,a ,challenge to the ,,johns ,,hopkins ,university ,,one ,,hundred ,,proofs ,,that ,,the ,,earth ,,is ,,not ,a ,,globe4 ,dedicated to ,,richard ,a4 ,,proctor1 ,esq4 ,the ,greatest ,astronomer of the ,age4 ,by ,,wm4 ,,carpenter1 ,referee for ,john ,hampden1 ,esq41 in the ,celebrated ,scientific ,wager1 in #ahgj2 ,author of ',common ,sense' on ,astronomy1 7,london1 #ahff27 ,proctor's ,planet ,earth2 ,wallace's ,wonderful ,water2 ,the ,delusion of the ,day1 c41 c4 ,,upright1 ,,downright1 ,,straightforward4 ,,baltimore3 ,printed and ,published by the ,author1 ,no4 #ga ,chew ,street #ahhe4 ,,twenty-,,five ,,cents4 ,five ,copies1 ,postage ,paid1 for ,one ,dollar4 #eth ,edition3 #fth ,thousand4 ,,index4 #a ,the aeronaut sees for himself4 #b ,standing water level4 #c ,surveyors' allowance4 #d ,flow of ,rivers--the ,nile4 #e ,lighthouses--,cape ,hatteras4 #f ,the sea-shore4--,coming up4 #g ,a trip down ,chesapeake ,bay4 #h ,the model globe useless4 #i ,the sailor's level charts4 #aj ,the mariners' compass4 #aa ,the southern circumference4 #ab ,circumnavigation of the ,earth4 #ac ,meridians are straight lines4 #ad ,parallels of latitude--circles4 #ae ,sailing down and underneath4 #af ,distance round the ,south4 #ag ,levelness required by man4 #ah ,the level of the astronomers4 #ai ,half the globe is cut off1 now6 #bj ,no up or down in nature8 #ba ,the spherical lodestone4 #bb ,no falsehoods wanted6 #bc ,no proof of rotundity4 #bd ,a most complete failure4 #be ,the first ,atlantic ,cable4 #bf ,earth's curvature4 #bg ,which end goes down8 #bh ,a hill of water4 #bi ,characteristics of a globe4 #cj ,horizon--level with the eye4 #ca ,much too small a globe4 #cb ,vanishing point of objects4 #cc ,we are not fastened on4 #cd ,our antipodes4--a delusion4 #ce ,horizon a level line4 #cf ,chesapeake ,bay by night4 #cg ,six months day and night4 #ch ,the ,midnight ,sun4 #ci ,sun moves round the ,earth4 #dj ,suez ,canal--#ajj miles--level4 #da ,the true level4--a curve4 #db ,projectiles--firing east or west4 #dc ,bodies thrown upwards4 #dd ,firing in opposite direction4 #de ,astronomer ,royal of ,england4 #df ,an utterly meaningless theory4 #dg ,professor ,proctor's cylinder4 #dh ,proctor's false perspective4 #di ,motion of the clouds4 #ej ,scriptural proof--a plane4 #ea ,the ,standing ,order4 #eb ,more ice in the south4 #ec ,sun's accelerated pace1 south4 #ed ,balloons not left behind4 #ee ,the ,moon's beams are cold4 #ef ,the ,sun and ,moon4 #eg ,not ,earth's shadow at all4 #eh ,rotating and revolving4 #ei ,proctor's big mistake4 #fj ,sun's distance from ,earth4 #fa ,no true measuring-rod4 #fb ,sailing round a thing4 #fc ,telescopes--hill of water4 #fd ,the laws of optics--,glaisher4 #fe ,dwelling upon error4 #ff ,ptolemy's predictions4 #fg ,canal in ,china--#gjj miles4 #fh ,mr4 ,lockyer's false logic4 #fi ,beggarly alternatives4 #gj ,mr4 ,lockyer's suppositions4 #ga ,north ,star seen from ,s4 lat4 #gb ,walls not parallel6 #gc ,pendulum experiments4 #gd ,delightful uncertainty4 #ge ,outrageous calculations4 #gf ,j4 ,r4 ,young's ,navigation4 #gg ,tumbling over4 #gh ,circumnavigation--south4 #gi ,a disc--not a sphere4 #hj ,earth's motion unproven4 #ha ,moon's motion east to west4 #hb ,all on the wrong track4 #hc ,no meridianal degrees4 #hd ,depression of ,north ,star4 #he ,rivers flowing up-hill8 #hf #ajj miles in five seconds4 #hg ,miserable makeshifts4 #hh ,what holds the people on4 #hi ,luminous objects4 #ij ,practice against theory4 #ia ,unscientific classification4 #ib ,g4 ,b4 ,airy's suppositions4 #ic ,astronomers give up theory4 #id ,school-room proofs false4 #ie ,pictorial proof--,earth a plane4 #if ,laws of perspective ignored4 #ig ,rational suppositions4 #ih ,it is the star that moves4 #ii ,hair-splitting calculation4 #ajj ,how time is lost or gained4 ,,introduction4 ,parallax1 the ,founder of the ,zetetic ,philosophy1 is dead2 and it now becomes the duty of those1 especially1 who knew him personally and who labored with him in the cause of ,truth against ,error1 to begin1 anew1 the work which is left in their hands4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,b4 ,rowbotham finished his earthly labours1 in ,england1 the country of his birth1 ,december #bc1 #ahhd1 at the age of #hi4 ,he was1 certainly1 one of the most gifted of men3 and though his labours as a public lecturer were confined within the limits of the ,british ,islands his published work is known all over the world and is destined to live and be republished when books on the now popular system of philosophy will be considered in no other light than as bundles of waste paper4 ,for several years did ,parallax spread a knowledge of the facts which form the basis of his system without the slightest recognition from the newspaper press until1 in ,january1 #ahdi1 the people were informed by the ,wilts ,independent that lectures had been delivered by a gentleman adopting the name of ',parallax1' to prove modern astronomy unreasonable and contradictory1 that great skill was shown by the lecturer1 and that he proved himself to be thoroughly acquainted with the subject in all its bearings4 ,such was the beginning--the end will not be so easily described4 ,the ,truth will always find advocates--men who care not a snap of their fingers for the mere opinion of the world1 whatever form it may take1 whilst they know that they are the masters of the situation and that ,reason is ,king6 ,in #ahfg1 ,parallax was described as a paragon of courtesy1 good temper1 and masterly skill in debate4 ,the author of the following hastily-gotten-up pages is proud of having spent many a pleasant hour in the company of ,samuel ,birley ,rowbotham4 ,a complete sketch of the ,zetetic ,philosophy is impossible in a small pamphlet2 and many things necessarily remain unsaid which1 perhaps1 should have been touched upon1 but which would to some extent have interfered with the plan laid down--the bringing together1 in a concise form1 ,one ,hundred ,proofs that the ,earth is not a ,globe4 ,much may be gathered1 indirectly1 from the arguments in these pages1 as to the real nature of the ,earth on which we live and of the heavenly bodies which were created ,,for ,,us4 ,the reader is requested to be patient in this matter and not expect a whole flood of light to burst in upon him at once1 through the dense clouds of opposition and prejudice which hang all around4 ,old ideas have to be gotten rid of1 by some people1 before they can entertain the new2 and this will especially be the case in the matter of the ,sun1 about which we are taught1 by ,mr4 ,proctor1 as follows3 ,the globe of the ,sun is so much larger than that of the ,earth that no less than #a1bej1jjj globes as large as the ,earth would be wanted to make up together a globe as large as the ,sun4 ,whereas1 we know that1 as it is demonstrated that the ,sun moves round over the ,earth1 its size is proportionately less4 ,we can then easily understand that ,day and ,night1 and the ,seasons are brought about by his daily circuits round in a course concentric with the ,north1 diminishing in their extent to the end of ,june1 and increasing until the end of ,december1 the equatorial region being the area covered by the ,sun's mean motion4 ,if1 then1 these pages serve but to arouse the spirit of enquiry1 the author will be satisfied4 ,the right hand of fellowship in this good work is extended1 in turn1 to ,mr4 ,j4 ,lindgren1 #ij ,south ,first ,street1 ,brooklyn1 ,e4 ,d41 ,n4 ,y41 ,mr4 ,m4 ,c4 ,flanders1 lecturer1 ,kendall1 ,orleans ,county1 ,n4 ,y41 and to ,mr4 ,john ,hampden1 editor of ,parallax 7a new journal71 ,cosmos ,house1 ,balham1 ,surrey1 ,england4 ,,one ,,hundred ,,proofs ,,that ,,earth ,,is ,,not ,a ,,globe4 ,if man uses the senses which ,god has given him1 he gains knowledge2 if he uses them not1 he remains ignorant4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor1 who has been called the greatest astronomer of the age1 says3 ,the ,earth on which we live and move seems to be flat4 ,now1 he does not mean that it seems to be flat to the man who shuts his eyes in the face of nature1 or1 who is not in the full possession of his senses3 no1 but to the average1 common sense1 wide-awake1 thinking man4 ,he continues3 that is1 though there are hills and valleys on its surface1 yet it seems to extend on all sides in one and the same general level4 ,again1 he says3 ,there seems nothing to prevent us from travelling as far as we please in any direction towards the circle all round us1 called the horizon1 where the sky seems to meet the level of the ,earth4 ,the level of the ,earth6 ,mr4 ,proctor knows right well what he is talking about1 for the book from which we take his words1 ,lessons in ,elementary ,astronomy1 was written1 he tells us1 to guard the beginner against the captious objections which have from time to time been urged against accepted astronomical theories4 ,the things which are to be defended1 then1 are these accepted astronomical theories6 ,it is not truth that is to be defended against the assaults of error--,oh1 no3 simply theories1 right or wrong1 because they have been accepted6 ,accepted6 ,why1 they have been accepted because it was not thought to be worth while to look at them4 ,sir ,john ,herschel says3 ,we shall take for granted1 from the outset1 the ,copernican system of the world4 ,he did not care whether it was the right system or a wrong one1 or he would not have done that3 he would have looked into it4 ,but1 forsooth1 the theories are accepted1 and1 of course1 the men who have accepted them are the men who will naturally defend them if they can4 ,so1 ,richard ,a4 ,proctor tries his hand2 and we shall see how it fails him4 ,his book was published without any date to it at all4 ,but there is internal evidence which will fix that matter closely enough4 ,we read of the carrying out of the experiments of the celebrated scientist1 ,alfred ,r4 ,wallace1 to prove the convexity of the surface of standing water1 which experiments were conducted in ,march1 #ahgj1 for the purpose of winning ,five ,hundred ,pounds from ,john ,hampden1 ,esq41 of ,swindon1 ,england1 who had wagered that sum upon the conviction that the said surface is always a level one4 ,mr4 ,proctor says3 ,the experiment was lately tried in a very amusing way4 ,in or about the year #ahgj1 then1 ,mr4 ,proctor wrote his book2 and1 instead of being ignorant of the details of the experiment1 he knew all about them4 ,and whether the amusing part of the business was the fact that ,mr4 ,wallace wrongfully claimed the five-hundred pounds and got it1 or that ,mr4 ,hampden was the victim of the false claim1 it is hard to say4 ,the way in which the experiment was carried out is1 to all intents and purposes1 just the way in which ,mr4 ,proctor states that it can be tried4 ,he says1 however1 that the distance involved in the experiment should be three or four miles4 ,now1 ,mr4 ,wallace took up six miles in his experiment1 and was unable to prove that there is any curvature1 though he claimed the money and got it2 surely it would be amusing for anyone to expect to be able to show the curvature of the earth in three or four miles1 as ,mr4 ,proctor suggests6 ,nay1 it is ridiculous4 ,but the greatest astronomer of the age says the thing can be done6 ,and he gives a diagram3 ,showing how the roundness of the ,earth can be proved by means of three boats on a large sheet of water4 7,three or four miles47 ,but1 though the accepted astronomical theories be scattered to the winds1 we charge ,mr4 ,proctor either that he has never made the experiment with the three boats1 or1 that1 if he has1 the experiment did ,,not prove what he says it will4 ,accepted theories1 indeed6 ,are they to be bolstered up with absurdity and falsehood8 ,why1 if it were possible to show the two ends of a four-mile stretch of water to be on a level1 with the centre portion of that water bulged up1 the surface of the ,earth would be a series of four-mile curves6 ,but ,mr4 ,proctor says3 ,we can set three boats in a line on the water1 as at ,a1 ,b1 and ,c1 7,fig4 #g74 ,then1 if equal masts are placed in these boats1 and we place a telescope1 as shown1 so that when we look through it we see the tops of the masts of ,a and ,c1 we find the top of the mast ,b is above the line of sight4 ,now1 here is the point3 ,mr4 ,proctor either knows or he ought to know that we shall ,,not find anything of the sort6 ,if he has ever tried the experiment1 he knows that the three masts will range in a straight line1 just as common sense tells us they will4 ,if he has not tried the experiment1 he should have tried it1 or have paid attention to the details of experiments by those who have tried similar ones a score of times and again4 ,mr4 ,proctor may take either horn of the dilemma he pleases3 he is just as wrong as a man can be1 either way4 ,he mentions no names1 but he says3 ,a person had written a book1 in which he said that he had tried such an experiment as the above1 and had found that the surface of the water was not curved4 ,that person was ,parallax1 the founder of the ,zetetic ,philosophy4 ,he continues3 ,another person seems to have believed the first1 and became so certain that the ,earth is flat as to wager a large sum of money that if three boats were placed as in ,fig4 #g1 the middle one would not be above the line joining the two others4 ,that person was ,john ,hampden4 ,and1 says ,mr4 ,proctor1 ,unfortunately for him1 some one who had more sense agreed to take his wager1 and1 of course1 won his money4 ,now1 the some one who had more sense was ,mr4 ,wallace4 ,and1 says ,proctor1 in continuation3 ,he ,hampden8 was rather angry2 and it is a strange thing that he was not angry with himself for being so foolish1 or with the person who said he had tried the experiment 7and so led him astray71 but with the person who had won his money6 ,here1 then1 we see that ,mr4 ,proctor knows better than to say that the experiments conducted by ,parallax were things of the imagination only1 or that a wrong account had been given of them2 and it would be well if he knew better than to try to make his readers believe that either one or the other of these things is the fact3 ,but1 there is the ,old ,bedford ,canal now2 and there are ten thousand places where the experiment may be tried6 ,who1 then1 are the foolish people3 those who believe the record of experiments made by searchers after ,truth1 or those who shut their eyes to them1 throw a doubt upon the record1 charge the conductors of the experiments with dishonesty1 never conduct similar experiments themselves1 and declare the result of such experiments to be so and so1 when the declaration can be proved to be false by any man1 with a telescope1 in twenty-four hours8 ,mr4 ,proctor3--,the sphericity of the ,earth ,,cannot be proved in the way in which you tell us it can be6 ,we tell you to take back your words and remodel them on the basis of ,truth4 ,such careless misrepresentations of facts are a disgrace to science--they are the disgrace of theoretical science to-day6 ,mr4 ,blackie1 in his work on ,self ,culture1 says3 ,all flimsy1 shallow1 and superficial work1 in fact1 is a lie1 of which a man ought to be ashamed4 ,that the ,earth is an extended plane1 stretched out in all directions away from the central ,north1 over which hangs1 for ever1 the ,north ,star1 is a fact which all the falsehoods that can be brought