,,lectures ,,on ,,pa9t+ ,,deliv]$ ,,to ,,! ,,/ud5ts ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,academy ,,by ,,edw>d ,,armitage1 ,r4,a4 ,,new ,,york ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons #bg #bi ,,we/ #bc;,d ,,/reet #ahhc ,press ( ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,new ,york ,,preface4 ,^! ,lectures are a selection f ^? deliv]$ by me to ! /ud5ts ( ! ,royal ,academy dur+ ! t]m ( my pr(essor%ip1--t is1 betwe5 ! ye>s #ahgf & #ahhb4 ,i h limit$ ! selection to twelve1 p>tly to keep ! book ( a mode/ size1 & p>tly because _m ( ! omitt$ lectures 7& especially ^? :i* treat ( ! great ma/]s ( ! fifte5?1 sixte5?1 & sev5te5? c5turies7 w\ld h>dly be compreh5sible )\t ! num]\s engrav+s ) :i* !y 7 illu/rat$ at ! "t ( deliv]y4 ,i ought1 p]haps1 to apologize = ! r\ghness ( my explanatory diagrams1 b z !y only aspire to repres5t ! rude sket*es done ) :ite *alk dur+ ! actual deliv]y ( ! lectures1 let u hope !y w be l5i5tly dealt )4 ,x is a common practice ) writ]s :o are n yet h>d5$ (f5d]s1 to seek "s excuse = ru%+ into pr9t1 & ! excuse usually (f]$ is ! 8urg5t entreaty ( valu$ fri5ds40 ,i c]ta9ly _c avail myself ( ?is cu/om>y b ,i fe> (t5 unc&id plea4 ,my only reason = publi%+ mu/ be look$ = 9 ! l>ge & v att5tive audi5ces ,i h always _h4 ,?is evid5t appreciation ( my tea*+ by ! ,royal ,academy /ud5ts1 has l$ me to ?9k t "s ( ^! lectures might be int]e/+ & in/ructive to o!r /ud5ts outside ! ,academy1 & possibly ev5 to ^? :o d n int5d to foll[ art z a pr(ession1 b :o w\ld be glad to h a little daylight ?r[n on a subject :i*1 ?\gh mu* writt5 & lectur$ ab\t ( late ye>s1 does n seem to h be5 (t5 treat$ 9 a simple1 practical mann]4 ,at ! same "t ,i am fully aw>e t ! practical "p ( draw+ c only be le>n$ by real "w2 & ,i am also incl9$ to believe t a k ( ! old ma/]s & _! v>i\s s*ools is bett] acquir$ by frequ5t visits to gall]ies :]e _! works c be se51 ?an by second-h& description f a lecture4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! special duties ( a pr(essor & lectur] on ,art ought to be1 fir/1 ! g5]al pilotage ( ! s*ools ?r\gh ! quicks&s & mud-banks ) :i* ! deep-wat] *annel lead+ to excell5ce is beset on e side2 &1 secondly1 ! alim5tation ( t subtle flame )\t :i* ! ar*itect deg5]ates into a build]1 ! sculptor into a /atu>y1 & ! pa9t] into a h&icraftsman4 ,e4 ,a4 ,febru>y1 #ahhc4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,lecture ,,page ,i4 ,,anci5t ,,co/umes #a ,,ii4 ,,byzant9e ,,& ,,romanesque ,,art #cg ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,pa9t]s ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury #fg ,,iv4 8,,david0 ,,& ,,8 ,,s*ool #ia ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,mod]n ,,s*ools ,,( ,,europe #aai ,,vi4 ,,on ,,draw+ #aea ,,vii4 ,,color #ahb ,,viii4 ,,on ,,decorative ,,pa9t+ #bjg ,,ix4 ,,on ,,f9i% #bcc ,x4 ,,on ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,a ,,subject #bfj ,,xi4 ,,on ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,decorative ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,pictures #bhd ,,xii4 ,,composition ,,( ,,incid5t ,,pictures #caj ,lectures on ,pa9t+4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,,anci5t ,,co/umes4 ,i d n purpose 9 ?is lecture to ent] mu* into detail4 ,su* a c\rse w\ld inde$ be impossible1 )\t hav+ a l>ge collection ( co/umes at h& to expla9 & illu/rate my mean+ z ,i g on4 ,i may attempt some?+ ( ?is k9d 9 a future ye>1 b my object to-night is to make a few g5]al obs]vations on ! dress ( ! anci5ts4 ,i w beg9 ) ! anci5t ,jews1 f ,noah d[nw>d4 ,we h no pictorial record ( ! dress ( ! patri>*s2 we h !re=e no fix$ data to guide u4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 safely assume t a /raight-cut "u-g>m5t 0 commonly worn2 t a long1 ample drap]y or cloak 0 ?r[n ov] ! %\ld]s2 & t ! head 0 protect$ f ! sun by a clo?1 or possibly by "s k9d ( skull-cap4 ,turbans are ess5tially ,mahometan1 & ! pa9t]s ( ! ,flemi% & ,dut* s*ools 7 c]ta9ly wrong 9 repres5t+ ,abraham ) a turban4 ,! co/ume ,i h sugge/$ z appropriate to ! patri>*al age is id5tical ) ! dress ( ! mod]n ,arabs1 & !re is no d\bt t1 if n id5tical1 x really 0 v simil>4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t 9 pa9t+ ,biblical subjects we ought to be c>eful n to c>ry ! similitude too f>4 ,i see no objection to clo?+ ,i%mael or any ( ! tribes ( ! des]t l mod]n ,arabs2 b ! ,jews1 ev5 9 ! "t ( ,abraham1 7 a peculi> p1 & we may v well suppose t !y w\ld modify _! dress 9 su* a mann] z w\ld di/+ui% !m f ! w&]+ & pr$atory tribes4 ,besides1 !re is always a dang]1 9 dress+ ,abraham or ,jacob l an ,arab *iefta91 ( import+ into y\r picture t famili>ity :i* bre$s contempt4 ,x has (t5 be5 done 9 mod]n times1 b ,i _c say ,i approve ( ?is easy way ( solv+ ! difficulty4 ,i %\ld put ! cloak on diff]5tly to :at ! ,arabs d4 ,i %\ld avoid ! camel's-hair cord :i* encircles ! head1 & ?us1 :il/ pres]v+ ! simplicity ( t e>ly p]iod1 my patri>*s w\ld n be mi/ak5 = mod]n ,arabs4 ,! wom5 ( remote ,jewi% antiquity1 ! ,s>ahs1 ! ,rebeccas1 etc41 %\ld be clo!d 9 simil> simple g>m5ts4 ,:atev] may be said 9 favor ( dress+ ! m5 l ,arabs1 x w\ld nev] d to introduce ! female ,arab fa%ions into ,biblical pictures4 ,_! dress is peculi>ly ,mahometan4 ,! wom5 ( ! patri>*al age wore long /raight-cut robes1 long] ?an ^? ( ! m51 ga!r$ r\nd ! wai/ by means ( a cord or n>r[ sa%4 ,!y w\ld h a clo? on _! heads1 fall+ a long way d[n ! back2 & ! "y wom5 w\ld probably h _! arms b>e4 ,illu/ration ,! anci5t ,jews c]ta9ly wore s&als 7or %oes1 z !y are translat$ 9 our v]sion ( ! ,bible74 ,^! s&als 7 worn out-(-doors only1 & consi/$ mo/ likely ( a rude lea!r sole1 fa/5$ to ! foot & ankle by means ( ligatures made ( sk94 ,i w n[ pass on to ! co/umes ( ,assyria & anci5t ,egypt4 ,if we 7 to take lit]ally ! sculptur$ bas-reliefs ( ,n9eveh1 & ! num]\s wall-pa9t+s ( ,egypt1 we %\ld come to ! conclusion t ! dress ( ^? anci5t peoples 0 ( a v /iff1 =mal "*4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 0 probably n ! case4 ,! /iffness & =mality noticeable 9 ^! works is due r to ! want ( skill 9 ! sculptors ?an to ! fa%ions ( ! p]iod4 ,9 ! ,n9eveh sculptures we notice ev]y:]e ! hair & be>ds ( ! k+s arrang$ 9 symmetrical curls1 :i* w\ld lead "o to suppose t ^! mon>*s mu/ n only h _h be>ds ( a v peculi> nature1 b mu/ h sp5t a great deal ( "t "u ! h&s ( ! b>b]4 ,on fur!r exam9ation1 h[ev]1 we f9d t ! manes ( ! lions are treat$ 9 ! same way1 & h5ce we conclude t ^! regul>1 basaltic-look+ curls 7 m]ely ! arti/'s conv5tional way ( repres5t+ crisp or knott$ hair4 ,! heavy fr+es ( ! foldless dresses mu/ be int]pret$ 9 ! same way4 ,we le>n f !m t ,assyrian k+s1 prie/s1 & high (ficials did we> fr+es to _! dresses1 b x does n foll[ t ^! fr+es 7 l ^? ( a drop-curta91 or t ! dresses 7 tight & uncom=table4 ,! peculi>-%ap$ hat is probably v mu* l :at really 0 worn4 ,some?+ ( ! sort is /ill to be f\nd 9 ,p]sia & on ! ,indian fronti]s4 ,9 treat+ ( anci5t ,egyptian co/ume we mu/1 9 ! same way z ) ,assyrian1 make a lib]al all[ance = ! imp]fections & mann]isms ( ! art ( ! p]iod4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! squ>e %\ld]s & n>r[ hips ( ! ,egyptian figures 7 n pure inv5tions ( ! arti/s4 ,! peculi>ity has (t5 be5 notic$ 9 anci5t mummies & skeletons4 ,! arti/s d\btless exagg]at$ & embelli%$ :at 0 possibly ?\ght a beauty1 j z we see m mod]n arti/s exagg]at+ ! human =m 9 ano!r direction4 ,! heavy fr+es & tassels ( ! ,assyrians seem to h be5 unkn[n 9 ,egypt4 ,! male co/ume is g5]ally v simple & ev5 scanty4 ,a clo?1 ab\t two feet wide1 w\nd s+le r\nd ! wai/ s z to all[ ! hips & ?ighs to be cov]$1 ) ! end br\ght f beh9d betwe5 ! legs1 & tuck$ 9 to ! wai/1 is 9 mo/ cases ! only cov]+4 ,besides ?is g>m5t1 !re is (t5 a close-fitt+ k9d ( bodice ) /raps or braces ov] ! %\ld]s4 ,( %irts & tunics !re are a few examples cut 9 ! ,greek fa%ion1 b ^! probably belong to a mu* lat] p]iod ?an ! "t ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 argue t because we h no satisfactory repres5tation ( ^! "u-g>m5ts t !re=e !y did n exi/4 ,we read 9 ,g5esis1 t ,ph>aoh array$ ,joseph 9 ve/ures ( f9e l951 & !re is abundant evid5ce else:]e t ! ri* ,egyptians wore n only f9e l95 "u-clo?+1 b ri* mantles also4 ,! wom5 9 ! anci5t ,egyptian pa9t+s are repres5t$ 9 an impossibly tight dress desc5d+ to ! ankles1 b z no female c\ld ei!r walk or sit d[n 9 su* a g>m5t1 we mu/ suppose t ! pa9t]s ( ! p]iod did n "k h[ to repres5t folds & !re=e adopt$ ?is %ort & easy way ( indicat+ clo?+4 ,?is is evid5tly a case :]e x w\ld be absurd to foll[ lit]ally ! old au?orities4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus1 ?is robe 0 ! only g>m5t ( ! anci5t ,egyptian wom51 b !re are indications on _m ( ! bas-reliefs t "s k9d ( ?9 tunic or "u-g>m5t 0 also worn4 ,mo/ ( ! wom5 9 ! anci5t pa9t+s1 h[ev]1 h no clo?+ above ! wai/2 b ! neck & %\ld]s are adorn$ ) a numb] ( necklaces1 & we notice ov] ! %\ld]s ! same k9d ( b&s ,i h already m5tion$ 9 speak+ ( ! m5's dress4 ,( c\rse1 if y h a ,cleopatra to pa9t1 y may all[ y\rselves a great dep>ture f ! scant9ess ( ! anci5t w>drobe4 ,! ,roman fa%ions 7 9 ,cleopatra's "t graft$ on ! ,egyptian1 & !re are pl5ty ( sculptures ( ! "t ( ,adrian repres5t+ ,egyptian prie/esses1 sacrifices1 & processions1 :i* give ample mat]ials = dress+ ,cleopatra & h] att5dants1 bo? male & female4 ,! mo/ s+ul> & /rik+ feature 9 ! co/ume ( ! anci5t ,egyptians is ! head-ge>4 ,?is takes ! mo/ fanta/ic & extraord9>y %apes4 ,_m ( ^! que] head-cov]+s are royal cr[ns4 ,?us1 a 0 ! cr[n ( ,l[] ,egypt1 & 0 ( a r$ color2 b1 ( ,upp] ,egypt1 & :ite2 c1 ! cr[n ( ! two c\ntries unit$1 :i* union took place ab\t #cjjj ye>s ,b4,c4 ,"s ( ^! s+ul> =ms are d\btless h]aldic imitations ( fl[]s & fea!rs4 ,illu/ration ,x is probable also t _m ( !m are m]e symbols & 7 nev] worn4 ,! r hackney$ bird head-dress 0 peculi> to ! que5s ( ,egypt1 & ?is1 l ! male cr[ns1 0 nev] worn except on /ate occasions4 ,?us x w\ld be incorrect to give ,ph>aoh's daught] ! bird head-dress4 ,if %e _h a "r to x at all1 %e w\ld n we> x :5 go+ out to ba! ) h] att5dants4 ,%e w\ld probably h a k9d ( veil fa/5$ r\nd h] head ) an ornam5tal b&1 b %e w\ld no m ?9k ( putt+ on ! insignia ( royalty ?an our ,que5 w\ld dream ( we>+ h] cr[n :5 tak+ a drive 9 ! ,highl&s4 ,! ,egyptian m5 %av$ _! heads1 & commonly wore ei!r a skull-cap or ! well-kn[n clo? :i* we f9d ev]y:]e f ! gigantic sph9x to ! mo/ m9ute co94 ,illu/ration ,! be/ au?orities give ?is head-dress an obtuse-angl$ triangle %ape1 b ,i nev] c\ld make any ?+ ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,i am r incl9$ to ?9k t ?is mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ,egyptian coiffures 0 an elongat$ piece ( heavy clo?2 ! l[] half ( :i* 0 split into ?ree divisions4 ,:5 ! clo? 0 ti$ on ! head1 ! two out] divisions 7 br\ght ov] ! %\ld]s1 ! middle "o be+ left to hang d[n ! back4 ,a v becom+ & v common head-dress ( ! wom5 0 a n>r[ b& or fillet r\nd ! black hair4 ,?is fillet 0 (t5 embroid]$ ) gold & bright colors1 & a l>ge wat]-lily1 or an imitation ( "o1 0 fa/5$ to x 9 front & project$ ov] ! =ehead4 ,illu/ration ,at ! ,briti% ,museum up/airs y w f9d mod]n repres5tations ( ,egyptian w>riors ) _! horses & *>iots4 ,^! are k+s or great conqu]ors1 & _! clo?+ is exceptional4 ,if ,i _h to pa9t ,ph>aoh pursu+ ! ,israelites1 ,i %\ld n be guid$ entirely by ^! repres5tations )\t fur!r rese>*2 b !y give an idea ( :at ! ,egyptian p>aph]nalia ( w> 0 l 9 ! "t ( ,moses4 ,! caution ,i w\ld give y 9 pa9t+ ,egyptian subjects is n to ov]do ! ,egyptian elem5t4 ,if 9 y\r rese>*es y f9d an extraord9>y head-dress l a *emical retort1 or a pat5t c[l = a smoky *imney1 d n be 9 a hurry to introduce x4 ,be satisfi$ ) ! simpl] & m g5]ic =ms ( ,egyptian head-ge>4 ,! transition f ,egyptian to ,greek co/ume1 l ! transition f ,egyptian to ,greek art1 0 v gradual4 ,)\t1 h[ev]1 /opp+ to speculate on ! co/ume ( ! dubi\s ,hom]ic p]iod1 we w proce$ at once to ! t]ra firma ( ! hi/orical age4 ,i %all always use ! ^w 8tunic0 to designate ! "u-g>m5t1 or t :i* 0 worn next ! sk94 ,if ! tunic 7 nev] m se5 ?an our "u-g>m5ts1 its fa%ion & =m w\ld be ( little importance3 b z x (t5 7especially 9 e>ly times7 0 ! only g>m5t worn1 x is well to consid] its con/ruction4 ,! tunic = bo? m5 & wom5 0 made ei!r ( wool1 l951 or "s mat]ial resembl+ cotton4 ,x 0 call$ by ! ,greeks 8*iton10 & appe>s to h be5 ( two k9ds1 ! ,dorian & ! ,ionian4 ,! 8,dorian0 7! e>lie/ =m7 0 a %ort wooll5 %irt = ! m51 )\t sleeves1 & = ! wom5 a long l95 g>m5t1 also )\t sleeves4 ,^! *itons 71 h[ev]1 n made l our %irts & *emises4 ,!y consi/$ simply ( two squ>e pieces ( /uff1 "o = ! front & "o = ! back4 ,^! pieces 7 l9k$ toge!r on ! %\ld]s by ! means ( clasps1 broo*es1 or fibul1 & ! diff]5t v>ieties ( ! ,dorian *iton 7 ma9ly due to ! degree 9 :i* !y 7 sewn toge!r at ! sides4 ,! pieces nev] appe> to h be5 unit$ above ! wai/ or girdle1 b bel[ ?is zone !y 7 sometimes unit$ on bo? sides d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,sometimes "o side 0 op5 z high z ! middle ( ! ?igh4 ,! ,sp>tan girls1 :o 7 v active & a?letic1 adopt$ ?is fa%ion1 z x gave _! limbs fre] play4 ,:5 !y m>ri$1 & gave up active games1 !y wore ! *iton close4 ,! ,amazons are always repres5t$ ) ?is slit-up g>m5t4 ,sometimes 7z 9 ! ,bac*antes7 "o side is entirely op54 ,sometimes !re is b "o girdle1 ! usual "o r\nd ! wai/1 :i* is said to h be5 put on "u in/ead ( ov] ! g>m5t x 0 int5d$ to conf9e4 ,9 ?is case ! *iton mu/ h be5 tuck$ into ! girdle1 & ?is may h be5 done occasionally4 ,b !re are pl5ty ( antiques :]e ! girdle is pla9ly visible outside4 ,sometimes !re is a second girdle r\nd ! hips1 ! use ( :i* 0 to %ort5 ! dress by pull+ x up ?r\gh x1 & !n all[+ x to flap ov]1 s t ?is hip girdle is nev] se54 ,be=e f9i%+ ) ! ,dorian *iton1 ,i ought to m5tion t 9 cold wea!r two 7& sometimes ?ree7 *itons 7 worn1 "o ov] ! o!r4 ,! ri* p _h inn] *itons1 made expressly = ! purpose1 b ! poor simply wore _! old & %abby ones next ! sk91 & _! be/ ( c\rse outside4 ,! ,ionic *iton 0 a long & v loose g>m5t1 made %irt fa%ion1 & ) sleeves t seldom came bel[ ! elb[4 ,^! sleeves 7 (t5 slit up1 & fa/5$ at int]vals ) small clasps or /uds4 ,! ,doric 0 ! old] g>m5t ( ! two4 ,9 lat] times ! ,ionic *iton worn by ! m5 0 ( two k9ds4 ,! *iton worn by ! freem5 0 a g>m5t ) op5+s1 & sometimes ev5 sleeves1 = bo? arms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t peculi> to slaves _h an op5+ only = ! left arm1 leav+ ! "r %\ld] & brea/ b>e4 ,illu/ration ,! 8diploidion0 & 8hemi-diploidion0 are suppos$ by ,mll] & o!r au?orities to h be5 a k9d ( d\ble *iton1 b ,i d n ?9k ?is hypo!sis to be correct4 ,i r believe ^! names to h be5 giv5 to a k9d ( %ort mantle1 :i* 0 q indep5d5t ( ! *iton4 ,al?\gh1 z ,i h already /at$1 ! *iton 0 con/antly worn alone1 yet no p]son c\ld be consid]$ :at we %\ld call full dress$ )\t ! 8pallium0 or cloak4 ,9 ,sp>ta1 al?\gh ! "y girls inv>iably wore ! *iton alone1 x w\ld h be5 consid]$ highly improp] = any m>ri$ woman to appe> )\t "s upp] g>m5t4 ,inde$1 unless ! climate has *ang$ v mu* )9 ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s1 a cloak1 7& a good ?ick "o too7 w\ld be indisp5sable4 ,! only "t ,i h ev] l&$ at ,a!ns sn[ lay ?ick on ! gr\nd1 & a bitt] cold w9d swept d[n f ,hymettus4 ,! pallium 0 squ>e-cut1 b n necess>ily a squ>e4 ,!re 7 sev]al ways ( putt+ x on4 ,x 0 sometimes w\nd r\nd ! body & ?r[n ov] ! left %\ld]4 ,x 0 sometimes fa/5$ on ! "r %\ld] ) a clasp1 leav+ ! "r arm free4 ,9 %ort1 !re 7 z _m ways ( we>+ x z we h ( we>+ a ,scot* plaid4 ,! pallium 0 ( all degrees ( ?ickness & ( e v>iety ( color2 sc>let1 purple1 saffron1 olive1 & pale gre5 seem to h be5 ! mo/ fa%ionable colors4 ,= ! poor] classes ! pallium s]v$ z a cov]+ by night z well z a g>m5t by day4 ,x 0 to !m a blanket2 & !re is no d\bt t our ^w 8pall0 is d]iv$ f pallium4 ,! 8peplon10 or %awl1 0 worn 9 ,greece by ! wom5 only4 ,x 0 mu* ampl] & made ( ?9n] mat]ial ?an ! pallium2 we f9d1 h[ev]1 t ! ,ori5tals ( bo? sexes wore some?+ v simil>1 & :5 we read ( ,david or any o!r p]sonage ( ! ,bible r5d+ 8 g>m5t1 ! %awl is mo/ probably meant4 ,! modes ( we>+ ! peplon 7 at lea/ z num]\s z ! ways ( adju/+ ! pallium4 ,9 _m ( ! anci5t alto-reliefs wom5 are repres5t$ ) bo? arms & h&s conceal$ by ! peplon4 ,inde$1 !re does n seem to h be5 mu* coquetry display$ 9 we>+ ! peplon4 ,x 0 emphatically "o ( ^? g>m5ts us$ = com=t & n = %[4 ,nev]!less1 f ! f95ess ( ! mat]ial & ! great area ( ! peplon1 x 01 p]haps1 m picturesque & graceful ?an m =mal pieces ( f9]y4 ,! ,greek 8*lamys0 is be/ translat$ by ! ^w sc>f4 ,sometimes x seems exactly to correspond ) :at we und]/& by 8sc>f10 be+ a n>r[ /rip ( f9e mat]ial1 (t5 embroid]$ & sometimes ornam5t$ ) a fr+e4 ,! drap]y :i* is (t5 introduc$ to give relief to a nude /atue1 is g5]ally "s k9d ( *lamys4 ,! drap]y ( ! ,apollo ,belvid]e is a famili> example4 ,!re is ano!r g>m5t :i* 0 sometimes worn by ! ,greek wom5 ov] ! long tunic4 ,?is 0 a sleeveless %ort tunic mu* ornam5t$1 b )\t a girdle4 ,we h _m examples ( ?is dress 9 ! figures on ! ,greek vases4 ,i am told t mod]n mill9]s call ?is k9d ( ?+ a peplum1 b ?is is q a misnom]4 ,a peplum or peplon is1 z we h se51 an ample %awl4 ,:5 ! *lamys 0 worn z a cloak1 x 0 ei!r fa/5$ 9 front bel[ ! neck or on ! "r %\ld]2 9 bo? cases by means ( a broo*4 ,z ! *lamys :5 cut z a sc>f w\ld be wret*$ly meagre & poor :5 worn z a cloak1 x 0 modifi$ & ext5d$ 9 %ape1 &1 inde$1 9 ?is =m 77 x n = ! ?9ness ( ! mat]ial7 x w\ld be h>dly di/+ui%able f ! pallium4 ,! female sc>fs 7 almo/ always us$ z sc>fs & n z cloaks4 ,!y 7 m ornam5t$ ?an ^? ( ! m51 & 7 (t5 embroid]$ ) gold4 ,! ,coa ve/is1 or robe ( ,cos1 0 made ( ! f9e/ silk1 & 0 z transp>5t z our ?9ne/ veils4 ,x 0 g5]ally dy$ ei!r deep blue or purple1 & ,i ne$ h>dly add1 0 nev] worn by any respectable female4 ,greek wom5 d n appe> to h worn mu* cov]+ = ! head1 except :5 !y got old4 ,9 y\? ! hair 0 s abundant & ! art ( arrang+ x 0 c>ri$ to su* p]fection1 t to hide x w\ld h be5 a great blund]4 ,to protect !mselves f ! sun's rays 9 summ] & f ! /orms 9 w9t] !y _h p>asols & umbrellas1 %ap$ exactly l ! mod]n ,japanese article4 ,^! !y ei!r c>ri$ ov] _! heads !mselves1 or _h a female slave to c>ry !m4 ,no?+1 to my m9d1 %[s ! exquisite ta/e ( ! ,greeks m ?an ! way ! wom5 arrang$ _! hair4 ,! b&s & jewels ) :i* ! hair 0 (t5 adorn$1 r assi/$ nature in/ead ( di/ort+ h]4 ,if we comp>e ^! classical coiffures ) ! frightful wigs worn by ! ,roman ladies "u ! ,cs>s1 or ) ! plait$ tresses ( m$ival times1 or aga9 ) ! p[d] & pomatum /ructures ( ! la/ c5tury1 we are /ruck by ! great sup]iority ( ! ,greek fa%ion4 ,i am n giv+ a lecture on hair-dress+1 & w say no?+ ab\t mod]n times1 beyond emphatically condemn+ e fa%ion :i* di/orts ! %ape ( ! head4 ,illu/ration ,! ,greek modes ( arrang+ ! hair1 h[ev] elaborate1 nev] leave u 9 d\bt z to :at is und]nea?4 ,we c always trace ! %ape ( ! head4 ,we nev] fancy t ! knots1 *ignons1 & tresses conceal a sug>-loaf or a small portmanteau4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! ,m$ici ,v5us1 ! hair 0 ga!r$ 9 a knot 9 ! front "p ( ! head1 b g5]ally ! knot 0 plac$ beh9d1 :]e x balanc$ ! face1 & broke ! ne>ly /raight l9e =m$ by ! neck & ! back ( ! head4 ,! b&s & fillets ) :i* ! head 0 (t5 encircl$ are v graceful adjuncts4 ,a cresc5t or diadem is (t5 se5 on ! heads ( goddesses1 que5s1 & pr9cesses2 & x is n easy to conceive a m noble or royal ornam5t4 ,nets made ei!r ( ?read or silk 7 also worn to conf9e ! hair1 b ^! nets fitt$ close to ! head & 7 n mu* us$ = ! *ignon1 z ) u 9 ! days ( beav]s' tails4 ,! wom5 ( ,lesbos _h a peculi> way ( dress+ _! hair1 :i* savors r m ( ! lat] ,roman ?an ( ! ,greek fa%ions4 ,y w notice t none ( ^! coiffures are sugge/ive ( wigs4 ,if false hair 0 worn1 x 0 worn ) judgm5t & discretion1 & 0 nev] all[$ to m> ! symmetry ( ! head4 ,greek m51 l ! wom51 seldom cov]$ _! heads1 except :5 on a j\rney or at "w 9 ! sun4 ,! simple/ & probably ! olde/ head-cov]+ = ! m5 0 ! conical skull-cap z se5 on ! head ( ,ulysses1 b !re are examples ( s(t broad-rimm$ hats made ei!r ( felt1 lea!r1 or /raw4 ,^! w\ld h be5 worn by field labor]s1 masons1 etc4 ,! ,phrygian cap is worn at ! pres5t day by almo/ all ,m$it]ranean fi%]m54 ,?is is ! fam\s cap ( lib]ty1 & al?\gh 9 v bad repute s9ce ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 x is a com=table & in(f5sive head-cov]+4 ,! fir/ helmets 7 modifications ( ! ,ulysses cap4 ,! mat]ial 0 *ang$ f /raw or felt to ?ick lea!r or brass4 ,a c\ple ( fea!rs 7 sometimes add$1 & sometimes d\btless ! lea!r or brass 0 ornam5t$ ) gold & preci\s /ones4 ,aft] a "t x 0 f\nd t ?is primitive helmet did n protect ! face2 s a l>ge piece 0 add$ 9 front4 ,?is cov]$ ! face1 b 0 sold]$ to ! helmet & n movable4 ,x is ?is immovability ( ! vizor :i* ?r[s ! :ole helmet back :5 ! face is uncov]$1 & x is ?is backw>d position :i* gives ! peculi> "* to ! ,greek helmet4 ,we see x con/antly 9 ! /atues ( ,m9]va1 & we h adopt$ x = our figure ( ,britannia4 ,illu/ration ,9 lat] times /ill fur!r improvem5ts 7 made4 ,a movable vizor 0 inv5t$ & flaps to protect ! e>s1 & ! coal-scuttle %ape w5t out ( fa%ion4 ,! def5sive body-armor ( ! ,greeks consi/$ ( a close-fitt+ lea!r j]k9 t]m9at+ at ! hips4 ,/rips ( lea!r loosely connect$ toge!r sprang f ! bottom ( ?is j]k91 & rea*$ ne>ly half-way d[n ! ?igh4 ,bo? ! j]k9 & ! /rips ( ?is petticoat 7 (t5 /r5g!n$ by b&s ( metal4 ,armor 0 also worn bel[ ! knees4 ,^! greaves protect$ ! %9s1 b did n encircle ! :ole leg4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 f ! descriptions ( ,hom] & o!r anci5t au?ors1 t all ?is def5sive armor 0 worn1 b _m ( ! elaborately ornam5t$ & emboss$ brea/-plates & greaves :i* are to be se5 9 e museum 7?\gh nom9ally ,greek7 are ! works ( a mu* lat] age4 ,be=e f9i%+ :at ,i h to say ab\t ,greek co/ume1 ,i ought to m5tion ! cov]+s = ! feet4 ,^! 7 ( manifold %apes & fa%ions2 sometimes !y consi/$ ( a m]e sole fa/5$ to ! foot ) ?ongs2 sometimes ! toes 7 cov]$1 b z !re 7 no sides nor heel-piece ! ?ongs 7 /ill necess>y4 ,! mo/ elegant =m 0 t :i* we see 9 ! /atue ( ,diana4 ,9 ! v e>ly days ( ,greece1 x 0 consid]$ effem9ate to protect ! foot1 b at a lat] p]iod e "o except *ildr51 slaves1 & ascetic philosoph]s wore "s k9d ( s&al :5 !y w5t out2 & 9 ! la/ two c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 great luxury & elegance 7 display$ 9 ! adornm5t ( ^? s&als4 ,! co/umes ( "s ( ! nations inhabit+ ,asia ,m9or diff]$ greatly f ^? worn by ! ,greeks4 ,9 sev]al ( ! m>itime prov9ces :i* _h frequ5t int]c\rse1 & inde$ _h be5 coloniz$ by ! ,greeks1 ?is diff]5ce 0 n v m>k$1 al?\gh ev5 "h !re 0 an ,ori5tal or ,assyrian elem5t introduc$2 b ! dresses ( ,phrygia 7 mu* m ,assyrian ?an ,greek4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,phrygians1 l ,ori5tal p g5]ally1 _h a dislike to expose any "p ( ! body1 consequ5tly !y wore tight sleeves rea*+ d[n to ! wri/4 ,draw]s or close-fitt+ hose cov]$ _! legs & feet1 & ov] ^! !y wore regul> %oes made ( s(t lea!r4 ,to complete ! co/ume1 an armless tunic 0 worn1 rea*+ to bel[ ! knees & girt by a lea!r belt4 ,! :ole ( ?is r elaborate dress 0 (t5 embroid]$ & ornam5t$ ) ! ri*e/ colors4 ,x 0 altoge!r an effem9ate & a gorge\s dress1 su* z ,p>is might h worn :5 he captivat$ ,hel54 ,! dress ( ! wom5 bore a great] resemblance to ! ,greek2 b fa%ion insi/$ on hav+ ! arms & feet cov]$4 ,:il/ ! wom5 ( ,lydia & ! m>itime prov9ces indulg$ 9 ! mo/ coquetti% & elegant ,greek fa%ions1 ! ladies ( ! int]ior _h q a ,p]sian way ( dress+4 ,a v long close-fitt+ tunic or g[n ) tight sleeves rea*+ to ! wri/1 ) a girdle = m>ri$ wom51 & ungirt r\nd ! wai/ = "y girls1 seems to h be5 ! usual co/ume4 ,l ! m51 !y wore %oes1 & (t5 ! ,phrygian cap4 ,if ! m5 7 fond ( embroid]$ g>m5ts1 x may be guess$ t ! ladies 7 n beh9d 9 ! matt] ( ornam5t4 ,_m ( _! dresses 7 figur$ all ov] ) spots1 />s1 & a k9d ( %awl patt]n1 :il/ ! coiffures sometimes develop$ into sultana-l turbans1 & 7 enri*$ ) ! mo/ %[y jewels4 ,jewelry ( all k9ds 0 inde$ worn pr(usely by bo? sexes1 & x 0 a common say+ 9 anci5t ,greece1 :5 a man 0 effem9ate or voluptu\s1 t he ought to g to ,lydia & h 8 e>s pi]c$4 ,be=e pass+ on to ! dresses ( ,imp]ial ,rome1 x w n be out ( place to consid] ! important "q ( h[ to clo! ! p]sonages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,i call ?is "q an important "o1 because ! ,new ,te/am5t is1 p> excell5ce1 ! great field = subjects ( a high class1 & 9 ! pres5t era ( rese>* & inve/igation1 x _c be a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ! pa9t] h[ ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity & 8 disciples 7 dress$4 ,! ,mosaic laws /rictly =bade any repres5tation ( liv+ organisms4 ,we h !re=e no?+ to guide u 9 our rese>*1 z we h = ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 & ,greek co/ume4 ,! dress ( ! ,jewi% prie/s is tol]ably m9utely describ$ 9 ,leviticus1 & is inde$ almo/ id5tical ) t worn at ! pres5t day2 b we h no au?ority :atev] = ! ord9>y dress ( ! ,jews 9 ! "t ( ,tib]ius4 ,! old ma/]s almo/ inv>iably adopt$ "s %ade ( r$ & blue = ! dress ( ,*ri/1 & ! same colors 7 also g5]ally res]v$ = ! robes ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,?is *oice ( colors seems to h orig9at$ some:]e ab\t ! six? c5tury1 b x 0 n till mu* lat] t ! ,*ur* adopt$ ^! colors s exclusively t ! arti/ _h no option 9 ! matt]4 ,?is traditional *oice ( colors became m & m b9d+ z ages roll$ on4 ,x has la/$ ev5 to ! pres5t day1 & few pa9t]s ( religi\s subjects = *ur* decoration w\ld v5ture ^u a dep>ture f ! "t-honor$ r$ & blue4 ,! practice may h "s advantages4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ^! colors 7:5 9 comb9ation7 h come to h a k9d ( sacr$ significance1 & f be+ res]v$ = ! highe/ p]sonages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 !y s]ve ! same purpose t 0 =m]ly fulfill$ by ! nimbus4 ,!y attract ! eye to ! pr9cipal figure 9 ! composition4 ,aga91 !y are /rong prim>y colors2 _! juxtaposition 9 a picture is unusual1 & !re=e likely to draw att5tion to ! figure :i* is clo!d 9 !m4 ,! disadvantages are1 fir/1 ! difficulty ( h>moniz+ two su* colors z r$ & blue 7a difficulty enorm\sly increas$ :5 !re are sev]al figures 9 ! composition72 &1 secondly1 ! great improbability t our ,savi\r or ! ,virg9 ,m>y ev] 7 s attir$4 ,9 ! v e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 we nev] f9d ?is r$ & blue4 ,! ,savi\r1 unless en?ron$ 9 glory1 is g5]ally repres5t$ z ! ,good ,%eph]d1 & 8 g>m5ts are :ite or "s %ade ( gray4 ,x may be argu$ t z he p]sonates ! ,good ,%eph]d1 ! arti/s ( c\rse give him a %eph]d's dress1 b t ?is dress may h be5 totally unlike ! "o he actually wore4 ,?is is p]fectly true1 & ,i am n recomm5d+ ! bl9d adoption ( ?is %eph]d's tunic4 ,i m]ely m5tion ^! e>lie/ repres5tations ( ,*ri/1 z an answ] to ^? :o argue = ! antiquity ( ! r$ & blue4 ,if 9 ! abs5ce ( precise in=mation we all[ ourselves to be guid$ by prec$5t1 x is only logical to g to ! e>lie/ prec$5t4 ,! tru? is t !re are two di/9ct me?ods ( treat+ subjects f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 especially ^? :]e ,*ri/ himself is introduc$4 ,"o is ! traditional or m$ival me?od1 & ! o!r ! naturali/ic or 7z ,i pref] to call x7 ! natural me?od1 ! ^w 8naturali/ic0 be+ g5]ally appli$ to ! grotesque /yle ( ! e>ly ,g]man & ,dut* ma/]s4 ,! fir/ or traditional me?od seems to me m suitable = /a9$-glass w9d[s & = *ur* decoration g5]ally1 ?an = easel pictures4 ,9 decorative "w no "o expects to see ! apo/les & sa9ts clad 9 ! homely g>m5ts !y c]ta9ly wore4 ,! figures are to a c]ta9 ext5t symbolical2 !y repres5t ! p]sonages beatifi$2 & gorge\sly color$ mantles ) jewell$ bord]s1 nimbi1 & o!r m$ival ornam5ts are n s mu* out ( place4 ,ev5 "h ,i w\ld dep>t f ! traditional r$ & blue = ! dress ( ,*ri/4 ,:ite & gold are m sugge/ive ( p]fection & purity ?an /rong colors1 & ,i _c help ?9k+ t ! r$ tunic :i* tradition gives to ,/4 ,john is s+ul>ly inappropriate to 8 "*4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 wi% to ext5d my rem>ks 9 ?is direction1 b r to conf9e :at ,i h to say ab\t co/umes to real1 & n to ideal dresses4 ,if !re exi/s a dang] ( degrad+ ! anci5t ,jewi% patri>*s by giv+ !m ! dress :i* !y probably wore1 ! dang] becomes greatly int5sifi$ :5 we h to deal ) ! sacr$ p]sonages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,nev]!less1 ,i ?9k t some?+ might be done t[>d an approximation to tru? )\t any irrev]5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i w\ld disc>d all /rong positive r$s1 blues1 & purples = ! dresses1 z inappropriate4 ,to we> g>m5ts ( ^! bright hues 0 ! pr]ogative ( k+s1 emp]ors1 & great g5]als1 & x is q out ( keep+ ) ! _s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t to clo! its p]sonages 9 ^! imp]ial colors4 ,:ite1 dull yell[1 br[n1 & black are ! colors to :i* ,i %\ld pr9cipally adh]e4 ,l951 blea*$ & unblea*$1 goats' hair1 & wool ( all %ades1 f creamy :ite to sooty black1 w\ld be ! mat]ials4 ,clem5s ( ,alex&ria says3 8,all dy$ colors %\ld be avoid$ 9 dress1 = ^! are f> away f man's ne$ & f tru?2 & besides !y give pro( ( evil 9 ! inw>d disposition40 ,t]tullian1 :o wrote ab\t two hundr$ ye>s aft] ,*ri/1 has a :ole *apt] d5\nc+ ! iniquity ( dy$ colors4 ,n[ x is h>dly conceivable t ^! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s w\ld h fulm9at$ aga9/ r$1 purple1 & blue g>m5ts if ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les _h be5 9 ! habit ( we>+ !m4 ,secondly1 ,i %\ld endeavor1 :ile pres]v+ ! tunic & out] cloak or pallium1 to give to ^! g>m5ts some?+ ( an ,ori5tal appe>ance4 ,!re is n mu* scope = do+ ?is ) ! tunic4 ,ri* m51 l ,joseph ( ,arima!a or ,nicodemus1 w\ld we> long tunics rea*+ to _! ankles2 b x is v d\btful :e!r ,*ri/ himself1 :o d5\nces ! scribes on acc\nt ( _! lov+ to g 9 long clo?+1 w\ld we> a g>m5t ( ?is description4 ,! wom5 w\ld h two tunics1 "o ov] ! o!r1 ) %ort or long sleeves1 b nev] ) ! op5 sleeves ( ! ,greek wom54 ,! "u tunic 7:i* w\ld1 9 fact1 be ! ,roman /ola7 w\ld rea* to ! feet4 ,! upp] "o w\ld be %ort]1 & embroid]$ or ornam5t$ ) colors4 ,! pallium or cloak1 bo? ( ! m5 & ! wom51 %\ld h a fr+e2 n a heavy gorge\s "o1 l ! ,assyrian k+s1 b a ?9 light "o4 ,9 ! #bb;d *apt] ( ,deut]onomy1 ,moses comm&s3 8,?\ %alt make !e fr+es ^u ! f\r qu>t]s ( ?y ve/ure10 & 9 ! ,book ( ,numb]s ^! fr+es are aga9 orda9$4 ,:5 we consid] h[ p>ticul> ! ,jews 7 9 obs]v+ _! law1 we may assume1 z a fact1 t ! cloak or out] g>m5t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t w\ld h a fr+e1 & ?is w\ld at once give x a ,jewi% or ,ori5tal "*4 ,broad v]tical /ripes aga91 ei!r on ! tunic or ! cloak1 ( a diff]5t color$ wool to ! g>m5t itself1 w\ld be unlike ,greek or ,roman fa%ions1 & w\ld be p]fectly all[able4 ,?irdly1 ,i %\ld n hesitate 7:5 ! subject requir$ x7 ab\t cov]+ ! heads ( my figures4 ,9 mo/ ,biblical pictures by ! old ma/]s1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ,roman s*ool1 we f9d ! figures b>ehead$4 ,!re does n seem to be any special reason = ?is1 & :atev] may h be5 ! practice 9 ,italy1 x c]ta9ly c\ld n be ! cu/om 9 ,syria & ,pale/9e to expose ! head to ! burn+ rays ( ! sun4 ,/4 ,pet] & ! o!r ,galilee fi%]m5 may v likely h worn "s k9d ( ,phrygian cap1 & we may be q sure t all ! p]sonages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t w\ld h _h "s protection = ! head2 probably a loose clo? b\nd r\nd ! head ) a cord4 ,"s writ]s h said t !y m]ely ?rew a portion ( ! cloak ov] _! heads4 ,?is !y v likely did on an em]g5cy1 b :5 und]tak+ a j\rney or w&]+ ab\t ! c\ntry1 !y mu/ h _h a prop] head-cov]+4 ,z to ! %oes1 ,i %\ld avoid bo? ! elegant s&al ( ! ,greeks1 & ! elaborate legg+s & /raps ( ! ,roman soldi]4 ,! ord9>y ,jew1 ( ! class to :i* ! apo/les belong$1 0 n 9 ! habit ( we>+ any foot-cov]+ at home1 b :5 on a j\rney he w\ld protect ! soles ( 8 feet ) lea!r or goat-sk94 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t g>m5ts made ( co>se mat]ials are incompatible ) dignity4 ,any "o :o has se5 ! fi%]m5 ( ! ,adriatic or ! ,arabs ( ! des]t1 kn[s ! contr>y4 ,x is n ! mat]ial1 b ! amplitude ( ! g>m5t & ! mode ( we>+ x1 :i* give gr&eur & dignity4 ,we1 z arti/s1 h no means ( mak+ our p]sonages speak4 ,all we c d is to take c>e t _! ge/ures1 appe>ance1 & dress1 %all n be inconsi/5t ) ! words !y are suppos$ to utt]4 ,if we be> ?is 9 m9d1 & at ! same "t hone/ly endeavor to clo! !m accord+ to _! /ation 9 life1 we _c be f> wrong4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,i %\ld l to say a few words ab\t ! position ! ,jews assum$ at _! meals4 ,i endeavor$ to get at ! tru? a ye> or two ago1 & ! results ( my inve/igations 7 ^!4 ,! ri* ,jews1 l ! ri* ,romans1 recl9$ at _! meals2 ! poor ei!r /ood or sat4 ,( ?is !re c be no d\bt1 & x is only :at might h be5 expect$4 ,! ri* w\ld h a prop] d9+-hall1 fitt$ ) a tricl9ium or c\*4 ,! poor w\ld d9e 9 ! same room 9 :i* !y work$1 & w\ld h no place = s bulky a piece ( furniture z a broad c\*4 ,z = ! ,la/ ,supp]1 x mu/ be recollect$ t ! room :]e x 0 eat5 0 an upp] room1 & !re=e v unlikely to be furni%$ ) a tricl9ium2 &1 secondly1 x 0 m 9 keep+ ) ,*ri/'s tea*+ to adopt ! humble fa%ion ( sitt+ r ?an ! luxuri\s "o ( recl9+4 ,f9ally1 all ! ,evangeli/s use ! ^w 8sat0 & 8sitt+10 :i*1 if correctly translat$1 ought surely to settle ! "q4 ,on ! :ole1 !re=e1 ,i ?9k t ,leon>do1 ,&re del ,s>to1 ,raffaelle1 & all ! old ma/]s 7 "r 9 giv+ ! figures a sitt+ po/ure1 & t mod]n innovators are wrong 9 assum+ t because ,roman patricians & _! imitators 9 ,juda recl9$ at _! meals1 our ,"l1 & 8 disciples w\ld also adopt ! same position4 ,! co/ume ( ! anci5t ,romans "u ! k+s 0 v l t ( ! ,greeks4 ,! resemblance 0 especially noticeable 9 milit>y co/ume4 ,if1 !re=e1 y h to pa9t any ,roman or ,sab9e w>riors ( ! "t ( ! e>ly k+s1 y %\ld take ,greek armor z y\r model1 r ?an ! late ,roman1 su* z is se5 9 ! reliefs ( ! ,trajan column4 ,! ,romans1 h[ev]1 appe> nev] to h worn ! peculi> ,greek helmet :i* protect$ ! face4 ,9 ^! e>ly times !re is no reason to suppose t ! civil dress diff]$ mat]ially f t ( ! ,greeks4 ,bo? sexes wore ! tunic & pallium 7or cloak74 ,! ,roman 8toga0 0 a l>ge semicircul> pallium4 ,illu/ration ,! "q z to ! exact %ape ( ! toga has nev] be5 settl$1 & mo/ likely nev] w be4 ,! old] au?orities say t x 0 rectil9e> on "o side & curvil9e> on ! o!r2 b m mod]n writ]s say x 0 ( ! %ape ( two segm5ts ( a circle jo9$ toge!r4 ,i am incl9$ to favor ?is latt] op9ion4 ,x w\ld 9 ?is case be fold$ 9 two be=e be+ put on1 & ! complicat$ & multitud9\s folds w\ld be easily acc\nt$ =4 ,x is d\btful :5 x 0 fir/ worn1 b x c]ta9ly 0 9 fa%ion dur+ ! k+s1 & x w\ld !re=e be ! prop] clo?+ = ,numa ,pompilius1 ! eld] ,brutus1 ,t>qu91 & ! o!r p]sonages ( t p]iod4 ,! mode ( we>+ x 9 ^! anci5t times 0 slightly diff]5t to ! fa%ion :i* prevail$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,cs>s4 ,in/ead ( be+ br\ght r\nd ! body "u ! "r arm x 0 laid ov] ! %\ld]1 ?us cov]+ ! :ole "r arm4 ,?is mu/ h be5 extremely inconv5i5t1 & al?\gh :5 sitt+ 9 judgm5t or tak+ "p 9 "s /ate c]emonials1 ! anci5t ,roman s5ators may h muffl$ !mselves up 9 ?is way1 x is impossible to believe t !y did n adopt "s m com=table way ( drap+ !mselves :5 actively employ$4 ,we are told t 9 e>ly times ! toga 0 ! only g>m5t worn by ! m51 b ,i suspect t ?is is a mi/ake4 ,i r ?9k t a %ort sleeveless tunic 0 always worn4 ,i %all ref] to ! toga aga91 b ,i wi% to proce$ *ronologically1 & to f9i% :at ,i h to say ab\t ! co/ume ( ! e>lie/ ,roman p]iod4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! cu/om ) ! m51 ! wom5 c]ta9ly wore a long tunic1 & a %ort] "o und]nea?4 ,x is well to avoid giv+ !m ! *lamys1 z we h no evid5ce t !y wore x3 b a cloak 0 c]ta9ly cu/om>y4 ,x 0 ei!r ( ! toga1 semicircul> make1 or cut squ>e l ! ,greek pallium4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 9 dress+ ,roman figures ( ?is p]iod1 to keep ! co/umes v simple & primitive4 ,! togas ( ! ,roman k+s are said to h be5 /rip$ ) purple4 ,pl9y m5tions ?is1 & 9 a matt] ( ?is sort he is likely to h be5 correct4 ,silk 0 introduc$ into ,europe ab\t ?is "t1 b ! mat]ial 0 f> too co/ly to be g5]ally worn4 ,we may suppose t a luxuri\s mon>* l ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus may h worn a tunic ( ,ori5tal silk1 b luxury ( ?is k9d 0 n g5]al1 z x became six hundr$ ye>s lat] "u ! emp]ors4 ,! same /]n sobriety ( co/ume %\ld be obs]v$ 9 pa9t+ subjects ( ! ,consulate4 ,scipio ,africanus1 ,regulus1 ,coriolanus1 & ! o!r h]oes ( ?is p]iod1 %\ld be clo!d ) ,sp>tan pla9ness4 ,:ite 7or at any rate mono*romatic7 cloaks & togas1 armor compos$ ( iron1 bronze1 & lea!r w\ld be ! prop] clo?+ dur+ ! ,consulate4 ,we n[ come to ! ,imp]ial p]iod2 & "h ,i w\ld rem>k t 9 ! ,augu/9e age1 luxury _h n rea*$ t po9t ( extravagance & bad ta/e :i* x acquir$ aft]w>d4 ,! toga 0 /ill ! ample wooll5 cloak ( prec$+ ages1 & 0 worn ov] a simple %ort tunic4 ,i ought1 h[ev]1 to m5tion t 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us ! toga began to be disc>d$ 9 favor ( m conv5i5t g>m5ts4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 always worn on c]emonial or /ate occasions1 & great c>e 0 tak5 ) ! adju/m5t ( ! folds4 ,a ,roman g5tleman w\ld dress = a d9n] at ,lucullus'1 or a gr& %[ at ! ,colosseum1 by putt+ on a clean :ite toga4 ,! toga pulla 0 made ( ! wool ( black %eep4 ,x 0 ( a co>s] texture ?an ! :ite toga1 & 0 worn by m\rn]s4 ,! toga picta 01 z its "n implies1 embroid]$ ) colors4 ,! toga prtexta _h a purple or r :at we %\ld call a lake-color$ bord]4 ,x 0 worn by "y p1 & also by magi/rates & o!r (ficials4 ,! purple & :ite /rip$ toga1 already m5tion$ z hav+ be5 worn by ! old ,roman k+s1 0 also worn1 "u ! ,empire1 by ! 8equites10 or m\nt$ knights4 ,! emp]or alone _h ! privilege ( we>+ a toga entirely ( purple4 ,! female cloak ( ?is p]iod 0 ! palla1 :i* is only ano!r =m ( ! ^w pallium4 ,x diff]$ only f ! toga 9 be+ rectangul>4 ,! long tunic worn ov] ! inn] "o 7! g[n 9 %ort7 ( ! ,roman matrons 0 call$ a 8/ola40 ,! l[] "p ( x 0 crimp$ or plait$1 s z to =m a k9d ( fl\nce4 ,?is expla9s ! num]\s m9ute folds we see ab\t ! feet & ankles 9 _m ( ! portrait /atues4 ,i ought n to omit m5tion+ a v important article ( female dress1 viz41 ! 8/rophium40 ,x 0 ! same z ! ,greek 8/rophion10 & seems to h be5 ( univ]sal use4 ,x 0 a broad b&1 suppos$ to h be5 made ( kid lea!r1 & 0 w\nd r\nd ! wai/ to give support1 & to improve :at dressmak]s call ! figure4 ,x 0 put on ov] ! inn] tunic1 & !re=e corresponds exactly ) ! mod]n corset4 ,x does n appe> t ei!r ! ,greek or ,roman ladies atta*$ any value to a ?9 wai/1 & ?is /rophium 0 worn = com=t & n 9 compliance ) ! fa%ion4 ,! ,romans 7,i am /ill speak+ ( ! ,augu/an age7 wore 9 "t ( w> ! 8sagum40 ,?is 0 a cloak made ( ?ick wooll5 mat]ial1 & fa/5$ 9 front or on ! %\ld] ) a broo*4 ,x 01 9 fact1 id5tical ) "s =ms ( ! ,greek *lamys4 ,! 8paludam5tum0 0 ! same k9d ( g>m5t1 made ( f9] wool1 & us$ by ! (fic]s4 ,! sagum & paludam5tum 7 n exclusively milit>y1 z 9 "t ( w> x 0 ! cu/om = civilians to ?r[ aside _! togas & assume ?is w>-l g>b4 ,! 8lac]na0 0 v commonly worn by ! ,roman citiz5s ei!r simply ov] ! tunic1 or 9 cold wea!r ov] ! togas z well4 ,x 0 v mu* ! same k9d z ! sagum1 & worn 9 ! same way4 ,x 0 almo/ always ( a d>k color4 ,! 8pnula0 0 a circul> cloak1 ) a hole 9 ! middle to put ! head ?r\gh4 ,x 0 slit op5 9 front f ! bottom1 ab\t half-way up1 s z to give a little fre$om to ! arms4 ,x 0 made ( ?ick clo?1 & g5]ally _h a hood4 ,x 0 a g>m5t ess5tially = bad wea!r1 & mu/ h greatly resembl$ our ,inv]ness capes1 or r :at is call$ a 8pon*o40 ,! want ( head-cov]+s among/ ! high] classes ( bo? ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans has always /ruck me z be+ v s+ul>4 ,! ,etruscans1 l ! semi-ori5tal peoples ( ,asia ,m9or1 _h a great v>iety ( head-ge>4 ,caps ( all %apes1 m or less ri*ly ornam5t$1 7 common among/ ! ,etruscans2 b ! ,roman citiz5s 7at lea/ ! upp] t5 ?\s&7 seem to h _h no?+ to protect ! head f ! sun's rays4 ,we all "k t habit w d a great deal2 our ,bluecoat boys d n suff] by go+ ab\t b>ehead$2 b ,i _c help ?9k+ t an eld]ly ,roman s5ator mu/ occasionally h f\nd ! want ( a hat on 8 way to ! =um4 ,y w n (t5 h to pa9t pictures ( ! anci5t ,etruscans4 ,i ne$ n !re=e say mu* ab\t _! ri* & v>i$ dresses4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 m5tion t _! w>drobe bore ab\t ! same relation to ! ,roman co/ume t ! ,asia ,m9or dresses did to ! ,greek4 ,!re 0 an ,ori5tal & sometimes an ,egyptian t5d5cy ab\t ! cut & ornam5tation ( _! g>m5ts4 ,in/ead ( ! classical s&al ( ! ,romans !y wore %oes1 & ev5 boots1 made ( "s s(t mat]ial4 ,9 %ort1 !y 7 m effem9ate 9 _! ta/es4 ,! m weal?y an ,etruscan 01 ! ri*] w\ld be 8 g>m5ts4 ,he resembl$ 9 ?is respect _m mod]n ,ori5tals1 :]eas 8 neighbor ( anci5t ,rome w\ld 7at lea/ 9 ! ,augu/an age7 affect ! greate/ simplicity4 ,a ,roman patrician w\ld z soon ?9k ( deck+ himself out 9 an embroid]$ & spangle tunic1 z an ,engli% g5tleman w\ld ( assum+ ! plu% & gorge\s liv]y ( a ,belgravian footman4 ,luxury & effem9acy ( dress began to creep into fa%ion 9 ,rome z e>ly z ! "t ( ,tib]ius1 :o 7probably because he did n wi% to h any imitation ( ! f9]y ( 8 own c\rt7 promulgat$ v /rict sumptu>y laws z to dress4 ,^! laws 7 en=c$ & ev5 made m /r+5t by "s ( 8 successors1 b fa%ion 0 too /rong ev5 = ,roman emp]ors2 & "u su* sov]eigns z ,heliogabalus1 b little 0 left ( ! anci5t ,roman simplicity4 ,9 "o p>ticul> alone did ! ,romans ( ! ,decad5ce contra/ favorably ) _! neighbors ! ,etruscans--,i mean 9 ! matt] ( jewelry4 ,! ,roman noble1 ev5 ( ! mo/ degrad$ p]iod1 nev] deck$ himself out ) necklaces1 armlets1 & brea/ ornam5ts ( gold l ! ,etruscan4 ,! only jewelry he wore 0 a signet r+4 ,! ,roman ladies 7 less sp>+ ( ornam5t1 b ev5 !y did n load !mselves ) gold tr9kets ( e description aft] ! ,ori5tal & ,etruscan fa%ion4 ,mu* ( ?is ,roman jewelry 0 ( v beautiful design1 & has be5 mo/ consci5ti\sly imitat$ by ,ca/ellani4 ,) reg>d to ! fa%ion ( we>+ ! hair & be>d1 x is c]ta9 t up to ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 ! ,romans wore _! hair long & did n %ave4 ,if1 !re=e1 y h to pa9t any subject ( ! "t ( ! k+s1 x w\ld be incorrect to repres5t y\r p]sonages ) cropp$ hair & clean %av51 z ?\gh !y 7 ,romans ( ! lat] ,consulate & ,augu/an age4 ,"s ,sicilian b>b]s1 :o came ov] to ,rome ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 introduc$ ! cu/om ( %av+ & hav+ ! hair cut %ort1 & ?is cu/om cont9u$ )\t int]mission until ! "t ( ,hadrian or ,trajan1 :5 be>ds came into fa%ion aga94 ,! ,syb>ites1 ( a lat] p]iod ?an ?is1 us$ to oil _! hair & spr9kle x ) gold-du/4 ,wigs 7 also worn1 by m5 z well z by wom54 ,if ! emp]or ( ! "t happ5$ to h a crop ( ?ick curly hair1 x 0 a/oni%+ :at a numb] ( curly crops ( hair sudd5ly appe>$ 9 ,rome4 ,p]haps we ne$ n g z f> back z anci5t ,rome = ph5om5a ( ?is k9d4 ,x is ne$less = me to describe ! /iff1 ta/eless /yle ( hair-dress+ :i* prevail$ among/ ! ladies ( ! lat] ,empire4 ,x 0 _! unc\? artificial coiffures :i* 7 imitat$ 9 ,france & ,engl& ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,x 0 ?is pseudo-classical /yle bo? ( hair-dress+ & app>el :i* made our gr&mo!rs & great-gr&mo!rs su* unlovable objects4 ,a real classical revival aft] ! puff & p[d] ( ! prec$+ g5]ation1 a return to ! be/ ,greek & ,roman fa%ions1 w\ld h be5 a great bless+ bo? to society 9 g5]al & to ! arts especially2 b su* classicism z prevail$ "u ! fir/ ,napoleon 0 h>dly an improvem5t on ! p]ruques & pig-tails t prec$$ x4 ,! ,roman milit>y dress is s well kn[n f ! bas-reliefs ( ! times ( ,trajan1 ,hadrian1 & ,vespasian1 t ,i ne$ n g into any details respect+ x4 ,! only rem>k ,i w\ld make is1 t ! l95 draw]s we see indicat$ 9 ! sculptures1 7 n worn 9 ! army be=e ! w>s ( ,gaul & ,g]many4 ,! dresses ( ! "t ( ,con/ant9e & 8 successors are v little kn[n4 ,to "s arti/s ?is is r an attraction1 z af=d+ an opportunity ( inv5tion 9 co/ume1 :i* is d5i$ to !m 9 a bett] kn[n p]iod2 & x mu/ be admitt$ t1 provid$ !y keep to :at 0 likely to h be5 worn1 no "o c prove !m to be wrong4 ,!re are a few co9s & m$als 9 exi/5ce :i* give "s idea ( ! appe>ance ( an emp]or or great p]sonage1 b ( ! dress ( ! common p we "k no?+ = c]ta94 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w\ld rem>k t correctness 9 ! matt] ( co/ume is f> m necess>y to an arti/ n[ ?an x 0 =m]ly4 ,9 ?is age ( ar*ology & rese>* we f9d1 ev5 on ! /age1 ! mo/ scrupul\s fidelity obs]v$1 & x behooves u1 z arti/s1 n to lag beh9d4 ,y w f9d1 bo? 9 ! ,academy libr>y & at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 _m excell5t works on co/ume1 & ) su* a mass ( in=mation )9 y\r rea* x w be unp>donable if y fall into ! ana*ronisms & absurdities ( our ance/ors4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,byzant9e ,,& ,,romanesque ,,art4 ,9 ! lectures ,i am ab\t to deliv] on ,e>ly ,italian ,art1 ,i %all n ent] into m9ute detail1 nor %all ,i attempt a hi/ory ( all ! pa9t]s ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies :o des]ve m5tion4 ,all ,i c hope to give y is a sort ( bird's-eye view ( ! v>i\s phases ?r\gh :i* ! ,art ( ,pa9t+ pass$ f its l[e/ ebb to its highe/ developm5t4 ,i feel z if y 7 a p>ty ( excursioni/s ab\t to be p]sonally conduct$ across a great art cont95t1 & z if x behoov$ me1 z y\r conductor1 to p]=m my duty ) judgm5t & discretion4 ,we %all h a va/ des]t to cross1 :]e no?+ is f\nd to break ! dull & ugly monotony ( ! sc5e4 ,we _c d bett] ?an take ! express tra9 = ?is "p ( our j\rney1 & get ov] ! gr\nd z quickly z possible4 ,sub/itut+ miles = ye>s1 we %all1 :5 we h accompli%$ some?+ l a ?\s& miles1 beg9 to notice signs ( a m f]tile soil4 ,^! indications w be v fa9t at fir/1 b aft] a "t ! objects ( int]e/ w become m frequ5t1 & we %all leave our tra9 & take to rid+ or driv+ s z to get a bett] view ( :at we are pass+4 ,aft] a drive ( a hundr$ miles ! c\ntry w become s int]e/+ t we %all buckle on our knapsacks & p]=m ! re/ ( ! j\rney on foot4 ,to cont9ue ! p>allel1 ,i w\ld rem9d y t y are only excursioni/s1 & n leisurely travell]s desir\s ( becom+ ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! products ( ! c\ntry !y are ab\t to trav]se4 ,to acquire a ?or\gh k ( ! decay & revival ( art1 x w\ld be necess>y to consult ! num]\s & le>n$ treatises on ! subject1 & to /udy ! political & social /ate ( ,italy dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,su* a /udy1 ?\gh d\btless v in/ructive1 w\ld be r a dry subject = a lecture1 ev5 if ,i 7 equal to ! task4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 attempt no?+ ( ! k9d1 & hav+ always _h a t5d] feel+ = ^? ^: att5dance "h is compulsory1 & admiration = ^? :o come ( _! own free w1 ,i %all endeavor to be z little t$i\s z possible1 :il/ imp>t+ to y a sort ( rsum ( m$ival pa9t+ & ! e>ly ,italian s*ools4 ,! designs & pa9t+s :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 ! catacombs are commonly held to be ! e>lie/ specim5s we possess ( ,*ri/ian art2 & if by ,*ri/ian art we mean ! repres5tation ( ,biblical & ,new ,te/am5t subjects1 !y und\bt$ly are ! e>lie/4 ,if1 h[ev]1 by ,*ri/ian art we mean ! peculi> /yle :i* grew up & 0 fo/]$ by ! e>ly ,*ur*1 we mu/ look else:]e1 = ^! pa9t+s are ess5tially pagan 9 /yle4 ,9 common ) ! pa9t+s ( ! ,con/ant9e ba?s1 & ) ! num]\s decorative designs discov]$ 9 ! pagan catacombs ( ! p]iod1 !y are cle>ly d]iv$ direct f classical s\rces4 ,!y v>y 9 m]it accord+ to ! skill ( ! arti/ :o execut$ !m1 & also accord+ to ! epo* ( _! production1 ^? ( ! second c5tury be+ inf9itely sup]ior to ^? ( ! ?ird & f\r?4 ,9 ! e>lie/ ( ^! pa9t+s1 ! ,good ,%eph]d replaces ,orpheus1 ,elias replaces ,apollo1 & s on1 b ! /yle is 9 no way di/+ui%able f contempor>y ,roman wall-pa9t+s4 ,! arabesque ornam5tation ( ! panels is exactly simil>1 & al?\gh ! subjects are su* z ,moses /rik+ ! rock1 ,jonah swall[$ by ! :ale1 ,daniel 9 ! lions' d51 & v>i\s ,*ri/ian miracles1 ^! int]e/+ works _c be consid]$ 9 any o!r light ?an specim5s ( late ,roman art adapt$ to ! illu/ration ( ,scriptural subjects4 ,^! catacomb pa9t+s look to me m l copies ( bett] ?+s ?an orig9al pa9t+s4 ,!y appe> to h be5 done by decorative arti/s1 :o w\ld naturally be m at home ) ! ornam5tal bord]s & arabesques ?an ) ! figures4 ,we may (t5 notice ?is k9d ( inequality ( "w 9 mod]n h\ses4 ,! skill$ workm5 employ$ by ! pr(essional decorator w execute ) consummate neatness all ! ornam5tal p>ts1 b if any figure is introduc$ into ! panels x w be a co>se replica ( "s ,pompeii muse1 nymph1 or cupid1 possibly q good en\gh = ! purpose1 b h>dly indicative ( ! /ate ( art ( ! p]iod4 ,9 ! pa9t+s ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies !re is a v noticeable decl9e 9 ! draw+ & execution1 b !re is /ill a rem9isc5ce ( a classical /yle4 ,! drap]ies are /ill dispos$ ) some?+ l ta/e1 & ! heads1 ?\gh v rude & clumsy1 h n ! b>b>ic hide\sness ( a lat] p]iod4 ,! la/ flick] ( ! antique lamp is to be f\nd 9 ^? catacomb pa9t+s ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies4 ,:5 ,i say t !y are n ,*ri/ian 9 /yle1 ,i mean t !y are n ecclesia/ical4 ,speak+ /rictly1 f a common-s5se r ?an f an art po9t ( view1 x appe>s to me t ! simple g>m5ts & ! un-nimbi'd heads ( ! p]sonages are m 9 keep+ ) ! _s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ?an ! gold & ! gorge\s ornam5tation ( a lat] p]iod4 ,h[ev] t may be1 view$ simply z works ( art1 !y are ! natural sequ5ce to ,pompeii & ! lat] =ms ( ,roman mural pa9t+4 ,! case is v diff]5t ) ! l>ge ,roman & ,rav5na mosaics ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 b be=e proce$+ to criticise ^! productions1 ,i %\ld wi% to say a few words ab\t antique mosaic "w4 ,! art ( depict+ objects by means ( small cubes ( m>ble1 /one1 or t]ra-cotta 0 inv5t$ ab\t #cjj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,f a v simple beg9n+ x gradually develop$ itself1 until "u ! fir/ emp]ors we f9d ! mo/ complicat$ ornam5ts1 & ev5 l>ge hi/orical compositions1 execut$ 9 mosaic4 ,! use ( mosaic = ! floors ( temples & dwell+-h\ses 0 univ]sal :]ev] ! ,romans spread4 ,x 0 n conf9$ to ,imp]ial ,rome or to luxuri\s ,pompeii1 b is inv>iably f\nd :]ev] a weal?y ,roman plant$ 8 villa1 :e!r 9 ! vic9ity ( ! great ,sah>a ,des]t1 or 9 ! less savage neighborhood ( ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,z y\r av]age mod]n ,briton _c d )\t 8 c>pets1 s ! anci5t ,roman c\ld n be happy )\t 8 tessellat$ pavem5t4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ?is widespread fa%ion1 we d n f9d mosaic us$ z a means ( wall decoration2 x 0 almo/ exclusively employ$ = floors & tables4 ,"s ( ^! small cab9et pieces are beautifully inlaid1 &1 z works ( art1 are by no means contemptible4 ,9 a v few :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u1 we f9d specim5s ( ! 