,,:at ,,does ,,hi/ory ,,tea*8 ,,two ,,ed9burgh ,,lectures ,,by ,,john ,,/u>t ,,blackie ,london ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4 #ahhf ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes4 ,?is book 0 orig9ally digitiz$ by ,google & is int5d$ = p]sonal1 non-comm]cial use only4 ,footnotes h be5 relocat$ to ! end ( ! book4 ,passages orig9ally r5d]$ 9 small-caps h be5 *ang$ to all-caps 9 ! text v]sion ( ?is "w4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,prefatory ,,note4 ,i4 ,,! ,,/ate4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,*ur*4 ,,prefatory ,,note4 ,,! foll[+ ,lectures 7 prep>$ = ! ,philosophical ,in/itution ( ,ed9burgh1 & 7 deliv]$1 ) ! exception ( a few passages1 be=e audi5ces consi/+ ( ,memb]s ( t ,in/itution on ! ev5+s ( #h? & #aa? ,decemb] 9 ! pres5t ye>4 ,,ed9burgh1 ,decemb] #ahhe4 ,i4 ,,! ,,/ate4 4--,,ari/otle4 ,,hi/ory1 :e!r f\nd$ on reliable record1 or on monum5ts1 or on ! sci5tific analysis ( ! great fossil tradition call$ language1 kn[s no?+ ( ! e>lie/ beg9n+s4 ,! se$ ( human society1 l ! se$ ( ! vegetable gr[?1 lies "u gr\nd 9 d>kness1 & its e>lie/ processes are invisible to ! outw>d eye4 ,speculations ab\t ! desc5t ( ! primeval man f a monkey1 ( ! primeval monkey f an ascidian1 & ( ! primeval ascidian f a protopla/ic bubble1 ?\gh !y may act z a pot5t /imulus to ! biological rese>* ( ! h\r1 c]ta9ly nev] c =m ! />t+-po9t ( a pr(itable philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,z reveal$ 9 hi/ory1 man is an animal1 n only g5]ically diff]5t f1 b *>act]i/ically antagoni/ic to ! brute4 ,t :i* makes him a man is precisely t :i* no brute possesses1 or c by any process ( tra9+ be made to possess4 ,! man c no m be develop$ out ( ! brute ?an ! purple hea!r out ( ! granite rock :i* x clo!s4 ,! relation ( ! "o to ! o!r is a relation ( m]e outw>d atta*m5t or dep5d5cy--l ! relation :i* exi/s betwe5 ! pa9t]'s easel & ! picture :i* is pa9t$ on x4 ,! easel is ess5tial to ! picture1 b x did n make ! picture1 nor give ev5 ! smalle/ h9t t[>ds ! mak+ ( x4 ,s ! monkey1 z a basis1 may be ess5tial to ! man )\t be+ 9 any way p>ticipant ( ! div9e indwell+ :i* makes a man a man4 ,! two are relat$ only z all ?+s are relat$1 inasmu* z !y are all %ot =? f ! great f\nta9-head ( all vital =ces1 :om we ju/ly call ,,god4 ,! di/9ctive "* ( man z reveal$ 9 hi/ory is ?reefold4 ,man is an inv5tive animal1 & he does n inv5t f a compulsion ( nature1 z bees make cells or z swall[s build ne/s4 ,^! are all prescrib$ op]ations :i* ! animal mu/ p]=m2 b ! inv5tive faculty 9 man is free1 9 su* a mann] t ! c\rse ( its action _c be =ese5 or calculat$4 ,x revels 9 v>iety1 &1 above all ?+s1 %uns t uni=mity :i* is ! s]vile prov9ce ( brute activity4 ,a man may live 9 a hole l a fox1 b 8 prop] humanity is %[n by build+ a h\se & inv5t+ a /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,a man c s+ l a bird1 b--:at ! bird _c d--he c make a h>p or an organ4 ,he c scrape ) 8 nails l a t]ri]1 b1 z a man manife/+ 8 prop] manhood1 he pref]s to make a %ovel ( wood & a hat*et ( /one or iron4 ,! o!r animals1 h[ev] cunn+1 & (t5 wond]fully adaptable 9 _! in/9cts1 are m]e ma*9es4 ,man makes ma*9es4 ,9 ?is respect he is ju/ly entitl$ to look ^u himself z ! ,god to ! l[] animals1 j z ! %]iff 9 ! c\nties by delegat$ "r repres5ts ! supreme au?ority ( ! ,cr[n4 ,b1 above all ?+s1 man is a progressive animal1--n m]ely progressive z ! grass gr[s f root to blade & f blade to blossom to p]fect its individual type ( vegetable life1 b advanc+ f /age to /age & m\nt+ f plat=m to plat=m = ! p]fectionation ( ! race2 nor ev5 progressive z plants & fruits are improv$ by culture & fav\rable surr\nd+s1 & :at is call$ =c+1 or z ! bre$ ( %eep & cattle is improv$ by selection4 ,no d\bt progress ( ?is k9d is made by man z well z by plants & brutes2 b 8 mo/ di/9ctive human progress is made1 n by imposition f )\t1 b by projection f )94 ,^! projections f )9 are :at 9 philosophical language is call$ ! idea2 !y proce$ f ! ess5tial nature ( m9d1 ^: imp]ial function x is to dictate =ms1 z x is ! s]vile function ( ! s5ses to receive impressions4 ,^! intellig5t =ms1 com+ directly f ! div9e s\rce ( all excell5ce1 & project$ f )9 ) sov]eign au?ority to %ape = !mselves an outw>d embodim5t1 con/itute :at 9 art1 9 lit]ature1 9 religion1 & 9 social organisms1 is call$ ! ideal2 & man may accord+ly be def9$ z an animal t lives by ! conception ( ideals1 & ^: de/9y x is to sp5d 8 /r5g?1 &1 if ne$ be1 to lay d[n 8 life1 = ! realisation ( su* ideals4 ,! /eps ( ?is realisation1 (t5 sl[ & pa9ful1 & always difficult1 are :at we mean by human progress2 & x is ! dom9ant *>act]i/ic ( man1 ( :i* among/ ! l[] animals !re is n a ve/ige1 nei!r inde$ c\ld be2 = s long z !y h no ideas1 nei!r reason nor ! outw>d expression ( reason 9 language--two ?+s s closely b\nd toge!r t ! wise ,greeks express$ !m bo? by "o ^w1 --s long mu/ x be ridicul\s to ?9k ( !m %ap+ _! c>e] accord+ to an inborn type ( progressive excell5ce4 ,to d s is exclusively human4 ,h5ce our poems1 our high art1 our *ur*es1 our legislations1 our apo/le%ips1 our philosophies1 our social arrangem5ts & devices1 our speculations & s*emes ( all k9ds1 :i*1 ?\gh !y are sometimes fooli%1 & always m or less inadequate1 deliv] ! /ronge/ possible pro( t man is an animal :o w r die & embrace m>tyrdom ?an be cont5t to live z ! brutes d1 nei!r spurr$ ) ! hope ( progress nor borne al(t on ! w+s ( ! ideal4 ,( ! v e>lie/ /ate ( human society1 z we h already said1 hi/ory tea*es no?+2 b1 z man is a progressive animal1 & ! plan ( ,provid5ce ) reg>d to him seems pla9 to let him %ift = itself & le>n to d "r by blund]+1 z *ildr5 le>n to walk by tumbl+1 we may safely say t ! easi]1 m obvi\s1 & m rude =ms ( liv+ toge!r mu/ h prec$$ ! m difficult1 ! m complex1 & ! m poli%$4 ,& 9 p]fect consi/5cy ) ?is presumption1 we f9d ?ree social plat=ms ris+ "o above ! o!r 9 human value1 duly accr$it$ ei!r by monum5ts1 by popul> tradition1 or by ! evid5ce ( comp>ative philology4 ,^! ?ree are--7#a7 ,! prehi/oric or /one p]iod1 f :i* su* a ri* /ore ( monum5ts has be5 set up 9 ! ,cop5hag5 ,museum1 & ! exi/5ce ( :i* is indicat$ 9 ,g54 iv4 #bb z antec$5t to ,tubal ,ca91 ! in/ructor ( e artific] 9 brass & iron4 7#b7 ,! %eph]d or pa/oral /age1 repres5t$ by ,abel 7,g54 iv4 #b71 9 :i* m5 subsi/$ f ! easy dom9ance :i* !y ass]t$ ov] wild animals1 & f fruits ( ! e>? requir+ no culture4 7#c7 ,! agricultural /age1 :5 c]eal crops 7 sy/ematically & sci5tifically cultivat$1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 impli$ ! limitation ( p>ticul> di/ricts ( gr\nd to p>ticul> proprietors1 & ^? agr>ian laws :i* caus$ ! ,greek ,demet] to be hon\r$ ) ! title ( 1 or lawgiv]--a /ep ( m>k$ & decid$ advance1 insomu* t we may ju/ly attribute to x ! r$emption ( society f ! vagus concubitus ( ! e>lie/ times1 & ! firm e/abli%m5t ( ! family1 ) all its sanctities & all its b9d+ p[]1 z ! prime social monad4 ,to ! prie/ess ( ?is goddess accord+ly1 among/ ! ,greeks1 0 assign$ ! function ( u%]+ 9 ! newly-m>ri$ pair to ! peculi> duties ( _! new social relation4#a ,! fact t ! family is ! great social monad1 z x is und\bt$ly "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ accr$it$ facts 9 human tradition1 s x pres5ts to u p]haps ! mo/ important ( all ! lessons t hi/ory tea*es--a lesson z necess>y to be inculcat$ at ! pres5t h\r z at ! e>lie/ /ages ( social advance2 & ,ari/otle c]ta9ly 0 nev] m 9 ! "r ?an :5 he emphasis$ ?is tru? /rongly 9 trav]s+ ,plato's fancy ( mak+ ! /ate ! univ]sal family1 to ! utt] absorption ( all subord9at$ family monads4 ,"h1 z 9 "o or two o!r matt]s1 ! great ideali/ w\ld be wis] ?an ,god2 & s 8 philosophy1 s f> z t po9t 0 conc]n$1 became only a m sublime attitude ( folly4 ,! importance ( ! family1 z ! div9ely in/itut$ social monad1 dep5ds manife/ly on ! happy comb9ation & h>moni\s bl5d+ ( au?ority & love :i* gr[ out ( its con/itution--two elem5ts ) ! full developm5t & true balance ( :i* ! well-be+ & happ9ess ( all societies is intimately b\nd up4 ,! f9e moral tra9+ :i* ! family relation alone c inspire we f9d n only at our own door1 9 ! fidelity & self-sacrific+ devotion ( our noble ,highl&]s1 :o d]iv$ _! inspiration f ! clan sy/em1 ( :i* ! family love & respect is ! b9d+ elem5t1#b z contra/$ ) ! slavi% sy/em ( vassalage1 ! badge ( feudalism2 b 9 ! habits & in/itutions ( ! ?ree great anci5t peoples to :om mod]n ,europe owes its high] civilisation1 ,hebrews1 ,greeks1 & ,romans1 specially ! la/1#c ! great ma/]s ( ! difficult art ( gov]nm5t1 :o1 to use ,momms5's phrase1 c>ri$ out ! unity ( ! family ?r\gh ! virtue ( pat]nal au?ority ) an inexorable consi/5cy1 ! b5eficial effect ( :i* c\ld n fail to display itself 9 social life f> beyond ! sph]e f :i* x orig9ally emanat$2 = ob$i5ce to au?ority is ! fundam5tal po/ulate ( all possibie societies4 ,) ! family1 if n absolutely1 c]ta9ly ) ! be/ & normal /ate ( x1 mo/ closely connect$ is monogamy2 =1 ?\gh in/ances ( bigamy & polygamy1 f ,lame* d[nw>ds 7,g54 iv4 #ai7 to ,k+ ,david & ,solomon 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory1 crop up "h & !re 9 ! olde/ times1 & ev5 9 ! po/-,babylonian p]iod1 )\t any =mal m>k ( disapprobation1 yet x is q c]ta9 t ! ,greeks & ,romans 7 guid$ by a s\nd social in/9ct :5 !y held ! practice ( bigamy to be inconsi/5t ) ! prop] con/itution ( a family4 ,:at tr\bles are apt to arise f a multiplication ( cont5d+ wives & ambiti\s mo!rs ! latt] /ory ( ,k+ ,david tells 9 m unhappy episodes ?an "o2 & g5]ally x may be laid d[n z "o ( ! great lessons ( hi/ory t polygamy1 9 e %ape1 is "o ( ^? acts ( ,ori5tal self-indulg5ce :i* may be sweet 9 ! m\? b has a v /rong t5d5cy to be bitt] 9 ! belly1 & !re=e ought by all means to be avoid$4 ,by ! in/9ct ( aggregation1 :i* belongs to an ess5tially social animal1 families w club toge!r into t[n%ips or villages1 & t[n%ips w be c5tralis$ into /ates4 ,humanity )\t t[n%ips w\ld deg5]ate into tig]hood1 or :atev] type ( animal exi/5ce might express an ess5tially self-conta9$1 solit>y1 & selfi% creature2 t[n%ips )\t t sort ( head%ip :i* ! ^w ,/ate implies1 w\ld make society cry halt at a /age ( loosely-connect$ aggregates :i* w\ld r5d] common action = any high human purpose extremely difficult1 &1 9 ! g5]al case1 z human be+s are1 impossible4 ,h5ce ! c5tralisation ( ! ,attic t[n%ips at ,a!ns 9 ! leg5d>y traditions ( ! ,a!nians attribut$ to ,!seus2#d h5ce also ! lax conf$]ation ( ! e>lie/ ,lat9 /ates "u ! head%ip ( ,albalonga2 &1 aft] ! humiliation ( t old /ronghold1 ! m closely cem5t$ union ( ^? /ates "u ! hegemony ( ,rome4#e ,:atev] may be ! evils connect$ ) ! gr[? ( l>ge t[ns1 especially :51 z 9 mod]n times1 !y h be5 all[$ to swell to enorm\s magnitude )\t regulation or control1 x is "o ( ! und\bt$ lessons ( univ]sal hi/ory t ! social /imulus necess>y = ! creation ( vigor\s ?\ght1 no less ?an ! c5tralis$ =ce indisp5sable to great a*ievem5t1 is f\nd only 9 ! l>ge t[ns4 ,! ,*ri/ians 7 call$ ,*ri/ian fir/ at ,antio*2 &1 _h !re be5 no ,rome to unify a little ,latium1 !re w\ld h be5 no great ,roman ,empire to amalgamate ! rude b>b>ians ( ! ,nor? ) ! smoo? civilisation ( ! ,s\? by ! =ce ( a common law & common language4#f ,! =m ( gov]nm5t natural to su* infant /ates z ! expansion ( ! orig9al social monad1 ! ,,family1 is a loose b n unk9dly mixture ( mon>*y1 democracy1 & ari/ocracy--! ari/ocracy be+ always ! prepond]at+ elem5t4 ,9 ! s+le family1 ( c\rse1 we h only ! mon>*ical elem5t 9 ! fa!r1 & ! democratic elem5t 9 ! *ildr52 b1 z families exp& into t[n%ips1 x c\ld n be b t ! heads ( ! families compos+ x1 p>tly f _! age & exp]i5ce1 p>tly f ! =ce ( individual "*1 %\ld =m a sort ( natural ari/ocracy1 :ile ! less notable & less prom95t memb]s w\ld =m ! 1 or great body ( ! con/antly increas+ multitude ( ! associat$ families4 ,bel[ ^! ?ree dom9ant elem5ts ( ! body social1 !re w\ld always be f\nd a loose company ( dep5d5ts & onhang]s--! class call$ 9 ,hom] 7,od41 iv4 #fdd71 & 9 ! ,solonian con/itution--:o _h no civic rights any m ?an ! s]fs & vassals ( our m$ieval feudalism4 ,! weakness ( ! mon>*ical & ! /r5g? ( ! ari/ocratic elem5ts 9 ! e>ly societies arose f ! orig9al equality ( ! heads ( families1 & f ! jeal\sy ) :i* !y w\ld naturally look on any functions ( sup]iority ex]cis$ by any ( _! ord] naturally no bett] ?an !mselves4 ,! k+1 accord+ly1 l ,agamemnon 9 ,hom]1 w\ld claim ! homage :i* ! title implies only = purposes ( common action2 & ev5 9 su* cases w\ld always be kept 9 *eck by a 1 or c\ncil ( ! ari/ocracy1 ( ^: w prop]ly he 0 only ! executive h&2 :ile ! great mass ( ! p1 occupi$ ) ! lab\rs t belong to an agricultural & pa/oral population1 & unaccu/om$ to ! l>ge views :i* /atesman%ip & g5]al%ip require1 w\ld come toge!r only on r>e occasions ( peculi> urg5cy4 ,! elem5t 9 t loose triad ( social =ces t 0 fir/ =mulat$ into a m di/9ct type1 & end[$ ) m imp]ative effici5cy1 0 ! k+%ip4 ,! p[] ( ! k+ 0 increas$1 :i* ( c\rse implies t ! p[] ( ! p1 & specially ( ! ari/ocracy1 0 dim9i%$4 ,& "h let x be obs]v$ g5]ally t ! progress ( civilisation 9 its natural & heal?y c>e] is ! progress ( limitation & ! curtailm5t 9 v>i\s ways ( t fre$om :i* orig9ally belong$ to e memb] ( ! community4 ,! tann$ savage ( ! backwoods is ! free/ man 9 exi/5ce2 next to him1 ! nomad or ! w&]+ gipsy1 su* z may /ill be se5 9 _! glory at ,/4 ,james' fair 9 ,kelso1 ^: h\se is at once 8 dwell+-place1 8 manufactory or place ( bus9ess1 & 8 travell+ c>2 lea/ free is ! civilis$ citiz5 hemm$ 9 on all sides by police-(fic]s1 soldi]s1 s5t9els1 door-keep]s1 & game-keep]s1 & ! :ole frat]nity ( dignifi$ b unpopul> (ficials ( v>i\s k9ds ^: bus9ess x is to ! g5]al public to say ,no6 ,?is accretion ( /r5g? to ! k+ proce$$ fir/ f 8 m]e p]sonal influ5ce & ! g5]al def]5ce paid to him dur+ ! cont9uance ( a prolong$ & easily-ex]cis$ sov]eignty2 all classes1 ev5 ! ari/ocracy1 ^: ambition is ?us kept 9 *eck & _! p]il\s enmities s(t5$1 feel ! b5efit ( a wise head & a firm h&2 b ! p>ty specially b5efit$ by ! k+%ip is ! demos2 = ?is body1 f its position peculi>ly liable to be trampl$ on by an insol5t ari/ocracy1 naturally looks up to ! k+ z ! fa!r ( ! :ole family1 :o1 on 8 "p1 feels 8 position /r5g!n$ & 8 respect increas$ by p]=m+ ) tact & firmness ! delicate functions ( a m$iator4 ,b ! great social =ce :i* op]ates 9 giv+ prom95ce & pr$om9ance to ! mon>*y is ,,w>2 &1 ?