,text printed in small capitals1 bold face or italics are represented here as ,,all ,,capitals1 between equal signs and between underscores1 respectively4 ,more ,transcriber's ,notes may be found at the end of this text4 ,,farm ,,life ,,series ,,the ,,farmer',s ,,veterinarian ,by ,,charles ,,william ,,burkett ,,handy ,,farm ,,devices ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,make ,,them ,by ,,rolfe ,,cobleigh ,,making ,,horticulture ,,pay ,by ,m4 ,g4 ,,kains ,,farm ,,crops ,by ,,charles ,,william ,,burkett ,,profitable ,,stock ,,raising ,by ,,clarence ,a4 ,,shamel ,,profitable ,,poultry ,,production ,by ,m4 ,g4 ,,kains ,other ,volumes in ,preparation ,illustration3 ,,health ,the ,farmer's ,veterinarian ,a ,practical ,treatise on the ,diseases of ,farm ,stock3 ,containing ,brief and ,popular ,advice on the ,nature1 ,cause and ,treatment of ,disease1 the ,common ,ailments and the ,care and ,management of ,stock when ,sick ,by ,,charles ,,william ,,burkett ,editor of ,american ,agriculturist ,,illustrated ,,new ,,york ,,orange ,,judd ,,company #aiad ,copyright1 #aiji ,,orange ,,judd ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,printed ,,in ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,preface ,a large class of people1 by force of circumstances1 are compelled to treat their own animals when sick or disabled4 ,qualified veterinarians are not always available2 and all the ills and accidents incident to farm animals do not require professional attendance4 ,furthermore1 the skilled stockman should be familiar with common diseases and the treatment of them4 ,he should remember1 too1 that the maintenance of health and vigor in our farm stock is the direct result of well-directed management4 ,too frequently this is neither understood nor admitted1 and an unreasonable lack of attention1 when animals are ill or indisposed1 works out dire mischief in the presence of physical disorder and infectious diseases4 ,a fair acquaintance with the common ailments is helpful to the owner and to his stock4 ,this leads to health1 to prevention of disease1 and to skill in attendance when disease is at hand4 ,the volume herewith presented abounds in helpful suggestions and valuable information for the most successful treatment of ills and accidents and disease troubles4 ,it is an everyday handbook of disease and its treatment1 and contains the best ideas gathered from the various authorities and the experience of a score of practical veterinarians in all phases of veterinary practice4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,burkett4 ,,new ,,york1 ,june1 #aiji4 ,table of ,contents ,page ,,introduction ,facing ,disease on the ,farm #a ,,chapter ,i4 ,how the ,animal ,body is ,formed #i ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,some ,physiology ,you ,ought to ,know #ba ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,the ,teeth as an ,indication of ,age #cd ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,examining ,animals for ,soundness and ,health #ci ,,chapter ,v4 ,wounds and ,their ,treatment #ed ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,making a ,post-,mortem ,examination #fb ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,common ,medicines and ,their ,actions #fi ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,meaning of ,disease #hb ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,diagnosis and ,treatment of ,disease #ib ,,chapter ,x4 ,diseases of ,farm ,animals #aja ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,page #a4 ,health ,frontispiece #b4 ,common ,sheep ,scab #c #c4 ,hog ,house and ,feeding ,floor #e #d4 ,poulticing the ,throat #h #e4 ,how a ,cell ,divides #aj #f4 ,bones of ,skeleton of a ,horse #af #g4 ,one of the ,parasites of the ,hog #ah #h4 ,circulation and ,digestion #bb #i4 ,diseased ,kidney #be #aj4 ,stomach of ,ruminant #bg #aa4 ,circulation of ,blood in ,body #cj #ab4 ,lumpy ,jaw 7jaw bone7 #cf #ac4 ,bad ,attitude ,due to ,conformation #da #ad4 ,ewe ,neck #df #ae4 ,anatomy of the ,foot #di #af4 ,fractures #ed #ag4 ,bandaging a ,leg #eg #ah4 ,rickets in ,pigs #fc #ai4 ,round ,worms in ,hog ,intestines #ff #bj4 ,tetanus ,bacilli #ga #ba4 ,ready for the ,drench #ha #bb4 ,bacteria ,as ,seen ,under the ,microscope #he #bc4 ,result of ,bone ,spavin #ij #bd4 ,feeling the ,pulse #id #be4 ,how ,heat ,affects ,growth #if #bf4 ,diseases of the ,horse #ajb #bg4 ,lumpy ,jaw 7external view7 #aje #bh4 ,where to ,tap in ,bloating #aah #bi4 ,bog ,spavin #abb #cj4 ,horse ,bots in ,stomach #abd #ca4 ,colic ,pains #ach #cb4 ,retention of the ,urine #ada #cc4 ,curb #ade #cd4 ,fistulous ,withers #aef #ce4 ,foot ,rot in ,sheep #afj #cf4 ,founder #afc #cg4 ,bad ,case of ,glanders #agj #ch4 ,ventral ,hernia #ahj #ci4 ,an ,attack of ,cholera #ahb #dj4 ,the ,result of ,hog ,cholera #ahf #da4 ,kidney ,worms in the ,hog #bje #db4 ,liver ,fluke #bjg #dc4 ,lockjaw #bji #dd4 ,lymphangitis #bae #de4 ,natural ,presentation of the ,foal #bbe #df4 ,abnormal ,presentation of the ,foal #bbg #dg4 ,quittor #bce #dh4 ,a ,cattle ,bath ,tub #bda #di4 ,side ,bones #bdd #ej4 ,splint #bdh #ea4 ,twisted ,stomach ,worms #beb #eb4 ,tuberculosis ,germs #bfd ,health and ,disease ,plate #a ,making ,post ,mortem ,examinations ,plate #b ,a ,victim of ,tuberculosis ,plate #c ,exterior ,points of the ,horse2 ,castration ,plate #d ,texas ,fever ,plate #e ,a ,typical ,case of ,foot and ,mouth ,disease ,plate #f ,,introduction ,facing ,disease on the ,farm ,to call a veterinarian or not--that is the question4 ,whether your horse or cow is sick enough for professional attendance1 or just under the weather a little1 is a problem you will always be called upon to face4 ,and you must meet it4 ,it has always faced the man who raises stock1 and it is a problem that always will4 ,like human beings1 farm stock have their ailments and troubles2 and1 in most cases1 a little care and nursing are all that will be required4 ,with these troubles all of us are acquainted2 especially those who have spent much time with the flocks and the herds on the farm4 ,through experience we know that often with every reasonable care1 some animals1 frequently the healthiest-looking ones1 in the field1 or stable1 give trouble at the most unsuspected times4 ,so the fault is not always with the owner4 ,there is no reason1 however1 why an effort should not be made1 just as soon as any trouble is noticed1 to assist the sick animal to recover1 and help nature in every way possible to restore the invalid to its usual normal condition4 ,the average observing farmer1 as a rule1 knows just about what the trouble is2 he usually knows if treatment is beyond him1 and if not1 what simple medical aid will be effective in bringing about a recovery with greater dispatch than nature unaided will effect4 ,now1 of course1 this means that the farmer should be acquainted with his animals2 in health and disease their actions should be familiar to him4 ,if he be a master of his business he naturally knows a great deal about his farm stock4 ,no man who grows corn or wheat ever raises either crop extremely successfully unless he has an intimate knowledge of the soil1 the seed1 the details of fertilization and culture4 ,he has learned how good soils look1 how bad soils look2 he knows if soils are healthy1 whether they are capable of producing big crops or little crops4 ,so with his stock4 ,he must know1 and he does know1 something as to their state of health or ill health4 ,with steady observation his knowledge will increase2 and with experience he ought to be able to diagnose the common ailments1 and not only prescribe for their treatment1 but actually treat many of them himself4 ,unfortunately1 many farmers pass health along too lightly and the common disorders too seriously4 ,this is wrong4 ,the man who deals with farm animals should be well acquainted with them1 just as the engineer is acquainted with his engine4 ,if an engine goes wrong the engineer endeavors to ascertain the trouble4 ,if it is beyond his experience and knowledge he turns the problem over to an expert4 ,it should be so with the stock raiser4 ,so familiar should the owner be with his animals in case of trouble he ought to know of some helpful remedy or to know that the trouble is more serious than ordinary1 in which case the veterinarian should be called4 ,all of this means that the art of observing the simple functions should be acquired at the earliest possible moment--where to find the pulse of horse or cow1 how many heart beats in a minute1 how many respirations a minute1 the color of the healthy nostril1 the use of the thermometer and where to place it to get the information1 the character of the eye1 the nature of the coat1 the passage of dung and water1 how the animal swallows1 the attitude when standing1 the habit of lying down and getting up--all of these should be as familiar to the true stockman as the simplest details of tillage or of planting or of harvesting4 ,illustration3 ,,common ,,sheep ,,scab ,here is an advanced case and shows how serious the trouble may become4 ,a very small itch mite is the cause4 ,the mites live and multiply under the scurf and scab of the skin4 ,moreover1 the stockman should be a judge of external characters1 whether natural or temporary4 ,he should have a knowledge of animal conformation4 ,if to know a good plow is desirable1 then to know a good pastern or foot is desirable4 ,if the art of selecting wheat is a worthy acquisition1 then the art of comparing hocks of different horses is a worthy accomplishment also4 ,if experience tells the grower that his corn or potatoes or cotton is strong1 vigorous and healthy or just the reverse1 observation and experience ought also to tell him when his stock are in good health or when they lack thrift or are sick and need treatment4 ,,learn ,,to ,,recognize ,,animal ,,diseases ,few farmers there are1 indeed1 who are not acquainted with crop diseases4 ,smut is readily recognized when present in the wheat or corn or oat field2 so colic1 too1 should be recognized when your horse is affected by it4 ,the peach and the apple have their common ailments2 so have the cow and pig4 ,in either case the facts ought to be familiar4 ,so familiar that as soon as diagnosed and recognized prompt measures for treatment should be followed that the cure may be effected before any particular headway is at all made4 ,handled in this way1 many cases that are now passed on to the veterinarian would never develop into serious disturbances at all4 ,,prevention ,,better ,,than ,,cure ,the old saying1 8,prevention is better than cure10 is both wisdom and a splendid platform on which to build any branch of live stock work4 ,every disease is the result of some disturbance1 somewhere4 ,it may be improper food2 the stockman must know4 ,moldy fodder causes nervous troubles in the horse4 ,cottonseed meal1 if fed continuously to pigs1 leads to their death4 ,hence1 food has much to do with health and disease4 ,ventilation of the stable plays its part4 ,bad air leads to weakness1 favors tuberculosis1 and1 if not remedied1 brings about loss and death4 ,fresh air in abundance is better than medicine2 and the careful stockman will see that it be not denied4 ,good sanitation1 including cleanly quarters1 wholesome water and dry stables1 has its reward in more healthy animals4 ,when not provided1 the animals are frequently ill1 or are in bad health more or less4 ,as these factors--proper food1 good ventilation1 and effective sanitation--are introduced in stable accommodations1 diseases will be lessened and stock profits will increase4 ,illustration3 ,,hog ,,house ,,and ,,feeding ,,floor ,this convenient hog house is inexpensive1 and the feeding floor at the side insures cleanliness and thorough sanitary conditions4 ,a sanitary hog house should be one of the chief improvements of the farm4 ,,disinfect ,,frequently2 ,,it ,,never ,,hurts ,,and ,,it ,,may ,,do ,a ,,world ,,of ,,good ,as disease is better understood it becomes more closely identified with germs and bacteria4 ,hence1 to lessen disease we must destroy1 so far as possible1 the disease-producing germs4 ,for this purpose nothing is better than sunlight and disinfectants4 ,sunlight is itself death to all germs2 therefore1 all stables1 and the living quarters for farm animals1 should be light and airy1 and free from damp corners and lodgment places for dust1 vermin1 and bacteria4 ,even when animals are in good health1 disinfection is a splendid means for warding off disease4 ,for sometimes with the greatest care germs are admitted in some manner or form4 ,by constantly disinfecting1 the likelihood of any encroachment by germs is greatly lessened4 ,fortunately we have disinfectants that are easily applied and easily obtained at small cost4 ,one of these disinfecting materials is lime1 just ordinary slaked lime1 the lime that every farmer knows4 ,while it does not possess the disinfecting power of many other agents1 it is1 nevertheless1 very desirable for sprinkling about stables and for whitewashing floors1 walls1 and partitions4 ,when so used the cracks and holes are filled and the germs destroyed4 ,ordinary farm stables should be whitewashed once or twice each year1 and the crumbled lime sprinkled on the litter or open ground4 ,it is not desirable to use lime with bedding and manure1 for the reason that it liberates the nitrogen contained therein4 ,hence the bedding and manure should be removed to the fields as frequently as possible1 where it can be more helpful to the land4 ,thus scattered1 the sunlight and purifying effects of the soil will soon destroy the disease bacteria1 if any are present in the manure4 ,another splendid disinfectant is corrosive sublimate1 mercuric chloride1 as it is often called4 ,use one ounce in eight gallons of water4 ,this makes one-tenth of one per cent solution4 ,in preparing this disinfectant1 allow the material to stand for several hours1 so as to permit the chemical to become entirely dissolved4 ,this solution should be carefully guarded and protected1 since it is a poison and1 if drunk by animals1 is liable to cause death4 ,if infected quarters are to be disinfected1 see that the loose dirt and litter is first removed before applying the sublimate4 ,carbolic acid is another satisfactory disinfectant4 ,usually a five per cent solution is recommended4 ,it can be easily applied to mangers1 stalls1 and feed boxes4 ,enough should be applied so that the wood or iron is made wet and the cracks and holes more or less filled4 ,chloride of lime is a cheap and an easily prepared disinfectant4 ,use ten ounces of chloride of lime to two gallons of water4 ,this makes a four per cent solution1 and should be applied in the same way as the corrosive sublimate4 ,formalin has come into prominence very recently as a desirable disinfectant4 ,a five per cent solution fills the bill4 ,floors and cracks should be made thoroughly wet with it4 ,by using one or more of these agents the living quarters of farm animals can be kept wholesome1 sweet1 and free from germ diseases4 ,in fact1 the use of disinfectants is one of the best aids of the farmer in warding off disease and in lessening its effects when once present4 ,,put ,,sick ,,animals ,,off ,,by ,,themselves ,many diseases are introduced into a herd or flock by thoughtlessness on the part of the owner4 ,i have known distemper to be introduced into stables and among horses1 ,texas fever and tuberculosis into herds of cattle1 and hog cholera among hogs1 because diseased animals1 when purchased1 were not separated off by themselves1 for a short time at least4 ,if this were done1 farmers would lessen the chance of an introduction of disease into their healthy herds4 ,consequently quarantine quarters should be provided2 especially is this true if new animals are frequently purchased and brought to the farm where many animals are raised and handled4 ,these quarantine quarters need not be expensive1 and they ought to be removed far enough from the farm stock so that there may be no easy means of infection4 ,when newly purchased animals are placed in the quarantine quarters they should be kept there long enough to determine if anything strange or unusual is taking place4 ,illustration3 ,,poulticing ,,the ,,throat ,the picture shows how to apply a poultice to the throat4 ,,chapter ,i ,how the ,animal ,body is ,formed ,the cell is the unit of growth4 ,it is so with all forms of life--plant or animal1 insect or bacterium4 ,in the beginning the start is with a single cell1 an egg1 if you please4 ,after fertilization has taken place1 this single cell enlarges or grows4 ,many changes now occur1 all rather rapidly1 until the cell walls become too small1 when it breaks apart and forms two cells just like the first used to be4 ,this is known as cell division4 ,as growth increases1 the number of cells increases also--until in the end there are millions4 ,nature of the ,cell4--,the cell is very small4 ,in most cases it cannot be seen with the naked eye4 ,the microscope is necessary for a study of the parts1 the nature and the character of the cell4 ,in the first place the cell is a kind of inclosed sac1 in which are found the elements of growth and life4 ,surrounding the cell is a thin wall known as the cell membrane4 ,in plants this cell wall is composed of cellulose1 a woody substance1 which is thin and tender in green and growing plants1 but hard and woody when the plant is mature4 ,within the limits of the cell is the protoplasm1 the chief constituent of the cell2 locked up in this protoplasm is life1 the vital processes that have to do with growth1 development1 individual existence4 ,embedded within the protoplasm is another part known as the nucleus and recognized under the microscope by its density4 ,around the nucleus is centered the development of new cells or reproduction--for the changes that convert the mother-cell into offspring-cells are first noted in this place4 ,illustration3 ,,how ,a ,,cell ,,divides ,the simple steps in cell division are pictured here4 ,starting with a single cell1 growth and enlargement take place1 ending finally in cell division or the production of two individual cells4 ,so much for plant cells4 ,is this principle different in animals8 ,for a long time it was thought that plants and animals were different4 ,but upon investigation it was discovered that animals were comprised of cells just as plants4 ,and not only was this discovered to be true1 but also that animal cells corresponded in all respects to plant cells4 ,hence in animals are to be found cells possessing the cell walls formed of a rather thick membrane1 the granular protoplasm or yoke1 and the nucleus established in the yoke4 ,the ovum1 known as the female egg1 is composed of the parts just described4 ,if it is not fertilized when ripe it passes away and dies4 ,if fertilized in a natural way1 it enlarges in size and subsequently divides into two cells2 and these1 passing through similar changes1 finally give rise to the various groups of cells from which the body is developed4 ,the ,animal ,body a ,group ,collection4--,the body is1 therefore1 a mass of cells2 not all alike1 of course1 but grouped together for the purpose of doing certain special kinds of work4 ,in this way we have various groups1 with each group a community performing its own function4 ,the brain forms one community2 and these cells are concerned with mind acts4 ,the muscle cells are busy in exerting force and action4 ,another group looks after the secretions and digestive functions1 while another group is concerned solely with the function of generation and reproduction4 ,and so it is throughout the body4 ,both individual cells and group cells are concerned with disease4 ,one cell may be diseased or destroyed1 but the surrounding ones may go on just the same4 ,it is when the group is disturbed that the greatest trouble results4 ,a ,word ,about the ,cells4--,the cell always possesses its three parts--membrane1 protoplasm1 and nucleus4 ,but there is no rule as to the size or shape4 ,cells may be round or oblong1 any shape4 ,substances pass in and out of the cell walls2 and they are in motion1 many of them1 especially those that line the intestines and the air passages1 and the white corpuscles of the blood4 ,more than this1 some cells1 ,dr4 ,jekyl-like1 change their appearance and shape1 send out finger-like bodies to catch enemies or food1 and even travel all around in the body1 often leaving it altogether4 ,,body ,,tissues ,the animal body contains five forms of tissues3 ,epithelial1 in which the cells are very compact1 forming either thin or thick plates2 the connective tissue1 by which many organs are supported or embedded2 muscle tissue1 either smooth or striated1 and in which the cells are in fibers that contract and shorten2 nerve-tissue1 that has to do with nerve and ganglion cells by which mental impulses are sent2 and blood and lymph tissue or fluid tissues4 ,the first group is intimately connected with the secretory organs1 or those organs which secrete certain substances essential for the proper work of the body4 ,thus we have salivary glands1 mucous glands1 sweat glands1 and the liver and pancreas4 ,connective tissue includes fibrous tissue1 fatty tissue1 cartilage and bone4 ,the fibrous connective tissue is illustrated when the skin is easily picked up in folds4 ,fatty tissue occurs where large amounts of fat are deposited in the cells4 ,cartilage is found where a large amount of firm support is required4 ,with muscle we are all familiar2 it is the real lean meat of the body4 ,blood and ,lymph4--,the blood is a fluid in which many cells are to be found4 ,the fluid is known as serum or blood-plasma and the cells as corpuscles1 and are both red and white4 ,the red cells give the characteristic color4 ,when observed under a microscope1 they appear as small1 round disks4 ,they are of great importance to the body work4 ,because of the coloring matter in them the oxygen of the air is attracted when it comes in contact with the blood in the lungs4 ,oxygen is in reality absorbed1 and on the blood leaving the lungs it is distributed to all parts of the body4 ,the oxygen supply of the body is1 therefore1 in the keeping of the red corpuscles4 ,white corpuscles have a different work2 they guard the body by picking up poison1 bacteria1 and other undesirable elements and cast these out through the natural openings of the body4 ,compared with the red cells1 they exist in far less numbers and may wander about through all parts of the body4 ,lymph is a fluid in which a few cells1 lymph corpuscles1 are suspended4 ,these cells are very much like the colorless corpuscles of the blood1 only no red blood cells are present4 ,but the lymph attends to its own business2 it bathes the tissues and endeavors to keep them in a healthy condition4 ,skin and ,hair4--,without a covering the delicate muscles would be unprotected4 ,the skin serves in this capacity4 ,it does still more2 out of it is exuded poisonous substances1 perspiration1 and1 at the same time1 the skin is a sort of respiratory organ1 through which much of the carbonic acid formed in the body escapes4 ,the skin possesses two general layers1 the cutis and sub-cutis2 in the first is contained also epidermis4 ,developed in the skin are the outer coverings like hair1 wool1 feathers1 horns1 claws1 and hoofs4 ,,the ,,framework ,,of ,,the ,,body ,the framework of the body undergoes a gradual development from birth to maturity4 ,it represents the bony structure of the body2 and on it all other parts depend for support and protection4 ,the brief summary of its parts and work that follows here has been adapted from ,wilcox and ,smith4 ,the ,skeleton4--,this consists of a backbone1 skull1 shoulder girdle1 pelvic girdle1 and two pairs of appendages4 ,the backbone may be conveniently divided into regions1 each comprising a certain number of vertebr4 ,the cervical vertebr include those from the skull from the first rib4 ,in all mammals except the sloth and sea cow the number of cervical vertebr is seven1 being long or short1 according as the neck of the animal is relatively long or short4 ,the first and second cervical vertebr1 known as the atlas and axis1 are especially modified so as to allow free turning movements of the head4 ,the next region includes the dorsal or thoracic vertebr1 which are characterized by having ribs movably articulated with them4 ,the number is #ac in the cat1 dog1 ox1 sheep1 and goat2 #ad in the hog2 #ah or #ai in the horse and ass1 and six or seven in domestic poultry4 ,in mammals they are so joined together as to permit motion in several directions1 but in poultry the dorsal vertebr are more rigidly articulated1 those next to the sacrum often being grown together with the sacrum4 ,the spines are high and much flattened in all ungulates1 long and slender in dogs and cats4 ,they slope backward1 forming strong points of attachment for the back muscles4 ,several ribs1 varying in number in different animals1 meet and become articulated with the breast bone or sternum4 ,the sternum consists of seven to nine articulated segments in our domestic mammals1 while in fowls the sternum is one thin high bone furnished with a keel of varying depth4 ,the lumbar vertebr lie between the dorsal vertebr and the sacrum4 ,the number is five in the horse1 six in the hog1 ox and goat1 and seven in the sheep4 ,the sacrum is made up of a certain number of vertebr1 which are rigidly united and serve as an articulation for the pelvic arch4 ,the number of sacral vertebr is five in the ox and horse1 four in sheep and hogs1 and #ab to #ag in birds4 ,the caudal or tail vertebr naturally vary in number according to the length of the tail 7#g to #aj in sheep1 #ba in the ox1 #bc in hogs1 #ag in the horse1 #bb in the cat1 #af to #bc in the dog74 ,in ungulates the anterior ribs are scarcely curved1 the chest being very narrow in front4 ,the number of pairs of ribs is the same as the number of dorsal vertebr with which they articulate4 ,the ,skull4--,this part of the skeleton is really composed of a number of modified vertebr1 just how many is not determined4 ,the difference in the shape of the skulls of different animals is determined by the relative size of the various bones of the skull4 ,in hogs1 for example1 the head has been much shortened as a result of breeding1 thus giving the skull of the improved breeds a very different appearance from that of the razorback4 ,the shoulder girdle consists of a shoulder blade1 collar bone and coracoid on either side4 ,the fore leg 7or wing1 in case of birds7 articulates with the socket formed by the junction of these three bones4 ,in all the ungulates the shoulder blade is high and narrow1 the coracoid is never much developed1 and the collar bone is absent4 ,in fowls all three bones of the shoulder girdle are well developed1 the collar bone being represented by the 8wish bone40 ,the ,pelvic ,girdle4--,this consists of three bones on either side1 viz41 ilium1 ischium1 and pubis4 ,the first two are directly articulated to the spinal column1 while the pubic bones of either side unite below to complete the arch4 ,the three bones of each side of the pelvis are present in all our domestic animals1 including the fowls4 ,illustration3 ,,bones ,,of ,,the ,,skeleton ,,of ,a ,,horse #a ,face ,bones1 #b ,neck ,bones or ,cervical ,vertebr1 #c ,scapula or ,shoulder ,blade1 #d ,humerus or ,arm ,bone1 #e ,radius or ,bone of ,forearm1 #f ,carpus or ,knee1 #g ,shank ,bone or ,cannon1 #h ,upper ,pastern1 #i ,lower ,pastern1 #aj ,coffin ,bone1 #aa ,ulna or ,elbow1 #ab ,cartilages of the ,rib1 #ac ,cost or ,ribs1 #ad ,dorsal ,vertebr or ,bones of ,back1 #ae ,lumbar ,vertebr or ,bones of ,loin1 #af ,candal ,vertebr or ,bones of ,tail1 #ag ,haunch1 #ah ,femur or ,thigh ,bone1 #ai ,stifle ,joint1 #bj ,tibia1 #ba ,tarsus or ,hock1 #bb ,metatarsal ,bones1 #bc ,upper ,pastern ,bone1 #bd ,lower ,pastern ,bone1 #be ,coffin ,bone4 ,legbones of ,farm ,animals4--,there is one formula for the bones of the fore and hind legs of farm animals4 ,the first segment is a single bone1 the humerus of the fore leg1 femur of the hind leg4 ,in the next segment there are two bones1 radius and ulna in the fore leg1 tibia and fibula in the hind leg4 ,in the dog1 cat1 and ,belgian hare the radius and ulna are both well developed and distinct4 ,in ungulates the humerus is short and stout1 while the ulna is complete in the pig1 rudimentary and behind the radius in ruminants and firmly united with the radius in the horse4 ,similarly with the hind leg the fibula is a complete bone in the pig1 while in the horse there is merely a rudiment of it1 attached to the tibia4 ,feet4--,the mammalian skeleton has undergone the greatest modification in the bones of the feet4 ,in the horse there are only six of the original ten wrist or carpal bones1 and1 since there is but one of the original five toes1 the horse has also but one metacarpal or cannon bone4 ,splint-like rudiments of two other metacarpal bones are to be found at the upper end of the cannon bone1 or at the 8knee0 joint4 ,below the cannon bone1 and forming the shaft of the foot1 we have the small cannon bone1 coronary bone1 and coffin bone--the last being within the hoof with the navicular bone behind it4 ,the stifle joint of the horse corresponds to the knee of man4 ,the 8knee0 of the horse's fore leg corresponds to the hock of the hind leg1 both being at the upper end of the cannon bone4 ,the fetlock joint is between the large and small cannon bones1 the pastern joint between the small cannon or large pastern bones1 and the coffin joint between the coronary and coffin bones4 ,the horse walks upon what corresponds to the nail of the middle finger and middle toe of man4 ,in pigs four digits touch the ground1 the first being absent and the third and fourth larger and in front of the second and fifth4 ,in ruminants the third and fourth digits reach the ground1 while the second and fifth do not4 ,in dogs the first digit appears on the side of the leg1 not in contact with the ground4 ,illustration3 ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,parasites ,,of ,,the ,,hog ,the thorn-headed worm attached to the anterior part of the small intestine often causes death4 ,not more than five or six are usually found in a single animal4 ,in fowls the wing1 which corresponds to the fore leg of mammals1 shows a well-developed humerus1 radius and ulna1 while only one carpal and one metacarpal bone remain1 along which the wing feathers are attached4 ,in the leg the femur and tibia are strong bones1 but the fibula is a mere splint4 ,the tarsal bones are absent1 while the shank consists of a metatarsal bone 7really three bones fused together71 to which the four toes are articulated4 ,the ,muscular ,system of ,farm ,animals4--,the muscular system is too elaborate1 the number of muscles too great1 and their modifications for different purposes too complex for consideration in detail in the present volume4 ,all muscles are either striped or unstriped 7as examined under the microscope71 according as they are under the immediate control of the will or not4 ,the heart muscle forms an exception1 for it is striped though involuntary4 ,the essential characteristic of muscle fibers is contractility1 which they possess in high degree4 ,the typical striped muscles are concerned in locomotion1 being attached at either end to a bone and extending across some movable joint4 ,the most important unstriped muscles are found in the walls of the intestines and blood vessels4 ,the ,nervous ,system4--,in so far as our present purposes are concerned1 the nervous system may be disposed of in a few words4 ,the central nervous system consists of a brain and spinal cord4 ,the microscopic elements of this tissue are peculiarly modified cells1 consisting of a central body1 from which fibers run in two or more directions4 ,the cell bodies constitute the gray matter1 and the fibers the white matter of the brain and spinal cord4 ,the gray substance is inside the spinal cord and on the surface of the brain1 constituting the cortex4 ,the most important parts of the brain are the cerebrum1 optic lobes1 cerebellum1 and medulla4 ,there are twelve pairs of cranial nerves originating in the brain and controlling the special senses1 movements of the face1 respiration1 and pulse rate4 ,from each segment of the spinal cord a pair of spinal nerves arises1 each of which possess both sensory and motor roots4 ,the sympathetic nervous system consists of a trunk on either side1 running from the base of the skull to the pelvis1 furnished with ganglionic enlargements and connected with the spinal nerves by small fibers4 ,the ,respiratory ,organs4--,these include the nose1 larynx1 trachea or windpipe1 and lungs4 ,the trachea forks into bronchi and bronchioles of smaller and smaller size1 ending in the alveoli or blind sacs of the lungs4 ,in fowls there are numerous extensions of the respiratory system known as air sacs1 and located in the body cavity and also in the hollow bones4 ,the air sacs communicate with the lungs1 but not with one another4 ,the ,urinary ,organs4--,these consist of kidneys connecting by means of ureters with a bladder from which the urethra conducts the urine to the outside4 ,in the male the urethra passes through the penis and in the female it ends just above the opening of the vagina4 ,the kidneys are usually inclosed in a capsule of fat4 ,the right kidney of the horse is heart-shaped1 the left bean-shaped4 ,each kidney of the ox shows #ae to #bj lobes1 and is oval in form4 ,the kidneys of sheep1 goats1 and swine are bean-shaped and without lobes4 ,the ,reproductive ,apparatus4--,this consists of ovaries1 oviducts1 uterus or womb1 and vagina in the female2 the testes1 spermatic cords1 seminal vesicle and penis1 together with various connecting glands1 especially prostate gland and ,cowper's gland1 in the male4 ,in fowls there is no urinary bladder1 but the ureters open into the cloaca or posterior part of the rectum4 ,the vagina and uterus are also wanting in fowls1 the oviducts opening directly into the rectum4 ,the male copulating organ is absent except in ducks1 geese1 swan1 and the ostrich4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,some ,physiology ,you ,ought to ,know ,a close relation exists between the soil1 plant1 and the animal4 ,one really cannot exist without the other to fulfill its destiny4 ,a soil without plant or animal growth is barren1 devoid of life4 ,the soil comes first2 the elements contained in it and the air are the basis of plant and animal life4 ,the body of the animal is made up of the identical elements found in the plant1 yet the growth of the plant is necessary to furnish food for animal life4 ,the plant takes from the soil and from the air the simple chemical elements1 and with these builds up the plant tissue which1 in its turn1 is the food of the animal4 ,the animal cannot feed directly from the soil and air2 it requires the plant first to take the elements and to build them into tissue4 ,from this tissue animals get their food for maintenance and growth4 ,then the animal dies2 with its decay and decomposition comes change of animal tissue1 back to soil and air again2 back to single simple elements1 that new plants may be grown1 that new plant tissue may be made for another generation of animal life4 ,thus the plant grows out of the soil and air1 and the decay of the animal plant life furnishes food for the plant that the plant may furnish food for the animal4 ,thus we see the cycle of life2 from the soil and air come the soil constituents4 ,illustration3 ,,circulation ,,and ,,digestion #a ,mouth1 #b ,pharynx1 #c ,trachea1 #d ,jugular ,vein1 #e ,carotid ,artery1 #f sophagus1 #g ,posterior ,aorta1 #h ,lungs1 #i ,external ,thoracic ,artery1 #aj ,left ,auricle1 #aa ,right ,auricle1 #ab ,diaphragm1 #ac ,spleen1 #ad ,stomach1 #ae ,duodenum1 #af ,liver1 upper extremity1 #ag ,large ,colon1 #ah ,left ,kidney and its ,ureter1 #ai ,floating ,colon1 #bj ,rectum1 #ba ,anus1 #bb ,bladder1 #bc ,urethra1 #bd ,small ,intestine1 #be ,ccum1 #bf ,venous ,supply to the ,foot1 #bg ,posterior ,tibial ,artery1 #bh ,internal ,metatarsal ,vein1 #bi ,internal ,metatcarpal ,vein1 #cj ,posterior ,radial ,artery1 #ca ,metacarpal ,artery1 #cb ,vertebral ,artery1 #cc ,superior ,cervical ,artery1 #cd ,anterior ,dorsal ,artery4 ,meaning of ,plant ,building4--,before the single simple elements were taken into the plant1 they were of little value4 ,the animal could not use them for food1 they could not be burned to furnish heat1 and they stored up no energy to carry on any of the world's work4 ,what a change the plant makes of them6 ,so used1 they become the source of the animal food1 and1 as food1 they contain five principal groups with which the animal is nourished4 ,these five groups are the air1 water1 the protein compounds1 the nitrogen free compounds1 such as starch1 crude fiber1 sugar and gums1 and the fat or ether extract1 as it is called4 ,,digestion ,,of ,,the ,,food ,before these different constituents of the plant can be used as food for animals1 they must be prepared for absorption into the system of the animal4 ,this preparation takes place in the mouth1 sophagus tube1 the stomach1 and the intestines1 aided by the various secretions incident to digestion and absorption4 ,any withholding of any essential constituent has its result in inefficiency or illness of the animal4 ,withhold ash materials1 for instance1 from the food1 or supply an insufficient quantity1 and the fact will be evidenced by poor teeth1 deficient bone construction and poor health in general4 ,let the feeding ration be short in protein1 and the result will be shown in the flesh and blood4 ,let the carbohydrates and fat be withheld or supplied insufficiently1 and energy will be denied and a thrifty condition will not be possible4 ,the supply of these different constituents in the proper proportion gives rise to the balanced ration2 and is concerned in a treatise of this kind only in so far as it has to do with disease or health4 ,for1 remember this fact3 live stock are closely associated with right feeding4 ,if foods be improperly prepared1 or improperly supplied1 or the rations poorly balanced1 with too much of one constituent and too little of another1 the effect will be manifest in an impoverished condition of the system4 ,that means either disease1 or disease invited4 ,not only must these facts be considered1 but other matters given recognition also4 ,the greater part of the trouble of the stockman in the way of animal diseases is due to some disturbance of the digestive system1 or to the water supply1 or to ventilation1 or to the use to which the animal is put from day to day4 ,attention to the details of digestion has its reward in thrifty1 healthy stock2 a lack of this attention brings trouble and either a temporary ailment or a permanent disease4 ,process of ,mastication4--,food is taken in the mouth1 where it is masticated by means of the teeth1 lips1 cheeks1 and the tongue4 ,while the process of mastication is taking place there is being poured into the mouth large quantities of saliva1 which softens the food and starts the process of digestion4 ,the active principle of saliva is a soluble ferment1 called ptyalin1 that converts the starch of food into sugar4 ,the amount of saliva that is poured into the food is very great1 being often as much as one-tenth of the weight of the animal4 ,this ferment is active after the teeth have been formed1 which explains why it is not advisable to feed much starchy food to children before their teeth have begun development4 ,the food1 after being ground and mixed with the saliva fluid1 goes to the stomach4 ,with the horse and hog the stomach is a single sac not capable of holding very large quantities of food2 with the cow and sheep1 on the other hand1 we find a large storehouse for holding food--a storehouse that is divided into four compartments1 the rumen or paunch1 reticulum1 omasum1 and the abomasum4 ,the first three communicate with the gullet by a common opening4 ,the cud is contained in the first and second stomachs1 and1 after it has been masticated a second time1 it passes to the third and fourth1 and to the bowels1 where the process of digestion is continued4 ,illustration3 ,,diseased ,,kidney ,the kidney of the hog is pictured here4 ,as a rule it is usually impossible to diagnose kidney troubles in hogs and similar lower animals4 ,gastric ,juice4--,from this it will be noticed that chewing the cud is an act in the process of digestion2 it refers only to rechewing the food so as to get it finer and better ground for digestion4 ,while in the stomach the saliva continues the digestion of the starchy matter and is assisted by the gastric fluid that pours in from the lining of the stomach1 which converts the protein or albuminoids into peptones4 ,the fatty matter is not acted upon at this point4 ,there are three constituents of gastric juice1 which affect the changes in the food4 ,these are pepsin1 rennet1 and acid4 ,with rennet you are acquainted4 ,it is used in the kitchen1 in the making of cheese1 and is obtained from the stomach of calves or other young animals4 ,pepsin1 also obtained directly from the stomach1 is now a conspicuous preparation in medicine4 ,the food1 after leaving the stomach1 goes into the bowels and is acted upon by secretions of the liver and pancreas or sweetbreads4 ,it should be noted in passing that no secretion enters the first three divisions of the ruminant's stomach4 ,it is only in the fourth or true stomach that the gastric juice is found4 ,the ,stomach ,churn4--,while food is in the stomach it is subjected to a constant turning movement that causes it to travel from the entrance to the exit or intestines4 ,when it passes into the small intestines it is subjected to the action of bile and pancreatic juices1 which have principally to do with the breaking up of the fat compounds4 ,both resemble1 to a certain extent1 saliva in their ability to change starch into sugar4 ,the secretion of the bile comes from the liver and the pancreatic juice from the pancreas or sweetbreads1 and both are poured into the intestines near the same point1 so that they act together4 ,the ferments they contain act in the following ways3 ,they change starch into sugar1 fat into fatty compounds1 they curdle milk1 and convert protein compounds into soluble peptones4 ,the process of digestion is finally ended in the intestines1 where absorption into the system takes place4 ,there is no opening at all from the bowels into the body1 but the digestive nutriment is picked up by the blood when handed into the body from the intestines by means of countless little cells called villi1 that line the walls of the intestines4 ,these villi cells have little hair-like projections extending into the intestines1 which constantly move2 these protrusions1 as they move about1 catch on to the digested nutriment1 draw it into the cells themselves1 where it is handed on to the blood1 when it is later on distributed to all parts of the body4 ,you can realize that an immense number of these absorption cells are present when the length of the intestine is considered4 ,in the ox the intestine is nearly #bjj feet long4 ,after the nutriment is drawn from the food the undigested portions are voided periodically as feces or dung4 ,illustration3 ,,stomach ,,of ,,ruminant ,the four main divisions of the ruminant's stomach are pictured here4 ,the first three divisions are the store-houses for food until it is fully prepared for the fourth stomach or abomasum4 ,absorption of the ,nutriment4--,digestion1 therefore1 is a dissolving process2 food is admitted to the system by means of cells4 ,you remember that all plant food first passes into a soluble state before it can enter the roots and be conveyed to the parts of the plants that require additional food for growth4 ,in the case of plants the entrance is by means of the root hairs4 ,in the case of the animal1 entrance in the body is by means of the villi cells that line the intestines4 ,from this we see that digestion is both an intricate and delicate process4 ,any loss of appetite1 any disturbance of the digestion work1 and any irregularity of the bowels bear decided results1 one way or the other1 to the rest of the system2 and any disturbance of the body at other points1 although having no direct relation to the digestion system1 sooner or later affects the digestion and in so doing causes additional trouble4 ,directly affecting digestion may be improper food1 either liquid or solid2 and over-exercise or not enough of it may prove troublesome1 for exercise is clearly related to digestion4 ,when the digestion process is disturbed1 air or gas may accumulate in the stomach or bowels and give rise to colic or hoven4 ,a watery action of the intestines1 due to inflammation or irritation1 may lead to dysentery and enteritis2 or some obstruction like a hair-ball or a clover fuzzy ball1 or the knotting of the intestines1 may occur1 temporarily or permanently impairing digestion so seriously often as to cause death itself4 ,,circulation ,as water in the plant is the carrier of plant food throughout the plant1 so is blood the carrier and distributor of food in the animal4 ,when food is absorbed1 it either passes into the lymphatic system or into the capillaries of the blood system4 ,if in the former1 it is carried to the thoracic duct1 which extends along the spinal column and enters one of the main blood vessels4 ,if collected by the capillary system1 it is carried to the portable vein1 thence to the liver and finally to the heart1 where it meets with the blue blood collected from all parts of the body4 ,at this point1 the blood contains both the nutriment and the waste matter of the body4 ,before it can be sent through the body again the waste material must be thrown out of the system by means of the lungs4 ,this is accomplished by the heart forcing to the lungs the impure blood with its impurities collected from all parts of the body and also the nutriment collected from the digestive tract4 ,the chief organs1 therefore1 of the circulatory system are the blood and lymphatic vessels containing respectively blood and lymph4 ,the only difference between these two materials is in the fact that lymph is blood without the red-blood corpuscles4 ,the body1 after all1 really depends upon this lymph for nourishment1 since it wanders to all parts of the body1 surrounds all the cells in all of the tissues and in this way carries to the cells the very kinds of food that they need4 ,lymph ,passes ,through ,cell ,walls4--,the blood vessels have no openings into the body at all4 ,in this respect the blood system is like the digestive system2 it is separate and distinct in itself4 ,the blood1 however1 does creep through the walls of the blood vessels4 ,in so doing the blood corpuscles are left behind and lymph is the result4 ,illustration3 ,,how ,,the ,,blood ,,circulates ,,through ,,the ,,body ,the center of the blood system is the heart4 ,it is the engine of the body4 ,going out from it is the great aorta1 which subdivides into arteries and farther away further subdivides until there is a great network of little arteries2 these in turn become very tiny and take the name of capillaries4 ,thus the red blood1 by means of arteries and capillaries1 is carried to all parts of the body4 ,this plan of distribution would not be complete unless some way were provided for the return of the blood to the heart and lungs for purification4 ,and just such an arrangement has been provided4 ,another kind of network collects this scattered blood at the extremities into separate vessels1 which gradually increase in size and finally empty their possessions into the heart4 ,these are the veins of the body1 and have to do with the impure blood of the body4 ,how the ,heart ,does ,its ,work4--,the power back of blood distribution is the heart4 ,it is an automatic pump1 as it were1 that sends blood to the lungs and through the arteries to all parts of the body4 ,the heart is divided into four divisions3 the left and right ventricles and the right and left auricles4 ,the right auricle receives the blood from the upper half of the body through a large vein and the lower half of the body through another large vein1 and the blood from both lungs empties into the left auricle through two left and two right pulmonary veins4 ,the large arteries of the heart which carry the blood from the heart to the different organs arise from the ventricle4 ,the blood always flows in the same direction4 ,it goes into the auricle from the veins1 and from this into the ventricle4 ,it then passes into the arteries1 then to the veins and then to the capillaries4 ,the action of the heart is very much like a force pump2 the dark blood flows into the right auricle1 which contracts2 when this is done1 the blood is forced into the right ventricle2 this in turn contracts and forces the blood into the lungs1 where oxygen is taken on and carbonic acid gas and other impurities are thrown off4 ,from the lungs the blood1 now red and pure1 passes into the left auricle and thence into the left ventricle1 from which it is forced into the aorta to be distributed to all parts of the body4 ,we now see the close connection existing between the digestive system and the circulatory system4 ,the digested food in the intestines is gathered in by villi cells4 ,the question can now be asked1 ,what do these cells do with this nutriment or digested food8 ,they pour it into the absorbent vessels or lymphs1 as they are called2 these in turn empty the assimilated stores of food into larger and still larger vessels1 which continues until the whole of the nutritive fluid is collected into one great duct or tube1 which pours its contents into the large veins at the base of the neck1 from whence it is carried into the circulatory system1 the very basis of which is the blood4 ,,respiration ,the dark and impure blood1 after returning to the heart1 is sent to the lungs4 ,it is1 when collected from the body1 just before being sent to the lungs dark1 dull and loaded with worn-out matter4 ,it must now be sent to the lungs1 where it may be spread over the delicate thin walls of millions of vesicles1 to be exposed to the air1 which is inhaled by the acts of breathing4 ,the blood gives off the broken-down material and carbonic acid gas very readily4 ,it is both unpleasant and disagreeable1 and the blood cells find it very unattractive4 ,the cells of the blood1 however1 have a great attraction for oxygen1 consequently the cells absorb oxygen with greediness1 so that when the blood returns to the heart it is fresh and bright and ready to take its journey back over the body again4 ,this is done just about every three minutes4 ,this endless round continues until stopped forever by death4 ,the relation existing between the animal and plant functions is brought to light in another way4 ,when the plant was building tissue it released oxygen and exhaled it into the air4 ,at the same time1 by means of leaves1 it gathered in the carbonic acid to use in plant building4 ,of course this was got from the air4 ,the animal in performing its functions and in building its tissue inhales oxygen from and exhales carbonic acid gas into the air4 ,thus it is that animals take up what is unnecessary to the plant and the plant uses what is waste and poison to the animal4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,the ,teeth ,as ,an ,indication of ,age ,when a colt is born the first and second temporary molars1 three on each jaw1 are to be seen4 ,these are large when compared with the size of those that later replace them4 ,in from five to ten days after birth the two central incisors or nippers make their appearance4 ,in three or four weeks the third temporary molars appear1 followed within a couple of months by an additional incisor on each side of the first two1 both above and below4 ,the corner incisors appear between the ninth and twelfth months after birth4 ,this makes the full set of teeth--twenty-four in number4 ,there is now no change in number1 although there is considerable change taking place all the time2 the incisor teeth1 in rubbing against each other1 are more or less worn1 giving rise to the expression 8losing the mark40 ,the two molars present at birth remain until the animal is about three years old1 at which time they fall out of their sockets by the protrusion of the second set1 or permanent molars4 ,this change from temporary to permanent teeth takes place usually without difficulty and without trouble4 ,the permanent teeth push their way up from below crowding those in view4 ,while this pushing and crowding is going on the temporary teeth are losing ground1 for the reason their roots are being absorbed1 and a time comes when the cap only is left attached to the gums4 ,this cap drops out and the new or permanent tooth soon is established in its place4 ,,losing ,,of ,,temporary ,,teeth ,according to the observation of ,mayo1 the temporary incisors are replaced by permanent teeth as follows3 8,the two central incisors are shed at about two and a half years1 and the permanent ones are up #8in wear' at three years4 ,the lateral incisors are shed at three and a half and the permanent ones are up and in wear at four years4 ,the corner incisors are shed at four and a half and the permanent ones are up and in wear at five4 8,the molars are erupted and replaced as follows3 ,the fourth molar on each jaw 7which is always a permanent molar7 is erupted at ten to twelve months2 the fifth permanent molar at two to two and a half years1 and the sixth usually at four and a half to five4 ,the first and second molars1 which are temporary1 are shed and replaced by permanent ones at two to three years of age4 ,the third temporary molar is replaced by a permanent one at three and a half years4 ,in males1 the canine or bridle teeth are erupted at about four and a half years of age4 ,at about five years of age a horse is said to have a full mouth of permanent teeth40 ,,the ,,mark ,,in ,,the ,,tooth ,horsemen make use of the 8mark in the tooth0 for determining the age between five and eleven4 ,in examining teeth you observe that