8opus sectile0 ( ! ,romans4 ,?is diff]$ f ord9>y mosaic by ! tess] be+ cut into ! =m ( ! object to be depict$1 & !n accurately put toge!r l a puzzle map4 ,! well-kn[n f\r pigeons p]*$ on a tazza1 discov]$ at ,tivoli1 is1 ,i believe1 ! mo/ beautiful specim5 extant ( ! ord9>y ,roman cab9et mosaic4 ,! examples ( ,roman tessellat$ "w appli$ to p]p5dicul> surfaces are s r>e & s unimportant t we _c consid] !m z prototypes ( ! subsequ5t gigantic mosaic wall-pictures4 ,! int]m$iate l9ks are at any rate want+4 ,!re is "o1 & only "o1 mosaic1 t ( ,/4 ,co/anza1 ne> ,rome1 :i* might be view$ z ! miss+ l9k4 ,x is suppos$ to h be5 execut$ t[>d ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 & belongs ess5tially to ! decorative s*ool ( anci5t pagan art4 ,inde$1 s num]\s are ! little cupids & g5ii1 & s prodigal has ! arti/ be5 ( v9e t5drils1 t ! build+ conta9+ x 0 =m]ly suppos$ to h be5 a temple ( ,bac*us4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 kn[n t ?is1 ! e>lie/ specim5 ( wall mosaic1 0 execut$ n 9 honor ( ,bac*us1 b z a monum5t to ! ,*ri/ian ,emp]or ,con/ant9e's two daught]s4 ,n until ! fif? c5tury d we get to ^? colossal figures1 ^? blue & gold backgr\nds1 ^? ri*ly ornam5t$ drap]ies1 :i* con/itute ! true />t+-po9t ( ecclesia/ical art4 ,we (t5 he> t ,cimabue is ! fa!r ( mod]n art1 b ! only reason = mak+ him a k9d ( art ,adam is because 8 "n has be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,! real fa!rs ( mod]n ,*ri/ian art are ! nameless au?ors ( ^! gorge\s ?\gh some:at grim mosaics4 ,mo/ art hi/orians h includ$ ^! spl5did works 9 ! lat] ,roman p]iod4 ,!y _c c]ta9ly be call$ truly ,byzant9e1 al?\gh !y h a decid$ ,byzant9e flavor ab\t !m1 & x is probable t _m ( !m 7 execut$ by ,greek or ,byzant9e arti/s2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are s /rik+ly dissimil> to late ,roman "w t !y ought to be class$ 9 a s*ool by !mselves4 ,! =ms ( ! figures are ( c\rse /iff & lifeless1 if comp>$ to ! antique or to sixte5?-c5tury art2 b !y are q graceful & animat$ :5 comp>$ ) ! dead ugl9ess ( ! real ,byzant9e "w4 ,!re is a c]ta9 gr&eur1 sui g5]is1 ab\t !m 7p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,ju/9ian & ,!odora mosaics ( ,rav5na7 q indep5d5t ( _! size & gorge\s ornam5tation1 :i* we nev] f9d 9 lat] ,byzant9e "w4 ,! mosaics ( ! six? c5tury are 9 no way diff]5t 9 /yle f ^? ( ! fif?4 ,! f9e/ specim5s ( ?is p]iod are ! well-kn[n mosaics ( ,,ss4 ,cosmo & ,damiano 9 ,rome4 ,! head & figure ( ! gigantic ,*ri/1 :i* =ms ! c5tre1 has be5 mu* eulogiz$ by critics2 b ,i confess ,i 0 disappo9t$ :5 ,i la/ saw ?is mosaic4 ,size1 & p]haps antiquity1 h a good deal to d ) ! awe-inspir+ qualities attribut$ to ?is "w4 ,if ! art display$ 9 ?is figure 7 really ( a high quality1 "s ( its beauty w\ld be reta9$ 9 a reproduction on a small scale4 ,h[ev] mu* ! panels ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel may be r$uc$1 !y always reta9 _! orig9al gr&eur1 :]eas ?is ov]-prais$ figure appe>s to me to lose all its impos+ appe>ance :5 copi$ or engrav$ on a small scale4 ,( hi/orical or ,biblical compositions1 prop]ly s-call$1 !re are none extant ( ?is p]iod4 ,! cause ( ?is is p>tly no d\bt ow+ to ! nature ( ! mat]ials !n 9 use4 ,mosaic is c]ta9ly n suitable = figures 9 action1 nor = complicat$ compositions2 b !re is also ano!r reason = ! abs5ce ( subject-pictures dur+ ! :ole ( ! long int]val betwe5 ! e>ly ,roman emp]ors & ,giotto1 & t is1 !y 7 n want$4 ,!re 7 no weal?y patricians 9 ^? d>k ages :o requir$ _! villas decorat$1 no ,mc5as to give a help+ h& to /ruggl+ g5ius4 ,! ,*ur* 0 ! only patron ! poor arti/s ( ! p]iod _h1 & a v h>d & n>r[-m9d$ patron %e 01 r$uc+ m5 :o 7= aught we "k7 may h _h "s tal5t1 to ! level ( m]e workm5 & artific]s1 /rictly limit+ ! range ( _! subjects & fett]+ !m ) traditional rules4 ,we are n[ fa/ approa*+ ! true ,byzant9e p]iod ( art4 ,hi/orians tell u t ,byzant9e or ,greek ,*ri/ian art 0 ! (fspr+ ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 influ5c$ orig9ally by anci5t ,greek art4 ,x seems h>d to believe t ^! hide\s de=mities %\ld h desc5d$ f anci5t ,greek sculpture4 ,x is a k9d ( ,d>w9ian !ory turn$ upside d[n1 b /ill x may be true4 ,anci5t ,greek does n necess>ily mean ! art ( ,phidias & ,praxiteles4 ,x may mean ! b>b>ic sculpture :i* prec$$ ! adv5t ( ^! great ma/]s1 & ,i confess !re is some?+ 9 ! odi\s grimace & ! /iff drap]ies ( ,byzant9e figures :i* rem9ds me ( c]ta9 v e>ly ,greek "w4 ,! introduction ( ! ,byzant9e /yle into ,italy seems to h be5 v gradual4 ,! s*ool exi/$ at ,con/ant9ople c]ta9ly 9 ! fif? c5tury1 & possibly mu* e>li]4 ,its influ5ce may be trac$ 9 ! l>ge ,italian mosaics ( ! six? c5tury1 b x 0 n till ne> ! ye> #gjj1 :5 ,con/ant9ople 0 fairly e/abli%$ z ! capital ( ! _w1 t x became 9 all its ugl9ess ! dom9ant s*ool 9 ,italy4 ,! ,*ur* ( ! fif? & six? c5turies1 ) all its n>r[-m9d$ness 9 ! *oice ( subjects1 gave ! arti/ a c]ta9 am\nt ( lib]ty 9 8 draw+ & fle%-pa9t+1 b ab\t ! ye> #gjj ev5 ?is lib]ty 0 d5i$ him4 ,c]ta9 types 7 inv5t$ by monki% pa9t]s1 t is1 by m5 :o 7 viol5tly oppos$ to e ?+ t made life agreeable4 ,^! m51 x is ne$less to say1 7 q untra9$ arti/s1 b 9 _! unc\? way !y endeavor$ to sub/itute _! own ideal ( humanity = ! real ?+1 & !y succe$$ only too well4 ,! gha/ly type be+ once firmly e/abli%$1 all subsequ5t arti/s ( ?is s*ool 7 oblig$ to con=m to x4 ,9 ! second ,nic5e ,c\ncil1 ,a4,d4 #ghg1 x 0 decre$ t3 8,x is n ! inv5tion ( ! pa9t] :i* creates ! picture1 b an inviolable law1 a tradition ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is n ! pa9t]s1 b ! holy fa!rs1 :o h to inv5t & to dictate4 8,to !m manife/ly belongs ! composition1 to ! pa9t] only ! execution40 ,z ,i h already /at$1 !re is good reason = believ+ t ! holy fa!rs n only dictat$ ! composition1 b int]f]$ pretty consid]ably ) ! execution1 insi/+ z !y did on ascetic1 cadav]\s heads & an indiscrim9ate use ( gold4 ,!re may h be5 ano!r cause besides morbid asceticism :i* 9 ! n9? c5tury caus$ ! ,*ur* to adopt su* an une>?ly type ( humanity2 namely1 ! fe> ( ! ,jews & ,mahometans1 :o 7 v num]\s at ,con/ant9ople4 ,x 0 natural t ! gr[+ sanctity ( ! grim mosaics %\ld be associat$ 9 ! m9ds bo? ( ,jew & ,mahometan ) idol-wor%ip1 & accord+ly we f9d t ! ,emp]or ,leo ! ,isaurian wi%$ to conciliate 8 non-,*ri/ian subjects by ! prohibition ( all repres5tation ( ! human =m4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 did n suit ! monks4 ,a synod 0 call$1 & ultimately x 0 agre$ t sculpture alone %\ld be int]dict$2 b may we n suppose t a k9d ( compromise 0 made ab\t pa9t+1 & t x 0 settl$ t any ne> approa* to ! human =m %\ld be taboo$1 t art 9 %ort 0 to be ( ! nature ( t :i* grac$ ! ,auld ,brig ( ,ayr8-- 8,=ms l "s b$lam /atu>y's dream1 ,! craz$ creations ( misguid$ :im1 ,=ms might be wor%ipp$ on ! b5d$ knee1 ,& /ill ! second dread comm& be free1 ,_! lik5ess is n f\nd on e>?1 9 air1 or sea40 ,kugl]'s description ( ^! ,byzant9e heads is s good t ,i _c refra9 f giv+ x4 ,he says3 8,! l>ge ill-%ap$ eyes />e /raight =w>d2 a deep unhappy l9e1 9 :i* ill-humor seems to h tak5 up its p]man5t abode1 ext5ds f br[ to br[ b5ea? ! bald & heavily-wr9kl$ =ehead4 ,! nose has ! broad ridge ( ! antique /ill left above1 b is n>r[ & p9*$ bel[1 ! anxi\s no/rils correspond+ ) ! deep l9es on ea* side ( !m4 8,! m\? is small1 b ! some:at protrud+ l[] lip is 9 "* ) ! melan*oly ( ! :ole picture4 ,z long z su* repres5tations are conf9$ to gray-head$ sa9ts & ecclesia/ics !y may be tol]at$1 b :5 ! introduction ( a k9d ( smirk is int5d$ to convey ! idea ( a y\?ful c\nt5ance ?is type becomes intol]able4 ,ev5 ! ,madonna1 to ^: c\nt5ance ! meagr5ess ( asceticism 0 h>dly applicable1 "h assumes a ?or\ghly peevi% expression1 & 0 c]ta9ly nev] repres5t$ "u s unattractive an aspect40 ,i h giv5 y ?is quotation f ,kugl]1 9 ord] to %[ y ! op9ion ( a le>n$ & lib]al-m9d$ writ]1 :o c]ta9ly _c be call$ a sev]e critic4 ,he goes on to comp>e ,byzant9e ) ,*9ese art1 :i* is1 ,i ?9k1 r h>d ^u ! poor ,cele/ials4 ,bo? /yles ( figure-pa9t+ are equally conv5tional1 & equally untrue to nature1 b ,*9ese figures are f> m *e]ful & decorative ?an ! unhappy ,byzant9e4 ,a room decorat$ by a ,*9ese arti/ w\ld be a pleasant place to live 92 b :o except a long-di/ance walk]1 a =ty days' fa/]1 or "o ( our mod]n vot>ies ( self-inflict$ m>tyrdom1 w\ld c>e ab\t inhabit+ a h\se hung ) ,byzant9e pictures8 ,9 ^! pictures ! drap]ies gradually became m & m wood51 until at la/ !y got to be ?or\ghly 9 keep+ ) ! heads4 ,!re 0 a traditional arrangem5t ( folds d]iv$ f ! late ,roman works1 b ?is arrangem5t1 ?\gh orig9ally f\nd$ on s\nd pr9ciples1 became 9 ! h&s ( ,byzant9e artific]s mo/ untrue & /upid4 ,! folds us$ to be indicat$ by a numb] ( unmean+ /raight l9es1 reg>dless ( ! =m und]nea?4 ,! "o r$eem+ feature 9 ! art ( ,byzantium 0 ! treatm5t ( ornam5t4 ,f\nd$ p>tly on ! late ,roman z exi/+ 9 num]\s temples ( ,asia ,m9or dur+ ! reign ( ! ,cs>s1 & p>tly on ! ,p]sian /yle z se5 at ,p]sepolis1 ,palmyra1 & else:]e1 ,byzant9e ornam5tation is bo? ri* & graceful4 ,! ,arabs & ,moors c>ri$ ! intricacies ( ,byzant9e trac]y /ill fur!r1 until ! ne plus ultra 0 rea*$ at ! ,alhambra2 b to my ta/e ! orig9al ,byzant9e /yle ( ornam5tation is bold] & m effective ?an ! elaborate ,mauresque4 ,!re is no want ( ta/e or inv5tion betray$ "h4 ,inde$ !re is f> m v>iety ?an 9 ! some:at ov]load$ ,roman /yle ( ornam5tation1 z may be se5 at once by comp>+ ,byzant9e capitals ) ! debas$ ,cor9?ian ( ! ,romans4 ,?is excell5ce 7n only 9 ar*itectural detail b 9 e dep>tm5t ( ornam5tal art7 %[s cle>ly t :5 ! arti/s _h free play !y :]e n defici5t 9 ta/e1 & t we mu/ ascribe ! utt] badness ( ,byzant9e figure-pa9t+ to ! prop] cause2 namely1 to ! veto ! ,*ur* seems to h set on ! /udy ( ! human =m4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,byzant9e & ,romanesque ornam5tation is ! m frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! latt] ( geometrical patt]ns1 =m$ pr9cipally by squ>es & equilat]al triangles int]sect+ ea* o!r4 ,! walls & pavem5ts ( ! ,romanesque *ur*es ( ,italy ab\nd ) examples ( ?is geometric decoration4 ,9 ,romanesque ornam5t aga91 gold & mosaic are n s univ]sally us$ z 9 ,byzant9e2 b ! transition betwe5 ! two /yles 0 s gradual1 & !y 7 s closely connect$1 t x is almo/ impossible to draw ! l9e betwe5 !m4 ,italy 0 9 a v mis]able & di/urb$ /ate dur+ ! d>k c5turies ( ! ,middle ,ages1 be+ ov]run by b>b>\s invad]s & (t5 afflict$ by int]nec9e w>s1 s t ev5 )\t ! lead5 h& ( ! ,*ur* /ifl+ all orig9al tal5t1 x is v improbable t any improvem5t 9 art c\ld h be5 made4 ,= art to ?rive1 x is absolutely necess>y t a c\ntry %\ld be undi/urb$ & tol]ably prosp]\s2 al?\gh x by no means foll[s t a prosp]\s c\ntry mu/ produce great arti/s4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! ,republic ( ,v5ice dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 :i*1 :il/ ,italy 0 be+ vex$ ) endless invasions & civil w>1 enjoy$ great prosp]ity2 & yet n a s+le attempt 0 made by h] arti/s to emancipate !mselves f ! dead level ( ,byzant9e rules4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! fam\s e>ly mosaics ( ,/4 ,m>k's are among/ ! mo/ *>act]i/ic specim5s ( ,byzant9e art :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u4 ,( _! orig9al spl5dor 7z f> z gold & workman%ip c\ld contribute to x7 !re c be no d\bt1 b ( legitimate art !re is no trace4 ,l all ! "w ( ?is s*ool1 :e!r mosaic or fresco1 ! figures are done by r\t9e1 & are z lifeless & mean 9 "* z ! wor/ ,byzant9e types4 ,( c\rse ,i am speak+ ( ! s]ies ( e>ly mosaics 9 ,/4 ,m>k's4 ,! lat] ones execut$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 al?\gh v ,byzant9e 9 "*1 p>take l>gely ( ! g5]al improvem5t :i* 0 noticeable at t "t4 ,! trem5d\s rapidity ) :i* ,byzant9e frescoes us$ to be execut$ is no excuse = _! badness4 ,_h ! arti/s giv5 t5 times ! labor !y w\ld h done no bett]4 ,all orig9al design 0 prohibit$2 e ?+ 0 done f trac+s ( previ\s works4 ,^! trac+s 7 reproduc$ on ! wall to be pa9t$1 & ! fle% t9ts 7 fill$ 9 ) a uni=m flat color1 sometimes ( a brick-du/ & sometimes ( a gre5 hue4 ,! drap]ies 7 done 9 ! same way1 fir/ a flat t9t & !n a few unmean+ black l9es to repres5t folds4 ,?is process 0 entirely me*anical1 ! l9es hav+ no respect :atev] = ! limbs und]nea?4 ,to give y a bett] idea ( ! rapidity ) :i* :ole *ur*es c be decorat$ 9 ! ,byzant9e /yle1 ,i w give ,didron's description ( ,ori5tal fresco-pa9t+4 ,he 0 at ,m\nt ,a?os ab\t =ty ye>s ago1 & _h ! opportunity ( see+ a monk & 8 five assi/ants at "w4 ,m\nt ,a?os has = ! la/ ?irte5 c5turies be5 ! headqu>t]s & pr9cipal laboratory ( ,byzant9e art1 & a c\ntless numb] ( pictures on wood are to ?is day export$ !nce z articles ( comm]ce to ! ,russian ,empire4 ,m4 ,didron says3 8,"o pupil spread ! mort> on ! wall2 ! ma/] drew ! outl9e1 )\t ei!r c>toon or trac+s2 ano!r pupil laid on ! colors2 a ?ird gilt ! nimbi1 pa9t$ ! ornam5ts1 & wrote ! inscriptions1 :i* ! ma/] dictat$ to him f memory2 & la/ly1 two boys 7 fully occupi$ 9 gr9d+ & mix+ ! colors40 ,! subject 0 a ,*ri/ & elev5 apo/les 7life size71 & ! "t tak5 to complete ! "w 0 "u an h\r6 ,i am n q sure b :at a c\ple ( mon?s' exp]i5ce 9 ! ,m\nt ,a?os work%ops might n be ( advantage to "s ( our /ud5ts 9 ! antique s*ool4 ,our travell] adds 7,i ?9k q unnecess>ily7 t ! "w seem$ to him v rude & co>se--b x c be easily und]/ood t at ?is rate a :ole *ur* c\ld be cov]$ ) frescoes 9 a few days4 8,c'e/ magnifique1 mais ce n'e/ pas de l'art40 ,f :at ,i h said1 y w und]/& ! un*angeable nature ( ,byzant9e art4 ,pictures pa9t$ 9 ?is /yle may be m or less neatly execut$1 b _! arti/ic m]it v>ies v little1 :e!r !y be ( ! sev5? or ! n9ete5? c5turies1 :e!r !y decorate ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice or an obscure mona/]y on ,m\nt ,a?os4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is1 note a picture 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 by a ,greek arti/ ( ! "n ( ,emmanuel4 ,! date ( ?is "w is #afej4 ,x 0 !re=e pa9t$ long aft] ,titian1 ,raffaelle1 ,p4 ,v]onese1 & all ! great ma/]s _h dep>t$ ?is life1 & yet ) all _! glori\s works be=e 8 eyes :at does ?is primeval arti/ produce8 ,all ,i c say is1 8,g & see = y\rselves40 ,o!r s*ools h _! ups & d[ns4 ,! ,italian1 ! ,flemi%1 ! ,fr5*1 & ! ,engli% s*ools h all _h1 & w cont9ue to h1 _! p]iods ( elevation & depression2 b ,byzant9e pa9t+ always ma9ta9s its dead level1 & w cont9ue to d s z long z ! ,greek ,*ur* la/s4 ,pictures ( ?is s*ool are (t5 associat$ ) ideas ( sanctity1 n only 9 holy ,russia b 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,almo/ all miracle-work+ pictures belong to ?is class4 ,! ,calabrian peasant1 or ! ,&alusian mulete]1 :o w\ld probably be unmov$ by ! ,madonna di ,s4 ,si/o1 is wr\ght up to a high pit* ( religi\s f]vor at ! %r9e ( "s olive ,byzant9e ,virg91 ) h] p9*$ peevi% face & wood5 %\ld]s4 ,t ?is class ( pictures has at all times be5 held to be peculi>ly sacr$1 is prov$ f ! fact t at ,v5ice 7ev5 9 ! "t ( ,titian7 ! cultivation ( ! /iff ,byzant9e /yle1 = popul> devotion1 0 ma9ta9$ 9 juxtaposition ) t ( ! mo/ p]fectly develop$ =m ( pa9t+4 ,we may smile at ! ,v5etian religi\s _w1 b ,i am n sure t at ! pres5t day an analog\s t5d5cy c\ld n be imput$ to "s ( u4 ,is !re n to "s /hetic no/rils a k9d ( odor ( sanctity ab\t m$ival p]spective & composition8 ,x is true t our revivali/s d n wi% to g back to ! ,byzant9e p]iod = our religi\s art2 ! ,romanesque or at any rate ! ,quattro ,c5to /yle is ! correct ?+4 ,b :y g back at all8 ,i c q und]/& t 9 re/or+ an old ca!dral x w\ld be desirable to d s2 b 9 a mod]n build+ 7:e!r go?ic or n7 to reproduce =ms :i* we "k to be incorrect1 & to introduce p]spective :i* we "k to be absurd1 seems to me to be c>ry+ our rev]5ce = ! pa/ a little too f>4 ,a lett] appe>$ 9 ! ,times la/ summ] :i* is s mu* to ! purpose t ,i really mu/ read x to y3-- 8,to ! ,editor ( ! #8,times4'0 ,june #cj?4 8,,sir1--,i h be=e me a design = a w9d[ :i* x is propos$ to place 9 a village *ur* 9 ,l9coln%ire1 z "o ( a gr\p memorial ( ! late vic>1 8 wid[1 & two sons1 cl]gym51 "o ( !m a mission>y ( ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society :o di$ 9 ,india4 ,may ,i be all[$ to describe ! design8 ,! w9d[ is ( two lights4 ,! dext] repres5ts a c>d9al 9 r$ hat & /ock+s1 r$ robe ) blue l9+1 & a nimbus r\nd 8 head ( a color resembl+ olive-gre54 ,! s9i/] light has an ar*bi%op ) mitre1 pall1 poly*romatic ve/m5ts1 & a blue nimbus r\nd 8 head2 9 8 left h& a pa/oral /aff1 & 9 8 "r ! ,sacr$ ,he>t1 crimson1 ) gold flames issu+ f ! top4 ,! draw+ is sign$ by an em95t ,london firm1 & is submitt$ by ! pres5t vic> z a suitable memorial ( 8 pr$ecessor1 :o 0 an ,evangelical ( ! old s*ool1 & ( 8 wid[1 a lady ^: dread ( #8,pop]y' 0 almo/ morbid40 ,writ]s on art are fond ( ass]t+ t 9 spite ( ! repulsive ugl9ess ( ! ,byzant9e types1 we ought to be grateful to ! s*ool = keep+ ! lamp ( art alive dur+ sev5 or eight c5turies2 b ,i ?9k t ! hi/ory ( ! great revival does n be> out ?is ass]tion4 ,we f9d ,giotto & 8 foll[]s hamp]$ ) ! old traditions4 ,we f9d ,byzant9e "w rampant 9 ,v5ice d[n to ! "t ( ! ,bell9is1 imp$+ & inde$ exclud+ all ! v>i\s =ms ( progress :i* 7 spread+ ov] ,nor!rn ,italy2 & x may be notic$ t all ! faults & weaknesses ( ! e>ly ,italian pa9t]s are traceable to ,byzant9e s\rces4 ,i "q v mu* :e!r ! revival ( art w\ld n h be5 m rapid & complete _h ! ,byzant9e s*ool nev] exi/$4 ,! e>ly re=m]s1 ,cimabue1 ,giotto1 & ,duccio1 w\ld h _h ! great mosaics ( ! fif? c5tury1 & su* remnants ( anci5t pagan art z 7 !n kn[n1 to inspire !m4 ,!y w\ld h be5 unfett]$ by ,byzant9e tradition1 & ,i ?9k x probable t _! works w\ld h be5 bett] 9 e respect4 ,e "o ) any exp]i5ce kn[s t x is easi] to in/il s\nd pr9ciples ( art into "o :o is totally un9/ruct$1 ?an into "o :o has already contract$ a bad /yle ( draw+2 & z x is ) individuals1 s also is x ) s*ools & phases ( art4 ,!n aga9 x mu/ be rememb]$ t al?\gh ! ,byzant9e s*ool 0 ! dom9ant "o dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 !re 71 9 ,italy1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 arti/s :o _h no connection ) x1 & ^: compositions1 z se5 9 manuscripts & missals1 w be> favorable comp>ison ) simil> "w by ,greek arti/s ( ! same p]iod4 ,i mu/ ref] y aga9 to d',ag9c\rt's book1 :]e y w f9d a great numb] ( outl9es f ^! m9iatures4 ,9 judg+ ^! works y mu/ n1 h[ev]1 =m y\r op9ion z to _! m]its entirely by d',ag9c\rt's illu/rations4 ,!y give a v fair idea ( ! draw+ & composition1 b ! *>m ( ^! small pa9t+s lies 9 _! color & execution1 :i* are sometimes v beautiful4 ,! ,bayeux tape/ry1 = in/ance1 ?\gh *>m+ 9 ! orig9al1 becomes v un9t]e/+ & ugly :5 translat$ into black & :ite4 ,! transition f ,byzant9e to ,romanesque art 0 s gradual t x is v difficult to decide :5 ! *ange took place4 ,byzant9e rules & traditions _h tak5 su* firm root1 t x 0 n till ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury t its influ5ce 0 f9ally ov]come4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 approa*+ ! "t ( ,guido da ,si5a & ,gu9to da ,pisa1 & x is pleasant at la/ to "k 7or to suppose we "k7 ! names ( two arti/s aft] c5turies ( anonym\s "w4 ,! fact ( ^! names hav+ be5 pres]v$ %[s at any rate t _! be>]s 7 n m]e workm5 b\nd to execute ! morbid fancies ( ! ,*ur*1 b pa9t]s ( "s repute1 ^: creations1 ?\gh /ill v cramp$ & /iff1 %[ bett] modell+ & a m intellig5t execution ?an are to be f\nd 9 ! works ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,e "o has he>d ( ,cimabue1 b comp>atively few h se5 8 frescoes4 ,i imag9e t 8 be/ "w is 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,francis at ,assisi4 ,i once sp5t six weeks at ,assisi1 & devot$ a good deal ( "t to ! wall-pa9t+s ( ! *ur*4 ,! frescoes ( ,cimabue seem$ to me inf9itely bett] ?an 8 panel pictures1 b !y 7 7ev5 !n7 9 su* a /ate ( decay t x 0 difficult to =m an op9ion ( !m4 ,?is 0 tw5ty-two ye>s ago1 & s9ce t "t ,i believe t ! progress ( decay has be5 v rapid inde$4 ,! ,arundel ,society _h "s admirable fac-simile draw+s ( ^! works execut$ five ye>s ago4 ,x is curi\s h[ mu* m rapidly all ! old frescoes are decay+ n[ ?an =m]ly4 ,i attribute ?is accel]at$ rate ( ru9 to ! pres5ce ( gas 9 ! t[ns4 ,at ,pisa ! ,campo ,santo frescoes are det]iorat+ mu* m rapidly ?an be=e ! introduction ( gas into ! t[n4 ,i don't "k :e!r ,assisi is n[ bless$ ) a gasomet]1 b if x is1 poor old ,cimabue's "w is doom$4 ,8 fam\s ,madonna1 :i* 0 c>ri$ 9 triumphant procession ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,flor5ce1 is pa9t$ q 9 ! ,greek /yle4 ,! fle% is bett] modell$1 & ! drap]ies ( ! surr\nd+ angels are mu* bett] drawn1 ?an 9 any previ\s example ( ,byzant9e "w1 b ,i _c und]/& ! en?usiasm ( ! ,flor5t9es4 ,! specim5 we h 9 ! ,national ,gall]y appe>s to me to h be5 mu* re-pa9t$2 ! heads especially 7al?\gh ugly en\gh to be e>ly "w7 are ( a lat] "*1 & are pa9t$ 9 ! fumbl+1 unc]ta9 way :i* is *>act]i/ic ( re/or]s4 ,!re are o!r arti/s ( ?is p]iod ^: works %[ a great improvem5t on ! old ,byzant9e4 ,^! are ,toriti1 :o execut$ "s f9e mosaics 9 ,rome2 ! bro!rs ,cosmati1 also ( ,rome2 & ,gaddo ,gaddi1 ! ,flor5t9e4 ,! mosaics ( ! la/ nam$ 9 ! dome ( ! bapti/]y at ,flor5ce are v highly comm5d$1 b !y appe> to me r improv$ ,byzant9e ?an true ,romanesque4 ,inde$1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,cimabue's frescoes at ,assisi1 ,i don't "k ( any "w ( ! ?irte5? c5tury :i* has a true ,romanesque "* at all4 ,giotto 0 7z e "o kn[s7 ! pupil ( ,cimabue1 & ,i believe t ! tru? ( ! old /ory ab\t ,cimabue f9d+ him :5 a %eph]d boy occupi$ 9 draw+ a %eep1 & tak+ him back to ,flor5ce z an appr5tice1 has n yet be5 d\bt$4 ,we c easily imag9e ! respect & awe :i* ?is %eph]d lad w\ld feel = ! greate/ pa9t] ( ! capital1 & c readily believe t ! "w ( 8 e>ly y\? w\ld be f\nd$ entirely on t ( 8 ma/]4 ,x is m ?an probable t he s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip at ! great sanctu>y ( piety & art :i* arose aft] ! dea? ( ,/4 ,francis at ,assisi4 ,at any rate x is !re t 8 e>lie/ kn[n1 & to my m9d 8 be/1 works are to be f\nd4 ,! s]ies ( frescoes illu/rative ( ! life ( ! sa9t1 may be consid]$ z ! />t+-po9t ( hi/orical pa9t+ 9 ,italy4 ,comp>e ! figures 9 ^! frescoes ) ! be/ "w ( ,cimabue1 & notice :at an enorm\s advance has be5 made4 ,"h we h natural1 if some:at timid1 action1 well-proportion$ figures1 & skilful arrangem5t ( drap]y4 ,i confess ,i 0 surpris$ to he> t ^! works 7 ant]ior to 8 l>g] frescoes 9 ! l[] *ur*1 :i* repres5t ! glorification ( ,/4 ,francis1 & :i* appe>$ to me to indicate a /ep backw>d t[>d ,cimabue4 ,x is probable t 9 ^! la/-nam$ frescoes1 :i* adorn ! comp>tm5ts "u ! high alt>1 ,giotto did n v5ture to dep>t mu* f ! traditional arrangem5t ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & accord+ly we f9d ! poor1 meagre composition & ! horizontal l9es ( heads *]i%$ by ! ?irte5? c5tury pa9t]s4 ,giotto w\ld require a :ole lecture to himself1 7 ,i to attempt an acc\nt ( :at he did at ,padua1 ,flor5ce1 ,rome1 & ,naples4 ,8 *efs-d'uvre are said to be 9 ,flor5ce1 at ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,croce4 ,no less ?an f\r *apels 9 ?is *ur* 7 decorat$ by him2 b1 alas6 !re is v little left4 ,"t1 :itewa%1 & ! re/or]s1 h done _! "w pretty effectually4 ,/ill1 ! m]e outl9es ( _m ( ! gr\ps %[ t ^! works may v well h be5 ! f9e/ t ! ma/] ev] produc$4 ,i h se5 ! ,ar5a ,*apel at ,padua1 :i* is lit]ally cov]$ ) ,giotto's frescoes4 ,x is _m ye>s s9ce ,i 0 !re1 & v possibly1 7 ,i to revisit ! *apel1 ,i might =m a diff]5t op9ion1 b at ! "t ,i 0 disappo9t$ ) ! pa9t+s1 :i* appe>$ to me weak 9 design & feeble 9 execution4 ,:5 we recollect t ,giotto _h ! cu/oms & prejudices ( eight c5turies to cont5d aga9/1 no antiques at h& to guide & purify 8 ta/e1 no great pr$ecessors to imitate1 we _c help pay+ homage to ! g5ius ( ! man :o produc$ ! ,/4 ,francis s]ies ( frescoes at ,assisi1 & numb]less o!r works1 bo? at ,flor5ce & else:]e4 ,i ?9k t ! true explanation ( 8 wond]ful success is to be f\nd 9 ! old %eep-draw+ anecdote4 ,x %[s t ev5 z a %eph]d boy he felt t nature 0 ! f\ndation ( art4 ,in/ead ( work+ by m]e r\t9e1 l ! ,byzant9e pa9t]s1 or1 l 8 ma/] ,cimabue1 endeavor+ to improve 9 ! same direction1 he w5t direct to nature bo? = 8 compositions1 8 action1 & 8 drap]y4 ,to u x may appe> ! simple/ ?+ 9 ! _w to make /udies f nature = our pictures1 b 9 ! "t ( ,giotto su* a c\rse w\ld be unusual1 & w\ld be plac$ 9 ! category ( happy ?\ghts4 ,x may be argu$ t if he _h liv$ 9 ! t5? or elev5? c5tury in/ead ( ! f\rte5?1 he w\ld nev] h be5 all[$ by 8 patrons to attempt su* d>+ innovations4 ,he mu/ h rema9$ 9 ! old beat5 track4 ,?is is no d\bt true en\gh1 & !re may h be5 dur+ ! d>k ages a doz5 embryo ,giottos ^: g5ius _h be5 /rangl$ by ecclesia/ical lead+-/r+s2 b we are none ! less indebt$ to ! man :o gave ! dea?-bl[ to ! b>b>\s me*anical craft :i* = long c5turies _h usurp$ ! place ( art4 ,al?\gh anxi\s to d full ju/ice to ,giotto z a great art re=m]1 ,i mu/ admit t he _h "s v unpleasant peculi>ities :i* 7 bl9dly adopt$1 &1 inde$1 exagg]at$1 by _m ( 8 foll[]s4 ,! mo/ repulsive ( ^! peculi>ities is ! sam5ess & meanness ( 8 heads4 ,9 ! only specim5 we h ( 8 9 ! ,national ,gall]y ?is fault is n conspicu\s1 b x is v noticeable 9 ! pictures ( 8 s*ool4 ,inde$1 ! family lik5ess :i* p]vades all ! heads 9 ! l>ge ,orcagna is almo/ ludicr\s4 ,9 ,giottesque heads ! eyes are a great deal too close toge!r & nev] fairly op54 ,! nose is ?9 & p9*$1 & ! jaws weak & %apeless4 ,! type1 9 %ort1 is diametrically ! opposite ( ! antique1 & is 7x mu/ be confess$7 a v ignoble "o4 ,! con/ant recurr5ce ( ?is mean type is m app>5t 9 8 lat] ?an 9 8 e>ly works1 & x is probable t _m ( ^! /]eotyp$ heads 7 execut$ by 8 assi/ants1 b nev]!less ,giotto is answ]able = !m4 ,italian sculpture1 z well z ,italian pa9t+1 is greatly indebt$ to ,giotto1 = x 0 he :o design$ ! reliefs = ! bronze gates ( ! bapti/]y at ,flor5ce4 ,^! designs 7 execut$ 9 ma/]ly /yle by ,&rea ,pisano1 & may be look$ ^u z ! />t+-po9t ( ,italian sculpture4 ,9 fact1 x is z ! fa!r ( mod]n art r ?an z a p]fect pa9t] t ! "n ( ,giotto ought to be held 9 rev]5ce4 ,_m ( 8 successors ( ! next c5tury1 :om ,i %all m5tion 9 ! c\rse ( my lectures1 approa*$ mu* ne>] to p]fection ?an did ,giotto4 ,! composition ( _! pictures is less ar*aic1 ! heads h m individual "* & are mu* bett] drawn2 b we ought always to be> 9 m9d1 t _h ,giotto nev] liv$1 we %\ld nev] h _h a ,masaccio1 a ,filippo ,lippi1 or a ,beato ,angelico1 & probably nei!r a ,leon>do nor a ,raffaelle4 ,l\is ,quatorze is report$ to h said3 8,l'etat c'e/ moi02 & ,giotto might ) equal tru? h decl>$3 8,l'art ,romanesque c'e/ moi10 s all-p]vad+ 0 8 influ5ce4 ,besides ! works ( 8 imm$iate foll[]s1 su* z ,taddeo ,gaddi & ,orcagna1 ,italy ab\nds ) ,giottesque frescoes1 ^: au?ors are unkn[n1 or at lea/ d\btful4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! nameless works are ! l>ge frescoes :i* cov] ! walls ( ! ,capella degli ,spagnuoli1 9 ,/a4 ,m>ia ,novella at ,flor5ce4 ,:5 ,i fir/ saw ^! frescoes !y 7 ascrib$ to ,taddeo ,gaddi & ,simone ,memmi ( ,si5a2 b mod]n critics h ju/ly1 ,i ?9k1 pron\nc$ aga9/ ?is au?or%ip4 ,!y appe>$ to me to be ( a lat] date1 b ,i may h be5 misl$ by ! disgraceful way 9 :i* !y h be5 ret\*$4 ,?is ret\*+1 or r repa9t+1 has be5 ! ru9 ( _m ( ! e>ly frescoes1 & x is mo/ extraord9>y t 9 ,italy 7( all places 9 ! _w7 su* b>b>\s mangl+ %\ld ev] h be5 all[$4 ,! real culprits are n ! obscure bungl]s :o did ! "w1 b ! ignorant monks or t[n c\ncillors :o employ$ !m4 ,^! ,/a4 ,m>ia ,novella frescoes are v *>act]i/ic ( ! allegorical mania ( ! ,romanesque p]iod4 ,"o ( !m1 we are told1 is meant to repres5t ! 8,wisdom ( ! ,*ur*10 b ! allegory is s obscure & ! compon5t p>ts s het]og5e\s1 t ) ! be/ int5tions x is all b impossible to und]/& ! pa9t]'s mean+4 ,:y %\ld ,gramm> h a globe 9 h] h&8 & :y %\ld ,logic h a s]p5t "u h] veil8 ,:at has ,abraham done t he %\ld be associat$ ) ari?metic8 & :y %\ld ,john ( ,damascus 7:o1 = "s occult reason1 typifies ,hope7 be m5d+ 8 p58 ,if ! /range jumble 9 ?is fresco is bewild]+1 :at %all we say to ! companion fresco :i* repres5ts 8! activity ( ! ,*ur*08 ,a doz5 or m diff]5t c5tres ( activity are 9 full play simultane\sly4 ,! fai?ful are portray$ 9 "o "p ( ! fresco z m5 & wom51 & 9 ano!r "p z a flock ( %eep4 ,! ,dom9icanes1 or ,dom9icans1 are playfully repres5t$ z black & :ite dogs1 :o are def5d+ ! %eep aga9/ wolves4 ,/4 ,dom9ic himself is prea*+ aga9/ h]etics1 :o are entreat+ p>don & burn+ _! books2 b x is hopeless to give an idea ( ! confusion ( imag]y1 ( ! bl5d+ ( piety ) punn+ 9 ?is extraord9>y fresco4 ,if ,i aga9 ref] 9 ! c\rse ( my lectures to ! ,romanesque allegories1 x is n t ,i am fasc9at$ by !m1 b because !y are s num]\s & s typical ( ! p]iod t x is impossible to ignore !m4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be unju/ to blame ! arti/s = ^! allegories1 or = ! num]\s 8,inf]no0 pictures4 ,!y probably _h to execute & make ! be/ ( ! subjects t 7 giv5 !m4 ,dante may v likely be answ]able = mu* ( ! que/ionable ta/e ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,i %all endeavor1 9 my next lecture1 to /e] a middle c\rse betwe5 ! mod]n bl9d adoration ( ! fifte5? c5tury "w1 & ! cynical ,phili/9ism :i* c discov] no?+ wor?y ( notice 9 ?is int]e/+ p]iod4#a ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,pa9t]s ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,be=e proce$+ to speak ( ! pa9t]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 x w n be out ( place to give a g5]al sket* ( ! /ate ( ! art t[>d ! close ( ! sev5te5?4 ,i tru/ t 9 my la/ lecture ,i made x cle> to y t aft] ,rub5s & ,v&yke no pa9t] ( any tal5t appe>$1 to support ! fame ( ! ,flemi% s*ool1 b t 9 ! nor!rn prov9ces ( ,fl&]s & 9 ,holl& a :ole con/ellation ( imitative pa9t]s arose1 :o1 = tru?ful color & exquisite skill1 h r>ely be5 equall$1 & nev] surpass$4 ,?is brilliant outbur/ ( tal5t did n1 h[ev]1 la/ v long4 ,inde$1 x may be said ) tru?1 t all ! be/ ,dut* pictures 7 pa9t$ )9 ! space ( sixty ye>s--f ab\t #afbj to #afhj4 ,we !n p]ceive a gradual decl9e ( ! s*ool1 n su* a rapid decay z ov]took ! ,antw]p & ,brussels academies1 b a p]ceptible inf]iority bo? 9 ! color & ! h&l+2 ! =m] became m opaque & heavy1 & less true1 :il/ ! latt] lo/ a good deal ( its admirable dext]ity4 ,i "k ( no ,dut* pa9t+s ( fir/-rate excell5ce unless x be "s ( ,van ,huysum's fl[]-pieces :i* 7 execut$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,if we turn to ,italy1 we f9d ! art ( pa9t+1 :i* _h be5 p>tially arre/$ 9 its d[nw>d c\rse by ! ,eclectic & ,naturali/ic s*ools1 n[ gett+ l[] & l[]4 ,devoid alike ( orig9al conception or good execution1 ! ,italian pa9t]s ( ?is "t 7 little bett] ?an co>se decorators4 ,:5 ,i say t ,luca ,giordano t[]s l a giant ov] 8 contempor>ies1 x w be easily und]/ood :at a pigmy race !y mu/ h be54 ,9 ,france1 ,p\ss91 ,lesueur1 ,lebrun1 & ,claude ,gele1 all di$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 leav+ no wor?y successors beh9d !m4 ,g]many1 ow+ p]haps to h] long civil w>s & political tr\bles1 _h produc$ no great arti/ s9ce ,holbe91 & ! ,engli% s*ool 0 z yet non-exi/5t1 s we may easily compreh5d ! v l[ level to :i* art sank t[>d ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,:5 ,i say t ! ,engli% s*ool 0 non-exi/5t 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,i d n mean t !re 7 no pa9t]s 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,/u>t pr9ces 7 g5]ally lib]al patrons ( art1 b all ! be/ pa9t]s patroniz$ by !m 7 =eign]s4 ,v&yke1 ,sir ,pet] ,lely1 & ev5 ,sir ,g4 ,knell]1 7 all =eign]s1 & ! c\ntry 0 inundat$ ) ?ird-rate ,flemi% & ,italian pa9t]s4 ,( ! latt]1 ,v]rio is a good typical example4 ,*>les ,,ii employ$ him to cov] ! ceil+s & walls ( 8 palaces ) ta/eless sprawl+ allegories1 & we le>n f ,walpole t ! sums paid by ! k+1 or r by ! un=tunate c\ntry1 = ^! wret*$ p>odies ( ,italian decorative pa9t+1 7 v consid]able4 ,i ?9k t ( late ye>s ,sir ,pet] ,lely has _h scant ju/ice done to 8 tal5t4 ,a contempor>y ( ,v&yke1 8 portraits h _m po9ts ( resemblance ) ^? ( t ma/]4 ,8 inf]iority is *iefly noticeable 9 ! h&s1 dresses1 & accessories ( 8 portraits1 b 8 female heads are (t5 v beautiful1 & are s+ul>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod4 ,sir ,godfrey ,knell]1 al?\gh he liv$ well into ! eighte5? c5tury1 mu/ be look$ ^u z a sev5te5?-c5tury pa9t]1 all 8 be/ "w hav+ be5 done :5 he 0 comp>atively "y4 ,he is ano!r ( ^? pr$ecessors ( ,reynolds :om x has be5 ! fa%ion to villify & decry4 ,i h se5 portraits by ,knell] :i* 7 inf9itely bett] ?an mu* ( ! highly-prais$ portraiture ( ! la/ c5tury2 b un=tunately ?is clev] ?\gh int5sely va9 arti/ reg>d$ pa9t+ m z a lucrative trade ?an z a lib]al pr(ession4 ,no "o c wi% t ,knell] _h devot$ 8 tal5ts to ! /upid allegorical /yle !n 9 fa%ion1 in/ead ( /ick+ to portraits2 b :at may be wi%$ is t he _h be5 m consci5ti\s1 & less gre$y = money1 9 ! p>ticul> bran* ( art to :i* he devot$ himself4 ,9 speak+ ( c\rt patronage ,i notic$ t ! pa9t]s enc\rag$ by ! ,/u>ts 7 all =eign]s1 b ?is does n seem to h be5 done f sy/ematic neglect ( native tal5t1 b simply because no pa9t]s wor?y ( ! "n 7 born 9 ,engl&4 ,! only real ,engli%man ( ! c5tury :o rose above m$iocrity 0 ,william ,dobson1 & he _h no reason to compla9 ( want ( royal patronage1 = ,k+ ,*>les appo9t$ him at a v e>ly age to be c\rt pa9t] on ! dea? ( ,v&yke1 & us$ to call him ! ,engli% ,t9toretto4 ,f :at ,i h se5 ( ,dobson's ,i don't ?9k ,i %\ld h comp>$ him to ,t9toretto4 ,nev]!less ,i consid] him z a g5u9e arti/1 & _h he n di$ at ! age ( ?irty-six he w\ld probably h a*iev$ mu* great] fame4 ,i ought n to omit m5tion+ ,john ,riley1 ^: "w 0 (t5 tak5 = ,lely's4 ,walpole describes him z hav+ be5 humble & mode/1 & adds t ) a qu>t] ( ,knell]'s vanity he might h p]suad$ ! _w t he 0 z great a ma/]4 ,i ?9k ! anecdote told ( him greatly 9 8 favor1 t ,*>les ,,ii1 aft] sitt+ to him1 exclaim$1 on see+ ! picture1 8,is ?is l me8 !n1 oddsfi%6 ,i am an ugly fell[40 ,9 su* an age ( flatt]y & falsehood x is q refre%+ to meet ) an hone/ pa9t]4 ,to give y an idea ( ! deplorable /ate ( ! art ( pa9t+ t[>d ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,i w quote f ,horace ,walpole1 :o1 al?\gh by no means a good art-critic1 0 a man ( great ta/e & %rewdness4 ,speak+ ( ! accession ( ! ,h\se ( ,hanov]1 he says3--8,we are n[ arriv$ at ! p]iod 9 :i* ! arts 7 sunk to ! l[e/ ebb 9 ,brita94 ,f ! /iffness introduc$ by ,holbe9 & ! ,flemi% ma/]s we 7 fall5 into a loose & 7if ,i may use ! ^w7 dissolute k9d ( pa9t+4 ,sir ,godfrey ,knell] /ill liv$1 b only 9 "n1 :i* he pro/itut$ by suff]+ ! mo/ wret*$ daub+s ( hir$ sub/itutes to pass = 8 works1 :ile at mo/ he gave himself ! tr\ble ( pa9t+ ! face ( ! p]son :o sat to him4 ,8 successors ?\ght !y _h caught 8 free mann] :5 !y neglect$ draw+ & f9i%+40 ,walpole goes on to deplore ! frightful fa%ions ( ! p]iod1 & rem>ks t ,dahl1 ,d',ag>1 ,ri*>dson1 ,j]vas1 & o!rs1 8rebuff$ by su* b>b>\s =ms1 & n possess+ g5ius en\gh to deviate f :at !y saw1 clo!d all _! p]sonages ) a loose drap]y & airy mantles1 :i* n only 7 n b c\ld n be ! dress ( any age or nation4 ,all ^! casual & loose wrapp+s 7 imitat$ f no?+2 !y seldom h any folds or *i>oscuro1 draw+ & color be+ equally =gott540 ,!re are hundr$s ( ^! portraits /ill 9 exi/5ce1 b !y are g5]ally relegat$ to attics & d>k corridors ( old c\ntry-seats1 & no "o ev] ?9ks ( look+ at !m4 ,! own] does n l to make a bonfire ( ! effigies ( 8 ance/ors1 b he /[s !m away :]e !y w n be se54 ,sett+ aside all que/ions ( art1 ^! insipid productions are valueless z lik5esses4 ,we feel t n only ! dresses1 b ! faces !mselves c\ld n be ( any age or nation4 ,walpole1 l mo/ m5 ( 8 "t1 c>$ b little ab\t hi/orical or decorative pa9t+1 & 8 rem>ks on ! decad5ce ( art relate solely to portraiture1 b !re is no d\bt t figure-pa9t+ _h det]iorat$ j z mu*4 ,george ,i1 0 totally devoid ( ta/e1 & ! second ,george 7z is well kn[n7 hat$ 8boetry & ba9t+40 ,! only employ]s ( arti/s 7,i _c call !m patrons7 7 c\ntry g5tlem5 & a few noblem5 :o want$ _! portraits pa9t$4 ,! wond] to me is1 n t ! portraits ( ,ri*>dson & ,j]vas are s bad1 b t !y are n worse4 ,z ! c5tury proce$$1 portrait-pa9t+ 9 ,engl& did n improve4 ,we f9d t1 betwe5 #agcj & #agej1 ,?omas ,hudson 0 at ! head ( ! pr(ession1 & no words c express bett] ?an ?is fact h[ deep ! art _h sunk4 ,! only repres5tative ( l>ge hi/orical pa9t+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury 0 ,sir ,james ,?ornhill4 ,i d n feel = ?is arti/ ! same antipa?y t ,i d = 8 pr$ecessors1 ,v]rio & ,lagu]re4 ,inde$1 ,i ?9k t _h ,sir ,james liv$ at any o!r p]iod he w\ld h become a really great arti/4 ,he 0 a v fair draughtsman1 & und]/ood ! art ( gr\p+ ) ta/e & dignity2 b he _h n ! g5ius necess>y to break away altoge!r f ! ignoble /yle ( 8 day4 ,x w\ld be a pr(itless task to enum]ate ! cr[d ( insipid =eign pa9t]s :o f\nd a m>ket = _! "w 9 ,engl& dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,i pref] pass+ on at once to ,hog>?1 :o /&s up l a giant among/ 8 dw>fi% contempor>ies4 ,he at any rate possess$ orig9al g5ius1 & 8 manual skill1 ?\gh inf]ior to t ( ! be/ ,dut*m51 0 by no means contemptible4 ,8 portraits are among/ ! be/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! c5tury1 & ,i c f9d no?+ 9 8 attempts at a high] k9d ( art1 z illu/rat$ by 8 8,sigismunda0 79 ! ,national ,gall]y71 to ju/ify ei!r ! savage onslaught ( ,walpole or ! contemptu\s pity ( ,reynolds4 ,on ! contr>y1 x appe>s to me t ?is mu*-abus$ picture is a v respectable p]=mance1 & ,i fail to see any presumption 9 a skilful & accompli%$ arti/ l ,hog>? seek+ to escape f ! loa?some task ( always pa9t+ sc5es ( vice1 mis]y1 or folly4 ,sir ,jo%ua ought to h recollect$ 8 own 8,dea? ( ,dido10 & o!r attempts 9 :at he calls 8! great hi/orical /yle10 be=e tax+ ,hog>? ) imprud5ce & presumption4 ,z 9 ^! lectures ,i h (t5 v5tur$ to criticise1 &1 z "s may ?9k1 to speak disrespectfully ( our fir/ ,presid5t & 8 disc\rses1 ,i %\ld l to /ate t ?\gh ,i d n admire 8 pictures z univ]sally z "s d1 ,i consid] him to h be5 a ?or\gh arti/2 by :i* ,i mean t he 0 saturat$ ) love = 8 pr(ession4 ,to him1 pa9t+1 in/ead ( be+ a task1 0 ! greate/ pleasure 9 life1 & 9 pursuit ( ?is pleasure he 0 indefatigable4 ,we owe him a deep debt ( gratitude z ! great reg5]ator ( art 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! great ,fr5* art-re=m]1 ,david1 w5t back to ! antique1 & to nature 7:o is old] /ill72 & ?is seems to me ! m logical me?od4 ,b !re is no d\bt t1 practically 7consid]+ ,sir ,jo%ua's own idiosyncrasies & ! /ate 9 :i* he f\nd ,engli% portraiture71 an intellig5t /udy ( ! old ma/]s 0 ! be/ rope = haul+ ,briti% art (f ! mudbank on :i* %e _h s long be5 /r&$4 ,! "n ( ,reynolds z a portrait-pa9t] is almo/ z mu* respect$ abroad z x is "h4 ,mo/ ( 8 "w is fad$ & o!rwise mu* det]iorat$1 b =tunately ! excell5t engrav+s ( 8 portraits w to all ages pres]ve 8 fame z a man ( great p[]1 ta/e1 & ref9em5t4 ,i confess myself q unable to appreciate ,ga9sbor\gh's pictures z !y are at pres5t appreciat$4 ,i don't mean to say t ,i und]value all 8 "w4 ,i h se5 heads by him :i* ,i admir$ exce$+ly1 b ,i mu/ prote/ aga9/ ! bl9d feti%ism :i* w\ld compel u to accept z good "w any weak1 tra%y picture :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,i h read laudatory notices bo? ( him & ,romney :i* w\ld tempt "o to say ) ,bora*io1 8,see :at a de=m$ ?ief ?is ,fa%ion is60 ,i w\ld recomm5d "y arti/s to be> 9 m9d a pi?y old say+1 to ! effect t 8,"o man may /eal a horse :ile ano!r may n look ov] ! h$ge02 & to bew>e ( treat+ l&scape1 or portraiture ei!r1 9 ! ,ga9sbor\gh /yle4 ,%\ld !y be misl$ into any ?+ ( ! k9d1 !y w f9d to _! co/ t ! loose1 flimsy mann] :i* is greatly admir$ 9 ! fa%ionable pa9t] ( ! la/ c5tury1 w n be tol]at$ = "o in/ant 9 a mod]n picture4 ,among/ ! e>ly memb]s ( ?is ,academy1 ,cotes1 ,dance1 & ,ramsay 7 all portrait-pa9t]s1 :o h1 9 my op9ion1 fully z good a "r to celebrity z ,ga9sbor\gh2 b _! m]its are ignor$1 :il/ inf]ior works attribut$ to ,ga9sbor\gh fet* ?\s&s ( p\nds4 ,among/ ! figure-pa9t]s ( ! eighte5?-c5tury academicians1 ,i consid] ,copley to h be5 f> ! be/4 ,:5 ,i comp>e 8 hone/1 manly "w ) t ( 8 contempor>ies1 ,angelica ,kaufman & ,we/1 ,i am always /ruck by its immeasurable sup]iority4 ,inde$1 consid]+ t portraiture _h be5 ! only bran* ( ! art cultivat$ 9 ,engl& s9ce ! days ( ,holbe91 & be>+ 9 m9d h[ figure-draw+ _h be5 neglect$1 ,i look ^u ,copley's pictures ) some?+ l admiration4 ,i _c feel ! same respect = ,b>ry's pa9t+s at ! ,adelphi1 al?\gh ! ef=t ev9c$ 9 ^! pa9t+s is wor?y ( all praise4 ,x 0 a mu*-ne$$ prote/ aga9/ ! all-absorb+ fa%ionable portraiture ( ! day2 b un=tunately ! arti/'s draw+ 0 nei!r correct nor ref9$ en\gh = ?is k9d ( "w1 & ,i fe> x mu/ be all[$ t ! execution ( ^! h]oic subjects is bo? weak & pret5ti\s4 ,9 my op9ion !re are b two ,engli% figure-pa9t]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury ^: m]it w\ld be ackn[l$g$ by an intellig5t =eign critic--by "o1 9 %ort1 :o 0 ignorant ( ! m>ket value ( pictures1 & ^: judgm5t 01 !re=e1 :olly unbias$4 ,^! two pa9t]s w\ld be ,hog>? & ,copley4 ,we w n[ see :at sort ( arti/s ?is c5tury ( puff & p[d] produc$ 9 ,france4 ,9 ,france ! sev5te5? c5tury _h be5 a v rem>kable p]iod = art1 = x 0 !n t ,p\ss91 ,lesueur1 ,claude ,gele1 & ,lebrun all liv$ & di$4 ,?us1 :ile 9 ,engl& all hi/orical & l&scape pa9t+ 0 a complete blank1 ,france produc$ "s ( ! greate/ arti/s t h ev] liv$4 ,!y 7at lea/ ?ree ( !m1 ,p\ss91 ,lesueur1 & ,claude7 7 great 9 ! l>ge/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,classic1 religi\s1 & l&scape pa9t+ mu/ always1 cet]is p>ibus1 take prec$5ce ( homely g5re & prosaic portraiture4 ,inv5tion is a high] quality ?an p[] ( imitation1 p>ticul>ly :51 z 9 ! case ( ^! ?ree pa9t]s1 ! inv5tive p[] fl[$ )\t ef=t & 0 ex]cis$ ) r>e ta/e & judgm5t4 ,) ^! ?ree great arti/s ,i c\pl$ ,lebrun1 n because ,i consid] him by any means _! equal1 b because he 0 ! f\nd] ( a good deal ( ! art :i* f\nd favor 9 ,france dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x is ) ?is c5tury t we h to deal2 s1 )\t fur!r preamble1 ,i w beg9 ) ,jean ,j\v5et4 ,?is arti/ 7b little kn[n out ( ,france7 n>r[ly escap$ becom+ a great pa9t]4 ,8 e>ly pictures h a good deal ( ,p\ss9's classical mann] ab\t !m4 ,lebrun ?\ght s highly ( ! "y arti/ t he employ$ him z an assi/ant 9 ! l>ge battle-pieces he 0 execut+ = ,l\is ,,xiv at ,v]sailles4 ,"h he no d\bt acquir$ a good deal ( ,lebrun's vigor & facility1 b lo/ ! pure ta/e & classical feel+ he _h d]iv$ f ,p\ss94 ,he 0 a v prolific pa9t]1 & all 8 works are ei!r life-size or l>g] ?an life4 ,!y are rem>kably well drawn & vigor\sly color$1 b !y lack ! "o quality :i* makes ,lesueur's "w s attractive1 viz41 simplicity & rev]5tial feel+4 ,x is by no means necess>y t ! pa9t] ( religi\s subjects %\ld be an ascetic1 nor ev5 :at is commonly call$ a religi\s man1 b x is necess>y t he %\ld import into 8 "w "s ( ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 j z x is necess>y = ! pa9t] ( pagan h]oes & nymphs to imbue himself ) ! _s ( classical art until x becomes a second nature to him4 ,9 ,j\v5et's num]\s pictures ( ,new ,te/am5t subjects ! action is too viol5t1 & ! pa9t] has evid5tly ?\ght m ab\t display+ 8 own skill ?an do+ ju/ice to 8 subject4 ,9 ,rub5s' ,biblical pictures we (t5 f9d ! same k9d ( vulg> bu/le & common types1 b e ?+ is p>don$ to ,rub5s on acc\nt ( 8 brilliant color4 ,j\v5et's color1 ?\gh fairly good1 0 n ( t transc5d5t quality :i* w\ld condone 8 v unbiblical /yle ( composition4 ,) all 8 faults1 ,j\v5et is r a favorite ( m9e4 ,i l 8 ?or\ghly mascul9e /yle ( "w1 & ,i admire 8 indomitable pluck & indu/ry4 ,x is relat$ ( him t "s t5 ye>s be=e 8 dea? he became afflict$ ) p>alysis1 :i* completely crippl$ 8 "r arm4 ,he !n took to pa9t+ ) 8 left1 & on recov]+ p>tially ! use ( 8 "r f+]s he us$ to hold 8 bru% 9 8 "r h& & guide x ) 8 left4 ,x is said t ! "w ?us done is h>dly inf]ior to :at he produc$ be=e 8 p>alysis4 ,contra/ ?is devotion & love = 8 art ) ! tradesman-l indiff]5ce ( ! ,engli% face-pa9t]s1 ( ! ,knell]s1 ! ,j]vases1 & ! ,ri*>dsons1 & o!rs :o1 z soon z !y _h acquir$ weal?1 %irk$ "w z mu* z possible4 ,anto9e ,watteau is ano!r arti/ ( great p[] & orig9ality1 :o made a v m>k$ impression on ! ,cont95tal s*ools ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,al?\gh he di$ at ! e>ly age ( ?irty-sev5 he became q a *ef d'cole4 ,lancret 0 ! be/ ( 8 imitators1 b dext]\s & clev] z ,lancret's pictures are1 !y h>dly equal ! be/ ( ,watteau's4 ,we h (t5 read & he>d ab\t ! humble beg9n+s ( arti/s1 :o subsequ5tly became fam\s1 b ! pov]ty & squalor ( ,watteau's /ud5t life h1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 nev] be5 rivall$4 ,he left 8 native t[n1 ,val5ci5nes1 = ,p>is )\t money & ) h>dly a rag to cov] him4 ,) difficulty he obta9$ "w at a k9d ( sign-pa9t]'s1 ^: pr9cipal bus9ess 0 9 ! religi\s votive picture l9e4 ,a numb] ( "y /ud5ts 7 employ$ by ?is deal]1 & quantity 0 m insi/$ on ?an quality4 ,watteau got ?ree francs a week1 & z he 0 an excell5t workman he _h a b[l ( s\p giv5 him e day4 ,he did n /ay v long ) ?is man1 b = _m ye>s 8 pov]ty compell$ him to "w = o!rs4 ,dur+ all ?is "t he nev] ceas$ tak+ e opportunity ( sket*+ f nature1 & ?us laid ! f\ndations ( 8 subsequ5t extraord9>y facility4 ,ultimately he 0 =tunate en\gh to meet ) ! be/ k9d ( patron1 n a pomp\s big-wig :o condesc5d$ to sit = 8 portrait1 b a g5tleman :o possess$ a fir/-class collection ( draw+s by ! old ma/]s1 & :o all[$ ,watteau to sket* & copy to 8 he>t's cont5t4 ,?is complet$ our arti/'s education4 ,he =m$ 8 /yle ( color on ,p4 ,v]onese & ,rub5s1 b 8 elegant & spirituel draw+ & ! crisp dext]ity ( 8 t\* 7 all 8 own4 ,x may surprise "s to he> t ! pa9t] ( ! frivol\s1 masqu]ad+ sc5es & ( ! foppi% humors ( 8 day 0 ( a mild & r melan*oly disposition1 long+ = ! quiet ( a c\ntry life1 & ! unsophi/icat$ joys ( a p\ltry-y>d & cabbage-g>d54 ,watteau's fame increas$ aft] 8 dea?1 :5 x 0 f\nd t n "o ( 8 num]\s imitators c\ld equal him4 ,?is fame 0 completely swept away by ! great classical wave :i* delug$ ,france t[>d ! close ( ! c5tury4 ,?is wave 9 its turn rec$$1 & ,watteau is n[ aga9 at high-wat] m>k4 ,! able ,fr5* critic1 ,m4 ,villot1 asks apropos ( ?is flux & reflux ( popul> e/imation--8,p\rquoi ne pas r5dre ju/ice en t\t temps 7quel que soit le g5re1 quelle que soit la =me7 l'orig9alite1 la =ce1 au s5tim5t1 en un mot au vrai gnie80 ,! answ] is1 ,:o is to det]m9e :at 8vrai gnie0 is8 ,x is j because ! art-_w 9 ! "t ( ,david c\ld see no g5ius 9 ,watteau t !y treat$ 8 "w ) ! mo/ ignom9i\s contempt1 & x is because ! pres5t ,fr5* s*ool is int5sely anticlassical t ! pa9t+s ( ! fir/ ,empire are look$ ^u ) loa?+4 ,i am afraid t fa%ion rules public op9ion 9 art z mu* z %e does 9 dress4 ,!re are v few arti/s & /ill few] critics :o c 7l ,m4 ,villot7 give an unprejudic$ op9ion ab\t two su* dissimil> pa9t]s z ,watteau & ,david4 ,!y 7l politicians7 take ei!r "o side or ! o!r4 ,!y are sway$ by p>ty1 & we all "k :at t means4 ,we all "k ! respectful homage paid by ,lib]als to ,cons]vatives1 & vice v]s4 ,i n[ come to ! pa9t]s :o are mo/ typical ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,^! 7 ! bro!rs ,vanloo & ,b\*]4 ,i gr\p !m toge!r1 z _! /yle & ! subjects !y treat$ 7 s simil> t = my purpose ^! ?ree or f\r pa9t]s may be treat$ z "o4 ,gift$ ) a m>vell\s facility ( bru%1 ) great indu/ry1 & ) no scruples ab\t purity ( /yle1 ^! facile decorative pa9t]s got ?r\gh an incr$ible am\nt ( "w4 ,b\*] especially fairly glutt$ ! m>ket ) pictures & draw+s ( e conceivable subject1 & z 7al?\gh a man ( pleasure7 he made x a rule to "w t5 h\rs a day1 x may be und]/ood t a good deal ( ?is "w 0 me*anical & commonplace4 ,! color ( all ! pictures ( ?is s*ool is z fictiti\s z ! draw+1 b = all t x is n disagreeable f a decorative po9t ( view2 & none b v clev] m5 c\ld h ignor$ nature ) s little impunity4 ,:5 ,i 0 a /ud5t 9 ,p>is1 ! traditions ( ! ,david s*ool _h n di$ out1 & to call an arti/ a ,b\*] or a ,vanloo 0 ! ne plus ultra ( insult4 ,old ,david himself1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 m j to ,b\*]1 = :5 "o ( 8 fanatical classical foll[]s 0 rail+ aga9/ t ma/]1 8,i c tell y10 says ,david1 8t x is n giv5 to e "o to be a ,b\*]40 ,no d\bt he 0 "r4 ,x is n giv5 to e "o to produce ov] #aj1jjj works ( art1 none ( :i* c be said to be mu* bel[ m$iocrity1 & "s greatly above x4 ,b\*]1 & ev5 ! mu*-abus$ ,vanloo1 7 inf9itely bett] pa9t]s 9 e respect ?an any arti/ ,italy c\ld produce at ?is p]iod4 ,!y at any rate _h a /yle ( _! own1 :i* is m ?an c be said = ,m>atti1 ,pomponi1 & ! o!r mis]able foll[]s ( ! once great ,italian s*ool4 ,! /yle 0 nei!r noble nor pure1 b x 0 all ! bett] suit$ = ! decoration ( ,l\is ,,xv ap>tm5ts4 ,ano!r figure-pa9t] contempor>y ) ,b\*] & ! ,vanloos 0 ,greuze4 ,?is arti/ is a v /rik+ illu/ration ( ! p[] ( fa%ion ov] ! popul>ity ( a pa9t]4 ,x is n _m ye>s ago s9ce a good specim5 ( ,greuze 0 wor? m ?an a f9e ,rembr&t or ,van d] ,hel/4 ,?is /range ,greuze mania la/$ a few ye>s1 & !n happily di$ gradually away4 ,!re is a c]ta9 prett9ess ab\t 8 female heads1 & ,i h se5 portraits by him :i* 7 rem>kably good2 b 8 pictures1 su* z 8,! ,maldiction pat]nelle0 & ! 8,fils puni10 are a curi\s mixture ( nambypambyism & melodrama4 ,!re 7 two popul> engrav+s ( ^! pictures1 :i* 9 ,l\is ,philippe's "t 7 great favorites ) ! l[] b\rgeoisie2 & x 0 curi\s to note h[ univ]sally !y 7 dislik$ by all arti/s1 & h[ univ]sally admir$ by all retir$ groc]s1 pork-but*]s1 & %opkeep]s 9 g5]al4 ,8 *ef-d'uvre is suppos$ to be ! 8,cru*e cassee0 at ! ,l\vre2 & dur+ ! ,greuze epidemic1 hundr$s ( copies 7 made ( ?is 7to me7 r (f5sive picture4 ,i %all res]ve ,david & 8 s*ool = my next lecture1 b be=e f9i%+ :at ,i h to say ab\t ! ,fr5* arti/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,i wi% to m5tion ! portrait-pa9t] ,rigaud1 & "o or two l&scape-pa9t]s4 ,portrait-pa9t+ 9 ,france 0 nev] debas$ to a trade z x 0 9 ,engl&4 ,_m ( ! hi/orical pa9t]s ,i h m5tion$ execut$ portraits1 & v f9e ones too1 b ! be/ portraiti/ ( ! c5tury 0 ,hyac9! ,rigaud4 ,8 full-l5g? ( ,l\is ,,xiv is really a gr& "w4 ,8 biograph] in=ms u t he work$ ) 8 bru% = sixty-two ye>s1 & av]ag$ ?irty portraits a ye> dur+ ! :ole ( t p]iod4 ,9 addition to ?is he made a po9t ( ret\*+ ! num]\s copies & replicas :i* 7 made ( 8 royal portraits4 ,he pa9t$ five k+s & innum]able pr9ces & scions ( royal blood4 ,probably no arti/ ev] liv$ :o pa9t$ s _m great p]sonages1 or :o gave su* g5]al satisfaction4 ,no man1 h[ev]1 c\ld possibly get ?r\gh su* a colossal am\nt ( "w )\t ! quality suff]+1 & !re is 9 ,rigaud's portraits ( m9or p]sonages a monotony & me*anical sam5ess :i* is v tiresome1 al?\gh ,i nev] yet saw a portrait by ,rigaud :i* 0 ill drawn or badly pos$4 ,x appe>s t ?is excell5t arti/ di/+ui%$ himself 9 e>ly life by 8 c>eful academical /udies--/udies :i* he cont9u$ long aft] he became well kn[n z a portrait-pa9t]2 & ! good results ( ?is tra9+ are evid5t f ! ma/]ly treatm5t ( ! h&s & all ! accessories 9 8 portraits4 ,x is /range t ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 :o 0 lib]al en\gh 7at any rate t[>d arti/s :o 7 no long] liv+71 %\ld nev] h m5tion$ ! portraits ( ,rigaud4 ,ano!r excell5t ,fr5* pa9t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 ,joseph ,v]net1 ! fa!r ( ,c>le & gr&fa!r ( ,horace ,v]net4 ,8 views ( ! seaports ( ,france are evid5ce ( 8 hone/ /yle ( "w & indefatigable indu/ry4 ,an able ,fr5* critic1 speak+ ( ^! & o!r num]\s sea-pieces by ,v]net1 rem>ks t al?