battle = free s*ools 0 ,?addeus ,/ev5s4 ,9 #ahcd1 a law 0 pass$ by ! legislature e/abli%+ a /ate sy/em1 & aboli%+ ! di/9ction betwe5 ri* & poor :i* _h be5 notic$ 9 ! old paup] s*ools4 ,two ye>s lat]1 a det]m9$ ef=t 0 made by ! comb9$ =ces ( ignorance1 prejudice1 & ca/e1 to repeal ! act ( #ahcd4 ,no?+ b ! /an*ness ( ,gov]nor ,wolf & ! p[] ex]t$ by ! eloqu5ce ( ! 8,old ,common]0 sav$ free s*ools = ! ,key/one ,/ate1 & s e/abli%$ ! sy/em :i* to-day receives m direct aid f ! /ate treasury ?an 9 any o!r ,/ate ( ! ,union4 ,we/ ( ! ,alleghanies1 ! int]e/ 9 popul> education has always be5 deep & ?or\gh4 ,settl$ 9 l>ge measure by ! /eady sons ( ,new ,engl&1 education f\nd !re a mo/ f]tile soil4 ,moreov]1 by ! wise =esight ( ,congress1 provision 0 made = s*ool funds 9 a mo/ satisfactory way4 ,! ,ord9ance ( #aghg1 :i* organiz$ ! t]ritory nor? ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 conta9$ a provision t "o section ( l& 9 ea* t[n%ip %\ld be devot$ to public education4 ,if ?is grant1 :i* 0 orig9ally sugge/$ by ,jeff]son1 _h be5 c>efully wat*$1 x w\ld h be5 suffici5t to end[ ! public s*ools ( _m ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,! national gov]nm5t gave to education 9 ! fir/ hundr$ ye>s ( its hi/ory ne>ly eighty million acres ( public l&s1 b ^! grants 7 n always cons]v$ ) suffici5t c>e4 ,9 #ahif-ig ! total rev5ue ( ! s*ool sy/ems 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #ahh1fda1bdc1 ( :i* less ?an five p] c5t 0 f /ate s*ool funds or r5t ( s*ool l&s1 :ile ov] eighty-six p] c5t 0 d]iv$ f /ate & local taxation4 ,"s little conception ( ! imm5sity ( ! common-s*ool sy/em 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates may be obta9$ f ! foll[+ /ati/ics1 tak5 f ! ,report ( ! ,commission] ( ,education = #ahif-ig4 ,,common-,,s*ool ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates 7,,n ,,includ+ ,,private ,,s*ools1 ,,colleges1 ,,or ,,univ]sities74 #ahgj-ga #ahif-ig ,i4--,g5]al ,/ati/ics4 ,approximate ,total population #ci1ejj1ejj #ga1cgd1adb ,numb] ( p]sons #e to #ah ye>s ( age #ab1cje1fjj #ba1jhb1dgb ,numb] ( diff]5t pupils enroll$ on ! s*ool regi/]s #g1efa1ehb #ad1feb1dib ,p] c5t ( total population enroll$ #ai4ad #bj4ec ,av]age daily att5dance #d1ede1cag #aj1jhi1fbj ,av]age l5g? ( s*ool t]m 7days7 #acb4a #adj4d ,male tea*]s #ij1bic #aca1chf ,female tea*]s #abi1icb #bga1idg ------------ ------------ ,:ole numb] ( tea*]s #bbj1bbe #djc1ccc ,p] c5t ( male tea*]s #da4j #cb4f ,av]age mon?ly wages ( tea*]s3 ,males 7av]ag$ f ! /ati/ics ( #dc ,/ates7 #dd4fb ,females 7av]ag$ f ! /ati/ics ( #dc ,/ates7 #ch4ch ,numb] ( s*oolh\ses #acb1aai #bdf1hbh ,value ( s*ool prop]ty #adc1hah1gjc #dfi1jfi1jhf ,,ii4--,f9ancial ,/ati/ics4 ,receipts3 ,income f p]man5t funds #g1hdf1fdh ,f /ate taxes #ce1jfb1ecc ,f local taxes #abg1ifj1gfa ,f all o!r s\rces #ag1gga1cja ------------ ,total receipts #ahh1fda1bdc ,exp5ditures3 ,= sites1 build+s1 furniture1 libr>ies1 & app>atus #ca1ijc1bde ,= sal>ies ( tea*]s & sup]9t5d5ts #db1ehj1hec #aai1cjc1edb ,= all o!r purposes #cf1aac1hae ------------ ,total exp5ditures #fi1ajg1fab #ahg1cbj1fjb ,exp5diture p] capita ( population4 #a4ge #b4fb ,total exp5diture p] pupil #ae4bj #ah4eg ,to ^! gr& totals mu/ be add$ ! million & m 9 att5dance at private s*ools ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & ! rapidly increas+ numb] 7n[ #bag1gfc7 ( ^? :o receive high] in/ruction1 9 univ]sities & pr(essional & normal s*ools4 ,?is makes = ! ,unit$ ,/ates a gr& total ( #af1bee1jic pupils & /ud5ts ( all grades 9 public & private s*ools4 ,! gr[? dur+ ! la/ g5]ation has be5 mo/ m>k$4 ,! /ati/ical table gives an opportunity = comp>ison ) ! ye> #ahgj-ga1--! span ( a g5]ation1--& x has be5 e/imat$ t )9 ?is p]iod ! av]age total am\nt ( s*ool+ has increas$ f #b4ia ye>s to #d4bh ye>s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! am\nt ( education :i* ea* "o felt able to af=d has increas$ almo/ "o half4 ,su* is ! magnific5t result :i* has gr[n out ( ! isolat$ village s*ools ( our ,new ,engl& ance/ors1 fo/]$ by ! democratic desire = intellig5ce f\nd all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s*oolh\se1 ,,sleepy ,,holl[1 ,n4 ,y4 7,c\rtesy ( ,! ,s*ool ,j\rnal1 ,new ,york47 ,equally great has be5 ! *ange 9 ! _s ( ! s*ool4 ,9 ! e>ly days ! s*ools 7 v crude4 ,population 0 scatt]$1 & s9ce ! *ildr5 c\ld n g z f> to s*ool z _! eld]s did to *ur*1 ! numb] ( s*oolh\ses 0 v great4 ,!y 7 usually put up by ! p ( ! neighborhood ) little pret5se at adornm5t4 ,! av]age s*oolh\se 0 locat$ ei!r at a =k 9 ! roads or on an elevation1 :]e x %>$1 ) ! *ur*1 ! honor ( conspicu\sness4 ,we give a picture ( ,old ,sleepy ,holl[ ,s*oolh\se1 made fam\s by ,wa%+ton ,irv+'s elaborate description ( ,i*abod ,crane1 its rul] 9 ! colonial days4 ,b a /ructure ( ?is k9d is luxuri\s comp>$ ) ! h>d%ips ( m sp>sely settl$ regions4 ,f ,wick]%am's 8,hi/ory ( ,education 9 ,p5nsylvania0 ! foll[+ description is cull$3 8,! pione] s*oolh\se 0 built ( logs1 sixte5 by tw5ty feet1 sev5 feet to ! ceil+1 daub$ ) mud inside & out1 a mud & /ick *imney 9 ! nor? end1 & 9 ! we/ a log 0 left out1 & ! op5+ cov]$ ) oil$ pap] to admit light2 holes 7 bor$ 9 ! logs & p9s driv5 91 on :i* to nail a long bo>d = a writ+-table1 & slabs ) legs answ]$ = seats4 ,! e>ly s*oolh\ses 7 g5]ally situat$ ne> ! roadside or cross-roads1 be+ )\t playgr\nd1 %ade-trees1 or app>atus40 ,"h ! ma/] kept 8 c\ntry s*ool = a t]m ( f six to twelve weeks4 ,9 ! w9t] "t ! pupils 7 almo/ froz51 & !re 7 o!r dang]s :i* ! h>dy lad ( ^? days _h to enc\nt]4 ,nev]!less1 rude1 uncom=table1 & inadequate z !y 71 x 0 "h t our =efa!rs obta9$ _! scanty s*ool+4 ,! ?ree ,r's1 ,read9'1 ,rit9'1 & #8,ri?metic1 =m$ ! basis ( ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,me?ods 7 v simple4 ,mu* ( ! e>ly in/ruction 0 religi\s 9 its tr5d1 & ! *ild 0 expect$ to use books :i* w\ld tea* moral lessons4 ,*ur* books1 conta9+ cre$s & hymns & cate*isms1 might be us$ 9 ! s*ool = /udy4 ,!n !re 7 ! prim]s or books to tea* ! ,a ,b ,c4 ,! fam\s 8,new ,engl& ,prim]0 0 publi%$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,lat] editions conta9$ rhym+ c\plets ^u ea* lett] ( ! alphabet1 illu/rat$ ) su* imag]y z ! art w\ld all[4 ,a page f ! 8,*ild's ,guide10 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #agfb1 is %[n on page #ebg4 ,its v]ses 7 easily memoriz$1 & sometimes gave a basis = a spell+ lesson4 ,!re 7 no grad$ read]s until ?is c5tury4 ,writ+ 9 "s neighborhoods 0 taught only to boys1 on ! g5]al gr\nd t x 0 an unnecess>y accompli%m5t = ! sex :i* nev] engag$ 9 bus9ess4 ,ink 0 home-made f bruis$ nutgalls plac$ 9 a bottle ) wat] & ru/y nails4 ,! writ+ 0 done ) a quill p51 & "o ( ! =emo/ duties ( ! old-fa%ion$ p$agogue 0 to make & m5d p5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,s*oolroom1 ,,sleepy ,,holl[1 ,n4 ,y4 7,c\rtesy ( ,! ,s*ool ,j\rnal1 ,new ,york47 ,! ma/] set ! copies by writ+ a lesson :i* 0 to be imitat$ by ! pupils4 ,!re 0 no set /yle1 b usually ! tea*] wrote a bold1 legible h& :i* 9 "t 0 acquir$ ) a fair degree ( success4 ,ari?metic 0 taught )\t text-books4 ,sums 7 giv5 out by ! ma/] & work$ out on pap] on ! desk4 ,no?+ b ! m rudim5t>y pr9ciples 0 taught1 & ! high] bran*es ( algebra & geometry 7 unkn[n 9 ! public s*ools ( ?is "t4 ,spell+ 0 "o ( ! favorite /udies4 ,x gave free scope = ! memory1 & provid$ an opportunity = "o ( ^? public exhibitions 9 :i* ,am]icans h always delight$4 8,spell+ on ! book10 says ,wick]%am1 80 taught by attempt+ to lead ! pupil to give ! names ( syllables & words by nam+ ! lett]s ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,! fir/ lesson consi/$ ( comb9ations ( a ^w ) "o or m consonants1 arrang$ s t a k9d ( rhyme aid$ ! pronunciation1 z ab1 eb1 ib1 etc40 444 8,spell+ (f ! book0 consi/$ 9 nam+ ! lett]s ( words pron\nc$ = t purpose4 ,b ! *ief enjoym5t ( spell+ came f ! old-fa%ion$ conte/s1 or 8spell+-bees40 ,sometimes x 0 to discov] ! be/ spell] ( ! di/rict2 aga91 "o di/rict might be pitt$ aga9/ ano!r4 ,! spell]s w\ld be arrang$ 9 two r[s4 ,! fir/ ^w w\ld be giv5 to ! fir/ spell] on "o side1 ! next to 8 rival1 ! ?ird to 8 comrade1 & s on4 ,if "o miss$ a ^w1 he at once took 8 seat2 pres5tly ! conte/ w\ld n>r[ d[n to a few1 until at la/ all w\ld h miss$ save "o1 & he or %e became ! *ampion spell]4 ,! tea*]s ( ! "t =m$ a gr\p ( v>i$ atta9m5ts1 & (t5times ) little pr(essional en?usiasm4 ,tea*+ has always suff]$ f ! fact t a great numb] ( "y m5 ent] ^u its practice1 :o use x m]ely z a /epp+-/one to "s o!r & m attractive pursuit4 ,! numb] ( ^? :o h taught a few t]ms1 9 ord] to save money = a college1 law1 or m$ical c\rse is legion2 & ?is fact has laid ! pr(ession op5 to ! reproa* t only ! unambiti\s & ! unal]t foll[ x p]man5tly4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( our c\ntry's hi/ory1 ?is /igma 0 int5sifi$ by ! numb] ( 8it9]ant s*oolma/]s10 m5 :o w&]$ f place to place1 tea*+ a t]m 9 "o village & !n mov+ to ! next1--8odd 9 dress1 ecc5tric 9 mann]s1 & (t5times intemp]ate40 ,_! "w 0 simple 9 its nature2 !y 7 to keep ord] & to tea* ! rudim5ts4 ,_! me?ods 9 ! latt] h already be5 ref]r$ to2 = ! =m]1 !y reli$1 almo/ univ]sally1 ^u ! unsp>+ use ( ! rod4 ,! wisdom ( ! practice ( flogg+ has only be5 que/ion$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ?is c5tury4 ,9 ! e>ly days x 0 ! "o recogniz$ puni%m5t1 ev5 = /ud5ts ^: maturity & atta9m5ts w\ld sugge/ an appeal to reason4 ,) ?is mode ( puni%m5t 0 associat$ a m or less +5i\s s]ies ( devices1 su* z ! dunce-block1 ! fools' cap1 etc41 all calculat$ to br+ ! (f5d] into ridicule1 b utt]ly de/ructive ( t good feel+ betwe5 tea*] & pupil1 ^u :i* s mu* /ress is laid to-day4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! c5tury ! old-fa%ion$ s*ool has ei!r pass$ away or else has be5 modifi$ mat]ially4 ,to-day x is to be f\nd 9 only sp>sely settl$ di/ricts1 :ile 9 ! cities & 9 ! m cultur$ neighborhoods "o f9ds c>efully plann$ sy/ems ( education t %[ ! fruits ( ! /udy & direction ( "s ( ! ke5e/ m9ds t our c\ntry has produc$4 ,:ile x is impossible 9 ! space ( a s+le *apt] to ref] to all ! *anges1 yet "s ( ! mo/ important w be consid]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,9 ,adam's ,fall1 ,we s9n$ all4 ,b4 ,?is ,book att5d1 ,?y ,life to m5d4 ,c4 ,! ,cat do? play1 ,& aft] slay4 ,d4 ,! ,dog do? bite ,a ,?ief at ,night4 ,e4 ,an ,eagle's flight ,is out ( sight4 ,f4 ,! ,idle ,fool1 ,is :ipt at ,s*ool4 ,g4 ,z runs ! ,glass1 ,man's ,life do? pass4 ,h4 ,my ,book & ,he>t ,%all nev] "p4 ,i4 ,jesus did dye1 ,= !e & ,i4 ,k4 ,k+ ,*>les ! ,good1 ,no man ( ,blood4 ,l4 ,! ,lyon bold1 ,! ,lamb do? hold4 ,m4 ,! ,moon gives ,light1 ,9 "t ( ,night4 ,n4 ,night+ales s+1 ,9 "t ( ,spr+4 ,o4 ,! ,royal ,oak our ,k+ did save1 ,f fatal /roke ( ,rebel ,slave4 ,p4 ,pet] d5ies ,8 ,"l1 & cries4 ,q4 ,que5 ,e/h] came 9 ,royal ,/ate1 ,to save ! ,jews f dismal fate4 ,r4 ,ra*el do? m\rn ,= h] fir/-born4 ,s4 ,samuel ano9ts ,:om ,god appo9ts4 ,t4 ,"t cuts d[n all1 ,bo? great & small4 ,u4 ,uriah's beaute\s ,wife1 ,made ,david seek 8 ,life4 ,w4 ,:ales 9 ! ,sea ,god's voice obey4 ,x4 ,x]xes ! ,great did die1 ,& s mu/ y & ,i4 ,y4 ,y\?'s =w>d slips ,dea? soone/ nips4 ,z4 ,zac*eus1 he ,did climb ! ,tree1 ,8 ,"l to see4 ,,*ild',s ,,guide4 7,c\rtesy ( ,j4 ,h>old ,wick]%am47 ,=emo/ 9 real importance come ! *anges 9 ! c\rse ( /udy--9 ! li/ ( subjects :i* ! well-educat$ "y man may be expect$ to h ma/]$4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s ago ! av]age *ild w\ld h gone to ! village s*ool = ! ?ree 8,r's0 )1 maybe1 a little tra9+ 9 geography & p>s+4 ,if a college c>e] 0 op5 to him1 he w\ld !n g to an academy1 usually a private in/itution1 = 8 introduction to ! classics1 ,lat9 & ,greek1 & to algebra4 ,:ile in/ruction 0 giv5 9 o!r bran*es1 yet ^! =m$ ! backbone ( ! c\rse4 ,! av]age age ( admission to college 0 consid]ably less ?an x is at pres5t4 ,9 ! ord9>y college !re 0 a requir$ c\rse ( /udy1 9 :i* ,lat91 ,greek1 & high] ma!matics play$ ! mo/ conspicu\s "p4 ,! sci5tific /udies 7 c\nt$ less educative1 & 7 usually r poorly taught4 ,lit]ature1 hi/ory1 & philosophy 7 sometimes includ$ 9 ! college curriculum1 & 9 _m ways ! c\rse ( /udy 0 model$ to suit ! pref]5ces & abilities ( ! diff]5t tea*]s4 ,n[adays ?is is all *ang$4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a grad$ s*ool sy/em has be5 creat$1 t is1 a complete c\rse ( /udy has be5 work$ out1 :]eby c]ta9 /udies are specifi$ z suit$ = ea* ye> ( ! s*ool life4 ,?is is n ! same = all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 = ! ,am]ican s*ool sy/em1 unlike t 9 ,g]many & ,france1 is n national 9 its organization4 ,! au?ority ov] ! s*ools is ve/$ 9 ! individual ,/ates1 & z a consequ5ce ea* ,/ate %[s peculi>ities 9 c\rse ( /udy1 9 laws1 & 9 me?ods t make ! :ole seem *aotic4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 m simil>ity ?an w\ld appe> at fir/ sight1 & :ile :at is ass]t$ 9 g5]al may n be true ( ea* p>ticul> locality1 yet c]ta9 l9es ( developm5t may be cle>ly se54 ,! s*ools ( ! c\ntry may be divid$ into ?ree gr\ps1--elem5t>y1 second>y1 & high]4 ,! elem5t>y s*ools are built 9 "s places ^u ! k9d]g>t52 !y are ord9>ily suppos$ to occupy ! fir/ eight or n9e ye>s ( ! *ild's s*ool-life1 & are classifi$ z prim>y & gramm> s*ools4 ,dur+ t p]iod ! pupil /udies a great v>iety ( bran*es1--language /udies1 read+1 writ+1 spell+1 & gramm>2 ari?metic1 geography1 ,unit$ ,/ates hi/ory1 civil gov]nm5t1 nature /udy1 physiology & hygi5e1 physical culture1 vocal music1 draw+ & manual tra9+ 9 boys' s*ools1 or sew+ & cook+ 9 girls' s*ools4 ,sev]al ( ^! subjects h be5 introduc$ only )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,! t5d5cy t[>d enri*+ ! curriculum is q manife/ to-day2 x is bas$ ^u ! fact t by f> ! l>g] "p ( ! pupils nev] ent] ! high] s*ools1 s9ce _! education is end$ ) ! elem5t>y s*ools1 !re=e x is ?\ght desirable to br+ "s ( ! high] subjects into ! gramm> s*ool4 ,) ! completion ( ?is elem5t>y c\rse ! pupil passes into ! second>y s*ool4 ,e>li] 9 ! c5tury ?is 0 ord9>ily a private academy1 ei!r conduct$ = pr(it or by a religi\s society4 ,9 exceptional cases ^! s*ools 7 public2 b z ! b5efits ( high] education 7 recogniz$ m completely1 ! popul>ity ( ^! s*ools increas$ enorm\sly4 ,public high s*ools 7 op5$1 & success l$ to _! rapid multiplication1 until to-day !y =m "o ( ! mo/ useful elem5ts 9 our sy/em1 s5d+ =? ye> by ye> lead]s ( ?\ght & m\ld]s ( op9ion4 ,_! c\rse ( /udy has be5 ! subject ( mu* controv]sy4 ,! old academy prep>$ = ! college2 ! new high s*ool prep>es = life2 consequ5tly !re ensu$ a brea* betwe5 ! high s*ool & ! college :i* only n[ is be+ clos$4 ,! ord9>y high-s*ool c\rse is f\r ye>s1 & includes languages1 ,lat91 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & sometimes ,greek & ,spani%2 ma!matics1 algebra1 geometry1 trigonometry1 & sometimes analytical geometry & ev5 a/ronomy2 hi/ory1 lit]ature1 physical geography1 physics1 *emi/ry1 biology1 geology1 draw+1 & occasionally political economy1 e?ics1 & civics4 ,x w be notic$ t subjects =m]ly taught only 9 ! colleges h be5 br\ght into ! high-s*ool curriculum4 ,?is aga9 is due to ! 8enri*+ process10 & is illu/rative ( ! fact t = s _m ( its /ud5ts ! high s*ool is ! cr[n ( _! education4 ,! /ress laid ^u nature /udy & ! physical sci5ces1 & ! introduction ( mod]n languages1 are among ! mo/ significant *anges ( ! c5tury1 z indicative ( ! desire to br+ ! s*ools 9 t\* ) ! conditions ( practical life4 ,f ! high s*ool or academy1 ! /ud5t passes to ! college or univ]sity4 ,)9 ! la/ decade an attempt has be5 made to give a def9ite p$agogical cont5t to ea* ( ^! t]ms4 ,a college is an in/itution :]e ! lib]al arts are /udi$ = purposes ( g5]al culture4 ,a univ]sity1 on ! o!r h&1 prep>es a man = "o def9ite l9e ( "w1 ei!r pr(essional or te*nical4 ,bo? conf] degrees ^u ^? :o h successfully complet$ _! c\rses1 b ^? ( ! univ]sity 7,ph4 ,d41 ,a4 ,m41 ,m4 ,d41 etc47 are ( a high] type ?an ^? ( ! college 7,a4 ,b41 ,ph4 ,b474 ,!re 7 tw5ty-f\r colleges 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahjj4 ,! six olde/ 73 ,h>v>d1 e/abli%$ 9 #afhg2 ,william & ,m>y1 #afic2 ,yale1 #agja2 ,pr9ceton1 #agdf2 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 #agdi2 ,columbia1 #aged4 ,9 #ahif !re 7 #dgb colleges & univ]sities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 repres5t+ mo/ ( ! ,/ates & ,t]ritories 9 ! ,union4 ,_m ( ^! are entirely public1 be+ support$ by ,/ate appropriations2 "s receive ,/ate aid2 o!rs 7 orig9ally f\nd$ by private end[m5t1 b h become public 9 _! managem5t2 "s are entirely private 9 bo? end[m5t & control4 ,mo/ are non-sect>ian1 b _m require wor%ip 9 accordance ) ! s]vices ( "s d5om9ation4 ,9 g5]al1 all recognize _! l(ty function 9 society & are anxi\s to dis*>ge x prop]ly4 ,orig9ally ari/ocratic 9 _m ways1--prior to ! ,revolution "s colleges classify+ _! /ud5ts 9 ! catalogue accord+ to ! social rank ( _! families1--!y h become among ! mo/ popul> in/itutions 9 ! educational _w1 l>gely because ( ! high wor? ( _! graduates4 ,univ]sities1 9 ! sci5tific s5se ( ! t]m1 did n exi/ prior to #ahjj1 except 9 ! few m$ical & law s*ools & !ological sem9>ies4 ,! ,am]ican conception ( ! univ]sity has be5 v l>gely m\ld$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ,g]many4 ,! college does n exi/ z a degree-conf]r+ in/itution 9 ,g]many1 b its place is tak5 v l>gely by ! ,gymnasium4 ,! ,g]man sy/em comprises ?ree grades ( s*ools3 #a4 ,volks*ul5 7prim>y s*ools71 :]e ! elem5t>y in/ruction is giv54 #b4 ,gymnasia & ,real-,s*ul5 7second>y s*ools71 :i* provide a n9e ye>s' c\rse = ! pupil1 usually cov]+ ! p]iod f t5 to n9ete5 ye>s4 ,! aim ( ! fir/ is to prep>e = ! univ]sity1 :ile ! ,real-,s*ul5 fit _! /ud5ts = ! ord9>y bus9ess call+s ( life4 #c4 ,univ]sities1 9 :i* ! /udies are arrang$ 9 f\r faculties2 !ology1 law1 m$ic9e1 & philosophy4 ,on acc\nt ( ! ?or\ghness ( ! ,g]man tea*+1 _m ,am]ican /ud5ts h gone to ,g]many = _! univ]sity c\rse4 ,a s9c]e ef=t has be5 made 9 ,am]ica to develop univ]sities accord+ to ! ,g]man concept1 ) its detail$ /udy ( p>ticul> topics bas$ on a ?or\gh g5]al education4 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ,baltimore1 op5$ 9 #ahgf1 has done mo/ along ^! l9es4 ,dur+ ! c5tury a det]m9$ & successful ef=t has be5 made to break d[n ! old-fa%ion$ college curriculum1 ) its absolute & unv>y+ requirem5ts f e /ud5t4 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 "u ! lead]%ip ( its brilliant executives1 ,?omas ,hill & especially ,*>les ,w4 ,eliot1 has l$ ! way by provid+ a s]ies ( elective c\rses f :i* ! /ud5t might select a suffici5t numb] to make up 8 ro/]4 ,?is has giv5 scope to ! ex]cise ( a fre$om ( *oice t has be5 mo/ :olesome 9 its effects ^u bo? ! s*ol> & univ]sity4 ,x has l$ to ! neglect ( ! poor c\rses & to ! enc\ragem5t ( ! good ones2 & x has promot$ individuality 9 ! diff]5t /ud5ts to a m>k$ degree4 ,! success ( ! elective sy/em1 & ! developm5t ( po/-graduate c\rses 9 ! univ]sity1 tak5 9 connection ) ! v great int]e/ 9 all ! phases ( high] education1 con/itute ! *ief l9es ( advance dur+ ! c5tury4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t ! /ud5t ( to-day has a trem5d\s advantage ov] 8 fell[ ( "o hundr$ ye>s ago 9 ! subjects :i* he may /udy4 ,! c\rses h be5 enri*$1 in/ruction has be5 sy/ematiz$1 new subjects1 m closely alli$ ) popul> ne$s1 h be5 develop$4 ,b a ga9 :i* transc5ds 9 importance ev5 ^! alt]ations 9 ! curriculum1 is t :i* has come ?r\gh ! tea*]4 ,we h se5 t ! tea*] ( our =efa!rs 0 a man ( d\btful atta9m5ts & unc]ta9 "*1 & :ile !re 7 gold5 exceptions to any g5]al criticism1 yet x is beyond "q t z a class ! tea*]%ip 0 n well e/eem$4 ,z a rule1 !re 0 no /able sal>y1--! tea*]s 8bo>d$ ar\nd0 at ! homes ( _! pupils or receiv$ paym5t 9 produce f ! f>m]s4 ,at ! s*ool he 0 janitor z well z educator4 ,outside ( ,new ,engl&1 !re 0 little intellig5t sup]vision ( 8 ef=ts1 &1 on ! :ole1 v little effective home cop]ation4 ,)9 ! c5tury1 h[ev]1 !re has be5 a m>k$ increase 9 ! e/eem 9 :i* ! tea*] is held1 & 9 ! popul> appreciation ( 8 "w4 ,moreov]1 to-day1 ! tea*] bett] des]ves e/eem & respect4 ,:ile ! pr(ession /ill conta9s a va/ float+ elem5t :o look =w>d to a future 9 o!r l9es ( "w1 yet on ! :ole its memb]s possess a ke5 int]e/ 9 _! "w & a desire = pr(essional improvem5t4 ,a mo/ p[]ful means t[>d ?is end has be5 f\nd 9 ! v>i\s tea*]s' organizations4 ,! ,in/itute1 ) its annual assembly ( all tea*]s )9 a giv5 di/rict1 :o = two or ?ree days discuss s*ool que/ions & li/5 to lectures ^u educational topics1 has be5 introduc$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry ) great success4 ,! tea*]s 9 ! v>i\s ,/ates h organiz$ ,/ate associations1 & !re are innum]able volunt>y organizations1 ^: meet+s give ea* tea*] an opportunity = t free contact ) o!rs ( 8 own k9d t is s helpful & s sugge/ive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,*>les ,,william ,,eliot1 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity4 7,c\rtesy ( ,! ,s*ool ,j\rnal1 ,new ,york47 ,! olde/ educational association 9 ,am]ica1 maybe 9 ! _w1 is ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,in/ruction1 organiz$ 9 #ahcj4 ,dur+ its ne>ly sev5ty ye>s ( life x has be5 a va/ inspiration to ?\s&s ( tea*]s4 ,x has drawn its support *iefly f ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates & rec5tly f ,canada1 b its influ5ce is widespread4 ,annual meet+s h be5 held regul>ly4 ,among its lead+ spirits1 x has numb]$ su* m5 z ,w4 ,e4 ,%eldon1 ,francis ,wayl&1 ,h5ry ,b>n>d1 etc4 ,out ( ! success ( ! v>i\s ,/ate associations1 & p]haps sugge/$ by ! necessity = m g5]al action1 grew ! ,national ,educational ,association1 f\nd$ 9 #aheg1 ) ! objects 8to elevate ! "* & advance ! int]e/ ( ! pr(ession ( tea*+ & to promote ! cause ( popul> education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,its fir/ presid5t 0 ,zalmon ,ri*>ds1 & 8 successors h be5 ! =emo/ educators ( ! c\ntry1 includ+ ,james ,p4 ,wick]%am1 ,em]son ,e4 ,:ite1 ,william ,t4 ,h>ris1 ,alb]t ,g4 ,lane1 ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]1 ,*>les ,r4 ,sk9n]1 etc4 ,its memb]%ip has gr[n f #hj 9 #aheg to #aj1fed 7#ahih71 & x has be5 e/imat$ t "s ( its conv5tions h br\ght tw5ty-five ?\s& p 9 _! tra94 ,9 _s x is ?or\ghly national1 meet+ 9 e section ( ! c\ntry 9 turn1 s help+ to promote uni=mity 9 s*ool ideas4 ,z ! ,association grew l>g]1 & its "w became m complicat$1 its organization became involv$4 ,to-day x consi/s ( sev5te5 dep>tm5ts1 ea* ( :i* devotes itself to "o phase ( education1 usually report+ at ! annual meet+4 ,s9ce #ahib ! ,national ,educational ,association 7,n4 ,e4 ,a41 z x is popul>ly call$7 has appo9t$ ?ree committees to inve/igate special l9es ( "w 9 sep>ate dep>tm5ts ( ! s*ool sy/em4 ,! ,committee ( ,t51 ^: *airman1 ,*>les ,w4 ,eliot1 0 ! di/+ui%$ ,presid5t ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 submitt$ a mo/ useful report 9 #ahic on ,second>y ,s*ool ,/udies4 ,9 #ahie ! ,committee ( ,fifte51 ( :i* ,sup]9t5d5t ,wm4 ,h4 ,maxwell 0 *airman1 !n ( ,brooklyn b s9ce *os5 to be ! fir/ ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools ( 8,great] ,new ,york10 made a valuable report on elem5t>y education1 includ+ reports ( sub-committees on ! ,tra9+ ( ,tea*]s1 ,correlation ( ,/udies1 & ! ,organization ( ,city ,s*ool ,sy/ems4 ,9 #ahig came ! report ( ! ,committee ( ,twelve on ,rural ,s*ools1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,h5ry ,sab91 ( ,i[a1 z *airman4 ,^! docum5ts h be5 epo*-mak+2 !y h accumulat$ a mass ( tru/wor?y in=mation2 !y h procur$ op9ion ^u a wide v>iety ( topics1 & _! influ5ce ^u ! g5]al sy/ematization ( ! s*ool sy/em has be5 enorm\s4 ,_! additional value lies 9 ! fact t !y h be5 prep>$ by tea*]s :o ?or\ghly und]/ood ! topics :i* 7 be+ consid]$1 & !y h furni%$ to educators g5]ally t cons5sus ( pr(essional op9ion :i* has be5 s badly ne$$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ?is "w ( ga!r+ & dissem9at+ in=mation1 a mo/ pot5t "p has be5 play$ by ! national gov]nm5t4 ,! limitations ( ! ,con/itution left education z a ,/ate int]e/1 to be work$ out by ea* commonweal? z x %\ld ?9k be/4 ,!re _h always be5 a g5]al desire among tea*]s = "s national organization1 & at la/1 aft] ! ,civil ,w>1 ,congress e/abli%$ a dep>tm5t1 & !n lat] made a ,bureau ( ,education 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior4 ,9 #ahfg ,hon4 ,h5ry ,b>n>d 0 appo9t$ ! fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education4 ,a wis] *oice c\ld n h be5 made4 ,dr4 ,b>n>d's c>e] 9 education cov]s a p]iod f #ahcj1 :5 he 0 appo9t$ ,secret>y ( ! ,bo>d ( ,s*ool ,commission]s 9 ,connecticut1 d[n to ! pres5t4 ,beyond "q1 8 greate/ "w has be5 ! organization ( ! ,national ,bureau ( ,education1 :i* to-day is a gr& educational cle>+-h\se1 s5d+ =? 9 its excell5t reports an acc\nt ( ideas & "w ( ea* ,/ate to ! o!rs4 ,its high effici5cy has be5 due1 9 a l>ge measure1 to ! "* ( its commission]s3 ,h5ry ,b>n>d1 f #ahfg to #ahgj2 ,john ,eaton1 #ahgj-ahhf2 ,na?aniel ,h4 ,r4 ,dawson1 #ahhf-ahhi2 ,william ,t4 ,h>ris1 #ahhi to date4 ,! pres5t incumb5t has _h ! satisfaction ( ! k t 8 position has be5 remov$ f ! li/ ( p>tisan appo9tm5ts4 ,by 8 tactful prud5ce & g5u9e s*ol>%ip1 ,dr4 ,h>ris has br\ght 8 (fice into t\* ) e good educational "w = a decade1 & has made 8 "n a synonym = g5ial wisdom ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! tea*] has be5 aid$ 9 8 "w by 8 pr(essional associations4 ,x is1 moreov]1 true t to-day ! tea*] ent]s ^u 8 "w bett] equipp$ = 8 duties4 ,! normal-s*ool sy/em has spread ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 & e ye> ?\s&s ( "y m5 & wom5 are s5t =? ) a prep>ation t fifty ye>s ago 0 n ev5 dream$ (4 ,s9ce ! tea*] bett] des]ves respect1 he has comm&$ x ! m readily4 ,gradually ! b>b>isms ( ! s*oolroom h disappe>$4 ,z ! sympa?y ) education increas$1 ! necessity = excessive flogg+ pass$ away4 ,to-day !re is a wide v>iety 9 op9ion z to ! effici5cy ( ?is mode ( discipl9e4 ,9 "o ,/ate1 ,new ,j]sey1 corporal puni%m5t 9 s*ools is =bidd5 by law2 b 9 mo/ ( ! o!rs x is p]mitt$ 9 special cases1 z a g5]al "p ( ! tea*]'s p[] :5 9 loco p>5tis4 ,! tea*] is n[ paid a regul> sal>y1 b un=tunately x is ! l[e/ paid 9 any pr(ession = :i* =mal prep>ation is requir$4 ,9 #ahif-ig ! av]age mon?ly wages ( tea*]s 01 = males1 #dd4fb1 & = females1 #ch4ch4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! /&>d ( life ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 ?is is poor pay4 ,sup]9t5d5t ,n4 ,c4 ,s*aeff]1 ( ,p5nsylvania1 9 a rec5t annual report1 /ates t 8"o sup]9t5d5t f\nd t !re 7 tea*]s 9 8 c\nty tea*+ = f\r doll>s less p] ye> ?an x co/ ! c\nty on an av]age to keep "o paup]40 ,?is is an exceptional case1 b x illu/rates ! g5]al tru?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,t4 ,,h>ris4 7,! ,p]ry ,pictures1 ,copyright1 #ahih1 by ,e4 ,a4 ,p]ry1 ,mald51 ,mass47 ,"o consequ5ce ( ?is l[ pay has be5 to acc5t a t5d5cy :i* is fa/ remov+ education f ! li/ ( ^? pr(essions 9 :i* m5 w engage4 ,f #ahgj-ga to #ahif-ig ! p]c5tage ( male tea*]s decreas$ f #da4j to #cb4f2 especially is ?is true 9 ! old] ,/ates4 ,?is is 9 /rik+ contra/ ) "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 :51 except 9 infant s*ools1 tea*]s 7 almo/ univ]sally ( ! male sex4 ,a v>iety ( causes may be giv5 = ?is *ange4 ,! prem95t fitness ( wom5 = guid+ ! *ild dur+ c]ta9 ages is ackn[l$g$4 ,aga91 ! decl9e ( ! rod & ! introduction ( a happy sympa?y betwe5 tea*] & pupil h help$ ! t5d5cy4 ,b ( all ! =ces :i* h contribut$ to ?is *ange1 none has be5 m pot5t ?an ! great increase ( opportunities = ! high] education ( wom54 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 n beh9d ,european nations 9 its provision = ! education ( "y wom54 ,no "o ?\ght ( mak+ any?+ l ! same provision = bo? sexes4 ,wom5 7 refus$ admission to ! colleges1 & 7 oblig$ to cont5t !mselves ) an elem5t>y education or else meet ! exp5se ( private tutorage4 ,gradually1 9 prote/ aga9/ ?is /ate ( ?+s1 girls' sem9>ies 7 op5$ & girls' high s*ools 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! l>ge cities4 ,! idea ( a sem9>y1 8:i* %\ld be to "y wom5 :at ! college is to "y m510 0 fir/ giv5 def9ite %ape by ,m>y ,lyon1 :o collect$ funds = t purpose1 & 9 #ahcg1 two hundr$ ye>s aft] ,h>v>d1 ,m\nt ,holyoke ,female ,sem9>y 0 op5$4 ,its success 0 complete2 x (f]$ ! regul> ,engli% & classical c\rse1 & its graduates ent]$ g5]ally into ! tea*+ pr(ession4 ,pres5tly1 colleges = wom5 7 incorporat$1 ( :i* to-day ! be/ kn[n are ,vass>1 ,wellesley1 ,smi?1 & ,bryn ,mawr4 ,z ! dem& = ! high] education ( wom5 increas$1 pres5tly x 0 qu]i$1 :y may n ! two sexes be tra9$ 9 ! same in/itution8 ,is !re any real necessity = a duplication ( plants ) ! consequ5t weak5+ ( res\rces8 ,! ,we/ has advanc$ f> beyond ! ,ea/ t[>d co-education4 ,ob]l9 ,college1 f\nd$ 9 #ahcc1 op5$ its doors to bo? sexes f ! fir/1 & mo/ ( ! in/itutions t d]ive _! _s f ! ,we/ h foll[$ ! same plan4 ,z a result1 "s ( ! city sy/ems are try+ co-education 9 _! high s*ools & elem5t>y grades1 & ?us f>1 :ile !re are _m oppon5ts1 ! g5]al v]dict is favorable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ideal ,,s*oolh\se ,,& ,,gr\nds4 7,c\rtesy ( ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 ,cornell ,univ]sity47 ,b ! wom5 7 n cont5t ) a g5]al collegiate tra9+ or a normal c\rse t fitt$ only = tea*+4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s !y h ent]$ into ! o!r pr(essions ) a ke5 en?usiasm4 ,!y are all[$1 9 a few in/itutions1 to take !ological c\rses fitt+ = ! m9i/ry4 ,! fir/ woman physician 0 graduat$ 9 #ahdi f ! s*ool at ,g5eva1 ,n4 ,y42 s9ce t "t special m$ical s*ools = wom5 h be5 op5$ & "s colleges h decid$ to admit wom5 on ! same t]ms z ! o!r sex4 ,9 mo/ law s*ools1 wom5 may be admitt$1 & 9 sev]al ,/ates !re are wom5 practic+ at ! b>4 ,:ile ! influ5ce ( tradition has be5 /rong1 yet !re is to-day no reason :y an ,am]ican woman %\ld n receive z full an education & z complete a tra9+ z h] bro!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sugge/ion ,,= ,,plant+ ,a ,,s*oolgr\nd4 7,c\rtesy ( ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t ,cornell ,univ]sity47 ,9 consid]+ ! *anges 9 s*ool-life1 ! improvem5t 9 build+s & equipm5t mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,) ! appreciation ( ! value ( education1 !re has come an att5tion to ! environm5t ( ! pupil t manife/s itself 9 ! provision ( text-books1 9 ! erection ( l>g] & bett] v5tilat$ build+s1 & 9 ! adornm5t ( s*ool gr\nds4 ,s*ool ar*itecture1 especially :]e populations are d5se1 has become an important sci5ce1 involv+ problems ( light1 heat1 v5tilation1 etc41 toge!r ) que/ions ( furniture1 fire-pro( con/ruction & playgr\nds4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! mo/ int]e/ 0 ar\s$ by ! ext]ior1 t ! s*ool might be an adornm5t to its neighborhood4 ,to-day ! important problems ( arrangem5t receive ! mo/ att5tion1 & des]v$ly s4 ,we give two sugge/ive pictures ( mod]n s*oolh\ses4 ,pr(essor ,lib]ty ,h4 ,bailey ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 9 a pamphlet :i* has be5 ext5sively circulat$1 has advocat$ a judici\s arrangem5t ( %rubb]y ar\nd a s*oolh\se1 z space p]mitt$1 ) a view to ! elim9ation ( all b>e & *e]less features f ! l&scape4 ,?is is especially adapt$ to c\ntry di/ricts4 ,z a comp>ison1 ! new ,c5tral ,high ,s*ool ( ,philadelphia is giv5 z "o ( ! be/ types ( a complete city s*oolh\se4 ,x has be5 erect$ at a total co/ ( ov] "o million doll>s4 ,! furni%+ ( a s*ool has und]gone *>act]i/ic developm5t4 ,! h>d b5*1 ^u :i* our =efa!rs sat1 has 9 a l>ge measure disappe>$1 & 9 its place has come a v>iety ( desks patt]n$ ) *airs fitt$ to ea* curve ( ! back1 etc4 ,blackbo>ds came into g5]al use ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,9 c]ta9 /udies1 maps1 *>ts1 models1 etc41 seem indisp5sable1 & ! mod]n s*oolroom conta9s all ^!4 ,moreov]1 z soon z sci5ce tea*+ _h won a place 9 ! curriculum1 ! cry w5t up = laboratories1 t a high] grade ( "w might be done ) ! m advanc$ pupil4 ,x is r a s+ul> fact t 9 _m places ! public high s*ool l$ 9 ?is dem&1 r ?an ! m cons]vative college4 ,to-day no high s*ool w\ld c\nt itself able to d its "w )\t "o or m laboratories :]e ea* pupil might "w = himself4 ,9 ! new high s*ool ( ,philadelphia !re are physical1 *emical1 & biological laboratories1 z well z a completely equipp$ a/ronomical obs]vatory4 ,text-books 7 j com+ into use at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! 8,*ild's ,guide0 0 be+ sup]s$$ by su* works z ,noah ,web/]'s ,spell+ ,book1 ,gramm>1 & ,read] 7#agib74 ,)9 a few ye>s came ,l9dley ,murray's 8,engli% ,gramm>10 ! "w ( a ,quak] m]*ant :o wrote 8 fam\s text-book prim>ily = a "y ladies' s*ool 9 8 imm$iate neighborhood4 ,! in/ant success ( ^! books demon/rat$ :at a ne$ !re 0 = su* a class ( lit]ature4 ,! writ+ & publication ( text-books has become "o ( ! mo/ fl\ri%+ indu/ries ( ! c\ntry4 ,on acc\nt ( h>d usage1 a text-book does n la/ m ?an a few ye>s1 & ?is gives cont9ual opportunity = a new book m ne>ly up to date ?an its pr$ecessor4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s1 less /ress has be5 laid on ! text-book1 & its influ5ce is be+ m9imiz$4 ,9 ! elem5t>y s*ools ! tea*] expla9s ! lesson1 & 9 ! high] s*ools ! pr(essor lectures ^u 8 subject4 ,consequ5tly1 ! text-book is relatively less important4 ,?is does n mean t less read+ is be+ done1 b x does mean t ! read+ cov]s a wid] gr\nd4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is true :]e libr>ies h be5 e/abli%$4 ,! public libr>y sy/em is a mo/ valuable auxili>y to ! s*ool sy/em1 & is fa/ becom+ indisp5sable4 ,?is is "o ( ! great advantages :i* city pupils h ov] ^? ^: home is 9 ! c\ntry1 & x w lead 9 ! end to di/rict libr>ies4 ,9 "s ,/ates1 z 9 ,new ,york1 a successful ef=t has be5 made to inaugurate a sy/em ( travel+ libr>ies1 :]eby a case ( fifty or "o hundr$ volumes1 relat+ to a p>ticul> topic1 w be l5t = a "t to any circle ( read]s4 ,massa*usetts has be/ develop$ a libr>y sy/em1 s9ce !re are b n9e t[ns 9 ! ,/ate t h n free libr>ies4 ,! gr[? ( ! univ]sities has l$ to ! accumulation ( great collections = special rese>* & /udy4 ,9 #ahjj !re 7 b elev5 college libr>ies 9 ,am]ica wor? m5tion+2 to-day !re are almo/ five hundr$1 ( :i* ! l>ge/1 ,h>v>d1 conta9s a half million volumes4 ,libr>ies are ( use1 n only = pupils1 b also = adults z well4 ,!y h aid$ mat]ially 9 solv+ ! great "q ( adult education4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,high ,,s*ool1 ,,philadelphia4 ,9 ! ,new ,engl& t[ns ( ! middle "p ( ! c5tury1 ! lyceum lecture 0 exce$+ly popul>4 ,univ]sity ext5sion has rec5tly come to ! front z ! late/ =m ( ! lyceum sy/em4 ,! idea ( lectures to ! p by univ]sity tea*]s came f ,engl&1 :]e x 0 sugge/$ j aft] an ext5sion ( ! suffrage _h atta*$ a new value to ! education ( adults4 ,societies = ! ext5sion ( univ]sity tea*+ h be5 =m$ 9 ,ox=d1 ,cambridge1 & ,london4 ,_! me?ods are on ! :ole id5tical1--univ]sity m5 are s5t to t[n or village c5tres to give a c\rse ( lectures ^u "s g5]al topic2 aft] ea* lecture a volunt>y class is held :]e que/ions may be ask$ & answ]$2 at ! conclusion ( ! c\rse an exam9ation bas$ ^u ! c\rse & collat]al read+ is giv5 to ^? :o c>e to take x2 & sometimes a c]tificate or te/imonial may be giv54 ,! me?od has be5 transplant$ to ,am]ica & g5]ally adopt$ by ! univ]sities1 ) greate/ success1 p]haps1 9 ! ,middle ,/ates1 :]e ! ,am]ican ,society = ! ,ext5sion ( ,univ]sity ,tea*+ has organiz$ ! field4 ,dur+ ! p]iod #ahij-ii1 #hfb c\rses ( lectures 7 giv5 "u ! auspices ( ! ,am]ican ,society to audi5ces aggregat+ #ieb1jfh4 ,ano!r movem5t ( equal importance is t done by ! ,*atauqua ,lit]>y & ,sci5tific ,circle1 :i* prep>es li/s ( books = home read+1 ) a view to enc\rag+ sy/em 9 "o's use ( sp>e "t4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ public "w = adults is be+ done 9 ,new ,york city1 :]e a lecture dep>tm5t has be5 organiz$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 by :i* free lectures are giv5 9 s*oolh\ses to ! p4 ,9 #ahih1 #ahff lectures 7 giv5 to #fih1bjj p1 & ! presid5t ( ,new ,york's ,s*ool ,bo>d has decl>$ t 8^! lectures h contribut$ m ?an any o!r ag5cy to ! di/ribution ( g5]al intellig5ce among ! masses40 ,^! =ces h supplem5t$ v well ! "w t is be+ done by ! public night s*ools1 :i* are e/abli%$ 9 mo/ l>ge cities1 ) a view to provid+ elem5t>y1 & sometimes te*nical1 in/ruction to ^? adults :o c>e = x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,maxwell1 ,,sup]9t5d5t 8,,great] ,,new ,,york0 ,,s*ools4 7,c\rtesy ( ,! ,s*ool ,j\rnal1 ,new ,york47 ,no educational "q has ar\s$ m int]e/ 9 bus9ess circles ?an ! problem h[ to tra9 be/ ^? :o w devote !mselves to a comm]cial life4 ,?is has become a live "q rec5tly to ! ,am]ican p4 ,) improv$ processes 9 manufacture1 ! p[] ( production has gr[n f> beyond ! consumption ( our own p4 ,consequ5tly ,am]ica is compet+ ) ! great indu/rial nations ( ,europe = a control ( ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,z soon z ?is competition became evid5t1 ! ne$ = a bett] tra9$ class ( comm]cial lead]s 0 felt4 ,! example ( ,g]many has _h a great influ5ce ^u o!r c\ntries4 ,!re is a g5]al conviction t ! lead+ position among comm]cial nations :i* ,g]many has won = itself is due 9 l>ge measure to ! te*nical education giv5 to ,g]man artisans & ! comm]cial education provid$ = bus9ess m54 ,= illu/ration1 ! ,g]man gov]nm5t has rec5tly e/abli%$ 9 ,b]l9 a s*ool :]e "y m51 prep>+ = bus9ess c>e]s 9 ,asia1 c le>n ,*9ese1 ,japanese1 ,arabic1 & ,turki%4 ,g]man y\?s h be5 supplant+ ,engli% "y m51 to an appreciable degree1 9 ! great comm]cial h\ses ( ,london4 ,z a consequ5ce1 !re has be5 a /rong dem& 9 ,am]ica = ! e/abli%m5t ( comm]cial high s*ools1--public in/itutions 9 :i* ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 & ,spani% w be taught1 toge!r ) economics1 indu/rial hi/ory1 comm]cial geography1 public f9ance1 social sci5ce1 etc4 ,^! in/itutions diff] entirely f ! bus9ess colleges1 ( :i* !re 7 #cdb 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahig1 9 t !y are broad] 9 scope & cont5t4 ,! latt] qualify a man to be a good cl]k by tea*+ him /5ography1 typewrit+1 bookkeep+1 etc41 b ! =m] aim to give him a broad1 lib]al education1 enabl+ him to h an intellig5t compreh5sion ( all matt]s :i* int]e/ him 9 active bus9ess4 ,?is movem5t is too rec5t to h borne mu* fruit1 b 9 _m ( ! l>g] cities ( ,am]ica1 z ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,bo/on1 ,brooklyn1 & ,clevel&1 comm]cial c\rses h be5 e/abli%$ 9 connection ) ! regul> high-s*ool c\rse2 & 9 "s ( ! l>g] univ]sities1 z ,p5nsylvania1 ,*icago1 ,columbia1 s*ools 9 economics & politics h be5 creat$1--all ) a view to equipp+ a "y man = an active bus9ess c>e]4 ,9 view ( ! pres5t int]e/ 9 ?is movem5t1 m may be expect$ 9 ! ne> future4 ,illu/ration3 ,,book] ,t4 ,,wa%+ton4 ,! close ( ! ,civil ,w> br\ght ! ,am]ican p to a problem1 va/ 9 its importance & intricate 9 its solution4 ,! negro race _h _h no opportunity = education "u ! in/itution ( slav]y4 ,b ) _! fre$om came ! necessity = creat+ a sy/em ( s*ools :i* c\ld be ( special help to ?is new body ( citiz5s4 ,! ,s\? has pref]r$ g5]ally t sep>ate s*ools %\ld be provid$ = ! two races4 ,9 ! ante-bellum days1 ! weal?i] families usually s5t _! sons & daught]s away f home to obta9 _! education "u bett] auspices ?an _! own neighborhood c\ld af=d4 ,s :5 ! w> conclud$1 & !re 0 b little sign ( public s*ools1 a new sy/em mu/ be creat$1 & at once4 ,! fir/ "w t[>d educat+ ! negro 0 done by ! national gov]nm5t1 ?r\gh ! s*ools op5$ by ! ,fre$man's ,aid ,society4 ,! diff]5t religi\s bodies ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry took a h& 9 ! good "w1 by e/abli%+ special mission>y bo>ds = "w 9 ! ,s\?4 ,private b5evol5ce l5t sub/antial assi/ance4 ,george ,peabody1 ! philan?ropi/1 & ,john ,f4 ,slat]1 bo? f\nd$ tru/s :i* !y ri*ly end[$ to aid 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools 9 ! ,s\!rn section4 ,b ! greate/ "w 0 done ?r\gh ! awak5+ ( ! p to ! value ( education1 lead+ to lib]al appropriations & to a firm public support4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s1 negro education has assum$ a new & int]e/+ phase4 ,book] ,t4 ,wa%+ton1 pr9cipal ( ! ,tuskegee ,normal & ,indu/rial ,in/itute1 ,alabama1 is ! lead+ educator ( ! ,afro-,am]icans1 & he has won 8 high place by ! success :i* has att5d$ 8 ef=ts at indu/rial education4 ,8 s*ool at ,tuskegee 0 />t$ 9 #ahha1 & to-day conta9s ov] "o ?\s& /ud5ts4 ,:ile fully appreciat+ ! value ( an academic education1 ,mr4 ,wa%+ton has felt t ! fir/ necessity = 8 p 0 ! k t w\ld e>n a livelihood4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! indu/rial side ( education has be5 acc5t$2 tw5ty-six diff]5t trades or indu/ries are 9 op]ation at ,tuskegee1 & "o is taught to ea* /ud5t ( ! ,in/itute4 ,z a consequ5ce1 its graduates h gone =? into active life1 well equipp$ to become bread-w9n]s & to fill a useful place 9 society4 ,! c>e ( ^? :o1 f bir? or by accid5t1 d n possess all ! p[]s ( a normal p]son1 has ar\s$ mu* int]e/ dur+ ! c5tury4 ,! deaf-mutes1 ! bl9d1 & ! m5tally defici5t1 h ea* _h in/itutions creat$1 :]e !y are taught z mu* ( ! k ( ! _w z is possible4 ,! in/ruction ( ! deaf & dumb proce$s along two l9es4 ,! manual or sign me?od ( conv]sation1 bas$ on ge/ures1 0 f\nd$ by ,abb de l',epe 9 #agfj2 :ile ab\t ! same "t ,samuel ,he9icke1 a ,g]man1 introduc$ ! oral me?od1 by :i* ! eye ( ! mute is tra9$ to p]=m ! "p ( ! e>1 by le>n+ ! mean+ ( spok5 words ?r\gh obs]vation ( ! *anges 9 ! position ( ! vocal organs4 ,special in/itutions = ^! classes ab\nd 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 ) ! diff]5ce t1 9 ! =m]1 !y are g5]ally private or ma9ta9$ by *>ity2 :]eas 9 ! latt] !y are ma9ta9$ by ! ,/ate4 ,rev4 ,t4 ,h4 ,gallaudet & 8 son1 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,m4 ,gallaudet1 h be5 ! lead]s 9 ! in/ruction ( deaf-mutes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & h a*iev$ a high degree ( success4 ,! tea*+ ( ! bl9d is ( equal value to education4 ,two me?ods are g5]ally foll[$2 an alphabet ( rais$ lett]s is employ$ 9 "s cases1 or1 & m g5]ally 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a sy/em ( rais$ dots or po9ts1 :i* d n resemble ! lett] 9 =m1 b are a k9d ( %or?& to ! read]4 ,9 bo? me?ods1 ! s5se ( t\* takes ! place ( sight4 ,9 "s cases1 notably ,laura ,bridgman & ,hel5 ,kell]1 ! success has be5 s complete z to excite univ]sal wond]4 ,p]haps no in/itutions alleviate m human mis]y ?an d ! s*ools = ! bl9d1 by br++ _w-ideas )9 ! limit$ horizon ( ?is afflict$ class4 ,mu* also has be5 done = ! tra9+ ( idiots or ^? :o are m5tally defici5t4 ,9 #ahdh1 ! ,massa*usetts ,s*ool = ,idiots & ,feeble-,m9d$ 0 op5$1 & o!r ,/ates foll[$ ) equally g5]\s provision4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s1 special s*ools h be5 op5$ 9 connection ) ! s*ool sy/ems ( l>ge cities1 s t *ildr5 :o ne$ individual c>e & wat*fulness may receive m att5tion ?an !y c\ld secure 9 ! grad$ class-room4 ,all ^! t5d5cies are exce$+ly hopeful1 z indicative ( society's recognition ( h] duty to ^? :o _c satisfactorily c>e = !mselves4 ,humanit>ianism 9 education has be5 a p[]ful & con/ant =ce dur+ ! :ole ( ?is c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,e4 ,,b5j4 ,,&rews1 ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,,s*ools1 ,,*icago1 ,,ill4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t o!r ag5cies beside ^? e/abli%$ by ,/ates h be5 contribut+ to education4 ,! ,sunday-s*ool movem5t is "o ( ! great ef=ts ( ! c5tury1 to help 9 tra9+ *ildr5 by a volunt>y organization4 ,9 #agha1 ,rob]t ,raikes employ$ "s tea*]s = ! poor *ildr5 ( ,gl\ce/]1 9 ord] t _! ,sundays might be sp5t quietly & ) pr(it4 ,pres5tly1 z ! numb] ( ,sunday-s*ools increas$1 m5 & wom5 pr(f]$ _! s]vices gratuit\sly4 ,! tea*+ foll[$ two g5]al l9es1 secul> 7read+1 writ+1 etc47 & religi\s4 ,! =m] 0 ( help1 especially to *ildr5 :o 7 employ$ dur+ ! week4 ,f ,engl&1 ! movem5t came to ! ,we/4 ,! ,am]ican ,sunday-s*ool ,union 0 organiz$ 9 #ahbd1 & has ev] s9ce cont9u$ to /imulate ! e/abli%m5t ( m s*ools ( ?is k9d4 ,9 #ahif1 !re 7 #acb1fig ,sunday-s*ools 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & #ijig 9 ,canada1 ) a total memb]%ip ( #ab1bhh1aec & #gba1dce respectively1 :ile x has be5 comput$ t 9 ! _w ! numb] ( ,sunday-s*ools 0 #bdf1feh1 ) an enrollm5t ( #bd1iai1cac4 ,9 ,european /ates1 !y h be5 solv+ ! same problems z 9 ,am]ica4 ,! importance ( education once admitt$1 ! next problem is to secure ! funds & develop ! sy/em4#e ,because ( adm9i/rative c5tralization1 ?is has be5 f> easi] 9 ,europe ?an 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,m9i/] ( ,education 9 ,france or ,g]many ord]s1 & 8 directions are c>ri$ out2 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] advises1 & :ile 8 recomm5dations influ5ce public op9ion1 yet ! latt] me?od is by f> ! sl[]4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! ,european s*ools are m sy/ematiz$ & bett] organiz$ ?an our own4 ,_! c\rse ( /udy diff]s widely 9 details f our own1 & g5]ally %[s m influ5ce on ! "p ( ! p$agogical exp]t4 ,te*nical & pr(essional education has be5 develop$ to an exce$+ly high degree4 ,engl& has _h a peculi> problem to face1 9 det]m9+ ! relation betwe5 ! *ur* s*ools & ! secul> s*ools1 & has only solv$ x by ma9ta9+ bo?4 ,mo/ ,european c\ntries h adopt$ ! pr9ciple ( compulsory education = *ildr5 )9 a c]ta9 age limit1 & ! same pr9ciple has be5 accept$ 9 ?irty-two ,/ates 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t 9 ! *anges 9 c\rse ( /udy1 9 equipm5t1 9 ! tea*]%ip1 etc41 ,europe & ,am]ica h be5 work+ along p>allel l9es4 ,z a rule1 ^! *anges h come m quickly 9 ,am]ica1 :]e traditions 7 z yet un=m$2 nev]!less1 ! progress 9 ,europe has be5 con/ant & v great4 #e ,! comp>ative int]e/ 9 education is well illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ extract f an address by ,dr4 ,*>les ,r4 ,sk9n]1 rec5tly deliv]$ be=e ! ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 8,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to-day ! y\nge/ ( all1 is ! only great nation ( ! _w :i* exp5ds m = education ?an = w>4 ,france sp5ds annually #d p] capita on h] army & #gj c5ts p] capita on education2 ,engl&1 #c4gb = h] army & #fb c5ts = education2 ,prussia1 #b4jd = h] army & #ej c5ts = education2 ,italy1 #a4eb = h] army & #cf c5ts = education2 ,au/ria1 #a4cf = h] army & #fb c5ts = education2 ,russia1 #b4jd = h] army & #c c5ts = education2 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ci c5ts = h] army & #a4ce = education4 ,engl& #f to #a = w>6 ,russia1 #ag to #a = w>6 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #d to #a = education6 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates sp5ds m p] capita annually = education ?an ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,russia comb9$40 ,canada has a well-e/abli%$ & well-regulat$ sy/em1 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( free & public education is recogniz$4 ,! eight prov9ces conta9 tw5ty-f\r colleges1 & ! s*ools h ov] "o million pupils4 ,education is m or less compulsory 9 all ( ! prov9ces1 b ! law is n v /rictly en=c$4 ,9 ,ont>io1 ,quebec1 & ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritories !re are sep>ate s*ools = ,roman ,ca?olics2 9 ! o!r prov9ces ! s*ools are non-sect>ian4 ,!re is a high pr(essional _s among ! tea*]s1 s t ! s*ools may be expect$ to keep fully abrea/ ( ! times4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 a c5tury ( cont9u\s advance 9 education4 ,its _s has be5 heal?y1 its a*ievem5ts are notable1 its "w has be5 great4 ,x w\ld be futile1 h[ev]1 to ass]t t all is yet accompli%$4 ,! problems 9 elem5t>y education are s _m & s important t !re h be5 times :5 solution seem$ impossible4 ,nev]!less1 ! sy/em is n[ e/abli%$ & is assur$ ( public support1 & ) an education )9 ! rea* ( e *ild1 ! security ( free in/itutions is =ev] gu>ante$4 8,,! ,,art ,,pres]vative0 ,,by ,,?omas ,j4 ,,l9dsey1 ,editorial ,/aff ,philadelphia 8,ev5+ ,bullet940 ,i4 ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,press4 ,:5 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 edit$ ! 8,gazette10 9 ,philadelphia1 a c5tury & a half ago1 he set up ! type1 work$ (f ! pap] on a wood5 h&-press ( primitive con/ruction1 made wood5 types = use 9 8 (fice1 & engrav$ ! cuts ) :i* to illu/rate ! articles4 ,9 ^? days pr9t+ 0 an art :i* figur$ among ! my/]ies ( sci5ce1 & 0 practic$ by m5 ( high social /&+ & advanc$ education4 ,! sixty ye>s :i* pass$ betwe5 ,frankl9's pur*ase ( ! 8,gazette0 & 8 dea? saw ! discov]y ( _m sci5tific wond]s1 b ! art ( pr9t+ mov$ s sl[ly z to leave x at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury practically 9 ! condition 9 :i* ,frankl9 f\nd x :5 he began 8 c>e] z proprietor ( 8 ,philadelphia pr9t+ e/abli%m5t4 ,& ?is condition ( affairs appli$ to ,engl& z well z to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,) all ! r>e ability possess$ by ! pr9t] philosoph]1 he 0 able to d b little = ! advancem5t ( ! pr(ession :i* 0 in/rum5tal 9 mak+ = him an int]national reputation4 ,9 all t p]ta9s to ! pr9t+ bus9ess !re is no?+ ) :i* ! "n ( ,frankl9 is connect$ z inv5tor2 yet he is ref]r$ to inv>iably z 9 ! highe/ degree repres5tative ( ! 8art pres]vative ( all arts40 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,pr9t+ ,,press ,,z ,,us$ ,,by ,,b5jam9 ,,frankl94 ,7 ! di/+ui%$ sci5ti/1 /atesman1 diplomat1 pr9t]1 & philosoph] to come =? f 8 grave 9 ! cemet]y ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 at ,fif? & ,ar* ,/reets1 ,philadelphia1 & g into "o ( ! great pr9t+ h\ses ( ! c\ntry1 h[ a/\nd+ to him w\ld be ! revelation6 ,no m ! wood5 types or ! unsymmetrical metal pieces2 no m ! wood5 h&-press1 ! wood engrav+s1 ! ink balls1 & ! process ( pr9t+ a few hundr$ %eets an h\r4 ,! t]rific rapidity ) :i* ! newspap]s are turn$ out to-day1 pr9t$1 cut1 pa/$1 & fold$2 ! f95ess ( ! "w done on books & magaz9es2 ! wond] ( "o press putt+ on diff]5t colors at ! same "t2 ! sett+ ( type by ma*9es seem+ly possess$ ( human intellig5ce2 ! rapidity & ! simplicity ( mak+ /]eotype plates2 ! dext]ity ( =m+ ord9>y metal types into all k9ds ( =ms2 ! millions ( books1--secul> & religi\s1--pap]s1 & g5]al lit]>y productions turn$ out daily1 w\ld s puzzle ! gigantic bra9 & cl\d ! und]/&+ ( ! philosoph] z to cause him to exclaim3 8,take me back1 ,o _s ( dea?1 & let me =ev] re/ f ?is see?+1 surg+1 :irl+ sph]e ( inv5tive progression40 ,:5 ! g5ius ( inv5tion 0 turn$ t[>d ! pr9t+ art1 x is wor?y ( note t ! press :i* attract$ ! greate/ att5tion 0 ! production ( a ,philadelphian :o once _h be5 an associate ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,x 0 kn[n z ! ,columbian press1 ! inv5tion ( ,george ,clym]1 & 0 reg>d$ z ( suffici5t consequ5ce to meet ! approval ( ! pr9t+ frat]nity ( ,great ,brita9 z well z ( ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,national ,museum 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 is ! h& press :i* ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 us$ to pr9t 8 ,philadelphia pap]1 ! 8,gazette40 ,x _h be5 built = him 9 ,london1 :]e he _h us$ x ab\t five ye>s prior to its be+ br\ght to ,philadelphia4 ,:at a curi\s-look+ affair x is6 ,yet x 0 little less 9 ! way ( primitiv5ess comp>$ ) t us$ prior to #ahag1 :5 ,clym]'s ,columbian came into use4 ,:5 ^! productions are contra/$ ) ! magnific5t contrivances ( to-day1 f :i* c be ?r[n sixte5 hundr$ pap]s p] m9ute1--pap]s ( t51 twelve1 & f\rte5 pages1 pr9t$ on bo? sides1 pa/$ & fold$1--! comp>ison is l putt+ ! /eamboat ( ,fulton by ! side ( ! mon/] %ips :i* cross ! ,atlantic ocean f ,new ,york to ,s\?ampton 9 less ?an five days4 ,! ,columbian press 0 look$ ^u1 :5 pres5t$ to ! pr9t]s1 z an advance wor?y ( note 9 ! art4 ,x is easy to imag9e h[ mu* prom95ce 0 giv5 ,clym]'s inv5tion :5 x 0 plac$ beside ! old common press4 ,to-day1 ?is suppos$-to-be great piece ( me*anism w\ld n ev5 be dignifi$ by a place 9 ! mo/ un-mod]n backwoods pr9t+ e/abli%m5t4 ,& yet f ?is 7 pr9t$ ! lit]>y productions ( ,great ,brita91 z well z ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! ,columbian me*anical advancem5t consi/$ ( ! use ( roll]s = ink+ ! type1--v mu* l ! process n[ employ$ 9 ink+ ! type :5 a r\gh pro( is desir$1--?us disp5s+ ) ! balls1 :i* 7 manag$ by boys2 ! use ( screws "u ! b$ ( ! press to hold 9 position ! =m1 into :i* _h be5 securely adju/$ ! type2 & ! application ( a long b> to obta9 pressure suffici5t to make ! impression on ! pap]4 ,! picture ( ?is press %[s ! flat c>riage ^u :i* 0 plac$ ! type1 ! plat5 or press+ surface1 ! b> :i* =c$ ! plat5 ^u ! type1 ! spr+ :i* c>ri$ ! plat5 back to position :5 ! impression _h be5 tak51 & ! track ^u :i* ! c>riage 0 mov$ =w>d & backw>d1--primitive en\gh1 & suffici5tly simple 9 con/ruction to %[ ! limit$ capacity ( ! inv5tive g5ius ( our great-gr&fa!rs4 ,x 0 ab\t #ahbi :5 ! ,columbian gave way to ! ,wa%+ton press1 & ?is 0 us$ = "s "t = f9e book-"w4 ,! feature ( x 0 an automatic ink+ roll] atta*m5t4 ,:ile ! ,wa%+ton press _h ! capacity = produc+ f9e "w1 x 0 defici5t 9 ! spe$ requir$ = meet+ ! dem& !n gr[+ = books & newspap]s4 ,!n ! pr9t]s turn$ to a cyl9d] press :i* _h appe>$ 9 ! la/ decade ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! ,london 8,times0 _h tak5 hold ( x1 & br\ght x to su* a condition t its spe$ 0 rais$ to some?+ l a ?\s& impressions an h\r4 ,knig1 a native ( ,saxony1 9 #ahae1 produc$ a press = pr9t+ bo? sides ( ! %eet4 ,x resembl$ two s+le presses plac$ ) _! cyl9d]s t[>d ea* o!r1 ! %eet be+ c>ri$ by tapes f ! fir/ to ! second cyl9d]4 ,its capacity 0 #gej %eets1 bo? sides1 an h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,columbian ,,press4 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ab\t ?is "t 0 furni%$ ) a press 9 :i* ! types 7 plac$ on ! f\r sides ( a prism1 ! pap] be+ appli$ by ano!r prism4 ,x prov$ unsuccessful4 ,9 ?is press1 h[ev]1 7 fir/ introduc$ ! ink+ roll]s =m$ ( a comb9ation ( glue & molasses4 ,roll]s are made ( ^! two mat]ials to ?is day4 ,c[p]1 an ,engli%man1 9 #ahae1 introduc$ curv$ /]eotyp$ plates & fix$ !m to a cyl9d]4 ,two place cyl9d]s & two impression cyl9d]s 7 soon aft]w>d work$ toge!r on "o press by ,c[p]1 pr9t+ bo? sides ( ! %eet at ! rate ( "o ?\s& copies an h\r4 ,?is seems to h be5 ! p]iod :5 inv5tive skill began to ass]t itself 9 ! pr9t+ press4 ,! educational advancem5t ( ! p 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 ) ! lack ( facility = furni%+ in=mation ( ! campaigns ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 ! desire = facts reg>d+ ! ev5ts transpir+ 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 ! meagr5ess ( ! details :i* _h be5 furni%$ ( ! conflict betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahab1 conv9c$ ! publi%]s ( newspap]s 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad t ! laws ( supply & dem& 7 n equally balanc$4 ,! outcome ( ?is 0 a press con/ruct$ to pr9t bo? sides ( ! %eet f type1 & 0 soon foll[$ by ! introduction ( f\r impression cyl9d]s4 ,^! 7 appli$ to ! reciprocat+ b$ to c>ry ! type = "o side ( ! %eet1 ! %eets be+ f$ f f\r fe$+ bo>ds1 ! impression cyl9d]s alt]nately ris+ & fall+1 s t two %eets 7 pr9t$ dur+ ! passage "o way1 ! o!r two on ! return passage4 ,a pair ( ink+ roll]s betwe5 ! impression cyl9d]s obta9$ ink f ! reciprocat+ bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wa%+ton ,,h& ,,press4 ,! capacity ( ?is press 0 five ?