two bands of enamel are to be seen2 one exterior1 that surrounds the tooth1 the other interior1 which is termed the casing enamel4 ,it is this latter1 or 8date cavity10 that is used to tell the age4 ,the mark in the tooth is occasioned by the food blackening the hollow pit4 ,this is formed on the surface by the bending in of the enamel1 which passes over the surface of the teeth1 and1 by the gradual wearing down of the enamel from friction1 and the consequent disappearance of it1 the age can be determined for a period of several years4 ,illustration3 ,,lumpy ,,jaw ,the disease is caused by the ray fungus4 ,the result is local tumors in the bones and other tissues4 ,when a horse has attained his sixth year the mark on the central or middle incisors or nippers of the lower jaw will be completely worn off1 leaving1 however1 a little difference of color in the center of the teeth4 ,the cement which fills the hole produced by the dipping in of the enamel will be somewhat browner than that of the other portions of the tooth1 and will exhibit evident proofs of the edge being surrounded by enamel4 ,at seven years the marks in the four middle incisors are worn out and are speedily disappearing in the corner ones4 ,these disappear entirely at the age of eight2 thus all marks are obliterated at this age on the lower jaw2 the surface of the teeth are level and the form of the teeth changes to a more oval form4 ,the marks on the upper jaw are still present1 since there has been less friction and wear on them4 ,at nine the marks disappear from the central upper incisors1 at ten from the adjoining two1 and at eleven from the corner teeth4 ,to tell the age of the horse beyond this period is difficult and uncertain1 except by those very much experienced in performing the undertaking4 ,the shape of the teeth1 the color and the condition all enter into the determination but there is no fast and fixed rules after the marks have disappeared4 ,,teeth ,,of ,,cattle ,cattle have no incisor teeth on the upper jaw4 ,they have eight incisors on the lower jaw4 ,according to ,mayo1 the temporary incisors are as follows3 8,the central incisors or nippers are up at birth1 the internal lateral at one week old1 the external lateral at two weeks1 and the corner incisors at three weeks old4 ,they are replaced by permanent incisors approximately as follows1 though they vary much more than in the colt3 ,the central incisors are replaced at #ab to #ah months2 the internal laterals at about two and a half years2 the external laterals at three to three and a half years2 and the corner incisors at about three and a half years4 ,in the horned cattle1 a ring makes its appearance at three years of age1 and a new ring is added annually thereafter40 ,,teeth ,,of ,,sheep ,sheep1 like cattle1 have no incisor teeth on the upper jaw4 ,like cattle1 they have eight incisors on the lower jaw when the mouth has reached full age4 ,the change of the teeth occurs as follows3 ,at birth the lamb has two incisors1 followed by two more very soon4 ,at the end of two weeks two more are out1 making six incisors in all4 ,at three weeks of age two more have appeared1 completing the appearance of the temporary or milk teeth4 ,the permanent begin to replace the temporary teeth between one and one and a half years4 ,the two central milk teeth are first replaced by two longer and stronger teeth4 ,the lamb is now known as a yearling4 ,at two years the two teeth adjoining the central incisors are replaced by permanent ones2 at three the two adjoining these are replaced1 making now six permanent incisors4 ,between four and four and a half the last two permanent incisors appear and the sheep then has a full mouth4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,examining ,animals for ,soundness and ,health ,in purchasing farm stock1 it is a good plan to deal with reputable people only4 ,leave the horse trader alone4 ,he knows too many tricks1 and if you are a stranger to him you can be pretty certain that he will try one on you--just for fun4 ,fortunately farmers sell to strangers more frequently than they buy of them1 and when they seek new stock they deal largely with breeders1 who1 like themselves1 are farmers and not given to the tricks of low and disreputable methods2 nevertheless1 every purchaser of stock should be familiar with animal form and able to recognize defects and faults when he sees them4 ,this is as much his business as to breed1 raise or feed the stock on his farm4 ,,looking ,,the ,,animal ,,over ,know what form you want2 draft and speed represent different types1 so do dairy and beef4 ,with all classes of farm stock there are a few points that are desirable in all stock4 ,one of these is width between the eyes4 ,no animal of any breed or class possessed of a narrow forehead is at all perfect4 ,a wide forehead is one of the absolute beauties4 ,these are desirable characters of all farm animals2 they represent culture and refinement and good breeding4 ,the purchaser or breeder1 therefore1 should not only know conformation1 but he should know quality4 ,,special ,,type ,,in ,,horses ,our breeds of horses may be divided into three general classes4 ,those used for speed1 those for draft and those with a mixture of the two--a general purpose sort of horse4 ,the speed or trotting horse has its distinct type2 it has been evolving and developing through a long series of years4 ,briefly1 its conformation may be described as follows3 ,a wide forehead1 fairly long head1 a long neck that is thin and agile1 a narrow chest as you look at it from the front1 but very deep as you look from the side1 long sloping shoulders1 rather long back1 a long horizontal croup1 small barrel1 fairly long forearm1 long cannon bones and feet that are well shaped and perfect in every respect4 ,looking at the animal from the side it should be as high over the hips or higher than over the withers4 ,the draft horse1 on the other hand1 has a different conformation4 ,there is not that elongation of his parts1 although there is a symmetry of parts and of proportion4 ,there should be the width between the eyes2 the clean1 neat face2 a graceful neck1 which should be shorter and more heavily muscled than that of the speed horse4 ,the chest should be wide1 both from the front and side1 the back short but heavily muscled1 the croup strong and not so horizontal as with the speed type1 the quarters heavily muscled and the cannon bone short4 ,the feet should be as perfect as those of the speed horse4 ,in both types the knee should be thick1 deep1 and broad and the hocks wide4 ,the narrow hock is not so well able to stand heavy strain1 consequently curb diseases readily follow where the conformation shows narrow hocks4 ,another difference between the two types is found in the muscles4 ,the speed type throughout has long1 thin1 narrow muscles--muscles that stretch a long way and contract quickly4 ,illustration3 ,,bad ,,attitudes ,,due ,,to ,,conformation ,in the first1 the toes are turned out4 ,the middle picture shows in-kneed attitude and the third shows in-turned toes4 ,whether standing or traveling1 the appearance is unpleasant and mitigates against the value of the animals4 ,with the draft horse it is different3 the muscles are shorter1 but they are heavy2 they are less quick in their action1 but they are more powerful4 ,in both types good proportions are always desirable4 ,the width between the eyes should be as much or more than one-third the length of the head4 ,the distance from the point over the shoulders to the ground should be about equal to the distance from the point over the hips to the ground2 and in turn this distance1 whatever it is1 should be about equal to the length of the horse from the point of the shoulder to the point of the buttock4 ,looking at the horse in front if a line be dropped from the point of the shoulder it should halve the fore leg1 the knee1 the cannon1 and the hoof4 ,and the width of the third hoof1 if placed between the two front feet1 should give the attitude that is desirable4 ,looking at the horse from the rear1 the same attitude is to be observed4 ,of course1 many horses do not possess these qualities and proportions2 and because they do not is the very reason that their beauty1 efficiency1 and value are less4 ,,examining ,,animals ,,in ,,the ,,stable ,in going into the stable look the animals over quietly4 ,observe how they stand1 breathe1 eat1 and act generally4 ,are they nervous8 ,does one swing his head from side to side8 ,does he kick1 paw1 put back his ears1 or does he have any of the other common stable vices that are unpleasant and undesirable8 ,as you look about and pass back and forth1 you will get the evidence of these stable vices1 if such are to be found4 ,look particularly for cribbing1 wind sucking1 kicking and crowding4 ,pawing is just as bad4 ,if you want animals with good stable manners pass by those possessing these ugly faults4 ,the next step is to examine the animals individually2 those that 8look good0 to you4 ,no doubt you will find some that do not interest you for one reason or another4 ,these need no further attention1 unless you have overlooked some fact1 in which case your attention will likely be called to it4 ,in making the individual examination1 go up to the animal in the stall1 place your hand on the hip1 and gently press it4 ,if no stringhalt afflicts the horse1 he will move over1 allowing you to pass into the stall4 ,the same applies to the cow4 ,if well trained1 she will make room for you by moving over at the same time1 if you do this on the proper side1 and she will put back her hind foot1 as if she were about to be milked4 ,this casual observation would not be possible if force were used or the animal excited by loud commands or by a whip or strap4 ,the halter teaches its lesson also4 ,a heavy rope or leather suggests that the animal has a pulling back vice1 a habit you want to avoid4 ,light halters for horses and cattle are to be preferred to chains1 heavy leather1 or ropes4 ,,real ,,test ,,is ,,out ,,of ,,doors ,now that you have seen all of the animals for sale1 ask the owner to lead them out of doors for a more careful examination4 ,in this you will inspect the animal very carefully in order to be certain of the conformation1 defects1 and blemishes1 and to acquaint yourself specifically as to health and disposition4 ,cast your eyes over the animal1 front1 side1 and rear4 ,pass around the animal1 keeping some distance away4 ,by so doing you can judge of type and conformation1 of proportions and attitudes2 for each of these is important4 ,a beefy-looking cow1 with a thick neck1 square body and small udder will not suit you for milk4 ,neither will a cow with a long1 thin neck1 open1 angular body1 thin thighs1 and heavy1 deep paunch meet your needs if you are seeking breeding stock for beef production4 ,if you are examining a horse1 keep in mind the purpose for which you are selecting4 ,remember the long1 thin neck1 very oblique shoulder1 long cannon1 long back1 and long thin muscles are not adequate for draft4 ,on the other hand1 if you want a horse for road purposes1 avoid the heavy muscles1 the short neck1 the heavy croup1 and the heavy thighs4 ,these mean draft--an animal for heavy work4 ,,special ,,type ,,in ,,cattle ,the milk cow should have a very soft1 mellow skin1 and fine1 silky hair4 ,the head should be narrow and long1 with great width between the eyes4 ,this last-mentioned characteristic is an indication of great nervous force1 an important quality for the heavy milker4 ,the neck of the good dairy cow is long and thin1 the shoulders thin and lithe and narrow at the top4 ,the back is open1 thin1 and tapering toward the tail4 ,the hips are wide apart and covered with little meat4 ,the good cow is also thin in the regions of the thigh and flank1 but very deep through the stomach girth1 made so by long open ribs4 ,the udder is large1 attached well forward on the abdomen1 and high behind4 ,it should be full1 but not fleshy4 ,the lacteal or milk veins ought also to be large and extend considerably toward the front legs4 ,the beef cow is altogether different3 she is square in shape1 full and broad over the back and loins1 and possesses depth and quality1 especially in these regions4 ,the hips are even with flesh1 the legs full and thick1 the under line parallel with the straight back4 ,the neck is full and short1 the eyes bright1 the face short1 the bones of fine texture1 the skin soft and pliable1 and the flesh mellow1 elastic1 and rich in quality4 ,in other words1 a beef cow is square and blocky1 while the dairy cow is wedge-shaped and angular4 ,the one stores nutriment in her body2 the other gives it off4 ,the one is a miser1 and stores all that she gets into her system2 the other is a philanthropist and gives away all that comes into her possession4 ,it will be seen1 therefore1 that the two types are radically different4 ,this difference is due to breeding1 not to feeding1 nor to management4 ,if you are seeking good milk cows1 you must look for form and conformation4 ,if you are looking for beef cows1 you must also look for form and conformation1 but of a different kind4 ,with this knowledge to back you up and to guide you1 you are now ready to make an examination of animals that will meet your purpose4 ,,going ,,over ,,the ,,animal ,,in ,,detail ,after making these general observations you are now ready to examine the animal4 ,begin with the head4 ,how is the eye8 ,dull1 weak1 without animation8 ,if so1 be on your guard4 ,the good eye shows brightness1 intelligence1 and it must be free from specks4 ,by placing the hand over the eye for a few moments you will be able to detect its sensitiveness to light4 ,do you find any discharge of any kind from the eye8 ,if so1 some inflammation is present4 ,try to ascertain the cause4 ,the ,nostril ,as ,an ,index4--,a large1 open nostril is desirable4 ,look for that character first4 ,now observe the color of the lining4 ,to be just right1 it should be healthy-looking1 of a bright rose-pink color1 and it should be moist4 ,a healthy nostril is one free from sores1 ulcers1 pimples1 and any unpleasant odor4 ,be careful here2 an unscrupulous dealer can very easily remove discharges and odors by sponging and washing1 and you may be deceived4 ,illustration3 ,,ewe ,,neck ,the neck is one of the beauty points of the horse4 ,in purchasing animals look carefully to conformation and quality4 ,let these also be guiding principles in breeding4 ,looking ,in the ,mouth4--,always look in the mouth2 you have the tongue1 teeth1 jaws1 and glands to see4 ,naturally1 you1 like every other person1 consider the teeth first2 you want to be certain of the age4 ,this feature is discussed elsewhere in this book1 and all in addition that needs to be said is in reference to the shape of the teeth1 whether or not they are diseased or worn away by age or by constant cribbing of the manger4 ,of course these facts you will think of as you examine the mouth4 ,give the tongue a second of your time4 ,if it is scarred and shows rough treatment a harsh bit is likely the cause1 due to its need in driving and handling4 ,then give a thought to the glands while here4 ,enlarged glands may indicate some scrofulous or glanderous condition of the system4 ,neck and ,throat4--,a beautiful neck and throat is an absolute beauty in the horse or cow4 ,the skin should be thin1 mellow1 and soft1 and the hair not over thick nor coarse4 ,look for poll-evil at the top of the neck and head4 ,see if swellings1 lumps or hard places are to be found at the sides of the neck1 or underneath joining the throat4 ,i have found such very frequent with dairy cattle2 and cases are not unusual with horses4 ,frequently scars are to be found on the sides or bottom of the neck4 ,these may be due to scratches caused by nails1 barb-wire or some similar accident1 and again they may have been caused by sores1 tumors1 or other bad quality of the blood4 ,body and ,back4--,passing the side1 look over the withers for galls or fistul1 the shoulders for tumors1 collar puffs1 and swellings4 ,observe at the same time if there is any wasting of the muscles on the outside along the shoulder4 ,now the back4 ,is it right as to shape8 ,do you find any evidence of sores or tumors8 ,look for these along the sides and belly4 ,now stoop a bit and look under2 do you find anything different from what is natural8 ,in males look for tumor or disease of the penis2 do the same with the scrotum1 and1 in case of geldings scrutinize carefully to see if they be ridgelings4 ,while making this examination1 if the animal is nervous and fretful1 you can help matters along if an assistant holds up a fore leg4 ,take the same precaution when examining the hind quarters and legs4 ,by doing so1 you will avoid being kicked and can run over the parts more quickly and satisfactorily4 ,before leaving the body observe if the hips are equally developed1 and the animal evenly balanced in this region4 ,both horses and cattle are liable to hip injury1 one of the hips being frequently knocked down4 ,make sure that both are sound and natural4 ,fore ,legs and ,front ,feet4--,now step to the front again for a careful examination of the front legs and feet4 ,starting with the elbow1 examine for capped elbow2 now the knee4 ,it should be wide1 long1 and deep1 and at the same time free from any bony enlargements4 ,the knees must stand strong1 too4 ,is the leg straight8 ,do you observe any tendency of the knee to lean forward out of line1 showing or indicating a 8knee sprung0 condition8 ,just below the knee1 do you find any cuts or bunches or scars due to interference of the other foot in travel8 ,look here also for splints2 follow along with the fingers to see if splints are present--on the inside of the leg4 ,be particular about the cannon4 ,the front should be smooth--you want no bunches or scars4 ,just above the fetlock feel for wind puffs2 and note if about the fetlock and pastern joints there are any indications of either ringbones1 bunches1 or puffs4 ,now look for side bones2 if present1 you will find them just at the top of the hoof4 ,they may be on either side4 ,sidebones are objectionable1 and are the lateral cartilages changed into a bony structure4 ,give the foot considerable attention4 ,the old law of the ancients1 8no feet1 no horse10 is certainly true in our day4 ,you can overlook many other imperfections and troubles in the horse1 but if the feet are bad you do not have much of a horse4 ,a good foot is well shaped1 with a healthy-looking hoof and no indication of disease either now or ever before4 ,see that the shape is agreeable4 ,a concave wall is not to be desired1 and the heels are not to be contracted4 ,the wall should be perfect--no sand cracks1 quarter crack1 or softening of the wall at the toe of the foot4 ,examine for ,corns4--,these are both troublesome and cause much lameness4 ,a healthy frog1 uninjured by the knife or the blacksmith or other cause is very much to be preferred4 ,illustration3 ,,anatomy ,,of ,,the ,,foot ,the delicate nature of the foot is readily recognized when the various parts are considered in their relation to each other4 ,hind ,legs and ,feet4--,in examining these regions give the hocks of the horse special attention4 ,no defect is more serious than bone spavin4 ,you can1 as a rule1 detect this by standing in front of the horse just a little to the side4 ,if there is any question about the matter1 step around to the other side and view the opposite leg4 ,this comparison will let you out of the difficulty1 as it is very unusual that this defect should be upon both legs at the same point and developed to the same degree4 ,a spavin is undesirable for the reason that it often produces serious lameness1 which frequently is permanent4 ,as it is a bone enlargement1 it is something that cannot be remedied4 ,if you are seeking good horses1 better reject such as have any spavin defect4 ,in this same region between the hock and the fetlock curbs troubles are located4 ,they appear at the lower part of the hock1 directly behind4 ,you can readily detect any enlargement if you will step back five or six feet4 ,the curb1 while it may not produce lameness1 is altogether undesirable4 ,it looks bad2 it shows a weakness in the hock region and often is caused by overwork1 consequently the animal with curb disease is one that has not measured up to the work demanded of him4 ,just above and to the rear of the hock the thorough-pin disease appears1 and just in front of and slightly toward the inner side of the hock bog spavin is sometimes to be found4 ,lameness may come from either of these diseases4 ,small tumors1 puffs and other defects frequently show themselves on the hind legs and the best way is to reject animals having them4 ,while some of these may be caused by accident1 the most of them are the result of bad conformation1 due to heredity1 unimproved blood and bad ancestors4 ,,examining ,,for ,,lameness ,lameness comes from many causes2 maybe from soreness1 from disease or from wounds4 ,and lameness is hard to detect4 ,frequently it seems to be in the shoulder1 when in fact it is a puncture in the foot4 ,again it may seem to be in the fetlock1 but the trouble is in the shoulder or fore leg4 ,you must examine for lameness both in the stable and out of the stable4 ,if you find the horse standing squarely upon three feet and resting the fourth foot1 you should be suspicious4 ,if you move the horse about and he assumes the same attitude again and still again1 you can be certain that he is assuming that position because he wants to rest some part of that member4 ,in testing out the horse for lameness1 let no excitement prevail4 ,under such excitement the horse forgets his lameness or soreness for the time being1 and you do not note the trouble4 ,a quiet1 slow walk or trot on as hard a road as possible is a desirable sort of examination to give4 ,,testing ,,the ,,wind ,the free breathing of a horse may be interfered with1 and for two reasons4 ,roaring or whistling1 as it is called1 is a serious disease of the throat1 and1 at the same time1 an incurable disease4 ,the second disease is known as heaves or bellows1 and is also a most serious disease1 because it is also incurable4 ,by the use of drugs relief may be given temporarily1 but no permanent cure follows4 ,unscrupulous dealers will resort to dosing for the time being1 or until a sale is made4 ,you should guard against this trouble1 however1 for it is one of the most serious that a horse can have4 ,upon this subject1 ,butler has the following to say3 8,to test the wind and look for two serious conditions and others which may be present1 the animal should be made to run at the top of his speed for some considerable distance--a couple hundred yards or more4 ,practically this run or gallop should be up hill1 which will make the test all the better4 ,after giving the horse this gallop1 stop him suddenly1 step closely up to him and listen to any unusual noise1 indicating obstruction of the air passages1 and also observe the movements of the flanks for any evidence of the big double jerky expulsion of the air from the lungs characteristic of heavers40 ,,testing ,,of ,,the ,,paces ,no examination is complete that does not make a test of the paces4 ,you want to know how fast the horse can walk1 how he trots or paces or how he takes some other gait4 ,some horses make these movements very gracefully2 others very unmannerly4 ,a well-acting horse is one that moves smoothly1 regularly1 who picks up his feet actively and who places them firmly in their position regardless of the ground or gait4 ,some horses have a rolling movement of the legs4 ,avoid these4 ,others step on the toe or heel4 ,these1 too1 should be avoided4 ,they suggest some defect or bad conformation4 ,the testing of the paces brings all parts of the body into play and assists in catching other blemishes or defects that you may have overlooked in your previous examination4 ,it gives you another opportunity to examine the wind1 to observe the respiration1 the heart beatings1 the condition of the nostril after work2 it shows you also how the animal takes his pace and how he stands4 ,all of this will be of value as indicating the soundness and health of the individual under observation4 ,,considering ,,for ,a ,,special ,,purpose ,now1 as a last factor of your examination1 consider the uses to which the animal is put4 ,if you are looking for breeding animals be sure to know that the udder is not injured4 ,of what use is a cow with a bad udder8 ,how often do we find a quarter of the udder destroyed or a teat cut or so badly mangled as to be of little use6 ,some udders are dead1 heavy1 fleshy2 some are diseased1 lumpy2 and even though the animal is otherwise good you must reject her4 ,if the udder is good1 superior in many respects1 and shows great milk production1 you can often afford to overlook other defects1 especially if the result of accident4 ,in the case of horses1 a disease or blemish due to accident may be overlooked1 if the work to which the animal will be subjected does not interfere1 let us say1 for breeding purposes4 ,the horse has good conformation1 good quality1 is healthy and very superior1 but unfortunately a leg was broken4 ,shall she be rejected as a breeder8 ,no heavy work will be required of her--she is wanted for colt raising4 ,take her2 of course you will pay less for her4 ,this accident interferes in no way with her value for breeding purposes4 ,many cases of accidental injuries are similar to this example among cattle and horses4 ,a good rule is to reject those having defects or blemishes that interfere with functional activity or the work to which you wish to put them4 ,then1 as breeders1 reject all with constitutional defects1 as bad feet1 narrow hocks1 coarse disease-appearing bones1 and bad conformation and scrubby character4 ,,chapter ,v ,wounds and ,their ,treatment ,illustration3 ,,fractures ,when a bone is broken into two or more parts it is said to be fractured4 ,these may be straight across1 up and down1 or oblique4 ,ordinary fractures are easily treated by splints1 but sometimes fractures are so serious as to destroy the value of the animal4 ,the stockman has all sorts of wounds with which to deal4 ,he may guard his animals with the care and caution of a mother and still find constant bother and worry to face in the daily management of his stock4 ,today it may be a wound caused by a nail puncture in the foot2 tomorrow a cut occasioned by a fence2 and then almost immediately another1 the result of a kick or a hook2 with patience nearly exhausted1 now follow bruises of many sorts and unexplainable lacerations4 ,these troubles occur on the best managed farms4 ,there is but one thing to do3 meet each case as it occurs and lend such assistance as you can that nature may repair the wrecked tissue at the earliest possible moment4 ,,the ,,kinds ,,of ,,wounds ,wounds fall into four classes3 the clean-cut kind made by something sharp2 the torn or lacerated1 where ragged edges are left2 the bruised1 the result of continued pressure or kicks or a knock2 and the punctured1 like the entrance of a nail or splinter or gunshot4 ,the latter class is the most difficult in treating1 for the reason of the greater penetration that may likely occur4 ,in the case of gunshot1 the wound may be on the surface1 or it may extend entirely through the region attacked1 or even penetrate some vital organ like the heart or the lungs or bowels1 and either immediately or within a few days be the cause of death4 ,fortunately such wounds are rare4 ,the stockman may never have to deal with them at all4 ,there are punctured wounds that are common1 however2 some1 indeed1 frequently lead to death4 ,a nail wound is the most serious1 perhaps4 ,it is likely that more cases of tetanus or lockjaw are due to nail punctures than to all others combined4 ,after this class comes the lacerated kind4 ,these heal slowly2 the tissue being torn and bruised is repaired only through the sloughing off of the injured and now superfluous parts4 ,as a result1 even with the most attentive surgical help1 the injured part develops its exposed sore1 ending finally completely healed1 but permanently marked4 ,bruises may be equally bad1 long delayed in healing and very painful4 ,do you remember the stone bruises of boyhood days8 ,how long it required to develop6 ,and the pain6 ,i shall feel mine for ages to come4 ,the clean-cut wounds1 if not too serious1 are the least difficult in treating4 ,,first ,,step ,,in ,,treating ,the flow of blood is usually associated with ordinary wounds2 other than with some bruised and punctured wounds this is always true4 ,frequently a nail puncture gives off no blood or it is not noticed4 ,however1 the blood is present1 for1 from the very nature of the trouble1 blood rushes to the seat1 this being nature's way of repair4 ,your first step1 therefore1 is to check the excessive blood flow4 ,illustration3 ,,bandaging ,a ,,leg ,the method of applying the bandage is shown here4 ,the bandage may be wrapped directly over the hair or over cotton saturated with an antiseptic and placed over the wound4 ,if left to itself the blood might do it4 ,blood has the trick of coagulating or clotting2 and this in time will check the flow4 ,but you can assist in forming the clot very simply by applying some finely ground material that the blood may be held on the spot4 ,absorbent cotton is the best material to use4 ,in case this is not available1 use something of like nature--something that is clean1 not stored up with germs4 ,tea is good1 as is flour also4 ,cold water acts favorably1 and for the slight1 ordinary surface wounds water is usually sufficient4 ,a few drops of some antiseptic in the water1 if available1 is always advisable1 for the freshest water carries its full quota of germs1 some of which may cause trouble4 ,a tiny bit of alum powder will be found both effective and not painful4 ,cleansing the ,wound4--,after the flow of blood has been stopped1 cleansing the wound is next in order4 ,all dirt should be carefully removed1 the injured flesh cleansed1 the torn tissues brought together and stitched1 if need be1 and antiseptics applied4 ,the water used in bathing the wounded flesh should contain an antiseptic1 that the germs present may be destroyed and no live ones admitted by water in cleansing the wound4 ,any good commercial antiseptic will do2 or the old common ones1 like corrosive sublimate1 one part in a thousand parts of water1 or carbolic acid1 a teaspoonful in a quart of water4 ,some powdered antiseptic like iodoform is very desirable for dusting into the wound4 ,making the ,bandage4--,unless the wound is of little consequence it should be covered and bandaged that no foreign elements be admitted and that some pressure may be given to keep the broken parts together4 ,to secure this effect absorbent cotton1 slightly moistened with the antiseptic1 should be laid on the wound1 and firmly fastened by strips of clean cotton cloth4 ,by winding this bandage around and about the wound1 dressed in this careful way1 the wound will be protected1 germs will be kept out and nature1 thus reinforced1 will be enabled to make a rapid recovery4 ,unless the bandage is disturbed in some way there is no need of changing it under twenty-four or thirty-six hours4 ,if1 for any reason1 the bandage is displaced1 dress as before1 and bandage again4 ,special ,treatment4--,when a cut wound is deep or large1 stitching is sometimes required1 that the broken parts may be brought together for more rapid healing4 ,nothing is better for this than a coarse needle and heavy thread4 ,before stitching1 however1 the wound should be bathed as previously described4 ,the needle and thread should be soaked in the antiseptic1 that no germs may be introduced by means of them4 ,now you are ready to make the stitches4 ,place the needle about an eighth to a quarter of an inch from the edge of the wound across to the opposite side4 ,bring the two ends together and tie1 leaving the lips of the wound as close together as possible4 ,if more than a single stitch is necessary1 proceed in the same way1 placing the second stitch about three-quarters of an inch from the first one2 continue as with the first stitch if more are necessary4 ,in case a needle and thread are not available1 pins may be used in the emergency4 ,insert the pin through the two edges and bring the lips together1 making them fast by a thread or cord carried from one end to the other several times1 alternating to the right and left as presented by the figure eight4 ,sometimes the wound enlarges and becomes feverish4 ,if such becomes very severe1 remove the fastenings and bathe the wound very gently1 using a mild antiseptic wash of tepid water in which carbolic acid has been placed4 ,illustration3 ,,health ,,and ,,disease ,in the upper picture the pigs are treating themselves4 ,below are shown hogs which died during shipment to market4 ,avoid any breaking of the healing tissue and do not have the washing solution too strong1 else it may injure the delicate tissue growth4 ,a teaspoonful of carbolic acid to a quart of water is strong enough4 ,with lacerated wounds the treatment is very similar4 ,if the wound goes bad and becomes spongy add a tablespoonful of acetate of lead and a tablespoonful of sulphate of zinc to the antiseptic solution and apply twice daily4 ,illustration3 ,,making ,,post ,,mortem ,,examinations ,the upper right hand picture shows the intestines of a healthy sheep4 ,on the left nodule disease is discovered4 ,the bottom picture illustrates how a carcass may be opened for the examination4 ,nail ,punctures4--,these very frequently cause trouble4 ,you have no way of observing the wound and your only way of judging is from the way the animal walks or acts1 and if the hoof is unduly hot4 ,locating lameness in the stifle joint is a common but inexcusable error1 as the action resulting from lameness in the two parts is entirely different4 ,the so-called gravel which is said to enter the sole of the foot and then to work out at the heel is usually the working out of the pus or the matter resulting from a nail puncture or a bruise4 ,if an animal becomes suddenly and severely lame and there be no evidence of any injury to any other part of the leg1 such as swelling1 heat and pain upon pressure1 it is always well to look for puncture in the foot4 ,if the animal stands with the lame foot extended and when walking places the lame foot well forward and brings the well foot up to it1 the evidence of puncture is still stronger4 ,to examine the foot properly the shoe should be removed4 ,it is not sufficient to merely scrape the bottom of the foot clean1 for if the nail has pulled out and the horn sprung back in position1 all trace of its entrance may have been obliterated4 ,to examine the foot properly1 tap the hoof with a hammer or knife and the exact spot may be definitely located4 ,if the injury is of a few days' standing1 additional heat in the hoof and1 perhaps1 slight swelling of the coronet may also be present4 ,in treating such wounds1 pare away only such parts of the hoof as necessity requires and introduce a bit of cotton cloth rolled as a string by means of a probe of some kind4 ,both probe and cotton must be treated with the antiseptic solution4 ,this solution should be a little stronger than for flesh wounds4 ,make the solution by using a teaspoonful of carbolic acid to only a pint of water4 ,after the cotton has been inserted a few times and withdrawn1 each time a fresh cord being used and fully saturated1 leave the last one in for a few hours and then repeat the treatment4 ,this should be done three or four times each day4 ,the main point in the treatment of nail puncture of the foot is to provide free exit to all matter that may collect and keep the parts as clean as possible4 ,if this be done1 the matter will not be compelled to work out at the heels1 and no separation or loss of hoof will occur4 ,often a very severe wound is made and the treatment acts slowly4 ,in case proud flesh accumulates1 it should be burned away by a hot iron4 ,after this operation has been performed1 the cavity should be filled with balsam of fir and cotton placed over it1 a piece of heavy leather fitted to the foot and held fast by the replaced shoe4 ,this will usually end the difficulty4 ,a veterinarian should be called in case the wound is severe or goes bad as the treatment progresses4 ,treating ,bruises4--,in treating bruises a different procedure is necessary4 ,the broken tissue is concealed--beneath the skin and usually under the surface muscles4 ,bathing with water and acetate of lead--a quart of water and two tablespoonfuls of the acetate--will tend to lessen the inflammation4 ,in time you may have to open the swelling for the pus to get out4 ,after doing so1 inject some wash for cleansing1 using one quart of water and a tablespoonful of chloride of zinc4 ,if the swelling remains1 apply twice each month a salve made by using one teaspoonful of biniodide of mercury and three tablespoonfuls of lard4 ,wash occasionally1 using the chloride of zinc solution4 ,leg ,wounds4--,cleanse the wound with a wash composed of one tablespoonful of acetate of lead1 one tablespoonful of sulphate of zinc1 four tablespoonfuls of tincture of arnica and one quart of water4 ,use this wash frequently1 every hour or so1 during the first day4 ,after that three or four applications will be sufficient4 ,the sore should be kept lower than the skin during the healing process4 ,if it tends to crowd up1 apply a tiny bit--as much as you can place on a one-cent piece--of bichloride of mercury4 ,this will assist in getting an even heal and the skin will grow over1 leaving no blemish or swelling4 ,maggots in ,wounds4--,if the wound has been treated as suggested above there is no possibility of any trouble from maggots4 ,these come from a lack of cleanliness and neglect4 ,of course1 an animal often gets a wound and the owner is not aware of the mishap4 ,wounds1 more or less infrequently treated1 those made as the result of castration1 occasionally get infected with maggots4 ,when1 for any cause1 maggots are present1 they must be got rid of at once4 ,a good plan is to use chloroform1 either by spraying or by throwing it in the wound in small drops from a sponge4 ,the danger from maggots can usually be avoided if a mixture composed of one tablespoonful of turpentine1 three tablespoonfuls of tar and two tablespoonfuls of lard or fish oil be smeared all around the border of the wound4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,making a ,post ,mortem ,examination ,even on the best-managed stock farms some animals do get sick and die4 ,good care and good nursing may be given1 but the sick animal frequently does not recover--death often follows very quickly1 before you have an opportunity to observe the development of the disease or to secure the services of a veterinarian4 ,then1 again1 after a lingering sickness an animal dies1 the disease being known or unknown as the case may be4 ,in any event1 a post-mortem examination is usually desirable1 if for no other reason than that it serves to familiarize you with the organs of the body4 ,with a little experience you can become quite proficient in examining a dead animal1 and you can soon learn the difference between healthy and unhealthy organs1 between diseased and normal tissues and the relation of the internal parts to the whole body4 ,a post-mortem examination thus enables you to know the cause of the disease--where it is located or whether death is the result of accident or of some fatal disturbance of the system4 ,this examination should be made as soon after death as possible2 the longer the delay the greater the changes due to decomposition of the body and its decay back to the original elements from which it has come4 ,soon after death the stiffening process takes place4 ,this is known as rigor mortis4 ,it may occur within an hour after death and again it may not be complete until twenty-five or thirty hours have passed4 ,soon after the death stiffening has occurred the tissues soften and decomposition rapidly follows4 ,,first ,,things ,,to ,,do ,in making a post-mortem examination1 in case the animal has not been moved1 the position of the body is to be observed4 ,look all about you4 ,is there any evidence of a struggle8 ,does either the body or the ground appear as if spasms have taken place8 ,it may be a case of poisoning4 ,if such be true1 the outward appearance may be further substantiated by the internal condition4 ,if inflammation and irritation of the stomach and bowels are observed1 this evidence helps to confirm the first observation4 ,illustration3 ,,rickets ,,in ,,pigs ,rickets in pigs is due1 as in man and other animals1 to an improper development of the bone1 the result of insufficient mineral matter in the food4 ,the bones are weak and bend or break4 ,it frequently appears after the pigs are weaned4 ,an abundant supply of wood ashes1 charcoal1 lime and salt is always good for hogs4 ,the appearance of the struggle1 however1 is not enough to establish a case of poisoning2 for struggling is a death characteristic of many diseases4 ,of course1 in making this preliminary examination you will note if death could have been the result of some other reason4 ,has some obstruction had anything to do with the trouble8 ,maybe the animal has been caught in some way and not being able to move about has starved to death1 or maybe some over-exertion has had something to do with the trouble4 ,many animals choke1 and1 not being able to relieve themselves1 die4 ,thousands of farm animals1 especially in the ,west and ,southwest1 die annually from cold1 and not a few from heat4 ,all these things enter into the case and must be considered in reaching a reasonable conclusion4 ,observe the ,discharges4--,the next thing to do is to observe the discharges from nose1 mouth and other natural openings of the body4 ,external scars and wounds often bear a close relation to the disease and these should be considered in examining the carcass4 ,how do the eyes look8 ,is there a discharge from the ears8 ,is the swelling of the abdomen and the bloating more pronounced or different than should be the case in ordinary death8 ,practice will indicate the lesson that each of these teach4 ,accidents and ,injury4--,farm animals are often killed by stray shots from the guns of hunters and trespassers4 ,a casual observation will indicate if death has been due to this4 ,again1 animals may die from distemper or be eaten up with lice or troubled with itch or mange--you will note these facts as you go along with your work4 ,in the ,south1 where ,texas fever is so prevalent1 you should look for ticks1 as these bring death to thousands of animals each year4 ,look for the wee tiny ones--they cause the trouble4 ,when cattle are fairly covered with the large ticks death does not ordinarily follow1 since the animal has practically become immune to the poison caused by the tick4 ,these large ticks1 however1 are filled with blood and nutriment1 both obtained from the animal1 and hence they may rob the animal of blood and nutriment that it ought to have itself4 ,after ,removing the ,skin4--,the skin is now to be removed1 so that the color of the tissues and the nature of the blood may be noted4 ,if the blood be thin or black1 with a disagreeable odor1 you can expect some germ trouble like blood poisoning or an infectious and contagious disease4 ,if the white tissues are yellow you may be reasonably certain that the liver has not done its work as it would have done had it been in a thoroughly healthy condition4 ,in removing the skin and making other observations be cautious that you do not prick your fingers with the knife1 since you may convey in this way disease to yourself4 ,if by accident a cut or prick is made1 cauterize the wound at once1 so as to destroy any germs transmitted in this way to you4 ,,examining ,,the ,,internal ,,organs ,the next step is to examine the internal organs4 ,to do this1 place the animal on its side1 remove the upper front leg and the ribs over the chest region4 ,the ribs should be removed as near as possible to the backbone so as to give an unobstructed opening over the important organs4 ,this large opening now allows you free access for examination1 and an unimpaired view all about the vital organs1 if these are entirely exposed4 ,illustration3 ,,round ,,worms ,,in ,,hog ,,intestine ,an infestation with intestinal worms1 as shown here1 leads to unthriftiness and a loss of flesh4 ,these worms may be expelled by giving turpentine in doses of one teaspoonful in milk for three days in succession4 ,while making this opening1 observe the watery fluid as it escapes4 ,if a large quantity is present1 dropsy or a rupture of the bladder is indicated4 ,if the trouble is due to the latter1 an odor in the urine will be quickly noted4 ,when the fluid is red in color1 it indicates the presence of blood or some inflammation of the abdomen or the bowels4 ,a large amount of watery fluid in the chest cavity is an indication of some lung trouble2 this is further indicated by the tiny attachments running between the lungs and the chest wall4 ,stomach and ,intestines4--,if the stomach and intestines be abnormally red1 congestion is indicated1 and if they be quite dark1 even purple in color1 you may be sure that some kind of inflammation has been the trouble4 ,you will note also if the stomach is hard and compacted2 and1 if so1 indigestion may have been the trouble4 ,the intestines will also show if they be hard and compacted or in any otherwise bad condition4 ,pass the hands along to see if the intestines are knotted in any place or if nails are present in the stomach4 ,it is not likely that the nails have been the direct cause of death1 but this fact helps to indicate the condition of the digestion trap4 ,often hair balls or parasites will be found2 either may clog up the channel and may be the immediate cause of death4 ,i have on more than one occasion found that the fuzz of crimson clover1 accumulating in the intestines of horses1 rolls up into a hard1 compacted ball1 and not being able to pass out1 becomes an obstruction in the passageway and ultimately causes death4 ,kidneys and ,bladder4--,the urine tells its tale also2 a very disagreeable odor indicates some disturbance2 and a brownish or dark-red color may indicate a local disease or a constitutional breakdown4 ,texas fever in cattle produces a very dark or reddish urine1 ,azoturia in horses1 a similar color4 ,gallstones or gravel are often found in the bladder1 and these frequently cause serious disturbance1 if not death4 ,lungs4--,look the lungs over carefully4 ,see if the natural color is present and if the soft1 spongy constituency responds to the same kind of touch as does the thoroughly healthy lung4 ,in health the lungs are a very light pink color4 ,if inflammation has been present this will be indicated by the dark color and the hard density4 ,when the lung is cut apart with the knife further observation should be made4 ,a marble appearance indicates inflammation and hard lumps or tubercles indicate tuberculosis4 ,these tubercles1 when cut open1 show pus and a cheeselike material1 yellow in color--a true indication of the disease4 ,other ,observations4--,you should feel the heart to know if it is natural or not1 or to see if any of the valves are broken1 or if some inflammation has been back of the trouble4 ,the sides of the open cavity should be observed before leaving4 ,is it spotted1 speckled8 ,are pink spots seen about the ribs8 ,this is an indication of hog cholera1 and in itself may lead to a correct interpretation of the disease4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,common ,medicines and ,their ,actions ,the common medicines used in treating farm animals are named in the following list1 together with origin1 action1 use1 and dose4 ,,aconite ,tincture of aconite is derived from the root of a plant4 ,when used1 the heart beats more slowly and the blood pressure is decreased1 making the medicine desirable in cases of inflammation4 ,dose3 ,for horses and cattle1 from #aj to #cj drops1 and sheep and hogs #e to #aj drops4 ,,aloes ,this is usually bought in a powder form4 ,it is brown in color and bitter in taste4 ,considerable time transpires before action in the bowels takes place4 ,allow at least #bd hours4 ,it is a physic and blood purifier4 ,dose3 ,for horses1 #d to #e tablespoonfuls2 cattle1 #d to #h tablespoonfuls2 sheep1 #a to #b tablespoonfuls2 and pigs1 #a to #b tablespoonfuls4 ,,alum ,this mineral salt is used in washes for sore mouth and throat1 and cleansing wounds4 ,it may be dusted into wounds in powder form1 and is both drying and healing4 ,dose3 ,use a tablespoonful to a pint of water4 ,,aniseed ,this preparation is made from dried berries and ground4 ,it stimulates digestion1 sweetens the stomach1 and serves as a tonic and appetite maker4 ,dose3 ,for horses and cattle1 a tablespoonful1 and for sheep and pigs1 a teaspoonful4 ,,arnica ,for wounds1 sprains1 and bruises1 tincture of arnica is both cooling and restful4 ,it is made from the dried flowers of a plant1 and is for external use4 ,apply three or four times daily4 ,,arsenic ,this medicine comes from the mineral kingdom and is very powerful4 ,in using better get it in some standard medicinal form such as ,fowler's ,solution4 ,it is used as a tonic when the stomach is bad and the system run down4 ,dose3 ,fowler's ,solution2 for horses and cattle1 #b tablespoonfuls2 sheep1 #a teaspoonful2 pigs1 one-half teaspoonful4 ,in giving to stock mix with #d tablespoonfuls of whiskey1 and either use as a drench or add to mash or gruel4 ,,belladonna ,this is a tincture made from a plant4 ,when used it soothes1 softens1 and relaxes the parts to which applied4 ,it checks inflammation and relieves pain1 but must be carefully used4 ,dose3 ,for horses and cattle1 #a teaspoonful2 sheep1 #aj drops2 pigs1 #e drops4 ,,butter ,,of ,,antimony ,this preparation1 taken from a mineral1 is not used internally4 ,it is a powerful caustic4 ,its principal use is for curing thrush in horses' feet4 ,illustration3 ,,tetanus ,,bacilli ,how the germs look under the microscope4 ,the poison produced by them is one of the most violent known in disease4 ,,bromide ,,of ,,potassium ,this comes as a white crystal or powder1 and is used to quiet the nerves when some trouble like lockjaw has set in4 ,dose3 ,for horses and cattle1 #a teaspoonful2 sheep and hogs1 one-half teaspoonful4 ,,biniodide ,,of ,,mercury ,this bright red powder is used chiefly for blistering purposes4 ,it is excellent when a spavin or splint or ringbone is just beginning4 ,in preparing1 use one part of the mercury to nine parts of vaseline or lard4 ,remember1 it is a poison1 and must be carefully handled1 as is true of some other preparations of mercury4 ,,camphor ,the camphor of commerce is in the form of a gum obtained from a tree by boiling and evaporation4 ,it is used in mixtures for coughs1 sore throat1 and heaves4 ,it is good also for colic and diarrha and assists in lessening pain4 ,it should be given in water4 ,dose3 ,for horses1 #b to #d teaspoonfuls2 cattle1 #d to #e teaspoonfuls2 pigs and sheep1 #b teaspoonfuls4 ,,cantharides ,,or ,,spanish ,,fly ,this is in the form of powder1 and is an irritant4 ,for use it should be thoroughly mixed with lard or vaseline4 ,one teaspoonful of the cantharides to #d tablespoonfuls of lard or vaseline4 ,when so prepared it is excellent as a blister4 ,it can be applied for sweat thickenings or lumps on any part of the body that is not on the bone4 ,it should not be used on curbs or tumors and is not used internally4 ,,carbolic ,,acid ,this is got from coal tar and petroleum4 ,when full strength and pure it is in the form of crystals1 but is generally bought as a liquid4 ,it is a disinfectant and an antiseptic1 and while used internally for some purposes1 is largely used internally in washes and solutions4 ,its principal use is in bathing wounds and sores4 ,care should be taken not to have a wash contain too much of the acid1 as it will burn the wound and stop the healing action4 ,it is a corroding poison taken internally4 ,it should be just strong enough to kill bacteria2 say1 #a part to #a1jjj parts of water4 ,a very good healing salve is made when #e drops of pure carbolic acid is used to #d tablespoonfuls of vaseline4 ,,corrosive ,,sublimate ,this is used externally as an antiseptic and disinfectant4 ,dissolve #a part to #ajj parts of water4 ,it is a preparation of mercury1 is poisonous1 but excellent for bathing wounds and open sores4 ,,castor ,,oil ,this oil is pressed from castor beans4 ,it is a mild physic similar to raw linseed oil4 ,it is not used much for live stock4 ,dose3 ,for horses and cattle1 #a pint2 for sheep1 one-quarter pint1 and for pigs1 #d tablespoonfuls4 ,,calomel ,this is a heavy white powder and a mineral4 ,its principal action is as a physic1 and it has a cleansing effect on the liver4 ,hence it is used for all kinds of liver troubles4 ,when dusted in old sores1 it is splendid for healing and drying up4 ,dose3 ,for horses1 one-half to #a teaspoonful2 cattle1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls2 sheep and pigs1 one-eighth teaspoonful4 ,,croton ,,oil ,this oil is made from seeds1 and is one of the most powerful physics known4 ,it should never be used until milder physics do not respond4 ,use it as a last resort4 ,dose3 ,for horses1 #ae to #bj drops2 cattle1 #cj to #dj drops2 sheep1 #e to #aj drops2 and pigs1 #b to #c drops4 ,in giving1 it is best to use in connection with raw linseed oil2 of the linseed oil use #a pint for horses and cattle and one-quarter pint for sheep and pigs4 ,,caustic ,,potash ,this chemical is most easily used when purchased in pencil-like sticks4 ,it is never given internally1 but is used to burn warts and growths by wetting the stick and rubbing it over them4 ,it is also used for burning poisonous wounds to kill the poison4 ,it is commonly employed for dishorning calves4 ,when a week or ten days old1 and the button of the horn is just appearing1 rub the potash over the horn4 ,this usually insures destruction of the horn