\gh he may n h ! delicacy ( t\* possess$ by ,v&evelde1 nor ! gl[+ color ( ,claude1 yet no l&scape pa9t] ev] 0 m ?or\gh & uni=mly good ?an ,v]net4 ,8 figures are always admirably arrang$1 & pa9t$ ) great skill1 & 8 way ( view+ nature 0 simple1 unaffect$1 & broad4 ,un=tunately 8 pictures h become v d>k & br[n1 & ! hang+ ( all ! seaport views toge!r 9 "o gall]y is n a happy arrangem5t4 ,"o's fir/ impression1 on ent]+ ! room1 is t !y are a collection ( old maps1 & x is only aft] close & pati5t exam9ation t _! good qualities became app>5t4 ,hub]t ,rob]t 0 ano!r ( ! consci5ti\s & indefatigable work]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ^: pictures are h>dly kn[n at all 9 ,engl&4 ,8 =te 0 ! del9eation ( old ,roman build+s1 & ! ,l\vre possesses sev]al examples ( 8 c>eful1 hone/ "w4 ,on acc\nt ( 8 great reputation z an ar*itect1 he 0 mu* employ$ by ,l\is ,,xv at ,v]sailles1 9 design+ ! g>d5 t]races & p>k build+s1 & x 0 probably on ?is acc\nt t he 0 look$ ^u z a ,royali/1 & ?r[n into prison at ! "t ( ! great ,revolution4 ,!re he rema9$ = t5 mon?s1 employ+ 8 "t 9 sket*+ & pa9t+ 8 fell[-prison]s4 ,al?\gh he expect$ e day to be c>t$ (f to ! guillot9e1 ! pictures & portraits :i* he execut$ at ?is t]rible "t %[ no sign ( c>eless ha/e or n]v\s indecision4 ,!y are extremely valuable z be+ true records ( ! sc5es :i* took place 9 ! prisons1 b !y are seldom se5 9 public gall]ies1 z !y 7 giv5 by ! pa9t] to 8 companions 9 mis=tune1 & are treasur$ z heirlooms by _! desc5dants4 ,:5 ,i m5tion t our pa9t] 0 sixty ye>s old at ! "t1 ,i ?9k x w be conc$$ t he 0 made ( ! "r /uff4 ,hav+ exhau/$ :at ,i c af=d "t to say ab\t ! ,fr5* s*ools ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,i w\ld gladly pick out a few ,italian pa9t]s ( m]it ( t p]iod1 b ,i f9d x utt]ly impossible to d s4 ,!y 7 a race ( bad copyi/s1 )\t a sp>k ( orig9ality or indep5d5ce ( feel+4 ,!y _h traditional receipts = cov]+ l>ge wall-spaces ) figures 9 ! ,pietro di ,cortona & ,c>lo ,m>atti /yle2 & z ! c5tury wore on1 ^! 8pa/iccios0 became m & m insipid & commonplace4 ,x is bett] by f> to h a /yle ( "o's own1 ?\gh x be frivol\s l ,watteau's1 or artificial l ,b\*]'s1 ?an to g on manufactur+ pictures by r\t9e4 ,! only exception ,i "k ( to ! univ]sal decrepitude ( ! ,italian eighte5?-c5tury pa9t]s is ,canaletti4 ,he may n h be5 a great g5ius1 b1 at any rate1 he 0 n an imitator ( o!rs1 & 8 canal views ( ,v5ice are a great deal m tru?ful ?an any ,i h ev] se54 ,i am aw>e t 8 way ( pa9t+ a ripple on ! wat] 0 too me*anical1 b 8 build+s are admirable2 & :5ev] ,i g to ,v5ice ,i am always m rem9d$ ( ,canaletti's pictures ?an ( ,turn]'s4 ,i am n express+ ! h]etical op9ion t ,canaletti 0 a great] arti/ ?an ,turn]4 ,i am m]ely /at+1 z a matt] ( fact1 t ,canaletti's ,v5ice is mu* m l ! real place ?an ,turn]'s2 & x appe>s to me t an ar*itectural pa9t] %\ld 7( all pa9t]s7 adh]e /rictly to local tru?4 ,i _c f9d among/ ! ,g]man pa9t]s ( ! eighte5 c5tury "o s+le arti/ ( fir/-rate excell5ce4 ,all ! national tal5t seems to h f\nd expression 9 ! si/] art ( music4 ,we f9d ,h&el1 ,haydn1 ,moz>t1 ,bee?ov51 & a ho/ ( o!r musical giants1 b n "o man ( exceptional /ature among/ ! pa9t]s4 ,raphael ,m5gs 0 und\bt$ly ! be/4 ,kugl] tells u t f 8 twelf? ye> he 0 set to draw f ! f9e/ antiques1 & f ! ma/]pieces ( ,m4 ,angelo & ,raffaelle4 ,he aft]w>d /udi$ color f ,titian1 *i>oscuro f ,correggio1 & s on4 ,9 %ort1 he _h a mo/ ?or\gh & sy/ematic art education4 ,he 0 a pa9/ak+ & intellig5t man1 & yet1 ?\gh cramm$ ) k1 he fail$ to leave a great "n4 ,! tru? appe>s to be t he lack$ orig9ality & self-dep5d5ce4 ,8 pictures1 !re=e1 ?\gh almo/ faultless 9 composition & draw+1 are someh[ cold & unsatisfactory4 ,!n !re is ,dietri*1 ^: peculi> tal5t lay 9 ! imitation ( o!r ma/]s4 ,rembr&t1 ,o/ade1 & _m o!r ,dut* ma/]s 7 mo/ closely imitat$ by ?is arti/4 ,d5n]1 ! mo/ m9ute f9i%] t ev] liv$1 & ,sieboldt ! portrait-pa9t]1 :o _h a smoo?1 highly poli%$ mann] ( pa9t+ 7n unlike ,d5n]'s71 pretty well exhau/ ! li/ ( popul> arti/s 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 z ,i h already /at$1 ! race ( *>m+ 8g5re0 & l&scape pa9t]s di$ out ) ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b ,van ,huysum & 8 foll[]s ,roepel & ,van ,os c>ri$ ! art ( fl[]-& fruit-pa9t+ to a po9t :i* x nev] rea*$ be=e4 ,_m ( ! ,italian pa9t]s ( ?is c5tury 7 v fond ( introduc+ fe/oons ( fl[]s 9 _! pictures1 & ,b\*] 0 pretty lib]al too ( ,pompad\r roses1 b ^! floral accessories 7 treat$ 9 a decorative fa%ion1 & c\ld n be comp>$ to ,van ,huysum's exquisitely f9i%$ & ri*ly color$ fl[] pieces4 ,to summ>ize :at ,i h said ab\t eighte5?-c5tury pa9t+1 we f9d 9 ,engl& a v l[ level ( dull portraiture until ,reynolds revolutioniz$ ! art2 hi/orical pa9t+ altoge!r abs5t2 incid5t pa9t+ ) only "o good repres5tative 7,hog>?71 & l&scape-pa9t+ also ) only "o 7,ri*>d ,wilson71 unless we c\nt ,crome1 ,cotman1 & ,con/able z belong+ to ?is c5tury4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$1 t dur+ ! latt] half ( ! c5tury1 art 0 9 a cont9u$ /ate ( progress4 ,! portraits :i* satisfi$ ! public ( ! e>ly ,georges 7 no long] tol]at$4 ,l&scape art 0 s]i\sly /udi$1 & ev5 :at is call$ hi/orical pa9t+ 0 feebly /ruggl+ into life4 ,9 ,france1 on ! contr>y1 we f9d ! art b>omet] fall+ dur+ ! c5tury1 until ! fall 0 rudely arre/$ by ,david4 ,h] pa9t]s 7 incomp>ably sup]ior to ours 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 b ! all-p]vad+ influ5ce ( ! ,vanloos & ,b\*]s demoraliz$ fatally ! :ole s*ool1 & prep>$ ! way = ! great classical revival4 ,art 0 9 a w(ul plight 9 ,italy1 h>dly any bett] 9 ,g]many1 & dead or n yet born 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,s t ! eighte5? c5tury1 or at lea/ ! great] "p ( x1 may be describ$ 9 meteorological language z a widespread depression4 ,?is depression has1 h[ev]1 long pass$ away1 & x re/s ) ! com+ g5]ation ( pa9t]s to take c>e t x %\ld n occur aga94 ,we _c control ! wea!r4 ,:5 a telegram is receiv$ f ,new ,york ann\nc+ 8a di/urbance :i* w develop en]gy0 7mean+ 9 pla9 ,engli% t we mu/ look out = squalls71 we _c av]t ! com+ /orm2 b :5 we are ?reat5$ f ,p>is1 ,vi5na1 or ,rome1 ) an epidemic ( false or m]etrici\s art1 we c resi/ ! temptation ( foll[+1 l ! %eep ( ,panurge1 any crack$ bell-we!r :o may happ5 to be 9 fa%ion4 ,let e "y arti/ "w h>d & consci5ti\sly1 & :5 he has ?or\ghly le>n$ ! te*nical "p ( 8 pr(ession & /or$ 8 m9d ) k likely to be useful to him1 let him det]m9e to c>ry out 8 own ideas1 reg>dless :e!r !y happ5 to co9cide ) ! prevail+ craze ( ! day1 & ,i w v5ture to prophesy t no su* a collapse ( art z afflict$ ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury w ev] occur aga94 ,,lecture ,,iv4 8,,david0 ,,& ,,8 ,,s*ool4 ,9 my la/ lecture ,i trac$ ! progress or r ! retrogression ( ! ,fr5* s*ool ( pa9t+ dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,i expla9$ h[1 beg9n+ fairly well ) su* pa9t]s z ,lebrun1 ,seba/ian1 ,b\rdon1 & ,rigaud1 ! s*ool gradually deg5]at$1 & lo/ all traces ( ! pure & noble /yle ( ,p\ss9 & ,lesueur4 ,b\*] & ! num]\s tribe ( ! ,vanloos delug$ ! c\ntry ) a species ( art :i*1 h[ev] suitable = decorative purposes 9 ,l\is ,,xv gall]ies & b\doirs1 c\ld n be call$ hi/orical pa9t+1 & ! false s5tim5t1 conv5tional color1 & m]etrici\s /yle peculi> to ! s*ool 7if p>donable 9 ! orig9al f\nd]s7 became un5durable 9 _! foll[]s & imitators4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t almo/ simultane\sly ) ! great national ,revolution1 an art revolution %\ld also h occurr$4 ,at ! "t ( our great ,revolution1 :5 we set ! example ( behead+ royalty1 ,cromwell & 8 ,r\ndheads 7 antagoni/ic to all art 7at lea/ to all pa9t+71 & no revival 0 possible4 ,a gloomy ,puritanism w\ld tol]ate no?+ b dull portraiture4 ,9 ,france1 h[ev]1 ! case 0 diff]5t4 ,a!ism & ! wor%ip ( ! goddess ( ,reason1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 antagoni/ic to religi\s art1 7 n oppos$ to pagan or classic pa9t+1 & 9 ! int]val imm$iately prec$+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,empire1 art suff]$ no disc\ragem5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 e ?+ 0 done to enli/ ! s]vices ( ! be/ pa9t]s t[>d ! glorification ( ! new rgime2 & z ,david1 ! mo/ able arti/ ( 8 day1 happ5$ to be an en?usia/ic /ud5t ( ! antique1 x is n surpris+ t he acquir$ unlimit$ influ5ce ov] ! s*ool4 ,arti/s 7p>ticul>ly :5 !y are su* m5 z ,david7 d n spr+ up1 l mu%rooms1 9 a day1 & x may surprise "s to he> t he 0 born z e>ly z #agdh1 & _h !re=e rea*$ ! mature age ( =ty-f\r :5 ! ,revolution broke out4 ,he receiv$ 8 arti/ic education 9 ! ateli] ( ,vi54 ,t pa9t]1 ?\gh n free altoge!r f ! mann]ism ( ! p]iod1 adh]$ m closely to nature ?an did ! pa9t]s ( ! ,vanloo s*ool4 ,vi5 rose to great em95ce "u ,l\is ,,xvi1 & held = _m ye>s ! director%ip ( ! ,fr5* ,academy at ,rome4 ,8 pupil1 ,david1 hav+ aft] ?ree unsuccessful attempts at la/ obta9$ ! prix de ,rome1 accompani$ 8 ma/]1 & x 0 n till 8 resid5ce 9 ,rome t he f9ally & completely emancipat$ himself f ! ,vanloo s*ool4 ,8 /udy f ! antique 0 unremitt5t4 ,he drew m ?an he pa9t$1 b ! few pictures he execut$ at ?is p]iod 7 ! be/ he ev] did4 ,i "k ( no?+ 9 ! :ole range ( art m exquisite 9 arrangem5t & draw+ ?an ! drap]y ( ! woman 9 8 8,belis>ius40 ,?is & sev]al o!r excell5t pictures 7 b\ght by ,l\is ,,xvi1 & ! ,c\nt d',artois1 aft]w>d ,*>les ,x1 s t ,david 9 8 be/ "t 0 any ?+ b a f]oci\s revolutioni/4 ,:5 ! t]rible "t at la/ came1 ,david appe>s to h giv5 up 8 art1 & to h jo9$ ! p>ty ( ,robespi]re4 ,8 biograph] says1 8,il se laissa entra9]10 b !re is no d\bt t he 0 a will+ conv]t1 & 8 "n is associat$ ) "s ( ! mo/ atroci\s acts ( ! ,jacob9s4 ,x is possible t1 hav+ once connect$ himself ) t sangu9>y set1 he f\nd he c\ld n draw back1 & mu/ be z cruel & f]oci\s z 8 colleagues4 ,x is difficult to believe t a man :o _h su* an exquisite & ref9$ ta/e = =m 7& especially ! human =m7 %\ld h tak5 a pleasure 9 ord]+ :olesale executions4 ,aft] n>r[ly escap+ ! fate ( 8 fri5d ,robespi]re1 he wisely return$ to art & humanity2 nor did he ev] aft]w>d take any %>e 9 ! political convulsions ( 8 c\ntry4 ,he 0 mu* patroniz$ by ! fir/ ,napoleon1 z ! huge (ficial pictures at ,v]sailles amply te/ify4 ,(ficial pictures1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! hide\s fa%ions :i* m>k$ ! ,empire1 mu/ h be5 v awkw>d ?+s to und]take1 & ,david1 ) all 8 good qualities1 _h n ! gift ( color1 :i* alone c\ld enliv5 & give int]e/ to su* subjects z ! cr[n+ ( ,napoleon & ! di/ribution ( ! eagles to ! troops4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 "o quality 9 ! highe/ p]fection1 & t 0 draw+4 ,8 mono*rome c>toon = ! great coronation picture is really a wond]ful production4 ,all ! figures are completely nude1 & x is a pity t 8 pontiffs1 pr9ces1 & ambassadors c\ld n be left 9 ! /ate 9 :i* he fir/ drew !m f ,academy models4 ,:5 he came to draw figures 9 viol5t action1 z 9 8 8,romans & ,sab9es0 & ! 8,leonidas10 8 draw+ becomes r /iff & con/ra9$4 ,?is1 c\pl$ ) 8 disagreeable color1 makes ^! pictures odi\s 9 ! sight ( mo/ arti/s1 & to none m odi\s ?an to ,fr5*m54 ,b ev5 9 ^! works1 if individual portions1 heads1 arms1 & legs1 are exam9$ critically1 x w be f\nd h[ ?or\ghly ma/]ly ! draw+ is4 ,!re is 9 8 figures no display ( anatomy 7:i* display1 by ! way1 g5]ally indicates ignorance r ?an k ( anatomy71 no ugly realism p]petuat+ ! bunions & o!r de=mities ( 8 models2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 none ( t fictiti\s decorative /yle ( draw+ :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ,l\is ,,xv pa9t]s4 ,david 0 a v great draughtsman1 n exactly 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,m4 ,angelo is consid]$ a great draughtsman4 ,he 0 s+ul>ly defici5t 9 imag9ation1 9 p[] ( gr\p+1 & 9 poetic feel+2 b probably no man ev] liv$ :o c\ld pa9t s good an ,academy figure4 ,x may also be said ( him1 t he 0 n only a great ma/] ( draw+1 b a great draw+-ma/]4 ,su* a man 0 sadly want$ aft] ! demoralization ( eighte5? c5tury art2 &1 not)/&+ ! je]s ( ! mod]n reali/s1 ,i ma9ta9 t ! pre-em95ce ( ! ,fr5* hi/orical pa9t]s ov] ^? ( o!r nations dur+ ! bett] "p ( ?is c5tury is entirely due to old ,david & 8 tea*+4 ,among/ 8 actual pupils may be m5tion$ ,girodet1 ,dr\ais1 ,gros1 ,gr>d1 & ,+res2 b 8 influ5ce ext5d$ f> beyond ! walls ( 8 atli]1 & x is no exagg]ation to say t ! correct & ref9$ ?\gh manly /yle ( draw+ inaugurat$ by ,david p]meat$ ! :ole ,fr5* s*ool4 ,( ! above-m5tion$ pupils ,dr\ais 0 und\bt$ly ! mo/ promis+4 ,8 picture ( ! 8,canaaniti% ,woman10 :i* is n[ at ! ,l\vre1 0 8 8prix de ,rome0 "w1 correspond+ to our gold-m$al pictures1 & x c]ta9ly is a mo/ rem>kable "w = a "y man4 ,x has v little ( ! /iff academic mann] ab\t x4 ,moreov]1 !re is a feel+ = color 9 x :i* is v r>e 9 ! ,david s*ool4 ,un=tunately ,dr\ais di$ 9 8 tw5ty-fif? ye>1 & ,france lo/ a man :o fairly promis$ to be "o ( ! greate/ pa9t]s %e ev] _h4 ,gr>d foll[$ pretty closely 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 ma/]4 ,8 t\*1 h[ev]1 0 s(t]1 & 8 color less unpleasant4 ,moreov]1 he ab&on$ ,greek & ,roman w>riors1 & pa9t$ a great v>iety ( m pleas+ subjects1 f 8,cupid & ,psy*e0 d[n to ! 8,entry ( ,h5ry ,,iv into ,p>is40 ,pi]re ,gur9 0 ano!r arti/ ( ?is gr\p1 :o1 al?\gh n a pupil ( ,david1 adopt$ 8 /yle completely4 ,gur9 0 an excell5t draughtsman1 b 8 ta/e 9 composition 0 !atrical1 & 9 almo/ all 8 pictures 8 figures h a /agey look1 z if !y 7 on ! bo>ds ( ! ,?atre ,franais1 declaim+ ,rac9e4 ,8 picture ( 8,phdre & ,hyppolite0 is a good example ( ?is hi/rionic t5d5cy4 ,bo? ,gr>d & ,gur9 7 cont5t to emulate n only ! f9e draw+ ( ! ma/]1 b 8 false1 unpleasant color1 & _! figures h1 l ,david's1 r ! appe>ance ( pa9t$ /atues4 ,moreov]1 !re is a degree ( effem9acy ab\t su* pictures z ! 8,cupid & ,psy*e0 ( ,gr>d1 & ! 8,dido & neas0 ( ,gur9 :i* we nev] f9d 9 old ,david's "w4 ,nei!r ( ^! pa9t]s appe>s to me to h 9 any way improv$ on ! /yle ( _! ma/]1 :]eas ,girodet1 ,gros1 & ,+res graft$ on to ! correct draw+ ( ,david qualities ( _! own4 ,girodet emancipat$ himself completely f ! /iff academic attitudes :i* ,david gave to 8 figures :5 he want$ to depict action4 ,! sc5e f ! 8,deluge0 7:i* e "o :o has be5 to ! ,l\vre mu/ h se57 is outrage\sly artificial2 nev]!less1 suppos+ x possible t a family ( ant$iluvians %\ld h p]=m$ ! acrobatic feat "h depict$1 ! action 9 all ! figures is p]fectly true4 ,moreov]1 !re is a fre$om & _s ab\t ! attitudes :i* we d n f9d 9 ,david's "w4 ,?is picture compet$ ) ,david's 8,romans & ,sab9es0 = ! gr& dec5nial prize giv5 9 #ahaj1 & ! judges v ju/ly gave ! prize to ,girodet4 ,9 ! 8,endymion0 & ! 8,burial ( ,atala10 bo? at ! ,l\vre1 ,girodet des]t$ ! ,david sy/em ( color+ & adopt$ a color suitable to ! subjects1 :i* to my ?9k+ is v impressive & poetic4 ,! dead ,atala is a mo/ lovely creation1 p]fect 9 e way4 ,inde$1 ,i consid] x to be ! *ef-d'uvre ( ! :ole s*ool4 ,girodet's tal5t = composition 0 v great4 ,he illu/rat$ ,virgil1 ,anacreon1 ,rac9e1 & o!r poets ) exquisite ta/e & skill4 ,i h se5 "s ( ^! illu/rations4 ,!y are m picturesque ?an ,flaxman's1 & mu* m ref9$ 9 draw+4 ,girodet 0 himself a poet ( no mean ord]1 & 8 translations f ! ,greek classics proves him to h be5 an accompli%$ s*ol>4 ,i %\ld h mu* lik$ to h illu/rat$ :at ,i h be5 say+ ab\t ^! really great arti/s ) a few engrav+s f _! works4 ,:5 ,i 0 a /ud5t 9 ,p>is "o might h pick$ up any numb] ( !m f ! portfolios on ! quays1 b n[ !y are extremely sc>ce4 ,! s*ool has long s9ce gone out ( fa%ion 9 ,france1 & 9 ,engl& x nev] 0 9 fa%ion4 ,be=e proce$+ to speak ( ,gros1 ,+res1 & ,granet1 :o1 al?\gh pupils ( ,david1 dep>t$ gradually f _! ma/]'s /yle1 ,i %\ld l to notice two pa9t]s1 ,prudhon & ,gricault1 ^: art 0 altoge!r antagoni/ic to ! /iff classicism ( ! p]iod4 ,! =m] w5t to ,rome 9 #aghb1 &1 unlike 8 c\ntrym51 devot$ 8 "t to ! /udy ( ! old ma/]s in/ead ( adh]+ to nature & ! antique4 ,!re is a pretty & true anecdote connect$ ) ?is j\rney to ,rome1 :i* ,i %\ld l to tell y4 ,:il/ compet+ = ! prix de ,rome1 "o ( 8 fell[-competitors 0 tak5 ill & 0 oblig$ to give up4 ,prudhon1 out ( compassion = ! poor fell[1 :o _h ov]work$ himself1 left 8 own picture & f9i%$ 8 rival's 9 su* a /yle t he ga9$ him ! prize4 ,! successful c&idate 01 h[ev]1 n to be outdone 9 g5]osity1 s he told ! :ole /ory to ! judges1 assur+ !m t _h x n be5 = ,prudhon's assi/ance1 8 picture w\ld by no means h be5 ! be/4 ,^u he>+ ?is1 ! judges revis$ _! decision1 & decl>$ ,prudhon to be ! victor4 ,i am n aw>e :e!r s mu* g5]osity on ! "o h&1 & mode/y on ! o!r1 is common among/ prize c&idates & gold m$alli/s4 ,i fancy x is ! exception r ?an ! rule1 & ?is mu/ be my excuse = relat+ ! /ory4 ,prudhon's pictures are v inf]ior to 8 small draw+s4 ,he nev] 0 a ?or\gh draughtsman l 8 contempor>ies1 & :5 he attempt$ life-size figures1 ! =m becomes incorrect & v vague4 ,8 favorite ma/]s appe> to h be5 ,correggio & ,&rea del ,s>to1 b he exagg]at$ _! s(tness until 8 figures lo/ all texture & appe>$ to be made ( cotton wool4 ,9 aim+ at bread?1 he aga9 ov]%ot ! m>k4 ,simplicity is a v desirable quality1 & "o :i* is r>ely f\nd 9 our ,academy s*ools1 b at ! same "t1 :5 c>ri$ to su* extremes z 9 ,prudhon's 8,crucifixion0 x deg5]ates into mann]ism4 ,( 8 small draw+s ,i _c speak too highly4 ,!y are greatly admir$ 9 ,france1 b little kn[n 9 ,engl&4 ,! o!r ecc5tric noncon=mi/ to ! ,david tradition1 namely1 ,gricault1 is mu* bett] kn[n 9 ,engl& ?an ,prudhon4 ,8 fam\s picture ( ! 8,m$usa ,raft0 0 n lik$ :5 fir/ exhibit$ 9 ,p>is4 ,x 0 br\ght ov] to ,london1 :]e x 0 mu* m appreciat$4 ,on its return to ,p>is1 ,m4 de ,=b91 ! director ( ! national collection1 9 va9 urg$ ! gov]nm5t to pur*ase x4 ,x 0 dislik$ by ,l\is ,,xviii's m9i/]s1 & x took ,m4 de ,=b9 ?ree ye>s to p]suade !m to grant #bjj = its pur*ase4 ,aft] ?is x sudd5ly rose to great popul>ity1 :i* w5t on increas+ until my /ud5t days1 :5 x 0 univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to be ! *ef-d'uvre ( ! mod]n ,fr5* s*ool4 ,x is no d\bt a f9e1 vigor\s "w1 full ( action & en]gy1 b my en?usiasm 0 always r cold comp>$ to t ( my fell[-/ud5ts4 ,its realism appe>s to me to lie m 9 ! execution ?an 9 ! conception4 ,x is too melodramatic to be true4 ,we admire ! te*nical qualities ( ! pa9t+1 ! vigor\s draw+1 & ! appropriate1 if some:at sombre1 color1 b someh[ we feel t ! mise en scne lacks tru?1 t ! pa9t] has ?\ght m ab\t display+ 8 own p[] ?an realiz+ ! dreadful sc5e he _h to depict4 ,comp>$ ) ! artificial1 classical works ( ,david1 ?is picture is nature itself2 b measur$ by ! mod]n /&>d ( pictorial tru?1 x mu/ be confess$ t x is n q satisfactory4 ,! sea ought surely 9 su* a subject to play an important "p4 ,we miss altoge!r ! long swell :i* always foll[s a /orm1 & ! helpless condition ( a rude raft z x plunges & rises on ! big waves4 ,gricault's s+le wave1 :i* ?reat5s to break ov] ! raft1 is a pa/ebo>d1 !atrical "o1 :i* ne$ cause no al>m4 ,to criticise ! sett+ ( ! sail f a nautical po9t ( view w\ld be too matt]-(-fact2 b ,i _c help ?9k+ t if ! canvas _h be5 li/lessly flapp+1 & consequ5tly useless z a sail1 ! picture w\ld h be5 tru]1 & !re=e m t\*+4 ,gricault's o!r works 9 ! ,l\vre are r gigantic sket*es ?an pictures4 ,!y all ev9ce great p[] & facility1 b ! action is g5]ally unnecess>ily viol5t1 & ! relative proportion betwe5 man & horse n prop]ly obs]v$4 ,9 spite ( 8 faults1 ,gricault 01 h[ev]1 a v great arti/1 & may ju/ly be consid]$ z ! f\nd] ( ! cole romantique1 :i* subsequ5tly develop$ itself s greatly 9 ,france4 ,we n[ come to ,gros1 :o1 al?\gh orig9ally a pupil ( ,david1 ab&on$ 9 aft]-life ! /yle ( 8 ma/]4 ,gros sp5t a good deal ( 8 y\? 9 ,italy1 & hav+ pleas$ ,buonap>te by a picture repres5t+ ! battle ( ! ,bridge ( ,arcola1 ! "y g5]al atta*$ him to 8 /aff1 & ?us fix$ ! pa9t]'s c>e]4 ,e "o :o has be5 to ,p>is kn[s ! gigantic pictures commemorative ( ,napoleon's ,egyptian campaign1 ! 8,pe/if]s de ,jaffa10 ! 8,battaille des ,pyramides10 & la/1 ?\gh n lea/1 ! 8,battaille d',ab\kir40 ,?is picture may be accept$ z ! *ef-d'uvre ( t noble /yle ( battle-pa9t+ :i* is int]m$iate betwe5 ! academic mann] ( ,david & ! ?or\ghly naturali/ic /yle ( mod]n battle-pa9t]s4 ,! composition ( ?is picture has always /ruck me z be+ mo/ ma/]ly1 & ,i /rongly recomm5d all /ud5ts to /udy ! subtle mann] 9 :i* ! l9es ( ! gr\ps & ! masses ( light & %ade are made to express ! action1 q indep5d5t ( ! individual attitudes4 ,murat1 :o is *>g+ at ! head ( ! ,fr5* cavalry1 looks l ! =]unn] ( a great wave :i* is ab\t to break ov] ! un=tunate ,turks1 & ! :ole composition1 view$ z a composition1 is a ma/]piece4 ,! relative proportions ( ! figures are n prop]ly obs]v$1 b ! _s & skill display$ are s great t ?is fault passes almo/ unnotic$4 ,i d n wi% to und]rate ! battle-pieces ( ,h4 ,v]net1 ,bellang]1 & ,raffet1 & ,i admire exce$+ly ^? ( ,de ,neuville1 b ,i mu/ say t ! art :i* c\ld produce on canvas su* an epic poem z ?is 8,battaille d',ab\kir0 is ( a high] quality2 & :5 we recollect t ! figures are consid]ably l>g] ?an life1 our respect & admiration = old ,gros mu/ be proportionately increas$4 ,:5 consid]ably pa/ fifty1 ,gros w5t to ,brussels to visit 8 old ma/]1 ,david1 :o 0 liv+ !re 9 exile1 & = :om he _h always ent]ta9$ ! greate/ affection4 ,un=tunately = ,gros1 he all[$ himself to be p]suad$ by ! old man to give up pa9t+ mod]n battles1 & to g back to ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,a few attempts 9 ?is direction1 made by ,gros on 8 return to ,p>is1 7 s sev]ely criticis$1 & greet$ ) su* ro>s ( laught]1 t poor ,gros dr[n$ himself f %e] vexation4 ,a coron]'s jury w\ld h ju/ly return$ a v]dict ( tempor>y insanity1 = previ\s to 8 suicide ,gros _h %[n _m symptoms ( m5tal ab]ration indep5d5t ( 8 egregi\sly bad pictures4 ,8 rival ,+res surviv$ him = ?irty ye>s4 ,?is pa9t] 7also a pupil ( ,david7 dep>t$ f ! ma/]'s /yle1 b 9 q a diff]5t direction to t tak5 by ,gros4 ,sl[1 labori\s1 & fa/idi\s1 he 0 a long "t be=e ga9+ ! front rank ( ,fr5* pa9t]s1 :i*1 h[ev]1 :5 once ga9$ he kept = =ty ye>s4 ,he l>gely modifi$ ! ,david int]pretation ( ! antique by /udy+ ! works ( ,raffaelle1 & import+ into 8 own mu* ( ! simplicity1 dignity1 & grace :i* *>act]ize ! be/ works ( ! great ,roman pa9t]4 ,he des]ves1 h[ev]1 m honor z ! f\nd] ( a s*ool ?an z a great pa9t]4 ,he may be said to h supplem5t$ ! s*ool+ 9 draughtsman%ip :i* ! ,fr5* arti/s got "u ,david4 ,i c "n b "o v great arti/ among/ 8 pupils1 namely1 ,fl&r91 b !re is no d\bt t 8 sev]e & dignifi$ /yle influ5c$1 p]haps unconsci\sly1 mo/ ( 8 y\ng] contempor>ies4 ,my own ma/]1 ,p4 ,del>o*e1 0 eclectic 9 8 art2 t is1 he endeavor$ to unite ! _s & life ( ,gros ) ! sev]e draw+ ( ,+res4 ,he 0 n always v successful 9 ! attempt1 b =tunately he _h qualities ( 8 own :i* w rescue 8 fame f ! fate :i* att5ds t ( mo/ eclectic arti/s4 ,^! qualities 7 great dramatic p[] & exquisite ta/e 9 ! arrangem5t ( 8 figures4 ,i c be> witness to ! c>e he be/[$ on composition1 nev] grudg+ "t or labor if he c\ld 9 any way improve ! action ( 8 figures or ! outl9e ( 8 gr\ps4 ,i h kn[n him to efface no less ?an sev5te5 f9i%$ figures dur+ ! progress ( 8 great mural pa9t+ at ! ,ecole des ,beaux ,arts2 ?us de/roy+ at lea/ two mon?s' "w1 simply because he 0 dissatisfi$ ) ! gr\p+4 ,8 ateli] 0 ab\t equally divid$ betwe5 ! ,+re/s & ! p>tisans ( ! cole romantique1 b al?\gh a few m5 ( extreme views w\ld (t5 qu>rel ov] ! respective m]its ( ,+res & ,delacroix1 ! great majority 7 mu* bett] employ$ 9 endeavor+ to draw & pa9t ! model !y _h be=e !m4 ,"s ( ,+res' portraits are f9e works ( art1 b !y want life4 ,old ,david's portrait ( 8,pius ,,vii0 is f> bett] ?an ,+res' be/4 ,i consid] ! *ef-d'vre ( ,+res to be ! pa9t+ :i* he execut$ = "o ( ! ceil+s ( ! ,l\vre1 repres5t+ ! 8,apo!osis ( ,hom]40 ,?is "w has be5 remov$ to :]e x c be se5 m com=tably1 b :5 9 situ x look$ v noble & dignifi$1 especially :5 contra/$ ) ! tra%y commonplace plafonds ( ! neighbor+ rooms4 ,_m a "y /ud5t has gaz$ ) admiration at ?is "w until he got a pa9 9 8 neck1 & x is ! p[]ful influ5ce = good :i* ! 8,apo!osis ( ,hom]0 _h on ! !n ris+ g5]ation :i* con/itutes ,+res' be/ claim to ! celebrity he enjoy$ dur+ a long life4 ,surprise has be5 rec5tly express$ at ,+res' prejudice aga9/ anatomy4 ,x is p]fectly true t he dislik$ ! look ( a skeleton1 & small blame to him1 b ,i don't ?9k he 0 oppos$ to any ( ! /ud5ts consult+ ! anatomical figure4 ,he _h nev] le>n$ any ?+ ab\t ei!r bones or muscles himself1 & !re=e c\ld n see any b5efit to be d]iv$ f ! /udy4 ,8 contempt = anatomy z an adjunct to art 0 %>$ by a good _m o!r ,fr5* ma/]s1 nor c ,i mu* wond] at x :5 ,i recollect ! c\rses ( anatomy we us$ to att5d4 ,a pr(essor f ! ,ecole de ,mdec9e w\ld give a doz5 dry lectures on ! bones & muscles1 j z if he 7 address+ a lot ( m$ical /ud5ts :o w\ld be call$ ^u 9 aft] ye>s to p]=m difficult surgical op]ations4 ,:at w\ld int]e/ u1 & be ( use to u z arti/s1 0 nev] m5tion$4 ,i don't "k :e!r a m arti/ic k9d ( anatomy is n[ taught 9 ,p>is2 if n1 ,i sympa?ize greatly ) ! /ud5ts :o att5d ! lectures4 ,ano!r pupil ( ,david's :o = a few ye>s made a great s5sation 0 ,leopold ,rob]t1 ! pa9t] ( 8,! ,p*eurs de l',adriatique10 8,! ,moissonneurs10 & simil> sc5es ( ,italian peasant life4 ,two ( ^! pictures are n[ hung 9 ! ,l\vre1 & x is m>vell\s to me h[ !y c\ld ev] h be5 mu* admir$ by arti/s4 ,i am n surpris$ at _! popul>ity ) ! g5]al public1 = !y made a v nice pair ( engrav+s1 & !re is a beauty ab\t ! wom5 :i* is captivat+ at fir/ sight2 b ! figures are all pos+1 z if = a photographic gr\p1 & ^! once celebrat$ pictures n[ appe> to me r contemptible4 ,l4 ,rob]t 7l ,gros7 committ$ suicide1 & x 0 p]haps on ?is acc\nt t ! two m5 us$ (t5 to be comp>$ toge!r1 sometimes 7,i am a%am$ to say7 to ! disadvantage ( ,gros4 ,granet is ! la/ arti/ ,i %all m5tion :o actually /udi$ 9 ,david's ateli]4 ,he nev] attempt$ ! h]oic /yle l ,girodet1 ,gur91 & _m o!rs1 nor did he endeavor1 l ,leopold ,rob]t1 to idealize ,italian fi%]m5 & peasants4 ,he began ) ar*itectural int]iors1 & dur+ a long life nev] *ang$ 8 /yle4 ,8 figures1 g5]ally ( m$ium or small size1 are rem>kably well drawn4 ,_! action is p]fectly natural1 & !y are always 9 _! "r places4 ,few arti/s ev] liv$ ^: "w 0 m ?or\gh & faultless ?an old ,granet's4 ,an excell5t colori/1 a s\nd draughtsman1 & by no means defici5t 9 poetic feel+1 he _h b "o blemi%1 & t 0 ! habit ( us+ bad mat]ials4 ,i rememb] 8 l>ge picture ( ! ,mass at ,assisi soon aft] x 0 pa9t$4 ,! dim b gl[+ light ( ! *ur* 0 admirably r5d]$1 b n[1 alas6 ! picture has become s black t x is difficult to make out ! figures4 ,i believe he 0 9 ! habit ( us+ d>k-r$ gr\nds = 8 pictures1 & ?is no d\bt acc\nts = _! s rapidly los+ _! brilliancy4 ,granet 0 a native ( ,aix1 ne> ,m>seilles1 & 9 8 old age return$ to 8 native t[n1 b us$ to contribute regul>ly to ! annual exhibition 9 ,p>is2 & 8 pictures 7 always admir$1 n only by ! public1 b by all ! "y arti/s1 ) :om he 0 a great favorite4 ,i tru/ ,i h %[n y t ,david1 :atev] we may ?9k ( 8 pictures1 0 at any rate a successful s*oolma/]1 or :at ! ,fr5* call a *ef d'cole1 & 8 influ5ce cont9u$ to be felt v p]ceptibly 9 ! second g5]ation4 ,abel de ,pujol1 ,leon ,coignet1 ,del>o*e1 ,c\ture1 ,fl&r91 ,alaux1 etc41 7 all pupils ei!r ( ,gur91 ,+res1 or ,gros1 & !y all pres]v$ ! ,david traditions ( s\nd & c>eful draw+4 ,inde$1 ,fl&r9 c>ri$ ! noble draughtsman%ip ( 8 ma/] ,+res to su* p]fection t x seems to me impossible to advance any f>!r 9 ?is direction4 ,! two great pictorial h]etics ( ?is p]iod 7 ,delacroix & ,decamps4 ,! =m] le>n$ 8 art "u ,gur91 & ! latt] "u ,a4 de ,pujol1 b 9 _! case ! maxim ab\t 8tra9+ up a *ild 9 ! way he %\ld g0 c]ta9ly did n hold good1 = bo? ^! great arti/s ?rew ! "t-honor$ ateli] traditions ov]bo>d1 & proce$$ on diametrically oppos$ pr9ciples4 ,be+ bo? great colori/s1 & bo? unusually gift$ ) true arti/ic feel+1 !y succe$$ at la/ 9 rivall+1 if n eclips+1 ! fame ( _! m or?odox contempor>ies4 ,) ,delacroix1 especially1 ! battle 0 a long "o1 & ,i well rememb] 8 8,entry ( ! ,crusad]s into ,con/ant9ople0 7p]haps ! f9e/ picture he ev] pa9t$7 be+ reject$ at ! ,salon1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> be+ hung at ! top ( ! gall]y4 ,decamps 0 mu* m c>eful ab\t 8 draw+ ?an ,delacroix1 & 8 pictures be+ always small1 he did n give s mu* (f5ce to 8,ces ,messieurs de l',in/itt40 ,if ,i 7 address+ a ,fr5* audi5ce ,i %\ld c]ta9ly n ?9k ( m5tion+ ,ary ,s*ff]2 b z 9 ,engl& he enjoys a k9d ( reputation1 a few words ab\t him may n be out ( place4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 c>e] he foll[$ 9 ! track ( ,delacroix1 & ! pictures he pa9t$ at ?is "t %[ a great feel+ = color4 ,all at once 7aft] a*iev+ consid]able success 9 ?is /yle7 he w5t ab\t on ! o!r tack1 gave up color1 & took to imitat+ ,+res4 ,he 0 always a poor draughtsman4 ,8 8,paolo & ,francesco10 & _m ( 8 be/-kn[n religi\s pictures1 are wret*$ly drawn1 b !re is a pret5sion to purity ( /yle ab\t !m :i* takes p 94 ,x is n _m ye>s ago s9ce ,s*ff]1 on ! /r5g? ( ^! s5tim5tal works ( art1 0 consid]$ 9 ,engl& to be ! fir/ ( ,fr5* pa9t]s4 ,if we proce$ to my own "t1 :i* ,i may call ! ?ird g5]ation f ,david1 we f9d decid$ly less ( t precision ( draw+ = :i* ! ,fr5* s*ool 0 fam\s4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 exceptions1 & "o or two v notable ones1 b ! numb] ( weak draughtsm5 among/ pa9t]s ( mature ye>s has c]ta9ly increas$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 :5 we come to consid] ! pictures ( ! y\ng] g5]ation t we f9d h[ v mu* ! impulse giv5 by ,david to correctness & ref9em5t ( draw+ has exhau/$ itself4 ,fr5* lit]ature 7speak+ ( c\rse g5]ally7 is ei!r mawki%ly s5tim5tal or brutally reali/ic1 & ^! unpleasant *>act]i/ics seem to be reflect$ 9 ! pa9t+ ( _m ( _! popul> arti/s4 ,ecc5tricity appe>s n[ to be ! sure/ road to fame4 ,=m]ly x requir$ a great deal ( tal5t to leave successfully ! beat5 track1 b n[ ! ecc5tric pa9t] f9ds himself fam\s1 n 9 spite ( 8 grotesque peculi>ities1 b on acc\nt ( !m4 ,i consid] ! mod]n ,fr5* s*ool to be 9 a v critical /ate4 ,!y h acquir$ color1 b at too great a sacrifice4 ,beauty & dignity ( =m1 noble composition1 & all ! high] qualities ( art1 become r>] e ye>1 & w1 if ! pres5t d[nw>d t5d5cy cont9ue1 soon be ext9ct4 ,( c\rse ,i am speak+ ( hi/orical pa9t+1 ei!r sacr$ or pr(ane2 ( ! art1 9 %ort1 ( ,girodet1 ,gricault1 ,gros1 ,+res1 & ,fl&r92 & ,i ?9k x w be g5]ally all[$ t no s*ool c hold its place 9 ! art-_w :i* all[s ! noble/ bran* ( ! pr(ession to )] & decay4 ,i w n[ proce$ to consid] ! influ5ce ( ,david on o!r ,european s*ools4 ,?is influ5ce 0 v m>k$ 9 ,italy1 :]e an uneasy feel+ t _! once fam\s s*ool _h sunk v l[ _h prevail$ = "s "t4 ,raphael ,m5gs 0 too feeble1 & ,pompeo ,battoni too m]etrici\s1 a pa9t] to reg5]ate ,italian art1 b :5 ,david appe>$1 an ef=t 0 made4 ,! antique 0 aga9 /udi$1 ! p]nici\s practice ( imitat+ ! old ma/]s 0 ab&on$1 & ,nature1 ! f\nta9head ( all art1 0 m consci5ti\sly imitat$4 ,david's example ?us produc$1 among/ o!rs1 ,b5v5uto & ,camucc9i1 bo? ( :om 7 inf9itely great] pa9t]s ?an _h appe>$ 9 ,italy = a c5tury4 ,un=tunately1 ! revival s successfully begun 0 suff]$ to die out4 ,! race ( copyi/s became aga9 9 ! asc5dant1 & no d\bt reap$ a ri* h>ve/ :51 aft] ! great ,napoleonic w>s1 ! ,cont95t 0 ov]run by weal?y dilettanti anxi\s to obta9 7if n a g5u9e ,c>acci or ,guido7 at lea/ a good imitation ( "o4 ,! mania = collect+ grimy old ma/]s at la/ di$ out1 & consid]+ ! %ameless way 9 :i* ! pur*as]s 7 impos$ ^u1 x is a wond] t x la/$ s long4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ?is happy ev5t took place1 & a heal?i] ta/e became fa%ionable1 ,italian arti/s c\ld n supply ! dem&4 ,small l&scapes & pretty little co/ume pictures 7 pa9t$ 9 abundance1 b = ,biblical or hi/orical art ! public _h to turn to ! =eign]1 to ,ov]beck or ,cornelius4 ,?+s are n q s bad 9 ,italy at ! pres5t day1 b ! s*ool is v insignificant z comp>$ ) ^? ( ,france1 ,belgium1 ,engl&1 & ,g]many4 ,9 ,g]many ! great art-revival began betwe5 #ahaj & #ahbj4 ,cornelius & ,ov]beck1 ! two f\nd]s ( ! mod]n ,g]man s*ool ( hi/orical pa9t+1 c nei!r ( !m be includ$ among ! foll[]s ( ,david1 & yet x is n improbable t _h ! ,fr5* s*ool rema9$ z x 0 "u ,b\*] & ,vanloo1 ,g]many w\ld also h be5 cont5t to g on 9 ! vici\s r\t9e ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,david1 !re=e1 ?\gh n ! prog5itor1 may h be5 ! indirect cause ( ! mod]n ,g]man s*ool4 ,w9kleman's labori\s rese>*es1 & ! flood ( light he ?rew on classical art & antiquities1 _h fully prep>$ ! way = a revival2 & 9 ,cornelius1 ,g]many f\nd a man aft] h] own he>t4 ,9 #ahbe1 :5 he 0 /ill "y1 he 0 made ,director ( ! ,academy at ,muni*1 & comm5c$ ! gigantic s]ies ( mural pa9t+s ) :i* 8 "n w always be associat$4 ,he _h a great numb] ( s*ol>s1 & 8 mann] is m or less p]ceptible 9 all _! works4 ,x is a mann] ,i nev] did l1 & probably nev] %all4 ,! ef=t made by ! arti/ is too evid5t1 & all ! p]sonages seem to be act+ a "p4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ,kaulba*'s & ,piloty's l>ge compositions4 ,^! works 7 greatly admir$ 9 ,g]many1 & are s /ill1 b ,i believe _! popul>ity is on ! wane4 ,z = ,ov]beck1 he nev] c\ld h become ! f\nd] ( a durable s*ool4 ,ascetic1 exclusive1 & n>r[ 9 8 art views1 ! only *>m ( 8 pictures is indissolubly connect$ ) ! p]sonal "* ( ! pa9t]4 ,8 admiration = ,p]ug9o & ! ,umbrian s*ool 0 g5u9e & unb\nd$4 ,he abhorr$ ,titian & loa!d ,correggio4 ,) su* ideas on art he may ju/ly be call$ an ana*ronism1 & x w be easily und]/ood t h[ev] l5i5tly & ev5 favorably we may judge ! "w ( an en?usia/ l ,ov]beck1 we %\ld n be dispos$ to ext5d ! same l5i5cy to 8 imitators4 ,we w n[ exam9e :at influ5ce ! great classical revival1 inaugurat$ by ,david1 _h on ,briti% art4 ,i ?9k x mu/ be all[$ t ?is influ5ce 7if x ev] exi/$ at all7 0 v slight4 ,our arti/s 7 cont5t to tread 9 ! pa? po9t$ out to !m by ,sir ,j4 ,reynolds1 & to /udy ) m or less intellig5ce ! old ma/]s4 ,_! k ( ! human =m 0 v imp]fect1 & !re 7 at t "t no l>ge ateli]s :]e !y c\ld acquire su* k4 ,! ,cont95t 0 clos$ to !m1 & !y 7 !re=e deb>r$ f see+ ! works ( ,david1 ,girodet1 ,gur91 & ,gr>d4 ,x is probable1 too1 t ev5 _h !y be5 able to visit ! ,p>is gall]ies occasionally1 !y w\ld h be5 greatly disgu/$2 = x mu/ be confess$ t ! lat] works ( ,david are s+ul>ly repell5t to an eye educat$ on ,titian & ,rub5s4 ,9 ,engl&1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! reign ( ,george ,,iii1 !re 0 no dem& = l>ge figure subjects4 ,! gov]nm5t did no?+ = hi/orical art4 ,! *ur*es 7 ugly squ>e boxes ) :itewa%$ walls1 sometimes be-pla/]$ ) black or :ite m>ble commemoration tablets1 b 9 :i* pa9t+s 7 taboo$4 ,private individuals c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 f9d room 9 _! h\ses = l>ge pictures2 s1 z a natural consequ5ce1 ! ,engli% s*ool 0 =c$ into ano!r direction1 & we f9d accord+ly ! be/ & able/ arti/s ( ?is p]iod among/ ! portrait & l&scape pa9t]s4 ,a little ( old ,david's precision ( draw+ w\ld n h hurt "s ( !m1 b l&scape art dep5ds m on color & effect ?an on f9e p]ceptions ( =m1 & c>eful /udy ( ! antique is obvi\sly unnecess>y to a man ^: mission x is to pa9t m\nta9s & trees1 /orm & sun%9e4 ,( ! few arti/s :o execut$ l>ge figure pictures at ?is "t ,i %all say v little1 = ! simple reason t !re is v little to say4 ,we all "k ,b5jam9 ,we/'s pictures1 & are fully aw>e ( _! tam5ess & insipidity4 ,i ?9k t ,we/ is a /rik+ example ( a man :o succe$$ 9 impress+ 8 "* on 8 "w4 ,highly respectable1 prosaic1 unimag9ative1 & r goody1 we f9d all ^! *>act]i/ics reproduc$ 9 8 pictures1 & yet _m ( ^! pictures1 p>ticul>ly 8,dea? on ! ,pale ,horse10 creat$ a p]fect furore at ! "t1 & ! prices ! arti/ got = 8 works w\ld be consid]$ high ev5 at ! pres5t day4 ,hilton 0 und\bt$ly ! be/ ( ! v few arti/s :o endeavor$ to revive l>ge hi/orical pa9t+ 9 ,engl&4 ,he 0 at any rate a good draughtsman & an accompli%$ pa9t]1 b 8 too palpable imitation ( ! old ma/]s w always prev5t 8 tak+ rank ) su* m5 z ,girodet1 ,gricault1 or ,gros4 ,fuseli1 ) all 8 bomba/ & affectation ( anatomical k1 %[$ occasionally t he possess$ real g5ius4 ,i "k no?+ f9] 9 ! :ole ,engli% s*ool ?an 8 gho/ sc5e ( 8,hamlet40 ,! gho/ is n "o ( ^? artificial bogies1 s common 9 ! works ( ,blake & ,flaxman1 b a "r royal gho/1 :o /alks ) gigantic /rides across ! /age4 ,fuseli 0 a v unev5 pa9t]4 ,8 pictures are g5]ally ludicr\s1 b sometimes %[ real tal5t4 ,he want$ balla/1 & if ,we/ c\ld h sp>$ him a few tons ( lead1 bo? pa9t]s w\ld h be5 greatly b5efit$4 ,my pres5t lecture is on ,david & 8 s*ool1 & !re=e ,i might h omitt$ altoge!r ! contempor>y ,engli% pa9t]s4 ,h[ev]1 z ,i h m5tion$ "s1 ,i %\ld be sorry to omit f my v %ort li/ ! "n ( ,/o?>d4 ,( all ! ,engli% figure-pa9t]s ( ?is p]iod1 ,/o?>d _h ! greate/ feel+ = composition4 ,) a little m p[] & correctness 9 8 draw+1 he w\ld h be5 an ,engli% ,prudhon4 ,ev5 ) all 8 feebl5ess ( draughtsman%ip he is to me always attractive4 ,!re is s mu* bonhomie ab\t 8 "w1 su* an abs5ce ( pret5ce & humbug1 & s evid5t a desire always to d 8 be/1 t al?\gh we _c close our eyes to 8 %ortcom+s1 we may well condone !m = ! sake ( ! good hone/ feel+ :i* p]vades almo/ all 8 compositions4 ,i pref] to pass unnotic$ "o or two aspirants to high art1 :o 9 ! fir/ half ( ! pres5t c5tury 7 ?\ght a good deal (4 ,"s p /ill believe 9 !m1 b z ,i nev] did1 ,i w\ld1 r say no?+ ab\t !m1 p>ticul>ly z _! "w is =eign to ! subject ( my lecture4 ,x is pleasant to turn f a k9d ( art ) :i* ,i h no sympa?y1 to m rec5t ef=ts1 & to be able to speak m favorably ( ,engli% hi/orical pa9t+ be=e clos+ my lecture4 ,we h _h 9 ,etty a colori/ bo? brilliant & orig9al2 a pa9t] :o prov$ t x 0 q possible to excel 9 color )\t imitat+ ei!r ! ,v5etians or ,rub5s2 & 9 ,dyce a draughtsman ( ! mo/ sev]e & ref9$ k9d1 a ma/] ( composition1 & a mo/ ?or\gh arti/4 ,i h (t5 he>d x rem>k$ t ,dyce's mural pa9t+s are v ,g]manic 9 /yle1 b to my ?9k+ !re is b ! slighte/ lik5ess to any "w ( ! ,muni* or ,dusseldorf ma/]s4 ,8 figures nev] h ! labor$ self-consci\s action :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ! s*ool ( ,cornelius4 ,( c\rse1 frescoes repres5t+ ,k+ ,ar?ur & 8 knights mu/ h a sort ( family resemblance to illu/rations ( ! ,niebelung5 leg5ds1 b ! resemblance is m]ely sup]ficial4 ,a clos] comp>ison w prove h[ mu* m true1 & !re=e m dramatic1 is ! action 9 ,dyce's figures4 ,!re is an old adage :i* tells u t 8k is p[]10 b 9 art ?is h>dly holds good4 ,y may h pl5ty ( k & yet n h p[]2 ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 y c h>dly h true p[] )\t k4 ,dyce _h bo? 9 an em95t degree1 :]eas ,s*ad[1 ,kaulba*1 ,piloty1 & mo/ ( ! great ,g]man arti/s1 ?\gh decid$ly le>n$ pa9t]s1 _h n ! p[] ( turn+ _! le>n+ to good acc\nt4 ,x is obvi\s t ,i _c cont9ue my rem>ks d[n to ! pres5t "t1 b ,i may be all[$ to express an op9ion t 79 ?is ,academy at lea/7 feeble my/icism or blatant quack]y is no long] associat$ ) high art4 ,we h1 ( c\rse1 our faults1 b hi/ory-pa9t]s d n1 z =m]ly1 lag hopelessly beh9d _! colleagues 9 g5re1 portrait1 & l&scape art4 ,?is happy result is entirely due to a return to old ,david's sy/em ( tea*+2 namely1 to a dilig5t /udy ( ! antique1 supplem5t$ by a long c\rse ( draw+ f nature4 ,su* an excell5t competition z we rec5tly _h = ! gold m$al w\ld h be5 simply impossible fifty ye>s ago4 ,i don't want to flatt] ! ris+ g5]ation1 nor to tell !m t !y h twice z mu* tal5t z _! fa!rs1 & t5 times z mu* z _! gr&fa!rs2 b :at ,i wi% to po9t out is1 t by pati5t /udy & dilig5t "w a mu* high] result c be obta9$ ?an by spasmodic ef=t or crazy en?usiasm4 ,,lecture ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,mod]n ,,s*ools ,,( ,,europe4 ,my fir/ lecture ( ! pres5t c\rse w be devot$ to a k9d ( review ( ! v>i\s pa9t+ s*ools ( mod]n ,europe4 ,z "o ( ! jurors at ! ,p>is ,int]national ,exhibition1 ,i _h a r>e opportunity ( comp>+ "o s*ool ) ano!r1 & ,i ?9k t a lecture embrac+ ! conclusions ,i came to1 may be m int]e/+ to y1 & possibly m in/ructive1 ?an a disc\rse on ! works ( ! old ma/]s4 ,national s*ools ( art c at ?is pres5t "t h>dly be said to exi/1 at lea/ n 9 ! s5se 9 :i* !y exi/$ #cjj ye>s ago4 ,9 ^? times ! attributes & *>act]i/ics ( ea* s*ool 7 %>ply def9$4 ,! ,roman1 ! ,v5etian1 ! ,spani%1 ! ,g]man1 & ! ,flemi%1 7 z di/9ct 9 "* z x 0 possible to be4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! national *>act]i/ics are v slight1 & 9 _m c\ntries !re seem to me to be none4 ,! ,fr5* & ! ,g]man are ! two great ,cont95tal s*ools f :i* ! o!rs spr+4 ,engl&1 ,au/ria1 ,spa91 & p]haps ,holl&1 h c]ta9 features ( _! own2 t is1 speak+ g5]ally1 "o w\ld "k an ,engli%1 ,au/rian1 ,spani%1 or ,dut* picture at once4 ,! ,sc&9avian & ,dani% s*ools are feeble (f%oots ( ! ,g]man4 ,! ,belgian is a vigor\s bran* ( ! ,fr5*1 & ! ,swiss is a less robu/ *ild ( ! same p>5t4 ,! ,italian seems to me to be a mixture ( ,fr5* & ,spani%1 ) a little ( ! old ,italian elem5t surviv+4 ,by ! old ,italian elem5t ,i d n mean a rem9isc5ce ( ,raffaelle1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 or ,titian1 b r ( ,c>lo ,dolce or ,sass(]rato4 ,russian & especially ,am]ican art are ( a nondescript "*1 & ! reasons are suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,a "y ,am]ican or ,russian arti/ goes to ,p>is or ,rome1 & puts himself to s*ool "u a c]ta9 ma/]4 ,aft] a "t he w pa9t pictures m or less l 8 ma/]'s2 he w exhibit !m1 & may get rew>ds & m$als = !m2 b he c h>dly be call$ a repres5tative ( ! ,am]ican or ,russian s*ool4 ,no ,am]ican ?9ks ( /udy+ art 9 ,new ,york or ,bo/on1 & no ,russian arti/ dreams ( f9i%+ 8 arti/ic education 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg or ,mosc[4 ,!re c1 !re=e1 be no ,am]ican or ,russian s*ool prop]ly s call$4 ,i %all beg9 my lecture ) a few words ab\t our noble selves4 ,i w give y r ! op9ion ( ! be/ ,fr5* arti/s ?an my own4 ,z ?is op9ion 0 express$ ) p]fect s9c]ity1 & came f compet5t & indep5d5t judges1 ,i ?9k we may d]ive a lesson f x4 ,x has1 ,i "k1 (t5 be5 rem>k$ t ,fr5* arti/s appreciate be/ :atev] is mo/ unlike _! own "w1 & x 0 a feel+ ( ?is k9d :i* consol$ ! ,belgians = ! favor ) :i* ! ,engli% gall]ies 7 reg>d$4 ,i confess t !re is a good deal ( tru? 9 ! rem>k4 ,engli% pa9t+ is s unlike ,fr5* t !re c be no direct rivalry betwe5 ! two s*ools1 :]eas 9 ,belgian "w ! rivalry is unpleasantly close4 ,i may1 p]haps1 be all[$ to add1 t = ! same reason ^? ,engli% pa9t]s :o approximate mo/ to ! ,fr5* s*ool 7 precisely ^? :o 7 ! lea/ appreciat$4 ,novelty has a great *>m1 p>ticul>ly to a ,fr5*man4 ,if y ask a ,p>isian to d9n] & wi% to please him1 d n give him delicate little ,fr5* di%es1 ) light cl>et to dr9k4 ,give him half a codfi% foll[$ by a sirlo9 ( beef1 ) pl5ty ( bitt] ale to wa% x d[n )1 & he w bless y & aft]w>d *]i% ! memory ( ^! alim5s vraim5t ,britanniques4 ,novelty ( treatm5t 01 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly n ! only reason ( ! success ( ! ,engli% s*ool4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 notic$ t !re 0 a c]ta9 ref9em5t & elegance ab\t ! ,engli% gall]ies :i* 0 v pleasant to ! jad$ juror :o _h j be5 wad+ ?r\gh long r[s ( co>se imitations ( ,fr5* art4 ,! ,engli% s*ool 0 ?\ght v highly ( n on acc\nt ( its color1 /ill less on acc\nt ( its draw+1 b *iefly = ! sake ( ! ref9$ ?\ght & inv5tion %[n 9 "s ( ! pictures4 ,!n1 aga91 9 "s cases1 ! novelty ( ! mode ( execution1 or ! delicacy ( ! color1 pleas$ our =eign judges2 b ,i am q sure t ! popul>ity :i* ,engli% art has und\bt$ly ga9$ 9 ,p>is is due m to our bra9s ?an to our bru%es4 ,! rem>ks & criticisms ,i he>d 9 ,p>is all t5d to confirm ! op9ion ,i h (t5 express$ ab\t ! importance ( orig9ality 9 pa9t+2 ( e arti/1 9 %ort1 ?9k+ out 8 subject = himself1 ) nature z 8 only guide4 ,( c\rse1 novelty ( treatm5t1 unless comb9$ ) tru?1 is valueless4 ,x w\ld n be difficult to m5tion "s novelties ab\t :i* ! rem>ks ( my ,fr5* fri5ds w\ld be ! rev]se ( complim5t>y4 ,! fir/ quality 9 ! pictorial r5d]+ ( a subject mu/ be tru?1 ! second novelty or orig9ality1 & ! ?ird feel+ or poetry4 ,:]e ^! ?ree qualities are comb9$ 9 a picture1 x w m ?an hold its own 9 ! eyes ( compet5t judges aga9/ works f> m brilliantly execut$4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be suppos$ t =eign arti/s 7 delight$ ) all !y saw 9 ! ,briti% gall]ies4 ,our old faults--namely1 indiff]5t draw+1 & feeble1 scrat*y execution--7 (t5 notic$1 b 7 n ne>ly s prom95t z tw5ty-?ree ye>s ago4 ,i h no d\bt we h improv$ 9 ^! respects1 b ,i also ?9k t our =eign judges are apt to be mu* m l5i5t ?an ( old z reg>ds draw+4 ,_! own draw+ is n :at x us$ to be 9 ! days ( ,+res & ,fl&r94 ,!y h acquir$ o!r qualities1 b !y seem to me to h lo/ ! art ( express+ beautiful =m4 ,( c\rse1 9 my rem>ks to-night ,i %all speak ( ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! s*ools4 ,9 e s*ool !re are exceptions to ! rule1 & among/ ! ,fr5* pa9t]s ( ! day !re are at lea/ "o or two /rik+ exceptions to ! g5]al decl9e ( draw+ p[]4 ,to return to ! ,engli% gall]ies4 ,x w\ld be impossible to retail to y ! unfavorable rem>ks t 7 made )\t becom+ disagreeably p]sonal4 ,?is adv]se criticism ( a few pictures gave p]haps m value to ! v]dict t1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! ,engli% s*ool 0 di/+ui%$ by its intellectual1 ref9$1 &1 above all1 ?or\ghly national "*4 ,let u hope t z ye>s roll on we may ga9 m p[] 9 draw+ & m manl9ess ( execution1 )\t los+ any ( ^? national qualities :i* h c>ri$ u s cr$itably ?r\gh ! ordeal ( an ,int]national ,exhibition4 ,we w n[ leave ! ,briti% section1 & proce$ to ! ,fr5* gall]ies4 ,fr5* art seems to me to be 9 a transition /ate4 ,public ta/e has be5 unsettl$ by ! enorm\s success ( ,=tuny1 ,regnault1 ,corot1 ,daubigny1 & o!r /ill m ecc5tric pa9t]s4 ,ecc5tricity is too (t5 mi/ak5 = g5ius1 & co>s5ess = p[]4 ,! la/ ,salon 7or annual exhibition7 0 ! wor/ ,i ev] saw4 ,( c\rse1 ! ,fr5* section ( ! ,int]national 0 ri* bo? 9 quantity & quality1 b ,i did n notice a s+le really f9e picture t _h be5 pa9t$ )9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s4 ,to :at are we to attribute ?is unsatisfactory /ate ( ?+s8 ,al?\gh x has (t5 be5 said t republicanism is fatal to art1 x is difficult to believe t ! pres5t ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t c h any influ5ce ei!r = good or evil on arti/s' /udios4 ,inde$1 ,fr5* sculpture1 :i* is c]ta9ly improv+1 is !re to negative any su* !ory4 ,! reason ( ! decl9e ( ! old] m5 is obvi\s en\gh4 ,!y h ceas$ to pa9t = fame2 !y pa9t = money4 ,c\ntry-h\ses1 c>riages1 horses1 & la/1 b p]haps n lea/1 madame's toilette1 mu/ be paid =1 & ! consequ5ce is ! production ( :at 9 a humbl] sph]e ( art w\ld be call$ pot-boil]s4 ,^! inf]ior works are eag]ly pur*as$ at v high prices1 & ! arti/1 f9d+ he c co9 z mu* money z he likes1 takes less & less pa9s1 till f9ally decad5ce sets 91 & ! m5 :o f _! age ought to be 9 ! z5i? ( _! arti/ic p[]1 f9d !mselves q incapable ( rivall+ ! productions ( _! y\?4 ,! cause = ! manife/ de>? ( ris+ tal5t among/ ! y\ng] m5 mu/ be look$ = else:]e4 ,t ?is de>? really exi/s !re c be no d\bt4 ,! ,fr5* !mselves all[ x4 ,m$als :i* us$ to be giv5 at ! close ( ! ,salon = pa9t+ are n[ giv5 = sculpture4 ,!re mu/ be "s reason = ?is m>k$ decl9e4 ,my old fri5ds %rug _! %\ld]s & say3 8,oh1 ! k9d ( tea*+ :i* we _h 9 our y\? is n[ vot$ rococo4 ,s5sational art0 7by :i* !y mean art t w produce a s5sation7 8is n[ ! fa%ion40 ,! press has great p[] 9 ,france1 & ,fr5* critics1 ) few exceptions1 l :at is /range & ecc5tric4 ,!re are symptoms1 h[ev]1 t ?is quack]y 9 art has _h its day4 ,! la/ two ,salons h be5 too que] ev5 = ! new s*ool ( critics1 & we may !re=e hope t ! s5sational fit is ov]1 & t ! s*ool may return aga9 to ! s\nd pr9ciples ( design & draw+ = :i* x has hi!rto always be5 di/+ui%$4 ,i wi% x und]/ood t ! det]ioration ,i h be5 m5tion+ 0 n v noticeable on ! walls ( ! ,int]national ,exhibition4 ,we _h !re ! cream ( all t _h be5 pa9t$ 9 ,france = ! la/ t5 ye>s2 & al?\gh ! pictures be>+ ! greate/ names 7 r disappo9t+1 !re 0 evid5ce ( abundance ( tal5t 9 all dep>tm5ts ( oil-pa9t+4 ,! la/ ye>s ( ! ,empire & ! fir/ ye>s ( ! ,republic seem to h be5 p>ticul>ly prolific 9 good "w4 ,! portraits ( t p]iod1 ! battle episodes1 ! nude figures1 ! /ill-life pictures1 are all *>act]iz$ by a solidity & ?or\ghness :i* we r>ely f9d n[4 ,! mo/ unsatisfactory feature 9 ! "w ( ?is p]iod is1 to my m9d1 ! l&scape4 ,i confess to a want ( appreciation ( ei!r ,corot or ,daubigny2 & z almo/ e l&scape-pa9t] is an imitator ( ei!r "o or ! o!r1 z a matt] ( c\rse ,i _c l _! pictures4 ,! l&scape s*ool ( :i* ,i am speak+ appe>s to me nev] to get beyond a sket*1 & le culte du laid 7! wor%ip ( ugly subjects7 is c>ri$ too f>4 ,! greate/ mod]n l&scape-pa9t]s ,france ev] _h 7 ,m>illat & ,!odore ,r\sseau1 & ,i ?9k !y are mu* bett] models to foll[ ?an ,corot or ,daubigny4 ,z ,i am criticis+1 ,i may obs]ve t mu* z ,i admire ,fr5* pictures ( a few ye>s back1 ,i mu/ say t ,i ?9k ! key 9 :i* ^! works are pa9t$ too l[2 & !re is ano!r m s]i\s fault :i* ,i h (t5 notic$2 namely1 ! want ( navet4 ,! colors are simple en\gh1 b ! execution is obtrusive4 ,9 ! portraits especially1 "o ?9ks m ( ! arti/ ?an ( ! sitt]1 :]eas 9 c]ta9 portraits ( ! ,belgian & ,g]man gall]ies at ! ,int]national1 ! arti/ & 8 execution 7 completely =gott51 s life-l & natural 7 ! heads4 ,9 speak+ ( ,fr5* pa9t+ x is z difficult to g5]alize z x w\ld be ( ,engli%4 ,"o man pa9ts 8 :ole picture 9 a l[ key1 ano!r pa9ts :ite figures on a black backgr\nd1 "o pla/]s 8 color on ) a tr[el1 ano!r models x r ?94 ,/ill ,i ?9k ,i may safely say t ! majority ( ,fr5* pictures are pa9t$ ) ?ick1 opaque color & 9 a v l[ key4 ,mann]ism is p]haps ! rock on :i* mo/ ris+ reputations are %ipwreck$1 n only 9 ,france b ev]y:]e else4 ,a clev] "y arti/ pa9ts a really f9e picture1 full ( feel+1 orig9ality1 & poetry1 b r l[ 9 tone4 ,he has an imm5se success2 a success :i* he too (t5 ascribes to ! wrong cause4 ,! consequ5ce is t 8 next picture w probably be less poetical1 b /ill d>k] 9 color4 ,8 fri5ds & admir]s1 in/ead ( pull+ him up %>p1 are m prodigal ?an ev] 9 _! praise4 ,he gets a high] price = ! second picture ?an he did = ! fir/4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n surpris+ t our promis+ arti/ pa9ts l[] & l[] 9 color e ye>1 until at la/ he becomes a confirm$ mann]i/4 ,! same dang] exi/s 9 e dep>tm5t ( ! art4 ,a "y portrait-pa9t] w p]haps h exhibit$ a full-l5g?1 di/+ui%$ by great "* & bread?1 b co>sely pa9t$4 ,! praise :i* he ju/ly e>ns = ?is portrait prompts him to pa9t 8 next /ill m co>sely1 & he too deg5]ates into a mann]i/4 ,mann]isms ( v>i\s k9ds are rampant 9 ! pres5t ,fr5* s*ool1 & are 9 ! pres5t /ate ( public op9ion too /rong = ! m sob] tru?ful "w1 :i* ,i am happy to say is n yet altoge!r ext9ct4 ,un=tunately ! enc\ragem5t giv5 to ^! mann]i/s 7or 8impressioni/s0 z !y love to be call$7 is n :olly d]iv$ f _! fri5ds ( ! press2 x proce$s also f arti/s ( real tal5t :o ought to "k bett]4 ,?is seems to me ! grave/ symptom 9 ! pres5t condition ( ! ,fr5* s*ool4 ,x is ( little importance h[ en?usia/ic ! v>i\s lit]>y or dilettanti cliques may be ab\t _! favorites4 ,^! are m]e fa%ions1 :i* soon] or lat] die a natural dea?1 b :5 arti/s ( /&+ give 9 to ! prevail+ delusions1 ! mis*ief becomes s]i\s4 ,i c h>dly believe t ^! arti/s ( tal5t really admire ! productions ( :i* ,i am speak+1 b !y are afraid ( go+ aga9/ ! /ream ( j\rnalism1 or else !y wi% to appe> lib]al 9 approv+ :at is s diametrically oppos$ to _! own practice4 ,at any rate !y acquiesce1 & humbug fl\ri%es4 ,be=e leav+ ! ,fr5* pa9t]s1 ,i ought1 p]haps1 to say some?