to bear upon it with their dead weight will never overthrow3 it is ,god's ,truth the face of which1 however1 man has the power to smirch all over with his unclean hands4 ,mr4 ,proctor says3 ,we learn from astronomy that all these ideas1 natural though they seem1 are mistaken4 ,man's natural ideas and conclusions and experimental results are1 then1 to be overthrown by--what6 ,by astronomy8 ,by a thing without a soul--a mere theoretical abstraction1 the outcome of the dreamer8 ,never6 ,the greatest astronomer of the age is not the man1 even1 who can so much as attempt to manage the business4 ,we find1 says ,mr4 ,proctor1 that the ,earth is not flat1 but a globe2 not fixed1 but in very rapid motion2 not much larger than the moon1 and far smaller than the ,sun and the greater number of the stars4 ,first1 then1 ,mr4 ,proctor1 tell us ,,how you find that the ,earth is not flat1 but a globe6 ,it does not matter that we find it so put down in that conglomeration of suppositions which you seek to defend3 the question is1 ,what is the evidence of it8--where can it be obtained8 ,the ,earth on which we live and move seems to be flat1 you tell us3 where1 then1 is the mistake8 ,if the ,earth seem to be what it is not1 how are we to trust our senses8 ,and if it is said that we cannot do so1 are we to believe it1 and consent to be put down lower than the brutes8 ,no1 sir3 we challenge you1 as we have done many times before1 to produce the slightest evidence of the ,earth's rotundity1 from the world of facts around you4 ,you have given to us the statement we have quoted1 and we have the right to demand a proof2 and if this is not forthcoming1 we have before us the duty of denouncing the absurd dogma as worse than an absurdity--as a ,,fraud--and as a fraud that flies in the face of divine revelation6 ,well1 then1 ,mr4 ,proctor1 in demanding a proof of the ,earth's rotundity 7or the frank admission of your errors71 we are tempted to taunt you as we tell you that it is utterly out of your power to produce one2 and we tell you that you do not dare even to lift up your finger to point us to the so-called proofs in the school-books of the day1 for you know the measure of absurdity of which they are composed1 and how disgraceful it is to allow them to remain as false guides of the youthful mind6 ,mr4 ,proctor3 we charge you that1 whilst you teach the theory of the ,earth's rotundity and mobility1 you ,,know that it is a plane2 and here is the ground of the charge4 ,in page #g1 in your book1 you give a diagram of the surface on which we live1 and the supposed globe--the supposed hollow globe--of the heavens1 arched over the said surface4 ,now1 ,mr4 ,proctor1 you picture the surface on which we live in exact accordance with your verbal description4 ,and what is that description8 ,we shall scarcely be believed when we say that we give it just as it stands3 ,the level of the surface on which we live4 ,and1 that there may be no mistake about the meaning of the word level1 we remind you that your diagram proves that the level that you mean is the level of the mechanic1 a plane surface1 and not the level of the astronomer1 which is a convex surface6 ,in short1 your description of the ,earth is exactly what you say it seems to be1 and1 yet1 what you say it is not3 the very aim of your book being to say so6 ,and we call this the prostitution of the printing press4 ,and it is all the evidence that is necessary to bring the charge home to you1 since the words and the diagram are in page #g of your own book4 ,you know1 then1 that ,earth is a ,plane--and so do we4 ,now for the evidence of this grand fact1 that other people may know it as well as you3 remembering1 from first to last1 that you have not dared to bring forward a single item from the mass of evidence which is to be found in the ,zetetic ,philosophy1 by ,parallax1 a work the influence of which it was the avowed object of your own book to crush6--except that of the three boats1 an experiment which you have never tried1 and the result of which has never been known1 by anyone who has tried it1 to be as you say it is6 #a4 ,the aeronaut can see for himself that ,earth is a ,plane4 ,the appearance presented to him1 even at the highest elevation he has ever attained1 is that of a concave surface--this being exactly what is to be expected of a surface that is truly level1 since it is the nature of level surfaces to appear to rise to a level with the eye of the observer4 ,this is ocular demonstration and proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #b4 ,whenever experiments have been tried on the surface of standing water1 this surface has always been found to be level4 ,if the ,earth were a globe1 the surface of all standing water would be convex4 ,this is an experimental proof that ,earth is not a globe1 #c4 ,surveyors' operations in the construction of railroads1 tunnels1 or canals are conducted without the slightest allowance being made for curvature1 although it is taught that this so-called allowance is absolutely necessary6 ,this is a cutting proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #d4 ,there are rivers that flow for hundreds of miles towards the level of the sea without falling more than a few feet--notably1 the ,nile1 which1 in a thousand miles1 falls but a foot4 ,a level expanse of this extent is quite incompatible with the idea of the ,earth's convexity4 ,it is1 therefore1 a reasonable proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #e4 ,the lights which are exhibited in lighthouses are seen by navigators at distances at which1 according to the scale of the supposed curvature given by astronomers1 they ought to be many hundreds of feet1 in some cases1 down below the line of sight6 ,for instance3 the light at ,cape ,hatteras is seen at such a distance 7#dj miles7 that1 according to theory1 it ought to be nine-hundred feet higher above the level of the sea than it absolutely is1 in order to be visible6 ,this is a conclusive proof that there is no curvature1 on the surface of the sea--the level of the sea1--ridiculous though it is to be under the necessity of proving it at all3 but it is1 nevertheless1 a conclusive proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #f4 ,if we stand on the sands of the sea-shore and watch a ship approach us1 we shall find that she will apparently rise--to the extent of her own height1 nothing more4 ,if we stand upon an eminence1 the same law operates still2 and it is but the law of perspective1 which causes objects1 as they approach us1 to appear to increase in size until we see them1 close to us1 the size they are in fact4 ,that there is no other rise than the one spoken of is plain from the fact that1 no matter how high we ascend above the level of the sea1 the horizon rises on and still on as we rise1 so that it is always on a level with the eye1 though it be two-hundred miles away1 as seen by ,mr4 ,j4 ,glaisher1 of ,england1 from ,mr4 ,coxwell's balloon4 ,so that a ship five miles away may be imagined to be coming up the imaginary downward curve of the ,earth's surface1 but if we merely ascend a hill such as ,federal ,hill1 ,baltimore1 we may see twenty-five miles away1 on a level with the eye--that is1 twenty miles level distance beyond the ship that we vainly imagined to be rounding the curve1 and coming up6 ,this is a plain proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #g4 ,if we take a trip down the ,chesapeake ,bay1 in the day-time1 we may see for ourselves the utter fallacy of the idea that when a vessel appears hull down1 as it is called1 it is because the hull is behind the water3 for1 vessels have been seen1 and may often be seen again1 presenting the appearance spoken of1 and away--far away--beyond those vessels1 and1 at the same moment1 the level shore line1 with its accompanying complement of tall trees1 towering up1 in perspective1 over the heads of the hull-down ships6 ,since1 then1 the idea will not stand its ground when the facts rise up against it1 and it is a piece of the popular theory1 the theory is a contemptible piece of business1 and we may easily wring from it a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #h4 ,if the ,earth were a globe1 a small model globe would be the very best--because the truest--thing for the navigator to take to sea with him4 ,but such a thing as that is not known3 with such a toy as a guide1 the mariner would wreck his ship1 of a certainty6 ,this is a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #i4 ,as mariners take to sea with them charts constructed as though the sea were a level surface1 however these charts may err as to the true form of this level surface taken as a whole1 it is clear1 as they find them answer their purpose tolerably well--and only tolerably well1 for many ships are wrecked owing to the error of which we speak--that the surface of the sea is as it is taken to be1 whether the captain of the ship supposes the ,earth to be a globe or anything else4 ,thus1 then1 we draw1 from the common system of plane sailing1 a practical proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #aj4 ,that the mariners' compass points north and south at the same time is a fact as indisputable as that two and two makes four2 but that this would be impossible if the thing were placed on a globe with north and south at the centre of opposite hemispheres is a fact that does not figure in the school-books1 though very easily seen3 and it requires no lengthy train of reasoning to bring out of it a pointed proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #aa4 ,as the mariners' compass points north and south at one time1 and as the ,north1 to which it is attracted1 is that part of the ,earth situate where the ,north ,star is in the zenith1 it follows that there is no south point or pole but that1 while the centre is ,north1 a vast circumference must be ,south in its whole extent4 ,this is a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ab4 ,as we have seen that there is1 really1 no south point 7or pole7 but an infinity of points forming1 together1 a vast circumference--the boundary of the known world1 with its battlements of icebergs which bid defiance to man's onward course in a southerly direction--so there can be no east or west points1 just as there is no yesterday1 and no to-morrow4 ,in fact1 as there is one point that is fixed 7the ,north71 it is impossible for any other point to be fixed likewise4 ,east and west are1 therefore1 merely directions at right angles with a north and south line3 and as the south point of the compass shifts round to all parts of the circular boundary1 7as it may be carried round the central ,north71 so the directions east and west1 crossing this line1 continued1 form a circle1 at any latitude4 ,a westerly circumnavigation1 therefore1 is a going round with the ,north ,star continually on the right hand1 and an easterly circumnavigation is performed only when the reverse condition of things is maintained1 the ,north ,star being on the left hand as the journey is made4 ,these facts1 taken together1 form a beautiful proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ac4 ,as the mariners' compass points north and south at one and the same time1 and a meridian is a north and south line1 it follows that meridians can be no other than straight lines4 ,but1 since all meridians on a globe are semicircles1 it is an incontrovertible proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ad4 ,parallels of latitude only--of all imaginary lines on the surface of the ,earth--are circles1 which increase1 progressively1 from the northern centre to the southern circumference4 ,the mariner's course in the direction of any one of these concentric circles is his longitude1 the degrees of which ,,increase to such an extent beyond the equator 7going southwards7 that hundreds of vessels have been wrecked because of the false idea created by the untruthfulness of the charts and the globular theory together1 causing the sailor to be continually getting out of his reckoning4 ,with a map of the ,earth in its true form all difficulty is done away with1 and ships may be conducted anywhere with perfect safety4 ,this1 then1 is a very important practical proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ae4 ,the idea that1 instead of sailing horizontally round the ,earth1 ships are taken down one side of a globe1 then underneath1 and are brought up on the other side to get home again1 is1 except as a mere dream1 impossible and absurd6 ,and1 since there are neither impossibilities nor absurdities in the simple matter of circumnavigation1 it stands1 without argument1 a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #af4 ,if the ,earth were a globe1 the distance round its surface at1 say1 #de degrees south latitude1 could not possibly be any greater than it is at the same latitude north2 but1 since it is found by navigators to be twice the distance--to say the least of it--or1 double the distance it ought to be according to the globular theory1 it is a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ag4 ,human beings require a surface on which to live that1 in its general character1 shall be ,,level2 and since the ,omniscient ,creator must have been perfectly acquainted with the requirements of ,his creatures1 it follows that1 being an ,all-wise ,creator1 ,he has met them thoroughly4 ,this is a theological proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ah4 ,the best possessions of man are his senses2 and1 when he uses them all1 he will not be deceived in his survey of nature4 ,it is only when some one faculty or other is neglected or abused that he is deluded4 ,every man in full command of his senses knows that a level surface is a flat or horizontal one2 but astronomers tell us that the true level is the curved surface of a globe6 ,they know that man requires a level surface on which to live1 so they give him one in name which is not one in fact6 ,since this is the best that astronomers1 with their theoretical science1 can do for their fellow creatures--deceive them--it is clear that things are not as they say they are2 and1 in short1 it is a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #ai4 ,every man in his senses goes the most reasonable way to work to do a thing4 ,now1 astronomers 7one after another--following a leader71 while they are telling us that ,earth is a globe1 are cutting off the upper half of this supposititious globe in their books1 and1 in this way1 forming the level surface on which they describe man as living and moving6 ,now1 if the ,earth were really a globe1 this would be just the most unreasonable and suicidal mode of endeavoring to show it4 ,so that1 unless theoretical astronomers are all out of their senses together1 it is1 clearly1 a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #bj4 ,the common sense of man tells him--if nothing else told him--that there is an up and a down in nature1 even as regards the heavens and the earth2 but the theory of modern astronomers necessitates the conclusion that there is not3 therefore1 the theory of the astronomers is opposed to common sense--yes1 and to inspiration--and this is a common sense proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ba4 ,man's experience tells him that he is not constructed like the flies that can live and move upon the ceiling of a room