substance4 ,wet the stick of potash4 ,see that drippings do not run down the animal's head4 ,in order to protect the fingers1 when using1 wrap paper around the stick4 ,,creolin ,this is the product of coal tar and comes in the form of a thick1 dark fluid1 and1 like tar1 is harmless4 ,it is frequently used as the basis of salves for wounds1 scratches1 and like troubles4 ,it is a very effective remedy for killing lice1 ticks1 or fleas1 and is used as a remedy when sheep are afflicted with mange and scab4 ,dose3 ,use from #b to #d tablespoonfuls to a pint of water and shake well before using4 ,make up a small quantity at a time1 as creolin thus made loses its value after exposure4 ,for disinfecting purposes1 #a part of creolin to #ajj parts of water is satisfactory4 ,,gentian ,this is the root of a plant1 dried and ground4 ,it is used principally as a tonic1 and is very bitter2 commonly found in condition powders and is given to animals that are weak and run down4 ,if used alone1 give twice a day in the food and place on the tongue with a spoon4 ,dose3 ,for horses and cattle1 #a tablespoonful2 for sheep1 a teaspoonful2 pigs1 one-half teaspoonful4 ,,ginger ,this is a dried root ground fine1 secured from a plant1 and acts as a stimulant1 relieving gases that accumulate in the stomach4 ,it is an excellent ingredient to use in colic and indigestion preparations4 ,if given alone1 doses may be repeated every two or three hours4 ,dose3 ,for horses and cattle1 #a tablespoonful2 sheep1 #a small teaspoonful2 pigs1 one-half teaspoonful4 ,,hyposulphite ,,of ,,soda ,this salt is frequently used in combination with gentian1 equal parts of both1 and in other recipes for condition powder4 ,it cleans the blood and builds up the system after weakening diseases4 ,a common preparation is made by using one-half of powdered gentian and one-half of hyposulphite of soda4 ,mix all together and give two or three times a day to the animal needing it4 ,dose3 ,for horses and cattle1 #a tablespoonful2 sheep1 #a teaspoonful2 pigs1 one-half teaspoonful4 ,,iodine ,this dark brown tincture is not often used internally1 but is used as a sweat blister and for blistering thickened glands4 ,in using1 take a feather1 painting the iodine on the lump until it blisters2 when the blister appears1 grease the part2 after two or three days have passed1 wash the lump with warm water and soap and blister again4 ,,iodide ,,of ,,potassium ,this white powder is obtained from the mineral kingdom4 ,when given internally it acts as an absorbent4 ,it is commonly used in cases of dropsy of the belly4 ,in administering1 use equal parts of ground gentian root and give twice a day4 ,dose3 ,for horses and cattle a teaspoonful2 for sheep and pigs1 one-half teaspoonful4 ,,linseed ,,oil ,this oil is obtained from flaxseed1 and is excellent when a mild physic is desired4 ,the easiest and most effective way of giving to animals is in the form of a drench4 ,about #a pint should be used for horses and cattle4 ,raw linseed oil is usually preferred to the boiled4 ,,laudanum ,this is made from opium and is used both internally and externally4 ,it is commonly used where there is pain1 hence it is excellent for relieving pain and spasms and assists also in checking inflammation4 ,dose3 ,for horses and cattle1 #d to #f teaspoonfuls2 sheep and pigs1 #b to #d teaspoonfuls4 ,,nux ,,vomica ,this powder comes from ground seeds1 and is used as a nerve stimulant4 ,it is very efficacious for strengthening weak1 debilitated animals4 ,a common way is to mix equal parts of gentian and powdered nux vomica thoroughly together4 ,this may be given as a drench1 or in the feed or placed at the back of the tongue with a spoon4 ,dose3 ,for horses and cattle1 #a teaspoonful three times a day2 for sheep and pigs1 one-half teaspoonful4 ,,nitrate ,,of ,,silver ,this comes in the form of white penciled sticks4 ,it is excellent for burning off warts1 proud flesh in cuts and growths on any part of the body4 ,just wet the stick and rub it on the parts4 ,of course1 be careful that your fingers are protected from the chemical4 ,it is a poison taken internally4 ,,nitrate ,,of ,,potash ,this is frequently called saltpeter1 and comes as a white crystal or powder4 ,it is used for kidney1 lung and blood troubles4 ,it has a very acute action on the kidneys1 causing them to secrete an extra amount of urine4 ,dose3 ,for horses and cattle1 #a teaspoonful2 sheep and pigs1 one-half teaspoonful4 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,copper ,this is commonly known as blue vitriol or bluestone4 ,it is excellent when given internally for checking discharges1 especially those of a chronic catarrhal nature4 ,it may also be used as a wash for wounds1 when a weak solution is made1 and may be dusted on the wound every day or two in case proud flesh forms4 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,iron ,green vitriol1 or copperas1 as it is commonly known1 is a splendid mineral tonic1 and is commonly used in combination with gentian1 equal parts of the two4 ,use when the system is badly run down4 ,it is also excellent as a worm powder4 ,dose3 ,for horses and cattle1 #a teaspoonful three times a day2 sheep and pigs1 one-half teaspoonful4 ,,sugar ,,of ,,lead ,this is frequently called acetate of lead4 ,it is seldom used internally1 but quite generally externally for healing washes1 particularly for the eye4 ,,sweet ,,spirits ,,of ,,niter ,this sweet-tasting and smelling preparation is obtained from alcohol1 and is in the form of a clear liquid4 ,it acts upon the kidneys and skin and is commonly given in the drinking water of animals4 ,it is used in combination with other medicines for colic and indigestion4 ,it thus acts upon the bowels and stomach and relieves pain and dissipates the gases4 ,in giving to animals mix in a pint of lukewarm water and give as a drench4 ,dose3 ,for horses and cattle1 #b to #d tablespoonfuls2 for sheep and pigs1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls4 ,,spirits ,,of ,,turpentine ,this is the ordinary turpentine known by all4 ,it is excellent in cases of acute indigestion and colic1 and is destructive to bots and the long round worms in horses4 ,when used externally it is as a liniment4 ,when used internally a small quantity is given with raw linseed oil4 ,dose3 ,for horses and cattle1 #d tablespoonfuls2 for sheep and pigs1 #a tablespoonful4 ,,salts ,the two common salts used for live stock are ,epsom and ,glauber4 ,epsom salts are most frequently used1 the chief action being as a physic4 ,aloes take the places of salts for horses1 as it is believed these are much better than the mineral salts4 ,in giving salts to cattle1 the drench is most satisfactory4 ,dose3 ,use #a quart of warm water in which place #a tablespoonful of ginger and #a tablespoonful of common soda4 ,to this add #a pint to #a pints of salts and dissolve by shaking or stirring4 ,for sheep and pigs1 one-quarter of this amount is sufficient4 ,,sulphur ,this yellow powder is well known and is a great medicine when given internally4 ,it acts on the blood and purifies it4 ,it is excellent also for killing parasites or germs in the skin1 hence it is good for all diseases4 ,when used internally it is best to combine with gentian root4 ,give once a day for a short period4 ,dose3 ,for horses and cattle1 #a tablespoonful2 sheep and pigs1 #a teaspoonful4 ,,some ,,common ,,prescriptions ,colic ,mixture4--,laudanum1 #af tablespoonfuls2 aromatic spirits of ammonia1 #ab tablespoonfuls2 sulphuric ether1 #b tablespoonfuls2 tincture of aconite1 #aj drops2 ginger1 #af tablespoonfuls4 ,dissolve in a pint of water4 ,from #aj to #bj tablespoonfuls of this can be given in one-half pint of water4 ,if relief is not secured1 repeat in a half hour1 follow with a third dose1 then with another1 giving the doses one-half to one hour apart4 ,fly ,blister4--,powdered cantharides1 #b teaspoonfuls2 gum camphor powdered1 #b tablespoonfuls2 lard1 #h tablespoonfuls4 ,after thoroughly mixing1 rub in #e to #aj minutes1 depending on the severity of the blister desired4 ,red ,blister4--,gum camphor powdered1 #b tablespoonfuls2 biniodide of mercury1 #b teaspoonfuls2 lard1 #h tablespoonfuls4 ,this should be rubbed in from #e to #aj minutes4 ,cough ,mixture4--,belladonna1 #b tablespoonfuls2 pulverized opium1 #b tablespoonfuls2 gum camphor1 pulverized1 #b teaspoonfuls2 chloride of ammonia1 #b tablespoonfuls2 sulphur1 #d tablespoonfuls4 ,an easy way to give this is to mix with molasses and flour until a paste is secured4 ,soothing ,ointment4--,laudanum1 #h tablespoonfuls2 aconite1 #d tablespoonfuls4 ,this is excellent for sprains1 and relieves the pain and soreness when applied to a part where there is much inflammation4 ,hoof ,ointment4--,raw linseed oil1 one-quarter pound2 crude petroleum oil1 one-quarter pound2 neat's-foot oil1 one-quarter pound2 pine tar1 one-quarter pound4 ,mix well and apply every night with a brush all over and under the hoof4 ,a little in the hair above will do no harm4 ,clean out the hoof before applying4 ,physic ,drench for ,horses4--,aloes1 #h teaspoonfuls2 common soda1 #a teaspoonful2 ginger1 #a teaspoonful4 ,dissolve these in a pint of lukewarm water and give as a drench4 ,the horse should be allowed rest the day following its use4 ,illustration3 ,,ready ,,for ,,the ,,drench ,a simple device for giving drenches to horses4 ,physic ,drench for ,cattle4--,epsom salts1 #a pound2 ginger1 #a tablespoonful2 common soda1 #a tablespoonful4 ,dissolve in a quart of lukewarm water and give as a drench4 ,it is a splendid general physic for cows1 and can be given at any time when they are thought not to be thriving as they should4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,the ,meaning of ,disease ,any departure from a normal condition is disease4 ,the body1 composed of different organs and parts1 is in a healthy state when each of these performs its natural functions4 ,thus the normal mind is concerned with normal mental acts2 any disturbances of the brain or spinal cords is immediately manifested in the action of the animal2 likewise frequently a disturbance elsewhere may later have its effect on the mental system4 ,disease may result from some external cause like from a wound1 from food causing poison or derangement of the digestive system1 from water introducing impurities1 from parasites that disturb normal functions1 disorganize tissue or produce toxines1 or from other abnormal conditions--all of which interfere with the normal functions of one or more organs1 regions1 or parts4 ,in most cases the disturbances are readily recognized4 ,swellings1 bruises and wounds are located at a glance4 ,when blood passes from nose1 ears or intestines1 a key to the trouble is at hand4 ,coughs have their story4 ,and vomiting1 diarrha1 convulsions1 spasms1 abnormal breathing or temperature each indicates at what points an abnormal condition is evident4 ,disease1 ,both ,general and ,local4--,some diseases lead to disturbance throughout the entire body4 ,for instance1 pus may accumulate at some point from which it finds its way into the blood1 in the end reaching to other parts of the body that in time also become affected4 ,those diseases1 with which fever is associated1 are general in nature4 ,the nerve centers are influenced1 the body heat is increased and a weakened condition prevails4 ,back of this are the disease poisons--chemical poisons or germ poisons4 ,when the temperature of the body1 as a result of fever1 rises too high certain life principles are changed and death immediately follows4 ,a temperature of #ajf or #ajg is very high1 and1 therefore1 very dangerous4 ,in treating disease the temperature is watched1 that the course of the fever may be followed4 ,treating a fever1 then1 is helpful and a natural part of the treatment of the disease itself4 ,the basis of the curative process rests upon the principle of proper circulation and the excretion of the impure substances4 ,,causes ,,of ,,disease ,in the first place most diseases arise from mismanagement4 ,the very principles at the bottom of good health receive no consideration and little thought4 ,on some farms it is seldom that a case of disease is heard of2 on others1 stock are under treatment at all times4 ,where order prevails1 where cleanliness is appreciated1 where disease-producing conditions are never allowed to accumulate or even gain an introduction1 health is the rule and disease the exception4 ,when the latter appears1 it is due to some outside influence that gave it admission4 ,the greatest mischief in handling farm stock comes from improper food1 filthy or impure drinking water1 bad ventilation of stables1 overwork1 or lack of exercise and poor sanitary conditions4 ,disease1 therefore1 is largely due to causes within control of the owner of the farm stock4 ,true1 one source of trouble is due to mechanical causes3 horses get nail punctures1 legs and necks and head are cut in fences1 blows bring bruises4 ,but whose fault8 ,certainly not the animal4 ,old boards with nails ought not to be left in all sorts of places1 fences should be protected1 and stable fixtures1 gates and harnesses should be in such order that only in rare cases will injury result4 ,disease from ,chemical ,causes4--,poisonous materials and poisonous plants cause death to thousands of animals annually4 ,of great importance to the stock interests is the rapid destruction of these harmful products4 ,fortunately in the older sections these are about eliminated now1 and we are also understanding more about the molds that lead to bad results when moldy forage is given as feed to farm animals4 ,in time disease will be considerably lessened when only clean1 wholesome food finds its way into the mangers and feed racks--then disease will depart and more rapid gains will come4 ,heredity ,plays a ,part4--,despite caution and care1 health is often disturbed because of hereditary influences4 ,thanks to science1 we know now that many of the old bugbears of the past1 and once so entrenched1 have become dislodged1 and their true import set right before the owner4 ,tuberculosis1 for instance1 once so dreaded in both man and beast1 is now known not to be handed down from parent to progeny2 it is a germ disease1 pure and simple1 and gets its start just as many other ailments--through breath1 or drink1 or feed4 ,there are hereditary troubles1 however1 that continue down through many generations4 ,the narrow hock of the horse invites curb diseases2 the narrow chest is a good breeding ground for tuberculosis germs2 straight pasterns are bad for the feet2 poor conformation is not consistent with efficiency or easy functional activity4 ,these examples clearly show that form and type and physical characteristics have roles to play in animal economy and in health to which the wise stockman will give heed4 ,illustration3 ,,bacteria ,,as ,,seen ,,under ,,the ,,microscope a1 ,spirillum4 b1 ,micrococcus4 c1 ,micrococcus4 d1 ,streptococcus4 e1 f1 g1 h1 ,rod-shaped bacteria4 i and j1 ,divisions4 ,germs and ,parasites4--,in addition to the above causes of disease1 another class is before us ready to inflict its injury at all times4 ,indeed1 it is a class of the greatest importance4 ,i refer now to parasites1 bacteria1 and germs1 which cause more loss to live stock than all others combined4 ,think of hog cholera1 a germ disease2 of tuberculosis1 a germ disease2 of stomach worms1 parasites2 of staggers1 a mold disease2 of abortion1 a germ disease2 and hundreds of like nature1 all due to parasites and germs1 disease agents that disturb and destroy the delicate organs or exposed regions1 as the case may be1 regardless of age1 value1 or breed4 ,of course1 remedies and treatment are being worked out to meet these individual diseases as they occur4 ,nevertheless1 the best treatment is prevention4 ,it is far better to prevent than to cure2 and that is the line of action especially for this class4 ,indeed1 it is far easier to understand the simple laws of prevention than the complicated curative processes4 ,especially is this true since germs are known and isolated1 and their rapid destruction with air1 sunlight1 and disinfectants understood and available4 ,,origin ,,of ,,disease ,enough has now been said to indicate that disease originates as a reaction between the cause of it and the body4 ,withhold food1 and starvation--the disease--follows4 ,withhold fresh air and oxygen1 and the tissue breaks down2 disease results as a reaction from the normal use of air and the demands of the body for oxygen4 ,allow bacteria admission to the body and settlement in the tissues or organs most agreeable to each particular one1 and these will grow1 multiply1 and1 unless overcome by the natural resistance of the body1 will conquer and destroy1 causing sooner or later death and decay4 ,immunity ,sought by ,inoculation4--,many diseases that now yield to no curative treatment are being met by inoculation4 ,by this method the body is reinforced by serum injections1 that disease germs and infections may be warded off1 or in case of attack1 be so fortified against the disease germs as to destroy them or render them inactive4 ,some ,animals ,more ,resistant to ,disease4--,an infectious and contagious disease may affect a herd or flock1 destroying few or many4 ,some may never be affected and yet be subjected to exposure and contagion2 such are immune and resist this particular disease4 ,others may suffer a mild attack1 but throw it off with no disastrous consequence2 such are strong and their organs ably fortified against any injurious inroad by the disease4 ,on the other hand the majority in a flock or herd is not so able to throw off the disease for the reason of being predisposed by nature to such attacks2 their very susceptibility invites attack1 and if the infection is intensely virulent the affected body will most likely yield and death follow4 ,,the ,,course ,,of ,,disease ,each disease possesses its own peculiar characteristics1 which are more or less conspicuous in each individual case4 ,then1 too1 some diseases develop quickly and end quickly4 ,others run a course of several weeks2 and still others several months or even years4 ,the first class is acute1 the second chronic4 ,in both kinds nature is at work endeavoring always to effect a cure2 and1 unless other complications arise1 the result of improper food1 bad sanitary quarters1 bad air1 or conditions not conducive to health1 recovery will1 in most cases1 result4 ,the great drawback to rapid recovery comes from the outside influences that counteract the curative processes of the body itself4 ,good nursing1 good air1 proper food1 are back of rapid recovery4 ,most diseases have been carefully studied1 and their course of development has been mapped out4 ,our veterinarians know1 in a general way1 how fever acts in live stock4 ,if an animal is inoculated with ,texas fever germs1 the veterinarian knows the course of the disease beforehand4 ,in a general way1 he knows when the fever will begin1 how long it will last1 when it will be at its highest point1 and when it will disappear4 ,he knows all of this1 even before he makes the inoculation4 ,yet no disease invariably runs the same course in different individuals4 ,in fact1 the virulence of bacteria have much to do with the course2 mild cases occur usually when the germ is weak1 and severe cases when the germs are very virulent4 ,this explains why some attacks of measles or ,texas fever or hog cholera are more fatal than other attacks in other places1 or at other seasons of the year4 ,typical ,courses the ,rule4--,it is in rare cases only that a regular course is not followed by most diseases4 ,take an infectious disease4 ,the period of incubation comes first2 this follows up the infection4 ,during this period1 no change in the animal is observed4 ,he seems well1 acts well1 and does his work well4 ,nevertheless1 all the time1 during this period of infection1 the germs are developing1 multiplying1 gaining headway1 and so entrenching themselves that illness and disorder will soon follow4 ,the period of infection varies in different animals and in different diseases4 ,it may take two or three weeks for development1 or as few as two or three days4 ,following the period of infection comes the period of eruption4 ,at this stage the typical characteristics are observed4 ,at the next step the disease reaches its height with the animal under its complete dominion4 ,but only temporarily4 ,if properly nursed and treated1 with most diseases1 the animal will pass through the period and recover4 ,the final stage is the period of improvement4 ,the battle that has been waged between the body and the disease is now about ended4 ,the disease germs have been routed and the body has been victorious4 ,all that now remains is the clearing away of the dbris4 ,in this case it is scattered throughout the body system4 ,the damage that has been done is to be repaired and left1 if possible1 as near to the original condition1 as the nature of the disease will allow4 ,the period of improvement will vary in different diseases and in different animals4 ,recovery may occur in a few days1 in some cases1 and in others weeks and months will be required4 ,a change of feed or pasture or work is usually necessary if the most rapid recovery would be had4 ,in some cases1 nothing other than absolute rest will suffice4 ,,the ,,termination ,,of ,,diseases ,after the disease has run its course1 the body usually returns to its former normal condition4 ,there seems to be a limit to what the disease can do4 ,a healthy body may be attacked1 but1 in the end1 disease retires1 having used itself up4 ,there are diseases1 however1 that leave their marks in many ways4 ,and these become permanent marks4 ,with many of these all of us are acquainted4 ,smallpox is one4 ,the pits over the face record the fierce battle that was fought4 ,the same is true of wasted tissues1 with scars that conspicuously mark the track along which blood poison has traveled4 ,the shrunken hoof of the foundered horse tells the adverse termination of that disease4 ,while recovery may be more or less complete1 the effect is to seriously injure the worth and value of the individual4 ,there is a long list of this kind4 ,illustration3 ,,result ,,of ,,bone ,,spavin ,pictured here is a natural hock free from disease and a diseased hock1 the result of bone spavin4 ,the bone is seriously affected and the easy action prevented4 ,other diseases act differently in another way4 ,they progress slowly1 are not noticeable at first1 but in the end are incurable4 ,take glanders as a typical case4 ,it quietly and silently develops1 often taking months or years in reaching the stage of eruption or before it becomes apparent4 ,during all this time1 and even after the disease is recognizable1 the animal goes on about his duties with no apparent trouble4 ,the disease1 however1 is progressing all the time2 in the end it conquers its victim1 the final stages are reached1 and the animal dies4 ,the stock raiser is concerned with different diseases in so far as they mean slow or rapid recovery1 and particularly if they be contagious or not4 ,his entire herd will be impaired if glanders is introduced into it4 ,one tuberculosis cow will convey the disease to all susceptible individuals in the herd to which she belongs1 especially if stabled in a tight barn during the winter seasons when little or no ventilation is intentionally provided4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,diagnosis and ,treatment of ,disease ,some diseases are not difficult to diagnose4 ,those resulting from wounds or knocks are easily located1 and their treatment readily outlined4 ,others1 however1 are not so easy4 ,something is observed as wrong1 the animal acts strangely1 does not take to its food1 is fretful1 stands or walks unnatural--what is the matter8 ,the stockman must ascertain the trouble1 and the quicker the better4 ,a review of the past few days is desirable4 ,where has the animal been8 ,what kind of food has it had8 ,with what strange fellows has it associated8 ,has it been put to excessive work or exposed to unusual weather or conditions8 ,what infectious diseases are prevalent in the community8 ,these and other questions will occur2 in some instances the answer will be at hand4 ,,make ,a ,,physical ,,examination ,the stockman should at least know the fundamental principles of health and of any departure from them that indicate disease4 ,hence a superficial examination of the animal1 as a whole1 is in line of diagnosing the disease4 ,note the general condition of the body4 ,the thermometer will advise you rightly4 ,is there pain8 ,if possible determine this point and locate the seat of it4 ,is the circulation natural8 ,an examination of the pulse will tell you if the blood is racing rapidly or gliding slowly1 and whether regular or rough4 ,is the respiration as it should be8 ,count the number a minute that you may know if the number is more or less1 or is as it should be4 ,on listening to the lungs1 heart1 and blood vessels1 certain sounds are heard which change with disease--normal and heart murmurs4 ,whether or not an organ contains air can be determined by percussion1 since solid organs1 the lungs1 for instance1 in pneumonia1 give a different sound from those containing air as they are normally4 ,air-containing organs--lungs and intestines--may thus be distinguished from the solid ones adjoining them4 ,in this way their varying size in health and disease may be determined4 ,your examination should go further and include the natural discharges--the dung1 the urine1 the nose moisture and the 8look of the eye40 ,in cases of fever the urine is scanty and deeply colored4 ,in ,texas fever1 for instance1 the urine is dark red4 ,in azoturia in horses1 it varies from a light color to a deep brown or black4 ,the nature of the dung should be observed1 if watery or dry1 soft or hard1 scanty or profuse4 ,taking the ,pulse4--,stand at the left side of the horse and run the finger along the lower jaw until you come to the point where the artery crosses the jaw on its lower edge4 ,this will be found about two inches forward from its angle4 ,right here is the large muscle and at the front edge the pulsations may be caught4 ,to get the pulse of the cow1 stand at the left side1 reach over the neck and take it from the right jaw4 ,in the horse the normal pulse beats are from #ce to #dj per minute and may go to #ajj in disease4 ,in the cow the pulsations run from #de to #ej in health4 ,the pulse relates its story very accurately and1 with practice1 can be constantly used in diagnosing the nature of the ailment4 ,for instance1 a soft pulse1 one that is easily compressed by the finger1 indicates bronchitis4 ,a hard pulse1 one not easily depressed by the finger1 indicates acute inflammation4 ,a hard pulse may be quick and bounding and forceful4 ,an irregular pulse1 one that beats fast for a time1 then slowly1 indicates a weakened heart condition4 ,a slow1 full pulse1 one that comes up gradually to the finger touch1 indicates some brain trouble4 ,illustration3 ,,feeling ,,the ,,pulse ,the heart beat1 as it is called1 may be felt by placing the finger over any of the superficial arteries4 ,the submaxillary artery as it passes under the edge of the lower jaw close to the bone is a convenient vessel for the purpose4 ,taking the ,temperature4--,while the heat of the body may be surmised by touch and feeling this is not a reliable guide as to the temperature4 ,a self-registering thermometer1 inserted into the rectum1 is the only reliable means for getting this desirable information4 ,in a state of health the temperature of the horse ranges from #ajj to #ajb4e4 ,when the temperature rises1 inflammation is indicated4 ,a fall in temperature below normal denotes loss of strength1 vitality1 and death4 ,if the temperature rises three or four degrees above normal1 the case is serious1 and a rise of five or six is very dangerous4 ,animals seldom survive when the rise reaches above #ajg or #ajh4 ,a good clinical thermometer should be in the possession of every stockman4 ,it costs but little1 and its aid in recognizing and treating disease is helpful1 if not absolutely indispensable4 ,taking the ,respiration4--,in breathing two movements are observed--taking in and sending out the air4 ,in health the respiration is usually constant1 ranging from #aj to #ad in the horses1 and from #ae to #bj in cattle4 ,breathing is faster in young animals2 and exercise increases the number of respirations per minute4 ,any disease of the respiratory organs will cause the breathing to be short and rapid and labored4 ,if the number of respirations seem more than normal1 some disturbance is indicated4 ,if the pulse is faster at the same time1 illness is at once indicated1 and the trouble should be sought at once4 ,,the ,,treatment ,,of ,,disease ,the first effort in treating disease is to remove the cause4 ,this is sometimes done very easily4 ,mange and lice are quickly destroyed by washes and disinfectants4 ,bright1 fresh1 wholesome food and pure water easily replace bad food and water to the permanent good of the stock4 ,cattle ticks quickly disappear when the grease brush is applied4 ,and so in every direction you take to fight the disease3 find the cause and then remove it1 and half the battle is fought4 ,if disease-producing germs cannot be killed at the moment1 it is still possible to diminish their number or to modify their virulence4 ,thus to open an abscess is to remove the pus-producing bacteria1 and hence to hasten recovery4 ,to wash a wound or open sore with antiseptics is the simplest way to remove1 diminish1 and destroy the evil of the sore4 ,illustration3 ,,how ,,heat ,,affects ,,growth ,at the end of #bd hours in a but seven bacteria have developed1 the temperature being #ej degrees4 ,in b #gjj have developed in the same time1 but in a temperature of #gj degrees4 ,helping the ,body ,fight4--,when disease sets in a battle begins4 ,one combatant is the disease itself1 the other the body4 ,your work is to render assistance to the body4 ,in many cases your help will not be needed4 ,in others you can render incalculable aid4 ,here is where medical aid begins and ends3 to care for and nurse and make the body strong that it may be victorious1 quickly1 if possible1 but without fail1 in the end4 ,medicines are helpful if they diminish the work of the diseased organ1 giving in this way time for the body cells to bring about a cure4 ,therefore rest and quietness are advisable1 that no organ may be called upon for any effort but normal function and repair4 ,a disease of the heart calls for absolute rest1 of the intestines for little or no irritating or bulky or hard food1 of the lungs for no exposure4 ,at times it is advisable to check the activity of an organ1 in which case a drug may be given1 like opium1 to quiet the intestines1 or like aconite1 to diminish the rate of the blood flow4 ,in the same way external assistance may be rendered2 as1 for example1 sweating--to throw off poison in the tissue juices2 and blanketing--to maintain an even temperature and to protect from chill and draught4 ,,administration ,,of ,,medicines ,medicines are conveyed into the body as drenches1 balls1 enemas1 and injections under the skin or into the veins4 ,there is nothing mysterious about any of them4 ,giving ,medicines in a ,ball4--,the practice of giving medicines in a ball is a very old one1 and has much to recommend it4 ,many nauseous agents as aloes1 opium1 arsenic1 asafetida1 are thus conveyed to the stomach without causing annoyance and disgust to the patient4 ,the balls are wrapped in paper1 dough1 or gelatin capsules1 and may weigh an ounce or two4 ,in giving a ball the following plan is usually followed3 ,hold the ball between the thumb and first two fingers4 ,now seize the tongue at about its middle and gently draw it out to the side of the mouth1 in such a way that the right hand may be inserted into the mouth and the ball placed far back on the tongue1 when the hand is withdrawn1 the tongue replaced and the halter or strap wrapped around the jaws until the ball is swallowed4 ,giving ,medicines in a ,drench4--,the drench is usually employed for liquid medicines4 ,it is best to dilute the medicines with water1 milk1 or oil that they may more readily reach the stomach and at the same time exercise no injury to the structures through which they pass4 ,in giving a drench exercise as much patience as possible4 ,to horses it should be given slowly4 ,if there is any disposition to cough1 lower the head1 and then proceed as before4 ,poultices4--,these are made of a variety of things1 bread1 bran1 and linseed meal being the most common4 ,any substance that will hold water and retain heat will serve the purpose4 ,mustard ,plasters4--,these are made with mustard and water1 cold water being the most desirable4 ,mix to a thin paste4 ,if the part to which the plaster is to be applied is covered with thick1 long hair1 a very thin plaster will more quickly soak into the skin4 ,this kind of plaster is most commonly applied to the throat1 the windpipe1 the sides of the chest1 the abdomen and over the region of the liver4 ,to get the best effect for the last named1 apply on the right side at a point four or five inches behind the back ribs4 ,blistering4--,the first step in blistering is the clipping of the hair over the diseased part1 and the removal of dirt and scurf attached to the skin4 ,the blister is to be worked into the skin1 and usually ten minutes of rubbing will be necessary to produce the desired results4 ,in the course of twenty-four hours blisters will form1 and some swelling in the region is likely to be manifest4 ,on the third day bathe the part with warm water and soap4 ,after drying1 apply vaseline1 lard1 or sweet oil4 ,the blister should be repeated if the results of the first blister do not bring about a cure4 ,firing4--,the hot iron is a very useful agent in treating many cases of chronic lameness and bone diseases4 ,in performing such an operation have the iron at a full red and white heat and touch the part gently with just sufficient pressure to make a distinct impression4 ,but one leg should be fired at a time4 ,it is desirable to shave the hair closely to the skin before applying the iron4 ,the day following the firing spread over the wound any common wound oil like neat's-foot oil or vaseline4 ,daily applications are called for until the swelling subsides4 ,unless a period of rest is given after the operation1 the best results will not be had4 ,many bone diseases return1 or are never cured1 because complete recovery never occurred in the first place4 ,work and exertion only aggravate the cases1 often leaving them in a worse condition than before the firing4 ,,caring ,,for ,,sick ,,animals ,in the first place keep them clean4 ,if necessary wash them daily1 especially the parts liable to get filthy and dirty4 ,in fever cases a gentle sponging1 every few hours during the day1 is desirable4 ,vinegar added to tepid water is very good4 ,animals in feverish or chilly condition can be assisted by blankets and bandages4 ,these are very helpful in warding off congestion of the internal organs and in maintaining an even temperature of the body4 ,any warm rug or blanket that is clean and light will serve4 ,in bandaging the legs1 endeavor to get an equal pressure at all points4 ,a long roll is1 therefore1 best1 and several layers should be wrapped around the member4 ,it is a good plan to remove the bandage1 replacing with another at least once a day1 and two a day are better4 ,when a bandage is removed1 the skin should be washed and rubbed with the hand and fingers1 and the covering replaced as promptly as possible4 ,food and ,drink4--,during sickness only easily digestible food should be provided4 ,offer something different from the ordinary1 and let it be prepared in an appetizing form4 ,nothing is better than gruels and mashes4 ,these are soft1 nourishing1 appetizing1 and easily digested4 ,when active nutrition is demanded1 milk and eggs can be added to the ordinary gruels or mashes4 ,water should be available at all times4 ,small amounts at frequent intervals are better than large amounts at intervals far apart4 ,in a few instances only is it best to withhold the water4 ,in treating dysentery1 diarrha and diabetes water is usually withheld1 but in most diseases a free use is allowable and desirable4 ,,chapter ,x ,diseases of ,farm ,animals ,,abortion4--,the expulsion of the fetus at a period too young to live exterior of its mother is known as abortion4 ,this ailment may afflict cows1 mares1 sows1 and ewes1 but is most common among cows4 ,abortion may be divided into two classes1 namely1 accidental and contagious4 ,if we had nothing but the accidental form of abortion to contend with we would hear very little about this disease1 owing to the fact that it is perfectly natural for animals to carry their young full time1 regardless of how much they may be punished or abused while in this condition if their system be free from the germs of contagious abortion4 ,on the other hand1 contagious abortion is a very destructive disease1 causing heavy losses to the stockmen of the ,united ,states as well as to other countries4 ,contagious abortion is divided into two classes1 namely1 acute and chronic4 ,cows afflicted with the acute form of abortion may lose from one to three calves4 ,cows1 after passing from the acute to the chronic form of abortion1 may carry their calves full time1 but are as badly affected with the germs of contagious abortion as they were in the acute form1 when they were losing their calves4 ,illustration3 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,horse #a ,poll ,evil1 #b ,swelling by ,bridle ,pressure1 #c ,inflamed ,parotid ,gland1 #d ,inflamed ,jugular ,vein1 #e ,caries of the ,lower ,jaw1 #f ,fistula of ,parotid ,duct1 #g ,bony ,excrescence1 #h ,fistula of ,withers1 #i ,saddle ,gall1 #aj ,tumor ,caused by ,collar1 #aa ,splint1 #ab ,malanders1 #ac ,a ,tread on the ,coronet1 #ad ,sand ,crack1 #ae ,quittor1 #af ,knee ,bunch1 #ag ,clap on ,back ,sinews1 #ah ,ring ,bone1 #ai ,foundered ,foot1 #bj ,ventral ,hernia1 #ba ,rat ,tail1 #bb ,spavin1 #bc ,curb1 #bd ,quarter ,crack1 #be ,thick ,leg1 #bf ,malanders1 #bg ,capped ,hock1 #bh ,swelled ,sinews1 #bi ,grease1 #cj ,sand ,crack1 #ca ,tumor of ,elbow4 ,perhaps the greatest damage brought about with cattle afflicted with the chronic form of abortion is the shortage of milk4 ,animals afflicted with accidental abortion show very few marked symptoms before they abort4 ,animals afflicted with contagious abortion have a number of marked symptoms1 namely1 little red patches of infection on the lining of the vulva1 and there may also be present a catarrhal discharge4 ,the sheath of the herd bull in the acute form of the disease has a catarrhal discharge1 while the symptoms of calves is a swelling of the glands of the throat from ear to ear4 ,these last named symptoms do not appear in accidental abortion4 ,owing to the fact that the germs of contagious abortion are found in the mothers' blood1 in the genital organs of the cow and the bull1 and in the stables wherein they are housed1 it has been positively decided that the only reliable and effectual treatment for contagious abortion is the hypodermic treatment1 which destroys the germ in the mother's blood4 ,the genital organs of the cow and bull should be washed out with the antiseptic solution made of #a pint of corrosive sublimate to #a1jjj parts of water1 and the germs contained in the stables wherein afflicted animals are housed should be destroyed by disinfectants4 ,in this way the disease is met at every turn1 and it is impossible for the disease of contagious abortion to exist when thus handled4 ,,abscess4--,a collection of pus in a new-formed cavity in the body4 ,it has a well-defined wall surrounding it4 ,an abscess is the result of entrance of micro-organisms into the body4 ,they may have entered through wounds or into the hair follicles1 or abscesses may result from infectious diseases1 as strangles or distemper in the horse4 ,at the seat of the abscess formation swelling occurs1 the part feels warmer than the surrounding tissue1 is painful to touch1 and hard4 ,these conditions are due to the inflammation of the part4 ,later it becomes soft1 less sensitive1 and fluctuates1 which shows that it is coming to a head1 or that the pus is collecting4 ,if the skin is white it will show a yellow color in the center1 which is usually raised above the surface1 and the hair falls out4 ,this soon breaks and discharges pus4 ,it is advisable to hasten the ripening of the abscess by hot applications in form of poultices1 or a large pack of cotton saturated with hot bichloride of mercury #a part to #a1jjj parts of water1 or use some one of the coal tar dips #a part to #ej parts of water4 ,the application of a light blister will often hasten ripening4 ,when the pus has collected or the abscess has come to a head1 it should be opened at the lowest part in order to give free drainage to the pus contained within4 ,great care should be used in opening abscesses--not to cut blood vessels which might be in the vicinity4 ,in case the abscess breaks of its own accord1 it is often necessary to enlarge the opening1 in order to give free drainage for the pus4 ,if the abscess is large or deep-seated it should be washed out each day with bichloride of mercury #a part to water #a1jjj parts1 or with a #b per cent solution of some one of the coal tar dips4 ,after it is opened do not apply bandages1 as they prevent the free escape of pus4 ,do not allow the opening to close until it heals from the bottom2 or1 in other words1 as long as it secretes pus1 for there is danger of its breaking out again4 ,if the opening is too high up1 or not large enough1 it may result in a running sore or fistula4 ,,actinomycosis4--,called lumpy jaw1 because of the frequency of the swelling located on the jaw4 ,it is due to the entrance of a specific organism1 a fungus1 into the tissues4 ,this causes an inflammation1 with an increase in the amount of tissue1 as shown by the enlargement and in which an abscess is formed4 ,adult cattle are the only animals commonly affected with this disease1 but occasionally nearly all classes of domestic animals may be affected4 ,a number of cases have also been reported in man1 but the disease in cattle1 being localized to a small region of body1 usually the head1 there is little danger of transmission from animal to man in eating beef4 ,illustration3 ,,lumpy ,,jaw ,an exterior view showing location of lumpy jaw4 ,the symptoms are recognized by the characteristic tumor1 usually observed on the jaw1 either of the bone or of the soft tissues in that vicinity4 ,it may1 however1 affect the tongue1 or1 in fact1 nearly any of the organs of the body4 ,its development is more or less of a slow1 constant growth1 beginning with a very small nodule1 but1 when allowed to run its course1 may reach the size of a cocoanut1 or larger4 ,on reaching some size1 it usually ruptures and from it discharges a thick1 yellowish pus4 ,it is to be distinguished very largely by its commonly affecting cattle1 its location1 its slow growth and its firm1 hard consistency1 and finally a discharge of pus from it4 ,treatment consists1 if of small size in the soft tissues1 of complete excision by the knife4 ,but1 if of larger size1 or when the bone or large blood vessels are involved1 recourse should be had to the internal administration of iodide of potash from one to two teaspoonfuls in a drench of a quart of water1 or1 in some instances1 it may be given in the drinking water once daily4 ,this should be continued for a week or ten days1 when the treatment should be discontinued for a like time1 and1 if necessary1 repeated several times4 ,,afterbirth1 ,,retention ,,of4--,this is a condition resulting from the failure of the mother to pass the membranes after the birth of her young4 ,it happens most frequently in cases of abortion1 or when birth occurs before time4 ,there is usually more or less of a mass of the membranes hanging from the opening1 which occasionally reaches to below the hock1 or even to the ground4 ,when fresh it looks somewhat like the intestines1 but if exposed to the air for some time it is grayish in color1 especially when it begins to decompose4 ,the odor is very offensive1 and the discharge soils all the hind parts of the animal4 ,in these cases the health of the animal suffers1 and fever frequently results1 with a loss of appetite and flow of milk4 ,the fever and inflammation of the parts may go so far as to cause the death of the animal4 ,the afterbirth should never be allowed to remain over three days in the cow1 nor over twenty-four hours in the mare4 ,in the mare1 sow1 or bitch gently pulling on the membranes1 at the same time twisting them easily1 will often bring them out without injury to the animal4 ,with the cow it is different4 ,here the membranes are 8buttoned0 on in tufts1 and the pulling1 and especially the twisting1 usually makes matters worse and injures the uterus4 ,after removing the membranes there always remains in the uterus a quantity of fluid1 which should be washed out with water a little cooler than the blood of the animal1 adding about a teaspoonful of carbolic acid or other good antiseptic to each gallon of water and mixing well4 ,the hands and arms of the operator should be absolutely clean1 and during the operation should be kept covered with carbolized oil or carbolized soap and water4 ,in mares1 especially1 care should be taken not to injure the parts1 as inflammation sets in very much quicker than in the cow4 ,several gallons of the above solution should be injected as soon as the condition is noticed1 and a warm bran mash fed to the animal occasionally will help her general health4 ,,anemia4--,a deficiency of red blood corpuscles4 ,the animal is scanty of flesh1 hide bound and in a general run-down and debilitated condition4 ,the disease is sometimes called hollow horn4 ,treatment consists of better food and care4 ,the feed should be of a nature such as will enrich the blood and build up the system4 ,food of a succulent nature1 like roots1 green grass1 or ensilage1 will help out4 ,a tonic1 made as follows1 will be helpful3 ,two teaspoonfuls of sulphate of iron1 #a teaspoonful of powdered nux vomica1 and #d tablespoonfuls of ground gentian root4 ,add this to the food each day for a week or ten days4 ,,anthrax1 ,,or ,,charbon4--,an acute1 infectious disease of plant-eating animals1 which1 under favorable conditions1 attacks flesh-eating animals as well4 ,it is caused by a microbe which enters the circulating blood and by multiplication therein causes its rapid destruction1 and the death of the animal4 ,the disease is as old as human history4 ,it exists in all countries and in all latitudes4 ,it was formerly very destructive to human life1 as well as to animals4 ,there is no disease which attacks more different kinds of animals than anthrax1 nor one which is more deadly4 ,also1 there is no disease which is harder to deal with from the sanitary point of view2 nor harder to stamp out4 ,the reasons for this will be shown later on4 ,soil is the prime factor in preserving and propagating the microbe1 when it is naturally wet1 impermeable1 and rich in decomposing animal and vegetable matter4 ,the microbe of anthrax may enter the body by several channels4 ,it may be taken in with the food or drink4 ,it may be breathed into the lungs4 ,it may enter through abraded surfaces on the skin4 ,it may be inoculated into the body by biting insects4 ,there are several forms of the disease and these are determined by the modes of entrance of the virus4 ,one form1 which occurs especially in sheep and cattle1 at the commencement of an outbreak1 and which is characterized by the suddenness of its onset and its high degree of fatality1 is known as the apoplectic1 or fulminant form4 ,without showing any previous symptoms1 an animal will suddenly be seized with loss of appetite1 trembling1 uneasiness1 irregularity of movements1 difficult breathing1 blueness of the nostrils1 bellowing1 convulsions and hemorrhages from the natural openings4 ,death may occur in a few minutes or in four or five hours4 ,another type is known as anthrax fever1 or internal anthrax4 ,here we have distinct symptoms1 the most important being high fever of from three to four degrees1 excitability and restlessness4 ,blood may ooze in drops from the nose1 eyes1 or ears1 and from inside of the forearm or thigh1 in sheep4 ,there will be trembling1 prostration1 numbness of the loins1 thirst1 grinding of the teeth1 colicky pains1 bloating1 bloody discharges1 palpitation of the heart1 difficult breathing1 blueness of the visible mucous membranes1 jerking of the muscles of the back and neck1 and rolling of the eyes4 ,the animal will die in comatose state1 or in convulsions1 and death will occur in sheep in about a day4 ,cattle will live from two to five days1 and horses from one to six days4 ,a third form is external anthrax1 which manifests itself in swelling of the tongue1 throat1 rectum1 and skin in cattle2 and of the tongue1 throat1 neck1 shoulders1 withers1 flank1 or thigh in horses4 ,these swellings have a firm1 doughy feeling1 are not painful generally1 and show a marked tendency to gangrene4 ,they never suppurate4 ,if cut 7this should never be done71 they discharge a pale1 straw-colored liquid4 ,in this may be found the microbe4 ,the rapidity with which putrefaction occurs in an anthrax carcass is very marked4 ,another characteristic is1 the blood loses its property of clotting1 is dark and tarry1 and does not become light in color by contact with air1 like normal blood4 ,in fulminant cases1 however1 these characters are not so well marked4 ,other signs of the disease1 if a farmer should be so unfortunate as to open an anthrax carcass and thereby spread the infection on his farm1 will be great enlargement of the spleen1 or milt1 and also of the liver4 ,bloody patches in the tongue1 throat1 lungs1 stomach1 and intestines1 caul1 skin1 and muscles1 or in fact in almost any part of the body1 will be plainly visible4 ,the ,management of the ,sick ,animal and disposal of the carcass are the most important procedures in an outbreak of anthrax1 from a sanitary standpoint4 ,medicinal treatment is of little value4 ,a vaccine has been discovered that is very effective in preventing the disease4 ,this has been used very successfully in both this and ,european countries4 ,if a case of anthrax is suspected1 call your veterinarian at once4 ,the disease will not pass through the air from a sick animal to a healthy one1 but the discharges which invariably occur during the progress of the disease all contain the microbe1 and everything soiled by them is infectious material and capable of spreading the disease4 ,when an animal is infected1 remove at once to the burial lot and tie it near the place it is to be buried1 to save handling and scattering the infection4 ,when it dies1 dig the grave4 ,then saturate the animal with kerosene or coal oil and set it afire4 ,by means of ropes tied around the fetlocks turn the animal1 saturate the other side and fire that1 and also the soles of the feet4 ,when every hair has been burned off1 dissolve a one-pound carton of chlorinated lime 7freshly opened7 in sufficient water to make a fluid that will just pour from the cup4 ,fill the nostrils with this1 also the mouth and eyes1 which should be pried open with a stick dipped in solution4 ,saturate some cotton or rags with the lime1 and plug up the nostrils or mouth4 ,treat the rectum likewise4 ,turn the animal into its grave1 sprinkle the ground on which it has stood and laid with a strong solution of chlorinated lime1 and shovel the top layers of this soil into the grave4 ,follow this with the grave soil1 banking it up1 as in human graves4 ,in cases where the animal is found dead1 the same method is to be pursued1 except that the animal is hauled to the grave on a sled 7never dragged over the ground74 ,in these cases1 also1 the place where it died must be disinfected by the same means1 after hauling out all loose material and burning the same1 as near as possible to the place where the animal died4 ,it would also be necessary to disinfect the sled and all tools which came in contact with the carcass4 ,,apoplexy4--,a ruptured blood vessel in the brain2 usually causes unconsciousness1 at least for a time4 ,the control of certain muscles is lost and a general dullness prevails over the animal4 ,in case the apoplectic attack runs a favorable course1 the muscles come more or less under control again and the patient in time may recover4 ,it is in rare cases only1 however1 that animals recover to an extent to be worth much after being affected with apoplexy4 ,fortunately the disease in animals is rare4 ,,azoturia1 ,,or ,,monday ,,morning ,,disease4--,this is a very peculiar affection of the horse1 in which the animal shows a special form of lameness upon exercise1 after having remained idle for a day or two4 ,the cause is not definitely known1 and yet the circumstances under which the disease develops are rather constant1 such1 for instance1 as an animal in vigorous condition1 fed liberally upon nitrogenous feed1 remaining idle over ,sunday1 a holiday or at other times4 ,upon being taken out the following morning the animal usually shows an excess of energy1 but before going far begins to go lame in one or both hind limbs until1 if urged further1 becomes completely paralyzed behind1 going down and unable to rise4 ,he also shows considerable pain1 as though he might be suffering from some form of colic1 with a profuse sweating4 ,on reaching this point the animal usually ceases to void the urine1 which1 when drawn1 appears a very dark brown or coffee color4 ,the pulse and breathing are somewhat accelerated1 and frequently there is considerable nervous excitement4 ,the muscles of the loin and thigh are tense and rigid4 ,the treatment should begin as soon as the lameness shows itself4 ,after a few hours of rest1 the distress will be over4 ,the more exercise given the animal after the lameness begins1 the more severe the