+ ab\t ! subjects pr9cipally affect$ by !m4 ,no "o c g ?r\gh a ,fr5* exhibition )\t be+ /ruck by ! numb] ( gha/ly & horrible subjects :i* meet ! eye on e side1 & :i* seem to vie ) ea* o!r 9 cruelty & brutality4 ,dea? & suff]+ 9 e =m h always be5 favorite subjects ) ,fr5* arti/s4 ,del>o*e 0 cont9ually pa9t+ murd]s & executions1 b ! comp>atively mild =m ( horrors affect$ by him is n s5sational en\gh = ! mod]n s*ool4 8,sc5e ( ! ,inquisition--,a man be+ ,tortur$ to ,dea?02 8,rizpah ,driv+ away ! ,vultures f ! ,bodies ( h] ,sev5 ,sons1 :o are ,sw++ 9 ! ,w9d02 8,roman ,conspirators ,dr9k+ ! ,blood ( a ,slave :om !y h j ,murd]$ = ?is ,fe/ive ,purpose02 8,n]o ,exp]im5taliz+ ) ,poison on 8 ,slaves02 8,apollo ,flay+ ,m>syas alive10--are a few ( ! _m pretty subjects :i* 7 conspicu\s 9 ! ,fr5* gall]ies ( ! ,int]national ,exhibition4 ,"o arti/ 7& a v di/+ui%$ "o too7 has improv$ ev5 ^u ^! subjects1 & delights 9 pa9t+ n only dea? b decomposition4 ,at ! ,ecole des ,beaux ,arts ! subject giv5 la/ ye> to ! /ud5ts = _! diploma pictures 0 8,augu/us ,causes ! ,tomb ( ,alex&] ! ,great to be ,op5$1 & ,places a ,cr[n ( ,gold on ! ,head ( ! ,corpse40 ,:5 we reflect t ,alex&] _h be5 dead "s ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 x w easily be und]/ood t 8 body 0 9 t half-putrid1 half-mummifi$ condition :i* is app>5tly s attractive to ! arti/ic _w 9 ,france4 ,ano!r m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( a ,fr5* exhibition is ! numb] ( nude female figures4 ,?is is notori\sly v objectionable to _m ,engli% visitors1 b = my "p ,i w\ld r see a doz5 nude nymphs ?an a decapitat$ figure or a putrid corpse4 ,_m ( ^! figures are done by "y pa9t]s z a k9d ( supplem5t to _! art education2 & in/ead ( be+ (f5d$ at _! frequ5cy1 ,i am always glad to see s mu* laudable ambition4 ,i only wi% we _h a few m simil> ef=ts 9 our ,engli% exhibitions4 ,! ,hang+ ,committee w\ld1 ( c\rse1 elim9ate ^? :i* 7 objectionable ei!r f want ( te*nical skill or f any o!r cause1 & ! rema9d] might be all[$ to hang on our walls & irritate ,mrs4 ,grundy4 ,a ?ird *>act]i/ic ( a ,fr5* exhibition is ! g5]al excell5ce ( :at are call$ ru/ic pictures4 ,! peasants are real peasants1 & n models dress$ up z su*4 ,!re is almo/ always 9 ?is class ( subjects an hone/ attempt to give a tru?ful v]sion ( nature4 ,!re is a complet5ess ab\t !m t is v *>m+4 ,! pictures ( fl[]s1 fruit1 fi%1 & e ?+ com+ "u ! head ( nature morte1 seem to me equally good4 ,9 fact1 "o h>dly ev] sees a bad /ill-life picture 9 a ,fr5* exhibition4 ,i suppose ! jury is m /rict ab\t fruit1 oy/]s1 & copp] kettles ?an ab\t humanity1 & p>ticul>ly female humanity4 ,pictures ( animal life are1 ,i ?9k1 less common ?an 9 ,engli% exhibitions4 ,dogs especially are seldom pa9t$4 ,?is may be p>tly ow+ to ! curri% aspect ( ,fr5* dogs4 ,our bloodh\nds1 ma/iffs1 newf\ndl&s1 de]h\nds1 & all ! ari/ocracy ( ! can9e race1 are h>dly ev] se5 9 ,france2 & x mu/ be confess$ t a /umpy-tail$ mongrel or a clipp$ poodle is n a v tempt+ model4 ,! ,fr5* are n a doggy nation4 ,a well-(f ,p>isian w (t5 keep a c\ple ( ugly po9t]s1 b x is always und]/ood t 8,/op0 & 8,kome]0 are indisp5sable 8p\r la *asse10 & n to be reg>d$ z pets or companions4 ,f9ally1 9 e mod]n ,fr5* exhibition ! influ5ce ( ,=tuny is v p]ceptible2 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t almo/ all ! disciples ( ?is s*ool are ,spani>ds or ,italians resid+ 9 ,p>is1 & t ! ,fr5* arti/s :o devote !mselves to microscopic pa9t+ h ! good ta/e to foll[ ! l9es ( ,meissoni] r ?an ^? ( ,=tuny4 ,we w n[ exam9e ! ,belgian pictures4 ,belgian art is d]iv$ entirely f ,france4 ,at ! ,int]national ,exhibition "o pass$ f ! ,fr5* to ! ,belgian gall]ies )\t be+ aw>e ( ! *ange ( nationality4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! bran* is at pres5t 9 a heal?i] /ate ?an ! p>5t /em4 ,:5 ,i comp>e ! rec5t mural pa9t+s :i* h be5 execut$ 9 ,belgium ) simil> "w done 9 ,p>is1 ,i am /ruck ) ! va/ sup]iority ( ! ,belgian4 ,aga91 9 l&scape ! ,belgians are f> 9 advance ( _! neighbors4 ,comp>isons are prov]bially odi\s1 s ,i w n incur odium by comp>+ ,engli% l&scape ) ,belgian1 b ,i %\ld recomm5d ^? :o ?9k t we specially excel 9 ?is bran* ( ! art to g & look at :at ! ,belgians are do+4 ,! great m5 ( ! ,belgian s*ool--! m5 ^: names are famili> to e arti/ic circle 9 ,europe--are decl9+ 9 p[] ev5 m rapidly ?an _! colleagues 9 ,france1 b !re seems to me to be m hope ab\t ! y\ng] m54 ,! ,belgian portrait-pa9t]s are1 ,i ?9k1 inf]ior to ! ,fr5* z a rule1 b !re 7 "o or two portraits 9 ! ,belgian gall]ies :i* attract$ a great deal ( att5tion f _! unaffect$ simplicity1 & 9 ?is respect contra/$ v favorably ) "s m %[y ,fr5* "w4 ,! hi/ory pictures1 aga91 7 m c>eful & bett] drawn ?an analog\s ,fr5* "w4 ,!re 0 less /riv+ aft] effect & s+ul>ity1 & mu* bett] composition4 ,!y rem9d$ me m ( :at ,fr5* pa9t+ us$ to be be=e ! s*ool became afflict$ ) :at may be call$ 8s5tim5tal radicalism0 9 art4 ,i 0 glad to notice t ,b>on ,leys1 ! pa9t] ( ! /range m$ival pictures ( ! ,antw]p t[n-hall1 has n left a s*ool ( m$ivali/s beh9d him4 ,! qua9t ugl9ess ( an old ,flemi% picture is int]e/+ because x is real1 b 9 ^! mod]n works ! unc\? draw+ & con/ra9$ /iff attitudes ( ! e>ly ,flem+s are assum$1 & !re=e (f5sive4 ,no d\bt !re are sev]al excell5t arti/s liv+ :o h /udi$ "u ,leys1 b !y h all ( !m ab&on$ ! affectation ( _! ma/]4 ,! influ5ce ( ,rub5s & 8 s*ool is n p]ceptible 9 mod]n ,belgian "w4 ,?is is r curi\s :5 we consid] ! imm5se am\nt ( ,rub5s-wor%ip :i* is p]petually go+ on at ,antw]p4 ,rembr&t1 ,franz ,hals1 & ,v&]hel/ h _h mu* m influ5ce on ! ,belgian s*ool ?an ,rub5s1 b ! mod]n arti/s ( ,brussels are n a race ( copyi/s4 ,!y evid5tly /udy nature a good deal1 & ?is1 x appe>s to me1 is ! secret ( _! /r5g?4 ,on ! :ole ,i h =m$ a v favorable op9ion ( ! ,belgian s*ool1 & :5 ,i recall to m9d ! excell5t mural pa9t+s at ,ypres & ,c\rtray1 ,i mu/ say t ! old ,p>isian sne] ab\t ! 8contrefaon ,belge0 is q inapplicable at ! pres5t day4 ,x is manife/ly unfair to comp>e ! ,g]man gall]y ( ! ,great ,exhibition ) ! ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 or ,belgian section4 ,! pictures s5t by ,g]many 7 ha/ily got toge!r at ! elev5? h\r1 & 7 notori\sly inadequate specim5s ( ,g]man art4 ,/ill !y 7 int]e/+1 z %[+ ! t5d5cy ( ! s*ool4 ,! fir/ impression on ent]+ ! ,g]man gall]y 0 a favorable "o4 ,x 0 l ent]+ a gall]y ( old ma/]s aft] a surfeit ( g>i%1 crude mod]n pictures4 ,a clos] exam9ation l$ "o1 h[ev]1 to =m a less favorable op9ion ( ! peculi>ities ( ,g]man art4 ,! imitation ( ! old ma/]s is1 9 my op9ion1 c>ri$ too f>4 ,rem9isc5ces ( ,holbe9 & ,alb]t ,dur] crop up ev]y:]e1 & _m pictures :i* are n directly imitative ( ! old ma/]s h a br[n old-v>ni%$ appe>ance4 ,!re may n h be5 any ?+ (f5sively bad or ludicr\sly absurd 9 ! ,g]man gall]y1 b on ! o!r h&1 ) a few exceptions1 !re appe>$ to me to be a sad want ( orig9ality4 ,^! exceptional pictures 7 humble & unpret5ti\s en\gh bo? 9 subject & dim5sions1 b full ( tru? & "*4 ,! arti/1 ,knaus1 enjoys a great reputation bo? 9 ,g]many & ,europe g5]ally4 ,8 color1 ?\gh true1 is n v attractive4 ,!re is no great *>m 9 8 execution4 ,! nature ( 8 subjects precludes f9e1 classical draw+ or noble composition4 ,x may be ask$1 ,:at1 !n1 is 8 great m]it8 ,x is simply ! int5se realism ( 8 figures4 ,we always feel t we mu/ h se5 & kn[n 8 peasants1 8 *ildr51 & 8 ,jews4 ,he has ! same p[] ( seiz+ types :i* ,john ,lee* s em95tly possess$4 ,:e!r he q des]ves to be 9 ! front rank ( ,european pa9t]s is ano!r "q1 b x is int]e/+ to note ! reputation su* an arti/ has obta9$ 9 ,g]many1 :]e art1 ?\gh (t5 le>n$1 is seldom tru?ful or h>moni\s4 ,x has (t5 be5 said t ,g]man art is nev] se5 at its be/ 9 easel pictures1 & t to express an op9ion ab\t x "o ought to g to ,g]many1 & /udy ! mural pa9t+s :i* ab\nd !re4 ,x is m ?an tw5ty-five ye>s s9ce ,i visit$ ei!r ,muni* or ,b]l91 & ,i am !re=e n qualifi$ to give an op9ion ab\t ! pres5t /ate ( art 9 ,g]many4 ,i confess ,i 0 n favorably impress$ ) :at ,i !n saw2 & h (t5 9 ! c\rse ( ^! lectures f\nd fault ) ,kaulba* & 8 s*ool = neglect+ ,horace's well-kn[n precept1 8,artis e/ cel>e artem40 ,! l>ge mural works at ,muni* & ,b]l9 us$ to be consid]$ by ,g]mans z ! highe/ developm5t ( h]oic pa9t+4 ,!y ass]t$ t _! c\ntry 0 at ! top ( ! ladd] 9 high art1 j z x und\bt$ly 0 9 music1 & my criticisms on _! great pa9t]s h always be5 provok$ by ?is ass]tion4 ,i h nev] /igmatiz$ ^! decorative pa9t+s z be+ absolutely bad or contemptible1 b z be+ unwor?y ( ! great e/eem 9 :i* !y 7 held4 ,i he> t at ! pres5t "t o!r arti/s h 9 great measure sup]s$$ ^? ( ! s*ool ( ,kaulba*1 & t ! highly artificial /yle ( ?irty ye>s ago has be5 almo/ ab&on$4 ,sc&9avian & ,dani% art are d]iv$ f ,g]many1 z ,belgian & ,swiss are d]iv$ f ,france4 ,9 ! case ( ,norway & ,sw$51 h[ev]1 all ! be/ arti/s emigrate to m s\!rn regions2 & small blame to !m1 = :5 daylight beg9s at t5 & ends at two1 !re is n mu* "t = pa9t+ pictures4 ,^! arti/s1 :o are mo/ly l&scape-pa9t]s1 return to _! native c\ntries 9 summ] & make _! sket*es & /udies2 b ! pictures !mselves are pa9t$ ei!r 9 ,g]many1 ,belgium1 or ,france4 ,9 ,d5m>k ! w9t] days are r long]1 & we f9d at ,cop5hag5 a feeble attempt at a native s*ool1 be>+ ab\t ! same relation to ,dusseldorf or ,b]l91 t ,birm+ham or ,liv]pool w\ld to ,london4 ,leav+ ^! humble foll[]s ( ! ,g]man s*ool1 we w n[ ent] ! ,au/rian & ,hung>ian gall]ies4 ,"s ,fr5* critic comp>$ ,au/rian art to a noisy brass b&1 & ! comp>ison is n inapt4 ,no d\bt ! b& is a v good "o2 ! trumpets are l\d1 ! trombones sonor\s1 & ! big drum unexceptionable4 ,/ill x is n ! k9d ( h>mony :i* w\ld please a musician4 ,au/rian & ,hung>ian art1 ?\gh app>5tly fasc9at+ to ! multitude1 is too ri* & cloy+ = a m fa/idi\s ta/e4 ,if y c fancy a mixture ( plum-pudd+ & lob/]-sauce1 y w =m a good idea ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ,au/rian pictures4 ,z ! ,fr5* s*ool has a weakness = ! horrible1 & ! ,engli% = ! homely1 s ! ,au/rian delights 9 ! %[y4 ,pageants1 royal receptions1 & c]emonies ( m$ival times are ! subjects :i* ! lead+ ,au/rian arti/s revel 92 subjects 9 :i* !re is n mu* /ory to tell1 no human emotions to portray1 no?+ b silks1 velvets1 armor1 & trapp+s to pa9t4 ,all ^! accessories are m>vell\sly well execut$1 a great deal too well inde$ = ! heads & ! fle%2 b x is ?is ov]p[]+ execution1 unit$ ) a pseudo-,v5etian color+1 :i* captivates ! ,fr5* b\rgeois1 j z x w\ld captivate ! ,london cockney4 ,i wi% to obs]ve t ,i am speak+ ( ! l>ge ,au/rian & ,hung>ian pictures :i* attract$ s mu* att5tion at ! ,p>is exhibition4 ,among/ ! portraits & ! small] pictures !re 7 "s :i* w\ld h done cr$it to any s*ool4 ,vigor\s 9 draw+ & execution1 full ( "*1 & h>moni\s ?\gh r d>k 9 color1 !y appe>$ to me f> sup]ior to ! k9dr$ pictures f ,nor? ,g]many4 ,i %\ld h =m$ a v high e/imate ( ! ,au/rian s*ool if two or ?ree ( ! pr9ciple pictures _h be5 abs5t4 ,x may be ask$ :y1 if ^! l>ge pictures 7 s (f5sively m]etrici\s1 ! jury aw>d$ !m m$als ( honor8 ,i %\ld be v sorry to h to def5d all ! decisions ( ! int]national jury1 b 9 ! pres5t case ,i ?9k ,i may say ) tru? t x 0 n admiration = ?is k9d ( art :i* dictat$ ! aw>d4 ,be=e leav+ ! ,au/rian & ,hung>ian gall]ies1 ,i w\ld obs]ve1 t :atev] may be ?\ght ( ! pret5ti\s ri*ness ( ^! l>ge pictures1 !re exi/s at any rate an ,au/rian s*ool1 & t ?is s*ool seems full ( p[] & vitality4 ,au/rians1 d n1 z a rule1 pa9t _! pictures 9 ,p>is or ,rome4 ,o!rs may1 l myself1 deplore ! ov]p[]+ gorge\sness ( a good deal ( _! "w1 b among/ ! canvasses ( m mode/ proportion !re 0 abundant evid5ce ( s\nd tra9+ & orig9al inv5tion4 ,dut* art is v national2 t is1 ! subjects are national4 ,muddy seas1 flat mead[s ) gr\ps ( cattle1 canal & /reet sc5es--9 %ort1 ! same k9d ( subjects :i* 7 =m]ly pa9t$ by ,t5i]s1 ,v&evelde1 ,de ,hoogh1 & ,paul ,pott]1 are /ill ! favorites ) ! ,dut* arti/s4 ,9 ! ,dut* s*ool1 z se5 at ! ,great ,exhibition1 !re 0 a laudable abs5ce ( priggi%ness or s5sationalism1 b ! pictures appe>$ to me to lack ! neat precision ( t\* & ! delicacy ( color :i* di/+ui%$ ! old ,dut*m54 ,pa?os w cov] a multitude ( s9s1 & 9 "s ( ! be/ mod]n ,dut* "w ?is quality is n want+2 b 9 subjects :i* d n admit ( pa?os1 su* z ! old famili> sc5es ( ,t5i]s & ,o/ade1 some?+ m is want$ ?an indiff]5t execution & dull1 in(f5sive color4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ,dut* art 0 n only fairly1 b ev5 favorably repres5t$ at ! ,p>is ,exhibition1 = 9 sev]al rec5t visits to ,holl& ,i 0 always /ruck by ! want ( developm5t ( mod]n art4 ,!re are no great mural pa9t]s z 9 ,belgium2 ! ,*ur*1 be+ ,prote/ant1 does no?+ = art4 ,! ri* ,dut* citiz5s & m]*ants are equally unsympa!tic2 9 %ort1 !re is no dem& = a high class ( art1 s !re is no supply4 ,i nev] he>d ( a ,dut* collector :o patroniz$ mod]n pa9t]s4 ,8 rooms are always fill$ ) ,o/ades1 ,w\v]mans1 ,v&]veldes1 etc41 or m frequ5tly ) wret*$ copies ( ^! ma/]s2 b 9 ^! private collections1 :i* are scatt]$ all ov] ,holl&1 "o nev] meets ) a good picture by a mod]n arti/4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ,i ?9k x v cr$itable to ,dut* arti/s t pa9t+ %\ld n h decl9$ m ?an x has 9 ,holl&4 ,swiss art c only be reg>d$ z prov9cial ,fr5*4 ,x is1 h[ev] 7l ! ,dut*71 v national 9 its subjects4 ,glaci]s1 sn[ m\nta9s1 p9e =e/s1 & *lets 7 ! usual subjects 9 ! ,swiss section4 ,ev5 ! figure-subjects 7 r$ol5t ( ,switz]l&--peasants1 guides1 hunt]s1 & t\ri/s 7 ! pr9cipal dramatis p]son4 ,if a fault is to be f\nd ) ^! innoc5t works ( art1 x is t !y look z if !y 7 meant = ! t\ri/ or ! ,alp9e ,club m>ket4 ,a travell] :o is deta9$ by ra9 = a week at ,int]lack5 w\ld be j ! man to pur*ase a good view ( ! ,jungfrau1 or p]haps he might be tempt$ by a gr\p ( ,b]nese ,ob]l&]s at home4 ,! native ,swiss pictures are too mu* l _! wood c>v+s1 n works ( good art b pleasant s\v5irs4 ,we w n[ cross ! ,alps & say a few words ab\t ,italian art4 ,italy 0 wret*$ly repres5t$ at ! ,great ,exhibition4 ,none ( h] greate/ arti/s _h contribut$4 ,! be/ pictures 7 by two or ?ree ,p>isian ,italians1 & ! wor/ by m5 ^: prop] abode ought to be ,hanwell or ,colney ,hat*4 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ t mod]n ,italians labor "u ! same disadvantage :i* afflicts a man :o has _h illu/ri\s prog5itors4 ,he may n be a great] fool ?an o!r m51 inde$ he may be r above ! av]age1 b he gets no cr$it = x4 ,p are always contra/+ him ) 8 illu/ri\s fa!r or 8 glori\s gr&fa!r1 & ! poor fell[ has h>d "w to get any ju/ice done him4 ,?is may be true en\gh at ,v5ice1 ,flor5ce1 or ,rome1 :]e ! *efs-d'uvre ( ! old ma/]s are 9 v close proximity4 ,i c well und]/& t a /rang] :o has be5 fea/+ 8 eyes all ! morn+ on ,titians & ,paul ,v]oneses1 %\ld f9d ! desc5t v precipit\s to ! level ( a mod]n ,italian /udio2 b 9 ,p>is !re 7 no su* =midable rivals to fe>1 & x is mu* to be regrett$ t ,italy did n put =? h] :ole /r5g?4 ,i am incl9$1 h[ev]1 to give ano!r reason :y mod]n ,italian art has suff]$ f ! proximity ( s _m *efs-d'uvre by ! old ma/]s1 & t is ! temptation to become copyi/s4 ,weal?y ,am]icans1 if !y _c c>ry away ! orig9als1 w h copies1 & ! h>ve/ to be d]iv$ f ?is s\rce by a clev] pa9t] is s ri* a "o t he is (t5 tempt$ to ab&on ! pa?s ( orig9ality & virtue1 & become a copyi/4 ,( c\rse ! lead+ pa9t]s w\ld n accept a commission = a copy ( ,beatrice ,c5ci1 b !re h be5 7& d\btless are /ill7 arti/s fitt$ = bett] ?+s1 :o d accept ^! commissions & are glad ( !m4 ,a fri5d ( m9e a good _m ye>s ago ask$ me to call & see a copy ( ?is celebrat$ portrait :i* _h j arriv$ f ,italy4 ,he _h giv5 ! pa9t] a commission = x two ye>s be=e4 ,i c\ld n say mu* 9 praise ( x4 ,x 0 a fair av]age copy1 b ,i c\ld n help rem>k+ t ! arti/ _h be5 a preci\s long "t ab\t x4 8,oh10 says my fri5d1 8m9e 0 ! sev5? ord] = a ,beatrice ,c5ci 9 8 book1 & he told me t no?+ w\ld induce him to pa9t m ?an f\r copies a ye> ( ?is head4 ,he _h o!r "w to att5d to10 etc41 etc4 ,if a man once gets into ! way ( e>n+ 8 liv+ by copy+1 he w nev] get out ( x 7at lea/ n 9 ,italy74 ,indep5d5tly ( d[nright copy+ !re is ! dang] ( imitat+1 & ?is is a dang] to :i* ,italian art has always be5 v mu* expos$4 ,no good c ev] come ( imitat+ ! old ma/]s1 b :5 ! ma/]s s imitat$ are m5 l ,c>lo ,m>atti or ,luca ,giordano1 ! d[nfall ( ! s*ool is inde$ precipitate4 ,italian pa9t]s1 l ,italian sculptors are v skilful workm51 b !y d n appe> ev] to get beyond a c]ta9 po9t ( excell5ce4 ,! new s*ool ( ,rome may be said to h be5 f\nd$ by ,=tuny1 & 9 ?is s*ool execution is e ?+4 ,d\btless ?is phase ( ,italian art is bett] ?an ! dre>y decad5ce ( ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury1 b ,i _c say ,i am a great admir] ( ! new /yle4 ,i w speak ( ,=tuny & 8 foll[]s pres5tly1 :5 ,i get to ! ,spani% s*ool1 b be=e leav+ ! ,italian ,c\rt ,i may m5tion t !re 7 "s specim5s ( microscopic pa9t+ :i* 7 m>vell\s if !y 7 really legitimate pictures & n pa9t$ photographs4 ,admitt+1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 g5u9e pictures1 ! v fact ( _! look+ l color$ photographs relegates !m to an inf]ior /yle ( art4 ,!y are curiosities1 & n mu* m4 ,9 ju/ice to ! ,italian section ,i %\ld m5tion t if ! oil pictures 7 bad1 ! wat]-colors by ,rota 7 excell5t4 ,!re seems to me no reason :atev] :y ,italy1 ! l& ( art 7p> excell5ce71 %\ld lag beh9d 9 ! int]national race4 ,italians are quick1 intellig5t1 & imag9ative4 ,if !y w\ld /e] a middle c\rse betwe5 ! tame imitations ( ! old ma/]s & ! s5sational quack]ies ( contempor>y art1 ,i h no d\bt !y w\ld take a high place 9 ! ,european s*ool4 ,! ,spani% gall]y 0 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! :ole exhibition4 ,"o or two ( ! l>ge pictures %[$ great p[] & orig9ality4 ,i believe ^! pictures 7 pa9t$ by ,spani>ds resid+ 9 ,rome4 ,inde$ all ! be/ ,spani% pictures are pa9t$ ei!r 9 ,p>is or ,italy4 ,!re is no native s*ool1 z 9 ! days ( ,velasquez & ,murillo4 ,! mo/ attractive wall 9 ?is gall]y 0 t devot$ to ! works ( ,=tuny4 ,=tuny's mode ( pa9t+1 8 delicate s5se ( color1 & ! novelty ( 8 subjects1 took ! arti/ic _w by /orm "s fifte5 ye>s ago4 ,s9ce t "t a ho/ ( imitators h aris51 mo/ly ,spani>ds or ,italians1 s t ! mod]n ,spani% s*ool has come to be id5tifi$ ) 8 v peculi> k9d ( art4 ,i h no d\bt t if "o 7 to g to ,spa9 & visit ! /udios ( ! resid5t arti/s1 "o w\ld f9d v little ( ! ,=tuny elem5t4 ,probably ! pictures w\ld be m l ,portuguese "w1 :i* ( all ,european s*ools is ! mo/ backw>d4 ,sett+ aside1 h[ev]1 ! "q z to h[ f> ! ,=tuny /yle c be call$ national1 ,i w haz>d a few rem>ks ab\t its m]its & faults4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i ?9k we ought to welcome any novelty 9 art1 provid$ ! novelty is n d[nright absurd1 & a man :o l ,=tuny revolutioniz$ mod]n art 7at any rate 9 ! s\? ( ,europe71 c]ta9ly des]ves consid]ation4 ,8 pictures are *>act]iz$ by a wond]ful delicacy ( execution & brilliancy ( color4 ,8 draw+ is firm & ma/]ly4 ,) all ^! good qualities ,i _c consid] him to h be5 a great arti/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! subjects he affect$ 7 ( ! mo/ frivol\s & m]etrici\s description4 ,secondly1 ! g5]al effect 9 8 pictures is n suffici5tly att5d$ to4 ,i h he>d !m comp>$ to ^? %eets "o sometimes sees compos$ ( a jumble ( small photographs4 ,ea* individual figure or gaudy bit ( /uff is p]fect by itself1 b ! :ole picture is defici5t 9 effect4 ,f9ally1 ! execution wants t bread? & manl9ess :i* are s conspicu\s 9 ! be/ works ( ,meissoni]4 ,mu* z ,i admire any man ( g5ius :o dep>ts f ! beat5 track & creates a /yle ( 8 own1 ,i _c help ?9k+ t ,=tuny has be5 mu* ov]-rat$4 ,_m ( 8 foll[]s' works resemble ! crude wall-pap]s & *9tzes :i* us$ to be common be=e ,s\? ,k5s+ton 0 9 exi/5ce4 ,p9ks1 light blues1 & coal-t> dyes ( ! mo/ viol5t hues 7colors :i* w\ld drive our /hetic amateurs mad7 "h run riot4 ,! execution is always clev]1 b ! (f5ce aga9/ good ta/e 9 color is n to be got ov]4 ,i d n recollect any l&scape "w 9 ! ,spani% gall]y except z backgr\nds to ! figure pictures4 ,if ,i 7 a ,spani% arti/ ,i %\ld leave ! fripp]ies ( ! b\doir1 & turn my att5tion to ! gr& =ms ( rock & =e/ :i* ab\nd 9 ! ,a/urias1 or to ! si]ras ( ,&alusia1 ) _! semitropical vegetation4 ,( ,russia & ! ,unit$ ,/ates z picture-produc+ c\ntries b little c be said4 ,!re are a few ,russians scatt]$ ov] ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,italy1 :o pa9t & exhibit pictures :i* pass mu/] m or less cr$itably4 ,"s give a ,russian flavor to _! "w by pa9t+ ,muscovite peasants1 sl$ges1 wolves & be>s1 b ev5 ^! national pictures might h be5 done by ,fr5* or ,g]man arti/s z f> z ! execution goes4 ,! eye 0 n impress$ 9 ! ,russian gall]y1 z x 0 9 ! ,engli%1 ,au/rian1 or ,spani% dep>tm5ts1 by "s national peculi>ity4 ,! l>ge picture :i* obta9$ "o ( ! m$als ( honor 0 pa9t$ 9 ,rome4 ,x repres5t$ "o ( ! mo/ b>b>\s episodes ( ,n]o's p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,i ?\ght x clev] z a decorative "w1 b v weak 9 draw+4 ,!re 7 9 ! ,russian gall]y "s good heads v boldly & =cibly pa9t$4 ,_! au?ors1 ?\gh _! names end$ 9 8sky10 8vi*10 or 8k(f10 7 pupils ( ! ,fr5* or ,g]man s*ools1 & !re=e ^! works1 ?\gh pa9t$ by ,russians1 c h>dly be consid]$ z *>act]i/ic ( ! s*ool4 ,! ,byzant9e elem5t 0 n 9 ! lea/ traceable 9 ! ,russian gall]ies4 ,probably ,byzant9e pictures 7 exclud$1 z com+ "u ! head ( manufactures4 ,greece exhibit$ a few pictures ( mode/ proportions1 & /ill m mode/ m]it2 b ev5 ?is fa9t comm5dation _c be accord$ to ,portugal1 ^: small contribution 0 ludicr\s = its badness4 ,! art ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ev5 less national ?an ! ,russian4 ,am]ican arti/s seldom give u rem9isc5ces ( _! c\ntry1 & ! ,am]ican gall]y 0 exactly l "s ( ! rooms 9 ! ,fr5* ,salon4 ,f _! admiration ( ,p>isian art x is probable t ! ,am]ican s*ool ( ! future w1 l ! ,belgian1 be a bran* ( ! ,fr5*1 unless inde$ "s ,am]ican ,=tuny %\ld be rais$ 9 ! ,/ates :o w\ld give an orig9al impulse to ,transatlantic art4 ,fr5* critics 7 r h>d on ! ,am]ican figure-pa9t]s = *oos+ su* subjects z ! dea? ( ,cleopatra4 ,:at 9 ! _w1 !y said1 _h ,cleopatra & ! ,nile to d ) ,am]ica8 ,ab\t z mu*1 ,i %\ld say1 z ,n]o & 8 atrocities _h to d ) ,france4 ,accord+ to ^! g5tlem51 ,fr5* arti/s may *oose _! subjects f any p]iod & f any c\ntry2 ! same lic5se may be all[$ to ,belgium1 ,g]many1 & possibly to ,engl&2 b ! ,am]ican is to conf9e himself to ! %ort & n v picturesque hi/ory ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,?is seems to me v unfair1 b at ! same "t ,i %\ld h lik$ to h se5 among/ ! l&scapes some?+ m national ?an views ( ,b\gival or ,fonta9ebleau4 ,i h n[ tak5 y all r\nd ! picture gall]ies ( ! ,int]national ,exhibition1 & ,i may ) tru? say t we h no cause to be a%am$ ( ! position we hold 9 ! ,european art-_w4 ,! ,fr5* 7 at home & able to exhibit ne>ly all _! be/ works ( ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,we1 f reasons t are v well kn[n1 7 unable to d s1 & yet we held a v respectable position4 ,i am n ,john ,bull en\gh to say1 z "s ( my fri5ds at ! hotel did1 t our s*ool is ! fir/ 9 ,europe4 ,b :at ,i d say is t ,engli% art 7speak+ ( c\rse g5]ally7 is 9 a ?or\ghly heal?y /ate2 t ,engli% arti/s 7also speak+ g5]ally7 ?9k m ( _! subjects & less ( !mselves ?an ,fr5*m51 ,belgians1 or ,au/rians d2 t :il/ "s ( ! lead+ =eign s*ools are pa/ ! z5i? ( _! p[]1 we1 on ! contr>y1 seem to be improv+ /eadily1 & gradually gett+ rid ( our faults4 ,"s may be incl9$ to attribute ?is m>k$ improvem5t to ! extraord9>y sums ( money :i* h ( late ye>s be5 sp5t on art 9 ?is c\ntry1 "s to ! exi/5ce among/ u ( a s*ool ( high-art criticism1 "s to =eign influ5ce4 ,i attribute x to none ( ^! causes1 b solely to bett] tra9+ & a m scrupul\s reg>d = nature4 ,x may be ?\ght t 9 boa/+ ab\t our bett] tra9+ ,i am bl[+ ! academic trumpet pretty l\dly1 b ,i am n speak+ s mu* ( ! tra9+ y get "h & at o!r ,london art s*ools1 z ( ! tra9+ :i* e "y pa9t] has to give himself aft] he has le>n$ ! ,a ,b ,c ( 8 art4 ,x is ?is tra9+ especially :i* is bett] ?an x us$ to be4 ,! commonplace slap-da% way ( go+ to "w ( =m] days is n[ ! exception & n ! rule ) "y pa9t]s4 ,"o man may be c>eless or weak 9 8 draw+1 b he may h a ke5 s5se = tru?ful atmosph]ic effect1 & he labors away at 8 picture until he approximates to ! out-(-door look ( nature2 ano!r 7a portrait-pa9t] p]haps7 we>ies out 8 sitt]s 9 8 endeavors to be tru?ful2 a ?ird w pati5tly brave ! elem5ts on a b>e ,scot* moor1 humbly try+ to imitate ! fitful pat*es ( sun%9e & mi/ on ! hillside be=e him4 ,all ?is is :at ,i call good tra9+4 ,x is hone/1 consci5ti\s "w1 & x is ?is :i* tells favorably on a s*ool1 r ?an ,man*e/] patronage or ,ox=d /hetics4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i w\ld obs]ve1 9 conclusion1 t 9 ! appo9tm5t ( our new ,presid5t we h ano!r cause = self-congratulation4 ,x w\ld be out ( place "h = me to dwell on all 8 qualifications = ! important po/ he fills1 b ,i %\ld n l my fir/ lecture "u 8 presid5cy to pass )\t express+ my ?or\gh satisfaction ) ! *oice we h made4 ,to say m w\ld probably be unpleasant to him1 to h said less w\ld h be5 unpleasant to me4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 po9t out t ! progress ( ! ,engli% s*ool ( art does by no means re/ ) ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,academy 7h[ev] excell5t he may be72 x dep5ds on ! individual ex]tion ( e memb] ( ! pr(ession1 f ! ,presid5t d[n to ! probation] :o seeks admission to ! s*ools4 ,let u all d our be/ to produce c>eful1 hone/1 & orig9al "w1 & ,i h no d\bt ( ! result4 ,,lecture ,,vi ,,on ,,draw+4 ,draw+ is ! backbone ( all great "w1 & x is an art :i*1 if neglect$ :5 y are "y1 does n appe> ev] to be acquir$ 9 aft]-life4 ,mo/ arti/s improve 9 color1 & p>ticul>ly 9 execution1 z !y get old]1 b 9 draw+ !y seldom acquire great] correctness4 ,!y acquire facility1 b n accuracy4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( ! highe/ importance t all /ud5ts %\ld c>ry out _! /udies 9 draw+ z f> z !y possibly c :il/ !y are "y4 ,i am n speak+ ( _! *alk /udies alone1 b also ( _! pa9t$ /udies4 ,x (t5 happ5s t z soon z a /ud5t gets a palette on 8 ?umb1 he consid]s himself completely emancipat$ f all ! trammels ( correct draw+1 & aft] sket*+ 8 figure ) a few ha/y /rokes ( *>coal or r$ *alk1 he sme>s on 8 color at once4 ,i h kn[n "s :o w\ld n condesc5d to make any prelim9>y outl9e at all1 b w5t 9 = draw+ ) ! bru%4 ,i c q und]/& t :5 y fir/ beg9 pa9t+1 ! novelty ( ! mat]ial & ! difficulties ( color %\ld prev5t y\r draw+ ) ! same precision & firmness z y w\ld ) *>coal & *alk2 b :5 ^! difficulties are ov]come1 y %\ld endeavor to return to y\r =m] precision4 ,x is v difficult1 :5 once a slov5ly habit ( draw+ has be5 contract$1 to return to accuracy2 b nev]!less x is possible4 ,! fact is1 t an arti/1 to excel z a draughtsman1 %\ld consid] himself a /ud5t all 8 life4 ,! s*ool ( pa9t+ ought to be ! s*ool ( draw+ 9 color1 & no /ud5t ought to be all[$ to color a badly drawn figure or head4 ,?is 0 always ! rule1 n only 9 ,del>o*e's ,s*ool1 b 9 all ! ateli]s ( 8 contempor>ies2 & z m ?an half ! pres5t memb]s ( ! ,in/itute 7 /ud5ts 9 ^! s*ools1 ! sy/em _c h be5 a bad "o4 ,x may surprise "s ( y to he> ! "t t 0 sp5t 9 draw+ ! figure be=e beg9n+ to pa9t4 ,! model us$ to sit = six consecutive days3 f sev5 to twelve 9 summ]1 & f eight to "o 9 w9t]1 & an h\r 0 all[$ e day = int]vals ( re/4 ,dur+ ! :ole fir/ day's sitt+1 no?+ b draw+ 0 done4 ,sometimes ! %ades ( ! figure 7 rubb$ 9 ) bitum5 or "s transp>5t br[n1 b no color 0 ev] us$4 ,! ma/] w\ld come e>ly on ! ,tuesday1 & until he _h pass$1 z x 71 e /ud5t's draw+1 no "o :o /udi$ s]i\sly w\ld ?9k ( lay+ on color4 ,six h\rs1 !re=e1 out ( ! tw5ty-f\r 7 sp5t be=e ! actual pa9t+ began2 b1 at any rate1 good solid f\ndations _h be5 laid3 well-proportion$ & c>efully drawn figures 7 ! rule & n ! exception1 & if ! /ud5t _h n "t to f9i% 8 "w by ! end ( ! week1 he w\ld h at any rate a l>ge portion ( ! figure c>efully /udi$4 ,:5 a figure is well drawn1 ! ma/] w take a pleasure 9 giv+ ! /ud5t "s h9ts ab\t ! color1 & w p]haps take ! palette himself2 b to give in/ruction 9 color :5 !re is no draw+1 is l furni%+ a h\se be=e ! walls are built4 ,i h notic$ t "s ( y 9 ! life s*ool atta* too mu* importance to ! m]e outl9e1 & neglect ! /ructure & int]nal m>k+s ( y\r figures4 ,n[ ! bones & pr9cipal m>k+s ( a figure are ( inf9itely m consequ5ce ?an ! outl9e2 x is !y :i* give ! action & proportion1 & 9 e /age ( figure-draw+ !y %\ld be accurately & cle>ly def9$1 to s]ve z l&m>ks f :i* ! outl9e may be mapp$ out4 ,if y 7 draw+ a head1 y w\ld n trace a %>p outl9e ( ! hair1 e>s1 & *eeks1 )\t hav+ fir/ indicat$ ! position ( ! eyes1 nose1 & m\?4 ,:y !n %\ld y proce$ on a diff]5t pr9ciple 9 draw+ a figure8 ,!re is ano!r bad habit ( draw+ :i* has ( late become too common 9 ! s*ools1 & :i* ,i1 z visitor1 h (t5 prote/$ aga9/2 & t is ! practice ( black5+ ! figure all ov]1 ) ! int5tion ( work+ out ! details ) breadcrumb or ! eras]4 ,x maybe t ?is is ! mo/ exp$iti\s way ( produc+ a smoo?ly-f9i%$ draw+1 b ,i am sure x is n ! mo/ arti/ic way4 ,an ,academy figure %\ld be drawn on ! same pr9ciple t a %ip is built4 ,if y visit a %ip-build]'s y>d y w see vessels 9 all /ages ( progress1 b ! future "* & de/9ation ( ea* are disc]nible almo/ f ! fir/ lay+ d[n ( ! keel4 ,y c tell at a glance :e!r ! future vessel is to be a clipp] ya*t1 a colli] brig1 or a b>ge4 ,if y revisit ! y>d a mon? or two aft]w>d1 y w f9d great progress4 ,! build] has got ! plank+ on1 b ! vessels h reta9$ _! orig9al =m4 ,9 ano!r mon?1 p]haps1 !y w be f\nd deck$1 caulk$1 copp]$1 & ready = laun*+2 b !y h nev] lo/ ! orig9al l9es giv5 !m4 ,s x %\ld be ) y\r ,academy figures4 ,!y w1 ( c\rse1 be less complete on ! ?ird & f\r? days ?an on ! n9? or t5?2 b 9 no /age ( _! progress %\ld !y pres5t ! =mless1 hopeless appe>ance !y too (t5 d4 ,let me ha/5 to add t ?is in>ti/ic way ( draw+ 7?\gh too common "h7 is n univ]sal1 & t ^? :o h *os5 ! bett] pa? w f9d ! b5efit ( x h]eaft]4 ,i w n[ proce$ to give y a few words ( advice ab\t figure-draw+ aft] y h left ! s*ools & are pa9t+ pictures ( y\r own4 ,x w seldom happ5 t :5 y h to introduce a nude or semi-nude figure into y\r picture1 y c copy ! model exactly z y w\ld 9 ! ,academy s*ools4 ,!re all y h to d is to copy :at y see1 b if y h to repres5t a ,moses1 a ,prome!us1 or an ,&rom$a1 & y\r model has %ort legs & de=m$ feet1 x w n d to be too lit]al 9 y\r copy ( him4 ,arti/s (t5 say on ^! occasions t ! model puts !m out1 & t !y c get on bett] )\t nature4 ,( c\rse1 if !y copy all ! defects ( _! model !y may1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 be "r 9 say+ t !y d bett] )\t nature2 b ev5 9 ?is case ,i d\bt x4 ,nature1 ?\gh cramp$ & vulg>iz$1 is bett] ?an feeble rem9isc5ces ( ,mi*ael ,angelo or ,c>racci4 ,an accompli%$ draughtsman w con/antly ref] to nature )\t s]vilely copy+ h]4 ,x is n possible t ! great sculptors ( antiquity f\nd 7ev5 9 ,greece7 su* mat*less specim5s ( humanity z ! ,!seus1 ! fight+ gladiator1 or ! ,milo ,v5us4 ,x is /ill m incr$ible t !y evolv$ ^! p]fect =ms out ( _! inn] consci\sness4 ,no2 !y idealiz$ & improv$ :at !y f\nd1 n s mu* by tak+ ! head ( "o model & putt+ x on ! %\ld]s ( ano!r1 add+ ! arms ( a ?ird1 z by ! mu* m subtle process ( ke5 & arti/ic obs]vation ( v>i\s types ( beauty4 ,to desc5d f ! "t ( ,phidias to our own days1 y mu/ 7if y wi% to excel7 pursue ! same me?od4 ,d n copy all ! defects ( y\r model1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 d n fancy y c draw )\t a con/ant ref]5ce to nature4 ,x is f> f my int5tion to deprecate ! /udy ( anatomy1 & p>ticul>ly t k9d ( arti/ic anatomy :i* our ,pr(essor s ably tea*es1 b ,i am sure he w\ld agree ) me 9 say+ t anatomy alone w\ld only enable y to build up a coldly correct =m ( ! human figure )\t ei!r beauty or individuality4 ,anatomy1 &1 ,i may add1 academic /udies g5]ally1 mu/ be look$ ^u z ! gramm> ( figure-pa9t+1 & we all "k t h[ev] necess>y x may be = a writ] to be grammatical1 gramm> alone w n give him an elegant or ev5 a cle> /yle4 ,s x is 9 draw+ & pa9t+4 ,! k ( anatomy & draw+ :i* y acquire "h is n ! end ( art1 b only ! beg9n+4 ,x w\ld be out ( place 9 ?is lecture to give y rules ( proportion = ! human figure4 ,^! rules y c le>n 7if y c>e ab\t le>n+ !m7 else:]e1 b x may be well = me to give y a few h9ts z to :5 & :]e x is "r to dep>t f !m4 ,fir/1 z to ! size ( ! head4 ,y probably all "k t ! head measures f "o sev5? to "o eigh? ( ! height ( ! figure4 ,sev5 & a half heads to ! figure is a good av]age proportion4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y h to draw figures ( h]oic size1 y w h to make ! head b>ely "o eigh?1 & ! l>g] ! size ( y\r figures ! small] ought to be ! relative size ( ! head4 ,mi*ael ,angelo exce$$ ev5 ^! limits1 & "s ( 8 imitators1 :o h always copi$ 8 defects r ?an 8 good qualities1 h c>icatur$ him by giv+ _! figures a height ( t5 or elev5 heads4 ,!re is a po9t beyond :i* ! sublime becomes ! ridicul\s4 ,illu/ration ,:il/ on ?is subject1 ,i w\ld obs]ve t ^! proportions c only be dep5d$ on :5 ! head is nei!r incl9$ up nor d[n4 ,an upturn$ head measur$ f ! *9 to ! top ( ! head is always mu* %ort] ?an "o ^: facial angle is v]tical1 & a head incl9$ d[nw>d & measur$ 9 ! same way is consid]ably long]4 ,9 colossal figures1 ! h&s & feet %\ld be 9 proportion to ! head1 & !re=e r small = ! body & limbs4 ,x is g5]ally advisable to make ! leg1 f ! patella d[nw>d1 some:at long] ?an x is 9 nature4 ,l5g? ( leg gives /yle & elegance to a figure4 ,9 _m ( ! antique /atues 7! ,apollo & ! ,v5us de ,m$ici1 = in/ance7 ?is me?od ( improv+ nature seems c>ri$ to excess1 & ,i %\ld recomm5d a middle pa? betwe5 ! extreme l5g? ( ! antique tibi & ! %ort ,da*%und-l legs ( our models4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 t if y pres]ve ! c5tre ( ! figure :]e x ought to be1 y c only l5g!n ! tibia at ! exp5se ( ! femur2 & al?\gh a great l5g? f ! knee to ! in/ep may be desirable1 yet a v %ort ?igh is c]ta9ly n an elem5t ( beauty4 ,9 %ort1 & ev5 9 m$ium-siz$ models1 ! middle ( ! figure is g5]ally too l[1 s t y may increase ! l5g? ( ! leg )\t at all dim9i%+ ! proportions ( ! ?igh4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 t sitt+ & especially kneel+ figures by ! side ( /&+ ones always appe> small if repres5t$ ( _! exact relative size4 ,i h always f\nd ?is to be ! case1 & h inv>iably _h to increase ! dim5sions ( my kneel+ figures1 al?\gh by s do+ ,i knew ,i 0 violat+ /rict tru?4 ,z ano!r in/ance ( a case :]e a dep>ture f p]fect accuracy is necess>y1 ,i may m5tion ! draw+ ( =e%ort5$ arms & legs1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y are only slightly =e%ort5$4 ,unless ! outl9e & muscul> developm5t are kept r full] ?an x is 9 nature1 ! limbs w look )]$ & poor4 ,/yle 9 draw+ is n synonym\s ) correctness4 ,!re c be no true /yle )\t a c]ta9 am\nt ( correctness1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 a draw+ may be v correct & yet defici5t 9 /yle4 ,photographs are a good illu/ration ( ! di/9ction4 ,no "o w dispute ! g5]al accuracy ( photography1 & yet h[ few photographs possess ! elem5t ( /yle6 ,a f9e /yle ( draw+ may be def9$ z ! del9eation ( beautiful =ms 9 a ma/]ly & simple mann]4 ,x mu/ be f\nd$ on nature1 b purifi$ & ref9$ by ! cont9ual /udy ( ! antique4 ,! execution %\ld n be timid & labor$1 & on ! o!r h& x %\ld n obtrude itself by its dext]ity4 ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raffaele are g5]ally accept$ z ! great ma/]s ( /yle 9 draw+1 & x is v noticeable h[ simple & unobtrusive _! execution is4 ,mi*ael ,angelo's dep>ture f natural proportions1 & 8 (t5 =c$ attitudes1 give great (f5ce to _m mod]n arti/s1 p>ticul>ly to ! m$ivali/s2 & in/ead ( recogniz+ 9 him 7z ,sir ,jo%ua did7 ! great ma/] 7p> excell5ce7 ( /yle 9 draw+1 !y /rongly object to 8 peculi>ities4 ,= myself1 ,i _c say t ,i wor%ip him to ! ext5t t ,sir ,jo%ua did2 b :5 ,i recollect ! timid & meagre draw+ ( ! ,flor5t9e & ,umbrian s*ools ( ! p]iod1 & comp>e ^! poor =ms ) ,mi*ael ,angelo's 8,creation ( ,adam & ,eve0 9 ! panels ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge t 8 great reputation z a draughtsman & design] is fully des]v$4 ,sir ,j4 ,reynolds1 9 8 disc\rses1 ) :i* mo/ ( y are famili>1 has ent]$ v fully into ! "q ( /yle1 or ( :at us$ 9 8 day to be call$ ! great /yle or ! gr& /yle4 ,i am n go+ to inflict on y _m quotations f ! celebrat$ disc\rses1 b !re is "o s5t5ce :i* ,i %all quote1 z x w s]ve z a text on :i* to graft my own rem>ks on ! subject ( /yle4 ,! passage is ?is3 8,! :ole beauty & gr&eur ( ! art consi/s 9 be+ able to get above all s+ul> =ms1 local cu/oms1 p>ticul>ities1 & details ( e k9d40 ,x appe>s to me t ,sir ,jo%ua ought to h add$ at ! end ( 8 condemnation ( 8s+ul> =ms1 p>ticul>ities1 & details ( e k9d10 ! words1 8:5 !y are mean or trivial40 ,=ms may be full ( "*1 & ev5 beautiful1 ?\gh s+ul>4 ,_m ( ! antique fawns' heads1 ?\gh s+ul> en\gh1 h ! elem5ts ( /yle 9 !m4 ,raffaelle's cripple at ! ,beautiful ,gate ( ! ,temple is s+ul> to ! v]ge ( grotesqu5ess1 b he 9 no way detracts f ! gr& /yle ( ! c>toon4 ,_m o!r examples ( s+ul> =ms might be giv5 f ! works ( ackn[l$g$ ma/]s ( /yle4 ,!n1 aga91 if by 8details0 ugly details are meant1 ,i q agree ) ,sir ,jo%ua 9 ?9k+ !m incompatible ) a gr& /yle1 b x is detail :i* gives individuality to a figure2 & 9 ! fight+ gladiator1 ! danc+ fawn1 & inde$ 9 all ! ma/]pieces ( antiquity1 ! detail is mo/ elaborate4 ,neglect ( detail is ! besett+ s9 ( ^? pa9t]s :o aim at ! gr& /yle4 ,!y fail to see t ! same process ( selection may be appli$ to ! detail1 z well z to ! g5]al proportions ( ! figure4 ,9 a portrait y mu/ ( c\rse copy y\r sitt]4 ,y mu/ take him z y d a wife1 = bett]1 = worse4 ,he may h a ca/ 9 8 eye or a conspicu\s pimple on 8 nose1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 z a fai?ful portraiti/ y are b\nd to reproduce4 ,y are "u no su* obligation if y are pa9t+ an ideal head f ! same individual4 ,y may omit ! pimple1 & make him look /raight4 ,b y\r same sitt] may h f9ely-=m$ furr[s across 8 br[1 or delicate expressive wr9kles ext5d+ f ! corn]s ( 8 eyes4 ,are y1 9 pa9t+ an ideal head1 to neglect ^! l&m>ks ( age & wisdom8 ,i say1 by no means1 nei!r 9 pa9t+ nor sculpture4 ,! ^w 8ideal10 f a misconception ( its mean+1 has come to be almo/ a t]m ( reproa*1 & at a rec5t lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution "s ridicul\s p>ody ( ,canova 0 nick-nam$ 8,ideal10 & contra/$ unfavorably ) a ma/]ly portrait bu/ by ,donatello4 ,?is is ab\t z fair z if ,i1 hold+ a brief on ! o!r side1 7 to produce ! ,!seus z a specim5 ( ! ideal1 & ,madame ,tussaud's effigy ( ! ,claimant1 ( ! reali/ic4 ,! 8ideal10 or :at ,sir ,jo%ua calls ! gr& /yle1 means a g5]alization ( beautiful =ms1 b x has no?+ to d ) neglect ( detail1 except :5 su* detail is trivial1 ugly1 or sup]flu\s4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t detail does n mean furr[s1 wr9kles1 & ve9s alone2 x means also m9ute correctness 9 r5d]+ ( =m4 ,! outw>d cont\r ( any portion ( ! human =m is nev] p]fectly sph]ical1 nor p]fectly elliptic1 nor p]fectly /raight1 & x is ! delicate p]ception & arti/ic execution ( =m :i* con/itutes beauty4 ,take ! orig9al ( 8,! ,laocoon10 & a common f\r?-rate g>d5 ca/ ( ! /atue :i* has /ood half-a-doz5 ,engli% w9t]s1 & has _h ! b5efit ( sev]al good coats ( pa9t4 ,9 ?is ca/ all ! beautiful passages ( ! orig9al h disappe>$1 & ! neglect]s ( detail get :at !y ?9k s desirable1 namely1 a g5]al want ( precision & individuality4 ,mi*ael ,angelo himself1 :o is ,sir ,jo%ua's high-prie/ ( ! gr& /yle1 gives pl5ty ( detail :5ev] 8 "w is n meant to be se5 at a di/ance4 ,9 8 8,moses0 & o!r /atues ev5 ! ve9s are c>efully /udi$4 ,x is ! cu/om1 9 ?is z 9 mo/ o!r academies1 = ! /ud5t to beg9 ) ! ,antique1 & f9i% ) ! ,life4 ,! object ( ?is is ( c\rse to avoid multiply+ difficulties at fir/1 & to accu/om him to draw f an inanimate object be=e he proce$s to copy "o t is always m or less mov+4 ,i %\ld1 h[ev]1 v mu* wi% t ^? :o are ambiti\s ( foll[+ ! highe/ walk ( art w\ld supplem5t _! life /udies by a return to ! antique4 ,!y w\ld !n p]ceive beauties :i* !y little dreamt ( dur+ _! appr5tice%ip4 ,!y w\ld acquire a f9e ta/e = =m1 & w\ld le>n to g5]alize ! k !y _h acquir$ 9 ! life s*ools4 ,i w\ld make ?is class ( /ud5ts ! highe/ 9 ! ,academy1 s t no "o %\ld feel t by return+ to ! antique he 0 be+ subject$ to degradation4 ,9 ?is la/ /age ( ! /ud5t's education1 arti/ic /udies f ! antique %\ld be made1 & n :at are call$ f9i%$ draw+s1 su* z are at pres5t execut$ to compete = prizes4 ,! "* & beauty ( ! antique %\ld be giv5 rapidly1 & by simple means4 ,be=e proce$+ to speak ( ! difficult problem ( draw+ objects 9 motion1 ,i %\ld wi% to impress on y\r m9ds ! importance ( be+ able to draw tol]ably f memory4 ,all draw+ is1 /rictly speak+1 an ef=t ( memory4 ,y _c look at y\r model & trace l9es on y\r pap] at "o & ! same "t2 !re mu/ be an int]val ( a second or two1 & all t y h to d to acquire facility 9 draw+ f memory1 is gradually to prolong ?is int]val4 ,if y visit a l>ge =ge1 y are sure to see m5 9 viol5t action1 ei!r work+ ! roll+-mill1 or =g+ l>ge masses ( iron "u ! ,nasmy? hamm]4 ,y may be c]ta9 t _! action is p]fectly natural1 & t x is n only natural b mo/ appropriate to ! "w !y are ab\t4 ,m5 :o h be5 roll+ boil]-plate = ye>s are sure to set ab\t _! "w 9 ! mo/ practical way4 ,sket*+ on ^! occasions is impossible1 except1 p]haps1 to a newspap] correspond5t1 b !re is no?+ to prev5t y\r wat*+ ! action ( ^! m5 int5tly4 ,y w notice ! v>i\s positions ! body arms1 & legs assume to accompli% v>i\s tasks2 h[ ea* action is fitt$ to ! "w4 ,y w endeavor to draw f memory :at y h notic$4 ,y\r draw+s w d\btless be v imp]fect1 b !y w be inf9itely bett] ?an :at y c\ld h produc$ be=e tak+ /ock ( :at y saw at ! =ge4 ,9 ,london y may n h opportunities ( see+ mu* 9 ! way ( action t is wor? draw+1 b ev5 9 ,london p skate1 play lawn t5nis1 & o!r games :i* give rise to action1 & 9 ! c\ntry !re is always pl5ty to obs]ve if y keep y\r wea!r eye op54 ,e "o _c become a ,horace ,v]net1 b ,i ?9k t any fairly good draughtsman may1 aft] exam9+ an object c>efully1 le>n to reproduce x two or ?ree h\rs lat] :5 he rea*es home2 & ?is k9d ( p[] 7?\gh nev] cultivat$ 9 academic s*ools7 is "o :i* e "y arti/ ought to endeavor to acquire4 ,v "y *ildr5 7unless !y are asleep7 _c be /udi$ 9 ! delib]ate mann] 9 :i* a pr(essional gr[n-up model is /udi$4 ,wild animals1 aga91 are difficult ?+s to draw1 because !y _c be dep5d$ ^u to reta9 ! same position = any l5g? ( "t4 ,x is 9 ^! cases t an arti/ :o has ex]cis$ 8 memory has an enorm\s advantage ov] "o :o is m]ely a good academic draughtsman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i w n[ turn to ! "q ( h[ to repres5t objects :i* are meant to appe> 9 motion1 z a man walk+1 runn+1 or /rik+1 a horse gallop+1 etc4 ,i d n int5d to inve/igate ! laws ( motion1 nor to po9t out ! muscles :i* are br\ght into action by viol5t movem5t1 b simply to analyze ! appe>ance to our s5se ( vision ( ^! v>i\s actions4 ,9 draw+ inanimate objects :i* are at re/1 t :i* is app>5t to ! eye really exi/s1 & !re=e by draw+ :at y see1 y w be ma!matically correct2 b ev5 ?is app>5t truism does n hold good 9 e case4 ,= example1 take ! usual pictorial me?od ( repres5t+ a />1 :i*1 al?\gh a/ronomically incorrect1 gives ! impression a bright /> produces on our organs ( sight1 & is !re=e ! prop] me?od4 ,se5 ?r\gh a telescope ! planets become r\nd disks1 & ! brighte/ fix$ />s m]e po9ts1 & !re c be no d\bt ( ! non-exi/5ce ( any radiation2 & yet ! appe>ance ( x is s con/ant t ! t]ms 8/>-%ap$10 8/>-fi%10 etc41 are always us$ to designate objects ( ?is =m2 & x is q consi/5t ) ! s\nde/ pr9ciples ( art to repres5t :at appe>s to be1 r ?an :at is4 ,:5 we come to consid] mov+ objects1 we f9d pl5ty ( contradiction betwe5 :at appe>s to be & :at is4 ,!re are _m mov+ objects :i* pres5t no difficulty4 ,driv+ cl\ds or a %ip 9 full sail are easily drawn1 because1 al?\gh mov+ rapidly ?r\gh ! air1 _! =m v>ies v little z !y proce$1 & _! app>5t =m is 9 no way diff]5t f _! true =m4 ,ev5 ! ev]-heav+ waves ( ! op5 sea1 ?\gh by no means easy to draw correctly1 (f] no discrepancy betwe5 :at y see & :at is4 ,! big ,atlantic roll]s1 & p>ticul>ly ! %ort1 /eep1 irregul> waves "o sometimes meets ) 9 ! ,*annel1 are awkw>d ?+s to draw1 especially to a sea-sick arti/2 b1 at any rate1 unless he is v f> gone1 he sees no?+ :i* does n really exi/1 & no effect ( w9d on ! waves is s rapid t he _c see x4 ,! case1 h[ev]1 is widely diff]5t if y h to repres5t a rotat+ :eel4 ,! spokes ( ! :eel are !re1 b x is impossible to see !m4 ,all y w be able to make out is a k9d ( flick]+ radiation1 ) p]haps "s fa9t traces ( conc5tric circles caus$ by mud spots or o!r m>ks on ! spokes4 ,ev5 :5 ! :eel turns v sl[ly ! spokes become blurr$ & confus$1 & :5 x revolves briskly !y are lo/ sight ( altoge!r4 ,?is is an extreme case1 9 :i* no?+ 9 ! way ( spokes is di/+ui%able1 & !re=e no?+ c be done2 b :5 we see a man runn+ or a horse gallop+ we d di/+ui% ! legs bo? ( man & horse4 ,we get a decid$ impression bo? ( =m & action1 & x is our bus9ess z arti/s to convey t impression on pap] or canvas4 ,x is n our bus9ess to draw man or horse 9 positions :i* may be true1 b :i* are contr>y to our own impressions4 ,t !re are pl5ty ( su* positions ,i hope to prove by means ( ^! diagrams4 ,we h "h two m5 walk+1 "o ( :om has 8 left leg =w>d & ! o!r 8 "r leg4 ,illu/ration ,?is diagram repres5ts !m go+ along fair heel-&-toe1 p]haps n v elegantly1 b at any rate x conveys ! idea ( walk+4 ,n[ x is self-evid5t t1 9 walk+1 ! legs mu/ pass ea* o!r at e /ep4 ,let u endeavor to draw our p$e/rian at ! mom5t :5 "o leg is pass+ 9 front ( ! o!r1 & we %all f9d x impossible to give ! idea ( fair heel-&-toe walk+4 ,illu/ration ,n[1 :y is ?is8 ,! reason appe>s to me to be tw(old2 9 ! fir/ place1 at ea* /ep !re is a mom5t>y pause :5 bo? feet are on ! gr\nd2 & ! eye seizes on ?is pause1 & naturally associates ! position ! legs are 9 ) ! action ( walk+4 ,secondly1 x is only 9 ?is position t any idea c be giv5 ( ! l5g? ( ! /ep & ! rate ( ! man's progress4 ,a photograph tak5 at ! mom5t :5 "o leg is pass+ ! o!r1 w\ld n convey ! impression ( =w>d movem5t4 ,9 nature x is ! actual motion ( ! leg :i* causes ! attitude to appe> all "r2 b if we c\ld arre/ x in/antane\sly1 ! action w\ld appe> z cramp$ 9 nature z x does on pap]4 ,dur+ a ?und]-/orm at night1 if y %\ld ev] happ5 to see a walk+ or a runn+ man illum9$ by a fla% ( lightn+1 y w notice t he does n appe> to be mov+ at all1 unless ! fla% occurs j at ! "t :5 8 legs are fully ext5d$4 ,i h myself se5 ! curi\s effect ( a sudd5 fla% ( light on a mov+ c>riage & horses4 ,! horses1 ?\gh trott+ fully eight miles an h\r1 did n seem to be mov+1 & e spoke 9 ! :eels 0 z pla9ly se5 z if !y _h n be5 rotat+4 ,:at ,i h said ab\t ! action ( walk+ applies equally to runn+4 ,! attitude appe>s always m or less cramp$ unless ! mom5t is seiz$ :5 ! runn]'s legs are fully ext5d$4 ,! illu/ration ( runn+ giv5 9 ,flaxman's lectures is wrong 9 m ?an "o p>ticul>4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! heel ought n to t\* ! gr\nd2 x nev] does 9 runn+4 ,secondly1 ! figure appe>s pois$ on 8 "r foot2 inde$1 he w\ld fall r backw>d ?an =w>d2 & x is ess5tially necess>y1 9 express+ ! action ( runn+1 t ! figure %\ld appe> to fall =w>d :5ev] "o foot is on ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration ,9 draw+ ! human figure ei!r runn+ or walk+1 ?is mu/ always be att5d$ to1 o!rwise ! figure looks l an academy model1 ) 8 h9d foot com=tably propp$ up on a box4 ,x is possible t = a fractional "p ( a second1 a runn+ man's leg might assume ! v]tical position giv5 x by ,flaxman2 b ?is position1 ev5 if true1 is "o ( ^? :i* ought nev] to be select$4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! next fractional "p ( ! second1 ! foot be+ arre/$ by ! gr\nd1 & ! body mov+ rapidly =w>d1 ! leg mu/ assume a slant+ position1 & our man w be (f 8 balance1 & "u ! necessity ( rapidly br++ to ! front 8 o!r leg2 & ?us ! idea ( runn+ is giv51 z 9 ! prec$+ diagram4 ,flaxman's float+ & arial female figures are exquisitely graceful1 & "h he is se5 at 8 be/2 b ,i ?9k t ! action ( 8 male figures is r academic2 t is1 !y sugge/ too mu* ! life-s*ool1 :]e ! model is plac$ 9 a position :i* he c hold = a consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,i am q aw>e t 9 a sev]e bas-relief composition1 or 9 a grave hi/orical picture1 a runn] %\ld n be repres5t$ z he might appe> at ,lilliebridge gr\nds1 or rac+ aft] a cricket-ball at ,"l's4 ,he %\ld proce$ m by comp>atively sl[ b\nds ?an by quick /eps1 b ! s5tim5t ( =w>d impetus %\ld be j ! same4 ,!re is a f9e example ( a runn+ figure 9 "o ( ,raffaelle's /anze4 ,i ?9k x is 9 ! 8,heliodorus ,expell$ f ! ,temple40 ,9 ! next diagram1 ! action approximates to ,flaxman's1 b !re is ?is important diff]5ce1 t ! left foot is 9 ! air1 & we feel t be=e x gets a good grip ( ! gr\nd1 ! body w h mov$ on consid]ably1 & ! balance ( ! figure w h a /rong =w>d t5d5cy1 z 9 ! la/ illu/ration4 ,any attempt to repres5t a man runn+ :il/ "o leg is cross+ ! o!r1 w be j z hopeless z to give ! idea ( walk+ "u simil> conditions4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! action ( /rik+1 ! prop] mom5t = ! draughtsman to seize is ei!r j be=e or j aft] ! bl[ has be5 giv54 ,"h1 aga91 if ! arm 7 arre/$ midway1 ! attitude ( ! /rik] w\ld appe> cramp$ & absurd4 ,moreov]1 !re w\ld be no?+ 9 ! position ( ! arm to indicate :e!r ! bl[ 0 a heavy or a light "o4 ,exactly ! same rem>ks apply to ! action ( ?r[+4 ,by accurately giv+ ! ?r[]'s prep>atory position1 ! p[] ( ! ?r[ c be indicat$2 & ! same may to a c]ta9 ext5t be done by tak+ him aft] ! /one or ball has left 8 h&1 b no?