\gh w> is unque/ionably an evil1 x is an evil only z dea? is1 & a =m ( dy+ accompani$ n seldom ) an exhibition ( m manhood ?an ! exp]i5ce ( _m a peaceful dea?b$ c %[4 ,9 fact1 z /\t old ,balm]9o said on ! scaffold 9 #agdf1 ,! man :o is n ready to die is n fit to live2 t is1 we hold our life "u ! condition t we may at any "t be call$ on to sacrifice x1 :e!r = ! pres]vation ( our own self-respect1 or = ! integrity ( ! community ( :i* we are a memb]4 ,all great nations1 9 fact1 h be5 cradl$ 9 w>1 ! ,hebrews no less ?an ! ,greeks & ,romans2 & x is only an amiable s5tim5talism1 p>donable 9 wom51 b inexcusable 9 m51 t1 9 contemplation ( ! h>d bl[s1 r$ w\nds1 & ga%$ bodies ) :i* w> is accompani$1 w all[ itself to =get ! h>dihood1 endurance1 c\rage1 self-sacrifice1 & devotion to public duty1 ( :i*1 "u ,provid5ce1 x has always be5 ! great tra9+ s*ool4#g ,!re is no pr(ession t ,i "k m fav\rable to ! gr[? ( noble s5tim5t & manly action ?an t ( ! soldi]2 & to its b5eficial action 9 ! =mation ( ,/ates e page ( hi/ory be>s flam+ te/imony4 ,w>1 9 fact1 is ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 produc+ t unification s absolutely necess>y to social exi/5ce1 b :i* is lo/ s soon z ! head%ip ( ! common fa!r ( ! exp&$ clan ceases to be recognis$4 ,?us x 0 "u ! compulsion ( w> f _! ,lomb>dian neighb\rs on ! we/ & ,sclavonians on ! ea/ t ! petty democratic communities1 :i* aft] ! disruption ( ! ,roman ,empire occupi$ ! ,v5etian isles1 f\nd !mselves1 9 ! ye> #fig1 oblig$ to elect a k+ = life1 wisely mask+ 8 absolute au?ority "u ! "n ( ,doge or ,duke4 ,& 9 a simil> fa%ion ! situation ( ! ,pi$montese1 con/antly =c$ to def5d !mselves aga9/ ,gallican & ,teutonic ambition1 begot 9 !m a /\tness ( self-ass]tion & a g5]al manhood ( "* :i* up to ! pres5t h\r has plac$ !m 9 fav\rable contra/ to ! inhabitants ( ! s\!rn half ( ! p59sula2 & ! manhood display$ by ! ,c\nts ( ,savoy 9 ass]t+ _! indep5d5ce aga9/ great odds 0 no d\bt ! cause :y1 9 ! ,peace ( ,utre*t 9 #agac1 _! lords 7 all[$ to assume & ma9ta9 ! title ( k+s--a circum/ance :i* gave rise to ! say+ ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great ( ,prussia1 t ! lords ( ,savoy 7 k+s by virtue ( _! locality4#h ,?is is c]ta9ly true1 n only ( ,s>d9ia1 b ( all ,/ates t ev] rose above ! loose aggregation ( ! orig9al t[n%ips4 ,x 0 ! necessity ( adju/+ matt]s ) tr\blesome neighb\rs t caus$ a p]petual succession ( petty w>s2 & ^! c\ld n be conduct$ )\t a prolongation ( ! p[] ( ! successful g5]al1 :i* act$ practically z a k+%ip4 ,! successful g5]al 9 su* times did n require to usurp a title :i* ! p 7 =w>d to =ce ^u him2 & only a few1 we may imag9e1 l ,gideon 7,judges viii4 #bb71 _h virtue en\gh to rema9 cont5t$ ) ! di/9ction belong+ to a private /ation :5 ! grace ( ! cr[n & ! au?ority ( ! sceptre 7 =mally press$ ^u !m by a grateful p4 ,s 9 ,greece we f9d an e>ly k+%ip signalis$ by ! names ( geus1 ,!seus1 & ,codrus2 s 9 ,rome a succession ( sev5 k+s1 m or less di/9ctly outl9$1 ! la/ ( :om1 ,t>qu9 ! ,pr\d1 /&s =w>d z ! head ( ! great ,lat9 league1 & ent]+ 9 ?is capacity into a =mal treaty ) ,c>?age1 ! great comm]cial ,/ate ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,closely connect$ ) w>1 or1 m prop]ly1 z ! natural developm5t ( x 9 its m advanc$ /ages1 we mu/ m5tion ,,conque/2 t is1 ! viol5t imposition ( ! results ( a =eign civilisation on ! native social f\ndations ( any c\ntry4 ,"h1 no d\bt1 !re may (t5 be on ! conqu]+ side some?+ v diff]5t f a manly self-ass]tion--viz4 self-aggr&isem5t at ! exp5se ( an innoc5t neighb\r1 gre$ ( t]ritory1 lu/ ( p[]1 & ! vanity ( m]e milit>y glory1 :i* our brilliant neighb\rs ! ,fr5* 7 s fond to h 9 _! m\?4 ,! virtue ( w> z a tra9+ s*ool ( civic manhood does by no means exclude ! op]ation ( _m =ces f> f admirable 9 _! motive2 & x is ! pres5ce ( ^! unholy influ5ces1 no d\bt pi\sly brood$ ov]1 t has g5]at$ 9 ! brea/s ( our mild fri5ds ! ,quak]s t anti-bellicose gospel :i* !y prea* ) su* lovable p]si/5cy4 ,b :atev] ! motives ( fam\s conqu]ors h be51 ! results ( _! a*ievem5ts 9 ! great hi/ory ( society h be5 mo/ important4 ,! imposition ( a =eign type on ! peoples ( ,we/]n ,asia by ! brilliant conque/s ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 gave to ! :ole ( t valuable "p ( ! _w1 along ) ! ri* coa/ ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 a common m$ium ( culture ( ! utmo/ importance to ! future civilisation ( ! race4 ,! imposition ( ! ,norman yoke #ijj ye>s ago on ?is isl& gave to ! cont5ti\s ,saxon k+doms1 by a s+le vigor\s /roke f )\t1 t social consi/5cy :i* ! bloody /rife ( five c5turies ( petty k+s & k+lets among !mselves _h fail$ to produce2 :ile 9 ,india ! imposition ( ! mo/ highly advanc$ m]cantile & ,*ri/ian civilisation ( ! ,we/ on crude masses ( an altoge!r div]se type ( ,asiatic society1 pres5ts to ! ?\ghtful /ud5t ( hi/ory a problem ( assimilation ( an altoge!r unique "*1 ! f9al solution ( :i*1 "u ! action ( _m complex =ces1 no mo/ sagaci\s human intellect at ! pres5t mom5t c div9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x _c be d5i$ t ! bless+s :i* conque/ br+s ) x1 :5 vigor\sly manag$ & wisely us$1 are lightly turn$ into a bane :5ev] ! p[] :i* has ! =ce to conqu] has n ! wisdom to adm9i/]2 ( :i* unblissful lack ( adm9i/rative capacity & assimilat+ g5ius ! conque/s ( ! ,turks 9 ,europe1 & ( ! ,engli% 9 ,irel&1 pres5t a mo/ in/ructive example4 ,! mon>*ies creat$ 9 ! above fa%ion1 by ! comb9ation ( old patri>*al habits ) milit>y necessities1 h[ev] firmly root$ !y may appe> at ! />t1 c>ry ) !m a c]ta9 g]m ( dissatisfaction1 :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( popul> irritability1 s]i\sly endang]s _! p]man5ce1 & may at any "t break up _! consi/5cy4 ,! causes ( su* dissatisfaction are *iefly ! foll[+3--7#a7 ,! orig9al motive = creat+ a k+1 ! pressure ( =eign w>1 z w> _c la/ = ev]1 9 "t ( peace w cease to op]ate1 & ! in/9ct ( individual lib]ty1 :i* belongs to all m51 unless :5 viol5tly /amp$ out1 w revive1 & cause ! subjection ( all m5 to ! w ( "o to be look$ on ) disfav\r4 7#b7 ,?is feel+ w be specially /rong ) ! 1 or natural ari/ocracy1 ^: individual importance mu/ dim9i% z ! p[] ( ! k+ increases4 7#c7 ,a great dang] w arise f ! fixation ( ! ord] ( succession to ! ?rone4 ,! natural t5d5cy w be to foll[ ! example ( succession 9 private families1 & recognise ! "r ( ! son to walk into ! public h]itage ( 8 fa!r2 b ! additional influ5ce ?us giv5 to ! k+ w h a t5d5cy to %>p5 ! jeal\sy ( ! nobles4 ,&1 aga91 ! son may be a weakl+ or a fool1 & utt]ly unfit to play ! "p ( a supreme rul] ) t mixture ( intellig5ce1 firmness1 & tact :i* ! royal function = its fair & full action requires4 7#d7 ,& if1 9 ord] to avoid ^! evils1 ! elective pr9ciple is ma9ta9$1 ei!r absolutely or )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! t5d5cy to faction inh]5t 9 all ari/ocracies1 /imulat$ by ! pot5t spur ( a competition = p[]1 w be increas$2 & ?is facti\s yea/ w "w s pot5tly 9 ! blood ( ! nobles t !y w ei!r r$uce ! p[] ( ! k+ to a m]e "n1 & *ange ! gov]nm5t into an exclusive olig>*y1 z 9 ,v5ice1 or !y w ev5 g ! l5g? ( call+ 9 =eign arbit]s to heal _! diss5sions1 :i*1 z 9 ! case ( ,pol&1 w naturally end 9 subjection to "s =eign p[]2 or1 la/ly1 !y w disp5se ) ! k+%ip altoge!r1 & return to _! orig9al mixture ( ari/ocracy & democracy ) m firmly-def9$ functions & m reliable gu>antees4 7#e7 ,?is result may be precipitat$ by "s outbreak ( t insol5ce :i* is s naturally fo/]$ by ! possession ( absolute p[]2 ! sacr$ness ( p]sonal prop]ty & ! rev]5ce ( ance/ral possession w n be respect$ by "s ,ahab ( ! day2 "s "y ,t>qu9 or ,hipp>*us may ca/ 8 lu/ful eye on ! fair daught] ( an humble citiz52 & !n w be un%ea!d ! sword ( a ,brutus1 & !n uprise ! song ( a ,h>modius & ,ari/ogeiton1 :i* w s\nd a long knell to mon>*y1 dur+ ! manhood ( a free1 an indep5d5t1 a self-reliant1 & a self-gov]n+ p4 ,! sy/em ( self-gov]nm5t ?us introduc$1 z ! natural fruit ( ! elem5ts out ( :i* x arose1 w\ld be a mixture ( ari/ocracy & democracy1 ) a decid$ pr$om9ance ( ! =m] elem5t at />t+1 b ) a gradually increas+ mom5tum on ! side ( ! inf]ior factor 9 proportion z ! mass ( ! p exclud$ f ari/ocratic privileges by a necess>y law ( social gr[? advanc$ 9 numb]s & 9 social importance4 ,greece & ,rome1 or r ,a!ns & ,rome1 pres5t to u "h two types f :i* important lessons may be le>n$4 ,9 bo? ! disc>d+ ( ! k+s 0 ! "w ( ! ari/ocracy2 b1 :ile ! g]m ( ! democratic elem5t 0 equally /rong 9 bo?1 9 ,a!ns1 p>tly f ! g5ius ( ! p1 p>tly f peculi> circum/ances1 ?is g]m blossom$ into an e>li]1 a m m>k$1 & a m *>act]i/ic manhood2 :]eas 9 ,rome1 9 ! mo/ brilliant p]iod ( its political action1 ! =m ( gov]nm5t might r be def9$ z a /rong ari/ocracy limit$ by a /rong democracy ?an a pure democracy1 to :i* category ,a!ns und\bt$ly belongs4 ,9 bo? ,/ates ! ari/ocratic elem5t did n submit to ! necess>y curtailm5t ( its p[] )\t a /ruggle2 b 9 ,a!ns ! names ( ,solon 7#fjj ,b4,c471 ,cli/h5es1 ,ari/ides1 & ,p]icles di/9ctly m>k$ ! e>ly =mation ( a democracy almo/ totally purg$ f any remnant ( ari/ocratic influ5ce1 at an epo* 9 its developm5t correspond+ to :i* we f9d ,rome pursu+ h] sy/em ( worldwide conque/ "u a sy/em ( compromise betwe5 ! patrician & ! plebeian elem5t1 simil> 9 "s sort to :at we see be=e our eyes at ! pres5t mom5t 9 our own c\ntry4 ,to ,a!ns1 !re=e1 we look1 9 ! fir/ place1 = an answ] to ! "q1 ,:at does hi/ory tea* 9 reg>d to ! virtue ( a purely democratic gov]nm5t8 ,& "h we may safely say t1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 !re is no =m ( gov]nm5t :i*1 :ile x la/s1 has su* a virtue to give scope to a vigor\s gr[? & luxuriant fruitage ( v>i\s manhood z a pure democracy4 ,in/ead ( *ok+ & /rangl+1 or at lea/ depress+1 ! free self-ass]tion ( ! individual1 by :i* alone he feels ! full dignity ( manhood1 su* a democracy gives a free c>e] to tal5t & civic effici5cy 9 ! greate/ numb] ( capable individuals2 b x does n foll[ t1 ?\gh 9 ?is reg>d x has n be5 surpass$ by any o!r =m ( gov]nm5t1 x is !re=e absolutely ! be/ ( all =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,all t we are w>rant$ to say is1 z ,cornewall ,lewis does1#i t )\t a /rong admixture ( ! democratic _s humanity 9 its social =m _c a*ieve its highe/ results2 ( :i* tru?1 inde$1 we h ! mo/ /rik+ pro( be=e our eyes 9 our own happy isl&1 :]e1 ev5 be=e ! "t :i* ,mr4 ,gre5 happily designates z ,puritan ,engl&1 p[]ful k+s _h receiv$ a lesson t z !y _h be5 elect$ s !y might be dismiss$ f (fice by ! voice ( ,london burgh]s4 ,nei!r1 on ! o!r h&1 does x foll[ f ! %ortness ( ! bright reign ( ,a!nian democracy--n m ?an #bjj ye>s f ,cli/h5es to ! ,mac$onians--t all democracies are %ort-liv$1 & mu/ pay1 l dissipat$ "y g5tlem51 ) premature decay = ! fev]i% abuse ( _! vital =ce4 ,possible no d\bt x is t1 if ! p[] ( :at we may call a sort ( ,a!nian ,second ,*amb]1 ! ,areiopagus1 in/ead ( be+ weak5$ z x 0 by ,ari/ides & ,p]icles1 _h be5 built up accord+ to ! idea ( s*ylus & ! intellig5t ari/ocrats ( 8 day1 su* a body1 arm$1 l our ,h\se ( ,lords1 ) an effective negative on all outbur/s ( popul> ra%ness1 might h prev5t$ ! ambition ( ! ,a!nians f laun*+ on t fam\s ,syracusan exp$ition :i* exhau/$ _! =ce & maim$ _! action = ! future4 ,b ! lesson taught by ! %ort-liv$ glory ( ,a!ns1 & its subjugation "u ! r\gh foot ( ! a/ute ,mac$onian1 is n t democracies1 "u ! influ5ce ( faction1 &1 x may be1 n free f v5ality1 w sell _! lib]ties to a /rong neighb\r--= ari/ocratic ,pol& did ?is 9 a mu* m blu%less way ?an democratic ,greece--b t any loose aggregate ( indep5d5t ,/ates1 giv5 m to qu>rel among/ !mselves ?an to unite aga9/ a common enemy1 :e!r democratic1 or ari/ocratic1 or mon>*ical 9 _! =m ( gov]nm5t1 _c 9 ! long run ma9ta9 _! gr\nd aga9/ ! firm policy & ! well-mass$ =ce ( a /rong mon>*y4 ,a!ns 0 blott$ out f ! map ( free peoples at ,*ronea1 n because ! ,a!nian p _h too mu* fre$om1 b because ! ,greek ,/ates _h too little unity4 ,!y 7 us$ by ,philip exactly 9 ! same way t ,napoleon us$ ! ,g]man ,/ates at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,,divide ,,et ,,inf]a is ! politician's mo/ famili> maxim1 :i*1 :5 wisely & p]si/5tly appli$1 :e!r by an anci5t ,mac$onia or a mod]n ,russia1 w always give a /rong mon>*y a decid$ advantage ov] e o!r =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,surr\nd me ) a belt ( petty pr9cipalities1 says ! despot1 h[ev] highly civilis$ & h[ev] well gov]n$1 & ,i %all "k to make !m play my game & "w !mselves into confusion1 till ! h\r comes :5 ,i may appe> z a god to allay by my int]v5tion ! tr\bles :i* ,i h fo/]$ by my intrigues4 ,s mu* = ,a!ns4 ,let u n[ see :at lessons are to be le>n$ f ,,rome4 ,& "h1 on ! ?re%old1 x is q pla9 t ! abolition ( k+%ip goes 9 ! fir/ place to /r5g!n ! ari/ocracy1 on :om z a body ! supreme functions ex]cis$ by ! mon>* naturally devolve4 ,! highly ari/ocratic type ( ! e>ly ,roman republic1 unlimit$ f above by any sup]ior p[]1 & ) only a slight occasional *eck f a plebeian citiz5%ip 9 ! t5d] bud1 is univ]sally admitt$4 ,pla9ly en\gh also x /&s writt5 on ! face ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,commonweal? t ! adm9i/ration ( ! ari/ocracy 0 m>k$ 9 no ord9>y degree by all t exclusiv5ess1 insol5ce1 selfi%ness1 & rapacity1 :i* are ! besett+ s9s ( an ord] ( m5 cradl$ 9 h]$it>y conceit1 & eat+ ! bread n ( lab\r1 b ( privilege1 das unv]bess]li*e ,junk]?um1 z ,momms5 calls !m4 ,to su* an ext5t did !y abuse ! natural vantage gr\nd ( _! social position t1 :ile ! great body ( ! sub/antial yeomanry1 :o %$ _! blood 9 a con/ant succession ( petty w>s = ! safety ( ! ,/ate1 7 /9t$ ( _! natural rew>d & degrad$ f _! rightful position1 ! insol5t monopolis]s ( all dignities & privileges did n blu% to take f ! p _! natural h]itage 9 ! public l&1 &1 = ! enl>gem5t ( _! own ord]1 to deprive ! ,/ate ( its /\te/ citiz5s1 & ! army ( its mo/ effective soldi]s4 ,! irritation produc$ by ?is insol5t & anti-social proc$ure ( ! old ,roman l&lords1 by ! law ( reaction common to all =ces1 produc$ z its natural consequ5ce a revolt2 =1 z x has be5 truly said t ! blood ( ! m>tyrs is ! se$ ( ! ,*ur*1 no less true is x 9 all hi/ory t ! insol5ce ( ! ari/ocracy is ! cradle ( ! democracy4 ,t happ5$ accord+ly 9 anci5t ,rome :i* ,sismondi prophesi$ might happ5 9 mod]n ,scotl&3 ,if ! mighty ?anes :o rule 9 ^? trans-,grampian regions beg9 to ?9k t !y c d )\t ! p1 ! p may beg9 to ?9k !y c d )\t !m4#aj ,s at lea/ ! ,roman plebs ?