trouble1 and the more energetic means of treatment required4 ,in a case showing signs of nervous excitement1 it should receive #b tablespoonfuls of bromide of potassium every three or four hours until becoming quiet4 ,sweating should be induced by blanketing the animal well1 preferably using blankets wrung out of hot water and covered with a dry one4 ,allow all the water the animal will drink and give it #d tablespoonfuls sweet spirits of niter three times a day if bladder is not paralyzed4 ,if unable to void the urine1 the bladder must be emptied three times daily4 ,a laxative or purgative should be given early in the disease4 ,if the animal remains somewhat stiff1 give a teaspoonful in the feed twice a day of the following3 ,powdered nux vomica1 #d teaspoonfuls2 powdered sulphate of iron1 #f teaspoonfuls2 powdered gentian root1 #f teaspoonfuls4 ,,barrenness4--,failure to breed is usually due to an acid secretion of the genital organs1 to the germs of contagious abortion1 retention of the afterbirth1 or to an abnormal condition of the sexual organs of either the male or female4 ,the acid secretion of the genital organs prevents conception by destroying the semen of the male2 the germs of contagious abortion set up a catarrhal inflammation and discharge1 which also prevents conception2 retention of the afterbirth1 whether it be removed by force or permitted to slough away1 usually leaves the womb in a diseased and catarrhal condition1 effecting a discharge2 impotency may be due to excessive use of the male1 or to advancing age in both male and female4 ,any unnatural discharge irritates and scalds the mouth of the womb so that when the discharge ceases the mouth of the womb heals1 and it is impossible to make a cow or mare breed without mechanical interference4 ,this kind of treatment is conducive to fertility by increasing the blood supply to the part4 ,mechanical contrivances are now on the market for the purpose of dilating the mouth of the womb4 ,these increase the probability of pregnancy4 ,if the womb be opened just before service1 many troublesome cases can be corrected4 ,this is done by inserting the oiled hand and arm into the vagina1 finding the opening into the womb1 and gradually dilating it by inserting one or more fingers until the passage is open and free4 ,,big ,,head4--,just why bones become soft and frequently are absorbed in normal animals is not known1 unless it is due to an absence of some essential bone constituent in the food or water4 ,the disease shows that the bone is absorbed and its structure softened4 ,as a consequence1 the bone enlarges1 becomes spongy and light4 ,the disease usually starts as a swelling in the head1 hence the name4 ,often the lower jaws are enlarged1 and1 as the disease progresses1 the legs become affected4 ,at the same time the animal loses weight4 ,the treatment consists of nourishing foods1 rich in the mineral constituents4 ,better consult a veterinarian when the disease is first noticed4 ,,big ,,jaw ,,of ,,cattle4--,see ,actinomycosis4 ,,big ,,knee4--,often cattle show large bunches over the knees4 ,these may be soft or hard4 ,in cattle these big knees are caused by hard floors1 in lying down and getting up4 ,big knee in horses is a little different1 being more in the nature of spavin or ringbone1 and in this case occurring at the knee joints4 ,in cattle the bunch may be localized in the flesh and skin4 ,with horses1 it is an attack on the bony structure4 ,when first noticed a blister may be used4 ,,big ,,leg4--,see ,lymphangitis4 ,,bitter ,,milk4--,frequently germs get into the udder1 and1 as a result1 bitter milk or blue milk or bad milk results4 ,sometimes the bad taste of milk is due to the odor in the stable or to the food that the cows get while pasturing4 ,turnips give a bad taste to the milk1 as does garlic or wild onions4 ,if the bitter taste or the blue milk is due to disease germs1 then the remedy lies in the destruction of these germs4 ,just after milking1 and each quarter thoroughly emptied1 inject a warm solution of boric acid4 ,,blackhead4--,a germ disease affecting turkeys and chickens4 ,it is characterized by a dark purple appearance in the comb and wattles4 ,fowls attacked by the disease show dullness and laziness2 at the same time indigestion disturbances and diarrha is observed4 ,the best treatment is to kill the fowls affected just as soon as they become affected4 ,this will prevent the disease from spreading4 ,it is advisable to burn the bodies of the dead so as to prevent the spreading of the germs4 ,thorough disinfection is necessary4 ,,blackleg4--,an infectious disease produced by the blackleg bacillus1 a parasite which lives and propagates in the soil of infected districts and in the bodies of diseased animals4 ,certain kinds of soil are very favorable to the existence of the parasite1 and such1 when once infected1 easily remain so permanently and thus constitute the source of the disease4 ,years ago blackleg was regarded as a form of anthrax4 ,this has been proved erroneous1 however1 for blackleg and anthrax are two distinct and independent diseases1 each being caused by a specific germ4 ,one diseased animal does not transmit the disease directly to a healthy one4 ,when caused1 it is the result of self-inoculation1 that is1 by the germ entering a wound in the skin or mucous membrane of the body1 produced on the legs while the animals are roaming over the fields1 or at the mouth while grazing2 these are the places by which the blackleg germs get into the system4 ,an animal dying of blackleg is fairly alive with germs1 which remain in virulent condition for a long time4 ,it behooves the farmer1 therefore1 to completely destroy this kind of dead2 not by burying1 for then the germs remain in the soil4 ,the best way is to burn the animal right on the spot where it died4 ,if the animal is moved to another place1 the infection is spread1 thereby1 and not only the death place1 but the grass over which the animal has been moved1 should be thoroughly disinfected that no germs may survive4 ,the disease is characterized in the appearance of large swellings on various parts of the body1 usually on one of the upper portions of the legs1 and never below the hock or knee joints4 ,swellings vary in size1 and are always formed by the presence of gas that has collected in the tissue just beneath the skin4 ,this gas is a product of the germ4 ,you will notice a peculiar crackling sound when you pass your hand over these swellings4 ,when punctured with a knife these swellings emit a bloody fluid possessing a disagreeable and sickening odor4 ,associated with the disease are loss of appetite1 high fever and lameness4 ,death follows just a few days from the time of attack4 ,so far no medicinal treatment for cure has been discovered4 ,stock should not be admitted to infected regions4 ,the only safe practice in regions where blackleg is prevalent is in the use of protective inoculation or vaccination4 ,such vaccination renders the animals immune1 and even if attacked1 there is almost no appearance of the disease at all4 ,using ,blackleg ,vaccine4--,the blackleg vaccine now so well known is made from diseased flesh taken from a calf that has died from blackleg4 ,this flesh1 after being dried and powdered1 is then properly prepared and injected into the animal4 ,there are two kinds--a weak and a strong vaccine and single and double vaccine4 ,the single vaccine requires but one inoculation4 ,the latter is believed to be superior and gives better protection4 ,the vaccine is usually available from the state experiment stations1 or can be obtained through your veterinarian4 ,about the only skill required in doing the work is in having the instruments thoroughly cleaned and disinfected4 ,a hypodermic syringe is used and the injection made on the underside of the tail1 a few inches from the tip1 or just beneath the skin of the neck or shoulder4 ,the point of the syringe should not puncture the muscle at all2 simply pick up the skin and draw it away from the muscle and admit the fluid in the loose space between the two4 ,when vaccinated1 the treatment is supposed to last about a year4 ,if calves are vaccinated the operation should be repeated at about the age of yearling4 ,two periods of vaccination are suggested3 when turned to pasture in the spring or when turned to dry food in the fall4 ,full directions as to the use of vaccines always accompany the preparations and further detail is unnecessary here4 ,preventive medicines cannot be relied upon1 although a common one is used throughout the ,west1 made as follows3 #d ounces of sulphur1 #a ounce of saltpeter1 #b pounds of sulphate of iron1 and #a pound of air-slaked lime4 ,after being thoroughly pulverized and mixed1 this is added to one-third of a gallon of common salt and used in the place of salt4 ,,bladder1 ,,stone ,,in4--,see ,concretions or ,calculi in ,urinary ,organs4 ,,blind ,,staggers4--,see ,staggers4 ,,bloating ,,in ,,cattle4--,this disease1 sometimes called hoven1 is characterized by the distention of the paunch or rumen1 and is due to the accumulation of gas4 ,it most frequently occurs when cattle or sheep are pastured on clover or alfalfa1 especially if it is moist just after a rain1 or when dew is on the ground1 and when not accustomed to fresh green food4 ,i have known of many cases where cattle have bloated from eating alfalfa hay during the winter season4 ,there is no mistaking the disease4 ,the animal shows pain1 goes off to itself1 and breathes with difficulty4 ,colic is often associated with bloating4 ,the most characteristic symptom1 however1 is the excessive swelling due to the gas4 ,the bloating is noticed even over the back of the animal1 the gas continues to form1 and1 unless relief is secured1 the animal will choke and die as the result4 ,or some suppression of the vital processes will occur1 even rupturing1 with the same fatal ending4 ,illustration3 ,,where ,,to ,,tap ,,in ,,bloating ,insert the trocar and canula1 or if these are not available a knife may be used4 ,make the puncture downward and forward and plunge the instrument into the rumen4 ,bloating may take one or two forms2 a mild case in which recovery gradually follows1 and a very severe form1 where the only salvation is in tapping to release the gas4 ,if it is an ordinary case of bloating1 not very severe1 ordinary remedies will give relief4 ,turpentine in doses of #h or #aj tablespoonfuls is good4 ,some use #d tablespoonfuls of hyposulphide of soda dissolved in water1 with excellent results4 ,some veterinarians give doses consisting of #d tablespoonfuls of aromatic spirits of ammonia in water as a drench4 ,ginger is frequently given1 as much as #d tablespoonfuls diluted in warm water as a drench4 ,to keep the animal moving about is excellent4 ,in severe cases it is advisable to tap with the trocar and canula4 ,indeed1 tapping is the last resort if you would save the animal4 ,these are inserted on the left side of the skin and pushed into the rumen or paunch1 the incision being made about half way between the point of the hip and the last rib4 ,in introducing the trocar push in and down4 ,after the insertion is made1 the trocar is withdrawn and the canula is left in to furnish an opening through which the gas can escape4 ,in case the canula gets clogged with partially digested feed1 insert the trocar so as to push away the material and withdraw it again4 ,if the trocar and canula are not available1 then use a pocket knife4 ,of course1 be careful that the incision is not made too large4 ,just a few simple precautions are suggested here as a prevention of this trouble4 ,there is always danger from bloating when cattle or sheep are turned into green pastures1 especially when not accustomed to such feed and especially when wet4 ,it is advisable1 therefore1 to keep stock from the pasture until later in the day when the dew has disappeared4 ,stock should have their regular morning feed just as usual before being turned on the pasture4 ,they will have less greedy appetites1 will not like to gorge themselves1 and hence the trouble will not be brought on4 ,,blood ,,poisoning4--,when blood poisoning results from the entrance of bacteria into the circulation1 it is termed septic infection4 ,this means that the disease may be communicated to a healthy animal by inoculation4 ,thus1 an operator in making a post portem examination may bring on blood poisoning because of an accidental prick of the skin4 ,an animal may step on a nail or get a splinter in a muscle or under the skin1 and become self-inoculated1 in time becoming affected with septic infection4 ,consequently bacteria are the direct inducing factors4 ,the chemical poisons produced as a result of the work of these bacteria1 as those of putrefaction1 may induce what is known as septicmia4 ,on the other hand where pus is produced1 as in the abscesses which follow upon neglected wounds in joints1 a form of blood poisoning is produced known as pymia4 ,in either case blood poisoning may result1 become very serious and may cause the death of the victim4 ,at first chills may be noticed1 then a rise of temperature1 quick respiration1 rapid but weak pulse1 and much prostration4 ,all the time the appetite is disappearing1 until it becomes lost4 ,the mucous membranes of the eyes and nose take on a yellowish1 red tint often showing spots or blotches of blood and the tongue becomes coated and clammy4 ,quick treatment is necessary in every case of blood poisoning4 ,as soon as noticed1 the source should be treated with disinfectants1 thereby arresting the supply of morbid matter4 ,a strict employment of antiseptics1 so as to destroy the bacteria1 is the first essential4 ,we look upon the prick from a rusty nail1 or wound from a wire fence1 or a dirty stable splinter1 as matters of frequent occurrence1 yet a great deal of danger lurks among these4 ,they should be avoided as much as possible and in all cases immediately treated4 ,as soon as the poison is admitted to the blood or tissue1 the disease germs multiply and soon are present in great numbers4 ,had the wound been cleansed with an antiseptic like carbolic acid in the beginning1 it would have been a simple matter and the poison would have been neutralized1 and the ingress of the invaders made unattractive1 if not altogether impossible4 ,in all cases of blood poisoning1 look to a systematic and constant application of suitable lotions to the injured parts1 to careful nursing1 and to nourishing food4 ,if the appetite has completely departed1 it is often advisable to force food like eggs and milk into the stomach1 so that the strength of the patient may never be dissipated or weakened4 ,with this treatment should go pure fresh air1 cleanliness and much sunshine4 ,it usually is advisable to call a veterinarian as early as possible4 ,illustration3 ,,bog ,,spavin ,the bulging outward of the soft tissues of the hock joint is due to the secretion of joint oil or lubricating liquid in abnormal amounts4 ,,bloody ,,milk4--,sometimes1 just after calving1 bloody milk is observed4 ,the cause is generally due to a rupture of the small blood vessels in the vicinity of the cells that secrete the milk4 ,it may be due to a tiny accident of some kind or it may be the result of disease1 localized in the udder4 ,bathing the udder with hot water will prove helpful and1 until the milk is normal1 frequent milkings are desirable4 ,if the condition prevails for any length of time and the cow is not a very good one1 it is just as well to fatten her and send her to the butcher4 ,,bloody ,,urine4--,a condition of the urine peculiar to certain diseases like ,texas fever in cattle and azoturia in horses4 ,in the latter disease the urine is quite turbid and dark in color1 sometimes almost black4 ,,bog ,,spavin4--,a round1 smooth tumor at the front and on the inside of the hock4 ,it is the result of sprains1 bruises1 or other injuries4 ,when these injuries occur1 too much joint oil is secreted1 causing a bulging of the ligament4 ,lameness seldom accompanies a bog spavin4 ,if lameness be present other structures are certain to be affected1 and some pain and heat will be noticed1 together with a stiffness of the joint4 ,treatment consists of applications of cold water to the affected parts and a lotion made of #b tablespoonfuls of acetate of lead in a quart of water4 ,a blister made of #a teaspoonful biniodide of mercury and #d tablespoonfuls of lard rubbed in a little with the fingers and repeated in ten days or two weeks and continued for some months will correct the trouble4 ,wash the part having received the blister twenty-four hours after application4 ,it is also advisable to tie the horse's head while the blister is on1 so that he cannot bite the part4 ,,bone ,,spavin4--,see ,spavin4 ,,bot ,,flies ,,or ,,breeze ,,flies4--,the larv or grub of all common bot flies are thick1 fleshy grubs and pass their life in some portion of the body4 ,when they are fully developed they leave the body by some route and bore into the ground1 where they go through another stage of their development known as the pupa stage4 ,when this stage is completed they crawl out of the ground as a fly ready to deposit eggs4 ,horse ,bot ,fly4--,everyone is familiar with the common nit fly and the yellow nit that is attached to the hair on almost all parts of the horse1 but especially on the chest and legs4 ,the young larv or even the egg may be transferred from these regions of the body into the mouth by the horse biting these parts4 ,the grub passes into the stomach where it attaches itself to the mucous lining and continues its development4 ,the bot is not so dangerous as it is popularly supposed to be4 ,they may1 when attached in large numbers to the right side of the stomach1 interfere with digestion and be responsible for some of the digestive disorders and colics4 ,they are uniformly present in the stomach of all horses that are kept in the open where flies can get at them4 ,a carefully groomed animal may be free from them4 ,the eggs may be destroyed by rubbing the body with a rag wet with kerosene4 ,one of the most common remedies for bots1 and at the same time the most useless1 is a mixture of molasses and milk4 ,bots are hard to dislodge from the stomach until they have completed their development there and pass out of their own accord4 ,half-ounce doses of turpentine three hours apart until three doses are given1 followed by an ounce of powdered aloes as a physic1 is a good remedy and easily administered4 ,mix the turpentine with half a pint of milk or gruel and give on an empty stomach4 ,carbon bisulphide is a good remedy4 ,take two drachms or one-fourth of an ounce of this and shake with a pint of cold water and drench4 ,repeat this every two hours until an ounce of bisulphide is given1 then give a physic of aloes4 ,these remedies should be given on an empty stomach4 ,illustration3 ,,horse ,,bots ,,in ,,stomach ,the bot fly lays its eggs on the hair of the horse4 ,these1 taken into the stomach1 hatch out and give rise to horse bots or young maggots that attach themselves to the walls of the stomach4 ,after becoming grown they loosen themselves and pass out with the feces4 ,bot-,fly of ,cattle or ,warbles4--,it is now believed that eggs are deposited near the feet and that the grub is taken into the mouth and becomes partially developed in the digestive tract4 ,it then burrows through the tissue until it reaches the region of the back4 ,the only treatment that will amount to much is to destroy the grub as it is developing under the skin4 ,if farmers and stockmen will systematically do this they can soon lessen the damage done4 ,the heel fly annoys cattle1 and the grub1 when it escapes from the back1 leaves a hole in the best part of the hide1 causing loss in this way4 ,after the grubs are in the back no treatment helps the animal very much2 but the grub can be killed1 thus preventing their developing into flies that would annoy other cattle4 ,the grubs may be squeezed out and destroyed4 ,mercurial ointment may be rubbed through the hole and kill the grub1 or chloroform1 or creoline1 may be injected into the grub with a hypodermic syringe4 ,it does not require very much time to look after the number of cattle usually found on a farm4 ,the ,bot-,fly of ,sheep is a very troublesome pest at times1 and always causes trouble and annoyance to the flock when present1 and occasionally causes considerable financial loss4 ,the fly attacks sheep during the warm months1 ,july and ,august generally being the worst4 ,the presence of fly in the flock is easily told by the behavior of the sheep4 ,the fly looks much like a house fly1 only it is longer and it always attempts to lay its eggs just inside of the opening of the nose4 ,as soon as the fly begins to get near the nostril the sheep will begin to run1 will hold their noses close to the ground1 and frequently huddle together as closely as possible for protection4 ,when the fly does succeed in depositing the larv it begins immediately to work its way up the cavity of the nose and finally gets into the small cavities in the head1 where development goes on4 ,it is during this period of development in the head that most of the damage is done4 ,as the grubs grow larger a discharge from the nostril is noticed1 which may soon become very thick and sticky1 gumming up the nostrils and making breathing difficult4 ,the sheep will often carry their heads low1 but will frequently raise their heads and point their noses straight up4 ,the treatment may be either preventive or surgical4 ,the first is within the reach of everyone owning sheep4 ,where only a few sheep are owned each individual should be caught and a mixture of tar and lard1 or oil of tar and lard1 applied to the nostril with a brush4 ,this can be done in a short time and should be repeated every ten days or two weeks during the warm months4 ,narrow salt troughs may be made and the edges smeared with tar so that the sheep will get tar on their noses when they take salt4 ,turpentine may be applied high up in the nostril by means of a feather4 ,begin the preventive treatment early in the spring or whenever you know by the action of the sheep that the fly is bothering them1 and you will have better success than to wait until the sheep are affected and undertake to cure them4 ,,bots4--,see ,bot ,flies4 ,,broken ,,wind4--,see ,heaves4 ,,bronchitis4--,a common disease of domestic animals attacking the bronchial tubes4 ,it may be chronic1 but is usually acute1 and may affect one side or both4 ,the most frequent causes of bronchial catarrh are colds4 ,a sudden cooling of a heated body by drenching1 by the breathing of cold damp air1 may all bring on the disorder4 ,dust1 smoke or gas1 when inhaled1 often produces the same trouble4 ,acute bronchitis usually sets in with a sudden rise of the temperature of the body1 and the animal seems to have a chill4 ,this may be quite violent at times4 ,the cough is noticed very much as with people1 being short1 dry1 and husky4 ,later on1 as the disease progresses1 a frothy mucus follows the cough4 ,associated with the disease is a loss of appetite1 constipation1 and pains in the chest and rattling in the chest and throat4 ,a favorite position of the horse is standing and of other stock that of lying down4 ,good care is essential in the treatment4 ,that means1 with good treatment1 dust1 smoke1 and bad air are to be severely avoided4 ,plenty of good ventilation1 but no draft2 and warm1 well-lighted quarters are very desirable4 ,the animal should be blanketed to be kept warm in the early stages and a compress placed over the chest1 with blankets over the compress4 ,frequent changing of this compress is desirable1 say a change every hour or two4 ,when the animal is suffering from a chill1 stimulants are excellent4 ,a tablespoonful of whiskey in a pint of water and given as a drench every half hour or hour will be helpful4 ,after the chill period is passed1 small doses of tincture of aconite1 say #aj to #ae drops1 in a little water as a drench will assist in discharging the mucus4 ,when the animal has become at ease1 a mustard plaster applied to the lungs will help you somewhat4 ,from now on the treatment should be good nursing and good food4 ,boiled flaxseed and gruel will be very helpful4 ,a very helpful preparation may be made of the following3 ,nitrate of potash or saltpeter1 tartar emetic1 ground gentian root1 equal parts4 ,a half pound or pound in all should be mixed thoroughly1 and then a teaspoonful given three times each day4 ,when all danger is passed1 continue the careful handling and allow two or three weeks' complete rest4 ,,bunches4--,bunches are most generally enlargements of the bone4 ,they are most serious in the region of a joint4 ,they are caused1 as a rule1 by some injury1 bruise1 or wound4 ,when first noticed they should be treated with a blister to insure a hasty absorption of the enlarged parts4 ,,burns4--,occasionally animals are burned or scalded so badly as to subject them to considerable pain4 ,this may be relieved by the use of a strong solution of common baking soda4 ,following the use of this1 apply an ointment made of one part of carbolic acid to #ej parts of vaseline4 ,if vaseline is not available1 then use in its place linseed oil4 ,,caked ,,bag4--,see ,mammitis4 ,,caked ,,udder4--,a diseased condition of the udder1 with the secretion of milk altered1 the udder hot1 dry1 and caked1 and the glands inflamed4 ,the trouble may be due to external injury1 to germs entering the teats or to the milk being kept for too long a time in the udder4 ,as soon as noticed the udder should be bathed in hot water and massaged for several minutes4 ,after being dried with a cloth rub on a salve made of #b tablespoonfuls of gum camphor dissolved in #ab tablespoonfuls of lard4 ,at the same time give #d tablespoonfuls of saltpeter morning and night for two or three days4 ,see also ,mammitis4 ,,calf ,,cholera4--,when a new-born calf comes into the world weak1 puny1 and listless1 and dies in a few hours after scouring1 bawling1 and blatting and has sunken eyes and bloated belly soon after death1 the disease by stockmen is called 8calf cholera40 ,many calves so affected are really 8living abortions40 ,they have just enough life at birth to exist a few hours and show the symptoms described1 and such calves are usually the offspring of cows that1 during pregnancy1 have been incompletely nourished upon timothy or swale hay1 or coarse fodder1 without an adequate supply of other foods to balance the ration2 or similar calves may come from fat1 flabby1 corn-stuffed1 beef-bred cows4 ,the trouble may be prevented by proper feeding of the pregnant cow1 but there is no cure4 ,a majority of such cases1 however1 are due to germ infection4 ,cows affected with contagious abortion may produce affected calves2 the afterbirth and navel cord are invaded by the germs in such cases and the calf is improperly nourished in the womb4 ,in other instances1 calf cholera is due to filth germs entering the calf's system by way of the raw navel cord stump at birth1 or the mouth when the calf nurses from a manure-contaminated udder4 ,prevent infective cases by providing a clean1 fresh-bedded1 disinfected1 whitewashed1 sunlighted1 ventilated pen for the new-born calf1 and immediately wet its navel with a #a_/ejj solution of corrosive sublimate and repeat the application twice daily until the cord dries up1 drops off and no raw spot remains4 ,also wash the hind parts of the cow and her udder with a two per cent solution of coal tar disinfectant before the calf is allowed to suck for the first time and repeat the washing twice daily for at least a week4 ,isolate affected calves4 ,bury or burn the dead4 ,,calf ,,scours4--,see ,white ,scours4 ,,cancer4--,malignant growths1 the cause or causes of which are not known2 nor can it be said the disease is infectious4 ,while a very serious disease among human beings1 it is1 fortunately1 however1 more rare among farm animals4 ,the only treatment worth while is in surgical removal of the growths4 ,if this be done when the tumors are first noticed and when they are small1 their further appearance may not result4 ,it is a good plan1 if the growths persist in presenting themselves1 to eliminate the affected animal from the herd4 ,with cattle1 it is possible to prepare them for market long before any cancer growths may reappear1 and in this way the full market value may be secured with no danger when consumed4 ,,capped ,,elbow4--,frequently horses1 in lying down1 press the foot or the shoe against the elbow4 ,this1 in time1 causes inflammation and ends in a tumor or shoe boil4 ,the diseased condition is difficult to repair1 as there is little flesh or muscle at the joint of the elbow where the trouble starts4 ,treatment consists of opening the boil and allowing the fluid to escape4 ,in case the swelling is hot and painful1 an application of lead acetate will prove comforting and helpful4 ,in preparing the lotion1 use #b tablespoonfuls of acetate of lead to a quart of water4 ,there is no objection to injecting a little of this into the opening4 ,an injection of a little tincture of iodine once a day into the opening is desirable also4 ,in treating cases of this kind1 it is a good practice to wrap about the horse's foot a pad of straw or hay for cushioning the foot4 ,this prevents the wound from being further bruised1 otherwise the cure may be greatly delayed1 if not indefinitely postponed4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,victim ,,of ,,tuberculosis ,this cow1 reacting to the tubercular test1 was killed4 ,the bottom picture shows the extent to which tuberculosis had affected her lungs4 ,at least ten per cent of the cattle in the ,united ,states have this dreaded and destructive disease4 ,,capped ,,hock4--,an inflammation resulting in a separation of the cap from the point of the bone of the hock4 ,cases of this kind are the results of kicks or bruises4 ,in the early stage1 use #b tablespoonfuls of lead acetate in a quart of water and bathe the injured part4 ,when there is no longer any temperature1 apply a blister composed of #a teaspoonful of biniodide of mercury and #f tablespoonfuls of lard4 ,apply this every week or ten days for several months4 ,illustration3 ,,exterior ,,points ,,of ,,the ,,horse #a ,lip1 #b ,nostril1 #c ,forehead1 #d ,poll1 #e ,cheek1 #f ,ear1 #g ,mane1 #h ,neck1 #i ,shoulder1 #aj ,point or ,shoulder1 #aa ,breast1 #ab ,forearm1 #ac ,arm1 #ad ,knee1 #ae ,cannon1 #af ,fetlock1 #ag ,pastern1 #ah ,foot1 #ai ,withers1 #bj ,back1 #ba ,side1 #bb ,underline1 #bc ,flank1 #bd ,croup1 #be ,tail1 #bf ,haunch1 #bg ,thigh1 #bh ,stifle1 #bi ,hock1 #cj ,point of ,hock1 #ca ,cannon1 #cb ,foot1 #cc ,coronet1 #cd ,fetlock1 #ce ,pastern ,illustration3 ,,castration ,,capped ,,knee4--,an enlarged condition of the knee most commonly found in cattle4 ,it is caused by cattle getting up and down on hard floors4 ,it is usually seen in stables where stanchions are used4 ,a baggy tumor forms at the front and just below the knee4 ,in some instances this tumor becomes very large and the cow walks about or moves with great difficulty4 ,where hard floors are covered with bedding1 no trouble of this kind results4 ,applications of hot water are excellent4 ,liniment is also very good4 ,where the tumor has long existed and is stubborn an opening should be made at the bottom so that the fluid may be discharged4 ,a little tincture of iodine injected into the opening once a day is good and at the same time an application of iodine rubbed over the outside will assist in reducing the trouble4 ,use one part of iodine to eight parts of lard and continue this treatment for a month or two4 ,,castration4--,the removal of the testicles from male animals4 ,castration is practiced upon all the domestic animals4 ,only those male animals possessing desirable characteristics are retained entire4 ,the operations are generally performed when the male animals become troublesome4 ,in horses the time is usually at one to three years old2 in cattle one to three months old2 sheep at one to four months and pigs two to four months old4 ,dogs1 as a rule1 become worthless if castrated4 ,cats grow to an enormous size when castrated4 ,suggestions ,about the ,operation4--,in the castration of all the domestic animals some general suggestions will be beneficial4 7#a7 ,secure the animal so he cannot injure himself or the attendants4 7#b7 ,do the castration during the early spring4 7#c7 ,give the animal exercise after castration4 7#d7 ,boil the instruments before operating1 using warm water and any good hand soap4 7#e7 ,disinfect the skin over the scrotum before operating with corrosive sublimate #a_/ajjj4 7#f7 ,wash the hands of the operator with soap and water1 then disinfect with corrosive sublimate4 7#g7 ,great care should be exercised that no corrosive sublimate be left that stock may drink1 as it is a deadly poison4 ,when the instruments have been boiled 7sharp castrating knife and emasculator71 cast 7throw7 the animal as carefully as possible4 ,secure the hind legs so they will not hinder the operator4 ,the operator having his hands clean and the scrotum washed and both his hands disinfected1 and also the region to be operated upon1 the animal is ready for the operation4 ,the lower testicle is grasped with the left hand and with the right hand an incision is made over the testicle1 down to the testicle4 ,the testicle is pulled upon until the cord is seen4 ,then the emasculator is used to crush the cord4 ,this emasculator should be placed on the cord as high up as possible4 ,some like their horses castrated proud4 ,this consists in leaving part of the testicle4 ,this last method is not safe1 as it allows the testicle to become infected and form what is commonly known as water seeds4 ,a tumor grows on the cord and may become the size of a man's head4 ,after the testicle is removed1 then enlarge the first incision 7cut7 that was made through the skin so as to give plenty drainage4 ,this incision should be about eight inches long for horses4 ,by having a large incision the upper part can heal first1 and there will be good drainage until the scrotum entirely heals4 ,if possible turn the castrated horse out to pasture after the operation1 and it will exercise sufficiently to keep the parts from swelling4 ,do not keep the animal in a dirty stable after it is castrated1 as there is so much danger from infection in the dirty horse stable4 ,if the horse is broken it can be put to light work a week after the castration4 ,bulls do not need to be thrown to be castrated4 ,the incision is made over each testicle1 and the operation carried out in the same way as with the horse4 ,bulls are not so susceptible to infection as the horse4 ,,catarrh4--,commonly known as a cold1 catarrh is recognized as an inflamed state of the upper portions of the air passages1 with more or less discharge from the mucous membranes4 ,the eyes often sympathize with this deranged condition1 with a watery state as the result4 ,the causes of catarrh or colds in animals are very much the same as those causing the same disturbance in human beings2 as with people1 so with animals1 the malady should be remedied as quickly as possible4 ,bad air is one of the most frequently observed causes2 consequently pure cold air with proper blankets to keep the body warm is considered the best treatment for simple catarrh when unaccompanied with other troubles4 ,one of the common symptoms is dullness and loss of appetite4 ,the hair stands out and looks rough1 a slight cough may be noticed and sometimes a rattling is heard in the head4 ,for cattle a mild dose of physic1 consisting of one-half pound ,epsom salts and #d tablespoonfuls of sweet spirits of niter mixed in a pint of lukewarm water and given as a drench1 is about all that is necessary4 ,if the cold hangs on1 mix together one-half pound of nitrate of potash or saltpeter and one-half pound of gentian root and give a teaspoonful of this three times a day until the animal is better4 ,of course good food should go along with this treatment4 ,the horse should be fed soft food like bran mashes and be kept quiet in a well-ventilated stable4 ,if the cold hangs on with him1 mix one-half pound of saltpeter or nitrate of potash1 one-half pound of sulphur1 and one-half pound of ground gentian root and give a teaspoonful morning1 noon and night4 ,,cattle ,,scab4--,see ,scab in ,cattle4 ,,cerebro-,,spinal ,,meningitis4--,a disease fatal in violent attacks and not well understood as to cause4 ,it is believed to be non-contagious1 although frequently extensive outbreaks occur1 suggesting that it may be contagious4 ,the symptoms are not well defined1 due1 perhaps1 to the fact that other diseases are included under the general name4 ,horses of all ages of both sexes are affected1 and temperament and physical condition have nothing to do with susceptibility to the disease4 ,likewise mules are affected and the mortality among them is equally as great as among horses4 ,the most acceptable belief as to cause centers around a bacterial organism that works in the membranes of the brain4 ,however1 some writers attribute the disease to ergot1 smuts and molds supposed to be taken with the food4 ,moldy corn and moldy hay are believed to be associated with the disease4 ,the symptoms are staggering gait1 partial or total inability to swallow1 various muscular contractions and delirium4 ,treatment is seldom effected1 especially in violent cases4 ,mild forms frequently respond to cathartics1 blisters on the neck1 spine and throat4 ,these give some relief4 ,small doses of aconite are also believed to be helpful4 ,some writers place choking1 distemper1 grass staggers1 and blind staggers along with this brain disorder4 ,,charbon4--,see ,anthrax4 ,,chest ,,founder4--,see ,navicular ,disease4 ,,chicken ,,cholera4--,chicken or fowl cholera is a germ disease1 and contagious4 ,it attacks poultry of all kinds4 ,diarrha is a prominent symptom of the disease4 ,bad food or improper food may aggravate the trouble1 but the germ introduced into the system either in food or drink1 is at the bottom of it4 ,at first the droppings will take on a whitish color4 ,diarrha will then result4 ,the discharges will then become thin and watery1 to be at times frothy and greenish in appearance4 ,fowls thus attacked soon lose their appetites and become stupid and take on a sickly appearance4 ,the head drops toward the body1 the eyelids fall1 and the fowls stand around as if doped4 ,some recover1 but1 unless checked1 the flock will be materially injured4 ,of course dead fowls must be burned at once and lime and other disinfectants used to keep the disease from spreading4 ,the well birds must be kept apart from the infected quarters4 ,care must be exercised that infection be not carried either by visitors or attendants from the sick to the healthy quarters4 ,a common remedy consists of #a part of sulphate of iron to #ej parts of water for drinking purposes4 ,another common remedy is to mix a tablespoonful of sulphate of iron1 #b tablespoonfuls of dried blood1 and #b tablespoonfuls of tincture of opium with a pint of water4 ,this is given in the food in doses of #a or #b tablespoonfuls of this mixture three or four times a day to each sick bird4 ,,choking4--,horses frequently choke from too rapid eating of oats1 and cattle are very commonly troubled on attempting to swallow apples1 turnips1 or small pieces of ear corn4 ,in either of these cases much distress is occasioned and serious danger4 ,in treating the horse1 the best treatment is to give it a little oil1 after which rub the hand up and down the gullet to scatter the accumulated oats4 ,sometimes it is necessary to make an incision in the gullet through which the material is removed4 ,better have a veterinarian do this4 ,when food lodges in the gullet of cattle1 suffocation soon follows if it is serious and in the upper part of the gullet4 ,when such objects have lodged near the stomach end there is less immediate danger4 ,of course the first treatment is to try to force the object down by using the hand1 if at all possible4 ,if this cannot be done a probang should be used4 ,the probang should be very limber1 so as to bend easily1 and it should be used with great caution4 ,cattle often are killed by the accidental puncture of the gullet as the probang is pressed down toward the mouth of the stomach4 ,consequently no unyielding article like a broom handle or even a buggy whip should be used4 ,if a regular probang is not available1 a rope a little less than one inch in diameter can be inserted and gently worked down the gullet4 ,before using the rope1 grease it well and make a knob at the end to be inserted4 ,this knob can be made of cotton strings or muslin cloth4 ,,coffin ,,joint ,,lameness4--,see ,navicular ,disease4 ,,colds4--,see ,catarrh4 ,,colic4--,colic is an inflammation of the bowels characterized by a spasmodic contraction of the intestinal walls4 ,it is a very common disease in horses1 and occasionally cattle and lambs are affected with it4 ,both the small and large intestines may be afflicted or only one of them4 ,there are many causes1 but feed and water are the controlling factors4 ,an animal just stopped from hard work and given a large quantity of cold water1 especially after eating1 may be quickly troubled4 ,and the animal hot from work1 on drinking very cold water1 often gets colic4 ,then1 too1 a change of food1 or a change from dry feed to green food or eating some root crop when the animal is not used to it1 may bring on the disease4 ,then1 again1 some horses and cattle are more given to colic than others4 ,some individuals are never troubled1 and others are almost constantly under its influence4 ,if much inflammation sets in1 a very serious case is on your hands4 ,two kinds of colic are known--the spasmodic1 a contraction1 commonly known as cramps of the bowels2 and wind or flatulent colic or bloating4 ,some authorities add a third1 and call it worm colic4 ,spasmodic ,colic4--,this kind of colic is first noticed when the horse begins to paw with his forefeet1 cringes1 bends his head around as if looking at his side1 lays on the ground and rolls as if in pain2 then he stands quietly for a while and repeats these performances again4 ,during the time between the spasms the animal is more at ease and frequently eats a little4 ,when the spasms come on again the shifting about and the rolling are repeated4 ,if the cramps are severe the animal breaks out with sweat4 ,the pulse is accelerated when the spasms are on1 ranging from #fj to #fe beats a minute4 ,if inflammation has set in1 the pulse instead of rising and falling remains more constant and is high all the time4 ,illustration3 ,,colic ,,pains ,a common attitude with colic4 ,when seized with pains the horse paws1 scrapes the ground with his front feet1 stamps and strikes the belly with the hind ones1 lays back his ears and looks around to his flank4 ,when the spasms are on1 pressing the bowels seems to relieve the pain and please the animal1 but if inflammation is present the pressure seems to increase the pain4 ,the best treatment is to relieve the pain with an opiate1 and next to obtain a free action of the bowels by a purge4 ,many prescriptions have been suggested1 among which is the following3 #d tablespoonfuls of sweet spirits of niter1 #d tablespoonfuls of laudanum1 #a tablespoonful of ginger and #a tablespoonful of common soda4 ,these are added to a pint of warm water and given as a drench4 ,flatulent ,colic4--,this form of colic1 though not so acute1 is much more constant than the preceding form4 ,the body is swollen in the region of the bowels1 the gas extending quite generally through the region4 ,there is also a tendency to inflammation4 ,the pulse will be noticed as more rapid1 and at the same time more feeble1 the breathing will be more pronounced1 and the animal less steady on its feet4 ,in treating the patient it is advisable to unload the rectum with greased hand and arm1 and the admission of warm water with soap in it1 is also likely to be beneficial4 ,a little turpentine mixed with the soap and water is good4 ,the intestine is to be cleaned out as far as the arm will reach1 but a violent purge is unwise1 as that only intensifies the inflammation4 ,naturally the first thing is to mildly open the bowels4 ,for this give #ae or #bj tablespoonfuls of linseed oil and #e or #aj tablespoonfuls of spirit of turpentine4 ,if the case continues1 it is advisable to call a veterinarian1 and it may be necessary to use the trocar and canula4 ,if the instrument is sterilized1 no great risk attaches to the operation1 while immediate relief is secured as the gas passes out through the tube1 and the distention is visibly reduced4 ,an excellent mixture for this kind of colic consists of #f tablespoonfuls of chloral hydrate1 #f tablespoonfuls of laudanum1 #c tablespoonfuls of sulphuric ether1 #b tablespoonfuls of turpentine1 and #aj tablespoonfuls of ginger4 ,of this give #b or #c tablespoonfuls in a half pint of warm water and repeat every half hour for #c or #d doses and then place the doses an hour apart until all danger has passed4 ,when there is a good deal of gas with considerable swelling an excellent drench is made of #b tablespoonfuls of powdered aloes1 #d tablespoonfuls of spirits of ammonia and #d tablespoonfuls of sulphuric ether4 ,this should be mixed with a pint of water and given promptly4 ,in case of considerable pain use this3 #d to #f tablespoonfuls of hydrate of chloral and eight tablespoonfuls of sugar mixed in a pint of water and give as a drench4 ,,concretions ,,or ,,calculi ,,of ,,urinary ,,organs4--,the collection of solid mineral matter in the urine may become lodged in the kidney1 the ureter 7duct leading from the kidney71 the bladder or urethra 7the duct leading from the bladder74 ,all animals are more or less subject to these conditions1 and yet are not so affected as they are sometimes thought to be4 ,many a case of so-called kidney colic is in reality an affection of the digestive system4 ,the cause for these mineral accumulations perhaps varies under different conditions1 yet the most common circumstance under which they occur is during the time when animals are fed exclusively or largely upon dry feed such as exists in the winter time where silage is not fed4 ,wheat bran has been attributed as one of the most sourceful means of bringing on this trouble4 ,when it is fed with succulent feeds and an abundance of water allowed these disorders do not occur4 ,the symptoms do not differ a great deal from some forms of colic1 due to stomach or intestinal disturbances1 especially in the frequent attempts to empty the bladder4 ,the animal usually shows more or less pain from the restless condition1 looks around at the flank1 dribbles his urine frequently1 which is occasionally blood stained4 ,there may be a complete obstruction of the passages1 in which case no urine is voided4 ,illustration3 ,,retention ,,of ,,the ,,urine ,by means of a catheter the greater portion of the urine can be drawn off4 ,the operation is shown in the picture4 ,treatment varies with the location of the trouble1 in which little can be accomplished when the gravel or stone is located in front of the bladder4 ,if within the bladder1 not obstructing its outlet1 it is not likely to make its presence known4 ,agents should be given1 however1 to overcome the pain and to relieve the frequently existing spasm at point of obstruction1 as far as possible1 which may allow passage of stone4 ,give #d tablespoonfuls of laudanum or chloral to a dose and repeat in two or three hours if any pain or trouble is still indicated4 ,in inducing the animal to drink liberal quantities of water the condition may be somewhat relieved by making the urine more watery in character and possibly dissolving a portion1 allowing the remainder to pass along its course4 ,when the obstruction occurs within the urethra the removal should be made by incising through the tissues on to or near the obstruction1 removing by forceps and suturing up the wound4 ,a skilled operator is required for this1 hence the veterinarian should be called4 ,,constipation4--,an infrequent movement of the bowels with the dung hard and dry4 ,the animal is said to be bound up or costive4 ,bad food1 improper feeding1 lack of exercise1 all contribute to the trouble4 ,treatment is in the line of laxative and succulent food1 such as wheat bran1 green grass1 silage and linseed oil meal4 ,if the case is one requiring immediate action give any of the usual purgatives1 but do not continue their use as a regular thing4 ,if green grass is not possible1 nor silage available1 give one or two teaspoonfuls of the following mixture in the food three times a day3 ,equal parts of ground gentian root1 powdered nux vomica1 powdered ginger and sulphur4 ,,corns4--,small swellings or tumors on the sensitive heel in the triangular space between the bars and the wall of the heel4 ,these are found in the fore feet only1 and almost always on the inside heel4 ,they are caused most frequently by bad shoeing or from wearing the shoe for too long a time4 ,these growths do not always cause lameness1 although1 as a rule1 they do4 ,they are1 however1 always sensitive to pressure and usually appear as tumors of a hard1 corny character4 ,neglected corns are liable to fester and must then be laid bare by the knife and be poulticed4 ,neglect of this treatment results in the matter or pus finding its way up through the coronet4 ,thus quittor may result4 ,give the foot a careful dressing by paring the heel1 and bathe the corn with a weak carbolic acid solution4 ,after doing this1 place a fold of muslin over the corn and then over all a bran and linseed poultice4 ,a complete rest from work1 hard roads and shoes should now be given the animal until the corn has entirely disappeared4 ,when the feet are again shod1 leather should be used as a protection4 ,many corn salves are recommended1 but unless the corn be removed and the pressure taken from the wound1 there can be no cure1 even though the tumor is pared away4 ,,cornstalk ,,disease4--,when cattle are allowed to run in stalk fields it frequently happens that a large per cent die from various causes4 ,all these troubles are classed under the one term--cornstalk disease4 ,in some western fields where there is a second growth of cane stalk late in the fall an early frost will at times develop in the stalk a deadly poison 7hydrocyanic acid71 which kills the animal in a very few minutes after eating it4 ,this poison has not been found in the cornstalk4 ,in the last year or two some of our state experiment stations have been investigating several molds which seem to affect not only cattle but horses as well4 ,these molds grow quite abundantly upon cornstalks1 alfalfa1 and other forage crops4 ,the death of a great number of animals has been traced directly to the feeding of such affected fodder1 hay1 or corn4 ,these molds1 however1 must have a certain amount of moisture for their growth1 and it has been shown that when the feeds have been properly harvested and sheltered no trouble has resulted4 ,only in materials exposed to the weather1 allowing the development of these lower forms of plant life1 has serious trouble been found4 ,in the treatment of these troubles nothing reliable can be given1 as the disease usually comes on without any warning and the animal dies suddenly4 ,much of the trouble can be avoided by allowing the animals only a limited amount of the feed or in the stalk field a few hours only each day4 ,it is necessary that plenty of pure water should be given frequently and enough of other roughage to keep the animals from gorging themselves on the fodder4 ,,cow ,,pox4--,an infectious disease passed from one cow to another4 ,it affects herds in all parts of the world and is similar to smallpox in the human being1 only it is not so fatal4 ,when first affected the cow is feverish1 slacks somewhat in the milk flow1 and presents little red pimple-like spots around the teats4 ,in a day or two these become enlarged and become blisters1 containing within a watery fluid1 which1 if not broken1 dry up themselves and form scabs1 leaving the teat in time perfectly natural4 ,ordinarily1 special treatment is not given4 ,there is no objection1 however1 to providing a simple tonic composed of one-quarter pound saltpeter1 one-quarter pound sulphur1 and one-quarter pound ground gentian root4 ,give a teaspoonful of this night and morning in a mash4 ,the teats should be bathed1 just before milking1 with any common disinfecting solution4 ,if the sores are slow in healing1 sweet oil1 to which is added a little carbolic acid1 will soon correct the trouble4 ,,cracked ,,hoofs4--,see ,sand ,cracks4 ,,cribbing4--,a habit of biting the manger or other objects1 often sucking in the air at the same time4 ,this bad habit is frequently called wind sucking4 ,it is the result of a habit formed when young4 ,there is really no cure when the habit is once formed1 but different measures may be employed to lessen the fault4 ,a broad strap firmly placed around the neck brings the desired effect with some individuals4 ,,crib ,,suckers4--,this bad habit usually begins in colt days4 ,it may arise from a sore tooth4 ,the colt1 to relieve the feeling1 bites the manger1 and in so doing acquires the habit4 ,when hanging on to the manger1 air is sucked in and this frequently brings on colic4 ,the best treatment is to break up the habit4 ,examine the mouth first to see if anything is wrong with the teeth4 ,muzzle while standing in the stable4 ,the old cribbers never give up the habit4 ,,cramp ,,colic4--,see ,colic4 ,illustration3 ,,curb ,while common to all varieties of the horse1 curbs are most frequently seen in the lighter breeds and especially in roadsters and trotting horses4 ,,curb4--,a sprain or injury to the ligament situated on the back part of the hock joint4 ,anything that puts too much stress on this part1 such as holding back heavy loads going down hill1 or backing up too heavy loads1 or the hind legs slipping too far under the horse's body1 may cause curb disease4 ,it is also caused by kicks or by the whiffletree striking against the back of the hock