with as much safety as on the floor3 and since the modern theory of a planetary earth necessitates a crowd of theories to keep company with it1 and one of them is that men are really bound to the earth by a force which fastens them to it like needles round a spherical lodestone1 a theory perfectly outrageous and opposed to all human experience1 it follows that1 unless we can trample upon common sense and ignore the teachings of experience1 we have an evident proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #bb4 ,god's ,truth never--no1 never--requires a falsehood to help it along4 ,mr4 ,proctor1 in his ,lessons1 says3 ,men have been able to go round and round the ,earth in several directions4 ,now1 in this case1 the word several will imply more than two1 unquestionably3 whereas1 it is utterly impossible to circumnavigate the ,earth in any other than an easterly or a westerly direction2 and the fact is perfectly consistent and clear in its relation to ,earth as a ,plane4 ,now1 since astronomers would not be so foolish as to damage a good cause by misrepresentation1 it is presumptive evidence that their cause is a bad one1 and--a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #bc4 ,if astronomical works be searched through and through1 there will not be found a single instance of a bold1 unhesitating1 or manly statement respecting a proof of the ,earth's rotundity4 ,proctor speaks of proofs which serve to show 444 that the ,earth is not flat1 and says that man finds reason to think that the ,earth is not flat1 and speaks of certain matters being explained by supposing that the ,earth is a globe2 and says that people have assured themselves that it is a globe2 but he says1 also1 that there is a most complete proof that the ,earth is a globe3 just as though anything in the world could possibly be wanted but a proof--a proof that proves and settles the whole question4 ,this1 however1 all the money in the ,united ,states ,treasury would not buy2 and1 unless the astronomers are all so rich that they don't want the cash1 it is a sterling proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #bd4 ,when a man speaks of a most complete thing amongst several other things which claim to be what that thing is1 it is evident that they must fall short of something which the most complete thing possesses4 ,and when it is known that the most complete thing is an entire failure1 it is plain that the others1 all and sundry1 are worthless4 ,proctor's most complete proof that the ,earth is a globe lies in what he calls the fact that distances from place to place agree with calculation4 ,but1 since the distance round the ,earth at #de degrees south of the equator is twice the distance it would be on a globe1 it follows that what the greatest astronomer of the age calls a fact is ,,not a fact2 that his most complete proof is a most complete failure2 and that he might as well have told us1 at once1 that he has ,,no ,,proof to give us at all4 ,now1 since1 if the ,earth be a globe1 there would1 necessarily1 be piles of proofs of it all round us1 it follows that when astronomers1 with all their ingenuity1 are utterly unable to point one out--to say nothing about picking one up--that they give us a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #be4 ,the surveyor's plans in relation to the laying of the first ,atlantic ,telegraph cable1 show that in #affe miles--from ,valentia1 ,ireland1 to ,st4 ,john's1 ,newfoundland--the surface of the ,atlantic ,ocean is a ,,level surface--not the astronomers' level1 either6 ,the authoritative drawings1 published at the time1 are a standing evidence of the fact1 and form a practical proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #bf4 ,if the ,earth were a globe1 it would1 if we take ,valentia to be the place of departure1 curvate downwards1 in the #affe miles across the ,atlantic to ,newfoundland1 according to the astronomers' own tables1 more than three-hundred miles2 but1 as the surface of the ,atlantic does not do so--the fact of its levelness having been clearly demonstrated by ,telegraph ,cable surveyors1--it follows that we have a grand proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #bg4 ,astronomers1 in their consideration of the supposed curvature of the ,earth1 have carefully avoided the taking of that view of the question which--if anything were needed to do so--would show its utter absurdity4 ,it is this3--,if1 instead of taking our ideal point of departure to be at ,valentia1 we consider ourselves at ,st4 ,john's1 the #affe miles of water between us and ,valentia would just as well curvate downwards as it did in the other case6 ,now1 since the direction in which the ,earth is said to curvate is interchangeable--depending1 indeed1 upon the position occupied by a man upon its surface--the thing is utterly absurd2 and it follows that the theory is an outrage1 and that the ,earth does not curvate at all3--an evident proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #bh4 ,astronomers are in the habit of considering two points on the ,earth's surface1 without1 it seems1 any limit as to the distance that lies between them1 as being on a level1 and the intervening section1 even though it be an ocean1 as a vast hill--of water6 ,the ,atlantic ocean1 in taking this view of the matter1 would form a hill of water more than a hundred miles high6 ,the idea is simply monstrous1 and could only be entertained by scientists whose whole business is made up of materials of the same description3 and it certainly requires no argument to deduce1 from such science as this1 a satisfactory proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #bi4 ,if the ,earth were a globe1 it would1 unquestionably1 have the same general characteristics--no matter its size--as a small globe that may be stood upon the table4 ,as the small globe has top1 bottom1 and sides1 so must also the large one--no matter how large it be4 ,but1 as the ,earth1 which is supposed to be a large globe1 has no sides or bottom as the small globe has1 the conclusion is irresistible that it is a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #cj4 ,if the ,earth were a globe1 an observer who should ascend above its surface would have to look downwards at the horizon 7if it be possible to conceive of a horizon at all under such circumstances7 even as astronomical diagrams indicate--at angles varying from ten to nearly fifty degrees below the horizontal line of sight6 7,it is just as absurd as it would be to be taught that when we look at a man full in the face we are looking down at his feet67 ,but1 as no observer in the clouds1 or upon any eminence on the earth1 has ever had to do so1 it follows that the diagrams spoken of are imaginary and false2 that the theory which requires such things to prop it up is equally airy and untrue2 and that we have a substantial proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #ca4 ,if the ,earth were a globe1 it would certainly have to be as large as it is said to be--twenty-five thousand miles in circumference4 ,now1 the thing which is called a proof of the ,earth's roundness1 and which is presented to children at school1 is1 that if we stand on the sea-shore we may see the ships1 as they approach us1 absolutely coming up1 and that1 as we are able to see the highest parts of these ships first1 it is because the lower parts are behind the earth's curve4 ,now1 since1 if this were the case--that is1 if the lower parts of these ships were behind a hill of water at all--the size of the ,earth1 indicated by such a curve as this1 would be so small that it would only be big enough to hold the people of a parish1 if they could get all round it1 instead of the nations of the world1 it follows that the idea is preposterous2 that the appearance is due to another and to some reasonable cause2 and that1 instead of being a proof of the globular form of the ,earth1 it is a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #cb4 ,it is often said that1 if the ,earth were flat1 we could see all over it6 ,this is the result of ignorance4 ,if we stand on the level surface of a plain or a prairie1 and take notice1 we shall find that the horizon is formed at about three miles all around us3 that is1 the ground appears to rise up until1 at that distance1 it seems on a level with the eye-line or line of sight4 ,consequently1 objects no higher than we stand--say1 six feet--and which are at that distance 7three miles71 have reached the vanishing point1 and are beyond the sphere of our unaided vision4 ,this is the reason why the hull of a ship disappears 7in going away from us7 before the sails2 and1 instead of there being about it the faintest shadow of evidence of the ,earth's rotundity1 it is a clear proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #cc4 ,if the ,earth were a globe1 people--except those on the top--would1 certainly1 have to be fastened to its surface by some means or other1 whether by the attraction of astronomers or by some other undiscovered and undiscoverable process6 ,but1 as we know that we simply walk on its surface without any other aid than that which is necessary for locomotion on a plane1 it follows that we have1 herein1 a conclusive proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #cd4 ,if the ,earth were a globe1 there certainly would be--if we could imagine the thing to be peopled all round--antipodes3 people who1 says the dictionary1 living exactly on the opposite side of the globe to ourselves1 have their feet opposite to ours3--people who are hanging heads downwards whilst we are standing heads up6 ,but1 since the theory allows us to travel to those parts of the ,earth where the people are said to be heads downwards1 and still to fancy ourselves to be heads upwards and our friends whom we have left behind us to be heads downwards1 it follows that the whole thing is a myth--a dream--a delusion--and a snare2 and1 instead of there being any evidence at all in this direction to substantiate the popular theory1 it is a plain proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ce4 ,if we examine a true picture of the distant horizon1 or the thing itself1 we shall find that it coincides exactly with a perfectly straight and level line4 ,now1 since there could be nothing of the kind on a globe1 and we find it to be the case all over the ,earth1 it is a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #cf4 ,if we take a journey down the ,chesapeake ,bay1 by night1 we shall see the light exhibited at ,sharpe's ,island for an hour before the steamer gets to it4 ,we may take up a position on the deck so that the rail of the vessel's side will be in a line with the light and in the line of sight2 and we shall find that in the whole journey the light will not vary in the slightest degree in its apparent elevation4 ,but1 say that a distance of thirteen miles has been traversed1 the astronomers' theory of curvature demands a difference 7one way or the other67 in the apparent elevation of the light1 of #aab feet #h inches6 ,since1 however1 there is not a difference of #aab hair's breadths1 we have a plain proof that the water of the ,chesapeake ,bay is not curved1 which is a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #cg4 ,if the ,earth were a globe1 there would1 very likely1 be 7for nobody knows7 six months day and six months night at the arctic and antarctic regions1 as astronomers dare to assert there is3--for their theory demands it6 ,but1 as this fact--the six months day and six months night--is nowhere found but in the arctic regions1 it agrees perfectly with everything else that we know about the ,earth as a plane1 and1 whilst it overthrows the accepted theory1 it furnishes a striking proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #ch4 ,when the ,sun crosses the equator1 in ,march1 and begins to circle round the heavens in north latitude1 the inhabitants of high northern latitudes see him skimming round their horizon and forming the break of their long day1 in a horizontal course1 not disappearing again for six months1 as he rises higher and higher in the heavens whilst he makes his twenty-four hour circle until ,june1 when he begins to descend and goes on until he disappears beyond the horizon in ,september4 ,thus1 in the northern regions1 they have that which the traveller calls the midnight ,sun1 as he sees that luminary at a time when1 in his more southern latitude1 it is always midnight4 ,if1 then1 for one-half the year1 we may see for ourselves the ,sun making horizontal circles round the heavens1 it is presumptive evidence that1 for the other half-year1 he is doing the same1 although beyond the boundary of our vision4 ,this1 being a proof that ,earth is a plane1 is1 therefore1 a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ci4 ,we have abundance of evidence that the ,sun moves daily round and over the ,earth in circles concentric with the northern region over which hangs the ,north ,star2 but1 since the theory of the ,earth being a globe is necessarily connected with the theory of its motion round the ,sun in a yearly orbit1 it falls to the ground when we bring forward the evidence of which we speak1 and1 in so doing1 forms a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #dj4 ,the ,suez ,canal1 which joins the ,red ,sea with the ,mediterranean1 is about one hundred miles long2 it forms a straight and level surface of water from one end to the other2 and no allowance for any supposed curvature was made in its construction4 ,it is a clear proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #da4 ,when astronomers assert that it is necessary to make allowance for curvature in canal construction1 it is1 of course1 in order that1 in their idea1 a level cutting may be had for the water4 ,how flagrantly1 then1 do they contradict themselves when they say that the curved surface of the ,earth is a true level6 ,what more can they want for a canal than a true level8 ,since they contradict themselves in such an elementary point as this1 it is an evidence that the whole thing is a delusion1 and we have a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #db4 ,it is certain that the theory of the ,earth's rotundity and that of its mobility must stand or fall together4 ,a proof1 then1 of its immobility is virtually a proof of its non-rotundity4 ,now1 that the ,earth does not move1 either on an axis1 or in an orbit round the ,sun or anything else1 is easily proven4 ,if the ,earth went through space at the rate of eleven-hundred miles in a minute of time1 as astronomers teach us1 in a particular direction1 there would unquestionably be a difference in the result of firing off a projectile in that direction and in a direction the opposite of that one4 ,but as1 in fact1 there is not the slightest difference in any such case1 it is clear that any alleged motion of the ,earth is disproved1 and that1 therefore1 we have a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #dc4 ,the circumstances which attend bodies which are caused merely to fall from a great height prove nothing as to the motion or stability of the ,earth1 since the object1 if it be on a thing that is in motion1 will participate in that motion2 but1 if an object be thrown upwards from a body at rest1 and1 again1 from a body in motion1 the circumstances attending its descent will be very