\ght :51 9 ! ye> ( ! city #bei1 !y m>*$ 9 a body out to ! ,sacr$ ,m\nt on ! banks ( ! ,anio1 & refus$ to return to ! city till _! j claims _h be5 conc$$ & _! wrongs r$ress$4 ,_! wrongs 7 r$ress$3 conf]5ces1 concessions1 & compromises1 9 a hurri$ & blund]+ sort ( way1 7 made2 tribunes ( ! plebs 7 appo9t$1 ) ! absolute p[] ( /opp+ ! :ole ma*9]y ( ! ,/ate ) a s+le negation2 & ?us 0 s[n ! se$ ( a democracy de/9$ to gr[ into mon/r\s proportions1 & rip5 into ! bloody blossom ( a milit>y despotism by ! h&s ( ! v class ( p]sons :o 7 *iefly int]e/$ 9 prev5t+ x4 ,! diff]5t /ages ( ! battle betwe5 plebeians & patricians1 or1 z we t]m x1 ,:ig & ,tory1 z !y evolv$ !mselves by a social necessity f "t to "t1 belong to ! special hi/ory ( ,rome1 n to ! g5]al philosophy ( hi/ory ) :i* we are "h conc]n$4 ,! se$ ( democracy s[n at ! ,sacr$ ,m\nt w5t on f "o /age ( expansion to ano!r1 break+ d[n e b>ri] ( h]$it>y privilege betwe5 ! mass ( ! p & ! old ari/ocracy1 till x end$ 9 ! ,lex ,hort5sia1 pass$ ,b4,c4 #bhh1 :i* gave to all ord9ances pass$ by ! ,comitia ,tributa--t is1 ! p assembl$ 9 local tribes & vot+ indep5d5tly ( all ari/ocratic *eck or co-op]ation--! full validity ( law4 ,& 9 ?is progress ( equalisation betwe5 class & class 9 a community1 ! ,muse ( hi/ory sees only a special illu/ration ( a g5]al law t e ari/ocracy cont5d+ = ! ma9t5ance ( exclusive privilege aga9/ natural "r fights a los+ battle4 ,b ! necessity ( ! adju/m5t ( ! oppos+ claims ( a cons]vative & a progressive body 9 ! ,/ate is a v diff]5t ?+ f ! fa%ion 9 :i* ! adju/m5t may be made1 & f ! consequ5ces t may gr[ out ( ! adju/m5t4 ,"h !re is room = any am\nt ( wisdom1 & un=tunately also = a l>ge am\nt ( blund]+4 ,no man c say t ! ,roman con/itution z x /ood1 aft] ! plebeians _h brok5 ?r\gh all ari/ocratic b>ri]s1 0 a cunn+ly compact$ ma*9e1 or t x af=d$ any /rong gu>antee aga9/ t deg5]acy into lic5ce t[>ds :i* all unre9$ democracies naturally t5d4 ,b "o ?+ c]ta9ly 0 a*iev$4 ,out ( ! plebeian & patrician elem5ts ( ! body social1 no long] array$ 9 ho/ile attitude1 b front+ "o ano!r ) equal rights be=e ! law1 & adju/+ _! =ces 9 a fairly-balanc$ equilibrium1 !re 0 =m$ a great political corporation1 delib]ative & adm9i/rative1 :i* = indep5d5ce1 dignity1 patriotism1 & sagacity1 us$ its au?ority 9 su* a ma/]ly /yle & to su* _w-wide issues t x has e>n$ f ,momms5 ! complim5t>y ackn[l$gm5t ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ political corporation ( all times4#aa ,?is corporation 0 ! ,roman ,s5ate1 :i* rul$ ! policy ( ,rome = a p]iod ( #bjj ye>s1 f ! pass+ ( ! ,hort5sian ,law ?r\gh a long p]iod ( ,african & ,asiatic w>s d[n to ! civil w> ( ,sulla & ,m>ius1 #hh ,b4,c4--a body ( :i* we may p]haps be/ easily und]/& ! composition & ! virtue if we imag9e ! be/ elem5ts ( our ,h\se ( ,commons & ! be/ elem5ts ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords m]g$ 9 "o ,supreme ,assembly ( practical wisdom1 to ! exclusion at once ( ! fev]i% facti\sness & multitud9\s babble ( ! "o assembly1 & ! bra9less ob/ructiv5ess & incurable bl9dness ( h]$it>y class int]e/s 9 ! o!r4 ,b !re 0 some?+ else 9 ! mix$ con/itution ( ,rome besides ! tri$ wisdom & ! great practical weight ( ! ,s5ate4 ,:at 0 t8 ,!re 01 9 ! fir/ place1 ! evil ( an elective k+%ip--= ! ,consul 0 really an annual k+ "u a diff]5t "n1 z ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a quadri5nial k+1 ) greatly m p[] :ile 8 k+%ip la/s ?an ! ,que5 ( ,great ,brita92 & ?is impli$ an annual fit ( social fev]1 & ! annual s[+ ( a g]m ( faction ready to %oot into luxuriance "u ! /rong /imulant ( ! love ( p[]4 ,!n1 z 9 ! natural gr[? ( society1 a new ari/ocracy grew up1 =m$ by ! addition ( ! weal?y plebeian families to ! old family ari/ocracy1 & along ) x a new & num]\s plebeian body1 practically ?\gh n legally exclud$ f ! privilege ( ! optimates1 ! old antagonism ( patrician & plebeian w\ld revive1 & ! "q arose1 ,:at ma*9]y _h ! legislation ( ! previ\s c5turies provid$ to prev5t a collision & a rupture betwe5 ! antagoni/ic t5d5cies ( ! democratic & olig>*ic elem5ts 9 ! ,/ate8 ,! answ] is1 ,none4 ,! au?ority ( ! ,s5ate1 great z x 0 bo? morally & num]ically1 0 antagonis$ by ! co-equal legislative au?ority ( ! ,comitia ,tributa--an assembly z op5 to any agitator = facti\s or revolution>y purposes z a meet+ ( a ,london mob 9 ,hyde ,p>k1 & compos$ ( elem5ts ( ! mo/ motley & loose description1 ready at any mom5t to give ! solemn sanction ( a national ord9ance to any act ( ha/y viol5ce or calculat$ p>ty move :i* might flatt] ! vanity or fe$ ! crav+ ( ! masses4 ,b ?is 0 n all4 ,! tribunate1 orig9ally appo9t$ simply = ! protection ( ! commonalty aga9/ ! rude ex]cise ( patrician p[]1 _h n[ gr[n to su* =midable dim5sions t ! popul> tribune ( ! day might become ! mo/ p[]ful man 9 ! ,/ate1 & only require re-election to con/itute him into a k+ ^: decrees ! consuls & ! s5ators mu/ humiliate !mselves to regi/]4 ,"h 0 a ma*9]y cunn+ly1 "o might ?9k1 con/ruct$ = ! purpose ( work+ out its own disruption1 ev5 suppos+ bo? ! popul> & ari/ocratic elem5ts _h be5 compos$ ( av]age good mat]ials4 ,b !y 7 n s4 ,9 ! age ( ! ,grac*i1 #acc ,b4,c41 ! high s5se ( hon\r1 ! pr\d inh]itance ( an uncorrupt$ patrician body1 & ! %rewd s5se & sobriety ( a s\nd-he>t$ yeomanry1 _h equally disappe>$4 ,! ari/ocracy 7 corrupt$ by ! weal? :i* fl[$ 9 f ! spoils ( conque/2 !y _h become lov]s ( p[] r ?an lov]s ( ,rome2 lords ( ! soil1 n fa!rs ( ! p2 b&$ toge!r = ! n>r[ int]e/s ( _! own ord] r ?an = ! g5]al well-be+ ( ! community4 ,! /urdy yeomanry aga91 ( :i* ! mass ( ! orig9al popul> assemblies _h be5 compos$1 _h p>tly dw9dl$ away "u maladm9i/ration ( ! public l&s1 & p>tly 7 mix$ up ) motley gr\ps ( citiz5s ( no fix$ resid5ce1 & ( a t[n rabble :o c\ld be induc$ to vote = any?+ by any man :o knew to w9 _! fav\r by a l>ge di/ribution ( ,sicilian corn or ! excit+ luxury ( gladiatorial %[s2 9 a ^w1 ! populus _h become a plebsy or1 9 our language1 ! p a populace4 ,fur!rmore1 let x be not$ t ?is p or populace1 ti$ d[n to meet only 9 ,rome1 z ! high seat ( ,gov]nm5t1 0 call$ ^u to deal ) ! adm9i/ration ( c\ntries z f> ap>t & z div]se 9 "* z ,madrid & ,cairo1 or ,bagdad & ,mosc[ are f ,london4 ,?9k ( a mob ( ,london artisans1 on ! motion ( a ,h5ry ,george1 or ev5 a rational ,radical l ,mr4 ,*amb]la91 drumm$ toge!r to pass laws on l&$ prop]ty & taxation ?r\gh all t va/ doma96 ,b s x 02 & mo/ un=tunately also ! orig9al fa!rs ( ! agitation :i*1 at ! "t ( ! ,grac*i1 rang$ ! great rul]s ( ! _w into two ho/ile factions1 /abb+ "o ano!r 9 ! back & cutt+ "o ano!r's ?roats1 & plott+ & c\nt]-plott+ 9 e conceivable /yle ( bas5ess1 aft] ! fa%ion :i* is n[ be+ exemplifi$ be=e u 9 ,irel&1--! au?ors ( ?is agitation 7 n ! demagogues1 b ! ari/ocracy2 z inde$ 9 all cases ( g5]al discont5t1 social fret1 & illegal viol5ce1 ! p>ties :o are accus$ ( /irr+ class aga9/ class are n ! agitators :o appe> on ! sc5e1 b ! maladm9i/rators :o made _! appe>ance necess>y4 ,man is an animal naturally incl9$ to obey & to take ?+s quietly2 insurrection is too exp5sive an affair to be indulg$ 9 by way ( recreation2 & !re is no tru? 9 ! philosophy ( hi/ory m c]ta9 ?an t :5ev] ! multitude ( ! rul$ rebel aga9/ _! rul]s1 ! orig9al fault--,i d n say ! :ole blame1 = z ?+s g on f bad to worse !re may be blame & blund]s on bo? sides--b ! orig9al fault & g]m9ative cause ( discont5t & revolt unque/ionably lies ) ! rul]s4 ,:atev] may be said ab\t ,irel& & ! ,scotti% ,highl&s1 !re c be no d\bt t 9 ! case ( ,rome ! orig9al cause ( ! democratis+ ( ! old con/itution & ! ov]-rid+ ( s5atorial au?ority by tribunician ord9ances 0 ! s5ators !mselves1 :o1 9 direct contrav5tion ( ! public law ( ! ,/ate1 ) t gre$ = m l& :i* is ! besett+ s9 ( e ari/ocracy1 _h qu>t]$ !mselves1 aft] ! fa%ion ( colonial squatt]s1 on ! public l&s1 & refus$ to surr5d] !m to ! ,/ate till compell$ by ! cry ( popul> "r aga9/ might1 rais$ by su* patriotic & self-sacrific+ agitators z ! ,grac*i--patriotic m5 :o atta9$ _! object at la/ by ! only means 9 _! p[]1 b means s dra/ic t1 l doctor's drugs1 !y drave out "o devil by br++ 9 a score1 & paid = ! p>tial heal+ ( an incurable disease by de/roy+ = ev] ! balance ( ! con/itution1 & inaugurat+ ) _! own m>tyr blood "o ( ! mo/ woeful epo*s 9 human hi/ory--an epo* v>i$ by p]iodical assass9ations & consummat$ by :olesale but*]ies4 ,i said ! ,grac*i atta9$ _! object1 & t by appo9t+ a ,commission = a di/ribution ( ! public l&s1 su* z ! fri5ds ( ! cr(t]s 9 ! ,highl&s n[ propose = ! repeopl+ ( ! old depopulat$ homes ( ! clan4 ,b ,i said also t ! disease "u :i* ,rome lab\r$ 0 incurable4 ,h[ 0 ?is8 ,simply because1 :atev] might h be5 ! m]its ( ! special ,agr>ian ,law c>ri$ by ! ,grac*i1 ! viol5t /eam by :i* ! ,/ate ma*9e 0 mov$ rema9$ ! same1 ! clumsy ma*9e itself rema9$1 & ! mat]ials ) :i* x _h to deal 9 a long & critical c\rse ( =eign conque/ became e ye> l>g] & m unmanageable4 ,x 0 n to be expect$ ei!r1 on ! "o h&1 t a /rong & influ5tial ari/ocracy %\ld die ) a s+le kick1 or1 on ! o!r1 t a democracy1 :i* _h once le>n$ ! p[] ( a popul> flood to break d[n ari/ocratic dams1 w\ld cease to ex]cise t p[] :5 a conv5i5t occasion (f]$4 ,& s ! /rife ( olig>*ic & plebeian factions cont9u$4 ,! political /ruggle1 z always happ5s 9 su* cases1 became a /ruggle = p]sonal supremacy2 ! sangu9>y /reet battle betwe5 ! y\ng] ,grac*us & ! ,consul ,opimius1 ?\gh foll[$ by a lull = a season1 0 r5ew$ aft] a few ye>s 9 m />tl+ =m & mu* bloodi] issues1 fir/ betwe5 ,m>ius & ,sulla1 & f9ally betwe5 ,cs> & ,pompey4 ,su* a succession ( embitt]$ civil w>s c\ld end only 9 exhau/ion & submission2 & ?is is ! la/ emphatic lesson :i* ! hi/ory ( ,rome has taught to ! gov]nors ( ! p4 ,e con/itution ( mix$ ari/ocratic & democratic elem5ts :i* fails by k9dly control on ! "o side1 & reasonable dem& on ! o!r1 to a*ieve t balance ( ^? antagonis+ =ces :i* means good gov]nm5t1 mu/ end 9 a milit>y despotism4 ,t :i* w n bridle itself mu/ be bridl$2 & :5 con/ant irritation1 fretful j>s1 & cruel collisions are ! bloody fruit ( un*a/5$ lib]ty1 slav]y & /agnation seem n too high a price to pay = peace4 ,i h enl>g$ on ! developm5t & decay ( ! ,roman republic1 n only because 9 po9t ( political a*ievem5t ,rome is by f> ! mo/ notable ( ! great ,/ates ( ! _w1 b because 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ari/ocracy & democracy :i* 0 ! sali5t feature ( its hi/ory f ! expulsion ( ! k+s to ! battle ( ,actium1 x pres5ts a v close & in/ructive p>allel to :at has be5 go+ on among/ ourselves f ! revolution settlem5t ( #afhh to ! pres5t h\r4 ,if = annual k+s ) l>ge p[] we put h]$it>y k+s ) small p[]1 ! p>allel is complete4#ab ,let u n[ ca/ a glance1 = "t & space all[ u no m1 ov] "s mod]n developm5ts4 ,! mod]n ,/ates ( ,europe h good reason1 ^u ! :ole1 to ?9k !mselves =tunate 9 _! hav+ reta9$ ! k+%ip1 :i* ! ,greeks & ,romans reject$1 ei!r z _! orig9al type1 or elevat$ & glorifi$ f ! duk$oms1 m>gravates1 & electorates ) :i* !y />t$4 ,!re _c be mu* d\bt1 ,i imag9e1 t1 if ! ,romans _h reta9$ _! k+ 9 a h]$it>y or ne>ly h]$it>y =m1 he might h ex]cis$ a m$iatorial function betwe5 ! cont5d+ p>ties t w\ld h prev5t$ ^? bloody /rifes & ^? ugly civic w\nds ) :i* ! record ( _! political c>e] /&s n[ s sorr[fully defac$4 ,9 ! exp]i5ce ( _! own e>lie/ /ory1 ,s]vius ,tullius _h already %[n !m h[ a k+ 9 ! /rife ( classes might /ep 9 by a peaceful new model to op5 ! ranks ( a close ari/ocracy ) dignity & safety to a ris+ democracy2 & 9 mod]n times ! case ( ,leopold ,,ii4 ( ,tuscany does n /& alone z an example ( :at good s]vice a wise k+ may d 9 ! adju/m5t ( cont5d+ claims & smoo?