\s& an h\r1 & ?is 0 reg>d$ z a feat wor?y ( public m5tion1 record ( x be+ made 9 ! newspap]s ( t p]iod 9 a way :i* %[s ! g5]al int]e/ 9 ! "w4 ,! fir/ p[]-press us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 made by ,daniel ,treadwell1 ( ,bo/on1 9 #ahbb4 ,two ( !m 7 us$ by ! ,bible & ,tract societies4 ,! ,london 8,times0 _h succe$$ 9 apply+ /eam to ! movem5t ( ! pr9t+ press z e>ly z #ahad--;a cyl9d] press be+ br\ght into requisition1 to ! use ( :i* !y _h ! exclusive "r4 ,foll[+ ! ,treadwell press1 ab\t #ahbe1 came ! improvem5ts ( ,samuel & ,isaac ,adams1 & ! g5]al use ( ! press :i* is /ill work$ 9 ! book (fices ( ?is c\ntry & ,great ,brita94 ,x 0 on "o ( ^! ,adams presses1 9 #ahfc1 t 0 pr9t$ ! book writt5 by ,dr4 ,eli%a ,k5t ,kane1 describ+ 8 second exp$ition 9 se>* ( ,sir ,john ,frankl91 ! ,arctic explor]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,wood5 ,,frame ,,adams ,,b$ ,,& ,,plat5 ,,book ,,press4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! ,adams press c\ld be us$ = newspap] z well z exce$+ly f9e book-"w1 its con/ruction admitt+ ( ! use ( plates or type1 & its spe$ su* z ne>ly came up to ! requirem5ts ( t p]iod4 ,9 ?is press a fe$ bo>d holds ! pap]1 :i* is f$ by h& to a second bo>d or tympan1 hav+ po9ts to make holes 9 ! %eet to regulate ! second side4 ,! type re/s ^u a b$ :i* is rais$ by /raight5+ a toggle-jo9t aga9/ ! upp] plates4 ,! f\nta9 = ! ink is c>ri$ at "o end ( ! press4 ,! ink+ roll]s pass twice ov] ! =m4 ,! pap] is caught by gripp]s1 c>ri$ 9 a frame call$ a frisket ov] ! =m 7or type71 receives ! impression1 & is c>ri$ by tapes to a fly frame 9 ! re> :i* deliv]s x to ! %eet bo>d4 ,) ! two-1 ?ree-1 & f\r-cyl9d] presses1 ! ,adams press1 /eam p[] & v>i\s improvem5ts 9 ! make ( inks & roll]s1 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 look$ ^u z hav+ made = ! pr9t+ press extraord9>ily rapid advancem5t4 ,great ,brita9 held fir/ place 9 ! production ( newspap]s & books1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 a sl[ second1 !n came ,france1 ,g]many1 ,russia1 ,italy1 ,spa91 & ,au/ria1 9 ! ord] giv54 ,! greate/ evid5ce ( ?is m>* ( improvem5t 0 ! enorm\s increase 9 ! production ( ! ,bible1 & ! br++ ( ! co/ to a figure :i* !n 0 look$ ^u z plac+ x )9 ! rea* ( all classes4 ,sci5tific & lit]>y works 7 be+ put out 9 great numb]s1 newspap]s 7 be+ />t$ 9 e t[n 9 ?is c\ntry & ,engl&1 & ! editions put out 9 su* ,european c5tres ( advancem5t z ,p>is1 ,madrid1 ,b]l91 ,brussels1 ,london1 ,liv]pool1 ,dubl91 ,glasg[1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,vi5na1 & ,rome rea*$ proportions !n suppos$ to be enorm\s4 ,! ,london 8,times0 at t p]iod _h a circulation ( ab\t #cj1jjj1--;& ?is 0 ! lead] 9 j\rnalism4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! lead+ newspap]s did n issue daily editions great] ?an #bj1jjj1 :ile a circulation ( #aj1jjj daily 0 reg>d$ z be+ entirely satisfactory to ! bus9ess ideas ( ! av]age publi%]4 ,! op5+ ( ! la/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury may be spok5 ( z a quiesc5t p]iod4 ,x 0 ! calm 9 ! affairs ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* prec$$ ! occurr+ ( /ormy ev5ts :i* put to ! full te/ ! /r5g? ( ! "y republic1 ! attitude ( ! nations ( ! old _w t[>d u1 & ! p[] ( ! p successfully to ma9ta9 a gov]nm5t 8( ! p1 = ! p1 & by ! p40 ,mill>d ,fillmore became ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,july ( #ahej1 succe$+ ,za*>y ,taylor1 :o di$4 ,! ,congress _h tak5 a /& on ! di/urb+ "q ( slav]y by ! passage ( ! fugitive slave law1 & _h made ! fir/ /ep t[>d fre$om = ! negroes by ! abolition ( ! slave trade 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,x 0 9 ?is ye> t ,new ,mexico & ,utah 7 admitt$ z ,t]ritories1 ! entire population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates be+ only #bc1aia1hgf2 t5 ye>s lat] ! population rea*$ #ca1ddc1cba4 ,! p 7 beg9n+ to realize h[ important 0 ! pr9t+ press 9 plac+ !m 9 communication ) ! /atesm5 ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y 7 look+ to ,web/]1 ,calh\n1 ,clay1 ,m]$i?1 ,ev]ett1 ,scott1 ,critt5d51 ,collam]1 ,m>cy1--!n 9 ! fullness ( m5tal vigor1--& !y 7 dem&+ in=mation ( _! acts 9 ! cab9et1 _! spee*es 9 ,congress1 _! views on /ate rights & slav]y4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ! ,hoe ,am]ican ,pr9t+-press ,company />tl$ ! _w by produc+ ! t5-cyl9d] press1 ! spe$ ( :i* 0 limit$ only by ! ability ( ! fe$]s to supply ! %eets4 ,! fir/ "o ( !m to be us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 t ^u :i* ! ,philadelphia 8,public ,l$g]0 0 pr9t$4 ,x at once came into g5]al use 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,its spe$ 0 #bj1jjj copies an h\r4 ,9 ?is press--/ill 9 use 9 _m cities--! =m ( type is plac$ on ! surface ( a horizontal revolv+ cyl9d] ( ab\t f\r & a half feet 9 diamet]4 ,! =m occupies a segm5t ( only ab\t "o f\r? ( ! surface ( ! cyl9d]1 & ! rema9d] is us$ z an ink-di/ribut+ surface4 ,ar\nd ?is ma9 cyl9d]1 & p>allel ) x1 are small] impression-cyl9d]s4 ,! l>ge cyl9d] be+ put 9 motion1 ! =m ( types is c>ri$ successively to all ! impression-cyl9d]s1 at ea* ( :i* a %eet is introduc$1 & receives ! impression ( ! type z ! =m passes4 ,"o p]son supplies ! %eets ( pap] to ea* cyl9d]4 ,aft] be+ pr9t$ !y are c>ri$ out by tapes & laid ^u heaps by means ( self-act+ fly]s4 ,! ink is conta9$ 9 a f\nta9 plac$ b5ea? ! ma9 cyl9d]1 & is convey$ by means ( di/ribut+ roll]s to ! di/ribut+ surface on ! ma9 cyl9d]4 ,! surface be+ l[]1 or less 9 diamet] ?an ! =m ( types1 passes by ! impression-cyl9d] )\t t\*+4 ,= ea* impression !re are two ink+ roll]s1 :i* receive _! supply ( ink f ! di/ribut+ surface ( ! ma9 cyl9d]2 !y rise & ink ! =m z x passes "u !m1 aft] :i* !y aga9 fall to ! di/ribut+ surface4 ,ea* page ( ! pap] is lock$ up on a deta*$ segm5t ( ! l>g] cyl9d]1 :i* con/itutes its b$ & *ases1 t]m$ ! 8turtle40 ,! column-rules run p>allel ) ! %aft ( ! cyl9d]1 & consequ5tly are /raight1 :ile head1 adv]tis+1 & da% rules are 9 ! =m ( segm5ts ( a circle4 ,! column-rules are 9 ! =m ( a w$ge1 ) ! ?9 "p direct$ t[>d ! axis ( ! cyl9d]1 s z to b9d ! type securely4 ,^! w$ge-%ap$ column-rules are held d[n to ! b$ by tongues project+ at int]vals along _! l5g?1 :i* slide 9 rebat$ grooves cut crosswise 9 ! face ( ! b$4 ,! spaces 9 ! grooves betwe5 ! rules are accurately fitt$ ) slid+ blocks ( metal1 ev5 ) ! surface ( ! b$1 ! ends ( :i* blocks are cut away und]nea? to receive a projection on ! sides ( ! tongues ( ! column-rules4 ,! =m ( type is lock$ up 9 ! b$ by means ( screws at ! foot & sides1 by :i* ! type is held z securely z 9 ! ord9>y mann] ^u a flat b$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble ,,cyl9d] ,,press4 ,?is press 0 reg>d$ z ! highe/ degree ( p]fection1 until ,william ,a4 ,bullock1 ( ,philadelphia1 put out 8 web p]fect+ press4 ,?is completely revolutioniz$ ! pr9t+ bus9ess s f> z ! newspap]s 7 conc]n$4 ,x came into use 9 #ahfa1--;j be=e ! break+ out ( ! w> ( ! rebellion 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1--9 "t to meet ! enorm\s dem&s made ^u ! pr9t+ press at home & abroad4 ,x _h be5 9 op]ation b a %ort "t :5 ! newspap] own]s ( ,great ,brita9 took hold ( x1 & = sev]al ye>s no o!r press 0 us$ by ! newspap]s ( l>ge circulation4 ,h[ sl[ & toy-l x seems 9 comp>ison ) ! mon/]s ( ! pres5t day6 ,& yet ?is ma*9e met ! dem&s ( a p]iod :5 x 0 suppos$ ! circulation ( ! daily press _h rea*$ an altitude nev] to be surpass$4 ,a newspap] l ! ,new ,york 8,h]ald10 :i* _h atta9$ a daily circulation ( ab\t #ge1jjj1 0 look$ ^u z a*iev+ ! highe/ degree ( success4 ,9 ?is la/ ye> ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! 8,j\rnal0 & 8,_w0 ( ,new ,york s5d out at lea/ a million copies ( _! pap]s #cfe days 9 ! ye>4 ,william ,a4 ,bullock work$ at 8 web pr9t+ press = six ye>s be=e he _h x 9 %ape to pron\nce x applicable to ! requirem5ts4 ,x 0 n long aft] x 0 9 successful op]ation t "o ( 8 limbs caught 9 ! ma*9]y ( "o ( 8 presses1 & dea? 0 ! result4 ,z ! presses fir/ 7 made1 & inde$ = _m ye>s !reaft]1 ! pap] 0 cut 9 ! press be=e be+ pr9t$1 & x 0 a difficult matt] prop]ly to control ^! s+le %eets until !y 7 deliv]$1 :ile ! presses 7 )\t any fold+ atta*m5t4 ,b ^! old /yle ,bullock presses did succe$ 9 turn+ out #fjjj eight-page pap]s an h\r1 pr9t$ on bo? sides4 ,9 #ahgc a great improvem5t 0 made 9 ! ,bullock presses1 :i* all[$ ( ! pap]s be+ pr9t$ on ! endless roll be=e ! pap] 0 cut4 ,) ! aid ( o!r improvem5ts subsequ5tly made ^! presses atta9$ to a capacity ( #af1jjj eight-page pap]s an h\r4 ,b an unexpect$ limit 0 f\nd 9 ! impossibility ( deliv]+ beyond a c]ta9 rate f ! fly4 ,!n ,r4 ,hoe ,co4 7ab\t #ahgg7 inv5t$ a contrivance :i* obviat$ ! difficulty4 ,x consi/$ ( an accumulat+ cyl9d]1 on :i* six or eight %eets 7 laid "o above ! o!r & !n deliv]$ f ! fly at "o motion4 ,?is increas$ ! capacity ( _! p]fect+ press to #ah1jjj an h\r4 ,a fold+ atta*m5t 0 !n add$2 next a pa/+ & cutt+ atta*m5t4 ,?us1 9 #ahgi !y 7 able to turn out a press :i* produc$ #cj1jjj p]fect eight-page pap]s an h\r--pr9t$1 cut1 pa/$1 & fold$4 ,! next great a*ievem5t 0 put 9 op]ation 9 a ,new ,york pressroom 9 #ahhe4 ,t 0 ! d\ble supplem5t press1 :i* 9 reality comb9es two presses 9 "o4 ,x 0 ! fir/ press to ins]t supplem5t %eets automatically1 & x 0 ! fir/ press to pr9t f two rolls ( pap]1 "o roll be+ plac$ at "r angles to ! ma9 roll4 ,z ! "n ( ! press implies1 f ! second>y roll ! supplem5ts are pr9t$ at ! same "t t ! ma9 "p ( ! pap] is be+ pr9t$ f ! o!r roll4 ,& by means ( :at to ! ord9>y man seems a miracul\s contrivance1 b :i* to ! initiat$ 9 ! my/]ies ( me*anics is no d\bt v simple1 ! supplem5t is automatically inset & pa/$ into ! ma9 pap] be=e rea*+ ! fly1 & dropp$ out fold$ ready = ! newsdeal]4 ,f ?is press has be5 evolv$ ! sup]b pr9t+ ma*9e :i*1 9 rec5t ye>s1 has a/oni%$ ! _w4 ,on x c be pr9t$ eight-1 t5-1 or twelve-page pap]s at a runn+ spe$ ( #bd1jjj an h\r1 or #djj a m9ute1 & :e!r eight1 t51 or twelve pages are pr9t$ !y all come out ) ! supplem5ts inset & ! pap] pa/$ & fold$4 ,f ?is press 0 develop$ ! next triumph1 ! quadruple press4 ,m>vel\s ma*9es ^! quadruple presses are1 & x seem$ impossible t any press c\ld be built = _m ye>s to come t w\ld beat !m4 ,! pr9t+ bus9ess /ood amaz$1 awe-/rick5 at ! sight ( s _m pap]s be+ turn$ out ea* h\r4 ,& be=e ! amazem5t _h subsid$ !re came =? ! ma*9e :i* is de/9$ to g d[n 9 hi/ory z "o ( ! great a*ievem5ts 9 me*anics ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1--! sextuple press1 manufactur$ by ,hoe ,co41 :i* has br\ght =? z _m wond]ful improvem5ts z any me*anical conc]n 9 ! _w4 ,al?\gh x is impossible to expla9 9 language compreh5sible to ! man :o is n an eng9e] h[ ?is mon>* among pr9t+ presses does its "w at a rate ( spe$ :i* is well-nigh incr$ible & out/rips ! flight ( imag9ation itself1 yet x is possible to convey an idea ( :at ! ext5t ( ! "w is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fir/ ,,p]fect+ ,,press4 ,?is ma*9e w pr9t1 fold1 pa/e1 & deliv] #ij1jjj ( a f\r-page pap] or six-page newspap] 9 "o h\r4 ,x w require "s figur+ to convey an adequate idea ( h[ fa/ t is1 =1 z a matt] ( fact1 x is fa/] ?an a man c ?9k1 & t is :y ,i say t ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e out/rips ! flight ( imag9ation4 ,n9ety ?\s& copies an h\r is equival5t to fifte5 hundr$ copies a m9ute1 & fifte5 hundr$ copies a m9ute means tw5ty-five copies p] second6 ,n[ take out y\r wat*1 & :ile ! second h& is pass+ f "o second to ano!r try to grasp ! idea t 9 all t brief int]val ( "t tw5ty-five six-page newspap]s h be5 pr9t$4 ,y c't d x4 ,x is fa/] ?an y c ?9k4 ,& yet 9 t second ^? tw5ty-five pap]s are n only pr9t$1 b ! inside %eets are automatically pa/$ 91 & ! tw5ty-five pap]s are all cut & fold$ ready = deliv]y to ! newsdeal]s4 ,is !re any?+ m m>vel\s ?an t record$ 9 ! 8,arabian ,nights08 ,:o said t !re are no miracles 9 ?is n9ete5? c5tury8 ,:y1 if old ,gut5b]g1--peace to 8 s\l1--or ,fau/1 or ,caxton1 or ev5 our own ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 _h se5 any?+ ( ! sort1 !y w\ld h sworn t x 0 ei!r a miracle or ! "w ( ! sup]natural1 ) ! *ances 9 favor ( ! latt]4 ,ea* page ( ! av]age newspap] has six columns1 & 9 ea* column !re is on an av]age #ahjj words4 ,six multipli$ by six & ! product ( t by tw5ty-five1 & t aga9 by #ahjj1 y w f9d makes #a1fbj1jjj1 :i* is j ab\t ! numb] ( words t ?is press pr9ts 9 a second :5 x is turn+ out six-page pap]s at ! rate ( tw5ty-five a second4 ,t is some?+ t w /agg] any man's imag9ation if he tries to realize :at x is4 ,?is press w pr9t1 cut1 pa/e1 fold1 c\nt1 & deliv] #gb1jjj copies ( an eight-page newspap] 9 "o h\r1 :i* is equival5t to #abjj a m9ute & #bj a second4 ,x w pr9t1 cut1 pa/e1 c\nt1 & deliv] complete #dh1jjj copies ( a t5- or twelve-page newspap] 9 "o h\r1 :i* is equival5t to #hjj a m9ute & a fraction ov] #ac a second4 ,x w pr9t1 cut1 pa/e1 fold1 c\nt1 & deliv] complete #cf1jjj copies ( a sixte5-page newspap] an h\r1 :i* is at ! rate ( #fjj a m9ute1 or #aj a second4 ,x w pr9t1 cut1 pa/e1 fold1 c\nt1 & deliv] complete #bd1jjj copies ( a f\rte5-1 tw5ty-1 or tw5ty-f\r-page newspap] an h\r1 :i* is at ! rate ( #djj a m9ute1 or v ne>ly sev5 a second4 ,?is is lightn+ "w ) a v5geance1 & yet x is possible t !re may be "s :o read ?is :o w live to call x sl[4 ,t w probably be :5 !y h f\nd out all ab\t h[ to put a h>ness on electricity4 ,no "o c pr$ict :5 inv5tive g5ius w rea* its limits 9 ! pr9t+ press4 ,be=e ?is press 0 built1 ! fa/e/ presses 9 ! _w 7 ,hoe's quadruple presses1 :i* w turn out #dh1jjj f\r-1 six-1 or eight-page pap]s an h\r1 #bd1jjj t5-1 twelve-1 f\rte5-1 or sixte5-page pap]s an h\r1 & #ab1jjj tw5ty- or tw5ty-f\r page pap]s an h\r1 all cut1 pa/$1 & fold$4 ,! sextuple press has a well-nigh insatiable appetite = :ite pap]4 ,to satisfy x x is f$ f ?ree rolls at ! same "t1 "o roll be+ atta*$ at ei!r end ( ! press1 & ! ?ird susp5d$ ne> ! c5tre4 ,x is ! only press :i* has ev] be5 able to accompli% t feat4 ,ea* roll is sixty-?ree in*es wide4 ,:5 do+ its be/ ?is press w consume #be-g_/h miles ( #fc-;in* wide :ite pap] 9 "o h\r1 & eject x at ! two deliv]ies1 ea* copy conta9+ an epitome ( ! news ( ! _w = ! prec$+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & ea* copy cut1 pa/$1 & fold$ ready = deliv]y4 ,x is a sight wor? see+ to see x done1 & 9 its way x is j z impressive z ,niag>a4 ,a man turns a lev]1 %afts & cyl9d]s beg9 to revolve1 ! :irr+ noise sets into a /eady ro>1 y see ?ree /reams ( :ite pap] p\r+ into ! ma*9e f ! ?ree huge rolls1 & y pass ar\nd to ! o!r side &--x is lit]ally sn[+ newspap]s at ea* end ( ! two deliv]y outlets4 ,s fa/ does "o pap] foll[ ! o!r t y cat* only a mom5t>y glitt] f ! deft /eel f+]s :i* seize ! pap]s & ca/ !m out4 ,! ma*9e weighs ab\t fifty-eight tons4 ,x is massive & /rong1 ) ! /r5g? ( a ?\s& giants4 ,& yet1 ?\gh its arms are ( /eel & its motions are all z rapid z lightn+1 its t\* is z t5d] z t ( a woman :5 %e c>esses h] babe4 ,h[ else does ! ma*9e avoid te>+ ! pap]8 ,pap] te>s v readily1 z y (t5 asc]ta9 accid5tally :5 turn+ ov] ! pages4 ,truly wond]ful x is1 & my/]i\s to anybody b an exp]t1 h[ ?is huge ma*9e c make newspap]s at ! rate ( tw5ty-five a second )\t r5d+ ! pap] all to %r$s4 ,x has six plate cyl9d]s1 ea* cyl9d] c>ry+ eight /]eotype plates1 & six impression-cyl9d]s4 ,^! cyl9d]s1 :5 ! press is work+ at full spe$1 make two hundr$ revolutions a m9ute4 ,! p]iod ( contact betwe5 ! pap] & ! plate cyl9d]s is !re=e inconceivably brief1 & h[ 9 t fractional space ( "t a p]fect impression is made ev5 to ! reproduction ( ! f9e/1 is "o ( ^? ?+s :i*1 to ! man :o is n 8up0 9 me*anics1 mu/ =ev] rema9 a my/]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f\r ,,roll] ,,two-,,revolution ,,press4 ,a d\ble fold] =ms "p ( ! ma*9e4 ,a s+le fold] w\ld n be equal to ! task impos$ on x4 ,z x is1 ?is d\ble fold] has to ex]cise su* cel]ity to keep up ) ! /reams ( pr9t$ pap] :i* desc5d ^u x t its op]ations are too quick = ! eye to foll[4 ,! press has two deliv]y outlets4 ,at ea* ! pap]s are automatically c\nt$ 9 piles ( fifty4 ,no matt] h[ rapidly ! pap]s come out1 !re is nev] a mi/ake 9 ! c\nt4 ,x is z sure z fate4 ,by an +5i\s contrivance--if ,i %\ld try to describe x m def9itely mo/ p w\ld be none ! wis]--ea* fiftie? pap] is %ov$ out an in* beyond ! o!rs :i* h be5 dropp$ on to ! receiv+ tapes1 ?us s]v+ z a sort ( tally m>k4 ,truly x is a m>vel\s ma*9e--?is sextuple press4 ,n[h]e y w f9d a m p]fect adaptation ( means to ends1 n[h]e 9 any bran* ( indu/ry a piece ( me*anism :i* (f]s a f9] example ( :at human skill & +5uity is capable (4 ,& x is free f t reproa* :i* is sometimes br\ght aga9/ ! greate/ triumphs ( inv5tive g5ius 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( human activity1--t !y make m]e automatons out ( human be+s4 ,!re 0 rec5tly manufactur$ by ! ,hoe ,company = a ,new ,york pap] an addition to ?is wond]ful piece ( ma*9]y designat$ an octuple press4 ,runn+ at full spe$ x w pr9t1 pa/e1 cut1 fold1 & c\nt #if1jjj eight-page pap]s an h\r4 ,x is ne>ly #ad feet high1 & #be feet long4 ,t5 m5 are requir$ to op]ate x4 ,! cyl9d]s revolve #bjj times 9 e #fj seconds4 ,?is mon/] is divid$ into two work+ p>ts4 ,! pr9t+ is done on ! half ( ! ma*9e to ! "r4 ,! pap] passes ov] ! cyl9d]s !re1 :]e x is pr9t$ f ! /]eotype plates1 & !n runs ?r\gh ! o!r half ( ! ma*9e on ! left1 :]e x is cut1 ins]t$1 pa/$1 deliv]$1 & c\nt$ f f\r outlets fold+ 9 half-page size4 ,?is press %[s f\r di/9ct d\ble pr9t+ ma*9es1 ea* f$ by its own roll ( pap]4 ,! pap] f ea* roll passes aga9/ two sets ( /]eotype plate cyl9d]s--"o = ea* side ( ! pr9t$ %eet4 ,! ma*9e is s p]fectly adju/$ t by simply turn+ a screw & mov+ a ge> a few in*es ea* ( ! f\r sets ( cyl9d]s c be ?r[n out ( op]ation2 t is to say "o qu>t]1 "o half1 ?ree qu>t]s1 or ! :ole press c be op]at$ at w4 ,! fold] is h>moniz$ = ea* adju/m5t ( ! pr9t+ cyl9d]4 ,! fold+ ( ! pap]s has be5 br\ght to ! highe/ /ate ( p]fection4 ,! %eets are fold$1 cut1 & deliv]$ by a rot>y motion at a spe$ t c\ld nev] h be5 atta9$ ) ! reciprocat+ arms1 su* z 7 us$ prior to ! ,hoe inv5tions4 ,:5 a sixte5-page pap] is be+ pr9t$ x comes 9 f\r-ply ?ickness1 & !n d\bles & %oots eight ?icknesses "u ! knife4 ,:5 a tw5ty-f\r-page pap] is be+ pr9t$ x passes ov] ! longitud9al fold] 9 six-ply ?ickness & passes "u ! knife 9 twelve ?icknesses4 ,all ?is is atta9$ )\t ! use ( guid+ tapes4 ,9 fact1 ! spe$ c\ld n be atta9$ ) !m4 ,z ! pap]s are fold$ & deliv]$ f ! f\r outlets1 ) a spe$ too great = ! eye to foll[1 ! ma*9e itself c\nts !m 9 total & 9 bundles1 z is done on ! sextuple press4 ,?is mon/] octuple ma*9e has a p]fect$ sy/em ( ink di/ribution ) :i* no o!r presses are equipp$4 ,"u ! sy/em results are obta9$ by decreas+ ! size & increas+ ! numb] ( ink-roll]s ar\nd ea* cyl9d] ( plates4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! type cyl9d]s is su* z to make ! press "o t c be h&l$ ) great ease & rapidity4 ,along ! "r h& ( ! ma*9e1 betwe5 ! two r[s ( cyl9d]s1 is an op5 passageway4 ,x is l>ge en\gh = m5 to pass ?r\gh ei!r f ! gr\nd or f ! gall]y ne> ! latitud9al c5tre ( ! press4 ,f ?is op5 passageway ! pressm5 are able to wat* e movem5t ( ! ma*9e's int]ior work+1 & f x !y are able to make quick *anges on ! plate cyl9d]s4 ,! *ange 9 position ( only two ink-roll]s is necess>y to *ange a plate on any cyl9d]4 ,?is is a matt] ( great importance to a pap] :i* pr9ts _m editions1 = x is necess>y to *ange plates s (t5 & to economize e m9ute ( "t 9 ord] to cat* ! fa/ mails :i* c>ry ! pap] to all qu>t]s ( ! e>?4 ,on ! octuple presses ea* roll ( pap] is gu>d$ aga9/ breakage4 ,!re is a device 9 ! %ape ( a %ort endless belt ( rubb] :i* passes ov] two pulleys & re/s on top ( ! roll ( pap]4 ,! pap] is !n pull$ f ! roll z g5tly z ! ?read is pull$ f ! spool ( a sew+ ma*9e4 ,! belt pu%es ! roll along at a spe$ equal to & sometimes a little great] ?an t ( ! /]eotype cyl9d]s4 ,h5ce1 all t5sion is remov$ f ! pap]4 ,f ! /]eotyp]'s dep>tm5t1 :]e !y h be5 made 9 a few m9utes1 come ! plates ( curv$1 bright metal4 ,pass$ to ! pressm51 !y are lock$ on ! cyl9d]s z fa/ z !y c be h&l$4 ,! rolls ( pap] h be5 plac$ 9 _! prop] positions4 ,?is accompli%$1 ! m5 /ep back f ! ma*9e1 ! brakeman pulls ! lev]1 & ! giant press beg9s its "w4 ,sl[ly its cyl9d]s revolve at fir/1 b z headway is ga9$ ! rumble t accompani$ ! />t increases into a %rill %riek z ! limit ( spe$ is rea*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,li?ographic ,,press4 ,! pap] ru%es f its cont9u\s rolls1 is pr9t$1 fold$1 cut1 & ?r[n out f ! f\r outlets at a spe$ t w\ld be ov] twice great] ?an t ( any express tra9 if x 7 conf9$ to "o roll4 ,e pap] is j l e o!r "o1 p]fect 9 e detail4 ,:5 ?is has gone on = an h\r1 two h\rs1 or h[ev] long x may take to run (f ! editions1 ! mon/] press c be /opp$ 9 an in/ant4 ,) ! simple t\*+ ( a lev] all its movem5t w cease be=e ! cyl9d]s c revolve five times1 & !y _h be5 revolv+ two hundr$ times a m9ute be=e4 ,! two wond]s j describ$ are conf9$ to newspap] "w4 ,?is same ,am]ican firm has produc$ presses ^u :i* are pr9t$ ! f9e specim5s ( magaz9es :]e ! "w takes a /rik+ resemblance to li?ograph pr9t+4 ,!y h a spe$ ( #hjjj an h\r4 ,f !m come booklets ( #af1 #bj1 or #bd pages4 ,f ! presses ( #djjj an h\r come books ( #cb1 #dj1 & #dh pages4 ,9 con/ruction !y are complicat$ & gr&4 ,!n come ! presses ^u :i* are pr9t$ diff]5t colors4 ,^! are made 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & are us$ ) satisfactory results on prom95t publications 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,a rec5t issue ( ! 8,briti% & ,colonial ,pr9t]0 directs att5tion to ?is advance 9 me*anism ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,hoe art rot>y =m fe$]4 ,x says3-- 8,?is ma*9e c>ries ! m9d back naturally to pre-rot>y days1 :5 ! ,hoe multi-fe$] held ! field z ! newspap] ma*9e1 to ! days ( ! heavy1 & z we consid] 9 ^! advanc$ days1 clumsy turtle4 ,:5 ! creative g5ius ( ,colonel ,hoe evolv$ ! rot>y press1 ! multi-fe$] 0 almo/ at once relegat$ to ! lumb] room ( obsolete me*anics4 ,x is h>dly conceivable t x ent]$ ! m9d ( any practical man at ?is "t t ! pr9ciple ( multi-f$ flat %eet pr9t+ w\ld ev] be adapt$ to ! production ( high art illu/rat$ lit]ature1 at a spe$ equal1 or ne>ly s1 to ! =m] ,hoe news ma*9e4 ,x has1 at all ev5ts 9 our c\ntry1 long be5 a settl$ op9ion t su* "w c\ld only be successfully accompli%$ ^u a flat-b$ ma*9e1 t ! m]e curvature ( a plate mu/ de/roy ! beauty ( a f9e process block = example1 & t any attempt to travel at a great] spe$ ?an #abjj to #aejj an h\r mu/ be at ! sacrifice ( dep? & suffici5cy ( roll+4 ,:e!r ?is is really s read]s w n[ be able to =m _! own op9ion f ! pages ( ! #8,/r& ,magaz9e4' ,^? pages ab\nd 9 v v>i$ me?ods ( engrav+1 woodcut & process1 l9e & nature1 & reproductions alike f photos & f wa% & crayon draw+s4 ,e page has und]gone ! process ( electrotyp+1 ca/ /raight & curv$ subsequ5tly1 & !re=e ! conditions ( pr9t+ at ! high spe$ ( #djjj 7or to be /rictly accurate1 f\r %eets ( #af pages ea* put ?r\gh at ! rate ( #iej ea*1 or #chjj p] h\r7 are z sev]e z c\ld be desir$4 8,! ,briti% pr9t] has yet to acquire a full ma/]y ( its capabilities1 & ! eng9e] has equally be=e him 9 "s degree a p]iod ( developm5t4 ,"s ( ! portraiture1 human & animal1 is equal to any?+ se54 ,! make-ready 7^u h>d pack+7 exhibits ! highe/ quality1 & ! di/ribution ( color p]fection4 ,! plate-cyl9d] is made z l>ge z ! desir$ spe$ r5d]s practicable1 9 ord] t ! curvature ( ! plates may be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! provision = secur+ adequate di/ribution & 9-roll+ is ^u a lib]al scale1 b n "o :it m s ?an is requisite1 ext5t ( surface & spe$ ( runn+ consid]$4 ,!re are #af ink]s & #ch di/ributors1 ) #af iron di/ribution cyl9d]s4 ,! %eets are f$ 9 two at ei!r side ( ! ma*9e1 ^? f ! "r h& fe$]s be+ deliv]$ ^u ! table at ! extreme left1 ! o!r ^u ! inn] deliv]y bo>d4 ,! plates are rigidly secur$ by special clut*es4 ,to facilitate ! imposition ( ! plates1 or any att5tion requir$ by ! cyl9d]1 ! %ort re> portion ( ! ma*9e back ( ! cyl9d] is deta*able & c be run out ^u an ext5d$ base1 & !n clos$ up & put into ge> aga94 ,?is r5d]s x p]fectly accessible at ! mo/ ess5tial po9t4 ,! %eets are ( c\rse pr9t$ on "o side only4 ,we h n yet atta9$ to ! p]fect+ /age 9 art "w 9 comb9ation ) high spe$2 ! introduction ( ! ,hoe art rot>y press1 h[ev]1 m>ks a di/9ct epo* 9 ?is class ( pr9t+ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,color pr9t+-presses are 9 use 9 ! newspap] & magaz9e (fices 9 ?is c\ntry1 & f !m are produc$ ! arti/ic z well z ! lurid /yles ( art40 ,:at ! possibilities ( ! pr9t+ press are1 look+ at ! degree ( excell5ce at pres5t atta9$1 x is difficult to pr$ict4 ,x w\ld seem z if ! height ( p]fection n[ _h be5 rea*$4 ,! probability is t ! pr9t] at ! end ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! tw5tie? c5tury may look ) some?+ ak9 to contempt ^u ! ma*9es :i* n[ are reg>d$ ) s mu* pride4 ,su* a ?+ is possible 9 ?is age ( inv5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,numb]+ ,,c>d ,,press4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sett+ ,,( ,,type4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ! little metal pieces ( type 7 pick$ up "o at a "t & plac$ 9 ! compos+ 8/ick0 by h&1 !re 0 atta*$ to ! "w an importance :i* elevat$ x almo/ to ! ranks ( ! tra9$ pr(essions4 ,9 ,engl&1 z late z #ahag1 compositors arrogat$ to !mselves ! dignity ( c>ry+ swords4 ,at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! art is se5 to be pass+ into ! sph]e ( me*anics1--! me?ods 9 vogue mak+ x entirely a me*anical op]ation4 ,be=e _m ye>s ( ! tw5tie? c5tury h pass$1 !re w h be5 atta9$ a degree ( advancem5t :i* w disp5se ) ! h& ( man 9 guid+ ! movem5ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,! inv5tive skill :i* br\ght ! pr9t+ press to su* a high po9t ( excell5ce & spe$ has be5 turn$ t[>d ! "w ( type-compos+1 & ! =w>d m>* is likely to be z rapid4 ,outside ( ! actual le>n$ pr(essions1 no occupation has contribut$ s _m prom95t figures to ! hi/ory & progress ( ?is c\ntry z ! compos+-room4 ,!y h fill$ important places 9 j\rnalism1 politics1 ,congress1 /ate legislatures1 ! army & navy1 & ! _w ( lit]ature4 ,horace ,greeley1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,new ,york 8,tribune10--writ]1 /atesman1 & man ( affairs1--is "o ( ! notable figures ( ! pres5t c5tury1 :o laid ! f\ndation ( 8 c>e] at a case ( type4 ,s*uyl] ,colfax1 :o became ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahfi1 pass$ ! e>ly ye>s ( 8 life sett+ type4 ,&1 /range to say1 ^! two m51 :5 ! presid5tial *air seem$ a possible realization ( _! ambition1 7 oppos$ by m5 ( _! craft simply because !y _h seem$ to run s f> above ! 8/ick0 & 8rule40 ,simon ,cam]on1 ( ,p5nsylvania1 once ,secret>y ( ,w>1 ,unit$ ,/ates s5ator1 repres5tative ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates abroad1 & = _m ye>s political ma/] ( 8 great ,/ate1 0 pr\d to say t he _h begun 8 c>e] z a type-sett] 9 a c\ntry pr9t+-(fice4 ,x is wor? :ile notic+ t ?is pr9t]-politician's life cov]$ ne>ly a c5tury ( exi/5ce4 ,8 life spann$ e presid5t f ,john ,adams 9 #agii to ,b5jam9 ,h>rison 9 #ahhi1 :ile 8 active political control ( ,p5nsylvania cov]$ a p]iod ( sixty-five ye>s1--a record made by only "o man )9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,e /ate 9 ! ,union has contribut$ to hi/ory its quota ( pr9t]-/atesm51 pr9t]-au?ors1 & pr9t]-j\rnali/s4 ,h[ _m ( su* !re h be5 9 ?is n9ete5? c5tury w\ld be beyond ord9>y rese>* to asc]ta94 ,b pr9t]s--compositors--c ref] ) j pride to ! fact t 9 all ! advanc$ walks ( life are to be f\nd m5 :o h be5 memb]s ( ! guild4 ,! sett+ ( type by h& prevail$ univ]sally until z late z #ahhj4 ,t may be put d[n z ! p]iod :5 !re came into any?+ l g5]al use ! ma*9es = type composition1 al?\gh exp]im5ts 9 t direction _h be5 go+ on = sixty ye>s4 ,z e>ly z #ahbj1 pr9t]s realiz$ t ma*9]y ev5tually mu/ be br\ght into play = compos+ type4 ,b h[ to d x 0 ! sci5tific z well z me*anical problem4 ,x 0 argu$ t ! ma*9e mu/ be s con/ruct$ z to pick up ! type1 uni=mly di/ribute ! space betwe5 ! words1 & 8ju/ify0 ! l9es1 t is1 make !m ! exact wid?4 8,x is beyond ! range ( possibility10 sugge/$ ! pr9t]4 8,me*anism nev] c be appli$ to art4 ,! great ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 w\ld h discov]$ ! way to make su* a ?+ possible1 if x 7 possible--:i* is impossible40 ,& ! sci5tific electric discov]y made by ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 9 ! eighte5? c5tury is1 at ! close ( ! n9ete5?1 ! motive-p[] us$ = driv+ ! ma*9es = type composition1--! seem+ly impossible has rea*$ ! /age ( possibility4 ,illu/ration3 ,,octuple ,,/]eotype ,,p]fect+ ,,press ,,& ,,fold]4 7,capacity1 #if1jjj impressions p] h\r47 ,dr4 ,william ,*ur*1 ( ,connecticut1 produc$ a ma*9e look+ to ma*9e type-composition 9 #ahbj4 ,x did n come into use1 al?\gh he sp5t l>ge sums ( money on x1 & devot$ a va/ am\nt ( en]gy t[>d hav+ x tak5 up bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,engl&4 ,at ! ,p>is ,exhibition 9 #ahce !re 7 exhibit$ sev]al ma*9es ( ?is sort1 "o ( :i*--! pat5t ( ,*ri/ian ,sr5s51 ( ,cop5hag5--0 us$ ^u a daily pap] issu$ dur+ ! exhibition4 ,9 #ahga1 at ! ,int]national ,exhibition 9 ,london1 !re 0 %[n a ma*9e possess+ peculi> features4 ,x us$ a p]=at$ ribbon1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( :i* types 7 work$ into position4 ,! ma*9e 0 cumb]some1 complicat$1 & exp5sive1 & c\ld n be br\ght into any?+ l g5]al usage4 ,9 #ahge ,m4 ,delcambre1 ( ,p>is1 aft] tw5ty ye>s' "w produc$ a ma*9e 9 ,new ,york4 ,x _h ! same objections z ! o!rs4 ,:ile ?is ma*9e c\ld d z mu* z ! labor ( ?ree m5 by h&1 x requir$ a man to op]ate1 ano!r man to place ! set type 9 l9es1 /eam to keep x 9 motion1 & a big co/ to con/ruct4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l9otype 7,,type-,,sett+7 ,,ma*9e 7,,front ,,view74 ,up to ?is p]iod1 all ! exp]im5ts _h %[n ! want ( some?+ :i* w\ld obviate ! pres5ce ( a man to make ! l9es ( ! prop] l5g? & ) equal spac+ betwe5 ! words4 ,all ! ma*9es :i* 7 any?+ ne> available pick$ up & plac$ 9 position sep>ate types4 ,at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition ( #ahgf1 9 ,philadelphia1 !re 7 %[n ma*9es :i* us$ brass dies & ca/ a l9e ( type4 ,^! seem$ to possess ! elem5t = successful use1 & ! outcome 0 ! production ( ! ma*9e :i* is n[ 9 use 9 all ! big newspap] (fices 9 ?is c\ntry--! 8,m]g5?al] ,l9otype40 ,practically x has driv5 all ! o!r ma*9es out ( use1 b h[ long x w hold sway is a "q4 ,already m5 ( g5ius are exp]im5t+ ) two objects 9 view1--increase ( spe$1 decrease ( co/1--& x is fair to presume t be=e ! tw5tie? c5tury has gone v f> into hi/ory ^! two objects w h be5 atta9$4 ,! l9otype1 z "h %[n1 has ! appe>ance ( a heavy & cumb]some piece ( ma*9]y4 ,x actually is s only :5 !re are sev]al ( !m plac$ 9 l9e--!n !y give to a compos+-room ! appe>ance ( a ma*9e %op4 ,?is ma*9e1 in/ead ( produc+ s+le type ( ! ord9>y "*1 ca/s type-metal b>s or slugs1 ea* complete 9 "o piece1 & hav+ on ! upp] edge1 prop]ly ju/ifi$1 ! type *>act]s to pr9t a l9e4 ,^! slugs pres5t ! appe>ance ( compos$ l9es ( type1 & s]ve ! same purpose1 & = ?is reason are call$ 8l9otypes40 ,! l9otypes are produc$ & assembl$ automatically 9 a galley1 side by side1 9 prop] ord]1 s t !y con/itute a 8=m10 answ]+ ! same purposes & us$ 9 ! same mann] z ! ord9>y 8=ms0 consi/+ ( s+le types4 ,aft] be+ us$1 ! l9otypes in/ead ( be+1 l type =ms1 di/ribut$1 are ?r[n into a metal pot ( ! ma*9e to be reca/ into new =ms4 ,! ma*9e conta9s1 z its fundam5tal elem5ts1 sev]al hundr$ brass matrices4 ,ea* matrix consi/s ( a flat plate hav+ 9 "o edge a female lett]1 or matrix prop]1 & 9 ! upp] end a s]ies ( tee?1 :i* are us$ = di/ribut+ to _! prop] places 9 ! magaz9e matrices conta9+ diff]5t lett]s4 ,!re are 9 ! ma*9e a numb] ( matrices ( ea* lett]1 & also matrices repres5t+ special *>act]s1 & spaces or quads ( def9ite ?ickness = use 9 tabul> & o!r "w ( a complicat$ nature4 ,! ma*9e is s organiz$ t on manipulat+ ! f+]-keys x w select matrices 9 ! ord] 9 :i* _! *>act]s are to appe> 9 pr9t1 & assemble !m side by side ) w$ge-%ap$ spaces at suitable po9ts 9 ! l9e4 ,?is compos$ l9e =ms a l9e matrix1 or 9 o!r words a l9e ( female type1 adapt$ to produce a l9e ( rais$ pr9t+ type on a slug1 :i* may be =c$ into or aga9/ ! matrix *>act]s4 ,aft] ! matrix l9e is compos$ x is automatically transf]r$ to ! face ( ! mold1 into :i* molt5 metal is deliv]$ to produce ! slug or l9otype1 aft] :i* ! matrices are di/ribut$ or return$ to ! magaz9e to be aga9 compos$ 9 new relations = succe$+ l9es4 ,^! op]ations are p]=m$ by me*anism1 z %[n 9 ! outl9e "h pres5t$4 ,a is an incl9$ fix$ magaz9e1 conta9+ *annels 9 :i* ! assort$ matrices are /or$1 & ?r\gh :i* !y slide1 ent]+ at ! top & escap+ at ! foot1 "o at a "t4 ,ea* *annel is provid$ at ! l[] end ) an escapem5t device1 ,b1 connect$ by a rod1 ,c1 ) a f+] "* ( ! matrices 9 ! correspond+ *annel4 ,!re is a key = ea* "*1 & also keys = quads /or$ 9 ! magaz9e4 ,! keys are actuat$ by ! op]ator 9 ! ord] 9 :i* _! lett]s are to appe> 9 pr9t4 ,z a key is depress$1 x op]ates ! correspond+ escapem5t1 ,b1 :i* all[s a matrix to fall out ( ! magaz9e ?r\gh "o ( ! *annels1 ,e1 to ! incl9$ travel+ belt1 ,f1 :i* s]ves to c>ry ! matrices d[n 9 succession into ! assembl] /ick1 ,g1 9 :i* !y are /or$ side by side4 ,a box1 ,h1 conta9s a numb] ( elongat$ spaces1 ,i1 & a dis*>g+ device connect+ ) a f+]-key b>1 ,j1 by :i* ! spaces are p]mitt$ to fall into ! l9e ( matrices at ! prop] po9ts dur+ composition4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ! op]ation ( ! v>i\s keys results 9 ! selection ( ! matrices & spaces1 & _! collection 9 assembl]1 ,g1 until x conta9s all ! *>act]s to be repres5t$ by "o l9e ( pr9t4 ,aft] ! matrix l9e is ?us compos$ x is transf]r$1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es1 to ! front ( a mold or slot ext5d+ ?r\gh a mold :eel1 ,k1 f front to re>4 ,?is mold is ( ! exact size & %ape ( ! slug requir$4 ,! matrix l9e is press$ tightly aga9/1 & clos$ 9 front (1 ! mold = ! "t be+1 & ! *>act]s1 or matrices prop]1 face ! mold cell or space4 ,:ile ! l9e is 9 place 9 front ( ! mold1 ! w$ge spaces are pu%$ up ?r\gh ! l9e1 & 9 ?is mann] exact & in/antane\s 8ju/ification0 is secur$4 ,beh9d ! mold !re is a melt+ pot1 ,m1 heat$ by a flame f a gas burn]1 & conta9+ a quantity ( molt5 metal4 ,! pot has a p]=at$ m\? arrang$ to fit aga9/ & close ! re> side ( ! mold1 & conta9s a jump plung]1 me*anically actuat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,type-,,sett+ ,,ma*9e4 ,aft] ! matrix l9e is 9 place1 ! plung] falls & =ces metal ?r\gh ! pot m\? into ! mold1 aga9/ & into ! *>act]s ( ! matrix l9e4 ,! metal in/antly solidifies 9 ! mold1 =m+ ! slug or l9otype1 hav+ on its edge rais$ type *>act]s =m$ by ! matrices4 ,! mold :eel next makes a p>tial revolution1 turn+ ! mold f ! orig9al horizontal to a v]tical position 9 front ( ! ejector1 :i* !n advances f ! re> ?r\gh ! mold1 pu%+ ! slug out ( ! latt] into ! receiv+ galley1 at ! front4 ,a vibrat+ arm advances ! slugs lat]ally 9 ! galley1 & ?us assembles !m side by side 9 column or page-=m ready = use4 ,9 ord] to insure absolute accuracy 9 ! height & ?ickness ( ! slugs1 knives are arrang$ to act ^u !m dur+ _! c\rse to ! galley4 ,aft] ! matrices 9 ! l9e h s]v$ _! purpose 9 front ( ! mold1 !y are return$ to ! magaz9e to be aga9 dis*>g$ & us$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! l9e is lift$ f ! mold & %ift$ lat]ally until ! tee? at ! top engage ! tee? ( b>1 ,r4 ,?is b> !n rises z %[n by dott$ l9es1 lift+ ! matrices to ! di/ributor at ! top ( ! ma*9e1 b leav+ ! spaces1 ,i1 beh9d to be %ift$ lat]ally to ! magaz9e or hold]1 ,h1 f :i* !y 7 dis*>g$4 ,ea* matrix has di/ributor tee? 9 its top1 arrang$ 9 a special ord] or numb]1 accord+ to ! "* x conta9s4 ,9 o!r words1 a matrix conta9+ any giv5 "* diff]s 9 ! numb] or relation ( its tee? f a matrix conta9+ any o!r "*4 ,?is diff]5ce is reli$ ^u to secure prop] di/ribution4 ,a di/ributor-b>1 ,t1 9 a s+le piece1 is fix$ horizontally ov] ! upp] end ( ! magaz9e1 & is =m$ ) longitud9al ribs or tee?1 adapt$ to engage ! tee? ( ! matrices & hold ! latt] 9 susp5sion z !y are c>ri$ along ! b> ov] ! m\?s or entrances ( ! *annels4 ,! tee? ( ! b> are cut away to v>y _! numb] or arrangem5t at diff]5t po9ts 9 its l5g?1 s t !re is a special arrangem5t ov] ! m\? ( ea* *annel4 ,! matrices are pu%$ ^u ! b> at ! end1 & made to slide sl[ly along x :ile susp5d$ !refrom4 ,ea* matrix rema9s 9 engagem5t1 & travels ov] ! m\? ( ! *annels1 until x arrives at ! requir$ po9t1 :]e1 = ! fir/ "t1 its tee? be> su* relation to ^? ( ! b> t x is p]mitt$ to dis5gage & fall into its *annel4 ,! travel ( ! matrices is secur$ by longitud9al screws1 :i* lie bel[ ! b> 9 position to engage ! edges ( ! matrices4 ,! matrices pursue a circulatory c\rse ?r\gh ! ma*9e1 />t+ f ! bottom ( ! magaz9e & pass+ !nce to ! l9e be+ compos$1 !nce to ! mold1 & f9ally back to ! top ( ! magaz9e4 ,?is circulation p]mits ! op]ations ( compos+ "o l9e1 ca/+ a second1 & di/ribut+ a ?ird1 to be c>ri$ on concurr5tly1 & enables ! ma*9e to run at a spe$ exce$+ t at :i* any op]ator c f+] ! keys4 ,"o half horse p[] is g5]ally us$ 9 driv+ a ma*9e4 ,ab\t five squ>e feet is ! space occupi$ by ! ma*9e2 x weighs #aibe p\nds1 & consumes ab\t fifte5 feet ( illum9at+ gas ea* h\r to heat ! metal pot4 ,ea* ma*9e w d complete "w equal to t ( five m5 by h&4 ,! simplicity ( ! ma*9e be>s a /rik+ resemblance to ! typewrit]1 & ?is is op]at$ successfully by "y girls4 ,:5 ! matt] set by ! ma*9e is plac$ toge!r1 ! page pres5ts a surface equal to an entire new set ( type1 or1 z ! pr9t]s say1 8,we take on an entire new dress e day40 ,t is a production ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,h[ commonplace x w appe> :5 ! a*ievem5ts ( ! tw5tie? c5tury are plac$ on record4 ,,iii4 ,,ev5ts ,,z ,,!y ,,occur4 ,:5 ! n9ete5? c5tury op5$1 great ev5ts 7 occurr+ 9 ! _w4 ,napoleon ,bonap>te 0 ! c5tral figure 9 ! eye ( ,europe4 ,he _h1 b a few ye>s previ\sly 7#agig71 gone ?r\gh ! mo/ brilliant campaign kn[n4 ,he _h cross$ ! ,alps1 defeat$ ! ,au/rians at ,mont5otte & ,millesimo1 defeat$ ! ,s>d9ians at ,ceva & ,mondovi1 & conqu]$ ,lomb>dy1--all 9 a few weeks4 ,! ye> foll[+ he _h conqu]$ ,egypt1 & 9 #ahjj _h become ! fir/ consul & ! rul] ( ,france1 to be decl>$ ,emp]or f\r ye>s lat]4 ,!n foll[$1 9 rapid succession1 ! ev5ts :i* caus$ ! _w to look ^u ,napoleon z ! probable com+ rul] ( ! univ]se4 ,x 0 9 #ahje t he began ! w> ( aggr&izem5t4 ,he cross$ ! ,rh9e1 compell+ ! ,au/rian army to surr5d] at ,ulm2 he ent]$ ,vi5na & r\t$ ! ,russian & ,au/rian armies at ,au/]litz4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by 8 move to make himself ma/] ( ,s\!rn & ,c5tral ,europe4 ,he e/abli%$ 8 bro!r ,joseph z ,k+ ( ,naples2 8 bro!r ,l\is z ,k+ ( ,holl&2 8 /epson ,eug5e z ,vic]oy ( ,italy2 & 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,joa*im ,murat1 z ,gr& ,duke ( ,b]g4 ,! foll[+ ye> he defeat$ ! ,prussians & ent]$ ,b]l94 ,x 0 n until 8 abdication at ,fonta9ebleau1 9 #ahad1 t ,europe & ,am]ica brea!d freely4 ,8 f9al ov]?r[ at ,wat]loo 9 #ahae remov$ him f ! /age z an active p>ticipant 9 ! _w's hi/ory ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 m>k$ by ! dea? ( ,wa%+ton1 :ile #ahjj1 #ahja1 #ahjb saw u make a treaty ( peace ) ,france1 remove ! national capital f ,philadelphia to ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 decl>e w> aga9/ ,tripoli1 pur*ase ,l\isiana f ,france1 & ent] ^u ! disputes ) ,great ,brita9 :i* culm9at$ 9 a decl>ation ( w> ) ! "m c\ntry1 9 ,june ( #ahab4 ,:ile ^! ev5ts at home & abroad 7 mak+ hi/ory1 long p]iods ( "t elaps$ betwe5 _! occurr5ce & _! be+ giv5 to ! p4 ,!re 0 no telegraphic communication :i* fla%$ messages ar\nd ! globe4 ,x 0 a wait until ! mails br\ght ! news4 ,two mon?s1 probably1 elaps$ aft] ! battle ( ,wat]loo ere ?is c\ntry 0 furni%$ ) ! /ory :i* meant s mu* to ! peace ( ,europe4 ,:at a *ange 9 ?is respect 0 wr\ght betwe5 ! d[nfall ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te 9 #ahae & ! d[nfall ( 8 nephew1 ,l\is ,napoleon1 9 #ahgj6 ,on ! fateful second ( ,septemb]1 #ahgj1 :5 ! ,emp]or ( ,france1 ,napoleon ,,iii41 surr5d]$ to ! ,emp]or ,william ( ,prussia1 on ! field ( ,s$an1 ! news 0 fla%$ to ,am]ica 9 less ?an two h\rs4 ,on t hot1 sultry day eag] cr[ds surr\nd$ ! bullet9 bo>ds ( ! newspap]s1 on :i* 7 display$ ! facts connect$ ) ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,napoleonic dyna/y4 ,! diff]5ce 9 "t made x possible = u "h to "k all t _h be5 done by ! two emp]ors & by ,bism>ck an h\r ahead ( _! actual happ5+4 ,= days be=e t ! cr[ds _h surg$ ar\nd ! newspap] (fices1 = days aft]w>d !y did ! same1 & facts 7 giv5 ) a rapidity :i* %[$ h[ wond]ful _h be5 ! sci5tific /ride betwe5 #ahae & #ahgj4 ,_h any "o 9 #ahae pr$ict$ ! possibility ( su* sc5es1 he w\ld h be5 put d[n z a fit subject = a writ ( de lunatico inquir5do4 ,su*1 too1 w\ld h be5 ! comm5t on ! "o :o !n w\ld h sugge/$ ! likelihood ( a newspap] 9 ?is c\ntry rea*+ a circulation ( a million copies daily1--& yet su* has become an accompli%$ fact4 ,at ! close ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re _h be5 no practical advance 9 ! rapid transmission ( news4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod :5 ! press lack$ ! facility to rapidly furni% ! p ) ! ev5ts :i* 7 occurr+ 9 all directions4 ,newspap]s /ill dep5d$ ^u ! mails4 ,home ev5ts 7 _m weeks rea*+ sections remote f _! happ5+4 ,9 ?is respect !re _h be5 "s little improvem5t at ! close ( ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury4 ,t 0 ! "t :5 ! electrical curr5t 0 be+ br\ght into op]ation 9 ! transmission ( signals f :i* messages 7 be+ record$1 & ^! 7 be+ utiliz$ = ! s5d+ ( in=mation at %ort di/ances4 ,sci5tific m5 7 ev5 talk+ ( ! possibility ( connect+ di/ant po9ts on ! coa/1 & :isp]+ _! hope = an ,atlantic cable4 ,9 #aheh t wond]ful ev5t came to pass4 ,! old _w & ! new 7 connect$ by cable f ,val5cia ,bay1 9 ,irel&1 to ,newf\ndl&1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & messages ( greet+ pass$ betwe5 ,que5 ,victoria & ,presid5t ,bu*anan4 ,! break :i* foll[$ soon aft] ! op5+ ( ?is cable /imulat$ m5 ( g5ius & m5 ( capital to fur!r ef=ts1 & ! gov]nm5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita9 came =w>d ) g5]\s aid4 ,! lay+ ( ! ,atlantic cable by ! ,great ,ea/]n 9 #ahfd1 & its successful op]ation 9 #ahff1 op5$ ! doors = ! possibilities ( ! press ( to-day1 & ! realization ( su* sc5es z 7 witness$ 9 ?is c\ntry on ,septemb] #b1 #ahgj4 ,betwe5 t memorable ye>1 #ahff1 & ?is1 #ahii1 h[ wond]ful has be5 ! advance 9 ! transmission ( in=mation f all qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,f ! ,transvaal ,republic1 9 ,s\? ,africa2 f ! des]t home ( ! ,d]vi% 9 ! ,s\dan2 f ! doma9 ( ,turkey's ,sultan1 9 ,arm5ia2 f ! ,holy ,l&2 f ! ,ori5tal empires ( ,*9a & ,japan2 f ! sn[-clad l& ( ! ,cz> 9 ,sib]ia2 f ! ,bosphorus to ! ,engli% ,*annel2 f ,val5cia across ! ,atlantic2 f ,victoria ,l& 9 ,nor? ,am]ica to ,patagonia 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 f ,ma9e to ,mexico2 f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific2 !re are ea* day transmitt$ all occurr5ces ( int]e/ transpir+1--& ^! encompass peace & w>1 joy & sorr[1 sci5ce & art1 education & trade1--ev5ts :i* ar\se ! passions & quick5 ! pulse ( humanity4 ,?is is done ?r\gh ! m$ium ( an organization kn[n z ! ,associat$ ,press4 ,?is wond]ful comb9ation has ne>ly =ty ?\s& miles ( wire f ! diff]5t telegraph companies1 = :i* !re is paid a fix$ price p] mile4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n include its cable s]vice1 ! *>ges = :i* are accord+ to ! numb] ( words transmitt$4 ,! s]vice ( ?is organization co/s a million & a half a ye>1 divid$ among sev]al hundr$ ( ! great newspap]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,dur+ ! rec5t conflict betwe5 ,spa9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates its exp5diture = w> news alone 0 ne>ly #ejj1jjj4 ,?is c readily be und]/ood :5 ! read] is in=m$ t ! cable rate f ,manila 0 #b4cg a ^w4 ,?us1 a dispat* fill+ less ?an a qu>t] ( a column ( ! av]age daily pap] co/ #ajjj4 ,! rate f ,porto ,rico1 at ! outbreak ( ho/ilities1 0 #a4ij a ^w1 & x (t5 happ5$ t a s+le dispat* cov]+ ! movem5ts ( a body ( troops 9 t isl&1 ) possibly a p5 picture ( a skirmi% ) ! ,spani>ds1 w\ld co/ #bjjj 9 gold4 ,! ,santiago toll 0 #a4aj a ^w2 & :ole pages ( newspap]s 7 pr9t$ at t rate4 ,:at a gigantic in/itution x has become = ! rapid dissem9ation ( news ev5ts6 ,9 t w> betwe5 ,spa9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g5]al ,toral1 ! ,spani% comm&]1 surr5d]$ ,santiago on ,july #ad1 at #b4ae o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,at #b4be o'clock ! message ann\nc+ ! fact 0 receiv$ 9 ,philadelphia4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,augu/ foll[+1 at #d4bc o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 ! ,peace ,protocol 0 sign$ 9 ,wa%+ton by ! ,fr5* ,ambassador ,cambon & ,secret>y ( ,/ate ,day1 & at #d4bg o'clock--f\r m9utes lat]--! in=mation 0 9 ! ,new ,york (fice ( ! ,associat$ ,press4 ,hundr$s ( su* in/ances ( ?is rapid transmission ( news c\ld be record$ 9 ?is la/ ye> ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1--facts nev] ev5 dream$ ( :5 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 *a9$ ! electric curr5t 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! j\rney ( a piece ( news f ! f> ,ea/ to ! f> ,we/ is some?+ wor? not+4 ,! trip cov]s ?\s&s ( miles out ( a direct r\te4 ,z = in/ance1 :5 ,admiral ,dewey annihilat$ ! ,spani% fleet 9 ! ,bay ( ,manila1 on ,may #a1 #ahih1 ! fact 0 cabl$ to ,hong ,kong1 ,*9a4 ,!re an op]ator transmitt$ x nor?w>d to ,helampo 9 ,russia1 "r on ! bord] l9e ( ,man*ooria1 f :i* place x 0 s5t across ,russia to ,tomsk1 !nce to ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,f ! ,russian capital x zigzagg$ to ,b]ne1 9 ,switz]l&2 !nce to ,p>is2 !nce across ! *annel to ,p5zance1 & f9ally to ,val5cia1 to be put on ! cable = ,am]ica4 ,9 two h\rs f ! "t ! op]ator 9 ,hong ,kong />t$ 8 dispat*1 x 0 be+ hurri$ across ! ,am]ican cont95t--nor?1 we/1 ea/1 s\?--= di/ribution 9 ! newspap] (fices4 ,:5 a p>ty ( ,mohamm$ans attack$ a ,*ri/ian mission 9 ,calcutta1 a telegraph op]ator dispat*$ ! news to ,bombay1 :5ce x 0 transmitt$ to ,ad54 ,! next po9t rea*$ 0 ,suez1 f :i* x 0 s5t to ,malta4 ,x 0 next s5t to ,lisbon4 ,f !re x 0 giv5 to ,p>is4 ,f ,malta x 0 also cabl$ to ,p5zance1 !nce to ,val5cia1 & f9ally to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 t ,manila piece ( news f ,admiral ,dewey rea*$ ! ,pacific coa/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! date ( its be+ />t$ 0 yet sev]al h\rs beh9d ! "t ( its arrival4 ,! attack on ! ,spani% fleet 0 made on ,sunday1 ,may #a1 ,manila "t4 ,! fact 0 n s5t out by ,dewey until ! foll[+ morn+1 ,may #b 7/ill ,manila "t74 ,x 0 />t$ on its we/w>d c\rse t morn+ 7,may #b7 at t5 o'clock4 ,by ! r\te tak5 to ,val5cia ) ! relays1 two h\rs 7 consum$4 ,?is br\ght x to ,london ab\t ?ree o'clock on t morn+ ( ,may #b1 ow+ to ! diff]5ce 9 "t4 ,travel+ we/w>d across ! ,atlantic ocean 9 advance ( ! sun1 x rea*$ ,new ,york ab\t t5 o'clock 9 ! night ( ,may #a4 ,b little "t 0 lo/ 9 retransmission to ! ,pacific coa/1 :i* po9t x rea*$ ab\t six o'clock on t ,sunday ev5+ ( ,may #a--;f\rte5 h\rs previ\s1 by ! day ( ! mon?1 to its be+ />t$ f ,manila4 ,9 ?is "w ( s5d+ out news n a mom5t is lo/ t c be avoid$4 ,! aid ( ! typewrit] enables ! op]ator to keep pace ) ! s5d+ op]ator1 & 8 pace has be5 increas$ 9 ! pa/ few ye>s by ! introduction ( a code sy/em4 ,"h is a specim5 ( ! code sy/em z us$ by ! op]ator 9 s5d+ out a news item3-- 8,madrid1 ,m>* #ag--,t ,qn ,reg5t h s9$ t ,treaty ( ,peace btn ,spn t ,uni ,/as4 ,t treaty wb frwd$ to t ,fr5* ,ambsdr1 ,jules ,cambon1 at ,wa%n1 fo exg w t "o s9$ by ,pr ,mc,kinley4 ,no decree q sj wb pud d #8,(ficial ,gazette4' 8,(l rlns btn t #b govts wi nw b promtly rnud4 ,ix rmrd #e ,mir to t ,uni ,/as wb ,snor4 ,don ,j4 ,brunetti1 ,duke d',arcos1 fmr ,spnh ,mir to ,mex1 wos wif is an ,amn40 ,:5 ?is seem+ly incompreh5sible conglom]ation ( lett]s leaves ! h& ( ! receiv+ op]ator x reads z foll[s3-- 8,madrid1 ,m>* #ag--,! ,que5 ,reg5t has sign$ ! ,treaty ( ,peace betwe5 ,spa9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! treaty w be =w>d$ to ! ,fr5* ,ambassador1 ,jules ,cambon1 at ,wa%+ton1 = ex*ange ) ! "o sign$ by ,presid5t ,mc,kinley4 ,no decree on ! subject w be publi%$ 9 ! #8,(ficial ,gazette4' 8,(ficial relations betwe5 ! two gov]nm5ts w n[ be promptly r5ew$4 ,x is rumor$ t ! ,m9i/] to ! ,unit$ ,/ates w be ,seor ,don ,j4 ,brunetti1 ,duke d',arcos1 =m] ,spani% ,m9i/] to ,mexico1 ^: wife is an ,am]ican40 ,! ,london 8,times0 rec5tly has be5 exp]im5t+ ) a s*eme :]eby report]s 9 ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t op]ate ! typesett+ ma*9es 9 ! ,london (fice by ! wire f _! qu>t]s 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,x is only a "q ( "t :5 ?is practice comes into use 9 ! report+ ( all legislative proce$+s4 ,9 "s ( ! ,new ,york newspap] (fices1 ! receiv+ op]ator sits at a typesett+ ma*9e & puts into type ! messages :i* come ov] ! wires4 ,h[ rapidly we h advanc$ 9 ?is direction 9 ! la/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is ?us %[n4 ,:at w be done by our successors 9 ! fir/ half ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 no man c at ?is "t satisfactorily pr$ict4 ,,iv4 ,,type-,,mak+1 ,,/]eotyp+1 ,,picture-,,mak+4 ,! manufacture ( ! small metal pieces call$ type has und]gone little *ange 9 ?is n9ete5? c5tury4 ,t :i* has be5 done has be5 9 ! way ( produc+ arti/ic designs1 s arrang$ t comb9ations c be =m$ pleas+ to ! eye1 & an aid to rapid workman%ip4 ,! ma*9]y 9 use has lo/ its crudity1 ! production has be5 increas$1 & ! f9i% become m p]fect4 ,! sett+ ( type by ma*9]y has be5 a s]i\s bl[ to ?is indu/ry1 & ! "t w come :5 x w be devot$ entirely to ! mak+ ( job or fancy types4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 attempt$ to make metal type 9 ?is c\ntry1 b he did n succe$4 ,x 0 n until #agif t type-mak+ 0 comm5c$ "h4 ,z 9 _m o!r dep>tures 9 ! pr9t+ bus9ess1 ! city ( ,philadelphia took ! lead4 ,b9ney & ,ronaldson1 ( ,ed9burgh1 ,scotl&1 e/abli%$ ! fir/ f\ndry 9 ?is c\ntry1 op]at+ x 9 ,philadelphia4 ,aft] a sev]e /ruggle & ) "s aid f ! ,/ate1 a bus9ess 0 e/abli%$ by ! two ,scot*m51 :i* aft]w>ds became kn[n z ! ,johnson ,f\ndry1 "u ,mac,kellar1 ,smi?s ,jordan1 :i* is /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,!y 7 foll[$ by ,david ,bruce1 also a ,scot*man1 & by #ahac f\ndries _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,new ,york & o!r l>ge cities4 ,s9ce t "t improvem5ts h be5 introduc$1 b no?+ has come =? :i* des]ves to be rank$ ) ! pr9t+-press or ! typesett+ ma*9e4 ,! type f\nd] w tell y h[ mu* bett] are ! ma*9es us$ 9 #ahii ?an ^? :i* produc$ type 9 #ahej4 ,b he _c po9t out any device connect$ ) x :i* ! me*anical _w c designate z m>vel\s1 or ! p at l>ge reg>d z a wond]ful inv5tion4 ,type once 0 rubb$ into smoo?ness by boys4 ,n[ x is done automatically on ! ma*9e4 ,by ! h& process ab\t f\r hundr$ types an h\r 7 ca/2 by ! pres5t me*anism a spe$ ( six ?\s& an h\r has be5 acquir$4 ,until ab\t #ahge1 ?is output h>dly met ! dem&2 n[ x w d s4 ,be=e _m ye>s x w be f> 9 excess ( ! requirem5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,/]eotyp+ is ! art ( mak+ plates ca/ 9 "o piece ( type metal f ! surface ( "o or m pages ( type4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 /]eotyp+ 0 us$ to an exce$+ly limit$ ext5t4 ,! pr9t]s 7 prejudic$ aga9/ x = reasons purely selfi%4 ,x 0 n until #ahac t x 0 introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & only a few ye>s previ\sly ,"l ,/anhope introduc$ x into ! ,engli% pr9t+ bus9ess4 8,! ,l>g] ,cate*ism ( ! ,we/m9/] ,assembly0 pr(esses on its title-page to h be5 ! fir/ "w /]eotyp$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,x be>s ! date ( ,june1 #ahac4 ,n[ ! process is 9 g5]al use--pla/]1 clay1 & papi] m* be+ us$4 ,! process ( /]eotyp+ orig9ally 0 to pres]ve ! pages1 s t an entire edition ( a "w c\ld be f9i%$ )\t requir+ l>ge numb]s ( type1 & to h x ready = future editions4 ,= newspap] "w x came into vogue to save ! rapid we>+ out ( ! type by ! impressions made4 ,f ! practical introduction ( /]eotyp+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 #ahac1 by ,rob]t ,bruce1 until ab\t #ahej1 ! sl[1 t$i\s1 & tr\blesome process ( mak+ ! plates by pla/] ( ,p>is 0 9 vogue4 ,t 0 done by ! pla/] be+ p\r$ ov] ! face ( ! type4 ,molt5 lead 0 !n run into ! ca/1 aft] :i* ! plate 0 f9i%$4 ,! "t ?us occupi$ caus$ ! "w to be conf9$ to books1 magaz9es1 & weekly issues ( small j\rnals4 ,:5 ! plate 0 tak5 f ! ca/ x 0 r\gh1 imp]fect1 & unfit = use4 ,m51 ^: specialty 0 f9i%+1 7 employ$ to make ! plate s z to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! pr9t+ press4 ,x 0 j at ! op5+ ( ! la/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t papi] m* began to be us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a few ye>s be=e t "t x _h be5 br\ght into use 9 ,london & ,p>is4 ,its introduction into ! ,unit$ ,/ates f\nd ! pr9t+ trade ready & will+ to accept x1 & b a few ye>s pass$ be=e x came into g5]al use by ! newspap]s4 ,x is a peculi> comb9ation4 ,! pap] matrix is =m$ by pa/e ( />*1 fl\r1 alum1 & wat]4 ,?is is spread ov] a ?ick pap]1 on :i* are plac$ lay]s ( f9e tissue pap]4 ,:5 ready = use1 x is plac$ on ! face ( ! type & a deep impression secur$ by be+ pass$ ?r\gh a press4 ,!n x goes into a /eam *e/ to be dri$1 f !re x is pass$ into ! ca/+ ma*9e1 ! molt5 metal p\r$ 91 & a few m9utes !reaft] ! plate is ready = ! press4 ,up to a few ye>s ago1 ! impression on papi] m* 0 secur$ by be+ beat5 ) bru%es prep>$ = t use4 ,! me?od _h two disadvantages1--consumption ( "t & de/ruction ( type4 ,! press n[ us$ obviates ^! defects4 ,! old way took ab\t tw5ty m9utes to produce a plate4 ,n[ x is done 9 f five to sev5 m9utes4 ,! ma*9]y "h introduc$ has be5 ( b5efit to ! trade1 b none ( x ranks among ! great inv5tions ( ! c5tury4 ,! mak+ ( electrotype plates _h its orig9 e>ly 9 ! c5tury1 :5 x 0 f\nd t /]eotype plates _h a limit z to durability4 ,electroplat+ sugge/$ to ,josiah ,adams1 9 #ahci1 ! idea ( a copp] surface = ! /]eotype plate4 ,x took t5 ye>s to br+ x into practical use4 ,8 fir/ successful "w 9 ?is l9e 0 on ! engrav+s & bord]s = a ,bible issu$ 9 ,new ,york4 ,x 0 f\nd to be p>ticul>ly adapt$ to engrav+s1 produc+ a surface ( suffici5t smoo?ness to all[ ! pressman to make a pr9t ( exquisite f95ess4 ,! improvem5ts introduc$ t5d$ only t[>d ! sav+ ( "t & ! excell5ce ( f9i%4 ,practically ! same process is us$ n[ t 0 employ$ half a c5tury ago4 ,an impression ( ! type is made on wax1 ! electric curr5t is secur$ by a deposit ( f9e graphite1 ! mold is plac$ 9 a ba? conta9+ a solution ( sulphate ( copp] & is made "p ( ! electric circuit1 9 :i* also is introduc$ a z9c elem5t 9 a sulphuric acid solution4 ,! curr5t deposits a film ( copp] on ! graphite surface ( ! mold4 ,:5 x has assum$ a suffici5t ?ickness1 x is tak5 f ! ba?1 ! wax is remov$1 & ! copp] %ell trimm$4 ,x is !n back$ ) an alloy ( type metal4 ,! f9i%+ process br+s ! plate to ! prop] ?ickness1 aft] :i* x is block$ to ! height requir$ = pr9t+4 ,t is ! process4 ,to x 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s !re has be5 appli$ ! use ( /eam ma*9]y4 ,9 ! old days ! mak+ ( electrotypes requir$ f t5 to fifte5 h\rs4 ,!y n[ are produc$ 9 f two to ?ree h\rs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury witnesses ! disappe>ance entirely f ! pr9t+ e/abli%m5t ( ! once g5]ally us$ wood engrav+4 ,! rise & fall ( ?is once spl5did art is practically encompass$ 9 ! p]iod ( "t cov]$ by ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?omas ,bewick1 an ,engli%man1 gave wood engrav+ an arti/ic impetus by ! production ( illu/rations = 8 8,hi/ories ( ,briti% ,quadrup$s10 :i* appe>$ ab\t #agij4 ,up to t p]iod ! "w 0 crude4 ,! books & magaz9es ( ! fir/ decade ( ! c5tury 7 illu/rat$ 9 a way !n reg>d$ z highly arti/ic4 ,! application ( ! ,bewick me?od br\ght =? "w :i* rank$ 9 ! l9e ( high art4 ,( ! developm5t ( ?is "w volumes c\ld be writt54 ,to simplify ! situation x is only necess>y to recall h[ ^! pictures 7 made4 ,squ>es ( boxwood 7 us$1 on ! face ( :i* 0 spread a prep>ation ( wat]-color ,*9ese :ite4 ,on ?is surface ! arti/ drew 8 picture1 & !n ! engrav]'s art 0 br\ght into requisition--! engrav+ be+ done alongside ! p5cil l9es4 ,& "h x 0 t ! arti/ic in/9ct ( ! h&l] ( ! 8grav]0 appe>$1--! delicacy ( t\* be+ %[n 9 ! %ad+ & 9 ! f9i% ( ! l9es4 ,by ?is me?od !re h be5 produc$ r>e works ( art1 z c be se5 by an exam9ation ( ! books pr9t$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury4 ,! "t tak5 9 ! mak+ ( ! engrav+s1 h[ev]1 prev5t$ ! possibility ( _! be+ us$ by ! newspap]s & magaz9es z g5]ally z 0 desir$4 ,?is want 0 9 a measure met by ! introduction ( ma*9e 8groov+40 ,! cuts1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be us$ to pr9t f directly 9 consequ5ce ( ! w>p+ ( ! boxwood1 & x 0 necess>y 9 e in/ance to make /]eotype or electrotype plates4 ,!n1 too1 came ! realization ( ! fact t ! reproduction ( portraits ne$$ some?+ :i* w\ld pres]ve features & expression4 ,9 ^? days "s ( ! pictures produc$ 7 ludicr\s 9 ! extreme1 & x became a /&+ joke 9 ! newspap]s t ! be/ way to ca/ ridicule ^u a public man 0 to pr9t 8 picture4 ,9 ! "w ( reproduc+ sc5es ! skill ( ! arti/ & ! engrav] frequ5tly br\ght =? results :i* 7 m>vels ( excell5ce4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s ! wood engrav+ bus9ess fl\ri%$ 9 ?is p>ticul> l9e1 despite ! dissatisfaction exi/+ 9 reg>d to portrait "w4 ,9 ! production ( illu/rations = f9e books1 pr9t$ on good pap] ) flat presses & prop]ly 8"u-0 or 8ov]laid10 !re 0 atta9$ a degree ( p]fection 9 l9es & %ad+ :i* rais$ ! pictures almo/ to ! rank ( /eel & copp]plate engrav+s4 ,_m ( ^? engag$ 9 ! "w ( draw+ & cutt+ 7 possess$ ( a skill :i* w\ld h won = !m di/9ction 9 o!r arti/ic l9es4 ,?is1 practically1 0 ! condition ( ! pr(ession :5 ! end ( ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury _h be5 rea*$4 ,ev5 !n1 h[ev]1 ! "q ( a sub/itute 0 "u sev]e consid]ation 9 sci5tific z well z arti/ic circles4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made ) copp]1 acids1 & z9c1 b satisfactory results c\ld n be obta9$4 ,x 0 n until #ahfj t a successful sub/itute 0 produc$4 ,gillot1 a ,fr5*man1 br\ght =? a sy/em ( et*+4 ,by ?is means a photograph f an arti/'s draw+ 0 plac$ above a plate ( gelat9e1 *emically s5sitiz$4 ,! p>ts ( ! gelat9e expos$ to ! light became h>d1 & ! rema9d] 0 bru%$ away ) w>m wat]4 ,f ?is an electrotype c\ld be made directly4 ,t process has giv5 way to ! pres5t sy/em ( photograph+ on z9c1 & ! use ( acid ba?s = et*+4 ,o!r improvem5ts--pr9cipally ! use ( ! scre5--h result$ 9 ! production ( half-tones :i* are highly satisfactory 9 newspap] "w4 ,by ?is means !re c be produc$ su* reproductions z give ! features ( p]sons s t recognition is z easy z 9 ! case ( photographs4 ,) ! aid ( diff]5t sizes ( scre5s1 backgr\nds are secur$ :i* add mat]ially to ! arti/ic excell5ce ( ! pictures4 ,s well done is ! "w 9 ?is direction t ! plates c be us$ on ! curv$ cyl9d]s ( ! huge octuple presses1 & enorm\s editions are pr9t$ f !m4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is process is t ! orig9al c be r$uc$ or enl>g$ s z to suit any wid? ( column or page )\t affect+ "o way or ! o!r ! f95ess ( ! "w4 ,p5 & ink draw+s made by arti/s are photograph$ & backgr\nd$ ) ! utmo/ accuracy z to design & detail4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t sc5es 9 half-tones d n give z mu* satisfaction z d portraits1 & x is believ$ to be only a "q ( "t :5 !re is a return to l9e engrav+s s f> z ! newspap]s are conc]n$4 ,:5 "o comp>es ! photographic reproductions :i* appe> 9 ! magaz9es & newspap]s ( to-day ) ^? ( ev5 t5 ye>s ago1 !re is se5 an advancem5t :i* tells a wond]ful /ory ( ! rapid m>* ( arti/ic ta/e4 ,! outl9e picture--excell5t ( its k9d--has ! appe>ance ( crudity almo/ grotesque :5 plac$ beside ! life-l half-tone reproduction ( photographic art4 ,wood engrav+ has be5 relegat$ to ! days ( ! h&-press1 ! mail news-c>ri] & ! pla/] ( ,p>is process ( /]eotyp+4 ,inv5tive g5ius n only has advanc$ = ! pr9t+ press & its adjuncts2 x has also laid a heavy h& on art1 caus+ x to pause & consid] h[ soon ! p5cil & ! bru% w be sup]s$$ entirely by ! rhy?mic motion ( ! ma*9e4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,progress ,,9 ,,m9es ,,& ,,m9+ ,,by ,,geo4 ,a4 ,,pack>d1 ,metallurgi/ & ,m9+ ,eng9e]4 ,:5 we consid] h[ l>gely ! discov]y & exploration ( ,am]ica 0 due to ! se>* = m9es1 t ! preci\s metals might be f\nd to repl5i% ! deplet$ treasuries ( ,european mon>*s2 & :5 we note t1 z a result ( ?is se>*1 ! _w's annual production ( gold & silv] _h increas$ 9 ! ?ree hundr$ ye>s foll[+ ! discov]y f #e1ejh1jjj1 9 #aejj1 to #dh1iie1jjj at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 we view ) surprise ! little progress made dur+ ?is p]iod 9 ! art ( m9+4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 we f9d 9 use ! same g5]al me?ods t 7 foll[$ 9 ! "t ( ,columbus4 ,! v fir/ op]ation--! se>* = ve9s--0 (t5times conduct$ aft] ! mann] ( ! ,middle ,ages2 = 9 ,pryce's 8,m9]alogia ,cornubi5sis10 :i* seems to h be5 "o ( ! lead+ works on m9+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 !re occurs1 among o!r me?ods1 a l5g?y treatise on 8,h[ to ,discov] ,m9es by ! ,sole ,virtue ( ! ,hazel-tree40 ,p[d]1 al?