+ satisfactory c come ( attempt+ to draw him 9 an int]m$iate /age4 ,if we h to repres5t m5 r[+1 ! be/ way is to draw !m lean+ =w>d & ) out/ret*$ arms1 ! o>s j cat*+ ! wat]4 ,illu/ration ,! degree 9 :i* !y are rea*+ =w>d is ! key to ! l5g? ( ! /roke1 &1 !re=e1 9 great measure1 to ! velocity ( ! boat4 ,if !y are r[+ a race1 or spurt+1 _! arms & backs w\ld be almo/ horizontal2 if !y are m]ely paddl+1 _! bodies w\ld be only g5tly incl9$ =w>d4 ,we h no means 9 pa9t+1 draw+1 or photography1 ( indicat+ ! numb] ( /rokes p] m9ute1 any m ?an we h ( tim+ ! rapidity ( a man's /eps :5 he is walk+ or runn+2 b we c 9 bo? cases indicate cle>ly ! l5g? ( ! /roke or /ep1 & ! l5g? is g5]ally a pretty good index ( ! rapidity4 ,suppos+ t1 ) ! idea ( be+ orig9al1 an arti/ %\ld *oose to repres5t ! mom5t :5 ! /roke is half r[$ ?r\gh1 :5 ! bodies ( ! crew are comp>atively upright1 & ! arms beg9n+ to b5d1 c any "o suppose t 8 draw+ w\ld h ! same _s z if he _h tak5 ! previ\s mom5t1 :5 ! m5 7 all ext5d$8 ,f ^! examples we may d$uce ! rule1 t to repres5t action ( any k9d1 ! figure %\ld be ext5d$ to ! full limit ( ! position necess>y to produce t action4 ,hav+ e/abli%$ ?is rule1 we w n[ consid] h[ f> x is applicable to ! action ( animals4 ,we f9d b little among/ ! works ( ! old ,italian ma/]s :i* c by any /ret* ( fancy be call$ a gallop+ horse4 ,b few ( !m attempt$ horse-pa9t+ at all1 & ^? :o did make ! attempt 7 cont5t to reproduce ) m or less skill ! heavy %apeless w>-horse ( ,roman sculpture4 ,^! portly animals 7 repres5t$ ei!r at re/ or paw+ ! gr\nd4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ,leon>do da ,v9ci's 8,fight = ! ,/&>d10 !y are re>+1 kick+1 bit+1 & display+ e =m ( equ9e vice2 b we v seldom come across a real gallop+ or ev5 a trott+ horse1 until ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,rub5s' horses are (t5 repres5t$ gallop+1 b x mu/ be confess$ t !y are n gett+ ov] ! gr\nd v fa/4 ,! h9d legs are inv>iably on ! gr\nd & ! =e legs well b5t2 j /raight5 !m a little1 & y h ! prototype ( ! mod]n rock+-horse4 ,?is old-fa%ion$ way ( repres5t+ a horse gallop+ 0 bl9dly adopt$ by successive g5]ations ( arti/s ?r\gh ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,i believe t ,c>l ,v]net 7! fa!r ( ,horace7 0 ! fir/ to innovate4 ,8 /udies ( horses are admirable4 ,:e!r walk+1 trott+1 or gallop+1 _! action is always spirit$ & sugge/ive4 ,8 me?od has nev] be5 improv$ ^u1 & probably nev] w4 ,x is n[ ab\t two ye>s s9ce a v rem>kable s]ies ( in/antane\s photographs1 repres5t+ a horse at full gallop1 7 br\ght ov] to ,engl& f ,am]ica4 ,!y 7 execut$ ) great skill & c>e by an +5i\s g5tleman ( ,san ,francisco1 & h be5 te/$ 9 ,london by means ( an in/rum5t call$ ! prax9oscope1 :i* br+s !m 9 succession & at regul> int]vals be=e ! eye4 ,_! effect se5 9 ?is way is m>vell\s4 ,! grotesque1 absurd figures />t into life1 & ! result is a wond]ful repres5tation ( a race-horse at full spe$4 ,!re is !re=e no room = d\bt+ ! absolute correctness ( e "o ( ^! diagrams1 :i* ,i h _h enl>g$ = ?is lecture4 ,i ne$ n describe 9 detail ! mann] 9 :i* ! orig9al negatives 7 tak54 ,x w be suffici5t to say t electricity 0 absolutely indisp5sable = ! op]ation4 ,twelve cam]as 7 set up 9 a l9e ) ! track2 !y 7 plac$ tw5ty-sev5 in*es ap>t1 & ea* negative 0 tak5 in/antane\sly z soon z ! gallop+ horse 0 opposite ! cam]a4 ,! ^w 8in/antane\sly0 does n at all repres5t ! rapidity ) :i* ! negatives 7 tak54 ,x 0 calculat$ t ! "t = ea* op]ation 0 "u #a_/bjjj? ,"p ( a second4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! production ( ! negatives 0 "o tw5ty-fif? ( a second1 :i*1 if multipli$ by twelve1 w give ab\t half a second = ! completion ( ! s]ies4 ,! orig9al photographs are ( c\rse m]e d>k silh\ettes1 b x is v wond]ful t any result at all %\ld h be5 obta9$ 9 ! #a_/bjjj? "p ( a second4 ,we are told t ! 8celebrat$ fly] ,sally ,g>dn] 0 ridd5 by ! jockey ,domm at a #a3dj gait 9 front ( ! app>atus40 ,! #a3dj gait translat$ into ,engli% means t ,sally ,g>dn] 0 go+ at ! rate ( a mile 9 "o m9ute =ty seconds1 :i* c]ta9ly is a great pace ev5 = a ,d]by w9n]4 ,n[1 x has be5 kn[n = a great _m ye>s t ! usual sport+ way ( repres5t+ a rac] at full gallop is n correct4 ,/oneh5ge1 9 8 book on ! horse1 publi%$ m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago1 says3-- 8,to repres5t ! gallop pictorially 9 a p]fectly correct mann] is almo/ impossible2 at all ev5ts x has nev] yet be5 accompli%$2 ! ord9>y & receiv$ int]pretation be+ altoge!r errone\s4 ,:5 c>efully wat*$1 ! horse 9 full gallop w be se5 to ext5d himself v mu*1 b n ne>ly to ! l5g? :i* is assign$ to him by arti/s4 ,to give ! idea ( high spe$1 ! h9d legs are ?ru/ backw>d & ! =elegs =w>d 9 a mo/ unnatural position1 :i*1 if x c\ld be assum$ 9 reality1 w\ld inevitably lead to a fall & mo/ probably to a brok5 back40 ,/oneh5ge goes on to obs]ve t 8_m arti/s h tri$ to break ?r\gh ! "t-honor$ recipe = draw+ a gallop+ horse1 b t ! eye at once rebels4 ,! new v]sion may be sci5tifically correct1 b ! m9d refuses its ass5t to ! idea ( great pace :i* is desir$ to be giv540 ,among/ ! 8_m arti/s0 allud$ to by ,/oneh5ge ,i may m5tion my old acqua9tance ,john ,lee*4 ,lee* 0 f> too ke5 an obs]v] to be satisfi$ ) ! absolute tru? ( ! ord9>y me?od ( repres5t+ a horse go+ across c\ntry1 & accord+ly he tri$ all k9ds ( positions = ! legs1 b always _h to g back to "s modification ( ! usually accept$ "o1 viz41 all f\r legs (f ! gr\nd1 & all m or less ext5d$4 ,he rem>k$ to me ?irty ye>s ago h[ impracticable x 0 to repres5t ! true action ( a gallop+ horse satisfactorily4 ,i wond] :at ,/oneh5ge & ,lee* w\ld h said1 c\ld !y h se5 ^! extraord9>y photographs4 ,out ( ! s]ies ( twelve !re are only two 7,nos4 #b & #c7 :i* give ! lea/ idea ( gallop+1 & 9 ^! two all ! legs are tuck$ "u ! horse 9 a bun*4 ,well may ! editor ( ! ,field h writt5 back to ,am]ica to say t !re 0 "s mi/ake1 z1 b>r+ two1 :i* look$ some?+ l gallop+1 all ! o!rs repres5t$ ! horse z m or less /ation>y4 ,to me !y look$ m l ! tricks ( a highly-tra9$ /e$ 9 a circus4 ,h[ev] grotesque ! position ( a horse's legs may be1 we mu/ 7p] =ce7 accept !m z tru?ful1 & to ^? sceptics :o _c reconcile _! m9ds to ?is fact1 ,i w\ld obs]ve t f\r-foot$ animals don't fly2 _! legs n only t\* ! gr\nd1 b mu/ at "o p>ticul> #bjjj? "p ( a second be v]tical1 & ,i am q sure t "u ^! conditions ! clev]e/ draughtsman w\ld fail to make ! horse appe> gallop+4 ,gricault1 ,horace ,v]net1 & all ! be/ del9eators ( horses gallop+1 h repres5t$ !m ) all ! feet 9 ! air & ! legs m or less ext5d$4 ,x has n[ be5 prov$1 beyond ! possibility ( d\bt1 t ?is position is nev] assum$ by ! horse4 ,does x foll[ t ! pictures ( ^! arti/s are all wrong8 ,by no means4 ,speak+ sci5tifically1 !y are wrong1 b sci5ce & art1 ?\gh (t5 bracket$ toge!r1 are v di/9ct1 & ought to be indep5d5t ( ea* o!r2 s t if ! old-fa%ion$ way ( repres5t+ a rac] conveys to ! m9d a bett] idea ( spe$ ?an any ( ^! diagrams1 we ought to cont9ue to wall[ 9 our ignorance4 ,x is impossible to say :at ! art ( ! future may be4 ,we may get valuable h9ts f ^! & future in/antane\s photographs2 we may le>n to modify1 to a consid]able ext5t1 ! "t-honor$ sport+ way ( depict+ hors]aces1 b ,i c h>dly believe t ! /ruggle = ! ,d]by ( #aiha w be repres5t$ z above4#b ,illu/ration ,! o!r paces ( ! horse1 ! walk & ! trot1 h also be5 photograph$ by ! same g5tleman4 ,! results are curi\s1 b !re is no?+ s outrage\sly absurd z ! 8#a3dj gait0 photographs4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w\ld caution y aga9/ be+ disquiet$ by any mod]n inve/igation ( ! true action ( animals4 ,9 art1 :atev] appe>s "r is "r1 & ?is seems to me to con/itute "o ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 art & sci5ce4 ,i h already said t 9 draw+ m5 or animals 9 motion arti/s are limit$ to "o mom5t>y position1 & t c>e %\ld be tak5 t t mom5t>y position be *>act]i/ic ( ! g5]al action4 ,?us 9 ! greyh\nd pursu+ ! h>e1 ! legs appe> ev5 m ext5d$ ?an 9 ! rac+ horse1 & we ought accord+ly to repres5t !m 9 ?is way1 reg>dless ( ! lit]al tru?4 ,:at we call action1 bo? 9 m5 & animals1 is n ! attitude at "o p>ticul> mom5t1 b ! comb9ation ( v>i\s attitudes 9 rapid succession4 ,to give a p]fect repres5tation ( action lies1 !re=e1 beyond ! prov9ce ( art4 ,all we c d is to select1 or sometimes ev5 to inv5t1 an attitude :i*1 :e!r true or n true1 %all accurately give ! g5]al impression ( :at we want to repres5t4 ,we h he>d a good deal lately ( a new s*ool ( pa9t]s call+ !mselves ,impressioni/s4 ,i ne$ h>dly say ,i h b little sympa?y ) _! "w4 ,to neglect =m1 z !y o/5tati\sly d1 is to ab&on volunt>ily ! highe/ quality ( art2 b ,i mu/ confess t 9 draw+ animat$ objects 9 motion1 ,i am some:at ( an ,impressioni/ myself4 ,:]ev] f ! rapidity ( ! movem5t any delib]ate draw+ ( ! =m is out ( ! "q1 ,i hold x to be mu* saf] to tru/ to g5]al impressions ?an to be guid$ by ! results ( in/antane\s photography4 ,,lecture ,,vii4 ,,color4 ,lectures on color are g5]ally semi-sci5tific disc\rses4 ,! lectur] expla9s ! !ory ( prim>ies & second>ies1 & ! optical effects produc$ by contra/1 illu/rat+ :at he has got to say on ! subject by means ( color$ diagrams4 ,^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! s+ul> effect produc$ by :at are call$ simultane\s & successive contra/s ( color _h bett] consult ,*evreuil's book on color1 :i* has be5 translat$ into ,engli%1 & is a v exhau/ive "w on ! subject4 ,f a v slight k ( ! book ,i %\ld say t x 0 m likely to be ( use to ! design] & manufactur] ?an to ! arti/4 ,! au?or deals almo/ entirely ) flat surfaces ( color1 & ! weake/ "p ( ! book is t :]e he tackles ! complex problem ( r$uc+ to rule ! color+ ( pictures4 ,"s ( 8 !ories appe> to me v fanciful1 & "s are q contr>y to my own exp]i5ce4 ,inde$1 x is a "q to me :e!r a sci5tific k ( optics 9 _! relation to color c be ( any use to an arti/ 9 8 pr(ession4 ,aft] ?is preamble y w n be surpris$ if ,i d n exhibit to-night any prisms or kaleidoscopic effects ( color4 ,moreov]1 ,i don't "k en\gh ( ! subject to v5ture to lecture on x4 ,i %all give y ! results ( my exp]i5ces 7quantum valeant7 n only ab\t colors1 b ab\t su* prosaic matt]s z bru%es1 palettes1 & m$iums4 ,x appe>s to me t _m a /ud5t is kept back or disc\rag$ because 8 palette is 9 a hopeless mess2 8 bru%es are l old bir*-brooms1 & 8 canvas is slipp]y & greasy4 ,if y 7 le>n+ to write1 in/ead ( le>n+ to pa9t1 y w\ld n provide y\rselves ) /umpy worn-out p5s1 bad ink1 & c>tridge pap]4 ,y w\ld get fairly good p5s & ink & :ite foolscap1 s z to give y\rselves a *ance4 ,i don't wi% y to be fa/idi\s ab\t ! *oice ( y\r mat]ials4 ,?is is z bad z be+ too c>eless2 nor d ,i want to b9d y to use ! colors & bru%es :i* ,i myself f9d mo/ conv5i5t = life /udies4 ,all ,i desire is t y %\ld n multiply y\r difficulties unnecess>ily by us+ bad mat]ials4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ent]+ on ^! details1 ,i wi% to make a few obs]vations ab\t ! effect & contra/ ( colors4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i w\ld obs]ve t1 pictorially speak+1 no color c1 tak5 individually1 be call$ ei!r pretty or ugly4 ,! dulle/ mud-color1 if 9 its "r place1 is *>m+2 & ! mo/ delicate mauve1 if 9 ! wrong place1 hide\s4 ,dirt has be5 def9$ z matt] 9 ! wrong place4 ,no "o :ile digg+ among 8 fl[]-b$s w\ld call ! ri* m\ld 8dirt10 b if he proce$s to wipe 8 spade ) 8 pocket-h&k]*ief1 he w c]ta9ly 8dirty0 x4 ,9 ! same way :5 9 a picture we speak ( a color be+ ugly or dirty1 all we mean is t x appe>s s ) ref]5ce to its surr\nd+s4 ,take ! same color & put x 9 a m h>moni\s sett+1 & x w appe> all "r4 ,we are told by sci5tific writ]s on color1 t ! prim>ies 7r$1 yell[1 & blue7 h>monize ) _! second>ies1 viz41 r$ ) gre51 yell[ ) purple1 & blue ) orange4 ,?is is no d\bt true 9 a g5]al way1 b x is by no means inv>iably true4 ,any color w1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 h>monize ) any o!r1 provid$ !y are ( ! prop] %ade1 & ! surr\nd+ sett+ & backgr\nd are suitable2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 we (t5 see 9 pictures by bad colori/s ! mo/ or?odox comb9ation ( r$s & gre5s1 :i*1 in/ead ( be+ h>moni\s1 are pa9fully discordant4 ,! tru? is t color _c be subject$ to !oretical rules4 ,! only safe book = ! /ud5t to consult is ! ,book ( ,nature4 ,he w !re f9d no limit to ! h>moni\s comb9ations ( ! prim>y & second>y colors4 ,d ! gold5 blossoms ( ! ragwort or ! blue-bells ( ! wild hyac9? n h>monize ) _! respective gre5 leaves8 ,are ! orange or*>ds ( ! ,s\?1 or ! m+l$ blue1 gre51 & gold ( ! peacock's plumage1 unpleasant to ! eye8 ,& yet ^! comb9ations ( color violate ! rules laid d[n by !ori/s4 ,ano!r obvi\s tru? to be glean$ f ,nature1 & :i* may be made applicable to art1 is t %e v>ies h] t9ts accord+ to climate4 ,9 ! plumage & color+ ( exotic birds & insects we f9d ! mo/ gorge\s comb9ations ( bright colors4 ,9 ! p>rot-h\se ( ! ,zological ,g>d5s we see r$ & blue1 orange & purple1 blue & gre5 plumages ( ! mo/ brilliant hues4 ,! color+ ( ^! birds1 al?\gh n z discordant z _! voices1 seems 9 our gray climate too crude & viol5t1 b 9 _! native tropical =e/s1 ) an int5sely blue sky ov]head1 ! crudity w\ld disappe>1 & !y w\ld be z mu* 9 keep+ ) ! surr\nd+ sc5]y z eagles & hawks are on our m\nta9s1 black & :ite seaf[l on our coa/s1 or sp>r[s 9 our /reets4 ,! tru? appe>s to be t 9 color !re are v>i\s scales ( int5sity & /r5g?4 ,if ! key-note1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! mo/ decid$ color 9 y\r picture1 be /rong & vivid1 y w h to c>ry out ! :ole picture on ! same scale4 ,if x be ( a delicate or neutral t9t1 y mu/ treat ! rema9d] ( ! picture accord+ly4 ,good specim5s ( old /a9$-glass w9d[s1 :]e ! /ronge/ r$s1 blues1 gre5s1 & yell[s are se5 9 juxtaposition1 are f9e examples ( a p[]ful ri* h>mony ( color1 & _m pictures ( ! ,dut* s*ool are v good illu/rations ( h>mony ( a delicate gray k9d4 ,?is sort ( l[-ton$ h>mony is mu* m easily obta9$ ?an ! /rong] & ri*] k9d4 ,! reason = ?is is t faults ( color & errors ( ta/e are mu* less conspicu\s 9 a gray picture ?an 9 a brilliantly color$ "o4 ,9 ! =m] all ! co/umes are ( a :itey-br[n1 buff1 or slate color1 & an injudici\s di/ribution ( ^! ,quak]-l t9ts w\ld be h>dly noticeable2 b 9 a "w :]e /rong r$s1 yell[s1 blues1 & blacks pr$om9ate1 ! sub/itution ( "o color = ano!r w\ld be fatal to ! picture4 ,9 l&scape aga91 x is f> easi] to pa9t ! gray l& ( m\nta9 & mi/ ?an ! brilliant sun%9e ( ! ,s\?4 ,any "o :o hone/ly attempts to depict ! blue ,m$it]ranean sp>kl+ 9 ! sun%9e w probably be sev]ely criticis$1 :il/ 8 neighbor :o has pa9t$ ! k9d ( ,highl& sc5]y we all "k s well1 w get prais$ = 8 pa9/ak+ tru?fulness1 al?\gh 8 picture may be 9 e respect inf]ior z a transcript ( nature to ! ,s\!rn "o4 ,! axiom to be d]iv$ f ?is is1 t :atev] y\r subject may be1 :e!r figures or l&scape1 x is comp>atively easy to succe$ z a colori/ 9 a l[ or gray scale ( color4 ,i d n mean to recomm5d any %irk+ ( difficulties1 & if y\r subject is ( a nature :i* requires brilliant color+1 by all means endeavor to pa9t x up to ! m>k2 b 9 decorative "w1 & 9 pictures :i* admit ( a t5d] & s(t color+1 y w d well to select grays1 blui% gre5s1 & brok5 t9ts g5]ally4 ,y\r %ortcom+s w be less conspicu\s1 & y w avoid ! risk ( becom+ tawdry & vulg>4 ,"s m5 are born ) a /rong natural feel+ = color1 & a good _m m fancy !y h ?is gift )\t really possess+ x4 ,"s h an exceptionally dull s5se = color1 & al?\gh !y may be q able to di/+ui% r$ f gre51 yet !y _c be taught to discrim9ate betwe5 diff]5t %ades ( ! same color4 ,to /ud5ts belong+ to any ( ^! ?ree classes ,i am afraid my lecture w be ( no use4 ,! fir/--t is1 ! born colori/s--w in/9ctively use h>moni\s t9ts1 & _! natural feel+ w be a bett] guide to !m ?an any lectures4 ,! second class--namely1 ^? :o fondly believe !mselves to be colori/s--w1 ( c\rse1 n att5d to any ?+ ,i may say2 & ^? to :om nature has d5i$ a s5se ( color are untea*able1 j z x is hopeless to tea* music to a man :o has no e>4 ,! great majority1 h[ev]1 ( /ud5ts belong to none ( ^! exceptional classes4 ,!y h an av]age s5se ( color1 j z !y h an av]age s5se ( =m2 & al?\gh ,i am q aw>e t practice & exp]i5ce w alone improve & develop _! p[] ( color+1 yet a few practical h9ts may facilitate & %ort5 _! /udies4 ,i assume t :atev] me?od is adopt$ = pa9t+ fle%1 ! object ought to be to get x l nature4 ,i don't mean necess>ily l ! model1 b l :at nature w\ld be "u ! conditions impos$ by ! subject1 & x is v necess>y cont9ually to be> 9 m9d :at ^? conditions are4 ,x w n d 7if y h an op5-air subject to pa9t7 to copy y\r model fai?fully z he appe>s 9 ! /udio1 & !n put 9 a sky & backgr\nd f y\r out-(-door /udies4 ,al?\gh ! :ole picture might truly be said to be pa9t$ f nature1 yet x w\ld c]ta9ly n look "r4 ,! figures w\ld h be5 pa9t$ "u "o condition ( light1 & ! l&scape "u ano!r4 ,y _c be expect$1 except "u peculi> circum/ances1 to pa9t direct f y\r model out-(-doors1 b y may take c>eful notice ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 /udio light & %ade & op5-air effect4 ,i mu/ d mod]n pa9t]s ! ju/ice to say t ?is diff]5ce is mu* m g5]ally recogniz$ ?an x 0 tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,=m]ly a gr\p ( figures us$ to be pa9t$ ) m or less c>e f models z !y appe>$ 9 ! /udio1 ! ap]ture :i* admitt$ light be+ (t5 n m ?an ?ree or f\r feet wide4 ,x 0 immat]ial to ! arti/ :e!r ! sc5e ( 8 subject 0 an ap>tm5t simil>ly light$1 or an op5 hea?2 & ! consequ5ce 0 t ! picture1 h[ev] clev]ly x might be pa9t$1 _h an unreal appe>ance :5ev] a l&scape backgr\nd 0 introduc$4 ,?is discrepancy mu/ h be5 felt1 & h5ce no d\bt we may acc\nt = ! p]fectly conv5tional l&scape backgr\nds we notice 9 _m pictures by ! ma/]s ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,in/ead ( ! old artifice ( spoil+ ! l&scape = ! sake ( ! figures1 x is mu* bett] & heal?i] art to pa9t ! figures to suit ! l&scape4 ,we _c d ?is completely unless we pa9t ! :ole picture on ! spot1 & !n we %\ld n h ! same comm& ov] ! arrangem5t ( ! gr\ps z we h 9 ! /udio2 b we c make an approximation t[>d ?is desirable end1 & x is satisfactory to notice t _m "y arti/s1 bo? ,fr5* & ,engli%1 are mak+ ef=ts 9 ?is direction1 & ?us /udy+ ! ev]-v>y+ effects ( color & light 9 ! only way 9 :i* !y ought to be /udi$4 ,if y d n feel equal to ! task ( ?us modify+ y\r /udio "w1 *oose "s subject :]e ! sc5e is an int]ior1 analog\s to y\r own room1 & !n y may copy lit]ally ! color & light & %ade ( y\r models & drap]ies4 ,i am n go+ to give any recipe = pa9t+ fle%2 "s ,engli% arti/s & ! great majority ( =eign]s pa9t x 9 at once z ne> nature z !y c4 ,o!rs model x fir/ 9 :at is te*nically call$ dead color1 & f9i% ) transp>5t or semi-transp>5t t9ts4 ,if ! result is good1 x matt]s little h[ x has be5 obta9$4 ,e arti/ has 8 own me?od1 & he g5]ally adh]es to x1 ei!r because he is accu/om$ to x1 or because x suits 8 /yle ( composition & draw+4 ,i %all !re=e conf9e ! rem>ks ,i h to make on color to ! h>moni\s arrangem5t ( backgr\nds1 drap]ies1 & co/umes4 ,fir/1 z to backgr\nds4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 :i* any "o c v]ify1 t if y h pa9t$ a head & y f9d ! color too hot & r$1 ! prop] rem$y is to pa9t ! backgr\nd ( a cool gre5 or "s cold color4 ,naturally "o w\ld suppose t on ! pr9ciple ( contra/s ! cool-color$ backgr\nd w\ld make ! head appe> r$d]4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is c]ta9ly n ! case4 ,a v]milion curta9 beh9d y\r rubicund g5tleman w\ld make him appe> m objectionably rubicund1 b a cool gray or gre5 w\ld h ! contr>y effect4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if y want w>m? ( color 9 y\r head1 pa9t a r$ backgr\nd to x4 ,if y try to give w>m? to x by sett+ x 9 a cold backgr\nd y w make x look m gha/ly ?an x did4 ,! only explanation ,i c (f] = ?is app>5t anomaly is t ! eye gets fill$ or saturat$ ) ! color ( ! backgr\nd until ! head seems to p>take ( x4 ,9 ! fir/ example ! eye gets fill$ ) cool gre51 & ?us ! r$ness ( ! head becomes less app>5t4 ,9 ! second example1 ! optic n]ves get accu/om$ to a hot color1 & s ! pallor ( ! head disappe>s4 ,9 my op9ion a color$ sket* or wat]-color draw+ ga9s brilliancy by be+ m\nt$ on a :ite gr\nd1 :]eas1 accord+ to !ory1 ! dazzl+ :it5ess ( ! m\nt ought to make ! draw+ look d+y4 ,9 ! same way1 suppos+ y h pa9t$ a s]ies ( figures = ! decoration ( a p$im5t or frieze1 & y f9d t y\r figures are dull & heavy 9 color1 h[ are y to rem$y ?is )\t repa9t+ !m8 ,my answ] w\ld be1 ,give !m a gold or light bright-color$ backgr\nd4 ,x is n only t ?is bright backgr\nd enliv5s ! :ole "w1 b x has ! effect ( mak+ ea* individual figure appe> less dull 9 color4 ,al?\gh exp]i5ce has taught me t ^! app>5tly anomal\s effects are produc$ ) color1 yet1 ( c\rse1 :]e black & :ite alone are conc]n$1 ! law ( contra/ foll[s its natural c\rse2 t is1 if y want to give brilliancy to a :ite spot1 surr\nd x ) black2 & if y want to give d>kness to a black spot1 surr\nd x ) :ite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 a composition ( sev]al figures1 x is almo/ always desirable to assi/ ! effect by select+ :ite or light-color$ drap]ies = ! figures 9 ! light1 & d>k colors = ! figures 9 ! %ade4 ,?is pr9ciple may1 ( c\rse1 be c>ri$ too f>1 b z a g5]al rule x may be dep5d$ on4 ,a good deal has be5 said by ,sir ,j4 ,reynolds & o!rs 9 praise ( a simple palette1 & ) mu* ( ?is ,i cordially agree2 /ill ,i ?9k t 9 ! ord9>y practice ( figure-pa9t+ n9e or t5 colors are indisp5sable4 ,if ,i give y my own palette1 x is n t ,i wi% to dictate to y :at colors to employ1 b simply z a f\ndation = ! rem>ks ,i am go+ to make ab\t ! colors g5]ally us$4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to :ite4 ,illu/ration ,:ite lead is ! pigm5t all b univ]sally us$ 9 oil-pa9t+4 ,_m ye>s ago ,i tri$ z9c-:ite4 ,x 0 /rongly recomm5d$1 on ! gr\nd t x did n turn yell[ or black ) age l :ite lead4 ,i believe x has ?is good quality1 b x wants opacity & body2 & al?\gh ,i ?9k x might be us$ ) great advantage 9 skies1 or = scumbl+1 ,i don't ?9k x c ev] replace :ite lead = fle%-pa9t+4 ,we next come to ,naples yell[4 ,i am no *emi/1 & d n pr(ess to tell y :at ,naples yell[ is made (1 any m ?an ,i c\ld in=m y ( :at ,london butt] is made4 ,!re are a great _m %ades ( ?is useful color1 b ,i ?9k t ! pale gre5i% v>iety is ! mo/ s]viceable4 ,! ,fr5* h jaune de ,naples ord9aire1 jaune brilliant1 & ?ree %ades ( jaune ,p9>d4 ,our colorm5 h pale & deep ,naples yell[1 ( v>i\s %ades1 & lemon yell[ besides4 ,( all ^! v>ieties1 ,i pref] ! light-color$ jaune ,p9>d4 ,9 pa9t+ fle% x w be f\nd useful1 especially 9 ! reflect$ light ( ! %ad[s1 :]e :ite lead w\ld probably create heav9ess & opacity2 b x is 9 light-color$ drap]ies1 9 gold-embroid]$ brocades1 & 9 gl[+ sunsets t ,naples yell[ ( "s k9d becomes indisp5sable4 ,yell[ o*re ought to be a simple e>?1 t9t$ yell[ 9 nature's laboratory2 b1 l ! a=esaid ,naples yell[1 y _c tell :at ! cont5ts ( ! tube y pur*ase z yell[ o*re really are4 ,! t]ra *i>a1 :i*1 9 ,italian fresco1 replaces our yell[ o*re1 is p]fectly durable1 b no yell[ o*re t ,i ev] b\ght 9 ,london w\ld resi/ ! action ( ! lime4 ,h5ce ,i conclude t ! yell[ o*re ( ! trade is n a g5u9e e>?4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x is q indisp5sable on ! palette1 & 9 oil-pa9t+s seems p]fectly durable4 ,roman o*re1 gold5 o*re1 & o!r v>ieties are q unnecess>y if y h yell[ o*re on y\r palette2 b br[n o*re is capital = "o p>ticul> purpose1 & = no?+ else t ,i "k (4 ,! purpose ( :i* ,i am speak+ is = pa9t+ a dead :ite lum9\s bit ( wall or pavem5t4 ,if y mell[ y\r :ite lead ) a v little br[n o*re1 y w get a lum9\s comp\nd :i* is nei!r yell[ nor r$1 & is totally dissimil> to y\r fle% t9t4 ,( raw si5na ,i w\ld speak ) great respect1 z x is p]fectly durable 9 fresco-"w1 :]e yell[ o*re drops (f ! wall & dis9tegrates e ?+ x is mix$ )4 ,nev]!less1 raw si5na wants body2 :5 gr\nd 9 oil1 & except p]haps = l&scape-pa9t+1 ,i h>dly ev] use x4 ,be=e exhau/+ ! yell[s1 ,i may m5tion t ! only viol5t yell[ y ought ev] to admit on y\r palette is cadmium4 ,*romes ( all k9ds are rank poison1 & cadmium1 ?\gh q safe1 is a difficult color to manage ) discretion4 ,light r$ is burnt o*re1 & is "o ( ! mo/ useful colors ( ! palette = pa9t+ fle%4 ,mix$ ) :ite & a v little yell[ x is ! f\ndation ( all fle%-pa9t+4 ,! ,fr5* light r$1 or 8brun r\ge10 z x is call$1 is mu* bett] ?an ours4 ,x is a little m p9k 9 color1 & is g5]ally pleasant] to "w )4 ,we n[ come to v]milion4 ,( ?is color !re are two k9ds 9 common use1 ! ,*9ese & ! s-call$ extract ( v]milion4 ,i %\ld ?9k x h>dly necess>y to h bo? k9ds on ! palette1 b "s arti/s1 :o are mu* bett] colori/s ?an ,i c pret5d to be1 ?9k o!rwise2 & al?\gh !y omit altoge!r umb]s & br[ns ( all sorts1 yet nev] lay _! palette )\t bo? sorts ( v]milion4 ,burnt si5na is ! next color on our palette1 & is ( univ]sal use4 ,x is ! be/ color to use = giv+ w>m? to %ades1 & = prep>+ drap]ies or /uffs :i* are ultimately to be blue or gre54 ,( c\rse1 "o may use x too mu*1 b x nev] gives opacity & heav9ess1 :i* any o!r r$ w\ld d if employ$ = a simil> purpose4 ,!re are _m o!r r$s4 ,v5etian r$ is h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f light r$4 ,indian r$ is a deep laky r$1 & v opaque4 ,i don't ?9k x is mu* us$ n[1 b =m]ly x 0 9 great reque/ = pa9t+ fle%4 ,etty 0 v fond ( x4 ,! s-call$ ,m>s r$s are p]fectly durable1 b all ^! colors are q unnecess>y4 ,( ! lakes ! mo/ useful = g5]al purposes is madd] lake4 ,"s ( !m1 su* z yell[ lake & sc>let lake1 are v fugitive & n safe to use4 ,rose madd] & purple madd] are exp5sive1 &1 except = v ri* /uffs1 are seldom want$4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( br[n & yell[ madd]s1 :i* may be us$ ) advantage 9 l&scape1 b :i* are nev] really want$ = figure-pa9t+4 ,gre5 is a color :i* is n absolutely necess>y if y h blue on ! palette1 /ill x is sometimes v useful = ! half tones4 ,oxide ( *romium is ! be/ ( ! decid$ gre5s1 b ,i ?9k t ! ,fr5* v]t de ,cobalt is m g5]ally useful4 ,?is is a blui% gre51 & a mo/ excell5t color = pa9t+ skies4 ,t]ra v]te has no body 9 x1 & ,i f9d x turns black v spe$ily4 ,mala*ite gre5 is a sickly color t ,i _c recomm5d2 & :at we us$ to call em]ald gre51 b :i* ! ,fr5* call v]t v]onese1 is rank poison on ! palette4 ,almo/ all ! ri* d>k gre5s requir$ = foliage & v]dure 9 l&scape-pa9t+ c be obta9$ by a judici\s mixture ( blues & yell[s4 ,fr5* ultram>9e1 mix$ ) raw or burnt si5na1 gives a /rong d>k gre51 :i* is n at all heavy1 & e l&scape-pa9t] discov]s new comb9ations ( blues & blacks ) yell[s & r$s1 :i* enable him to give ! inf9ite v>iety ( nature4 ,z = blues1 ! only colors ,i c recomm5d are cobalt & ,fr5* ultram>9e4 ,! colors kn[n z ultram>9e a% & m9]al gray are sometimes useful1 b !y c v easily be imitat$ on ! palette4 ,i nev] use ei!r ,prussian1 ,antw]p1 or any o!r cyane\s blue2 & ,i ?9k t1 at any rate = figure-pa9t+1 !y are unnecess>y4 ,y w obs]ve t ,i h n put any br[n on ! palette1 n ev5 umb]4 ,i am q aw>e t ) _m pa9t]s1 especially ,engli% ones1 raw umb] is consid]$ a s9e qu non1 & ,i ?\ght s myself a few ye>s ago4 ,i took1 h[ev]1 a dislike to x f a conviction t x turn$ black1 & ,i fancy t ,i h done bett] s9ce ,i disc>d$ x4 ,x is v seldom se5 on ! palettes ( =eign arti/s4 ,asphaltum & bitum5 are v s$uctive colors1 b1 z e "o kn[s1 !y h be5 ! ru9 ( _m excell5t pictures1 & x is well to /e] cle> ( !m4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ei!r color1 :5 mix$ ) :ite lead1 is tol]ably safe1 & no?+ else t ,i "k ( gives s effectively & pleasantly ! gray hair & fur ( animals4 ,9 blacks1 y h ivory or blue black1 bo? excell5t colors1 & !re is also a *>coal black :i* is mu* m gray ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs1 & has v little body4 ,i ?9k1 :5 mix$ ) :ite1 t x may be useful 9 pa9t+ cl\ds4 ,x is g5]ally gritty & badly gr\nd1 b = ! purpose ,i m5tion1 ,i don't ?9k ?is fault matt]s mu*4 ,be=e tak+ leave ( ! palette1 ,i may be expect$ to say some?+ ab\t bru%es & m$iums4 ,fir/1 z to bru%es3 ,z to ! size ( ! bru%es1 ?is dep5ds v mu* on ! ta/e & habits ( ! arti/4 ,i am fond ( small ones myself1 n necess>ily sables1 b small hog's hair tools1 & ,i %\ld recomm5d !m to beg9n]s1 :o wi% to express =m z well z color 9 _! "w4 ,i nev] use flat bru%es = pa9t+ fle%1 & v seldom = any ?+ else1 b ?is is m]ely an old habit4 ,e "o is p]fectly "r to use ! tools :i* he f9ds ! mo/ conv5i5t1 only let !m be good ( _! k9d1 & always kept 9 work+ ord]4 ,n[ z to m$iums3 ,?is is a subject on :i* ,i speak ) diffid5ce1 z op9ions v>y greatly ab\t ^! comp\nds4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ,i may safely say t ! less !y are us$ by /ud5ts ! bett]4 ,by m$iums1 ,i mean ! v>i\s copal jellies :i* are sold 9 tubes1 & plac$ on ! palette l ! colors4 ,i d n say t !y are unsafe to use 9 mod]ation1 b mod]ation is said by teetotal]s to be a virtue m difficult to practise ?an total ab/95ce4 ,= a great _m ye>s ,i us$ !m1 & h only q lately disc>d$ !m altoge!r 9 favor ( cl>ifi$ poppy oil4 ,?is oil is a v sl[ dri]1 & is1 !re=e1 peculi>ly suitable = ,academy /ud5ts' "w4 ,x cont9ually happ5s t a /ud5t prep>es a l>g] portion ( ! figure ?an he c f9i% 9 "o day4 ,! next day x is too dry to cont9ue ! modell+1 & yet n dry en\gh = glaz+ & repa9t+4 ,if he has pa9t$ x ) poppy oil1 he w f9d x 9 a v workable /ate = two or ev5 ?ree days4 ,no?+ c be saf]1 provid$ ( c\rse ! picture is pa9t$ ?r\gh\t ) ! same sl[ dri]4 ,! be/ & pure/ poppy oil is kn[n by ! "n ( huile *romophile4 ,x has a /rong smell ( ca/or-oil1 :i* to susceptible p]sons may be r an objection4 ,i %all n attempt a criticism ( ! v>i\s oils & ess5ces :i* are to be f\nd at ! color-man's4 ,:at is "o man's meat is ano!r man's poison1 & ,i ev5 g f>!r & say1 t ! same man at "o p]iod ( 8 c>e] w swe> by "s comp\nd :i* a few ye>s aft]w>d he w reg>d ) special av]sion4 ,! only advice ,i give to "y arti/s is to use ! simple/ mat]ials !y c1 bo? = m$iums & colors2 & ,i may add1 t ! bett] ! colori/1 ! simpl] 8 palette g5]ally is4 ,i h se5 on "s =eign arti/s' palettes z _m z six diff]5t k9ds ( lake1 :5 "o w\ld h be5 q suffici5t1 & ,i ne$ h>dly say t :atev] o!r m]it _! pictures may h _h1 !y 7 n di/+ui%$ = brilliant color4 ,aft] all1 x is only natural t x %\ld be s4 ,an arti/ :o is n a good colori/ mu/ 7unless he is bl9d$ by conceit7 h "s suspicion ( 8 defici5cy1 & w\ld naturally endeavor by a m elaborate palette to rem$y 8 %ortcom+s1 j z "s ( our bad cooks endeavor to improve _! cuis9e by a lib]al use ( made sauces4 ,) arti/s z ) cooks1 ! rem$y is unsuccessful2 9 bo? cases x is ta/e t is want$1 & n a multiplicity ( +r$i5ts4 ,if a /ud5t has a g]m ( feel+ = color1 he may develop x into a plant ( respectable gr[?4 ,he w probably nev] become a great colori/1 b he may at any rate le>n to atta9 a c]ta9 degree ( h>mony & propriety1 qualities :i* are n always f\nd 9 ! works ( not$ colori/s4 ,i w\ld /rongly deprecate ! habit ( pa9t+ pictures up to exhibition pit*4 ,pa9t !m up to ! pit* y see 9 nature1 & y w h q en\gh to d4 ,exasp]ation is n =ce1 & al?\gh a sob]ly-color$ "w may be eclips$ on ! exhibition walls by a dazzl+ neighbor1 yet x w m ?an hold its own :5 remov$ f ! gl>e & glitt] ( its surr\nd+s4 ,color1 z und]/ood by _m p1 means viol5t contra/s ( r$s1 blues1 & yell[s4 ,n[1 ,i am f> f say+ t /rong contra/s & positive colors are always inh>moni\s4 ,we h 7ev5 9 our climate7 pl5ty ( wild fl[]s to prove ! contr>y4 ,! sc>let poppy1 ! blue corn fl[]1 ! common yell[ butt]cup1 are all z positive 9 color z r$1 blue1 & yell[ well c be1 b ! gre5 /alk & leaves ( ea* plant h>monize p]fectly ) ! fl[]1 & ! contra/1 ?\gh /rong1 is nev] (f5sive4 ,! k9d ( contra/s ,i am deprecat+ are p]haps be/ kn[n by ! epi!t 8vulg>40 ,look at ! *eap color$ glass w9d[s :i* ab\nd 9 our c\ntry *ur*es1 & :i* are g5]ally mu* admir$ by ! congregation4 ,z a rule1 ! m crude ! colors1 ! m grateful are ! f>m]s & _! wives to ! donors ( ^! w9d[s = giv+ !m some?+ *e]ful to look at dur+ ! s]vice4 ,we ne$ n g into ! c\ntry = specim5s ( vulg> ta/e 9 color4 ,i nev] pass a ,london pill> lett]-box )\t an uncom=table feel+1 p>ticul>ly aft] x has be5 newly pa9t$4 ,! po/-(fice au?orities are c]ta9ly n b\nd to educate ! eye ( ! ,briti% public1 & _! object 9 pa9t+ ^! po/-boxes v]milion 0 ( c\rse to make !m m conspicu\s1 j z a r$ flag is us$ to indicate dang]4 ,b ! daily press1 & p>ticul>ly t %eet :i* claims ! l>ge/ circulation 9 ! _w1 prais$ ! au?orities = 8giv+ u a bit ( color0 to refre% ! eye4 ,_h ^! lett]-boxes be5 pa9t$ ( a laky ,indian r$1 or ( a bronze color1 !y w\ld h be5 unobjectionable1 b no "o w\ld h ?\ght ( comm5d+ !m z 8bits ( color40 ,aga91 if we consid] ! s*eme ( clo?+ ! volunte] regim5ts 9 sc>let1 & try to acc\nt = ! en?usiasm ) :i* c]ta9 corps h hail$ ! innovation1 we %all f9d t ! 8bit ( color0 is at ! bottom ( x4 ,x c h>dly be suppos$ t ! gallant ,ea/-end volunte]s wi% to be mi/ak5 = militiam52 x mu/ be t ! sc>let clo? is ?\ght becom+1 bo? by !mselves & _! female relatives4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 ! ,we/-end corps1 su* z ! ,que5's1 ! ,inns ( ,c\rt1 & especially ! arti/s1 w be v lo? to give up _! gray uni=ms & don ! national r$4 ,i am afraid t ! av]age ,engli%man's ta/e 9 color 7?\gh mu* improv$ ( late ye>s7 is /ill b little m ref9$ ?an ! ,we/ ,african's4 ,if he no long] buys hide\s wall-pap]s & vulg> c>pets1 x is n t he dislikes !m1 b t he does n "k :]e to get !m1 s great has be5 ! improvem5t 9 our manufactures4 ,if we turn f ! ,engli% ,phili/9e to ! ,engli% arti/1 we f9d ourselves at ! opposite pole4 ,he has (t5 su* a horror ( l\d1 vulg> t9ts1 t he is apt to fall into ! affectation ( pa9t+ on too subdu$ a scale1 & ,i w\ld caution y aga9/ ?is affectation4 ,tru? is n necess>ily dull1 nor is simplicity mono*romatic4 ,!re is no dang] ( ! g5]al public1 :i* delights 9 ! r$ coats ( our soldi]s1 & ?9ks ! crude/ color$ dyes ! prettie/1 enc\rag+ y to pa9t sad olive pictures4 ,! dang] comes f ! select few :o are gift$ ) /hetic ta/es1 & :o1 hav+ rec5tly awak5$ to ! fact t crude contra/s d n con/itute color1 fall into ! opposite extreme1 & praise :atev] is negative & colorless4 ,! dismal view ( nature seems to me an unheal?y view2 & al?\gh x may be comm5d$ z a reaction aga9/ vulg>1 tawdry color1 ! art :i* x t5ds to fo/] is morbid & uns\nd4 ,beauty ( color is a mu* m subtle & indef9able quality ?an beauty ( =m4 ,we are all pretty well agre$ t ! antique is ! ne>e/ approa* to p]fection ( =m :i* has ev] be5 made1 b we are by no means agre$ ab\t color4 ,"s w ?9k t ,titian 0 ! greate/ colori/ t ev] liv$1 "s ,velasquez1 "s ,paul ,v]onese1 & "s ,rembr&t2 & x is n only individual op9ions t diff]1 b ! collective op9ion ( ! age4 ,we all are famili> ) in/ances ( pictures :i* are n[ highly priz$ = _! color1 b :i* )9 ! pres5t c5tury fail$ to ga9 admission to any exhibition4 ,delacroix's pictures us$ to be regul>ly reject$1 or v badly hung1 & ^! same pictures are n[ consid]$ ! gems ( ! gall]y at ,v]sailles4 ,on our side ( ! ,*annel we us$ to turn out ,mull]'s1 &1 ,i believe1 ,con/able's pictures4 ,^! acts ( :at we %\ld call inju/ice 7 n committ$ f any ,academic spite or jeal\sy4 ,!y 7 simply ! expression ( ! g5]al public op9ion at t "t4 ,x may be not$ t our pr$ecessors 9 ?is c\ntry 7 by no means indiff]5t to color4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y prid$ !mselves on be+ ! crme de la crme ( colori/s1 & any "o :o express$ admiration = ! color ( ,gros & ,gricault w\ld be look$ ^u z a k9d ( traitor to ! ,engli% s*ool4 ,x 0 a g5]ally accept$ article ( belief 9 ,engl&1 t ! ,fr5* c\ld draw1 b knew no?+ ab\t color1 & t = f9e color+ y mu/ look at home4 ,we h less national prejudice n[1 & ,i hope t we are 9 a bett] pa? t[>d =m+ a "r judgm5t ?an our pr$ecessors 74 ,!y almo/ always judg$ ( ! color ( a picture by comp>+ x ) simil> works by ! old ma/]s1 & if x rem9d$ !m ( ,titian1 ,correggio1 ,rub5s1 or "s o!r ackn[l$g$ colori/1 x 0 pron\nc$ a f9e ?+4 ,if x 7 unlike ! "w ( any accept$ ma/] ( color1 x 0 ?\ght no?+ (1 h[ev] true x might be to nature4 ,h5ce z ,con/able's pictures resembl$ nei!r ,claude1 ,cuyp1 nor ,ruysdael1 !y 7 dislik$ by ! connoisseurs ( ! p]iod1 & 7 q unsalable4 ,a remnant ( ?is artificial way ( judg+ pictures /ill l+]s among/ u1 b1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! pres5t g5]ation has ceas$ to take ?is n>r[ view ( color4 ,mi/akes 9 judgm5t are no d\bt made1 & po/]ity may pron\nce a diff]5t v]dict on "s ( our favorites2 /ill ! pr9ciple on :i* we decide :e!r a man is to be call$ a colori/ or n1 is s\nd4 ,! pr9ciple is briefly ?is3--,t h[ev] unusual or novel ! color+ ( a picture may be1 if x rem9ds "o vividly ( "s h>mony ( nature1 if !re is space & air 9 x1 & if ! same atmosph]e p]vades ! :ole canvas1 x is ! "w ( a real colori/4 ,i h ab/a9$ 9 ?is lecture f giv+ y any ( ! old-fa%ion$ recipes = color+ 7su* z keep+ ! %ades w>m & lights cool1 & vice v]s71 because ,i ?9k t all su* rules h a t5d5cy to cramp & fett] ! arti/ :o foll[s !m4 ,no?+ c be m dissimil> ?an ! works ( ! ,flor5t9e ,ghirl&ajo & ! portraits ( ,rembr&t1 & yet few w d5y ! "r ( bo? ^! pa9t]s to rank z colori/s4 ,i might bracket ,titian ) ,rub5s1 or ,correggio ) ,o/ade1 to %[ h[ broad is ! pa? :i* leads to excell5ce 9 color4 ,an innate s5se ( ! h>moni\s color 9 nature1 & a /eadfa/ det]m9ation1 by hook or by crook1 to reproduce an e*o ( ?is h>mony on y\r canvas1 mu/ ultimately lead to a good result4 ,no orig9al colori/ c\ld tell y by :at process he arrives at ! effects he obta9s4 ,8 only secret 7if secret x be7 is t he obs]ves m closely & intellig5tly ?an o!r m54 ,x is n ! colors he uses1 nor ! canvas1 nor ! m$ium1 nor ev5 ! te*nical skill ( 8 h& :i* cause 8 pictures to look l nature1 :il/ 8 neighbor's look l pa9t4 ,x is simply :at phr5ologi/s w\ld call 8 bump ( color1 b :at ,i 7:o d n believe 9 bumps7 w\ld t]m 8 ke5 appreciation ( ! h>mony ( nature1 & 8 ret5tive memory :i* enables him to reproduce 9 8 /udio ! fleet+ effects he has se54 ,i _c promise y t by adopt+ ! same me?od y w all become great colori/s2 b ( ?is y may re/ assur$1 t habits ( obs]vation & repeat$ attempts at r5d]+ hone/ly & fai?fully :at y h se51 w t5d to improve y\r color f> m ?an all ! rules t h ev] be5 laid d[n1 & all ! lectures t h ev] be5 deliv]$4 ,,lecture ,,viii4 ,,on ,,decorative ,,pa9t+4 ,by decorative pa9t+1 ,i mean moral figure-pa9t+4 ,ornam5tal designs are a v important factor 9 all decorative "w1 b z ?is bran* ( ! art is out ( my prov9ce1 ,i %all say no?+ ab\t x4 ,! great mi/ake mo/ arti/s make :5 !y h a l>ge wall-space to decorate ) figures1 is to proce$ 9 ! same way z !y w\ld = an easel picture4 ,elaborate f9i%1 p[]ful light & %ade1 expression & individuality 9 ! heads1 are all excell5t qualities 9 an easel picture1 b !y are by no means necess>y 9 decorative "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a well-balanc$ & h>moni\s composition1 a pure & gr& /yle ( draw+1 & great bread? & lum9osity ( color+ are absolutely ess5tial = good decorative "w4 ,^! are all qualities :i* are nev] got by dext]ity ( h&1 dodges ab\t color1 or *ance1 to :i* mu* ( ! fasc9ation ( oil-pa9t+ on canvas mu/ be attribut$4 ,!y are only atta9able by pati5t & labori\s "w4 ,i w endeavor to %[ y1 /ep by /ep1 :at ! nature ( ?is "w is4 ,x is always advisable = decorative "w ( any importance to make a c>toon ( ! size ( ! pa9t+1 &1 if possible1 aft] ! completion ( ! c>toon1 to h x put up 9 situ1 s t ! size ( ! figures1 ! arrangem5t ( ! gr\ps1 & ! g5]al effect may be judg$ (4 ,if ! result is satisfactory1 ! "w may be consid]$ ?ree p>ts done4 ,%\ld !re1 h[ev]1 be any alt]ations requir$1 !y %\ld be c>ri$ out on ! c>toon4 ,no?+ :i* requires alt]ation %\ld be left kn[+ly4 ,!re w always be pl5ty ( un=ese5 *anges sugge/+ !mselves dur+ ! progress ( ! pa9t+1 )\t complicat+ matt]s by hav+ an imp]fect c>toon4 ,= fresco-pa9t+ a c>toon is absolutely necess>y4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is lecture ,i w describe ! process ( fresco-pa9t+4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 proce$+ to speak ( ! diff]5t me?ods ( pa9t+1 we w fir/ consid] ! prelim9>y op]ations4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done1 ev5 be=e a /roke ( *>coal sullies ! spotless purity ( our c>toon pap]1 is to get an idea ( ! k9d ( arrangem5t :i* x w be be/ to adopt4 ,?is pursuit ( an idea = ! g5]al arrangem5t ( our subject is ( c\rse entirely bra9-"w1 b z soon z an idea is got1 ! h& comes into play2 n1 h[ev]1 ) *>coal on ! big c>toon1 b ) p5 & ink or p5cil 9 ! scrap-book4 ,i always ?9k ! cle>e/ way ( describ+ any process is to take an example4 ,we w !re=e take an example1 & suppose t we are lucky en\gh to h ! decoration ( a t[n-hall or "s simil> build+ 9 a l>ge seaport t[n entru/$ to u1 & t x has be5 sugge/$ to u by our employ]s t gr\ps ( figures repres5t+ all c\ntries w\ld be appropriate4 ,v well1 we don't at once seize a /ick ( *>coal & beg9 draw+ promiscu\sly4 ,we ?9k fir/ h[ we c be/ fit our subject into ! space allott$ to u4 ,h[ are we to arrange our p]sonages8 ,%all we gr\p !m irrespective ( _! nationality1 l ! figures 9 ,del>o*e's 8,hemicycle02 or %all we adopt a k9d ( geographical arrangem5t8 ,%all we h a c5tre figure or gr\p8 ,%all we introduce ar*itecture into ! backgr\nd1 z ,raffaelle has done 9 ! 8,s*ool ( ,a!ns08 ,^! & a doz5 o!r que/ions ( vital importance to our design h all to be settl$ be=e ! c>toon is begun1 & we mu/ be guid$ 9 our settlem5t v mu* by ! nature ( ! build+1 ! %ape ( ! panel1 ! height ( ! "w f ! gr\nd1 etc4 ,! decorative pa9t] ought always to be> 9 m9d t 8 "w is supplem5t>y to t ( ! ar*itect4 ,inatt5tion to ?is self-evid5t truism has be5 ! cause ( _m failures4 ,9 an easel picture we ord] ! frame to suit ! picture4 ,we don't pa9t ! picture to suit ! frame2 b 9 mural pa9t+ ! rev]se ought always to be ! rule4 ,( c\rse1 !re are cases--z1 = in/ance1 9 museums & picture gall]ies--:]e ! works ( art are ! jewel & ! build+ ! sett+2 b ^! works ( art are n decorative4 ,! v ^w decorative implies subs]vi5cy to t :i* has to be decorat$4 ,to return to our imag9>y "w2 ,i w suppose we h decid$ t a c5tral gr\p ( figures is desirable1 & t ,engl&1 z ! greate/ m>itime p[] 9 ! _w1 ought to occupy ! place ( honor4 ,moreov]1 n be+ ( ! 8,p]i% ,india0 s*ool1 we ?9k t %e ought to be support$ by h] colonies4 ,we w1 !re=e1 surr\nd h] ) figures repres5t+ ,canada1 ,india1 ,au/ralia1 etc4 ,hav+ s f> settl$ our s*eme ( composition1 we mu/ ab&on our idea ( a geographical arrangem5t4 ,we f9d t x is m logical to arrange our figures accord+ to ! importance ( ! c\ntries !y repres5t1 ?an accord+ to _! latitude & longitude4 ,we w accord+ly place 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( our c5tral gr\p1 repres5tatives ( ,france1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 etc4 ,we !n gradually desc5d to less civiliz$ c\ntries1 until f9ally we rea* ! remote corn]s1 :i* we res]ve = b>b>ians l our late enemy ,k+ ,c(fee4 ,! next po9t = our consid]ation w\ld be1 #8,h[ are we to repres5t ,engl&8' ,c]ta9ly n z a pseudo-classical ,m9]va ) a trid5t 9 h] h&1 & ! ,briti% lion at h] feet2 /ill less z an obese1 ill-temp]$ ,john ,bull4 ,we may leave ?is v5]able joke to ! comic press4 ,we mu/ try & inv5t some?+ new1 :i* %all be *>act]i/ic ( ,engl&1 & yet nei!r commonplace nor grotesque4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 leave ! co/ume & action ( our ,britannia = future consid]ation4 ,we h made up our m9ds t ,britannia mu/ be typifi$ by a female figure1 b f>!r ?an ?is we ne$ n g at pres5t4 ,hav+ got ! key-note 7z x may be call$7 ( ! composition1 we %all h no difficulty 9 det]m9+ t all ! o!r civiliz$ c\ntries mu/ also be repres5t$ by female figures4 ,x w n probably be advisable to clo! ^! figures 9 _! respective national co/umes2 su* a mode ( treatm5t w\ld be incompatible ) a gr& /yle ( decoration4 ,x w1 nev]!less1 be q all[able to v>y _! features & complexion accord+ to ! nationality !y repres5t1 & to give !m some?+1 ei!r fl[]s1 fruit1 gra91 or produce1 :i* w help to id5tify !m4 ,hav+ got ?us f>1 we may beg9 to map out our gr\ps on ! c>toon4 ,we d n engage models until we h approximately decid$ on ! v>i\s attitudes we wi% our figures to assume4 ,"s mu/ be /&+1 "s sitt+1 & v possibly "s kneel+ or recl9+4 ,we try ^! v>i\s attitudes on ! c>toon1 sket*+ !m 9 v lightly ) s(t *>coal4 ,we transf] & %ift !m ab\t until we get an h>moni\s & pleasant arrangem5t ( l9e1 n too symmetrical1 & yet suffici5tly s to give an air ( gr&eur & repose to ! "w4 ,^! figures ne$ n1 ( c\rse1 be m ?an indicat$1 b !y ought to be tol]ably correct 9 proportion1 & ! attitudes %\ld be natural1 or at any rate possible4 ,x is "h t a k ( anatomy is especially useful to ! "y arti/4 ,:5 a man has be5 draw+ figures = =ty ye>s he ought to draw ! human =m v mu* z he =ms ! lett]s ( ! alphabet :5 writ+2 b until long exp]i5ce has giv5 him ?is k9d ( facility1 he w f9d 8 /udies ( anatomy & proportion ( ! greate/ b5efit to him4 ,he w save _m a long & pr(itless morn+'s "w f a model1 & save 8 pocket too4 ,x is :5 ! c>toon is 9 ?is /ate ( progress--t is1 :5 ! size ( ! figures1 ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! diff]5t gr\ps1 & _! relative position h be5 settl$ approximately--t x is s desirable to hoi/ x up to its place on ! wall4 ,any alt]ation c be made n[ mu* easi] ?an lat]2 c]ta9 figures or ev5 :ole gr\ps may want to be %ift$ a few in*es1 c]ta9 actions modifi$1 ! l9e ( heads may require revisal1 & s on2 & x is obvi\s t :at c be done n[ ) a few l9es ( *>coal1 w\ld at a lat] p]iod involve a great am\nt ( rubb+ out & a great wa/e ( labor4 ,hav+ at la/ decid$ on ! proportions & positions ( ! v>i\s gr\ps & s+le figures1 we may n[ beg9 to "w f ! liv+ model2 & "h x may p]haps n be out ( place if ,i give y "s advice ab\t ! selection ( y\r models4 ,i w\ld /rongly advise y to engage ^? :o are intellig5t & apt1 r ?an ^? :o may be bett] proportion$1 b :o are /iff & awkw>d4 ,:at y want 9 ! pres5t /age ( y\r "w is natural & graceful action1 & ) "s models x is hopeless to /ruggle 9 ?is direction4 ,:5 ,i 0 a /ud5t 9 ,p>is1 !re 7 "s ?ree or f\r models :o 7 s intellig5t 7& ,i may say s arti/ic7 t !y naturally put !mselves into ! attitudes want$1 & ev5 sugge/$ & assum$ o!r positions :i* 7 (t5 adopt$ by ! arti/4 ,9 viol5t & spontane\s action suitable = battle pictures ^! models 7 invaluable1 & ! decl9e ( _m a great reputation 9 hi/orical pa9t+ dates f ! dea? ( ^! humble assi/ants1 "s ( :om c\ld nei!r read nor write4 ,i am afraid ! race is ext9ct1 b ev5 9 ! pres5t g5]ations ( models "s are f> sup]ior 9 arti/ic feel+ to o!rs4 ,9 our pres5t c>toon1 h[ev]1 we d n require any viol5t action2 all we ne$ is p]fect ease & dignity4 ,z our p]sonages are to be clo!d1 x w be unnecess>y to make c>eful nude /udies4 ,nev]!less1 x w be well to get r\gh outl9e draw+s f ! nude ( all ! figures1 j to correct & v]ify ! proportions ( our p]sonages4 ,two or ?ree ( ^! nude /udies c be made 9 a day4 ,if ! arti/ is an exp]i5c$ draughtsman1 !re may n be mu* to correct on ! l>ge c>toon2 b let him be ev] s exp]i5c$1 !re is always some?+ wrong ab\t ! attitude ( figures drawn )\t models1 & occasionally v gross mi/akes are made4 ,i knew a v clev] draughtsman 9 ,p>is :o made ! mi/ake ( giv+ "o ( 8 figures two "r h&s1 & he did n f9d x out until he began to "w f nature4 ,9 an out/ret*$ arm1 ! twi/ ( ! radius & ulna makes all ! diff]5ce ab\t ! position ( ! ?umb1 & if ! ?umb be plac$ on ! wrong side ( ! h&1 y imm$iately make a "r h& ( :at ought to be a left1 & vice v]s4 ,i w assume n[ t we h correct$ ! draw+ ( our c>toon f our small nude /udies4 ,we are fully aw>e t ! draw+ ( e figure w h to be p]fect$ f nature1 t is1 ! head1 neck1 arms1 h&s1 & feet2 b we are satisfi$ t ! attitudes are all possible1 & t !re is no great fault 9 ! proportions4 ,n[1 !re=e1 we may look out = models = ! heads1 arms1 feet1 etc41 & "w ) *alk or *>coal 7if x c be fix$7 on ! c>toon itself4 ,& "h let me caution y aga9/ ev] work+ f a model :om y "k to be unsuitable4 ,if1 z (t5 happ5s1 y engage a model1 & f9d :5 y h got him into position t he won't d1 pay him 8 sitt+ & s5d him away4 ,x is bett] to lose five %ill+s ?an to lose five %ill+s & y\r morn+'s "w into ! b>ga94 ,at ?is /age ( progress we ought to be drap+ our figures z well z draw+ ! heads & h&s4 ,:atev] may be said ab\t small easel pictures1 ,i am q sure t = l>ge mural "w a lay figure is indisp5sable4 ,9 adju/+ drap]ies on a lay figure a good deal ( +5uity1 &1 above all1 a good deal ( pati5ce1 are necess>y4 ,no?+ is s /upid z a lay figure1 & _m arti/s pref] /udy+ _! drap]ies on ! liv+ model2 b ! /udies ?us done w v seldom h ! precision & f9i% ( ^? done f ! lay figure4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 less suitable = l>ge c>toon-"w4 ,i w n[ suppose t all our figures are drap$1 & ! heads & h&s f9i%$4 ,!re /ill rema9s ! selection ( ! diff]5t symbols or attributes :i* are to give nationality to our p]sonages1 & "h we mu/ endeavor to reconcile tru? ) pictorial fitness4 ,we h ! :ole vegetable & animal k+dom to *oose f1 & x w g h>d if we _c fit ea* female figure ) "s fl[]1 fruit1 bird1 or bea/1 :i* %all be typical ( ! c\ntry %e repres5ts & at ! same "t ornam5tal & graceful4 ,! c>toon is n[ at la/ f9i%$1 & ! next ?+ to be done is to make a color$ sket*4 ,i ne$ n g ?r\gh ?is process at l5g?4 ,e "o kn[s t ! s*eme ( color int5d$ at fir/ is (t5 ab&on$1 & m9or *anges are innum]able4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 we get :at we ?9k a good result1 & all our prelim9>y "w is ov]4 ,n q1 h[ev]1 = we h to trace ! c>toon on transp>5t pap]1 & prick ! trac+4 ,"s arti/s omit ! t$i\s process ( prick+ ! trac+1 b ! labor t is ?us sav$ is fully c\nt]balanc$ by ! tr\ble ( foll[+ all ! l9es ( ! trac+ ) a po9t be=e an impression c be got1 :]eas ) a prick$ trac+ a bag ( p\nd$ *>coal does ! "w at once4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i w n[ give a %ort acc\nt ( ! diff]5t m$iums pr9cipally 9 use = mural pa9t+4 ,! fir/ m$ium ,i %all notice is oil1 or "s modification ( oil4 ,! great objection to oil = mural "w is ! impossibility ( see+ ! pa9t+ :5 x faces ! light4 ,an absorb5t gr\nd w to a c]ta9 ext5t mitigate ?is evil4 ,! use ( spirits ( turp5t9e1 b5z9e1 & o!r ess5ces1 w also contribute t[>d giv+ a flat surface2 b d :at we w1 we c nev] get 9 an oil-pa9t+ ! pure1 cle> qualities ( wat]-color or fresco4 ,! comp\nd kn[n z ,p>ris' m$ium & sold by ,rob]son1 is n a bad ?