+ ! m>* ( necess>y social transitions4 ,9 fact1 ! mo/ democratic p among/ ! anci5ts1 9 ord] to effect su* an adju/m5t 9 a peaceful way1 _h be5 oblig$ to make ,solon a k+ = ! nonce2 & ! ,romans1 urg$ by a l social pressure1 nam$ _! dictator1 or re-elect$ _! consuls & _! tribunes1 9 ord] to secure = ! ne$ ( ! mom5t t unity ( c\nsel1 en]gy ( conduct1 & moral au?ority :i* is ! gr& recomm5dation ( ! k+%ip4 ,no d\bt k+s 9 mod]n z 9 anci5t times h err$2 !y h n be5 able always to keep !mselves sob] "u ! intoxicat+ influ5ce ( absolute p[]1 & !y h paid de>ly = _! errors2 b we 7 wise 9 ?is c\ntry1 :ile behead+ "o despot & bani%+ ano!r1 to puni% ! (f5d] )\t aboli%+ ! (fice4 ,true1 a ?or\gh-go+ & /]nly-consi/5t republican may ask1 ) an indignant sne]1 ,:at is ! use ( a k+1 :5 we h %orn him ( all hon\rs save ! grace ( a cr[n & ! bauble ( a sceptre--r$uc$ him1 9 fact1 to a m]e ma*9e to regi/] ! decrees ( a democratic assembly8 ,b su* p]sons require to be rem9d$ t !re is no?+ m dang]\s1 n only 9 political1 b 9 all practical matt]s1 ?an logical consi/5cy2 t ! mo/ n>r[-m9d$ p are always ! mo/ consi/5t1 & ?is = ! v obvi\s reason t !y h only room = "o idea 9 _! small bra9 *amb]s1 :]eas ,god's _w conta9s _m ideas1 /iff ideas too1 & giv5 to battle1 :i* mu/ be br\ght into "s fri5dly balance or compromise1 or set ab\t ?roat-cutt+ on a l>ge scale--a process to :i* consi/5t republicans h nev] %[n a less bloody incl9ation ?an consi/5t mon>*i/s4 ,!y mu/ be rem9d$ also t ! p]son ( ! mon>* is an inc>nat$1 visible1 & tangible symbol ( ! unity ( ! nation1 ( :i* p>ties & factions are s apt to be =getful2 & if our logically-consi/5t republican may look on ?is z a matt] ( association & s5tim5t :i* he w n ackn[l$ge1 he mu/ simply be told t ! man :o does n ackn[l$ge ! important place play$ by associations & s5tim5ts 9 all matt]s ( ,*ur* & ,/ate kn[s no?+ ( human nature1 & is altoge!r unfit = m$dl+ ) ! difficult & dang]\s art ( politics4 ,he may write books1 & lecture to cot]ies1 & h>angue electoral meet+s1 & delight himself l>gely 9 ! rev]b]ation ( 8 own wisdom1 b by all means let him n be a prime m9i/]4 ,to :at ends logical consi/5cy c lead a politician 9 high places ,*>les ,i4 & ,ar*bi%op ,laud le>n$ :5 x 0 too late2 & ! fate ( ^! two high-p]*$ wor?ies /&s z a speak+ lesson to all politicians1 :e!r ( ! democratic or ! mon>*ical type1 h[ easy a ?+ x is = a man to be a good ,*ri/ian & a consi/5t ?9k]1 & yet on all political matt]s a p]fect fool4 ,among ! notable mod]n ,/ates ?ree /& be=e u ) an exceptional pref]5ce = ! democratic =m ( gov]nm5t--,switz]l&1 ,france1 & ! great trans-,atlantic ,republic4 ,^! mu/ be reg>d$ ) curi\s int]e/ & k9dly human sympa?y z great social exp]im5ts1 by no means to be prejudg$ & d5\nc$ by any sweep+ conclusions made f ! un=tunate breakd[n ( ! two celebrat$ anci5t republics4 ,! exp]im5t 9 ^! cases1 z made 9 altoge!r diff]5t circum/ances & "u diff]5t conditions1 _c w>rant any su* d5unciations4 ,! repres5tative sy/em :i* n[ univ]sally prevails1 & :i* enables a mo/ widely-scatt]$ & div]se-m9d$ population to vote ) a coolness & a precision & a l>ge survey ( :i* ! urban sy/em ( ,greece & ,rome nev] dream$2 ! g5]al gr[? ( intellig5ce among all classes ?r\gh ! action ( *eap education & ! l>ge circulation ( *eap books2 ! rapid & ev] m rapid travell+ ( contagi\s ?\ght f ! c5tre to ! extreme limbs & fl\ri%es ( social unities2 &1 above all1 let u hope ! improv$ tone ( social feel+ 9 all ! relations ( man to man1 :i* we owe to ! great ,*ri/ian pr9ciple ( liv+ z bro!r ) bro!r1 & si/] ) si/]1 "u a common heav5ly fa!rhood1--^! are all =ces l>gely op]at+ 9 ! pres5t day :i* ju/ify u 9 hop+ t _m a social exp]im5t :i* signally fail$ ) ! anci5ts may be cr[n$ 9 ! c5turies :i* are n[ be+ inaugurat$ ) enc\rag+ success4 ,( ! ?ree :i* we h nam$1 ,switz]l& is ! c\ntry 9 :i*1 f topographical peculi>ities1 ! int]e/s ( jeal\s1 neighb\rs1 & ! traditional habits ( a peasant population well tra9$ to prov9cial self-gov]nm5t1 ! p]man5ce ( a democratic f$]ation may be prophesi$ ) ! greate/ safety1 b at ! same "t ) ! lea/ int]e/ to ! g5]al m>* ( humanity4 ,anci5t ,rome1 _h x cont9u$ z compact & z little di/urb$ by ext]nal =ces & int]nal f]m5tations z mod]n ,switz]l&1 might h rema9$ dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( its c>e] z sob]-m9d$ & z /able z 9 ! days ( ,c9c9natus1 & ! yeomanry :i* 7 displac$ by huge abs5tee l&lords1 & ,syrian or ,sicilian slaves4 ,! case ( ,france is altoge!r diff]5t4 ,a republic 9 an ov]-civilis$1 highly-c5tralis$1 bureaucratically-gov]n$ c\ntry1 ) a religi\sly holl[1 ha/y1 viol5t1 excitable1 & explosive p1 seems ( all social exp]im5ts ! lea/ hopeful3 & t is all t c wisely be said ( x at pres5t4 ,b ! social conditions 9 ,am]ica are altoge!r diff]5t2 & ! exp]im5t ( a great democratic republic = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w--= ,rome 9 its be/ times1 z we h se51 0 an ari/ocracy--w be look$ on by all lov]s ( _! species ) ! mo/ k9dly curiosity & ! mo/ hopeful sympa?y4 ,"h we h ! /\t1 self-reliant1 sob]-m9d$ ,anglo-,saxon /ock1 well tra9$ 9 ! process ( ! ages to ! difficult art ( self-gov]nm5t2 "h we h a con/itution fram$ ) ! mo/ cauti\s consid]ation1 & ) ! mo/ effective *ecks aga9/ ! dang]s ( an ov]-rid+ democracy2 "h also a p z free f any imm95t ext]nal dang] z !y h unlimit$ scope = int]nal progress4 ,"u no circum/ances c\ld ! exp]im5t ( self-gov]nm5t1 on a great scale1 h be5 made ) a m promis+ />t4 ,no d\bt !y h a difficult & slipp]y problem to p]=m4 ,! frequ5t recurr5ce ( elections to ! supreme magi/racy has always be51 & ev] mu/ be1 ! bre$] ( faction1 ! nurse ( v5ality1 & ! spur ( ambition4 ,once already has ?is ,titanic conf$]acy1 ?\gh only a hundr$ ye>s old1 by go+ ?r\gh a process ( a long1 bitt]1 & bloody civil w>1 %[n t ! unify+ ma*9]y s cunn+ly put toge!r by ! cons]vative g5ius ( a ,wa%+ton1 an ,adams1 & a ,madison1 0 insuffici5t to hold 9 *eck ! rebelli\s =ces at w> )9 its womb4 ,no d\bt also x 7 9 va9 to speak ,am]ica free f ^? acts ( gigantic jobb+1 blu%less v5ality1 & ov]-rid+ ( ! masses 9 v>i\s ways1 :i* 7 work+ ! ru9 ( ,rome 9 ! days ( ,jugur?a4 ,! ari/ocracy ( gold & ! tyranny ( capitali/s 9 ,*ri/ian ,new ,york has %[n itself no less able to usurp ! public l& & defraud ! p ( _! %>e 9 ! soil ?an ! lordly ari/ocracy & ! slave-deal+ magnates ( hea!n ,rome4 ,nev]!less we ne$ n despair4 ,! s9s ( ,am]ican democracy may s]ve z a useful h9t to u n ra%ly to t9k] our own mix$ con/itution )\t wait+ = a v]dict on issues1 :i*1 z ,socrates wisely says1 lie ) ! gods2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 is !re any wisdom 9 ascrib+ to ! ,am]ican =m ( gov]nm5t evils :i*1 z belong+ to human nature1 crop up ) m or less abundance "u all =ms ( gov]nm5t1 & :i* may be specially rife among ourselves4 ,we also h our ,glasg[ banks1 our bubble companies ( all k9ds1 our heady speculations1 our hot competitions1 our ov]-productions1 our ha/e to be ri*1 our idol wor%ip ( m]e mat]ial magnific5ce1--^! are evils1 & ! root ( all evil1 ) ! production ( :i* no =m ( gov]nm5t has any?+ to d1 & aga9/ :i* e =m ( gov]nm5t w be 9 va9 invok$ to cont5d4 ,9 conclusion1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t democracy or social self-gov]nm5t is ! mo/ difficult ( all human problems1 & mu/ be approa*$1 n ) inflat$ hopes & rosy imag9ations1 b ) sobriety & caution & a s\nd m9d1 & at critical mom5ts n )\t pray] & fa/+4 ,be=e ent]+ on any s*eme = rebuild+ our social edifice on a democratic model1 we %\ld consid] s]i\sly :at a democracy really implies1 & :at we may reasonably promise ourselves f its possible success4 ,( ! two rally+ cries :i* h made x a fav\rite ) p]sons giv5 to *ange1 equality & lib]ty1 ! "o is no m true ?an t all ! m\nta9s 9 ! ,highl&s are z high z ,b5 ,nevis1 & c only mean at ! be/ t all m5 h an equal "r to be call$ m5 & to be treat$ z m51 :ile ! o!r is only true s f> z conc]ns ! removal ( all artificial b>ri]s to ! free ex]cise ( ea* man's function1 accord+ to 8 capacity & opportunities4 ,b ?is is a m]e />t+-po9t 9 ! social life ( a great p4 ,:5 ! bird is out ( ! cage1 :i* x mu/ be 9 ord] to be a p]fect bird1 ! m s]i\s "q em]ges1 :at use x %all make ( its newly-acquir$ lib]ty4 ,"h c]ta9ly to m51 z to birds1 !re are great dang]s to be fac$2 & ) nations ! progress ( society1 z already rem>k$1 is measur$ to a mu* l>g] ext5t by ! increase ( limitations ?an by ! ext5sion ( lib]ties4 ,!n1 aga91 ! fundam5tal po/ulate ( extreme democracy t ! majority h ev]y:]e a "r to gov]n is manife/ly false4 ,no man z a memb] ( society has a natural "r to gov]n3 he has a "r to be gov]n$1 & well gov]n$2 & t c only be :5 ! gov]nm5t is conduct$ by ! wise/ & be/ m5 :o compose ! society4 ,if ! num]ical majority is compos$ ( sob]-m9d$1 s5sible1 & intellig5t p]sons :o w ei!r gov]n wisely !mselves or *oose p]sons :o w d s1 !n democracy is ju/ifi$ by its de$s2 b if x is o!rwise1 & if1 :5 an appeal is made to ! multitude1 !y w *oose ! mo/ d>+1 ! mo/ ambiti\s1 & ! mo/ unscrupul\s1 r ?an ! mo/ s5sible1 ! mo/ mod]ate1 & ! mo/ consci5ti\s1 !n democracy is a bad ?+1 at lea/ no?+ bett] ?an ! o!r ocracies :i* x supplants4 ,x is manife/1 !re=e1 t ( all =ms ( gov]nm5t democracy is t :i* imp]atively requires ! greate/ am\nt ( intellig5ce & mod]ation among ! great mass ( ! p1 especially among/ ! l[] classes1 :o h always be5 ! mo/ num]\s2 &1 z hi/ory c po9t to no qu>t] ( ! _w :]e su* a happy condition ( ! num]ical intellig5ce has be5 realis$1 x _c look ) any fav\r on s*emes ( univ]sal suffrage1 ev5 :5 qualifi$ ) a /\t array ( effective *ecks4 ,! sy/em1 inde$1 ( repres5t+ e man individually1 & giv+ e memb] ( a society a capitation vote1 z !y h a capitation tax 9 ,turkey1 h[ev] popul> ) ! advocates ( extreme democracy1 seems q unreasonable4 ,:at requires to be repres5t$ 9 a reasonable repres5tative sy/em is n s mu* individuals z qualities1 capacities1 int]e/s1 & types4 ,e class %\ld be repres5t$1 r ?an e man 9 a class4 ,besides1 ! equality ( votes :i* democracy dem&s1 on ! pr9ciple t ,i am z good z y & p]haps a little bett]1 is utt]ly false1 & t5ds to n\ri% conceit & imp]t95ce1 to bani% all rev]5ce1 & to ignore all di/9ctions 9 society4 ,anyh[1 !re c be no d\bt t great masses ( m5 act+ toge!r on excit+ occasions are peculi>ly liable to ha/y resolutions & viol5t op9ions2 all democracies1 !re=e1 are unsafe :i* are unprovid$ ) *ecks 9 ! =m ( an upp] *amb] compos$ ( m cool mat]ials1 & plant$ firmly 9 a position t makes !m indep5d5t ( ! fev] & faction ( ! h\r4 ,a /rong democracy /&s z mu* 9 ne$ ( an ari/ocratic re9 z a /rong ari/ocracy does ( a democratic spur4 ,& let x nev] be =gott5--:at democracies are f> too apt to =get--t m9orities h rights z well z majorities2 nay1 t "o ( ! great ends to be a*iev$ by a good gov]nm5t is to protect ! few aga9/ ! natural insol5ce ( a majority glory+ 9 its numb]s1 & hurri$ on by ! spr+-tide ( a popul> contagion4 ,a /ate ( society is n at all inconceivable 9 :i* ! _m %all make all ! laws & monopolise all ! (fices ( a fussy bureaucracy1 :ile ! few are burd5$ ) all ! taxes4 ,nev] too frequ5tly c we repeat1 9 ref]5ce to all public acts1 no less ?an to ! conduct ( individuals 9 private life1 ! great ,ari/otelian maxim t ,,all ,,extremes ,,are ,,wrong2 t e =ce :5 9 full action t5ds to an excess :i* = its own salvation mu/ be met by a c\nt]pois+ =ce2 t all good gov]nm5t1 z all heal?y exi/5ce1 is ! balance ( opposites & ! m>riage ( contr>ies2 & t ! m mettlesome ! *>g] ! m ne$ ( a firm re9 & a cauti\s rid]4 ,he :o ov]looks ?is prime po/ulate ( all sane action 9 ?is complex _w may pile 8 democratic h\se ti] above ti] & enjoy 8 gre5 conceit = a season2 b ! day ( sore trial & civic /orm is n f>1 :5 ! ra9 %all desc5d1 & ! floods come1 & ! w9ds bl[ & beat ^u t h\se1 & x w fall1 because x 0 f\nd$ ^u a dream4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,*ur*4 1 1 4-- 4 ,,man is *>act]i/ically a religi\s animal2 9 fact1 z ,socrates tea*es1 ! only religi\s animal2#ac =1 ?\gh a dog has no d\bt rev]5tial emotions1 x _c be said ) any propriety t he has religi\s ideas or ecclesia/ical in/itutions1 = a v good reason1 because he has no ideas at all3 obs]vation he has v ke51 & memory also wond]fully ret5tive2 in/9cts also1 l all primal vital =ces1 div9e & miracul\s2 b ideas c]ta9ly none1 = ideas mean k2 & brutes t h no language prop]ly s call$ t is a sy/em ( significant vocal signs expressive ( ideas1 b only cries1 ge/iculations1 & visible or audible signs expressive ( s5sations & feel+s1 c by no law ( natural analogy be cr$it$ ) ! possession ( a faculty ( :i* !y give no manife/ation4 ,language is ! outw>d body & =m ( :i* ?\ght & reason & k & ideas are ! inw>d s\l & =ce2 & h5ce ! wise ,greeks1 unlike our mod]n sci5ti/s1 :o delight 9 conf\nd+ man ) ! monkey1 express$ language & reason ) "o ^w 1 :ile :at we dignify ) ! "n ( language 9 birds & o!r animals 0 simply 1 or significant voice4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re is any ?+ mo/ human t hi/ory has to tea*1 x mu/ be ab\t religion4 ,all ! great nations ^: names m>k ! m>* ( human fates h be5 religi\s nations4 ,a p )\t religion does n exi/1 or1 if x does exi/1 x exi/s only z an abnormal & defici5t specim5 ( ! g5us to :i* x belongs1 :i* is ( no m acc\nt 9 ! j e/imate ( ! type ?an a fox )\t a tail1 or a lawy] )\t a tongue2 & z = individual a!i/s1 :o h be5 talk$ ab\t 9 anci5t times1 & specially 9 ^! latt] days1 !y are ei!r philosoph]s l ,sp9oza1 ! mo/ pi\s ( m51 falsely baptiz$ ) an odi\s title f ! /upidity1 prejudice1 or malice ( ! community1 or1 if !y really are a!i/s1 !y are mon/]s :i* a man may />e at z at an ass ) ?ree heads or ) no head at all 9 a %[4 ,! =m 9 :i* religion g5]ally pres5ts itself 9 e>ly hi/ory is :at we commonly call ,poly!ism1 ?