\gh x _h be5 inv5t$ = c5turies1 _h be5 s little employ$ 9 m9+ t x 0 consid]$ m]ely z a la/ resort4 ,9 a description ( m9+ me?ods1 ano!r "w says3 8,! s(t ve9 is g5]ally dug ) ! spade & turn$ out into wood5 trays2 b ! h>d ve9s are knock$ out ) a gad & a hamm]4 ,if ! ore is s h>d z to be incapable ( break+ x 9 ?is mann]1 !y usually s(t5 x ) fire4 ,b a /ill m exp$iti\s me?od is ! work+ ) gunp[d]4 ,a small quantity ( p[d] does great ?+s ?is way40 ,9 #ahjj ! coal m9] 0 work+ by ! nak$ light ( ! tall[ dip4 ,ca/-iron rails _h be5 introduc$ b a few ye>s1 & rails ( wr\ght iron1 :i* c\ld be b5t to foll[ ! curves ( ! drifts1 7 unhe>d (4 ,! c>s 7 pu%$ along ! levels by boys4 ,wat] p[]1 :]e x c\ld be obta9$ & appli$ by means ( ! ov]%ot :eel1 0 9 g5]al use = pump+1 hoi/+1 & v5tilat+4 ,b f _m a m9e ! ore 0 rais$ by wom51 :o pull$ ! bucket up 8by walk+ away ) ! end ( ! rope0 :i* pass$ f !m ov] a %eave & !nce d[n ! %aft4 ,9 places ! ore 0 /ill c>ri$ up ! /eep incl9es to ! surface on ! backs ( wom5 & girls4 ,v5tilation1 :5 n secur$ by natural means1 0 obta9$ by bell[s op]at$ by m5 or me*anically4 ,a m9e :i* _h be5 work$ to a dep? ( "o ?\s& feet 0 extraord9>y4 ,?\gh /eam p[]1 appli$ 9 ! =m ( :at 0 kn[n z ! atmosph]ic eng9e1 a device utiliz+ = suction ! vacuum =m$ by ! cond5sation ( /eam 9 a *amb]1 _h be5 us$ = ye>s 9 dra9+ m9es1 ! /eam eng9e1 z inv5t$ by ,watt1 _h be5 introduc$ = hoi/+ 9 only a few places4 ,! p[] 0 appli$ to turn a long crank arm1 :i* rotat$ ! drum4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ! m9es ( ,cornwall1 :i* 7 ! greate/ produc]s 9 ,great ,brita91 7 turn+ out ab\t #e1jjj1jjj p\nds ( t9 & #aj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( copp] a ye>1 :ile ! :ole ,unit$ ,k+dom 0 furni%+ only #agj1jjj tons ( iron4 ,s\? ,am]ica 0 ! greate/ produc] ( gold & silv]1 wond]fully ri* m9es ( ! latt] hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ,p]u & ,*ile4 ,humboldt places ! production ( ! :ole ,s\? ,am]ican cont95t = ! ye> #ahjj at #fia1fbe p\nds ( silv] & #iijj p\nds ( gold4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates at t "t _h practically no m9+ )9 its bord]s4 ,"s small m9es ( iron1 lead1 & copp]1 :i* _h be5 op5$ to supply ! dem&s creat$ by ! ,revolution1 7 produc+ spasmodically2 b ev5 z late z #ahba1 ,william ,keat+1 9 an address be=e ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 said1 8,^u ! :ole we ?9k we may be w>rant$ 9 say+ t !re are z yet no m9es 9 activity 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,coal1 9 mo/ places1 is tak5 f ! surface1 or dug f ! foot ( a hill4 ,! lead m9es ( ,miss\ri are ri* & abundant1 b ! m9+ is a m]e pilf]+ ( ! ri*e/ spots40 ,9 #ahja ! ,corni% pump+ sy/em 0 introduc$4 ,a long rod1 ext5d+ f ! surface to ! bottom ( ! %aft1 op]ates simultane\sly a s]ies ( pumps plac$1 "o above ! o!r1 at int]vals ( ab\t two hundr$ & fifty feet4 ,! l[e/ "o lifts ! wat] f ! pump & deliv]s x into a tank f :i* ! next "o draws its supply1 & ?is 9 turn =ces x up to a high] tank4 ,) ?is improv$ means ( dra9age m9es began to be sunk deep]1 a dep? ( ?ree ?\s& feet hav+ be5 rea*$ ) ?is me?od ( pump+4 ,! manufacture ( iron pumps1 :i* _h begun to replace wood5 ones t[>d ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 decreas$ ! am\nt ( repairs necess>y on ! pumps1 & aid$ 9 mak+ possible bett] arrangem5t ( und]gr\nd "w4 ,x 0 at ab\t ?is "t1 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 t ! me?od ( op5+ gr\nd by %afts1 levels1 & raises1 :i* we ref] to z 8block+ out ore10 began to be m g5]ally adopt$1 displac+ ! =m] mode ( foll[+ d[n ! ore by a s]ies ( irregul>1 isolat$ excavations4 ,) x came ov]head /op+1 9 :i*1 aft] ! %aft has be5 sunk1 ! level driv5 & timb]$1 & a raise made1 ! m9] beg9s break+ d[n ! ore f ov] 8 head1 all[+ x to run d[n into *utes4 ,f ^! x is drawn out into c>s pu%$ along ! tracks 9 ! level4 ,! wa/e is all[$ to accumulate on top ( ! /ulls1 or timb]s1 =m+ ! top ( ! level above ref]r$ to1 & s]ves z a plat=m ^u :i* ! m9] /&s 9 break+ d[n m ore4 ,! inv5tion ( ! safety lamp1 9 #ahae1 is probably ! mo/ important ev5t ( ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury4 ,previ\s to ?is ! m9]s fir$ ! gas 9 ! 8rooms0 ) _! c&les1 :i* 7 rais$ t[>d ! ro( ) ! aid ( a long pole1 ! m9]s ly+ flat on ! floor ( ! level to escape ! blaze1 & sometimes putt+ on wet jackets to avoid be+ scor*$4 ,z fir/ inv5t$ by ,davy1 ! safety lamp consi/$ m]ely ( a cyl9d] ( wire gauze surr\nd+ ! flame1 mu* z ! flame is surr\nd$ by a glass globe 9 ! mod]n lant]n1 except t ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] did n exce$ two in*es4 ,?is 0 bas$ ^u ! !ory t ! gas set on fire by ! light w\ld burn inside ! gauze )\t heat+ x hot en\gh to ignite ! gas outside4 ,! pr9ciple 0 correct1 & ! lamp work$ satisfactorily :5 c>efully us$ "u prop] conditions4 ,x 0 soon f\nd1 h[ev]1 t 9 a /rong air curr5t1 or if swung at a m rapid spe$ ?an six feet p] second 9 an explosive mixture1 ! surr\nd+ gas w\ld be ignit$4 ,z a man walk+ naturally on ! surface moves at a rate ( betwe5 five & six feet p] second1 x w be easily se5 t ev5 7 ! spe$ consid]ably dim9i%$ und]gr\nd1--& any "o :o has tri$ to foll[ a m9e =eman ?r\gh m9e work+s kn[s ! spe$ slack5+ is slight1--a v slight sw+ ( ! arm w\ld br+ ! rate ( movem5t ( ! lant]n up to ! dang] po9t4 ,ano!r & a v unexpect$ factor 9 caus+ explosions ) ! new lamp also develop$2 & t 0 ! great c>elessness ( ! m5 :o us$ x4 ,arm$ ) ?is device1 & delud$ by ! quietly burn+ flame1 ! m9] w\ld seat himself ^u a pile ( coal1 draw =? 8 pipe & fill x1 & delib]ately op5 ! gauze to light x4 ,z a consequ5ce1 = a "t aft] ! introduction ( ! safety-lamp1 ! numb] ( accid5ts f explosions increas$4 ,?is latt] difficulty1 ! recklessness ( ! m9]s1 0 pres5tly ov]come by hav+ ! lamps lock$1 & by depriv+ ! m5 ( all mat*es be=e admitt+ !m to ! m9e4 ,an improv$ lamp1 introduc$ by ,clanny1 :]e9 ! l[] "p ( ! cyl9d] 0 replac$ by glass1 p>tially protect$ ! flame f /rong air curr5ts1 & also gave a bett] light4 ,lat]1 ,msel] add$ an int]ior %eet iron *imney1 :i* divides ! air curr5t s t ! hot air does n /rike directly aga9/ ! gauze1 & ! lamp z ?us improv$ is v l>gely us$1 especially 9 ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s9k+1 ,,drift+1 ,,& ,,/op+ ,,) ,,! ,,+]soll-,,s]geant ,,drills4 ,9 #ahca ! safety fuse 0 inv5t$1 a tra9 ( p[d] hav+ be5 us$ be=e ?is = fir+ ! *>ges4 ,! same ye> a pat5t 0 grant$ to ,moses ,%aw ( ,new ,york = an electrical device to fire sev]al *>ges at once4 ,x 0 at ab\t ?is "t1 too1 t ! man-eng9e 0 inv5t$ 9 ,g]many4 ,"s m9]1 notic+ ! sl[ & /eady up & d[n motion ( ! long rods :i* op]at$ ! pumps 9 ! ,corni% sy/em1 _h conceiv$ ! idea ( nail+ /eps on to !m at int]vals1 & rid+ up & d[n4 ,z m9es grew deep] & ! "t & labor requir$ = ! m5 to get d[n to _! "w increas$1 a special eng9e1 utiliz+ an improvem5t ( ?is device1 0 employ$ = rais+ & l[]+ m54 ,?is 8man-eng9e0 consi/$ ( two p>allel beams1 mov+ sl[ly up & d[n ! %aft ) a reciprocat+ motion1 ! l5g? ( ! /roke be+ ab\t twelve feet4 ,^u ^! beams small plat=ms 7 nail$ at di/ances equal to ! l5g? ( ! /roke4 ,! m9] wi%+ to desc5d /epp$ ^u ! top plat=m ( "o beam z x />t$ on its d[n /roke4 ,at ! end ( ?is /roke he f\nd himself twelve feet d[n ! %aft1 on a level ) ! second plat=m ( ! o!r beam1 :i* _h 9 ! mean "t be5 com+ up1 & he /epp$ across on to ?is1 :i* n[ began its d[n /roke4 ,?us by con/antly /epp+ f "o rod to ! o!r at ! completion ( ea* d[n /roke1 he 0 convey$ to ! bottom4 ,by rev]s+ ! process he 0 rais$ to ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,+]soll-,,s]geant ,,duplex ,,/eam-,,actuat$ ,,air ,,compressor4 ,9 g5]al1 m9+ progress 0 sl[ up to ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,! production ( ! bas] metals1 "h & abroad1 increas$ gradually ) ! dem&s ( ! me*anic arts1 b x 0 n until ! middle ( ! c5tury t ?is factor1 jo9$ ) ! improv$ me?ods ( transportation1 & ( metallurgy1 gave to m9+ t impetus :i*1 ?\gh ?r\gh alt]nate recurr+ waves ( prosp]ity & /agnation1 c>ri$ x =w>d until ! annual exp5diture = te*nical skill1 ma*9]y1 & supplies us$ 9 ! indu/ry is e/imat$ to-day at "o ?\s& million doll>s4 ,! fir/ m9+ excitem5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates occurr$ 9 #ahbi1 foll[+ ! discov]y ( gold 9 ! ,s\?2 b ^! fields soon decl9$ 9 importance )\t result+ 9 any improvem5ts to m9+ me?ods & ma*9]y4 ,! next m9+ fev] result$ f ! inauguration ( "w ^u ! copp] prop]ties at ,kewe5aw ,po9t1 ,mi*41 9 #ahde4 ,?is caus$ ! fir/ m9+-/ock speculation 9 ?is c\ntry1 & x is int]e/+ to note t ! c5tury closes ) a repetition ( ?is same fev]1 f\nd$ ^u almo/ ! same gr\nd4 ,yet ! conditions h *ang$ wond]fully4 ,^u ! !n b>r5 p59sula1 :it5$ ) ! t5ts ( speculators & geologi/s1 has gr[n up a multitude ( t[ns1 fill$ ) ?\s&s ( p ^: labors are p]=m$ at a dep? ( ne>ly a mile "u gr\nd4 ,?\s&s m transport ! ore to ! mills1 sep>ate ! copp] f ! rock1 & cut timb] = ! m9es2 :ile yet o!r ?\s&s prep>e food & clo?+ & %elt] = all ^!4 ,dur+ #ahih1 ! copp] m9es ab\t ,lake ,sup]ior produc$ ne>ly #afj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( copp]1 & paid 9 divid5ds #f1dij1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,s]geant ,,rock ,,drill4 ,?is di/rict is ! only "o 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e ! man-eng9e has be5 us$2 b z ! %afts 7 sunk deep] & deep]1 x 0 f\nd t ev5 ?is me?od 0 n suffici5tly rapid1 & ! m5 are n[ l[]$ into ! m9es by cages or skips4 ,a 8cage0 is simply ! m9]s' "n = ! ord9>y elevator :5 us$ und]gr\nd1 & has develop$ f ! bucket 9 use at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,a 8skip0 is a c> especially design$ = use on an incl9e4 ,! roadway ^u :i* ! skip runs is s plann$1 at ! top ( ! %aft1 t ! re> :eels run ^u a track rais$ above ! "o ov] :i* ! front :eels pass1 s t ! re> end is elevat$ & ! skip is dump$ automatically4 ,at ! ,de ,be]s diamond m9es 9 ,s\? ,africa are two ( ^! skips :i* hold ne>ly five tons ( rock ea*4 ,at ! bottom ( ! %aft are *utes conta9+ ! rock1 & :5 ! skip is 9 position a man pulls a lev]1 all[+ ! ore to run into x4 ,ano!r pull closes ! *ute1 a button is t\*$ :i* r+s a bell 9 ! eng9e-room1 & ! skip />ts up ! %aft4 ,at ! top x dumps itself & returns to be fill$ aga94 ,9 ! mean "t ! o!r skip has be5 fill$ & is go+ up :ile ! fir/ is com+ d[n4 ,) ^! two skips1 mak+ n9ety-two trips an h\r1 ov] f\r ?\s& tons ( rock h be5 hoi/$ 9 less ?an twelve h\rs1 f a dep? ( #abej feet4 ,to h&le ^! enorm\s quantities trem5d\s hoi/+ eng9es are us$4 ,at ! ,calumet & ,hecla m9es is a pair ( quadruple expansion eng9es :i* w lift cages1 c>ry+ six tons ( ore1 a mile 9 a m9ute & a half4 ,! 8,modoc0 hoi/1 built = ! ,anaconda ,m9+ ,company ( ,butte1 ,montana1 is ! l>ge/ hoi/ 9 ! _w4 ,x is a d\ble comp\nd beam eng9e1 & is design$ to be us$ 9 s9k+ to a dep? ( #fjjj feet4 ,?is ma*9e weighs f\r hundr$ tons1 & has sev5 sep>ate subord9ate eng9es = use 9 op]at+ x4 ,?9k ( x6 ,an eng9e s pond]\s t small] eng9es are necess>y to apply ! clut*es t set ! reels 9 motion2 o!r eng9es set ! brakes1 & ano!r rev]ses ! action1 if ne$ be4 ,all ^! are controll$ by lev]s op]at$ f ! eng9e]'s plat=m1 ! 8runn]0 hav+ "o foot & sev5 h& lev]s to h&le4 ,besides ^! !re are two indicator discs1 directly 9 front1 requir+ con/ant att5tion1 = ^! %[ ! exact position ( ! cage 9 ! %aft4 ,yet su* wond]ful skill h ! runn]s 9 ! control ( ^! v]itable fly+ ma*9es t !y in/antly int]pret ! complicat$ signals1 & drop ! cage ) su* exactness t ! c> ( ore is run f ! track 9 ! level to ! track on ! cage1 almo/ )\t a j>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,+]soll-,,s]geant ,,/eam-,,driv5 ,,air ,,compressor4 ,nor is ! hoi/ ! only l>ge ma*9e necess>y 9 ! equipm5t ( ! mod]n m9+ plant1 = 9 s9k+ to great dep?s va/ quantities ( wat] h to be remov$4 ,! ,*ap9 ,m9+ ,company1 at ,iron ,m\nta91 ,mi*41 h "o ( ! l>ge/ pump+ eng9es 9 ! _w4 ,?is eng9e is locat$ on ! surface1 driv+ ! pumps aft] ! ,corni% /yle1 ?\gh x w\ld be difficult to see mu* ( ! pump ( #ahja 9 ?is magnific5t ma*9e4 ,) a t5-foot /roke x conveys ! p[] to ! pumps ?r\gh a walk+ beam weigh+ a hundr$ tons4 ,9 an h\r x w raise ne>ly #bjj1jjj gallons ( wat] f a dep? ( a qu>t] ( a mile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,driv+ ,a ,,railway ,,tunnel ,,) ,,! ,,+]soll 8,,eclipse0 ,,rock ,,drill4 ,imag9e ! m9] ( #ahjj 8s(t5+ by fire0 suffici5t ore to supply a mod]n hoi/4 ,= ! m9es :i* n[ turn out #bjjj tons a day c by no means be c\nt$ on "o's f+]s1 & #bjjj tons means m ?an a foot deep ov] a :ole city block4 ,be=e ! middle ( ! c5tury ! use ( p[d] & drill _h l>gely increas$1 & 9 #ahde an attempt 0 made to aid ! man beh9d ! drill ) a ma*9e :i* swung a hamm] by /eam p[]4 ,9 #ahje a ma*9e 0 inv5t$ us+ compress$ air 9 a cyl9d]1 & ?is 0 gradually improv$ until x became a success 9 #ahfa1 9 ! ,mont ,c5is tunnel4 ,z f9ally employ$1 ! p[] drill is practically a small eng9e1 ! drill be+ atta*$ to ! pi/on rod & mov$ rapidly back & =? by compress$ air or /eam4 ,! ma*9e has ?ree functions3 to /rike ! bl[1 turn ! drill1 & advance x1 z ! hole is driv5 deep] & deep]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,+]soll-,,s]geant ,,/raight ,,l9e ,,air ,,compressor4 ,soon aft] ! ma*9e drill became a success dynamite 0 inv5t$1 & ^! two h be5 ! greate/ factors 9 br++ ab\t t rapid developm5t & production :i* is ! mo/ pron\nc$ attribute ( mod]n m9+4 ,dynamite alone has d\bl$ ! am\nt ( ore :i* c be extract$ f a face 9 a giv5 "t4 ,le ,neve ,fo/]1 9 8 "w on m9+1 gives ! rate ( advance 9 driv+ a tunnel by fire sett+ at two fa?oms p] mon?4 ,comp>e ) ?is ! ,niag>a ,falls tunnel1 driv5 ) p[] drills & high explosives1 #cdb feet 9 f\r weeks4 ,x is probably to ! p[] drill m ?an to any?+ else t we are indebt$ = ! developm5t ( ! air compressor2 ! exhau/ f a /eam drill & ! heat emitt$ f ! pipes be+ v disagreeable "u gr\nd4 ,z e>ly z #ahjj a ,wel% eng9e] _h attempt$ to run a bla/ by means ( a wat] p[] a mile & a half di/ant1 b x 0 n until #ahfe t ma*9es 7 op]at$ to any ext5t by compress$ air4 ,! great difficulty _h be5 ! loss ( effici5cy1 ow+ to ! cle>ance spaces & ! heat+ ( ! air4 ,9 driv+ ! ,mont ,c5is tunnel b #af p] c5t ( ! p[] develop$ 0 available1 & up to #ahhj ! effici5cy 0 extremely l[2 b to-day z high z #hj p] c5t is obta9$4 ,! air compressor is simply a =ce pump ) +5i\s devices to ov]come ! loss ( en]gy4 ,= ord9>y use ! air is compress$ to a pressure ( f #fj to #hj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,?is is done 9 a s+le cyl9d] = l[ pressures1 b = high pressures two cyl9d]s are us$4 ,f ! compressor ! air is conduct$ to a res]voir1 f :i* x is pip$ to ! ma*9e :i* x is to run4 ,illu/ration3 ,,+]soll-,,s]geant ,,duplex ,,/eam-,,driv5 ,,air ,,compressor4 ,"o ( ! advantages ( air-driv5 ma*9es "u gr\nd is t ! exhau/ furni%es fre% air to ! m9]s & cools ! atmosph]e4 ,! result has be5 t 9 metal m9es1 :]e !re are no noxi\s gases escap+ f ! gr\nd1 ! exhau/ f ! air-drills1 toge!r ) ! natural air curr5ts1 has suppli$ suffici5t v5tilation4 ,9 ! coal m9es1 h[ev]1 x has be5 necess>y to employ o!r means4 ,aft] x 0 f\nd t1 ev5 ) ! safety-lamp1 gas w\ld be explod$ if a l>ge am\nt ( x _h accumulat$1 m att5tion 0 paid to v5tilation4 ,levels & %afts 7 divid$ to produce a natural curr5t2 ! size ( ! drifts 0 c>efully figur$ 9 ord] to regulate x2 doors 7 put 9 to compel x to foll[ ! faces2 devices 7 adopt$ to split x1 a "p go+ to "o room1 ! rema9d] to a second2 & boxes 7 built to c>ry "o curr5t across ano!r4 ,e>ly 9 ! c5tury h& fans run by a :eel & p9ion _h be5 employ$ = =c+ ! air d[n ! %aft1 b x 0 soon f\nd t ! circulation produc$ 9 ?is way 0 inf]ior to ! result ( eduction4 ,l>ge furnaces 7 !n con/ruct$ at ! bottom ( ! upca/ %afts1 9 ord] to cause a /rong upw>d curr5t4 ,aga91 huge air pumps1 run by ma*9]y1 7 tri$ = exhau/+ ! air4 ,by #ahej exhau/ fans 7 com+ into use1 & ^!1 occasionally replac$ by bl[]s1 also us$ = exhau/+1 are n[ g5]ally employ$4 ,! ,guibal1 :i* has be5 ! mo/ prom95t ( ! fans1 has be5 made z l>ge z =ty-six feet 9 diamet]4 ,! ,capell1 :i* is an improv$ =m ( ! ,guibal1 has six curv$ ve9s1 or blades1 & is made f eight feet to fifte5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,x is driv5 q rapidly1 mak+ f "o hundr$ & eighty to ?ree hundr$ revolutions1 & hav+ a capacity ( f "o hundr$ ?\s& to ?ree hundr$ ?\s& cubic feet ( air1 p] m9ute4 ,! result ( ?is ?or\gh v5tilation is t ! gas is remov$ f ! m9e almo/ z rapidly z x ent]s1 & (t5 ! safety-lamp is no long] ne$$ by ! common m9]4 ,nev]!less1 x has by no means become useless1 s9ce z an indicator ( ! pres5ce ( gas x is invaluable4 ,! action ( ! diff]5t lamps 9 ! pres5ce ( gas v>ies1 b 9 g5]al ! size ( ! flame increases 9 direct proportion to ! increase 9 ! am\nt ( gas mix$ ) ! air4 ,ea* morn+1 be=e ! m5 g to "w1 ! fire boss takes 8 safety-lamp & makes ! r\nd ( ! m9e4 ,:5 he goes into a room he wat*es ! flame1 & if x burns up to ! po9t :i* indicates t x w\ld n be safe to ent] ) a nak$ light1 he makes a m>k on ! wall :i* s]ves z a dang] l9e beyond :i* ! m5 d n g4 ,ano!r ma*9e1 :i*1 l ! fan1 has be5 develop$ by ! dem&s ( ! coal m9es1 is ! coal-cutt+ ma*9e4 ,probably ! lot ( no man 0 z h>d z t ( ! coal-digg] at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,aft] he _h p]=m$ ! dang]\s task ( explod+ ! accumulat$ gases1 he 0 (t5 =c$ to "w all day ly+ 9 ! mo/ con/ra9$ attitude4 ,appli$ 9 ?is mann]1 8 p[] 0 l>gely wa/$1 & mu* useless du/ & small coal 0 produc$4 ,! fir/ ef=t at relief 0 a ma*9e :i* imitat$ ! m9]1 /rik+ a bl[ ) a pick work$ by a lev]1 & mak+ z high z sev5ty bl[s a m9ute4 ,^! h be5 g5]ally replac$ by q ano!r type ( ma*9e1 "o :i* dep5ds on ! action ( ei!r a rot>y b>1 a rot>y :eel1 or a *a9 cutt]4 ,^! ma*9es are op]at$ by ei!r air or electricity4 ,! ,jeffrey rot>y b> cutt] w und]cut a block ( coal ?irty-n9e in*es by fifty-f\r in*es 9 six m9utes4 ,! *a9-cutt] is an endless *a9 c>ry+ cutt+ knives & travel+ horizontally4 ,x is claim$ t ^! ma*9es w effect a sav+ ( ab\t t5 c5ts a ton 9 ! co/ ( m9+4 ,:5 9 #ahdh ! f9d+ ( gold 9 ,cali=nia 0 report$1 foll[$ 9 #ahea by ! discov]y ( ! ,au/ralian fields1 l>ge numb]s ( m5 7 attract$ to ! plac] m9es1 :o lat]1 z ! plac]s became exhau/$1 turn$ _! att5tion to ve9 m9+4 ,nor did hydraulic m9+ itself fail to progress4 ,:5 ! plac]s 7 fir/ discov]$1 ! m9]1 /&+ 9 ! %all[ /ream1 wa%$ ! gravel1 a panful at a "t1 & secur$ f fifte5 to tw5ty-five doll>s a day4 ,z ! plac]s became poor] he built sluices1 &1 %ovel+ 9 8 gravel1 turn$ ! /ream 9 to wa% (f ! light rock1 :ile ! heavy gold 0 caught 9 ! int]/ices betwe5 ! blocks ) :i* he _h pav$ ! bottom4 ,if ! gr\nd became clayey1 he br\ght "p ( ! wat] ?r\gh a hose & us$ x to break up ! lumps 9 8 sluice box4 ,!n z he gradually remov$ ! gravel & ! banks ab\t him became high]1 he turn$ 8 hose t[>d ! bank & br\ght m wat] f a high] level1 until1 to quote ,b[ie1 8a =ty-in* wr\ght-iron pipe has be5 sub/itut$ = canvas hose & a /ovepipe1 & an in* /ream replac$ by a riv] ( wat] dis*>g$ ?r\gh a n9e-in* nozzle "u a f\r-hundr$-foot pressure40 ,by ?is means1 at ,nor? ,bloomfield1 ,cal41 ne>ly a million y>ds ( gravel1 conta9+ b two & n9e t5?s c5ts p] cubic y>d1 0 mov$ 9 a s+le season1 & at a pr(it4 ,illu/ration3 ,,electric ,,coal-,,m9+ ,,ma*9e4 ,z ! banks became poor]1 ! m9]s turn$ _! att5tion to ! riv] b$s4 ,9 ,new ,zeal&1 9 ! e>ly days1 !y work$ ! banks z f> d[n into ! riv] z !y c\ld rea* ) a spoon dr$ge4 ,!n a dr$ge 0 made resembl+ a ladd] ( buckets1 cont9ually revolv+1 & op]at$ by :eels driv5 by ! curr5t4 ,:5 ! riv] got l[ ! curr5t became too weak1 & a /eam eng9e 0 sub/itut$4 ,!n a revolv+ scre5 0 put on to sep>ate ! l>ge rocks f ! f9e s&1 & gradually ! mod]n dipp] dr$ge has be5 evolv$1 ) its pumps1 scre51 di/ributors1 & tables & sluices1 h&l+ #bjjj y>ds ( gravel a day at a co/ ( ?ree c5ts a y>d4 ,9 #ahei ! ,com/ock lode 9 ,nevada 0 discov]$1 & x is to ?is di/rict t we owe ! 8squ>e set0 me?od ( timb]+1 s l>gely 9 vogue 9 wide ve9s to-day4 ,"s ( ! 8bonanzas10 t is1 pockets ( ri* ore1 7 ( enorm\s size4 ,= example1 "o f\nd 9 ! 8,g\ld & ,curry0 0 #djj feet long1 #hj feet wide1 & #djj feet deep4 ,z ! walls 7 n suffici5tly solid to /& unsupport$1 & a s+le /ick ( timb] 0 too %ort to rea* across1 splic+ 0 tri$4 ,x 0 soon f\nd t ?is weak5$ ! timb] too mu*1 & ! me?od ( squ>e 8sett+0 0 inv5t$4 ,?is consi/s 9 fram+ timb]s toge!r 9 rectangul> sets1 hav+ a squ>e base ( f\r pieces1 usually six feet long1 plac$ horizontally z sills4 ,into ^! are fram$ po/s1 surm\nt$ by a cap ( f\r additional timb]s :i* become ! base = ! next set4 ,! timb]s are usually twelve in*es squ>e1 & co/ on ! ,com/ock ab\t #aj a set4 ,f #ahgj to #ahia !re is said to h be5 us$ up on ! ,com/ock #bjj1jjj acres ( =e/1 valu$ at #de1jjj1jjj4 ,! am\nt ( timb] :i* is consum$ "u gr\nd 9 a s+le ye> mu/ be enorm\s4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,goodale e/imates t 9 ,butte alone1 9 #ahie1 #cg1ejj1jjj feet1 equal to #cgej c>loads1 7 us$ 9 ! m9es4 ,z ! timb] decays 9 f five to fifte5 ye>s1 & has to be replac$1 ef=ts are con/antly direct$ t[>d decreas+ ! l>ge exp5se :i* is ?us cont9ually recurr+4 ,9 %afts & levels = p]man5t use iron is an economical sub/itute4 ,:]ev] possible1 new me?ods ( m9+ are be+ introduc$4 ,?us 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior iron regions1 ! m9e developm5t is plann$ along l9es almo/ unhe>d ( t5 ye>s ago4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! gravel :i* ov]lies ! ore is /ripp$ (f1 ev5 if x is fifty feet ?ick4 ,?is is done ) /eam %ovels1 :i* load ! gravel ^u c>s4 ,^! are !n pull$ away by "o locomotive :ile a second places new 8empties0 9 position to be fill$4 ,"o %ovel w load f #aej to #age c>s a day2 t is1 w take f #cejj to #dejj tons ( dirt f ! sides ( ! pit & put x ^u ! c>s4 ,?is me?od obviates ! use ( timb] = hold+ up ! surface4 ,aft] ! ov]ly+ gravel is remov$1 %\ld ! conditions be favorable1 ! ore is tak5 out ) a %ovel4 ,if ?is _c be done1 "s me?od dep5d+ on rock-fill+ is adopt$4 ,at ! ,auburn m9e1 aft] /ripp+ & driv+ ! levels1 raises are made to ! surface at int]vals ( ab\t fifty feet1 ! ore brok5 d[n ar\nd !m1 />t+ at ! surface1 & dropp$ d[n ?r\gh !m4 ,?is leaves op5+s 9 ! %ape ( inv]t$ cones1 hav+ _! bases at ! surface4 ,additional raises are !n made halfway betwe5 ! o!rs1 & ! rema9+ mat]ial extract$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gold ,,dr$g+ ,,on ,,swan ,,riv]1 ,,colorado4 ,at ! ,fayal m9e !y take out rooms tw5ty-f\r feet wide by ?ree hundr$ feet long1 ) a tw5ty-f\r-foot pill> betwe5 !m4 ,^! rooms are c>ri$ up f ! fir/ level to ! surface1 & fill$ ) gravel :i* is run 9 f above4 ,!n ! pill>s are m9$ by 8slic+ & cav+20 t is1 by runn+ drifts along ! sides ( ! pill> & cav+ ! ore d[n f ! ro(4 ,aft] remov+ ?is ore ano!r drift is run1 ! ro( cav$1 & ano!r slice tak5 (f4 ,x is claim$ ! sav+ 9 timb] by us+ ?is me?od am\nts to t5 c5ts on ea* ton ( ore m9$4 ,all ( ^!1 & _m o!r inv5tions1 h con/antly t5d$ to decrease m9+ co/s4 ,yet ! indu/ry is c>ri$ on to-day 9 s _m out-(-!-way places1 & "u su* v>y+ conditions1 t ! co/ p] ton ( ! ore m9$ vacillates betwe5 wide extremes4 ,z an example ( :at c be accompli%$1 work+ on a l>ge scale1 & :]e supplies are easily & quickly obta9$1 ! ,atlantic m9e1 9 ,mi*igan1 may be m5tion$4 ,?is m9e produc$1 9 #ahih1 #cgj1jjj tons ( ore1 at a co/ ( sixty-six c5ts p] ton4 ,) all ^! wond]ful advances 9 m9e me*anics1 eng9e]+1 v5tilation1 & light+1 h come ! f\ndation & developm5t ( m9+ s*ools1 ! rise ( te*nical societies1 & a g5]al gov]nm5tal recognition ( ! importance ( ! indu/ry4 ,x is n s v f> back 9 ! prec$+ c5tury t we f9d among ! /atutes ( ,engl& ! foll[+3 8,/eal+ ore out ( m9es is no l>c5y1 except only ^? ( black lead1 ! /eal+ ore out ( :i* is felony )\t b5efit ( cl]gy40 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k ! "n ( ! g5tleman :o own$ ! black-lead m9e1 =1 9 mod]n p>lance1 he c]ta9ly 8_h a pull40 ,by #ahcc m9+ legislation _h s f> progress$ 9 ,engl& t laws 7 enact$ regulat+ ! employm5t ( *ildr5 "u gr\nd4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 9 #ahcj1 a /ate geological survey 0 inaugurat$ by ,massa*usetts1 & ?is in/itution has s9ce be5 copi$ by _m ,/ates4 ,! majority ( ! ,/ates :]e m9+ is c>ri$ on h pass$ laws t5d+ to increase ! safety ( m5 work+ "u gr\nd4 ,abroad1 c>efully prep>$ codes describe ! me?od ( lease or sale ( m9+ rights1 & def9e ! rights ( own]s ( gr\nd4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! fir/ legislation ( ?is "* 0 9 #ahjg1 :5 ! gov]nm5t m9]al be>+ l&s 7 )drawn f sale & ord]$ leas$4 ,9 #ahcd ! m9]s refus$ to pay ! royalty1 ow+ to ! l>ge numb] ( illegal entries1 & 9 #ahdg ! l&s 7 op5$ to sale4 ,x 0 n until #ahff1 aft] fifte5 ye>s ( self-gov]nm5t among ! m9]s ( ! ,we/1 t ,congress e>ne/ly und]took to regulate ! acquisition ( m9+ titles on ! public doma94 ,leagues beyond ! t[ns1 miles f ! ne>e/ roads1 hurry+ f ! sc5e ( "o excitem5t to ano!r1 pu%$ by ! cr[d ( con/antly arriv+ adv5tur]s1 ) surveyors unobta9able & c\rts n accessible1 almo/ )\t "t to measure1 & 9 a region absolutely unlocatable1 x _h be5 impossible = ! m9] ( ! ,we/ to secure a legal title to 8 l& z contemplat$ by ! act ( #ahdg4 ,accord+ly1 !re _h gr[n up ! cu/om :i* gave to ! discov]] ( a lode ! "r to a c]ta9 l5g? ( x1 & x 0 ?is "r :i* 0 recogniz$ by ,congress1 & became ! basis ( ! law ( #ahff4 ,s f> our /ory has be5 ( progress1 b :at %all we say ( ! action ( ,congress1 :i*1 9 #ahgb1 abrogat$ ?is law & sub/itut$ = x ! prolific bre$] ( litigation call$ ! law ( ! apex8 ,to quote ,dr4 ,raymond3 8,! lead+ *>act]i/ic diff]s f all previ\s m9+ laws ( ?is or any o!r c\ntry4 ,! old "r ( discov]y1 :i* 0 ! basis ( ! m9]'s title d[n to #ahgb1 has dw9dl$ "u ! pres5t law to a nom9al importance4 ,x is true t ! discov]y ( ! lode )9 ! claim is made a pr]equisite to location4 ,b ! "r to foll[ ! lode 9 dep? beyond ! side l9es ( ! claim dep5ds no long] ^u hav+ discov]$ x1 b on hav+ includ$ its top1 or apex1 9 ! surface survey40 ,%\ld ! m9] be s =tunate z to h a ve9 :i* outcrops pla9ly on ! surface1 he may /ake out ! gr\nd )\t difficulty1 s t ! ve9 crosses ! end l9es4 ,b if 8 ve9 does n appe> on ! surface1 & he fails to guess its direction correctly1 & f9ds1 on develop+1 t x does n cross ! end l9es ( 8 claim1 he is sudd5ly cut (f f all extra-lat]al rights4 ,or %\ld he1 9 lay+ out 8 l9es along ! r\gh1 precipit\s m\nta9-side1 fail to make 8 end l9es p>allel1 he aga9 f9ds 8 rights limit$4 ,nor has ?is law be5 made cle>] by c\rt decisions1 b r x has be5 complicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,p[] ,,plant ,,at ,,j]ome ,,p>k1 ,n4 ,y4 7,+]soll-,s]geant ,duplex ,corliss ,cond5s+ ,air ,compressor47 ,c]ta9ly ?is is a peculi> condition ( affairs4 ,! c5tury :i* has witness$ an advance f ! hazel rod to ! diamond drill1 f ! spade to ! /eam %ovel1 f fire s(t5+ to dynamite %att]+2 a c5tury dur+ :i* a clumsy c> pu%$ ov] ca/-iron rails by a boy has gr[n to a cable tra91 & a two-hundr$-p\nd bucket rais$ by wom5 has develop$ into a six-ton self-dump+ skip hoi/$ by electricity2 a c5tury productive ( new devices :i* tunnel m\nta9s1 cross rav9es1 or s9k ?r\gh quicks&s ) equal ease2 a c5tury :i* has se5 ! t\* ( a button & ! turn ( a :eel br+ p[] f ?irty miles away to light & dra9 ! m9e1 z well z op]ate ! drills & hoi/2 su* a c5tury closes ) a law 9 =ce 9 ! greate/ m9+ c\ntry 9 ! _w :i* makes litigation "o ( ! expect$ /ages ( m9e developm5t4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ! m9+ eng9e] advis$ :]e to s9k1 ! mann] ( work+1 & ! me?od ( deal+ ) ! wat]3 to-day he mu/ n only be a m9+1 civil1 & hydraulic exp]t1 b a me*anical & electrical eng9e]1 a *emi/1 & a lawy]4 ,! "t 0 :5 he :o level$ =e/s1 built himself a home1 & br\ght ! l& "u cultivation1 0 reg>d$ z ! true pione] ( civilization4 ,9 lat] times ! m9] fairly divides ?is honor4 ,pursu+ a haz>d\s occupation1 he has invad$ mo/ out-(-!-way & desolate places1 creat+ untold weal?1 f\nd+ t[ns & ,/ates1 & invit+ va/ & sub/antial populations4 ,by 8 indu/ry & ent]prise he has n only reveal$ ! sev5ty-sev5 non-metallic und]gr\nd products :i* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone1 9 #ahii1 _h a value approximat+ #ejj1jjj1jjj1 b ! twelve metals--preci\s & useful--^: value 9 ! same ye> approximat$ #bgj1jjj1jjj4 ,ar\nd 8 gold m9es--deep & plac]--h gr[n ,cali=nia1 ,nevada1 ! ,dakotas1 ,colorado1 & ev5 ,alaska2 :ile empires h sprung up at ! s\nd ( 8 pick & ! introduction ( 8 mighty ma*9]y 9 ,au/ralasia & ,s\? ,africa4 ,9 ! developm5t ( silv] he has contribut$ weal?1 population1 & in/itutions to ,colorado1 ,nevada1 ,utah1 ,montana1 & ,arizona4 ,8 iron & copp] m9es h trans=m$ ! b>r5 coa/s ( ! ,great ,lakes4 ,! quicksilv] m9es ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia br\ght ,san ,jos & o!r t[ns to weal? & importance4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,ureka & ,leadville1 ,col41 we h ! romance ( bo? ! gold & lead m9e4 ,& s1 :e!r ! m9] une>?s ! ores1 ! coals1 ! wond]ful v>iety ( buri$ mat]ials :i* nature has provid$ = ! use & com=t ( mank9d1 he s frequ5tly becomes ! s\rce ( weal?1 population1 & p]man5t civic organization z to give him high rank among ! 8true pione]s ( civilization40 ,,art ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury ,,by ,,john ,v4 ,,se>s1 ,art ,critic ,philadelphia 8,ev5+ ,telegraph40 ,i4 ,,pa9t+ ,at no p]iod s9ce ! ,r5aissance has !re be5 su* m>k$ progress 9 c]ta9 walks ( art z dur+ ! p]iod ( recon/ruction 9 ! political1 social1 economic1 & /hetic _w imm$iately foll[+ ! ,fr5* ,revolution ( #agih4 ,! armies ( ,france1 return+ f ! conque/ ( ,europe1 br\ght home to ,p>is ! treasures ( art ravi%$ f ! great capital cities4 ,! va/ public gall]ies & num]\s private collections e/abli%$ "u ! fir/ ,empire conta9$ accumulations ( pictures1 m>bles1 bronzes1 tape/ries1 decorations1 & bric--brac br\ght f ,italy1 f ,g]many1 f ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 f ,spa91 & ev5 f ,russia & ,egypt1 ( ext5t & value unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,^! treasures 7 disp]s$ "u ! ,re/oration & return$ to _! =m] own]s2 b1 9 ! meantime1 _! educational influ5ce ^u ! p ( ,france1 & especially ( ,p>is1 _h produc$ pr(\nd & p]man5t impressions :i* abide to ?is day4 ,to ?is practical education af=d$ by ! models & examples ( all t is noble & exalt$1 ga!r$ f ! gall]ies & safe deposits ( ! civiliz$ _w1 ,france is prim>ily indebt$ = t cultur$ skill & t ref9em5t ( good ta/e :i* h enabl$ h] to take & hold h] ackn[l$g$ position z ! lead+ nation 9 ! realm ( art 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ! art ( ,france 0 re/+ in]t 9 ! bonds ( classic tradition4 ,academic conv5tionality held almo/ undisput$ sway2 only a few pa9t]s ( portraits1 z1 = example1 ,madame ,vige-,lebrun1 ,isabey1 & decorative arti/s l ,greuze1 v5tur+ beyond ! limits ( ! h>d & fa/ rules prescrib$ by s*ola/ic p$ants4 ,! only subjects reg>d$ z legitimate = arti/ic treatm5t 7 illu/rations ( my?ology or ( ,greek or ,roman lit]ature4 ,sacr$ pictures illu/rat+ ! ,biblical n>ratives & lives ( ! sa9ts 7 p]mitt$ = *ur* adornm5t & = religi\s purposes2 b hi/oric & /ory-tell+ pictures ( ! ord] n[ kn[n z g5re 7 classic 9 subject & academic 9 treatm5t4 ,ev5 9 portraiture1 :]e a lik5ess 0 ! ma9 consid]ation1 milit>y h]oes 7 repres5t$ 9 ,greek armor & di/+ui%$ civilians 7 inve/$ ) ! dignity ( ! ,roman toga4 ,! high prie/ ( anci5t pagan wor%ip 9 ,france dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury 0 ,jacques ,l\is ,david 7#agdh-ahbe74 ,david 0 a ma/] ( su* real p[] t he 0 c\rt pa9t] to ,l\is ,,xvi41 director ( ,f9e ,arts "u ! ,republic1 & aga9 c\rt pa9t] to ! ,emp]or ,napoleon4 ,8 great "w1 8,! ,oa? ( ! ,horatii10 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 fir/ exhibit$ 9 #aghd1 0 univ]sally admir$ & is /ill highly e/eem$4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a triumphal procession ( classic compositions1 ! mo/ notable ( :i* 7 8,! ,rape ( ! ,sab9es10 usually consid]$ to be 8 ma/]piece1 8,! ,dea? ( ,socrates10 8,p>is & ,hel510 & 8,brutus & ,8 ,sons10 all ( :i* h be5 reproduc$ _m times 9 pr9ts4 ,david 0 influ5c$1 late 9 8 c>e]1 by ! romantic reaction1 z %[n by 8 8,napoleon ,cross+ ! ,alps0 & 8 8,float+ ,m>tyr10 b he *ampion$ classic art all 8 life1 8 la/ words express+ an aspiration to pa9t ! head ( ,leonidas4 ,! d[nfall ( ! classic dom9ion 9 ,france 0 br\ght ab\t by ! revolt ( ,gricault & ,delacroix1 ab\t #ahbj4 ,jean ,l\is ,gricault 7#agia-ahbd7 0 decl>$ by ,vi>dot to h reveal$ an era :5 lib]ty 9 art 0 reviv$ toge!r ) political lib]ty1 jo9+ ! g5]al movem5t ( ! human _s 9 ! m>* ( progress t[>d indep5d5ce4 ,8 epo*-m>k+ picture1 8,! ,raft ( ! ,m$usa10 9 ! ,salon ( #ahai1 creat$ an int5se excitem5t n only 9 arti/ic circles1 :]e x op5$ ! battle betwe5 romance & classic tradition1 b also among ! p4 ,in/ead ( ,greek h]oes1 pos+ l antique /atues1 ?is ?rill+ picture portray$ a gr\p ( ,fr5* sailors1 p]i%+ amid ! horrors ( %ipwreck & />vation1 ! subject be+ a sc5e 9 ! awful trag$y incid5t to ! loss ( ! frigate ,m$usa 9 #ahaf1 a calamity :i* ! nation 0 !n m\rn+ ) unspeakable grief4 ,wom5 wept & /rong m5 pal$ be=e ?is t]rible illu/ration ( human agonies endur$ unto dea?1 b ! academicians attack$ ! "w & ! arti/ ) almo/ savage fury4 ,gricault1 a g5ius1 s5sitive & n]v\s1 quail+ be=e ! /orm :i* beat ^u him1 fl$ to ,engl&1 b1 p9+ 9 exile1 return$ home1 only to die1 cru%$ & brok5-he>t$4 ,f]d9& ,victor ,eugne ,delacroix 7#agih-ahfc7 0 a man ( firm] fibre ?an 8 fri5d & fell[-/ud5t1 & 8 0 ! /rong h& to take up ! gage ( battle :5 ,gricault fell 9 ! fight4 ,= d>+ to dep>t f ! classic traditions1 ^! two "y pa9t]s ( ! commonplace subjects ( e-day human trag$y & romantic drama 7 savagely d5\nc$ by ! academicians z traitors1 z *>latans1 z assass9s seek+ to murd] art4 ,! p]secution kill$ ,gricault1 b ,delacroix laugh$ at x4 ,z ,?ophile ,s\ve/re said ( him3 8,! bl9dness ( ignorance1 ! intrigues & clamors ( envy1 h n arre/$ him = an in/ant 9 8 valiant & glori\s c\rse40 ,by ! spl5dor ( 8 g5ius & ! virility ( 8 "w1 z %[n 9 8 great pictures1 8,! ,bride ( ,abydos10 8,! ,two ,fosc>i10 8,! ,am5de ,honorable10 & ! magnific5t s]ies ( ,ori5tal /udies by :i* he is be/ kn[n1 he e/abli%$ ! romantic s*ool on a firm basis & attract$ to x ne>ly all ! tal5t$ & promis+ "y pa9t]s ( ,p>is4 ,among ^! /ud5ts & unkn[n pa9t]s 7 _m ^: names subsequ5tly became fam\s1 z ,horace ,v]net1 ,paul ,del>o*e1 ,b>on ,gros1 ,ary ,s*eff]1 ,alex&re ,decamps1--arti/s ^: noble productions gave to ! romantic s*ool its f9e/ triumphs4 ,9 ! mean "t1 classic art 0 ably & effectively support$ by ! di/+ui%$ labors ( ,domnique ,+res1 pupil & successor ( ,david1 ,guillaume ,guillon-,le?ire1 ,hippolyte ,fl&r91 & ,jean ,bapti/e ,regnault4 ,! ,academy1 ?\gh defeat$1 /ill lives1 & mod]n lov]s ( art f9d t1 especially 9 decorative design1 !re is mu* to admire 9 classic subjects4 ,aft] ! revolt ( ! romantici/s ! mo/ important movem5t 9 ! _w ( art also took place 9 ,france1 & is kn[n z ! 8,revolution ( #ahcj40 ,to und]/& ?is movem5t x is necess>y to consid] ! /ate ( art 9 ,engl&1 z ! 8m5 ( #ahcj0 9 ,france d]iv$ _! inspiration f ,john ,con/able1 an ,engli% l&scape pa9t]4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ! two great arti/s ( ,engl& 7 ,sir ,david ,wilkie & ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn]4 ,david ,wilkie 7#aghe-ahda7 0 a portrait1 hi/oric1 & g5re pa9t]1 & no ,engli% arti/ up to 8 "t _h ev] atta9$ su* wide popul>ity z he enjoy$4 ,8 pictures are all kn[n ! _w ov]1 z witness su* titles z 8,! ,r5t ,day10 8,village ,politicians10 8,! ,bl9d ,fiddl]10 8,k+ ,alfr$ 9 ! ,nea!rd's ,cottage10 8,! ,village ,fe/ival10 8,read+ ! ,w10 8,! ,*elsea ,p5sion]s10 8,bl9d ,man's ,buff10 8,! ,village ,s*ool10 & 8,john ,knox prea*+40 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,holy ,,wom5 ,,at ,,! ,,tomb4 ,joseph ,mallord ,william ,turn] 7#agge-ahea7 0 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable arti/s t ev] liv$2 a mo/ orig9al g5ius1 8)\t ance/ors & )\t heirs40 ,he 0 a l&scape pa9t] & a mo/ e>ne/ & fai?ful /ud5t ( nature1 z %[n by 8 wond]ful illu/rations1 9 black & :ite1 ( ! sc5]y ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,9 8 pa9t+s1 h[ev]1 he int]pret$ r ?an portray$ nature1 inve/+ 8 subjects ) ! gr&eur & glory ( 8 imag9ation4 ,8 pictures 7 8gold5 dreams10 reveal+ ! beauty1 ! maje/y1 ! sadness1 & ! t]ror inspir$ by nature1 n f obs]v$ details 8b f ! image or ideal 9 8 own m9d40 ,( 8 _m ma/]works m5tion c only be made "h ( 8,cross+ ! ,brook10 8,dido 9 ,c>?age10 8,pale/r9a10 8,! ,gold5 ,b\gh10 8,hannibal ,cross+ ! ,alps10 8,! ,slave ,%ip10 8,battle ( ! ,nile10 8,burial ( ,sir ,david ,wilkie at ,sea10 & p]haps ! greate/ ( all1 8,! ,fight+ ,tmraire40 ,turn] creat$ no s*ool & left no successor1 b he made a di/9ct impression on ! art ( ,engl& by /imulat+ an active int]e/ 9 l&scape pa9t+4 ,patrick ,nasmy?1 ,augu/us ,wall ,callcott1 ,john ,l9nell1 & a score ( arti/s turn$ to ! /udy ( rural sc5]y1 ) ! result t !y succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ :at is kn[n z ! ,norwi* s*ool ( l&scape art4 ,by f> ! mo/ important "n 9 ! annals ( ?is p]iod1 aft] ,turn]'s1 is t ( ,john ,con/able 7#aggf-ahcg74 ,con/able pres5ts ! contra/ ( diametric opposition to ,turn]4 ,8 pictures1 s f> f be+ 8gold5 dreams10 are m l ca/-iron realities4 ,:5 ,turn] 0 an ideali/1 ,con/able 0 an uncompromis+ reali/4 ,if ! "o pa9t$ poetry1 ! o!r pa9t$ prose1 & (t5 v rugg$1 pla9 prose inde$4 ,:ile ,turn] subord9at$ fact to fancy1 illum9at+ 8 subjects ) ! gl[ ( 8 f]vid imag9ation1 ,con/able dev\tly /ood be=e nature 9 ! attitude ( a wor%ip]1 & fai?fully labor$ to repres5t z tru?fully z 8 p[]s p]mitt$ exactly :at he beheld4 ,9 contra/ ) ! %9+ canvases ( 8 brilliant contempor>y1 ,con/able's pictures seem$ d>k1 dull1 & heavy to ! ,briti% public1 & ! orig9al g5ius ( ! consci5ti\s arti/ 0 n recogniz$4 ,8 greate/ works1 8,d$ham ,vale10 8,! ,:ite ,horse10 8,! ,hay ,c>t10 8,/rat=d ,mill10 8,salisbury ,ca!dral10 8,! ,ra9b[10 & o!rs 7 exhibit$ 9 succession dur+ ! second decade ( ! c5tury1 be=e an indiff]5t public1 only 8 fell[ arti/s & a few connoisseurs c>+ = !m1 ! pa9t] mean:ile />v+ 9 neglect4 ,9 #ahbd two ( 8 pictures 7 %[n 9 ,p>is1 & 7 !n in/antly und]/ood & appreciat$4 ,!y creat$ a pr(\nd impression &1 z has be5 ju/ly said1 inaugurat$ ! second revolution ( ! c5tury 9 ! realm ( art4 ,by ?is revolution ! arti/s 7 driv5 out ( _! /udios & out ( ! city1 to /udy nature 9 ! _s ( humble s9c]ity %[n by ,john ,con/able4 ,among ! "y /ud5ts :o w5t =? to enc\nt] pov]ty1 h>d%ip1 & ! sev]e/ toil 7 ! 8m5 ( #ahcj10 ! f\nd]s ( ! ,b>bizon s*ool ( pa9t+4 ,millet1 ,r\sseau1 ,diaz1 ,corot1 ,troyon1 ,daubigny1 & ,dupr left ,p>is & ! ways t !n l$ to success1 & sacrific$ !mselves to :at !y saw to be ! tru? 9 art4 ,!y c>ri$ ! /udy ( out-door nature fur!r ?an ev] be=e2 creat$ ! /&>d ( mod]n l&scape art1 & atta9$ immortal fame1 ?\gh n until _! lead] & prototype _h p]i%$ 9 pov]ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ri/mas ,,*imes4 7,,bla%field47 ,illu/ration3 ,,:isp]s ,,( ,,love4 7,,b\gu]eau47 ,jean ,franois ,millet 7#ahae-ahge7 has be5 call$ ! greate/ pa9t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & 8 ma/]piece1 8,! ,angelus10 is reg>d$ by _m z second only to ! 8,si/9e ,madonna0 ( ,raphael 9 ! brief catalogue ( ! _w's arti/ic treasures4 ,he liv$ ! life ( a poor peasant 9 ! rural village ( ,b>bizon1 attract+ ar\nd him1 late 9 life1 ! able/ ( ! 8m5 ( #ahcj10 & produc+ !re ^? works :i* h plac$ 8 "n fir/ on ! annals ( our "t3 8,! ,s[]10 8,wait+10 8,%eep-%e>]s10 8,woman ,c>d+10 8,! ,glean]s10 8,%eph]dess & ,flock10 & ! few o!rs t con/itute ! tale ( 8 exce$+ly c>eful & long-consid]$ compositions4 ,?odore ,r\sseau 7#ahab-ahfg7 0 decl>$1 by ,edmond ,ab\t1 to be ! ,moses :o l$ ! l&scape pa9t]s ( ,france out ( ! ,egyptian bondage ( academic conv5tion into ! promis$ l& ( lib]ty1 :]e riv]s ran wat]1 :]e trees 7 root$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & :]e animals liv$1 mov$1 & _h _! be+4 ,z late z #ahdh ! ,salon reject$ ,r\sseau's noble "w1 8,! ,alley ( ,*e/nut ,trees10 "o ( ! f9e/ l&scapes ev] pa9t$2 b ?is 0 ! la/ act ( ! academic tyrants1 ! fooli% (f5se aga9/ ! great ma/] caus+ ! old classic p$ants to be relegat$ to oblivion4 ,r\sseau took up 8 resid5ce 9 ,b>bizon1 & 9 ! =e/ ( ,fonta9ebleau & ! adjo9+ c\ntry /udi$ ^? rural & pa/oral sc5es t h giv5 him 8 place z "o ( ! fir/1 if n ! v fir/1 ( l&scape pa9t]s4 ,( ^! magnific5t examples ( l&scape art1 m5tion c only be made "h ( 8,! ,village10 8,a ,pool "u ,oaks10 8,edge ( ! ,=e/ at ,b>bizon10 8,a ,=e/ ,int]ior10 8,wat] ,c\rse at ,sologne10 & 8,ho> ,fro/10 ^! be+ ! pictures be/ kn[n to ! public ?r\gh reproductions 9 black & :ite4 ,if ,turn] 0 a pa9t] ( 8gold5 dreams10 ,corot 0 a pa9t] ( silv] dreams2 ! pe>ly haze ( e>ly morn+1 ! pale sky & mi/y tree-=ms ( a gray day1 & ! s(t1 l[ tones ( a /ill1 cl\dy aft]noon attract+ 8 lov+ devotion & comm&+ ! consci5ti\s ex]cise ( 8 skill4 ,jean ,bapti/e ,camille ,corot 7#agif-ahge7 0 c]ta9ly "o ( ! happie/ arti/s t ev] liv$4 ,l ! o!r 8m5 ( #ahcj10 he 0 o/raciz$ by ! ,academy1 & he 0 nev] all[$ to receive ! fir/ m$al ( ! ,salon1 b he _h e o!r honor & comp5sation1 &1 late 9 life1 0 giv5 a magnific5t gold m$al by popul> subscription4 ,= _m ye>s he c\ld n sell a s+le picture1 b1 be+ =tunately indep5d5t1 9 a mode/ way1 he cont9u$ to pa9t ! subjects :i*1 z he said1 delight$ 8 he>t1 & to treat !m1 z he aga9 said1 8) tru? to y\r own in/9cts1 to y\r own me?od ( see+1 ) :at ,i call consci5ti\sness & s9c]ity40 ,9 due "t ,corot conqu]$ 8 _w &1 9 ! height ( 8 c>e]1 0 e>n+ n less ?an #ej1jjj a ye> by 8 bru%4 ,he 0 a con/ant visitor at ,b>bizon1 ma9ta9$ a close intimacy ) 8 fri5ds1 !re1 & /udi$ 9 ! vic9ity _m ( ! hundr$s ( l&scapes 8 indu/ri\s & tireless h& rejoic+ly produc$4 ,jules ,dupr 7#ahab-ahhi7 & ,*>les ,franois ,daubigny 7#ahag-ahgh7 are di/+ui%$ memb]s ( ! 8#ahcj0 gr\p1 ea* /&+ at ! head ( ! dep>tm5t ( l&scape art to :i* he 0 especially devot$4 ,n>cisse-,virgil ,diaz de la ,pea1 call$ ,diaz 7#ahjg-ahgf71 ano!r ( ! frat]nity1 0 n te*nically s ?or\ghly tra9$ z 8 fell[s1 b he 0 a /rong] colori/ ?an any ( !m & a romantici/ ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ type4 ,con/ant ,troyon 7#ahaj-ahfe7 0 ! mo/ em95t cattle-pa9t] ( ! c5tury4 ,he came on ! sc5e aft] ! revolt ( ,gricault 0 accompli%$1 b 0 9 full sympa?y ) ! movem5t1 & is usually acc\nt$ z "o ( ! revolutioni/s4 ,s also ) ,jean ,leon ,grme 7#ahbd71 an arti/ surviv+ to ! close ( ! c5tury4 ,he fir/ exhibit$ 9 #ahdg1 b he took up ! l9e ( ,ori5tal romance1 foll[+ ,delacroix1 & made s /rong an impression ) 8 illu/rations ( ! spl5dors & glories ( ! ,ea/ t 8 influ5ce 9 art w be felt = g5]ations to come4 ,aft] atta9+ fame z a pa9t]1 ,grme also develop$ m>k$ ability z a sculptor4 ,9 /rict *ronological ord] ! bir? ( ! pre-,raphaelite movem5t 9 art prec$$ ! 8revolution ( #ahcj10 z ! ev5t actually occurr$ 9 ,rome1 ab\t #ahab4 ,! movem5t 0 n orig9ally kn[n by ! "n subsequ5tly giv5 x1 & x did n atta9 to m ?an local importance until x 0 fully develop$ 9 ,engl&1 ab\t #ahej4 ,x is to ! great ,g]man arti/1 ,pet] von ,cornelius 7#aghc-ahfg71 t ! honor ( orig9at+ ! pre-,raphaelite revolution mu/ be giv54 ,9 #ahaa ,cornelius w5t to ,rome & soon became ! ma/] _s ( ! 8,bro!rhood ( ,pa9t]s10 popul>ly call$ 8,naz>ites10 b&$ toge!r = ! /udy ( ! ?irte5?-c5tury ,italians1 ,cimabue & ,giotto1 & _! successors 9 ! c5tury foll[+1 ,gaddi1 ,simoni1 & ,orcagna4 ,?is ,bro!rhood 0 aft]w>d imitat$ by ,rossetti 9 ,london1 & its purposes m fully develop$2 b x 0 ! "y ,g]man en?usia/s ( ! previ\s g5]ation :o affect$ a revival ( ! pure religi\s _s1 ! dev\t simplicity1 & ! absolute s9c]ity ( ! ,italian arti/s be=e ! era ( ,raphael4 ,illu/ration3 ,,greek ,,girls ,,play+ ,,at ,,ball4 7,,leighton47 ,cornelius return$ to ,g]many 9 #ahaf1 became ! f\nd] ( :at is kn[n z ! ,muni* s*ool ( pa9t+1 & 0 made director ( ! ,art ,in/itute ( t city4 ,he ex]cis$ a controll+ influ5ce 9 ! evolution ( mod]n ,g]man art &1 indirectly1 on art 9 ,engl& & 9 ,am]ica4 ,8 pupil & successor1 ,wilhelm von ,kaulba* 7#ahje-ahgd71 imp>t$ vitality & p[] to ! ,muni* s*ool1 attract+ to 8 classes /ud5ts f all civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,dur+ ! second & ?ird qu>t]s ( ?is c5tury1 ,kaulba* reign$ z ! fir/ arti/ ( ,g]many & "o ( ! fir/ 9 ! _w4 ,dante ,gabriel ,rossetti 7#ahbh-ahhb7 f\nd$ 8 pre-,raphaelite ,bro!rhood 9 ,london1 ) ,john ,ev]ett ,millais--subsequ5tly presid5t ( ! ,royal ,academy--& ,william ,holman ,hunt1 9 #ahdh4 ,! pre-,raphaelite movem5t gave a ri*] & /rong] color to ,engli% pa9t+ 9 ! latt] half ( ! c5tury1 & also awak5$ g5]al int]e/ 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian art1 t is1 ! art ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,beyond ?is1 ,rossetti's new dep>ture1 ?\gh widely adv]tis$ by ,john ,rusk91 _h v little p]man5t effect4 ,millais soon left ! ,bro!rhood & produc$ 8 ma/]-works1 ! greate/ hi/oric-g5re pictures ( 8 "t1 9 ,engl&1 aft] outliv+ pre-,raphaelite influ5ces4 ,little kn[n outside ( ,engl&1 t movem5t did n entirely absorb ,briti% art1 z prov$ by su* a man z ,g4 ,f4 ,watts1 a ma/] ( portraiture1 :o made /udies ( _m ( ! mo/ notable m5 ( ! c5tury 9 ,engl&1 besides _m imag9ative works ( great int]e/4 ,o!rs 7 ,holman ,hunt1 ) 8 p[]ful religi\s conceptions1 & ! tal5t$ ,l&se] family1 ! y\nge/ memb] ( :i*1 ,edw91 is _w-fam\s = 8 animal pictures4 ,! critic & philosoph]1 ,john ,rusk91 /udi$ art & became a pr(ici5t draughtsman1 al?\gh nev] us+ 8 skill pr(essionally4 ,8 lit]>y works on art1 h[ev]1 h _h s wide an influ5ce t x seems j to include him 9 ! li/ ( contributors to art's progress 9 ?is era4 ,8 criticism ( ! fanta/ic productions ( ,james ,mc,neill ,:i/l] br\ght =? a controv]sy & law suit1 result+ 9 a v]dict ( damages ( "o f>?+ to ! injur$ arti/1 & en\gh adv]tis+ gratis to secure 8 fame4 ,! g5ius ( ! latt] = a*iev+ arti/ic effects & p]sonal notoriety are equal to 8 skill 9 avoid+ oblivion4 ,he is a unique & int]e/+ figure1 despite 8 abnormal vanity1 = 8 unque/ionable tal5t 9 _m l9es ( art1 & is ,am]ican by bir?1 ,engli% by adoption1 & n[ ,fr5* by =ce ( circum/ances4 ,edw9 ,abbey is also an adopt$ son ( ,brita91 al?\gh born 9 ,am]ica4 ,he is bett] kn[n ?r\gh illu/rative "w 9 black & :ite1 b 8 sup]b decorations 9 ! ,bo/on ,public ,libr>y te/ify to 8 great skill z a colori/4 ,! mo/ illu/ri\s gr[? ( =eign se$ on ,briti% soil has be5 ,lor5z ,alma ,tadema1 ^: wond]ful repres5tations ( ,greek & ,roman life place him hors conc\rs z an arti/1 & hold be=e our eyes a mirror ( anci5t days4 ,sir ,fr$]ick ,leighton1 ! rec5tly deceas$ presid5t ( ! ,royal ,academy1 0 a true ,briton & a lead] ( mod]n art 9 ,engl&1 z also 0 ,mrs4 ,elizabe? ,?ompson ,butl]1 ) h] patriotic w> pictures1 z vigor\s z any man's c\ld be4 ,a tal5t$ "y arti/1 ^: untimely dea? cut %ort a promis+ c>e]1 0 ,fr$]ick ,walk]1 :o is said to h be5 ! orig9al ( 8,little ,billee0 9 ,du ,mauri]'s fam\s novel ( /ud5t life 9 ! ,lat9 ,qu>t]1 8,trilby40 ,t ma/]piece takes u into ! art atmosph]e ( ,p>is1 & we readily und]/& :y !re is ! c5tre ( ! arti/ic circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l&se] ,,& ,,8 ,,favorites4 7,,by ,,himself47 ,f !nce h ris5 mo/ ( ! great mod]n names1 "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ honor$ be+ t ( ,rosa ,bonheur1 :o has receiv$ all possible di/9ction z an arti/ & rev]5ce z a woman4 ,h] animal pictures1 especially horses & cattle1 are kn[n ! _w ov]1 & ! /ory ( h] e>ly /ruggle = /udy1 disguis$ z a boy1 t %e might "w unmole/$ :]e a girl c\ld h>dly h gone1 is well kn[n1 yet %e nev] r5\nc$ an atom ( h] womanl9ess 9 adopt+ mascul9e attire4 ,x is h>d to avoid dwell+ on ! lives & works ( ! mod]n ma/]s1 b we mu/ pass ov] ! int]m$iate p]iod betwe5 ! revolt ( #ahcj & our own day1 t\*+ only an especially %9+ light "h & !re1 su* z ,jules ,breton1 ) 8 /urdy peasants2 ,lon ,bonnat1 ,alex&re ,cabanel1 & ,c>olus ,duran1 ) _! elegant di/+u portraiture4 ,besides ^! are ,ed\>d ,dtaille & ,alphonse de ,neuville1 %[+ fai?ful /udies ( soldi] life & action2 ,eugne ,from5t91 ) 8 picturesque ,arabs2 & ! decorative allegories ( ,puvis de ,*avannes4 ,! brilliant ,spani>ds1 ,m>iano ,=tuny & ,don ,fr$]ick ,madrazo1 are practically ,fr5*m5 9 _! art1 al?\gh ea* is di/9ctly individual 9 mann]4 ,we mu/ also m5tion ,vib]t1 ) 8 delightful little satires on ! human frailities ( ! holy fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 & ,meissoni]1 ! ma/] ( exquisite f9i% 9 detail1 & ,pass9i1 ) 8 small canvases cr[d$ ) ,ori5tal figures gl[+ ) color4 ,9 addition to ! great ,fr5* names ( ?is "t are ,defregg]1 ( ! ,muni* ,s*ool2 ,israels ( ,am/]dam1 ,s*rey] ( ,frank=t1 ^: works all hold t quality de> to ! popul> he>t1 b despis$ by ! high prie/s ( l(ty criticism n[adays1 t is1 !y h a /ory to tell1 & !y tell x4 ,at ! "t ^! m5 7 tell+ _! arti/ic tales 9 ,europe1 su* m5 z ,wa%+ton ,all/on1 ! fir/ great pa9t] 9 ?is c\ntry2 ,?omas ,sully1 ^: r>e works 9 portraiture entitl$ him to pa9t ! ,que5 ( ,engl&1 ,victoria1 :5 a girl2 ,h5ry ,inman1 also a great portrait pa9t]2 ,george ,full]1 a pa9t] ( poetic dreams2 & _m o!rs ( tal5t1 _h said _! say 9 ,am]ica4 ,almo/ ) ! beg9n+ ( ! new c\ntry1 public int]e/ _h be5 r\s$ 9 ! f9e arts by ! ef=ts ( su* m5 z ,gilb]t ,/u>t & ! ,peales1 ,*>les & ,rembr&t1 :o bridg$ ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies toge!r1 & labor$ to advance ! cause ( art4 ,s*ools & academies1 ) adequate gall]ies = exhibition purposes1 became necess>y2 & su* in/itutions z ! ,p5nsylvania ,academy ( ! ,f9e ,arts & ! ,national ,academy ( ,design 9 ,new ,york 7 e/abli%$4 ,! latt] 0 />t$ 9 #ahjb1 b did n receive its *>t] until #ahjh2 s ! ,p5nsylvania ,academy1 :i* 0 incorporat$ 9 ,philadelphia 9 #ahjf1 0 really ! fir/ ( its k9d 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 #ahjg1 ! m9utes be>+ ! date ( ,octob] #h record z foll[s3 8,until ! funds ( ! in/itution w admit ( op5+ a s*ool on a m ext5d$ plan1 p]sons ( good "* %all be p]mitt$ to make draw+s f ! /atues & bu/s belong+ to ! ,academy10 ?us %[+ ! humble beg9n+ ( art education 9 ,am]ica4 ,naturally1 = _m ye>s ! facilities = le>n+ 7 too limit$ to supply m ?an rudim5t>y in/ruction1 & ! pilgrimage to ,p>is 0 a necessity be=e an arti/ c\ld feel qualifi$ to laun* out pr(essionally4 ,9 ^! latt] days t ne$ no long] exi/s1 = ! great art s*ools ( ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,bo/on1 ,*icago1 & ,/4 ,l\is c amply provide all t is requir$2 b ! *>m ( ! ,lat9 ,qu>t] /ill draws z a magnet all :o c af=d to g !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,horse ,,fair4 7,,rosa ,,bonheur47 ,9 t c5tre is a con/ant m+l+ ( ideas f all s\rces seek+ new =ms ( expression1 out ( :i* proce$ ! impulses t vibrate ?r\gh ! _w ( curr5t art4 ,naturally en\gh _m ( ! new dep>tures are futile exp]im5ts1 %ort liv$ & n suffici5tly important to discuss2 b )9 rec5t ye>s ! movem5t kn[n z impressionism has be5 s widespread 9 influ5ce1 s radical 9 me?od1 & s vital 9 result1 t x has d\btless produc$ a p]man5t effect on art4 ,l its pr$ecessor1 ! r5aissance aft] ! d>k ages1 ?is m\vem5t mod]ne 0 an upheaval ( all =ms ( expression2 & 9 pa9t+ x seem$ z if a wave ( dazzl+ color _h bur/ ov] ! /udios1 dr5*+ ! canvases ) ra9b[ t9ts1 flood+ ! exhibition gall]ies ) bewild]+ brilliance4 ,! unaccu/om$ eye 0 ov]:elm$1 & ! confus$ & wond]+ public bur/ into l\d outcry aga9/ ! insane folly ( ^! mad "y pa9t]s1 :o %[$ purple & gre5 gridirons1 speckl$ ) gre5 & /reak$ ) sc>let1 & call$ !m l&scapes1 m>9es1 & figure /udies z !y *ose4 ,( c\rse ! p5dulum swung to its limit1 ! radicals c>ry+ ?+s to extremes aft] ! fa%ion ( _! k9d1 & mak+ fooli% c>icatures ( "w t 0 really great4 ,by degrees1 h[ev]1 sob] s5se prevail$1 ! new ideas became bett] und]/ood1 ! public po9t ( view *ang$1 & x 0 se5 t !re 0 me?od 9 ?is madness4 ,! new movem5t 0 int5d$ simply to int]pret :at ! arti/ saw mo/ =cibly express$ by any giv5 subject1 or1 z ! "n implies1 to record 8 fir/ impression & convey ! idea r by sugge/ion ?an by explicit /atem5t & detail4 ,appli$ to out-(-door subjects1 ^! pr9ciples 7 c>ri$ out by ! ple9 air colori/s1 z !y 7 /yl$1 f _! ef=ts to sugge/ atmosph]e gl[+ ) light1 a feel+ ( space & sun%9e4 ,ed\>d ,manet 0 ! lead] ( ! new s*ool 9 figure "w1 & ,claude ,monet 9 l&scape4 ,no two /yles c\ld be m widely diff]5t save 9 _! mutual abhorr5ce ( detail2 ! fir/ d>k1 heavy1 & sombre 9 color2 ! latt] lum9\s & palpitat+1 e conceivable t9t vibrat+ into h>mony1 an example :i* is foll[$ 9 ?is c\ntry by ,*ilde ,hassam1 (t5 successfully1 b sometimes ) extravagance4 ,aft] rea*+ extreme high-wat] m>k1 ! flood ( brilliance has some:at subsid$1 & latt]-day pa9t]s d n f9d x necess>y to obs]ve ! _w ?r\gh a prism4 ,:ile return+ to m sob] /atem5ts ( simple tru?1 )\t try+ to copy a kaleidoscope1 ! vision m5 h _h ( pure color sp>kl+ ) light has giv5 !m an insight into ,"m ,nature's me?od t has left a la/+ impression ^u ! m9ds & mann]s ( ! be/ work]s & lift$ ! :ole tone ( mod]n pa9t+4 ,:e!r "o 0 prep>$ to enjoy truly impressioni/ic pictures or n1 ! =ce ( !m 9 a collection ( works 9 ! old mann] ( h>d outl9e & heavy %ad[ c\ld n fail to be felt l a beam ( light 9 a d>k room4 ,h[ev] "o might prote/ aga9/ ! invad]1 ! old fri5ds look$ dull & flat aft] a "t1 9 spite ( ! mo/ det]m9$ loyalty4 ,! /yle ( ! ,hudson ,riv] s*ool 0 n>r[ & petty1 full ( trifl+ little details1 ! color (t5 be+ =c$ & !atrical 9 effect4 ,! /rik+ sc5]y ( t noble /ream inspir$ ! ef=ts ( ,am]ican l&scape pa9t]s ( ! two decades f #ahcj to #ahej4 ,a%] ,b4 ,dur& 0 a lead] among !m1 & = _m ye>s ! mann] ( a g5]ation pa/ held sway until ! new me?od =c$ a place = itself4 ,x 0 an amus+ exp]i5ce 9 foll[+ exhibitions ( late ye>s to see1 "o aft] ano!r1 ! lead]s1 long e/abli%$ 9 _! own p>ticul> me?ods1 f9ally break+ away f lifelong habits & com+ into l9e ) ! new movem5t1 "s keep+ /ep bravely ) ! vigor\s newcom]s1 "s halt+ along ) pitiful attempts at a jaunty /ride4 ,! /rong m5 nei!r hung back 9 sulky indiff]5ce nor flung !mselves wildly ab\t 9 exub]ant fre$om1 b kept quietly on ! ev5 t5or ( _! way1 absorb+ :at 0 be/ 9 ! new1 hold+ fa/ to :at 0 be/ 9 ! old1 & produc+ ! k9d ( "w t is indep5d5t ( s*ools & eras1 b intr9sically great 9 itself4 ,9 ,p>is1 ! y\ng] work]s :o began s5d+ /range wild l&scape & figure pictures to ! exhibition at ! ,salon ( ! ,*amps ,elyses1 ! mo/ important annual exhibition 9 ! _w1 7 indignantly reject$ by ! horrifi$ jury ( selection4 ,equally indignant at _! treatm5t1 ! "y pa9t]s1 :o felt !mselves to be ! com+ m51 ga!r$ _! reject$ treasures toge!r 9 an indep5d5t exhibition ( _! own1 & e/abli%$ a rival salon 9 ! ,*amp de ,m>s1 :i* has come to hold an equal foot+ 9 ! _w ( art ) ! old] in/itution4 ,by ref]5ce to 8m50 we d n at all exclude wom51 = !re is no sex 9 art1 & wom5 ( our "t pa9t z well z m51 fold+ equal rank 9 ! exhibitions1 equal places on ! juries ( selection1 & receiv+ equal honors & aw>ds4 ,"o ( ! =emo/ wom5 ( ! day is a ,philadelphian1 ,miss ,cecilia ,beaux1 ^: portraiture ranks among ! highe/4 ,miss ,m>y ,d4 ,cassatt is also a ,philadelphian1 al?\gh long resid5t 9 ,p>is1 & highly e/eem$ !re4 ,h] "n is m5tion$ 9 a rec5t notice ( a ,salon exhibition among ^? ( di/+ui%$ m51 :i* conclud$ ) ! words 8& o!r /rong m510 mean+ !reby no gra9 ( disrespect to ! woman1 b only honor to ! arti/1 classify+ h] z among ! fir/ pa9t]s ( ! "t4 ,important exhibitions n[adays are likely to conta9 /rong works by _m wom51 su* z portraits by ,mrs4 ,s>ah ,se>s ( ,bo/on or ,mrs4 ,ros9a ,emmet ,%]wood ( ,new ,york1 *ild /udies by ,ell5 ,k4 ,bak]1 or animal /udies by ,mrs4 ,hel5 ,c4 ,hov5d51 wid[ ( ! late ma/] ( mod]n g5re1 ,?omas ,hov5d51 ^: untimely dea? ! art-lov+ public ( ?is c\ntry has n ceas$ to m\rn4 ,8 fai?ful /udies ( ,am]ican dome/ic life h t\*$ ! p1 :o are1 aft] all1 ! f9al art critics1 despite ! claims ( ^? :o feel !mselves especially qualifi$ by ta/e & tra9+ to tell o!rs :at !y mu/ & mu/ n l4 ,_m times public op9ion has be5 unduly sl[ 9 sett+ ! seal ( its approval on wor?y works1 b once e/abli%$ 9 ! he>t ( ! populace1 immortality is assur$1 & t place belongs prem95tly to ,?omas ,hov5d51 z prov$ by ! ?rongs t /ood be=e 8 picture 8,break+ ! ,home ,ties10 at ! ,_w's ,fair 9 ,*icago4 ,t cosmopolitan collection %[$1 among o!r int]e/+ developm5ts1 a /rong s*ool ( vigor\s "y ,norsem51 h>dy vik+s ( art f ,sc&9avia1 ( :om ,&]s ,zorn 0 ! lead]1 ) a v>iety ( figure subjects1 /udi$ indoors & out1 ) an unconv5tional fre$om & da% z inspir+ z ! breezes ( 8 native fjords4 ,pr9ce ,eug5e1 ! h&some popul> second son ( ! ,k+ ( ,sw$51 0 no mean contributor to ?is s*ool4 ,fritz von ,?aul[ is a ,norwegian by bir?1 b be+ well recogniz$ 9 ,france he has tak5 up 8 abode at ,dieppe1 al?\gh /ill f9d+ inspiration 9 8 native l&4 ,he is an expon5t ( ! !ory ( tone 9 pa9t+1 z x is te*nically t]m$4 ,?is ref]s to ! quality ( h>mony1 or p]fect balance ( light & %ade & color4 ,x does n dep5d ^u ! key ( ! picture1 :e!r light & bright or d>k & sombre1 b consi/s 9 keep+ ! relations ( ! diff]5t masses ( color true to ea* o!r1 ! small details subdu$ to _! prop] places1 yet ea* hav+ its correct value 9 ! :ole4 ,! ,scot* pa9t]s1 /imulat$ no d\bt by ! success ( _! lit]>y bre?r51 h e/abli%$ ! ,glasg[ s*ool ( art1 mo/ orig9al 9 its me?ods1 & 9 "s cases highly peculi> 9 its results1 b ) unque/ionable /r5g? 9 its m s]i\s & less fanta/ic "w4 ,john ,lav]y is a lead] among ^! m54 ,g]many prides h]self on "o ( ! greate/ pa9t]s ( mod]n times 9 ! p]son ( ,adolph ,fri$ri* ,m5zel1 a ,prussian1 born #ahae1 contempor>y ) ,meissoni]4 ,z ! latt] 0 devot$ to ! ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5*1 s 0 ,m5zel to 8 h]o1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 & _! vivid portrayals ( _! respective sov]eigns w keep ! p]sonality ( ^! conqu]ors fre% z long z art la/s4 ,= _m ye>s ,m5zel has be5 arti/ laureate to ! c\rt at ,b]l91 pa9t+ ,hoh5zoll]n family portraits1 battle pieces & sc5es ( c\rt spl5dor 9 ! mo/ ma/]ly mann]4 ,! ,hung>ian1 ,munkacsy1 has be5 widely kn[n by 8 huge religi\s works1 lately exhibit$ 9 ?is c\ntry1--8,*ri/ be=e ,pilate0 & ! 8,crucifixion40 ,8 "w %[s great p[] & mu* orig9ality 9 conception1 al?\gh (t5 some:at morbid1 a n unnatural condition1 z ! un=tunate arti/ has become hopelessly insane4 ,! opposite extreme ( expression is to be f\nd 9 ! gorge\s color+ & sup]b compositions ( ,hans ,mak>t ( ,vi5na1 notably 8 8,coronation ( ,ca!r9e ,corn>o at ,v5ice40 ,a revival ( int]e/ 9 religi\s subjects has rec5tly appe>$1 possibly /imulat$ by ! "w ( ,mr4 ,james ,tissot1 a ,p>isian1 :o has giv5 t5 ye>s to ! production ( a s]ies ( c>eful /udies ( ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,^! little pa9t+s1 numb]+ "s five hundr$ 9 all1 are ! result ( close rese>* 9 ! ,holy ,l& into ! conditions ( life & cu/oms :i* prevail$ at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 & are a tribute ( religi\s devotion4 ,:e!r ?r\gh ?is influ5ce or n1 ,dagnan-,b\v]et has be5 inspir$ to pa9t a numb] ( /rong sc5es ( biblical subjects1 two conceptions ( ! ,la/ ,supp] be+ v p[]ful4 ,a "y color$ man1 ,h4 ,o4 ,tann]1 has a*iev$ success on simil> l9es1 an 8,annunciation0 rec5tly %[n giv+ evid5ce ( deep & orig9al ?\ght4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! wom5 pa9t]s ( di/9ction d n seem to be giv5 to religi\s subjects4 ,"o s]i\s lack 9 mo/ ( ! "w exhibit$ 9 rec5t ye>s is ! abs5ce ( any importance 9 subject4 ,! arti/s h be5 s conc]n$ to express :at !y saw 9 ! simple/ mann]1 t !y h c>efully avoid$ see+ or ?9k+ ab\t any?+ b ! simple/ ?+s to be express$4 ,:ile "s p[]ful "w has result$1 x has (t5 be5 labor wor?y ( a bett] cause1 = ! pictures produc$ h _h little to tell beyond ! skill ( ! pa9t]4 ,a nobly pa9t$ cabbage field1 or a sup]bly h&l$ /one wall ) ! tail ( a woman's skirt disappe>+ ar\nd a corn]1 may be ma/]ly pa9t+1 b x is n great art2 & x is to be hop$ t ! day ( mean+less canvases w soon pass1 & ! com+ pa9t]s w n be cont5t to disc\rse gr&ly ab\t no?+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,at ,,! ,,%r9e ,,( ,,v5us4 7,,alma ,,tadema47 ,among ! lead]s ( curr5t art 9 ,am]ica1 ! place ( honor 9 portraiture belongs to ,john ,s4 ,s>g5t1 :o easily ranks ) ,bold9i & ,b5jam9 ,con/ant 9 ,p>is4 ,he is closely foll[$ by ,edmund ,c4 ,t>bell1 ,john ,h4 ,alex&]1 ) 8 love = long fl[+ graceful l9es ( drap]y1 ,rob]t ,vonnoh1 & ,william ,m4 ,*ase4 ,john ,mc,clure ,hamilton has made "s /rik+ /udies ( "s ( ! mo/ prom95t p ( our "t1 among !m ,glad/one & ,pope ,leo ,,xiii4 ,elihu ,v$d]1 ,john ,la,farge1 ,w ,h4 ,l[1 ,c>roll ,beck)1 ,abbott ,?ay]1 & ,e4 ,h4 ,bla%field are figure pa9t]s ^: subjects are frequ5tly ( a decorative or semi-religi\s "*4 ,! latt] is not$ = 8 lit]>y z well z arti/ic ability4 ,george ,h4 ,b\ghton1 ?\gh call$ an ,am]ican1 really belongs to ,engl&1 :]e he pa9ts int]ior g5re subjects usually ( old5 times4 ,john ,swan1 ! animal pa9t]1 is also ,engli%4 ,! names ( ,moran & ,s>ta9 are di/+ui%$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican art1 ea* family hav+ contribut$ sev]al g5]ations ( tal5t$ pa9t]s4 ,! eld]s 7 contempor>y ) ,daniel ,hunt+ton1 long presid5t ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,design1 & ,ea/man ,johnson1 ^: 8,old ,k5tucky ,home0 0 fam\s4 ,william ,t4 ,dannat1 ,h]b]t ,d5man1 ,fr$]ick ,bridgman1 & ,f4 ,l4 ,weeks are all /rong figure pa9t]s1 ! la/ two be+ especially giv5 to ,ori5tal subjects4 ,w9sl[ ,hom] includes figures ) 8 m>9e /udies1 (t5 pres5t+ gr\ps ( peasants on a /ormy %ore1 :ile ,alex&] ,h>rison & ,w4 ,t4 ,ri*>ds usually conf9e !mselves to m>9es pure & simple4 ,! ragg$1 dirty little /reet ,arabs ( ,j4 ,g4 ,br[n h be5 exce$+ly popul>1 & s h ! l&scapes ( ,h4 ,bolton ,jones4 ,! li/ ( mod]n l&scape pa9t]s really des]v+ ( m5tion is f> too long to give 9 any?+ l complete m5tion4 ,a few lead]s1 su* z ,*>les ,h4 ,davis1 ,hom] ,m>t91 ! late ,william ,t4 ,picknell1 & ,george ,inness mu/ suffice to close our talk on ! pa9t]s ( ?is c5tury4 ,,ii4 ,,sculpture4 ,human progress seems to advance 9 waves1 s5d+ =]unn]s to ann\nce ! ga!r+ tide2 & ! ebb & fl[ ( =ce is felt 9 all mann] ( endeavor1 b 9 no?+ s in/antly or accurately z 9 ! f9e arts1 ! mo/ s5sitive & subtle =ms ( human expression4 ,! pla/ic arts are z ke5 to record ^! *anges z ! pictorial1 & ! com+ p[] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury f\nd a few prophets 9 ! dy+ ye>s ( ! c5tury pass+ away4 ,antonio ,canova 7#ageg-ahbb71 born ne> ,v5ice1 left _m graceful & delicately f9i%$ works4 ,8 8,?ree ,graces0 & gr\p ( 8,cupid & ,psy*e0 are well kn[n1 also 8 colossal bu/ ( ,napoleon & seat$ /atue ( ,wa%+ton = ! ,/ate ( ,c>ol9a4 ,france produc$ a ma/] 9 ,jean ,anto9e ,h\don 7#agda-ahbh71 m vigor\s ?an 8 contempor>ies1 z se5 9 8 p[]ful "w1 ! seat$ /atue ( ,voltaire4 ,8 /atue ( ,wa%+ton1 9 ! /ate capitol ( ,virg9ia1 :ile pres]v+ a fai?ful lik5ess1 has a s+ul> air ( ,fr5* elegance4 ,despite 8 /r5g?1 ,h\don 0 n m accurate 9 /udy ?an ! great ,dane ,?orwalds51 born at ,cop5hag51 #aggj4 ,8 fam\s 8,lion ( ,luz]ne0 is kn[n to all t\ri/s1 & 8 bas-reliefs are famili> ! _w ov]4 ,8 *ief religi\s works1 ! colossal figures ( ,*ri/ & ! twelve apo/les1 are 9 ! *ur* at ,cop5hag51 :]e he di$ 9 #ahdd4 ,! greate/ "n ( ?is p]iod 9 ,engl& 0 ,john ,flaxman 7#agee-ahbf71 :o 0 z successful a tea*] z he 0 a work] 9 8 art4 ,he 0 ! orig9ator ( ! cameo designs on ! ,w$gwood w>e1 be+ p>ticul>ly happy 9 delicate reliefs4 ,*ri/ian ,daniel ,rau* 7#aggg-aheg7 a*iev$ ! place ( honor among ,g]man sculptors ( ?is "t by 8 h]oic imp]ial monum5ts1 ( :i* ! mo/ important is ! eque/rian /atue ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,al?\gh1 = _m g5]ations1 ,rome 0 ! ,mecca ( arti/ic pilgrims1 & mo/ ( ! great names h at "o "t or ano!r be5 enroll$ ^u ! li/ ( /ud5ts soj\rn+ )9 h] gates1 ! race *>act]i/ics ( ea* /rong m9d 7 liable to f9d expression 9 spite ( classic tra9+2 & :5 ! mature arti/ br\ght =? 8 own creations indep5d5t ( ! t\* ( s*ool or ma/]1 !y 7 likely to pres5t 8 own national t5d5cies ( ?\ght4 ,( late ye>s1 ) increas$ facilities = /udy+ o!r art c5tres1 ( int]communication ( ideas by travel & increas+ duplication ( works ( art by v>i\s reproductive processes1 ! 8art atmosph]e0 seems to h ext5d$ s z to absorb1 & 9 a great measure oblit]ate1 di/9ct l9es ( racial diff]5ce 9 mann]s ( expression1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( tru? be+ m g5]ally s\ght = & appli$4 ,?us1 ! unmi/akably ,teutonic aspect ( ,g]man sculpture 9 ! e>ly half ( ?is c5tury %[s 9 ! great monum5t to 8,g]man ,unity10 by ,s*ill+1 at ,ni$]wald on ! ,rh9e1 & ! ,walhalla decorations1 by ,ludwig ,s*wan?al]1 = ,k+ ,l\is ( ,bav>ia4 ,g]man s]i\sness ( purpose l5ds a dignity ( appe>ance1 ev5 if x becomes some:at gr&iose at times1 & ,g]man pa9/ak+ accuracy p]fects ! te*nique ev5 to ! f9i% ( small details4 ,dur+ ! same p]iods1 9 ,italy1 ! classic influ5ce 0 m dom9ant :]e ! ,roman s*ool /ill held sway1 & delicacy det]iorat$ into insipidity1 & f9i% became f9ical4 ,religi\s & classic subjects 7 mo/ frequ5tly produc$1 beside m vital "w 9 portraits1 /atues1 & bu/s4 ,"s !re 7 :o /ruggl$ = fre$om1 among !m ,lor5zo ,b>tol9i 7#aggg-ahej71 a ,flor5t9e pr(essor1 ^: gr\p1 entitl$ 8,*>ity10 is 9 ! ,pitti ,palace4 ,luigi ,pampaloni a*iev$ a surpris+ fame = 8 figures ( *ildr51 "o ( :i*1 f a monum5t on a ,poli% sepul*re1 has be5 widely copi$ 9 *eap pla/] "u ! errone\s title ( 8,! ,pray+ ,samuel40 ,illu/ration3 ,,napoleon ,i4 7,,canova47 ,9 ,france1 ! advance ( sculpture has be5 m cont9ual & consi/5t1 ! national arti/ic temp]am5t f9d+ abundant means ( expression 9 ! pla/ic art4 ,! ,fr5* dramatic in/9ct has a sure p]ception ( ! effect ( a pose1 ! value ( graceful or vigor\s l9es & ! balance ( proportion1 s t :e!r "u bonds to academic tradition 9 matt]s ( te*nique1 or brok5 loose & work+ "u individual inspiration1 ! ,fr5* sculptor is likely to create an arti/ic result4 ,! m9ds ( ! common p are m awak5$ to arti/ic impressions ?r\gh ! g5]al excell5ce ( ! public monum5ts & sculptural decorations1 s freely display$ ?r\gh\t ! l&1 ?an are ! masses 9 c\ntries :]e art is at a l[ /&>d4 ,until aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury1 ,fr5* sculpture1 l ! re/1 0 ma9ly ( smoo? & delicate f9i% & incl9$ to be romantic1 ?\gh ,franois ,rude 0 p[]ful & vigor\s1 z %[n 9 8 patriotic gr\p 8,le ,*ant du ,d"p0 on ! ,arc de ,triomphe4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! se$s ( ,flaxman's s[+ sl[ly began to be> fruit 9 an awak5+ public int]e/1 ?\gh ! e>li] ef=ts 7 s$ate & conv5tional r ?an spirit$1 ! mo/ important works be+ dignifi$ & /ately monum5ts & memorials4 ,we/macott 7#aggg-ahef71 ,francis ,*antrey 7#aghb-ahda71 ^: l>ge =tune 0 bequea!d to ! ,royal ,academy z ! 8,*antrey ,fund20 ,john ,gibson 7#agia-ahff71 a pupil ( ,canova2 ,h5ry ,weeks 7#ahjg-ahgg71 :o made ! fir/ bu/ ( ,victoria z ,que52 & ,alfr$ ,g4 ,/ev5s 7#ahag-ahge71 are a few ( ! m notable m5 ( ! pa/ g5]ation4 ,?omas ,wooln] 7#ahbe-ahib7 express$ ! feel+ ( ! pre-,raphaelite movem5t 9 sculpture1 z did ,hunt1 ,burne-,jones1 & ,rossetti 9 pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/atue ,,( ,,b5jam9 ,,frankl94 7,,boyle47 ,am]ican sculpture began ) ! new c5tury &1 l mo/ ,am]ican gr[?s1 began 9 a v small way2 = al?\gh ,ru% _h made a few figures1 notably a f\nta9 n[ 9 ,fairm\nt ,p>k1 "o ( ! fir/ pieces ( sculptural "w 9 ! c\ntry 0 t ( a poor ,new ,j]sey /one-cutt]1 ,john ,frazee1 :o tri$ to com=t himself = ! dea? ( 8 *ild by mak+ a memorial figure ( him1 al?\gh he _h nev] se5 a /atue4 ,f ?is meagre beg9n+ />t$ a l9e ( ev]-increas+ /r5g?1 until n[1 9 ! pla/ic arts1 z 9 all o!rs1 we c hold our own ) ! be/ 9 ! _w4 ,( c\rse ! e>li] /ud5ts1 l$ by ,horatio ,gre5\gh1 ( ,bo/on1 ,hiram ,p[]s1 ( ,v]mont1 & ,?omas ,craw=d1 ( ,new ,york1 made _! way to ,rome1 :]e !y appli$ ! traditional me?ods to traditional subjects ) conv5tional results4 ,gre5\gh's colossal /atue ( ,wa%+ton is 9 ! ,capitol gr\nds2 ,p[]s's 8,greek ,slave0 is own$ by ! ,duke ( ,clevel&2 & ,craw=d's 8,orpheus seek+ ,eurydice10 n[ 9 ! ,bo/on ,museum1 & 8,colossal ,lib]ty0 9 ! ,capitol1 are 8 be/-kn[n works4 ,era/us ,palm]1 ( ,albany1 contempor>y ) ^!1 develop$ 8 tal5t at home1 & secur$ models & subjects f 8 own neighborhood1 giv+ a di/9ctly ,am]ican "* to 8 "w4 ,among ! mo/ not$ ( ! ,am]ican colony at ,rome1 al?\gh n p>ticul>ly giv5 to ,am]ican subjects1 0 ,william ,wetmore ,/ory1 ( ,salem1 ,mass41 born 9 #ahai4 ,?omas ,ball1 born 9 ! same ,/ate 9 ! same ye>1 0 ( ! same class 9 ,rome2 b 8 !mes are m patriotic1 notably ! 8,emancipation0 gr\p 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,h>riet ,hosm] is ! fir/ fem99e "n on ! ,am]ican li/ ( sculptors4 ,%e also settl$ 9 ,rome1 :]e %e complet$ _m works4 ,william ,h5ry ,r9eh>t & ,r&olph ,rog]s 7 bo? ( ! ideali/ s*ool1 ! latt] complet+ ,craw=d's unf9i%$ ,wa%+ton monum5t at ,ri*mond4 ,! "n ( ,rog]s is m commonly connect$ ) ! famili> little /atuette gr\ps ( e-day dome/ic sc5es s appeal+ to ! popul> ta/e4 ,! sculptor ,john ,rog]s1 ( ,massa*usetts1 has also made a few l>ge works1 among !m ! eque/rian /atue ( ,g5]al ,reynolds1 be=e ! ,city ,hall1 ,philadelphia4 ,h5ry ,kirke ,br[ne 7#ahad-ahhf7 made a numb] ( eque/rian /atues ( note1 "o ( ,wa%+ton be+ ! fir/ bronze actually ca/ 9 ,am]ica4 ,8 figure ( ,g5]al ,scott 0 ca/ f captur$ cannon1 relics ( ! ,mexican w>4 ,8 pupils1 ,l>k9 ,meade & ,j4 ,q4 ,a4 ,w>d1 bo? atta9$ high places1 ! latt] be+ especially prom95t 9 ! progress ( ,am]ican sculpture ?r\gh su* works z 8 colossal ,wa%+ton = ! ,new ,york ,treasury ,build+1 & 8 8,indian ,hunt]10 8,pilgrim10 & 8,%akespe>e10 9 ,c5tral ,p>k4 ,aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury1 ,fr5* art became emotional & dramatic1 ! notori\s 8,dance0 = ! ,p>is ,op]a ,h\se1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,c>peaux1 be+ "o ( ! fir/ ( ! new utt]ances4 ,paul ,dubois 0 less a/oni%+ 9 mann]1 & ,h5ri ,*apu 0 /ill m re/ra9$1 al?\gh f> m vital ?an ! old conv5tional s*ool4 ,! "n ( ,frdric ,augu/e ,b>?oldi %\ld be kn[n to e ,am]ican by reason ( 8 colossal /atue ( 8,lib]ty ,enlight5+ ! ,_w10 n[ /&+ s5t9el 9 ,new ,york h>bor4 ,?is1 & 8 figure ( ,lafayette (f]+ 8 s]vices to ,wa%+ton1 7 pres5t$ to ,am]ica by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t4 ,anto9e ,l\is ,b>ye 7#agie-ahge7 0 a sculptor sui g5]is1 a law unto himself ( 8 own developm5t2 & ?\gh he has _m foll[]s1 z a sculptor ( animals he has no rivals4 ,9 _m bran*es ( art he 0 pr(ici5t1 b 8 be/-kn[n works are ! m>vel\s /udies ( animal life1 model$ ) inf9ite skill4 ,:5 ! great wave ( impressionism rose & flood$ ! l&1 c>ry+ music1 lit]ature1 & ! drama be=e x1 pla/ic art z well z pictorial 0 caught up too1 & :irl$ into a v>iety ( /range =ms4 ,augu/e ,rod9 l$ ! new movem5t 9 sculpture1 8 mann] be+ copi$ ) v>y+ degrees ( success by less] lights1 & l all new movem5ts run to fooli% extremes by incompet5t foll[]s4 ,8 h]oic gr\p1 8,! ,b\rgeois ( ,calais10 w indicate 8 /yle4 ,f extreme realism on "o side1 ) portrait /atues 9 ! la/ detail ( mod]n co/ume1 silk hats1 kid gloves1 & 9 "o case hold+ a cig>1 to ! vague sugge/ions ( a %apeless mass ( m>ble1 out ( :i* protrude unf9i%$ limbs & half-develop$ heads1 sculpture has be5 pu%$ f side to side1 b is settl+ into a vigor\s1 /eady1 onw>d movem5t1 9 :i* ! be/ m5 ( all nations /ride along toge!r4 ,9 ! limits ( a %ort article x is impossible to m5tion all des]v+ names1 b a few w s]ve z types1 & ! ,am]icans are well wor?y to head ! li/4 ,daniel ,fr5*'s gr& maje/ic gold5 figure ( ,lib]ty1 t[]+ above ! ,c\rt ( ,honor1 ! imp]ial ho/ess ( ! ,_w's ,fair at ,*icago1 plac$ him at once on a p$e/al ( fame4 ,f ! prom95ce ( 8 beautiful ,columbian ,f\nta9 opposite ! gold5 ,goddess1 ,fr$]ick ,mac,monnies became kn[n ! l& ov]4 ,8 greate/ late "w is ! cr[n+ ( ! soldi]s' & sailors' memorial ar* = ,prospect ,p>k1 ,brooklyn1 ) a colossal quadriga ( ,triumph & gr\ps ( ! army & navy4 ,augu/us ,/4 ,gaud5s1 ?\gh a cosmopolitan1 is truly an ,am]ican sculptor ( ! fir/ rank1 ^: /atues ( ,admiral ,f>ragut 9 ,new ,york1 ,l9coln 9 ,*icago1 & ! /urdy ,puritan1 ,*ap91 9 ,spr+field1 ,mass41 are well kn[n4 ,ol9 ,w>n] is ano!r di/9ctively ,am]ican product1 al?\gh he _h ! advantage ( "s tra9+ 9 ,p>is4 ,8 "w is ,fr5* 9 te*nique b n ,fr5* 9 _s1 hav+ ! native traits ( fre$om & orig9ality1 z %[n 9 8 figure ( ,william ,lloyd ,g>rison1 & lat] 9 8 relief portraits on ! art build+ at ! ,columbian ,fair4 ,?is great occasion (f]$ opportunities to ,am]ican sculptors ( :i* !y took full advantage1 %[+ ! high rank to :i* !y 7 entitl$4 ,x made an ,am]ican ( ,c>l ,bitt]1 ! tal5t$ ,au/rian1 ^: decorations on ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,/ation1 ,philadelphia1 are well kn[n4 ,x add$ fur!r lu/re to ! "n ( ,john ,j4 ,boyle1 ^: h]oic 8,indian ,"m0 9 ,fairm\nt ,p>k1 & seat$ /atue ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 are matt]s ( j pride to ,philadelphians4 ,x gave prom95ce to su* m5 z ,lorado ,taft1 ) 8 graceful "w on ! ,horticultural ,build+2 ,philip ,m>t9y1 on ! ,agricultural ,build+2 ! great ,columbus quadriga1 by ,e4 ,c4 ,pott] & ,daniel ,fr5*1 ^: beautiful relief ( 8,dea? ,/ay+ ! ,h& ( ! ,sculptor0 is a ma/]piece4 ,all visitors to ! ,:ite ,city w rememb] ! vigor\s animal /udies by ,edw>d ,kemys1 & ! ,indian figures ( ,a4 ,c4 ,proctor4 ,! sculptural commissions ( ! ,congressional ,libr>y 9 ,wa%+ton h produc$ a rem>kable collection ( works by tal5t$ ,am]icans1 & e great exhibition br+s int]e/+ examples f ^? already nam$1 & su* o!rs z ,h]b]t ,adams1 ,edw9 ,elwell1 ,bessie ,pott]1 ) h] da9ty little /atuettes1 portrait "w by ,*>les ,grafly1 ,ca!r9e ,coh51 ,c4 ,e4 ,dall91 /range vision>y sugge/ions1 9 ! ,rod9 mann]1 by ,george ,bonn>d1 & an array ( less] names too num]\s to m5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,wa%+ton ,,monum5t1 ,,fairm\nt ,,p>k4 ,= ?is reason1 b few ( ! notable names ( mod]n =eign]s c be giv54 ,h[ev]1 ,hamo ,?ornycr(t1 ( ,engl&1 mu/ n be ov]look$1 ^: fam\s 8,m[]0 is mu* admir$2 nor ,onsl[ ,=d1 m y\?ful & romantic 9 /yle4 ,john ,h5ry ,foley1 ( ,dubl91 has _h a pron\nc$ effect on ,engli% sculpture1 be+ a successful tea*]1 includ+ among 8 pupils sev]al di/+ui%$ wom51 among !m ! ,pr9cess ,l\ise & ! ,e>l ( ,elg9's gr&daught]1 ,miss ,grant4 ,george ,t9wor?'s t]ra cotta reliefs mu/ conclude ! li/ ( ,engli% works4 ,a few ,russians h rea*$ em95ce1 ma9ly by animal /udies4 ,antocolski1 a ,jew ( ,wilna1 ( poore/ p>5tage1 has done p[]ful figure "w ( a s]i\s1 r melan*oly sort1 ! mo/ important be+ a 8,*ri/ ,b\nd40 ,:at is be/ 9 mod]n ,italian & ,g]man "w is practically ,fr5*1 & ( ! ,fr5* !mselves ! li/ is too long to complete4 ,a few mu/ suffice1 su* z ,jean ,alex&re ,falguire1 :o aspires1 l ,c>peaux1 to give vitality by means ( vigor\s action to 8 figures4 ,emanuel ,frmiet has worn ) "s di/9ction ! mantle desc5d$ f ,b>ye's %\ld]s4 ,vidal1 ano!r pupil ( ,b>ye1 0 bl9d = tw5ty ye>s1 yet ga9$ two m$als = correct anatomy 9 8 model+4 ,c>ri] ,belleuse's 8,hebe ,asleep0 is an example ( ! delicate /yle1 & ,alfr$ ,b\*] %[s ! o!r extreme 9 8 r5d]+ ( /urdy mascul9e figures1 toil+ or rac+1 /riv+ to pres5t 9 sculpture ! picture ( human /ruggle = exi/5ce1 z did ,millet 9 8 pa9t+s4 ,^! mat]iali/ic /udies repres5t ! fight = ! bread & brea? ( life1 :ile ! impressioni/ contortions ( ! ,rod9 s*ool try to sugge/ ! conflict ( emotions1 good & bad1 & ! battle ( spiritual & physical desires & developm5t4 ,,iii4 ,,c]amics ,,& ,,glass ,,"w4 ,f "t immemorial to ! pres5t day m5 h be5 fa%ion+ %apes ( clay1 exp]im5t+ ) diff]5t k9ds1 diff]5t degrees ( heat1 & diff]5t *emical comb9ations to =m glazes & color+s4 ,! fundam5tal processes ( pott]y mak+ h *ang$ b little s9ce prehi/oric times1 & wall pictures ( ! days ( ! ,ptolemies %[ ! pott]'s :eel :irl+ mu* z x does at pres5t1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 _m mod]n inv5tions h be5 made to facilitate diff]5t =ms ( "w4 ,9 ! fam\s ,svres factories 9 ,france1 e/abli%$ "u royal patronage & /ill rema9+ gov]nm5t prop]ty1 a mod]n device has r5d]$ possible ! mak+ ( l>ge vases ( extremely ?9 w>e4 ,to prev5t ! delicate pa/e ( :i* ^! are made f collaps+ by its own weight be=e x c h>d51 ! vase or j> is m\ld$ 9 an air-tight *amb]1 ! m\? ( ! object seal$1 & ! air exhau/$ f ! *amb]1 leav+ ! object 9 a vacuum4 ,! air conta9$ 9 itself is suffici5t to hold up ! sides until !y h>d5 & dang] ( collapse is ov]1 :5 x c be fir$4 ,attempts 7 made 9 va9 to equal ! delicacy ( ! ,*9ese egg-%ell w>e1 :51 "o day an educat$ ,*9ese visitor to ! factories obs]v$ ! me?od employ$1 & exclaim$1 8,?is is ! way we make ^? cups10 &1 tak+ a m\ld1 he dipp$ x into ! liquid pa/e1 r9s$ x ar\nd & empti$ x at once4 ,a ?9 film l a soap bubble rema9$ 9 ! m\ld1 :i* h>d5$ en\gh to =m ! da9ty w>e ! work]s _h be5 try+ )\t success to produce2 s ! ,*9ese me?od 0 at once adopt$4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury an impetus ( developm5t 9 c]amic art appe>$ all ov] ! cont95t ( ,europe & 9 ,engl&4 ,?is 0 probably due to ! discov]y1 9 diff]5t places1 ( kaol9 or ! f9e clay ( :i* porcela9 is made1 :i* /imulat$ ! pott]y indu/ry & caus$ ! e/abli%m5t ( _m factories :i* are /ill work+ to-day4 ,! ,dresd5 works1 f\nd$ 9 #agjj1 7 hidd5 9 an old =tress1 & _! secrets jeal\sly gu>d$4 ,aft] ab\t a c5tury !y w5t into decay1 b 9 #ahfc 7 reviv$ & re/abli%$ 9 l>ge new build+s ( _! own1 :]e da9ty fl[]$ w>e is produc$1 :i* has aga9 come into popul> favor4 ,italian c]amics are apt to be florid & ov]load$ ) decoration1 t call$ 8majolica0 d]iv+ its "n f ! isl& ( ,majorca1 :]e x 0 fir/ made4 8,fay5ce0 comes f ,fa5za1 & ! ,fr5* =m ( ! "n1 8faence10 has be5 us$ to designate porcela9 9 g5]al4 ,! t[n ( ,limoges1 9 ,france1 has be5 a c5tre ( c]amic art s9ce #aggc1 :5 a ,fr5* firm e/abli%$ a factory = ! production ( a peculi>ly f9e w>e1 made possible by ! sup]ior quality ( ! kaol9 f\nd 9 ! neighborhood4 ,9 #ahci a lady 9 ,new ,york %[$ ! ,havil& firm a cup ( delicate w>e1 ask+ !m to mat* x = h]4 ,x 0 s mu* f9] ?an any?+ !y _h se5 t !y desir$ to import "s = _! own bus9ess4 ,) ?is end 9 view1 ,mr4 ,david ,havil& took ! cup & w5t to ,france try+ to f9d :]e x _h be5 made4 ,he 0 direct$ to ,limoges &1 9 ! factories !re1 he tri$ to h ,engli% %apes & decorations copi$ 9 ! exquisite w>e4 ,! cons]vatism & sl[ me?ods ( ! place 7 n equal to 8 dem&s1 & he !re=e e/abli%$ a factory ( 8 own1 :i*1 s9ce ! middle ( ! c5tury1 has be5 ! mo/ important 9 ! t[n4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! mo/ celebrat$ pott]ies are all ov] a c5tury old1 & ! c]amic art has be5 develop$ to ! highe/ degree bo? 9 te*nical & arti/ic directions4 ,! works ( ! ,d\lton firm1 :o own _m pott]ies1 are p>ticul>ly ri* 9 color1 & decoration1 ^? f _! factory at ,lambe? be+ especially f9e4 ,s also are ! ,coalport w>es1 celebrat$ = _! ri* blue color1 ! ,royal ,worce/] & ! ,cr[n ,d]by4 ,9 ^! ,engli% factories1 & also 9 ^? on ! ,cont95t1 arti/s ( great skill are employ$ z decorators1 & 9 ! ,w$gwood works ! delicate cameo figures 9 :ite relief on a t9t$ gr\nd 7 orig9at$ by ! fam\s sculptor1 ,john ,flaxman4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! ,tr5ton pott]ies turn out a va/ quantity ( w>es ( v>y+ degrees ( arti/ic excell5ce1 & "o factory has ! secret ( an old ,iri% w>e1 ! ,belleek1 ( indescribable delicacy1 l an iridesc5t sea %ell1 long ?\ght to be a lo/ art4 ,! ,rookwood pott]y1 ( mo/ arti/ic quality 9 design & color1 is made 9 ,c9c9nati1 & 0 ! inv5tion ( a woman :o has tra9$ a s*ool ( girls z decorators2 z has also ! ,tiffany firm 9 ,new ,york = _! m>vel\s glass "w4 ,an adequate description ( ! "w ( ?is firm w\ld fill a book1 z !y h develop$ undream$-( possibilities 9 ! use ( glass = decorative purposes4 ,!y h reviv$ =gott5 arts ( color+ & inv5t$ new processes ( treatm5t1 t give results l fairy "w1 no two pieces be+ alike4 ,^! & _m o!r =ms ( indu/rial art products are br\ght to a high plane ( p]fection n[adays1 al?\gh ! ^w 8art0 is griev\sly abus$1 be+ appli$ to ev]y?+ salable1 f writ+ pap] to soap4 ,! great s*ools & in/itutions :i* tea* ! arts & indu/ries comb9$ are do+ va/ good1 h[ev]1 9 improv+ public ta/e & tea*+ ! _w to discrim9ate betwe5 true art & false1 & _! influ5ce c already be felt 9 high] /&>ds ( decoration 9 articles ( common daily use4 ,,iv4 ,,indu/rial ,,arts4 ,closely foll[+ pa9t+ comes black & :ite art 9 v>i\s =ms1 ei!r reproductive or orig9al "w1 & x is difficult to discrim9ate betwe5 f9e art & h&icraft 9 ! _m processes employ$4 ,engrav+ on metal has long be5 kn[n1 & /eel 0 consid]$ an especially valuable me?od ( reproduc+ pa9t+s until )9 a g5]ation4 ,et*+ is ano!r old =m ( black & :ite "w1 & is /ill popul>1 ?\gh less s ?an =m]ly4 ,wood engrav+ dur+ ?is c5tury has pass$ ?r\gh _m /ages ( developm5t1 & 9 ! illu/rations ( books & magaz9es has be5 br\ght to a high /&+ z a f9e art4 ,x is /ill us$ 9 _m ways1 b all ^? processes t require l9e "w by h& are be+ sup]s$$ by ! photo-type processes1 ( :i* !re are _m k9ds4 ,! mak+ ( plates or blocks = pr9t+ requir$ skill$ h& "w1 & ! engrav]s & wood-cutt]s 7 necess>ily arti/s !mselves1 s t :ile !y 7 copy+ ! "w ( o!rs !y 7 also produc+ works ( art !mselves4 ,! plates & pr9ts 71 !re=e1 valuable & exp5sive1 &1 z mod]n ha/e grew m & m to dem& *eap quick "w1 ! old c>eful /yle ( work+ gave way to me*anical me?ods ( great] spe$4 ,) ! developm5t ( photography & its application to ! engrav]'s art1 :ile a c]ta9 individual arti/ic "* 9 ! "w 0 lo/1 ! actual copy+ ( pa9t+ 9 all ! details ( light1 %ade1 & half tones has be5 c>ri$ to a high degree ( p]fection4 ,by :at is kn[n z photogravure1 e t9y bru% m>k & e diff]5t t9t ( color is reproduc$ ) sci5tific accuracy 9 black & :ite4 ,?is is accompli%$ by hav+ a photograph ( ! pa9t+ tak5 on a gelat9e film1 :i* is susp5d$ 9 a ba? ( acid 9 ! l9e ( an electric curr5t4 ,?is curr5t1 play+ ov] a %eet ( copp]1 sets free ! molecules ( metal t are deposit$ ^u ! film1 & fill+ all ! little inequalities ( ! surface1 produce :at is practically a ca/ ( ! photograph 9 copp]4 ,! plate1 ?us secur$1 is gone ov] by h& & f9i%$ "h & !re ) engrav]'s tools1 & f ?is pr9ts may be duplicat$ to any ext5t4 ,9 engrav$ plates ! design is cut into ! metal1 incis$ l9es be+ ei!r drawn by h& ) a %>p po9t1 call$ 8dry po9t0 "w1 or eat5 9 by acids1 ! rema9+ surface ( ! plate be+ protect$ f ! acid by a greasy film4 ,9 wood-cutt+1 ! blocks %[ a rev]se process1 ! design be+ left /&+ 9 f9e l9es1 :ile ! rema9+ surface is cut away1 s t a wood-cut is 9 reality a c>v+ 9 l[ relief4 ,! mod]n electrotype processes produce a simil> result on a metal block by ! action ( acid1 a me?od capable ( mo/ spe$y "w & !re=e 9 dem& among ! multitude ( daily publications illu/rat+ curr5t ev5ts4 ,( c\rse ^! ha/y results c sc>cely be call$ f9e art1 b !y are developm5ts ( arti/ic indu/ries1 calculat$ to meet c]ta9 ne$s ( our busy civilization4 ,illu/ration3 ,,photographic ,,view ,,( ,,new ,,york ,,city ,,& ,,hudson ,,riv]1 ,,tak5 ,,f #bf,,? ,,/ory ,,( ,,p>k ,,r[ ,,build+4 ,= m arti/ic effects1 v>i\s =ms ( li?ography h giv5 beautiful results4 ,?is valuable process 0 accid5tally discov]$ 9 #agif1 by a "y ,bohemian1 ,aloys ,s5efeld]1 ( ,prague4 ,desir+ to write a li/1 & hav+ no pap]1 he scrawl$ on a f9e /one floor tile a few words1 & lat] on1 com+ to remove !m1 he be?\ght him ( an exp]im5t ) acid on ! /one4 ,?is he tri$1 f9d+ ! /one eat5 away all ar\nd 8 writ+1 leav+ t rais$ 9 suffici5t relief to pr9t f1 ! lett]+ be+ done ) a greasy writ+ sub/ance t repell$ ! acid4 ,lat] exp]im5ts prov$ t ! eat+ away ( ! /one 0 n necess>y if ! design 7 made ) an oily mat]ial & ! re/ ( ! surface kept moi/ ) a weak solution ( acid4 ,a greasy pr9t+ ink be+ appli$ w\ld /ick only to ! oily design & n to ! acidulat$ surface1 :i* process made possible ! pr9t+ f flat /ones1 :i* 7 n s liable to we> out z ! relief designs4 ,s5efeld] di$ 9 #ahbd1 liv+ long en\gh to see 8 inv5tion 9 use ?r\gh\t ! _w1 al?\gh ( c\rse he c\ld n "k ! improvem5ts t photography w\ld br+4 ,on ! c5t5nial anniv]s>y ( ?is great discov]y 9 #ahif1 exhibitions ( li?ographic works 7 held 9 ,london & ,p>is1 & ! possibilities & developm5ts %[n4 ,mr4 ,james ,mc,neill ,:i/l] has made _m v int]e/+ exp]im5ts ) x1 z h also ,mr4 ,joseph ,p5nell & ,mr4 ,hub]t ,h]kom]4 ,! latt] has made innum]able exp]im5ts & inv5tions 9 8 busy arti/ic c>e]1 & has j rec5tly p]fect$ an improvem5t on li?ography :i* he calls 8plate pr9t+10 & :i* has be5 dubb$ by ! irrev]5t ! 8,h]kotype0 process4 ,x is simply pa9t+ 9 a peculi> oily ink on a metal plate1 :i*1 :ile ! ink is moi/1 is du/$ ov] ) a f9e p[d] :i* adh]es to e bru% m>k on ! surface4 ,"o +r$i5t ( ?is p[d] is a metal t is electrically conductible1 &1 aft] ! excess ( p[d] is bru%$ (f1 ! plate1 ) :at rema9s /ick+ on ! oily surface1 is plac$ 9 an electrotype ba?4 ,! copp] deposit$ !reon by ! electric curr5t h>d5s & =ms a negative ( ! orig9al pa9t+1 :i* c be /ripp$ f ! plate & us$ 9 a pr9t+-press1 giv+ an absolutely fai?ful reproduction ( ! arti/'s h&iwork4 ,a simil> process1 call$ 8algraphy10 has be5 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,s*olz1 ( ,may5ce1 :o has develop$ ! possibilities ( alum9um = plate "w1 ! advantage ( ?is mat]ial ov] /one or o!r metal be+ its extreme lightness4 ,^! processes are especially valuable to arti/s :o c "w 9 black & :ite1 z _! own orig9al conception is p]fectly reproduc$ )\t ! possibility ( misconception by "s copyi/1 z exi/s :]e a pa9t+ is int]pret$ by an et*] or engrav]4 ,( ! new processes or improvem5ts on ! old1 t h aris5 because ( ! discov]y ( photography1 x may be said _! "n is legion4 ,photography itself is rapidly be+ develop$ into a f9e art1 & has become "o ( ! mo/ important factors ( mod]n exi/5ce4 ,x comb9es sci5ce1 art1 & indu/ry1 & is equally necess>y to all ^! occupations4 ,:ile x is difficult to /ate :at 0 ! fir/ attempt t l$ to ! sugge/ion ( photography1 x may be suppos$ ! exp]im5ts ( ! ,sw$i% sci5ti/ ,s*eele 7 among ! fir/4 ,he f\nd t ! action ( ! sun's ray black5$ silv] *loride1 & o!rs exp]im5t+ aft] him1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 _h glimm]+ ideas ( ! possibility ( a new art4 ,z has s (t5 happ5$ ) ! dawn+ ( "s great idea1 "s new appreciation ( a great natural law1 ! ?\ght 0 work+ 9 _m m9ds1 & ! discov]y seem$ to be almo/ simultane\s 9 sev]al places4 ,z e>ly z #ahjb ,w$gwood publi%$ 9 ! 8,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,in/itute0 an 8acc\nt ( a me?od ( copy+ pa9t+s on glass & ( mak+ pr(iles by ! ag5cy ( light on nitrate ( silv]1 ) "s rem>ks by ,sir ,humphry ,davy40 ,^! g5tlem5 71 h[ev]1 unable to fix ! impressions !y procur$1 & a ,fr5*man1 ,de ,niepce1 seems to h be5 ! fir/ to succe$ 9 ?is direction4 ,9 #ahbf1 le>n+ t ,m4 ,l\is ,jacques ,dagu]re 0 exp]im5t+ on ! same l9es1 he conf]r$ ) him & !y =m$ a p>tn]%ip4 ,! latt] seems to h be5 ! m bus9esslike ( ! two1 & ! process !y evolv$ became kn[n z ! 8,dagu]reotype40 ,de ,niepce di$ 9 #ahcc1 & ,dagu]re cont9u$ ! p>tn]%ip ) 8 son ,isidore1 mak+ _m improvem5ts1 & becom+ really ! pione] ( mod]n photography4 ,! ext5t ( advance may be calculat$ f ,dagu]re's own rem>k1 t 8a l&scape requires sev5 or eight h\rs to be photograph$1 b a s+le /atue or monum5t1 if /rongly light$1 c be tak5 9 ab\t ?ree h\rs40 ,comp>+ ?is ) ! in/antane\s cam]a "w ( to-day1 t gives u ! lifelike mov+ figures ( ! k9etoscope1 w illu/rate ! *ange wr\ght 9 two ?irds ( a c5tury4 ,! e>lie/ portrait "w 0 sl[ & t$i\s1 ! fir/ portrait 9 ,new ,york probably be+ produc$ by ,dr4 ,drap]1 ! sci5ti/1 al?\gh ! celebrat$ ,pr(essor ,morse 0 va/ly int]e/$ 9 ! new sci5ce or art1 & advanc$ its cause 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( photographic exp]im5ts1 ! greate/ desire has be5 felt to photograph 9 color1 & numb]less attempts ) m or less success h be5 made1 b ! processes are ma9ly sl[ & v exp5sive4 ,a new me?od ( photo-pr9t+ 9 color1 h[ev]1 has rec5tly develop$ v arti/ic possibilities4 ,?is is accompli%$ by means ( ?ree plates1 "o = ea* ( ! ?ree prim>y colors2 ! negative hav+ be5 made & ! plate prep>$ = pr9t+ 9 ea* color1 ! inks ( ea* color are appli$ sep>ately4 ,"o pr9t+ produces a r$ impression1 directly on ?is comes a yell[ impression1 & on top ( t is put a blue2 & z all gradations ( color are compos$ ( v>i\s proportions ( ^! ?ree prim>y t9ts1 ! 8ov]lay+0 ( ! ?ree inks produces a picture conta9+ all ! v>iety ( ! orig9al subject4 ,a /ill m rec5t discov]y makes an impression ^u a glass plate t gives all ?ree colors on ! same plate2 b ?is process is a secret1 & is too new to be class$ among ! successes ( indu/rial art z yet4 ,"o ( ! lat] & m notable uses ( photography is f\nd 9 its application to ! purposes ( a/ronomy1 an evolution 9 mod]n sci5ce1 :i*1 al?\gh /ill 9 its infancy1 has already produc$ wond]ful results4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury photographs ( ! moon 7 secur$ by ,w>r5 ,de la ,rue & o!r a/ronom]s1 :i* greatly facilitat$ /udies ( ! e>?'s satellite1 & ^! 7 foll[$ by photographs ( ! sun & ! sun's corona dur+ eclipse4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ,pr(essor ,h5ry ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itute orig9at$ ! idea ( unit+ ! cam]a ) ! telescope t ! m>vel\s possibilities ( /ell> photography 7 discov]$4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ?is discov]y has revolutioniz$ ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy1 ext5d+ ! field ( human obs]vation into ! realm ( ! inf9ite4 ,by ! aid ( clockwork atta*m5ts1 ! telescope is made to foll[ ! app>5t motion ( ! /> to :i* x may be direct$1 ?r\gh\t ! night1 if desir$1 & ! s5sitive photographic plate is expos$ to ! action ( light dur+ a correspond+ p]iod4 8,ea* image1 h[ev] fa9t1 has a comp>atively long "t on ! s5sitive surface1 & !re=e ex]ts a cumulative action40 ,! result is t />s are pictur$ by ! cam]a :i* no human eye has ev] se54 ,x is e/imat$ t ! cam]a has reveal$ d\ble ! numb] ( />s discov]$ by ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes4 ,9 #ahhg1 at a conv5tion ( a/ronom]s held 9 ,p>is1 x 0 resolv$ to photograph ! entire skies1 ) ! purpose ( mak+ a new /ell> atlas to include ! late/ discov]ies among ! heav5ly ho/s4 ,) ?is object ! firmam5t 0 *>t$ 9 squ>es1 & ea* obs]vatory ( importance ?r\gh\t ! _w 0 assign$ c]ta9 ( ^! squ>es to "w on4 ,?is monum5tal labor is /ill go+ on1 & x w necess>ily be ext5d$ well into ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,! epo*-m>k+ pap] ( ,dr4 ,rntg51 9 :i* he ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( ! ,x-ray1 0 made public 9 ! latt] "p ( #ahie4 ,x imm$iately attract$ ! att5tion ( ! sci5tific _w1 &1 s9ce t date1 endless successions ( exp]im5ts h be5 made ) ! m>vel\s ray 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,! ,x-ray produces no noticeable effect on ! ret9a ( ! eye1 & we !re=e acquire k ( x ?r\gh indirect ag5cies4 ,"o ( ^! ag5cies is ! photographic plate1 on :i*1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ! ray acts some:at 9 ! same mann] z does a ray ( light4 ,x is n a ray ( light1 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 z x p5etrates opaque bodies :i* light _c trav]se4 ,j :at x is sci5ti/s are n yet ready to /ate1 b its discov]] def9es x z 8a longitud9al vibration ( lum9if]\s e!r40 ,?is vibration w trav]se _m sub/ances opaque to light1 z wood1 pap]1 vegetable & animal tissues & fabrics1 z wool1 cotton1 silk1 etc42 &1 if !n direct$ ^u a photographic plate1 w produce an image !re4 ,! result+ picture is n ( ! object trav]s$ by ! ray1 b ( any int]v5+ object :i* x does n pass ?r\gh4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! picture is ! image1 s to speak1 ( a %ad[1 &1 h5ce has be5 call$ a 8%ad[graph40 ,to illu/rate1 if ! ray is direct$ ?r\gh a human body1 x w give a 8%ad[graph0 ( ! bones1 or ( a bullet or piece ( metal1 if su* =eign sub/ance be enc\nt]$ on its way4 ,aga91 ! ray w trav]se a diamond & ca/ no %ad[1 b x w n pass ?r\gh ! f9e/ imitation ev] made1 ! 8%ad[graph0 %[+ ! manufactur$ article4 ,,! ,,c5tury',s ,,advance ,,9 ,,surg]y ,,by ,j4 ,,madison ,,taylor1 ,m4,d41 & ,j4 ,h4 ,,gibbon1 ,m4,d41 ,surgeon 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,*ildr5's ,hospitals4 ,,at ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury4--,9 ! ye> #aegi ! celebrat$ ,fr5* surgeon1 ,ambroise ,p>1 probably ! greate/ ( 8 day1 9 complet+ 8 "w on 8,*irurg]y10 made ! foll[+ /atem5t1 :i* to u ( to-day is bo? amus+ & pa!tic4 ,he says3 8,= ,god is my witness1 & all good m5 "k1 t ,i h labor$ fifty ye>s ) all c>e & pa9s 9 ! illu/ration & amplification ( ,*irurg]y2 & t ,i h s c]ta9ly t\*$ ! "w :]eat ,i aim$ t antiquity may seem to h no?+ :]e9 x may exce$ z beside ! glory ( inv5tion1 nor po/]ity any?+ left b a c]ta9 small hope to add "s ?+s40 ,?is great man _h sc>cely pass$ away :5 ! practice ( surg]y ( 8 day 0 a ?+ ( ! pa/1 due to ! realization ( t 8c]ta9 small hope0 :i* he all[$ z possible to po/]ity4 ,e read]1 :5 he reflects ^u ! crude surg]y practic$ 9 ^? days1 :5 ! op]ations 7 ^? ( necessity & n election1--t is1 7 done = injuries & n = disease1 done to relieve & n to cure2 :5 he rememb]s t n only antiseptics b also an/hetics 7 unkn[n1 mu/ be fill$ ) sympa?y = ?is old g5tleman1 & wond] :at he w\ld ?9k n[ 7 he to see :at progress po/]ity has made & is /ill mak+4 ,x is n our purpose1 h[ev]1 to c>ry our rese>*es s f> back z ,p>'s "t1 b to beg9 ) our own c5tury & br+ be=e ! read] ! advances 9 surg]y s9ce ! day ( our gr&fa!rs4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury surg]y 0 practic$ by _m great m51 m5 :o did n enjoy ! self-satisfaction ( _! pr$ecessor1 ,p>1 b :o accompli%$ mu* by con/ant endeavor & fai?ful application to advance ?is art & sci5ce4 ,!y1 too1 realiz$ manifold 8hopes10 & _! *ildr5 & gr&*ildr5 h mov$ on1 & to-day are /ill press+ =w>d 9 ! l9e ( inv5tion & discov]y4 ,b to u1 ! art ( an hundr$ ye>s ago appe>s widely diff]5t f t ( our day4 ,an/hesia _h n !n be5 discov]$1 no g]m !ory _h be5 evolv$1 &1 consequ5tly1 no su* ?+ z antiseptic or aseptic surg]y 0 kn[n4 ,! abdom5 0 op5$ = disease only1 & r>ely2 & bra9 surg]y consi/$ solely 9 trepann+ = fractures ( ! skull4 ,surg]y 0 n reg>d$ z a specialty1 b e surgeon 0 also an ob/etrician & a practition] ( g5]al m$ic9e4 ,outside ( ! treatm5t ( brok5 bones1 dislocations1 gun%ot w\nds & injuries1 ! surgeon at t "t op]at$ = /rangulat$ h]nia1 = /one 9 ! bladd]--8cutt+ = /one10 z x 0 call$2 = cat>act & = canc]4 ,d5ti/ry 0 j beg9n+ to be tak5 up z a specialty1 & all m$ical m5 extract$ tee?1 & _m fill$ _! cavities4 ,oph?almic surg]y consi/$ l>gely 9 op]ations = cat>act1 & 0 done by ! g5]al surgeon4 ,"o dep>tm5t ( ! surgeon's education at ?is "t 0 well att5d$ to1 & t 0 8 anatomic k4 ,our bodies 7 ! same !n z n[2 & al?\gh ! surgeon d>$ n trespass 9 anatomical fields :i* are famili> gr\nd to ! /ud5t ( to-day1 he did /udy ! body aft] dea?1 & 0 q z well in=m$ reg>d+ ! gross anatomy ( ! human body z ! surgeon ( to-day2 &1 _h an/hesia be5 kn[n to him1 he w\ld probably h accompli%$ ne>ly all t 0 done dur+ ! middle ( ! c5tury by 8 successors4 ,dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury no great advance 0 made 9 surg]y1 t is1 no?+ revolutioniz+2 b _m m9ds & h&s 7 at "w p]fect+ old me?ods ( op]ation & devis+ new ones4 ,!y _h to tru/ to :iskey & opium to control ! pa9 ( ! pati5t1 & consequ5tly op]ations requir+ mu* "t 9 _! p]=mance 7 avoid$ :5 possible1 &1 :5 necess>y1 _h to be p]=m$ ) su* rapidity t ! ess5tial object aim$ at 0 (t5 miss$4 ,! pati5t 0 giv5 a l>ge dose ( laudanum & a huge dr9k ( :iskey or br&y1 & 0 !n held or ti$ on ! table :ile ! surgeon proce$$ ) 8 "w4 ,"o c readily und]/& ! tortur+ pa9 ! poor pati5t _h to endure1 & ! hurri$ & (t5 unsatisfactory op]ation :i* ! surgeon _h to p]=m4 ,! endurance ( pa9 0 n ! wor/ "p ( ! pati5t's lot1 = aft]w>d he ran ! greate/ risk ( blood-poison+ & gangr5e1 :i* 7 common complications 9 ^? days4 ,x 0 ! r>e/ ?+ = ev5 ! simple/ op]ation w\nds to heal by 8prim>y union10 z x 0 call$1--t is1 )\t ! =mation ( pus4 ,e w\nd$ surface 0 expect$ to g ?r\gh a c]ta9 am\nt ( suppuration4 ,_m pati5ts lo/ _! lives f comp\nd fractures ( _! bones2 & a comp\nd fracture1 t is1 :]e !re 0 a w\nd connect+ ! seat ( fracture ) ! sk91 usually meant _m mon?s 9 b$1 & v (t5 ! loss ( ! limb4 ,except+ = ! purposes ( remov+ a ftus f ! womb 7! s-call$ ,cs>ian op]ation1 because ,cs> 0 f 88 "m's womb untimely ripp$071 ! abdom9al cavity 0 practically nev] op5$1 & :5 x 0 ! pati5t ne>ly always di$4 ,! op]ation = ! radical cure ( h]nia 0 seldom resort$ to1 except+ :5 /rangulation ( ! inte/9e necessitat$ op]ative int]f]5ce to save ! pati5t's life4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! quacks1 call+ !mselves 8rupture cutt]s10 7 n sc>ce2 b ! great mortality ( _! practice produc$ a :olesome fe> among ! p4 ,! op]ation 0 s (t5 fatal t mo/ ( ! be/ surgeons w\ld only p]=m x "u unusually urg5t circum/ances4 ,:at caus$ ! dea?s 0 p]itonitis1 or gangr5e ( ! inte/9e1 & n ! me?od ( op]at+2 = at ?is "t ne>ly e me?od ( op]at+ _h be5 devis$ t 0 9 vogue fifty ye>s lat]4 ,bone surg]y1 ! treatm5t ( fractures1 dislocations1 & diseases ( ! bones1 0 greatly improv$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury1 ?is subject receiv+ m att5tion at ! h&s ( surgical writ]s ?an any o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surgical ,,op]at+ ,,room1 ,,h[>d ,,hospital1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 ,,an,,/hesia4--,an/hesia may1 c]ta9ly f ! pati5t's po9t ( view1 be look$ ^u z ! greate/ advancem5t ev] made 9 surg]y4 ,x 0 great n only = ! reason t x gave ! pati5t absolute unconsci\sness dur+ ! "t ( ! op]ation1 b because x enabl$ ! surgeon to "w ) great] exactness & less hurry4 ,! conception ( ! an/hetic /ate did n1 h[ev]1 come into be+ = ! fir/ "t 9 our c5tury1 =1 l mo/ great ideas1 x agitat$ ! m9ds ( m$ical & sci5tific m5 = c5turies4 ,gross tells u t ,!odoric1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 recomm5d$ ! inhalation ( a c]ta9 comb9ation ( opium1 hemlock1 & o!r vegetable d]ivatives = ! purpose ( produc+ sleep1 & t 9 ,india simil> comb9ations 7 = c5turies 9 use4 ,x is ne$less1 h[ev]1 to say t ! effect produc$ 0 no?+ l t foll[+ ! use ( nitr\s oxide1 8laugh+ gas10 e!r1 or *lor(orm1 & t _! use nev] became g5]al4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! la/ c5tury ,sir ,humphry ,davy & o!rs p]=m$ repeat$ exp]im5ts ) nitr\s oxide gas1 b f9ally gave up 9 despair4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( our own c5tury sev]al me?ods ( produc+ ins5sibility to pa9 7 recomm5d$1 su* z pressure on n]ves & ble$+ to ! degree ( produc+ unconsci\sness1 b none ( !m 0 ev] suffici5tly successful to r5d] _! adoption g5]al2 & x rema9$ = a ,new ,engl& d5ti/1 ,dr4 ,horace ,wells1 9 #ahdd1 to fir/ use satisfactorily ^u himself & 8 pati5ts ! complete /ate ( unconsci\sness produc$ by nitr\s oxide gas4 ,?is poor man1 h[ev]1 fail$ signally :5 he endeavor$ to demon/rate its p[]s be=e a body ( m$ical m51 & 0 subject$ to ! mo/ unw>rant$ ridicule4 ,h[ev]1 a pupil ( ?is man1 ano!r d5ti/1 nam$ ,morton1 two ye>s lat]1 exp]im5t$ ) e!r1 & f9ally prov$ ^u himself & on pati5ts ! wond]ful p[] ( ! vapor4 ,he exhibit$ 8 discov]y at ! ,massa*usetts ,g5]al ,hospital at ,bo/on1 :]e ,dr4 ,w>r5 p]=m$ an op]ation ^u a pati5t e!riz$ by ,dr4 ,morton4 ,! fame ( ?is man & 8 great discov]y spread rapidly ov] ! cont95t & into ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e1 & 9 #ahdg ,sir ,james ,y4 ,simpson 9 ,ed9burgh discov]$ ! an/hetic p[]s ( *lor(orm4 ,^! two ag5ts1 e!r & *lor(orm1 h exi/$ z rivals = pr(essional favor = ne>ly half a c5tury1 "o be+ m popul> & m g5]ally us$ 9 "o c\ntry & ! o!r 9 ano!r4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a field = ! use ( bo?1 ! op]ator *oos+ ! an/hetic to suit ! individual case4 ,9 our own c\ntry e!r is m g5]ally us$ 9 ! ,nor? & ,ea/ & *lor(orm 9 ! ,s\? & ,we/4 ,*lor(orm has _h m dea?s attribut$ to its use1 b 9 _m cases is a mu* saf] an/hetic ?an e!r4 ,x is mo/ amus+ to obs]ve ! attitude ( ! s-call$ cons]vative surgeon t[>d ! use ( an/hetics soon aft] _! discov]y2 ?is is p>ticul>ly true ( _! employm5t 9 ob/etric practice1 _m em95t ob/etricians ma9ta9+ t ! p>turi5t woman 0 int5d$ to suff]1 & ref]r+ triumphantly to ! ,bible = au?ority4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ne$less to say t al?\gh _m m5 7 at fir/ uneasy 9 ! use ( ^! new-f\nd ag5ts1 ^? :o did n take advantage ( _! wond]ful p[]s f\nd !mselves rapidly becom+ out ( date & des]t$ by _! pati5ts1 :o pref]r$ unconsci\sness to ! old] me?od ( us+ opium & :iskey4 ,not)/&+ ! great /ep made by ! introduction ( e!r & *lor(orm1 ! m$ical man is to-day /ill dissatisfi$ & is cont9ually endeavor+ to discov] "s ag5t or comb9ation ( ag5ts :i* w produce ins5sibility to pa9 )\t unconsci\sness & )\t ! slight dang] & ! uncom=table aft] effects ( *lor(orm & e!r4 ,an ideal an/hetic !n mu/ be a local an/hetic1 "o t w r5d] ! field ( op]ation ins5sible & be )\t ! slighte/ dang] to ! pati5t4 ,,local ,,an,,/hesia4--,at ! beg9n+ ( our c5tury freez+ ) ice alone1 or ) ice & salt1 0 ! only me?od employ$ = produc+ local ins5sibility4 ,freez+ z a local an/hetic 01 h[ev]1 n ext5sively us$ until fifty ye>s lat]1 :5 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson ( ,london %[$ ! an/hetic effect ( spray+ ! surface ( ! tissues ) e!r4 ,dur+ ! late sixties ?is me?od ( freez+ became q popul> = produc+ local an/hesia = small op]ations su* z extraction ( tee?1 remov+ nails1 op5+ abscesses1 etc41 & occasionally 0 employ$ = m protract$ op]ations1 ,cs>ian section hav+ be5 p]=m$ a numb] ( times by ! aid ( ?is ag5t4 ,! rhigol5e spray 0 f\nd lat] to be m satisfactory ?an e!r 9 _m respects1 & ! two toge!r 7 frequ5tly us$4 ,ano!r freez+ ag5t :i* is n[ us$ v ext5sively & has entirely supplant$ ^? j m5tion$ is ! *loride ( e?yl4 ,?is1 :5 appli$ to ! dry sk91 produces 9 a few seconds complete freez+1 & r5d]s ! surface comp>atively pa9less = _m ( ! m9or surgical op]ations4 ,! prop]ties ( coca9e z a local an/hetic 7 kn[n ?irty ye>s ago1 b x 0 n until #ahhd t ,dr4 ,kohl] ( ,g]many demon/rat$ its practical applicability4 ,to-day mo/ ( ! op]ations on ! eye1 nose1 & ?roat are p]=m$ "u ! pa9 prev5tion af=d$ by ?is drug1 & 9 g5]al surg]y x has an ext5sive field1 be+ f\nd satisfactory :]e freez+ is inapplicable or g5]al an/hesia n desir$1 z1 = in/ance1 9 remov+ small tumors1 spl9t]s1 +r[+ nails1 etc4 ,9 ! eye1 nose1 & ?roat x is appli$ simply 9 solution to ! muc\s membrane1 b :]e an/hesia ( ! sk9 is desir$1 x is necess>y to inject x "u ! sk9 ) a hypod]mic syr+e4 ,:5 us$ 9 /rong solutions ?is rem$y is dang]\s1 & x has lately be5 %[n t weak] solutions :5 us$ 9 l>g] quantities are j z satisfactory & less dang]\s4 ,a rec5t sub/itute = coca9e is euca9e2 b1 al?\gh less dang]\s1 x is less satisfactory & n h>mless to ! tissues !mselves4 ,,antiseptic ,,& ,,aseptic ,,surg]y4--,except+ ! introduction ( an/hesia1 no great] /ep has ev] be5 made 9 surg]y ?an t :i* 0 br\ght into use by ! antiseptic & aseptic me?od ( treat+ w\nds4 ,x is n[ ab\t ?irty ye>s s9ce ,sir ,joseph ,li/]1 believ+ 9 ! s-call$ 8g]m !ory10 evolv$ by ,pa/eur1 ,vir*[1 & o!rs1 advocat$ ! use ( ag5ts :i* 7 de/ructive to g]m life 9 ! treatm5t ( w\nds4 ,at fir/ ! great antiseptic1 & ! "o us$ mo/ g5]ally by ,li/]1 0 c>bolic acid1 :i* 0 appli$ to ! w\nd 9 solution1 & us$ z a spray dur+ ! p]=mance ( op]ations1 to protect ! w\nd f infection by g]ms 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,x 0 n long1 h[ev]1 be=e x 0 discov]$ t ! dang] lay n 9 ! atmosph]e b 9 ! sk9 ( ! pati5t & 9 ! h&s ( ! surgeon & 9 ! condition ( 8 in/rum5ts & dress+s2 & to ^! s\rces att5tion 0 giv5 ) results kn[n to u all4 ,o!r antiseptics1 su* z bi*loride ( m]cury & boric acid1 aft]w>d came into use1 & )9 ! pa/ t5 ye>s ! fir/ ( ^! two has l>gely supplant$ c>bolic acid1 & is ! "o reliable & practical de/roy] ( g]ms4 ,! antiseptic treatm5t ( w\nds 0 probably n 9 full sw+ until ab\t #ahhe-ahij1 & 0 quickly foll[$ by ! m rec5t aseptic me?od4 ,^! two c1 h[ev]1 nev] be successfully sep>ate1 z ! latt] is dep5d5t entirely ^u ! =m]2 t is1 9 ord] to r5d] ! field ( op]ation & ! h&s ( ! surgeon aseptic1 ! antiseptics mu/ be us$4 ,asepsis means )\t poison\s g]ms1 &1 z appli$ to surgical treatm5t1 x is ess5tial t1 aft] ! in/rum5ts1 ! dress+s1 ! pati5t's sk91 ! surgeon's & 8 assi/ants' h&s h be5 ?or\ghly clean$ ) soap & wat] & r5d]$ free f g]ms1 !re be use ( antiseptic solutions 9 ! w\nd or on ! dress+s4 ,?is has be5 a great /ep =w>d1 ?is discov]y t x 0 9 ! sk9 t ! g]ms lurk$1 & t soap & wat] & a scrubb+ bru% 7 z necess>y z antiseptics4 ,few surgeons to-day employ antiseptic solutions 9 w\nds unless ! w\nd itself is already infect$1 :5 x becomes necess>y4 ,9 w\nds :i* are clean & made by ! surgeon "u aseptic conditions1 no antiseptic drug is requir$ :i* may inde$ be actually h>mful1 = ^! *emicals :i* de/roy g]ms are n altoge!r h>mless to heal?y tissue1 p>ticul>ly :5 us$ 9 /rong solution4 ,! discov]y ( an/hesia & ! promulgation ( ! g]m !ory ( inflammation1 toge!r ) ! subsequ5t p]fection ( ! means ( de/roy+ microbes1 all )9 ! memory ( _m n[ liv+1 h revolutioniz$ surg]y to su* an ext5t t ! surgeon rea*es fe>lessly into regions :i* be=e 7 impracticable1 & und]takes op]ations :i* 7 nev] ev5 dream$ ( a g5]ation ago4 ,"o c readily imag9e t no surgeon w\ld c>e to und]take1 & no pati5t w\ld endure1 ! agony ( an op]ation la/+ = sev]al h\rs )\t an an/hetic2 & t x mu/ h be5 only an imm$iate & c]ta9 dang] ( dea? t compell$ a surgeon1 9 pre-antiseptic days1 to op5 an abdom5 or bra9 :5 he realiz$ ! great probability ( subsequ5t inflammation & dea?4 ,let u look at "s ( ! individual advances ( surg]y s9ce ! introduction ( an/hesia & ( ! use ( g]m-de/roy+ ag5ts1 consid]+ fir/1 simple fractures4 ,,( ,,simple ,,fractures4--,an/hesia 0 ! means ( p]mitt+ surgeons to 8set0 fractures 9 a satisfactory mann] & )\t pa92 & ! use ( antiseptics has prev5t$ _m ( ^! fractures f becom+ comp\nd fractures4 ,lately !re has be5 a *ange 9 ! g5]al treatm5t ( fractures :i* is prov+ a great advancem5t4 ,=m]ly x 0 ! cu/om to keep n only ! brok5 bone itself p]fectly quiet on a spl9t until union _h tak5 place1 b also to immobilize all ! neighbor+ /ructures1 jo9ts1 muscles1 & t5dons4 ,?is meant t :5 ! limb 0 tak5 (f ! spl9t1 n only w\ld ! bone be 8solid10 b !re 0 also a t5d5cy to fixation ( ! muscles & jo9ts1 s t x took ! pati5t z long to get back ! use ( ! limb z x did to unite ! brok5 bone4 ,?is is n[ obviat$ 9 _m fractures by beg9n+ bo? ! passive & active motion ( ! neighbor+ muscles & jo9ts at a mu* e>li] p]iod ?an h]et(ore2 9 fact1 9 _m fractures1 su* z ^? ne> ! wri/1 by nev] all[+ ^! adjac5t /ructures to get /iff at all1 b keep+ up ! passive motion 7:ile ! fragm5ts are held firmly toge!r7 f ! v fir/ dress+4 ,9 o!r m complicat$ & s]i\s fractures :]e motion is contra-indicat$1 ! use ( c>efully appli$ massage prev5ts l>gely ! /iffness & ! wa/+ ( ! muscles :i* results f long conf9em5t on spl9ts4 ,,comp\nd ,,fractures4--,9 pre-antiseptic days comp\nd fractures 7 "o ( ! greate/ causes ( ! amputation ( limbs2 & yet1 to-day1 ^! same breaks1 :i* tw5ty-five ye>s ago w\ld h co/ ! pati5t 8 limb1 are1 by means ( antiseptics1 r5d]$ aseptic & conv]t$ into a simple fracture by ! clos+ ( ! w\nd1 & ! "p is n only sav$ b fully re/or$ to function4 ,,bone ,,diseases4--,diseases ( ! bones1 z inflammation1 c>ies1 & necrosis1 are n[ dealt ) v diff]5tly f ( old4 ,! diseas$ /ructures are n[ ?or\ghly remov$2 & ! inflammation :i* at "o "t kept ! pati5t 9 mis]y & dang] = a long "t is subdu$ f ! />t4 ,,o/eotomy4--,?is t]m1 :i* means ! division ( a bone1 is g5]ally appli$ to ! correction ( de=mities1 su* z b[-legs4 ,?is op]ation fifty ye>s ago 0 n frequ5tly resort$ to1 & !n only 9 sev]e cases1 ! mild] ones be+ left alone or treat$ ) braces1 :i* at be/ c\ld d little m ?an prev5t increase 9 de=mity4 ,:5 ! op]ation 0 p]=m$ on ! bone1 x 0 !n divid$1 usually ) a saw4 ,! op]ation n[adays = ?is condition is :at is call$ subcutane\s o/eotomy2 t is1 ! w\nd made is only z l>ge z ! *isel us$ = sev]+ ! bone1 ab\t "o half in*1 & ow+ to our k ( microbes & our means ( de/roy+ !m & prev5t+ _! ravages1 hundr$s ( legs are made /raight e ye> :i* a g5]ation ago c\ld n h be5 safely t\*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cl9ical ,,amphi!atre4 ,,g>rett ,,memorial ,,build+1 ,,p5nsylvania ,,hospital1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 ,,amputations4--,! fir/ successful amputation at ! hip jo9t1 = ei!r injury or disease1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 done 9 #ahjf by ,dr4 ,bra%eur2 ! next 0 n accompli%$ until #ahbd4 ,z late z #ahhb1 ! great ,am]ican surgeon1 ,gross1 wrote 9 8 8,sy/em ( ,surg]y30 8,to no op]ation t c be p]=m$ on ! human body is ! (t-repeat$ maxim1 #8,ad extremos morbus extrema rem$ia1' m ju/ly applicable ?an to amputation at ! hip jo9t4 ,! op]ation may become necess>y bo? on acc\nt ( disease & accid5t2 b x is ( s =midable a nature & s fraught ) dang]1 t x %\ld nev] be und]tak5 unless ! pati5t has no o!r *ance ( escape4 ,! great risk :i* att5ds x is *iefly due to %ock1 loss ( blood1 suppuration1 erysipelas1 & pyaemia4444 ,"u highly favorable circum/ances1 mu* ( ! enorm\s w\nd may unite by ! fir/ int5tion2 b1 9 g5]al1 m or less suppuration takes place1 & 9 "s in/ances ! dis*>ge is s copi\s z to lead to fatal exhau/ion4 ,! greate/ dang] ( all1 h[ev]1 is ! occurr5ce ( pyaemia1 or second>y abscess1 especially 9 amputations at ! hip jo9t 9 consequ5ce ( injury1 z a comp\nd fracture or a gun%ot w\nd40 ,?is gives ! attitude ( ! pr(ession t[>d ?is op]ation a little m ?an fifte5 ye>s ago1 & ! dang]s :i* att5d$ its p]=mance4 ,let u add t ! mortality at ?is "t may be express$ 9 ! foll[+ figures4 7,dr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,%epp>d prep>$ ^! /ati/ics = ,dr4 ,a%hur/47 ,( #fac cases 9 :i* ! results are kn[n1 8#bcg occurr$ 9 army practice1 ( :i* #cj recov]$ & #bjg1 or #hg4c p] c5t di$2 #ga 7 p]=m$ 9 civil life = injury1 ) ! result ( #dg dea?s1 or a mortality ( #ff4a p] c5t2 #bfa 7 practic$ = disease1 ) #aje dea?s1 or a mortality rate ( #dj4b p] c5t2 & ( #dd amputations = unkn[n causes #cd1 or #gg4b p] c5t 7 fatal40 ,9 #ahij1 ,dr4 ,john ,a4 ,wye? ( ,new ,york introduc$ 8 8bloodless me?od0 ( amputation at ! hip jo9t1 & he rec5tly reports #fi op]ations p]=m$ aft] ?is mann] by himself & o!rs1 9 :i* !re 7 #aa dea?s1 #e ( :i* occurr$ 9 cases ( extreme injury1 :]e ! pati5ts _h lo/ a l>ge am\nt ( blood & vigor be=e op]ation4 ,9 #dj cases ! op]ation 0 done = malignant gr[?1 & #d dea?s occurr$1 #aj p] c5t4 ,9 #bb ! amputation 0 made = inflammatory disease ( ! bone1 & #c di$1 #ac4f p] c5t4 ,"o has b to contra/ ^! /ati/ics to und]/& :at antiseptic me?ods & rec5t improvem5ts 9 ! control ( hemorrhage h done to less5 ! mortality ( amputations4 ,! /ill m rec5t use ( salt solution inject$ into ! circulation ( pati5ts suff]+ f pr(use hemorrhage has lately be5 ! means ( sav+ _m lives :i* w\ld h o!rwise succumb$ to ! loss ( blood & ! %ock subsequ5t to injury & op]ation4 ,z illu/rat+ ! contra/ betwe5 ! septic & antiseptic me?ods1 let u consid] ! surg]y ( our ,civil ,w> & comp>e ) t ( to-day1 & we %all see ! enorm\s diff]5ces 9 me?ods1 & p>ticul>ly 9 economy ( limbs & organs z well z mortality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p5nsylvania ,,hospital1 ,,philadelphia4 ,,hemorrhage4--,! arre/ & control ( hemorrhage has greatly improv$ )9 ! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,! mak+ ( an aseptic w\nd does away l>gely ) ! mu* dread$ second>y hemorrhage ( a g5]ation ago1 by prev5t+ suppuration1 :i* is usually ! cause ( second>y hemorrhage4 ,! clumsy & complicat$ app>atus ( =m] days = controll+ hemorrhage has be5 sup]s$$ by ! use ( ! ,esm>* rubb] t\rniquet1 ! neat hemo/atic =ceps1 & ! /]ile animal ligature4 ,no surgeon ?9ks to-day ( apply+ a silk ligature to a blood vessel & all[+ x to hang out ( ! w\nd until x sep>ates1 s t 9 case ( second>y ble$+ he c\ld readily f9d ! vessel2 b he applies an absorbable ligature1 usually ( catgut1 :i* is /]ile1 & :i* is entirely absorb$ by ! tissues aft] x has done its "w4 ,mu* suff]+ has be5 sav$ pati5ts by ! introduction ( absorbable mat]ials = ligation ( vessels & sew+ ( w\nds4 ,=m]ly "o ( ! great dreads ( w\nds 0 ! 8tak+ out ( ! /it*es40 ,to-day :]e ! w\nds are n inflam$ ?is is little compla9$ (1 & :]e ! animal suture is us$ !re is no discom=t :atev]4 ,_m means h1 dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 be5 employ$ = ! resuscitation ( pati5ts suff]+ f pr(use hemorrhage & %ock4 ,! idea ( inject+ into ! ve9s ( ! pati5t ?us affect$ blood f ano!r p]son or f an animal is n new1 & has at times be5 q successful4 ,! mo/ g5]ally us$ me?od 0 to draw ! blood f a heal?y p]son or animal & inject x into ! ve9 ( ! pati5t ) a syr+e3 h[ev]1 s-call$ 8direct transfusion0 0 also employ$1 & consi/$ 9 pump+ ! blood direct f ! ve9 ( ! heal?y individual into t ( ! pati5t4 ,o!r mat]ials ?an blood h be5 inject$ into ! blood vessels ( p]sons suff]+ f great loss ( blood1 notably milk4 ,all ( ^! me?ods h be5 put ^u ! %elf1 nev] to be call$ into use aga94 ,! +5uity ( ! n9ete5? c5tury sugge/$ ! sub/itution ( a solution ( common salt = blood &1 to-day1 ! intra-v5\s injection ( normal salt solution saves hundr$s ( lives4 ,! solution is made to resemble z closely z possible ! liquid portion ( ! human blood 7! liquor sangu9is71 especially z to specific gravity2 & z x is always /]iliz$ by boil+ be=e be+ us$1 x is free f all ! dang]s :i* accompany ! transfusion ( "o p]son's blood into ano!r4 ,no well-appo9t$ op]at+ room is )\t its transfusion app>atus & its salt solution ready = use4 ,,w\nds4--,ref]5ce to ! rem>ks on asepsis & antisepsis w %[ ! read] t ! treatm5t ( w\nds has und]gone a complete *ange 9 ! pa/ qu>t] ( a c5tury2 b probably ! mod]n treatm5t ( gun%ot w\nds illu/rates ?is bett] ?an any?