+ = dim9i%+ ! %9e ( oil-pa9t+4 ,x is made ( :ite wax dissolv$ 9 spirits ( lav5d]1 b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t an absorb5t gr\nd prep>$ ) p>*m5t size & :it+ is ! be/ prev5tive ( ! greasy surface insep>able f oil-pa9t+4 ,! great desid]atum 9 all mural & decorative oil-pa9t+ is t e "p %\ld h an equal am\nt ( %9e4 ,take an ord9>y oil-picture & place x opposite ! light4 ,! light] p>ts w be tol]ably well se51 b ! oily or gummy d>ks w reflect ! light ( ! sky & spoil ! effect completely4 ,all we c aspire to1 9 decorative oil-pa9t+1 is to give to ! d>k p>ts z little %9e z !re is 9 ! light ones1 :]e :ite lead & opaque colors g5]ally h be5 freely us$4 ,i _c say z mu* 9 favor ( wax z a m$ium = gr9d+ ! colors 94 ,x is nei!r fi%1 fle%1 nor good r$ h]r+2 t is1 x has nei!r ! ri*ness ( oil nor ! lum9osity ( fresco4 ,mo/ ( ! mod]n decorative pictures 9 ! ,p>is *ur*es are pa9t$ ) ?is m$ium4 ,! colors are mu* ! same z = oil-pa9t+1 b ! blacks1 br[ns1 & lakes h a v dull appe>ance4 ,! fluid m$ium us$ = pa9t+ is a k9d ( ess5tial oil ( lav5d]1 s t ?is me?od1 if some:at defici5t 9 light1 is at any rate ov]fl[+ ) sweetness4 ,i h f\nd t to use ! ord9>y oil-colors dilut$ ) a m$ium compos$ ( wax1 ma/ic v>ni% & turp5t9e1 is by f> pref]able to legitimate wax-pa9t+4 ,! colors are mu* m manageable & dry bright]1 )\t hav+ any m %9e ?an :5 actually gr\nd ) wax4 ,:at is call$ encau/ic pa9t+ has also wax z a f\ndation1 b is q a diff]5t process to 8pe9ture la cire40 8,encau/ic0 implies burn+1 & 9 ?is me?od ( pa9t+ ! colors are laid on r ?ick1 & :5 ! "w or any portion ( x has to be f9i%$1 a hot iron is appli$ to melt ! wax & all[ ! bru% to d its s(t5+ & f9i%+ "w4 ,! ,pompeii pa9t+s are mo/ly done 9 ?is way1 b x is v unfitt$ = l>ge figure-pa9t+4 ,di/emp] has _m excell5t qualities1 b its want ( durability w always prev5t its be+ us$ = co/ly & important "w4 ,x might1 h[ev]1 be made mu* m durable ?an x g5]ally is1 by a c>eful selection ( mat]ials4 ,di/emp] is g5]ally associat$ ) sc5e-pa9t+ or "s tempor>y "w1 = :i* any rubbi% c be us$2 b if c>e 7 tak5 ab\t ! size & ! colors1 & above all if "s coat+ ( silica 7 float$ ov] ! f9i%$ pa9t+ to protect x f damp & atmosph]ic *anges1 ,i see no reason :y ?is v pleasant me?od %\ld n be g5]ally us$4 ,! s-call$ silica me?od has be5 mu* us$ 9 ,g]many "u ! "n ( ,wass]glas4 ,i h no exp]i5ce 9 ?is me?od1 & !re=e _c ent] into detail4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! process consi/s 9 pa9t+ on a dry surface ) colors simply gr\nd 9 wat]1 & fix+ ! colors aft]w>d by ! spray ( silicat$ wat]4 ,i believe t aft] ?is silication ! "w c be ret\*$ & ev5 repa9t$2 subject1 h[ev]1 to ano!r fix+ by silication4 ,we n[ come to ! be/ & gr&e/ /yle ( decorative "w2 namely1 legitimate fresco4 ,p :o don't "k mu* ab\t pa9t+ are v apt to call any picture on a wall a fresco1 b ,i suppose ,i ne$ h>dly tell y t oil-or wax-pa9t+s on walls are no m frescoes ?an is an oil sket* on pap] a wat]-color4 ,9 all ! me?ods ( pa9t+ ,i h m5tion$1 "s m$ium is us$ to fix ! color4 ,x is ei!r oil1 copal1 wax1 size1 or silica1 b 9 fresco no vehicle ( any k9d except wat] is us$4 ,h[ !n is ! color fix$8 ,h[ h ,mi*ael ,angelo's & ev5 ,giotto's frescoes la/$ to ! pres5t day8 ,we all "k t if "s p[d]$ color is mix$ ) wat] & appli$ by a bru% to a wall1 x w /ick z long z x is wet1 b z soon z ! wat] evaporates1 ! color returns to ! p[d] x 0 be=e1 & falls (f1 or bru%es (f ) ! slighte/ friction4 ,! reason t frescoes c be du/$ & wa%$ )\t effac+ ! color1 is t !y 7 orig9ally pa9t$ on wet mort>1 & ! lime ( :i* ! mort> is compos$ has ! prop]ty ( reta9+ & fix+ ! color4 ,i w n[ describe ! :ole process ( fresco-pa9t+4 ,! fir/ c>e ought to be ! wall4 ,a brick wall is ! be/1 b /one w d v well1 provid$ e precaution has be5 tak5 aga9/ damp4 ,on ?is wall !re ought to be a coat+ ( /rong r\gh mort> ab\t half an in* ?ick4 ,! surface ought n to be smoo!d ) ! tr[el1 b left r unev54 ,z soon z ?is mort> is ?or\ghly dry1 ! fresco may be begun4 ,i h already told y t all real fresco is pa9t$ on wet mort>1 b ! mort>1 or intonaco1 z ! ,italians call x1 is n ! r\gh /uff :i* has already be5 us$ = coat+ ! wall4 ,! composition ( ?is intonaco is all-important1 & ,i am p]fectly conv9c$ t ! rapid decay ( our mod]n frescoes is due entirely to ! bad quality ( ! intonaco4 ,! lime %\ld be ?or\ghly slak$1 s z to deprive x ( its cau/ic prop]ties1 b x does n foll[ t x %\ld be tw5ty or ?irty ye>s old4 ,lime c be kept 9 a slak$ /ate & skimm$ until x almo/ ceases to be lime at all1 & ?is worn-out mat]ial is unfit = fresco4 ,!n ! s& %\ld be gritty & h>d to ! t\*4 ,clean riv]-s& collect$ 9 a granite c\ntry is v good2 gr\nd lava is us$ by mod]n ,italian fresco-pa9t]s4 ,i d n "k :]e ! s& suppli$ to ! fresco-pa9t]s ( ,we/m9/] ,palace came f1 b x 0 a great deal too f9e & s(t to ! t\*4 ,! old] & m worn-out ! lime is1 ! %>p] & m t5aci\s ought to be ! s&4 ,hav+ got "s well-slak$ b n worn-out lime & "s good h>d s&1 ! mort> t is requir$ = ! day's use %\ld be made fre% e day1 or at lea/ z (t5 z twice a week4 ,:5 ,i 0 pa9t+ "s frescoes at ,isl+ton1 ,i got my intonaco f a man :o _h _h great exp]i5ce4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( s5d+ me ! lime & s& sep>ate1 he s5t me ab\t tw5ty small b>rels ( ready-made mort>4 ,my "w took me ne>ly two ye>s1 & e morn+ my pla/]] _h to g ) a pick-axe & hack a piece ( dry mort> out ( ! b>rels4 ,?is he beat up ) wat] & spread x = my day's "w1 smack+ 8 lips z if he _h got a mo/ delici\s comp\nd on 8 tr[el4 ,i knew no bett] !n1 b n[ ,i am surpris$1 n t ! frescoes %\ld be decay+1 b t ! decay %\ld n be m rapid4 ,improp] colors & ! omnipres5t gas may h _h some?+ to d ) ! decay ( all frescoes pa9t$ 9 ,london1 b f exp]i5ce ,i c ass]t ) confid5ce t ! ma9 cause has be5 ! weakness ( ! lime & s&4 ,we w suppose 9 our imag9>y decoration t we don't fall into ?is mi/ake1 t we get lime ( ! prop] /r5g? & clean granite s&4 ,we w also suppose t we don't get a doz5 b>rels ( mort> made up1 b h our intonaco mix$ fre% e o!r day4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be pa9t$ is ! sky or backgr\nd1 :atev] x may be4 ,we m>k out on ! wall ) *>coal ! extreme ext5t ( ?is backgr\nd4 ,we don't trace ! outl9e ( ! heads1 b make our black m>k well beyond :]e ?is outl9e %\ld be4 ,! pla/]] ought to be an e>ly ris]1 s t by n9e or t5 o'clock :5 we arrive we may f9d ! mort> all ready = u1 ev5 9 surface1 & tol]ably firm or 8set0 z x is call$4 ,i nev] c\ld get an ,engli% pla/]] to ?r[ ! mort> aga9/ ! wall1 z is done by ,italian & ,fr5* workm54 ,:5 spok5 to ab\t x he always seem$ to ?9k he ought to "k 8 own trade be/1 or p]haps ! ,union =bids him to make ! mort> /ick too close4 ,8 way ( sme>+ or butt]+ ! wall answ]s pretty well on a v r\gh surface1 b on smoo? /one or tiles x w\ld n d at all4 ,9 ,italy x is n at all uncommon to see m>ble columns coat$ ) frescoes m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s old4 ,! intonaco 9 ^! cases is v ?91 n above "o eigh? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,z a rule ! ?9n] ! intonaco ! bett] x w /ick4 ,we w suppose n[ t we h pa9t$ our flat backgr\nd & f9i%$ our fir/ day's "w4 ,we n[ get our prick$ trac+1 & hold+ x s z to fit ! panel1 we apply our *>coal bag to ! outl9e ( ! heads4 ,:5 we remove ! trac+-pap] we f9d a black dott$ l9e :i* gives u ! outl9e aga9/ ! sky4 ,) a knife or a %>p spatule we cut away ! sup]flu\s mort>4 ,! cut %\ld n be at "r angles ) ! wall1 or ! outl9e w be sure to be injur$ next day :5 ! fre% mort> is jo9$ on to x4 ,x %\ld be incl9$ at an angle ( fifty or sixty degrees4 ,i always make a po9t ( do+ ?is cutt+ job myself4 ,! dott$ l9e is sometimes indi/9ct1 & ,i h to ca/ a glance at ! c>toon4 ,:]e1 !re=e1 !re is any complication ( outl9e or ! lea/ indi/9ctness1 ?is op]ation ought to be done by ! arti/4 ,be=e leav+1 we make a *>coal m>k z be=e1 :i* w completely cov] our next day's "w & leave u a remnant to cut away4 ,our pla/]] fits 9 ! new mort> up to ! *>coal m>k ! next morn+1 & s we proce$ bit by bit z if we 7 putt+ toge!r a puzzle1 until ! :ole is complet$4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t x is v desirable t ea* cutt+ %\ld correspond ) "s natural division ( ! "w4 ,?us1 9 pa9t+ a female head1 we might pa9t ! hair & diadem ! fir/ day1 & g on ) ! face & neck ! next1 /opp+ at ! necklace4 ,9 real fresco no?+ c be ret\*$4 ,e day's "w mu/ be f9i%$ & complete 9 ! m9ute/ detail4 ,i w n[ say some?+ ab\t ! colors & execution ( fresco4 ,9 fresco 7z 9 di/emp]7 ! colors 9 dry+ become ( a mu* light] %ade4 ,x is1 !re=e1 v desirable to h a piece ( "s v absorb5t mat]ial at h& to try ! t9ts on4 ,!re are two di/9ct modes ( pa9t+ fresco4 ,"o is ! solid body-color me?od1 z practis$ by ,m4 ,angelo1 ,raffaelle1 & all ! o!r ma/]s ( t p]iod4 ,! o!r is ! ?9 wat]-color me?od4 ,if we adopt ! fir/ mode1 we get a porcela9 or metal palette1 & set ! colors on x j z we d = oil-pa9t+4 ,lime takes ! place ( :ite lead4 ,! only yell[ x is safe to use1 at lea/ 9 ,engl&1 is raw si5na2 probably1 h[ev]1 ,m>s yell[1 :i* is d]iv$ f iron1 might be us$ ) safety4 ,light r$ ( v>i\s k9ds & burnt si5na are ! pr9cipal r$s4 ,oxide ( *romium is ! gre54 ,raw & burnt umb] are q safe1 z is also black4 ,blue is a v difficult color to manage 9 fresco4 ,x seems v antagoni/ic to lime1 & x is almo/ impossible to pa9t a blue sky prop]ly graduat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 raw umb] takes v k9dly to fresco4 ,lakes & all vegetable colors are to be /rictly avoid$4 ,! bru%es ought to be hog's hair tools1 b long & s(t1 s z n to di/urb ! surface ( ! wet mort>4 ,pa9t+ fresco 9 ?is opaque1 solid me?od is a v simil> process to oil-pa9t+4 ,x is be/ to beg9 ) ! %ades & "w up to ! lights1 no scumbl+ is practicable1 b at ! end ( ! day1 :5 ! surface is becom+ too dry = solid pa9t+1 ?9 wa%es ( color may be us$ ) great advantage4 ,! ,italian t]ra rossa1 burnt si5na1 raw si5na1 & ev5 v]milion1 may be ( great s]vice = ^! light glaz+s4 ,x w take ?ree or f\r days 7& (t5 m1 if ! intonaco is ?ick & ! wea!r cool7 be=e ! colors beg9 to lose _! d>k1 wet t9t4 ,! beg9n] mu/ n be disc\rag$ if ! colors seem to be dry+ n z he int5d$4 ,"s colors take a long] "t ?an o!rs1 & x is well to h a little pati5ce4 ,! old ma/]s g5]ally ret\*$ defective p>ts ) :at 0 call$ fresco secco 7dry fresco71 b :i* 0 simply "s comp\nd ( :ite ( egg1 v9eg>1 & g>lic2 b x is mu* bett] to cut ! defective portions out1 to h fre% intonaco laid on1 & to repa9t !m4 ,if once y beg9 to ret\*1 ! :ole "w seems to require x1 & y nev] "k :]e to /op4 ,! second me?od ( pa9t+ fresco is totally diff]5t4 ,i v mu* pref] x1 z ! "w is done m rapidly1 & ! colors h>dly *ange at all 9 dry+4 ,besides 7z f> z my exp]i5ce goes71 ! result is m durable4 ,z soon z ! fre% intonaco = ! day's "w is suffici5tly set1 y mix "s lime ) wat] v fluid1 some?+ l milk 7good milk1 ,i mean1 & n milk & wat]74 ,y float ?is ov] ! intonaco1 & 9 ab\t t5 m9utes y may give x a second coat+ ( lime-wat]4 ,?is ought to smoo? ! surface1 & remove any little gra9s ( s&4 ,y n[ trace y\r outl9e z be=e ) ! trac+ pap] & ! bag ( *>coal4 ,y h no palette1 b half-a-doz5 small tumbl]s4 ,into "o ( ^! y put a small lump ( raw umb] & ab\t ! same quantity ( oxide ( *romium4 ,y add wat]1 & mix !m well toge!r4 ,! result is ( c\rse a br[ni% olive gre54#c ,y p\r half ! mixture into ano!r tumbl]1 & add wat]1 ?us gett+ a weak] solution ( ! same mixture4 ,y repeat ! process into a ?ird tumbl]1 & get a /ill weak] t9t4 ,) ^! ?ree or m t9ts y beg9 to model y\r head1 beg9n+ ) ! d>k p>ts & work+ up to ! light4 ,y mu/ be> 9 m9d t no rubb+ out is possible2 y _c wa% or sponge out z 9 wat]-color draw+4 ,y mu/ !re=e be v c>eful 9 approa*+ ! light p>ts1 & copy ! c>toon z c>efully z possible4 ,y cont9ue ?us to draw & model ) y\r gre5 color until ! head looks l a f9i%$ draw+4 ,?is op]ation w take f two to f\r h\rs1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! head4 ,y n[ take ?ree clean tumbl]s & put a small lump ( light r$ or t]ra rossa into "o ( !m1 add wat]1 & mix z be=e2 y make weak] solutions1 j z y did ) ! gre54 ,if ! head is t ( an old man or a bronz$ w>rior1 y ought to add raw si5na to ! light r$1 b = ord9>y complexions ! light r$ is q suffici5t4 ,y apply ?is fle% t9t 9 wa%es ) a v broad & s(t bru%1 us+ ! /rong] solution = ! lips & *eeks1 ! m$ium = ! int]m$iate p>ts1 & ! weake/ = ! high lights4 ,no modell+ is requir$2 ! modell+ has already be5 done1 & ?is t9t+ is v soon accompli%$4 ,y n[ take ei!r burnt si5na pure1 or burnt si5na & umb]1 & ) a f9e sable give /r5g? & precision to ! d>ke/ p>ts1 su* z ! no/rils1 ! division ( ! lips1 ! inside ( ! e>s1 etc4 ,if a little black is necess>y = ! eyebr[ or eyela%es1 y n[ give ^! little f9i%+ t\*es1 & y\r head is complete4 ,y h n us$ "o gra9 ( lime or ( any solid color2 ! wall is /a9$ r ?an pa9t$1 & y h none ( ^? /range & caprici\s *anges ( color to fe> :i* are s con/antly occurr+ 9 ! solid me?od1 :]e lime is us$ freely z a pigm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h n[ gone ?r\gh ! :ole process ( fresco-pa9t+ z f> z ,i "k x4 ,i %all conclude ) a few g5]al obs]vations4 ,! fresco-pa9t] ought to be ( a nature capable ( cont9u$ ex]tion4 ,:atev] ! "w is1 :e!r head1 torso1 or drap]y1 x mu/ be f9i%$ 9 a day4 ,he mu/ n1 on ! plea ( heada*e or se$9ess1 give himself a half-holiday4 ,he may ( c\rse ab/a9 f "w = a :ole day1 or = a week if he likes1 b ^? little snat*es ( re/1 involv+ a game at lawn-t5nis1 a good lun*1 or a look at ! pap]s1 to :i* _m arti/s are r p>tial1 are d5i$ him4 ,he is always work+ aga9/ "t1 & al?\gh ?is is try+ at fir/1 he soon gets accu/om$ to x4 ,secondly1 he mu/ be a man ( fix$ purpose4 ,he has got 8 c>toon & 8 color$-sket*1 & he mu/ turn a deaf e> to all sugge/ions ( alt]ations :5 once ^! prelim9>ies are settl$4 ,an alt]ation 9 ! turn or size ( a head1 or a *ange 9 ! action ( a figure1 are v easily c>ri$ out 9 an oil picture1 b 9 a fresco x is a v s]i\s matt] to beg9 alt]ations4 ,?irdly1 he mu/ n m9d a bit :at ! workm5 & p ab\t ! build+ ?9k ( him4 ,i believe t ! upp] t5 ?\s& 7at lea/ ! /hetically incl9$ among/ !m7 d n hold mural decoration 9 contempt1 b ! work+ class inv>iably take ! fresco-pa9t] 9 8 bl\se & on 8 scaffold to be "o ( _! own frat]nity4 ,if !y 7 to see ! same arti/ 9 a h&some /udio pa9t+ somebody's portrait 9 a gilt frame1 !y w\ld at once suppose he 0 a g5tleman1 b color+ a wall is a v ung5tlemanly occupation4 ,:5 ,i 0 pa9t+ a l>ge mono*rome "w at ,univ]sity ,hall1 !re 7 "s plumb]s & glazi]s employ$ 9 repair+ gas-pipes & m5d+ w9d[s4 ,"o ( !m came d[n into ! hall :]e ,i 0 at "w1 & began to look ab\t = some?+ among/ ! pots & colors on my table4 ,app>5tly he did n f9d :at he want$1 s he turn$ r\nd & call$ to me1 8,i say1 gov]nor1 y don't happ5 to h a bit ( putty 9 y\r pocket80 ,f\r?ly & f9ally1 ! mural pa9t] ought to be satisfi$ ) mod]ate pay4 ,at ! ,t]c5t5>y ,rub5s ,fe/ival celebrat$ at ,antw]p1 la/ ye>1 an ,art ,congress 0 held1 at :i* ,i assi/$4 ,! pr9cipal "q propos$ = discussion 0 an em95tly practical "o4 ,x 02 8,h[ c monum5tal & decorative pa9t+ be be/ enc\rag$ & reviv$ at ! pres5t "t80 ,9 answ] to ?is practical "q ,i gave :at ,i ?\ght a practical answ]4 ,aft] pass+ 9 review v>i\s difficulties ) :i* mod]n arti/s _h to cont5d1 ,i summ$ up by say+ t ! real imp$im5t to ! developm5t ( mural pa9t+ 0 its enorm\s co/1 & ,i po9t$ out t x 0 only by ! arti/ accept+ v mod]ate pay1 & hav+ at 8 comm& a /aff ( effici5t pupils :o w\ld be will+ to "w "u him = little or no remun]ation1 t su* works z 7 execut$ 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies c\ld aga9 become common4 ,i said a good deal respect+ ! co/l9ess ( l>ge mural pa9t+s done by mod]n arti/s ( any repute1 & on ! o!r h& gave examples ( mod]n "w1 :i*1 ) ! help ( effici5t assi/ants1 _h be5 done n only well b at a mod]ate co/4 ,at ! conclusion ( my pap]1 up jump$ a gift$ orator1 :o knew no m ab\t pa9t+ ?an a cobbl]1 & 9 a torr5t ( eloqu5ce swept away ! few gra9s ( common-s5se ,i _h v5tur$ to import into ! congress4 ,x 0 a sacrilege 7accord+ to him7 to pr(ane ! temple ( high art ) a dirty "q ( p\nds1 %ill+s1 & p5ce4 ,art 0 a subtle ess5ce1 a delicate p]fume4 ,art 0 a religion4 ,art appeal$ to all our high] sympa?ies1 & x 0 only by educat+ p up to a k9d ( art-mill5nium pit* t we c\ld hope to see our public build+s decorat$ ) hi/orical pa9t+s4 ,he sat d[n & mopp$ himself amid/ l\d applause1 & ,i felt consid]ably humiliat$4 ,we _h a great deal m ( ?is sort ( ?+ at ! congress4 ,! few arti/s :o 7 pres5t sat dumb1 & ! high /hetic g5tlem5 _h x all _! own way1 s t ! congress1 :i* might h s]v$ "s practical end1 f9i%$ 9 vapor & smoke4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ?is t]m9ation ( ! discussion1 ,i am /ill conv9c$ t until mural pa9t]s h suffici5t love = _! art to accept a small remun]ation1 decorative "w ( a high class w langui%4 ,= ! mural pa9t]'s "w1 ,man*e/] millionnaires d n vie ) ea* o!r4 ,no spirit$ & ent]pris+ deal]s beset 8 /udio1 eag] to secure :atev] he has on ! easel4 ,all ( :at ,dr4 ,johnson call$ ! 8,pot5tiality ( becom+ ri* beyond ! dreams ( av>ice0 is d5i$ him4 ,pay ( c\rse he mu/ h1 b 8 patrons are g5]ally committees or corporate bodies ( "s k9d1 :o seldom give fancy prices4 ,let him !re=e console himself ) ! ?\ght t 8 is ! highe/ & noble/ bran* ( ! pr(ession1 & t :il/ high-pric$ easel pictures are relegat$ to private gall]ies & d9+-rooms1 only to reappe> at int]vals at ,*ri/ie's sal]ooms1 8 "w is a fixture1 & c always be se5 by ! public4 ,) ! hope t x may be admir$ z well z se5 ,i %all conclude my lecture4 ,,lecture ,,ix4 ,,on ,,f9i%4 ,x has always be5 a disput$ po9t1 bo? among/ arti/s & writ]s on art1 h[ ne> an approa* to absolute tru? is desirable 9 pa9t+2 "s insi/+ on photographic accuracy1 :il/ o!rs g to ! opposite extreme1 & consid] m]e sugge/iv5ess to be ! great desid]atum 9 pa9t+4 ,mu* may be argu$ 9 favor ( bo? sides ( ! "q1 b a m$ium c\rse is c]ta9ly ! be/4 ,imitation ( nature is no d\bt ! f\ndation-/one ( all s\nd pa9t+1 & ! natural inf]5ce w\ld be1 t ! clos] ! imitation ! bett] ! picture4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 a picture :i* is n an exact c\nt]p>t ( ! object portray$1 b leaves some?+ to be imag9$1 is g5]ally m int]e/+ ?an a m p]fect copy w\ld be4 ,?is fact is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 pictures ( fl[]s1 fruit1 & /ill life g5]ally4 ,a picture :i* at a little di/ance gives ?or\ghly ! "* ( ! fi%1 game1 or fl[]s x is int5d$ to repres5t1 w be mu* m ma/]ly & arti/ic if ! scales ( ! fi%1 ! fea!rs ( ! birds1 & ! petals ( ! fl[]s are n individually /udi$ ) microscopic c>e1 b treat$ 9 a broad1 sugge/ive mann]4 ,9 a pa9t+ s h&l$ ! loss ( a few m9ute details is m ?an comp5sat$ by great] fre%ness ( color1 & ! *>m insep>able f a rapid & dext]\s execution4 ,if x 7 possible to comb9e ! two qualities1 if we c\ld get bread? & brilliancy unit$ ) m9ute f9i%1 x w\ld ev5 !n be d\btful :e!r ! picture w\ld be any ! bett] = ! additional pa9s be/[$ ^u x4 ,9 look+ at pictures1 we require to be deceiv$ only up to a c]ta9 po9t1 & ! :ole "q dep5ds on :]e to fix t po9t4 ,9 to-night's lecture ,i int5d to inve/igate ?is subject1 & to ext5d my rem>ks to o!r k9dr$ que/ions connect$ ) ! f9i% ( a "w ( art4 ,all writ]s & lectur]s on art are pretty well agre$ t excessive f9i% is undesirable4 ,i mean su* f9i% z "o sees 9 ,bell9i's portrait ( ! ,doge1 :]e ea* individual hair is pa9t$1 & :]e e wr9kle or pimple is /udi$ z ?\gh x 7 ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a k9d ( f9i% ( an inf9itely m objectionable k9d ?an ,bell9i's4 ,if ,bell9i elaborat$ small details to an ext5sive ext5t1 !y 7 at any rate ?or\ghly & hone/ly /udi$4 ,8 m9ute1 delicate "w always _h a laudable object1 :e!r x 7 ! exact r5d]+ ( a /ray hair or ! microscopic modell+ ( ! wr9kles ab\t ! eyes4 ,b ! f9i%] ( :om ,i am n[ speak+ has no object1 beyond smoo?ness4 ,bad proportions & gross errors 9 draw+ are no?+ to him provid$ he gets a smoo?1 uni=m surface4 ,l ! old-fa%ion$ prov9cial draw+-ma/]1 :o taught oils1 wat]-colors1 & ,poonah pa9t+1 smoo?ness & f9i% are ) him synonym\s t]ms4 ,probably mo/ ( y are happily ignorant ( ! lo/ art ( ,poonah pa9t+ & draw+1 & ,i c]ta9ly d n mean to wa/e our "t 9 describ+ x4 ,x w be suffici5t to say t ! process 0 almo/ entirely me*anical1 & t ! results exhibit$ ! maximum ( smoo?ness comb9$ ) ! m9imum ( art4 ,x us$ (t5 to be taught 9 "y ladies' s*ools4 ,x w\ld be bo? invidi\s & unju/ to comp>e ! "w ( any ,academy /ud5t ) ^! inane productions1 b ,i wi% to w>n y1 z ,i h (t5 w>n$ y be=e1 aga9/ conf\nd+ 8f9i%+0 ) m]e poli%+4 ,intellig5t f9i%+ consi/s 9 correct+ small faults ( detail1 9 revis+ ! relative values ( ! %ades & half-tones1 9 giv+ def9ite =m to ! f+]s & toes1 or any portion ( ! figure :i* may h be5 neglect$4 ,un9tellig5t f9i%+1 or :at ,i call poli%+1 consi/s 9 gett+ a nice ev5 gra9 = all ! modell+ ( ! figure4 ,?is poli%+ process may n 9 itself be objectionable1 b x becomes objectionable :5 x int]f]es 7z x too (t5 does7 ) necess>y alt]ations & modifications4 ,y probably all "k t ,i am no advocate ( sket*+ 9 ! s*ools4 ,h[ev] mu* ,i may admire ! nude /udies ( ! great ma/]s1 ,i d n wi% to see ! same k9d ( "w attempt$ by ! /ud5ts4 ,i am decid$ly = 8f9i%10 8high f9i%0 ev51 b by ! t]m ,i mean accuracy ( draw+ & modell+1 & n neatness or ev5ness ( execution4 ,to return to ! ,doge's portrait1 :i* ,i h tak5 z a ?or\ghly good specim5 ( m9ute f9i%+4 ,x is p]fectly true t if y g close up to x & exam9e x ) a l5s1 y w f9d x mu* m l nature ?an w\ld be a head by ,titian or ,rembr&t if subject$ to ! same microscopic inve/igation2 b pictures are n meant to be microscopic objects any m ?an human be+s4 ,if 9 "s =eign t[n ,i meet unexpect$ly my old fri5d ,smi?1 ,i %\ld probably recognize him "s fifty y>ds (f4 ,i %\ld say3 8,t mu/ be ,smi?1 x is s l 8 figure & g5]al appe>ance40 ,z ,i approa* him ,i beg9 to di/+ui% 8 features1 & ,i become m & m c]ta91 until f9ally ,i grasp 8 h& & all d\bt z to 8 id5tity vani%es4 ,x is ,smi? all ov]1 &1 z ,i rem>k1 n a bit *ang$ s9ce ,i la/ saw him4 ,i d n pull out a pocket l5s & c\nt ! numb] ( gray hairs 9 8 :isk]s1 or ! small w>ts ab\t 8 eyes4 ,x appe>s to me t a life-size portrait %\ld be treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,view$ f ! end ( ! gall]y1 x %\ld resemble ! p]son x repres5ts1 & ! lik5ess %\ld become m & m /rik+ ! ne>] we approa*1 until we get )9 a v %ort di/ance4 ,if we approa* /ill ne>]1 ! bru%-"w ( ! arti/ beg9s to appe>1 & f9ally1 if we exam9e ! features ) a l5s1 we c discov] b v little left ( ! resemblance :i* 0 s /rik+ at a reasonable di/ance4 ,! :ole "q is1 ,:at is a reasonable di/ance8 ,9 portraits by ! m9ute f9i%]s1 ! po9t at :i* ! "w looks its be/ is evid5tly too ne>1 & ,i ?9k t 9 a good deal ( mod]n pa9t+ x is too f> (f4 ,a life-size head %\ld look its be/ at f ab\t six to t5 feet di/ance4 ,ne>] ?an six feet ! impa/o & bru% t\*es ( ! pa9t] w\ld be too app>5t1 & beyond t5 feet ! delicate modell+ ( details w\ld beg9 to be lo/4 ,arti/s & ! art-lov+ portion ( ! public delight no d\bt 9 go+ close up to a f9e ,titian1 ,rembr&t1 or ,v&yck1 b ?is is to see h[ ! m>vell\sly life-l effect has be5 produc$ 7to le>n a lesson 9 %ort71 b n to view ! "w f ! mo/ favorable /&po9t4 ,i ?9k x w be f\nd t1 g5]ally speak+1 ! old ma/]pieces ( portraiture are be/ se5 )9 ! di/ances ,i h m5tion$4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 exceptions4 ,?us ! portraits ( ,holbe9 ga9 by be+ /udi$ closely1 & ^? ( ,velasquez are be/ appreciat$ at a consid]able di/ance1 :il/ ! figures ( ,van d] ,hel/ are s admirably pa9t$ t !y w be> a v close scrut9y z well z a di/ant view4 ,if an arti/ has ! precision ( a ,holbe9 or ! consummate execution ( a ,van d] ,hel/1 !re is no h>m 9 8 foll[+ f9i% 9 portraiture almo/ to its extreme limit2 b if n1 he _h bett] re/ & be satisfi$ ) less lit]al "w4 ,9 spite ( a few honorable exceptions1 ! t5d5cy ( mod]n arti/s is1 h[ev]1 n t[>d ! f9i% ( ,holbe91 b r 9 ! opposite direction4 ,no "o c walk ?r\gh a ,p>is exhibition )\t be+ /ruck by ! enorm\s am\nt ( sket*y1 imp]fect "w2 ! be/ specim5s ( :i* h1 at a great di/ance1 a look1 a rem9isc5ce ( nature1 b :5 view$ ne>]1 resolve !mselves into sme>s ( pa9t1 g5]ally pla/]$ on ) ! knife4 ,n[ x is ?is k9d ( "w :i* is s attractive to ! mod]n connoisseur4 ,! peasant1 ! workman1 ! soldi] pass x by ) a laugh1 or sometimes ) an expression ( bewild]m5t4 ,! cultur$ arti/ %rugs 8 %\ld]s1 b tries to view x l5i5tly1 z he w\ld ! "w ( a savage2 b ! dilettanti & ^? :o h a smatt]+ ( art-k delight 9 x4 ,x flatt]s _! vanity to supplem5t out ( _! inn] consci\sness ! arti/'s %ort-com+s4 ,^! pictures get talk$ ab\t 9 ! salons & prais$ 9 ! newspap]s1 :il/ good1 hone/1 sob] "w is comp>atively ignor$4 ,public ta/e hav+ ?us decl>$ itself1 x is n surpris+ t an ev]-increas+ crop ( ^! "y 8impressioni/s0 %\ld be =?com+ to m9i/] unto x4 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( dep>ture f tru? 9 connection ) f9i%1 :i* is1 ,i ?9k1 almo/ z mu* to be deprecat$4 ,i mean :]e ! heads are pa9t$ 9 a diff]5t /yle to ! re/ ( ! picture4 ,if we g back to ! old ma/]s1 we %all nev] f9d ?is fault4 ,exam9e any ( _! works4 ,recall to m9d ! ,raffaelles1 ! ,titians1 ! ,correggios1 or ! ,p\ss9s ( ! ,national ,gall]y1 & obs]ve t ! drap]ies1 accessories1 & backgr\nds are all 9 keep+ ) ! heads4 ,if1 z 9 ,p]ug9o's & ,raffaelle's e>ly works1 ! pa9t+ ( ! fle% is delicate & smoo?1 ?\gh dry & h>d1 y w f9d ! same qualities & defects 9 ! :ole picture4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 z 9 ,titian & ,paul ,v]onese1 ! fle%-pa9t+ is ri* & free1 ! drap]ies w be equally s4 ,take ,rub5s1 aga92 h[ homog5e\s is 8 "w6 ,let u suppose t a picture by ?is ma/] 7 unexpect$ly discov]$1 & t by "s accid5t all ! fle%-pa9t+ 9 x _h be5 de/roy$1 w\ld any "o hesitate1 on inspection ( :at rema9$1 9 attribut+ x to ,rub5s8 ,w\ld n ! good & bad qualities ( ! ma/] be app>5t 9 e "p8 ,z ! opposite extreme to ! slapda% ,rub5s1 take ! c>eful ,g]>d ,d[1 & obs]ve h[ ! delicate & m9ute f9i% ( ! heads is c>ri$ out into e detail ( 8 pictures4 ,if we exam9e any g5u9e "w ( ,rembr&t or ( ,david ,t5i]s1 we %all always f9d ! same homog5e\s qualities4 ,! heads may 7z is (t5 ! case 9 ,rembr&t7 be m c>efully pa9t$ ?an ! unimportant p>ts ( ! picture2 or contr>iwise1 z 9 ,david ,t5i]s1 we may sometimes f9d a /onew>e flagon m elaborat$ ?an ! h& ( ! boor :o is hold+ x1 b we recognize ev]y:]e ! t\* ( ! ma/]4 ,i "k ( no example among/ ! old ma/]s :]e ! k9d ( disp>ity 9 /yle :i* ,i am deprecat+ is obs]vable4 ,9 c]ta9 mod]n pictures1 h[ev]1 ?is homog5e\s quality 9 pa9t+ is sadly want+4 ,9 ! s-call$ ,spani% s*ool 7by :i* ,i mean ! s*ool ( ,=tuny71 ! backgr\nd1 drap]ies1 & accessories are pa9t$ ) a crisp dext]ity :i* is q m>vell\s1 :il/ ! heads are labor$ l color$ photographs4 ,! contra/ is sometimes s great t x is difficult to believe t ! picture is n ! "w ( two arti/s4 ,?is fault has become app>5t 9 c]ta9 pictures ( ! ,au/rian s*ool2 b ! contagion does n appe> to h ext5d$ to u1 at lea/ n to our oil-pa9t]s4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 notic$ a t5d5cy among/ a few ( our wat]-color figure-pa9t]s t[>d ?is s+ul> mod]n peculi>ity4 ,! difficulties ( giv+ color1 =m1 & expression to a head1 & at ! same "t pres]v+ a free /yle ( pa9t+1 are no d\bt mu* great] 9 wat]-color ?an 9 oil1 b ,i ?9k x s desirable t a "w %\ld be homog5e\s t ,i w\ld sacrifice a good deal 9 ! way ( f9i% & ev5 ( expression 9 ! faces1 to obta9 t quality4 ,if a man has great v]satility ) 8 bru% & wi%es to display x1 let him pa9t "o picture 9 ! /yle ( ,holbe9 or ,meml+1 & ano!r 9 ! /yle ( ,velasquez1 b he %\ld n 9 ! same picture 7& =tiori 9 ! same figure7 attempt to unite two dissimil> /yles ( pa9t+4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal difficulties "y arti/s h to enc\nt] 9 f9i%+ a figure-picture is ! managem5t ( _! drap]y4 ,if !y are pa9/ak+ & make an intellig5t use ( _! models !y w succe$ ) _! heads1 h&s1 & all _! fle%-pa9t+2 or if !y d n succe$1 ! way to success is s obvi\s t ,i ne$ say b little ab\t x4 ,i assume t our "y arti/ has gone ?r\gh a c\rse ( /udy1 & is able to pa9t a nude figure or a head f nature tol]ably correctly4 ,8 difficulty w be1 n 9 copy+ 8 models1 b 9 mak+ use ( !m )\t copy+ !m4 ,he %\ld =m an ideal 9 8 m9d ( ! p]sonage he means to repres5t1 & take c>e to select ei!r f pr(essional models or f 8 fri5ds ^? :o approa* ne>e/ to ?is ideal4 ,he w probably h to make use ( ca/s4 ,! small heads ( ! w>riors on ! ,trajan ,column are admirable 9 "* & v sugge/ive4 ,ca/s f ! m$ival heads ( ,pisano1 ,donatello1 & ,luca della ,robbia are also v useful4 ,all ^! & o!r means t[>d 8 end w sugge/ !mselves to him1 b 8 c\rse is n s cle> :5 he comes to tackle 8 drap]ies4 ,e /ud5t mu/ be aw>e t drap]ies adju/$ on ! lay figure & c>efully copi$1 h always an unnatural & trivial look ab\t !m4 ,! =m und]nea?1 if express$ at all1 is ! =m ( ! lay figure1 & n t ( nature4 ,x w n d !re=e 9 a picture to adju/ ! drap]y on a lay figure & copy ! result4 ,?is may be done ) advantage = ^? folds :i* hang altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! figure1 b = all ^? :i* are 9 ! slighte/ degree connect$ ) ! =m und]nea?1 "s o!r me?od mu/ be adopt$4 ,no d\bt ! be/ me?od ( all 77 x possible7 w\ld be to dress up ! liv+ model & pa9t direct on to ! picture1 b ?is is seldom practicable4 ,long be=e ! arti/ has _h "t to /udy ! folds1 ! model moves1 & all has to be done ov] aga94 ,if an arti/ has great exp]i5ce ) drap]y1 & ! attitude is a v easy "o1 he may make a *>coal /udy :i* w s]ve him = ! picture )\t hav+ subsequ5tly to readju/ 8 drap]y on ! lay figure1 b no "y h& w\ld be able to d ?is 9 a satisfactory way4 ,he mu/ g m sy/ematically to "w4 ,he mu/ fir/ get a *>act]i/ic /udy ( ! nude figure4 ,i mean su* a /udy z ! old ma/]s us$ to make1 giv+ ! exact attitude & ! =m ( ! sali5t p>ts4 ,he mu/ !n make a replica 9 *>coal ( ?is /udy & adju/ ! drap]y on 8 liv+ model4 ,on ?is replica he w n[1 z f> z he c1 reproduce ! arrangem5t ( ! folds he has be=e him4 ,!re are pl5ty ( /udies by ,raffaelle & ! old ma/]s :i* expla9 bett] ?an words c1 ! process ,i am try+ to describe4 ,he has n[ two work+ draw+s to guide him1 viz41 8 orig9al nude /udy1 & ! /udy f ! drap$ model4 ,hav+ ?us z x 7 laid 8 f\ndations1 he may drape 8 lay figure & pa9t direct f x on to 8 picture1 tak+ c>e 7z he proce$s7 to correct ! =m f 8 prelim9>y /udies4 ,he w ?us be do+ s\nd1 hone/ "w1 &1 ev5 if dissatisfi$ ) 8 f9i%$ drap]y1 he has always 8 /udies to fall back ^u4 ,"s arti/s1 especially ,fr5* & ,italians1 make a great use ( photography1 &1 if kept )9 b\nds1 ,i see no objection :atev] to ! practice4 ,x w\ld h>dly be legitimate art to dress up & pose a numb] ( models & h !m photograph$ ) ! int5tion ( transf]r+ ! gr\p to canvas1 b x is p]fectly all[able to call 9 ! aid ( photography = drap]ies or co/umes1 :]e1 f ! action ( ! figures1 x w\ld be impracticable to draw ! folds f nature4 ,all portrait-pa9t]s "k t x is n easy to get ladies & g5tlem5 to sit = _! clo!s1 & x is f> bett] to get help f a good photograph ?an f a model or a lay figure :om ! clo!s d n fit4 ,i h no d\bt t if photography _h be5 kn[n 9 ! "t ( ,raffaelle he w\ld h l>gely avail$ himself ( x4 ,he (t5 copi$ :ole figures f 8 pr$ecessors1 & ?is is c]ta9ly m repreh5sible4 ,i n[ approa* ! vex$ "q z to h[ f> ! drap]ies1 backgr\nd1 & accessory p>ts ( a picture %\ld be f9i%$ )\t detract+ f ! heads4 ,mo/ ( y w d\btless recollect ! passage 9 ,sir ,jo%ua's disc\rses :]e1 speak+ ( drap]y1 he says3 8,x is ! inf]ior /yle t m>ks ! v>iety ( /uffs4 ,) ! hi/orical pa9t] ! clo?+ is nei!r wooll51 nor l951 nor silk1 nor sat9 nor velvet3 x is drap]y1 no?+ m40 ,i w\ld fa9 believe t ,sir ,jo%ua meant to say t x 0 b5ea? ! dignity ( high art to tr\ble itself ) surface texture1 9 :i* case ,i %\ld c]ta9ly agree ) him2 b ,i am afraid ?is is h>dly :at he did mean4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x is c]ta9ly n ! inf]ior /yle :i* by intellig5t arrangem5t & c>eful /udy ( ! folds expresses ! nature & quality ( ! v>i\s /uffs4 ,h[ is x possible 7us+ ,sir ,jo%ua's own words7 to 8dispose ! drap]y ) ! nice/ judgm5t1 & to copy x c>efully10 )\t cle>ly express+ ! mat]ial out ( :i* x is made8 ,sat9 & velvet are v seldom want$ 9 pictures ( subjects tak5 f ! ,bible1 anci5t hi/ory1 or my?ology4 ,! figures %\ld be clo!d 9 wooll5 or l95 /uffs1 & )\t desc5d+ to m9ute imitation ( texture1 ! nature ( ^! g>m5ts %\ld be cle>ly express$4 ,if 9 ,raffaelle's frescoes1 & 9 ! works ( ! ,roman s*ool g5]ally1 we are 9 d\bt z to :e!r ! drap]ies are meant = wool1 l951 or silk1 x is because _! folds 7 n 8/udi$ ) ! greate/ c>e10 & (t5 n 8dispos$ ) ! nice/ judgm5t40 ,9 _m ( ,raffaelle's works1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ^? ( ,giulio ,romano1 we feel t ! drap]ies are :olly imag9>y1 & h5ce ! vague unc]ta9ty z to ! mat]ial4 ,?is unc]ta9ty1 in/ead ( be+ a quality to be imitat$1 appe>s to me z a blemi% to be avoid$4 ,9 ! highe/ /yle ( l&scape-pa9t+1 aga91 al?\gh x w\ld d\btless be absurd = ! arti/ to elaborate 8 foliage leaf by leaf1 yet !re w\ld be no?+ b5ea? ! dignity ( 8 art 9 fai?fully giv+ ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! oak1 ! bee*1 ! a%1 ! bay1 & ! olive1 s t ea* species %\ld be di/9ctly recogniz$ 9 ! picture4 ,i am q aw>e t 9 _m classical l&scapes by ,p\ss9 & ! old ma/]s1 x is difficult to specify ! k9d ( trees !y conta91 b ! botanical unc]ta9ty 9 :i* we are left1 in/ead ( enhanc+ ! m]it ( ! "w1 r less5s x4 ,i rememb] go+ ?r\gh an ,italian gall]y ) a mix$ company1 & com+ ^u a magnific5t ,titianesque l&scape4 ,?is arre/$ ! att5tion ( all ! p>ty1 & 0 greatly admir$1 until "s botanical ,phili/9e ask$ :at k9d ( trees ! arti/ _h meant to repres5t4 ,we none ( u c\ld tell2 ,i ?\ght !y 7 ev]gre5 oaks1 ano!r said !y 7 elms1 a ?ird apple-trees1 & s on2 b we 7 all 9 d\bt4 8,well10 says ! que/ion]1 8x _c be mu* ( a picture if ! trees are done s badly t no "o c tell :at !y are40 ,our ,phili/9e 0 no d\bt wrong1 b1 at ! same "t1 ! "w w\ld h be5 all ! bett]1 & w\ld h lo/ none ( its impos+ gr&eur if ! specific *>act]s ( ! trees _h be5 giv5 ) great] c>e4 ,i am glad to note t almo/ all mod]n l&scape-pa9t]s are fully alive to ! fact t a tree is n m]ely a tree1 b a p>ticul> species ( tree1 & t ! species c be ?or\ghly indicat$ )\t 9 any way less5+ ! gr& "* ( ! "w4 ,to return to drap]ies & co/umes4 ,! arti/s ( ! ,byzant9e & ,romanesque p]iods us$ to pa9t _! heads ( a conv5tional & v ugly type1 )\t any attempt at individuality1 & be/[ all _! c>e on ! drap]ies1 nimbi1 & accessory p>ts1 (t5 enri*+ _! "w ) real jewels4 ,?is fa%ion1 :i* 0 rampant 9 ! ,byzant9e p]iod1 began to wane 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 b l+]$ on almo/ till ,leon>do da ,v9ci's "t4 ,dur+ :at may be call$ ! gold5 age ( art 7t is1 f ,leon>do's "t d[n to ,p\ss9's7 ! prop] balance ( f9i% betwe5 fle% & drap]y seems to h be5 well obs]v$1 b 9 ! la/ c5tury 7especially 9 ?is c\ntry7 ! arti/s ( ! "t rev]s$ ! practice ( ! old ,byzant9e pa9t]s2 t is1 !y pa9t$ ! heads ( ! sitt]s z well z !y c\ld1 & left ! dress & accessories to be put 9 by _! assi/ants4 ,bad z ! fle%-pa9t+ 01 ! treatm5t ( ! dress 0 /ill m slov5ly & in>ti/ic4 ,! apologi/s = ?is /yle ( "w say t ! head is ev]y?+ 9 a portrait1 & t no "o c>es ab\t ! dress & backgr\nd1 b ?is 0 c]ta9ly n ! op9ion ( ! old ma/]s4 ,to take a famili> example4 ,is n ! head ( ,gav>tius greatly improv$ by ! exquisitely-pa9t$ frill :i* surr\nds x8 ,or1 aga91 is n ! life-l fle% 9 ,bordoni's female portrait r5d]$ /ill m life-l by ! gorge\s color & ma/]ly execution ( ! crimson dress8 ,our ,national ,gall]y teems ) examples ( ! same k9d1 :]e judici\s f9i% ( ! accessory p>ts assi/s r ?an m>s ! effect ( ! fle%-pa9t+4 ,i d n wi% to be und]/ood z insi/+ t 9 all cases ! dress & backgr\nd %\ld be z mu* f9i%$ z ! heads1 b !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 unf9i%$ "w & bad "w1 & x is ?is diff]5ce :i* ! advocates = neglect+ accessories seem unable to und]/&4 ,i d n f9d fault ) a c]ta9 *>m+ unf9i%$ portrait gr\p by ,rub5s 9 ! ,l\vre1 because ! accessory p>ts are m]ely indicat$1 b ,i %\ld f9d fault ) x if !y 7 clumsily & in>ti/ically pa9t$4 ,! k9d ( "w ,i am prote/+ aga9/ is t :i* is (t5 noticeable 9 portraits ( ! ,ga9sbor\gh & ,lawr5ce s*ools1 :]e ! %\ld]s & h&s are q %apeless1 & ! folds ( ! dress utt]ly impossible4 ,x is v refre%+ to me to em]ge f a gall]y conta9+ pictures ( ?is class1 & to ent] "o devot$ to pictures ( ! ,dut* s*ool4 ,i feel z if ,i _h rea*$ t]ra firma aft] fl\nd]+ ab\t 9 a quagmire4 ,we nev] f9d a want ( intellig5t & c>eful draw+ 9 ! h&s & dresses ( portraits by ,rembr&t1 ,van d] ,hei/1 ,franz ,hals1 ,t]burg1 & all ! o!r ma/]s ( ! s*ool4 ,x may be object$ t ,i am deprecat+ a fault :i* no long] exi/s1 t my expressions ( antipa?y to a slov5ly treatm5t ( ! accessory p>ts ( a picture are out ( date1 & t ! commonplace1 simp]+ full-l5g?s ( fifty ye>s ago1 ) _! impossible %\ld]s & badly-drawn h&s1 are no long] se5 9 an ,academy exhibition4 ,i am q will+ to grant ?is1 b x does n foll[ t because ?is pseudo-,lawr5ce sort ( "w is no long] se5 on ! walls ( ! ,academy1 t !re=e x is defunct4 ,!re is a l>ge & ev]-increas+ class ( "y arti/s :o are tread+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! old ma/]s1 :o grudge no "t & sp>e no pa9s 9 ! /udy ( _! h&s1 co/umes1 & e ?+ :i* w give f9i% & complet5ess to _! "w2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are /ill _m :o1 to save !mselves tr\ble1 & p]haps misl$ by ! pres5t extraord9>y popul>ity ( ,ga9sbor\gh1 are satisfi$ ) ! mo/ c>eless & weak treatm5t ( all accessories 9 _! pictures4 ,t ^! pictures are n (t5 se5 on ! ,academy walls is due to ! reject+ p[] ( ! ,c\ncil1 & n to ! non-exi/5ce ( _! au?ors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ ?us1 ,i tru/1 giv5 y to und]/& t by ! ^w 8f9i%0 ,i mean some?+ q diff]5t f m]e smoo?ness or poli%1 ,i w n[ give y a few h9ts z to h[ ! "w ( f9i%+ a picture is to be accompli%$4 ,x 0 ! habit ( ,horace ,v]net to make a v r\gh p5-&-ink sket* = 8 elaborate battle-pieces4 ,he w\ld !n1 )\t fur!r preamble1 h 8 models1 & pa9t direct f !m on to ! blank canvas1 f9i%+ e ?+ z he w5t on4 ,:5 ! :ole canvas 0 cov]$1 ! picture 0 f9i%$4 ,i rememb]1 on "o occasion1 he pa9t$ a mo/ gorge\s ,arab saddle1 hol/]s1 /irrups1 & all1 & sev]al weeks aft]w>d pa9t$ ! horse :i* bore x4 ,cock$-hats1 kepis1 etc41 he w\ld knock (f by ! doz51 & !n1 :5 he c\ld get 8 troop] models1 he w\ld pa9t ! we>]s4 ,he 0 always1 9 ! matt] ( f9i%1 putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse4 ,i don't ?9k t he did ?is int5tionally1 b he 0 ( an impati5t nature1 & c\ld n be> to sit idle1 wait+ = 8 sitt]s4 ,he 0 n a great colori/1 l 8 contempor>y ,delacroix1 nor a great draughtsman1 l ,fl&r91 b 8 pictures h a manly1 bus9ess-l look ab\t !m1 & a homog5e\s quality :i* is p]fectly m>vell\s1 consid]+ ! het]odox way 9 :i* !y 7 put toge!r4 ,no liv+ arti/1 & probably none t ev] liv$1 c\ld h tak5 su* lib]ties ) 8 modus op]&i )\t ! mo/ disa/r\s results2 & ,i feel sure t no "o pres5t "h to-night w\ld ?9k ( pa9t+ a figure-picture 9 ?is haphaz>d fa%ion4 ,suppos+ ! subject ( ! picture to be ! "t-honor$ "o ( 8,k+ ,john ,sign+ ,magna ,*>ta40 ,in/ead ( 7l ,v]net7 beg9n+ by pa9t+ a m$ival ink/&1 & !n p]haps do+ a bit ( tape/ry backgr\nd1 proce$+ onw>d t[>d ! figures1 ! prop] process w\ld be to get ! figures done fir/1 & f9i% ) ! accessory p>ts4 ,i w assume1 !re=e1 t ?is has be5 done1 t ! composition ( ! gr\ps has be5 ?or\ghly /udi$1 t a color$ sket* has be5 made1 & t ea* individual figure has be5 c>efully /udi$ f nature4 ,! picture1 h[ev]1 aft] all ?is "w1 w\ld probably be f> f f9i%$4 ,! g5]al effect w\ld h to be revis$2 c]ta9 portions :i* _h co/ h\rs1 & ev5 days ( labor1 w\ld h to be sacrific$2 o!r important p>ts1 su* z heads & h&s1 to be alt]$4 ,f9ally1 ! g5]al s*eme ( color1 :i* 0 pleas+ en\gh 9 ! sket*1 b _h someh[ det]iorat$ 9 ! picture1 w\ld h to be att5d$ to4 ,a consci5ti\s arti/ has (t5 great difficulty 9 kn[+ :5 8 picture may be call$ f9i%$4 ,"s m5 w c>ry _! /riv+ aft] p]fection too f>1 & wa/e _! "t ov] really trivial details1 or1 l ,p5elope1 be always undo+ _! previ\s day's "w4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 bett] ?an be+ too easily satisfi$1 b ^! vacillat+ arti/s %\ld recollect t alt]ations are n always improvem5ts4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i ?9k x may be safely said1 t :5 ! arti/ has fully c>ri$ out on ! l>g] scale ! int5tions ( 8 sket*1 8 "w may be said to be done4 ,by ! ^w 8fully0 ,i mean t ea* figure %\ld be execut$ 9 su* a way z to give =ce & pa?os to 8 v]sion ( ! subject4 ,9 ! design+ ( h&s1 = in/ance1 !re are fifty ways 7to return to our ,k+ ,john7 ( hold+ a p54 ,he %\ld n hold x z if he 7 writ+ 8,y\rs truly02 he %\ld betray unwill+ness mix$ ) fe> bo? 9 8 face & 8 h&s4 ,! burly b>ons1 aga91 %\ld n appe> to be invit+ _! mon>* to k9dly sign 8 "n4 ,_! h&s ought to express a resolve t he %\ld sign x1 & 9 _! muscul> knotty f+]s %\ld be indicat$ a =e%ad[+ ( ! consequ5ces if he refus$4 ,att5tion to all ^! po9ts is :at con/itutes 8f9i%0 r ?an ! elaboration ( detail4 ,my ma/]1 ,paul ,del>o*e1 0 a great adept at ?is dramatic complet5ess2 inde$1 x 0 ?is quality alone :i* e>n$ him 8 reputation4 ,8 draw+ 0 s\nd & correct1 b no?+ m2 8 color 0 g5]ally inky & cold1 b ! dramatic =ce & tru?fulness ( 8 figures 7 q en\gh to insure him a v high place among/ ! arti/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,:5 he 0 pa9t+ 8 well-kn[n 8,napoleon aft] ,wat]loo10 he want$ a pair ( muddy boots4 ,"s arti/s w\ld h ?\ght ! mud-spla%es ( no importance :atev]1 & w\ld h daub$ !m 9 at r&om2 o!rs1 m c>eful1 w\ld h made _! model put ! boots on1 & s5t him = a walk 9 ! muddy /reets2 b ,del>o*e1 reflect+ t boots are diff]5tly spla%$ aft] rid+ to :at !y are aft] walk+1 hir$ a horse1 & got "o ( 8 pupils to don ! jackboots1 & take a good gallop across ! pla9 ,/4 ,d5is4 ,! boots 7 spla%$ to p]fection1 & x did n take ! ma/] long to d !m full ju/ice4 ,intellig5t bra9-"w is ( a high] ord] ( excell5ce1 & contributes m l>gely t[>d ! completion ( a "w ( art ?an m]e execution4 ,i am f> f und]rat+ executive skill1 b ! t]m is r an ela/ic "o1 & g5]ally includes good draw+ & good color z well4 ,tak5 9 its re/rict$ s5se1 z mean+ m]ely brilliant manual dext]ity1 ,i hold x to be ( b little value4 ,( c\rse a c]ta9 am\nt ( dext]ity is necess>y1 o!rwise a f9e s5se ( =m c\ld n be adequately express$4 ,if ,leon>do & ,raffaelle _h n possess$ consid]able manipulative skill1 !y c\ld n h produc$ a 8,la/ ,supp]0 & a 8,madonna de ,s4 ,si/o40 ,:]e w\ld ,holbe9 h be5 if he _h n _h great precision ( t\* z well z ! ke5e/ p]ception ( =m8 ,e pa9t] %\ld h suffici5t p[] 9 8 h& to give expression to :at he feels1 b ?is is n ! k9d ( manual dext]ity to :i* ,i h said ,i atta* little importance4 ,i mean ! %[y1 impud5t k9d ( "w ( :i* !re are always num]\s examples 9 =eign exhibitions--! k9d ( "w :i* is too common among/ mod]n ,italian pa9t]s1 & :i* seems to be rampant 9 ! ,au/rian capital4 ,to return to my subject1 namely1 ! f9i%+ ( a picture4 ,i w\ld advise all "y arti/s to bew>e ( mak+ alt]ations ei!r 9 ! composition or 9 ! s*eme ( color ( _! pictures1 :5 !y are 9 an advanc$ /ate4 ,a v slight *ange (t5 br+s 9 its wake _m o!rs1 & gets ! :ole "w into a muddle4 ,obs]vations ab\t incorrect draw+ or faulty proportions are always valuable1 z ^! imp]fections c be rem$i$ )\t di/urb+ ! re/ ( ! picture1 b bew>e ( sugge/ions :i* may 9 any way affect ! g5]al s*eme ( color+4 ,?us1 if x is sugge/$ to y t a c]ta9 mass ( :ite drap]y w\ld be bett] d>k1 & y happ5 to agree ) ! sugge/ion1 d n be 9 a hurry to c>ry out ! *ange4 ,try ! effect ) *>coal or wat]-color fir/1 & if ! result does n please y1 no h>m has be5 done4 ,ev5 if x does please y1 y %\ld make a l>ge all[ance = ! *>m ( novelty4 ,y h _h y\r picture be=e y\r eyes = a long "t1 & ! *ange may be agreeable to y at fir/ sight2 & yet1 if y c>ry x out1 y may rep5t4 ,( c\rse1 if y d n agree ) ! sugge/ion1 dismiss x f y\r m9ds4 ,! man :o li/5s to e piece ( advice t is giv5 him w nev] f9i% 8 "w4 ,y probably all "k ! /ory ( ! arti/ ) _m c&id fri5ds1 :o got s bewild]$ by _! criticisms t he provid$ a l>ge piece ( *alk & reque/$ ea* ( !m to m>k ! "p he desir$ alt]$4 ,by ! end ( ! day ! surface ( ! picture 0 l a section ( a *alk-pit4 ,a long exp]i5ce has taught me t no?+ ought to be left undone 9 ! hope ( ret\*+ ! picture on ! s-call$ v>ni%+ days4 ,su* anticipations are almo/ always illusory2 & x does n matt] :e!r y h "o or ?ree days = ret\*+4 ,x (t5 happ5s t "o w\ld l to h ! picture home aga9 & repa9t x1 b ! few *anges "o has "t to make dur+ ! purgatorial v>ni%+ "t are s trifl+1 t1 except to ! arti/ himself1 !y d n affect ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! picture1 & !y (t5 int]f]e consid]ably ) ! rubb+-9 ( m$ium or "s tempor>y v>ni%1 :i* is g5]ally indisp5sable = ! exhibition ( pictures pa9t$ ) ! ord9>y mat]ials4 ,z ! pr(essor%ip ( sculpture is /ill vacant1 ,i am n trespass+ on any "o's gr\nd if ,i say a ^w or two ab\t f9i% 9 sculpture4 ,9 ?is art1 ev5 m ?an 9 pa9t+1 excessive smoo?ness is too (t5 mi/ak5 = high f9i%4 ,! sculptors ( ! female figure especially1 are too prone to efface 7ev5 9 ! clay7 details :i* ought to be c>efully pres]v$2 & aft] ! figure has be5 ca/ 9 pla/]1 ! "w ( poli%+ goes on ) file & s&-pap]1 until ! few t\*es ( nature :i* _h be5 left are effac$4 ,! great mis*ief1 h[ev]1 is usually done :5 ! pla/] is copi$ into m>ble4 ,! paid /atu>y :o does ?is "w /rives to give /ill great] r\ndness to ! already smoo? & r\nd$ limbs1 & he g5]ally succe$s too well4 ,:5 ! m>ble is ready = ! f9i%+-t\*es ( ! sculptor1 he sometimes endeavors to rega9 a little ( ! natural elem5t1 b g5]ally he consoles himself ) ! reflection t high art is incompatible ) detail1 & s 8 ,v5us or nymph leaves 8 /udio = ! exhibition or ! patron's gall]y1 !re to be admir$ z a model ( beautiful c>v+ & ( exquisite ta/e2 ( ! =m]1 on acc\nt ( its s(t1 boneless appe>ance2 & ( ! latt]1 because1 ?\gh a nude figure1 !re is no rem9isc5ce ( nature ab\t x4 ,!re is less ( ?is k9d ( insipid sculpture n[ ?an =m]ly4 ,t]ra cotta1 :i*1 z e "o kn[s1 is ! direct impression ( ! arti/'s modell+1 has to a great ext5t supplant$ m>ble1 & ! smoo? pseudo-classical nymphs ( =ty ye>s ago are r out ( favor4 ,fr5* sculptors ( ! nude h1 9 _! horror ( smoo?ness1 gone into ! opposite extreme2 &1 ?9k+ to give m realism to _! "w1 h adopt$ a co>se granul> /yle ( modell+ = _! surface texture4 ,i "q1 h[ev]1 :e!r ?is new fa%ion at all meets ! objection e arti/ mu/ ent]ta9 t[>d ! old /yle ( "w4 ,ev5 suppos+ we grant t1 9 nature1 ! sk9 is ( a granul> hummocky texture1 su* z we see 9 ! pla/] /atues by ,c>peaux & 8 s*ool1 ,i _c all[ t any ?+ is ga9$ by ?is piece ( realism4 ,c>peaux himself 0 a man ( g5ius1 & 9 8 "w1 nature 7?\gh n ( a v beautiful k9d7 is app>5t ev]y:]e2 b 8 imitators1 l mo/ imitators1 copy 8 ecc5tricities r ?an 8 good qualities4 ,! real objection to ! "w ( ! ,canova s*ool ( sculpture is n t ! surface is unlike ! human sk91 b t un9tellig5t c>v+ & excessive poli%+ t5d to oblit]ate all "* & individuality ( =m4 ,?is objection c only be met by sculptors aim+ at a m discrim9at+ p]ception ( =m1 z well z :at 7f want ( a bett] ^w7 ,i may call a m cons]vative /yle ( execution4 ,! excell5ce ( ! ma/]pieces ( antiquity does n lie ei!r 9 _! smoo?ness or 9 _! surface texture1 b 9 ! beauty ( _! proportions1 & 9 ! ?or\gh ?\gh nev] obtrusive k ( anatomy display$ 9 ! modell+ ( e "p4 ,^! qualities1 9 sculpture z well z 9 draw+1 are :at con/itute 8f9i%10 & n m]e surface poli%+ on ! "o h&1 or on ! o!r a co>se imitation ( ! cellul> tissue ( ! sk94 ,,lecture ,x4 ,,on ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,a ,,subject4 ,be=e beg9n+ to treat ( ! composition ( a picture1 ,i %\ld l to make "s rem>ks on ! *oice ( a subject4 ,( c\rse1 no rule c be laid d[n 9 ?is matt]4 ,:at /rikes "o arti/ z be+ a v good subject w appe> totally un9t]e/+ to ano!r4 ,x is1 p]haps1 =tunate t ?is %\ld be s4 ,! ta/e ( ! g5]al public is at lea/ z v>i$ z t ( ! pr(ession1 & ?us e "o c be suit$4 ,i rememb] an old g5tleman :o has n[ be5 dead _m ye>s1 b :o 9 8 day 0 a great patron ( arti/s1 tell+ me t he pref]r$ pictures ) little or no subject 9 !m4 ,he lik$ :at he call$ nice 8sat9y0 bits ( pa9t+1 & ! less /ory !re 0 9 !m to di/ract 8 att5tion f ! 8sat9y0 pa9t+ ! bett]4 ,i fancy t ?is want ( appreciation ( composition is m common ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,= "o p]son :o notices ! skill %[n 9 ! g5]al arrangem5t ( a picture1 fifty w be f\nd to admire its color & execution4 ,n[ ,i d n wi% 9 any way to depreciate ! *>m ( h>moni\s color & brilliant execution4 ,( all qualities 9 pa9t+ !y are1 p]haps1 ! mo/ captivat+2 b !y are n ! alpha & omega ( art4 ,i purpose1 !re=e1 to devote sev]al lectures to ! /udy ( composition1 & act+ 9 con=mity ) ! precept ab\t 8fir/ cat*+ y\r h>e be=e y proce$ to cook x10 we w ?is ev5+ review ! v>i\s k9ds ( subjects g5]ally *os5 by arti/s4 ,9 my lecture on ! ,int]national ,exhibition1 ,i m5tion$ ) disapproval a c]ta9 class ( subjects mu* affect$ by ! mod]n ,fr5* s*ool4 ,! arti/s seem to h ransack$ hi/ory = e incid5t t 0 mo/ loa?some & horrible4 ,i am n at all squeami%1 & %\ld n object to blood & torture occasionally1 b x is ! morbid treatm5t ( ^! gha/ly subjects & _! frequ5cy :i* are (f5sive4 ,p]haps x is h>dly necess>y to caution ,engli% /ud5ts aga9/ pa9t+ dea? & putrefaction4 ,!y g5]ally h a laudable desire to sell _! pictures1 & ?is desire w\ld naturally t5d to keep _! subjects sweet4 ,"s lett]s on ! dismal t5d5cy ( mod]n ,briti% art appe>$ 9 ! ,times la/ autumn1 & c]ta9ly ,i am n prep>$ to say t ! writ]s 7 :olly 9 ! wrong4 ,b if !y _h _h an opportunity ( comp>+ our s*ool ) ! ,fr5*1 ,i ?9k ! lett]s w\ld n h be5 writt54 ,:y1 our dea?b$ sc5es1 fun]als1 etc41 are positively *e]ful1 comp>$ ) ! s5sational pictures ( a ,fr5* exhibition4 ,no2 :atev] ! faults ( ,engli% pictures may be1 ,i don't ?9k ! subjects c be call$ dismal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i %\ld say1 speak+ g5]ally1 t !y are too frivol\s4 ,pictures are cont9ually be+ pa9t$ :i* h little or no subject4 ,! co/umes ( ! p]iod are pretty1 ! mild incid5t depict$ happ5$1 or might h happ5$1 & ^! are q suffici5t reasons to _m "y arti/s = pa9t+ ! picture4 ,i am f> f say+ t su* a picture mu/ be a bad "o4 ,x may be1 & (t5 is1 *>m+ 9 color1 arrangem5t1 & execution4 ,inde$1 ! bett] ! pa9t+1 ! m "o regrets t s mu* good "w %\ld be sp5t on s trivial an incid5t4 ,be=e proce$+ to :at ,i h to say ab\t ! *oice ( a subject1 ,i w\ld impress ^u y t ,i only pr(ess to give y my own op9ions4 ,if any /ud5t or "y arti/ has a great fancy = a c]ta9 subject1 ! probability is t he w treat x bett] ?an he w\ld "o less cong5ial to him1 & ,i %\ld be v sorry to dissuade him f x4 ,inde$1 ,i %\ld be mu* pleas$ to f9d t he _h a subject at all4 ,if !re is a rock ahead = ! ,engli% s*ool1 x is a t5d5cy to %irk ! difficulties ( composition4 ,pictures repres5t+ s+le figures 7m]e models dress$ up z m5-at-arms1 milk-maids1 or ,highl& lassies7 are mu* common] n[ ?an !y us$ to be4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! m9or exhibitions ( ,london "o expects to f9d pl5ty ( "w ( ?is class1 b ! prepond]ance ( ^! subjectless figure-pictures is becom+ v m>k$ ev5 at ! ,academy2 & z lectur] on pa9t+1 ,i %\ld be neglect+ my duty if ,i fail$ to notice x4 ,x may be t ^! pictures pay1 b art is n a trade2 & ev5 f a comm]cial po9t ( view1 ,i w\ld sugge/ t !re is su* a ?