\gh x is q possible--a matt] ab\t :i* ,i am n c>eful curi\sly to dogmatise--t !re may h be5 9 "s places an orig9al ,dualism1 l ! anci5t ,p]sian1 or ev5 a ,mono!ism1 out ( :i* ! ,poly!ism 0 develop$4 ,= !re _c be ! slighte/ d\bt t1 :atev] may h be5 ! />t+-po9t1 !re lay 9 ! popul> !ology a t5d5cy to multiply & to reproduce itself 9 k9dr$ b n always easily recognisable =ms1 l ! *ildr5 ( a family or ! c\s9%ip ( a clan4 ,b1 tak+ ,poly!ism z ! type "u :i* hi/ory pres5ts ! objects ( religi\s fai? 9 ! e>lie/ times1 we h to rem>k t "u ?is common "n1 z 9 ! case ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! greate/ contra/s1 bo? 9 speculative idea & 9 social effici5cy1 />e u ev]y:]e 9 ! face4 ,9 ! eye ( ! ,*ri/ian or ! mono!i/ic devotee ! wor%ips ( ,aphrodite & ( ,pallas ,a!ne are equally idolatr\s2 b1 all[+ t ^! an?ropomorphic =ms ( div9e =ces & functions ( ! univ]se are equally de/itute ( a f\ndation 9 fact or reason1 ! rev]5ce paid to !m by a dev\t p might be z diff]5t z passion is f ?\ght1 & s5se f _s4 ,z ! ideal ( wisdom 9 c\nsel & 9 action1 ! ,a!nian ,pallas no d\bt ex]cis$ z b5efic5t a sway ov] h] ,hell5ic wor%ipp]s z ! ideal ( ,*ri/ian womanhood1 9 ! p]son ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 does at ! pres5t day ov] millions ( ,*ri/ian wor%ipp]s4 ,x is only :5 ! cosmic function imp]sonat$ 9 ! poly!i/ic god1 be+ ( an inf]ior ord]1 leaps f its prop] position ( subord9ation & usurps ! controll+ & regulat+ action belong+ to ! sup]ior function1 t poly!i/ic idolatry becomes immoral2 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! v facility ( ?is usurpation1 & ! /amp ( a pseudo div9ity t may !reby be giv5 to bea/ly vice1 is a suffici5t reason = ! d5unciations ( ! hea!n idolatries s frequ5t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* ultimately rip5$ into ! spiritual apo/le%ip & mono!i/ic aggression ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,"o o!r /rik+ feature ( all poly!i/ic religions may n be omitt$4 ,!y are naturally complete--m ca?olic1 m sympa!tic ) univ]sal nature & univ]sal life ?an mono!i/ic religions2 if !y make a philosophical mi/ake 9 wor%ipp+ _m gods1 !y d n make a moral mi/ake 9 exclud+ any ( 8 attributes4 ,) ! poly!i/ic wor%ipp] ev]y?+ is sacr$3 ! sun & ! sea & ! sky1 d>k e>? & awful night1 excite 9 him an emotion ( rev]5ce4 ,if ! ,greek poly!i/ 0 dev\t at all1 he 0 dev\t ev]y:]e2 :]eas1 "u mono!i/ic influ5ces1 !re is a dang] t dev\t feel+s may respond exclusively to ! /]n decrees ( an absolute lawgiv] & ! awful ?reat5+s ( a violat$ law4 ,poly!i/ic piety1 :atev] its defects1 0 always ready to add a grace to e innoc5t enjoym5t2 mono!i/ic religi\sness1 z we see its sev]e features 9 "s mod]n *ur*es1 cont5ts itself ) add+ a solemn sanction to ! moral law--a sev]ity :i* "h & !re has n be5 able to keep itself free f ! unlovely phase ( reg>d+ ! innoc5t enjoym5ts & ! graceful pleasantries ( life z a s94 ,s mu* = ! s\l ( ! bus9ess2 ! body is :at we call ! ,*ur*4 ,& "h ! v ^w is significant4 ,9 "o s5se1 z a sep>ate e?ical corporation1 ! anci5ts _h no ,*ur*4 ,:y8 ,because ,*ur* & ,/ate 7 "o2 or1 if !y 7 two1 !y 7 too l ! fam\s ,siamese tw9s t us$ to be c>ri$ ab\t ! c\ntry z a %[1 two s closely connect$ t !y c\ld no m be torn f "o ano!r & live ?an ! limpet c be sep>at$ f ! rock to :i* x cl+s4 ,) ! peoples ( ! anci5t _w ! ,/ate 0 ! ,*ur* & ! ,*ur* 0 ! ,/ate2 ! prie/ 0 a magi/rate & ! magi/rate 0 a prie/4 ,?is id5tity ( two ?+s1 or loose int]communion & fusion ( two ?+s 9 mod]n association s in/9ctively kept ap>t1 arose f ! common g]m out ( :i* bo? ,*ur* & ,/ate grew--viz41 z we saw 9 ! previ\s lecture1 ! ,,family4 ,e fa!r ( a family1 9 ! normal & heal?y /ate ( society1 is 8 own prie/ z well z 8 own k+4 ,9 religion & morals1 z well z 9 all dome/ic ord9ances1 he is absolute & supreme2 & ! functions :i* necess>ily belong$ to him z supreme adm9i/rator 9 8 own family w\ld1 "u ! influ5ce ( family feel+s1 naturally be conc$$ to him :5 ! family grew to a clan1 & ! clan to a k+dom4 ,& ?is is ! /ate ( ?+s :i* we meet ) 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 long be=e ! promulgation ( ! ,mosaic law1 :]e we read 7xiv4 #ah7 t ,mel*iz$ek1 k+ ( ,salem1 w5t out to bless ,abraham1 & he 0 prie/ ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,god2 ! di/9ction betwe5 prie/ & layman1 to :i* our e>s are s famili>1 be+ 9 ?is1 z 9 a ?\s& o!r well-kn[n in/ances1 altoge!r ignor$4 ,n only 9 ,hom]1 :]e we f9d ,agamemnon1 ! k+ ( m51 p]=m+ sacrificial functions )\t ev5 ! pres5ce ( a prie/1#ad b 9 ! sob] hi/orical age we f9d ! ,k+ ( ,sp>ta p]=m+ all ! public sacrifices--be+1 9 fact1 9 virtue ( 8 (fice1 high prie/ ( ,jove4#ae ,s closely inde$ 0 ! ,/ate religion id5tifi$ ) ! p]son ( ! supreme magi/rate t1 :5 ! k+%ip 0 aboli%$ 9 ,greece1 & ?ree pr9cipal ar*ons & sev5 second>y ones %>$ 8 functions1 "o /ill reta9$ ! title ( 1 k+1 & _h ! sup]vision1 or1 z we w\ld say1 supreme episcopacy & ov]se]%ip ( all matt]s p]ta9+ to religion4#af ,! same ?+ took place 9 ,rome1 :]e ! "n ( k+ 0 ev5 m odi\s ?an 9 ,greece2 b nev]!less a rex sacrificulus1 or k+-sacrific]1 ) 8 reg9a or que51 took rank 9 all ! public pontifical d9n]s above ! pontifex maximus himself4 ,! college ( pontiffs 9 ,rome1 :i* _h ! supreme direction ( all religi\s matt]s1 0 n a bo>d ( prie/s1 b ( laym5--or at lea/ ( laym5 :o1 )\t any qualification b "s inaugurat+ c]emony1 might be assum$ into ! pontifical college2 :5ce ! title ( pontifex maximus1 :i* ! emp]ors assum$1 0 no m ( ! nature ( a usurpation ?an ! title ( imp]ator1 :i* belong$ to !m z supreme comm&]s ( ! army4 ,:o1 !n1 7 ! prie/s1 & :at ne$ ( !m1 at all if ! laity might legally p]=m all _! functions8 ,! answ] is simple4 ,bo? 9 ,greece & ,rome !re 7 prie/s & prie/ly families1 z ! ,eumolpid 9 ,eleusis1 specially d$icat$ to ! s]vice ( c]ta9 local gods2 b !re 0 no ord]1 class1 or body ( p]sons hav+ ! exclusive "r to (ficiate 9 sacr$ matt]s ov] ! :ole community4 ,no d\bt ! social position ( prie/s 9 democratic ,greece & mon>*ical ,egypt 0 extremely diff]5t1 b 9 "o respect !y 7 id5tical3 9 ,a!ns ,*ur* & ,/ate 7 "o z mu* z 9 ,memphis4 ,9 ,egypt !re 0 a rem>kably /rong body or clan ( prie/s enjoy+ ! highe/ dignities & immunities2 b !re is no pro( t !y 7 a ca/e1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w2 & _! virtues 7 s f> f be+ incommunicable t1 :5 ! ,ph>aoh did n happ5 to be a born prie/1 b ( ! milit>y class1 he 0 oblig$ to be made a prie/ be=e he c\ld be a k+2 & :5 once k+ he became ipso facto ! high prie/ ( ! nation1 & took prec$5ce ( all prie/s 9 all great public acts ( religi\s c]emonial4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t1 ?\gh he 0 supreme 9 all sacr$ matt]s & ! actual head ( ! ,*ur*1 to use our language1 he c\ld set himself1 l our ,h5ry ,,viii41 to c>ve cre$s = ! p1 & imprison or burn dev\t p]sons = refus+ to ackn[l$ge 8 arbitr>y decrees4 ,! ex]cise ( sacr$ functions 9 ! h&s ( ! ma/]ful ,tudor & 8 ,ma*iavelian m9i/] 0 a usurpation tol]at$ by a loyal p z _! readie/ & mo/ effective way ( gett+ rid ( ! ma/]dom ( ! ,roman ,pope1 :i* 9 ^? days press$ l an incubus on ! ,european consci5ce2 x 0 invok+ "o devil to turn out ano!r1 & 0 successful1 z su* op]ations are wont to be1 9 a blund]+ sort ( way4 ,b ! wor%ipful ,sons ( ! ,sun--= s !y 7 betitl$--on ! banks ( ! sweet-wat]$ ,nile1 _h no mon/r\s pret5sion ( ?is k9d1 & c\ld n ev5 h dreamt ( x4 ,!y did n sit on ! ?rone to re=m religion1 b to ma9ta9 x4 ,nei!r 9 ,egypt nor 9 ,greece 9 ^? days 0 any su* ?+ kn[n z ! rights ( ! individual consci5ce2 b bo? k+s & p receiv$ religi\s laws & consuetudes z we d ,magna ,*>ta2 reasonable p1 9 ! long c\rse ( ! c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 w\ld no m dream ( di/urb+ ! ance/ral belief ab\t ! gods ?an !y w\ld ?9k ( influ5c+ ! settl$ c\rses ( ! />s4 ,x 0 _! v deep-root$ p]man5cy1 9 ! mid/ ( ! />tl+ mutabilities to :i* human affairs are liable1 t made ! fundam5tal tru?s ( religion s valuable to _! s\ls2 & z to ! p>ticul> =ms "u :i* ^! fundam5tal tru?s might h be5 symbolis$ by v5]able tradition1 ! p 7 n giv5 to =m !mselves into ho/ile camps on ! gr\nd ( any local diff]5ce1 z we d 9 ,scotl& ab\t ecclesia/ical conceits & crot*ets2 & e dev\t ,egyptian all[$ 8 neighb\r )\t (f5ce to pay sacr$ hon\rs to a crocodile or a cat1 conv9c$ t ^! hon\rs 7 equally legitimate & equally b5eficial :5ev] ! sacr$ symbolism peculi> to ! wor%ip 0 wisely und]/ood4 ,collisions1 !re=e1 betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 or betwe5 prie/hood & k+%ip1 su* z signalis$ ! m$ieval /ruggles ( ! ,popes & ,emp]ors1 & ! convulsions ( our infant ,prote/ant fre$om 9 ,engl&1 c\ld n take place among/ ! anci5t poly!i/s4 ,a wise ,socrates 0 equally will+ ) ! mo/ sup]/iti\s devotee1 :5 pi\s gratitude call$1 to sacrifice a cock to sculapius2 & ! 1 by ! cu/om ( ! ,/ate1 0 ! direction :i* he gave to all :o inquir$ ( him by :at rites !y ought to wor%ip ! gods4#ag ,only among/ ! ,hebrews1 z a p 9 ^: religi\s habitude poly!i/ic & mono!i/ic t5d5cies _h nev] come to any decisive settlem5t ( _! inh]5t antagonism1 d ,i f9d a record ( a v s]i\s collision betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 aft] ! fa%ion ( our ,g]man ,h5ries & ,transalp9e ,hildebr&s 9 ! days ( ,papal aggression4 ,scotsm5 famili> ) _! ,bibles w easily see t ,i allude to ! case ( ,uzziah1 z record$ 9 #b ,*ron4 xxvi4 #af-bj3--;,b :5 he 0 /rong1 8 he>t 0 lift$ up to 8 de/ruction3 = he transgress$ aga9/ ! ,"l 8 ,god1 & w5t into ! temple ( ! ,"l to burn inc5se ^u ! alt> ( inc5se4 ,& ,az>iah ! prie/ w5t 9 aft] him1 & ) him f\rscore prie/s ( ! ,"l1 t 7 valiant m53 ,& !y )/ood ,uzziah ! k+1 & said unto him1 ,x app]ta9e? n unto !e1 ,uzziah1 to burn inc5se unto ! ,"l1 b to ! prie/s ! sons ( ,a>on1 t are consecrat$ to burn inc5se3 g out ( ! sanctu>y2 = ?\ ha/ trespass$2 nei!r %all x be = ?9e hon\r f ! ,"l ,god4 ,!n ,uzziah 0 wro?1 & _h a c5s] 9 8 h& to burn inc5se3 & :ile he 0 wro? ) ! prie/s1 ! leprosy ev5 rose up 9 8 =ehead be=e ! prie/s 9 ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 f beside ! inc5se alt>4 ,& ,az>iah ! *ief prie/1 & all ! prie/s1 look$ ^u him1 &1 behold1 he 0 lepr\s 9 8 =ehead1 & !y ?ru/ him out f !nce2 yea1 himself ha/$ also to g out1 because ! ,"l _h smitt5 him4 ,s mu* = ,poly!ism4 ,t x %\ld h s]v$ ! spiritual ne$s ( ! human he>t s long--five ?\s& ye>s at lea/1 f ! fir/ ,ph>aoh t look$ d[n f 8 ,memphian pyramid on ! my/ic =m ( ! ,sph9x1 to ! la/ ,roman ,emp]or t sacrific$ :ite bulls f ,clitumnus at ! alt> ( ! ,capitol9e ,jove--is pro( suffici5t t1 ) all its faults1 x 0 made ( v s]viceable /uff2 b cre$s & k+doms1 l individuals1 mu/ die4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! eigh? c5tury ( ! ,roman ,republic hea!nism 0 doom$ 9 all ,romanis$ ,europe1 9 all ,nor!rn ,africa1 & 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 & t = f\r reasons4 ,! poly!i/ic religions ( ! ,old ,_w1 creat$ z !y 7 9 ! infancy ( society1 no d\bt "u ! guidance ( a heal?y in/9ct ( dep5d5ce on ! rul+ p[] ( ! univ]se1 b 9 ! ma9 inspir$ by ! emotions & =mulat$ by ! imag9ation1 )\t ! regulat+ control ( reason1 c\ld n hope to hold _! gr\nd p]man5tly 9 ! face ( t ri* gr[? ( individual speculation :i*1 f ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 spread ) su* ample ramification f ,asiatic & ,european ,greece ov] ! great] "p ( ! civilis$ _w4 ,if x 0 a necessity ( human be+s at all times to h a religion1 x 0 a no less urg5t problem1 z ! range ( vision enl>g$ ) ! process ( ! ages1 to h>monise _! !ology ) _! ?9k+4 ,& if1 on ! intellectual side1 ! poly!i/ic religions ( t cultivat$ age 7 ?reat5$ ) a collapse1 ! s5su\s elem5t1 always /rongly repres5t$ 9 emotional fai?s1 0 9 con/ant dang] ( be+ dragg$ d[n into a di/urb+ & degrad+ s5suality4 ,!n1 aga91 :5 ! ,roman ,republic1 9 ! age ( ,augu/us ,cs>1 _h complet$ ! range ( its _w-wide conque/s1 two social =ces1 unkn[n 9 ! be/ ages ( ,greece & ,rome1 viz41 weal? & luxury1 add$ _! p]il\s mom5tum to ! corrupt+ elem5ts :i* 7 already at "w 9 ! bosom ( ! poly!i/ic sy/em4 ,& 9 :at a hot-b$ ( f]m5t+ putridity ^! evil leav5s _h result$ at ?is p]iod1 ! pages ( ,suetonius & _m *apt]s 9 ,/4 ,paul are witnesses equally cr$ible & equally tragic4 ,add to all ?is ! fact t ! motley int]mixture ( ideas & ! inorganic confusion & =c$ assimilation ( cre$s :i*1 accompani$ ! univ]sal m>* ( ,roman polity1 br\ght ab\t a vague desire = "s sort ( religi\s unity :i* might run p>allel ) ! political unity "u :i* m5 liv$2 & ?is desire c\ld be gratifi$ only by plac+ 9 ! =egr\nd ! great tru? ( ! unity ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 :i* to v9dicate 9 pre-,*ri/ian ages _h be5 ! special mission ( ! ,hebrew race1 & :i* ! ,greeks !mselves _h n indi/9ctly indicat$ by plac+ ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w & ! issues ( peace & w> 9 ! h&s ( an omnipot5t1 all-wise1 all-b5efic5t1 & absolute ,jove4 ,^! & ! l consid]ations w lead ! ?