+ else4 ,until #ahhe1 only six cases 7 record$ :]e ! abdom9al cavity 0 op5$ = gun%ot w\nds1 b s9ce t "t hundr$s ( cases h be5 treat$ 9 ?is way e ye>4 ,! injuries 7 =m]ly consid]$ almo/ c]ta9ly fatal1 & if ! inte/9e 0 injur$ ! pati5t assur$ly di$4 ,n[ ! abdom5 is op5$1 hemorrhage controll$1 w\nds--(t5 to ! numb] ( six or eight or ev5 ?irty or m--( ! inte/9es clos$1 or an injur$ section ( ! inte/9es remov$ & ! abdom9al cavity cleans$ & clos$1 ) _m favorable t]m9ations to make ! op]ation n only a ju/ifiable "o1 b "o ( necessity & safety4 ,!re is no comp>ison ) ! pres5t-day results ( gun%ot w\nds ( ei!r abdom5 or *e/ & ^? ( a g5]ation ago4 ,x is ! duty ( ! surgeon1 9 case ( gun%ot w\nd ( abdom51 to op51 explore1 & repair1 :]eas =m]ly x 0 consid]$ ! "p ( wisdom to leave ! pati5t )\t radical treatm5t & only to make him com=table ) opiates4 ,?us cases ( damage to ! inte/9es & visc]a did occasionally recov] 9 pre-antiseptic days1 b x 0 ! r>e/ occurr5ce4 ,:at has be5 said ( gun%ot w\nds applies also to /ab w\nds ( ! *e/ & abdom54 ,,! ,,alim5t>y ,,canal4--,probably ! surg]y ( no portion ( ! body1 unless x be ! bra91 has be5 s mu* improv$ dur+ ! pa/ fifte5 ye>s z t ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,! esophagus or gullet is n[ op5$ ) impunity = bo? disease & injury4 ,?is organ is n only approa*able ?r\gh ! neck b also ?r\gh ! back "p ( ! *e/1 by resection ( ! ribs2 & ! latt] op]ation is frequ5tly made necess>y by ! lodgm5t ( =eign bodies1--buttons1 false tee?1 etc4--s l[ d[n 9 ! esophagus t !y _c be rea*$ ?r\gh ! m\? or ?r\gh an op5+ made 9 ! neck4 ,,! ,,/oma*4--,?is organ1 :i* 0 =m]ly a =bidd5 field to ! surgeon1 is n[ subject$ to ! mo/ v>i$ surgical op]ations1 f simple op5+ = ! purpose ( remov+ a =eign body or e/abli%+ a fi/ul\s tract to ! resection ( a portion ( x or to its complete resection1 z has be5 successfully accompli%$ sev]al times )9 ! pa/ ye> or two = malignant disease4 ,! removal ( ! small] end ( ! /oma* = canc] is n[ a frequ5t op]ation4 ,dur+ ! w> ( ! rebellion !re 7 sixty-f\r cases ( w\nds ( ! /oma*1 & only "o recov]$4 ,9 ov] six hundr$ & fifty cases ( w\nds ( ! inte/9es !re 7 record$ only five cases ( recov]y f w\nds ( ! small & fifty-n9e f w\nds ( ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,,! ,,inte/9al ,,tract4--,:at has be5 said ( ! /oma* applies also to ?is portion ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,no surgeon c n[adays call himself su* if he is incapable ( remov+ a diseas$ portion ( inte/9e1 x may be only a few in*es or sev]al feet1 & br++ ! divid+ ends ( rema9+ inte/9e into su* apposition t heal+ takes place & ! function is re/or$4 ,until rec5tly1 :5 ! means ( ana/omos+ ! inte/9al canal 7 p]fect$1 x 0 ! cu/om ( ! surgeon to br+ ! sev]$ ends ( ! inte/9es into ! abdom9al incision & suture !m !re1 e/abli%+ 9 ?is way an artificial anus ) all its accompany+ discom=ts4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly bett] ?an all[+ ! pati5t to p]i% f 8 disease1 b h[ inf9itely pref]able is ! pres5t me?od ( br++ ! heal?y cut ends ( ! inte/9e into apposition & re/abli%+ ! calibre4 ,x is ?is op]ation :i* has s mu* r$uc$ ! mortality ( intra-abdom9al injuries1 gun%ot w\nds1 /abs1 etc41 & has made hundr$s ( suff]]s f inte/9al canc] ei!r well aga9 or com=table = ye>s4 ,! p]fection ( ! op]ation ( jo9+ "o "p ( ! alim5t>y canal to ano!r has be5 due l>gely to ! +5uity & p]sev]ance ( ,am]ican surgeons1 :o h devot$ ye>s to exp]im5tation & practice ^u ! cadav] & ^u animals4 ,,! ,,kidneys4--,! kidney has n be5 beh9d ! o!r organs ( ! body 9 reap+ ! b5efits ( mod]n surg]y4 ,! fir/ case ( removal ( ! kidney 0 done 9 #ahfi by ,simon1 & 0 successful4 ,x 0 done only aft] a numb] ( dogs 7 op]at$ on successfully to demon/rate t life & heal? are compatible ) only "o kidney4 ,s9ce ?is "t ! removal ( a kidney = disease or injury1 :5 its fell[ ( ! opposite side is heal?y & p]=m+ its function1 has be5 look$ ^u z an entirely ju/ifiable op]ation4 ,! surg]y ( ?is organ has lately s f> advanc$1 h[ev]1 t _m kidneys are n[ treat$ by m curative op]ations4 ,9 #ahhj ! fir/ op]ation 0 done = ! removal ( a /one f ! kidney1 an op]ation :i* n[ ne>ly e surgeon ( mu* exp]i5ce has p]=m$4 ,! op]ation = ! fixation ( a float+ kidney1 :i* is n[ s common1 0 fir/ done 9 #ahha4 ,n[1 s9ce ,simon's bold exp]im5t ! lives ( betwe5 two ?\s& & ?ree ?\s& p]sons h be5 ?us sav$ :o _h o!rwise c]ta9ly di$4 ,,! ,,bladd]4--,= g5]ations ! bladd] has be5 consid]$ a legitimate field = surg]y1 b mod]n me?ods & te*nique h greatly ext5d$ ! doma94 ,"o ( ! greate/ advances 9 bladd] surg]y has be5 ! cru%+ ( /one & its imm$iate removal4 ,until #ahbe ! treatm5t ( all /ones 9 ! bladd] 0 _! removal ?r\gh an incision made 9 ! organ4 ,at t "t ,civiale fir/ p]=m$ ! op]ation ( pass+ a blad$ in/rum5t into ! bladd] & cru%+ ! /one1 !n all[+ ! pati5t to pass x subsequ5tly at ur9ation4 ,! op]ation became q popul> ) c]ta9 surgeons z e>ly z ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,! cutt+ op]ation has1 h[ev]1 nev] be5 entirely put aside1 & ev5 to-day x is1 9 _m cases1 ! be/ & only proc$ure4 ,9 #ahgh ,bigel[1 ( ,bo/on1 devis$ ! me?od :i* is n[ univ]sally us$1 ( cru%+ ! /one & wa%+ x out at once ?r\gh a silv] tube4 ,?is 0 a great /ride ahead ( ! old me?od4 ,"o ( ! great difficulties 9 decid+ ^u ! removal ( a kidney has be5 ! tr\ble ( f9d+ out :e!r ! o!r kidney is do+ its "w1 & ?is ,kelly1 ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 has done mu* to ov]come 9 devis+ 8 me?od ( exam9+ by look+ at ! op5+s ( ! tubes ( ! kidneys :]e !y empty into ! bladd]4 ,if ! kidney is p]=m+ its function ! ur9e w be se5 fl[+ f its tube into ! bladd]4 ,,h]nia ,,or ,,rupture4--,probably ! treatm5t ( no condition has receiv$ m consid]ation f ! surgeon ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ?an t ( rupture1 & x 0 n until #ahia t an op]ation 0 devis$1 simultane\sly by an ,italian & an ,am]ican surgeon1 :i* has prov$ = itself all t its orig9ators claim$4 ,hundr$s ( op]ative me?ods h be5 br\ght =w>d = ! cure ( ?is tr\blesome & dang]\s condition2 b1 until ! op]ations ( ,hal/ead & ,boss9i 7 br\ght =w>d1 little prospect ( an absolute cure c\ld be promis$ a pati5t1 & ! cons]vative surgeon w\ld only und]take to op]ate ^u v tr\blesome cases su* z c\ld n be controll$ by a truss4 ,n[ ne>ly e case ( h]nia may be look$ ^u z curable by an op]ation4 ,,op]ative ,,gyn,,cology4--,! op]ative treatm5t ( ! disease ( ! female g5]ative organs has be5 revolutioniz$ 9 our c5tury1 & its revolution has be5 l>gely due to ,am]ican surgeons4 ,! fir/ ov>iotomy ev] p]=m$ 0 done 9 ,k5tucky1 by ,dr4 ,ephraim ,mc,dowell1 9 #ahji4 ,9 ! fifties1 ,m>ion ,sims won great r5[n = himself & 8 c\ntry by 8 wond]ful +5uity & boldness 9 ?is l9e ( "w4 ,! greate/ advance "h1 z 9 all dep>tm5ts ( surg]y1 has be5 made s9ce ! introduction ( antiseptic & aseptic pr9ciples4 ,to-day !re is no disease or condition :i*1 if se5 e>ly en\gh1 _c be cur$1 or ess5tially reliev$ at ! h&s ( an exp]t abdom9al surgeon4 ,?\s&s ( wom5 are n[ sav$ e ye> by ^! means :o =m]ly w\ld h c]ta9ly di$ or rema9$ hopeless invalids4 ,,app5dicitis4--,?is condition mu/ seem to ! ord9>y read] to be ei!r a new disease or "o mu* m preval5t ?an 9 days gone by1 b x is n ! case4 ,! cause ( ?is appe>ance is ! fact t 9 =m] times ! condition 0 n recogniz$ 9 its incipi5cy1 & ! exact cause ( ! tr\ble 0 unkn[n4 ,! condition !n advanc$ until x 0 call$ typhlitis1 p]itonitis1 & ob/ruction ( ! b[els1 etc41 all ( :i* w\ld to-day occur if ! conditions 7 n recogniz$ e>ly & treatm5t imm$iately in/itut$ be=e ! inflammation & infection ext5d$ f ! app5dix to neighbor+ tissues4 ,,bra9 ,,surg]y4--,?is bran* ( surg]y is practically a triumph ( rec5t ye>s4 ,=m]ly ! bra9 0 nev] int]f]$ ) except = injury 7traumatic71 & ev5 !n no?+ 0 done except+ = ! removal ( pressure1 z f a piece ( depress$ bone1 & ! in/itution ( dra9age4 ,to-day ! skull is op5$ = epilepsy2 abscesses ( ! bra9 are op5$ & dra9$ successfully1 & tumors ( ! bra9 are remov$1 ?us n only 9 numb]less in/ances sav+ life b--:at is equally important--sav+ ! usefulness ( ! life & m9d4 ,! fir/ actual successes 9 ?is l9e are record$ by ,b5nett & ,godlee 9 #ahhd1 :o localiz$ & op]at$ on & ultimately f\nd a tumor4 ,! pati5t di$1 b ! bold beg9n+ 0 foll[$ by a numb] ( o!r surgeons1 till ?is new region = exploration1 hi!rto unt\*$1 has become a f]tile gr\nd = successful ef=ts4 ,abscess ( ! bra91 until tw5ty ye>s ago1 0 almo/ inv>iably fatal4 ,mac,ewen 9 #ahgi locat$ an abscess ( ! bra9 & begg$ to be all[$ to op]ate1 b 0 refus$ by ! family ( ! pati5t4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! pati5t he op]at$ precisely z he w\ld h done 9 life1 evacuat$ ! pus & demon/rat$ t _h he be5 p]mitt$ to d s he c\ld h sav$ life4 ,:]e ! cranium is w\nd$ surgeons n[adays w n hesitate to op5 ! skull1 secure ! ble$+ vessels1 remove clots1 & ?us _m lives are sav$4 ,ev5 comp>atively slight injuries to ! skull1 :]e ! bra9 is damag$1 involve (t5times de/ruction to ! art]ies & blood is effus$1 produc+ su* de/ructive pressure z causes v s]i\s symptoms or ev5 dea?4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 ! results ( a bl[ or a fall )\t injur+ ! skull may cause pr(\nd damage & subsequ5t hemorrhage4 ,9 all ^! cases op]ative int]f]5ce1 n[ extremely safe & easy1 may readily save life4 ,gun%ot w\nds ( ! bra9 are n[ only occasionally fatal1 provid$ opportunity (f]s = prompt & clean op]ative "w4 ,ev5 :]e ! ball has trav]s$ ! entire l5g? ( ! c]ebrum1 recov]y has foll[$ op]ation4 ,! results ( bra9 surg]y 9 reliev+ c]ta9 =ms ( epilepsy are occasionally mo/ brilliant & frequ5tly mu* relief is af=d$4 ,:]e ! epilepsy is ( ! "* kn[n z focal1 & :]e !re is evid5ce ( irritation ( ! bra91 due to a local pressure1 :e!r ( ! cranial walls or ( "s new gr[? )9 ! bra9 tissue1 ! removal ( ^! s\rces ( irritation has 9 _m report$ in/ances be5 mo/ satisfactory4 ,aga91 c]ta9 cases ( protract$ heada*e1 s sev]e z to r5d] life insupportable1 h be5 cur$ by trepann+ ! skull4 ,c]ta9 =ms ( insanity h be5 modifi$ & reliev$ :]e ?is _h foll[$ ^u bra9 injuries4 ,x is ( great int]e/ to reflect ^u ! me?ods by :i* /ud5ts ( bra9 disease are enabl$ to det]m9e s exactly ! location ( tumors1 abscesses1 hemorrhages1 clots1 sc>s1 & o!r alt]ations ( tissue giv+ rise to epilepsy & bra9 disord]s1 & :i* af=d no indication ( ! diseas$ locality by any *ang$ condition ( ! surface4 ,9 deal+ ) o!r p>ts ( ! body1 if ! precise locality ( ! "p to be op]at$ on _c be at fir/ det]m9$1 !re is no hesitation 9 ! m9ds ( ! surgeons 9 cutt+ d[n ^u1 & se>*+ =1 t :i* he proposes to remove4 ,9 deal+ ) s delicate an organ z ! bra91 h[ev]1 ?is _c be p]mitt$2 = a v>iation ( ! v smalle/ dim5sion w sometimes *ange ! manipulations f ^? ( p]fect safety to ! mo/ fatal results4 ,our k ( ! location ( ! functions ( ! bra9 & ! areas f :5ce arise gov]n+ influ5ces has be5 d]iv$ almo/ solely f exp]im5ts ^u liv+ animals4 ,among ! names ( ! great pione]s 9 ?is direction mu/ be m5tion$ ^? ( ,f]ri] & ,horseley1 ( ,engl&2 ,frits*1 ,hitzig1 & ,goltz1 ( ,g]many4 ,! rese>*es :i* h ?us op5$ up a new realm ( op]ative possibility are among ! v greate/ triumphs 9 our means ( sav+ life & af=d+ opportunity = relief ( ! mo/ s]i\s disablem5ts kn[n to mod]n times4 ,= illu/ration ( h[ ^! /udies are pursu$1 x may be ( int]e/ to review ! me?od us$ by ,horseley4 ,! bra9 ( a monkey hav+ be5 expos$ at ! "p to be inve/igat$1 ! poles ( a batt]y are appli$ ov] squ>es "o twelf? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & all ! v>i\s movem5ts :i* occur 7if any7 are m9utely /udi$4 ,"o squ>e hav+ be5 /udi$1 ! next is /imulat$1 & ! results are aga9 not$1 & s on f squ>e to squ>e4 ,^! movem5ts are !n tabulat$4 ,= example1 all ^? adjac5t squ>es :i*1 :5 /imulat$1 produce movem5ts ( ! ?umb are call$ ! region = repres5tation ( ! ?umb1 or 8! ?umb c5tre20 & to all ^? squ>es :i* produce movem5ts ( ! h&1 ! elb[1 ! %\ld]1 or ! face1 etc41 are giv5 correspond+ names4 ,9 ?is way ! bra9 has be5 mapp$ out1 region by region1 & ! same m9ute1 pati5t /udy giv5 to ea*4 ,^! animals are e!riz$ s t !y d n suff] ! lea/ pa94 ,su* op]ations1 ) few exceptions1 ev5 )\t e!r1 are n pa9ful4 ,! bra9 itself c be h&l$1 compress$1 cut1 or torn )\t ! lea/ pa94 ,a numb] ( cases h already be5 report$ 9 :i* a consid]able portion ( ! human bra9 has be5 remov$ by op]ation1 & ! pati5ts h be5 ab\t _! ord9>y avocations )9 a week or two4 ,/udy+ 9 ?is way ! bra9 9 ! l[] animals1 x is n[ possible to get a v fair k ( ! localization ( _m ( its functions 9 man4 ,moreov]1 portions ( ! body c be entirely sev]$1 &1 if suitably pres]v$1 c be replac$1 & !y w adh]e & gr[ z if no?+ _h happ5$4 ,:5 a w\nd is sl[ 9 heal+1 we n[ take bits ( sk91 ei!r f ! pati5t's own body or provid$ by ! will+ family or fri5ds1 or ev5 f frogs1 & 8graft0 !m on ! surface ( ! w\nd4 ,!y usually adh]e1 & z enl>gem5t takes place at _! m>g9s1 !y coalesce by "o half ! "t requir$ = heal+4 ,ev5 a l>ge disk ( bone1 "o or two in*es 9 diamet]1 :5 remov$ f ! skull1 c be s sav$ & utiliz$4 ,x is plac$ 9 a vessel fill$ ) a w>m antiseptic solution1 :i* is aga9 plac$ 9 a bas9 ( w>m wat]1 & x is ! duty ( a special assi/ant to see t ! !rmomet] 9 ?is bas9 %all always m>k #ajj to #aje ,fahr4 ,! bone may be sep>at$ f ! skull s long z "o or two h\rs1 b if prop]ly c>$ = c be replac$1 & w gr[ fa/ & fulfill its accu/om$ b int]rupt$ duty ( protect+ ! bra94 ,illu/ration3 ,x-,,ray ,,picture ,,( ,a ,,comp\nd ,,fracture ,,& ,,dislocation ,,( ,,! ,,=e>m4 ,r,,ntg5 ,,rays4--,"o ( ! mo/ rec5t advances 9 ! art ( surg]y is ! discov]y & use ( ! ,x-rays4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahie1 ,pr(essor ,rntg51 ( ,wrzburg1 ann\nc$ 8 discov]y1 & s9ce !n its utility has cont9ually increas$1 until to-day no l>ge hospital or prop]ly equipp$ tea*+ in/itution1 inde$ no fir/-rate surgeon1 is )\t ! ,x-ray app>atus4 ,by its use _m d\btful cases ( bo? injury & disease 9 surgical practice are ?us entirely r5d]$ cle>4 ,9 ! diagnosis & treatm5t ( _m fractures x is ne>ly indisp5sable1 %[+ ! exact location ( ! break & ! position ( ! fragm5t be=e & aft] dress+4 ,probably 9 no o!r condition1 unless x be 9 fractur$ bones1 has ! ,x-ray prov$ itself ( s mu* value z 9 ! location ( =eign bodies lodg$ 9 any ( ! organs or tissues ( ! body4 ,be=e ,pr(essor ,rntg5's discov]y x 0 n ( infrequ5t occurr5ce t an exploratory op]ation 0 necess>y to positively prove ! pres5ce ( a =eign body1 & ev5 ?is 0 at times ( necessity a failure4 ,to-day ! ,x-ray picture enables ! surgeon to le>n ! exact location ( ! =eign body & indicates to him ! be/ po9t f :i* x may be attack$4 ,) repeat$ improvem5ts 9 app>atus ! "t ( exposure requir$ = mak+ ! picture ( ! "p has be5 greatly r$uc$4 ,! advantage ( ?is 0 made manife/ :5 x 0 discov]$ t de/ruction ( ! sk91 ! s-call$ 8,x-ray burns10 might foll[ long & repeat$ exposure to ! rays4 ,x is n always necess>y to make a plate ( ! "p to be exam9$1 s9ce by simply /udy+ ! p>ts by ! eyes ?r\gh ! fluoroscope or ! fluoroscopic scre5 ! surgeon c readily see ev]y?+ t a photographic picture c\ld %[ him4 ,! fluoroscope or scre5 is n[ (t5 us$ dur+ ! op]ation ( remov+ =eign bodies2 ?r\gh x ! surgeon c wat* ! v>i\s /eps ( 8 op]ation1 8 approa* to ! =eign body & its f9al removal4 ,illu/ration3 ,x-,,ray ,,picture ,,( ,a ,,dislocat$ ,,elb[4 ,if ! field ( its usefulness cont9ues to exp& at its pres5t rate1 x w n be long be=e its use z a diagno/ic measure w be z valuable to ! m$ical man z x n[ is to ! surgeon4 ,by su* in/rum5ts ( precision z ?is1 & o!rs less conspicu\s1 ! old elem5ts ( intellig5t inf]5ce & argum5t by analogy & exclusion are r5d]$ ( less value1 & a rapid approa* is made to sci5tific exactitude 9 surg]y z well z m$ic9e4 ,all ?is has atta9$ a f> high] quality & scope 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ?is c5tury ?an 9 any o!r p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory1 & we may look to great advances 9 ! com+ c5tury1 9 all life-cons]v+ & rem$ial measures :]eby ! race may enjoy a l>g] measure ( relief z well z immunity f ! onslaught ( disease & ! results ( accid5t4 ,!re is %[n "h = illu/ration a photographic picture ( a limb1 tak5 by ! ,x-ray n[ gr[+ famili> to e "o4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t :ile x is a simple matt] = ! casual obs]v] to note obvi\s solutions ( cont9uity 9 bones1 or ! pres5ce ( =eign bodies1 ?is is n ! *ief item ( usefulness to ! surgeon1 & c]ta9ly n to ! m$ical practition]4 ,a special tra9+ is requir$ to /udy & int]pret ! f9d+s & appe>ances ( ! tissues1 _! alt]$ relation%ips1 d5sities1 & _m o!r matt]s entirely insignificant to ! un$ucat$ among m$ical m5 or laity4 ,aga91 ! picture "h %[n is simil> 9 outl9e to b a rev]sal ( ! %ad+ se5 ?r\gh ! fluoroscope by direct vision1 :5 ! greate/ skill is requir$ 9 not+ ! significance ( alt]$ /ates 9 ! d5s] or s(t] tissues4 ,:5 suits = malpractice are in/itut$ aga9/ surgeons x is n to be admitt$ t ! evid5ce or f9d+s ( ! 8highly intellig5t0 b n te*nically skill$ witness c h ! slighte/ weight z prov+ ! condition ( tissues ( :i* !y are v ignorant1 n only physiologically b m s pa?ologically4 ,,progress ,,( ,,m$ic9e ,,by ,,frank ,c4 ,,hammond1 ,m4,d41 ,in/ructor 9 ,gynecology1 ,jeff]son ,m$ical ,college1 ,philadelphia4 8,z a po9t ( hi/ory pregnant ) valuable d$uctions1 x is good to look back ^u ! conditions ( m$ic9e 9 =m] times & f9d t x has always kept pace ) ! progress ( ! physical & moral sci5ces4 ,:]e ^!1 h[ev]1 h be5 m>k$ by folly & cr$ulity1 m$ic9e has exhibit$ ! same imp]fections40 ,x is difficult to trace ! improvem5t 9 successive eras1 because !y melt into "o ano!r by indef9able gradations4 ,dur+ ! e>lie/ p]iod x 0 believ$ t physic 0 an art :i* 0 suppos$ to be mo/ my/]i\s1 & x 0 presum$ t ! practic]s held communion ) ! _w ( spirits4 ,! practice ( m$ic9e 9 ^? days consi/$ 9 ! usage ( ag5ts necess>ily unreliable1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ^w abracadabra hung ar\nd ! neck z an amulet to *ase away ! ague1 etc4 ,mu* "t has be5 wa/$ 9 attempt+ to portray ! fir/ orig9 ( m$ic9e4 ,bambilla1 a surgeon ( ,vi5na1 has ass]t$ t ,tubal ,ca9 0 ! inv5tor ( caut]iz+ in/rum5ts1 app>atus = r$uc+ fractures1 & o!r in/rum5ts = surgical proc$ures1 ?us endeavor+ to prove t surg]y ant$at$ m$ic9e4 ,x is evid5t t m$ic9e mu/ h _h a v e>ly orig91 = mank9d ev5 9 ! e>lie/ ages suff]$ pa9 & ! tra9 ( sequ5ces due to exposure1 & h5ce soon discov]$ a me?od ( alleviation4 ,_! category probably consi/$ ( h]bs4 ,unacqua9t$1 h[ev]1 ) ! con/ruction & function ( ! human economy1 practition]s 7 unable to trace ! progress ( disease1 & ! m fatal int]nal maladies 7 ascrib$ to ! deities :om !y fe>$4 ,h5ce1 v>i\s sup]/iti\s practices w\ld arise & be h&$ d[n f "o g5]ation to ano!r4 ,we may imag9e ?is to h be5 ! orig9 ( ! heal+ art1 & su* is ne>ly its pres5t condition among/ ! savages ( ,africa1 ,au/ralasia1 ,polynesia1 ,sumatra1 etc4 ,lat] on1 ! prie/s became ! physicians1 f be+ ! oracles ( ! div9ity :om ! p wi%$ to consult4 ,! v>i\s rem$ies 7 h&$ d[n f "o to ano!r1 z m$ical sci5ce did n exi/ at t "t4 ,h]odotus in=ms u t ev5 9 8 "t ! ,babylonians1 ,*aldeans1 & o!r nations _h no physicians4 ,:5 any "o 0 attack$ ) disease ! pati5t 0 c>ri$ into ! public /reet1 & pass]s-by :o _h suff]$ f a simil> affection1 or nurs$ "o :o _h1 advis$ ! suff]] to employ ! measures t prov$ successful 9 =m] cases4 ,! e>lie/ writ]s on m$ic9e trace its orig91 9 common ) t ( mo/ o!r bran*es ( k1 to ! ,egyptians4 ,!y appe> to be ! fir/ nation t cultivat$ m$ic9e & fur!r$ its progress4 ,_m peculi> m$ical prop]ties 7 attribut$ to ! deities4 ,all diseases 7 suppos$ to orig9ate f ! ang] ( ,isis4 ,res9 0 burn$ 9 ! morn+1 myrrh at noon1 & a composition t]m$ cyphy 9 ! ev5+1 9 ! temples ( ,isis1 & ! sick 7 tak5 !re to sleep1 dur+ :i* ! oracles might reveal to !m ! means :i* !y %\ld employ to effect a cure4 ,?is is an illu/ration ( ! sup]/itions :i* prevail$ at t "t4 ,! e>lie/ au!ntic records :i* we c asc]ta9 f collat]al read+ are to be f\nd 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,"h x is /at$ t ,joseph comm&$ 8 s]vants & physicians to embalm him 7#agjj ,b4 ,c474 ,?is %[s t ,egypt at t "t possess$ a set ( m5 :o practic$ ! heal+ art1 & t !y embalm$ ! dead4 ,?is mu/ h requir$ an idea ( anatomy1 :i*1 ne$less to say1 0 crude & unsci5tific1 z dissection ( ! human body at t "t 0 prohibit$1 ! p5alty be+ dea?4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 ! ,egyptian k+s enc\rag$ po/-mortems1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! cause ( diseases2 & ?is me?od 0 fo/]$ by ! ,ptolemies1 dur+ ^: reigns anatomy 0 rais$ to a high] /&>d4 ,?r\gh ! writ+s ( ,moses 9 ! sacr$ ,scriptures1 we le>n t ! m$ic9e ( ! ,hebrews app]ta9$ mo/ly to public hygi5e4 ,meat ( ! hog & rabbit 0 =bidd51 z be+ injuri\s 9 ! ,egyptian & ,indian climate4 ,! relation ( man & wife & ! purification ( wom5 7 regulat$4 ,! measures sugge/$ by ,moses = ! prev5tion ( ! spread ( leprosy h n yet be5 surpass$4 ,next to ,moses1 ,solomon acquir$ q an effici5t k ( comp\nd+ rem$ies4 ,! ,indian races 7 divid$ into ca/es1 ! prie/s alone enjoy+ ! privilege ( practic+ m$ic9e4 ,_! m$ical k 0 cond5s$ 9 a book :i* !y call$ ,vagadasa/ir4 ,!y believ$ ! body gave rise1 ?r\gh sev5te5 ?\s& vessels1 to t5 species ( gas :i* conflict$ & eng5d]$ disease4 ,s f> z we "k1 !y 7 ! fir/ to record a way ( te/+ ! specific gravity ( ur9e4 ,?\gh accus$ ( _m absurdities1 !y claim$ to cure ! bites ( v5om\s snakes & comp\nd$ an o9tm5t :i* eradicat$ ! cicatrices ( smallpox1--a result :i* has n z yet be5 atta9$ 9 ! pres5t epo*4 ,! ,*9ese attribute ! inv5tion ( m$ic9e to ,hom-ti1 "o ( _! emp]ors1 :o liv$ ab\t #bfhg ,b4 ,c42 b possess+ no anatomical k1 _! surg]y1 to say ! lea/1 0 b>b>\s4 ,= ov] f\r ?\s& ye>s ! ,*9ese 7 n all[$ to communicate ) =eign]s1 & naturally _! progress 0 at a /&/ill4 ,!y us$ cups1 acupuncture1 fom5tations1 lotions1 pla/]s1 ba?s1 etc4 ,_! midwif]y practice consi/$ ma9ly ( murd]\s pr9ciples1 & x is only s9ce ! introduction ( mission>ies t a re=mation 9 ! m$ical practice ( ! ,*9ese empire has be5 accompli%$4 ,! condition ( m$ic9e 9 ,greece did n diff] f t ( ! 8rude & unciviliz$ nations40 ,b lat]1 ,greek physicians are cr$it$ ) ! mo/ brilliant discov]ies4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ,*iron's pupils 0 sculapius1 :o occupies ! mo/ conspicu\s place 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e4 sculapius is always pa9t$ ) a /aff1 because ! sick h ne$ ( a support2 & ! s]p5t entw9$ ar\nd x is ! symbol ( wisdom4 ,! sons ( sculapius are consid]$ ! fa!rs ( surg]y1 &1 = _! di/+ui%$ valor at ! siege ( ,troy1 h be5 class$ by ,hom] among ! ,greek h]oes4 ,! fir/ op]ation ( v5esection1 or blood-lett+1 =m]ly s promiscu\sly done1 ) at times good1 b (t5] disa/r\s1 results1 & n[ r>ely resort$ to1 is attribut$ to ,podalirius1 ( recogniz$ ,grecian m$ical skill1 ! pati5t be+ a pr9cess4 ,! e>ly ,greeks above all recogniz$ ! value ( physical culture1 :i* to-day occupies a prom95t place 9 our curriculum4 ,7 ! *ildr5 ( to-day1 l ^? ( ! anci5t ,greeks1 compell$ to foll[ a r\t9e ( physical tra9+1 a rugg$ con/itution w\ld replace _m a 8delicate0 & 8infirm0 "o1 & ! race propagat$ w\ld t5d to develop a /rong] "*4 ,!n ! weak-m9d$1 n[ s conspicu\sly pres5t1 w\ld be eradicat$1 & _m diseas$ conditions fo/]$ by an 8inanimate0 race w\ld disappe>4 ,hygeia1 f :5ce comes ,hygi5e1 or ! art ( pres]v+ heal?1 0 a pret5d$ si/] ( sculapius4 ,anatomy c\ld n fl\ri% 9 ,greece1 because a mo/ exempl>y puni%m5t await$ any unt[>d conduct t[>d ! dead4 ,_! peculi> religi\s beliefs reg>d+ ! re/ ( ! s\l 7 responsible = ?is4 ,! k ( ! functions ( ! body 9 heal? & disease 0 appreciat$ by ,py?agoras4 ,diog5es ass]ts t ,alcmon1 "o ( ! ,py?agoreans1 wrote a "w on ! functions1 :i* "w w\ld consequ5tly be ! mo/ anci5t kn[n treatise on physiology4 ,! age ( ,hippocrates 7,b4 ,c4 #dfj-cgj7 0 m>k$ by a revolution 9 m$ical sci5ce4 8,?is c5tral figure 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e0 0 desc5dant ( a family 9 :i* ! practice ( m$ic9e 0 h]$it>y4 ,he 0 an ext5sive writ] on su* subjects z epidemics1 acute diseases1 dislocations1 fractures1 etc4 ,ow+ to ! impossibility ( e/abli%+ a physiology )\t an anatomical basis1 8 ref]5ces to ^! subjects are crude & incorrect4 ,to ,hippocrates we owe ! classification ( endemic1 sporadic1 & epidemic =ms ( disease1 & _! division into acute & *ronic4 ,he wrote on diseases ( wom5 & epilepsy1 & 8 !rapeutics1 ?\gh crude1 7 a m>k$ improvem5t on :at _h prec$$4 ,he wrote fully on ext]nal diseases & surgical !rapeutics4 ,9 ob/etrics he 0 a close obs]v] & a ?\ghtful tea*]4 ,! brilliant !ories & practices s dilig5tly obs]v$ & urg$ by ?is ma/] 7 ?r[n 9 ! %ad[ by 8 ?\ghtless foll[]s4 ,! well-in/ruct$ physician is n ignorant ( ! op9ions ( ,hippocrates1 = truly ! 8div9e old man0 is ! 8,fa!r ( ,physic40 ,he caus$ a revolution 9 ! practice ( m$ic9e1 semeiology1 pa?ology1 & dietetics4 ,he taught physicians to obs]ve att5tively ! progress ( ,nature1 prov$ ! inutility ( !ories1 & %[$ t obs]vation is ! basis ( m$ic9e4 ,an important age1 & "o ( m>k$ progress 9 m$ic9e1 is f ! f\ndation ( ! ,alex&rian ,libr>y 7#cbj ,b4 ,c47 up to ! dea? ( ,gal5 7,a4 ,d4 #bjj74 ,"u ! ,ptolemies dissection ( human bodies 0 all[$1 & h5ce1 z already /at$1 ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e receiv$ q an impulse4 ,h]ophilus des]ves fir/ m5tion z a dissector4 ,he describ$ ! bra9 & its vessels1 ! eye1 ! inte/9al canal1 & p>ts ( ! vascul> sy/em4 ,! valves ( ! he>t 7 m exactly describ$ by ,erasi/ratus1 :o discov]$ ! lymph vessels & po9t$ out t ! epiglottis prev5ts ! entrance ( food into ! lungs4 ,aretu1 m ?an any o!r up to 8 "t1 attempt$ to f\nd pa?ology ^u a s\nd anatomic basis1 an ef=t :i* %[s ! sci5tific progress ( 8 age4 ,( all ! physicians ( antiquity1 ,gal5 0 probably ! mo/ brilliant g5ius4 ,9 ! mid/ ( disord] he l$ back to ! saf] road ( s\nd doctr9e & accurate obs]vation :i* di/+ui%$ ! ,hippocratic s*ool4 ,he wrote ext5sively on anatomy1 especially reg>d+ ! muscles4 ,he 0 ! fir/ vivisector1 by expos+ ! muscles ( animals & demon/rat+ _! functions1 & 8 classification accord+ to _! use is at pres5t 9 vogue4 ,c>efully regulat$ vivisection has be51 & always w be1 ( incalculable b5efit to ! developm5t ( accurate m$ical k1 & an indirect aid 9 ! alleviation ( human suff]+4 ,gal5 divid$ ! body into cranial & ?oracic cavities1 & describ$ ! organs1 etc41 conta9$ !re94 ,anatomy & physiology1 ! fundam5tal bases ( m$ic9e & surg]y1 made ! mo/ progress dur+ ! p]iod j review$1 & next came ! description ( diseases1 _! m$ical & surgical !rapeutics4 ,aft] ! six? c5tury m$ic9e 0 ex]cis$ almo/ exclusively by ! monks ( ! ,we/4 ,!y 7 unwor?y ! "n ( physicians1 z !y resort$ m to pray]s1 & 7 ret>d$ by ignorance & prejudice4 ,dur+ ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies !re 7 among ! monks a few tradition>y rema9s ( sci5ce1 orig9at+ f ! ,ea/4 ,! prelates1 ar*deacons1 etc41 ?\gh cont9u+ ! practice ( ! heal+ art1 7 gradually disc\rag$ by ! *ur*1 b z late z ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! ,bi%op ( ,col*e/] 0 *apla9 & fir/ physician to ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,9 #adeb physicians ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 7 n all[$ to m>ry1 ! applicant1 prior to admission1 tak+ ! oa? ( celibacy4 ,dur+ ! twelf? c5tury ! s*ool ( ,sal]num1 ?r\gh ! p]sonal int]e/ manife/$ by ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 acquir$ a degree ( reputation atta9$ by few simil> in/itutions 9 anci5t times4 ,s*ools 9 ,p>is & ,engl& 7 plac$ on an advanc$ /&+1 ! pr(essors be+ sal>i$2 & ab\t ?is p]iod ! titles ( ba*elor1 lic5tiate1 & ma/]1 7 grant$ to ! physicians4 ,dur+ ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies m$ic9e made rem>kable progress 9 ,france "u ,/4 ,l\is4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ?is pr9ce ! tea*+ ( m$ic9e & surg]y 0 divid$ into sep>ate & di/9ct classes4 ,m$ical in/itutions n[ became greatly enc\rag$1 & 9 ! lead+ cities ( ,europe univ]sities 7 erect$ "u ! auspices ( royalty4 ,m$ical in/ruction exp]i5c$ an important revolution 9 ! ,european c\ntries dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ,europe anatomy 0 taught by dissection ( ! human body4 ,guy de ,*auliac1 :o liv$ at ! end ( ?is c5tury1 wrote a treatise on surg]y :i* s]v$ z ! basis ( ,european in/ruction until ,ambroise ,p> ( ,france publi%$ 8 celebrat$ "w ^u ! same subject4 ,! fifte5? c5tury 0 also "o ( improvem5t4 ,! ,arabs add$ a few obs]vations on pa?ology1 especially ( ! eruptive fev]s4 ,"s useful works on ph>macy & mat]ia m$ica 7 publi%$ dur+ ?is epo*4 ,dur+ ?is era ! op]ation 0 devis$ = replac+ ! nose :5 remov$ by accid5t or disease1 by us+ = ! purpose a piece ( fle% tak5 f ! arm1 & apply+ x by a graft+ process4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ?is p]iod ! int]nal adm9i/ration ( metallic drugs 0 introduc$4 ,t[>ds ! latt] end1 ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ t5d$ to assi/ ! progress ( m$ic9e4 ,ne> ! close ( ?is c5tury scurvy 0 fir/ notic$ 9 ,g]many4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod m en]gy 0 devot$ to po/mortem demon/rations & ! /udy ( symptoms ( diseases4 ,to ,b5evi5i we owe ! comm5cem5t ( ! /udy ( gross pa?ology & pa?ological anatomy4 ,malgaigne rem>ks ( him3 8,a eulogy :i* he m]its1 & :i* he %>$ ) no o!r p]son1 & :i* has n be5 accord$ to him up to ?is "t by ! _m hi/orians ( surg]y1 :o h sup]ficially se>*$ among ^! preci\s s\rces1 is t he 0 ! fir/ :o _h ! habit1 felt ! ne$1 & set ! useful example1 :i* he transmitt$ to 8 successors1 ( se>*+ 9 ! cadav]1 accord+ to ! title ( 8 book1 = ! conceal$ causes ( disease40 ,8 obs]vations on anatomical he>t lesions1 gall-/one1 & pres5ce ( p>asites 9 ! body1 7 orig9al4 ,john ,f]nel1 :o has be5 surnam$ 8! mod]n ,gal510 divid$ m$ic9e into physiology1 pa?ology1 & !rapeutics4 ,! fundam5tal maxim ( !rapeutics1 t e disease mu/ be combat$ by contr>y rem$ies1 0 e>ly laid d[n by him1 & he claim$ t any?+ t cur$ a disease 0 contr>y to x4 ,surg]y 0 plac$ on a high scale dur+ ?is era1 z ?or\gh a c\rse z ! "t af=d$ 0 giv51 & a rigid exam9ation held at its t]m9ation4 ,ambroise ,p> contribut$ l>gely t[>d mak+ ?is a glori\s c5tury4 ,he rose f ! l[e/ walks ( life to ! highe/ pr(essional atta9m5ts & honors4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to control hemorrhage by ty+ ! ble$+ vessels1 ?us do+ away ) ! =m] crude & pa9ful me?od ( p\r+ on hot oil4 ,?is proc$ure prov$ q a boon to surg]y2 z an in/ance x may be m5tion$ t prior to ! introduction ( ?is me?od 9 amputations ! ble$+ 0 controll$ by means ( a hot iron1 & ?is be=e ! days ( an/hesia4 ,e age ( anci5t1 m$ival1 & mod]n m$ic9e has _h its *>latans1 & ! m civilization progresses1 ! m popul> ^! quacks become ) c]ta9 types ( p1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! middle & l[] classes1 al?\gh no class appe>s to be exempt4 ,lat5t1 unscrupul\s1 & unpr9cipl$1 !y play ^u ! cr$ulity ( ! ignorant4 ,! c5tral figure ( ! m$ival *>latans 0 ,p>acelsus1 :o 0 giv5 to dr9k & debau*]y4 ,he adv]tis$ ext5sively1 simil> to ! *>latans ( to-day1 & ex]t$ an influ5ce 9 8 "t4 8,! s*ool :i* he w\ld h f\nd$ 0 no?+ b a s*ool ( ignorance1 dissipation1 & boa/+--a s*ool ( m$ical di%one/y40 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury ! greate/ discov]ies took place 9 anatomy1 bas$ ^u dissections1 ! only rational me?od ( asc]ta9+ anatomical k4 ,! less] circulation ( ! blood1 or t ?r\gh ! lungs1 0 appreciat$4 ,! (fic]s ( ! univ]sities 7 *os5 by ! /ud5ts1 :o assi/$ 9 lay+ out ! curriculum4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! rigid me?ods ( m$ical in/ruction n[ 9 vogue4 ,! practition]s 7 ( rov+ habits1 :i* 7 evid5tly contract$ dur+ _! /ud5t days1 z x 0 cu/om>y = !m to g f "o s*ool to ano!r1 ! poor classes defray+ exp5ses by begg+ & s++4 ,!re 0 evid5t improvem5t 9 ! social & m5tal /atus ( m$ical m5 ^u ! approa* ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ?is p]iod is signaliz$ by ! discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 "o ( ! mo/ important ev] made 9 m$ic9e4 ,*emi/ry n[ assum$ ! dignifi$ aspect ( a sci5ce1 :i* fact b5efit$ ! progress ( m$ic9e4 ,x is difficult = u at ! pres5t "t to und]/& :y ! circulation ( ! blood 0 n discov]$ prior to ?is p]iod1 b to ! anci5ts x 0 incompreh5sible4 ,!y believ$ ! art]ies conta9$ air1 because aft] dea? !y 7 f\nd empty4 ,william ,h>vey1 ! discov]] ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 did n publi% ! results ( 8 inve/igations until #afbh1 fir/ submitt+ !m to fifte5 ye>s ( pro(4 ,?is naturally revolutioniz$ physiology4 ,! capill>y circulation1 or t int]m$iate betwe5 ! art]ies & ve9s1 0 describ$ by ,malpighi 9 #afbh4 ,( c\rse ?is 0 possible only ?r\gh ! means ( a microscope4 ,no less rem>kable 0 ! discov]y ( ! lymphatic vessels4 ,p]uvian b>k 7! alkaloid qu99e be+ m commonly employ$7 s univ]sally employ$ z a specific = mal>ia1 0 fir/ us$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is epo*4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod oph?almology 7:i* treats ( ! diseases ( ! eye7 0 cultivat$ 9 ,france1 cat>act 0 fir/ recogniz$1 & ! diseases ( ! e> fir/ sy/ematically describ$4 ,altoge!r ! c5tury %[$ m>k$ progression1 clos+ ) ! tea*+s ( ,syd5ham1 8! ,engli% ,hippocrates40 ,! eighte5? c5tury 0 "o ( cont9u$ progress4 ,! em95t obs]v]s devot$ m "t to microscopical "w1 /udy+ ! m9ute /ructure ( ! tissues & cells4 ,"o ( ! mo/ prom95t is ,lieb]khn1 :o inv5t$ ! sol> microscope1 ) :i* he 0 enabl$ to exhibit ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,! sy/ematic practice ( ! prev5tive inoculation aga9/ small-pox by vacc9ation orig9at$ 9 ?is decade4 ,! fir/ inoculation ) c[-pox 0 9 #aggd4 ,edw>d ,j5n]1 ! ,engli% surgeon1 0 8! fa!r ( vacc9ation10 :i* he fir/ did 9 #agif4 ,ab\t #ahjj1 ,dr4 ,wat]h\se1 !n pr(essor ( m$ic9e 9 ,h>v>d ,college1 p]=m$ ! fir/ vacc9ation 9 ,am]ica1 ! pati5ts be+ 8 f\r *ildr54 ,! treatm5t ( ! insane 0 *ang$ f "o ( torture & b>b>\s me?ods to a m sci5tific "o1 conducive to ! com=t & return to heal? ( ! pati5t4 ,?is p]iod m>ks ! e>lie/ example ( m$ical tea*+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 consi/+ ( ! demon/rations ( anatomy 9 ,philadelphia by ,dr4 ,?omas ,cadwalad]1 ^u 8 return f ,europe4 ,?is 0 previ\s to #agej1 ab\t :i* "t a body 0 dissect$ 9 ,new ,york4 ,9 #aged-ef ,dr4 ,william ,hunt] ( ,scotl& deliv]$ a s]ies ( lectures on anatomy1 accompani$ by dissections1 at ,newport1 ,r4 ,i4 ,9 #agfb ,dr4 ,%ipp5 laid ! f\ndation ( a m$ical s*ool 9 ,philadelphia1 :i* f9ally develop$ into ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ m$ical s*ool e/abli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 #agfh a s*ool ( m$ic9e 0 organiz$ 9 ,new ,york1 & ! next 9 succession 0 ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ( ,h>v>d ,college 9 #aghb4 ,! f\r? 0 e/abli%$ at ,hanov]1 #agig1 be+ connect$ ) ,d>tm\? ,college4 ,^! 7 ! only m$ical colleges in/itut$ prior to ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! fir/ book on ,am]ican surg]y 0 writt5 9 #agge by ,dr4 ,john ,jones1 ! title be+ 8,w\nds & ,fractures40 8,! t5d5cy ( ! n9ete5? c5tury seems to be a cont9uation1 &1 p]haps1 9 "s respects an exagg]ation ( ! condition t obta9$ 9 ,france dur+ ! previ\s c5tury2 9 o!r words1 ! _w has become practically an enorm\s s*ool ( pa?ological anatomy & diagnosis--a s*ool inaugurat$ by ,bi*at1 z repres5t+ s-call$ sci5tific or exact m$ic9e40 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,oliv] ,,w5dell ,,holmes4 ,d>w9 has promulgat$ 8! mo/ influ5tial philosophic doctr9e ( ?is or any o!r c5tury40 ,our mat]ia m$ica & ! laws ( physics h be5 enri*$ by botanical discov]ies1 aid+ greatly ! exp]im5tal rese>*es ( to-day4 ,helmholz has giv5 u an in/rum5t call$ ! oph?almoscope1 conta9+ a s]ies ( numb]$ magnify+ l5ses1 ) :i* ! int]ior ( ! eye c be explor$ by look+ directly ?r\gh ! pupil ( ! eye1 simil> to look+ ?r\gh a door into a room4 ,?r\gh 8 k ( physics1 ,seeba* 0 able to make fame ?r\gh 8 discov]y ( !rmal electricity4 ,dagu]re1 :o inv5t$ photography1 mu/ n be ov]look$1 z by means ( ?is process1 _m conditions are directly appreciat$ by ! eye :i* c\ld n be told 9 words & /ill convey an idea ( ! tumor1 etc41 be+ describ$4 ,x may n be amiss to m5tion "h t ! biograph w 9 a few ye>s prove an important factor 9 tea*+ ! v>i\s op]ations4 ,"o surgeon 9 ,france is n[ employ+ x4 ,we mu/ n ov]look ,edison & 8 electrical a*ievem5ts :i* directly & indirectly affect m$ic9e2 nor ,bell's telephone1 :i* is sometimes us$ to locate a bullet4 ,by plac+ ! receiv] to ! e> & prob+ = ! bullet ) electric conductors1 ! mak+ & break+ ( ! circuit ^u contact ) ! missile is transmitt$ to ! receiv] & di/9ctly he>d4 ,?is proc$ure1 h[ev]1 has be5 disc>d$ s9ce ! introduction by ,rntg5 ( ! ,x-ray4 ,a v significant feature ( ! age has be5 ! extraord9>y developm5t ( associations devot$ to sci5tific discussions & ! publication ( m$ical lit]ature & j\rnals4 ,! =mation ( m$ical societies1 especially 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has be5 q active4 ,b few c\nties are )\t a m$ical organization1 ref]r$ to z 8,! 444 ,c\nty ,m$ical ,society40 ,! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association 0 e/abli%$ by ,dr4 ,na?an ,smi? ,davis 9 ,philadelphia fifty-two ye>s ago 7#ahdg74 ,! fir/ two ye>s no meet+s 7 held1 b s9ce !n regul> annual meet+s h be5 9 progress1 ! place ( assembly be+ decid$ ^u by a majority vote ( its memb]s4 ,x has met 9 ! city ( its bir? five times1 ! f\nd] has be5 elect$ presid5t twice1 & is /ill 7#aijj7 9 active practice at ! age ( eighty-two4 ,he has att5d$ all its meet+s held 9 v>i\s cities f ,bo/on to ,san ,francisco4 ,! fir/ m$ical j\rnal 9 ?is c\ntry appe>$ 9 ,new ,york1 #agig4 ,x 0 call$ 8,! ,new ,york ,repository10 0 publi%$ qu>t]ly1 & manag$ to rea* its tw5ty-?ird edition4 ,fifty ye>s ago !re 7 ab\t tw5ty j\rnals publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at ! end ( ! c5tury !re are two hundr$ & ?irty4 ,9 #ahaj !re 7 six hundr$ & fifty /ud5ts ( m$ic9e 9 ,am]ica1 & "o hundr$ graduates4 ,at ! pres5t writ+ ab\t tw5ty ?\s& m$ical /ud5ts are enroll$ 9 our v>i\s colleges1 & dur+ ! spr+ ( #ahii ab\t ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ receiv$ ! degree ( ,m4 ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/>l+ ,,m$ical ,,college ,,& ,,/4 ,,francis ,,hospital4 ,! orig9al bran*es1 practice ( m$ic9e1 surg]y1 ob/etrics1 physiology1 anatomy1 !rapeutics1 & *emi/ry1 h be5 subdivid$ & specializ$4 ,among ! *ief ( ^! specialties are gynecology1 :i* treats ( diseases ( wom52 p$iatrics1 :i* treats ( diseases ( *ildr52 d]matology1 :i* treats ( diseases ( ! sk92 oph?almology1 :i* treats ( diseases ( ! eye2 l>yngology1 :i* treats ( diseases ( ! ?roat & l>ynx2 otology1 :i* treats ( diseases ( ! e>2 neurology1 :i* treats ( diseases ( ! n]ves2 m$ical jurisprud5ce1 :i* treats ( ! relation ( m$ic9e to law2 pa?ology1 :i* treats ( diseas$ tissues & organs2 bact]iology1 :i* treats ( ! microbes2 & physical diagnosis1 :i* treats ( ! art ( discrim9at+ disease by means ( ! eye1 e>1 & t\*4 ,! nucleus ( ! tea*+ reg>d+ ! latt] subject is due to ! ef=ts & obs]vations ( ,corvis>t1 ( ,france4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to asc]ta9 ! diseas$ areas ( ! lungs1 by tapp+ on ! *e/ ) ! f+]s1 & li/5+ to ! pit* ( ! note ?us elicit$4 ,a l[1 dull note indicates t ! lung is solid1 z 9 pneumonia2 a flat note t fluid is pres5t1 & s on4 ,by plac+ ! e> to ! *e/ wall1 s\nds 9 heal? & disease are he>d1 :i* v>y 9 int5sity1 degree1 etc4 ,la5nec discov]$ by accid5t t ?is me?od 0 greatly improv$ & ! s\nds m di/9ctly he>d if a cyl9drical tube 0 int]pos$ betwe5 ! e> & ! *e/ wall4 ,! outcome ( ?is pr9ciple is ! /e?oscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,na?an ,,smi? ,,davis1 ,,( ,,*icago4 ,! "n ( ,pravaz1 ! ,lyons surgeon1 has be5 p]petuat$ by ! hypod]mic syr+e :i* he devis$4 ,! employm5t ( suitable drugs 9 ?is in/rum5t is ! me?od p> excell5ce = reliev+ pa94 ,) x drugs c be inject$ into unconsci\s pati5ts4 ,suicides :o refuse to swall[ emetics c h _! /oma*s empti$ mo/ effectually ( _! cont5ts by a hypod]matic injection ( apomorph9e4 ,! !rmomet] us$ = tak+ ! temp]ature ( ! human body is s arrang$ t ! m]cury does n desc5d into ! bulb until %ak5 d[n1 h5ce aft] tak+ ! temp]ature x rema9s un9flu5c$ until %ak5 d[n4 ,7 an ord9>y !rmomet] us$1 by ! "t x 0 remov$ f ! pati5t to ! light ! m]cury w\ld desc5d sev]al degrees4 ,pa/eur began ! /udies ( f]m5tation 9 #ahed4 ,?r\gh 8 obs]vations1 aid$ by ! microscope1 ! op9ion 0 rea*$ t micro-organisms play$ an important role 9 ! causation ( disease4 ,_m ( ! laboratory inve/igators became imbu$ ) ! _s1 & ?r\gh _! dilig5t obs]vations ! microbes caus+ _m diseases h be5 isolat$4 ,x rema9$ = ,ko* to discov] ! tub]cle bacillus1 or ,bacillus tub]culosis1 :i* is ! cause ( consumption4 ,! sputum ( a pati5t1 prop]ly /a9$1 & exam9$ "u ! microscope1 w at once decide :e!r t individual has consumption4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ t bact]ia 7 ! cause ( disease1 sepsis 7blood poison+71 etc41 x !n rema9$ to discov] a me?od ( kill+ !m1 )\t any undue injury to ! pati5t4 ,sir ,joseph ,li/] began exp]im5ts ^u ?is hypo!sis1 & 9 #ahfg 0 able to publi% favorable results4 ,b lo6 ! _w 0 sl[ to b5d to a new ?\ght ably demon/rat$1 & = a score ( ye>s he 0 bitt]ly oppos$4 ,x 0 ,craw=d ,w4 ,long1 9 a little village ( ,alabama1 :o1 9 #ahdb1 0 ! fir/ to put to sleep a pati5t ) e!r1 & remove a small gr[?4 ,! pati5t1 ^u awak5+1 _h exp]i5c$ no pa94 ,?is me?od ( reliev+ pa9 0 *ri/5$ 8an/hesia0 sev]al ye>s lat]1 by ! di/+ui%$ ,dr4 ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes1 ^: writ+s did m ?an ^? ( any o!r ,am]ican to eradicate 8*ild-b$ fev]40 ,e woman 9 ! l& owes him an et]nal debt ( gratitude4 ,to ,gu?rie1 ( ,sackett's ,h>bor1 ,new ,york1 is due ! cr$it ( fir/ discov]+ *lor(orm1 b ,sir ,james ,simpson1 ( ,ed9burgh1 des]ves ! cr$it ( fir/ employ+ x 9 m$ic9e4 ,! surgeons ( ,am]ica laid ! f\ndation ( gynecology1 ! progress ( :i* has be5 m m>k$ ?an any dep>tm5t ( m$ic9e4 ,! fir/ ov>iotomy 9 ! _w 0 p]=m$ by ,dr4 ,ephraim ,mc,dowell 9 ,k5tucky1 ,decemb]1 #ahji4 ,?is 0 prior to ! days ( an/hesia & antisepsis1 & a h[l+ mob await$ outside1 ready to murd] ! brave surgeon %\ld 8 pati5t die dur+ ! op]ation4 8,9 five days10 says ,dr4 ,mc,dowell1 8,i visit$ h]1 & mu* to my a/oni%m5t f\nd h] engag$ 9 mak+ up h] b$40 ,dr4 ,j4 ,m>ion ,sims1 our illu/ri\s g5ius :o e/abli%$ an int]national reputation1 did mu* to promulgate pla/ic "w on ! female g5italia4 ,! de$s ( m$ical m5 are soon =gott5 by an ungrateful public1 & ! sons ( sculapius are ! la/ to h monum5ts erect$ to _! memory4 ,b f\r exi/ 9 ,am]ica2 "o1 9 ,new ,york1 to t gr& old gynecologi/1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,m>ion ,sims2 "o 9 ,wa%+ton1 to ,dr4 ,samuel ,d4 ,gross1 8! ,ne/or ( ,am]ican ,surg]y20 "o 9 ,bu%nell ,p>k1 ,h>t=d1 ,conn41 to ,dr4 ,horace ,wells1 ! discov]] ( an/hesia2 & "o 9 ! ,public ,g>d5 9 ,bo/on to ! discov]] ( an/hesia4 ,?is la/ be>s no "n4 ,antisepsis & an/hesia h play$ an unusually important role 9 ob/etrics1 by alleviat+ ! suff]+s ( *ildbir? & eradicat+ *ild-b$ fev]1 ?us r$uc+ ! mortality ( bo? "m & *ild4 ,physiology has made v rapid /rides dur+ ?is era4 ,beaumont1 9 8 fam\s "w1 describes dige/ion 9 ! /oma* & exp]im5ts on ! ga/ric juice4 ,he 0 enabl$ to obs]ve ?is 9 a voyageur :o 0 accid5tally w\nd$ 9 ! /oma* by ! dis*>ge ( a musket1 ,june1 #ahbb4 ,q a l>ge op5+ rema9$1 :i* ,nature clos$ ) a valve4 ,by pu%+ ! valve to "o side1 ! int]ior ( ! /oma* c\ld be explor$4 ,?r\gh ! "w ( ! exp]im5tal physiologi/s 9 ! laboratories1 ! /udy ( ! action ( drugs on ! lungs1 he>t1 liv]1 /oma*1 n]ves1 etc41 has be5 greatly enhanc$4 ,anatomy is n[ be+ taught by ! only true me?od1 & t is dissection4 ,didactic lectures are giv51 b ! /ud5t mu/ dissect e "p ( ! human body be=e he c receive 8 degree4 ,=m]ly graves 7 robb$1 & ! bodies sold to ! colleges4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh legislative enactm5t1 unclaim$ bodies are turn$ ov] to ! colleges1 :]e !y are pres]v$ ei!r by injection1 a pickl+ process1 or by cold /orage4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,,m>ion ,,sims1 ,a4,b41 ,m4,d41 7,late ,surgeon to ! ,woman's ,hospital1 ,new ,york47 ,! oph?almologi/s ( to-day fe> no?+ inside nor outside ! eye4 ,cross eyes are /raight5$1 cat>acts remov$1 eyeballs tak5 out & glass eyes ins]t$4 ,?is article w\ld be incomplete1 7 n a few rem>ks direct$ t[>d ! tra9$ nurse4 ,! fir/ tra9+ s*ool = nurses 9 ,am]ica 0 e/abli%$ 9 connection ) ! ,ly+-9 ,*>ity ,hospital ( ,philadelphia 9 #ahbh4 ,?is s*ool1 /ill 9 exi/5ce1 ?us has ! honor ( be+ ! olde/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & is ant$at$ by only "o abroad4 ,! g5]ally recogniz$ pr(ession = wom51 t ( ! tra9$ nurse1 is practically ( rec5t developm5t4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago ! tra9+ s*ool connect$ ) ! ,bellevue ,hospital1 ,new ,york1 graduat$ a class ( five nurses4 ,?is 0 a m>k$ dep>ture 9 ! m$ical hi/ory ( ?is c\ntry4 ,s9ce !n ! dem& = ! tra9$ nurse has be5 great1 & no hospital is complete )\t su* a tra9+ s*ool4 ,! progress ( m$ic9e 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 f> m rapid1 cr$itable1 & mom5t\s ?an dur+ any l p]iod ( ! pa/4 ,?is is true n only 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b 9 e civiliz$ c\ntry4 ,its entire scope1 mean+1 & purpose h und]gone *anges equival5t to revolution4 ,antique sup]/itions1 idle !ories1 fooli% speculations1 absurd practices1 ! ridicul\s jeal\sies & incrim9ations ( oppos+ s*ools1 h be5 l>gely elim9at$4 ,m$ical in/itutions are ^u ! l(tie/ plane 9 _! hi/ory4 ,tea*]s are bett] end[$ ?an ev] be=e4 ,p]iods ( s*ola/ic prep>ation h be5 l5g!n$ & curriculums enl>g$1 ?us secur+ = ! fields ( practice a high] m5tal equipm5t & m conscionable devotion to duty4 ,nev] be=e h ! auxili>y & mat]ial ag5cies be5 turn$ to s frequ5t & prev5tive acc\nt4 ,electricity1 ! microscope1 an/hesia1 antisepsis1 laboratory exp]im5t1 hospital opportunities1 etc41 are ev] con/ant inspirations to skill$ treatm5t & fre% rese>*es4 ,z ! gr& army ( humanit>ian work]s 0 nev] s l>ge z at ! end ( ! c5tury1 s x 0 nev] bett] =tifi$ = attack ^u ! enemies ( heal?1 full] ( en?usiasm or m deeply e/abli%$ 9 ! public confid5ce4 ,"o may n1 z yet1 ass]t t m$ic9e is ridd+ itself ( empiricism ) a satisfactory degree ( rapidity1 or t x has arriv$ at ! /age ( an exact sci5ce1 b x surely has approa*$ su* a /age z ne>ly z conditions w all[4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,railway ,,by ,e4 ,e4 ,,russell ,,tratman1 ,c4,e41 ,assi/ant ,editor ( 8,eng9e]+ ,news10 ,*icago4 ,! railway z a means ( rapid transportation & g5]al int]communication is "o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 ! developm5t ( mod]n comm]ce & civilization1 &1 aft] review+ :at x has done & become 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 "o _c help wi%+ = ! opportunity to review ! railway wond]s ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,:ile ! hi/ory ( ! railway dates back f> beyond ! n9ete5? c5tury1 yet ! railway1 z we "k x to-day1 is ess5tially a product ( ?is c5tury4 ,x dates1 9 fact1 f ,engl& 9 #ahcj1 :5 ! ,liv]pool ,man*e/] ,railway1 #ca miles long1 0 op5$1 & 0 op]at$ f ! beg9n+ by /eam locomotives4 ,! ,/ockton ,d>l+ton ,railway1 #cg miles1 0 op5$ 9 #ahbe1 b ?is l9e 0 int5d$ only = private coal traffic1 :ile ! o!r l9e 0 built = g5]al pass5g] & freight s]vice1 & = ! use & b5efit ( ! public4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates foll[$ ?is lead v closely4 ,9 #ahbh ! ,delaw>e ,hudson ,canal ,company built a l9e f its m9es to its canal at ,honesdale4 ,?is 0 a private coal road1 h[ev]1 & may be/ be comp>$ to ! ,/ockton ,d>l+ton ,railway4 ,! fir/ public railway op]at$ by /eam 0 ! ,mohawk ,hudson ,railway1 f ,albany to ,s*5ectady1 #af miles1 :i* 0 op5$ 9 #ahca4 ,! ,baltimore ,ohio ,railway 0 ! fir/ railway ent]prise ( m ?an local "*1 be+ design$ to op5 communication ) ! ,ohio ,riv]1 a di/ance ( #djj miles4 ,x 0 *>t]$ 9 #ahbg1 comm5c$ 9 #ahbh1 complet$ to ,ellicott's ,mills 7#ac miles7 9 #ahcj1 & to ,wa%+ton 7#dj miles7 9 #ahcd4 ,x is "o ( ! great monum5ts ( ! ,am]ican railway sy/em1 & x 0 exam9$ by gov]nm5t commissions f ,russia & ,au/ria 9 #ahca & #ahdi4 ,9 speak+ ( ! railway we unconsci\sly associate ) x ! /eam locomotive1 s9ce ! two are s entirely int]dep5d5t4 ,railways op]at$ by horses1 or by cables & /ation>y eng9es1 c\ld nev] h become ! great civiliz+ & comm]cial m$ium :i* ! railway op]at$ by swift locomotives has become4 ,simil>ly1 ! developm5t ( ! locomotive grew apace1 z soon z x 0 recogniz$ t ! smoo? track ( ! railway--& n ! r\gh track ( ! highway--0 to be its field ( op]ation4 ,at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 aft] sev5ty ye>s ( developm5t1 ! _w has ne>ly #ejj1jjj miles ( railway1 on :i* locomotives ( #hj to #aaj tons 9 weight 7)\t _! t5d]s7 haul freight tra9s ( #ajjj to #cjjj tons4 ,pass5g] tra9s1 too1 are run at spe$s ( #dj to #ge miles p] h\r 9 regul> daily s]vice1 & ev5 make bur/s ( spe$ at #hj to #ajj miles p] h\r4 ,! fact t 9 #ahij ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica _h ab\t #cbj1jjj miles ( railway out ( a gr& total ( #cgj1jjj miles1 indicates t ?is phase ( n9ete5?-c5tury progress has be5 due ma9ly to peoples ( ,*ri/ian civilization1 & besides ?is1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! railways ( ,asia1 ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & ,s\? ,am]ica h be5 ma9ly built by ! same peoples4 ,! c5tral regions ( ^! f\r latt] geographical divisions are fields = tw5tie?-c5tury developm5t4 ,! great trunk l9es ( railway communication are h>dly m important ?an ! va/ network ( bran* & m9or l9es :i* connect & int]sect !m4 ,^! latt] l9es br+ ! p ( small] t[ns & c\ntry di/ricts into clos] relation ) ! l>ge cities1 ! c5tres ( indu/rial & intellectual en]gy1 ent]prise1 & weal?4 ,!y ?us t5d to r$uce isolation & dep5d5ce ^u purely local res\rces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,old ,,/age ,,coa*4 ,railways also s]ve important milit>y & /rategic purposes4 ,9 ,india _m ( ! railways h be5 built ) a view to ! def5se ( ! nor!a/]n fronti]1 & _m ,european gov]nm5ts assume c]ta9 milit>y au?ority ov] ! railways4 ,! fir/ trans-cont95tal railways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada 7 l>gely assi/$ by gov]nm5t subsidies on acc\nt ( _! great importance = ! transportation ( troops4 ,! railway also s]ves purposes ( pleasure1 z well z ( comm]ce & w>4 ,n only d ! ord9>y railways c>ry mu* t\ri/ & pleasure travel1 b l9es are built exclusively = su* travel4 ,"s ( ^! take p to ! summ] & pleasure resorts1 :ile o!rs cat] to ! inh]5t desire ( man to asc5d great altitudes & to behold ! _w 9 its beauty & gr&eur spread bel[ !m4 ,= ?is purpose alone h railways be5 built to ! summits ( ! ,rockies1 ! ,alps1 & o!r m\nta9 ranges4 ,at ! end ( ! c5tury ! ,unit$ ,/ates has ab\t #ahe1jjj miles ( railway1 :i* h co/ ab\t #ec1jjj p] mile & e>n #fejj p] mile4 ,great ,brita9 has ab\t #bb1jjj miles1 :i* h co/ #bbe1jjj p] mile & e>n ab\t #bj1jjj p] mile4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ?is high co/ ( con/ruction is due to ! high prices = l& & to ! prelim9>y p>liam5t>y proce$+s :i* are necess>y 9 secur+ ! "r to build railways4 ,! av]age co/ p] mile ( railways 9 diff]5t c\ntries is z foll[s3-- ,unit$ ,/ates #ec1jjj ,india #ge1jjj ,japan #ib1jjj ,france #ajj1jjj ,g]many #aja1ejj ,switz]l& 7ord9>y7 #aai1cjj ,d 7m\nta97 #afb1ejj ,russia #abb1jjj ,au/ria-,hung>y #abe1djj ,great ,brita9 #bbe1jjj ,"o ( ! great economic purposes ( railways 9 new c\ntries is to r$uce ! co/ ( rapid transportation 9 bulk f> bel[ t ( sl[ transportation 9 small quantities4 ,tra9 spe$ is a matt] ( second>y importance 9 su* cases1 ! traffic accommodation & capacity ( ! sl[e/ tra9 be+ f> beyond t ( road or canal transportation4 ,traffic w be s]v$ bett] & at mu* less co/ by be+ c>ri$ 9 bulk on #ejj miles ( railway at #aj miles p] h\r1 ?an on #ajj miles ( railway at #ce miles p] h\r1 & !n 9 small lots on wagons or canal boats at #c miles p] h\r = #djj miles4 ,! advantages ( ! rapid transportation ( p]i%able freight by rail1 especially 9 reg>d to food supplies = cities1 7 e>ly recogniz$1 & by #ahed ! tra9s br\ght c>-loads ( c\ntry milk into ,london e day4 ,previ\s to ?is1 ! supply 0 obta9$ f c[s kept 9 /ables1 :i* 0 an unsanit>y & exp5sive plan4 ,ano!r imm$iate result ( railway s]vice 0 t p began to live f>!r out ( ! t[ns1 & !n began ! gr[? ( ! suburban resid5ce di/ricts1 :i* are su* a feature ( mod]n cities & city life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fir/ ,,tra9 ,,( ,,/eam ,,c>s4 ,! e>ly railways 7 built m]ely z local l9es1 & !re 0 little idea ( _! ultimate connection or ext5sion4 ,^! small individual l9es1 h[ev]1 ) _! own rate-mak+ p[]s & sy/ems ( managem5t1 h be5 consolidat$ into great sy/ems1 ?us effect+ mat]ial economies & facilities 9 op]ation4 ,?us ! ,mohawk ,hudson ,railway ( #ahca 0 ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( l9es n[ consolidat$ to =m ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railway2 :ile ! ,liv]pool ,man*e/] ,railway ( #ahcj 0 ! beg9n+ ( :at is n[ ! ,london ,nor?we/]n ,railway sy/em4 ,n only is !re ?is consolidation1 b also a mo/ compreh5sive sy/em = ! int]*ange ( traffic betwe5 diff]5t sy/ems4 ,?us pass5g]s c pur*ase ?r\gh tickets & travel ?r\gh f ,p>is to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 or f ,bo/on to ,san ,francisco1 :ile freight c>s c be s5t ?r\gh 9 a simil> way4 ,?is is really a wond]ful feature ( railway developm5t4 ,! foll[+ are a few examples ( ! great railway sy/ems ( ! _w3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,railway4 ,miles4 ,loco- ,pass5g],freight motives4 ,c>s4 ,c>s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,p5nsylvania 7,u4,s4,a47 #hhhb #ceid #chdg #adf1jfj ,*icago ,nor?we/]n 7,u4,s4,a47 #giif #achj #aagf #di1dhd ,*icago1 ,burl+ton ,qu9cy 7,u4,s4,a47 #gdfb #abje #icf #dj1gbj ,at*ison1 ,topeka ,santa ,f 7,u4,s4,a47 #gabj #ajcf #fee #bi1hcg ,great ,we/]n 7,engl&7 #begf #ahcg #fbja #ec1aef ,london ,nor?we/]n 7,engl&7 #aiab #bhea #hddf #fe1def ,p>is1 ,lyons ,m$it]ranean 7,france7 #eeid #bfbd #ehcg #hg1cbj ,we/]n 7,france7 #cdfd #adib #dcgh #bf1dhg ,m$it]ranean 7,italy7 #cefh #acad #cgjf #bc1jgg ,nor?we/]n 7,india7 #ccga #fjb #baba #aj1cab ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,9 "s c\ntries ! gov]nm5t owns & op]ates all1 or ne>ly all1 ( ! railways1 z 9 ,g]many1 ,belgium1 & ! ,african & ,au/ralian colonies4 ,switz]l&1 9 #ahih1 decid$ t its gov]nm5t %\ld acquire ! railways4 ,9 ,holl& & ,italy ! gov]nm5t owns ! railways1 b leases !m to op]at+ companies4 ,france1 ,brazil1 & ! ,arg5t9e ,republic h bo? /ate & private l9es1 ) a great] or less degree ( /ate assi/ance & control ( ! latt]4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 ! railways are own$ entirely by private companies1 b _! op]ation is subject to gov]nm5t sup]vision 9 ! public int]e/s4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re 0 at fir/ almo/ absolute fre$om ( con/ruction1 b ! consequ5t abuses & f9ancial disa/]s1 ow+ to unnecess>y l9es & cut-?roat competition1 h l$ "s ( ! ,/ates to wisely ex]cise "s degree ( control ov] railway affairs4 ,! int]f]5ce ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t 9 railway affairs has be5 slight b important4 ,9 #ahfb x aid$ ! con/ruction ( ! fir/ transcont95tal railway2 9 #ahhg x pass$ ! act = ! regulation ( rates1 etc41 9 int]/ate traffic2 & 9 #ahic x pass$ ! act mak+ compulsory ! use ( p[] brakes & automatic c\pl]s on freight c>s4 ,gov]nm5t own]%ip & op]ation ( railways is r>ely satisfactory f a f9ancial or a traffic po9t ( view1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 an absolutely unre/rict$ railway elem5t is liable to become a s]i\s evil4 ,! be/ sy/em is und\bt$ly t 9 :i* ! railways are own$ & op]at$ by private ent]prise1 b subject to /ate sup]vision1 l /eam%ips1 factories1 etc4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t private ent]prise is n always available4 ,9 ,russia1 = example1 ! developm5t ( railways w\ld h be5 b sl[ on su* a basis2 & 9 ,india1 gov]nm5t back+ 0 ne$$ to induce ,briti% capitali/s to ent] ! field4 ,x is un=tunate = ,*9a t nei!r ! gov]nm5t nor ! p h be5 compet5t or ent]pris+ en\gh to deal ) ! railway "q4 ,! pres5t sy/em ( developm5t by rival int]e/s ( v>i\s nationalities seems almo/ c]ta9 to lead to ! ev5tual dissolution ( ! empire & its p>tition among o!r nations1 z ,africa is already 9 l>ge measure p>tition$4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates railway con/ruction has gone by leaps & b\nds1 & !re is n[ a va/ network ( l9es1--ma91 second>y1 bran*1 & local4 ,! highe/ records ( con/ruction )9 ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s 7 #ab1hjj miles built 9 #ahhg1 & #aa1fjj miles 9 #ahhb1 :ile ! l[e/ record 0 #agej miles 9 #ahif4 ,! gr[? f #ahhf to #ahii has be5 z foll[s1 ! relatively small increase 9 numb] ( locomotives be+ due to ! great] p[] ( mod]n eng9es3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,increase1 #ahhf4 #ahii4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,mileage #acc1fjj #ahe1jjj #hh4dg ,tonnage c>ri$ #dhb1jjj1jjj #ghj1jjj1jjj #fb4jj ,numb] ( c>s #hga1ejj #a1ccj1jjj #eb4fa ,numb] ( locomotives #bf1djj #cf1jjj #cf4cj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,p]haps ! railway ( mo/ rec5t int]e/ is ! fir/ l9e 9 ,alaska1 :i* is tw5ty miles long1 & 0 built z a result ( ! ru% to ! ,klondike gold fields4 ,?is 0 op5$ on ,febru>y #bj1 #ahii4 ,! great transcont95tal railways1 h[ev]1 are ( mu* broad] int]e/4 ,9 #ahce ! ,rev4 ,samuel ,p>k]1 a mission>y 9 ! ,nor?we/1 sugge/$ a railway f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 & ,dr4 ,samuel ,e4 ,b>l[ propos$ "o f ,new ,york to ! ,columbia ,riv]1 #bjjj miles1 to co/ #aj1jjj p] mile1 & to c>ry traffic at ab\t sev5 miles p] h\r4 ,f #ahdd to #ahdi ,mr4 ,asa ,:itney urg$ ,congress to grant l& to aid him 9 build+ a l9e f ,lake ,mi*igan to ,san ,francisco1 #bjcj miles1 to co/ #bj1jjj p] mile4 ,betwe5 #ahec & #ahfa ,congress _h surveys made ( five r\tes1 b no def9ite action 0 tak5 until aft] ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w>1 9 #ahfa1 :5 ! f$]al gov]nm5t soon recogniz$ ! importance ( hav+ direct communication ) ! ,pacific ,/ates1 :i* 7 at t "t isolat$4 ,companies 7 organiz$ 9 #ahfb1 & "w comm5c$ 9 #ahfd1 "u gov]nm5t subsidies & milit>y aid & protection4 ,on ,may #aj1 #ahfi1 ! ,union ,pacific ,railway 7f ! ea/7 & ! ,c5tral ,pacific ,railway 7f ! we/7 met at ,promontory ,po9t1 ,utah1 #aahf miles f ! ,miss\ri ,riv] & #fch miles f ,sacram5to1 ,cal4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,railway ,,tra9 ,,9 ,,belgium4 ,n[1 ?irty ye>s lat]1 we h six s-call$ transcont95tal railways1 no "o ( :i*1 h[ev]1 has its own l9e f ocean to ocean1 & none ( :i* run ?r\gh tra9s or c>s4 ,9 ,canada1 h[ev]1 ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railway 7op5$ 9 #ahhg7 has a ?r\gh l9e f ,/4 ,john & ,montreal to ,vanc\v]1 ) ?r\gh tra9s daily betwe5 ! latt] po9ts1 #bije miles4 ,! pr9cipal transcont95tal l9es1 ) ! total di/ances f ocean to ocean1 are %[n on ! foll[+ page4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,total ,railway4 ,op5$4 ,r\te4 ,l5g?4,di/ance4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a4 ,canadian ,pacific #ahhg ,montreal to ,vanc\v] #bije #bije #b4 ,great ,nor!rn #ahic ,/4 ,paul to ,seattle #ahbg #caegf #c4 ,nor!rn ,pacific -- ,/4 ,paul to ,tacoma #aiab #cbdb #d4 ,union ,pacific #ahfi ,omaha to ,san ,francisco #aibh #ccdj #e4 ,union ,pacific -- ,omaha to ,portl& #ahbc #cbce #f4 ,at*ison1 ,topeka ,santa ,f -- ,*icago to ,san ,francisco #begg #cdig #g4 ,s\!rn ,pacific #ahhc ,new ,orleans to ,san ,francisco #bdhi #dafdf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #f ,9 ,nos4 #b & #g ! total di/ance is giv5 f ,new ,york4 ,( ! v>i\s complet$ & p>tly complet$ int]oceanic railways across ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! mo/ important by f> is ! ,panama railway1 9 ,colombia1 #dg miles long4 ,?is 0 op5$ z long ago z #ahee1 & 0 orig9ally int5d$ z a l9k 9 a r\te betwe5 ,new ,york & ,san ,francisco1 #edej miles4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica !re are few railways ( great importance1 & ! int]ior yet rema9s undevelop$1 ) ! exception ( ! great pla9s ( ! ,arg5t9e ,republic4 ,a transcont95tal l9e betwe5 ,bu5os ,ayres & ,valp>aiso1 #hej miles1 is ne>ly complet$1 b "w has be5 /opp$ = "s ye>s1 leav+ #ej miles yet to be built at ! summit ( ! ,&es4 ,an int]e/+1 b z yet vision>y1 s*eme is t = an int]cont95tal railway ?r\gh ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! di/ance f ! s\!rn fronti] ( ,mexico to ,bu5os ,ayres w\ld be #eejj miles4 ,ab\t #abhj miles ( ?is are built1 b comprise _m small l9es :i* w\ld h to be rebuilt4 ,! total co/ w\ld be ab\t #bbj1jjj1jjj1 at a l[ e/imate1 & ! total di/ance f ,new ,york to ,bu5os ,ayres w\ld be #aj1cjj miles by rail4 ,9 ,europe !re is a va/ & compreh5sive network ( railway l9es1 b ! di/ances are less1 ev5 ,/4 ,pet]sburg & ,con/ant9ople be+ b ab\t #afjj & #ahjj miles f ,p>is4 ,:ile ! developm5t ( railways has be5 rem>kable1 ! mo/ /rik+ features are ! l9es :i* cross ! ,alps to connect ! int]ior ) ! ,m$it]ranean ports4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ! ,semm]+ railway1 on ! r\te betwe5 ,vi5na & ,trie/e 7#ahed74 ,! ,mont ,c5is railway 7#ahfg7 0 ma9ly a surface l9e1 ) heavy incl9es op]at$ on ! ,fell grip-rail sy/em4 ,its r\te foll[$ ! great c>riage road built by ,napoleon 9 #ahjc-aj4 ,! railway ov] ! ,br5n] ,pass 0 op5$ 9 #ahfh2 9 #ahga ! ,mont ,c5is tunnel sup]s$$ ! high-level l9e1 & 9 #ahhj ! ,great ,/4 ,go?