different4 ,in the former case1 it will fall1 if thrown vertically upwards1 at the place from whence it was projected2 in the latter case1 it will fall behind--the moving body from which it is thrown will leave it in the rear4 ,now1 fix a gun1 muzzle upwards1 accurately1 in the ground2 fire off a projectile2 and it will fall by the gun4 ,if the ,earth travelled eleven-hundred miles a minute1 the projectile would fall behind the gun1 in the opposite direction to that of the supposed motion4 ,since1 then1 this is ,,not the case1 in fact1 the ,earth's fancied motion is negatived1 and we have a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #dd4 ,it is in evidence that1 if a projectile be fired from a rapidly moving body in an opposite direction to that in which the body is going1 it will fall short of the distance at which it would reach the ground if fired in the direction of motion4 ,now1 since the ,earth is said to move at the rate of nineteen miles in a second of time1 from west to east1 it would make all the difference imaginable if the gun were fired in an opposite direction4 ,but1 as1 in practice1 there is not the slightest difference1 whichever way the thing may be done1 we have a forcible overthrow of all fancies relative to the motion of the ,earth1 and a striking proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #de4 ,the ,astronomer ,royal1 of ,england1 ,george ,b4 ,airy1 in his celebrated work on ,astronomy1 the ,ipswich ,lectures1 says3 ,jupiter is a large planet that turns on his axis1 and why do not we turn8 ,of course1 the common sense reply is3 ,because the ,earth is not a planet6 ,when1 therefore1 an astronomer royal puts words into our mouth wherewith we may overthrow the supposed planetary nature of the ,earth1 we have not far to go to pick up a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #df4 ,it has been shown that an easterly or a westerly motion is necessarily a circular course round the central ,north4 ,the only north point or centre of motion of the heavenly bodies known to man is that formed by the ,north ,star1 which is over the central portion of the outstretched ,earth4 ,when1 therefore1 astronomers tell us of a planet taking a westerly course round the ,sun1 the thing is as meaningless to them as it is to us1 unless they make the ,sun the northern centre of the motion1 which they cannot do6 ,since1 then1 the motion which they tell us the planets have is1 on the face of it1 absurd2 and since1 as a matter of fact1 the ,earth can have no absurd motion at all1 it is clear that it cannot be what astronomers say it is--a planet2 and1 if not a planet1 it is a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #dg4 ,in consequence of the fact being so plainly seen1 by everyone who visits the sea-shore1 that the line of the horizon is a perfectly straight line1 it becomes impossible for astronomers1 when they attempt to convey1 pictorially1 an idea of the ,earth's convexity1 to do so with even a shadow of consistency3 for they dare not represent this horizon as a curved line1 so well known is it that it is a straight one6 ,the greatest astronomer of the age1 in page #ae of his ,lessons1 gives an illustration of a ship sailing away1 as though she were rounding the top of a great hill of water2 and there--of a truth--is the straight and level line of the horizon clear along the top of the hill from one side of the picture to the other6 ,now1 if this picture were true in all its parts--and it is outrageously false in several--it would show that ,earth is a cylinder2 for the hill shown is simply up one side of the level1 horizontal line1 and1 we are led to suppose1 down the other6 ,since1 then1 we have such high authority as ,professor ,richard ,a4 ,proctor that the ,earth is a cylinder1 it is1 certainly1 a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #dh4 ,in ,mr4 ,proctor's ,lessons in ,astronomy1 page #ae1 a ship is represented as sailing away from the observer1 and it is given in five positions or distances away on its journey4 ,now1 in its first position1 its mast appears above the horizon1 and1 consequently1 higher than the observer's line of vision4 ,but1 in its second and third positions1 representing the ship as further and further away1 it is drawn higher and still higher up above the line of the horizon6 ,now1 it is utterly impossible for a ship to sail away from an observer1 under the conditions indicated1 and to appear as given in the picture4 ,consequently1 the picture is a misrepresentation1 a fraud1 and a disgrace4 ,a ship starting to sail away from an observer with her masts above his line of sight would appear1 indisputably1 to go down and still lower down towards the horizon line1 and could not possibly appear--to anyone with his vision undistorted--as going in any other direction1 curved or straight4 ,since1 then1 the design of the astronomer-artist is to show the ,earth to be a globe1 and the points in the picture1 which would only prove the ,earth to be cylindrical if true1 are ,,not true1 it follows that the astronomer-artist fails to prove1 pictorially1 either that the ,earth is a globe or a cylinder1 and that we have1 therefore1 a reasonable proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #di4 ,it is a well-known fact that clouds are continually seen moving in all manner of directions--yes1 and frequently1 in different directions at the same time--from west to east being as frequent a direction as any other4 ,now1 if the ,earth were a globe1 revolving through space from west to east at the rate of nineteen miles in a second1 the clouds appearing to us to move towards the east would have to move quicker than nineteen miles in a second to be thus seen2 whilst those which appear to be moving in the opposite direction would have no necessity to be moving at all1 since the motion of the ,earth would be more than sufficient to cause the appearance4 ,but it only takes a little common sense to show us that it is the clouds that move just as they appear to do1 and that1 therefore1 the ,earth is motionless4 ,we have1 then1 a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ej4 ,we read in the inspired book1 or collection of books1 called ,the ,bible1 nothing at all about the ,earth being a globe or a planet1 from beginning to end1 but hundreds of allusions there are in its pages which could not be made if the ,earth were a globe1 and which are1 therefore1 said by the astronomer to be absurd and contrary to what he knows to be true6 ,this is the groundwork of modern infidelity4 ,but1 since every one of many1 many allusions to the ,earth and the heavenly bodies in the ,scriptures can be demonstrated to be absolutely true to nature1 and we read of the ,earth being stretched out above the waters1 as standing in the water and out of the water1 of its being established that it cannot be moved1 we have a store from which to take all the proofs we need1 but we will just put down one proof--the ,scriptural proof--that ,earth is not a globe4 #ea4 ,a ,standing ,order exists in the ,english ,houses of ,parliament that1 in the cutting of canals1 c41 the datum line employed shall be a horizontal line1 which shall be the same throughout the whole length of the work4 ,now1 if the ,earth were a globe1 this ,order could not be carried out3 but1 it is carried out3 therefore1 it is a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #eb4 ,it is a well-known and indisputable fact that there is a far greater accumulation of ice south of the equator than is to be found at an equal latitude north3 and it is said that at ,kerguelen1 #ej degrees south1 #ah kinds of plants exist1 whilst1 in ,iceland1 #ae degrees nearer the northern centre1 there are #hgj species2 and1 indeed1 all the facts in the case show that the ,sun's power is less intense at places in the southern region than it is in corresponding latitudes north4 ,now1 on the ,newtonian hypothesis1 all this is inexplicable1 whilst it is strictly in accordance with the facts brought to light by the carrying out of the principles involved in the ,zetetic ,philosophy of ,parallax4 ,this is a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ec4 ,every year the ,sun is as long south of the equator as he is north2 and if the ,earth were not stretched out as it is1 in fact1 but turned under1 as the ,newtonian theory suggests1 it would certainly get as intensive a share of the ,sun's rays south as north2 but the ,southern region being1 in consequence of the fact stated1 far more extensive than the region ,north1 the ,sun1 having to complete his journey round every twenty-four hours1 travels quicker as he goes further south1 from ,september to ,december1 and his influence has less time in which to accumulate at any given point4 ,since1 then1 the facts could not be as they are if the ,earth were a globe1 it is a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ed4 ,the aeronaut is able to start in his balloon and remain for hours in the air1 at an elevation of several miles1 and come down again in the same county or parish from which he ascended4 ,now1 unless the ,earth drag the balloon along with it in its nineteen-miles-a-second motion1 it must be left far behind1 in space3 but1 since balloons have never been known thus to be left1 it is a proof that the ,earth1 does not move1 and1 therefore1 a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ee4 ,the ,newtonian theory of astronomy requires that the ,moon borrow her light from the ,sun4 ,now1 since the ,sun's rays are hot and the ,moon's light sends with it no heat at all1 it follows that the ,sun and ,moon are two great lights1 as we somewhere read2 that the ,newtonian theory is a mistake2 and that1 therefore1 we have a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ef4 ,the ,sun and ,moon may often be seen high in the heavens at the same time--the ,sun rising in the east and the ,moon setting in the west--the ,sun's light positively putting the ,moon's light out by sheer contrast6 ,if the accepted ,newtonian theory were correct1 and the ,moon had her light from the ,sun1 she ought to be getting more of it when face to face with that luminary--if it were possible for a sphere to act as a reflector all over its face6 ,but as the ,moon's light pales before the rising ,sun1 it is a proof that the theory fails2 and this gives us a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #eg4 ,the ,newtonian hypothesis involves the necessity of the ,sun1 in the case of a lunar eclipse1 being on the opposite side of a globular earth1 to cast its shadow on the ,moon3 but1 since eclipses of the ,moon have taken place with both the ,sun and the ,moon above the horizon1 it follows that it cannot be the shadow of the ,earth that eclipses the ,moon2 that the theory is a blunder2 and that it is nothing less than a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #eh4 ,astronomers have never agreed amongst themselves about a rotating ,moon revolving round a rotating and revolving ,earth--this ,earth1 ,moon1 planets and their satellites all1 at the same time dashing through space1 around the rotating and revolving ,sun1 towards the constellation ,hercules1 at the rate of four millions of miles a day6 ,and they never will3 agreement is impossible6 ,with the ,earth a plane and without motion1 the whole thing is clear4 ,and if a straw will show which way the wind blows1 this may be taken as a pretty strong proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ei4 ,mr4 ,proctor says3 ,the ,sun is so far off that even moving from one side of the ,earth to the other does not cause him to be seen in a different direction--at least the difference is too small to be measured4 ,now1 since we know that north of the equator1 say #de degrees1 we see the ,sun at mid-day to the south1 and that at the same distance south of the equator we see the ,sun at mid-day to the north1 our very shadows on the ground cry aloud against the delusion of the day and give us a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #fj4 ,there is no problem more important to the astronomer than that of the ,sun's distance from the ,earth4 ,every change in the estimate changes everything4 ,now1 since modern astronomers1 in their estimates of this distance1 have gone all the way along the line of figures from three millions of miles to a hundred and four millions--to-day1 the distance being something over #ia1jjj1jjj2 it matters not how much3 for1 not many years ago1 ,mr4 ,hind gave the distance1 accurately1 as #ie1cgj1jjj6--;it follows that they don't know1 and that it is foolish for anyone to expect that they ever will know1 the ,sun's distance6 ,and since all this speculation and absurdity is caused by the primary assumption that ,earth is a wandering1 heavenly body1 and is all swept away by a knowledge of the fact that ,earth is a plane1 it is a clear proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #fa4 ,it is plain that a theory of measurements without a measuring-rod is like a ship without a rudder2 that a measure that is not fixed1 not likely to be fixed1 and never has been fixed1 forms no measuring-rod at all2 and that as modern theoretical astronomy depends upon the ,sun's distance from the ,earth as its measuring-rod1 and the distance is not known1 it is a system of measurements without a measuring-rod--a ship without a rudder4 ,now1 since it is not difficult to foresee the dashing of this thing upon the rock on which ,zetetic astronomy is founded1 it is a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #fb4 ,it is commonly asserted that the ,earth must be a globe because people have sailed round it4 ,now1 since this implies that we can sail round nothing unless it be a globe1 and the fact is well known that we can sail round the ,earth as a plane1 the assertion is ridiculous1 and we have another proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #fc4 ,it is a fact not so well known as it ought to be that when a ship1 in sailing away from us1 has reached the point at which her hull is lost to our unaided vision1 a good telescope will restore to our view this portion of the vessel4 ,now1 since telescopes are not made to enable people to see through a hill of water1 it is clear that the hulls of ships are not behind a hill of water when they can be seen through a telescope though lost to our unaided vision4 ,this is a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #fd4 ,mr4 ,glaisher1 in speaking of his balloon ascends1 says3 ,the horizon always appeared on a level with the car4 ,now1 since we may search amongst the laws of optics in vain for any principle that would cause the surface of a globe to turn its face upwards instead of downwards1 it is a clear proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #fe4 ,the ,rev4 ,d4 ,olmsted1 in describing a diagram which is supposed to represent the ,earth as a globe1 with a figure of a man sticking out at each side and one hanging head downwards1 says3 ,we should dwell on this point until it appears to us as truly up1--in the direction given to these figures as it does with regard to a figure which he has placed on the top6 ,now1 a system of philosophy which requires us to do something which is1 really1 the going out of our minds1 by dwelling on an absurdity until we think it is a fact1 cannot be a system based on ,god's truth1 which never requires anything of the