\ghtful /ud5t ( hi/ory easily to und]/& h[ ! appe>ance ( su* an extraord9>y moral =ce z ,*ri/ianity 0 imp]atively call$ = at ! p]iod :5 our ,savi\r1 ) ,8 div9e mission to a fall5 race1 began ,8 prea*+ on ! %ores ( a lonely ,galilean lake2 & ! mo/ sup]ficial glance at ! cont5ts ( ,8 prea*+1 z contra/$ ) ! hea!nism :i* x replac$1 w %[ h[ wond]ful 0 ! new />t :i* x gave to ! moral life ( ! _w1 & h[ effective ! spur :i* x appli$ to ! m>* ( ! ages--a spur s pot5t t we may1 )\t ! slighte/ exagg]ation1 say t to ,*ri/ianity we owe almo/ exclusively :atev] mild ag5cies temp]$ ! h>%ness & sweet5$ ! s\rness ( crude gov]nm5t 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 & no less1 :atev] hopeful elem5ts are at ! pres5t mom5t work+ among ourselves to save ! ,briti% p1 at a critical /age ( _! social developm5t1 f ! decad5ce & ! degradation t ov]took ! ,romans aft] _! great milit>y mission _h be5 fulfill$4 ,let u look articulately at ! ma9 con/itu5ts ( t new leav5 :]e) ,*ri/ianity 0 equipp$ to reg5]ate ! _w4 ,^! ,i f9d to be-- 7#a47 ,by ass]t+ 9 ! /ronge/ way ! unity ( ,god1 x at once cut ! root ( ! t5d5cy 9 human nature to create arbitr>y objects ( wor%ip accord+ to ! lu/ or fancy ( ! wor%ipp]1 & accu/om$ ! popul> intellig5ce to a h>monis$ view ( ! v>i\s =ces at "w 9 ! con/itution ( a _w s v>i\s & s complex z to a sup]ficial view readily to appe> contradictory & irreconcilable4 7#b47 ,by prea*+ ! unity ( ,god1 n z an ab/ract metaphysical idea1 b z :at x really is1 a div9e fa!rhood1 ,*ri/ianity at "o /roke b\nd all m5 toge!r z bre?r5 & memb]s ( a common family2 & 9 ?is way1 :ile 9 ! relation ( nation to nation x sub/itut$ apo/le%ips ( love = w>s ( subjugation1 9 ! relation ( class to class x e/abli%$ a sort ( spiritual democracy1 9 :i* ! impli$ equality ( all m5 z m5 gradually l$ to ! abolition ( ! abnormal in/itution ( slav]y1 on :i* all anci5t society re/$4 7#c47 ,*ri/ianity1 by />t+ religion z an indep5d5t moral association altoge!r sep>ate f ! ,/ate1 at once purifi$ ! sph]e ( ! ,*ur* f corrupt+ elem5ts1 & conf9$ ! ,/ate )9 ^? b\nds :i* ! nature ( a civic adm9i/ration furni%es4 ,religion 9 ?is way 0 purifi$ & elevat$1 because 9 its nicely segregat$ sph]e no secul> consid]ations ( any k9d c\ld int]f]e to tone d[n its ideal1 direct its curr5t1 or lame its effici5cy2 :ile ! ,/ate1 on ! o!r h&1 0 sav$ f ! folly ( int]m$dl+ ) matt]s :i* x did n und]/&1 & pr(ess+ pr9ciples :i* x did n believe4 7#d47 ,*ri/ianity1 by plant+ itself emphatically at ! v fir/ />t1 z "o may see 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 9 direct antagonism to ritualism1 c]emonialism1 & e v>iety ( ext]nalism1 & plac+ ! ess5ce ( all true religion 9 reg5]ation1 or1 z ,/4 ,paul has x1 a new creature--i4e4 ! legitimate practical dom9ance ( ! spiritual & e?ical above ! s5sual & c>nal "p ( our nature--broke d[n ! middle wall ( p>tition :i* _h s (t5 divid$ piety f morality2 s t n[ a man ( culture might consi/5tly give 8 "r h& to religion & 8 left h& to philosophy1 an attitude :i*1 s long z ,hom] 0 all t ! ,greeks _h = a bible1 no dev\t ,hell5i/ c\ld assume4 7#e47 ,by plac+ a firm belief 9 a future life z a guid+ prospect 9 ! =egr\nd1 ! religion ( ,*ri/ gave ! highe/ possible value to human life1 & ! /ronge/ possible spur to p]sev]ance 9 a virtu\s c>e]4 7#f47 ,by appeal+ directly to ! individual consci5ce1 & mak+ religion a matt] ( p]sonal conc]n & ( moral conviction1 x rais$ ! value ( ea* individual z a responsible moral ag5t1 & plac$ ! dignity ( e man z a social monad on ! firme/ possible p$e/al4 7#g47 ,by mak+ love its *ief motive p[]1 x suppli$ bo? ! /eam & ! oil ( ! social ma*9e ) a cont9uity ( moral =ce nev] dreamt ( 9 any ( ! anci5t societies--a =ce :i* no m]e sociali/ic s*emes = organis+ lab\r1 no bo>ds ( heal?1 no political economy1 no ma!matical ab/ractions1 no curiosities ( physical sci5ce1 no democratic suffrages1 & no s*ool inspector%ips1 ?\gh multipli$ a ?\s& times1 ap>t f ?is div9e ag5cy1 c ev] hope to a*ieve4 ,?us equipp$ ) a moral armature su* z ! _w _h nev] yet se51 x might h be5 expect$ t ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity ov] ! ru9s ( hea!nism w\ld h be5 z complete & z pure f all admixture ( evil z x appe>s 9 ! great evangelical manife/o commonly call$ ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,b x 0 n to be s2 nor1 inde$1 creat$ z human nature is1 c\ld possibly be4 ,! miracul\s virtue ( ! se$ c\ld n *ange ! nature ( ! soil1 & ! sweet new w9e put into old bottles c\ld n fail to cat* a ta9t f ! acid incru/ations ( ! orig9al liquor4 ,corruptia optimi pessima is ! great lesson :i* hi/ory ev]y:]e tea*es1 & n[h]e ) a m tragic impressiv5ess ?an 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,:at a rank crop ( old wives' fables1 endless g5ealogies1 c]emonial obs]vances1 wor%ip ( ! lett]1 volunt>y humilities1 & disputations ( sci5ce1 falsely s call$1 />t$ into fretful array be=e ! spiritual swordsman%ip ( ,/4 ,paul1 no read] ( ! gr&e/ correspond5ce 9 ! _w ne$ be told2 b x 0 n s mu* f ,jewi% drivel1 ,attic subtlety1 or ,cor9?ian s5sualism1 t ! corrupt+ =ces 7 to proce$ :i* 9 ! po/-,apo/olic age ins9uat$ !mselves l a poison into ! pure blood ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is f )9 t1 9 moral matt]s1 our great dang] fl[s3 if ! k+dom ( heav5 is !re1 ! k+dom ( hell is !re no less di/9ctly4 ,! doctr9e ( ,ari/otle1 & ! tea*+ ( hi/ory t ,,all ,,extremes ,,are ,,wrong1 is ev] & ev] repeat$ to passion-spurr$ mortals1 & ev] & ev] =gott54 ,9 ! gre5 ard\r ( our wor%ip we make an idol ( our virtue2 ! /rong l9es ( ! p>ticul> excell5ce :i* we admire are /ret*$ into a c>icature2 our sublime1 sev]$ f all root ( s\ndness1 reels ov] into ! ridicul\s2 we revel & riot & get into an intoxicat$ excitem5t ) ! fruit ( our own fancy2 & "w ourselves f "o /age ( inflammation to ano!r1 till1 z our great dramati/ says1 ,goodness1 gr[n to a pleurisy1 ,dies ( its own too mu*4 ,! excess into :i* ,*ri/ianity at its fir/ />t mo/ naturally fell 0 ultra-spiritualism1 asceticism1 or by :atev] "n we may *oose to *>act]ise t high-fly+ sy/em 9 morals :i*1 n cont5t ) ! regulation & subord9ation1 aims at ! viol5t subjugation &1 z mu* z may be1 ! total suppression ( ! physical elem5t 9 man4 ,h[ ne> ?is abuse lay is evid5t1 n only f ! g5]al t5d5cy ( e man to make an idol ( 8 di/9ctive virtue1 & ( e sect to delight 9 ! exagg]ation ( its mo/ *>act]i/ic feature1 b !re are n a few passages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* pla9ly %[ t ! mascul9e ,*ri/ianity ( ,/4 ,paul _h n m occasion to prote/ aga9/ ^? ,greek lib]t9es :o turn$ ! grace ( ,god into lic5ti\sness1 ?an aga9/ ^? (f%oots ( ! ,jewi% ,ess5es :o pr(ess$ a self-impos$ arbitr>y religiosity 7,col4 ii4 #ah1 #bc71 ev5 =bidd+ to m>ry & comm&+ to ab/a9 f meats 7,i ,tim4 iv4 #c74ah ,!re is1 inde$1 some?+ v s$uctive 9 ^! attempts to acquire a sup]human virtue1 :e!r !y be made by a poet ca/+ (f ! vulg> bonds t b9d him to 8 fell[s1 l ,p]cy ,bys%e ,%elley1 t he may fe$ ^u sun-dews & get drunk on transc5d5tal imag9ations1 or by a religi\s p]son1 t he may devote himself to spiritual ex]cises1 free f ! di/urb+ influ5ce ( e>?ly passions4 ,su* a r5unciation ( ! fle% gratifies 8 pride1 & has1 9 fact1 ! aspect ( a h]oic virtue 9 a special l9e2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 x is ) "s p]sons m conv5i5t1 inasmu* z :5 ! resolution is once =m$ & a decid$ />t made1 x is always easi] to ab/a9 ?an to be mod]ate4 ,nev]!less1 all su* ambiti\s s*emes to ignore ! body & to cut %ort ! natural rights ( our physical nature mu/ fail4 ,x nev] c be ! virtue ( a man to wi% to be m ?an man2 & e religion :i* sets a /amp ( special approval on sup]human1 & !re=e unhuman1 virtue1 erects a wall ( sep>ation betwe5 ! gospel :i* x prea*es & ! _w :i* x %\ld conv]t4 ,9 fact1 x r gives up ! _w 9 despair1 & in/itutes an artificial s*ool = ! practice ( c]ta9 select virtues1 :i* only a few w practise1 & :i*1 :5 practis$1 c only make ^? few unfit = ! social position :i* ,provid5ce meant !m to occupy4 ,! second excess into :i* ,*ri/ianity1 "u ! action ( frail human nature1 easily ran 0 intol]ance4 ,?is intol]ance1 z 9 ! previ\s case1 is only a virtue run to se$2 =1 z all asceticism is m]ely a misapplication or an exagg]ation ( ! virtue ( self-d5ial & self-control1 s all intol]ance1 or defect ( k9dly reg>d to ! contr>y 9 op9ion or conduct1 is m]ely a crude or an impolitic ext5sion ( ! imp]ative ought :i* lies at ! root ( all moral tru?1 & specially ( all mono!i/ic religions4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a c]ta9 intol]ance 9 tru? :i* w n all[ x to hold p>ley ) error2 & e new religion ) a l(ty inspiration1 consci\s ( a div9e mission1 is necess>ily aggressive3 x delights to pluck ! be>d ( ance/ral au?ority1 & m>*es "r into ! pres5ce ( ho>y absurdity & consecrat$ /upidity4 ,no d\bt !re is a b\nd>y "h :i* ! div9e wisdom ( ! ,son ( ,god po9t$ at emphatically en\gh :5 he 0 ask$ to br+ d[n fire f heav5 on ^? :o taught or did o!rwise2 b ! evil _s ( self-importance :i* prompt$ ?is reque/ 0 too deeply engra9$ 9 human nature to be eradicat$ by a s+le w>n+ ( ! great tea*]4 ,?is _s ( arrogant individualism ass]t$ itself at an e>ly p]iod 9 ! disord]ly ,cor9?ian ,*ur* v mu* 9 ! same way z x does among/ ourselves1 specially 9 ,scotl&1 at ! pres5t mom5t--viz4 by ! multiplication ( sects1 ! exagg]ation ( petty di/9ctions1 & ! fom5t+ ( petty rivalries1--,n[ ?is ,i say1 t e "o ( y sai?1 ,i am ( ,paul2 & ,i ( ,apollos2 & ,i ( ,cephas2 & ,i ( ,*ri/ 7,i ,cor4 i4 #ab71--;a _s :i* ! apo/le mo/ /rongly d5\nces z proce$+ manife/ly f ! ov]rat$ importance ( "s second>y specialty1 or "s accessory condition1 ( ! body ( believ]s1 :o ?us clubb$ !mselves into a d5om9ation1 & result+ 9 an unk9dly div]g5ce f ! common highway ( evangelic life1 & an intol]ant desire to ov]ride "o ,*ri/ian bro!r ) ! private %ibbole? ( ano!r1 & to /amp him ) ! seal ( _! own conceit4 ,! field 9 :i* ?is intol]ant ,_s display$ itself 0 ( c\rse diff]5t1 accord+ to ! influ5ces at "w at ! "t2 b !re is "o field :i*1 if *ur* hi/ory is to tea* u any?+1 we are b\nd to emphasise /rongly1 t is ! field ( dogma2 =1 if !re be any influ5ce t has work$ m p[]fully to discr$it ,*ri/ianity ?an ev5 ! immoral lives & selfi% maxims ( pr(ess+ ,*ri/ians1 x is ! fixation & glorification & idol-wor%ip ( ! dogma4 ,no d\bt ,*ri/ianity is f> f be+ t sy/em1 or r no sy/em1 ( vague & cl\dy s5tim5t to :i* "s p]sons w\ld r$uce x3 x has bones1 & a firm framework2 x /&s ^u facts1 & is n )\t doctr9es1 b x does n make a p>ade ( doctr9es2 & ! fai? :i* x enjo9s1 z is manife/ f ! def9ition & hi/orical examples 9 ,hebrews xi41 is n an intellectual fai? 9 ! doctr9es ( a metaphysical !ology1 b a liv+ fai? 9 ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w & a h]oic conduct 9 life1 z ! necess>y expression ( su* fai?4 ,! m]e intellectual or?odoxy on :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has1 by ! tradition ( c5turies1 plac$ su* a high value1 is1 9 ! apo/olical e/imate1 pla9ly wor? no?+2 = ! devils also believe & tremble1 z ,/4 ,james has x1 or z our ,"l himself said 9 ! /rik+ summation to ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ,n !y :o call me ,"l1 ,"l1 %all ent] into ! k+dom1 b !y :o d ! w ( my ,fa!r :o is 9 heav54 ,by _! works1 n by _! cre$1 ye %all "k !m4#ai ,nev]!less1 ! exaltation ( ! dogma has always be5 a fav\rite t5d5cy ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! besett+ s9 ( ! cl]gy4 ,) ! mass ( ! p1 to swe> to a curi\s cre$ is always m easy ?an to lead a noble life2 :ile to ! cl]ical intellect x mu/ always give a secret satisfaction to ?9k t ! sci5ce ( !ology1 :i* is ! fur!/ remov$ f ! h&l+ ( ! great mass ( m51 has 9 _! h&s assum$ a well-def9$ %ape1 ( :i* ! articulations are z subtle & z necess>y z ! /eps ( solution 9 a difficult algebraic problem4 ,! late ,b>on ,buns51 = _m ye>s ,prussian ambassador 9 ,london1 "o ( ! mo/ l>ge-m9d$ & l>ge-he>t$ ( ,*ri/ian m51 9 ! preface to 8 great ,bibel w]k1 devotes a special *apt] to ,dogmatism z a vice ( ! cl]ical m9d lead+ to false views ( ,scripture2 ov] & above :at he calls ! mod]n revival ( s*ola/ic !ology 9 ,g]many1 he enum]ates f\r dom9ant epo*s ( ecclesia/ical life 9 :i* ?is anti-evangelical t5d5cy has prom95tly ass]t$ itself4 ,^! are--7#a7 ! dogmatism ( ! great ,*ur* c\ncils 9 ! reigns ( ,con/ant9e1 ,!odosius1 & ,ju/9ian2 7#b7 ! m$ieval s*ola/icism ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*2 7#c7 ! ,prote/ant s*ola/icism ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies2 7#d7 ! dogmatism ( ! ,jesuits1 ,p]ron1 ,bossuet1 & o!rs4 ,_h ?is dogmatic t5d5cy ( ! ,*ur* cont5t$ itself ) tabulat+ a curi\s s*eme ( div9e my/]ies1 ?\gh x might ju/ly h be5 deem$ imp]t95t1 & "h & !re a little presumptu\s1 yet x might h be5 condon$ lightly z a sort ( cl]ical recreation 9 h\rs :i* might h be5 worse employ$2 b x c\ld n be cont5t ) ?is3 x pass$ at once into action1 & 9 ?is guise prevail$ to deface ! fair front ( ! ,*ur* ) ga%es ( m bloody & b>b>\s inhumanity ?an ev] m>k$ ! alt>s ( ! ,baals & ,molo*s ( ! mo/ savage hea!n sup]/itions4 ,ano!r mon/r\s abuse born out ( ! bosom ( ! ,*ur*1 ?\gh n s directly1 is ,sac]dotalism4 ,i say n s directly1 because ! g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity is s di/9ctly negative ( all prie/hood t1 _h !re be5 ev5 an express prohibition ( x1 its contradiction to ! :ole tone ( ! ,new ,te/am5t c\ld n h be5 m app>5t4 ,n m c]ta9ly are ! sacrifices ( ! ,jewi% law aboli%$ 9 ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/1 accord+ to ! ,paul9e !ology1 ?an ! ,levitical prie/hood /&s aboli%$ 9 ! prie/hood ( ,*ri/ & 9 ! prie/hood ( ! individual memb]s ( 8 spiritual body 7#b ,pet] v4 #i74bj ,:5ce1 !n1 came our ,*ri/ian prie/hood8 ,p>tly1 ,i suspect1 z ! ,jewi% ,sabba? 0 int]polat$ into ! ,*ri/ian ,"l's ,day1 f ! ne>ness & ext]nal similitude ( ! two ?+s--! presbyt] be+ to ! outw>d eye pretty mu* ! same z ! prie/ 0 to ! ,jewi% wor%ipp]s2 p>tly f ! self-importance :i* is ! besett+ s9 ( all bodies ( m5 prom95tly plant$ 9 ! social plat=m1 & :i* induces !m to magnify _! vocation1 & 9 do+ s /ilt _! pr(essional pride up into ! attitude ( a v /ately & a v reputable virtue4 ,! prop] functions ( ! (fice-be>]s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 call !m ov]se]s1 bi%ops1 or :at y w1 7 s hon\rable & s b5efic5t t1 especially ) an unle>n$ & un?9k+ p1 ! rev]5tial respect due to ! actors might easily pass into a sup]/iti\s belief 9 ! my/ical virtue ( ! op]ations ( :i* !y 7 ! conductors2 & ?is ready submission on ! "p ( ! p1 hold+ out a will+ h& to ! natural self-importance & pot5tiat$ self-e/imate ( ! cl]ical body1 result$ 9 a f\r-squ>e sy/em ( sac]dotal control1 sac]dotal virtue1 & sac]dotal influ5ce1 to :i* we %all se>* = a p>allel 9 va9 ?r\gh all ! annals ( ,asiatic & ,african hea!nism4 ,nay1 ,i c readily believe t ^? :o c f9d a prie/hood 9 ! g5ius ( ! gospel & ! apo/olic in/itution ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 w naturally be incl9$ to ma9ta9 t ! sup]ior p[] ( ! ,gregories1 ,bonifaces1 & ,innoc5ts ( ! m$ieval ,*ur*1 z contra/$ ) any?