>d railway 0 op5$4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! ,arlb]g railway 9 #ahhd1 & ! ,simplon railway is n[ "u con/ruction4 ,europe has ! only railway )9 ! ,arctic ,circle4 ,x runs f ,lulea1 on ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia1 nor?we/ to ! ,gelliv>a iron m9es1 #dd miles )9 ! circle4 ,z ! port is clos$ by ice dur+ ! w9t]1 ! l9e is to be ext5d$ to ! ,atlantic coa/ at ,(ot51 #fi nor? latitude1 :]e ! influ5ce ( ! ,gulf ,/ream keeps ! ports op54 ,?is end ( ! l9e w be #acj miles nor? ( ! ,arctic ,circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,loop ,,9 ,,! ,,selkirks1 ,,%[+ ,,f\r ,,tracks4 ,! c\ntries ( ,asia 7) ! exception ( ,india7 are b scantily suppli$ ) railways4 ,ev5 ,pale/9e--! ,holy ,l&--has1 h[ev]1 be5 invad$1 & has n[ two railways4 ,"o ( ^! is f ,jaffa 7! biblical ,joppa7 to ,j]usalem1 #ed miles 7#ahib72 ! o!r is f ,beirut to ,damascus1 #gj miles4 ,briti% int]e/s h long advocat$ an 8all-rail-to-,india0 project4 ,! l9e w\ld />t opposite ,con/ant9ople1 pass d[n ! ,euphrates valley1 across ,p]sia1 & along ! coa/ ( ,balu*i/an to ,kurra*ee1 connect+ !re ) ! ,indian railway sy/em4 ,?is great sy/em aggregates #be1jjj miles1 & ext5ds up to ! ,bolan ,pass & ! ,khyb] ,pass1 on ! ,afghan fronti]4 ,s\?w>d1 x has be5 propos$ to connect ) ! ,ceylon railways by a l9e ( bridges & embankm5ts along ! reefs & %oals kn[n z ,adam's ,bridge4 ,ow+ to ! vigor\s opposition ( ! gov]nm5t & p1 ,*9a has b #cej miles ( railway to its #d1bjj1jjj squ>e miles & its population ( #dbj1jjj1jjj4 ,_m l9es are project$1 b are all 9 ! ea/]n portion1 & ! tw5tie? c5tury w be well advanc$ be=e ! railway op5s up ! he>t ( ! c\ntry to civilization4 ,japan1 ! v opposite ( ,*9a1 has enc\rag$ railway con/ruction1 & n[ has #cjjj miles ( railway to its #adg1fjj squ>e miles & its population ( #de1jjj1jjj4 ,! mo/ notable ( all ! railways 9 ,asia is ! great ,trans-,sib]ian railway1 n[ be+ built by ! ,russian gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahia1 & may be complet$ by #aijc1 ! di/ance f ,/4 ,pet]sburg to ,vladivo/ok1 or ,port ,ar?ur1 be+ !n ab\t #efgj miles4 ,!re are sev]al l>ge cities on ! r\te1 & ! l9e does n pass ?r\gh su* a wild & un9habit$ c\ntry z t ?r\gh :i* ! ,union ,pacific ,railroad 0 built ?irty ye>s ago4 ,x is n[ op5 to ,lake ,baikal1 ! trip ( #cbcj miles be+ made 9 ab\t #ab days by ! sl[ tra91 or #h days by ! less frequ5t fa/ tra94 ,! road is r\ghly & lightly built 9 _m respects1 s t high spe$s _c be ma9ta9$4 ,! ea/]n end ( ! road w pass ?r\gh ,*9ese t]ritory1 ?us giv+ ,russia a firm foo?old 9 t empire4 ,h>dly less int]e/+ is ! ,trans-,caspian railway1 f ! ,caspian ,sea to ,sam>c&1 #hhe miles1 ) a bran* f ,m]v to )9 #ie miles ( ! ,afghan city ( ,h]at4 ,an ext5sion to ! ,p]sian ,gulf is also project$4 ,z ! ,trans-,sib]ian railway has develop$ a new :eat-gr[+ region1 s ! ,trans-,caspian railway is develop+ a new cotton-gr[+ region4 ,9 ,africa ! railways already ext5d nor?w>d f ,cape ,t[n1 ?r\gh ! l& ( ! ,bo]s & up to ,buluwayo1 ! old ,zulu /ronghold1 #adjj miles4 ,!re is a picturesque project = c>ry+ ! l9e on to ! ,m$it]ranean1 a total di/ance ( #eejj miles1 b ?is w n mat]ialize = _m ye>s4 ,! ,congo railway1 pass+ ! rapids1 op5s communication betwe5 ! coa/ & a long /ret* ( inl& navigation4 ,sev]al l9es are be+ pu%$ f ! ea/ coa/ into ! int]ior1 & a transcont95tal railway f ,/4 ,paul de ,lo&o1 on ! we/1 has be5 comm5c$1 b !re is n n[ mu* life 9 ?is latt] project4 ,! ,fr5* h two favorite s*emes = railways1--f ,alg]ia to ,timbuctoo1 & f ,tunis to ,lake ,*ad1 ! latt] l9e be+ ab\t #afjj miles 9 l5g?4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 ! l9es ( ! diff]5t colonies are gradually ext5d+ & connect+ to =m a cont9u\s sy/em1 :i* is hamp]$1 h[ev]1 by diff]5ces ( gauge4 ,!re is railway communication betwe5 ! capitals ( ,que5sl& 7,brisbane71 ,new ,s\? ,wales 7,sydney71 ,victoria 7,melb\rne71 & ,s\? ,au/ralia 7,adelaide74 ,! great /ret* we/w>d to ! coa/ cities ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia is yet 9 ! future1 z is also ! ,s\? ,au/ralian transcont95tal l9e f ,adelaide nor?w>d across va/ des]ts 7already cross$ by ! telegraph7 to ,palm]/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,entrance ,,to ,,/4 ,,go?>d ,,tunnel1 ,,switz]l&4 ,great bridges & tunnels are among ! prom95t features ( ! railways ( ! _w1 b space =bids ent]+ into details ( ^! works4 ,!y are 9 pr9ciple simil> to ^? requir$ = highways1 b _m ( ^! great works w\ld nev] h be5 und]tak5 = su* traffic z is c>ri$ by a highway4 ,! only railway susp5sion bridge ev] built 0 ! ,niag>a bridge1 op5$ 9 #ahee1 & replac$ by a /eel ar* 9 #ahih4 ,! developm5t ( bridges & traffic may be judg$ f ! fact t ! ,victoria s+le-track tubul> bridge ov] ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 at ,montreal1 :i* 0 op5$ 9 #ahei1 0 replac$ 9 #ahig-ih by a d\ble-track railway & roadway truss bridge on ! same pi]s4 ,! /eel ar* bridge1 #agjj feet long1 across ! ,mississippi1 at ,/4 ,l\is1 co/ #e1cjj1jjj4 ,! tubul> bridge1 #feib feet long1 ov] ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 at ,montreal1 ,canada1 co/ #g1jjj1jjj4 ,! cantilev] bridge1 #hibe feet long1 ov] ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 ,great ,brita91 co/ #ac1jjj1jjj4 ,! co/ ( ! propos$ susp5sion bridge1 #cjjj feet long1 ov] ! ,hudson1 at ,new ,york1 is e/imat$ at #ac1jjj1jjj4 ,! fir/ railway tunnel 0 ! ,portage ,tunnel1 9 ,p5nsylvania1 built 9 #ahca4 ,! longe/ railway tunnel is ! ,simplon1 9 ,switz]l&4 ,x is #ab4be miles 9 l5g?1 & is /ill "u con/ruction4 ,! next longe/ is ! ,go?>d1 ,switz]l&4 ,x is #i4cj miles long1 & 0 op5$ 9 #ahha4 ,9 track con/ruction1 ca/-iron rails began to be sup]s$$ by wr\ght iron 9 #ahbj1 & _m ( ! e>ly ,am]ican railways _h /rap iron laid on timb] /r+]s4 ,)9 ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s /eel has be5 us$ almo/ exclusively4 ,9 place ( rails weigh+ #be to #ce lbs4 p] y>d1 & #c to #ae feet 9 l5g?1 we n[ use rails ( #hj to #ajj lbs4 p] y>d1 #cj to #fj feet long4 ,/one blocks & wood5 ties 7 fir/ us$ to support ! rails1 & ! latt] are n[ g5]ally us$1 al?\gh metal ties are ext5sively us$ & date back to #ahdf4 ,9 #ahid !re 7 ?irty-five ?\s& miles ( railway laid ) ?is =m ( track4 ,! next developm5t w probably be a p]man5t & cont9u\s concrete b$ = ! rails2 z ! pres5t con/ruction1 ) wood5 ties laid 9 /one or o!r balla/1 requires cont9ual att5tion & repair "u ! effects ( heavy traffic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,railway ,,signals4 ,! semaphore signal 0 introduc$ 9 ,engl& by ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,gregory 9 #ahda1 & is n[ us$ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 to gov]n & protect tra9 movem5ts4 ,! fir/ int]lock+ plant 0 erect$ 9 #ahdc1 & ! complete plants--z us$ to-day--date f #ahef4 ,n[1 practically all important junctions are equipp$ ) int]lock+ plants1 :i* prev5t conflict+ signals & swit*es be+ s set z to lead to accid5t4 ,! electric telegraph 0 pat5t$ by ,cooke & ,:eat/one 9 #ahcg1 & 9 #ahci !y secur$ its introduction to gov]n ! tra9 s]vice on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway 7,engl&74 ,! movem5ts 7 telegraph$ f /ation to /ation1 & a tra9 0 n all[$ to leave a /ation until ! prec$+ tra9 _h pass$ ! next /ation 9 advance4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! 8block sy/em10 :i* is a great elem5t 9 ! safe op]ation ( traffic1 s9ce x ma9ta9s an int]val ( space betwe5 tra9s4 ,mr4 ,edw9 ,cl>k's telegraph block sy/em 0 introduc$ 9 #ahec1 & z traffic increas$ int]m$iate block signal /ations 7 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! regul> /ations1 s z to %ort5 ! di/ances betwe5 tra9s4 ,?is sy/em is compulsory 9 ,great ,brita9 & is already l>gely us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 at fir/ held t x 0 n adapt$ to conditions 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e s _m l9es h b a s+le track1 b exp]i5ce has %[n t x increases ! facility z well z ! safety ( op]at+ traffic on s+le & d\ble track l9es alike4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,am]ican ,,express ,,locomotive4 ,/eam locomotives 7 us$ on colli]y railways 9 ,engl& z e>ly z #ahjd1 :5 ,trevi?ick built an eng9e1 :i* 0 ! fir/ to haul a tra9 on rails4 ,george ,/eph5son built 8 fir/ locomotive 9 #ahad1 & 9 #ahbe built ! 8,locomotion0 = ! ,/ockton ,d>l+ton ,railway4 ,horses1 /ation>y eng9es1 & /eam locomotives 7 all propos$ = ! ,liv]pool ,man*e/] ,railway1 & 9 #ahbi ! directors (f]$ a premium ( #bejj = ! be/ locomotive4 ,ea* eng9e 0 to consume its smoke1 weigh ab\t #f tons1 co/ n m ?an #bgej1 & be capable ( haul+ a tra9 ( #bj tons at #aj miles p] h\r4 ,?is l$ to ! n[ hi/orical trials at ,ra9hill1 9 ,octob]1 #ahbi1 betwe5 ! 8,rocket0 7,/eph5son71 ! 8,novelty0 7,brai?waite & ,ericson71 & ! 8,sans ,p>eil0 7,hackwor?74 ,! aw>d 0 made to ! 8,rocket0 z ! mo/ practicable ma*9e1 al?\gh ! 8,novelty0 atta9$ a high] spe$1 & ! 8,sans ,p>eil0 0 also a good eng9e & cont9u$ 9 use = sev]al ye>s4 ,segu9 introduc$ ! locomotive 9 ,france 9 #ahbg1 hav+ modifi$ & rebuilt an old ,/eph5son eng9e4 ,! fir/ locomotive op]at$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ! import$ 8,/\rbridge ,lion10 on ! ,delaw>e ,hudson ,canal ,co4's l9e1 9 #ahbi4 ,coop]'s 8,tom ,?umb0 0 run on ! ,baltimore ,ohio ,railway 9 #ahcj1 & 9 #ahca ! directors ( ?is road (f]$ premiums ( #djjj & #cejj = locomotives4 ,ea* eng9e 0 to weigh n m ?an #c tons1 to h f\r :eels1 & to haul loads ( #ae tons at #ae miles p] h\r = #cj days4 ,five eng9es 7 pres5t$1 by ,davis1 ,co/ell1 ,milholl&1 ,*ilds1 & ,james4 ,! prizes 7 aw>d$ to ! fir/ two1 ! ,davis eng9e 8,york0 be+ rebuilt "u ! direction ( its inv5tor & ,mr4 ,ross ,w9ans1 :ile ! 8,co/ell0 0 put 9 swit*+ s]vice4 ,9 #ahca ! 8,john ,bull0 0 built by ! ,/eph5sons 9 ,engl&1 & 0 put 9 s]vice on ! ,camd5 ,amboy ,railway 7,u4 ,s4 ,a47 9 ! same ye>4 ,9 #ahic ?is old eng9e 0 readju/$ & ran f ,new ,york to ,*icago1 #iab miles1 "u its own /eam1 haul+ two c>s ( ! type ( #ahcf4 ,9 #ahih !re 7 ab\t #ai1ejj locomotives 9 ,great ,brita9 & #cf1ejj 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z a comp>ison betwe5 ! little eng9es ( e>ly days & ! huge & swift eng9es ( to-day1 x may be /at$ t mod]n pass5g] locomotives are n[ con/ruct$ ) z _m z six driv+ :eels1 & t5 :eels 9 all4 ,"s ( ^? 9 use on ! ,great ,nor!rn ,railway1 ,great ,brita91 h driv+ :eels ( #ig in*es 9 diamet]4 ,on ! ,fit*burg ,railway1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 locomotives are 9 use :i* weigh #ge tons4 ,"s mod]n freight locomotives h z _m z t5 driv+ :eels1 & twelve :eels 9 all1 & a total weight ( #aae tons4 ,s9ce ! application ( electric traction to /reet railways1 x has frequ5tly be5 said t x w\ld ev5tually sup]s$e ! /eam locomotive4 ,9 no in/ance1 h[ev]1 has x yet be5 appli$ to regul> railway s]vice1 ) heavy tra9s & long runs1 nor is !re yet any indication ( increas$ economy or effici5cy due to its use 9 su* s]vice4 ,x is successfully us$ = local & suburban l9es1 b ^! =m a class 9 !mselves1 & ! conditions ( op]ation are v diff]5t f ^? :i* obta9 9 ord9>y s]vice4 ,! ,baltimore ,ohio ,railway has "s heavy electric locomotives1 b ^! are = haul+ tra9s ?r\gh a tunnel1 to avoid ! tr\ble & discom=t f ! smoke & gases f ! /eam eng9es4 ,! e>ly pass5g] c>s 7 ei!r op5 c>s ) cross seats1 or _h coa* bodies on f\r-:eel plat=m c>s4 ,! coa*-body c>s on ! ,mohawk ,hudson ,railway1 9 #ahca1 7 #g ft4 #d 94 long & #e ft4 wide4 ,9 #ahcf ! ,am]ican type ( c> 0 introduc$ on ! ,camd5 ,amboy ,railway1 hav+ a long body m\nt$ on two f\r-:eel$ trucks4 ,^! c>s seat$ #dh pass5g]s1 & c>s = #fj pass5g]s 7 9 use 9 #ahci1 _! co/ be+ #bdjj4 ,am]ican day c>s are n[ #fj to #hj ft4 long1 seat+ #fj to #hd pass5g]s1 & weigh+ f #cj to #dg tons4 ,! /&>d day c> ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railway is #fj ft4 #g 94 long ov] all1 & seats #ff pass5g]s4 ,d9+ & sleep+ c>s weigh f #de to #fe tons1 mu* ( ! weight be+ due to ! special equipm5t = ! com=t & conv5i5ce ( pass5g]s1 & consequ5tly s mu* dead weight to be haul$4 ,x c be said )\t dispute t 9 no o!r c\ntry h ! railways done s mu* = ! com=t & conv5i5ce ( _! pass5g]s1 & h *>g$ s little !re=4 ,9 ,europe1 ! c>s develop$ into ! comp>tm5t sy/em1 ) side doors1 !re be+ high transv]se p>titions ) seats on ea* side1 s t 9 a full comp>tm5t half ! pass5g]s mu/ ride backw>d4 ,! c>s are usually %ort1 ) two or ?ree axles1 b ab\t #ahgb ! ,am]ican sy/em ( m\nt+ c>s on trucks 0 introduc$1 & long] c>s on trucks are n[ some:at ext5sively us$4 ,)9 lat] ye>s corridor c>s h be5 introduc$1 ) a corridor connect+ ! comp>tm5ts4 ,su* details z /eam heat1 toilet arrangem5ts1 ample light1 luxuri\s f9i%1 etc41 :i* h long be5 a matt] ( c\rse 9 ?is c\ntry1 are q 8end ( ! c5tury0 improvem5ts 9 ,europe1 & g5]ally bel[ ! /&>ds obs]v$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,am]ican ,,freight ,,locomotive4 ,sleep+ c>s 7 us$ on ! ,cumb]l& ,valley ,railway 7,u4 ,s4 ,a47 9 #ahcf4 ,9 #ahef1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,l4 ,woodruff built a sleep+ c>1 & 9 #aheg two 7 built by ,mr4 ,web/] ,wagn] & op]at$ on ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railway4 ,mr4 ,george ,m4 ,pullman began 8 exp]im5ts 9 #ahei1 & 9 #ahfd he put 9 s]vice on ! ,*icago ,alton ,railway ! fir/ sleep+ c> ) ! b]? arrangem5ts n[ almo/ univ]sally us$4 ,he pu%$ ! bus9ess m vigor\sly ?an 8 pr$ecessors & acquir$ _m ( _! pat5ts4 ,! ,pullman ,palace ,c> ,co4 0 organiz$ 9 #ahfg1 & 9 #ahgi its v>i\s works 7 all conc5trat$ 9 a new indu/rial t[n--call$ ,pullman--ne> ,*icago4 ,9 #ahih ! company own$ #b1dbh c>s1 :i* 7 op]at$ on #aba1bcf miles ( railway1 ran #aij1efb1geh miles1 & c>ri$ #d1heb1djj pass5g]s4 ,mo/ ( ! c>s are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b "s are 9 ,europe & ,au/ralia4 ,! ,wagn] ,palace ,c> ,co4 owns #efj sleep+ c>s & #adc p>lor c>s4 ,9 ,europe mo/ ( ! long di/ance sleep+ & d9+ c> s]vice is op]at$ by ! ,int]national ,sleep+ ,c> ,co41 :i* runs c>s betwe5 ,p>is & ,con/ant9ople 7#gb h\rs71 ,p>is & ,/4 ,pet]sburg 7#abj h\rs71 ,calais & ,br9disi 7#be h\rs74 ,pass5g] c>s are n[ usually light$ by oil1 ! m9]al oil us$ 9 ,am]ica be+ sup]ior to ! vegetable oils commonly us$ 9 ,europe4 ,oil gas1 compress$ 9 tanks1 is v ext5sively us$1 & gives an excell5t light4 ,! sy/em 0 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,julius ,p9ts*1 & 0 introduc$ 9 ,g]many 9 #ahgc1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahha4 ,x is n[ appli$ to ab\t #he1jjj c>s 9 #bb c\ntries2 #cb1jjj ( ^! c>s be+ 9 ,g]many1 #ag1jjj 9 ,great ,brita91 & #ae1jjj 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! electric light is z yet us$ only on a few ( ! f9e/ express tra9s1 ! curr5t be+ g5]at$ ei!r f a /eam eng9e & dynamo 9 ! baggage c>1 or f a dynamo on ea* c>1 driv5 f "o ( ! c> axles4 ,/orage batt]ies ma9ta9 ! light :5 ! c>s are at re/4 ,am]ican c>s 7 heat$ by /oves at a v e>ly date1 & ?is develop$ into ! hot wat] sy/em1 ) a /ove & circulat+ pipes 9 ea* c>4 ,/eam f ! locomotive1 h[ev]1 is n[ g5]ally employ$1 & its use is compulsory 9 "s ,/ates4 ,9 ,europe ! pass5g]s h to rely l>gely ^u _! own wraps & rugs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ext]ior ,,( ,,late/ ,,sleep+ ,,c>4 ,9 ,am]ican freight c>s1 great improvem5ts h be5 introduc$1 increas+ ! c>ry+ capacity :ile r$uc+ ! weight4 ,! capacity has be5 increas$ f #aj tons ( load 9 #ahgj1 to #cj1 #dj1 & ev5 #ej tons 9 #ahii 7an increase ( #cjj to #ejj p] c5t74 ,! weight has increas$ only f #aj to #ae or #ag tons 7or #ej to #gj p] c5t74 ,c>s are n[ be+ built entirely ( /eel1 & :ile _! fir/ co/ is great]1 ! co/ p] ton & ! exp5ses ( ma9t5ance are less ?an = wood5 c>s ( simil> capacity4 ,z sleep+1 d9+1 p>lor1 t\ri/1 & o!r special c>s h be5 introduc$ = pass5g] traffic1 s refrig]ator1 /ock1 horse1 fruit1 p\ltry1 & furniture c>s h be5 introduc$ = special requirem5ts 9 freight traffic4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 h[ev]1 ! use ( su* special equipm5t is mu* m limit$4 ,! ord9>y =eign freight c>s are ! same z ^? ( #cj or #dj ye>s ago1 be+ %ort f\r-:eel c>s1 weigh+ #e tons1 & c>ry+ #h to #aj tons4 ,^! are n well adapt$ to ! h&l+ ( bulk freight1 & greatly increas$ economy & facility 9 su* traffic w\ld result f ! introduction ( ! ,am]ican sy/em1 z has be5 done 9 ,au/ralia4 ,9 mod]n ,am]ican practice1 too1 ! c>s are equipp$ ) automatic c\pl]s & p[] brakes1 ?us greatly increas+ ! safety & facility ( op]at+ heavy fa/ tra9s4 ,9 #ahic1 ,congress pass$ a law requir+ t by ,janu>y #a1 #ahih1 all freight c>s %\ld be equipp$ ) automatic c\pl]s & en\gh c>s equipp$ ) p[] brakes 7op]at$ f ! eng9e7 to put ! tra9s entirely "u ! control ( ! eng9em54 ,! date 0 aft]w>ds ext5d$ to ,janu>y #a1 #aijj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,a ,,pullman ,,sleep+ ,,c>4 ,z ! spe$ & weight ( tra9s increas$1 ! dang]s due to lack ( brake p[] soon became al>m+ly app>5t1 & num]\s =ms ( cont9u\s brakes 7 devis$1 to be appli$ to ! :eels ( e c>1 "u ! control ( ! eng9eman4 ,9 #ahhi1 ! ,briti% gov]nm5t pass$ ! ,railways ,regulation ,act1 mak+ compulsory ! use ( ! block sy/em1 ! int]lock+ sy/em1 & cont9u\s brakes4 ,9 ,engl& & "s o!r =eign c\ntries1 ! vacuum brake 7introduc$ ab\t #ahga7 is l>gely us$1 b x is sl[] 9 action ?an ! compress$ air brake1 & is !re=e less effici5t = long1 heavy1 & fa/ tra9s4 ,! ,we/+h\se brake is "o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 ! safe & effici5t h&l+ ( heavy & fa/ tra9s4 ,mr4 ,george ,we/+h\se pat5t$ 8 /raight-air brake 9 #ahfi1 8 pla9 automatic brake 9 #ahgb1 & 8 quick-action freight tra9 brake 9 #ahhg1 :ile 9 #ahib he introduc$ 8 high-spe$ brake = express tra9s4 ,up to ! op5+ ( #ahii1 ! ,we/+h\se brake _h be5 appli$ to ab\t #ee1ejj locomotives & #iab1jjj c>s1 ( :i* #cd1cjj locomotives1 #ej1jjj pass5g] c>s & #gej1jjj freight c>s 7 on ,am]ican railways4 ,) ?is brake1 a pass5g] tra9 ( #cjj tons1 travel+ at #fj miles p] h\r1 c be /opp$ 9 ab\t #dejj feet & ab\t #ij seconds1 or 9 #abjj feet & #ca seconds 9 case ( em]g5cy4 ,a freight tra9 ( #hjj tons1 runn+ at #cj miles p] h\r1 c be /opp$ 9 ab\t #iej feet 9 #cb seconds1 or 9 #cjj feet & #aa seconds by an 8em]g5cy0 application4 ,v few c\ntries h appli$ cont9u\s brakes to freight c>s1 except ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 & 7to "s ext5t7 ,russia & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,! improvem5t 9 tra9 s]vice has be5 ev5 great] ?an t 9 tra9 equipm5t1 & ?is improvem5t has be5 9 spe$1 accommodation1 & numb] ( tra9s4 ,among ! notable runs are ^? across ! ,am]ican & ,european cont95ts4 ,! ,canadian ,pacific ,railway />ts a tra9 daily f ea* end ( ! l9e = a ?r\gh run ( #bijj miles4 ,9 #ahhh1 a ?r\gh tra9 s]vice 7) sleep+ & d9+ c>s7 0 in/itut$ betwe5 ,p>is & ,con/ant9ople1 ab\t #ahjj miles1 & ?r\gh tra9s are run twice a week betwe5 ,p>is & ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #afjj miles4 ,!re is also a simil> s]vice betwe5 ,calais & ,br9disi1 #abjj miles1 9 connection ) ! mail /eam]s betwe5 ,engl& & ,india4 ,9 #ahih1 ! ,trans-,sib]ian ,railway 0 complet$ to ,irkutsk1 & a ?r\gh tra9 s]vice betwe5 ,/4 ,pet]sburg & t city1 #cbcj miles1 0 comm5c$4 ,railway tra9s 7 at fir/ int5d$ to h spe$s ( ab\t #aj to #bj miles p] h\r1 ! latt] be+ look$ ^u z almo/ excessive1 b mu* high] spe$s 7 v soon atta9$4 ,!re has be5 almo/ f ! e>lie/ days a public dem& = high] & high] spe$s1 ) consequ5t rivalry betwe5 ! railways4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita9 7& ,france )9 ! pa/ few ye>s7 h ! fa/e/ tra9s & by f> ! great] numb] ( fa/ tra9s4 ,! highe/ record$ tra9 spe$ is t ( ! ,exposition ,fly]1 #bgj tons total1 ^u ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railway1 ,may #aj?1 #ahic4 ,x ran a di/ance ( "o mile at ! rate ( #aab miles p] h\r1 & aga91 on ! same date1 ma9ta9$ a spe$ ( #ajj miles p] h\r1 ?r\gh a di/ance ( five miles4 ,z a daily tra9 betwe5 ,new ,york & ,*icago1 x ma9ta9$ a rate ( #fj to #ge miles an h\r1 ?r\gh\t ! entire #ihj miles ( di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,railway ,,susp5sion ,,bridge1 ,,niag>a ,,falls4 ,x w be se5 t ! spe$ ( 8#ajj-miles-an-h\r10 :i* is popul>ly look$ ^u z a sort ( ideal1 has be5 m ?an once exce$$1 b x may be well to expla9 t su* spectacul> bur/s ( spe$ are really less important & less wond]ful ?an ! trips ( #ej to #ajjj miles at spe$s av]ag+ #ej to #fe miles p] h\r = ! entire j\rney4 ,tak+ into acc\nt ! loss ( "t by /ops at /ations1 by *ang+ eng9es1 by ! resi/ance ( long grades1 etc41 x w be easily und]/ood t 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! av]age spe$ f />t to f9i%1 ! actual spe$s mu/ (t5 range f #fj to #ge or ev5 #hj miles p] h\r4 ,! regul> daily transcont95tal tra9 ( ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railway has an av]age spe$ ( #cj miles p] h\r1 b ma9ta9s ?is = ! trip ( #bijf miles1 :i* occupies #id h\rs4 ,?is is a tra9 & a record ( :i* railway m5 9 g5]al1 & ^? ( ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railway 9 p>ticul>1 may well be pr\d4 ,!re are no su* ?r\gh tra9s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b 9 #ahgf a special !atre tra9 0 run f ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco 9 #c days #g h\rs4 ,9 #ahhi1 ! "t ( ! transcont95tal mails 0 #e days #h h\rs1 b t same ye> x 0 r$uc$ to #d days #ab h\rs1 :i* s*$ule cont9u$ 9 =ce until #ahii4 ,on ,janu>y #a1 #ahii1 a new mail s]vice 0 inaugurat$1 mak+ ! #cdjh miles 9 #ih h\rs1 or at an av]age ( #cd miles p] h\r1 includ+ all /ops1 & ! transf] ( mail bags across ,*icago by wagon f "o /ation to ano!r4 ,! actual runn+ spe$ is (t5 #fj to #ge miles p] h\r = long /ret*es4 ,eng9es are *ang$ #ah times & po/al crews #g times4 ,fa/ pass5g] tra9s are a popul> attraction1 b only railway m5 c fully appreciate ! advantages & economies ( heavy tra9s = h&l+ freight traffic4 ,9 ,europe coal tra9s weigh f #cjj to #djj tons1 b 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! weight ( coal1 ore1 & freight tra9s is f #hjj to #bjjj tons4 ,automatic c\pl]s & p[] brakes enable ! freight tra9s to be run z fa/ z pass5g] tra9s1 ) entire safety2 improv$ c>s c>ry great] loads1 & m p[]ful locomotives are cont9ually be+ put 9 s]vice to haul heavi] tra9s4 ,! heavie/ tra9s on record are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,p5nsylvania ,railway1 #acj c>s1 #ebac tons1 or #eefj tons ) eng9e & t5d]2 7#b7 ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railway1 #ha c>s1 #cdgh tons1 or #ceie tons ) eng9e & t5d]4 ,bo? ^! 7 run 9 #ahih1 ! l5g? ( j\rney be+ #afj & #adj miles4 ,! mails 7 c>ri$ by rail betwe5 ,baltimore & ,wa%+ton 9 #ahcd1 on recomm5dation ( ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 railway s]vice 0 in/itut$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahfd1 betwe5 ,*icago & ,cl9ton1 & ! foll[+ figures indicate its wond]ful developm5t3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ahhj #ahih ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,mileage run by mail c>s #fe1gfc1iic #ahg1dhc1ahg ,numb] ( mail c>s ---- #c1fdi ,numb] ( mail cl]ks #b1idf #g1iii ,miles ( railway op]at$ ov] #he1cbj #agd1ggg ,tons ( mail c>ri$ #cfh1jjj #a1dcb1jej ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,! railway express bus9ess 0 />t$ 9 #ahch by ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,h>nd51 on a sugge/ion f ,mr4 ,josiah ,qu9cy1 :o _h to travel weekly f ,bo/on to ,new ,york1 & 0 9 ! habit ( tak+ small packages = bus9ess acqua9tances4 ,mr4 ,alv9 ,adams became associat$ ) ,mr4 ,h>nd51 & 9 #ahde =m$ ! ,adams ,express ,co4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 ?is bus9ess is conduct$ by ! p>cels-po/ & ! railway companies1 b 9 o!r ,european c\ntries x is ma9ly 9 ! h&s ( ! po/-(fice dep>tm5t4 ,a v rem>kable feature ( railway developm5t is t f ! beg9n+ !re has be5 a t5d5cy to increas$ traffic1 bett] s]vice1 & a /eady r$uction 9 rates4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! av]age rates p] mile s9ce #ahfg h be5 z foll[s3-- --------------------------- ,pass5g]1 ,freight1 ,ye> c5ts c5ts --------------------------- #ahfg #a4iid #a4ibe #ahgj #b4cib #a4hhi #ahge #b4cgh #a4dba #ahhj #b4ddb #a4bcb #ahhe #b4baf #a4jaa #ahij #b4afg #j4ida #ahie #b4jdj #j4hci #ahif #b4jai #j4hjf --------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,hag]man ,,pass ,,on ,,colorado ,,midl& ,r4 ,r4 ,:ile ! r$uction 9 pass5g] rates has be5 comp>atively small1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! safety1 spe$1 com=t1 & s]vice h greatly improv$4 ,! m>k$ r$uction 9 freight rates has be5 made possible only by a /ill great] & m rem>kable r$uction 9 ! co/ ( transportation4 ,?is has be5 effect$ by consolidation ( companies1 by improvem5ts 9 roadway1 bridges1 etc41 & by ! introduction ( heavi] tra9s1 ) eng9es ( great] p[] & c>s ( great] capacity4 ,?is economy c be /ill fur!r ext5d$4 ,! r$uction 9 rates has be5 mu* great] ?an t 9 ! prices ( commodities4 ,rates = :eat & hay1 = in/ance1 h decreas$ #bc & #bj p] c5t m ?an ! m>ket prices1 & ! rate = %ipp+ an?racite coal to tidewat] has decreas$ #ej p] c5t 9 ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 :ile ! price ( ! coal has decreas$ only #aj p] c5t4 ,! av]age freight rate on ! ,p5nsylvania ,railway 9 #ahih 0 #j4ecf c5t p] ton p] mile1 :ile ! co/ 0 #j4cfi c5t4 ,! *eapness ( transportation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is %[n by ! foll[+ figures = #ahih3-- ,pass5g]s c>ri$ "o mile #ac1jjj1jjj1jjj ,tons ( freight c>ri$ "o mile #ie1jjj1jjj1jjj ,rev5ue f pass5g] s]vice #bf1jjj1jjj ,rev5ue f freight s]vice #fb1jjj1jjj ,di/ance railway c>ries #a pass5g] to e>n #a pr(it #ejj miles ,di/ance railway c>ries #a ton to e>n #a pr(it #aecj miles ,av]age pr(it p] pass5g] 7includ+ baggage7 p] mile #b-aj c5t ,av]age pr(it p] ton p] mile #a-ae c5t ,! l[e/ pass5g] rates 9 ! _w are on ! ,indian railways4 ,9 ,europe ! pass5g] rates av]age high] ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?\gh ! accommodation is inf]ior4 ,railway transportation has almo/ entirely sup]s$$ b>ge1 canal1 & riv] transportation1 except 9 special cases4 ,?is is due to ! great] spe$1 ! great] effici5cy ( s]vice1 ! great] c>ry+ capacity1 & ! ext5t to :i* spurs & bran*es are built to enable c>s to rea* mills1 factories1 & o!r indu/rial plants4 ,x 0 = a long "t held t ! l[ rates ( wat] transportation ex]t$ an influ5ce 9 keep+ railway rates d[n1 b ) ! pres5t condition ( ! latt] ?is no long] holds good z a g5]al proposition1 especially = ! limit$ capacity ( b>ge canals4 ,! rates e/abli%$ = :eat & corn f ,buffalo to ,new ,york by rail 9 #ahii are ab\t #j4bc & #j4ah c5t p] ton p] mile1 :i* is b little above ! canal rates1 :ile rail %ipm5ts are mu* m advantage\s4 ,! railway sy/em is a va/ employ] ( labor1 directly & indirectly1 & sev]al million p]sons 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates d]ive _! support f ! v>i\s railway indu/ries1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt su* alli$ indu/ries z rail mills1 bridge works1 locomotive works1 & c> works1 etc4 ,! numb] ( direct railway employees 7exclusive ( ! employees ( t]m9al & sleep+-c> companies1 fa/ freight l9es1 etc47 is ov] #hbj1jjj1 or ov] #a4b p] c5t ( ! total population4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ^! repres5t skill$ labor ( a high degree ( intellig5ce4 ,france has ab\t #aaaj employees p] mile ( railway1 & #aj p] c5t ( ^! are wom54 ,! figures = ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita9 are z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates ,great ,brita9 ---------------------------------------- #ahij #ahig #aheg #ahhi #ahie ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,miles ( railway #afc1eig #ahd1dbh #h1idb #ai1idc #ba1agd ,numb] ( employees #gdi1cja #hbc1dgf #aji1ffj #cha1fbf #dfe1dab ,numb] ( employees p] #ajj miles #dgi #ddi #a1bcj #a1ijj #b1aig ,numb] ( employees p] c5t ( population #a4b #a4b #j4d #a4j #a4b ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! railway s]vice especially dem&s "s bett] & m intimate relation betwe5 ! employ]s & employees ?an t ( ! m]e buy+ & sell+ ( labor = a price4 ,bo? humanity & self-int]e/ h l$ sev]al railways 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad to e/abli% relief dep>tm5ts1 provid+ tempor>y f9ancial aid 9 case ( accid5t or sickness1 ) o!r =ms ( b5efits 9 addition1 ! object be+ to induce m5 to cont9ue p]man5tly 9 ! employ ( ! road4 ,su* associations h exi/$ 9 ,engl& s9ce #ahej1 9 ,canada s9ce #ahgc1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s9ce #ahhj1 :5 "o 0 />t$ by ! ,baltimore ,ohio ,railway4 ,9 #ahif !re 7 six ( ^! associations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) an aggregate ( ab\t #abe1jjj memb]s4 ,! six railway sy/ems own$ #ae p] c5t ( all ! mileage & _h #bj p] c5t ( all ! railway employees 9 ! c\ntry4 ,be=e clos+ ?is review ( railway developm5t1 brief ref]5ce may be made to c]ta9 special classes ( railways4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,ne> ,,v]rugas1 ,,on ,,l9e ,,( ,,oroya ,,railway1 ,,p]u4 ,,m\nta9 ,,railways4--,^! include l9es ei!r isolat$ or =m+ "p ( ma9 l9es1 hav+ grades s /eep z to require special means ( traction4 ,!y may be op]at$ by 7,a7 cables1 7,b7 grip rails1 or 7,c7 rack rails4 ,cables are us$ = _m %ort l9es1 b are n[ r>ely adopt$ = regul> railway work+4 ,! grip rail sy/em 0 fir/ us$ on ! ,mont ,c5is railway 9 #ahfg1 & has be5 us$ 9 lat] ye>s 9 ,brazil & ,new ,zeal&4 ,rack rails 7 us$ 9 #ahdh on ! incl9e ne> ,madison1 ,indiana 7,u4 ,s4 ,a474 ,9 #ahff !y 7 us$ on ! ,m\nt ,wa%+ton railway 7,u4 ,s4 ,a471 7) ! ,m>% rack71 ?is be+ ! fir/ m\nta9-climb+ railway4 ,9 #ahhe1 ! ,abt rack-rail sy/em 0 introduc$1 & is a great improvem5t4 ,x has be5 us$ bo? = ord9>y railway s]vice & = special m\nta9 l9es4 ,,rapid ,,transit4--,/reet or surface railways = city traffic date f #ahca1 9 ,new ,york1 & 7 op]at$ by horses until #ahgc1 :5 cable traction 0 introduc$4 ,electric traction 0 introduc$ 9 ,g]many 9 #ahha & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahhd1 & ! gr[? ( ?is sy/em 0 su* t 9 #ahid x 0 9 use on #ijjj miles 9 ?is c\ntry & #aie miles 9 ,europe4 ,locomotives op]at$ by /eam1 gas1 compress$ air1 etc41 h be5 us$ to a limit$ ext5t4 ,= high spe$s x 0 necess>y to remove ! railway f ! /reet surface4 ,! fir/ elevat$ railway 0 built 9 ,new ,york 9 #ahfi1 & n[ ,new ,york1 ,brooklyn1 & ,*icago h ab\t #ajj miles1 op]at$ by electricity & /eam4 ,! only =eign railway on ?is sy/em is at ,liv]pool 7,engl&71 ! l9e be+ #e miles long1 & op]at$ by electricity4 ,! fir/ und]gr\nd railway 0 op5$ 9 ,london 9 #ahfc1 & t city n[ has sev]al miles ( su* railway1 mo/ly op]at$ by /eam locomotives4 ,two und]gr\nd electric l9es are 9 op]ation & ano!r is be+ built4 ,budape/ 7,hung>y7 & ,bo/on 7,mass47 h also und]gr\nd electric railways4 ,new ,york has = ye>s ne$$ & dem&$ a railway ( ?is "*1 b political me?ods & extravagant dem&s = fran*ise rights h prev5t$ ! comm5cem5t ( "w ^u ! l9e4 ,,milit>y ,,railways4--,railways _c be made available to any ext5t = tactical purposes1 b are ( great importance z a means ( supply & communication4 ,!y 7 us$ by ! ,russians 9 ! ,crimean w> 7#ahed71 & 7 prom95t features 9 "s ( ! campaigns ( ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w> 7#ahfa-fe74 ,9 ! ,franco-,g]man w> 7#ahgj71 ! ,g]man army advanc+ on ,p>is 0 closely foll[$ by a milit>y railway1 & 9 ! ,s\dan campaign ( #ahih-ii1 ! ,briti% army c>ri$ ) x ! head ( a railway communicat+ ) ! base ( supplies on ! ,nile4 ,,portable ,,railways4--,^! are n>r[-gauge l9es ( light con/ruction1 = use on plantations1 9 lumb]+ op]ations1 on eng9e]+ con/ruction works1 & = pione] railways4 ,! rails are rivet$ to /eel ties1 =m+ complete sections ( track1 /raight or curv$1 :i* c be laid d[n1 tak5 up1 or %ift$1 z requir$4 ,su* a l9e1 ( #bd in*es gauge1 0 us$ to c>ry pass5g]s ar\nd ! gr\nds ( ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahhi4 ,,%ip ,,railways4--,^! are project$ z sub/itutes = %ip canals1 b none h be5 built 9 mod]n times1 if we except a few small ones = canal boats1 includ+ "o at ! ,columbia ,riv] rapids1 9 ,oregon 7,u4 ,s4 ,a474 ,"o 0 propos$ = ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez 9 #ahfj1 & 9 #ahgi ,capta9 ,eads /rongly advocat$ "o across ,tehuantepec 7,mexico71 to connect ! ,atlantic & ,pacific oceans4 ,?is l9e w\ld be ab\t #aej miles 9 l5g?1 & ! co/ is e/imat$ at #ej1jjj1jjj4 ,9 #ahhh "w 0 comm5c$ on ! ,*ignecto %ip railway 7,canada71 at ! head ( ! ,bay ( ,fundy1 b x has nev] be5 complet$4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! sy/em is to float ! %ip into a dock & deposit x ^u a :eel$ cradle ( suitable =m4 ,?is w\ld !n be rais$ by ma*9]y & haul$ along ! railway by a numb] ( locomotives4 ,,advance ,,9 ,,law ,,& ,,ju/ice ,,by ,,lu!r ,e4 ,,hewitt1 ,l4,b41 ,libr>ian ( ,philadelphia ,law ,association4 ,i4 ,,int]national ,,law4--,exclusive rights ass]t$ 9 pa/ c5turies h be5 succe$$ by fre$om ( ! seas & privileges on ! riv]s4 ,! pr9ciple back ( ! ,am]ican guns (f ! ,b>b>y coa/s has prevail$4 ,crimes ( "o c\ntry aga9/ ano!r are puni%able 9 ei!r4 ,extradition = nonpolitical crimes is g5]al4 ,expatriation has be5 won = ^? :o w\ld *ange _! c\ntry4 ,int]nal affairs ( c\ntries are free f int]f]5ce2 b a rule may be s revolt+1 or s hurtful to =eign int]e/s1 z to ju/ify int]v5tion4 ,! ,monroe doctr9e 0 intimat$ 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 & has develop$ ) our c\ntry4 ,reg>d = o!r nations has increas$4 ,protectorates & sph]es ( influ5ce are respect$1 :ile recognition ( insurg5t ,/ates w n be hurri$4 ,deva/ation & weapons caus+ ne$less pa9 are condemn$1 :ile gu]illas are regulat$ by requirem5t ( a responsible head1 a badge recognizable at a di/ance1 & subjection to rules ( w>4 ,! sick & w\nd$1 att5dants1 & appliances are protect$ f int5tional attack4 ,op51 un=tifi$ places are 9 practice sp>$1 & ransoms no long] extort$4 ,tw5ty-f\r h\rs are all[$ = )drawal ( noncombatants f places to be attack$4 ,milit>y occupation no long] conf]s sov]eign p[]2 & comp5sation on ! clos+ ( w> has be5 recomm5d$ = private prop]ty ( an enemy us$ 9 milit>y op]ations4 ,imp>tial neutrality is dem&$4 ,nations once b\nd !mselves = troops 9 case o!rs w5t to w>4 ,?is has ceas$4 ,passage ( troops ?r\gh neutral t]ritory is n all[$4 ,ev5 sick & w\nd$ w be d5i$ if _! passage w\ld relieve a combatant's own l9es2 b neutrals h int]n$ su* refugees4 ,! neutral _c all[ fitt+ out ( arm$ exp$itions or enli/m5t ( troops4 ,jeff]son advanc$ int]national law by dem&+ ,g5et's recall = su* (f5ses4 ,c>riage ( signals1 dispat*es1 or p]sons 9 milit>y op]ations is unneutral1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates insi/$ t ?is rul$ ! ,tr5t affair4 ,a bellig]5t's %ip ( w> c rema9 9 port b tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 unless 9 an em]g5cy1 l ne$ ( repairs4 ,coal w be af=d$ only to ! ne>e/ port1 nor w a new supply be furni%$ )9 ?ree mon?s4 ,/atutes en=ce "s ( ^! rules4 ,neutral trade is n lo/ except on blockade1 al?\gh goods :i* may be put to milit>y uses are liable to seizure z contrab&4 8,free %ips1 free goods10 0 long cont5d$ =2 & at la/ ! ,decl>ation ( ,p>is1 9 #ahef1 provid$ ev5 fur!r1 z foll[s3 7#a7 ,private]+ is & rema9s aboli%$4 7#b7 ,! neutral flag cov]s enemy's goods1 ) ! exception ( contrab& ( w>4 7#c7 ,neutral goods1 ) ! exception ( contrab& ( w>1 are n liable to capture "u an enemy's flag4 7#d7 ,blockades1 9 ord] to be b9d+1 mu/ be effectual4 ,spa91 ,mexico1 ,v5ezuela1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates decl9$ to adh]e to ! ,decl>ation4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates adopt$ #b1 #c1 & #d1 & (f]$ to agree to ! abolition ( private]+ if noncontrab& prop]ty ( ! enemy 7 exempt$ "u its own flag4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,spa9 refra9$ f private]+ 9 ! rec5t w>4 ,private prop]ty ( ! enemy on l& has long be5 exempt f capture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indep5d5ce ,,hall ,,& ,,squ>e4 ,,w9t] ,,sc5e4 ,,ii4 ,,law-,,mak+ ,,bodies4--,/ate legislators 7 orig9ally *os5 f l&$ proprietors1 except1 p]haps1 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,legislatures frequ5tly _h ! selection ( gov]nors1 judges1 & o!r high (ficials1 b ! ,ohio con/itution 9 #ahjb =e%ad[$ ! com+ democracy4 ,di/ru/ has foll[$ reliance on legislatures4 ,_! sessions h be5 limit$ 9 ab\t half ! ,/ates to an av]age ( less ?an n9ety days1 & almo/ ev]y:]e made bi5nial4 ,increase ( ! memb]s' own comp5sation is =bidd54 ,_! duties are c>efully prescrib$4 ,common requirem5ts are1 read+ ( bills on ?ree days2 "o subject = a bill1 & t express$ 9 title2 recital ( old law1 ^u revision2 prohibition ( rid]s on appropriations4 ,ne>ly half ! ,/ates require a majority 9 ea* h\se ( all memb]s elect$ !reto4 ,con/itutional re/rictions on /ate & municipal indebt$ness & loan foll[$ ! burd5s assum$ 9 ! fir/ exultation ov] inv5tions 9 transportation4 ,! ,p5nsylvania con/itution1 = in/ance1 prohibits 8local or special laws0 9 ab\t ?irty cases1 su* z 9 municipal affairs1 desc5t ( prop]ty1 judicial proce$+s1 remitt+ p5alties1 exemption f taxation1 regulat+ labor1 *>t]+ corporations4 ,b\nd>ies betwe5 legislative & judicial proce$+s h be5 simplifi$2 special legislation 9 m>riage & divorce has be5 =bidd52 appellate jurisdiction has be5 tak5 f ,s5ates once possess+ x4 ,! ,briti% ,h\se ( ,lords reta9s su* jurisdiction1 b )9 x sit ! great judges1 & ! lay lords almo/ nev] vote on appeals4 ,paym5t ( exp5ses ( memb]s 0 d]iv$ f ,engl&1 & al?\gh ab&on$ !re has cont9u$ "h4 ,memb]s ( ,congress give att5dance remote f home1 s t !y receive sal>ies r ?an comp5sation4 ,sums = exp5ses are all[$ 9 ! o!r ,am]ican republics1 9 ,france1 ,au/ralia1 ,sw$51 ,switz]l&1 *iefly 9 ! l[] h\ses4 ,"s are paid by ! local con/itu5cy1 b ?is t5ds to create classes4 ,repres5tatives to ,congress 7 g5]ally elect$ at fir/ on ! ,/ate ticket1 & 9 "s ,/ates ?is cont9u$ until ! ,congress 9 #ahgb requir$ di/rict election4 ,! ,revis$ ,/atutes appo9t ! day ( _! election1 & require a pr9t$ or writt5 ballot4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,c\rts4--,a feature ( ,am]ican jurisprud5ce :i* excites ! wond] ( =eign]s is ! p[] 9 ! c\rts to decl>e legislative or executive acts void because uncon/itutional4 ,be=e ! ,revolution ! ,rhode ,isl& c\rt /ruck d[n a /atute contr>y to ! prov9cial *>t]2 & a rec5t in/ance is ! decision ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,supreme ,c\rt on ! income tax4 ,! p[] is ex]cis$ on individuals1 )\t direct conflict betwe5 ! great dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t4 ,! judicial p[] has o!rwise wid5$4 ,civil trials )\t jury are frequ5t4 ,9 ! c\nties judges ex]cise mu* adm9i/rative p[]4 ,road & bridge cases1 grants ( liquor lic5ses1 appo9tm5ts to educational & o!r (fices1 are illu/rations4 ,9 :at has be5 t]m$ 8gov]nm5t by injunction10 functions bo? ( ! executive & ( ! jury h be5 assum$4 ,p]haps ?is ju/ifies ! dem& t all judges %all be elect$ by ! p4 ,frequ5tly ! *oice ( judges 0 orig9ally by ! legislature1 or by ! gov]nor1 alone or ) ! approval ( ! s5ate4 ,! judicial t5ure ( (fice has g5]ally be5 l5g!n$ to a t]m insur+ a long s]vice4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania1 a supreme c\rt judge holds (fice tw5ty-"o ye>s1 a c\nty judge t5 ye>s4 ,age limit prevails 9 "s ,/ates4 ,9 a democracy1 x is n surpris+ to f9d ! doctr9e sometimes ass]t$ t juries 9 crim9al cases are judges bo? ( law & fact4 ,9 c]ta9 civil cases1 ! jury is a crude b p[]ful eng9e = hold+ corporations to /rict responsibility = ! citiz5s' safety1 al?\gh excessive or unf\nd$ v]dicts are to be deplor$4 ,mu* ( ! old law ( deod&s has =ce to-day 9 subtl] =m4 ,a feature to note 9 pass+ is ! duty impos$ on ! judge to answ] be=e ! jury po9ts ( in/ruction fram$ by c\nsel4 ,,iv4 ,,civil ,,proc$ure4--,tw5ty-n9e ,/ates & ,t]ritories rejoice 9 escape f puzzl+ classifications by sub/itution ( simple /atem5ts4 ,extreme sep>ation ( law & equity _h made ! old condition worse4 ,equity might (t5 s(t5 legal pr9ciples1 or law l5d vigor to equity4 ,mu* ( ?is has n[ be5 done2 _h be5 done1 9 fact1 9 ,p5nsylvania1 f e>ly days4 ,its en=cem5t ( equitable rights ?r\gh rem$ies at law 0 l>gely foll[$ 9 ! ,engli% ,judicature ,act ( #ahgc aboli%+ =ms ( actions at law & int]bl5d+ law & equity4 ,?is /atute has be5 copi$ l>gely 9 ,briti% colonies4 ,engl& aboli%$ ! cumbr\s sy/em ( real actions 9 #ahcd1 & sub/itut$ simpl] rem$ies = ass]tion ( title4 ,! simplicity ( pres5t proc$ure is accompani$ by ability to rea* decision m promptly1 & an old reproa* has be5 greatly less5$4 ,v4 ,,codification4--,! ,new ,york ,revis$ ,/atutes ( #ahbh embrac$ ne>ly ! entire civil proc$ure1 & 9 #ahdh a 8,code ( ,proc$ure0 0 adopt$1 al?\gh ! orig9al draftsman1 ,david ,dudley ,field1 compla9$ bitt]ly ( *anges4 ,=ty-two ,/ates n[ h m or less complete codes ( practice2 & crim9al codes likewise are num]\s4 ,codification ( ! bran*es ( sub/antive law may be anticipat$4 ,some?+ ( ?is is go+ on 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,bill ( ,sales ,act1 ! ,employ]s' ,liability ,act1 ! ,bills ( ,ex*ange ,act1 ! ,public ,heal? 7,scotl&7 ,act ( #ahig1 ! ,l& ,transf] ,act ( ! same ye>1 are in/ances4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania1 !re are codelets l ! ,evid5ce ,act ( #ahhg1 or ! ,build+ ,law = ,philadelphia ( #ahic4 ,in/ances c\ld be multipli$4 ,a code int5d$ = all ! ,/ates on ,negotiable ,in/rum5ts has be5 prep>$ by commission]s1 & has be5 adopt$ 9 ,new ,york1 ,connecticut1 ,colorado1 & ,florida4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 !re has n be5 g5]al codification1 :]eas ! cont95tal sy/ems run l>gely t way1 ev5 9 sub/antive law1 be+ bas$ on ! ,roman law4 ,,vi4 ,,crim9al ,,jurisprud5ce4--,! gr& jury is no long] gr& 9 _m ,/ates2 inde$1 less ?an twelve memb]s suffice 9 "s2 & _! s]vice may ev5 be disp5s$ ) "u "s ,we/]n con/itutions4 ,individual malice has be5 avoid$ by ! creation ( public prosecut+ attorneys4 8,/&+ aside jurors0 result$ f #cc ,edw>d ,i41 d5y+ gov]nm5t *all5ge except = cause4 ,x has be5 g5]ally aboli%$1 & ! prosecution equaliz$ by a numb] ( p]emptory *all5ges4 ,p5nsylvania reta9s ! old practice4 ,prison]s may n[ te/ify1 b refusal is n to weigh aga9/ !m4 ,! /atute #g ,william ,,iii4 all[$ c\nsel 9 treason cases1 b ,engl& did n ext5d ! privilege to trials = o!r felonies until #ahcf4 ,! c\rts 9 mitigation p]mitt$ c\nsel to prompt prison]s ) que/ions4 ,p5n's *>t] gave prison]s privileges ( witnesses & c\nsel1 & ?is is n[ univ]sal 9 ,am]ican con/itutions4 ,_m ,/ates provide c\nsel = prison]s )\t means1 "s ) comp5sation4 8,/&+ mute0 has become equival5t to a plea ( n guilty4 ,unanimity 9 a v]dict is ess5tial to conviction ( crime above misdemeanor1 except 9 ,utah1 & !re x is limit$ to capital cases4 ,9 civil & 9 m9or crim9al cases ab\t a doz5 con/itutions 9 ! f> ,we/ or ,s\?we/ ei!r recognize v]dict by proportion ( jury or else emp[] ! legislature s to d4 ,engl& refuses crim9al appeals1 b 9 ?is c\ntry !y are all[$4 ,! c\rts ( ?is c\ntry h nev] be5 subs]vi5t to milit>y passion1 & all fri5ds ( ! great ,fr5* ,republic mu/ rejoice at ! c\rage ( ! ,c\rt ( ,cassation 9 ! ,dreyfus case4 ,! ,engli% law inflict$ dea? = #afj crimes1 "s great & _m o!rwise1 ab\t ! p]iod ( our ,revolution1 & 9 #ahai ?is numb] _h become #bjj4 ,am]ican jurisprud5ce nev] _h su* /a9 ( blood1 yet #aj crimes 7 puni%able ) dea? 9 ,massa*usetts1 & #bj 9 ,delaw>e1 at ! "t ( ! ,revolution1 & ! pillory1 /ocks1 %e>s1 br&+-irons1 & la% 7 busy4 ,horrible prisons exi/$1 fill$ ) e f\lness & immorality4 ,! old] p5it5ti>y sy/em has be5 modifi$ 9 #bj ,/ates by ! p>ole sy/em "u police sup]vision1 & 9 #d ! policy ( indet]m9ate s5t5ces )9 fix$ limits & ages has be5 adopt$4 ,b]tillon & o!r me?ods ( id5tification h greatly less5$ crime 9 ,engl&4 ,! law ( deod&1 :]eby ! value ( an object caus+ accid5tal dea? 0 =feit$ = *>ities1 0 aboli%$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahdf4 ,societies to prev5t cruelty to *ildr51 or to animals1 atte/ ! advance ( ref9em5t & humanity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hon4 ,,melville ,w4 ,,full]4 7,*ief ,ju/ice ,u4 ,s4 ,supreme ,c\rt47 ,,vii4 ,,capital ,,puni%m5t4--,9 ,engl&1 treason & felony1 except petty l>c5y & mayhem1 7 puni%able ) dea?4 ,! fiction by :i* males :o c\ld read 7 suppos$ to be ( ! cl]gy sav$ fir/ (f5d]s1 :o escap$ ) br&+4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! fiction 0 =bidd51 & dea? impos$ on additional (f5ses1 s t #afj crimes 7 s puni%able4 ,9 #ahbf1 ! ef=ts ( ,sir ,samuel ,romilly & ,sir ,james ,mack9to%1 & lat] ( ,sir ,john ,russell1 result$ 9 a m m]ciful _s1 & s9ce #ahfa murd]1 treason1 & fir+ ( ! great dock y>ds1 h be5 ! only capital (f5ses4 ,! ,am]ican colonies 7 m humane1 yet ,massa*usetts puni%$ #aj & ,delaw>e #bj crimes ) dea?4 ,s9ce ! ,revolution imprisonm5t has be5 ! g5]al p5alty4 ,9 ,ma9e1 ,wiscons91 & ,colorado capital puni%m5t has be5 aboli%$ altoge!r2 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 except :]e murd] is committ$ by a life prison]2 9 ,mi*igan1 except = treason4 ,9 "s ,/ates1 z 9 ,ohio1 ! jury may av]t ! dea? p5alty4 ,new ,york & ,i[a1 aft] exp]im5ts1 re/or$ capital puni%m5t4 ,! f$]al law imposes dea? = murd]1 piracy1 robb]y on ! high seas1 rape1 treason4 ,! introduction ( degrees ( murd] has r$uc$ ! numb] ( executions4 ,9 ,new ,york1 electrocution has be5 sub/itut$ = hang+4 ,capital puni%m5t has be5 aboli%$ or qualifi$ 9 ! ,arg5t9e ,republic1 ,belgium1 ,brazil1 ,*ile1 ,co/a ,rica1 ,guatemala1 ,holl&1 ,italy1 ,norway1 ,portugal1 ,russia1 ,switz]l& 79 eight cantons71 & 9 ,v5ezuela4 ,,viii4 ,,police ,,p[]4--,! citiz5 ( ! pres5t day is protect$ by ! police p[] to a degree :i*1 p]haps1 w\ld h seem$ m>vel\s a c5tury ago4 ,! sale ( food is gov]n$ bo? 9 quality & quantity2 build+ laws prescribe y>ds = light & air1 height & ?ickness ( walls1 & =bid wood5 build+s 9 _m popul\s c5tres4 ,explosives are plac$ "u /rict regulations4 ,heal? laws protect f impurity ( food & f pe/il5ce1 e/abli% qu>ant9es1 d5y ! importation ( rags1 cattle1 etc41 likely to bre$ disease2 m$ic9e1 ph>macy1 d5ti/ry1 & nurs+ are protect$ f ignorance2 immigration laws exclude p]sons or races deem$ uncong5ial or objectionable2 railroads are subject$ to provisions promot+ safety1 com=t1 & imp>tiality ( s]vice2 lott]ies1 gambl+1 ?reat5+ lett]s are =bidd52 game laws pres]ve ! v>i\s species f ext9ction2 wom5 & *ildr5 are gu>d$ by special laws4 ,almo/ ! entire body ( ?is division ( law is new to ?is c5tury1 & mu* ( x is rec5t4 ,,ix4 ,,m>ri$ ,,wom54--,9 #ahjj1 a husb& c\ld appropriate 8 wife's p]sonal prop]ty n held 9 tru/1 & use h] realty :ile he liv$4 ,except = necess>ies or = h] sep>ate e/ate1 %e c\ld n contract4 ,h] emancipation began 9 #ahci1 9 ,mississippi1 & n[ h] prop]ty1 "u ! /atutory int]e/s secur$ to h] by laws g5]ally prevail+1 is h]s free f control or int]f]5ce4 ,?is /atutory e/ate includes prop]ty inh]it$1 or d]iv$ by pur*ase or gift1 or 9 "s ,/ates by labor4 ,! wife's p[] to contract has be5 ext5d$1 & 9 "s ,/ates has little re/riction beyond p]haps inability to become surety4 ,be=e ?is era1 "s ,/ates1 act+ on a ,london cu/om1 _h all[$ feme sole trad]s 9 cases ( m>9]s' wives1 or ( des]tion or neglect4 ,x4 ,,*ildr54--,regulation ( ! labor ( *ildr5 9 h\rs & employm5ts is usual1 deb>r+ !m f work%ops & factories at c]ta9 ages & f occupations dang]\s to _! morals1 z 9 !atricals1 circuses1 rag pick+1 m5dicancy1 /reet music4 ,laws prohibit _! entrance into gambl+1 or worse1 h\ses1 into pool rooms1 or unaccompani$ into dance or conc]t halls1 roll] r9ks1 vaudeville !atres4 ,m9nesota excludes !m f crim9al trials4 ,sale ( liquor to m9ors is prohibit$4 ,num]\s rec5t /atutes prohibit sales ( cig>ettes1 cig>s1 or tobacco1 & ,utah & ,we/ ,virg9ia =bid sales ( opium4 ,oregon & ,rhode ,isl& prohibit _! public use ( tobacco4 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,indiana1 & ,connecticut =bid *ildr5 ov] ?ree 9 alm%\ses4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a makes x a misdemeanor to leave a *ild "u sev51 & unatt5d$1 expos$ to fire4 ,prohibit+ employm5t inconsi/5t ) s*ool att5dance is usual4 ,compulsory education exi/s 9 tw5ty-n9e ,/ates & two ,t]ritories1 & l>gely ?r\gh\t ,europe & ! colonies4 ,f\rte5 is ! m frequ5t limit ( age4 ,*ildr5's welf>e n[ det]m9es _! cu/ody1 r ?an ! rights ( ei!r p>5t4 ,laws 9 "s ,/ates protect *ildr5 m or less f wills made be=e _! bir? by p>5ts4 ,_m ,/ates provide t ba/>ds may inh]it f _! "m or f ea* o!r1 & %e f !m1 & t _! p>5ts' m>riage legitimates !m4 ,,xi4 ,,real ,,e/ate4--,own]%ip ( l& is no long] emb>rass$ by jo9t t5ancies1 nor ne$ conveyanc+ resort to cumbr\s f9e & recov]y2 :ile transf] has be5 fur!r light5$ by title companies p5d+ ! adoption1 likely1 ( ! ,torr5s sy/em ( regi/ration & c]tificate4 ,democracy has reject$ di/9ctions ( sex or age 9 inh]itance1 & ! half-blood may %>e 9 _m ,/ates aft] c]ta9 degrees4 ,disability ( ali5s to hold l&s has be5 remov$ 9 "s ,/ates1 9 o!rs !re are limitations 9 acres1 value1 or "t1 :ile 9 "s disability ceases on decl>ation ( int5tion to become a citiz54 ,! ,engli% doctr9e ( tack+1 :]eby own]%ip ( e>li] & lat] incumbrances cut out int]m$iate titles1 mortgages1 etc41 is inconsi/5t ) ! ,am]ican record+ acts4 ,,xii4 ,,copyright4--,aft] pr9t+ became g5]al1 ! au?or receiv$ "s1 if inadequate1 protection1 9 ,engl& ?r\gh ! ,/ation]s' ,company1 or sometimes ?r\gh p>ticul> privilege2 9 cont95tal c\ntries1 ?r\gh su* privilege4 ,! /atute ( ,anne conf9$ him to su* ye>s1 etc41 z x specifi$1 & ! c\rts h decid$ ) hesitation t !re 0 no copyright at common law4 ,! /atutory rights h v>i$4 ,s9ce #ahca ! copyright p]iod 9 ?is c\ntry is #bh ye>s1 ) #ad m if au?or1 wid[1 or *ildr5 are liv+ at expiration ( fir/ t]m2 & 9 ,engl& s9ce #ahdb x is #bh ye>s or au?or's life1 :i*ev] is long]4 ,! fir/ kn[n copyright direct$ to an au?or 0 grant$ by ,v5ice 9 #adia4 ,9 #agia ,france all[$ copyright to all dramati/s1 ext5d+ x 9 #agic to au?ors 9 g5]al4 ,c\ntries 9 sympa?y ) ,france adopt$ ! policy4 ,prussia 9 #agid ext5d$ copyright to au?ors repres5t$ by publi%]s at ! ,frank=t & ,leipzig book fairs4 ,g5]al protection has n[ come ab\t1 aid$ by consolidation ( ,european /ates into great nations4 ,int]national copyright began ) sep>ate treaties2 & ! movem5t culm9at$ 9 ! ,b]ne ,conv5tion ( #ahhg1 p>ticipat$ 9 by ,g]many1 ,belgium1 ,spa91 ,france1 ,hayti1 ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 ,tunis1 ,great ,brita91 ,lib]ia4 ,au?ors resid5t 9 any c\ntry :i* 0 a p>ty to ! ,conv5tion may h copyright 9 ! o!r c\ntries4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates did n jo91 al?\gh x _h & s9ce has _h treaties ) a few nations ex*ang+ su* protection4 ,! ,int]national ,copyright ,law ( #ahia1 h[ev]1 protects =eign au?ors b n =eign publi%]s1 x be+ requir$ t ! pr9t+ %all be done 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,xiii4 ,,admiralty4--,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! maje/ic riv]s ( ,am]ica & ,engli% /reams 0 recogniz$ 9 ! case ( 8,! ,g5esee ,*ief10 :]e9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt reject$ ! ,engli% doctr9e t admiralty has no jurisdiction except on ! seas or :]e ! tides ebb & fl[4 ,?is has insur$ uni=mity 9 ! regulations ( travel & comm]ce1 & has protect$ su* wat]s f local int]f]5ce4 ,int]national rules to prev5t collisions at sea h be5 jo9$ 9 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by acts ( #ahea & #ahhd1 ,congress reliev$ innoc5t %ip[n]s ( liability = m]*&ise de/roy$ by fire1 & provid$ t liability 9 case ( collision1 embezzlem5t by crew1 etc41 %all n exce$ ! own]'s int]e/4 ,! ,h>t] ,act ( #ahic provides t on due dilig5ce nei!r own]s nor *>t]]s %all be liable = faults 9 navigation or 9 managem5t1 nor = p]ils ( ! sea1 defects 9 goods1 etc41 b prohibits agreem5ts reliev+ f liability = injuries caus$ by neglect 9 fitt+ out1 provision+ & mann+ ! vessel1 /[+ ! c>go1 or 9 c>+ = or deliv]y ( ! same4 ,p>liam5t1 9 #ahij1 protect$ seam5 f comm]cial gre$ by requir+ load l9es to be m>k$ on vessels at a height fix$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,,xiv4 ,,corporations4--,! s\rce ( corporate life 0 =m]ly ! k+2 to-day1 ! *>t]s are virtually ! g5]al corporation law1 & special incorporation is =bidd54 ,= a season1 m9or am5dm5ts = p>ticul> companies 7 tol]at$1 b con/itutions are =bidd+ ev5 ^!4 ,applications = *>t]s mu/ /ate su* p>ticul>s z "n1 nature1 & place ( bus9ess1 am\nt ( /ock1 limit ( indebt$ness1 numb] & names ( directors4 ,annual reports mu/ be lodg$ ) ! tax au?orities4 ,doctr9es respect+ corporations h wond]fully *ang$4 ,! ,d>tm\? ,college case held t *>t]s 7 contracts & c\ld n be impair$2 & !reaft]1 by con/itution or o!rwise1 ! ,/ates provid$ t all new *>t]s %\ld be subject to alt]ation or repeal1 al?\gh ev5 ?is does n au?orize radical *ange ( corporate "*4 ,am]ican law has recogniz$ advantage ( fre$om 9 execution ( corporate affairs4 ,x has disp5s$ ) ! burd5some requirem5t ( seal to contracts1 & ev5 9 ,engl& ! corporate seal is unnecess>y1 unless 9 unusual transactions4 ,! ,am]ican c\rts uphold negotiable notes & bonds giv5 9 au?oriz$ bus9ess4 ,! company is conf9$ to ! bus9ess = :i* x 0 creat$1 al?\gh a cauti\s tol]ance exi/s 9 respect to relat$ ent]prises2 & mortgages may be acquir$ if = debts contract$ previ\sly & n z a device4 ,! old !ory 0 t a company c\ld n be held = misfeasance1 s9ce x c\ld n au?orize its ag5ts to commit wrong2 b corporations are n[ held = _m torts sanction$ by !m1 su* z trespass1 assault & batt]y1 infr+em5t ( pat5ts1 neglig5ce1 & ev5 fraud & libel4 ,exempl>y damages may be aw>d$ aga9/ !m4 ,"o or ano!r k9d has ev5 be5 subject$ to indictm5t1 9 cases ( nuisance1 violation ( ,sunday law1 ma9t5ance ( disord]ly h\se1 habitual omission ( lights or signals1 etc4 ,!y may be guilty ( contempt4 ,!y may be puni%$ by p5alties & =feitures4 ,a corporation outside its own ,/ate _c exce$ ei!r its own *>t] or ! p[] grant$ l companies ( ! o!r ,/ate4 ,connect+ railways are sometimes adopt$ 9 ea* ( sev]al ,/ates1 b ! p>ts rema9 =eign to ea* o!r z respects jurisdiction 9 ! f$]al c\rts4 ,=eign corporations are subject to ! police p[]1 b n to int]f]5ce by ! ,/ate 9 _! int]/ate comm]ce1 except ,congress s au?orizes4 ,companies n engag$ 9 int]/ate comm]ce nor 9 gov]nm5tal s]vice may h conditions plac$ ^u _! entry into a ,/ate1 & may be practically exclud$ by taxation4 ,prop]ty )9 ! =eign ,/ate is alone taxable !re1 b ! value ( ! fran*ise may be consid]$4 ,usually1 /atem5ts are requir$ %[+ location ( ag5t1 names ( (fic]s1 etc4 ,contracts made be=e compliance are diff]5tly reg>d$1 be+ void 9 "s ,/ates1 & only until compliance 9 "s o!rs1 & 9 "s n void at all :]e p5alty is impos$4 ,"s ,/ates seek rev5ue by lax laws invit+ outside companies4 ,?us1 by ,delaw>e law ( #ahii1 companies ne$ n oblige !mselves to keep _! orig9al books nor hold _! meet+s !re1 assessm5t beyond subscription is =bidd51 & taxation is light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ate1 ,,w> ,,& ,,navy ,,build+1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,9 #ahbe & #ahbg ! free organization ( trades-unions & bank+ associations 0 au?oriz$1 & ?us 0 introduc$ into ,engli% jurisprud5ce ! pr9ciple ( free association famili> to ! ,roman ,republic4 ,9 #ahch1 b m especially 9 #ahdd1 limit$ p>tn]%ips ) transf]able %>es 7 au?oriz$ by g5]al law2 & 9 #ahfb fre$om f liability beyond subscription 0 some:at recogniz$4 ,a =m ( p>tn]%ip1 socit anonyme1 has be5 kn[n 9 ,france = six hundr$ ye>s1 & by law ( #ahfg may be organiz$ )\t special leave4 ,! manag]s alone assume full responsibility1 & ! association be>s n[ a company "n4 ,g]many adopt$ ! pr9ciple ( g5]al incorporation 9 #ahgj1 z h ! great] nations1 except+ ,russia & ,au/ria4 ,s e>ly z #aghd ,new ,york enact$ a g5]al incorporation law = *ur*es1 & = libr>ies 9 #agif4 ,9 #ahaa1 wool51 glass1 & "s o!r manufactures 7 ?us favor$4 ,! pr9ciple wid5$ out1 0 adopt$ else:]e1 & became q g5]al by #ahej4 ,p5nsylvania adopt$ ! policy 9 #ahgd1 al?