kind4 ,since1 then1 the popular theoretical astronomy of the day requires this1 it is evident that it is the wrong thing1 and that this conclusion furnishes us with a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ff4 ,it is often said that the predictions of eclipses prove astronomers to be right in their theories4 ,but it is not seen that this proves too much4 ,it is well known that ,ptolemy predicted eclipses for six-hundred years1 on the basis of a plane ,earth1 with as much accuracy as they are predicted by modern observers4 ,if1 then1 the predictions prove the truth of the particular theories current at the time1 they just as well prove one side of the question as the other1 and enable us to lay claim to a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #fg4 ,seven-hundred miles is said to be the length of the great ,canal1 in ,china4 ,certain it is that1 when this canal was formed1 no allowance was made for curvature4 ,yet the canal is a fact without it4 ,this is a ,chinese proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #fh4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,n4 ,lockyer says3 ,because the ,sun seems to rise in the east and set in the west1 the ,earth really spins in the opposite direction2 that is1 from west to east4 ,now1 this is no better than though we were to say--,because a man seems to be coming up the street1 the street really goes down to the man6 ,and since true science would contain no such nonsense as this1 it follows that the so-called science of theoretical astronomy is not true1 and1 therefore1 we have a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #fi4 ,mr4 ,lockyer says3 ,the appearances connected with the rising and setting of the ,sun and stars may be due either to our earth being at rest and the ,sun and stars travelling round it1 or the earth itself turning round1 while the ,sun and stars are at rest4 ,now1 since true science does not allow of any such beggarly alternatives as these1 it is plain that modern theoretical astronomy is not true science1 and that its leading dogma is a fallacy4 ,we have1 then1 a plain proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #gj4 ,mr4 ,lockyer1 in describing his picture of the supposed proof of the ,earth's rotundity by means of ships rounding a hill of water1 uses these words3--,diagram showing how1 when we suppose the earth is round1 we explain how it is that ships at sea appear as they do4 ,this is utterly unworthy of the name of ,science6 ,a science that begins by supposing1 and ends by explaining the supposition1 is1 from beginning to end1 a mere farce4 ,the men who can do nothing better than amuse themselves in this way must be denounced as dreamers only1 and their leading dogma a delusion4 ,this is a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #ga4 ,the astronomers' theory of a globular ,earth necessitates the conclusion that1 if we travel south of the equator1 to see the ,north ,star is an impossibility4 ,yet it is well known this star has been seen by navigators when they have been more than #bj degrees south of the equator4 ,this fact1 like hundreds of other facts1 puts the theory to shame1 and gives us a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #gb4 ,astronomers tell us that1 in consequence of the ,earth's rotundity1 the perpendicular walls of buildings are1 nowhere1 parallel1 and that even the walls of houses on opposite sides of a street are not strictly so6 ,but1 since all observation fails to find any evidence of this want of parallelism which theory demands1 the idea must be renounced as being absurd and in opposition to all well-known facts4 ,this is a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #gc4 ,astronomers have made experiments with pendulums which have been suspended from the interior of high buildings1 and have exulted over the idea of being able to prove the rotation of the ,earth on its axis1 by the varying direction taken by the pendulum over a prepared table underneath--asserting that the table moved round under the pendulum1 instead of the pendulum shifting and oscillating in different directions over the table6 ,but1 since it has been found that1 as often as not1 the pendulum went round the wrong way for the rotation theory1 chagrin has taken the place of exultation1 and we have a proof of the failure of astronomers in their efforts to substantiate their theory1 and1 therefore1 a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #gd4 ,as to the supposed motion of the whole ,solar system in space1 the ,astronomer ,royal of ,england once said3 ,the matter is left in a most delightful state of uncertainty1 and ,i shall be very glad if anyone can help us out of it4 ,but1 since the whole ,newtonian scheme is1 to-day1 in a most deplorable state of uncertainty--for1 whether the ,moon goes round the ,earth or the ,earth round the ,moon has1 for years1 been a matter of raging controversy--it follows that1 root and branch1 the whole thing1 is wrong2 and1 all hot from the raging furnace of philosophical phrensy1 we find a glowing proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #ge4 ,considerably more than a million ,earths would be required to make up a body like the ,sun--the astronomers tell us3 and more than #ec1jjj suns would be wanted to equal the cubic contents of the star ,vega4 ,and ,vega is a small star6 ,and there are countless millions of these stars6 ,and it takes #cj1jjj1jjj years for the light of some of these stars to reach us at #ab1jjj1jjj miles in a minute6 ,and1 says ,mr4 ,proctor1 ,i think a moderate estimate of the age of the ,earth would be #ejj1jjj1jjj years6 ,its weight1 says the same individual1 is #f1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj tons6 ,now1 since no human being is able to comprehend these things1 the giving of them to the world is an insult--an outrage4 ,and though they have all arisen from the one assumption that ,earth is a planet1 instead of upholding the assumption1 they drag it down by the weight of their own absurdity1 and leave it lying in the dust--a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #gf4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,young1 in his work on ,navigation1 says3 ,although the path of the ship is on a spherical surface1 yet we may represent the length of the path by a straight line on a plane surface4 7,and plane sailing is the rule47 ,now1 since it is altogether impossible to represent a curved line by a straight one1 and absurd to make the attempt1 it follows that a straight line represents a straight line and not a curved one4 ,and1 since it is the surface of the waters of the ocean that is being considered by ,mr4 ,young1 it follows that this surface is a straight surface1 and we are indebted to ,mr4 ,young1 a professor of navigation1 for a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #gg4 ,oh1 but if the ,earth is a plane1 we could go to the edge and tumble over6 is a very common assertion4 ,this is a conclusion that is formed too hastily1 and facts overthrow it4 ,the ,earth certainly is1 just what man by his observation finds it to be1 and what ,mr4 ,proctor himself says it seems to be--flat2 and we cannot cross the icy barrier which surrounds it4 ,this is a complete answer to the objection1 and1 of course1 a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #gh4 ,yes1 but we can circumnavigate the ,south easily enough1 is often said--by those who don't know4 ,the ,british ,ship ,challenger recently completed the circuit of the ,southern region--indirectly1 to be sure--but she was three years about it1 and traversed nearly #fi1jjj miles--a stretch long enough to have taken her six times round on the globular hypothesis4 ,this is a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #gi4 ,the remark is common enough that we can see the circle of the ,earth if we cross the ocean1 and that this proves it to be round4 ,now1 if we tie a donkey to a stake on a level common1 and he eats the grass all around him1 it is only a circular disc that he has to do with1 not a spherical mass4 ,since1 then1 circular discs may be seen anywhere--as well from a balloon in the air as from the deck of a ship1 or from the standpoint of the donkey1 it is a proof that the surface of the ,earth is a plane surface1 and1 therefore1 a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #hj4 ,it is supposed1 in the regular course of the ,newtonian theory1 that the ,earth is1 in ,june1 about #aij millions of miles 7#aij1jjj1jjj7 away from its position in ,december4 ,now1 since we can1 7in middle north latitudes71 see the ,north ,star1 on looking out of a window that faces it--and out of the very same corner of the very same pane of glass in the very same window--all the year round1 it is proof enough for any man in his senses that we have made no motion at all4 ,it is a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ha4 ,newtonian philosophers teach us that the ,moon goes round the ,earth from west to east4 ,but observation--man's most certain mode of gaining knowledge--shows us that the ,moon never ceases to move in the opposite direction--from east to west4 ,since1 then1 we know that nothing can possibly move in two1 opposite directions at the same time1 it is a proof that the thing is a big blunder2 and1 in short1 it is a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #hb4 ,astronomers tell us that the ,moon goes round the ,earth in about #bh days4 ,well1 we may see her making her journey round1 every day1 if we make use of our eyes--and these are about the best things we have to use4 ,the ,moon falls behind in her daily motion as compared with that of the ,sun to the extent of one revolution in the time specified2 but that is not making a revolution4 ,failing to go as fast as other bodies go in one direction does not constitute a going round in the opposite one--as the astronomers would have us believe6 ,and1 since all this absurdity has been rendered necessary for no other purpose than to help other absurdities along1 it is clear that the astronomers are on the wrong track2 and it needs no long train of reasoning to show that we have a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #hc4 ,it has been shown that meridians are1 necessarily1 straight lines2 and that it is impossible to travel round the ,earth in a north or south direction3 from which it follows that1 in the general acceptation of the word degree1--the #cfjth part of a circle--meridians have no degrees3 for no one knows anything of a meridian circle or semicircle1 to be thus divided4 ,but astronomers speak of degrees of latitude in the same sense as those of longitude4 ,this1 then1 is done by assuming that to be true which is not true4 ,zetetic philosophy does not involve this necessity4 ,this proves that the basis of this philosophy is a sound one1 and1 in short1 is a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #hd4 ,if we move away from an elevated object on or over a plain or a prairie1 the height of the object will apparently diminish as we do so4 ,now1 that which is sufficient to produce this effect on a small scale is sufficient on a large one2 and travelling away from an elevated object1 no matter how high1 over a level surface1 no matter how far1 will cause the appearance in question--the lowering of the object4 ,our modern theoretical astronomers1 however1 in the case of the apparent lowering of the ,north ,star as we travel southward1 assert that it is evidence that the ,earth is globular6 ,but1 as it is clear that an appearance which is fully accounted for on the basis of known facts cannot be permitted to figure as evidence in favor of that which is only a supposition1 it follows that we rightfully order it to stand down1 and make way for a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #he4 ,there are rivers which flow east1 west1 north1 and south--that is1 rivers are flowing in all directions over the ,earth's surface1 and at the same time4 ,now1 if the ,earth were a globe1 some of these rivers would be flowing up-hill and others down1 taking it for a fact that there really is an up and a down in nature1 whatever form she assumes4 ,but1 since rivers do not flow up-hill1 and the globular theory requires that they should1 it is a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #hf4 ,if the ,earth were a globe1 rolling and dashing through space at the rate of a hundred miles in five seconds of time1 the waters of seas and oceans could not1 by any known law1 be kept on its surface--the assertion that they could be retained under these circumstances being an outrage upon human understanding and credulity6 ,but as the ,earth--that is1 the habitable world of dry land--is found to be standing out of the water and in the water of the mighty deep1 whose circumferential boundary is ice1 we may throw the statement back into the teeth of those who make it and flaunt before their faces the flag of reason and common sense1 inscribed with--a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #hg4 ,the theory of a rotating and revolving earth demands a theory to keep the water on its surface2 but1 as the theory which is given for this purpose is as much opposed to all human experience as the one which it is intended to uphold1 it is an illustration of the miserable makeshifts to which astronomers are compelled to resort1 and affords a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #hh4 ,if we could--after our minds had once been opened to the light of ,truth--conceive of a globular body on the surface of which human beings could exist1 the power--no matter by what name it be called--that would hold them on would1 then1 necessarily1 have to be so constraining and cogent that they could not live2 the waters of the oceans would have to be as a solid mass1 for motion would be impossible4 ,but we not only exist1 but live and move2 and the water of the ocean skips and dances like a thing of life and beauty6 ,this is a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #hi4 ,it is well known that the law regulating the apparent decrease in the size of objects as we leave them in the distance 7or as they leave us7 is very different with luminous bodies from what it is in the case of those which are non-luminous4 ,sail past the light of a small lamp in a row-boat on a dark night1 and it will seem to be no smaller when a mile off than it was when close to it4 ,proctor says1 in speaking of the ,sun3 his apparent size does not change1--far off or near4 ,and then he forgets the fact6 ,mr4 ,proctor tells us1 subsequently1 that1 if the traveller goes so far south that the ,north ,star appears on the horizon1 the ,sun should therefore look much larger--if the ,earth were a plane6 ,therefore1 he argues1 the path followed cannot have been the straight course1--but a curved one4 ,now1 since it is nothing but common scientific trickery to bring forward1 as an objection to stand in the way of a plane ,earth1 the non-appearance of a thing which has never been known to appear at all1 it follows that1 unless that which appears to be trickery were an accident1 it was the only course open to the objector--to trick4 7,mr4 ,proctor1 in a letter to the ,english ,mechanic for ,oct4 #bj1 #ahga1 boasts of having turned a recent convert to the ,zetetic philosophy by telling him that his arguments were all very good1 but that it seems