+ t we read or "k ( ! ,egyptian1 ,hebrew1 & ,roman pontiffs1 is ! natural & necess>y outcome ( ! sup]ior excell5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 & ?is1 no d\bt1 is ! only com=table belief on :i* all =ms ( ,*ri/ian sac]dotalism c repose4 ,s mu* = ! corruptions ( ! ,*ri/ian religion proce$+ f :at1 9 !ological language1 might be call$ ! indwell+ s9 ( ! ,*ur*1 un/imulat$ by any /rong ext]nal s$uction4 ,b ?is s$uction came4 ,aft] ?ree c5turies ( h>d%ip1 manfully endur$ 9 ! s*ool ( adv]sity1 ! m sev]e trial ( prosp]ity _h to be gone ?r\gh4 ,! ,*ur*1 :i* _h be5 decl>$ to be n ( ?is _w1 & _h /ood face to face ) ! greate/ political p[] ! _w ev] knew 9 a position ( sublime moral isolation1 0 n[ adopt$ by ! ,/ate1 & =m$ a bond ( ! mo/ intimate connection ) its h]$it>y p]secutors4 ,! />t+-po9t ( ! olde/ hea!n social attitude1 ! id5tity ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 seem$ to be recall$2 & a ,ju/9ian on ! %ores ( ! ,bosphorus seem$ z really a head ( ! ,*ur* z a ,m5es or an ,am5ophis on ! banks ( ! ,nile4 ,b "u ! outw>d lik5ess a radical diff]5ce lay conceal$4 ,z an ess5tially e?ical society1 ) its own special cr$5tials1 its sep>ate hi/ory1 & its indep5d5t triumph1 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* might =m an alliance ) a purely secul> in/itution l ! ,/ate1 b x c\ld n be absorb$ or id5tifi$ ) x4 ,t alliance might be made b5eficially 9 v>i\s ways & on v>i\s t]ms2 ! civil magi/rate might be pr\d to be call$ ! fri5d & ! bro!r ( ! ,*ri/ian bi%op1 or he might humble himself to be its s]vant1 b he nev] c\ld be its ma/]4 ,! alliance !re=e 01 z x ought to be1 all 9 fav\r ( ! spiritual body2 ! ,*ur* ga9$ ! civil p[] to execute its decrees & to patronise its missions2 b a ,*ri/ian ,/ate c\ld nev] ga9 ! "r to dictate ! cre$ or p]=m ! functions ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! idea t !re is any?+ absolutely s9ful1 or necess>ily p]nici\s1 9 ! conception ( an alliance betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ! ,/ate1 is "o ( ^? hyp]consci5ti\s crot*ets ( mod]n ,briti% sect>ianism at :i* ! ,muse ( hi/ory c only smile4 ,!re c be no great] s9 9 an ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* ?an 9 an ,e/abli%$ ,univ]sity or an ,e/abli%$ ,royal ,academy4 ,religion & ,sci5ce & ,art h _! sep>ate & well-m>k$ prov9ces1 9 ! adm9i/ration ( :i* !y may wisely seek = ! co-op]ation1 ?\gh !y w always jeal\sly avoid ! dictation1 ( ! ,/ate4 ,b1 ?\gh !re c\ld be no s9 9 ! ,*ur* receiv+ ! "r h& ( fell[%ip f ! ,/ate1 !re might be dang]1 & t ( a v s]i\s description4 ,no?+ /rikes a man s mu* 9 ! read+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z ! little respect :i* x pays to ri*es & ! pomp & pride ( life1 & worldly hon\rs & dignities ( all k9ds4 ,h[ c ye believe :o receive hon\r "o f ano!r8 is a s5t5ce t cuts v deep into ! connection betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ,/ate1 :i* might readily mean ! alliance ( a secul> in/itution1 delight+ 9 pomp & p>ade & glitt]+ %[1 ) a religion ( :i*1 l ! philosophy ( ! por*1 ! mo/ prom95t feature 0 unworldl9ess1 humility1 & spirituality4 ,"h unque/ionably 0 dang]3 an alliance 9 :i*1 z 9 an ill-consort$ m>riage1 ! l[] elem5t 0 z likely to drag d[n ! high] z ! high] to lift up ! l[]4 ,& s x actually happ5$4 ,! ,*ur* 0 secul>is$4 ,alongside ( ! hundr$ & "o monk]ies ( /olid asceticism & ! hundr$ & "o mumm]ies ( sac]dotal c]emonialism1 !re grew up 9 ! process ( ! ages a consolidat$ hi]>*y ( su* conc5trat$1 secul>1 & sacr$ pot5cy t ! l(tie/ cr[n$ heads ( ,europe duck$ b5ea? its %ad[ & quail$ b5ea? its ban4 ,to und]/& ?is1 we mu/ take note ( ! *ange by :i* ! scatt]$ presbyt]s ( ! primitive ,*ur* 7 gradually mass$ into a /rong ari/ocracy1 :i* 9 due season1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,/ate1 f\nd its key-/one 9 an ecclesia/ical mon>*4 ,x 0 ! wisdom ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* n to lay d[n any fix$ norm ( (ficial adm9i/ration1 b to leave all ! ext]nal ma*9]y ( a purely spiritual in/itution free to adapt itself to ! exi/+ =ms ( society z "t & circum/ance & national g5ius might dem&4 ,! =m ( gov]nm5t natural to ! ,*ur* 9 its e>lie/ /ages 0 democratic1 ) a c]ta9 loose1 ill-def9$ elem5t ( presid5tial ari/ocracy4 ,b 9 an age :i* _h bidd5 a long f>ewell bo? to ! _s & ! =m ( democracy 9 civil adm9i/ration1 su* a =m ( gov]nm5t 9 ! ,*ur* c\ld n hope to ma9ta9 itself4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! magnific5t autocracy ( ,rome 9 its decad5ce1 ! simple ov]se] or sup]9t5d5t 77 ( a remote prov9cial congregation ( believ]s gradually grew into a metropolitan dignit>y1 & culm9at$ 9 ! wield] ( a secul> sov]eignty sitt+ 9 c\ncil ) ! mo/ influ5tial mon>*s ( ,europe4 ,! epiphany ( an absolute mon>* ) a triple ti>a on 8 head :5 contra/$ ) ! simplicity & unworldl9ess ( ! primitive bi%ops we>s su* a /range look t x has be5 judg$1 especially 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries1 ) a m sweep+ sev]ity ?an x des]v$4 ,z a m]e =m ( gov]nm5t1 no man c give any good reason :y ! ,*ur* %\ld n be gov]n$ by a mon>* z well z ! ,/ate2 ! bi%op ( ,rome1 z supreme head ( ! body ( bi%ops all ov] ,*ri/5dom1 & guid$ by !m z 8 habitual advis]s1 0 at lea/ z natural & z reasonable a guide = ! direction ( ! consci5ce ( ,*ri/5dom 9 ! ,middle ,ages z ! ,c\ncil ( ,prote/ants :o at ,dort1 9 ! ye> #afah1 condemn$ ! greate/ !ologian & juri/ ( ! day to p9e 9 a ,dut* prison1 or ! ,assembly ( ,div9es 9 ,we/m9/] :o emp[]$ ! supreme magi/rate to suppress ! "r ( free ?\ght 9 ! brea/s ( all p]sons :o 7 n prep>$ to set _! seal to ! damnatory dogmas ( extreme ,calv9ism4 ,nay1 s f> f !re be+ any?+ anti-,*ri/ian or anti-social 9 ! ,pop$om z a =m ( ,*ur* gov]nm5t1 we may safely say t 9 ages ( g5]al turmoil1 confusion1 & viol5ce1 ! admitt$ supremacy ( ! visible head ( a *ur* f\nd$ on pr9ciples ( peace & conciliation c\ld n act o!rwise ?an b5eficially4 ,b :5 ! p]son 9 :om ?is moral supremacy 0 ve/$ became ! ackn[l$g$ head ( a secul> pr9c$om1 ! case 0 alt]$4 ,x 0 an unhappy day = ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ! mo/ unhappy day p]haps 9 its :ole ev5tful hi/ory1 :5 ,pep91 ! ambiti\s m9i/] ( ! la/ ( ! ,m]ov+ian k+s1 9 ! ye> #gea1 contriv$ to get out ( ,pope ,za*>y a spiritual sanction = 8 usurption ( 8 ma/]'s ?rone4 ,f t mom5t ! ,*ur* 0 doom$ to a blaz+ & brilliant1 b a sure c>e] ( d[nfall4 ,! spiritual abett] ( a secul> crime _h to be rew>d$ = 8 pi\s subs]vi5cy3 he receiv$ ! ex>*ate ( ,rav5na1 & became a temporal pr9ce4 ,f t "t =w>d ! head ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :o ought to h /ood be=e ! _w z a model ( all purity1 tru?fulness1 peacefulness1 & e?ical nobility1 0 condemn$ to s]ve two ma/]s1 ,god & ,mammon1 unworldly morality & worldly p[]1 :i* 0 impossible4 ,f ?is "t =w>d !re 0 n a s+le c\rt intrigue 9 ,europe1 nor a s+le plot ( any knot ( conspirators1 into ^: c\nsels ! supreme bi%op ( ! gospel ( peace might n be dragg$1 or1 :at is worse1 into ^: lawless & ungodly ma*9ations he might n be (ficially ?ru/+ himself1 9 ord] to pres]ve "s accessory int]e/ or ga9 "s paltry advantage altoge!r unconnect$ ) 8 spiritual function4 ,if !re is any "o elem5t1 always ( c\rse except+ ! elem5t ( gross s5suality & absolute villa9y1 :i* m ?an ano!r is adv]se to ! _s ( ,evangelical ,*ri/ianity1 x is ! elem5t ( c\rt intrigue1 political cont5tion1 & p>ty feuds4 ,9 ?is region love1 :i* is ! life ( ! reg5]ate s\l1 _c brea!2 tru? is put "u ban2 lies fl\ri%2 consci5ce is smo!r$2 & l[ exp$i5cy ev]y:]e takes ! place ( l(ty pr9ciple4 ,s x f>$ n seldom ) ! ,popes2 & mu* worse 9 ! la/ degree2 = wick$ness1 l ev]y?+ t lives1 mu/ live by gr[+1 & ! se$ ( secul> ambition :i* 0 s[n 9 lies1 w gr[ to robb]y1 blossom 9 lu/1 & rip5 into murd]4 ,?is any:]e1 b specially 9 ,italy1 :]e f ! "t ( ! patrician ,scipio1 :o suppress$ ! eld] ,grac*us1 ! hot cont5d]s = absolute p[]1 9 ! eag] pursuit ( _! object1 h nev] %rank f ! free use ( ! assass9's dagg] & ! poison]'s b[l4 ,9 fact1 if ! love ( m]e animal pleasure makes a man a bea/1 x is ! love ( p[] t translates him into a fi5d2 & ( ?is sort ( human fi5ds ,italian hi/ory pres5ts z appall+ a regi/] z c be f\nd any:]e 9 ! annals ( our race2 & at ! top ( ?is regi/] /& "s ( ! ,popes1 ^: names are z prom95t 9 ! /ory ( ecclesia/ical ,rome z ^? ( ,n]o1 ,domitianus1 & ,heliogabalus are 9 ! /ory ( ! imp]ial decad5ce4 ,:5 we ca/ a rapid glance--= x des]ves no?+ m--on ! revolt+ record ( ! ,roman ,popes 9 ! age imm$iately prec$+ ! ,re=mation1 we he> ! solemn voice ( hi/ory repeat+ aga9 ! maxim above quot$--corruptio optimi pessima3 :5 prie/s are bad1 !y are v bad2 :5 ! salt ( ! gospel1 :i* 0 meant to pres]ve ! moral life ( society f putresc5ce1 has lo/ its sav\r1 if n ca/ out1 x is worse ?an useless--x becomes a poison4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! mod]n hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 we ought to emphasise 9 a special p>agraph ! fact t "o un=tunate result ( ! incorporation ( ! ,*ur* ) ! ,/ate 0 t ! ,*ur* 0 n[ 9 a position to reque/ ! ,/ate to l5d its pot5t aid 9 e/abli%+ ! true doctr9e ( ! gospel & suppress+ all h]esies4 ,t ! ,/ate _h a "r to d s no man d\bt$2 ev5 9 democratic ,greece free-?9k+ philosoph]s1 su* z ,anaxagoras1 ,diog5es1 & ,socrates1 7 bani%$ or suff]$ dea? on *>ges ( impiety2 & ?\gh1 no d\bt1 political elem5ts1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,arm9ians 9 ,holl&1 work$ along ) ! /rictly religi\s feel+ to set ! br& ( a!ism on ^? m51 !re _c be any d\bt t :]e ! ,/ate & ! ,*ur* 7 s ess5tially "o1 p]secutions = unau?oris$ religi\s obs]vances 7 p]fectly legitimate1 z inde$ ! memorable case ( ! =cible suppression ( ! ,dionysiac my/]ies1 m ?an two hundr$ ye>s be=e ! e>lie/ ( ! ,*ri/ian m>tyrdoms 9 ,rome1 abundantly te/ifies4 ,b !re 0 a d\ble horror 9 ! religi\s p]secution1 aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 n[ inaugurat$ = ! fir/ "t--! horror ( a conduct s diametrically oppos$ to ! _s & ! express injunction ( ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,gospel1 9 ^: def5ce x 0 practis$1 & ! horror also t :at 0 n[ viol5tly suppress$ 0 n1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,dionysiac my/]ies1 r immoral practices ?an errone\s beliefs1 b simply & nak$ly metaphysical objections aga9/ metaphysical propositions 9 !ology1 :i*1 :e!r true or false1 c\ld n be made ! subject ( ,/ate action1 or1 9 my op9ion at lea/1 ( ecclesia/ical c5sure1 )\t a flagrant violation ( t law ( *>ity :i* a l>ge philosophy & a ca?olic ,*ri/ianity equally enjo94 ,! bani%m5t ( ,arius to ,illyria1 z ! civil consequ5ce ( ! =mal signature ( ! ,tr9it>ian cre$ by ! decision ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice 9 ! ye> #cbe1 ?\gh x made no small noise 9 ! _w 9 ^? days1 0 a v innoc5t ov]ture to ! b>b>\s dramas ( fire & blood t 7 9 aft] ages to be enact$ on ?is evil prec$5t4 ,!re are _m gr& places ri* ) hi/orical lessons 9 ,london1 & n a few sad ones2 b ! sadde/ ( all is ,smi?field4 ,i c nev] pace ! /ones ( ?is memorable site1 :]e our noble/ ,scot1 ,sir ,william ,wallace1 0 disemb[ell$ & qu>t]$ to gratify ! v5geance ( an imp]i\s ,norman1 )\t ?9k+ ( ! sad fate ( ! "y & beautiful ,anne ,askew4 ,?is lady1 ! daught] ( a knight ( good family 9 ,l9coln%ire1 "u "s ( ^? /imulants ( ?\ght :i* 7 /irr+ up ! /agnant traditions ( m$ieval piety1 _h be5 l$ to conceive s]i\s d\bts ) reg>d to ! ,scripture au?ority = "s ( ! mo/ univ]sally receiv$ doctr9es ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,?is pi\s scepticism com+ to ! e>s ( c]ta9 lead+ p]sons 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 :o1 aft] ! example ( ! ,nicean doctors1 consid]$ x a sacr$ duty 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to religion to tol]ate no contradiction1 fir/ br\ght ?is lady be=e ! ,"l ,*ancellor1 :o tore h] limb f limb on ! rack1 because %e w\ld n say t %e believ$ :at %e c\ld n believe )\t d5y+ h] s5ses1 & !n dragg$ h] to ! blood-/a9$ pavem5t ( ,smi?field1 :]e %e 0 girt ) gunp[d] bags & f5c$ ) faggots1 to be burnt to dea?1 z if ! ,god ( ,*ri/ians 7 a second & enl>g$ edition ( ! old ,molo* ( ,pale/9e4 ,& :at 0 h] (f5ce--beautiful1 "y1 pure1 & tru?ful woman1 n m ?an tw5ty-five ye>s ( age--t %e %\ld be treat$ 9 ?is worse ?an cannibalic /yle 9 ! "n ( ! gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/8 ,simply t ,h5ry ,,viii41 9 t /yle ( insol5t ma/]dom :i* he %[$ s royally1 & conceit+ himself1 l a ,scot* fool :o came aft] him1 to be a consid]able !ologian1 assum$ ! "r to put ! /amp ( absolute k+%ip on ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* t a piece ( bread1 ov] :i* a prie/ly b5$iction _h be5 pron\nc$ by a prie/1 0 by ! my/ical virtue ( ?is b5$iction *ang$ into fle%1 :ile ! fair "y lady p]si/$ 9 see+ no?