\gh its religi\s1 libr>y & *>itable organizations _h enjoy$ su* law s9ce #agia4 ,,xv4 ,,religion4--,scorn$1 la%$1 ?r[n into prison1 8 tongue cut out1 bani%$ to savage woods1 su* 0 ! fate ( ! ,massa*usetts ,quak] among ! fir/ settl]s1 & ,rog] ,williams %>$ little bett]4 ,a long /ride _h be5 tak5 :51 9 #afia1 ! ,massa*usetts *>t] proclaim$ lib]ty ( consci5ce = all 8except papi/s40 ,!n 0 ! brave & g5tle ,p5n secur+ religi\s lib]ty to all confess+ "o ,god4 ,yet mu* fur!r progress 0 ess5tial4 ,roman ,ca?olics 7 exclud$ f (fice except 9 ,new ,york & ,m>yl&2 :ile ev5 9 ,p5nsylvania no ,jew c\ld sit 9 ! legislature4 ,mo/ ( ! ,/ates requir$ "s religi\s te/ = high] (fices2 ,massa*usetts all[$ no vot]s or (ficials outside ( ! ,congregational *ur*2 & *ur* memb]%ip 0 ess5tial 9 ,connecticut & ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,9 #aggf ,p5nsylvania admitt$ to ! legislature any :o believ$ 9 ,god & 9 a future /ate ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,massa*usetts ?rew d[n ! b>ri]s to (fice 9 #aghj1 except t until #ahba ! gov]nor %\ld be ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 b (fice-hold+ 0 limit$ to ,prote/ants 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a until #ahce1 & 9 ,new ,hamp%ire until #ahgg4 ,jews receiv$ ! same rights z o!r sects 9 ,connecticut 9 #ahdc1 9 ,m>yl& 9 #ahbe4 ,! ,virg9ia ,bill ( ,rights decl>$ t all are entitl$ to ! free ex]cise ( religion1 & a few ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 #aghf1 proclaim$ fur!r 9 words writt5 by ,jeff]son t religi\s op9ions %all nev] affect civil capacities1 & t no man c be compell$ to support religi\s wor%ip4 ,! ,lake region 0 secur$ f mole/ation = religi\s s5tim5ts by ! ,nor?we/ ,ord9ance ( #aghg1 & ! ,con/itution n only secures all f su* int]f]5ce by ,congress1 b prohibits religi\s te/ = f$]al (fices or e/abli%m5t ( religion by ,congress4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a made ! ,episcopal ! ,/ate *ur* 9 #aggf1 b dropp$ e/abli%m5t 9 #agij4 ,support ( religion 0 likewise aboli%$ 9 ,m>yl& 9 #ahaj1 b cont9u$ 9 ,massa*usetts until #ahcc2 & ,new ,hamp%ire au?orizes public ,prote/ant tea*]s ( religion4 ,m>yl&1 ,k5tucky1 & ,t5nessee exclude cl]gym5 f (fice4 ,political hi]>*ies & polygamy are n )9 con/itutional protections4 ,c\rts h decl>$ ,*ri/ianity "p ( ! common law2 b 9 pres5t law its =ce is 9 its pr9ciples4 ,*ri/ian in/itutions1 9 common ) o!r religi\s or *>itable ag5cies1 are favor$ 9 policies & exemptions2 & blasphemies1 l rail+s 9 g5]al1 are =bidd54 ,bible read+ 9 public s*ools is g5]ally discretion>y ) ! s*ool bo>d1 al?\gh held illegal 9 ,wiscons92 b religi\s g>bs may n be worn 9 su* s*ools by tea*]s4 ,a public hospital may n be erect$ on sect>ian gr\nd4 ,! ,engli% corporation & te/ acts exclud$ f (fice all )\t ! e/abli%$ *ur*1 until #i ,george ,,iv4 ,,xvi4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,advance4--,increas$ respect = ! rights ( o!rs1 bo? individually & z nations1 *>act]izes ! law ( ?is c5tury1 & may be p]ceiv$ 9 e direction4 ,x has creat$ a new int]national law1 develop$ democratic in/itutions at home & abroad1 almo/ revolutioniz$ crim9al jurisprud5ce1 ext5d$ ! police p[] 9 e direction1 & secur$ fre$om ( consci5ce & sep>ation ( *ur* & /ate4 ,x has emancipat$ woman1 ?r[n a protect+ c>e ov] *ildr51 & favor$ *>ities1 asylums1 h\ses ( refuge4 ,imprisonm5t = hone/ debts has be5 aboli%$1 & ! wret*$ sight ( debtors imprison$ = paltry sums no long] reproa*es society4 ,home/ead & exemption laws pres]ve ! family4 ,hone/ bankrupts are aga9 lift$ up 9 hope4 ,! legal means ( settlem5t & recov]y ( rights has be5 greatly exp$it$4 ,engl& has foll[$ ,am]ica 9 mak+ l&s assets = paym5t ( debts2 & claims aga9/ ! ,/ate h receiv$ recognition 9 "s ( ! ,/ates & "u act ( ,congress1 & likewise 9 ,engl&4 ,b>ri]s exclud+ p]sons z witnesses h be5 brok5 d[n1 fir/ 9 ,connecticut 9 #ahdh1 next 9 ,engl& 9 #ahea1 & n[ !re is little exclusion unless ! adv]s>y has di$4 ,some?+ _h be5 done be=e 9 compell+ answ]s to writt5 int]rogatories1 b ) a weakness & lack ( logic t %\ld h ridicul$ ! :ole exclusion4 ,promotion ( uni=mity ( laws has engag$ ! att5tion ( ,/ate commission]s1 :o h draft$ a code conc]n+ negotiable in/rum5ts :i* has be5 adopt$ 9 f\r ,/ates4 ,con/itutional am5dm5t has af=d$ an entire race opportunity to develop f ! l[ e/ate ( slav]y into su* condition z ! future %all manife/4 ,que/ions ( civil rights1 due process ( law1 & ( equal protection & privilege1 are con/antly br++ ,/ate laws be=e ! f$]al c\rts1 z d que/ions ( int]/ate comm]ce4 ,anti-pool & anti-tru/ enactm5ts m>k bo? f$]al & ,/ate law1 & lately h brok5 up ! alliance ( ! trans-,miss\ri transportation companies4 ,inh]itance & succession taxes 7 impos$ 9 ,p5nsylvania 9 #ahbf1 & n[ are f\nd 9 "s doz5 ,/ates4 ,! progressive feature1 or increase ( rate ) increase ( e/ate1 has be5 su/a9$ by high au?ority4 ,congress has impos$ su* taxes1 b its p[] to d s is 9 dispute be=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,portia ,,& ,,bassanio4 7,trial ,sc5e f 8,m]*ant ( ,v5ice407 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! republic prop]ty requirem5ts exi/$ bo? = (fice & = vot+4 ,new ,/ates came 9 ) manhood suffrage e/abli%$ ei!r by law or cu/om4 ,orig9al ,/ates ?rew op5 ! polls1--,m>yl& 9 #ahaj1 ,connecticut 9 #ahah1 ,new ,york 9 #ahba1 ,massa*usetts 9 #ahbb4 ,! :ite labor ( ,virg9ia 0 d5i$ ! suffrage 9 #ahcj1 b ga9$ x 9 #ahej4 ,simil> movem5t 9 ,engl& is m>k$ by ! ,re=m ,bill ( #ahcb2 & n[ manhood suffrage is univ]sal 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,greece1 & wellnigh s 9 ,engl&4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,build+ ,,& ,,loan ,,associations ,,by ,,mi*ael ,j4 ,,br[n1 ,secret>y ( ,build+ ,association ,league ( ,p5na4 ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples4 8,d n =get to pay y\r dues to-night10 is an expression famili> to ! occupants ( fifty ?\s& ,philadelphia homes1 "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& ,p5nsylvania homes1 & six hundr$ & fifty ?\s& h\seholds 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is means t ne>ly sev5 hundr$ ?\s& families are contribut+ t[>ds ga9+ homes ( _! own ?r\gh ,build+ & ,loan ,associations4 ,! entire memb]%ip is ne>ly sev5te5 hundr$ ?\s&1 ( :om fully f\r hundr$ ?\s& are wom5 & *ildr54 ,! picture 8,pay+ _! ,dues0 is a repres5tative "o1 & 9 ,philadelphia !re are f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-five su* ga!r+s e ye>4 ,! ,philadelphia associations g5]ally meet once e mon?1 b 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,/ate1 & 9 o!r ,/ates1 _m societies meet weekly1 s !re are fully t5 ?\s& su* ga!r+s e twelve mon?s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! wom5 h %>es 9 _! own "r1 & ! *ildr5 are ei!r pay+ dues = _! p>5ts or = !mselves1 ! fa!r or "m act+ z tru/ee4 ,! boys & girls "k exactly :at nights ! associations meet1 & are g5]ally on h& ) _! money long be=e ! (fic]s are ready to receive ! funds & give receipts 9 ! pass books4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ^! ga!r+s8 ,to enable e memb] to become 8 own l&lord--to pur*ase homes = !mselves1 by pay+ _! money into a jo9t conc]n = a few ye>s until ea* "o has sav$ en\gh1 ) ga9s add$1 to buy a home1 & 9 ! meantime ! entire receipts be+ loan$ to ! memb]s to ga9 homes 9 advance ( ! f9al reckon+ or maturity ( ! %>es4 ,! memb]s h well le>n$ ! pr9ciple t money makes money if well us$1 t if _m pay r5t = ! b5efit ( ! few1 ?r\gh ! build+ association ! _m may comb9e toge!r s z to put ! r5ts into _! own pockets4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sy/em4 ,= conv5i5ce1 8a %>e0 is ! paym5t ( #a4jj a mon?1 five %>es #e4jj1 & s on4 ,! f9al value ( a %>e is arbitr>ily fix$ at #bjj4 ,! money receiv$ is promptly loan$ to ! memb]s1 on :i* ! borr[]s pay #a4jj p] mon? int]e/ on e #bjj borr[$1 until ! f9al value ( #bjj is rea*$1 :i* occurs 9 twelve ye>s or less4 ,paym5ts #add4jj ,ga9s #ef4jj ------- ,f9al value #bjj4jj ,a memb] may h borr[$ #bjjj f ! association on t5 %>es ( /ock 7#bjj be+ ! limit loan$ on ea* %>e71 & ! %>es hav+ matur$1 or become wor? #bjjj1 8 loan ( #bjjj is cancel$ & 8 home is free4 ,! memb] :o has n borr[$ receives #bjj 9 ca% = e %>e he holds4 ,! build+ association 9 its simple/ =m1 & z x exi/$ 9 ,philadelphia = _m ye>s1 took all its memb]s 9 at "o "t1 & ! memb]s paid f #b to #bj ea* e mon? until ! %>es matur$4 ,at maturity all ! borr[]s receiv$ cancel$ mortgages1 & ! non-borr[]s ca% = _! %>es1 & ! society !n clos$ its affairs4 ,hundr$s ( su* associations h w\nd up _! affairs successfully4 ,v _m associations are n[ work+ on ! p]man5t plan2 t is1 !y admit new memb]s e six mon?s or e ye>1 ! fir/ set be+ ! fir/ to mature1 & s on1 "o set go+ out e ye> & a new bat* com+ 94 ,ea* s]ies is a sep>ate association s f> z ! dues are conc]n$1 b ! total ga9s are divid$ s z to give ea* dues doll> inve/$ a l rate p] c5t p] annum = ! "t ( inve/m5t4 ,!re is really no positive or f9al division ( pr(its4 ,! ga9s are kept 9 a lump sum1 & ! division is on pap] only = ! purpose ( %[+ ! progress made t[>ds maturity4 ,:5 a set ( %>es matures1 its portion ( ! ga9 is tak5 f ! accumulat$ pr(its & divid$ to ! /ock t has rea*$ its f9al value4 ,"s associations c\nt all ! loans z assets & all ! dues & ga9s z liabilities4 ,9 su* societies ! borr[] pays int]e/ on 8 full loan until ! end1 & gets cr$it = pr(it on 8 dues until "o acc\nt cancels ! o!r4 ,o!r associations1 at ! end ( ea* ye>1 d$uct ! dues paid 9 f ! loans & *>ge int]e/ on ! net am\nt only ( ! loan4 ,by ! latt] sy/em ! borr[]s' paym5ts decrease e ye>1 b x requires a long] "t to f9ally cancel ! loan ?an by ! =m] sy/em4 ,:5 !re is a dem& = money1 & m ?an "o memb] is anxi\s to secure x1 ! funds are (f]$ at auction1 & ! memb] :o bids ! highe/ premium secures ! prize4 ,! bidd+ is g5]ally done by (f]+ s _m c5ts p] %>e p] mon? above ! requir$ int]e/4 ,if a memb] secures #bjjj at #aj c5ts p] %>e premium on t5 %>es1 8 mon?ly paym5ts are3-- ,dues p] mon? #aj4jj ,int]e/ p] mon? #aj4jj ,premium p] mon? #a4jj ------ ,total #ba4jj ,^! paym5ts cont9ue until ! %>es mature4 ,! dues are ! contribut$ capital1 & ! int]e/ & premiums are ! ga9s4 ,,iii4 ,,_! ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory4 ,_! e>ly hi/ory 9 ,engl& seems to date back z f> z #agha4 ,9 ,mr4 ,lang=d's 8,c5tury ( ,birm+ham ,life0 m5tion is made ( c]ta9 proposals = e/abli%+ a society = build+ on l&s belong+ to ,william ,j5n+s1 ,esq4 ,! society 0 organiz$ by rules or articles1 simil> 9 "s respects to ^? employ$ by ! build+ societies ( to-day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pay+ ,,_! ,,dues4 ,dr4 ,john ,h5ry ,gray1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ! ,laws1 ,mann]s1 & ,cu/oms ( ! ,p ( ,*9a10 describes "s money-l5d+ societies :i* seem to p>take 9 "s measure ( ! "* ( build+ associations1 at lea/ 9 _! cop]ative & equitable features4 ,he tells u t ^! societies are call$ 8,lee ,woee10 & 7 in/itut$ by a p]son nam$ ,pong ,koong1 an (ficial ( great weal?1 :o fl\ri%$ #bjj ,b4,c4 dur+ ! ,han dyna/y4 ,! money 0 loan$ to memb]s & return$ 9 mon?ly in/allm5ts ) int]e/4 ,ea* memb] 0 compell$ to contribute to ! fund a sum equal to t :i* he contribut$ at ! fir/ meet+4 ,"o ( ! rules 01 8,ea* memb] %all deposit 9 a lott]y box1 plac$ on a table1 a t5d] or bid = ! money1 sett+ =? ! rate ( int]e/ :i* he is dispos$ to pay on ! am\nt 9 "q2 t ! t5d]s %all be tak5 out ( ! box by ! presid5t1 & ! highe/ bidd] takes ! loan40 ,:5 two bids 7 alike ! fir/ bidd] took ! loan4 ,a f9e 0 *>g$ = non-paym5t ( dues4 ,,iv4 ,,am]ican ,,associations4 ,!re is no evid5ce o!r ?an t ,frank=d1 n[ a "p ( ,philadelphia prop]1 saw ! fir/ build+ society t 0 organiz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 call$ ! 8,ox=d ,provid5t ,build+ ,association10 & 0 />t$ 9 #ahca1 sixty-eight ye>s ago4 ,x clos$ its affairs 9 ,june1 #ahda4 ,! second ,frank=d society1 ( ! same "n1 0 organiz$ 9 ,febru>y ( #ahda1 & ran out 9 ,augu/1 #aheb4 ,isaac ,:itelock 0 presid5t1 ,samuel ,pill+ treasur]1 & ,isaac ,%allcross secret>y1 ( ! fir/ association2 & ,h5ry ,taylor presid5t1 ,isaac ,%allcross secret>y1 & ,william ,ov]ton treasur]1 ( ! second association4 ,! ,holmesburg ,build+ ,association 0 organiz$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahdb1 & clos$ its bus9ess satisfactorily to ! memb]s1 ,june #be1 #ahec4 ,john ,b4 ,duff1 a lumb] c\nt] by trade1 0 in/rum5tal 9 organiz+ ! fir/ build+ society )9 ! compactly built up city ( ,philadelphia1 9 ! ye> #ahdg4 ,! "n ( ! society 0 ! 8,k5s+ton ,build+ ,association40 ,! society issu$ five hundr$ %>es ( /ock 9 "o s]ies1 & w\nd up its affairs 9 t5 ye>s & two mon?s aft] x 0 organiz$4 ,! fir/ adv]tisem5t ( any build+ & loan association1 s f> z c be asc]ta9$1 appe>$ 9 ! ,philadelphia 8,public ,l$g]10 ,febru>y #e1 #ahdg1 & call$ = a meet+ ( ! 8,k5s+ton40 ,mr4 ,duff di$ 9 #ahhc1 & a few mon?s be=e t ev5t he pres5t$ to ! writ] a docum5t n[ kn[n z 8,! ,old ,yell[ ,po/]40 ,x is ! call = ! fir/ build+ society 9 ,old ,philadelphia1 a copy ( :i* is h]e) pres5t$4 ,mr4 ,duff seldom1 if ev]1 held =? 9 public1 b 8 effici5t "w 0 done by tak+ individual cases & conv]t+ !m to ! b5efits ( obta9+ homes = !mselves4 ,frequ5tly he has be5 se5 on a pile ( lumb] ) *alk 9 h&1 demon/rat+ a problem 9 build+ society ari?metic to conv]ts to ?is sy/em ( sav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,meet+6 ,,k5s+ton ,,build+ ,,association ,! ,subscrib]s be+ desir\s ( =m+ an ,association = ! purpose ( assi/+ ! memb]s !re( 9 ! erection ( ,dwell+ ,h\ses1 or su* o!r ,real ,e/ate z !y %all deem mo/ advantage\s1 h conclud$ to hold a ,meet+ = t purpose ,,on ,,friday ,,ev5+1 #bb;,d ,,jan',y1 #ahdg1 ,,at #g ,o',,clock1 ,at ! ,k5s+ton ,eng9e ,hall1 ,on ,que5 ,/reet1 above ,m>lbor\gh ,/4 ,:]e ! objects ( ! ,association w be laid be=e ! ,meet+4 ,citiz5s g5]ally1 are invit$ to att5d4 ,ralph ,pill+1 ,joseph ,smi?1 ,john ,bi]ly1 ,john ,b4 ,duff1 ,h5ry ,%]m]1 ,john ,v]de>1 ,samuel ,w5sell1 ,samuel ,t4 ,hay1 ,h5ry ,lane1 ,h[>d ,b[man1 ,&rew ,himes1 ,ri*'d4 ,=dham1 ,david ,guyant1 ,geo4 ,=dham1 ,h5ry ,kri5]1 ,abr4 ,p4 ,eyre1 ,ed4 ,w4 ,gorgas1 ,alfr$ ,fitl]1 ,alb't ,t4 ,eggleton1 ,alb]t ,engle1 ,&4 ,fl&]s1 ,?omas ,b5nett1 ,j4 ,r4 ,full]ton1 ,*>les ,tryon1 ,samuel ,p>cels1 ,edw>d ,ow5s1 ,jacob ,jones1 ,john ,nevl+1 ,h5ry ,moss]1 ,geo4 ,k5n]d1 ,h5ry ,m]c]1 ,george ,mattis1 ,mi*ael ,coll>1 ,edw>d ,we/]1 ,h5ry ,mill]1 ,william ,ellis1 ,john ,he>ney1 ,jos4 ,b4 ,matlack1 ,saml4 ,bi$aman1 ,j4 ,%il+burg1 ,james ,hill1 ,george ,cramp1 ,george ,coleman1 ,john ,=dham4 ,janu>y #ba1 #ahdg4 ,pr9t$ at ,boyle's *eap ,pr9t+ ,e/abli%m5t1 corn] ( ,second & ,br[n /reets4 ,,call ,,= ,,fir/ ,,build+ ,,association ,,9 ,,philadelphia4 ,!re has be5 sc>cely a great m9d 9 ! c\ntry t has n mov$ ! lips to say "s good ^w = ! build+ society cause4 ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*] 9 a s]mon said1-- 8,i ?9k t a "y man :o places be=e himself n a speculation1 n a =tune1 b "s object t he means to a*ieve1 :o selects a p>ticul> piece ( prop]ty t he w\ld l to own1 & aims /eadily at acquir+ x & works dilig5tly = x1 & saves = x1 w be almo/ sure to succe$4 ,i w say t e "y man 9 a city1 ei!r ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( a build+ association :5 !re is "o1 or indep5d5tly1 :5 su* an association does n exi/1 & :5 at la/1 hav+ toil$ & wait$ pati5tly1 ! debt is paid & ! piece ( prop]ty is e>n$1 is a great deal ri*] ?an ! assessor kn[s him to be4 ,! assessor goes ar\nd & puts a valuation ^u 8 prop]ty = ! purpose ( tax+ x4 ,b1 ah1 ^? habits ( indu/ry & self-control2 ^? wise measur+s1 :i* we call economy1--all ^! ! man has ga9$ ov] & above ! prop]ty4 ,he has sav$ himself f a ?\s& temptations4 ,he has protect$ himself aga9/ remorseless vices1 :i* w\ld h gnaw$ out 8 m>r[4 ,& ?\gh y call x m]ely amass+ prop]ty1 x may be amass+ manhood4 ,x is "o /ep on ! upw>d way40 ,/ate (ficials :o closely exam9e ! work+s ( ^! societies nev] seem to tire 9 _! praise4 ,sup]9t5d5t ,kilburn1 ( ,new ,york1 9 8 la/ annual report1 ref]s to ! cons]vative & hone/ly manag$ build+ association z foll[s3-- 8,dur+ ! pa/ ye> associations ( ?is class alone h return$ to )draw+ memb]s dues & pr(its am\nt+ to #h1jad1jci4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod no less ?an fifty-sev5 associations 7 engag$ 9 ! paym5t ( matur$ %>es1 & #hbi1geb 7 paid to memb]s :o _h fai?fully cont9u$ paym5ts ?r\gh a s]ies ( ye>s1 & at la/ saw _! confid5ce ju/ifi$4 ,b ^! sums are ( small consequ5ce :5 we consid] ! com=table homes t h be5 erect$1 & ! families t h be5 p]man5tly & com=tably h\s$ ?r\gh ! facilities = frugality & ?rift1 = self-d5ial & sav+ af=d$ by !m4 ,my att5tion 0 rec5tly call$ to a village ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* x 0 said t ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! h\ses _h be5 erect$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a small local association4 8,nor is ?is an exceptional case1 unless ! elem5t ( proportion be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,9 ne>ly all ! cities ( ! ,/ate1 & 9 _m ( ! l>ge villages1 !re are associations t are models ( _! k9d1 & are wor?y ( ! admiration & support ( e good citiz54 8,_! educational influ5ce1 too1 c h>dly be ov] e/imat$4 ,! work+man :o jo9s su* an association takes "p 9 ! adm9i/ration ( its affairs & le>ns 8 fir/ lesson 9 f9ance f ^? ( l>g] exp]i5ce1 &1 :o p]haps1 t\*es elb[ ) ! lawy]1 ! m]*ant1 & ! m9i/] z !y discuss ! safety ( an inve/m5t1 or prop] am5dm5t to ! articles ( association1 & w n l5d a ready e> to tea*]s ( socialism1 ( class hatr$1 or ( f9ancial h]esies40 ,z %[n else:]e1 ! memb]s ( ! ,new ,york societies h ov] #cg1jjj1jjj inve/$4 ,! ,build+ ,association ,league ( ,p5nsylvania1 an organization ( tw5ty-six ye>s' /&+1 compos$ ( ! mo/ active associations 9 ! ,/ate1 "s ye>s ago proclaim$ a 8,decl>ation ( ,pr9ciples10 f :i* we quote3-- 8,! local build+ societies ( ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania are true cop]ative organizations1 transact+ no bus9ess ) ! public1 & n am5able to laws affect+ f9ancial in/itutions t h deal+s ) ! public4 ,!y enc\rage ?rift among ! wage-work]s1 help to create taxable prop]ty 9 its be/ =m--real e/ate1 educate _! memb]s 9 bus9ess me?ods & tea* !m bo? h[ to save & h[ to inve/ money4 8,by ?is s]vice !y h creat$ a /ate police ( t5s ( ?\s&s ( home own]s1 m effici5t = ! protection ( life & prop]ty ?an a /&+ army4 8,!y h less5$ ! co/ = ! ma9t5ance ( alms-h\ses1 prisons1 & asylums1 by tea*+ m5 & wom5 to be self-helpful & self-reliant1 & 9 t way h b5efit$ ! ,/ate to an am\nt f> exce$+ any sum t c\ld be ga!r$ by taxation4 8,! "w ( ! societies is done gratuit\sly by ! directors1 & 9 no o!r way c\ld !y be ma9ta9$1 ! pr(its result+ f ! s]vices ( m5 :o1 ?\gh !y h nev] pos$ z philan?ropi/s1 are engag$ 9 ! be/ k9d ( *>ity1 help+ m5 & wom5 :o help !mselves40 ,joseph ,h4 ,pai/1 a prom95t ,philadelphia build+ association exp]t1 has be5 presid5t ( ! league s9ce x 0 organiz$4 ,o!r ,/ates h leagues1 & !y are all comb9$ z a ,national ,league1 ^: motto is 8,! ,am]ican ,home is ! ,safegu>d ( ,am]ican ,lib]ty40 ,at c]ta9 int]vals ! national gov]nm5t1 ,/ates1 cities1 & hundr$s ( indu/rial ent]prises di/ribute e>n+s & accru$ int]e/ to ^? entitl$ to ! same4 ,! va/ sums ( money drawn out ( ?\s&s ( banks & bank+ in/itutions repres5t millions ( doll>s ( cancel$ debts4 ,)9 a few days aft] ^! di/ributions take place1 at lea/ n9e t5?s ( ?is money f9ds its way back into ! /rong boxes t p>t$ ) x4 ,"o t5? ( ! money is1 p]haps1 held 9 ! pockets ( ! p1 to be gradually disburs$ = curr5t ne$s until ! next pay arrives4 ,i d n rememb] hav+ receiv$ a /atem5t or /ati/ical report ref]r+ to ! build+ association %>e 9 ^! di/ributions4 ,true1 !re are no set dates = build+ societies to "p ) money1 b 9 ,p5nsylvania alone ^! cop]ative companies di/ribute #bj1jjj1jjj annually 9 matur$ %>es & )drawals4 ,?is is no insignificant sum4 ,to-day _! accumulat$ weal? 7mo/ly sav+s ( p 9 ! humbl] ranks ( life7 is ov] #ajg1jjj1jjj1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates fully #fjj1jjj1jjj4 ,! annual outgo = cancel$ %>es is ab\t #ajj1jjj1jjj1 or fully #h1jjj1jjj e mon?4 ,s9ce ^! associations 7 organiz$1 q "o ?\s& five hundr$ million doll>s h be5 return$ to ! memb]s 9 ! value ( homes cle> ( debt & 9 ca% = )drawn & matur$ %>es4 ,despite ^! va/ disbursem5ts1 !re has be5 a gradual increase 9 _! assets f ye> to ye>4 ,beg9n+ ) "o association 9 #ahca1 _! numb] increas$ 9 a small way until probably n ov] two hundr$ societies exi/$ 9 #ahjj4 ,f t date until ! pres5t mom5t x is e/imat$ t ov] #hjjj h be5 organiz$ ?r\gh\t ! l&1 increas+ at a rapid rate e ye>1 & leav+ at pres5t1 aft] clos+ out a great numb]1 ne>ly #ejjj active associations di/ribut$ among ! ,/ates z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,no4 ( ,/ates4 ,societies4 ,memb]%ip4 ,assets4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,p5nsylvania #abjj #cjj1jjj #aaa1gad1hga ,ohio #gfa #big1ghg #ii1ggj1afa ,ill9ois #fhb #ahj1jjj #gc1cji1aib ,new ,j]sey #cjj #aaf1gci #da1jch1icd ,indiana #dib #acg1eaj #cg1fbd1dah ,new ,york #cag #ajb1ijb #cg1che1fdb ,massa*usetts #abc #fe1dai #bd1ejg1hdc ,miss\ri #bee #di1dfb #bb1dig1gjj ,cali=nia #ach #ai1aec #ag1ich1ajj ,i[a #hg #be1jjj #f1eid1ggh ,mi*igan #gj #bj1dig #f1die1cjg ,m9nesota #fi #i1jjj #d1bfj1fff ,t5nessee #cd #f1aff #c1gga1ced ,nebraska #fh #aa1hba #c1eed1ghh ,connecticut #ae #aa1bjh #c1bdc1ice ,ma9e #cc #h1bcj #b1iab1ifc ,o!r ,/ates #bbh #bha1bhd #ajd1cbj1cfg ------------- ,totals #dhgb #a1fdb1agh #fjj1ida1jai ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,x is e/imat$ t ( ! above nam$ memb]%ip ov] #cbe1jjj are wom54 ,( ! #fjj1jjj1jjj ( assets1 at lea/ #ajj1jjj1jjj is a ga9 cr$it to ! %>]4 ,x is believ$ t an av]age ( at lea/ ?ree memb]s ( a family contribute t[>d ! paym5t ( ! dues & int]e/1 & al?\gh sev5te5 hundr$ ?\s& names are on ! books1 ne>ly five million p]sons actually contribute4 ,^! societies h done m to tea* ! p practical ?rift ?an any kn[n device ev] promulgat$4 ,?rift is describ$ z 8good husb&ry1 economical managem5t 9 reg>d to prop]ty1 success & advance 9 ! acquisition ( prop]ty1 increase ( worldly goods1 vigor\s gr[?1 z a plant40 8,he is a good wagon] t c turn 9 a little room40--,bi%op ,j4 ,hall4 8,economy is ! p>5t ( integrity1 ( lib]ty & ( ease1 & ! beautiful si/] ( temp]ance1 ( *e]fulness & heal?4 ,)\t economy none c be ri*1 & ) x few c be poor40--,dr4 ,johnson4 ,:ile ^! lit]>y economical tru?s proclaim$ 9 all ages by wise m51 :i* !y !mselves v seldom knew h[ to put into practical use1 h no d\bt caus$ millions to ?9k & wond] h[ to d x1 !y1 altoge!r1 h n built half z _m r\nds 9 ! practical ladd] ( 8?rift0 z ! poor work+man :o successfully induces 8 next door neighbor to save "o doll> a mon? out ( 8 wa/e money1 & ) x subscribe = "o %>e ( /ock 9 a well-manag$ build+ society4 ,build+ society advocates h done mu* induc+1 b always 9 a practical way4 ,!y h n m]ely proclaim$ t 8economy is weal?20 t 8! be/ security = civilization is ! dwell+10 b !y h tak5 ! arm ( _! fri5d & neighbor & h l$ him to ! society meet+-room & %[n him j h[ !y sav$ _! own money4 ,!y h also tak5 !m into _! own homes & told !m1 8,?is is my own home1 paid =1 or ne>ly s1 ?r\gh ! aid ( ! build+ society40 ,9 ?is way lessons 9 ! practical b5efit ( ?rift are daily giv54 8,examples demon/rate ! possibility ( success10 said ,colton _m ye>s ago4 ,alex&] ,dumas br\ght ! matt] home to ! door ( e man :5 he said1 8,all ! _w cries1 #8,:]e is ! man :o w save u8 ,we want a man6' ,don't look = ?is man1 y h him at h&4 ,?is man--x is y--x is ,i--x is ea* ( u4444 ,h[ to con/itute "o's self a man8 ,no?+ h>d] if "o kn[s n h[ to w x2 no?+ easi] if "o wills x40 ,x w\ld seem t build+ society advocates 7 creat$ to tea* m5 h[ to w x4 ,9 ?is l9e ( "w !y h c]ta9ly be5 em95tly successful4 ,to :at class ( citiz5s d ^! advocates belong1 good1 bett]1 or be/8 ,9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ^! associations !y 7 organiz$ & almo/ :olly manag$ by me*anics & labor+ m52 manag$ hone/ly1 cons]vatively1 & successfully2 & to ?is 8class0 belongs ! honor ( organiz+1 conduct+1 & c>ry+ to a po9t ( magnitude & usefulness1 t comm&s ! admiration ( f9anci]s ! _w ov]1 ! build+ societies z conduct$ 9 ,p5nsylvania & o!r ,/ates4 ,! hone/1 ?rifty home-seek] has prov$ himself to be ! 8be/0 citiz5 s f> z manag+ a build+ society is conc]n$4 ,:5 failures h occurr$1 ! ma9 causes h be5 ! introduction into ! managem5t ( f9ancial ideas emanat+ f ! bra9s ( !oretical bank]s & lit]>y economi/s4 ,! man :o works at ! b5* m5d+ %oes has a bett] idea ( :at a doll> w d ?an ! man :o has at 8 comm& hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( doll>s belong+ to o!r p1 b :o nev] 0 bless$ ) ! necessity ( e>n+ a real doll> by 8 own labor4 ,! cons]vative build+ society is "o ( good common s5se & n ( class4 ,x w\ld be difficult to bankrupt a build+ society conduct$ by m5 end[$ ) hone/y & good common s5se4 ,! 8bett] citiz50 is ! man :o sp5ds less ?an he e>ns1 pays 8 debts promptly1 w\ld r give 8 neighbor a doll> ?an /eal a doll> f him1 looks ^u ! home in/itution z holy & sacr$1 /rives to own a home ( 8 own1 obeys ! laws & looks ! _w /raight 9 ! face4 ,?is 8class10 )\t a p5ny to beg9 )1 caus$ ,philadelphia to be kn[n ! _w ov] z 8! ,city ( ,homes40 ,9 ! _m int]e/+ cases ( m5 r$eem$ f ! habit ( un?rift ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( build+ associations1 & plac$ on ! road to mod]ate =tunes1 !re are sometimes two sides to ! /ory4 ,"o side is t relat$ by ! individual :o has be5 sav$ f future pov]ty1 & ! o!r side t :i* c\ld be relat$ by ! wife & "m1 if %e did n pref] & really /rive to hide f ! outside _w ! life %e _h be5 lead+1 its trials & gloom4 ,! man simply tells h[ _m days 9 ! week he pref]r$ n to "w1 & h[ he nev] tri$ to save a p5ny4 ,! wife c\ld tell h[ little ! husb& br\ght into ! home 9 ! way ( money1 & :at h] awful anxiety _h be54 ,"o side is public prop]ty1 = x is told by ! husb& = ! purpose ( induc+ o!rs to make a new dep>ture on ! road to ?rift & home-own]%ip4 ,! o!r side is suppos$ to be sacr$1 b x is only a secret 9 a s5se t x is n proclaim$4 ,no man :o is (t5 volunt>ily away f 8 "w1 hav+ a 8good0 selfi% 8"t10 sp5d+ ! e>n+s ( days ( actual "w1 ne$ imag9e t 8 fri5ds & neighbors are ignorant ( :at ! life 9 8 home is1 = x is z pla9 to all z if ! h\se 0 con/ruct$ ( cle> glass4 ,e man ( good heal?1 :o w make an hone/ & det]m9$ ef=t1 has x 9 8 p[] to *ange su* a home z has be5 describ$ into a palace ( joy1 com=t1 & happ9ess1 & ev5 beauty4 ,!re are _m ?\s&s ( m5 & wom5 ?r\gh\t ! l& :o w\ld n to-day h _! own ro( ov] _! heads b = ! build+ society & ! ?rifty habits acquir$ ?r\gh x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r[ ,,( #adjj ,,h\ses4 ,! (fic]s & memb]s ( ^! societies are m5 :o h1 by degrees1 work$ _! way on ! pa? to indep5d5ce1 & !y are highly respect$ by all :o "k !m1 & po9t$ out z examples by _! neighbors4 ,memb]s ( ^! societies1 aft] becom+ firmly e/abli%$ 9 ?rifty habits1 delight 9 relat+ _! own exp]i5ce z well z t ( o!rs4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( int]e/+ cases on record1 ( :i* samples are giv5 bel[3-- ,a %ort "t ago1 at a h\se ( m\rn+1 ! memb]s ( ! family call$ ! writ]'s att5tion to a girl ab\t fifte5 ye>s ( age1 :o _h volunte]$ h] s]vices to ! family until aft] ! fun]al4 ,?is rem>k 0 made3 8,our case is sad en\gh 7! dea? ( a fa!r71 b ! *ild y saw at ! door has a fa!r :o has be5 conf9$ to ! h\se ) a l+]+ illness4 ,!re are sev]al y\ng] *ildr51 & "o girl old] ?an ! "o y saw4 ,! two girls h be5 work+ 9 a mill1 b on %ort "t4 ,_! case is sadd] ?an ours1 & !y 7 ! fir/ to volunte] to help u40 ,! above is ! sad "p ( ! /ory1 b !re is a silv]-l9$ side1 s9ce asc]ta9$4 ,! fa!r jo9$ a build+ society "s ye>s ago & b\ght a h\se = #bjjj1 & :ile on 8 sick b$ receiv$ a paid-up de$ = 8 home1 ! build+ society %>es hav+ matur$4 ,x is n[ tw5ty ye>s s9ce a big1 /rong man1 "u ! influ5ce ( /rong dr9k1 visit$ ! (fice ( a build+ society secret>y & ask$ if a ,mrs4 ---- _h any %>es 9 ! society4 ,! books 7 exam9$ & an affirmative answ] 0 giv54 ,! next "q 01 8,h[ mu* has be5 paid 9 on ! %>es80 ,answ]1 8,?ree hundr$ & sixty doll>s40 ,! inquir] br\ght 8 fi/ d[n on ! secret>y's desk & exclaim$3-- 8,s x is true1 is x8 ,i w /op t game2 t woman is my wife1 & ,i h j he>d t %e is go+ to draw out ! money & run away40 ,! secret>y measur$ ! man1 &1 risk+ a fight1 det]m9$ to ha/5 a climax4 8,s y are ! husb& ( ,mrs4 ----1 are y80 8,yes1 ,i am40 8,& y are drunk80 8,yes1 sir40 8,h[ long h y be5 dr9k+80 8,= a long "t40 8,h y giv5 y\r wife any money lately80 8,no1 sir40 8,h y giv5 h] any ( ! money 9 ?is society80 8,i don't ?9k ,i h40 8,y\r wife takes 9 wa%+ & goes out h\se-clean+1 does %e n80 8,yes1 sir40 8,y eat at home )\t pay+ any?+ t[>ds ! support ( ! h\se80 8,yes1 sir40 8,y h nice *ildr51 & y\r wife takes good c>e ( !m80 8,yes1 sir40 8,y admit t all ?is is true80 8,yes1 sir40 8,n[1 w y answ] me an hone/ "q80 8,i w40 8,don't y ?9k t y are j ! k9d ( a man t a good woman l y\r wife w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 runn+ away f80 8,i d40 ,! secret>y ask$ :o told him t 8 wife 0 go+ to run away2 & he answ]$ t x 0 a fri5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( #adjj ,,h\ses4 ,! secret>y !n address$ him z foll[s3-- 8,:5 y\r wife comes to ! society1 ,i h notic$ t h] h&s 7 sometimes split & ble$+ f h>d "w1 & ,i "k t %e is sav+ ?is money to keep y & ! *ildr5 f ! alm%\se4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 y %\ld give up dr9k+ & keep away f ! p :o h be5 talk+ aga9/ y\r wife2 & !n ,i w\ld advise y to g home at once & tell all to y\r wife1 & get d[n on y\r knees be=e h] & ask h] p>don40 ,to ! utt] surprise ( ! secret>y ! man %ook h&s ) him & emphatically gave 8 ^w t he w\ld act on ! advice giv54 ,n ! /range/ "p ( ! incid5t is t ! advice 0 exactly foll[$4 ,f t "t until n[ ! man has ab/a9$ f dr9k4 ,z soon z he got "w he took %>es 9 ! society1 & 9 a few ye>s ?ree ( 8 *ildr5 _h subscrib$ = %>es4 ,only rec5tly two ( ! *ildr5 )drew %>es to buy homes ( _! own4 ,?is is ! k9d ( practical "w done by e build+ society 9 e ,/ate 9 ! ,union1 & ! ,/ate z well z ! entire c\ntry is ! ga9] by x4 ,( c\rse x goes )\t say+ t ! build+ society kn[s no secret plan = ! paym5t ( dues & int]e/ great] ?an ! borr[] c af=d4 ,x does1 h[ev]1 po9t out a way = e man to ga9 a home ( 8 own1 b ! price ( ! h\se mu/ be 9 keep+ ) 8 income4 ,if ?is rule is n obs]v$ ! result is almo/ always failure to ga9 ! desir$ object4 ,x is an old say+ t x is almo/ wise to g 9 debt = a home1 b x is decid$ly unwise to contract = a home t requires e doll> ( income to keep x up4 ,e home buy] %\ld all[ himself "s m>g9 9 ord] to provide = ! possible ra9y day4 ,! man :o _c save ov] tw5ty doll>s a mon? outside ( actual liv+ exp5ses commits a s]i\s error :5 he signs a contract requir+ him to pay tw5ty-five doll>s e f\r weeks4 ,9 do+ ?is he robs himself fir/1 &1 second1 is unfair to 8 family4 ,x w\ld be to 8 advantage to place aside ?ree or f\r doll>s out ( ! tw5ty doll>s nam$ z a ne/ egg4 ,?is applies 9 p>ticul> to ! c>eful man1 :o has be5 taught 9 ! s*ool ( ?rift4 ,! man :o has be5 un?rifty may be able 7:5 he graduates7 to save ?irty doll>s a mon? ev5 :5 he ?9ks he _c save any?+4 ,build+ society manag]s make x _! bus9ess to w>n ! ?rifty n to und]take too mu*1 & also to lead ! unsav+ into habits ( economy4 ,only rec5tly a judge on ! b5* said1 8,su* associations1 :5 prop]ly conduct$ "u judici\s re/rictions & managem5t1 are a helpful bless+ & enc\ragem5t to any community4 ,b ! ambitions & extravagance ( "s borr[+ memb]s place !mselves 9 a burd5some condition4444 ,f> bett] = ! public1 ! associations1 & _! memb]%ip1 t _m small loans be made r ?an a few 9 numb] & l>ge 9 am\nt4 ,mod]ate homes & a mod]ate price %\ld be ! crit]ion4444 ,_! prim>y purpose 0 & %\ld cont9ue to be to promote indu/ry1 frugality1 & sav+1 & conv]t ! %iftless & disc\rag$ t5ant into a self-reliant & cont5t$ home-build]40 ,build+ societies s9ce _! inception h suppli$ ! means = home pur*as+1 b ^! companies d n g5]ally take any "p 9 ! erection ( h\ses4 ,mo/ ( ! small homes 9 ,philadelphia h be5 built by ^? engag$ 9 ! bus9ess ( build+ h\ses = sale4 ,"h is a picture ( a r[ ( h\ses conta9+ sev5 rooms ea*4 ,! pur*ase price is #adjj ea*4 ,! lots are #ad feet wide & #fj feet deep4 ,! h\ses are br[n/one & brick4 ,!y h good cell>s1 portable heat]s1 & range 9 kit*51 hot & cold wat] 9 kit*5 & ba?room4 ,on ! fir/ floor !re are ?ree rooms1--p>lor1 d9+-room1 & kit*51 & outside %$4 ,front door op5s into ve/ibule2 entrance to p>lor f entry1 & also f d9+-room4 ,two front b$rooms ov] ! p>lor1 ba?room 9 c5tre1 & sitt+-room back ( ! ba?room4 ,! d9+-room ext5ds ov] ! wid? ( ! lot less /airway room1 & receives light f skylight4 ,! kit*5 has a w9d[ op5+ t[>ds ! back %$ or backy>d4 ,a small toilet room occupies a small portion ( ! back %$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,build+ ,,association ,,banquet4 ,any p]son kn[n to be prompt 9 ! paym5t ( dues & int]e/ may pur*ase su* a home by ! paym5t ( #bjj 9 ca%1 & giv+ a build+ society mortgage = ! balance ( ! pur*ase-money1 namely1 #abjj4 ,! mon?ly co/ w\ld be ab\t z foll[s3-- ,mon?ly dues #f4jj ,mon?ly int]e/ #f4jj ------ ,mon?ly total #ab4jj ,a fairly prosp]\s build+ society w mature its %>es 9 twelve ye>s1 & at ! end ( t p]iod ! home w\ld be free f debt4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! borr[] mu/ pay taxes & wat] r5t1 am\nt+ to "s #be4jj p] ye>4 ,! total paym5ts w\ld be ab\t z foll[s3-- ,fir/ paym5t #bjj4jj ,dues & int]e/ #agbh4jj ,taxes & wat] r5t #cjj4jj -------- ,total #bbbh4jj ,?is seems l a consid]able sum ( money = a h\se wor? #adjj4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! borr[] has liv$ 9 ! h\se dur+ ^! twelve ye>s1 & t he has sav$ 9 r5t t he w\ld h paid else:]e1 at lea/ #ahjj4 ,he has paid #bbbh4jj ,he has sav$ #ahjj4jj -------- ,real co/ ( h\se #dbh4jj ,n[ he is ! full own] ( 8 own home4 ,dur+ ! next twelve ye>s he w h no?+ to pay b taxes & wat] r5t1 & possibly "s slight repairs1 at ! mo/ n ov] #djj all told4 ,8 next door neighbor is /ill a r5t]1 & pays #ahjj to 8 l&lord dur+ ! second p]iod nam$2 & ! two acc\nts comp>$ %[3-- ,r5t pay] #ahjj4jj ,h\se own] #djj4jj -------- ,sav+ #adjj4jj ,?is is equal to a sav+ (1 say1 #aj4jj a mon? = #add mon?s1 & if us$ 9 ! pur*ase ( t5 %>es ( build+ society /ock w\ld be wor? at ! "t nam$ #bjjj1 in/ead ( #adjj m]ely sav$4 ,! neighbor :o is a t5ant is /ill pay+ r5t & owns nei!r a /ick nor a /one1 :ile ! build+ society borr[] owns "o h\se free & also has ! comm& ( #bjjj 9 ca%1 all on acc\nt ( 8 h\se-own+ exp]im5t4 ,v4 ,,! ,,banquet4 ,x is cu/om>y = ! directors ( ^! societies1 at _! own exp5se1 to celebrate ! clos+ ( a successful ye>1 & h z _! gue/s repres5tatives f o!r societies4 8,! banquet0 includes (fic]s f fully fifty companies1 "s be+ directors ( f\r or five associations4 ,at ^! ga!r+s exp]i5ces are relat$ & subjects = ! advancem5t ( ! cause are discuss$4 ,e individual pres5t on ^! occasions volunte]s ! in=mation t he ow$ all he possess$ to ! build+ society & its tea*+s4 ,:at ! bottles on ! table may h conta9$1 x matt]s n n[1 = !y are empty & are n capable ( do+ any h>m4 ,,epo*-,,mak]s ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury ,,by ,,rev4 ,a4 ,,leff+well1 ,rector ( ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 ,tol$o1 ,ohio4 ,e c5tury has _h its epo*-mak+ *>act]s1--m5 & wom5 :o dom9at$ & direct$ ! ?\ghts1 purposes1 activities1 & a*ievem5ts ( _! times4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury is di/+ui%$ above all o!rs by ! numb] & quality ( ^? :o came to /& = ! inception1 advance1 & culm9ation ( ! _w's great movem5ts & :o highly exemplifi$ 9 _! c>e]s ! ent]prise & g5ius ( _! day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,abraham ,,l9coln4 ,! object "h is to designate1 & make brief m5tion (1 "s ( ^? :o h fairly e>n$ ! title ( epo*-mak]1 ) ! hope ( provid+ a delightful hi/oric /udy1 & fur!r enhanc+ ! in/ructive value ( a volume address$ to ! triumphs & wond]s ( ! c5tury4 ,,/atesm51 ,,orators1 ,,& ,,juri/s4--,abraham ,l9coln 7b4 ,febru>y #ab1 #ahji2 d4 ,april #ad1 #ahfe7 sprang f ! masses1 & grew up ) _! in/itutions r ?an ) ! le>n+ ( ! s*ools4 ,he grew into lead]%ip because he 0 "o ( ! 8million10 _h h>d s5se & 0 true4 ,z a =cible expon5t ( ! s5tim5t ( 8 p>ty he 0 elect$ ,presid5t 9 #ahfa4 ,8 election 0 ! signal = secession & w>4 ,8 ma/]y ( ! mo/ delicate situation 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry 0 sup]b4 ,8 pati5ce1 8 p]sev]ance amid h>d trials1 8 wisdom ( adm9i/ration1 8 adaptation to ! m>* ( ev5ts1 8 /rik+ & educative spee*1 8 det]m9ation to pres]ve a union ( ,/ates1 all l$ gr&ly & inevitably to ! cr[n+ act ( 8 noble c>e]1--! abolition ( slav]y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahfc4 ,!re is no sadd] *apt] 9 hi/ory1 & no great] loss = any nation or "t1 ?an t ( 8 tak+ (f 7aft] be+ a second "t honor$ by ! presid5cy7 at ! h&s ( an assass91 on ! night ( ,april #ad1 #ahfe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jeff]son ,,davis4 ,jeff]son ,davis 7b4 ,june #c1 #ahjh2 d4 ,decemb] #f1 #ahhi7 /ood = ! cause ( ! ,s\? aga9/ ! ,union1 z x took concrete political =m 9 ! %ape ( ! ,conf$]acy1 ( :i* he became ! only ,presid5t4 ,?\gh1 p]haps1 lack+ ! ability ( su* lead]s z ,calh\n & ,/eph5s1 he 0 a consci5ti\s & p]si/5t advocate ( ! doctr9es :i* culm9at$ 9 w>1 & z *ief executive rul$ ) en]gy & firmness4 ,h5ry ,clay 7b4 ,april #ab1 #aggg2 d4 ,july #bi1 #aheb7 0 a born orator & natural p>ty lead]4 ,9 /atesman%ip he 0 int5sely patriotic & always able1 be+ highly in=m$ & skillful 9 debate4 ,he came to /& z ! *ampion ( ^? doctr9es :i* ! ,:ig p>ty support$1 su* z protection to home indu/ries1 int]nal improvem5ts1 & reciprocity4 ,^u ! "q ( slav]y :i* agitat$ ,congress dur+ mo/ ( 8 c>e] he g5]ally assum$ an attitude ( compromise1 & fa!r$ s _m measures ( a pacify+ nature t he 0 call$ 8! great pacificator40 ,daniel ,web/] 7b4 ,janu>y #ah1 #aghb2 d4 ,octob] #bd1 #aheb7 typifies ! gigantic & impos+ 9 ,new ,engl& intellect & physique4 ,z e>ly z #ahbj he /ood at ! v head ( ,am]ican orators1 a fame soon to be foll[$ 9 ! ranks ( law & /atesman%ip4 ,at fir/ he oppos$ ! doctr9e ( protection1 b subsequ5tly gave 8 support to ,h5ry ,clay's 8,am]ican policy40 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 he won ! titles ( 8exp\nd] ( ! ,con/itution0 & 8support] & def5d] ( ! ,union10 by 8 ma/]ly d5unciations ( ! doctr9e ( nullification4 ,james ,monroe 7b4 ,april #bh1 #ageh2 d4 ,july #d1 #ahca7 rea*$ ! presid5cy twice1 once 9 #ahag1 & aga9 9 #ahbj4 ,8 la/ adm9i/ration 0 *>act]iz$ z 8! era ( good feel+10 dur+ :i* new ,/ates 7 admitt$1 ,florida 0 acquir$1 ! ,l\isiana b\nd>y def9$1 slav]y prohibit$ nor? ( c]ta9 l9es1 & _m provok+ controv]sies ) ,engl& 7 settl$4 ,9 #ahbc he signaliz$ 8 adm9i/ration by promulgat+ ! n[ fam\s 8,monroe ,doctr9e10 :i* 0 a w>n+ to ,europe t mon>*ical gov]nm5ts w\ld n be all[$ to int]f]e 9 ! affairs ( ei!r ,nor? or ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,e4 ,,glad/one4 ,john ,qu9cy ,adams 7b4 ,july #aa1 #agfg2 d4 ,febru>y #bc1 #ahdh7 typ$ ! ,f$]alism ( ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & won ! highe/ place 9 s*ol>ly /atesman%ip4 ,9 diplomacy he fill$ _m prom95t & difficult positions at home & abroad4 ,z six? ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 he 0 oppos$ by a majority 9 ,congress1 & consequ5tly fail$ to di/+ui% 8 adm9i/ration4 ,he 0 ! =]unn] ( ^? s5tim5ts :i* culm9at$ 9 organiz$ opposition to ! doctr9e ( human slav]y4 ,john ,c4 ,calh\n 7b4 ,m>* #ah1 #aghb2 d4 ,m>* #ca1 #ahej7 0 twice ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & z ,s5ator became ! lead+ expon5t ( ! doctr9e ( ,/ates' rights & nullification ( f$]al t>iff laws4 ,he rank$ ) ,clay & ,web/] z a debat] & con/itutional exp\nd]1 & ! ?ree 7 kn[n z 8! ,great ,trio40 ,9 him ! pro-slav]y cause f\nd its subtle/1 able/1 & mo/ logical def5d]4 ,) a fully /or$ m9d ( highly metaphysical turn1 a fe>lessness & p]si/5cy t 7 mat*less1 & a "* above reproa*1 he greatly ende>$ himself 9 ! ,s\?1 & 8 writ+s are held 9 high e/eem by m5 ( 8 s*ool ( politics4 ,rufus ,*oate 7b4 ,octob] #a1 #agii2 d4 ,july #ac1 #ahei7 0 probably ! be/-equipp$ s*ol> ( ! public m5 ( ! c5tury1 & 0 unusually brilliant z orator1 lawy]1 & publici/4 ,next to ,mr4 ,web/] he 0 ! greate/ memb] ( ! ,massa*usetts b>4 ,he may be call$ ! ,am]ican ,"l ,ersk9e4 ,c\nt ,camillo ,b5so di ,cav\r1 ( ,italy 7b4 ,augu/ #aj1 #ahaj2 d4 ,june #f1 #ahfa71 f\nd a life-"w 9 ! unification ( ! ,italian ,/ates4 ,by pursu+ a ma/]ly c\rse 9 ,european diplomacy he br\ght ! /ates ( ,nor? ,italy into unity1 & f9ally1 ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,g>ibaldi1 ^? ( ,s\!rn ,italy became unit$ ) !m 9 "o k+dom "u ! rule ( ,victor ,emmanuel 9 #ahfj4 ,?\gh n a man ( 8blood & iron10 l ,bism>ck1 he 0 ! equal ( 8 great ,g]man contempor>y 9 diplomacy4 ,william ,ew>t ,glad/one 7b4 ,decemb] #bi1 #ahji2 d4 ,may #ai1 #ahih7 0 f\r times premi] ( ,engl&4 ,z orator1 political lead] & /atesman1 & critic 9 ! imm5se range ( subjects he cov]$1 8 g5ius 0 )\t p>allel4 ,x may be said t 8 0 ! mightie/ p]sonality & mo/ ca?olic & p[]ful intellect ( any ,engli%man4 ,he *ampion$ ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity among all nations1 s\nd$ ! fir/ trumpet call ( ,italian lib]ty1 oppos$ ,turkey z a ,mohamm$an p[]1 rais$ ,engl&'s comm]cial prosp]ity to ! highe/ not*1 unravel$ ! entanglem5ts ( ,beaconsfield's m9i/ry1 inaugurat$ ! mo/ a/oni%+ re=ms 9 all directions1 b especially 9 ! *ur*1 education1 army1 & among ! labor unions4 ,x is almo/ impossible to "n any matt] ( national or int]national importance 9 :i* 8 p]sonality & g5ius 7 n felt = good4 ,alex&] ,hamilton 7b4 ,janu>y #aa1 #ageg2 d4 ,july #aa1 #ahjd7 0 by all odds ! able/ juri/ & /atesman ( ! e>ly con/itutional era ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he became ! fir/ ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 & lift$ ! f9ances ( ! gov]nm5t f utt] pro/ration to high prosp]ity4 ,z fiscal organiz] 8 success 0 unp>allel$1 & all aft] adm9i/rations ( ! ,treasury h be5 practically along ! l9es he fir/ laid d[n4 ,he 0 easily ! lead] ( t p>ty :i* look$ ) disfavor on 8,/ates' ,rights10 & favor$ a /rong c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,b5jam9 ,disraeli1 ,e>l ( ,beaconsfield 7b4 ,decemb] #ba1 #ahjd2 d4 ,april #ai1 #ahha71 /ood1 z premi]1 = ,engli% 8t]ritorial ari/ocracy0 & = t 8t]ritorial expansion0 :i* fix$ ! wide b\nd>ies ( ! ,indian ,empire1 made ,que5 ,victoria ,empress ( ,india1 taught bo? ,russia & ,india to refra9 f m$dl+ ) ,engl&'s possessions1 made ! ,engli% voice prem95t 9 ! disposition ( ,cont95tal t]ritory1 & completely defeat$ ! s*emes ( ,russia aga9/ ,turkey4 ,"u him ! middle classes lo/1 & ! labor+ classes ga9$1 political p[]4 ,8 c>e] greatly height5$ ! national in/itutions & "*1 z well z ! int]national reputation & p[]1 ( 8 c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?omas ,,jeff]son4 ,?omas ,jeff]son 7b4 ,april #b1 #agdc2 d4 ,july #d1 #ahbf7 /ood 9 ! pa/ c5tury z an able expon5t ( ,am]ican rights1 & 8 views 7 incorporat$ into ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ( :i* he 0 ! ackn[l$g$ au?or4 ,he equally /ood z ! lead+ expon5t ( t political s*ool ( ?\ght :i* favor$ dec5tralization1 or limitation ( ! p[]s ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,aft] 8 election to ! presid5cy 9 #ahjj1 he signaliz$ 8 adm9i/ration by :at is kn[n z ! ,l\isiana pur*ase1 = #ae1jjj1jjj4 ,9 ?us enl>g+ ! area ( ! c\ntry by b\nd>ies ( va/ ext5t1 he became "o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ en?usia/ic ( expansioni/s1 & t )\t ref]5ce to ! mod]nly moot$ "q ( 8gov]nm5t )\t ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$40 ,ri*>d ,cobd51 ( ,engl& 7#ahjd-ahfe71 0 a humanit>ian ( great native bread? & lib]ality1 l>gely increas$ by travel & con/ant obs]vation4 ,he 0 a p[]ful lead] 9 ! fam\s ,man*e/] ,s*ool ( ,engli% /atesm54 ,8 %>e 9 mod]n progress 0 f\rfold2 fir/1 9 secur+ ! repeal ( ! odi\s tax on corn 9 #ahdf2 second1 9 urg+ arbitration r ?an arms z a f9al resort to settle int]national disputes2 ?ird1 9 negotiat+ ) ,france ! ,comm]cial ,treaty ( #ahfj1 :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one said no o!r liv+ man c\ld h secur$2 f\r?1 9 8 vigor\s & successful opposition ( all ef=ts to en=ce ,engl&'s recognition ( ! ,s\!rn ,conf$]acy dur+ ! late civil w>4 ,pr9ce ,otto ,e4 ,l4 ,bism>ck1 ( ,g]many 7b4 ,april #a1 #ahae2 d4 ,july #cj1 #ahih71 bl5d$ ! un]r+ in/9ct1 great f>-sight$ness1 f]tility 9 inv5tion & exp$i5ts1 & adroit diplomacy ( a /atesman1 ) absolute fe>lessness1 inflexible purpose1 indomitable en]gy1 & resi/less =ce4 ,?or\ghly ,g]man1 he 0 prem95tly & always ,prussian1 & 8 great life-"w 0 ! accompli%m5t ( ,g]man unity ) ,prussia at ! head4 ,?is he a*iev$ by ! humiliation ( ,au/ria & ,france1 & ! gradual accession ( all ! di/9ctively ,g]man /ates4 ,w5dell ,phillips 7#ahaa-ahhd7 exemplifi$ ! wond]ful p[] ( ! skillfully colloquial 9 public spee*1 & is a type ( ! ,am]ican orator :o devotes 8 ability to correct public abuses1 "r public wrongs1 & educate ! public m9d & ta/e4 ,*iefly z an av[$ abolitioni/1 z advocate ( ! temp]ance cause1 z *ampion ( ! ,indians & ( woman's rights to ! ballot1 & z untir+ mov] 9 improv+ ! nation's p5al in/itutions1 ,mr4 ,phillips mo/ l>gely contribut$ to public weal & progress4 ,james ,gillespie ,bla9e 7b4 ,june #ca1 #ahcj2 d4 ,janu>y #bg1 #ahic71 :e!r s]v+ 9 ! ,h\se1 ,s5ate1 or ,cab9et1 _h few equals z a /atesman1 debat]1 p>liam5t>ian1 or en?usia/ic political lead]4 ,?\gh (t5 disappo9t$ 9 8 aspirations = ! presid5cy1 he lo/ none ( t wond]ful p[] :i* he _h acquir$ by reason ( 8 en]gy1 tact1 skill1 p]sonal magnetism1 & k ( public m5 & measures4 ,he became ! special *ampion ( ! doctr9e ( reciprocity1 & by its practical application dur+ ,mr4 ,h>rison's adm9i/ration prov$ its b5efits to comm]ce & int]national trade relations4 ,by 8 spl5did s]ies ( decisions & op9ions1 ,joseph ,/ory 7,septemb] #ah1 #aggi2 ,septemb] #aj1 #ahde7 %>es ) ,john ,m>%all ! m]it ( det]m9+ & ( develop+ t[>ds its fulle/ capacity ! p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt1 z set =? 9 ! ,con/itution1 ov] /ate c\rts & /ate legislation4 ,he also practically con/ruct$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,admiralty ,law &1 ev5 to-day1 8 8,comm5t>ies on ! ,am]ican ,con/itution10 9 connection ) bo? ( 8 =ego+ s]vices1 is a /&>d "w4 ,he repres5ts ! broad & p[]ful ,am]ican judicial m9d1 :i* has contribut$ s l>gely to ! integrity ( ! ,union4 ,james ,k5t 7b4 ,july #ca1 #agfc2 d4 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahdg7 0 pr(essor1 judge ( *anc]y1 ju/ice & *ief ju/ice ( ! ,n4 ,y4 ,supreme ,c\rt1 & *ancellor ( ,new ,york4 ,he possess$ imm5se legal le>n+1 & to him is prim>ily due ! creation ( ,new ,york c\rts ( equity4 ,8 exhau/ive 8,comm5t>ies ^u ,am]ican ,law0 is accept$ at home & abroad z "o ( ! great classics ( ,am]ican law lit]ature4 ,francis ,:>ton 0 born ,m>* #g1 #ahbj1 & di$ ,febru>y #ba1 #ahhd4 ,al?\gh at ! age ( =ty-?ree he ex*ang$ law = ! m9i/ry1 he /ill %[$ ! legal t5d5cy ( 8 m9d 9 a long c>e] z pr(essor ( ecclesia/ical & int]national law 9 ,bo/on in/itutions4 ,he enri*$ ! lit]ature ( 8 pr(ession by _m valuable & /&>d works on law1 municipal1 /ate1 national1 & int]national1 &1 "u ,mr4 ,clevel&1 0 ( great s]vice to ! adm9i/ration z ,unit$ ,/ates ,exam9] ( ,int]national ,claims 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,otto ,e4 ,l4 ,,von ,,bism>ck4 ,l\is ,adolphe ,?i]s1 ( ,france 7b4 ,april #af1 #agig2 d4 ,septemb] #c1 #ahgg71 0 editor1 hi/orian1 & /atesman1 & 9 ! latt] role became a di/+ui%$ lead] ( ,fr5* ?\ght & polity4 ,8 greate/ s]vice to 8 c\ntry 0 aft] ! ,franco-,prussian w>1 :5 ! ,assembly elect$ him *ief ( ! executive1 ) ! title ( 8,presid5t ( ! ,republic40 ,9 ?is capacity he 0 p>ticul>ly successful 9 negotiat+ ! t]ms ( peace ) ,g]many1 & 9 fulfill+ all ! conditions ( peace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hon4 ,,william ,mc,k,i,n,l,e,y4 7,copyright1 #ahif1 by ,f4 ,gutekun/47 ,william ,mc,kinley 7b4 ,janu>y #bi1 #ahdc7 became a lead+ *ampion ( ! doctr9e ( indu/rial protection at an e>ly p]iod 9 8 congressional c>e]4 ,9 #ahhc ,hon4 ,w4 ,d4 ,kelley said ( him3 8,he has di/anc$ all 8 colleagues 9 ma/]+ ! details ( ! t>iff40 ,! ,t>iff ,act ( #ahij came to be popul>ly kn[n z ! 8,mc,kinley ,bill40 ,elect$ ,presid5t 9 #ahif1 8 adm9i/ration 0 signaliz$ by t humanit>ian int]f]5ce 9 behalf ( /ruggl+ ,cuban patriots1 :i* culm9at$ 9 ! ,spani%-,am]ican w>1 & ! mo/ unprec$5t$ triumph ( mod]n times4 ,x _h ! add$ di/9ction ( r\nd+ out ! n9ete5? & introduc+ ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,,w>riors4--,napoleon ,bonap>te 7,napoleon ,i471 soldi]1 /atesman1 & ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5* 7b4 ,augu/ #ae1 #agfi2 d4 ,may #e1 #ahba71 0 ! greate/ ( ! _w's ma/]s 9 ! art ( w>4 ,8 num]\s campaigns1 conduct$ ) a brilliancy nev] be=e equal$1 _h = _! object ! humiliation ( ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( an imp]ial policy 9 :i* ,france %\ld be supreme4 ,?is he came v ne> to effect+1 9 spite ( closely comb9$ & p]si/5t opposition4 ,none ( ! frequ5t coalitions =m$ to ?w>t 8 ambitions & /ay 8 m>tial progress prov$ absolutely effective till t ( ,m>* #be1 #ahae1 0 =m$1 :i* put an army ( #gjj1jjj m5 9 ! field aga9/ him4 ,x 0 a "p ( ?is army t he met at ,wat]loo1 ,june #ah1 #ahae1 :]e defeat await$ him1 toge!r ) ! eclipse ( 8 gigantic influ5ce & ph5om5al g5ius4 ,illu/ration3 ,,grant',s ,,tomb1 ,,riv]side ,,drive1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,ulysses ,simpson ,grant 7b4 ,april #bg1 #ahbb2 d4 ,july #bc1 #ahhe71 graduat$ at ,we/ ,po9t & _h a brief milit>y exp]i5ce 9 ! ,mexican w>4 ,on ! break+ out ( ! ,civil ,w> he rent]$ ! ,f$]al s]vice f civil life1 & by exceptional f]tility ( res\rce a*iev$ a s]ies ( victories 9 ! ,we/ :i* l$ to 8 comm& ( all ! ,union =ces1 ) ! specially conf]r$ title ( lieut5ant-g5]al1 a title subsequ5tly rais$ to t ( g5]al4 ,by ! brilliant1 p]si/5t1 & simultane\s campaigns he c>ri$ ?r\gh 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 he fur!r cl9*$ 8 title z "o ( ! _w's greate/ g5]als1 & end$ ! conflict ) honorable peace4 ,he 0 honor$ twice ) ! presid5cy ( ! nation1 & ?r\gh ! try+ p]iod ( recon/ruction 8 wise /atesman%ip cem5t$ ! ,union 8 sword _h pres]v$4 ,ar?ur ,wellesley ,well+ton ( ,engl& 7b4 ,may #a1 #agfi2 d4 ,septemb] #bb1 #aheb71 atta9$ 8 fir/ real milit>y di/9ction 9 ! campaigns ( ! ,engli% 9 ,india4 ,he fur!r add$ to 8 fame 9 ! campaign aga9/ ,france 9 ! ,spani% p59sula4 ,b 8 greate/ glory z a w>rior 0 rea*$ 9 #ahad1 :51 ) ! aid ( ! ,prussian m>%al ,bl*]1 he defeat$ ,napoleon at ! decisive battle ( ,wat]loo4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds honor$ ) a seat 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 & z ,prime ,m9i/] ( ! ,tory p>ty1 b 8 /atesman%ip prov$ to be ( an inf]ior & unpopul> ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,duke ,,( ,,well+ton4 ,helmu? ,k>l ,b]nh>d von ,moltke1 ( ,g]many 7b4 ,octob] #bf1 #ahjj2 d4 ,april #bd1 #ahia71 0 ! _w's greate/ expon5t ( /rictly sci5tific w>f>e4 ,he made ! ,prussian army a mo/ p[]ful & dang]\s ma*9e1 & l$ x triumphantly aga9/ ,d5m>k & ,au/ria4 ,by d9t ( /rict organization & drill he made ! armies ( ! ,g]man ,conf$]ation equally effective1 z 0 %[n 9 ! ,franco-,g]man w> 7#ahgj-ga71 :i* 0 a s]ies ( brilliant victories1 end+ ) ! capitulation ( ,p>is & ! d[nfall ( ,napoleon ,,iii4 & 8 empire4 ,8 greatness lay 9 ! fact t cool1 sob] calculation always dom9at$ 8 greate/ audacity ( plan4 ,simon ,boliv>1 or ,boliv> y ,ponte 7b4 ,july #be1 #aghe2 d4 ,decemb] #ag1 #ahcj71 ju/ly e>n$ ! surname ( 8,! ,lib]ator40 ,! fir/ & greate/ ( ^? ,s\? ,am]ican patriots :o /ruck aga9/ ! tyrannical colonial sy/em ( ,spa91 he a*iev$ ! indep5d5ce ( ! ?ree ,/ates ( ,colombia1 ,bolivia1 & ,p]u1 secur$ _! recognition by ! civiliz$ _w1 & liv$ to gov]n !m ) ! wisdom & mod]ation ( a wise executive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\nt ,,von ,,moltke4 ,rob]t ,e4 ,lee 7b4 ,janu>y #ai1 #ahjg2 d4 ,octob] #ab1 #ahgj71 graduat$ at ,we/ ,po9t1 & 0 9 ! con/ant milit>y s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates till ! break+ out ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,he !n transf]r$ 8 s]vices to ! ,conf$]acy1 & spe$ily became ! highe/ expon5t ( its milit>y p[]s4 ,honorable1 j1 en]getic1 p]si/5t1 skillful 9 (f5sive or def5sive w>f>e1 s*ool$ 9 /rategy1 full ( devices & comb9ations to ov]come desp]ate situations1 he prolong$ a hopeless /ruggle to an a/\nd+ degree1 & met defeat & surr5d] )\t di%onor4 ,he readily ranks z "o ( ! _w's greate/ g5]als4 ,lajos 7,l\is7 ,kossu? ( ,hung>y 7b4 ,april #bg1 #ahjb2 d4 ,m>* #bj1 #ahid71 z writ]1 lawy]1 & /atesman1 came to /& = ,hung>ian fre$om4 ,aft] ! decl>ation ( indep5d5ce ( 8 c\ntry 9 #ahdi1 he became its milit>y & political rul]1 b 0 =c$ by ,russian int]v5tion & dome/ic rivalry f 8 high place1 & escap$ to =eign l&s to pass ! balance ( 8 life 9 eloqu5t b fruitless appeals 9 behalf ( 8 cause & p4 ,giuseppe ,g>ibaldi1 ( ,italy 7b4 ,july #d1 #ahjg2 d4 ,june #b1 #ahhb71 typ$ ! re/less1 d>+ soldi]1 ! impulsive /atesman1 & ! en]getic def5d] ( fre$om4 ,he %>$ ,c\nt ,cav\r's desire = a free & unit$ ,italy1 & grew to be a great popul> h]o4 ,^u 8 capture ( ! two ,sicilies1 he pres5t$ !m to ,victor ,emmanuel1 ?us consummat+ 8 life dream ( unification1 & 8 desire = a gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! wi%es ( ! p 71 to "s ext5t1 recogniz$4 ,,naval ,,h]oes4--,/eph5 ,decatur 7b4 ,janu>y #e1 #agga2 d4 ,m>* #bb1 #ahbj7 atta9$ ! rank ( capta9 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,navy = 8 gallant exploit ( burn+ ! frigate ,philadelphia 9 ! h>bor ( ,tripoli1 aft] %e _h be5 captur$ by ! ,tripolitans4 ,he won fur!r fame z commodore 9 ! w> ( #ahab1 & aga9 9 ! w> ) ,algi]s1 ,tunis1 & ,tripoli4 ,quick to compreh5d em]g5cies & prompt 9 action1 he 0 a type ( ! da%+ & absolutely fe>less ,am]ican seaman4 ,true to 8 fi]y nature1 he f\nd 8 dea? 9 a duel ) ,commodore ,b>ron4 ,oliv] ,haz>d ,p]ry 7b4 ,augu/ #bc1 #aghe2 d4 ,augu/ #bc1 #ahai7 0 rew>d$ ) ! rank ( capta9 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,navy = ! rem>kable c\rage & da% :i* ev5tuat$ 9 ! memorable victory ov] ! ,briti% fleet 9 ,lake ,erie1 ,septemb] #aj1 #ahac4 ,?is victory gave ! ,am]icans control ( ! ,great ,lakes & ha/5$1 m ?an any s+le ev5t1 ! conque/ ( ! ,nor?we/ & ! end ( ! ,w> ( #ahab4 ,he saw fur!r honorable s]vice z comm&] ( ! ,m$it]ranean squadron1 & di$ at ,port ,spa91 on ! isl& ( ,tr9idad1 ( yell[ fev]4 ,david ,dixon ,port] 7b4 ,june #h1 #ahac2 d4 ,febru>y #ac1 #ahia7 grew & rip5$ gradually into "o ( ! great naval capta9s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,8 c\rage & en]gy1 l>ge exp]i5ce1 & intimate k ( ! riv]s & seacoa/s ( ! c\ntry fitt$ him = ! great em]g5cies ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,_m ( ! victories ( ! ,union armies 9 ! ,we/ 7 due to 8 cop]ation ) gunboats4 ,he greatly aid$ 9 ! initial success ( ,f>ragut's exp$ition up ! ,mississippi1 ! r$uction ( ,vicksburg1 & o!r /rongholds ^u ,we/]n wat]s4 ,! greate/ victory ( 8 life 0 ! capture ( ,=t ,fi%]4 ,he wrote a hi/ory ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,navy dur+ ! w>1 a "w comm5d$ by all naval nations4 ,on ! dea? ( ,f>ragut1 #ahgj1 he rea*$ ! high rank ( admiral4 ,david ,glascoe ,f>ragut 7b4 ,july #e1 #ahja2 d4 ,augu/ #ad1 #ahgj7 supplies ! highe/ type ( ! skillful1 cauti\s ,am]ican naval comm&]1 back$ up by extraord9>y da% & boldness4 ,8 signal a*ievem5ts dur+ ! ,civil ,w> 7 ! de/ruction ( ! ,conf$]ate fleet 9 ! ,mississippi1 ! capture ( ,new ,orleans1 ! passage ( ! =ts at ,port ,hudson & ! batt]ies at ,vicksburg1 & ! capture ( ,mobile4 ,= 8 brilliant & successful s]vices ! rank ( vice-admiral 0 especially creat$ = him by ! gov]nm5t1 & aft]w>ds t ( admiral4 ,john ,adolf ,dahlgr5 7b4 ,novemb] #ac1 #ahji2 d4 ,july #ab1 #ahgj7 0 a prime ag5t 9 develop+ ! ,naval ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t & its works at ,wa%+ton4 ,he inv5t$ & made ! well-kn[n ,dahlgr5 guns4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> he comm&$ ! ,s\? ,atlantic blockad+ squadron1 ( "s n9ety vessels1 & did spl5did s]vice = ! ,union cause4 ,he 0 au?or ( _m naval articles & books1 "s ( ! latt] be+ us$ z text books by ! gov]nm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g54 ,,giuseppe ,,g>ibaldi4 ,raphael ,semmes 7b4 ,septemb] #bg1 #ahji2 d4 ,augu/ #cj1 #ahgg7 types m fully ?an any o!r ! naval da% & effici5cy ( ! ,conf$]acy4 ,9 him1 z comm&] ( ! ,sumt] & ,alabama1 ! m]*ant m>9e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f\nd its dire/ enemy1 & 8 exploits ^u ! ocean won = him a fame :i* ov]%ad[$ ^? ( ev5 high] rank1 b ^: s]vices 7 limit$ to n>r[] fields ( naval activity4 ,admiral ,george ,dewey 7b4 ,decemb] #bf1 #ahcg7 acquir$ consid]able naval exp]i5ce 9 ! ,civil ,w>4 ,at ! break+ out ( ho/ilities ) ,spa9 7#ahih7 he 0 9 comm& ( ! ,u4 ,s4 squadron 9 ,ea/]n wat]s1 & 0 ord]$ to de/roy ! ,spani% fleet 9 ! h>bor ( ,manila4 ,8 attack 0 prompt & d>+1 & x end$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ notable victories 9 ! hi/ory ( naval w>f>e4 ,9 a few h\rs ! entire fleet ( ,spa9 9 ! ,ori5t 0 swept away1 toge!r ) h] p[]1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 plac$ 9 possession ( a new & magnific5t isl& empire ^: ma9t5ance & gov]nm5t may *ange ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,ori5t1 if n ( ! _w4 ,admiral ,sampson's contribution to ! c5tury's progress lies 9 ! l9e ( skillful prep>ation = em]g5cies1 & promptitude 9 meet+ !m4 ,he became an epo*-mak] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by means ( ! great & decisive victory ov] ! ,spani>ds1 won by ! fleet "u 8 comm& 9 ! wat]s (f ,santiago4 ,,prea*]s ,,& ,,tea*]s4--,! ,rev4 ,james ,mc,cosh 7b4 ,april #a1 #ahaa2 d4 ,novemb] #f1 #ahid7 0 an able lead] ( t great s*ool ( lit]>y m51 s*ol>s1 educators1 & aggesssive practical ?9k]s :i* ?is c5tury *iefly seems to h produc$4 ,8 contribution to mod]n progress lies ma9ly along ?ree l9es3-- ,fir/1 9 8 ef=ts to obta9 ! ,free ,*ur* ( ,scotl&1 & e/abli% x4 ,second1 9 8 mo/ successful adm9i/ration ( ! affairs ( ,pr9ceton ,college :ile he 0 presid5t ( t in/itution4 ,?ird1 by 8 num]\s1 orig9al1 & p[]ful writ+s1 *iefly controv]sial & philosophical4 ,! ,rev4 ,*>les ,hodge 7b4 ,decemb] #bh1 #agig2 d4 ,june #ai1 #ahgh7 0 a f9e example ( ! mod]n expositor ( ! dogmas ( ,calv9ism4 ,/rong 9 conviction & p]si/5t 9 purpose1 a cle>1 logical ?9k] & writ]1 he naturally became a v p[]ful lead]1 8 influ5ce be+ p>ticul>ly felt 9 e/abli%+ ! pres5t exalt$ position ( ! ,presbyt]ians1 especially ( ! old s*ool division4 ,?is influ5ce 0 wield$ p>tly f 8 *air z ,pr(essor ( ,didactic1 ,exegetic1 & ,polemic ,!ology1 & especially 9 ! fam\s ,pr9ceton ,review1 :i* owes its greatness *iefly to 8 editor%ip & contributions4 ,philip ,s*aff 7b4 #ahai2 d4 ,octob] #bj1 #ahic7 is a type ( ! s*ol> :o1 ?r\gh pr(\nd rese>* & int]pretation1 has creat$ an epo* 9 !ology by 8 contributions to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ma9ly 9 hi/orical & exegetical bran*es4 ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*] 7b4 ,june #bd1 #ahac2 d4 ,m>* #h1 #ahhg7 easily e>n$ ! reputation ( ! greate/ pulpit orator ( 8 day4 ,z pa/or ( ,plym\? 