as though mark the language6 the sun ought to look nine times larger in summer4 ,and ,mr4 ,proctor concludes thus3 ,he saw1 indeed1 that1 in his faith in ',parallax1' he had 'written himself down an ass4'7 ,well1 then3 trickery or no trickery on the part of the objector1 the objection is a counterfeit--a fraud--no valid objection at all2 and it follows that the system which does not purge itself of these things is a rotten system1 and the system which its advocates1 with ,mr4 ,proctor at their head1 would crush if they could find a weapon to use--the ,zetetic philosophy of ,parallax--is destined to live6 ,this is a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ij4 ,is water level1 or is it not8 was a question once asked of an astronomer4 ,practically1 yes2 theoretically1 no1 was the reply4 ,now1 when theory does not harmonize with practice1 the best thing to do is to drop the theory4 7,it is getting too late1 now1 to say ,so much the worse for the facts67 ,to drop the theory which supposes a curved surface to standing water is to acknowledge the facts which form the basis of ,zetetic philosophy4 ,and since this will have to be done--sooner or later1--it is a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ia4 ,by actual observation1 says ,schoedler1 in his ,book of ,nature1 we know that the other heavenly bodies are spherical1 hence we unhesitatingly assert that the earth is so also4 ,this is a fair sample of all astronomical reasoning4 ,when a thing is classed amongst other things1 the likeness between them must first be proven4 ,it does not take a ,schoedler to tell us that heavenly bodies are spherical1 but the greatest astronomer of the age will not1 now1 dare to tell us that ,the ,earth is--and attempt to prove it4 ,now1 since no likeness has ever been proven to exist between the ,earth and the heavenly bodies1 the classification of the ,earth with the heavenly bodies is premature--unscientific--false6 ,this is a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #ib4 ,there is no inconsistency in supposing that the earth does move round the sun1 says the ,astronomer ,royal of ,england4 ,certainly not1 when theoretical astronomy is all supposition together6 ,the inconsistency is in teaching the world that the thing supposed is a fact4 ,since1 then1 the motion of the ,earth is supposition only--since1 indeed1 it is necessary to suppose it at all--it is plain that it is a fiction and not a fact2 and1 since mobility and sphericity stand or fall together1 we have before us a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #ic4 ,we have seen that astronomers--to give us a level surface on which to live--have cut off one-half of the globe in a certain picture in their books4 ,see page #f4 ,now1 astronomers having done this1 one-half of the substance of their spherical theory is given up6 ,since1 then1 the theory must stand or fall in its entirety1 it has really fallen when the half is gone4 ,nothing remains1 then1 but a plane ,earth1 which is1 of course1 a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #id4 ,in ,cornell's ,geography there is an ,illustrated proof of the ,form of the ,earth4 ,a curved line on which is represented a ship in four positions1 as she sails away from an observer1 is an arc of #gb degrees1 or one-fifth of the supposed circumference of the globe--about #e1jjj miles4 ,ten such ships as those which are given in the picture would reach the full length of the arc1 making #ejj miles as the length of the ship4 ,the man1 in the picture1 who is watching the ship as she sails away1 is about #bjj miles high2 and the tower1 from which he takes an elevated view1 at least #ejj miles high4 ,these are the proportions1 then1 of men1 towers1 and ships which are necessary in order to see a ship1 in her different positions1 as she rounds the curve of the great hill of water over which she is supposed to be sailing3 for1 it must be remembered that this supposed proof depends upon lines and angles of vision which1 if enlarged1 would still retain their characteristics4 ,now1 since ships are not built #ejj miles long1 with masts in proportion1 and men are not quite #bjj miles high1 it is not what it is said to be--a proof of rotundity--but1 either an ignorant farce or a cruel piece of deception4 ,in short1 it is a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ie4 ,in ,cornell's ,intermediate ,geography1 7#ahha7 page #ab1 is an ,illustration of the ,natural ,divisions of ,land and ,water4 ,this illustration is so nicely drawn that it affords1 at once1 a striking proof that ,earth is a plane4 ,it is true to nature1 and bears the stamp of no astronomer-artist4 ,it is a pictorial proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #if4 ,if we refer to the diagram in ,cornell's ,geography1 page #d1 and notice the ship in its position the most remote from the observer1 we shall find that1 though it is about #d1jjj miles away1 it is the same size as the ship that is nearest to him1 distant about #gjj miles6 ,this is an illustration of the way in which astronomers ignore the laws of perspective4 ,this course is necessary1 or they would be compelled to lay bare the fallacy of their dogmas4 ,in short1 there is1 in this matter1 a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ig4 ,mr4 ,hind1 the ,english astronomer1 says3 ,the simplicity with which the seasons are explained by the revolution of the ,earth in her orbit and the obliquity of the ecliptic1 may certainly be adduced as a strong presumptive proof of the correctness--of the ,newtonian theory2 for on no other rational suppositions with respect to the relations of the ,earth and ,sun1 can these and other as well-known phenomena1 be accounted for4 ,but1 as true philosophy has no suppositions at all--and has nothing to do with suppositions--and the phenomena spoken of are thoroughly explained by facts1 the presumptive proof falls to the ground1 covered with the ridicule it so richly deserves2 and out of the dust of ,mr4 ,hind's rational suppositions we see standing before us a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #ih4 ,mr4 ,hind speaks of the astronomer watching a star as it is carried across the telescope by the diurnal revolution of the ,earth4 ,now1 this is nothing but downright absurdity4 ,no motion of the ,earth could possibly carry a star across a telescope or anything else4 ,if the star is carried across anything at all1 it is the star that moves1 not the thing across which it is carried6 ,besides1 the idea that the ,earth1 if it were a globe1 could possibly move in an orbit of nearly #fjj1jjj1jjj of miles with such exactitude that the cross-hairs in a telescope fixed on its surface would appear to glide gently over a star millions of millions of miles away is simply monstrous2 whereas1 with a ,,fixed telescope1 it matters not the distance of the stars1 though we suppose them to be as far off as the astronomer supposes them to be2 for1 as ,mr4 ,proctor himself says1 the further away they are1 the less they will seem to shift4 ,why1 in the name of common sense1 should observers have to fix their telescopes on solid stone bases so that they should not move a hair's-breadth1 if the ,earth on which they fix them move at the rate of nineteen miles in a second8 ,indeed1 to believe that ,mr4 ,proctor's mass of six thousand million million million tons is rolling1 surging1 flying1 darting on through space for ever with a velocity compared with which a shot from a cannon is a very slow coach1 with such unerring accuracy that a telescope fixed on granite pillars in an observatory will not enable a lynx-eyed astronomer to detect a variation in its onward motion of the thousandth part of a hair's-breadth is to conceive a miracle compared with which all the miracles on record put together would sink into utter insignificance4 ,captain ,r4 ,j4 ,morrison1 the late compiler of ,zadkeil's ,almanac1 says3 ,we declare that this 'motion' is all mere 'bosh'2 and that the arguments which uphold it are1 when examined with an eye that seeks for ,,truth only1 mere nonsense1 and childish absurdity4 ,since1 then1 these absurd theories are of no use to men in their senses1 and since there is no necessity for anything of the kind in ,zetetic philosophy1 it is a strong presumptive proof--as ,mr4 ,hind would say--that the ,zetetic philosophy is true1 and1 therefore1 a proof that ,earth is not a globe4 #ii4 ,mr4 ,hind speaks of two great mathematicians differing only fifty-five yards in their estimate of the ,earth's diameter4 ,why1 ,sir ,john ,herschel1 in his celebrated work1 cuts off #dhj miles of the same thing to get round numbers6 ,this is like splitting a hair on one side of the head and shaving all the hair off on the other6 ,oh1 science6 ,can there be any truth in a science like this8 ,all the exactitude in astronomy is in ,practical astronomy--not ,theoretical4 ,centuries of observation have made practical astronomy a noble art and science1 based--as we have a thousand times proved it to be--on a fixed ,earth2 and we denounce this pretended exactitude on one side and the reckless indifference to figures on the other as the basest trash1 and take from it a proof that the science which tolerates it is a false--instead of being an exact--science1 and we have a proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 #ajj4 ,the ,sun1 as he travels round over the surface of the ,earth1 brings noon to all places on the successive meridians which he crosses3 his journey being made in a westerly direction1 places east of the ,sun's position have had their noon1 whilst places to the west of the ,sun's position have still to get it4 ,therefore1 if we travel easterly1 we arrive at those parts of the ,earth where time is more advanced1 the watch in our pocket has to be put on1 or we may be said to gain time4 ,if1 on the other hand1 we travel westerly1 we arrive at places where it is still morning1 the watch has to be put back1 and it may be said that we lose time4 ,but1 if we travel easterly so as to cross the #ahjth meridian1 there is a loss1 there1 of a day1 which will neutralize the gain of a whole circumnavigation2 and1 if we travel westerly1 and cross the same meridian1 we experience the gain of a day1 which will compensate for the loss during a complete circumnavigation in that direction4 ,the fact of losing or gaining time in sailing round the world1 then1 instead of being evidence of the ,earth's rotundity1 as it is imagined to be1 is1 in its practical exemplification1 an everlasting proof that the ,earth is not a globe4 ,and what then8 ,what then6 ,no intelligent man will ask the question2 and he who may be called an intellectual man will know that the demonstration of the fact that the ,earth is not a globe is the grandest snapping of the chains of slavery that ever took place in the world of literature or science4 ,the floodgates of human knowledge are opened afresh and an impetus is given to investigation and discovery where all was stagnation1 bewilderment and dreams6 ,is it nothing to know that infidelity cannot stand against the mighty rush of the living water of ,truth that must flow on and on until the world shall look up once more to ,him that stretched out the earth above the waters--to ,him that made great lights3--the ,sun to rule by day--the ,moon and ,stars to rule by night8 ,is it nothing to know and to feel that the heavenly bodies were made for man1 and that the monstrous dogma of an infinity of worlds is overthrown for ever8 ,the old-time ,english ,family ,herald1 for ,july #be1 #ahhe1 says1 in its editorial1 that ,the earth's revolution on its own axis was denied1 against ,galileo and ,copernicus1 by the whole weight of the ,church of ,rome4 ,and1 in an article on ,the ,pride of ,ignorance1 too6--the editor not knowing that if the ,earth had an axis to call its own--which the ,church well knew it had not1 and1 therefore1 could not admit--it would not revolve on it2 and that the theoretical motion on an axis is that of rotation1 and not revolution6 ,is it nothing to know that the whole weight of the ,church of ,rome was thrown in the right direction1 although it has swayed back again like a gigantic pendulum that will regain its old position before long8 ,is it nothing to know that the pride of ignorance is on the other side8 ,is it nothing to know that1 with all the ,bradlaughs and ,ingersolls of the world telling us to the contrary--,biblical science is true8 ,is it nothing to know that we are living on a body at rest1 and not upon a heavenly body whirling and dashing through space in every conceivable way and with a velocity utterly inconceivable8 ,is it nothing to know that we can look stedfastly up to ,heaven instead of having no heaven to look up to at all8 ,is it nothing1 indeed1 to be in the broad daylight of ,truth and to be able to go on towards a possible perfection1 instead of being wrapped in the darkness of error on the rough ocean of ,life1 and finding ourselves stranded at last--,god alone knows where8 ,baltimore1 ,maryland1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 ,august1 #ahhe4 ,,appendix ,,to ,,the ,,second ,,edition4 ,the following letters remain unanswered1 at the time of going to press1 ,december #g1 #ahhe3-- #ga ,chew ,street1 ,baltimore1 ,nov4 #ba1 #ahhe4 ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor1 ,esq41 ,st4 ,joe1 ,mo4 ,sir3 ,i have sent you two copies of my ',one ,hundred ,proofs that the ,earth is ,not a ,globe1' and1 as several weeks have since elapsed and ,i have not heard from you1 ,i write to inform you that if you have any remarks to make concerning that publication1 and will let me have them in the course of a week or ten days1 ,i will print them--if you say what you may wish to say in about five or six hundred words--in the second edition of the pamphlet1 which will very soon be called for4 ,allow me to say that1 as this work is not only 'dedicated' to you but attacks your teachings1 the public will be looking for something from your pen very shortly4 ,i hope they may not be disappointed4 ,yours in the cause of truth1 ,w4 ,carpenter4 #ga ,chew ,street1 ,baltimore1 ,nov4 #bd1 #ahhe4 ,spencer ,f4 ,baird1 ,esq41 ,secretary of the ,smithsonian ,institution1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sir3--,i had the pleasure1 several weeks ago1 of sending you my ',one ,hundred ,proofs that the ,earth is ,not a ,globe4' ,i hope you received them4 ,a second edition is now called for1 and ,i should esteem it a favor if you would write me a few words concerning them that ,i may print with this forthcoming edition as an appendix to them4 ,if you think any of the ',hundred ,proofs' are unsound1 ,i will print all you may have to say about them1 if not over #djj words1 as above stated4 ,i have made ,richard ,a4 ,proctor1 ,esq41 a similar offer1 giving him1 of course1 a little more space4 ,i feel sure that the very great importance of this matter will prompt you to give it your immediate attention4 ,i have the honor to be1 sir1 yours sincerely1 ,wm4 ,carpenter4 ,copies of the first edition of this pamphlet have been sent to the leading newspapers of this country and of ,england1 and to very many of the most renowned scientific men of the two countries--from the ,astronomer ,royal1 of ,england1 to ,dr4 ,gilman1 of ,johns ,hopkins ,university1 ,baltimore4 ,several copies have been sent to graduates