joint4 ,there will be swelling and heat in the part and lameness4 ,in some cases there will be swelling1 but no lameness4 ,if the swelling is hot and tender to the touch1 mix half an ounce acetate of lead and two ounces tincture of arnica with one quart of water4 ,shake up and apply a little to the swollen part three times a day and continue until the heat and swelling disappear4 ,if there should be any swelling after the heat and lameness have disappeared1 mix #a teaspoonful of biniodide of mercury with #d tablespoonfuls of lard4 ,rub on a little with the fingers1 let it remain on for #bd hours1 then wash off with warm water and soap and repeat the blister in three weeks if needed4 ,in cases where there is swelling1 but no heat or lameness1 the lotion would be of no use1 but the above blister should be used as directed4 ,in old or long standing cases of curb1 if the animal is not lame1 it is best to let it alone1 as medicines would be of no service4 ,,diabetes2 ,,profuse ,,staling4--,in man there are two forms of this trouble seen rather frequently1 but among domestic animals only the insipid form is common4 ,it is often simply a sign of some other disease1 but not infrequently occurs under similar circumstances2 such as certain forms of indigestion1 the result of eating musty or damaged feed4 ,the most characteristic symptom1 of course1 is the frequent urination of liberal quantities of urine4 ,associated with this is usually an unabating thirst4 ,the animal loses flesh rapidly1 the flanks are tucked up1 the coat is dull1 languid and staring1 and great weakness is shown4 ,if not relieved1 the animal may die from exhaustion4 ,in the second form of diabetes1 the distinguishing feature is the presence of sugar in the urine4 ,if in a working animal it should be laid off from work4 ,search should be made for the cause of trouble4 ,if any of the food appears suspicious it should be substituted with wholesome food4 ,to relieve the ardent thirst and assist recovery1 a teaspoonful of the crystals of iodine should be given in a ball of linseed or other pasty material4 ,it may be desirable to repeat this in three or four days4 ,also give in the drinking water #d tablespoonfuls of bicarbonate of soda three times daily4 ,,diarrhoea4--,see ,dysentery4 ,,difficult ,,parturition4--,see ,obstetrics4 ,,dipping ,,live ,,stock4--,there are only two satisfactory methods of treating animals with a dip4 ,the first is hand treating1 where the number of animals are few and easy to handle4 ,in hand treating the animal the dip is applied with scrubbing brushes1 sponges1 etc41 and all parts of the body liable to infection should then be thoroughly and vigorously rubbed4 ,if hand treating is properly performed it is an excellent method4 ,the second method consists of immersing the diseased animals in the dipping solution4 ,there are two forms of vats in use for this purpose4 ,the cage vat is designed for comparatively few cattle4 ,as its name implies1 it consists of a cage in which the animal is placed and then lowered into a vat containing the dip4 ,where a large number of animals are to be dipped1 the swimming vat is very popular4 ,the animals are forced to pass through the vat1 which contains sufficient dip to completely immerse them when they plunge into the solution4 ,the coal-tar dips are made from some of the products of the distillation of coal tar4 ,when mixed with water they form a milky emulsion1 having a strong odor of coal tar4 ,the coal-tar preparations1 in addition to being used as parasiticides1 have become very popular disinfectants in hospitals4 ,these preparations are used with good success on all open wounds1 where a disinfectant is required4 ,in poll evil and fistulous withers they are extremely valuable1 owing to the fact that in addition to their power as a germicide they have been perfectly safe to place in the hands of persons not accustomed to handling drugs1 because of their non-poisonous nature4 ,they have been found quite efficient when used in three per cent solution4 ,,dishorning4--,some cattle breeds are hornless4 ,most1 however1 are not4 ,removing the horns is done quickly and is more humane than to permit them to remain1 by which death frequently follows to stock and even to people4 ,the dishorning machine is intended for animals whose horns are not removed when young4 ,the simplest method of dishorning is to use a stick of caustic potash4 ,apply it to the small horn button when a calf is a few days old4 ,moistening this and rubbing the potash over the skin will permanently destroy the horn tissue and no horns will result4 ,,distemper4--,see ,strangles4 ,,dropsy4--,a condition in which the fluid portion of the blood escapes from the blood vessels and collects in the body cavities or under the skin4 ,any sluggish condition of the blood occasioned by disease or faulty nutrition may induce this collection in various parts of the body4 ,dropsy is1 therefore1 not a disease1 but a symptom of some other disease4 ,this being the case1 treatment depends upon the original disease1 upon the nature of which depends in turn the possibility of permanent or temporary cure4 ,a mild attack of dropsy is indicated when the legs of a horse swell up1 due to lack of exercise and poor circulation as occasioned by standing in the stable4 ,the first thing1 of course1 is to start better blood circulation4 ,hand rubbing is good2 bathing with hot water acts similarly4 ,any medicine that stimulates the action of the kidneys will prove helpful4 ,saltpeter is excellent for this4 ,use once a day for three or four days in succession1 and give #d tablespoonfuls at a dose4 ,in connection with this treatment supply the animal with succulent or laxative food1 that the bowels may be kept free and open4 ,any of the tonic condition powders will help4 ,,dystokia4--,see ,obstetrics4 ,,eczema4--,an inflammatory1 non-contagious disease of the skin in which eruptions may occur in the form of vesicles1 pustules1 crusts1 scales1 or simple redness4 ,its principal victims are animals fed rich food1 the penalty being associated with some gastric or intestinal disturbance4 ,treatment is both external and internal4 ,the former should be in the nature of washes for cleanliness and healing4 ,tar soap is recommended4 ,a wash made of #d tablespoonfuls of carbonate of potassium dissolved in a quart of water is also excellent4 ,after a good rub with this1 wash off with warm water4 ,if itching causes any distress1 prepare a wash consisting of #b tablespoonfuls of acetate of lead1 #h tablespoonfuls of tincture of opium and a quart of water4 ,where scales have formed and the skin is thick and scurvy1 rub in a little with the fingers some biniodide of mercury and vaseline4 ,use #b teaspoonfuls of the mercury and #h tablespoonfuls of the vaseline4 ,one application will do the work4 ,if the case is bad1 several parts being affected1 treat only one part at a time with the mercury salve4 ,be certain to have the animal tied so that he cannot get his mouth to the treated region4 ,for internal treatment let the physic come first4 ,for horses1 mix #d tablespoonfuls of aloes1 #d tablespoonfuls of ginger and #d tablespoonfuls of soda carbonate dissolved in a pint of boiling water4 ,let cool to proper temperature and give as a drench4 ,for cattle1 give a pound of ,epsom salts and #d tablespoonfuls of ginger in water as a drench4 ,following the physic should come a good blood tonic4 ,to prepare this1 mix #af tablespoonfuls each of nitrate of potassium and sulphate of iron4 ,give in doses of #a tablespoonfuls daily in a bran mash until all is used4 ,,dysentery4--,an inflammation of the lining membrane of the large intestine near the rectum1 accompanied with straining1 discharge of blood1 and fever4 ,poisonous and irritating food causes it1 stagnant and foul water favors its development1 but any exposure to cold or excessive heat or overwork may bring it on4 ,in cattle the acute form is attended with shivering1 arching of the back and tenderness about the loins4 ,the animal grunts1 yawns1 grinds its teeth1 and1 at short intervals1 discharges from its bowels a thin1 ill-smelling dung mixed with blood and pus4 ,the thirst is excessive1 the animal is dull and stupid1 and loses flesh rapidly4 ,after the disease has gone on a few days1 the hide becomes rough and unhealthy1 the teeth loose1 the dung bloody and fetid1 the eyes sink in the head and dropsical swellings appear about the lower jaws and legs1 and usually the creature dies exhausted4 ,for acute dysentery1 when seen early1 give horses a drench consisting of #ae tablespoonfuls of castor oil1 #h tablespoonfuls of laudanum1 and #a pint of linseed oil4 ,the rectum and lower bowel should be washed out with large injections of simple warm water4 ,for chronic forms #aj grains of calomel1 a teaspoonful of opium1 and #d tablespoons each of gentian and chalk are advised4 ,these are to be mixed and given either as a ball or as a drench once a day4 ,six tablespoonfuls of laudanum in a pint of boiled starch every two hours until the straining ceases1 is also very good4 ,when cattle are affected1 remove from grass or other succulent food1 put on a dry diet and give a pint of linseed oil every day until recovery4 ,if the action of the bowels does not cease promptly1 give #b tablespoonfuls of powdered alum and #b tablespoonfuls of powdered ginger in a quart of milk once or twice a day until the discharge moderates4 ,an excellent medicine is #aj tablespoonfuls of castor oil and #d tablespoonfuls of laudanum mixed with linseed gruel and given as a drench4 ,,enteritis4--,see ,inflammation of the ,bowels4 ,,epilepsy4--,see ,fits4 ,,epizootic4--,see ,influenza4 ,,ergotism4--,a parasitic fungus that grows on different species of grass and produces in one stage of its development black or purple enlarged spurs causes ergotism4 ,the disastrous effect of ergot seems to appear in the late fall and winter1 when hay or straw infected with ergot are continuously fed4 ,the animals will be troubled with irritation of the bowels and a sloughing off of the extremities4 ,frequently the animals lose parts of their tails or ears or hoofs4 ,in others1 gangrenous sores appear4 ,in the early stages of the poisoning the symptoms are not clearly marked4 ,the best treatment is secured by an entire change of food1 so as to remove the cause1 and then to follow with good laxative food4 ,of course1 medicinal treatment will not be satisfactory if an important part of the animal like the hoof were to be destroyed4 ,so much expense would be connected with keeping the animal until a new hoof had been formed that it is better at the beginning to destroy the animal unless very valuable4 ,where sores only manifest themselves such treatment as given an ordinary wound will be efficacious1 provided food absolutely free of ergot is supplied4 ,,erysipelas4--,an inflammation of the skin and tissues beneath4 ,owing to a blood poison1 it is characterized by a swelling and hardness of the affected parts which has a tendency to spread and form abscesses4 ,in horses and cattle1 erysipelas is nearly always the result of wounds and generally of those in the legs of animals weakened by hard work and poor food1 or else in young animals whose blood is vitiated by the poison of glanders or some other animal contamination4 ,the disturbance is noticed on the third or fourth day after the injury in the immediate neighborhood of the wound4 ,the skin is swollen1 smooth1 hot1 tender1 and painful4 ,the swelling gradually extends around it1 sometimes deep into the muscles4 ,the surface is hard and tense1 but often when the finger is firmly pressed upon it and withdrawn a depression is left4 ,in severe cases chills occur1 the pulse is weak and quick1 the breathing hurried1 the bowels constipated and the urine scanty and highly colored4 ,there is considerable thirst1 but no appetite4 ,a brisk purge is the first step in treating4 ,follow the purge with tincture of chloride of iron1 #d teaspoonfuls in a pint of water4 ,give this every three or four hours4 ,at the same time give internally #d tablespoonfuls of hyposulphite of soda in a pint of water three times a day4 ,externally bathe the wound with the following mixture3 ,tincture of chloride of iron1 #d tablespoonfuls1 and alcohol one pint4 ,another good ointment is sugar of lead #d tablespoonfuls in a pint of water4 ,this should be applied with a wet cloth to the diseased parts4 ,,farcy4--,see ,glanders4 ,,fever4--,any rise in temperature above the normal4 ,it is1 as a rule1 a symptom of the body's reaction to some form of infection4 ,it is1 therefore1 not a disease in itself1 but an indication of some disorder occasioned by infection or poison4 ,to treat fever is not so necessary as to remove the cause that brought about the disturbance in the first place4 ,it follows from this that fever is not a cause1 but a result4 ,germs come first1 and fever is only a sign that tells of their presence4 ,another thing brought to light in reference to fever is this3 ,germs are less active1 their vital energy is weakened and their power lessened when the heat in the body is increased4 ,consequently they are less active in their destructive tendencies as the temperature rises4 ,fever is1 therefore1 a provision of self-defense1 and the body's plan of bringing its forces together to battle against the germ foes that have invaded it4 ,just what degree of temperature is to be considered is difficult to establish4 ,many things enter into the problem1 like exercise1 age1 food1 and mode of living4 ,in general1 however1 any special rise above the normal1 whatever that may be1 is the signal of danger and infection4 ,a rise of a degree or two indicates a mild disturbance1 hence a mild fever2 an elevation of two or three degrees indicates a slight fever2 of four or five1 of considerable fever2 and if six or seven1 of high fever4 ,when the elevation reaches #ajh degrees1 the limit of life has just about been reached4 ,in some diseases there is a regular alternative between morning and evening temperatures4 ,in others1 the course is continuous1 with slight variations1 while in others the course is intermittent4 ,in this last named it varies at different portions of the day1 but reaches a normal at a certain time each day4 ,the pulse-rate usually bears a certain relation to the height of the disease4 ,consequently the pulse should be taken in connection with the fever height indicated by the thermometer4 ,a fast pulse and a high fever in general is more serious than a high fever with a pulse only slightly above the normal number of beats4 ,there are exceptions to this however1 as1 for instance1 in cerebro-spinal meningitis4 ,in the early stages of fever1 the development cannot at the moment always be decided4 ,in many cases little treatment1 if any1 will be necessary4 ,the caution should be observed1 nevertheless1 of ascertaining the cause of the disturbance1 if possible4 ,in any case1 simple cathartics can be given1 good air provided1 nourishing feed supplied1 and time allowed for careful observation of the system and of the actions and movements of the animal4 ,,fistulae4--,a chronic discharge from some tubelike channel1 with no tendency to heal4 ,fistul are most common in horses4 ,they may be located on the withers 7fistulous withers71 on the side of the face 7tooth fistul71 on the breast bone 7sternal fistul71 or on the lower jaw 7salivary fistul74 ,fistulous withers are caused from some external injury 7the animal rolling on a rock1 ill-fitting collars1 the saddle pressing on the withers1 or from being struck by a club74 ,tooth fistul are caused by a decayed tooth4 ,the pus in trying to get out of the body takes the easiest course and eats through the bones of the face and escapes1 causing a chronic discharge4 ,a sternal or breast fistula is caused by some sharp object being run into the breast and striking the breast bone1 injuring it and causing decay and pus formation4 ,a salivary fistula is caused by an injury to the tube which carries the saliva from the gland to the mouth4 ,symptoms of ,fistulous ,withers4--,at first a large swelling appears on one or both sides of the withers4 ,in about a week this enlargement becomes soft1 and the fluid contained in it can be distinctly felt4 ,if left to itself the swelling gets larger and softer1 and in a month or so breaks and discharges the contents4 ,the fluid that comes from the swelling is first thin and streaked with blood2 later it contains yellow-appearing masses4 ,the last material is the pus4 ,the sack that formed at the time the fistula was caused is a hard1 firm membrane4 ,this keeps the wound from healing4 ,for this reason the discharge becomes chronic4 ,the wound may heal and there will be no pus discharged for a month1 then the old opening will be broken and the pus will flow out again until the sack is emptied4 ,this healing of the wound and then breaking again may be kept up for years1 unless the disease is properly treated4 ,as a general rule1 the affected animal runs down in flesh4 ,illustration3 ,,fistulous ,,withers ,sometimes only the skin and tissue immediately under it become affected4 ,in such cases little trouble need be anticipated2 but if the cause is not removed1 the deeper structures1 muscles and bones1 may become diseased4 ,treatment for fistulous withers consists of opening the swelling and inserting muslin strips that have been dipped into terchloride of antimony4 ,insert one and remove1 inserting another and leave in the opening for three or four hours4 ,repeat this operation every four or five days for a month4 ,in addition rub on the outside of the swelling once every two weeks a mixture made of #b teaspoonfuls of cantharides and #d tablespoonfuls of lard4 ,the tooth fistula usually calls for the removal of the tooth and thorough disinfection of the opening from the face through to the mouth4 ,with a sternal fistula the diseased bone may need to be scraped and then antiseptic washes used daily4 ,the salivary fistula is more difficult to treat4 ,better have the veterinarian to examine1 and an operation may be necessary4 ,,fits4--,some horses are subject to fits1 and with them it is incurable4 ,these should not be driven1 because1 when the attack comes on1 injury may result to the animal itself and to the occupants in the carriage4 ,the cause of the difficulty may be overfeeding1 bad circulation or indigestion4 ,when an attack occurs the best treatment is to throw cold water over the head4 ,if this attack is repeated you had better consult a veterinarian4 ,,flatulent ,,colic4--,see ,colic4 ,,fleas4--,fleas are always a nuisance and always disagreeable4 ,they live in dry1 filthy quarters and associate with dogs1 hogs1 and chickens4 ,to keep fleas away or to destroy them when at hand1 clean the quarters occupied by the animals1 destroy the bedding and add lime and disinfectants4 ,dogs may be washed in a creolin solution of1 say1 #b tablespoonfuls of creolin to each pint of water4 ,to disinfect chicken1 hog1 and horse pens use in a hand spray any of the so-called sheep dips or other preparations manufactured for lice1 itch1 mange1 or insect troubles4 ,,flies4--,these pests are a nuisance on every farm4 ,while they do not directly cause death they greatly worry and irritate farm stock1 especially in summer1 and in this way greatly affect the results whether along dairy or beef lines4 ,it would be impossible to estimate the misery these pests inflict on the stock of the country during a single year4 ,aside from the pain that flies inflict on domestic animals1 they are carriers of disease1 both to the human family and the beast family4 ,a great many common infectious diseases are spread by flies1 including such serious diseases as typhoid fever and tuberculosis4 ,the only treatment is in way of prevention4 ,as the breeding places are in filth and manure1 it follows that if these be destroyed or removed1 and not permitted to accumulate1 the floods of flies will disappear4 ,the fly remedies now on the market are excellent4 ,when sprayed about the stable premises and on the animals the flies stay away until the application evaporates4 ,darkened stables are not attractive to flies1 and by this means the nuisance and annoyance is minimized4 ,,flukes1 ,,liver4--,see ,liver ,flukes4 ,,foot ,,and ,,mouth ,,disease4--,this malady generally affects ruminants1 but1 although found most often in cattle1 sheep1 and goats1 it may be transmitted to swine1 and1 in some instances1 to horses1 dogs1 cats1 birds1 or human beings4 ,in most cases where proper disinfection is made the animal recovers in about #ae days4 ,the most dangerous thing about foot and mouth disease is the fact that it spreads so rapidly4 ,the virus which transmits the disease may be carried by railroad cars1 bedding1 feeds1 dairy products1 dogs1 cats1 birds1 or persons4 ,a dog running through a pasture may be the means of infecting a whole herd4 ,the cause of the disease has not been satisfactorily determined1 but it is definitely known that the virus which reproduces the disease comes from the ulcers and natural secretions and excretions of the body1 such as milk1 saliva1 perspiration1 feces1 urine1 and exhalation4 ,the contagion is not harmful when dried4 ,infected animals lose the power of transmitting the disease when the ulcers of the mouth1 feet1 and udder have healed4 ,in from three to five days after infection the animal has a moderate fever4 ,the appetite is lost and the mouth is kept closed4 ,there is a dribbling of saliva1 and in two or three days yellowish-white spots the size of a hemp seed appear on the gums1 the lower surface of the tongue1 lining of the mouth and on the lips4 ,these eventually attain the size of a silver dollar4 ,they run together1 burst and form painful1 foul-smelling ulcers4 ,at this stage the saliva is more profuse and ropy and the animal makes characteristic smacking noises with the mouth4 ,infected animals lose flesh rapidly1 in some cases as much as #ajj pounds in eight or ten days4 ,the milk is thick1 yellowish-white1 has a bad taste1 and is with difficulty made into cheese or butter4 ,the reduction in milk yield during the sickness and for some time after recovery is #ej to #ge per cent4 ,usually1 a short time after an appearance of the disease in the mouth parts1 there is a redness1 heat and swelling of the skin at its junction with the hoof and especially between the toes and upon the soles of the foot4 ,similar ulcers to those on the mouth appear on the feet and soon burst4 ,the animal becomes lame and moves stiffly and lies down a great deal4 ,these ulcers ordinarily heal up in one or two weeks4 ,in some cases the animal dies suddenly1 in others lingers a few hours with difficult breathing and discharge of blood from the nose1 and finally dies of paralysis of the heart and lungs4 ,in still other cases emaciation and reduction of milk flow is the only bad result4 ,sometimes ulcers form at the root of the horn and cause the horn to drop off4 ,owing to the nature of the disease1 its contagion and danger1 treatment should be in line of prevention and in destruction of infected animals4 ,while the disease yields to treatment1 our best suggestions when the disease is suspected is in notification to the state officers and in securing the services of a veterinarian who will be able to advise what is best to do4 ,illustration3 ,,foot ,,rot ,a disease usually associated with sheep4 ,it is sometimes so serious that the entire hoof rots away4 ,,foot ,,puncture4--,see ,wounds and ,their ,treatment4 ,,foot ,,rot ,,in ,,sheep4--,a chronic inflammation of the foot1 marked by ulceration1 softening of the hoof1 lameness1 and the discharge of a sticky material which has a very fetid odor4 ,it is a contagious disease1 and is produced by a germ that lives in the soil and gains entrance to the feet through wounds and surfaces chafed by barbed grasses and stones1 or by gritty clay1 which becomes lodged between the toes and hardens there4 ,the first symptom is a slight lameness4 ,if the affected foot be examined1 that part just above the horny part of the cleft of the foot1 either in front or behind1 will be found inflamed1 feverish1 and moist4 ,erosions or ulcers soon appear1 generally on the heel4 ,these penetrate the foot and burrow beneath the horny parts1 causing fistulous tracts from which exudes a foul-smelling pus possessing an odor sufficiently characteristic to indicate the disease in a flock1 even without a close examination4 ,in time1 the foot becomes greatly overgrown and deformed1 the hoofs increasing in length and curling upward4 ,in bad cases1 the suffering is so great the animal lies down most of the time1 but when only the front feet are diseased1 it will crawl around on its knees4 ,that the disease is contagious is shown by the fact that it generally starts in one foot and spreads to the others1 and1 at the same time1 the feet of other sheep in the same flock become diseased in the same way1 the outbreak covering a period of several months4 ,in cases that recover spontaneously the foot is deformed and the joint is stiffened4 ,it is only in virulent outbreaks where all the feet are diseased1 or where some complication1 such as maggots1 is present1 that deaths occur4 ,having as its cause a microbe1 it is proper to take measures of prevention as well as cure4 ,in purchasing sheep1 it is highly advisable to keep them isolated for a week1 as a test4 ,all overgrown hoofs should be trimmed4 ,sores or wounds1 from any cause1 should be carefully disinfected daily4 ,low1 boggy lands should not be used as pasture for sheep1 and dirty1 unsanitary pens should be made sanitary1 as these all predispose to an outbreak of the disease4 ,as treatment1 first isolate all affected animals4 ,mild cases are best treated by making the sheep stand for several minutes daily in a trough containing a disinfectant1 or1 better still1 by arranging the trough of suitable length with fenced-up sides and a widened entrance1 so the sheep can be easily started into the inclosure and made to wade through the disinfectant4 ,in bad cases and where the hoof is underrun with pus1 the horn and all overgrowths must be cut away so as to expose the diseased parts to the action of the disinfectant4 ,the foot should then be dried1 dusted with finely powdered burnt alum1 and bandaged to keep out the dirt4 ,this antiseptic treatment of the feet must be kept up daily as long as the disease exists4 ,any of the following may be used3 #a pound chloride of lime to #ab quarts of water2 #a pound of pure carbolic acid to #d gallons of water2 a solution of creolin2 a coal-tar disinfectant of the same strength2 or any good sheep dip containing these substances in the proper amounts4 ,,founder4--,an inflammation of the sensitive or soft structures between the hoof and bones of the foot4 ,the popular belief that founder is to any extent in the legs and chest is probably an error4 ,the disease is in the feet1 and those symptoms which make it appear as a stiffness in the legs and shoulder are but the natural results of soreness in the feet4 ,the same statement might be made regarding those cases which are popularly described as 8stove up in the shoulder40 ,instead of the soreness being in the shoulder in these cases1 it is generally in the feet1 or at least below the knee4 ,it is somewhat difficult to explain how those influences or causes which are known to produce founder bring about that condition1 but observation shows clearly that an irritation of the digestive tract1 or in fact1 any extensive irritation of any mucous surface1 may produce an inflammation of the sensitive lamin of the feet2 that is1 founder4 ,therefore founder may be produced by a change of feed or excessive feeding1 a change of work or excessive work which results in exhaustion1 large quantities of feed or water when warm or fatigued1 sudden changes of temperature such as cooling too fast when sweating1 and a long drive on hard roads1 especially without shoes4 ,excessive purging or diarrha may also produce it4 ,founder also occasionally results from irritation of foaling1 but this is not common4 ,there is no essential difference in the nature of the disease determined by the particular agent or condition which causes it4 8,water founder10 and that produced by over-feeding1 concussion1 or extreme fatigue are1 in so far as the character of the disease is concerned1 one and the same thing4 ,illustration3 ,,founder ,in bad cases of founder the foot shrinks from the wasting of the sensitive substances4 ,a typical foundered foot is pictured here4 ,founder ,may ,occur in the fore or hind feet or in both2 but generally the fore feet are those affected4 ,a stiffness and disinclination to move are perhaps the first symptoms noticed4 ,the position in which the animal stands is characteristic4 ,the fore feet will be placed well forward1 so that the weight will be borne by the heels1 while the hind feet are brought well up under the body in order to take as much weight off the front feet as possible4 ,this position gives a rather unsteady appearance to animal1 and the hind feet are frequently shifted in order to maintain as steady a position as possible4 ,from this fact founder is frequently mistaken by inexperienced persons for a disease of the kidneys4 ,the body temperature is usually considered increased2 that is1 there is fever--as it is generally expressed--due to inflammation in the feet4 ,as is usual in the first stages of inflammation1 the pulse beat is increased in frequency and force4 ,an increase of heat in the feet1 with a manifestation of pain when the hoofs are tapped with a hammer1 are1 when taken with all the foregoing facts1 sufficient evidence of founder4 ,when founder occurs in one foot1 however1 as it sometimes does1 the diagnosis may be more difficult for the inexperienced4 ,when it occurs only in the hind feet the position which the animal takes will not be different from that taken with founder in only both fore feet but from different causes4 ,the hind feet are brought well forward under the body1 but for the purpose of throwing such little weight as is borne on them on the heels4 ,the ,feet ,should ,be ,kept ,moist4--,remove the shoes and apply moisture to the feet4 ,the latter may be done by standing the animal in water five or six inches deep each day1 several hours at a time1 or by the application of a poultice of wheat bran or some such material1 or by wrapping the feet with cloths and keeping them thoroughly saturated with water4 ,the animal should always be encouraged to lie down and take the weight off his feet1 which is beneficial4 ,when this occurs1 a poultice of some sort must be used to apply moisture to the feet4 ,it may be applied by the use of a sack large enough to envelop the foot and hold sufficient of the poultice to retain the moisture for some time4 ,this application of moisture to the feet should be continued until the severity of the inflammation and the lameness have subsided4 ,unless the founder be due to excessive purgation1 a quart of raw linseed oil should be given as a purgative4 ,during the first #dh hours from #cj to #dj drops of tincture of aconite may be given every three or four hours4 ,four tablespoonfuls of nitrate of potash 7saltpeter7 should also be given three times a day in the feed or on the tongue4 ,if the lameness continues after the acute symptoms have subsided1 a rest of several weeks on a soft pasture and the application of a blister around the top of the hoof are recommended4 ,the following mixture has been useful as a blister3 ,red iodide of mercury1 #a part2 lard1 #d parts2 cerate of cantharides1 #d parts4 ,apply around the top of the hoof1 except at the heels1 and rub for #aj to #ae minutes4 ,the animal should be tied so that it cannot get its mouth to the blistered part for several hours after the medicine has been applied4 ,,chronic ,,founder4--,in a majority of cases the above treatment will be followed by a good recovery1 but an animal once foundered is probably more likely to suffer from a subsequent attack4 ,if the lameness does not entirely disappear in a week or ten days1 it is seldom that a complete recovery takes place4 ,in such cases the animal is likely to remain unfit for road work and to continue to show more or less soreness4 ,these are the cases that are later said to have 8chest founder10 or 8stove up in the shoulder10 owing to the fact that the muscles of the chest waste away from lack of free use4 ,in some cases still more serious results follow an acute attack of founder4 ,the inflammation may be so severe that there is separation between the hoof and structures1 the formation of pus1 and a descent of the central organs of the foot1 which causes a bulging of the sole4 ,in such cases1 even though recovery takes place to such an extent that it is advisable to allow the animal to live1 it is not fit for work1 and can only be used for breeding purposes4 ,,fowl ,,cholera4--,see ,chicken ,cholera4 ,,gapes4--,a symptom caused by worms in the windpipe2 oftenest seen in young chicks and turkeys4 ,birds droop1 cough1 and lower their wings4 ,a feather moistened1 but not dripping1 with kerosene or oil of turpentine is the commonest remedy4 ,cleanliness of food1 water and quarters is the great preventive4 ,poultry men who keep their chicks on ground not used for chick raising the previous year1 and who insist on strictest cleanliness1 report highly satisfactory results in avoiding gapes4 ,,garget4--,a swelling1 accompanied by inflammation of the udder4 ,it may be caused by kicks or blows1 by germs getting into the udder1 or as a result of holding the milk too long4 ,do not use the milk when the udder is affected4 ,for garget rub with hot camphorated oil twice a day4 ,give as medicine #h tablespoonfuls of hyposulphite of soda each day1 either in the feed or in a drench4 ,keep up the treatment for two weeks4 ,,gastritis4--,a rather uncommon disease in domestic animals and the result of a disturbance in the stomach1 with inflammation following1 caused by irritating substances1 usually of a poisonous nature4 ,a common symptom is nausea and pain like colic4 ,indeed1 the ordinary outward signs of colic are observed4 ,at first the pulse is strong1 which weakens1 and runs rapidly1 from #hj to #ajj beats a minute4 ,as the disease progresses the pulse becomes irregular and the animal dull and listless4 ,treatment consists of simple agents4 ,if the disturbance is due to some potassium compound1 give oil2 if to ammonia1 give vinegar2 if from turpentine1 give oil and opium1 the opium in teaspoonful doses every couple hours4 ,after recovery1 let only easily digested food be provided4 ,,gid ,,in ,,sheep4--,a disease of the brain due to a worm in the brain substance4 ,this worm1 known as the bladder worm1 is a form of the tape-worm of the dog at an early stage of its existence4 ,the eggs of this worm1 on being swallowed1 are hatched in the stomach1 from which they enter into the circulation1 finally lodging in the brain and spinal cord4 ,those that lodge elsewhere1 as in the heart and lungs1 grow for a time and then disappear4 ,the most conspicuous symptom is the staggering1 stupefied condition of the affected animal4 ,in walking1 if a single side is affected1 a circle is described4 ,the feet are raised as if the animal did not see well4 ,in many cases blindness results4 ,the growth of the worm is somewhat rapid4 ,in about three weeks after the appearance of the disease a softened condition of the skull results1 which may be found by pressing the fingers over it4 ,from this it will be observed that there is practically no treatment for animals affected4 ,occasionally the skin is accidentally broken over the point where the worm is encysted1 out of which it emerges and the sheep recovers4 ,treatment1 therefore1 is along the line of this natural recovery4 ,find the soft spot by pressing the fingers over the skull1 then introduce the trocar and canula4 ,withdraw the trocar1 apply a syringe to the canula1 and withdraw the contents of the cyst within4 ,of course1 inflammation of the brain may set in and the sheep die from this1 or another worm may be present and grow1 thus causing continued disease4 ,inasmuch as the bladder worm of sheep is a stage of the tape-worm of the dog1 it follows that destroying all affected sheep1 so as to prevent the dogs from becoming reinfested from it1 is the only really safe and satisfactory method of warding off the trouble4 ,,glanders4--,a contagious disease peculiar to the horse1 ass1 and mule1 and may be communicated to human beings1 and also sometimes to carnivorous animals in menageries1 by means of infected horse flesh1 and also by means of inoculation to field mice1 guinea pigs1 dogs1 cats1 goats1 rabbits1 and sheep4 ,pigs are not readily susceptible and cattle appear to be immune4 ,like all diseases of a contagious or infectious character1 glanders is due to a specific organism1 known as the bacillus malleus4 ,the external manifestations of glanders differ and consequently the disease is spoken of as glanders or farcy1 depending upon the symptoms presented4 ,the disease is known as glanders when the horse suffering from it has a discharge from the nose1 ulcers on the septum nasi 7the partition dividing the nasal cavities7 and enlarged submaxillary glands1 and is known as farcy when the affected animal has farcy 8buds0 or ulcers on the skin1 and corded lymphatic vessels running from one 8bud0 to another4 ,in farcy1 the corded lymphatics1 8buds0 and ulcers on the skin are very apt to be on the inside of one hind leg or the other1 but may appear on the inside of a fore leg1 or on the neck or body4 ,farcy was1 in olden times1 thought to be a different disease from glanders1 and was believed by many to be curable1 while glanders has always been generally believed to be incurable1 but it is now known that farcy is simply one manifestation of glanders4 ,it has been found that a horse with glanders may give another farcy1 and vice versa4 ,guinea pigs inoculated with the discharge from a glandered horse's nose will develop glanders1 and pure cultures of the glanders bacillus can be obtained from them1 and in a similar way if guinea pigs are inoculated with the discharge from a sore on a horse with farcy glanders may be produced in these little experimental animals1 and upon post mortem examination pure cultures of the glanders bacillus can be obtained from the lesions of the disease produced in them4 ,glanders and farcy may again be divided into two forms1 acute and chronic glanders1 and acute and chronic farcy4 ,in the acute form the disease develops rapidly1 the lesions form more speedily and with greater rapidity than in the chronic form and the animal loses strength and condition and dies within the course of a few weeks1 sometimes in the course of a week or two4 ,it is not unusual to meet with an animal showing symptoms of both glanders and farcy1 especially in the acute form4 ,in the chronic form the symptoms are not so well marked1 and a horse may go for months keeping in fairly good condition and able to do its work1 the disease developing very slowly1 and at times showing a tendency to recover2 yet such an animal is a source of danger to other horses1 and also to the man taking care of him or driving him4 ,a horse with chronic glanders1 or farcy1 may give the disease to another in an acute form1 especially if the other one is more susceptible for some reason1 such as a less strong constitution or being run down by hard work4 ,post mortem examination of horses with glanders1 or farcy1 nearly always reveals the presence of glanders nodules or tubercles in the lungs1 and1 in many instances1 there is no doubt but what a horse may have the tubercles of glanders in his lungs for some time before showing outward symptoms of the disease1 and in many cases the primary lesions of the infection occur in the lungs4 ,a horse with lung glanders may be a source of danger to other horses and cause disease in them and yet go unsuspected for some time4 ,a case is said to have occurred in ,boston a number of years ago where a hack horse lost eight successive mates with glanders2 he was finally killed and his lungs were found to be full of glanders nodules1 and yet he never showed any external symptoms of glanders4 ,such cases could be cited in large numbers if space permitted1 but one example will answer4 ,illustration3 ,,bad ,,case ,,of ,,glanders ,the farcy form is shown here4 ,the animal has not long to live4 ,except for experimental purposes1 every horse having glanders should be killed as soon as the disease is discovered4 ,a horse with lung glanders may have a little dry1 spasmodic cough1 may look somewhat unthrifty1 and if the temperature were taken it might be slightly above normal1 say1 #aja degrees to #aja1 the normal temperature being #ajj degrees4 ,yet such an animal might do its work1 last for a long time and not be suspected as a source of danger until several cases had occurred in the stable1 for which it was difficult to account4 ,while a well-marked case of glanders or of farcy is not difficult of diagnosis1 there are many obscure cases which escape detection for some time4 ,if a horse has a well-marked discharge from one or both nostrils1 with characteristic chancres visible upon the mucous membrane of the septum nasi1 and hard enlarged submaxillary glands in the intermaxillary space1 it is not a difficult matter to diagnose such a case1 and any horseman ought to recognize it4 ,the same is true of a well-marked case of farcy4 ,when the lymphatic vessels on the inside of a leg1 especially a hind leg1 are swelled and corded1 with a chain of farcy buds along their course1 some of which have gathered and broken1 leaving a discharging open ulcer in the skin1 it is quite evident that the animal is suffering from farcy4 ,a peculiarity of glanders seems to be a tendency for the symptoms to appear on the left side2 in many cases of glanders the discharge and ulceration is in the left nostril1 and the left submaxillary gland is enlarged2 and in a large number of the cases of farcy met with it is the left hind leg that shows the lesions of the disease4 ,in obscure cases of glanders or farcy the diagnosis is not always so easy1 even for experts1 and then other methods for determining the trouble have to be resorted to4 ,these are the guinea pig test and the mallein test4 ,the guinea pig test consists of inoculating one or two of these little animals with the discharge from a suspected horse's nose1 or from a farcy sore4 ,if they should develop glanders it would be proof positive that the suspected horse had this disease2 if they do not develop glanders it is not always positive proof that the suspected horse is free from the disease4 ,sometimes more than one test is necessary1 or another method of diagnosis may have to be resorted to4 ,this is the mallein test4 ,mallein is a product made from cultures of the glanders bacillus analogous to tuberculin as made from cultures of the tubercle bacillus1 and is used for testing horses for glanders much as tuberculin is used for testing cattle for tuberculosis4 ,a horse infected with glanders will react to a mallein test in much the same way as a cow infected with tuberculosis will react to the tuberculin test4 ,it is not customary in some states to kill a horse that reacts to mallein unless it shows some clinical evidence of disease4 ,all horses that show clinical evidence of glanders or farcy in some states are killed by the state authority1 and the law requires persons knowing or suspecting cases of this kind to report in writing to the chief of the cattle bureau of the state board of agriculture or to the inspector of animals in the city or town where the disease is believed to exist1 except in some cities where the city board of health has full charge of glanders and farcy4 ,anyone selling1 removing1 transporting1 or concealing a horse knowing or having reasonable cause to believe it has glanders or farcy is in most states liable to a heavy penalty4 ,in stables where glanders exists1 in some cases1 all the horses are tested and divided2 the reactors are separated from the non-reactors1 and those that react are tested once a month until they cease to react1 or show physical indications of glanders and are killed4 ,used in this way mallein seems to have a curative effect on incipient cases1 and has been very successfully used in freeing infected stables from the disease4 ,when a horse is killed because it has glanders or farcy the stall should be thoroughly disinfected where it has been kept1 as well as the harness1 blankets1 currycomb and other utensils1 and anything that cannot be easily disinfected ought to be destroyed4 ,public watering troughs where the horse has been watered should be emptied and cleaned out1 and the blacksmith ought to disinfect his shop where the horse was shod4 ,there are various diseases that may be taken for glanders or farcy1 and there have also been numerous instances where glanders has been taken for something else2 for instance1 chronic nasal catarrh4 ,what many old-time veterinarians used to call chronic nasal catarrh or nasal gleet1 were1 in many instances1 if not in nearly all1 cases of chronic glanders1 and when one of these cases of nasal gleet was rounded up in a locality1 glanders disappeared in that neighborhood4 ,a horse with a chronic discharge from the nose as the result of a decayed tooth may sometimes be mistaken for a case of glanders1 and also a horse with distemper or strangles2 but the latter generally recovers soon1 and in strangles the gland under the jaw softens and breaks and discharges while in glanders the gland remains firm and hard and generally not sensitive to manipulation4 ,there is a disease that has been troublesome in ,pennsylvania and parts of ,ohio the last two years called suppurative lymphangitis or epizootic lymphangitis1 which may be mistaken for farcy1 but animals suffering from it do not react to mallein1 and guinea pigs inoculated with the discharges do not develop glanders4 ,there is not much glanders in the ,eastern states1 except in the cities1 and the disease is not of a great deal of interest to farmers1 except to avoid purchasing animals with it at some of the unreliable sales stables4 ,where a case occurs on a farm1 except on some market gardener's farm near a city1 it is found1 as a rule1 that the horse was purchased at some unscrupulous dealer's stable in the city1 and1 in some instances1 other horses on the farm are infected1 and the farmer not only loses his new acquisition1 but has two or three other horses killed besides that have become infected4 ,farmers buying new horses at city sales stables ought to endeavor to deal with only reputable concerns1 and to avoid cheats4 ,it is well to remember that a person cannot get something for nothing1 and it is not likely that anyone can buy a horse for #ej to #ge because it is afraid of elevated railroad trains that would otherwise be worth #cjj to #ejj1 or because a widow lady wants a good home for her late husband's old pet4 ,anyone buying horses from a fake coal company1 or a humbug ice company1 or an unknown express company that is just going out of business1 is liable to invite a serious disease to his farm4 ,,gravel ,,or ,,dirt ,,in ,,foot4--,a collection of pus1 or other fluid containing gravel or dirt4 ,it occurs most frequently in the foot1 and is associated with the horse and mule almost exclusively4 ,the cause may be from a bruise1 but more frequently it is due to a punctured wound of the foot by nail1 wire1 or other pointed object4 ,nearly always there will be dirt carried into the wound with the offending object or shortly after its removal4 ,this dirt1 infected with germs1 sets up an inflammation of the sensitive structures causing more or less lameness4 ,in many instances the nail hole becomes closed up and the collected matter may have to seek an outlet above the hoof4 ,to determine the trouble a very careful examination of the hoof should be made1 looking for any opening leading into the foot1 often detected by discoloration of the part1 or at an over-sensitive point in the foot4 ,treatment should consist in making or enlarging the opening at a dependent part of the hoof1 if possible1 so that all secretion formed in the wound can find a ready escape to the outside4 ,without free opening there is danger of tetanus 7lockjaw7 developing4 ,the wound should be thoroughly cleansed1 and washed with some mild disinfectant1 after which a small quantity of oil of turpentine should be injected1 and the wound packed with calomel or iodoform and covered with a pledget of cotton4 ,if the wound is very deep or extensive it may be beneficial1 after thoroughly cleansing the foot1 to apply a hot bran or flaxseed poultice4 ,use poultice for several days and change daily4 ,,grease ,,heel4--,a form of eczema that attacks the skin of the heel and fetlock4 ,sometimes the disease becomes so severe as to crack open1 from which blood oozes out4 ,a crust forms and later on becomes painful and disagreeable4 ,to remove the scurvy part that is noticed first1 apply a poultice1 made of wheat bran or linseed meal4 ,change the poultices two or three times during the day4 ,after removal each time wash with warm water1 in which has been put some carbolic acid or creolin1 and then apply the poultice again4 ,after the poulticing is ended apply a salve made of #d tablespoonfuls of oxide of zinc and #h tablespoonfuls of vaseline4 ,if indigestion seems to be associated in any way1 give the horse a dose of physic1 aloes being best for the purpose4 ,,grub ,,in ,,the ,,head4--,this condition is the presence of the larva 7worm stage7 of the sheep bot fly1 located in the frontal sinuses 7cavities7 of the head4 ,the trouble is confined to sheep and occasionally goats4 ,the so-called 8grub0 of the horse is found in its stomach1 while the 8grub0 of cattle is found along its back just underneath the skin4 ,the adult fly1 which lays the living 8sheep grub10 is of a yellowish-gray color1 slightly larger than a house fly4 ,during the warmer part of the summer days the fly goes about depositing its young in the nose of the sheep4 ,the young then work their way upward into cavities of the head between the eyes1 but not into the brain cavity4 ,here they attach themselves to the lining1 remaining when unmolested for some ten months1 then lose their hold and are sneezed out to the ground4 ,burrowing into the ground they enter the pupa or dormant stage1 when1 after a month or six weeks1 they emerge as adult flies to replenish their kind4 ,when few grubs are in the head little trouble may be observed1 but if more numerous may cause free discharge of dirty white or yellowish1 thick fluid1 loss of appetite1 frequent coughing and sneezing1 tossing of head and weakened gait1 and the animal may become too weak to rise1 and finally dies4 ,with a special instrument 7trephine7 bore a hole into the cavity containing grubs and remove them with forceps4 ,when they are present every year the sheep should be protected by keeping the nose smeared with tar during summer months4 ,this can be done by causing sheep to lick salt from holes in a trough after placing tar about the holes4 ,,hair ,,balls4--,true hair balls are seldom found in other animals than cattle1 resulting either from licking themselves or others2 but different kinds of indigestible balls or concretions are frequently found in cattle and other animals1 particularly the horse1 in the stomach or intestines4 ,dust balls are occasionally formed when animals are fed upon mill cleanings4 ,in sections where crimson clover is fed1 and frequently in over-ripe condition in large quantities1 balls are formed of parts of the indigestible heads4 ,again1 calcareous or mineral matter may accumulate about an indigestible substance as a nucleus4 ,these are not well-defined1 in many instances1 and the balls are often present without making it known4 ,so long as they do not irritate the bowel too much1 or do not occlude the opening from one portion of the bowel to another1 they are likely to escape notice4 ,in case they do obstruct the bowel they become serious obstacles1 the greater number of these cases terminating in death4 ,the symptoms then become those of colic from obstruction4 ,in many cases no relief can be given1 but attempts should be made to cause the obstruction to pass by giving mild purgatives and copious enemas4 ,,heaves4--,the term 8heaves0 is used to describe that disease of the horse which otherwise is known as 8broken wind10 or technically as 8emphysema of the lungs40 ,this ailment1 which is incurable when thoroughly established and to which a tendency is inherited by the offspring of an affected sire or dam1 is characterized by the following symptoms3 ,double1 bellows-like action of the abdominal muscles in breathing2 short1 suppressed cough1 usually accompanied by passage of gas from the rectum2 gluttonous appetite2 harsh1 staring coat of hair2 pot belly2 weakness2 lack of endurance1 sweating1 panting1 or staggering during work2 dilated nostrils2 frequent passage of gas and soft1 foul-smelling feces when starting from stable4 ,the disease begins with indigestion1 affecting in time the pneumo-gastric nerve of the stomach and then the branch nerves running to the lungs4 ,at first the air tubules and vesicles of the lungs become dilated 7aneurism72 later they may break down into large air spaces and the surrounding lung tissues become involved 7interlobular emphysema74 ,air then is easily inhaled1 but is exhaled with difficulty and the effort causes cough and expulsion of gas 7flatus74 ,the distress may be relieved by treatment1 but perfect recovery is impossible when the lungs have become badly affected4 ,treat by substituting wet oat straw for hay in winter and grass for hay in summer4 ,allow double the usual rest period after a meal4 ,work when stomach is not distended with food4 ,do not feed hay at noon4 ,use lime water to wet all food4 ,once or twice a week give raw linseed oil in a bran mash to open bowels4 ,give half an ounce of ,fowler's solution of arsenic night and morning4 ,do not breed from affected horses4 ,,heat ,,exhaustion ,,and ,,sunstroke4--,the horse that is stricken