+ z ov]-/ock+ ! m>ket4 ,! :ole doma9 ( hi/ory1 bo? sacr$ & pr(ane1 is op5 to ! arti/1 besides :i* !re are innum]able subjects :i* are n /rictly hi/orical1 b are sugge/$ by hi/ory4 ,f9ally1 to ^? :o pref] illu/rat+ ! poets1 !re are ,hom]1 ,dante1 ,%akespe>e1 & a :ole ho/ ( m mod]n writ]s4 ,surely 9 su* a va/ qu>ry x _c be difficult to dig out good subjects suitable to e m9d4 ,_m subjects are too ha/ily reject$ because !y h already be5 pa9t$2 :5 probably a new read+ is v possible1 or by slightly alt]+ ! mom5t *os51 ! subject assumes ano!r aspect4 ,9 a =m] lecture ,i m5tion$1 z a famili> in/ance1 ! p>able ( ! good ,sam>itan4 ,"h is a trite & hackney$ subject en\gh4 ,e "o has pa9t$ x1 & yet x w\ld be v possible1 by alt]+ ! mom5t depict$1 to give a new v]sion ( x4 ,take ! mom5t :5 ! good ,sam>itan intru/s ! w\nd$ travell] to ! c>e ( ! innkeep]1 & leaves him money1 add+ t :atev] m he may sp5d w be repaid him2 & y h a capital subject1 :i* has nev]1 to my k1 be5 pa9t$4 ,aga91 imag9e ! return ( ! ,sam>itan aft] a few days' abs5ce1 & ! gratitude ( ! injur$ man1 n[ ne>ly re/or$ to heal?1 & y h ano!r fir/-rate subject4 ,z an extreme example1 take ! 8,holy ,family40 ,h[ (t5 has ?is subject be5 pa9t$6 ,raffaelle alone pa9t$ x ov] ?irty times1 & ,i %\ld ?9k t !re are at lea/ a ?\s& orig9al ,holy ,families 9 exi/5ce2 & yet ! subject seems to me z fre% z ev]4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 because x embodies ! pure/ =m ( mat]nal love 9 ! same way t ! good ,sam>itan illu/rates human k9dness4 ,mat]nal love & humanity are _m-sid$1 & h5ce ! subjects :i* illu/rate !m w be _m-sid$ too4 ,"s arti/s %r9k f tak+ kn[n subjects f a laudable mode/y4 ,!y c\ld n ?9k ( ent]+ into rivalry ) ,raffaelle or ,&r del ,s>to4 ,i deem ?is mode/y unnecess>y1 provid$ !y be/[ on _! "w orig9al ?\ght & inv5tion4 ,if !y attempt to rival ! mann] ( ! great ma/]s1 !n !y may be tax$ ) presumption1 b no arti/ ne$ be det]r$ f pa9t+ su* subjects z ! 8,la/ ,supp]10 or ! 8,walk to ,emmaus10 because _m great ma/]s h treat$ ! same !mes4 ,i h probably said en\gh 9 def5ce ( tak+ subjects :i* h already be5 pa9t$1 & w n[ attempt "s classification ( subjects suitable = ! high] class ( figure-pictures4 ,! t]m 8,religi\s10 9 connection ) art1 ought1 ,i ?9k1 to be conf9$ to ^? subjects 9 :i* ,div9e p]sonages are introduc$1 or to ^? :i* embody "s miracle4 ,?us 8,! ,creation ( ,adam10 8,! ,holy ,family10 8,! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us10 or 8,! ,conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul10 w\ld all come "u ! head ( religi\s subjects2 b ,i ?9k ! t]m misappli$ :5 speak+ ( su* subjects z 8,hag> 9 ! ,des]t10 8,! ,f9d+ ( ,moses10 8,samson & ,delilah10 etc41 :i* h no religi\s elem5t 9 !m1 al?\gh !y are ( c\rse /rictly ,scriptural4 ,x is almo/ ne$less = me to rem>k t ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t (f] an inexhau/ible field = pictorial illu/ration4 ,! ,bible is m read & bett] kn[n ?an any o!r book 9 ! _w1 & ?is alone w\ld prem95tly di/+ui% x z a s\rce :5ce arti/s %\ld d]ive subjects = _! pictures2 b besides ?is1 ! co/umes f ,noah d[n to ,/4 ,paul are simple & dignifi$1 sugge/+ ! highe/ /yle ( art4 ,!re are reasons :i* militate aga9/ "y arti/s 7or old ones ei!r7 attempt+ ?is highe/ class ( religi\s subjects1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* is ! fe> ( failure2 failure 9 ?is class be+ a mu* great] humiliation ?an 9 a l[] walk ( art4 ,b !re is also ano!r good reason1 & t is1 ! want ( a m>ket = _! "w4 ,our *ur*es d n1 z a rule1 pur*ase ,biblical pictures1 & our lay patrons ( art naturally en\gh object to import+ a 8,crucifixion0 or a 8,noli me ,tang]e0 into gall]ies & rooms full ( mundane-subject pictures4 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 no reason :y ! second class ( ,scriptural subjects 7^?1 ,i mean1 :i* are simply hi/orical or anecdotic7 %\ld n be m (t5 pa9t$ ?an !y are4 ,( allegory & allegorical subjects ,i ne$ h>dly say any ?+4 ,= m]e decorative purposes !y may sometimes be eligible1 b ev5 !n ,i ?9k !m q out ( date1 & %\ld be sorry to see a revival ( ! pa9t$ riddles :i* 7 s mu* ! fa%ion 9 ! "t ( ,giotto & 8 foll[]s4 ,su* semi-allegorical subjects z ,reynolds' 8,g>rick betwe5 ,trag$y & ,com$y0 are p]missible en\gh1 because !y are easily compreh5d$2 b ! allegories ,i object to are ^? :i* are totally incompreh5sible )\t a page or two ( lett]press to expla9 _! mean+4 ,my?ology (f]s a mu* bett] field ?an allegory = decorative purposes4 8,juno 9 h] ,peacock-drawn ,c> ,asc5d+ to ,olympus10 8,orpheus & ,eurydice10 8,prome!us ,v9ctus10 etc41 etc41 are all spl5did subjects4 ,!re is a b\rgeois objection to !m on ! gr\nd t nobody n[ c>es = ,juno or any ( ! hea!n gods & demi-gods2 b ,i %\ld l to ask ^! objectors if !y ?9k t any "o c>es n[ = ! 8,vic> ( ,wakefield0 & 8 family1 or = 8,tom ,jones0 & 8 ,sophia1 & yet pictures illu/rative ( ^! old-fa%ion$ novels are pa9t$ e day1 & (t5 meet ) great success4 ,x is q a mi/ake to suppose t 9 ord] to admire or appreciate pictures we mu/ take a lively int]e/ 9 ! biography ( ! dramatis p]son4 ,jove1 ,m>s1 ,v5us1 & ,h]cules are ( int]e/ to u n[1 j z !y probably 7 to ! ,a!nians 9 ! "t ( ,phidias & ,praxiteles1 namely1 z repres5tatives ( p[]1 c\rage1 beauty1 & /r5g?2 & s long z ^! qualities are valu$ by ! human race1 s long w _! p]sonifications cont9ue to be int]e/+4 ,hi/orical subjects may be divid$ into two classes3-- #a4 ,^? :]e ! int]e/ is solely d]iv$ f ! rank or hi/orical importance ( ! p]sonages depict$4 #b4 ,^? :i*1 f _! nature1 are dramatically int]e/+1 indep5d5tly ( ! names ( ! p]sonages4 ,:at are commonly call$ 8(ficial pictures0 belong to ! fir/ class1 su* z coronations1 royal m>riages1 & c]emonials ( all descriptions4 ,su* pictures z ,t]burg's 8,c\ncil ( ,tr5t10 & o!rs ( ! same k9d1 belong to ?is category1 because all ! int]e/ ( ! "w lies 9 ! fai?ful portraiture ( ! figures4 ,deprive ! figures ( _! hi/orical importance1 & all int]e/ 9 ! subject 7z a subject7 vani%es4 ,( c\rse ! picture may h te*nical excell5ces :i* may make x int]e/+ & valuable1 b ?is has no?+ to d ) ! po9t at issue4 ,any trivial incid5t f ! dome/ic lives ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ,*>les ,i1 ,cromwell1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 etc4 7specim5s ( :i* are to be f\nd 9 e exhibition71 belong ess5tially to ?is class ( subjects4 ,i w\ld h>dly class our old fri5d1 8,alfr$ ,m9d+ ! ,cakes10 ) ^! subjects1 simply because he did n m9d !m2 & ! contra/ betwe5 ! disguis$ mon>*'s ?\ghtful & anxi\s look & ! humble task to :i* he _h be5 set is suffici5tly int]e/+ p] se4 ,_h he done 8 task clev]ly1 & toa/$ ! muff9s to a turn1 ?is "t-honor$ b apocryphal subject w\ld h be5 a good specim5 ( ! class ,i am speak+ (4 ,! foll[+ are a few m subjects :i* w illu/rate my mean+3--8,milton ,dictat+ #8,p>adise ,lo/' to 8 ,daught]s02 8,francis ,i ,pick+ up ,titian's ,bru%02 8,sir ,isaac ,newton ,wat*+ an ,apple ,fall02 8,hampd5 ,refus+ to ,pay ,%ip-money40 ,9 all ^! & simil> subjects y w obs]ve t no human passions are conc]n$4 ,! only reason = pa9t+ !m at all is ei!r because su* fam\s m5 z ,titian1 ,francis ,i1 & ,milton are engag$ 9 !m1 or because !y l$ to v important sci5tific & political consequ5ces1 z 9 ! fall+ apple & ! %ip-money in/ances4 ,i w\ld give z in/ances ( ! second class ( hi/orical subjects3--8,! ,dea? ( ,s5eca02 8,*>lemagne ,cross+ ! ,alps02 8,cs> ,l&+ 9 ,brita902 8,que5 ,boadicea ,h>angu+ ! ,ic5i40 ,^! are all well kn[n1 &1 inde$1 r hackney$ subjects1 b !y w s]ve z examples ( :at ,i mean4 ,!re is a c]ta9 dramatic quality ab\t !m :i* fits !m = pictorial treatm5t1 indep5d5tly ( ! p>ticul> hi/ory atta*$ to ea*2 & ^! are1 9 my op9ion1 ! be/ k9d ( hi/orical subjects4 ,ev5ts :i* d n conc]n ! life ( any p>ticul> p]son are also v pictorial1 provid$ always !re is pl5ty ( ! dramatic elem5t 9 !m3--8,a ,man ,escap+ to a ,city ( ,refuge02 8,a ,dep>ture ( ,emigrants02 8,a ,rescue f ,fire02 8,laun*+ ! ,life-,boat02 8,return f ,victory10 are all em95tly suitable = pa9t+1 & yet !re are no k+s & que5s1 nor ev5 di/+ui%$ /atesm51 poets1 or philosoph]s to be introduc$4 ,!re are human int]e/s ( v>i\s k9ds to be excit$1 & ?is is q en\gh4 ,w> episodes are always int]e/+4 ,we d n c>e to "k ! exact spot or date ( ! engagem5t1 we h no curiosity ab\t ! names ( ! combatants1 nor ev5 mu* ab\t _! nationality4 ,! sc5e itself is suffici5tly excit+ )\t any accompany+ explanation4 ,x is true t !re are pl5ty ( highly un9t]e/+ battle-pictures1 b ! fault lies ) ! treatm5t & n ) ! subject4 ,9 select+ a subject1 no matt] :e!r f my?ology1 ,scripture1 hi/ory1 fiction1 or e-day life1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to *oose "o :i* has unity ( action4 ,!re ought to be a /ory 9 y\r subject1 b n m ?an "o /ory4 ,9 y\r second>y gr\ps y may h sep>ate action & by-play1 b !y ought someh[ to be connect$ ) ! ma9 /ory ( ! picture1 & in/ead ( di/ract+ ! att5tion f ! subject1 !y ought r to assi/ 9 conc5trat+ x4 ,:]e !re is m ?an "o c5tre ( int]e/ 9 a picture1 ! effect1 dramatically speak+1 is weak5$4 ,! old ma/]s (t5 disreg>d$ ! tol]ably self-evid5t rule4 ,! fam\s ,transfiguration picture ( ,raffaelle is a well-kn[n in/ance 9 po9t4 ,! int]e/ is divid$ betwe5 ! ,transfiguration prop] & ! demoniac boy4 ,al?\gh "s ( ! figures are po9t+ upw>d1 yet ! faces are all turn$ t[>d ! demoniac1 & he is c]ta9ly ! pr9cipal focus ( int]e/4 ,?is blemi% 9 ,raffaelle's picture is all ! m unacc\ntable1 z no m5tion is any:]e made ( a demoniac hav+ be5 pres5t at ! "t2 b ! old ma/]s 7especially ^? ( ! ,g]man s*ools7 ab\nd 9 incongruities ( ?is k9d4 ,i rememb] see+ some:]e a picture ( ! 8,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,lor5zo40 ,! sa9t is ab\t to be roa/$ alive1 b ! l>ge/ & mo/ prom95t figure 9 ! picture is "o ( ! execution]s1 :o is mak+ a horrible face1 hav+ got "s ( ! smoke 9 8 eye4 ,! introduction ( ^! irrelevant & grotesque episodes _c be ju/ifi$1 h[ev] well !y may be pa9t$2 & if x be grant$ t x is undesirable to select a subject 9 :i* !re is m ?an "o c5tre ( int]e/1 h[ mu* m objectionable is x to inv5t di/urb+ incid5ts :i* are n record$ 9 ! text ( ! subject4 ,z an extreme in/ance ( a bad selection ( subject1 ,i h always ?\ght t no?+ c\ld beat ,%akespe>e's 8,sev5 ,ages ( ,man40 ,! l9es sugge/ sev5 di/9ct subjects hav+ no connection :atev] ) ea* o!r4 ,ea* is v good ( its k9d2 to attempt to amalgamate !m all into "o picture is q absurd4 ,! result is extremely unpleasant2 sugge/+ a company ( /roll+ play]s1 ea* rehe>s+ 8 "p1 or p]haps ! c\rt-y>d ( a m$ival lunatic asylum4 ,9 ju/ice to ,mulready ,i ought to m5tion t he did n select 8! sev5 ages ( man0 z a subject = 8 picture4 ,he _h ! impossible task impos$ ^u him by a lib]al b injudici\s patron4 ,= decorative "w 7= a frieze1 = in/ance7 su* subjects z ! 8sev5 ages ( man0 are well suit$1 because ea* 8age0 c be treat$ sep>ately1 =m+ z x 7 a picture ( itself1 ! only bond ( union betwe5 ! sev5 be+ t ! figures %\ld be ( ! same proportion1 & %\ld be simil> 9 /yle & execution4 ,ano!r good rule to obs]ve 9 select+ a subject is to *oose "o :i* has illu/rative action 9 x4 ,:at ,i mean by ?is is t ! action ( ! figures %\ld be suffici5t to expla9 ! subject4 ,y _c put words issu+ f _! m\?s z is done 9 c>icature1 y mu/ !re=e expla9 y\r /ory by action & expression4 ,we w take z examples two n dissimil> subjects4 ,"o %all be a meet+ ( conspirators1 & ! o!r a conf]5ce ( philosoph]s4 ,( c\rse1 ,i don't mean to ins9uate t !re is any analogy betwe5 philosoph]s & conspirators1 b t 9 bo? cases we h five or six figures seat$ r\nd a table4 ,9 ! fir/ we %\ld repres5t our conspirators1 9 close conclave1 lean+ ov] ! table ) _! heads ne> toge!r1 "o or two p]haps grasp+ _! dagg]s1 ano!r look+ r\nd anxi\sly--9 %ort1 x w\ld be v evid5t f ! expression & attitude ( ! figures t !y 7 ab\t "s villa9\s "w4 ,if we n[ turn to ! o!r subject1 ! conf]5ce ( philosoph]s1 h[ are we to express ! purport ( _! conv]sation8 ,:at facial muscles are call$ into play :5 m5 are talk+ metaphysics or exp\nd+ _! !ories ( evolution8 ,x is cle> t1 h[ev] exquisite ! execution ( ! picture may be1 ! subject ( x w be un9telligible1 )\t explanation1 & ev5 ) ! necess>y elucidation x w be inf]ior to ! conspirators 9 dramatic int]e/4 ,! subject ,i gave y 9 ! life-s*ool "s "t ago 7,i mean ,pet]'s d5ial ( ,*ri/7 is an em95tly good "o1 because if prop]ly treat$ x is impossible to mi/ake ! mean+ ( ! figures4 ,! m5ac+ int]rogatory ( ! woman1 ,pet]'s al>m = 8 p]sonal safety1 & ! je]s ( ! soldi]s :o are sitt+ r\nd ! fire1 are all well adapt$ = pictorial expression4 ,any "o :o _h nev] read ! ,new ,te/am5t1 an unconv]t$ ,*9aman = in/ance1 w\ld say at once3 8,?is "y woman is tax+ a middle-ag$ man ) some?+ he d5ies1 b !re is su* d[nright ass]tion 9 h] action & su* fe> mix$ up ) 8 d5ial1 t ! accusation1 :atev] x is1 mu/ be true40 ,no subject c be call$ a really good "o :i* requires a long explanation to make x intelligible4 ,?us subjects 9 :i* ! figures are assum+ *>act]s :i* d n prop]ly belong to !m are unfit = pa9t+4 ,= example1 9 ! 8conspirators0 j m5tion$1 x might v well h happ5$ t to conceal _! s9i/] designs !y assum$ ! mask ( joviality1 b y %\ld n select ?is p>ticul> phase ( ! /ory4 ,on ! /age1 ?is k9d ( make-believe is manag$ by an 8aside40 ,! actor takes ! audi5ce into 8 confid5ce :5 he says1 8,"h comes ! k+1 let u dissemble10 & accord+ly = ! next t5 m9utes or s y are to und]/& t he is n ! obsequi\s sycophant he pret5ds to be1 & le/ by *ance y %\ld =get t he is dissembl+1 he w come =w>d & fr[n1 cl5* 8 fi/ or po9t contemptu\sly ov] 8 %\ld] at 8 fell[-actor1 :o1 /rangely en\gh1 nev] seems to see ^! om9\s ge/ures4 ,all ?is is und]/ood & accept$ on ! /age1 b x does n d 9 a picture4 ,i w\ld1 !re=e1 advise y z mu* z possible to *oose subjects :i* c be und]/ood at a glance4 ,let y\r p]sonages appe> 9 _! natural *>act]s1 & n assum+ p>ts :i* d n belong to !m4 ,acts ( m]cy1 su* z clo?+ ! nak$1 fe$+ ! hungry1 visit+ ! sick1 etc41 are all good subjects1 because ! mean+ is expla9$ directly by ! action ( ! figures4 ,speak+ = myself1 ,i h b little sympa?y ) subjects tak5 f works ( fiction4 ,! arti/ :o selects !m = pictorial treatm5t seems to me to abnegate :atev] creative p[] he may possess1 & to become an illu/rator or translator ( o!r m5's ?\ghts4 ,hom]1 ,dante1 & ,milton are ( c\rse exceptional poets4 ,_! creations are h]oic1 & ! p]sonifications ( _! h]oes w\ld be ei!r nude or /]nly classical4 ,besides1 !y nev] desc5d to m9ute p>ticul>s1 & ! arti/ is left v mu* to 8 own inv5tion4 ,! m detail an au?or gives1 & ! m picturesque ! detail1 ! less fitt$ are 8 works = figure-pictures4 ,scott & ,dick5s are em95tly unpa9table2 t is1 x is a hopeless task to illu/rate !m4 ,pictures tak5 f _! works are always disappo9t+4 ,! ,ivanhoes1 ! ,mrs4 ,gamps1 & ! ,pecksniffs ( our imag9ation are always sup]ior to _! effigies on canvas1 & ?is is m or less ! case ) ! p]sonages ( ,%akespe>e1 ,c]vantes1 & ,molire4 ,co/ume has a great deal to d ) ! *oice ( a subject1 & ?is1 no d\bt1 is ! reason :y ! works ( ,%akespe>e1 ,c]vantes1 & ,molire are su* favorite hunt+-gr\nds = arti/s4 ,if ! ,pr9ce ( ,d5m>k _h be5 a mod]n heir-app>5t1 attir$ 9 a frock coat1 twe$ tr\s]s1 & a *imney-pot hat1 or if ,malvolio _h worn ! dress ( an ord9>y ,briti% butl]1 we %\ld n (t5 see !m pa9t$4 ,= "o picture tak5 f ,?ack]ay's mod]n novels1 we f9d doz5s illu/rat+ ,t5nyson's 8,idyls ( ! ,k+10 or 8 8,holy ,grail40 ,n[1 al?\gh ! "q ( co/ume mu/ always be an important factor 9 ! selection ( a subject1 x ought n to be ! only "o4 ,a picture %\ld n be pa9t$ m]ely = ! sake ( ! co/umes4 ,?is seem$ to me ! pr9cipal fault 9 ! l>ge ,au/rian pictures ( ! ,int]national ,exhibition2 & ,i may add t x is a fault :i* is n altoge!r unkn[n 9 ,engl&4 ,!re is "o m class ( subjects :i* ,i h n yet notic$1 & t is ! dome/ic or 8g5re0 class2 ! pictures1 9 %ort1 ( e-day life4 ,pictures ( ?is k9d are mu* less dep5d5t on a good *oice ( subject ?an ^? :i* illu/rate "s hi/orical incid5t4 ,!y are g5]ally priz$ = ! brilliancy & h>mony ( _! color1 or = ! delicacy ( _! execution2 & if ^! qualities exi/ 9 a high degree1 ! subject is a m9or consid]ation4 ,/ill x ought to be a consid]ation1 & 9 *oos+ subjects ( ?is class y %\ld pref] ^? :i* are typical ( ! p]sonages y h to repres5t4 ,if y attempt ru/ic pictures1 n only %\ld y\r figures look l peasants1 b ! subject %\ld be ?or\ghly bucolic4 ,a dirty pl\ghman plodd+ we>ily homew>d along a muddy lane on a dull ,novemb] ev5+ seems commonplace & prosaic en\gh1 & yet ! subject w\ld n be defici5t 9 pictorial int]e/4 ,x w\ld be typical ( ! man's h>d & com=tless life4 ,x w\ld be 9 p]fect h>mony ) 8 furr[$ face1 8 bony limbs1 & 8 /oop+ gait4 ,x w\ld n only repres5t t p>ticul> pl\ghman 9 t p>ticul> lane1 b x w\ld give a true ?\gh m\rnful impression ( f>m-labor]s g5]ally4 ,i %\ld mu* pref] = ! subject ( a picture1 a common episode f ! life ( a labor] to an uncommon "o4 ,aga91 if ,i wi%$ to repres5t ! same man at home1 ,i %\ld endeavor1 )\t exagg]ation1 to give ! squalor ( 8 surr\nd+s1 & %\ld n1 out ( my inn] consci\sness1 evolve an ideal peasant surr\nd$ by a comely family1 & look+ 7z ,dick5s has some:]e said7 z if he _h 8sp5t 8 little ,all 9 soap40 ,arti/s und]/& pretty well n[adays t 9 pa9t+ ru/ic subjects1 hone/y is ! be/ policy4 ,! great success ( ! ,fr5* pa9t]1 ,millet1 0 due entirely to 8 uncompromis+ hone/y ( purpose1 & to ! un]r+ judgm5t ) :i* he select$ 8 subjects4 ,!re are pretty girls 7ev5 9 ,france7 among/ ! peasant class1 al?\gh !y are c]ta9ly r>e4 ,!re are pl5ty ( fte days :5 e woman makes h]self z sm>t z %e c2 b ,millet knew bett] ?an to pa9t pretty girls & sm>t dresses4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 he depict$ ! true types ( ,fr5* peasantry1 gaunt1 h>d-featur$ wom51 dress$ 9 ! co>se/ g>m5ts1 & %od ) wood5 sabots4 ,! novelty ( tru? 0 unwelcome at fir/ to ! ,p>isian public4 ,!y _h s long be5 accu/om$ to ,op]a ,comique peasants t !y _h lo/ reli% = ! g5u9e article2 b by degrees !y began to p]ceive t ^! unc\? figures 7 v l ! ,jeannes & ! ,victoires !y knew la campagne4 ,moreov]1 !y did n fail to obs]ve t ! subjects *os5 by ! arti/ 7 ( t homely1 agricultural k9d peculi> to ! ,fr5* peasantry4 ,!y smelt ( ! village dunghill1 & ?is 0 ! great secret ( _! success4 ,i am (t5 told by p :o don't "k mu* ab\t art1 t !y h ?\ght ( 8su* a capital subject = a picture10 & x g5]ally turns out to be some?+ odd or incongru\s1 & n at all fitt$ = pa9t+4 ,= sev]al ye>s we h _h pictures s5t 9 = exhibition1 repres5t+ *ildr5 play+ at judge & jury1 police-c\rts1 auctions1 etc4 ,9 ^! pictures ! *ildr5 are all dress$ up to repres5t policem51 b>ri/]s1 pla9tiffs1 & def5dants4 ,moreov]1 !y h s ?or\ghly le>n$ _! p>ts t _! action is no long] *ildlike4 ,"s ( ^! pictures are v well pa9t$1 b ! pr9ciple is s wrong & false t we n[ inv>iably refuse !m admission4 ,*ildr5 %\ld1 9 a picture1 be engag$ on some?+ *ildlike4 ,?us x w\ld be p]fectly natural = *ildr5 to play at be+ wild bea/s1 mak+ use ( any be> or wolf sk9 :i* happ5$ to be h&y4 ,coa*-&-horses1 h5-&-*ick5s1 are aga9 legitimate games = *ildr51 & !re=e prop] = pa9t+2 b 9 ! arts we don't want elaborately got-up burlesque4 ,a gr\p ( "y *ildr5 on ! sea-s&s1 at "w ) _! wood5 %ovels1 w\ld by "s be ?\ght a /upid k9d ( subject1 h>dly wor?y ( be+ pa9t$ at all2 b make ! same *ildr5 ov]tak5 by ! tide1 ) a /eep cliff beh9d !m1 & probably y w h a great success1 especially if y make y\r little figures express+ _! fe> or c\rage 9 a !atrical & un*ildlike mann]4 ,! fir/ gr\p w\ld be a typical "o--typical ( ! seaside & *ildhood2 ! second w\ld n be absolutely impossible 7l ! bewigg$ & behelmet$ y\ng/]s above m5tion$71 b x w\ld be some:at exceptional1 & !re=e1 9 my op9ion1 n s suitable = pa9t+ z ! fir/ gr\p4 ,9 ! same way ) l&scape1 ! spot y select = pit*+ y\r umbrella %\ld n be mean & ugly1 nei!r %\ld x be ov]p[]+ly gr& & beautiful4 ,pictures repres5t+ ! ,falls ( ,niag>a or ! gorges ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s are g5]ally failures4 ,i h 9 a =m] lecture prais$ ! ,belgian l&scape-pa9t]s1 & ,i ?9k t a good deal ( _! m]it lies 9 ! happy *oice ( subjects4 ,!y are c]ta9ly n classical1 l ! old s*ool ( ,fr5* l&scape-pa9t]s1 nor d !y affect ! dre>ie/ commonplace1 l "s ( ! mod]ns4 ,!y nei!r pa9t precipices & sn[y m\nta9s1 nor dull /ret*es ( popl>-skirt$ high-road4 ,_! pictures are to me mo/ int]e/+1 n only on acc\nt ( _! te*nical excell5ce1 b f ! good ta/e %[n 9 ! selection ( ! subjects4 ,incid5ts :i* are out ( h>mony ) ! "* ( ! p]sons engag$1 =m capital mat]ials = c>icature4 ,! late ,john ,lee* %[$ ! nice/ discrim9ation 9 8 selection ( subjects4 ,:5 he gave u pictures ( "*1 no?+ c\ld be bett] ?an 8 sport+ sc5es1 or 8 bits f ! m9+ di/ricts4 ,:5 he want$ to raise a laugh at some?+ p>adoxical1 he w\ld give u a lot ( mutes mak+ m]ry aft] a respectable fun]al1 or a us$-up swell eat+ p]iw9kles ) a p9 on ! top ( a 'bus4 ,9 bo? ^! cases x 0 ! %>p contra/ betwe5 ! usual habits ( ! p]sons & _! exceptional occupation at ! "t :i* made ! fun1 & v good fun x 0 too2 b 9 an oil picture :i* takes "s mon?s to pa9t1 ! humor ought to be ( a m delicate k9d4 ,i "k ( no bett] example ( ! k9d ( humor ,i mean ?an ,wilkie's 8,bl9d ,fiddl]40 ,be=e clos+ my lecture ,i %\ld wi% to notice a c]ta9 k9d ( pictures :i* d n fit 9 well ) any ( ! classes ,i h m5tion$4 ,! pictures ,i mean are ^? :i* are pa9t$ expressly to tea* "s lesson1 or to inculcate "s moral precept4 ,! great orig9ator ( ?is k9d ( art 0 ,hog>?4 ,be=e him no?+ ( ! sort _h ev] be5 done1 & s9ce 8 dea? no arti/ has equall$ him 9 ?is p>ticul> l9e4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 z ,i admire ,hog>? z a pa9t]1 ,i _c co9cide ) all ! praise t has be5 %[]$ on him z a great moral tea*]4 ,he has (t5 be5 comp>$ to ,molire1 b ! great ,fr5*man attack$ ! vices & follies ( 8 day ) a %>p rapi]1 :]eas ,hog>? wield$ a heavy bludgeon4 ,inde$1 ,i ?9k x v d\btful :e!r our art c be conv]t$ into an active ag5t 9 ! cause ( morality4 ,! t\*es ( ridicule :i* a clev] writ] uses ) s mu* effect are v apt to become pond]\s :5 emb$d$ 9 oil pa9t4 ,hog>?'s reputation may well be all[$ to re/ on 8 num]\s te*nical excell5ces )\t hoi/+ him ^u a p$e/al z a great apo/le ( morality4 ,9 l mann] ! "n ( ,cruick%ank w be pres]v$ z ! clev] draughtsman & c>icaturi/1 & n z ! *ampion ( teetotalism4 ,9 mitigation1 h[ev]1 ( ,hog>?'s sl$ge-hamm] /yle ( belabor+ vice1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! age 9 :i* he liv$ 0 a v gross & brutal "o1 & t 8 8,rake's ,progress10 8 8,m>riage la ,mode10 & simil> works1 :i* to u appe> exagg]at$ or c>icatur$1 7 consid]$ by 8 contempor>ies to be v true to nature4 ,to return to ! prop] bus9ess ?is ev5+1 :i* is n to criticise pa9t]s & _! "w1 b to discuss subjects = pa9t+1 ,i _c say ,i p>ticul>ly delight 9 ! class "u notice4 ,:oev] takes up ^! subjects becomes 7involunt>ily p]haps7 a k9d ( mission>y ag5t = ! cause he takes up1 :e!r x be teetotalism1 humanit>ianism1 or ! r$ress+ ( ! wrongs ( our old fri5d1 ! 8poor gov]ness02 & z ) "s o!r ag5ts1 8 zeal (t5 outruns 8 discretion1 & he is apt to ?ru/ =w>d 8 moral too obtrusively4 ,:5 ?is k9d ( picture is pa9t$ 9 pairs1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ,hog>?'s 8,indu/ri\s & ,idle ,appr5tice10 !re is a sort ( po/] or adv]tisem5t flavor ab\t ! "w1 rem9d+ "o a little ( 8:at ,i 01 & :at ,i am0 9 connection ) ,mrs4 ,all5's hairwa%1 or ( 8be=e & aft] us+ anti-fat40 ,no "o c1 ( c\rse1 object to su* anti!tic pictures z 8,summ] & ,w9t]10 8,peace & ,w>10 8,y\? & ,age10 etc42 b :]e ! practice ( %[+ bo? sides ( ! m$al becomes objectionable1 is :5 ! "w is evid5tly int5d$ to be didactic4 ,i don't "k :at effect ^! didactic pictures may h on o!rs1 b ,i always feel a k9d ( impati5ce at hav+ ! contra/ betwe5 virtue & vice ?ru/ be=e me 9 ?is infant-s*ool fa%ion4 ,i d n wi% 9 ^! lectures to ent] ^u ! doma9 ( high-art e?ics2 ,i h a v decid$ av]sion to ! union ( pa9t+ ) ab/ruse !ories ( all k9ds1 b a few words on morality 9 art may n be out ( place4 ,x mu/ be g5]ally all[$ t c]ta9 pictures h an immoral t5d5cy3 we may1 !re=e conclude by analogy t o!rs h a moral t5d5cy1 b beyond ?is g5]al truism x is difficult to get4 ,! art-lov+ portion ( ! public ne$s no ,"l ,*amb]la9 to o/racise immoral subjects1 b on ! o!r h&1 x is r intol]ant ( :at are call$ 8goody0 pictures4 ,let u r1 in/ead ( prea*+ homilies ) our bru%1 endeavor to set an example ( pictorial morality by adh]5ce to tru?1 by ab/a9+ f clap-trap tricks & m]etrici\s execution2 by ceas+ to pilf] ideas & modes ( pa9t+ f o!r arti/s1 & by g5]al hone/y ( purpose4 ,if we d ?is1 we may re/ assur$ t our "w w h a heal?i] influ5ce ?an x w\ld h if m directly enli/$ 9 ! cause ( morality4 ,,lecture ,,xi4 ,,on ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,decorative ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,pictures4 ,! art ( compos+ figure-pictures may be divid$ into two categories1 to ea* ( :i* ,i int5d devot+ a lecture4 ,! fir/ category w comprise all decorative or semi-decorative "w1 :]e gr&eur & h>mony ( l9e is ! great desid]atum2 ! graphic r5d]+ ( ! subject be+ ( m9or importance4 ,! second category w\ld include almo/ all easel pictures :i* aspire to repres5t "s hi/orical ev5t1 or to illu/rate "s anecdote4 ,9 ^! pictures ! graphic r5d]+ ( ! subject is ! fir/ desid]atum1 & ! pleasant h>mony ( l9e only ! second4 ,we w deal ?is ev5+ ) ! laws ( composition = decorative "w4 ,i ought p]haps to avoid us+ ! ^w 8laws02 art is n an exact sci5ce1 & no /rict law c be laid d[n ab\t a matt] ( ta/e4 ,/ill !re are c]ta9 pr9ciples :i* seem to be accept$ by all ma/]s ( composition1 & c]ta9 o!rs :i*1 al?\gh n g5]ally accept$1 occur to me z likely to be ( use to y4 ,! gold5 rule = ! arrangem5t ( figures 9 a picture1 is t ! nature ( ! subject ought to dictate ! l9es ( ! composition4 ,if y h to pa9t a subject ( a quiet1 maje/ic1 & dignifi$ class1 a subject = all ages1 :]e y wi% to express p]fect repose & /ability1 y _c d bett] ?an g back to ! pyramid4 ,?is pyramidical !ory ( composition has be5 mu* quizz$ & laugh$ at1 b t is because ! old-fa%ion$ dilettanti :o advocat$ x want$ to apply x univ]sally4 ,n[ x is cle>ly unsuitable = subjects ( action1 or = fill+ ) figures l[ long panels2 b = alt> pieces1 or = pictures :i* are de/9$ = c5tral places1 x is at once ! mo/ natural & ! mo/ effective me?od4 ,! quiet & s]5e dignity ( _m ( ! anci5t ,holy ,families & o!r subjects ( sacr$ art is due ma9ly to ! pyramidical =m ( gr\p+4 ,sometimes ! =m is t ( a truncat$ pyramid1 z 9 ! ,hemicycle at ! ,ecole des ,beaux ,arts1 :]e ! object ( ! pa9t] 0 to repres5t an ideal ,areopagus ( ,art4 ,9 ! compositions ( ,masaccio & ,filipp9o ,lippi we h good examples ( a horizontal /yle ( arrangem5t4 ,! /ructure ( ^! gr\ps is sugge/ive ( solid simple ar*itectural =ms1 & has a k9d ( dignity ( its own2 b ?\gh suitable en\gh = frescoes ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 x is h>dly picturesque or v>i$ en\gh = mod]n oil-pictures4 ,mural pa9t+s1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y repres5t grave or sacr$ subjects1 %\ld m or less p>take ( ?is horizontal & rectil9e> =m ( composition4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( deviation is necess>y1 & x is 9 fix+ ! limit ( ?is deviation t ! skill ( ! arti/ is %[n4 ,too little w\ld make 8 composition =mal & lifeless4 ,too mu* w\ld take away f ! symmetry :i* befits su* subjects4 ,! ,/anze ( ,raffaelle are noble examples ( skill & ta/e 9 composition4 ,no?+ c be f9] ?an 8 8,s*ool ( ,a!ns10 8 8,p>nassus10 & 8 8,!ology40 ,"h we f9d v>iety ( l9e comb9$ ) a dignifi$ simplicity4 ,x is ! arrangem5t & composition ( ^! gr& frescoes :i* 9 my op9ion ju/ifies ! position ,raffaelle holds 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 r ?an ! beauty ( 8 ,madonnas or ! bold draw+ ( 8 some:at ov]-rat$ c>toons4 ,lat] arti/s ( ! ,roman s*ool ov]did ! picturesque elem5t1 & lo/ ! /ately simplicity :i* *>act]izes ! second mann] ( ,raffaelle4 ,9 mod]n times1 ,+res' 8,apo!osis ( ,hom]0 is a good example ( :at a mural pa9t+ %\ld be4 ,sev]e 9 draw+ & dignifi$ 9 composition1 x is yet by no means defici5t 9 ^? m attractive qualities :i* are commonly express$ by ! ^w 8picturesque40 ,fl&r9's frieze at ,/4 ,v9c5t de ,paul is ano!r magnific5t specim5 ( an exquisite s5se ( fitness4 ,!re is h>dly a figure 9 ! :ole procession ( apo/les1 sa9ts1 & m>tyrs1 :i* c\ld be improv$4 ,i "k ( no mod]n "w :i* is s p]fect ( its k9d4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 prepo/]\s to suppose t good composition c be taught 9 a c\ple ( ev5+s2 b if ,i succe$ 9 impress+ on y ! importance ( ?is r neglect$ bran* ( /udy1 ,i %all n h lectur$ 9 va94 ,we w beg9 ) ! simple/ problem1 namely1 h[ to fill up ) figures an elongat$ rectangul> space or frieze4 ,! mo/ obvi\s me?od is to set up a r[ ( figures ( ! same size & all 9 pr(ile1 z 0 done by ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,n[ ?is mode ( treatm5t1 ?\gh suitable en\gh = ! ,nile temples1 w\ld obvi\sly be unfit = build+s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! figures %\ld pres]ve a c]ta9 regul>ity1 a c]ta9 frieze-l arrangem5t1 & yet ! attitudes %\ld be v>i$1 & ! "w %\ld n look z if x _h be5 done by ma*9]y4 ,! fir/ improvem5t on ! ,egyptian me?od w\ld be to break ! monotony by "h & !re gr\p+ two or ev5 ?ree figures toge!r4 ,z 9 ^! gr\ps ( two or ?ree "o figure mu/ be beh9d ! o!rs1 & !re=e f>!r (f f ! spectator1 x w\ld be small]1 ! head w\ld be l[]1 & y w\ld at once get a little v>iety 9 ! l9e ( heads4 ,to v>y y\r l9e ( heads simply by argu+ t "s p are six feet high :il/ o!rs are only five1 does n answ] 9 decorative pa9t+4 ,y may assume t ! male figures are bigg] ?an ! female1 b y mu/ proce$ z if y\r m5 7 all ( ! same 7or v ne>ly7 ( ! same height1 & y\r wom5 ought also to v>y v little 9 /ature4 ,*ildr5 y may introduce ( any size1 f ! infant 9 arms to ! y\? or maid5 ( fifte52 b let !m be unmi/akably *ildr51 & n little m5 & wom54 ,! individual action ( ! figures w\ld ( c\rse dep5d v mu* on ! de/9ation ( ! "w4 ,if x 7 int5d$ = ! decoration ( a *ur*1 ! figures w\ld ( c\rse repres5t patri>*s1 apo/les1 or m>tyrs1 & a sev]e & simple arrangem5t w\ld be necess>y4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 y\r frieze 7 to decorate a !atre or ball-room1 ! figures %\ld h m action1 & naturally ! l9es w\ld be m brok54 ,:atev] ! subject1 h[ev]1--:e!r mask]s1 musicians1 or morris-danc]s1--!re %\ld be a c]ta9 frieze-l symmetry 9 ! composition4 ,y %\ld nev] =get t y are engag$ on a decorative "w1 & n on an easel picture4 ,a rule :i* x is well to obs]ve 9 all decorative "w is to avoid cutt+ (f any portion ( ! figures4 ,?is is q unavoidable 9 _m easel pictures4 ,if y h a cr[d ( p to repres5t1 y _c isolate "s ( !m s completely t no portion ( ! o!rs %\ld be visible4 ,an easel or gall]y picture is b\nd$ on e side by ! frame1 & ! eye is n %ock$ at all by see+ portions ( ! figures cut (f4 ,al?\gh e "o kn[s t ! figures d n ext5d beh9d ! frame1 yet x is easy to suppose t !y d1 & ! eye all[s itself to be *eat$ into ?is belief2 b 9 decorative or mural pa9t+ !re is no solid framework r\nd ! picture isolat+ x f ! surr\nd+ wall4 ,!re may be an ornam5tal bord] or possibly a light m\ld+1 b ?is is n en\gh to p]mit ! practice4 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 9 8 decorations ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 (t5 c>ri$ 8 figures & drap]ies "r out ( ! panels allott$ to !m1 & ?is boldness adds to ! gr&1 free "* ( ! "w4 ,! problem ( h[ to fill up ! irregul>-%ap$ wall spaces :i* cont9ually occur bo? 9 ,go?ic & ,palladian ar*itecture is ( c\rse m complex4 ,^! spaces h g5]ally curv$ sides1 & 9 _m ( !m--z1 = in/ance1 ! sp&rels ( ar*es--! curve is concave4 ,/raight horizontal l9es ( heads :i* are g5]ally s desirable = long rectil9e> spaces "h become v objectionable4 ,bold convex outl9es = ! gr\ps1 & an arrangem5t = ! heads :i* does n sugge/ ei!r horizontal or v]tical l9es1 ought to be ! rule 9 ^! cases4 ,no?+ c be f9] ?an ,m4 ,angelo's treatm5t ( ! sybils & prophets 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,!re is a maje/ic dignity ab\t !m :i* is due r to _! full convex outl9es ?an to _! colossal proportions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 _m ( ! compositions by ! e>ly ,flor5t9es we h long horizontal r[s ( heads :i* seem out ( h>mony ) ! ar*$ space !y fill4 ,! circul> nimbi take (f some:at f ! meagre "* ( ^! l9es1 & !re is consid]able beauty ab\t ! individual figures1 b view$ z decorative works !y are v unsatisfactory4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to devise rules = all conditions ( decorative & hi/orical pa9t+1 b a few g5]al h9ts may be useful to y4 #a/4 ,bew>e ( concave l9es = ! outl9es ( y\r gr\ps4 #b;d4 ,avoid %>p angles1 & p>ticul>y "r angles1 unless y wi% to draw special att5tion to !m4 #c;d4 ,be v c>eful ab\t ! relative position ( ! heads1 s t view$ z po9ts ( int]e/ !y d n =m any regul> geometrical patt]n4 ,^! ?ree rules seem to me ! mo/ important ones to be obs]v$ 9 ! composition ( decorative figure-pictures1 & we w exam9e !m s]iatim4 ,! fir/ rule ,i h giv5 is to avoid concave =ms = ! g5]al outl9e ( ! gr\ps4 ,!re is no rule )\t exceptions1 & to ?is "o !re are a good _m2 /ill x w be f\nd t1 speak+ g5]ally1 convex outl9es give gr&eur :]ev] !y are introduc$4 ,?is convexity 9 ! =m ( ! gr\ps ne$ n be dep5d5t on ! outl9es ( ! figures !mselves2 x may be got by introduc+ drap]y or o!r accessories4 ,i "k ( no example %[+ ! value ( full convex outl9es m /rik+ly ?an ! ,madonna di ,s4 ,si/o4 ,9 ! pictures ( ! ,umbrian s*ool1 on ! contr>y1 we f9d extreme pov]ty ( l9e4 ,! figures !mselves are n p>ticul>ly att5uat$1 b !y are n suffici5tly connect$ toge!r nor envelop$ 9 ^? useful pieces ( fl[+ drap]y :i* give su* gr&eur & fulness to ! works ( ,fra ,b>?olomeo1 ,seba/ian del ,piombo1 & o!r pa9t]s ( ! ,roman s*ool4 ,i h 9 =m] lectures ent]$ fully into ! subject ( convex l9es be+ almo/ always associat$ ) =w>d movem5t1 & concave ) retreat1 & ne$ n g ov] ! same gr\nd aga94 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 obs]ve t ! t]ms boldness & convexity are almo/ synonym\s :5 appli$ to outl9e2 ?us :5 we speak ( a m\nta9 hav+ a bold outl9e1 we mean t ?\gh /eep & precipit\s x is bluff or convex 9 =m4 ,a m\nta9 ) a depression on ! top1 or surm\nt$ by a %>p-po9t$ cone1 w\ld h>dly ev] be not$ = its bold outl9e4 ,! second rule to :i* ,i wi% to call y\r att5tion is ! avoidance ( "r angles 9 ! composition ( y\r figures4 ,all angles1 unless !y be obtuse ones1 are to be deprecat$1 b ! mo/ objectionable ( all are ! "r angles4 ,9 a s+le figure1 rectangul> outl9es are n s unpleasant1 b ,i _c agree ) ^? :o ?9k t ! big seat$ ,egyptian figures ) :i* we are all famili>1 owe _! gr&eur to _! rectangul> cont\r4 ,i h no d\bt b t ^! gigantic figures 9 _! native swamp1 & illum9$ by an ,egyptian moon1 w\ld look v impos+1 b ! solemn gr&eur ( _! aspect w\ld be due to _! size & to _! surr\nd+s1 & n to _! h>% rectangul> outl9e4 ,if ! 8,moses0 ( ,mi*ael ,angelo c\ld be magnifi$ to ! size ( ^! figures & transport$ to ! banks ( ! ,nile1 ,i fully believe he w\ld be f> m impressive4 ,simplicity & gr&eur are (t5 bracket$ toge!r z ?\gh ! t]ms 7 almo/ synonym\s2 b !y c]ta9ly are n s4 ,! /reet & *apel ar*itecture ( ! ,georgian era 0 simple ev5 to baldness1 b no "o c call x gr&4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 9 s+le figures t "r angles are s mu* to be avoid$1 z 9 complicat$ gr\ps ( sev]al figures4 ,"h !y arre/ & di/ract ! eye1 giv+ h>%ness to ! composition1 & de/roy+ ! look ( spontane\s action & easy-fl[+ movem5t :i* figures always %\ld h4 ,rub5s 9 8 8,desc5t f ! ,cross0 has avoid$ ^! disagreeable angles1 b 9 _m ( 8 m c>eless compositions1 :]e !re is viol5t action1 !y are pa9fully conspicu\s1 9 spite ( 8 lib]al use ( fly+ drap]ies4 ,h5ce 8 cavalry skirmi%es1 ?\gh full ( viol5ce & contortion1 are q want+ 9 spontane\s 8g40 ,"r angles 9 a gr\p ( figures convey ! idea ( immovability4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh g5]ally undesirable1 x is well sometimes to introduce !m4 ,illu/ration ,?us a kneel+ w>rior firmly plant$ to resi/ onslaught might ) propriety h bo? knees "r angles4 ,illu/ration ,9 ?is case we wi% to give ! idea ( fixture1 & !re=e rectangul> =ms are n only all[able b v useful4 ,aga91 9 ! case ( a w\nd$ man endeavor+ to raise himself1 ! angle =m$ by 8 "r arm might ) propriety be a "r angle1 because we want to %[ t ! man is w\nd$ & _c raise himself )\t difficulty4 ,illu/ration ,if he 7 un9jur$ & 9 full possession ( 8 /r5g?1 we ought to repres5t 8 spr++ up 9 "s o!r way4 ,9 ! v frequ5t case ( two arms cross+ ea* o!r1 !y %\ld n cross at "r angles4 ,!re is no reason "h = express+ immovability at ! po9t :]e ! arms cross1 & !re=e ! =mality ( "r angles %\ld be avoid$4 ,we w n[ pass on to ! ?ird rule1 namely1 t relat+ to ! heads ( ! figures4 ,:atev] ! subject ( ! picture1 ! eye is always attract$ to ! heads4 ,x is !re=e ( ! highe/ importance t _! relative positions %\ld be c>efully consid]$4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! annex$ diagram1 x is ( no use argu+ t "o ( ! heads is a full face1 ano!r ?ree-qu>t]s1 a ?ird a pr(ile1 & ! f\r? a back view ( ! head4 ,! f\r heads are all po9ts ( int]e/4 ,!y are equidi/ant1 & plac$ on a segm5t ( ! same circle1 &1 turn !m :i*ev] way y w1 y _c get rid ( ! unpleasantness ( ! arrangem5t1 s long z y keep !m 9 _! pres5t relative positions4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! next figure we h f\r heads sugge/+ a quadrilat]al ( loz5ge %ape4#d ,?is is also v objectionable1 & x is a case ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,9 bo? ^! diagrams1 by %ift+ ! position ( "o ( ! heads1 we %\ld break up ! symmetrical arrangem5t :i* s mu* (f5ds ! cultivat$ eye4 ,illu/ration ,!re is no objection1 9 a composition ( _m figures1 to plac+ two or m heads on ! same horizontal l9e4 ,inde$1 9 _m cases x is mo/ advantage\s to d s2 b :at ought to be avoid$ is hav+ heads on ! same v]tical l9e4 ,if y h a kneel+ or sitt+ figure 9 front ( an erect "o1 arrange y\r kneel+ figure s t ! "o head %all n be p]p5dicul>ly bel[ ! o!r4 ,illu/ration ,if y h two erect figures1 arrange y\r kneel+ figure s t ! head %all n come on ! same v]tical l9e z ei!r ( ! o!r heads1 or half-way betwe5 ! two4#e ,i might urge a good deal m ab\t ! extreme importance ( a picturesque & irregul> arrangem5t ( ! heads2 b ,i h probably said en\gh to call y\r att5tion to ?is v prom95t feature 9 good design+1 & w n[ give a few h9ts ab\t o!r k9dr$ matt]s4 ,illu/ration ,conv]g+ l9es are to be avoid$1 unless !re is some?+ ( int]e/ to :i* y wi% to direct att5tion at ! po9t ( conv]g5ce4 ,?is is by no means an exagg]at$ specim5 ( ! evil2 b ! effect ( ^! f\r arms all conv]g+ t[>d "o po9t is unpleasant4 ,if ! p]sonages 7 disput+ ov] a manuscript1 or try+ to clut* a bag ( gold ly+ on ! table1 !n ! manuscript or ! gold w\ld be ! c5tre ( int]e/ 9 ! picture2 & conv]g+ l9es w\ld n only be excusable1 b absolutely necess>y4 ,:]e !re is no?+ ( p>ticul> int]e/ at ! po9t :]e ! l9es meet1 ! eye feels disappo9t$ at be+ misl$4 ,illu/ration ,al?\gh conv]g+ l9es are g5]ally to be avoid$1 x (t5 happ5s t a repetition ( ! same k9d ( curve gives =ce & unity ( purpose to a gr\p4 ,obs]ve ! convex curves =m$ by ! backs ( ^! suppliants4 ,_! repetition gives unity ( purpose4 ,a p]p5dicul> kneel+ figure might individually be j z expressive1 b z "o ( a gr\p he w\ld take away some:at f ! g5]al "* ( unity 9 supplication4 ,"o ( ! mo/ difficult problems ! design] ( l>ge mural pictures has to solve1 is to introduce ) good effect rais$ arms & h&s1 especially :5 !y belong to ! backgr\nd figures4 ,:5 possible1 x is bett] to keep !m out ( sight altoge!r2 b 9 "s subjects y w\ld by s do+ inevitably lose expression & animation1 & x becomes necess>y to introduce "h & !re an uprais$ arm ) ext5d$ h&4 ,?is is easy en\gh to d if y are reckless ab\t ! l9es ( y\r composition1 b if y are fa/idi\s1 x is a v difficult problem4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y di/ract ! eye1 de/roy+ ! full bold outl9e ( y\r gr\ps1 &1 secondly1 !re is a comic elem5t ab\t !m :i* x is r difficult to avoid4 ,:51 z 9 _m ( ,raffaelle's ,loggie1 ! :ole ( ! figures :i* are rais+ _! arms are se51 ! effect is bad & trivial2 b !re is no?+ p>ticul>ly comical ab\t x4 ,:51 h[ev]1 an arm crops up "h & !re f ! unse5 figures ( ! backgr\nd1 x is difficult to avoid ! ludicr\s4 ,cases may occur :5 a :ole =e/ ( h&s w h to be rais$1 z 9 an oa? ( allegiance2 b "h ! action ( rais+ ! arms is insep>able f ! subject4 ,my rem>ks apply only to uprais$ arms z indicative ( wond]1 joy1 or grief4 ,all ^! h9ts ab\t design+ may appe> to "s ( y r f>-fet*$1 b if ev] y get exp]i5ce 9 decorative pa9t+1 ,i ?9k y w f9d !y are n f> f ! tru?4 ,! art ( good gr\p+ is n ( spontane\s gr[?4 ,y may h a g5]al idea ( h[ y are to fill y\r canvas or wall-space1 & t idea may be a good "o1 b all ! details ( ! gr\ps h to be work$ out bit by bit4 ,a *ange 9 ! attitude ( "o figure w be almo/ sure to entail a *ange 9 a good _m o!rs1 & x (t5 happ5s t1 aft] giv+ y\rself a good deal ( tr\ble1 y w h to g back to y\r fir/ idea4 ,a consci5ti\s & fa/idi\s design] may be comp>$ to an ,arctic explor] pick+ 8 way 9 an ice-pack4 ,he w h to saw ?r\gh "o ice-b>ri]1 to bl[ up ano!r ) gunp[d]1 to circumv5t a ?ird1 & :51 aft] surm\nt+ all ^! difficulties1 he ?9ks 8 c\rse cle> & op5 wat] at h&1 he may h to retrace 8 /eps & seek "s o!r *annel4 ,i am p]fectly aw>e t 9 pa9t+ small easel pictures all ?is grop+ aft] f9e l9es may be unnecess>y1 nay1 ev5 detrim5tal to ! life-l _s ( ! composition4 8,our own correspond5t's0 sket*es at ! seat ( w> 7if done on ! spot1 :i* ,i am afraid !y n always are7 w be n only m int]e/+ b bett] compos$ ?an if he _h sat at home & tru/$ to 8 imag9ation2 b 9 ?is lecture ,i am n deal+ ) easel pictures & reali/ic subjects1 & ,i repeat t 9 decorative figure-pa9t+ excell5ce c only be obta9$ by a cont9u\s process ( alt]+1 modify+1 add+1 & omitt+4 ,9 ! same way t ! l9es & g5]al gr\p+ ( a picture %\ld be arrang$ ) a view to express+ ! subject ) dignity & gr&eur1 s ! managem5t ( light & %ade %\ld t5d t[>d ! same end1 & x is z impossible to lay d[n /rict rules = light & %ade z = outl9e design+4 ,didactic writ]s on art w tell y t ! pr9cipal light ought to fall on ! pr9cipal figure-- 8,fair 9 ! front 9 all ! blaze ( light1 ,! h]o ( ?y piece %\ld meet ! sight40 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds rem>ks v ju/ly on ?is piece ( dogg]el1 t !re is no necessity = ! pr9cipal figure to be plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! picture1 or receive ! pr9cipal light4 ,he goes on to say t 8?is conduct1 if always obs]v$1 w\ld r$uce ! art ( composition to too great a uni=mity10 & t 8x is suffici5t if ! place he holds1 or ! att5tion ( ! o!r figures to him1 d5ote him ! h]o ( ! piece40 ,9 works :i* p>take /rongly ( a decorative "* ?is axiom ab\t 8,fair 9 ! front 9 all ! blaze ( light0 = ! pr9cipal figure may be tol]ably true1 b 9 hi/orical pictures some?+ m un=ese5 is want$4 ,9 ! (t5-pa9t$ subject ( ! 8,dea? ( ,cs>10 ,i %\ld be v mu* incl9$ to put ! ,cs> 9 ! %ade1 & ! tyrannicides ) _! fla%+ dagg]s 9 ! light4 ,x appe>s to me t to ?r[ a %ade ov] ! face ( ! pro/rate emp]or w\ld someh[ or o!r convey ! idea ( ! %ad[ ( dea?1 :i* is ov]spread+ him1 & ! reproa*ful 8,et tu ,brut0 w\ld come ) great] pa?os f a figure half-veil$ 9 %ad[ ?an f "o 9 broad daylight4 ,we w suppose n[ t in/ead ( hav+ ! dea? ( ,cs> to pa9t we h ! 8,/on+ ( ,/4 ,/eph540 ,! subject is analog\s4 ,! "y man nam$ ,saul & ! ,jewi% execution]s ( ,/eph5 7 n common assass9s any m ?an ! murd]]s ( ,cs>4 ,%all we1 !re=e1 adopt ! same plan ) ! figure ( ,/eph5 z we did ) t ( ,cs> & put him 9 ! %ade8 ,i say1 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,/eph5 0 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian m>tyr4 ,we read t 8 face 0 z t ( an angel1 & he ought to be surr\nd$ by an angelic halo ( light1 & ?is treatm5t ne$ n be dictat$ by ! text4 ,we %\ld come to ! same conclusion simply on ! gr\nds ( pictorial fitness4 ,/eph5 0 a volunt>y m>tyr1 & glori$ 9 8 own dea?4 ,cs> 0 assass9at$ mu* aga9/ 8 w2 & al?\gh we are told t he cov]$ 8 face ) 8 toga & di$ ) dignity1 yet he c]ta9ly _c be call$ a m>tyr4 ,i h introduc$ ^! two subjects to %[ y h[ hopeless x is to attempt to lay d[n g5]al rules su* z old ,du ,fresnoy gives u 9 8 poem on ! art ( pa9t+4 ,e new !me y und]take to illu/rate ought to h a treatm5t special to itself if y wi% to produce a fre% & orig9al picture4 ,:5 ! ma/] ( a vessel is />t+ on a voyage1 he w\ld n /e] ,s4 ,w4 by ,w4 ,w4 because t happ5$ to be ! c\rse he /e]$ ! la/ "t he 0 at sea1 nor w\ld he run up 8 skyscrap]s & set 8 /udd+-sails because he c>ri$ all 8 light canvas ! la/ voyage out4 ,he w\ld consult 8 *>t1 ! /ate ( ! tide1 ! direction ( ! w9d1 & act accord+ly4 ,9 %ort1 = ?is new voyage1 ! condition ( ! w9d1 tide1 & b>omet] be+ new1 he w\ld give new ord]s to 8 mate & crew4 ,sub/itut+ ! bra9 = ! ma/]1 ! h& = ! mate1 & ! bru%es = ! crew1 we ought to set ab\t our pictures mu* 9 ! same way4 ,aft] giv+ ! subject ( light & %ade a good deal ( ?\ght1 x appe>s to me t !re is only "o rule :i* inv>iably applies to all pictures1 & t is1 t !re %\ld be a uni=m scale ( tone ?r\gh\t ! "w4 ,! gradi5t1 f light to %ade1 may be v /eep z 9 ,rembr&t1 or v g5tle z 9 ,p4 ,v]onese1 b ?is gradi5t or transition %\ld n be abrupt 9 "o "p ( ! picture1 & g5tle 9 ano!r4 ,! :ole "w 7:atev] scale y adopt7 %\ld be homog5e\s4 ,sir4 ,j4 ,reynolds & o!rs h endeavor$ to asc]ta9 ! proportion ( light to %ade 9 ! works ( ! old ma/]s4 ,i believe ^! exp]im5tal blots h be5 made r ) a view to black & :ite ?an legitimate light & %ade2 b :atev] _! object1 ,i don't ?9k t any !ory c be built up on !m4 ,i am conv9c$ t :at ! old ma/]s call$ ! *i>o-oscuro ( _! pictures 0 a matt] ( feel+1 & sometimes ( accid5t1 b nev] ( calculation4 ,!ori/s (t5 talk le>n$ly ab\t second>y & t]ti>y lights1 b ! arti/ nev] dreamt ( !m4 ,!y are no?+ m ?an ! ef=ts he has made1 & ! means to :i* he has resort$1 9 ord] to connect ! highe/ light ( 8 pr9cipal gr\p ) ! gloom ( 8 backgr\nd4 ,rembr&t's vigor\s light & %ade & ,correggio's lum9\s bread? ought to be ascrib$ to ! natural idiosyncrasies ( ! pa9t]s1 int5sifi$ probably by ! conditions "u :i* _! works 7 execut$4 ,!y 7 assur$ly n ! results ( calculation or le>n+4 ,mod]n arti/s are (t5 cr$it$ by _! critics ) subtleties ( :i* !y are p]fectly innoc5t4 ,!y introduce into _! pictures c]ta9 h>monies ( tone or color by a k9d ( pictorial in/9ct1 b c]ta9ly n 9 ob$i5ce to !oretical laws4 ,9 design+ a composition ( _m figures1 x is natural to beg9 ) ! pr9cipal gr\p or c5tre ( int]e/4 ,:5 y h got ?is satisfactorily arrang$1 y proce$ ) ! less important figures1 & x is "h t beg9n]s 7& "s :o are by no means beg9n]s7 (t5 come to grief4 ,!y get a f9e action or a noble attitude = "s accessory figure1 & !y are s mu* 9 love ) x t !y mu/ introduce x1 :e!r x is 9 keep+ ) ! pr9cipal gr\p or n4 ,x may 7view$ z a s+le figure7 be v good1 & yet be injuri\s to ! g5]al h>mony ( ! composition4 ,recollect t accessory figures1 h[ev] good 9 !mselves1 if !y m> ! g5]al effect1 ought to be sacrific$4 ,by s do+ y w d\btless raise a cry ( lam5tation f y\r fri5ds4 ,!y w say1 8,:at c\ld h induc$ y to h scrap$ out t figure8 ,:y1 x 0 ! be/ ?+ 9 ! picture10 & s on4 ,to :i* y might reply t y did n want x to be ! be/ ?+ 9 ! picture1 & !re=e y eras$ x4 ,x 0 ?is t5d5cy to introduce "s favorite figure :]e x 0 n want$1 :i* r m>s ,raffaelle's late/ mann]1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! 8,transfiguration10 & 9 ! 8,inc5dio del ,borgo02 & :at 9 ,raffaelle 0 only an incipi5t t5d5cy became a confirm$ habit 9 ! "w ( 8 imitators4 ,sir ,j4 ,reynolds1 9 8 disc\rses1 is cont9ually urg+ ! /ud5t ( composition to ?9k h[ ! old ma/]s w\ld h treat$ ! subject he is engag$ ^u1 & advises him to imitate _! /yle & mann]4 ,inde$1 ! six? disc\rse is devot$ entirely to ?is pr9ciple ( imitation4 ,n[1 if we 7 va/ly sup]ior to ,m4 ,angelo1 ,raffaelle1 & ,titian1 & held ! same relative position to !m t !y did to _! pr$ecessors1 ,i c\ld und]/& our occasionally adopt+ _! figures1 aft] greatly improv+ !m2 b z we %\ld n be likely to improve any figure we _h appropriat$1 we _h mu* bett] leave ! old ma/]s alone4 ,plagi>ism1 or1 to use a pla9] ^w1 8/eal+10 c only be excus$ :5 ! plagi>i/ makes a bett] use ( ! prop]ty he has appropriat$ ?an ! orig9al possessor did4 ,sir ,jo%ua c]ta9ly says t y %\ld 8imitate10 & n copy s]vilely4 ,imitation is ! s9c]e/ =m ( flatt]y1 & if ,philipp9o ,lippi c\ld h se5 ,raffaelle transf]r+ 8 ,/4 ,paul into ! fam\s c>toon ( ! sa9t prea*+ at ,a!ns1 no d\bt he w\ld h felt flatt]$4 ,b h[ ab\t ,raffaelle8 ,is x n true t ?is plagi>ism on ,raffaelle's "p detracts some:at f 8 fame8 ,does n e "o1 on see+ ! ,c>m9e ,*apel at ,flor5ce1 & recogniz+ ! famili> figure ( ,/4 ,paul1 ?9k some:at m ( ,philipp9o ,lippi & some:at less ( ,raffaelle8 ,i believe t no?+ c be m fatal to ! c>e] ( an arti/ ?an int5tional imitation ( ano!r man's "w4 ,i say 8int5tional10 because we are all m or less imitators q unconsci\sly4 ,we (t5 conf\nd a rem9isc5ce ( some?+ we h se5 9 a picture ) a rem9isc5ce ( nature1 & s become unconsci\s imitators2 b ?is is a v diff]5t ?+ f delib]ately sett+ aside our own ideas & endeavor+ to fancy :at w\ld be ! ideas ( "s "o else4 ,x may be argu$ t ,sir ,j4 ,reynolds address$ 8 advice to /ud5ts & n to mature arti/s1 b ! habit ( imitat+ o!rs1 :5 once acquir$1 is n easily got rid (4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( excell5ce may d\btless be atta9$ by foll[+ ?is me?od1 provid$ ! ma/]s imitat$ are excell5t1 b1 aft] all1 x is only a k9d ( reflect$ light1 & n to be comp>$ to ! electric light ( orig9al g5ius4 ,besides1 ! /ud5t :o foll[s ,sir ,jo%ua's advice may beg9 by hone/ly attempt+ to pa9t 8 pictures 9 ! /yle ( ,raffaelle )\t d[nright imitation ( ! figures1 b he soon le>ns to adopt ,raffaelle's attitudes1 ,raffaelle's expression1 & ev5 ,raffaelle's mann]isms4 ,he becomes1 9 %ort1 a m]e copyi/4 ,if ?is be deplorable 9 ! case ( ! imitator ( ,raffaelle1 h[ mu* m deplorable is x to adopt ! modes ( ?\ght & expression ( an inf]ior ma/]6 ,x may be ?\ght by "s t 9 ^! lectures ,i (t5 speak disrespectfully ( ! old ma/]s1 b x is c]ta9ly n my int5tion s to d4 ,i h ! greate/ respect = _m ( !m1 ?\gh n = all2 b ,i respect nature & tru? /ill m1 & x appe>s to me t ! true arti/ %\ld g to ! f\nta9-head = 8 ideas & inspiration1 & n to second-h& s\rces4 ,x may be answ]$ t x is all v well say+ t an arti/ %\ld g to nature & rely on 8 own p[]s ( creation & inv5tion1 b suppos+ he is rely+ on a brok5 re$2 suppose he cudgels 8 bra9 9 va9 = ideas1 :at is he to d8 ,9 ?is case ,i %\ld advise him1 in/ead ( borr[+ f ! old ma/]s1 t he %\ld turn 8 att5tion to portrait-pa9t+1 l&scape1 or "s bran* ( ! pr(ession :]e ! creative & imag9ative faculties are n mu* requir$4 ,he may h great imitative p[] ) a dext]\s execution2 he may be a *>m+ colori/1 or1 aga91 he may be a ref9$ & accompli%$ draughtsman1 & yet be totally unable to give dramatic vitality to a sc5e he has n himself witness$4 ,x has always be5 ! fa%ion to apply ! t]m 8high art0 to h]oic or ,scriptural figure-subjects1 b ,i ?9k !re is almo/ z mu* high art 9 a noble portrait ( ,titian or a f9e l&scape by ,claude z 9 any hi/orical pa9t+ :atev]4 ,i object to ! t]m altoge!r2 b if x means any ?