of different ,universities1 on application1 in consequence of the subjoined advertisement1 which has appeared in several newspapers3-- ,,wanted4--,a ,scholar of ripe attainments to review ,carpenter's ',one ,hundred ,proofs that the ,earth is ,not a ,globe4' ,liberal remuneration offered4 ,apply to ,wm4 ,carpenter1 #ga ,chew ,street1 ,baltimore4 ,n4 ,b4--,no one need apply who has not courage enough to append his name to the ,review for publication4 ,we should be pleased to hear from some of the gentlemen in time for the insertion of their courageous attacks in the ,third edition6 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,this can only be described as an extraordinary book4444 ,his arguments are certainly plausible and ingenious1 and even the reader who does not agree with him will find a singular interest and fascination in analyzing the 'one hundred proofs4'444 ,the proofs are set forth in brief1 forcible1 compact1 very clear paragraphs1 the meaning of which can be comprehended at a glance4--,daily ,news1 ,sept4 #bd4 ,throughout the entire work there are discernible traces of a strong and reliant mind1 and such reliance as can only have been acquired by unbiassed observation1 laborious investigation1 and final conviction2 and the masterly handling of so profound a theme displays evidence of grave and active researches4 ,there is no groping wildly about in the vagueness of theoretical speculations1 no empty hypotheses inflated with baseless assertions and false illustrations1 but the practical and perspicuous conclusions of a mind emancipated from the prevailing influences of fashionable credence and popular prejudice1 and subordinate only to those principles emanating from reason and common sense4--,h4 ,d4 ,t41 ,woodberry ,news1 ,sept4 #bf1 #ahhe4 ,we do not profess to be able to overthrow any of his ',proofs4' ,and we must admit1 and our readers will be inclined to do the same1 that it is certainly a strange thing that ,mr4 ,wm4 ,carpenter1 or anyone else1 should be able to bring together ',one ,hundred ,proofs' of anything in the world if that thing is not right1 while we keep on asking for one proof1 that is really a satisfactory one1 on the other side4 ,if these ',hundred ,proofs' are nonsense1 we cannot prove them to be so1 and some of our scientific men had better try their hands1 and we think they will try their heads pretty badly into the bargain4--,the ,woodberry ,news1 ,baltimore1 ,sept4 #ai1 #ahhe4 ,this is a remarkable pamphlet4 ,the author has the courage of his convictions1 and presents them with no little ingenuity1 however musty they may appear to nineteenth century readers4 ,he takes for his text a statement of ,prof4 ,proctor's that ',the ,earth on which we live and move seems to be flat1' and proceeds with great alacrity to marshal his hundred arguments in proof that it not only seems but is flat1 'an extended plane1 stretched out in all directions away from the central ,north4' ,he enumerates all the reasons offered by scientists for a belief in the rotundity of the earth and evidently to his own complete satisfaction refutes them4 ,he argues that the heavenly bodies were made solely to light this world1 that the belief in an infinity of worlds is a monstrous dogma1 contrary to ,bible teaching1 and the great stronghold of the infidel2 and that the ,church of ,rome was right when it threw the whole weight of its influence against ,galileo and ,copernicus when they taught the revolution of the earth on its axis4--,michigan ,christian ,herald1 ,oct4 #ae1 #ahhe4 ,so many proofs4--,every ,saturday1 ,sept4 #bf1 #ahhe4 ,a highly instructive and very entertaining work4444 ,the book is well worth reading4--,protector1 ,baltimore1 ,oct4 #c1 #ahhe4 ,the book will be sought after and read with peculiar interest4--,baltimore ,labor ,free ,press1 ,oct4 #ag1 #ahhe4 ,some of them the proofs are of sufficient force to demand an answer from the advocates of the popular theory4--,baltimore ,episcopal ,methodist1 ,october #bh1 #ahhe4 ,showing considerable smartness both in conception and argument4--,western ,christian ,advocate1 ,cincinnati1 ,o41 ,oct4 #ba1 #ahhe4 ,forcible and striking in the extreme4--,brooklyn ,market ,journal4 ,baltimore1 ,maryland1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 ,december #g1 #ahhe4 ,,appendix ,,to ,,third ,,edition4 ,,copy ,,of ,,letter ,,from ,,richard ,a4 ,,proctor1 ,,esq4 #e ,montague ,street1 ,russell ,square1 ,london1 ,w4,c41 #ab ,dec41 #ahhe4 ,w4 ,carpenter1 ,esq41 ,baltimore4 ,dear ,sir1--,i am obliged to you for the copy of your ,one ,hundred ,proofs that the ,earth is not a ,globe1 and for the evident kindness of your intention in dedicating the work to me4 ,the only further remark it occurs to me to offer is that ,i call myself rather a student of astronomy than an astronomer4 ,yours faithfully1 ,,richard ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,p4,s4 ,perhaps the pamphlet might more precisely be called ,one hundred difficulties for young students of astronomy4 ,,appendix ,,to ,,fourth ,,edition4 ,,copy ,,of ,,letter ,,from ,,spencer ,f4 ,,baird1 ,,esq4 ,smithsonian ,institution1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,jan4 #f1 #ahhf4 ,dear ,sir1--,a copy of your ,one ,hundred ,proofs that the ,earth is not a globe was duly received1 and was deposited in ,library of ,congress ,october #h1 #ahhd4 #ahhe ,a pressure of much more important work has prevented any attempt at reviewing these hundred proofs3--which however have doubtless been thoroughly investigated by the inquisitive astronomers and geodesists of the last four centuries4 ,yours very respectfully1 ,,spencer ,f4 ,,baird1 ,secretary ,s4 ,i4 ,mr4 ,william ,carpenter1 #ga1 ,chew ,street1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,copy of a letter from one of the several applicants for the ,one ,hundred ,proofs for the purpose of reviewing them4 ,the writer is ,professor of ,mathematics at the ,high ,school1 ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y41 and1 in his application for the pamphlet1 says3 ,am a ,yale graduate and a ,yale ,law ,school man3 took the ,john ,a4 ,porter ,prize 7literary7 7#bej7 at ,yale ,college4 ,auburn1 ,dec4 #ajth1 #ahhe4 ,my ,dear ,sir3 ,your treatise was received4 ,i have looked it over and noted it somewhat4 ,a review of it to do it justice would be a somewhat long and laborious task4 ,before ,i undertook so much thought ,i would write and ask ,what and how much you expect3 how elaborately you wished it discussed3 and what remuneration might be expected4 ,it sets forth many new and strange doctrines which would have to be thoroughly discussed and mastered before reviewed4 ,i am hard at work at present but would like to tackle this if it would be for my interest as well as yours4 ,hope you will let me know very soon4 ,very respectfully1 ,to ,mr4 ,w4 ,carpenter1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,,frank ,,strong4 ,,note4--,unless a man be willing to sell his soul for his supposed worldly interest1 he will not dare to tackle the ,one ,hundred ,proofs that the ,earth is ,not a ,globe4 ,no man with well-balanced faculties will thus condemn himself4 ,we charge the mathematicians of the world that1 if they cannot say what they think of this pamphlet in a dozen words1 they are entitled to no other name than--cowards6 ,baltimore1 ,maryland1 ,may #bb1 #ahhf4 ,,appendix ,,to ,,the ,,fifth ,,edition4 ,editorial from the ,new ,york ,world1 of ,august #b1 #ahhf3-- ,,the ,,earth ,,is ,,flat4 ,the iconoclastic tendencies of the age have received new impetus from ,mr4 ,william ,carpenter1 who comes forward with one hundred proofs that the earth is not a globe4 ,it will be a sad shock to many conservatives who have since their childhood fondly held to the conviction that the earth is round like an orange1 a little flattened at the poles4 ,to find that1 after all1 we have been living all these years on a prosaic and unromantic plane is far from satisfactory4 ,we have rather gloried in the belief that the semi-barbarous nations on the other side of the earth did not carry their heads in the same direction in which ours point4 ,it is hard to accept the assertion that the cannibals on savage islands are walking about on the same level with the civilized nations of our little world4 ,but ,mr4 ,carpenter has one hundred proofs that such is the unsatisfactory truth4 ,not only that1 but the iconoclast claims that we are not whirling through space at a terrible rate1 but are absolutely stationary4 ,some probability is given to this proposition by the present hot weather4 ,the earth seems to be becalmed4 ,if it were moving at the rate of nineteen miles a second wouldn't there be a breeze8 ,this question is thrown out as perhaps offering the one hundred and first proof that the earth is not a globe4 ,mr4 ,carpenter may obtain the proof in detail at the office at our usual rates4 ,a revolution will1 of course1 take place in the school geographies as soon as ,mr4 ,carpenter's theories have been closely studied4 ,no longer will the little boy answer the question as to the shape of the earth by the answer which has come ringing down the ages1 ,it's round like a ball1 sir4 ,no4 ,he'll have to use the unpoetic formula1 ,it's flat like a pancake1 sir4 ,but1 perhaps1 after we have become used to the new idea it will not be unpleasant4 ,the ancients flourished in the belief that the earth was a great plane4 ,why shouldn't we be equally fortunate8 ,it may be romantic but it is not especially comforting to think that the earth is rushing through space twisting and curving like a gigantic ball delivered from the hand of an enormous pitcher4 ,something in the universe might make a base hit if we kept on and we would be knocked over an aerial fence and never found4 ,perhaps1 after all1 it is safer to live on ,mr4 ,carpenter's stationary plane4 ,the ,record1 of ,philadelphia1 ,june #e1 #ahhf1 has the following1 in the ,literary ,notes3--,under the title ,one ,hundred ,proofs that the ,earth is ,not a ,globe1 ,mr4 ,william ,carpenter1 of ,baltimore1 publishes a pamphlet which is interesting on account of the originality of the views advanced1 and1 from his standpoint1 the very logical manner in which he seeks to establish their truth4 ,mr4 ,carpenter is a disciple of what is called the ,zetetic school of philosophy1 and was referee for ,mr4 ,john ,hampden when that gentleman1 in #ahgj1 made a wager with ,mr4 ,alfred ,r4 ,wallace1 of ,england1 that the surface of standing water is always level1 and therefore that the earth is flat4 ,since then he has combated his views with much earnestness1 both in writing and on the platform1 and1 whatever opinions we may have on the subject1 a perusal of his little book will prove interesting and afford room for careful study4 ,the motto which he puts on the cover--',upright1 ,downright1 ,straightforward'--is well chosen1 for it is an upright lie1 a downright invention1 and a straightforward butt of a bull at a locomotive4--,the ,florida ,times ,union1 ,dec4 #ac1 #ahhe4 ,editor1 ,charles ,h4 ,jones4 ,pray1 ,mr4 ,jones1 tell us what you mean by an upright lie466 ,we have received a pamphlet from a gentleman who thinks to prove that the earth is flat1 but who succeeds only in showing that he is himself one4--,new ,york ,herald1 ,dec4 #ai1 #ahhe4 ,the reviewer1 in this case1 is1 no doubt1 a very sharp man1 but his honesty--if he have any at all--is jagged and worn out4 ,the quotations which he gives are fraudulent1 there being nothing like them in the pamphlet4 ,the author of the pamphlet is no 'flat1' though he may perhaps be called a 'crank4'--,st4 ,catharines 7,can47 ,evening ,jour41 ,dec4 #bc4 ,to say that the contents of the book are erudite and entertaining does not do ,mr4 ,carpenter's astronomical ability half credit4--,the ,sunday ,truth1 ,buffalo1 ,dec4 #bg1 #ahhe4 ,the entire work is very ingeniously gotten up4444 ,the matter of perspective is treated in a very clever manner1 and the coming up of 'hull-down' vessels on the horizon is illustrated by several well-worded examples4--,buffalo ,times1 ,dec4 #bh1 #ahhe4 ,the erudite author1 who travels armed with plans and specifications to fire at the skeptical at a moment's notice1 feels that he is doing a good work1 and that his hundred anti-globular conclusions must certainly knock the general belief in territorial rotundity out of time4444 ,we trust that the distinguished author who has failed to coax ,richard ,proctor into a public discussion may find as many citizens willing to invest two shillings in his peculiar literature as he deserves4--,buffalo ,courier1 ,dec4 #bg1 #ahhe1 and ,jan4 #a1 #ahhf4 ,it is a pleasure now to see a man of ,mr4 ,carpenter's attainments fall into line and take up the cudgels against the theories of the scientists who have taught this pernicious doctrine the sphericity of the earth4--,rochester ,morning ,herald1 ,jan4 #ac1 #ahhf4 ,as the game stands now1 there is 'one horse' for ,prof4 ,carpenter4--,buffalo ,world1 ,jan4 #af1 #ahhf4 ,it is interesting to show how much can be said in favor of the flat world theory4444 ,it is fairly well written1 although1 we believe filled with misstatements of facts4--,rochester ,democrat and ,chronicle1 ,jan4 #ag1 #ahhf4 ,we believe the editor cannot point one out4 ,it is certainly worth twice the price1 and will be read by all with peculiar interest4--,scranton ,truth1 ,march #h1 #ahhf4 ,mr4 ,william ,carpenter has come to ,washington with a hundred proofs that the earth is not a globe4 ,he has a pamphlet on the subject which is ingenious1 to say the least1 and he is ominously eager to discuss the matter with any one who still clings to the absurd prejudices of the astronomers4--,the ,hatchet1 ,may #i1 #ahhf4 ,it contains some curious problems for solution1 and the author boldly asserts that until they are solved the globular theory of the earth remains unproven1 and is fallacious1 c4--,the ,presbyterian1 ,philadelphia1 ,june #ai1 #ahhf4 ,his reasoning is1 to say the least1 plausible1 and the book interesting4--,the ,item1 ,philadelphia1 ,june #aj1 #ahhf4 ,mr4 ,carpenter seems to have made a thorough investigation of the subject1 and his arguments are practical and to the point4--,sunday ,mercury1 ,philadelphia1 ,june #ac1 #ahhf4 ,a gentleman has just called at the editorial rooms with a pamphlet which is designed to demonstrate that the earth is not a globe1 but a flat disk2 he also laid before us a chart from which it plainly appeared that the earth is a circular expanse of land1 with the north pole in the exact center1 and the ,antarctic ,sea flowing all around the land4444 ,we went on to state that we lodged the care of all astronomical questions in the hands of ,rev4 ,r4 ,m4 ,luther1 to whom these perplexing matters are but as child's play4444 ,our readers may1 therefore1 expect at an early date a judicial view of the astronomical and cosmological situation4--,national ,baptist1 ,philadelphia1 ,july #h1 #ahhf4 ,editor1 ,dr4 ,wayland4 ,we hope that the ,rev4 ,r4 ,m4 ,luther will give us the means of publishing his decision before many more editions of the ,hundred ,proofs be issued4 ,we are afraid that he finds the business much more than child's play4 ',one ,hundred ,proofs that the ,earth is ,not a ,globe1' by ,william ,carpenter1 is published by the author1 whose novel and rather startling position is certainly