with heat exhaustion or which falls from heat1 apoplexy or 8sunstroke10 is sick or out of sorts at the time of attack2 otherwise he would withstand heat and work4 ,the middle horse of a three-horse team suffers most and is apt to succumb to the ill-effects of the combined radiation of heat from his mates and direct rays of the sun4 ,attacks are most apt to happen on the third or fourth day of a spell of intensely hot weather characterized by mugginess1 electrical storms and moisture-saturated air4 ,at such times the horse that has indigestion1 a heavy1 unhealthy coat of hair1 a skin or kidney trouble or any affection of the brain or heart is the one that must be most carefully watched and worked4 ,with the hope of preventing attacks feed light rations1 no corn1 no mashes1 no ground feed other than bran2 avoid green grass1 unless the horses are on it all of the time2 do not feed hay at noon2 allow cool1 pure drinking water often when horses are at work2 keep stables clean1 darkened1 screened1 and ventilated2 shade the polls of the horses' heads during work time and in such a way that air passes freely under the shading device4 ,in sunstroke the horse falls and soon succumbs4 ,in heat exhaustion he lags1 stops sweating1 pants1 staggers1 skin is dry1 nostrils dilated1 membranes of eyes and nostrils red4 ,high fever is present4 ,treat by keeping cold1 wet packs to the poll of head or letting a stream of cold water run over it4 ,shower body with cold water from a sprinkling can4 ,stand horse in shady place under a tree where air passes4 ,give stimulants freely in water as a drench every hour at first1 then less often as symptoms abate4 ,a suitable stimulant is whiskey in half pint doses1 or a mixture of one part of aromatic spirits of ammonia and two parts each of alcohol and sweet spirits of niter4 ,dose is two ounces in half pint water4 ,do not bleed horse or give aconite4 ,give half ounce doses of saltpeter in water twice daily as horse recovers4 ,call the veterinarian in sunstroke cases4 ,,hernia4--,a protrusion of any portion of the bowels or their coverings through a break in the walls of the abdomen4 ,a rupture1 for that is the popular term1 is most common in horses4 ,often at birth they are seen near the navel4 ,these disappear in a few months without any treatment being required4 ,in mature horses the usual causes are blows1 kicks or some violent effort that tears the muscular structure4 ,illustration3 ,,ventral ,,hernia ,it may occur in any part of the abdomen and varies in size with the extent of the rupture4 ,the characteristic symptom is the bulging out of the gut1 tumorlike2 and this often can be slipped back where it belongs4 ,if the rent be not closed1 even if the gut is returned1 the least bit of strain is liable to force it out again4 ,some kinds of hernia cause immense pain and the animal shows it4 ,in treating1 work the gut back to its place4 ,this done1 place a pad--a flat piece of wood or leather will do--over the wound and fasten in such a way as to keep it in place4 ,this should be worn for a month until recovery is complete4 ,such treatment will not serve in all cases of hernia4 ,an operation may be necessary1 which should be made only by a skillful veterinarian4 ,,hide-,,bound4--,this is not a disease at all1 but an indication of poor health1 more particularly of poor nutrition2 usually the result of indigestion1 improper food1 worms or want of proper exercise4 ,the skin is hard1 rough1 papery1 and cannot be picked up from the body with ease4 ,when the attempt is made1 it suggests that the body is too large for the skin4 ,of course treatment is in the nature of better food1 that proper nourishment may be secured4 ,a good physic will be proper to start with and then follow with a tonic1 easily assimilable food of a nature that will properly nourish the body4 ,,high ,,blowing4--,a sound produced in the act of breathing while the air is being expelled from the lungs during forced respiration4 ,it is a fluttering sort of a sound4 ,when horses are trotting or pacing the sound is essentially a nasal one1 and is not to be regarded as a state of unsoundness4 ,it is rather a measure of excitability1 and associated with horses of much spirit and good breeding4 ,,hip ,,joint ,,lameness4--,a disease of the hip1 caused usually by some injury as from a fall or kick4 ,a slight swelling is observed just over the hip1 and lameness when the animal walks or trots4 ,in severe cases1 the horse will hop and catch the lame leg4 ,the best treatment is absolute rest4 ,frequent applications of hot water are good4 ,after each application bathe with a solution made of #d ounces of water1 #b ounces of tincture of opium1 #b ounces of tincture of arnica and an ounce of belladonna4 ,if the lameness continues1 use a blister made of #b teaspoonfuls of cantharides and #d tablespoonfuls of lard4 ,allow the blister to remain for an entire day1 then wash off with soap and water and apply lard or vaseline4 ,repeat in a couple of weeks if necessary4 ,if the lameness disappears1 give the horse rest for several weeks4 ,,hipped4--,a fracture at the point of the hip4 ,the most common cause is striking the point of the hip against a door post or pole4 ,sometimes a kick is responsible4 ,while recovery follows1 as a rule1 from the very nature of the fracture1 there is no treatment that will remedy the broken point4 ,after the soreness has passed no inconvenience results2 only a blemish is observed4 ,,hog ,,cholera4--,the term hog cholera has become quite ambiguous1 partly on account of new discoveries concerning the cause of the disease and partly on account of what have been supposed to be two different but curiously related diseases being generally included under this general term4 ,until within a year or two we have supposed that there were two infectious diseases of hogs recognized under the general terms of hog cholera and swine plague4 ,it now seems probable that we will be able to do away with the term swine plague entirely4 ,the disease considered here answers to the following requirements3 7a7 ,infectious by association or other natural exposure2 7b7 the animal before death and the carcass after death show certain accepted symptoms which are clearly recognized as pertaining to cholera2 7c7 the blood is virulent and capable of reproducing the disease on inoculation into susceptible hogs2 7d7 attack and recovery confer immunity4 ,it is to be understood that we might easily have diseases among swine where characteristic 8a0 or even 8b0 might be present and yet the disease be not true hog cholera4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,attack ,,of ,,cholera ,one of the familiar attitudes assumed when the hog is affected with cholera4 ,when this far along1 not many cases of recovery are observed4 ,until within recent years ,american authorities1 bacteriologists and veterinarians alike1 have very generally accepted a certain germ1 the bacillus of ,salmon and ,smith1 as the specific cause of hog cholera and another somewhat similar germ as the cause of what was supposed to be a distinct but curiously related disease--swine plague4 ,but within a few years workers in the ,federal bureau of animal industry have apparently demonstrated that hog cholera is caused by a living germ so small that it passes easily through germ filters which remove all known forms of the bacillus of ,salmon and ,smith4 ,it may be interesting to note further that this new germ is so small as to be invisible to the highest available powers of the best microscope4 ,that it is a living organism and not a chemical poison may be very easily demonstrated4 ,the curious relations to this disease of the old bacilli of hog cholera and of swine plague are not well understood1 but it seems quite possible that they may play some part in the later development of the disease after the disease processes have been started by the invisible germ4 ,while our old theories and supposed information concerning the cause of hog cholera have been very much disturbed by newer work1 it is important to remember that hog cholera is now just as much as before to be recognized as a distinctly infectious disease4 ,it is important to remember also that this infection is absolutely necessary1 or there can be no cholera no matter how susceptible animals may be4 ,there can be no cholera without this primary and specific cause any more than there can be plants in our wheat fields without the previous presence of mustard seed4 ,conditions of soil and climate may favor a rank growth of mustard4 ,conditions of feed and keep may favor the development and spread of hog cholera4 ,they may decrease resistance and increase susceptibility1 but cannot originally cause the disease4 ,it is a rather common experience that hogs kept closely housed and fed1 especially with such foods as corn1 offer less resistance than do other hogs4 ,in our vaccine work we frequently find hogs of this type which die readily under inoculation with blood of low grade virulence4 ,hogs of hardier type may become slightly sick or not sick at all with inoculation from the same infectious material4 ,pampered show herds appear especially susceptible to both natural infection and artificial inoculation4 ,the farmer1 and for that matter the public in general1 should bear in mind that the cause of hog cholera is a living organism capable of enormously rapid self-multiplication--actual1 though very minute particles of matter4 ,this1 fully understood1 makes it apparent that infection may be carried in any way that other fine particles of matter may be carried4 ,it thus becomes very apparent that the infection may be carried by sick hogs or upon the legs and bodies of hogs not sick2 it may be carried in wagon boxes1 in hog racks1 in stock cars1 or upon shoes and clothing of people4 ,it is very evident that the infection may be carried down stream1 especially in small creeks1 and give rise to other outbreaks4 ,so far as the sick hog is concerned1 we are quite sure that the blood and the manure are thoroughly infectious and there can be no question concerning the infectiousness of fresh carcasses of dead hogs4 ,perhaps we should say first of all that we rarely get all of the accepted symptoms of hog cholera plainly shown in one case4 ,it is important to bear in mind that cases vary in virulence from those of very chronic type where hogs live for weeks and finally die or recover1 to very acute cases where they die overnight4 ,the hog coming down with cholera is usually sluggish at first1 lying around in the shade and refusing feed4 ,the hair may become rough4 ,the eyes early show symptoms of inflammation1 with a sticky discharge4 ,there is usually a suppressed cough4 ,the gait may become irregular and uncertain1 especially with the hind legs4 ,after these preliminary symptoms have been shown for a time1 the skin becomes red1 changing to purple1 especially noticeable in white-haired hogs4 ,the hog is then usually within a very few days of death4 ,as already explained1 not all cases are typical4 ,sometimes hogs die in an outbreak of cholera from undoubted hog cholera1 and yet the ante mortem or post mortem symptoms show very little upon which to base a diagnosis4 ,but we may easily demonstrate that these were cases of cholera by injecting their blood into susceptible hogs and by thus producing typical cholera4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,result ,,of ,,hog ,,cholera ,a post mortem of a hog dying from cholera will show ulcers like those pictured here4 ,look for them in the large intestine4 ,at the autopsy of an ordinary case of cholera the first and perhaps the most striking thing seen is the purpling of the skin4 ,on opening the carcass small blood spots may be found under the skin and in the fat cut through4 ,the glands along the intestines are intensely inflamed4 ,the mucous membrane of the stomach is frequently thickened and roughened and in chronic cases there may be ulcers4 ,on opening the intestines we see areas here and there of intense inflammation in the acute cases or numerous ulcers in cases of more chronic type4 ,in very acute cases we find areas intensely inflamed1 even bloody in places4 ,the slow chronic cases develop characteristic hog cholera ulcers4 ,these may appear at almost any point on the lining membrane1 but more particularly in the blind pouch and around the point where the small intestine connects with the large intestine4 ,on stripping off a very thin transparent membrane covering the kidneys1 a typical case of hog cholera will usually show minute red spots on the surface somewhat resembling the covering of a turkey egg1 which gives the common name of turkey egg kidney of hog cholera4 ,preventing the ,disease4--,clearly there are certain things which the owner of healthy hogs in a hog cholera district should do and a good many things which he should not do4 ,the same is equally true for the man who has sick hogs in a neighborhood where there are uninfected herds4 ,the owner of healthy hogs and his family should keep away from public stock yards1 from all pens and yards on other farms whether sickness among hogs prevails or not4 ,it may easily occur that a neighbor's hogs may appear well but have recently received the infection and be already capable of scattering the disease4 ,we do not know at what period in the development of this disease infected hogs become capable of disseminating hog cholera4 ,during a hog cholera season the owner of healthy hogs should institute something in the way of private quarantine and pleasantly1 perhaps1 but firmly1 ask visitors1 especially stock buyers and threshing machine crews1 to keep at a reasonable distance from the pens and yards4 ,it is safer for one man to have exclusive care of healthy hogs during the hog cholera season1 and this man should be very careful where he goes with reference to possible infection4 ,special fencing or other provisions should be made wherever practical to keep dogs out of the pens and yards1 for1 under certain conditions1 dogs become very active agents in spreading the disease4 ,the owner of a healthy herd should be very careful about buying in hogs for feeding or breeding purposes1 and1 in the ,western states especially1 all public stock yards and stock cars must be regarded as possible sources of spread4 ,hogs coming into the herd for breeding purposes1 if by rail1 should be shipped in other than stock cars1 and should not be unloaded so as to go through stock yards4 ,all new hogs coming on to a farm where the disease has not appeared1 should be kept carefully apart from the herd for from two to three weeks after arrival4 ,the disease may thus have time to develop1 if the animals have been infected before shipment or en route4 ,it is decidedly worth while to be careful about clean feeding1 for it seems probable that this is a common method by which infection enters the body4 ,this being the case1 troughs and feeding floors should be frequently disinfected with steam1 boiling water1 or a very dilute corrosive sublimate solution 7#a3a1jjj dissolved in water71 with the troughs subsequently rinsed out with plain water4 ,or the troughs and feeding floors may be disinfected with any of the coal tar disinfectants if they are used in sufficient strength4 ,these are not poisonous in any probable quantity which hogs would get4 ,a ,disastrous ,experience4--,the farmer should be especially careful about buying hogs out of stock yards4 ,some years ago a certain ,minnesota farmer purchased a lot of feeders from ,sioux ,city and took them home to his farm4 ,in about two weeks his hogs commenced dying4 ,a little later hogs previously on the farm began dying4 ,in a little while he was losing hogs at the rate of #be a day1 losing a total of about #bjj4 ,this loss of #bjj hogs was scarcely a drop in the bucket--too small for consideration in comparison with the loss which this outbreak cost the state1 for1 with some others coming into the state from ,iowa and ,nebraska1 this outbreak cost the state1 as carefully estimated1 about #a1bej1jjj during that one year4 ,as soon as the ,minnesota farmer here referred to realized that he had cholera and was liable to lose a large portion of his herd1 he shipped out a lot of fat hogs ready for market4 ,these were yarded for a time in the public stock yards of his town1 and one of them died while waiting for shipment4 ,this hog was left for a day or so in the yard4 ,later a carload of feeding hogs was shipped in from a point in ,south ,dakota1 where they had never had hog cholera4 ,these ,south ,dakota hogs were unloaded into the yards where the fat hog had died some time before1 and were sold out from there by auction4 ,it was a very interesting study to follow the resulting outbreaks2 but a very serious matter for the owner and for that entire portion of the state4 ,practically every farmer who bought hogs at this sale1 and very many of those who walked around the yards looking at the hogs1 but without buying1 had hog cholera on their farms in a very uniform period after the sale4 ,surely the moral of this tale is so self-evident as to need no further suggestion4 ,cleaning ,up4--,troughs and feeding floors1 at least1 and1 if practicable1 the hog house also1 should be kept clean and frequently disinfected during an outbreak4 ,when the outbreak appears to be over1 the owner must decide as to just what he will do in the way of disinfection and cleaning up1 or whether he will stay out of the hog business for a year and allow the infection to die out4 ,this is1 of course1 without regard for the possibility of putting in vaccinated and immune hogs4 ,feeding troughs and feeding floors and the hog house in general1 may be disinfected if of reasonably good construction1 by a thorough cleaning and then by one of the methods suggested under prevention4 ,if the sick hogs have been kept in an old straw shed or in an old hog house that is about ready to fall down anyway1 by all means the best method of disinfection is by burning4 ,without disinfection or burning the owner cannot be safe in putting in susceptible hogs within much less than a year after the last hog died or recovered4 ,the slow old chronic cases that go dragging around at the end of an outbreak should usually be killed and safely buried1 for it is rarely profitable to put such hogs in shape for market4 ,it might possibly be worth while to hold such a one over and nurse them along1 in case of valuable brood sows1 for hogs having recovered from cholera are usually immune for life4 ,brood sows which have had the disease and recovered usually give something more than natural immunity to their offspring4 ,but the degree of immunity so conferred is so variable in degree and uncertain otherwise that it cannot be depended upon as a routine method of establishing immune herds4 ,yards may be practically disinfected by plowing or by burning off a good layer of straw4 ,hog ,cholera ,vaccination4--,generally stated1 this vaccine consists of two parts3 7a7 ,blood serum from the body of a specially immunized hog2 and 7b7 virulent blood serum from the body of a hog about to die from cholera4 ,the general theory upon which this double vaccine is used is that of giving the animal an infectious disease and at the same time a treatment which enables the animal to resist the infection4 ,when the hog is through with it he is in exactly the same condition as though he had gone through a natural exposure and recovered4 ,general ,method4--,we start this work with certain hogs that are immune usually because they have passed through an outbreak4 ,it has been shown that when such immune hogs are treated with large injections of virulent blood under the skin or into a vein1 that they do not usually become sick1 but their own blood develops a peculiar property that gives protection to other hogs that are naturally susceptible4 ,when the blood or rather blood serum from this specially treated immune hog is injected into the bodies of healthy susceptible hogs1 the latter becomes likewise immune1 but the immunity so gained lasts only a short time1 possibly four to six weeks1 and is then gradually lost4 ,if we give a small injection of virulent blood at the same time1 or soon after the immunizing serum is given1 then the treated hog becomes immune for a long period1 perhaps for life4 ,the ,serum ,hog4--,the specially immunized hog which produces this immunizing serum is known as a hyperimmune1 and to save words will be hereafter mentioned as such4 ,the simply immune hog may be prepared for producing serum in either one of three ways4 7#a7 ,by three rapidly increasing doses of virulent blood serum injected under the skin at intervals of seven to ten days2 7#b7 by one enormously large injection of virulent serum under the skin2 7#c7 by injecting virulent blood in smaller doses directly into the blood circulation4 ,in this work an ordinary immune hog weighing #ajj pounds is given a quart of very virulent blood1 a teaspoon of which similarly injected would kill a hog that was not immune4 ,in other words the immune1 and especially the hyperimmune hog1 have developed certain properties in their blood antagonistic to hog cholera virus4 ,vaccination4--,we have two possible methods of vaccinating or immunizing susceptible hogs 7a7 ,serum only4 ,this is by the injection under the skin of serum from the body of a hyperimmune hog and gives immediate but temporary immunity lasting1 as already stated1 several weeks4 ,if this animal1 during the period of immunity1 is exposed to natural infection1 he becomes protected for a very long period1 perhaps for life4 7b7 ,simultaneous4 ,the second method of vaccination consists of injecting immunizing blood serum into one thigh and a small amount of disease-producing serum at the same time1 or soon after1 into the other thigh1 thus giving the animal the cholera and a cure for it at the same time4 ,if the immunizing serum is potent and the virulent serum is really virulent1 then the animal so treated becomes permanently immune4 ,the serum-only method is usually preferred in actual outbreaks and for hogs not yet sick1 because this gives immediate protection1 and the hogs1 being naturally exposed1 usually develop a permanent immunity4 ,the simultaneous method of vaccination is preferred where we are very confident of the serum's potency against the virulent blood1 and for hogs that have not yet been infected4 ,it may yet be found wise to use this method even in outbreaks4 ,vaccination ,does ,not ,spread ,cholera4--,every intelligent stockman who reads this will probably ask if there is not danger of scattering cholera by this simultaneous vaccination into districts where it has not yet appeared4 ,a considerable amount of direct evidence on this point is better than any amount of theorizing and personal opinions4 ,this evidence all agrees that unless the vaccinated hogs become distinctly sick as a result of the vaccination 7which can occur1 and does very often71 that there is practically no danger of disseminating the disease4 ,this is especially true since all hogs on the farm are supposed to have been treated and are immune1 and1 therefore1 incapable of developing cholera and so spreading the disease4 ,it does occur1 even with good serum1 perhaps1 that an occasional hog may become a little sick1 and very rarely even die1 as a result of vaccination4 ,but with good serum given in standard dose and virulent blood also given in proper dose1 the risk of this is so small that it may be safely disregarded and especially when all hogs on the farm or that may be exposed with such sick hogs have been treated4 ,,hollow ,,horn4--,a common term to denote a diseased condition of the blood4 ,the horn is not hollow and never is4 ,the old quack method of boring a hole in the horn with a gimlet and squirting turpentine into the orifice is both cruel and ridiculous4 ,while in fact the temperature of the horn is low1 it is because of the general poverty of the blood of the animal4 ,there is no merit in this kind of treatment4 ,the most common symptoms are general debility1 scanty flesh1 scurvy coat and coarse hair4 ,the appetite is also irregular and at times greedy4 ,treatment is in line of better food and general improvement of the system4 ,if lice are found on the body1 they must be destroyed by disinfectants and washes4 ,a tonic1 consisting of #b teaspoonfuls of sulphate of iron1 #a teaspoonful of powdered nux vomica and #d tablespoonfuls of ground gentian root given each day in the food or as a drench1 will be very helpful in toning up the system and in enriching the blood4 ,the most important factor of the treatment1 however1 is in nutritious1 wholesome food4 ,,hoof ,,cracks4--,see ,sand ,cracks4 ,,horn ,,fly4--,a small insect about half as large as the common house flies1 and very much like them in appearance4 ,horn flies swarm about the head and settle near the base of the horn1 where they bite and cause much irritation4 ,they also attack cattle on the back and sides and flank4 ,the fly mixtures that are commonly advertised1 and applied by means of a hand-spray1 are excellent for keeping the pests away4 ,a good home mixture to apply at the base of the horns is made of pine tar1 kerosene1 and fish oil4 ,use this in equal parts1 and apply with a brush4 ,,hoven4--,see ,bloating in ,cattle4 ,,hydrocephalus4--,see ,water in the ,brain4 ,,hydrophobia1 also called rabies and mad dog1 is an infectious disease caused by some invisible organism4 ,the disease is transmitted from one animal to another by the bite of an animal which is suffering with the disease or by direct inoculation4 ,it is more common in the dog than any other animal1 from the fact that dogs run at large and have a tendency to bite other dogs with which they come in contact while they are suffering with the disease4 ,the dog shows two forms1 furious and dumb4 ,in the furious form the animal at first seeks dark places1 but is usually restless and will move from one place to another4 ,this condition lasts for a day or two1 after which time he becomes more restless and may go #cj miles in a day4 ,he will drink water1 eat sticks1 stones1 and bite other dogs1 horses1 and cattle1 less often man4 ,this condition will last from one to four days1 and then the dog becomes partly paralyzed1 so that he can no longer swallow1 or his legs may be affected1 so that he will lie in one place1 and usually dies after a few days longer4 ,in the dumb form1 the animal seeks dark places1 is rather restless1 the throat and lower jaw become paralyzed1 he is unable to swallow or to close his mouth and1 therefore1 cannot bite4 ,sometimes they will change from one form of symptoms to the other4 ,in the horse the symptoms vary somewhat from those in the dog4 ,the horse is restless1 usually violent and will kick and bite1 oftentimes showing sexual excitement4 ,he may break his teeth on the manger and oftentimes bites his own flesh at the place where he has been bitten by the dog4 ,the symptoms usually develop in from eight to twenty-eight days after the animal is bitten1 but may not develop for six months4 ,the disease runs its course in from two to ten days1 with a fatal termination4 ,there is no treatment for the disease after the symptoms have developed4 ,in case man is bitten he should take the 8,pasteur0 treatment1 which is a preventive1 and it should be taken in a very short time after being bitten4 ,after the symptoms begin to show it is too late to take treatment4 ,,hydrothorax4--,see ,water in the ,chest4 ,,impaction ,,of ,,rumen4--,a continued distention of the rumen caused by large quantities of undigested material lodging in the rumen4 ,inflammation often results1 with distress and pain manifest4 ,if relief is not attained the walls of the rumen become paralyzed4 ,associated with the disturbances the animal is dull1 the left side swollen1 the breathing and pulse increase and the back aches4 ,when lying down1 the left side is always up4 ,in treating1 cold water dashed over the back and loins is recommended4 ,a strong physic of ,epsom salts and ginger will aid in stimulating the secretions and may bring relief4 ,if gas accumulates so as to threaten the life of the animal1 the trocar and canula should be used4 ,if these are not available1 use the knife1 as described for hoven or bloat4 ,in some cases the impaction becomes so pronounced as to resist ordinary treatment1 when extreme measures will be necessary if the animal is to be saved4 ,better call your veterinarian and open the rumen in order to remove the contents with the hand4 ,the operation is as follows3 ,at the point midway between the point of the hip and the last rib1 and down about four inches from the backbone1 an opening is made large enough to admit the hand4 ,after the opening is made the edges are stitched to prevent any material from getting between the skin and the rumen wall4 ,now remove the greater part of the accumulated material2 this done1 the rumen1 the muscles and the skin are each in turn stitched1 the wound dressed and the animal given stimulating medicines4 ,a splendid tonic consists of #d tablespoonfuls each of ginger1 tincture of gentian and tincture of iron4 ,give this tonic daily and until the animal has fully recovered4 ,,indigestion4--,failure to digest food with abdominal pains and indisposition resulting4 ,bad food and improper management are back of the trouble in most instances4 ,mild cases require no treatment4 ,a light1 laxative diet is desirable for stubborn cases4 ,if possible turn the animals on fresh grass4 ,jamaica ginger is generally prescribed for indigestion4 ,give #h tablespoonfuls in a pint of warm water three times a day as a drench4 ,follow this with condition powders1 or some good digestive tonic4 ,after recovery see that the diet is varied and that laxative and succulent foods are supplied4 ,,infectious ,,pneumonia4--,as the name indicates1 this is an infectious trouble frequently extending over considerable areas and occurs among both horses and cattle4 ,it is very similar in its action to ordinary pneumonia or inflammation of the lungs4 ,however1 it does not seem to be so acute in its action4 ,the same treatment is applied to cases of this kind as to ordinary pneumonia4 ,when its presence becomes known1 it is wise to remove all healthy animals to some other quarters4 ,this lessens the danger of infection to healthy animals4 ,after the disease has run its course1 remove all litter and manure from the stables1 thoroughly air out1 admit as much sunlight as possible1 and disinfect all walls and floors4 ,a coat of whitewash on the ceiling and walls is desirable4 ,the floors should be literally wet with disinfectant fluid1 which should be admitted to all cracks and open spaces4 ,,infectious ,,anemia ,,in ,,horses4--,see ,swamp ,fever4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,bowels4--,sometimes this disease is called enteritis4 ,it frequently follows severe cases of colic4 ,it is the result of inflammation caused by indigestible material lodging in the stomach and intestines of animals4 ,it may1 however1 result from other things that irritate the bowels4 ,when first noticed1 a general depression prevails1 with signs of pain in the bowels2 breathing is quickened and frequently a chill shows itself4 ,the horse acts very much as if he had a case of colic4 ,as the disease progresses the pain increases and the pulse rises4 ,in a few hours the pain becomes very severe and the animal is in great agony all over2 he breathes heavy1 the legs and ears are cold and clammy and the pulse very high4 ,in severe cases the pulse reaches to #ajj and #aje beats a minute4 ,the horse now is very ill indeed4 ,he shows great weakness4 ,it is very unlikely that he will survive more than a day or two4 ,the disease usually runs from ten to fifteen hours1 and unless there is a change for the better1 death results4 ,when far advanced there is little likelihood of successful treatment4 ,success lies only in early work1 taking the disease in time4 ,a satisfactory drench is made of #d tablespoonfuls of tincture of laudanum1 #aj to #ae drops of tincture of aconite1 #a tablespoonful of common soda1 and #a tablespoonful of ginger4 ,these are mixed in a pint of warm water and given as a drench4 ,repeat this every hour until the animal gets relief4 ,a mustard plaster gives relief when applied to the belly4 ,a physic is not considered advisable1 as it increases the inflammation--just what is not wanted at all4 ,the most rational treatment consists in allaying the pain4 ,opium in teaspoonful doses every hour until the pain is relieved is helpful4 ,some veterinary practitioners use #aj grains of morphia and #d tablespoonfuls of chloral hydrate in syrup and water for each dose4 ,this dose is repeated every two or three hours until the symptoms abate4 ,the diet should be carefully watched in diseases of this kind4 ,bran mashes made with linseed tea or slippery elm bark are suitable4 ,boiled food is better than uncooked food4 ,good water frequently and in small quantities is desirable4 ,skimmed milk is excellent and may be fed for a week or two at a time4 ,this food often effects a cure without any other aid4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,lungs4--,this is a common disease in farm stock4 ,the disease occurs most frequently in late fall or winter or early spring1 and is due to exposure while the animal is still warm and hot2 bad ventilation influences it4 ,authorities now generally believe it to be a germ disease and infectious4 ,one of the first things noticed is the shivering of the animal and then a fevered condition2 the animal seems to be hot1 then cold2 a peculiar breathing is noticed2 the pulse quickens1 ranges from #fj to #gj beats a minute2 the eyelids on the inside take a scarlet hue4 ,the animal does not eat1 stands up much of the time with the head down and the ears lopped over2 a grating sound is noticed when the ear is placed to the chest4 ,frequently distress is experienced in the bowels2 constipation follows and the temperature rises gradually until it reaches #aje degrees1 which is reached about the sixth or seventh day4 ,if recovery does not follow the appetite will disappear1 the mouth become cold1 the breath heavy and disagreeable and the pulse feeble1 frequently not noticeable at all4 ,after the case assumes a more favorable aspect1 an effort should be made to keep the animal comfortable and in as good condition as possible4 ,it is therefore advisable to keep it well blanketed1 the legs bandaged and rubbed4 ,the patient should be kept also in a warm stall where good air is available4 ,good food that is nourishing and easily digested should be provided4 ,sweet milk is good1 and raw eggs mixed in the gruel are excellent also4 ,a compress over the lungs does much good4 ,the compress should be made out of heavy cloth1 frequently rinsed in cold water and then placed over the lungs where they are covered with heavy1 dry cloths4 ,on recovery1 rub the sides of the chest so as to thoroughly dry the surface4 ,a mustard plaster1 after the compress has been removed1 is quite generally used4 ,a stimulating medicine may be given during the early stages4 ,use a drench1 consisting of #h tablespoonfuls of whiskey to #d tablespoonfuls of sweet spirits of niter4 ,if the animal is in very great distress1 give a drench every two or three hours consisting of #h to #aj drops of ,fleming's tincture of aconite1 #b tablespoonfuls of laudanum mixed with a pint of cold water4 ,after the animal is on the road to recovery1 stop the use of these medicines and give a tonic consisting of nitrate of potash or saltpeter and ground gentian root1 half and half4 ,give a teaspoonful three times a day4 ,while the animal is sick1 a little boiled flaxseed mixed with a soft food will keep the bowels regular4 ,it is not wise to give purgatives1 hence it is wise to give an injection consisting of warm soapy water1 so as to empty the bowels4 ,from two to four weeks of rest and care should be allowed for complete recovery4 ,,influenza4--,a specific disease of the horse affecting the mucous membrane of the air passages4 ,when the mucous membrane of the eyelids is affected1 pink eye results4 ,sometimes the mucous membrane of the intestines is affected1 in which case colic or inflammation of the bowels results4 ,the common cause is exposure to cold4 ,if no work be required1 plenty of fresh air be supplied1 no drafts admitted and careful nursing otherwise1 the disease will run its course in from two to three weeks and no medicines will be necessary4 ,in cases where considerable cough prevails1 the custom of putting a piece of camphor about the size of an egg in a pail of boiling water and holding the horse's head over it from a quarter to a half hour at a time is to be commended4 ,the bowels should be kept free and open4 ,any of the ordinary purgatives will do4 ,if weakness occurs1 give #d tablespoonfuls each of tincture of ginger1 ground gentian root and sweet spirits of niter in a half pint of water three times a day4 ,two tablespoonfuls of nitrate of potassium given once or twice each day in the drinking water is also desirable4 ,as the trouble abates1 the medicines suggested before may be dropped and in their place a teaspoonful of sulphate of iron and a tablespoonful of ground gentian root may be given daily in a bran mash or oatmeal gruel4 ,,intestinal ,,worms ,,in ,,horses4--,intestinal worms may be classed as large and small4 ,the large worms inhabit the small intestines1 and the small ones the large intestines1 the larger class of worms being more readily reached by worm destroyers than are the smaller ones1 as the small intestines begin at the stomach and as remedies leave the stomach1 the worm soon receives the dose prepared for it1 while if one dose has to pass through about #fj feet of intestines before reaching the smaller worms in the larger intestines1 much of the worm remedy is lost by mingling with the food1 and diluted by mixing with the digestive fluids4 ,thus what is a remedy for the large species of worms will have little effect upon the smaller ones4 ,as a farmer's dose for the larger species of worms1 none1 perhaps1 is better than the following3 ,oil of turpentine1 #b ounces2 extract or oil of male fern1 one half ounce1 mixed with #d ounces of castor oil and #h ounces of pure raw linseed oil1 with half a pint of new milk1 and given after the horse has fasted for about #ad hours4 ,repeat the dose in a week2 then follow with two worm powders1 common smoking tobacco1 eight ounces2 powdered worm seed1 #f ounces2 powdered sulphate of iron1 #d ounces2 mix with one-half pound each of salt and granulated sugar4 ,every morning before the horse is fed any other food1 place a heaping tablespoonful of the powder in four quarts of wet wheat bran and allow the horse to eat it2 continue for ten days and the horse will be practically rid of worms of the larger species4 ,colts should receive smaller doses in proportion to age4 ,the small worms need the worm powder to be given in the wheat bran every morning for fully two weeks4 ,then follow with an ounce dose of barbadoes aloes and a tablespoonful of ginger given by mixing with about #ab ounces of warm water and a gill of common molasses2 wait a week and repeat the powder treatment and follow with the aloes4 ,in a case of the very small or rectal worms 7pin worms7 always use rectal injections1 a good enema being made by steeping for two hours one pound of quassia chips in a gallon of soft water2 strain and add two ounces of common hard soap2 use the whole at once1 using at about blood temperature after the soap has dissolved4 ,repeat in three days and continue as long as worms are being brought away by the enemas4 ,,intestinal ,,worms ,,in ,,sheep4--,see ,stomach and ,intestinal ,worms in ,sheep4 ,,itch4--,see ,scab in ,cattle4 ,,jaundice4--,until of recent date the disease in the human so common at certain seasons of the year was unknown among animals1 or1 at least1 if present had never been discovered by the veterinary profession4 ,but be that as it may1 we are now finding it in plenty among horses of all ages1 from colts up to aged horses2 very prevalent among sheep1 and quite frequent among cattle4 ,the early writers on veterinary science usually attributed the cause to gall stones4 ,but that theory can hardly be tenable in this country1 where we find it essentially more prevalent on low1 marshy soils or on the hill lands that have been long unplowed1 where animals are pastured1 or hays are cut4 ,the general symptoms of it are a general dullness1 hanging of the head as though it ached1 or pressing the head1 if the animal be a bovine or sheep1 against the barn or stall4 ,the tongue will be found dry or covered with a thick1 sticky slime4 ,the membranes of the eyeball of a yellowish cast4 ,in horses the tongue will usually have a black coating4 ,the appetite in all animals is capricious4 ,they will eat well one day and scarcely touch food the next4 ,as a rule1 they will manifest great thirst1 yet will drink but little4 ,there are exceptions to this1 however4 ,the voidings are not uniform4 ,sometime the urine is quite high colored2 at other times not4 ,but1 as a rule1 it is scanty4 ,the feces are sometimes quite hard and covered with a shiny slime4 ,at other times there will be extreme looseness of the evacuations4 ,these last symptoms are to be well considered in using a treatment when the voidings are hard and slimy4 ,in case it is a horse that is ailing1 a physic of aloes should be given1 one ounce being the dose for a thousand pounds of horse1 and two teaspoonfuls of podophylin4 ,give this dissolved in water and pour down as a drench1 and follow with a bitter tonic for from two to four weeks1 or until the voidings are normal and all scurf is removed from the tongue4 ,as a tonic for this none is better than a mixture of powdered gentian root1 six ounces1 powdered golden seal #b ounces1 powdered sulphate of iron #d ounces1 well mixed in #a pound of common salt4 ,give in the feed a tablespoonful in ground oats three times a day1 until improvement takes place4 ,then drop to twice a day and later once a day4 ,in case of the bowels being very loose always give a pint dose of a mixture of castor oil #d ounces1 pure raw linseed oil #ab ounces4 ,then follow with the tonic powder named4 ,the symptoms in cattle are quite similar to those of the horse1 except the bovine's eyes usually discharge some1 yet not profusely1 and there are frequently puffy swellings beneath their lower jaws4 ,in case their bowels are abnormally loose1 give the oil as for the horse4 ,if constipated give from one to two pounds of ,epsom salts at one dose as the physic1 with the podophylin added as for the horse1 and follow with the same tonic powder4 ,in the case of sheep1 which are by nature constipated animals1 nothing equals a ten-grain dose of calomel1 followed the next day with a four or six-ounce dose of ,epsom salts 7sulphate of magnesia71 and as sheep are reluctant to eat any tonics in their feed1 we are compelled to pour their medicine down them4 ,mix together #d ounces each of the tincture of gentian1 golden seal1 ginger and iron1 and give a tablespoonful twice a day in a half pint of water4 ,but always give the calomel1 as it will clean out the liver of a sheep as no other known agent will4 ,the symptoms are much the same as in cattle4 ,begin treatment early or success will not follow4 ,,kidney ,,worms4--,the hog is mostly affected with these worms1 although they have been found in the dog also4 ,death does not1 as a rule1 follow the infestation unless in an aggravated form4 ,obviously there is no remedy4 ,illustration3 ,,kidney ,,worms ,,in ,,the ,,hog ,while worms are occasionally found in the kidneys1 they do not frequently cause disease or death4 ,,knee ,,sprung4--,a condition in which the knees bend forward as the result of contraction of tendons located along the back of the leg4 ,in aggravated cases the tendons should be cut4 ,if this is to be done only a skilled surgeon should be allowed to perform the operation4 ,,laminitis4--,see ,founder4 ,,lice4--,farm animals1 especially those housed in stables more or less infested with insects and vermin1 are commonly troubled with lice4 ,animals in good health resist the insects1 but those already in a non-thrifty condition do not fare so well4 ,lice cause a good deal of annoyance to farm stock1 inasmuch as they bite the skin1 suck out blood1 and thus cause considerable irritation4 ,lice can be seen with the naked eye4 ,infestation1 as a rule1 takes place in filthy quarters1 and the best means of disinfecting such places is by the use of a spray of kerosene4 ,one of the best means of applying this to hogs consists in rubbing posts1 which are constantly smeared with kerosene4 ,in this way the hogs are induced to treat themselves4 ,infected hogs may also be treated by pouring the kerosene directly over the infested parts1 like the neck1 shoulder and back4 ,dipping tanks made of cement or wood are frequently located in the run-yards1 in which is placed some disinfectant fluid4 ,hogs use these small tanks as wallows1 and in this way they disinfect themselves4 ,for horses and cattle a good remedy is made as follows3 ,boil for an hour #h tablespoonfuls of arsenic1 #h tablespoonfuls of soda ash and #af tablespoonfuls of soft soap in two gallons of water4 ,after being prepared by boiling1 add enough water to make two gallons4 ,when cool1 wet the animal all over with a little of it1 using a brush or currycomb to get it into the skin4 ,another good remedy is made of boiling stavesacre seeds1 #a part to #bj parts of water1 for an hour and let it simmer for another hour2 then add water to make it up to the original bulk4 ,this applied to the affected parts brings quick relief4 ,it is advisable to repeat the application in a week or ten days1 so as to catch any new lice from any eggs that were not caught by the first application4 ,a very common treatment is secured by mixing a pint of linseed oil1 #h tablespoonfuls of oil of tar1 and #h tablespoonfuls of sulphur4 ,this is then rubbed on the affected parts once a day for two days and allowed to remain for a few days1 after which it is washed off with soap and water4 ,in serious cases1 the application should be repeated within a week or so4 ,,liver ,,flukes4--,these are parasites usually found in the liver or its ducts4 ,at times they are present in great numbers1 giving rise to a serious disease called liver rot4 ,when the fertilized eggs are discharged in the excrement of diseased animals and fall in fresh water they hatch out and are taken into the body by sheep and cattle1 either in the food or drink4 ,in a short time thereafter they have entrenched themselves in the liver of cattle or sheep4 ,illustration3 ,,liver ,,fluke ,a few liver flukes in an animal causes little trouble1 as the injury is largely mechanical anyway4 ,no peculiar symptoms are conspicuous when only a few flukes are present4 ,the greatest damage is done when hundreds of flukes develop in a single individual4 ,in these cases the flow of the bike is checked4 ,as result the health becomes impaired and the usual penalties of malnutrition follow4 ,swelling of the jaws and diarrha are often noticed in connection with the disease4 ,when the host is badly infected with the flukes and in a badly run-down condition the trouble is always serious1 and medicinal treatment is of little real value4 ,tonics and good food may be given to help along--but death usually follows4 ,salt is helpful as the flukes are sensitive to it4 ,if an animal that has succumbed to the disease be examined1 the liver will be observed to be fairly rotten as a result of the inroads of the parasites4 ,treatment is in line of prevention only4 ,clean1 pure fresh water1 free of the eggs or the parasites1 is necessary if the trouble is to be eradicated4 ,the old ponds1 ordinarily filled with stagnant water1 should be drained4 ,they harbor many bad parasites1 and their harm is far beyond their value4 ,when water for sheep and cattle is taken from pure streams or wells the trouble from liver flukes and other parasites is reduced to a minimum4 ,,lockjaw4--,this disease1 very frequently called tetanus1 is an infectious disease in which the body muscles are spasmodically contracted or stiffened4 ,the muscles that move the jaw are frequently affected and the animal is unable to open the mouth4 ,because of this condition the disease is commonly known as lockjaw4 ,the spread of the disease does not occur through healthy animals coming in contact with animals having tetanus1 but by inoculation4 ,the germ of tetanus is present in the soil1 manure and dust4 ,it enters the body by way of wounds1 especially punctured and bruised wounds4 ,the injury may result from stepping on a nail1 and the germs are planted in the deeper structures of the foot4 ,such a wound usually has poor drainage1 the horn of the hoof closing the mouth or opening4 ,here the germs grow and produce a poisonous toxin that is said to be the most powerful produced by any bacteria4 ,this toxin acts on the nerve centers of the brain and spinal cord1 causing extensive spasmodic contraction of the body muscles4 ,tetanus sometimes occurs in the absence of any noticeable wound4 ,it may be in such cases that the seat of the infection is a slight abrasion of the skin1 or the lining membranes of the respiratory and digestive tracts4 ,the tetanus bacillus is a slender1 spore-producing bacterium4 ,the spore is located at one end of the rod in the form of a round head1 that gives the organism a pin shape1 hence the name of pin bacillus4 ,it is very resistant to outside conditions and the action of the chemical disinfectants4 ,it is because of its ability to resist the action of disinfectants and the fact that it develops best when protected or covered by the tissues and wound secretions1 that this disease so often follows ordinary wound treatment4 ,illustration3 ,,lockjaw ,note the rigid1 tense position of the muscles4 ,from a few days to several weeks may lapse from the time of infection with the germs until the development of the stiffness and spasms4 ,sometimes the wound by which the organism has entered the tissues has healed before the symptoms of tetanus are manifested4 ,in case the symptoms develop a few days after the inoculation the disease is severe or acute in form1 and less violent or subacute if the symptoms are manifested after the second week4 ,the above statement does not hold true in all cases1 but it may be considered true in a general way4 ,of the domestic animals the horse is the most commonly affected4 ,the symptoms shown by this animal are very characteristic4 ,any person that has had the opportunity to see and examine a horse suffering from tetanus should have no trouble in recognizing the disease in other animals4 ,the ,characteristic ,symptom is the spasmodic contraction of the muscles4 ,this may vary in the different individuals1 depending on the susceptibility of the animal and the quantity of poisonous toxin present in the system4 ,there is at first a slight stiffness of the muscles of the back1 neck1 head1 and limbs1 and the animal is more nervous than common4 ,a noise in the stable or a slap with the hand may increase the stiffness and contractions temporarily4 ,the contracted condition of the muscles of the eye1 are1 perhaps1 the most noticeable early in the disease4 ,these muscles pull the eyeball backwards1 the fatty cushion is pressed on and the third eyelid protrudes1 covering at times from one-third to two-thirds of the front part of the eye4 ,in the severe form of the disease the muscles feel hard1 especially those of the back and neck1 and the animal moves with difficulty4 ,in addition to the muscular symptoms1 the respiration and pulse beats are quickened and the body temperature higher than normal4 ,the evidence of suffering from the contracted condition of the muscles is very marked1 and1 unless supported in some way1 the animal may fall to the floor4 ,if the symptoms develop a few days after infection1 the animal usually dies4 ,the acute form is very fatal1 but in the mild or subacute form the chance for making a recovery is good4 ,tetanus ,is a ,preventable ,disease4 ,it may be largely prevented by the careful disinfection of wounds1 and the use of anti-tetanic serum4 ,in most localities the proper treatment of the wound is a sufficient preventive measure1 but in localities and stables where the disease is common the anti-tetanic serum should be used4 ,ordinary cleansing of a wound1 as practiced by most stockmen1 is not sufficient to destroy the bacillus of tetanus4 ,the wound must be carefully cleaned1 disinfected and prepared for healing4 ,this should be kept in mind when treating a wound1 and instead of using an agent that we know little about1 we should secure reliable information regarding the different commercial disinfectants and methods of caring for wounds4 ,that class known as tar disinfectants is most commonly used4 ,the better grade belonging to this class should be used4 ,if anti-tetanic serum is used1 it should be injected as soon after the injury has occurred as possible4 ,the injection is made hypodermically1 usually beneath the skin on the side of the neck4 ,large doses of anti-tetanic serum given after the symptoms have developed may assist recovery4 ,however1 in the severe form of the disease this treatment is uncertain4 ,when the animal comes down with the disease1 it should be made as comfortable as possible4 ,the quarters should be roomy1 quiet1 clean1 and well ventilated4 ,it is advisable to support the horse with a sling unless the animal is worried or made nervous by it4 ,this prevents his becoming tired and falling down4 ,we should give the animal the best of care in the way of regulating the diet1 etc41 but should avoid annoying it by our attention4 ,medicinal treatment is of little benefit and should be given a secondary place4 ,in fact1 dosing the animal with medicine1 especially if large doses are given1 may do more harm than good in the treatment of this disease4 ,,loco ,,disease4--,the word loco is a ,spanish word1 and means crazy4 ,loco disease is a disease of the brain and nervous system1 especially of horses and cattle1 