+ b bread4 ,let x be grant$ t ! lady 0 9 ! wrong & ! *ur*ly tradition "r1 x nev] c\ld be "r to te> h] fle% to %r$s & to burn h] bones to a%es because %e held an op9ion :i*1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 look$ z l ! tru? z its opposite4 ,h[ sad1 h[ sorr[fully sad1 & :at a comm5t>y on :at we are ev] & anon tempt$ to call poor1 pitiful1 prideful1 & presumptu\s human nature1 t ,*ri/ianity _h at t "t be5 m ?an fifte5 hundr$ ye>s 9 ! _w1 sitt+ 9 high places1 & walk+ ) triumphal bann]s ov] ! e>?1 & yet nei!r ! pr9ces ( ! e>? nor ! rul]s ( ! ,*ur* %\ld h reta9$ ev5 a slight e*o ( t repro( f a mild ,ma/] to a zeal\s disciple1 to ! effect t no man :o knew ! _s ( ! div9e religion :i* ,he taught1 w\ld ev] propose to br+ fire d[n f heav5 or up f hell to consume ! unbeliev]4 ,su* enormities 9 ! doctr9e & practice ( ! ,*ur*1 z we h indicat$ r ?an describ$1 c\ld lead to only "o ( two issues--,re=m or ,revolution4 ,! *ange br\ght ab\t1 ?\gh cont5t+ itself ) ! mild] "n1 0 9 fact ! m dra/ic proc$ure4 ,! ,european re=mation ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r 9 #aeag 0 a revolution 9 ! ,*ur*1 mu* m radical & mu* m wor?y ( s /rong a designation ?an ! political revolution ( #afhh 9 ,great ,brita94 ,x is ne$less to recapitulate ! causes ( (f5ce2 !y 7 only too pat5t--insol5ce1 secul>ity1 s5suality1 v5ality1 idl5ess1 vice1 & wor?lessness ( e k9d 9 ! ,*ur*2 b !re 7 two causes :i*1 9 addition to corruption f )91 t5d$ to op5 ! e>s ( ,*ri/5dom l>gely to ! cry = ,*ur* re=m4 ,^! 7 ! /ir 9 ! intellectual movem5t f ! days ( ! au?or ( ! ,div9e ,com$y d[nw>ds1 en=c$ by ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :i* 0 amply suffici5t to become a dang] to ev5 a mu* less vuln]able cre$ ?an t :i* _h satisfi$ ! crude dem&s ( m$ieval intellig5ce2 &1 9 ! second place1 ! ho/ility :i* ! insol5ce & ambition ( ,*ur*m5 _h r\s$ 9 ! secul> magi/racy--t is1 n only ! mon>* & 8 (ficial m9i/]s1 b ! great body ( ! high] nobility :o f\nd !mselves ou/$ f _! place 9 ! famili> c\nsels ( ! mon>* by ! advocates & ambassadors ( a =eign pot5tate4 ,?us ! two be/ fri5ds ( e ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* 9 its normal /ate 7 conv]t$ into enemies2 & ! natural indignation ( ! common p at ! lic5ti\s lives & gross v5ality ( ! cl]gy 0 /imulat$ into an explosion by ! desire ( ! secul> dignities to curb ! pride ( ! cl]gy1 &1 x might lightly happ5 also1 to rob !m ( "p ( _! ov]gr[n weal?1 nom9ally = ! public good1 really = ! aggr&isem5t ( ! ,cr[n & ! nobility4 ,! %ameless nepotism ( ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv41 ! flagiti\s lives & abhorr5t practices ( ! ,borgias1 m fit = a s5sational melodrama 9 ! l[e/ ,p>isian !atre ?an = ! home ( a ,*ri/ian bi%op2 ! milit>y rage ( a ,julius1 :o turn$ ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ into a travell+ camp & ! bi%op's crozi] into a soldi]'s sword2 ! lit]>y dilettantism ( ! ,c\rt ( ,leo ,x41 m eag] to di/+ui% itself by ! elegant trimm+ ( ,lat9 v]sicles ?an by apo/olic zeal & ,*ri/ian purity1--all ?is1 s long z x disport$ itself on ,italian gr\nd1 ! ari/ocracy ( ,engl& & ,scotl& might h cont9u$ to look on ) indiff]5ce2 b t ! son ( anybody or nobody1 9 a c\nty ( unvalu$ clodhopp]s1 %\ld jo/le !m 9 ! ante*amb] ( ! mon>*1 & claim prec$5ce 9 ! hall ( audi5ce1 simply because he 0 ! supple in/rum5t ( an insol5t ,italian prie/1 ?is 0 n to be borne2 & s ! ,re=mation came1 ) ! mob ( ! l[e/ classes1 ! mass ( ! respectable middle classes1 ! mo/ influ5tial ( ! nobility1 & ! p[] ( ! ,cr[n1 all 9 full cry aga9/ ! ecclesia/ical fox4 ,! revolution ?us volcanically effect$1 & kn[n 9 hi/ory "u ! "n ( ,prote/antism1 meant simply ! "r ( e individual memb] ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* to take ! pr9ciples & ! practice ( 8 ,*ur* directly f ! orig9al records ( ! ,*ur*1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any body ( au?oris$ int]pret]s2 & ! necess>y product ( ?is "r :5 ex]cis$ 0 fir/ to decl>e c]ta9 practices & doctr9es t _h gr[n up 9 ! ,*ur* ?r\gh long c5turies to be unau?oris$ dep>tures f ! orig9al simplicity & purity ( ! gospel2 &1 fur!r1 to d5y t !re exi/$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 z orig9ally con/itut$1 any class or ca/e ( m5 enjoy+ ! exclusive privilege to p]=m sacr$ functions1 & end[$ ) a div9e virtue to p]=m sacram5tal miracles by _! consecrat+ t\*1--9 a ^w1 t !re 0 no prie/hood1 prop]ly s call$1 9 ! ,re=m$ ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,nor is ?is doctr9e1 z "s may ?9k1 ! tea*+ only ( ! ,helvetic confession1 :at c]ta9 p]sons h be5 fond to call extreme ,prote/antism2 =1 ?\gh ! ^w prie/ has be5 reta9$ 9 ! ,engli% pray]book z a m9i/] 9 sacr$ ?+s ( a p>ticul> grade & ex]cis+ a p>ticul> function1 ! attempt made by ,ar*bi%op ,laud & ! ,romanis+ p>ty 9 ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* ( ,engl& to reta9 9 ! bosom ( ! ,anglican ,*ur* ! ideas :i* ! anci5t ,jews & ! ,romi% ,*ri/ians atta*$ to ! ^w prie/1 prov$ a signal failure2 & = ! sac]dotal despotism :i* x impli$1 z well z = ! secul> despotism :i* ! prie/ advis$ & enc\rag$ ! un=tunate k+ to ass]t1 ! advis] & ! advis$ ju/ly lo/ _! heads4 ,( all ! tea*+s ( ,*ur* hi/ory1 f ! ,wald5ses 9 ! twelf? c5tury d[n to ! pres5t h\r1 !re is no?+ m c]ta9 ?an ?is1 t betwe5 ,pop]y & ,prote/antism !re is no middle t]m possible4 ,!y may agree1 9 fact !y d agree1 9 _m ess5tial ?+s1 & 9 a few accid5tal2 b 9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,*ur* adm9i/ration !y are diametrically oppos$4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! "o is sac]dotal au?ority1 absolute & unqualifi$2 ! pr9ciple ( ! o!r is individual & congregational lib]ty4 ,! "o =m ( polity is a close olig>*y1 ! o!r ei!r a free democracy or an ari/ocracy m or less p5etrat$ by a democratic _s4 ,! practical outcome ( ?is great ,prote/ant movem5t1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* we live1 _c fail to a reasonable eye to appe> 9 ! highe/ degree satisfactory4 ,nev] 0 ! life ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* at once m int5sely e>ne/ & m expansively di/ributive ?an at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 wisely taught by ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/1 ?\gh ob/9ately cleav+ to t /\t cons]vatism ( doctr9e & ritual inh]5t 9 ! v bones ( all sac]dotal religions1 has be51 9 ! ma91 /udi\s to avoid ^? causes ( (f5ce f :i* ! great rupture proce$$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es1 %ak5 free f ! di/ract+ influ5ce ( sac]dotal assumption & secul> ambition1 h f\nd !mselves 9 a condition to p]meate all classes ( society ) a moral virtue1 ( ^: reg5]ative action ,plato & ,socrates1 9 _! be/ h\rs1 c\ld n h dream$4 ,"s p1 :ile gladly admitt+ ! imm5se am\nt ( social good t is done by ! v>i\s sections ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*1 nev] cease to sigh = a lo/ ecclesia/ical unity1 & to lam5t ! unseemly /rifes t arise among ^? t %\ld be possess$ by "o _s & /rive toge!r = a common end4 ,b ! p]sons :o speak ?us are ei!r s5tim5tal weakl+s1 be+ ,prote/ants1 or are ,romani/s & sac]dotali/s 9 _! he>t4 ,v>iety is ! law ( nature 9 ! moral no less ?an 9 ! physical _w2 & ! absorption ( all sects into "o results 9 a /agnation :i* w nev] be f\nd among/ moral be+s1 unless :5 produc$ by weakness ( vital =ce f )91 or unnatural suppression f above4 ,! two dom9ant types ( *ur* polity recognis$ 9 ?is c\ntry s9ce ! ,re=mation--! ,episcopal & ! ,presbyt]ian--( :i* ! "o boa/s a m ari/ocratic intellectual culture1 & ! o!r a m f]vid & =cible popul> action1 may well be all[$ to exi/ toge!r on a mutual und]/&+ ( giv+ & tak+ :atev] is be/ 9 ea*1 & ?us1 9 apo/olic language1 provok+ "o ano!r to love & to good works4 ,competition is = ! public b5efit z mu* 9 *ur*es z 9 trades4 ,diss5t f any dom9ant body1 ev5 ?\gh x may proce$ f ! exagg]at$ importance giv5 to a second>y matt]1 w always produce ! good result t ! dom9ant body w !reby be /irr$ to great] activity & great] wat*fulness2 s t1 9 ?is view1 we may lay x d[n z "o ( ! great lessons ( hi/ory t ! be/ =m ( *ur* gov]nm5t is a /rong e/abli%m5t qualifi$ by a /rong diss5t4 ,z to ! proposals :i* h 9 rec5t times be5 made = ! =mal sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 !y be> on _! face m ( a political ?an ( a religi\s significance4 ,imp>tial hi/ory (f]s no c\nt5ance to ! notion t ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*es1 :5 well flank$ by diss5t1 & 9 an age :5 ! spiritual rul] has ceas$ to make ! arm ( ! ,/ate ! tool ( intol]ance1 are contr>y ei!r to piety or to policy2 & 9 ! desire s l\dly express$ at election conte/s to lay viol5t h&s on ! valuable organism ( *ur* ag5cy exi/+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! v5]at$ inh]itance ( _m ages ( patriotic /ruggle1 ! /ud5t ( hi/ory1 ) a *>itable all[ance = ! be/ motives 9 n a few1 feels himself con/ra9$ to suspect 9 all su* movem5ts no small admixture ( sect>ian jeal\sy1 fussy religiosity1 & dom9e]+ democracy4 ,*ri/ianity1 ( c\rse1 /&s 9 no ne$ ( an ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*2 religion exi/$ = ?ree hundr$ ye>s 9 ! *ur* )\t any ,/ate connection1 & may exi/ aga92 b ,*ri/ianity does1 above all ?+s1 abhor ! /irr+ up ( /rife betwixt ,*ur* & ,*ur* f motives ( jeal\sy1 envy1 or gre$2 &1 along ) ! highe/ philosophy & ! mo/ f>-sight$ political wisdom1 mu/ prote/ 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms aga9/ ! aboli%+ ( a useful e?ical in/itution to gratify ! insane lu/ ( levell+ 9 a m]e num]ical majority4 ,! ,*ur* ( ! future1 :e!r e/abli%$ or dise/abli%$1 or1 z ,i ?9k be/1 bo? toge!r1 provok+ "o ano!r to love & to good works1 has a great mission be=e x1 if x keep %>ply 9 view ! two lessons :i* ! tea*+ ( eighte5 c5turies s eloqu5tly en=ces4 ,our evangeli/s mu/ remove f ! van ( _! evangelic =ce all t %>p f5ce ( metaphysical subtlety & s*ola/ic dogma1 :i*1 be+ o/5tati\sly p>ad$ 9 cre$s & cate*isms1 has giv5 m j (f5ce to ^? )\t ?an edification to ^? )9 ! ,*ur*2 ! gospel mu/ be pres5t$ to ! _w ) all t ca?olic bread?1 k9dly humanity1 & popul> directness :i* 7 its boa/ be=e x 0 lac$ & screw$ into artificial %apes by ! decrees ( intol]5t c\ncils1 & ! subtleties ( +5i\s s*oolm54 ,&1 aga91 !y mu/ n all[ ! gospel to be h&l$1 :at is too (t5 ! case1 z a m]e message ( hope & com=t 9 view ( a future _w2 b !y mu/ make x walk directly into ! complex relations ( mod]n society1 & ?9k t x has done no?+ till ! ideal ( s5tim5t & conduct :i* x prea*$ on ,sunday has be5 m or less practis$ on ,monday4 ,9 fact1 !re ought to be less vague prea*+ on ,sunday1 & m specific & direct application ?r\gh ! week ( gospel pr9ciple 9 v>i\s sph]es ( ! intellectual & moral life ( ! community4 ,if1 9 addition to ?is1 our prophets ( ! pulpit take c>e to keep abrea/ ( ! intellectual movem5t ( ! age1 s z n only to /ir ! _w 9 s]mons1 b to guide !m 9 ! wisdom ( daily life1 !y h no?+ to fe> f all ! w9dy artill]y t ! speculations ( a s\lless physical sci5ce1 ! imag9ations ( a dreamy socialism1 or ! dogmatism ( a cold philosophical =malism1 c br+ to be> ^u !m4 ,let !m grapple bravely ) all social problems1 & prove :e!r ,*ri/ianity1 :i* has done s mu* to purify ! motives ( individuals1 may n be able also to put a m effective /eam into ! ma*9]y ( society4 ,if !y %all fail "h1 !y w fail glori\sly1 hav+ done _! be/4 ,x is n giv5 to any p1 h[ev] great1 to solve all problems4 ,:5 ,great ,brita9 %all h play$ out h] "p1 !re w be scope en\gh 9 ! process ( ! ages = ano!r /\t social work] to place ! cornice on ! edifice ( :i* %e 0 privileg$ to raise ! pill>s4 ,! ,end ,,footnotes4 ,footnote #a ,plut>* conjugalia prcepta init4 ,footnote #b ,! ^w clan is ! famili>1 well-kn[n ,celtic ^w = *ildr54 ,footnote #c ,nulli alii sunt hom9es qui talem 9 lib]os habeant pote/atem qualem nos habemus4 ,in/itut4 i4 #i1 #b4 ,footnote #d ,?ucyd4 ii4 #ae4 ,! ,a!nians w5t fur!r1 & attribut$ to ! son ( geus ! creation ( _! democracy 7,pausan41 ,att4 iii472 b ?is1 ( c\rse1 0 only ! popul> in/9ct1 ev]y:]e active1 :i* loves to heap all graces ^u ! head ( a fav\rite h]o4 ,footnote #e ,see ! words ( ! ,lat9 league1 ,dionys4 ,hal4 vi4 #ie1 contra/+ /rongly ) ! orig9al collection ( autonom\s villages describ$ by ,/rabo1 v4 #bbi1 4 ,footnote #f ,! influ5ce ( ! great city 9 c5tralis+ ! villages & mak+ a /ate possible 0 9 ,greece philologically /]eotyp$ by ! fact t = city & /ate ! language _h only "o ^w1 4 ,! city 0 ! /ate 9 ! same s5se t ! head is ! body1 = )\t ! head no liv+ body c\ld be4 ,footnote #g 4--,ari/ot4 ,pol4 ii4 #i4 ,/4 ,paul also frequ5tly 9 ! ,epi/les1 & ,clem5s ,romanus 7,oxon4 #afcc1 p4 #dh7 ref]s to ! milit>y pr(ession z a great s*ool ( manly virtue4 ,footnote #h ,spald+'s ,italy1 ii4 p4 #bhd4 ,footnote #i ,on ,me?od 9 ,political ,sci5ce4 ,footnote #aj ,sismondi1 ,etudes sur l'economie politique1 ,essai iv4 ,footnote #aa ,) :i* s5t5ce ,mr4 ,freeman agrees4 ,comp>ative ,politics1 ,lecture iii4 p4 #gh4 ,footnote #ab ,?is p>allel has be5 notic$ by ! ?\ghtful ,g]mans2 see p>ticul>ly ,za*>ia ,sulla1 i4 #dj4 ,footnote #ac 3 4--,x54 ,mem4 i4 #d4 ,footnote #ad ,iliad1 iii4 #bga2 & comp>e ,virgil1 neid1 iii4 #hj4 ,footnote #ae ,x541 ,rep4 ,lac41 i4 #ae2 ,h]od1 vi4 #ef4 ,footnote #af ,pollux1 viii4 #ij4 ,footnote #ag ,x541 ,mem4 i4 #c4 ,footnote #ah ,f ! 1 or ,e>ly ,tea*+ ( ! ,apo/les1 lately discov]$1 *4 viii41 we le>n t x 0 ! cu/om ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians to obs]ve two days ( fa/+ 9 ! week--,w$nesday & ,friday4--,edit4 ,ox=d ,p>k]1 #ahhe4 ,footnote #ai ,9 ! !re is absolutely no dogma4 ,x is all practice1 & ?is is q 9 h>mony ) ! use ( by ,paul 7,i ,tim4 i4 #aj71 & inde$ ) ! :ole tone ( ^! two admirable epi/les4 ,footnote #bj ,9 ! 1 c4 xiii41 ! prophets are said to be to ,*ri/ians :at ! high prie/s 7 to ! ,jews1--a phraseology :i* c\ld n possibly h be5 us$ _h any prie/hood1 9 ! ,hebrew s5se1 exi/$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*4