fortified by a number of argumentative points1 which1 if they do not shake the reader's preconceived notions on the subject1 will1 at least1 be found entertaining for the style in which they are put4--,evening ,star1 ,philadelphia1 ,july #bb1 #ahhf4 ,his ',proofs' go a long way towards convincing many that his ideas on the subject are practical and sensible4--,fashion ,journal1 ,philadelphia1 ,july1 #ahhf4 ,editor1 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,e4 ,benedict4 ',one ,hundred ,proofs that the ,earth is ,not a ,globe' is a curious little pamphlet that we can commend to all interested in astronomy and related sciences4 ,it may not upset received notions on the subject1 but will give cause for much serious reflection4 ,published by the author1 ,wm4 ,carpenter1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,price #be cents4--,the ,saturday ,evening ,post1 ,philadelphia1 ,july #ca1 #ahhf4 ,here now is an able thinker of ,baltimore1 ,professor ,william ,carpenter1 who presents the claims of the ,zetetic philosophy to be considered the leading issue of our times4444 ,one of the great proofs of the truth of the philosophy is that the regular astronomers do not dare to gainsay it4444 ,they are well aware there is no ,south pole4444 ,prof4 ,carpenter1 in a treatise that has reached us1 furnishes #ajj proofs that the earth is flat1 and while we cannot say that we understand all of them we appreciate the earnestness of his appeals to the moral people of the community to rise up and overthrow the miserable system of error that is being forced upon our children in the public schools1 vitiating the very foundations of knowledge4 ,what issue can be more noble or inspiring than ,truth vs4 ,error8 ,here is an issue on which there can be no trifling or compromise4 ,in the great contest between those who hold the earth is flat and they who contend that it is round1 let the flats assert themselves4--,milwaukee ,sentinel1 ,aug41 #ahhf4 ,from a long article1 ,the ,great ,zetetic ,issue4 ,,letters ,,to ,,professor ,,gilman1 ,,of ,,the ,,johns ,,hopkins ,,university4 #ga ,chew ,street1 ,baltimore1 ,september #aj1 #ahhf4 ,prof4 ,gilman1 ,johns ,hopkins ,university--,sir3 ,on the #bast ultimo ,i wrote to ask you if you received the pamphlet1 which ,i left for you at the ,university twelve months ago1 entitled ,one ,hundred ,proofs that the ,earth is ,not a ,globe1 and1 if so1 that you would kindly give me your opinion concerning it4 ,i write1 now1 to ask you if you received my letter4 ,i am quite sure that you will consider that the importance of the subject fully warrants the endeavor on my part to gain the views which may be entertained by you respecting it4 ,the fifth edition will soon be called for1 and anything you may urge--for or against--,i shall be happy to insert in the appendix4 ,i send1 herewith1 a copy of the fourth edition of the pamphlet4 ,yours sincerely1 ,william ,carpenter4 #ga ,chew ,street1 ,baltimore1 ,october #g1 #ahhf4 ,professor ,gilman--,dear ,sir3 ,i am now preparing the appendix for the fifth edition of my ,one ,hundred ,proofs that the ,earth is ,not a ,globe1 and ,i should be glad to receive your opinion of this work to insert in the said appendix4 ,i can offer you from a few lines to a page1 or two if necessary4 ,of course1 if this work as a whole be a fraud1 it must be fraudulent in all its parts2 and each one of the hundred proofs must contain a fallacy of some kind or other1 and the thing would justify your disapprobation--expressed in few words or many4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the work is what it professes to be1 it will certainly claim your approval4 ,yours sincerely1 ,w4 ,carpenter4 #ga ,chew ,street1 ,baltimore1 ,october #ad1 #ahhf4 ,prof4 ,gilman--,dear ,sir3 ,a week ago ,i wrote you a letter to tell you that ,i should be glad to receive your opinion of the ,hundred ,proofs that the ,earth is ,not a ,globe1 of which work #e1jjj copies are now in circulation4 ,i wrote this work 7#bf pages7 in one week1 without neglecting my daily business3 surely1 you can reply to it in a week from this time4 ,i will give you from one to four pages1 if you wish that amount of space1 and send you fifty copies1 if you desire to have them1 without putting you to the slightest expense4 ,i will even take any suggestion you please to make as to the title which shall be given to this extra edition of my work containing your reply or opinions4 ,i should be sorry to be under the necessity of printing this letter1 with others1 in my next edition1 in the place of any such reply or expression of opinion2 for ,i feel sure there is no one in ,baltimore who is more capable of giving an opinion on this great subject4 ,trusting to hear from you in a few days1 ,i am1 ,dear ,sir1 ,yours truly1 ,william ,carpenter4 #ga ,chew ,street1 ,baltimore1 ,october #bb1 #ahhf4 ,prof4 ,gilman--,sir3 ,this is the fifth letter--and the last--to you1 asking you for an expression of your opinion concerning the ,one ,hundred ,proofs that the ,earth is ,not a ,globe4 ,which would you prefer--to see my words1 or yours1 in print8 ,i give you a week in which to decide4 ,truly1 ,william ,carpenter4 ,,the ,,johns ,,hopkins ,,university1 ,,of ,,baltimore4 ,we are indebted to ,scribner's ,monthly for the following remarks concerning this institution3--,by the will of ,johns ,hopkins1 a merchant of ,baltimore1 the sum of #g1jjj1jjj was devoted to the endowment of a ,university and a ,hospital1 #c1ejj1jjj being devoted to each4 ,this is the largest single endowment ever made to an institution of learning in this country4 ,to the bequest no burdensome conditions were attached4444 ,the ,physiological ,laboratory of the ,johns ,hopkins has no peer in this country1 and the other laboratories few equals and no superiors4 ,in the ,first ,annual ,report of the ,university 7#ahgf7 we read3--,early in the month of ,february1 #ahgd1 the ,trustees of the ,university having been apprised by the ,executors of ,johns ,hopkins1 of the endowment provided by his will1 took proper steps for organization and entering upon the practical duties of the trust1 and addressed themselves to the selection of a ,president of the ,university4 ,with this view the ,trustees sought the counsel and advice of the heads of several of the leading seats of learning in the country1 and1 upon unanimous recommendation and endorsement from these sources1 the choice fell upon ,mr4 ,daniel ,c4 ,gilman1 who1 at the time1 occupied the position of ,president of the ,university of ,california4 ,mr4 ,gilman is a graduate of ,yale ,college1 and for several years before his call to ,california1 was a ,professor in that institution1 taking an active part in the organization and development of ',the ,sheffield ,scientific ,school of ,yale ,college1' at ,new ,haven4 ,upon receiving an invitation to ,baltimore1 he resigned the office which he had held in ,california since #ahgb1 and entered upon the service of ,the ,johns ,hopkins ,university1 ,may #a1 #ahge4--;,galloway ,cheston4 ,in the hunt for truth1 we are not first hunters1 and then men2 we are first and always men1 then hunters4--,d4 ,c4 ,gilman1 ,oct41 #ahhc4 ,the ,one ,hundred ,proofs that the ,earth is ,not a ,globe have been running around within the observation of the master huntsman and his men for a year or more3 now let the hunters prove themselves to be men2 and the men1 hunters4 ,it is impossible to be successful hunters for ,truth1 if ,error be allowed to go scot-free4 ,nay1 it is utterly impossible for the ,johns ,hopkins ,university to answer the purpose of its founder if its hunters for ,truth do not first hunt ,error with their hounds and hold it up to ridicule1 and then1 and always1 keep a watchful eye for the ,truth lest they should injure it by their hot haste or wound it with their weapons4 ,prof4 ,daniel ,c4 ,gilman1 we charge you that the duties of your office render it imperative that1 sooner or later1 you lead your men into the field against the hundred proofs1 to show the world that they are hunters worthy of the name--if1 in your superior judgment1 you decide that there is ,error to be slain--or1 show that your hunters are worthy of the better name of men1 by inducing them to follow and sustain you1 out of the beaten track1 in your endeavors to uphold ,god's ,truth1 if1 in your superior judgment1 you tell them1 ,there is a ,truth to be upheld6 ,end of the ,appendix to the ,fifth ,edition4 ,nov4 #i1 #ahhf4 ,,professor ,,proctor',s ,,proofs4 ,a proof1 a proof6 cries ,student ,brown2 says ,proctor1 ,very well1 ,if that is all you want1 indeed1 ,i've plenty ,i can tell3 ,but really ,i have scarcely time1 or patience1 now1 to do it2 ,you ought to know the earth's a globe1 then1 as a globe you'd view it4 ,i knew it long ago3 in truth1 'twas taught me in my cot1 ,and1 then1 too old was ,i to doubt--too young to say 'twas not6 ,and you have never questioned it8 ,why should ,i1 now1 friend ,brown8 ,i took it all for granted1 just as daddy laid it down4 ,and as my duty clearly was1--no other way ,i saw it-- ,and that's the reason why1 of course1 a globe ,i always draw it4 ,and so you want a proof6 ,ah ha3 just cross the broad ,atlantic1 ,and then a proof so strong you'll have1 with joy 'twill send you frantic6 ,you mean1 that ,i shall see the ships come round the old earth's side-- ,and up--and o'er the 'watery hill'--as into view they glide6 ,no1 ,proctor1 no3 you say1 yourself1 the earth so vast in size is1 ,the surface seems a level one--indeed1 to sight1 it rises4 ,and ships1 when coming into view1 seem 'bearing down upon us4' ,no1 ,proctor1 let us have a proof--no1 no1 come--mercy on us6 ,well1 ,brown1 ,i've proofs that serve to show that earth1 indeed1 a ball 'tis2 ,but if you won't believe them--well1 not mine but yours the fault is4 ,why1 everybody1 surely1 knows a planet must be round1 ,and1 since the earth a planet is1 its shape at once is found4 ,we know it travels round the sun1 a thousand miles a minute1 ,and1 therefore1 it must be a globe3 a flat earth couldn't spin it4 ,we know it on its axis turns with motion unperceived2 ,and therefore1 surely1 plain it is1 its shape must be believed4 ,we know its weight put down in tons exactly as we weigh'd it2 ,and1 therefore1 what could clearer be1 if we ourselves had made it8 ,we know its age--can figures lie8--its size--its weight--its motion2 ,and then to say1 ''tis all my eye1' shows madness in the notion4 ,besides1 the other worlds and suns--some cooling down--some hot6-- ,how can you say1 you want a proof1 with all these in the pot8 ,no1 ,brown3 just let us go ahead2 don't interfere at all2 ,some other day ,i'll come and bring proof that earth's a ball6 ,no1 ,proctor1 no3 said ,mr4 ,brown2 'tis now too late to try it3-- ,a hundred proofs are now put down 7and you cannot deny it7 ,that earth is not a globe at all1 and does not move through space3 ,and your philosophy ,i call a shame and a disgrace4 ,we have to interfere1 and do the best that we are able ,to crush your theories and to lay the facts upon the table4 ,god's ,truth is what the people need1 and men will strive to preach it2 ,and all your efforts are in vain1 though you should dare impeach it4 ,you've given half your theory up2 the people have to know it3-- ,you smile1 but1 then1 your book's enough3 for that will plainly show it4 ,one-half your theory's gone1 and1 soon1 the other half goes1 too3 ,so1 better turn about1 at once1 and show what you can do4 ,own up 7as people have to do1 when they have been deceived71 ,and help the searcher after ,truth of doubt to be relieved4 ',the only amaranthine flower is virtue2'--don't forget it-- ',the only lasting treasure1 ,truth3'--and never strive to let it4 ,,odds ,,and ,,ends4 ,we do not possess a single evident proof in favor of the rotation--of the earth--around its axis4--,dr4 ,shoepfer4 ,to prove the impossibility of the revolution of the earth around the sun1 will present no difficulty4 ,we can bring self-evident proof to the contrary4--,dr4 ,shoepfer4 ,to reform and not to chastise1 ,i am afraid is impossible4444 ,to attack views in the abstract without touching persons may be safe fighting1 indeed1 but it is fighting with shadows4--,pope4 ,both revelation and science agree as to the shape of the earth4 ,the psalmist calls it the 'round world1' even when it was universally supposed to be a flat extended plain4--,rev4 ,dr4 ,brewer4 ,what a mistake68 ,if the earth were a perfect sphere of equal density throughout1 the waters of the ocean would be absolutely level--that is to say1 would have a spherical surface everywhere equidistant from the earth's centre4--,english ,family ,herald1 ,february #ad1 #ahhe4 ,the more ,i consider them the more ,i doubt of all systems of astronomy4 ,i doubt whether we can with certainty know either the distance or magnitude of any star in the firmament2 else why do astronomers so immensely differ1 even with regard to the distance of the sun from the earth8 some affirming it to be only three1 and others ninety millions of miles4--,rev4 ,john ,wesley1 in his ,journal4 ,i don't know that ,i ever hinted heretofore that the aeronaut may well be the most sceptical man about the rotundity of the earth4 ,philosophy imposes the truth upon us2 but the view of the earth from the elevation of a balloon is that of an immense terrestrial basin1 the deeper part of which is that directly under one's feet4 ,as we ascend1 the earth beneath us seems to recede--actually to sink away--while the horizon gradually and gracefully lifts a diversified slope1 stretching away farther and farther to a line that1 at the highest elevation1 seems to close with the sky4 ,thus1 upon a clear day1 the aeronaut feels as if suspended at about an equal distance between the vast blue oceanic concave above and the equally expanded terrestrial basin below4--,mr4 ,elliott1 ,baltimore4 ,in the ,scientific ,american1 for ,april #bg1 #ahgh1 is a full report of a lecture delivered at ,berlin1 by ,dr4 ,shoepfer1 headed ,our ,earth ,motionless1 which concludes thus3--,the poet ,goethe1 whose prophetic views remained during his life wholly unnoticed1 said the following3 ',in whatever way or manner may have occurred this business1 ,i must still say that ,i curse this modern theory of cosmogony1 and hope that perchance there may appear in due time some young scientist of genius who will pick up courage enough to upset this universally disseminated delirium of lunatics4 ,the most terrible thing in all this is that one is obliged to repeatedly hear the assurance that all the physicists adhere to the same opinion on this question4 ,but one who is acquainted with men knows how it is done3 good1 intellectual1 and courageous heads adorn their mind with such an idea for the sake of its probability2 they gather followers and pupils1 and thus form a literary power2 their idea is finally worked out1 exaggerated1 and with a passionate impulse is forced upon society2 hundreds and hundreds of noble-minded1 reasonable people who work in other spheres1 desiring to see their circle esteemed and dear to the interests of daily life1 can do nothing better or more reasonable than to leave to other investigators their free scope of action1 and add their voice in the benefit of that business which does not concern them at all4 ,this is termed the universal corroboration of the truthfulness of an idea6'