but may also affect other animals4 ,it results from eating any one of a number of poisonous plants called loco which grow upon the dry1 sandy prairies of some parts of the ,western ,united ,states4 ,in winter and early spring1 when there is little or no grass1 some animals acquire an appetite for this plant1 and soon refuse all other kinds of food4 ,when addicted to the weed an animal loses flesh rapidly1 the eyesight becomes affected--often it has no knowledge of distance--and frequently when made to step over a board or rail will jump over it as though it were several feet high4 ,later1 in the course of the disease1 the brain becomes more affected and the animal acts more or less crazy1 at times quite violent1 at others depressed and dull4 ,should the animal live through the first attack it may linger for months or even years1 but it usually dies as a result of the attack4 ,frequently some peculiar 8foolish0 habit follows the animals through life4 ,some have a nervous fit when excited or warmed up1 others will not lead and some you cannot drive at all4 ,there is no cure for the trouble4 ,all that can be done is to prevent the habit from being formed or by removing the animal from temptation and furnishing wholesome1 nutritious food4 ,,lumpy ,,jaw4--,see ,actinomycosis4 ,,lungs1 ,,congestion ,,of4--,a filling of the lungs with blood4 ,this is very common with horses in winter and is most frequently due to a chill4 ,animals that have been put to heavy work1 or are in a weakened condition1 are frequently susceptible if left standing in a draft while still warm4 ,sluggishness is noticed1 first followed by trembling at the flank1 heavy breathing2 the pulse will be noted as quick1 but weak2 a gurgling sound will be noted if the ear is placed against the chest4 ,the best treatment is such as gives quick relief4 ,if at work1 place the horse at rest at once in the stable and cover with blanket4 ,have plenty of fresh air admitted1 but do not allow a draft to blow over the patient4 ,assist circulation as much as possible by rubbing of the legs and apply cold pad to the chest4 ,a mustard plaster applied over the chest is very good4 ,a good drench consists of alcohol in #b ounce doses1 well diluted in water2 at the same time another drench consisting of #d tablespoonfuls of sweet spirits of niter and #b tablespoonfuls of laudanum1 mixed with a pint of water1 is also very good4 ,if the conditions indicate that the lungs are full of blood1 add #aj drops of ,fleming's tincture of aconite to the drench4 ,the drenches may be given two or three hours apart until relief comes1 at which time quiet is advised1 although a little gentle walking for exercise is advisable4 ,from this time on treat the animal as a patient1 giving easily digested foods4 ,a tonic consisting of ground gentian root and nitrate of potash1 half and half1 is excellent4 ,give a teaspoonful of this in the feed three times a day4 ,,lung ,,fever4--,see ,inflammation of the ,lungs4 ,,lung ,,worms ,,in ,,lambs ,,and ,,calves4--,it has been proven in years gone by that the common spirits of turpentine1 when mixed with salt in proportions of a gill of turpentine to four quarts of common fine salt and placed in a covered box so constructed that sheep and calves can get their head in and eat the salt 7yet the salt be protected from the weather71 will practically prevent an infection4 ,some have advised the mixing of a half pint of sublimed sulphur with the salt and turpentine4 ,there can be no objection to the sulphur when added in the proportions named4 ,this remedy is not a cure but a preventive4 ,in fact there is no cure1 as these worms are in the bronchial tubes and lungs1 where no worm destroyer can reach them directly4 ,but when the lamb or calf daily partakes of even a few drops of turpentine1 the whole system becomes1 to an extent1 infected with the turpentine1 and as the young worms come into existence1 their home in the lungs becomes a very unhealthy home for them and they fail to mature4 ,in some cases mature worms have been removed by injecting a mixture of turpentine1 chloroform and olive oil into the windpipe1 using about a teaspoonful of this mixture4 ,its effect is to stupefy the worms that it touches1 and they may be coughed out by the suffering lamb or calf4 ,the fumes of burning sulphur has also been advised by some veterinarians4 ,but both remedies are as liable to kill as cure1 and are by no means always successful4 ,the farmer's business should be to prevent1 not cure1 diseases of this class2 therefore prepare the salt box4 ,illustration3 ,,lymphangitis ,this kind of inflammation is usually seen in the hind legs4 ,it is most frequent in heavy draft horses1 or in coarse plethoric individuals4 ,it occurs most frequently after a short period of idleness4 ,,lymphangitis4--,an inflammation of the lymphatics1 usually of the hind legs4 ,hence the name 8big legs40 ,it is the result of too rich feeding1 and too little work in many cases on the one hand1 or of overwork and insufficient food on the other4 ,lymphangitis often follows other diseases like distemper1 influenza1 or pneumonia1 in which cases the system is weakened and the lymphatics in abnormal condition4 ,it shows itself after a short period of idleness and rest4 ,it usually begins with a chill and a rise of temperature1 which may be as much as #aje degrees1 depending on the intensity of the attack4 ,one or both hind legs may show swelling and be so stiff and sore after standing during the night as to be moved only with difficulty when the horse is taken out of the stable in the morning4 ,the horse in moving seems able to bear little or no weight on the affected leg4 ,at the same time1 the pulse is full and throbby1 respiration is fast1 the bowels are constipated and the appetite is lost4 ,in some cases the legs swell to an enormous size4 ,if the inflammation is not relieved in a few days1 the glands get badly diseased and blood poison may result4 ,the disease1 however1 if taken in time1 is easily treated4 ,if it is caused by overfeeding1 change this2 give more exercise4 ,when the disease is first noticed1 give the horse #d tablespoonfuls of aloes1 #d tablespoonfuls of carbonate of soda and #d tablespoonfuls of ginger4 ,these should be dissolved in a half pint of boiling water1 then mixed with a half pint of cold water1 and then given as a drench4 ,if the pulse is fast1 it may be made easier and slower by giving #bj to #cj drops of tincture of aconite1 every couple of hours4 ,a couple of tablespoonfuls of nitrate of potash in the drinking water three times a day will increase the urine4 ,this is desirable to do in this disease4 ,the leg should be bathed for at least a half an hour and then dried and a wash consisting of #b tablespoonfuls of acetate of lead1 #h tablespoonfuls of tincture of opium1 and a quart of water should be applied to the legs4 ,this should be rubbed in well with the hand every hour4 ,in from #bj to #cj hours1 a great change for the better will be noticed the inflammation will have been reduced2 the pain will have disappeared and the bowels will be loose and active4 ,from now on give general exercise at frequent periods1 during the day4 ,in cases caused by overwork or too little food or those following debilitating diseases1 like influenza or distemper1 the treatment should be more stimulating2 therefore1 nutritive foods and tonics are best4 ,good hay and oats and other feed of a laxative nature should be furnished4 ,a preparation1 consisting of #d tablespoonfuls1 each1 of tincture chloride of iron1 tincture of gentian1 and ginger in a pint of water three times a day will be found both stimulating and nourishing4 ,if the disease has progressed so far that the legs break and show that matter is formed1 wash them with warm water and follow with acetate of lead1 sulphate of iron and carbolic acid4 ,use #b tablespoonfuls of each in a quart of water and apply twice each day4 ,if the swelling hangs on use ,fowler's solution of arsenic1 #d tablespoonfuls to a dose in a bran mash once a day4 ,continue this for four or five weeks4 ,a salve made of #b teaspoonfuls of iodide and #h tablespoonfuls of vaseline should also be rubbed on the leg twice a week4 ,,mad ,,dog4--,see ,hydrophobia4 ,,maggots4--,the grubs of the ordinary flesh-flies so common about stables and houses4 ,the adult fly deposits the minute larv in fresh meat1 in wounds1 and frequently in dirty wool4 ,these become the maggots so well known about the farm4 ,the distress caused by these when present in a wound is considerable1 and they endanger life4 ,the best treatment is in line of cleanliness4 ,keep old wounds clean by means of antiseptic washes and tag the sheep that no filth and dirt may accumulate4 ,if for any reason maggots are found1 open the infected part and remove1 if possible1 both the maggots and sloughed tissue4 ,old sores or wounds1 if they will not lend themselves to complete removal of the maggots1 should be treated with a solution of carbolic acid and water4 ,on some1 turpentine can be used4 ,chloroform may be sprayed on1 or injected into the wound with almost instant results4 ,after the maggots are destroyed follow up the treatment with a good disinfectant until the wound has healed4 ,,mallenders4--,an eruption of the skin above the feet in horses4 ,the disease at first is very much like eczema4 ,in time the watery fluid dries up and the sore parts become covered with hard crusts and scabs4 ,the sore spots should be washed with some good disinfectant and repeated frequently enough to destroy the infection4 ,a moderate purge is advisable4 ,see that only wholesome food is provided4 ,,mammitis4--,inflammation of the mammary gland or udder4 ,the disease is frequently called caked bag and garget4 ,in the last named1 the milk secretion is altered and appears as a thick or a stringy fluid4 ,heavy milkers are most commonly affected4 ,the udder becomes swollen1 hot and somewhat tender just before calving4 ,the swelling may extend forward along the belly4 ,it often gets so severe as to require treatment4 ,it is in this sense physiological4 ,in a few days after calving1 as a rule1 the swelling disappears and the normal condition is regained more quickly if the calf is allowed to suck the cow4 ,in the first stages bloody milk is secreted and often pus is formed in one quarter or more of the udder4 ,the udder should be carefully milked1 cleaned1 and1 if the milk ducts are closed1 it may be necessary to use a milk tube4 ,this should be used cautiously so as not to injure the tissue of the udder and should be perfectly clean before inserting1 otherwise serious inflammation may result4 ,in bathing1 use hot water for #ae to #bj minutes at a time1 after which rub dry and apply an ointment made by dissolving #c tablespoonfuls of gum camphor and #d tablespoonfuls of fluid extract of belladonna to a pint of clean1 fresh lard4 ,this ointment should be applied three times a day4 ,a more serious form of the disease is known as contagious mammitis1 and is due to invasion of the gland by bacteria4 ,in cases of this kind the inflammation is more extensive and the disorder calls for more careful treatment4 ,since the milk contains bad bacteria1 it is necessary to destroy them so as to prevent spreading of the disease4 ,the milker should have clean hands and should wash them in a disinfecting solution before milking another cow4 ,the milk tube may be necessary in withdrawing the milk4 ,after the milk has been removed from the udder1 inject a solution of peroxide of hydrogen or dioxygen or a solution of carbolic acid1 #a part to #ej parts of boiled water4 ,after the solution has acted for a few minutes1 it should be milked out4 ,the external treatment for contagious mammitis should be similar to that of ordinary mammitis4 ,,mange4--,see ,scab in ,cattle4 ,,milk ,,fever4--,it is a remarkable fact that this disease occurs most commonly in cows which calved easily4 ,this is explained by the fact that in such cases the os uteri remains relaxed for a greater length of time than it does in cases of difficult parturition4 ,milk fever generally occurs in cows which are heavy milkers1 and great eaters4 ,keeping the animals in permanent stables1 and feeding large quantities of rich food while they are giving no milk are predisposing causes4 ,the disease makes its appearance usually in from #bd to #dh hours after parturition4 ,it seldom occurs after the third day1 and some authors state that it has never been recognized before the starting of the milk secretion4 ,the most salient symptoms to the average layman would1 perhaps1 be the anxious expression of the animal1 bellowing and mounting into the manger4 ,later they become very weak1 stagger and fall1 and are unable to rise4 ,the members are usually extended in a rigid position4 ,a rattling or whistling noise is heard in case the larynx is paralyzed4 ,the feet1 ears and horns feel cold to the touch4 ,when a case is going to recover we see improvement as early as the second or third day4 ,recovery is usually complete at the end of from two to five days4 ,milk fever is one of the cases where the old maxim1 an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure1 is doubly applicable4 ,if proper precautions were taken a large number of cases could be prevented4 ,give the pregnant animals daily exercise1 and decrease their allowance of food4 ,treatment ,very ,simple4--,make the cow comfortable4 ,now give her a small dose of ,epsom salts from one-half to one pound1 depending on her size4 ,this should be given as a drench4 ,animals afflicted with this ailment swallow with difficulty4 ,use care that the drench does not get into the lungs4 ,perhaps the most satisfactory medical treatment is to use what is known as the ,schmidt treatment4 ,this is nothing more than injecting into the udder a solution made by dissolving in one quart of clean boiled water #c teaspoonfuls of iodide of potash1 after stripping all milk from the udder4 ,a very satisfactory way is to get a rubber tube1 attach it to a common milking tube which is placed into the teats in turn and pour the solution into the tube by means of a funnel4 ,by massaging the udder the solution can be worked into each quarter in a short time without difficulty4 ,in case iodide of potash is not available1 inject air into the udder after drawing out the milk4 ,i have known of many cases where air has been forced into the udder by means of a bicycle pump1 and the animal recovered in a very short time4 ,if the disease does not respond to the treatment with readiness1 repeat in a few hours1 say1 anywhere from five to ten hours after4 ,cold water or ice on the head is advisable4 ,the use of stimulants is also recommended4 ,whiskey can be given in doses of #aj to #ae tablespoonfuls and jamaica ginger #f to #h tablespoonfuls4 ,milk the cow frequently and massage the udder1 bathing in hot water4 ,after the cow is on the way to recovery1 withhold milk-stimulating foods for a few days and give some tonic like gentian and nux vomica1 half and half1 #b or #c tablespoonfuls two or three times a day4 ,,monday ,,morning ,,sickness4--,see ,azoturia4 ,,nasal ,,gleet4--,when a cold or simple catarrh is neglected it may run into a chronic condition giving rise to nasal gleet4 ,a thin1 bluish discharge comes from the nose2 and the membranes of the nostrils1 instead of being moist and pink in color1 take on a leaden hue4 ,the coat at the same time shows unthriftiness4 ,in such cases the face and head may swell because the accumulated materials fail to pass out4 ,when these bunches are tapped with the fingers1 a dull sound is heard4 ,treatment consists of isolating the animals and giving them good care1 nutritious food and well-ventilated quarters4 ,a bucket1 filled with boiling water1 in which a half cup of turpentine is placed1 and held under the nose to steam the nostrils and face1 is excellent4 ,any sort of blanketing that will hold the steam about the head is very good to have at hand at the time4 ,for internal treatment give a teaspoonful of sulphate of copper three times daily in a small bran mash2 following this drop the copper sulphate and give #b tablespoonfuls of ,fowler's solution of arnica twice a day in the mash4 ,should the bulges on the face become large1 it will be necessary to open them4 ,often a part of the bone requires sawing out to get effective results4 ,in these severe cases it is best to have your veterinarian make the operation4 ,,navicular ,,disease4--,a disease of the navicular bone and the structures surrounding it4 ,it is called 8coffin joint lameness40 ,this bone is situated at the back and inferior part of the coffin joint1 and acts as a pulley over which the flexor tendon of the foot passes4 ,horses with upright pasterns are most liable to it1 as more weight is thrown on this joint4 ,those shod with calkins on their shoes1 which prevent the frog from coming in contact with the ground1 therefore causing a shock to this joint1 are also very liable to it4 ,some horses have hereditary tendency to this disease4 ,nails penetrating too deep through the sole1 or anything that will cause inflammation of this joint1 is likely to produce navicular disease4 ,the most prolific cause is bad shoeing4 ,by degrees the inflammation in a chronic form extends to other parts1 causing a shrinking of the soft parts1 resulting in contraction of the foot4 ,the lameness may appear suddenly and perhaps immediately after the horse has been shod1 and is then usually thought to be the fault of nailing on the shoe4 ,it is likely in this case that the smith has pared the sole and frog too thin1 and that the part has suffered from a bruise by the horse stepping on something hard4 ,after a rest it may disappear1 to return after the next drive4 ,sometimes the disease is of very slow progress in one or both fore feet4 ,the first thing that is noticed is that the animal points its toe1 and if both are affected1 first one1 then the other4 ,the animal may not be lame1 but it does not step out so well as it used to1 and by degrees the part gets more tender1 until the animal begins to go lame1 and the lameness gradually gets worse4 ,there is a form of this lameness where the animal shows stiffness and lameness when first taken out of the stable1 but1 after being driven for a short distance1 it passes off1 and after it stands for awhile it will start off lame again4 ,if this disease lasts for some time the muscles of the chest and shoulders seem stiff and may shrink4 ,this has been called 8chest founder0 by horsemen4 ,this is brought about by the soreness of the feet4 ,the horse is afraid to step out1 giving it the appearance of being stiff2 the muscles of the chest and shoulders will shrink from want of proper action1 caused by the feet being sore4 ,if there is heat and tenderness in the hollow of the heel or a redness of the sole1 and an absence of any other disease of the foot or leg1 we may consider with almost a certainty that it is a case of navicular or coffin joint lameness4 ,the result is contraction of the foot4 ,take off the shoes1 so that the frog will rest on the ground1 then poultice the feet with bran1 made up with cold water if it is a recent case1 but if it is of some months' standing hot water is better than cold2 put the poultices into bags made a little larger than the foot2 put about two inches deep of the bran mash into the bag1 then put the foot in and fill in all around as high as the fetlock1 and tie the bag above the fetlock and around the ankle to keep it well on the foot4 ,wet this several times a day and change it once daily4 ,continue this for two weeks1 and see that it is properly done2 if not1 it will be of no service4 ,then blister the coronet with cantharides #b teaspoonfuls and lard #d tablespoonfuls4 ,repeat in three weeks1 and give the animal a long rest4 ,,nits4--,see ,bot ,flies4 ,,nodular ,,disease ,,in ,,sheep4--,nodules resembling those of tuberculosis found in the intestines of sheep1 are due to the presence of parasitic worms4 ,profuse diarrha and a pronounced anemic condition prevail4 ,a post mortem examination of the intestines discloses the presence of numerous nodules in the intestinal walls4 ,if the worm is present1 no treatment is possible1 for the reason that any medicine that would affect the worm would also affect the tissues and lead to their destruction4 ,prevention1 therefore1 is the only means of overcoming the disease4 ,sheep must be kept off infested pastures1 and infested pastures must be plowed and given over to cultivated crops4 ,give lambs only clean pastures to graze over4 ,this means crop rotation in connection with sheep husbandry4 ,no feed that has been tramped over by infected sheep should ever be supplied to lambs or sheep not infested with the disease4 ,,obstetrics4--,difficult parturition is common in some females4 ,and frequently others1 less bothered as a rule with any difficulty at this period1 deliver their offspring only after great labor and much difficulty4 ,when such cases occur close vigilance not only frequently hastens delivery1 but often saves the life of either the mother or offspring or both4 ,illustration3 ,,natural ,,presentation ,,of ,,the ,,foal ,in either of these cases delivery follows in the usual order without delay or injury to the mother4 ,in many instances the trouble is seated in the womb2 the neck of the womb remains closed1 and even though long-continued and vigorous efforts are made1 the offspring does not arrive4 ,in cases of this kind assistance can be rendered which quickly removes the difficulty4 ,first oil the hand and forearm and work the fingers into the passage1 gently pressing it open4 ,if the womb does not yield to this treatment saturate a sponge or cloth with extract of belladonna and rub it around the neck1 leaving it thus for a little while4 ,on removing the sponge the passage will open4 ,manner of ,delivery4--,the natural position of the fetus at birth calls for the fore feet forward with the head resting on the knees4 ,the fore feet1 therefore1 in a normal delivery1 are first presented and then the head4 ,if the fetus is not unduly large1 the mother will likely force the delivery without assistance4 ,in case the struggle is extended gentle assistance will be in order4 ,this can be rendered by a gentle pull on the legs and head4 ,if this does not bring the offspring1 you can consider that something is wrong4 ,however1 do not be hasty1 just give time4 ,mares usually deliver in a few minutes and cows often require an hour or so after labor begins4 ,if you conclude that something is wrong oil the hand and arm4 ,shove the fetus back and ascertain1 if possible1 the trouble4 ,if this examination shows dropsy of the abdomen--water in the belly--puncture the abdomen with a knife in order that the fetus may be delivered4 ,if the trouble is with the head--water in the brain--puncture the head that the water may run out1 and then remove the arm and hand4 ,when the struggle pains come on again1 give a gentle pull and delivery will follow4 ,frequently the position is changed4 ,sometimes but one fore foot appears with the head1 making it impossible to deliver the offspring4 ,when a case like this occurs1 shove the fetus back and bring the unpresented leg forward where it belongs1 and then likely no further trouble will result4 ,if the legs are in proper place but the head turned backward1 it will be necessary to push the fetus back into the womb and bring the head forward in position4 ,in case the head resists your efforts1 adjust a noose over the head1 and while you work with your hand inside1 have an assistant gently pull on the rope1 in order to draw the head into the proper position4 ,after the head and fore feet are put in natural position1 delivery will follow without further difficulty4 ,when all four feet appear together it is necessary to push the fore feet back into the womb just as far as it is possible to force them4 ,this done1 pull now on the hind feet and bring the fetus out1 hind feet first4 ,it is always a mistake to attempt delivery with the head first when delivery has proceeded as suggested in cases of this nature4 ,illustration3 ,,abnormal ,,presentation ,,of ,,the ,,foal ,delivery is not possible in either of the cases here illustrated4 ,where such occur assistance must be rendered4 ,see article on obstetrics for treatment4 ,where delivery is attempted with the hind legs foremost1 it is regarded as safe1 provided the feet come out as they should4 ,if any difficulty is encountered1 shove the fetus back1 straighten the legs1 and then with the renewal of the labor struggles assist the mother by a gentle pull on the hind legs4 ,another common presentation is where you feel nothing but the tail1 rump and hips4 ,adjust the fetus for proper delivery by shoving the hind end upwards and towards the front of the womb1 then slip the hand down and get hold of the foot of the hind leg and lift upwards and backwards until the legs are brought out into the passage4 ,now repeat the work for the other leg and the job is done4 ,it is always a good plan1 after difficult parturition1 especially when any abnormal discharge appears1 to wash out the womb with warm water in which a little carbolic acid or creolin is placed4 ,use this daily for a few days4 ,,palisade ,,worm4--,the worms are found in the horse in two periods of existence4 ,the mature worms are usually found attached to the mucous membrane of the intestinal wall of the large intestine1 with the head sunk deep for the purpose of sucking blood1 which gives them the brown or red color4 ,the immature are found sometimes in the same organs1 in a small capsule covering1 in small pellets of manure1 in cavities or cysts1 varying in size from a pin-head to that of a hazel nut1 in the walls of the intestines1 and also in the arteries and other structures of the body4 ,when present in the kidneys or in the arteries leading to the kidneys1 or in the surrounding tissues1 a horse is especially sensitive to pressure over the loins4 ,they have been known to cause paralysis4 ,when found in the brain1 an animal1 when working1 suddenly begins to stagger1 the eyes become fixed1 and the horse shows many of the symptoms of 8blind staggers40 ,when the large arteries of the abdomen are affected1 and this is their favorable location in the circulatory system1 the animal is frequently subject to colic1 which often results in death4 ,this is also the case when found in great numbers in the intestines4 ,from a thorough investigation of a great many cases1 both before and after death1 the conclusions are drawn that the parasite evolves a poisonous substance 7toxin71 which1 in many instances1 stupefies the brain or parts of the nervous system of the horse1 and in that way causes coma1 paralysis and death of the animal4 ,prevention is the best treatment4 ,hay and fodder from swampy land are to be looked upon as suspicious4 ,pastures which are subject to overflow should be avoided4 ,medicinal treatment consists of a prolonged1 careful use of some of the essential oils or other vermifuges4 ,the ordinary spirits of turpentine has proved a fairly good common remedy4 ,an ordinary animal will stand #h tablespoonfuls of turpentine given in a pint to a quart of raw linseed oil1 thoroughly mixed4 ,if the animal is badly affected1 the above dose may be given night and morning for two or three days1 then omit for a week or two and repeat4 ,the remedy should be discontinued as soon as the animal shows signs of irritation of the kidneys4 ,,paralysis4--,a loss of power over some of the muscles due to a disordered state of the brain or nerves4 ,this may result from disease or injury or some irritation4 ,in horses and cattle the hindquarters are not infrequently affected in this way1 the result of indigestion from constipation or from attacks of colic4 ,the animal shows weakness in one hind limb1 moving it with difficulty when the opposite limb may then become affected4 ,if the attack is very severe1 the animal falls on its haunches and may not be able to rise4 ,temperature1 pulse and respiration1 all are rather normal4 ,treatment should be directed to remove the cause of the disease4 ,when there is colic or constipation1 give purges4 ,a half teaspoonful of extract of nux vomica1 given in a pint of milk twice a day1 is very good4 ,pouring cold water from a height and then immediately hot water sometimes greatly strengthens the muscles and has its use in treating4 ,rubbing the parts with mustard stimulates them1 and in some cases good results4 ,paralysis resulting from injury usually disappears as the part returns to its normal state4 ,,parasites4--,these are living plants or animals that live temporarily or continually in the bodies of other plants or animals and draw their nourishment from their host4 ,it is doubtful if there is a single farm animal that does not harbor parasites at nearly all times during its life4 ,there may be many of these in the same individual at the same time4 ,parasites may be harmful or not1 as the case may be4 ,parasites may be divided into two classes--plant parasites and animal parasites4 ,the bacteria and molds are the most important among the former1 whereas in the latter certain minute protozoa1 certain forms of insects and certain worms are the most commonly met4 ,such diseases as staggers1 tuberculosis1 and typhoid fever are the result of bacterial diseases1 while ,texas fever is an example of the protozoa class2 and then the insects and worms are types with which we are all acquainted4 ,when a disease is caused by either1 discussion will be found under the name of that disease4 ,,parturient ,,apoplexy4--,see ,milk ,fever4 ,,parturition1 ,,difficult4--,see ,obstetrics4 ,,peritonitis4--,an inflammation of the membrane which lines the abdominal cavity and which also invests the abdominal organs4 ,it may be caused from some exposure to cold after some weakening disease4 ,some injury to the abdomen or belly may cause it1 or it may start from some inflammation that has attacked the stomach1 liver1 intestines1 or the spleen4 ,when attacked1 a slight pain is felt and the animal lies down1 stretches himself1 sweats freely1 and moans4 ,then he rises1 walks about somewhat1 and all the time breathes heavy and shows much weakness4 ,the pulse runs up between #ge and #ajj beats a minute4 ,in time the legs and ears get cold4 ,a good treatment is a pint of raw linseed oil1 #d tablespoonfuls of laudanum1 and #aj drops of aconite4 ,mix these and give as a drench4 ,a mustard plaster for the abdomen and something hot for the back are desirable4 ,in two hours1 if the pain continues1 give #d tablespoonfuls of laudanum and #aj drops aconite in a pint of lukewarm water4 ,use as a drench4 ,,pink ,,eye4--,a contagious epidemic disease of the horse affecting the animal all over and particularly the membranes of the air passages4 ,there is general debility1 considerable cough1 and a general discharge from the nostrils4 ,the transparent covering of the eyeball becomes inflamed4 ,at times the disease is very fatal1 many horses succumbing to it4 ,it is most common in the spring4 ,one of the symptoms is the general weakness of the animal4 ,he hangs his head1 and trembles2 has little appetite and appears cold4 ,the eyes show a watery discharge and later a stare coat4 ,the pulse at first is weak1 but quick1 and later rising to #hj or #ij beats a minute4 ,at this stage the temperature is high1 around #ajc to #aje degrees4 ,the breathing is accelerated to about #ej times a minute4 ,the bowels do not act1 or act very poorly1 and the urine is very scanty4 ,in treating1 first isolate the animal and disinfect the stables to prevent spreading4 ,any of the common disinfectants will do4 ,good nursing is necessary4 ,keep the horse warm with blankets4 ,give him soft1 nourishing food4 ,the eyes should be bathed three or four times a day with hot water4 ,a little boric acid1 say1 a teaspoonful to a half pint of water1 is good to use as a wash for the eyes and nostrils4 ,to keep the kidneys active and to reduce the fever1 give a tablespoonful of nitrate of potash dissolved in water two or three times a day4 ,if the horse is very weak1 one-half glass of whiskey in a pint of gruel three times a day is stimulating and helpful4 ,it is better not to give any physic of any kind4 ,after recovery1 the horse should be given little or no work4 ,a long rest of several weeks is necessary4 ,,placenta4--,the covering of the fetus1 commonly called the afterbirth4 ,as a rule1 this comes away with the birth of the offspring4 ,occasionally in the cow it remains attached to the walls of the uterus1 and if not removed will cause trouble1 if not sickness and death4 ,soon after the birth of the calf1 if the afterbirth remains1 decomposition sets in and as a result the system is more or less poisoned4 ,the first symptoms observed are the offensive odor1 the reddish discharge and the decrease in the milk flow4 ,if the afterbirth does not come away of itself1 assistance is necessary4 ,do this during the first or second day1 or the third day at the latest4 ,to remove the afterbirth1 tie up the cow and fasten her in a way that she cannot jump around4 ,now introduce the hand and arm1 after careful washing and disinfecting and oiling1 into the uterus and gradually and gently break the buttons or attachments from the walls of the uterus with the fingers4 ,with patience these will come away and the whole membrane be removed4 ,an occasional injection is advisable4 ,use some good disinfectant in the water1 flush out thoroughly4 ,,pleurisy4--,this disease occurs in the chest cavity and is found inside the ribs and over the lungs4 ,it is caused very much in the same way as inflammation of the lungs1 like exposure to cold1 standing in a draft1 and cooling when warm4 ,some injury to the ribs may also cause the trouble4 ,in the early stages the animal is noticed to shiver1 the pulse is quick and strong1 and there is great pain4 ,the breath is heavy1 and this is noticed as far back as the flanks4 ,while the animal may lie down1 its disposition is to stand up most of the time4 ,there is an inclination to cough1 but this is suppressed1 because of the pain occasioned by it2 therefore the cough really ends in a groan rather than in a normal cough4 ,the extremities of the body become cold4 ,the best treatment endeavors to prevent the disease from developing4 ,do just as you would in a case of inflammation of the lungs4 ,mustard plasters for the chest on each side are good4 ,keep the body well covered1 including the legs and neck2 have good ventilation in the stable1 but keep the patient out of any draft4 ,as soon as the disease is noticed1 mix the following in a pint of cold water1 and give as a drench3 ,ten drops of aconite1 a half teaspoonful of belladonna and two tablespoonfuls of laudanum4 ,these should be given every two hours until the pain subsides4 ,if the animal seems to be weak1 and needs a stimulant1 give #d tablespoonfuls of spirits of niter and a half glass of whiskey4 ,this may be given in a pint of cold water mixed with the gruel and given as a drench three or four times a day4 ,at the same time use the following medicine to improve the kidney action3 ,one-fourth pound of saltpeter or nitrate of potash and one-fourth of a pound of gentian root4 ,these are to be mixed well together and a teaspoonful given three or four times daily4 ,soft foods are desirable4 ,a small amount of water should be given frequently4 ,small quantities at a time are preferable to large quantities at infrequent intervals4 ,,pleuro-,,pneumonia4--,this is a very contagious disease of cattle introduced in this country from ,europe4 ,at one time it was a very serious menace to the cattle industry4 ,thanks to the very aggressive work of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 the disease has1 so far as is known1 been eradicated from this country4 ,no cases of the disease have been reported during the past dozen years4 ,,pneumonia4--,see ,inflammation of the ,lungs4 ,,poll ,,evil4--,a swelling or soreness at the top of the head4 ,usually it is caused by an injury1 like bumping the head in a doorway1 or from a bruise made by the halter or bridle4 ,it is first noticed by a swelling or soreness1 which frequently causes trouble by forming an abscess2 sometimes this works down and even affects the bone4 ,treatment is very simple if handled in time4 ,remove the cause and then bathe with warm water and vinegar twice a day and apply a liniment of some kind4 ,if the abscess is formed1 it should be opened with a knife at the lowest point to remove the matter4 ,from now on for a few days bathe the opening with warm water in which has been added some carbolic acid or creolin4 ,if the case causes much trouble1 you had better consult a veterinarian1 as bad cases frequently leave the neck stiff so that the animals are not able to eat off the ground4 ,,quarter ,,crack4--,see ,sand ,crack4 ,,quittor4--,a name given to a fistulous opening upon the heels and quarters of the coronary band1 and is caused by treads1 pricks in shoeing1 bruises1 and suppurating corns4 ,any injury which will cause suppuration within the foot will usually cause matter to form at the coronet1 and may result in quittor4 ,the disease is indicated by a swelling upon the coronet where the hair and hoof meet1 great lameness1 and a discharge of thin or thick curdy pus4 ,there may be one or a number of small openings leading down into the sensitive part of the foot4 ,the parts surrounding the quittor swell and become hard and take on an unhealthy action and are difficult to cure1 and may be permanently diseased4 ,illustration3 ,,quittor ,fistulous wounds on any part of the coronet are usually the result of a tread or bruise4 ,if neglected serious trouble may result4 ,clean the foot and put it into a bran poultice for several days1 then remove any horn that may be pressing on the sore part4 ,if it is at the heel remove the crust with a knife2 if it is in front of the hoof rasp it thin4 ,then probe the opening at the top to find the depth and direction4 ,put a grain of bichloride of mercury into tissue paper and roll it into a cone and press it down to the bottom of the opening4 ,treat all the openings in the same way4 ,put the foot into a bag to protect it from injury and let it alone for three days1 then clean out the openings and put in some more of the bichloride of mercury1 and so on for two weeks1 or until the parts become healthy and the hard swelling has decreased2 then make up a bath of chloride of zinc one ounce1 cool water one gallon2 put the foot into this twice a day for twenty minutes at a time4 ,as soon as the openings are healed blister the coronet with the following3 ,mix #b teaspoonfuls of cantharides with #d tablespoonfuls of lard2 repeat in two weeks if necessary4 ,when it is time to put on the shoe and work the horse1 a bar shoe will be best4 ,if the animal has much fever in the early stages of the disease give a dose of aloes1 and follow this by giving #b tablespoonfuls of nitrate of potassium twice a day in bran mash4 ,later in the disease give a teaspoonful of sulphate of iron once a day in bran mash as a tonic4 ,,rabies4--,see ,hydrophobia4 ,,rheumatism4--,a disease which affects the muscles or joints1 wandering from one part of the body to another4 ,it affects nearly all animals1 including the horse1 ox1 dog1 hog1 and sheep4 ,rheumatism of the muscles is usually due to catching cold1 while rheumatism of the joints is often due to some micro-organism4 ,stiffness1 which usually comes on suddenly1 is a characteristic symptom4 ,the animal may be able to move only with great difficulty4 ,the joints may crack when moved1 the affected muscles are hard and painful to touch1 the soreness may shift from one part to another2 and the animal sometimes makes a quick recovery1 only to be followed by another attack in a short time or perhaps never again4 ,these symptoms may be associated with a rise in body temperature and increased pulse4 ,the disease may last for a long time or only for a few days4 ,in chronic cases the muscles decrease in size in the parts affected4 ,in the dog it is very painful when caused to move and he will howl1 or even howl when he thinks he is going to be moved4 ,in sheep it seldom occurs except in young lambs4 ,pigs are often affected in the legs or back1 sometimes becoming paralyzed in the hind legs4 ,rheumatism of the ,joints usually shows very rapid swelling1 increased heat1 and is very painful4 ,the animal is often so lame that it will not put any weight on the foot of the affected limb4 ,for horses and cows1 treatment consists of local applications of alcohol #ej parts and oil of mustard #a part1 rubbing it in well2 or spirits of camphor4 ,give at the same time internally #a teaspoonful of potassium iodide twice daily and not to exceed #ab doses2 or salicylate of soda #d tablespoonfuls daily4 ,keep the animal warm and in a well-ventilated stable4 ,pigs or dogs1 according to size1 should be given from #d to #af grains of salol1 also using the above local applications4 ,,ringbone4--,a growth of bone on the pastern bone1 just above the hoof4 ,it causes lameness when it interferes with the joint or the passage of any of the tendons4 ,some horses are predisposed to bony diseases from the least injury1 while others are not1 and in selecting mares for breeding purposes the former should be rejected4 ,this disease results from strains1 bruises1 or injuries to the cartilage of the joints4 ,when the membrane of the bone or cartilage becomes inflamed there may be great lameness for several months before any enlargement takes place1 and it is somewhat difficult to detect4 ,the absence of other diseases of the foot1 with some heat in the pasterns1 and soreness on pressure or moving the joints indicates this disease4 ,in other cases the enlargement may make its appearance for some time before the horse becomes lame1 and in some cases it may never cause any lameness1 but should always be looked upon with suspicion1 as in the majority of cases it sooner or later causes lameness4 ,ringbone is more difficult to cure on the fore feet than on the hind ones1 as the pasterns are more upright on the former than on the latter1 and1 besides1 the horse's fore legs have to bear two-thirds the weight of the body4 ,the horse should have rest1 and the shoes should be removed and the foot pared level4 ,if there is heat in the part1 keep it wet with the following lotion by means of a bandage saturated with it3 ,acetate of lead half an ounce and water one quart4 ,continue this for a few days1 then apply a blister composed of cantharides #b teaspoonfuls1 biniodide of mercury #a teaspoonful and lard #h tablespoonfuls4 ,rub on a third of this with the fingers4 ,it is not necessary to cut off the hair if the blister is well rubbed in4 ,let it remain on for #bd hours1 then wash off and rub on a little lard4 ,repeat every second week until three blisters have been applied4 ,keep the horse's head tied while the blister is on so that he cannot get his mouth to the part4 ,the horse should have a few months' rest after this treatment4 ,if it does not cure the animal it is best to have him fired by a qualified veterinarian4 ,,ringworm4--,this is common in the domestic animals1 especially in calves and young cattle1 and is contagious4 ,it depends upon the presence of a vegetable parasite1 which develops and grows rapidly when it finds a suitable place for development4 ,ringworm may affect any part of the body1 but its favorite seat is around the eyes1 the face1 ears1 and neck of cattle1 and sometimes the back and hindquarters4 ,a gray crust appears on the skin1 and the hair drops out4 ,this keeps spreading in the form of a ring until around the eyes1 the side of the face1 ears1 or neck may be covered with it4 ,it appears in the same way on the back1 hips1 and inside of the hind legs4 ,it does not seem to affect the health of the animal1 as it is found in the well-kept as well as those poorly kept4 ,first remove the crusts by washing with warm water in which one ounce of carbonate of potassium has been put to every quart of water4 ,a brush should be used in washing the parts4 ,then use the following3 ,iodine #b teaspoonfuls and vaseline #d tablespoonfuls4 ,rub a little of this on with a gloved hand4 ,repeat in three days4 ,or mix carbolic acid #a ounce with #b ounces of alcohol and apply a little of this to the parts with a feather once or twice2 this last is very effective4 ,,roaring4--,a disease1 due to the wasting of the larynx2 is characterized by loud1 unnatural sounds after any violent exertion4 ,the disease sometimes follows distemper and influenza or a local injury to the throat4 ,once established the disease is incurable4 ,in its early stages repeated light blisters may help4 ,a common blister can be made of a half teaspoonful of cantharides1 a half teaspoonful of biniodide of mercury and #d tablespoonfuls of vaseline or lard4 ,,roup4--,a disease of the mucous membrane in fowls4 ,it is of the nature of an inflammation1 with a discharge from the eyes and nostrils usually accompanying4 ,damp and unsanitary quarters favor the development and spread of roup4 ,it is clearly a germ disease1 and1 therefore1 contagious4 ,it is spread by means of infected quarters and fowls4 ,all discharges must be destroyed by disinfection1 and the diseased fowls quarantined off by themselves4 ,the dead should be burned4 ,keep the quarters light and airy2 admit an abundance of sunshine and fresh air4 ,feed wholesome1 nutritious food1 that the poultry stock may ward off the disease4 ,the best treatment is that which prevents spreading to healthy fowls4 ,if an outbreak occurs1 disinfect thoroughly1 liberally1 and continuously4 ,antiseptics administered about the head will usually break up the disease4 ,creolin is good--say1 #a part to #ajj parts of water4 ,kerosene is also recommended4 ,in a sense1 roup is the result of neglected colds4 ,the birds sneeze1 and manifest their uneasiness as animals do with common colds4 ,a teaspoonful of pure carbolic acid to each gallon of drinking water is an excellent preventive and can be provided at small cost4 ,,sand ,,crack4--,a crack found in any part of the wall of the foot4 ,the crack is due to over-exertion4 ,when the hoof is dry and hard and brittle1 the crack usually begins at the top and extends downward4 ,frequently the sensitive tissue creeps into the crack1 causing pain1 and from which blood frequently issues4 ,when a crack is first seen1 the feet should be poulticed with linseed meal for a few days4 ,this will remove the inflammation and soften the hoof4 ,the next step will be to pare out a piece of the hoof at the top1 separating it completely from the coronary band a half inch or so on each side of the crack down to the quick4 ,fill this hole with tar4 ,a bar shoe attached so as not to rest on the wall where the crack is located is very helpful4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,cattle ,,bath ,,tub ,the tank here shown is used for dipping the cattle for treatment of mange4 ,the dipping tank is now generally used throughout the ,west4 ,,scab ,,in ,,cattle4--,scab or itch1 sometimes called mange of cattle1 is caused by a minute mite that lives upon the surface of the skin1 burrowing into it4 ,other animals are not attacked by this parasite1 although a similar one does afflict sheep4 ,so long as cattle are doing well on grass1 no disturbance is noticed4 ,as soon1 however1 as they are placed on dry food and cold weather sets in1 the disease appears1 and1 if the cattle do poorly1 develops into a very aggravating form4 ,old cattle are less troubled1 the attacks being more frequently on calves and yearlings and two-year-olds out of condition4 ,in the early stages the itching of the skin in the region of the neck or shoulders is first noticed4 ,this is indicated by the animals digging at the skin with teeth and horns and the constant rubbing against posts or barbed wire or anything that may give relief at the time4 ,the disease gradually spreads along the back1 sides and outside of legs4 ,in the early stages the coat looks rough1 the skin has a scurvy appearance4 ,in time1 the hair comes off or is rubbed off1 presenting bald patches of thick1 glazed and wrinkled skin4 ,after the hair comes off the parasites leave these regions1 seeking other quarters and then the hair grows in again4 ,there is a dejected and debilitated condition in animals thus afflicted and they fail rapidly in flesh4 ,their appetites are poor and most of their time is expended in scratching themselves4 ,scab spreads rapidly through a bunch of cattle1 especially if they are not thrifty1 and disseminates itself through a herd in four to six weeks4 ,the thrifty1 vigorous animals resist the infection for some time1 but they gradually succumb4 ,the disease is spread by direct contact and by contact with infected quarters4 ,while the mites will live a week or ten days in protected places1 they are almost immediately destroyed by direct sunlight4 ,as soon as the disease is discovered in a bunch of cattle1 the infected animal should be isolated and the infected quarters and rubbing posts disinfected with a #e per cent solution of carbolic acid4 ,infected animals should be well fed and cared for1 and be salted with a mixture of #a pound of flowers of sulphur mixed with #aj pounds of common salt4 ,external treatment is necessary to affect a cure4 ,if a large number of cattle are affected1 a dipping wash through which the animals must swim in the dip is the best means for destroying the mites4 ,the most efficient remedies1 considering cost1 are the coal tar products advertised as dip solutions4 ,a homemade dip that is both cheap and effective for treating a small number of animals may be made of #c pounds of flowers of sulphur1 #b pounds of unslaked lime1 #ae gallons of water4 ,in making this unslaked lime into a thick paste1 sift in the sulphur and stir well4 ,put this mixture in a kettle with1 say1 five gallons of water and boil for at least half an hour--a longer time is better4 ,when the chocolate-looking mass settles1 the clear liquid is drawn off and water enough is added to make #ae gallons4 ,the dip will be more effective if used when warm1 just a bit hotter than the normal heat of the body4 ,after the animals are dipped1 they should remain in the solution about two minutes4 ,this will be time enough to thoroughly saturate the scabs and destroy them4 ,a couple of ablutions are required for complete eradication4 ,when no treatment is resorted to1 the dip should be applied with a scrubbing brush1 cloth or sponges and all scabs and crusts should be thoroughly saturated4 ,warm sunny days are preferable for this kind of work4 ,,septic ,,navel ,,infection4--,a diseased condition at the attachment of the navel cord soon after birth4 ,it is a good plan just after birth to apply some septic powder to the navel at the breaking point4 ,if trouble arises1 apply a solution of carbolic acid1 #a part to #bj parts of water1 after using some hydrogen peroxide4 ,a little iodoform and alum1 mixed half and half1 make a good dusting powder to use also4 ,,sheep ,,bots4--,see ,bot ,flies4 ,,side ,,bones4--,on either side of the coffin bone there is a cartilage which may in certain cases become hardened by deposits of mineral matters1 which may thus lead to lameness4 ,side bones are situated on one or both sides of the leg and bulge above the upper portion of the hoof4 ,they may be the result of inflamed conditions1 bruises or troubles like corns or hoof cracks4 ,slipping on the stony pavement is a frequent cause1 as well as the great weight of the bodies in heavy horses4 ,if the wagon tongue falls on the foot at this point1 the cartilage may be injured and induce the disease4 ,the swelling is first noticed just above the hoof or near the heel4 ,lameness soon follows4 ,illustration3 ,,side ,,bones ,when the cartilages on either side of the foot of a horse just at the top of the hoof and close to the heel turn to bone1 side bones are the result4 ,the treatment usually recommended for side bones consists in the free use of cold foot baths or cold water bandages for a week or more4 ,tincture of iodine applied to the swollen parts is very good4 ,a blister applied after the water applications have been made for a week or so1 is used by many veterinarians4 ,the blister is made of #b teaspoonfuls of cantharides mixed with #d tablespoonfuls of lard4 ,it is rubbed in well with the fingers and allowed to remain for #bd hours1 when it is washed off and applied a second time the following week4 ,these applications are continued until the lameness disappears4 ,if this does not bring permanent relief1 then firing of the injured parts and several months' rest will be necessary4 ,,slobbering4--,some kinds of food cause an unnatural flow of saliva4 ,fresh crimson clover hay is one of these4 ,of course the continual flow of saliva is undesirable and unpleasant4 ,it is unnatural and should be checked as soon as possible4 ,this can be accomplished by changing the feed and then washing the mouth out with alum water4 ,if a change is not observed soon1 give a good physic4 ,for horses use #h teaspoonfuls of bitter aloes1 a teaspoonful of common soda and a teaspoonful of ginger4 ,mix these in a pint of water and give as a drench4 ,for cattle1 dissolve a pound of ,epsom salts1 a tablespoonful of common soda and a tablespoonful of ginger in a quart of lukewarm water and give as a drench4 ,,spasmodic ,,colic4--,see ,colic4 ,,spavin4--,this disease1 known in common language as bone spavin1 is an enlargement of the hock joint similar to a ringbone about the coronary joint4 ,it may affect the hock joint in such a way as to cement the small joints together1 not causing lameness1 and apparently no blemish1 but the free movement of the limb is impaired4 ,any condition which favors sprains1 such as fast driving over hard or uneven roads1 unequal paring of the hoof1 thus causing the weight to be unequally distributed in the joints1 and severe labor in early life1 or blows1 bruises1 or any injuries to tendons1 ligaments1 or joints may cause spavin4 ,in addition to these causes may be mentioned sprains caused by jumping1 galloping1 or trotting animals faster