+1 x ought to mean a dignifi$ & poetic view ( nature1 9 contradi/9ction to a trivial or prosaic view4 ,x ought c]ta9ly nev] to be appli$ to a pa/iccio ( ! old ma/]s1 h[ev] plausible su* an imitation may be4 ,9 my op9ion !re is high art 9 ,turn]'s e>ly pictures1 because 9 !m we get ! man's own poetic int]pretation ( nature1 b 9 ^? works :]e he attempts to rival ,claude ,i c see no?+ b ! labor ( a skilful imitator4 ,i h w&]$ away f ! prop] subject ( ?is lecture1 & h b little "t left2 b be=e conclud+ ,i %\ld wi% to expla9 t al?\gh ,i am cont9ually urg+ ! extreme importance ( orig9ality 9 pa9t+1 ,i d n mean =c$ s+ul>ity or oddity4 ,i mean by ! ^w1 ! expression ( ! pa9t]'s own sob] ideas4 ,a sane man %\ld produce sane "w4 ,x may n be v p[]ful1 x may 9 no way recall ,mi*ael ,angelo1 b x w h qualities ( its own4 ,h[ *>m+1 simple1 & unaffect$ are ,flaxman's designs until he got inoculat$ ) ! ,si/9e ,*apel lymph6 ,aft] ?is inoculation we notice 7at lea/ ,i d7 a great *ange = ! worse 9 8 compositions4 ,to graft successfully1 ! p>5t /em ought to be ( ! same nature z ! scion or graft4 ,n[ ,flaxman's nature 0 g5tle1 & v appreciative ( beauty & grace4 ,) su* a nature he ought to h ab/a9$ f attempt+ ! gr& & ! t]rible4 ,if ,flaxman err$ 9 graft+ ,mi*ael ,angelo's mann] on 8 own1 :at %all we say ab\t ,blake8 ,flaxman 0 at any rate a good draughtsman1 b ,blake's ignorance ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( draw+ makes 8 ,mi*ael ,angelesque imitations simply ludicr\s4 ,! successful attempts :i* h be5 made ( late ye>s to rehabilitate ,blake1 & to elevate him into a k9d ( ,briti% ,mi*ael ,angelo1 make me almo/ despair ( high art 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,i d n wi% to speak contemptu\sly ( ,blake z a poet1 b 9 8 pictures 7ev5 suppos+ he _h gr& ideas7 ,i _c accept ! w = ! de$4 ,! frog 9 ! fable _h gr& ideas :5 he wi%$ to rival ! ox 9 size1 & yet he only made himself ridicul\s4 ,7 ,i to express all ,i ?9k ab\t ! ,blake revival1 ,i c\ld h>dly conf9e myself to p>liam5t>y language4 ,i w1 !re=e1 9 clos+ my lecture1 simply prote/ to ! be/ ( my p[] aga9/ ?is /range infatuation4 ,,lecture ,,xii4 ,,composition ,,( ,,incid5t ,,pictures4 ,9 my la/ lecture ,i treat$ ! art ( composition z appli$ to decorative or semi-decorative "w--( "w int5d$ r to cov] a giv5 wall-space ) noble & picturesque =ms ?an to give a dramatic v]sion ( any p>ticul> incid5t4 ,my pres5t lecture w be devot$ to ! composition & arrangem5t ( figure-pictures1 :e!r ,biblical1 hi/orical1 or anecdotic1 ^: object is to repres5t 9 ! mo/ =cible way any giv5 incid5t4 ,we are f> m p>ticul> n[ ab\t ! arrangem5t1 or :at ! ,fr5* call ! mise en scne1 ( a picture1 ?an ! old ma/]s ev] 74 ,we may n be able to pa9t l ,titian or ,correggio1 b we attempt an approximation to tru? :i* !y nev] did2 & n only is a mod]n hi/orical pa9t] m tru?ful ab\t ! co/umes ( 8 p]sonages & ! ar*itecture ( 8 backgr\nds1 b 9 ! disposition & action ( 8 figures he hone/ly endeavors to repres5t ! sc5e z x actually may h occurr$4 ,:5 ,i say t ! mod]n pa9t] does ?is1 ,i mean t 9 my op9ion he ought to d x4 ,i am q aw>e t _m arti/s pref] to look at nature ?r\gh ! spectacles ( ! old ma/]s1 b x appe>s to me t all art %\ld be 9 "s measure repres5tative ( ! age 9 :i* x exi/s4 ,:5 we come ^u a ,romanesque1 ,umbrian1 ,v5etian1 ,flemi%1 or eighte5?-c5tury "w ( art1 we c tell at a glance to :at p]iod x belongs1 & ,i ?9k t our own "t1 be+ "o ( orig9al ?\ght & rese>*1 %\ld 9 "s measure be simil>ly reflect$ 9 our pa9t+4 ,i h no objection to ,go?ic ar*itects repeat+ 9 mod]n build+s ! n>r[ /aircases1 ! dim light+1 & o!r inconv5i5t peculi>ities ( ! /yle4 ,7 !y to give u l>ge plate-glass w9d[s & noble flights ( /eps1 !y w\ld cease to be ,go?ic ar*itects2 b ,i don't ?9k t1 h[ev] mu* we pa9t]s may admire ! old ma/]s1 we ought to adopt _! modes ( composition :5 we "k !m to be ! result ( ignorance1 error1 or c>elessness4 ,! pres5t graphic me?od ( treat+ figure-pictures is ( q mod]n gr[?1 & ! innovation ext5ds to all k9ds ( subjects4 ,comp>e any ( ,giulio ,romano's1 ,rub5s'1 or ,lebrun's battle-pieces ) ^? ( ,raffet1 ,horace ,v]net1 or1 bett] /ill1 ,de ,neuville4 ,h[ unreal ! old ma/]s appe>6 ,recall to m9d ! ,romans ( ,david & 8 s*ool1 & comp>e !m ) ! be/ mod]n repres5tations ( ,roman mann]s & cu/oms4 ,9 ! "o case we may admire ! noble draw+ & ev5 ! classical l9es ( ! composition1 b we are nev] transport$ back to ! sc5e2 :]eas 9 c]ta9 mod]n pictures we feel on mu* m intimate t]ms ) ! p]sonages4 ,we fancy we are actually a spectator at ! ,colosseum or a p>ticipator 9 a fte intime4 ,! realism ( mod]n art is due p>tly to a great] k (1 & a great] att5tion to1 co/ume1 ar*itecture1 furniture1 & all ! prop]ties ( ! /age on :i* we place our p]sonages1 b x is also due to our mak+ tru? a prim>y object4 ,an incid5t may be treat$ tru?fully 9 fifty diff]5t ways1 b "s ( ^! v]sions ( x w be dull1 "s obscure1 & "s vulg>1 & x is = ! arti/ to select a r5d]+ :i*1 ?\gh p]fectly tru?ful1 %all be nei!r dull1 obscure1 nor vulg>4 ,z soon z he loses sight ( tru? he ceases to be a reali/ic pa9t]4 ,he may produce a beautiful picture1 b x w p>take m or less ( :at ,i call semi-decorative "w4 ,x is sometimes v difficult to fix a b\nd>y-l9e betwe5 reali/ic & decorative pa9t+4 ,to :i* class1 = in/ance1 belong ! c>toons ( ,raffaelle8 ,al?\gh design$ = tape/ry1 & !re=e = decorative purposes1 !re is too mu* tru? & reality ab\t !m to all[ ( _! be+ class$ among purely decorative works2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 we c h>dly admit t !y are l ! sc5es !y are meant to repres5t4 ,! heads are ,italian r ?an ,jewi% or ,ori5tal1 & sometimes 7z1 = in/ance1 9 ! 8,miracul\s ,draught ( ,fi%es07 pictorial lib]ties are tak5 :i* are q inadmissible 9 reali/ic "w4 ,i may "h obs]ve t 9 ?is lecture ,i %all n use ! ^w reali/ic 9 ! bad s5se 9 :i* x has g5]ally come to be us$4 ,! t]m is n[ g5]ally employ$ to designate "s ugly or (f5sive piece ( reality :i* is prom95tly ?ru/ ^u our notice by ! arti/2 z :5 ,qu9t9 ,matseys gives u wr9kl$ & abnormally ugly old m51 or :5 a mod]n ,fr5* pa9t] ?r[s all 8 tal5t into depict+ ! ?ick viscosity ( a pool ( art]ial blood4 ,reality is only 9 r>e in/ances repell5t1 & ,i c see no good reason = conf9+ ! ^w to ^! exceptional cases4 ,9 hi/orical1 or :at may be call$ incid5t pictures1 ! ma9 object ( ! arti/ ought to be to tell 8 /ory =cibly1 cle>ly1 & pa!tically4 ,we h se5 t 9 "w p>tak+ ( a decorative "* ! pr9cipal object ( ! design] %\ld be to gr\p 8 figures 9 a noble & picturesque mann]1 to att5d to 8 draw+1 & if possible to add ! *>m ( agreeable color to 8 "w4 ,9 reali/ic hi/orical pa9t+ he has some?+ else to occupy 8 ?\ghts4 ,he mu/ by no means neglect ! l9es ( 8 gr\ps1 he mu/ avoid disagreeable angles1 equidi/ant heads1 conv]g5t l9es :]e !y are n want$1 & all ! o!r rocks & %oals on :i* _m a composition has be5 wreck$1 b 9 addition to ?is he mu/ tell 8 /ory tru?fully & cle>ly4 ,mu* m latitude 9 ! matt] ( arrangem5t may be all[$ him ?an w\ld be conc$$ to ! pa9t] ( decorative subjects4 ,he may 7if he ?9ks fit7 huddle up all 8 figures into a corn] ( ! canvas1 or he may place !m all 9 ! c5tre1 leav+ ! sides unoccupi$4 ,9 %ort1 he may take great lib]ties ) ! laws ( composition1 provid$ always ^! lib]ties t5d to assi/ 9 giv+ reality to ! sc5e4 ,! m picturesque or melodramatic ! subject1 ! m he may dep>t f ! usual rules ( composition4 ,paul ,del>o*e 01 ,i ?9k1 ! fir/ ( ! num]\s cohort ( mod]n pa9t]s :o h /riv5 to comb9e tru?ful s5tim5t ) pictorial fitness1 & ( all 8 works ! 8,assass9ation ( ! ,duc de ,guise0 is p]haps ! mo/ /rik+4 ,! arrangem5t ( ?is picture is z dramatic z x is tru?ful4 ,on "o side ( ! picture we h ! murd]$ duke ly+ on 8 back1 /one dead4 ,! gr\p ( assass9s are q sep>at$ f _! victim1 & are giv+ !mselves no fur!r tr\ble ab\t him2 & yet ! greate/ ignoramus1 :o knew no?+ :atev] ab\t ! /ory1 w\ld h no hesitation 9 div9+ x1 s graphically is ! incid5t told4 ,aga91 if we recall to m9d ano!r & a bett] kn[n picture by ! same ma/]1 ,i mean t kn[n z 8,les ,enfants d',ed\>d10 we f9d ! same subtle ta/e display$4 ,i may "h note t ! color ( nei!r ( ^! pictures is 9 any way rem>kable4 ,inde$1 t ( ! 8,pr9ces0 is positively bad1 be+ v purple & inky2 b _! endur+ popul>ity re/s on a m solid f\ndation ?an m]e color4 ,x re/s entirely on _! tru?ful & poetic treatm5t4 ,i call ! treatm5t 8poetic10 because a dull prose read+ ( bo? ^! subjects w\ld h repres5t$ ! murd]s z actually be+ committ$1 :]eas by *oos+ ! mom5t 9 ! "o case imm$iately aft] ! murd]1 & 9 ! o!r j be=e1 ! arti/ avoids all ! /abb+1 hack+1 & smo!r+ bus9ess1 & increases r ?an dim9i%es our int]e/ 9 ! victims4 ,g]ome's 8,dea? ( ,cs>0 is ano!r example ( novel treatm5t ( a hackney$ subject4 ,he also repres5ts ! de$ z done4 ,! conspirators h sneak$ (f4 ,! b5*es ( ! s5ate-h\se are all b des]t$1 ! only occupant be+ a v fat s5ator1 :o is fa/ asleep on "o ( ! b5*es1 some:]e ne> ! c5tre ( ! amphi!atre4 ,h[ mu* m empty ! s5ate-h\se looks1 ) ?is portly old ,roman snor+ on 8 b5*1 ?an x w\ld d if entirely des]t$6 ,i d n wi% to lecture on mod]n pictures1 b ,i m5tion ?is 8,dea? ( ,caes>0 by ,g]ome z an in/ance ( a happy dep>ture f ! usual treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,inde$1 x appe>s to me t all assass9ations1 m>tyrdoms1 executions1 & su*-l subjects1 if pa9t$ at all1 %\ld be approa*$ 9 "s r\ndab\t way4 ,! action ( /abb+1 cutt+ a head (f1 or s5d+ a bullet ?r\gh a man's body1 is in/antane\s2 & al?\gh an execution]1 ) 8 drawn sword & uplift$ arm ab\t to decapitate 8 victim1 may be />tl+ & s5sational at fir/ sight1 yet aft] a "t ! feel+ ( horror or ( pity gives place to a sort ( impati5ce t he is s long be=e /rik+ ! bl[4 ,"o ( ! ,orleans pr9ces _h a picture ( a milit>y execution1 :i* he admir$ v mu* at fir/4 ,by & by1 h[ev]1 he got tir$ ( x1 & ultimately sold x or gave x away1 n because x 0 too mu* = 8 feel+s1 b because he 0 he>tily sick ( see+ ! squad tak+ aim day aft] day & mon? aft] mon?1 & nev] fir+4 ,al?\gh ! be/ mod]n ma/]s ( dramatic composition h probably be5 guid$ by s5tim5t r ?an by rule1 /ill a few obs]vations on ! treatm5t ( c]ta9 subjects may n be out ( place 9 ?is lecture4 ,?us1 if ! subject be a dep>ture ( pilgrims or emigrants1 ! figures %\ld be plac$ on t side ( ! canvas :i* is oppos$ to ! direction 9 :i* !y are go+4 ,if x be an arrival1 !y %\ld be plac$ on ! side oppos$ to ! direction :5ce !y came4 ,9 bo? ^! cases1 ! l>ge portion ( canvas )\t figures is n wa/$2 x assi/s mat]ially 9 tell+ ! /ory4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 x repres5ts ! j\rney to be und]tak51 & 9 ! second ! j\rney j p]=m$4 ,if we _h to pa9t a %ipwreck$ sailor :o has j rea*$ ! %ore1 we ought to let v little ( ! %ore be se51 b pl5ty ( rag+ sea4 ,"h ! int]e/ ( ! subject lies 9 ! =midable dang]s he has escap$1 s we ought to devote ! great] portion ( our canvas to ! break]s1 & relegate our m>9] & ! bit ( slipp]y rock to :i* he is cl++ to a corn]4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we wi%$ to repres5t our %ipwreck$ man cl++ to a sp> 9 ! op5 sea1 ) no l& visible1 we ought to place him "r 9 ! middle ( ! canvas1 s z to give ! impression ( hopeless isolation2 & if we wi%$ to convey ! idea t he might possibly be rescu$1 we w\ld pa9t a sail on ! horizon1 & ne> ! edge ( ! picture4 ,i %\ld place x ne> ! edge1 9 ord] t x might appe> to h j come 9 sight1 & t hope ( rescue 0 dawn+4 ,if we 7 to put ! same vessel 9 ! middle ( ! picture1 & be>+ d[n ^u ! dr[n+ man1 we might feel equally c]ta9 t he w\ld be sav$1 b ! effect w\ld h>dly be z dramatic4 ,aga91 let u suppose t we h an elongat$ space to fill1 & t ! subject is a 8fugitive escap+40 ,:]e ought we to place him on ! canvas8 ,if we place him 9 ! middle1 he w look too mu* l a pr(essional runn] do+ 8 t5 miles )9 ! h\r1 & we %\ld feel incl9$ to pull out our wat*es & "t him4 ,suppos+ him to be runn+ f "r to left1 if we place him ne> ! "r side ( ! picture we %all n "k :e!r 8 pursu]s are n close at h&1 & z our sympa?ies are always ) ! fugitive1 :e!r he be a prison] ( w>1 a convict1 or a fox1 we %\ld be glad to see him safe ov] to ! o!r side ( ! picture4 ,if we place him ne> ! left edge our wi% is gratifi$4 ,!re is n[ ! :ole wid? ( ! picture int]v5+ betwe5 him & any sign ( pursuit1 & we feel naturally1 ?\gh p]haps illogically1 t he has a bett] *ance ( escape4 ,! ^w 8artful0 has come to signify cunn+1 & is always tak5 9 a bad s5se1 b ,i suppose t orig9ally x meant lit]ally 8full ( art10 full ( t curi\s comp\nd ( obs]vation1 good-s5se1 & poetic feel+ :i* is s noticeable 9 ,raffaelle1 ,p\ss91 & all ! great ma/]s ( composition4 ,9 ! examples ,i h giv5 y !re has always be5 "s good reason = plac+ ! figures on "o side ( ! picture1 b :]e no good reason exi/s1 x ought n to be done4 ,x may n be out ( place "h to say some?+ ab\t ! size ( ! figures 9 proportion to ! canvas4 ,?is is a v important elem5t 9 ! composition ( a picture1 & _m a good & c>eful "w has be5 spoil$ by ! figures be+ ei!r too l>ge or too small = ! canvas4 ,9 ^! days1 :5 ! g5]al de/9ation ( pictures is to decorate d9+-rooms or to fill small gall]ies1 space ought to be economiz$4 ,we %\ld avoid1 z a rule1 l>ge areas ( backgr\nd2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! figures are too l>ge = ! canvas ! effect is v unpleasant4 ,an erect figure ) ! head b5t d[n %\ld h space en\gh above x to all[ ( ! head be+ rais$1 o!rwise ! figure has an uncom=table look1 z if %e c\ld n lift up h] head )\t rapp+ x aga9/ ! frame4 ,illu/ration ,inde$ all /oop+1 sitt+1 or kneel+ figures %\ld h space en\gh all[$ !m to /& up 94 ,!y %\ld n1 9 %ort1 look z if !y _h be5 put into ^? attitudes 9 ord] to pack !m into ! picture4 ,! mann]ism ( introduc+ figures too l>ge = ! canvas orig9at$ probably ) ! old ,g]man ma/]s ( ! ,alb]t ,dur] s*ool4 ,) !m1 h[ev]1 x 0 n a mann]ism b a habit contract$ by wood-engrav+4 ,9 ^? e>ly days ! grav+ tools 7 v rude & co>se2 moreov]1 ! blocks 7 small1 h5ce x became imp]ative to design ! figures z l>ge z possible2 & ! habit ?us acquir$ spread to draw+s & pictures4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! figures are too small1 ! picture g5]ally looks /agey1 z if ! arti/ _h tak5 8 composition f "s g5teel com$y-sc5e at a !atre4 ,cases frequ5tly occur :]e x is desirable to keep ! figures small1 z 9 a c>avan m>* across ! des]t1 or 9 a procession mov+ d[n a ca!dral nave4 ,9 ! "o case x is desirable to give an idea ( ! b\ndless wa/e ( s&1 & 9 ! o!r ! ar*itecture ( ! ca!dral is probably m int]e/+ ?an ! individual action ( ! prie/s compos+ ! procession1 & !re=e ! figures %\ld be v small = ! canvas4 ,z to ! actual dim5sions ( ! figures 9 hi/orical or 8g5re0 subjects1 !re is only "o size :i* ,i ?9k objectionable1 & t is r small] ?an life4 ,figures ( f\r & a half or five feet high seldom look well4 ,half life-size1 or r m1 is a v good proportion1 & any size bel[ ?is1 d[n to ! microscopic figures ( ,breughel or ,meissonni]1 is equally good4 ,9 my =m] lectures on composition1 ,i gave y sev]al examples ( ! k9d ( m5tal analysis :i* ought to be br\ght to be> on e subject y wi% to design4 ,x w1 ,i ?9k1 be unnecess>y to g ?r\gh all ?is aga91 z y are1 ,i tru/1 m skill$ 9 ! art ( composition ?an y 7 five ye>s ago4 ,nev]!less x may n be unpr(itable to "s ( y1 if ,i "w out aga9 "o or two ( my old subjects4 ,"o ( ! !mes ,i select$ 0 f ,exodus3-- 8,:5 ,moses 0 gr[n1 he w5t out unto 8 bre?r51 & look$ on _! burd5s1 & he spi$ an ,egyptian smit+ an ,hebrew1 & he look$ ?is way1 & t way1 & :5 he saw t !re 0 no man1 he slew ! ,egyptian40 ,! subject to be ! fir/ "p ( ! quotation1 t is1 :]e ,moses is wat*+ ! ,egyptian smit+ ! ,hebrew4 ,v well4 ,n[ !re are two di/9ct c5tres ( int]e/ 9 ?is subject4 ,"o is ! brutal treatm5t ( ! ,hebrew by 8 taskma/]1 & ! o!r is ! indignation ( ,moses4 ,"u any circum/ances1 x w\ld be advisable to sacrifice "o ( ^? c5tres ( int]e/ to ! o!r2 b ! context absolutely prohibits all idea ( unit+ ! ?ree figures toge!r 9 "o gr\p4 ,moses 0 c]ta9ly n visible to ! two m54 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 all[ a consid]able space betwe5 ! figures1 & ! "q n[ arises3 ,:i* is to be our =egr\nd gr\p8 ,ei!r mode ( treatm5t seems to me equally good1 b suppos+ ,i fancy mak+ ! ,moses ! pr9cipal figure 9 ! picture1 h[ am ,i to express :at is pass+ 9 8 m9d8 ,! o!r two figures w be 9 viol5t action1 !re=e x w be well to repres5t ,moses 9 a quiet attitude1 b ) an expression ( conc5trat$ indignation ab\t him4 ,i j ha/ily sket* an erect figure 7any indication ( a human figure w d7 to repres5t ,moses4 ,i h "s ideas float+ 9 my m9d ab\t mak+ him clut*+ at 8 dagg]1 & ab\t ! expression ,i w ?r[ into 8 eyes1 & s on2 b1 = ! pres5t1 ,i leave all ?is alone1 & occupy myself ) ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! picture4 ,i f9d t ) my erect figure ( ,moses1 x w be bett] to make ! picture an upright "o1 & x w be necess>y to make him 9 hid+1 or p>tly conceal$ by "s build+1 o!rwise he w\ld be 9 full view ( ! ,egyptian1 & ,i %\ld n be 9 keep+ ) ! ^w 8spi$0 ( ! text4 ,i1 !re=e1 put 9 a l9e or two to repres5t a build+ beh9d :i* he might be hid+4 ,n[ = ! two m54 ,i don't at pres5t elaborate ! gr\p at all4 ,i ?9k ! mo/ natural read+ is to suppose ! ,israelite on ! gr\nd1 hav+ fall5 "u 8 burd51 & ! ,egyptian /&+ ov] him1 & beat+ him2 b = ! pres5t1 ,i make a k9d ( scrawl :i* might mean any ?+4 ,i d n q l ! place ,i h put x 92 ,i rub x out1 & %ift x4 ,i am bett] pleas$ ) ! place n[1 b ! gr\p looks too l>ge2 ,i rub x out aga91 & make x small]4 ,n[ ,i f9d ! ,moses is n q 9 8 "r place1 ,i %ift him ab\t until ,i get him "r2 & "h let me po9t out ! great advantage ( a r\gh indication at fir/4 ,_h ,i drawn my pr9cipal figure c>efully1 ) all ! expression ,i meant to convey1 ,i %\ld h hesitat$ ab\t rubb+ him out1 & my composition w\ld ev5tually h suff]$4 ,design+ a subject is l draw+ a figure4 ,9 figure-draw+ y d n beg9 7at lea/ y ought n7 ) sket*+ ! eyes1 nose1 & m\?4 ,x is %e] wa/e ( "t to d s1 z ! *ances are t5 to "o 9 favor ( y\r hav+ to %ift ! head or to alt] its incl9ation4 ,y make a simple oval ) a l9e d[n ! c5tre to indicate ! incl9ation1 & !n y g on ) ! re/ ( ! figure4 ,if y h to *ange ! head1 y c d s 9 two or ?ree /rokes4 ,! same me?od applies to ! h&s & feet4 ,/ud5ts w (t5 draw ! f+]s & toes1 & :5 ! ma/] comes r\nd he f9ds t ! h&s & feet are 9 _! wrong places1 & ! "w has to be done aga94 ,nev] beg9 ! detail ( a figure until y feel sure t e ?+ is 9 its "r place1 & t ! g5]al proportions are correct4 ,9 ! same way1 9 composition nev] beg9 to elaborate ! figures until y feel sure t y\r gr\ps are 9 _! "r places & ( ! prop] size4 ,to return to our subject4 ,i w suppose n[ t ,i h got my figures :]e ,i want !m to be4 ,i c g ahead n[ 9 all confid5ce4 ,i c try v>i\s attitudes = my /rik+ & pro/rate figures4 ,i c try diff]5t modes ( giv+ to ,moses ! k9d ( expression ,i wi% him to h4 ,i /ick to ! gr\nd plan ( my design1 & also to ! g5]al features ( ! arrangem5t1 b ,i select my details z ,i g on4 ,n[ let u suppose t ,i h elect$ to take ! o!r view ( ! subject4 ,9 ?is case ! picture w\ld be rev]s$2 t is1 ! /ruggl+ figures w\ld be 9 ! =egr\nd1 & ! ,moses beh9d4 ,i proce$ always 9 ! same mann]4 ,i make a v r\gh indication ( my two figures1 an indication :i* ne$ n def9e ei!r arms1 bodies1 or legs1 b :i* gives me an approximate idea ( ! size & g5]al %ape ( ! gr\p4 ,?is be+ done1 x rema9s to place ! ,moses4 ,x is cle> ,i mu/ n put him v f> (f1 or 8 action & expression w\ld be lo/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i mu/ n place him v ne>1 or ! int]e/ w\ld be equally divid$ betwe5 him & ! o!r figures4 ,i might p]haps1 by m]ely introduc+ 8 head ) a pair ( angry eyes gl>+ at ! ,egyptian1 d some?+ :i* w\ld be orig9al & tell+2 & 9 ?is case1 ) ! head only se51 he might be q close to ! /ruggl+ gr\p4 ,all ^! diff]5t v]sions ( ! subject %\ld be c>efully consid]$ be=e ,i f9ally adopt any "o ( !m2 b :5 once ,i h made my *oice1 ,i ought to /ick to x4 ,!re w be pl5ty ( modifications to c>ry out 9 ! individual action ( ! figures )\t aga9 di/urb+ ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! picture4 ,ano!r ( my old illu/rations ( ! reason+ an arti/ ought to br+ to be> on 8 subject1 0 8,! ,return ( a ,crusad]40 ,n[ "h ! fir/ "q :i* sugge/s itself is3 ,:]e %all we place our return+ w>rior8 ,on ! road1 cat*+ a fir/ glimpse ( 8 home8 on 8 ?re%old8 or fairly inside 8 h\se & surr\nd$ by 8 family8 ,some?+ may be said 9 favor ( all ?ree read+s1 b if we place him at a di/ance on ! road he w be alone1 or at be/ accompani$ only by a reta9] or two1 & we %all lose ! be/ & mo/ pa!tic elem5t 9 ! subject4 ,if we place him inside ! h\se & surr\nd$ by 8 family1 we %all c]ta9ly avoid ! objection to ! fir/ treatm5t1 b ,i ?9k t ! be/ mom5t to *oose is :5 he has j cross$ 8 ?re%old1 ) ! op5 door beh9d him4 ,admitt+ t we place him "h1 our fir/ & mo/ obvi\s idea w\ld be to make him ! c5tre ( a gr\p1 8 wife cl++ to 8 neck1 8 *ildr5 to 8 legs1 8 old dog lick+ 8 h&1 & ! anci5t reta9] blubb]+ = joy 9 a corn]4 ,on second ?\ghts1 h[ev]1 x might /rike u t ?is treatm5t w\ld be a little !atrical2 x w\ld savor too mu* ( ! tableau vivant4 ,c\ld n some?+ m true to nature 7& !re=e bett]7 be devis$8 ,let u rememb] t our crusad] has n be5 away = m]ely a mon? or two on a =ag+ exp$ition2 he has be5 away = ye>s4 ,! boy he left has become a "y man2 ! infant a "y girl1 & %e1 ( c\rse does n rememb] him at all4 ,"t & ! sun ( ,pale/9e h also *ang$ him greatly2 8 ruddy ,briti% complexion has vani%$1 8 hair is grizzl$1 8 poli%$ armor is ru/y1 & h>dly holds toge!r4 ,!n aga9 8 arrival is totally unexpect$4 ,he has n 7z a m mod]n w>rior w\ld h done7 telegraph$ to 8 wife to expect him by ! next tra94 ,all ^! causes t5d to make x probable t on pres5t+ himself on 8 own ?re%old1 !re w\ld be a %ort p]iod ( unc]ta9ty1 ( susp5se1 & ( hope 9 ! air1 be=e he w\ld be fully recogniz$4 ,) ! daylight at 8 back1 8 face w\ld be 9 ! %ade1 :i* w\ld be an additional reason = 8 wife n ru%+ into 8 arms at once4 ,h] face w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be 9 ! full light1 & ought to express a ye>n+1 eag] hope4 ,?is expression w\ld be difficult to depict1 b all emotional expressions :i* are n d[nright s5sational are difficult4 ,x is v likely t 9 ?is1 z 9 ! o!r example ,i h giv5 y1 ,i might1 :5 ,i came to ! actual execution ( ! picture1 adopt a diff]5t mom5t ( "t & a diff]5t treatm5t to ! "o :i* at pres5t seems be/ to me4 ,my object 9 giv+ y ^! illu/rations is n s mu* to recomm5d ?is or t p>ticul> mode ( treatm5t1 z to %[ y h[ y ought to exam9e a subject f e po9t ( view be=e committ+ y\rselves to "o p>ticul> read+4 ,9 ! prize = design :i* is associat$ ) my "n1 ,i purposely gave a :ole day 7or "o ?ird ( ! "t all[$7 = ! competitors to exam9e ! subject 9 all its aspects1 s z n to commit !mselves hurri$ly to a treatm5t ( :i* !y might rep5t :5 x 0 too late4 ,= f9i%$ pictures1 tak+ ?ree mon?s to pa9t1 "o ?ird ( ! "t w\ld be too l>ge a proportion to sp5d 9 mak+ up "o's m9d ab\t ! g5]al arrangem5t2 b ev5 9 ?is case ,i ?9k t m "t might (t5 be advantage\sly devot$ to ! design & less to ! execution ?an is g5]ally done4 ,i _c ref] to ^! sket*es )\t express+ my great satisfaction at ! progress made )9 a v few ye>s4 ,"s ( y probably recollect ! fir/ competition1 & w d\btless agree ) me t n only are ! prize sket*es greatly sup]ior to ^? ( ! fir/ ye> or two1 b ! g5]al av]age is also v mu* high]4 ,n[ ,i don't suppose t 7tak+ ! av]age7 y are a mu* clev]] set ( /ud5ts ?an y\r pr$ecessors ( six ye>s ago1 & !re=e ! m>k$ improvem5t ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+ is due entirely to y\r att5tion hav+ be5 drawn to ! v important1 & ,i may add attractive1 /udy ( composition4 ,al?\gh a great advocate = ?is /udy1 ,i _c say ,i approve ( sket*+ clubs z usually con/itut$4 ,exp]i5c$ pa9t]s may p]haps jo9 !m ) impunity2 _! ev5+'s contribution is always a fa9t e*o ( some?+ !y h done fifty times be=e1 b no good c come ( any "y arti/ cudgell+ 8 bra9s to produce some?+ orig9al 9 two h\rs4 ,i don't ?9k a pr(essor ( music w\ld approve ( 8 pupils meet+ once a =tnight to improvise some?+ on a giv5 subject4 ,! result w\ld be a f>rago ( /ol5 melodies & borr[$ passages :i* c\ld n lead to any good4 ,he :o _h ! be/ memory & ! clev]e/ execution w\ld c>ry (f ! honors ( ! ev5+4 ,! orig9al g5ius1 if !re happ5$ to be "o pres5t1 w\ld be n[h]e4 ,! same k9d ( ?+ w\ld happ5 9 a sket*+ club2 ! ?\ghtful & fa/idi\s memb]s w\ld become disc\rag$1 & p]haps give up composition altoge!r4 ,i ?9k t fri5dly arti/ic ga!r+s are n only v enjoyable b v useful4 ,a man :o sy/ematically keeps alo( f all 8 colleagues1 g5]ally det]iorates2 b ! object ( ^! ga!r+s %\ld be ! int]*ange ( ideas1 & n ! production ( crude1 ha/y sket*es4 ,an hi/orical or figure pa9t] ought1 9 addition to 8 k ( ! human frame1 to /udy ! connection betwe5 m9d & expression1 & to /e] a middle c\rse betwe5 ! facial monotony ( ,giotto1 ,orcagna1 & ! e>ly ma/]s1 & ! grotesque grimac+ ( ! ,mantegna s*ool4 ,! works ( ,lebrun & ,lavat] on facial expression are ridicul\s & useless2 inde$1 nature is ! only book we ought to consult if we wi% truly to depict ! effects ( ang]1 fe>1 love1 & all ! o!r human passions4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( ext5d+ my obs]vations 9 ?is direction1 ,i w return to ! prop] object ( my lecture & give y a few m h9ts ab\t ! arrangem5t ( a picture4 ,_m arti/s1 9 design+ hi/orical or :at ,i call hi/orical incid5t pictures1 pref] oblique to p>allel p]spective4 ,!re are reasons = & aga9/ ?is practice1 & ,i am f> f condemn+ oblique p]spective 9 e case2 b ,i ?9k t1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! simpl] me?od is pref]able4 ,oblique p]spective has ! m]it ( be+ m picturesque & less =mal2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is less easily und]/ood1 & al?\gh p]fectly correct1 (t5 gives a figure-picture a lop-sid$ look4 ,9 e picture1 ! horizon %\ld be ei!r above or bel[ ! c5tre ( ! canvas1 & n bisect x into two equal portions4 ,?is is evid5t en\gh 9 l&scape-pa9t+1 b ! reasons = obs]v+ ?is rule 9 figure-pictures 7p>ticul>ly 9 ^? :]e ! sc5e is ! int]ior ( a room1 & no horizon is visible7 are n s obvi\s4 ,practically1 h[ev]1 x w almo/ always be f\nd desirable to place ! horizon consid]ably bel[ ! c5tre4 ,simil>ly ! po9t ( sight 7:i* 9 p>allel p]spective w\ld1 ( c\rse1 co9cide ) ! vani%+ po9t7 %\ld n be 9 ! c5tre ( ! picture1 unless1 inde$1 ! subject happ5s to be "o ( ! sev]e/ k9d4 ,x %\ld be ne>e/ to t side ( ! picture f :i* ! light comes4 ,suppose ! figures 9 a picture to be light$ f ! left ( ! spectator1 & t ! picture is hung 9 its prop] light4 ,y w\ld n /& exactly opposite ! c5tre ( ! canvas to get a good view4 ,y w\ld naturally place y\rself a little on ! side :5ce ! light comes4 ,h5ce x is desirable t ! po9t ( sight %\ld also be on t side4 ,:]e ! p]spective is p>allel1 ! eye is n at all %ock$ :5 ! po9t ( sight is fairly out ( ! picture4 ,inde$1 9 pictures :i* repres5t a small area1 ! effect is m agreeable :5 ! l9es conv]ge t[>d a po9t outside4 ,9 ! det]m9ation ( all ^! po9ts1 z also 9 settl+ ! height ( y\r horizon1 y mu/ all[ y\rselves to be guid$ by ! nature ( y\r subject4 ,:at is "r 9 "o case is wrong 9 ano!r4 ,9 a 8,prome!us ,b\nd0 y might ) great propriety place y\r horizon bel[ ! picture altoge!r4 ,"h1 q at ! bottom ( ! canvas1 y see ! peaks ( high m\nta9s2 ! real horizon w\ld !re=e be a long di/ance bel[4 ,illu/ration ,x w\ld n be impossible to sugge/ subjects :]e ! horizon %\ld be above ! picture1 b ,i h probably said en\gh to %[ t exceptional subjects mu/ be exceptionally dealt )4 ,beg9n]s 7:5 !y h a subject ( sev]al figures to pa9t7 w (t5 f9d x ( great assi/ance to make a small clay model ( ! :ole design1 & to clo! _! little figures ) rags ( diff]5t %ades1 until !y get an effect :i* !y ?9k w d4 ,! figures w\ld be m]e r\gh clay sket*es1 j en\gh to give an idea ( ! proportions & attitudes4 ,! rags %\ld be wett$ ) clay wat]1 & !n ! folds :5 dry w become q /iff1 s t ! figures c be mov$ ab\t )\t di/urb+ ! arrangem5t ( drap]y4 ,?is plan is p>ticul>ly applicable :5ev] ! sc5e ( ! picture is a conf9$ room or cell1 ) a /rong conc5trat$ light4 ,ov] ! bo>d on :i* y\r little figures are /&+1 y put an empty box or pack+ case1 & y cut a hole 9 ! side ( ! case1 to repres5t ! w9d[4 ,if y f9d ! light on y\r gr\p too conc5trat$1 y c enl>ge ! hole1 or cut a small ap]ture on ! opposite side1 s z to diffuse ! light4 ,9 lamp or fire-lit subjects1 ?is 8maquette0 me?od is mo/ valuable4 ,y admit no daylight into ! box1 b y place a small lamp or night-light :]ev] y wi% ! fire to be1 & y h no?+ to d b to copy ! effect4 ,y mu/1 ( c\rse1 bore a small spy-hole at ! po9t ( sight4 ,9 my e>ly days 9 ,p>is1 :5 pictures 7 pa9t$1 & n s+le figures = ! m>ket1 almo/ e "y arti/ _h 8 little puppet-%[1 into :i* he 0 cont9ually peep+ dur+ ! progress ( 8 "w4 ,"s ( ! pictures ?us pa9t$ 7 badly compos$1 "s 7 clumsily execut$1 "s 7 crude 9 color1 b all _h a tru?ful look ab\t !m z f> z light & %ade 7 conc]n$4 ,! real %ad[s1 ! reflect$ light1 & ! half-tones 7 all 9 _! "r places & ( ! "r value4 ,:5 a man has be5 pa9t+ pictures = tw5ty or ?irty ye>s1 he kn[s pretty well :at 8 effect ought to be "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,he kn[s :5 he may v5ture to copy ! effect ( light on ! model be=e him1 & :5 he mu/ dep>t f x1 b ! beg9n] has no exp]i5ce to guide him1 & ,i w\ld /rongly recomm5d him to try ! little clay figures4 ,! :ole gr\p ( say t5 figures c\ld be modell$ 9 two days4 ,! legs ( ^? :i* are to be clo!d 9 fl[+ drap]y ne$1 ( c\rse1 n be indicat$ at all1 & ! r\ghe/ approximation to nature 9 ! attitudes is all t is necess>y1 provid$ effect only is want$4 ,( c\rse1 if y wi% to /udy drap]y f y\r small figures1 y w h to elaborate !m ) great] c>e1 & probably h to make !m l>g] ?an w\ld be conv5i5t = ! o!r purpose4 ,ano!r advantage ( pursu+ ?is me?od is t x gives a little practice 9 modell+1 & ,i ?9k t e figure-pa9t] ought to be able to give expression to 8 ideas 9 clay j z well z on canvas4 ,!re is no necessity = 8 le>n+ to "w out detail 9 ! clay2 he ne$ nev] model nose1 eyes1 or m\?1 & /ill less f+]s & toes1 b he ought to be able to give proportion & action to a small clay figure1 j z easily z he w\ld sket* ) *>coal on a %eet ( pap]4 ,be=e ,i h done ) my little clay figures1 ,i ?9k x "r to caution y aga9/ rely+ too implicitly on ! effects ( light & %ade ( y\r m9iature figures4 ,!y are int5d$ to s]ve z aids1 b n z models to be s]vilely copi$4 ,:5 copi$ too closely1 ! %ades are g5]ally too black1 & !re is an abs5ce ( half-tones1 :i* gives r a h>% look to ! picture4 ,an +5i\s fell[-/ud5t ( m9e improv$ on ! me?od by rigg+ up a light semi-transp>5t canvas box in/ead ( ! wood5 "o4 ,he cut ! usual op5+ to admit ! light1 & ! canvas sides ( ! box let 9 j daylight en\gh to take away all unnatural blackness f ! %ad[s4 ,x may be ask$3 ,:y h a box at all8 ,:y n model ! little figures1 clo! !m1 & put !m on y\r /udio table8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! light y require = y\r picture may be dissimil> to ! light ( y\r /udio2 &1 secondly1 "o ( ! pr9cipal advantages ( ! box sy/em is t ! sides ( ! box repres5t ! sides ( ! hall or room ( ! picture1 s t y see at a glance h[ ! %ad[s ( ! gr\ps are ca/1 y see :i* portions ( ! figures /& out d>k1 & :i* light1 aga9/ ! backgr\nd4 ,9 %ort1 y get a mu* m complete idea ( :at y propose pa9t+ ?an y c\ld possibly manage 9 any o!r way4 ,= out-(-door subjects1 :]e ! light ought to be g5]ally diffus$1 ?is me?od is altoge!r inapplicable1 b = any prison1 catacomb1 or cloi/] sc5e1 x w be f\nd extremely useful4 ,9 a composition ( sev]al figures1 y w1 aft] arrang+ y\r gr\ps1 (t5 f9d l>ge portions ( ! gr\nd or floor space unoccupi$4 ,don't be 9 a hurry to fill up ^! spaces ) unmean+ accessories4 ,!y are sometimes mo/ valuable1 z giv+ re/ to ! eye1 & ought (t5 to be pres]v$4 ,at any rate1 !y ought nev] to be fill$ up promiscu\sly ) objects :i* d n assi/ 9 tell+ ! /ory4 ,i rememb] :5 ,i 0 a /ud5t we _h a /opgap always ready 9 ! %ape ( a pot ( "s sort or o!r4 ,if ,joseph 0 be+ sold by 8 bre?r51 & !re 0 an awkw>d corn] 9 ! =egr\nd1 we w\ld put 9 a wat]-pot4 ,! ,egyptian m]*ants :o b\ght him w\ld be sure to c>ry l>ge pots ) !m4 ,if neas 0 escap+ f ,troy ) 8 fa!r on 8 back1 !re w\ld c]ta9ly be a l>ge amphora 9 ! corn]1 suppos$ to be too heavy = him to c>ry4 ,! captive ,jews c\ld n wail by ! wat]s ( ,babylon )\t a :ole set ( pots occupy+ ! nooks & corn]s ( ! composition4 ,n[1 an ,ori5tal wat]-j> or an ,etruscan vase may be beautiful objects & nice ?+s to pa9t1 b ?is is no reason :y !y %\ld be inv>iably us$ z /op-gaps4 ,9 a subject l ,hag> 9 ! des]t1 ! empty wat]-bottle is an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! /ory2 or aga91 9 ,rebecca at ! well1 y may pa9t pots to y\r he>t's cont5t1 b 9 subjects :]e !y are out ( place x is be/ to refra9 if y possibly c4 ,all /op-gaps are v objectionable2 & if ,i m5tion ?is p>ticul> k9d1 x is because x is ! "o usually resort$ to4 ,i d n by any means wi% to imply t y are to leave a disagreeable vacant corn] unoccupi$1 b :atev] y put 9 x1 :e!r x be "s ca/-(f cloak1 fruit1 or fl[]s1 dog or cat1 or ev5 ! irrepressible j>1 x ought n to look z if x _h be5 purposely put !re to fill up a hole4 ,d\btless x w\ld be put !re ) t int5tion1 b ! artifice ought n to be readily detect$4 ,my ma9 object to-night has be5 to impress ^u y t 9 design+ figure-subjects y are n to take ! fir/ commonplace ideas :i* may occur to y1 b to reason y\r subject out1 & select :atev] treatm5t y ?9k mo/ tell+4 ,by s do+1 y are on ! only true high-road to orig9ality4 ,!re is a k9d ( orig9ality1 or r ecc5tricity1 :i* may be easily en\gh atta9$ by ignor+ ! natural laws ( action1 ( light1 & ( color2 b ,i am speak+ ( orig9ality unit$ ) excell5ce4 ,?is1 ,i am conv9c$1 is seldom 7if ev]7 atta9$ by sitt+ idle & wait+ = "s happy ?\ght to turn up4 ,y mu/ use y\r bra9s con/antly1 f ! fir/ *>coal sket* d[n to ! f9i%+-t\*es on ! ,exhibition walls4 ,be=e clos+ ?is c\rse ( lectures1 ,i %\ld wi% to disclaim any desire ( impos+ my individual op9ions ^u any ( y4 ,l e "o :o has ?\ght a good deal ab\t pa9t+ & pa9t]s1 ,i h =m$ my own ideas1 & h1 ,i ?9k1 express$ !m pretty freely2 b x w\ld be q contr>y to my !ory ( free ?\ght 9 art t y %\ld accept z prov5 all ! op9ions ,i h express$4 ,art 7z ,i h already obs]v$7 is n a sci5ce4 ,i _c take up ! :ite *alk & prove to y by x y t my views are "r & all o!rs wrong4 ,:at w\ld become ( our fri5ds ! critics1 if ?is c\ld be done8 ,b al?\gh all ass]tions on art mu/ be m]e expressions ( individual op9ion1 x appe>s to me t ! pr(essor ( su* a _m-sid$ art z pa9t+ is bett] employ$ 9 giv+ 8 hone/ convictions 7:e!r !y co9cide or n ) ! preval5t op9ion ( ! day7 ?an 9 prud5tly conf9+ himself to dry hi/ory or hazy /hetics4 ,,! ,,end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,publications ,,( ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons4 ,me?od ( ,le>n+ to ,draw f ,memory4 ,by ,,madame ,e4 ,,cave4 ,f #d? ,p>isian ,edition1 #abmo1 clo? #a #jj 8,?is is ! only me?od ( draw+ :i* really tea*es any?+4 ,mme4 ,cave 99 99 99 r5d]s invaluable s]vice to all :o h m>k$ out = !mselves a c>e] ( ,art40--,extract f a long review 9 ! 8,revue des ,deux ,mondes10 writt5 by ,,delacroix4 8,x is int]e/+ & valuable40--,d4 ,,hunt+ton1 ,pres4 ,nat4 ,acad4 8,%\ld be us$ by e tea*] ( draw+ 9 ,am]ica40--,city ,item1 ,phila4 8,we wi% t ,madame ,cave _h publi%$ ?is "w half a c5tury ago1 t we might h be5 in/ruct$ 9 ?is enviable accompli%m5t40--,h>p]'s ,mag4 ,me?od ( ,tea*+ ,color4 ,by ,,madame ,,cave4 #abmo1 clo? #a #jj ,?is "w 0 ref]r$ by ! ,fr5* ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction to a commission ( t5 em95t arti/s & (ficials1 ^: report1 writt5 by ,m4 ,,delacroix1 0 unanim\sly adopt$1 indors+ & approv+ ! "w4 ,! ,m9i/] !reupon1 by a special decree1 au?oriz$ ! use ( x 9 ! ,fr5* normal s*ools4 8,i _c too highly comm5d ^! volumes4 ,!y are a p]fect god-s5d to all /ud5ts40--,,annie ,j4 ,,kirk1 ,*icago4 ,me?ode ,cave1 p\r appr5dre a dess9] ju/e de mmoire d'aprs les pr9cipes ,d',,alb]t ,,dur] et de ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci4 ,approv$ by ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction1 & by ,messrs4 ,delacroix1 ,h4 ,v]bet1 etc4 ,9 eight s]ies1 folio1 pap] cov]s4 ,price #b #be ea*4 ,%ad$ ,models = m advanc$ /ud5ts f #ge c5ts to #c #jj p] plate4 ,n4 ,b4--,! ,crayons1 ,pap]1 & o!r articles m5tion$ 9 ! ,cave ,me?od may be obta9$ ( any deal] 9 ,arti/s' ,mat]ials4 ,l9e> ,p]spective4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,hodge1 ( ! ,w9*e/] ,s*ool4 #dto1 bo>ds #ge 8,i f9d ?is "w excell5tly suit$ to my ne$s40--,a4 ,,col91 ,sci5tific ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 ,new ,york4 ,pott]y3 ,h[ x is ,made1 ,its ,%ape & ,decoration4 ,by ,,george ,,w>d ,,ni*ols4 ,practical in/ructions = ,pa9t+ on ,porcela9 & all k9ds ( ,pott]y1 ) vitrifiable & common oil color2 ) a full bibliography ( /&>d works ^u ! ,c]amic ,art1 & #db illu/rations4 #abmo1 bo>ds #a #be 8,attractive1 practical & sugge/ive4 99 99 99 ,we comm5d x mo/ he>tily to all :o take any int]e/ 9 ! subject ( ,pott]y40--,bo/on ,travell]4 ,p]spective4 ,! ,!ory & ,practice ( ,l9e> ,p]spective1 appli$ to ,l&scapes1 ,int]iors1 & ! ,figure1 = ! use ( ,arti/s1 ,art-,/ud5ts1 etc4 ,by ,v4 ,,pellegr91 ,m4,s4,a41 ,pr(essor at ! ,milit>y ,s*ool ( ,/4 ,cyr4 #abmo1 ) *>t #a #jj 8,i c say no?+ b good ( ?is little book40--,pr(4 ,f4 ,l4 ,,v9ton1 ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 ,columbia ,college4 8,compreh5sive1 & conta9s all t ! /ud5t requires40--,,virg9ia ,,granb]y1 ,pr(4 ( ,draw+1 ,pack] ,in/itute1 ,brooklyn4 8,! mo/ practical "w on ! subject ,i h se540--,m4 ,,morse1 ,pr(4 ( ,draw+1 ,new ,york4 8,?or\ghly sci5tific & ?or\ghly practical40--,,susan ,v4 ,,c>t]1 ,pr94 ,s*ool ( ,design1 ,coop] ,union1 ,new ,york4 ,conv]sations on ,art ,me?ods4 ,by ,,?omas ,,c\ture4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*1 by ,s4 ,e4 ,,/ew>t4 ,) an introduction by ,,rob]t ,,swa9 ,,gif=d4 #a #be 8,mr4 ,c\ture 0 n only an arti/1 b ! %>pe/ lit]>y critic ( 8 day4 ,x is safe to say t no volume ( ! size conta9s s mu* ( value = ! arti/-/ud5t z ?is h&some little volume1 s admirably translat$ by ,mr4 ,/ew>t40--,*icago ,int]-,ocean4 8,a mo/ readable & ent]ta9+ "w40--,commonweal?4 8,c\ture talks ) *>m+ fre$om on all subjects--on ! critic1 on woman1 on ! rec5t s*ool ( art1 on ! great old ma/]s1 on ! div9e art4 ,x is all delightful40--,h>t=d ,c\rant4 8,! simple way 9 :i* ! book is writt5 gives a pleasure to its p]usal1 :i* ! translation has well succe$$ 9 pres]v+40--,art ,int]*ange4 8,! "w is ?or\ghly fasc9at+1 & w be w>mly welcom$ & eag]ly read by all40--,bo/on ,transcript4 8,! book itself is ( r>e value4 ,! fai?ful1 spirit$ translation is 9 su* good ,engli% t x might be tak5 = an orig9al "w40--,newport ,daily ,news4 8,x is amus+ to ! g5]al read]1 & x is ( great practical value to ! art /ud5t4 ,m4 ,c\ture's mann] is conv]sational & famili>1 s t :51 z he (t5 mu/1 he deals ) ! te*nicalities ( 8 subject1 he is nev] dry or obscure40--,worce/] ,spy4 8,v curi\s & sugge/ive are ,c\ture's ideas ab\t ! old ma/]s & ! mod]n ,fr5* pa9t]s4 ,! great po9t 9 all 8 book is to impress on arti/s t !y %\ld d>e1 above all ?+s1 to be !mselves40--,new ,york ,times4 8,a volume s *>act]i/ic1 s entirely /amp$ ) ! individuality ( ! writ]1 t ^? :o "k him recognize 8 peculi> expressions1 8 ecc5tricities ( mann]1 & almo/ seem to see 8 famili> ge/ures ?r\gh its pages4 99 99 99 ,x %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e /ud5t1 & _m besides arti/s w f9d a *>m & a pleasure 9 read+ x4 ,x w take an important place 9 art lit]ature40--,ca?olic ,_w4 8,we he>tily recomm5d ! book to all :o are seek+ to cultivate _! arti/ic p]ceptions1 :e!r z practical arti/s or connoisseurs40--,*ri/ian ,union4 8,arti/s _c fail to d]ive _m valuable sugge/ions f ?is "w1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n agree ) "s ( ! radical ideas ( ! au?or1 & to all :o are int]e/$ 9 art x w prove ( mu* int]e/40--,bo/on ,po/4 8,m4 ,c\ture has laid b>e1 9 ^! #8,conv]sations1' ! :ole !ory & practice ( pa9t+4 ,! philosophy ( ! delightful art is made cle>1 & ! application ( obvi\s pr9ciples is s precisely def9$ t ! /ud5t c be at no loss to compreh5d ! gr\ndwork ( 8 art40--,new ,orleans ,picayune4 8,?is fasc9at+ little book is ?rice welcome4 ,x is important to ! practical pa9t]1 valuable to ! connoisseur & cultivat$ art-critic1 & int]e/+ to ! g5]al read]4 ,x is ! "w ( an arti/ ) 8 p5 z well z ) 8 bru%2 ! composition =m+ a beautiful & arti/ic poem r5d]$ 9 ! mo/ rhy?mical prose4 ,we close ?is book ) regret1 x is a r>e treat1 & we feel assur$ no "o w read x once )\t turn+ to x aga9 & aga940--,rob9son's ,epitome ( ,lit]ature4 ,,works ,,on ,,art4 ,,le>n+ ,,to ,,draw2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,"y ,,design]4 ,by ,,viollet ,,le ,,duc4 ,translat$ by ,,virg9ia ,,*ampl94 ,octavo1 ) #acj illu/rations4 #b #jj ,a "w full ( practical sugge/ions1 n only = ! /ud5t ( art or ( decorative design+1 b = /ud5ts & tea*]s 9 o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,! au?or's !ories ( ! art ( tea*+ are bo? orig9al & practical4 ,,art ,,sugge/ions ,,f ,,! ,,ma/]s4 ,select$ f ! ,works ( ,arti/s & ,writ]s on ,art1 ) ,ref]5ce to _! ,practical ,value = ,art ,/ud5ts4 ,compil$ by ,,susan ,n4 ,,c>t]1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,woman's ,art ,s*ool1 ,coop] ,union4 #a #be ,,conv]sations ,,on ,,art ,,me?ods4 ,by ,,?omas ,,c\ture4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*1 by ,s4 ,e4 ,,/ew>t4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,rob]t ,,swa9 ,,gif=d4 #a #be _/ ,,cont5ts3 ,elem5t>y ,draw+--,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples ( ,draw+ f ,nature--,! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,pa9t+--,! ,occupation ( a ,"y ,pa9t] fir/ ,comm5c+ 8 ,art--,elem5ts ( ,composition--,introduction to ,high ,art--,on ,draw+ 9 its mo/ ,beautiful ,expression--,! ,portrait--,confession--,! ,times 9 :i* we ,live--,! ,critic--,a ,review ( ! ,s*ools = m ?an ,?irty ,ye>s--,! ,gold5 ,m$ium--,jean ,g\jon--,monsieur ,x--,eug5e ,delacroix--,decamps--,on ,pa9t+--,titian--,! ,sket*--,on ,composition--,simplicity 9 ,composition--,exaltation--,orig9ality-- ,a few ,words on ,antique ,art--,on ,fr5* ,art--,prudhon--,! ,fa!rs ( _! ,c\ntry--,my ,ma/] ,gros--,is ,art ,sup]ior to ,nature8--,div9e ,art--,adieu4 8,?is fasc9at+ little book is ?rice welcome4 ,x is important to ! practical pa9t]1 valuable to ! connoisseur & cultivat$ art critic1 & int]e/+ to ! g5]al read]4 ,x is ! "w ( an arti/ ) 8 p5 z well z ) 8 bru%1 ! composition =m+ a beautiful & arti/ic poem r5d]$ 9 ! mo/ rhy?mical prose4 ,we close ?is book ) regret2 x is a r>e treat2 & we feel assur$ no "o w read x once )\t turn+ to x aga9 & aga940--,rob9son's ,epitome ( ,lit]ature4 8,v curi\s & sugge/ive are ,c\ture's ideas ab\t ! old ma/]s & ! mod]n ,fr5* pa9t]s4 ,! great po9t 9 all ?is book is to impress on arti/s t !y %\ld d>e1 above all ?+s1 to be !mselves40--,new ,york ,times4 8,a volume s *>act]i/ic1 s entirely /amp$ ) ! individuality ( ! writ]1 t ^? :o "k him recognize 8 peculi> expressions1 8 ecc5tricities ( mann]1 & almo/ seem to see 8 famili> ge/ures ?r\gh its pages4 99 99 99 ,x %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e /ud5t1 & _m besides arti/s w f9d a *>m & a pleasure 9 read+ x4 ,x w take an important place 9 art lit]ature40--,ca?olic ,_w4 8,we he>tily recomm5d ! book to all :o are seek+ to cultivate _! arti/ic p]ceptions1 :e!r z practical arti/s or connoisseurs40--,*ri/ian ,union4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,publications ,,( ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons4 ,,art1 ,,g5]al ,,& ,,te*nical4 ,,art ,,h&-,,books 7,,putnam',s ,,s]ies ,,(74 ,edit$ by ,,susan ,n4 ,,c>t]1 ,supt4 ( ,woman's ,art ,s*ool ( ,coop] ,union3 ,i4--,sket*+ f ,nature4 ,by ,,?omas ,,r[bo?am4 ,repr9t$ f ! ?irty-eigh? ,engli% edition4 #bg illu/rations4 #afmo1 bo>ds #ej ,,ii4--,l&scape ,pa9t+ 9 ,oil ,colors4 ,by ,w4 ,,williams4 ,repr9t$ f ! ?irty-f\r? ,engli% edition4 #afmo1 bo>ds #ej ,,iii4--,fl[] ,pa9t+4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,wm4 ,,duffield4 ,repr9t$ f ! twelf? ,engli% edition4 #ab illu/rations4 #afmo1 bo>ds #ej ,,iv4--,figure ,draw+4 ,by ,c4 ,h4 ,,weigall #ej ,v4--,wat]-,color ,pa9t+4 ,by ,,a>on ,,pauley4 ,repr9t$ f ! ?irty-eigh? ,engli% edition4 #afmo1 bo>ds #ej ,,vi4--,an ,arti/ic ,treatise on ! ,human ,figure4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,w>r54 #afmo1 bo>ds #ej ,,vii4--,sket*+ 9 ,wat]-,colors4 ,by ,,hatton #ej ,,viii4--,draw+ 9 ,black & ,:ite1 ,*>coal1 ,crayon1 ,p5cil1 & ,p5 & ,ink4 ,by ,s4 ,m4 ,,c>t] #ej 8,we c1 f p]sonal k1 recomm5d !m z excell5t h&-books = amateurs40--,*ri/ian ,union4 8,! rules & pr9ciples !y lay d[n are safe & practical guides to ! /ud5t40--,n4 ,e4 ,j\rnal ( ,education4 ,,art ,,sugge/ions ,,f ,,! ,,ma/]s4 ,select$ f ! works ( arti/s & writ]s ( art1 ) ref]5ce to _! practical value = art /ud5ts4 ,compil$ by ,,susan ,n4 ,,c>t]1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,woman's ,art ,s*ool1 ,coop] ,union4 #abmo1 clo? extra #a #be 8,full ( good advice1 & ( int]e/ & importance to /ud5ts1 arti/s1 & lov]s ( art40--,n4 ,y4 ,h]ald4 8,a good idea1 des]v+ ( success4 ,! volume is made up ( arti/ic & (t5 brilliant selections40--,philadelphia ,times4 ,,cav 7,e47 ,me?od ( ,le>n+ to ,draw f ,memory4 ,f f\r? ,p>isian edition4 #abmo1 clo? #a #jj 8,?is is ! ,,only ,,me?od ,,( ,,draw+ ,,:i* ,,really ,,tea*es ,,any?+4 ,mme4 ,cav 99 99 99 r5d]s invaluable s]vice to all :o h m>k$ out = !mselves a c>e] ( art40--,extract f a long review 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 writt5 by ,,delacroix4 ,a "w full ( practical sugge/ions1 n only = ! /ud5t ( art or ( decorative design+1 b = /ud5ts & tea*]s 9 o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,! au?or's !ories ( ! art ( tea*+ are bo? orig9al & practical4 8,x is a valuable1 c>efully-prep>$ "w1 full ( practical h9ts & sugge/ions f "o :o _h atta9$ prem95ce 9 8 special field ( "w40--,*icago ,tribune4 ,,luk9 7,,john7 ,! ,"y ,me*anic2 ,practical ,c>p5try4 ,conta9+ directions = ! use ( all k9ds ( tools1 & = ! con/ruction ( /eam-eng9es & me*anical models2 includ+ ! art ( turn+ 9 wood & metal4 ,by ! au?or ( 8,! ,la! & its ,uses10 etc4 ,au?oriz$ repr9t f ! ,engli% edition1 ) corrections1 etc4 ,illu/rat$4 ,small #dto1 clo? extra #a #ge 8,a valuable book1 em95tly useful to beg9n]s1 & sugge/ive ev5 to ! exp]i5c$ & skilful40--,albany ,j\rnal4 ---- ,among/ ,ma*9es4 8,! ,boy ) an ,idea ,s]ies40 ,by ! au?or ( 8,! ,"y ,me*anic40 ,embrac+ descriptions ( ! v>i\s me*anical appliances us$ 9 ! manufacture ( wood1 metal1 & o!r sub/ances4 ,pr(usely illu/rat$4 #hvo1 clo? #a #ge 8,a book ( wondr\s fasc9ation1 writt5 9 a cle>1 bright1 po9t$ /yle4 ,a volume to be comm5d$ above a doz5 /ories40--,bo/on ,travell]4 ---- ,! ,boy ,eng9e]s2 ,:at !y did & ,h[ !y did x4 ,a book = boys4 ,fully illu/rat$4 #hvo1 clo? extra #a #ge 8,practical1 sugge/ive1 & full ( int]e/40--,/4 ,l\is ,globe-,democrat4 ---- ,! ,amateur ,me*anic's ,work%ip4 ,a treatise1 conta9+ pla9 & concise directions = ! manipulation ( wood & metals2 includ+ ca/+1 =g+1 braz+1 sold]+1 & c>p5try4 ,by ! au?or ( 8,! ,"y ,me*anic40 ,six? edition4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo #c #jj ,,ni*ols 7,,geo4 ,,w>d1 au?or ( 8,art ,education ,appli$ to ,indu/ry407 ,pott]y3 ,h[ x is ,made1 its ,%ape & ,decoration4 ,practical in/ructions = pa9t+ on porcela9 & all k9ds ( pott]y ) vitrifiable & common oil color2 ) a full bibliography ( /&>d works ^u ! c]amic art1 & #db illu/rations4 #abmo1 bo>ds #a #be 8,attractive1 practical1 & sugge/ive4 99 99 99 ,we comm5d x mo/ he>tily to all :o take any int]e/ 9 ! subject ( pott]y40--,bo/on ,travell]4 ,,pellegr9 7,v41 ,m4,s4,a41 ,pr(essor at ! ,milit>y ,s*ool ( ,/4 ,cyr47 ,p]spective4 ,! ,!ory & ,practice ( ,l9e> ,p]spective1 appli$ to ,l&scapes1 ,int]iors & ! ,figure1 = ! use ( ,arti/s1 ,art ,/ud5ts1 etc4 #abmo1 ) *>t #a #jj 8,we "k ( no "w on ! subject 9 :i* s mu* invaluable mat]ial is cond5s$40--,pr(4 ,,?ompson1 ( ,r5ssela] ,in/itute1 ,troy1 ,n4 ,y4 8,i c say no?+ b good ( ?is little book40--,pr(4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,v9ton1 ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 ,columbia ,college4 8,compreh5sive1 & conta9s all t ! /ud5t requires40--,,virg9ia ,,granb]y1 ,pr(4 ( ,draw+1 ,pack] ,in/itute1 ,brooklyn4 8,! mo/ practical "w on ! subject ,i h se540--,m4 ,,morse1 ,pr(4 ( ,draw+1 ,new ,york4 8,! idea ( ! "w is excell5t40--,s4 ,,edw>d ,,w>r51 ,bo/on4 8,?or\ghly sci5tific & ?or\ghly practical40--,,susan ,n4 ,,c>t]1 ,pr94 ,s*ool ( ,design1 ,coop] ,union1 ,new ,york4 ,,rydb]g 7,,viktor7 ,roman ,days4 ,translat$ by ,,alfr$ ,,corn+ ,,cl>k1 ) ,memoir ( ! au?or by ,h4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,l9dehn4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 clo? #b #jj ,! volume embodies ! results ( c>eful hi/orical /udies1 & gives "s leg5d>y matt]s n h]et(ore br\ght =w>d4 ,! art criticisms are ! "w ( a poet & s*ol>2 ! brief hi/orical & topographical sket*es1 ^? ( a cle>-head$ philosoph] & eag] travell]1 a quick obs]v]1 a man ( g5]al & ?or\gh culture4 ,! book is a picturesque mosaic ( ! _m brilliant1 sob]1 gay1 comic1 dramatic1 tragic1 poetic1 vulg> elem5ts t make up ! pa/ hi/ory ( t wond]ful city & ! physiognomy x be>s to-day4 8,we welcome ?is "w f ! h>dy ,nor? = its broad s*ol>%ip1 its fre%ness & rip5ess4 ,! articles betray an arti/ic discrim9ation r>e 9 "o n a sculptor by pr(ession1 & exp]i5c$ & en?usia/ic 9 t art4 ,rydb]g possesses ! pure pla/ic _s40--,n4 ,y4 ,h]ald4 ,,te*nical ,,draw+ ,,& ,,design4 ,= ,ar*itects & ,build]s1 ,c>p5t]s1 etc4 ,9 #b p>ts1 #dto1 bo>ds4 ,"p ,i1 ,outl9e ,draw+1 ) #bi plates #a #jj ,"p ,,ii1 9 press4 ,,tomk9s 7,pr(4 ,e41 ,que5's ,college1 ,liv]pool47 ,ma*9e ,con/ruction & ,draw+4 ,9 ,elem5t>y ,s]ies4 #afmo1 ) plates #ge ---- ,9 ,advanc$ ,s]ies4 ,text #abmo1 plates4 #dto4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,illu/rat$ #c #ge ,,treadwell 7,john ,h47 ,pott]y & ,porcela94 ,a ,manual = ,amateurs4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 gilt top #b #ge 8,a highly cr$itable & mo/ useful addition to ,am]ican art lit]ature40--,n4 ,y4 ,nation4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,= ! reason /at$ 9 my preface1 ,i h n ?\ght x exp$i5t to publi% my lectures on ! great ma/]s ( ! fifte5?1 sixte5?1 & sev5te5? c5turies4 #b ,^! unc\? attitudes are fai?ful reproductions ( ,nos4 #a & #g ( ! in/antane\s photographic s]ies4 #c ,! old ma/]s us$ t]ra v]te = ?is prep>atory modell+2 b mod]n t]ra v]te w n )/& ! action ( ! lime1 s x is necess>y to comp\nd a sub/itute1 & ! above mixture answ]s v well4 #d ,tak5 f ! 8,ac\*em5t de la ,re9e0 7"o ( ! 8,m$ici0 s]ies7 by ,rub5s4 #e ,all ^! diagrams illu/rate a faulty arrangem5t4