7,congregational7 ,*ur* 9 ,new ,york1 8 g5ius & rem>kable eloqu5ce attract$ & held "o ( ! l>ge/ congregations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,spontaneity1 tact1 emotion 7 elem5ts ( 8 oratory1 & ^! 7 always supplem5t$ by =ce1 dep?1 subtilty1 & quick grasp ( intellect & he>t4 ,8 v]satility 0 ph5om5al4 ,j\rnalism1 lit]ature1 politics1 social life1 philan?ropy1 p>o*ial organization1 & ev5 agriculture & _m o!r bran*es 7 t\*$ ^u by him1 & all ) results v>y+ f excell5t to extraord9>y4 ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son 7b4 ,may #be1 #ahjc2 d4 ,april #bg1 #ahhb7 pass$ ?r\gh ! c>e] ( tea*] & prea*] to t ( g5]al writ]1 lectur]1 & poet4 ,he %\ld probably be class$ ) ! metaphysicians or philosoph]s4 ,8 publication ( 8,nature0 9 #ahce m>k$ a new era 9 ,am]ican ?\ght4 ,f subsequ5t addresses & works may be dat$ ! intellectual movem5t :i* 0 call$ ,transc5d5talism1 & :i* 0 a reaction aga9/ =malism & tradition4 ,he lack$ ! me?od ess5tial to ! f\ndation ( a new philosophy1 b 8 works =m a p]man5t addition to ! highe/ lit]ature ( ! human race4 ,phillips ,brooks 7b4 ,decemb] #ac1 #ahce2 d4 ,janu>y #bc1 #ahic7 0 "o ( ^? ph5om5al prea*]s ( ! c5tury :o won ! he>+ & he>ts ( 8 auditors by l>g5ess & lib]ality ( ?\ght2 spirituality1 e>ne/ness1 self-sacrifice1 & great love2 & by beauty & poise ( "*4 ,he seldom prea*$ doctr9e1 b reli$ on ! efficacy ( ard5t exhortation1 & ! f9d+ & k9dl+ ( ! good 9 ea* auditor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,h4 ,,spurgeon4 ,*>les ,h4 ,spurgeon 7b4 ,june #ai1 #ahcd2 d4 ,janu>y #ca1 #ahib7 /&s z a type ( ! great popul> prea*] & lead] 9 *>itable "w4 ,) ,bapti/ view's1 he reviv$ 8 own d5om9ation & ex]t$ a helpful influ5ce on all o!rs4 ,no div9e ( 8 "t sway$ s resi/lessly ! imm5se audi5ces he attract$4 ,8 pla9 s]mons 7 always light5$ ) happy illu/rations & deliv]$ ) r>e p[] & p]sonal magnetism1 & !y _h ! exceptional quality ( reta9+ mu* ( _! *>m & p]suasiv5ess :5 9 pr9t4 ,fri$ri* ,froebel ( ,?ur+ia1 ,g]many 7b4 ,april #ba1 #aghb2 d4 ,june #b1 #aheb71 0 a born educator1 & 8 great life-"w lay :olly 9 t direction4 ,he /udi$ n s mu* to get k ( p>ticul> bran*es z to discov] _! natural unity & hidd5 connection4 ,he 0 ! advocate ( ! new education1 & pu%$ ! sy/em ( ,pe/alozzi f> beyond its au?or's dreams4 ,accord+ to ,froebel1 man & nature are gov]n$ by ! same laws2 &1 by 8 obs]vation ( bo?1 he rea*$ 8 idea ( :at man's developm5t %\ld be1 & h[ to accompli% x4 ,true developm5t mu/ ( c\rse proce$ f )91 f self activity4 ,& z e age ( man is complete 9 itself1 its p]fect developm5t c come f only su* developm5t 9 ! prec$+ age4 ,h5ce1 ! necessity ( prop]ly tra9+ & educat+ "y *ildr54 ,?is c\rse ( reason+ result$ 9 8 inv5tion ( ! k9d]g>t5 sy/em1 toge!r ) 8 self-sacrific+ devotion 9 tra9+ tea*]s1 & 9 8 h]oic p]sev]ance not)/&+ bitt] opposition1 or indiff]5ce4 ,victor ,c\s91 ( ,france 7b4 ,novemb] #bh1 #agib2 d4 ,june #ae1 #ahfg71 0 a r5[n$ epo*-mak] ( ! c5tury 9 f\nd+ ! s*ool ( sy/ematic eclecticism 9 philosophy4 ,8 sy/em sets =? a doctr9e ( ca?olic compreh5sion & tol]ation ( o!rs4 ,few m5 did m 9 (ficial & private life to advance ! cause ( g5]al education 9 ,france4 ,william ,wilb]=ce1 ( ,engl& 7b4 ,augu/ #bd1 #agei2 d4 ,july #bi1 #ahcc71 ) ,pitt & ,cl>kson1 l$ 9 ! cause ( free+ ! slaves1 be+ himself ! greate/ type ( ! ,engli% abolitioni/4 ,= =ty-six ye>s he ma9ta9$ unceas+ & rel5tless w>f>e aga9/ slav]y1 & 8 priceless gift to ! pres5t c5tury 0 ! f9al & complete ext9ction ( slav]y & ( ! slave-trade 9 ! ,briti% possessions4 ,,hi/orians4--,william ,h4 ,prescott 7b4 ,may #ad1 #agif2 d4 ,janu>y #bg1 #ahei7 prov$ himself to be an epo*-mak] 9 ! s5se t he comb9$ ! wor? ( hi/ory ) ! brilliance & fasc9ation ( ! novel1 & develop$ ! entirely new field ( ,spa9's c>e] at home & 9 h] colonies4 ,8 8,f]d9& & ,isabella10 8,conque/ ( ,mexico10 8,conque/ ( ,p]u10 & 8,hi/ory ( ,philip ,,ii10 all obta9$ a _w-wide circulation1 & bo? plac$ & kept _! au?or 9 ! highe/ rank ( mod]n ,am]ican hi/orians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,,wilb]=ce4 ,franois ,p4 ,g4 ,guizot1 ( ,france 7b4 ,octob] #d1 #aghd2 d4 ,septemb] #ac1 #ahgd71 0 bo? /atesman & hi/orian4 ,9 ! =m] capacity he held sev]al important public positions1 & f #ahdj to #ahdg 01 z ,m9i/] ( ,=eign ,affairs1 really at ! head ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,8 _m propos$ re=ms br\ght on ! revolution ( #ahdh & ! de?ronem5t ( ,l\is ,philippe4 ,?\gh rank+ z "o ( ! greate/ ( ,fr5* /atesm51 8 highe/ & mo/ endur+ reputation re/s on 8 hi/orical writ+s1 :i* are v num]\s1 & ! *ief ( :i* is 8 8,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,europe40 ,8 works are classics ( hi/orical rese>*1 & inspir+ =]unn]s ( ! mod]n me?od ( treat+ hi/ory4 ,james ,an?ony ,fr\de 7b4 ,octob] #bc1 #ahah2 d4 ,octob] #bj1 #ahid7 ranks z "o ( ! brighte/ ( ,engl&'s writ]s & hi/orians1 ?\gh n "o ( ! mo/ reliable4 ,8 writ+s are *>act]iz$1 9 ! ma91 by ultra-,prote/antism2 & 9 8 two mo/ important works1 8,! ,engli% 9 ,irel& 9 ! #ah? ,c5tury10 & 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,engl&10 he endeavors to ju/ify 8 c\ntry's sev]e treatm5t ( ! ,iri% ,romani/s1 to e/abli% ,h5ry ,,viii4 z ! *ief *ampion ( ,engli% indep5d5ce1 & also to be/[ ^u h] m9i/]s mu* ( ! cr$it popul>ly suppos$ to belong to ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,john ,l4 ,motley 7b4 ,massa*usetts1 ,april #ae1 #ahad2 d4 ,engl&1 ,may #bi1 #ahgg7 typifies ! pati5t & pa9/ak+ se>*] = tru? 9 ! developm5t ( national hi/ory2 & also ! sympa!tic1 graphic1 & spirit$ pa9t] ( ! sc5es1 ev5ts1 & *>act]s :i* he pres5ts4 ,8 8,rise ( ! ,dut* ,republic10 8,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s10 & 8,life & ,dea? ( ,john ( ,b>neveld0 are all und5iably great contributions to ! hi/orical lit]ature ( ! pres5t c5tury1 besides be+ monum5ts to ! exact+ toil & rese>* ( ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?omas ,b4 ,,macaulay4 ,h5ry ,?omas ,buckle1 ( ,engl& 7b4 ,novemb] #bd1 #ahbb2 d4 ,may #bi1 #ahfb7 is a conspicu\s type ( ! pati5t & le>n$ hi/orian4 ,8 pr9cipal donation to mod]n progress is 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,engl&10 a "w ^: novel !ories creat$ an epo* 9 ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 & call$ =? mu* controv]sy4 ,accord+ to him1 civilization 0 due n s mu* to moral or religi\s influ5ce z to mat]ial causes1--soil1 climate1 food1 atmosph]e1 etc4 ,george ,bancr(t 7b4 ,octob] #c1 #ahjj2 d4 ,janu>y #ag1 #ahia7 0 equally r5[n$ z /atesman & hi/orian4 ,z a memb] ( ,presid5t ,polk's cab9et1 he 0 in/rum5tal 9 f\nd+ ! ,naval ,academy at ,annapolis & ! ,naval ,obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton4 ,z m9i/] to ,prussia he negotiat$ sev]al =eign treaties1 & ably conduct$ ! settlem5t ( ! 8,nor?we/ ,b\nd>y0 "q4 ,b 8 great life-"w 0 8 8,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 on :i* he labor$ untir+ly till 8 dea?4 ,x is ! mo/ exhau/ive1 philosophic1 & inspir+ ( our national hi/ories4 ,ri*>d ,hildre? 7b4 ,june #bh1 #ahjg2 d4 ,june #aa1 #ahfe7 0 "o ( ! c5tury's valuable contributors to ! welf>e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by 8 8,hi/ory ( ,banks10 8 _m works on morals & politics1 & *iefly by 8 great life-"w1 8,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 a production ( great labor & ma/]ly detail1 b some:at heavily writt54 ,?omas ,bab+ton ,macaulay1 ( ,engl& 7b4 ,octob] #be1 #ahjj2 d4 ,decemb] #bh1 #ahei71 0 not$ z essayi/ & /atesman4 ,b 8 g5ius lay especially 9 hi/ory1 9 :i* l9e he 0 enabl$ to furni% ! _w ) 8 great life-"w1 t mo/ rem>kable & valuable 8,hi/ory ( ,engl&10 :i* quickly atta9$ a circulation nev] be=e equal$ by any simil> publication4 ,?\gh at times p>tisan & p>tial1 he 0 /ill =tunate 9 ?r[+ 8 great /r5g? on ! side ( "r4 ,,editors4--,horace ,greeley 7b4 ,febru>y #c1 #ahaa2 d4 ,novemb] #bi1 #ahgb7 0 f\nd] ( ! 8,new ,york ,tribune40 ,he took rank z "o ( ! able/ editors ( 8 day1 & /ood ! =emo/ political advocate & controv]siali/ ( 8 "t 9 ,am]ica4 ,he made ( 8 pap] a spl5did prop]ty1 & ?r\gh x ex]cis$ an influ5ce t rea*$ f> d[n among ! masses4 ,he lo/ mu* ( 8 popul>ity by 8 advocacy ( univ]sal amne/y & imp>tial suffrage1 aft] ! close ( ! ,civil ,w>1 & gradually drift$ into ! ,lib]al ,republican p>ty4 ,?is p>ty1 9 alliance ) ! ,democrats1 plac$ him on ! presid5tial ticket 9 #ahgb4 ,he 0 disa/r\sly defeat$1 & di$ f ! effects ( h>d campaign "w & grief4 ,james ,gordon ,b5nett 7b4 ,septemb] #a1 #agie2 d4 ,june #a1 #ahgb71 f\nd] ( ! 8,new ,york ,h]ald10 0 ! mo/ spirit$ & d>+ ( ^? pione]s :o revolutioniz$ ! j\rnalism ( ! c5tury4 ,9 8 pap] he broke away f high prices & prosaic me?ods1 & inaugurat$ ! era ( *eap prices1 racy news1 & indep5d5t expression4 ,he practically develop$ ! pres5t organization ( newsboys1 ! use ( ! telegraph 9 secur+ news1 & ! ,am]ican sy/em ( ,european & w> correspond5ce4 ,william ,cull5 ,bryant 7b4 ,novemb] #c1 #agid2 d4 ,june #ab1 #ahgh7 unit$ ! s*ol>%ip ( ! g5]al lit]ature & ! grace ( a poet ) ! g5ius ( a high-ton$ & brilliant editor4 ,he gave to 8 pap]1 ! 8,new ,york ,ev5+ ,po/10 a rank & influ5ce seldom atta9$ 9 j\rnalism1 especially :5 x is consid]$ t its patrons 7 *iefly ( ! educat$ & high] bus9ess classes4 ,he repres5t$ ! cleane/ & mo/ intellectual j\rnalism ( ! c5tury4 ,john ,w4 ,=ney 7b4 ,septemb] #bj1 #ahag2 d4 ,decemb] #i1 #ahha7 0 f\nd] & own] ( 8,! ,philadelphia ,press40 ,! j\rnalism ( ! c5tury c boa/ no m indefatigable & brilliant p5 ?an 81 nor did any j\rnal ( 8 day occupy a m comm&+ place amid ! discussions incid5t to ! ,civil ,w> & subsequ5t p]iods ( recon/ruction4 ,he 0 also editor & own] ( ! ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 8,*ronicle40 ,*>les ,&]son ,dana 7b4 ,augu/ #h1 #ahai2 d4 ,octob] #ag1 #ahig7 is an in/ance ( a s*ol> & publici/ :o f\nd a true1 ?\gh late1 outlet = 8 g5ius 9 ! realm ( indep5d5t j\rnalism4 ,"u 8 editor%ip & managem5t ! 8,new ,york ,sun0 became ! model news m$ium ( ! c\ntry1 & its editorial1 f9ancial1 & o!r dep>tm5ts 7 conduct$ ) an ability & consci5ti\sness t comm&$ ! wide/ confid5ce4 ,he 0 associate editor ( 8,! ,new ,am]ican ,cyclopdia10 & compil] ( ! admirable 8,h\sehold ,book ( ,poetry40 ,joseph ,m$ill 7b4 ,april #f1 #ahbc2 d4 ,m>* #af1 #ahii7 rose to ! high rank ( editor-9-*ief & pr9cipal own] ( 8,! ,*icago ,tribune10 ?r\gh ! s*ool+ af=d$ by connection ) sev]al m9or pap]s4 ,no man ( ! c5tury 0 m ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! true editorial in/9ct4 ,( dignifi$ & prud5t expression1 broad & ke5 ?\ght1 ev] alive to ! privileges & p[] ( ! press1 he made 8 j\rnal a model ( excell5ce 9 all its v>i$ dep>tm5ts z well z a colossal prop]ty4 ,joseph ,pulitz] 7b4 #ahdg7 0 f\nd] & editor ( 8,! ,/4 ,l\is ,po/-,dispat*10 & aft]w>ds became own] & editor ( 8,! ,new ,york ,_w40 ,l ! eld] ,b5nett he ranks z "o ( ! da%+1 d>+ editors ( ! c5tury1 ^: aim is to ga9 notoriety & extraord9>y circulation = 8 j\rnal by /rong1 & (t5 vitup]ative1 attack ^u public m5 & ?+s1 & by tireless ef=ts to secure g5]al news ( a unique & s5sational "*1 at :atev] co/4 ,murat ,hal/ead 7b4 #ahbi7 rose to editorial di/9ction1 & became a /rong factor 9 ! life ( ! middle ,we/1 ?r\gh 8 connection ) ! 8,c9c9nati ,comm]cial10 :i* he rais$ to a fl\ri%+ f9ancial condition1 ) imm5se p[] 9 municipal1 /ate1 & national politics4 ,9 #ahij he became editor ( 8,! ,/&>d-,union10 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,:itelaw ,reid 7b4 ,octob] #bg1 #ahcg7 is a type ( ! highe/ class ( ,am]ican political editors1 & repres5ts ! be/ 9 t k9d ( ,am]ican j\rnalism :i* aims to be bo? al]t & ca?olic 9 its ef=ts1 )\t ! s5sationalism ( p]sonality1 exagg]ation1 or ! horrible4 ,next to ,mr4 ,greeley1 :om he succe$$ z editor1 he w be/ be rememb]$ 9 connection ) 8,! ,new ,york ,tribune10 & has made 8 j\rnal a great p[] along ne>ly all l9es1 p>ticul>ly ^? political4 ,,sci5ti/s4--,sir ,*>les ,bell1 ( ,scotl& 7b4 ,novemb] #ag1 #aggd2 d4 ,april #bi1 #ahdb71 is a %9+ example ( pati5ce & g5ius = inve/igation1 discov]y1 & d$uction 9 m$ical sci5ce4 ,! n]v\s sy/em 0 8 p>ticul> =te2 & he discov]$ ! mo/ important pr9ciple t ! bra9 is divid$ into two p>ts1 ea* hav+ its correspond+ division 9 ! sp9al m>r[1 & t "o set ( n]ves conveys s5sations f ! body to ! bra91 ano!r c>ry+ back to ! body & its muscles ! comm& ( ! bra91 & f9ally t n]ves convey+ diff]5t s5sations are connect$ ) diff]5t p>ts ( ! bra94 ,he 0 a rem>kable surgeon1 a brilliant lectur]1 & a m$ical au?or ( univ]sal fame4 ,samuel ,d4 ,gross 7b4 ,july #h1 #ahje2 d4 ,may #f1 #ahhd7 rank$ z "o ( ! epo*-mak]s 9 8 pr(ession4 ,z physician1 surgeon1 & m$ical au?or he %[$ a l(ty aim1 /rict devotion1 m>k$ orig9ality1 & p[]ful intellect4 ,8 num]\s works comm&$ _w-wide att5tion & became accept$ /&>ds4 ,two ( !m1 at lea/1 7 ! fir/ ( _! k9d ev] publi%$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,george ,c4 ,l4 ,f4 ,d4 ,cuvi]1 ( ,france 7b4 ,augu/ #bc1 #agfi2 d4 ,may #ac1 #ahcb71 exhibit$ 9 8 c>e] ! imm5se re=mation & advance 9 natural hi/ory dur+ ! fir/ ?ree decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,he exp&$ ! sy/em ( comp>ative anatomy z ! only true basis ( natural hi/ory1 & f an utt]ly *aotic & un9telligible heap ( dry facts conc]n+ animal /ructures he f9ally d$uc$ ! und]ly+1 natural pr9ciples ( unity1 9 _! classification & division4 ,he also e/abli%$ _m positive laws ( geology & paleontology &1 by 8 va/ discov]ies & d>+ conceptions !re91 develop$ ! comp>atively new sci5ce ( fossil animal-life to an ext5t hi!rto undream$ (4 ,*>les ,rob]t ,d>w91 ( ,engl& 7b4 ,febru>y #ac1 #ahji2 d4 ,april #ah1 #ahic71 0 "o ( ^? well-equipp$ & p]si/5t sci5ti/s ^: inve/igations l$ to ! mod]n doctr9e ( ! orig9 & evolution ( species by means ( natural selection & pres]vation ( favor$ races 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,8 conclusions 7 at fir/ bitt]ly reject$1 especially by religi\s sci5ti/s1 b ere ! end ( ! c5tury came !y met ) wide acceptance4 ,only su* a g5ius & pati5ce z 8 c\ld h collect$1 arrang$1 & int]pret$ ! gigantic mass ( facts out ( :i* he sl[ly d$uc$ 8 conclusions4 ,l\is ,j4 ,r4 ,agassiz 7b4 ,may #bh1 #ahjg2 d4 ,decemb] #ad1 #ahgc71 0 ! premi] ( 8 day z a sci5ti/ & naturali/4 ,( wond]ful physical & m5tal p[]1 va/ en?usiasm1 untir+ indu/ry1 & exceptional prop5sity = rese>* & ord]ly arrangem5t1 he develop$ ! mod]n sci5ce ( i*?yology1 prop\nd$ new & accept$ !ories ( geology & ( glacial sy/ems1 & e/abli%$ ! magnific5t ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,a/oni%+ly prolific z a writ]1 he rema9s a con/ant s\rce ( inspiration to naturali/s & sci5ti/s4 ,samuel ,c4 ,f4 ,hahnemann1 ( ,g]many 7b4 ,april #aa1 #agee2 d4 ,july #b1 #ahdc71 0 an epo*-mak] 9 ! field ( m$ic9e4 ,by #ahbj 8 !ories & publications _h awak5$ univ]sal int]e/1 & ! homopa?ic sy/em _h become an e/abli%$ s*ool4 ,despite ! long & bitt] w> betwe5 allopa?y & homopa?y1 x is c]ta9 t ! latt] has contribut$ l>gely to r5d] m$ic9e free f _m old-"t me?ods ( an indef5sible1 if n actually h>mful or dang]\s k9d4 ,horace ,wells1 ( ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 7b4 ,janu>y #ba1 #ahae2 d4 ,janu>y #ad1 #ahdh71 0 a d5ti/4 ,8 use ( nitr\s oxide 7laugh+ gas7 to r5d] ! extraction ( tee? pa9less l$ to its full] application z an an/hetic 9 surg]y1 & h5ce to ! discov]y ( mod]n an/hesia by e!r & *lor(orm4 ,?\gh robb$ ( ! honor ( 8 discov]y by o!rs1 ! d5ti/ ,wells is no less a contributor to mank9d ( "o ( ! greate/ boons ( ! c5tury4 ,l\is ,pa/eur1 ( ,france 7b4 ,decemb] #ag1 #ahbb2 d4 ,septemb] #bh1 #ahie71 gave new direction & impulse to *emi/ry & pa?ology by ! discov]y t f]m5tation arose f micro-organisms1 & also t disease 01 9 _m in/ances1 due to ! pres5ce ( bacilli 9 blood or tissue4 ,he foll[$ ?is ) 8 sy/em ( culture & inoculation1 by means ( :i* he p]=m$ mo/ miracul\s cures ( ev5 su* a vici\s disease z hydrophobia4 ,! ,pa/eur ,in/itute 9 ,p>is /&s a monum5t to 8 g5ius & philan?ropy4 ,,philan?ropi/s4--,/eph5 ,gir>d 7b4 ,may #bd1 #agej2 d4 ,decemb] #bf1 #ahca7 0 crabb$1 unapproa*able1 p5uri\s1 irreligi\s1 yet /rangely lib]al 9 l>ge public or *>itable affairs4 ,twice he help$ ! gov]nm5t ) l>ge loans4 ,public *>ities & improvem5ts1 hospitals1 & p>adoxically en\gh1 ev5 *ur*es1 7 indebt$ to him = munific5t gifts4 ,! greate/ monum5t to 8 philan?ropy is ,gir>d ,college1 f\nd$ by a beque/ ( #h1jjj1jjj1 = ! education ( poor :ite male orphans4 ,james ,smi?son1 ( ,engl& 7b4 ab\t #agfe2 d4 ,june #bg1 #ahbi71 0 possibly ! fir/ philan?ropi/ to be/[ a l>ge end[m5t ^u ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,) ! sum ( #ejj1jjj to #fjj1jjj1 :i* came to x f ?is b5evol5t =eign]1 ! "y republic f\nd$ & end[$ ! spl5did ,smi?sonian ,in/itute at ,wa%+ton = ! spread & increase ( k1 ?us putt+ ,mr4 ,smi?son 9 ! highe/ rank ( ! _w's b5efactors1 & erect+ an imp]i%able monum5t at ano!r turn+-po9t 9 ! progress ( civilization4 ,george ,peabody 7b4 ,febru>y #ah1 #agie2 d4 ,novemb] #ad1 #ahfi7 ranks z "o ( ! c5tury's greate/ philan?ropi/s4 ,among 8 noble/ gifts 7 #c1ejj1jjj = free education & ! tra9+ ( tea*]s 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 #a1jjj1jjj = a sci5tific in/itute at ,baltimore1 l>ge sums to ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & a great am\nt to 8 native t[n1 ,danv]s1 ,mass41 = educational purposes4 ,dy+ 9 ,engl&1 he left #b1ejj1jjj to ,london1 to f\nd work+m5's homes4 ,john ,jacob ,a/or 7b4 ,july #ag1 #agfc2 d4 ,m>* #bi1 #ahdh7 us$ mu* ( 8 colossal =tune 9 philan?ropy4 ,p]haps 8 l>ge/ s+le gift1 at lea/ t by :i* he is be/ kn[n z a b5efactor1 0 ! sum ( #djj1jjj to f\nd ! ,a/or ,libr>y ( ,new ,york city4 ,?is noble in/itution is conduct$ on ! public plan1 & conta9s ne>ly #cjj1jjj volumes4 ,james ,lick 7b4 ,augu/ #be1 #agif2 d4 ,octob] #a1 #ahgf7 amass$ a =tune 9 ,cali=nia1 out ( :i* he provid$ a tru/ fund = c]ta9 public & *>itable purposes4 ,?is fund am\nt$ to #e1jjj1jjj at ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,to him is due ! fam\s ,lick ,telescope 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 :i* co/ #gjj1jjj2 ! ,cali=nia ,s*ool ( ,me*anic ,arts1 co/+ #edj1jjj2 ! free public ba?s ( ,san ,francisco1 co/+ #aej1jjj2 & num]\s o!r *>ities & b5efactions4 ,lel& ,/an=d 7b4 ,m>* #i1 #ahbd2 d4 ,june #bj1 #ahic7 acquir$ a great =tune 9 ,cali=nia4 ,inspir$ by a dream at ! "t ( 8 little son's dea?1 he det]m9$ to f\nd & end[ an in/itution ( le>n+ 9 8 ,/ate4 ,! result 0 ! ,lel& ,/an=d ,junior ,univ]sity1 ^: direct end[m5t 0 pr9cely1 & ^: indirect end[m5t is expect$ to am\nt to #bj1jjj1jjj or m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,flor5ce ,,night+ale4 ,flor5ce ,night+ale 0 born1 ,may1 #ahbc1 9 ,flor5ce1 ,italy1 ( ,engli% p>5ts1 &1 prompt$ by philan?ropic in/9cts1 turn$ h] att5tion to ! relief ( humanity4 ,aft] /udy 9 v>i\s nurs+ s*ools1 %e 0 s5t at ! head ( a corps ( tra9$ nurses to c>e = ! sick & w\nd$ soldi]s ( ! ,crimean w>1 9 :i* position %e display$ m>vel\s en]gy & ability4 ,a grateful public subscrib$ = h] a te/imonial ( #bej1jjj1 :i* %e devot$ to ! f\nd+ ( a tra9+-s*ool = nurses4 ,cl>a ,b>ton 7b4 ab\t #ahcj7 left a cl]k%ip 9 ,wa%+ton to engage 9 ! "w ( alleviat+ ! suff]+s ( ! soldi]s ( ! ,civil ,w>1 on ! battlefields & 9 hospitals1 a "w %e p]=m$ ) r>e en]gy & self-sacrifice4 ,%e aft]w>ds aid$ ! ,gr& ,du*ess ( ,bad5 9 e/abli%+ h] hospitals dur+ ! ,franco-,prussian w>1 & 0 decorat$ ) ! ,gold5 ,cross ( ,bad5 & ! ,iron ,cross ( ,g]many4 ,9 #ahha %e organiz$ ! ,am]ican ,r$ ,cross ,society1 = :i* %e secur$ an int]national treaty giv+ x protection4 ,%e p]=m$ spl5did s]vice 9 camp & field dur+ ! ,spani%-,am]ican w>4 ,john ,d4 ,rockefell] 7b4 #ahci7 is a spl5did example ( ^? _m & noble ,am]ican millionaires :o h respond$ ) a/oni%+ lib]ality to ! prompt+s ( _! philan?ropic natures4 ,! recon/ruction ( ! ,*icago ,univ]sity1 ! f\nd+ or end[m5t ( o!r public in/itutions1 & ( num]\s *>itable b5efactions1 toge!r embrac+ ! exp5diture ( _m millions1 are magnific5t monum5ts to ,mr4 ,rockefell]'s %>e 9 promot+ ! progress ( 8 c\ntry dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,mat!w ,vass> 7b4 ,april #bi1 #agib2 d4 ,june #bc1 #ahfh7 f\nd$ ,vass> ,college1 ,n4 ,y41 9 #ahfa4 ,a brew] ( l>ge =tune1 he conceiv$ ! idea ( erect+ & end[+ a college = wom51 :]e9 education c\ld be obta9$ ei!r mod]ately or gratuit\sly1 & :i* %\ld be und5om9ational4 ,to ?is end he gave l& & #dbh1jjj = build+s & equipm5t4 ,aga9 he gave #cfj1jjj4 ,o!r memb]s ( 8 family add$ to 8 gifts1 till #a1jjj1jjj & m 7 exp5d$ 9 build+s1 app>atus1 etc41 & ! end[m5t am\nt$ to ov] #a1jjj1jjj4 ,,inv5tors4--,george ,/eph5son1 ( ,engl& 7b4 ,june #i1 #agha2 d4 ,augu/ #ab1 #ahdh71 0 ! fir/ 7#ahad7 to con/ruct a satisfactory locomotive /eam eng9e4 ,9 #ahae he introduc$ ! /eam bla/ into 8 second locomotive4 ,9 #ahbb he built & op]at$ 8 fir/ railway1 eight miles long4 ,9 #ahbi 8 eng9e1 nam$ ! ,rocket1 0 driv5 at ! rate ( tw5ty-n9e miles an h\r4 ,he inv5t$ a safety lamp1 :i* is /ill 9 use 9 ,engli% colli]ies4 ,a natural g5ius & self-taught me*anic1 he refus$ knigh?ood1 b has receiv$ by common cons5t ! title ( ! fa!r ( railways4 ,ri*>d ,m4 ,hoe 7b4 ,septemb] #ab1 #ahab2 d4 ,june #g1 #ahhf7 completely revolutioniz$ ! art ( pr9t+ by ! inv5tion ( 8 8lightn+0 rot>y press1 9 #ahdf4 ,?is m>vel 0 capable ( pr9t+ #bj1jjj impressions an h\r4 ,aft] _m co/ly exp]im5ts1 ) a view to pr9t+ bo? sides ( a %eet at once1 he evolv$ 8 web-p]fect+ press1 :i* drew ! pap] f a roll1 p]haps miles 9 l5g?1 at ! rate ( #ajjj feet a m9ute1 pr9t$ bo? sides simultane\sly1 & cut & fold$ ! %eets at ! rate ( #bj1jjj p] h\r4 ,subsequ5t improvem5ts h giv5 8 ma*9es a mu* l>g] h\rly capacity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cl>a ,,b>ton4 ,elias ,h[e 7b4 ,june #i1 #ahai2 d4 ,octob] #c1 #ahfg7 contribut$ ! sew+-ma*9e to ! c5tury's triumphs & wond]s1 ?\gh x is alleg$ t ! honor ( inv5t+ bo? ! eye-po9t$ ne$le & ! lock-/it* belongs to ,walt] ,hunt1 betwe5 :om & ,h[e long litigation prevail$1 f9ally result+ 9 ! recognition ( ! #ahdf pat5t ( ! latt]4 ,modifications & improvem5ts by m rec5t inv5tors h made ! sew+-ma*9e ! h\sehold boon ( to-day4 ,cyrus ,w4 ,field 7b4 ,novemb] #cj1 #ahai2 d4 ,july #ab1 #ahib7 made ! problem ( a telegraphic cable across ! ,atlantic an aim ( 8 life4 ,= ?irte5 ye>s he labor$ ) wond]ful fai? & p]sev]ance1 & at la/1 aft] a s]ies ( defeats & mortify+ failures1 succe$$ 7#ahff7 9 lay+ a cable t ?or\ghly solv$ ! problem4 ,s9ce !n subm>9e telegraphy has become "o ( ! mo/ useful & p[]ful factors 9 ! private & public life ( ! _w4 ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse 7b4 ,april #bg1 #agia2 d4 ,april #b1 #ahgb7 contribut$ to ! c5tury's triumphs & _w's civilization by t brilliant & p]si/5t s]ies ( inve/igations1 :i* result$ 9 ! fir/ practical telegraph4 ,he br\ght 8 inv5tion be=e ! _w 9 #ahdd1 & ) ! aid ( ! gov]nm5t set up a l9e ( =ty miles betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore1 ov] :i* dispat*es successfully pass$1 ,may #bd1 #ahdd4 ,f ?is mom5t 8 triumph 0 complete1 & he became ! recipi5t ( _m flatt]+ di/9ctions at home & abroad4 ,john ,ericsson 7b4 ,july #ca1 #ahjc2 d4 ,m>* #h1 #ahii7 ei!r inv5t$1 or fir/ made practical1 ! /eam fire-eng9e1 ! artificial draught = locomotives1 ! rev]sible locomotive1 ! 8l9k-motion10 ! caloric eng9e1 & ! screw propell]4 ,disc\rag$ 9 ,engl&1 he came to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahci1 :]e he revolutioniz$ naval w>f>e by apply+ ! screw propell] to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,pr9ceton1 & employ+ a range f9d]4 ,9 #ahed he inv5t$ ! ,monitor iron-clad on pr9ciples fir/ appli$ 9 ! ,monitor :i* defeat$ ! ,m]rimac 9 ,hampton ,roads1 ,virg9ia1 ,m>* #i1 #ahfb4 ,8 c>e] 0 signaliz$ by _m o!r valuable inv5tions4 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell1 born ,m>* #c1 #ahdf1 besides exploit+ 9 ,am]ica 8 fa!r's valuable sy/em ( in/ruction to deaf mutes1 typifies ! inv5tive _s ( 8 age by 8 contribution to public progress ?r\gh ! mat]ial side1 z exemplifi$ 9 t indisp5sable aid to mod]n life1 ! telephone1 ) ! inv5tion ( :i* he is g5]ally1 b by no means undisput$ly1 cr$it$4 ,?omas ,alva ,edison 7b4 ,febru>y #aa1 #ahdg7 is a spl5did example ( ! tireless1 acute1 & practical sci5tific inv5tor1 & is well nam$ ! electrical 8wiz>d40 ,among ! triumphs ( 8 skill & g5ius are ! automatic telegraphic repeat]2 ! duplex telegraph1 aft]w>ds develop$ into ! quadruplex & sextuplex transmitt]2 ! pr9t+ telegraph = /ock quotations2 ! c>bon telephone transmitt]2 ! a]ophone2 ! megaphone & microphone2 ! phonograph & photomet]2 ! inc&esc5t lamp2 & _m o!r devices = electric light+4 ,nicola ,tesla 7born #aheh71 a =m] pupil & assi/ant ( ,edison1 %>es ) 8 ma/] ! honor ( repres5t+ ! _w's greate/ & mo/ practical ( sci5tific inv5tors & discov]]s4 ,8 mo/ not$ inve/igations & discov]ies h be5 along ! l9e ( ar\s+ lum9\s vibrations 9 matt]1 )\t1 at ! same "t1 sett+ 9 action heat-vibrations4 ,he has made ! rem>kable discov]y t #bjj1jjj volts may pass h>mlessly ?r\gh t body :i* #bjjj w\ld kill1 & is exp]im5t+ to produce #c1jjj1jjj vibrations a m9ute 9 matt]4 ,he has also %[n t bo? motors & lights c be op]at$ on "o wire )\t a circuit4 ,8 rot>y motor is us$ 9 convey+ p[] f ! great plant at ,niag>a ,falls4 ,,noveli/s4--,sir ,walt] ,scott1 ( ,scotl& 7b4 ,augu/ #ae1 #agga2 d4 ,septemb] #ba1 #ahcb71 ex]t$ a p[]ful influ5ce on ! lit]ature ( ! c5tury ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8 /irr+ poetry & delightful fiction1 9 bo? ( :i* he 0 mo/ ready & prolific4 ,8 num]\s works1 teem+ ) /rik+ situations1 /rong & noble 9 /yle1 are models ( lit]>y excell5ce1 & are z captivat+ to read]s ( to-day z !y 7 half a c5tury ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sir ,,walt] ,,scott4 ,*>les ,dick5s1 ( ,engl& 7b4 ,febru>y #g1 #ahab2 d4 ,june #i1 #ahgj71 ably exemplifi$ t s*ool ( noveli/s :o pa9t homely social life ) all its innoc5t1 clumsy ef=ts at humor2 its sorr[s1 vanities1 & weaknesses2 its selfi%ness1 malice1 & vice2 its wrongs1 suff]+s1 & goodnesses4 ,?\gh faulty 9 plot & /yle & ridicul\s 9 _! exagg]ations1 8 novels m>k$ a new era 9 lit]ature1 & no books ev] s appeal$ to ! sympa?ies & good impulses ( read]s4 ,james ,f5imore ,coop] 7b4 ,septemb] #ae1 #aghi2 d4 ,septemb] #ad1 #ahea7 typifies a l>ge & app>5tly endur+ class ( fiction writ]s ( :i* he 0 a rem>kable =]unn]2 t s*ool ( noveli/s :o deal ) /irr+1 bold1 & heal?ful adv5ture1 9 :i* ! ,anglo-,saxon m9d p>ticul>ly seems to f9d unfail+ delight4 ,bo? at home & abroad1 8 novels atta9$ a wide1 sudd51 & well-des]v$ popul>ity4 ,& to ?is day no libr>y ( fiction is complete )\t !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,,dick5s4 ,na?aniel ,haw?orne 7b4 ,july #d1 #ahjd2 d4 ,may #ah1 #ahfd7 exhibits 9 8 num]\s fictional works a man's bread? & /r5g? ( imag9ation & a woman's quick p]ception & spiritual insight4 ,almo/ gloomy 9 color1 ov]hung ) imp5d+ fate1 & (t5 uncanny1 8 /ories are yet always fasc9at+4 ,z has be5 well said1 "o cat*es 9 !m 8gleam+ wit1 t5d] satire1 exquisite natural description1 subtle & /range analysis ( human life1 d>kly passionate & weird40 ,c\nt ,leo 7or ,ly(f7 ,alekseevi* ,tol/oi 7b4 ,augu/ #bh1 #ahbh7 is a ,russian ari/ocrat by bir?1 b has assum$ ! dress & life ( a peasant1 ! bett] to exploit 8 doctr9es respect+ non-resi/ance1 communism1 labor1 religion1 politics1 gov]nm5t1 & society4 ,8 num]\s writ+s %[ a comb9ation ( ke5ness ( reali/ic insight & weal? ( poetical imag9ation1 ( a wond]ful bread? ( view ) p]fect h&l+ ( m9ute detail1 seldom rival$ 9 all lit]ature4 ,:e!r or n he w prove to be ! =]unn] ( a great revolution 9 ! _w's national & social life1 !re is no disput+ 8 g5ius & p]t9acity4 ,edw>d ,george ,e>le ,bulw] 7,b>on ,lytton71 ( ,engl& 7b4 ,may #be1 #ahjc2 d4 ,janu>y #ah1 #ahgc71 0 noveli/1 poet1 dramati/1 & essayi/1 & rank$ z "o ( ! mo/ v]satile & classical au?ors ( ! c5tury4 ,?r\gh 8 plays1 poetry1 & novels he introduc$ a new lit]>y era1 & 0 ! lead]1 if n actual f\nd]1 ( ! s*ool ( melodramatic romance4 ,h>riet ,elizabe? ,bee*] ,/[e 7b4 ,june #ad1 #ahaa2 d4 ,july #a1 #ahif7 acquir$ great fame z au?oress ( ! epo*-mak+ book1 8,uncle ,tom's ,cab940 ,x prov$ to be a p[]ful contribution to ! anti-slav]y cause1 & s]v$ to electrify read]s 9 tw5ty diff]5t languages4 ,9 dramatiz$ =m x has delight$ millions ( auditors4 ,! au?oress repres5ts woman's ef=ts = ! ov]?r[ ( slav]y2 ef=ts %e put =? mode/ly1 completely unconsci\s ( _! great p[] & future influ5ce4 ,george ,eliot1 pseudonym ( ,m>ian ,evans1 aft]w>ds ,mrs4 ,lewes1 !n ,mrs4 ,cross1 ( ,engl& 7b4 ,novemb] #bb1 #ahai2 d4 ,decemb] #bb1 #ahhj71 0 "o ( ! able/ ( ! _w's female noveli/s1 & _h b few equals among m54 ,%e 0 a lead+ epo*-mak] 9 t introspective s*ool :i* always ) a/oni%+ skill uses ! 8plot0 9 all its ev5ts1 environm5ts1 & circum/ances to develop ea* "* 9 /rict logical accord1 :e!r = good or evil4 ,victor ,hugo1 ( ,france 7b4 ,febru>y #bj1 #ahjb2 d4 ,may #bb1 #ahhe71 01 9 8 day1 ! mo/ popul> au?or :o has ev] liv$4 ,few poems1 no drama1 & absolutely no novel h ev] produc$ ! imm$iate & trem5d\s effect ( 8 e>li] poems1 8 8,h]nani10 & 8 8,les ,misrables40 ,?r\gh 8,h]nani0 he completely defeat$ ! classic s*ool & became ! lead] ( ! romantic s*ool ( revolution>y individuali/s1 ?us creat+ a new epo* 9 lit]ature4 ,he inv5t$ novelties 9 poetry & prose :i* produc$ /r5g?1 v>iety1 delicacy1 h>mony1 & ri*ness ( imag]y & color+1 absolutely unp>allel$ & orig9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"l ,,byron4 ,,poets4--,"l ,george ,gordon ,byron1 ( ,engl& 7b4 ,janu>y #bb1 #aghh2 d4 ,april #ai1 #ahbd71 is a rem>kable in/ance ( a poet ( m>vel\s natural p[]s1 m+l+ good & evil 9 accordance ) ! :im t took him2 yet exhibit+ di/9ctly1 ?r\gh x all1 evid5ces ( a great s\l & g5ius4 ,he creat$ an epo* 9 ! _w's poetic lit]ature4 ,skeptical1 cynical1 melan*oly ev5 to s5tim5tality1 & skillfully manipulat+ ! public side ( 8 affairs to keep up a mo/ fasc9at+ air ( romantic my/]y ab\t !m all1 he succe$$ 9 affect+ public ?\ght ) ^! *>act]i/ics to a wond]ful ext5t4 ,z a result1 8,byronism10 = a "t1 0 ! absorb+ rage 9 all prom95t circles1 lit]>y & ev5 social4 ,h5ry ,w4 ,longfell[ 7b4 ,febru>y #bg1 #ahjg2 d4 ,m>* #bd1 #ahhb7 is possibly ! c5tury's f9e/ type ( ! p's poet4 ,?\gh by no means a poet ( great imag9ative or creative p[]s1 yet few rea*$ 8 p]fect skill z a pa9/ak+ & un]r+ arti/2 :ile none h ev] surpass$ him 9 creat+ t atmosph]e ( subtile beauty :i* always seems to surr\nd & p5etrate 8 v]se4 ,z an epo*-mak] 8 influ5ce ext5d$ ev5 to ,europe1 & especially to ,engl&1 secur+ him a fame wid] & great] ?an t ( any o!r ,am]ican poet1 & r>ely fail+ to w9 ! endur+ affection ( all k9ds ( read]s4 ,john ,gre5leaf ,:itti] 7b4 ,decemb] #ag1 #ahjg2 d4 ,septemb] #g1 #ahib71 z an editor & poet contribut$ no little to ! cause ( ! abolitioni/s4 ,toge!r ) ,longfell[1 ,holmes1 ,l[ell1 ,haw?orne1 & ,em]son1 he may be consid]$ an epo*-mak] 9 ! developm5t ( ,am]ican lit]ature z guid$ by ! _s ( ,new ,engl&4 ,he types ! sweet1 simple1 & absolutely s9c]e poet ^: v]se brea!s =? a /rong patriotism1 & is r$ol5t ( ! heal?ful home life ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,sir ,alfr$ ,t5nyson1 ( ,engl& 7b4 ,augu/ #f1 #ahji2 d4 ,octob] #f1 #ahib71 0 by f> ! lead+ repres5tative ( ^? ,engli% poets :o1 :ile n want+ 9 ! fire & spontaneity ( true g5ius1 nev]!less wrote c>efully1 aft] long reflection1 ) calculation & toil1 z to diction1 poli%1 & arrangem5t ( s5t5ces & ?\ghts4 ,8 highly-wr\ght 8,9 ,memoriam0 & 8 exquisite1 ?\gh some:at s5su\s 8,idylls ( ! ,k+0 7 absolutely novel1 & m>k an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w's poetry4 ,elizabe? ,b>rett ,br[n+ 7b4 #ahji2 d4 ,june #bi1 #ahfa7 is1 )\t d\bt1 ! greate/ poetess ( ! pres5t c5tury & probably ( any o!r4 ,%e pres5ts an extraord9>y in/ance ( ! grasp1 compreh5siv5ess1 & logic ( man's intellect1 unit$ ) ! intuitions1 deep emotions1 impulses1 & visions ( woman4 ,h] especial contribution to ! progress ( ?is c5tury is n only to ! weal? ( its poetry1 b also to ! c>eful & discrim9at+ consid]ation ( _m ( its social problems4 ,rob]t ,br[n+ 7b4 9 ,london1 ,may #g1 #ahab2 d4 9 ,v5ice1 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahhi7 0 ! =emo/ ( psy*ological poets4 ,belong+ to 8,! ,romantic ,s*ool10 he creat$ an epo* 9 lit]ature by c>ry+ 8 high ideals & wond]ful ef=ts ( g5ius ov] into :at became kn[n z 8,! ,spasmodic ,s*ool40 ,,actors4--,edmund ,ke5e1 ( ,engl& 7b4 #aghg2 d4 ,may #ae1 #ahcc71 0 "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ popul> actors ( all "t4 ,he typifi$1 & greatly contribut$ to ! success (1 t s*ool ( actors :o rely almo/ solely on _! own native g5ius & acquir$ p[]s1 r ?an on ! aid ( ext]nals4 ,he has be5 call$ bo? ! 8,byron0 & ! 8,napoleon0 ( actors1 & seem$ to h ! mo/ extraord9>y p[] bo? ( cat*+ & reveal+ ! mean+ ( ,%akespe>e1 ) ! quickness & vividness ( ! lightn+ fla%4 ,edw9 ,=re/ 7b4 ,m>* #i1 #ahjf2 d4 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahgb7 0 a trag$ian ( ! robu/ type4 ,8 success ^u ! /age 0 signal1 ow+ to natural g5ius1 sup]b =m1 & noble pres5ce4 ,= m ?an a g5]ation he r5d]$ effective & kept popul> ! lead+ trag$ies ( ,%akespe>e1 & o!rs suit$ to 8 p[]s4 ,! ,actors' ,home at ,philadelphia 0 end[$ by him1 & /&s z 8 monum5t4 ,edw9 ,boo? 7b4 ,novemb] #ac1 #ahcc2 d4 ,june #g1 #ahic7 /ood z ! expon5t ( ! ref9$ & l(ty 9 drama4 ,?r\gh 8 r>e hi/rionic p[]s he became a recogniz$ int]pret] ( su* *>act]s z ,ri*>d ,,iii41 ,%ylock1 ,le>1 ,iago1 ,o!llo1 ,brutus1 etc41 b he nev] appe>$ to bett] advantage ?an 9 ,hamlet4 ,8 ability 0 z fully recogniz$ abroad z at home4 ,he exp5d$ #age1jjj 9 e/abli%+ ! ,play]s' ,h\se & ,club 9 ,new ,york4 ,*>lotte ,s4 ,cu%man 7b4 ,july #bc1 #ahaf2 d4 ,febru>y #ah1 #ahgf7 fir/ won h] hi/rionic honors 9 op]a4 ,h] voice fail$1 & !n %e began h] memorable c>e] z actress1 h] mo/ fam\s p]sonations be+ ,lady ,macbe?1 ,bianca1 ,julia1 ,beatrice1 ,lady ,teazle1 ,que5 ,ka?>9e1 & ,meg ,m]rilies4 ,%e readily rank$ ) ! great dramatic arti/s ( ! c5tury1 & h] skill1 native & acquir$1 divid$ ) h] own spl5did "* ! admiration ( ! g5]al public4 ,tommaso ,salv9i 7b4 ,janu>y1 #ahcj7 demon/rates t n[ v r>e & sev]ely tragic s*ool ( ! /age 9 :i* ! actor appeals to ! public ?r\gh 8 g5ius & art1 r ?an ?r\gh 8 environm5ts & accessories4 ,he ?us belongs to an app>5tly clos+ era 9 ! hi/ory ( ! /age4 ,p[]ful1 passionate yet self-controll$1 magnific5t 9 physique1 9 elocution1 9 read+ & 9 deportm5t1 z an actor he really belongs to ! _w1 al?\gh ,italian 9 bo? _s & tra9+4 ,sir ,h5ry ,irv+ 7or really ,john ,h5ry ,broadrib71 ( ,engl&1 0 born 9 #ahch1 & is ! lead] ( t mod]n s*ool ( actors1 :o dep5d n s mu* on good read+1 act+ & g5]al elocution z ^u c>eful att5tion to details 9 /age-sett+ & pres5tation4 ,z an epo*-mak] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! mod]n drama1 he m>ks t po9t :]e ! actor beg9s to look away f 8 own p]sonal art to t display$ 9 8 surr\nd+s & accessories4 ,,lyric ,,dramati/s4--,ludwig van ,bee?ov51 ( ,g]many 7b4 ,decemb] #ag1 #aggj2 d4 ,m>* #bf1 #ahbg71 is widely held to be ! mo/ colossal ( musical g5iuses1 9 bread? & grasp ( intellect1 9 va/ness & boldness ( imag9ation1 & 9 dep? & t5d]ness ( emotion4 ,8 "o op]a1 8,fidelio10 is by _m consid]$ to be unrival$ 9 ! realm ( pure dramatic music4 ,8 sonatas & *amb] music are g5]ally conc$$ easily to lead 9 ^? two dep>tm5ts1 :ile 8 symphonies are univ]sally believ$ to h rea*$ ! utmo/ limit ( developm5t :i* is possible 9 ! field ( or*e/ral composition4 ,*>les ,f4 ,g\nod1 ( ,france 7b4 ,june #ag1 #ahah2 d4 ,octob] #ah1 #ahic71 is an in/ance ( a compos] ^: p]man5t fame mu/ re/ on b "o "w1 ! op]a ( 8,fau/10 9 :i* he rea*$ ! utmo/ height ( 8 p[]s & success4 ,no op]a has ev] _h su* in/ant1 univ]sal1 & con/ant popul>ity4 ,eclectic 9 /yle1 & fai?ful & en?usia/ic 9 8 art1 he did mu* to advance ! progress ( religi\s & op]atic music 9 ,france4 ,rob]t ,s*umann1 ( ,saxony 7b4 ,june #h1 #ahaj2 d4 ,july #bi1 #ahef7 0 "o ( ! creators ( ! romantic s*ool ( music4 ,he 0 n a piano play]1 b a tea*] & compos]4 ,8 symphonies h be5 accord$ a rank next to ^? ( ,bee?ov51 & = _! deep pa?os1 f9e1 int5se passion & wild1 m\rnful beauty _m ( 8 compositions are almo/ pe]less4 ,felix ,m5delssohn-,b>?oldy 7b4 ,febru>y #e1 #ahji2 d4 ,novemb] #d1 #ahdg7 0 z lovely 9 "* z 9 works4 ,9 symphony1 song1 piano-=te1 organ1 or oratorio1 he %[$ himself wor?y ( be+ class$ ) ! great musical ma/]s4 ,8 compositions suff]$ eclipse = a "t by ^? ( a /rong] s*ool1 b 8 true position 9 ! musical _w is once m becom+ recogniz$4 ,franz ,s*ub]t1 ( ,au/ria 7b4 ,janu>y #ca1 #agig2 d4 ,novemb] #aj1 #ahbi71 has be5 call$ 8! immortal melodi/40 ,8 fecundity 0 m>vel\s1 & he is be/ kn[n by 8 songs1 sev]al hundr$ 9 numb]1 & ne>ly half ( :i* h immortal quality4 ,he also compos$ _m *>m+ symphonies & op]as4 ,8 *ief *>act]i/ics are ! fre%ness ( 8 delightful melodies support$ by h>monies ( equal int]e/4 ,anton ,gregor ,rub9/e91 ( ,russia 7b4 ,novemb] #cj1 #ahcj2 d4 ,novemb] #bj1 #ahid71 comb9$ ! brilliant piani/ ) ! compos] ( g5ius4 ,_h he n be5 prec$$ by ,liszt z an epo* mak]1 he w\ld und\bt$ly h _h ! honor ( be+ fir/ ( all great piani/s4 ,fr$]ic ,f4 ,*op91 ( ,pol& 7b4 ,m>* #a1 #ahji2 d4 ,octob] #ag1 #ahdi71 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( piani/s & musical compos]s4 ,8 play+1 l 8 music1 0 m>k$ by a /range & ravi%+ grace1 & he 0 ! great int]pret] ( ! music ( 8 native c\ntry4 ,he compos$ conc]tos1 waltzes1 nocturnes1 preludes1 & mazurkas ab\nd+ 9 poetic fancy & subtle h>monic effects4 ,jacques ,(f5ba*1 ( ,france 7b4 ,june #ba1 #ahai2 d4 ,octob] #d1 #ahhj71 0 ! *ief creator ( ! op]a b\ffe1 & 0 an a/oni%+ly prolific compos]4 ,he /&s = ! clev]1 tactful musician1 %rewd to p]ceive & quick to seize :at cat*es ! public e> = ! "t be+4 ,franz ,liszt1 ( ,hung>y 7b4 ,octob] #bb1 #ahaa2 d4 ,july #ca1 #ahhf71 ranks z "o ( ! _w's ph5om5al piani/s4 ,8 /r5g? & te*nique 7 prodigi\s1 8 magnetism irresi/ible1 & 8 p[] ov] audi5ces unequal$4 ,by 8 free1 fanta/ic compositions he creat$ a new s*ool ( compos]s4 ,he gave extraord9>y aid & inspiration to o!r musicians1 & 9 reality br\ght ,ri*>d ,wagn] into prom95ce be=e ! musical _w4 ,ri*>d ,wagn]1 ( ,g]many 7b4 ,may #bb1 #ahac2 d4 ,febru>y #ac1 #ahhc71 e>ly ab&on$ ,bee?ov5 z an op]atic model1 & felt t a new era 9 music 0 ab\t to dawn4 ,8 musical !ories fir/ f\nd full sw+ 9 8 fam\s op]a ( ! 8,nibelung5 ,r+10 ) :i*1 & k9dr$ productions1 he practically creat$ ! mod]n music-drama4 ,9 8 op]as he 0 sole au?or ( _! wond]ful weal? ( true poetry1 /age effects1 dramatic action1 & endless melody4 ,no musician has ev] made su* bitt] foes & w>m fri5ds1 & none ev] _h to fight 8 way s /ubbornly to recognition4 ,giuseppe ,v]di1 ( ,italy 7b4 ,octob] #i1 #ahac71 is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable musical compos]s ( ! c5tury1 9 ! respect t 8 tal5t has n fail$ ) age1 b has kept pace ) ! great *anges :i* h affect$ ! dramatic /age s9ce 8 y\?4 ,9 ! beauty ( 8 melodies & ! int5sity ( 8 dramatic p[]s he is unsurpass$4 ,v few1 inde$1 ( 8 num]\s productions h fail$ to hold exalt$ place 9 public e/imation4 ,8 be/-kn[n works are 8,il ,trovatore10 8,la ,traviata10 8,rigoletto10 8,ballo 9 ,mas*]a10 8,ada10 8,otello10 & 8,fal/aff10 ! latt] writt5 9 #ahic1 :5 ! au?or _h rea*$ ! age ( eighty4 ,,sov]eigns4--,william ,i41 ,k+ ( ,prussia & ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 0 ! epo*-mak] ( ! #ai? c5tury = 8 realm4 ,he 0 son ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii41 & born ,m>* #bb1 #agig4 ,9 #ahdi he 0 made comm&]-9-*ief ( ! ,prussian army4 ,he succe$$ to ! ?rone ( ,prussia 9 #ahfa1 & imm$iately "u ! guidance ( ,bism>ck set ab\t ^? measures :i* 7 to end 9 ! unification ( ! ,g]man /ates4 ,^! involv$ ! w> ( #ahff ) ,au/ria1 aft] :i*1 9 #ahfg he became head ( ! p[]ful ,nor? ,g]man conf$]ation1 compris+ #bb /ates1 & a population ( #bi1jjj1jjj4 ,!n foll[$ ! successful w> ) ,france1 9 #ahga1 :i* result$ 9 ! complete realization ( 8 idea ( a unit$ ,g]many1 & on ,janu>y #bh1 #ahga1 ,k+ ,william ( ,prussia 0 proclaim$ ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 9 ! palace ( ! ,fr5* k+s1 at ,m>seilles4 ,he di$ ,m>* #i1 #ahhh4 ,victor ,emmanuel4 ,at ! bir? ( ,victor ,emmanuel 9 #ahbj1 ,italy 0 a segregation ( /ates or prov9ces1 own$ & play$ aga9/ "o ano!r by ! *ess-play]s ( ,europe4 ,! policy ( ambiti\s sov]eigns to ! nor? 0 to keep x divid$ & discordant4 ,victor ,emmanuel became k+ ( ,s>d9ia at a "t :5 ,au/ria's p[] 0 well-nigh supreme 9 ! bellig]5t ,italian /ates4 ,8 plea ) ,au/ria t ! ,s>d9ian con/itution %\ld be protect$1 & its success1 ar\s$ = him ! confid5ce ( ! ,italian p1 & pav$ 8 way to ! ,italian cr[n4 ,9 #aheb he secur$ ! s]vices ( ! ma/]ly ,c\nt ,cav\r1 ! ,bism>ck & ,glad/one ( ,italy1 = 8 premi] & guide4 ,?r\gh ,cav\r's influ5ce ,france unit$ ) ,s>d9ia aga9/ ,au/ria4 ,! w> :i* foll[$ & ! peace ( ,villafranca complet$ ,emmanuel's task1 & made him k+ ( a unit$ ,italy1 ov] :i* he reign$ successfully = eight ye>s1 dy+ on ,janu>y #i1 #ahgh4 ,cz> ,alex&] ,,ii4 ,! epo*-mak] ( ,russia dur+ ! #ai? c5tury 0 ,alex&] ,,ii41 born ,april #bi1 #ahah4 ,( ! _m important ev5ts ( 8 reign1 :i* began 9 #ahee1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s 0 ! abolition ( s]fdom 9 8 dom9ions1 :i* gave fre$om to #bc1jjj1jjj subjects4 ,he 0 kill$ by an>*i/s 9 #ahha4 ,francis ,joseph4 ,?is emp]or ( ,au/ria-,hung>y 0 born ,augu/ #ah1 #ahcj1 & succe$$ to ! ?rone ( ,au/ria 9 #ahdh1 & ( ,hung>y 9 #ahfg4 ,?\gh defeat$ 9 w>s ) ,france1 by :i* he lo/ ,italian prov9ces1 & ) ,g]many by :i* he lo/ ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 he manag$ ?r\gh an unprec$5tly long reign1 9 "s "p ( :i* he 0 bo? emp]or & legislature1 to hold toge!r an empire compos$ ( het]og5e\s ,g]mans & ,slavs1 a task t w\ld h prov$ impossible ) a less wise & respect$ rul]4 ,he surviv$ ! c5tury1 & ! "q also liv$1 :at ( ! empire aft] 8 dea?8 ,victoria1 ,que5 & ,empress4 ,alex&r9a ,victoria ,guelph1 ^: reign 0 ! longe/ 9 ,engli% annals1 & cov]$ ! epo*-mak+ "t ( ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0 born 9 ,london1 ,may #bd1 #ahai4 ,%e 0 ! daught] ( ! ,duke ( ,k5t1 f\r? son ( ,george ,,iii4 ,%e became next 9 succession to ! ?rone on ! dea? ( h] uncle1 ,k+ ,william ,,iv41 :i* occurr$ ,june #bj1 #ahcg4 ,h] ance/ry dat$ back to ,egb]t1 ,a4 ,d4 #hbg4 ,to ! wisdom ( h] "m %e ow$ a well-ord]$1 peaceful1 & happy *ildhood1 ) a view to ! possibility ( ! ,engli% ?rone4 ,special tea*]s 7 employ$ z h] in/ructors1 & %e became pr(ici5t 9 music & draw+1 z well z 9 ! classic & mod]n languages4 ,%e became equally pr(ici5t 9 ! ,engli% con/itution & g5]al hi/ory4 ,9 #ahca1 :51 at ! age ( twelve1 x 0 deem$ necess>y to acqua9t h] ) ! fact t %e 0 heir presumptive to ! ?rone1 ! g5ealogical table ( ! royal family 0 plac$ 9 h] book ( hi/ory4 ,aft] a /udy ( x1 %e rem>k$ t %e 0 ne>] ! ?rone ?an %e _h ?\ght1 & t ! reasons = h] c\rse ( m5tal tra9+ _h become obvi\s4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! "y pr9cess made h] fir/ appe>ance at c\rt1 & ,p>liam5t vot$ h] an additional appropriation ( #ej1jjj a ye> = h] exp5ses4 ,b z a rule h] "m made use ( ! fa/ vani%+ possibility ( ! bir? ( o!r heirs :o w\ld take prec$5ce ( h]1 to keep ! *ild1 z long z propriety w\ld p]mit1 out ( ! :irl ( c\rt life1 & to all[ h] education to proce$ )\t int]ruption4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is mat]nal discretion 0 t ,victoria came to ! ?rone 9 excell5t physical & m5tal heal?4 ,%e atta9$ h] legal majority--eighte5 ye>s--on ,may #bd1 #ahcg1 & h] bir?day 0 celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,on ,june #bj1 #ahcg1 ,k+ ,william di$ *ildless4 ,x became ! imm$iate duty ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury & ,"l ,conyngham to in=m ! "y pr9cess ( h] uncle's dea? & h] own "r ( accession4 ,%e held out h] h& to ! ,ar*bi%op to be kiss$1 & said1 8,i ask y\r pray]s on my behalf40 ,a meet+ ( ! privy c\ncil 0 call$ = elev5 o'clock4 ,! pr9cess 0 kn[n to b few ( ! memb]s1 & !re 0 a univ]sal desire to asc]ta9 :at mann] ( p]son %e might be4 ,%e appe>$ be=e ?is augu/ body ( a hundr$ lead+ nobles & /atesm5 ) mode/ composure1 b[$ to ! lords1 took h] seat1 & read h] decl>ation4 ,! memb]s ( ! c\ncil 7 !n sworn to allegiance1 kneel+ & kiss+ h] h&4 ,! =eign ambassadors 7 !n receiv$ "o by "o4 ,all 7 captivat$ by ! easy dignity ( _! girl-que54 ,h] spee* 0 g5]ally rem>k$ ^u = its p]fect elocution4 ,( h] spee* a few mon?s aft]1 ^u ! dissolution ( ,p>liam5t1 ,*>les ,sumn]1 :o he>d x1 said1 8,i 0 a/oni%$ & delight$4 ,i ?9k ,i nev] he>d any?+ bett] read40 ,& ( ! same spee* ,fanny ,kemble said3 8,i ?9k x is impossible to he> a m excell5t utt]ance ?an t ( ! ,que5's ,engli% by ! ,engli% que540 ,victoria promptly re=m$ h] c\rt1 :i* 0 sadly 9 ne$ ( correction1 & remov$ ! royal resid5ce to ,w9dsor ,ca/le4 ,public admiration = h] ability & grace ( mann] grew into en?usiasm1 s t on ! day ( h] coronation at ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ,june #bh1 #ahch1 ! pageant 0 n only "o ( unsurpass$ spl5dor1 b ! populace 7 describ$ z 8coronation mad40 ,?is 0 ! manife/ation ( a radically *ang$ public s5tim5t z to royalty1 = ! eclipse ( mon>*y "u ! f\r ,georges _h long be5 accept$ z a humiliat+ fact1 & respect = ! ?rone _h be5 well-nigh lo/ dur+ ,william's reign4 ,altoge!r x 0 a bad "t = a girli% que5 to assume p[]2 yet h] guid+ h& 0 soon favorably & p[]fully felt1 & x has be5 said by m ?an "o good au?ority t h] accession at t special crisis 0 ! salvation ( mon>*y 9 ,great ,brita94 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,victoria ,,9 #ahdj4 7,aft] a pa9t+ by ,wm4 ,f[l]47 ,h] prime m9i/]1 ,"l ,melb\rne1 receiv$ at an e>ly date a t\* ( h] quality1 :51 aft] va9ly urg+ h] to sign a c]ta9 docum5t1 he te/ily )drew x ) ! rem>k t x 0 n ( p>am\nt importance4 8,sir10 repli$ ! que5 in/antly1 8x is ) me a matt] ( ! mo/ p>am\nt importance :e!r or n ,i atta* my signature to a docum5t ) :i* ,i am n ?or\ghly acqua9t$40 ,& on ano!r occasion1 :5 h] signature 0 ask$ to a docum5t on ! gr\nd ( 8exp$i5cy10 %e repli$1 8,i h be5 taught1 ,my ,"l1 to judge betwe5 :at is "r & :at is wrong1 b exp$i5cy is a ^w ,i nei!r wi% to he> nor to und]/&40 ,! beg9n+ ( h] reign 0 co9cid5t ) ! inauguration ( transatlantic /eam navigation4 ,9 ! second ye> ( h] reign ! ,:ig m9i/ry1 at ^: head /ood ,"l ,melb\rne1 lo/ its work+ majority 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,! que5 imm$iately summon$ ! ,tory lead]1 ,duke ( ,well+ton1 to =m a new gov]nm5t4 ,well+ton sugge/$ ,sir ,rob]t ,peel z bett] qualifi$ = ! task4 ,he accept$1 b :5 ! que5 f\nd t ! *ange w\ld affect all ! ladies ( h] ,b$*amb] & h\sehold %e repudiat$ ,peel1 & recommission$ ,melb\rne4 ,= ?is %e & h] premi] 7 taunt$ z be+ at ! head ( :at 0 call$ ! 8,b$*amb] ,plot40 ,subsequ5tly1 :5 ,peel succe$$ ,melb\rne1 ! que5 f\nd 9 him & ,well+ton w>m fri5ds & tru/$ advis]s4 ,among ! o!r notable ev5ts ( ?is ye> 7#ahci7 ( h] reign1 7 ! =mation ( ! ,anti-,corn ,law ,league1 & ! occupation ( ,cabul & ,ad5 by ! ,briti% =ces4 ,! que5's h& 0 s\ght 9 m>riage by _m k+s1 dukes1 & pr9ces ( ,europe4 ,h] *oice fell ^u h] c\s91 ,pr9ce ,alb]t ( ,saxe-,coburg & ,go?a4 ,x 0 a love-mat*1 m+l$ ) n a little diplomacy on ! "p ( h] aunt1 ! ,du*ess ( ,gl\ce/]1 & ,alb]t's uncle1 ,k+ ,leopold4 ,! w$d+ 0 celebrat$ ) /ately spl5dor at ! ,*apel ,royal 9 ,/4 ,james's ,palace1 on ,febru>y #aj1 #ahdj4 ,! m>riage prov$ a happy "o4 ,all t ! mo/ affectionate & unselfi% wife c\ld be1 %e 0 to h] husb&4 ,& ! ,pr9ce ,consort n only return$ h] affection 9 full1 b became h] fai?ful1 labori\s1 vigilant1 discreet advis] & help]1 lift+ f h] %\ld]s ! cru%+ load ( /ate affairs1 & op5+ a new era 9 h] life4 ,c>eful & well in=m$ obs]v]s h rank$ ,pr9ce ,alb]t among ! /atesm5 ( 8 day1 & "s h said t = ! great] "p ( 8 tw5ty-"o ye>s ( m>ri$ life he 0 practically ,k+ ( ,engl&4 ,on ,novemb] #ba1 #ahdj1 _! fir/ *ild1 aft]w>ds ,empress ,fr$]ick ( ,g]many1 0 born4 ,an economic triumph ( ! ye> 0 ! introduction ( *eap po/age 9 ,engl&4 ,9 #ahda ,sir ,rob]t ,peel succe$$ ,"l ,melb\rne z premi]4 ,briti% arms greatly ext5d$ political & comm]cial influ5ce 9 ! ,ori5t by ! tak+ ( ,canton & ,amoy4 ,on ,novemb] #i ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 :o1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aija1 succe$$ to 8 "m's ?rone1 0 born4 ,9 #ahdb two attempts 7 made to assass9ate ! que54 ,x became ! =eign policy ( ! gov]nm5t n to fur!r complicate ! ,indian "q by pu%+ conque/ 9 ,afghani/an1 s ! ,briti% =ces 7 )drawn4 ,! comm]cial pre/ige ( ,engl& 0 greatly advanc$ 9 ! ,ori5t by ! acquisition ( ,hong ,kong z a port1 & ! g5]al op5+ ( all ! ,*9ese ports to =eign trade4 ,?is ye> also witness$ ! p]man5t foo?old ( ,great ,brita9 9 ,s\? ,africa1 by absorb+ ! ,bo] republic ( ,natal4 ,on ,april #be1 #ahdc1 ,pr9cess ,alice 0 born4 ,briti% possessions 9 ,india 7 enl>g$ by ! annexation ( ,sc9de4 ,! que5 & h] husb& paid a fri5dly visit to ,l\is ,philippe ( ,france1 & receiv$ a return visit4 ,9 #ahde ,mr4 ,glad/one became premi]4 ,engl& & ,france jo9$ 9 w> aga9/ ! ,arg5t9e republic4 ,! ye> witness$ ! outbreak ( ! =midable ,sikh rebellion4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 #ahdf1 ?is rebellion 0 suppress$ & ! ,sikh t]ritory 0 c$$ to ! ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,! aggravat$ "q ( ! ,nor?we/ b\nd>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 settl$ by treaty4 ,! great fam9e 9 ,irel&1 & a some:at indignant public s5tim5t 9 ,engl&1 conduc$ to ! repeal ( ! ,corn-laws4 ,= sev]al ye>s ! ,iri% situation 0 s]i\s1 fam9e & insurrection go+ h& 9 h&4 ,9 #ahdh ,pr9cess ,l\ise 0 born4 ,! ,sikh rebellion 0 r5ew$4 ,! ,bo] t]ritory 9 ,s\? ,africa 0 fur!r tr5*$ ^u1 & ! f>m]s trekt across ! ,vaal ,riv] to e/abli% ! ,transvaal republic4 ,9 #ahdi ! que5 paid h] fir/ visit to ,irel&1 ! ,sikh rebellion 0 suppress$1 & ! ,punjaub 0 annex$ to ,briti% ,india4 #ahej witness$ ! conclusion ( ! ,clayton-,bulw] treaty ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #ahea ! que5 op5$ ! great ,exposition 9 ,london4 ,9 #aheb ! fir/ ,d]by m9i/ry came into p[]4 ,9 #ahed ,great ,brita9 p>ticipat$ ) ,france 9 ! ,crimean ,w> aga9/ ,russia4 ,= sev]al ye>s ! vigor\s =eign policy ( ! gov]nm5t l$ to s]i\s complications4 ,9 #ahfj ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales visit$ ,am]ica4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! que5's sympa?ies 7 ) ! ,union cause1 & ! v la/ public act ( ! ,pr9ce ,consort 0 to sign 9 ! "n ( ! que5 ! pap] :i* modifi$ ! dem& ( ! m9i/ry ^u ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) ref]5ce to seizure ( ! ,conf$]ate envoys ,mason & ,slidell4 ,! pap] 9 its unmodifi$ =m w\ld h be5 equival5t to a decl>ation ( w> by ,engl&4 ,t[>d ! end ( #ahfa ,pr9ce ,alb]t's /r5g? began to fail1 & on ,decemb] #ad he pass$ away4 ,8 dea? 0 a sev]e bl[ to ! que5 & to ! nation4 ,two ye>s aft]w>ds %e wrote 9 a lett] to ,dean ,/anley1 8,i c nev] be suffici5tly ?ankful t ,i pass$ safely ?r\gh ^? two ye>s ! two fir/ ye>s ( h] reign to my m>riage4 ,!n ,i 0 9 a safe hav51 & !re ,i rema9$ = tw5ty ye>s4 ,n[1 t is ov]1 & ,i am aga9 at sea1 always wi%+ to consult "o :o is n "h1 grop+ by myself1 ) a con/ant s5se ( desolation40 ,9 #ahfc ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales 0 m>ri$4 ,= sev]al ye>s ! gov]nm5t _h s]i\s tr\ble ) ! ,f5ian upris+s 9 ,irel& & ,am]ica4 ,9 #ahfg ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada 0 con/itut$4 #ahfh witness$ a cab9et *ange f ,d]by to ,disraeli1 & f him to ,glad/one2 & ! passage ( a re=m act = ,scotl& & ,irel&4 ,9 #ahgd ,disraeli succe$$ ,glad/one z premi]4 ,9 #ahge ,great ,brita9 acquir$ control ( ! ,suez canal1 & 9 #ahgf ! que5 0 proclaim$ ,empress ( ,india4 ,9 #ahgi ,great ,brita9 0 c>ry+ on w> 9 ,india aga9/ revolt+ tribes1 & 9 ,s\? ,africa aga9/ ! ,zulus4 ,two ye>s lat] 7#ahha7 %e attack$ ! ,bo]s ( ! ,transvaal1 b met ) defeat4 ,9 #ahhe !re 0 a fur!r loss ( milit>y pre/ige by )drawal f ! ,s\dan campaign4 ,9 #ahhg ! que5 celebrat$ h] semi-c5t5nial jubilee1 & t5 ye>s lat] 7#ahig7 h] diamond jubilee4 ,9 #aijj %e witness$ ! consolidation ( h] ,au/ralasian colonies1 & 9 #aija ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,commonweal? ( ,au/ralia4 ,! clos+ ye>s ( h] life 7 cl\d$ by ! attitude ( h] c\ntry 9 ,s\? ,africa1 & ! losses ( life & treasure entail$ by ! w> ) ! ,bo]s4 ,x 0 said by _m t h] anxiety & grief ov] ?is situation ha/5$ h] dea?4 ,h] la/ illness 0 brief & pa9less1 & h] dea? took place at ,osborne1 ,isle ( ,wight1 surr\nd$ by h] family1 at #f4ee ,p4,m4 on ,janu>y #bb1 #aija1 9 ! eighty-second ye> ( h] age1 & sixty-f\r? ( h] reign4 ,h] dea? occasion$ s9c]e m\rn+ ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4 ,%e 0 succe$$ by h] olde/ son1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 :o asc5d$ ! ?rone on ,janu>y #bc1 #aija1 & assum$ ! title ( ,edw>d ,,vii4 ,! que5 & ,pr9ce ,consort 7 ev] anxi\s z to ! education ( _! *ildr54 ,!y 7 tra9$ to indu/ry & economy4 ,! daught]s 7 taught accompli%m5ts z well z sew+ & cook+1 & 7 giv5 to und]/& t !y 7 n to m>ry )\t affection1 nor = m]e money or reasons ( /ate4 ,victoria 0 h]self a c>eful manag] 9 pecuni>y affairs4 ,by ?irty %e _h sav$ en\gh f h] income to provide = ! :ole exp5se ( h] new place at ,osborne1 :]e %e di$1--ab\t #a1jjj1jjj1--:ile = ! ,pr9ce %e _h already sav$ f ! rev5ues ( h] ,cornwall e/ate1 #ejj1jjj4 ,! ,pr9ce left h] a valuable e/ate :i* at h] dea? _h come to be e/imat$ at #be1jjj1jjj4 ,?is1 add$ to h] own judici\s inve/m5ts ?r\gh ! sixty-f\r ye>s ( h] reign1 gave h] rank z "o ( ! weal?ie/ ( sov]eigns1 z well z ( ! _w's p]sons4 ,already ! 8,victorian era0 is be+ celebrat$ z ! greate/ p]iod ( progress t ,brita9 ev] knew1 z ! gold5 age ( ,engl&4 ,& ?is ) mu* propriety & tru?1 = h] reign teem$ ) in/ances ( ! ex]cise ( p[] 9 ! =m ( moral influ5ce1 ) results important & f> rea*+4 ,"s ( ^! in/ances %[$ /atesman%ip ( a high ord]4 ,%e nev] took sides 9 p>tisan politics1 nor antagoniz$ ! policy ( h] responsible m9i/]s1 ?\gh (t5 advis+ !m & ev5 at times correct+ _! s]i\s mi/akes1 nev] *eap5+ h] advice by (f]+ x 9 affairs ( little mom5t1 always /raight=w>d1 self-reliant1 vigilant = ! rights ( ! p1 yet /r5u\s ( law1 nei!r misl$ by flatt]y1 nor co]c$ by fe>1 a hat] ( evil1 a mak] ( peace4 ,m ?an once1 9 h\rs ( crisis1 did %e ex]cise a moral influ5ce ^: weight turn$ ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 bo? ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is1 ! modification ( ,"l ,palm]/on's action 9 ! ,tr5t affair1 already m5tion$1 may be ref]r$ to4 ,& :5 ,bism>ck1 surpris$ at ! rapid recov]y ( ,france f ! effects ( ! ,franco-,prussian ,w>1 _h resolv$ on a second invasion & humiliation1 x 0 ?r\gh ,victoria's int]v5tion t ! ag$ ,g]man emp]or 0 influ5c$ to refuse a r5ewal ( ho/ilities4 ,if h] reign pass into hi/ory z ! 8,victorian ,era10 !n x w truly h _m int]e/+ *apt]s1 "s gr&ly inspir+1 o!rs--= su* !re mu/ be--widely op5 to ! criticism & judgm5t ( po/]ity4 ,x witness$ ! greate/ a*ievem5t 9 inv5tion1 ! greate/ advancem5t 9 sci5ce & art1 & ! mo/ rem>kable evolution 9 ! relations ( capital & labor t ! _w has ev] se54 ,no equal p]iod ( _w-hi/ory has se5 su* unp>allel$ gr[? ( a p1 & su* unexampl$ expansion ( national t]ritory4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( h] reign ! population ( ! ,empire 0 #abg1jjj1jjj4 ,at h] dea? x embrac$ #aa1ccd1jjj squ>e miles & #chd1jjj1jjj p4 ,! ,unit$ ,k+dom itself grew f #af1jjj1jjj to #dj1jjj1jjj besides s5d+ out its sw>ms ( emigrants to p cont95ts & isles4 ,comm]ce kept ev5 pace ) ?is advancem5t4 ,briti% %ips sail$ e sea4 ,engl&'s flag 0 kn[n 9 e port ( ! _w4 ,dur+ ,victoria's reign ! =eign trade ( ,great ,brita9 increas$ #dbj p] c5t4 ,! great cl\d on ! ,victorian era 0 ,engl&'s w>s1--! que/ionable ,crimean ,w> ( #ahec-ee2 ! ,indian mut9y ( #aheg1 :i* ran a frightful c\rse ( rap9e & blood%$2 ! ,s\danese campaign2 ! ,bo] ,w> 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$2 occurr5ces ( inconsi/5t hyph5ation h n be5 *ang$4 ,_m ( ! orig9al illu/rations 7 gra9y & fad$4 ,9 ?is e,book1 ! gra99ess has be5 r$uc$1 :5 possible1 & ! contra/ has be5 increas$1 :5 necess>y4 ,text frequ5tly uses ei!r 8,de0 or 8de0 9 p's names4 ,! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations _h 8,*ri/mas ,*imes0 & 8,:isp]s ( ,love0 9 ! wrong sequ5ce2 correct$ "h4 ,! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations omitt$ ! portrait ( ,que5 ,victoria4 ,x has be5 add$ by ! ,transcrib]4 8,van't ,h(f0 is consi/5tly pr9t$ t way 9 ! orig9al book1 & is %[n t way "h4 ,x %\ld be 8,van 't ,h(f0 ) a space4 ,!re may be simil> mispr9ts ( o!r names4 ,page #aji3 8gr[?--=ce0 may be a mispr9t = 8gr[?-=ce04 ,page #aib3 ,mo/ ( ! illu/ration's h&writ+ on ?is page is illegible4 ,page #aii3 ,9 ! *emical =mula 8,,*#b01 ! 8#b0 is subscript$4 ,page #djc3 8,bauk50 0 pr9t$ t way2 probably ref]s to 8,bautz540 ,page #ebg3 ,! illu/rat$ examples ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet 9 ! 8,*ild's ,guide0 7 n 9 alphabetic ord]1 & !re 0 no example = 8,j04 ,9 ?is e,book1 ! text accompany+ ^? examples is pres5t$ 9 alphabetic sequ5ce4 ,page #gba3 8,m>seilles0 0 pr9t$ t way2 mu/ be a mispr9t = 8,v]sailles40 ,! tables on pages #dde1 #dej1 & #dfg h be5 split 9 ?is v]sion ( ! e,book to keep _! wid?s )9 #gb *>act]s4