than they are accustomed to2 also straining by starting a heavy load1 slipping on an icy surface or sliding on a bad pavement4 ,if the patient is examined before any bony growth has developed1 inflammation will be detected on the inside of the hock joint at the junction of the cannon bone and the joint4 ,while in the stable the horse prefers to rest the diseased leg by setting the heel on the toe of the opposite foot with the hock joint flexed4 ,in traveling the patient is very lame when first taken out of the barn1 but after traveling for a short distance goes sound4 ,the diseased leg is not lifted clear from the ground1 but nicks the toe in the middle of the stride1 which is very noticeable on a pavement4 ,a strained horse becomes very lame after being allowed to stand for even a very short time1 then moved again4 ,preventive treatment consists in keeping horses' feet trimmed properly1 not overworking colts while young1 careful driving on hard or uneven roads1 and avoiding all injuries that are liable to strain tendons1 ligaments or joints of the limbs4 ,even after a spavin has developed it may be cured by proper treatment of the feet1 and applying a fly blister4 ,the fly blister is prepared by mixing thoroughly #d tablespoonfuls of pulverized cantharides1 #d tablespoonfuls of biniodide of mercury and #h ounces of lard4 ,the hair is clipped over the spavin and the blister applied with considerable rubbing4 ,the horse's head should be tied so as to avoid his biting the part blistered4 ,a second application of the blister is to be used about a month after the first4 ,if blistering fails to cure the spavin1 point-firing may be resorted to4 ,it is necessary to 8fire0 rather deeply to secure good results1 care being taken not to fire into a joint4 ,after firing1 a fly blister should be rubbed into the holes where the hot iron has been used4 ,,spaying4--,the removal of the ovaries to prevent breeding4 ,cast the animal on her right side4 ,give an anesthetic to prevent pain4 ,when the animal is unconscious1 free the limbs sufficiently to remove any pressure from the abdomen4 ,now pinch up a fold of the skin in the left side1 midway between the prominent bone of the haunch or pelvis1 and the last rib1 about #d inches below the backbone4 ,make an incision in the skin #e or #f inches long2 now do likewise with the abdominal muscles until the lining membrane of the abdominal cavity is exposed4 ,this membrane is then punctured and an incision made as long as that in the skin and muscles4 ,now kneel down in close contact with the cow's back and insert the arm1 passing the hand within the brim or cavity of the pelvis4 ,by so doing both ovaries can be secured and detached4 ,this ended1 the operation of uniting the abdominal muscles follows by means of stitches and sutures4 ,great care is necessary in having the instruments boiled and washed in antiseptics1 and in having the fingers1 hands1 and arms severely clean and well saturated with a strong antiseptic solution4 ,the operation should be made out in the open where neither dirt nor dust are to be found4 ,extreme care about germs will remove much of the risk associated with the operation4 ,in spaying a sow1 she is laid on an inclined board with the hindquarters up4 ,the operator stands at the back of the sow4 ,the hair is first clipped from the skin where the incision is to be made1 high up in the flank and midway between the haunch and the last rib4 ,the incision needs to be just large enough to admit the two fingers4 ,ovaries are located1 pulled through the opening in the flank1 and removed by tearing off with the fingers4 ,the flank incision is then closed by the necessary number of stitches4 ,this operation is sometimes performed in mares4 ,but being rather uncommon the process is less understood4 ,in this case it is best to call your veterinarian or someone in the community well skilled in the operation4 ,in all cases of spaying let severe cleanliness be the rule and practice1 from the very beginning to the very end4 ,illustration3 ,,splint ,,splints4--,splints occur more commonly in the heavier breeds of horses than in those that are light in the bone below the knee4 ,it is rare that splints occur anywhere except on the inside of the front cannon bone1 although they are sometimes seen on the outside of both the front and hind legs4 ,any enlargement of the bone occurring on the inside of the leg between the knee and fetlock comes under the name of splint4 ,the usual cause is concussion1 that is1 the impact of the foot on the hard road4 ,it may be the result of other causes1 such as a blow1 a twisting strain or faulty conformation4 ,some animals are more liable to splints than others4 ,it is1 after all1 to a certain extent1 dependent upon heredity4 ,at first the splint is hard to detect4 ,if you notice a young horse going lame while doing road work1 it is well to examine for splints4 ,while working there seems to be no lameness at all1 and when standing there seems to be no pain1 but when put to a trot the horse shows lameness and may raise and lower his head4 ,if taken in time1 a splint can be cured4 ,the first thing to do with an animal suffering from a splint is to give the animal rest and place in such quarters where there is a soft floor1 preferably the ground1 and when so quartered one very frequently effects a complete cure4 ,the application of cold water bandages acts well4 ,if treatment of this sort fails1 apply a blister of red iodide of mercury1 #a tablespoonful to #b tablespoonfuls of lard4 ,this blister should be applied with rubbing every day from two to four days1 or until the area is well blistered4 ,then wait until the little scabs fall off1 and if the animal is still lame1 repeat the application of this blister4 ,to apply the blister1 clip off the hair over the enlargement and wash with vinegar to remove grease1 then rub in blister with ends of fingers4 ,keep the animals tied short for two to four days in order to prevent rubbing or biting the leg4 ,four days after the last application of blister1 wash carefully with warm water and soap and over it apply every day or so a little lard1 to prevent drying and also to loosen the scabs4 ,,sprains4--,injuries to the ligaments of joints1 tendons1 or muscles4 ,they are caused by violence1 as twisting1 or from over-exertion2 also sprains are often the result of overwork4 ,if an animal is worked until tired or exhausted he is unable to use the proper muscle force1 and more strain has to be borne by the ligaments1 resulting in sprains1 which often occur in young horses or even in old horses1 when put to work after long periods of rest4 ,swelling1 heat1 soreness1 and partial or complete loss of the use of the part1 which is shown by the degree of lameness1 characterize the disorder4 ,sprains are most common in the legs1 at the fetlock joint1 in the tendons just back and above the fetlocks1 but may occur in any part4 ,the first and most important thing in the treatment of sprains is rest1 as sprains are a long time in making a complete recovery4 ,in the early stages1 that is1 before swelling has taken place1 applications of cold water should be used1 applications of hot water1 or hot packs of water1 #a1jjj parts1 and bichloride of mercury #a part1 are very good4 ,this will relieve the pain and reduce the swelling4 ,applications of liniments are also very good4 ,should there be great heat and soreness in the part1 it is well to use cold applications4 ,never blister in the early stages4 ,a blister may be used after the swelling has gone down1 and the part has become cold1 from two to four weeks after the injury occurred4 ,this should be followed by rest for some time after all lameness has disappeared4 ,,staggers4--,staggers in horses is an affection of the brain showing itself usually in one of two forms--sleepy or stomach staggers and blind or mad staggers4 ,in the first form the stomach is at fault4 ,sudden change of feed1 moldy or dirty food heavy work or fast driving right after a heavy meal or severe exposure is liable to cause indigestion in the stomach and this is reflected to the brain1 causing the animal to act dull or sleepy1 sometimes showing symptoms of serious colic1 with gas forming from the fermentation of the food1 frequently resulting in death4 ,blind or mad staggers is an inflammation of the brain and may affect any of the lower animals4 ,in the beginning of this form the symptoms closely resemble those in the stomach form1 but as the inflammation progresses the animal becomes blind and violent and may roll1 paw1 kick1 wander around in a circle1 usually going only one way1 either to the left or right1 or it may walk or run in a straight line as near as possible for hours at a time--paying no attention to injuries received in its travels4 ,in either case the animal may be drenched once daily with a quart of raw linseed oil or a pound of ,glauber salts1 dissolved in water1 which sometimes gives relief4 ,staggers in ,sheep is mostly caused by the young stage of a tapeworm which infests sheep dogs4 ,the dog eats the infected brain of the sheep and the sheep eats the egg of the tapeworm after it has passed through the dog4 ,after the egg hatches in the stomach of the sheep the young worm passes through the bowels and other organs or tissues or circulates through the blood and reaches the brain1 where it develops and causes an inflammation1 resulting in disease4 ,it is most common in young animals1 rarely occurring in sheep after their second year4 ,prevention is about the only practical way of handling this trouble4 ,the grounds should be thoroughly drained1 allowing the animals only pure1 fresh water to drink4 ,it may be necessary to change pastures for a year or two4 ,the brains of all sheep killed and the heads of all dying with the disease should be burned4 ,,stomach ,,and ,,intestinal ,,worms ,,in ,,sheep4--,if a box of salt is kept covered in some place frequented by the sheep1 to which they are allowed to help themselves1 and if said salt is saturated with spirits of turpentine in proportions of a gill to every four quarts of salt1 it will wonderfully help to keep the worms from multiplying4 ,it is well1 also1 to have another box of larger size1 where sheep can help themselves at will1 filled with tobacco stems4 ,these stems should be cut up in inch lengths and from time to time a quantity of wheat bran should be put on top of the stems4 ,when this is done the sheep soon instinctively learn to use tobacco1 and no young intestinal worm or stomach worm1 except the tapeworm1 can stand the diet4 ,this will not kill mature worms4 ,it will only prevent the worm family multiplying to the extent of injuring the health of sheep4 ,illustration3 ,,twisted ,,stomach ,,worms ,a common attitude observed when sheep are afflicted with twisted stomach worms4 ,the animal loses in flesh1 and unless relief is found in time1 dies4 ,the parasite is shown in the illustration4 ,but no sheep owner should feel wholly satisfied by preventive treatment of stomach worms4 ,twice a year the whole flock should be drenched with some agent which will destroy the mature worms4 ,there are two very inexpensive drenches which will quite effectually do this4 ,the one is gasoline1 the other coal tar creosote4 ,the objection to gasoline is that it needs to be so extremely carefully used or sheep will be killed by it4 ,the dose is #a tablespoonful 7never more at one dose7 to a mature sheep2 mix with not less than #d tablespoonfuls of raw linseed oil 7never boiled oil72 then add a half pint of sweet milk4 ,in giving1 set the sheep up on its haunches and shake the liquids well together until the last minute it is administered1 or the gasoline will separate and1 if it enters the stomach in the unmixed form1 it will seriously injure and may kill the sheep4 ,there is no direct vermifuge that will as effectually kill all species of worms in a sheep's stomach and intestines as will gasoline2 yet the coal tar creosote or the more refined class of sheep dips1 if given after a full #ab-;hour fast1 before the flock is turned to pasture in the spring1 and again about ,november1 will destroy a large number of the mature worms4 ,all lambs born in ,april or ,may should be drenched about ,august or ,september following1 to be certain of ridding them of worms that may later cause their death4 ,the dose of any of the sheep dips is a dessertspoonful mixed in a full pint of water4 ,,stone ,,in ,,bladder4--,see ,concretions or ,calculi of ,urinary ,organs4 ,,strangles4--,this trouble1 commonly called colt distemper1 affects horses1 and rarely mules and donkeys4 ,it is such an infectious disease that nearly all horses contract the disease when colts and usually remain immune to future exposures4 ,the cause is a very small organism or germ which enters the system when a healthy colt comes in contact with a diseased one or when fed and watered in infected vessels4 ,the seat of trouble is largely restricted to the respiratory organs1 occasionally causing difficulty in breathing1 owing to swelling in region of throat or to accumulations in air passages4 ,the symptoms start out with more or less sluggishness4 ,the animal eats little1 and does not care to take much exercise4 ,a little watery discharge frequently appears from the eyes1 and about the same time a watery discharge from the nostrils1 which soon becomes thicker and more yellow in color4 ,usually the glands between the lower jawbones become enlarged and undergo suppuration with a rupture of them and free discharge of pus4 ,the temperature of the animal may be slightly or very greatly increased from #ajc to #aje4 ,the pulsations may also be considerably quickened4 ,when complications do not occur this disease usually runs its course in two weeks1 leaving the animal little the worse for having passed through the affliction4 ,the milder forms of this disease will need little or no treatment other than careful feeding and nursing4 ,a laxative diet1 with something green1 if possible1 should be given4 ,the colt should be placed in clean1 airy1 and comfortable quarters1 but not in a draft4 ,to hasten the suppuration of the glands a poultice of hot bran or flaxseed may be applied to that region1 and as soon as softening can be detected within1 puncture the gland containing abscess with a clean knife blade and allow the escape of the collection of pus4 ,during the course of the disease the animal should not be worked and care should be taken that it be not exposed to conditions likely to produce a cold4 ,,stringhalt ,,in ,,horses4--,stringhalt is an involuntary contraction of the muscles that bring the hind leg or legs forward4 ,the cause of stringhalt is a deranged condition of the nerves supplying the muscles1 causing the leg or legs to be brought up with a jerk4 ,in slight cases of stringhalt it is necessary sometimes to turn the animal round from right to left1 and from left to right1 in order to make him show signs of stringhalt1 the symptoms of the disease being exhibited as he turns one way only4 ,this disease sometimes comes on suddenly1 but generally develops slowly4 ,it is an unsoundness1 and depreciates the animal's value and makes him unfit for hard work or fast driving4 ,there is no sure cure for stringhalt2 the animal can sometimes be relieved by giving him one ounce bromide of potassium at a dose twice a day in bran mash1 and continuing it for one week1 then skipping a week and giving again4 ,it can sometimes be relieved by cutting the tendon or tendons of the affected muscles1 but the operation should be performed by a qualified veterinarian4 ,,sunstroke4--,see ,heat ,exhaustion and ,sunstroke4 ,,swamp ,,fever4--,this disease1 by some called infectious anemia of horses1 is produced by an invisible organism1 which is transmissible to horses1 mules1 and asses4 ,about the first symptoms noticed are a general weakness of the animal2 it tires very easily and is not able to do any work4 ,the loss of flesh is apparent in spite of the voracious appetite which the animal has at times4 ,the appetite usually remains good until death1 but the feed seems to do the animal no good4 ,the temperature is very irregular4 ,some days it runs quite high1 at times to #ajg2 again it is below normal4 ,an animal may have several attacks of the trouble1 but each succeeding attack seems to be more severe4 ,the blood becomes thin1 and the circulation impaired1 and frequently there appears a swelling under the chest or abdomen1 or an enlargement of one or more legs4 ,it is quite easy to recognize the trouble1 especially in the advanced stages4 ,the slow progress at the beginning1 remittent fever1 progressive emaciation and anemia1 unimpaired or ravenous appetite1 staggering gait1 and excessive urination are usually all present to a greater or less degree4 ,recovery takes place only when treatment is begun early and when the disease is not too acute4 ,in treating1 absolute rest until fully recovered is one of the primary requisites1 and purgatives are to be avoided4 ,for the fever1 the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture recommends an antipyretic of quinine #dj grains1 acetanilide #b drams1 and powdered nux vomica #cj grains1 four times daily4 ,cold water sponge baths and frequent copious rectal injections of cold water also aid in reducing the fever4 ,after the fever subsides the following is recommended3 ,arsenious acid1 #b grams2 powdered nux vomica1 #bh grams2 powdered cinchona bark1 #he grams2 powdered gentian root1 #aaj grams4 ,these should be well mixed and one-half teaspoonful given at each feed of the affected animal4 ,as in the case of all other infectious diseases1 the healthy should be separated from the sick horses1 and thorough disinfection of the infected stable1 stalls1 litter1 and stable utensils should be used by mixing six ounces of any one of these chemicals with one gallon of water4 ,one of the approved coal-tar sheep dips might also be used to advantage in a five per cent solution1 and should be applied liberally to all parts of the stable1 and sufficient lime may be added to the solution to make the disinfectant area conspicuous4 ,from the fact that the disease is more prevalent during wet seasons1 it is always best to guard against allowing the animals to graze upon swampy land or to drink from ponds of stagnant water4 ,the spread of the disease has been traced along creeks from one farm to another1 which would suggest avoiding these places also4 ,the draining of the low1 swampy lands is especially recommended4 ,,sweeny4--,wasting of the muscles covering the shoulder blade of the horse is commonly called 8sweeny10 and the cause may be any strain1 sprain1 jerk1 or bruise of the parts due to a bad fitting collar1 or to awkward steps of a colt plowing for the first time1 and especially when worked in the furrow4 ,the great nerves of the shoulder are affected1 and in consequence nutrition is impaired and the muscles waste away4 ,a similar condition may affect the muscles of the hip1 or of the space between the stifle and hip4 ,lameness seldom is a prominent feature in shoulder sweeny4 ,ordinarily the wasting comes on some time after the causative injury2 then the skin alone appears to cover the bone 7scapula7 and the animal may have little power for work4 ,in this connection it should be remembered that wasting of the shoulder muscles also may be due to any chronic lameness or soreness of the foot1 or leg1 between foot and shoulder4 ,wasting 7atrophy7 of muscles occurs when the muscles for any reason are not fully exercised4 ,it1 therefore1 is important to make sure whether the cause is in the foot or in the shoulder before commencing treatment4 ,treatment consists in stimulating flow of blood to the poorly nourished parts1 and if this can be done the muscles gradually grow in again and regain their normal development and power4 ,an old-fashioned plan is to make incisions in the skin and then blow up the parts with air to separate the skin from the bone4 ,this should not be done4 ,setons 7rowels7 of tape may be inserted under the skin1 but they leave scars4 ,better treatment consists in rubbing the parts twice daily with a stimulating liniment1 or blistering at intervals of three weeks with cerate of cantharides1 after removing the hair4 ,a suitable liniment may be made by mixing together four ounces of druggist's soap liniment1 one ounce each of aqua ammonia and water to make one pint4 ,,swine ,,plague4--,see ,hog ,cholera4 ,,tape ,,worms4--,the flat worms of domestic animals4 ,they are most serious and common in sheep4 ,treatment is only partially satisfactory4 ,to get any reasonable result food must be withheld for several hours before the medicine is given4 ,use the following3 #a teaspoonful of ethereal extract of male fern in four ounces of castor oil4 ,it is desirable to keep the sheep inclosed1 so that the ground can be disinfected after the worms are expelled1 otherwise infection will occur right over again4 ,,tetanus4--,see ,lockjaw4 ,illustration3 ,,texas ,,fever ,the annual loss to the ,south1 because of the cattle tick1 extends into many millions of dollars4 ,investigations show that a complete extermination can be effected at a cost of #f per farm4 ,,texas ,,or ,,tick ,,fever4--,the earliest accounts that we have of this disease date back to #ahad4 ,it was found that cattle driven from a certain district in ,south ,carolina to other parts of the state would infect others with the disease1 while they themselves seemed to be in perfect health4 ,the disease is known by various names in the different sections of the country4 ,it is often called red water1 ,spanish fever1 ,australian tick fever1 and murain4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,typical ,,case ,,of ,,foot ,,and ,,mouth ,,disease ,the disease shows itself about the mouth1 the feet and the teats4 ,when an outbreak occurs all affected animals should be destroyed and all quarters thoroughly disinfected4 ,this is a specific fever1 and is characterized by the peculiarity among animal diseases that animals which scatter the infection are apparently in good health1 while those which sicken and die from it do not1 as a rule1 infect others4 ,when the cattle are brought into the infected districts they usually contract the disease during the first of the summer1 and if they are adult cattle1 particularly milch cows or fat cattle1 nearly all die2 calves are more likely to survive4 ,the disease is one from which immunity is acquired1 and1 therefore1 calves which recover from the disease are not again attacked1 as a rule1 even after they become adult4 ,when the disease is prevalent or scattered beyond the infected district the roads1 barns and pastures are dangerous until freezing weather1 when the disease disappears and cattle can be kept in the grounds or driven over the roads without catching the disease4 ,the midwinter months is the only time that cattle can be safely driven from an infected area to a non-infected area without spreading the disease4 ,the ,cause4--,texas fever is caused by an organism which lives within the red-blood corpuscles and breaks them up4 ,it is not a bacteria1 but a protozoa1 and belongs to the lowest forms of the animal kingdom4 ,how it gets into the blood corpuscles is not known4 ,the fatality is due not so much to the loss of blood corpuscles as to the difficulty which the organs have in getting rid of the waste products arising from this wholesale destruction4 ,the ,course of the ,disease4--,after a period of exposure1 which may vary from #ac to #ij days1 the disease first shows itself in dullness1 loss of appetite and a tendency to leave the herd and lie down alone4 ,a few days before these symptoms appear the temperature rises from #ajc to #ajg4 ,there is little change in temperature until death or recovery4 ,pathological ,changes ,observable ,after ,death4--,the presence of small ticks on the udder or escutcheon is a very important sign in herds north of the ,texas fever line4 ,the watery condition of the blood4 ,the spleen or milt very much enlarged1 and filled with a blackish pulp4 ,enlargement of the liver1 and its color changed to a mahogany color4 ,the distended gall-bladder1 caused by an excessive amount of bile in it4 ,the ,cattle ,tick 7,boophilus bovis7 is the carrier of this disease4 ,its life history is quite simple4 ,it is unable to come to maturity and reproduce its kind unless it becomes attached to the skin of cattle1 whence it may obtain its food4 ,the eggs laid on the ground by the female tick after falling off the cattle begin to develop at once4 ,the time required for hatching varies considerably1 according to the temperature4 ,in the heat of summer about #ac days1 and in the fall1 under the same conditions1 from four to six weeks4 ,on pastures these little creatures soon find their way on to cattle4 ,they attach themselves1 by preference1 to the tender skin on the escutcheon1 the inside of the thighs1 and on the base of the udder4 ,when very numerous they may be found on various parts of the body4 ,they remain clinging to the cattle until mature1 and then fall off and lay their eggs and hatch more new ticks4 ,how ,prevention ,is ,possible4--,the spread of ,texas fever can be prevented by two ways--sanitary arrangements and by vaccination4 ,where the cattle are infected with the tick1 the ticks can be killed by smearing the animals with a solution capable of killing the ticks without harming the cattle4 ,in large herds a large vat of crude petroleum is used to immerse the cattle in4 ,in small herds smear the cattle with a mixture of equal parts of cottonseed oil and crude petroleum4 ,how to rid the pastures of the tick without killing the vegetation on them has for a long time been the problem4 ,divide the pasture in two parts by a double parallel line of fence with a #aj-;foot space between1 to prevent ticks from crawling across4 ,one of these pastures is then kept free of cattle for two winters and one summer4 ,after the second winter it will be free of ticks and ready for tickless cattle1 when the other pasture is abandoned for the same time4 ,vaccination is for the purpose of immunizing cattle that are brought from a non-infected district to an infected district4 ,calves about six to eight months old should be used1 as they are more immune than adult cattle4 ,the immunity is caused by introducing the germ into the blood in a weakened form4 ,this may be done in two ways--by placing virulent young ticks on the calves or by artificial vaccination4 ,when this is practiced1 it should be done in two or three inoculations1 as it gives better results4 ,the intervals should be about three weeks4 ,the amount of virulent blood should be small the first time and increased in the following treatments4 ,the inoculation always results in a more or less serious attack of the fever upon the animal treated4 ,some may die1 but the proportion of deaths resulting among animals taken directly into the infected district is large to the proportion of deaths resulting from vaccination4 ,medical treatment for this disease has proven unsatisfactory in the acute form1 although in some chronic cases some good results may have been obtained by medical treatment4 ,,thick ,,leg4--,see ,lymphangitis4 ,,thoroughpin4--,an enlargement situated on the sides and upper part of the hock joint of the horse1 arising from a derangement of the sheath of the back tendon4 ,the fluid with which it is filled can be pressed from one side to the other1 hence the term thoroughpin4 ,it seldom causes lameness4 ,for treatment mix a teaspoonful of biniodide of mercury with #d tablespoonfuls of lard4 ,rub on a little with the fingers1 let it remain on for #bd hours1 then wash off and rub on a little lard or vaseline4 ,repeat the blister every third week until the enlargement disappears4 ,the horse should have rest while under treatment4 ,,thrush4--,a diseased condition of the secreting surface of the fatty frog in the foot4 ,in severe cases the horny part often detaches from the sensitive tissue within4 ,bad shoeing is a common cause of the trouble1 or anything else that prevents the frog from coming in contact with the ground4 ,lameness is sometimes associated with the disease4 ,treatment consists of careful cleaning1 followed with linseed meal poultices if lame4 ,after the foot is made dry1 insert calomel into the little cavities4 ,the calomel can be kept in and the dirt kept out by using paper or cloth plugs4 ,follow this treatment until normal condition is attained4 ,,thumps4--,this disease is limited in its action to pigs4 ,its cause is not definitely known4 ,it is recognized by a peculiar contraction of the diaphragm in young pigs4 ,while the pig may eat fairly well the disturbance is associated with digestion4 ,such patients like to lie around and take very little exercise4 ,the disease is more common where one kind of food like corn is fed4 ,the old common method was to cut off the ear4 ,the common practice now is to give a purgative so as to relieve the stomach and bowels of accumulated material4 ,the food should be changed and from #a to #b tablespoonfuls of ,epsom salts should be given4 ,the jerking movement of the muscles may be relieved or stopped by using laudanum1 say1 four drops to #a or #b teaspoonfuls of aromatic spirits of ammonia in a half pint of water4 ,,tick ,,fever4--,see ,texas ,fever4 ,,trichinosis4--,a disease caused by the trichina1 a minute worm that affects people1 hogs and rats4 ,people become affected with the disease from raw or partly cooked pork4 ,these worms are killed by thorough cooking or by the process of hot pickling and curing meat products4 ,hogs become affected through eating offal and rats about the slaughterhouses4 ,hogs that are fed on green grass and other wholesome food1 free from these minute worms1 are less likely to have trichin embedded in their flesh and muscles4 ,hogs do not seem to be bothered with the trichin1 but people suffer very severely1 as both soreness in the muscles and fever result4 ,a few days after eating the trichin1 the worms multiply very rapidly in the digestive tract1 from which they migrate to other parts of the body and work their way through the tissues4 ,there is no remedy in way of treatment when affected4 ,prevention is the one cure4 ,inasmuch as five to ten per cent of hogs are affected1 it is advisable that all pork or ham be eaten only after most thorough cooking4 ,,tuberculosis4--,tuberculosis is a disease resulting from the growth of tubercle bacteria in the tissues of the animal4 ,the bacteria1 or germs1 of tuberculosis1 usually gain entrance to the organs of the body by being taken in with the food4 ,sometimes they penetrate through the membranes in the throat and get into the glands of the head4 ,sometimes they are taken into the digestive tract1 where they pass through the walls of the intestines into the lymph channels and are carried through the large lymph vessel into the blood circulation4 ,in some cases it would seem that the bacteria get into the lungs on particles of dust that are inhaled4 ,illustration3 ,,tuberculosis ,,germs ,these germs may be inhaled in the lungs with the air1 admitted to the stomach and intestines with food and drink1 or established in the flesh by inoculation through broken skin or mucous membrane4 ,after getting into the body1 tubercle bacteria multiply in the tissues to which they have been carried and produce the changes in them which we find on the examination of an animal suffering with tuberculosis4 ,tuberculosis1 therefore1 is simply the outcome of the growth of the tubercle bacteria in the organs4 ,where ,tubercles ,are to ,be ,found4--,tuberculous areas may be found in almost any part of the infected animal1 but the organs that are usually affected are the lymphatic glands1 either in the throat1 the bronchial glands or those about the intestines and on the liver2 the lungs2 the liver2 the kidneys2 intestines2 udder and generative organs4 ,the membrane covering the lungs 7pleura71 the heart 7pericardium71 and intestines 7peritoneum71 are frequently affected4 ,it often happens that a large mass1 or masses1 of tuberculous tissue grow over one or more of these membranes4 ,the most peculiar thing about bovine tuberculosis is the fact that frequently an animal will appear to be perfectly well1 but when slaughtered will be found to have a large number of tuberculous areas or masses on the membranes or in its organs4 ,the reason for this is that the diseased area is not at a vital point4 ,the organ or membrane affected depends upon the one to which the germ is carried4 ,usually animals are infected in but one organ in the beginning1 and from this diseased area the germs spread through the blood vessels or lymph channels to other organs4 ,when the diseased area is restricted to one organ or part1 it is called 8localized0 tuberculosis1 because it appears at the point where the seed or germ was first planted4 ,when the germs spread through the circulation from this first or primary diseased area to other organs and set up new tuberculous growths1 the condition is called 8generalized0 tuberculosis4 ,when cattle are slaughtered for food1 if they are found to be afflicted with localized tuberculosis1 the flesh is considered to be fit for food1 but if the disease is generalized the carcass is condemned4 ,the ,symptoms of ,tuberculosis vary according to the location of the disease4 ,if it is in the glands of the throat it is suggested by their enlargement4 ,if it is in a gland about the lungs1 which1 because of its enlargement1 presses on the sophagus 7gullet71 there might be bloating4 ,if the disease is in the lung tissue there would be1 after it is sufficiently advanced1 coughing and perhaps difficult breathing4 ,if the disease is in the liver1 it cannot be readily distinguished until it is far advanced4 ,if the disease is in the udder it manifests itself usually by the organ becoming firm or hard1 and when the tissues are sufficiently broken down the milk from that quarter will be changed in appearance2 sometimes it is thick1 containing pus1 sometimes thin and watery4 ,it is very difficult to diagnose tuberculosis from the symptoms1 as many other causes may give rise to similar manifestations4 ,as tuberculosis is caused by a specific germ1 the disease is spread by the germs escaping from the diseased animals and getting into the bodies of healthy ones4 ,the tubercle bacteria escape from the infected animal with some one or more of the natural discharges of the body4 ,for example1 if the cow has a bad tuberculous area in the lung1 the bacteria may be discharged into one of the air tubes and coughed up into the mouth4 ,some of them will escape with the saliva and infect mangers or pastures4 ,some of them may be swallowed and escape from the body with the feces4 ,if the disease is in the udder the germs will escape with the milk4 ,there are some observations which indicate that sometimes the bacteria will escape with the milk where the udder is not affected4 ,after the bacteria leave the diseased animal and are left in the manger1 or in the pasture1 or on the surface of water in the drinking trough1 they can be readily taken up by healthy cattle that eat or drink after them4 ,if they escape with the milk1 calves and pigs that are fed with it readily become infected4 ,after the germs get into the body of the healthy animal they will multiply and produce the disease1 just as the seed of a noxious weed will1 if blown into a new field1 germinate and produce the weed there4 ,tuberculosis spreads from animal to animal on the same principle that weeds spread from one field to another4 ,in order to prevent the spread of tuberculosis it is simply necessary to prevent healthy animals from coming in contact with the diseased ones or eating or drinking after them4 ,as tuberculosis cannot be readily detected by a physical examination until the disease is far advanced in the organs affected1 it is necessary1 in order to determine which animals have the disease1 to apply some test or to find the germs of the disease in their excretions4 ,the simplest test that has thus far been discovered is the action of tuberculin4 ,when tuberculin is injected under the skin of the animals affected with active tuberculosis the animals respond by a rise of temperature1 which follows a somewhat definite curve4 ,by means of this test it is possible to pick out the infected individuals so that they can be separated from the healthy ones4 ,the test should be repeated in from six months to a year in order to detect any new cases which might have developed from latent or arrested ones4 ,we cannot always get all of the infected animals with the first test any more than we can always remove every weed from the garden by one hoeing4 ,the ,bang ,method for the ,control of tuberculosis consists in separating the animals that are infected from the well ones and keeping them for breeding purposes4 ,the calves are removed from their dams as soon as born and fed with the milk of healthy cows1 or the pasteurized milk of the infected ones4 ,it has been found that but a small percentage of calves that are raised under proper precautions from such animals have tuberculosis4 ,by this means a sound herd of cattle may be developed from tuberculous animals4 ,this method was introduced by ,prof4 ,bang of ,copenhagen1 and it has been found to be very effective in ,denmark and other countries in ,europe4 ,it has been applied with much success in a large number of individual herds in the ,united ,states4 ,its success depends entirely upon the care which is taken in keeping tubercle bacteria away from the calves4 ,in purchasing cattle for dairy or breeding purposes it is important that they should be taken from herds that are free from tuberculosis4 ,the sound herd is the unit to be dealt with4 ,animals from such herds are far more reliable than non-reactors from tuberculous herds4 ,,tumors4--,abnormal growths of tissues4 ,there are many kinds of tumors4 ,they are named from the kind of tissue of which they are composed1 as fibrous and fatty4 ,just why tumors should develop is not known4 ,treatment is in the direction of direct removal2 this means they are to be cut out with a knife4 ,another method is to tie a strong cord around the stem of the tumor1 thus shutting off the blood supply4 ,as soon as this is effected1 there will be a sloughing away1 with a sore remaining1 which is to be treated as in an ordinary wound4 ,some tumors are burnt off with caustics4 ,arsenic or corrosive sublimate are commonly used1 either singularly or combined4 ,better consult a veterinarian about the removal of tumors on valuable animals4 ,,tumors ,,in ,,pigs ,,after ,,castration4--,bunches form on the cords of pigs after castration as a result of infection from dirty instruments or hands during the operation2 or from leaving the cord too long1 thus increasing the liability of its becoming infected4 ,these tumors continue to grow1 and in the worst cases attain the size of a man's head4 ,cut down on a tumor the same as in a simple case of castration4 ,separate the skin from the tumor and then swallow up the cord with the hands4 ,cut the cord off as high up as possible4 ,the wound may be healed by the use of any of the common disinfectants4 ,a teaspoonful of carbolic acid in a quart of water may be used once daily until the pigs are healed4 ,pigs should be kept in a clean pen after the operation4 ,,warbles4--,these are lumps in the skin of cattle1 caused by grubs or warbles4 ,a simple treatment is to cut the skin and squeeze out the grubs where the lumps are noticed4 ,if all the grubs are killed in this way1 there will be no mature flies to cause trouble later on4 ,see article on ,bot ,flies4 ,,warts4--,the cause of these little tumors of the skin is not definitely known4 ,they occur on all domestic animals1 appearing most frequently on horses and cattle4 ,pure acetic acid1 dropped on the wart until it is saturated and softened1 destroys in the early stages4 ,warts about which a small cord may be tied are most easily treated in that way4 ,after they have sloughed off1 apply a little terchloride of antimony with a feather or cotton4 ,when the scab forms1 remove it and apply the chemical again4 ,with a couple of applications the spot will be lower than the surrounding skin4 ,now use an ointment1 made of #d tablespoonfuls of oxide of zinc and #h tablespoonfuls of lard4 ,apply this daily until the sore spot is healed4 ,sometimes a form of warts suddenly appears on colts and calves and scatter themselves about the lips1 nose and face4 ,they are common and appear and disappear suddenly4 ,no treatment is necessary4 ,,water ,,in ,,the ,,brain4--,dropsy in the brain4 ,a condition characterized by an accumulation of fluid in the brain4 ,the disease is either congenital or arises during the first years of life4 ,when it occurs the best thing is to kill the young individual at once4 ,,water ,,in ,,the ,,chest4--,often after a case of pleurisy a reaction comes and a very large quantity of water settles in the chest cavity1 anywhere from two to four pailfuls4 ,when the disease comes on the animal has difficulty in breathing2 takes in the breath quickly4 ,there is a constant biting at the flanks2 the pulse increases to a hundred beats a minute4 ,if you place your ear over the chest you will likely hear no sound at all4 ,best treatment is wholesome food1 boiled flaxseed1 and blisters for both sides of the chest4 ,use strong mustard plasters4 ,a good medicine to use is one-fourth of a pound of saltpeter or nitrate of potash1 one fourth of a pound of ground gentian and one-fourth of a pound of sulphate of iron4 ,these should be mixed and then #a teaspoonful given every four hours4 ,you had better consult a veterinarian4 ,other complications set in so readily that help may be secured in other ways4 ,some veterinarians puncture the chest so as to draw off the surplus water that has accumulated4 ,,white ,,scours ,,of ,,calves4--,calves of several days or weeks old suffer from indigestion1 which is indicated by thriftlessness1 and then scouring4 ,the discharges are white1 sour1 curdled and frequent at first and then become watery1 greenish and offensive1 passing in stream often4 ,calves live some days and fast lose flesh1 showing all the symptoms of ill health4 ,one of the commonest causes is feeding dirty1 souring or decomposing factory skim milk in large quantities at long intervals2 even sweet skim milk so fed may produce the trouble4 ,to prevent scours give calves a perfectly clean1 airy1 sunny pen and yard attached4 ,separate any calf that scours4 ,avoid dirty1 dark1 damp1 poorly ventilated pens in which scouring calves have been4 ,give all food from clean1 scalded1 sun-dried vessels4 ,feed small quantities of food often2 and in milk mix lime water freely two or three times a week as a preventive2 and daily when scouring has been experienced4 ,also see that the udders of cows nursing calves do not become contaminated with manure or other filth4 ,wash udders with a two per cent solution of coal tar disinfectant before any calf is allowed to suck for the first time1 and then repeat to keep the udders clean4 ,also disinfect the navel of each calf at birth with a #a_/ejj solution of corrosive sublimate and repeat the application twice a day until the navel is perfectly healed over4 ,at the first sign of scours give castor oil shaken up in milk4 ,two to #f tablespoonfuls is the dose according to the size and age of the calf4 ,follow two or three times daily with a #a to #b-teaspoonful dose of a mixture of one part of salol and two parts of subnitrate of bismuth in milk or water4 ,for calves scouring on skim milk mix in each pint of milk #a teaspoonful of a mixture of half an ounce of formaldehyde in #ae ounces of distilled water1 to be kept in an amber-colored bottle4 ,,wind ,,colic4--,see ,colic4 ,,wind ,,puffs4--,an accumulation of synovia in the cavities between the tendons of the legs1 especially between the back tendons and the bone just above the fetlock joint4 ,the bulging out is on each side of the tendon4 ,horses subjected to severe exertions1 like hard work on the roads1 are most frequently affected4 ,the puffs or galls seldom cause lameness or interfere with the usual work4 ,unless treated the puffs will become thicker and harder and sometimes solidified4 ,when this happens lameness occurs4 ,in the early stages1 pads and bandages1 if applied so as to cause pressure1 will tend to remove the galls4 ,if this treatment is not sufficient1 then use a teaspoonful of biniodide of mercury1 and #d tablespoonfuls of lard4 ,when mixed1 these should be rubbed on with the fingers4 ,after #bd hours remove with water and soap and repeat every other week until the puffs disappear4 ,,wind ,,sucking4--,see ,cribbing4 ,,worms4--,see ,intestinal ,worms in ,horses and ,sheep2 and ,stomach ,worms4 ,,worms ,,in ,,hogs4--,hogs with worms in the intestines run down in condition1 become very thin and lank1 back is arched1 eyes dull1 refuse feed1 walk stiffly1 and appear lifeless4 ,the worms may be very numerous1 in bad cases completely filling the intestines4 ,the pigs die if not treated4 ,to secure the best results1 affected hogs should receive individual treatment4 ,twenty-four hours before administering treatment very little feed should be given them4 ,then give the following medicine as a drench to each #ajj-pound hog2 larger or smaller hogs should receive a dose in proportion3 #d tablespoonfuls of oil of turpentine1 one-half teaspoonful of liquor ferri dialysatus and #f ounces of raw linseed oil4 ,if necessary1 repeat the dose in four days4 ,index ,page ,abortion1 #aja ,abscesses1 #ajc ,aconite1 #fi ,actinomycosis1 #ajd ,afterbirth1 #ajf ,aloes1 #fi ,alum1 #fi ,animal ,body a ,collection of ,cells1 #aa ,animal ,body1 ,how ,formed1 #i ,animals1 ,caring for ,sick1 #ii ,animal ,diseases1 ,learn to ,recognize1 #d ,animals1 ,examining in the ,stables1 #db ,animals1 ,out of ,doors ,test1 #dd ,anthrax1 #ajh ,antimony1 #ga ,apoplexy1 #aaa ,anemia1 #ajg ,aniseed1 #gj ,arnica1 #gj ,arsenic1 #gj ,azoturia1 #aaa ,back1 #dg ,bandage1 ,how to ,make ,it1 #eg ,barrenness1 #aac ,belladonna1 #gj ,big ,head1 #aac ,big ,jaw of ,cattle1 #aad ,big ,knee1 #aad ,big ,leg1 #aad ,bile1 #bf ,biniodide of ,mercury1 #ga ,bitter ,milk1 #aad ,blackhead1 #aad ,blackleg1 #aae ,blackleg ,vaccine1 #aaf ,bladder1 #fg ,bladder1 ,stone in1 #aag ,blind ,staggers1 #aag ,blistering1 #ih ,bloating in ,cattle1 #aag ,blood1 #ab ,blood ,poisoning1 #abj ,bloody ,milk1 #aba ,bloody ,urine1 #aba ,body1 #dg ,body ,tissues1 #ab ,bog ,spavin1 #abb ,bone ,spavin1 #abc ,bot ,flies1 #abc ,bots1 #abf ,breeze ,flies1 #abc ,broken ,wind1 #abf ,bromide of ,potassium1 #ga ,bronchitis1 #abf ,bruises1 ,treating1 #fj ,bunches1 #abh ,burns1 #abh ,caked ,bag1 #abh ,caked ,udder1 #abh ,calculi of ,urinary ,organs1 #adj ,calf ,cholera1 #abh ,calf ,scours1 #abi ,camphor1 #gb ,cancer1 #abi ,cantharides1 #gb ,capped ,elbow1 #acj ,capped ,hock1 #acj ,capped ,knee1 #aca ,carbolic ,acid1 #gb ,castration1 #aca ,catarrh1 #acc ,cattle ,scab1 #acd ,cattle1 ,special ,type in1 #dd ,caustic ,potash1 #gd ,cell ,division1 #aj ,cell1 ,nature of1 #i ,cells1 ,what ,they ,are1 #aa ,cerebro-,spinal ,meningitis1 #acd ,charbon1 #ace ,chest ,founder1 #ace ,chicken ,cholera1 #ace ,choking1 #acf ,chronic ,founder1 #afe ,circulation of ,blood1 #bh ,coffin ,joint ,lameness1 #acg ,colds1 #acg ,colic1 #acg ,colic ,mixture1 #hj ,concretions1 #adj ,constipation1 #adb ,corns1 #adb ,corns1 ,examine for1 #di ,cornstalk ,disease1 #adc ,corrosive ,sublimate1 #gc ,cough ,mixture1 #hj ,cow ,pox1 #add ,cracked ,hoofs1 #add ,cramp ,colic1 #ade ,creolin1 #gd ,cribbing1 #add ,crib ,suckers1 #ade ,croton ,oil1 #gc ,curb1 #ade ,diabetes1 #adf ,diarrhoea1 #adg ,difficult ,parturition1 #adg ,digestion of ,food1 #bc ,dipping ,live ,stock1 #adg ,disease1 ,diagnosis and ,treatment1 #ib ,disease on the ,farm1 #a ,disease1 ,physical ,examination in1 #ib ,disease due to ,heredity1 #hd ,disease from ,chemical ,causes1 #hd ,disease1 ,origin of1 #hf ,disease1 ,the ,causes of1 #hc ,disease1 ,the ,meaning of1 #hb ,disease1 ,the ,course of1 #hg ,disease1 ,the ,termination of1 #hi ,disease1 ,the ,treatment of1 #ie ,diseases of ,farm ,animals1 #aja ,dishorning1 #adh ,disinfect ,frequently1 #e ,disinfectants1 #f ,distemper1 #adh ,dropsy1 #adh ,dysentery1 #aej ,dystokia1 #adi ,eczema1 #adi ,enteritis1 #aea ,epilepsy1 #aea ,epizootic1 #aea ,ergotism1 #aea ,erysipelas1 #aeb ,examining ,animals1 #ci ,farcy1 #aec ,feet1 #ag ,fever1 #aec ,firing1 #ih ,fistul1 #aed ,fits1 #aeg ,flatulent ,colic1 #aeg ,fleas1 #aeg ,flies1 #aeg ,flukes1 ,liver1 #aeh ,fly ,blister1 #hj ,foot and ,mouth ,disease1 #aeh ,foot ,puncture1 #afj ,foot ,rot in ,sheep1 #afj ,fore ,legs1 #dh ,founder1 #afb ,fowl ,cholera1 #afe ,framework of the ,body1 #ac ,front ,feet1 #dh ,gapes1 #afe ,garget1 #aff ,gastric ,juice1 #be ,gastritis1 #aff ,gentian1 #ge ,germs1 #he ,gid in ,sheep1 #aff ,ginger1 #ge ,glanders1 #afg ,gravel or ,dirt in ,foot1 #agd ,grease ,heel1 #age ,grub in the ,head1 #agf ,hair1 #ac ,hair ,balls1 #agg ,heart1 ,how it ,works1 #ca ,heat ,exhaustion1 #agh ,heaves1 #agg ,hernia1 #agi ,hide-,bound1 #aha ,high ,blowing1 #aha ,hind ,feet1 #di ,hind ,legs1 #di ,hip ,joint ,lameness1 #aha ,hipped1 #ahb ,hog ,cholera1 #ahb ,hollow ,horn1 #aic ,hoof ,cracks1 #aid ,hoof ,ointment1 #hj ,horn ,fly1 #aid ,horses1 ,special ,type in1 #dj ,hoven1 #aid ,hydrocephalus1 #aid ,hydrophobia1 #aid ,hydrothorax1 #aie ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 #ge ,impaction of ,rumen1 #aie ,indigestion1 #aif ,infectious ,anemia in ,horses1 #aig ,infectious ,pneumonia1 #aig ,inflammation of the ,bowels1 #aig ,inflammation of the ,lungs1 #aii ,influenza1 #bjj ,inoculation1 #hf ,internal ,organs1 #fe ,intestinal ,worms in ,horses1 #bja ,intestinal ,worms in ,sheep1 #bea ,intestines1 #ff ,iodide of ,potassium1 #gf ,iodine1 #gf ,itch1 #bjb ,jaundice1 #bjb ,kidneys1 #fg ,kidney ,worms1 #bjd ,knee ,sprung1 #bje ,lameness1 ,examine for1 #ej ,laminitis1 #bje ,laudanum1 #gf ,leg ,bones1 #ag ,leg ,wounds1 #fa ,lice1 #bje ,linseed ,oil1 #gf ,liver ,flukes1 #bjg ,lockjaw1 #bjh ,loco ,disease1 #bab ,lumpy ,jaw1 #bac ,lung ,fever1 #bad ,lungs1 #fg ,lungs1 ,congestion of1 #bac ,lung ,worms in ,calves1 #bad ,lung ,worms in ,lambs1 #bad ,lymph1 #ab ,lymphangitis1 #bad ,lymph ,through ,cells1 #bi ,mad ,dog1 #bag ,maggots1 #bag ,maggots in ,wounds1 #fa ,mange1 #bai ,mastication1 #bd ,medicines1 #fi ,medicines1 ,administration of1 #ig ,medicines1 ,giving in a ,ball1 #ig ,medicines1 ,giving in a ,drench1 #ig ,mallenders1 #bah ,mammitis1 #bah ,milk ,fever1 #bai ,monday ,morning ,sickness1 #bba ,mouth1 ,examining the1 #df ,muscular ,system1 #ai ,mustard ,plasters1 #ih ,nasal ,gleet1 #bba ,navicular ,disease1 #bbb ,neck1 #dg ,nervous ,system1 #ai ,nitrate of ,potash1 #gg ,nitrate of ,soda1 #gg ,nits1 #bbd ,nodular ,disease in ,sheep1 #bbd ,nostril1 #de ,nutriment1 ,how ,absorbed1 #bg ,nux ,vomica1 #gg ,obstetrics1 #bbe ,paces1 ,testing of1 #eb ,palisade ,worm1 #bbh ,paralysis1 #bbi ,parasites1 #bcj ,parturient ,apoplexy1 #bcj ,parturition1 ,difficult1 #bcj ,pelvic ,girdle1 #ae ,peritonitis1 #bcj ,physic ,drench for ,cattle1 #ha ,physic ,drench for ,horses1 #ha ,physiology ,you ,ought to ,know1 #ba ,pink ,eye1 #bca ,placenta1 #bcb ,plant ,building1 #ba ,pleurisy1 #bcc ,pleuro-,pneumonia1 #bcd ,pneumonia1 #bcd ,poll ,evil1 #bcd ,post-,mortem ,examination1 #fb ,post-,mortem1 ,first ,things to ,do1 #fc ,post-,mortem1 ,removing the ,skin1 #fe ,post-,mortem1 ,the ,discharges1 #fd ,poultices1 #ih ,prescriptions1 #hj ,prevention ,better than ,cure1 #d ,profuse ,staling1 #adf ,protoplasm1 #i ,pulse1 ,taking the1 #ic ,punctures1 ,nail1 #ei ,quarantine ,quarters1 #h ,quarter ,crack1 #bce ,quittor1 #bce ,rabies1 #bcf ,reproductive ,apparatus1 #bj ,respiration1 #cb ,respiration1 ,taking the1 #ie ,respiratory ,organs1 #bj ,rheumatism1 #bcf ,ringbone1 #bcg ,ringworm1 #bch ,roaring1 #bci ,roup1 #bci ,salts1 #gi ,sand ,crack1 #bdj ,scab in ,cattle1 #bda ,septic ,navel ,infection1 #bdc ,sheep ,bots1 #bdc ,sick ,animals1 #g ,side ,bones1 #bdc ,skeleton1 #ad ,skin1 #ac ,skull1 #ae ,slobbering1 #bde ,soothing ,ointment1 #hj ,soundness1 ,examining ,animals for1 #ci ,spasmodic ,colic1 #bde ,spavin1 #bde ,spaying1 #bdg ,spirits of ,niter1 #gh ,splints1 #bdh ,sprains1 #bdi ,staggers1 #bej ,stomach1 #ff ,stomach ,churn1 #bf ,stomach of ,horse1 #bd ,stomach of ,ruminants1 #be ,stomach ,worms in ,sheep1 #bea ,stone in ,bladder1 #bec ,strangles1 #bec ,stringhalt in ,horses1 #bee ,sugar of ,lead1 #gh ,sulphate of ,copper1 #gh ,sulphate of ,iron1 #gh ,sulphur1 #gi ,sunstroke1 #bee ,swamp ,fever1 #bee ,sweeny1 #beg ,swine ,plague1 #beh ,tape ,worms1 #beh ,teeth1 ,as an ,indication of ,age1 #cd ,teeth1 ,loosening of ,temporary1 #ce ,teeth of ,cattle1 #cg ,teeth of ,sheep1 #ch ,temperature1 ,taking the1 #id ,tetanus1 #beh ,texas ,fever1 #beh ,thick ,leg1 #bfb ,thoroughpin1 #bfb ,throat1 #dg ,thrush1 #bfb ,thumps1 #bfb ,tick ,fever1 #bfc ,tissues1 ,body1 #ab ,tooth1 ,the ,mark in1 #ce ,trichinosis1 #bfc ,tuberculosis1 #bfd ,tumors1 #bfh ,tumors in ,pigs ,after ,castration1 #bfh ,turpentine1 #gi ,urinary ,organs1 #bj ,warbles1 #bfi ,warts1 #bfi ,water in the ,brain1 #bgj ,water in the ,chest1 #bgj ,white ,scours of ,calves1 #bgj ,wind ,puffs1 #bga ,wind ,sucking1 #bgb ,wind1 ,testing the1 #ea ,worms1 #bgb ,worms in ,hogs1 #bgb ,wound1 ,cleansing the1 #ef ,wounds1 #ed ,wounds1 ,first ,step in ,treating1 #ef ,wounds1 ,kinds of1 #ee ,wounds1 ,special ,treatment of1 #eh ,transcriber's ,notes ,inconsistent spelling and hyphenation have been retained4 ,the ,plates have been added to the ,list of ,illustrations4 ,jekyl-like 7page #aa7 and post portem 7page #abj7 have not been corrected4 ,page #aaj ff43 not all entries are listed in alphabetical order1 this has not been corrected4 ,changes and corrections made3 ,page #ba3 sophagus changed to sophagus ,page #ahc3 444 characteristic 8a0 or even 8b0 4443 ,letter 8b0 was invisible in the source document ,page #ahf3 ,on open- the carcass 444 changed to ,on opening the carcass 444 ,page #bja3 ,intestinal ,worms in ,horses3 capitalised as other section headings ,page #bge3 ,nail ,punctures changed to ,punctures1 ,nail4